title: Leo Stern (historian)

texts:
 teaching career in the Soviet universities sector. It was at the instigation of Klawdija Kirsanowa that he was installed, in June 1940, as a Professor of Modern at Moscow State University. In this capacity he taught both at the university and at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. Kirsanowa, who at this time was a leading figure at the People's Commissariat for Education and at the International Lenin School, based her support for <mask>'s appointment partly on articles he had recently had published in Soviet specialist journals. She may also have been impressed by three substantial essays <mask> had produced back in Vienna, when still under the mentorship of Max Adler, and from which lengthy exerts had subsequently been reproduced in Soviet academic publications during 1936/37. But Kirsanowa's backing for <mask>'s professorial appointment was based chiefly on a piece of work he had produced more recently on "Contemporary Social and Political Catholicism".Mystery persists, however, given that no printed version of <mask>'s dissertation on contemporary Catholicism ever appeared. According to detailed biographical essay provided by the University of Halle, where <mask> built his career and considerable reputation as a historian after 1950, the Moscow habilitation qualification has "still not been authenticated". <mask> was an able linguist. Alongside German and Russian, he had usable English, French, Italian and Spanish. For several months during 1940 he was assigned as a specialist in foreign-languages literature on socio-economics with the "All Russian Committee for University Affairs". Red army
On 22 June 1941 the Germany army launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, in flagrant defiance of the (formally still in most respects secret) non-aggression pact concluded between the German and Soviet dictators slightly less than two years earlier. In Moscow, <mask> volunteered for service with the Soviet Red Army on 7 July 1941.He served as a Soviet army officer between 1942 and 1945, concluding the war as a bemedaled "Lieutenant Colonel", and then serving for a further five years as an officer in the Soviet army of occupation in Vienna. Records indicate that during the initial part of his time with the Red Army he was assigned to a number of "special projects", at least some of which seem to have involved desk-bound work. During the early part of 1942 he composed a series of "teaching aids" on Austrian History and the History of the Austrian Labour Movement for the "International Lenin School", relocated, between 1941 and 1943, from Moscow to Kushnarenkovo in Bashkortostan. Of possibly greater immediate importance in terms of Soviet strategic objectives was the work <mask> undertook with Johann Koplenig (1891-1968) to create a "Committee of Austrian Liberation Movements". In October 1942 he was posted to the battle front at Stalingrad, taking part in the fighting till the capitulation of what was left of the German army there on 2 February 1943. He was then transferred to the fighting on the Southwestern Front till May 1943 before being moved again in order to work on a series of "special projects" for the Soviet Information Bureau (international press agency) which occupied his time till September 1944. He then returned to the fighting front for the final months of the war, participating as a member of the army that liberated Vienna in April 1945.In the immediate aftermath of the war he was frequently called upon to work as a simultaneous translator for Marshal Tolbukhin and other Soviet leaders of what was now a Soviet army of occupation. His formal position was as "Cultural Officer", however. He continued to serve as a senior Red Army officer of the Soviet Control Commission in Vienna till 1950, despite having been "demobilised" in respect of military operations in September 1945. Karl Renner
In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet commanders were keen to stabilise the situation in Vienna on Soviet terms as rapidly as possible, in part so as to forestall any alternative versions of post-war Vienna that American military commanders approaching from the west might have in mind. Stalin already had a carefully picked "Austrian government in exile" which he was about to fly in from Moscow when Marshal Tolbukhin, the military leader "on the ground", persuaded the Soviet leader that it would be better and quicker to install a government under Karl Renner who was already in Vienna and was well networked with surviving Austrian politicians of the political centre-left. Despite his longstanding socialist credentials Karl Renner was hopelessly compromised in the eyes of a younger generation of Austrian socialists and communists, however, on account of his record during the 1930s of compromising with Austro-fascism and, after 1938, urging Austrians to vote in favour of what mounted to the annexation of Austria and its summary integration into Hitler's Germany. As an Austrian citizen who was also a Red Army officer, <mask> was in a position to argue bitterly with senior Soviet officers against the installation of 74 year-old Karl Renner as Austrian Chancellor in April 1945 and as Austrian president in December 1945.The decision to appoint Renner, who was perceived by many as a longstanding anti-Semite, as head of government had already been taken by Tolbukhin and endorsed by Moscow, however. There are two not entirely complementary versions of <mask>'s role in Renner's appointment. According to sources drawing on information subsequently approved by the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party, <mask> loyally complied with the orders relayed to him by his commanding officer and helped push through the Renner appointment. Other sources insist that he refused to involve himself in it. <mask> shared his recollections of the matter later with his friend, the antifascist jurist Eduard Rabofsky: "Let me tell you, I was one of the political officers in the army staff meeting at Hochwolkersdorf who took an unchanging and very well based position against calling in Renner. But after several days, when a statement came through directly from Moscow about my opinions, General Sheltov, the commander of the political department of the 3rd Ukrainian Front [which had just liberated Vienna from fascism] ordered me not to utter another word about Karl Renner. As a soldier, I have obeyed that order to this day".Post-war Vienna
Multi-party politics had returned to Austria with the fall of National Socialism, and behind the scenes he pushed for a merger between the Social Democratic Party and the Communist party in order to reduce the risk that political divisions on the political left might again open the way for populist tyranny from the right. He shared the enthusiasm of many comrades when the local parties at Bruck an der Mur implemented such a merger. Others Vienna communists judged that after the nightmare of Hitlerism, the Communist party would be able to win any national election without the need to draw support from the centre-left Social Democrats. <mask>'s former political ally Ernst Fischer took this view. and arranged for the local party merger at Bruck to be reversed. <mask> evidently took Fischer's intervention personally. The November 1945 general election demonstrated that the Communists were nothing like as popular as party comrades had assumed in the wake of Vienna's liberation by the Red Army, but the party merger lost its momentum and, at least in Austria, there was never again any serious discussion of a merger between the two traditionally largest parties of the political left.Meanwhile, between 1945 and 1950 <mask> served as head of the "Agitation Department" of the Party Central Committee, remaining an influential voice at the party's top table even as the party itself became ever more marginalised in Austrian post-war politics. Starting in 1945 or 1946, <mask> started to teach as a "guest lecturer" at the University of Vienna. In addition, in 1946 he accepted an appointment as head of the Social Sciences Department at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. In 1946/47 he took a "visiting professorship" at the "Vienna Academy for International Trade" (as the "WU" was then known). In a letter dated 17 February 1947 which he addressed to the University Rector Ludwig Adamovich, <mask> announced that "in account of overwork and bureaucratic obstructions [he] was currently not in a position" to continue with his programme of guest lectures at the University of Vienna. There is no reason to doubt that the expressions of regret in the replies he received from Adamovich and from the Dean of the Law Faculty in respect of this resignation were genuine. As the decade drew towards its close <mask> continued to teach at the "Vienna Academy for International Trade": he worked on a significant research project for the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Humanities.By 1947 it was obvious that the politics of the Austrian Communist Party, and across occupied Austria more generally, were not unfolding as <mask> had hoped; while he himself had less power to influence events than, given his own links to Soviet military leaders and intelligence circles, he might have anticipated. The country itself would remain under military occupation, geographically divided into zones of occupation, till 1955. That provided a context of constraint and unreality to public affairs, and to the competing political pressures impinging on the universities sector. Furthermore, according to at least one source, <mask> was aware of a powerful toxic undercurrent of antisemitism persisting in the country's emerging political establishment. On 1 May 1947 he was physically attacked during a local election meeting at Klein-Pöchlarn, a country town to the west of Vienna. He sustained injuries in the course of an incident blamed on "reactionary forces" with support from the socialist Arbeiter-Zeitung (newspaper). Although the Klein-Pöchlarn attack seems to have been the only serious physical assault that <mask> suffered during his time in post-war Vienna, it was followed by a series of verbal personal attacks in respect of which it was all too easy to infer quiet endorsement by powerful residual antisemitic elements in the universities establishment.Alice Melber
It was probably soon after arriving with the Soviet liberating army that, in 1945, <mask> met and married Alice Melber, hitherto a young anti-fascist resistance activist under the German "occupation". Their children were born in 1946 and 1949. <mask> (1946-2018) would follow his father into the universities sector, becoming a professor of Mathematics, with a particular focus on Algebra and Lattice Theory, at the University of Halle. <mask> would become a physician at Springe am Deister, near Hannover. Halle
Early in 1950, in response to an invitation received from the Minister for People's Education in the State government for Saxony-Anhalt, <mask> relocated with his family to Halle to what had been administered, till a few months earlier, as the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. In October 1949, responding to equivalent developments in the western zones earlier that year, the Soviet occupation zone was rebranded and relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Halle was home to one of the new country's leading universities.On 1 March 1950 <mask> took up the professorial chair at the university for "Modern History, with respect to the Labour Movement". He was the fifth "big fish" among Marxist historians appointed to top university positions in the German Democratic Republic following the country's launch, after Jürgen Kuczynski, Alfred Meusel (both at Berlin since 1946), Walter Markov and Ernst Engelberg (at Leipzig since 1948 and 1949). In 1952 <mask> was appointed director of the university's Institute for German History, a position he retained till 1966. On leaving Austria in 1950 <mask> resigned his member ship of the Austrian Communist Party and immediately joined East Germany's Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"/ SED). The SED had been formed four years earlier by means of a contentious merger - which never really took effect beyond the confines of the Soviet occupation zone - between the Communist Party of Germany and the (East German) Social Democratic Party. Ironically, it was a party merger very similar to the one that <mask> had advocated, without conspicuous support from party comrades, for Austria during 1945. It is likely that the party merger in what became East Germany succeeded precisely because party comrades in Moscow, concerned by the unexpected electoral humiliation suffered by the (unmerged) Austrian Communist Party in November 1945, were persuaded by the experience to contribute muscular hands-on backing for the equivalent party merger achieved in April 1946 in the Soviet Zone / East Germany.In 1952 <mask> was granted East German citizenship and became a member of the district leadership team (Berzirksleitung) for the local party in Halle. Despite a somewhat bumpy relationship with the party establishment over the next few years, he remained a member of the Halle party leadership without a break till 1959 or 1960. As early as 1951, <mask> was appointed University pro-rector, with direct responsibility for the politically important "Basic Social Sciences" course which all students were required to complete as a precondition for progressing to their chosen degree subjects. As a result of the "illness" of Eduard Winter, the University Rector, by the end of 1951 <mask> had also become, officially, the "Acting

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title: Leo Stern (historian)

type: original

texts:
 Rector", undertaking the administrative tasks that would otherwise have been the responsibility of Eduard Winter, his fellow historian. The two men already knew each other, both having been born in the Austro-Hungarian empire, and the two of them having worked closely together directly after the war at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. They had been united (with others) by a shared determination to re-establish and re-launch Austrian scholarship through the working together of all academics keen to establish a new world, based on truth and reality, unclouded by illusion. After 1950, again finding themselves as colleagues at Halle, there was no equivalent meeting of minds between <mask> and Winter, however.An article contributed by Winter for a three volume tome to be published for in celebration of the university's 450th anniversary was rejected by the project's editor-producer who found it superficial. Winter already had a well-established academic reputation, and it is not impossible that there were political undercurrents involved at which sources only hint. In 1951 Eduard Winter began to teach at Berlin University, resigning the rectorship and leaving his other academic posts at the University of Halle at the same time. In October 1953, prompted by a recommendation the previous year from the party Halle district leadership team, <mask> was himself appointed University Rector (Chief Officer and Administrator) at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. <mask>'s seven year incumbency, which came after two years during which the economist Rudolf Agricola had filled the position, was not without controversy, but as an organiser and administrator, belying the characteristics imputed by some sources to history professors in general, he proved highly competent. Rector
Early in during his time as rector a senior party officer at the university included in his report to the Ministry of State Security (whose responsibilities included keeping track of such matters) the assessment that <mask>, as University Rector, did not have good relations with university staff, which was reflected in an atmosphere of varying levels of general anxiety among the university personnel. Viewed from other angles, such anxiety was not without reason, since <mask> saw it as his job to run the university in the spirit of the country's ruling political party.Several "purges" were carried out during his tenure, notably in 1958 when he moved against the so-called "Spirituskreis" (loosely, "Spiritual circle"), a little group of unacceptably "bourgeois" professors. Earlier on, in 1952 and 1953 he several times used his influence with the university senate to stop protest actions by university deans in support of students arrested in the context of the growing discontent that preceded the brief but savagely suppressed (with the active participation of Soviet troops) uprising of June 1953. Also controversial among comrades at the university was the way in which <mask> was content to appoint former Nazis to professorial chairs, and, where appropriate, reappoint them, provided they proved dutiful and compliant backers of the party under the new kind of one-party dictatorship that had been installed in the East German state, built according to Soviet-style Leninist-Socialist principles, on foundations that had, before 1949, been the Soviet occupation zone. From the point of view of sympathetic sources, <mask> felt secure in the belief that he had come across plenty of committed left-winger activists who, having once acquired status and position, had been content to betray and abandon the labour movement. There was no monopoly of political betrayal for the political right. "Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft"
Also in 1953, <mask>, Alfred Meusel and Heinz Kamnitzer co-founded and for several years co-produced the Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (ZfG), a monthly academic journal for serious historians, in which <mask> himself published several very substantial contributions. It was noted that despite his own Jewish provenance and record as a Red Army officer in the war against Hitler's Germany, at the ZfG, just as with his appointments at the university, he never shied away from commissioning contributions from scholars identified as "former Nazis", just as long as they demonstrated appropriate historical knowledge, insight and detachment in their submissions.<mask> also instigated the launch of the series "Archivalische Forschungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung" (loosely, "Archival Researches on the History of the German Labour Movement"). <mask> was involved in the creation of several other learned journals, but Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft stands out as unusual because, after nearly seventy years, it is one of very few academic journals founded in the single-party German Democratic Republic which successfully transitioned reunification in 1990 and is still, in 2021, published monthly. Academy of Sciences and Humanities
In 1952 <mask> was proposed for membership of the prestigious [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities. His three proposers were the pre-historian Wilhelm Unverzagt (1892-1971), the professor of ancient history Ernst Hohl (1886-1957) and the jurist-philosopher Arthur Baumgarten (1884-1966). A fourth, the agronomist Asmus Petersen (1900-1962), added himself to the list of proposers on 24 April 1952. The proposal nevertheless failed. It may have been on account of contacts established when fighting alongside Soviet comrades in the Red Army or it may simply have been through an above average level of self-belief that throughout the 1950s <mask> seems to have been less accommodating to the opinions of colleagues and comrades than was normal in East German universities.It is certainly the case that election to the Academy was, by the standards of western academic institutions at that time, a highly politicised process. The party was, to the full extent possible, omnipresent, and the early 1950s were a nervous time for the East German party leadership as they struggled to establish and extend party control in the face of acute economic austerity across the country. <mask>'s candidacy for membership seems to have had backing from leading figures in the university community that extended far beyond his four proposers. That it nevertheless failed demonstrates, in the opinion of one commentator, determination on the part of a small number of influential activist hard-line communists in the party hierarchy to crush and eliminate "bourgeois thinking" among academic colleagues during the early years of the East German dictatorship. With regard to "bourgeois thinking" it may have counted against <mask>'s candidacy that one of his four proposers was a former member of the National Socialist ("Nazi") Party (albeit - as far as one can tell - fully exonerated and/or rehabilitated after 1945) and another had spent the Hitler years exiled in Switzerland. <mask>'s next membership proposal for membership of the Academy was yet more carefully choreographed. It was formulated and submitted by Alfred Meusel, seconded by Wolfgang Steinitz (1905-1967).In a country where scholarship was traditionally respected, these were two of the most high-profile university professors of their generation. Steinitz was a close friend of Jürgen Kuczynski who, despite his slightly semi-detached attitude to the political establishment, had achieved iconic status with party leaders, partly on account of his long-standing ties to Soviet intelligence. The main speaker in support of <mask>'s candidacy, Carl Max Maedge (1884-1969), was unstinting in his praise of <mask>'s scholarly merits. When it came to a vote, <mask> was elected a member of the [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities on 29 December 1954. His installation as a full "ordinary member" of the academy took effect on 24 February 1955. The next year he took over as head of the history department at the Academy. Although he continued to live in Halle, <mask>'s responsibilities at the Academy in Berlin after 1956 involved him in frequent involvement with Eduard Winter.Relations between the two men had been frosty ever since they had worked together at Halle back in 1950/51, when the roles of university pro-rector and o university rector had overlapped uncomfortably before Winter's transfer to Berlin at the end of 1951. Relations soured further during the 1950s. More generally, the little quarrels, jealousies and vanities between university professors tended to focus on <mask> as the decade progressed. Jürgen Kuczynski, like <mask>, was elected to membership of the Academy only in 1955. They were both exceptionally erudite History professors of Jewish provenance with a long-standing focus on labour-movement history and long-standing links to the political establishment in Moscow and - almost certainly - to the world of Soviet intelligence. They might have been expected to have much in common, but Kuczynski somehow managed to become an "aristocrat of communism" as <mask> never would; and relations between the two men alwats remained distant. The historian-economist Kuczynski was a prolific author.His autobiographical memoires published in the 1990s become at times almost garrulous when the author discusses academic colleagues: they make absolutely no mention of <mask>, however. Nevertheless, through the robustness of his own intellect and academic rigour <mask> emerged during the later 1950s as one of the most influential historians of the German Democratic Republic, never slow to tangle with what he, as a Marxist historian, would have characterised as the "disorienting reactionary interpretations" to be identified in the "bourgeois" historiography of the period, championed in the other Germany by men such as Hermann Heimpel at Göttingen or Gerhard Ritter at Freiburg. Dismissal
By the end of the 1950s <mask> had become a member of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education. During this time party loyalists among his younger colleagues produced a textbook on German History. A member of a later generation of east German historians later dismissed the work as "incompetent". It was nevertheless used for teaching History at East Germany universities for three decades between 1959 and 1989. This provides context for <mask>'s dismissal from his position as rector of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in February 1959, through what one source describes as "an intrigue by party comrades" and another describes simply as "internal party conflicts".In view of the close links between the universities and the party it is unremarkable that <mask> reacted by submitted a letter of complaint to the Party Central Committee, but this was without obvious effect. Following his dismissal from the rectorate he also lost his membership of the Halle local party leadership team (Bezirksleitung). According to one source, it was only through the personal intervention of First Party Secretary Walter Ulbricht, that <mask> was "spared further humiliations". The list of honorary doctorates and "state honours" which <mask> received during the final 23 years of his life, between 1959 and 1982, indicates that, slightly unusually, his falling out with the party leadership in Halle in 1959 was not followed by any national fall from grace. Later years
Nor was there any shortage of important work related to his position as a leading East German historian. Meanwhile, the administrative and organisational duties that had been <mask>'s as Halle university rector now passed to his successor in the position, the economist Gerhard Bondi. While sidelined at Halle, <mask> remained active in Berlin as a member, and later as chairman, of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education.Although his published works on the history of the labour movement and his tally of awards during the 1960s demonatrate the effectiveness of his determination to sustain good relations with the party establishment, it is evident that he continued to be a focus of mistrust at some levels inside the homeland security services. When surviving files from old the Ministry for State Security were made available to researchers after 1990, several volumes stuffed full with reports and associated commentaries, bear testimony to the very extensive state surveillance to which <mask> was subjected, even by the standards of East German surveillance state, and even after removal from his high-profile role at Halle in 1960. At the Academy in Berlin, <mask> served in succession to Wolfgang Steinitz between 1963 and 1968 as Academy Vice-president and as chairman of the academy's working group for Social Sciences institutes and facilities. After that he served between 1968 and 1981 as director of the academy's History Research Centre. <mask> died at Halle a few weeks short of what would have been his 82nd birthday on 2 or 3 January 1982. Recognition (selection)

Notes

References

20th-century German historians
University of Vienna alumni
Moscow State University alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
International Brigades personnel
Soviet colonels
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
1901 births
1982

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title: John Barham

texts:
<mask> (born 1942) is an English classical pianist, composer, arranger, producer and educator. He is best known for his orchestration of George Harrison albums such as All Things Must Pass (1970) and for his association with Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. <mask> trained at the Royal College of Music and the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, before establishing himself during the mid 1960s as a composer of piano interpretations of Indian classical ragas. He became a student of Shankar, for whose East–West collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin and others he transcribed Indian melodies into Western musical annotation. Through Shankar, <mask> began a long friendship with Harrison in 1966, then a member of the Beatles, which assisted Harrison's own education in Indian music as well as his promotion of the genre to Western audiences. <mask> collaborated with Harrison on the latter's Wonderwall Music soundtrack album (1968), before providing the orchestral arrangements for All Things Must Pass songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord", and for Harrison's 1973 album Living in the Material World. Most often in the role of orchestral or choral arranger, <mask> also contributed to albums such as the Beatles' Let It Be, <mask>'s Imagine and Gary Wright's Footprint in the early 1970s.His projects as a music producer during the same period included three albums by progressive rock band Quintessence, and he has worked on film or TV soundtracks for directors Otto Preminger, Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jonathan Miller. Other artists with whom <mask> has worked include <mask>, André Previn, Phil Spector, Roger Daltrey, Yoko Ono and Jackie Lomax. Continuing his interest in Indian music, <mask> released an album with sarodya Aashish Khan in 1973, Jugalbandi, and contributed to Shankar's final collaboration with Harrison, Chants of India, in 1996. Among his educational positions, he has taught at Trinity College of Music, London, and in Ghana at the Achimota School. Early recognition and work with Ravi Shankar
Born in London in the 1940s, <mask> studied piano, trumpet and music composition at the Royal College of Music. He then attended London University's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), where he developed an interest in Indian classical music. Among English classical musicians of the mid 1960s, <mask>'s piano compositions based on Indian ragas were unprecedented and brought him to the attention of members of India's cultural community in London.Some of his works were first performed and recorded for radio broadcast by British pianist <mask> (Reflections and Piano Concerto). <mask> became a student of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar, whose international popularity by 1966 had grown to include Western rock audiences. In June that year, <mask> attended the Bath Music Festival in the west of England, where Shankar and American violinist Yehudi Menuhin were due to perform an historic duet. At Shankar's request, <mask> transcribed the sitarist's adaptation of Raga Tilang into Western musical annotation for Menuhin's benefit, after Shankar had been dissatisfied with German musician Peter Feuchtwanger's attempt to adapt the same raga. Later in 1966, on Menuhin and Shankar's Grammy Award-winning album West Meets East, <mask> supplied liner notes, explaining the various musical terms particular to Indian music. He served as musical annotator on several subsequent East–West collaborations by Shankar, who described him as "a brilliant young pianist". One such project was Shankar's score for Alice in Wonderland (1966), a BBC TV film directed by Jonathan Miller.Association with George Harrison
During this period, <mask> met George Harrison of the Beatles through Shankar, who had adopted the guitarist as his sitar student. Harrison was fascinated by <mask>'s interpretations of ragas, and based his 1967 song "Blue Jay Way" on a piano piece that <mask> had derived from Raga Marwa. In March 1967, <mask> attended the recording session for Harrison's Indian-styled composition "Within You, Without You", released on the Beatles' seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. <mask> later wrote the choral arrangements for Phil Spector's controversial production of "The Long and Winding Road" and "Across the Universe", issued on the band's final album, Let It Be (1970). Several commentators credit Harrison as the person most responsible for Indian music's surge in popularity in the West from 1966 onwards, via his work with the Beatles and his public endorsement of Shankar. Among these, author Simon Leng has described <mask> as both a "birth partner" and the "closest confidant and fellow traveler" to Harrison during the latter's immersion in the genre.Harrison solo albums
<mask> played a key collaborative role on Harrison's soundtrack to the Joe Massot-directed film Wonderwall (1968). In addition to participating in recording sessions held at London's Abbey Road Studios in late 1967, <mask> transcribed Harrison's melodies into an annotation that the Beatle was then able to share with Indian musicians in Bombay, where part of the album was recorded in January 1968. Released as Wonderwall Music, and described by author Peter Lavezzoli as "a charming potpourri of Indian and Western sounds", it features <mask> on piano, harmonium and flugelhorn, and in the role of orchestral arranger. Following the Beatles' break-up in April 1970, <mask> supplied the orchestral arrangements on Harrison's acclaimed triple album All Things Must Pass (1970). The album was co-produced by Spector, whose "distant and authoritarian" style <mask> says he found difficult to adapt to after the "intimate, friendly atmosphere" typical of Harrison sessions. The songs to which <mask> contributed include the international hits "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life", the album's title track, and "Isn't It a Pity". The last of these, Leng writes, "captures the depth of the musical understanding between George Harrison and <mask>", in the interplay between slide guitar, orchestra and choir.<mask> provided the orchestration for Harrison's successful follow-up to All Things Must Pass, Living in the Material World (1973). His arrangements on that album include the string, brass and choral parts on "The Day the World Gets 'Round", "Who Can See It" and "That Is All". Other Beatles-related recordings
<mask> also worked on Harrison's projects with acts signed to the Beatles' Apple record label. Among these releases was Is This What You Want? (1969) by Jackie Lomax, That's the Way God Planned It (1969) by Billy Preston, and Radha Krishna Temple (London)'s 1970 hit single "Govinda". The latter was a musical adaptation of a sacred Hindu poem from the Satya Yuga. Through his connection with Harrison, <mask> also played harpsichord on Yoko Ono's "Who Has Seen the Wind?", released in February 1970 as the B-side to <mask>'s Spector-produced single "Instant Karma!" Following the success of All Things Must Pass, <mask> contributed to Ronnie Spector's "Try Some, Buy Some" single, Lennon's song "Jealous Guy" (from Imagine) and Gary Wright's album Footprint, all recorded in 1971. He has said of working with Wright and Harrison that "there was a strong [musical] rapport among the three of us" and describes Wright's song "Love to Survive" as "one of the most emotionally powerful love songs that I have ever worked on". In his book Phil Spector: Out of His Head, music journalist Richard Williams writes of <mask>'s orchestration on "Try Some, Buy Some": "[The strings and mandolins] sweep and soar in great blocks of sound, pirouetting around each other like a corps de ballet in slow motion. The closing portions of the orchestral arrangement are breathtaking, displaying a geometrical logic which makes use of suspended rhythms drawn out to screaming point." Production for Quintessence and Jugalbandi album
Barham became involved in music production in the late 1960s, working with Quintessence. The latter were a Notting Hill-based progressive rock band who, like Harrison, incorporated a Hindu-aligned spiritual message in their music.<mask> produced and provided arrangements on the band's first three albums – In Blissful Company, Quintessence and Dive Deep – all released on Island Records between 1969 and 1971. Reviewing Quintessence (1970) in Melody Maker, Richard Williams described Barham's production as "quite superb". In a 2014 feature article on Quintessence, for Record Collector, Colin Harper praised <mask>'s contributions to the band's work, labelling him "their very own George Martin … honing their onstage magic into sublime studio sculptures". Following singer Shiva Shankar Jones's departure from Quintessence, <mask> produced his new band's eponymous album, Kala (1972). In 1973, <mask> and Indian sarod player Aashish Khan released an album on Elektra Records, titled Jugalbandi – the word commonly used for duets in Hindustani classical music. Produced by <mask>, with tabla accompaniment from Zakir Hussain, the album featured a piece called "Piano Solos", on which he combined the ragas Nat Bhairav, Brindavani Tilang, Marwa and Mishra-Kalavati. Asked in a 2009 online interview about the long-unavailable Jugalbandi, <mask> said: "I haven't composed any more music like that, although I still do compose regularly, but in a more Western style."Work on film soundtracks and in music education
Among his work in films, <mask> provided the soundtrack for El Topo (1970), directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky. In 1979, he arranged Richard and Gary Logan's score for The Human Factor, the final film by director Otto Preminger. <mask>'s Indian compositions have featured in BBC documentaries by director Manjira Dhatta. He also supplied the musical score for one of Katharine Hepburn's last screen appearances, before her retirement from acting in 1994. His teaching activities have included a role as tutor in Schenkerian analysis at Trinity College of Music, London. <mask> also taught at the Achimota School in Ghana, where William Chapman Nyaho was among his students. Later projects
In 1996, <mask> collaborated again with Shankar and Harrison on the album Chants of India (1997), providing Western annotation for some of the musicians at Harrison's Friar Park studio, in Henley, Oxfordshire.Chants of India was one of Shankar's favourite releases among his six decades of recordings, and <mask> has said of his own role in the project: "it was a pleasure working on this beautiful record." In August 2000, just over a year before Harrison's death, he and <mask> met at a local performance of a choral work by Jon Lord, which <mask> was conducting, where Harrison asked him to supply an orchestral arrangement for a new song he had recorded. <mask> has played or collaborated with a number of other significant figures in the entertainment industry, including <mask>, André Previn, Roger Daltrey, Gene Pitney and Badfinger. With Simon Leng and former Splinter songwriter Bob Purvis, he formed Inscribe Music in 2007, a company providing services in composing and producing music. Late that year, as part of an initiative by Inscribe, <mask> worked with Newcastle College in the north-east of England on a recording of Purvis's song "Sail Away", for release as a single to benefit Cancer Research UK. In line with his past achievements in promoting Indian music, the company sought to establish partnerships in the Indian film industry. In June 2010, <mask> reunited with Quintessence when the band performed at the 40th Anniversary Glastonbury Festival.He subsequently produced their live album Rebirth: Live at Glastonbury 2010, for which he is also credited as a composer and liner-note writer. Citations

Sources

 Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ). Joshua M. Greene, Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison, John Wiley & Sons (Hoboken, NJ, 2006; ). Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career, Chicago Review Press (Chicago, IL, 2010; ).Mojo: The Beatles' Final Years Special Edition, Emap (London, 2003). Nat Segaloff, Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors, BearManor Media (Duncan, OK, 2013; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ). Richard Williams, Phil Spector: Out of His Head, Omnibus Press (London, 2003; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). English classical pianists
English classical composers
British music arrangers
English record producers
British music educators
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century pianists
21st-century British male musicians
1942 births

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title: Daniel Ellsberg

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<mask> (born April 7, 1931) is an American economist, political activist, and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, <mask> precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers. On January 3, 1973, <mask> was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. <mask> was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox, his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy, and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden. <mask>f Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage."Early life and career

<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) <mask>. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. He grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge abutment. <mask> entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at the University of Cambridge for a year on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, then returned to Harvard for graduate school.In 1954, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and earned a commission. He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 as a first lieutenant. <mask> returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows for two years. RAND Corporation and PhD
Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959. He concentrated on nuclear strategy and the command and control of nuclear weapons. <mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962. His dissertation on decision theory was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities.Now known as the Ellsberg paradox, this formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory. <mask> worked in the Pentagon from August 1964 under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs John McNaughton. [At this point of Lyndon Johnson's escalation into the Vietnam War, <mask> would later discover the lies and subsequent cover-up of the "non-attacks" upon the USS Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin ("by North Vietnam"), which led to bombing raids into North Vietnam on August 2 and 4, 1964, under orders by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This unprovoked attack upon North Vietnam followed Senator Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign statement where he stated that Johnson was soft on Communism, "no matter where it is!" Johnson's actions risked bringing Chinese forces into the war.] He then went to South Vietnam for two years, working for General Edward Lansdale as a member of the State Department. On his return from South Vietnam, <mask> resumed working at RAND.In 1967, he contributed to a top-secret study of classified documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara. These documents, completed in 1968, later became known collectively as the "Pentagon Papers" (named after the "Pumpkin Papers" of the Hiss-Chambers Case). Through study of this body of US government records, <mask> came to understand about the Vietnam War that:
It was no more a "civil war" after 1955 or 1960 than it had been during the U.S.-supported French attempt at colonial reconquest. A war in which one side was entirely equipped and paid by a foreign power – which dictated the nature of the local regime in its own interest – was not a civil war. To say that we had "interfered" in what is "really a civil war," as most American academic writers and even liberal critics of the war do to this day, simply screened a more painful reality and was as much a myth as the earlier official one of "aggression from the North." In terms of the UN Charter and of our own avowed ideals, it was a war of foreign aggression, American aggression. Disaffection with Vietnam War
By 1969, <mask> began attending anti-war events while still remaining in his position at RAND.In April 1968, <mask> attended a Princeton conference on "Revolution in a Changing World," where he met Gandhian peace activist Janaki Tschannerl from India, who had a profound influence on him, and Eqbal Ahmed, a Pakistani fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute later to be indicted with Rev. Philip Berrigan for anti-war activism. <mask> particularly recalls Tschannerl saying "In my world, there are no enemies", and that "she gave me a vision, as a Gandhian, of a different way of living and resistance, of exercising power nonviolently." He experienced an epiphany attending a War Resisters League conference at Haverford College in August 1969, listening to a speech given by a draft resister named Randy Kehler, who said he was "very excited" that he would soon be able to join his friends in prison. Ellsberg described his reaction:

Decades later, reflecting on Kehler's decision, <mask> said:

After leaving RAND, <mask> was employed as a senior research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies from 1970 to 1972. The Pentagon Papers

In late 1969, with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo, <mask> secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won.Further, as an editor of The New York Times was to write much later, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance". Shortly after <mask> copied the documents, he resolved to meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his decision to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet Gary Snyder, whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued about U.S. foreign policy; <mask> was finally prepared to concede that Gary Snyder had been right, about both the situation and the need for action against it. Release and publication
Throughout 1970, <mask> covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic U.S. Senators—among them J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and George McGovern, a leading opponent of the war—to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate. <mask> allowed some copies of the documents to circulate privately, including among scholars at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS). <mask> also shared the documents with The New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan, who wrote a story based on what he had received both directly from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.On Sunday, June 13, 1971, The New York Times published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the 7,000 page collection. For 15 days, The New York Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration. Meanwhile, while eluding an FBI manhunt for thirteen days, <mask> leaked the documents to The Washington Post. On June 30, the US Supreme Court ordered free resumption of publication by The New York Times (New York Times Co. v. United States). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, <mask> publicly admitted his role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press. On June 29, 1971, U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds—pages which he had received from <mask> via Ben Bagdikian, then an editor at The Washington Post.Fallout
The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, but also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon's Oval Office tape from June 14, 1971, shows H. R. Haldeman describing the situation to Nixon:

Rumsfeld was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment; and the—the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to do even though it's wrong, and the president can be wrong. John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to The New York Times ordering that it halt publication. The New York Times refused, and the government brought suit against it. Although The New York Times eventually won the case before the Supreme Court, prior to that, an appellate court ordered that New York Times temporarily halt further publication. This was the first time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major newspaper since the presidency of Abraham Lincoln during the U.S. Civil War.Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession. The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in The New York Times Co. v. United States. The Supreme Court ruling has been called one of the "modern pillars" of First Amendment rights with respect to freedom of the press. In response to the leaks, Nixon White House staffers began a campaign against further leaks and against <mask> personally. Aides Egil Krogh and David Young, under the supervision of John Ehrlichman, created the "White House Plumbers", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. Richard Holbrooke, a friend of <mask>, came to see him as "one of those accidental characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and thought that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and Watergate in one continuous 1961-to-1975 story." Fielding break-in

In August 1971, Krogh and Young met with G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt in a basement office in the Old Executive Office Building.Hunt and Liddy recommended a "covert operation" to get a "mother lode" of information about <mask>'s mental state in order to discredit him. Krogh and Young sent a memo to Ehrlichman seeking his approval for a "covert operation [to] be undertaken to examine all of the medical files still held by Ellsberg's psychiatrist", Lewis Fielding. Ehrlichman approved under the condition that it be "done under your assurance that it is not traceable." On September 3, 1971, the burglary of Fielding's office—titled "Hunt/Liddy Special Project No. 1" in Ehrlichman's notes—was carried out by White House Plumbers Hunt, Liddy, Eugenio Martínez, Felipe de Diego and Bernard Barker (the latter three were, or had been, recruited CIA agents). The Plumbers found Ellsberg's file, but it apparently did not contain the potentially embarrassing information they sought, as they left it discarded on the floor of Fielding's office. Hunt and Liddy subsequently planned to break into Fielding's home, but Ehrlichman did not approve the second burglary.The break-in was not known to <mask> or to the public until it came to light during <mask> and Russo's trial in April 1973. Trial and dismissal
On June 28, 1971, two days before a Supreme Court ruling saying that a federal judge had ruled incorrectly about the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers, <mask> publicly surrendered to the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts in Boston. In admitting to giving the documents to the press, <mask> said:
I felt that as an American citizen, as a responsible citizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public. I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this decision. He and Russo faced charges under the Espionage Act of 1917 and other charges including theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years for <mask>, 35 years for Russo. Their trial commenced in Los Angeles on January 3, 1973, presided over by U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. <mask> tried to claim that the documents were illegally classified to keep them not from an enemy but from the American public. However, that argument was ruled "irrelevant".<mask> was silenced before he could begin. <mask> said, in 2014, that his "lawyer, exasperated, said he 'had never heard of a case where a defendant was not permitted to tell the jury why he did what he did.' The judge responded: 'Well, you're hearing one now'. And so it has been with every subsequent whistleblower under indictment". In spite of being effectively denied a defense, <mask> began to see events turn in his favor when the break-in of Fielding's office was revealed to Judge Byrne in a memo on April 26;  Byrne ordered it to be shared with the defense. On May 9, further evidence of illegal wiretapping against <mask> was revealed in court. The FBI had recorded numerous conversations between Morton Halperin and <mask> without a court order, and furthermore the prosecution had failed to share this evidence with the defense.During the trial, Byrne also revealed that he personally met twice with John Ehrlichman, who offered him directorship of the FBI. Byrne said he refused to consider the offer while the Ellsberg case was pending, though he was criticized for even agreeing to meet with Ehrlichman during the case. Because of the gross governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against <mask> and Russo on May 11, 1973 after the government claimed it had lost records of wiretapping against <mask>. Byrne ruled: "The totality of the circumstances of this case which I have only briefly sketched offend a sense of justice. The bizarre events have incurably infected the prosecution of this case." As a result of the revelations involving the Watergate scandal, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, Richard Kleindienst, and John Dean were forced out of office on April 30, and all would later be convicted of crimes related to Watergate. Egil Krogh later pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and White House counsel Charles Colson pleaded no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary.Halperin case
It was also revealed in 1973, during <mask>'s trial, that the telephone calls of Morton Halperin, a member of the U.S. National Security Council staff suspected of leaking information about the secret bombing of Cambodia to The New York Times, were being recorded by the FBI at the request of Henry Kissinger to J. Edgar Hoover. Halperin and his family sued several federal officials, claiming the wiretap violated their Fourth Amendment rights and Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The court agreed that Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman had violated the Halperins' Fourth Amendment rights and awarded them $1 in nominal damages. Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal
<mask> later claimed that after his trial ended, Watergate prosecutor William H. Merrill informed him of an aborted plot by Liddy and the "Plumbers" to have 12 Cuban Americans who had previously worked for the CIA "totally incapacitate" <mask> when he appeared at a public rally. It is unclear whether they were meant to assassinate <mask> or merely to hospitalize him. In his autobiography, Liddy describes an "Ellsberg neutralization proposal" originating from Howard Hunt, which involved drugging <mask> with LSD, by dissolving it in his soup, at a fund-raising dinner in Washington in order to "have <mask> incoherent by the time he was to speak" and thus "make him appear a near burnt-out drug case" and "discredit him." The plot involved waiters from the Miami Cuban community.According to Liddy, when the plan was finally approved, "there was no longer enough lead time to get the Cuban waiters up from their Miami hotels and into place in the Washington Hotel where the dinner was to take place" and the plan was "put into abeyance pending another opportunity." Later activism and views

Since the end of the Vietnam War, <mask> has continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about current events. Reflecting on his time in government, <mask> has said the following, based on his extensive access to classified material:

The public is lied to every day by the President, by his spokespeople, by his officers. If you can't handle the thought that the President lies to the public for all kinds of reasons, you couldn't stay in the government at that level, or you're made aware of it, a week. ... The fact is Presidents rarely say the whole truth—essentially, never say the whole truth—of what they expect and what they're doing and what they believe and why they're doing it and rarely refrain from lying, actually, about these matters. Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China
On May 22, 2021, during the Biden administration, The New York Times reported <mask> had released classified documents revealing the Pentagon in 1958 drew up plans to launch a nuclear attack on China amid tensions over the Taiwan

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title: Daniel Ellsberg

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 Strait.According to the documents, US military leaders supported a first-use nuclear strike even though they believed China's ally, the Soviet Union, would retaliate and millions of people would perish. <mask> told The New York Times he copied the classified documents about the Taiwan Strait crisis fifty years earlier when he copied the Pentagon Papers, but chose not to release the documents then. Instead, <mask> released the documents in the Spring of 2021 because he said he was concerned about mounting tensions between the U.S. and China over the fate of Taiwan. He assumed the Pentagon was involved again in contingency planning for a nuclear strike on China should a military conflict with conventional weapons fail to deliver a decisive victory. “I do not believe the participants were more stupid or thoughtless than those in between or in the current cabinet," said <mask>, who urged President Biden, Congress and the public to take notice. In releasing the classified documents, <mask> offered himself as a defendant in a test case challenging the Justice Department’s use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to punish whistleblowers. <mask> noted the Act applies to everyone, not just spies, and prohibits a defendant from explaining the reasons for revealing classified information in the public interest.Anti-war activism
In an interview with Democracy Now on May 18, 2018, <mask> was critical of U.S. intervention overseas especially in the Middle East, stating, "I think, in Iraq, America has never faced up to the number of people who have died because of our invasion, our aggression against Iraq, and Afghanistan over the last 30 years, since we first inspired a CIA-sponsored jihad against the Soviets there, and led to the invasion by the Soviets. What we've done to the Middle East has been hell." Activism against US-led war against Iraq

During the runup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq he warned of a possible "Tonkin Gulf scenario" that could be used to justify going to war, and called on government "insiders" to go public with information to counter the Bush administration's pro-war propaganda campaign, praising Scott Ritter for his efforts in that regard. He later supported the whistleblowing efforts of British GCHQ translator Katharine Gun and called on others to leak any papers that reveal government deception about the invasion. <mask> also testified at the 2004 conscientious objector hearing of Camilo Mejia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. <mask> was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against George W. Bush's conduct of the Iraq War. He is a member of Campaign for Peace and Democracy.<mask> criticized the arrest of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who had exposed American war crimes in Iraq. Activism against US military action against Iran
In September 2006, <mask> wrote in Harper's Magazine that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U.S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war. <mask> called for further leaks following the release of information on the acceleration of U.S.-sponsored anti-government activity in Iran that was leaked to journalist Seymour Hersh. In November 2007, <mask> was interviewed by Brad Friedman on his blog in regard to former FBI translator turned whistle blower Sibel Edmonds. "I'd say what she has is far more explosive than the Pentagon Papers", <mask> told Friedman. In a speech on March 30, 2008 in San Francisco's Unitarian Universalist church, <mask> observed that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi does not have the authority to declare impeachment "off the table," as she had done with respect to George W. Bush. The oath of office taken by members of congress requires them to "defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".He also pointed out that under Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, treaties, including the United Nations Charter and international labour rights accords that the United States has signed, become the supreme law of the land that neither the states, the president, nor the congress have the power to break. For example, if the Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that authorization wouldn't make the attack legal. A president citing the authorization as just cause could be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court for war crimes. Support for American whistleblowers
On December 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on The Colbert Report where he commented that the existence of WikiLeaks helps to build a better government. On March 21, 2011, <mask>, along with 35 other demonstrators, was arrested during a demonstration outside the Marine Corps Base Quantico, in protest of Manning's current detention at Marine Corps Brig, Quantico. On June 10, 2013, <mask> published an editorial in The Guardian newspaper praising the actions of former Booz Allen worker Edward Snowden in revealing top-secret surveillance programs of the NSA. <mask> believes that the United States has fallen into an "abyss" of total tyranny, but said that because of Snowden's revelations, "I see the unexpected possibility of a way up and out of the abyss."In June 2013, <mask> and numerous celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning. On June 17, 2010, <mask> was interviewed regarding the parallels between his actions in releasing the Pentagon Papers and those of Private First Class Chelsea Manning, who was arrested by the U.S. military in Iraq after allegedly providing to WikiLeaks a classified video showing U.S. military helicopter gunships strafing and killing Iraqis alleged to be civilians, including two Reuters journalists. Manning claimed to have provided WikiLeaks with secret videos of additional massacres of alleged civilians in Afghanistan, as well as 260,000 classified State Department cables. <mask> said that he fears for Manning and for Julian Assange, as he feared for himself after the initial publication of the Pentagon Papers. WikiLeaks initially said it had not received the cables, but did plan to post the video of an attack that killed 86 to 145 Afghan civilians in the village of Garani. <mask> expressed hope that either Assange or President Obama would post the video, and expressed his strong support for Assange and Manning, whom he called "two new heroes of mine". Democracy Now!devoted a substantial portion of its program July 4, 2013, to "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Press Told by <mask>lsberg & Others." <mask> said there are hundreds of public officials right now who know that the public is being lied to about Iran. They all took an oath to protect the Constitution of the United States, not the commander-in-chief, not superior officers. If they follow orders, they may become complicit in starting an unnecessary war. If they are faithful to their oath, they could prevent that war. Exposing official lies could however carry a heavy personal cost as they could be imprisoned for unlawful disclosure of classified information. In 2012, <mask> became one of the co-founders of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.<mask> is a founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity. In September 2015 <mask> and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the report of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee on the Central Intelligence Agency's use of torture. In December 2015, <mask> publicly supported the Tor anonymity network, referencing its utility for whistle blowing in general for the maintenance of democracy via the First Amendment. In spring of 2019, WikiLeaks players Assange and Manning resurfaced in the news - with Assange being arrested and carried out from the Ecuadorian embassy in London and Manning twice subpoenaed to testify. Weeks later, Assange was indicted on 18 charges under the 1917 wartime Espionage Act. In 2020, <mask> testified in defense of Assange during Assange's extradition hearings. <mask> has spoken out vociferously against the threats to press freedom from such whistleblower prosecution.Support for Occupy Movement
On November 16, 2011 <mask> camped on the UC Berkeley Sproul Plaza as part of an effort to support the Occupy Cal movement. The Doomsday Machine

In December 2017, <mask> published The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. He said that his primary job from 1958 until releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971 was as a nuclear war planner for US Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. He concluded that US nuclear war policy was completely crazy and he could no longer live with himself without doing what he could to expose it, even if it meant he would spend the rest of his life in prison. However, he also felt that as long as the US was still involved in the Vietnam War, the US electorate would not likely listen to a discussion of nuclear war policy. He therefore copied two sets of documents, planning to release first the Pentagon Papers and later documentation of nuclear war plans. However, the nuclear planning materials were hidden in a landfill and then lost during an unexpected tropical storm.His overriding concerns are as follows:
 As long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is not a matter of if, but when, a nuclear war will occur. The vast majority of the population of an initiator state would likely starve to death during a "nuclear autumn" or "nuclear winter" if they did not die earlier from retaliation or fallout. If the nuclear war dropped only roughly 100 nuclear weapons on cities, as in a war between India and Pakistan, the effect would be similar to the "Year Without a Summer" that followed the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, except that it would last more like a decade, because soot would not settle out of the stratosphere as quickly as the volcanic debris, and roughly a third of the people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange would starve to death, because of the resulting crop failures. However, if more than roughly 2 percent of the US nuclear arsenal were used, the results would more likely be a nuclear winter, leading to the deaths from starvation of 98 percent of people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange. To preserve the ability of a nuclear-weapon state to retaliate from a "decapitation" attack, every country with nuclear weapons seems to have delegated broadly the authority to respond to an apparent nuclear attack. As an example of the third concern, <mask> discussed an interview he had in 1958 with a major, who commanded a squadron of 12 F-100 fighter-bombers at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. His aircraft were equipped with Mark 28 thermonuclear weapons with a yield of 1.1 megatons each, roughly half the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the US in World War II both in Europe and the Pacific.The major said his official orders were to wait for orders from his superiors in Osan Air Base, South Korea, or in Japan before ordering his F-100s into the air. However, the major also said that standard military doctrine required him to protect his forces. That meant that if he had reason to believe that a war had already begun when his communications with Osan and Japan were broken, he was required to launch his dozen F-100s with their thermonuclear weapons. They never practiced that launch, because the risk of an accident was too great. <mask> then asked what might happen if he gave such launch orders and the sixth plane succumbed to a thermonuclear accident on the runway. After some thought, the major agreed that the five planes already in the air would likely conclude that a nuclear war had begun, and they would likely deliver their warheads to their preassigned targets. The "nuclear football" carried by an aide near the US President at all times is primarily a piece of political theater, a hoax, to keep the public ignorant of the real problems of nuclear command and control, he said.In Russia, this included a semi-automatic "Dead Hand" system, whereby a nuclear explosion in Moscow, whether accidental or by a foreign state or terrorists, would induce low-level officers to launch ICBMs toward targets in the US, presumed to be the origin of such attacks. The first ICBMs launched in this way "would beep a Go signal to any ICBM sites they passed over", which would launch those other ICBMs without further human intervention. Nuclear threats by the United States

<mask> also claimed that every president since Truman, with the possible exception of Ford, threatened the use of nuclear weapons. Some of these threats were implicit;  many were explicit. Many governmental officials and authors claimed that those threats made major contributions to achieving important policy objectives. <mask>'s examples are summarized in the following table:

Awards and honors
<mask> is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established by The Nation Institute and the Fertel Foundation. In 1978 he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace.On September 28, 2006 he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal risk, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example". He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016. He received the Olof Palme Prize in 2018. Ellsberg Papers

The University of Massachusetts Amherst has acquired the papers of <mask>. Personal life
<mask> has been married twice. His first marriage was in 1952 to Carol Cummings, a graduate of Radcliffe (now Harvard College) whose father was a Marine Corps brigadier general. It lasted 13 years before ending in divorce (at her request, as he stated in his memoir Secrets).They have two children, <mask> and <mask>. In 1970, he married Patricia Marx, daughter of toy maker Louis Marx. They lived for some time afterward in Mill Valley, California. They have a son, <mask>, who is an author and journalist. Books
 <mask>, <mask> (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press.Ann Wright, Susan Dixon (2008). Dissent: Voices of Conscience, Foreword by <mask>. Hawaii: Koa Books. Made Love, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare State By Norman Solomon, Foreword by <mask>, September 2007 – Publisher: Polipoint Press
 E. P. Thompson, Dan Smith (ed.) (1981). Protest and Survive, Introduction by <mask>. New York: Monthly Review Press.Films
 The Pentagon Papers (2003) is a historical film directed by Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and <mask>'s involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents <mask>'s life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial. The Most Dangerous Man in America: <mask> and the Pentagon Papers (2009) a feature-length documentary by Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith traced the decision-making processes by which <mask> came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the press, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration's legal and extra-legal campaign to discredit and incarcerate <mask>. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award after its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS. Hearts and Minds, a 1974 documentary film about the Vietnam War with extensive interviews with Ellsberg. The Post is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a script written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer about a pair of The Washington Post employees who battle the federal government over their right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the movie, <mask> is portrayed by Matthew Rhys.The film also stars Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee and Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham. The Boys Who Said NO!, a 2020 documentary film about the draft resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich. See also

 Jack Anderson
 Thomas Andrews Drake
 Edward Snowden
 Chelsea Manning
 Julian Assange
 List of peace activists
 Tran Ngoc Chau
 Reality Winner
 Katharine Gun

References
7a. ^ PBS Bio on LBJ, part 1

Further reading
 Official name of the Pentagon Papers: History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967
 The New York Times version of the Pentagon Papers: June 13, 14, 15 and July 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1971. Late in this year this edited version was published in the book The Pentagon Papers as published by N.Y. Times, Bantam Books, Toronto – New York – London, 1971
 United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Study, 12 vols., Government Printing Office, Washington, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press
 UNGAR, Sanford, The Papers and the Papers: An Account of the Legal and Political Battle over the Pentagon Papers, E.P.Dutton & Co, New York, 1972

External links

 The Pentagon Papers
 Espionage Act 1917
  The Truth-Telling Project – Project formed by <mask> for whistleblowers
 2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient <mask>

 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:

1931 births
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20th-century American male writers
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Pentagon Papers
People from Chicago
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People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
RAND Corporation people
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Watergate scandal
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title: Dallas John Baker

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> on 19 February 1968) is an Australian writer and academic noted for poetry, short stories and travel writing whose work deals with themes of alienation, otherness and sexuality. He is also known as <mask>, the name he used as a performance poet beginning in the 1980s. He has been repeatedly compared to Truman Capote and to David Sedaris. Angguish, who is openly gay, has also written plays and screenplays some of which have been produced. He is known for a lyrical style that foregrounds feeling and the use of powerful descriptive passages. Due to his evocative short stories, he has been variously described as Truman Capote's literary heir and as reminiscent of Carson McCullers, the much lauded Southern Gothic writer. His prose poetry has appeared in the journals Text, Lodestar Quarterly, Retort Magazine and Polari journal.His short stories have appeared in the book anthologies "Dumped", "Bend, Don't Shatter","Sensual Travels" and others. His collection of memoir and travel writing "Anywhere But Here", released in February 2006, received very strong reviews. In particular Graeme Aitken of Australian gay magazine DNA wrote:

<mask> <mask> "was born in Toowoomba, Queensland and this collection of stories is a mix of travel tales, memoir and fiction. The first section of the book, set in America’s Deep South, confirm [his] talent. The stories are highly atmospheric, off-beat and absorbing. Some have gay content, but not all of them. Local readers will be interested in the final section of stories, set in Australia with locales ranging from Byron Bay to the Darling Downs.It’s refreshing to read new gay-themed Australian work that isn’t set in Melbourne or Sydney." The review also noted that <mask> <mask> "demonstrates an enviable flair for storytelling." <mask> published a second book of travel writing in 2011 titled 'America Divine: Travels in the Hidden South'. This book focuses on travel in the South of the US, particularly New Orleans. The book explores folk religion practices of the South including voodoo, Southern Hoodoo and snake-handling among other things. America Divine has been described as 'what you'd get if Victor Frankenstein made a new monster by splicing together body parts of David Sedaris, Truman Capote, Bruce Chatwin and just a bit of Djuna Barnes'. Another reviewer wrote that Angguish is 'an impressively skilled writer' and 'something of a strange genius'.The same reviewer later hailed Angguish as Truman Capote's literary heir. Poetic style
In the eighties and nineties, under the nom de plume <mask>, <mask> performed at many spoken word events in Australia garnering a reputation as one of Australia's most enigmatic, queer spoken word performers. A recording of his spoken word piece "The Pugilist", set to music by composer Luke Monsour, was played on Australia's national youth radio broadcaster Triple J. <mask>'s poetry is in the tradition of queer poetics initiated by Walt Whitman and consolidated by Allen Ginsberg, a tradition that foregrounds the colloquial voice, a first person, personal point of view and the expression of an erotic and mystical vision. <mask>'s poetry is often highly evocative and self-reflexive, as in the passage below:

I am part libertine, part priest. I have dual yearnings. On the one hand I like solitude and introspection. I am a sky-gazer whose goals are universal.I crave the freedom of simplicity. On the other hand I am drawn to the communion of skin. I yearn to abandon myself, and thereby become free, in physical delight. These two impulses have often been at odds with each other. I struggle to find a balance. Much of <mask> <mask>'s poetry, written primarily to be spoken, deals with themes of eroticism, alienation and mysticism. The excerpt below, from his poem 'Embrace', is a good example:

As I walk away from your embrace I feel the cold shadow of your pupils falling on the small of my back where I have that tattoo which is an emblem against you and you fire those daggers from your eyes which embed themselves like anchors under the skin of my shoulder-blades and hook me to you with long tethers that are desire not wanting to let go, that are thin streams of poison, and when, in the night as I try to arm myself against you by whispering the long and perfect names of all of my Buddhist saints, you slip your arm under my head like a pillow and your breath comes in close to me like a breeze which has on it all the saltiness of sex and the sea...This passage illustrates <mask>'s use of the Beat Generation inspired flowing stream-of-consciousness style he deployed in a series of poems that fuse the paradigms of eroticism and (Tantric Buddhist) mysticism. <mask> spent five years as a Buddhist monk and is still committed to Buddhist practice. He has recently published papers in the scholarly journals Colloquy: Text, Theory, Critique, Creative Industries Journal, Text and Postscripts. These works are published under the name <mask> J. <mask>. Published works
I Go Far Away Sometimes (), published in 2014
America Divine: Travels in the Hidden South (), published in 2011
Anywhere But Here (), published in 2006
Irezumi (ASIN: B007TQEPKY), published in 2011
Cherry Blossom Bicycle Crazy (ASIN B007ZK7O5M), published in 2011
Bridge of Sighs (ASIN B007WN4P8G), published in 2012

References

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1968 births
Australian male short story writers
21st-century Australian poets
Australian gay writers
Living people
Australian male poets
Australian LGBT poets
21st-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Gay academics
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title: Frederick Rolfe

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<mask> (surname pronounced  ), better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself <mask> (22 July 1860 – 25 October 1913), was an English writer, artist, photographer and eccentric. Life

<mask> was born in Cheapside, London, the son of a piano manufacturer. He left school at the age of fourteen and became a teacher. He taught briefly at The King's School, Grantham, where the then headmaster, Ernest Hardy, later principal of Jesus College, Oxford, became a lifelong friend. He converted to Roman Catholicism in 1886 and was confirmed by Cardinal Manning. With his conversion came a strongly-felt vocation to the priesthood, which persisted throughout his life despite being constantly frustrated and never realised. In 1887 he was sponsored to train at St Mary's College, Oscott, near Birmingham and in 1889 was a student at the Pontifical Scots College in Rome, but was thrown out by both due to his inability to concentrate on priestly studies and his erratic behaviour.At this stage he entered the circle of the Duchess Sforza Cesarini, who, he claimed, adopted him as a grandson and gave him the use of the title of "Baron Corvo". This became his best-known pseudonym; he also called himself "Frank English", "<mask>" and "A. Crab Maid", among others. More often he abbreviated his own name to "Fr. <mask>" (an ambiguous usage, suggesting he was the priest he had hoped to become). Rolfe spent most of his life as a freelance writer, mainly in England but eventually in Venice. He lived in the era before the welfare state, and relied on benefactors for support but he had an argumentative nature and a tendency to fall out spectacularly with most of the people who tried to help him and offer him room and board. Eventually, out of money and out of luck, he died in Venice from a stroke on 25 October 1913.He was buried on the Isola di San Michele, Venice. <mask>'s life provided the basis for The Quest for Corvo by A. J. A. Symons, an "experiment in biography" regarded as a minor classic in the field. This same work reveals that Rolfe had an unlikely enthusiast in the person of Maundy Gregory. Homosexuality

Rolfe was entirely comfortable with his homosexuality and associated and corresponded with a number of other homosexual Englishmen. Early in his life he wrote a fair amount of idealistic but mawkish poetry about boy martyrs and the like. These and his Toto stories contain pederastic elements, but the young male pupils he was teaching at the time unanimously recalled in later life that there had never been any hint of impropriety in his relations with them.As he himself matured, Rolfe's settled sexual preference was for late adolescents. Towards the end of his life he made his only explicit reference to his specific sexual age preference, in one of the Venice letters to Charles Masson Fox, in which he declared: "My preference was for the 16, 17, 18 and large." Grant Richards, in his Memories of a Misspent Youth (1932), recalls "<mask> Corvo" at Parson's Pleasure in Oxford – where scholars could bathe naked – "surveying the yellow flesh tints of youth with unbecoming satisfaction". Those of whom it is either speculated or surmised that they had sexual relations with Rolfe – Aubrey Thurstans, Sholto Osborne Gordon Douglas, John 'Markoleone', Ermenegildo Vianello and the other Venetian gondoliers – were all sexually mature young men between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one (with the exception of Douglas, who was considerably older). The idealised young men in his fiction were of a similar age. In 1904, soon after his ordination as a Roman Catholic priest, the convert Robert Hugh Benson formed a chaste but passionate friendship with Rolfe. For two years this relationship involved letters "not only weekly, but at times daily, and of an intimate character, exhaustingly charged with emotion."There was a falling out in 1906. For some time previously, Benson had made plans to write jointly with Rolfe a book on St Thomas Becket - but Benson decided that he should not be associated (according to writer Brian Masters) "with a Venetian pimp and procurer of boys". Afterwards, Benson satirised Rolfe in his novel The Sentimentalists. Rolfe returned the favor a few years later, putting a caricature of Benson named "Bobugo Bonsen" in a book named Nicholas Crabbe. Their letters were subsequently destroyed, probably by Benson's brother. Rolfe sought to characterise the relationships in his fiction as examples of 'Greek love' between an older man and an ephebe, and thus endow them with the sanction of the ancient Hellenic tradition familiar to all Edwardians with a classical education. Work

Principal works of fiction

Rolfe's most important and enduring works are the stories and novels in which he himself is the thinly-disguised protagonist:

Stories Toto Told Me (1898), a collection of six stories, later expanded to thirty-two and republished as In His Own Image (1901), in which ‘Don Friderico’ and his teenage acolytes embark on long walking tours in the Italian countryside, even as far from Rome as the eastern coast of Italy.The youths’ leader, the sixteen-year-old Toto, recounts tales of saints behaving like pagan gods. The stories are richly Catholic and unashamedly superstitious, and the saints who figure in them are hedonistic, vengeful and (though not licentious) entirely comfortable with nudity, diametrically opposite to any Protestant ideal of sainthood. Hadrian the Seventh (1904), with an original and compelling plot, is Rolfe's most famous novel. Rolfe portrays himself as an Englishman with a quintessentially English name, 'George Arthur Rose,' (after Saint George, King Arthur, and England's national flower) who, having originally been rejected for the priesthood, finds himself the object of a spectacular and highly improbable change of mind on the part of the church hierarchy, who then elect him to the papacy. Rose takes the name Hadrian VII and embarks upon a programme of ecclesiastical and geopolitical reform; the only English pope was Hadrian IV, and the last non-Italian pope had been Hadrian VI. More self-indulgently, he takes the opportunity to review his past life and to reward or punish his friends and acquaintances according to what he believes to be their just deserts. Hadrian is thus essentially an exercise in wish-fulfilment.Nicholas Crabbe (written 1900–1904, published 1958) tells the story of <mask>'s first attempts to achieve publication, with starring roles for Henry Harland, John Lane and Grant Richards. In this novel <mask> has given himself a new fictional name, 'Nicholas Crabbe,' and its plot is a blow-by-blow chronicle of events, reproducing many of the publishers' letters and Rolfe's replies to them. Nicholas Crabbe is an undistinguished novel, but it is rich in autobiographical detail. The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (written 1910–1913, thought lost, found in Chatto & Windus's safe, published 1934) is set in Venice and reintroduces the reader to 'Nicholas Crabbe.' It has three interlocking plots: Crabbe’s efforts to get his books published, in the face of obstacles placed in their way by his friends and agents in England, and his consequent economic difficulties; his rescue of a sixteen-year-old girl from the Messina earthquake and employment of her as his assistant and gondolier, dressed in male garments to avoid scandal; and the transcendent beauty of Venice itself and the role it plays in the lives of its votaries. Extracts from the novel’s beautiful descriptions of Venice appear regularly in guidebooks and modern anthologies. Unlike <mask>’s other novels, this one ends happily, with a lucrative book contract and a declaration of love."The desire and pursuit of the whole" is the definition of love, according to Aristophanes in Plato's Symposium. In 1912, the year before his death, Rolfe began to write another autobiographical novel, The Freeing of the Soul, or The Seven Degrees (written 1912–1913, published 1995), of which only a few pages have survived. Set in the fifth century, the novel was to have as its protagonist a middle-aged Byzantine bishop named Septimius, preoccupied with the likelihood of another of the barbarian attacks which had been terrifying his Venetian flock. The novel was a departure for Rolfe, as his four previous autobiographical works had been set in his own time. Other writings

Rolfe wrote four other novels: Don Tarquinio (1905), Don Renato (1909), The Weird of the Wanderer (1912), and Hubert’s Arthur (published posthumously in 1935). Both The Weird and Hubert’s Arthur were collaborations with Harry Pirie-Gordon. These works differ from the autobiographical novels in two respects: they are set in previous centuries, and the principal protagonist in each is not Rolfe’s alter ego, although there is a strong degree of identification.(In The Weird of the Wanderer the hero, Nicholas Crabbe, becomes a time traveller and discovers that he is Odysseus.) Rolfe also wrote shorter fiction, published in contemporary periodicals and collected after his death in Three Tales of Venice (1950), Amico di Sandro (1951), The Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda (1957) and The Armed Hands (1974). He also

masks: Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe