title: Pericles

texts:
 stringent provisions, surplus from a minting operation was to go into a special fund, and anyone proposing to use it otherwise was subject to the death penalty. It was from the alliance's treasury that <mask> drew the funds necessary to enable his ambitious building plan, centered on the "Periclean Acropolis", which included the Propylaea, the Parthenon and the golden statue of Athena, sculpted by <mask>' friend, Phidias. In 449 BC <mask> proposed a decree allowing the use of 9,000 talents to finance the major rebuilding program of Athenian temples. Angelos Vlachos, a Greek Academician, points out the use of the alliance's treasury, initiated and executed by <mask>, as one of the largest embezzlements in human history; this misappropriation financed, however, some of the most marvellous artistic creations of the ancient world. Samian War

The Samian War was one of the last significant military events before the Peloponnesian War.After Thucydides' ostracism, <mask> was re-elected yearly to the generalship, the only office he ever officially occupied, although his influence was so great as to make him the de facto ruler of the state. In 440 BC Samos went to war against Miletus over control of Priene, an ancient city of Ionia on the foot-hills of Mycale. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians. When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration in Athens, the Samians refused. In response, <mask> passed a decree dispatching an expedition to Samos, "alleging against its people that, although they were ordered to break off their war against the Milesians, they were not complying". In a naval battle the Athenians led by <mask> and nine other generals defeated the forces of Samos and imposed on the island an Athenian administration. When the Samians revolted against Athenian rule, <mask> compelled the rebels to capitulate after a tough siege of eight months, which resulted in substantial discontent among the Athenian sailors.<mask> then quelled a revolt in Byzantium and, when he returned to Athens, gave a funeral oration to honor the soldiers who died in the expedition. Between 438 and 436 BC <mask> led Athens' fleet in Pontus and established friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region. <mask> focused also on internal projects, such as the fortification of Athens (the building of the "middle wall" about 440 BC), and on the creation of new cleruchies, such as Andros, Naxos and Thurii (444 BC) as well as Amphipolis (437–436 BC). Personal attacks

<mask> and his friends were never immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. Just before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War, <mask> and two of his closest associates, Phidias and his companion, Aspasia, faced a series of personal and judicial attacks. Phidias, who had been in charge of all building projects, was first accused of embezzling gold meant for the statue of Athena and then of impiety, because, when he wrought the battle of the Amazons on the shield of Athena, he carved out a figure that suggested himself as a bald old man, and also inserted a very fine likeness of <mask> fighting with an Amazon. Aspasia, who was noted for her ability as a conversationalist and adviser, was accused of corrupting the women of Athens to satisfy <mask>' perversions.The accusations against her were probably nothing more than unproven slanders, but the whole experience was very bitter for <mask>. Although Aspasia was acquitted thanks to a rare emotional outburst of <mask>, his friend Phidias died in prison according to Plutarch; however, he is also credited with the later statue of Zeus at Olympia, therefore this is debated, and another friend of his, Anaxagoras, was attacked by the ecclesia for his religious beliefs. Beyond these initial prosecutions, the ecclesia attacked <mask> himself by asking him to justify his ostensible profligacy with, and maladministration of, public money. According to Plutarch, <mask> was so afraid of the oncoming trial that he did not let the Athenians yield to the Lacedaemonians. Beloch also believes that <mask> deliberately brought on the war to protect his political position at home. Thus, at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Athens found itself in the awkward position of entrusting its future to a leader whose pre-eminence had just been seriously shaken for the first time in over a decade. Peloponnesian War

The causes of the Peloponnesian War have been much debated, but many ancient historians lay the blame on <mask> and Athens.Plutarch seems to believe that <mask> and the Athenians incited the war, scrambling to implement their belligerent tactics "with a sort of arrogance and a love of strife". Thucydides hints at the same thing, believing the reason for the war was Sparta's fear of Athenian power and growth. However, as he is generally regarded as an admirer of <mask>, Thucydides has been criticized for bias against Sparta. Prelude to the war

<mask> was convinced that the war against Sparta, which could not conceal its envy of Athens' pre-eminence, was inevitable if unfortunate. Therefore, he did not hesitate to send troops to Corcyra to reinforce the Corcyraean fleet, which was fighting against Corinth. In 433 BC the enemy fleets confronted each other at the Battle of Sybota and a year later the Athenians fought Corinthian colonists at the Battle of Potidaea; these two events contributed greatly to Corinth's lasting hatred of Athens. During the same period, <mask> proposed the Megarian decree, which resembled a modern trade embargo.According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants were excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangled the Megarian economy and strained the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which was allied with Megara. According to George Cawkwell, a praelector in ancient history, with this decree <mask> breached the Thirty Years' Peace "but, perhaps, not without the semblance of an excuse". The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior which the Athenians considered to be impious. After consultations with its allies, Sparta sent a deputation to Athens demanding certain concessions, such as the immediate expulsion of the Alcmaeonidae family including Pericles and the retraction of the Megarian Decree, threatening war if the demands were not met. The obvious purpose of these proposals was the instigation of a confrontation between <mask> and the people; this event, indeed, would come about a few years later. At that time, the Athenians unhesitatingly followed <mask>' instructions.In the first legendary oration Thucydides puts in his mouth, <mask> advised the Athenians not to yield to their opponents' demands, since they were militarily stronger. <mask> was not prepared to make unilateral concessions, believing that "if Athens conceded on that issue, then Sparta was sure to come up with further demands". Consequently, <mask> asked the Spartans to offer a quid pro quo. In exchange for retracting the Megarian Decree, the Athenians demanded from Sparta to abandon their practice of periodic expulsion of foreigners from their territory (xenelasia) and to recognize the autonomy of its allied cities, a request implying that Sparta's hegemony was also ruthless. The terms were rejected by the Spartans, and with neither side willing to back down, the two cities prepared for war. According to Athanasios G. Platias and Constantinos Koliopoulos, professors of strategic studies and international politics, "rather than to submit to coercive demands, <mask> chose war". Another consideration that may well have influenced <mask>' stance was the concern that revolts in the empire might spread if Athens showed itself weak.First year of the war (431 BC)

In 431 BC, while peace already was precarious, Archidamus II, Sparta's king, sent a new delegation to Athens, demanding that the Athenians submit to Sparta's demands. This deputation was not allowed to enter Athens, as <mask> had already passed a resolution according to which no Spartan deputation would be welcomed if the Spartans had previously initiated any hostile military actions. The Spartan army was at this time gathered at Corinth, and, citing this as a hostile action, the Athenians refused to admit their emissaries. With his last attempt at negotiation thus declined, Archidamus invaded Attica, but found no Athenians there; <mask>, aware that Sparta's strategy would be to invade and ravage Athenian territory, had previously arranged to evacuate the entire population of the region to within the walls of Athens. No definite record exists of how exactly <mask> managed to convince the residents of Attica to agree to move into the crowded urban areas. For most, the move meant abandoning their land and ancestral shrines and completely changing their lifestyle. Therefore, although they agreed to leave, many rural residents were far from happy with <mask>' decision.<mask> also gave his compatriots some advice on their present affairs and reassured them that, if the enemy did not plunder his farms, he would offer his property to the city. This promise was prompted by his concern that Archidamus, who was a friend of his, might pass by his estate without ravaging it, either as a gesture of friendship or as a calculated political move aimed to alienate <mask> from his constituents. In any case, seeing the pillage of their farms, the Athenians were outraged, and they soon began to indirectly express their discontent towards their leader, who many of them considered to have drawn them into the war. Even when in the face of mounting pressure, <mask> did not give in to the demands for immediate action against the enemy or revise his initial strategy. He also avoided convening the ecclesia, fearing that the populace, outraged by the unopposed ravaging of their farms, might rashly decide to challenge the vaunted Spartan army in the field. As meetings of the assembly were called at the discretion of its rotating presidents, the "prytanies", <mask> had no formal control over their scheduling; rather, the respect in which <mask> was held by the prytanies was apparently sufficient to persuade them to do as he wished. While the Spartan army remained in Attica, <mask> sent a fleet of 100 ships to loot the coasts of the Peloponnese and charged the cavalry to guard the ravaged farms close to the walls of the city.When the enemy retired and the pillaging came to an end, <mask> proposed a decree according to which the authorities of the city should put aside 1,000 talents and 100 ships, in case Athens was attacked by naval forces. According to the most stringent provision of the decree, even proposing a different use of the money or ships would entail the penalty of death. During the autumn of 431 BC, <mask> led the Athenian forces that invaded Megara and a few months later (winter of 431–430 BC) he delivered his monumental and emotional Funeral Oration, honoring the Athenians who died for their city. Last military operations and death

In 430 BC, the army of Sparta looted Attica for a second time, but <mask> was not daunted and refused to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again led a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnese, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. According to Plutarch, just before the sailing of the ships an eclipse of the sun frightened the crews, but <mask> used the astronomical knowledge he had acquired from Anaxagoras to calm them. In the summer of the same year an epidemic broke out and devastated the Athenians.The exact identity of the disease is uncertain; typhus or typhoid fever are suspected, but this has been the source of much debate. In any case, the city's plight, caused by the epidemic, triggered a new wave of public uproar, and <mask> was forced to defend himself in an emotional final speech, a rendition of which is presented by Thucydides. This is considered to be a monumental oration, revealing <mask>' virtues but also his bitterness towards his compatriots' ingratitude. Temporarily, he managed to tame the people's resentment and to ride out the storm, but his internal enemies' final bid to undermine him came off; they managed to deprive him of the generalship and to fine him at an amount estimated between 15 and 50 talents. Ancient sources mention Cleon, a rising and dynamic protagonist of the Athenian political scene during the war, as the public prosecutor in <mask>' trial. Nevertheless, within just a year, in 429 BC, the Athenians not only forgave <mask> but also re-elected him as strategos. He was reinstated in command of the Athenian army and led all its military operations during 429 BC, having once again under his control the levers of power.In that year, however, <mask> witnessed in the epidemic the death of both Paralus and Xanthippus, his legitimate sons from his first wife. His morale undermined, overwhelmed with grief, <mask> wept copiously for his loss and not even the companionship of Aspasia could console him. He himself died of the plague later in the year. Just before his death, <mask>' friends were concentrated around his bed, enumerating his virtues during peace and underscoring his nine war trophies. <mask>, though moribund, heard them and interrupted them, pointing out that they forgot to mention his fairest and greatest title to their admiration; "for", said he, "no living Athenian ever put on mourning because of me". <mask> lived during the first two and a half years of the Peloponnesian War and, according to Thucydides, his death was a disaster for Athens, since his successors were inferior to him; they preferred to incite all the bad habits of the rabble and followed an unstable policy, endeavoring to be popular rather than useful. With these bitter comments, Thucydides not only laments the loss of a man he admired, but he also heralds the flickering of Athens' unique glory and grandeur.Pausanias (c. 150 AD) records (I.29) seeing the tomb of <mask> along a road near the Academy. Personal life

<mask>, following Athenian custom, was first married to one of his closest relatives, with whom he had two sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, but around 445 BC, <mask> divorced his wife. He offered her to another husband, with the agreement of her male relatives. The name of his first wife is not known; the only information about her is that she was the wife of Hipponicus, before being married to <mask>, and the mother of Callias from this first marriage. After <mask> divorced his wife, he had a long-term relationship with Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had a son, <mask> the Younger. While Aspasia was held in high regard by many of Athens' socialites, her status as a non-Athenian led many to attack their relationship. Even <mask>' own son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father.Nonetheless, such objections did not greatly undermine the popularity of the couple and <mask> readily fought back against accusations that his relationship with Aspasia was corrupting of Athenian society. His sister and both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, died during the Plague of Athens. Just before his death, the Athenians allowed a change in the law of 451 BC that made his half-Athenian son with Aspasia, <mask> the Younger, a citizen and legitimate heir, a striking decision considering that <mask> himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides. Assessments
<mask> marked a whole era and inspired conflicting judgments about his significant decisions. The fact that he was at the same time a vigorous statesman, general and orator only tends to make an objective assessment of his actions more difficult. Political leadership

Some contemporary scholars call <mask> a populist, a demagogue and a hawk, while other scholars admire his charismatic leadership. According to Plutarch, after assuming the leadership of Athens, "he was no longer the same man as before, nor alike submissive to the people and ready to yield and give in to the desires of the multitude as a steersman to the

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title: Pericles

type: original

texts:
 breezes".It is told that when his political opponent, Thucydides, was asked by Sparta's king, Archidamus, whether he or <mask> was the better fighter, Thucydides answered without any hesitation that <mask> was better, because even when he was defeated, he managed to convince the audience that he had won. In matters of character, <mask> was above reproach in the eyes of the ancient historians, since "he kept himself untainted by corruption, although he was not altogether indifferent to money-making". Thucydides (the historian), an admirer of <mask>, maintains that Athens was "in name a democracy but, in fact, governed by its first citizen". Through this comment, the historian illustrates what he perceives as <mask>' charisma to lead, convince and, sometimes, to manipulate. Although Thucydides mentions the fining of <mask>, he does not mention the accusations against <mask> but instead focuses on <mask>' integrity. On the other hand, in one of his dialogues, Plato rejects the glorification of <mask> and declares: "as I know, <mask> made the Athenians slothful, garrulous and avaricious, by starting the system of public fees". Plutarch mentions other criticism of <mask>' leadership: "many others say that the people were first led on by him into allotments of public lands, festival-grants, and distributions of fees for public services, thereby falling into bad habits, and becoming luxurious and wanton under the influence of his public measures, instead of frugal and self-sufficing".Thucydides argues that <mask> "was not carried away by the people, but he was the one guiding the people". His judgement is not unquestioned; some 20th-century critics, such as Malcolm F. McGregor and John S. Morrison, proposed that he may have been a charismatic public face acting as an advocate on the proposals of advisors, or the people themselves. According to King, by increasing the power of the people, the Athenians left themselves with no authoritative leader. During the Peloponnesian War, <mask>' dependence on popular support to govern was obvious. Military achievements

For more than 20 years <mask> led many expeditions, mainly naval ones. Being always cautious, he never undertook of his own accord a battle involving much uncertainty and peril and he did not accede to the "vain impulses of the citizens". He based his military policy on Themistocles' principle that Athens' predominance depends on its superior naval power and believed that the Peloponnesians were near-invincible on land.<mask> also tried to minimize the advantages of Sparta by rebuilding the walls of Athens, which, it has been suggested, radically altered the use of force in Greek international relations. During the Peloponnesian War, <mask> initiated a defensive "grand strategy" whose aim was the exhaustion of the enemy and the preservation of the status quo. According to Platias and Koliopoulos, Athens as the strongest party did not have to beat Sparta in military terms and "chose to foil the Spartan plan for victory". The two basic principles of the "Periclean Grand Strategy" were the rejection of appeasement (in accordance with which he urged the Athenians not to revoke the Megarian Decree) and the avoidance of overextension. According to Kagan, <mask>' vehement insistence that there should be no diversionary expeditions may well have resulted from the bitter memory of the Egyptian campaign, which he had allegedly supported. His strategy is said to have been "inherently unpopular", but <mask> managed to persuade the Athenian public to follow it. It is for that reason that Hans Delbrück called him one of the greatest statesmen and military leaders in history.Although his countrymen engaged in several aggressive actions soon after his death, Platias and Koliopoulos argue that the Athenians remained true to the larger Periclean strategy of seeking to preserve, not expand, the empire, and did not depart from it until the Sicilian Expedition. For his part, Ben X. de Wet concludes his strategy would have succeeded had he lived longer. Critics of <mask>' strategy, however, have been just as numerous as its supporters. A common criticism is that <mask> was always a better politician and orator than strategist. Donald Kagan called the Periclean strategy "a form of wishful thinking that failed", Barry S. Strauss and Josiah Ober have stated that "as strategist he was a failure and deserves a share of the blame for Athens' great defeat", and Victor Davis Hanson believes that <mask> had not worked out a clear strategy for an effective offensive action that could possibly force Thebes or Sparta to stop the war. Kagan criticizes the Periclean strategy on four counts: first that by rejecting minor concessions it brought about war; second, that it was unforeseen by the enemy and hence lacked credibility; third, that it was too feeble to exploit any opportunities; and fourth, that it depended on <mask> for its execution and thus was bound to be abandoned after his death. Kagan estimates <mask>' expenditure on his military strategy in the Peloponnesian War to be about 2,000 talents annually, and based on this figure concludes that he would have only enough money to keep the war going for three years.He asserts that since <mask> must have known about these limitations he probably planned for a much shorter war. Others, such as Donald W. Knight, conclude that the strategy was too defensive and would not succeed. In contrast, Platias and Koliopoulos reject these criticisms and state that "the Athenians lost the war only when they dramatically reversed the Periclean grand strategy that explicitly disdained further conquests". Hanson stresses that the Periclean strategy was not innovative, but could lead to a stagnancy in favor of Athens. It is a popular conclusion that those succeeding him lacked his abilities and character. Oratorical skill

Modern commentators of Thucydides, with other modern historians and writers, take varying stances on the issue of how much of the speeches of <mask>, as given by this historian, do actually represent <mask>' own words and how much of them is free literary creation or paraphrase by Thucydides. Since <mask> never wrote down or distributed his orations, no historians are able to answer this with certainty; Thucydides recreated three of them from memory and, thereby, it cannot be ascertained that he did not add his own notions and thoughts.Although <mask> was a main source of his inspiration, some historians have noted that the passionate and idealistic literary style of the speeches Thucydides attributes to <mask> is completely at odds with Thucydides' own cold and analytical writing style. This might, however, be the result of the incorporation of the genre of rhetoric into the genre of historiography. That is to say, Thucydides could simply have used two different writing styles for two different purposes. Ioannis Kakridis and Arnold Gomme were two scholars who debated the originality of <mask>' oratory and last speech. Kakridis believes that Thucydides altered Pericles words. Some of his strongest arguments included in the Introduction of the speech, (Thuc.11.35). Kakridis proposes that it is impossible to imagine <mask> deviating away from the expected funeral orator addressing the mourning audience of 430 after the Peloponnesian war.The two groups addressed were the ones who were prepared to believe him when he praised the dead, and the ones who did not. Gomme rejects Kakridis's position, defending the fact that "Nobody of men has ever been so conscious of envy and its workings as the Greeks, and that the Greeks and Thucydides in particular had a passion for covering all ground in their generalizations, not always relevantly." Kagan states that <mask> adopted "an elevated mode of speech, free from the vulgar and knavish tricks of mob-orators" and, according to Diodorus Siculus, he "excelled all his fellow citizens in skill of oratory". According to Plutarch, he avoided using gimmicks in his speeches, unlike the passionate Demosthenes, and always spoke in a calm and tranquil manner. The biographer points out, however, that the poet Ion reported that <mask>' speaking style was "a presumptuous and somewhat arrogant manner of address, and that into his haughtiness there entered a good deal of disdain and contempt for others". Gorgias, in Plato's homonymous dialogue, uses <mask> as an example of powerful oratory. In Menexenus, however, Socrates (through Plato) casts aspersions on <mask>' rhetorical fame, claiming ironically that, since <mask> was educated by Aspasia, a trainer of many orators, he would be superior in rhetoric to someone educated by Antiphon.He also attributes authorship of the Funeral Oration to Aspasia and attacks his contemporaries' veneration of <mask>. Sir Richard C. Jebb concludes that "unique as an Athenian statesman, <mask> must have been in two respects unique also as an Athenian orator; first, because he occupied such a position of personal ascendancy as no man before or after him attained; secondly, because his thoughts and his moral force won him such renown for eloquence as no one else ever got from Athenians". Ancient Greek writers call <mask> "Olympian" and extol his talents; referring to him "thundering and lightning and exciting Greece" and carrying the weapons of Zeus when orating. According to Quintilian, <mask> would always prepare assiduously for his orations and, before going on the rostrum, he would always pray to the gods, so as not to utter any improper word. <mask> and the city gods
Nothing was more alien to the Greeks than the notion of a Separation between church and state. In Athens, the community provided a tight framework for religious manifestations while, symmetrically, religion was deeply embedded in civic life. Within this context, participation in the rituals was an action highly political in the broadest sense of the term.To analyze <mask>'s relations with gods, one has to position oneself at the intersection of the general and the particular, where what was personal and what was shared by the whole community came together. On the one hand, the career of the strategos will illuminate the Athenians' collective relationship to all that was divine. As a reelected strategos and a persuasive orator, <mask> was the spokesman of a civic religion that was undergoing a mutation. He was implicated in a policy of making constant offerings and of launching huge architectural religious works not only on the Acropolis but also throughout Attica; and, furthermore, he was engaged in such activities at a time when city was introducing profound changes into its religious account of its origins—that is, autochthony—within a context of strained diplomatic relations. On the other hand, the ancient sources made it possible to glimpse the personal relations that <mask> had developed with gods. These were relations of proximity in the first place: he was sometimes depicted as a protégé of goddess Athena, but in Attic comedies he was also assimilated to god Zeus, in an analogy that was in no way flattering. But then, there were also relations that emphasized distance: some philosophical accounts presented him as a man close to the sophists or even as a freethinker.Finally, there were relations involving irreverence: some later and less trustworthy sources made much of several trials for impiety in which those close to him were involved, and this raises the question of religious tolerance in fifth-century Athens and, in particular, how far individuals enjoyed freedom of thought when faced with the civic community. Legacy

<mask>' most visible legacy can be found in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age, much of which survive to this day. The Acropolis, though in ruins, still stands and is a symbol of modern Athens. Paparrigopoulos wrote that these masterpieces are "sufficient to render the name of Greece immortal in our world". In politics, Victor L. Ehrenberg argues that a basic element of <mask>' legacy is Athenian imperialism, which denies true democracy and freedom to the people of all but the ruling state. The promotion of such an arrogant imperialism is said to have ruined Athens. <mask> and his "expansionary" policies have been at the center of arguments promoting democracy in oppressed countries.Other analysts maintain an Athenian humanism illustrated in the Golden Age. The freedom of expression is regarded as the lasting legacy deriving from this period. <mask> is lauded as "the ideal type of the perfect statesman in ancient Greece" and his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride. In 1932, botanist Albert Charles Smith published Periclesia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Ecuador belonging to the family Ericaceae and named after <mask>. In Popular Culture

 <mask> appears as one of two leaders of the Greece civilization in the Firaxis Games title Civilization VI. His unique ability is +5% culture per city-state Greece has Suzerainty over. See also

 Art in ancient Greece
 Culture of Greece
 Sculpture of ancient Greece
 Timeline of ancient Greece
 <mask>, Prince of Tyre

Notes

Citations

References

Primary sources (Greek and Roman)

 Aristophanes, The Acharnians.See original text in Perseus program (translation)
  See original text in Perseus program. Aristotle, Politika (Politics). See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus program. Diodorus Siculus, Library, 12th Book. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Herodotus, The Histories, VI. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Plato, Alcibiades I.See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plato, Gorgias. See original text in Perseus program, 455d, 455e, 515e (translation) from
 Plato, Menexenus. See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plato, Phaedrus, See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plutarch, Cimon. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
  See original text in Perseus program
 Quintilian, Institutiones. See original text in The Latin Library. , I–III. See original text in Perseus program
 Xenophon (?), Constitution of Athens. See original text in Perseus program (translation)

Secondary sources

 Beloch, K.J. (1884). Die Attische Politik seit Perikles . Leipzig (in German). Beloch, K.J. (1893).Griechische Geschichte. Volume II (in German). Delbrück, Hans (1920): History of the Art of War, University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition, 1990. Translated by Walter, J. Renfroe. Volume 1. Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios. Volume VIII.article: The Funeral Speech over the Fallen. Volume XV. article: <mask> (in Greek). Kakridis, Ioannis Th. (1993). Interpretative Comments on the Pericles' Funeral Oration. Estia (in Greek).King, J.D. (2005).  .

 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos (Karolidis, Pavlos) (1925), History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Ab). Eleftheroudakis (in Greek). {{cite book|title=The Anatomy of Error: Ancient Military Disasters and Their Lessons for Modern Strategists|last=Ober Josiah|first=Strauss Barry S.|publisher=St Martins Pr|year=1990|isbn=978-0-312-05051-1|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoferroran00stra}}

 Vlachos, Angelos (1992). Remarks on Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (Α΄-Δ΄). Volume I. Estia (in Greek). Vlachos, Angelos (1974).Thucydides' bias''. Estia (in Greek). Further reading

 Gore Vidal, Creation (novel) for a fictional account of <mask> and a Persian view of the wars. External links

Biographies
 Peck, Harry Thurston
<mask> and the Athenian democracy
 McConville, Michael. A Critical Analysis of Athenian Democracy
Further assessments about <mask> and his era
 Jebb, R.C. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos
 Martin, Thomas R. An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander (Pericles' citizenship law)
 Muhlberger, Steve. Periclean Athens
 The Revolt of Samos (Demo Fragmentary Texts)

490s BC births
429 BC deaths
5th-century BC Athenians
Alcmaeonidae
Ancient Athenian generals
Ancient Greek statesmen
Ancient Greeks who died from disease
Athenians of the Greco-Persian Wars
Athenians of the Peloponnesian War
Greek culture
Athenian democracy
5th-century BC Ancient Greek

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title: James Arbuthnot

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Edrom,  (born 4 August 1952), is a British Conservative Party politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Wanstead and Woodford from 1987 to 1997, and then MP for North East Hampshire from 1997 to 2015. <mask> served as chairman of the Defence Select Committee from 2005 to 2014, before being nominated as a life peer in the Dissolution Peerages List 2015 of August 2015. Created Baron <mask> of Edrom, of Edrom in the County of Berwick, on 1 October 2015, Lord <mask> sits on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords. Early life

<mask> was born in Deal, Kent, the second son of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet, MP for Dover between 1950 and 1964, and Margaret Jean Duff. He was educated at Wellesley House School in Broadstairs and Eton College, where he was captain of School, before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a law degree (BA) in 1974. Arbuthnot was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1975 and became a practising barrister.An active member of the Chelsea Conservative Association, he was elected a councillor of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in 1978, and remained a councillor until he was elected to the House of Commons in 1987. In 1980 he became the vice-chairman of the Chelsea Conservative Association. <mask> contested the Cynon Valley seat, in the Labour heartland of industrial South Wales, at the 1983 general election and was defeated by Ioan Evans. A year later in 1984, Evans died and <mask> fought the resulting by-election, but he was again defeated by the Labour candidate, Ann Clwyd. Member of Parliament

In government (1988–1997)
In the 1987 general election <mask> was chosen to contest the safe Conservative seat of Wanstead and Woodford, as the sitting MP, Patrick Jenkin, was standing down. <mask> won the seat and increased the Conservative majority by over 2,000 to 16,412. In 1988 he became the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Archie Hamilton at the Ministry of Defence, and in 1990 became the PPS to the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Peter Lilley.He entered the John Major government after the 1992 general election when he was made an Assistant Government Whip. He was promoted in 1994 as the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security. The following year he was promoted to Minister for Defence Procurement, where he remained until the end of the Major government in 1997. <mask> stated that one of his most pleasing parliamentary achievements was "organising an all-party meeting with the Prime Minister for the exoneration of the pilots of the Chinook that crashed on the Mull of Kintyre in 1994". In opposition (1997–2010)
<mask>'s seat of Wanstead and Woodford was abolished at the 1997 general election, when he was selected for the new seat of North East Hampshire. In Opposition, he was a member of William Hague's Shadow Cabinet as the Conservative Party's Chief Whip until the 2001 general election when he returned to the backbenches. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1998.<mask> returned to the Shadow Cabinet under Michael Howard as Shadow Trade Secretary in 2003, but stood down after the 2005 general election. Since that election he served as the chairman of the influential Defence Select Committee and was Chair of the Special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011. He is a Senior Associate Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute. <mask> was the parliamentary chairman of the Conservative Friends of Israel. He was also a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009. In the 2009 expenses scandal, <mask> apologised and repaid the public money he had claimed for his swimming pool to be cleaned. Later that year, he was further criticised in the press for £15,000 of expenses he claimed for upkeep at his second home, including tree surgery and painting his summer house.In government (2010–2015)
In June 2011 <mask> announced that he would not contest the next general election. On 16 January 2015, he publicly declared his atheism, stating "the pressure on a Conservative politician, particularly of keeping quiet about not being religious, is very similar to the pressure that there has been about keeping quiet about being gay"; he later clarified that he is not gay. <mask> has been playing a pivotal role in helping the Sub Postmasters affected by the Great Post Office Scandal to seek justice after the post office wronglyand, it has been alleged, knowinglysought and obtained convictions for theft, fraud and false accounting against a large number of them. Personal life
On 6 September 1984, <mask> married Emma Louise Broadbent, daughter of Michael Broadbent, Wine Director of Christie's. She is a Justice of the High Court, having previously served as the Senior District Judge (Chief Magistrate) for England and Wales. <mask> is the chairman of the advisory board of the UK division of multinational defence and security systems manufacturer Thales. He is a Senior Associate Fellow of the defence and security think tank Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.He is a direct descendant of <mask> of Scotland. His middle name is after his great-great grandfather, Norwich Duff (1792-1862). He is also a distant cousin of <mask>, the former MP for Burnley. <mask> and his wife have one son (The Hon. <mask>, born 1986) and three daughters (The Hon. <mask>, born 1989; The Hon. <mask>, born 1992; The Hon.<mask>, born 1998). Lord and Lady Arbuthnot divide their time between London and Berkshire. Arms

See also
 Clan Arbuthnott
 Court of Lord Lyon
 Disclosure of expenses of British Members of Parliament

References

External links
North East Hampshire Conservative Association

Arbuthnot family tree
Burke's Peerage & Baronetage online

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1952 births
Living people
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
James
English people of Scottish descent
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Councillors in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
English atheists
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Deal, Kent
Politics of Hampshire
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Younger sons of baronets

masks:
James Norwich Arbuthnot
Baron Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
John Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
James Arbuthnot
James V
Gerald Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot
Alexander Arbuthnot
Kate Arbuthnot
Leaf Arbuthnot
Alice Arbuthnot


title: Hassan Raza Ghadeeri

texts:
<mask> (born 1952) is a  Shia scholar and Ayatollah (mujtahid) of Pakistan. His father, Mufti Muzammil Hussain Meesmi, was the first Mufti of Punjab. Biography
Grand Ayatollah <mask> was born in Pakistan and studied in various locations including Lahore, Multan, and Ali-Pur. He later travelled to Iran and completed his studies at the hands of various Grand Ayatollahs, including Fazil Lankarani, Mar'ashi Najafi, Al-Gulpaigaani, Jawadi Al-Amuli and others, he has his unique style of lecture and teaching that his speeches were aired on many national media platforms to help the communities to live peacefully. In 2007 became the first Shia ayatollah to receive the title of Ambassador of Peace from the World Federation of Peace (USA). He attended and spoke at the world peace meeting in Seoul, South Korea. <mask> is UK's top Shia Cleric and famous for his knowledge, kindness and his down-to-earth attitude.Social activities

Ayatollah <mask> <mask> is now the head or a member of many organizations to work for social welfare and peace in community and respect of national law. some of them are:
 Shia Sharia Council (UK),
 Al-Ghadeer Educational Trust (UK),
 World Council For Peace And Justice (UK),
 World Organization For The Preservation Of Holy Places (UK),
 Al-Ghadeer Foundation LHR,

Lectures

Ayatollah Ghadiri has served the nation around the globe, he has given lectures in Pakistan, India, United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Italy, Spain, United States, Canada and throughout the UK. Works
Ayatollah <mask> Ghadiri has written more than 90 books in various languages including Urdu, Arabic, Persian and English. Translations
(The Books Ayatoolah Ghadiri Has Translated into Urdu From Other Languages)
 Al-Meezan (Tafseer Al- Quran) (20 Volumes)
 Zainab Zainab Hai
 Tafseer Sura-e-Fatiha

Poetry
(The Poetry Written By Ayatollah Ghadiri on Various Social And Religious Topics)
 Hussain Maira
 Jaam -e- Ghadir
 Zanjeer -e- Hayyat
 Ali Nahin To Kuchh Nahin
 Harf -e- Ehsaas
 Mohsin -e- Millat

Magazines and articles
Ayatollah <mask> Ghadiri is the head of many International Magazines worldwide, and he has written hundreds of articles on various topics. The relevant magazines are listed below. Al-Ghadeer (Pakistan)
 Al-Aasaar (London)
 Paigham-e-Nijaat (Germany)
 Aagaahi (London)
 Raaz-e-Dill(Persian – London)
 4u(English – London)
 Daily Jang(London – Pakistan)
 Daily Nawa -i- Waqt (Pakistan)
 Daily Pakistan (Pakistan)
 Al-Muntazar (Pakistan)
 Al-Rai Al-Aakhar(Arabic – London)

Honors
Ayatollah Hassan Raza Ghadiri has been awarded with many honors by various worldwide organizations and institutes, including those listed below. Ambassador of Peace
 Peace Assembly Member (London)
 Chairmanship of World Shia Foundation (UK)
 Chairmanship of Islamic Council (UK)
 Chairmanship of Azadari Council (UK)

Organizations
Ayatollah Hassan Raza Ghadiri is the founder or most senior member of the international organizations, including the Azadari Council (UK), Islamic Judiciary Council (UK), WOPHP (UK), World Council For Peace And Justice (UK), and Al-Ghadir Trust (Pakistan)

TV channel

The Shia TV channel "AhleBait TV" began transmission from 1 August 2009 on Sky channel 836.Ayatollah Ghadiri is the founder of Ahlebait TV. His son Moulana Hashim <mask> Ghadiri

Of his sons, Molana Hashim <mask> Ghadiri, is also a religious scholar and was famous even in his youth as he was a talented individual who could speak and write Urdu, Arabic, English, Punjabi and Saraiki. He studied in Najaf under the supervision of Ayatullah Uzma Hafiz Bashir Hussain Najafi from 2004 to 2008. He is a favorite scholar due to his peace activities and defensive lectures for his faith. He was awarded as "Youth Peace Symbol" by Brixton University London, and he is a member of British Peace Assembly UK. He held the community record for attracting the largest crowds to his lectures during the last year Moharram held in Bradford Hussainia Islamic Centre. Officials said the average attendance surpassed 2000 men and women every day.According to unofficial sources the number reached 2400. References

http://archive.upf.org/news/field/asia/AsiaQ1/index.php?report_id=311&event_id=53
http://www.madinatulilm.org (for Videos)
http://www.ghadeeri.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102115/http://al-askariyyain.com/protest/page3.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132411/http://shiasharia.com/

1952 births
Living people
Pakistani ayatollahs
Sharia judges
Punjabi people
Pakistani Muslims
Pakistani Shia Muslims
Writers from Lahore

masks:
Allah Hassan Raza Ghadeeri
Hassan Raza Ghadeeri
Ayallah Ghadeeri
Hassan Raza
Ghadeeri
Hassan Raza
Hassan Raza
Raza
Raza


title: Uma Bharti

texts:
<mask> (born 3 May 1959) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. She became involved with the BJP at a young age, unsuccessfully contesting her first parliamentary elections in 1984. In 1989, she successfully contested the Khajuraho seat, and retained it in elections conducted in 1991, 1996 and 1998. In 1999, she switched constituencies and won the Bhopal seat. Bharti held various state-level and cabinet-level portfolios in the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Tourism, Youth Affairs and Sports, and also in Coal and Mines during the second as well as third ministry of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After Narendra Modi became the Indian Prime Minister in 2014, she was appointed the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, and held this office until September 2017. <mask> was among the leaders in the Ram Janmabhoomi movement of the 1980s and 1990s, organised by the Vishva Hindu Parishad.She was present at the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and was later acquitted by a special CBI court in relation to charges filed against her in the incident. In the 2003 State Assembly polls, she led the BJP to a sweeping win in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. She defeated her Indian National Congress (INC) opponent from the Malehra seat by a 25 per cent margin. She resigned from the post of Chief Minister in August 2004, when an arrest warrant was issued against her regarding the 1994 Hubli riot case. After a falling-out with the BJP, she established her own political party for a while before returning to the fold and being elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the state of Uttar Pradesh. She was subsequently re-elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. She is occasionally addressed by the Hindu honorific Sādhvī, a respectful Sanskrit title for a female renunciant.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 3 May 1959 in Dunda, Tikamgarh District in the state of Madhya Pradesh to a family of peasants. She attended school up until the sixth standard. As a child, she displayed considerable interest in religious texts like the Bhagvad Gita which led to her being seen as a "spiritual" child. She began to give religious discourses while still a child, which brought her into contact with Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia, who would later become her political mentor. She describes herself in her youth as a "religious missionary". Political career

Rise to prominence and Ram Janmabhoomi
With the support of Vijaya Raje Scindia, <mask> became involved with the BJP in Madhya Pradesh while still in her twenties. In 1984, she contested Lok Sabha elections for the first time, but lost from Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency) as the INC saw a surge in support following the assassination of Indira Gandhi.In 1989, she won from Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency, and retained the seat in the elections of 1991, 1996, and 1998. She was elected to Lok Sabha from Bhopal in 1999, and from Jhansi in 2014. She did not contest Lok Sabha elections in 2019. <mask> rose to national prominence when she became one of the major faces of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, alongside L. K. Advani and others. Her fiery speeches are credited for helping the movement achieve its momentum. In December 1992, she was one of several prominent Sangh Parivar figures present at a rally in Ayodhya that developed into a riot, culminating in the demolition of the Babri Mosque. Bharti was indicted for inciting a mob to violence by the Liberhan Commission that probed the incident.<mask> has denied that she incited the mob but says she does not regret it and that she is willing to take "moral responsibility" for the demolition. She acknowledges that the BJP reaped massive political benefits from the incident. In April 2017, the Supreme Court of India reinstated a criminal conspiracy case against <mask> and other BJP leaders. <mask> has called for the BJP to stop avoiding responsibility for the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, saying: She has also denied the presence of any conspiracy by the Sangh, while stating that she does not regret the demolition, as it furthers the goal of building a Ram Mandir there. In the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, <mask> switched constituencies and won the Bhopal seat. She became a cabinet member of the Vajpayee administration, and held various state- and cabinet-level portfolios, being those for Human Resource Development, Tourism, Youth Affairs and Sports, and finally Coal and Mines. Chief Minister
<mask> was appointed the Chief Ministerial candidate of the BJP for the 2003 Assembly polls in Madhya Pradesh.On the back of a fierce campaign based on a platform of development, and helped along by her reputation as a Hindutva firebrand, she led the party to a sweeping victory in which it won 173 out of 230 seats in the legislature. She was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Madhya Pradesh

Bharatiya Janashakti Party
In August 2004, after only a year in office, an arrest warrant was issued against <mask> in connection with the 1994 Hubli riots, forcing her resignation. In November 2004, she had a public falling out with Advani during a meeting at the BJP headquarters. This led to a suspension from the BJP, which was revoked a few months later at the insistence of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist social service volunteer organisation. She continued to publicly defy the BJP high command, insisting that she replace Shivraj Singh Chouhan as the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, which led to several show-cause notices from the party, and eventually, to her expulsion. In response, <mask> floated her own political party, the Bharatiya Janshakti Party. She stated that her party followed the ideology of the RSS, and claimed that she had the support of Mohan Bhagwat, head of the RSS.However, the party had a marked lack of political success. Re-entry into the BJP
Bharti was re-inducted into the BJP on 7 June 2011. She was tasked with reviving the party in Uttar Pradesh, ahead of that state's assembly election in 2012. In those elections, she was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Charkhari constituency. Subsequently, she was appointed to the position of party vice-president along with twelve others, as part of a team created to guide the BJP through the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. On 16 May 2014, she was elected to the Lok Sabha from Jhansi constituency by defeating Chandrapal Yadav of the Samajwadi Party. She served as the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation from 26 May 2014 to 1 September 2017.She became the Minister of drinking water and sanitation on 3 September 2017. <mask> <mask> donated one month of her salary to support the welfare of families of Central Reserve Police Force personnel murdered in the 2019 Pulwama attack perpetrated by a Kashmiri militant against the Indian Army. Threats against Walmart

In late November 2011, when the Government of India decided to allow 51% Foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail and 100% in single brand retail, <mask> <mask> threatened Walmart with arson should they enter the Indian market. See also
<mask> <mask> ministry (2003-2004)

References

External links

 Official Twitter
 "India's firebrand Hindu nun" – BBC News article dated 30 November 2005
 BBC article on <mask> Bharti's suspension

1959 births
Living people
People from Tikamgarh district
Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008
Hindu nuns
9th Lok Sabha members
10th Lok Sabha members
11th Lok Sabha members
12th Lok Sabha members
13th Lok Sabha members
16th Lok Sabha members
Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party
Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh
Women chief ministers of Indian states
Vishva Hindu Parishad members
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Members of the Cabinet of India
Tourism ministers of India
Union ministers of state of India with independent charge
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017
Women in Uttar Pradesh politics
Women in Madhya Pradesh politics
Narendra Modi ministry
Far-right politicians in India
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Women members of the Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Coal Ministers of India

masks:
Uma Bharti
Bharti
Uma
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Bharti
Uma
Bharti
Uma
Bharti
Uma
Bharti
Uma


title: Eugene Emond

texts:
<mask> (January 11, 1921January 28, 1989) was an Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. During World War II, he was one of the youngest Lieutenants (pilot) of the B-17 Flying Fortress Man O War II, Horsepower Ltd. (see nose art below). Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born to <mask> and Mary McTague in New York City. He was raised in the working-class neighborhood of Washington Heights and attended DeWitt Clinton High School. Military career
<mask> enlisted in the Army during World War II, where he was trained as a B-17 Flying Fortress pilot. After training he was shipped to England to fly in the 91st Bomb Group at RAF Bassingbourn. During <mask>'s first combat mission he flew as a tail gunner in the lead group.He flew as the co-pilot of the next few missions and then as pilot (the left seat) for the rest of his tour. <mask> finished his tour around the middle of 1944 and was rotated back home to a base in Florida. When the war ended he elected to stay in the service and was in the Philippines in June 1946. After his allotment of missions, <mask> was later offered to become a lead air trainer in Florida. After a short stint training pilots, he decided to return to his job as a "runner" at the New York Federal Reserve. <mask> completed over 34 missions while leading Man O War II. He received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with 3 Oak leaf clusters and logged 1306 hours at the controls.He is considered one of the youngest Lieutenants to pilot a Fortress. The book entitled "World War II Album Volume 18: Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress" by Ray Merriam states (used by permission)
"1st Lt. <mask> Lead Pilot for Man O War II Horsepower Limited was part of D-Day and witnessed one of the first German jets when a Me 262 A-1a flow through his formation over Germany. He was one of the youngest bomber pilots in the US Army Air Forces" (page 24). Man O War II Horsepower Ltd. B-17G serial number was 42-38083. Man O War II Horsepower Ltd. of the 322nd Bomber Squadron, 91st Bomb Group flew numerous missions with the 91st before being lost in a mission over Merseburg. Picture of <mask> (third from left standing) , pic owned/used by permission by the Emond Family and pic on loan to 91stbombgroup.com
http://www.91stbombgroup.com/crewphotos/man_o_war_2_crew.html

WWII Mission information details. Date	Destination	 	Duration

5/7/44	Berlin	Germany	        9:20

5/8/44	Berlin	Germany	        8:35

5/9/44	St. Dizier France	6:50

5/12/44	Hale	Germany	        8:50.5/19/44	Berlin	Germany	        10:15

5/22/44	Kiel	Germany	        7:55

5/24/44	Berlin	Germany	        9:30

5/25/44	Nancy	France	        7:05

5/27/44	Ludwigshaven Germany	7:30

5/28/44	Dessau	Germany	        8:25

6/2/44	D Day Special   	3:45

6/3/44	Coast of France	France	3:45

6/5/44	Coast of France	France	5:30

6/6/44	D Day Special Mission	5:45

6/8/44	France	France	        6:05

6/11/44	Airfield in France	5:00

6/12/44	Airfield in France	5:20

6/13/44	France	France	        5:55

6/15/44	Bordeaux France	        8:20

6/18/44	Hamburg	Germany	        8:40

6/20/44	Hamburg	Germany	        8:35

6/21/44	Berlin	Germany	        9:25

6/22/44	France	France	        5:05

6/23/44	Coast of France	France	4:35

6/24/44	Bridge in France	6:15

6/28/44	France	France	        6:20

7/4/44	Tours 	France	        6:45

7/6/44	Coast of France	France	5:35

7/7/44	Liepsig	Germany	        8:15

7/9/44	Coast of France	France	4:00

7/12/44	Munich	Germany	        9:15

Career
Emond's career at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York spanned 47 years. The first half of his career was spent as a Bank Examiner traveling throughout New York State. His post Bank Examination positions included being the first Officer in Charge of Operations and Technology, Officer in Charge of the Discount Window, Lead Trainer for Bank Examiners and Senior Officer in Charge of Special Projects. One of the special projects included assisting in the refinancing of the troubled Lockheed Company with investment banks (1970s). Emond was influential in establishing a more formal relationship between the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England. He was also called upon to manage several special projects for the New York board. One of the projects included assisting in the refinancing of the troubled Lockheed Air with investment banks.Marriage, children and grandchildren
<mask> married the former Alice Virginia Whalen. The couple had five children together: <mask>, Randall George, Elizabeth Jane, Gary Micheal and Douglas William. After his wife's death in 1972, he raised their two youngest sons on his own. Grand children of <mask> and Alice are Edward Heinrich, Stacy Heinrich Woodin, Julia Heinrich Sanders, Alice Heinrich Clapsaddle, Allyson <mask> Kiss, <mask>, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>. Death and afterward
<mask> died on January 28, 1989 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

masks:
Eugene Patrick Emond
Eugene Patrick Emond
Eugene Edward Emond
Emond
Emond
Emond
Emond
Emond
Eugene Emond
Emond
Emond
Eugene Edward
Eugene
Emond
Christopher Emond
Gregory Emond
Catherine Emond
Patrick Emond
Eugene Emond


title: Douglas H. Ginsburg

texts:
<mask> (born May 25, 1946) is an American jurist and academic who serves as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was appointed to that court at age 40 in October 1986 by President Ronald Reagan, and served as its chief judge from July 2001 until February 2008. <mask> was nominated by Reagan to fill a U.S. Supreme Court vacancy after the retirement of Lewis F. Powell in October 1987, but soon withdrew from consideration after his earlier marijuana use created controversy. <mask> took senior status at age 65 in October 2011, and joined the faculty of New York University School of Law in January 2012. In 2013, he left NYU and began teaching at George Mason University Scalia Law School. He is the author of numerous scholarly works on antitrust and constitutional law. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Chicago in 1946 to Katherine (née Goodmont) and <mask>.He graduated from the Latin School of Chicago in 1963, then attended Cornell University. After dropping out in 1965 due to "boredom", he invested in and helped run Operation Match, an early computer dating service based in Boston, Massachusetts. Ginsburg returned to Cornell in 1968 after selling the company and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1970. Ginsburg then attended the University of Chicago Law School, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review along with future judge Frank Easterbrook. He graduated in 1973 with a Juris Doctor and membership in the Order of the Coif. Career
After law school, Ginsburg clerked for Judge Carl McGowan on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1973 to 1974, then for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1974 to 1975.He then became a professor of law at Harvard Law School. <mask> taught at Harvard until 1983, when he joined the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan as the administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. He worked in the Reagan administration until 1986, serving as Deputy Assistant Attorney General and Assistant Attorney General in the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. From 1988 until 2008, he was an adjunct professor at the George Mason University School of Law (now Antonin Scalia Law School), where he taught a seminar called "Readings in Legal Thought." Until 2011 he was also a Visiting Lecturer and Charles J. Merriam Scholar at the University of Chicago Law School in Chicago, Illinois. <mask> has been a visiting professor at Columbia University Law School (1987–1988) and a visiting scholar at New York Law School (2006–2008). <mask> is currently a professor at the Scalia Law School and a visiting professor at the University of London, Faculty of Laws.He serves on the advisory boards of the Global Antitrust Institute (Chairman), the Jevons Institute for Competition Law and Economics and the Centre for Law, Economics, and Society, both at University College London, Faculty of Laws; Competition Policy International; Journal of Competition Law & Economics; Journal of Law, Economics & Policy; Supreme Court Economic Review; University of Chicago Law Review; and the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. Federal judicial service

<mask> was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 23, 1986, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge J. Skelly Wright. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8, 1986, and received commission on October 14, 1986. He served as Chief Judge from 2001 to 2008. He assumed senior status on October 14, 2011. He was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States, 2001–2008, and previously served on its Budget Committee, 1997–2001, and Committee on Judicial Resources, 1987–1996; American Bar Association, Antitrust Section, Council, 1985–1986 (ex officio), 2000–2003 and 2009–2012 (judicial liaison); Boston University Law School, Visiting Committee, 1994–1997; and University of Chicago Law School, Visiting Committee, 1985–1988. United States Supreme Court nomination

On October 29, 1987, President Reagan announced his intention to nominate <mask> to the Supreme Court of the United States to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Lewis Powell, which had been announced on June 26.<mask>, age 41, was chosen after the United States Senate, controlled by Democrats, had voted down the nomination of Judge Robert Bork after a highly controversial nomination battle which ended with a 42–58 rejection vote on October 23. <mask>'s nomination collapsed for entirely different reasons from Bork's rejection, as he almost immediately came under some fire when NPR's Nina Totenberg revealed that <mask> had used marijuana "on a few occasions" during his student days in the 1960s and while an assistant professor at Harvard in the 1970s. It was <mask>'s continued use of marijuana after graduation and as a professor that made his actions more serious in the minds of many senators and members of the public. <mask> was also accused of a financial conflict of interest during his work in the Reagan Administration, but a Department of Justice investigation under the Ethics in Government Act found that allegation baseless in a February 1988 report. Due to the allegations, <mask> withdrew his name from consideration on November 7, and remained on the Court of Appeals, serving as chief judge for most of the 2000s. Anthony Kennedy was then nominated on November 11 and confirmed in early February 1988 as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. See also
 List of Jewish American jurists
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)

References

External links

 University of Chicago Faculty Bio
 George Mason University Faculty Bio Broken link.Reagan's Remarks in Nomination to the Supreme Court

1946 births
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
Administrators of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
20th-century American Jews
American legal scholars
Columbia University faculty
Cornell University alumni
George Mason University School of Law faculty
Harvard University faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Latin School of Chicago alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living people
New York University School of Law faculty
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Antitrust Division
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Chicago Law School faculty
Unsuccessful nominees to the United States Supreme Court
Withdrawn nominees to the United States Supreme Court
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Douglas Howard Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Maurice Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg
Ginsburg


title: Kurumi Nara

texts:
is a Japanese professional tennis player. She has won one singles title on the WTA Tour, as well as six singles titles and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 18 August 2014, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 32. On 2 May 2016, she peaked at No. 109 in the WTA doubles rankings. Playing for Japan Fed Cup team, Nara has a win/loss record of 12–8.Junior career
Nara began playing tennis at the age of three. At the Esaka Tennis Center in Osaka, the budding pro player studied tennis under the tutelage of Japanese tennis luminaries Masaru Suishu and Hiroko Mochizuki. She won recognition from an early age as a tennis prodigy. In 2002, while enrolled in Kawanishi Makinodai Elementary School, Nara took second place in the All Japan Primary School Tennis Championships at the age of ten. She would go on to win that tournament in 2003. In 2004, after entering the middle school associated with Osaka Sangyo University, Nara won the girls' singles title in the All Japan Middle School Tennis Championship. 2006 marked her debut, via sponsor recommendation, in the All Japan Tennis Championships women's singles draw; however, a first-round loss abruptly ended her tournament run.As a freshman at Osaka Sangyo's high school in 2007, Nara won the Under-18 singles title at the All-Japan Junior Tennis Championships. In addition to her participation in the major events for her age group, Nara also accumulated victories each year in junior events throughout Japan. She enjoyed success in doubles on the ITF Junior Circuit with partner Misaki Doi, earning entrance to the girls' doubles draw at the Wimbledon Championships in 2007. They placed second overall, becoming only the second Japanese women's doubles pair to reach the finals of a Grand Slam juniors event since Yuka Yoshida and Hiroko Mochizuki at the 1993 US Open. The <mask>/Doi team went on to reach the junior doubles semifinals at the 2007 US Open and 2008 Wimbledon Championships, in addition to strong performances at smaller tournaments. Nara also enjoyed success in singles. In 2007, she became the first Japanese woman to win the Osaka Mayor's Cup since Ryōko Fuda in 2002.Also that year, she made her second appearance, again by sponsor recommendation, in the All Japan Tennis Championships. In the second round, she defeated defending champion and fifth seed, Erika Takao, in straight sets, in the third round, she toppled 11th seed Tomoko Yonemura in three sets, and in the quarterfinals, she lost to Junri Namigata. Nara teamed again with Misaki Doi in doubles, reaching the second round in her tournament doubles debut. The next year, she partnered with Kimiko Date-Krumm to win the Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, and the title at the Hamanako Open. She reached the third round of the 2008 US Open girls' singles tournament, where she lost to Kristina Mladenovic. Professional career

2009–10
Nara turned pro in April 2009, winning the All Japan Tennis Championships that same year. She advanced to the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time at the 2010 French Open with a three set win over Monica Niculescu in the qualifiers.At four hours and 42 minutes, it was said to be the longest women's Grand Slam qualifier or main-draw match in history. She would go on to lose her first-round match to Arantxa Parra Santonja. She also qualified for Wimbledon, and won her first Grand Slam main-draw singles match in two sets, over Mariana Duque Mariño. She fell to Li Na in the second round. 2011–13
Nara failed to gain entrance to the four Grand Slam tournaments in 2011, falling in the qualifiers each time. July marked Nara's first appearance representing Japan in Fed Cup competition; she notched a win in doubles with partner Rika Fujiwara in the playoffs against Argentina. Although she was again unable to pass the qualifying rounds of the year's Grand Slam events, Nara bested Polona Hercog and Eleni Daniilidou to qualify for the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo in 2012.She was defeated in the first round by Urszula Radwańska. Nara won three qualifying matches to enter the main draw of the 2013 US Open, winning her first-round match against Alexandra Cadanțu. She advanced to the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, with a straight-set upset victory over 19th-seeded Sorana Cîrstea. She lost to Jelena Janković in the third round. After four early exits in Tashkent, Guangzhou, Tokyo and Beijing, Nara regained some form in her home city at the Japan Open. She would make it to the semifinals of the tournament but was ousted by Eugenie Bouchard, losing in straight sets. 2014: Maiden singles title, First doubles final, Improvement in majors, Career-high&  top 50 year-end rankings

Nara started season at the Auckland Open in New Zealand.She made it to the quarterfinals where she lost to second seed and eventual champion Ana Ivanovic. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the third round by eighth seed Jelena Janković. In early February, Nara competed in Fed Cup competition for Japan against Argentina in Buenos Aires. She lost the opening singles match to María Irigoyen, and also lost the reverse singles to Paula Ormaechea. Later the same month, Nara, seeded fifth at the first edition of the Rio Open, won her first WTA Tour title beating top seeded Klára Zakopalová in the final. The win helped her break into the top 50 at No. 48.At the Indian Wells Open, Nara was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Simona Halep. In Miami, she lost to fourth seed Maria Sharapova in the second round. In April, she again played in Fed Cup, this time against the Netherlands. She won the opening singles match against Arantxa Rus, but was defeated by Kiki Bertens in the reverse singles match. Her next match was a disappointing first-round loss at the Portugal Open to qualifier Irina-Camelia Begu. Another first-round loss came against Peng Shuai at the Madrid Open. In a rematch from the Fed Cup, Nara again was defeated by lucky loser Paula Ormaechea in her first-round match at the Italian Open.Seeded sixth at the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, she lost in the second round to Yaroslava Shvedova. At the French Open, she was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Jelena Janković. Nara started her grass-court season at the Birmingham Classic. For the second consecutive year, she lost to British wildcard Johanna Konta in the first round. Nara was defeated in the first round of the Rosmalen Open by Elina Svitolina. At Wimbledon, she reached the second round where she lost to 30th seed, five-time Wimbledon champion, and former world No. 1, Venus Williams.Seeded sixth at the İstanbul Cup, Nara made it to the quarterfinals where she was defeated by second seed and eventual finalist Roberta Vinci. Seeded fourth at the Baku Cup, she fell in the first round to Francesca Schiavone. Beginning the US Open Series at the Washington Open, Nara reached the final where she lost to sixth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Partnering with Hiroko Kuwata, they reached the final in doubles and were defeated by the second-seeded team of Shuko Aoyama/Gabriela Dabrowski. Nara was scheduled to play at the Rogers Cup but withdrew because of a hip injury. At the Cincinnati Open, Nara was eliminated in the second round by fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska. Playing in her last tournament before the US Open, she lost in the first round at the Connecticut Open to Sam Stosur.Seeded 31st at the US Open, Nara was defeated in the second round by Belinda Bencic. In September, she lost to eighth seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the first round of the Pan Pacific Open. Competing at the first edition of the Wuhan Open, she was defeated in the first round by Svetlana Kuznetsova. At the China Open, she made it to the second round where she was defeated again by Kuznetsova. Nara was scheduled to be the fourth seed at the Japan Open but withdrew with a respiratory illness. She ended the year ranked 44. 2015: top 100 year-end ranking

Nara began season in January at the Auckland Open where she fell in the second round to third seed and eventual champion Venus Williams.At the Hobart International, she reached the semifinals where she was defeated by American qualifier Madison Brengle. Nara lost in the first round of the Australian Open to sixth seed Agnieszka Radwańska. Seeded fourth at the Thailand Open, she was defeated in the second round by Evgeniya Rodina. At the Dubai Championships, Nara lost in the first round to qualifier Wang Qiang. Seeded sixth at the Malaysian Open, Nara reached the quarterfinals where she was defeated by fourth seed Jarmila Gajdošová. Competing at Indian Wells, Nara was eliminated in the first round by qualifier Alison Van Uytvanck. She made it to the third round at the Miami Open where she lost to wildcard Daria Gavrilova.In the clay-court season at the Morocco Open, she was defeated in the first round by Lara Arruabarrena. She suffered a first-round loss at the Madrid Open to Irina-Camelia Begu. Playing in Rome, she was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Daria Gavrilova. Seeded seventh at the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, Nara reached the quarterfinals where she lost to fourth seed and eventual finalist, Roberta Vinci. At the French Open, she was defeated in the second round by 13th seed and eventual finalist, Lucie Šafářová. Nara played three grass-court tournaments before Wimbledon. At the Rosmalen Championships, she lost in the second round to seventh seed Kristina Mladenovic.Nara was defeated in her first-round match in Birmingham by Kateřina Siniaková. In Eastbourne, she lost in the final round of qualifying to Alexandra Dulgheru. At Wimbledon, she was defeated in the second round by second seed and two-time champion Petra Kvitová. After Wimbledon, Nara played at the İstanbul Cup. She lost in the second round to eighth seed Tsvetana Pironkova. Seeded fourth at the Baku Cup, Nara was defeated in round one by qualifier Olga Savchuk. Nara got her US Open preparations underway at the Washington Open.After reaching the final last year, she fell in the first round to Yulia Putintseva. In Cincinnati, she retired during her final round of qualifying match against Putintseva. At the US Open, Nara upset 27th seed Alizé Cornet in the first round. She lost in the second round to American qualaifier Shelby Rogers. Playing style
<mask> <mask> rarely wins points outright. Instead, she plays a patient game and tends to edge into points, gradually increasing the angle and/or power of her shots, and prefers a punishing forehand or volley to close the point out. Her patience is also reflected in her serve, which (especially for her size) has quite a high ball toss.Her serve lacks the punch of players like Serena Williams or Maria Sharapova, but depends on placement and spin. Her short stature has definitely shaped her play style which, while aggressive, does not emphasize power, but more swinging the momentum in her favour and finishing the point off. Her strong forehand is her main weapon. Equipment
Nara who prefers to play on hardcourts, uses a Srixon racquet and Dunlop Sport shoes. Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Singles
Current after the 2022 Australian Open. Doubles

Notes

WTA career finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 2 (runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 12 (6 titles, 6 runner–ups)

Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner–ups)

Wins over top-10 players per season

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Japanese female tennis players
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture

masks: Nara Kurumi Nara


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz

texts:
<mask>-Rahman al-Bazzaz (Arabic: عبد الرحمن البزاز; l20 February 1913 – 28 June 1973) was a politician, reformist, and writer. He was a pan-Arab nationalist and served as the Dean of Baghdad Law College and later as Prime Minister of Iraq. Al-Bazzaz main political project was the professionalization of the government through increasing access to civilian expertise. That civic agenda came at the expense of the military. Al-Bazzaz was charged by the Ba'athist-dominated government of participation in activities against the government and he was tortured and imprisoned. Al-Bazzaz was finally released because of illness in 1970 and moved to London for treatment where he later died in Baghdad, 28 June 1973. Early life and education
<mask>-Rahman al-Bazzaz was born to a Sunni Muslim family in Baghdad.His brother was the plant ecologist, Fakhri A. Bazzaz. He completed both elementary school and high school in Baghdad. Al-Bazzaz graduated from the Baghdad Law College in 1934. In 1938 Al-Bazzaz completed his law studies at King's College London. In the 1930s, he became an affiliate of the Muthanna and Jawwal clubs, the academic focus of which was pan-Arabism and encouraging Arab nationalism. The Muthanna Club was established in Baghdad in 1935 and was an influential radical pan-Arab and pan-Islamic fascist society which collapsed with the Rashid Ali al-Gaylani rebellion. In 1941 al-Bazzaz supported the Iraqi coup d'état.After the coup failed, al-Bazzaz was incarcerated during the Second World War but he was released at the end of the war. Reformist
After the war, al-Bazzaz was chosen as the dean of the Baghdad Law College. In 1956 he was forced out by the government for protesting against the invasion of Egypt by France, Britain and Israel. He signed a petition that was very critical of the Iraqi government's stand during the Suez crisis under the premiership of Nuri as-Said, a staunch opponent of Egyptian president Gamal <mask> Nasser. Al-Bazzaz returned to the Baghdad Law College as the dean after the revolution in 1958. Al-Bazzaz's interest in the pan-Arab movement again put him in disagreement with the new government of <mask>-Karim Qasim (1958–1963), an Iraqi nationalist aligned with communist forces. In 1959 Colonel ‘<mask>-Wahhab al-Shawwaf, who was the Commander of the Mosul Garrison, instigated a rebellion.After four days of fighting, he was killed and the uprising was crushed. Following the collapse of the Shawwaf uprising, al-Bazzaz was arrested and tortured. After his release, al-Bazzaz went to Egypt, where he became the dean of the Institute of Arab Studies at the Arab League. Al-Bazzaz was a prolific writer. He published more than twelve books about law, Iraq's history, Arab nationalism and Islam. In his writings, he saw no obvious contradiction between Arab nationalism and Islam. Arab nationalism was not based on race or solidarity of blood.It was based on ties of language, history, spirituality and basic interests in life. In addition to being a religious belief, Islam was viewed as a social system, a philosophy of life, a system of economics and of government. Al-Bazzaz strongly promoted the rule of law and an end to military officers who had dominated Iraq's politics since the revolution in July 1958. During his time as prime minister, Al-Bazzaz's government became increasingly influenced by civilian politicians. He replaced the Revolutionary Military Council with the National Defense Council and limited its functions in regard to defense and internal security. The political system was open compared with previous regimes. As prime minister, Al-Bazzaz held numerous news conferences and appeared on radio and television.Constructive criticism was encouraged, and he promised to restore parliamentary life and hold elections as soon as possible. Al-Bazzaz announced the First Five Year Plan which advocated prudent socialism and attempted to balance the public and private sectors. He advocated joint ventures between the public and private sectors as well as between foreign and domestic investors. The theory of prudent socialism is to increase production without abandoning equal distribution. Another policy that al-Bazzaz tried to institute was the twelve-point agreement. Its purpose was to provide constitutional recognition to the Kurds and to recognize Kurdish as an official language of Iraq. The plan was to hold a parliamentary election within the period mandated in the provisional constitution of 1964.It provided for representation of the Kurds in all branches of the government. It gave the Kurds the right to organize their own political parties and publish their own newspapers. However, al-Bazzaz was forced to resign in August 1966 so the agreement was never signed. Political career

Al-Bazzaz returned to Iraq after the military overthrew the Qasim administration in 1963. From 1963 to 1966, President <mask>-Salam Arif appointed al-Bazzaz to several government positions. He was selected as ambassador to the United Arab Republic and later he became the ambassador to England. In 1964 and 1965, he was the secretary-general of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.In September 1965, he was appointed as deputy prime minister. The then prime minister, Arif <mask>-Razzaq, tried to start a revolt and seize power. However he was unsuccessful and President Arif invited al-Bazzaz to form a new government. Al-Bazzaz was the first civilian prime minister of Iraq. President Arif died suddenly in April 1966 in a plane crash, and al-Bazzaz became acting president for three days. A power struggle for the presidency occurred. In the first meeting of the Defense Council and Cabinet to elect a president, Al-Bazzaz needed a two-thirds majority to win the presidency.Al-Bazzaz was unsuccessful and <mask>-Rahman Arif was elected as president. He asked al-Bazzaz to form a new cabinet in April 1966. Then al-Bazzaz was pressured to resign by a variety of political groups, including the Ba'athists. The leaders of these groups were military officers who were against al-Bazzaz's goal to reduce military salaries, privileges and power. The Ba'athists and Nasserists accused al-Bazzaz of being an adversary of Arab socialism and being against the proposed union of Egypt and Iraq. In January 1969, he was charged by the Ba'athist government of participation in activities against the government. He was tortured and imprisoned for fifteen months.In 1970, he was released from jail because he became ill and he went to London for treatment. He later died in Baghdad 28 June 1973. Sources
 Historical Dictionary of Iraq by Edmund A. Ghareeb
 The Modern History of Iraq by Phebe Marr
 A History of Iraq 3rd edition by Charles Tripp
 On Arab Nationalism by <mask>-Rahman al-Bazzaz translated by Edward Atiyah
 Republican Iraq: A Study in Iraqi Politics since the Revolution of 1958 by Majid Khadduri
 Time (magazine)

References

1913 births
1973 deaths
20th century in Iraq
Alumni of King's College London
Ambassadors of Iraq to the United Arab Republic
Ambassadors of Iraq to the United Kingdom
Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) politicians
Iraqi Arab nationalists
Iraqi socialists
Iraqi Sunni Muslims
Nasserists
Presidents of Iraq
Prime Ministers of Iraq
Secretaries General of OPEC
University of Baghdad alumni
Writers from Baghdad
Muslim socialists

masks:
Abd al
Abd al
Abdel
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd ar
Abd al
Abd al


title: Hannah Rosenthal

texts:
<mask> (born 1951) served as a Special Envoy and as the head of the Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism in the Obama Administration for three years, from November 23, 2009 until October 5, 2012. She also has been a commissioner of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. <mask> served as president and CEO of the Milwaukee Jewish Federation until her retirement in 2018. Biography
<mask> served as the founding executive director of the Wisconsin Women's Council, 1985-1992. She is featured in the Council's 25th Anniversary Tribute video. She also is the former head of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA), and former executive director of the Chicago Foundation for Women. She was the vice president for community relations for the not-for-profit WPS Health Insurance Corporation.<mask> served on the advisory council of J Street and J Street PAC. In the 2008 presidential election, she supported and contributed to Hillary Clinton. She served on the board of Americans for Peace Now. In 1995, <mask> was appointed by the Clinton Administration to serve as Midwest regional director of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. From August 2000 to 2005, she headed the JCPA. In 2005, she was named one of the Forward 50, a list of the most influential Jews selected by The Forward newspaper. According to Jewish Standard, <mask> did not want to become the Special Envoy and "was advocating for someone else in the role", but the State Department Official Michael Posner "was very insistent.” In the same article she described her views on antisemitism: “Some of the criticism Israel sees and its isolation in the United Nations clearly comes from a place of anti-Semitism, but not all of it does.We need to call out anti-Semitism when it’s there.”

<mask>'s father was a Holocaust survivor, a former prisoner at the Buchenwald concentration camp, and a Reform rabbi. She attended Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts through her sophomore year and then transferred to, and holds a BA from, University of Wisconsin. She then studied for the rabbinate at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem and Los Angeles, but quit in 1975. <mask> is open about how she survived uterine cancer. Work
Together with Farah Pandith, U.S. Special Representative to Muslim Communities, <mask> launched the Acceptance, Respect and Tolerance Initiative to promote inter-faith and inter-ethnic understanding. This initiative was criticized by Gregg Rickman, her predecessor in the George W. Bush Administration. During her work, <mask> and her staff overcame bureaucratic obstacles to establish a mandatory 90-minute course on antisemitism at the Foreign Service Institute, which is the training school for diplomats, along with a 341-word definition of antisemitism, which includes newer forms of antisemitism, including Holocaust denial.The United States State Department human rights reports have been reporting anti-Semitism with more frequency, which <mask> has been praised, and she said that "our reporting has improved many times over — 300 percent in the three years I’ve been here." <mask> has met with a number of foreign officials regarding antisemitism. She met with Ilmar Reepalu in April 2012, the then mayor of Malmö, Sweden to discuss claims about rise in antisemitism in the city. Reepalu has been criticized for his comments about antisemitism and Jews but he has responded by saying that "antisemitism is an abomination" and that Jews in Malmö have nothing to do with Israel's actions and should not be called to account for that. After the meeting, <mask> said that Reepalu's language is antisemitic. <mask> also met with the Swedish Minister for Integration, Erik Ullenhag. Ullenhag released a statement after the meeting, saying that Reepalu's comments "obstructs the fight against antisemitism".<mask> has also confronted Saudi Arabian officials regarding antisemitism in their textbooks and has requested that Jordanian officials teach about the Holocaust in their schools, which they refuse to do. Political controversies
<mask> was criticized by ADL president Abraham Foxman in an open letter for saying that the speakers of the Israel solidarity rally "espoused narrow, ultra-conservative views of what it means to be pro-Israel". The list of speakers included Harry Reid, Dick Gephardt, and Natan Sharansky. In response to Foxman's letter, <mask> said in an interview to Tablet: "I have worked with Abe in the past and I consider Abe a friend of mine. ... we mostly agree." Foxman was supportive of <mask>'s appointment; in a statement issued by the Anti-Defamation League, Foxman wrote: "We look forward to working with <mask> ... ."

Foxman has also criticized <mask> for organizing and accompanying a trip by eight American imams and Muslim leaders to the Dachau and Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, saying that the involvement of the State Department in an intercommunal affair was unwarranted. He explained that "having Muslims speaking out about anti-Semitism, that's our job" and not that of the State Department.However, since then, Foxman and <mask> settled their differences, and Foxman has praised <mask> for her work, as well as for establishing a mandatory course on antisemitism for diplomats. In December 2009 <mask> criticized Israel's ambassador to the United States Michael Oren for his "most unfortunate" remarks regarding J Street, namely, that they support positions that "impair Israel’s interest" and that they are "fooling around with the lives of 7 million people." This caused the Israeli Embassy in Washington to request clarification from the Obama administration. Alan Solow, one of the earliest Obama supporters and current chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, called this criticism "inappropriate" and "could threaten to limit her effectiveness in the area for which she is actually responsible". Rounding up the response from other political observers, Shmuel Rosner writes in Jerusalem Post that <mask> was "a problematic pick for this job to begin with," is "definitely not smart," and that she became "an unnecessary and unwelcome distraction". In a follow up to the Michael Oren controversy, in an interview to the Jewish Chronicle, <mask> said: "The quote was completely accurate but the headlines were crazy. Then the bloggers picked it up and went nuts."She continued: "I have relationships with some of those who wrote the blogs - we're more than acquaintances. I expect to have a civil discourse. If you have a problem with me, pick up the phone and tell me - don't print it in a newspaper." References

External links
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with <mask> from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Wisconsin Women's Council

1951 births
Living people
Hebrew Union College alumni
Mount Holyoke College alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
United States Department of State officials
Jewish American government officials
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Hannah Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Hannah Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Hannah Rosenthal


title: M. Thomas Inge

texts:
M<mask> (March 18, 1936 – May 15, 2021)

 was an American academic. He was the Robert Emory Blackwell Professor of Humanities at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, Virginia, where he taught, edited, and wrote about Southern literature and culture, American humor and comic art, film and animation, Asian literature, and William Faulkner. Early life
A native of Newport News, Virginia, he received his B.A. degree in English and Spanish from Randolph-Macon in 1959 and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Vanderbilt University in 1960 and 1964 respectively. Career
Inge taught at Michigan State University and then chaired the English departments at Virginia Commonwealth University and Clemson University. As a senior Fulbright Lecturer, Inge taught at the University of Salamanca in Spain (1967–68), at three institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1971), at Moscow State University in the former Soviet Union (1979), and at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic (1994).As Resident Scholar in American Studies with the US Information Agency, a part of the State Department, he lectured and did diplomatic work in eighteen countries from 1982 to 1984, earning a commendation for distinguished work in the Soviet Union. <mask> authored or edited over sixty books and has been a pioneer in the development of popular culture as a legitimate field of academic study. He was one of the founders of the Popular Culture Association. His three-volume Handbook of American Popular Culture was cited by the American Library Association as an outstanding reference work in 1979 and has been issued in revised and expanded editions in 1989 and 2002. Publications include William Faulkner: Overlook Illustrated Lives (2006), The Incredible Mr. Poe: Comic Book Adaptations of the Works of Edgar Allan Poe (2008), New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Volume 9: Literature (2008), My Life with Charlie Brown by Charles M. Schulz (2010), and The Dixie Limited: Writers on Faulkner and His Influence (spring 2016). The Society for the Study of Southern Literature gave him the Richard Beale Davis Award for Lifetime Contributions to Southern Letters in 2008. He founded the journal, Resources for American Literary Study, in 1971 and the Southern Studies Forum of the European Association for American Studies in 1995.<mask> was also one of the founders of the American Humor Studies Association and served for four years as Editor of its journal, Studies in American Humor. His work on humor includes editions of Sut Lovingood’s Yarns by Tennessee humorist George Washington Harris (1966, 1967, 1987), the Oxford World Classics edition of <mask>’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1997), and with Ed Piacentino, Southern Frontier Humor: An Anthology (2010). Some of his numerous essays on American humor have been collected in his books Comics as Culture (1990), The Frontier Humorists: Critical Views (1975), and Perspectives on American Culture: Essays on Humor, Literature, and the Popular Arts (1994). The M. Thomas Inge Papers
The M. Thomas Inge Papers (in the Comic Arts Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University) includes magazines, catalogs, fanzines, programs and humor publications. This collection is composed of materials collected by Dr. Inge relating to his academic studies of the comic arts, popular culture, and American literature. The bulk of the collection is dated from the 1950s onward and is made up of many items collected by Inge covering the history of the comic arts. It includes a large collection of published and unpublished materials and ephemera items relating to the comic arts.Manuscripts by <mask> and other writers are also included. The collection contains correspondence with a number of noted artists and writers, including Art Spiegelman, <mask> Walker, Bruce Duncan, and Harold Foster, and comic arts scholars. The collection includes advertisements, fan club materials, posters, art prints, animation cells, comic strip and comic book samples, comic and animation character drinking glasses, numerous buttons, records, and various other collectable items. The collection is highlighted by a very large collection of reference journals including fanzines, newsletters, journals, and numerous other periodicals related to the comic arts. These periodical titles focus on the history and art of comic books and comic strips, cartoonists, comic book and comic strip characters, animation, and other aspects of the comic arts and popular culture. These materials, and the hundreds of comic books and reference books donated by Dr. <mask>, have been incorporated into their own individual collections. Articles
 "Faulkner Reads the Funny Papers".Faulkner & Humor, edited by Doreen Fowler and Ann J. Abadie. University Press of Mississippi, 1986. "Was Krazy Kat Black? The Racial Identity of George Herriman". <mask> notes the 1971 San Francisco Chronicle report that Herriman's birth certificate stated he was "colored" and considers the relevance of this fact to Herriman's life and art. Inks, Volume 3, Number 2, 1996. Books
 Agrarianism in American Literature, Odyssey Press, 1969.Handbook of American Popular Culture, Greenwood Press, 1979 (reprinted in 1990). Bartleby the Inscrutable: A Collection of Commentary on <mask>'s Tale "Bartleby the Scrivener", editor. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books, 1979. Handbook of American Popular LIterature. Greenwood Press, 1988. Comics as Culture. University Press of Mississippi, 1990.Anything Can Happen in a Comic Strip: Centennial Reflections on an American Art Form. University Press of Mississippi, 1995. References

General references

Dunne, <mask>. “M. <mask>ge: A Smile All Around.”  Pioneers in Popular Culture Studies. Edited by Ray B. Browne and <mask><mask>. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1999.Pages 118-134. <mask>, M. <mask>. “A Pioneer’s Perspective.” The Secret Origins of Comics Studies. Edited by <mask>. Smith and Randy Duncan. New York: Routledge, 2017. Pages 260-261 and passim. Inge, M. <mask>.“Agrarians All! Or Southerners without Masters.”  CrossRoads:  A Southern Culture Annual 2004. Edited by Ted Ownby. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004. Pages 256-275. <mask>, M. <mask>. “Founding a Journal: Resources for American Literary Study.”  Resources for American Literary Study, 29 (2005): 1-8.Wilson, Leslie. “M<mask> <mask>.”  12 Conversations with American Studies Scholars. Hollywood, CA: Press Americana, 2015. Pages 70–74. External links
 M<mask> <mask>, Agrarianism in American Literature. (Yoeman's Precis)

1936 births
2021 deaths
Randolph–Macon College alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Randolph–Macon College faculty
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American male writers
American art historians
American non-fiction writers
Agrarianism
American male non-fiction writers
Comics scholars
People from Newport News, Virginia
Historians from Virginia

masks:
. Thomas Inge
Inge
Inge
Mark Twain
Inge
Mort
Inge
Inge
Herman Melville
Michael
Thomas In
Michael T
. Marsden
Inge
Thomas
Matthew J
Thomas
Inge
Thomas
. Thomas
Inge
. Thomas
Inge