title: G. D. L. Perera

texts:
<mask> (26 June 1935 – 14 February 2021 as ), popularly as G. D. L<mask>, was an actor and filmmaker in Sri Lankan cinema as well as a journalist. Early life
He was born on 26 June 1935 in Thiruvanaketiya, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. He received his primary education at a mixed school in Thiruvanaketiya. Since childhood, he suffered from asthma. Therefore, his parents decided to move him in the temperate city of Colombo rather than in cooler village climate. Then he entered St. Benedict's College, Colombo for his secondary education and later entered Prince College, Kotahena. He passed the GCE Ordinary Level Examination with good distinctions.He completed his secondary education from Nalanda College, Colombo. Later, he was admitted to the Technical College in Maradana by his parents. In 1954 he joined the government clerical profession and formed the Zonal Cultural Association with his office colleagues. In 1962, he worked in the Department of Labor. His elder brother was a regional politician. His mother died in 1960. Career
During his life in Prince College, Kotahena, he met the teacher Edwin Hewa Kapuge who turned GDL's future towards drama.In 1953, still as a student, he produced a short play titled Okkoma Pisso which was performed under the 'Kumara Ranga', the college's year-end concert. Then he produced two more plays: Aes Læbīma and Kambā Horu. During his life at the technical college, he met Walter Wimalaratne, where GDL polished his artistic abilities. While they went to watch a theatre play, he met the dramatist Thotalaga Tungasena Master. His drama career began as a stage drama producer. When the playwright Sugathapala de Silva maintained Ape Kattiya drama circle, GDL also created a collection of contemporary playwrights for his artwork called 'Kalapela' on 29 September 1955. Its founding members were Amitha Mallawarachchi, Karunaratne D. Philip, S. Karunaratne, Victor Wickramage.Meanwhile, he wrote a script for the play titled Kandulu. The play became his turning point of the drama career which made its premiere on 9 November 1955. Then the play was staged in 1958 at the Borella Young Buddhist Society Hall. After the success in the play, he made his second play Manamalakama. The play had background vocals like in the movies where the lyrics were imitations of Hindi film songs. In 1962, he produced the play Sāmā and introduced <mask> Hamine to the stream. Due to its high popularity, the play was chosen to stage the first play to open the Royal Theater.During this time an institution called the National Drama Arts Corporation was established and held a drama festival. GDL's play was also staged at the festival with critics acclaim. Later he has made several stage dramas such as Sakkara Vaṭṭam (1961), Mehev Lōkeka (1962), Hevanæli, Ihaṭa Vahala Nil Ahasayi, Sansāra <mask>ak, Magul Mathē and Rathurōsa (1962). The play Mehew <mask> competed at the state drama festival where the lead actress <mask> Kotelawala won Best Actress Award for her performance. In 1964, GDL produced the play Thoṭupaḷa. It is considered to be the first stage play to discuss the ethnic issue in the country. The play won the award for the Best Play at the 1964 National Drama Festival and was re-produced in 2008.After a tragic drama, GDL produced a simple humorous stage play Andare in 1965. Sugathapala Senarath Yapa played the role of 'Andare' in the play. Along with the play Andare, the short play Magul Mathe has also been staged. He also wrote short plays: 'Magul Mathe', 'Gete', 'Kamba Horu' and 'Kekille'. During this period, Sugathapala Senarath Yapa proposed that the production of the play Sama should be made into a film. In 1962, GDL prepared the script of the play Sama as a screenplay. Then Kala Pela stage plays were staged in all parts of the country to raise funds for the film.Finally, he directed the film Sama and made its premiere at the New Olympia Cinema Hall, Maradana on 15 June 1965. It is the first co-operative film produced in Sri Lanka as well as the first time that a Sinhala film was shown in an air-conditioned cinema hall. Due to economic difficulties, GDL was able to get only three copies of the film Sama where they were screened at Lasa in Kandy, Odeon in Galle, New Olympia in Colombo and Odeon in Mount Lavinia. The film won the Special Jury Prize at the 1966 Sarasaviya Film Awards for the best cinematic creation. In the same year, the film entered competition section of the Commonwealth Film Festival in England. The film was also screened at the Cine-Stud Amsterdam (Student Film Festival), as well as in London, Lancaster, Italy, Germany and France. After making the blockbuster film Sama, he co-directed the film Sadol Kandulu in 1966 with Regie <mask>.Actresses Malini Fonseka and Chandra Kaluarachchi started their film careers along with GDL's film Dahasak Sithuvili in 1968. In late 1968, he started short courses in film technology and taught cinema to young people. GDL won Best Director at the 1969 6th Sarasaviya Awards for the film Dahasak Sithuvili. In addition, the Sri Lanka Critics and Writers' Association presented four awards for the film: Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography (for D. B. Nihalsinghe), Best Script and Best Character (for Henry Jayasena). In the meantime, the film was also represented at the Berlin Film Festival in Germany, the Locarno Film Festival in Italy, and the New Delhi Film Festival in India. In 1970, he directed the political themed film Romeo Juliet Kathawak, although the film was a commercial failure as well as received negative reviews from critics. In 1969 he went to London after he was awarded a scholarship by the British Council to study cinema.While in London, he directed a film called Igilena Kurullo, but it stopped halfway. Then he made a film called Dura Giya Gamanak but the National Film Corporation refused to pay for it. After that, GDL made the English film Peter of The Elephants. It was a Sri Lankan film that was commercially screened in many countries around the world except Sri Lanka. He also directed the popular films Hora Police (1994), Igilena Kurullo (1970) and Dura Giya Gamanak. Apart from Sinhala films, he also made several English films. In 1982, he created his first teledrama in London, Rata Giya Aththo.At the same time, he made the first tele film in Sri Lanka called Winners and Losers in 1986. The serial Magul Mathe is said to be an adaptation of an English play which was the first drama to be telecast in Sri Lanka. In 1996, GDL was involved in and contributed news and features to the Sinhala service of BBC Sinhala 'Sandesaya' radio program for over a decade. He was in charge of coordinating the audience response to the BBC Sinhala service, pioneered the compilation of 'Thepel Malla', which were published every Friday, reviewing listeners' comments. He initially worked with the BBC Sinhala Service in London but later joined Elmo Fernando, then a BBC Colombo correspondent, to coordinate the listeners' message from Sri Lanka. He was also in charge of compiling the historical document based on BBC Sinhala service rendered since World War II and transcribing for a series of programs. In 1999, he retired from the BBC permanently.During his tenure in BBC, GDL made the telefilm Passage to England for O'Keefe company. His last film was made under the name Hora Police, but it was screened under the name Chakrayudha in 1999. In his later life, he contributed with many drama programs for youth in Kundasale, Kandy after he bought a four acre piece of land in Karalliyadda in Kandy and established two buildings. Then he produced a play called Surasura by the 'Kalagaraya' Cultural Center established in Kandy. In 2007, he was honored with the lifetime Rana Thisara Award in recognition of his film career at the 31st Sarasaviya Awards. He introduced many actors, actresses and composers to the Sinhala film: Buddhi Wickrama, <mask> Kotelawala, <mask> Wanniarachchi, Sugathapala Senarath Yapa, Elson <mask>a, <mask> Hamine, <mask> Wickramasooriya, Nilanthi Wijesinghe, Jayatissa Alahakoon, Mallika <mask> and <mask> Vaidyasekara are some of them. He died on 14 February 2021 in London at the age of 85.Filmography

References

External links

1935 births
2021 deaths
Sri Lankan actors
Sinhalese male actors
People of British Ceylon
Sri Lankan film directors
Sri Lankan film editors
Sri Lankan film people
Sri Lankan film producers
Sri Lankan filmmakers
Sri Lankan journalists
Sri Lankan radio journalists
Sri Lankan radio executives
Sri Lankan radio people
Sri Lankan radio personalities
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo

masks:
Gonaduwahandunge Don Lakshman Perera
. Perera
Denawaka
Gaman
Lokeka
Leoni
Perera
Leoni
Dhamma
Divithuragam
Denawaka
Gamini
Perera
Devananda


title: Liam Tuohy (footballer)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (27 April 1933 – 13 August 2016)  was an Irish footballer and manager. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tuohy played as an outside left for Shamrock Rovers, Newcastle United, and the Republic of Ireland. In 1959, while playing for Ireland, Tuohy scored the first ever goal in the history of the European Championship. After retiring as a player, Tuohy became a coach and managed several clubs in the League of Ireland including Shamrock Rovers, Dundalk, and Shelbourne. He also managed the Republic of Ireland. In July 1973, he also took charge of the Shamrock Rovers XI that played Brazil in a prestige friendly, and during the 1980s, he successfully coached the Republic of Ireland U-19s. He subsequently served as a director of football at Home Farm, before retiring in 2002.In October 2007, Tuohy, along with other members of the Shamrock Rovers team that won the FAI Cup six times in a row during the 1960s, was honoured by the FAI. Early years
<mask> was born in East Wall, a working class area on Northside Dublin. He was the second youngest in a family of six boys. His father, Gerry, died when he was young, leaving him and his five brothers to be raised by his mother, Sadie. Tuohy played in goal at hurling for his school, St. Joseph's, and began playing soccer for St. Mary's, East Wall. After leaving school, Tuohy initially worked as a wheel builder for Royal Enfield, delivered groceries and assembled prams. Club career

Shamrock Rovers
In August 1951, after impressing the Rovers mentors in a FAI Youth Cup game for St Mary's, Tuohy was signed by Shamrock Rovers.Despite finishing top scorer after a season with the under 21s and another as top scorer with the second team, he didn't make his League of Ireland until 7 March 1954 at Glenmalure Park. Tuohy had made such an impact that just six months later he was selected on the League of Ireland XI to play The Football League XI. As a 21-year-old, Tuohy attracted the interest of both West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, but he opted to remain with Rovers. Under player-manager Paddy Coad, he subsequently became a prominent member of the successful Rovers team nicknamed Coad's Colts. During this era, Rovers won the League of Ireland title three times and the FAI Cup twice. They also made their debut in European competition, and in 1959 Tuohy scored the first of four goals for Rovers at this level, when he scored their second goal in 3–2 away defeat against Nice in the European Cup. On 3 May 1960, a testimonial against Newcastle United was held for both <mask> and <mask>.Having given a good account of himself, Charlie Mitten signed him. Newcastle United

By 1960, <mask>, now aged 27, had met and married his wife Sheila and had fathered three children. He had played part-time for Rovers for nine years and was now working for Guinness at St. James's Gate Brewery. It was at this stage that he accepted an offer from Newcastle United in May 1960, to play full-time in the English League. He made his debut on 8 August 1960, and during three years with the club, he made 42 total appearances and scored 9 goals. International career
Between 1955 and 1965, Tuohy made 8 appearances and scored 4 goals for the Republic of Ireland. He made his debut on 10 October 1955, while at Shamrock Rovers, in a 4–1 defeat in a friendly against Yugoslavia.The match was controversial because Yugoslavia was a communist state and the Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, boycotted it in protest against the persecution of Catholic officials under Marshal Tito's regime. <mask> won his next two caps while playing for Newcastle United. On 5 April 1959, <mask> scored his first goal for Ireland, the opening goal in a 2–0 win against Czechoslovakia at Dalymount Park. This match was a "preliminary round" qualifier for the inaugural European Nations' Cup, and so was the Republic of Ireland's first ever game in the competition. It has been reported many times since that <mask>'s goal was the first ever to be scored in a European nations' championship; however, a goal by Anatoli Ilyin in a September 1958 first round match for the USSR against Hungary predates Tuohy's strike. <mask>'s remaining three international goals were all scored in 1962. His second goal for Ireland came in a 3–2 defeat in a friendly against Austria.He then scored in both games against Iceland during the qualifiers for the 1964 European Nations' Cup. Tuohy played his last game for Ireland on 24 March 1965, in a friendly against Belgium. Coaching career

Shamrock Rovers
In 1963, Tuohy returned to Shamrock Rovers as a player-coach and helped the club win a League of Ireland/FAI Cup double. In 1964, he was appointed Rovers player-manager and he subsequently guided a team that included, among others, Bobby Gilbert, Johnny Fullam, Pat Dunne, Frank O'Neill, Mick Leech and Paddy Mulligan to a consecutive run of FAI Cup wins between 1964 and 1969. Tuohy also added to his tally of goals in European competition. In 1963, during a Fairs Cup game against Valencia, he scored in a 2–2 draw. He scored again in 1965, in another Fairs Cup game against Real Zaragoza, which finished 1–1.However the highlight of his European exploits came in 1966, when Rovers came close to knocking the eventual winners Bayern Munich out of the European Cup Winners Cup. After holding Bayern to a 1–1 draw at Dalymount Park, goals from Bobby Gilbert and Tuohy saw Rovers came back from 2–0 down during the away game. Rovers were winning the tie on away goals when a late goal from Gerd Müller saw Bayern win 3–2 on the night and progress to the next round. In total he made 16 appearances scoring 4 goals for Rovers in European competition. During the summer of 1967, Tuohy also played for and managed Rovers when they competed as Boston Rovers in the United Soccer Association league. In June 1972, he returned to Rovers for a second spell as manager, but resigned on 20 December 1973. Dundalk
In 1969, Tuohy was appointed manager of Dundalk, after moving there with his job at HB Ice Cream, and on 16 September they lost 10–0 to Liverpool in the Fairs Cup.During this time at Oriel Park, he was also a club director. Tuohy remained in charge of Dundalk until 1972, guiding them to victory in the Leinster Senior Cup in 1971, and the League of Ireland Shield in 1972. Republic of Ireland
In 1971, <mask> was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland. His first game in charge was on 10 October 1971, a 6–0 defeat away to Austria. The game, a European Championship qualifier, had been arranged for a Sunday, the day after a full league program in England. Forced to field a team of mainly League of Ireland players, Tuohy resolved that this would not happen again. He demanded that all future fixtures be played on a Wednesday and over the following months he travelled to England and began discussions with various team managers to secure the release of his star players for future internationals.On 4 January 1972, in <mask>'s second game in charge Ireland beat the visiting West German Olympic XI 3–0. In June 1972, Tuohy took an Ireland squad to Brazil to compete in the Brazilian Independence Cup. While there they played four games, earning respectable wins over Iran and Ecuador. <mask> was also in charge of Ireland during the qualifiers for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Denied the services of Johnny Giles and Paddy Mulligan through injury and Don Givens who was not released by Queens Park Rangers, Ireland were beaten 2–1 by the Soviet Union on 18 October 1972. However a month later on 15 November, Giles returned and inspired Ireland to a 2–1 win over France. On 13 May 1973, a 1–0 defeat to the Soviets effectively ended Ireland's chances of qualifying for the World Cup.On 19 May 1973 in the return game against France, <mask> took charge of Ireland for the last time. After just eleven games in charge, Tuohy resigned. At the same time as managing Ireland, Tuohy was also managing Shamrock Rovers and was working as an area sales manager for HB Ice Cream. He was now the father of six children and financial pressures forced him to give up the Ireland job which only paid £500 a year. Republic of Ireland U-19s
In 1981, <mask> returned to international management after 6 years managing Dublin University and took the unpaid position as manager of the Republic of Ireland U-19 team. He was also managing Shelbourne. He appointed Brian Kerr as one of his assistants.The Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team qualified for the 1982 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship. They qualified again for the 1983 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship, where despite remaining unbeaten in a group that included eventual winners France, they were eliminated. During the 1984 UEFA European Under-18 Championships, Tuohy guided a team that included Denis Irwin and Brian Mooney to the semi-finals, where they lost to the Soviet Union. They eventually finished fourth, after losing the third place play-off to Poland and this qualified them for the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship. This was the best showing of any Irish team in an international competition, until Kerr guided the U-19s to victory in same competition in 1998. In February 1986, Tuohy resigned as the U-19 manager after he felt undermined by Jack Charlton, the new manager of the senior team. During a half-time team talk, Charlton had allegedly taken over and sidelined Tuohy.Statistics

Inter League goals

Honours

Player
Shamrock Rovers:

 League of Ireland: 4

 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64

 FAI Cup: 8

 1955, 1956, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

 League of Ireland Shield: 8

 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68
Leinster Senior Cup: 6
 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1969
Dublin City Cup: 1
 1966–67
SWAI Personality of the Year: 1
 1965–66

Manager
Dundalk

 League of Ireland Shield: 1

 1972
Leinster Senior Cup: 1
 1971

References

Sources
The Book of Irish Goalscorers by Seán Ryan & Stephen Burke 1987

1933 births
2016 deaths
Association football wingers
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Republic of Ireland B international footballers
League of Ireland players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. managers
Newcastle United F.C. players
English Football League players
United Soccer Association players
United Soccer Association coaches
Boston Rovers players
Republic of Ireland football managers
Republic of Ireland national football team managers
League of Ireland managers
Dundalk F.C. managers
Shelbourne F.C. managers
Home Farm F.C. coaches
League of Ireland XI players
League of Ireland XI managers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Stella Maris F.C.players
Dublin University A.F.C. coaches
Association football coaches

masks:
Liam Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Liam Hennessy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy
Tuohy


title: Frederick I of Sweden

texts:
<mask> (; 28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751) was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and (as <mask>) also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730. He ascended the throne following the death of his brother-in-law absolutist <mask> in the Great Northern War, and the abdication of his wife, Charles's sister and successor Ulrika Eleonora, after she had to relinquish most powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and thus chose to abdicate. His powerless reign and lack of legitimate heirs of his own saw his family's elimination from the line of succession after the parliamentary government dominated by pro-revanchist Hat Party politicians ventured into a war with Russia, which ended in defeat and the Russian tsarina Elizabeth getting <mask> of Holstein-Gottorp instated following the death of the king. Youth
He was the son of <mask>, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland. In 1692 the young prince made his Grand Tour to the Dutch Republic, in 1695 to the Italian Peninsula and later he studied in Geneva. After this he had a military career, leading the Hessian troops as Lieutenant General in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of the Dutch. He was defeated in 1703 in the Battle of Speyerbach, but participated the next year in the great victory in the Battle of Blenheim.In 1706 he was again defeated by the French in the Battle of Castiglione. Both in 1716 and 1718 he joined the campaign of <mask> of Sweden against Norway, and was appointed Swedish Generalissimus. Prince consort of Sweden
He married his second wife, Princess Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, in 1715. He was then granted the title Prince of Sweden, with the style Royal Highness by the estates, and was prince consort there during Ulrika Eleonora's rule as queen regnant from 1718 until her abdication in 1720. He is the only Swedish prince consort there has been to date. <mask> had much influence during the reign of his spouse. Some historians have suggested that the bullet which killed his brother-in-law <mask> of Sweden in 1718 was actually fired by <mask>'s aide André Sicre.Charles had been an authoritarian and demanding ruler; one reason the Swedish Estates elected <mask> was because he was taken to be fairly weak, which indeed he turned out to be. King of Sweden

<mask> succeeded Ulrika Eleonora on the throne upon her abdication in his favor in 1720, elected by the Swedish Estates. The defeats suffered by <mask> in the Great Northern War ended Sweden's position as a first-rank European power. Under <mask>, this had to be accepted. Sweden also had to cede Estonia, Ingria and Livonia to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, in 1721. <mask> was a very active and dynamic king at the beginning of his 31-year reign. But after the aristocracy had regained power during the wars with Russia, he became not so much powerless as uninterested in affairs of state.In 1723, he tried to strengthen royal authority, but after he failed, he never had much to do with politics. He did not even sign official documents; instead a stamp of his signature was used. He devoted most of his time to hunting and love affairs. His marriage to Queen Ulrika Eleonora was childless, but he had several children by his mistress, Hedvig Taube. In 1723 <mask> rewarded the military inventor Sven Åderman with the estate of Halltorps on the island of Öland, for improving the rate of fire of the musket. As a king, he was not very respected. When he was crowned, it was said of him: "King Charles we recently buried, King <mask> we crown – suddenly the clock has now passed from twelve to one".It is said about him, that although a lot of great achievements in the country's development happened during his reign, he never had anything to do with them himself. When he died, Carl Gustaf Tessin said about him:

Under the reign of King <mask>, science has developed – he never bothered to read a book. The merchant business has flourished – he has never encouraged it with a single coin. The Stockholm Palace has been built – he has never been curious enough to look at it. Neither did he have anything to do with the founding of the first Swedish speaking theater at Bollhuset during his reign. One of his few important policies was the banning of duels. On 23 February 1748 <mask> I instituted the three Swedish royal orders of the Seraphim, of the Sword and of the North Star, the three principal Swedish orders of chivalry.Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
<mask> became Landgrave of Hesse only in 1730, ten years after becoming King of Sweden. He immediately appointed his younger brother William governor of Hesse. As Landgrave, <mask> is generally not seen as a success. Indeed, he did concentrate more on Sweden, and due to his negotiated, compromise-like ascension to the throne there, he and his court had a very low income. The money for that very expensive court, then, since the 1730s came from wealthy Hesse, and this means that <mask> essentially behaved like an absentee landlord and drained Hessian resources to finance life in Sweden. Also, <mask>'s father, <mask> of Hesse-Kassel, had been the state's most successful ruler, rebuilding the state over his decades-long rule by means of economic and infrastructure measures and state reform, as well as tolerance, such as attracting, for economic purposes, the French Huguenots. His brother the governor, who would succeed <mask> as Landgrave <mask> of Hesse-Kassel, though by background a distinguished soldier, was likewise a great success locally.There are very few physical remainders of <mask> in Hesse today; one of them is his large Royal Swedish paraph (FR) over the old door of the University of Marburg's former riding hall, now the Institute of Physical Education. Ancestry

Family and issue

On 31 May 1700, he married his first wife, Louise Dorothea, Princess of Prussia (1680–1705), daughter of <mask> of Prussia (1657–1713) and Elizabeth Henrietta of Hesse-Kassel (1661–1683). Louise Dorothea died in childbirth in December 1705. His second wife, whom he married in 1715, was Ulrika Eleonora, Princess of Sweden,  (1688–1741), daughter of <mask> of Sweden (1655–1697) and of Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693). Ulrika suffered two miscarriages, one in 1715 and another in 1718, after which there are no further recorded pregnancies. <mask> had three extramarital children with his mistress Hedvig Taube:
 <mask> von Hessenstein (1735–1808). Charles Edward von Hessenstein (1737–1769).Hedwig Amalia von Hessenstein (1743–1752). After the death of Hedvig Taube, his official mistress was the noblewoman Catharina Ebba Horn, whom he gave the title and recognition of German-Roman Countess (1745–1748). Thus, the Hessian line in Sweden ended with him and was followed by that of Holstein-Gottorp. In Hesse-Kassel, he was succeeded by his younger brother <mask>, a famous general. References
 Spencer, Charles. Blenheim: Battle for Europe. Phoenix, 2005.Notes

External links

1676 births
1751 deaths
18th-century Swedish monarchs
Swedish monarchs of German descent
Hereditary Princes of Hesse-Kassel
Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel
Burials at Riddarholmen Church
Landgraves of Hesse
People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
Rulers of Finland
Hesse-Kassel, <mask> I, Landgrave of
18th-century German people
Age of Liberty people

masks:
Frederick I
Frederick I
Charles XII
Adph Frederick
Charles I
Charles XII
Frederick I
Charles XII
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Charles XII
Frederick
Frederick I
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Charles I
Frederick
William VIII
Frederick
Frederick I
Charles XI
Frederick I
Frederick William
William VIII
Frederick


title: Robert William Hughes

texts:
<mask> (January 16, 1821 – December 10, 1901) was a Virginia newspaper editor, attorney and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Education and career

Born on January 16, 1821, at Muddy Creek Plantation in Powhatan County, Virginia, <mask> was of an old Virginia family, whose ancestors came to the area of Powhatan County before 1700, when it was still Goochland County. He attended Caldwell Institute in Greensboro, North Carolina, then studied law in Fincastle, Virginia, and ultimately read law in 1846. He entered private practice in Richmond, Virginia from 1846 to 1853. He was editor of the Richmond Examiner from 1853 to 1857. He was editor of the Washington Union in Washington, D.C. from 1857 to 1861. He was again editor of the Richmond Examiner from 1861 to 1865.He was editor of the Richmond Republic from 1865 to 1866. He resumed private practice in Virginia from 1866 to 1869. He was editor of the Richmond State Journal from 1869 to 1870. He resumed private practice in Abingdon, Virginia from 1870 to 1871. He had some affiliation with some predecessors of the Norfolk and Western Railway. He was the United States Attorney for the Western District of Virginia from 1871 to 1873. Newspaper editor

In connection with the statewide elections of 1855, <mask> editorialized against the Know Nothing movement in Virginia, pointing out that Yankees and abolitionists, not immigrants and Roman Catholics, were the true threats to the Southern way of life."Why are Northern Abolitionists and Know Nothings persecuting and proscribing foreigners and Catholics?" he wrote. "It is because they have always refused to join with them in their outcry against slavery and the South." In 1857, <mask> left Richmond at the invitation of President James Buchanan to edit the Democratic newspaper, the Washington Union. His papers at the College of William & Mary include, among other things, a receipt for the purchase of two slaves in 1862. <mask> favored secession but was critical of the administration of Jefferson Davis. Post war political evolution

After the War, <mask> became "one of the first prominent Virginians to turn Republican during the Reconstruction period."Earlier, he "was an extreme secessionist, but after the war he became a moderate Republican and a favorite of President Grant, causing many of his old friends to consider him 'worse than a carpetbagger' and a 'Judas.'" He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in 1870, losing to <mask>, and in 1872, losing to Tazewell County farmer Rees Bowen. Duel

In June, 1869, <mask> shot and wounded a rival newspaperman and future Governor of Virginia, <mask>. Cameron, in a duel, after Cameron had published a "scathing" editorial about the transformation of <mask>'s political views. According to one account, "the parties met at Chester Station, on the Petersburg Railroad; but, before they could exchange a shot, the police made their appearance, and caused a flight of the parties. They passed into North Carolina, where they fought on June 12 with pistols. Cameron was hit in the breast at the first fire, the ball striking a rib and glancing. <mask> demanded another fire, but the surgeons declared that Cameron could not deliver another shot, and the affair ended 'to the satisfaction of all parties.'"Gubernatorial campaign

<mask> resigned as United States Attorney for the Western District of Virginia in 1873 for his unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Virginia, against James L. Kemper. At the Republican convention attended by white and black delegates, out of two candidates, "it was seen that Col<mask> was the stronger man, especially among the colored delegates." In accepting the Republican nomination, <mask> gave a speech applauding the fairness of the Reconstruction amendments, and condemned his opponents for running on the slogan of "Virginia for White Virginians." "Colonel <mask><mask>, at the time of his nomination, was the strongest and most popular Republican in Virginia. . . . There are no Republicans in Virginia, and very few in the whole South, who can command the respect that Judge <mask> enjoys." Federal judicial service

<mask> was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant on December 15, 1873, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia vacated by Judge John Curtiss Underwood. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 14, 1874, and received his commission the same day.His service terminated on February 22, 1898, due to his retirement. Notable cases

In 1879, in the case of Ex parte Kinney, 3 <mask> 9, 14 F.Cas. 602, Judge <mask> denied habeas corpus relief to a black petitioner who had married a white woman in Washington, D.C., then returned to Virginia, and was convicted under Virginia law of traveling out-of-state to marry and sentenced to five years of hard labor. "But the Kinney court went on to declare that Virginia could not enforce its law against nondomiciliaries nor exclude altogether interracial couples domiciled in the District of Columbia. 'That such a citizen would have a right of transit with his wife through Virginia, and of temporary stoppage, and of carrying on any business here not requiring residence, may be conceded, because these are privileges following a citizen of the United States . . . .'"

The same year, in the Arlington Estate case, Judge <mask> addressed the jurisdictional issues raised by Custis Lee's ejectment action to recover the family property, and concluded his opinion with these words: "If, then, it shall go up to the supreme court, as I doubt not it will do, I shall console myself with the memorable reflection of Lord Nottingham, in the case of the Duke of Norfolk: ‘I am not ashamed to have made this decision, nor will I be wounded if it should be reversed.'" Virginia Supreme Court speculation

In 1882, when a group of Republicans was seeking greater representation in governments, <mask> was mentioned as a possible member of a reconstituted Virginia Supreme Court. Death

<mask> died on December 10, 1901, near Abingdon.He was buried in Sinking Springs Cemetery, in Abingdon. Family

In 1850, at the Governor's mansion, <mask> married Joseph E. Johnston's niece, Eliza M. Johnston, who was the adopted daughter of then-Governor John B. Floyd. <mask>'s son, <mask><mask>, was a distinguished Virginia lawyer, and one of the early Presidents of the Virginia Bar Association. Poe

During his earlier period practicing law in Richmond, <mask> was an acquaintance of Edgar Allan Poe. Virginian, writer and patron of education

During his judicial career, <mask> lived in the Mowbray Arch section of the Ghent neighborhood, but kept a summer home near Abingdon. His published works included five volumes of reports of federal court opinions. In addition, <mask> published biographies of Generals Floyd and Johnston.He was interested in economics, and published his comments on the American monetary system and matters of public finance in post-War Virginia. He also raised horses, including thoroughbreds registered with the American Jockey Club. <mask> lectured on law at the University of Virginia, and served on its Board of Visitors from 1865 to 1872. He was also a trustee of the Hampton Institute, from 1870 to 1899. At the graduation exercises in 1875, Judge <mask> "said it was gratifying to put to rest the old belief that one race was inferior in capacity to the other." In 1881, the College of William & Mary conferred on Judge <mask> an honorary doctor of law degree. References

Sources

 College of William & Mary, Swem Library, Inventory of the Robert William <mask> Papers 1818-1900
 New York Times Archives, Profile of Col. <mask><mask>, Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia (August 3, 1873)

<mask>, <mask>.
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
<mask>, <mask>.
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Virginia
United States federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant
19th-century American judges
1821 births
1901 deaths
Virginia Democrats
Virginia Republicans

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Robert William Hughes
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title: Algernon Sidney

texts:
<mask> or Sydney (15 January 1623 – 7 December 1683) was an English politician, republican political theorist and colonel. A member of the middle part of the Long Parliament and commissioner of the trial of King Charles I of England, he opposed the king's execution. <mask> was later charged with plotting against Charles II, in part based on his most famous work, Discourses Concerning Government, which was used by the prosecution as a witness at his trial. He was executed for treason. After his death, <mask> was revered as a "Whig patriot–hero and martyr". The works of <mask>, along with those of contemporary John Locke, are considered a cornerstone of western thought. Discourses Concerning Government cost <mask> his life.However, the ideas it put forth survived and ultimately culminated in the Glorious Revolution in England and the founding of the United States. <mask> directly opposed the theory of divine right of kings by suggesting ideas such as limited government, voluntary consent of the people and the right of citizens to alter or abolish a corrupt government. Discourses Concerning Government has been called "the textbook of the American revolution." Early life
<mask>'s father was <mask>, 2nd Earl of Leicester, a direct descendant of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and the great-nephew of Sir <mask>. His mother was Dorothy Percy, daughter of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland. <mask> was born at Baynard's Castle, London, and was raised at Penshurst Place in Kent. His mother wrote to her husband in November 1636 that she had heard their son "much comended by all that comes from you .. . [for] a huge deall of witt and much sweetness of nature". English Civil War and Republic
Despite having earlier vowed that only "extreme necessity shall make me thinke of bearing arms in England", <mask> served in the Army of the Eastern Association, becoming lieutenant colonel of the Earl of Manchester's regiment of horse (cavalry). He fought at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, where an observer wrote: "Colonel <mask> charged with much gallantry in the head of my Lord Manchester's regiment of horses, and came off with many wounds, the true badges of his honour". He was later appointed colonel of the regiment when it was transferred to the New Model Army, but relinquished the appointment due to ill health. In 1645 <mask> was elected to the Long Parliament as Member of Parliament for Cardiff where he opposed compromising with the King, Charles I. In 1648 he opposed the purge of moderates who had formed the Rump Parliament. Despite being a commissioner for the trial of Charles, <mask> opposed the decision to execute the king, believing it to be of questionable lawfulness and wisdom.He said in explaining his view:

By 1649 <mask> had changed his opinion, declaring the king's execution as "the justest and bravest act ... that ever was done in England, or anywhere". In 1653 when Cromwell's army entered Parliament to dissolve it after a Bill was introduced that would have made elections more free, <mask> refused to leave the House until threatened with physical removal. He regarded Cromwell as a tyrant. In retirement, <mask> was bold enough to outrage the Lord Protector by allegedly putting on a performance of Julius Caesar, and playing the role of Brutus. He was for a time the lover of Lucy Walter, later the mistress of Charles II. <mask> regarded the Republic as vigorously pursuing England's national interests (in contrast to the Stuarts' record of military failure), writing in his Discourses Concerning Government:

Baltic ambassador

After Cromwell's death in 1658, the army abolished the Protectorate in 1659 and reconvened the Rump Parliament, with <mask> taking up his seat in the Commons. During 1659–1660 he was part of a delegation to help arbitrate peace between Denmark and Sweden, as war would threaten England's naval supplies, as well as those of the Dutch.The delegation was commanded by Edward Montagu, with <mask> and Sir Robert Honeywood. The third planned plenipotentiary, Bulstrode Whitelocke, declined because: "I knew well the overruling temper and height of Colonel Sydney". <mask> discarded conventional diplomatic norms ("a few shots of our cannon would have made this peace") to impose a peace favourable to England. Due to the Swedish king Charles X being unable to immediately receive them, the delegation negotiated with the Dutch on forming a joint fleet to impose peace terms. Charles X complained that the English "wish to command all, as if they were masters". <mask> in person handed Charles the treaty proposal (already accepted by Denmark), threatening military action. He recorded that Charles "in great choler ... told us, that we made projects upon our fleets, and he, laying his hand upon his sword, had a project by his side".<mask> would not back down and an observer wrote: "Everyone is amazed how <mask> stood up to him". But, Montagu planned to go back to England with the fleet, leading <mask> to give "his opinion, [that] for sending away the whole fleet he thought he should deserve to lose his head". Despite this curtailment of England's influence, Denmark, Sweden, France, England and Holland signed a treaty on 27 May 1660. It was during this period that <mask> signed the visitor's book at the University of Copenhagen with: "PHILIPPUS SIDNEY MANUS HAEC INIMICA TYRANNIS ENSE PETIT PLACIDAM CUM  LIBERTATE QUIETEM" ("This hand, enemy to tyrants, by the sword seeks peace with liberty"). This expression was incorporated into the Great Seal of Massachusetts in 1780 by act of legislature during the American Revolutionary War. Exile

<mask> was abroad when the monarchy was restored in 1660. His first reaction to the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy was to write:

Because in 1659 he had defended the execution of Charles I, <mask> thought it wise to remain in exile in Rome.While he was prepared to submit he would not, he wrote, countenance "acknowledgement of our faults, in having bin against this king, or his father. ... I shall be better contented with my fortune, when I see theare was noe way of avoiding it, that is not worse than ruine". He was saved by a stranger from an assassination attempt. In 1663 during a trip to the Calvinist academy at the University of Geneva, <mask> wrote in the visitor's book: "SIT SANGUINIS ULTOR JUSTORUM" ("Let there be revenge for the blood of the just"). In Augsburg in April 1665, he was the target of another assassination attempt. When in Holland, Gilbert Burnet records, <mask> and other republicans:

In mid-1666 <mask> was in Paris, where he negotiated with the king, Louis XIV.Louis subsequently wrote that <mask> "promised me to produce a great uprising ... but the proposition he put to me to advance him 100,000 ecus ... was more than I wished to expose on the word of a fugitive [so] I offered him [initially] only 20,000". He remained in France until 1677, when he returned to England. Court Maxims
During 1665–66 <mask> wrote Court Maxims, in which he argued for a reversal of the Restoration of the monarchy: " ... as death is the greatest evil that can befall a person, monarchy is the worst evil that can befall a nation". <mask> also claimed that an English republic would have a natural "unity of interest" with the Dutch Republic in "extirpat[ing] the two detested families of Stuart and Orange". This manuscript was not widely known, and Court Maxims was not published until 1996. Restoration Crisis: 1677–1683
<mask> returned to England in early September 1677. On  his father's death, <mask> inherited £5,100,  but to obtain his inheritance was forced to bring  a lawsuit against his brothers, who  as executors of the estate  had refused to pay him  the money, in the Court of Chancery.Although he won the case the proceedings were lengthy and required him to remain in England for several years. He stayed at Leicester House in London. Here he became involved in politics, with the French ambassador, Paul Barillon writing on 6 October:

Due to his helping gain the fall of Danby in December 1678, <mask> received 500 guineas from the French, getting another 500 guineas the next year. <mask> wished for an alliance of English and Dutch republicans against the Stuart–Orange alliance and told Barillon "that it is an old error to believe that it is against the interest of France to suffer England to become a republic". <mask> believed that it was a "fundamental principle that the House of Stuart and that of Orange are inseparably united". After the dissolution of Charles II's last Parliament in 1681, <mask>, according to Burnet, helped write the answer to the king's declaration, entitled A Just and Modest Vindication of the Proceedings of the Two Last Parliaments: "An answer was writ to the king's declaration with great spirit and true judgment. It was at first penned by <mask>.But a new draught was made by Somers, and corrected by Jones". <mask> united with Lord Shaftesbury and others in plotting against the perceived royal tyranny, of a 'force without authority.' <mask> was later to be implicated in the Rye House Plot, a scheme to assassinate Charles and his brother James, who later became King James II. Trial and execution
On 25 June 1683 <mask>'s arrest warrant was issued. During his arrest his papers were confiscated, including the draft of the Discourses. He was tried on 7 November 1683. William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Escrick was the only witness, and since the law stated that two witnesses were necessary, the government used the Discourses as its second witness.Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys (whose conduct of the trial caused much criticism, then and later) ruled: "Scribere est agere" ("to write is to act"). Heneage Finch, the Solicitor General, described the Discourses as "An argument for the people to rise up in arms against the King". In response, <mask> said that it was easy to condemn him by quoting his words out of context: "If you take the scripture to pieces you will make all the penmen of the scripture blasphemous; you may accuse David of saying there is no God and of the Apostles that they were drunk." He argued that he was entitled to write what he chose, as long as he did not publish it. Jeffreys replied that no man has a right to curse the King, in public or in private. <mask> was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death on 26 November. Jeffreys, ill-tempered as ever, said  that he hoped God would put <mask> into a proper state to enter the next world "for I see you are not fit for this one".In The Apology of Algernon Sydney, in the Day of his Death, <mask> wrote that his life's work was to:

He petitioned the King for mercy on the grounds of Jeffreys' unprofessional conduct, and friends and relatives added their pleas: but the King was as implacable as he had been in the case of William Russell, Lord Russell. <mask>  now resigned himself to death, remarking coarsely that for all he cared "the King can make a snuffbox from my arse". On the scaffold, <mask> argued that his conviction was unlawful, disputing the quality of the evidence against him and pointing out various deviations from proper legal procedure at his trial. He also reiterated his objections to absolute monarchy from Discourses Concerning Government, arguing that these did not constitute treason. Still, he observed that he was abstaining from tackling truly "great matters" in this last speech of his, because "We live in an age that makes truth pass for treason". He concluded by declaring that he was dying for the Good Old Cause. He was beheaded on 7 December 1683, and his remains were buried at Penshurst.Discourses Concerning Government

For <mask> absolute monarchy was a great political evil. His Discourses Concerning Government (the text for which <mask> lost his life) was written during the Exclusion Crisis, as a response to Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, a defense of divine right monarchy, first published in 1680. The divine right of kings is a political system in which all powers of government are vested solely in the king and granted to him by God. Under this system, the king acts as God's hand on earth. His power extends beyond government into the private religious life of his subjects. Under this system, citizens were often persecuted and imprisoned for their religious beliefs. It is this divine right of kings government that <mask> strongly opposed.In 1698, his Discourses Concerning Government was published outlining what he believed constituted a valid civil government. <mask> believed that the individuals have the right to choose their own form of government and that, if that government became corrupt, the people retained the power to abolish it and form another. In his own words, "God leaves to man the choice of forms in government ... He who institutes, may also abrogate." <mask> also argued that for a valid civil government to exist, it must be formed by general and voluntary consent. <mask> states in his Discourses Concerning Government that, "General consent ... is the ground of all just governments." Furthermore, <mask> believed that civil government should have limited jurisdiction.He said the, "only ends for which governments are constituted and obedience rendered to them, are the obtaining of justice and protection." This suggests a limited civil government whose primary purpose is to 1) render legal justice through its court system and 2) provide for the safety of its citizens. We can also conclude from <mask> that, if a government fails to accomplish these basic components, obedience to that government is no longer required. <mask>'s Discourses Concerning Government along with Locke's Two Treatises on Government are recognized as critical works in the founding of the United States of America. The founding fathers read and studied these works during their years as students in the early colonial universities. Thomas Jefferson in particular, is known to have heavily studied and researched the works of Locke and <mask>. The Discourses Concerning Government has been called the "textbook of the American Revolution."Legacy
After his death, <mask> was revered as the "Whig patriot–hero and martyr". Burnet said of <mask>:

<mask>'s influence on political thought in eighteenth-century Britain and Colonial America was probably second only to that of John Locke among seventeenth-century political theorists. In his study of political theory in Britain from 1689 to 1720, J. P. Kenyon said that <mask>'s Discourses "were certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises". The poet James Thomson, in his poem The Seasons, praised <mask> as "the British Cassius", the hero "warmed" by "ancient learning to the enlightened love/Of ancient freedom". <mask>'s reputation suffered a blow when Sir John Dalrymple published his Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1771, which exposed him as a pensioner of Louis XIV. Dalrymple, who had greatly admired <mask>, wrote that he would hardly feel more shame if he had seen his own son run away from a battle. The Whig MP Charles James Fox described <mask> and Lord Russell as "two names that will, it is hoped, be ever dear to every English heart" and predicted that "when their memory shall cease to be an object of respect and veneration ... English liberty will be fast approaching its final consummation".<mask> had a significant effect on the American conception of liberty. He was a hero of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, "the best-read and most widely regarded pamphleteers of prerevolutionary times." In their 1720-1723 essays Cato's Letters, they adopted <mask>'s argument that "free men always have the right to resist tyrannical government"; those essays, in turn, inspired the name of the modern libertarian think tank the Cato Institute. Thomas Jefferson believed <mask> and Locke to be the two primary sources for the Founding Fathers' view of liberty. John Adams wrote to Jefferson in 1823 on the subject of <mask>:

The Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay said of <mask> in 1828:

But in 1848, Macaulay wrote of the Whig opposition to Charles II:

The libertarian philosopher Friedrich Hayek quoted <mask>'s Discourses on the title page of his The Constitution of Liberty: "Our inquiry is not after that which is perfect, well knowing that no such thing is found among men; but we seek that human Constitution which is attended with the least, or the most pardonable inconveniences". <mask> <mask> is one of the namesakes for Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia. The College formerly used the original spelling of <mask>.He was chosen because of the role his ideas played in moulding the beliefs of the American Revolutionary thinkers. <mask> became widely used as a given name in the United States after the American Revolution due to admiration for <mask> <mask> as a martyr to royal tyranny. Works
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses Concerning Government (London, 1698, and later editions);
  <mask>, <mask>: Apology in the Day of His Death;
  <mask>, <mask>: The Administration and the Opposition. Addressed to the Citizens of New-Hampshire (Concord, Jacob B. Moore, 1826, ASIN B000IUQ14Q)
  <mask>, <mask>: Algernon <mask>s Betrachtungen über Regierungsformen (Leipzig, Weygand, 1793: German translation of Discourses Concerning Government)
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses Concerning Government, ed. Thomas G. West (Indianapolis, 1996, )
  <mask>, <mask>: Court Maxims, Cambridge University Press, in series Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, 1996, )
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses on Government. To Which is Added, An Account of the Author's Life (The Lawbook Exchange, New York, 2002 reprint, )

See also: Published literature from and about <mask> <mask>. Notes

Bibliography

 , with...

Further reading

 Everdell, Williams R. (2000).The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. University of Chicago Press. External links

 "Colonel <mask>'s Speech – Delivered to the sheriff on the scaffold December 7th 1683"
 William F. Campbell: Classical Republicans, Whigs, and Tories, Louisiana State University
 Why did the Whigs fail to force exclusion on Charles II.? 1623 births
1683 deaths
17th-century English diplomats
17th-century philosophers
English republicans
British classical liberals
English political philosophers
Executed philosophers
Executed politicians
Executions at the Tower of London
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
Executed people from London
People of the Rye House Plot
Roundheads
Algernon
English politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians from London
Diplomats from London
Younger sons of earls

masks:
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title: Stef Nijland

texts:
<mask> (; born 10 August 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for DVS '33. Career

Groningen
Born in Hoogezand, Nĳland began his professional career during the 2007–08 season with Groningen and signed a contract with the club until 2009. <mask> made his Groningen debut, where he set up one of the goals, in a 3–0 win against NAC Breda in the opening game of the season on 18 August 2007. He also made his European debut, where he played the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Fiorentina on 20 September 2007. He continued to make a handful of first team appearances and then scored his first goals for the club, in an 8–1 win over IJsselmeervogels in the second round of KNVB Cup on 26 September 2007. However, he suffered an injury, which he sustained in training and was sidelined for months. After two months on the sidelines, he made his first team return on 9 December 2007, coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 4–2 loss against Heerenveen.Two weeks later on 22 December 2007, he scored his first Groningen league goal and set up one of the goals, in a 2–1 win over Heracles Almelo. Seven days later on 29 December 2007, <mask> scored a brace, in a 3–1 win over Sparta Rotterdam, followed up by setting up two goals, in a 3–2 win over Excelsior in the next game. For his performance, <mask> signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2012 and revealed that he turned down a move to join Ajax in the January transfer window, where he could have joined alongside Bruno Silva and Rasmus Lindgren. <mask> then scored again on 24 February 2008, in a 3–1 win over VVV-Venlo. Despite suffering from ankle injury, <mask> finished his first season at Groningen, making twenty–three appearances and scoring six times in all competition. PSV Eindhoven
On 24 August 2008, <mask> left Groningen when he was transferred to PSV for a fee of €4 million, signing a five–year contract, keeping him until 2013. <mask> then made his PSV debut, where he made his first start for the club and played for 55 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–0 win over Sparta Rotterdam.After missing out one match, he returned and set up one of the goals, in a 3–2 loss against Roda JC on 25 October 2008. It wasn't until on 29 November 2008 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–2 draw against Heerenveen. In his second meeting against his former club Groningen on 21 February 2009, <mask> came on as a late substitute in the second half and scored a winning goal, in a 1–0 win. However, as the 2008–09 season progressed, his first team opportunities was limited, as he appeared most of the time on the substitute bench before an injury forced him out for the rest of the season. In his first season at PSV, he went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions. In the 2009–10 season, <mask> made one appearance for PSV, where he came on as a substitute in the second half, in a 2–0 win over Roda JC in the third round of KNVB Cup. Following his loan spell at Willem II came to an end, he scored on his first appearance for the club in the 2010–11 season, in a 3–0 win over Sparta Rotterdam in second round of KNVB Cup.<mask> went on to make seven appearances in the 2010–11 season in all competition. After being told by the club's technical manager Marcel Brands that he would not be at the club next season, <mask> returned to the club at the end of the 2011–12 season and was linked with a move to German side 1860 Munich and even started a negotiation between the two parties, but remained at PSV Eindhoven after he rejected a move to the club. At the end of the 2012–13 season, <mask> was released by the club after being told that his contract would not be renewed. Loan spells
On 24 December 2009, PSV loaned <mask> to Willem II for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. <mask> made his Willem II debut on 13 January 2010 in a friendly match against UD Ojen, where he scored five goals, in a 9–1 victory for the club. Ten days later on 23 January 2010, he scored on his league debut for Willem II, in a 4–2 loss against Heerenveen, followed up by scoring his second on 29 January 2010, in a 2–1 win against RKC Waalwijk. He went on to score two more goals later in the season against NEC, Sparta Rotterdam and Eindhoven.At the end of the 2009–10 season, Nijland helped the club survive relegation to ensure that Willem II stayed in the top–flight football for another season and scored five times in twenty appearances. On 25 May 2011, PSV loaned Nijland to NEC Nijmegen for the 2011/12 season. <mask> scored on his debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Heerenveen. He scored his second goal of the season, in the second round of KNVB Cup, in a 4–1 win over Fortuna Sittard on 20 September 2011. However, <mask> suffered injuries as the 2011–12 season and went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring two times in the 2011–12 season in all competition. On 28 January 2013, Nĳland went to Australian club Brisbane Roar on a four-month loan deal. <mask> made his debut for Brisbane in round 19 against Central Coast Mariners in a 2–2 draw.Despite keen on signing for the club on a permanent basis, <mask> failed to score a single goal in his ten appearances at the club and at the end of the 2012–13 season, he returned to his parent club. PEC Zwolle
After leaving PSV Eindhoven, <mask> signed for newly promoted side PEC Zwolle, signing a three–year contract, keeping him until 2016. Upon joining the club, <mask> re–joined Manager Ron Jans from his time at Groningen. <mask> made his PEC Zwolle debut, where he came on as a late substitute, in a 3-0 win over Hercales, It wasn't until on 1 September 2013 when he scored his first PEC Zwolle goal, in a 1–1 draw against Utrecht. His second goal then came on 8 December 2013, in a 4–1 loss against Go Ahead Eagles. However, his first season at PEC Zwolle was a disappointment for him, as his first team opportunities was limited and restricted into making twenty–five appearances and scoring two times in all competition. Frustrated with a lack of first team opportunities last season, <mask> considered leaving the club ahead of the 2014–15 season Despite this, <mask> was named in the starting eleven in the 2014 Dutch Supercup-game between PEC and Ajax, where he scored the winning goal in a 1-0 win, giving PEC its first ever Supercup win and himself his second major trophy at the club.Following the match, his performance was praised by the club's director Gerard Nijkamp. Niljand's season proved was an improvement for him, as he was given more first team opportunities and by the first half of the season, he scored five times in seventeen appearances against Vitesse (in addition to being named Man of the Match by Voetbal International, Heracles Almelo, Go Ahead Eagles and Excelsior (twice). At the start of 2015, he scored three more goals against Utrecht and Dordrecht before receiving a straight red card, in a 1–0 loss against Go Ahead Eagles on 15 February 2015. After serving a two match suspension, <mask> returned to the first team on 7 March 2015 and scored a hat–trick of his career, in a 6–1 win over Cambuur despite playing for twenty–one minutes during the match. Despite suffering an injury towards the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> finished the 2014–15 season, making thirty–eight appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions, making him the club's topscorer. In the 2015–16 season, Niljand continued to be in the first team regular despite facing new competitions and it wasn't until on 7 November 2015 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Heracules Almelo, followed up by scoring in a 5–0 win over Roda JC. As the 2015–16 season progressed, Niljand went on to score four more goals against Heerenveen, De Graafschap (twice) and Willem II.As a result, Niljand signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2018. Despite suffering from injuries as the 2015–16 season progressed, <mask> finished the 2015–16 season, making twenty–seven appearances and scoring six times in all competitions. In the 2016–17 season, <mask> appeared in the first three matches to the season before a thigh injury, which he sustained during a 4–0 defeat to PSV Eindhoven. International career
In May 2008, <mask> was called up by the B Team. Personal life
He is the son of Hans Nĳland, the former Managing Director of FC Groningen. In addition to playing football, <mask> said he has been taking Spanish classes in an interview with Goal.com. <mask> also revealed that he's often being called <mask> than <mask>.Career statistics

References

External links

 Stef Nijland at Voetbal International  –

1988 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
FC Groningen players
PSV Eindhoven players
Willem II (football club) players
NEC Nijmegen players
PEC Zwolle players
De Graafschap players
DVS '33 players
Eredivisie players
Brisbane Roar FC players
A-League Men players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
People from Hoogezand-Sappemeer
Association football forwards
Dutch expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Australia

masks:
Stefan Nĳland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Nijland
Stef
Stefan
Stef


title: Robert E. Cramer

texts:
<mask> "Bud<mask>. (born  August 22, 1947) is an American politician and was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009, representing . On March 13, 2008, Cramer announced he would not seek re-election to a 10th term. Early life
Cramer was born and raised in Huntsville, Alabama. Known as Bud by his classmates, he earned a bachelor of arts in 1969 and law degree from the University of Alabama in 1972. After graduating, he joined the Army as a tank officer. He served at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and remained a member of the Army Reserve from 1976 to 1978. A widower, Cramer has a daughter, Hollan Lanier; two grandsons, Dylan and Mason; and a granddaughter, Patricia.He is a member of the United Methodist Church, and taught Sunday school classes to young people for many years. Early political career
In 1973, Cramer was appointed assistant district attorney in Madison County, a position he held until going into private practice in 1975. He remained in private practice until 1980, when he challenged the incumbent Madison County District Attorney and won at age 33. He was district attorney from 1981 to 1990, until Rep. Ronnie Flippo ran unsuccessfully for governor. Cramer ran for the vacant Congressional seat and won. In 1985, he founded the National Children's Advocacy Center, a child-friendly environment for abused children. He was briefly considered for a post in the Bush administration in 2001.Retirement
On March 13, 2008, <mask> surprised colleagues by announcing that he would not seek re-election in 2008 and would retire at the end of his term. Alabama State Senator and Democrat Parker Griffith defeated Republican Wayne Parker in the race to succeed Cramer. Griffith would announce on December 22, 2009 that he was switching parties to join the Republican caucus, becoming only the second Republican ever to represent the district. U.S. House

Elections
<mask> was handily reelected in 1992. However, he was nearly defeated in 1994 by Republican businessman Wayne Parker—the closest that a Republican had come to winning one of the few remaining districts (prior to 2010) in the former Confederacy to have never elected a Republican since Reconstruction. Cramer only held onto his seat by 1,770 votes. Cramer managed to defeat Parker with less difficulty in 1996 and never faced serious opposition again, winning five more terms by over 70 percent of the vote and running unopposed in 2006.Tenure
In the House, Cramer was a tireless supporter of the International Space Station and a leading advocate for spending increases in missile defense, as Huntsville has long been a center for research and development of these two projects, as Redstone Arsenal—located in the district—is home of the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. A liberal in his early days, he largely supported the Democratic line for his first three terms. The 1994 near-defeat, however, led Cramer to move more to the right in his voting. He often broke with his party on issues such as abortion, gay rights, gun control, taxes, regulation of business, and the environment. Cramer was one of only four Democrats in the House to vote for the tax cut bill of 2003. However, unlike a few other conservative Democrats, he did not vote in favor of any of the articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. Cramer's voting record placed him near the center of the House; however, he was often cited as unpredictable in his votes.Child protection has long been a legislative project of <mask>'s pursuant to his work with the area prior to his ascent to the House. Cramer was a long-time member of the Blue Dog Democrats, a coalition of conservative and moderate House Democrats. Because of his largely conservative positions, he was encouraged by fellow Alabama politician Sen. Richard Shelby to make the same switch that he did and register as a Republican. Cramer has resisted these efforts, and won reelection easily in his increasingly conservative district despite his party affiliation. On October 10, 2002, <mask> was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq. He also voted in favor of some measures favored by the Republican majority, including the continued occupation of Iraq and re-authorization of the Patriot Act. However, Cramer joined fellow Democrats in opposing President Bush's plan to send 21,000 additional troops to Iraq.Committees
House Committee on Appropriations
 Subcommittee on Defense
 Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
 Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
 The Select Intelligence Oversight Panel
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
 Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Chairman)
 Subcommittee on Technical & Tactical Intelligence
The Blue Dog Coalition, Co-Founder
The Congressional Missing & Exploited Children's Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The End the Death Tax Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The House Anti-Terrorism Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The Tennessee Valley Authority Caucus, Co-Chairman

Research Resources
Cramer's Congressional Papers are held by Special Collections and Archives at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Electoral history

Group ratings (2004)
National Journal
 Economic: 50% Liberal, 49% Conservative
 Social: 48% Liberal, 51% Conservative
 Foreign: 54% Liberal, 45% Conservative
Americans for Democratic Action: 75
American Civil Liberties Union: 25
Chamber of Commerce of the United States: 86
Christian Coalition: 58
American Conservative Union: 50
National Taxpayers Union: 26
League of Conservation Voters: 36

Notes

External links

 <mask> E. (Bud) Cramer Congressional Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

|-

1947 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Alabama Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
District attorneys in Alabama
Lawyers from Huntsville, Alabama
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
Military personnel from Huntsville, Alabama
Politicians from Huntsville, Alabama
United States Army officers
University of Alabama alumni
American United Methodists
20th-century Methodists
21st-century Methodists

masks:
Robert Edward
" Cramer Jr
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Bud Cramer
Robert


title: Kenny Rogers (baseball)

texts:
<mask> (born November 10, 1964) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher, with a 20-year career (1989 to 2008) for six different teams. He won the 1996 World Series with the New York Yankees over his hometown Atlanta Braves, and played in the 2006 World Series with the Detroit Tigers. In addition to being known for his fielding (winning five Gold Glove Awards), he pitched the 14th perfect game in MLB history. In 2008, he was the oldest baseball player in the American League. <mask> is nicknamed The Gambler after a song made famous by the singer who shares his name. Biography
<mask> was born in Savannah, Georgia, and grew up on a  farm in Dover, Florida. <mask> and his wife, Rebecca Lewis, reside in Westlake, Texas, with their two children.He enjoys golf, fishing and building houses for Habitat for Humanity. Baseball career
<mask> graduated from Plant City High School in Florida in 1982, where he played baseball only during his senior season, hitting .375 as a right fielder (he played shortstop in his senior league). He was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 39th round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and signed for $1,000. He was converted into a pitcher on the strength of his throwing arm and left-handedness. <mask> spent 7 years in the minor leagues before making it to the Rangers in 1989 as a reliever. He became a starting pitcher for the club in 1993. During <mask>' career, he played for the: Texas Rangers (1989–95, 2000–02, 2004–05), New York Yankees (1996–97), Oakland Athletics (1998–99), New York Mets (1999), Minnesota Twins (2003), and Detroit Tigers (2006–08).With the Detroit Tigers in 2006, he won 17 regular season games, and excelled in the post-season with 23 straight scoreless innings over his 3 starts. He's one of only 3 pitchers in Rangers history through 2009 to win at least 17 games in 31 starts or fewer (set back in 1995), along with Scott Feldman (also in 2009) and Ferguson Jenkins (18 wins in 30 starts in 1978). Oakland Athletics
On November 18, 1997, <mask> was acquired by the Oakland Athletics from the Yankees for third baseman Scott Brosius in Billy Beane's first trade as general manager. <mask> led the Oakland pitching staff in his first season in innings (238.7) and wins (16). The next season, he started 19 games, winning only 5 with a 4.30 ERA. He was traded at the deadline to the New York Mets for Terrence Long and a minor league player. New York Mets
<mask> was traded by the Athletics on July 23, 1999, in exchange for Leo Vazquez and Terrence Long.During his short tenure, <mask> started 12 games during the regular season, winning 5 and losing 1, compiling a 4.03 earned run average. He is best remembered in a Mets uniform for walking in the series winning run against the Atlanta Braves in Game 6 of the 1999 NLCS, giving the Braves the win on a walk-off walk, and costing the Mets the series. <mask> became a free agent following the 1999 season. Second Stint with Texas Rangers
After the 1999 season, <mask> signed with the Texas Rangers. Minnesota Twins
<mask> Signed with the Minnesota Twins in March of 2003, filing the rotation slot vacated by an injured Eric Milton. <mask> went 13-8 with a 4.57 ERA during the regular season, and made one appearance out of the bullpen in the ALDS against the New York Yankees. Third Stint With Rangers
<mask> Rejoined the Rangers as a free agent in 2004.On June 29, 2005, after walking out onto Ameriquest Field for a pre-game warmup against the LA Angels, <mask> shoved two cameramen, knocking one camera to the ground. One of the reporters resumed filming after picking up said camera, which angered <mask> into shoving him again, after grabbing and throwing the camera to the ground, kicking it. He was then led away by a teammate and later sent home by the Club. Larry Rodriguez (the assaulted cameraman) of Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex' Fox Network affiliate KDFW was taken to a local hospital, complaining of shoulder, arm and leg pain. While in the hospital, Rodriguez made an official complaint of assault against <mask>. Two days after the incident, Commissioner Bud Selig suspended <mask> for 20 games and fined him $50,000. While an appeal of his suspension was pending, <mask> appeared at the All-Star Game in Detroit.The suspension was subsequently upheld by Selig. The commissioner was later overruled by independent arbiter Shyam Das, allowing <mask> to return to play after sitting out 13 games. On July 18, 2005, <mask> was charged with a Class A misdemeanor assault charge with regard to Rodriguez and a Class C misdemeanor assault charge with regard to the second, FSN Southwest, cameraman David Mammeli. <mask> was cited and released on $1,500 bond. The Class A charge was later reduced to Class C following <mask>' completion of an anger management course. On August 11, 2005, <mask> returned to the mound against the Boston Red Sox in Fenway Park. <mask> allowed 5 runs and 7 hits during 5 innings, on the way to a 16–5 Boston victory.He finished 2005 with a 3.46 ERA in 195 innings. Shortly after the regular season ended, the Rangers announced <mask> would not return to the team. On October 5, 2005, Rodriguez filed a civil suit against <mask> and the Rangers, seeking an unspecified amount of monetary damages. Signing with Detroit

On December 8, 2005, <mask> signed a two-year, $16 million contract with the Detroit Tigers. <mask> ended the 2006 regular season with a record of 17–8 and a 3.84 ERA. "We've needed a guy like that for a long time. I'm glad we went out and got him...He means a lot to our team and to guys like me," said Tigers starter Jeremy Bonderman on <mask>.<mask>, on his first year in Detroit: "There's a lot of benefits here, by far, that you wouldn't know as a visiting player, and for me, I've been around quite a while, but I appreciate the town, the city, the people. The travel for a baseball player is very hard, but here it's not that difficult. It lends itself to being able to relax on certain days that you could get off. There's just more benefits, especially when you have the quality of people here like Dombrowski and like we have in Mr. Ilitch, those things that you can't take for granted. You add in Jim Leyland and the coaching staff here, and I just got lucky to choose this place...Right when I went in the door and met them, I knew. I knew where I was going to end up." On March 30, 2007, ESPN reported that <mask> would miss 3 months after undergoing surgery for a blood clot in his pitching shoulder.He made his return on June 22 against the Atlanta Braves, pitching 6 scoreless innings and allowing 2 hits while earning his first win of the season. 2006 postseason
On October 6, 2006, <mask> won his first postseason game, pitching 7 scoreless innings with 8 strikeouts in a 6–0 Tigers victory against the Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series. At 41 years and 330 days old, he became the oldest starting pitcher to earn his first career postseason win. A week later on October 13, <mask> retired 9 batters in a row, in Game 3 of the American League Championship Series against the Oakland Athletics, allowing only 2 hits and 2 walks in 7 scoreless innings, while striking out 6 and pacing the Tigers to a 3–0 victory, leaving the Tigers 1 win away from their first World Series appearance since 1984. <mask> started Game 2 of the 2006 World Series on October 22, 2006. "We wanted <mask> to pitch 2 games at home," Leyland said. He left the game with the Tigers in the lead 3–0, pitching 8 shutout innings, retiring 10 straight batters, striking out 5, allowing only 2 hits and 3 walks, making him the oldest starting pitcher to win a World Series game, and 1 of only 2 pitchers over the age of 40 to do so (Curt Schilling would become the second in 2007).During the first inning, Fox cameras caught a smudge on <mask>' pitching hand. <mask> said it was dirt mixed with rosin from the rosin bag and wiped it off. MLB spokesperson Rich Levin said the incident was investigated, and the substance was described as dirt. Since it's not ruled a foreign substance, per Rule 8.02, <mask> remained in the game. In the process, <mask> extended his streak to 23 shutout innings. Examination of images from previous games revealed similar smudges in 2 other games. Retirement

After injuries shortened his 2007–08 seasons, <mask> ceased playing at the end of 2008.With 219 career victories, he became the 7th 200-game winner who never won 20 games in any single season, joining Milt Pappas, Jerry Reuss, Frank Tanana, Charlie Hough, Dennis Martínez and Chuck Finley. Tim Wakefield joined the group with his 200th win in 2011. Mike Mussina reached 200 wins without having a 20-win season, but recorded a 20-win season afterward. On August 6, 2011, <mask> was enshrined into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame. In 2010, <mask> served as a pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers during spring training. According to remarks by Justin Verlander and Jim Leyland, his ability to coach pitchers on fielding would be particularly of interest to the team. In 2011, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Comerica Park in Game 3 of the ALDS.<mask> reportedly never formally retired from Major League Baseball. Accomplishments

Perfect game
<mask> pitched the 14th perfect game in baseball history on July 28, 1994 with the Rangers against the California Angels (the last no-hitter in Rangers history to date, and the only perfect game in franchise history). Soon after his feat, he appeared on ABC's Good Morning America on July 29, 1994, and on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman on August 1, 1994. He also met and appeared with musician <mask> at a function in Arlington, Texas on August 13, 1994. <mask>' 1994 perfect game was caught by Iván Rodríguez, who in June 2007 caught the no-hitter of Roger's future teammate Detroit Tiger  Justin Verlander. The game took place exactly three years to the day of the last perfect game, pitched by Dennis Martínez of the Montreal Expos on July 28, 1991. Gold Gloves
Known as one of the finest fielding pitchers in baseball, <mask> won 5 Gold Glove Awards at pitcher, including 4 with the Rangers and 1 with the Tigers.He was honored with a Fielding Bible Award in 2008 as the top fielding pitcher in MLB. Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane stated that <mask> "was the best fielding pitcher" he ever saw. "It's like having an extra infielder." 200 career wins
On June 18, 2006 <mask> won his 200th game (against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field), during which Detroit set a club record with 8 home runs. Pickoffs
<mask> is second all-time in pickoffs with 93 in his career. On May 9, 2008 against the New York Yankees, <mask> picked off Wilson Betemit in the second inning for his 92nd pick-off, passing Mark Langston. See also
 List of MLB perfect games
 List of MLB career wins leaders
 List of MLB career hit batsmen leaders
 List of MLB career strikeout leaders

References

External links
, or Retrosheet

Articles
<mask> claims another 2006 honor: Detroit fans name pitcher King <mask> <mask> wins 5th overall Gold Glove
Re-inventing Kenny Rogers
Series win is last stop in great ride
<mask> morphs from postseason dud to stud at 41
At 41, <mask> tastes playoff champagne
Rangers gambled on <mask>; 190 wins later, he's a Tiger
Questions linger over substance on <mask>'s hand

Audio
<mask> de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tulsa Drillers players
West Michigan Whitecaps players

masks:
Kenneth Scott Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
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Rogers
Rogers
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Rogers
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Rogers
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Kenny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Kenny Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Tiger Kenny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Kenny Rogersurones


title: Robert Suderburg

texts:
<mask> (28 January 1936 in Spencer, Iowa – 22 April 2013 in Williamstown, Massachusetts) was an American composer, conductor, and pianist. Biography
The son of a jazz trombonist, <mask> studied composition with Paul Fetler at the University of Minnesota, where he received a BA in 1957. He did post-graduate studies with Richard Donovan at Yale University (MM 1960), and with George Rochberg at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his PhD in 1966 with a dissertation, "Tonal Cohesion in Schoenberg's Twelve-tone Music". After teaching at Bryn Mawr College, the Philadelphia Academy of Music, and the University of Pennsylvania, in 1966 he was appointed professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he also became associate director of the University of Washington's Contemporary Group, and taught there until 1974. From 1974 to 1984 he was chancellor of the North Carolina School of the Arts, and in 1985 joined the music faculty of Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He served as chair of the department from 1986 to 1995. In 1994 he was appointed to a named chair, and continued to teach until his retirement in 2001.<mask>'s compositions have been published by Theodore Presser and performed nationally and internationally by major orchestras, ensembles, and solo artists, including the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Seattle and North Carolina symphonies, and the Philadelphia String Quartet. His works and performances have been recorded by Columbia, Vox and Delfon, among others. <mask> taught music at Williams College beginning in 1985, became composer-in-residence  there in 1986, and served as Chair of the Music Department from 1986 to 1995. He retired in 2001. <mask> conducted and taught at Bryn Mawr, the Philadelphia Musical Academy, the University of Pennsylvania, and the City University of New York. He also served as Co-director of the Contemporary Group at the University of Washington (1966–74), and President of the Cornish Institute in Seattle (1984–85). He served on many boards and panels, including the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Composers Panel from 1975 to 1981.He received fellowships, awards, and prizes including two Guggenheim Fellowships, two NEA Fellowships, numerous ASCAP awards, awards from the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Music Center, the USIA award, and others. Musical style
<mask>'s earlier compositions were serial, but in the late 1960s he abandoned twelve-tone technique and turned to a highly personal, lyrical, basically neoromantic style. His musical language is largely modal, with Phrygian and Lydian predominating, and occasionally adopts scale patterns characteristic of non-Western traditions, such as those of Japanese koto music. Rising major sevenths and minor ninths are favoured melodic intervals, and his harmonies frequently feature sounds derived from the major-seventh and major-seventh with added fourth chords. He tends to use moderate to slow underlying tempos, but with active and pliable surface rhythms, suggesting improvisation. Compositions (selective list)
 Concert Mass, for SATB choir (1960)
 Six Moments, for piano (1962)
 Cantata I (text: Revelations), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1963)
 Cantata II (text by the composer), for tenor and chamber orchestra (1964)
 Composition on Traditional Carols, SATB choir, congregation, brass choir (1965)
 Choruses on Poems of Yeats, soprano, tenor, SATB choir, and chamber orchestra (1966)
 Chamber Music I ("Entertainments"), for violin and cello (1967)
 Chamber Music II ("Dramatic Entertainments"), for string quartet (1967)
 Orchestra Music I (1969)
 Show, for child actor and orchestra (1970)
 Solo Music I, for violin (1971)
 Chamber Music III ("Night Set"), for trombone and piano (1972)
 Winds/Vents, for orchestra (1973)
 Concerto, Within the Mirror of Time, for piano and orchestra (1974)
 Chamber Music IV ("Ritual Series"), for percussion ensemble (1975)
 Chamber Music V ("Stevenson"), for solo voice, string quartet, and tape (1976)
 Percussion Concerto (1977)
 Voyage de nuit, concerto after Baudelaire, for solo voice and chamber orchestra (1978)
 Chamber Music VI ("Three Movements"), for violin and double bass (1980)
 Harp Concerto (1982, rev. 1989)
 Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano (1984)
 Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet and piano) (1988)
 Solo Music II ("Ritual Cycle of Lyrics and Dances"), for viola (1989)
 Chamber Music IX ("Breath and Circuses"), for voice, trombone, and piano (1991)
 Chamber Music X ("Entertainment Sets"), for brass quintet (1992)
 Chamber Music XI ("Strophes of Night and Dawn after Baudelaire"), for brass quintet (1992)
 Ceremonial Music, for brass quintet (1993)
 Fanfare for Bowdoin, for brass quintet (1993)
 Solo Music III ("Bill at Colonus"), for clarinet (1997)
 Five Songs (Amerindian texts), for solo voice, children’s chorus, and piano (1997)
 Chamber Music XII ("Concerto Passages"), for brass quintet (1998)

Discography
 Chamber Music II ("Dramatic Entertainments for String Quartet").Philadelphia String Quartet. The Contemporary Composer in the USA. [U.S.]: Turnabout, 1974. LP, TV-S 34524. With George Rochberg: String Quartet No. 2. Chamber Music III ("Night Set"), for trombone and piano; Chamber Music IV ("Ritual Series"), for percussion ensemble; Chamber music V ("Stevenson"), for voice, string quartet, and tape.Stuart Dempster, trombone; <mask>, piano; <mask>, soprano; Ciompi String Quartet; University of Michigan Percussion Ensemble, cond. Charles Owen. Newark, N.J.: Delfcon Recording Society, 1990. CD, DRS 2127. Chamber Music III ("Night Set") for trombone and piano. Blues, Ballads and Beyond. Mark Hetzler, trombone; .Summit Records DCD 668, 2015. Chamber music IV ("Ritual Series"). First Construction. Winthrop University Percussion Ensemble, cond. Adam Snow. [Rock Hill, S.C.]: Eagle Editions, 2002. CD.With works by Ronald Lo Presti, John Cage, Bob Becker, Camille Saint-Saëns, Charles Gounod, Manuel de Falla, and David Rose. Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano. Mixed Doubles. Michael Hilton Tunnell, trumpet; Meme Tunnell, piano. Columbus, Ohio: Coronet, 1990. LP, LPS 3210. With works by Donald H. White, David Liptak.Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies", and Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Trumpet Works. Charles Schlueter, trumpet; Deborah DeWolf Emery, piano. White Plains, N.Y.: Kleos Classics, 2003. CD, KL5126. With Jean Hubeau, Sonata for trumpet and piano; Paul Hindemith, Sonata for trumpet and piano. Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano.The International Trumpet Guild Presents Terry Everson. Terry Everson, trumpet; Susan Nowicki, piano. International Trumpet Guild. CD, ITG 001. Issued with the Journal of the International Trumpet Guild 16, no. 1 (1991). With works by Peter Maxwell Davies, <mask>, Jacques Castérède, Fisher Tull, and Aaron Copland.Chamber Music VII: ("Ceremonies"), and Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Bravura Trumpet. Charles Schlueter, trumpet; <mask>, piano. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Vox Classics, 1995. CD, VOX 7513. Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Parable.Terry Everson, trumpet; Susan Nowicki, piano. Heerenveen, Holland: De Haske Classical, 1997. CD, DHR 197.006. With music by Joseph Turrin, Norman Dello Joio, Vincent Persichetti, Jan Krzywicki, and Augusta Read Thomas. Chamber Music XI ("Strophes of Night and Dawn after Baudelaire"), for brass quintet. Strophes of the Night and Dawn. Florida State Brass Quintet.Camus, WA: Crystal Records, 1997. CD, 566. With music by J. S. Bach, Richard Peaslee,  John Cheetham, Gwyneth Walker, Steven Everett, and Jan Koetsier. Concerto Within the Mirror of Time, for piano and orchestra. Béla Siki, piano; Seattle Symphony Orchestra, cond. Milton Katims. New York: Odyssey, 1976.LP, Y 34140. With William Schuman: Symphony no. 8. “Sanctus”, from the Concert Mass. Portland State University Chamber Choir, cond. Bruce Brown. Albany Records.CD, TROY 243. With works by Bryan Johanson, Tomas Svoboda, Salvador Brotons, Vijay Singh, and Norman Dinerstein. Reissued online, New York: DRAM, 2007. Streaming audio, TR243. (Subscription access)
 Solo Music I, for unaccompanied violin, and Solo music II: Ritual Cycle of Lyrics and Dance, for unaccompanied viola. 20th Century Bravura Chamber Music. <mask>, soprano; Timothy Baker, violin;  Donald McInnes, viola;  Russell Miller, piano.Pleasantville, N.Y.: Kleos Classics, 2000. CD, KL 5106. With Charles Martin Loeffler: Quatre poèmes, for voice, viola and piano, op. 5; Paul Hindemith: Sonata for viola and piano, op. 11 no. 4. Voyage de nuit (Concerto d'après Baudelaire).<mask>, soprano; Piedmont Chamber Orchestra, cond. Nicholas Harsanyi. Turnabout, 1981. LP, TV 34776. With Benjamin Britten: Les illuminations, op. 18. Sources

Footnotes

External links
<mask>'s page at Theodore Presser Company
In Memoriam: Dr. <mask>, University of North Carolina School of the Arts
<mask><mask> papers at Williams College Archives & Special Collections

1936 births
2013 deaths
People from Spencer, Iowa
University of Minnesota alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Robert Charles Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Robert Henderson
Robert Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Robert C
. Suderburg