title: Zhu Mei

texts:
<mask> () (died January 7, 887) was a warlord of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Disillusioned with Emperor Xizong and the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi, he tried to support Emperor Xizong's distant relative Li Yun the Prince of Xiang as the new emperor, but was soon thereafter killed by his own officer Wang Xingyu. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. Both his biography in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang indicated that he was from Bin Prefecture (邠州, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), the capital of Binning Circuit (). The Old Book of Tang further indicated that when he was young, he served in the Tang Dynasty border army and eventually became a prefectural prefect, while the New Book of Tang indicated that he served as an army officer at a prefecture (implying that it was Bin Prefecture). There were records of an officer named <mask> who served at Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), who, as of 879, was serving under the military governor (Jiedushi) Li Kan (), who was ordered by Li Kan to arrest and kill soldiers who had previously been under the executed officer He Gongya () who, after He Gongya's death, were creating disturbances in the Hedong capital Taiyuan Municipality, claiming to be trying to allege He Gongya. That <mask> was later, in late 880, under the command of the military governor Zheng Congdang, given the command of Hedong soldiers (along with <mask>) and ordered to aid the imperial capital Chang'an, then under the impending attacks by the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao.It is not completely clear that this referred to the same <mask> here. In any case, as of summer 881, <mask> was serving as the defender of Tongsai (通塞, in modern Xianyang), when Huang, who had by that point captured Chang'an (forcing the Tang Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu) and declared himself emperor of a new state of Qi, sent his general <mask> () to Binning to serve as its military governor. <mask> attacked and killed Wang, and then, yielding the military governor position to another officer, Li Chonggu (), took his forces toward Chang'an, ready to attack Huang in coordination with other Tang generals Tang Hongfu (), Wang Chongrong, Wang Chucun, Tuoba Sigong, and Zheng Tian. After joint Tang forces briefly recaptured Chang'an but then were forced to abandon it again in light of a major defeat at the hands of Qi forces, <mask>, who by that point carried the title of deputy military governor of Binning, stationed his own troops at Xingping (興平, in modern Xianyang). The Qi general Wang Bo () put Xingping under siege, and <mask> retreated to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang) and Longwei Slope (龍尾陂, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). As military governor of Binning/Jingnan
In fall 881, <mask> was made Binning's military governor, and, yet later in the year, was made the commander of the Tang forces south of the Wei River. After joint Tang forces recaptured Chang'an in spring 883, Emperor Xizong bestowed on him the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().In 884, Emperor Xizong, apparently to commemorate the contributions of the Binning soldiers, renamed the circuit Jingnan (靜難, meaning "disaster-quieting"). In 885, by which time Emperor Xizong had returned to Chang'an, the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi became embroiled in a dispute with Wang Chongrong, then the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) over Tian's attempt to seize control of salt ponds at Hezhong from Wang. Tian tried to neutralize Wang by transferring him to Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong), but Wang refused, and Wang and his ally Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong prepared to resist. Tian, in turn, allied himself with <mask> and Li Changfu the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji). <mask>, in order to further instigate Emperor Xizong into ordering a campaign against Li Keyong, several times sent covert operatives into Chang'an to set fire to imperial storages or to assassinate Emperor Xizong's attendants, to blame this on Li Keyong. Tian thereafter gathered his own forces (the imperial Shence Armies) and rendezvoused with <mask> and Li Changfu. They engaged those of Li Keyong and Wang, but around the new year 886 were crushed by Li Keyong and Wang.Li Keyong then approached Chang'an, causing Tian to take Emperor Xizong to first flee to Fengxiang, and then to Xingyuan (興元, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Support of Li Yun as emperor
Most imperial officials accompanied Emperor Xizong to Fengxiang, but did not follow him to Xingyuan when Tian Lingzi took him there. While Emperor Xizong was still at Fengxiang, apparently to try to pry him from Tian's influence, the chancellor Xiao Gou summoned <mask> and his troops to Fengxiang, but when <mask> arrived at Fengxiang with 5,000 soldiers, Emperor Xizong had already fled. <mask> and Li Changfu, turning against Tian, launched troops to try to chase down Emperor Xizong and Tian, but even though they initially had successes against Tian's troops, they were unable to catch up with Emperor Xizong and Tian. <mask>, however, captured Emperor Xizong's distant relative Li Yun the Prince of Xiang; he took Li Yun and returned to Fengxiang. <mask>, concluding that Emperor Xizong could never be pried away from Tian's influence, resolved to support a new emperor, with Li Changfu's concurrence. He tried to get Xiao to cooperate with him.However, he was able to force the other imperial officials into supporting Li Yun as regent. <mask> had himself named the commander of the imperial guards, and subsequently accompanied Li Yun back to Chang'an. The chancellor Pei Che remained chancellor, while Zheng Changtu was also made chancellor to replace Xiao. Once <mask> and Li Yun arrived at Chang'an, <mask> had Li Yun bestow him the chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中, the head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng)), as well as making him the director of the salt and iron monopolies. It was said that some 60-70% of the regional governors agreed to support Li Yun as emperor. Li Changfu, however, angry that <mask> made himself chancellor and did not grant Li Changfu the same honors, refused to support Li Yun and instead resubmitted to Emperor Xizong. Wang Chongrong and Li Keyong also submitted petitions pledging allegiance to Emperor Xizong, despite <mask>'s attempts to win them over.Li Yun nevertheless claimed the imperial title in winter 886, and honored Emperor Xizong as Taishang Huang (retired emperor). Death
<mask> subsequently sent his officer Wang Xingyu, with 50,000 soldiers, to try to attack Xingyuan to capture Emperor Xizong. However, although Wang was initially able to defeat Tian's subordinate Yang Sheng (), he was subsequently repelled by Man Cun (), and was unable to advance. He thus became fearful that <mask> would punish him for his failures. Further, the eunuch Yang Fugong, who had succeeded Tian by this point (as Tian had fled to Chengdu to be under the protection of his brother Chen Jingxuan the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu)), issued a declaration that anyone who killed <mask> would be given Jingnan Circuit. Wang therefore decided to turn against <mask>. Around the new year 887, he returned to Chang'an without first receiving permission from <mask>.<mask>, in anger, summoned him, stating, "You returned without permission. Are you planning to commit treason?" Wang responded, "I am not committing treason. I am trying to capture the treasonous <mask>!" He seized <mask> and executed him. Pei Che and Zheng Changtu escorted Li Yun and fled to Hezhong, hoping that Wang Chongrong would protect them, but Wang Chongrong instead executed Li Yun and arrested Pei and Zheng. Both <mask>'s and Li Yun's heads were delivered to Xingyuan and presented to Emperor Xizong.Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 175. New Book of Tang, vol. 224, part 2. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 254, 255, 256. 9th-century births
887 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Binning Circuit
Chancellors under Li Yun
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation
Executed people from Shaanxi
Politicians from Xianyang
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi
9th-century executions
Executed Tang dynasty people
Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi

masks:
Zhu Mei
Zhu Mei
Zhu Mei
Zhu Mei
Zhuge Shuang
Zhu Mei
Zhu Mei
Wang Mei
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Mei
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Mei
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Mei
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Mei
Zhu
Zhu


title: Joseph Holt

type: original

texts:
<mask> (January 6, 1807 – August 1, 1894) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician. As a leading member of the Buchanan administration, he succeeded in convincing Buchanan to oppose the secession of the South. He returned to Kentucky and successfully battled the secessionist element thereby helping to keep Kentucky in the Union. President Abraham Lincoln appointed him the  Judge Advocate General of the United States Army. He served as Lincoln's chief arbiter and enforcer of military law, and supporter of emancipation. His most famous roles came in the Lincoln assassination trials. Early life
<mask> was born in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, on January 6, 1807.He was educated at St. Joseph's College in Bardstown, Kentucky and Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. He settled in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, and set up a law office in town. He married Mary Harrison and moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1832. There, he became assistant editor of the Louisville Public Advertiser and the Commonwealth's Attorney from 1833 to 1835. <mask> moved to Port Gibson, Mississippi, and practiced law there as well as in Natchez, Mississippi and Vicksburg, Mississippi. <mask> and his wife contracted tuberculosis. Mary died of it, and <mask> returned to Louisville to recuperate.Buchanan administration

Following Mary's death, <mask> remarried, to Margaret Wickliffe. In 1857, <mask> was appointed Commissioner of Patents by President Buchanan and moved to Washington D.C. He served until 1859 when Buchanan appointed him Postmaster General. The Buchanan administration was shaken in December 1860 and January 1861, when the Confederacy was formed and many cabinet members resigned, but <mask> was both against slavery and strongly for the Union. Supported by his close ally Attorney General Edwin M. Stanton, he was appointed Secretary of War upon the resignation of John B. Floyd of Virginia, who joined the Confederacy. Stanton and <mask> convinced President Buchanan he had to speak out against secession as an illegal act. Buchanan did so, but he also thought he had no power whatever to stop the secession.When Lincoln took office, <mask> returned to Kentucky and worked successfully to keep the state out of the Confederacy. Kentucky was virtually neutral until Confederate units invaded in 1862, and the Unionist element took control. Judge Advocate General
<mask> joined the Army as a colonel in 1862 and was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to be the Judge Advocate General of the Union Army. As Judge Advocate General of the Army, <mask> oversaw the expansion of military law to include the military prosecutions of citizens who were not in the military service. He crafted the argument to the Supreme Court in Ex Parte Vallandigham,  By the time he joined the Army, he believed that the only means to prevent treason from occurring again was to ensure that slavery was abolished for all time, and eventually equal treatment under the law enforced in the South. In 1864, he was promoted to brigadier general. He was the first Judge Advocate General to hold a general's rank.He personally prosecuted the court-martial against Major General Fitz John Porter for crimes of disobedience of a lawful order and misbehavior in front of the enemy. Lincoln also offered <mask> the position of Secretary of the Interior that same year and Attorney General later in 1864, but <mask> declined both offices. He was one of the many politicians considered for the Republican Vice Presidential nomination in 1864. It went to Andrew Johnson, and Lincoln was re-elected. According to University of New Mexico, School of Law Professor Joshua E. Kastenberg, <mask> engaged in political activities that were important for the Union's war efforts, but would not be constitutionally permissible today. For instance, <mask> crafted legislation that stripped Union Army deserters of their citizenship. The Supreme Court overturned this legislation in Tropp v. Dulles in 1958.<mask>'s reasoning for this law was that Copperheads and other pro-slavery southern sympathizers encouraged desertions. <mask> also used the Army's power to suppress newspapers as well as oversee the arrest and trial of Congressman Benjamin Gwinn Harris of Maryland who "uttered treasonous statements" in the House of Representatives. Abraham Lincoln assassination

On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Booth's accomplice, Lewis Powell seriously injured Secretary of State Seward, and Vice President Johnson was also targeted. <mask> prepared an order for the signature of Johnson for the arrest of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and five other suspects. Booth was caught on April 26, 1865, but killed by Boston Corbett, a soldier who violated orders. As Judge Advocate General of the Army, <mask> was the chief prosecutor in the trial of the accused conspirators before a military commission chaired by General David Hunter.Two assistant judge advocates, John Bingham and General Henry Lawrence Burnett assisted <mask>. The defendants were George Atzerodt, David Herold, Lewis Powell, Samuel Arnold, Michael O'Laughlen, Edman Spangler, Samuel Mudd, and Mary Surratt. The trial began on May 10, 1865, and lasted two months. <mask> and Bingham attempted to obscure the fact that there were two plots. The first plot was to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate prisoners held by the Union. The second was to assassinate Lincoln, Johnson, and Seward and so throw the government into chaos. On June 29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President.Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be  executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. <mask>'s public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it, and many historians believe that the controversy surrounding it ended <mask>'s political career. In 1866, <mask> issued a pamphlet, titled Vindication of Judge Advocate General <mask> From the Foul Slanders of Traitors, Confessed Perjurers and Suborners, Acting in the Interest of Jefferson Davis, in which he attempted to defend himself against the various allegations and clear up some of the confusion stemming from the trial. Later life
<mask> served as Judge Advocate General until he retired on December 1, 1875. He had a quiet retirement and died in Washington on August 1, 1894. He is buried in the Holt Family Cemetery in Addison, Kentucky.Holt County, Nebraska, is named after him, as is the hamlet of Holtsville, New York and the town of Holt, Michigan. See also

Camp Joe Holt
List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Further reading

 Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926) pp 81–110. Koerting, Gayla. "For Law and Order: <mask>, the Civil War, and the Judge Advocate General's Department." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 97.1 (1999): 1-25. Online
 Leonard, Elizabeth D. Lincoln’s Forgotten Ally: Judge Advocate General <mask> of Kentucky (U of North Carolina Press, 2011) Online
 Leonard, Elizabeth D. "One Kentuckian's Hard Choice: <mask> and Abraham Lincoln," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 106 (Summer-Autumn 2008), 373-407.Online
 Kastenberg, Joshua E. Law in War, Law as War: Brigadier General <mask> and the Judge Advocate General’s Department in the Civil War and Early Reconstruction, 1861-1865 (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011)

Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>, and Joshua Fry Speed. The Fallacy of Neutrality: An Address by the Hon. <mask>, to the People of Kentucky, Delivered at Louisville, July 13th, 1861, Also His Letter to JF Speed, Esq. (1861)  Online. External links

 <mask> at Mr. Lincoln's White House
 muddresearch.com

1807 births
1894 deaths
Union Army generals
United States Postmasters General
United States Secretaries of War
Judge Advocates General of the United States Army
Kentucky Commonwealth's Attorneys
Centre College alumni
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
Union political leaders
People from Breckinridge County, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Kentucky lawyers
Mississippi lawyers
American prosecutors
Kentucky Republicans
United States Commissioners of Patents
Buchanan administration cabinet members
19th-century American politicians
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln

masks:
Joseph Holt
Joseph Holt
Holt
Holt
Joseph
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Joseph Holt
Joseph Holt
Joseph Holt
Joseph Holt
Holt
Joseph
Joseph Holt
Joseph Holt


title: Christian Cambillau

texts:
<mask> (born February 22, 1951) is a French scientist for the CNRS (French National Scientific Research Centre) in Structural Biology. He received the CNRS Silver Medal for his work on structural biology, especially the structures of human lipase/colipase, lectins and the development of moleculargraphics software. Early life

<mask> was born in Perpignan to <mask> a social worker and <mask> an officer of the French airforce. He studied part of his childhood in different places (including Perpignan) and later in Paris when his family moved there. He obtained his Master in biology and chemistry at the University of Orsay, then continued on to do a Ph.D. at the same university in bio-mimetic chemistry (crown-ether and cryptates). Career

After his Ph.D. (1978) he spent one year at ONERA for his military service. He was then hired by CNRS in the chemistry department (January 1, 1980).In 1982 he moved to Sweden to begin a two-year post-doc in the lab of Prof. Carl-Ivar Bränden, a pioneer of protein crystallography. Whilst there he worked to develop the TOM option in FRODO software, producing an automatic flexible protein-ligand docking software. He also participated to different works on protein crystallography and modelling. After Sweden he returned to France to work in the relatively new field of structural biology, joining a group in the CRMC2 laboratory located in Marseille on the Luminy Campus (Marseille University of science). He worked there for four years and developed a new molecular graphics program TURBO-FRODO. He then moved with the protein crystallography group when it was relocated to the Marseille North University Department. It's at the North University Department that he led his first team at the LCCMB lab (Laboratory of Crystallography and Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules) with this becoming one of the key points of his career.Whilst director he moved in 1995 to the Campus of Joseph Aiguier, where LCCMB became AFMB (Architecture et Fonction de Macromolecule Biologiques). He resigned the direction of the AFMB in 2004, with AFMB moving to the Luminy Campus in 2005. Since 2008 he is Head of Marseille-Nice Génopole. • Direction:

- Director of the Laboratory of Crystallography and Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, URA 1296: 07/01/1990 to 12/31/1995

- Laboratory Director "Architecture and Function of Biological Macromolecules" (UPR9039 and UMR6098): 1996-2004. • Research management

- Member of the Section 21 of the National Committee (1995–2000)

- Member of the Jury of Admission Department Sciences de la Vie (2000–2002)

- Member of the Scientific Department Sciences de la Vie (2003–2004)

• Expertise national or international

- Expert at the Directorate of International Research at CNRS (1998–2000). - Expert for orders from the research councils in various countries. - Expert for the Program files HSFP.- Expert for the records of the EU Marie Curie Research Training Grants. - Member of program committee of the international lines of the ESRF and D2AM. - Expert of the European Union (Panel of EOI for the 6th FP). • Consultant

- SANOFI, 1990-1993. - Company UNILEVER Netherlands, 1994-2000. - Company UNILEVER United Kingdom, 1994-2000. <mask> has also been the director and co-director of many Ph.D.'s

Fields of action

•Chemistry:

Biomimetic chemistry, crown ethers and cryptates

Functional activation of fluorinated compounds

•Graphic Software (1982–2005):

TOM/FRODO + "FIT" Option

Turbo-Frodo (Developed by Alain Roussel under <mask>'s direction):

Turbo-Frodo has been distributed to more than 1,000 sites, including 17 manufacturers.•Biology:

Glycobiology (1985–2000)

Redox enzymes (since 1986)

Lipolytic enzymes (1984–2000)

Proteins of Olfaction (since 1994)

-Mammals

-Insects

Fragments of Antibody Classics and Camelids (1995–2000)

-Antibodies from Camelids

-Antibody Classics

The Structural Genomics (2001–2005)

-Genome Sequencing Project after (ASG)

-X-TB project

-SPINE and VIZIER

Membrane proteins (2002–2006)

-The GPCRs

Virus and Phages (since 2002)

Secretion Systems (since 2009)

Award

CNRS Silver medal:

“<mask>MBILLAU, 44, CNRS research director, supervises the Laboratory of crystallography and crystallization of biological macromolecules, an associated CNRS-University of Aix-Marseille 2 research unit. He is an international specialist in the field of structural biology (crystallography) and has developed a software for modeling molecules using data from X rays or NMR, making France one of the very few countries to have developed software in the field of biological crystallography. His most innovative and spectacular work concerns the interactions between proteins and sugars (structural glycobiology) and the structural analysis of lipases (enzymes which hydrolyse fat). Thus, he was able to crystallize for the first time a lectin and glycoprotein complex, making it possible to carry out a precise three-dimensional analysis of interactions between proteins and complex sugars. He has also described the structural movements which can activate pancreatic lipase in the presence of its lipid substrate. This research is extremely important from both a medical and a biotechnological point of view.”

https://web.archive.org/web/20110720213240/http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/en/nomi/prix/Argent95/argent95.html

The press release associated with his silver medal award. Other awards:

 Award "Pierre Desnuelle" From "l'Académie des Sciences" (Academy of Sciences) 1994.Award of the Society of Friends of Science (Academy of Sciences), 1994. Scientific award APDF  “Celestino da Costa/Jean Perrin” (France-Portugal), 2000. Scientific Contributions

-233 original articles in international journals with peer review (1976–2011, including Medline, Chemistry and Physics). -Total number of citations: 8700 (1976–2011) "Web of Science" (http://apps.isiknowledge.com). -Among the "Most Cited Scientists (All Fields) " by ISI (http://apps.isiknowledge.com)

-h-factor=52 (March 2011)  by ISI "Web of Science" (http://apps.isiknowledge.com)

-more than 220 depositions with the Protein Data Bank (PDB ar rcsb, http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/results/results.do?outformat=&qrid=6CE10C70&tabtoshow=Current)

Summary list of publications in major newspapers:

. Nature (34.480): 3 (1 article, 2 letters)

. Nature Methods  (16.874): 2

.Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. (ex NSB) (12.273): 3

. Trends Biochem Sci (11.572): 2

. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA (9.432): 8

.Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. (9.344): 5

. EMBO Journal (8.993): 5

. Mol Microbiol  (5.361): 2

.J Biol Chem (5.328): 29

. Biochem J (5.155): 5

. Journal of Virology (5.150): 3

. Structure (5.904): 4

. Mol Pharmacol (4.531): 2

. J Bacteriol (3.940): 4

. J Mol Biol (3.871): 29

.Appl Environ Microbiol (3.686): 2

. J. Struct. Biol. (3.673): 2

. FEBS Letters (3.541): 8

. Anal. Biochem.(3.287): 4

. Biochemistry (3.226): 15

. Proteins (3.085): 6

. Eur J Biochem (3.042 ; now FEBS Journal): 11

. Protein Science (2.937): 10

Present life

<mask> is married at present to Mariella Tegoni and has two daughters, Maëlle <mask> from his previous marriage with <mask>, and <mask>-Tegoni adopted in Vietnam in 2005. <mask> is still working for the CNRS at AFMB as head of the group Molecular Transport and Signalisation, a joint unit between CNRS and the University of Aix-Marseille II, on the Campus of Luminy (http://www.afmb.univ-mrs.fr/-Transport-Moleculaire-et,106-).For Camille he is the nicest dad in the world. References

1951 births
Living people
French biologists

masks:
Christian Cambillau
Christian Cambillau
Madeleine Cambillau
August Cambillau
Christian Cambillau
Christian Cambillau
Christian CA
Christian Cambillau
Cambillau
Dominique Cambillau
Camille Cambillau
Christian Cambillau


title: Colin Murray

texts:
<mask> (born 10 March 1977) is a Northern Irish radio and television presenter. In 2010, he became host of BBC Television's Match of the Day 2 on BBC Two, while still anchoring shows on BBC Radio 5 Live, including 5 Live Sport and Fighting Talk and was still presenting on BBC Radio Ulster. He has previously hosted regular Channel 5 television and BBC Radio 1 shows. In 2007, he was named 'Music Broadcaster of the Year' at the Sony Radio Academy Awards. Born and raised in Dundonald, east of Belfast, <mask> first trained and worked as a news journalist. With a passion for both music and sport, he later moved into music journalism and publishing, before making his national radio debut in 1999 on Radio 1 in a short spell co-hosting The Session music show. This was followed by a television debut in 2002 as one of six co-presenters on Channel 4's short-lived morning show RI:SE.From 2003 onwards <mask> established himself as a music radio presenter on the weekday daytime <mask> and Edith show, alongside Edith Bowman. In 2006 <mask> began his first role on BBC Radio 5 Live, hosting the sports-themed Saturday morning comedy panel game Fighting Talk, and also began presenting Channel 5's live UEFA Cup football coverage on midweek evenings. In 2006, he moved shows on Radio 1, departing <mask> and Edith to front the late-night weekday evening music vehicle, The <mask> Show. In 2008, he also began presenting The Late Show with <mask>, a once-a-week late-night music show for Radio Ulster. The next year, he left Radio 1 to take on additional roles at 5 Live, hosting Kicking off with <mask> on Friday nights, and 5 Live Sport on Sunday afternoons. In 2010, he moved from presenting live football on Channel 5 to fronting the BBC's Match of the Day 2 Sunday night highlights show. In 2013, he announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to move to commercial rival Talksport, taking up the 10am1pm slot vacated by Richard Keys and Andy Gray.<mask> announced via Twitter in July 2016 that he was to leave Talksport in September 2016, following the takeover of the station by News Corp. He stated that the concomitant business links between Talksport and The Sun meant that, after the scandal of the Hillsborough disaster and of its coverage by The Sun, his position would be untenable owing to the feelings of Liverpool fans (including himself) towards that newspaper. Since August 2017, <mask> has hosted the Saturday night EFL television highlights show, first for Channel 5 in the 2017/18 season and since August 2018 for Quest  on EFL on Quest. Life and career

1977–1993: Early life
<mask> was born in 1977 in the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald, a suburb of East Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up in Dundonald's Ballybeen estate. He was educated at the Regent House Grammar School in Newtownards, and later at Dundonald High School, leaving after GCSEs. Hyperactive since childhood, <mask> was asked to leave the grammar school due to what was perceived by teachers as a tendency to disruption – always asking awkward questions or telling jokes – traits he later identified as ideal for his future career in presenting, and which he felt should really have been nurtured by teachers. 1994–2002: Early career and radio debut
After leaving school, <mask> went on to study journalism full-time.He started work as a news journalist, working both in Northern Ireland as a trainee for The News Letter, before in 1994 moving to Toronto, Canada, for a year, working on a fellowship for the Toronto Sun. After returning from Toronto he moved into music journalism, writing for newspapers about rock and pop bands, including establishing a long-standing column in the Irish Sunday People, before moving into the music magazine business with a new title called BLANK. After <mask> set it up and acted as co-publisher, Blank became the highest circulating music magazine in Ulster. After Blank was merged with another title, <mask> left the magazine. Next, <mask> joined BBC Radio 1 on 2 September 1999 to co-presented the weekly live music programme Session in Northern Ireland on BBC Radio 1, alongside BBC Radio Ulster presenter Donna Legge, broadcast only in Northern Ireland. He had initially thought the audition was for a show on BBC Radio Ulster. That was followed by six months in 1999 presenting the main national The Session programme from Tuesdays to Thursdays.Spells deputising for hosts of other major Radio 1 shows also followed. By 2002, <mask>'s work in radio and television earned him an audition as one of six co-presenters of Channel 4's new national breakfast television show, RI:SE. Having initially auditioned as the entertainment presenter, <mask> was instead chosen as a news presenter. While at RI:SE he continued to co-host the evening session in Northern Ireland with Donna Legge one day a week, commuting between the province and the Channel 4 studios near Heathrow. His time with RI:SE was brief and unhappy, with <mask> later stating it "scared me off TV for a long time". 2003–2008: Radio career
By 2003 <mask> had teamed up with Edith Bowman (his former co-host from RI:SE) to work together on Radio 1, presenting their own <mask> and Edith show. It began in September 2003 in the weekend late-morning slot, but from March 2004 it was moved to the weekday afternoon slot.The partnership increased the listener figures to a decade high of 5.5 million. In 2006 <mask> became the new presenter of BBC Radio 5 Live's Saturday morning comedy sports panel quiz show, Fighting Talk, his first regular show on 5 Live. His first show was on 4 February. Also in February 2006, <mask> became the anchor for Channel 5's midweek evening live European UEFA Cup football television coverage, with former anchor John Barnes acting as a roving reporter. That year <mask> left the Radio 1 <mask> and Edith show to start The <mask> Show, a new music show on the same station beginning in September, showcasing new and alternative music in the Mondays-to-Thursdays 10pmmidnight slot, with Bowman remaining in the lunchtime slot. He was inevitably compared with the late holder of the slot, John Peel; <mask> stated "What I like is that it's always represented honesty, and never been influenced by what's supposed to be cool at the time. Peel played music he liked; I just play music I like".In 2007, there was a year-on-year increase in listeners to the slot of 160,000. From February 2008 <mask> also began presenting a weekly late-night music show on BBC Radio Ulster in Northern Ireland. After failing to find a suitable sound location, he actually presents the show from his own house, in his bedroom, drawing on his extensive music collection as well as new music downloaded onto iTunes. It began as a Saturday night show, but later moved to Fridays. 2009–2013: Departure from Radio 1, move to 5 Live and television career
In 2009 <mask> resigned from his Radio 1 late night show to expand his work at BBC Radio 5 Live, becoming the new presenter of 5 Live Sport on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons, in time for the start of the 2009/10 football season. The Friday slot was a weekend preview show, Kicking Off with <mask>, while the Sunday show comprises six hours of live sports coverage. Kicking Off saw an increase in listeners after its first year of almost 20 per cent, according to 5 September 2011 figures.With <mask> having taken a self-imposed two months of holiday from work before starting at 5 Live, the 5 Live shows had to start without him while he recovered from a bout of H1N1 swine flu. In 2010, he left Channel 5's football coverage team to replace Adrian Chiles as presenter of the BBC's Match of the Day 2 football highlights television programme, broadcast on Sunday nights on BBC Two as a companion show to the flagship Saturday night Match of the Day show on BBC One. He also hosted the BBC Two nightly highlights show for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Africa through June and July. In sports television, <mask> has also presented coverage of late-night American Football and the European Poker Tour for Channel 5. From January 2010, <mask> has also presented the BBC's televised coverage of the annual BDO World Darts Championship, alongside Bobby George. In music television, <mask> has co-hosted Glastonbury Festival coverage for both BBC Three and Radio 1, presented a late-night music show Ear Candy on Channel 4 (under the 4music strand) and guest-presented the BBC music show Top of the Pops. He has also presented ITV2's coverage of the Brit Awards.In documentary television, in 2010 <mask> co-wrote and presented the BBC Two documentary Davis v Taylor: The '85 Black Ball Final, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the 1985 World Snooker Championship final. As a game show presenter, <mask> has co-presented the Channel 4 challenge show Born Sloppy with Sara Cox; he also fronted the Sudoku-based game show Street-Cred Sudoku broadcast on UKTV G2 in 2005 and the Channel Five quiz show Payday in 2007. Other TV work has included presenting shows on BBC Three such as EastEnders Revealed, a companion show to the popular soap series. As a narrator, <mask> has appeared on the BBC television series Can't Take It With You, and Boys Will Be Girls on E4. He has also provided the narration for the gameshow Scream if You Know the Answer! on Watch, alongside host Duncan James. As a celebrity contestant/participant on various television shows, <mask> has appeared as Mark Knopfler on Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes in 2005, performed in Comic Relief does Fame Academy in 2007, competed in the Celebrity MasterChef in 2009, and been the Dictionary Corner guest on the Channel 4 game show Countdown.In October 2011 he presented Driving Wars on digital television channel Dave. 2013–2016: Departure from 5 Live and move to Talksport
On 22 January 2013 it was announced that <mask> would be replaced as presenter of Match of the Day 2 by Mark Chapman, the change commencing at the end of the 2012–13 season. At the end of the 2013 season, <mask> announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to host a new mid-morning show from 10am to 1pm on its commercial rival Talksport, replacing Richard Keys and Andy Gray, and therefore he would be leaving his Kicking Off show and Fighting Talk. His departure from Fighting Talk was the result of a controversy after he joked on the programme about being able to "turn" Claire Balding. <mask> expressed deep regret for the line and stated that he did not come up with it, but that it had been written on his autocue. In an interview with the Guardian, he said, "The second I said it, I knew it was too much." The episode concerned was a special live outside broadcast, as opposed to the usual recorded studio format; consequently, the habitual advance checks on content had not been performed.Had it been an ordinary studio broadcast, <mask> would have not have approved the joke and would have removed it from the script. The episode has been removed from all online playback sources. <mask> made his Talksport debut on 12 August 2013 on a new show entitled <mask> and Friends. <mask> hosted alongside Stuart Pearce and Perry Groves on Monday (previously Mike Tindall), Des Kelly and Michael Gray on Tuesday, Steve Bunce and Didi Hamann on Wednesday, Daley Thompson and Danny Murphy on Thursday (previously Kelly Sotherton), and Bob Mills and Perry Groves on Friday. The show had features such as top talking points from 10am to 10:30am, "<mask> Meets.." with a 30-minute interview from 11am to 11:30am, a phone-in from 12pm to 12:30pm and the Sports Brief from 12:30pm to 1pm. Despite leaving BBC Radio, he continued hosting the BDO World Darts Championship for BBC Television in January 2014, 2015 and 2016, alongside Bobby George and Talksport commentator Jim Proudfoot (who occasionally guests on his show), and also hosts occasional music programmes for BBC Radio 6 Music. In 2013, he hosted the two NFL International Series Matches for Channel 4, alongside Nat Coombs, Mike Carlson and Vernon Kay, and hosted the 2014 Super Bowl for the channel — its first Super Bowl in 16 years.2016–present: Departure from Talksport and return to 5 Live
Despite a popular and successful run with Talksport, <mask> announced he would be leaving the station with his final show being on 2 September 2016. <mask>'s decision to leave was triggered by the purchase of Talksport by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp, who in turn owns The Sun. <mask>, a Liverpool fan, stated that he was concerned by the "inevitable closer association of the Station with the Sun newspaper". On September 12, <mask> announced via his Twitter feed that he would be returning to BBC Radio 5 Live to host Fighting Talk. During the coronavirus pandemic, <mask> co-hosted 5 live "Coronavirus Call-In's" on BBC Radio 5 with Dr. Chris Smith. <mask> also hosts the late evening show from 22.30 to 1.00 Mon to Wednesday, which includes a virtual pub called The Lock-Inn which is broadcast via radio and Zoom. Other work
<mask> has continued his journalism work into his presenting career by writing a monthly 'radio diary' piece for The Guardian newspaper.In 2005, he created a radio documentary, The Trouble With Drugs. In October 2009 he published his first book, A Random History of Football, , through Orion Publishing, a compendium of random and relatively unknown stories about football. In 2007 <mask> directed magician Chris Cox's Edinburgh Fringe Festival show, Everything Happens for a Reason. <mask> has also compèred at the Leeds Festival since 2004. In 2003, he co-hosted the Kerrang! Awards with Edith Bowman. From 2015 to 2021, <mask> co-hosted Eurosport UK's coverage of competitive snooker, along with renowned players Ronnie O'Sullivan, Jimmy White and Neal Foulds: he decided to step down from this role at the end of the 2020-21 snooker season.Outside the UK, <mask> has been a weekly fixture on The Fan 590's breakfast programme in Toronto, Canada. He appears on Fridays with frequent FT panelist Greg Brady and Jim Lang wherein he discusses the week's big sporting topics in the UK, as well as the upcoming weekend's Premier League (or either international, FA Cup or League Cup) action. <mask> is credited as the interviewer for "Lock the Box", a 40-minute video interview with Noel and Liam Gallagher of Oasis, which discusses the tracks selected for the band's retrospective album Stop the Clocks. On 7 November 2020, it was announced that <mask> would replace Nick Hewer as host of Countdown as the second coronavirus lockdown precluded Hewer, 76, from being able to travel to the set. <mask>'s first regular episode as presenter was shown Channel 4 on 13 January 2021 and he hosted it until Hewer returned on 10 February. Personal life
<mask> has been a fan of Liverpool and the Northern Ireland national team since childhood. He got five stars tattooed on his arm when Liverpool won the European Cup for the fifth time.He has also stated he is a Chester F.C. fan after falling in love with the club following their rise from closure and fronted by the fans. He was guest of honour at their end-of-season awards. On his role as both a football presenter and a fan, <mask> said in 2009 that "The biggest stick I get when I'm presenting football is from Liverpool fans", and in 2010 "I like a laugh but I am serious also about football and the impartiality required to respect all football fans." <mask> is also the Irish Football Association's Football for All ambassador. Whilst living in Toronto, Canada, <mask> became a supporter of the baseball team Toronto Blue Jays and a fan of Major League Baseball in general, and has since spent his annual summer holidays in North America watching MLB games. <mask> is also a season ticket-holder at the Welsh club Pontypridd Town, with whom he has promoted tours across Spain, where Pontypridd played pre-season fixtures against Villarreal and Valencia.<mask> stated on his R5 show on 21 December 2020, following a reference to paganism, that he was an atheist. <mask> is married to Carly Paradis. Awards
<mask> has won three Gold Sony Radio Academy Awards. In the 2007 Sony Awards he was named 'Music Broadcaster of the Year'; in the 2005 Awards he was given the Feature Award for a documentary, entitled The Trouble With Drugs, while in 2011 he took gold for best sport program, for Fighting Talk. In 2002 <mask> was named IPR Northern Ireland Entertainment Journalist of the Year, for his long-running music column in the Irish Sunday People. References

External links

Fighting Talk (BBC Radio 5 Live)
<mask> (BBC Radio 5 Live)
<mask>'s Coronavirus Call-In (BBC Radio 5 Live)

1977 births
BBC Radio 5 Live presenters
BBC sports presenters and reporters
Television presenters from Northern Ireland
Poker commentators
Radio DJs from Northern Ireland
European Poker Tour
British ukulele players
National Football League announcers
Darts people
BBC Radio 1 presenters
People educated at Regent House Grammar School
People from Dundonald, County Down
Living people
Sports journalists from Northern Ireland
Male writers from Northern Ireland
Top of the Pops presenters

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Colin Murray
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title: Harry Kent (architect)

texts:
<mask> (1852–1938) was an English-born Australian architect. He was Sydney-based during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a leader of his profession as President of the Institute of Architects of NSW (1906–07). During his career he was associated with the design of over 670 buildings. Many of his designs are heritage listed and two are on the New South Wales State Heritage Register. Early life
<mask> was born in Devonshire, England, the son of the Rev. <mask> and his wife Emily Deacon. A year after his birth, the <mask> family emigrated to Australia and the <mask> was appointed Principal of the Camden College in Newtown, New South Wales.<mask> was educated at Camden College and the University of Sydney where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1875. Before his graduation <mask> was articled to James Barnet, the New South Wales Colonial Architect, and in 1873 to John Horbury Hunt. Congregational Church
Kent and his extended family were all active Congregationalists at a time when that Christian denomination was very influential in the upper middle classes of Sydney society and business. Much of his firm's work came from the church and members of its parishes. Despite his father leaving the church in 1879 for the Anglican Church of Australia, <mask> maintained a lifelong dedication to the Congregational church. Strathfield

<mask> was for many years a resident of Strathfield, New South Wales, and designed a number of buildings in the district. These include:
 Mount Royal, Albert Road, 1887, now the Australian Catholic University;
 Agincourt, Albert Road, 1890, now Jesmond Nursing Home
 Institute for Blind Women, Albert Road, 1891, now the Catholic Institute of Sydney;
 Inglenook Margaret Street, 1893 (demolished);
 Swanton Victoria Street, 1914 (demolished);
 Alterations to Strathfield Council Chambers, Homebush Road, 1913;
 First floor extensions to Strathfield Council Chambers, Homebush Road, 1921–23;
 Strathfield Town Hall, Redmyre Road, 1923;
<mask> served as an Alderman on Strathfield Council from 1903 until 1905.He designed and built Kelmswood, at 88–94 Redmyre Road in 1893 as his private residence, on the corner of Redmyre Rd and Florence St. Around 1916, Kent moved across the road to 86 Redmyre Road, and called the new house Kelmswood. Kent's original house is now called Woodstock and has been converted to apartments. Family
In 1886, Kent married Mary Louisa Elbury Jefferis, the daughter of the Reverend James Jefferis of the Pitt Street Congregational Church and Mary Louisa Elbury. They had two daughters, Gladys and Louise (Lulu), and a son, Geoffrey. Architecture

Early work

When <mask> was unable to find employment after graduation from university, he sought advice from John Fairfax. With a recommendation from Fairfax, Kent managed to secure work with master builder John Young. During this time he worked on the construction of the Department of Lands building, St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney and the Garden Palace that was built for the International Exhibition of 1879.He went into private practice in 1882 and his first commission was the design of Eldon Chambers in Pitt Street, Sydney, for Josiah Mullens. In 1886, Kent designed Caerleon in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales for the Fairfax family, only to have it redesigned by Maurice B Adams in the Queen Anne Style (this made it the first Queen Anne home in Australia). Accepting the inevitable changes, Kent agreed to supervise the construction of his made-over design, but was then outraged when Adams exhibited the design in London as his own work. In 1890, Kent designed the main school building at the Presbyterian Ladies College, Sydney. An important early residential design was Lincluden at 12 Fairfax Road, Bellevue Hill, New South Wales, for Sir Thomas Anderson Stuart. The home was constructed 1896–97 and is heritage-listed. In 1895, Kent designed his first major warehouse.The Farmers & Graziers No. 1 Woolstore building is a 3 & 4-storey Federation style warehouse constructed of face brickwork with sandstone detailing and timber windows and doors. It has in recent years been converted into residential apartments. Kent and Budden
In 1899, Kent entered into partnership with his former student, Henry Budden and the firm became known as Kent & Budden. Buildings of this partnership include:
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company Limited, wool store, 330 Wattle Street and 89 Jones Street, Ultimo, 1906;
 Cheyne, 21 Redmyre Road, Strathfield 1906;
 Emu Creek, Emu Creek Road, Walcha, 1908;
 Kent House, Liverpool Street, Sydney (1912), now heritage-listed. Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children at Camperdown (with Stuart Bros of Annandale)

Kent Budden & Greenwell
In 1913, <mask> and Henry Budden were joined in partnership by Carlyle Greenwell. Greenwell had served his articles with Kent & Budden and after attending Sydney Technical College and the University of Sydney he had completed a Bachelor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.The partnership of Kent Budden & Greenwell was dissolved in 1919, having produced 150 buildings. Budden and Greenwell continued to work in partnership until 1922. Buildings by Kent Budden & Greenwell include:
 Griffith Teas, Wentworth Avenue, Surry Hills in 1915. Kent and Massie
<mask> and H H Masie became partners in 1919 and practiced together until Kent's retirement in 1930. Massie was a member of an influential banking, commercial and sporting family. Kent & Massie secured many commercial commissions including Bebarfalds, later Woolworths Limited, in George Street, Sydney. Another of their buildings was Pilgrim House, in Pitt Street (1928).It is heritage-listed. Principal client for Kent and Massie was the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, now NAB. Kent & Massie designed the former CBC head office on corner of George & Barrack Street Sydney, now heritage-listed, and a series of country banks at Newcastle and Cessnock. References

1852 births
1938 deaths
People from Sydney
New South Wales architects
Australian Congregationalists

masks:
Harry Chambers Kent
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Samuel Chambers Kent
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Reverend Kent
Harry Kent
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title: Mary Jemison

texts:
<mask> (Deh-he-wä-nis) (1743 – September 19, 1833) was a Scots-Irish colonial frontierswoman in Pennsylvania and New York, who became known as the "White Woman of the Genesee." As a young girl she was captured and adopted into a Seneca family, assimilating to their culture, marrying two Native American men in succession, and having children with them. In 1824 she published a memoir of her life, a form of captivity narrative. On April 5, 1758, during the French and Indian War, Jemison at age 12 was captured with most of her family in a Shawnee mourning raid in what is now Adams County, Pennsylvania. The others of her family were killed. She and an unrelated young boy were adopted by Seneca families. She became fully assimilated, marrying a Delaware (Lenape), and, after his death, a Seneca man.She chose to remain a Seneca rather than return to American colonial culture. Jemison told her story late in life to an American minister, who wrote it for her. He published it as Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask> (1824). It was reprinted in the late 20th century. In 1874 her remains were reinterred near a historic Seneca council house on a private estate, in what is now Letchworth State Park. Biography

<mask> was born to Thomas and <mask> aboard the ship William and Mary in the fall of 1743, while en route from British Ireland (in today's Northern Ireland) to America. They landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and joined other Protestant Scots-Irish immigrants in heading west to settle on cheaper available lands in the backcountry, what was then the western frontier (now central Pennsylvania).They "squatted" on territory that had been purchased by the Penn family in 1736 from chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy, six nations that were based in central and western New York. The Jemisons had cleared land to develop their farm, and the couple had several children. By 1755, conflicts had started in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between France and Britain. Both sides made use of Native American allies, especially in the frontier areas where they had few regular forces. One morning in early 1758, a raiding party consisting of six Shawnee Indians and four Frenchmen captured <mask>, the rest of her family (except two older brothers), and a young boy from another family. En route to French-controlled Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh), the Shawnee killed <mask>'s mother, father, and siblings, and ritually scalped them. <mask> later learned that it was a Seneca custom, when one of their own was killed or taken prisoner in battle, to take an enemy as prisoner or to take their scalp in a mourning ritual.Two Seneca women had lost a brother in the French and Indian War a year before <mask>'s capture, and in this mourning raid, the Shawnee intended to capture a prisoner or obtain an enemy's scalp to compensate them. The 12-year-old <mask> and the young boy were spared, likely because they were of suitable age for adoption. Once the party reached Fort Duquesne, <mask> was given to the two Seneca women, who took her downriver to their settlement. After a short ceremony, a Seneca family adopted <mask>, renaming her as Deh-he-wä-nis (other romanization variants include: Dehgewanus, Dehgewanus and Degiwanus, Dickewamis). She learned this meant "a pretty girl, a handsome girl, or a pleasant, good thing." When she came of age, <mask> married a Delaware man named Sheninjee, who was living with the band. They had a son whom she named Thomas after her father.Sheninjee took her on a  journey to the Sehgahunda Valley along the Genesee River in present-day Western New York state. Although Jemison and their son reached this destination, her husband did not. While hunting one day on their journey, he was taken ill and died. As a widow, <mask> and her child were taken in by Sheninjee's clan relatives; she made her home at Little Beard's Town (where present-day Cuylerville, New York later developed). She married again, to a Seneca named Hiakatoo, and together they had six children: Nancy, Polly, Betsey, Jane, John, and Jesse. John had a troubled life. He killed his brother Thomas in 1811, then killed his brother Jesse in 1812, and was later also killed.During the American Revolutionary War, the Seneca allied with the British, hoping that a British victory would enable them to expel the encroaching colonists. Jemison's account of her life includes observations of this time. She and others in the Seneca town helped supply Joseph Brant (Mohawk) and his Iroquois warriors from various nations, who fought the rebel colonists. After the war, the British ceded their holdings east of the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting their Native American allies. The Seneca were forced to give up their lands to the United States. In 1797 the Seneca sold much of their land at Little Beard's Town to Americans. At that time, during negotiations with the Holland Land Company held at Geneseo, New York, <mask>on proved to be an able negotiator for the Seneca tribe.She helped win more favorable terms for surrendering their rights to the land at the Treaty of Big Tree (1797). Late in life, Jemison told her story to the minister James E. Seaver, who published it as Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask> (1824; latest ed. 1967). It is considered a classic captivity narrative. Although some early readers thought that Seaver must have imposed his own beliefs, since the late 20th century, many history scholars have thought the memoir is a reasonably accurate account of Jemison's life story and attitude. By staying with the Seneca, she showed that she preferred life with the Seneca to what she had seen of the lives of colonial British women. In 1823, the Seneca sold most of their remaining land in that area, except for a  tract of land reserved for Jemison's use.Known by local European-American residents as the "White Woman of the Genesee", Jemison lived on the tract for several years. In 1831 she sold it and moved to the Buffalo Creek Reservation, where some Seneca lived (others had gone to Ontario, Canada). Jemison died on September 19, 1833, aged 90. She was initially buried on the Buffalo Creek Reservation. Jemison's heirs later changed their surname to "Jimerson" and established the community of Jimersontown on the Allegany Indian Reservation. <mask>'s account of her capture
"The party that took us consisted of six Indians and four Frenchmen, who immediately commenced plundering, as I just observed, and took what they considered most valuable; consisting principally of bread, meal, and meat. Having taken as much provision as they could carry, they set out with their prisoners in great haste, for fear of detection, and soon entered the woods.On our march that day, an Indian went behind us with a whip, with which he frequently lashed the children, to make them keep up. In this manner we traveled till dark, without a mouthful of food or a drop of water, although we had not eaten since the night before. Whenever the little children cried for water, the Indians would make them drink urine, or go thirsty. At night they encamped in the woods, without fire and without shelter, where we were watched with the greatest vigilance. Extremely fatigued, and very hungry, we were compelled to lie upon the ground, without supper or a drop of water to satisfy the cravings of our appetites. As in the daytime, so the little ones were made to drink urine in the night, if they cried for water. Fatigue alone brought us a little sleep for the refreshment of our weary limbs; and at the dawn of day we were again started on our march, in the same order that we had proceeded the day before.About sunrise we were halted, and the Indians gave us a full breakfast of provision that they had brought from my father's house. Each of us, being very hungry, partook of this bounty of the Indians, except father, who was so much overcome with his situation, so much exhausted by anxiety and grief, that silent despair seemed fastened upon his countenance, and he could not be prevailed upon to refresh his sinking nature by the use of a morsel of food. Our repast being finished, we again resumed our march; and before noon passed a small fort, that I heard my father say was called Fort Canagojigge. That was the only time that I heard him speak from the time we were taken till we were finally separated the following night. Toward evening, we arrived at the border of a dark and dismal swamp, which was covered with small hemlocks or some other evergreen, and various kinds of bushes, into which we were conducted; and having gone a short distance, we stopped to encamp for the night. Here we had some bread and meat for supper; but the dreariness of our situation, together with the uncertainty under which we all labored, as to our future destiny, almost deprived us of the sense of hunger, and destroyed our relish for food. As soon as I had finished my supper, an Indian took off my shoes and stockings, and put a pair of moccasins on my feet, which my mother observed; and believing that they would spare my life, even if they should destroy the other captives, addressed me, as near as I can remember, in the following words:

'My dear little <mask>, I fear that the time has arrived when we must be parted for ever.Your life, my child, I think will be spared; but we shall probably be tomahawked here in this lonesome place by the Indians. Oh! how can I part with you, my darling? What will become of my sweet little <mask>? Oh! how can I think of your being continued in captivity, without a hope of your being rescued? Oh!that death had snatched you from my embraces in your infancy: the pain of parting then would have been pleasing to what It now is; and I should have seen the end of your troubles! Alas, my dear! my heart bleeds at the thought of what awaits you; but, if you leave us, remember, my child, your own name, and the names of your father and mother. Be careful and not forget your English tongue. If you shall have an opportunity to get away from the Indians don't try to escape; for if you do they will find and destroy you. Don't forget, my little daughter, the prayers that I have learned you - say them often: be a good child, and God will bless you! May God bless you, my child, and make you comfortable and happy.'During this time, the Indians stripped the shoes and stockings from the little boy that belonged to the woman who was taken with us, and put moccasins on his feet, as they had done before on mine. I was crying. An Indian took the little boy and myself by the hand, to lead us off from the company, when my mother exclaimed, 'Don't cry, <mask>! - don't cry, my child! God will bless you! Farewell - farewell!' The Indian led us some distance into the bushes or woods, and there lay down with us to spend the night.The recollection of parting with my tender mother kept me awake, while the tears constantly flowed from my eyes. A number of times in the night, the little boy begged of me earnestly to run away with him, and get clear of the Indians; but remembering the advice I had so lately received, and knowing the dangers to which we should be exposed, in traveling without a path and without a guide, through a wilderness unknown to us, I told him that I would not go, and persuaded him to lie still till morning. My suspicion as to the fate of my parents proved too true; for soon after I left them they were viciously tomahawked to death and scalped, together with Robert, Matthew, Betsey, and the woman and her two children, and mangled in the most shocking manner

After a hard day's march we encamped in a thicket, where the Indians made a shelter of boughs, and then built a good fire to warm and dry our benumbed limbs and clothing; for it had rained some through the day. Here we were again fed as before. When the Indians had finished their supper, they took from their baggage a number of scalps, and went about preparing them for the market, or to keep without spoiling, by straining them over small hoops which they prepared for that purpose, and then drying and scraping them by the fire. Having put the scalps, yet wet and bloody, upon the hoops, and stretched them to their full extent, they held them to the fire till they were partly dried, and then, with their knives, commenced scraping off the flesh; and in that way they continued to work, alternately drying and scraping them, till they were dry and clean. That being done, they combed the hair in the neatest manner, and then painted it and the edges of the scalps, yet on the hoops, red.Those scalps I knew at the time must have been taken from our poor family, by the color of the hair. My mother's hair was red; and I could easily distinguish my father's and the children's and babies from each other. That sight was most appalling and horrifying; yet I was obliged to endure it without complaining. In the course of the night, they made me to understand that they should not have killed the family, if the whites had not pursued them." Legacy and honors

In 1874, at the request of her descendants, Jemison's remains were transferred and reinterred near the 1765 Seneca Council House, which had been moved from the former Caneadea Reservation. The building had been purchased by William Pryor Letchworth and relocated to his Glen Iris Estate. He had the structure restored in 1872 by John Shanks, a Seneca grandson of Jemison.Letchworth invited Seneca and state officials that year for a rededication of the Council House. In 1881, Letchworth acquired a cabin formerly belonging to <mask>'s daughter, Nancy Jemison. He had it moved from Gardeau Flats to near the Council House and <mask>'s gravesite. In 1906 he bequeathed his entire estate to New York. Near the present-day town of Castile, today the property is within the grounds of Letchworth State Park. A bronze statue of <mask>, created in 1910 by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, marks her grave. Following state restoration of the grounds to Letchworth's time, in 2006 the memorial was reinstalled between the council house and cabin.Dr. George Frederick Kunz helped pay for and commission the 1910 memorial to Jemison. In popular culture
 Indian Captive: The Story of <mask> (1941) is a fictional version of <mask>'s story for all readers, written and illustrated by Lois Lenski. In this novel, Jemison is given the name: "Little Woman of Great Courage." by her willingness to give up the life of a white woman to become an Indian woman at the end of the book. Before, her name in the novel was Corn Tassel because her hair was the color of the tassels on ripe corn. Rayna M. Gangi's novel, <mask>mison: White Woman of the Seneca (1996), is a fictional version of Jemison's story. Deborah Larsen's novel, The White (2002), is a fictional version of Jemison's life.It imagines her process of assimilation to the Seneca culture in which she lived. Jeanne LeMonnier Gardner's book, "<mask>mison: Indian Captive" (Original title: "Mary Jemison: Seneca Captive") 1966, is a fictionalized account for children. References

Further reading

James, Edward et al. (1971) "Notable American Women: 1607–1950",  URL link
Larsen, Deborah (2002). The White. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, a Division of Random House. Namias, June (2000) " Jemison, <mask>" URL link
Namias, June (1993).White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Seaver, James (1824). A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask>on. New York: American Scenic & Historical Preservation Society. 1942 edition. External links

Sources
Swarthmore College, <mask>on, Partial text of a Captivity Narrative from the 1750s transcribed in 1824
A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask>, by James E. Seaver, via Project Gutenberg (plain text)
A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask>on, via Internet Archive (scanned books, color illustrated)
A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. <mask>on, via Google Books (scanned books)

Other
Letchworth State Park, Glimpses of the Past
"<mask>on", Women in American History (Britannica)
Drawing of <mask> as an old woman, Letchworth Park History

1743 births
1833 deaths
People born at sea
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Captives of Native Americans
People from Adams County, Pennsylvania
People of colonial New York
People of colonial Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War
Seneca people

masks:
Mary Jemison
Mary Jemison
Mary Jemison
Jane Jemison
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Jemis
Mary Jemison
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Jemison
Mary Jemison
Jemison
Mary Je
Mary Je
Mary
Mary Jemis
Mary Jemis
Mary Jemison
Mary Jemis
Mary Jemis
Mary Jemis
Mary


title: Björn Kraus

texts:
<mask> (born 1969) is a German philosopher, who unfolds epistemological theories for social work. He therefore picks up on the doubt about the possibilities of human perception, a topic that has been emphasized over and over in occidental philosophy. He thus stands in tradition of a skepticism as for example defined by Immanuel Kant and Ernst von Glasersfeld. Biography
Kraus studied social work in Ludwigshafen, educational science in Landau (diploma in social pedagogy) and education management (M.A.) in Freiburg. He received a doctor's degree in philosophy (Dr. Phil.)at Heidelberg University, Germany. In the environment of the "Heidelberger Schule," he obtained further education as systemic therapist, coach and clinical supervisor. The "constructivist turn", which had taken place in the early 1980s in this field, gets obvious in his fundamental theory work. Since 2005, he is a professor of social work sciences at the Protestant University of Applied Sciences in Freiburg, Germany. Note that in Germany the title “protestant”, although referring to the Protestant Church's sponsorship, does not influence the tuition or scientific content taught at this institution. In this context, clerically managed universities do not differ from state-run universities. His research priorities are epistemology, communication and power, professional decision-making and responsibility as well as systemic anthropology and methodology.Work
<mask> has set up the foundation of an epistemology-based theory of interaction and the social constitution of subjective reality in several monographs, anthologies and essays. Coming from his perspective of an epistemological constructivism the relational constructivism, he first developed a theory of communication and power and, based on that, discussed questions about professional decision-making. He focuses on the socio-scientific important questions about the possibilities of perception, communication, decision-making and intervention. He analyses them regarding limits and possibilities, which remain in spite of the assumed self-referentiality or result from it at the first place. The keystones of his (epistemology-based) theory of interaction and the social constitution of subjective reality are communication, lifeworld and power. Epistemological constructivism / Relational constructivism
Björn <mask> developed an epistemological constructivism named relational constructivism. His ideas are based on the notion that cognitive development depends on two determining factors.On the one hand side cognitive development is dependent on a persons own, individual cognitive structures. On the other hand side it relies on the persons environmental conditions (German: Grundsätzliche Doppelbindung menschlicher Strukturentwicklung). Accordingly, his main focus is placed on the relationship between the social and material environment of a person (objective reality or life conditions/German Lebenslage) and, in contrast, its individual perception (subjective experience or lifeworld/German Lebenswelt). This perspective becomes obvious, when Kraus reformulates Husserl’s lifeworld concept in a systemic, constructivist way: In opposing the terms lifeworld (subjective reality) and life conditions (objective reality) to each other, he is able to review their interrelation. For Kraus, the lifeworld is a person’s subjective construct, which is neither random, nor manipulable from the outside. Apart from the field of social work, the terms lifeworld and life condition, which were constructivistically reformulated by Kraus, are used in the field of educational science (education, special needs education and community pedagogy) as well as in the field of sociology. Kraus defined "lifeworld" and "life conditions" as follows:

"Life conditions mean a person’s material and immaterial circumstances of life.Lifeworld means a person’s subjective construction of reality, which he or she forms under the condition of his or her life circumstances." This contrasting comparison provides a conceptual specification, enabling in the first step the distinction between a subjectively experienced world and its material and social conditions and allowing in the second step to focus on these conditions' relevance for the subjective construction of reality. With this in mind, Manfred Ferdinand, who is reviewing the lifeworld terms used by Alfred Schütz, Edmund Husserl, Björn <mask> and Ludwig Wittgenstein, concludes: Kraus' "thoughts on a constructivist comprehension of lifeworlds contours the integration of micro-, meso- and macroscopic approaches, as it is demanded by Invernizzi and Butterwege: This integration is not only necessary in order to relate the subjective perspectives and the objective frame conditions to each other but also because the objective frame conditions obtain their relevance for the subjective lifeworlds not before they are perceived and assessed." Constructivist theory of power
Regarding the question about possibilities of interpersonal influence, Kraus develops a special form of constructivism, which deals with the epistemological perspective upon power (German: Machtanalytischer Konstruktivismus). Instead of focusing on the valuation and distribution of power, he asks first and foremost what the term can describe at all. Coming from Max Weber’s definition of power, he realizes that the term of power has to be split into instructive power and destructive power. More precisely, instructive power means the chance to determine the actions and thoughts of another person, whereas destructive power means the chance to diminish the opportunities of another person.How significant this distinction really is, becomes evident by looking at the possibilities of rejecting power attempts: Rejecting instructive power is possible – rejecting destructive power isn’t. By using this distinction, proportions of power can be analyzed in a more sophisticated way, helping to sufficiently reflect on matters of responsibility. Kraus defined "instructive power" and "destructive power" as follows:

"Instructive power means the chance to determine a human’s thinking or behaviour. (Instructive power as chance for instructive interaction is dependent on the instructed person’s own will, which ultimately can refuse instructive power. )Destructive power means the chance to restrict a human’s possibilities. (Destructive power as chance for destructive interaction is independent of the instructed person’s own will, which
can’t refuse destructive power.)" This perspective permits to get over an “either-or-position” (either there is power, or there isn’t), which is common especially in epistemological discourses about power theories, and to introduce the possibility of an “as well as-position”.English-language texts
 <mask>, Björn (2019): Relational constructivism and relational social work. In: Webb, Stephen, A. (edt.) The Routledge Handbook of Critical Social Work. Routledge international Handbooks. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
 Kraus, Björn (2015): The Life We Live and the Life We Experience: Introducing the Epistemological Difference between “Lifeworld” (Lebenswelt) and “Life Conditions” (Lebenslage). In: Social Work and Society.International Online Journal. Abgerufen 27. August 2018 (http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/438)
 <mask>, Björn (2014): Introducing a model for analyzing the possibilities of power, help and control. In: Social Work and Society. International Online Journal. Abgerufen 3. April 2019 (http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/393)

External links
 List of publications on the (German) homepage of the Protestant University of Applied Sciences in Freiburg

References

1969 births
Heidelberg University alumni
German social workers
Living people
Epistemologists
Constructivism
21st-century German philosophers
German male writers

masks:
Björn Kraus
Kraus
Kraus
Kraus
Kraus
Kraus


title: Victor H. Mair

texts:
<mask> (; born March 25, 1943) is an American sinologist. He is a professor of Chinese at the University of Pennsylvania. Among other accomplishments, Mair has edited the standard Columbia History of Chinese Literature and the Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature. Mair is the series editor of the Cambria Sinophone World Series (Cambria Press), and his book coauthored with Miriam Robbins Dexter (published by Cambria Press), Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia, won the Sarasvati Award for the Best Nonfiction Book in Women and Mythology. Life and career
<mask><mask> was born on March 25, 1943, in East Canton, Ohio. After high school, Mair attended Dartmouth College, where, in addition to his studies, he was a member of the Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball team. He graduated with an A.B.in 1965, then joined the Peace Corps and served in Nepal for two years. After leaving the Peace Corps in 1967, Mair returned to the United States and enrolled in the Buddhist Studies program at the University of Washington, where he began studying Buddhism, Sanskrit, and Classical Tibetan. In 1968, Mair won a Marshall Scholarship and moved to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London to further study Chinese and Sanskrit, receiving a B.A. (Hons) in 1972 and an M.Phil. in 1974. He then went to Harvard University to pursue doctoral studies in Chinese under the New Zealander scholar <mask>. He received a Ph.D. in 1976 with a doctoral dissertation entitled "Popular Narratives From Tun-huang", a study and translation of folk literature discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts.After completing his Ph.D., Mair joined the faculty at Harvard as an assistant professor and taught there for three years. In 1979, Mair left Harvard to join the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, where he has remained ever since. He is also founder and editor of Sino-Platonic Papers, an academic journal examining Chinese, East Asian and Central Asian linguistics and  literature. Mair specializes in early written vernacular Chinese, and is responsible for translations of the Dao De Jing (the Mawangdui Silk Texts version), the Zhuangzi and The Art of War. He has also collaborated on interdisciplinary research on the archeology of Eastern Central Asia. The American Philosophical Society awarded him membership in 2007. In 1969, Mair married Chang Li-ch'ing (; 1936–2010), a Chinese-Taiwanese scholar who taught Mandarin Chinese at the University of Washington, Tunghai University, Bryn Mawr College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Swarthmore College.Together they had one son, Thomas Krishna Mair. Three of Mair's former students characterize his wide-ranging scholarship. <mask> has always cast his nets widely, and he could routinely amaze us with observations far afield from the Chinese text we were reading in class. Today people often attempt to simulate this cosmopolitanism under the rubric of interdisciplinary study, but for <mask>, it was quite untrendy: he simply had an insatiable appetite for knowledge and pushing boundaries. Indeed, border-crossing has been our mentor's dominant mode of scholarship, a mode that has constantly interrogated where those very borders are both geographically and categorically. Though never sporting fashionable jargon, <mask> has always taken on phenomena and issues that engage aspects of multiculturalism, hybridity, alterity, and the subaltern, while remarkably grounding his work in painstaking philological analysis. <mask> demonstrates the success of philology, often dismissed as a nineteenth-century holdover, for investigating twenty-first-century concerns.(Boucher, Schmid, and Sen 2006:1)

Mair is a contributor to the linguistics blog Language Log. Pinyin advocacy
Mair is a long-time advocate for writing Mandarin Chinese in an alphabetic script (viz., pinyin), which he considers advantageous for Chinese education, computerization, and lexicography. In the first issue of Sino-Platonic papers (1986), he suggested the publication of a Chinese dictionary arranged in the same familiar way as English, French, or Korean dictionaries: "single-sort alphabetical arrangement" purely based on the alphabetic spelling of a word, regardless of its morphological structure. Most Chinese words are multisyllabic compounds, where each syllable or morpheme is written with a single Chinese character. Following a two-millennia tradition, Chinese dictionaries – even modern pinyin-based ones like the Xinhua Zidian – are regularly ordered in "sorted-morpheme arrangement" based on the first morpheme (character) in a word. For instance, a Chinese dictionary user who wanted to look up the word Bābāduōsī 巴巴多斯 "Barbados" could find it under ba 巴 in traditional sorted- morpheme ordering (which is easier if one knows the character's appearance or radical but not its pronunciation) or under baba in single-sort alphabetic ordering (which is easier if one knows the pronunciation). In 1990, after unsuccessfully trying to obtain financial support for an alphabetically collated Chinese-English dictionary, Mair organized an international team of linguists and lexicographers who were willing to work as part-time volunteers.Under the editorial leadership of John DeFrancis, they published the first general Chinese-English single-sort dictionary in 1996. According to the "Acknowledgments" (1996:ix), "This dictionary owes its genesis to the initiative of <mask><mask>  of Pennsylvania." A revised and expanded edition was published in 2000. Selected works
 Sino-Platonic Papers

Works listed in Library of Congress (Chronological order)

 <mask><mask>, Tun-<mask> Popular Narratives (Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Influences from India seen in texts from Dunhuang caves. <mask><mask>, Painting and Performance : Chinese Picture Recitation and Its Indian Genesis (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988). <mask><mask>, Cheng Mei Bo Wang, Mei Cherng's "Seven Stimuli" And Wang Bor's "Pavilion of King Terng" : Chinese Poems for Princes (Lewiston, NY, USA: E. Mellen Press, 1988).<mask><mask>, T'ang Transformation Texts: A Study of the Buddhist Contribution to the Rise of Vernacular Fiction and Drama in China (Cambridge, Mass. : Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1989). Popular narratives of Buddhist motifs, known as bianwen (變文)
 Laozi, <mask>. Mair, tr. Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). <mask><mask> Yongquan Liu, Characters and Computers (Amsterdam, Netherlands; Washington: IOS Press, 1991). <mask><mask>, The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). <mask><mask>, The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia (Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man Inc. in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications, 1998).Zhuangzi <mask><mask>, tr. Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998). Songling Pu, Denis C. Mair <mask>. <mask>, tr. Liaozhai Zhiyi Xuan (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2000). J. P. Mallory and <mask><mask>, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. (2000). Thames & Hudson.London. <mask><mask>, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). Songling Pu, Denis C. Mair <mask><mask>, tr. Liao Zhai Zhi Yi Xuan (Beijing Shi: Wai wen chu ban she, Di 1 ban., 2001). <mask><mask>, Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, Paul Rakita Goldin, eds. Hawai'i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005). <mask><mask>, Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006).<mask><mask>, tr. The Art of War / Sun Zi's Military Methods (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). <mask><mask> and Erling <mask>, The True History of Tea (Thames & Hudson; illustrated edition, 2009). (Hardcover). Miriam Robbins Dexter and <mask><mask>, Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010). <mask><mask> and Mark Bender (editors). The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature.(New York: Columbia University Press, 2011). <mask><mask> (editor). Buddhist Transformations and Interactions: Essays in Honor of Antonino Forte  (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2017). Notes

References

Boucher, Daniel, Neil Schmid, and Tansen Sen. 2006. "The Scholarly Contributions of Professor <mask>. Mair: A Retrospective Survey", Asia Major Volume 19, part 1/2, 2006. DeFrancis, John, ed. 1996.The ABC [Alphabetically Based Computerized] Chinese-English Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DeFrancis, John, ed. 2003. ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Mair, <mask>. 1986."The Need for an Alphabetically Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexicographical Projects", Sino-Platonic Papers  1:1-31. External links

Official homepage
, University of Pennsylvania Museum (video)

Sacred Display - Award for Best Nonfiction Book in Women and Mythology

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
American Buddhist studies scholars
American expatriates in Nepal
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American men's basketball players
American people of Austrian descent
American sinologists
Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball players
Harvard University alumni
Linguists of Chinese
Peace Corps volunteers
Basketball players from Ohio
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Writers from Canton, Ohio

masks:
Victor Henry Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Patrick Hanan
Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Huang
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Hoh
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
. Mair
Victor H
Victor H


title: Aaron Scharf

texts:
<mask> (22 September 1922 – 21 January 1993) was an American-born British art historian who contributed in particular to the history of photography in which he had developed an interest while studying at the Courtauld Institute. His investigation uncovered links between painting (and other artforms) and photography, and evidence for artists using photography for reference and other purposes, as well as the way photographers with aspirations as artists referred to painting in their work. He thus pioneered a new field of art history when Pop Art and other movements in the 1960s were reincorporating the medium of photography (which developed separately since the 1930s, and which hitherto art historians in general treated separately from painting) and reference to popular photographic images, into mainstream artistic practice. <mask> popularised his study and discoveries with publication of his profusely illustrated hardback Penguin volume 'Art and Photography' (1968) and through his work at the Open University in producing innovative thematic educational videos on the history of photography and its relation to society. Early life
<mask> was born 22 September 1922 in the US to <mask> and his wife, Jeanette Shack (Shackowitz) a Jewish immigrant from Volochysk. He trained at Hancock College of Aeronautics in Los Angeles County in 1944 as a second lieutenant, where he gained his 'silver wings', qualifying to fly heavy aircraft. While at the College <mask> used his artistic talents to draw cartoons for the cadet publications.During World War II he flew 46 missions as a bomber navigator and was award an Air Medal in November 1944, and later promoted to captain. His unit citations were awarded as a result of successful bombing missions over Odertal and Vienna, and it was during his last mission to the latter that flak knocked out three of their B-24 engines and his crew made a forced landing in Russia. <mask> was reported as saying that though “not one of our crew was wounded...many a time we were scared half to death. Some of us came back with graying hair.” From there a jeep convoy took them to Hungary, from where the British flew them out and after the German surrender they flew their B-24 home. In his memoir of the war Flak (1996) published posthumously by <mask>’s widow, Marina, he recounts how he deliberately botched the targeting of Ravenna, Italy in a bombing raid. After the war he spent some years as a painter and potter in Los Angeles and produced some commercial art illustration. He studied art and anthropology at the University of California where he became engaged to a fellow student Annette Rose in 1946, whom he married on 8 September.After receiving a master's degree in painting, he won critical acclaim for three paintings in a veterans' art award exhibition in 1951 in the art gallery of Santa Monica Library, and also showed lithographs at Kistler Studio In 1950 he married Ruth Dunlap Bartlett (born 18 October 1921, Racine, died 16 January 2009, Highgate). An accomplished actress, Ruth owned and ran The Beachcomber, a small theatre on Muscle Beach in Santa Monica. Helena Stevens was her stage name. She was also a committed communist and became the first to play the part of Mother Courage in an English-language production of the play of the same name by the German communist playwright Bertolt Brecht. Her husband meantime, was refused work or study in American universities, blacklisted because of his own socialism. At the Courtauld
In 1956, <mask> and wife arrived in the UK as political refugees from McCarthyism, with an invitation, provided by the communist academic (and spy) Anthony Blunt, for <mask> to study at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London providing their ostensible reason for leaving America. <mask>’s doctoral thesis at the Courtauld was eventually published with revisions and additions as Art and Photography (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1968), the expanded version of his Creative Photography (Studio Vista ; New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1965).At the time of writing Creative Photography  <mask> had attained his first academic post as head of the department of history of art and complimentary studies at Saint Martin's School of Art. "Art and Photography"
The book reveals the hitherto uncredited influence of photography on the creation of artistic images in painting. The emphasis is on the photograph as used in the service of painting, or imitating painted images. <mask> does not here give the same emphasis on photography as an artistic medium in itself as much as he did in Creative Photography, though he does recognise the greater acceptance of photography as art in chapters on the mid Twentieth Century. Art and Photography was widely and favourably reviewed. As early as 1969 Los Angeles Times art critic William Wilson was certain that it would "join standard texts on the subject" and in summary concluded that “<mask>, insists, in scholarly fashion, that photography has created a new situation we cannot call better or worse, only different, challenging. If the book proves anything, it is that art and photography are both art, interdependent, and yet so fundamentally different you can't really mistake one for the other.” It was welcomed in its most extended contemporary review in the Art Journal by Carl Chiarenza; "At long last a scholarly sourcebook has been published which attempts to organize the bewildering mass of documents relating to the interaction of photography and other media since 1839.Dr<mask>'s new book is absolutely indispensable to any research in the field; it will be the standard reference for a long time to come," and hailed by Marie Czach as "the definitive work on the subject of Art and Photography", while Ken Marantz declared it "carefully documented, appropriately illustrated, and readable...important, but the conclusion is particularly insightful..." Robert A. Sobieszek considered it "one of the most appealing books in the field to be published in a long while...the sheer ambition of the work's scope covers the subject with a density lacking until now." Earlier, Michael Webb likened the book to "an archaeological dig, laying bare a lost city on the evidence of an incoherent scatter of shards. Patiently the strata are revealed, the evidence accumulated, the fragments re-assembled." Art and Photography appears in David Hockney's painting My Parents, 1977 (Tate, London) in which the painter's father is engrossed in reading the book; this is significant in indicating the connection between the <mask>'s discoveries and the later Hockney-Falco thesis. At the time of publication, <mask> had become head of the History of Art and Complementary Studies Department at St. Martin’s School of Art, London. The couple settled in Hampstead. <mask>’s peer, and also friend and frequent correspondent, was Van Deren Coke, whose own studies into the links between art and photography were published as The Painter and the Photograph a year earlier than Creative Photography, but without the same circulation and international reception, revised and enlarged from the 1964 catalogue issued under the same title for the exhibition curated by Van Deren Coke which toured the US in 1964 and 1965.<mask>'s articles on photo history were published in the 1968 issues of Creative Camera magazine in his column, and in Album They reflected his eclectic interests in photography's history, including spirit photography and Darwin's use of photography, to discussion of the engravings on the backs of cartes-de-visite. Under the pressure of other work, he asked to be relieved of writing the Creative Camera column and ask that Van Deren Coke continue it, which he did until December 1969. During this period, <mask> contributed the entry on Henri Cartier-Bresson in the Encyclopædia Britannica. He had divorced Ruth, who went on to act for television and films, including Highlander (1986), The Lords of Discipline (1983) and The Ted Kennedy Jr. Story (1986). She died on 25 February 2009. He married Marina (née Betts). <mask>'s own art production consisted of montages made from old photographs and/or 19th-century wood engravings, a selection of which were published by Bill Jay in his last issue as editor of Creative Camera.Jay had seen and was intrigued by the artworks each time he picked up <mask>'s copy for Album from his residence near the editorial offices and he published them accompanied by the art historian's request that they be printed without a text; "No text this time! Give them no titles. Let them open up those little doors to mystery which Redon talks about"

Later life
In 1969 <mask> joined The Open University, Milton Keynes, England, moving to Deanshanger 10 miles away. He stayed there, as Professor of Art History writing art history courses and pursuing personal research, until pressured out by other staff in 1982. Also in 1969, he visited the United States to deliver units on Photography in Modern Art and Seminar in Problems in the History of Photography for Stanford University's 1969 Summer School. From August 1972 he was a member of the photography committee of the Arts Council chaired by Barry Lane with Tristram Powell, a BBC producer; Marina Vaizey, Sunday Times art critic; Bill Gaskins, head of the

masks:
Aaron Scharf
Scharf
Scharf
Irving Scharf
Scharf
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