title: Joe Andrew (academic)

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 1 June 1948) is a British academic whose main research interests are 19th-century Russian literature, feminist approaches to literature, and women writers. <mask> is Professor of Russian Literature at Keele University. His publishing history includes 24 books (monographs, single authored research translations, single edited books, co-edited books, and co-translated books), 61 articles (single authored articles in refereed journals, single authored chapters in books, and co-authored chapters in books), 57 translations, and 58 reviews. Early life
<mask> was born in Derby, where he attended Bemrose School. He came from a non-intellectual, Roman Catholic, middle-class family. He won a Scholarship to study at University College, Oxford and, in 1969, he was awarded a First-Class Honours degree in Modern languages. In 1971, whilst researching the history of the Russian literary language at Wolfson College, Oxford, <mask> joined the recently formed 'Neo-Formalist Circle'.His membership of the Circle, and his interest in Russian formalism, has continued to the present- day. Academic career
<mask> was appointed Lecturer in Russian Studies at Keele University 1972. He became a Senior Lecturer in 1989 and Reader in 1993. In 1995, he was elevated to Professor. <mask>'s teaching has included courses on Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev and women in Russian literature. He has delivered 70 invited lectures & conference papers all around the world. <mask>, and his departmental colleague Chris Pike, began organising the Neo-Formalist Circle from Keele University in the mid-1970s.This led to a "considerable consolidation of the Neo-Formalist Circle, to the extent that it is now very much a fixture on the British and international academic scenes" The Circle's twice-a-year journal 'Essays in Poetics' first appeared in April 1976 and was edited by <mask> and Pike. In 1990, Robert Reid replaced Pike as both the Circle's co-chair and the journal's joint editor. <mask> remained Chair and joint editor until 2006. During <mask>'s leadership of the Neo-Formalist Circle it has organised several special conferences, on literary figures such as Chekhov, Gogol, Platonov and Pushkin. These conferences have led to the publication of a number of edited volumes. Activities outside the academy
Until recently, <mask> has had a long history of involvement in Voluntary sector organisations set up to tackle Homelessness in North Staffordshire. From 1983 to 1991 he was on the voluntary Board of Management for Potteries Housing Association (a special needs housing charity which ran an emergency direct-access hostel in Hanley).He was a member of the North Staffs Homelessness Forum, the North Staffs Review Team for the Closure of DHSS Resettlement Units and the National Advisory Steering Group for the Closure of DHSS Resettlement Units. He served as vice-chair (1986–89) and Chair (1989–92) of North Staffs Standing Conference on Homelessness. From 1987 to 2006, <mask> also served as the Chair of Committee of Resettlement Project North Staffs (which later became 'ARCH North Staffs), a Charitable organisation providing a range of services to vulnerable people. <mask> rediscovered his Catholicism after meeting his wife. He is a committed campaigner for CAFOD and an active lay Catholic. He and his wife Barbara live in Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent. Selected publications

Monographs
Writers & Society During the Rise of Russian Realism, (Macmillan, 1980), xv + 190pp.Russian Writers & Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, (Macmillan, 1982), xvii+ 238 pp. Women in Russian Literature: 1780–1863, (Macmillan, 1988),206 pp. Narrative & Desire in Russian Literature, 1822–1849: The Feminine and the Masculine (Macmillan 1993), viii + 257pp
Narrative, Space and Gender in Russian Fiction, 1846–1903, Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2007, viii + 195 pp. Single Authored Research Translation
Russian Women's Shorter Fiction. An Anthology, 1835–1860 (translated and introduced, OUP, 1996), xvii + 469pp. Single Edited Books
The Structural Analysis of Russian Narrative Fiction, (EIP Publications, 1984) ed. & intro., xxix + 165 pp.Poetics of the Text: Essays to Celebrate Twenty Years of the Neo-Formalist Circle (ed., and intro., Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1992), xx + 213pp. Co-edited Books
Literary Tradition & Practice in Russian Culture (Papers from an International Conference on the Occasion of the Seventieth Birthday of Yury Mikhailovich Lotman. Edited with Valentina Polukhina & Robert Reid : Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1993), xii + 341 pp. Structure & Tradition in Russian Society. (Papers from an International Conference on the Occasion of the Seventieth Birthday of Yury Mikhailovich Lotman. Edited with Robert Reid & Valentina Polukhina: Slavica Helsingiensia 14, Helsinki, 1994), viii + 186 pp
Essays in Honour of Yury Lotman (Russian Literature Special Number I. Edited with Robert Reid & Valentina Polukhina), Russian Literature, XXXVI-III, October 1994, pp. 243–369.Essays in Honour of Yury Lotman (Russian Literature Special Issue II. Edited with Robert Reid & Valentina Polukhina), Russian Literature, XXXVI-IV, November 1994, pp. 371–434. Neo-Formalist Papers. (edited with Robert Reid: Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1998), xi + 337pp. (). Why Europe?Problems of Culture & Identity. Volume 1: Political and Historical Dimensions (edited with Malcolm Crook & Michael Waller: Macmillan, Houndmills, 2000), xi + 204pp. (0-312-22793-0). Why Europe? Problems of Culture & Identity. Volume 2: Media, Film, Gender, Youth & Education (edited with Malcolm Crook, Diana Holmes & Eva Kolinsky: Macmillan, Houndmills, 2000), xiii + 297pp. (0-312-22794-0).Two Hundred Years of Pushkin. Volume 1: ‘Pushkin’s Secret’: Russian Writers Reread and Rewrite Pushkin, edited with Robert Reid, Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York, 2003, xi + 213 pp. (90-420-0884-9)
Two Hundred Years of Pushkin. Volume 2: Alexander Pushkin: Myth and Monument, edited with Robert Reid, Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York, 2003, x + 211 pp. (90-420-1135-1)
Two Hundred Years of Pushkin. Volume 3: Pushkin's Legacy, edited with Robert Reid, Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York, 2004, x + 228 pp. (90-420-0958-6)
Gogol 2002.Volume 1: Gogol and Others, edited with Robert Reid, Essays in Poetics Publications, Volume 8, 2003, ii + 220 pp. Gogol 2002. Volume 2: Aspects of Gogol, edited with Robert Reid, Essays in Poetics Publications, Volume 9, 2004, iv + 181 pp. Chekhov 2004. Volume 1: Aspects of Chekhov, edited with Robert Reid, Essays in Poetics Publications, Volume 10, 2005, v + 253 pp. Chekhov 2004. Volume 2: Chekhov and Others, edited with Robert Reid, Essays in Poetics Publications, Volume 11, 2006, vi + 368 pp.Turgenev and Russian Culture. Essays to Honour Richard Peace, edited with Derek Offord and Robert Reid, Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York, 2008, 372 pp. (978-90-420-2399-4)

Co-Translated Books
The Futurists, the Formalists & the Marxist Critique (Ink Links, 1979): translated with C.R.Pike. 259 pp

References

English Roman Catholics
People from Derby
People educated at Bemrose School
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Alumni of Wolfson College, Oxford
Academics of Keele University
People from Hartshill
1948 births
Living people

masks:
Joe Andrew
Joseph Matthew Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Andrew


title: Glenn Hoddle

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 27 October 1957) is an English former football player and manager. He currently works as a television pundit and commentator for ITV Sport and BT Sport. He played as a midfielder for Tottenham Hotspur, Monaco, Chelsea and Swindon Town and at international level for England. In 2007, he was inducted into the National Football Museum Hall of Fame, which cited him as one of the most gifted and creative English footballers of his generation, exhibiting "sublime balance and close control, unrivalled passing and vision and extraordinary shooting ability, both from open play and set pieces". He was also known for his tactical intelligence and work-rate. He has been manager of Swindon Town (earning promotion to the Premier League), Chelsea (taking them to the FA Cup final), Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur (reaching a League Cup final) and Wolverhampton Wanderers. He managed England to the second round of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where they lost to Argentina on penalties.He was dismissed from the England job in 1999 for a newspaper interview in which he was widely interpreted as saying that disabled people are affected by karma from past lives. He said that his words were "misconstrued, misunderstood and misinterpreted" and that disabled people had his "overwhelming support, care, consideration and dedication". Early life
<mask> was born on 27 October 1957 in Hayes, Middlesex to <mask> and Teresa Roberts, Soon after, the family moved to Harlow, Essex. Teresa Roberts established herself within the local darts community as the mixed double's partner of the local legend Rod Kingham who was also from Harlow  He attended Burnt Mill School in Harlow. He has been supporting Tottenham Hotspur since he was eight, and his favourite player was Martin Chivers. He first came to the attention of Spurs when Chivers and Ray Evans went to present prizes at a local school cup final and noticed the potential of the 11-year-old schoolboy, and on Chivers' recommendation he was invited to train with the club at Tottenham's practice ground in Cheshunt. At the age of 15, <mask> played for Harlow-based Sunday league club Longmans alongside his father.<mask>'s uncle, Dave, was part of the Stansted team that won the 1984 FA Vase. Playing career

Tottenham Hotspur

<mask> joined the club as a junior when he was 12, and signed for the club as an apprentice on 17 April 1974. He successfully overcame knee problems in his early teens and collected eight England Youth caps, the first of these on 18 March 1975 against Spain. He made his Spurs first-team debut as a 17-year-old substitute for Cyril Knowles against Norwich City on 30 August 1975, a game that ended 2–2. <mask> was forced to wait until 21 February 1976 to start a First Division match and immediately announced his arrival with the winning goal, a spectacular strike past Stoke City and England goalkeeper Peter Shilton. He flourished under the management of Keith Burkinshaw and despite the club's relegation to the Second Division in 1976–77 after 27 seasons of First Division football, a Hoddle-inspired Spurs side won promotion to the top flight at the first attempt. As Tottenham's transitional phase continued, <mask>'s international career began on 15 December 1976 in an Under-21 friendly fixture against Wales.He would collect another eleven caps at that level, and play twice for the England 'B' team prior to scoring on his full international debut against Bulgaria on 22 November 1979. The 1979–80 campaign heralded the emergence of <mask> as a top-class player; the 22-year-old midfielder scored 19 goals in 41 league appearances and was awarded the PFA Young Player of the Year award at the end of the season. In 1981, he starred as Spurs won the FA Cup for the sixth time, defeating Manchester City after a replay. In the following season Tottenham retained the FA Cup (<mask> scored in both the Final and Final replay) against Queen's Park Rangers and finished the League campaign in fourth place, the club's best league position since 1971. <mask> performed as the midfield fulcrum in many of these successes and also contributed magnificently as the team reached the final of the League Cup, losing 3–1 to Liverpool, and the semi-final stage of the European Cup Winners Cup. During the summer of 1982, <mask> played in two of England's matches in the opening group phase of the FIFA World Cup, starting against Kuwait after a substitute appearance in a 2–0 victory over Czechoslovakia. <mask>'s involvement in the following three seasons was limited by a number of niggling injury problems (he started only 76 of a possible 126 league matches) but nevertheless, <mask> proved to be the architect behind the team's 1984 UEFA Cup triumph despite missing the Final due to fitness concerns.In October 1983, he helped Spurs win 6–2 on aggregate against a Feyenoord Rotterdam side containing Johan Cruyff. Cruyff was dismissive of <mask> before their first match, but after <mask>'s performance, Cruyff swapped shirts with <mask>  as a sign of respect. Spurs came close to further honours in the next three seasons, reaching third place in the First Division and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85 and another FA Cup Final in 1987, losing 3–2 to Coventry City, the only time the North London club has experienced defeat in the final of the famous knock-out competition. The unexpected loss to the Midlands side was <mask>'s last match for Spurs as newly appointed AS Monaco manager Arsène Wenger brought him to the principality for a fee of £750,000. Between 1975 and 1987, the gifted playmaker scored 110 goals in 490 first-team matches in all competitions, only four players (Steve Perryman, Pat Jennings, Gary Mabbutt and Cyril Knowles) have made more appearances in a Spurs shirt. At international level, <mask> won 44 caps for England during his Tottenham career. AS Monaco
Hoddle announced in 1987 that he would be leaving Tottenham Hotspur at the end of the season to pursue a career overseas where his style of play would be appreciated by continental managers and supporters, and to play European level football with English clubs banned after the Heysel disaster.He joined AS Monaco alongside George Weah and fellow Englishman Mark Hateley and immediately inspired the club to the 1988 Ligue 1 championship, its first league title in six seasons. <mask> was voted the Best Foreign Player in French football and helped to guide the team to the quarter-finals of the European Cup in the 1988–89 campaign. Arsène Wenger, later the manager of Arsenal, was the coach who brought him to Monaco. However, a severe knee injury curtailed <mask>'s career at the highest level and in November 1990, the 33-year-old left the club by mutual consent, having helped to improve the standing of English footballers in foreign countries. During his three and a half-year spell in France, <mask> won a further nine England caps, making his international farewell against the Soviet Union in June 1988. He returned to England and signed for Chelsea on a non-contract basis to regain his fitness, leaving Stamford Bridge in March 1991 without playing a senior match to become player-manager of Swindon Town in the Second Division. England international career
<mask> made his debut alongside Kevin Reeves in England's Euro 80 qualifying tie against Bulgaria on 22 November 1979, scoring in a 2–0 win at Wembley.He scored in his third appearance against Australia on 31 May 1980 in a friendly in Sydney. His third goal came in his fifth appearance on 25 March 1981 in a game against Spain at Wembley, which England lost 2–1. He reached the 10-cap point of his career on 27 April 1982 in the British Home Championship clash with Wales in Cardiff, which England won 1–0. By this stage of his international career he had scored four goals. He was included in the 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cup squads, and England reached the quarter-finals against Argentina in the latter. <mask> also featured prominently in the European Championship squads of 1980 and 1988, making his 53rd and final international appearance in the final group game of Euro 88, in a 3–1 defeat to the Soviet Union in West Germany. He had scored eight goals for the England senior side in a career stretching nine years, the last of his international goals coming on 23 April 1986 in a 2–1 friendly win over Scotland at Wembley.Managerial career

Swindon Town
When <mask> arrived at Swindon in March 1991, the club was struggling in the aftermath of a financial scandal which had seen them stripped of promotion to the First Division at the end of the previous season, a controversy which had negatively impacted the team's league form as they had been forced to sell several key players including midfielder Alan McLoughlin. <mask> prevented Swindon from slipping into the Third Division and further improvement throughout the 1991–92 season saw the Wiltshire club finish in eighth place, just missing out on a play-off place. They had briefly led the table in October. Swindon reached the playoffs of the rebranded Division One in 1993 and beat Leicester City 4–3 at Wembley, and were then promoted to the Premier League. <mask> scored Swindon's first goal of the final. By the time he guided Swindon to promotion, <mask> was already been linked with managerial vacancies at bigger clubs. Just days after guiding Swindon to promotion, he accepted the offer to manage Chelsea and was succeeded at Swindon by his assistant John Gorman, who had been widely expected to follow him to Stamford Bridge.Chelsea
In June 1993, <mask> became player-manager of Chelsea. His assistant at Chelsea was the former Tottenham manager Peter Shreeves, and they reached the FA Cup final in <mask>'s first season, where they lost 4–0 to Manchester United. But United had done the double, and consolation for their failure to win the trophy came in the form of a European Cup Winners' Cup place - Chelsea's first European campaign for more than 20 years. Chelsea finished 14th in the league that season, memorably managing to inflict two of just four league defeats on the double winners that season, winning 1–0 at Stamford Bridge in September and 1–0 at Old Trafford in March, with Gavin Peacock scoring both times. Chelsea reached the semi-finals of the European Cup Winners' competition in 1994–95 and lost by a single goal to Real Zaragoza, who went on to beat Arsenal in the final. <mask> guided Chelsea to the FA Cup Semi-finals in 1995–96, but was unable to take them beyond 11th place in the Premiership – they had occupied this final position three times in four years. He did establish them as a force in cup competitions and made them capable of attracting top-class players – such as Ruud Gullit – to the club.Other notable signings were Mark Hughes, Dan Petrescu, Gavin Peacock, David Rocastle and Mark Stein. England
Hoddle's three-year reign at Chelsea came to an end in the summer of 1996, after he had accepted the offer to manage the England national football team in place of Terry Venables after England's Euro 96 campaign, where they finished as semi-finalists as the host nation. He guided England to qualification for the 1998 World Cup, securing the team's automatic qualification with a 0–0 draw in Rome against Italy. He later caused controversy by omitting Paul Gascoigne from the squad and installing supposed faith healer Eileen Drewery as part of the England coaching staff, which led to the team being dubbed "The Hod Squad". They reached the second round of the 1998

masks:
Glenn Hoddle
Hoddle
Derek Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 tournament, losing on penalties to Argentina. <mask> came under criticism after a disappointing start to the Euro 2000 qualifying campaign, leading to speculation that he would be sacked - particularly if England failed to qualify. However, <mask>'s 60% win rate during his spell as manager is only bettered by Gareth Southgate, Sir Alf Ramsey, Fabio Capello and Sam Allardyce.Dismissal from England job

On 30 January 1999, with the England team preparing for Euro 2000, and amidst the fall-out from the previous season's World Cup, <mask> gave an interview to Matt Dickinson of The Times newspaper in an attempt to defend himself against his critics (over issues such as Eileen Drewery and his ideology. ) and show a strong front for the remainder of the qualifiers. Dickinson's interview reported that <mask> had a "controversial belief that the disabled, and others, are being punished for sins in a former life." <mask>'s comments were criticised by several politicians including Sports Minister Tony Banks and Prime Minister Tony Blair. Public opinion, based upon the immediate media furore resulted in (according to one BBC poll) 90% of respondents believing <mask> should not continue as England manager. The BBC survey showed that many considered his comments insensitive to disabled people, but others defended his right to express his religious beliefs by claiming that to sack him would constitute religious discrimination. <mask> said that he was unwilling to resign.He stated his words were misinterpreted and pointed out his contributions and commitment to organisations helping disabled people. The Football Association terminated <mask>'s contract on 2 February 1999, which was welcomed by representatives of disabled groups. The disabled rights campaigner Lord Ashley however, while criticising <mask>'s views, defended his right to express them, likening the campaign against <mask> to a "witchhunt" and considered <mask>'s dismissal "a sad day for British tolerance and freedom of speech" Some writers considered the remarks were used as a pretext to get rid of him, speculating that under most circumstances <mask> would likely have merely been reprimanded, but that the combination of the remarks, poor recent results, and rumoured discontent among the players was enough to cause the Football Association to terminate his contract. <mask> apologised for the offence that had been caused, stating it had never been his intention and continued to fundraise for disabled groups after being dismissed. Southampton
Hoddle was back in football within a year as Southampton manager, succeeding Dave Jones, who had been suspended to concentrate on clearing his name in connection with child abuse charges. Although these allegations were later found to be false, Jones was not reinstated and <mask> continued as Southampton's manager, having arrived on the South Coast in January 2000. <mask> kept the Saints in the Premier League with a 15th-place finish, but left in March 2001 to return to Tottenham as manager.Southampton were on course for a 10th-place finish – their highest since 1995 – when <mask> left. Tottenham Hotspur
<mask> was appointed manager of Tottenham in March 2001 with John Gorman as his assistant, following the sacking of George Graham. His first match in charge was the FA Cup semi-final against north London rivals Arsenal which Spurs lost 2–1. The following year, Tottenham reached the League Cup final in February 2002; after winning 5–1 against <mask>'s former club Chelsea in the semi-final second leg, Spurs were the favourites but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers. The club's promising early season form (which saw <mask> voted Premier League Manager of the Month for October 2001) dwindled away and they finished ninth in the Premiership. Spurs began the 2002–03 season in fine form and <mask> was named Premiership Manager of the Month for August 2002 after they ended the month top of the league. They finished in a disappointing 10th place at the end of the season.The pressure began to build up on <mask> and he was sacked in September 2003 after a slow start to the season, in which the team picked up just four points from their opening six league games. His final game in charge was a 3–1 loss to his former side Southampton. Wolverhampton Wanderers
Hoddle was linked with a return to Southampton in March 2004, but opposition from supporters meant chairman Rupert Lowe pursued alternative targets and ultimately selected Paul Sturrock instead. Instead he returned to management on 7 December 2004 with Wolverhampton Wanderers, again succeeding Dave Jones. Wolves lost only one of their remaining 25 games but failed to reach the play-offs because 15 of those games had been draws. In the 2005–06 season, drawing too many games again cost Wolves a top-six finish, with the club drawing 19 of their 46 league games. Wolves finished seventh, eight points off the playoffs.Wolves fans turned against <mask> and there were chants against him during the last home game of the season against Watford. The board kept faith with <mask>, but he stepped down on 1 July 2006, stating differing expectations between himself and the club as the reason for his departure. In his time with Wolverhampton Wanderers, the club drew 34 league games in his 76 games in charge, spanning over two seasons. Football academy
By January 2008, <mask> was attempting to raise the capital to form the Glenn Hoddle Academy based in Spain. The aim of the academy is to give another chance to young players released by football clubs in England to become professional players. Ikechi Anya was his first player at the academy to get a professional contract at a club, with Sevilla Atlético in Spain. In June 2011, it was announced that The Glenn Hoddle Academy had linked up with English Conference North side Hyde.The Academy had previously enjoyed a link with the Spanish fourth-tier side Jerez Industrial, providing their entire squad and coaches, but fell out in a dispute over cash. Management offers
<mask> said in December 2013 that he been offered a chance to return to management no less than 26 times in seven years, but commented that he would not return to management until his academy was able to run itself. In April 2014 he said he had come close to taking over from André Villas-Boas at Tottenham, before the job was given to Tim Sherwood. "I did have talks with Daniel Levy and the club," <mask> said. "He wanted a little bit of advice and a bit of a sounding board for himself. [I said] 'I am there for you if you want me to take it to the end of the season and then we will have a little look at it then, I would be prepared to do that'. I wouldn't do it for any other club for that short period of time.It was just that it is in my DNA. I have loved my time at other clubs, I really have, but being a Spurs supporter since I was eight, going there very young, it is in my blood." In August 2014, <mask> was appointed first team coach at Queens Park Rangers under Harry Redknapp. However, on 3 February 2015, Redknapp resigned, following which <mask> also left the club. In June 2016, after England's 2–1 loss to Iceland at Euro 2016 and manager Roy Hodgson's subsequent resignation, Harry Redknapp and Alan Shearer both put forward <mask> as a candidate for the job before Sam Allardyce was appointed. Media career
<mask> has done punditry work since his retirement from coaching. He has worked for ESPN, ITV Sport and BT Sport.<mask> began working with ESPN during Euro 2012 as a pundit. Since then, he has worked with ITV for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Euro 2016 and the 2018 World Cup. He also does punditry and co-commentary for BT Sport on their telecasts of the Premier League, FA Cup, Champions League and Europa League. Singing career
In May 1987, <mask> released the pop single "Diamond Lights'", which reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. It was a duet with his Spurs and England teammate Chris Waddle. The pair's follow up single 'It's Goodbye' only managed to reach 92 in the British charts. In 2021, <mask> appeared as a contestant on the second series of the British version of The Masked Singer, masked as the Grandfather Clock.He finished in 9th place. Personal life
In 1986, while on holiday in Israel, <mask> said that he had an experience which led him to become a born-again Christian. <mask> has been married twice, firstly to Christine Ann Stirling (1979–1998) and subsequently to Vanessa Colburn (2000–2015). He has three children with his first wife (Zara, Jamie and Zoe). In 1996, his younger brother, former footballer <mask>, overdosed on paracetamol, but recovered. In March 2008, <mask> died at the age of 40 after collapsing suddenly from a brain aneurysm. <mask> was reportedly "devastated" by the death of his brother.On 27 October 2018, his 61st birthday, <mask> suffered a cardiac arrest in a London TV studio and was taken to hospital for emergency heart surgery. The Guardian reported that he had been close to death and was saved by the actions of an employee at BT Sport, Simon Daniels, who knew how to use a defibrillator. On 23 November 2018, <mask> left St Bartholomew's Hospital to recuperate at home after his hospital treatment. In March 2021, <mask> said he was "devastated" when he heard the news that <mask> had died aged 65, describing him as "a lovely guy and a really good coach." Roeder worked as a coach under <mask> during his time as England manager. Career statistics

Honours
Source:

Player
Tottenham Hotspur
FA Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
FA Charity Shield: 1981 (shared)
UEFA Cup: 1983–84

AS Monaco
Division 1: 1987–88

Individual
PFA Young Player of the Year: 1979–80
PFA Second Division Team of the Year: 1977–78
PFA First Division Team of the Year: 1979–80, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1986–87
PFA Team of the Century (1977–1996): 2007
Division 1 Foreign Player of the Year: 1987–88
English Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2007

Player Manager
Swindon Town
Football League First Division play-offs: 1993

Chelsea
FA Cup runner-up: 1993–94

Manager
Tottenham Hotspur
Football League Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Individual
Premier League Manager of the Month: October 2001, August 2002

References

Bibliography

External links

<mask> quotes
Hoddle's football academy
<mask> Collection at the National Football Collection
Stats at neilbrown.com
The Telegraph <mask> Factfile. 1957 births
Living people
English evangelicals
Sportspeople from Harlow
Footballers from Hayes, Hillingdon
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.players
AS Monaco FC players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
UEFA Cup winning players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Outfield association footballers who played in goal
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
UEFA Euro 1980 players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Expatriate footballers in Monaco
Association football player-managers
English football managers
Swindon Town F.C. managers
Chelsea F.C. managers
England national football team managers
Southampton F.C. managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
1998 FIFA World Cup managers
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English association football commentators
FA Cup Final

masks:
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Carl Hoddle
Carl Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Glenn Roeder
Hoddle
Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle


title: David Freud, Baron Freud

texts:
<mask>, <mask>, PC (born 24 June 1950) is a British politician, life peer and former investment banker who served as Minister for Welfare Reform from 2010 to 2016. Before he joined the Conservative Party, he was vice-chairman of investment banking at UBS and a government adviser on welfare reform. Early life and career
<mask> is the son of <mask> and a great-grandson of the physician and pioneering psychoanalyst <mask>. He was educated at Whitgift School, Croydon, and Merton College, Oxford, where he took a degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics. After starting out at the Western Mail, <mask> worked at the Financial Times for eight years as a journalist. In 1983, <mask> was hired by the stockbroking firm then known as Rowe & Pitman. Later, he worked for S G Warburg, which was taken over by UBS.He was vice-chairman of investment banking at UBS before he retired. In 2006, <mask> published his autobiographical book <mask> in the City which describes his life and work as a merchant banker in the City of London. Political career
In 2006, <mask> was asked by Tony Blair to review the UK's welfare-to-work system, with Blair having been impressed by <mask>'s raising of finance for Eurotunnel and EuroDisney while at UBS. However, many of <mask>'s ideas were not implemented because of objections made by Gordon Brown. <mask>'s 2007 report titled Reducing dependency, increasing opportunity: options for the future of welfare to work called for the greater use of private sector companies who would be paid by results, for substantial resources to be made available to help lone parents and people on Incapacity Benefit back into work, and for a single working-age benefit payment to replace Housing Benefit, Jobseekers Allowance, etc. His central thesis was that spending on 'delivery' – such as schemes to get people back to work – would save money in the long run because there would be fewer people being paid money in the form of benefits. <mask> wrote:

In 2008, during the banking crisis that had begun the previous year, <mask> became a formal adviser to Work and Pensions Secretary James Purnell and <mask> was asked to "help implement nothing less than a revolution in the welfare state" after a "sea change in Labour's thinking about the benefits system".Some of his ideas were incorporated into a white paper published later that year. However, he came to the belief the Conservative Party was "more likely to implement his radical reforms" and announced that he would switch to working with the Conservatives. Purnell later resigned after Gordon Brown refused to cut welfare spending. On 27 June 2009, he was made a life peer after his name was put forward by the Conservative leadership. He then became a shadow minister in <mask>'s frontbench team. When the Cameron–Clegg coalition was formed in 2010, <mask> was made Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Welfare Reform at the Department for Work and Pensions. In 2012, he outlined some of his thoughts on welfare reform in an interview by saying: "People who are poorer should be prepared to take the biggest risks, they've got least to lose.We have, through our welfare system, created a system which has made them reluctant to take risks, so we need to turn that on its head and make the system predictable so that people will take those risks". In the same interview, he said his primary concerns were the "nooks and crannies" in the benefits system where people could sit for long periods without ongoing scrutiny. He claimed the people who did this were: "The incapacity benefits, the lone parents, the people who are self-employed for year after year but only earn hundreds of pounds or a few thousand pounds, the people waiting for their work capability assessment then not going to it - all kinds of areas where people are able to have a lifestyle off benefits and actually off conditionality". In 2012, he argued that many people were on benefits as a "lifestyle choice" rather than using it as a safety net. In 2013, he stated in a House of Lords speech, to much criticism, that the number of food banks were increasing because people want free food rather than growing poverty. In 2014, Labour MPs called for <mask>'s resignation after he was secretly recorded responding to a question posed at a fringe meeting of the Conservative Party conference. The question was whether some people with disabilities should work for a token sum in order to enjoy the non-financial advantages of engaging in the world of work, perhaps with their wages topped up by benefit payments.<mask>, thinking out loud, agreed that there was a small group of disabled people who were "not worth the full wage" and said he would go away and think about it. <mask> had to apologise. He said: "I was foolish to accept the premise of the question...I care passionately about disabled people...that is why through Universal Credit...we have increased overall spending on disabled households by £250 million, offered the most generous work allowance ever, and increased the disability addition to £360 per month". After the Conservatives won the general election in May 2015, <mask> was promoted to Minister of State at the DWP, where he was given an enhanced role in overseeing the expansion of the Universal Credit scheme. He stepped down from his government role at the end of December 2016. In February 2021, the House of Lords Commissioner for Standards ruled that <mask> had breached the code of conduct for peers by writing to judges to argue against the release of character references given in ex-Conservative MP Charlie Elphicke's trial for sexually assaulting two women. <mask> made a formal apology in the House of Lords.<mask> was regarded as the architect of the Universal Credit, which was legislated for in 2012. In 2021, he launched his book titled Clashing Agendas about the battles with the Treasury over the introduction of Universal Credit. Personal life
Along with the late Martin Gilbert, <mask> has acted as a long-term trustee of the Portland Trust, a not-for-profit London-based foundation set up to promote co-operation between Israel and Palestine through economic development. Between 2005 and 2008, he was its chief executive. <mask> is a president of Volunteering Matters, UK's volunteering charity founded in 1962. <mask> is President of the Freud Museum London. <mask> has appeared in the TV programme Time Team (series 13, episode 6) about the village of Eastry.Notes

References

External links
Rt Hon Lord <mask> – gov.uk
Lord <mask> – TheyWorkForYou

1950 births
Living people
People educated at Whitgift School
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
British chief executives
British Jews
British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
David
Jewish British politicians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

masks:
David Anthony Freud
Baron Freud
Freud
Walter Freud
Sigmund Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
David Cameron
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud
Freud


title: Anna Seward

texts:
<mask> (12 December 174225 March 1809) was an English Romantic poet, often called the Swan of Lichfield. She benefited from her father's progressive views on female education. Life

Family life

<mask> was the elder of two surviving daughters of <mask> (1708–1790), a prebendary of Lichfield and Salisbury and an author, and his wife Elizabeth. Elizabeth later had three further children (John, Jane and Elizabeth), who all died in infancy, and two stillbirths. <mask> mourned their loss in her poem Eyam (1788). Born in 1742 at Eyam, a mining village in the Peak District of Derbyshire, where her father was Rector, she and her sister Sarah, some 16 months younger, passed nearly all their life in that small area of the Peak District of Derbyshire, and at Lichfield, a cathedral city in adjacent Staffordshire. In 1749, <mask>'s father was appointed a Canon-Residentiary at Lichfield Cathedral.The family moved there, where her father educated her at home. In 1754 they moved into the Bishop's Palace in Cathedral Close. When a family friend, Mrs Edward Sneyd, died in 1756, the Sewards took in one of her daughters, Honora Sneyd, who became an adopted foster sister to <mask>. Honora was nine years younger. <mask> described in a poem, The Anniversary (1769), how she and her sister first met Honora on returning from a walk. Sarah (known as Sally) died suddenly of typhus at the age of 19 in 1764. She was said to have an admirable character, though less talented than her sister.<mask> consoled herself with affection for Honora Sneyd, as she describes in Visions, written a few days after her sister's death. There she expresses a hope that Honora ("this transplanted flower") would replace her sister (referred to as Alinda) in her and her parents' affections. <mask> cared for her father in the last ten years of his life, after he had suffered a stroke. When he died in 1790, he left her financially independent with an income of £400 per annum. She continued to dwell at the Bishop's Palace until she died in 1809. Anecdotes
<mask>, as a long-term friend of the Levett family of Lichfield, noted in her Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin (Erasmus) that three of the town's foremost citizens were thrown from their carriages and injured their knees in the same year. "No such misfortune," <mask> wrote, "was previously remembered in that city, nor has it recurred through all the years which since elapsed."Education and career
<mask> was a precocious, sensitive redhead, who showed a bent for learning from early childhood. <mask>, author of The Female Right to Literature (1748), held progressive views on female education. Encouraged by her father, <mask> was said to be able to recite works of Milton by the age of three. Her gift for writing was clear at the age of seven, when the family moved to Lichfield. The family home in the Bishop's Palace became the centre of a literary circle that included Erasmus Darwin, Samuel Johnson and James Boswell, where <mask> was encouraged to join in, as she later relates. <mask>'s (if not his wife's) attitudes to educating girls was progressive for the time, but not excessively so. He was a poet himself, yet tried to curb <mask>'s passion for poetry, although she chose the composition of it for her own studies.Among the subjects he taught were theology and numeracy, how to read and appreciate poetry, and how to write and recite it, although these deviated from the conventional drawing-room accomplishments of the time. The omissions were also notable, including languages and science, although the girls could pursue them alone if they felt inclined. Nor was <mask> unskilled in domestic matters. Among many literary figures <mask> conversed with was Sir Walter Scott, who later published her poetry posthumously. Also in her circle were the writers Thomas Day, Francis Noel Clarke Mundy, Sir Brooke Boothby and Willie Newton (the Peak Minstrel). She came to be seen as heading a coterie of regional poets, influenced by writers such as Thomas Whalley, William Hayley, Robert Southey, Helen Maria Williams, Hannah More and the Ladies of Llangollen. She was also involved in the Lunar Society in Birmingham, which would sometimes meet at their home.Both Darwin and Day belonged. <mask> corresponded with other members such as Josiah Wedgwood and Richard Lovell Edgeworth. Between 1775 and 1781, <mask> was a guest and participant at a much-mocked salon held by <mask> at Batheaston, near Bath. However, it was there that <mask>'s talent was recognised. Her work appeared in the yearbook of poems from the gatherings, a debt that Seward acknowledged in "Poem to the Memory of Lady Miller" (1782). Relationships
Seward remained single, despite offers and friendships. She was outspoken about the institution of marriage, not unlike her heroine in Louisa, a position later echoed in the novels of her step-niece, Maria Edgeworth.She shunned marriage and sexual love as inferior to the equality and virtue of Aristotelian friendship. She had friends of both genders, although only seeking romantic relations with women. In 1985 Lillian Faderman suggested that her orientation was lesbian, but there is little known evidence of the erotic or sexual in her ties and the term relates more to 20th than to 18th-century concepts of identity. Since 1985, <mask> remains within the lesbian poetic canon, but Teresa Barnard argues against this, based more on examining her correspondence than on her poetry, while more recently Barrett has argued for it, based on other sources. Much of the literature on <mask>'s relations focuses on her childhood friend Honora Sneyd: sonnets reveal her passion for her when they were together and her despair when Sneyd married Richard Edgeworth. Compared with the correspondence, her sonnets display more intense emotion, such as Sonnet 10 ("Honora, shou'd that cruel time arrive"), which describes feelings of betrayal. When the Edgeworths moved to Ireland, despair turned to anger, as in Sonnet 14 ("Ingratitude, how deadly is thy smart").Work

Poetry
<mask> began to write poetry early with encouragement from her father, a published poet, but against the wishes of her mother. When <mask> was 16, her father revised his position, fearing she might become a "learned lady". Later she was encouraged by Dr Erasmus Darwin, who set up a medical practice in Lichfield in 1756, although their relations with him included frequent conflicts. Her verses, which date from at least 1759, include elegies and sonnets, and a verse-novel, Louisa (1784), of which five editions were published. However, she did not publish her first poem until 1780, at the age of 38. <mask>'s many letters and other writings have been called "commonplace". Horace Walpole said she had "no imagination, no novelty", but she was praised by Mary Scott, who had written admiringly of her father's attitude to female education.Several poems, particularly Lichfield ones, concern her friend and adopted sister Honora Sneyd, in a tradition described as "female friendship poetry". <mask> struck a middle path in a period when women had to tread carefully. Her work could also be arch and teasing, as in her poem Portrait of Miss Levett, on a Lichfield beauty later married to Rev. Richard Levett. She contributed to Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson (1791), but was less than happy with Boswell's treatment of her material. Her work circulated widely. Authorship has been a continuing problem with assessing her work.She was known to suggest others had used her work as their own: "a charge of plagiarism must rest somewhere." Correspondence and biography
<mask> was a prodigious correspondent. Six vast volumes of her letters appeared posthumously in 1811, revealing broad knowledge of English literature and casting light on Midland literary culture in her day. Early on, in 1762–1768, she used an imaginary friend, Emma, to express her thoughts, writing 39 letters to her. She was seen variously as an authority on English literature by contemporaries such as Walter Scott, Samuel Johnson and Robert Southey. She also wrote a biography: Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin (1804). Science
Keenly interested in botany, Seward associated closely with the Lichfield Botanical Society (despite the name, composed of only three men: Erasmus Darwin, Sir Brooke Boothby and John Jackson) and published anonymously in its name.She was encouraged by Darwin to reject a conservative backlash to the revelations of Carl Linnaeus's sexual system of plant classification. This was seen as unfitting for ladies' modesty. "I had heard it was not fit for the female eye. It can only be unfit for the perusal of such females as still believe the legend of their nursery that children are dug out of a parsley-bed; who have never been at church, or looked into a Bible, – and are totally ignorant that in the present state of the world, two sexes are necessary to the production of animals." This caution prevailed through most of the 19th century, typically from writers such as Richard Polwhele, in his poem The Unsex'd Females (1798), although she escaped his personal criticism, being considered to have a proper attitude. Selected works

Selected works include;

The Visions, an Elegy (1764)
The Anniversary (1769)
Lichfield, an elegy (May 1781)
Poem to the Memory of Lady Miller (1782)
Eyam. (August 1788)
Louisa, A Poetical Novel in Four Epistles (1784)
Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin (1804)
Original Sonnets on Various Subjects: And Odes Paraphrased from Horace (1799)
Sonnet 10.To Honora Sneyd. [Honora, shou'd that cruel time arrive]
Sonnet 14 [Ingratitude, how deadly is thy smart]

Legacy
After <mask>'s death, Sir Walter Scott edited her Poetical Works in three volumes (Edinburgh, 1810). To these he prefixed a memoir of the author and extracts from her correspondence. Scott's editing shows considerable censorship and he declined to edit the bulk of her letters, which later appeared in six volumes from Archibald Constable as Letters of <mask>ward 1784–1807 (1811). Her reputation barely outlived her, but interest revived in the 21st century, after some dismissive views among early 20th-century critics. Later feminist scholars in particular have seen Seward as a valuable observer of gendered relations in late 18th-century society, playing a transitional role in its principles and emerging romanticism. Her stance on the political, cultural and literary issues of the time likewise reflects the social responses to such issues.Kairoff sees her as "one of the — in a literal sense — ultimate eighteenth-century poets". There is a plaque to <mask> (spelt Ann) in Lichfield Cathedral. The epitaph was written by her friend Walter Scott. <mask> appears as a character in the novel The Ladies by Doris Grumbach (1984). Archives
A collection of letters relating to <mask> can be found in the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. Notes

References

Bibliography

 in

<mask>

Historical sources

Literary surveys

 In

<mask>

 (1941–1942)

Pearson, H. (ed.)(1936) The Swan of Lichfield. Being a Selection from the Correspondence of <mask>

Botany

Sexuality

Works by <mask>

Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Volume 5
Volume 6
 (1992–1993)

Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3

Reference materials

Further reading
Teresa Barnard: <mask> : a constructed life; a critical biography, Farnham [u.a.] : Ashgate, 2009,

External links

<mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

The poetical works of <mask>; with extracts from her literary correspondence, Volume 1
The poetical works of <mask>; with extracts from her literary correspondence. Volume 2
The poetical works of <mask>; with extracts from her literary correspondence, Volume 3
Portrait of <mask>, National Portrait Gallery

1742 births
1809 deaths
People from Lichfield
People from Eyam
English women poets
18th-century British women writers
18th-century English poets
18th-century English women
18th-century English people

masks:
Anna Seward
Seward
Thomas Seward
Anna Seward
Anna
Anna
Anna Seward
Anna
Anna Seward
Seward
Seward
Anna
Canon Seward
Anna
Anna
Canon Seward
Anna
Anna
Anna Seward
Seward
Seward
Anna Miller
Seward
Seward
Seward
Seward
Anna
Seward
Seward
Seward
Seward
Anna Se
Anna Seward
Seward
Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward
Anna Seward


title: Diezani Alison-Madueke

texts:
<mask>. Alison-Madueke (born 6 December 1960) is a Nigerian politician and the first female President of OPEC. She was elected at the 166th OPEC Ordinary meeting in Vienna on 27 November 2014. She became Nigeria's minister of transportation on 26 July 2007. She was moved to Mines and Steel Development in 2008, and in April 2010 was appointed Minister of Petroleum Resources. Early life and education
<mask>. Agama was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Her father was Chief Frederick Abiye Agama. She had her early education in Shell camp and attended Hussey Model School after the Nigerian civil war.In 1968, she enrolled in Township school, Port Harcourt and went on to Holy Rosary Government Girls Secondary School where she sat for her WASCE in 1975. She proceeded to Federal School of Arts and Sciences in Mubi, Gongola State(now                     Adamawa State
) for her A’ Levels and then moved to the United Kingdom in 1977 to study Architecture. While in the UK, she commenced studying Architecture in England but then moved to Howard University in the United States. She graduated from Howard with a bachelor's degree on 8 December 1992. In 2002, she attended Cambridge Judge Business School for her MBA degree. Diezani is a beneficiary of the Chevening scholarship. Career

Shell Nigeria
She returned to Nigeria in 1992 and joined Shell Petroleum Development Corporation working in the estates area of operations in the Lagos office of Shell as well as acting as an architectural consultant.She rose to the position of Head of Civil Infrastructures and then became Head of Corporate Issues and Crisis Management Unit in 1997. Upon completion of her MBA program at Cambridge, she was made Lead Joint Ventures Representation Adviser in 2004. Alison-Madueke was appointed as an Executive Director of Shell in 2006. She was the first woman ever to be appointed by Shell as an Executive Director in Nigeria. In government
Alison-Madueke has held three significant positions in the Nigerian federal government. She was appointed Transportation Minister in July 2007. On 23 December 2008, she became the Minister of Mines and Steel Development.When Vice-President; Goodluck Jonathan became acting President in February 2010, he dissolved the cabinet on 17 March 2010, and swore in a new cabinet on 6 April 2010 with Alison-Madueke as Minister for Petroleum Resources. Diezani left office on June 1, 2015, as part of the presidential transition to Jonathan's successor. She then went to work for the Commonwealth of Dominica as a Trade and Investment Commissioner. Minister of Petroleum Resources
As Minister of Petroleum Resources, Alison-Madueke pledged to transform Nigeria's oil and gas industry so that all Nigerians benefit. In April 2010, President Goodluck Jonathan signed the Nigerian Content Act, which aimed to increase the percentage of petroleum industry contracts awarded to indigenous Nigerian businesses – a reaction to the domination of the sector by foreign operators. One of the most controversial policies introduced under Alison-Madueke was the government's plan to remove state subsidies on fuel prices. Alison-Madueke supported the discontinuation of the subsidy "because it poses a huge financial burden on the government, disproportionately benefits the wealthy, [and] encourages inefficiency, corruption and diversion of scarce public resources away from investment in critical infrastructure."Allegations of corruption and financial misconduct

A PBS NewsHour segment quoted American and British officials saying that former Petroleum Minister <mask> Alison-Madueke might personally have organized a diversion of $6 billion (N1.2 trillion) from the Nigerian treasury. She has been charged with responsibility for $20 billion missing from the Petroleum agency. A former Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) governor, Sanusi, made the comment again during a PBS interview on 2 December 2015. Sanusi believes he was fired from the Central Bank of Nigeria because he went public with charges that $20 billion was missing from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) under Alison-Madueke's management. Alison Madueke says Sanusi made the allegations to retaliate after she didn't help him to get appointed as the president of the African Development Bank (AfDB) and dismissed his allegation. She's been accused of awarding multi-billion Naira contracts without recourse to due process and of recklessly spending government funds. as well as wasting billions of naira inappropriately on private jets.In October 2009, the Senate of Nigeria indicted <mask> Alison-Madueke and recommended prosecution for the transfer of N1.2 billion naira into the private account of a toll company without due process and in breach of concession agreement. She has been officially charged to court by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission of Nigeria for 'Money Laundering'. On 2 October 2015, Reuters reported that Alison-Madueke had been arrested by the UK's National Crime Agency (NCA) in London, along with four other people on suspicion of bribery and corruption offences. However, a spokesperson for the police denied having any knowledge of the incident. Her family and the Nigerian Government confirmed that she had been arrested in London, although the NCA declined to comment on the case. Also in Nigeria, her home in Asokoro, Abuja was raided and sealed by anti-corruption agents of the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, a few hours after her alleged arrest in London. On 28 August 2017, a Nigerian federal court seized 7.6 billion naira ($21 million) from bank accounts linked to Alison-Madueke.In 2017, the US Justice Department’s kleptocracy team seized  $145 million worth of assets that had been  purchased "for the benefit of" Ms. Alison-Madueke. Among the assets were a $50 million apartment in New York, properties in California, and an $80 million yacht; Galactica Star. As part of the Pandora Papers leak in 2021, Alison-Madueke was accused of accepting $17 million in gifts and property from three Nigerian oil businessmen in exchange for favors as part of her role as Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources. Firsts
Alison-Madueke was the first woman to hold the position of Minister of Petroleum Resources in Nigeria, and in October 2010 she became the first woman to head a country delegation at the semi-annual OPEC conference. She was also the first female Minister of Transportation, and the first woman to be appointed to the board of Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria. On 27 November 2014, she was elected as the first female President of OPEC. On working in male-dominated sectors, Alison-Madueke said she advised the young women she mentored while at Shell to "change their mode of thinking."Personal life
Since 1999 she has been married to Admiral Allison Madueke (retired), one-time Chief of Naval Staff who was at various times governor of Imo and Anambra State. She is mother to six children; one biological son and five step children including Chimezie Madueke and Ogonna Madueke. In September 2011, Alison-Madueke was awarded an honorary Doctorate degree in Management Sciences by the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. She is the first woman to be so awarded. The event took place at the convocation ceremony for the 58th Regular Course Cadet. Alison-Madueke revealed that while in office, she had been undergoing treatments for breast cancer in the United Kingdom. In September 2008, there was an unsuccessful attempt to kidnap Alison-Madueke at her house in Abuja with her son Chimezie Madueke.See also

 List of people from Port Harcourt
 List of Nigerians

References

Living people
1960 births
Politicians from Port Harcourt
Petroleum ministers of Nigeria
Transport ministers of Nigeria
Nigerian women architects
Howard University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
21st-century Nigerian politicians
21st-century Nigerian women politicians
Women government ministers of Nigeria
Nigerian corporate directors
Nigerian women business executives
Women corporate directors

masks:
Diezani K
Diezani K
Diezani
Diezani


title: Fang Lizhi

texts:
<mask> (also Li-Zhi; February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of his activism, he was expelled from the Communist Party of China in January 1987. For his work, <mask> was a recipient of the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1989, given each year to an individual whose courageous activism is at the heart of the human rights movement and in the spirit of Robert F. Kennedy's vision and legacy. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, but it was revoked after 1989. Life and career in China
<mask> was born on 12 February 1936 in Beijing. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, a year before the People's Liberation Army took over the city, as a student of the Beijing No.4 High School, he joined an underground youth organization that was associated to Communist Party of China (CPC). One of his extracurricular activities was assembling radio receivers from used parts. In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at Peking University, where he met his future wife, Li Shuxian (). Both <mask> and Li were among the top students in their class. He joined CPC upon graduation, worked the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in China's secret atomic bomb program, while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty. In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, people were strongly encouraged by the CPC to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, <mask> and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education.This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the Anti-Rightist Campaign started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, the three naive young people confessed about it, and Li also confessed to the party her doubts on the party. Li was expelled from the party, and was sentenced to hard labour at Zhaitang near Beijing. <mask> was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. Still, he was removed from the nuclear program, and sent to do hard labour in Zanhuang, Hebei province from December 1957 to August 1958. Out of political pressure, Li and <mask> put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when <mask> was also expelled from the party.<mask> was reassigned to the faculty of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in August 1958, and in 1961 married Li, who remained a faculty of Peking University. In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, he published an article in the Guangming Daily, encouraging the independent thinking of students. <mask> published his first research paper on nuclear physics in Acta Physica Sinica 17, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, on the recommendation of Qian Linzhao, he became an associated member of a research group led by Li Yinyuan at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since Li's group was at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s/early 1960s, <mask> conducted research in particle physics, solid state physics and laser physics. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China.That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Peking of "undesirable elements", <mask> was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in Liaoning province. Learning about this, vice president Yan Jici intervened on <mask>'s behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for <mask> and other faculty members of USTC. Academic activities were interrupted when the Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, the USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending Soviet Union invasion. USTC was moved to Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, <mask>, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. <mask> secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by Lev Landau and learned the theory of general relativity by reading this book in the evening.Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the USTC university buildings. Research in astrophysics and cosmology
In 1972, the worst chaos of the Cultural Revolution was over and scientific research resumed. <mask> found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published on the journal Wu Li (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. <mask> assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research. At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with the dialectical materialism theory, which is the official philosophy of the Communist Party.According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the Big Bang theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once <mask> published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack <mask> politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of Nanjing University, also supported <mask>. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, <mask> was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China.<mask> published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio quasars to measure the Hubble diagram, and with data available at the time, suggested that the universe may be closed (<mask> et al., Acta Astronomica Sinica 17, 134 (1977)). This work was noticed by researchers outside China; a Nature article noted that it obtained similar results to, but appeared earlier than, the paper by Davidsen et al., Nature 269, 203 (1977). <mask> also carried out research on topics including neutron stars, black holes, inflation and quantum cosmology. He soon gained international recognition, and as China began to open up in the late 1970s, he was invited to international conferences outside the country. In 1985, together with H. Sato of Kyoto University, Japan, <mask> won the first prize of the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution of quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e. has a non-trivial topology.He was elected as the youngest member of the Chinese Academy of Science in 1980. His membership was, however, revoked after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989. He helped promote international academic exchange in China. Together with Remo Ruffini, he organized the first major international scientific conference in China: the 3rd Marcel Grossmann meeting in 1982. During this meeting, Tsvi Piran and T.G. Horowitz became the first two Israeli scientists to enter the People's Republic of China; at the time, there were no diplomatic relations between China and Israel. He invited Stephen Hawking to visit China in 1985, and organized the International Astronomical Union conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Beijing in 1986.<mask> also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. <mask> and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a classic by many teachers and students, although few students are aware of it in recent years. <mask> was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. <mask>'s book, "Creation of the Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China. Political activism
During the Anti-Rightist Campaign, <mask> was expelled from the Communist Party of China for his "reactionary activities", viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education.He was rehabilitated after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of USTC, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, <mask> was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. <mask> was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC. He was very popular among the students. <mask> also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on CPC dogma.He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, <mask>, together with Xu Liangying and Liu Binyan, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event. In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. <mask> was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CPC; he tried to persuade the USTC students not to go off-campus. After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization", Deng Xiaoping named three Communist Party members to be expelled: <mask>, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang. Deng directed then-CPC General Secretary Hu Yaobang to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.<mask> was again expelled from Communist Party of China in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the National Astronomical Observatory of China, and reunited with his wife, Li Shuxian, a professor at Peking University. He gained fame and notoriety after his essays were collected by the Communist Party of China and distributed to many of its regional offices, with the directive to its members to criticize the essays. 1989 democracy movement and exile
In February 1989, <mask> mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to Deng Xiaoping, requesting amnesty for the human right activist Wei Jingsheng who was then in prison. His wife, Li, was elected to become the people's representative of the Haidian District where Peking University is located. <mask> and his wife had exchanged ideas about Chinese politics with some students of Peking University, including Wang Dan and Liu Gang. Some of those students became student leaders during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, though <mask> and Li did not actively participate in the protest itself.On 5 June 1989, the day after the government began its repression of protesters, <mask> and Li, feeling unsafe, entered the U.S. embassy in Beijing, and were granted asylum. The Chinese government put <mask> and Li at the top of the "wanted" list of the people involved in the protest. During his time in the U.S. embassy, <mask> wrote an essay titled The Chinese Amnesia, criticizing the Chinese Communist Party's repression of human rights and the outside world's turning a blind eye to it. <mask>'s continued presence in the US Embassy following the protests became, according to U.S. Ambassador James Lilley, "a living symbol of our [US] conflict with China over human rights." <mask> and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain. This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between Henry Kissinger, acting on behalf of US President George H.W.Bush, and China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Other factors were a false confession by <mask>, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem." In 1989, he was a recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the International Campaign for Tibet. Later life in the US
After some time at Cambridge University and Princeton, <mask> later moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he worked as Professor of Physics at the University of Arizona. In campus speeches, <mask> spoke on topics such as human rights and democracy as matters of social responsibility.He also served as a board member and co-chair of the New York-based organization Human Rights in China. <mask> continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, Lyman alpha forest, application of wavelet in cosmology, turbulence in intergalactic medium, and the 21cm radiation during the Reionization. He continued to train students and younger scientists who visited him from China and was very active in research to the end of his life, publishing multiple research papers each year. Death

He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes. He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.Further reading
Essays:
Memoir: , translated by Perry Link. See also
List of Chinese dissidents
Richard Baum

References

External links

Personal Homepage
Scientific Articles of Li-Zhi <mask> (<mask>hi) Since 1989
Collection of Articles by Li-Zhi <mask> (Fang Lizhi), maintained by his former students

1936 births
2012 deaths
Chinese dissidents
University of Arizona faculty
Chinese astrophysicists
Relativity theorists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese human rights activists
Chinese democracy activists
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
University of Science and Technology of China faculty
Writers from Beijing
People's Republic of China science writers
Educators from Beijing
Physicists from Beijing
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates

masks:
Fang Lizhi
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang
Fang Liz
Fang


title: Morgan Chu

texts:
<mask> (born December 27, 1950), is an American intellectual property attorney. A high-school dropout, <mask> went on to earn advanced degrees from Harvard, Yale and UCLA. In 2007, UCLA awarded <mask> the UCLA Medal, the university's highest accolade for exceptional achievement, citing <mask>'s "groundbreaking approach to intellectual property" and honoring him as a founder of the Asian American Studies Center. <mask> was named The Outstanding Intellectual Property Lawyer in the United States in the first Chambers Award for Excellence, 2006. <mask> served as the co-managing partner of the firm Irell & Manella LLP from 1997–2003, and has been a member of its governing board, the Executive Committee, since 1985. In June 2009, Harvard alumni elected <mask> to a six-year term as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers. Family

<mask>'s father, <mask>, left China in 1943 to study chemical engineering, earning a doctorate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and he later taught at Washington University in St. Louis and at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.<mask>'s mother Ching Chen Li, also left China during World War II to study economics at MIT. His parents married in 1945 and began a family. <mask> is the youngest of three brothers. His oldest brother, <mask>, holds an M.D. and a Ph.D., and is a professor of biochemistry and medicine at Stanford University. The middle brother, <mask>, was a professor of physics at Stanford and later a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at University of California, Berkeley, and the director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1997 and was President Obama's Secretary of Energy from January 21, 2009, to April 22, 2013.Education
<mask> dropped out of high school and left home, but by age 25, he had five university degrees. Although he never received a high school diploma, he gained admittance to UCLA, where he earned a B.A. (1971), M.A. (1972) and Ph.D. (1973). <mask> then received a Master of Studies in Law from Yale Law School (1974) and a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School (1976)

Legal career

Following his law school graduation, <mask> served as a law clerk for Hon. Charles M. Merrill, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1976–1977). In 1977, <mask> went to work as an associate at the Los Angeles law firm of Irell & Manella.<mask> was elevated to partner in 1982, and became the firm's co-managing partner in 1997, serving two terms until 2003. <mask> is known for his many high-profile trials involving technology including:
 In 2002, <mask> won a $500 million jury verdict for City of Hope against Genentech. Punitive damages were later reversed by the California Supreme Court, but the compensatory damages represent the largest judgment ever affirmed on appeal in California. The defendant ultimately paid a judgment of over $480 million including interest. <mask> won a $120 million jury verdict for Stac Electronics against Microsoft. The trial court entered a worldwide injunction against Microsoft's flagship product, the MS-DOS operating system, and then the case settled. <mask> was co-counsel for the plaintiff in Texas Instruments v. Samsung, which resulted in a settlement for the plaintiff of more than $1 billion.In 2006 in Immersion v. Sony, <mask> won a $82 million jury verdict and injunction that led to a final resolution of over $150 million being paid by Sony. In TiVo v. EchoStar, <mask> secured a $74 million jury verdict and permanent injunction, which were upheld on appeal. $105 million has been paid on the final judgment including post-verdict damages. In 2005 <mask> was recognized for one of the "Top Ten Defense Verdicts," for Ultratech Stepper Inc. v. ASML, in which the jury unanimously found plaintiff's patent invalid. <mask> successfully defended Candle Corporation in the first trial in the U.S. involving a software patent. The jury unanimously found the plaintiff's patent invalid. <mask> successfully represented NantKwest, Inc. in the 2019 Supreme Court case Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. against the United States Patent and Trademark Office.The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of his client, finding that the Patent Act did not require his client to pay the Patent and Trademark Office's attorney fees. <mask> won a $2.18 billion jury verdict in the Western District of Texas in 2021 in VLSI v. Intel Corp. This is the largest standing jury verdict in a patent case. Public service

When <mask> was still an undergraduate at UCLA, he co-founded UCLA's Asian American Studies Center. He has previously served on the Board of Governors of the University of California, Los Angeles Foundation. Mr. <mask> also has been an Adjunct Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law and has served as a judge pro tem. At Harvard Law School, <mask> was an editor of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, a leading legal journal founded to promote personal freedoms and human dignities.Since law school, <mask> has been a frequent lecturer and teacher. He participated in symposia at Harvard Law School and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, and he was the Traphagen Distinguished Speaker at Harvard in 2003. <mask> served as an adjunct professor at UCLA Law School from 1978 to 1981. He has lectured or delivered papers at Stanford, U.C. Berkeley, Georgetown, Northwestern, California Institute of Technology, UCLA, University of Southern California, among other venues. <mask> was Founding Chair of U.S.C. Law School's Intellectual Property Law Institute (2004–06), and has served on its Executive Committee since 2004.<mask> serves on the Board and Executive Committee of Public Counsel, the largest pro bono public interest law firm in the world. In one of his pro bono cases, <mask> spent six years securing the reversal of a conviction of a death row inmate, the first reversal upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court of a conviction and death penalty in the 20 years since California had reinstated the death penalty. <mask> and his wife Helen have endowed student scholarships at Harvard and UCLA, as well as the Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences (IMGSBS) at City of Hope. In 2021, <mask> and his wife Helen donated $1 million to Public Counsel to establish the Helen & Morgan Chu Chief Executive Officer Distinguished Chair. Awards and honors
<mask> has received awards and honors as one of the top attorneys in the United States, as well as for his contributions to higher education and the community. They include:
 Honorary Doctorate, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences
 UCLA Medal (June 2007)
 Top Intellectual Property Lawyer in the United States in the first Chambers Award for Excellence, 2006. Distinguished Advocate (2006).The Edward A. Heafey Jr. Center for Trial and Appellate Advocacy at Santa Clara University School of Law each year selects one outstanding trial or appellate lawyer to visit the law school as a "Distinguished Advocate." PACE-Setter Award (2004) from the Pacific Asian Consortium in Employment
 Learned Hand Award (2003) from the American Jewish Committee
 "Top Ten Trial Lawyers" in the nation from the National Law Journal
 "100 Most Influential Lawyers in America" from the National Law Journal
 At the age of 16, <mask> and six others participated in the Subway Challenge, setting the Guinness World Record for traveling through every New York City Subway station in the shortest time on one fare: 22 hours  minutes. References

1950 births
Living people
American people of Chinese descent
California lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Members of the Harvard Board of Overseers
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Yale University alumni

masks:
Morgan Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Morgan Chu
Ju Chin Chu
Chu
Chu
Gilbert Chu
Steven Chu
Steven Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu


title: Taslim Olawale Elias

texts:
<mask> (11 November 1914 – 14 August 1991) was a Nigerian jurist. He was Attorney-General and Chief Justice of Nigeria and a judge and President of the International Court of Justice. He was a scholar who modernised and extensively revised the laws of Nigeria. Youth and studies

<mask> was born into the traditional aristocracy of Lagos, then the capital of Nigeria, on 11 November 1914. He received his secondary education at the Church Missionary Society Grammar School and Igbobi College in Lagos. He married Ganiat Yetunde Fowosere, and the couple would have five children together (three sons, two daughters). After passing the Cambridge School Certificate examination, he worked as an assistant in the Government Audit Department.In 1935 he joined the Nigerian Railway and served in the Chief Accountant's Office for nine years. While working at the Nigerian Railway, <mask> became an external student of London University, and later he passed the intermediate examinations for the B.A. and LL.B degrees. He left Nigeria for the United Kingdom in 1944 and was admitted to University College London. As this was during World War II, with London the target of frequent bomb attacks, he spent some time at Cambridge's Trinity College. He graduated with a B.A. the year he entered University College London and two years later received the LL.B.In 1947 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, where he was a Yarborough Anderson Scholar, and in the same year received his LL.M degree. He continued his graduate education and became the first African to earn a PhD in law from the University of London in 1949. In 1951 <mask> was awarded a UNESCO Fellowship to undertake research into the legal, economic, and social problems of Africa. Later that year he had his first academic appointment, the Simon Senior Research Fellow at Manchester University. There he was an instructor in law and social anthropology. It was also in 1951 that he published his first book, Nigerian Land Law and Custom. Professional life
<mask> moved from Manchester to Oxford in 1954 when he became the Oppenheimer Research Fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Nuffield College and Queen Elizabeth House.He continued his research into Nigerian law and published Groundwork of Nigerian Law in the same year. In 1956 he was a visiting professor of political science at the University of Delhi. He was instrumental in organizing courses in government, law, and social anthropology and in establishing the African Studies Department. <mask> also lectured at the universities of Aligarh, Allahabad, Bombay, and Calcutta. In that year he also published two books, Makers of Nigerian Law and The Nature of African Customary Law. He returned to London in 1957 and was appointed a Governor of the School of Oriental and African Studies. As the constitutional and legal adviser to the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (which later became the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens), he participated in the 1958 Nigerian Constitutional Conference in London.He was one of the architects of Nigeria's independence constitution

In 1960 <mask> was invited to become Nigeria's Attorney-General and Minister of Justice. He served in this capacity through the whole of the first republic. Although later dismissed after the coup d'état in January 1966, he was reinstated in November of that year. In addition to contributing to Nigerian and African law, <mask> had long been active in the field of international law. He was a member of the United Nations International Law Commission from 1961 to 1975, he served as General Rapporteur from 1965 to 1966 and was its chairman in 1970. He was the leader of the Nigerian delegations to the conference held to consider the Draft Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States in 1963 and to the Special Committee on the Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in 1964. He was a member of the United Nations Committee of Experts, which drafted the constitution of the Congo, 1961–1962.He also helped to draft the charter of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and its Protocol of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. <mask> also represented the OAU and Nigeria before the International Court of Justice in the proceedings concerning the status of Namibia. He was elected as an associate member of the Institut de droit international in 1969. He was Chairman of the Committee of the Whole at the Vienna Conference on the Law of Treaties (1968–1969). In 1966 <mask> was appointed Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Lagos. Four years earlier he had received the LL.D. degree from the University of London for his work on African law and British colonial law.(He would go on to receive a total of 17 honorary doctorate degrees from various universities around the world). He was one of the inaugural recipients of the Nigerian National Merit Award in 1979. Several of his works on various legal subjects were standard reading in Africa in law schools of the former British colonies. Later in 1966, <mask> was re-appointed as Nigeria's Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice (a position he held while remaining Dean and Professor at the University of Lagos), until 1972, when he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. He was ousted from this position by a military regime that took power in Nigeria at the end of July 1975. A few months later (in October 1975), he was elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations to the International Court of Justice at The Hague. In 1979, he was elected Vice-President by his colleagues on that Court.In 1981, after the death of Sir Humphrey Waldock, the President of the Court, he took over as Acting President. In 1982, the members of the Court elected him President of the Court. He thus became the first African jurist to hold that honour. Five years later, <mask> was also appointed to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Death
<mask> died on 14 August 1991, in Lagos, Nigeria. The names of his five children are Gbolahan, Olusoji, Olufemi, Yeside and Olufolake <mask>. See also
 United Nations Security Council Resolution 708

References

1914 births
Lawyers from Lagos
Chief Justices of Nigeria
International Court of Justice judges
Igbobi College alumni
Academics of SOAS University of London
University of Lagos faculty
Alumni of University College London
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Supreme Court of Nigeria justices
Presidents of the International Court of Justice
1991 deaths
CMS Grammar School, Lagos alumni
Nigerian Muslims
20th-century Nigerian lawyers
Attorneys General of Nigeria
People of colonial Nigeria
Educators from Lagos
Recipients of the Nigerian National Order of Merit Award
Nigerian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals

masks:
Taslim Olawale Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias


title: Ion Cojar

texts:
<mask> (January 9, 1931 - October 18, 2009) was a Romanian acting teacher, researcher and theatre director. He is the founder of a unique method that revolutionised the Romanian school of acting. <mask> as acting teacher

<mask> changed the old way of understanding acting in Romania, when the actor was taught how to play theatre, to act, to fake, imitate or mimic life, emotions or characters, with a new one that demands actors, directors and teachers to create the circumstances in which the truth of life can occur, and the actor to go onstage or during filming through authentic psychologically-realistic processes that cannot be anticipated or consciously controlled, at the end of which they would be actually changed as a person, so that the audiences may be able to follow the lifelike processes, to understand and believe what they see and hear, to empathise with the actors. <mask> argued that in order to have an authentic performance, the actor's psycho-emotional processes, along with their speech, body movements and physiological changes, which are the results of those processes, must not be anticipated, because this way they would be anchored in preconceived ideas and would not be new and authentic, and also must not be consciously controlled, because we cannot observe our own processes as they are taking place without interrupting them. In everyday life we never know what is going to happen or how we are going to behave or what we are going to say when we interact with someone. We just try to change something in that person in order to achieve our goal. In the same way, the actor, in a certain life situation and with a certain psychology that were previously assumed, aims to actually change something in their partner in order to achieve their goal (their character's goal that they previously assumed), without anticipating any obstacles, by venturing into the unknown and allowing themself the freedom to make mistakes.This way, everything that will happen to them in the process, from emotions to body movements to speech, will come organically, without being consciously controlled or anticipated, and this way they will be authentic, just like in everyday life, and thus the audiences will understand and believe what they'll see and hear and will empathize with the actor. <mask> also argued that we can know for sure that the actor is not faking or acting, but is going through an authentic process when we see instant, organic changes in the color and texture of their face, like when blood instantly floods its vessels in important moments, because these changes are almost impossible to fake. As a professor and researcher at The National University of Theatre and Film from Bucharest, guided by the principle "follow the process, not the success", <mask> worked with his students in order for them to develop a specific psycho-emotional mechanism that, along with the use of a specific acting method, would allow them to easily transform conventions in life truth (conventions like fictional and imaginary life situations, given plot and lines, a character's personality and goal etc. ), unlike the old acting school when students were taught how to play theatre. <mask> always said that "the art of the actor has nothing in common with theatre", a statement that became his trademark. The professional actors who were trained via <mask>'s pedagogical method tend to use in their creative processes an acting method derived from the previous one. One of his former students, Luminita Gheorghiu, won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress with her performance in The Death of Mr. Lazarescu (2005).Professor Mircea Gheorghiu, another former student of <mask>, is considered to be the main continuator of his teaching method in the art of the actor. Adrian Țofei, a former student of Mircea Gheorgiu and ardent follower of <mask>'s method, won the Special Jury Prize for Best Actor at the 2016 Nashville Film Festival for his performance in Be My Cat: A Film for Anne. In parallel with the development of his method, <mask> supported an educational system in which the students are not taught or modeled by the teachers, but in which the environment is that of laboratory experimentation and self-knowledge, of despecialization and deliverance from preconceptions acquired in family, school and society, an environment in which the student is able to become aware of and to use their full native creative potential that makes them unique. In theory, <mask> gathered all his research and discoveries in his book entitled "O poetică a artei actorului" ("Poetics of the actor's art"). <mask> as theatre director

As a theatre director, <mask> also argued that the audiences, in order to fully empathise with what they see and hear, must not have any clue or the impression that they're witnessing a theatre show, but a genuine life event. He aimed to make theatre shows that paradoxically don't look like shows at all, where the audiences would find no elements whatsoever to indicate that they are witnessing a theatre show and not an actual life event. See also
 Stanislavski's system
 Method acting
 Constantin Stanislavski
 Lee Strasberg
 Sanford Meisner
 Ivana Chubbuck

References

Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask> - O poetică a artei actorului (Poetics of the actor's art) - Bucharest, Unitext, 1996 / Bucharest, Paideia, 1998
 Cojar, Ion - Inițiere în arta actorului (Initiation in the actor's art), series of articles published in Teatrul (Theatre) magazine, Bucharest, 1983-1984
 Tofei, Adrian - Ion Cojar's Acting Method
 http://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/doliu-in-lumea-teatrului-5008432/

 http://www.evenimentul.ro/articol/arta-actorului-daca-nu.html

External links

1931 births
2009 deaths
Drama teachers
Acting theorists
Romanian educators
Romanian theatre directors
Romanian acting coaches
Romanian scientists
20th-century Romanian educators
21st-century Romanian educators
Neurological disease deaths in Romania
Deaths from Parkinson's disease

masks:
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Cojar
Ion Cojar
Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Ion Cojar
Cojar
Ion