title: Benito Juárez

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<mask> (; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was an ardent Mexican liberal, trained as a lawyer, and an active and effective politician who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872. He was the first president of Mexico who was of indigenous origin, of Zapotec ethnicity. He wrote only briefly about his indigenous heritage, in Apuntes para mis hijos, describing his parents as "Indians of the country's primitive race." His vision of Mexico was that individual indigenous Mexicans would become full citizens of Mexico, equal before the law. "Everything that <mask> and the Liberal circle stood for militated against [his] identification" as an indigenous person. According to one biographer, he "has been the object of so much mythology that it is almost impossible to uncover the facts of his life.". The liberal exiles plotted a return to Mexico and the overthrow of Santa Anna.In 1854, <mask> helped draft the liberals' Plan of Ayutla, a document calling for Santa Anna's being deposed and for a convention to draft a new constitution. Faced with growing opposition, Santa Anna was forced to resign in 1855. <mask>'s time in New Orleans broadened his horizons, meeting not just fellow exile Mexican liberals, but also Cuban separatist exile, Pedro Santacicilia, who was later to marry <mask>'s oldest child. Cuba was still a Spanish colony, not gaining its independence until 1898, and Cuban nationalists sought independence. For Mexico, the existence of a Spanish colony geographically close to Mexico was a potential threat. It had been the springboard for Spain's unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Mexico. Santacicilia and his fellow Cuban business partner Domingo de Goicuría were important to the Mexican liberal cause, sending arms to Guerrero and acting on liberals' behalf in Veracruz in the War of the Reform.During the French Intervention (1862-67) Santacilia helped <mask>'s wife and children in their New York exile. Liberal Reform, 1855-1857

With Santa Anna's resignation, <mask> returned to Mexico from his exile in the U.S. and became part of the activist puro (pure) faction of Liberals. They formed a provisional government under General Juan Álvarez, the strong man of Guerrero state, inaugurating the period known as La Reforma, or Liberal Reform. <mask> served as Minister of Justice and ecclesiastical affairs. During this time, he drafted the law named after him, the Juárez Law, which declared all citizens equal before the law, and restricted the privileges (fueros) of the Catholic Church and the Mexican army. President Álvarez signed the draft into law in 1855. The Reform laws curtailed the power of the Catholic Church, under the Lerdo law forcing the sale of Church land as well as those of indigenous communities,  and restricting the military.They tried to create a modern civil society and capitalist economy based on the model of the United States. The Ley Juárez was subsequently incorporated into the Mexican Constitution of 1857. <mask> had no role in drafting the constitution, since he had returned to Oaxaca, where he served again as governor. The new liberal Constitution of 1857 was promulgated in February and the new president, Ignacio Comonfort, who appointed <mask> as Minister of Government in November 1857. He was elected as President of the Supreme Court of Justice, an office that virtually put its holder as the successor to the President of the Republic. War of the Reform, 1858-1860

Conservatives rejected the new constitution, promulgated on 11 March 1857, and sought to overturn it. Led by General Félix María Zuloaga, Conservatives sought to nullify the constitution and issued the Plan of Tacubaya on 17 December 1857.Recently elected president, Ignacio Comonfort, a moderate Liberal, saw flaws in the constitution, which gave most power to Mexican states and further curtailed the power of the executive by making Congress superior to it. Comonfort signed onto the Conservatives' plan, which called for nullifying the constitution, drafting a new constitution, and leaving Comonfort as president with extraordinary powers in the interim. Comonfort "felt that by temporarily assuming dictatorial powers he could hold the extremists on both sides in check and pursue a middle course, always his object. It soon became obvious that such an assumption was mere wishful thinking." <mask>, Ignacio Olvera, and many other liberal deputies and ministers were arrested. For the conservatives, these actions did not go far enough, and on 11 January 1858, Zuloaga demanded Comonfort's resignation. Comonfort re-established the Congress, and liberated all prisoners including <mask>, before resigning as president.The conservative forces proclaimed Zuloaga as president on 21 January 1858. Under the terms of the 1857 Constitution, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice became interim President of Mexico until a new election could be held. With Comonfort's resignation, <mask> was acknowledged as president by liberals on 15 January 1858 and assumed leadership of the Liberal side of the civil war known as the War of the Reform (Guerra de Reforma), (1858–61). During this war, Mexico had rival governments of the liberals under <mask>, in a constitutional succession, and the conservatives under Félix María Zuloaga. The contest would be decided on the field of battle. With the conservatives in control of Mexico City, <mask> and his government evacuated and moved first to Querétaro and later to Veracruz, whose customs revenues were used to fund the government. On 4 May 1858, <mask> arrived in Veracruz where the government of Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora was stationed with General Ignacio de la Llave.His wife and children were waiting for his arrival on the dock at Veracruz's port, along with a large part of the population that had flooded the pier to greet him. <mask> lived many months in Veracruz without incident until conservative General Miguel Miramón's attack on the port on 30 March 1859. On 6 April, <mask> received a diplomatic representative of the United States Government: Robert Milligan McLane. The U.S. was seeking a route for transit from the Caribbean to the Pacific Ocean, and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec was the narrowest crossing in Mexico between the bodies of water. With <mask> needing allies against the conservatives, <mask> went forward with a formal treaty between the two governments. Melchor Ocampo signed for Mexico on McLane-Ocampo Treaty in December 1859. <mask> was saved implementation of the treaty and undermining Mexico's sovereignty because U.S. President James Buchanan was unable to secure ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate.Despite the failure of the treaty, <mask>'s government received aid from the US that enabled the liberals to overcome the conservatives' initial military advantage. <mask>'s government successfully defended Veracruz from assault twice during 1860, and recaptured Mexico City on 1 January 1861. On 12 July 1859, <mask> decreed the first regulations of the "Law of Nationalization of the Ecclesiastical Wealth." This enactment prohibited the Catholic Church from owning properties in Mexico. Because of <mask>'s Law of Nationalization, the Catholic Church and the regular army supported the Conservatives in the Reform War. On the other hand, the Liberals had the support of several state governments in the north and central-west of the country, as well as that of President Buchanan's government. Due to the initial weakness of the <mask> administration, Conservatives Félix María Zuloaga and Leonardo Márquez had the opportunity to reclaim power.To counter this, <mask> petitioned Congress to give him emergency powers. The liberal members of Congress denied the petition, believing that they had to preserve their constitutional government achieved only after a damaging civil war. They did not believe that <mask>, who had implemented that constitution, should violate it by taking dictatorial powers. But, after two groups of Conservatives ambushed and killed major liberal politicians and intellectuals Melchor Ocampo and later Santos Degollado in 1861, the liberals were outraged. <mask> took "extreme measures" to deal with the conservatives. After the scandal of Ocampo's murder, the liberal-majority Congress gave <mask> the money and power that he needed to defeat the conservatives. Constitutional Presidency (1861–1862)

After the defeat of the Conservatives on the battlefield, in March 1861 elections were held and <mask> was elected president in his own right under the Constitution of 1857.However, the Liberals' celebrations of 1861 were short-lived. The war had severely damaged Mexico's infrastructure and crippled its economy. Although the Conservatives had been defeated, they did not disappear, and the <mask> government had to respond to pressures from these factions. He was forced to grant amnesty to captured Conservative guerrillas still resisting the <mask> government, despite their executions of Ocampo and Degollado. In the wake of the civil war and the demobilization of combatants, <mask> established the Rural Guard or Rurales, aimed at bringing public security, particularly as banditry and rural unrest grew. Many brigands and bandits had allied themselves with the Liberal cause during the civil war. When that conflict was concluded and they were unable to gain jobs, many became guerrillas and bandits again.Juárez's Minister of the Interior, Francisco Zarco, oversaw the founding of the Rurales. The creation of the police force controlled by the President was done quietly because it violated federalist principles of traditional Liberalism, which gave little power to the central government and much more to Mexican states. The force's creation was an indication that <mask> was becoming more of a centralist as he confronted rural continuing unrest. As a pragmatic solution, the force consisted of former bandits converted into policemen. <mask>'s government also faced international dangers. In view of the government's desperate financial straits, <mask> canceled repayments of interest on foreign loans taken out by the defeated conservatives. Spain, Britain and France, angry over unpaid Mexican debts, sent a joint expeditionary force that seized the Veracruz Customs House in December 1861.Spain and Britain soon withdrew. They realized that the French Emperor Napoleon III intended to overthrow the <mask> government and establish a Second Mexican Empire, with the support of remaining Conservatives. Thus began the French invasion in 1861 and the outbreak of an even longer war, with Liberals attempting to oust the foreign invaders and their Conservative allies and save the Republic. <mask> and the French Intervention (1862-67)

<mask>'s decision to cancel debt payments to European powers for loans that the defeated Conservatives had contracted was the trigger for the forced collection of debts. French Invasion challenged the political order in Mexico, but Republican forces under Ignacio Zaragoza won an initial victory over the monarchists on 5 May 1862, the Battle of Puebla, celebrated annually as Cinco de Mayo, forcing the French to retreat to the coast for a year. But the French advanced again in 1863 and captured Mexico City. <mask> and his elected government fled the capital and became a government in internal exile, with little power or territorial control.<mask> headed north, first to San Luis Potosí, then to the arid northern city of El Paso del Norte, present-day Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and finally to the capital of the state, Chihuahua City, where he set up his cabinet. There he remained for the next two and a half years. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, younger brother of Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor as Maximilian I of Mexico on 20 April 1864, with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. <mask>'s term as president expired on 1 December 1865, and arguably the head of the Supreme Court would succeed as president. Jesús González Ortega could legally claim the presidency. <mask> issued two decrees to undermine Ortega's claims and retain office. One decree extended the terms of the President and head of the Supreme Court until elections could be held.<mask> "believed he had the power to extend his term ... [and] became convinced that the nation would approve his continuing his term." <mask> exceeded his constitutional powers in remaining in office, but given the extraordinary times, he had considerable support. In response to the French invasion and the elevation of Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico, <mask> sent General Plácido Vega y Daza to California to gather Mexican American sympathy for republican Mexico. Maximilian offered <mask> amnesty and later the post of prime minister, but <mask> refused to accept a government imposed by foreigners, or a monarchy. The US government was sympathetic to <mask>, refusing to recognize Maximilian and opposing the French invasion as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. Most of its attention was taken up by the American Civil War. <mask>'s wife, Margarita Maza, and their children spent the invasion in exile in New York, where she met several times with U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who received her as the First Lady of Mexico.The careers of <mask> and Abraham Lincoln have been compared, because they were two presidents who shared humble social origins, a law career, a rapidly ascending political career in their home states, and a presidency that began under the auspices of a civil war that made long-lasting reform a necessity. But they never met nor exchanged correspondence. Following the end of the American Civil War and Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson succeeded to the US presidency. He demanded that the French evacuate Mexico and imposed a naval blockade in February 1866. When Johnson could not get sufficient support in Congress to aid Juárez, he allegedly had the Army "lose" some supplies (including rifles) "near" (across) the border with Mexico, according to U.S. General Philip Sheridan's journal account. In his memoirs, Sheridan stated that he had supplied arms and ammunition to Juárez's forces: "... which we left at convenient places on our side of the river to fall into their hands". Faced with US opposition to a continuing French presence and a growing threat on the European mainland from Prussia, French troops began pulling out of Mexico in late 1866.Maximilian's liberal views had cost him support from Mexican conservatives as well. In 1867, the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court, a retaliation for Maximilian's earlier orders for the execution of republican soldiers (although some historians point to the fact that the original "Black Decree" was from <mask> – who had people executed, without trial, for "helping" his enemies, whereas Maximilian often pardoned people who had fought against him). Despite national and international pleas for amnesty, <mask> refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867 at Cerro de las Campanas in Querétaro. His body was returned to Vienna for burial. Restored Republic (1867–1872)

The period following the expulsion of the French and up to the revolt of Porfirio Díaz in 1876 are now generally known in Mexico as the Restored Republic.The period includes the last years of the <mask> presidency and, following his death in office in 1872, that of fellow civilian politician Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Under ordinary circumstances, <mask>'s presidential term would have ended in 1865 and elections held, but during French invasion, he continued in the presidency as head of state in domestic exile. With the ouster of the French in 1867, other liberals now objected to <mask>'s remaining in power without an electoral mandate. The broad liberal front against the French had splintered and rivals to <mask> emerged. Liberals had not been unified in their support of the Constitution of 1857, and with the exit of the French, the simmering conflicts between liberal factions in abeyance during the intervention, came to the fore. <mask> sought the legal means to extend his time in power, proposing that the Constitution be amended to allow for a third term and increase the power of the executive against that of the legislature. For <mask>'s opponents, this was confirmation that <mask> wished to keep a personal grip on power.The Constitution had been aimed at breaking the power of the Catholic Church and the army as an institution and invigorating the power of Mexican states against the power of the central government. The constitution also made the legislative branch superior to the executive, to forestall personalist power. During the intervention, the republic barely continued to exist and the structure of constitutional division of powers was inoperative. <mask> realized when

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title: Benito Juárez

type: original

texts:
 he returned to the presidency in 1867 that presidential powers were diminished. In the face of opposition, <mask> built a set of alliances to strengthen the power of the central government and make the constitutional system work. His critics saw his actions as building a personal dictatorship. The Restored Republic was a politically unstable time in Mexico, with multiple insurrections.A perceived challenge to <mask> came early. In 1867, the liberals' former nemesis, General Antonio López de Santa Anna and President of Mexico multiple times, sought to return to Mexico from exile. The U.S. had pledged to support <mask>, and prevented Santa Anna from disembarking in Veracruz, his home region and political base. Veracruz was still in French imperial hands when Santa Anna attempted to land in June 1867, and the possibility that he might seize the port from them was a distinct possibility. This could have paved the way for a political comeback threatening <mask>. <mask>'s forces diverted the general, who landed in Sisal, Yucatán. He was arrested before a military court on 14 July 1867.He was accused of being a traitor to Mexico, and <mask> sought the use of the law of 25 January 1862 that mandated death for traitors, a fate for Maximilian and two of his generals. The military tribunal decided that Santa Anna should be sentenced to eight years of further exile. <mask> had been expecting a sentence of death and was proceeding to have all of Santa Anna's landed property confiscated and sold off. <mask> issued a general amnesty for all political opponents in October 1870, but explicitly excluded Santa Anna. The general responded angrily, listing his many heroic military deeds for his homeland, asking contemptuously where the civilian <mask> was then, and calling him a "dark Indian," a "hyena," and "a symbol of cruelty." But only after <mask> died in office was Santa Anna able to return to Mexico. The civil war of the Reform (1858–61) and the French Intervention (1862–67) had forestalled any serious implementation of the Liberal reforms.With the defeat of the French and their Mexican conservative allies the way seemed clear to institute changes. <mask> had turned the opposition to the French Intervention into a war of national liberation of the Republic from a foreign invader rather than as a victory of Mexican liberalism. For that reason, he had considerable political support which could be translated into actions. In a controversial move, <mask> ran for re-election in 1871. His loyal political ally, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada had expected to succeed <mask> in that election, since <mask> had already been criticized for apparently holding onto power. When Lerdo served in <mask>'s cabinet post-1867 and had forged political alliances with a number of state governors and with congressmen. It became clear that <mask> was going to run for re-election, Lerdo resigned from the cabinet.Lerdo and Díaz ran for the presidency with none of them achieving a majority on his own, but rivals Díaz and Lerdo together got more votes than <mask>. <mask> got 5,837 electoral votes, Díaz 3,555, and Lerdo 2,874, throwing the outcome for congress to decide. The decision in congress was for <mask> since it was packed with his supporters, and opponents considered the election fraudulent. Defeated opposition candidate Díaz issued the Plan of la Noria call to arms against <mask>. Díaz had not be involved in the many insurrections that broke out after 1867 and had it not gathered other opponents of <mask> it would just one more insurrection. Although <mask> was not whole heartedly supported, many political opponents did not want civil war as a means to power. <mask> kept the loyalty of key military figures and was able to outlast the rebellion.Díaz's plan was not a compelling argument for violence. Díaz showed himself at this juncture to be a flawed political and military leader. <mask> called Díaz a "latterday Santa Anna", invoking the liberals' archenemy. <mask> took the opportunity of the rebellion to attack entrenched groups within various states, using government forces to neutralize rebellious elements in state militias. Having outlasted Díaz's serious rebellion, <mask> again tried to institute constitutional reform, but congress blocked it. Personal life

On 31 October 1843, when he was in his late 30s, <mask> married Margarita Maza, the adoptive daughter of his sister's patron. Margarita was 20 years younger than the judge.Her father Antonio Maza Padilla was from Genoa and her mother Petra Parada Sigüenza was Mexican, of Spanish descent. They were part of Oaxaca's upper-class society. Margarita Maza accepted his proposal and said of <mask>, "He is very homely, but very good." With his marriage to a white woman, <mask> gained social standing. Although legal racial categories were abolished at independence, socially ethnic categories were still used. Their ethnically mixed (white/indigenous) marriage was unusual at the time, but it is not often noted in standard biographies. Their marriage lasted until Margarita's death from cancer in January 1871, when <mask> was planning his reelection.<mask> and Maza had ten children together, who were ethnically mixed mestizos, including twins María de Jesús and Josefa, born in 1854. Two boys and three girls died in early childhood. Two of their sons died while they were in exile in New York with their mother during the French Intervention. Their only surviving son was <mask> Narciso <mask> Maza, b. 29 October 1852, who was a diplomat and politician, and was Governor of Oaxaca 1911–12; he married but had no children. Their daughter Manuela married Cuban poet and separatist Pedro Santacilia in May 1863. <mask> also had other children.He had fathered a son and a daughter with Juana Rosa Chagoya before he married: Tereso, born about 1838, and Susana. His son became close to <mask> during his expatriations and fought in the Reform War. Chagoya died before <mask> married Margarita, when Susana was three years old. <mask> and his wife formally adopted Susana, who never married and was with her adoptive mother at her death. Margarita Maza <mask> was buried in the Juárez mausoleum in Mexico City.. Additionally, <mask> also had a relationship with Andrea Campa, with whom he had a daughter Beatriz <mask>  Beatriz <mask> married the New Orleans, french man, Robert Savage, with whom she had a son, named Carlos Savage <mask>. Carlos Savage <mask> became a cadet in Mexico's Heroic Military Academy, where he participated in the famous "Marcha de la Lealtad" or "March of Loyalty" of the Mexican ex-president Francisco I. Madero. Carlos Savage <mask> also had children: Carlos, Jesus, Alberto, and Rafael, who would become famous film editors.Carlos Savage (1919–2000) is a renowned Mexican film editor and actor who worked with his brothers in more than 1,000 award winning movies, films and documentaries. <mask> was a 33rd Scottish Rite Freemason and member of the directive of the Mexican brotherhood. He was initiated under the name of Guglielmo Tell. <mask>'s health suffered in 1870, but he recovered. His wife died in 1871 and his health began to fail in 1872. He suffered a heart attack in March 1872, the day before his birthday. He suffered another attack on July 8, and the fatal attack on 17 July.Death

<mask> died of a heart attack on 18 July 1872, aged 66. When <mask> died, Díaz's reasons for rebellion -- fraudulent elections, presidential coercion of states -- no longer existed. He was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, the head of the Supreme Court. Porfirio Díaz was amnestied for his rebellion by Lerdo in November 1872. Legacy

Today <mask> is remembered as being a progressive reformer dedicated to democracy, equal rights for his nation's indigenous peoples, reduction in the power of organized religion, especially the Catholic Church, and a defense of national sovereignty. He is also remembered for his brutality and his executions of political opponents. The period of his leadership is known in Mexican history as La Reforma del Norte (The Reform of the North).It constituted a liberal political and social revolution with major institutional consequences: the expropriation of church lands, the subordination of the army to civilian control, liquidation of peasant communal land holdings, the separation of church and state in public affairs, and the nearly complete disenfranchisement of bishops, priests, nuns and lay brothers, codified in the "Juárez Law" or "Ley Juárez". La Reforma represented the triumph of Mexico's liberal, federalist, anti-clerical, and pro-capitalist forces over the conservative, centralist, corporatist, and theocratic elements that sought to reconstitute a locally run version of the old colonial system. It replaced a semi-feudal social system with a more market-driven one. But, following <mask>'s death, the lack of adequate democratic and institutional stability soon resulted in a return to centralized autocracy and economic exploitation under the regime of Porfirio Díaz. The Porfiriato (1876–1911), in turn, collapsed at the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Honors and recognition

Honors in his lifetime
On 7 February 1866, <mask> was elected as a companion of the 3rd class of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). While membership in MOLLUS was normally limited to Union officers who had served during the American Civil War and their descendants, members of the 3rd Class were civilians who had made a significant contribution to the Union war effort.<mask> is one of the very few non-United States citizens to be a MOLLUS companion. On 11 May 1867, the Congress of the Dominican Republic proclaimed <mask> the Benemérito de la América (Distinguished of America). On 16 July 1867, the government of Peru recognized <mask>'s accomplishments and on 28 July of the same year the School of Medicine of San Fernando, Perú, issued a gold medal to honor him; the medal can be seen at the Museo Nacional de Historia. Place names
 Numerous cities, towns, streets, and institutions in Mexico are named after <mask>, including the former El Paso del Norte, now called Ciudad Juárez; see Juárez (disambiguation) for a partial list. Mexico City International Airport is better known in Mexico by its first official name Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez, or internationally often as Mexico City Juárez. The Benito Juárez Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and the city of Benito Juárez, Buenos Aires are both named after Juárez, as a gesture of friendship between Argentina and Mexico. Benito Juarez Marg (marg means road in Sanskrit/Hindi) is a major road in South Delhi, India.Mexican currency
 <mask> is depicted on the 20-peso banknote. From the time of <mask>, Mexico's government has issued several notes with the face and the subject of <mask>. In 2000, $20.00 (twenty pesos) bills were issued: on one side is the bust of <mask> and to his left, the Juarista eagle across the Chamber. In 2018, new $500.00 (five hundred pesos) bills were released, also featuring the bust of <mask>. A caption directly below this says in Spanish, "President <mask>, promoter of the Laws of Reform, during his triumphant entrance to Mexico City on 13 July 1867, symbolizing the restoration of the Republic". <mask> appears to face a depiction of his entrance into Mexico City. His likeness appears on two bills simultaneously, and while both are blue in color, the 500-peso and 20-peso notes differ in size and texture.Monuments and statuary
<mask> is notable for the number of statues and monuments in his honor outside of Mexico. In Washington, D.C. is a monument of <mask> by Enrique Alciati, a gift to the US from Mexico. The sculptor Julian Martinez dedicated two works to <mask>, a full sculpture in Chicago and a bust in Houston. In New York City is <mask> (2004), a sculpture by Mexican Moises Cabrera Orozco, installed in Bryant Park in Manhattan. Statue of <mask>árez (San Diego)
Statue of <mask>arez in New Orleans

Film and media
Franz Werfel wrote the play Juarez and Maximilian which was presented at Berlin in 1924, directed by Max Reinhardt. <mask> has been mentioned or featured in television and film. Juarez is a 1939 American historical drama film directed by William Dieterle, and starring Paul Muni as <mask>.Carleton Young portrayed <mask> in Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939)
In January 1959, the episode entitled "The Desperadoes" of the ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, Sugarfoot, starring Will Hutchins in the title role, focuses upon an imaginary plot to assassinate <mask>. Set at a mission in South Texas, the episode features Anthony George as a Catholic priest, Father John, a friend of the series character Tom "Sugarfoot" Brewster. The actor Jan Arvan (1913–1979) was cast as President <mask> in the 1959 episode, "A Town Is Born" on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. Than Wyenn played Isaacs, a storekeeper in Nogales, Arizona Territory, who hides gold for the Mexican government in the fight against Maximilian. Jean Howell played his wife, Ruth Isaacs. Frank Sorello (1929–2013) portrayed <mask> in two episodes of Robert Conrad's The Wild Wild West, an American espionage adventure television program: "The Night of the Eccentrics" (1966), and "The Night of the Assassin" (1967). <mask> is a character in Harry Harrison's alternate history novels the Stars and Stripes trilogy

Other eponyms
 The Italian dictator <mask> was named after Juárez.In Sofia, Bulgaria, the municipal school Primary school Nr. 49 is named after <mask>. In Warsaw, Poland, the public school Szkoła Podstawowa Nr. 85 im. <mask> Juareza w Warszawie is named after <mask>. <mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Mexican snake, Geophis juarezi. Juárez Complex National Palace
In the National Palace in Mexico City, where he lived while in power, there is a small museum in his honor.It contains his furniture and personal effects. Living room, dining room, study and bedroom of don <mask>

Quotes
<mask>'s quote continues to be well-remembered in Mexico: "Entre los individuos, como entre las naciones, el respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz", meaning "Among individuals, as among nations, respect for the rights of others is peace". The portion of this motto in bold is inscribed on the coat of arms of Oaxaca. A portion is inscribed on the <mask> statue in Bryant Park in New York City, "Respect for the rights of others is peace." This quote summarizes Mexico's stances towards foreign affairs. Another notable quote: "La ley ha sido siempre mi espada y mi escudo", or "The law has always been my shield and my sword", is a phrase often displayed inside court and tribunals buildings. See also

 List of heads of state of Mexico
 José María Jesús Carbajal Supporter of <mask>
 History of Mexico
 Statues of the Liberators
Liberalism in Mexico
War of the Reform
Reform laws
History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico

Further reading

Cadenhead, Ivie E., Jr. <mask>.1973. Hamnett, Brian. "<mask>árez", in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997
Hamnett, Brian. Juárez (Profiles in Power). New York: Longmans, 1994. .
Krauze, Enrique, Mexico: Biography of Power.New York: HarperCollins 1997. Olliff, Donathan C. Reform Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854–1861. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1981. Perry, Laurens Ballard. Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. Roeder, Ralph.<mask> and His Mexico: A Biographical History. 2 vols. 1947. Scholes, Walter V. Mexican Politics During the Juárez Regime, 1855–1872. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press 1957. Sheridan, Philip H. Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. 2 vols.New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888. .
Sinkin, Richard N. The Mexican Reform, 1855–1876: A Study in Liberal Nation-Building. 1979. Smart, Charles Allen. Viva Juárez: A Biography. 1963. Stevens, D.F. "<mask>árez".Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. Weeks, Charles A. The Juárez Myth in Mexico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1987. References

External links

 Mexico's Lincoln: The Ecstasy and Agony of Benito Juarez
 Historical Text Archive: Juarez, <mask>, on La Reforma
 Timeline
 Juárez Photos – Planeta.com

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1806 births
1872 deaths
1860s in Mexico
19th-century Mexican people
19th-century Mexican politicians
19th-century rulers in North America
19th-century Mexican lawyers
Anti-imperialism in North America
Governors of Oaxaca
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
Liberalism in Mexico
Mexican lawyers

Mexican secularists
People from Oaxaca
Presidents of Mexico
Second French intervention in Mexico
Zapotec people
Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca alumni
Mexican

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title: Frank Orth

texts:
<mask> (February 21, 1880 – March 17, 1962) was an American actor born in Philadelphia. He is probably best remembered for his portrayal of Inspector Faraday in the 1951-1953 television series Boston Blackie. Career
By 1897, <mask> was performing in vaudeville with his wife, Ann Codee, in an act called "Codee and Orth". In 1909, he expanded into song writing, with songs such as "The Phone Bell Rang" and "Meet Me on the Boardwalk, Dearie". His first contact with motion pictures was in 1928, when he was part of the first foreign-language shorts in sound produced by Warner Bros. He and his wife also appeared together in a series of two-reel comedies in the early 1930s. Orth's first major screen credit was in Prairie Thunder, a Dick Foran western, in 1937.From then on, he was often cast as bartenders, pharmacists, and grocery clerks, and always distinctly Irish. He had a recurring role in the Dr. Kildare series of films and also in the Nancy Drew series as the befuddled Officer Tweedy. Among his better roles were the newspaper man Cary Grant telephones early in His Girl Friday, one of the quartet singing "Gary Owen" in They Died with Their Boots On (thereby giving Errol Flynn as Gen. Custer the idea of associating the tune with the 7th Cavalry), and as the little man carrying the sign reading "The End Is Near" throughout Colonel Effingham's Raid. However, <mask> is probably best remembered for his portrayal of Inspector Faraday in the 1951-1953 television series Boston Blackie. A short, plump, round-faced man, often smoking a cigar, <mask> as Faraday wore his own dark-rimmed spectacles, though rarely in feature films. In 1959, <mask> retired from show business after throat surgery. His wife died in 1961 after around fifty years of marriage.Death
Orth died on March 17, 1962. He is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills next to his wife. Gluskoter
The Girl from Manhattan (1948) - Oscar Newsome
Family Honeymoon (1948) - Candy Butcher (uncredited)
Blondie's Secret (1948) - Mr. Philpotts
Make Believe Ballroom (1949) - Pop (uncredited)
Red Light (1949) - Stoner
Bride for Sale (1949) - Police Sergeant (uncredited)
The Great Rupert (1950) - Mr. <mask>gle
Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) - Higgins (uncredited)
Father of the Bride (1950) - Joe
The Petty Girl (1950) - Moody
Double Dynamite (1951) - Mr. Kofer
Something to Live For (1952) - Waiter (uncredited)
Houdini (1953) - Mr. Hunter
Here Come the Girls (1953) - Mr. Hungerford
Not as a Stranger (1955) - Greenville Patient (uncredited)
Hold That Hypnotist (1957) - Beedle - Man in Library (uncredited)

References

External links

American male film actors
1880 births
1962 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Male actors from Philadelphia
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American male actors

masks:
Frank Orth
Orth
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Frank Din


title: Nogi Maresuke

texts:
Count , also known as Kiten, Count <mask> (December 25, 1849September 13, 1912), was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army and a governor-general of Taiwan. He was one of the commanders during the 1894 capture of Port Arthur from China. He was a prominent figure in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, as commander of the forces which captured Port Arthur from the Russians. He was a national hero in Imperial Japan as a model of feudal loyalty and self-sacrifice, ultimately to the point of suicide. In the Satsuma Rebellion, he lost a banner of the emperor in battle, for which he tried to atone with suicidal bravery in order to recapture it, until ordered to stop. In the Russo-Japanese War, he captured Port Arthur but he felt that he had lost too many of his soldiers, so requested permission to commit suicide, which the emperor refused. These two events, as well as his desire not to outlive his master (junshi), motivated his suicide on the day of the funeral of the Emperor Meiji.His example revitalized the samurai practice of seppuku ritual suicide. Early life
Nogi was born as the son of a samurai at the Edo residence (present day Tokyo) of the Chōfu clan from Chōshū (present day Yamaguchi Prefecture). He was born on November 11, 1849, according to the old Japanese lunar calendar, or Christmas day, according to the new one. His childhood name was Mujin, literally "no one", to prevent evil spirits from coming to harm him. On turning 18, he was renamed  Nogi Bunzō. Early military career
In November 1869, by the order of the Nagato domain's lord, he enlisted in Fushimi Goshin Heisha (lit. the Fushimi Loyal Guard Barrack) to be trained in the French style for the domainal Army.After completing the training, he was reassigned to the Kawatō Barrack in Kyoto as an instructor, and then as Toyōra domain's Army trainer in charge of coastal defense troops. In 1871, <mask> was commissioned as a major in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army. Around this time, he renamed himself <mask> taking a kanji from the name of his father. In 1875, he became the 14th Infantry Regiment's attaché. The next year (1876), <mask> was named as the Kumamoto regional troop's Staff Officer, and transferred to command the 1st Infantry Regiment, and for his service in the Satsuma Rebellion, against the forces of Saigō Takamori in Kyūshū, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 22, 1877. In a fierce battle at that time, he lost the 14th Infantry Regiment's regimental banner, which was considered to be the property of the Emperor, to the enemy. Its loss was an extreme disgrace.Nogi considered this such a grave mistake that he listed it as one of the reasons for his later suicide. On August 27, 1876, Nogi married Shizuko, the fourth daughter of Satsuma samurai Yuji Sadano, who was then 20 years old. As Nogi was 28 years old, it was a very late marriage for that time, considering that the average age to marry was in the early 20s. On August 28, 1877, their first son Katsunori was born, and Nogi bought his first house at Niizakamachi, Akasaka, Tokyo. In 1879, his second son Yasunori was born. He was promoted to colonel on April 29, 1880. Promoted major general on May 21, 1885, in 1887 Nogi went to Germany with Kawakami Soroku to study European military strategy and tactics.In 1894, during the First Sino-Japanese War, Major-General <mask> commanded the First Infantry Brigade which penetrated the Chinese defenses and successfully occupied Port Arthur in only one day of combat. As such, he was a senior commander during the Port Arthur massacre. The following year, he was promoted to lieutenant general (April 29, 1895) and assigned to the Second Division, tasked with the invasion of Taiwan. <mask> remained with the occupation forces in Taiwan until 1898. In 1899, he was recalled to Japan, and placed in command of the newly formed 11th Infantry Brigade, based in Kagawa. Political career
After the war, he was elevated to danshaku (baron); and he was conferred with the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class. <mask> was appointed as the third Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan from October 14, 1896 to February 1898.When moving to Taiwan, he moved his entire family, and during their time in Taiwan, his mother contracted malaria and died. This led Nogi to take measures to improve on the health care infrastructure of the island. However, unlike many of his contemporaries as officers, Nogi expressed no interest in pursuing politics. Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, Nogi was recalled to active service on the occasion of the Russo-Japanese War, and was promoted to army general in command of the Japanese Third Army, with an initial strength of approximately 90,000 men and assigned to the capture of the Russian-held Port Arthur on the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, Manchuria. Nogi's forces landed shortly after the Battle of Nanshan, in which his eldest son, serving with the Japanese Second Army, was killed. Advancing slowly down the Liaodong Peninsula, Nogi encountered unexpectedly strong resistance, and far more fortifications than he had experienced ten years earlier against the Chinese. The attack against Port Arthur quickly turned into the lengthy Siege of Port Arthur, an engagement lasting from August 1, 1904 to January 2, 1905, costing the Japanese massive losses.Due to the mounting casualties and failure of Nogi to overcome Port Arthur's defenses, there was mounting pressure within the Japanese government and military to relieve him of command. However, in an unprecedented action, Emperor Meiji spoke out during the Supreme War Council (Japan) meeting, defending Nogi and demanding that he be kept in command. After the fall of Port Arthur, Nogi was regarded as a national hero. He led his Third Army against the Russian forces at the final Battle of Mukden, ending the land combat phase of operations of the war. British historian Richard Storry noted that Nogi imposed the best of the Japanese samurai tradition on the men under his command such that "...the conduct of the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War towards both prisoners and Chinese civilians won the respect, and indeed admiration, of the world". Both of Nogi's sons, who were army lieutenants during the war, were killed in action. Though Nogi's elder son Katsunori (August 28, 1879 – May 27, 1904) had been a sickly child, he had managed to enter the imperial military academy on his third try.He was hit in the abdomen at the Battle of Nanshan and died of blood loss while undergoing surgery at a field hospital. His second son Yasunori (December 16, 1881 – November 30, 1904), a second lieutenant at Port Arthur, fell on a rocky slope, striking his head and dying instantly. Yasunori received a posthumous promotion to lieutenant, and was buried by his father in the Aoyama cemetery. At the end of the war, Nogi made a report directly to Emperor Meiji during a Gozen Kaigi. When explaining battles of the Siege of Port Arthur in detail, he broke down and wept, apologizing for the 56,000 lives lost in that campaign and asking to be allowed to kill himself in atonement. Emperor Meiji told him that suicide was unacceptable, as all responsibility for the war was due to imperial orders, and that Nogi must remain alive, at least as long as he himself lived. Postwar career
After the war, Nogi was elevated to the title of count and awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon, 1917.As head of the Peers' School from 1908 to 1912, he was the mentor of the young Hirohito, and was, perhaps, the most important influence on the life of the future emperor of Japan. Nogi spent most of his personal fortune on hospitals for wounded soldiers and on memorial monuments erected around the country in commemoration of those killed during the Russo-Japanese War. He also successfully petitioned the Japanese government to erect a Russian-style memorial monument in Port Arthur to the Russian dead of that campaign. Scouting
Nogi is significant to Scouting in Japan, as in 1911, he went to England in attendance on Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito for the coronation of King George V. The General, as the "Defender of Port Arthur" was introduced to General Robert Baden-Powell, the "Defender of Mafeking", by Lord Kitchener, whose expression "Once a Scout, always a Scout" remains to this day. Suicide

Nogi and his wife Shizuko committed suicide by seppuku shortly after the Emperor Meiji's funeral cortege left the palace. The ritual suicide was in accordance with the samurai practice of following one's master to death (junshi). In his suicide letter, he said that he wished to expiate for his disgrace in Kyūshū, and for the thousands of casualties at Port Arthur.He also donated his body to medical science. All four members of the <mask> family are buried at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. Under State Shinto, <mask> was revered as a kami and Nogi Shrine, a Shinto shrine in his honor, still exists on the site of his house in Nogizaka, Tokyo. His memory is also honored in other locations such as the Nogi Shrine in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, where mausoleum of Emperor Meiji is established. Legacy

Nogi's seppuku immediately created a sensation and a controversy. Some writers claimed that it reflected Nogi's disgust with the profligacy and decline in moral values of late Meiji Japan. Others pointed to Nogi's own suicide note, calling it an act of atonement for mistakes in his military career.In either case, <mask>'s suicide marked the end of an era, and it had a profound impact on contemporary writers, such as Mori Ōgai, Kuroiwa Ruikō and Natsume Sōseki. For the public, Nogi became a symbol of loyalty and sacrifice. The epic historical novel Saka no Ue no Kumo portrays Nogi as floundering at the Siege of Port Arthur and having to be relieved by Kodama Gentarō. Several books have been released in recent years rehabilitating Nogi's image and showing he was a competent leader. Man of letters
<mask> is also noted in Japan as a man of letters. His Kanshi poems (poems in the Chinese language) were especially popular among the Japanese during his time. Three of his Kanshi poems are famous.Right after the Battle of Nanshan of 1904, in which he lost his eldest son, he wrote:

After the battle of 203 Hill of 1904–05, in which he lost his second son, he lamented:

After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, he wrote:

Honors

Peerages
 1895: Baron (August 20)
 1907: Count (September 21)

Decorations
 1897: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (June 26; Second Class: April 29, 1894)
 1906: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite (April 1) (Third Class: August 20, 1895)
 1906: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (April 1). (Second Class: August 20, 1895; Third Class: April 7, 1885)
 1905: Pour le Mérite (January 10)
 1907: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (April 16)
 1909: Chilean Gold Medal of Merit (April 28)
 1911: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (October 25)
 1911: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
 1911: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Military Division (UK) (GCB) (January 1). Court order of precedence
 1871: Senior seventh rank (December)
 1873: Sixth rank (June 25)
 1879: Senior sixth rank (December 20)
 1880: Fifth rank (June 8)
 1885: Senior fifth rank (July 25)
 1893: Senior fourth rank (April 11)
 1896: Third rank (December 21)
 1904: Senior third rank (June 6)
 1909: Second rank (July 10)
 1916: Senior second rank (posthumous)

Portrayals
<mask> was portrayed by Tatsuya Nakadai in the 1980 Japanese war drama film The Battle of Port Arthur (sometimes referred as 203 Kochi). Directed by Toshio Masuda the film depicted the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War and starred Nakadai as General Maresuke, Tetsurō Tamba as General Kodama Gentarō, and Toshirō Mifune as Emperor Meiji. In the NHK television adaptation of Ryōtarō Shiba's epic Saka no Ue no Kumo, which aired from 2009 to 2011, Nogi was portrayed by actor Akira Emoto. In the NHK television adaptation of Monster, General Nogi is mentioned by the Turkish elder and community leader, Mr. Deniz, convincing the others to trust Dr. Kenzo Tenma and a local prostitute when they attempt to convince the leaders of Frankfurt's Turkish Quarter to be wary of an imminent arson attack by neo-Nazis, led by The Baby. Notes

References

 Bix, Herbert P. (2000).Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ;
 Buruma, Ian. (2004). Inventing Japan: 1853–1964. New York: Modern Library. ;
 Ching, Leo T.S.(2001). Becoming Japanese: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation.. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; ;
 Connaughton, Richard. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear: a Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05.. London: Routledge. ;
 Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson and David L Bongard. (1992).Encyclopedia of Military Biography. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ;
 Jukes, Geoffrey. (2002). The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ;
 Keene, Donald.Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852-1912 New York: Columbia University Press. ;
 Lyell, Thomas Reginald Guise. (1948). A Case History of Japan. London: Sheed & Ward. Noss, John Boyer. (1949).Man's Religions. New York: MacMillan. Storry, Richard. (1960). A History of Modern Japan. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. Wolferen, Karel van.(1990). The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. New York: Vintage. ;

External links

 Portrait of Nogi
 Nogi Shrine in Nogizaka, Tokyo. There is another in Shimonoseki and several others throughout Japan. 1849 births
1912 suicides
Governors-General of Taiwan
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Japanese generals
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese military personnel who committed suicide
Joint suicides
Kazoku
Mōri retainers
Scouting pioneers
People from Tokyo
People of Meiji-period Japan
People of the Boshin War
People of the First Sino-Japanese War
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Scouting in Japan
Seppuku from Meiji period to present
Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan
Imperial Japanese Army officers
Emperor Meiji
Deified Japanese people
1912 deaths
Burials in Japan

masks: Nogi Nogi Maresuke Nogi Nogi Nogi Nogi Nogi Nogi Nogi Nogi Maresuke


title: Albert Grünwedel

texts:
<mask> (July 31, 1856 – October 28, 1935) was a German indologist, tibetologist, archaeologist, and explorer of Central Asia. He was one of the first scholars to study the Lepcha language. Life

Grünwedel was born in Munich in 1856, the son of a painter. He studied art history and Asian languages, including Avestan, and in 1883 earned his doctorate at the University of Munich. In 1881 he began work as an assistant at the Museum of Ethnology in Berlin and in 1883 he was appointed deputy director of the ethnographic collection. Grünwedel  won accolades for his numerous publications on Buddhist art, archaeology Central Asia, and Himalayan languages. Two notable works were Buddhist art in India (1893) and Mythology of Buddhism in Tibet and Mongolia (1900), which concerned  the Greek origins of the Gandharan Greco-Buddhist artistic style and its development in Central Asia.In 1899 Grünwedel was invited to join a Russian archaeological research expedition led by Vasily Radlov into the north of Xinjiang province, China. In the same year he was appointed a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1902-1903 Grünwedel led the first German expedition to Turpan, in Xinjiang, becoming the first modern European to study the massive ruins near Gaochang. He recorded the events of this expedition in his book Report on Archaeological work in Idikutschahri and Surrounding areas in Winter 1902-1903 (1905). The next expedition was led by <mask> Le Coq, who became famous for removing large numbers of frescos from sites across Xinjiang. Grünwedel himself headed the third German Turfan expedition in 1905-1907, the results of which were published in Ancient Buddhist Religion in Chinese Turkistan (1912). Grünwedel's expeditions were largely funded by the Krupp family.Grünwedel was joined by Heinrich Lüders who made major contributions to the epigraphical analysis of the Turpan-Expedition findings after being called to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Berlin as Professor for oriental languages in 1909. Grünwedel retired in 1921, and in 1923 moved to Bavaria, where his spent his last years at Bad Tölz writing a number of scientific papers. Later Works

A progressive illness, while not depriving him of energy and memory, repeatedly robbed him of the ability to differentiate between delusion and reality, from texts as early as 1920. Waldschmidt writes: “Already in some sections of ‘Alt-Kutscha’ it is difficult to distinguish between things based on facts, speculation and invention,” To an even greater extent this is true for such late works as Die Teufel des Avesta und ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens, Die Legende des Na Ro Pa, or Tusca, in which Grünwedel claimed to have solved the Etruscan problem. Colleagues in the field sharply criticised these works but nevertheless not simply ignored them. Despite contemporaneous doubts, Grünwedel’s speculations Tusca about “Etruscan Satanism” were adopted by Alfred Rosenberg in Mythus. Grünwedel died in Lenggries in 1935.Works
Hr. Grünwedel spricht über den Fußtapfen des Buddha. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1883,(227)-(232)
Das sechste Kapitel des Rupasiddhi, nach drei singhalesischen Päli-Handschriften herausgegeben von <mask>. Berlin: Schade 1883. VIII,72 S. Phil. Diss.München v. 15.Mai 1879
Amerika 's Nordwest-Küste. Neueste Ergebnisse ethnologischer Reisen. Aus den Sammlungen der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. Herausgegeben von der Direc-tion der Ethnologischen Abtheilung. Berlin: A. Asher 1883. 13 S., 13 Taf. 2° Neue Folge.Berlin: A. Asher 1884. 1 Kte, 6 S., 11 Taf. 2°
Notizen zur Ikonographie des Lamaismus. Von A. Grünwedel. Original-Mittheilungen aus der ethnologischen Abtheilung der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. 1.1885,38-45,103-131, 1  ( 4)
Kurze Charakteristik der «Hill-Tribes». Die Hügelstämme von Chittagong.Ergebnisse einer Reise im Jahre 1882. Von Dr. Emil Riebeck. Berlin: A. Asher & Co. 1885. 2° 3.Abschnitt: Anthropologisches, S.l-5
[Review] W. Werner: Das Kaiserreich Ostindien und die angrenzenden Gebirgs-länder [nach den Reisen der Brüder Schlagintweit und anderer neuerer Forscher dargestellt.] Jena: Costenoble 1884. XII,639 S. 8° Verhandlungen der Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin.12.1885,125-126
A. Grünwedel: Indien. Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft, im Auftrage der Historischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin hrsg. von J. Hermann, J. Jastrow, Edm. Meyer.5-8. Berlin: R. Gaertner. 5.1882[1886].I,51-72 6.1883[1888].I,52-72 7.1884 [1888]. I,44-70 8.1885[1889] .I,41-68 Hrsg.von J. Jastrow. Hr. Grünwedel legt Acht Schädelschalen der Aghöri vor und berichtet darüber. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft f. Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1888,(307)-(308)
Das Pantheon des Tschangtscha Hutuktu. Ein Beitrag zur Iconographie des Lamaismus von Eugen Pander. Hrsg.und mit Inhaltsverzeichnissen versehen von <mask>el. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl. Museum für Völkerkunde. 1.1890,45-116,301. Rez. : Russkoe obozrenie. 1890 [?], 932-936 (E. Uchtomskij)
Hr. Grünwedel teilt Folgendes mit über die Reise des Herrn A. Bastian. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie. 22.1890,(613)-(614)
Hr. Grünwedel gibt folgenden Bericht über die Reise des Herrn Bastian [Terrakotten aus Afräsiäb bei Samarkand]. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie. 22.1890,(347)-(349)
Der zeitige Vertreter des Direktors der ethnologischen Abteilung des Museums für Völkerkunde, Hr.Grünwedel, übermittelt mit einem Schreiben ... einen .... Bericht... betreffend Rio grandenser Alterthümer. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1890,(31 )-(37)
Hr. Grünwedel überreicht einen Brief des Hrn. H. H. Risley .... betreffend die Förderung der ethnologischen Untersuchungen in Indien. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.23.\ 891, (83)-(85)
Hr. Grünwedel spricht, unter Vorlegung einer reichen Collection ethnographischer Gegenstände, über Die Reisen des Hrn.Vaughan Stevens in Malacca. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft f. Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 23.1891, (829)-(837), 1
[Review] Archaeological Survey of India. The Sharqi architecture of Jaunpur; with notes on Zafarabad, Sahet-Mahet and other places in the northwestern provinces and Oudh by A. Führer Ph. D., with drawings and architectural descriptions by Ed. W. Smith, edited by Jas. Burgess.Calkutta 1889. Mit 74 Tafeln. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 23.1891,39-40 Grünwedel
[Review] Alois Raimund Hein: Die bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks auf Borneo; ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Kunstgeschichte. Wien: Alfred Holder 1890. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. 18.1891,195-196 Grünwedel
A Röng-English glossary.Compiled by <mask>el. Toung Pao.3.1892,238-309 Leiden: Brill 1892. Königliche Museen zu Berlin. - Materialien zur Kenntniss der wilden Stämme auf der Halbinsel Maläka. Von Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. [Herausgegeben von A. Grünwedel.]Berlin: W. Spemann 1892. 4° VII S., S.81-163 mit 55 Zinkdrucken, 1 Übersichtskarte (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl. Museum f. Völkerkunde.2:3/4.) V-VII: Vorrede, gez. : Berlin, im März 1892. Königliche Museen zu Berlin.- Materialien zur Kenntniss der wilden Stämme auf der Halbinsel Maläka. Von Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. Herausgegeben von A. Grünwedel. 2.Theil. Berlin: W. Spemann 1894. VIII S., S.96-190. 4° (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl.Museum f. Völkerkunde.3.1894:3/4.) V-VIII: Vorrede, gez. : <mask>el
Hr. Grünwedel: [Photographie von Schädel und Hand eines Batak.] Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.\S92,(\27)
Hr. Grünwedel legt eine Darstellung des Dämons Hüniyanyakshayä oder Süniyanyakshayä vor.Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1892,(511) [Aus Ceylon.] Hr. Grünwedel macht weitere Mitteilungen über die Forschungsreise des Hrn. Stevens, insbesondere über die Orang-Panggang und Orang-Benüa. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1892, (465)-(46S), 1
[Review] William Woodville Rockhill: The land of the Lamas; notes of a journey through China, Mongolia and Tibet, with maps and illustrations.London: Long-man, Green & Co. 1891. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.24.1892,238-240
Buddhistische Kunst in Indien. <mask> Grünwedel. Mit 76 Abbildungen. Berlin: W. Spemann 1893. VIII, 177 S. 1.8° (Handbücher der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, mit Abbildungen.Bd 4.) Rez.: A. Foucher: L'art bouddhique dans l'Inde d'apres un livre recent. Revue de l'histoire des religions.30.1894,319-371; SD 1895. 53 S. MSOS 5.1902, 155-156. Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences. V,14   (S. Oldenburg). T'oung Pao 1,5.1894,92-93 (G. Schlegel)
Pflichten der Religiosen und Laien im südlichen Buddhismus. Von Prof. A. Grünwedel, Berlin.Globus.63.1893,233-238,1
Sinhalesische Masken. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>, Directorial Assistant am Kgl. Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. (Mit Taf. VI-X). Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.6.1893,71-88, 1  u. 4 Taf.Das Yakun-nätima, der Teufelstanz. Das Sanni-yakun-nätima. Die Zaubermuster 1. der Orang Semang 2.der Orang Hütan in Malakka. Nach den Materialien des Herrn Hrolf Vaughan Stevens bearbeitet von A. Grünwedel: 1. Die Kämme. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.25.1893,71-100, 4 Taf. [Review] F. J. Wershofen: Lehr- und Lesebuch der Siamesischen Sprache und Deutsch-Siamesisches Wörterbuch.Zum Selbststudium mit phonetischer Aussprachebezeichnung, Übungsaufgaben u. Lesebuch. Wien, Pest, Leipzig 1892. VII, 181 S. (Hartlebens Bibliothek der Sprachenkunde.) Literar.

masks:
Albert Grünwedel
Albert von
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grnwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Albert Grwedel


title: Albert Grünwedel

texts:
 Zentralblatt. 1893, Sp.372 Grwdl. Bemerkungen über das Kilin.Feestbundel van taal-, letter-, geschied- en aardrijkskundige bijdragen ter gelegenheid van zijn tachtigsten geboortedag aan Dr. P[ieter] J[ohannes] Veth, oudhoogl. door eenige vrienden en oudleerlingen aangeboden. Leiden: Brill 1894,223-225 Berlin. <mask>el
König Maname. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894:1, S.l-6, 10
[Review] Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India. Edited by Sarat Candradäs C. I. E. Calcutta 1893.Vo.l und Vol. 2, Heft 1. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894:1, S.58 Grünwedel
Beschreibung der tibetischen und südindischen Handschriften in Göttingen. Verzeichnis der Handschriften im preußischen Staate, hrsg. von W. Meyer: I.Hannover.3.Die Handschriften in Göttingen.Bd 3. Berlin: A. Bath 1894.VIIL551,244 S.
Prähistorisches aus Birma. Globus.68. 1895,14-15, 1  <mask>el Zu: Fritz Nötling: Werkzeuge der Steinperiode in Birma. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie.26, S.588-593
[Review] H. H. Risley: The gazetteer of Sikhim. Calkutta 1894. XIV,XXII,392 S., 21 Taf. 2Ktn.8° Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1895:2,93 <mask>el
Notizen über Indisches. 1. Pasten aus Pagan, Oberbirma. 2. Parnaka; Kapardin. 3.Padmasambhava-Legenden in Lepcha-Sprache. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:2(1895), S.6-11,4  Grünwedel
Ein Kapitel des Te-se-sun. Von <mask>rünwedel. Festschrift für Adolf Bastian zu seinem 70.Geburtstage, 26. Juni 1896. Berlin: Reimer 1896,459-482
Drei Leptscha Texte.Mit Auszügen aus dem Padma-thaii-yig und Glossar. Bearbeitet von <mask>el. T'oung Pao.7. 1896,526-561
Notizen aus den Reisen des Hrolf Vaughan Stevens in Maläka. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3( 1896) S. 1 -11. 9  Grünwedel
Notizen über eine Terracotta aus Magdischu.Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3(1896), S.12-14, 4  Grünwedel
Bericht über den Besuch des Königlichen Schlosses zu Schwedt zur Besichtigung alter Gemälde mit ethnographischen Darstellungen. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3(1896) S.15-22, 14  Grünwedel
[coeditor?] Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen: Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß.Kunstsammlungen - Museum für Völkerkunde: I.Ethnologische Abteilung. 18.1896ff. [Review] G. U. Pope: Munivar arulicceyda Näladiyar; the Näladiyar or four hundred quatrains in Tamil. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1893. 440 S. 8° Deutsche Literaturzeitung. 17.1896,1028-1029 Berlin. Buddhistische Studien.Von <mask>el. Mit 97 Abbildungen. Berlin: Geographische Verlagsanstalt Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) 1897. 136
[Review] Georg Huth, Dr.: Geschichte des Buddhismus in der Mongolei. Aus dem Tibetischen des 'Jigs.med nam.mk'a herausgegeben, übersetzt u. erläutert von -. 1 .Teil: Vorrede, Text, kritische Anmerkungen. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner 1893.X,296 S. - 2. Teil: Nachträge, Übersetzung. Ibid. 1896 Wiener Z für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 12.1898,70-74
Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. Compiled by the late General G. B. Mainwaring, revised and completed by <mask>. Berlin: Unger 1898.XVI,549 S.
Padmasambhava und Mandärava. <mask> Grünwedel. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 52.1898,447-461
Bhrikutf. Ethnologisches Notizblatt.2.1899,6-10, 2  <mask>el
[Review] Karl Eugen Neumann: Die Lieder der Mönche und Nonnen Gotamo Buddho's, aus dem Theragäthä und Therigäthä zum erstenmal übersetzt. Berlin: Ernst Hofmann & Co. 1899. 392 S. 8° Ethnolog.Notizblatt.2.1899:1, S.55 <mask>el
Zur buddhistischen Ikonographie. Von <mask>el. Globus.75.1899,169-177, 16
Herr Professor A. Grünwedel aus Berlin: Die kunstgeschichtliche Stellung der sogenannten gräco-buddhistischen Kunst. Jahresbericht des Frankfurter Vereins für Geographie und Statistik. 61/63. 1899,66-67
Mythologie des Buddhismus in Tibet und der Mongolei. Führer durch die lamaistische Sammlung des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij.<mask> Grünwedel, Dr.phil. Mit einem einleitenden Vorwort des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij und 188 Abbildungen. Leipzig: Brockhaus 1900. XXXV,244 S., 188  Reviews: Globus.78. 1900,129 (B. Laufer). Deutsches Protestantenblatt 1900,418 (Achelis). Deutsche Rundschau.Jan. 1900,155 (ßlambdafix. ); Okt., 120ff. (Lady Blennerhasett). Westermanns III. Monatshefte 1900, Okt., 143 (F. D.) Deutsche Worte. 1900,219. Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde .4.1900,306 (G. Stein).Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 1900,352 (L. v. Schröder). Allgemeine Zeitung, Beilage. 1900,Nr 200, S.7-8 (M[aasJ.). Das literarische Echo. 1900,1439 (P. Lindenberg). Ostasien.3.1900,272. Allgemeines Litteraturblatt.1901, Nr 11 (Jostenode). Kölnische Volkszeitung. 1900, Beil. 32, S.245-247 (D-n)
Mythologie du Bouddhisme au Tibet et en Mongolie basee sur la collection lamaique du prince Oukhtomsky par <mask>, Dr.phil. Traduit de l'allemand par Ivan Goldschmidt. 188 illustrations. Paris: Leroux 1900.XXXVII.247 S., 1 Bildn., 188  Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus 1900. Reviews: Revue critique. 1900. Nr 51, S.471-472 (Sylvain Levi). T'oung-pao 11,1.1900,349-353 (G. Schlegel). Luzac's Oriental List. 11.1900,181.Bronzen aus Chotan. Aus der Sammlung N. F. Petrovskij's. Übersetzt von <mask>el. Globus 77.1900,72-75,9  [Chotanskija bronzy iz sobranija N. F. Petrovskago]
[Review] Max Morris: Die Mentawai-Sprache. Berlin: Conrad Skopnik 1900. VIL356 S. Globus.lS. 1900,16-17 Berlin.[Review] H. Francke: Aus der Kesar-Sage. Separatabzug aus den Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne. Globus. 78.1900,97-98 Berlin. <mask>el
Alterthümer aus der Malakand- und Swat-Gegend: Die Bedeutung der Skulpturen. Von <mask>el. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften 1901,1, 208-217  (Sitzungsberichte der Kgl.Preuß. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.-histor. Kl. 1901.) Buddhist art in India. Translated from the «Handbuch» of Prof. <mask> by Agnes C. Gibson, revised and enlarged by Jas.Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.E. &c, late Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. With 154 illustrations. London: Bernard Quaritch 1901. VIIL229 S. gr.8° Rez. : 2MNP 343.1902 (S. von Oldenburg)
Temples and archaeological treasures of Burma. By Dr. <mask>.Open Court. 15.1901,464-479
Bilder zur Kesarsage. <mask> Grünwedel. Globus.79.1901,281-283, 2
[Aus dem 17.Kapitel: Flucht des Padamsambhava aus dem Hause seines königlichen Pflegevaters Indrabhuti.] Marksteine aus der Weltliteratur in Originalschriften. Herausgegeben von Johannes Baensch-Drugulin. Buchschmuck von L. Sütterlin.Leipzig: Drugulin 1902,113-115 Berlin, im August 1901. Über Darstellungen von Schlangengöttern (Nägas) auf den Reliefs der sogenannten gräkobuddhistischen Kunst. Von <mask>el. Globus 81.1902,26-30, 6
Einige praktische Bemerkungen über archäologische Arbeiten in Chinesisch-Turkistan. St.-Petersburg 1903. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>el. Bulletin de l'Association internationale pour l'exploration historique, archeologique, linguistique et ethnographique de l'Asie Centrale et de l'Extreme-Orient, publie par le Comite Russe.2.[Okt.]1903, 7-16
Î sobranii buddijskich statuetok, obrazov i drugich predmetov buddijskago kul'ta kn. E. E. Uchtomskago. Zapiski VORAO 15.1902/03,11
Die Kunst im alten Indien. Von Dr. <mask>el. Allgemeine Geschichte der bildenden Künste. Berlin: Baumgärtel [1903].Teil 1, 2. Hälfte, S.543-612, 93
Bericht über archäologische Forschungen in Turfan und Umgebung (Nov. 1902-Febr.1903).Bulletin de l'Association internationale pour l'exploration historique, archeologique, linguistique et ethnographique de l'Asie Centrale et de l'Extreme-Orient, publie par le Comite Russe.3 [April] 1904, 18-25
Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903. <mask> Grünwedel. München: Verlag der Ê. Â. Akademie der Wissenschaften; G. Franz (J. Roth) in Komm. 1905. 196 S., 19 Ktn., 164 Fig. im Text, XXXI Taf. 4° (Abhandlungen der Kgl.Bayr. Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1.Kl., Bd 25:1.) Reviews: Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 6.1896,442-444 (A. F.) Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
Sceny iz zizni Buddy v «Traj-Pume» [Szenen aus dem Leben Buddhas im «Trai P'um»] St. Petersburg: Akademija nauk 1904. Zapiski vostocnogo otdelenija Imp. Russk. archeolog.obscestva. 16.1904/05, 075-076, 4 A. Grjunvedel'
Obzor sobranija predmetov lamajskago kul'ta kn. ¨. ¨. Uchtomskago. Sostavil A. Grjunvedel'. Cast' 1-2.Sanktpeterburg: Imperatorskaja Akademika Nauk 1905. (Bibliotheca Buddhica.6.) 1. Tekst.138 S.
Zur Erinnerung an Adolf Bastian. Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß. Kunstsammlungen.26.1905,V-VIII, 1   <mask>ün wedel
Der Lamaismus.Von <mask>el.Berlin u.Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1906, 136-161
Museum für Völkerkunde: Kopfbedeckungen der türkischen Bevölkerung von Hami. Amtliche Berichte aus den kgl. Kunstsammlungen.29.1907/08, Sp. 322-324,2
Chinesisch Turkistan und seine Bedeutung für die Kulturgeschichte. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>, Direktor an der ethnologischen Abteilung des Museums für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Dt. Literaturzeitung.29.1908,580-592
Kratkija zametki î buddijskom iskusstve v Turfane.Zapiski vostoänago otdelenija Imp. Russk. archeol. obscestva. 18.1907/08,068-073
Altertümer aus Borazan. Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen.30.1908/1909, Sp. 122-124,
Buddhistisches Wandgemälde aus Qyzyl bei Kutscha. Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen. 30.1908/09, Sp. 171-176, 2
Herr Grünwedel hält alsdann einen Vortrag mit Lichtbildern über: Die archäologischen Ergebnisse der dritten Turfan-Expedition. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.41.1909,891 -916,22
[Review] Hans Leder: Das geheimnisvolle Tibet.Reisefrüchte aus dem geistlichen Reiche des Dalai Lama. Leipzig 1909. VIII, 110 S., 10 Taf. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 13.1909,371 -372
Museum für Völkerkunde: Jaina-Skulpturen. Amtliche Berichte aus den kgl.

masks:
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert G
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwedel
Von Albert
Albert Grnwed
Albert Grnwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwedel
Von Albert
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Albert Gr
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwedel


title: Albert Grünwedel

texts:
 Kunstsammlungen.31.1909/10, Sp.55-58, 2
Die politische Wirksamkeit des Buddhismus. Von Dr. <mask>el. Zeitschrift für Politik.4. 1911,301-328
[Review] Castes and tribes of Southern India by Edgar Thurston C. I. E., assisted by K. Rangachari M.A. 7 vols. Madras: Government Press 1909. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 43.1911,176-177 Grünwedel
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch Turkistan.Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten von 1906 bis 1907 bei Kuca, QaraSahr und in der Oase Turfan. Von <mask>el. Mit 1 Tafel und 678 Fig. Herausgegeben mit Unterstützung des Baeßler-Instituts in Berlin. Berlin: Georg Reimer 1912. 370 S., 1 Farbtaf. 4° review: Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 1.1912/13,479-482 (J. Strzygowski) Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1
Berthold Laufer: Der Roman einer tibetischen Königin.Tibetischer Text und Übersetzung. Mit 8 lamaistischen Abbildungen nach den Originalen gezeichnet von Prof. Grünwedel. Leipzig: Harrassowitz 1911. X,264 S. 8°
Padmasambhava und Verwandtes. <mask> Grünwedel. Baeßler-Archiv.3.1912, 1-37,2  u. 2 Taf.; Nachtr. 256
Deli. <mask> Grünwedel. Bäßler-Archiv.4. 1913,46 S.66-69. Bka' babs bdun Idan. Täranätha's Edelsteinmine, das Buch von den Vermittlern der Sieben Inspirationen.Aus dem Tibetischen übersetzt von <mask>el. I-II. Petrograd: Academie Imperiale des Sciences 1914. 212 S. 8° (Bibliotheca Buddhica. 18.) Eine weibliche Inkarnation in Tibet. <mask> Grünwedel in Berlin.Archiv für Religionswissenschaft. 17.1914,437-454
Aus Fedor Jagor's Nachlaß. Mit Unterstützung der Jagor-Stiftung herausgegeben von der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte unter Leitung von <mask>el. l.Band. Südindische Volksstämme. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) 1914. IV,153 S., 160 Fig., 6 Taf., 1 Titelbildn.Der Weg nach Sambhala <Samb'alai lam yig> des dritten Groß-Lama von bKra sis lhun po bLo bzan dPal ldan Ye ses. Aus dem tibetischen Original übersetzt und mit dem Texte herausgegeben von <mask>el. (Vorgelegt am 5.Dezember 1914.) München: G. Franz in Komm. 1915. 118 S., 1, 4 Taf. 4° (Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Philosophisch-philologische und historische Klasse.29,3.) Die Geschichten der vierundachtzig Zauberer (Mahäsiddhas). Aus dem Tibetischen übersetzt von <mask>el. (Mit 10 Figuren im Text.) Bäßler-Archiv.5.1916,137-228, 10
[Editor] Der indische Kulturkreis in Einzeldarstellungen. München: Georg Müller. Karl Döhring: Buddhistische Tempelanlagen in Siam.1916
Athene-Vajrapäni. <mask> Grünwedel. Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß. Kunstsammlungen.31.1916,174-180,5
Näro und Tilo. <mask> Grünwedel (Berlin). Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte, vornehmlich des Orients, Ernst Kuhn zum 70.Geburtstage 7.II.1916 gewidmet.Breslau: Marcus 1916,119-130, 2
Die Tempel von Lhasa. Gedicht des ersten Dalailama, für Pilger bestimmt, aus dem tibetischen Texte mit dem Kommentar ins Deutsche übersetzt von <mask>rünwedel in Berlin. Eingegangen am 30.Juni 1919. Vorgelegt von C. Bezold. Heidelberg: Carl Winter 1919. 92 S.,1 Plan. (Sitzungsberichte d. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.Philosophisch-histor. Klasse. 1919:14.) Indische Albums und ihre Bedeutung für die Ethnographie und Archäologie. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den Preußischen Kunstsammlungen. 41.1919/20, Sp.163-176, 53-58
Alt-Kutscha.Archäologische und religionsgeschichtliche Forschungen an Tempera-Gemälden aus buddhistischen Höhlen der ersten acht Jahrhunderte nach Christi Geburt. Von Professor Dr. <mask>el, Geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor beim Museum für Völkerkunde, Mitglied der Russischen und Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: Otto Eisner 1920. 89,118 S., 173, 49 Taf. gr.4° (Veröffentlichungen der Preußischen Turfan-Expeditionen. Mit Unterstützung d. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 Bäßlerinstituts.) Reviews:  OLZ 1921,101-109,145-154 (Hans Haas), Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 7.1918/19,245-246 (Selbstanz.), Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.52/53,1920/21,488-490 (H. v. Glasenapp)
[Review] Dr. W. Kirfel: Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt. Mit 18 Tafeln. Bonn, Leipzig: Kurt Schroeder 1920. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.52/53,1920/21,306-307 <mask> wedel
Ein Gandhära-Relief der Sammlung Leitner und Verwandtes. Von <mask>el. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den Preuß.Kunstsammlungen. 42.1920/21,51-54, 3
Post tenebras lux. Von Professor Dr. <mask>el, Geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor beim Museum für Völkerkunde. Festgabe dargebracht dem Verlage Otto Elsner zum I.Juli 1921. Berlin: Elsner [1921], S.185-194, 4
Die tibetische Übersetzung von Kälidäsas Meghaduta 38 (36). <mask> Grünwedel. Festschrift Adalbert Bezzenberger z.14.April 1921, dargebracht von seinen Freunden und Schülern. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1921, S.60-67, 5
[Review] Karl Doehring [Prof. Dr.phil., iur. et ing., z. Zt. in Nürnberg]: Buddhistische Tempelanlagen in Siam. 3 Bde. Berlin: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger (W. de Gruyter) 1920.356 S.; VIII S., 90 Taf. ; VIII S., 90 Taf. Deutsche Literaturzeitung. 1921,427-428
Angeblich dekorative Elemente der Gandhära-Skulpturen.<mask> Grünwedel. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den preuß. Kunstsammlungen.43.1922,21-27, 10
Die Sternschnuppen im Vaidürya dkar po. <mask> Grünwedel. Mit vier Abbildungen. Festschrift Eduard Seier dargebracht zum 70.Geburtstag von Freunden, Schülern u. Verehrern. Stuttgart: Strecker & Schröder 1922, S. 129-146,4
Tusca. 1. Die Agramer Mumienbinden.2. Die Inschrift des Cippus von Perugia. 3. Die Pulena-Rolle. 4. Das Bleitäfelchen von Magliano. 5.Die Leber von Piacenza. 6. Golini-Grab.I. 7. Die Inschrift von Capua. Unter Zuziehung anderen sachlich zugehörigen archäologischen Materials übersetzt. Additum est glossarium Tusco-Latinum.Leipzig: Hiersemann 1922. 228 S., 50
[Review] S. H. Ribbach: Vier Bilder des Padmasambhava und seiner Gefolgschaft. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg 1917, 5.Beiheft. 63 S., 5 Taf., 69  im Text. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 25.1922,430-431
Tibetanische Zaubermärchen. Das Kunstblatt.6.1922,309-310
Die Teufel des Avesta und ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens. Von Professor Dr. <mask>, geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor em. beim Museum für Völkerkunde, Mitglied der Russischen und Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: Otto Elsner 1924. 448,113 S.,94  gr.4° Auflage: 400 Exemplare Widmung: In memoriam gloriosissimi viri qui nobis primus sanctam veterum Aegyptiorum scripturam correcte enucleavit, Champollion. Reviews: OLZ 1927,796-797 (E. v. Zach) Die Teufel des Avesta und Ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens : vol.1
[Review] Meister Jämmerling oder: Die Abenteuer des Guru Paramartan. Ein tamulisches Narrenbüchlein in freier Wiedergabe von Otto Wolfgang.Mit Zeichnungen von Viktor Leyrer. Hannover: Orientbuchhandlung Heinz Lafaire 1927. 60 S. Völkischer Beobachter.220: 24.9.1927, Beil. 17 A. Gr. Grünwedels Buddhistische Kunst in Indien, unter Mitarbeit von R. L. Waldschmidt völlig neu gestaltet von Ernst Waldschmidt. 1 .Teil. Berlin-Lankwitz: Würfel-Verlag 1932.125 S., 95  auf 50 Taf. kl. 8° (Handbücher der Staatl. Museen zu Berlin. Museum für Völkerkunde.) Widmung: Heinrich Lüders in dankbarer Verehrung gewidmet. Die Legenden des Na ro pa, des Hauptvertreters des Nekromanten- und Hexen-tums.Nach einer alten tibetischen Handschrift als Beweis für die Beeinflussung des nördlichen Buddhismus durch die Geheimlehre der Manichäer. Übersetzt, in Umschrift herausgegeben und mit einem Glossar versehen von <mask>el. Mit 19 Strichätzungen und 1 Abbildung des Originaltextes. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 1933. 250 S., 20  Reviews: OLZ 1934,709-711 (J. Schubert), DLZ1935.2205-2212 (Joh. Nobel)
Buddhist art in India. Translated from the «Handbuch» of Prof. <mask>el by Agnes C. Gibson, revised and enlarged by Jas.Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.E. &c, late Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. With 154 illustrations. Santiago de Compostela, London: Susil Gupta (1965). VII,22 S. gr.8° Nachdr. der Ausg. 1901.<mask>: Mythologie des Buddhismus in Tibet und der Mongolei. Führer durch die lamaistische Sammlung des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij. Mit einem einleitenden Vorwort des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij und 188 Abbildungen. Neudruck der Ausgabe (Leipzig: Brockhaus) 1900. Osnabrück: Otto Zeller 1970. XXXV,244 S. 8° Reviews: OE 30.1983/1986(1988),294-295 (Hartmut Walravens)

Works about Grünwedel
 H. G. Franz, Kunst und Kultur entlang der Seidenstraße, Graz 1986. G. Grönbold, Grünwedels Naropa-Handschrift, Central Asian Journal 17/4, 1974, S. 251-252.Hartmut Walravens (Hg. ), G. Grönbold, Briefwechsel und Dokumente, Wiesbaden 2001. H. Hoffmann, Grünwedel, Neue Deutsche Biographie VII, Berlin, 1966, S. 204-205. H. Hoffmann, Ein Bild Grünwedels, in: W. Rau (Hg. ), Bilder hundert deutscher Indologen, Wiesbaden, 1965, S. 60. R. F. G. Müller, <mask>, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin, der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik 35, 1936, S. 255. J. Schubert, <mask> und sein Werk, Artibus Asiæ 6, 1936, S. 124-142.V. Stache-Rosen, German Indologists: Biographies of Scholars in Indian Studies Writing in German, New Delhi, 1981, S. 138-140, 1990. Ernst Waldschmidt, <mask>, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, N.S. 11/5, 1935, pp. 215–19. Hartmut Walravens, Schriftenverzeichnis <mask>el. References

External links

Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask>el

Tibetologists
German explorers
Explorers of Central Asia
1856 births
1935 deaths
German art

masks:
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Von Albert
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Von Albert
Albert G
Albert Grwed
Albert Grn
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Von Albert
Von Albert
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grünwedel
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed


title: Otto Graham

texts:
<mask>. (December 6, 1921 – December 17, 2003) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). <mask> is regarded by critics as one of the most dominant players of his era, having taken the Browns to league championship games every year between 1946 and 1955, making ten championship appearances, and winning seven of them. With <mask> at quarterback, the Browns posted a record of 57 wins, 13 losses, and one tie, including a 9–3 win–loss record in the playoffs. He holds the NFL record for career average yards gained per pass attempt, with 8.63. He also holds the record for the highest career winning percentage for an NFL starting quarterback, at 0.810. Long-time New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner, a friend of <mask>'s, once called him "as great of a quarterback as there ever was." <mask> grew up in Waukegan, Illinois, the son of music teachers.He entered Northwestern University in 1940 on a basketball scholarship, but football soon became his main sport. After a brief stint in the military at the end of World War II, <mask> played for the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), winning the 1945–46 championship. Paul Brown, Cleveland's coach, signed <mask> to play for the Browns, where he thrived. <mask>'s 1946 NBL and AAFC titles made him the first of only two people to have won championships in two of the four major North American sports (the second was Gene Conley). After he retired from playing football in 1955, <mask> coached college teams in the College All-Star Game and became head football coach for the Coast Guard Bears at the United States Coast Guard Academy. After seven years there, he was hired as head coach of the Washington Redskins in 1966. Following three unsuccessful years with them, he resigned and returned to the Coast Guard Academy, where he served as athletic director until his retirement in 1984.He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. Early life and college career
Born into a family of four boys in Waukegan, Illinois, <mask> set a first state record at birth weighing 14 lbs 12 oz. <mask>'s first interest growing up was music; both parents were music teachers. Encouraged by his parents—his father having taught famous comedian Jack Benny— he took up several instruments: the piano, violin, cornet and French horn. <mask> also excelled in athletics, and attended Northwestern University on a basketball scholarship in 1940. There he played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman and continued to study music. <mask> did not take up football until his sophomore year, when Northwestern coach Pappy Waldorf saw him throwing in an intramural game and invited him to practice with the team.Northwestern's coaches were impressed with his running and passing, and Waldorf convinced him to sign up. Although football became <mask>'s primary sport, he also played baseball and continued on the basketball team. As a senior, he was named a first-team basketball All-American, part of a squad selected by news outlets comprising the best players at each position. <mask>'s first game for the Northwestern Wildcats football team was on October 4, 1941, when he caught a Kansas State punt and returned it 90 yards for a touchdown. He ran and passed for two more touchdowns in the 51–3 victory. After scoring another pair of touchdowns in a win against Wisconsin, <mask> passed to his wide receivers for two touchdowns in a victory over the Ohio State Buckeyes, coached by Paul Brown, the Buckeyes' only loss of the 1941 season. Northwestern ended the year with an 11th-place showing in the Associated Press Poll of the best college teams in the country.As America's involvement in World War II intensified after the  attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> signed up for service alongside many fellow student-athletes, entering the U.S. Coast Guard. He was able to stay at Northwestern as he waited to be called for active duty. The Wildcats struggled in 1942 as their players joined the war effort, winning only one game. <mask> still had 89 completions, setting a single-season passing record in the Big Ten Conference, a division of major college teams from the Midwestern United States. The following year <mask> and some of his teammates enlisted in the military but continued to play for Northwestern. Enlistees from other schools also enrolled at Northwestern, where the U.S. Navy had a training station. The 1943 season was a strong one for Northwestern.The team beat Ohio State, the defending national champions, and a good military team at Great Lakes Naval Station. The Wildcats lost to Notre Dame and Michigan, however, and finished the season with an 8–2 record and a ninth-place ranking in the AP Poll. <mask> set another Big Ten passing record, was named the conference's Most Valuable Player, received All-American honors and finished third in Heisman Trophy voting. By the end of his college career, he held a Big Ten Conference record for passing yards with 2,132. <mask>'s career at Northwestern officially ended in February 1944, when he moved to Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, in the Navy's V-5 cadet program, a pilot training course. He played basketball for Colgate before moving to North Carolina Pre-Flight later in 1944, where he played on the Cloudbusters football team under coaches Glenn Killinger and Bear Bryant. Impressed by <mask>'s performances in Northwestern's wins over Ohio State in 1941 and 1943, Paul Brown came and offered him a contract worth $7,500 per year ($ in  dollars) in 1945 to play for a professional team he would be coaching in Cleveland in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC).<mask> would not receive his salary until he started playing, however, and Brown added a monthly stipend of $250 ($ in ) until the end of the war. It was a large amount of money at the time. "All I asked was, where do I sign?" <mask> said later. "Some of the other navy men said I was rooting for the war to last forever." <mask> was also drafted by the National Football League's Detroit Lions, but he did not sign a contract or play a game with the team as the war wore on. Large numbers of athletes came home as the conflict wound down in Europe following Germany's surrender in mid-1945.The AAFC's first season was not set to start until the fall of 1946, and <mask> occupied the intervening months by joining the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), a forerunner of the National Basketball Association. In March 1946, the Royals swept a best-of-five series against the Sheboygan Red Skins to win the NBL title. Professional career

Cleveland Browns in the AAFC (1946–1949)

By the time <mask> was discharged from the Navy late in the summer of 1946, training camp for Brown's new team, the Cleveland Browns, had already begun. Concerned that <mask> was not ready to start, Brown put in Cliff Lewis at quarterback in the first game of the season. <mask>, however, soon replaced Lewis in Brown's T formation offense. Handing the ball to fullback Marion Motley and throwing to ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie, <mask> led the team to a 12–2 regular-season record and a spot in the championship game against the AAFC's New York Yankees. The Browns won that game, touching off a period of dominance.The team won each of the AAFC's four championships between 1946 and 1949, and had professional football's second perfect season in 1948 by finishing undefeated and untied. By doing this the Browns became pro football's first undefeated championship team. Between 1947 and 1949 the Browns played 29 consecutive games without a defeat. <mask>'s play was crucial to Cleveland's success. He averaged 10.5 yards per pass and had a quarterback rating of 112.1 in 1946, a professional football record until Joe Montana surpassed it in 1989. <mask> was named the AAFC's Most Valuable Player in 1947 and shared the Most Valuable Player award with Frankie Albert of the San Francisco 49ers in 1948. He led the league in passing yards between 1947 and 1949.The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season, and three of its teams, including the Browns, merged into the more established National Football League. <mask> was the AAFC's all-time leading passer, throwing for 10,085 yards and 86 touchdowns. <mask> became the Browns' uncontested leader, but he was also "just one of the guys", tackle Mike McCormack said in 1999. "He was not aloof, which you see a lot of times today." He was good at spinning and moving in the pocket, skills he learned playing basketball. In his autobiography, Paul Brown praised <mask>'s ability to anticipate his receivers' route-running by watching their shoulders. "I remember his tremendous peripheral vision and his great athletic skill, as well as his ability to throw a football far and accurately with just a flick of his arm", Brown said.His short passes were hard and accurate, teammates later said, and his long balls were soft. "I used to catch a lot of them one-handed", Lavelli said. "He had great touch in his hands." He was nicknamed "Automatic Otto" for his consistency and toughness. Cleveland Browns in the NFL (1950–1955)
With <mask> at the helm, the Browns continued to succeed when they joined the NFL in 1950. <mask> led the Browns to a 10–2 record, which set up a playoff against the New York Giants for a spot in the championship game. The Browns' only two losses of the season had come against the Giants, but in a frozen Cleveland Stadium on  Cleveland beat New York.With the game tied 3–3 in the fourth quarter, <mask> gained 45 yards by running with the ball on a long drive to set up a 28-yard Lou Groza field goal that put the Browns ahead 6–3. A safety after the ensuing kickoff made the final score 8–3. The win put Cleveland in the NFL championship game against the Los Angeles Rams. <mask>'s rushing and passing were again key to the Browns' 30–28 victory. He drove the offense downfield as time expired to set up a last-minute Groza field goal that sealed the win. <mask> had 99 yards rushing in the game, adding 298 yards of passing and four touchdowns. Cleveland posted an 11–1 record in 1951, losing their only game to the San Francisco 49ers in the season opener.That gave the Browns another spot in the championship game, again against the Rams. This time, however, the Rams won 24–17. <mask> fumbled the ball in the third quarter, setting up a touchdown that put the Rams ahead 14–10. Three of his throws were

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