title: Melissa Tkautz

texts:
<mask> (born 24 January 1974) is an Australian actress, singer, model, and presenter. She played the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian TV soap opera E Street, from September 1990 to May 1993. During the early 1990s she had a solo music career, performing mononymously as <mask>, and had top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart with "Read My Lips" (Number One, June 1991), "Sexy (Is the Word)" (No. 3, September) and "Skin to Skin" (No. 16, April 1992). "Read My Lips" also became a Number One hit in Sweden. Her debut album, Fresh, was released in June 1992 and peaked at No.15 on the ARIA Albums Chart. After her stint on E Street, <mask> has appeared on Paradise Beach (1993–94), Pacific Drive (1996–98), All Saints (2001–02, 2004), Swift and Shift Couriers (2008, 2011) and Housos (2011). Her modelling career has included early child modelling, then as a teen in various pop entertainment magazines and from 1996 on fashion and men's magazines. On 4 December 2005, she issued her second solo album, Lost & Found, which provide a single, her cover version of "The Glamorous Life", which appeared in the top 40. In August 2011 she issued a compilation album, The Hits & More. In February 2009 Tkautz married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years; outside her performance career she uses her married name, <mask>. Tkautz released a single "The Key" on 26 May 2017.Television career
<mask> was born in Sydney in 1974. According to <mask> "I had very strict parents ... I wasn't allowed to do anything". Her father, <mask>, is from Austria and her mother's family are Maltese. As a young child she studied drama, dance and singing; she began modelling and appearing in commercials. By the age of 17, she had appeared in over 160 television and print commercials. Some of these included ads for Qantas and Cadbury.She started modelling and then began acting in TV soap operas, Richmond Hill and Home & Away in the late 1980s. In 1989 she entered the Miss Teen Australia contest. In September 1990, at the age of 16 years, <mask> was cast in the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian soap opera, E Street. She described her role, "Nikki is everything I don't want to be ... She smokes and she's really the sort of girl most parents would be horrified to have their daughters associating with". <mask> soon became one of the show's main stars due to the popularity of her character. During this time, she attended the Australian Academy of Dramatic Art in Sydney, graduating in 1991. During that year she appeared on numerous Australian editions of magazine covers including Vogue, Cosmopolitan, TV Week, Smash Hits and Dolly.In 1991 readers of TV Hits voted her as the Hottest Woman on Earth. <mask> also had a supporting role in the mini-series, The Girl from Tomorrow (1992). Due to her popularity, the producers of E Street decided to have <mask> record a song, which would be used in the show as part of a dream sequence, where her character imagines she is a pop star. This resulted in a recording career for <mask>, she later recalled "I loved singing and I had trained as a singer, but everything happened so quickly, it was just a crazy whirlwind. One minute I'm watching E Street in my lounge room, the next minute I’m starring in E Street and I've got a number one single in the charts". However, in November 1991, due to the pressures of juggling two full-time careers, and a conflict with the producer, Forrest Redlich, <mask> left E Street to concentrate on her music career. At the TV Week-sponsored Logie Awards she was nominated for Most Popular New Talent in 1992.By November 1992 <mask> had returned to E Street. However, the network decided to axe the series in May 1993. In 1993 and 1994, Tkautz appeared on Paradise Beach, playing Vanessa Campbell, the manipulative ex-girlfriend of Sean Hayden (played by Ingo Rademacher). Tkautz described her character "[s]he's a bit of a psycho, a real bitch ... She is nothing like Nicki in E Street. This one's a real troublemaker". In 1995, she had a role in Echo Point. In 1996, Tkautz joined the series Pacific Drive, where she played a model, Bethany Daniels.This role had a major effect on <mask>, who played the first long-term HIV positive character on Australian TV. She described how "I did a lot of research on the role and a lot of charity work with HIV [patients], especially young kids who had contracted the disease". The series later gained a cult following. When Pacific Drive was cancelled in 1998, <mask> joined the cast of Medivac (1998) as Nurse Evie Morrison. <mask> later appeared in the series, All Saints (2001–02, 2004). From 1996, Tkautz modelled for fashion and men's magazines Black+White, Australian Playboy, Ralph and FHM. In 2001 she appeared on the Myer Intimacy Apparel runway, modelling underwear, and followed with a stint at the Australian Fashion Week, that year.In late 2008, <mask> starred in Swift and Shift Couriers (created by the same crew that created Fat Pizza), which aired on SBS ONE. Filming took place in early 2008, with some episodes being shot in Thailand and Egypt. The first season had eight episodes that aired on TV during October–November 2008. She returned for a second season in 2011. <mask> was also a guest star in controversial comedy series, Housos (from October 2011) and residents of housing commission units wanted the show banned. In May 2012, <mask> was interviewed by Sonia Kruger and David Campbell on Mornings and described her career after E Street in the segment, "Where Are They Now?". On 22 July 2016, it was announced <mask> would be one of seven women appearing on the first season of The Real Housewives of Sydney.Music career
<mask> was signed to Westside Records, a label created by E Streets producers, and recorded her debut single, "Read My Lips". Redlich described why <mask> was chosen ahead of her fellow actresses "I thought it was too raunchy for Toni Pearen and too teeny-bopper for Alyssa-Jane Cook". It was promoted via the show and released in May 1991, which reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart in July. The track was written by Tony King and Roy Nicolson, and was produced by Leon Berger. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1992 it won Highest Selling Single for the previous year. The song was parodied by Gina Riley on the comedy TV series, Fast Forward, as "Pout Your Lips". The single's B-side is "Say Goodbye" and was written by Berger, Alston Koch and Doug Henderson.Since 1991, <mask> has re-recorded "Read My Lips" twice: the first version as the "Read My Lips (Electro Pushers Remix)", which was to be included as a bonus track on her proposed third album, Glamorous Life; and the second version as the "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)", which was performed live by <mask> on Channel 7's The Morning Show. <mask>' second single from her debut album, "Sexy (Is the Word)", was issued in September 1991 and peaked at No. 3. It was written by Berger, King and Nicholson and produced by Berger, Koch and Henderson. She performed the track at the 1991 Rugby League Grand Final. At the end of that year Tkautz toured nationally as a support act on American dance-pop and hip hop group, C+C Music Factory's Australian Tour. Her third single, "Skin to Skin", appeared in April the next year, which reached No.16, and was written and produced by the same team as "Sexy (Is the Word)". In June that year, having left E Street, Tkautz released her debut album, Fresh, which peaked at No. 15 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Tkautz promoted the album by a national tour, a further single, "Is It...? ", was issued in July 1993 and reached the top 40, but a proposed second album was shelved and Tkautz refocused on her acting career. In September 2005, Tkautz released a new single, a cover version of "The Glamorous Life", a 1984 song by Sheila E and written by Prince, which peaked at No. 31 on the ARIA Singles Chart.Her second album, Lost & Found, was issued on 4 December that year. Also that year, she re-recorded "Sexy (Is the Word)", which was included as a bonus track on Lost & Found. <mask> travelled to Sweden in early 2006 to work with 2N and while there she recorded her next single, "Easily Affected", and "Not Enough". Her version of "The Glamorous Life" had some success internationally. It was released in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, Russia, Dubai and UAE, and Canada. In February 2008 she performed "Easily Affected", "True Love", "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)" and her new single, "I Want Your Love" at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Fair Day. In January 2012 Australian comedian, Sam Kekovich, released a music video as an ad for Australian lamb meat, which was a rendition of Aqua's hit "Barbie Girl"; it featured vocals by <mask> and an appearance by hip-hop dance and pop music group, Justice Crew.Meat and Livestock Australia's marketing manager, Andrew Cox, declared "[i]t's the most successful lamb campaign ever in terms of lamb sales ... people were able to share our 'Barbie Girl' song on Facebook and Twitter". In August that year Tkautz issued a compilation album, The Hits & More, and followed with a tour promoting its appearance. In 2015 British producers 7th Heaven Productions announced via their website that they have remixed <mask>'s track Not Enough - and stated this was an upcoming single release by Tkautz. Nothing has eventuated since this announcement and no bootleg or preview of the track has been released as yet. Fans are hoping that this will be released in the future. In December 2017 during an interview, <mask> revealed she would be heading into the recording studio in January to record her next single. She states the new single is a duet with another famous singer.No release dates or information on this project has been officially released as of 30 January 2018. Personal life
In 1999 her father, Stefan, died of cancer, she co-wrote the track, "Goodbye Daddy" (with Paul Wiltshire), from Lost & Found in his honour. In December 2006 Tkautz told Woman's Day that she had been in love with her E Street co-star, Simon Baker, the relationship ended as "she wanted a long-term commitment but he was not at that stage of his life"; and then with Marcus Graham who "betrayed her after four months". Baker had also appeared in the music video for her debut single, "Read My Lips". In February 2009 <mask> married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years. She uses her married name, <mask>, outside her professional career. Together they have two kids.Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards and recognition

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart

References

External links

1974 births
Australian people of Austrian descent
Australian people of Maltese descent
ARIA Award winners
Australian dance musicians
Australian television actresses
The Real Housewives cast members
Living people
<mask>, <mask>
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers

masks:
Melissa Natalie Tkautz
Melissa
Tkautz
Melissa Nicholas
Tkautz
Tkautz
Stefan Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Melissa
Melissa
Tkautz
Melissa Nicholas
Tkautz
Melissa


title: Kenneth C. Smith

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is a Canadian electrical engineer and professor. He is
currently Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto. Academic career
<mask> received the Bachelor of Applied Science degree
from the Division of Engineering Physics (now Division of Engineering Science)
in 1954, the M.A.Sc in electrical engineering in 1956, and the Ph.D. in Physics
in 1960, all from the University of Toronto. From 1954 to 1955 he served with Canadian National Telegraphs as a Transmission
Engineer. In 1956, <mask> joined the Computation Centre, University of Toronto,
as Research Engineer assigned to assist in the development of high-speed
computers at the Digital Computer Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana. In
1960, he joined the faculty at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
University of Toronto as an Assistant Professor. In 1961 he returned the
University of Illinois as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
where he became Chief Engineer of Illiac II, and of the Illiac III, and
attained the rank of Associate Professor of Computer Science.In 1965 he
returned to the University of Toronto where he attained the rank of full
Professor. He served as Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at
the University of Toronto from 1976 to 1981. <mask>'s publications are in the areas of electronic circuits, computer architecture,
multiple-valued logic, instrumentation, sensors, machine vision, neural
networks, computer music, human factors and human-computer interfaces,
and databases. <mask> has published over 150 scholarly papers. <mask> is the co-author of Microelectronic Circuits (with A.S. Sedra). Two of his former graduate students are Adel S. Sedra and Bill Buxton. <mask> and Sedra notably invented the current conveyor, a general circuit component similar to an operational amplifier.They also co-wrote
the undergraduate microelectronics textbook Microelectronic Circuits, originally published in 1982 and now in its eighth edition (2020). The textbook has over one million copies in print as of June 1988. <mask> was appointed an advisory professor in communications at Shanghai Tiedao University, Shanghai,
China in 1989. From 1993 to 1998, <mask> was a visiting professor of electrical and electronic engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, where he was founding director of its computer engineering department. Publications
Books
A. Sedra and K.C<mask>, Microelectronic Circuits, 6th ed. London, U.K.: Oxford Univ.Press, 2009. K.C<mask>, KCs Problems and Solutions to Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed. London, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998. K.C<mask>, Laboratory Explorations to Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed.London, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998. Articles, selected

K.C<mask>, A. Sedra, The current conveyor—A new circuit building block, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1368–1369, August 1968.A. Sedra, K.C<mask>, A second-generation current conveyor and its applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 132–134, February 1970. Zvonko G. Vranesic, E. Stewart Lee, <mask><mask>, A many-valued algebra for switching systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 19, no.10, pp. 964–971, October 1970. E.A. Ozkarahan, S.A. Schuster, K.C<mask>, RAP—An associative processor for data base management, Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, pp. 379–387, May 1975. W. Buxton, M.R.Lamb, D. Sherman, K.C<mask>, Towards a comprehensive user interface management system, Computer Graphics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 35–42, July 1983. S.K. Lee, W. Buxton, K.C.<mask>, A multi-touch three-dimensional touch-sensitive tablet, Proceedings of the 1985 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, pp. 21–25, April 1985. K.C<mask>, Multiple-valued logic: A tutorial and appreciation, Computer, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 17–27, April 1988.R. Safaee-Rad, I. Tchoukanov, K.C<mask>, B. Benhabib, Three-dimensional location estimation of circular features for machine vision, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 624–640, October 1992. Service
<mask> was the general Chairman of the 1973 IEEE International Symposium for Circuits and Systems. He has
also contributed to the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference as member of the Program Committee and member of the Executive Committee and Awards Chairman.He was also the Chairman of the Publications Council of the Canadian Society of Electrical Engineering
(CSEE),  and a  Director of the Canadian Society for Professional Engineers (CSPE). Industry
<mask> co-founded and was principal scientist at Z-Tech, a medical-instrumentation company that
developed bio-impedance measurement devices for the detection of breast cancer. Awards and honors
<mask> was elected fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (1978) "for contributions to digital circuit design" and became a Life Fellow in 1996. In 1984, he received the IEEE Computer Society Certificate of Appreciation "for contributions to multiple-valued circuit and device technology". In 2009, he received the IEEE Canada Computer Medal "for lasting technical and educational contributions to electronics for computing". An anonymous former student donated $75,000 to establish the
<mask> <mask> Engineering Science Research Fellowship, which is awarded
yearly to a student or students in the Engineering Science program at the University of
Toronto. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from Information Technology Association of Canada (ITAC).He also received University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering Alumni Medal in 2011. In 2012, the "Kenneth C. Smith Early Career Award for Microelectronics
Research" was created by the International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic
to honor <mask> for his contribution to the field of multiple-valued logic. In 2014, <mask><mask> and Laura Fujino were presented with the Annual Creativity in Electronics (ACE) Award, selected by a panel of EDN and EE Times editors. Other awards include:
 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Service Award, 2000
 Special Issue of the Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) and Soft Computing, in recognition of <mask>’s 70th year and 30 years of contributions to MVL, 2003
 IEEE Computer Society Service Award, 2004

References

1932 births
Living people
University of Toronto faculty
Canadian electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE

masks:
Kenneth C
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Kenneth C
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Kenneth Carless
Smith
Smith
Kenneth C
. Smith
Smith


title: Cheryl Studer

texts:
<mask> (born October 24, 1955) is an American dramatic soprano who has sung at many of the world's foremost opera houses. Studer has performed more than eighty roles ranging from the dramatic repertoire to roles more commonly associated with lyric sopranos and coloratura sopranos, and, in her late stage, mezzo-sopranos. She is particularly known for her interpretations of the works of Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner. Early life and education
Studer was born in Midland, Michigan, to Carl W<mask> and Elizabeth (born Smith) <mask>, as one of three children. She studied piano and viola as a child, and began voice lessons at age 12 with Gwendolyn Pike, a local opera singer and voice teacher. She attended Herbert Henry Dow High School, then transferred to the Interlochen Arts Academy for her junior and senior years and graduated from there in 1974. Following high school, Studer studied at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music but left the program after a year, deciding to move with her family to Tennessee.She continued her studies at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Vocal Performance in 1979. Studer won several awards and competitions during this time, including the High Fidelity/Musical America Award in 1977 and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1978. In the summer of 1979, Studer attended a course for foreign students on the art of the German Lied at the Schubert Institute in Baden bei Wien, Austria. In this program, Studer's teachers included Irmgard Seefried, Brigitte Fassbaender, and Hans Hotter. Hotter convinced Studer to remain in Europe to study further with him at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst, Vienna. Studer studied with Hotter for one year before launching out on her professional career. In 1979, she won the Franz-Schubert-Institut-Preis for excellence in Lied interpretation.Vocation

1980s
In 1981, Studer was hired as a permanent member of the Bavarian State Opera by Wolfgang Sawallisch. She remained with the company for two consecutive seasons, singing mostly minor roles in their productions. Her lead roles at the Bavarian State Opera included the title role in Carl Maria von Weber's Euryanthe and Mařenka The Bartered Bride. It was while working with the Bavarian State Opera that Studer was first encouraged to study the works of Richard Wagner and the dramatic soprano repertoire. Up to this point she had focused mostly on the bel canto repertoire, with her only foray into German repertoire up to that point being through Lieder. She made her professional opera debut with the company as Helmwige in Wagner's Die Walküre. At the end of the 1981–82 season, she left the Munich ensemble to join the Staatstheater Darmstadt for two seasons.In the spring of 1983, Studer took her first major role as Violetta in Verdi's La traviata with the Staatstheater Braunschweig. This was followed by two more important roles the following summer: Irene in Wagner's Rienzi and Drola in Wagner's Die Feen, under the direction of Wolfgang Sawallisch at the Bavarian State Opera's Summer Music Festival. In 1984, Studer left the Staatstheater Darmstadt to become a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin ensemble. She stayed with the company for two full seasons. She made her US opera debut the same year with the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Micaëla in Carmen. In 1985, Studer performed as Elisabeth in Wagner's Tannhäuser under Giuseppe Sinopoli at the Bayreuth Festival. Positive reviews of this performance quickly led Studer to more prominent leading roles.In 1986, Studer made her debut at the Liceu as Freia in Wagner's Das Rheingold and her debut at Opéra de Paris as Pamina in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. That same year, she made her debut with the San Francisco Opera as Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger. In 1987, Studer made her debut with the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, as Elisabeth in Wagner's Tannhäuser and her debut at La Scala as Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 1988, Studer made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen. That same year she returned to La Scala to perform the role of Mathilde in Rossini's William Tell. She sang Agathe in Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz at the Théâtre Musical de Paris. In 1989, she made her Vienna State Opera and Salzburg Festival debuts playing the same role, Chrysothemis in Richard Strauss' Elektra.That same year, Studer received the Grand Prix du Disque – Prix Maria Callas. Also in 1989, she returned to La Scala to perform the role of La Duchesse Hélène in Verdi's I vespri siciliani and made her debut with the Opera Company of Philadelphia in the title role of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. 1990s
In 1990, Studer returned to the Metropolitan Opera to sing the role of Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni. That same year, Studer sang the role of Elsa in Richard Wagner's Lohengrin at the Vienna State Opera. In 1991, Studer performed two more roles at the Met, Elettra in Mozart's Idomeneo and Violetta in Verdi's La traviata. She sang the role of Gilda in act 3 of Verdi's Rigoletto at the Metropolitan Opera's 25th Anniversary Gala, opposite Luciano Pavarotti and Leo Nucci. In 1990, she also sang Odabella in Verdi's Attila at La Scala and Countess Almaviva in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro at the Vienna State Opera.In 1995, she sang the role of Princess von Werdenberg in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier for the first time at the Salzburg Festival. Also in 1995, Studer appeared in concert with her hometown orchestra, the Midland Symphony Orchestra, in Midland, Michigan, during the orchestra's 60th anniversary season. In 1996, Studer sang the same role at the Vienna State Opera. That same year, Studer returned to the Royal Opera to sing the title role of Richard Strauss' Arabella and revisited the title role in Aïda opposite Waltraud Meier as Amneris in performances at the Bavarian State Opera. She sang Leonore in Beethoven's Fidelio at the Salzburg Festival in 1997 conducted by Sir Georg Solti. In 1998, she sang Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus and Sieglinde in Die Walküre at the Bavarian State Opera. That same year she also sang Primadonna/Ariadne in Strauss' Ariadne auf Naxos at the Munich Nationaltheater.Also in 1998, she sang Senta in Der fliegende Holländer at the Bayreuth Festival. She reprised the role there in 1999. In July 1998, she sang a  for the Richard Wagner Society at the Markgräfliches Opernhaus (Margravial or Margrave's Opera House) in Bayreuth celebrating the 250th anniversary of the house. During the late 1990s, Studer had a period of vocal problems that led to the Bavarian State Opera canceling her contracts in 1998, but after a brief time off the stage, her performances indicated a return to form and the Bavarian State Opera renewed her contract for fourteen more performances. 2000s
In 2000 Studer returned to the Metropolitan Opera to sing the role of Princess von Werdenberg (the Marschallin) in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier. That same year, Studer sang the title role of Richard Strauss' Arabella at the Zürich Opera. She also filled in as a last minute Sieglinde in Die Walküre at the Bayreuth Festival substituting for an ailing Waltraud Meier.In 2000, she also sang Richard Strauss' Four Last Songs with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by David Zinman substituting for an ailing Claudio Abbado. She also sang the Walküre Brünnhilde' in concert in Budapest with the Budapest Festival Orchestra under the direction of Iván Fischer. In February 2001, Studer sang the role of the Kaiserin (Empress) in Richard Strauss' Die Frau ohne Schatten at the Dresden Semperoper conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli. She revisited the role at the Vienna State Opera in 2002 in the Robert Carsen production. Around this time, Studer also sang back-to-back performances of the Kaiserin and the Marschallin at the Semperoper conducted by Dietfried Bernet. In June 2001, Studer sang Elisabeth in performances of Werner Herzog's production of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser at the Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Studer can be heard singing the "Ave Maria" from Verdi's Otello in the soundtrack to the 2001 Hollywood film, O.In February 2002 she made a rare U.S. appearance singing Isolde's "Liebestod" with the Indianapolis Symphony. In January 2003, Studer sang the soprano part in Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in Berlin during UNESCO's official designation of the symphony's manuscript as Memory of the World. Also in 2003, she sang her final Sentas in Der fliegende Holländer in May at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and she gave a  "In Memoriam Maria Callas" in Athens, Greece, with pianist Charles Spencer, featuring songs and Lieder by Verdi, Wagner, Barber, Richard Strauss, and Copland. In March 2004, Studer sang her first complete Isolde in three concert performances of the work, in Münster, Germany. Before these complete Isoldes, she had sung excerpts from all three acts of Tristan und Isolde in Gießen, Germany (in 1999). In October 2005, Studer sang the role of Sieglinde in Richard Wagner's first-ever Ring Cycle in China, at Beijing's Poly Theatre.The cycle was produced by Stephen Lawless for the Staatstheater Nürnberg and the performances were conducted by Philippe Auguin. In November 2005 it was reported, but never confirmed, that Studer had suffered a mild heart attack, forcing her to cancel a number of scheduled concerts in Spain. In June 2007, Studer gave a series of Masterclasses and an all-Richard Strauss Lieder recital with pianist Semyon Skigin in St. Petersburg, Russia. In August 2007, also with pianist Semyon Skigin, she sang an all-Richard Strauss Lieder recital at Villa Wahnfried, Bayreuth. In February 2008, Studer gave a Lieder recital at Teatro Villamarta in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain with pianist Jonathan Alder, featuring Lieder by Schumann, Brahms, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. Later that year in October 2008, Studer gave another Lieder recital at Drake University with pianist Nicholas Roth, featuring songs and Lieder by Rossini, Ravel, Massenet, Albéniz, Brahms, Barber, and Richard Strauss. In November 2008, she gave another recital in Germany with Dutch pianist  featuring Lieder by Schumann, Brahms, Mahler, and Richard Strauss.In August 2009, Studer sang Richard Wagner's Wesendonck Lieder in Berlin, Germany as part of the short-lived Berlin International Music Festival. conducted the Festival orchestra. 2010–present
On July 9, 2010, Studer made her directorial debut in a new production of Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia at the  in Würzburg, Germany. In May 2011, she won the Terras sam Sombra International Prize. Later that year, in November 2011, she appeared in concert in Nuremberg and Antwerp, Belgium, with the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra and its Chief Music Director, Alexander Shelley. The all-Wagner concerts, also featuring Belgian bass-baritone Wilfried Van den Brande, were recorded and will be released as part of the orchestra's "Nürnberger Symphoniker Live" series. Studer has begun a transition into a lower voice range.In December 2011 she appeared as Gertrud in performances of Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel at the Hamburg State Opera. She revisited the role in 2013, also in Hamburg. In 2012 she was a recipient of the Ovation Award by the Interlochen Center for the Arts. In 2014, she played Adelaide in Richard Strauss' Arabella at the Hamburg State Opera. Also in 2014, she presided over the 38th International Maria Callas Grand Prix for Opera to be held in Athens, Greece. In October 2016, Studer sang the Overseer/Confidant (Die Vertraute/Die Aufseherin) in the late Patrice Chéreau's production of Richard Strauss' Elektra at the Staatsoper Berlin, conducted by Daniel Barenboim. In December 2016, she sang the role of Nettie Fowler in Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Carousel at Theater Basel in Switzerland, in a run of performances through April 2017.In September 2018, Studer sang the contralto role of Mamma Lucia in a new production of Pietro Mascagni's opera Cavalleria rusticana at Oper Graz in Austria. The performances were recorded and released by the Oehms Classics label. In November 2021, Studer sang the role of Tertullia in a new production of Paul Dessau/Bertolt Brecht’s 1951 opera Die Verurteilung des Lukullus (The Condemnation of Lucullus) at Staatsoper Stuttgart, conducted by contemporary music specialist Bernhard Kontarsky, and with tenor Gerhard Siegel in the title role. Masterclasses, opera workshops, adjudication
For eighteen years, from 2003 to 2021, Studer taught at the University of Music in Würzburg. She is also honorary professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Studer conducts a yearly series of master classes and opera workshops at her own North Aegean Music Festival in the island of Lesbos, Greece. She conducts Master Classes internationally (USA, Greece, South Korea, China, Spain, Italy and Germany).Personal life
Studer is married to Greek tenor Michalis Doukakis and has lived in Germany for most of her life. From previous marriages, Studer has two daughters, Elsa and Senta, named after characters from Richard Wagner operas. The elder, Senta, is a pop music singer. Her first solo album, Happy, was released in January 2014. perfido"/Choral Fantasy/Egmont), recorded 12/91, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, recorded 4/89, Philadelphia Orchestra, Riccardo Muti, EMI
 Brahms' Ein Deutsches Requiem, recorded 10/92, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Bruckner's Mass in F minor / Mozart's Vespers, recorded 3/77, MIT Choral Society, John Oliver, private issue LP
 Donizetti's Messa da Requiem, recorded 1/84, Bamberger Symphoniker, Miguel Ángel Gómez Martínez, Orfeo
 Mahler's Das klagende Lied, recorded 11/90, Philharmonia Orchestra, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No. 2, recorded 11/92, Wiener Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No.8, recorded 11–12/90, Philharmonia Orchestra, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No. 8, recorded 1/94, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Schubert Lieder, recorded 1/90, Irwin Gage, Deutsche Grammophon
 von Schweinitz's Messe, Op.

masks:
Cheryl Studer
. Studer
Studer


title: Félix B. Caignet

texts:
<mask>, known as <mask><mask>, (March 31, 1892 – May 25, 1976) was a Cuban radio writer, broadcaster, poet, novelist, journalist, theater critic, singer and musical composer. He is known as a pioneer of radio broadcasting in Cuba, and as one of the creators of Latin American soap operas. He was known for his ability to make radio audiences cry. He purposely wrote to make people cry, as he realized that “many were born with pain and misery tattooed on their souls and had so much pain and bitterness in their lives that they never cried for themselves.”

Caignet believed that the audiences “took on the feelings of one or another character who was suffering and, without being aware of it, associated their own pain with that of the fictitious figure, and cried with him or her.”
<mask><mask>’s radio dramas were broadcast throughout Central and South America and brought stories of social reality and the “speaking in metaphors” narrative style into popularity. Life

Santiago de Cuba
<mask> was born on a coffee plantation in Santa Rita de Burene, San Luis, in the eastern region of Cuba. Poverty forced the family to move to Santiago de Cuba. There, <mask> was exposed to the itinerant story tellers who made the streets their home and he became interested in writing, first with sentimental poems.At the age of 20 he became a journalist and began to contribute to the cultural magazine Teatro Alegre. The newspaper El Diario de Cuba took him on in 1918 and within two years he had his own theatre column, “Vida teatral” (Theater Life) with the byline of Salomón. By 1920 he was also contributing to magazines and newspapers such as El Fígaro, Bohemia and El Sol under a series of bylines. Journalists of the time often protected themselves from retaliation, official or unofficial, through the use of pseudonyms. Caignet at various times signed himself as Doña To Masa (Mrs. All Dough), Miss T. Riosa (Miss T. Rious) and A. L. Khan Ford (Mr. Cam Phor), among many others. He published a children’s story in 1925 called “Las aventuras de Chilín y Bebita en el país azul” (The Adventures of Chilín and <mask>bita in the Blue Country). He continued to write stories for children and, in the early 1930s, broadcast them on the radio on Cuba’s first radio program for children, “Buenas tardes, muchachitos” (Good Afternoon, Boys) on station CMKC of the Grupo Catalán.Some of the stories were invented on the air. Caignet’s suspenseful, episodic story style, learned from the itinerant story tellers of his childhood, was well suited to radio. He adapted “The Adventures of Chilín and <mask>bita in the Blue Country” as a serial for radio called “Chilín y Bebita” and would conduct his own listener surveys by going out into the streets to ask people about the show. From this he got an idea of how many people listened to the program and what they thought of the plot developments. By concentrating on the parts of the story people liked best, he increased the popularity of the series and changed the name from “Chilín y Bebita” to “Chilín, <mask>bita y el enanito Coliflor” (Chilín, <mask>bita and Midget Cauliflower). Also a composer of children’s songs, his song “El ratoncito Miguel” (Mickey Mouse) was used as a fundraiser in the fight against the regime of President Gerardo Machado. The song was performed several times at the Teatro Rialto in Santiago de Cuba in 1932 until it was banned and Caignet arrested.Imprisoned for three days, he was released when his fans, including children, demonstrated outside the Moncada garrison. Caignet enjoyed great success in 1934 with the detective dramas of “Chan Li Po”, based on the American Charlie Chan movies, broadcast on CMKD of the Palacio de la Torre. Caignet acted as narrator for the series. The first episode, “La serpiente roja” (The Red Snake), featured Aníbal de Mar and Nenita Viera. Havana
Deciding to move to Havana, he took a job with millionaire Desiderio Parreño, who hired him to paint stones, called “cromolitos”, for his estate in San Miguel de los Baños, Matanzas while he looked for work in the capital. He pitched his Chan Li Po series, but the radio stations didn’t feel it would appeal to the Havana audience. The only work he could find was reciting and singing with radio station CMQ, either alone or in duets with Rita Montaner or Carmelina Pérez.Eventually Radiodifusión O´Shea broadcast a test airing of “Chan Li Po y la Serpiente Roja,” narrated by Marcelo Agudo and starring Mercedes Díaz and <mask>. It became the most listened to program of the time. Seven months later, Caignet was hired by the firm Ypana and moved to Argentina. Returning to Cuba in 1938, he put a new season of Chan Li Po on the air with COCO Radio. The program ran with great success until 1941. Caignet’s other dramas and adaptations also drew large audiences, such as “Aladino y la lámpara maravillosa” (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, 1941), El ladrón de Bagdad (The Thief of Bagdad, 1946), Peor que las víboras (Worse than Vipers, 1946), all broadcast by RHC Cadena Azul. Circuito CMQ S.A. aired El precio de una vida (The Price of a Life, 1944), Ángeles de la calle (Street Angels, 1948), Pobre juventud (Poor Youth, 1957) and La madre de todos (The Mother of Us All, 1958).Circuito CMQ S.A. also produced Caignet’s most popular drama, “El derecho de nacer” (The Right To Be Born) recounting the sad tales of Albertico Limonta and Mamá Dolores. Making its debut on April 1, 1948, with stars María Valero and <mask>, it quickly displaced “Novela del aire” (Novel in the air) of RHC Cadena Azul as the most popular program. RHC Cadena Azul had been offered “El derecho de nacer” (The Right To Be Born), but turned it down due to the controversial subject matter. Death
<mask><mask> died in Havana on May 25, 1976 at 84, for natural causes. His body was buried in Havana until his remains were moved to Santiago de Cuba in 1992 in order to honor his wish to be buried near his parents. Film
Following on his radio success, some of Caignet’s best known stories were made into films, “La Serpiente Roja”, 1937, was the first Cuban film with sound. “El derecho de nacer” was filmed in 1952 by Mexican director Zacarías Gómez Urquiza, starring Jorge Mistral and Gloria Marín.Subsequent films based on Caignet’s stories included Ángeles de la calle (Street Angels), Los que no deben nacer (The ones who should not be born), La mujer que se vendió (The woman who betrayed), Mujer o fiera (Woman or beast), Morir para vivir (To die to live) and La fuerza de los humildes (The force of the humble). Songs
Of <mask><mask>’s many popular songs, the two best known are Frutas del Caney, recorded by the Venezuelan combo Dimensión Latina, and Te odio (I Hate You) sung by the Trío Matamoros and by Rita Montaner and <mask> Diez with Antonio María Romeu’s band. The song was covered (in translation) in the US by <mask>. The popular children's song "El ratoncito Miguel" (Mickey Mouse) was also written by Felix. Poems and Novels
<mask><mask> also wrote poems and novels gaining him the reputation one of the originators of the afrocubanista (Afro-Cubanist) movement as well as writing a number of popular songs. Criticism
Although immensely popular with audiences, Caignet was harshly treated by critics who condemned his work for its mixed metaphors, for ridiculous plots, and tear-jerking sentimentality. He was also known to charge more than any other radio personality, which gave rise to envy amongst his colleagues.Influence
<mask>. Caignet was an influence on Colombian writer and Nobel Prize Winner Gabriel García Márquez. Discography
 http://victor.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/45163/Caignet_Flix_B._composer <mask>. Caignet Discography

External links
  <mask><mask> Biography
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120629212830/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/culture-i/26abril-<mask>aignet.html <mask><mask> Biography

References

1892 births
1976 deaths
Cuban male poets
20th-century Cuban male singers
Cuban composers
Cuban journalists
Male journalists
20th-century composers
20th-century Cuban poets
20th-century male writers
20th-century journalists

masks:
Félix Benjamín Caignet Salomón
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix Benmín Caignet Salomón
Félix
Be
Be
Be
Be
Carlos Badías
Carlos Badías
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
. Caignet
Barbarito
Bing Crosby
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
Félix B
Félix B
. Caignet
FelixBC
Félix B
. Caignet


title: Scrapper Blackwell

texts:
Francis Hillman "Scrapper" <mask> (February 21, 1903 – October 7, 1962) was an American blues guitarist and singer, best known as half of the guitar-piano duo he formed with Leroy Carr in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He was an acoustic single-note picker in the Chicago blues and Piedmont blues styles. Some critics have noted that he veered towards jazz. Biography
<mask> was born in Syracuse, South Carolina, one of sixteen children of Payton and <mask>. He identified as being of Cherokee descent. He grew up in and spent most of his life in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he first relocated to at the age of three. He was given the nickname "Scrapper" by his grandmother, because of his fiery nature.His father played the fiddle, but <mask> was a self-taught guitarist, building his first guitar out of a cigar box, wood and wire. He also learned to play the piano, occasionally performing professionally. By his teens, <mask> was a part-time musician, traveling as far as Chicago. He was known for being withdrawn and hard to work with, but he established a rapport with the pianist Leroy Carr, whom he met in Indianapolis in the mid-1920s, and they had a productive working relationship. Carr convinced <mask> to record with him for Vocalion Records in 1928; the result was "How Long, How Long Blues", the biggest blues hit of that year. <mask> also made solo recordings for Vocalion, including "Kokomo Blues", which was transformed into "Old Kokomo Blues" by Kokomo Arnold and later reworked as "Sweet Home Chicago" by Robert Johnson. <mask> and Carr toured throughout the American Midwest and South between 1928 and 1935 as stars of the blues circuit, recording over 100 sides."Prison Bound Blues" (1928), "Mean Mistreater Mama" (1934), and "Blues Before Sunrise" (1934) were popular tracks. <mask> made several solo excursions. A 1931 visit to Richmond, Indiana, to record at Gennett studios is noteworthy. <mask> was dissatisfied with the lack of credit given his contributions with Carr; the situation was remedied by Vocalion's Mayo Williams after his 1931 breakaway: in all future recordings, <mask> and Carr received equal songwriting credits and equal status in recording contracts. <mask>'s last recording session with Carr was in February 1935, for Bluebird Records. The session ended bitterly, as both musicians left the studio mid-session and on bad terms, stemming from payment disputes. Two months later <mask> received a phone call informing him of Carr's death due to heavy drinking and nephritis.<mask> soon recorded a tribute to his musical partner of seven years ("My Old Pal Blues"). After the death of Carr, <mask> did a few recordings with piano player Dot Rice, without much success; the song "No Good Woman Blues" shows <mask> as the singer. A short time later <mask> retired from the music industry. <mask> returned to music in the late 1950s. He was recorded by Colin C. Pomroy in June 1958 (those recordings were released in 1967 on the Collector label). Soon afterwards he was recorded by Duncan P. Schiedt for Doug Dobell's 77 Records. <mask> was then recorded in 1961, in Indianapolis, by the young Art Rosenbaum for the Prestige/Bluesville Records label.The story was recounted by Rosenbaum as starting three years before the recordings were made. When he was growing up in Indianapolis, Rosenbaum knew an African-American woman who said that he "had to meet a man that she knew, who played guitar, played blues and christian songs, they'll make the hairs stand up on the back of your neck." Rosenbaum subsequently met <mask>: "I met the gentleman across the street from the Methodist hospital in Indianapolis". <mask>'s friend said, "well he hasn't got a guitar", so Rosenbaum said, "well I got a guitar." <mask> than said that he needed some "bird food". Rosenbaum did not understand what he was referring to, so <mask> explained, "you gotta get some bird food for the bird, before the bird sings... beer!"Rosenbaum said, "I'm too young!" <mask> continued, "we'll buy the beer, you just give us some money." Rosenbaum recalled, "So we did, and he started playing these beautiful blues. I didn't realize he was <mask> <mask> til I mentioned his name to a blues collecting friend", when the friend exclaimed, "you met Scrapper <mask>!?" <mask> was ready to resume his blues career, when he was shot and killed in a mugging in an Indianapolis alley, in October 1962 at the age of 59. The police arrested his neighbor at the time for the murder, but the crime remains unsolved. <mask> is buried in New Crown Cemetery, in Indianapolis.See also
List of unsolved murders

Discography

Studio albums
Blues Before Sunrise (77 Records, 1960)
Mr. Scrapper's Blues (Bluesville, 1962)
The Blues of Brooks Berry & Scrapper <mask>: My Heart Struck Sorrow (Bluesville, 1963)

Compilations
The Virtuoso Guitar of Scrapper <mask> (Yazoo, 1970)
Naptown Blues 1929–1934, Leroy Carr and <mask> <mask> (Yazoo, 1973)
Blues That Make Me Cry (Agram, 1981)
Great Piano-Guitar Duets (1929–1935), Leroy Carr and <mask> <mask> (Old Tramp, 1987)
Leroy Carr & Scrapper Blackwell 1929–1935 (Best of Blues, 1989)
Scrapper <mask> with Brooks Berry (Document, 1994)
Complete Recorded Works, Vols. 1 and 2 (Document, 1996)

References

 Swinton, Paul (2000). Audio CD liner notes. Bad Liquor Blues. KATCD162. External links
 Scrapper <mask> at mp3.com
 [ Scrapper <mask> at allmusic]
 Illustrated Scrapper Blackwell discography

1903 births
1962 deaths
1962 murders in the United States
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American singers
American blues guitarists
American blues singers
American male guitarists
American murder victims
American people of Cherokee descent
Chicago blues musicians
Country blues musicians
Deaths by firearm in Indiana
Decca Records artists
Gennett Records artists
Guitarists from Illinois
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
People murdered in Indiana
Piedmont blues musicians
Unsolved murders in the United States
Vocalion Records artists
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
20th-century African-American musicians

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Michael D. Fayer

texts:
<mask> (born September 12, 1947) is an American chemical physicist. He is the <mask>m and Edward Curtis Franklin Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. Education and academic career
He attended the University of California, Berkeley for both undergraduate and graduate school. He received his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1974 under the supervision of Professor Charles B. Harris. Fayer began his academic career at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1974. Research
Fayer pioneered and launched a fundamental transformation of how the dynamics and dynamical interactions of complex molecular systems are investigated. The multiple experimental approaches he initiated have forever changed the manner in which chemists, biologist, molecular physicists, and materials scientist interrogate key aspects of nature.By the early 1970s, just as Fayer was beginning his career, advances in laser technology were occurring to make pulses of light that were short enough to get to the time scales of molecular motions. While Fayer contributed to laser development, his real ground breaking contributions are in the methods that we use to look at molecular motions. Even with ultrashort pulses of light, it is still not possible to look, in the normal sense of the word, at molecules moving. Fayer developed and continues to develop and apply what are called ultrafast nonlinear optical experiments to the study of molecular dynamics in complex molecular systems such as liquids, glasses, crystals, and biological systems. Ultrafast nonlinear methods involve sequences of light pulses. In a typical experiment, three pulses of light impinge on a sample, and remarkably, the nonlinear interactions in the sample give rise to a fourth pulse of light that leaves the sample in a unique direction. If the experiments are conducted with visible light, you can actually see this nonlinear production of an additional light pulse.Three beams of ultrashort light pulses go into the sample, but four beams of light come out of the sample. It is this fourth beam of light that contains the information about the sample. There are many versions of this type of experiment that Fayer developed and applied to understanding molecular materials. Depending on the timing of the pulses, the colors of the pulses, and the directions of the pulses coming into the sample, different properties can be investigated. Fayer drove the field of ultrafast optical spectroscopy through his developments and use of these new methods to explicate the properties of complex molecular systems. Fayer's contributions can be divided into two periods. In the first, approximately 1974 through 1993, Fayer's ultrafast nonlinear experiments were conducted using visible or ultraviolet light.These were the colors that were available with the laser technology of the time. In the early 1990s, Fayer realized that a great leap could be taken if the experiments could be extended to the infrared regions of the optical spectrum. Infrared light acts on molecular vibrations, which are the motions of the atoms that make up molecules. By using infrared light, it is possible to more directly interrogate the structural dynamics of molecular systems than with the use of visible or ultraviolet light. However, a source of ultrashort infrared light pulses was necessary, so Fayer got together with Stanford physicists to turn the free electron laser to the study of molecular process using ultrafast infrared nonlinear experiments. These first experiments using the free electron laser, which was two football fields long and took a crew to run, set off an explosion of interest in infrared nonlinear methods. In less than ten years, it became possible to perform the experiments using lasers that could be housed in a normal laboratory and did not require a free electron laser.Fayer contributed substantially to the equipment side, but his main creative impact was exploiting the new ultrafast infrared methods and technology for a wide variety of fundamentally important molecular problems. These methods have evolved into what are now called ultrafast multi-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. The methods that Fayer popularized are now spread throughout the world. Honors and awards
Fayer was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. A 1982 recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship, Fayer has been honored with several awards from American Physical Society including the 2000 Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy “For the development of optical and infrared ultrafast spectroscopic methods, and especially for experiments using these methods to measure dynamical processes in condensed phase systems.” and the 2012 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science “For seminal contributions to laser science in the development of ultrafast nonlinear and multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy.<mask> is the recipient of the 2007 E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy by American Chemical Society "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of dynamics and excitation transport in complex condensed matter systems, through his development of ultrafast nonlinear laser spectroscopy, transient grating, and infrared photon echo techniques." He received the 2009 Ellis R. Lippincott Award by Optical Society of America “For seminal contributions to the understanding of the dynamics and interactions in liquids through development and applications of ultrafast nonlinear vibrational experimental methods and spectroscopy.” Fayer was also announced to be the recipient of the 2014 Ahmed Zewail Award in Ultrafast Science and Technology “For the development of coherent infrared spectroscopy and its applications to measurements of ultrafast dynamics in complex molecular systems.”

Scientific education
In addition to his scientific research, Fayer has devoted a great deal of energy to advancing scientific education. He has written two books on quantum theory, one for teaching at the graduate level and one for laymen.His graduate quantum mechanics book, Elements of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, 2000, is an advanced introduction to quantum theory. Fayer’s book, Absolutely Small – How Quantum Theory Explains Our Everyday World, AMACOM, 2010, is a rigorous introduction to the concepts of quantum mechanics and its application to the molecular and atomic systems that are all around us, but with no math. The book is popular among non-scientists who are interested in science as well as scientists who are not in the field of molecular physics and want a conceptual understanding of quantum theory without getting bogged down with countless equations. Personal life
Fayer has been married to <mask> for well over forty years, and he has two children, Victoria and William. References

1947 births
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University faculty
21st-century American chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

masks:
Michael David Fayer
David Mulvane Ehrsa
” Fayer
Terry Fayer


title: Joseph James DeAngelo

texts:
<mask>. (born November 8, 1945) is an American serial killer, serial rapist, burglar, and former police officer who committed at least 13 murders, 50 rapes, and 120 burglaries across California between 1974 and 1986. DeAngelo was responsible for at least three crime sprees throughout California, each of which spawned a different nickname in the press, before it became evident that they were committed by the same person. In the San Joaquin Valley, he was known as the Visalia Ransacker before moving to the Sacramento area, where he became known as the East Area Rapist and was linked by modus operandi to additional attacks in Contra Costa County, Stockton, and Modesto. <mask> committed serial murders in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Orange counties, where he was known as the Night Stalker and later the Original Night Stalker (owing to serial killer Richard Ramirez also being called the "Night Stalker"). <mask> is believed to have taunted and threatened both victims and police in obscene phone calls and possibly written communications. During the decades-long investigation, several suspects were cleared through DNA evidence, alibi, or other investigative methods. In 2001, after DNA testing indicated that the East Area Rapist and the Original Night Stalker were the same person, the combined acronym EARONS came into use.The case was a factor in the establishment of California's DNA database, which collects DNA from all accused and convicted felons in California and has been called second only to Virginia's in effectiveness in solving cold cases. To heighten awareness of the case, crime writer Michelle McNamara coined the name Golden State Killer in early 2013. On June 15, 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law-enforcement agencies held a news conference to announce a renewed nationwide effort, offering a $50,000 reward for the Golden State Killer's capture. On April 24, 2018, authorities charged 72-year-old <mask> with eight counts of first-degree murder, based upon DNA evidence; investigators had identified members of <mask>'s family through forensic genetic genealogy. This was also the first announcement connecting the Visalia Ransacker crimes to DeAngelo. Owing to California's statute of limitations on pre-2017 rape cases, <mask> could not be charged with 1970s rapes; but he was charged in August 2018 with thirteen related kidnapping and abduction attempts. On June 29, 2020, <mask> pleaded guilty to multiple counts of murder and kidnapping.As part of a plea bargain that spared him the death penalty, <mask> also admitted to numerous crimes with which he had not been formally charged, including rapes. On August 21, 2020, <mask> was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Early life and career

<mask> <mask> Jr. was born on November 8, 1945, in Bath, New York, to Kathleen Louise DeGroat and <mask> <mask>, a sergeant in the United States Army. He has two sisters and a younger brother. A relative reported that when <mask> was a young child, he witnessed his seven-year-old sister's rape by two airmen in a warehouse in West Germany, where the family was stationed at the time. Following <mask>'s conviction, one of his sisters claimed that he was abused by their father while he was growing up. Between 1959 and 1960, <mask> attended Mills Junior High School in Rancho Cordova, California.Beginning in 1961, he attended Folsom High School, from which he received a GED certificate in 1964. He played on the school's junior varsity baseball team. Prosecutors reported that <mask> committed burglaries and tortured and killed animals during his teenage years. DeAngelo joined the United States Navy in September 1964 and served for 22 months during the Vietnam War as a damage controlman on the cruiser  and the destroyer tender . Beginning in August 1968, <mask> attended Sierra College in Rocklin, California; he graduated with an associate degree in police science, with honors. He attended Sacramento State University in 1971, where he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice. DeAngelo later took post-graduate courses and further police training at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, then completed a 32-week police internship at the police department in Roseville.Police officer
From May 1973 to August 1976, <mask> was a burglary unit police officer in Exeter, having relocated from Citrus Heights. He then served in Auburn from August 1976 to July 1979, when he was arrested for shoplifting a hammer and dog repellent; he was sentenced to six months of probation and fired that October. During the process of being fired, DeAngelo threatened to kill the chief of police and allegedly stalked the chief's house. Marriage and relationship
In May 1970, law enforcement student <mask> became engaged to nursing student Bonnie Jean Colwell, a classmate at Sierra College, but she broke it off in 1971 after DeAngelo became manipulative and abusive. After the break up he threatened her with a gun in order to force her to marry him. In November 1973, he married Sharon Marie Huddle in Placer. In 1980, they purchased a house in Citrus Heights, where he was eventually arrested decades later.Huddle became a divorce attorney in 1982, and they had three daughters—two were born in Sacramento, and one was born in Los Angeles before the couple separated in 1991. In July 2018, several months after <mask>'s arrest, Huddle filed for a divorce, which was finalized the following year. Employment
<mask>'s employment history during the 1980s is unknown. From 1989 until his retirement in 2017, he worked as a truck mechanic at a Save Mart Supermarkets distribution center in Roseville. He was arrested in 1996 over failing to pay for gas, but the charge was dismissed. Loud outbursts
<mask>'s brother-in-law claimed that DeAngelo would casually bring up the East Area Rapist in conversation around the time of the original crimes. Neighbors reported that he frequently engaged in loud, profane outbursts.One neighbor reported that his family received a phone message from <mask> threatening to "deliver a load of death" because of their barking dog. He was living with a daughter and granddaughter at the time of his arrest. Crimes

DNA evidence linked <mask> to eight murders in Goleta, Ventura, Dana Point, and Irvine; two other murders in Goleta, lacking DNA evidence, were linked by modus operandi. <mask> pleaded guilty to three other murders: two in Rancho Cordova and one in Visalia. He also committed more than 50 known rapes in the California counties of Sacramento, Contra Costa, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Alameda, Santa Clara, and Yolo; and he was linked to hundreds of incidents of thefts, burglaries, vandalism, peeping, stalking, and prowling. Visalia Ransacker (1973–1976)
It was long suspected that the training ground of the criminal who became the East Area Rapist was Visalia, (although earlier Visalia crimes dating back as early as May 1973 and other sprees like that of the "Cordova Cat Burglar" and the "Exeter Ransacker" as well as Visalia burglaries that took place after the McGowen shooting, are now suspected to be linked as well). Over a period of twenty months, <mask> is believed to have been responsible for one murder and around 120 burglaries.In late April 2018, the Visalia chief of police stated that while there was no DNA linking <mask> to the Central Valley cases, his department had other evidence that played a role in the investigation; and he was "confident that the Visalia Ransacker has been captured". Though the statutes of limitations for the burglaries have each expired, <mask> was formally charged on August 13, 2018, with the first degree murder of Claude Snelling in 1975. In 2020, <mask> pleaded guilty to the Snelling murder. Burglaries

The first recorded ransacking occurred on March 19, 1974, when a sum of $50 in coins was stolen from a piggy-bank. Most of the Ransacker's activities involved breaking into houses, rifling through or vandalizing the owner's possessions, scattering women's underclothes, and stealing a range of low-value items while often ignoring banknotes and higher-valued items in plain sight. The Ransacker would also often arrange or display items in the house. Items emptied included piggy banks and coin jars; and stolen items often included Blue Chip Stamps, foreign or historic coins, and personal items (such as single earrings, cuff-links, rings, or medallions) but also included six weapons and various types of ammunition.Multiple same-day ransackings were common as well, including 12 separate incidents on November 30, 1974. Common MOs of the burglaries included:

 climbing fences and moving through established routes such as parks, walkways, ditches, and trails
 attempting to pry open multiple points of entry, particularly windows
 leaving multiple points of escape open, especially windows, as well as the house, garage, and garden doors
 moving removed window screens onto beds or into bedrooms
 placing "warning items" such as dishes or bottles against doors and on door handles
 wearing gloves (given the absence of fingerprint evidence)

Shootings
On September 11, 1975, <mask> broke into the home of Claude Snelling, 45, at 532 Whitney Lane (now South Whitney Street). Snelling, a journalism professor at the College of the Sequoias, had previously chased a prowler discovered under his daughter's window around 10:00 p.m. on February 5, 1975. On September 11, he was awakened around 2:00 a.m. by strange noises. Upon leaving his bedroom, Snelling ran through the open back door and confronted a ski-masked intruder in his carport attempting to kidnap his daughter, who had been subdued with threats of being stabbed or shot. Snelling was then shot twice, staggered back into the house to his wife, and later died. After the shooting, the assailant fled the scene, leaving behind a stolen bicycle at 615 Redwood Street.After the murder, Beth Snelling, 16, a cheerleader at Mt. Whitney High School, underwent hypnosis in order to gather further details. The Visalia police also committed more resources to apprehending the Ransacker, and a $4,000 reward (equivalent to $19,366 in 2021) was posted. Nighttime stakeouts were set up near houses that he had previously prowled, but the ransackings continued. Around 8:30 p.m. on December 12, 1975, a masked man entered the back yard of a house at 1505 W. Kaweah Avenue, near where the Ransacker had been reported to frequent. When Detective William McGowen (on stakeout inside the garage) attempted to detain the man, the suspect shrieked, removed his mask, and feigned surrender after McGowen fired a warning shot. However, after jumping the fence to the house at 1501, he also pulled out a revolver with his left hand and fired once near McGowen's face, shattering his flashlight.Nearby officers rushed to aid McGowen, and the shooter was able to escape. Items collected as evidence included the flashlight, tennis shoe tracks, and dropped loot, namely Blue Chip Stamps and a blue sock full of coins. East Area Rapist (1976–1979)

<mask> moved to the Sacramento area in 1976, where his crimes escalated from burglary to rape. The crimes initially centered on the then-unincorporated areas of Carmichael, Citrus Heights, and Rancho Cordova, east of Sacramento. His initial modus operandi was to stalk middle-class neighborhoods at night in search of women who were alone in one-story homes, usually near a school, creek, trail, or other open space that would provide a quick escape. He was seen a number of times but always successfully fled; on one occasion, he shot and seriously wounded a young pursuer. Most victims had seen (or heard) a prowler on their property before the attacks, and many had experienced break-ins.Police believed that the offender would conduct extensive reconnaissance in a targeted neighborhood—looking into windows and prowling in yards—before selecting a home to attack. It was believed that he sometimes entered the homes of future victims to unlock windows, unload guns, and plant ligatures for later use. He frequently telephoned future victims, sometimes for months in advance, to learn their daily routines. Although DeAngelo originally targeted women alone in their homes or with children, he eventually preferred attacking couples. This change in modus operandi is believed to be a direct result of media reports claiming he only attacked women alone in the home. His usual method was to break in through a window or sliding glass door and awaken the sleeping occupants with a flashlight, threatening them with a handgun. Victims were subsequently bound with ligatures (often shoelaces) that he found or brought with him, then blindfolded and gagged with towels that he had ripped into strips.The female victim was usually forced to tie up her male companion before she was bound. The bindings were often so tight that the victims' hands were numb for hours after being untied. He then separated the couple, often stacking dishes on the male's back and threatening to kill everyone in the house if he heard them rattle. He would move the woman to the living room and rape her, often repeatedly. A police reported that <mask> repeatedly said, “I hate you Bonnie,” during a 1978 rape, the 37th attack. <mask> sometimes spent hours in the home ransacking closets and drawers, eating food in the kitchen, drinking beer, raping the woman again, or making additional threats. Victims sometimes thought he had left the house before he "jump[ed] from the darkness".He typically stole items—often personal objects and items of little value, but occasionally cash and firearms. He then crept away, leaving victims uncertain if he had left. He was believed to escape on foot through a series of yards and then use a bicycle to go home or to a car, making extensive use of parks, schoolyards, creek beds, and other open spaces that kept him off the street. The East Area Rapist operated in Sacramento County from the first attacks in June 1976 until May 1977. After a three-month gap, he struck in nearby San Joaquin County in September before returning to Sacramento for all but one of the next ten attacks. The rapist attacked five times during the summer of 1978 in Stanislaus and Yolo counties before disappearing again for three months. Attacks then moved primarily to Contra Costa County in October and lasted until July 1979.Rapes

Murders

A young Sacramento couple—Brian Maggiore, a military policeman at Mather Air Force Base, and his wife Katie Maggiore—were walking their dog in the Rancho Cordova area on the night of February 2, 1978, near where five East Area Rapist attacks had occurred. The Maggiores fled after a confrontation in the street but were chased down and shot to death. Some investigators suspected that they had been murdered by the East Area Rapist because of their proximity to the other attacks' locations, and a shoelace was found nearby. The FBI announced on June 15, 2016, that it was confident that the East Area Rapist had murdered the Maggiores. On June 29, 2020, <mask> entered a plea of guilty to these murders. Original Night Stalker (1979–1986)
Shortly after the rape committed on July 5, 1979, DeAngelo moved to southern California and began killing his victims, first striking in Santa Barbara County in October. The attacks lasted until 1981 (with a lone 1986 attack).Only the couple in the first attack survived, alerting neighbors and forcing the intruder to flee; the other victims were murdered by gunshot or bludgeoning. Since <mask> was not linked to these crimes for decades, he was known as the Night Stalker in the area, before being renamed the Original Night Stalker after serial killer Richard Ramirez received the former nickname. 1979
On October 1, an intruder broke in and tied up a Goleta couple. Alarmed at hearing him say, "I'll kill 'em" to himself,  the man and woman tried to escape when he left the room; and the woman screamed. Realizing that the alarm had been raised, the intruder fled on a bicycle. A neighbor (an FBI agent) responded to the noise and pursued the perpetrator, who abandoned the bicycle and a knife and fled on foot through local backyards.

masks:
Joseph James DeAngelo Jr
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
Joseph James
DeAngelo
Joseph James
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo
DeAngelo


title: Joseph James DeAngelo

texts:
 The attack was later linked to the Offerman–Manning murders by shoe prints and twine used to bind the victims.On December 30, 44-year-old Robert Offerman and 35-year-old Debra Alexandra Manning were found shot to death at Offerman's condominium on Avenida Pequena in Goleta. Offerman's bindings were untied, indicating that he had lunged at the attacker. Neighbors had heard gunshots. Paw prints of a large dog were found at the scene, leading to speculation that the killer may have brought one with him. The killer had also broken into the vacant adjoining residence and stolen a bicycle, later found abandoned on a street north of the scene, from a third residence in the complex. 1980
On March 13, 33-year-old Charlene Smith and 43-year-old Lyman Smith were found murdered in their Ventura home; Charlene Smith had been raped. A log from a woodpile on the side of the house was used to bludgeon the victims to death.Their wrists and ankles had been bound with drapery cord. An unusual Chinese knot, a diamond knot, was used on Charlene's wrists; the same knot was noted in the East Area Rapist attacks, at least one confirmed case of which was publicly known. The murderer was, therefore, briefly given the name Diamond Knot Killer. On August 19, 24-year-old Keith Eli Harrington and 27-year-old Patrice Briscoe Harrington were found bludgeoned to death in their home on Cockleshell Drive in Dana Point's Niguel Shores gated community. Patrice Harrington had also been raped. Although there was evidence that the Harringtons' wrists and ankles were bound, no murder weapon or ligatures were found at the scene. The Harringtons had been married for three months at the time of their deaths.Patrice was a nurse in Irvine, and Keith was a medical student at UC Irvine. Keith's brother Bruce later spent nearly $2 million supporting California Proposition 69, authorizing DNA collection from all California felons and certain other criminals. 1981
On February 6, 28-year-old Manuela Witthuhn was raped and murdered in her Irvine home. Although Witthuhn's body had signs of being tied before she was bludgeoned, no murder weapon or ligatures were found. Though the victim was married, her husband was away, hospitalized; and she was alone at the time of the attack. Witthuhn's television was found in the backyard, possibly the killer's attempt to make the crime appear to be a botched robbery. On July 27, 35-year-old Cheri Domingo and 27-year-old Gregory Sanchez became the Original Night Stalker's tenth and eleventh murder victims.Both were attacked in Domingo's residence on Toltec Way in Goleta (several blocks south of Robert Offerman's condominium), where she was living temporarily; it was owned by a relative and up for sale. The offender entered the house through a small bathroom window. Sanchez had not been tied and was shot and wounded in the cheek before he was bludgeoned to death with a garden tool. Some believe that Sanchez may have realized he was dealing with the man responsible for the Offerman–Manning murders and tried to tackle the killer rather than be tied up. Again, no neighbors responded to the gunshot. Sanchez's head was covered with clothes pulled from the closet. Domingo was raped and bludgeoned; bruises on her wrists and ankles indicated that she had been tied, although the restraints were missing.A piece of shipping twine was found near the bed, and fibers from an unknown source were scattered over her body. Authorities believed that the attacker may have worked as a painter or in a similar job at the Calle Real Shopping Centre. 1986
On May 4, 18-year-old Janelle Lisa Cruz was found after she was raped and bludgeoned to death in her Irvine home. Her family was on vacation in Mexico at the time of the attack. A pipe wrench, reported missing by Cruz's stepfather, was thought to be the murder weapon. Initially, investigators in respective jurisdictions did not think the southern California murders were connected. A Sacramento detective strongly believed that the East Area Rapist was responsible for the Goleta attacks, but the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office attributed them to a local career criminal who was later murdered.Unaware of the Goleta murders, local police in surrounding jurisdictions followed false leads related to men who were close to the female victims. One person, later cleared, was charged with two of the murders. Many years later, the cases were linked almost entirely by DNA testing. Communications

Written

"Excitement's Crave" poem
In December 1977, someone claiming to be the East Area Rapist sent a poem, "Excitement's Crave", to The Sacramento Bee, the Sacramento mayor's office, and television station KVIE. On December 11, a masked man eluded pursuit by law-enforcement personnel after alerting authorities by telephone that he would strike on Watt Avenue that night. Homework pages and punishment map (December 9, 1978)

During the investigation in Danville of the 42nd attack, investigators discovered three sheets of notebook paper near where a suspicious vehicle had reportedly been parked. They believe the pages were dropped accidentally, perhaps by falling out of a bag.The first sheet appears to be a homework essay on General George Armstrong Custer. The second sheet contains a journal-style entry describing a teacher who made students write lines, which the author found humiliating:

On the last sheet was a hand-drawn map of what appears to be a suburban neighborhood, with the word "punishment" scrawled across the reverse side. Investigators were unable to identify the area depicted in the map, although the artist clearly had knowledge of architectural layout and landscape design. According to Detective Larry Pool, the map is a fantasy location representing the rapist's desired striking ground. Phone calls

"I'm the East Side Rapist" (March 18, 1977)
On March 18, 1977, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office received three calls from a man claiming to be the East Area Rapist; none were recorded. The first two calls, received at 4:15 and 4:30 p.m., were identical and ended with the caller laughing and hanging up. The final call came in at 5:00 p.m., with the caller saying: "I'm the East Side Rapist and I have my next victim already stalked and you guys can't catch me.""You're never gonna catch me" (December 2, 1977)
A man claiming to be the rapist called the Sacramento Police Department, saying: "You're never gonna catch me, East Area Rapist, you dumb fuckers; I'm gonna fuck again tonight. Be careful!" The call was recorded and later released. As with the previous call, the next victim was attacked that night. "Merry Christmas" (December 9, 1977)
During the 1977 Christmas season, a previous victim received a phone call that she attributed to her attacker. The caller said, "Merry Christmas, it's me again!" "Watt Avenue" (December 10, 1977)
Shortly before 10:00 p.m. on December 10, 1977, Sacramento authorities received two identical calls, saying, "I am going to hit tonight.Watt Avenue." Both were recorded, and the caller was identified as the same person who placed the call on December 2. Law-enforcement patrols were increased that night; and at 2:30 a.m., a masked man eluded officers after being seen bicycling on the Watt Avenue bridge. When spotted again at 4:30 a.m., he discarded the bicycle and fled on foot. The bicycle had been stolen. "Gonna kill you" (January 2, 1978)
The first known rape victim received a wrong-number call asking for "Ray" on January 2, 1978. The call was recorded, and police suspect that it may be the same caller who made a threatening call to her later that evening.That call was also recorded and identified by the victim as the voice of her assailant. The caller said, "Gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... fuckin' whore." Counseling service (January 6, 1978)
A man claiming to be the East Area Rapist called the Contact Counseling Service and said, "I have a problem. I need help because I don't want to do this anymore." After a short conversation the caller said, "I believe you are tracing this call" and hung up. Later calls (1982–1991)
In 1982, a previous victim received a call at her place of work—a Denny's restaurant—during which the rapist threatened to rape her again. According to Contra Costa County investigator Paul Holes, the rapist must have chanced to patronize the restaurant and recognized his victim there.In 1991, a previous victim received a phone call from the perpetrator and spoke with him for one minute. She could hear a woman and children in the background, leading to speculation that he had a family. Final call (2001)
On April 6, 2001, one day after an article in The Sacramento Bee linked the Original Night Stalker and the East Area Rapist, a victim of the rapist received a call from him; he asked, "Remember when we played?" Investigation

Before officially connecting the Original Night Stalker to the East Area Rapist in 2001, some law-enforcement officials (particularly from the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department) sought to link the Goleta cases as well. The links were primarily due to similarities in modus operandi. One of the already-linked Original Night Stalker double murders occurred in Ventura,  southeast of Goleta; and the remaining murders were committed in Orange County, an additional  southeast. In 2001, several rapes in Contra Costa County believed to have been committed by the East Area Rapist were linked by DNA to the Smith, Harrington, Witthuhn, and Cruz murders.A decade later, DNA evidence indicated that the Domingo–Sanchez murders were also committed by the East Area Rapist (also identified as the Golden State Killer). On June 15, 2016, the FBI released further information related to the crimes, including new composite sketches and crime details; a $50,000 reward was also announced. The initiative included a national database to support law enforcement's investigating of the crimes and to handle tips and information. Eventually, "through the use of genetic genealogy searching on GEDmatch, investigators identified distant relatives of DeAngelo—including family members directly related to his great-great-great-great grandfather dating back to the 1800s. Based on this information, investigators built about 25 different family trees. The tree that eventually linked to [<mask>] alone contained approximately 1,000 people. Over the course of a few months, investigators used other clues like age, sex, and place of residence to rule out suspects populating these trees, eliminating suspects one by one until only DeAngelo remained."During the investigation, several people were considered and later eliminated as suspects:
 Brett Glasby, from Goleta, was considered a suspect by Santa Barbara County investigators. He was murdered in Mexico in 1982 before the murder of Janelle Cruz, eliminating him as a suspect. Paul "Cornfed" Schneider, a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood, was living in Orange County when the Harringtons, Manuela Witthuhn, and Janelle Cruz were killed. A DNA test cleared him in the 1990s. Joe Alsip, a friend and business partner of the victim Lyman Smith. Alsip's pastor said that Alsip had confessed to him during a family-counseling session. Alsip was arraigned for the Smith murders in 1982, but the charges were later dropped, and his innocence was confirmed by DNA testing in 1997.Other suspected murders
After <mask> was arrested, he was also suspected of committing the 1974 Visalia rape and murder of Jennifer Armour, the 1975 Exeter rape and murder of Donna Jo Richmond, and a 1978 murder of a woman and her son in Simi Valley, but was cleared as a suspect in all three murders by DNA testing. Victoria Police ruled out a link between <mask>, who docked in Australia during his Navy service, and the Melbourne serial child rapist and murderer known as "Mr Cruel". Arrest and trial
On April 24, 2018, Sacramento County Sheriff's deputies arrested <mask>. He was charged with eight counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances. On May 10, the Santa Barbara County District Attorney's office charged <mask> with four additional counts of first-degree murder. Identification of <mask> had begun four months earlier when officials, led by detective Paul Holes and FBI lawyer Steve Kramer, uploaded the killer's DNA profile from a Ventura County rape kit to the personal genomics website GEDmatch. The website identified ten to twenty people who had the same great-great-great grandparents as the Golden State Killer; a team of five investigators working with genealogist Barbara Rae-Venter used this list to construct a large family tree.From this tree, they established two suspects; one was ruled out by a relative's DNA test, leaving <mask> the main suspect. On April 18, a DNA sample was surreptitiously collected from the door handle of <mask>'s car; another sample was later collected from a tissue found in <mask>'s curbside garbage can. Both were matched to samples associated with Golden State Killer crimes. Since <mask>'s arrest, some commentators have raised concerns about the ethics of the secondary use of personally identifiable information. <mask> made a confession of sorts after his arrest that cryptically referred to an inner personality named "Jerry", who had forced him to commit the wave of crimes that ended abruptly in 1986. According to Sacramento County prosecutor Thien Ho, <mask> said the following to himself while alone in a police interrogation room after his arrest in April 2018: "I didn't have the strength to push him out. He made me.He went with me. It was like in my head, I mean, he's a part of me. I didn't want to do those things. I pushed Jerry out and had a happy life. I did all those things. I destroyed all their lives. So now I've got to pay the price."<mask> could not be charged with rapes or burglaries, as the statute of limitations had expired for those offenses, but he was charged with 13 counts of murder and 13 counts of kidnapping. <mask> was arraigned in Sacramento on August 23, 2018. In November 2018, prosecutors from six involved counties collectively estimated that the case could cost taxpayers $20 million and last ten years. At an April 10, 2019, court proceeding, prosecutors announced that they would seek the death penalty, and the judge ruled that cameras could be allowed inside the courtroom during the trial. On March 4, 2020, <mask> offered to plead guilty if the death penalty were taken off the table, which was not accepted at the time. On June 29, as part of a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to thirteen counts of first-degree murder and special circumstances (including murder committed during burglaries and rapes), as well as thirteen counts of kidnapping. On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo received multiple consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole.<mask> offered a brief apology after listening to days of pre-sentencing victim impact statements: "I've listened to all your statements, each one of them, and I'm truly sorry to everyone I have hurt." Family reaction
<mask> committed most of the offenses while he was married and raising a family. Neither his wife nor his children ever suspected he was committing serious crimes. His eldest daughter thought he was the perfect father, while his wife believed his reasons for being away from home. Incarceration
In November 2020, <mask> was transferred to the North Kern State Prison. As of February 2021, <mask> is incarcerated in protective custody at California State Prison, Corcoran. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial rapists by number of victims

References

Further reading

Literature

Periodicals
  (includes numerous photos and maps)
  A seven-part series that profiles California's most prolific uncaught serial killer.Podcasts
 3 Golden State Killer Podcasts That Go Deep on the Case – Time
 Man in the window – Los Angeles Times
 The Creep Among Us – Stitcher

Television

 Dark Minds: The Original Nightstalker Investigation Discovery. I'll Be Gone in the Dark, a 2020 HBO documentary

masks: DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo


title: Francisco Aritmendi

texts:
<mask> (17 or 19 September 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a Spanish long-distance runner who competed mainly in cross country running competitions. He was the gold medallist at the 1964 International Cross Country Championships. He was a six-time competitor at the competition and also shared in a team silver in 1962. However, his failure to finish at the 1963 race drew great criticism as Spain missed the team title as a result. <mask> also competed on the track and represented Spain at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics in the 5000 meters. He was the Spanish record holder in that event, having become the first Spaniard under fourteen minutes with his best of 13:53.4 minutes. He was a three-time national champion: twice in cross country and once in the 10,000 meters.He ran during the amateur era of athletics and ultimately sold his historic International Cross Country gold medal due to poverty. His achievements were recognized nationally in 2007 when he was given the bronze Royal Order of Sports Merit. Career

Early life and career
Born during the height of the Spanish Civil War in Málaga del Fresno, a rural area near Madrid, he grew up in nearby Cogolludo. He took up running at school after being noted for his speed on the football pitch. In spite of his slight and small build (1.57 m), he performed well and quickly rose to win the national junior title in 1958, running with hemp shoes. As he entered his twenties his running career was interrupted by military service and the passed from club to club, leaving Real Madrid in 1959 for SD Arenas. He began to make progress at the Spanish Cross Country Championships, coming 18th in 1961, then ninth in 1962.As a result of the latter performance he received his first international call-up for the 1962 International Cross Country Championships. At the competition, held in Sheffield, he finished 33rd and, as the sixth finisher in a Spanish team led by José Molíns, he shared in the team silver medals. He was signed up by FC Barcelona after this performance and began training under Gregorio Rojo. Failure and victory
At the start of the 1963 season he impressed with a win at the Championat de Catalunya de Cross and second place to Mariano Haro at the national championships. There were high hopes for his performance at the 1963 International Cross Country Championships, which was held on home turf in San Sebastián. However, this would prove to be the most denigrated outing of his career. Failing to run an even-paced race, he ran too quickly towards the end, aiming for individual honor, and despite being around the tenth place on the final lap he dropped out of the race.This decision cost the host nation the team title – with <mask>'s finish the team would have been ten points clear of the eventual winners Belgium, but instead ended fifth in the rankings as the team score was greatly increased by 38th placed Iluminado Corcuera instead. He was greatly criticized by the press and his teammates and Spain never did win the team International Cross title. He completely turned around his fortunes in the 1964 event. He started by defending his Catalan title then claimed his first national title at the Spanish Cross Country Championships. The 1962 winner and 1963 runner-up Gaston Roelants was favourite for the 1964 International Cross Country Championships, but Aritmendi took to the front. The course in Dublin became increasingly muddy in the rain and <mask> persisted as Roelants dropped out and Englishmen Ron Hill and John Cooke fell back. <mask> completed a greatly unexpected upset by winning the gold medal, almost ten seconds ahead of the next finisher.He was the first Spaniard to win this title, the direct predecessor to the cross-country world championships which were established in 1973. As a result of his win he was invited to meet both <mask> and the prince-in-exile Juan Carlos I of Spain. Following his cross country win he began to receive support from the Spanish Athletics Federation and was assigned Kosta Olander as his coach. Aritmendi took to the track that summer and achieved a Spanish record of 13:53.4 minutes while finishing third at the ISTAF Berlin meeting, being the first Spaniard to complete the distance in under fourteen minutes. He did not match this performance later in the season, however, taking third at the Spanish Athletics Championships and being eliminated in fourth place of his heat at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Later career

He broke another Spanish record in February 1965, running 8:22.2 minutes for the indoor 3000 meters. He also defended his title at the Spanish Cross Country Championships.He returned to defend his title, but was not successful, finishing in 23rd place, leading the Spanish men to fifth in the team race. In 1966 he enjoyed three high-profile wins in Spain, taking the Catalan cross country title, the national 10,000 metres title and the Jean Bouin race, but did not compete internationally. He had one more win at the Catalan race in 1967 and, after taking fifth at the nationals, finished 35th in a weakened Spanish team at the 1967 International Cross Country Championships. His final international outing at the 1968 International Cross Country Championships saw him fall outside the top fifty runners in 52nd place. Having been an amateur, he ended his career in poverty and settled in Lasarte-Oria, the hometown of his wife, Conchita. The couple had four children, two girls, and two boys, and later moved to Guadalajara, Castilla-La Mancha. Still of humble means, Aritmendi suffered an injury and his family struggled.As a result, he sold his International Cross Country gold medal in order to buy food for his family. In his later years, his achievements began to be recognized. He received the bronze Royal Order of Sports Merit in 2007. A street in Guadalajara was named in his honour – Paseo de <mask> – and in his hometown of Málaga del Fresno a sports centre was named after him. <mask> died of pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in April. At his death, he remained the only Spaniard to have won the world cross country title. International competitions

National titles
 Spanish Cross Country Championships
 Long race: 1964, 1965
 Spanish Athletics Championships
 10,000 m: 1966

References

Further reading
 Rodrigo Arribas, Ildefonso (2006).Campeón. <mask>, campeón del mundo de cross. Guadalajara: Gatoverde Editores. 1938 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Castilla–La Mancha
People from the Province of Guadalajara
Spanish male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
International Cross Country Championships winners
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Deaths from pneumonia in Spain

masks:
Francisco Aritmendi Criado
Aritmendi
Aritmendi
Aritmendi
Aritmendi
Francisco Franco
Francisco Aritmendi
Aritmendi
Francisco Aritmendi