title: Wail al-Shehri

texts:
<mask>-Shehri (, ; also transliterated as Alshehri) (July 31, 1973 – September 11, 2001) was one of five terrorist hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11, which was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks. <mask>-Shehri was an elementary school teacher from Khamis Mushait in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. In early 2000, he traveled to Medina to seek treatment for mental problems. He and his younger brother Waleed traveled to Afghanistan in March 2000 and joined an Al-Qaeda training camp. The brothers were chosen, along with others from the same region of Saudi Arabia, to participate in the September 11 attacks. Once selected, al-Shehri returned to Saudi Arabia in October 2000 to obtain a clean passport, then returned to Afghanistan. In March 2001, he recorded his last will and testament on video.Al-Shehri arrived in the United States in early June 2001, staying in budget motels in the Boynton Beach area of south Florida. On September 5, 2001, al-Shehri traveled to Boston and checked into a motel with his brother. Six days later, al-Shehri arrived early in the morning at Boston's Logan International Airport and boarded American Airlines Flight 11. Fifteen minutes after takeoff, al-Shehri, along with his brother and three others, hijacked the airliner. They deliberately crashed it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. In the aftermath of the attacks, some news reports mistakenly reported that al-Shehri was the son of a Saudi diplomat and was still alive and well. The al-Shehri family in Khamis Mushait spoke to the media, denying those early reports, saying that the al-Shehri brothers had disappeared and have not been heard from since.Background

<mask> al-Shehri and his younger brother Waleed were from Khamis Mushait in the Asir province, which is an impoverished area in southwestern Saudi Arabia, along the Yemeni border. Al-Shehri was born in Annams, and grew up in the Um Saraar neighborhood in Khamis Mushait. He had ten brothers and one sister. Several of al-Shehri's brothers joined the Saudi military, while his uncle may have been a major in the army and director of logistics. Al-Shehri's father, Mohammed Ali Asgley Al Shehri, worked as a car dealer. On weekends, the family often spent time together at the Red Sea. The family strictly adhered to the Wahabi school of Islam, which forbids many elements of modernity.As such, the al-Shehri family did not have satellite television or Internet, nor did his parents permit music or contact with girls. Some of <mask> al-Shehri's elder brothers had visited the United States and could speak English; however, he knew little English. During high school and college, al-Shehri was deeply religious and attended Al-Seqley Mosque, which his family had built as the local mosque. Al-Shehri also frequented government-supported religious camps in Saudi Arabia. At this time, there were strong religious feelings in Saudi Arabia, especially in the Asir region. Many young people in the region idolized Osama bin Laden, who had family ties to the area. Al-Shehri's father was a friend of Bin Laden's father, Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden.Ahmed al-Nami and Saeed al-Ghamdi, who were both hijackers on United Airlines Flight 93, came from the same area in Saudi Arabia as the Shehri family. After graduating from Abha teachers college in 1999, <mask> al-Shehri took a job as an elementary school physical education teacher at the Khamis Mushait airbase. Five months into the job, al-Shehri took leave due to mental illness and depression. Rather than conventional therapy, al-Shehri sought consultation with Muslim clerics, and hoped that a visit to Medina would help. His treatment involved verses from the Qur'an read to him by a sheikh. He traveled to Medina together with Waleed. After the September 11 attacks, others recalled seeing the al-Shehri brothers in Medina.Afghanistan

<mask> and Waleed al-Shehri disappeared after going to Medina, calling their father just once; in the conversation, the brothers were vague about when they would return. Both had expressed interest in joining the jihad in Chechnya, though may have been diverted to Afghanistan. Before disappearing, the al-Shehri brothers went to Al-Seqley Mosque to swear an oath and commitment to jihad, as did Ahmed al-Nami and Saeed al-Ghamdi. <mask> al-Shehri presided over the ceremony, dubbing himself Abu Mossaeb al-Janubi after one of Muhammad's companions. In March 2000, he left for Pakistan with Waleed and Ahmed al-Nami; later, they went on to Afghanistan. <mask> al-Shehri followed the standard path for new al-Qaeda recruits in Afghanistan, spending time in the Khalden training camp and then Al Farouq training camp near Kandahar. Details on how the non-pilot ("muscle") hijackers were chosen for the September 11 attacks are vague, though the hijackers appear to have been selected by senior al-Qaeda leaders in 2000 from the thousands of recruits at training camps in Afghanistan.The most capable and motivated volunteers were at al-Farouq, and Saudi citizens were good candidates, since it would be easy for them to obtain visas to travel to the United States. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director George Tenet later said that the muscle hijackers were probably told little about their mission in the United States. Once al-Shehri and the other muscle hijackers completed their training in Afghanistan, they received $2,000 so they could return to Saudi Arabia to obtain new passports and visas. The al-Shehri brothers may have been assisted by a relative who worked in the Saudi passport office. <mask> and Waleed al-Shehri received passports on October 3, 2000, and then obtained United States visas on October 24. On his visa application, <mask> al-Shehri provided vague information, stating his employer/school as "South City", and his destination as "Wasantwn". Al-Shehri indicated his occupation as "teacher", and that he would be traveling with his brother on a four-to-six month vacation, which would be paid for with al-Shehri's teacher salary.Although he would not be working while on vacation, consular officials nonetheless did not question if the al-Shehri brothers had the financial means to support themselves while in the United States. In late 2000, al-Shehri traveled to the United Arab Emirates, where he purchased traveler's checks, presumed to have been paid for by Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi. Five other hijackers passed through the United Arab Emirates and purchased traveler's checks, including Majed Moqed, Saeed al-Ghamdi, Hamza al-Ghamdi, Ahmed al-Haznawi and Ahmed al-Nami. The 9/11 Commission believes that in mid-November 2000, three of the future muscle hijackers, including the al-Shehri brothers, traveled in a group from Saudi Arabia to Beirut and then onward to Iran where they could travel through to Afghanistan without getting their passports stamped. An associate of a senior Hezbollah operative is thought to have been on the same flight, although this may have been a coincidence. <mask> al-Shehri appeared together with hijackers Ahmed al-Nami, Hamza al-Ghamdi, and Ahmed al-Ghamdi on a video recorded in March 2001, and aired on Al Jazeera in September 2002. Al-Shehri was seen studying maps and flight manuals, but he did not speak in the video; it also included a segment of Abdulaziz al-Omari reading his last will and testament.While in Afghanistan, another video was recorded that showed al-Shehri reading his last will and testament. This video was released on September 7, 2006. United States
On June 5, 2001, <mask> al-Shehri obtained an International Driving Permit, which was issued in Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. Al-Shehri arrived together with fellow al-Qaeda member Ahmed al-Haznawi at Miami International Airport, via London, from Dubai on June 8. Both were admitted as tourists for six months. Al-Shehri opened a bank account at SunTrust Bank in Florida on June 18, with a deposit of $8,000 that came from American Express traveler's cheques purchased on June 7 in the United Arab Emirates. Al-Shehri moved into the Homing Inn, a budget motel in Boynton Beach, on June 21, 2001, sharing a room with his brother Waleed, and Satam al-Suqami.<mask> al-Shehri and al-Suqami both used this hotel as their address when they received Florida state non-driver identifications on July 3. Al-Shehri checked into the Panther Motel & Apartments, in Deerfield Beach, with his brother and al-Suqami on August 2, staying there until August 10. While in Florida, al-Shehri was a member of the World Gym in Boynton Beach, where he trained with Waleed and al-Suqami. During the summer of 2001, al-Shehri regularly used computers at the Delray Beach Public Library. On August 28, 2001, <mask> and Waleed al-Shehri made reservations on American Airlines Flight 11, using the Mail Boxes Etc. in Hollywood, Florida, as their address. The al-Shehri brothers contacted American Airlines on September 3 by telephone to change their first-class seat assignments for American Airlines Flight 11, selecting seats on the side of the aircraft that offered a direct view of the cockpit.<mask> and Waleed al-Shehri left Florida for Boston on September 5, traveling together on Delta Air Lines Flight 2462. <mask> al-Shehri checked in together with Waleed at the Park Inn Hotel in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, on September 5, 2001, staying in room 432. While staying at the Park Inn, the brothers may have called a prostitute. <mask> al-Shehri accompanied his brother on September 9 to the Travelex at Logan International Airport, where Waleed attempted to wire $5,000 to the United Arab Emirates. Waleed had insufficient documentation, so the brothers returned the next day to complete the transaction. Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad received the funds on September 11 at Al-Ansari Exchange in Sharjah. Hijacker Abdulaziz al-Omari possibly spent a night at the Park Inn before leaving with Mohamed Atta for Portland, Maine, on September 10.When <mask> and Waleed al-Shehri checked out on September 11, they left a sheet of instructions for flying a jet behind in their hotel room. Attacks

<mask> al-Shehri, his brother Waleed, and Satam al-Suqami arrived together at Logan Airport at 06:45 on September 11, 2001. Upon check-in, all three men were selected by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) for further screening of their checked baggage. As the CAPPS was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint. By 07:40, all five hijackers were aboard the flight, which was scheduled to depart at 07:45. <mask> and Waleed al-Shehri sat together in first class in seats 2A and 2B respectively. The aircraft taxied away from Gate 26, and departed Logan International Airport at 07:59, following a 14-minute delay.Flight 11 was hijacked at approximately 08:14, which is when the pilot stopped responding to air traffic control. It is suspected that the brothers stabbed two flight attendants in the hijacking. At 08:46:40, Mohamed Atta, who was flying the plane, deliberately crashed Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center. The immediate damage destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28, after burning for 102 minutes. Aftermath
Waleed al-Shehri was reported to have been found alive by a BBC News article on September 23, 2001, and other news reports in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Reports said that the al-Shehri brothers were the sons of a Saudi diplomat stationed in New Delhi, Ahmed al-Shehri.The diplomat's son was trained as a pilot at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, and was working as a pilot for Saudi Arabian Airlines. At the time of the attacks, he was in Morocco for a training program. There were also reports that <mask> al-Shehri was a trained pilot. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Saudi officials suggested that <mask> and Waleed al-Shehri were victims of identity theft, but the diplomat's son was the victim of mistaken identity. Jamal Khashoggi, of Al-Watan and ArabNews in Saudi Arabia, spoke with Muhammad Ali al-Shehri in Khamis Mushait, who said his sons <mask> and Waleed had been missing for months. He denied reports that <mask> had an aeronautics degree, as some news reports said, "My son <mask> was 25 years old and had a BA in physical education from the Abha Teacher’s College. He was mentally ill and had gone to numerous clerics for assistance in overcoming this instability.He had asked the school, where he taught, for a 6-month leave to go to Madinah." His father also told reporters that he dreaded having to believe that his sons were involved in the September 11 attacks, "If that turns out to be the truth, then I'll never, never accept it from them. I'll never forgive them for that." Family members said that <mask> and Waleed became very religious in the months before they disappeared, had expressed interest in going to Chechnya, and hoped for martyrdom. In a report entitled "A Saudi Apology" for Dateline NBC aired on August 25, 2002, John Hockenberry traveled to Asir, where he interviewed another al-Shehri brother, Salah, who agreed that <mask> and Waleed were deceased. Salah described them as not very religious, and suggested they had been brainwashed. Saudi officials later stated that the names of the hijackers were in fact correct, and that 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi.In response to 9/11 conspiracy theories surrounding its original news story suggesting hijackers were still alive, the BBC stated in 2006 that later reports on the hijackers superseded the original story. The BBC also explained that confusion arose with the Arabic names that were common. See also
 Hijackers in the September 11 attacks
 PENTTBOM

References

External links

American Airlines Flight 11
1973 births
2001 deaths
Participants in the September 11 attacks
Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
Saudi Arabian mass murderers
People from 'Asir Province

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title: Luděk Sekyra

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 8 February 1964) is a Czech entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the owner of the Sekyra Group, which has operated on the Czech real estate market since 1996 and focuses on the residential and commercial sectors.Cyprus-based companies controlled by Sekyra have stakes in several major real estate development projects in Prague including Smíchov City, Rohan City, and Žižkov City. <mask> is the founder and chairman of the board of the Sekyra Foundation. Forbes magazine included <mask> to the list of billionaires, which makes him 28th richest Czech with an estimated net worth of 10.7 billion Czech koruna, which is approximately 487 million USD. Career
Born in Český Krumlov, after graduation from a secondary school in Kaplice he was admitted to Faculty of Law, Charles University in Prague. He became an official of Socialist Youth Union and a member of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. On 13 November 1989 communist daily Rudé právo printed on its front page a group photo of Socialist Youth Union officials including Sekyra.From 1987 to 1990, he worked as a teacher at the Charles University Faculty of Law and studied theory of state and politics and legal theory. After the Velvet Revolution he became a partner in the law office of professor Milan Bakeš, where he focused on restitutions of real estate seized by the communists after coup d'état in 1948. In July 1992 Sekyra co-founded a real estate agency and gradually became involved as developer and investor in several real estate projects, including refurbishments of pre-fabricated paneláks. In April 1999 he named his real-estate development company SEKYRA Group. Following the dampened construction after Global financial crisis of 2007 - 2008, Sekyra restarted several large projects in 2014, gained first rubber stamps and approvals for Rohanský Island in Prague and for the resumption of its Prague-Modřany project. The group has built the headquarters for companies such as Česká spořitelna, Nestlé, T-Mobile and Skanska. The Sekyra Group has also built or renovated about 7,000 flats.Fifteen years ago the Sekyra Group entered the public buildings segment with a project for the Czech National Technical Library. Upon completion in 2009, the library won the award for Building of the Year and the Best of Realty jury prize. In 2007 Sekyra transferred his share in Sekyra Group a.s. to Netherlands-based company SEKYRA GROUP REAL ESTATE N.V. (SGRE). At the end of December 2007 Luděk Sekyra controlled Curaçao-based company CEE Holdings N.V., which had a 95% stake in SGRE. Sekyra's companies have contracts to develop major real-estate projects in the country's capital, Prague. These include Rohan Island, Smíchov Railway Station, Žižkov Railway Station, Victory Square in Dejvice and Litochleby Square in Opatov. Current Projects
The Sekyra Group's current projects include new neighborhoods in central locations of Prague: the areas of the Smíchov train station (Smíchov City), Rohan Island (Rohan City), the Žižkov train station (Žižkov City), Vítězné Náměstí in Dejvice, and more near the main road of Opatov in Prague's Jižní Město.Smíchov City is the largest project in the modern history of Prague. The project will include almost 400,000 m2 of residential, administrative, commercial, and public space including a kilometer-long pedestrian boulevard that will serve as the focal point of the entire project. There will also be a school and extensive green space. After the project is completed, in 12 years, 12,000 people are expected to live or work there. Total investment will reach 20 billion CZK. Construction began on September 30, 2020. The new neighborhood of Rohan City is located at the borders of Karlín, Invalidovna, and Libeň in the vicinity of the city's historic center.The project will include more than 350 thousand square meters of residential, administrative, and commercial space, as well as a public school. The project's focal point will be a kilometer-long promenade along the riverbank, which will be connected to a recreational island. The overall design of the project saw contributions from world-famous Danish urban designer Jan Gehl and architect Eva Jiřičná. The residential neighborhood of Žižkov City will offer 3,000 apartments on the location of the former freight railway station. At the same time, the historical station building will be revitalized in collaboration with the city of Prague, giving it a predominantly public function including the National Film Archive. Charity and political philosophy

<mask> <mask> is a long-time active philanthropist. He helped create the Centre for Philosophy, Ethics, and Religion at Charles University, and in September 2018, he founded the Sekyra Foundation whose first members of the board (chaired by L<mask>) are Jiří Pehe, Michael Žantovský, Jiřina Šiklová, Tomáš Halík, Daniel Kroupa, and Martin Palouš.Members of its international board are for example Mark Thompson, Grzegor Ekiert, Alexander Görlach and Karolina Wigura. The goal of the foundation is to support the development of civil society, liberal democracy, and critical thinking. In 2021 an Oxford professorship in moral philosophy has renamed for <mask> and White's Professorship of Moral Philosophy in recognition of the Sekyra Foundation's £2.8 million donation. Cooperation with the University of Oxford
The foundation has established long-term collaborations with Harvard and Oxford Universities, the Václav Havel Library, the Czech Center of the International PEN Club, and the Centre for Philosophy, Ethics, and Religion at the Charles University Faculty of Arts. The foundation focuses on the development of critical and philosophical thinking, on the support of academic institutions and educational projects, including the publication of works by important thinkers. The foundation's mission is also to strive for intergenerational dialogue in the context of responsibility for the future of the planet. Sekyra has long worked with Oxford University and is a member of Harris Manchester College's Board of Regents and a Foundation Fellow.<mask> <mask> cooperates with Oxford University on a long-term basis. In 2011, Sekyra became one of the 36 members of Harris Manchester College's board. On November 6, 2014, University of Oxford hosted a series of events called Velvet Day as a commemoration of 25th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in the Czech Republic and its former president, Václav Havel. Among the main events were Havel's Place instalment and its revelation in the University park and inauguration of Sekyra House student center at the university and became a member of its Vice Chancellor Circle. Oxford's Velvet Day celebration included the naming of a lecture hall in Sekyra House in honor of Czech theologian and priest Tomáš Halík and the unveiling of Havel's Place in the university's main park. <mask> <mask>'s primary academic interests are moral and political philosophy. His essays have been published by Hospodářské noviny, and Lidové noviny.On November 6, 2014, University of Oxford hosted a series of events called Velvet Day as a commemoration of 25th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in the Czech Republic and its former president, Václav Havel. Among the main events were Havel's Place instalment and its revelation in the University park, and also the inauguration of the student centre Sekyra House, sponsored by Luděk <mask>. One of its lecture halls was named after the Czech theologian and priest Tomáš Halík. Sekyra and White's Professor of Moral Philosophy
In 2021 a prestigious Oxford professorship in moral philosophy has been endowed following a £2.8 million donation from Luděk Sekyras foundation. The White's Chair of Moral Philosophy was Oxford's first professorial post in philosophy when it was established 400 years ago. It has become the Sekyra and White's Professorship of Moral Philosophy in recognition of the Sekyra Foundation's gift. The Czech Center of the International PEN Club
The Sekyra Foundation supported the Czech PEN Club in 2020 and also supports it in 2021.The Czech Center of the International PEN Club is part of the independent PEN world community with headquarters in London. They associate around twenty thousand creators - people who are figuratively reigning with a pen (PEN - Playwrights, Poets, Essayists, Novelists). Václav Havel Library
Through the Sekyra Foundation Sekyra cooperates with the Václav Havel Library, which spreads and protects the intellectual, literary, and political legacy of one of the greatest figures“ figure of modern Czech history – writer, playwright, thinker, fighter for human rights, and Czechoslovak and Czech President Václav Havel. For the general public, the Václav Havel Library offers a number of seminars, author readings, debates, concerts, and theatre performances. The Library also organizes a conference in honor of the Laureate of the Václav Havel Human Rights Prize, in which the Foundation will participate. Sekyra Foundation is supporting the library since 2016. Central European Forum
The Foundation regularly supports the annual Central European Forum, which takes place each year in Bratislava.The Forum connects contemporary social scientists, writers, journalists, artists, and young civic leaders from Europe and the rest of the world with the general public. The debates are focused on topics such as democracy and the most challenging aspects of freedom. Sekyra is supporting the Forum since 2018. Through his holding, Sekyra is also one of the main sponsors of the Czech Christian Academy. During the 2018 Czech presidential election he supported Jiří Drahoš. Kultura Liberalna
In 2019 Sekyra The Foundation initiated its cooperation with Kultura Liberalna, a Polish NGO and liberal think tank. Its mission is to create a better Europe by renewing liberalism and stressing the importance of the rule of law, pluralism, and freedom and dignity for every individual.The Foundation supported a Conference titled “Two Visions of Europe: What Sources of Hope for the Future?”, Part of the Cracking Borders, Rising Walls series, which brings together a set of panelists from the ranks of academia and international media and encouraging the broader public to participate in the discussions as well. Awards
In 2005, <mask> <mask> was named Personality of the Year in the Best of Realty competition and received an award from the Association for Real Estate Market Development. For the National Library of Technology building in Prague, his company received several major awards in 2009, including an award from the Mayor of Prague “The Building of the Year”, an award from the State Environmental Fund of the Czech Republic for infrastructure, and other awards for the graphic design as well as the architectural and technical solution. Controversies
In 2007, <mask> <mask>, together with the businessman Roman Janoušek, who has been under investigation regarding allegations of tender-rigging and bribery, spent a holiday in Sardinia, Italy. An invoice from the time demonstrates that Sekyra fully covered the expenses for the trip. In 2000 Sekyra's SPV company "Středoevropská stavební" (StS) acquired major Czech construction company IPS. Sekyra secretly joined forces with infamous entrepreneur and lobbyist František Mrázek, often referred to as the "Godfather of Czech Organized Crime", and who was at the time wiretapped by the police.The police also got court-approval to wiretap Sekyra and found out that Ivan Langer, a vice-chairman of the parliament and vice-chairman of ODS, is secretly lobbying on StS' behalf. StS made the highest bid for IPS and on 29 February 2000 got a CZK 2,2 bn loan from Investiční a poštovní banka (IPB). However, the loan was just for one month, not the nine years originally discussed. On 28 March IPB decided not to prolong the loan, however, it did not immediately seize the IPS shares pledged as collateral and on 13 April 2000 <mask> <mask> became chairman of the board of directors of IPS. On 16 June 2000 IPB went into forced administration and StS was forced to transfer the shares to its rival Skanska. On 20 July 2000 Skanska replaced statutory bodies of IPS. References

1964 births
Living people
Real estate and property developers
People from Český Krumlov
Czech businesspeople
Czechoslovak communists

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title: Pepetela

texts:
Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos (born 1941) is a major Angolan writer of fiction. He writes under the name <mask>. A Portuguese Angolan, <mask> was born in Benguela, Portuguese Angola, and fought as a member of the MPLA in the long guerrilla war for Angola's independence. Much of his writing deals with Angola's political history in the 20th century. Mayombe, for example, is a novel that portrays the lives of a group of MPLA guerrillas who are involved in the anti-colonial struggle in Cabinda, Yaka follows the lives of members of a white settler family in the coastal town of Benguela, and A Geração da Utopia reveals the disillusionment of young Angolans during the post-independence period. <mask> has also written about Angola's earlier history in A Gloriosa Família and Lueji, and has expanded into satire with his series of Jaime Bunda novels. His most recent works include Predadores, a scathing critique of Angola's ruling classes, O Quase Fim do Mundo, a post-apocalyptic allegory, and O Planalto e a Estepe, a look at Angola's history and connections with other former communist nations.<mask> won the Camões Prize, the world's highest honour for Lusophone literature, in 1997. "Pepetela" is a Kimbundu word that means "eyelash," which is a translation of his Portuguese surname, "Pestana". The author received this nom de guerre during his time as an MPLA combatant. Early life
<mask> was born in Benguela, Portuguese Angola, to Portuguese Angolan parents. His mother's family had been an influential commercial and military family in the Moçâmedes (present-day Namibe) region of Angola, his great grandfather having been a major in the Portuguese Army. His mother's family had been in Angola for five generations, whereas his father was born in Angola to Portuguese parents and spent much of his childhood in mainland Portugal. Pepetela had a middle-class upbringing in Benguela, attending a school where students of all races and classes intermingled.He has claimed that being raised in Benguela gave him more opportunities to befriend people of other races, because Benguela was a much more mixed city than many others in Angola were during the colonial era. He also claims that he began to develop a class consciousness during his school days, noticing the differences between his own lifestyle and the lives of friends who lived in a nearby slum area. In an interview with Michel Laban, he claims that his upbringing also influenced his political views. He had an uncle who was a journalist and writer and who exposed him to many important leftist thinkers. His father also had a considerable library that allowed the young Pepetela to learn more about the French Revolution, something that influenced him profoundly. When he was 14, the young Pepetela moved to Lubango (then Sá da Bandeira), to continue his studies because there was no high school in Benguela at the time. In Lubango, Pepetela claimed that he became more aware of the problems of race in Angola, as Lubango was a much more segregated community than Benguela.In Lubango he was influenced by a leftist priest, Padre Noronha, who taught him about the Cuban Revolution and kept him abreast of current events. Upon finishing his schooling in Lubango, <mask> travelled to Portugal where he began to study engineering. While at the Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon he befriended other Angolan students who were associated with the Casa dos Estudantes do Império, the student association of Portuguese students from the overseas. After two years of study he decided that engineering would not fulfill his interests, and he tried to enter the History course at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon. However, with the start of the Portuguese Colonial War home in Angola, he was summoned to serve in the Portuguese Armed Forces and decided to flee Portugal. Frontline experience, early novels, and plays

Pepetela first went to Paris and then, in 1963, earned a scholarship to study Sociology in Algiers, where he was approached by Henrique Abranches from the MPLA to help create a Center for Angolan Studies. This Center became the focus of the young <mask>'s work for the next decade.Until 1969, <mask>, Abranches, and other MPLA members worked together to document Angolan culture and society and publicize the MPLA's struggle. In 1969, the Center moved from Algiers to Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo. After the move to Brazzaville, <mask> became more active in the MPLA's armed resistance against the Portuguese in the Cabinda region of Angola and on the Eastern Front. This time in the late 1960s and early 1970s served as the inspiration for one of <mask>'s most recognized works, the war narrative, Mayombe. During this time, <mask> also wrote his first novel, Muana Puó. The novel was written during his time in Algiers and deals with Angolan culture, using the metaphor of traditional masks of the Chokwe people to expose different dichotomies present in Angolan culture. His novel displays the knowledge of indigenous Angolan cultures that Pepetela gained during his time on the Eastern Front of the war for independence.Muana Puó was never intended to be published, a detail Pepetela made clear in an interview with Michel Laban. The author had written the novel as an exercise for himself and several of his close friends to read; nevertheless, the novel was published in 1978, during <mask>'s tenure in the Angolan government. In 1972, <mask> published his first novel, As Aventuras de Ngunga, a work that he intended for a small student audience. In this text, Pepetela explores the growth of Ngunga, a young MPLA guerrilla, using an epic and didactic tone. The novel introduces the reader, through the eyes of Ngunga, to the customs, geography, and psychology of Angola. <mask> also used this work to create a dialogue between Angolan tradition and his revolutionary ideology, exploring which traditions should be nurtured, and which should be altered. As aventuras...is a novel that exemplifies <mask>'s early career, exhibiting a deep love for Angola, a desire to explore Angola's history and culture, a revolutionary spirit, and a didactic tone.The novel was written and published while <mask> was fighting the colonial government on the Eastern Front in Angola. By contrast, Muana Puó and Mayombe were also written while he was serving on the front, but were not published until after Angolan independence. When Angola gained independence in 1975, <mask> became the Vice Minister of Education in President Agostinho Neto's government. The author was a part of the government for seven years, submitting his resignation in 1982 to dedicate more time to his writing. During his tenure as Vice Minister he published several novels, including Mayombe, a novel that had been written when he was an active MPLA combatant in the early 1970s, the publication of which only came about with the explicit support of President Agostinho Neto. During this period, <mask> diversified his writing, also writing two plays that focused on Angolan history and on revolutionary politics. <mask> was part of the governing board of the Angolan Writers' Union throughout this period as well.<mask>'s plays written during his government tenure also reflect the themes in As Aventuras de Ngunga. The first of the plays, A Corda, was the first full-length dramatic work to be published in post-independence Angola. It is a play that, in the words of Ana Mafalda Leite, is "didactic and more than a little ideological, making it of limited literary interest". The play is in one act and features two sides playing a game of tug-of-war over Angola. One side includes the Americans and their Angolan clients, while the other side consists of five guerilla fighters of various ethnicities representing the MPLA. The next play that <mask> wrote, A Revolta da Casa dos Ídolos, takes place in the past, drawing parallels between the Kongo kingdom in the 16th century and Angola's struggle for independence. Leite writes, "The play remains didactic but it is innovative both in terms of its use of historical material, and especially in the complexities of the actual mise en scène".Exit from the government, work published in the 1980s

As mentioned above, <mask> published several novels during his time as a government minister. Of these Mayombe is among the best known. The novel is an account of <mask>'s time as a guerilla in the MPLA. The novel functions on two levels, one in which the characters' thoughts about the nature of the struggle for independence are explored, and another that narrates the "action and incidents" experienced by the nationalist fighters. Ana Mafalda Leite considers the novel to be both critical and heroic, both attempting to highlight the ethnic diversity supposedly celebrated by the MPLA and also illustrating the tribal divisions present in Angolan society, which would lead to the eventual civil war that tore the nation apart in the years from independence until 2002. Leite writes that "the theme of war assumes an heroic and epic dimension since it is a conflict which defines the foundation of the 'fatherland'". After leaving the government at the end of 1982, <mask> began to focus exclusively on his writing, beginning work on his most ambitious novel to date, Yaka.Yaka, first published in 1984, is a sweeping historical novel that examines the lives of a family of Portuguese settlers who came to Benguela in the 19th century. A clear desire to research his own origins can be seen in <mask>'s choice to write Yaka. <mask> himself, as mentioned earlier in this entry, is a descendant of Portuguese settlers in Benguela. Like Muana Puó, Yaka also incorporates traditional Angolan spiritual objects in its narrative technique. Where the first novel focuses on masks, Yaka uses a traditional wooden statue utilized by the yakas, social organizations dedicated to the prosecution of war, to structure the narrative. Ana Mafalda Leite writes, "Yaka symbolises at once the consciousness of traditional values and 'the anticipated spirit of nationality' of the new country". Yaka won the 1986 Angolan national prize for literature.<mask> continued to write throughout the decade, publishing O cão e os Caluandas, a novel that

masks: Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela


title: Pepetela

texts:
 looks at the inhabitants of Luanda and the changes that they have undergone since independence, one year after the publication of Yaka. The novel is notable for using the story of a German shepherd's wanderings through Luanda to structure it, and for containing a variety of narrative voices. In 1989, he published Lueji, a work similar to A Revolta na Casa dos Ídolos in that it draws parallels between Angolan history and the contemporary situation in the country. The novel juxtaposes the princess Lueji, an important figure in 17th-century Angolan history, with a young ballerina who is dancing the role of Lueji in a contemporary piece. In the words of Ana Mafalda Leite, "The author writes chronologically of the two women, whose lives eventually begin to merge in the novel." In the novel, <mask> recreates the history of seventeenth century Angola. This is a project that he would undertake again with the 16th century in his 1994 novel A gloriosa família.New literary directions and the Prémio Camões

In the 1990s, <mask>'s writing continued to exhibit interest in Angola's history, but also began to examine the political situation in the country with a greater sense of irony and criticism. His first novel of the decade, the 1992 A geração da utopia, addresses many of the issues first raised in Mayombe, but from the perspective of the post-independence reality of Angola. The Angolan Civil War and intense corruption in the government both led to a questioning of the revolutionary values espoused in the earlier novel. Ana Mafalda Leite describes the novel as "a critical and sceptical book, not to say a book of disillusionment, certainly one far removed from Mayombe's heroic virtues." In this novel, <mask> analyzes his characters psychologically in greater depth than he had done in his earlier works and assumes a very critical stance. The novel, spanning three decades, is divided into four parts, each of which covers an important aspect of Angola's 20th century, including Portuguese colonial oppression, the war for independence, the civil war, and the brief respite from the war that occurred in the early 1990s. <mask>'s interest in history remained evident in this book, but his criticism of the Angolan establishment was something new that would reappear again and again.His next novel of the decade, O Desejo de Kianda, published in 1995, continues to manifest the disillusionment exhibited in A Geração da Utopia. The novel takes more of a magical realist approach than any of <mask>'s former works, positing a situation where several of Luanda's largest buildings collapse into Kinaxixi square with all the inhabitants left unharmed. The heroine, a character named Carmina Cara de Cu, leaves her career as a government bureaucrat and becomes an arms dealer. In an essay on the novel comparing the collapse of the buildings that is the focal point of the novel to the attacks of September 11, 2001, Phillip Rothwell writes that the novel "in some ways continues <mask>'s profound and damning portrayal of a betrayed utopia". The next year he published a different sort of novel, A Gloriosa Família. This work examines the story of the Van Dúnem family, a prominent Angolan family of Dutch descent. Pepetela spent years researching the story of the Dutch in Angola in order to write the novel.This novel does not display the same cynical and disillusioned tone as his other novels of the decade did, instead being a broad historical narrative that does incorporate a somewhat magical realist tone. While this novel stands quite apart from much of the author's other work, the fascination with Angolan history prominent throughout his career probably comes to its truest fruition in this work. As the situation in Angola in the 1990s grew more and more dangerous, <mask> began spending more time in Lisbon and Brazil. By this point in his life his writing had brought him renown throughout the Portuguese-speaking world. In 1997 he was awarded the Camões Prize, the world's highest honour for Lusophone literature. <mask> is the first Angolan and the second African author to win this prestigious award. Satire and foreign horizons in the new millennium

<mask> has continued to be a prolific writer throughout the 2000s.His work has taken a satirical turn with the series of "Jaime Bunda" novels, detective novels that cast a satirical view on life in Luanda in the new decade. Stephen Henighan writes that the character of Jaime Bunda, a bumbling detective with roots in two of Angola's most prominent families, represents the changes that the Luanda Creole population has undergone in the view of Pepetela. Rather than representing a revolutionary vanguard that will create a new Angolan identity, the Creoles of Luanda are depicted in the novels as a kleptocratic oligarchy. Jaime Bunda is a parody of James Bond, whose name stems from his oversized backside ("bunda" in Portuguese). The character is obsessed with both James Bond films and American private-eye novels, something that Henighan claims is "ideologically charged" and illustrates elements of Angola's underdevelopment. In the first of the novels, Jaime Bunda, agente secreto, published in 2001, the protagonist investigates a murder and rape that eventually leads him to a South African counterfeiter named Karl Botha, a reference to former South African prime minister P.W. Botha, who had mandated the South African intervention in Angola in the 1970s and 1980s.The second novel, Jaime Bunda e a Morte do Americano, published in 2003, is set in Benguela instead of Luanda, and deals with American influence in Angola, as Jaime Bunda investigates the murder of an American and tries to seduce an American FBI agent. This novel also presents Pepetela's critique of U.S. foreign policy, as the heavy-handed behavior of the Angolan police mirrors the ways that Americans dealt with suspected terrorists during the same period. The novels were published by the Portuguese publisher Dom Quixote and were extremely popular in Portugal, having also had some success in other European countries, such as Germany, where Pepetela had been relatively unknown in the past. <mask> also published other types of novels during the decade. His first book to be published in the 2000s was A Montanha da Água Lilás (2000), a children's book that also looks at the roots of social injustice. In 2005, after the success of the Jaime Bunda novels, he published Predadores, his sharpest critique of the Angolan ruling class yet. The novel takes place in post-independence Angola and follows the story of Vladimiro Caposso, a lowly bureaucrat who becomes a businessman.Igor Cusack describes the protagonist as a "murderous, philandering businessman gangster ... living in a sea of fellow sharks". Though he began criticizing the nouveau riche class in Angola as far back as A geração da utopia, it can be seen through the Jaime Bunda novels and Predadores that by the 2000s this theme had become a dominant one in <mask>'s work. The final years of the 2000s have seen a continuation of <mask>'s prolific career, with novels appearing in 2007, 2008 and 2009. The 2007 novel O Terrorista de Berkeley, Califórnia is entirely set in the U.S. and has minimal connection to Angola. The book deals with current attitudes about terrorism and also with aspects of technology present in modern society. As with several of his earlier novels, <mask> claimed in a recent interview with the Angolan Diário de Notícias that this novel was not intended to be published, but rather that he wrote it for himself. His next novel, O Quase Fim do Mundo (2008), was also written as a personal exercise.It is a work that begins to touch on the realm of science fiction, portraying the challenges facing people who find that they are the last living beings left on earth. These characters, who have survived a global disaster, congregate on a small piece of land in Africa (that Pepetela stresses is very close to where humanity is thought to have originated) and are challenged with attempting to create some kind of new world. This book continues the trend begun with O Terrorista de Berkeley... in that it is not set in Angola, nor does it deal explicitly with the Angolan reality. The last novel of the 2000s, O Planalto e a Estepe, while it does deal with Angola, continues to reflect the internationalization of Pepetela's themes in the past decade. The book deals with a love affair between a white Angolan and a Mongolian whom he met while studying in Moscow. The novel also returns to some of Pepetela's earliest themes of discovering Angolan nature through its descriptions of the protagonist Júlio's childhood in Huíla province. In addition to dedicating himself to his writing, <mask> also taught.From 1982 until his retirement from teaching in 2008 he was a professor of sociology in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Angola, now known as the University of Agostinho Neto. He was a visiting professor at Rutgers University in 2002 and the University of California Berkeley in 2003. Novels
 As Aventuras de Ngunga, 1972
 Muana Puó, 1978
 Mayombe, 1980
 O Cão e os Caluandas, 1985
 Yaka, 1985
 Luandando, 1990
 Lueji, o Nascimento de um Império, 1990
 A Geração da Utopia, 1992
 O Desejo de Kianda, 1995
 Parábola do Cágado Velho, 1996
 A Gloriosa Família, 1997
 A Montanha da Água Lilás, 2000
 Jaime Bunda, Agente Secreto, 2001
 Jaime Bunda e a Morte do Americano, 2003
 Predadores, 2005
 O Terrorista de Berkeley, Califórnia, 2007
 O Quase Fim do Mundo, 2008
 O Planalto e a Estepe, 2009
 A Sul. o Sombreiro, 2011
 O Timido E As Mulheres, 2013
  Se o Passado Não Tivesse Asas, 2016
  Su Excelência de Corpo Presente, 2018

Plays
 A Corda, 1978
 A Revolta da Casa dos Ídolos, 1980

Awards
 Camões Prize, 1997
 Prince Claus Award, 1999
 Prémio Literário do Correntes d'Escritas, 2020

See also
Literature of Angola
Culture of Angola
War novel
Postcolonial literature

Notes

External links
 Official Website of the author
 Profile from Mertin Litag
 Profile from Heinemann
 Profile from Vidas Lusófonas

Angolan writers
1941 births
Living people
Angolan people of Portuguese descent
People from Benguela
Camões Prize winners
Instituto Superior Técnico alumni
University of Lisbon

masks: Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela Pepetela


title: Thomas K. Beecher

texts:
<mask> (10 February 1824 - 14 March 1900) was a Congregationalist preacher and the principal of several schools. As a Congregational minister, his father took the family from <mask>'s birthplace of Litchfield, Connecticut, to Boston, Massachusetts, and Cincinnati, Ohio, by 1832. After college and some teaching experience, <mask> later settled in Elmira, New York, where he was minister of a Congregational church. His services became popular and he presided over construction at a new church to accommodate the large congregation. <mask> became a close friend of writer Sam Clemens (Mark Twain) and presided at Clemens' marriage to Olivia Langdon. A memorial statue was erected to him in Elmira, where he worked and lived most of his life. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born in Litchfield, Connecticut to <mask> and his wife Harriet Porter.His father was a minister in the Congregational Church and the family was raised as observing Christians. <mask> was one of thirteen children, including Henry Ward (who became a noted minister and abolitionist activist), William, Catherine, Edward, Mary, George, Harriet (later known as an anti-slavery activist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin), Charles, Isabella, and <mask>. Following Lyman <mask>, their father, <mask>' brother Henry Ward and later <mask> also became ministers. In 1826 the family moved to Boston, Massachusetts. Several years later, their father was called to another church and they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1832. From 1836 to 1839 <mask> went to preparatory school in Marietta, Ohio. In 1839 he attended college in Jacksonville, Illinois; he graduated in 1843.He spent a year with his father in Cincinnati and a year with his brother and minister, Henry Ward <mask>, in Indianapolis, studying theology. Beecher worked for a year at the Ohio Medical University, as an aid to the professor of chemistry and pharmacy. Work as a teacher
<mask> worked formally in several educational institutions. In 1846 he became the principal of the North-East Grammar School in Philadelphia. From 1848 to 1851, he was the head of the High School in Hartford, Connecticut. <mask> married Olivia Day in 1851; she died two years later. <mask> was ordained at age 28, and he began his preaching career in Brooklyn, in the area of Williamsburg.His brother Henry Ward <mask> had a congregation in Brooklyn. Home on Watercure Hill
<mask> moved to Elmira, New York, in 1854 and took residence at the Gleason Sanitarium on Watercure Hill. This was an area of sanitariums established for treatment of tuberculosis (TB), which had no known cure. A combination of rest and good, cold, dry air was considered beneficial. In 1857 a cottage was built for him near the Sanitarium. It was a Victorian home with its own library; it had an artesian well in the basement, where Beecher would take plunge baths. Professional life
After teaching in public schools in other places, in 1854 <mask> moved to Elmira, New York, to preach at a local Congregational church.There he became a close friend to the famous author Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain"). In 1857 <mask> married his second wife, Julia Jones. She was his deceased wife's cousin, and granddaughter of Noah Webster, author of Webster's Dictionary. Civil War
"When war broke out, <mask> worked indefatigably on behalf of the Union cause. He delivered numerous sermons denouncing secession and defending the Union.He also travelled throughout upstate New York to recruit badly needed troops for New York regiments. ...<mask>'s joining the 141st New York Regiment in September of 1862—he was mustered in as chaplain on 12 September 1862
and discharged on 10 January 1863—was the culmination of his efforts on behalf of the Union cause." In 1863 to aid the cause of the Union in the Civil War, which had been underway for two years, Beecher started a regiment with A.S. Diven (the Army depended on wealthier private individuals to recruit men and outfit them with arms, horses, and uniforms), the 107th regiment, which was soon sent to the front.Later, <mask> aided Colonel Hathaway in raising the 141st regiment and would go into the field with them as a chaplain, serving into 1864. Return to civilian life
He sailed to South America due to depleted health in November 1866. He returned 1 May 1867, feeling rejuvenated. <mask> was intimately involved with both teaching and preaching, as was typical of clergy. He also participated in a range of sports when his health was good enough: Baseball, target shooting, battledore (similar to badminton), cycling, cricket, and croquet. <mask> also enjoyed indoor games of euchre and billiards. In 1870, along with the Rev.Joseph Twichell, he officiated over the marriage of Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain") to Olivia Langdon. Ministry
In 1854 <mask> went to the town of Elmira, New York to preach at the Independent Congregational Church. When his services became overcrowded, <mask> held the service at the newly constructed opera house and, weather permitting, at Eldridge Park. When <mask> arrived, the church was a moderate-sized wooden structure. Now known as Park Church, it is located on the west side of Wisner Park on North Main Street in Elmira. The growing congregation overwhelmed it. After one of his popular services, he asked the congregation if they felt a new church was necessary.Estimates were that a suitable one would cost  fifty thousand dollars. The vote was almost unanimous in favor of a new church, and total pledges of about eighty thousand dollars were given toward that goal. To support its community, the new church also had a facility for social gatherings and events such as banquets and parties, as well a large hall where the children could play. <mask> started a public library at the church, donating his personal collection. The church held two services; one in the morning, the other in the evening. (<mask> also ministered to the prisoners of the Elmira Prison Camp). Later in life two services conducting two services was too taxing on <mask>'s health, and he cancelled the evening service.To provide another forum, <mask> founded a club of male youths, who would meet on Tuesday nights. <mask> would ask them to report on something interesting they observed during the previous week. He also sent his pupils to mechanics, locomotive shops and other places, in order to learn through observation. During his preaching career in Elmira, Beecher was the head of the Sunday school run by the Park Church. It had about 700 members, ranging in age from five to past fifty. Different classes were led by volunteers. Death and legacy
<mask><mask> died 14 March 1900, aged 76 years.At his funeral service both a priest and a rabbi spoke. His wife Julia survived him. A statue in <mask>'s honor was erected at Wisner Park. T.K<mask> Elementary School, located in Elmira, was named in his honor. See also
 New England Congregational Church and Rectory
 Beecher family

Notes

References
 Jim Peebles, pastor “Beecher Stories”, Elmira, NY
 “True to History”, Twin Tiers homes, The Star Gazette, January 27
 Barbara Cunningham, “The Past Lives”, The Star Gazette
 The Elmira Gazette, 1873, volume 1 issue 6
 W.S.B. Mathews, “A Remarkable Personality” (essay)
 Dorothy Holt, 1951, “Elmira’s First Citizen”
 Arthur Booth, “<mask><mask> and some personal recollections”
 “Recollections of Mr. Beecher”, by a former member of the Tuesday night club

External links

1824 births
1900 deaths
People from Litchfield, Connecticut
American Congregationalist ministers
19th-century American clergy

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James Beecher
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title: Terrence C. Graves

texts:
<mask> (6 July 1945 – 16 February 1968) was a United States Marine Corps officer who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his "outstanding courage, superb leadership and indomitable fighting spirit" on 16 February 1968, during the Vietnam War. Biography
<mask> was born on 6 July 1945, in Corpus Christi, Texas, and grew up in Groton, New York. He graduated from Edmeston Central High School, Edmeston, New York, in 1963, and from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, with a B.A. degree in history on 19 April 1967. During his school years, he was a senior patrol leader of the Boy Scouts of America and President of the Methodist Youth Fellowship. <mask> was battalion commander of his NROTC unit and a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity while attending Miami University. Marine Corps service
In 1967, <mask> was commissioned a Marine Corps second lieutenant upon graduation from Miami University.He completed The Basic School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, in November 1967. In December 1967, he arrived in the Republic of Vietnam, where he was assigned duty as a platoon commander of "Team Box Score", 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company, 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion, 3rd Marine Division. While on patrol  northwest of Đông Hà in Quang Tri Province on 16 February 1968, his unit was engaged by People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldiers. Wounded in the firefight, Lt. <mask> called in air strikes and direct artillery fire while he guided his troops to a helicopter evacuation zone. After successfully guiding the majority of his men to the landing zone, he stayed behind to tend to one wounded soldier, calling for an additional air evacuation to remove the wounded soldier from the area. Short on ammunition and continuing to direct artillery fire, he was killed in action when the second helicopter he had boarded crashed after being hit by PAVN fire. Military awards
<mask>'s military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation

The President of the United States in the name of United States Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a platoon commander with the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company.While on a long-range reconnaissance mission, 2d Lt. <mask>' eight-man patrol observed seven enemy soldiers approaching their position. Reacting instantly, he deployed his men and directed their fire on the approaching enemy. After the fire had ceased, he and two patrol members commenced a search of the area, and suddenly came under a heavy volume of hostile small arms and automatic weapons fire from a numerically superior enemy force. When one of his men was hit by the enemy fire, 2d Lt. <mask> moved through the fire-swept area to his radio and, while directing suppressive fire from his men, requested air support and adjusted a heavy volume of artillery and helicopter gunship fire upon the enemy. After attending the wounded, 2d Lt. <mask>, accompanied by another Marine, moved from his relatively safe position to confirm the results of the earlier engagement. Observing that several of the enemy were still alive, he launched a determined assault, eliminating the remaining enemy troops. He then began moving the patrol to a landing zone for extraction, when the unit again came under intense fire which wounded two more Marines and 2d Lt. <mask>.Refusing medical attention, he once more adjusted air strikes and artillery fire upon the enemy while directing the fire of his men. He led his men to a new landing site into which he skillfully guided the incoming aircraft and boarded his men while remaining exposed to the hostile fire. Realizing that one of the wounded had not embarked, he directed the aircraft to depart and, along with another Marine, moved to the side of the casualty. Confronted with a shortage of ammunition, 2d Lt. <mask> utilized supporting arms and directed fire until a second helicopter arrived. At this point, the volume of enemy fire intensified, hitting the helicopter and causing it to crash shortly after liftoff. All aboard were killed. 2d Lt. <mask>' outstanding courage, superb leadership and indomitable fighting spirit throughout the day were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Navy.He gallantly gave his life for his country." Other honors and recognition
In 2001, a memorial honoring <mask> was dedicated on Main Street in the village of Groton, Tompkins County, New York. <mask>' name is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (The Wall) — on Panel 39E – Row 071. Graves Hall, Officer Barracks, The Basic School, Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, is named in honor of <mask> <mask>

<mask> Lounge, Millett Hall, Miami University, is named in honor of 2ndLt <mask>. His medal of honor and citation are on display there. Lt. Terrance C. <mask> Marine Corps League Detachment # 1330, Butler County Ohio is named in honor of 2ndLt <mask> C<mask> Award. Name enshrined at the Pentagon's "Hall of Heroes" 2nd.Fl. ; Corridor 10, left at the ramps. See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

Notes

References

Further reading

 John R<mask>, The Bleed: With the Marines in Vietnam and the RLI and Selous Scouts in Rhodesia, (2012: available at Amazon as a Kindle eBook or in paperback);

External links
  Contains archive of all Medal of Honor citations. 1945 births
1968 deaths
20th-century Methodists
American Methodists
American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Burials in New York (state)
Miami University alumni
Military personnel from New York (state)
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
People from Edmeston, New York
People from Groton, New York
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps officers
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War

masks:
Terrence Collinson Graves
Terrence Collinson Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Graves
Terrence
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Gravesrrence
. Graves
. Cronin


title: Yossi Maaravi

texts:
<mask> (, born 1973) is a Decision Making and Negotiation researcher. He is the Vice Dean of Adelson School of Entrepreneurship at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, a lecturer, and an author. Biography
Maaravi was born and raised in Holon. After graduating from high school, he served in the military in a unit that aims to assist high school students & soldiers alike in improving their Arabic. After his military service, he completed a double-major B.A. (psychology and the "Amirim" interdisciplinary honors program) from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During his studies, he traveled numerous times to the Far East and worked as a tour guide in China, Nepal, and Tibet.Maaravi received his Ph.D. in business administration from the Tel Aviv University. His doctorate is dealing with the psychological aspects of business negotiation. Among others, Maaravi lectured at Tel Aviv University. Now, Maaravi is the Vice Dean of the Adelson School of Entrepreneurship in the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya. Also, he consults in various fields of business and organizational psychology. Writing
<mask>'s first book "The Juice Tree", is a children's book illustrated by the illustrator Shahar Kober and published in 2010 by "Hakibbutz Hameuchad - Sifriat Poalim Publishing Group". The book depicts a "social dilemma" and teaches important insights on correct community conduct."The Juice Tree" has received warm critique in Israel and was included in the Israeli education ministry's recommended books for 2010-2011. Following the success in Israel, the book was translated to Korean in 2011. His second book "Friendship and Magic", which was also illustrated by Shahar Kober, was published in 2011 by the same publishing house. The book describes a tale in which a creative solution is needed in order to solve a conflict and demonstrates the meaning of an integrative negotiation. These two books are part of a continuing project that aims to expose children and their parents through simple children's books to basic insights in social science thus helping them be better members in their community. A short story written by Maaravi called "Every Great Forest Begins with One Small Tree" was published in the children's Anthology "Klompopo Island and more stories", 2010 by "Hakibbutz Hameuchad - Sifriat Poalim Publishing Group". During 2015 Maaravi's book "You Deserve Better – how to succeed in the negotiation of your life" was published by "Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir" publishing group.This book takes a wide view on negotiation in different aspects of life, and suggests a practical toolbox to improve in these fields, based on research from the fields of social and behavioral studies. Moreover, Dr. Maaravi continues to publish opinion pieces in the daily Israeli press. Research
Dr. Maaravi engaged in research in the areas of decision making, negotiation, creativity and innovation. Specifically, Dr. Maaravi focuses on the feasibility to offer second in a negotiation, the effect of different traits on the negotiation process, the impact of the first offer on various factors in bargaining, and on innovative methodologies for studying entrepreneurship and research. His papers were published, among others, in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and the Judgment and Decision Making journal. Published works

Books

 <mask> Maaravi, The Juice Tree, Hakibbutz Hameuchad - Sifriat Poalim Publishing Group, 2010
 <mask> Maaravi, Friendship and Magic, Hakibbutz Hameuchad - Sifriat Poalim Publishing Group, 2011
 <mask> <mask>, You Deserve Better – how to succeed in the negotiation of your life, Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir" publishing group, 2015

Academic Articles

 Levy, A., & Maaravi, Y. (2018).The boomerang effect of psychological interventions. Social Influence, 13(1), 39-51
 <mask>, Y. (2018). Using hackathons to teach management consulting. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1-11. <mask>, Y. (2018).Running a research marathon. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(2), 212-218. <mask>, Y., Idan, O., & Hochman, G. (2019). And sympathy is what we need my friend—Polite requests improve negotiation results. PLOS ONE, 14(3), e0212306. <mask>, Y., & Hameiri, B. (2019).Deep pockets and poor results: The effect of wealth cues on first offers in negotiation. Group Decision and Negotiation, 28(1), 43-62. <mask>, Y., & Levy, A. (2017). When your anchor sinks your boat: Information asymmetry in distributive negotiations and the disadvantage of making the first offer. Judgment & Decision Making, 12(5). <mask> Y., Ganzach Y., Pazy A., (2011) Negotiation as a form of persuasion: Arguments in first offers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (2), pp. 245-255. <mask> Y., Pazy A., Ganzach Y. (2011) Pay as much as you can afford: Counterpart’s ability to pay and ﬁrst offers in negotiation. Judgment and Decision Making. 6, pp.275-282. <mask>, Y., Pazy, A., & Ganzach, Y. (2014). Winning a battle but losing the war: On the drawbacks of using the anchoring tactic in distributive negotiations. Judgment and Decision Making, 9(6), 548-557. Roizman, M., Hoffman, G., Ayal, S., Hochman, G., Tagar, M. R., & <mask>, Y. (2016, March).Studying the opposing effects of robot presence on human corruption. In 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 501-502). IEEE. Opinion Pieces
 Op-Ed about the origins of creativity and challenges facing Israel's education system, The Marker
 Op-Ed dealing with the need for a new perspective on the social protests in Israel, Ynet news
 Op-Ed about the connection between the Jewish orthodox sector and Israel's social protests, The Marker
 Op-Ed dealing with the importance of individual responsibility in a democratic regime

References

External links

 Interview with <mask> Maaravi about negotiation and children (Hebrew), Channel 10
Dressing for success: How wealth and status cues affect negotiation
The Anchoring Bias Can Get Talks off to a Strong Start

1973 births
Tel Aviv University alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Living people
Israeli children's writers
Holon

masks:
Yossi Maaravi
Maaravi
Yossi
Yossi
Yossi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Maaravi
Yossi


title: Nicole Vaidišová

texts:
<mask>á (; born 23 April 1989) is a Czech former professional tennis player. Vaidišová is an Australian Open and French Open semifinalist as well as a two-time quarterfinalist at Wimbledon. She started playing tennis when she was six years old, enrolling to train at Nick Bollettieri's tennis academy in Bradenton, Florida. Her serve was considered her biggest weapon. Her powerful groundstrokes, with her serve, collaborated well together to produce an aggressive, all-round game. On 9 August 2006, at the age of 17 years, she became the 12th-youngest player in WTA Tour history to be ranked in the top 10. She achieved a career-high ranking of world No.7, on 14 May 2007. Her form dipped shortly after, and at the time her retirement was announced in 2010, she was ranked at No. 177. Her stepfather announced that she had retired in March 2010, citing "lack of interest in tennis" as the primary reason, but she returned to the sport in September 2014. However, in July 2016, she retired once more due to injuries. Career

2003–2004: Instant success
Vaidišová debuted in 2003 by reaching three consecutive finals and winning the ITF tournament in Plzeň, Czech Republic. In 2004, her first full year as a professional, Vaidišová finished the year as a top 100 player.As a qualifier at only her third WTA Tour main draw at inaugural Vancouver, she became the sixth-youngest singles champion in tour history at an age of 15 years, three months, and 23 days. She also became the lowest-ranked player (No. 180) and second qualifier (of three) to win a title in 2004. During the summer, she played World TeamTennis for the Sacramento Capitals and was named the league's Female MVP and Female Rookie of the Year. <mask> won her second title of the year at the Tashkent Open, defeating Virginie Razzano in the final. On 18 October, she made her top 100 debut at No. 74, becoming the youngest player in the top 100 at the time.Later in the year, Vaidišová reached the quarterfinals at the Japan Open in Tokyo. She made her Grand Slam debut at the US Open, losing to defending champion and No. 1, Justine Henin, in the first round. Vaidišová finished the year with two WTA titles and a win-loss record of 31–8. 2005–2007: Consistency and top 10 debut

In early January, Vaidišová reached her first quarterfinal of the season in Hobart. She picked up her first Grand Slam singles victory in her Australian Open debut, by reaching the third round before falling to top seed Lindsay Davenport. In April, she made her top 50 debut at No.47 and reached her first career Tier I quarterfinal at the Charleston Open. She posted her first top 10 victory over defending French Open champion Anastasia Myskina, before eventually losing to Patty Schnyder in the quarterfinals, and making her top 40 debut as a result at No. 34 on 18 April. In May, Vaidišová reached her first Tier III final in Istanbul, losing to top seed Venus Williams in the championship match. She made her debut at the French Open where she fell to 22nd-seeded Francesca Schiavone in the second round. In August, Vaidišová reached the quarterfinals at Toronto, losing to Justine Henin. At the US Open, she reached the fourth round for the first time at a Grand Slam event before losing to Nadia Petrova.<mask>'s captured her first title of 2005 (and third of her career) in Seoul, defeating top seed Jelena Janković in the final without dropping a set during the week. She followed by winning her second straight tour singles title in Tokyo, winning when Tatiana Golovin retired in the final. On 10 October, Vaidišová made her top 20 debut at No. 18 and extended her winning streak to 15 matches, by winning her third consecutive tour singles title and fifth of her career; she defeated Nadia Petrova for the first time in the final of the Bangkok. With her three consecutive titles, Vaidišová became the first player since Lindsay Davenport in 2004 to win three titles in three weeks, and also became the sixth woman to win five tour singles titles before her 17th birthday (after Tracy Austin, Andrea Jaeger, Monica Seles, Jennifer Capriati and Martina Hingis). Vaidišová captured her sixth WTA Tour title at the Tier III event in Strasbourg in May 2006. In June, she made a semifinal run at the French Open, her best Grand Slam performance to date.She defeated world No. 1 and home favourite, Amélie Mauresmo, in the fourth round and Venus Williams in the quarterfinal. However, she lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the next round, despite being only two points away from victory several times. At Wimbledon, she got to the fourth round before losing to Li Na. Vaidišová's fourth-round appearance meant that she has advanced to the round of 16 or better in each of the four Grand Slam tournaments. In July, Vaidišová went 2–0 during the Czech Republic's 3–2 Fed Cup World Group Play-offs loss to France. She reached the semifinal on her debut in Stanford, losing to Kim Clijsters.Vaidišová reached her career-first Tier I semifinal in San Diego, losing to Clijsters again. After her success in San Diego, Vaidišová moved from No. 12 to No. 9, her first career top 10 debut, becoming the 12th-youngest player in tour history to crack the top 10, at an age of 17 years, three months and two weeks. At the US Open, she made it to the third round, but lost to Jelena Janković, who later made it to the semifinal. Vaidišová defeated Mauresmo for the second time at the Kremlin Cup, after rallying from 1–6, 2–5 down and three match points in their quarterfinal match. However, she lost to Nadia Petrova for a third time in their four meetings in the semifinal afterwards.She managed to finish 2006 at No. 10, making it her most successful season. Beginning 2007, Vaidišová reached the semifinals of the Sydney International, beating Ana Ivanovic for the first time before falling to Jelena Janković. She went on to reach her second Grand Slam semifinal at the Australian Open, losing to eventual champion Serena Williams. She skipped a large majority of the clay season with a right wrist injury. However, she reached the quarterfinals of the French Open, where she was defeated by Jelena Janković. In her first grass-court tournament of the season at Eastbourne, Vaidišová lost in the quarterfinals to Justine Henin.At Wimbledon, she lost to Ana Ivanovic in the quarterfinals after failing to convert three match points. She earlier had defeated defending champion Amélie Mauresmo in the fourth round and Victoria Azarenka in the third round. Vaidišová was out for two months after Wimbledon due to glandular fever. She returned at the US Open, where she lost to Shahar Pe'er in the third round. Moving into the indoor season, she played the Kremlin Cup, losing to Serena Williams in the quarterfinals. The next week in Zürich, Vaidišová reached the semifinals, achieving a notable victory over Jelena Janković. In the semifinals, she lost to Justine Henin in three sets.She finished the year by making another semifinal in Linz. 2008–2010: Struggles and retirement

Vaidišová played three hardcourt tournaments in Australia to start the year. She reached the semifinals of the Sydney International, defeating Jelena Janković in the quarterfinals before losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the semifinals. The week after the Australian Open, Vaidišová won both of her Fed Cup singles matches in the tie against Slovakia. Following that, she lost six consecutive matches. As the 18th seed at Wimbledon, she had an unexpected run to the quarterfinals, losing to Zheng Jie. She finished the year with another pair of consecutive losses, and had tumbled to No.41 in the world over the course of the season. In 2009, Vaidišová's ranking fell out of the top 100. She often was spotted watching numerous matches of her boyfriend Radek Štěpánek. At the end of the year, Vaidišová was ranked No. 187. Vaidišová started 2010 by playing ITF Women's Circuit events. Later in March, her stepfather and former coach Ales Kodat announced her decision to retire from her professional career at the age of 20 due to a lack of interest in tennis."Her agent told me last week... she's fed up with tennis and that's understandable. She started very young", Kodat said. Kodat said she had turned down a wildcard to play in Miami starting on 23 March. 2014: Comeback
Vaidišová received a wildcard to compete in the ITF Albuquerque, a $75k event, starting on 15 September. This marked her return to professional tennis in over four years. She won her first match in straight sets against Sesil Karatantcheva, before losing in the second round to Johanna Konta 6–1, 1–6, 4–6. 2015
At the Monterrey Open in March, she qualified for her first WTA Tour main draw since 2010 but she drew top seed and defending champion Ana Ivanovic in the first round.Vaidišová lost 1–6, 6–7; she had qualified for the main draw only seven hours before her match against Ivanovic. She played at Miami Open as wildcard. She won her first-round match against Tímea Babos in straight sets, and lost in the second round to No. 3 seed Simona Halep, in three sets. 2016: Second retirement
In July, Vaidišová announced her second and permanent retirement from professional tennis. Personal life
Vaidišová was introduced to tennis by her mother Riana. She has three younger brothers, Filip, Oliver and Toby.She speaks Czech, English, and German. Vaidišová became engaged to fellow Czech tennis player Radek Štěpánek, who is 11 years older, in late 2007. It has been suggested that the relationship was the cause of Vaidišová's decline in tennis. The two married on 17 July 2010 at Prague Castle. In June 2013, Vaidišová and Štěpánek announced that they had filed for divorce. In 2018, they remarried and became parents of a daughter, Stella. Endorsements
Vaidišová was the face of Reebok and has been featured in their "I Am What I Am" and "Run Easy" campaigns.She also endorsed Citizen Watches and its Eco-Drive design. She is represented by Olivier van Lindonk of IMG. During her career, she used Yonex racquets. In 2007, Vaidišová was featured in Virtua Tennis 3, a videogame developed by Sega and released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows and PlayStation Portable. WTA career finals

Singles: 7 (6 titles, 1 runner-up)

ITF finals

Singles: 3 (2–1)

Singles performance timeline

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. WTA Tour career earnings

Record against other players

Record against top 10 players
Vaidišová's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface.No. 1 wins

Wins over top 10 players

References

External links

Czech expatriates in Germany
Czech expatriates in the United States
Czech female tennis players
German people of Czech descent
Olympic tennis players of the Czech Republic
Sportspeople from Nuremberg
Sportspeople from Prague
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
1989 births
Living people

masks:
Nicole Vaidišová Štánkov
Vaidišová
Vaidišová


title: Kho Sin-Kie

texts:
<mask> (, ; September 2, 1912 – January 31, 1947) was an Indonesian-born tennis player who represented the Republic of China in the Davis Cup. He was from the Peranakan Chinese ethnic group. He was the first Chinese player ever to win a major international tournament. He won twice the British Hard Court Championships and the Surrey Grass Court Championships on one occasion. He was a Swiss, Italian and Swedish champion as well. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Java to a poor family in an eggplant farm where his father, Han Ting was the head of the village. He had three brothers and three sisters.After he had been dropped out of school he started playing tennis at the age of 14, while working in a sports equipment store. In the early years he had troubles to make his father understand his admiration for the game. In 1929, he won the Central Java Tennis Championship. In 1932, his parents died. He won the All-Java Championship in 1933. In 1933, he won the Chinese national championships topping Qiufei Hai of Shanghai. In 1935, he became the Chinese national champion for the second time after beating compatriot <mask> Hooi Hye and subsequently was named the top Chinese player.Local people raised money for him to support his post-graduate education in Switzerland. In 1936, he arrived to Great Britain to attend college, and he was offered a job at the Chinese Embassy. He studied commerce in London. Later he was sponsored by the Dunlop Rubber Company. Tennis career
He played his first international matches in 1934 when he toured Sumatra challenging the Netherlands Davis Cup team. In Kisaran, he met Cornelius Bryan (Champion of Sumatra) whom he beat in three sets. In doubles, Bryan and team member Hendrik Timmer  scored a three-set victory against the Chinese.Then they moved to Siantar where at the inaugural of the Simeloengoen Club two one-set matches were held. Bryan and <mask> went toe-to-toe in singles with <mask> victorious. Then he faced Alsbach and won six to four. This was followed by the doubles between Timmer-Bryan and Alsbach-<mask>, which was abandoned due to Bryan's injury with <mask>' leading one set and one break in the second, while the Bryan was serving to stay in the match. In Medan, he beat Bryan and had his match with Alsbach interrupted as it started raining. In 1935, the Dutch Indies Tennis Association invited a couple of European players to play a series of exhibition matches in the Orient. In Surabaya, he paired with Nami to face Giorgio de Stefani and Enrique Maier and lost in two sets.Then the party traveled to Surakarta where singles matches were held and <mask> faced de Stefani with the Italian coming out victoriously. Then on a rematch in Semarang, <mask> prevailed for the first time over de Stefani in front a home crowd of two thousand. While touring America, <mask> reached the doubles finals of the 1935 Kansas City Championships with Lewis D. Carson, losing to Wilbur Coen and William Kiley. The same year, he debuted in the Davis Cup against the United States Davis Cup team and lost all three of his rubbers. <mask> won numerous tournaments in Europe, most notably winning the British Hard Court Championships twice, in 1938 and 1939 and was a runner-up in 1946. In 1934, he was scheduled to represent his country at the 1934 Far Eastern Games, which was cancelled. He met Giorgio de Stefani again for the Dutch Championships in 1936, losing to him.Also in 1936, he reached the fourth round of the 1936 French Championships in singles and reached the third round of the mixed doubles with Mademoiselle Terwinot. In the New Year's Eve tournament of 1936–1937 at the Beausite L.T.C. de Cannes, he defeated Vladimir Landau and won the doubles as well with him. At the same event, he and miss Simonne Mathieu won the mixed contest. In January 1937, he won the Monegasque Championships against Gaston Médécin. In February, he captured the Gallia L.T.C. de Cannes title, beating home favorite Jacques Brugnon in straight sets.They paired for the doubles of the Nice Lawn Tennis Club where they triumphed over Jean Lesueur and William Robertson. <mask> also took the singles trophy. Also in February at Carlton Club of Cannes, Brugnon and <mask> were on the opposite side in the mixed semifinals where they teamed with Simone Matthieu and Nancy Liebert respectively. In the end, the French couple advanced to the finals. For the men's doubles, Brugnon and Robertson formed a team this time and met in the final with <mask> and Landau. In May, he clinched the Priory tournament from Daniel Prenn. In July, he won the Midlands Counties tournament in Edgbaston.In September, he was in both singles and doubles finals of the Hungarian International Tennis Championships in Budapest. He was a finalist for the Paris International Championships in the same month where he was beaten by Croatian Franjo Punčec. In March 1938 at the International Championships of Cairo, he was defeated by Roderich Menzel in the semifinals. In April, he defended his South of France title against Swiss Max Ellmer and this time gained the doubles crown with Brugnon. In May, defeated Bunny Austin for the British Hard Court Championships title and won the doubles title as well with Irishman George Lyttleton-Rogers against the British duo of Donald William Butler and Frank Wilde. In June, he reached the Queen's Club Championships final, defeated by Bunny Austin. In October, he won the Sussex Club title in Brighton from Dennis C. Coombe of New Zealand.Later that month, he reached the fourth round of the 1938 Wimbledon Championships, scoring victories over Harold Hare, Georg von Metaxa and Ian Collins. In February 1939, he won his second Gallia championships in singles and doubles with Jacques Brugnon. In March, Brugnon and <mask> lost the International Championships of Cairo doubles to the team of Gottfried von Cramm and Pat Hughes. In April, he claimed his first Italian trophy at the L.T.C. di Rome International Championships, defeating Constantin Tanacescu for the title. In May, he took the Surrey Grass Court Championships against Murray Deloford in straight sets. Later that year, he won the Hastings tournament.In 1945, he won the Midlands Counties Championships for the second time and retained his title the next year against Argentine Enrique Morea. In 1946, he went for the North of England title but was eliminated in both the singles and doubles finals by Jack Edwin Harper and Harper-Cam Malfroy respectively. In May, he served the first and only Davis Cup victory for the First Republic of China by winning all three of his rubbers against the Denmark Davis Cup team. While in London on 31 January 1947, <mask> was admitted to hospital with double pneumonia and died soon after. <mask> appeared in six Davis Cup ties for China from 1935 to 1946. He won eight of his 18 rubbers. In the club level scene he represented the International Tennis Club of Great Britain.During World War II
On January 27, 1940 he married Jane Margaret Gordon Balfour, daughter of E.J. Gordon Balfour, a judge in Ceylon. They met in England at the Queen's Club where both of them practised. They moved to the Dutch East Indies and stayed there for the time of the war. In order to help his country against the Empire of Japan he participated in a series of exhibition matches with Englishman Pat Hughes in the Malacca Lawn Tennis Club. The ticket sales income was transferred to the Malaya Patriotic Fund and the War Fund. In 1940 he became Malayan Champion in singles and mixed doubles.He continued on to get featured in exhibition matches in 1941. Playing style
In a 1938 article contemporary Australian tennis player and subsequent chairman of Lawn Tennis Association of Victoria Mervyn Weston described <mask> as a drop shot expert, who has a fine control over the ball disguising it so well that it reached a "deadly effect". He had a whipped forehand accompanied by an excellent net game and service and assisted by a formidable backhand. He possessed an athletic body type with a height of 5'11". He was a calm but opportunist player. Career titles

References

External links

1912 births
1947 deaths
Chinese male tennis players
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
People from Banyumas Regency
Sportspeople from Central Java

masks:
Kho Sin Khie
Kho
Khoo
Kho
Kho
Kho
Khos
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho
Kho


title: Bruce Braley

texts:
<mask> (born October 30, 1957) is an American politician and attorney who served as the U.S. representative for  from 2007 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he was defeated in his attempt to win an open seat in the 2014 United States Senate election in Iowa. Early life, education, and law career
<mask> was born in Grinnell, Iowa, the son of Marcia L. (née Sherwood) and Byard C<mask>. He has English, Scots-Irish, and German ancestry. His family owned a farm in nearby Brooklyn, Iowa. <mask> attended college at Iowa State University where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Iowa College of Law.<mask> worked as a trial lawyer in Waterloo with Dutton, Braun, Staack, & Hellman, PLC for 23 years, beginning in 1983. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
<mask> won an open seat battle in the 1st district after eight-term Republican congressman Jim Nussle stepped down to make an unsuccessful run for Governor in 2006. The 1st district had been in Republican hands since 1979. However, eastern Iowa has swung heavily Democratic since the 1990s. The district has supported the Democratic candidate for President in every election since 1988 until the 2016 United States presidential election. The district, which was numbered as the 2nd District for most of the period from Iowa's statehood until 2003, became even more Democratic when much of the Quad Cities area, including Davenport and Bettendorf was shifted into it from the old 1st District (now the 2nd). 2006
In the 2006 midterm election, <mask> defeated Republican opponent Mike Whalen, a Quad City businessman.2008
<mask> became the second member of Iowa's congressional delegation to issue an endorsement in the 2008 presidential race, announcing his support on December 5, 2007, for former North Carolina Senator John Edwards in a press conference in Waterloo. On April 30, 2008, <mask> threw his support behind Senator Barack Obama following Edwards' withdrawal from the race. 2010
In 2010 Braley defeated GOP challenger Ben Lange, an attorney from Independence, by only about 4,000 votes out of more than 215,000 cast. Ultimately, a 4,300 vote margin in <mask>'s home county, Black Hawk County, allowed him to overcome coattails from Terry Branstad and Chuck Grassley and secure a third term. Grassley carried every county in the district; Branstad carried all but three. 2012
On April 3, 2012, <mask> announced his reelection campaign in his hometown of Brooklyn, Iowa. Due to redistricting, Braley lost heavily Democratic Davenport but picked up equally Democratic Cedar Rapids and several other northeastern Iowa counties.Lange and Dubuque businessman Rod Blum announced their candidacy to run in a 1st District Republican primary to face <mask> in a general election. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Braley led all Iowa Congressional candidates in out-of-state contributions, receiving about 3.5 times the amount of donations from out-of-state contributions as he has from in-state; a Republican activist and <mask>'s political opponent both filed House ethics complaints against <mask> as a result, but the charges were found to be without merit. <mask> raised an approximate total of $2.46 million for his re-election campaign, The sectors following two and three behind the lawyers and lobbyists were labor groups, and health groups, raising approximately $223,000 and $157,000 respectively. Braley spent approximately $2.11 million of what he raised being spent during the course of the campaign. Lange won the Republican primary, and faced <mask> in a rematch. In the general election, <mask> won reelection by a much wider margin than in 2010. Positions
The non-partisan, non-profit website OnTheIssues.org labels <mask> a "Populist-Leaning Liberal."Climate change
<mask> told the Des Moines Register in a December 23, 2008 article that Congress cannot wait to enact reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, saying "We have ignored this problem for far too long." On June 26, 2009, Braley voted to pass an emissions trading measure in order to limit greenhouse gas emissions and set new requirements for electric utilities. Economy
Braley voted to pass the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Braley supports raising the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour. According to  a press release from four-term Pennsylvania Republican Charlie Dent, in a display of bipartisanship, Braley sat with Dent at President Obama's 2012 State of the Union address. Afterwards Braley praised the address, saying: “I’m glad the President so strongly emphasized strengthening the middle class tonight. I was especially encouraged by his focus on economic fairness, creating jobs, and investing in education.The American middle class is being squeezed more than ever, yet Wall Street bankers and big corporations are making record profits.”

Braley opposes the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline. Health care
On November 7, 2009, Braley voted for House passage of H.R. 3962, the Affordable Health Care for America Act, which included a public health insurance option. On March 21, 2010, Braley voted for the final version of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Abortion
Braley has taken a pro-choice stance, having received 100% ratings from Planned Parenthood in 2008, 2010, and 2012, as well as 100% position ratings from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2007, and 2009 through 2012. On May 4, 2011 Braley voted against HR 3, No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, which passed the House 251 to 175. On October 13, 2011 he voted against HR 358, Amends Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to Prohibit Abortion Coverage.This bill passed the House and was referred by the Senate to Committee. On May 31, 2012 <mask> voted against HR 3541, the Prenatal Nondiscrimination Act of 2012. This bill failed to pass the House. Firearms
Braley has received an "F" rating from the National Rifle Association. Agriculture
<mask> has received varied agricultural interest group ratings in his time in office. In 2007 he received a 90% rating from the National Association of Wheat Growers, as well as a 2007-08 91% rating from the American Farm Bureau Federation and a '07-08 100 Family Advocacy Score from the National Farmers Union. His ratings were maintained for the most part in 2008 with an 86% from the National Association of Wheat Growers, and a 2009-2010 score of 100% from the National Farmers Union.However he has recently fallen out of favor with the American Farm Bureau Federation, with his 2009-2010 rating being only 43% and his 2011 rating dropping a further ten points to 33%. On February 29, 2012, Braley voted against HR 1837 - Water Resources in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley which passed the House, and would require the Secretary of the Interior to reallocate water for irrigation purposes. On August 2, 2012, he voted for HR 6233 - Agricultural Disaster Assistance Act of 2012 which has passed the house and would provide supplemental agricultural disaster financial assistance for the 2012 fiscal year. Braley came under harsh criticism after it emerged that he had criticized Republican Senator Chuck Grassley as "a farmer from Iowa, who never went to law school"; a later press release emphasizing his background in the agricultural sector contained misspellings of basic farming terminology. Tort reform
<mask> has been a long time opponent of tort reform. Government shutdown
<mask> defended keeping the House gym open for members and lamented the cutbacks to the gym's services, including cancellation of towel service. Braley noted that gym was one of the few places where Democrats and Republicans could build relationships.He further noted, "...we pay a fee to belong to the House gym. So this is no different than if you're working for an employer that offers a wellness program." Foreign policy
During a debate in September 2014, <mask> stated that he had recently voted to authorize strikes against terrorists in Syria and Iraq. However, according to "The Weekly Standard," the vote cited by Braley was actually to arm Syrian rebels who are fighting ISIS. On June 19, 2014, Braley voted for an amendment to prohibit the use of funds for combat operations in Iraq. Legislation
<mask> sponsored 101 bills, including:

110th Congress (2007–2008)
 H.R. 872, a bill to create a competitive grant program to promote education and training in bioenergy and other agricultural renewable energy sources, introduced February 7, 2007
 H.R.1873, a bill to revise and expand small business contracts, introduced April 17, 2007
 H.R. 3381, a bill to prohibit the suspension of military active-duty deployment limits by the President for national security purposes from being used to deny the payment of a high-deployment allowance to a member of the Armed Forces if the member is otherwise qualified, introduced August 3, 2007
 H.R. 3548, a bill to require federal executive agencies to use Plain English in official documents, introduced September 17, 2007, reintroduced in the 111th Congress as H.R. 946. H.R. 946 was signed into law October 13, 2010. H.R.5167, a bill to prohibit the President from granting immunity to the Iraqi government for torture and terrorism committed during the Gulf War unless certain conditions are met, introduced January 29, 2008
 H.R. 5620, a bill to establish minimum standards for good manufacturing practices for the minimal processing of produce, including sanitation and water standards, introduced March 13, 2008
 H.R. 6235, a bill to require that all flags used by the federal government be entirely manufactured in the United States, introduced June 11, 2008, reintroduced in the 111th Congress as H.R. 2853, in the 112th Congress as H.R. 1344, and in the 113th Congress as H.R. 2355
 H.R. 6861, a bill to increase

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