title: Douglas T. Jacobson

texts:
Major <mask> (November 25, 1925 – August 20, 2000) was a United States Marine who earned the United States' highest military honor  — the Medal of Honor — for his heroic actions on Iwo Jima during World War II. "Private First Class Jacobson destroyed a total of sixteen enemy positions and annihilated approximately seventy-five Japanese, thereby contributing essentially to the success of his division's operations." He was presented the Medal of Honor by President Harry S<mask> on October 5, 1945. Early years
<mask> was born in Rochester, New York, on November 25, 1925, the son of a carpenter. He attended elementary and high school in Port Washington, New York. He worked for his father as a draftsman, and was a lifeguard and swimming instructor before enlisting in the Marine Corps Reserve on January 28, 1943, at the age of 17. Marine Corps service
Following recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, he was transferred to the 23rd Marine Regiment at Camp Lejeune, New River, North Carolina, and was promoted in July 1943 to private first class.As a member of the 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines, 4th Marine Division, he was sent overseas in December 1943, and participated in the campaigns for Tinian, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Iwo Jima. He was commended in division orders of the 4th Marine Division "…for excellent performance of duties as a Browning automatic rifleman while serving with a rifle company during action against enemy Japanese forces on Saipan, Marianas Island from June 15, to June 28, 1944…"

On February 26, 1945, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, he destroyed multiple enemy positions during fierce combat. For his actions on that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Promoted to corporal in April 1945, he returned to the United States that September, reporting to Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., and was subsequently transferred to the Naval Shipyard, New York, New York, until discharged as a corporal in December 1945. In October 1945, he received the Medal of Honor from President <mask>. He then reenlisted in the United States Marine Corps on April 22, 1946, and was retained at District Headquarters Recruiting Station, Washington, D.C., as a recruiting sergeant. Reappointed a line corporal in September 1946, he was ordered to a replacement battalion at Oceanside, California, embarking in November aboard the USS General William Mitchell as a replacement for the 1st Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force.He joined the 1st Engineer Battalion in December 1946, and served with the 1st Marine Division in Peiping and Tsingtao, China. He was promoted to sergeant in May 1947. Returning from overseas in December 1948, he reported to the Marine Air Detachment, U.S. Naval Air Station, Columbus, Ohio, and was subsequently returned to the Naval Base, New York, New York, for discharge as a sergeant on April 21, 1949. He later served 8 months in the Florida National Guard  before being discharged to reenlist in the Marine Corps Reserve as a technical sergeant in September 1953 as a member of the 2d 155 mm Gun Battalion, at Miami, Florida. Shortly thereafter, he was ordered to active duty to attend the 9th Officer Candidate Course, at Quantico, Virginia. Discharged from the Reserve in December 1953, he was immediately reappointed a technical sergeant in the regular Marine Corps, and subsequently commissioned a second lieutenant in March 1954, with date of rank from June 5, 1953.Following graduation from the 1st Basic Course at Quantico in June 1954, he served briefly as a detachment officer until transferred to the 3rd Marine Division, at Camp Pendleton. As a member of the 3d Marine Division, Lieutenant <mask> left the United States in December 1954, arriving in Japan the next month. During this tour of duty he served as executive officer and later commanding officer of Company A, 1st Battalion, 9th Marines, 3rd Marine Division, and was promoted to first lieutenant with date of rank from December 5, 1954. Returning from overseas in June 1955, Lieutenant <mask> reported to the Marine Barracks, U.S. Naval Base, Brooklyn, New York, and served as a guard officer until July 1956, when he was transferred to the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines, 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. At Camp Lejeune, he served as a company officer in Company D and later as commanding officer of Headquarters & Service Company. In August 1957, he became a range officer at the Rifle Range Battalion, Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, and was promoted to captain in November.In January 1958, he was reassigned to the General Supply Service Company, 2nd Service Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, to attend Supply Officer Course #2-58. Upon completion of the course in April 1958, he was assigned duties as a supply officer with Sub Unit #1, Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Base, at Camp Lejeune. In October 1958, he became officer in charge of Self-Service Center, Base Material Battalion, 2nd Force Service Regiment at Camp Lejeune, and then served in various other supply duty capacities with the battalion until July 1960, when he was ordered to duty with the 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa. Captain <mask> served as regimental supply officer of the 3rd Marine Regiment with the division until December 1960, when he returned to the Base Material Battalion, at Camp Lejeune. There, he served as assistant warehouse officer and officer in charge, Subsistence Branch and Storage Division, until April 1962, when he was assigned as commanding officer, H&S Company, 2d Pioneer Battalion, 2d Marine Division, Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to major on July 1, 1964, and retired in 1967. Later life
After his discharge, he lived in New Jersey and sold real estate.In 1987, he moved to Florida. Major <mask> died on August 20, 2000, in Port Charlotte, Florida, of congestive heart failure and pneumonia. He was survived by his wife Joan, three daughters and two grandchildren. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in court 5, section H, stack 17, niche 3 of the columbarium map grid NN 19.5. The veterans home in Port Charlotte is named in his honor. Awards and decorations
In addition to the Medal of Honor, Major <mask>'s medals and decorations include: the Letter of Commendation, Presidential Unit Citation with two bronze stars, the Good Conduct Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four bronze stars, the American Campaign Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, the China Service Medal, and the National Defense Service Medal with bronze star.Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the Third Battalion, Twenty-Third Marines, Fourth Marine Division, in combat against enemy Japanese forces during the seizure of Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands, February 26, 1945. Promptly destroying a stubborn 20-mm. antiaircraft gun and its crew after assuming the duties of a bazooka man who had been killed, Private First Class Jacobson waged a relentless battle as his unit fought desperately toward the summit of Hill 382 in an effort to penetrate the heart of Japanese cross-island defenses. Employing his weapon with ready accuracy when his platoon was halted by overwhelming enemy fire on February 26, he first destroyed two hostile machine-gun positions, then attacked a large blockhouse, completely neutralizing the fortification before dispatching the five-man crew of a pillbox and exploding the installation with a terrific demolitions blast. Moving steadily forward, he wiped out an earth-covered rifle emplacement and, confronted by a cluster of similar emplacements which constituted the perimeter of enemy defenses in his assigned sector, fearlessly advanced, quickly reduced all six positions to a shambles, killed ten of the enemy and enabled our forces to occupy the strong point. Determined to widen the breach thus forced, he volunteered his services to an adjacent assault company, neutralized a pillbox holding up its advance, opened fire on a Japanese tank pouring a steady stream of bullets on one of our supporting tanks and smashed the enemy tank's gun turret in a brief but furious action culminating in a single-handed assault against still another blockhouse and the subsequent neutralization of its firepower. By his dauntless skill and valor, Private First Class Jacobson destroyed a total of sixteen enemy positions and annihilated approximately seventy-five Japanese, thereby contributing essentially to the success of his division's operations against the fanatically defended outpost of the Japanese Empire.His gallant conduct in the face of tremendous odds enhanced and sustained the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. /S/ HARRY S. TRUMAN

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

References

1925 births
2000 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps officers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
Battle of Iwo Jima
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

masks:
Douglas Thomas Jacobson
. Truman
Douglas Jacobson
Harry Truman
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson


title: Mark Greenwold

type: original

texts:
<mask> is an American painter, born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1942, whose subjects often include figures in psychologically charged domestic interiors, executed with pathologically laborious detail. He began exhibiting in New York in the late 1970s, where he currently lives and works. Though he came of age in an art world known for minimalist and conceptual trends, his work has always centered around the figure and his style has fallen somewhere between surrealism and photo realism. Biography
<mask> attended the Cleveland Institute of Art from 1962–1966. After which he continued his graduate studies at Indiana University Bloomington, earning his MFA in 1968. At Indiana, his professors were William Bailet and James McGarrell. After grad school, he moved to Seattle, where he got a teaching job.By 1986, he had relocated to Albany, where he had a teaching position at the State University. <mask> now lives and works in New York, NY. Artistic style
<mask>'s paintings are best described as humans engaging in discomfiting behavior represented with pathologically laborious detail. He sees his art as a place to put all his mishigas. And, as that mishigas is often human-centered, the figure is absolutely central to what <mask> paints. The subject matter always appears physiologically charged. <mask>'s process is painstaking.Some of his paintings have taken him four entire years to complete. His pace has always been slow, steady, and intensive. He uses photography as a starting point, which includes taking source imagery from low-end interior design magazines and photographs of friends and family members. Richard Vine, in a 1993 Art in America review, explains: “<mask>, who acknowledges an affinity with Woody Allen, subjects a repertory cast of relatives, lovers and friends to various emotional crises, blatant or implicit, while never quite letting go of a self-deprecating humor that is his best—and perhaps only—psychological defense.”

1960s and 1970s
When <mask> first embarked on his painting career after grad school, he was entering an art world concerned with little else other than minimalism and conceptualism. This was an art world dominated by Greenbergian modernism, which opposed everything <mask> valued: space, content, emotion, sex, violence, and humor. Yet, he remained transfixed by the figure. While still a student at Indiana, he spent six months working on one single painting: Furlough, which he finished in 1968.The style and pace of this painting would set the tone for the rest of <mask>'s career. The work is very much set within its own time frame. Much of his work in the 1970s, for example, took interiors that were classically seventies or used source imagery from porn magazines. But beyond that, the sexual excess of the seventies is represented by <mask> as an orgiastic celebration of humanity. Much of his career has been plagued by controversy. In 1973, <mask>'s Secret Storm was allegedly censored from publication in an exhibition catalogue for the show "12 Painters and the Human Figure" at the Santa Barbara Museum. While <mask> suggested that the museum had shelved publishing the catalogue - an injustice to the other painters in the show - because of cries to censor his explicit painting, the director of the museum, Paul Mills, suggested that <mask>'s painting was never meant to be in the catalogue and that the production had ceased because <mask> did not cooperate with other photography.Along these same lines, an exhibition of one single painting was vehemently protested by art critic Lucy Lippard. The exhibition at Phyllis Kind in 1979, Brown's first solo show, included one single painting, Sewing Room, whose subject matter was a husband stabbing his wife with a pair of scissors. Lippard bemoaned Kind's exhibition of a painting that clearly glorified domestic abuse. <mask> came to his own defense again, penning a letter for the Village Voice, in which he explained that simply depicting an event does not mean he was glorifying it. 1980s and 1990s
By the 1980s, <mask> was still focused primarily on placing the human figure in gaudy interiors. However, his style shifted slightly away from the tight almost photo realistic look of his previous paintings to a looser style. Also, in an effort to speed up his process, he shifted away from acrylic on large canvases and instead began using gouache and watercolor on a much smaller scale.Richard Vine, writing in Art in America in 1993, explained how <mask>'s style was reminiscent of Giotto and other Sienese painters of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Grace Glueck described his style as similar to that of magic realism and surrealism, where every inch of the painting is rendered in precise detail; though his paintings are intense they are just ever so slightly too staged to be convincing. 2000s
In the early 2000s, abstract designs made out of colored lozenge forms start appearing in <mask>'s paintings. These may be a reference to forms used by his friends and fellow artists, Chuck Close and James Siena. He stays true to the subject matter he always focused on, including interiors from architecture magazines and a depiction of the psychological landscape of dysfunctional family life. Art, New York, April 10–May 24

2004
Endless Love, DC Moore Gallery, New York, January 7–February 7
It’s a Wonderful Life: Psychodrama in Contemporary Painting, Spaces Gallery, Cleveland, March 19–May 14
Colored Pencil, K.S.

masks:
Mark Greenwold
Mark Greenwold
Mark Greenwold
Mark Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold
Greenwold


title: Ye Zhupei

texts:
<mask> or Yap Chu-Phay (; 1902 – 24 November 1971) was a Chinese physical chemist, chemical engineer, and metallurgist. Born into an overseas Chinese family in the Philippines and educated in the United States, he moved to China in the 1930s and served in both the Kuomintang and the Communist governments. Considered the founder of chemical metallurgy in China, he was elected a founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 1955 and established the Institute of Chemical Metallurgy (now Institute of Process Engineering) of the CAS in 1958. He was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and died in prison after five years of incarceration. Early life and career in the United States
<mask> (or Yap Chu-Phay in Hokkien) was born in 1902 in Manila, American Philippines, into an overseas Chinese family that originated from Xiamen, Fujian. His father, <mask> (), was a businessman and follower of the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen. He entered Colorado School of Mines in the United States in 1921, and subsequently earned an M.S.from the University of Chicago and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry of metals from the University of Pennsylvania in 1929. <mask> worked as an engineer for Union Carbide and Central Alloy Steel Corporation, and later as engineer and director of the metallurgy department of American Machine and Foundry Company. While in the US, he published more than 10 papers in scientific journals and developed the use of thermodynamics in the study of iron-carbon alloys, which attracted much attention from metallurgists. Republic of China
In 1933, <mask> moved to the Republic of China to serve in the National Defense Design Council of the Kuomintang government in Nanjing. He was appointed director of the laboratory for metallurgy, which was established at his suggestion. After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, <mask> relocated with the Kuomintang government to the wartime capital of Chongqing, where he led the production of strategic materials, such as electrolytic copper and special steel, which were urgently needed for the war effort. After the 1941 New Fourth Army incident, during which the Kuomintang attacked the New Fourth Army led by the Communist Party, their nominal ally in the Anti-Japanese War, <mask> arranged for the Communist leader Zhou Enlai to secretly meet the British embassy to impart the Communists' version of events.He also donated funds to support the Communist headquarters in Yan'an. In 1944, <mask> visited Europe and the United States to catch up with technological advances in the developed world. After the end of World War II, he served as vice director of the science committee of UNESCO, under director Joseph Needham. People's Republic of China
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, <mask> moved to China in 1950 with his wife Marcelia and their one-year-old son. He was elected a founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 1955. In 1958, he established the Institute of Chemical Metallurgy (now Institute of Process Engineering) of the CAS and served as the founding director. In addition, he recruited Chen Jiayong to help develop hydrometallurgy at the institute.After examining the shortcomings of China's steel industry, <mask> suggested the application of the "three high method": high pressure, temperature, and humidity, and Shijingshan Steel built a test furnace according to his specification. He also solved key technical problems at Panzhihua Iron and Steel and Baotou Steel. He published more than 100 papers and won multiple State Science and Technology Prizes. However, many of his far-sighted proposals were not adopted at the time. He advocated the development of oxygen converter process for steelmaking, but others insisted on building large open hearth furnaces, a technology that was becoming obsolete. He advocated the use of computers for metallurgical research, and was ostracized by those who could not understand the connection. In 1952, he proposed simultaneous mining of iron ore and rare earths at the Bayan Obo mine, whereas Soviet experts preferred to focus on iron ore only.The Chinese government adopted the Soviet proposal, and only came to fully realize the value of the rare earth resources of Bayan Obo decades later. <mask> was elected a member of the 2nd and 3rd National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). In 1964, he was elected a Standing Committee member of the 3rd National People's Congress. When the Cultural Revolution erupted in 1966, however, he was persecuted and imprisoned by the Red Guards. He spent the final five years of his life in custody, during which time he wrote technical papers and proposals totaling 200,000 words. He suffered from colon cancer and died in prison on 24 November 1971. Legacy
<mask> was posthumously rehabilitated after the end of the Cultural Revolution and recognized as the founder of chemical metallurgy in China.On 10 July 1978, a grand ceremony was held for his interment at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing. Vice Premier Fang Yi, who presided over the ceremony, declared him the "People's Scientist". In articles published in 1987 in <mask>'s memory, the prominent scientist Yan Jici praised his contributions to China which went far beyond the field of metallurgy, the entrepreneurial spirit that his career was imbued with, and his devotion to truth even under extremely difficult circumstances. Personal life
While a visiting scientist in New York City, <mask>i met his wife Marcelia <mask>, an Irish-American from Ohio, through their friends Toshi and Pete Seeger. They had a son, Kippy, and moved to China when he was a year old. In China Marcelia gave birth to two daughters, Suzanna and Cathy. She taught English at Yenching University, which later merged into Peking University, for 25 years.Among her students were many high-ranking Chinese and Korean officials, including Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing. After retiring in 1976 at age 60, she returned to the United States and earned a master's degree in creative writing from University of California, Berkeley. She became a writer, publishing short stories and the poetry collection Hillegass Street, and later returned to teach at Peking University for another semester. She died in Berkeley on 2 February 2008, at the age of 91. As he grew up in the Philippines and the United States, <mask> was more fluent in English than Mandarin Chinese, which he spoke with a heavy Hokkien accent. References

1902 births
1971 deaths
Chinese chemical engineers
Chinese metallurgists
Chinese physical chemists
Colorado School of Mines alumni
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Filipino emigrants to China
Hokkien scientists
Members of the 2nd Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the 3rd Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Standing Committee of the 3rd National People's Congress
People from Manila
People persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
UNESCO officials
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
Ye Zhupei
Ye Zhupei
Ye Duxing
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye Zhupe
Vance Yeh
Ye


title: Shashank Subramanyam

texts:
<mask> (was born Oct. 14 1978) widely acknowledged as a legend of the Flute, is a Grammy-nominated renowned exponent of the Bamboo Flute from India and specializes in Indian Classical Music. He is a recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi's senior award by Govt. of India bestowed by the Hon. President of India for the year 2017 at an investiture ceremony held at Rashtrapathi Bhavan in New Delhi. He was a child prodigy and began performing from his age of 6 in 1984 and has performed  for over three decades. Early life
<mask> was born in Rudrapatna, India to Hemalatha and Subramanyam. His forefathers belong to Tirunelveli dist of Tamil Nadu.He was trained in Carnatic music by his father, Palghat K.V. Narayanaswami, and Hindustani music under Pandit Jasraj. <mask> is married to Shirisha, a Bharatanatyam dancer. He had no Gurus for Flute playing and was self taught. <mask> and Shirisha have a daughter Swara and son Samvit and live in Chennai, India. Performing career
Shashank performed in public for the first time in 1984 at the age of six. <mask> began performing at the top circuit in 1990 with major performances in Adelaide, Australia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and in Singapore followed by his major performance at Shastri hall in December 1990.His career-defining moment came when the Music Academy invited Shashank, just 12 years old, to perform in the senior most performance slot "SADAS concert" at The Music Academy, Chennai 1 January 1991. Shashank has worked extensively presenting collaborative performances with host of musicians from India and around the world including John McLaughlin, Paco de Lucia, Wuppertal and Shanxi Symphony Orchestras, The New Jungle Orchestra, Mikkel Nordso, Terry Riley, Ustad Shahid Parvez, Zakir Hussain, Ustad Sultan Khan, Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Ronu Mazumdar, Ustad Shujaat Khan, and Debu Choudhury. Shashank performs in a wide range of concert environments from the pure Indian classical, Symphonies, Jazz, Films and crossover projects. He has led many ensembles and also has been a guest artist on many famed bands like Remember Shakti, New Jungle Orchestra, Blue Lotus, etc. The BBC World TV did a documentary on Shashank titled Destination Music in 2006 and the CNN international TV featured Shashank's performance and interview  as part of the Travel Logue India show. Shashank has performed and taught in prestigious institutions in India and over 50 countries around the world. Awards and Honours

•	Grammy Nomination for the CD album with Guitarist John McLaughlin for the year 2009.•	Sangeet Natak Akademi’s senior award of Govt of India for the year 2017 bestowed by Hon. President of India. •	<mask> has over 75 CDs and several DVDs to his credit. •	“A Top” ranking in the All India Radio and TV. •	“Kalaimamani” from the Government of Tamil Nadu for the year 2001. •	“Kuzhal Arasar” in 2003 from the prestigious Kellogg School of Management, Chicago. •	“Proclamation to the city” award by Cities of Tulsa and Memphis, USA.•	Rotary Club awards of excellence 1995 and 1997. •	Asthana Vidwan of Sringeri bestowed Jagadguru Shankaracharya of Sringeri in the year 2000. •	Direct A grade ranking at his age of 14 in 1993 in the All India Radio and TV. Style and Contribution
Specialized in Carnatic classical music and trained in Hindustani Classical music as well, he incorporates patterns of improvisation from both systems of Music from India and uses a range of flutes to cover octaves that are not supported by the traditional Carnatic flute. <mask> is known for his intricate (Improvisations), melodious keerthana ( composition) renderings and pulsating kalpanaswaram (Faster and rhythmic improvisations). His concerts generally include a Ragam Tanam Pallavi as a central piece, normally composed by <mask> himself. Several valuable contributions to the field of Flute playing including the following.• Introduced and furthered the revolutionary Multi Flute Fingering technique in Carnatic Music performances that have inspired scores of Flute players and Musicians from India and around the world. • Shashank style of Flute playing techniques that helped reproduce the human voice better and solved many old issues of fingering techniques. • Claw shaped fingering technique that has eased playing fast phrases, produce echo effects among many others. Especially the work done on how best to produce faster taans effectively spanning various octaves, intricate slides between notes and octaves, gamakas, reduction of stress on fingers with invention of easier finger movements, among many others. • Shashank has done extensive work in area of harmoniously integrating the Vocal and instrumental styles of Carnatic to a unique style of his own, especially with the sounds that the Flute produces. • Dual Octave Sound production technique producing two octaves simultaneously, new ways using flute playing techniques to present Kalpana swaras and Tanam in Carnatic Music portraying a combination of Vocal / Instrumental styles and unique sounds produced only on the Flute. • Advanced breath control techniques, tonguing techniques, use of percussion like fingering technique on the Flute among scores of other contributions which are difficult to explain in writing that have overall improved ways of Flute playing immensely.• Co-creator of Shashank style of Carnatic Flute, a near perfect bamboo flute that solved age old defects that existed with the instrument. • Introduced specially designed long base flutes with eight holes and made it possible for it to be the primary instrument in a Carnatic Music performance. Prior to this, traditionally, only shorter flutes were used in a concert. With this, Shashank has a range of Five octaves. Discography

He has released over 80 CDs and 10 DVDs. Mukunda Malini - CD 2021
 Ardhanareeshwaram - Kumudhakriya CD 2021
 Venu Vandanam Part 1 - CD 2021
 Venu Vandanam Part 2 - CD 2021
 Shashank with Wuppertal Symphony Orchestra – CD 2021
 Silent Breath by Meditation House Records, Germany 2020
 WORD'N GLOBAL - A collaborative of Middle Eastern and Indian Music - published in Denmark 2020. Language of Musc, by Shashank, Mike Herting, Paul Shigihara.

masks:
Shashank Subramanyam
Shashank Subramanyam
Shashank
Shashank
Shashank
Shashank
Shashank
Shashank


title: Orono Por Muang Ubon

texts:
<mask>bon (; born January 14, 1973 in Ubon Ratchathani) is a Thai former Muay Thai fighter. Biography and career

<mask> started Muay Thai at 10 in the Kiatkamchai camp. At 15 he joined the Por Muang Ubon gym in his native Ubon Ratchathani Province to start his Bangkok career, training alongside other notable fighters such as Nungubon Sitlerchai and Nuengtrakarn Por <mask>bon. His ring name was given to him by a trainer who thought he had a similar face as the boxing champion <mask> who came to compete for a world title in Thailand in 1983 and 1985. <mask> rapidly made a name for himself in Bangkok, fighting for the Songchai promotion. He was recognized for his southpaw style and ability to endure punishment. This style led him to put on very entertaining fights, some of them awarded "Fight of the Year" by Muay Thai institutions such as the Lumpinee Stadium or the Sports Writer Association of Thailand.The latter also designated him as "Fighter of the year" in 1994. In the early 2010s <mask> became a trainer at various Muay Thai camps including 13 Coins Resort. He kept taking fights until 2017. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2002-04-13 || Loss ||align=left| Jean-Charles Skarbowsky || Songkran : New year Celebration || Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2002-03-04 || Draw ||align=left| Jean-Charles Skarbowsky || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2002-01-00 || Loss ||align=left| Jean-Charles Skarbowsky ||  || Udon Thani, Thailand || TKO (Ref stop) || 3 ||
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2001-05-20 || Win||align=left| Ryuji Goto ||  MAJKF || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Majority) || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2001-04-01 || Loss ||align=left| Duan Esarn Kiatsarika || Ngamwongwan Mall || Nonthaburi, Thailand || Decision|| 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| ? || Win ||align=left| Rodtang War.Tweekeat ||  || Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2000-12-05 || Loss ||align=left| John Wayne Parr || Thai King's Birthday Event "Kings Cup" || Sanam Luang, Thailand || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2000-10-14 || Loss||align=left| Suriya Sor.Ploenchit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2000-09-24 || Win||align=left| Kunihide Anose|| NJKF Millenium Wars 8 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2000- || Loss ||align=left| Morad Sari ||   || Las Vegas, USA || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2000- || Loss||align=left| Kaolan Kaovichit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2000-01-29 || Win ||align=left| Stéphane Nikiéma ||  NJKF Millenium Wars 1 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Split) || 5 ||3:00
|-
!|| Loss ||align=left| Rayen Simson ||  ||  Thailand  || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 1996-10-11 || Draw||align=left| Sangtiennoi Sor.Rungroj || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| ?|| Win ||align=left| Saenchai Kiatworawut|| Lumpinee Stadium  || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1996- || Loss ||align=left| Therdkiat Sitthepitak || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand  || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| ? || Win ||align=left| Coban Lookchaomaesaitong ||  || Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1995-04-28|| Win ||align=left| Pairot Wor.Wolapon || Lumpinee Stadium  || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (throw) || 4 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1995-04-08 || Win ||align=left| Ramon Dekkers || || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1995-03-28 || Win||align=left| Jongsanan Fairtex || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 1995-02-28 || Win ||align=left| Namkabuan Nongkeepahuyuth || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand  || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1995-01-31 || Loss ||align=left| Therdkiat Sitthepitak || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand  || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1994-12-24 || Win||align=left| Pairot Wor.Wolapon || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision  || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 1994-10-24|| No Contest ||align=left| Pairot Wor.Wolapon || Rajadamnern Stadium  || Bangkok, Thailand ||  || 5 ||3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| ? || Win|| align=left| Panomrunglek Chor.Sawat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 1993-01-08 || Loss ||align=left| Cherry Sor Wanich || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| ?

masks:
Orono Por Muang U
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Rafael Orono
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title: Rached Ghannouchi

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<mask> (; born 22 June 1941), also spelled Rachid al-<mask> or <mask>-<mask>, is a  Tunisian politician and is a  thinker, co-founder of the Ennahdha Party and serving as its intellectual leader. He was born Rashad Khriji (). <mask> was named one of Time's 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2012 and Foreign Policy's Top 100 Global Thinkers and was awarded the Chatham House Prize in 2012 (alongside Tunisian President Moncef Marzouki) by Prince Andrew, Duke of York, for "the successful compromises each achieved during Tunisia's democratic transition". In 2016 he received the Jamnalal Bajaj Award for "promoting Gandhian values outside India". On 13 November 2019, <mask> was elected Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People. <mask> narrowly survived a vote of no confidence after 97 MPs voted against him on 30 July 2020, falling short of 109 needed to oust him as Speaker of the House. Early life

<mask> was born outside El Hamma, in the governorate of Gabès in southern Tunisia.His village had no electricity or paved roads. His father was a poor farmer with children including <mask>. His family worked in the fields every day, and had meat to eat only a few times a year. After the ground season had ended, the family wove baskets from palm leaves to supplement its income. <mask> was able to attend a local branch of the traditional Arabic-language Zaytouna school thanks to financial help from an older brother. He received his certificate of attainment degree, equivalent to the Baccalauréat, in 1962 from the University of Ez-Zitouna (Zaytouna). He entered the school of agriculture at Cairo University in 1964 but, following the expulsion of Tunisians from Egypt, he left for Syria.He studied philosophy at the University of Damascus, graduating in 1968. <mask> also spent some time in his 20s traveling and working in Europe as a grape picker and dish washer. Islamic Tendency Movement
In April 1981 <mask> founded the Islamic Tendency Movement ( ). The Movement described itself as specifically rooted in non-violent Islamism, and called for a "reconstruction of economic life on a more equitable basis, the end of single-party politics and the acceptance of political pluralism and democracy." By the end of July, <mask> and his followers were arrested, sentenced to eleven years in prison in Bizerte, and were tortured. Both the religious and secular community, including numerous secular political organizations, rallied in his support. While in prison he translated a number of works and wrote on topics such as democracy, women's rights, and Palestine.He also wrote his most noted work, Al‐Hurriyat al‐'Ammah (Public Liberties). He was released in 1984, but returned to prison in 1987 with a life sentence, then was again released in 1988. He moved to the United Kingdom as a political exile, where he lived for 22 years. He attended The Islamic Committee for Palestine conference in Chicago in 1989. Following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Al-Ghannushi denounced King Fahd of Saudi Arabia for the "colossal crime" of inviting the U.S. to deploy forces. He also called for a Muslim boycott of American goods, planes and ships. He has also been criticized for calling for jihad against Israel.<mask> continued to criticise Tunisian politics and the regime of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Tunisian Revolution and after

Following popular unrest in which Ben Ali was ousted, <mask> returned to Tunisia on 30 January 2011, after spending twenty two years exiled in London,  with thousands of people welcoming him. His party won  37.04% of the vote (more than the next four biggest vote-getting parties combined) in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. <mask> did not take a government position. Ennahdha's secretary-general Hamadi Jebali became Prime Minister. Ennahda formed a government which led Tunisia through the challenging and tumultuous aftermath of the Jasmine revolution. The government during this period was characterized by greater transparency, lack of corruption, and consensus-building.In March 2012, Ennahda declared it would not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties. The government was criticized for mediocre economic performance, not stimulating the tourism industry, and poor relations with Tunisia's biggest trading partner France. In particular it was criticized for tolerating efforts at aggressive Islamisation by radical Islamists who were demanding Sharia law and denouncing gender inequality and restrictions on polygamy, some of whom were responsible for the September 2012 ransacking and burning of the American embassy and school following the assassination of two leftist politicians Chokri Belaid (in February 2013) and Mohamed Brahmi (in July 2013). During this 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis enraged secularists demanded the government step down or even a Sisi-style coup, while Ennahda militants defiantly opposed early elections, even booing <mask>'s calls for sacrifice for national unity. Nonetheless Ghanouchi worked with secularist leader Beji Caid Essebsi to forge a compromise and on October 5 signed a "road map" whereby Ennahda would step down for a caretaker government after the new constitution was agreed upon and until new elections were held. Both leaders were heavily criticized by their party rank and file and <mask> received agreement from the Ennahda shura council only by threatening to resign.In January 2014, after the new Tunisian Constitution was approved, Ennahdha peacefully quit government and handed power to a technocratic government led by Mehdi Jomaa. Ennahda placed second in the October 2014 parliamentary election with 27.79% of the popular vote and formed a coalition government with the larger secularist party Nidaa Tounes despite rank-and-file opposition. Ennahda did not put forth a presidential candidate for the November 2014 election. Ghanouchi "hinted broadly" that he personally supported Beji Caid Essebsi (who won with over 55% of the vote). <mask> argued for these accommodating measures against more purist party members on the grounds that the country was still too fragile, and the economy too much in need of reform, for Ennahda to be in opposition. <mask> also gave his support to a crackdown on jihadi indoctrination at radical mosques (over 60 civilians, mostly tourists, were killed in 2015 by jihadis, devastating Tunisia's tourist industry). Despite his Islamist background, he had always been "reviled" by jihadis, according to Robert Worth, and now appeared near "the top" of the jihadi "wanted list".The Economist apology in 2011
On 22 October 2011, The Economist published an apology on their website for previously publishing an article in which they attributed false statements to <mask>. The article claimed that <mask> "opposes the country's liberal code of individual rights, the Code of Personal Status, and its prohibition of polygamy". The article, also, claimed that <mask> "has threatened to hang a prominent Tunisian feminist, Raja bin Salama, in Basij Square in Tunis, because she has called for the country's new laws to be based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". The apology stated that "we accept that neither of these statements is true: Mr <mask> has expressly said that he accepts the Code of Personal Status; and he never threatened to hang Ms bin Salama. We apologise to him unreservedly." The Independent apology in 2012
On 9 October 2012, The Independent published an apology on their website for suggesting, in a previous article, that the party <mask> leads, Ennahdha (An Nahda) has been offered foreign funds. The apology stated: "we wish to make it clear that Mr <mask> and his party have not accepted any donation from a foreign state in breach of Tunisian party funding laws.We apologise to Mr Ghannouchi." BBC apology in 2013
On 17 May 2013, the BBC published an apology on their website for previously publishing inaccurate statements about Ghannouchi six months earlier on 21 November 2012. The article had accused <mask> of threatening to order troops on to the streets if the Ennahdha Party did not get the results he expected in the elections in 2011, and suggested he condoned the violent Salafist attack on the United States embassy and the burning of the American School in Tunis in September 2012. Acknowledging that none of these accusations and suggestions were in fact true, the retraction concluded: "The BBC apologises to Mr <mask> for these mistakes and for the distress they caused him." Libel case in 2020
In 2020, the UK High Court ruled in favour of <mask>, in a libel case against Middle East Online and its editor Haitham El Zobaidi. The Middle East Online (MEO) and one of its editors had claimed that Ennahda "supported terrorism", a charge <mask> "vigorously denied". According to Ahmed Yusuf, the article was part of a ""a systematic campaign" against Ghannouchi from media backed by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt."Views and background
<mask>'s willingness to compromise with secularists in Tunisia and his country's unique success in maintaining a democratic system following the Arab Spring has been credited by at least one observer (Robert Worth) to his background. Unlike many Islamists, <mask> "lived abroad for decades, reading widely in three languages", including Western thinkers Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Jean-Paul Sartre. He admired the courage of leftists who protested in the streets against the dictatorship, were arrested and tortured in prison, and became willing to work with them. Watching the initial victory of the Algerian Islamists—while exiled in London—collapse into the slaughter, mayhem and defeat of the civil war, left a deep impact. According to Azzam S. Tamimi, he was influenced by Malik Bennabi and his treatise "Islam and Democracy", which laid "the foundations" for <mask>'s "masterpiece" Al‐Hurriyat al‐'Ammah (Public Liberties). In 2002, an unsympathetic Western source (Martin Kramer) described him as differing "from other Islamists" in his insistence "that Islam accepts multi-party democracy." In 2015, he told French journalist Olivier Ravanello that homosexuality should not be criminalized, though he opposed gay marriage.He has been interviewed by Michael Moore in Where to Invade Next and stated that homosexuality is a "private affair." Personal life
On 13 July 2021, the official TAP news agency reported that <mask>, already vaccinated tested positive for COVID-19. On 1 August, he was discharged a few hours after he was readmitted to a hospital.

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title: John Singer Sargent

texts:
<mask> (; January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American expatriate artist, considered the "leading portrait painter of his generation" for his evocations of Edwardian-era luxury. He created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings. His oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida. Born in Florence to American parents, he was trained in Paris before moving to London, living most of his life in Europe. He enjoyed international acclaim as a portrait painter. An early submission to the Paris Salon in the 1880s, his Portrait of Madame X, was intended to consolidate his position as a society painter in Paris, but instead resulted in scandal. During the next year following the scandal, <mask> departed for England where he continued a successful career as a portrait artist.From the beginning, <mask>'s work is characterized by remarkable technical facility, particularly in his ability to draw with a brush, which in later years inspired admiration as well as criticism for a supposed superficiality. His commissioned works were consistent with the grand manner of portraiture, while his informal studies and landscape paintings displayed a familiarity with Impressionism. In later life <mask> expressed ambivalence about the restrictions of formal portrait work, and devoted much of his energy to mural painting and working en plein air. Art historians generally ignored artists  who painted  Royalty and "Society"  –  such as <mask>  – until the late 20th century. Early life
<mask> is a descendant of Epes <mask>, a colonial military leader and jurist. Before <mask> <mask>'s birth, his father, FitzWilliam (b. 1820 Gloucester, Massachusetts), was an eye surgeon at the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia 1844–1854.After <mask>'s older sister died at the age of two, his mother, Mary Newbold <mask> (née <mask>, 1826–1906), suffered a breakdown, and the couple decided to go abroad to recover. They remained nomadic expatriates for the rest of their lives. Although based in Paris, <mask>'s parents moved regularly with the seasons to the sea and the mountain resorts in France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. While Mary was pregnant, they stopped in Florence, Tuscany, because of a cholera epidemic. <mask> was born there in 1856. A year later, his sister Mary was born. After her birth, FitzWilliam reluctantly resigned his post in Philadelphia and accepted his wife's request to remain abroad.They lived modestly on a small inheritance and savings, leading a quiet life with their children. They generally avoided society and other Americans except for friends in the art world. Four more children were born abroad, of whom only two lived past childhood. Although his father was a patient teacher of basic subjects, young <mask> was a rambunctious child, more interested in outdoor activities than his studies. As his father wrote home, "He is quite a close observer of animated nature." His mother was convinced that traveling around Europe, and visiting museums and churches, would give young <mask> a satisfactory education. Several attempts to have him formally schooled failed, owing mostly to their itinerant life.His mother was a capable amateur artist and his father was a skilled medical illustrator. Early on, she gave him sketchbooks and encouraged drawing excursions. <mask> worked on his drawings, and he enthusiastically copied images from The Illustrated London News of ships and made detailed sketches of landscapes. FitzWilliam had hoped that his son's interest in ships and the sea might lead him toward a naval career. At thirteen, his mother reported that <mask> "sketches quite nicely, & has a remarkably quick and correct eye. If we could afford to give him really good lessons, he would soon be quite a little artist." At the age of thirteen, he received some watercolor lessons from Carl Welsch, a German landscape painter.Although his education was far from complete, <mask> grew up to be a highly literate and cosmopolitan young man, accomplished in art, music, and literature. He was fluent in English, French, Italian, and German. At seventeen, <mask> was described as "willful, curious, determined and strong" (after his mother) yet shy, generous, and modest (after his father). He was well-acquainted with many of the great masters from first hand observation, as he wrote in 1874, "I have learned in Venice to admire Tintoretto immensely and to consider him perhaps second only to Michelangelo and Titian." Training

An attempt to study at the Academy of Florence failed, as the school was re-organizing at the time. After returning to Paris from Florence <mask> began his art studies with the young French portraitist Carolus-Duran. Following a meteoric rise, the artist was noted for his bold technique and modern teaching methods; his influence would be pivotal to <mask> during the period from 1874 to 1878.In 1874 <mask> passed on his first attempt the rigorous exam required to gain admission to the École des Beaux-Arts, the premier art school in France. He took drawing classes, which included anatomy and perspective, and gained a silver prize. He also spent much time in self-study, drawing in museums and painting in a studio he shared with James Carroll Beckwith. He became both a valuable friend and <mask>'s primary connection with the American artists abroad. <mask> also took some lessons from Léon Bonnat. Carolus-Duran's atelier was progressive, dispensing with the traditional academic approach, which required careful drawing and underpainting, in favor of the alla prima method of working directly on the canvas with a loaded brush, derived from Diego Velázquez. It was an approach that relied on the proper placement of tones of paint.This approach also permitted spontaneous flourishes of color not bound to an under-drawing. It was markedly different from the traditional atelier of Jean-Léon Gérôme, where Americans Thomas Eakins and Julian Alden Weir had studied. <mask> was the star student in short order. Weir met <mask> in 1874 and noted that <mask> was "one of the most talented fellows I have ever come across; his drawings are like the old masters, and his color is equally fine." <mask>'s excellent command of French and his superior talent made him both popular and admired. Through his friendship with Paul César Helleu, <mask> would meet giants of the art world, including Degas, Rodin, Monet, and Whistler. <mask>'s early enthusiasm was for landscapes, not portraiture, as evidenced by his voluminous sketches full of mountains, seascapes, and buildings.Carolus-Duran's expertise in portraiture finally influenced <mask> in that direction. Commissions for history paintings were still considered more prestigious, but were much harder to get. Portrait painting, on the other hand, was the best way of promoting an art career, getting exhibited in the Salon, and gaining commissions to earn a livelihood. <mask>'s first major portrait was of his friend Fanny Watts in 1877, and was also his first Salon admission. Its particularly well-executed pose drew attention. His second salon entry was the Oyster Gatherers of Cançale, an impressionistic painting of which he made two copies, one of which he sent back to the United States, and both received warm reviews. Early career

In 1879, at the age of 23, <mask> painted a portrait of teacher Carolus-Duran; the virtuoso effort met with public approval and announced the direction his mature work would take.Its showing at the Paris Salon was both a tribute to his teacher and an advertisement for portrait commissions. Of <mask>'s early work, Henry James wrote that the artist offered "the slightly 'uncanny' spectacle of a talent which on the very threshold of its career has nothing more to learn." After leaving Carolus-Duran's atelier, <mask> visited Spain. There he studied the paintings of Velázquez with a passion, absorbing the master's technique, and in his travels gathered ideas for future works. He was entranced with Spanish music and dance. The trip also re-awakened his own talent for music (which was nearly equal to his artistic talent), and which found visual expression in his early masterpiece El Jaleo (1882). Music would continue to play a major part in his social life as well, as he was a skillful accompanist of both amateur and professional musicians.<mask> became a strong advocate for modern composers, especially Gabriel Fauré. Trips to Italy provided sketches and ideas for several Venetian street scenes genre paintings, which effectively captured gestures and postures he would find useful in later portraiture. Upon his return to Paris, <mask> quickly received several portrait commissions. His career was launched. He immediately demonstrated the concentration and stamina that enabled him to paint with workman-like steadiness for the next twenty-five years. He filled in the gaps between commissions with many non-commissioned portraits of friends and colleagues. His fine manners, perfect French, and great skill made him a standout among the newer portraitists, and his fame quickly spread.He confidently set high prices and turned down unsatisfactory sitters. He mentored his friend Emil Fuchs who was learning to paint portraits in oils. Works

Portraits

Nineteenth-century portraits

In the early 1880s, <mask> regularly exhibited portraits at the Salon, and these were mostly full-length portrayals of women, such as Madame Edouard Pailleron (1880) (done en plein-air) and Madame Ramón Subercaseaux (1881). He continued to receive positive critical notice. <mask>'s best portraits reveal the individuality and personality of the sitters; his most ardent admirers think he is matched in this only by Velázquez, who was one of <mask>'s great influences. The Spanish master's spell is apparent in <mask>'s The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882, a haunting interior that echoes Velázquez's Las Meninas. As in many of his early portraits, <mask> confidently tries different approaches with each new challenge, here employing both unusual composition and lighting to striking effect.One of his most widely exhibited and best loved works of the 1880s was The Lady with the Rose (1882), a portrait of Charlotte Burckhardt, a close friend and possible romantic attachment. His most controversial work, Portrait of Madame X (Madame Pierre Gautreau) (1884) is now considered one of his best works, and was the artist's personal favorite; he stated in 1915, "I suppose it is the best thing I have done." When unveiled in Paris at the 1884 Salon, it aroused such a negative reaction that it likely prompted <mask>'s move to London. <mask>'s self-confidence had led him to attempt a risque experiment in portraiture—but this time it unexpectedly backfired. The painting was not commissioned by her and he pursued her for the opportunity, quite unlike most of his portrait work where clients sought him out. <mask> wrote to a common acquaintance:

It took well over a year to complete the painting. The first version of the portrait of Madame Gautreau, with the famously plunging neckline, white-powdered skin, and arrogantly cocked head, featured an intentionally suggestive off-the-shoulder dress strap, on her right side only, which made the overall effect more daring and sensual.<mask> repainted the strap to its expected over-the-shoulder position to try to dampen the furor, but the damage had been done. French commissions dried up and he told his friend Edmund Gosse in 1885 that he contemplated giving up painting for music or business. Writing of the reaction of visitors, Judith Gautier observed:

Prior to the Madame X scandal of 1884, <mask> had painted exotic beauties such as Rosina Ferrara of Capri, and the Spanish expatriate model Carmela Bertagna, but the earlier pictures had not been intended for broad public reception. <mask> kept the painting prominently displayed in his London studio until he sold it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1916 after moving to the United States, and a few months after Gautreau's death. Before arriving in England, <mask> began sending paintings for exhibition at the Royal Academy. These included the portraits of Dr. Pozzi at Home (1881), a flamboyant essay in red and his first full-length male portrait, and the more traditional Mrs. Henry White (1883). The ensuing portrait commissions encouraged <mask> to complete his move to London in 1886.Notwithstanding the Madame X scandal, he had considered moving to London as early as 1882; he had been urged to do so repeatedly by his new friend, the novelist Henry James. In retrospect his transfer to London may be seen to have been inevitable. English critics were not warm at first, faulting <mask> for his "clever" "Frenchified" handling of paint. One reviewer seeing his portrait of Mrs. Henry White described his technique as "hard" and "almost metallic" with "no taste in expression, air, or modeling." With help from Mrs. White, however, <mask> soon gained

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title: John Singer Sargent

texts:
 the admiration of English patrons and critics. Henry James also gave the artist "a push to the best of my ability." <mask> spent much time painting outdoors in the English countryside when not in his studio.On a visit to Monet at Giverny in 1885, <mask> painted one of his most Impressionistic portraits, of Monet at work painting outdoors with his new bride nearby. <mask> is usually not thought of as an Impressionist painter, but he sometimes used impressionistic techniques to great effect. His Claude Monet Painting at the Edge of a Wood is rendered in his own version of the Impressionist style. In the 1880s, he attended the Impressionist exhibitions and he began to paint outdoors in the plein-air manner after that visit to Monet. <mask> purchased four Monet works for his personal collection during that time. <mask> was similarly inspired to do a portrait of his artist friend Paul César Helleu, also painting outdoors with his wife by his side. A photograph very similar to the painting suggests that <mask> occasionally used photography as an aid to composition.Through Helleu, <mask> met and painted the famed French sculptor Auguste Rodin in 1884, a rather somber portrait reminiscent of works by Thomas Eakins. Although the British critics classified <mask> in the Impressionist camp, the French Impressionists thought otherwise. As Monet later stated, "He is not an Impressionist in the sense that we use the word, he is too much under the influence of Carolus-Duran." <mask>'s first major success at the Royal Academy came in 1887, with the enthusiastic response to Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, a large piece, painted on site, of two young girls lighting lanterns in an English garden in Broadway in the Cotswolds. The painting was immediately purchased by the Tate Gallery. His first trip to New York and Boston as a professional artist in 1887–88 produced over 20 important commissions, including portraits of Isabella Stewart Gardner, the famed Boston art patron. His portrait of Mrs. Adrian Iselin, wife of a New York businessman, revealed her character in one of his most insightful works.In Boston, <mask> was honored with his first solo exhibition, which presented 22 of his paintings. Here he became friends with painter Dennis Miller Bunker, who traveled to England in the summer of 1888 to paint with him en plein air, and is the subject of <mask>'s 1888 painting Dennis Miller Bunker Painting at Calcot. Back in London, <mask> was quickly busy again. His working methods were by then well-established, following many of the steps employed by other master portrait painters before him. After securing a commission through negotiations which he carried out, <mask> would visit the client's home to see where the painting was to hang. He would often review a client's wardrobe to pick suitable attire. Some portraits were done in the client's home, but more often in his studio, which was well-stocked with furniture and background materials he chose for proper effect.He usually required eight to ten sittings from his clients, although he would try to capture the face in one sitting. He usually kept up pleasant conversation and sometimes he would take a break and play the piano for his sitter. <mask> seldom used pencil or oil sketches, and instead laid down oil paint directly. Finally, he would select an appropriate frame. <mask> had no assistants; he handled all the tasks, such as preparing his canvases, varnishing the painting, arranging for photography, shipping, and documentation. He commanded about $5,000 per portrait, or about $130,000 in current dollars. Some American clients traveled to London at their own expense to have <mask> paint their portrait.Around 1890, <mask> painted two daring non-commissioned portraits as show pieces—one of actress Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth and one of the popular Spanish dancer La Carmencita. <mask> was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and was made a full member three years later. In the 1890s, he averaged fourteen portrait commissions per year, none more beautiful than the genteel Lady Agnew of Lochnaw, 1892. His portrait of Mrs. Hugh Hammersley (Mrs. Hugh Hammersley, 1892) was equally well received for its lively depiction of one of London's most notable hostesses. As a portrait painter in the grand manner, <mask> had unmatched success; he portrayed subjects who were at once ennobled and often possessed of nervous energy. <mask> was referred to as "the Van Dyck of our times." Although <mask> was an American expatriate, he returned to the United States many times, often to answer the demand for commissioned portraits.<mask> exhibited nine of his portraits in the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. <mask> painted a series of three portraits of Robert Louis Stevenson. The second, Portrait of Robert Louis Stevenson and his Wife (1885), was one of his best known. He also completed portraits of two U.S. presidents: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Asher Wertheimer, a wealthy Jewish art dealer living in London, commissioned from <mask> a series of a dozen portraits of his family, the artist's largest commission from a single patron. The Wertheimer portraits reveal a pleasant familiarity between the artist and his subjects. Wertheimer bequeathed most of the paintings to the National Gallery.In 1888, <mask> released his portrait of Alice Vanderbilt Shepard, great-granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Many of his most important works are in museums in the United States. In 1897, a friend sponsored a famous portrait in oil of Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Phelps Stokes, by <mask>, as a wedding gift. Twentieth century portraits

By 1900, <mask> was at the height of his fame. Cartoonist Max Beerbohm completed one of his seventeen caricatures of <mask>, making well known to the public the artist's paunchy physique. Although only in his forties, <mask> began to travel more and to devote relatively less time to portrait painting.His An Interior in Venice (1900), a portrait of four members of the Curtis family in their elegant palatial home, Palazzo Barbaro, was a resounding success. But, Whistler did not approve of the looseness of <mask>'s brushwork, which he summed up as "smudge everywhere." One of <mask>'s last major portraits in his bravura style was that of Lord Ribblesdale, in 1902, finely attired in an elegant hunting uniform. Between 1900 and 1907, <mask> continued his high productivity, which included, in addition to dozens of oil portraits, hundreds of portrait drawings at about $400 each. In 1907, at the age of fifty-one, <mask> officially closed his studio. Relieved, he stated, "Painting a portrait would be quite amusing if one were not forced to talk while working…What a nuisance having to entertain the sitter and to look happy when one feels wretched." In that same year, <mask> painted his modest and serious self-portrait, his last, for the celebrated self-portrait collection of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.<mask> made several summer visits to the Swiss Alps with his sisters Emily and Violet (Mrs Ormond) and Violet's daughters Rose-Marie and Reine, who were the subject of a number of paintings 1906–1913. As <mask> wearied of portraiture he pursued architectural and landscapes subjects. During a visit to Rome in 1906 <mask> made an oil painting and several pencil sketches of the exterior staircase and balustrade in front of the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus, now the church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. The double staircase built in 1654 is the design of architect and sculptor Orazio Torriani (fl.1602–1657). In 1907 he wrote: "I did in Rome a study of a magnificent curved staircase and balustrade, leading to a grand facade that would reduce a millionaire to a worm...." The painting now hangs at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University and the pencil sketches are in the collection of the Harvard University art collection of the Fogg Museum. <mask> later used the architectural features of this stair and balustrade in a portrait of Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University from 1869 to 1909. <mask>'s fame was still considerable and museums eagerly bought his works.That year he declined a knighthood and decided instead to keep his American citizenship. From 1907 on, <mask> largely forsook portrait painting and focused on landscapes. He made numerous visits to the United States in the last decade of his life, including a stay of two full years from 1915 to 1917. In April 1917 <mask> was visiting the Miami estate of James Deering and was invited to cruise the Florida Keys with James and his brother Charles Deering aboard James' yacht Nepenthe. <mask> was much more interested in the "mine of sketching" that was the estate, not at all interested in fishing, and made the cruise "reluctantly," doing some watercolor sketches (including Derelicts, 1917). By the time <mask> finished his portrait of <mask>. Rockefeller in 1917, most critics began to consign him to the masters of the past, "a brilliant ambassador between his patrons and posterity." Modernists treated him more harshly, considering him completely out of touch with the reality of American life and with emerging artistic trends including Cubism and Futurism.<mask> quietly accepted the criticism, but refused to alter his negative opinions of modern art. He retorted, "Ingres, Raphael and El Greco, these are now my admirations, these are what I like." In 1925, shortly before he died, <mask> painted his last oil portrait, a canvas of Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston. The painting was purchased in 1936 by the Currier Museum of Art, where it is on display. Watercolors

During <mask>'s long career, he painted more than 2,000 watercolors, roving from the English countryside to Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida. Each destination offered pictorial stimulation and treasure. Even at his leisure, in escaping the pressures of the portrait studio, he painted with restless intensity, often painting from morning until night.His hundreds of watercolors of Venice are especially notable, many done from the perspective of a gondola. His colors were sometimes extremely vivid and as one reviewer noted, "Everything is given with the intensity of a dream." In the Middle East and North Africa <mask> painted Bedouins, goatherds, and fisherman. In the last decade of his life, he produced many watercolors in Maine, Florida, and in the American West, of fauna, flora, and native peoples. With his watercolors, <mask> was able to indulge his earliest artistic inclinations for nature, architecture, exotic peoples, and noble mountain landscapes. And it is in some of his late works where one senses <mask> painting most purely for himself. His watercolors were executed with a joyful fluidness.He also painted extensively family, friends, gardens, and fountains. In watercolors, he playfully portrayed his friends and family dressed in Orientalist costume, relaxing in brightly lit landscapes that allowed for a more vivid palette and experimental handling than did his commissions (The Chess Game, 1906). His first major solo exhibit of watercolor works was at the Carfax Gallery in London in 1905. In 1909, he exhibited eighty-six watercolors in New York City, eighty-three of which were bought by the Brooklyn Museum. Evan Charteris wrote in 1927:

To live with <mask>'s water-colours is to live with sunshine captured and held, with the luster of a bright and legible world, 'the refluent shade' and 'the Ambient ardours of the noon.' Although not generally accorded the critical respect given Winslow Homer, perhaps America's greatest watercolorist, scholarship has revealed that <mask> was fluent in the entire range of opaque and transparent watercolor technique, including the methods used by Homer. Other work
As a concession to the insatiable demand of wealthy patrons for portraits, <mask> dashed off hundreds of rapid charcoal portrait sketches, which he called "Mugs".Forty-six of these, spanning the years 1890–1916, were exhibited at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters in 1916. All of <mask>'s murals are to be found in the Boston/Cambridge area. They are in the Boston Public Library, the Museum of Fine Arts, and Harvard's Widener Library. <mask>'s largest scale works are the mural decorations that grace the Boston Public Library depicting the history of religion and the gods of polytheism. They were attached to the walls of the library by means of marouflage. He worked on the cycle for almost thirty years but never completed the final mural. <mask> drew on his extensive travels and museum visits to create a dense art historial melange.The murals were restored in 2003–2004. <mask> worked on the murals from 1895 through 1919; they were intended to show religion's (and society's) progress, from pagan superstition up through the ascension of Christianity, concluding with a painting depicting Jesus delivering the Sermon on the Mount. But <mask>'s paintings of

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title: John Singer Sargent

texts:
 "The Church" and "The Synagogue", installed in late 1919, inspired a debate about whether the artist had represented Judaism in a stereotypical, or even an anti-Semitic, manner. Drawing upon iconography that was used in medieval paintings, <mask> portrayed Judaism and the synagogue as a blind, ugly hag, and Christianity and the church as a lovely, radiant young woman. He also failed to understand how these representations might be problematic for the Jews of Boston; he was both surprised and hurt when the paintings were criticized. The paintings were objectionable to Boston Jews since they seemed to show Judaism defeated, and Christianity triumphant. The Boston newspapers also followed the controversy, noting that while many found the paintings offensive, not everyone was in agreement.In the end, <mask> abandoned his plan to finish the murals, and the controversy eventually died down. Upon his return to England in 1918 after a visit to the United States, <mask> was commissioned as a war artist by the British Ministry of Information. In his large painting Gassed and in many watercolors, he depicted scenes from the Great War. <mask> had been affected by the death of his niece Rose-Marie in the shelling of the St Gervais church, Paris, on Good Friday 1918. Relationships and personal life
<mask> was a lifelong bachelor with a wide circle of friends including both men and women such as Oscar Wilde (whom he was neighbors with for several years ), lesbian author Violet Paget, and his likely lover Albert de Belleroche. Biographers once portrayed him as staid and reticent. However, recent scholarship has speculated that he was a homosexual man, as he had devoted significant time to renderings of nude male figure studies.This view is based on statements by his friends and associations, the overall alluring remoteness of his portraits, the way his works challenge 19th-century notions of gender difference, his previously ignored male nudes, and some nude male portraits, including those of Thomas E. McKeller, Bartholomy Maganosco, Olimpio Fusco, and that of aristocratic artist Albert de Belleroche, which hung in his Chelsea dining room.<ref>Ormond, Richard; Kilmurray, Elaine "<mask> <mask>, Complete Paintings, Volume 1 Yale University Press, 1998, p. 88</ref> <mask> had a long friendship with Belleroche, whom he met in 1882 and traveled with frequently. A surviving drawing speculatively may hint that <mask> might have used him as a model for Madame X, following a coincidence of dates for <mask> drawing each of them separately around the same time, and the delicate pose suggestive more of <mask>'s sketches of the male form than his often stiff commissions. It has been suggested that <mask>'s reputation in the 1890s as "the painter of the Jews" may have been due to his empathy with, and complicit enjoyment of their mutual social otherness. There is much evidence to conclude <mask>'s homosexuality; one such Jewish client, Betty Wertheimer, wrote that when in Venice, <mask> "was only interested in the Venetian gondoliers".Fairbrother, Trevor, <mask> <mask>: The Sensualist, Yale University Press, 2000, , p. 220, note 7 The painter Jacques-Émile Blanche, who was one of his early sitters, said after <mask>'s death that his sex life "was notorious in Paris, and in Venice, positively scandalous. He was a frenzied bugger." There remains little doubt that Sargent was indeed attracted to men, sexually and most probably romantically as well. There were many friendships with women: it has been suggested that those with his sitters Rosina Ferrara, Virginie Gautreau, and Judith Gautier may have tipped into infatuation.As a young man, <mask> also courted for a time Louise Burkhardt, the model for Lady with the Rose. <mask>'s friends and supporters included Henry James, Isabella Stewart Gardner (who commissioned and purchased works from <mask>, and sought his advice on other acquisitions), Edward VII, and Paul César Helleu. His associations also included Prince Edmond de Polignac and Count Robert de Montesquiou. Other artists <mask> associated with were Dennis Miller Bunker, James Carroll Beckwith, Edwin Austin Abbey and <mask> (who also worked on the Boston Public Library murals), Francis David Millet, Joaquín Sorolla and Claude Monet, whom <mask> painted. Between 1905 and 1914, <mask>'s frequent traveling companions were the married artist couple Wilfrid de Glehn and Jane Emmet de Glehn. The trio would often spend summers in France, Spain or Italy, and all three would depict one another in their paintings during their travels. Critical assessment

In a time when the art world focused, in turn, on Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism, <mask> practiced his own form of Realism, which made brilliant references to Velázquez, Van Dyck, and Gainsborough.His seemingly effortless facility for paraphrasing the masters in a contemporary fashion led to a stream of commissioned portraits of remarkable virtuosity (Arsène Vigeant, 1885, Musées de Metz; Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Newton Phelps-Stokes, 1897, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) and earned <mask> the moniker, "the Van Dyck of our times." Still, during his life his work engendered negative responses from some of his colleagues: Camille Pissarro wrote "he is not an enthusiast but rather an adroit performer," and Walter Sickert published a satirical turn under the heading "Sargentolatry." By the time of his death he was dismissed as an anachronism, a relic of the Gilded Age and out of step with the artistic sentiments of post-World War I Europe. Elizabeth Prettejohn suggests that the decline of <mask>'s reputation was due partly to the rise of anti-Semitism, and the resultant intolerance of 'celebrations of Jewish prosperity.' It has been suggested that the exotic qualities inherent in his work appealed to the sympathies of the Jewish clients whom he painted from the 1890s on. Nowhere is this more apparent than in his portrait Almina, Daughter of Asher Wertheimer (1908), in which the subject is seen wearing a Persian costume, a pearl encrusted turban, and strumming an Indian tambura, accoutrements all meant to convey sensuality and mystery. If <mask> used this portrait to explore issues of sexuality and identity, it seems to have met with the satisfaction of the subject's father, Asher Wertheimer, a wealthy Jewish art dealer.Foremost of <mask>'s detractors was the influential English art critic Roger Fry, of the Bloomsbury Group, who at the 1926 <mask> retrospective in London dismissed <mask>'s work as lacking aesthetic quality: "Wonderful indeed, but most wonderful that this wonderful performance should ever have been confused with that of an artist." And, in the 1930s, Lewis Mumford led a chorus of the severest critics: "<mask> remained to the end an illustrator ... the most adroit appearance of workmanship, the most dashing eye for effect, cannot conceal the essential emptiness of <mask>'s mind, or the contemptuous and cynical superficiality of a certain part of his execution." Part of <mask>'s devaluation is also attributed to his expatriate life, which made him seem less American at a time when "authentic" socially conscious American art, as exemplified by the Stieglitz circle and by the Ashcan School, was on the ascent. After such a long period of critical disfavor, <mask>'s reputation has increased steadily since the 1950s. In the 1960s, a revival of Victorian art and new scholarship directed at <mask> strengthened his reputation. <mask> has been the subject of large-scale exhibitions in major museums, including a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1986, and a major 1999 traveling show that exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the National Gallery of Art Washington, and the National Gallery, London. In 1986, Andy Warhol commented to Sargent scholar Trevor Fairbrother that <mask> "made everybody look glamorous.Taller. Thinner. But they all have mood, every one of them has a different mood. "See Trevor Fairbrother," Warhol Meets <mask> at Whitney," Arts Magazine 6 (February 1987): 64–71. In a TIME magazine article from the 1980s, critic Robert Hughes praised <mask> as "the unrivaled recorder of male power and female beauty in a day that, like ours, paid excessive court to both. "Later life

In 1922 <mask> co-founded New York City's Grand Central Art Galleries together with Edmund Greacen, Walter Leighton Clark, and others. <mask> actively participated in the Grand Central Art Galleries and their academy, the Grand Central School of Art, until his death in 1925.The Galleries held a major retrospective exhibit of <mask>'s work in 1924. He then returned to England, where he died at his Chelsea home on April 14, 1925, of heart disease. <mask> is interred in Brookwood Cemetery near Woking, Surrey. Memorial exhibitions of <mask>'s work were held in Boston in 1925, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and at the Royal Academy and Tate Gallery in London in 1926. The Grand Central Art Galleries also organized a posthumous exhibition in 1928 of previously unseen sketches and drawings from throughout his career. SalesPortrait of Robert Louis Stevenson and his Wife was sold in 2004 for US$8.8 million and is located at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art at Bentonville, Arkansas. In December 2004, Group with Parasols (A Siesta) (1905) sold for US$23.5 million, nearly double the Sotheby's estimate of $12 million.The previous highest price for a <mask> painting was US$11 million. In popular culture
In 2018, Comedy Central star Jade Esteban Estrada wrote, directed and starred in Madame X: A Burlesque Fantasy, a story based on the life of <mask> and his famous painting, Portrait of Madame X. The works of <mask> feature prominently in Maggie Stiefvater's 2021 novel Mister Impossible. Citations

 General sources
 Davis, Deborah. <mask>'s Women, pages 11–23. Adelson Galleries, Inc., 2003. Fairbrother, Trevor: <mask> <mask>: The Sensualist (2001), , Page 139, Note 4.Joselit, Jenna Weissman. "Restoring the American 'Sistine Chapel' "  The Forward, August 13, 2010. Kilmurray, Elaine: Sargent Abroad. Abbeville Press, 1997. Pages 57–8, 242. Lehmann-Barclay, Lucie. "Public Art, Private Prejudice."Christian Science Monitor, January 7, 2005, p. 11. "New Painting at Boston Public Library Stirs Jews to Vigorous Protest." Boston Globe, November 9, 1919, p. 48. Noël, Benoît et Jean Hournon:  Portrait de Madame X in Parisiana – la Capitale des arts au XIXème siècle, Les Presses Franciliennes, Paris, 2006. pp. 100–105. Ormond, Richard: "<mask>'s Art" in <mask> <mask>, pp. 25–7.Tate Gallery, 1998. Prettejohn, Elizabeth: Interpreting <mask>, page 9. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1998. Promey, Sally M.  "<mask> <mask>'s Triumph of Religion at the Boston Public Library." Rewald, <mask>: Camille Pissarro: Letters to his Son Lucien, page 183. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. Further reading

 Adelson, Warren; Gerdts, William H.; Kilmurray, Elaine; Zorzi, Rosella Mamoli; Ormond, Richard; Oustinoff, Elizabeth (2006).<mask>'s Venice. New Haven: Yale University Press.  .
Video <mask> <mask>: Secrets of Composition and Design, Jason Alster, 2013. Discusses use of Gestalt and design techniques in <mask>'s paintings. External links

 Biography, Style and Artworks
 <mask> <mask> – Gallery of 809 paintings. "Mrs. Edward Goetz" at [Brigham Young Museum of Art]
 <mask> <mask> Virtual Gallery
 <mask> at Harvard – archived searchable database by Harvard University Art Museums
 The Sargent Murals at Boston Public Library
 <mask> <mask> – News, biography and works
<mask> <mask>, Miss M. Carey Thomas, July 1899, oil on canvas, Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections
 <mask> <mask> Letters Online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 "Sargent and the Sea at the Royal Academy", review by Richard Dorment, The Guardian, July 12, 2010
 <mask> <mask> at Harper's Magazine''
 <mask> <mask> at Smithsonian American Art Museum
 <mask> <mask> exhibition catalogs
 A video discussion about <mask>'s Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose from Smarthistory at Khan Academy. <mask> <mask>'s interest in picture frames

 <mask> <mask> at the Jewish Museum
Joseph J. Rishel, In the Luxembourg Gardens in The John G. <mask> Collection: A History and Selected Works, a Philadelphia Museum of Art digital scholarly catalogue (fully available as a free PDF)

1856 births
1925 deaths
Bisexual men
Bisexual artists
Painters from Florence
19th-century American painters
19th-century male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American portrait painters
American watercolorists
American expatriates in France
American emigrants to England
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
National Academy of Design members
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
Royal Society of Portrait Painters
Royal Academicians
Italian people of American descent
Gilded Age
Artists of the Boston Public Library
LGBT artists from the United

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title: Ralph M. Steinman

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<mask> (January 14, 1943 – September 30, 2011) was a Canadian physician and medical researcher at Rockefeller University, who in 1973 discovered and named dendritic cells while working as a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn, also at Rockefeller University. Steinman was one of the recipients of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Early life and education
<mask> was born into an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Montreal, one of four children of <mask> (d. 1995), a haberdasher, and <mask> (née Takefman, 1917–2016). The family soon moved to Sherbrooke, where the father opened and ran a small clothing store "Mozart's". After graduating from Sherbrooke High School, Steinman moved back to Montreal, where he stayed with his maternal grandparents Nathan and Eva Takefman. He received a bachelor of science degree from McGill University and received his M.D. (magna cum laude) in 1968 from Harvard Medical School.He completed his internship and residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. Awards
On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine announced that he had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee was not aware that he had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. This created a complication, since the statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that the prize is not to be awarded posthumously. After deliberation, the committee decided that as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged. <mask>'s daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about staying alive until the prize announcement.Steinman said: "I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that." Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his lifelong work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award For Basic Medical Research (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.; elected 2001). In 2016, the city of Sherbrooke, Quebec, where Steinman lived during his childhood, named a new street rue <mask>man, in honor of the only Sherbrooke native ever to win a Nobel Prize. List of awards
 1998 – William B. Coley Award
 1999 – Robert Koch Prize
 2003 – Gairdner Foundation International Award
 2006 – Debrecen Award for Molecular Medicine
 2007 – Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
 2009 – Albany Medical Center Prize (Shared with Charles A. Dinarello and Bruce Beutler; )
 2010 – Heineken Prizes
 2011 – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann)

Research

Immunology tries to understand resistance to infection.Infections are first resisted by innate immunity, followed by adaptive immunity, which has memory, so can prevent reinfection. Two questions that immunologists ask: 1) By what mechanisms do innate and adaptive resistance come about? 2) How do these mechanisms contribute to other fields of medicine such as cancer, allergy, autoimmunity, etc.? In the 20th century,  two theories arose: 1) Macrophages contribute to innate resistance through phagocytosis and intracellular killing 2) Antibodies mediate adaptive resistance by neutralizing microbial toxins. <mask> discovered that dendritic cells link innate to adaptive immunity, including adaptive T cell-mediated immunity. He studied the initiation of antibody responses in tissue culture in the laboratory. As shown, he found out that antigens, lymphocytes, and "accessory cells" together create immune responses.Accessory cells contain a new cell type with probing cell process or "dendrites". These cells proved to be the missing link between innate and adaptive immunity. Several features were used to identify and purify dendritic cells from mouse spleen. Because dendritic cells were discovered among "adherent" accessory cells (i.e. those that attach to tissue culture surfaces), they had to be distinguished from macrophages, whose hallmarks were persistent phagocytosis and adherence to tissue culture surfaces. However, Steinman found that dendritic cells had a different morphology and expressed different molecules from macrophages. For example, they did not express FcR- receptors, but did express major components of the major histocompatibility complex II and did not adhere to surfaces or exploit phagocytosis.Macrophages, though, showed the opposite characteristics. The study was carried out in collaboration with Zanvil A. Cohn, who studied resistance to infectious diseases, especially the biology of macrophages. Some general features of T cell responses that are initiated by dendritic cells (DCs):
 Adaptive immunity develops in two stages: DCs present antigens and initiate the afferent limb, while the other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mediate the effectors to eliminate the antigen or infection. In tissue cultures, immunity develops in clusters of DCs and lymphocytes. The onset of adaptive immunity could actually be observed in vitro. DCs were therefore considered "nature's adjuvants" for T cell immunity, meaning they helped induce T cells. DCs can produce protective substances such as cytokines, interferons, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides.DCs can mobilize innate lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (which in turn produce cytokines or kill target cells upon recognition). However, unlike macrophages, DCs do not phagocytose or kill microbes. DCs capture, process and present antigens:
 Some receptors such as FcR death receptor can activate or inhibit DC function. Antigen processing and presentation of proteins and lipids seems efficient and can include cross presentation on MHC I and CD1. Uptake and processing are regulated by environmental stimuli. In vivo, dendritic cells process antigens to form peptide-MHC complexes in the steady state, especially in lymphoid organs. Most DCs in vivo in the steady state are immature, able to take up and present antigens, but areunable to adaptive T cell immunity.Environmental stimuli, e.g., microbial products, alter or mature DCs and/or act together with DCs to control the formation of different types of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory types of T cells. Maturing DCs also carry out innate responses, particularly the formation of cytokines and chemokines. Maturation links are innate to adaptive immunity; and control the quality of the response that develops in DCs and lymphocytes that recognize presented antigens. The term "subset" refers to distinct DCs with different receptors for antigen uptake and maturation, and distinct functions in innate and adaptive immunity. They reside in the peripheral organs and induce different forms of antigen-specific peripheral tolerance. Antigens from the periphery are captured by DCs in lymphoid tissues, even in steady (not matured) state. In steady state, DCs induce tolerance so that DC maturation can lead to immunity to microbial antigen, but maturing DCs capture microbial, as well as self dying cells, thus resulting in autoreactivity and chronic inflammation.See also
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links
BBC - "Nobel winner <mask>'s quest to cure cancer - including his own"

1943 births
2011 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Canadian Nobel laureates
Academics from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian immunologists
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Canadian medical researchers
Cell biologists
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Harvard Medical School alumni
Jewish physicians
Jewish Canadian scientists
McGill University alumni
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Posthumous Nobel laureates
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Scientists from Montreal
Winners of the Heineken Prize

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