title: Madonna

texts:
 Sclafani from MSNBC, "<mask>'s vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs "straight," but <mask> employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did." <mask> used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium". During the filming of Evita (1996), <mask> had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further.Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it." Besides singing, <mask> has the ability to play several musical instruments. Piano was the first instrument taught to her as a child. In the late 1970s, she learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy, before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. She later played guitar with the band Emmy as well as on her own demo recordings. After her career breakthrough, <mask> was absent performing with guitar for years, but she is credited for playing cowbell on <mask> (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989).In 1999, <mask> had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, but she eventually left the project before filming began. <mask> decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000) and recruited guitarist Monte Pittman to help improve her skill. Since then, <mask> has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. She received a nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award at the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards. Music videos and performances

In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that <mask> had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work more than any other recent pop artist. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning "queen of video" is <mask>.He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is <mask>. The responses to <mask>'s excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory." The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that "artistically, <mask>'s songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos." In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "<mask>'s innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award." In 2020, Billboard ranked her atop the 100 Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time. <mask>'s initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor.She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." <mask>'s Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita". Academics noted that with her videos, <mask> was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, <mask> being attracted to a black saint statue, and singing in front of burning crosses.<mask>'s acting performances in films have frequently received poor reviews from film critics. Stephanie Zacharek stated in Time that, "[<mask>] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest." According to biographer Andrew Morton, "<mask> puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt." After the critically panned box-office bomb Swept Away (2002), <mask> vowed never to act again in a film. While reviewing her career retrospective titled Body of Work (2016) at New York's Metrograph hall, The Guardians Nigel M. Smith wrote that <mask>'s film career suffered mostly due to lack of proper material supplied to her, and she otherwise "could steal a scene for all the right reasons". Metz noted that <mask> represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes.<mask> was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from <mask>'s videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the original videos' realism. She believed that "her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized". Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, <mask>'s concerts and live performances are "extravagant show piece[s], [and] walking art show[s]." Chris Nelson from The New York Times commented that "artists like <mask> and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing." Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while <mask> earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, <mask> was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "<mask> mic". Legacy

<mask> has built a legacy that transcends music and has been studied by sociologists, historians and other scholars, contributing to the rise of <mask> studies, a subfield of American cultural studies. According to Rodrigo Fresán, "saying that <mask> is just a pop star is as inappropriate as saying that Coca-Cola is just a soda. <mask> is one of the classic symbols of Made in USA." Rolling Stone Spain wrote, "She became the first master of viral pop in history, years before the internet was massively used. <mask> was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookstores.A pop dialectic, never seen since the Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of trend and commerciality." William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "<mask> has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to." Professor Diane Pecknold noted that "nearly any poll of the biggest, greatest, or best in popular culture includes [<mask>'s] name". In 2012, VH1 ranked <mask> as the greatest woman in music. According to Acclaimed Music, which statistically aggregates hundreds of critics' lists, <mask> is the most acclaimed female musician of all time. Spin writer Bianca Gracie stated that "the "Queen of Pop" isn't enough to describe <mask>—she is Pop. [She] formulated the blueprint of what a pop star should be."According to Sclafani, "It's worth noting that before <mask>, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When the Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. <mask> changed it back—with an emphasis on the female." Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, asserted that "<mask> and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers." Andy Bennett and Steve Waksman, authors of The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music (2014), noted that "almost all female pop stars of recent years—Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, and others—acknowledge the important influence of <mask> on their own careers." <mask> has also influenced male artists, inspiring rock frontmen Liam Gallagher of Oasis and Chester Bennington of Linkin Park to become musicians. <mask>'s use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism.As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise "irreverent" behavior in her live performances. The Times wrote that she had "started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice." Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that <mask> offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations. In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that <mask>, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates. According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, <mask> represents woman's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women. Professor Sut Jhally has referred to <mask> as "an almost sacred feminist icon."<mask> has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. According to Gini Gorlinski in the book The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time (2010), <mask>'s levels of power and control were "unprecedented" for a woman in the entertainment industry. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described her as "America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself." London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that "<mask> is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her." Awards and achievements

<mask>'s net worth is estimated between US$590 million to $800 million.She has sold over 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female music artist of all time. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the third highest-certified female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified album units. She has the most RIAA multi-platinum albums by a female artist, with 12 releases (tying with Barbra Streisand). <mask> is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. <mask> had generated over US$1.5 billion from ticket sales of her concert tours throughout her career. According to Billboard Boxscore, she is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, grossing over $1.31 billion between 1990 and 2016, behind only the Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion).<mask> also remains the only woman in history to have two solo concerts with 100,000 sold tickets; her Who's That Girl World Tour's concert in Parc de Sceaux, Paris, drew over 130,000 audience, while her Girlie Show's concert in Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, drew over 120,000 audience. <mask> has also won seven Grammy Awards and twenty MTV Video Music Awards, including the 1986 Video Vanguard Award for which she became the first female recipient. According to Billboard, <mask> is the most successful solo artist in the Hot 100 chart history (second overall behind the Beatles) and the most successful dance club artist of all time. With a total of 50 Dance Club Songs chart-toppers, <mask> became the artist with the most number ones on any singular Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other female artist in history; she held the record among all artists for nearly two decades (between 2002 and 2020), before being overtaken by Drake. Internationally, <mask> holds the record for the most number-one singles by a female artist in Australia (11), Canada (25), Italy (23), Ireland (8), Finland (7), Spain (21), and the United Kingdom (13). At the 40th anniversary of the GfK Media Control Charts, <mask> was ranked as the most successful singles artist in German chart history.Discography

 <mask> (1983)
 Like a Virgin (1984)
 True Blue (1986)
 Like a Prayer (1989)
 Erotica (1992)
 Bedtime Stories (1994)
 Ray of Light (1998)
 Music (2000)
 American Life (2003)
 Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005)
 Hard Candy (2008)
 MDNA (2012)
 Rebel Heart (2015)
 Madame X (2019)

Filmography

Films starred

 A Certain Sacrifice (1979)
 Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)
 Shanghai Surprise (1986)
 Who's That Girl (1987)
 Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989)
 Dick Tracy (1990)
 Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991)
 A League of Their Own (1992)
 Body of Evidence (1993)
 Dangerous Game (1993)
 Four Rooms (1995)
 Evita (1996)
 The Next Best Thing (2000)
 Swept Away (2002)
 I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2005)
 Arthur and the Invisibles (2006)
 Madame X (2021)

Films directed
 Filth and Wisdom


title: Mauricio Funes

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 18 October 1959) is a Salvadoran politician who was President of El Salvador from 1 June 2009 to 1 June 2014. He won the 2009 presidential election as the candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) political party and took office on 1 June 2009. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Salvador. He received his high school diploma (Bachillerato) from the Externado San José, and studied at Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"(UCA) but did not graduate. Both Externado and UCA are Jesuit institutions, something that has deeply influenced president <mask>. In this respect, <mask> has mentioned his relationship to the Jesuits murdered by the Salvadoran military in 1989 as of particular significance in his professional and personal development. In 1994 he was awarded the Maria Moors Cabot prize from Columbia University for promoting press freedom and inter-American understanding.<mask>' brother was killed during the Salvadoran Civil War. His oldest son, <mask> Velasco, who was 27 years old, died after being attacked in Paris, where he was studying photography. Career in journalism
Prior to his involvement with politics of El Salvador, <mask> was a journalist who hosted a popular interview show on television. He made appearances on Channel 12 and CNN en Español, and also hosted local news programs which were critical of previous governments. He was a reporter during the Salvadoran Civil War and interviewed leftist rebel leaders. It was during this time that he became more sympathetic to leftists in El Salvador, and he considers himself to be center-left. Political career
<mask> was nominated to be the FMLN candidate on 28 September 2007 and competed against the Nationalist Republican Alliance's candidate Rodrigo Ávila, a former deputy director of the National Police.<mask> won the 2009 presidential election with 51.32% of the popular vote, thus winning election in a single round. He was the country's second left-leaning president (the first being Arturo Araujo), as well as the first FMLN party leader not to have fought in the Salvadoran civil war. His swearing-in on 1 June marked only the third time in the country's history that a governing party peacefully transferred power to the opposition. His presidential campaign was highlighted by statements endorsing moderate political policies. He has promised to better programs such as health care in rural areas and crime prevention. Political opponents stated that <mask>' election would herald an era of Venezuelan influence but he insisted that "integration with Central America and strengthening relations with North America will be the priority of our foreign policy". <mask> has also promised to keep the U.S. dollar as El Salvador's official currency (dollarization took place in 2001 under President Francisco Flores Pérez).Since coming to power, <mask>' administration has implemented a wide range of social reforms designed to combat poverty and inequality, including the institution of various poverty alleviation programs in the most impoverished communities, the abolition of public health care fees, the introduction of free shoes, meals and uniforms for schoolchildren, the distribution of property titles to hundreds of families, the introduction of monthly stipends and job training for those living in extreme poverty, and pensions for the elderly. In addition, investments have been made in improving school infrastructure, a presidential decree has been made against discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation in the public services, two working groups on indigenous affairs have been created as a means of bringing about better representation of the interests of El Salvador's indigenous communities, a community health plan has been introduced, improvements have been made in teacher's salaries, and measures have been introduced to combat illiteracy. Upon his inauguration on 1 June 2009, <mask> resumed Salvadoran diplomatic relations with Cuba. El Salvador previously suspended diplomatic relations with Cuba 50 years ago due to the Cuban Revolution. In November 2009, President <mask> had to face the natural disaster that greatly affected communities in Cuscatlán, San Salvador and San Vicente as a result of the rain brought by Hurricane Ida. A community in San Vicente called Verapaz disappeared because it was buried by huge rocks that fell from the nearby volcano. Civil Protection, which is the government entity in charge of handling catastrophes, rehabilitated public schools in which refugees stayed for more than 3 months while they found a place to stay from family or friends.The Army and the Red Cross of El Salvador rescued many people from the communities. <mask> has been criticized for lack of a plan to fight El Salvador's increased crime in El Salvador. In response, the President has ordered the deployment of the army to cooperate with police authorities in their fight against crime. More recently, there have been reports of newly formed Death Squads operating in El Salvador, due in part to a lack of response of the police. In January 2010, after a public denouncement of <mask>' former cabinet member Francisco Gómez, local Salvadoran media uncovered plans whereby almost all government publicity and advertising were to be carried, without any previous public solicitation (as required by Salvadoran Law), by advertising agency Polistepeque, S.A. de C.V. Some advisers to the president are members of its board of directors, and allegedly <mask> himself has some participation through stock in that agency. The President reacted to these accusations by stating that no other advertising agency in El Salvador has the experience or capacity to manage government publicity and advertising, despite the fact that El Salvador has many local and international advertising agencies such as BBDO.Personal life
He was married to Vanda Pignato, the former First Lady of El Salvador who was involved in the Workers' Party in Brazil. They have one son, Gabriel. In October 2014, <mask> publicly acknowledged that he and Pignato had separated. The political asylum granted to <mask> <mask> by the Government of Nicaragua, included this benefit for his partner, Ada Mitchell Guzmán Sigüenza, as well as his three sons. In July 2019, <mask> (along with his wife and two sons) became a naturalized citizen of Nicaragua, where he and his immediate family have been residing in exile since 2014. Illicit enrichment charges
On 10 February 2016 the El Salvador Supreme Court ruled that <mask> would face a civil trial for charges of illegally laundering more than $700,000 in personal bank accounts. Nicaragua has granted political asylum to <mask> <mask>, who is being accused of illicit enrichment in El Salvador.<mask> <mask> has not been able to justify personal transactions for over $600,000. The formal accusation against <mask> <mask> states that he and his family increased their assets without justification for an amount of over US$728,000. The income of the President of El Salvador in 2015, one year after <mask> <mask> left office, was US$5,181.72 per month. On 28 November 2017, El Salvador's second civil court found <mask> guilty of illegal enrichment. The sentence was against <mask> <mask> and his son who is with him in Nicaragua under asylum protection, ordering that they had to restitute $420,000 to the state. As of 2019 Interpol has twice rejected the arrest request against <mask> <mask>. References

External links

 MauricioFunes.org – Official <mask> <mask> Website
 Official Campaign Website
 Biography of <mask> <mask> by CIDOB (in Spanish)
 First President from the Left Elected in San Salvador by Katie Kohlstedt, 6 June 2009
 El Salvador Rising by Tom Hayden, The Nation, 15 June 2009
El Salvador’s 'Date with History' by Oscar Faria, Workers World, 2 July 2009

1959 births
Living people
People from San Salvador
Salvadoran Roman Catholics
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front politicians
Presidents of El Salvador
Salvadoran Christian socialists
Catholic socialists
Salvadoran journalists
Male journalists
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
Salvadoran politicians convicted of crimes
Central American University alumni

masks:
Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Alejandro Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Funes
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Funes
Mauricio
Funes
Mauricio
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Mauricio
Funes
Mauricio
Funes


title: Emil Seidel

texts:
<mask> (December 13, 1864 – June 24, 1947) was a prominent German-American politician. Seidel was the mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. The first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States, Seidel became the Vice Presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America in the 1912 presidential election. Biography

Early years

Seidel was born December 13, 1864 in the town of Ashland in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, the son of ethnic German emigrants from Pomerania. His family moved to Wisconsin in 1867, living first in Prairie du Chien before moving to the state capital of Madison. Seidel's father, <mask>, was a carpenter, and his mother, <mask>, was a homemaker. Seidel attended public school up to the age of 13, when he dropped out to become a woodcarver.He continued to study after leaving school, reading extensively. At the age of 19 he started a trade union of local woodworkers, becoming the organization's first secretary. At the age of 22, <mask> went abroad to refine his skills as a woodcarver. He lived for six years in Berlin, working at his trade during the day and attending school at night. It was in this period that <mask> first became an active socialist. In 1895, <mask> married the former Lucy Geissel. They had one son, Lucius, who died in infancy, and one daughter, Viola.The pair would ultimately divorce in 1924. Political career

When <mask> returned to the United States in 1892 he joined the Socialist Labor Party of America. Seidel was a charter member of the first SLP branch in Milwaukee. He also became an active member of the Pattern Makers Union. Seidel later joined the Social Democracy of America (established 1897), the Social Democratic Party of America (established 1898), and the Socialist Party of America (established 1901) in turn. He resided briefly in Washington state, serving as the first secretary of Local Redmond SPA in the fall of 1901. In 1904 Seidel was one of nine Socialists to win electoral victory as Milwaukee city aldermen, elected in the city's 20th ward.He served two terms in that position before making his first mayoral run in 1908. He was returned as a city alderman at large in the election of 1909. In 1910, <mask> was elected mayor of Milwaukee, becoming the first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States. During his administration the first public works department was established, the first fire and police commission was organized, and a city park system came into being. Seidel cleaned up the town with strict regulation of bars and the closing of brothels and sporting parlors (modern-day casinos). During his administration Seidel employed the noted American poet and author Carl Sandburg as his personal secretary. Seidel's socialist inclinations had attracted Sandburg to Milwaukee.In his Spring 1912 bid for re-election, <mask> faced the combined forces of the Democratic and Republican parties, who ran a single candidate in order to defeat Seidel and the Socialists. Despite winning more votes in 1912 than in 1910, Seidel was defeated by Gerhard Bading, local doctor, professor of surgery, and commissioner of health, on a fusion Democratic-Republican ticket. Freed of his mayoral duties by electoral defeat, Seidel became a logical choice as the Socialist Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States on the ticket with Eugene V. Debs. The pair won 901,551 votes in the 1912 presidential election, 6% of the total vote. <mask> tried to win re-election as mayor of Milwaukee in 1914, but was soundly defeated. He was returned to the city council as an alderman at large in the city election of 1916. He won re-election in 1918, remaining at the post until 1920.<mask>, an opponent of World War I, voted against Milwaukee's purchase of Liberty bonds to help finance the war effort. He also was an outspoken opponent of a proposed Milwaukee "loyalty ordinance". In the superheated wartime political climate, marked by political repression of the anti-war movement, <mask> ran afoul of the law when he was arrested on November 12, 1917, in Horicon, Wisconsin following a speech he made there. Charged with "tending to provoke an assault or breach of peace during an address", he was fined $50. In 1932 <mask> ran for a seat in the United States Senate from Wisconsin, winning 6% of the vote. He served a final four-year stint as a Milwaukee city alderman from 1932 until 1936. Later years

<mask> retired from political life in the middle 1930s.He remained a resident of Milwaukee, living on the northwest side of the city, passing his time painting, composing music, creating poetry, and writing his autobiography. Death and legacy

<mask> died in Milwaukee on  June 24, 1947, following an illness of several months' duration related to complications from a heart condition. He was 82 years old. <mask>'s unpublished memoirs reside in Madison at the Wisconsin Historical Society, where they are available to scholars on microfilm. See also
 List of elected socialist mayors in the United States
 Daniel Hoan
 Frank P. Zeidler
 Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin

References

Works

What We Have Done in Milwaukee. Chicago, IL: National Office of the Socialist Party, 1911. Which Must Go?America or Private Ownership of Railroads? Milwaukee: Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1923. Thy Kingdom Come: Sketches from My Life: Autobiography of <mask>. [1944] Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Joining the Socialist Movement. Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2013. Building the Social Democratic Party.Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2013. Further reading

External links

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1864 births
1947 deaths
American trade unionists of German descent
American woodcarvers
Mayors of Milwaukee
Milwaukee City Council members
Patternmakers (industrial)
People from Ashland, Pennsylvania
Socialist Party of America politicians from Wisconsin
1912 United States vice-presidential candidates
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers from Wisconsin

masks:
Emil Seidel
Otto Seidel
Henrietta Knoll Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Seidel
Emil Seidel


title: David T. Wilentz

texts:
<mask> (December 21, 1894 – July 6, 1988) was the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1934 to 1944. In 1935 he successfully prosecuted Bruno Hauptmann in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial. He was the father of <mask>, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1979 to 1996, as well as Norma Hess, wife of Leon Hess, founder of Hess Corporation and Warren Wilentz

Early career

Wilentz was born in Dvinsk in the Russian Empire (now Daugavpils, Latvia) on December 21, 1894. The following year he emigrated with his parents to the United States, settling in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. He graduated from Perth Amboy High School in 1912. Upon graduation he worked at the Perth Amboy Evening News, eventually becoming sports editor (replacing future Governor of New Jersey Harold Hoffman). He was also manager of the local basketball team.In World War I he served in the United States Army, entering as a private and receiving an honorable discharge as a lieutenant. He commuted to Manhattan to attend night classes at New York Law School, receiving his LL.B. degree in 1917. He was admitted to the New Jersey Bar in 1919. In the same year he married Lena Goldman (December 25, 1898 – June 10, 1991) and they settled in Perth Amboy. Wilentz entered private practice there and also became involved in local Democratic politics. In 1928 he was appointed City Attorney of Perth Amboy, and was elected Democratic chairman for Middlesex County in the same year.Governor A. Harry Moore appointed <mask> Attorney General of New Jersey on February 5, 1934. The appointment was at the behest of Democratic political boss Frank Hague, but <mask> was reported to have told Hague, "If I take the office, I will be no dummy." Lindbergh kidnapping trial

Charles A. Lindbergh, Jr., infant son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, had been abducted from the family home in Hopewell, New Jersey  on March 1, 1932. The child's body was found two months later a few miles from the Lindberghs' home, but the arrest of Bruno Hauptmann, a German carpenter, was not made until September 19, 1934. Over $14,000 in ransom money was found in Hauptmann's garage, and wood found in his home was said to match the ladder used in the kidnapping. The trial began on January 2, 1935, with Wilentz prosecuting. Press descriptions of the trial often focused on his sharp tongue and natty attire.<mask> had no previous experience in trying criminal cases, but he was certain he could secure the conviction and execution of Hauptmann, whom he called "Public Enemy Number One of the World." <mask> built his case against Hauptmann on mostly circumstantial evidence, supported by both eyewitness and expert witness testimony. Expert witnesses included handwriting expert Albert Osborn, who testified that Hauptmann had written the ransom notes, and wood expert Arthur Koehler, who testified that the wood used to construct the ladder found at the scene of the kidnapping came from Hauptmann's attic. <mask>'s final star witness was John F. Condon, Lindbergh's go-between for the delivery of the ransom money, who testified that he had met Hauptmann and given the money to him. After Wilentz's effective presentation of evidence, the jury returned a guilty verdict and Hauptmann was sentenced to death. His appeals were rejected, despite a temporary reprieve from Governor Harold G. Hoffman, who ordered the New Jersey Board of Pardons to review the case. Hauptmann was electrocuted on April 3, 1936.The conviction was questioned many times in subsequent years, but <mask> never wavered in his assertion that Hauptmann was guilty. In 1981 Hauptmann's widow, Anna, unsuccessfully sought to overturn the guilty verdict, requesting $100 million in damages from Wilentz and the state, claiming false prosecution. At the time, <mask>, <mask>'s son, was Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, though Anna Hauptmann's appeal was made in Federal District Court. Later career

After the Lindbergh trial, <mask> leveraged his fame to exert greater control within the state Democratic Party. In the 1940s his Middlesex County Democratic organization rivaled the Hudson County machine of  Frank Hague. After John V. Kenny defeated Hague in the Jersey City mayoral election of 1949, <mask> consolidated his power, joining with Kenny in founding the National Democratic Club of New Jersey to combat Hague's influence. In the 1950s, <mask> grew increasingly influential behind the scenes as a confidante of Democratic governors and one of a small number of kingmakers who selected Democratic nominees for statewide office.As a member of the Democratic National Committee he was a powerful voice in the selection of candidates for president and vice-president. <mask> maintained a private practice with Wilentz, Goldman & Spitzer, the firm he founded in Perth Amboy in 1950. His sons, Warren and Robert, joined him in the family firm. <mask> remained a member until 1979, when he was appointed Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. Warren W<mask> was the Democratic candidate for United States Senate in 1966, losing to the incumbent Clifford P. Case. <mask>'s daughter Norma married Leon Hess, founder of the Hess Corporation and owner of the New York Jets. Norma and Leon's daughter, Constance H. Williams, served as a state representative and state senator in Pennsylvania.In 1988 <mask> died at his home in Long Branch, New Jersey at the age of 93. References

External links
Biographical information for <mask><mask> from The Political Graveyard

1894 births
1988 deaths
Perth Amboy High School alumni
Politicians from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
New Jersey Attorneys General
Lindbergh kidnapping
New York Law School alumni
Latvian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Latvian-Jewish descent
Politicians from Daugavpils
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers

masks:
David Theodore Wilentz
Robert Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Robert Wilentz
David
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Wilentz
Robert Wilentz
. Wilentz
David Wilentz
Wilentz
David T
. Wilentz


title: Thomas Baker Slick Sr.

texts:
<mask>. (12 October 1883 – 16 August 1930) was born in Shippenville, Clarion County, Pennsylvania to Johnson M. and Mary A<mask>. He became notable in 1912 for discovering Oklahoma's then-largest oil field, the Cushing Oil Field. Early experience
In 1904, Alexander Massey, owner of Spurlock Petroleum Company, hired <mask>, who already had acquired a reputation as a good "lease man" to assist him in buying up oil leases. Massey already had a string of successes drilling in Kansas, finding either oil or gas in 25 consecutive wildcat wells. Massey promised to pay <mask> a 25 percent share of the proceeds from every lease <mask> could obtain. Massey and <mask> then traveled to Tryon, Oklahoma to start drilling. <mask> continued buying up leases, while Massey supervised the drilling.Massey ran out of money by the time the well reached a depth of only . He also ran out of patience and decided to drill a well near Kendrick, Oklahoma. It also turned up dry. The relationship between <mask> and Massey apparently soured, because the two parted ways. Tom moved to Chicago, where he was hired as a lease man by Charles B. Shaffer of the Shaffer & Smathers Company. The company sent him to Kentucky, western Canada, and eventually, back to Oklahoma. During this time, he drilled at least ten dry holes, and acquired the nickname of "Dry Hole Slick."Turnaround
Returning to the Tryon area, where he had his first setback, <mask> began acquiring new leases. A local newspaper, the Bristow Record, reported that few people, "... had stuck to wildcatting longer than <mask> and his associates..."
<mask> moved his operation to Cushing, Oklahoma, about  away. The Cushing Independent encouraged land-owning readers to deal with <mask>. In January, 1912, The Shaffer and Slick group spudded in ("spudding" is an oil industry term meaning the beginning of actual drilling operations) its first well on the farm of Frank Wheeler. Oklahoma's largest oil field up to about 1920 was discovered in 1912 by Pennsylvanian <mask> who thereafter became known as the "King of the Wildcatters". Determined to become a millionaire, <mask> came to Oklahoma during the winter of 1911 to find "the big one". Although <mask> initially found nothing but "dusters" (dry holes), perseverance and luck eventually brought him to the farm of Frank Wheeler, located approximately  east of Cushing, Oklahoma, in what would become Drumright, Oklahoma, where "the smell of oil sands was perfume to his nostrils".Wheeler had purchased his land, located in the midst of allotments forced upon reluctant Creek Indians, for sixty-five cents an acre shortly before statehood in 1907. <mask> would soon make Wheeler a rich man. Wheeler had heard of the riches of the Osage Nation and the Glenn Pool, and he readily agreed to lease his land for a dollar an acre. <mask> obtained financial backing from bankers at Bristow and a Tulsa attorney, and soon drilling was underway on the Wheeler No. 1 well. The wary investors pulled out of the project, however, when the well reached a depth of 2,000 feet without results. <mask> borrowed some money, traveled to Chicago, and eventually secured the backing of C. B. Shaffer, who had made his fortune in the Pennsylvania oil fields.Then returning to the Wheeler farm, <mask> selected a more promising site and began drilling once again. On March 12, 1912, his dreams became reality as his drill bit struck a gigantic gas deposit in a thick stratum of oil-bearing sand. Crude oil spewed forty feet above the derrick. Eventually the well was deepened to between  and  and produced 400 barrels of oil per day (BPD). Within one month Wheeler was receiving $125.00 in royalties every day. Two years later the total royalties had doubled as other producers were brought in on Wheeler's land. <mask> hurriedly informed Shaffer and instructed him to send experienced lease traders.Meanwhile, he quickly capped the well and spread fresh dirt on the pools of oil spilled by the gusher, thereby hoping to keep the new find a secret. <mask> also quietly made cash deposits to reserve all the horses and buggies in Cushing to hamper the efforts of competing lease bidders who were sure to descend on the area when news of the strike became widespread. <mask>'s efforts were successful for a few days, but on March 21, 1912, the Cushing Democrat proclaimed to the world that a "Splendid Oil Find" had taken place. The great rush to the area began. The Tryon Star wrote: “Our old friend <mask> the oilman has struck it rich…<mask> has been plugging away for several years and has put down several dry holes...He deserves this success and here’s hoping that it will make Tom his millions.”

It soon turned out that Wheeler No. 1 was the first producing well in what would be called the Drumright-Cushing field, which would produce for the next 35 years. At its peak in 1917, the field produced 330,000 BPD of oil.This well was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 14, 1983. Although the natural well pressure in the well has long since dropped too low to support primary oil production, secondary recovery techniques have enabled the well to keep producing at lower rates. It was still producing as of March 17, 2012, when the city of Drumright celebrated its centennial. Wheeler No. 1 not only made Frank Wheeler a very rich man, but it made a positive change in <mask>'s fortunes. For the next 18 years his leases and wells paid off handsomely and consistently. He had plays in some of major domestic fields, including Pioneer, Tonkawa, Papoose, and Seminole.By 1929, he was called the largest independent oil operator in the United States with a net worth estimated between $35 million and $100 million. Never again did anyone call him "Dry Hole Slick." His nickname had become "King of the Wildcatters." Family
Tom married Berenice Frates, the eldest daughter of Joseph A. and Lula M. (née Buck) Frates. Tom's father-in-law was well known in the railroad business. Later the two men became partners in various transportation ventures. Their most notable successes were building Nuyaka, Oklahoma and Slick, Oklahoma, two boomtowns near Okmulgee, Oklahoma.Tom and Berenice had three children <mask>, Betty and Earl Frates. Tom Jr went on to be a noted inventor and cryptozoologist. Death
<mask> <mask> Sr. died of a stroke in Baltimore, Maryland in August 1930. He was 46 years old. He was buried in Clarion County, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s widow, Berenice, survived him and later married one of his business partners, Charles F. Urschel. Urschel had previously married Tom's sister, Flored.After Flored died in 1931, Urschel married Tom's widow. Urschel became nationally known in 1933, when he and another wealthy business man were kidnapped at gunpoint and held for ransom by a gang led by Machine Gun Kelly. Notes

References

External links

1883 births
1930 deaths
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Wildcatters
Petroleum in Oklahoma
People from Clarion County, Pennsylvania
People from Cushing, Oklahoma

masks:
Thomas Baker Slick Sr
. Baker Slick
Tom Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Tom Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Slick
Tom Slick
Slick
Tom Slick
Thomas Baker
Thomas Baker
Slick
Slick


title: Macarius of Jerusalem

texts:
<mask> I ( Makarios I Hierosolymōn); was Bishop of Jerusalem from 312 to shortly before 335, according to Sozomen. He is recognized as a saint within the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Athanasius, in one of his orations against Arianism, refers to Macarius as an example of "the honest and simple style of apostolical men." The date 312 for Macarius's accession to the episcopate is found in Jerome's version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle. About 325 he accompanied Helena Augusta, the mother of Constantine I in her search at Jerusalem for relics of the Passion of Jesus, including the cross on which Jesus of Nazareth was thought to have been crucified. According to Eusebius, he received a long letter from Constantine with reference to the building of the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem: "Such is our Saviour's grace, that no power of language seems adequate to describe the wondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his most holy Passion, so long ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years, until its reappearance to his servants now set free through the removal of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration ... And as to the columns and marbles, whatever you shall judge, after actual inspection of the plan, to be especially precious and serviceable, be diligent to send information to us in writing, in order that whatever quantity or sort of materials we shall esteem from your letter to be needful, may be procured from every quarter, as required, for it is fitting that the most marvelous place in the world should be worthily decorated."Macarius is listed as one of the bishops to whom Pope Alexander of Alexandria wrote warning against Arius. His death must have been before the Council of Tyre, in 335, at which his successor, Maximus, was apparently one of the bishops present. Macarius and Arianism
Macarius took part in the Council of Nicaea (325), and two conjectures as to the part he played there are worth mentioning. The first is that there was a passage of arms between him and his metropolitan, Eusebius of Caesarea, concerning the rights of their respective sees. The seventh canon of the council — "As custom and ancient tradition show that the bishop of Ælia [Jerusalem] ought to be honoured, he shall have precedence; without prejudice, however, to the dignity which belongs to the Metropolis" — by its vagueness suggests that it was the result of a drawn battle. The second conjecture is that Macarius, together with Eustathius of Antioch, had a good deal to do with the drafting of the Nicene Creed finally adopted by the First Council of Nicæa in 325. The vigour of his opposition to the theology of Arianism is suggested by the abusive manner in which Arius writes of him in his letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia.In the "History of the Council of Nicæa" attributed to Gelasius of Cyzicus there are a number of imaginary disputations between Fathers of the Council and philosophers in the pay of Arius. In one of these disputes where Macarius is spokesman for the bishops he defends the Descent into Hell. This, in view of the question whether the Descent into Hell was found in the Jerusalem Creed, is notable, especially as in other respects Macarius's language is made conformable to that Creed. Macarius's name appears first among those of the bishops of Palestine who subscribed to the Council of Nicæa; that of Eusebius comes fifth. Athanasius, in his encyclical letter to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, places the name of Macarius (who had been long dead at that time) among those bishops renowned for their orthodoxy. Sozomen narrates that Macarius appointed Maximus, who afterwards succeeded him, Bishop of Lydia, and that the appointment did not take effect because the people of Jerusalem refused to part with Maximus. He also gives another version of the story, to the effect that Macarius himself changed his mind, fearing that, if Maximus was out of the way, an unorthodox bishop would be appointed to succeed him (Macarius).Tillemont discredits this story: Macarius by so acting would have contravened the seventh canon of Nicæa and Aetius, who at the time of the council was Bishop of Lydda, was certainly alive in 331, and very probably in 349. Of course, if Aetius outlived Macarius, the story breaks down; but if he died shortly after 331, it seems plausible enough. The fact that Macarius was then nearing his end would explain the reluctance, whether on his part or that of his flock, to be deprived of Maximus. Tillemont's first objection carries no weight. The seventh canon was too vague to secure from an orthodox bishop like Macarius very strict views as to the metropolitan rights of a Semi-Arian like Eusebius. Macarius and the Holy Sites

Theophanes (d. 818) in his Chronography makes Constantine, at the end of the Council of Nicæa, order Macarius to search for the sites of the Resurrection and the Passion, and the True Cross. It is likely that this is what happened, for excavations were begun very soon after the council, and, it would seem under the superintendence of Macarius.The huge mound and stonework with the temple of Venus on the top, which in the time of Hadrian had been piled up over the Holy Sepulchre, were demolished, and "when the original surface of the ground appeared, forthwith, contrary to all expectation, the hallowed monument of our Saviour's Resurrection was discovered". On hearing the news Constantine wrote to Macarius giving lavish orders for the erection of a church on the site. Later on, he wrote another letter "To Macarius and the rest of the Bishops of Palestine" ordering a church to be built at Mambre, which also had been defiled by a pagan shrine. Eusebius, though he gives the superscription as above, speaks of this letter as "addressed to me", thinking, perhaps of his metropolitan dignity (Vit. Const., III, 51-53). Churches were also built on the sites of the Nativity and Ascension. Veneration

Macarius is recognised as a saint within the Orthodox and Catholic traditions.Relics of Saint Macarius, including his skull, are located in Saint Anthony's Chapel (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). St. Macarius' feast day is commemorated on March 10. Notes

Sources and external links

 Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Macarius
 Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography: St. Macarius
 An image of Saint Macarius in the context of the Feast of the Exultation of the Holy Cross

335 deaths
4th-century bishops of Jerusalem
Saints from the Holy Land
4th-century Romans
Burials at the Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem
4th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown


title: Nestell Kipp Anderson

texts:
<mask> "Ned" <mask> (1885–1967) was an American farmer who spearheaded Connecticut's leg of the Appalachian Trail, which currently runs for 50 miles through the northwest corner of the state. In addition to creating and maintaining other area trails for the Connecticut Forest & Park's (CFPA) Blue-Blazed Trail System, he also organized Sherman, Connecticut's first Boy Scout troop in 1931, as well as the Housatonic Trail Club in 1932, for amateur and avid hikers. History
While hiking in 1929, <mask> met Judge Arthur Perkins, a member of CFPA's Connecticut's Blue Blazed Trails Committee, who introduced <mask> to Myron Avery. These two men were drumming up interest in Benton MacKaye's vision of a 2,000-mile contiguous footpath from Maine to Georgia—The Appalachian Trail. Most people with whom they met were interested but few were committing to it; <mask> took an immediate interest. Taking on dual roles as Chairman of CFPA's Blue Blazed Trails' Housatonic Section (officially – 1932), and as a member of the Appalachian Trail Conference's (ATC—now Appalachian Trail Conservancy) Board of Managers (he was the ATC's 49th member), Ned mapped and cleared, cut, hacked, and blazed the state's trail from Dog Tail Corners in Webatuck, NY, (coming from Bear Mountain across the Hudson River) which borders Kent, CT, at Ashley Falls, all the way up to another Bear Mountain at the Massachusetts border. <mask> spearheaded and maintained the Candlewood Mountain, Schaghticoke (SCAT-uh-coke) and Housatonic Range trails as well.<mask> organized Sherman's first boy scout troop in 1931 (Troop #48), and the boys earned badges by trailblazing. To spread the interest in hiking, nature and the trail, he organized The Housatonic Trail Club (HTC,) in 1932, which gave a portion of its annual dues to the ATC. <mask> and his volunteers maintained upkeep of his trails for nearly twenty years (1929–1948). In between, members piled in his bus (see biography below) and were treated to hikes all over New England. <mask> drew the first official maps for the statewide Blue Blazed Trail System, which were made available to hikers in individual booklets. A comprehensive map was soon published in the 1933 issue of the Telephone News. CFPA's 1934 proposal to publish a complete trail guide finally came to fruition in 1937, with the first edition of the Connecticut Walk Book.It featured Ned's Candlewood Mountain Trail. This and Ned's Schaghticoke and Housatonic Range trails were also highlighted in a smaller publication, Walk Around New Milford. The entire Appalachian Trail was completed in 1937 and by 1939 the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service were working to formalize and protect the trail as a “scenic trailway.”

<mask> officially retired from trail management in 1948 at age 63, whereupon the ATC board passed a formal resolution expressing their gratitude and sincere appreciation for his labors and accomplishments and distinguished service on behalf of the Appalachian Trail. Legacy

In 1949, volunteer members of the Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) took over maintenance of Connecticut's portion of the AT. In 1968, the National Trails System was created, and the Appalachian Trail was the first trail so designated. In 1979, a portion of Connecticut's Appalachian Trail was rerouted. (The ATC has worked over the years to move more of the trail off public roadways and to allow for protected “corridors.”) This was a combined effort between the Naromi Land Trust of Sherman, CT, and the Appalachian Trail Conference.Along this new leg at the confluence of the Ten Mile and Housatonic rivers north of Sherman, CT, a bridge now spans the waterway. In an unprecedented move by the ATC, it bears a plaque in dedication—to Ned K<mask>. Today, the Appalachian Trail is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnerships, and managed by the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, and the nonprofit Appalachian Trail Conservancy. In fact, over 5,500 volunteers log over 200,000 hours of service annually. Volunteers from the Connecticut Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club maintain the whole of the Connecticut section of the Appalachian Trail. The ATC has expanded its role to include education, science and awareness in addition to trail maintenance and protection. Connecticut Forest & Park Association continues to be a strong advocate for trails and conservation efforts throughout Connecticut and continually updates and publishes the Connecticut Walk Book, which is now done in two volumes—East and West, and features over 800 miles of trails.The Blue Blazed trails <mask> created and oversaw as a section manager have long since been delegated each to individual leaders and teams and continue to thrive. <mask> was included in the 2015 class of the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame at the Appalachian Trail Museum. Personal life
Born in Hartwell, Ohio, in 1885, <mask> spent his youth in Mt. Vernon, NY, while his father worked for his wife's family's renowned, NYC-based Kipp Wagon Works. <mask> enjoyed the outdoors and developed an early love of nature and hiking. He attended both Columbia and Cornell (studying geology) for a time. In 1906, his father retired and purchased Brae Burn farm (a poultry operation) in Sherman, CT. Ned (at 20) went along to work it.He continued to hike and camp. In 1914 he met and married Lena May Clark. The couple had four children. <mask> worked for the Long Island-based Sperry Company and lived in Brooklyn during World War I. It was there that Lena died of the flu epidemic in 1919. <mask> took his children back to the farm, soon met and married Edna Holstein, a city girl visiting family. They were married in 1921, and had one child together.The farm switched from poultry to dairy and the couple opened their 1840 farmhouse as a country bed and breakfast. Guests came from all over the world. When their oldest son was ready for high school, <mask> bought a bus to ensure that Clark would get home in time to do his chores. And for the next thirty-three years, most of the children in Sherman went to and from school in a punctual, orderly and, by all accounts, adventurous fashion. On Sundays, <mask> used the bus to fetch area children for Sunday school and return them all home again. He asked no compensation for this “good deed” and provided his services faithfully for twenty-five years. Ned and Edna shared an avid interest in and enthusiasm for young people.Their home was always open to and often filled with their children's friends. They also believed firmly in upgrading the educational experience in and out of the classroom. While Edna was instrumental in organizing Sherman's first PTA and bringing much needed services to the school district and into the schools, <mask>, who thought the world—especially the outdoors—a most worthy classroom, sought to bring their bus-riding passengers an education on the way to and from school and via an array of entertaining class trips. Since the bus was privately owned, the <mask>s could take their view of education on the road—and so often did. Over the years, the <mask>s suffered setbacks, such as the Great Depression, when the price of a gallon of milk dipped to that of a 3¢ postage stamp. And there were devastating tragedies: the death of a child and a catastrophic fire that destroyed their barn, equipment, supplies, and much of their herd. Although the HTC hikers and the Sherman community rallied to raise moneys for the <mask>s, it was a financial loss from which they never fully recovered.Edna became an artist and well-respected jewelry designer. She showed at Society of Connecticut Craftsmen (SCC) fairs, sold in NYC's fine department stores, and at the artist co-op she and Ned ran at Brae Burn Farm. He often collected and polished the stones she would use in her gold and silver designs. In addition to hiking, <mask> also had a love for exploring nature underground as well. In the late '20s and '30s, he accompanied and assisted author, Clay Perry, to map and explore (and discover) caves. Their investigations of—and treks and crawls through—caves, abandoned mines, gorges and other subterranean finds across New England, were chronicled in Perry's 1939 book, Underground New England. The National Speleological Society was organized in 1941 in Washington, DC.The first chapter or “grotto” formed of the NSS was the New England Chapter of Middlebury, CT. Co-organized by spelunker and author, Clay Perry and <mask>, who was also its V.P<mask> officially retired from trail management in 1948 at age 63. He avidly continued hiking and spelunking for a number of years. Even as he got older and less sure-footed, he was known to take a jaunt with walking stick or cane, down the lane to visit with neighbors. Edna said that when her husband's legs gave out, so did he. <mask> died in 1967 at age 82. References

External links
Appalachian Mountain Club
Appalachian Trail Conservancy
The Connecticut Walk Book
Doris Tomaselli, author of "<mask>: Connecticut's Appalachian Trailblazer – Small Town Renaissance Man"
History of the Appalachian Trail in Connecticut
Naromi Land Trust of Sherman
National Park Service Appalachian National Scenic Trail
National Speleological Society
Sherman Historical Society of Sherman, CT
Trail Years: A History of the Appalachian Trail Conference

Appalachian Trail
Hikers
1967 deaths
1885 births
People from Cincinnati
People from Sherman, Connecticut
People from Mount Vernon, New York

masks:
Nestell Kipp
Anderson
Ned Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Ned Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
. Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Ned Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Ned Anderson
. Anderson
Anderson
Ned Anderson


title: William Ogilby

texts:
<mask>      (1805–1873) was a British zoologist who was at the forefront of classification and naming of animal species in the 1830s and served as Secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1839 to 1847. He removed to Ireland during the Great Famine and later built the grand but architecturally dismal Altinaghree Castle. Mount Ogilby in Queensland was named for him in 1846. Birth, family background and education
Probably born in County Londonderry in 1805, <mask> was an illegitimate son of <mask> (c1764-1845) who owned a bleaching green at Lackagh in the parish of Dungiven. The Ogilbys had been active in the linen trade since the mid-eighteenth century, and <mask>'s uncle <mask> (c1761-1839), having amassed a fortune as a linen factor in Dublin, bought the lease of the 22,000-acre Dungiven Castle estate and was reckoned "the wealthiest commoner in the North of Ireland, possessing it is said between ten and twenty thousand pounds a year". The fortune of <mask>'s father was more modest but sufficient to buy the 3,170-acre Terkernaghan and Altnachree estate in Donagheady, County Tyrone, in 1829. Illegitimate births were commonplace among the Ogilbys in the early nineteenth century, and <mask> seems to have been recognised as his father's heir from an early age.He was educated at a small academy kept by a clergyman in Macclesfield before proceeding to Belfast Academical Institution and thence to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1824. He graduated in 1828 and was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1832. His examination performance at Cambridge was unimpressive, perhaps indicating he neglected the necessary preparatory work in favour of studying natural history and science. His interest in the natural world was of early origin and may have been kindled by relatives. His uncle <mask> (c1756-1846) of Kilcatten House, Claudy, had a "curious and valuable collection of fossils" in his "choice little museum"; his maiden aunt <mask> of Limavady "saved from the ravages of the lapidiary" a natural crystal which, weighing 70lbs, was in 1814 believed to be the largest in Ireland; and his older cousin, <mask>, was an "accomplished naturalist and botanist" who successfully cultivated Ireland's rarer native plants and whose bequest of 400 books on scientific topics was an important addition to the Royal Dublin Society's library. Research and first publication
Over the course of a fortnight in March 1827, while still an undergraduate, <mask> examined at Cambridge a living specimen of the species now popularly known as the white-footed palm civet. He examined it again in London in August 1828, by which time he was sufficiently conversant with the organic structure of animals and the principles of taxonomy to recognise the creature as a previously undescribed species which he classified as intermediate between the common genet and the common cat and to which he assigned the name Paradoxurus leucopus.His description and classification of the animal appeared in a paper which was printed in The Zoological Journal of January 1829 and was the earliest among his many published contributions to zoological research. The species he identified was included in Coenraad Temminck's 1839 monograph on the genus Paradoxurus. <mask>'s arrival in London gave him access to the works of Continental naturalists and to specimens of animals and birds held by the British Museum, the Zoological and Linnean Societies, and the East India Company. He later became a regular visitor to the museums at Leiden and Paris, and he observed animal locomotion and behaviour at the Zoological Society's Regent's Park menagerie, the Surrey Zoological Gardens at Newington, the Menagerie du Jardin des plantes at Paris, and in private collections such as that of Lord Derby. He visited Germany (notably Berlin and Frankfurt) on several occasions and the Cape Colony more than once. The breadth of his knowledge of literary sources from which useful natural history material could be quarried was evident when he alerted Professor Thomas Bell to an editorial note in Swift's Considerations about Maintaining the Poor referring to the importation of frogs to Dublin from England at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Zoological Society contributions and appointment
From 1830 onwards, at meetings of the Zoological Society, he read explanatory papers or delivered commentaries on specimens donated to the Society's museum.Some forty of his reports were printed in either full or abstract form in the Society's Transactions and Proceedings during the years to 1841, describing and classifying new examples of mammals and birds from Australia, Africa, the Americas and India. In the same period he also read similar papers to the Linnean Society and commented on fossil specimens to the Geological Society. Publication of his classifications established and named the several genera Cynictis (1833), Madoqua (1836), Pseudocheirus (1837), Chaeropus and Conilurus (1838), and placed many new species within previously established genera. He chaired meetings of the Zoological Society from 1836 and by 1838 was not only one of its Fellows but also a Fellow of the Linnean, Geological and Royal Astronomical Societies. He was on terms of friendship with Charles Darwin, the Secretary of the Geographical Society, and in 1839 both men were elected to the Council of the Zoological Society, <mask> becoming that Society's Secretary shortly afterwards. In this latter capacity he conducted the Society's correspondence, controlled and catalogued its museum, recorded the animals in its zoological gardens and made recommendations for their purchase. After his appointment as Secretary his contribution of scholarly papers and commentaries to Zoological Society meetings declined.He last named a species (Cercopithecus tantalus – the Tantalus monkey) in April 1841, and his final classification submission was made in January 1843. He continued as Secretary of the Society until resigning in 1847. He had been unremunerated in the post and was succeeded by a salaried official. Recognition
His "careful researches which have thrown considerable light on the affinities of the Ruminant species" were acknowledged in 1838 when George Waterhouse named a new species of antelope after him (Cephalophus ogilbii, or Ogilby's duiker). In the previous year W. H. Sykes had dedicated to him ("whose contributions to natural history are so well known") the discovery of a new member of the carp family in the Bihama River (Rohtee ogilbii). In 1846 Sir Thomas Mitchell, after whom Ogilby had named Dipus mitchellii (Mitchell's hopping mouse) in 1838, reciprocated by the naming of Mount Ogilby in the Maranoa River region of Queensland, numbering Ogilby among "the individuals of our own race most distinguished or zealous in the advancement of science and the pursuit of human knowledge... sufficiently well-known in the world to preclude all necessity for further explanation why their names were applied to a part of the world's geography". The order called Chiropoda
In the summer of 1829, while studying the actions and organic structure of red howler monkeys, Ogilby noticed what had previously escaped general recognition: the creatures did not use their forelimb extremities to hold objects "between finger and thumb" because their "thumbs" were positioned not opposite but in the same line as the remainder of their digits.Over the next six years he gave particular attention to the other genera of South American monkeys and observed this characteristic as common to all of them. Whereas they had previously been regarded as quadrumana (four-handed), he believed they were properly pedimana (foot-handed). <mask>'s study convinced him that the presence and architecture of hands were key indicators of relationship patterns among certain mammals, and he proposed recognition of a separate mammiferous order to be called cheiropoda (possessing hands) made up of bimana (comprising only man), quadrumana and pedimana (comprising, respectively, monkeys of the Old World and monkeys of the New World). He presented the proposal to the Zoological Society on 8 March 1836 in his paper "Observations on the opposable Power of the Thumb in certain Mammals". This was printed in the Magazine of Natural History in the following year and acclaimed by the systematist Hugh Strickland to be "one of the most valuable and important memoirs ever communicated to this magazine". <mask> took the classification cheiropoda into actual use and it was recognised and explained, probably by him, in Charles Knight's The Penny Cyclopaedia of 1837. In 1838 he enshrined its basis in his 442-page book, The Natural History of Monkeys, Opossums, and Lemurs, published by Knight for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge as part of the popular series The Menageries.As was the case with other volumes in the series, it appeared anonymously and, although <mask> referred to himself as the author and was credited as such in The Penny Cyclopaedia, his anonymity has resulted in misattribution. Anonymity on other occasions may conceal a substantial body of work by <mask>. Despite some initial support for an order of mammals defined by possession of hands, Ogilby's proposal soon attracted objection – quickened in part, no doubt, by aversion to the proximate relationship between man and ape which it implied. He had anticipated opposition, observing that whereas "the metaphysician or the divine may consider man apart from the animal kingdom, the naturalist must view him in a different light: anatomical structure and organic conformation are the only principles which the zoologist can admit as the foundations of natural science... Man is too closely connected with the apes to admit of being placed widely apart from them". Sympathy for Ogilby's order of cheiropoda waned. By 1863 the proposal to classify mammals by reference to thumbs alone was considered eccentric and "has, as might have been expected, never been adopted". Nomenclature argument
In 1833 <mask> became a member of the Natural History Committee of the recently formed British Association for the Advancement of Science and in 1842 he was appointed one of eight original members of the Association's

masks:
William Ogilby
William Ogilby
Leslie Ogilby
William
Robert Ogilby
William
William
Alexander Ogilby
Elizabeth Ogilby
Leslie Ogilby
William Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby
Ogilby


title: William Ogilby

texts:
 working party to consider if rules could be devised to govern zoological nomenclature on a uniform and permanent basis.The other such members were Charles Darwin, Hugh Strickland, John Stevens Henslow, Leonard Jenyns, John Westwood, John Richardson and John Phillips; further members were subsequently co-opted. When praising <mask>'s "Power of the Thumb" thesis in the pages of the Magazine of Natural History, Strickland had disagreed with some of its nomenclature. <mask> responded in immoderate language, denouncing the alternatives proposed by Strickland as arbitrary, dogmatical, unfounded and unnecessary, whereupon Westwood entered the argument in favour of Strickland. Despite this unpromising backdrop, the Science Association's working party found considerable common ground. A first draft of a regulatory code prepared by Strickland was circulated in February 1842, Darwin marking it with his comments and forwarding it to <mask> (both men's manuscript observations survive). The draft was then discussed and revised in meetings attended by <mask> in April and May, and a second draft was printed for presentation at the Association's annual assembly at Manchester in June. The very existence of the working party attracted hostility at the assembly, notably from J. E. Gray, Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum, with whom Ogilby had a history of bickering over nomenclature.As a result Strickland's draft was not adopted in Manchester but, after further revision to reflect comment by members of the working party, was included in the group's report which was printed in the Science Association's Proceedings. These "Strickland Rules" included provision for the name of a species to be changed if, as applied to the object or group which it represented, its meaning transpired to be "false". <mask> opposed such flexibility, believing that, once established, the name must remain constant although its application could change by convention. Words, he said, were no more than the expression of an idea and so long as there was agreement on the idea the original or literal meaning of the words encapsulating it had no importance. He, alone among the first members of the working party, declined to sign the report, but the rules which it promulgated attracted immediate international interest, were reprinted in French and Italian and recommended by foreign zoological societies to be followed by their members. They were the first attempt at an international code governing language in any science, and to them every modern code, whether botanical or zoological, can trace its direct ancestry. Residence in Ireland
<mask> inherited his father's Donagheady estate in 1845 just as the Great Famine was beginning to devastate Ireland.In December of the following year he tendered his resignation as Secretary of the Zoological Society, explaining that circumstances required his presence on the estate where "I am myself giving daily employment to from thirty to forty heads of families to keep them from actual starvation". Once established there he became a member of the local Relief Committee and obtained a loan of £6,000 from the Commission of Public Works in order to reclaim parts of his land for agricultural purposes. Reclamation activity enabled him to employ daily between 300 and 400 hands representing, he thought, "from 1,500 to 2,000 human beings who would otherwise have starved or been thrown on the rates". By 1860 he was said to have transformed "wild and mountainous-looking country into one of the finest estates to be seen". Although he largely disappeared from the view of fellow zoologists (in 1855 Edward Blyth wrote to Darwin asking "What has become of Ogilby? "), his interest in natural history continued. He was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1849 and of the Natural History Society of Dublin in 1862.When, in 1852, the Science Association held its annual assembly in Belfast, he was President of its Zoological Section and read a paper "On the Geographical Distribution of Animals in Connexion with the Progress of Civilization". In 1857 he attended the Association's meeting in Dublin, delivering a paper of similar theme, and in 1862 he submitted his paper "On the Eccentricity of the Earth and the Method of finding the Coordinates of its Centre of Gravity" to the Association's meeting in Cambridge. In 1830 he had married Matilda Doria, a daughter of Niccolo Doria, Marquese di Spineto, a Neapolitan refugee who had established himself as a teacher of Italian at Cambridge and acted as interpreter at the trial of Queen Caroline. In 1836 Ogilby named a particularly beautiful species of antelope (Antilope doria) in his wife's honour. When he took up residence in Ireland his wife initially remained at their house in London's Hanover Terrace while suitable accommodation was built for them on the Irish estate. Following the death of her father in September 1849, she joined her husband in a rented property at Buncrana but died there a month later, aged 40. There were no children of the marriage.A little over a year later, <mask> remarried. His second wife, Adelaide Douglas, was a daughter of the local Rector at Donagheady, a niece of the Earl of Morton and a cousin of the Marquess of Abercorn. For the next twenty years <mask> led the life of a resident Irish squire. He was commissioned a captain in the Royal Tyrone Militia in 1851, served as High Sheriff of County Tyrone in 1852 and enlarged his landholdings by purchase of a further 2,900 acres near Omagh for £30,500 in 1853. A county magistrate by 1854, he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant in 1863. In the 1860s he considerably enlarged Liscleen Lodge, the house he had first built on his estate, transforming it to become Altnachree otherwise Altinaghree Castle. This extravagant structure, built with cut stone brought from Dungiven, resembled a castellated factory but became, albeit briefly, an attractive entertainment destination for fashionable Irish society.For some years <mask> and his family seemed well settled in County Tyrone. He lectured to the Omagh Literary Society, served as President of the Donagheady and Leckpatrick Farming Society, ran a successful home farm, won prizes for his short-horned cattle in National and Ulster shows, and engaged in extensive tree-planting. His plantation of deodars, covering 11 acres, was said to be the largest in Europe. However, in 1872 he discontinued farming and relocated his family to Dublin for the benefit of his children's education. Astronomy, faith and death
Latterly he gave his attention to astronomical matters. In 1868 he delivered a paper "On the Motions of the Moon" to the Royal Irish Academy, and in 1872 he published A New Theory of the Figure of the Earth in which he declared that, in pre-spheroidal form, the planets "revolved in their orbits for countless ages before they began to rotate normally about their axes". In A New Theory he confirmed his belief in a divine creator of life, damning the "ignorant attempts which have been made to substitute a godless Pantheism for both natural and revealed religion; to dissociate the universe from its Creator, and resuscitate the defunct Goddess of Reason which the indignation of outraged society dethroned and buried some eighty years ago".He regarded the capacity for species to evolve as testament to the "work of creation being complete and perfect in all its parts", the Creator intending that all forms of life should develop as necessary to perpetuate themselves "without any resort to immaculate creations afterwards". He believed that humankind, unlike the beasts that perish, had been made "the proud heir of immortality" according to the "inscrutable wisdom of creation". He died at his Dublin home, 12 Earlsfort Terrace, on 1 September 1873. Children
Ogilby was, by his second wife, the father of four sons (two of whom died in infancy) and five daughters. Of the surviving sons, Claud <mask> (1851–94), led a life that moved from early promise to dissolute maturity. He abandoned Altinaghree Castle, which by 1894 was ruinous, and ended his days in a rented room in a public house at Donemana. The younger son, James Douglas Ogilby (1853–1925), was a noted athlete.He was 100-yards victor (twice in 10.2 seconds) in the Irish national championships in each of the four years 1874–77, and he invariably won over that distance in competition with the English champions. He is said to have been, in his day, "the most successful amateur sprinter in the world" and also to have been unequalled in Ireland as a swimmer and diver. He originally studied ornithology but subsequently specialised in ichthyology, emigrating to Australia in 1884. Publications
"On the Characters and Description of a new Genus of Carnivora, called Cynictis", Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. I, 1835, pp. 29–34
"Observations on the Opposable Power of the Thumb in certain Mammals, considered as a zoological character; and of the Natural Affinities which subsist between the Bimana, Quadrumana and Pedimana", The Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology, Vol. I (new series), Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1837, pp.449–459  and 517–525
Natural History of the Monkeys, Opossums and Lemurs, Vol. I, Charles Knight, London, 1838
"Observations on the History and Classification of the Marsupial Quadrupeds of New Holland", The Magazine of Natural History, Vol. III (new series), Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1839, pp. 130–137, 257–265 and 338–347
"Memoir on the Mammalogy of the Himalayas" in J. Forbes Royle's Illustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of the Cashmere, Wm. H. Allen, London, 1839, pp. lvi–lxxiv
"Notice of Certain Australian Quadrupeds, belonging to the Order Rodentia", Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Vol. XVIII, 1841, pp.121–132
"Monograph of the Hollow-horned Ruminants", Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. III, 1849, pp. 33–67

Notes

References

1805 births
1873 deaths
Irish zoologists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Secretaries of the Zoological Society of London
Irish

masks: Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby Ogilby


title: B. C. Sanyal

texts:
<mask> commonly known as B. C<mask> (22 April 1901 – 9 August 2003), the doyen of modernism in Indian art, was an Indian painter and sculptor and an Art teacher to three generations of artists. During his lifetime he not just saw the partition of the Indian subcontinent three times, 1905, 1947 and 1971, but also witnessed 20th century Indian art in all its phases. His notable paintings include The flying scarecrow, Cow herd, Despair and Way to peace, which depicts Mahatma Gandhi with a Hindu and a Muslim child. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1984, and India's highest award in visual arts, the Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement by Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Fine Arts in 1980. Early life and education
Born in 1902 in Dhubri in a Bengali Family, he witnessed the Partition of Bengal in 1905, while still a child. Though tragedy struck early, when he lost his father at six-year, and was brought up by his mother, who had penchant for making dolls, which shaped the sculptor in him. He later studied at Government College of Art & Craft (GCAC), Calcutta, where he was a student of teachers like <mask> and J.P. Ganguly.Career
In 1920, he joined the Serampore College of Art, where he spent the following six years practising and teaching painting and sculpture. During this period he has neither subscribed to the Bengal school nor sided with the Victorian academism, but evolved his own individualistic style, which got him noticed

The turning point in his career however came in 1929, when he was commissioned by Punjabi firm, Krishna Plaster Works to go to Lahore to make a bust of recently martyred leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, ahead of Lahore Session of Indian National Congress. He stayed back as other commissions followed, and soon became vice-principal of the Mayo School of Arts, Lahore (now known as National College of Arts), which was earlier started by Lockwood Kipling (father of author Rudyard Kipling). Here two of students Satish Gujral and Krishen Khanna went on to become prominent modernists of the post-independence period. He remained at Mayo till 1936, when he was forced to resign as the British Raj viewed him as a "trouble-maker". Subsequently, he set up the Lahore College of Art in 1937, a studio-cum-school, initially at the premises of the Forman Christian College, at the invitation of its first Indian principal, Dr. S.K. Dutta.The school was Later it was formally inaugurated in a basement at the Dayal Singh Mansions, with an exhibition of prominent artists from Lahore, of the period. He continued to freelanced and taught here, till 1947. After the partition of India, <mask> and his wife Snelata, a ghazal singer and theatre person, moved to Delhi, where he stayed for the rest of his life. Here he set up base in the 26, Gole Market. This "refugee studio" soon became a hub for artists and students in Delhi, and later gallery 26. Soon it gave rise to the Delhi Shilpi Chakra (Delhi Sculptor Circle), which he founded along with a number of artist-friends (Dinkar Kowshik, K.S Kulkarni, Jaya Appasamy, Shankar Pillai, Kanwal Krishna, P.N Mago, etc.) had an important influence on the contemporary art in the North India.He showed at the Salon de Mai, Paris in 1949, and also participated in the Venice Biennale (1953); in the same year he joined as Professor and Head of the Department of Art, Delhi Polytechnic, Kashmiri Gate, (1953–1960), now upgraded to the College of Art. He also remained part of the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society (AIFACS), and secretary of the Lalit Kala Akademi (LKA), India's National Academy of the Arts (1960–69) and later served as its vice-chairman. It was during his tenure at the LKA, strong foundation for the national body was laid and it also held its first triennial, now a permanent fixture. As an artist working with watercolours and oil paintings, his themes revolved around archetypal human struggles, deeply focussed on the economically deprived. A number of his works are now part of the collection of National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi. His sculpture, The Veiled Figure, broke new grounds in sculpture as he portrayed the memory of his mother. He also acted in a film Dance of the Wind (1997).He set up a cottage at Andretta, at foothills of Dhauladhar range in Himachal Pradesh, where he came close to Norah Richards. Till late in his age he remained engaged in setting up the Andretta artists' resort and Nora Centre for the Arts at Andretta, near Palampur in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh., and to collect funds for his project, he continued to exhibit and sell his works. He remained active till the end, and at 101 ventured into lithograph with considerable success at Atlier print shop in Delhi. The Government of India, issued a special postage stamp to commemorate his birth centenary in 2000, while IGNCA, New Delhi in part of its celebrations, of his 100th birthday held a function on 22 April 2001, where an exhibition of tributes by over 170 artistes in various media was opened and a DVD on him along with <mask>, in Great Masters series was released

He died on 9 August 2003, in Nizamuddin East, New Delhi, after a brief illness at the age of 102, he was survived by his wife Snehlata and daughter Amba <mask>, costume designer, while her husband KT Ravindran, is a noted architect and dean of Delhi's School of Planning and Architecture. Amba <mask> later received the 2008 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Costume Designing (theatre). Awards and recognition
He was awarded the Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement by Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Fine Arts in 1980, Padma Bhushan award in 1984 by Government of India, the honorary citizenship of Baltimore, USA in 1989, Visva Bharati University's Gagan Abani Puraskar in 1993 and the Government of Assam's Sankar Dev award in 1999. Legacy
The B.C Sanyal Award has been instituted by the Delhi College of Art, New Delhi and confers awards on artists for their contribution to the field.Recipients of this award include:

 Anupam Sud
 Gogi Saroj Pal
 Seema Kohli
 Vasundhara Tewari Broota

Bibliography
 The Vertical Woman: Reminiscences of B.C. Sanyal. National Gallery of Modern Art, 1998. Further reading
 <mask> <mask>yal  Ed. Jaya Appasamy, S. A. Krishnan. Lalit Kala Akademi, 1967. References

External links
 Remembering <mask> – A journey from Lahore to Delhi
 PROFILE: B.C.SANYAL – Old Man Art India Today

Indian male painters
Indian male sculptors
1901 births
2003 deaths
Indian centenarians
People from Dhubri district
Modern painters
Indian art educators
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian sculptors
20th-century Indian painters
Painters from Assam
Indian contemporary painters
Indian contemporary sculptors
Men centenarians

masks:
Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal
. Sanyal
Percy Brown
Sanyal
Elizabeth Brunner
Sanyal
Sanyal
Bhabesh
Chandra San
Baba Sanyal