title: Peter Jennings

texts:
 9/11 and the subsequent travel I did in the country afterwards made me feel connected in new ways," he said. "And when we were working on the America project I spent a lot of time on the road, which meant away from my editor's desk, and I just got much more connected to the Founding Fathers' dreams and ideas for the future." His work had prepared him well for the citizenship test, which he passed easily. "Can you imagine I, who just finished a whole series on America and had been an anchorperson for an American broadcast...could you imagine if I had failed?"he asked. "It would have been horrendous." The anchor's formal pledge of allegiance took place at a regular citizenship ceremony on May 30 in Lower Manhattan. The occasion overwhelmed him. "I went in the front door and came out the front door. They were regular people. They were very touching.And I cried a little bit — my kids didn't cry, but I cried a bit — but I'm a fairly emotional character anyway." Leaving the chair
As he did in 2000, <mask> moderated the 2004 Democratic presidential primary debate, which was held that year at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire. He was noted for questioning General Wesley Clark over Clark's silence over controversial comments made by filmmaker Michael Moore, a supporter of Clark. Moore called then-President George W. Bush a "deserter". By late 2004, Brokaw had retired from his anchoring duties at NBC, ceding the reins to Brian Williams; Rather planned to step down in March 2005. <mask> and ABC saw an opportunity to gain viewers, and initiated a publicity blitz touting the anchor's foreign reporting experience. However, despite having almost always reported from the scene of any major news story, <mask> was sidelined by an upper respiratory infection in late December 2004; he was forced to anchor from New York during the aftermath of the Asian tsunami, while his competitors traveled to the region.For <mask>, the situation was agonizing. In late March, viewers started noticing that <mask>'s voice sounded uncharacteristically gravelly and unhealthy during evening newscasts. On April 1, 2005, he anchored World News Tonight for the last time; his failing health also prevented him from covering the death and funeral of Pope John Paul II. On April 5, 2005, <mask> informed viewers through a taped message on World News Tonight that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer, and was starting chemotherapy treatment the following week. "As some of you now know, I have learned in the last couple of days that I have lung cancer," he said. "Yes, I was a smoker until about 20 years ago, and I was weak and I smoked over 9/11. But whatever the reason, the news does slow you down a bit."Although he stated his intention to continue anchoring whenever possible, the message was to be his last appearance on television. Throughout the summer, Charles Gibson, co-host of Good Morning America, and Elizabeth Vargas, co-host of 20/20, served as temporary anchors. On April 29, 2005, <mask> posted a letter on ABCNews.com with an update of his status and expressing thanks to those who had offered him their good wishes and prayers. In June, <mask> visited the ABC News headquarters, and addressed staff members in an emotional scene in the World News Tonight newsroom; he thanked Gibson for closing each broadcast with the phrase, "for <mask> and all of us at ABC News." During his visit, however, his colleagues noticed he was ill to the point where he could barely speak. He posted another short letter of thanks on July 29, 2005, his 67th birthday. Death
On August 7, 2005, less than a month after <mask>'s 67th birthday, just after 11:30 pm EDT, Charles Gibson broke into local news in the eastern U.S. and regular programming on ABC's western affiliates to announce <mask>' death from lung cancer.He read a short statement from the family, and disclosed that <mask> had died in his New York apartment with his fourth wife, two children by his marriage to Kati Marton, and sister at his side. The anchor's ABC colleagues, including Barbara Walters, Diane Sawyer, and Ted Koppel, shared their thoughts on <mask>'s death. The next morning, Brokaw and Rather fondly remembered their former rival on the morning news shows. "<mask>, of the three of us, was our prince," said Brokaw on Today. "He seemed so timeless. He had such élan and style." Canada's television networks led off their morning news shows with the news of <mask>'s death and had remembrances from their "big three" anchors, <mask> at the CBC, Lloyd Robertson at CTV, and Kevin Newman (himself a former colleague of <mask> at ABC) at Global.American President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin offered statements of condolence to the press. On August 10, 2005, ABC aired a two-hour special, <mask>: Reporter, with archival clips of his reports and interviews with colleagues and friends. The special drew more than nine million viewers, and was the most watched television program of the night. For the week of his death, World News Tonight placed number one in the ratings race for the first time since June 2004. <mask>'s widow, Kayce Freed, and family held a private service in New York. <mask> was cremated and his ashes split in half. Half of his ashes remained in his home on Long Island and the other half was placed in his summer home in the Gatineau Hills, near Ottawa.The 57th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2005, included a tribute to <mask> by Brokaw and Rather. A public memorial service for <mask> was held two days later at Carnegie Hall. Notable journalists, political leaders, and other friends of <mask> attended. <mask> left a US$50 million estate: half went to Freed, and most of the rest to his son and daughter. On December 5, 2005, after much speculation, and nearly eight months after <mask> stopped anchoring, ABC named Vargas and Bob Woodruff co-anchors for World News Tonight. In 2007, a book, <mask>: A Reporter's Life, was published, co-edited by his widow Kayce Freed and his ABC colleague Lynn Sherr. The book contained an oral history compiled from a number of interviews.Publishers Weekly described the book as "predictably positive" and "reminding readers of the commanding presence <mask> held over broadcast journalism". Parksville Qualicum News described it as "browse-able" but with "a few holes left". Honors

<mask> won numerous honors throughout his career, including 16 Emmys and two George Foster Peabody Awards. His work on World News Tonight and Peter Jennings Reporting consistently won Overseas Press Club and duPont-Columbia awards. At the peak of his popularity, <mask> was named "Best Anchor" by the Washington Journalism Review in 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1992. The Radio and Television News Directors Association awarded <mask> its highest honor, the Paul White Award in 1995, in recognition of his lifetime contributions to journalism. In 2004, he was awarded with the Edward R. Murrow Award for Lifetime Achievement in Broadcasting from Washington State University.Just eight days before his death, <mask> was informed that he would be inducted into the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honor. His daughter, Elizabeth, accepted the insignia on his behalf in October 2005. On February 21, 2006, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg designated the block on West 66th Street between Columbus Avenue and Central Park West as <mask> Way in honor of the late anchor; the block is home to the ABC News headquarters. In October 2006, The Walt Disney Company, which bought ABC in 1996, posthumously named <mask> a Disney Legend, the company's highest honor. He was the first ABC News employee so honored. In January 2011, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' Television Hall of Fame. Publications

Articles
 "Moose Jaw, U.S.A.?Never! Jamais!" Maclean's, p. 86. June 25, 1990. Available at HighBeam Business
 "TV's opportunity for service at Geneva." The Christian Science Monitor, p. 28. November 12, 1985.
 with Todd Brewster."Variations for Four Hands On a Theme by Tocqueville." The New York Times, p. E1. January 27, 2003. Books
 with Todd Brewster. The Century. London: Doubleday (1999). .
 with Todd Brewster. The Century for Young People.New York: Random House (1999). .
 with Todd Brewster. In Search of America. New York: Hyperion (2002). .

TV/video narration
In 1969–1970, <mask> narrated The Fabulous Sixties,  a 10-part Canadian television documentary miniseries that first aired on CTV on October 12, 1969, with the following episodes broadcast as occasional specials into 1970. Each episode covered one year of the 1960s. The series was released on DVD on April 24, 2007, by MPI Home Video. See also

 Ecstasy Rising
 New Yorkers in journalism

Notes

a.<mask>' debut program led with coverage of Korean Air Lines Flight 007. It also featured stories on the resignation of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, violent clashes in Lebanon, labor unions, and tennis' U.S. Open.b.<mask>' performance during the 1984 presidential campaign was analyzed in a 1986 study led by Syracuse University professor Brian Mullen. He concluded that <mask> "exhibited a facial expression bias in favor of Reagan". Mullen's team repeated the study to analyze <mask>' performance in the 1988 presidential election, concluding that the ABC anchor again favored a Republican candidate. Television critic Tom Shales also noticed a pro-Reagan bias in <mask>' reporting, referring to ABC as "a news organization that is already considered the White House favorite" in May 1985.

c.ABC News "had its highest evening newscast rating ever the first week in the war, and two nights of its prime-time coverage were among the 10 most-watched shows on television". d.In 1994, the three major networks devoted 1,592 total minutes to covering the Simpson criminal case; while ABC had 423, CBS had 580 and NBC 589. The Simpson trial was the number-one news story for NBC and CBS in 1995, while at ABC, coverage of the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina dominated the newscast. <mask> stated in a 1996 interview that he was satisfied that ABC came in third in terms of O.J.coverage. "I'm very pleased that it didn't crowd out as much of the rest of the world on World News Tonight as it did on other broadcasts," he said. "I am very pleased it was not our major story of last year as it was at other networks." e.The immense scope of The Century caused headaches for those developing it. It survived three major changes in narrative approach, three different executive producers, and various attempts to axe the entire project. By the time it aired, all of the people interviewed for their anecdotes of World War I had died. <mask>, though, downplayed criticism of the program's rocky history."Name me a news organization that doesn't have some degree of turmoil on a major project," he said. "What people care about in The New York Times is what gets in the paper. It's the same with us. There are people out there who think their job is to set the bar for us, but the bar for me is set by the audience, and I think there is a real hunger out there from everyone I encounter to relive and experience and learn from what's gone on over the last 100 years." References

Further reading

Books

 Fensch, Thomas, editor. Television News Anchors: An Anthology of Profiles of the Major Figures and Issues in United States Network Reporting. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland (1993). .
 Goldberg, Robert, and Gerald Jay Goldberg.Anchors: Brokaw, <mask>, Rather, and the Evening News. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol (1990). .
 Goldenson, Leonard. Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC. New York: Scribners (1991). .
 Gunther, Marc. The House that Roone Built: the Inside Story of ABC News. Boston: Little, Brown (1994). .
 Matusow, Barbara. The Evening Stars: the Making of the Network News Anchor.Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1983). .

Online

 Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Discusses 'The Search for Jesus' . CNN. June 15, 2000. Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Discusses 'Family Business' . CNN. September 14, 2000. Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Offers His Insights on Current Events .CNN. January 27, 2001. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. April 10, 2002. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN.September 13, 2002. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. September 8, 2003. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. April 1, 2004.Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Remembered; Panel Discusses Lung Cancer . CNN. August 9, 2005. Robertson, Lori (November 2001). Anchoring the Nation. American Journalism Review. Speech by <mask> given on April 9, 1969.Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues. External links

 ABC News: <mask>
 The Documentary Group, successor to PJ Productions, the production company of <mask>
 The Peter Jennings Project for Journalism and the Constitution at the National Constitution Center

Booknotes interview with <mask> on The Century, December 27, 1998. 20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
21st-century American journalists
Canadian television news anchors
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Canadian expatriate journalists in the United States
American television news anchors
American television reporters and correspondents
ABC News personalities
Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Ottawa
Writers from Toronto
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
CTV Television Network people
Lisgar Collegiate Institute
1938 births
2005

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title: Ernest Graves Jr.

type: original

texts:
<mask>. (6 July 1924 – 21 May 2019) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of lieutenant general. A graduate of the United States Military Academy, where he was ranked second in the class of 1944, he commanded troops in Europe during World War II and in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He served with a bomb assembly team with the Manhattan Project and was present at the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests in 1948. He was the Director of Military Application at the Atomic Energy Commission its successor, the Energy Research and Development Administration, from 1973 to 1975, the Deputy Chief of Engineers from 1977 to 1978, and the director of the Defense Security Assistance Agency from 1978 to 1981. Early life
<mask>. was born in New York City on 6 July 1924, the only son of <mask>., a retired Army officer, and his wife Lucy. Her maiden name was Lucy Birnie, but she had subsequently taken the name of her first husband, Harry Horgan, who died of tuberculosis. The family moved to Washington, D.C., when <mask> was two years old, where he spent his childhood, and was educated at St. Albans School.In 1941, <mask> passed the entrance examination for the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where his father had graduated second in the class of 1905, and his maternal grandfather, Rogers Birnie, first in the class of 1872. He secured an appointment from Senator John H. Overton, and reported to West Point on 1 July 1941. He was required to wear civilian clothes and pay room and board for the first five days of Beast Barracks until July 6, when he reached his 17th birthday. World War II
Due to World War II, <mask>'s class was commissioned early, on 6 June 1944. He was ranked second in the class, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was then sent through the six-week Engineer Officer Basic Course at the U.S. Army Engineer School at Fort Belvoir in Virginia, followed by six weeks as a platoon commander at the Engineer Replacement Training Center there. Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee, the commanding general of the Communications Zone (ComZ) in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and a friend of <mask>' father, asked for <mask> to be sent to Europe.<mask> spoke to Lieutenant General Brehon Somervell, the commander of Army Service Forces, and another friend of  his father's, who agreed to this request. <mask> left for Europe in October 1944. There was a rule against regular officers serving as aides-de-camp, but <mask> lived with Lee's aides in the George V Hotel in Paris, and often functioned as an additional aide. When not occupied with such duties, he worked in the Control Section of COMZ Headquarters, where he compiled statistical reports. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 6 December 1944. On 31 December 1944, <mask> joined the 1282nd Engineer Combat Battalion as a platoon commander. The unit had recently been converted from an anti-aircraft artillery battalion, and was training in England.The unit moved to Germany in April 1945, where it worked on construction projects in Bad Kreuznach and Saarland. It saw little action before the war in Europe ended the following month. In June it moved to Marseilles, whence it sailed to the Philippines via the Panama Canal, Hawaii and Ulithi on the . It arrived in August 1945, just as the war in the Pacific was ending. Post-war
<mask> went to see Major General Leif J. Sverdrup, the head of the Engineer Command (ENCOM) in the Philippines, and requested a transfer to ENCOM, which was granted. <mask> served in Japan with ENCOM from 23 September 20 October 1945, when he was transferred to the Engineer Section of Eighth United States Army Headquarters. He was promoted to captain on 3 January 1946.During the war the military side of the Manhattan Project had relied heavily on reservists, as the policy of the Corps of Engineers was to assign regular officers to field commands. The reservists were now eligible for separation. To replace them, the director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, asked for fifty West Point graduates from the top ten percent of their classes to man bomb assembly teams at Sandia Base, where the assembly staff and facilities had been moved from Los Alamos and Wendover Field in September and October 1945. The personnel manned the 2761st Engineer Battalion (Special), which became a field unit under the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP). <mask> was one of those selected. He knew Groves well, as he had been a cub scout with Groves's son Richard, but his selection was based on his West Point class standing. The 2761st Engineer Battalion (Special)  was commanded by Colonel Gilbert M. Dorland, and consisted of a headquarters company, a security company (Company A), a bomb assembly company (Company B) and a radiological monitoring company (Company C), although Company C was never fully formed.For training purposes, Company B was initially divided into command, electrical, mechanical and nuclear groups, but the intention was to create three integrated 36-man bomb assembly teams. The battalion was redesignated the 38th Engineer Battalion (Special) in April 1947, and in July it became part of the newly created AFSWP Field Command. <mask> served with Company B, assembling bombs. He became a permanent first lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers on 6 January 1947. The following years he participated in the Operation Sandstone nuclear weapons test series at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific. Deciding to pursue a graduate degree in physics, <mask> asked Dorland to put him on the list of nominees for graduate school, but was passed over. So he went to see Groves, who ordered Dorland to add him to the list.Because <mask>'s West Point class had missed out on a year of coursework, the Army first sent him to the Naval Postgraduate School in Annapolis, Maryland, where he took a year of senior undergraduate courses in math, physics and chemistry from 20 July 1948 to 28 May 1949. <mask> then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). When Groves left the AFSWP, the sending of officers to study for postgraduate courses was reconsidered, as three years was thought to be too long to be away from the service, and there was talk of cancelling the program. <mask> spoke to the Chief of Engineers, Lieutenant General Raymond Albert Wheeler, who had known him since he was a boy. The program continued. The next year, on the basis of <mask>'s first year of coursework, MIT invited him to complete a PhD. His father spoke to the new Chief of Engineers, Lieutenant General Lewis A.Pick, who approved it over the objection of the personnel section. He completed his thesis on "The angular distributions of particles emitted from nuclear reactions in gaseous targets" in 1951. While at MIT, <mask> met Nancy Herbert Barclay, a graduate of Wellesley College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, who was working for a law firm in Boston. They were married in Paoli, Pennsylvania, where her parents lived, on 12 May 1951. That had four children: Ralph Henry, Robert Barclay, William Hooper and Emily Birnie. Ralph and Emily later became US Army officers, Ralph graduating first in the West Point class of 1974. <mask> was promoted to major on 25 July 1951.Upon graduation from MIT, <mask> was supposed to return to the AFSWP, but he spoke to Lieutenant General Thomas B. Larkin, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for Logistics, and another friend of his father's, and had his orders changed. Instead, <mask> was sent to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, where he spent a year as Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff, General Cortlandt V.R. Schuyler, before being posted to Logistics Division, where he worked on the airfield program. His main task was drafting NATO airfield standards in the wake of 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon. These detailed what operational facilities had to be provided in order for the airbase to qualify for NATO funding. <mask> returned to the United States in 1954. He completed the Engineer Officer Advanced Course at Fort Belvoir, and then became Chief of the Training Section of the Nuclear Power Branch of United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory there.The Army built a nuclear reactor, SM-1, at Fort Belvoir, and <mask> had the responsibility for training the staff to operate it. He then attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after which he was given command of the 44th Engineer Battalion in South Korea. It was his first troop command since World War II. His unit built storage areas for Honest John missiles at Osan, paved roads, and constructed depots. On returning to the United States, he was assigned to the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to work on Project Plowshare, a proposal to use nuclear weapons to excavate a sea-level canal through Panama or Nicaragua. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 29 March 1960. In 1964 and 1965, <mask> attended the Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.This is normally followed by a staff posting, and he became a staff officer at The Pentagon in the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for International Affairs. In February 1967 he moved to the staff of the Secretary of the Army. At this time he took the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was promoted to colonel on 6 April  1966. For this service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit and the Army Distinguished Service Medal. In September 1968, <mask> assumed command of the 34th Engineer Group, which was based at Vung Tau, and later at Can Tho in the Mekong Delta, supporting the 9th Infantry Division during the Vietnam war. The main tasks of the five battalions in the group were the maintenance of Đồng Tâm Base Camp and the upgrading of QL-4, the main highway linking the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon with the Mekong Delta.For his service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit, a Bronze Star, and the Air Medal with an oak leaf cluster. <mask> returned to the United States in September 1969, where he became the Deputy Director of Military Construction in the Officer of the Chief of Engineers in Washington, D.C. He was promoted to brigadier general on 10 October 1969. As such, he was responsible for $1 billion of military construction each year for the Army, United States Air Force and NASA. At this time, the space program was winding down. The Canaveral District, which had overseen the construction of the Kennedy Space Center was inactivated, and the Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts was completed but soon closed. He also served as president of the Air Defense Evaluation Board that recommended the development of the Patriot missile system.In December 1970, <mask> became the Division Engineer of North Central Division, based in Chicago, Illinois, with the rank of  major general from 1 August 1971. In this role he was responsible for the water resources of the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi River. In December 1973 he returned to Washington, D.C., as the Director of Military Application at the Atomic Energy Commission. This was broken up in 1974, and he became the Director of Military Applications at its successor, the Energy Research and Development Administration. In this role he oversaw the development of nuclear weapons at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Livermore Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, production activities at Pantex and Rocky Flats, and testing at the Nevada Test Site. <mask> returned to the Office of the Chief of Engineers in September 1975 as the Director of Civil Works. He carried out a review of all the Corps of Engineers' water construction projects after President Jimmy Carter attempted to halt work on 35 projects.In July 1977, he became the Deputy Chief of Engineers, with the rank of lieutenant general from 1 March 1978. His final posting was as the director of Defense Security Assistance Agency, which was responsible for providing security assistance and arms sales to friendly countries, mostly in the Middle East. Of particular importance was assistance to Israel and Egypt under the terms of the Camp David Accords. For this service, he was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. His military decorations also included the Army Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters. Later life
In July 1981, <mask> retired from the Army, and became a consultant at the  Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C., and Burdeshaw and Associates. He was an active member of the Army Navy Country Club, and chaired committees responsible for the construction of new clubhouses in Fairfax, Virginia, and Arlington, Virginia.<mask> died at his home in Arlington, Virginia, on 21 May 2019. A memorial service was held at the Fort Myer Old Post Chapel, after which he  was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Dates of rank

Notes

References

External links
Foreign Affairs review of U.S. Security Assistance: The Political Process, edited by <mask> Jr.
Pioneer in military use of nuclear power provides insight on facility to be decommissioned

1924 births
2019 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army personnel of World War II
American military engineers
Manhattan Project people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Military personnel from New York City
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

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title: Philip Danforth Armour

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<mask>. (16 May 1832 – 6 January 1901) was an American meatpacking industrialist who founded the Chicago-based firm of Armour & Company. Born on an upstate New York farm, he made $8,000 in the California gold rush, 1852–56. He opened a wholesale soap business in Cincinnati, then moved it to Milwaukee. He made millions selling meat to the United States Army during the Civil War. In 1875, he moved his base to Chicago. Armour's innovations including bringing live hogs to the metropolis for slaughter, inventing an assembly line system for the dis-assembly of hogs, canning the product, economy of scale and efficiency in detail. He systematically utilized waste products, boasting that he made use of "everything but the squeal".The introduction of refrigerated rail cars opened a national market for him and competitors such as Gustavus Swift. <mask> expanded into banking and speculation on the futures market for pork and wheat  by 1900, his plants employed 15,000 workers; his own wealth was in the range of $50 million. The urgent Army need for meat during the Spanish–American War of 1898 led to highly publicized complaints about "embalmed beef." <mask> retired from business in 1899, and devoted himself to philanthropy in the Chicago area, including low-cost housing for industrial workers, and the major institution of higher education, the Armour Institute of Technology (now part of Illinois Institute of Technology). Life and career
<mask> was born in Stockbridge, New York to <mask> <mask> and Juliana Ann Brooks. He was one of eight children and grew up on his family's farm. <mask> was descended from colonial settlers of Scottish and English origin, with his surname originating in Scotland.He was educated at Cazenovia Academy in New York until the school expelled him for taking a ride in a buggy. Among his first jobs was that of Driver on upstate New York's Chenango Canal which ran through Madison County at that time and would have been a busy thoroughfare. At the age of 19, <mask> left New York with about 30 other people for California, joining the great California gold rush. They walked most of the way from New York to California. Before the journey, <mask> "had received several hundred dollars from his parents," making him, for the most part, "the financier of the party," according to biographer Edward N. Wentworth. In California, <mask> eventually started his own business, employing out-of-work miners to construct sluices, which controlled the waters that flowed through the mined rivers. In only a few years, <mask> had turned his business into a profitable enterprise, earning himself about $8,000 by the time he had turned 24.With his sizable fortune in hand, <mask> then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, starting a wholesale grocery business. In Milwaukee, <mask> formed business partnerships with Frederick Miles in the grain business in 1859. He worked with Miles for three years before he partnered with John Plankinton in the meatpacking industry, creating the company Plankinton, Armour & Company. <mask> helped Plankinton start up "a new plant on the Menominee River so that the firm could handle government pork contracts." They experienced prompt success through the distribution of sought after meats, produce, and grains to westward-moving settlers and fortune-seekers. It was also during this period when <mask> married Malvina Belle Ogden in 1862. <mask> demonstrated his uncanny ability as a young businessman by taking advantage of changing meat prices during and after the Civil War.According to Deborah S. Ing, author of <mask>'s biography in the American National Biography Online, "the most important business coup of <mask>'s early career occurred near the end of the Civil War when he predicted heavy Confederate losses and thus the dropping of pork prices…he made contracts with buyers at $40 per barrel before prices plummeted to $18 when the war ended in a Union victory. This deal netted him a profit of $22 per barrel or a total of $1 million to $2 million." Armour's savvy decision elevated the status of Plankinton, Armour & Co., allowing the firm to expand into other cities. Later with his brother, Herman, he again entered the grain business and built several meat packing plants in the Menomonee River Valley. After individually prospering in three different regions, <mask>, Herman and Joseph reconvened in 1867 to form the flagship Armour & Company in Chicago, which packed hogs exclusively for the first eight years of its existence. The company  which soon became the world's largest food processing and chemical manufacturing enterprise, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Armour & Co. was the first company to produce canned meat and also one of the first to employ an "assembly-line" technique in its factories.In the winter of 1879–1880, <mask> traveled to Wyandotte County, Kansas, after becoming disturbed to hear that emancipated blacks from the deep South had arrived there unprepared for the midwestern winter. <mask> returned to Chicago and raised funds for the stranded Exodusters, reporting, "I talked with a great many of them and was surprised at their intelligence. I asked them where they thought they were going. They said only North to escape persecution. . . . They had no idea that they were going to a land of plenty or idleness, but simply to a land of freedom." In all, <mask> raised $1,200 from Chicago businesses ($200 from his own Armour and Company, $200 from the unrelated Armour, Dole & Co. (owned by George Armour), $200 from Field, Leiter & Co. (later known as Marshall Field & Company), $100 from N.K. Fairbank & Co. (owned by N.K.Fairbank), and $50 each from ten others). In order to get his meat products to market <mask> followed the lead of rival Gustavus Swift when he established the Armour Refrigerator Line in 1883. Armour's endeavor soon became the largest private refrigerator car fleet in the U.S., which by 1900 listed over 12,000 units on its roster, all built in Armour's own car plant. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1932. In the late 1880s, he was solicited by Peter A. Demens to invest in his Orange Belt Railroad running across central Florida, and one of the depots was named in his honor. In 1900, while terminally ill he wintered in Southern California, probably due to his association with Demens, and his namesake son <mask>. came to visit, caught pneumonia and suddenly died on January 29. The next winter <mask>. was too ill to travel to California, and died in Chicago.His meatpacking plants pioneered new principles of large-scale organization and refrigeration to the industry. <mask> implemented the assembly line in order to speed up production, was one of the first to reduce the tremendous waste when slaughtering of hogs by refining and selling waste products. His biggest concern was ensuring that every part of the animal was made useful, "thus, out of meatpacking came auxiliary industries such as glue, fertilizer, margarine, lard, [and] gelatin." <mask> famously declared that he made use of "everything but the squeal". By developing these profitable manufacturing innovations and expanding the reach of his company, Armour & Co. became one of the largest meatpacking firms in America by the 1890s. It earned an estimated $110 million in 1893 and established Armour's position as one of the great industrialists of the Gilded Age. Labor issues
Since the end of the Civil War, labor activists in Chicago had been fighting for powerful labor unions that would negotiate the eight-hour day and higher wages.At a time when the living wage for a five-member family was $15.40 a week, the workers at Armour & Company only earned about $9.50 a week. After Armour's butchers had publicly called for better pay and improved job security in the early 1880s, Armour kicked out the union workers and blacklisted the leaders of the strike. In the weeks before the Haymarket bombing of May 4, 1886, <mask> had even encouraged his colleagues to equip a militia to suppress future labor actions. In the book Death in the Haymarket, historian James Green notes that the supplies included "a good machine gun, to be used by them in case of trouble". Over the course of his career, <mask> had broken three major strikes that had directly concerned his factories, blacklisting all of the union leaders involved. The New York Times emphasized in its reporting how greatly <mask> "cares for his labor" without any sense of irony. "Although his workers lived and worked in squalid conditions," the PBS series American Experience reports, "<mask> was known as a philanthropist".Embalmed beef scandal
The company's reputation was tarnished further in 1889. Nelson A. Miles, a captain in the United States Army, claimed that all the major meatpacking companies of Chicago—including Armour's—were sending chemically treated meat to soldiers overseas. An investigation followed, but found no definite verdict was reached. Skeptics would claim that Armour simply bribed the panel while Armour would defend his innocence for the rest of his life. Even so, the damage was done. The evidence that was found provided fodder for the muckraking novel by Upton Sinclair entitled The Jungle, which was published in February 1906 and became a bestseller.Armour's reputation never recovered from the 1889–1899 scandal. Death and legacy

In 1893, Armour donated $1 million to found the Armour Institute of Technology (a privately endowed coeducational college), which merged with the Lewis Institute to become Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1940. In Chicago the Armour brothers Joseph and <mask> founded the Armour Mission, an educational and healthcare center. In 1900 his son, <mask><mask> Jr., died. <mask> died at age 69 on January 6, 1901 of pneumonia at his Chicago home. He was survived by his wife, Malvina Belle Ogden whom he had married in 1862, and by his son, J. Ogden <mask>. His family call him "P. D."

The town of Armour, South Dakota, was named for him in 1885, and the town of Armourdale, Kansas, (now the district of Armourdale in Kansas City, Kansas) in 1881.To acknowledge his investment in the Orange Belt Railroad, in 1889 a depot was named "Armour" near St. Petersburg, Florida. Streets in Cudahy, Wisconsin, (a Milwaukee suburb founded by meat packing magnate Patrick Cudahy) as well as Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, where the <mask> family had a summer estate, also bear his name. <mask><mask> Elementary School in South Chicago, and streets of north Redondo Beach, California, are named after prominent American businessmen of the industrial revolution. Armour Lane is one of them. The Union Pacific Railroad uses Armour Yellow as one of its official colors, the same hue used by Armour refrigerated cars in the early 20th century. See also
 Gustavus Franklin Swift
 Herman Ossian Armour
 Hormel
 Armour, South Dakota
 Andrew Watson <mask> III

Footnotes

References
 <mask>, <mask>. (1895) "Chapter LV: The Packing Industry" in Depew, Chauncey M. (Ed.)100 Years of American Commerce, pp. 383-388. Signed by "Philip D. Armour". Bontemps, Arna. 100 Years of Negro Freedom (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1961). Dolinar, Brian. The Negro in Illinois:  The WPA Papers (University of Illinois Press, 2013).Gunsaulus, Frank W. "<mask><mask>, A Character Sketch". New York Public Library Digital Collections. Hill, Howard Copeland. "The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 10.3 (1923): 253–273. in JSTOR
 Kane, Mary A. (2006)."Oconomowoc (Postcard History Series)" Arcadia Publishing.  .
 Leech, Harper and John Charles Carroll (1938). Armour and His Times, New York: D. Appelton-Century Company. Skaggs, Jimmy M. Prime cut: Livestock raising and meatpacking in the United States, 1607–1983 (Texas A and M University Press, 1986). Walsh, Margaret. The rise of the midwestern meat packing industry (University Press of Kentucky, 2015). External links

 Armour Square Park of the Chicago Park District
 History of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
 Biographical sketch for <mask> on PBS American Experience

1832 births
1901 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
People from Stockbridge, New York
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
Businesspeople from Chicago
American people in rail transportation
American railway entrepreneurs
People of the California Gold Rush
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Businesspeople in the meat packing industry
Deaths from pneumonia in Illinois
Armour family

masks:
Philip Danforth Armour Sr
Armour
Armour
Armour
Danforth
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip
Armour
Armour
Philip Armour
Armour
Philip
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip Jr
Philip Sr
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip
Philip D
. Armour
Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip D
. Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip D
Philip D
. Armour
Philip Armour


title: Adam Roberts (scholar)

texts:
<mask>  (born 29 August 1940) is Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford, a senior research fellow in Oxford University's Department of Politics and International Relations, and an emeritus fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. <mask> was born in Penrith, Cumbria, the son of the poet and teacher <mask> and the writer and editor <mask>. He went to Westminster School, London, 1953–8. He studied Modern History at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College), 1959–62, winning the Stanhope essay prize, 1961. Career
Assistant Editor, Peace News, London, 1962–5. Noel Buxton Student in International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 1965–8. Lecturer in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1968–81.Alastair Buchan Reader in International Relations at University of Oxford, 1981–6. Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, 1986–2007. With interests in civil resistance, international law, the United Nations, strategic studies, and the history (and theories) of international relations, his publications include works on the United Nations and on Hugo Grotius jointly edited with Professor Benedict Kingsbury. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (the UK's national academy for the humanities and social sciences) in 1990, serving as its President (2009–13). He served on the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (2002–08); on the Council for Science and Technology (2010–13); and on the United Kingdom Defence Academy Advisory Board (2003–15). In 2002, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to the study and practice of international relations. He is an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics & Political Science, of St Antony's College, Oxford, and of Cumbria University.He has a Guest Professorship at Nankai University, Tianjin, China (2012); and is Honorary Professor, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at St Andrew's University (2013- ). He has been awarded honorary doctorates by King's College London (2010); Aberdeen University (2012); Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo (2012), and Bath University (2014). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2011; and a Member, American Philosophical Society, 2013. His interests include mountaineering and cycling. He has published articles in numerous journals, including American Journal of International Law, British Yearbook of International Law, International Affairs, International Security, Review of International Studies, Survival and The Times Literary Supplement. His publications include:

Recent articles and book chapters
  'Pandemics and Politics', Survival, London, vol. 62, no.5, October–November 2020, pp. 7–40. Available at . 'Foundational Myths in the Laws of War: The 1863 Lieber Code, and the 1864 Geneva Convention', Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol. 20, no. 1, July 2019, pp. 158–96.ISSN 1444-8602. Available at  . 'The Use of Force: A System of Selective Security', in Sebastian von Einsiedel, David M. Malone and Bruno Stagno Ugarte (eds. ), The UN Security Council in the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2016, pp. 349–71. (hardback); 978-1-62637-259-7 (paperback). 'Terrorism Research: Past, Present and Future', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol.38, no. 1, January 2015, pp. 62–74. Print edition . Online . Available at . 'The Long Peace Getting Longer', Survival, London, vol.54, no. 1, February–March 2012, pp. 175–83. Print edition . Online . Available at . (Review essay on Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature.)'Simon Frederick Peter Halliday, 1946–2010', Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 172: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows no. X, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, pp. 143–69. . . Available at . 'The Civilian in Modern War', in Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers (eds.), The Changing Character of War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, pp. 357–80. (hardback). 'The Civilian in Modern War', Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 12, 2009, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, pp. 13–51.; . 'Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?’, Survival, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35. Print edition . Online .Available at . 'Detainees: Misfits in Peace and War', in Sibylle Scheipers (ed. ), Prisoners in War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, pp. 263–80. .
 'An "Incredibly Swift Transition": Reflections on the End of the Cold War', in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (eds. ), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. III, Endings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 513–34. .
 'The Equal Application of the Laws of War: A Principle under Pressure', International Review of the Red Cross, Cambridge, vol.90, no. 872, December 2008, pp. 931–62. . E. Available at . 'Doctrine and Reality in Afghanistan', Survival, London, vol. 51, no. 1, February–March 2009, pp. 29–60.Print edition . Online . 'Torture and Incompetence in the "War on Terror"’, Survival, London, vol. 49, no. 1, Spring 2007. (Review article.) Print edition .Online . Available at . 'Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights', American Journal of International Law, Washington DC, vol. 100, no. 3, July 2006. . Available at . 'The Laws of War in the War on Terror', in Fred L. Borch and Paul S. Wilson (eds.), International Law and the War on Terror (US Naval War College, International Law Studies, vol. 79), Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, 2003. Available at . Books
(with Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash) (eds.). Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters, Oxford University Press, Oxford, January 2016. . US edition. Article arising from the book in  The Guardian, London, 15 January 2016.Discussion of the book with Professor Rashid Khalidi at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, New York, 10 February 2016, on Ustream.TV. (hardback). On Google. (with Benedict Kingsbury) (eds.) 全球治理：分列世界中的联合国 (Global Governance: United Nations in a Divided World), trans. Zhicheng Wu and colleagues at Nankai University, Central Compilation & Translation Press, Beijing, 2010. . (A specially adapted version of United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 1993, and incorporating a new introduction by the editors, revised/new appendices, and Foreword by Professor Wang Jisi of Peking University.) (hardback);  (paperback, 2011, with new Foreword on the Arab Spring).US edition. On Google. (hardback);  (paperback). US edition. On Google. (hardback);  (paperback). US edition.(paperback). US edition. Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, Cambridge, Mass. : Albert Einstein Institution, 1991. . Available at. (hardback);  (paperback). US edition.Oxford Scholarship Online. On Google.
 .
 (hardback);  (paperback). On Google. (paperback). (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, US, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on 'Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence', as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, US, 1969. .)

See also
 Civilian-based Defense

Lectures
 The Equal Application of the Laws of War: A Principle Under Pressure in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 Reinventing the Wheel: The cost of neglecting international history the 2010 Gresham Special Lecture delivered in the Guildhall, City of London. References

External links
Oxford University Department of Politics & International Relations: http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/associates/adam-roberts.html. Oxford University Programme on Civil Resistance and Power Politics: https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/research-projects/civil-resistance-and-power-politics-domestic-and-international-dimensions.html

1940 births
Living people
Nonviolence advocates
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the British Academy
People from Penrith, Cumbria
Montague Burton Professors of International Relations (University of Oxford)
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Members of the American Philosophical Society

masks:
Sir Adam Roberts
Background Roberts
Michael Roberts
Janet Adam Smith
Roberts


title: James Hoge Tyler

texts:
<mask> (August 11, 1846 – January 3, 1925) was a Confederate soldier, writer and political figure. He served in the Virginia Senate and became the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1890 to 1894) and the 43rd Governor of Virginia (1898 to 1902). He compiled The Family of Hoge, published posthumously in 1927. Early and family life

<mask> was born at Blenheim plantation in Caroline County, Virginia on August 11, 1846 to <mask> (1817-1889) and his second wife <mask> (1815-1846). His parents were both descended from the First Families of Virginia. His great-grandfather, also <mask> (1755-1833), served as a lieutenant in the Caroline County militia during the American Revolutionary War and descended from <mask> who settled in Essex County in the 17th century. His father <mask> was the eldest son of <mask> (1791-1861) and his wife Lucy Coleman,
  Literally all of his ancestors came to America from England and literally all of them arrived in Colony of Virginia in the 1600s.Two hours after <mask> was born, his mother died of complications from the birth. His maternal grandparents took the boy 300 miles by carriage to their home, Hayfield, subsequently known as Belle Hampton, in Pulaski County, Virginia. There he was raised by his maternal grandparents, General <mask><mask> (1783-1861) and Eleanor Haven Howe, as well as his uncle William E<mask> and his wife Jane with their daughter and two sons of similar ages. <mask><mask> owned 17 enslaved persons in 1850, and more in 1860. Private tutors and his grandfather educated <mask> until General Hoge died in 1861. When <mask> was ten, his grandmother died and his grandfather soon suffered a stroke. J. H<mask> inherited a number of properties from his maternal grandfather, including Belle-Hampton.The teenager soon joined his father in Caroline County (his paternal grandfather dying in the same year). Because Virginia's secession embroiled Caroline County, <mask> attended a school run by Franklin Minor in Albemarle County. On November 16, 1868, he married Sou (or Sue) Montgomery Hammet (1845-1927) of Montgomery County, Virginia. The children by that marriage were Edward Hammet <mask>, <mask> <mask>., Stockton Heth <mask>, Belle Norwood McConnell, Sue Hampton, Henry Clement <mask>, Eliza (Lily), and Eleanor. American Civil War

About 1862, when he reached the legal age of 16, J. H<mask> enlisted in the Army of the Confederate States of America. He remained as a private until the war's end rather than accept a commission as an officer and be separated from his friends. Postwar career
After Virginia's surrender to Union forces, <mask> returned to Pulaski County and tried to resume farming.He also published articles urging manufacturing and mining development. Elected to the Virginia Senate in 1877, he urged state taxes be reduced from 50 to 40 cents and also served on the commission to settle the state debt. <mask> was a member of the boards of public buildings at Blacksburg and Marion, and became rector of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (now known as Virginia Tech). Active in the state Democratic party, especially the statewide organization created by Senator Thomas Staples Martin, <mask> became the organization's candidate for Lieutenant Governor, and helped settle the disputed border between Maryland and Virginia. He defeated fellow Confederate veteran <mask> Ellyson before the party's primary to become its candidate for governor in the Virginia 1897 election (and Ellyson began the first of three terms as lieutenant governor). In the general election, voters elected <mask> Governor of Virginia. He won 64.59% of the vote, defeating Republican Patrick H. McCaull (who won 33.24% of the votes), as well as Prohibitionist L.A. Cutler, Socialist John J. Quantz, and Independent <mask>. Cowden.During his term as governor, <mask> reduced the public debt by more than a million dollars, but increased the public school fund by $21,000 and the literary fund by $68,000, and also reduced the tax rate from 40 to 30 cents. He also settled the boundary dispute between Tennessee and Virginia. After his governorship, <mask> returned to Radford, where he resumed farming and lived with his son Hal (Henry C.<mask> (who was serving as the local Commonwealth's attorney in 1910), and daughters Lily and Lucy. <mask> spent the last years of his life compiling The Family of Hoge, a genealogy of the descendants of <mask> and Barbara Hume, his great-great-great-grandparents and the American progenitors of the Hoge Family. A devout Presbyterian, <mask> was thrice elected to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. In 1892 he was a delegate to the Pan Presbyterian Alliance in Toronto, and in 1896 became a delegate to the convention in Glasgow, Scotland, where he presided over one of the sessions. He also served on the boards of trustees of Hampden–Sydney College, the Union Theological Seminary and the Synodical Orphans Home at Lynchburg.Death and legacy

Governor J.H<mask> died January 3, 1925 at Halwick (renamed Halwyck by subsequent owners of the property in the 1990s), which he built in 1892, and which his lawyer son Henry C<mask> and widowed daughter Lily Wilson helped run. He was buried in Radford at West View cemetery, where his widow would join him two years later. The Library of Virginia holds his papers. Halwyck (originally "Halwick") was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. His childhood home, Blenheim also exists, and Caroline County officials believe it eligible for similar treatment, but its private owners have not yet chosen to apply for that status, which would entail development restrictions. References

1846 births
1925 deaths
American genealogists
American people of English descent
Governors of Virginia
Lieutenant Governors of Virginia
Confederate States Army soldiers
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
American Presbyterians
People from Caroline County, Virginia
People from Pulaski County, Virginia
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Virginia Democrats
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Historians from Virginia
20th-century American male writers

masks:
James Hoge Tyler
James Tyler
George Tyler
Eliza Hoge
George Tyler
Richard Tyler
George Tyler
Henry Tyler
James
James F
. Hoge
. Hoge
James F
. Hoge
James
James Tyler
. Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
James Hoge
Tyler Jr
Tyler
Tyler
. Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
James Taylor
Tyler
James S
Tyler
Tyler
) Tyler
Tyler
William Hoge
Tyler
. Tyler
. Tyler


title: Sanchez Watt

texts:
<mask> (born 14 February 1991) is an English professional footballer who last played as a forward or winger for Wealdstone. He has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels, and he is also eligible to play for Wales and Jamaica through his Welsh mother and Jamaican father. <mask> is a product of Arsenal's youth academy and came to prominence during the Gunners' 2008–09 FA Youth Cup winning season, and made his full debut for the Arsenal first-team in the League Cup the following season. He has featured on loan for a number of Football League clubs, including Southend United, two spells at Leeds United, Sheffield Wednesday, Crawley Town and Colchester United. He signed for Colchester on a permanent basis following his release from Arsenal in 2013. Early career
<mask> was born in Hackney, London, to a Welsh mother and a Jamaican father. As a promising youngster, he drew interest from FC Barcelona before being discovered by Arsenal scout Gary Nott as a seven-year-old playing in Victoria Park, London, for Sunday league side Senrab.Club career

Arsenal
<mask> signed his first professional contract with Arsenal in the summer of 2008 after joining as a scholar in 2007. He was a key member of the Arsenal under-18 double winning team during the 2008–09 season, and featured in all eight of Arsenal's FA Youth Cup fixtures, scoring a brace in the semi-final and netting in both legs of the final against Liverpool. Following his impressive season, he was handed a place in the starting line-up for the Gunners' traditional season-opening friendly against Barnet alongside strike-partner Andrey Arshavin, and was later named on the substitutes bench for a Champions League match against Standard Liège on 16 September 2009. <mask> made his professional debut a memorable one when he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 League Cup win against West Bromwich Albion on 22 September 2009. He had got himself onto the end of a rebound after Carlos Vela's shot was saved. He became the 85th debut goalscorer for Arsenal, the fifth under Arsène Wenger's reign, behind Thomas Vermaelen, Emmanuel Adebayor, Freddie Ljungberg and Samir Nasri. He also featured in Arsenal's League Cup fourth round victory over Liverpool at the Emirates Stadium on 28 October, replacing Nicklas Bendtner after 76 minutes, and featured as a substitute once again in their 3–0 defeat to Manchester City on 2 December, replacing Craig Eastmond after 68 minutes.He signed an extended contract with the club in November 2009, and went on to score five goals in ten reserve games for the club during the remainder of the season. After his loan spells away from the club, <mask> again signed a contract extension with Arsenal in October 2011, having scored five times in six reserve appearances in the 2011–12 season. <mask> eventually left Arsenal without making a Premier League appearance for the club. Southend United loan
On 1 February 2010, <mask> signed for League One side Southend United for an initial one-month loan. He went straight into Steve Tilson's starting line up for the Essex derby match with Colchester United on 8 February. The Shrimpers fell to a 2–0 defeat to their bitter rivals, with <mask> featuring for the full 90 minutes. He made three further appearances against Tranmere Rovers, Milton Keynes Dons and Charlton Athletic, before returning to Arsenal.During his short spell with the club, he picked up head and ankle injuries. Leeds United loans
Following his loan deal with Southend, <mask> signed a loan deal with fellow League One side Leeds United on 25 March 2010, which would see him stay with the club until the end of the season. After not being involved in Leeds' 1–0 defeat against Norwich City on 27 March, <mask> was named on the bench for Leeds in their 3–0 home defeat by Swindon Town on 3 April, but would eventually make his debut for the club as an 88th-minute substitute for Jermaine Beckford in their 2–1 away win at Yeovil Town on 5 April. <mask> also made a late substitute appearance in Leeds' 2–0 home win over his former club Southend on 10 April. <mask> was named in the starting line-up for their game with MK Dons on 24 April, which Leeds won 4–1, providing two assists during the match. <mask>'s final loan appearance came as a substitute in the final game of the season against Bristol Rovers, helping the team earn a 2–1 win in a result which confirmed automatic promotion to the Championship for Leeds. He made six appearances for the club during his first loan spell, with five of those appearances coming from the bench.On 3 August 2010, <mask> rejoined Leeds United on a season-long loan deal. He made his second debut for Leeds in their first game of the 2010–11 season against Derby County on 7 August, a match which ended in a 2–1 defeat. <mask> made an impact in the following game, a 4–0 League Cup win against Lincoln City. He first provided the assist for Luciano Becchio's seventh-minute goal, and then won Leeds a penalty which was converted by Neil Kilkenny. <mask> suffered an ankle problem that prevented him from playing since appearing in Leeds' 2–1 defeat to Leicester City on 19 October. <mask> returned to action on New Years Day 2011 for Leeds' 1–1 draw with Middlesbrough at Elland Road, replacing Robert Snodgrass after 76 minutes to play his first game for almost three months. Leeds were drawn to face <mask>'s parent club Arsenal in the FA Cup third round, as <mask> was granted permission by Arsène Wenger to play against his employers.<mask> started the game for Leeds on 8 January, as he helped his team earn an impressive 1–1 draw at the Emirates Stadium. Between the replay which was to be held at Elland Road, Leeds faced Scunthorpe United in the league on 15 January. <mask> opened the scoring on 17 minutes with his first goal since his Arsenal debut in September 2009. The match ended 4–0 to the Whites. <mask> then featured in the FA Cup replay against Arsenal, in which Leeds were defeated 3–1 at home on 19 January. Throughout his second spell with Leeds, <mask> was hampered by a number of injuries that limited his playing time. He made 12 starts and 13 substitute appearances for the club as they ended their first season back in the Championship in seventh position, just outside the play-offs.His final appearance came in the final day win at Queens Park Rangers as an 85th-minute substitute for Max Gradel. Sheffield Wednesday loan
Having been prolific in the Arsenal reserve team since his return from his Leeds United loan, scoring seven goals in eight games and signing a contract extension, <mask> joined League One high-fliers Sheffield Wednesday on loan on 23 November 2011 until 16 January 2012. After missing the Owls' 1–0 wins in League One and the FA Cup against Leyton Orient and Aldershot respectively, <mask> made his debut on 10 December in a 2–0 away win over Oldham Athletic, earning his side a penalty in the process before being substituted on 88 minutes. After making two starts and two substitute appearances for Wednesday, <mask> was omitted from the squad to face Charlton Athletic on 14 January, with manager Gary Megson announcing that <mask>'s loan spell with the club would not be extended. He stated that <mask> was "not physically up to the demands" of League One football. Despite the lack of opportunities, <mask> said that he had developed as a player since joining the club on loan, adapting to a different style of play for a club where there were "big expectations". Crawley Town loan
Following his loan spell with Sheffield Wednesday, <mask> signed on loan for ambitious League Two club Crawley Town until the end of the season, with Crawley looking to achieve successive promotions.<mask> made his debut for the club two days later in the FA Cup fourth round tie at Championship side Hull City, a match which Crawley won 1–0 and saw them reach the fifth round for the second consecutive season. <mask> was instrumental in his first league game for the club on 7 February, when Crawley hosted Cheltenham Town. He levelled the scores at 1–1 with a 30-yard strike after Luke Garbutt had opened the proceedings for Cheltenham, before scoring the fourth goal for Crawley to bring the score to 4–1 after the half-time break. Despite Cheltenham grabbing a consolation goal, the result meant that Crawley leapfrogged the Robins to go to the top of League Two. <mask> helped the club to automatic promotion from League Two, making 16 appearances across all competitions in addition to scoring his two goals for the club. Colchester United loan
<mask>, alongside Arsenal teammate Craig Eastmond, signed for League One club Colchester United on 27 September 2012, both on a three-month loan deal. They both signed alongside MK Dons striker Jabo Ibehre on the same day that Joe Dunne was appointed manager for the Essex club.<mask> made his debut on 29 September in Colchester's 3–1 victory against Hartlepool United at the Colchester Community Stadium. He started for the U's in a 1–0 win at Swindon Town and a 3–1 away defeat to Yeovil Town, before scoring his first goal in his fourth appearance for the club, securing a 1–0 win over Stevenage on 13 October with the only goal of the game. After the match, he described netting his first goal for the club and helping them win as "the best feeling ever". <mask> provided two assists in his next match as Colchester overcame Carlisle United 2–0 on 20 October, setting up both Eastmond and Ibehre with low crosses. However, he was forced off in the second half after picking up an injury. He scored his second and final goal of his loan spell on 27 October when he came on as a second-half substitute for Gavin Massey, handing the U's a 2–0 lead in what would finish a 2–2 draw with Shrewsbury Town at the New Meadow. <mask> was to play the final game of his stint with Colchester on 3 November, when the U's faced Essex neighbours Chelmsford City in the first round of the FA Cup, having been given the go ahead by his parent club to play in the fixture.Colchester lost the match to their Conference South counterparts by 3–1, as <mask> suffered a torn hamstring, ruling him out for several weeks and cutting his loan short. United manager Joe Dunne confirmed that <mask> was likely to return to the Emirates for treatment. Despite featuring just seven times in his time with the club, <mask> left a lasting impression on Dunne, with the Colchester boss affirming his interest in signing the player should he decide to leave Arsenal. Colchester United
On 30 May 2013, Arsenal announced that <mask> was one of ten young professional players that would be leaving the club when their contracts expire on 30 June. Colchester United assistant manager Mark Kinsella confirmed that the former U's loanee was a target, with the club having already signed his former Arsenal teammate Craig Eastmond. On 28 June, <mask>'s transfer to Colchester was made permanent, signing a two-year contract with the Essex outfit. Following an injury sustained during a pre-season win against Maldon & Tiptree, <mask> made his second debut for Colchester in a League Cup clash with Peterborough United on 6 August, coming on as a substitute for Alex Gilbey on 65 minutes as the U's succumbed to a heavy 5–1 home defeat.He then made his first league start of the season in a 1–0 win against Port Vale four days later. <mask> was plagued by a troublesome ankle injury over the first few weeks of the season, and despite using an ice machine in an attempt to heal the issue, he became one of a number of players facing the treatment table as the first-team suffered an injury crisis. He was on the verge of a comeback in early October 2013 following a thigh injury that had kept him out of action, but was dealt a further blow with a quad injury that would rule him out for at least a further six weeks. He returned to training in early December, and finally returned to action on 26 December. He appeared as a substitute during Colchester's biggest win under Joe Dunne, a 4–0 win against Stevenage. <mask> bagged an assist for himself in the process, setting up Craig Eastmond with a simple pass 13 minutes from time to round off the scoring. He scored his first goal of the season in an instrumental display against Gillingham on 11 January 2014, securing the opening goal in a 3–0 home victory.In the next match against Carlisle United, he netted a brace in the 4–2 win at Brunton Park on 18 January. <mask> was sent off on his birthday for a second bookable offence when the U's visited Swindon Town in a 0–0 draw. The ensuing ban left <mask> out of first-team action until 4 March, when he returned for Colchester's home fixture against high-flying Rotherham United. In the match, he hit the bar and had a goal disallowed after Clinton Morrison was judged to have fouled Millers goalkeeper Adam Collin. He ended the 2013–14 campaign with 23 appearances and three goals to his name. Once again, <mask> suffered a disrupted pre-season for Colchester, having been ruled out over the summer break with a knee injury. He returned on 25 July 2014 when he participated in the club's 2–2 friendly draw with Dover Athletic.He missed the start of the season after suffering from tendonitis, and made his return from injury for the under-21 development squad as they held Sheffield United to a 0–0 draw in their Professional Development League Two fixture. <mask> made his first appearance of the season as a second-half substitute for Gavin Massey during Colchester's 3–1 home defeat to Peterborough United on 30 August. He returned to the starting line-up for the U's 0–0 away draw with Walsall in new manager Tony Humes' first match in charge, before scoring his first goal of the season for 10-man Colchester in their first win of the season at Leyton Orient on 13 September, a match which ended 2–0 after <mask> had opened the scoring on a fast break. His second of the season completed a resounding 3–0 victory against League One's bottom club Crewe Alexandra on 27 September as he diverted home a Freddie Sears cross from close range. <mask> converted a penalty won by Rhys Healey in a 3–3 Football League Trophy draw with Gillingham on 8 October. He netted his fourth goal of the season in Colchester's 6–3 FA Cup first round meeting with Gosport Borough on 9 November, converting Freddie Sears' cross on the volley from six yards, before scrambling home Colchester's equaliser at 1–1 in their 3–2 away defeat at Barnsley on 14 November. With his contract expiring in the summer of 2015, <mask> was released by the club after struggling to maintain a regular place in Tony Humes' starting line-up.He went on trial at Bradford City in July 2015. Kerala Blasters
On 3 August 2015, he signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters on a free transfer from Colchester United. He made his debut and scored his first goal for the team on 6 October 2015 against NorthEast United which Kerala Blasters won 3–1. He scored the team's third goal in the 73rd minute which sealed the match in the favour of Kerala Blasters. He scored his second goal in home match against FC Pune City and was awarded "Hero of the Match" (ISL's Man of the Match) for his attacking play. Crawley Town
On 1 November 2016, <mask> joined League Two side Crawley Town on a short-term contract. On 7 December 2016, <mask> made his Crawley return in a 1–0 defeat against Coventry City in the EFL Trophy knockout stages.After only featuring three times in all competitions, <mask> left Crawley, following the conclusion of his contract in January 2017. Billericay Town
On 7 November 2017, <mask> joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Billericay Town on a short-term contract, initially for two games. On 16 May 2018, following a short-term loan spell at National League South side Hemel Hempstead Town, where he was once almost sent off for telling the referee his name, it was announced that <mask> would leave Billericay upon the expiry of his contract in June. He resigned for Hemel Hempstead ahead of the 2018–19 season. Wealdstone FC
On 2 August 2019 <mask> joined National League South side Wealdstone. <mask> scored his first and only goal for the club on 7 March 2020, a header which proved to be the winning goal in an eventual 2-1 victory over Dulwich Hamlet. <mask> made a total of 17 appearances in a season which was cut short by COVID-19, which saw Wealdstone promoted on points per game.He departed the club at the end of the season. International career
<mask> has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels. In addition to England, he is also eligible to represent Jamaica and Wales. <mask> made his debut for England at under-19 level in a 2–1 friendly victory against Russia at the New Meadow, Shrewsbury, on 8 September 2009. He made his second appearance for the Young Lions on 17 November 2009 as a substitute for Nile Ranger at Glanford Park, Scunthorpe. Style of play
Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger spoke of his admiration for <mask> on a number of occasions, stating that he liked "his movement, his sharpness, his great work rate, his left-footed quality". He also thought that <mask> was a "determined" player.He described <mask> as a "street player" who "makes fantastic runs, he is an aggressive striker and he always finds resources to be dangerous". He said <mask> was involved in the first-team group because "he works hard for the team". Career statistics

Honours
Arsenal
2008–09 Premier Academy League winner
2008–09 FA Youth Cup winner

Leeds United
2009–10 Football League One runner-up

Wealdstone
2019-20 National League South winner

All honours referenced by:

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from the London Borough of Hackney
English people of Jamaican descent
English people of Welsh descent
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
Senrab F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C.players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Kerala Blasters FC players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Expatriate footballers in India

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title: Yixuan, Prince Chun

texts:
Yixuan (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), formally known as <mask>, was an imperial prince of the House of Aisin-Gioro and a statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China. He was the father of the Guangxu Emperor (his second son), and the paternal grandfather of Puyi (the Last Emperor) through his fifth son Zaifeng. Family background
Yixuan was born in the Aisin-Gioro clan as the seventh son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun of the Uya (烏雅氏) clan. Four months after his birth, Lady Uya, a who was recently promoted to "Noble Lady Lin" (琳貴人), was further elevated to the status of "Imperial Concubine Lin" (琳嬪), a rare distinction. Lady Uya's rapid rise through the ranks continued, and she was promoted to "Consort Lin" (琳妃) and "Noble Consort Lin" (琳貴妃) in 1842 and 1847 respectively. The Tongzhi Emperor granted her the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun" (莊順皇貴妃).In February 1850, after the Daoguang Emperor's death, Yixuan's fourth brother, Yizhu, ascended the throne and became historically known as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Xianfeng Emperor made Yixuan a junwang (second-rank prince) under the title "<mask> of the Second Rank" (醇郡王). Yixuan kept a low profile in politics throughout the Xianfeng Emperor's 11-year reign. In 1860, by the Xianfeng Emperor's decree, Yixuan married Wanzhen of the Yehe Nara clan, who was the younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi, who at that time was one of the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts. The marriage forged a close bond between Yixuan and Empress Dowager Cixi. The Xianfeng Emperor died in August 1861, leaving the throne to his five-year-old son, Zaichun, who would reign as the Tongzhi Emperor. On the Xianfeng Emperor's death, a power struggle emerged over the regency for the emperor, with one faction led by Sushun, and princes Duanhua and Zaiyuan, and another faction led by Yixuan's sixth brother, <mask>, as well as the Xianfeng Emperor's empress, honoured with the title of Empress Dowager Ci'an, and Noble Consort Yi, the mother of the new emperor, honored with the title of Empress Dowager Cixi.In November 1861, Yixuan sided with <mask> and the two dowager empresses and launched the Xinyou Coup to seize the regency from Sushun and his faction. Yixuan personally led imperial forces to arrest Sushun and bring him back to Beijing, where he was executed. As a consequence of the Xinyou Coup, Yixuan found himself elevated to the highest ranks in the imperial court. In the 14-year reign of the Tongzhi Emperor from 1861 to 1875, he had a dual career in the military and civil services. In 1872, he was promoted from junwang (second-rank prince) to a qinwang (first-rank prince), hence he became known as "<mask> of the First Rank" (醇親王). In 1874, he was dismissed from office by the Tongzhi Emperor, along with <mask>u Emperor's reign
In January 1875, the Tongzhi Emperor died without an heir, so Empress Dowager Cixi chose Yixuan's second son, Zaitian, to be the new emperor.Zaitian was adopted into the Xianfeng Emperor's lineage; this meant that he was nominally no longer Yixuan's son. As the Xianfeng Emperor's "son", Zaitian was installed on the throne and became historically known as the Guangxu Emperor. This choice brought advantages to Cixi: Zaitian was her nephew (Zaitian's mother, Wanzhen, was Cixi's younger sister); Zaitian's father, Yixuan, had been a loyal supporter of Cixi; Zaitian was still young so Cixi could continue ruling as regent. As for Yixuan himself, however, Cixi's choice was a catastrophe for him. When he heard that his son had been chosen to be the new emperor, he reportedly hit himself and wept bitterly before sinking into unconsciousness. In the last centuries of imperial China, it was very unusual for an emperor's father to be still alive while the emperor was reigning. The only prior example in the Qing dynasty was that of the situation between 1796 and 1799, when the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favour of his 15th son, the Jiaqing Emperor, and became a taishang huang (retired emperor).Since filial piety is a highly revered value in Chinese culture, it meant that Yixuan, the biological father of the reigning emperor, would be endowed with the highest honours and privileges. However, Yixuan perceived himself to be in an extremely dangerous and uncomfortable position, given the prickly nature of Empress Dowager Cixi and her obsessional paranoia of any potential threat to her status. The first decision that Yixuan made, after his son became the emperor, was to resign from all his official positions. He tried to keep a low profile but could not avoid being showered with honours and privileges, which he tried to decline as much as possible. Soon after his son became the emperor, Yixuan was awarded the "iron-cap" privilege, which meant that he could pass on his <mask> title to his descendants without the title being downgraded one grade per generation. In 1876, Yixuan wrote a memorial to the Guangxu Emperor, condemning in advance anyone who would propose to grant him a special position in the hierarchy on the grounds that he was the emperor's biological father. Following resignation from his military and civil posts, he was entrusted with the education of the young emperor, to which he consented.In the following years, with the disgrace of his sixth brother Yixin (<mask>), Yixuan unwillingly became the second most powerful figure in the imperial court after Empress Dowager Cixi. The empress dowager even ordered all court officials to discuss matters with Yixuan before making decisions. Empress Dowager Cixi's co-regent, Empress Dowager Ci'an, died suddenly in 1881 and was rumoured to have been poisoned by Cixi. This made Yixuan even more cautious and eager to please Cixi in all possible ways. When the Guangxu Emperor reached adulthood in early 1887 and was ready to take over the reins of power from Empress Dowager Cixi, Yixuan formally requested Cixi to prolong her regency. In 1885, Empress Dowager Cixi appointed Yixuan as "Controller of the Admiralty", putting him in charge of supervising the building of a new imperial navy. Yixuan was sent on an inspection tour to the naval shipyards on the coast of China.Before her adopted son, Emperor Guangxu, took over the throne in 1889, Cixi wrote out explicit orders that the navy should continue to develop and expand gradually. However, after Cixi went into retirement, all naval and military development came to a drastic halt. Japan's victories over China has often been falsely rumored to be the fault of Cixi. Many believed that Cixi was the cause of the navy's defeat by embezzling funds from the navy in order to build the Summer Palace in Beijing. However, extensive research by Chinese historians revealed that Cixi was not the cause of the Chinese navy's decline. In actuality, China's defeat was caused by Emperor Guangxu's lack of interest in developing and maintaining the military. His close adviser, Grand Tutor Weng Tonghe, advised Guangxu to cut all funding to the navy and army, because he did not see Japan as a true threat, and there were several natural disasters during the early 1890s which the emperor thought to be more pressing to expend funds on.Yixuan died on 1 January 1891, shortly before the enlargement works on the Summer Palace were completed. His fifth son, Zaifeng, inherited his title "<mask> of the First Rank". Yixuan was granted a posthumous name xian (賢), so his full posthumous title became "<mask>xian of the First Rank" (醇賢親王). Names and titles
 Names:
 Clan name / family name: Aisin-Gioro ()
 Personal name: Yixuan ()
 Courtesy name: Pu'an ()
 Pseudonym: Master of the Jiusi Hall () or Withdrawn Master ()
 Titles:
 <mask> of the Second Rank (). Yixuan held this title from 1850 to 1872. <mask> of the First Rank (), simplified to <mask> (or <mask>'un in Wade–Giles). Yixuan held this title from 1872 until his death in 1891.Posthumous title (in full): <mask>n of the First Rank ()
 Other references:
 Seventh Prince ()

<mask> Tomb

Yixuan was interred in a tomb of princely status, now popularly known as the "Seventh Prince's Grave" (七王墳), located 35 km/22 miles northwest of Beijing. According to Puyi's autobiography, a ginkgo tree grew on the tomb of Yixuan, and became very tall and imposing. This fact was reported to Empress Dowager Cixi and greatly alarmed her. In the Chinese language, the first character of the word "ginkgo tree" is bai (白), while the first character of the word "emperor" is huang (皇), which combines the character bai with the character wang (王 – meaning "prince", 親王). A ginkgo (白) growing on the tomb of Yixuan (王) was interpreted as a sign that a new emperor (皇) would emerge in the house of Yixuan. This was unacceptable for the very superstitious Cixi, as obsessed as ever with thwarting any challenge to her power, and so she promptly had the tree felled. The tomb of Yixuan was restored by the People's Republic of China after 1949 and is now one of the tourist attractions around Beijing.The tomb and surrounding area appears in Quentin Tarantino's 2004 film Kill Bill: Volume 2 as the home and training grounds of the legendary Shaolin monk Pai Mei. <mask> Mansion
A former residence of Yixuan, now known as the Prince Chun Mansion, is located near Shichahai, Beijing. Veritable records of Emperor Dezong of Qing (清德宗實錄). Royal archives of the Qing dynasty (清宫档案). Qing imperial genealogy (清皇室四谱). Draft history of the Qing dynasty (清史稿). Sterling Seagraves, "Dragon Lady" .Maria Warner", "The Dragon Empress": Life and Times of Tz'u-Hsi, 1835–1908, Empress of China". .
 Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. .

1840 births
1891 deaths
Daoguang Emperor's sons
Manchu politicians
Manchu Bordered White Bannermen
Qing dynasty politicians from Beijing
<mask> (醇)

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title: Jeremy St. Louis

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<mask><mask> (born October 22, 1971 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian TV and radio journalist. He currently works for CBS Sports HQ and is a former anchor for Fox Soccer Report on Fox Soccer Channel and Fox Sports World Canada, and former Anchor/Producer/Reporter for beIN Sports USA and beIN Sports Canada. Early career

<mask> holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Lakehead University. He graduated from the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology broadcast journalism program in Calgary in the spring of 1996. His first job was at CKLQ in Brandon, Manitoba in the fall of 1996. <mask> worked as a radio news reporter for one year. In the fall of 1997, he accepted his first TV position in Yorkton, Saskatchewan as an anchor/reporter at CICC-TV - a CTV affiliate at the time.In the spring of 1998, St.Louis accepted a position in Medicine Hat, Alberta as the lead Sports Anchor at CHAT-TV. He worked there until March 2000. He then moved into public relations for six months at Medicine Hat College. In December 2000, St.Louis accepted a position as weather anchor & community/news reporter for Global Television in Winnipeg.CKND-TV

Fox Sports USA/Canada

Shortly after September 11, 2001, St.Louis moved into a part-time position as anchor/reporter on Fox Sports World Canada on the international sports hilights show Global Sportslink. He was hired as a full-time anchor when Sportslink went to seven days a week and was re-branded as the Fox Sports World Report in 2002. He also served as the weekend anchor on Global Sports. In 2003, St.Louis became lead-anchor alongside Michelle Lissel and was moved from the weekend edition of the program to the weekday edition.In 2006, the Fox Sports World Report re-launched as the new Fox Soccer Report with St. Louis, Carlos Machado, Derek Taylor and Mitch Peacock as hosts. In August 2007, St.Louis was one of two Canadian reporters granted a 1-on-1 interview with former England captain David Beckham during his first trip to Toronto in MLS. St Louis has a secret passion for Manchester United which he revealed in an interview on the  Radio Sounders Show on 15 October 2009. He courted minor controversy when he publicly expressed cynicism about those running Canadian soccer on the program. His appearance led to him becoming an iconic figure in Seattle's soccer community and he was invited to appear on a sold-out Cup Final panel in the city along with Sounders FC General Manager Adrian Hanauer, on the eve of the MLS Cup final of 2009. In 2010, St.Louis travelled to Madrid, Spain to take part in Fox Soccer Channel coverage of the UEFA Champions League Final. Alongside Fox Sports NFL host Curt Menefee and former US International Eric Wynalda, Los Angeles Galaxy coach Bruce Arena, former English player Warren Barton and Fox Soccer Report analyst Bobby McMahon.St.Louis co-hosted the network's Champions League Final preview show, filed reports for Fox Soccer Report and worked the sideline for the pre-game show, half-time and post-game show. His post-match interview with Inter Milan's Wesley Sneijder was the first public confirmation that manager Jose Mourinho was leaving the club for Real Madrid - a coup of sorts for Fox Soccer Channel. While in Spain he also conducted an in-depth interview with France footballing great and UEFA President Michel Platini. The interview was aired during the UEFA Champions League Final and was also picked up by Sky Italia and aired in Italy. The interview generated a number of newspaper articles in the UK

beIN SPORTS USA

On January 31, 2011, he announced his resignation from Fox Soccer Report. His final show was on February 25, 2011. After departing Fox, he was hired as a News Director for Golden West Broadcasting, overseeing news production at their two radio stations in Steinbach, Manitoba.St.Louis spent 18 months there before resigning in September 2012 to re-locate to Miami, FL. St.Louis joined beIN Sports in January 2013 as on-air talent and Senior Producer. He started as the host of their flagship panel show 'The Locker Room' and also served as the show's Senior Producer. In April 2014, St.Louis became the weekday host of beIN's sports news program, 'The Xtra'. As host of the Xtra, he was also responsible for hosting the network's 2014 World Cup coverage in June–July 2014 alongside Ian Joy in Brazil. He also hosted nightly coverage of the Copa America in 2015 and the Copa America Centenario in 2016. In summer of 2016, he was named as the host of Conference USA college football & basketball for the 2016 season and hosted the pregame, halftime and postgame shows for the channel's weekly game broadcasts.For the football season, he was partnered with former NFL quarterback Donovan McNabb, former NFL running back Ki-Jana Carter and former NFL wide receiver O.J. McDuffie. During basketball season, St.Louis was joined by McNabb and former George Washington and St.John's head coach Mike Jarvis Sr.

St.Louis also was studio host for Super Bowl 50 and Super Bowl LI for beINSPORTS international. He also serves as NHL & NFL analyst for beINSPORTS International. In January of 2020, St.Louis announced he had left beIN SPORTS after opting not to renew his current contract. CBS Sports

In September 2019, St.Louis joined CBS SPORTS as an anchor on the digital channel CBS Sports HQ. He anchors on the morning hilights show and also works on the afternoon NFL and college football programs.He also lends his voice to packages and stories that air on CBS Sports Network and the main CBS Sports channel. Hall of Fame

On November 22, 2013, St.Louis was officially inducted into the Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School 'Hall of Fame' in Red Deer, Alberta. He became the 60th former student inducted to the Hall and is the first member of his class (1989) to be recognized. He joined retired RCMP Inspector Roy Beaton and Comedian/Producer Neil Grahn as 2013 inductees. References

1971 births
American sports announcers
Association football commentators
Canadian television sportscasters
Living people
Journalists from Manitoba
Sportspeople from Winnipeg

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