title: Joyce Brothers

texts:
<mask>  (October 20, 1927 – May 13, 2013) was an American psychologist, television personality, advice columnist, and writer. She first became famous in 1955 for winning the top prize on the American game show The $64,000 Question. Her fame from the game show allowed her to go on to host various advice columns and television shows, which established her as a pioneer in the field of "pop (popular) psychology". <mask> is often credited as the first to normalize psychological concepts to the American mainstream. Her syndicated columns were featured in newspapers and magazines, including a monthly column for Good Housekeeping, in which she contributed  for nearly 40 years. As <mask> quickly became the "face of  psychology" for American audiences, she often appeared in various television roles, usually as herself. From the 1970s onward, she also began to accept fictional roles that parodied her "woman psychologist" persona.She is noted for working continuously for five decades across various genres. Numerous groups recognized <mask> for her strong leadership as a woman in the psychological field and for helping to destigmatize the profession overall. Family and personal relationships
<mask> Bauer was born to Morris K. Bauer and Estelle Rapport, who were attorneys sharing a law practice. She grew up in a Jewish household in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York. She had a sister named Elaine Goldsmith, with whom she was close. <mask> described that, while she was growing up, her father treated her like the son, even having decided to name her "Joseph" instead of <mask> before she was born. As a result, she grew up in an environment in which her status as a female made no difference in the family's expectations of high academic excellence for all their children.Consequently, she was often described as being a studious person, thriving on "hard work and academic achievement". In 1949, she married <mask>, who later went on to become an internist. In 1989, <mask> lost her husband to bladder cancer. Following the death of her husband, <mask> fell into a state of depression for a year and contemplated suicide; however, she used her work to achieve inner peace and recover. <mask> and her husband had a daughter, four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Education
<mask> graduated from Far Rockaway High School in January 1944. Afterwards, she entered Cornell University, double-majoring in home economics and psychology and graduated with a B.S.degree with honors in 1947. <mask> was a member of Sigma Delta Tau sorority at the time. She then attended  Columbia University, where she obtained an M.A. degree in 1949 and a Ph.D. in psychology in 1953. Her doctoral dissertation was titled "Anxiety Avoidance and Escape Behaviour as Measured by Action Potential in Muscle". While working on her graduate studies, she was a research assistant at Columbia, an instructor at Hunter College, and a research fellow on a UNESCO leadership project from 1949 to 1959. The American Association of University Women awarded <mask> a fellowship in 1952, which enabled her to complete the doctoral degree.Career

Licensure as a psychologist
As a psychologist, <mask> had been licensed in New York since 1958. Television and radio

$64,000 Question (1955)
<mask>' first television appearance was at the age of 28. At that time, her husband was making $50 a month as a medical intern at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, which was not enough to support themselves and their three-year-old daughter. To escape what <mask> called the "slum-like conditions" of her New York City walkup, she was driven to enter as a contestant on the game show The $64,000 Question. The $64,000 Question was one of the top-charting shows of the time and possessed the largest jackpot of all the current quiz shows. To become a contestant, <mask> had to write a letter stating a description of herself, the hobbies she immersed herself in, why she would make a great contestant, and what she would do if she were to carry forth with the winnings. Eventually, the letter landed her an interview with Mert Koplin, the show's producer.While in her letter she discussed her qualifications in the field of psychology and home economics, she was not allowed to use her expert knowledge for the show, as The $64,000 Question did not allow participants to be quizzed on topics of their expertise or profession. As such, <mask> had to come up with a new topic area for her to be quizzed on for the show. With the gender roles of the time in mind, Koplin thought he could draw in the most viewership by juxtaposing <mask>' perceived frailty as a woman with the idea that she knew a great deal about a more masculine field. He is credited with saying <mask> should be given a topic on "something that [she] shouldn't know about... [something like] if it were football or if it were horse racing or boxing...."

<mask>' husband was a great fan of boxing, so she chose that as her topic. To prepare, she studied twenty-volume boxing encyclopedias and many years' worth of Ring Magazine issues and worked with boxing writer Nat Fleischer and former Olympic boxing champion and New York State Athletic Commissioner Edward P.F Eagan. After studying, she progressed on the show for several weeks. Despite the show's producers' efforts to stump her at the $16,000 mark by asking questions involving referees rather than the boxers themselves, she exceeded expectations and won the top prize.<mask> used her photographic memory and focus to learn everything she could and quickly became regarded as an expert in the subject area of boxing. Her success on The $64,000 Question earned <mask> a chance to be the color commentator for CBS during the boxing match between Carmen Basilio and Sugar Ray Robinson. She was said to have been the first female boxing commentator. Two years later, <mask> appeared on the spin-off series The $64,000 Challenge, which brought in the winners of The $64,000 Question and matched them against experts in the field. Again, <mask> walked off with the maximum prize, winning against seven other competitors. (The combined $128,000 in winnings would be equivalent to over $1.3 million in 2021.) While The $64,000 Question and The $64,000 Challenge later came out with cheating scandals of some contestants only pretending to be novices to their respective topic, <mask> was one of the contestants who was cleared of cheating allegations.Sports Showcase (1956)
After the success of the quiz show, <mask> co-hosted the Sports Showcase with journalist Max Kase. This made her one of the first female sports commentators. Local afternoon show on NBC’s WRCA-TV
Brothers' wish to use her platform to practice psychology was provided through reading letters from people who submitted them to the radio. This opportunity was provided on a four-week basis on NBC's WRCA-TV. Appearances on talk shows
<mask> appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as a means for the public to get to know her more than just through the advice columns. With more than ninety appearances on the show, she provided detailed psychological updates on the accounts of the current social climate of that time. She also appeared on daytime television programs like Good Morning America, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN as well as late-night television shows with Merv Griffin, Mike Douglas, and Conan O’Brien, amongst many others, including The Steve Allen Show, Body Language, and The Dick Cavett Show.Living Easy with Dr. <mask> Brothers, her own talk show (1973)
In efforts to market and promote their new textile fibre Trevira polyester, the German chemical company Hoechst provided Joyce Brothers with her own show. While <mask> had the opportunity to host her own show and allow the public to learn more about her, the show's ultimate function was to promote Trevira and the company's latest fashions. This was evident in almost every aspect of the show, from when <mask> would casually segue her discussions onto the topic of fashion to the very set itself, which was decorated entirely in the Trevira fabric. Initially the show was located in the Broadway Theatre District in New York, but by its second year it had moved to Studio 6B at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The show, titled Living Easy with Dr. <mask>, consisted of things like guest interviews, musical performances, how-to-demos, and a weekly segment dedicated to psychology. Over three years 200 shows across 150 stations were aired. Despite its run of three years, the show did face criticisms from stakeholders and the public who believed there was not enough focus on psychology and that <mask> was failing to adequately incorporate her psychological expertise.Dr. <mask> Show (1985)

A decade after Living Easy with Dr. <mask> , <mask> premiered a new show. It consisted of 16 one-hour weekly installments on the Disney Channel. This was her first appearance on cable television. The themes surrounding the show were family oriented, with each show consisting of a comedian, a special guest star, and calls from viewers to provide advice from a psychological and educational standpoint. By August 1985, <mask> was given her own television show on a New York station, but her topic was not sports; she began doing an advice show about relationships during which she answered questions from the audience. Sponsors were nervous about whether a television psychologist could succeed, she recalled, but viewers expressed their gratitude for her show, telling her she was giving them the information they could not get elsewhere. <mask> covered a variety of topics, including: prognosis for American football, the psychology of football, women's changing clothing styles, HIV and AIDS, school shootings, and more.In essence, <mask> brought psychology to the mainstream media. <mask> presented syndicated advice shows on both television and radio, during a broadcasting career that lasted more than four decades. Her shows changed names numerous times, from The Dr. <mask> Show to Consult Dr<mask> to Tell Me, Dr. <mask> to Ask Dr. <mask> to Living Easy with Dr. <mask>. In 1964, she interviewed and posed for publicity photographs with the Beatles on their first visit to the United States. Cameo appearances
<mask> made cameo appearances as herself in the comedy series Police Squad! and its first spinoff film The Naked Gun, in which she played a sports announcer (baseball, not boxing). She appeared as herself in a season 4 episode of the popular sitcom Taxi and in both season 3 and season 5 of the sitcom The Nanny.She also voiced an animated version of herself in the episode "Last Exit to Springfield" in season 4 of The Simpsons as well as a season 1 episode of Frasier portraying a "nut", as well as in a second-season episode of Entourage. She also makes an appearance as a crime scene pathologist in the movie National Lampoon's: Loaded Weapon. Newspaper and books
<mask> also had a monthly column in Good Housekeeping for almost four decades and a syndicated newspaper column that she began writing in the 1970s which at its height was printed in more than 300 newspapers. She also published several books, including the 1981 book What Every Woman Should Know About Men and the 1991 book Widowed, inspired by the loss of her husband. Her advice was also used as a source for some questions on the 1998–2004 incarnation of Hollywood Squares.'' <mask> conducted self promotion and was seemingly skilled in navigating the male-dominated media industry. In addition to her television and radio presence, <mask> wrote best-selling books; these books included advice on how to achieve a successful marriage and career.Impact

Social conversation
She was viewed as the public crisis counselor, as she was asked to comment on issues like Princess Diana's death and the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle. <mask> addressed homosexuality in 1972, and the transgender community in 1959, easing her viewers into it from the prior standpoint in which they were raised. After the 1999 Columbine school shooting, she was a persistent presence on CNN for gun control legislation. More memorable episodes of her advice shows include when she helped a man on air who called in contemplating suicide as a result of being blind in one eye and nearly blind in the other. Her efforts included keeping him on air for thirty minutes—long enough for National Save-A-Life to contact him. Another, similar episode aired in 1971 when a woman called in and was threatening to overdose on sleeping pills. As this was a riveting circumstance, the show was left running for 3 more hours uninterrupted, so that <mask> was able to extract a phone number from the woman to get an ambulance to her.Sexism
Upon receiving acceptance into Columbia University for her Ph.D, the dean of her department told her that while her qualifications were impeccable, she was taking the position of a man who would use the degree and it would therefore be best if she dropped her position. However, <mask> did not waver and maintained her position. Despite this, she was a product of the time, as evidenced by her belief that her husband should be the breadwinner. She thus gave up any notion of pursuing a career in psychology for herself, as it could mean being in competition with her husband. Early in her career, when <mask> was asked by women for advice on when their husband would show interest in other women, <mask> was known to ask the caller to look at themselves and ask what they could do to be more like the women their husbands seemed to chase. <mask> later became more involved with issues of women's rights. In 1972, she was one of many who testified in front of the platform committee on women's issues, also serving as acting chair of a US delegation for the 16th assembly of the Inter-American Commission of Women.In 1979, she provided proposals at the congressional hearing on "problems of mid-life women,” speaking on employment, retirement income, and anti-ageism in television characters. Criticism, positive contributions, and awards

Controversy surrounding <mask>’ "Pop Psychology"
As her fame grew there was an increase in disapproval among psychologists and psychiatrists. They questioned both the validity of her psychological claims and her authority in providing psychological advice. A growing number of psychologists began to believe the advice she provided to her audience was unethical insofar as she did not hold any clinical degree and she was giving advice to strangers, not to patients with whom she had professional relationships. Stevens and Gardener, the authors of “Women of Psychology,” stated that “traditional psychologists smile subtly when her name is mentioned and they often complain that she actually does more damage than good." There were many attempts by American Psychological Association members to revoke Brothers’ membership; they objected to the form in which Brothers' advice was provided. Although her membership was never revoked, Brothers' very public professional activities did cause some uproar in the community.De-stigmatizing psychology
Despite the criticism, at the end of one of her TV appearance in December 1958, Roger Turtle and <mask> discussed the logistics behind the process of her TV appearances. There were 15 hours spent preparing for each show, with consultations with other professionals and the breakdown of the grand field of psychology to be understood in terms of everyday language. All this occurring behind the scenes, during the actual shows there were many references to scientific research and explicit statements that psychology is a service not simply a source of entertainment. These shows provided a platform to "professionalize and de-stigmatize psychology". Mental health was very stigmatized and not as covered in the media, but <mask> strived to contribute significantly to giving people a different perspective. Her show allowed the public to view psychologists as real people. With an influx of letters from those that wanted advice from several topics like: marriage, parenting, work, money also other taboo topics like menopause, infidelity and sex.Her light on these topics assisted in normalizing these within the mainstream media, with an explicit importance on therapy for everyday life and not only those with mental illness stated. Honors and awards
<mask> was also recognized with the following honors and awards: Women of Achievement Award, Federation of Jewish Women (1964); Professional Woman of the Year, Business and Professional Women's Club (1968); Award of the Parkinson Disease Foundation. <mask> was also recognized not just with awards but also in many different areas. She was given an honorary degree, the L.H.D., from Franklin Pierce college in 1969. Death
<mask> died on May 13, 2013, at her home in Fort Lee, New Jersey. <mask> Arbisser, her daughter, said that respiratory failure was the cause. References

External links

 Sydney Stahl Weinberg, an entry about Joyce Brothers profile at the Jewish Women's Archive, a Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

1927 births
2013 deaths
American advice columnists
American psychology writers
Television personalities from New York City
American women television personalities
American women columnists
American women psychologists
American psychologists
Boxing commentators
Burials at Beth David Cemetery
Celebrity doctors
Columbia University alumni
Contestants on American game shows
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from respiratory failure
Far Rockaway High School alumni
Hunter College faculty
Jewish American journalists
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish American writers
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
People from Fort Lee, New Jersey
Women science writers
Writers from Queens, New York
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

masks:
Joyce Diane Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Diane
Joyce
Joyce
Milton Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
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Brothers
Brothers
Joyce
Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Brothers
Joyce Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Brothers
Brothers
Brothers
Joyce Brothers
. Brothers
Brothers
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Joyce Brothers
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Joyce Brothers
Joyce Brothers
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Lisa Brothers


title: Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle

type: original

texts:
<mask> (4 November 1922 – 26 December 1942) was a royalist member of the French resistance during World War II. He assassinated Admiral of the Fleet François Darlan, the former chief of government of Vichy France and the high commissioner of French North Africa and West Africa, on 24 December 1942. Background

<mask> was born in Algiers, son of a French journalist who was a monarchist and a protester against fascism. Bonnier was involved with a royalist group that wanted to make the pretender to the French throne, the Count of Paris, the King of France. He studied at the Lycée Stanislas in Paris after France's surrender to Nazi Germany, and attended a demonstration of anti-German students on Armistice Day 11 November 1940 at the Arc de Triomphe. He then joined the free zone by illegally crossing the border. He returned to Algiers (where his father was a journalist for The Algerian Dispatch) and visited the Youth Camps.After obtaining his degree in 1942, he was surprised by the Allied landings on 8 November 1942 during Operation Torch. A monarchist and ardent anti-Vichyiste, he regretted that his comrades who had participated in Operation Torch, enabling the success of the landing, had not asked him to participate. Following the landing, Bonnier was one of the first to commit to the Corps Francs d'Afrique training under the initial direction of Henri d'Astier <mask> la Vigerie, former leader of the north African resistance. This training was initiated by a resistance group of 8 November. They opposed the "Admiral of the Fleet" François Darlan who was collaborating with the Nazis. They further objected to serving under generals who had attacked the Allied forces at Oran and in Morocco, including Admiral Jean-Pierre Esteva, who had surrendered Tunisia to Axis forces without a fight. When d'Astier was appointed head of the police as Deputy Secretary of the Interior, the Corps Francs d'Afrique maintained unofficial relations with the force.Bonnier served as the liaison. He often visited the home of Henri d'Astier, where he also met Lieutenant Father Pierre-Marie Cordier. After Darlan surrendered Algiers to Allied forces, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who feared armed resistance from Vichy sympathizers among the French, agreed to allow Darlan to govern French North Africa and West Africa under Vichy policies. This caused consternation in the French population and in Washington and London. Motivation
At that time, members of the Corps Francs repeatedly covered the walls with slogans that mocked Darlan, such as "Admiral to the fleet!" Darlan was not only attacked for his past collaboration with Germany, but also for his present attitude, upholding the exclusion laws inspired by Germany, as well as other repressive Vichy policies, such as the internment in concentration camps of thousands of French resistance fighters, Spanish Republicans and Central European Democrats. Conspiracy
Bonnier and three of his comrades, Otto Gross, Robert and Philippe Tournier Ragueneau decided to assassinate Darlan.They had participated a few weeks earlier in the operation of 8 November 1942. The four drew straws and Bonnier drew the shortest. Following the draw, Bonnier procured an old "Ruby" 7.65 pistol. The day of 24 December 1942 was chosen. He received absolution in advance from Abbé Cordier after hearing his confession. Failing to find Darlan that morning at the Summer Palace, he lunched that day with d'Astier. Attack
They returned to the Summer Palace after eating and settled in a hallway.After some time, the Admiral appeared, accompanied by Frigate captain Hourcade. Bonnier shot Darlan twice, once in the face and once in the chest, and then shot Hourcade in the thigh. The occupants of the other offices in the Palais captured him. Under interrogation he claimed he had acted alone and  seemed unworried about the consequences. Trial and execution
The next morning, 25 December 1942, he was convicted in less than an hour. Bonnier declared that he had acted only for reasons of moral purity. The judge signed a removal order sending Bonnier to the military tribunal of Algiers.The court sat that night and rejected requests for further investigation. My Viala and Sansonetti acted as lawyers for the accused. The rest of the procedure took place in less than a quarter of an hour. The court discounted Bonnier's motivations and age and sentenced him to death. The lawyers requested clemency. The law required the appeal to be heard by the Head of State, Philippe Pétain. That procedure would have had to await the end of hostilities.Nogues, dean of the Imperial Council, proclaimed himself acting High Commissioner, under an unpublished order issued by Darlan on 2 December 1942. The order was invalid according to the legal order of Vichy. Nogues immediately rejected the clemency petition. Henri Giraud, who was then head of military justice as Commander-in-chief, refused to postpone execution, and ordered his execution the next morning at 7:30. Alarmed by his conviction, Bonnier asked to speak to a police officer and Commissioner Garidacci responded. Bonnier revealed that Abbé Cordier was aware of his intentions and implicated Henri d'Astier. Garidacci kept this confession to himself, with the apparent intention of later blackmailing d'Astier.Giraud was elected that day by members of the Vichy Imperial Council, to replace Darlan. When d'Astier and others appealed to Giraud, he told them it was too late. <mask> <mask> <mask> was executed in Hussein-Dey, the square known as "the shot". His speedy trial and execution fueled theories about who may have been behind the assassination. Posthumous rehabilitation
Bonnier was rehabilitated by a Chamber judgment revision of the Court of Appeals on Algiers on 21 December 1945, which ruled that the assassination had been "in the interest of liberation of France." Sources
Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943, New York: Henry Holt, 2002. Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years: 1940–1944, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.Douglas Porch, The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004. References

1922 births
1942 deaths
People from Algiers
French monarchists
French Resistance members
People executed by Vichy France
Executed French people
French assassins
People convicted of murder by France
French people convicted of murder
Executed assassins
People executed by France by firing squad
Deaths by firearm in Algeria
Overturned convictions in France
Pieds-Noirs
1940s murders in France
1942 crimes in France
1942 murders in Europe
French people of colonial Algeria

masks:
Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle
Bonnier de La Chapelle
de
Bonnier
de la
Chapelle


title: Erhard Göpel

texts:
<mask> (born June 3, 1906 in Leipzig, † October 29, 1966 in Munich) was a German art historian and high level Nazi agent who acquired art, including looted art, for Hitler’s Führermuseum. Life and work before 1939
<mask> (also spelled Goepel) studied art history with Wilhelm Pinder and Theodor Hetzer, who received his doctorate in 1937 with a thesis on "Anthonis van Dyck, Philipp Le Roy and the copper engravers". <mask> was also a fan of modern art and, as an art critic, wrote for liberal daily newspapers such as the Vossische Zeitung, Berliner Tageblatt and the Frankfurter Zeitung, articles for the journal Kunst und Künstler, published by Karl Scheffler. Nazi era
When the war broke out, Göpel served as an interpreter for various armed forces staff. From February 1942, <mask> was the representative of the Linz special commission to the Reich Commissioner in the occupied Dutch territories and responsible for the Linz special commission in France and Belgium. Together with Hitler's art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt, Goepel visited Beckmann in the autumn of 1944, when they were in the Netherlands buying paintings for Hitler's  FührerMuseum in Linz. The Sonderauftrag Linz was an organization set up by Hitler to acquire art for Hitler's Fuehrermuseum in Linz.The first director was the Dresden gallery director Hans Posse, who died in 1942. His successor as director of the Dresden gallery and as head of the special order Linz was the art historian Hermann Voss. <mask> worked for him and, under his supervision, procured works for Hitler's museum from the occupied western countries, much of it looted from Jews or acquired under duress. <mask> was also active in France. The deputy head of the special staff fine arts in Paris Bruno Lohse had set up an office for him in the rooms of the task force. In 1943 <mask> played a leading role in the acquisition of large parts of the "Alphonse Schloss" Jewish art collection, which was confiscated in France and which was stolen from the owners in the south of France in cooperation with the police of the Vichy regime and the Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR) staff . An ERR task force, which at the time was under the command of Lohse and his colleague Borchers, stole the collection from Chambon Castle in southern France and finally handed it over to the Vichy government.The Louvre acquired 49 of the 330 paintings. From the remaining stock, <mask> and Bruno Lohse selected 262 pictures for the special order Linz. <mask> and Lohse received these pictures from the French on November 3, 1943 in the Jeu de Paume Museum, the ERR depot, from where they were then transported to Germany. <mask> is also credited with protecting the painter Max Beckmann, who was vilified by the National Socialists and living in exile in Amsterdam. But what the personal relationship between the painter and <mask> was like is still unclear today. It is noticeable that <mask>'s post-war journalistic activities only started after the painter's death in 1950. Beckmann completed a portrait of <mask> in 1944.In an analysis of Beckmann's 1943 painting Dream of Monte Carlo, art historians Christian Fuhrmeister and Susanne Kienlechner identified the central figures in the work as <mask> and Bruno Lohse, a notorious Nazi art looter. Investigated by the Art Looting Investigation Unit for role in Nazi looting, 1945-1946
<mask> <mask> was considered a Red Flag Name for his involvement in the Nazi looting of art, notably from Jewish collectors. In 1945-6, the OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit published a series of reports about the Nazi looted art trade. <mask> <mask> in mentioned in the Consolidated Interrogation Reports concerning Hitler's Führermuseum, the E.R.R looting organization and the Hermann Goering Collection as well as in the Detailed Interrogation Reports concerning Hermann Voss, Heinrich Hoffmann, and Bruno Lohse. Postwar
After 1948 <mask> worked in Munich as a lecturer at Prestel-Verlag and as an art critic, he wrote, inter alia. Article for the Süddeutsche Zeitung and Die Zeit. A museum career at the Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen failed, however, because of the opacity of its activities during the Third Reich.Nearly all of its advocates had collaborated in one way or another with the Linz Special Mission. Ernst Buchner, General Director of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, who wanted to get him this museum position, was one of Hitler's most important art advisors at the time. <mask> worked on Max Beckmann, publishing “Max Beckmann der Konstruktor” (1954), “Max Beckmann in his late years” (1955), Beckmann's diaries from 1940 to 1950 as well as essays entitled “Max Beckmann. Eyewitness Reports”. In 1953 he was a co-founder of the Max Beckmann Society. His lifelong work for Beckmann culminated in the large two-volume catalog of paintings that his wife Barbara Göpel completed after his death in 1966 with the help of the Max Beckmann Society and which appeared in 1976. Research into <mask>t trove in the home of the son of Hildebrand Gurlitt reignited interest in <mask>'s relations with Gurlitt and other known dealers of Nazi looted art. Donation of the Goepel collection to Berlin Museum
In 2018 <mask>'s widow Barbara donated his collection of Max Beckmann artwork to the Berlin State Museums (Staatlichen Museen Berlin) which included forty-six drawings and fifty-two graphics by Beckmann, plus a landscape by  Hans Purrmann. The donation was controversial because of Goepel's role in channeling Nazi looted art to Hitler's Führermuseum during the Third Reich. The Berlin State museums issued a statement saying there was "no concrete cause for suspicion that these works were looted"

Restitutions of Nazi-looted art acquired through Göpel
In 2014, The Holy Family in a garden by The Master of the Antwerp Adoration (active Antwerp c. 1505-1530) was restituted to the heirs of Hands Ludwig Larsen from whom it had been seized during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. Göpel had acquired it for Hitler's Linz museum (Linz no. 2758) at  Van Marle and Bignell, the Hague, 25 January, 1943, lot 24. Writings

 Der Buchbinder Ignatz Wiemeler.Rohrer Verlag. Leipzig, Brünn u. a. 1938. Ein Bildnisauftrag für van Dyck -  Anthonis van Dyck, Philipp Le Roy und die Kupferstecher. Prestel, Frankfurt a. M. 1940; zugl. Phil. Diss.Leipzig 1940. Die Bretagne : Volkstum, Geschichte, Kunst. Zeichnungen A. Conrad. Ein Armee-Oberkommando, Paris um 1940. Die Normandie. Von einem Armeeoberkommando. Hrsg.<mask> <mask>. Staackmann, Leipzig 1942. Weitere Auflagen Pariser Zeitung, Paris 1942. Neujahrsglückwünsche für 1944  Den Freunden in Herzlichkeit gewidmet von <mask> Goepel. Druck Haumont, Paris 1944. Max Beckmann. Der Zeichner.Piper, München 1954. Max Beckmann in seinen späten Jahren. München 1955
 Deutsche Holzschnitte des XX. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden 1955 (Insel-Bücherei Nr. 606)
 München. Lebenskreise einer Stadt.Lindau 1955 (Fotos von Peter Keetman)
 Max Beckmann. Der Maler. München 1957. Max Beckmann -  Die Argonauten, ein Triptychon. Einführung von <mask> Göpel. Reclam, Stuttgart 1957. Deutsche Porträtplastik des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts.Leipzig und Wiesbaden 1958 (Insel-Bücherei Nr. 650)
 Blick auf Beckmann - Dokumente und Vorträge. Für die Max-Beckmann Gesellschaft hrsg. von Hans Martin Frhr. von Erffa und Erhard Göpel. Piper, München 1962. Mit Barbara Göpel.Max Beckmann. Katalog der Gemälde. 2 Bde. Hrsg. Hans Martin Freiherr von Erffa (= Schriften der Max Beckmann Gesellschaft 3). Kornfeld,  Bern 1976. Max Beckmann - Berichte eines Augenzeugen.Hrsg. und mit Einführung versehen von <mask>. Nachwort von Günter Busch. Frankfurt a. M. 1984. ISBN 3-596-23605-3. Literature about <mask> Göpel

 Jonathan Petropoulos: The faustian bargain. The art world in Nazi Germany.Oxford 2000. Stephan Reimertz: Max Beckmann. Biographie. München 2003. Birgit Schwarz: Hitlers Museum. Die Fotoalben Gemäldegalerie Linz: Dokumente zum "Führermuseum". Wien 2004.Andreas Hansert: Hermann Hesse, Max Beckmann und das Linzer „Führermuseum“ – Bibliophile Buchprojekte der Bauerschen Gießerei in Frankfurt während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 20, 2007. Andreas Hansert: Georg Hartmann (1870–1954). Biografie eines Frankfurter Schriftgießers, Bibliophilen und Kunstmäzens, Wien 2009
 Christian Fuhrmeister, Susanne Kienlechner: Erhard Göpel im Nationalsozialismus – eine Skizze. Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte München 2018, Online-Ressource über das Kubikat (kooperatives bibliographisches Informationsangebot von vier Kunsthistorischen Instituten in Florenz, München, Paris, Rom). External links

German Lostart Foundation
Linz Führermuseum Database of the German Historical Museum

See also

 Fuhrermuseum
 Max Beckmann
 Hermann Voss (art historian)
 Hildebrand Gurlitt

References

1966 deaths
1906 births
German editors
German-language writers
Literary editors
German art critics
German art historians

masks:
Erhard Göpel
Erhard Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Göpel
Erhard
Göpel
Erhard
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Göpel
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Göpellit
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Göpel
Erhard
Göpel
Erhard
Erhard
Barbara Göpel
Erhard


title: Paul Mees

texts:
<mask>  (20 March 1961 – 19 June 2013) was an Australian academic, specialising in urban planning and public transport. <mask> died on 19 June 2013, 14 months after the diagnosis of kidney cancer. He was 52. At the time of his death he was an associate professor in the School of Global, Urban and Social Studies at RMIT University. A committed educator and prolific researcher, <mask> was also well known outside academic circles for his advocacy and activism in support of public transport as a means of sustainable transport, particularly in urban areas. In both his campaigning and academic work <mask> confronted powerful interests, questioned the status quo and challenged common community perceptions of good policy and practice – often courting controversy. It was the distinctive fusion of his achievements as a scholar and as an activist that set <mask> apart from many of his academic peers.Shortly after his death, Senator Penny Wright, a fellow law student and debating colleague, paid tribute to <mask> in the Australian Senate. More recently he was recognised for his achievements in the Australia Day Honours of 2014, posthumously awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to public transport and urban planning as an academic and advocate for creating sustainable cities". Scholarship

<mask> began his professional career as a lawyer in the mid 1980s. Having graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (Hons) from the University of Melbourne, he was admitted to practice as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria. He practised mostly in industrial relations law, first at Melbourne law firm Gill Kane & Co and later at Maurice Blackburn. In the early 1990s <mask> left the law to return to study, his doctoral research at the University of Melbourne involving a comparison of public transport in Toronto and Melbourne, and his thesis accounted for the relative success of the former compared to the latter in the post-war period, given the otherwise physical and demographic similarities of the two cities. He gained his PhD in 1997.His thesis, which was later published under the title A Very Public Solution is considered an authoritative text in the field. After a period as a research fellow at the Australian National University's Urban Research Program, in 1998 <mask> returned to the University of Melbourne to teach and research. In 2008, amid a public furore over academic independence, he was demoted by the university. Its key complaint related to public criticisms <mask> had made about state government officials, although a subsequent investigation dismissed the university's complaints. By that time, however, <mask> had resigned to take up an appointment at RMIT University. Promoted to associate professor in 2012, <mask> researched and taught at RMIT until his death. <mask>'s work was principally concerned with the planning of public transport in cities.He was a strong advocate for public transport, but less keen on urban bicycles as a realistic mass transport solution. His work provided the basis for the European Union's 2005 HiTrans project on improving public transport in medium-sized cities and towns. He was also a member of the international advisory council for Paris's New Mobility Agenda Project. His most recent research was on planning decision support tools for multimodal urban transport systems, and improvements to urban public transport planning in Australia. Activism

With an early interest in environmental and social justice issues, <mask> studied environmental law as part of his undergraduate degree. In the 1980s his interests segued to a focus on sustainable transport, and he became involved in public transport advocacy through the Public Transport Users Association in Melbourne, becoming president of the organisation from 1992 to 2001. <mask> was a provocative and articulate contributor to public debates on transport planning in Victoria, Australia over three decades, and arguably the best-known authority on public transport and urban planning in Australia.In addition to the many public platforms he shared with experts and commentators, <mask> was a sought-after media spokesperson, making hundreds of appearances in both print and electronic media around Australia over the decades. Only a month before he died he was interviewed on ABC TV's 7.30 Report. Among the notable activist projects with which <mask> involved himself were legal actions attempting to prevent the construction of expensive transport projects contrary to his views on what constituted good public transport policy. In the late 1990s he questioned the legality of aspects of the largest urban infrastructure project in Australia's history, the CityLink tollway system in Melbourne. <mask> unsuccessfully contested the building of a marshalling yard and a new tram "superstop" in front of the main entrance to the University of Melbourne's Parkville campus on Swanston Street, and opposed the building of the proposed Melbourne Metro Rail Project tunnel under the centre of Melbourne, on the grounds that much less expensive options are available to boost capacity on the Melbourne suburban rail network. In the early 2000s he also helped to establish the short-lived Public Transport First Party in Victoria, which campaigned in selected electorates on transport-related issues. In his final months, although seriously ill, <mask> persisted in his campaigning endeavours.In 2013 he questioned the quality of research behind the Victorian Government's proposed east–west tunnel link in Melbourne's inner northern suburbs, recording a video presentation for a major public meeting a week before his death. Debating

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> was an active member of the Australian debating community. He debated in competition from schools level, through university, to adult level. <mask> served on the Executive of the Debaters Association of Victoria, adjudicated schools competition, and participated in selection and training of the Victorian Schools Debating Team. As an adult, he represented Victoria at the National Debating Championships, and was a member of the winning team in Hobart in 1992. Personal

In 1988 <mask> married journalist, academic and teacher Erica Cervini. <mask> died in Melbourne on 19 June 2013, aged 52.<mask> was survived by Cervini; his mother Roma and father Tom, a retired barrister specialising in industrial relations law; and his three younger brothers – Peter (also a lawyer), Bernard (also an RMIT academic), and Stephen. Selected publications

 <mask>, <mask> (1996) Do public choice and public transport mix? An Australian-Canadian comparison, Canberra. A.C.T. : Urban Research Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University ()
 <mask>, <mask> (2000) A Very Public Solution: public transport in the dispersed city, Carlton South, Vic: Melbourne University Press ()
 <mask>, <mask> (2009) Transport for Suburbia: Beyond the Automobile Age, Earthscan ()

Notes

Further reading and external links

Australian activists
RMIT University faculty
Public transport in Melbourne
Australian lawyers
1961 births
2013 deaths
Academics from Melbourne
Australian urban planners
Deaths from cancer
Deaths from cancer in Victoria (Australia)

masks:
Paul Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Mees
Paul
Mees
Paul
Mees
Paul


title: Jules Favre

texts:
<mask> (21 March 1809 – 20 January 1880) was a French statesman. After the establishment of the Third Republic in September 1870, he became one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans in the National Assembly. “The speech of <mask>re is reported to have lasted an hour and a half, and to have held the judges and the public spellbound by its eloquence. We who have heard <mask>re believe it most readily; only the statement embodied in the last sentence of his argument was unfortunately premature and erroneous at the same time. "We are in the presence of a phenomenon which science admits without attempting to explain. The public may smile at it, but our most illustrious physicians regard it with gravity. Justice can no longer ignore what science has acknowledged!”

Excerpt From
Isis Unveiled (Vol.1&2)
Helena Blavatsky
https://books.apple.com/us/book/isis-unveiled-vol-1-2/id1461477774
This material may be protected by copyright.Early years

He was born in Lyon, and began his career as a lawyer. From the time of the Revolution of 1830, he openly declared himself a republican, and in political trials he took the opportunity to express this opinion. After the Revolution of 1848 he was elected deputy for Lyon to the Constituent Assembly, where he sat among the Moderate Republicans, voting against the socialists. When Louis Napoleon was elected President of France, Favre openly opposed him, and on 2 December 1851 he tried with Victor Hugo and others to organize armed resistance in the streets of Paris. After the coup d'état, he withdrew from politics, returned to the legal profession, and distinguished himself by his defence of Felice Orsini, the perpetrator of the attack against the life of Napoleon III. In 1858 he was elected deputy for Paris, and was one of the "Five" who gave the signal for the republican opposition to the Empire. In 1863 he became the head of his party, and delivered a number of addresses denouncing the Mexican expedition and the occupation of Rome.These addresses, eloquent, clear and incisive, won him a seat in the Académie française in 1867. Franco-Prussian War and Third Republic

With Adolphe Thiers he opposed the war against Prussia in 1870, and at the news of the defeat of Napoleon III at Sedan he demanded the deposition of the emperor. Favre opposed the removal of the government from Paris during the siege. In the government of National Defence he became vice-president under General Trochu, and minister of foreign affairs, with the onerous task of negotiating peace with victorious Germany. He proved to be less adroit as a diplomat than he had been as an orator, and committed several irreparable blunders. His famous statement on 6 September 1870, that he "would not yield to Germany an inch of territory nor a single stone of the fortresses" was a piece of oratory which Bismarck met on the 19th by his declaration to Favre that Alsace and Lorraine had to be ceded as a condition of peace. He arranged for the armistice of 28 January 1871 without knowing the situation of the armies, and without consulting the government at Bordeaux.By a grave oversight, he neglected to inform Léon Gambetta that the Army of the East (80,000 men) was not included in the armistice, and it was thus obliged to retreat to neutral territory. He showed no diplomatic skill in the negotiations for the Treaty of Frankfurt, and it was Bismarck who imposed all the conditions. He withdrew from the ministry, discredited, on 2 August 1871, but remained in the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Opportunist parliamentary group, Gauche républicaine. Elected Senator on 30 January 1876, he continued to support the government of the republic against the reactionary opposition until his death on 20 January 1880. Post-war scandal
Favre turned out to have a skeleton in his closet, although he probably never saw it as such. He had a series of children with a married woman who never got a divorce. Although Favre recognized these children as his own legally, the story did not become known generally until after 1871, when his bungling of the diplomacy with Bismarck left him a good target for political enemies.The story was released, and Favre did win damages against one of the men who released it, but whatever influence he might still have had was smashed. Ironically, it is apparent that his old opponent, Napoleon III knew of the situation, but as Favre never attacked the Emperor about his sexual affairs, the Emperor respected Favre on the same issue. Works

His works include many speeches and addresses, notably La Liberté de la Presse (1849), Défense de F. Orsini (1866), Discours de réception a l'Académie française (1868), Discours sur la liberté intérieure (1869). In Le Gouvernement de la Défense Nationale, 3 vols., 1871–1875, he explained his role in 1870–1871. After Favre's death his wife Julie Velten Favre, an educator and philosopher who had collaborated with Favre during their marriage, compiled and edited his speeches into 8 volumes. Sources

Further reading

G Hanotaux, Histoire de la France contemporaine (1903, etc.) E Benoît-Lévy, <mask>re (1884).Roger L. Williams, Manners and Murders in the world of Louis-Napoleon (Seattle, London: University of Washington, c1975), p. 93-101 (regarding Favre's family life, the scandal, and the legal repercussions). External links
 1867 Caricature of <mask>re by André Gill

1809 births
1880 deaths
Politicians from Lyon
Moderate Republicans (France)
Opportunist Republicans
French Foreign Ministers
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of the 2nd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 3rd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
French Senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Rhône (department)
Members of the Académie Française
Burials at the Cemetery of Notre-Dame, Versailles

masks:
Jules Claude Gabriel Favre
Jules Fav
Jules Fav
Jules Fav
Jules Fav


title: Len Ceglarski

texts:
<mask> (June 27, 1926 – December 16, 2017) was an American ice hockey player and coach. He was an All-American left wing on Boston College's 1949 NCAA championship team, and was captain of the 1950–51 squad. He was also a member of the U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the silver medal at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games in Oslo, Norway. Ceglarski was also known as a baseball player. While at Boston College, his .429 batting average as a senior second baseman was best in New England. Coaching career
A native of East Walpole, Massachusetts, <mask> taught and coached at Walpole High for four years before beginning his collegiate coaching career. He took the reins of the Golden Knights’ program from retiring Clarkson mentor Bill Harrison.At Clarkson, he had various responsibilities. He was responsible not only for varsity coaching, but for the freshman team, the rink, the equipment, and the laundry, and served as his own secretary and the team's skate sharpener. Clarkson College
<mask> began his coaching career at Clarkson College of Technology in 1958. When <mask> began his coaching career in the late 1950s, he was the fourth head coach in Clarkson's storied tradition. It took Ceglarski only four seasons to guide the Knights to their first NCAA championship game. In 1962, Clarkson beat Michigan 5–4 to make hockey history by becoming the first Eastern team to defeat a Western squad in the first round of the Final Four since 1954. Clarkson fell to Michigan Tech in the 1962 title game, closing out a 22–3–1 campaign.During the 1965–66 season, <mask> boasted his best Clarkson squad, winning the ECAC Tournament and once again making it to the deciding game in the NCAA tournament. The Knights defeated Denver, 4–3, before falling to the Michigan State Spartans in the title game. The club had a 24–3 record in 1965–66. At the end of the season, he was awarded his first Spencer Penrose Trophy, which goes annually to the national coach of the year. He also earned this honor in 1978 and 1985. For the third time in less than 10 years, <mask>'s team advanced to the NCAA Championship when the Knights battled Cornell for the 1970 NCAA championship. After skating past Michigan Tech, 4–3, in the semifinals, Clarkson fell just short against the Cornell Big Red, suffering a 6–4 loss in Lake Placid.The club finished the season with a 24–8 record. He led the Golden Knights to three national championship games, compiling a 254–97–11 record. He left Clarkson in 1972 to become hockey coach at his alma mater Boston College. The vacancy left by Ceglarski would be filled by Jerry York, who would also go on to coach at his alma mater, Boston College. Boston College
When long-time Boston College coach John "Snooks" Kelley retired as the Eagles coach in 1972, <mask> decided to return to his alma mater. While at Boston College, Ceglarski guided the Eagles to 419 victories through two decades at the Heights. <mask> retired in 1992 with 689 career wins.At the time, it was the most in Division I history; , he ranks ninth on the all-time list, and third all time at BC, falling short of Kelley's 486 wins. <mask>'s vacancy would be filled by interim coach Steve Cedorchuk, but after two seasons, Jerry York again followed Ceglarski by becoming the Eagles' head coach. Coaching legacy
When <mask> concluded his 34-year hockey coaching career in 1992, he retired with the most victories ever amassed in the history of the game at the college level. His first win came with Clarkson's 10–2 win at Providence on December 5, 1958. His teams at Clarkson and Boston College won 673 games, lost only 339 and tied 38. Over that time, Ceglarski-coached teams had only four losing campaigns. Serving for 14 years as the head coach of the Clarkson Golden Knights, Ceglarski compiled a .717 winning percentage, posting a 254–97–10 overall record from 1958–1972.He guided Clarkson to four NCAA Tournament berths and its first ECAC Tournament title. <mask>'s teams finished as runners-up in the NCAA Tournament in 1961–62, 1965–66, 1969–70 and 1977–78. The first three were the only Clarkson squads to have reached the national championship game. <mask>'s 1977–78 BC squad also finished as NCAA runner-up, losing to Boston University in the finals. In 34 seasons (1958–1992), he became the winningest coach in the history of college hockey with a record of 673–339–37. In 14 seasons at Clarkson, he had a record of 254–97–10 and a record of 419–242–27 in 20 seasons at Boston College. He is the first man in college hockey ever to coach 1,000 games.He was inducted into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame in 1974. Honors
Several honors have been bestowed upon <mask>. He was a 1974 member of the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1990, he won the Lester Patrick Trophy, an annual award presented for outstanding service to hockey in the United States. <mask> was also inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992, and was named the 1996 recipient of the Legend of College Hockey Award. In 1993, <mask> was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame. Ceglarski was the winner of the 1984–85 CCM / Bob Kullen Award.Sponsored by CCM, the award is given in the name of Bob Kullen, who served as head coach of the New Hampshire Wildcats. The award goes to the head coach who is considered to have demonstrated the highest number of significant accomplishments over the course of the season as voted by the conference's head coaches. The <mask>ki Award for Individual Sportsmanship was given by the league to one player who had consistently demonstrated superior conduct and sportsmanship on the ice. The directors of Hockey East established the Award in 1992. Each school nominates one player and the award is then voted upon by head coaches, sports information directors and league officials. The first winner was Joe Flanagan, a senior forward from the University of New Hampshire. One of Ceglarski's former players, John T. McLennan honored his mentor by creating a $1.5 million endowment to fund the Leonard S<mask> Chair at Clarkson.McLennan was offered an athletic scholarship to play hockey at Clarkson in 1964, and McLennan earned a master's degree in industrial management and went on to become president and CEO of Bell Canada before retiring in 1997. McLennan credits Ceglarski with the success he achieved in his life. The chair will fund the Clarkson men's head hockey coach position. Playing record

Head coaching record

Awards and honors

See also
List of college men's ice hockey coaches with 400 wins

References

External links

1926 births
2017 deaths
American ice hockey coaches
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Boston College Eagles baseball players
Boston College Eagles football players
Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey coaches
Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey players
Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey coaches
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
Ice hockey players at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Medalists at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
People from Walpole, Massachusetts
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts

masks:
Leonard Stanley Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Ceglarski
Len Ceglars
. Ceglarski


title: Saigō Takamori

texts:
was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Early life

He was born <mask> (西郷 小吉), and received the given name Takamori in adulthood. He wrote poetry under the name <mask> (西郷 南洲). His younger brother was Gensui The Marquis Saigō Jūdō.He was the oldest of 7 children. Shōgun  Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. However, Saigō was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. His intransigence was one of the major causes of the subsequent Boshin War. During the Boshin War, Saigō led the imperial forces at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaishū. Meiji bureaucrat

Although Ōkubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saigō retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (1871–73).Saigō initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization. Saigō did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. Saigō resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. Satsuma Rebellion (1877)

Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakkō was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo.These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saigō was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. Saigō was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. After a failed assault, Saigō settled for a siege. Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, eventually lifting the siege.The remnants of Saigō's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. Eventually Saigō and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the Battle of Shiroyama. Saigo's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. Death
During the battle of Shiroyama, Saigō was badly injured in the hip. However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that the friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide.Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. As none of the eyewitness accounts mention a wound to the abdomen, or any fresh sword wound at all, it is unknown if Saigo pierced his stomach with his sword. In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saigō may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished.Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai. It is not clear what was done with Saigō's head immediately after his death. Some legends say Saigō's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saigō's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. A myth persists that the head was never found. Legends

Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saigō, many of which denied his death.It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji Era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Artworks depicting Saigō

A famous bronze statue of Saigō in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Made by Takamura Kōun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. Saigō met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary.A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saigō had been exiled. A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of <mask> Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto". Family

Ancestry

Wives and children
 Ijūin Suga
 Aikana
 Saigō Kikujirō (son): Mayor of Kyoto City, studied politics at Johns Hopkins University
 Saigō Kikusō (daughter)
 Saigō Itoko
 Marquess Saigō Toratarō (son): Colonel in the army, studied at Prussian Military Academy
 Saigō Umajirō (son)
 Saigō Torizō (son)

Siblings
 Marshal-Admiral Marquess Saigō Jūdō (younger brother): Navy Minister
 Saigō Kichijirō (younger brother): Killed in action in the Boshin War
 Saigō Kohei (younger brother): Killed in action in the Satsuma Rebellion
 Ichiki Koto (younger sister)
 Saigō Taka (younger sister)
 Saigō Yasu (younger sister)

See also
 Seikanron
 The Last Samurai

Notes

References
 Hagiwara, Kōichi (2004). (Illustrated life of Saigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi) Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2004  (Japanese)
 Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press.; OCLC 12311985
  . (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 44090600
 Ravina, Mark. (2004). The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori.Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ; OCLC 427566169
Yates, Charles (1995) "Saigo Takamori: The Man Behind The Myth" (New York, NY: Kegan Paul International )
Ravina, Mark J. “The Apocryphal Suicide of Saigō Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend.” Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. External links

Saigo, Takamori | Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures (National Diet Library)

1828 births
1877 deaths
People from Kagoshima
Japanese swordfighters
Samurai
Japanese military leaders
Boshin War
Japanese rebels
Japanese revolutionaries
Meiji Restoration
Nobles of the Meiji Restoration
People from Satsuma Domain
Seppuku from Meiji period to present
Japanese politicians
People of Meiji-period Japan
Shimazu retainers
People of the Boshin War
Japanese folklore
Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan
People killed in the Satsuma Rebellion
Deified Japanese people
1870s suicides

masks:
Saigō Kokichi
Saigō Nanshū
Saigō


title: Duncan D. Hunter

texts:
<mask> (born December 7, 1976) is an American politician and United States Marine who served as a U.S. Representative for  from 2013 to 2020. He is a member of the Republican Party, who was first elected to the House in 2008. This district, numbered as the  from 2009 to 2013, encompasses much of northern and inland San Diego County and a sliver of Riverside County, including the cities of El Cajon, Escondido, San Marcos, Santee and Temecula. He served in the U.S. Marines from 2001 through 2005 and succeeded his father, Republican <mask>, a member of Congress from 1981 to 2009. In 2017, the Department of Justice began a criminal investigation into <mask> and his campaign manager and wife Margaret Jankowski, for alleged campaign finance violations. In August 2018, both were indicted on charges including conspiracy, wire fraud, and violating campaign finance laws. In June 2019, Jankowski pleaded guilty to corruption and named him as a co-conspirator in using campaign funds for personal expenses.Also in June 2019, federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016, <mask> had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women, including lobbyists and congressional staff. In December  2019, <mask> changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds. On January 7, 2020, he submitted letters of resignation to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and California Governor Gavin Newsom, that took effect on January 13, 2020. On March 17, 2020, <mask> was sentenced to 11 months in prison, scheduled to begin in January 2021. He was pardoned by President <mask> in December 2020. The next day Trump pardoned <mask>'s wife. Early life and education

<mask> was born in San Diego, California, the son of Helynn Louise (née Layh) and <mask> <mask>.He graduated from Granite Hills High School in El Cajon, California, in 1994, and San Diego State University, where he earned a B.S. in information systems in 2001. During his sophomore year of college, <mask> started a web design company with a friend. After graduation, he worked in San Diego as an information technology business analyst. Military service
After the September 11 attacks, <mask> joined the United States Marine Corps. He attended Officer Candidates School at Marine Corps Base Quantico. When he graduated in March 2002, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant.He subsequently served as a field artillery officer in the 1st Marine Division after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He completed a second tour in Fallujah, Iraq, in 2004, serving in Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marines. During his second tour, he participated in Operation Vigilant Resolve, in which he fought in battles in Fallujah. In September 2005, <mask> was honorably discharged from active duty. After his discharge he started a residential development company. In 2007, he was recalled to active duty and deployed to Afghanistan. He was promoted to captain during his wartime deployments as an artillery officer in 2006, and to major in 2012.<mask> remained in the Marine Corps Reserve until 2017. According to Politico in August 2018, <mask> still experiences the trauma of his wartime deployments as an artillery officer in Afghanistan and Iraq. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
2008
On March 20, 2007, <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>, announced that as part of his presidential bid he would not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 2008, retiring from Congress after 14 terms. After <mask> announced his candidacy for his father's seat, he was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the War in Afghanistan. On June 3, 2008, <mask> won the Republican primary with 72% of the vote in a four-candidate field and became the Republican nominee to replace his father, representing the 52nd District. In the general election, <mask> defeated Democratic nominee Mike Lumpkin, a former Navy SEAL, 56%–39%. <mask> became the first combat veteran of either Iraq or Afghanistan to serve in the U.S. Congress; moreover, he was the first Marine to be elected who had seen combat in both conflicts.2010
<mask> won re-election to a second term with 63% of the vote, defeating Democrat Ray Lutz and Libertarian Michael Benoit. 2012
After redistricting, <mask>'s district was renumbered as the 50th District. It was pushed well to the east to cover most of inland San Diego County, while losing its share of the city of San Diego. In the five-candidate open primary in 2012, <mask> ranked first with 67% of the vote; Democratic nominee <mask> ranked second with 17% of the vote. In the general election, <mask> defeated Secor 68%–32%. He became only the third person to represent this district since its creation after the 1960 census. Lionel Van <mask> won the seat on its creation in 1962, and held it until the elder <mask> defeated him in 1980.2014
In the primary election, <mask> finished first with 62,371 votes (70%) to Democrat James H. Kimber's 21,552 (24%). In the general election, <mask> defeated Kimber by 111,997 votes (71%) to 45,302 (29%). 2016
In the primary election, <mask> took 56.5% of the vote against four opponents. In the general election, he defeated Democrat Patrick Malloy, 63.9% to 36.1%. 2018
Several Democrats challenged <mask>, including Ammar Campa-Najjar and Josh Butner. <mask> was also challenged by the Republican Mayor of El Cajon, Bill Wells. In the jungle primary, <mask> received the most votes at 47.4%, followed by Campa-Najjar at 17.6%.The two faced off in the November general election. During <mask>'s 2018 re-election campaign, he repeatedly attacked his Democratic opponent Campa-Najjar over his half-Palestinian heritage. He claimed that Campa-Najjar, who converted to Christianity from Islam in high school, was an "Islamist" trying to "infiltrate Congress", describing him as a "security threat" with terrorist ties. The Washington Post fact-checkers wrote that an October 1, 2018, television ad by <mask>'s campaign used "naked anti-Muslim bias" and sought to scare Californians from voting for Campa-Najjar, despite the fact that Campa-Najjar "isn't even Muslim. All the claims in the ad are false, misleading or devoid of evidence." <mask> also claimed that Campa-Najjar was being supported by CAIR and the Muslim Brotherhood; PolitiFact gave this claim its "Pants on Fire" rating. CNN, The Guardian, Buzzfeed News, and The Daily Beast described <mask>'s campaign as "anti-Muslim", Vox described it as "race-baiting", and The Atlantic called it "one of the most brazenly anti-Muslim smear campaigns in recent history."After <mask>'s attacks on Campa-Najjar were widely condemned, <mask> doubled down on the attacks in a direct mail letter written and signed by three defense industry lobbyists, characterizing Campa-Najjar as a national security risk. Campa-Najjar described <mask>'s attacks as "pathological." <mask> ultimately won with 51.7% of the vote, the closest race in the district since his father's initial run for what was then the 42nd District in 1980, when he unseated longtime Democratic incumbent Lionel Van <mask> with 53 percent of the vote. In the four decades since then, a Democrat had only managed more than 40 percent of the vote in 1992, when the elder <mask> was held to 52.8 percent of the vote. Although the district is normally considered safely Republican, as evidenced by <mask>'s previous wide margins of victory, the election was relatively close largely due to <mask>'s indictment. He was left as one of only three Republicans representing a district south of Bakersfield, the others being Paul Cook and Ken Calvert. Tenure
In July 2013, <mask> voted against an amendment offered by Justin Amash to rein in warrantless domestic surveillance conducted by the NSA.In October 2013 <mask> was the only representative from San Diego County to vote against the bill ending the nation's 16-day partial government shutdown, explaining that he voted against it because it did not reduce spending or the national debt. <mask> was an early supporter of <mask>'s presidential bid, endorsing him in February 2016 in the earliest days of the Republican primary. He was the second member of Congress to support him. According to anonymous sources, during an address to Riverside County Young Republicans in late August 2017, <mask> said of President Trump, "He's just like he is on TV ... He's an asshole, but he's our asshole." At a town-hall-style meeting in March 2017, <mask> was confronted by protesters. Before the crowd, <mask> asserted that the American intelligence community was filled with "seditious Obama folks" who "hate <mask> as much as you [those at the meeting] do" and are trying to undermine the Trump administration.He also described the American government as "Orwellian". In April 2019, he pretended to cross the Mexico–United States border, in a bid to show that it was easy for immigrants to enter into the country. <mask>'s Democratic challenger, Ammar Campa-Najjar, pointed out that actually leaving the country would violate the terms of <mask>'s pretrial release after he was indicted on illegal spending of campaign funds. In the video, <mask> says he is at "the grand border wall in Yuma, Arizona," while standing next to a waist-high barrier near the border. <mask> indicated that the small barrier was in fact the border wall and elaborated that "This is what we expect to stop people, transnational terrorists, families, all illegal aliens from coming across the border. This is it." He then proceeded to step over the wall and declare "There you go.That's how easy it is to cross the border in Yuma, Arizona." The Border Patrol released a statement correcting <mask>'s false claims and said that the "border wall" was actually a vehicle barrier 70–100 ft from the actual border which follows the Colorado River. <mask> had asked to stop at the barrier while on a courtesy ride-along. In 2019, the Marine Corps sent a cease-and-desist letter to <mask>, asking him to immediately stop using the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor emblem and a Corps motto on political mailers to constituents. A spokesman for the Marines explained that the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor are trademarked and that federal law bars the use of the Marine seal and emblem for political purposes. <mask> used the Marine iconography in a racially charged mailer attacking his Democratic opponent and two Muslim congresswomen, attempting to link them to terrorism. After Trump pulled 1,000 U.S. troops from Kurdish-held territory on the Syrian border south of Turkey in 2019, a bipartisan resolution was passed in the House, 354–60, that condemned the president for abandoning those U.S. allies that would allow the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to reestablish and regroup its forces, and allow the Turks to attack the Kurds.<mask> was one of the two from the 53-member California congressional delegation to vote against the resolution. Committee assignments

On August 22, 2018, after being indicted on 60 federal charges, <mask> was forced to resign from all of his Congressional committees and subcommittees. Committee on Armed Services (resigned)
 Committee on Education and the Workforce (resigned)
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (resigned)

Caucus memberships

 Congressional Arts Caucus
Congressional Western Caucus
Republican Study Committee

Political positions
Following in the footsteps of his father, <mask>'s voting record was conservative; he has a lifetime rating of 93 from the American Conservative Union. He was a member of the Republican Study Committee, a caucus of House conservatives of which his father was a longtime member. Economy

<mask> voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. <mask> said that the plan was "good for most states" but "not as good" for California. Healthcare

<mask> favors repealing the Affordable Care Act, and voted in support of a budget resolution to repeal it in January 2017.He expressed support for all drafts of the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA), which would partially repeal and replace Obamacare, and voted for the AHCA on May 4, 2017. About the AHCA he said, "this is going to save America." <mask> opposed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, saying that it would "take away" the doctor-patient relationship and the right for people to choose "what type of operations they have", and that it would allow a "government bureaucrat" to make health care decisions for people. In an interview, <mask> said, "Things that you have problems with now would be exacerbated if you had government-run healthcare." Environment

On environmental issues, <mask> has a 2% (out of 100%) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmental group. <mask> rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He believes that it is not caused by humans, that it may actually be positive, and that its cause is unknown.<mask> does not believe the EPA should be allowed to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and has consistently voted against any governmental limits to CO2 pollution. He would like to open up oil drilling in the United States in order to bring down gas prices. In a 2009 interview with KPBS, <mask> expressed support for "overriding" the designation of the delta smelt as an endangered species, saying that overriding it would reduce unemployment in California. War and military affairs

In a 2011 op-ed in Politico, <mask> opposed a complete withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan, because of "unreliable Afghan leadership"; he accused the Obama administration of "echoing a misshapen worldview that puts American interests last". In October 2012, <mask> returned from a visit to Afghanistan, as part of a congressional delegation, with a more upbeat assessment, stating "Frankly I was very skeptical last year when I went last, and have been, on whether [the Afghans] can do this, but they are." In December 2013, <mask> said that if a U.S. war with Iran becomes inevitable, which he "sure as hell" hoped wouldn't happen, the American response should be a "massive aerial bombing campaign" including "tactical nuclear devices". He also said that the culture of Middle Easterners made them unreliable negotiating partners.In 2013, <mask> called for the United States to train and arm Syrian rebels and said that President Obama would be breaking the law if he bombed Syria without a Congressional mandate, and that bombing should be considered an impeachable offense. In September 2014, however, <mask> voted against a proposal to train and arm Syrian rebels fighting against ISIL extremists, saying that the proposal failed to go far enough. Columnist <mask> of the Press-Register suggested that <mask>'s 2011 call to rebid the littoral combat ship program was an attempt to get federal funds for a shipyard in his district. <mask> turned again to the LCS program in 2012, with a call to reduce LCS builds in favor of amphibious ships, because he had read a report that the Marines had leased a ferry with similar characteristics to the LCS and the Joint High-Speed Vessel (JHSV). In 2013 <mask> said the United States Navy was overworked and spread thin, and said that a "306-ship target might represent the absolute minimum capacity the navy needs". He called for the system of awarding the Medal of Honor to be reevaluated, due to the cases of Sergeant Rafael Peralta and Captain William D. Swenson. After Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel became the third Secretary to deny the award to Peralta, <mask> maintained his pressure on the Pentagon.In late March 2014, he sent a letter asking the Pentagon to reevaluate Peralta's case, as well as the case of Bradley Kasal, who used his body to shield a fellow Marine from a grenade blast in Iraq in 2004. In 2017, <mask> continued his effort to have Peralta's Navy Cross elevated. In 2018, <mask> requested a review of the awarding of the Silver Star to Marine 1st Lieutenant Travis Manion, who was originally recommended for the Navy Cross. <mask> has been supportive of certain service members who have been accused or convicted of criminal actions. <mask> has been a strong supporter of Major Mathew Golsteyn, a former Green Beret charged with murder. <mask>

masks:
Duncan Duane Hunter
Duncan Lee Hunter
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Donald Trump
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Duncan Lee
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Duncan Lee
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David Secor
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Deerlin
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Deerlin
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Donald Trump
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Dan Murtaugh
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title: Duncan D. Hunter

texts:
 drafted a letter to Trump, asking him to give his personal attention to Golsteyn's case. The congressman along with other lawmakers sought presidential help in the case of Chief Special Warfare Operator Eddie Gallagher who was to stand trial in a San Diego military court for similar offenses.<mask> wrote letters to both Obama and Trump, asking them to consider giving a presidential pardon or leniency to Lieutenant Clint Lorance, a platoon commander in Afghanistan, who was convicted of second degree murder for ordering his troops during a combat mission to fire on Afghans approaching on a motorcycle at high speed who turned out to be unarmed; Trump reviewed the case and pardoned Lorance. <mask> worked with Lieutenant Colonel Jason Amerine, who testified to Congress criticizing the Pentagon for failing to mount missions to rescue Taliban hostages; Following his testimony the Federal Bureau of Investigation opened an inquiry into whether Amerine had divulged classified information to <mask>, Amerine later testified to a Congressional committee looking into whether the military retaliates against whistle blowers. In May 2019, during an attempt to defend Gallagher at a town hall meeting, <mask> claimed that he too had posed for photos with a dead enemy combatant while deployed, and called the military justice system "corrupt". In an interview <mask> claimed he had probably killed "hundreds" of civilians while serving as an artillery officer in Iraq, adding "So, do I get judged too?" <mask> appeared in federal court in San Diego on November 25, 2019, for a hearing in his own case, and supported Trump's downward sentence modification for Gallagher. <mask>'s hearing was postponed until December 3, 2019. Women

He voted against the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, an act which made it easier to file lawsuits regarding wage discrimination.In February 2013, <mask> voted in favor of renewing the Violence Against Women Act. <mask> opposes women in combat and, to make a rhetorical point, in 2016 he introduced an amendment to the defense authorization act to require 18-to-26-year-old women to register for the Selective Service System (as 18-to-26-year-old men are required to do). This backfired, however, as the House Armed Services Committee voted 32–30 to adopt the amendment. LGBT rights

He supported the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which restricted federal recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples only, and cut off federal benefits to same-sex couples. He voted to delay the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, which barred gays and lesbians from serving openly in the United States military. In 2011, <mask> advocated delaying the implementation of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama. In 2011, <mask> introduced legislation to require that all "four military service chiefs certify that the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell won't negatively affect their combat units".On the question of transgender military personnel, <mask> said that as a Marine Corps veteran, he could not imagine sharing a shower with "somebody who was a girl and didn't have the surgery to become a man but kept the girl stuff". Abortion

<mask> is anti-abortion and believes life begins at conception. He consistently voted against all forms of abortion, as well as cloning and embryonic stem cell research. In 2017 he introduced a bill to give fetuses 14th Amendment protections. <mask> voted to ban the morning after pill in the case of rape or incest, and would like to ban IUDs. He has been rated 0% by the abortion rights group NARAL and 100% by the anti-abortion National Right to Life Committee. Immigration

At an April 2010 Tea Party movement rally in Ramona, California, <mask> advocated for the deportation of United States citizens who are the children of illegal immigrants.At the rally, <mask> said, "It's a complex issue and ... you could look and say, 'You're a mean guy. That's a mean thing to do. That's not a humanitarian thing to do' ... We simply cannot afford what we're doing right now. We just can't afford it. California's going under." He confirmed the comments to San Diego County's North County Times, telling the newspaper that he supported House Resolution 1868, a measure that called for the elimination of birthright citizenship in the United States. He expressed support for the 2010 Arizona immigration law, calling it a national security issue and "a fantastic starting point".Press relations

After a reporter from The Guardian was assaulted by Republican Representative Greg Gianforte from Montana, <mask>'s response was published in several newspapers. In response to questions about the AHCA's effect on those with pre-existing conditions, Gianforte put his hands around the reporter's neck and "body-slammed" him to the ground, injuring his elbow and breaking his glasses. <mask> commented: "It's not appropriate behavior. Unless the reporter deserved it." Smoking

<mask> is an advocate of tobacco products. He uses an e-cigarette and opposes the banning of e-cigarettes on airplanes. <mask> puffed on his e-cigarette during a congressional hearing about vaping.In July 2010, <mask> introduced legislation into the 111th Congress to allow tobacco products to be shipped to service members serving in Iraq and Afghanistan; the legislation died after being referred to committee. In 2014, <mask> moved to block a plan by the military to ban sales of tobacco products on bases and ships. Campaign finance investigation, indictment and conviction
In April 2016, <mask> came under scrutiny from the Federal Elections Commission regarding his use of campaign funds for personal expenses from 2015 to 2016, after Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed an ethics complaint. In August 2016, the Office of Congressional Ethics made a recommendation to the Ethics Committee for a full investigation. <mask> and his wife, Margaret, who was being paid $3,000 monthly from campaign funds in her role as campaign manager, shared a campaign fund credit card which had charges that were questioned. The expenses included $1,302 in charges for video games, $600 to pay for a family rabbit to travel by plane, clothing from Abercrombie & Fitch, a donation to their son's school, payments to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, travel costs (including 32 payments for airfare, hotel stays in Arizona and Italy), groceries, a nail salon visit, tuition, non-specified items at a surf shop, and outdoor equipment. Federal investigation
In February 2017, <mask>'s campaign offices were raided by the FBI as part of a criminal investigation.Agents seized computers, other electronics, and financial records; they also seized a hard drive from Election CFO, an Alexandria, Virginia-based company that handled campaign finances on <mask>'s behalf. The raid was not reported in the media until August 2017, after court documents intended to be filed under seal were accidentally released to the public. In March 2017, the House Ethics Committee revealed that <mask> was under a Department of Justice criminal investigation for campaign finance violations and that it was deferring its own investigation as a result. The Office of Congressional Ethics report stated: "Rep. <mask> may have converted tens of thousands of dollars of campaign funds from his congressional campaign committee to personal use to pay for family travel, flights, utilities, health care, school uniforms, and tuition, jewelry, groceries, and other goods, services, and expenses." <mask> said that he repaid the money to the campaign, and denied wrongdoing. He also announced that his wife would no longer receive a $3,000 per month salary for consulting with the campaign. His lawyers Gregory Vega and Elliot Berkewas said that any improper use of campaign funds was "inadvertent and unintentional".In March 2017, in a statement issued through his lawyers, <mask> said that he had repaid his campaign approximately $60,000 in 2016. In April 2017, <mask> returned from international travel in order to address issues around his campaign funds, promising to correct any inappropriate or mistaken charges. Indictment

On August 21, 2018, a federal grand jury of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California indicted <mask> and his wife on 60 counts of wire fraud, falsifying records, campaign finance violations, and conspiracy. The San Diego U.S. Attorney's Office accused the couple of conspiring to misuse $250,000 in campaign funds for personal expenses, as well as filing false campaign finance reports. Personal expenses charged to the campaign included vacations in Italy and Hawaii, theater tickets, and purchases in the gaming platform Steam. The indictment says that when <mask> wanted to buy some shorts for himself, his wife suggested that he falsely report the purchase as "golf balls for wounded warriors". On another occasion he tried unsuccessfully to arrange a tour of a Navy base as a cover for a family vacation trip to Italy.When the Navy couldn't arrange something on the date <mask> wanted, <mask> told his chief of staff to "tell the Navy to go fuck themselves." The indictment also alleges that <mask> spent campaign money on "personal relationships" with five women in Washington, DC, listed as Individuals 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 in the indictment. The women were said to have included lobbyists and one of his own congressional staffers. "Throughout the relevant period, the Hunters spent substantially more than they earned," according to the indictment. "They overdrew their bank account more than 1,100 times in a seven-year period, resulting in approximately $37,761 in 'overdraft' and 'insufficient funds' bank fees." Speaker of the House Paul Ryan (R) called the charges against <mask> "deeply serious" and indicated that he would be stripped of his committee assignments pending a resolution of those charges. At first, <mask> refused to leave his committees voluntarily; however, following reports that the Republican Steering Committee was planning to forcibly remove his committee assignments, <mask> reversed course and agreed to step down from his committees.The San Diego Union-Tribune, <mask>'s hometown paper, published an editorial calling for him to resign from Congress. <mask>'s father, the former congressman, attacked the indictment as a "late hit" and claimed it was politically motivated. <mask> himself insisted that he never used campaign funds for personal expenses and that the indictment was a "witch hunt" carried out by "partisan Democrat prosecutors" and the "deep state". The Union-Tribune pointed out that the local U.S. Attorney's office is led by Adam L. Braverman, a Trump administration appointee. Guilty plea and sentence

On August 23, 2018, both <mask> and his wife pleaded not guilty to all charges. The two entered and left the courtroom separately, and were represented by separate counsel. <mask> suggested his wife was to blame for any irregularities, saying that she handled all their personal and campaign finances and adding, "I didn't do it.I didn't spend any money illegally." On June 24, 2019, federal prosecutors submitted a court filing alleging that <mask> used his campaign funds for extramarital affairs with five women, including three lobbyists, a congressional aide, and one of his staffers between 2009 and 2016. Ahead of a court hearing in November 2019, <mask> expressed support for President <mask>'s downward sentence modification for convicted war criminal Eddie Gallagher, but refused to answer reporters' questions about his case. On December 3, 2019, <mask> pleaded guilty to one count of misusing campaign funds. <mask> said he expected to be sentenced to prison time, but hoped the judge would not sentence his wife to incarceration. On March 17, 2020, U.S. District Judge Thomas J. Whelan sentenced <mask> eleven months in prison, followed by three months of supervised release. Whelan rejected <mask>'s request to serve most or all of his sentence on home confinement, given the long duration of his criminal conduct and the amount of money misappropriated.<mask> pleaded guilty to one count of corruption on June 13, 2019. She acknowledged that she had conspired with her husband to spend over $200,000 in campaign funds on personal expenses. She agreed to give testimony and cooperate with the prosecution. Her plea agreement could have sent her to prison for up to five years. After a postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she was sentenced to eight months home confinement and three years probation in August 2020. Resignation from Congress
On December 5 the House Ethics Committee informed <mask> that he had violated House rules when he cast votes in the chamber two days earlier. They said he must refrain from Congressional voting because he had pleaded guilty to a federal felony with a potentially significant prison sentence.Longstanding precedent holds that House members convicted of felonies should not take part in floor votes or committee work until the Ethics Committee reviews the matter. Although there is no constitutional rule barring a convicted felon from voting, the convicted member's party leadership usually strongly discourages a member from doing so, and the Ethics Committee has indicated in the past that convicted felons can be disciplined if they do take part in committee or floor votes. On December 6, 2019, <mask> announced that he would resign from Congress after the holidays. By waiting until January to resign, <mask> would receive at least an additional $10,000 in monthly salary. On January 7, 2020, he submitted his letters of resignation, effective Jan 13, to U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and California Governor Gavin Newsom. In January 2020, Democratic Representatives Josh Harder (California) and Max Rose (New York) introduced the No Pensions for Corrupt Politicians Act of 2020, which would prevent <mask> and other members of Congress who commit or conspire to commit campaign finance crimes from collecting a congressional pension. It is estimated that otherwise <mask> would receive an annual payment of at least $32,000 in a congressional pension, which he would be able to begin accessing when he turns 62.Newsom's office stated that there would be no special election to fill <mask>'s congressional seat, and so it remained vacant until being filled by the November 2020 election. Pardon by <mask> was scheduled to report to the federal prison in La Tuna, west Texas, in January 2021. However, on December 22, 2020, President <mask> pardoned <mask>, as well as two other Republican congressmen convicted of corruption: Chris Collins of New York and Steve Stockman of Texas. The following day, Trump pardoned <mask>'s estranged wife Margaret. Personal life
In 1998 <mask> married Polish-born Margaret Jankowski, whom he had met in 1992. They have three children. In 2016, <mask> sold his home in Alpine, California, and used part of the proceeds to repay his political campaign for some of the money he had spent on personal expenses.He and his family moved in with his father, <mask><mask>. In August 2020, <mask> pleaded guilty to misusing campaign funds for personal use and was sentenced to eight months of home confinement and three years' probation. She filed for divorce from <mask> in November 2020. References

External links

1976 births
21st-century American politicians
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Baptists from California
American people convicted of campaign finance violations
California politicians convicted of crimes
California Republicans
Living people
Members of the United States Congress stripped of committee assignment
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Military personnel from California
People from Alpine, California
People from El Cajon, California
Politicians from San Diego
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
San Diego State University alumni
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps reservists
Recipients of American presidential

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