title: William Asher

texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1921 – July 16, 2012) was an American television and film producer, film director, and screenwriter. He was one of the most prolific early television directors, producing or directing over two dozen series. With television in its infancy, <mask> introduced the sitcom Our Miss Brooks, which was adapted from a radio show. He began directing I Love Lucy by 1952. As a result of his early success, <mask> was considered an "early wunderkind of TV-land," and was hyperbolically credited in one magazine article with "inventing" the sitcom. In 1964, he began to direct episodes of Bewitched, which starred his wife Elizabeth Montgomery. He produced the series from the fourth season.<mask> was nominated for an Emmy Award four times, winning once for directing Bewitched in 1966. He was also nominated for the DGA Award in 1951 for I Love Lucy. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City to stage actress Lillian Bonner and producer Ephraim M<mask> (1887–1937), whose movie credits were mostly as an associate producer. His sister, <mask>, was an MGM publicist for Judy Garland. His father was Jewish, his mother Catholic. <mask>'s family moved to Los Angeles when he was around 3, where he often accompanied his father to the movie studio. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was 11, resulting in a return to New York with his mother.He later recalled that this period was filled with turmoil, as his mother was abusive and an alcoholic. As a result of having to live in New York with his mother, he dropped out of school and, after working in the mailroom at Universal Studios in Los Angeles, joined the Army in 1941. He served in the Army Signal Corps for four years, stationed in Astoria, Queens New York City as a unit photographer. Career
<mask> returned to California to direct Leather Gloves (1948), a low-budget film. He eventually gravitated to television (then a new medium), and gained a job writing short story "fillers" for various programs, which evolved into a series called Little Theatre. From this work, he gained a contract with Columbia Pictures to work on a film musical for Harry Cohn. <mask> received an offer from CBS Studios to direct Our Miss Brooks, starring Eve Arden, a television version of the radio show.In 1952, Desi Arnaz asked <mask> to direct an episode of his series I Love Lucy; by that show's end in 1957, <mask> had directed 110 of the series' 179 episodes, <mask> later commented that even though the creators knew the show was good, they did not believe it would become an American icon. "When we did the show, we thought, 'That's it, we're done with it.' We never dreamed it would last this long. Lucille Ball, obviously, was one of TV's true pioneers." <mask> was considered an "early wunderkind of TV-land, blazing a path in the new medium" of television. Writer and producer <mask> described <mask> as a "hyphenate of a different stripe, a director-producer", commenting that he was one of many "restless Hollywood professionals who, like nomads, drifted from job to job, always delivering competent, if not inspired work". In addition to Our Miss Brooks and I Love Lucy, <mask> directed episodes of The Colgate Comedy Hour, Make Room for Daddy, The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series), The Patty Duke Show, Gidget, The Dukes of Hazzard, and Alice.<mask> and Montgomery befriended President John F. Kennedy, and, together with Frank Sinatra, planned Kennedy's 1961 inaugural ceremony. <mask>'s best-known work was Bewitched, which he directed regularly over its entire eight-year run, although he was only credited as producer for its last five seasons. At that time, he was married to the show's star Elizabeth Montgomery. They divorced soon after the series' cancellation in 1972. In 1986, he attempted to return to television, this time, with Fred Whitehead, Orion Television executive to set up Asher/Whitehead Productions, and the only TV project to came out was Kay O'Brien, which was canned after only one season on the air. <mask> also directed a number of theatrical release films, including Beach Party, Muscle Beach Party, Bikini Beach, Beach Blanket Bingo, and How to Stuff a Wild Bikini, for all of which he was also a co-writer. Critic Wheeler Winston Dixon later suggested that the Beach Party films were not only "visions of paradise" for the audience, but also for <mask>, who used them "to create a fantasy world to replace his own troubled childhood".<mask> also directed movies made for TV. He later recalled his directorial years:

<mask> received a star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in November 2003. Personal life
<mask> was first married in 1951 to Danny Sue Nolan, with whom he had two children; the couple divorced in 1961. <mask> then married  Elizabeth Montgomery in 1963, just before Bewitched began its run. They had three children and divorced in 1973. His third marriage was to Joyce Bulifant from 1976 to 1993. He adopted her son, actor John Mallory <mask>.This marriage also ended in divorce. In his later years, <mask> resided in Palm Desert, California, with Meredith Coffin <mask>, his fourth and final wife. <mask> counted Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford and Sammy Davis Jr. as his friends, and would sometimes carouse with them in Las Vegas, flying there from Hollywood in Sinatra's plane, and then flying back to be at work at the studio at 5 AM. Death
<mask> died from complications of Alzheimer's disease at age 90 on July 16, 2012. Television filmography

Cinema filmography

Source:'''

References

External links

  (March–April 2000)

1921 births
2012 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male screenwriters
American television directors
Television producers from California
American television writers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in California
Emmy Award winners
Film directors from New York City
People from Palm Desert, California
American male television writers
Bewitched
Film directors from California
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Television producers from New York City

masks:
William Milton Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
. Asher
Betty Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
William Froug
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher
Asher


title: Antoine Seilern

type: original

texts:
Count <mask> (17 September 1901 – 6 July 1978) was an Anglo-Austrian art collector and art historian. He was considered, along with Sir Denis Mahon, to be one of a handful of important collectors who was also a respected scholar. The bulk of his collection was bequeathed anonymously to the Courtauld Institute of Art. Known as the "Princes Gate bequest", most of it is on display at the Courtauld Gallery in London. Early life

Count <mask>pang was born on 17 September 1901 at Frensham Place, Farnham, in Surrey, England. He was the youngest of the three sons of Count <mask> und Aspang (1866–1940) and the American heiress <mask> "Nettie" née Woerishoffer (1875–1901). He therefore enjoyed citizenship of both Austria and the United Kingdom.His ancestors had been ennobled after successful involvement with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. His father's sister Ida was married to Phillip Hennessy, whose sister Nora was the wife of the Royal Academician Lord Methuen. He had two older brothers, Count Charles Hugo ("Chappie"), born 1899, and Count Oswald Seilern, born 1900. His mother died five days after he was born. Thereafter the three Seilern boys divided their time between their grandmother, Anna Woerishoffer, in New York City, and their father in London and Vienna, in the company of nannies and governesses (and frequently chaperoned by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury), though until America entered the First World War Mrs Woerishoffer spent 1912 to 1916 with her grandsons in Vienna. Anna Woerishoffer's wealth derived mainly from the German-language New York newspaper, the Neue-Yorker Staats-Zeitung, and her late husband's success on Wall Street. Seilern, like his older brothers, grew up with a passion for horse-racing and shooting.Further education and business career

After the First World War Seilern relinquished his Austrian citizenship. However, despite this, he graduated in 1920 from the Realgymnasium in Vienna before attending the Wiener Handelsakademie (1920–1921) and then, at the start of 1922, he enrolled at the Technische Hochschule in order to study for an engineering certificate until 1924. He then worked briefly for a Yugoslavian lumber company, and in Vienna in finance. Early collecting and the study of art history

A friend in Vienna, the old Count Karol Lanckoroński (Karl Lanckoronski) a large man of huge charm, who had a fine collection of art at his palace in Vienna, persuaded Seilern he should collect also, and in 1931, after the death of his grandmother, when he received his share of an enormous inheritance, he was able to devote himself to the study of art history and to serious collecting. During the years 1930 to 1933 he travelled widely, particularly in Africa, in search of big-game (as the trophies that could be seen at his house at Princes Gate after the war testified) though his bags were reputedly always packed with art books. He even acquired a pilot's license in Berlin. However, in 1933, Count Karl Wilczek, another family friend who was also an art historian, recommended Seilern take private lessons with the great Hungarian art historian Johannes Wilde, very soon a mentor who was to become a lifelong friend.Seilern shortly afterwards enrolled at Vienna University to study the history of art with Karl Maria Swoboda, Julius Schlosser and Hans Sedlmayr. Unusually, perhaps, his subsidiary subject at university was Kinderpsychologie (Child Psychology), taught by a lady who was a pupil of Sigmund Freud and who was vouched for by his friend Jan van Gelder. Seilern wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Venetian influences on the ceiling paintings of Sir Peter Paul Rubens (Die venezianischen Voraussetzungen der Deckenmalerei des Peter Paul Rubens) which he completed in 1939. Rubens remained a lifelong passion and he later remarked, "Everything connected with Rubens interests me." Meanwhile, Seilern had started to collect seriously, and was being advised by Wilde, and Ludwig Burchard, the great Rubens scholar. His collection of Rubens' paintings would soon include Landscape by Moonlight (which was once the possession of Sir Joshua Reynolds), and large numbers of paintings, drawings, copies and modelli also by Rubens, as well as oil sketches by Tiepolo and other masters. Between the wars and whilst studying in Vienna he had kept his art collection in an apartment at Brahmsplatz 1.The Second World War

At the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, and because of his British citizenship (he had apparently hung the Union Jack from his house in Vienna), Seilern decided in 1939 to return to England, bringing with him his already large art collection and his library. Based in England now he was able to provide finance to support to another art historian fleeing from Nazi-occupied Austria, Ludwig Münz, as well as helping Johannes Wilde and his Jewish wife to leave Vienna. The Director of the National Gallery, Sir Kenneth Clark, sponsored Wilde who was reunited with Seilern at Aberystwyth in Wales where his collection was important enough to be hidden with works of art from the National Gallery and Royal Collection. Seilern then enlisted in the ranks of the British army (though aged thirty-eight), serving in the Royal Artillery, and in 1940 immediately volunteered for the disastrous Russo-Finnish campaign, only escaping from occupied Norway. It was at the end of the Second World War, whilst acting as a German interpreter in the Intelligence Corps, that he appeared at the door of Professor Jan van Gelder in Amsterdam to pick up three oil sketches by Rubens he had bought for Seilern from the Koenig collection in 1940 and had deposited as 'Swedish property' at an Amsterdam bank. It was when the war was at its height that Seilern purchased The Entombment with Donor and the Resurrection (now called the Seilern Triptych) by the "Master of Flémalle", now usually identified as Robert Campin, one of his finest purchases, which he bought at Christie's as a work attributed to Adriaen Isenbrandt in 1942. Collecting and cataloguing art 1945–1978

Seilern returned to London at the end of the war to live in a great gloomy house he had acquired at 56 Princes Gate, South Kensington, where he rarely opened the blinds and electric light was largely eschewed as he said it distorted colours in pictures.At Princes Gate the ground floor was devoted to his enormous art library, and therefore pictures were hung mainly on the first floor, well-spaced, as in a museum. Other rooms in the house, of course, also held pictures: for example, on the second floor there was a charmingly decorated room called the card-room, which was apparently rarely shown to visitors but in which, eventually, he hung his Tiepolos, and behind this was a private study, hung with a group of Impressionist pictures including a fine late Cézanne. The war over, he resumed collecting works of art, buying them privately for the most part rather than at auctions, never from a photograph, and never when pressed by a dealer, pictures left 'on approval' frequently being returned. He devoted time to studying them in depth and cataloguing them accurately, though he was also a generous anonymous benefactor of public collections; for example, he lent to exhibitions held at the British Museum (he lent his Michelangelo drawings to the 1975 exhibition there - which he would otherwise not have done except that it was being held in honour of his friend Johannes Wilde), and in 1945 he gave the National Gallery anonymously a very fine full-length portrait of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh by Sir Anthony van Dyck [NG5633] as well presenting anonymously to the British Museum in 1946 the majority of the important collection of Old Master drawings (some 1250 in number) belonging to Mr. Thomas FitzRoy Fenwick, which had been assembled by Sir Thomas Phillipps, 1st Baronet in the library at Thirlestaine House, Cheltenham, and which had been catalogued by Arthur E. Popham of the museum in 1935 and bought by Seilern en bloc (Seilern retained about two dozen drawings). The proceeds of the sale of the catalogue of his own collection, when it appeared, would be given to the National Art-Collections Fund (now The Art Fund) and the National Trust. Eventually his collection would come to include masterpieces not just by Rubens (32 paintings - oil sketches and modelli mainly, but also some of the artist's copies of Old Masters like Raphael's portrait of Baldassare Castiglione - and 20 drawings); 14 small copies by David Teniers the Younger after pictures in the collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria during his Governorship of the Spanish Netherlands in 1647–56, commissioned to make a series of prints for the book known as the Theatrum Pictorium first published in 1660; and 12 by Tiepolo (including six oil sketches for paintings for the Monastery Church of Aranjuez, south of Madrid), and pictures by Claude Lorrain, Degas, Van Dyck, Quentin Massys, Lorenzo Lotto, Magnasco, Manet, Francesco de Mura, Palma Vecchio, Parmigianino, Pittoni, Sebastiano Ricci, and Tintoretto. There were also drawings by Giovanni Bellini, Pieter Bruegel (one of the most important collections of his landscape drawings in

masks:
Antoine Seilern
Antoine Edward Seilern und As
Carl Seilern
Antoinette


title: Antoine Seilern

texts:
 existence), Hugo van der Goes, Fra Bartolommeo landscape drawings, Michelangelo, Parmigianino, Stefano della Bella, 30 drawings by or attributed to Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Canaletto, Francesco Guardi, Watteau, Degas, Cézanne and Picasso, and drawings and engravings by Albrecht Dürer.Surprisingly perhaps, he commissioned a ceiling painting in triptych form of The Myth of Prometheus for the entrance hall of his home in Princes Gate by his friend Oskar Kokoschka. He also possessed fine Chinese bronzes, Greek vases, Limbourg brothers manuscripts, Holbein manuscripts, and German and Austrian paintings. He is recorded as owning a three-quarter length pastel of his mother by  (1894) as well as a signed and dated bust-length portrait of himself as a boy by Muller-Ury, which was unframed and stored in a cupboard. Starting in 1955 Seilern began the publication of a catalogue in seven volumes assisted by Fritz Grossmann of the most important parts of the collection, though he waited in vain for Wilde to produce catalogue entries on his important Michelangelo drawings. Death
Seilern died in hospital in London in the early hours of 6 July 1978; he was 76. He was buried on 13 July in the churchyard in Frensham, Surrey. His family later had the body exhumed and had it re-interred in the family vault at Schloss Schönbühel, approximately 80 km west of Vienna.Bequest to the Courtauld Gallery
Whilst he lived he was persuaded by Johannes Wilde, who had quickly been appointed by Anthony Blunt deputy director of The Courtauld Institute of Art, London, to leave the majority of the paintings and drawings in his collections to the Courtauld Institute Galleries, which already had bequests given by Samuel Courtauld, Viscount Lee of Fareham, Roger Fry, Mark Gambier-Parry and other benefactors. This bequest was made after his death with the condition that it be made anonymously, and be called The Princes Gate Collection. His friend Michael Kitson, another art historian, was given the responsibility under his will of ensuring that the collection was moved to the Courtauld and appropriately displayed. This included his Michelangelo drawings, his Rubens collection, his Tiepolos, Parmigianino's Virgin and Child and Rest on the Flight into Egypt, the Kokoschka ceiling and Bernardo Daddi's masterpiece Virgin and Child with Saints from 1338, which Seilern had purchased in 1956, as well as modern works by Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others, and two pictures by Daubigny and Narcisse Virgilio Díaz he had retained from his grandmother's collection in New York. The Courtauld also received his papers relating to the collection. Not everything at Princes Gate was bequeathed to the Courtauld as the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna was bequeathed two paintings: a copy by Van Dyck of a Titian called 'Madonna and Child with St Dorothy' and a painting by Domenico Fetti called 'The Return of the Prodigal Son' and Seilern's nephews and nieces received substantial bequests of groups of art works in the collection, like the Dürer engravings, Greek vases, German and Austrian paintings not in the published catalogue (that hung principally on the bedroom floor at Princes Gate), and the pictures at the farm in Buckinghamshire. Personal life and character
Seilern never married, was extremely reserved, and his private life is undocumented although he had many women friends, and was evidently fond of his brother Charles's four children, his cousin Paul Methuen (whose pictures he bought occasionally, apparently never keeping them but giving them away as presents), and enjoyed long friendships with scholars like Wilde, Ludwig Burchard, Anthony Blunt, Michael Kitson, and unusually, as he was perforce also a dealer, James Byam Shaw.After the war he also acquired Hog Lane Farm close to Chesham, Buckinghamshire, where he bred pigs (Courtauld Institute students of the 1950s sometimes alleged to have seen him outside 20 Portman Square in a sports car with a pet pig beside him) and grew orchids and fruit which he enjoyed giving to his friends. For convenience he often rode a moped when in London. He was a large man with quite a booming voice, and according to James Byam Shaw possessed something of a dual character, being business-like and intellectual with his male friends, but with women of all ages had all the charm and manners of an aristocrat from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Portraits
He was painted at least twice as a boy by Adolfo Müller-Ury, who was a close friend of his mother and father and who had acted as an usher at their wedding in New York in February 1898, and who, along with the other ushers, had been given a gold cigarette box by 'Carlo' Seilern by way of thanks. The first portrait was in a group portrait with his two brothers which was certainly painted in London in the summer of 1906 and was exhibited at Knoedler in New York in December that year. The New York Herald, 5 December 1906, called the group 'graceful' and on 8 December 1906 commented that '...The boys are about 4, 6, and 7 years in age, and they have been painted out of doors.' The second was in late 1906, a full-length dressed in ermine with a rabbit on a string (first exhibited in January 1907 at Knoedler and in February 1908 at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington DC).Both are unlocated. A head and shoulders of <mask> peeping out from behind a red curtain and dated 1909 was in his possession at Princes Gate at his death in 1978 and is now in a private collection in Austria; what appears to be a reduced version of the full-length portrait survives in a private collection in Lucerne, Switzerland; the group portrait is only known through photographs. Muller-Ury also painted portraits [all lost] of his mother in 1898, two of his aunt Carola Woerishoffer aged 13 in 1898 and posthumously as an adult (like her sister she died young, but in a car crash), and his much beloved grandmother, Mrs Charles Woerishoffer, seated in a lakeland, around 1912. Publications
Between 1955 and 1971 <mask> published an illustrated catalogue of his collection in seven parts; he was assisted by Fritz Grossmann. He dedicated the catalogue to his grandmother, Mrs Charles Woerishoffer. The catalogue consists of:

 Flemish Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1955
 Italian Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7, 2 volumes.London: Shenval Press, 1959
 Paintings and Drawings of Continental Schools Other than Flemish and Italian at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1961
 Flemish Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7: Addenda. London: Shenval Press, 1969
 Italian Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7: Addenda, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1969
 Recent Acquisitions at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1971
 Corrigenda & addenda to the catalogue of Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7. London: Shenval Press, 1971

References

Bibliography
 'Count Seilern's Flemish Paintings and Drawings' in The Burlington Magazine (December 1955), pp. 396–398
 Michael Levey, 'Count Seilern's Italian Pictures and Drawings' in The Burlington Magazine (March 1960) pp.122–3
 Helen Braham, 'Introduction' to The Princes Gate Collection, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, 1981, pp. vii-xv
 Dennis Farr, 'Seilern und Aspang, Count <mask> (1901-1978)' in The Oxford Dictionary of American Biography
 James Byam Shaw, 'Count <mask>n (1901–78)' (obituary) in The Burlington Magazine (November 1978), pp. 760–2
 Anthony Blunt, '<mask>n: Connoisseur in the Grand Tradition' in Apollo (January 1979), pp. 10–23. Helen Braham,'My Little Collection' in The Antique Collector (January 1991), pp. 35–41
 Stephen Conrad, 'Re-introducing Adolfo Müller-Ury 1862-1947: The artist, two dealers, four counts and the Kaiser: A hitherto unknown episode in international art history' in The British Art Journal, Volume 4, No. 2, Summer 2003, pp.57–65. Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen, 'Everything connected with Rubens interests me': collecting Rubens' oil sketches: the case of Count <mask>n' in Natalya Gritsay, Alexey Larionov, Stephanie-Suzanne Durante and Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen, Rubens: A Touch of Brilliance (London, 2003)
 Brian Sewell, Outsider II - Always Almost: Never Quite, An Autobiography (London, 2012), pp. 128–133

Auction catalogues:
 'Early Chinese Ceramics, Archaic Bronzes, Paintings and Works of Art: the Property of the Estate of the Late Count <mask>n, sold by Order of Beneficiaries.' Christie's, London, 1982
 'Albrecht Dürer: Prints from the Collection of the late Count <mask>n.' Christie's, London, 1998
 'The Count Oswald Seilern Collection: from the library of the late Count Oswald Seilern; with two additions from the collection of the late Count <mask>n.' Christie's, London, 2003

External links
 Uni Wien | Anton Seilern
 Familie Seilern | <mask>n

1901 births
1978 deaths
English art collectors
Counts of Austria
English art historians
People from Farnham
20th-century English historians
20th-century art collectors
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery soldiers
Intelligence Corps

masks:
Antoine
Antoine Seilern
Antoine Edward
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler
Antoine Seiler


title: Ricardo López (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born July 25, 1966) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2001. He was a two-weight world champion, having held the WBC mini flyweight title from 1990 to 1998, defending it against a record-breaking 21 opponents; the WBA and WBO mini flyweight titles between 1997 and 1998; and the IBF junior flyweight title from 1999 until his retirement in 2001. He is one of just fifteen world boxing champions to retire without a loss. He is the father of undefeated former boxer <mask>. Amateur career
<mask> would win four consecutive Guantes de Oro de México Championships from 1981 to 1984. He turned pro without having ever lost an amateur bout and is now known as one of the best amateur boxers to ever step in the ring. Professional career
On January 18, 1985, <mask> made his professional debut at the age of 18 by scoring a third round knockout of Rogelio Hernandez.He accumulated a record of 26–0 before receiving his first shot at a world title. WBC mini flyweight champion
On October 10, 1990, <mask> defeated WBC and lineal mini flyweight champion Hideyuki Ohashi of Japan via fifth-round knockout to win his first world title. In 1991, he defeated Korean former champion Kyung-Yung Lee (20–1). In 1992, he defended his title against
Pretty Boy Lucas (22–2–2) of the Philippines and Rocky Lin (14–0) of Taiwan. <mask> started 1993 with a stoppage victory over amateur standout Kwang-Soo Oh and followed it with a knockout over future two-time champion Saman Sorjaturong of Thailand. Sorjaturong was knocked down once in the first round and twice in the second round before the referee stopped the bout. Later that year, he knocked out Filipino former champion Manny Melchor in the eleventh round.In his tenth title defense, <mask> defeated future champion Kermin Guardia (21–0) by unanimous decision. He knocked out Surachai Saengmorakot (10–0) in the first round of his next bout. In 1995, he defeated Andy Tabanas (30–2) of the Philippines via twelfth-round knockout. In his next bout, he defeated another Filipino boxer and founder of the famous "Ala Gym" Ala Villamor (29–1–1) by knockout. In early 1997, there had been a plan in the works for <mask> to move up in weight to challenge junior flyweight champion Michael Carbajal, however, the plan was upended when Carbajal lost his title in an upset loss. <mask> would go on to defend his title against Mongkol Charoen (20–1). WBO and WBA mini flyweight champion
In his 20th world title bout, <mask> unified his WBC title by defeating WBO mini flyweight champion Alex Sánchez (25–1) of Puerto Rico via fifth-round knockout.After <mask> won the WBO title, he said he wanted to give his championship belt to his father, who is a boxing fan. His statement to Mexican newspapers prompted the organization to take away <mask>' title and sanction a match between Eric Jamili and Mickey Cantwell to fill the vacancy. "It was enough for us," said the WBO president, Francisco Valcarcel, of <mask>' intention. "That's a public resignation." Dwight Manley, <mask>' agent, said <mask> should have had a hearing before the WBO took away his title. "He got no letter, he got no telephone call," Manley said. On March 7, 1998, <mask> fought undefeated WBA mini flyweight champion Rosendo Álvarez to a technical draw after referee Arthur Mercante Sr. stopped the contest following an accidental clash of heads in the seventh round.In the rematch, Álvarez came in over the mini flyweight limit and was subsequently stripped of his title. Due to the weight disparity, the fight was in jeopardy. However, <mask> chose to proceed with the contest against the heavier Álvarez with only <mask> eligible to claim the now vacant WBA title. <mask> defeated Álvarez by split decision to claim his third mini flyweight title. After the fight, he vacated his titles in order to move up in weight. IBF junior flyweight champion
In his first bout at junior flyweight, <mask> defeated IBF champion Will Grigsby of the U.S by Unanimous Decision... He defended his title against former champion Ratanapol Sor Vorapin.On September 29, 2001, <mask> knocked out Zolani Petelo, who had recently vacated his IBF mini flyweight title, the only mini flyweight title that <mask> had not claimed before moving up in weight. He officially announced his retirement from boxing at a press conference on November 27, 2002, in Mexico City. Retirement
<mask> was the third champion in history to retire undefeated and the first to do so as both an amateur and professional fighter. He also shares with Rocky Marciano and Floyd Mayweather Jr. the record for most consecutive title bouts without a loss (twenty-six). This streak began with his knockout of Hideyuki Ohashi to win the WBC mini flyweight title in 1990 and ended with his knockout of Zolani Petelo to defend his IBF junior flyweight title in 2001. <mask> only had one draw, which came against Rosendo Álvarez in 1998 in <mask>'s 48th bout and was avenged in the rematch eight months later. His final record was 51 wins (38 knockouts), 0 losses and 1 draw.Life after boxing
<mask> now works as a boxing broadcaster for the Mexican Televisa network. Honors
<mask> was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and World Boxing Hall of Fame in 2007. <mask> "El Finito" <mask> was voted as the greatest Strawweight and Light Flyweight Champion ever by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2014, while BoxRec rates him the best Minimumweight of all time. The Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame is a voting body composed entirely of current and former fighters. Professional boxing record

See also
List of minimumweight boxing champions
List of WBC world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of WBA world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions
List of people from Morelos, Mexico

References

External links

<mask> - CBZ Profile

Mexican male boxers
Boxers from Morelos
Sportspeople from Cuernavaca
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
World Boxing Council champions
World Boxing Organization champions
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Federation champions
Light-flyweight boxers
World light-flyweight boxing champions
Mini-flyweight boxers
World mini-flyweight boxing champions
Undefeated world boxing champions
Boxers at the 1991 Pan American Games
1966 births
Living people
Pan American Games competitors for Mexico

masks:
Ricardo López Nava
Alonso López
López
Ricardo
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
Ricardo López
Ricardo
López
López
López
Ricardo
López
Ricardo López


title: Giannalberto Bendazzi

texts:
<mask> (17 July 1946 – 13 December 2021) was an Italian animation historian, author, and professor. Life and career
Born in Ravenna, Italy, and raised in Milan, <mask> started his career as a journalist and at the same time a self-funded scholar. He turned to full-time academic teaching by 2002. <mask> has lectured on several continents, and particularly in Italy. In 2002 he first received the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Animation Theory from the Animafest Zagreb. In 2016 Asifa (Association internationale du Film d'animation) granted him the Life Achievement Award. In 2019, he received an Honorary Doctorate from Universidade Lusófona.He died on 13 December 2021, at the age of 75. Works
Bendazzi authored or edited many books and articles. He is best known for his book "Cartoons − 100 Years of Cinema Animation"  (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1994), a history of the medium, published in Italian, English, French, Spanish and Persian. This book has been considered the definitive work on the subject for animation students and scholars. But in 2016, the three-tome "Animation - A World History" was published by CRC Press    (Italian version "Animazione - una storia globale", Milan, Utet, 2017). Bendazzi also edited "Alexeieff – Itinéraire d’un maître / Itinerary of a Master"  (Paris: Dreamland, 2001 in English and French, about the well-known author of avant-garde short films), and "Quirino Cristiani, pionero del cine de animación" (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de la Flor, 2008, in Spanish, about the author of the first animated feature-length films (English version "Twice the First - Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film", CRC Press). Bendazzi also wrote books on live-action cinema, on Woody Allen and Mel Brooks.Publications

 "Animation - A World History", CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2016 and 2017. "Twice the First - Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film", CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2017. (ed. with Marco Bellano) "Animation Journal" 2017, Vol. 25, Special Issue on Italian Animation. Santa Clarita, CA, USA, 2017. "Quirino Cristiani, pionero del cine de animación", Ediciones de la Flor, Buenos Aires, 2008."L'uomo che anticipò Disney", Tunué, Latina, 2007. (ed.) "Il cinema d'animazione e la nuova critica", Cuem, Milan, 2006. (ed.) "Animazione e realismo", by Midhat Ajanovic, Cuem, Milan, 2005. "Lezioni sul cinema d’animazione", Cuem, Milan, 2004, 2005. (booklet) "Alexandre Alexeieff – Poemes de llum i ombra / Poemas de luz y sombra / Poems of Light and Shadow", Sitges 03, Festival Internacional de Cinema de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2003.(ed.) "La fabbrica dell’animazione. Bruno Bozzetto nell'industria culturale italiana", Il Castoro, Milan, 2003. (booklet) "I continenti dell’animazione", Cuem, Milan, 2002, 2003. (ed.) "Alexeieff - Itinéraire d’un maître / Itinerary of a Master", Dreamland, Paris, 2001. (booklet) "Le tour de l’animation en 84 films – Joyaux d’un siècle / The Tour of Animation in 84 Films – Jewels of a Century", Festival International du Film d’Animation, Annecy, 2000."Bruno Bozzetto – Animazione Primo amore", Isca, Milan, 1972. Croatian/English edition, Zagreb Animation Festival, 1998. (ed.) "Coloriture – Voci, rumori, musiche nel cinema d’animazione", Pendragon, Bologna, 1995. (ed.) "Il movimento creato – Studi e documenti di ventisei saggisti sul cinema d’animazione", Pluriverso, Turin, 1993. "Cartoons – Cento anni di cinema d’animazione / Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation", Italian edition: Marsilio, Venice, 1988, 1992.French edition: Liana Lévi, Paris, 1992. English edition: John Libbey/Indiana University Press, London/Bloomington, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2003. Spanish edition: Ocho y Medio, Madrid, 2003. Persian edition:Yeksad Sal Cinemaye Animation, Tehran, 2007. "Le cinéma d’animation", La Pensée Sauvage, Grenoble, 1985. (booklet) "La zuzzurellinea – Osvaldo Cavandoli e l’animazione", Incontri Internazionali con gli Autori di Cinema d’Animazione, Genoa, 1985. "Woody Allen − Il comico piú intelligente e l’intelligenza piú comica", Fabbri (later RCS), Milan, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1995.French edition: Liana Levi, Paris, 1986, 1989, 1991. English edition: Ravette, London, 1987. German edition: Treves, Trier, 1990, 1998. Hungarian edition: Alexandra Kiado, Budapest, 1994. Spanish edition: Orbis, Barcelona, 1995. (ed., booklet) "Pages d’Alexeieff", AAA, Annecy, 1983. Italian edition: Incontri Internazionali con gli Autori di Cinema d’Animazione, Genoa, 1984."Due volte l’oceano – Vita di Quirino Cristiani, pioniere del cinema d’animazione", La casa Usher, Florence, 1983. (booklet) "Appeso a una matita – Il cinema d’animazione di Guido Manuli", Incontri Internazionali con gli Autori di Cinema d’Animazione, Genoa, 1983. "Mel Brooks – L’ultima follia di Hollywood", Il Formichiere, Milan, 1977. French edition: Glénat, Paris, 1980. "Topolino e poi", Il Formichiere, Milan, 1978. "Woody Allen", La Nuova Italia, Florence, 1976 and 1979. "La Freccia Azzurra" (The Blue Arrow), article for AWN, 1997."History of Portuguese Animation Cinema", article for AWN, 2002. "A Letter To A Master" - (Italian) "Lettera A Un Maestro", posthumous letter to Giorgio "Max" Massimino-Garniér, article for AWN, 2000. "Icelandic Animation", article for AWN, 1996. "Il Paese degli animali (Animaland)", article for AWN, 1997. References

 Rollins, P. P. (1996). <mask>, Giannaberto. Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation.Journal of Popular Culture, 30(2), 199. M. C., J. J. (1996). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Design Issues, 12(1), 78. Christov-Bakargiev, C. (2003). Animations / [Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev ; edited by Klaus Biesenbach].Berlin : KW - Institute for Contemporary Art ; New York : D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, [2003?]. (Japanese Periodical Index) 権藤//俊司. (2006). <mask> <mask>とCartoons—アニメーションの世界史を書くということ. アニメーション研究 / 日本アニメーション学会機関誌編集委員会 編, (1), 40-42. <mask>@@Bendazzi, Emilia@@Ippolito /, 訳., & Paula@@Burnett /, 訳. (2006).African Cinema Animation. アニメーション研究 / 日本アニメーション学会機関誌編集委員会 編, (1), 49-55. External links
 Personal Website. (In Italian) Fondazione Franco Fossati - Museo del fumetto, dell'illustrazione e dell'immagine animata. 1946 births
2021 deaths
Historians of animation
21st-century Italian writers
21st-century Italian male writers
People from Ravenna
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century Italian male writers
Writers from Milan

masks:
Giannalberto Bendazzi
Bendazzi
Bendazzi
Bendazzi
Giannalberto
Bendazzi
Giannalberto


title: Douglas Clegg

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1958) is an American horror and dark fantasy author, and a pioneer in the field of e-publishing. He maintains a strong Internet presence through his website. Early life
Born in Alexandria, Virginia to a "family of artists", Clegg had "scribbled stories" from a young age and then started typing them at age 8 when his parents brought home a typewriter. One of his first tales was an adventure about his pet mockingbird, which had recently died. His first horror story was for a school assignment at Sleepy Hollow School about St. Patrick’s Day, in which snakes take their revenge on St. Patrick and the people of Dublin. Clegg wrote his first novella-length work, called Asylum, at age 17. Clegg graduated from Washington and Lee University, with a degree in English Literature.Writing career

<mask> finished writing his first novel, Goat Dance, in 1987. Pocket Books published it in 1989, and Goat Dance was nominated for Outstanding First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. Pocket also published his second, third, and fourth novels, Breeder (1990), Neverland (1991) and Dark of the Eye (1994). <mask>'s next novel, The Children's Hour (1995), was published by Dell, but the imprint dropped its horror line four months later, leaving him without a publisher. His sixth novel, Bad Karma (1997), written under the pseudonym Andrew Harper, was published by Kensington Books, and later adapted for the screen by Randall Frakes. The resulting 2002 film, directed by John Hough and starring Patsy Kensit, was released as Bad Karma internationally and as Hell's Gate in the United States. In March 1999, Clegg announced that he would be distributing his new ghost novel Naomi in serial installments via email.Naomi debuted in May 1999 and became the Internet's first publisher-sponsored e-serial. Publishers Weekly called it "arguably, the first major work of fiction to originate in cyberspace." Some four thousand mailing list subscribers received free chapters of Naomi on a weekly basis, boosting print numbers for the 2001 Leisure Books paperback version from the low 50,000 range to over 125,000. Clegg found a new publishing home with Dorchester's Leisure imprint, a small New York publisher committed to its horror line. Leisure brought out The Halloween Man in 1998, Clegg's short story collection The Nightmare Chronicles, (which won the Bram Stoker Award and the International Horror Guild Award) in 1999, and two novels, You Come When I Call You and Mischief, in 2000. Also that year, Cemetery Dance Publications published the print edition of Clegg's novella Purity, which Clegg had made available for free download on his website, and the author launched another e-book, Nightmare House, which was serialized on a weekly basis on the DouglasClegg mailing list at Onelist.com. A bidding war erupted between three companies for sponsorship of the mailing list for the duration of the serial.Cemetery Dance won, and paid Clegg a five-figure fee for his free email novel, which was published in hardcover the following year. Cemetery Dance also sponsored the Harrow Haunting website, which offered readers multi-media along with the e-book. A Nightmare House sequel, The Infinite, became Leisure's first hardcover in 2001. Since then, Clegg has published several other novels and collections, including the 2004 Shocker Award-winning collection, The Machinery of Night. His current publishers include Cemetery Dance Publications, Tor Books, Berkley/Ace, Leisure Books, and Wildside Press. Under the pseudonym Andrew Harper, the novels Red Angel and Night Cage also were released. Clegg's Harrow series includes Nightmare House (1999), Mischief (2000), The Infinite (2001) and The Abandoned (2005), as well as the prequel novellas The Necromancer (2003) and Isis (2006).The Vampyricon trilogy, a dark fantasy series about vampirism and mythology set in an alternate medieval history, includes The Priest of Blood (2005), The Lady of Serpents (2006) and The Queen of Wolves (2007). The Priest of Blood hit the extended New York Times bestseller list in hardcover in late 2005. In 2006 <mask> also began his Mordred trilogy with Mordred, Bastard Son. The novel was nominated for a 2006 Lambda Literary Award for LGBT Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror. In 2009, Lonely Road Books announced that they would be publishing The Vampyricon Trilogy: The Definitive Special Edition. The book was scheduled to include all three of the Vampyricon novels, re-edited by the author, as well as an addendum of around 50 to 100 pages of exclusive "deleted scenes" and "lost material" and color and black and white artwork by Erin Wells. Lonely Road announced two editions: a Limited Edition of 300 copies and a Lettered Edition of 52 copies.Directed by John Hough and starring Patsy Kensit, the film was released as Hell's Gate in the United States. In a 2012 interview, Clegg praised Kensit's performance but noted, "in general it’s not a very good movie." Several of Clegg's other works have been optioned for film, including The Attraction, The Hour Before Dark, Dark of the Eye and The Children’s Hour, but none have yet to be produced. Critical reception
Horror author Peter Straub said of Clegg in 2002, "<mask>g has become the new star in horror fiction, and The Hour Before Dark is his best and most exciting novel to date. This is pure imagination, and it is wearing speed skates." Publishers Weekly called The Hour Before Dark "suspenseful and relentlessly spooky" and "at once the most artful and most mainstream tale yet from one of horror's brightest lights." Publishers Weekly also singled out The Words, Clegg's contribution to the 2002 novella anthology Four Dark Nights, as the only entry which "uses its expansive length to build the atmosphere and tension crucial for orchestrating its unsettling events."Awards and nominations

Personal life
Clegg lives in Connecticut with his husband and business partner, Raul Silva. After 16 years together, Clegg and Silva were joined in a civil union on November 17, 2005. They were legally married on November 17, 2008. The couple have a menagerie of rescued pets and enjoy canoeing, hiking and bicycling. References

External links

 <mask> profile - Cemetery Dance Publications
 About <mask>g - DouglasClegg.com

1958 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
American male novelists
Novelists from Virginia
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Virginia
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Douglas Clegg
Clegg
Clegg
Clegg
Douglas Cleg
Douglas Clegg
Douglas Cleg


title: Boris Gerrets

texts:
<mask> (1948–2020) was a Dutch film director, film writer and editor based in Berlin, Germany. He was born into a Bulgarian-German family in Amsterdam and was raised in The Netherlands, Spain, Sierra Leone and Germany. <mask> is the recipient of the 2013 Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds for his contribution to the documentary genre. He was the 2014 Laureate of the Aster Award, a prize he received for ‘high achievements in European and world film art’. Career

<mask> came into prominence with his film, People I Could Have Been and Maybe Am (2010), which won twelve international awards: IDFA Best Mid-Length Doc Award, Amsterdam, 2010; Visions du Réel , Best Direction Mid-Length Doc, Nyon, 2011; Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Honourable Mention for Mid-Length Documentary, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2011; Beldocs, International Federation Of Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI), Belgrade, Serbia, 2011; Open City, The London Documentary Festival, Time Out Best City Film Award, London, United Kingdom, 2011; Pärnu Documentary Film Festival, Most Innovative Documentary, Estonia, 2011; Dokufest, Best International Feature Documentary, Prizren, Kosovo, 2011; A Man's Shadow Film Festival, Audience Award, Pwêêdi Wiimîâ, 2011;
Festival dei popoli, Best Ethno-Anthropological Film, Florence, 2011; E-dox festival, E-DOX Jury Award, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2011; ZagrebDox, My Generation Award, Zagreb, Croatia, 2012; and Taiwan International Documentary Film Festival, Grand Prize International Mid-length & Short, Taipei, 2012. This is an excerpt from the Visions Du Réel jury statement about Gerrets’ film:
A loving relationship and a proper distance between a director and his characters makes possible a sensitive and accurate social portrait of souls adrift without ever placing us as a voyeur, however profoundly intimate the story that unfolds before us. The portable phone, a tool gadget becomes the ideal camera and the director’s play of shadows and lights reveal a poetry of survival and melancholy until the very climax of the reggae blues at the end of the movie.His recent film, Shado’man (2014) was awarded the 2014 AVANCA Television Prize. The Hollywood Reporter wrote, ‘At once stylish and gritty, this is a solid, serious and promisingly distinctive feature-length debut’, veteran film journalist Jennifer Merin described it as ‘a dramatic documentary that, despite its darkness, illuminates the dignity of his subjects’ while Open Democracy states that ‘Director <mask> demonstrates that dignity and humanity can exist even in the most seemingly undignified and inhumane living conditions’. <mask> has conducted Master Classes in Film at Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisión Cuba, EICTV (2013), EDN Seoul, Korea (2011) and Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica Mexico City, (CCC) (2011). He was the tutor for the IDFA-Mediafonds Workshop  in 2014 and 2015; and was the external examiner and mentor for the Master's Degree Programme in Film at the Netherlands Film and Television Academy, Amsterdam in 2014. <mask> was among the filmmakers who were asked to contribute to the 2014 documentary survey conducted by Sight and Sound and has been a member of the jury at Visions du Réel, Nyon (2012) and IDFA, Amsterdam (2011).

masks:
Boris Gerrets
Gerrets
Gerrets
Boris Gerrets
Gerrets
Gerrets


title: Ahmadu Bello

texts:
<mask>, Sardauna of Sokoto (12 June 1910 – 15 January 1966), knighted as Sir <mask>, was a conservative Nigerian statesman who masterminded Northern Nigeria through the independence of Nigeria in 1960 and served as its first and only premier from 1954 until his assassination in 1966, in which capacity he dominated national affairs for over a decade. He was also the leader of the Northern Peoples Congress, the ruling party at the time consisting of the Hausa-Fulani elite. He had previously been elected into the regional legislature and later became a government minister. A member of the Sokoto Caliphate dynasty, he made attempts at becoming Sultan of Sokoto before later joining politics. Early years
<mask> was born in Rabah c. 1910 to the family of <mask>. His father held the title of Sarkin Rabah. He is a descendant of Uthman dan Fodio founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, a great grandson of <mask> and a grandson of Sultan Atiku na Raba.He is a descendant of a Toronkawa (Torodbe) family that are partly  Arabs and partly Fulani as stated by Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother of Usman dan Fodio, the clan is claimed to descent from the Arabs through Uqba ibn Nafi who was an Arab Muslim of the Umayyad branch of the Quraysh, and hence, a member of the family of the Prophet, Uqba ibn Nafi allegedly married a Fulani woman called Bajjumangbu through which the Torodbe family of Usman dan Fodio descended. Caliph Muhammed <mask> writing in his book Infaq al-Mansur claimed descent from Prophet Muhammad through his paternal grandmother's lineage called Hawwa (mother of Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, a scholar of Fulani history, restated the claims of Shaykh Abdullahi bin Fodio in respect of the Danfodio family been part Arabs and part Fulani, while <mask> <mask> in his autobiography written after independence replicated Caliph's Muhammadu <mask> claim of descent from the Arabs through Usman Danfodio's mother, the historical account indicates that the family of Shehu dan Fodio are partly Arabs and partly Fulani who culturally assimilated with the Hausas and can be described as Hausa-Fulani Arabs. Prior to the beginning of the 1804 Jihad the category Fulani was not important for the Torankawa (Torodbe), their literature reveals the ambivalence they had defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships. They adopted the language of the Fulbe and much ethos while maintaining a separate identity. The Toronkawa clan at first recruited members from all levels of Sūdānī society, particularly the poorer people. Toronkawa clerics included people whose origin was Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausa and Berber. However, they spoke the Fula language, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.He received Islamic education at home, where he learnt the Qur'an, Islamic jurisprudence and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. He later attended Sokoto Provincial School and the Katsina Training College (now Barewa College). During his school days, he was known as <mask> Rabah. Some also called him Gamji growing up He finished school in 1931 and subsequently became the English teacher in Sokoto Middle School. In 1934, <mask> was made the District Head of Rabah by Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, succeeding his brother. In 1938, he was promoted to the position of Divisional Head of Gusau (in present-day Zamfara State) and became a member of the Sultan's council. In 1938, at the age of just 28, he made attempts to become the Sultan of Sokoto but was not successful, losing to Sir Siddiq Abubakar III who reigned for 50 years until his death in 1988.The new Sultan immediately made Sir <mask> <mask> the Sardauna (Crown Prince) of Sokoto, a chieftaincy title, and promoted him to the Sokoto Native Authority Council. These titles automatically made him the Chief Political Adviser to the Sultan. Later, he was put in charge of the Sokoto Province to oversee 47 districts and by 1944, he was back at the Sultan's Palace to work as the Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration. Early political career

In the 1940s, he joined Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa which would later become the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in 1951. In 1948, he traveled to England on a government scholarship to study Local Government Administration, which broadened his understanding and knowledge of governance. Young politician
After returning from Britain, he was nominated to represent the province of Sokoto in the regional House of Assembly. As a member of the assembly, he was a notable voice for northern interests and embraced a style of consultation and consensus with the major representatives of the northern emirates namely Kano, Bornu and Sokoto.He was selected among with others as a member of a committee that redrafted the Richards Constitution and he also attended a general conference in Ibadan. His work at the assembly and in the constitution drafting committee brought him appreciation in the north and he was asked to take on leadership positions within Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa. In the first elections held in Northern Nigeria in 1952, Sir <mask> <mask> won a seat in the Northern House of Assembly, and became a member of the regional executive council as minister of works. <mask> was successfully minister of Works, of Local Government, and of Community Development in the Northern Region of Nigeria. In 1954, <mask> became the first Premier of Northern Nigeria. Independence of Nigeria
In the 1959 independence elections, <mask> led the NPC to win a plurality of the parliamentary seats. <mask>'s NPC forged an alliance with Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe's NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from Britain.In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the Nigeria, <mask> as president of the NPC, chose to remain Premier of Northern Nigeria and devolved the position of Prime Minister of the Federation to the deputy president of the NPC, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Premier of Northern Nigeria
<mask> originally embraced the Indirect rule system of colonial Nigeria before gradually embracing reforms. During his period of premiership, his biographer, John Paden described him as a progressive conservative, because he was an agent of change and also of the traditional elites. <mask>'s leadership characteristics was a blend of religious, traditional and modern values and his obligation in colonial and post-independence Nigeria was performing these different roles in the northern region. Northernisation
Due to a limited number of qualified graduates from the region, Sir <mask> <mask> instated the northernisation of the regions public service. Administration in the North was through indirect rule and Western education was not considered very important in many divisions. After the regionalization of the public service, political leaders in the region felt that the number of Northerners in the service was minimal in comparison to their counterparts in the South.Due to political considerations, leaders in the region limited the recruitment of Southerners into the Northern regional service and found ways to push up the ranks of northerners in junior and senior position. The leaders retained the services of expatriates,  because Northerners regarded expatriates as transients but feared southern domination of the regional civil service. Measures were put in place to train northerners; in 1949, a scholarship board provided grants to almost all Northerners with qualifications to enter universities. In 1957, administration courses were taught at the Institute of Administration in Zaria. Apart from trying to fill positions in the civil service with Northerners, political leaders in the zone also made it a priority to secure Northern representation in senior positions of the Federal service. Economy
Various institutions were created under Bello, including the Northern Nigeria Development Corporation (NNDC), Bank of the North and Northern Nigeria Investments Ltd (NNIL). NNDC was an holding company with capital sourced from the region's marketing board while NNIL was a partnership between the Commonwealth Development Corporation and NNDC created to assist in the industrial development in Northern Nigeria.Education
<mask> initiated plans to modernise traditional Koranic education in Northern Nigeria. He set up a commission to this effect and gave official recognition to the schools. The commission recommended the introduction of secular subjects in the schools and creation of different classes for pupils. Part of his educational objectives was building a school in each province in Northern Nigeria. Final years
<mask>'s final years were characterized by his earlier years. A major priority of his was making sure the region was at par politically and economically with the Western and Eastern regions. This contributed to the decision to replace both Southerners and Europeans in the Northern region's civil services with Northerners, a policy that received criticism from opposition leaders such as Ibrahim Imam.Coup warnings and predictions
Prior to the 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat, Bello received warnings from the Premier of the Western Region Samuel Akintola, and Brigadier Samuel Ademulegun. Assassination
On 15 January 1966, <mask> was assassinated by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu an Igbo Nigerian Army officer in a coup which toppled Nigeria's post-independence government. He was still serving as premier of Northern Nigeria at the time. This was the first coup in the history of Nigeria, which heralded the rise of the military in the country's politics. Also assassinated in the coup was his long time friend Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa alongside many political elites in the north and in the west. Bello had three wives at the time of his death. Hafsatu, his senior wife, died alongside him.He had three surviving daughters with another wife, Amina (Goggon Kano). His eldest daughter was Inno, followed by Aisha and Lubabatu. Legacy and memory
<mask>'s greatest legacy was the modernization and unification of the diverse people of Northern Nigeria. Reputation
<mask> <mask> believed that every Nigerian, and all human beings are created equally, that they are endowed by God with rights among which are life, liberty, equal opportunity, blessings and the legitimate pursuit of happiness. Throughout his political career and before, he espoused high morality and intellectual virtues. Place names
A number of localities and monuments around the country have been named in Sardauna's honour. They include:

 The Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria is named after him.His portrait adorns the 200 naira banknote. Gallery

See also

 Nigerian First Republic

Further reading

<mask> <mask>; My Life, Cambridge University Press, 1962. References

Citations

Cited sources

External links
 200 Naira note
 Sir <mask> <mask>, and Muhammadu Sanusi I Visiting the United Nations, New York City, July 1960
 The Sardauna of Sokoto Hosting UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in Northern Nigeria, January 1960
Sardauna Hosts Princess Alexandra at Sokoto Durbar | Independence Celebrations | Oct. 1960

1910 births
1966 deaths
Nigerian recipients of British titles
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians from Sokoto State
Nigerian knights
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian royalty
Assassinated Nigerian politicians
People murdered in Nigeria
Northern People's Congress politicians
20th-century Nigerian politicians
People of colonial Nigeria
Dan Fodio family
1960s murders in Nigeria
1966 crimes in Nigeria
1966 murders in Africa
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian people of Arab descent
African people of Arab descent
People of Arab descent
Fula people

masks:
Ahmadu Ibrahim Bello
Ahmadu Bello
Bello
Mallam Ibrahim Bello
Sultan Muhammad Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts:
<mask><mask> (July 27, 1850 – April 24, 1900) was a minister and leader in the Baptist church from Savannah, Georgia. He was pastor of one of the largest churches in the country and was a prominent activist for black civil rights and anti-lynching laws. He played an important role in establishing separate black Baptist national organizations and advocating for black leadership of Baptist institutions, especially schools. Early life
<mask> was born a slave on July 27, 1850 near Marion, Alabama in Perry County. He was largely uneducated and worked on a farm until 1870 when he entered Lincoln University in Marion where he studied until 1872. He returned to farm work that year and November 17, 1872 he enrolled in the Augusta Institute (later renamed Morehouse College) in Augusta, Georgia under Reverend Joseph T. Robert. On December 12, 1875 he was ordained in the Baptist church.He graduated in 1877 and was appointed missionary for the state of Georgia by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York and the Georgia Mission Society. On July 1, 1879 he resigned to take charge of the First Baptist Church in Thomasville, Georgia. He resigned this post and returned to the position of missionary for the State on October 1, 1881, this time under the auspices of the American Baptist Publication Society. On October 1, 1885 he resigned to accept another charge, pastor to the First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia. This church was one of the largest churches in the world at that time. About that time, he was appointed editor of the Centennial Record and the Georgia Sentinel a Baptist journal and a Baptist Newspaper. Black separatism in Baptist leadership
In the 1880s American Baptist leadership was dominated by white, segregationist leaders.<mask> saw this as unjust, and pushed for more publication of racial issues by the American Baptist Publication Society, and proposed a separate black Baptist publication group. In the late 1880s, <mask> and William J. White were leaders in the separatist factions and called for greater representation of black leaders in Baptist organizations, as well as for black presidents at the Atlanta Baptist College and Spelman College and more representation in the boards of trustees of the schools. In 1887, <mask>, White, and James C. Bryan were noted for calling for black leadership at the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. <mask>'s outspokenness led to his promotion to official leadership within the black Baptist church. In 1888, <mask> was elected president of the colored Baptist Foreign Mission convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Rev.M. W. Gilbert of Nashville was elected vice president, J. J. Spellman of Jackson, Mississippi secretary and J. E. Farrier of Richmond, Virginia treasurer. Also in 1888, <mask> was among the leaders of a group of 350 leading black Georgians met to push for education legislation and to opposed discrimination, particularly in chain gangs, Jim Crow laws on public transportation, lynch law, disenfranchisement, and jury selection. That year, he published a history of black Baptist churches in America. Baxley affair

In Thomasville and Savannah in the late 1870s and the 1880s, <mask> was lauded by the white Baptist community for his work. This support did not extend to the broader white community, nor did it continue in the late 1880s. In 1889, he  was among a delegation to travel from Georgia to attend the annual meeting of the black Baptist Foreign Mission Convention in Indianapolis. The train on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad had only a first-class car and a smoking car.The delegates opposed smoking and drinking and desired to sit in a first-class car. They had been promised that a segregated first-class car would be provided, but it was not, and the black men found seats for themselves in the white first-class car. White passengers and rail conductors were unhappy and sent a telegram down the line informing people about the infraction. A black porter notified <mask> about the spread of the news, and once the train stopped at the next stop in Baxley, Georgia, a mob boarded the train and demanded the delegation leave. When they refused, they were attacked and beaten and <mask> believed that they would have been killed without the interference of the conductor. Five of the delegates including <mask> and Rev. C. K. Spratling pushed on and went to Indianapolis.They also published an article describing the event which was republished widely. At the convention, <mask> was elected president and Solomon T. Clanton, J. E. Jones, and J. E. Farrer officers while vice presidents were selected from the various states. A committee of nearly twenty men were selected to go to Washington and demand protection for blacks in the South taking special notice of the attack on <mask> and Spratling. The Convention also succeeded at pressuring the American Baptist Publication Society to promise to publish articles by black leaders Walter H. Brooks, William J. Simmons, and <mask> in its journal, the Baptist Teacher. When white leaders in the society reneged on this promise, the group organized the National Baptist Publishing Board to publish the writings of black Baptist leaders. American Baptist Publication Society leader Benjamin Griffith claimed that no affront was intended and endeavored to expand black representation in the society and in its publications. For their outspokenness, <mask> and the two others were forced out of the American Baptist Publication Board in 1889.Conflicts in the 1890s

In 1890, <mask> and Richard R. Wright Sr. were in a dispute with William White, Judson Lyons, Henry A. Rucker, and especially John H. Deveaux, who was in control of Georgia's African American Republic Party machinery. The dispute centered around leadership of the party district nomination conventions. Lyons, Rucker, and Deveaux were all supported by patronage of Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute and were identified with light-skinned elites, while <mask> and Wright (and Charles T. Walker) represented a "black" or "darker-skinned" faction, although skin color was not as important as political allegiance and ideology. Dispute within the Baptist church continued as well, and by 1890, <mask> and Bryan were calling for blacks to stop participating in the American Baptist Missionary Society's educational programs, although White was more friendly, and in 1892, the dispute led to separatism at the state convention. In 1893, a group within <mask>'s congregation at the First African Baptist Church in Savannah sought to remove <mask>. They made several charges of immorality against him, but were unable to establish their case. At the 1893 black state Baptist convention, cooperationists supported Charles T. Walker for president of the group while separatists supported <mask>.The accusations against <mask> complicated the issue, but he still won the election. As a result of the conflict within his church, about 1,000 members left to form another branch - since the total size of the congregation was as many as 5,000, this did not cripple the church. About this time William E. Holmes, before an opponent of <mask> and White, changed his position and supported the separatist cause. <mask>'s leadership in the church continued, however. In 1895, he was corresponding secretary of the Colored Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, with E. C. Morris president and S. T. Clanton and J. L. Dart as fellow officers. In 1896, <mask> was president of the separatist General Missionary Baptist Convention and continued to advocate black decision makers in prominent positions, especially in leadership of schools for black students. However, he was no longer in accord with William White.White was working with American Baptist Home Missionary Society secretary, Thomas J. Morgan, to repair the strains, but their work only further alienated <mask>, who was becoming increasingly supportive of black nationalism. In 1897, White was editor of the Georgia Baptist and succeeded in isolating <mask> in <mask>'s call for a separate, black Baptist college, although <mask> did succeed in gaining support for the Publishing Board of the National Baptist Convention. Republican politics

In 1896, Alfred Eliab Buck was the leader of the Georgia Republican Party. Buck was the president of the Republican State Convention in late April and presided over the electing of delegates to the 1896 Republican National Convention. There was dispute over the delegates, which Buck attempted to preempt by passing a "harmony" slate of delegates outside of standard procedure - <mask> would call it a "lilly white" slate, although it did include blacks. However, the slate did not include <mask>'s friend, Richard R. Wright Sr., who many believed would be a delegate. The convention erupted in protest and a representative of Buck's attempted to adjourn the meeting and the Buck faction left the hall.The <mask> and Wright faction remained and <mask> took the chair, electing a new slate of delegates, now including <mask> (and Buck but still not Wright). Eventually Wright was not selected as a delegate, but did attend as an alternate. Other activities
<mask>'s work in Georgia was widespread. He wrote or edited three Baptist journals: the Centennial Record, the Georgia Sentinel, and the Baptist Truth as well as two secular papers, the Augusta Weekly Sentinel and the Albany Watchman. The Augusta Sentinel Newspaper was a Republican paper cofounded by Richard R. Wright St, Rev. Charles T. Walker, and <mask>. <mask> later pushed to have Wright installed as president of Georgia's first black college.As a part of his journalism, he helped found the publication group for the black National Baptist Convention. He was also president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia and together with William E. Holmes, was instrumental in founding the Baptist school, Central City College in Macon, Georgia. He strongly condemned violence against blacks and many of his sermons were reprinted and widely distributed. One example of both was the November 5, 1893, "Sermon on Lunch Law and Raping". At the time of his death in 1900, <mask> was editor of the Baptist Truth, president of the Baptist Missionary Society, and treasurer of Central City College at Macon. He was chairman of the committee which secured the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth for Savannah, now called Savannah State University. He was also a freemason.Death
<mask> died April 24, 1900. His funeral was at the First African Baptist church, where he was pastor, and he was buried at Laurel Grove cemetery. References

1850 births
1900 deaths
People from Perry County, Alabama
People from Savannah, Georgia
African-American Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Alabama
Baptists from Alabama
19th-century American clergy

masks:
Emanuel K
. Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
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Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
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Love
Love
Love
Love
Love


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts:
<mask> (Nôbonita <mask>) (13 January 1938 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian writer and academic. After studying arts and comparative literature, she moved to the USA where she studied further. She returned to India and taught at several universities and institutes as well as serving in various positions in literary institutes. She published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2000 and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) into a Bengali family on 13 January 1938. She was the only child of the poet-couple <mask> (Narendra Deb 7 July 1888- 19 April 1971, son of Nagendra Chandra Deb) and <mask>, who wrote under the pen name <mask>.She was given her name by Rabindranath Tagore. Her childhood experiences included World War II air raids, seeing people starving in the Bengal famine of 1943, and the impact of large numbers of refugees arriving in Calcutta after the partition of India. She attended Gokhale Memorial Girls' School and Lady Brabourne College. She received her BA in English from University of Calcutta, and was a student of inaugural batch of the Department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, from where she obtained her MA in 1958. She obtained another MA (with distinction) in comparative literature from Harvard University in 1961 and went on to receive a doctorate from Indiana University in 1964. Personal life

In 1959, she married Amartya <mask>, an economist and academician and then a Lecturer of Economics at the Jadavpur University, who would be awarded the Nobel prize four decades later. She moved to Britain with him and they became the parents of two daughters, Antara <mask> and Nandana <mask>. She then completed her post-doctoral research at the University of California at Berkeley and Newnham College, Cambridge University.After her divorce in 1976, she returned to Calcutta with her daughters. She had one adopted daughter Srabasti Basu. Her hobbies included reading, records, and travelling. In addition to Bengali and English, she could read Hindi, Oriya, Assamese, French, German, Greek, Sanskrit, and Hebrew. Career

Academic
<mask> was a writer in residence at several international artists' colonies, including Yaddo and MacDowell Colony in the United States; Bellaggio in Italy; and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim in Jerusalem. She held the Maytag Chair of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature at Colorado College, 1988–1989. She was a visiting professor and a visiting creative writer at several universities including Harvard, Cornell, Columbia, Chicago (USA), Humboldt (Germany), Universities of Toronto, British Columbia (Canada), Melbourne, New South Wales (Australia), and El Collegio de Mexico.She delivered the Radhakrishnan Memorial Lecture series (1996–1997) at Oxford University on epic poetry. In 2002, <mask> retired as Professor of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, Calcutta. She was a University Grants Commission Senior Fellow at University of Delhi. From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the J. P. Naik Distinguished Fellow at the Centre of Women's Development Studies in New Delhi. She represented herself and India in many international conferences, both academic and literary, and at the Festival of India USA in 1986. Associations

She held executive positions in the International Comparative Literature Association (1973–1979), and the International Association of Semiotic and Structural Studies (1989–1994). <mask> was the Vice-President of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, an academy for Bengali literature.She was the founder and president of West Bengal Women Writers' Association. She was the founder secretary and later Vice-President of the Indian National Comparative Literature Association. She was a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. She was a member of the Advisory Board for Bengali, Sahitya Akademi from 1978 to 1982, as well as the Member and Convenor, Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Language Advisory Committee from 1975 to 1990. She also served as Member of the Jury of important literary awards including the Jnanpith Award, Saraswati Samman, Kabir Samman, and Rabindra Puraskar. Literary career
<mask> published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She worked with the treatment of women in world epics; she wrote several short stories presenting Sita in a different way from how she appears in the Ramayana.Her first collection of poems Pratham Pratyay (First Confidence) was published in 1959. Her second poetry collection Swagato Debdoot was published 12 years later. Her first novel Ami Anupam (I, Anupam) was published in 1976 in the Puja Issue of the Ananda Bazar Patrika. It is about urban middle class intellectuals who lead the youth in revolution and later contradict them during the Naxalite movement. <mask> dealt with a wide variety of social, political, psychological problems like the role of the intellectuals in the Naxalite movement (Ami Anupam, 1976), the identity crisis of Indian writing in English (1977), that of second generation non-resident Indians (1985), breakdown of the joint family, life in old age homes (1988), homosexuality (1995), facing AIDS (1999, 2002), child abuse, obsession, and uprootedness. Her first short story collection was Monsieur Hulor Holiday (Monsieur Hulo's Holiday, 1980). Her essays, such as Nati Nabanita (Nabaneeta the Actress, 1983), are considered the best of her prose writing by critic Sanjukta Gupta.Her best-selling Karuna Tomar Kon Path Diye (The Path of Thy Grace, 1978) has an account of a solo woman on pilgrimage to Kumbh Mela. Her travelogue Truck Bahoney Mac Mahoney depicts her ride on a ration truck across northeast India and Tibet in 1977. Her other notable works included Bama-bodhini,  Srestha kabita, and Sita theke suru. She was a well-known children's author in Bengali for her fairy tales and adventure stories, with girls as protagonist, having first written for children in 1979. She was the chief editor of Bengali in the Macmillan's Modern Indian Novels in English Translation series. Recognition
<mask> received many national and international awards and honours, including: Gouridevi Memorial Award, Mahadevi Verma Award (1992), Celli Award from Rockefeller Foundation (1993), Sarat Award from Bhagalpur University of Bihar (1994), Prasad Puraskar, Sahitya Akademi Award (1999). She has also received Rabindra Puraskar, Kabir Samman, Samskriti Award, Kamal Kumari National Award (2004), Mystic Kalinga Literary Award (2017), and the Big Little Book Award for children's literature in 2017, when the award focused on Bengali writing.She was awarded the Padma Shri (2000), the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India. Death
She died on 7 November 2019 in Kolkata following cancer. References

External links

1938 births
2019 deaths
Amartya Sen
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali writers
Indian women novelists
Indian women poets
Writers from Kolkata
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali
Jadavpur University alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian novelists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian women writers
Women writers from West Bengal
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian poets
Poets from West Bengal
Novelists from West Bengal
Indiana University alumni
Indian children's writers
Indian short story writers
Indian travel writers
Indian humorists
Indian essayists
Indian literary critics
Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian translators

masks:
Nabaneeta Dev Sen
Deb Sen
Dev Sen
Narendra Dev
Radharani Devi
Aparajita Devi
Sen
Dev Sen
Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
<mask> (23 September 1898 – 8 August 1980) was a Korean independence activist and a general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War, who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. Born in North Pyongan, he did his early schooling in China and Korea, and had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the nascent Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He fled into exile in China in 1918, and served in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army from 1926 to 1948, following which he moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War, and was then sent to Taipei as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China, which by then had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party.Being one of the most experienced and high-ranked among the officer corps that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army, he was nicknamed the "Five-star General". Early life and military career in China
<mask> was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province. At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the  in Chongju. He later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment. After his release, <mask> fled into exile in China in 1918. There, he was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy thanks to an introduction by .In China he used a variety of aliases, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong () and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung (), Wang Yi-shu (), and Wang Fu-kao (). After his graduation in 1920 he proceeded to the Russian Far East to try to gain Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced numerous setbacks: first the fratricidal killings of the  in 1921, and then the withdrawal of Russian support in 1922. As a result, he crossed back into Northeast China late that year. He remained there for a few years, and briefly returned to teaching to make a living, taking up a post at the  established by  in the village of Mingdong (Myeongdong) in Helong County, Jilin. His alias Choe Se-pyeong itself embroiled him in a minor scandal in the village: it was rumoured he wanted to court a woman there whose surname was also Choe, but romance between individuals with the same surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society, due to the possibility of violating the prohibition on marriage between people belonging to the same bon-gwan (clan). As a result, he revealed his real name to several people. However, Japanese secret police were increasingly active in Northeast China hunting down Korean partisans, and for his own safety <mask> left the region and went to Shanghai.In 1926, he joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army. His second son <mask>-jai was born around this time. He participated in the Northern Expedition, and was later stationed at Wusong Fort and then the . While assigned to the latter post, at the request of <mask> of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, he provided Lee Bong-chang and Yun Bong-gil with the bombs used in 1932 in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito and the Hongkew Park attack on Japanese troops which killed General Yoshinori Shirakawa of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army. During the Shanghai War of 1932, he served as an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army. In 1934, he was reassigned to the Luoyang branch of the Republic of China Military Academy, where he was in charge of a special course for Korean officer candidates in the ROC army. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939, and lieutenant general in May 1945.After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the , in which capacity he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula. In South Korea

Military career

In August 1948, <mask> moved to South Korea to join the newly formed Republic of Korea Army. He was assigned to be the principal of the Korea Military Academy. In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense regarding military strategy. After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, <mask> became the commander of the I Corps. During the First Battle of Seoul, the I Corps held a position at Kumchon, North Hwanghae, to the north of Uijeongbu. Once he learned of the North Koreans' 28 June capture of Seoul, <mask> had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until 3 July when North Korea had recovered sufficiently from the demolition of the Hangang Bridge to begin sending tanks across the river.Historian Jongsuk Chay credited the time earned by this operation with "saving the Republic of Korea from communism". <mask> went on to fight in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter later that year. However, his conflicts with President Syngman Rhee and American military officers led to his discharge in March 1951. As a diplomat

<mask> arrived in Taipei, Taiwan on 3 November 1951 to begin his service as ambassador to the Republic of China. He remained in the position until 13 June 1960. On the occasion of his departure, General  presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his wartime military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star. <mask> was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned in the aftermath of the April Revolution, along with ambassador to the U.S.  and ambassador to Japan .In the aftermath of Park Chung-hee's May 1961 coup, <mask> served a brief term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 21 May until his resignation on 21 July. He continued to play a role in foreign affairs after his resignation, and was dispatched to Niger in December 1961 as South Korea's representative to the celebrations for Niger's fourth Republic Day. In politics
<mask> made his first foray into electoral politics in the 1960 elections as a candidate for the Senate. He announced his intention to run when he resigned from his ambassadorial post. He ran as an independent in the Seoul electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates. He came in seventh place behind  (independent),  (independent), <mask>-o (Democratic),  (Democratic), Go Hui-dong (Democratic), and  (Democratic). In December 1961, <mask> was chosen as the ninth president of the .In 1962, he was awarded the Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation. <mask> then ran again in the 1963 elections as one of six Korea Independence Party candidates. The party received 1.28% of all votes cast, and failed to secure any seats. <mask>'s objections to the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea later led him into further conflict with the Park regime. While the treaty negotiations were ongoing, <mask> co-authored a series of op-eds along with Association of Families of Patriotic Martyrs president Koo Sung-suh, former Minister of Justice , Christian philosopher Ham Seok-heon, former prime minister Byeon Yeong-tae, and linguist , which were published on the front page of the Kyunghyang Shinmun in February 1965. After the signing of the treaty in June, <mask> intensified his public activities in opposition to it. On 27 July, he became a founding member of the Citizens'  Council for the Protection of the Fatherland, which aimed to block ratification of the treaty.After he failed to achieve that goal, he issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved and a new general election to be held. Then on 27 August, <mask> and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another statement calling on the Armed Forces to "maintain political neutrality" in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty. Two days later, <mask> and three co-signers of that statement—former Minister of Defense , former Korean Central Intelligence Agency director , and former minister without portfolio Park Won-bin—were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the Seoul Correctional Institute (the former Seodaemun Prison). Further charges of inciting rebellion were laid against the four on 7 September. <mask>'s three co-defendants were eventually released on ₩50,000 bail on 25 October, while <mask> himself was released on the official ground of severe illness. In 1967, <mask> became a founding member of the opposition New Democratic Party, and was elected to represent Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in the elections that year. In 1969 he was one of the founders of the , created in opposition to the constitutional referendum that year which allowed Park to run for a third term as president.He played a larger role in the May 1971 legislative elections, running as an at-large representative and also becoming the acting head of the New Democratic Party following the resignation of Yu Chin-san two weeks before the election. He won his election, and also became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July following its all-party convention. Throughout 1972, the New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between <mask>'s faction, supported by party heavyweights <mask>-jung and , and the opposing pro-Yu Chin-san faction led by . Matters came to a head at the party convention in September, held in the absence of <mask>'s faction, which resulted in the return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman. <mask>'s faction issued a statement denouncing the results and declaring the convention illegal, but the National Election Commission refused <mask>'s application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san faction. The following month, Park Chung-hee carried out his October Restoration self-coup and dissolved the National Assembly, and then just a month before the February 1973 elections, <mask>'s faction broke off from the New Democratic Party and established the . However, the Democratic Unification Party performed poorly, and only two of its candidates were elected, <mask> not among them.Following the election, Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating, and <mask> pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy. Later that year, he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections, and in 1974 he became one of the founding members of the . Retirement and death
In 1977 <mask> was elected the sixth president of the , an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families. He was re-elected as the seventh president in 1979. <mask> died at his home in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul on 8 August 1980. He was survived by his wife Min Gyeong-ran and three sons. Although a public funeral had been planned, in the end <mask>'s family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the Seoul National Cemetery where he was buried.Pastor Kyung-Chik Han of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which <mask> had been a member, presided over the funeral. Roughly 1,500 people visited the family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist . Works

Notes

References

External links

 Photo gallery of <mask>'s grave at Seoul National Cemetery
 News photo of <mask>'s second son <mask>-jai (left) in 1960

1898 births
1980 deaths
People from Ryongchon County
Korean independence activists
Korean expatriates in China
National Revolutionary Army generals
South Korean generals
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
South Korean military personnel of the Korean War
Ambassadors of South Korea to Taiwan
Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star
20th-century South Korean politicians
Foreign ministers of South Korea
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Burials at Seoul National Cemetery

masks:
Kim Hong il
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Young
Kim Koo
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Dong
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Dae
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Young