title: John Crowe Ransom

texts:
<mask> (April 30, 1888 – July 3, 1974) was an American educator, scholar, literary critic, poet, essayist and editor. He is considered to be a founder of the New Criticism school of literary criticism. As a faculty member at Kenyon College, he was the first editor of the widely regarded Kenyon Review. Highly respected as a teacher and mentor to a generation of accomplished students, he also was a prize-winning poet and essayist. Background
<mask> was born on April 30, 1888, in Pulaski, Tennessee. His father, <mask> (1853–1934) was a Methodist minister. His mother was Sara Ella (<mask><mask> (1859–1947).He had two sisters, Annie Phillips and Ella Irene, and one brother, Richard. He grew up in Spring Hill, Franklin, Springfield, and Nashville, Tennessee. He was home schooled until age ten. From 1899 to 1903, he attended the Bowen School, a public school whose headmaster was Vanderbilt alumnus Angus Gordon Bowen. He entered Vanderbilt University in Nashville at the age of fifteen, graduating first in his class in 1909. His philosophy professor was Collins Denny, later a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Ransom interrupted his studies for two years to teach sixth and seventh grades at the Taylorsville High School in Taylorsville, Mississippi, followed by teaching Latin and Greek at the Haynes-McLean School in Lewisburg, Tennessee.After teaching one more year in Lewisburg, he was selected as a Rhodes Scholar. He attended Christ Church, Oxford, 1910–13, where he read Greats. Career
Ransom taught Latin for one year at the Hotchkiss School alongside Samuel Claggett Chew (1888–1960). He was then appointed to the English department at Vanderbilt University in 1914. During the First World War, he served as an artillery officer in France. After the war, he returned to Vanderbilt. He was a founding member of the Fugitives, a Southern literary group of sixteen writers that functioned primarily as a kind of poetry workshop and included Donald Davidson, Allen Tate, and Robert Penn Warren.Under their influence, Ransom, whose first interest had been philosophy (specifically <mask> and American pragmatism) began writing poetry. His first volume of poems, Poems about God (1919), was praised by Robert Frost and Robert Graves. The Fugitive Group had a special interest in Modernist poetry and, under Ransom's editorship, started a short-lived but highly influential magazine, called The Fugitive, which published American Modernist poets, mainly from the South (though they also published Northerners like Hart Crane). Out of all the Fugitive poets, Norton poetry editors Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair opined that, "[Ransom's poems were] among the most remarkable," characterizing his poetry as "quirky" and "at times eccentric." In 1930, alongside eleven other Southern Agrarians, he published the conservative, Agrarian manifesto I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, which assailed the tide of industrialism that appeared to be sweeping away traditional Southern culture. The Agrarians believed that the Southern tradition, rooted in the pre-Civil War agricultural model, was the answer to the South's economic and cultural problems. His contribution to I'll Take My Stand is his essay Reconstructed but Unregenerate which starts the book and lays out the Southern Agrarians' basic argument.In various essays influenced by his Agrarian beliefs, Ransom defended the manifesto's assertion that modern industrial capitalism was a dehumanizing force that the South should reject in favor of an agrarian economic model. However, by the late 1930s he began to distance himself from the movement, and in 1945, he publicly criticized it. He remained an active essayist until his death even though, by the 1970s, the popularity and influence of the New Critics had seriously diminished. In 1937, he accepted a position at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was the founding editor of the Kenyon Review, and continued as editor until his retirement in 1959. In 1966, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He has few peers among twentieth-century American university teachers of humanities; his distinguished students included Donald Davidson, Randall Jarrell, George Lanning, Robert Lowell, Andrew Lytle, Allen Tate, Peter Taylor, Robie Macauley, Robert Penn Warren, E.L. Doctorow, Cleanth Brooks,  Richard M. Weaver, James Wright, and Constantinos Patrides (himself a Rhodes Scholar, who dedicated his monograph on <mask>'s Lycidas to Ransom's memory).His literary reputation is based chiefly on two collections of poetry, Chills and Fever (1924) and Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927). Believing he had no new themes upon which to write, his subsequent poetic activity consisted almost entirely of revising ("tinkering", he called it) his earlier poems. Hence Ransom's reputation as a poet is based on the fewer than 160 poems he wrote and published between 1916 and 1927. In 1963, the poet/critic and former Ransom student Randall Jarrell published an essay in which he highly praised Ransom's poetry:  In <mask> Ransom's best poems every part is subordinated to the whole, and the whole is accomplished with astonishing exactness and thoroughness. Their economy, precision, and restraint gives the poems, sometimes, an original yet impersonal perfection . . . And sometimes their phrasing is magical—light as air, soft as dew, the real old-fashioned enchantment. The poems satisfy our nostalgia for the past, yet themselves have none.They are reports . . . of our world's old war between power and love, between those who efficiently and practically know and those who are "content to feel/ What others understand." And these reports of battles are, somehow, bewitching . . . Ransom's poems profess their limitations so candidly, almost as a principle of style, that it is hardly necessary to say they are not poems of the largest scope or the greatest intensity. But they are some of the most original poems ever written, just as Ransom is one of the best, most original, and most sympathetic poets alive; it is easy to see that his poetry will always be cared for, since he has written poems that are perfectly realized and occasionally almost perfect." Despite the brevity of his poetic career and output, Ransom won the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1951.His 1963 Selected Poems received the National Book Award the following year. He primarily wrote short poems examining the ironic and unsentimental nature of life (with domestic life in the American South being a major theme). An example of his Southern style is his poem "Janet Waking", which "mixes modernist with old-fashioned country rhetoric." He was noted as a strict formalist, using both regular rhyme and meter in almost all of his poems. He also occasionally employed archaic diction. Ellman and O'Clair note that "[Ransom] defends formalism because he sees in it a check on bluntness, on brutality. Without formalism, he insists, poets simply rape or murder their subjects."He was a leading figure of the school of literary criticism known as the New Criticism, which gained its name from his 1941 volume of essays The New Criticism. The New Critical theory, which dominated American literary thought throughout the middle 20th century, emphasized close reading, and criticism based on the texts themselves rather than on non-textual bias or non-textual history. In his seminal 1937 essay, "Criticism, Inc." Ransom laid out his ideal form of literary criticism stating that, "criticism  must become more scientific, or precise and systematic." To this end, he argued that personal responses to literature, historical scholarship, linguistic scholarship, and what he termed "moral studies" should not influence literary criticism. He also argued that literary critics should regard a poem as an aesthetic object. Many of the ideas he explained in this essay would become very important in the development of The New Criticism. "Criticism, Inc." and a number of Ransom's other theoretical essays set forth some of the guiding principles that the New Critics would build upon.Still, his former students, specifically Allen Tate, Cleanth Brooks, and Robert Penn Warren, had a greater hand in developing many of the key concepts (like "close reading") that later came to define the New Criticism. In 1951, he was awarded the Russell Loines Award for Poetry from the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Personal life and death
In 1920, he married Robb Reavill, a well-educated young woman who shared his interest in sports and games. Together they raised three children: a daughter, Helen, and two sons, David and <mask>. Ransom died on July 3, 1974, in Gambier at the age of eighty-six. He was buried at the Kenyon College Cemetery in Gambier. Bibliography

Literary criticism
The World's Body.(C. Scribner's Sons, Ltd., 1938.) The New Criticism. (New Directions, 1941). God without thunder: an unorthodox defense of orthodoxy (Archon Books, 1965). Poetry Collections
Poems About God (Henry Holt & Co., 1919). Chills and Fever (A.A. Knopf, 1924). Includes "Bells for <mask>side's Daughter"
Grace after Meat (1924).Two Gentlemen in Bonds (Knopf, 1927). Selected Poems (Knopf, 1963)

Anthologies
The Poetry of 1900-1950 (1951). The Past Half-century in Literature: A Symposium (National Council of English Teachers, 1952). Poems and Essays (Random House, 1965). Beating the bushes: selected essays, 1941-1970 (New Directors, 1972). Textbook
A College Primer of Writing (H.Holt and Company, 1943). Notes

References
 Buffington, Robert, The Equilibrist: A Study of <mask> Ransom's Poems,1916-1963,Vanderbilt University Press, 1967.Cary Nelson and Edward Brunner, "<mask>e Ransom", Modern American Poetry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Grammer, <mask>, 1998, "Fairly Agrarian", Mississippi Quarterly 52.1. Quinlan, Kieran, 1999, "<mask>e Ransom", American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Tillinghast, Richard, 1997, "<mask>e Ransom: Tennessee's major minor poet", New Criterion 15.6. External links

<mask>, <mask>e. "Criticism, Inc.", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Autumn 1937. Warren, Robert Penn."<mask> Ransom: A Study in Irony", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1935. Stuart Wright Collection: <mask> Ransom Papers (#1169-010), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University

1888 births
1974 deaths
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
People from Nashville, Tennessee
People from Gambier, Ohio
Vanderbilt University alumni
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
American Rhodes Scholars
Kenyon College faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty
20th-century American poets
American literary critics
American male essayists
Southern Agrarians
Formalist poets
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Book Award winners
Bollingen Prize recipients
Old Right (United States)
Writers of American Southern literature
Journalists from Ohio
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century American male writers

masks:
John Crowe Ransom
John Crowe Ransom
John James Ransom
Crowe
) Ransom
John Dewey
John Milton
John Crowe
John
John White
John Crowe
John Crow
John
John Crow
John Crow
Ransom
John Crow
John Crowe
John Crowe


title: Thilan Wijesinghe

type: original

texts:
<mask> is a Sri Lankan financier, entrepreneur, former cricketer and musician. He is currently the Chairman of TWCorp (Pvt) Ltd. and Sapphirus Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.. <mask> was formerly the Chairman and acting CEO of the National Agency for Public Private Partnerships of the Finance Ministry of Sri Lanka from 2017 to 2019, and Digital Commerce Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. which owns www.wow.lk, the largest online mall in Sri Lanka. He is well known as a former chairman of the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka. Education
<mask> had his secondary education at Ananda College, Colombo and then pursued his university studies in the United States, obtaining three bachelor's degrees in 1984 in Business Administration from State University of New York at Fredonia, Industrial Engineering and Economics both from Cornell University. Career
Upon returning to Sri Lanka in 1985 after the completion of his studies in the United States, <mask> functioned as Senior Management Consultant specialising in strategy and market research consulting at Price Waterhouse Coopers, Colombo. He then joined as Head of Corporate Planning at Sampath Bank in 1989. In January 1992, he pursued his entrepreneurial interests by co-founding Asia Capital Ltd, which became Sri Lanka's largest investment bank.During his tenure, Asia Capital grew from its initial investment of  into a company with a market capitalisation of  by August 1994, ranking among the top 10 companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange. The company was Sri Lanka's top stock broker in terms of market share in 1993 and 1994 and responsible for several landmark corporate finance transactions. <mask> was a key initiator in successfully launching the Regent Sri Lanka Fund in 1993, the first ever country fund dedicated to Sri Lankan equities. He served on the Board of this Dublin-listed company for 3 years. <mask> sold his entire equity holding in Asia Capital in 1996 in view of the poor capital market outlook in the country at the time. <mask>'s success as an investment banker attracted the attention of the political leadership and, in September 1995, he was invited by the then President of Sri Lanka Chandrika Kumaratunga to the position of chairman and Director General of the Board of Investment(BOI), a statutory body directly under the President mandate with mobilising and facilitating foreign direct investment and private local capital into priority sectors of the economy. He became the youngest ever (at 35), longest serving (5 ½ years) and the first private sector full-time head of this prestigious public institution.Whilst at the BOI, he established many "firsts" including pioneering privatisation and investment transactions in ports, power and telecom sectors, housing development, software and IT, including co-founding the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, now Sri Lanka's largest IT University by far. He serves this institute as Director for life. During his term, the BOI attracted the highest ever quantum of foreign direct investment in 1999 and enhanced its infrastructure investment budget 10-fold. In 2002 <mask> decided on a change of career focus from investment banking to property and leisure development to pursue his passion for design and architecture. For 2 years he functioned as co-CEO of Sri Lanka's largest listed property and hotel company, Asian Hotels Corporation Ltd (AHC). He directed the master planning of AHC's property in Colombo 3 (including creation of the blue print for an apartment tower which sold successfully) and the landmark merger between AHC and its subsidiary Crescat Development Ltd. This was followed by the successful sale of majority control of this Group to John Keells Holdings, Sri Lanka's largest conglomerate.During his tenure AHC achieved a 400% rise in share price and 300% rise in profitability. Having opted to pursue entrepreneurial interests after the sale of AHC, in 2004, <mask> chose to partner with MJF Group, makers of Dilmah Tea, among top 5 global brands of tea, to set up a chain of exclusive resort hotels in Sri Lanka. He then founded Sri Lanka's first hotel management company specialising in managing small luxury resorts and spas and co-founded Ceylon Tea Trails, now widely regarded as Sri Lanka's most successful boutique hotel, having won Tripadvisor awards for "Best All-inclusive Hotel (World)" category for 2009, 2010 and 2011. He was instrumental in identifying and procuring a 500-acre land bank for future resort and holiday villa developments and played an active role in creation of The Fortress, currently among the top small luxury hotels in Sri Lanka's south coast. <mask> was concurrently appointed Group CEO/managing director of Forbes & Walker(F&W) Group, a subsidiary of MJF Group, and Sri Lanka's largest commodity broker. During his 5-year tenure at F&W ending 2009, the Group's turnover tripled, profits increased at annual growth rate of 45% and shareholder wealth increased 4-fold. <mask> exited his investment and CEO position in F&W in January 2010, though he continues to serve as non-executive Director of MJF's leisure management and development businesses.He is also a Director of www.srilankainstyle.com, Sri Lanka's premier travel planning and ground handling company catering to up-market tourists. In January 2010, <mask> was invited to the position of Group managing director of Overseas Realty (Ceylon) PLC (ORC) by its chairman, Mr. S.P.Tao, a pioneering property developer in Singapore and former Chairman of Singapore Land. ORC owns Sri Lanka's largest modern office building, the World Trade Centre (WTC), and Colombo city's largest contiguous block of residential and commercial land, the 18 acre Havelock City property, which is currently being developed into an integrated mixed development. Under <mask>'s leadership, for period ending 2nd quarter 2010, the Group achieved robust growth in office rental rates (up 30%), office rental commitments (up 800%) and new apartment sales (up 500%), compared to the 6 months ending December 2009. <mask> relinquished his position at ORC in August 2010 to pursue entrepreneurial interests. Having headed Sri Lanka's two largest listed property companies, to leverage on his combined skills in property and corporate finance, <mask> has recently incorporated a property investment and Development Management company, TW Corp, functioning as its chairman. <mask> has also incubated and co-invested in several pioneering start-up ventures: namely, Sapphirus Lanka, a company that is adding value to Sri Lankan sapphire and marketing them to premium jewellers such as Tiffany and Cartier; Anything.lk, Sri Lanka's largest daily-deal based e-commerce company.<mask> is the Chairman of these companies and also serves as Director of several other private and public companies in a non-executive capacity. Cricket
During his schooldays he represented Ananda College, Colombo first XI cricket team and later he went on to play cricket for Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club, Colombo. He represented Sri Lanka A.

<mask> was the youngest and the second Anandian since 1932 ever to score a century at the Battle of the Maroons. This superlative innings established many records: the highest ever score up till then by an Anandian, the second centurion ever from Ananda in 44 years and a record opening stand of 166 with Sidath Wettimuny. He started playing cricket when he was 9 for the under 12 team. One of his earliest cricketing memories was his father Thilak <mask>, who was also an Anandian and an avid cricketer enthusiast himself, bowling tennis balls at him. Thilan subsequently captained the Under 13 age group and all age groups thereafter.He holds the distinction of playing for the 1st XI Ananda Team at the age of 13 years. He got his first 50 in a Big Match in 1975. This was also the year of the inaugural Ananda-Nalanda 50-over encounter; he got 76 runs and helped Ananda to win. <mask> was selected Best Schoolboy Batsman and toured Pakistan with the Sri Lanka Under 19 team in 1976. At the Ananda-Nalanda 50 over match in 1977, he scored a half century, got 2 wickets, took 2 catches and ran out 2 batsmen. At the end of the match, he walked away with all the awards – best batsman, best bowler, best fielder and Man-of-the-Match – every award that was on offer. <mask> captained Ananda in the 50th Battle of the Maroons.During the 6 years he played for the first XI team, Thilan established the record for the highest run aggregate for an Anandian in both the Battle of the Maroons Series and the One Day Series. <mask>'s heroics at cricket extended to the Inter Club theatre as well. He debuted at the P. Saravanamuttu Trophy Division 1 Tournament for the Tamil Union Cricket Club at the age of 15 and scored his maiden century the same year, in 1975. That year, his was the only Singhalese name on the team card. Having given up cricket after the 1979 Big Match, opting to study in the United States at Cornell University over playing for Sri Lanka, which was not yet a test playing Nation at the time, <mask> returned to cricket after a complete absence from the game for 5 years. In 1991 <mask> was picked as Skipper of the Sri Lanka "A" team for matches against Pakistan "A" and England "A". He was given the captaincy of the Sri Lanka "A" Team.In the year 1992 <mask> permanently retired from all competitive cricket, having chosen to pursue entrepreneurial interests as a co-founder of Asia Capital PLC. Music
Thilan was born into a musical family. His maternal grand uncles were musicians who used to meet up at Thilan's mother's family house when he was young. They congregated around a piano and sang songs for three-hour-long sessions. Young Thilan in his six or seven years, was influenced by these musical rituals where one of his granduncles would be on the piano, another on the piano accordion, another on a guitar and another on a harmonica. Since they all played by ear, never having had formal music lessons in their lives, young Thilan too watched their performance and learned the art of how to create a fine rhythm by piano and later by guitar and harmonica. Since his ability on music was found by his mother, she sent him for a proper piano lesson.<mask> originally composed the song, The Loss of Innocence. Album discography
 The Loss of Innocence (2002) (as a member and co-founder of the band Alien Accent)

References

External links

 <mask> Wijesinghe: Walking Tall
 Thilan’s Reinvention as an Entrepreneur
 WoW.lk billed to be Lanka’s largest online mall
 50th Battle of the Maroons
 <mask> Wijesinghe Speaks – An interview with Sri Lankan cricketer of yesteryears
 TWCorp
 Sapphirus Lanka
 www.wow.lk

Living people
Sinhalese businesspeople
Alumni of Ananda College
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese musicians
Sri Lankan composers
Sri Lankan singer-songwriters
Sri Lankan lyricists
Sri Lankan pianists
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
State University of New York at Fredonia alumni
Chief executives in the finance industry
Private equity and venture capital investors
Stock and commodity market managers
Financial advisors
21st-century pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Thilan Manjith Wijesinghe
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Wijesinghe
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan
Thilan


title: Ibrahim Babangida

texts:
<mask> GCFR (born 17 August 1941) is a retired Nigerian Army general and politician. He served as military president of Nigeria from 1985 until his resignation in 1993. He rose through the ranks to serve from 1984 to 1985 as Chief of Army Staff; going on to orchestrate his seizure of power in a palace coup d'ètat against Muhammadu Buhari. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 August 1941 in Minna to his father, <mask> and mother <mask>. He received early Islamic education before attending primary school from 1950 to 1956. From 1957 to 1962 <mask> attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami. <mask> joined the Nigerian Army on 10 December 1962, where he attended the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna.<mask> received his commission as a second lieutenant as a regular combatant officer in the Royal Nigerian Army (a month before it became the Nigerian Army) with the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Academy on 26 September 1963. <mask> attended the Indian Military Academy from April to September 1963. He was Commanding Officer of 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, <mask> attended the Younger Officers Course at the Royal Armoured Centre in the United Kingdom – where he received instruction in gunnery and the Saladin armored car. Lieutenant <mask> was posted with the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron in Kaduna, and witnessed the events of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted in the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello. Alongside several young officers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon. Military career

Civil war
Following the outbreak of the civil war, <mask> was recalled and posted to the 1st Division under the command of General Mohammed Shuwa.In 1968, he became commander of the 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting within Biafran territory. In 1969, during a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire and <mask> was shot on the right side of his chest. He was then hospitalized in Lagos, and was given the option of removing the bullet shrapnel, which he refused and still carries with him. Away and recovering from his wounds, <mask> married Maryam King on 6 September 1969. He returned to the war front in December 1969, commanding a battalion. In January 1970, <mask> was informed by his sectional commander General Theophilus Danjuma of the capitulation of the Biafran Army to the federal military government in Lagos, signaling the end of the war. After the war

In 1970, following the war <mask> was promoted twice and posted to the Nigerian Defence Academy as an instructor.From August 1972 to June 1973, he attended the Advanced Armoured Officers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander of the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. In 1975, he became the commander of the Nigerian Army Armoured Corps. <mask> attended several defence and strategy courses. Colonel <mask> as Commander of the Armoured Corps was a key participant in the coup d'état of 1975. He was later appointed as one of the youngest members of the Supreme Military Council from 1 August 1975 to October 1979. Colonel <mask> crushed almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted in the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back control of the Radio Nigeria station from the main perpetrator, Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.From January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Officers Course at the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, he attended the Senior Executive Course at the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies. Army Staff Headquarters
<mask> was the Director of Army Staff Duties and Plans from 1981 to 1983. He orchestrated the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the overthrow of the Second Republic, with financial backing from his close associate and businessman Moshood Abiola. <mask> alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most senior serving officer at the time General Muhammadu Buhari as military head of state from 1983 to 1985; and <mask> was promoted and appointed as Chief of Army Staff and member of the Supreme Military Council. Coup d'état of 1985

Planning
Following the coup d'état of 1983, General <mask> (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari. The palace coup of 1985 was orchestrated with a degree of military deftness hitherto not seen in the history of coup plotting.The whole affair carried out by <mask> as ringleader was planned at the highest levels of the army cultivating his strategic relationship with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger officers from his days as an instructor in the military academy (graduates of the NDA's Regular Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy. Execution
The execution of the palace coup was initially delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters and ruthless second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari. At midnight on 27 August 1985, the plot metamorphosed with four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, and Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to arrest the head of state. By daybreak, the conspirators had taken over the government and <mask> flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced as the new commander-in-chief in a radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha. <mask> justified the coup in a speech describing General Muhammadu Buhari's military regime as "too rigid". Promulgation
<mask> ruling by decree promulgated his official title as the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and placed Muhammadu Buhari under house arrest in Benin until 1988. He established the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) as the highest law-making council serving as Chairman; he also restructured the national security apparatus, tasking General Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator of National Security directly reporting to him in the president's office he created the: State Security Service (SSS), National Intelligence Agency (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA).Presidency
Shortly after coming to power General <mask> established the Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986. The bureau was inaugurated to conduct a national debate on the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst other things to:The exercise was the broadest political consultation conduced in Nigerian history. Between 1983 and 1985, the country suffered an economic crisis. In 1986, <mask> launched the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), with support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, to restructure the Nigerian economy. In 1987, <mask> launched the Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice and Economic Recovery (MAMSER), following a recommendation from the Political Bureau, to increase self reliance and economic recovery. The policies involved in the SAP and MAMSER were:
deregulation of the agricultural sector to include abolition of marketing boards and elimination of price controls
privatisation of public enterprises
devaluation of the Nigerian naira to improve the competitiveness of the export sector
 relaxation of restraints on foreign investment put in place by the Gowon and Obasanjo governments during the 1970s. re-orient Nigerians to shun waste and vanity, promoting economic recovery
 shed all pretences of affluence in their lifestyle, promoting self reliance
 propagate the need to eschew all vices in public life, including corruption, dishonesty, electoral and census malpractices, ethnic and religious bigotry, promoting social justice
Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by the IMF, and the Nigerian economy actually did grow as had been hoped, with the export sector performing especially well.But falling real wages in the public sector and among the urban classes, along with a drastic reduction in expenditure on public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made sustained commitment to the SAP difficult to maintain. <mask> contributed to the development of national infrastructure. He finished the construction of the Third Mainland Bridge, the largest bridge on the continent at the time. His administration also saw the completion of the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. <mask> also completed the Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. He had the Toja Bridge in Kebbi constructed. He also created the Jibia Water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Dam in Kano.<mask> also founded the Federal Road Safety Corps in order to better manage the national roads. On 23 September 1987, <mask> created two states: Akwa Ibom State and Katsina State. On 27 August 1991, <mask> created nine more states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba and Yobe. Bringing the total number of states in Nigeria to thirty in 1991. <mask> also increased the share of oil royalties and rents to state of origin from 1.5 to 3 percent. <mask> and his Ministers of the Federal Capital Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later General Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat of government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991. Babangida strengthened the foreign relations of Nigeria.He rejected apartheid in South Africa, involved Nigerian troops in the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Union and enhanced relations with the United States and United Kingdom. In 1986, Nigeria joined the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation an international organisation considered the "collective voice of the Muslim world". This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where there is a Muslim majority population. However non-Muslims criticised the move likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a secular country. <mask>'s then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed the decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed as Chief of General Staff. Crisis of the Third Republic
In 1989, <mask> started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. He legalized the formation of political parties, and formed the two-party system with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 general elections.He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which the late Chief Bola Ige famously referred to as "two leper hands." The two-party state had been a Political Bureau recommendation. In November 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 January 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Assembly and a presidential election would be held later that year. A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Option A4. This process advocated that any candidate needed to pass through adoption for all elective positions from the local government, state government and federal government. The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) winning majorities in both houses of the National Assembly, but on 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round of 1992 presidential primaries. <mask> annulled the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged as the SDP presidential candidate and Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get rid of the old guard in both parties.In January 1993, <mask> rejigged the ruling military junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the National Defence and Security Council, as the supreme decision-making organ of the regime. He also appointed Ernest Shonekan Head of the Transitional Council and de jure Head of Government. At the time, the transitional council was designed to be the final phase leading to a scheduled hand over to an elected democratic leader in the slated for 1993 presidential election. On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held. The results though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) defeated Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Convention (NRC) by over 2.3 million votes in the 1993 presidential election. The elections were later annulled by military head of state General <mask>, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led to widespread protests and political unrest in Abiola's stronghold of the South West, as many felt Babangida had ulterior motives, and did not want to cede power to Abiola, a Yoruba businessman.<mask> later admitted that the elections were annulled due to national security considerations, which he didn't specify. The lingering June 12 crisis led to the resignation of General <mask> in August 1993. <mask> signed a decree establishing the Interim National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as his Vice President, who refused to recognize the interim government, the crisis lingered for months culminating in the seizure of power of General Sani Abacha. Post presidency

Party politics
From his hilltop residence in Minna, <mask> has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire country. In 1998, <mask> was instrumental in the transition to democracy. <mask> is one of the founders of the Peoples Democratic Party alongside other prominent military generals such as Aliyu Mohammed Gusau.They were said to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian presidential election in order to springboard themselves back to power. In August 2006, <mask> announced that he would run in the 2007 Nigerian presidential election. He said he was doing so "under the banner of the Nigerian people" and accused the country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and religious violence. On 8 November 2006, General <mask> picked up a nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja. This effectively put to rest any speculation about his ambitions to run for the Presidency. His form was personally issued to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This action immediately drew extreme reactions of support or opposition from south west.In December, just before the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that <mask> had withdrawn his candidacy. In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB is quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother of the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the latter two. It is widely believed that his chances of winning were slim. In September 2010, <mask> officially declared his intention to run for the presidency in the 2011 presidential election in Abuja, Nigeria. <mask> was later urged by his military inner circle to withdraw his candidacy. President Goodluck Jonathan later emerged as the parties presidential candidate. Later life
In 2015, following the election of his long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as President, <mask> has maintained a low profile.In 2017, Babangida had a corrective surgery. He is considered a foremost elder statesman, and has called for a generational shift in leadership to allow for a new crop of leaders to replace the 1966 military class. Family

<mask> was married to Maryam <mask> from 1969 until her death in 2009. They had four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam <mask> died from complications of ovarian cancer. Personal wealth
Babangida is rumoured to be worth over US$5 billion. He is believed to secretly possess a multi-billion dollar fortune via successive ownership of stakes in a number of Nigerian companies.In 2011, according to a Forbes article, <mask> is estimated to be worth US$12 billion. <mask> has rejected these claims, and insists his government "were saints". Military ranks
During his military career, <mask>ida Era, are considered one of the most controversial in the military history of the country, and characterized by a burgeoning political culture of corruption in Nigeria, with <mask> and his regime estimated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today). The <mask> government oversaw the establishment of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution of Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the trial of hundreds of soldiers; assassination in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986). The regime also faced a series of ethnic and religious outbreaks related to the fallout of <mask>'s decision to increase cooperation with the Muslim world and rise in extremist tendencies. On the continent his rule projected the country as a regional power with diplomatic successes including the Abuja Treaty and the military engagement of Nigerian troops in Liberia and Sierra Leone.Abroad, <mask>'s military government cemented traditional relations with the English-speaking world of the United States and United Kingdom; and implemented economic liberalization and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national mass mobilization. The fall of <mask> and his regime was precipitated by the transition towards the Third Nigerian Republic and subsequent militarization of politics in the 1993 presidential election which <mask> annulled. A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of a General which chronicled his early life, life during the Nigerian civil war as well as his time as the military head of state was produced by Obi Emelonye and released in cinemas on 12 June 2020. References

Notes

See also

References

External links

 US Library of Congress – Country Studies – The Babangida Government

1941 births
Living people
People from Minna
Nigerian Muslims
Heads of state of Nigeria
Nigerian generals
Nigerian Army officers
Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup
Participants in the 1976 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup
Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup
Participants of coups in Nigeria
Members of the Nigerian National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Indian Military Academy alumni
20th-century Nigerian politicians
Chiefs of Army Staff (Nigeria)

masks:
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida
Ibrahim Babangida
Muhammad Babangida
Aisha Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
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Babangida
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Babangida
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Babangida
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Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangidang
Babangida
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Babangida
Babangida
Babangida
Babangida


title: Vinnie Barrett

texts:
<mask> (born Gwendolyn Hines Woolfolk; 1945) is an American songwriter and musician. <mask> graduated from Armstrong High School in Washington, D.C. She studied music at Howard University and the University of the District of Columbia. She started the singing group <mask> and the Unlimits in local clubs around Washington D.C., and sang with the Flowerettes, a back up group for Phil Flowers. Syreeta Wright, Valerie Simpson, Diane Warren and Carly Simon were her inspiration for becoming a songwriter. She started writing music at the age of nineteen. <mask> went to Philadelphia in 1969 where she was privileged to work with Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff and Thom Bell
(Philadelphia International Records). Her first solo-written song, "Just Can't Get you Out Of My Mind", appeared on the album Spinners.She wrote popular songs such as, "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (Ronnie Dyson); "Sideshow" and "Three Ring Circus", both performed by Blue Magic; "Love Won't Let Me Wait" performed by Luther Vandross, Major Harris, and other artists (Number 1 record on the Billboard R&B Music Charts); and "Just as Long As We Have Love", performed by Dionne Warwick, and several other artists. <mask> was listed in "Who's Who for Songwriting." <mask>'s last hit song of the late 1990s was "Tranquility", performed by Al Johnson. "Recipe for Love" (CD): songs are "Unconditional Love" performed by Ron Tyson (tenor of the Temptations)
and "Before the Real Hurting Starts" performed by Ron Tyson and Freda Payne. Awards
<mask> won 5 Gold and 4 Platinum records; 4 Gold Albums and a Diamond album (10,000,000) by Super Artist,"Shaggy". <mask> received an AFTRA award in 1975; Best Rhythm and Blues award for "Love Won't Let Me Wait"; 9 Broadcast Music Inc, awards for airplay; The BMI Millionaires award for "Love Won't Let Me Wait" (2,000,000 airplays for songwriter). The BMI Millionaires award for "Sideshow" (2,000,000 airplays for songwriter).The BMI Millionaires award for "Sideshow" (1,000,000 airplays for publisher). The latest award given in March 2019 is a BMI millionaires award for 2,000,000 Airplays for "Love Won’t Let Me Wait". RIAA Certified Platinum Video Award "Luther Vandross: Live at Wembley"

Platinum Album, CD, cassette for "Luther Vandross: The best of Love"

Platinum Album, CD, cassette for "Luther Vandross: Any Love"

RIAA Certified Gold Album for Pick of the Litter by The Spinners

Nominated for two Grammy awards for "Love Won't Let Me Wait" and "Sideshow". 15 Love Won't Let Me Wait (1991). Can You Dig It? The '70s Soul Experience (Box + 6xCD, Comp, RM) 	Sideshow, Love Won't L (2001). Frituna
Reggae 92 (Cass, Dol) 	Side Show, Just Don't (1992)

Jimco records
 Love Songs (CD, Album) 	Love Won't Let Me Wait (1993).Disky
 Reggae Fieber (2xCD, Comp) 	Sideshow (1997). Jive records
 Chris Brown (CD, Album) 	Young Love (2005). Edsel records
 Life on Mars / What The World Is Coming To (CD) 	Together Once Again (2005)

Collectables
 The Magic of the Blue (CD) 	Three Ring Circus, You (2006)

Notable songs
 "Meantime" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca), Bobby Eli, Keith Thomas, Benjamin "Bebe" Winans)
 "Sideshow" (Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ <mask>, <mask> (Ca))
 "Bulls Eye" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca)/ Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ West, Kanye Omari (Ca)/ Johnson, Syleena (Ca))
 "U Turn Me" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca), Wayne Alexander, Byron Stingily, Andrew Livingstone, Peter Chalcraft)
 "Young Love" (<mask>, <mask> (Ca)/ Eli, Bobby (Ca)/ Hilson, Keri (Ca)/ Thomas, Damon (Ca)/ Mason, Harvey (Ca)/ Que, J.

masks:
Vinnie Barrett
Career Barrett
Vinnie Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Vinnie
Barrett
Vinnie
Barrett
Vinnie
Barrett
Vinnie
Barrett
Vinnie


title: Whitey Herzog

texts:
Dorrel Norman Elvert "<mask><mask> (; born November 9, 1931) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and manager, most notable for his Major League Baseball (MLB) managerial career. Born in New Athens, Illinois, <mask> made his MLB debut as a player in 1956 with the Washington Senators. After his playing career ended in 1963, Herzog went on to perform a variety of roles in Major League Baseball, including scout, manager, coach, general manager, and farm system director. As a big-league manager, he led the Kansas City Royals to three consecutive playoff appearances from 1976 to 1978. Hired by Gussie Busch in 1980 to helm the St. Louis Cardinals, the Cardinals won the 1982 World Series over the Milwaukee Brewers and made two other World Series appearances, in 1985 and 1987 under Herzog's direction. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 25, 2010, and was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum on August 16, 2014. Early life
Herzog was the second of three children born in Illinois to Edgar and <mask>.His father worked at a brewery and his mother worked at a shoe factory in New Athens, where the family lived. Herzog attended New Athens High School where he played basketball and baseball. Herzog drew interest from the college basketball programs at Saint Louis University and Illinois. As a youth, Herzog delivered newspapers, sold baked goods from a truck, dug graves, and worked at the brewery with his father. He was known as "Relly" — a diminutive of his given first name of Dorrel. <mask>'s older brother, Therron <mask>, played a year of minor league baseball in 1954 in the Cotton States League. Playing career
A left-handed batter and thrower, Herzog originally signed with the New York Yankees by scout Lou Maguolo.While playing for the McAlester Rockets in the Sooner State League in 1949 and 1950, a sportscaster gave Herzog the nickname "<mask>" due to his light blonde hair and resemblance to blonde Yankees pitcher Bob "The White Rat" Kuzava. In 1953, during the Korean War, Herzog briefly interrupted his playing career to join the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, during which time he was stationed at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri and managed the camp's baseball team. After being traded by New York as a prospect, he played for the Washington Senators (1956–1958), Kansas City Athletics (1958–1960), Baltimore Orioles (1961–62), and Detroit Tigers (1963). In eight seasons, Herzog batted .257 with 25 home runs, 172 runs batted in, 213 runs scored, 60 doubles, 20 triples, and 13 stolen bases, in 634 games. In reference to his success as a player versus his success as a manager, Herzog once said, "Baseball has been good to me since I quit trying to play it." (Herzog has made this statement several times, most recently in an interview with Fox Sports Midwest which aired several times in August and September 2007 during St. Louis Cardinals rain delays). Player development
After his playing career ended, Herzog rejoined the Athletics for two seasons, as a scout in 1964 and a coach in 1965.The next seven years were spent with the New York Mets, the first,  in 1966, as the third-base coach for manager Wes Westrum. Beginning in 1967 <mask> then made his mark with the club during his six-year tenure as its director of player development. On his watch, the Mets produced young talent that either became part of the nucleus of its World Series teams in 1969 and 1973 or eventually had successful major league careers. Among them were Gary Gentry, Wayne Garrett, Jon Matlack, John Milner, Amos Otis and Ken Singleton. <mask> was a candidate to become the Mets' manager after the death of Gil Hodges prior to the 1972 season, but was passed over in favor of first-base coach Yogi Berra by chairman of the board M. Donald Grant. Managerial career

Texas and California
Perceiving Grant's actions as a snub, <mask> left the Mets to accept the first managerial assignment of his career when he signed a two-year contract with the Texas Rangers on November 2, 1972. Taking over the only MLB team that reached 100 losses in 1972, he junked the platoon system used heavily by his predecessor Ted Williams.Hired based on recommendations from general manager Joe Burke to owner Bob Short, <mask> had the understanding that he was to help develop the team's young prospects. His debut at the helm was a 3–1 Rangers loss to the Chicago White Sox at Arlington Stadium on April 7, 1973. His first victory was a 4–0 decision over the Kansas City Royals five nights later on April 12 at Royals Stadium. He never got the chance to finish the 1973 season. Three days after a 14–0 defeat at White Sox Park and Texas with a 47–91 record, he was dismissed on September 7. He was succeeded in the interim for one game by Del Wilber and the longer term by Billy Martin, who had been fired by the Detroit Tigers on August 30. Short defended the change by telling reporters, "If my mother were managing the Rangers and I had the opportunity to hire Billy Martin, I'd fire my mother."<mask> next went to the California Angels (1974 on an interim basis; as a coach, he filled in between the firing of Bobby Winkles and the hiring of Dick Williams). Managerial success
<mask> continued building his managerial credentials with the Kansas City Royals (1975–79) and St. Louis Cardinals (1980–90). He succeeded Jack McKeon as Royals manager on July 24, 1975. At the time, the Royals were in second place in the American League West but trailed the defending and eventual division champion Oakland Athletics by 11 games. He had his greatest success in Kansas City, where he won three straight American League Western division titles from 1976 to 1978, and in St. Louis, where he won the 1982 World Series and the National League Pennant in 1985 and 1987. In total, he led six division winners, three pennant winners, and one World Series winner in compiling a 1,281–1,125 (.532) career record. With his extensive background in player development, <mask> also was a general manager with both the Cardinals (1980–82) and the California Angels.He succeeded interim skipper Jack Krol as manager of the Redbirds on June 9, 1980, managed for 73 games, then moved into the club's front office as GM on August 26, turning the team over to Red Schoendienst. During the offseason, Herzog reclaimed the manager job, then held both the GM and field manager posts with St. Louis for almost two full seasons, during which he acquired or promoted many players who would star on the Cardinals' three World Series teams of the 1980s. In a 1983 poll of MLB players by The New York Times, Herzog was voted best manager in baseball. <mask>

<mask>'s style of play, based on the strategy of attrition, was nicknamed "Whiteyball" and concentrated on pitching, speed, and defense to win games rather than on home runs. Herzog's lineups generally consisted of one or more base-stealing threats at the top of the lineup, with a power threat such as George Brett or Jack Clark hitting third or fourth, protected by one or two hitters with lesser power, followed by more base stealers. This tactic kept payrolls low, while allowing Herzog to win consistently in stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf, both of which were characteristics of Royals Stadium (now Kauffman Stadium) and Busch Memorial Stadium during his managerial career. A less noticed (at the time) aspect of Herzog's offensive philosophy was his preference for patient hitters with high on-base percentages: such players included Royals Brett, Hal McRae, and Amos Otis, and Cardinals Clark, Keith Hernandez, José Oquendo, and Ozzie Smith, as well as Darrell Porter, who played for Herzog in both Kansas City and St. Louis.However, in St. Louis Herzog also employed free-swinging hitters who were less patient but fast runners, such as Vince Coleman and Willie McGee. Post-Cardinals career
<mask> also expressed an interest in becoming President of the National League when that job opened in 1986. The role eventually went to Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti, who also became the Commissioner of baseball in 1989. In a nationally televised interview on NBC, after Giamatti accepted the job of NL President, Marv Albert jokingly asked Herzog if he would be interested in the job opening for President of Yale University. Herzog replied, "Well, you're trying to be funny now, Marv. I don't think that's funny at all." <mask>'s final season with the Cardinals, and in his managerial career, was the 1990 season; he resigned on July 6 of that year with the team at 33–47 and in last place in the NL East.He jokingly stated, "I came here in last place and I leave here in last place. I left them right where I started." His overall Cardinals record is 822 wins and 728 losses. His career managerial record is 1,281 wins and 1,125 losses. General Manager stint
After leaving the Cardinals in 1990, <mask> then held various front office and consulting posts with the Angels, including a brief stint (1993–94) as general manager. Later life
<mask> and Jim Leyland were candidates to become manager of the Boston Red Sox following the 1996 season. Both rejected offers from the Red Sox, so the team hired Jimy Williams instead.<mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans' Committee on December 7, 2009, receiving 14 of a possible 16 votes. <mask>'s induction into the Hall of Fame was on July 25, 2010. In addition, the Cardinals retired the number '24', which he wore during his managerial tenure with the club, in his honor on July 31, following his induction. Rick Ankiel was the last Cardinal to wear number 24. <mask> continues to reside in St. Louis, Missouri. His younger brother, Codell ("Butz") died on February 20, 2010, at 76. He made out <mask>'s first lineup with the Cardinals in 1980.His grandson John Urick was a minor league first baseman and outfielder from 2003 until 2010 who played for managers and former Herzog-era Cardinals Garry Templeton and Hal Lanier. In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Herzog among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014. Managerial record

See also

 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

References

External links

<mask> Herzog at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Baseball Hall of Fame – 2008 Veterans Committee candidate profile

1931 births
Living people
American sportsmen
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Baltimore Orioles players
California Angels coaches
California Angels managers
California Angels executives
Detroit Tigers players
Kansas City Athletics coaches
Kansas City Athletics players
Kansas City Athletics scouts
Kansas City Royals managers
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball managers with retired numbers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Manager of the Year Award winners
McAlester Rockets players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Mets coaches
New York Mets executives
People from St. Clair County, Illinois
St. Louis Cardinals managers
St. Louis Cardinals executives
Texas Rangers managers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Her
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel

masks:
Whitey
" Herzog
Herzog
Lietta Herzog
Herzog
Herman Herzog
Whitey
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Whiteyball
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
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Whitey
Whitey


title: Sam Aleckson

texts:
<mask> (1852 – 1946? ), better known by his pen name <mask>, was an American slave and author of Before the War and After the Union: An Autobiography. Like his father, Alexander Williams, his mother, Susan Williams, and his grandfather of the same name, <mask> was born into slavery in 1852 in Charleston, South Carolina. His great-grandfather, Clement Williams, was brought from Africa in the Atlantic slave trade. <mask>' memoir offers a rare look into the lives of the urban enslaved in North America and the ways freedmen negotiated their ways through Reconstruction and into the 20th century. <mask> had the great fortune of being taught the three "R's" by his owners. Once freed, he used his literacy to document his life and obtained publication in 1929.Williams quotes Shakespeare to readers of his autobiography by drawing from Othello: "I will a plain unvarnished tale deliver," a line often used in slave narratives but powerful here. The humbleness of this phrase belies a thoughtful, complex life story. While his memoir was actually published in 1929, Williams claims to have composed it in 1914 during a time when he feared he might go blind and wanted to document his life before that occurred. However, he did not go blind, and lived on for several more decades, most likely dying in Massachusetts in 1946. Before the War
In his narrative, he states: "The place of my birth and the conditions under which I was born are matters over which, of course, I had no control. If I had, I should have altered the conditions, but I should not have changed the place; for it is a grand old city, and I have always felt proud of my citizenship." His mother and father were owned by separate families.Like many enslaved children, Williams sometimes lived in a family unit and sometimes did not; he lived in the households of both his father's enslavers for a good part of the time. During his early childhood, his mother and older brother worked with her owners while he remained in his grandmother's care because he was too young for any practical use. Williams held some good memories of his early years, saying that of the family that enslaved him and his relatives, they were "of all slave holders, the very best." The younger children had almost all of their time free to play. Early on, Williams would play with the neighbor's white children, and later with other black children on the plantation that to which he moved. However, <mask> makes sure to clearly indicate, "There is nothing good to be said of American slavery. I know it is sometimes customary to speak of its bright and its dark sides.I am not prepared to admit that it had any bright sides, unless it was the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln..."

In his early childhood, while the four white children Williams played with were at school, Williams was taught how to read and write by the three unmarried white ladies who were most likely part of the family that enslaved Williams' father. He was taught using only one book, which he called "Thomas Dilworth's," referring to A New Guide to the English Tongue by Thomas Dilworth. From the book, Williams claims he learned about grammar, weights and measures, ciphers, and morals. In addition, Williams describes the popular use of slates for his lessons, as well as his fascination with fable illustrations that instructed what was moral and what was not:
"...such as that of the man who prayed to Hercules to take his wagon out of the mire; of the two men who stole a piece of meat; of the lazy maids and of the kindhearted man who took a half frozen serpent into his house." He also states many slaves were punished for being found in possession of the schoolbook, though the reward of mastering the book was being considered a "prodigy of learning" within the slave community. Of his owner, Williams stated:
"Mr. Ward was what was called a 'good master.' His people were well-fed, well-housed, and not over-worked.There were certain inflexible rules however, governing his plantation of which he allowed not the slightest infraction, for he had his place for the Negro... His place for the Negro was in subjection and servitude to the white man." Williams alludes to his master's classism, pointing out that his white supremacy ideology did not extend to all whites and that there were some he would have barred from slaveholding. Ward, like many other slaveholders, asserted his role as owner and enslaver with a paternalistic view. He provided well for his slaves while demanding complete obedience. Ward, for example, took care to always know their whereabouts by insisting he authorize any departure from his land and as Williams depicts in his memoir, Ward had no qualms about punishing those slaves he felt defied him. As a boy, Williams learned to ride horses from one of his enslavers. Williams states, "He taught me to ride, and when I could sit my horse well 'bare-back' he had a saddle made for me at the then famous 'McKinzie's' saddlery, sign of the 'White Horse' at the corner of Church and Chalmers Street."This training to ride was not wholly unique to Williams' experience. In fact, enslaved people were essential to the world of horse racing in the American South. Jockeys and trainers were commonly enslaved people. Despite limited privileges, these enslaved horse riders were still subjected to the realities of being slaves in a slave society. Williams never became a formal jockey, however, and of this he says the following:
"Possibly Mr. Dane had 'views', concerning me for he owned several fast horses, but before I was old enough to be of practical service, 'Sherman came marching through Georgia.'" During the War

Williams recounts his arriving in Charleston one day to find that "men were going about the streets wearing blue cockades on the lapels of their coats." This was his first realization that there was a war going on, though the effects (amazingly high prices for everything and the disappearance of many of the young men to go fight) had been felt for a while.Williams recounts the conversations between other enslaved men and women at this time regarding the impending war and their support of the Union officer General Robert Anderson, who defied the Confederacy by trying to maintain Federal control of Fort Sumter. Free and enslaved African Americans were barred from being soldiers in the Confederacy. However, after Williams' older brother died of fever, the 10-year-old Williams took his brother's place as a Confederate officer's "boy." He ran errands for the soldiers but he was never mentioned in the remembrance of Confederate soldiers. Williams acknowledges this in his memoir:
"And here I must admit I wore the 'gray.' I have never attended any of the Confederate reunions. I suppose they overlooked my name on the army roll!"Williams' childhood home on Guignard Street was destroyed by the Great Charleston Fire on December 11, 1861. This fire destroyed many of the main landmarks such as the Charleston Circular Church and Institute Hall where the Ordinance of Secession was signed, and Williams remembered it to be the biggest blaze he would ever see in Charleston. Remembering the event in his memoir, Williams describes how "the sparks seemed to rain down as we ran." Thus, Williams' memoir serves as an eye-witness account of the chaos and fear created by the Great Fire. After the War
Once the Confederates surrendered, life in South Carolina changed dramatically for Williams and his family. They were reunited under one roof; Alexander Williams and his family resided on Princess Street in Charleston for many years. Williams' account of this era includes reflections about the "Black Code" or laws passed to restrict civil and social rights of freedmen.He wondered why, at least in his time when writing his memoir in the 20th century, one did not hear much about this, saying that perhaps "somebody is ashamed of it." In 1876, Williams' employer asked him to vote for General Wade Hampton. Williams chose not to vote in the election at all, even though he heard the General speak:
"Our only desire he said, was to save our dear old state from utter ruin. Then, raising his right hand to heaven he said these very words as near as I can recollect, "If I am elected governor, I swear to God that not one right or privilege that you now enjoy shall be taken from you!" Williams also noted that many of the promises that General Hampton made did not come to fruition and that, in fact, acts of disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws were being enacted against blacks during this era. Sometime in the 1880s, Williams moved to Vermont (he appears to have moved initially to Springfield VT) and soon sent for his second wife and children (several from his first marriage and perhaps some step children or children from his second wife)to join him. While not much is known about his life in Vermont, he and his eldest daughter Susan show up in the 1910 census, living in Lebanon, NH where they worked as servants for the Carter family.In Vermont, both worked for author Thomas H. Thomas. They were listed in the 1920 United States Federal Census, living in Windsor with the Thomas Family. Williams appears to have moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1920s with his daughter Susan, who married an African-American lawyer/dentist named William Alexander Cox. Cox was also heavily involved in the National Negro Business League. Autobiography
After an illness weakened Williams' eyes and he feared going blind, he decided to record events from his past. He was also motivated in writing his memoir by the desire to remind future generations of African Americans of the cruel experience of slavery, a reason disclosed in the memoir's preface:
"It is a remarkable fact that very many of the immediate descendants of those who passed through the trying ordeal of American slavery know nothing of the hardships through which their fathers came. Some reason for this may be found in the fact that those fathers hated to harrow the minds of their children by the recital of their cruel experiences of those dark days....While it is sweet to forgive and forget, there are somethings that should never be forgotten. If this humble narrative will serve to cause the youth of my people to take a glance backward, the object of the writer will have been attained." Williams' memoir, written in 1914, uses pseudonyms for the majority of individuals and places of which he speaks. For example, the Ward, Bale, and Dane families he discusses in his memoir are likely fake names just as Williams himself used a pseudonym in order to author his work. His memoir was eventually published in 1929 by Gold Mind Publishing Company in Boston, Massachusetts. It is likely the memoir was published with the help of Williams' grandson, William A. Cox Jr, the son of William Alexander Cox. In the 1930 Federal Census, William A. Cox, Jr. was listed as a "typesetter" so it was most likely his knowledge of the trade that assisted his grandfather in publishing the 1929 memoir.Whether as a typesetter or in some other capacity, William A. Cox Jr. appears to have run or somehow been involved with a small press known as the Gold Mind Printers in Boston around the years of 1928 to 1930. It is probable that it is the same printing company that published Williams' memoir, as the publisher named in the book, Gold Mind Publishing Company, was based in the same city and has a similar name. Thus, it is likely Williams received his grandson's help in publishing his memoir. Williams continued to live with his family for several decades after publishing his memoir and died in Massachusetts in 1946. Further reading
 Ashton, Susanna, ed. I Belong to South Carolina: South Carolina Slave Narratives (2010). Ashton, Susanna, curator and author.<mask> and His World https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/samuel-williams-and-his-world. Retrieved November 9, 2020
 Hilliard, Kathleen M. Masters, Slaves, and Exchange: Power's Purchase in the Old South (2014). McInnis, Maurie D. The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston (2005). Powers, Bernard E. Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822-1855 (1994). See also
African American literature
Slavery in the United States
Slave narrative
"Before the War and After the Union, an Autobiography". <mask>, <mask> (2000)

References

1852 births
African-American writers
American autobiographers
People who wrote slave narratives
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
People from Windsor, Vermont
Year of death missing
19th-century American slaves
Literate American slaves

masks:
Samuel Williams
Sam Aleckson
Samuel Williams
Samuel Williams
Samuel Williams
Sam
Samuel Williams
Aleckson
Sam B


title: Brad Miller (basketball)

texts:
<mask> (born April 12, 1976) is an American former professional basketball player. The two-time NBA All-Star played for six National Basketball Association (NBA) teams. College career

After playing prep school basketball for a season in Maine at MCI Maine Central Institute, <mask> returned to his home state to attend Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, where he played under head coach Gene Keady and assistant coaches Bruce Weber and Frank Kendrick. During his freshman season, along with senior Cuonzo Martin, he led the Boilermakers to a 25–7 record. Along the way, he was part of a Big Ten Conference Title and an NCAA Second Round appearance. He averaged 6.5 points and 5.4 rebounds a game. During his sophomore season, <mask> helped lead Purdue, along with fellow sophomore Chad Austin, to a three-peat conference title and a consecutive NCAA Second Round appearance.The Boilers finished the season with a 26–6 overall record. <mask> averaged 9.6 points and 5.5 rebounds on the season. <mask>'s junior season showed more progress than the prior season, averaging 14.3 points and 8.3 rebounds a game. Finishing second in the conference, <mask>, along with teammate and former NBA player Brian Cardinal, helped the Boilers to a third straight NCAA Second Round finish. They beat Rhode Island in overtime, where <mask> scored 31 points, grabbed eight rebounds and set a school tournament record with made/attempted free throws, going 15–21 from the line. He finished his junior season with an 18–12 record. Throughout his junior year, <mask> became the only center in Purdue history to lead the team in assists.<mask> had his best college season during his senior year, helping with a 28–8 record. Averaging 17.2 points and 8.8 rebounds in his last season at Purdue, he led the Boilermakers to a Sweet Sixteen appearance and a 2nd overall seed in the NCAA Tournament. <mask> set a school tournament record with 6 steals in a win against Delaware. His last collegiate game was a loss to Stanford. <mask>'s biggest game of his senior season came against Michigan State, where he scored 30 points and pulled down 12 rebounds to force Michigan State to share their Big Ten crown. During his career at Purdue, <mask> became one of only five players (Joe Barry Carroll, Terry Dischinger, Walter Jordan, and Robbie Hummel) to record 800 rebounds and the first player in school history to have 1,500 points, 800 rebounds, and 250 assists. Professional career

Livorno (1998)
After college, because of the NBA lockout, <mask> started his career in the Italian Serie A with Bini Viaggi Livorno for three months.Charlotte Hornets (1998–2000)
<mask> was then signed by the Charlotte Hornets as an undrafted free agent in 1998. He played for the Hornets for two seasons. On March 24, 1999, he had 25 points, going 9–9 shooting and 7–7 from the line. On May 5, 1999 scored a season high 32 points to go along with 13 rebounds in a win against the Boston Celtics. The Hornets made it to the playoffs the following season where they lost 1–3 to the Philadelphia 76ers. In his first playoff series, <mask> averaged 7.5 points on 52 percent shooting. Chicago Bulls (2000–2002)
After two seasons with the Hornets, <mask> signed with the Chicago Bulls as a free agent.In January 2002, he was involved in an on-court altercation with center Shaquille O'Neal of the Los Angeles Lakers. After he and Charles Oakley gave a hard foul on O'Neal, <mask> walked away as O'Neal swung at the back of his head; O'Neal would be suspended three games. Nearly doubling his playing time with the Bulls, he averaged 12.7 points a game, shooting 46 percent during the 2001–02 season. Indiana Pacers (2002–2003)
In February 2002, <mask> was traded by the Bulls with Ron Mercer, Ron Artest (now Metta Sandiford-Artest) and Kevin Ollie to the Indiana Pacers for Jalen Rose, Travis Best, Norman Richardson, and a second-round draft pick. He wrapped up the 2001–02 season with a 15.1 points and 8.2 rebounds per game average. During his first and only complete season with the Pacers, he made his first NBA All-Star Team  becoming one of the first undrafted players to be named an All-Star along with the Detroit Pistons' Ben Wallace the same year. The Pacers clinched a playoff berth for the 6th season in a row, where they lost to the Celtics, 2–4.Sacramento Kings (2003–2009)

During the 2003 offseason, <mask> was involved in a sign-and-trade with the Sacramento Kings. He was signed to a multi-year deal by Indiana and then traded to the Kings in exchange for Scot Pollard. In the same trade, the Kings sent Hedo Türkoğlu to San Antonio Spurs, San Antonio traded Danny Ferry to Indiana and Indiana traded Ron Mercer to San Antonio. While signing with the Kings, <mask> stated, "I wanted to stay with Indiana but my agent said that the money I could make with Sacramento was just too good to pass up and I would never get this kind of contract again." On November 21, 2003, <mask> recorded his first career triple-double with 22 points, 14 rebounds, and 10 assists in a win over the Orlando Magic. Less than a month later, <mask> recorded another triple-double with 18 points, 15 rebounds and 10 assists. Averaging 14.1 points and 10.3 rebounds in his first season with the Kings, he was voted to back-to-back NBA All-Star Game appearances.In the playoffs, Sacramento lost the Western Conference Semifinals 3–4 to the Minnesota Timberwolves. <mask> appeared in only 56 games during his second season in Sacramento, yet averaging his career high of 15.6 points a game. On February 2, 2005 <mask> scored a career-high 38 points to go along with 17 rebounds in a win over the Golden State Warriors. Two days later scored his first back-to-back 30 points game with 35 against the New York Knicks. In the playoffs, <mask> averaged a career-high 11.2 points but the Kings lost 1–4 to the Seattle SuperSonics in the first round. In middle of the 2005–06 season, he became the first center since Sam Lacey in 1981 to record back-to-back double-doubles in both points and assists. After a career best 1,182 points scored during the season, the following 2006–07 season brought lower averages and totals of the previous five years.On April 10, 2007 <mask> recorded his third career triple-double with 17 points, 10 rebounds and a career-high 11 assist. On January 14, 2009, <mask> recorded his first 30/20 game with 30 points and a career-high 22 rebounds in a win over the Golden State Warriors. He finished his five and a half seasons with the Kings averaging just over 13 points, 8 rebounds, and 4 assists a game. Return to Chicago (2009–2010)

On February 18, 2009, the Kings reached a tentative agreement to trade <mask> and John Salmons to the Chicago Bulls for Drew Gooden, Andrés Nocioni, Michael Ruffin (later traded to Portland Trail Blazers for Ike Diogu) and Cedric Simmons. As a veteran presence on a young team, <mask> added depth in the paint with forward/center Joakim Noah to compete in the 2009 NBA Playoffs after a two-year absence of postseason play while with the Kings. On April 28, <mask> received a busted lip by Boston Celtics guard Rajon Rondo, and missed game-decisive free-throws at the end of game 5 of the Eastern Conference First Round. During game six of the 7-overtime series and after receiving 7 stitches for his lip, he posted a double-double with 23 points and 10 rebounds, shooting 8 for 9 from the floor.<mask> averaged 10.3 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 1.3 assists during the seven-game series in the 2009 Playoffs. He made 5 of 7 three point field goals (71.4%) and shot 79.2 percent from the free throw line. Houston Rockets (2010–2011)
On July 17, 2010, <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Houston Rockets, worth $15 million. He was expected to back up Yao Ming and provide the Rockets a valuable insurance policy. On November 12, 2010, in <mask>'s first start after coming to the Rockets, he scored 23 points, grabbed 8 rebounds, and gave out 5 assists. On December 3, 2010, <mask> tied his season-high 23 points, going a perfect 7-7 from the field, including 3-3 from downtown, and 6-7 from the foul line. Minnesota Timberwolves (2011–2012)
During the 2011 NBA Draft, <mask> was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves, along with the rights of Nikola Mirotić, in a deal that sent  the rights of Donatas Motiejunas and Jonny Flynn to Houston.Due to microfracture knee surgery on his left knee while a member of the Rockets in May 2011, he was doubtful to begin playing for the Wolves at the projected start of the 2011-12 season (which was delayed due to the owners' lockout) - or indeed at all. On January 12, 2012, <mask> practiced with the team for the first time, strictly in half-court situations to protect his knee. He made his debut with the team on January 29, 2012. In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he announced that the 2011-2012 season would be his final season. After the season, however, <mask>'s agent said that <mask> was undecided about retiring. On July 13, 2012, <mask> was traded to the New Orleans Hornets, then traded to the Phoenix Suns as part of a three-team deal on July 27, 2012.He was waived by the Suns on August 15, 2012, when the team signed Jermaine O'Neal. <mask> later reaffirmed his decision to retire. International career

Shortly after finishing his college career, <mask> joined the US national team in the 1998 FIBA World Championship. During the time of the NBA lockout, there were no players from the league on the team. With fellow former Purdue standout Jimmy Oliver, <mask> led the USA team to the bronze medal. He played under NBA coach Rudy Tomjanovich. <mask> was selected as a member of the U.S. squad that competed in the 2006 FIBA World Championship, where he played along with fellow NBA players, such as LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony and Dwight Howard.After much hype over the improvement of the team, the tournament ended in disappointment with a loss to Greece in the semifinal game. The team finished with the bronze medal by defeating Argentina. Despite pre-tournament assertions that the U.S. needed a good-shooting big man like <mask>, he rarely played in the tournament and did not log any playing time in the decisive semifinal loss. The team was coached by Duke's head coach Mike Krzyzewski. Career notes
Despite his size, <mask> did not fit the mold of a traditional center. He only averaged double-digit rebounds once in his career and never averaged more than 1.2 blocks per season. In 2005–2006, <mask> averaged 4.7 assists per game, good for 29th in the league but far above what other centers averaged (Ben Wallace was second among centers with 1.9 APG).The Princeton offense run by the Kings both allowed and demanded <mask> to be a good passer, and he was typically recognized as one of the best-passing big men in the league. <mask> also added a three-point shot to his game.

masks:
Bradley Alan Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Brad
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Brad
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Deanna C. C. Peluso

texts:
Deanna C. C<mask> (born 1979) is an American-Canadian musician, composer, music educator, author and researcher currently residing in Honolulu, Hawaii and Vancouver, British Columbia. She is the Project Manager for the artistic learning research group, MODAL Research at Simon Fraser University, as well as the Project Coordinator for RYME - Research For Youth, Music and Education (since 2009), and also is a research collaborator on the SSHRC funded research projects. Peluso combines her academic and experiential background in music, psychology, performance art, technology and education to fuel what is called a unique style of research that focuses on how youth engage in Participatory cultures, social media and artistic and musical learning. Academic and professional work
<mask> is an alumna of Simon Fraser University with a doctorate PhD in Education from Simon Fraser University, and bachelor's degrees in both Music and in Psychology from Simon Fraser University. Peluso also holds a Masters of Education in Educational and Organizational Leadership from the University of Victoria (UVIC), where her research on the motivations, benefits and persistence for mature students to pursue their graduate degrees led to her writing a book on her research and findings. Research
Peluso is an active participant at international and local scholarly conferences in media, music and psychology, and her research focuses on various projects and foundations where an importance is placed on artistic and musical learning and expression within technological societies. <mask>'s research has also dealt with the fields of Cognitive Psychology and Memory studies.Her most recent research has been focusing on Music Education and Media literacy, as seen in her 2010 talks at the Media Literacy Conference in London, UK, as well as her focus at RYME - Research For Youth, Music and Education. <mask>'s recent research has been featured on the Congress 2011 of Humanities and Social Sciences which is organized by the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. An article on Peluso's research as a part of RYME discussed how the research group is bringing forth a new outlook on childhood education, the arts and the media. This article also recapped Peluso's and her colleagues' presentations at the Congress, and quoted Peluso as saying that "Teachers facilitate the role of exploring these [technological and artistic] opportunities, learn from kids and offer youth empowerment. Everyone has knowledge of what the next person doesn’t." She has been cited as stating that "Digital mediums for communication, expression and multimodality engaging in one's own life, such as social media (e.g., Twitter) and interactive technology like iPads, enter the classroom in the pockets, bags and backpacks of many of the students and educators, yet only until recently have these digital media become a part of the educational environment. Curriculum designers and policy makers seem to be placing a focus on the role of technology within young people's lives"

Arts and music education
<mask> is current located in the Faculty of Education at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.working on a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Arts Education. In addition to her research in Music Education and Media literacy, she is the newly appointed (2012) Project Manager for MODAL Research Group in the Faculty of Education at Simon Fraser University, where a focus is placed on research into artistic learning. <mask> also continues as the Project Coordinator and a member of the ongoing research project, RYME - Research For Youth, Music and Education, which is a Simon Fraser University research project that looks at youth participation and engagement in musical activities. Peluso is involved in other arts and music education organizations, such as the Canadian Music Educators Association (CMEA), where she is a blog contributor and web administrator for the CMEA's Research to Practice blog. Lectures and seminars
Peluso currently conducts educational research seminars and workshops on the Use of Technology within Academia and Educational Settings, Social Networking,  Icebreakers and Music within the Classroom. Peluso also lectures on technology within education and using technology and the Arts to engage in multimodal and intuitive forms of expression and communication. Peluso has also been involved in teaching music to adult learners and learners with disabilities, by using various techniques that focus on technology, music and other forms of artistic expression.Peluso has recently been lecturing on the development of iOS applications for use within educational research, and provides seminars on implementing digital media within research and practice. Her work within the field of iOS App development has progress beyond uses for surveys and questionnaires and have now shown to involve developing complex social media based interactive Apps for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch that can reach an audience that includes young children and adults. Workshops
Peluso's research into social media has led to her giving workshops on how to use social networks to advance one's career after graduate school. Her background in the positive and negative aspects of online communication allowed her to demonstrate various ways to build social networks in a way that can assist in moving from the life of a grad student to a working professional. Graduate School and World of Warcraft Video Games
Peluso's focus on how participatory cultures can foster artistic and musical learning are influenced by her involvement in social media and [video] gaming. Through her experiences in graduate school and her involvement in the MMORPG World of Warcraft, she has developed parallels between the process of entering graduate school and the popular online role playing game. Her articles have been featured on the Simon Fraser University Dean of Graduate Studies website, where tips and tricks for graduate students are showcased.Publications

Books
Peluso is a published author of the book "Motivation, Purpose and Persistence: Pursuing a Leadership Degree: A Study Of Graduate Students' Motivations To Pursue A Degree In Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies". The book is published by Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. located in Saarbrücken, Germany, which specializes in publishing books in the research industry. The book is a documentation of a qualitative and quantitative study of the motivations, support systems and reasons for students to persist in their graduate studies in Education. The book looks at the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to commence and continue graduate studies, such as the external support systems of family or funding, the psychological barriers and the potential personal and financial benefits of completing a Masters or Doctoral degree in Education. Since a majority of the participants within the study in the book were educators, mainly teachers in the K-12 education system, the study was important in its search to discover the motives of the educators to pursue their post-graduate education, and whether the educators were more interested in personal growth or in financial gain by job advancement due to their additional degree and experience. Scholarly journals
Peluso's publication record in various peer-reviewed journals and academic publications includes articles on music education and the online environment, participatory cultures and the use of educational technology for artistic learning. In her co-authored article in the Canadian Music Educator, Peluso puts forth a set of standards for scholarly blogging.Peluso's research on the use of iPads within educational applications was published in the July 2012 edition of the British Journal of Educational Technology. She emphasized the fact that the young people of today are requiring a new system of education to accommodate the technological ways that they are learning and communicating. Peluso is quoted as stating:
While young people are engrossed with technology and social media within their everyday lives, using it to communicate, express themselves and learn in novel ways, simply allowing them to use their iPads, or providing them with classroom sets of iPods, does not implicitly mean they will be learning educationally beneficial material. I put forward that due to the intricate and fast-evolving ways that young people engage with these technologies, it may be in order to have an educational curriculum that is developed in collaboration with the young people themselves, that allows them to play an active role in discussing how they are learning. Based on Peluso's publications in journals on educational technology, she has presented views on iOS technologies (e.g. iPads) and their role in young people's lives as being concurrent with the paradigms on participatory cultures as defined by Henry Jenkins. Further, Peluso is quoted in various venues in questioning how technology can be implemented in the classroom, in a way that is relevant and beneficial to the learners, rather than as a way to meet a curricular goal.Music
Peluso has been involved in various musical and performance groups since 2000, though according to her website, due to health problems in late 2008 onward, she does not seem to be active in any particular musical group or organization. Compositions
Peluso has been composing for over 20 years, but is best known for her performed works that occurred between 2000 and 2007 inclusive. Peluso has an eclectic collection of written compositions written during and after the years she studied music composition at Simon Fraser University. During her Music Composition degree, Peluso collaborated with dancers, filmmakers, actors and with other performing artists to fuel her experience in the field, in music education and to build upon her 14 years of studying and performing Classical period music. Former professors, mentors and teachers included Martin Gotfrit, David McIntyre, and Owen Underhill. Peluso has composed music for not just sole instrumental performance, but has been involved in composing music for dance, theatre and various other performing art installations within the Vancouver area. It seems that her music, artworks and online presence typically are signed under the pseudonym or nickname — dccp.Selected works
2003-onward

Wave Rider - A Hui Ho, (Piano), Performed in Victoria, BC - March 2009
 Viaticus Una, Second Movement (Piece for Two Pianos) - February 2008
Viaticus Seorsum, First Movement (Piece for Two Pianos) - February 2008
Haunting Melody, (Piece for String Trio) - February 2007
Cordially Yours, (Piece for Cello and Piano), Victoria, B.C. - January 2007
From Cairo to Covilhã, (Piece for Solo Piano and Solo Dancer), November 2006
Cantata for a Cabaret Contortionist, (Piece for Accordion, Tenor and Dancer), October 2006
The Chill of An Early Morning by the Sea (Piece for Flute) - September 2006
Una Estudia de Portuguese, (Piece for Tenor Voice, Fiddle, Mandolin, Percussion, and Harmonica) - September 2006
The Music Box Circus, (Piece for Orchestra) Performed by the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, The Orpheum Theatre, Vancouver, B.C. - April 2006
Sogno Dolce, (Piece for String Trio), Performed by the Infinitus String Quartet, Sonic Boom Festival, The Western Front, Vancouver, B.C. - March 2006
Tears Idle Tears, (Based on Tears, Idle Tears a poem by Lord Alfred Tennyson), (Piece for Men & Women's SATB Choir) Performed by the Phoenix Chamber Choir, Reading Session - 2005
I Do Not Love Thee, (Piece for Men & Women's SATB Choir) Performed by the Phoenix Chamber Choir, Reading Session - 2005
Capuchin Myth, (Piece for Clarinet, Trombone, Accordion & Percussion), Performed at the Sonic Boom Festival, The Western Front, Vancouver, B.C. - March 2005
Requitas Pacis, (Piece for Cello, Clarinet and Trombone) - March 2005
Requitas Quare, (Piece for Cello, Clarinet and Trombone) - March 2005
Ut Quaero Verum, (Piece for String Trio and Modern Dancer Improvisation in the style of Katherine Dunham) - March 2005
Vida Em Preto e Branco, Performed by Ensemble Symposium, Sonic Boom Festival, The Western Front, Vancouver, B.C. - March 2004
Tsunami, (Piece for Saxophone Quartet), Performed at the Sonic Boom Festival, The Western Front, Vancouver, B.C. - March 2003
Shallow Depth, (Piece for Saxophone Quartet), Performed at the Sonic Boom Festival, The Western Front, Vancouver, B.C.- March 2003

Performances of compositions
<mask> composed a piece for the Vancouver Symphony orchestra, The Music Box Circus, which was performed in 2006 during the <mask>hard Readings at the Orpheum Theatre. The Music Box Circus includes the entire orchestra in its orchestration, and is about 5 minutes 20 seconds in length. The Sonic Boom Festival is an annual composers festival each spring located at the Western Front in Vancouver, B.C. <mask>'s compositions have had numerous performances at this Performing Arts festival that showcases various composers and musicians from across Canada. Peluso's compositions have varied from a string trio, a saxophone quartet, to eclectic mixes of accordion, cello and percussion. Artistic performances and shows
Peluso has been a performer in various Performing Arts festivals and shows. She has performed music for independent film, dance accompaniment,  theatre performances and numerous collaboration projects involving the fine and performing arts.Performances
<mask> has been an active participant in the Arts community, both in solo performance and as a part of musical groups or collaborations with theatre, dance or film. During 2003, Peluso performed in the House Performing Arts Festival, as a musician for the theatre group "Un/Stuck", which featured actors from the Greater Vancouver Regional District. In 2003, with the same theatre troupe she performed at Nextfest 2004, the Performing Arts Festival in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2005, among her schedule of musical performances as a part of dance and performance art shows, she performed with Gamelan Alligator Joy, a performance group that plays a combination of traditional and contemporary Javanese Gamelan. Peluso performed with the same performance group at various other events around Vancouver, B.C. throughout 2005 and 2006. References

Canadian composers
Simon Fraser University faculty
Simon Fraser University alumni
1982 births
Living people
Canadian non-fiction writers
Musicians from Vancouver
Writers from Vancouver
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Canadian music educators
Women music educators
Canadian women composers

masks:
. Peluso
Peluso
Peluso
Peluso
Peluso
Peluso
Peluso
Jean Coult
Peluso
Peluso