title: John J. O'Kelly

texts:
<mask>'Kelly (; known as Sceilg; 7 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was an Irish republican politician, author and publisher who served as President of Sinn Féin from 1926 to 1931, Minister for Education from 1921 to 1922, Minister for Irish from 1920 to 1921 and Leas-Cheann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1919 to 1921. He served as a Teachta Dála from 1918 to 1921 and 1922 to 1923. Early years
O'Kelly was born in Coramore, on Valentia Island off the County Kerry coast, he was the son of Patrick Kelly, a farmer, and Ellen Sullivan. While his birth date is recorded as 7 July 1872, his family gave it as 4 July. Political career
He joined Sinn Féin at its inaugural meeting on 5 November 1905. Following the 1916 Easter Rising, O'Kelly joined the Irish Nation League and became treasurer of the Irish National Aid and Volunteers' Dependants' Fund for the relief of prisoners and their families. In February 1917, he was arrested and deported to England where he was interned without trial for several months.On his release O'Kelly was elected to the Provisional Committee of the newly merged Irish Nation League and Sinn Féin, thereafter called Sinn Féin. He was appointed editor of the influential "Catholic Bulletin". In the 1918 general election he was elected as a Sinn Féin MP for Louth by 255 votes in what was the closest contest in Ireland in that election. The closeness of the contest was due to the strong AOH organisation in the county that campaigned for outgoing North Galway MP Richard Hazleton of the Irish Parliamentary Party. O'Kelly took his seat in Dáil Éireann as a Sinn Féin TD and was Leas-Cheann Comhairle (Deputy chairman) from 1919–21. He was appointed Minister for Irish in the Government of the 2nd Dáil. This position that was expanded as the Minister for Education in the Government of the 2nd Dáil.From 1919 to 1923, he was President of the Gaelic League. He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty that was ratified by the Dáil in January 1922, and refused to accept the legitimacy of the Irish Free State established in December 1922. He and others maintained that the Irish Republic continued to exist and that the rump of the Second Dáil, composed of those anti-Treaty TDs who had refused to take their seats in what became the Free State parliament, was the only legitimate government for the whole of Ireland. In June 1922, he was elected to the Third Dáil for the constituency of Louth-Meath but abstained from taking his seat. In August 1923, standing as a Republican for the Meath constituency, he was defeated for an abstentionist seat in the 4th Dáil. He was again defeated in the Roscommon by-election of 1925, his last election attempt. After the resignation of Éamon de Valera as president of Sinn Féin in 1926, O'Kelly, who maintained an abstentionist policy towards Dáil Éireann, was elected in his place and remained in this position until 1931 when Brian O'Higgins took over the leadership.O'Kelly was hostile towards the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, claiming it was insufficiently supportive of Irish Republicanism and that the Constitution also did not require the President of Ireland to be of Irish birth. Sceilg was unusual among Irish Republicans in that he regarded Daniel O'Connell and T.M. Healy as political heroes. This apparently reflected local patriotism (both men came from south-western Ireland near to Sceilg's own birthplace) and Sceilg's own devout Catholicism, which led him to exalt O'Connell's achievement of Catholic Emancipation and Healy's claims that the adultery of Charles Stewart Parnell with Katharine O'Shea made Parnell unfit for political leadership. Sceilg was also explicitly hostile to the Spanish Republic declared in 1931, believing it to be anti-Catholic and supported by pro-British Freemasons. Literary interests
He was a prolific author on Irish language and history topics, editing Banba, The Catholic Bulletin and An Camán. He was intensely religious and an active Catholic.O'Kelly opposed members of the IRA fighting against Franco in the Spanish Civil War. In 1938, he was one of seven remaining abstentionist Second Dáil TDs who transferred what they believed was their authority as the Government of the Irish Republic to the IRA Army Council (see Irish republican legitimatism). In 1938, he visited Germany, later publishing his impressions in the Irish Independent. Anti-Semitism
Many of O'Kelly's speeches and writings contained content critical of Freemasons and Jews. In 1916, members of Ireland's Jewish community protested after the Catholic Bulletin published a series of articles by Fr. T.H. Burbage accusing the Jewish community of carrying out ritual murders; O'Kelly refused to apologise for the articles.O'Kelly also featured the anti-semitic writings of Denis Fahey in the Bulletin. In 1930, O'Kelly, speaking as Sinn Féin President to its members, said, "In the signs of the Anti-Christ, England is today the prey of rival groups of unscrupulous Jews fighting for their lands." In 1939 O'Kelly spoke at Cork City Hall and praised Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews, saying: "England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity...its seems to me that England prefers to plant the Jews in Ireland, as she planted the Cromwellians, The Orangemen...How many people in Ireland reflect that the Treaty of Versailles placed Germany...with the heel of Jews on her neck...while Jewish usury emaciated and the Jewish White Slave Trade sought to corrupt the whole land". Death
O'Kelly died in Our Lady's Hospice, Harold's Cross, on 26 March 1957, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on 28 March. Bibliography
 Cathal Brugha, 1942
 Taistealuidheacht, nó Cúrsa na Cruinne ("Travelling, or A World Tour"), 1931
 Spelling Made Easy, 1946
 A Trinity of Martyrs (biographies of Terence McSwiney, Cathal Brugha and Austin Stack), 1947
 Ireland's Spiritual Empire: Saint Patrick as a World Figure, 1952

References

Further reading
Dr. Brian P. Murphy, The Catholic Bulletin and Republican Ireland 1898–1926: with special reference to J. J. O'Kelly (Athol Books: Belfast, 2005)
"County Louth: the Irish political revolution and the 1918 general election" by Oisín S. Kelly (MA thesis, 2006, UCD)

External links

1872 births
1957 deaths
Antisemitism in Ireland
Early Sinn Féin TDs
Irish nationalists
Irish republicans
Leaders of Sinn Féin
Members of the 1st Dáil
Members of the 2nd Dáil
Members of the 3rd Dáil
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Louth constituencies (1801–1922)
Ministers for Education (Ireland)
Politicians from County Kerry
UK MPs 1918–1922


title: Kenneth Berry (British Free Corps)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (17 November 1925 – 22 November 1992) was a British seaman who was taken as a prisoner of war in 1940 when his ship was sunk. While in prison camp he was persuaded to join the British Free Corps of the Waffen-SS as an SS-Mann  during the Second World War. He was associated with the unit until 29 April 1945, when he could not be found when the Corps were leaving Neustrelitz, and was left behind. He received a nine-month sentence after the war, 'the lightest sentence passed on any traitor'. Early life
<mask> was born in November 1925 at Devonport in Devon the son of <mask>, an Admiralty police constable and Beatrice Amy (née Collins). He went to school in Penryn and Falmouth but ran away from home aged 13 after a conviction for stealing from a vehicle and one for stealing a golf ball. He worked for some months as a kitchen boy at the Pontargen Hotel in Falmouth.Service at sea and capture
At the age of 14, <mask> claimed to be fifteen years old in order to join the Merchant Navy and after an initial engagement at sea he sailed aboard the oil tanker Cymbeline on 27 May 1940 as a Boy Seaman. Sailing on behalf of the British Admiralty from Gibraltar to Trinidad, Cymbeline was attacked on 2 September 1940 by the German commerce raider , a merchant vessel converted into a heavily armed cruiser. The tanker was sunk with loss of seven of the crew, although 26 survivors, including <mask>, were rescued and taken prisoner of war being held aboard for 6 weeks before going into captivity in occupied France. <mask> was held prisoner of war at Besançon and later Ilag St. Denis in France, during which time he reportedly escaped from captivity and became a black marketer in Paris until recaptured. Questioned by the Gestapo he betrayed people who had helped him escape and as a result was not spoken to by any other prisoner on his return to prison camp. British Free Corps
In 1943 British fascist John Amery who was touring camps in Germany and occupied France and Poland where British prisoners were held persuaded <mask> to join his British Free Corps with the stated objective of fighting beside the German Army against communist forces on the eastern front. <mask> and three other recruits were moved to accommodation in Paris (Avenue Exelmanns) before an expected move to Berlin.<mask> had little education and had been convinced that Amery was the British Foreign Secretary Leo Amery who was actually John Amery's father. <mask> was arrested in Paris by the Gestapo and held for 8 weeks until he was sent to Berlin in August 1943 and lodged in a boarding house. Unable to speak German he spent most of his time at the zoo although he claimed to have been frequently arrested for signalling to the bombers which were targeting Berlin by night. He was severely beaten on one occasion. Reportedly twenty-nine US seamen volunteered to join a similar "American Free Corps" and left the MILAG camp, some going into the service of the German radio broadcasting service. <mask> was not involved in radio broadcasting. <mask> was enlisted into the British Free Corps in November 1943, by which time it had moved from control of the German Army to the Waffen-SS.He was transported to Genshagen where he joined the other recruits Roy Courlander, Lewis, William Brittain, Frank McLardy, Martin and Alfred Minchin. In February 1944 the unit moved to Hildesheim at the base of the SS Nordic Study Centre, it numbered 8 men and from here the New Zealander Roy Courlander began visiting prison camps to try to recruit more members. From late April 1944 he wore SS uniform with rank and national insignia and a British flag emblem on his sleeve. In June 1944 <mask> was sent with Alfred Minchin to recruit new members from prison camps. Having been recognized as their naive former Boy Seaman by ex-members of the crew of the Cymbeline who were on a prison working party in Westertimke, <mask> was advised that contrary to what he had been told Germany was losing the war and that he should return to the prison camp. He spoke to the senior officer of the British prison camp Captain Robert Finlay-Notman and other officers asking for advice on how to get out of the British Free Corps and placed in writing a plea for help. He was advised to visit the Swiss Embassy in Berlin, which one source states he did in July 1944, although another states that he did not do this; <mask> received no real help despite Captain Finlay-Notman's written request to the Swiss.Still undergoing training, he moved to Dresden with the British Free Corps on 11 October 1944 where combat-engineer training commenced after they were issued with weapons and expected to carry out military duties for the first time. The performance of the thirteen British, Australian, New Zealand, South African and Canadian recruits was poor. Following the heavy bombing of Dresden by Allied Air Forces in 1945 they were all arrested, prior to being moved to Berlin ready to move to the Eastern Front and into action. On 22 March 1945 he was assigned with a handful of the recruits to join the 3rd Company of 11th SS Armoured Reconnaissance Unit which consisted of Germans, Dutch, Danish, Norwegians, Flemings, Swedes, Swiss and various foreign volunteers. Before being put into the frontline on the River Oder the men of the British Free Corps were removed. During evacuation of the units in late April-early May 1945 <mask> could not be found and the remaining members left him behind. <mask> was captured out of uniform by the Red Army who believed that he was a British prisoner of war and handed him to nearby US Army units.The Americans flew him back to England on 12 May 1945 when he returned home to Penryn, Cornwall. Evidence
From September 1944 when Roy Courlander was captured in Belgium by Allied forces and subsequently interrogated, <mask> had been identified as a member of the British Free Corps. Seamen prisoners repatriated on medical grounds from prison camps had reported his name and he was added to a list of men to be arrested. On 3 July 1945 and 3 November 1945 <mask> was formally interviewed and gave full statements concerning his life, his capture and his time with the British Free Corps. These are preserved at the National Archives, London. On 3 September 1945 reporting of the Farnborough, Hampshire court-martial of Canadian soldier Edward Bernard Martin (26) of the Canadian Essex Scottish Regiment who had served in the British Free Corps stated that during his trial he had named about 40 other men who had served with the unit, amongst those named was Seaman <mask>. Trial
<mask> was one of the members of the British Free Corps identified post-war and, as such having been remanded in custody on 20 December 1945, he faced trial commencing 2 January 1946.Newspapers reported that he was aged 20, from Glasny Road, Penryn, Cornwall. He was charged specifically that "with others not presently in custody and with others unknown, to do acts with intent to assist the enemy, namely to join the British Free Corps", Appearing at Bow Street Magistrates Court, he was charged under the Defence Regulations Act. Captain Notman appeared as a witness in his defence, and <mask> received a nine-month hard labour prison sentence. The formal assessment of him during the interrogation of Wilhelm Roessler, one of the German military advisers with the British Free Corps, can only have helped <mask> at trial, when he was regarded as "a young fool who did not know what he was doing", an opinion echoed by Director of Public Prosecutions, who placed on record that he considered <mask> to be "an irresponsible youth who was easily led". Post-war
<mask> returned to the sea as a merchant seaman in 1946. On 10 May 1947 he married his German girlfriend Carola Schwarz; they had six children. During 1947 he was one of several former members of the British Free Corps who sailed to South Africa after subpoena to testify at the trial of three South Africans who had been members of the unit.Death
<mask> died in November 1992 at Oakfield Road in Falmouth, Cornwall; his wife died in April 2004 at Truro, Cornwall. Official records
The National Archives holds the depositions for his trial at the Central Criminal Court under reference CRIM 1/485, a Home Office file on him under reference HO 45/25820 and a Security Service file on him under reference KV 2/255. See also
List of members of the British Free Corps

External links
 "Clerk For Trial On Treason Charge." The Times, London, England, 21 December 1945: 2. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 April 2015.– remand hearing
 "Seamen Committed For Trial." The Times, London, England, 3 January 1946: 2. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 18 February 2015. Bibliography

 Ronald Seth. Jackals of the Reich.The Story of the British Free Corps. PP 30–32, P 44, Chapter 4 (PP 49–54), P58. (New English Library, 1972). This book was effectively a re-writing by the British spy writer Ronald Seth of The Yeomen of Valhalla (Behind the Siegfried Line). Seth also chose to use the same pseudonyms. Neither of these books included references or a bibliography and, as a result, some subsequent writers have taken the pseudonyms to be real names. Sean Murphy.Letting the Side Down: British Traitors of the Second World War, PP119–20. London: The History Press Ltd, 2005. References

1925 births
1992 deaths
British collaborators with Nazi Germany
English members of the British Free Corps
People from Devonport, Plymouth
Waffen-SS personnel
British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
Military personnel from Devon

masks:
Kenneth Edward Jordan Berry
Kenneth Berry
Samuel Jordan Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Kenneth Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry


title: Norma Cole

texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1945) is a Canadian poet, visual artist, translator, and curator. An Anglophone Canadian by birth, <mask> learned French at an early age, and went on to translate the works of French poets Emmanuel Hocquard, Danielle Collobert, , Jean Daive, and others with whom she is intellectually allied. In the late 1970s and 1980s <mask> was a member of the San Francisco-based circle of poets congregating around Robert Duncan. Her papers are collected at the Archive for New Poetry at the Mandeville Special Collections Library, University of California San Diego. Early life and career
She was born in Toronto, Canada to an Anglophone family, <mask> began learning French in middle school. <mask> studied at the University of Toronto, where she received a B.A. in Modern Languages and Literature (French and Italian) in 1967 and an M.A.in French Language and Literature in 1969. After university, <mask> moved to France in time to absorb the revolutionary atmosphere of the aftermath of the May '68 general strike. She spent several years living in a small village in the foothills of the Alpes-Maritimes near Nice. During this period in France, <mask> began drawing, sculpting, and establishing relationships with many contemporary French poets. In the early 1970s <mask> returned to Toronto, before migrating to San Francisco in 1977, where she has lived ever since. Upon her arrival to the Bay Area, <mask> got a job in the public school system, but it was through her association with New College of California that she met her core community of poets, including Robert Duncan, Michael Palmer, David Levi Strauss, Susan Thackrey, Aaron Shurin, and Laura Moriarty. However she continued to spend time in France, and her association with French poets has been crucial to her work.Important French connections have included Claude Royet-Journoud, Emmanuel Hocquard, and Joseph Simas, who published her first book, Mace Hill Remap. <mask> is the recipient of the Gerbode Poetry Prize and a grant from the Fund for Poetry. In 2006 she was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. "The Poetics of Vertigo" — delivered as the 1998 "George Oppen Memorial Lecture" for The Poetry Center, SFSU — won the Robert D. Richardson Non-Fiction Award. With Boston photographer Ben E. Watkins she won the Purchase Award for their photo/text collaboration, "They Flatter Almost Recognize." Recent projects
<mask>'s work has received great acclaim for her: "openness to traditions and practices, artists and writings, radically divergent from her own". Recently, she collaborated with The Poetry Center & American Poetry Archives at SFSU in honor of their fiftieth anniversary.There she helped to create a site-specific gallery installation titled Collective Memory which opened on December 11, 2004  and ran through April 16, 2005. The project was described as:

"...a departure from her earlier work, extending what has been primarily a written, literary practice to the expanded dimensions of a public space.... Aimed at exploring and embodying the creative process involved in making poetry, Cole...worked both on site and off, inviting, responding to, and incorporating into her text the comments, perceptions, and contributions of visitors...opening the possibilities for more active exchange with others.... Aspects of the installation [were changed] over time, providing an evolving and adaptable creative space, altered by the objects and people moving through it.... [T]he project...openly demonstrate[s] that poetry making is not an insular and isolated activity, acceptable as long as it's on the perimeter of society, but an integrated art form based in communal exchange, from which we need to learn." Selected works

Poetry, prose, books, and chapbooks
Mace Hill Remap (Paris: Moving Letters, 1988). [ e-text version available: see External links below ]
Metamorphopsia (Poets & Poets, 1988). My Bird Book (Littoral, 1991).Mars (Listening Chamber, Berkeley, California  1994). Moira (O Books, 1995). Contrafact (Poets & Poets, 1996). Quotable Gestures, (CREAPHIS/un bureau sur l'Atlantique, France, 1998)
Desire & its Double (Instress, 1998). The Vulgar Tongue (a+bend, 2000). Spinoza in Her Youth (Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2002) . A little a & a (Seeing Eye Books, Los Angeles, 2002).Burns (Belladonna Books, 2002). Do the Monkey (Zasterle, 2006) . Natural Light (Libellum, 2009)
Where Shadows Will: Selected Poems 1988-2008 (City Lights Books, San Francisco, 2009) . 14000 Facts (A+Bend Press, 2009)
To Be At Music: Essays & Talks (Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2010)
 Win These Posters and Other Unrelated Prizes Inside . (Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2010)

Text and image
Scout, text/image work in CD ROM format, (Krupskaya, 2004). At All: Tom Raworth & His Collages (Hooke Press, 2006). Collective Memory (Granary Books, 2006), poetry/photos, with book design by Emily McVarish; based on <mask>'s extended installation/performance for the exhibition "Poetry and its Arts: Bay Area Interactions 1954-2004" (California Historical Society, San Francisco, CA, 2004–05).Translations
It Then by Danielle Collobert (O Books, 1989). The Surrealists Look at Art, essays by Aragon, Breton, Eluard, Soupault, Tzara, edited and translated with Michael Palmer, (Lapis Press, Venice, California, 1990). This Story is Mine: Little Autobiographical Dictionary of Elegy by Emmanuel Hocquard, (Instress, 1999). A Discursive Space: Interviews with Jean Daive by Anne-Marie Albiach, (Duration Press, Sausalito, California, 1999. (editor and translator) Crosscut Universe, an anthology of poetry / poetics by contemporary French writers, (Burning Deck, 2000). Nude by Anne Portugal [Le Plus simple appareil], (Kelsey Street Press, Berkeley, California, 2001)
Distant Noise by Jean Frémon, (with Lydia Davis, Serge Gavronsky, <mask>sen), (Avec Books, Penngrove, California, 2003). Notebooks 1956-1978 by Danielle Collobert, (Litmus Press, 2003)
The Spirit God and the Properties of Nitrogen by Fouad Gabriel Naffah (Post-Apollo Press, Sausalito, California, 2004).References

External links
Norma Cole Papers MSS 0766. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. <mask> @durationpress.com includes e-book text of <mask>'s Mace Hill Remap archived here
Collective Memory Cole's site-specific installation for "The Poetry Center"
Correspondence between Wendy Tronrud and <mask>
"Speech Production: Themes and Variations" poem by <mask> at Shampoo website
"Yellow and...: A Response to the Poetry of Marjorie Welish. ": talk on the U.S. poet and painter Marjorie Welish, recorded 5 April 2002; Slought Foundation Online Content; access/download recorded audio
Contemplating Table(t)s Marjorie Welish reviews Spinoza in Her Youth by <mask> on-line at Jacket Magazine
<mask>, Writing as Luminousness (Part 1) essay by poet and publisher Laura Hinton

1945 births
Living people
Canadian women poets
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Canadian expatriate writers in the United States
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian women writers
Canadian translators

masks:
Norma Cole
Cole
Cole
Norma Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Norma Cole
Norma Cole
Cole
Cole Swen
Norma Cole
Cole
Norma Cole
Cole
Norma Cole
Norma Cole


title: Ali Abu Nuwar

texts:
<mask> (surname also spelled <mask>, <mask> or <mask>; 1925 – 15 August 1991) was a Jordanian army officer, serving as chief of staff in May 1956 – April 1957. He participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as an artillery officer in the Jordanian army's predecessor, the Arab Legion, but his vocal opposition to British influence in Jordan led to his virtual exile to Paris as military attaché in 1952. There, he forged close ties with Jordanian crown prince Hussein, who promoted <mask> after his accession to the throne. <mask>'s enmity with Glubb Pasha, the Arab Legion's powerful British chief of staff, his insistence on establishing Arab command over the army and his influence with Hussein led the latter to dismiss Glubb Pasha and appoint <mask> in his place. However, <mask>'s ardent support for the pan-Arabist policies of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser contributed to Jordan's increasing isolation from the UK and the US, which were major sources of foreign aid to Jordan. At the same time, existing dissatisfaction with <mask>'s leadership by palace officials and veteran Bedouin army units culminated into violent confrontations at the large army barracks in Zarqa between royalist and Arab nationalist units. Two principal accounts emerged regarding the events at Zarqa, with the royalist version holding that the incident was an abortive coup by <mask> against Hussein, and the dissident version asserting that it was a staged, American-backed counter-coup by Hussein against the pan-Arabist movement in Jordan.In any case, <mask> resigned and was allowed to leave Jordan for Syria. He was subsequently sentenced to 15 years in absentia. <mask> spent much of his time in exile between Syria and Egypt organizing opposition to Hussein and the monarchy, all the while maintaining his innocence in the Zarqa incident. He returned to Jordan in 1964 after being pardoned by Hussein as part of the latter's broader reconciliation efforts with his exiled opposition. In 1971, <mask> was made ambassador to France and he was later appointed to the Senate of Jordan's parliament in 1989. He died from blood cancer at a London hospital at age 66, one year after the publication of his memoirs, A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics (1948–1964). Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1925 in al-Salt, Transjordan, which was then under British control.His father's family, the <mask> Nuwar, was a prominent Arab clan in al-Salt. His mother was of Circassian descent. In his youth, <mask> was influenced by the discussions that his father and relatives held about the effects of the 1916 Arab Revolt, the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 Syrian Arab defeat at the Battle of Maysalun had on the fate of the Middle East. During the closing years of World War I, the Ottomans had been driven out of their Arab territories by an alliance of Hashemite-led Arab rebels and British forces, and were thereafter replaced by the British and French, who effectively occupied the Arab territories. Revolts and popular opposition against European rule in Palestine, Transjordan and elsewhere in the region emerged in the 1920s and 1930s. In his memoirs, <mask> recalled that his teachers in al-Salt would tell him and his classmates that the "Arab Nation was colonized and fragmented and that it was on the shoulders of our generation to take responsibility for freedom and unity". Military career

<mask> joined the Arab Legion and was made an artillery officer in 1946, during the reign of Emir Abdullah I.During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he served as a lieutenant. Afterward, he received training in the British staff college of Camberly for two years before returning to Jordan, which was formed out of Transjordan and the West Bank as a result of the 1948 war. Israeli gains during the war had caused an upswing in anti-colonialist and Arab nationalist militancy among numerous officers in the Arab armies who blamed their political and military leadership for the Israeli victories. They considered the old guard incompetent, corrupt and beholden to the colonial powers. Among these incensed officers was <mask>. Although he was not a founder of the "Free Officers", a Baathist-affiliated underground organization of anti-British Jordanian officers, he joined the group after being invited in 1950, following his return to Jordan. <mask> became a vociferous critic of British aid to Jordan, viewing it as a form of dependency on Jordan's former colonial ruler, and of Glubb Pasha, the influential British officer in charge of the Arab Legion who was derided by Arab nationalists as a symbol of lingering British colonialism in Jordan.When Abdullah I was assassinated in 1951, Glubb and Prime Minister Tawfik <mask>-Huda's government discussed preventing Abdullah's son and heir apparent, Emir Talal, a sympathizer of the Free Officers, from being enthroned; Talal had been checked into a mental institution in Switzerland, but many Free Officers believed the British were fabricating Talal's mental illness to keep him out of Jordan. In response, <mask>war sought to install Talal on the throne by force, and to that end he appealed for support from the Free Officers and sent Awni Hannun, a Jordanian military doctor, to bring Talal to Jordan. However, Hannun was forbidden from meeting Talal due to visitation restrictions and was dismissed by Glubb for alleged incitement against British interests. Nonetheless, Talal was enthroned, and <mask> subsequently urged him to dismiss Glubb. The latter feared <mask>'s efforts posed a threat to British interests in Jordan, and thus directed <mask>-Huda's government to effectively exile <mask> from the country. The government complied, dispatching <mask> to Paris to serve as Jordan's military attaché in September 1952. Talal was later dethroned by parliamentary decision on the basis of his mental incapacity.During his assignment in Paris, <mask> met King Talal's son and successor, Crown Prince Hussein, who frequently visited the city during weekend breaks from his training at the Sandhurst Military Academy. <mask> was keen to gain Hussein's favor and disseminate to him Arab nationalist ideas calling for an end to British influence in the Jordanian military. Hussein was enthused by <mask>, and after his enthronement in May 1953, Hussein attempted to have <mask> return to Jordan despite Glubb's reservations. In August, Hussein visited London where he invited <mask> and other like-minded officers, including Free Officer Shahir <mask>, to meet with him. There, <mask> informed <mask> of the Free Officers' plans to "Arabize" the Arab Legion, i.e. remove the force's British leadership, including Glubb. Afterward, <mask> informed Hussein at a party celebrating his enthronement that he was a leading member of the Free Officers (though he was not) and communicated the group's desire to assert Arab command over the Arab Legion, an aim to which Hussein was receptive.Hussein was impressed by <mask> who vocally condemned the British presence in Jordan during the party, which earned <mask>war cheers by Jordanian officers. Aide-de-camp
After Hussein returned to Amman, he continued to press for <mask>'s return to Jordan, but Glubb consistently stalled efforts to reassign <mask>. Later in 1953, Hussein sent <mask> to confer with the strongman of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had recently toppled his country's pro-British monarchy. In 1954, <mask> was briefly brought to Amman for consultations with Hussein. Hussein ultimately bypassed Glubb and had <mask> permanently reassigned to Jordan in November 1955. <mask> arrived amid growing anti-British upheaval. In a meeting between Glubb and <mask>, Glubb made clear his displeasure with Hussein's decision and threatened "shorten his [<mask>'s] life" if he incited against British interests in the country.After being informed of the meeting, Hussein appointed <mask> as his senior aide-de-camp (ADC). <mask> was also promoted to lieutenant-colonel. As ADC, <mask> was a major influence over then-20 year old Hussein and was constantly at his side, advising Hussein to dismiss Glubb and sever ties with the British. Hussein was also influenced by other Arab nationalist officers and personalities, including his cousin Zaid ibn Shaker, and the increasingly anti-imperialist and Arab nationalist political atmosphere in the country. As a sign of his increasing nationalism and as a means to quiet political opposition to his rule, Hussein decided to dismiss Glubb. He coordinated with <mask> and other Free Officers to ensure that his impending dismissal of Glubb would not result in a revolt by the latter's supporters within the Arab Legion. Thus, on 28 February 1956, <mask> was instructed to ready his troops, and he subsequently posted Free Officers at the Amman Airport, the major army base at Zarqa and in the vicinity of Glubb Pasha's Amman residence.After <mask>'s positions were confirmed to him, Hussein conferred with his cabinet and dismissed Glubb on 1 March. Glubb complied with the order and departed Jordan the following day. Hussein then promoted <mask> to major-colonel and appointed Major General Radi Annab to Glubb's former position as chief of staff of the Arab Legion, which was concurrently renamed the Jordanian Armed Forces. Chief of staff

On 24 May, <mask> was appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff following Annab's retirement. Glubb's dismissal was met with great enthusiasm among Jordan's inhabitants and Arab nationalists in and outside of the country. However, <mask>'s ascendancy as head of the army was resented by its veteran Bedouin units; he was generally regarded as a competent staff officer, but did not have experience as a commander. As part of his efforts to modernize the army, he mandated that education was a prerequisite for advancement, an act which disproportionately affected Bedouin officers, many of whom lacked formal education.As a result of <mask>'s measure, several senior Bedouin officers were retired or reassigned to non-command posts. To counterbalance opposition to him within the army's ranks, <mask> established the Fourth Infantry Brigade, which mostly consisted of Palestinians, who he believed would form an integral part of his power base within the military. <mask>'s appointment also contributed to the increasing deterioration of ties between Jordan and the British government. As chief of staff, <mask> embraced many of the pan-Arabist and anti-imperialist ideas of Nasser, who became president of Egypt in 1956. <mask> communicated his support for Nasser and the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party, which was active in Syria and Jordan, during a meeting with Lebanese president and Nasser opponent, Camille Chamoun, in 1956. An American embassy official in Jordan remarked that during a discussion with <mask>, the latter "out-Nassered Nasser". He was regarded as an "ultranationalist" by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).According to historian Ivan Pearson, American diplomatic and intelligence views were colored by the negative perceptions of <mask> in Israel and <mask>'s role in the dismissal of Prime Minister Samir al-Rifai in May; Rifai was seen by the Israelis as a counterbalance to Hussein's Arab nationalist advisers, and <mask> maneuvered to sideline Rifai soon after Glubb's dismissal. <mask> was a major opponent of Iraq's Hashemite rulers (relatives of Hussein) and that country's pro-British prime minister, Nuri al-Said. <mask>'s opposition was driven by suspicions that the Iraqis sought to oust him from his military post, while King Abd al-Ilah and al-Said mutually regarded <mask> with suspicion. <mask>'s influence with Hussein was likely a major reason Jordan resisted Iraqi attempts to merge the two Hashemite-ruled countries. Suez Crisis

In late 1956, parliamentary elections in Jordan resulted in major victories for Arab nationalist and other left-leaning parties. Hussein subsequently appointed Suleiman Nabulsi, an Arab nationalist, socialist and one of the leading pro-Nasser MP-elects, as prime minister in October. Roughly coinciding with Nabulsi's appointment, the British, French and Israelis launched a tripartite invasion of the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, mainly in response to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company among other reasons.Hussein declared a state of emergency and his opposition against the invasion and agreed to Egyptian chief of staff Abdel Hakim Amer's request for Jordanian military intervention. To that end, Hussein instructed <mask> to immediately execute Amer's order to launch Operation Beisan, which entailed a Jordanian-Syrian armored invasion of the Israeli coastal plain, which was seen as Israel's most vulnerable region due to the short length between the coast and the Jordanian-held West Bank. However, <mask> viewed the operation as far too risky for the Jordanian army and advised Hussein to await Syria's adherence to the plan; Egypt, Syria and Jordan had formed a defense pact days before the Israeli occupation of Sinai on 29 October. Nabulsi also hesitated to abide by Hussein's orders, prompting a meeting of Hussein, <mask> and the Jordanian cabinet to assess the situation. According to then-Public Works Minister Anwar al-Khatib's recollections, <mask> argued that his troops would quickly lose control of the Hebron and Nablus regions to Israel, but would "defend Jerusalem to the last man and the last drop of blood". Hussein's eagerness to aid Egypt was tempered by <mask>'s assessment, but he only relented in his attempted intervention after Nasser communicated to Hussein

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title: Ali Abu Nuwar

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 appreciation of his genuine support and a warning not to risk losing the Jordanian army to the far stronger Israeli military. Later in his life, <mask> had stated that he had been ready "to give the Israelis a very rough time" in 1956, but only dissuaded Hussein when Nasser counseled the king against intervention, after which <mask> told Hussein that attacking Israel while the Egyptians had withdrawn from Sinai "would be suicide".During the Suez Crisis, Hussein requested that Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq send troops to Jordan as a precautionary measure to prevent a potential invasion of the country by the tripartite allies. Prime Minister al-Said was reticent to put Iraqi troops under <mask>'s command and suggested that <mask> be dismissed as a prerequisite to any deployment of troops to Jordan. This did not occur, but the Iraqis nonetheless sent troops to Jordan. However, their deployment was opposed by Nabulsi on the grounds that Iraq was a member of the Baghdad Pact, an alliance of Middle Eastern countries with the UK that was condemned by Arab nationalists as a British-led attempt to stifle pan-Arab unity, instead of the Egyptian-Jordanian-Syrian-Saudi alliance known as the "Amman Pact". Despite Hussein's protestations, Nabulsi, using his prerogative as head of the government, succeeded in forcing the Iraqis' withdrawal by the end of November. Support for pan-Arab unity
On 19 January 1957, Jordan signed the Arab Solidarity Agreement (ASA) with Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria which entailed those countries' financial assistance to replace the annual British aid to Jordan that ended with the abrogation of the Anglo-Jordanian Treaty in November 1956 (the treaty was officially and mutually abrogated in March 1957). However, implementation of the ASA was hindered by Egypt and Syria's inability or unwillingness to subsidize the Jordanian army, whose budget rivaled that of their own armies.Furthermore, by then, <mask> was steadily losing Hussein's confidence due to dissatisfaction with <mask> among the army brass and the negative effects that his anti-Western hostility was having on relations with Jordan's principal Western allies, the UK and US; Hussein viewed the latter two as much-needed alternatives of financial support to Jordan in lieu of his disappointment with the ASA. Meanwhile, serious divisions emerged in the Jordanian state over reactions to the Eisenhower Doctrine, which ostensibly aimed to stem Soviet expansion in the Middle East, but was viewed by Arab nationalists as a neo-colonialist ploy to control the region. Nabulsi and Foreign Minister Abdullah Rimawi, a Baathist, led the camp opposing the doctrine as a threat to Arab sovereignty and as means to control the region's oil assets and support Israel, while Hussein publicly embraced the doctrine as a preventive measure against growing communist influence in the country. Prior to these disagreements, Nabulsi had been clamping down on communist literature and influence in the press (the communists were generally opposed by Arab nationalists), whilst attempting to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (USSR) without Hussein's knowledge. To that end, he dispatched <mask> to Moscow in February 1957 to serve as an initial contact with the Soviets. Later, Nabulsi publicly declared his intention to establish relations with the USSR and pursue a political union with Egypt and Syria, and requested from Hussein a confirmation of his dismissal of several royalist officials. Hussein responded by forcing Nabulsi to resign on 10 April 1957.Alleged coup attempt and resignation

Amid the political chaos in Jordan and two days before Nabulsi's resignation, an army unit from the First Armoured Brigade commanded by Captain Nadhir Rashid engaged in a maneuver, named Operation Hashem in honor of the Hashemite royal family, at the major intersections of Amman. The move raised Hussein's suspicions and prompted him to order <mask> to withdraw the unit, which he did. Hussein believed the move was a presage to an impending coup. <mask>war sought to allay Hussein's concerns and told him it was a routine exercise executed numerous times in the preceding years to monitor the traffic into and out of the city, while Rashid later claimed it was part of a broader contingency plan to move troops to the West Bank in the event of an Israeli invasion. According to Pearson, Rashid's maneuver was meant to intimidate Hussein, while historian Betty Anderson has speculated that the "officers could have been testing the waters to see what they could achieve militarily". Whatever the actual reason for the maneuver, it heightened Hussein's suspicions of a coup by <mask> and the Arab nationalists, and it prompted warnings from veteran royalist officials, namely Bahjat al-Talhouni and Sharif Naser, that such a coup was impending. On 13 April, rioting broke out at the army barracks in Zarqa, which contained the largest concentration of troops in the country, between mostly hadari (non-Bedouin) units loyal to <mask> and Bedouin-dominated units loyal to Hussein.Two main accounts emerged regarding this incident, known as the "Zarqa uprising" among other names, with one account having been advanced by Hussein and Western historiographers and the other by political dissidents and many in the Jordanian and Arab press. Pearson has said the "incident is steeped in mystery and persistent controversy", and Anderson likewise has written that "questions abound about whether this coup attempt originated with the military, led by <mask> and the Free Officers, or with the king and the Americans, who wanted an excuse to remove" the Arab nationalist movement "from Jordan's political scene". According to Hussein's account of the events, <mask> and the Free Officers had planned for the Bedouin-dominated First Infantry Regiment in Zarqa to participate in a training exercise in the desert without ammunition to render it unavailable for Hussein to use against a planned anti-government demonstration scheduled to be held by Nabulsi on 14 April. Hussein was still wary of Nabulsi due to an alleged intercept of a message from Nasser imploring Nabulsi to resist his dismissal from the premiership. Hussein was informed of the Free Officers' alleged plot by Sharif Naser and Bedouin officers from Zarqa on the evening of 13 April. The incident coincided with a delivery by <mask> of an ultimatum to Prime Minister Said al-Mufti (Nabulsi's successor) warning Hussein to appoint a government reflecting the will of the elected parliament or face an army revolt. Al-Mufti apparently broke down emotionally in Hussein's presence, prompting the latter to inquire from <mask> about the ultimatum, to which <mask>war professed his surprise.Hussein then brought <mask> along with him to inspect the scene at Zarqa, where Hussein was told by loyalist officers from Zarqa that rumors of his death had provoked heavy clashes between his loyalists and those of <mask> and that only the physical presence of Hussein would put an end to the fighting. Moreover, Hussein was told that Rashid and Ma'<mask> <mask> (a distant cousin of <mask>) had been ordered to Amman to besiege the royal palace and arrest Hussein. Both accounts agree that the during the fighting in al-Zarqa, numerous Free Officers were rounded up and arrested by loyalist Bedouin officers. Both accounts also agree that as Hussein made his way into Zarqa, he was cheered on by loyalist soldiers and he intervened in the middle of the clashes at his own risk and was emotionally embraced by his supporters, who chanted "Death to <mask> and all the traitors!" <mask> remained in the car, fearful for his life by Hussein's loyalist troops and he then apparently begged Hussein to protect him and allow him to return to Amman, which Hussein agreed to. By nightfall, <mask>war persuaded Hussein to allow him to leave the country and on the morning of 14 March, he officially resigned and departed for Damascus, Syria with his family. Major-General <mask>-Hiyari, <mask>'s chief rival in the Jordanian army, was appointed as <mask>'s replacement, but on 20 April, he defected to Syria.Al-Hiyari claimed that prior to the incident at Zarqa and shortly after the forced resignation of al-Nabulsi's cabinet, palace officials had canvassed the army general staff to inquire about the officers' opinions regarding a change in direction of the new government away from the pan-Arabist policies of Egypt and Syria. Accordingly, when <mask> and the Free Officers voiced their refusal "to use the army against" the popular will in the country, palace officials laid out plans to royalist officers, including al-Hiyari, for a false flag operation at Zarqa. Al-Hiyari's account was widely reported throughout Jordan and the Arab world, and despite dismissal of the account by palace officials, it led to further public skepticism toward the official version of events regarding the alleged coup plot. <mask> consistently denied any betrayal of Hussein and claimed he was a "fall man", the victim of political intrigue in the kingdom in which his rivals sought to discredit him. At a press conference in Damascus, he stated that the entire incident was an overreaction by Hussein to sensational and false reports of a coup plot and that the incident was likely a preemptive coup by Hussein and the old guard, supported or engineered by US intelligence, against the main proponents of pan-Arab unity in Jordan. Rashid and Ma'an <mask> likewise strongly denied any kind of coup plot on their end. According to Pearson, the accounts of the Free Officers and al-Hiyari were lent further credence by the lack of evidence in the military trials against the alleged conspirators who were arrested, the light sentences that they were given and the eventual rehabilitation of the alleged conspirators, including <mask>, who were later reassigned to high-ranking posts in the state and military.Later career
On 22 April, <mask> issued a radio statement from the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station denouncing Hussein. In coordination with <mask>, the following day, a Patriotic Congress composed of Hussein's opposition was held in Nablus in the West Bank demanding major palace officials be dismissed, expulsion of the American ambassador and military attaché, rejection of the Eisenhower Doctrine, federal unity with Egypt and Syria and reinstatement of the dismissed army officers, including <mask>. As a result of the congress, Hussein put Nablus, Jerusalem and Amman under military curfew, dissolved political parties, imposed press censorship, dismissed municipal councils in the West Bank in favor of military governors, disbanded Palestinian-dominated army units, arrested al-Nabulsi (who had since been made foreign minister) and dismissed the cabinet of Prime Minister Fakhri al-Khalidi. Although he eventually relaxed some of these measures, namely military curfews and severe press censorship, Hussein's moves significantly curtailed the constitutional democracy that existed in Jordan in the mid-1950s. On 26 September 1957, <mask>, Rimawi and al-Hiyari were sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in absentia. During his exile from Jordan, <mask> initially resided in Damascus, along with other Jordanian dissidents, including al-Hiyari and Rimawi. However, in 1958, <mask> moved to Egypt following that country's union with Syria forming the United Arab Republic (UAR) under Nasser's presidency (Syria seceded in 1961).Thenceforth, <mask> lived much of the remainder of his exile in Cairo. In 1958, under the aegis of the UAR and with assistance from the head of Syrian intelligence, Abd al-Hamid al-Sarraj, the Jordanian dissidents in exile formed the Jordanian Revolutionary Council. It consisted of Jordanian Baathists, left-leaning politicians and dissident army officers, including <mask>, al-Hiyari and Abdullah al-Tal, a friend of <mask> who had been exiled by Hussein before him. The group attempted to recruit university students in Jordan to form the vanguard of the nationalist movement in the country, funded the smuggling of weapons to Palestinian dissidents in the West Bank and the refugee camps around Amman, financially assisted Jordanian officers and politicians dismissed by Hussein, and organized assassination attempts against leading royalist politicians, including al-Rifai, Talhouni and Hazza al-Majali. There were disputes between al-Tal and <mask> over leadership of the group. In April 1963, <mask> declared a government in exile in the name of the Jordanian Republic and disseminated propaganda through his own radio station. The following year, or in 1965, <mask> returned to Jordan after being pardoned by Hussein as part of a broader reconciliation with exiled dissidents in a bid to co-opt opposition to his rule.In February 1971, <mask> was appointed Jordan's ambassador to France. In the 1989 Jordanian parliamentary election, <mask> was appointed by Hussein to the senate, the Jordanian Parliament's upper house. <mask>'s memoirs, A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics (1948–1964), were published in London in 1990. <mask> suffered from blood cancer in his later years, and he died in a London hospital  on 15 August 1991, at the age of 66. He was still in office when he died. References

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1925 births
1991 deaths
Ambassadors of Jordan to France
Deaths from cancer in Jordan
Jordanian Arab nationalists
Jordanian military personnel
Jordanian people of Circassian descent
Jordanian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Members of the Senate of Jordan
Nasserists
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title: Marilyn Ferguson

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<mask> (April 5, 1938 in Grand Junction, Colorado – October 19, 2008) was an American author, editor and public speaker known for her 1980 book The Aquarian Conspiracy which is connected with the New Age Movement. A founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology, <mask> published and edited the well-regarded science newsletter Brain/Mind Bulletin from 1975 to 1996. She eventually earned numerous honorary degrees, served on the board of directors of the Institute of Noetic Sciences, and befriended such diverse figures of influence as inventor and theorist Buckminster Fuller, spiritual author Ram Dass, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Ilya Prigogine  and billionaire Ted Turner. <mask>'s work also influenced Vice President Al Gore, who participated in her informal network while a senator and later met with her in the White House. Youth and early writing career
<mask> was born <mask> in Grand Junction, Colorado. After graduation from high school she earned an associate of arts degree at Mesa College (now Colorado Mesa University) and later attended the University of Colorado. During her first marriage, to Don Renzelman, she worked as a legal secretary and became a published author of short stories and poetry in such national magazines as Cosmopolitan.Later she wrote freelance articles for Time and other publications. After living briefly in Houston, Texas, she moved to California with her second husband, <mask>, in 1968. That year, she published her first book, on home economics, with her husband as co-author. The Brain Revolution and Brain/Mind Bulletin
<mask> soon developed an enduring interest in what came to be known as the "human potential" movement, and particularly the latest research on the potential of the human brain, with its implications for learning, creativity and wellness. This inspired her to write The Brain Revolution: The Frontiers of Mind Research (Taplinger, 1973), a successful and broadly hailed popular summary of these discoveries. Two years later <mask> launched Brain/Mind Bulletin, a newsletter that served as an ongoing forum for her interest in cutting-edge scientific ideas. At its peak in the 1980s the publication had a worldwide base of some 10,000 subscribers, ranging from academics and intellectuals to schoolteachers and storekeepers, and helped to popularize the ideas of such notables as Prigogine, neuroscientists Karl Pribram and Candace Pert, physicists Fritjof Capra and David Bohm, psychologist Jean Houston and many others.The Aquarian Conspiracy
In an early commentary in the newsletter <mask> described her first glimmers of what she called "the movement that has no name" - a loose, enthusiastic network of innovators from almost every discipline, united by their apparent desire to create real and lasting change in society and its institutions. Her attempt to compile and synthesize the patterns she was seeing eventually led her to develop a second newsletter, Leading Edge Bulletin, and found its culmination in The Aquarian Conspiracy (J.P. Tarcher, 1980), the seminal work that earned her a lasting global reputation. The book's title led to some confusion, having to do with astrology only to the extent of drawing from the popular conception of the "Age of Aquarius" succeeding a dark "Piscean" age. The word conspiracy she used in its literal sense of "breathing together," as one of her great influences, the philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, had done before her. Unabashedly positive in its outlook, the book was praised by such diverse figures as philosophical writer Arthur Koestler, who called it "stunning and provocative," commentator Max Lerner, who found it "drenched in sunlight," and United Nations Assistant Secretary-General Robert Muller, who described it as "remarkable" and "epoch-making." Psychologist Carl Rogers credited her with having "etched, in unforgettable vividness, the intricate web of changes shaping the inevitable revolution in our culture," and said the book "gives the pioneering spirit the courage to go forward." Philosopher and religious scholar Jacob Needleman predicted that the book would help to make "New Age" thinking "more understandable and less threatening" to the general public in America.This was borne out by its success, as The Aquarian Conspiracy steadily climbed to the best-seller list and its viewpoint began seeping into the popular culture. Before long the book was being credited as "the handbook of the New Age" (USA Today) and a guidepost to a philosophy "working its way increasingly into the nation's cultural, religious, social, economic and political life" (New York Times). Although the book was not explicitly political, it expressed early enthusiasm for the radical centrist perspective. In the "Right Power" chapter <mask> writes, "Radical Center ... is not neutral, not middle-of-the-road, but a view of the whole road. From this vantage point, we can see that the various schools of thought on any one issue - political or otherwise - include valuable contributions along with error and exaggeration." The book was eventually translated into some 16 foreign languages, and <mask> became a sought-after speaker across North America and around the world, eventually traveling as far as Brazil, Sweden and India to convey her hopeful message. In 1985 she was featured as a keynote speaker at the United Nations-sponsored "Spirit of Peace" conference, where she appeared along with Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama of Tibet.Religious and other criticism
Such validation did not come without a price. <mask> was attacked in some quarters for excessive optimism. Others alleged that her "new" ideas were merely a repackaging of old notions of positive thinking, and some saw the "New Age" (a term <mask> herself seldom used) as merely extending the self-absorption that had marked much of the 1970s. Most persistently, some religious groups contended that the "conspiracy" was an attempt to subvert Christian views. This view, most notably expressed by author Constance Cumbey in her 1983 book The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow, was restated as recently as 2007, when one online essayist wrote that the Christian church “rightly discerned the New Age movement, as outlined in <mask>’s book, to be demonically inspired in anticipation of the ultimate unveiling of . . . the antichrist.” It was inaccurately alleged that <mask>, herself raised and confirmed a Lutheran, had written the book at the behest of the Stanford Research Institute with the goal of overtaking western culture with Eastern mysticism. Impact and reissue
Indirectly supporting both <mask> and her critics, the New Age movement, as popularly understood, did thrive in the 1980s and into the 1990s, though this was partially through such pop-cultural manifestations as the autobiographical works of actress Shirley MacLaine and the “Harmonic Convergence” festival of 1987.While the period was marked by undeniable evolution in the fields of politics, education and medicine, many other ideas and practices were transitory. Through it all <mask> remained an optimist, albeit one who did not ignore the depth of society's chronic problems. Commenting in advance of the 1988 presidential election, she noted that “there is no panacea for our social maladies” – but there remained the power of belief. “Our ‘foolish illusion’ that we can effect change fosters in us the capacity to act – and therefore to bring about change.” ("The Great Depression . . . The Great Schizophrenia," Brain/Mind Bulletin, October 1988.) In 1987 The Aquarian Conspiracy was reissued, featuring a new introduction by another of her allies, futurist-author John Naisbitt (Megatrends).While slowly developing a follow-up work, <mask> returned her primary focus to reporting on scientific research in Brain-Mind Bulletin. There she continued to explore the links between body and mind and new theoretical models in neuroscience, physics, psychology, education and health until the newsletter ceased publication in 1996. Aquarius Now
The long-planned Aquarius Now, after near-publication in several previous forms, appeared in 2005. The book, published by Red Wheel/Weiser, was well-received, though less commercially successful. Following its release <mask> continued to develop projects, share ideas and advise other authors. In 2007 she moved to Banning, California, near her son and his family. Death and reaction
<mask> died unexpectedly of an apparent heart attack on October 19, 2008.The Los Angeles Times described her as a "galvanizing influence," and quoted her U.S. publisher, Jeremy Tarcher, who described his own personal epiphany when he first met with <mask> and recognized the potential of the information she had collected. The New York Times called The Aquarian Conspiracy "the Bible of the New Age," and mused that the once-radical ideas of her "benign conspiracy" may now seem commonplace. Offering a tribute on the website beliefnet.com (also on The Huffington Posts website), author Deepak Chopra described <mask> as "a one-woman movement for hope." He recalled being a young doctor who was studying meditation when he came across The Aquarian Conspiracy in the early 1980s, and realized the book had instantly unified a movement that otherwise seemed to be resigned to the fringes. At her death, Chopra wrote, <mask> could rest in the knowledge that "a watershed had been crossed," and that her "leaderless revolution" had steadily gained force around the world in the generation since the book was written. The Aquarian Conspiracy was re-issued in a "Tarcher Cornerstone" edition in August 2009, featuring a new introduction by Jeremy Tarcher. In October 2009, <mask> received a posthumous Distinguished Alumna award from Mesa State College.Divorced in 1978, <mask> was subsequently married to Ray Gottlieb from 1983 to 1991. She retained the last name of her first husband who remains unnamed, with whom she had three children: <mask> (born 1964), Kristin <mask> (born 1967) and <mask> Lewis (born 1969). Books
The Brain Revolution: The Frontiers of Mind Research (Taplinger Publishing, 1973) , , ,
The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in Our Time (J.P. Tarcher, 1980; 1987) , , , , , ,
PragMagic: Ten Years of Scientific Breakthroughs, Exciting Ideas, and Personal Experiments That Can Profoundly Change Your Life (Pocket Books, 1990) , , ,
Aquarius Now: Radical Common Sense and Reclaiming Our Personal Sovereignty (Red Wheel/Weiser, 2005)
"Brain/Mind Bulletin"

References

External links

Authorized Website for <mask>
Biographical information
Interview by Daniel Redwood
Quotations 1
Quotations 2
Excerpt
Additional links

1938 births
2008 deaths
American social sciences writers
Human Potential Movement
New Age writers
Radical centrist writers
Writers from Colorado
Colorado Mesa University alumni
University of Colorado alumni
People from Grand Junction, Colorado
People from Banning, California

masks:
Marilyn Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Marilyn Louise Grasso
Mike Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Ferguson
Eric Ferguson
Ferguson Smith
Lynn Ferguson
Marilyn Ferguson


title: Rhod Rothfuss

texts:
Carlos María "<mask><mask> (1920–December 31, 1969) was a Uruguayan-Argentine artist who specialized in painting and sculpture. He was considered a key theoretician for the development of the concrete art movement in Argentina in the 1940s and was a founding member of the international Latin American abstract art movement, Grupo Madí. Early life and education
Rothfuss was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. In 1938, Rothfuss studied art at Círculo de Bellas Artes in Montevideo. He studied with the artists Guillermo Laborde and José Cúneo. In the early 1940s, he studied at the Academia de Bellas Artes in Montevideo. Career
In 1939 while at an Emilio Pettoruti art show, Rothfuss met and became friends with the artist, Carmelo Arden Quin.In 1942, Rothfuss moved from Uruguay to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived until 1945. Rothfuss soon became friends with fellow artists, Gyula Kosice, Tomás Maldonado, Carmelo Arden Quin. In 1944, Rothfuss was part of the group of artists who created and edited the magazine called Arturo, which existed for only one issue, and included fellow artists, Carmelo Arden Quin, Edgar Bailey, Gyula Kosice, Raúl Lozza, Tomas Maldonado, and Lidy Prati. Rothfuss contributed an article called: "El marco. un problema de la plástica actual (The frame: A Problem of Plastic Arts Today)," which became an important text on the theory and movement of art towards geometry. Rothfuss was stating what was then a revolutionary idea, that he was advocation for the removal of the frame of the painting, saying that it got in the way of the art. In 1945, Rothfuss participated in two seminal concrete art exhibitions called Arte Concreto-Invención in Buenos Aires.In 1945, Rothfuss participated in Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención's first two concrete art exhibitions organized at the homes of Swiss born psychoanalyst, Enrique Pichon-Rivière, and  German-Argentinian photographer, Grete Stern. Rothfuss also participated in the group's third exhibition organized in October 1946 at the Argentinian Society of Plastic Arts. During this time, to illustrate the concrete nature of his work, Rothfuss used nontraditional materials like diamonds and employed notched and irregular shapes in his artwork. From 1945 to 1950, Rothfuss created sculptures that had moving parts. In 1946, Rothfuss joined the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención, a concrete art group founded by Tomás Maldonado in 1944. Other artists in the group included Alfredo Hlito, Lidy Prati, Manuel Espinosa, Enio Iommi, Raul Lozza among others. In 1946, Gyula Kosice, Carmelo Arden Quin, and Rothfuss founded the Grupo Madí.Selected exhibitions
Group exhibitions
 1945: "Arte Concreto-Invención." Buenos Aires – two exhibitions
 1976: "Homenaje a la vanguardia argentina: Dècada del 40." Galeria Arte Nuevo (Buenos Aires)
 1980: "Vanguardias de la década del 40. Arte Concreto-Invención, Arte Madí, Perceptismo." Museo de Artes Plásticas Eduardo Sívori (Buenos Aires)
 1992–93: "Artistas latinoamericanos del siglo XX." Estación Plaza de Armas (Seville); Musée national d’art moderne, Centre national d’art et de culture Georges Pompidou (Paris); Josef-Haubrich-Kunsthalle, Cologne; The Museum of Modern Art (New York)
 1994–95: "Art from Argentina 1920–1994." Museum of Modern Art (Oxford) [traveling exhibition]
 1997–98: "Arte Madí."Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid); Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo (Badajoz) – Exhibition held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, July 1-October 27, 1997, and at the Museo Extremeño Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporaneo, November 7, 1997 – January 11, 1998
 2000: "Heterotopías. Medio siglo sin lugar. 1918–1968." Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid)
 2001: "Abstract Art from Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1933–1953." The Americas Society (New York)
 2002: "Madí. L’art sud-américain."Musée de Grenoble (Grenoble)
 2003–4: "Arte abstracto argentino, Galleria d’arte moderna e contemporanea." Bergamo; Fundación Proa (Buenos Aires)
 2004: "Inverted Utopias. Avant-Garde Art in Latin America." Museum of Fine Arts, (Houston Texas)
 2007: "The Geometry of Hope. Latin American Abstract Art from the Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Collection." Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas); Grey Art Gallery, New York University (New York)

Selected works
 Composición Madí at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1946)
 Pintura Madí o persistencia de un contorno Madí at Fundación Proa (1946)
 Composición Madí at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1948)
  (1955)

Works and publications

  – Catalog of an exhibition held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, July 1-October 27, 1997, and at the Museo Extreme~no e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporaneo, November 7, 1997 – January 11, 1998
   – Exhibition catalog of Cold America, Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973), Fundación Juan March, Madrid, February 11-May 15, 2011
   – Folleto de la expoción celebrada América fría. La abstracción geométrica en Latinoamerica (1934–1973) en la Fundación Juan March en Madrid del 11 de febrero al 15 de mayo de 2011
 "Regarding the Frame" (1950) by <mask> Rothfuss p. 432

See also
 Concrete art
 Grupo Madí

References

Further reading
   – Exhibition at the Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA, 3 March-4 November 2001
  – exhibition organized by the Americas Society and presented from September 11-December 9, 2001
   – Exhibition catalog of Cold America, Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973), Fundación Juan March, Madrid, February 11-May 15, 2011
   – Folleto de la expoción celebrada América fría.La abstracción geométrica en Latinoamerica (1934–1973) en la Fundación Juan March en Madrid del 11 de febrero al 15 de mayo de 2011

External links

 <mask> Rothfuss (artist file) at the Museum of Modern Art
 <mask> Rothfuss at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art
 Rhod Rothfuss at the Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural

1920 births
1969 deaths
Concrete art
Uruguayan painters
Argentine painters
Argentine male painters
Argentine sculptors
Uruguayan sculptors
Uruguayan emigrants to Argentina

masks:
Rhod
" Rothfuss
Rhod
Rhod
Rhod


title: Othman Wok

texts:
<mask>  (Jawi: عثمان بن ووك; b. 8 October 1924 – d. 17 April 2017), often known as <mask>, was a Singaporean politician. He was a minister in the Cabinet for 14 years. He was the Minister of Social Affairs from 19 October 1963 to 30 June 1977. After retiring from active politics, he was Singapore's ambassador to Indonesia and served on the boards of the Singapore Tourism Board and Sentosa Development Corporation. For his political, economic and social contributions to the nation building of Singapore, he was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (2nd Class) in 1983 by President Devan Nair. <mask> was born on 8 October 1924 in the then British colony of Singapore, to a family of Orang Laut origins.His father, <mask> Ahmad, had been a school teacher and principal. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in the Second World War from 1942-1945, <mask> Ahmad enrolled <mask> in a Japanese school in the belief that doing so would prevent Othman from being conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army. As a result, Othman would come to learn the Japanese language. Following the end of the occupation, Othman would go on to continue his education in Sekolah Melayu Telok Saga before proceeding to Raffles Institution for his secondary education. Othman's grandfather, a religious teacher, objected to <mask> Ahmad’s decision to send Othman to Radin Mas and later Raffles Institution, both of which are English-medium schools. He was afraid that Othman would waver in his religious beliefs in the course of his English-language education, converting him to Christianity. However, not only did Othman stay faithful to his religion, he became an important bridge between the Malay/Muslim community and the new People's Action Party Government from the 1950s.This affirmed <mask> Ahmad’s beliefs that an English-language and mainstream education is essential for a brighter future ahead. <mask>, on the other hand, did not hold the same worries as his grandfather. He sent one of his daughters to a Catholic school, CHIJ Katong Convent. His daughter received religious education outside school hours, and remains a Muslim today. Early career
Othman joined the local Utusan Melayu Malay-language newspaper as a clerk after finishing his education, and was offered a reporter position in 1946 by Yusof Ishak (founder of the newspaper who would also go on to become Singapore’s first president). In 1950, Othman pursued a Diploma in Journalism in London on a Colonial Development Scholarship, and rejoined Utusan Melayu as a news editor in 1951. Upon his return, <mask> was also elected as Honorary Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union (SPEU), which sought to secure better wages and working conditions for its members.This was a significant period in <mask>’s early years as it marked the time when he would become acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew, who had been the legal adviser to Utusan Melayu as well as SPEU. This would mark the beginning of a long and enduring friendship between the two. He would stay in his role of news editor for 6 more years until his promotion to deputy editor of the newspaper in 1957. Political career
Days after the formation of the PAP in 1954, <mask> joined the political party as his ideology of a national policy of multi-racialism was aligned with what the PAP sought to achieve. He took on the role of producing the party’s Petir publication, and was a member of the bulletin’s editorial board. In 1959, he was asked by the then legislative assembly member Ahmad Ibrahim to be the elected chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch. Minister
<mask> became Singapore’s first Minister for Social Affairs after his successful election in the General Elections of 1963, and was at that time the only Malay member in the Cabinet.<mask>. He also held the concurrent role of  Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau, and has been credited with implementing policies that continue to impact the Malay community today. Under his tenure, he oversaw the setting up of Singapore’s Pilgrimage Office, which was Singapore’s first formal system of registration for hajj activities. The system remains today, and continues to be built upon the foundations set in place by him then. The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would eventually evolve the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) entity, which continue to regulate and oversee hajj-related as well as other Muslim affairs. The Ministry for Social Affairs would also go on to implement the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Mosque Building Fund (MBF) under his leadership. Othman was branded a traitor to the Malay community for joining the PAP.At the time, they were being courted by the Kuala Lumpur-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to fight for Malay racial favouritism. As a result, <mask> lost in the 1959 elections when he was contesting as a PAP candidate for the electoral ward of Kampong Kembangan. He would go on to contest once more in the 1963 General Elections, when he would then succeed and become the elected representative of the Pasir Panjang constituency. Following his successful election, <mask> would go on to leave his job at the Utusan Melayu to focus on developing his political career full-time. On 7 August 1965, the Parliament of Malaysia successful voted for the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia. On 9 August, <mask>, along with 8 other Singapore ministers, signed the document of separation. On this day, Othman highlighted his concern regarding the communists to Lee Kuan Yew, and only upon assurance did he put pen to paper.<mask> was also known for his active involvement in the development of sports and recreation in Singapore. He was also once a famous tennis player, ranked number 28 in the world. <mask> was responsible for setting up a Sports Department within the purview of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1966, and officiated the groundbreaking ceremony of the first National Stadium. Ambassador
Having served 14 years as Minister for Social Affairs, <mask> was appointed to serve as Singapore’s ambassador to Indonesia in 1977. His term would last three and a half years. He served as Member of Legislative Assembly (1963-1965) and Member of Parliament (1963 to 1980) for the Pasir Panjang Constituency retiring on 5 December 1980 when parliament dissolved on the same day for the 23 December 1980 general election. Post political career
<mask> continued to be active and served in the Presidential Council of Minority Rights as a permanent member.He was also appointed as a member of several companies' board of directors. Personal life
<mask> grew up in a humble family. In the first four years of his life, Othman lived with his Uncle, together with his grandparents and parents, in a kampong area dominated by Malays. He recounted that as a boy, different races lived together harmoniously, and he would have Chinese and Indian playmates whom he conversed with in Malay. In his mid-twenties, Othman went to London to receive further education in a polytechnic. <mask> was married with four children. His hobbies included reading and writing ghost stories, one of his books being Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s, a compilation of stories written by him.<mask> has also penned a biography titled: " Never in my Wildest Dreams", as a memoir of his life experiences. <mask> was considered as one of the 'Old Guard' - the first generation of leaders of independent Singapore. <mask> completed military service (called National Service in Singapore) with the People's Defence Force in 1980, holding the rank of major. He also retired from politics in the same year. On 17 April 2017, he died at 12.22pm local time at the Singapore General Hospital due to poor health. He was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery the next day. References

External links
 <mask> Wok on ourstory.asia1.com.sg

1924 births
2017 deaths
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean diplomats
Ambassadors of Singapore to Indonesia
Singaporean Muslims
Singaporean people of Malay descent
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Nila Utama
Members of the Parliament of Singapore

masks:
Othman bin Wok
Othman Wok
Othman
Wok
Wok
Othman
Wok
Wok
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman


title: Richard J. Stern

texts:
<mask><mask> (September 26, 1913 – December 31, 2001) was a Kansas City businessman and philanthropist. Family history
<mask> was the son of <mask> and <mask>. His mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. <mask>'s maternal grandparents were Belle Lehman Cohen and <mask>. Cohen, who resided in Sioux City, Iowa, before coming to Kansas City in the early 1900s. <mask>, who was born in Bavaria, was the son of <mask> and <mask>. With his brothers Morris and Henry, he immigrated to the United States in the late 19th century. Sigmund and Morris worked for a department store in Sioux City prior to founding their own business.Sybil and Sigmund were married in Sioux City in June 1904. Following a honeymoon in Europe, they took up residence in Kansas City, where Sigmund was employed with the real estate firm of Wise & Stern. Sigmund and Morris founded Stern Brothers in 1917. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 26, 1913, in Kansas City, Missouri. His sister, <mask>, who was born on December 25, 1905, was more than seven years his senior. (Years later, she would be a second-generation graduate of Wellesley College.) The <mask> family was Jewish, and Sigmund served as a member of the board of trustees of Congregation B’nai Jehudah from 1914 until 1929.According to the 1920 federal census, the family was then living at 3717 Harrison Street in Kansas City. The three-story house featured a front entrance with columns rising above the second story. By 1930, the <mask>s had moved to 236 West 54th Street, a three-story red brick house that was built in 1918. <mask> graduated from the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1930. Fencing was his sport both at Andover, (as it was known), and at Yale University. During his junior year at Yale University, <mask> was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated with honors in 1934.Two years later, <mask> earned a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University. Career
As a young man, <mask> joined Stern Brothers. His work there was interrupted by World War II. <mask> served as a captain in the intelligence branch of the Army Air Corps. For a brief period, he wrote the daily newsletter for the U.S.S. Button Gwinnett. Following the war, he returned to the family business.His father died on December 31, 1955. <mask> then became president of Stern Brothers, with his uncle, Morris, as chairman. Morris died on June 7, 1958. <mask> succeeded him as chairman. The list of companies for which the firm completed securities offerings during <mask>’s years at the helm includes Rival Manufacturing, Russell Stover Candies, Cook Paint & Varnish, Employers Reinsurance, Gas Service, and Frank Paxton Lumber. In addition, municipal bonds formed a significant part of Stern Brothers business. The Kansas City International Airport, the Harry S Truman Sports Complex (which houses both Arrowhead Stadium, where the Kansas City Chiefs play football, and Kauffman Stadium, where the Kansas City Royals play baseball) and Kemper Arena were among the entities that the firm helped make possible.(Kemper Arena is now the Hy-Vee Arena.) In 1983, <mask> gave an interview to The Independent magazine, in which he stated, “I was always good at arithmetic and I always liked to play games, and this is one big game. I started out working summers as a kid, doing whatever … probably annoying others. Now I make the decisions.” Stern Brothers was sold in 1986. <mask> retained the title of chairman emeritus until his death in 2001. In its obituary of <mask>, The Bond Buyer reported, “Local market participants described Mr. <mask> as both generous personally, and tough and demanding professionally. When Kansas City was planning to build an overhaul base for TransWorld [sic; Trans World] Airlines, which would have entailed a complex financial transaction, it began by going to Wall Street.As the story goes, the ‘large Eastern bond firms got weak knees,’ [Leonard] Noah [a retired vice president of operations at Stern Brothers] said. ‘Stern Brothers stepped up and did the deal.’” As the Kansas City Star noted, “Although <mask> is remembered for working quietly, delegating authority adroitly and seldom closing the double doors to his downtown offices when working on key projects, he also was recalled as [a] forceful man when the occasion required.”

Civic and Philanthropic Activities
Many organizations in Kansas City benefited from <mask>’s time and talents. He was also extremely generous financially. In 1937, not long after he completed his studies, <mask> was listed as a committee member for the Beaux Arts Ball, a benefit for the Kansas City Art Institute. He became a trustee in 1964 and a life trustee in 1988. <mask> received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from KCAI at the 1998 commencement ceremony. <mask>’s father was a trustee of Kansas City University prior to his death.<mask> was elected to that position in 1958. (Kansas City University is now the University of Missouri – Kansas City.) He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Friends of the Library at UMKC when it was founded in the mid-1960s. In July 1967, there were concerns that Charlie O. Finley was planning to move the Kansas City Athletics to Milwaukee. <mask> announced that Stern Brothers was prepared to buy the team. The Kansas City Times quoted him as saying, “We would hope to have broad-based ownership of the club in Kansas City. The purpose of this would be to make sure that the Athletics remain permanently in Kansas City.” Nothing came of this offer.Finley moved the Athletics to Oakland, California, in 1968. A new baseball team, the Kansas City Royals, owned by Ewing Kauffman, began playing that year. “In a cultural vein, <mask> goes all out for the Philharmonic,” The Independent magazine noted in a 1967 profile. At that time, he was the chairman of the board. In March 1985, it became necessary to make difficult decisions about the Kansas City Philharmonic, which was then 49 years old. <mask> was on that committee. After the Philharmonic disbanded, the Kansas City Symphony was created.It was clear that the organization needed to be properly capitalized to avoid the woes that befell its predecessor. A list of pledges and donations from October 1985 included $250,000 from <mask>. His was one of the largest gifts. <mask> served as one of the 10 founding board members of the Kansas City Symphony, and the only one to have been a board member of the Philharmonic. During three decades on the board the Lyric Opera of Kansas City, <mask> served as vice chairman, president, and treasurer. According to its newsletter, Lyrical Notes, “When the Lyric Opera purchased the Lyric Theatre building in 1991, <mask> and foundations under his control provided a majority of the financial support for the purchase.” The Lyric Opera had been a tenant in the building, which was then owned by the Hearst Corporation, until structural issues forced the organization to move to the Music Hall, which proved to be a temporary solution. The Kansas City Star reported that the building cost $2.65 million dollars, with an additional $406,000 for roof repair.The newspaper listed the donors as “<mask><mask>, the Hall Family Foundation of Kansas, Yellow Freight Systems, the William T. Kemper Foundation-Commerce Bank Trustee, Jules and Doris Stein Foundation, H. Tony Oppenheimer, and United Telecommunications Foundation.<mask>’s interests ranged far beyond finance and management; he also had a tremendous fondness for the operettas of Gilbert & Sullivan. His preferred seat was in the middle of the third row, and he generally attended the Monday and Wednesday performances. In 1992, <mask> was honored, along with Adele Hall, Estelle Sosland, <mask>, and Robert P. Lyons, for service to the Kansas City chapter of Young Audiences. At that time, the organization was celebrating its 30th anniversary. Additional honors
<mask> received a Missouri Arts Award from the Missouri Arts Council in 1992. According to the council’s website, “[the] annual Missouri Arts Awards celebrate people, organizations, and communities that have made profound and lasting contributions to the cultural and artistic climate of the state.”

In 2001, <mask> was one of the 175 people whose contributions to the area were recognized on the Legacy List for Jackson County, Missouri. The number 175 was chosen because Jackson County had been founded in 1826, which was 175 years earlier.The honorees included men and women who were prominent in many different fields and who made a difference in the community in the 19th and 20th centuries. Among them were Lucille Bluford, the publisher of the Kansas City Call; Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse; George Kessler, who designed the parks and boulevards system for Kansas City; Charlie Parker, the jazz musician; and Harry S. Truman, former president. Personal life
<mask>’s interests included modern architecture. His parents were still living at the house on West 54th Street at the time of his father’s death. By then, <mask> was residing at 725 West 49th Terrace. The house, which had been built for him, was notable for the use of aluminum in its exterior and for its many windows. He sold it in 1963 and purchased the Sondern House at 3600 Belleview Avenue, which had been designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the late 1930s, with a substantial addition by the architect circa 1950.<mask> was the third owner. He did some renovations, and occupied the house until his death. Near the end of <mask>’s life, <mask>, a friend and former bond trader at Stern Brothers, lived in the house with him. <mask> had donated the house to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, but maintained a life interest in it. After his death, the museum sold the house to Blair. Travel was an important part of <mask>’s life, with Europe and the Caribbean Islands as preferred destinations. He spent much time in Venice, Italy, and on the island of Capri in the summers and in St. Martin in the winter.Just as he returned often to places he loved, he had several restaurants where he was a regular: the Savoy, in Kansas City, and Harry’s Bar, in Venice. <mask> died on December 31, 2001, at his home in Kansas City. He was 88 years old. His death occurred 46 years to the day after the death of his father. Legacy

<mask> was predeceased by both of his parents, (his mother died in 1961), and by his sister, who died in May 2001. His survivors included a niece and a nephew. The Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has continued his charitable giving in the years since his death.At the time of his death, <mask> had been a Lyric Opera board member for approximately two-thirds of its 44-year history. On <mask>’s death, Evan Luskin, then the general director of the Lyric Opera, was quoted as saying, “In so many ways, he’s been Mr. Lyric Opera.” The production of Don Pasquale in the spring of 2002 was dedicated to him, as was the entire 2002-2003 season. Nearly a decade after <mask>’s death, the Richard J. Stern Opera Center, the headquarters of the Lyric Opera, opened in the Crossroads District. In 2021, the center includes the Beth Ingram Administration Building and the Ginger and Michael Frost Production Arts Building. The Richard J. Stern Ceramics Building at the Kansas City Art Institute received an award from the American Institute of Architects in 2002. The building was designed by Gould Evans Goodman Associates and erected by McCown Gordon Construction.The University of Missouri – Kansas City has a Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts Scholarship for Theatre, which is awarded to graduate students who are majoring in costume design. Faculty members at Phillips Academy Andover are eligible to receive the <mask> J. <mask> Instructorship. In recent years, the Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has been a catalyst for the projects of a variety of organizations, in addition to the ones with which he was associated. These include (but are not limited to) ArtsKC Regional Arts Council, Charlotte Street Foundation, The Folly Theater, the Kansas City Ballet, Kansas City PBS, the Kansas City Repertory Theatre, the Mid-America Arts Alliance, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Spinning Tree Theatre, the Spire Chamber Ensemble, and the Unicorn Theatre. The foundation’s current assets are reported to be in excess of $64 million dollars. References

American patrons of the arts
People from the Kansas City metropolitan area
2001 deaths
Philanthropists from the Kansas City metropolitan area
1913 births
Yale College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
20th-century American philanthropists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers

masks:
Richard J
. Stern
Stern
Sybil Cohen Stern
Sigmund Stern
Stern
Jacob M
Sigmund Stern
Rosa Feldenheimer Stern
Jacob Stern
Stern
Judith
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
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Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Richard J
. Stern
” Stern
Stern
Jerry Berkowitz
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Jim Blair
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Richard
Stern


title: Gérard Chaliand

texts:
<mask> (born 1934) is a French expert in geopolitics who has published widely on irregular warfare and military strategy. Chaliand analyses of insurgencies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, mostly based on his field experience with insurgent forces, have appeared in more than 20 books and in numerous newspaper articles. He has worked autonomously throughout his career, unconstrained by the perspectives of national governments and policy institutes. As a result, his work provides an independent perspective on many of the major conflicts characterized the 20th and 21st centuries. He is also a published poet. Early life and education
Born in Brussels to Armenian parents and raised in Paris, Chaliand attended the Lycée Henri IV in the Latin Quarter and spent nearly a year in London and the United Kingdom. He travelled North Africa before entering the School of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (INALCO) in Paris, where his studies focused on the history and culture of non-western societies.During his youth he hitchhiked across North Africa, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India. He published his first book of poetry (La Marche Têtue, Gallimard) in 1959. In 1960 he joined the clandestine struggle for Algerian Independence. After the Algerian independence, he worked during 1963-64 as an editor at the Revolution Africaine, a weekly in Algiers where he met many of the leaders of the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. He received his PhD from Sorbonne University in Paris in 1975. His dissertation Mythes révolutionnaires du tiers monde, was published in 1976 and quickly translated into English: Revolution in the Third World, Myths and Propects, Viking Press, Penguin Books, New York, 1977. Chaliand has been a participant-observer in various guerrilla conflicts:
 Guinea Bissau, 1966
 North Vietnam, 1967
 Colombia, 1968/91
 Palestine/Israel, 1969/70/75/ 98/99
 Eritrea, 1977/91
 Afghanistan, 1980/82/2006-2012
 Iranian Kurdistan, 1980
 Salvador, 1982
 Angola, 1985
 Peru, 1985
 Philippines, 1987
 Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993
 Georgia (Ossetia), 1994/2006/08
 Burma, 1990/95
 Kashmir, 1999
 Sri Lanka, 1987/99/2007
 Iraqi Kurdistan, 1999-2008/2012-2015
 Iraq, 2003-2008
 Syria, 2014
He has conducted field studies for over four decades in:
 Asia/Pacific
 Caucasus and Central Asia
 Central and South America
 Middle East
 Northern Africa
 Russia
 South and South East Asia
 West, East and Southern Africa

Teaching
He taught in Paris, France, at the École nationale d'administration (1980-1987) and at Ecole de Guerre (War College) from 1990 to 1995.<mask> Chavchavadze (Georgia). He was senior visiting fellow at the centre for Conflicts and Peace Studies, Kabul (Afghanistan) from 2005 to 2011.He taught a summer course at Nanyang University (Singapore) from 2004 to 2014 and Hawler University (Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, since 2012). He has also lectured at Strategic Institutes in Washington D.C., London, Canberra, Beijing, Madrid, and Tokyo. Miscellaneous
He was Director of the European Centre for the Studies of Conflicts (Foundation for Strategic Research), Paris from 1997 to 2000. He was an independent adviser to the Centre for Analysis and Planning of the French Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1994. He founded and was the Director of Minority Rights Group (France), from 1978 to 1987. He was the initiator of the cession of the Permanent People’s Tribunal that was dedicated to the genocide of the Armenian people whose jury comprised three Nobel Prize winners, including Mr. Sean Mc Bride, Founder of Amnesty International, and which took place at Sorbonne and saw the sentence towards the Turkish state delivered to the National Assembly. In addition, Chaliand has undertaken several maritime expeditions aboard La Boudeuse, a three mast.Selected bibliography
Chaliand is the author, the co-author or the editor of more than 50 books, over 20 of which have been translated into English. Books in English
 A World History of War, UC Press Berkeley, 2014. History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaïda (with Arnaud Blin), Berkeley, 2007. Mirrors of a Disaster. The Spanish conquest of America, Transaction, Rutgers University Press. N.J. 2005
 Nomadic Empires, From Mongolia to the Danube, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, N.J. 2003. The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas, New York, 1995.The Art of War in World History, Berkeley, 1994. The Kurdish Tragedy, Zed Press, London, 1994, Report to the sub-commission on Human Rights (UN) on the situation of the Kurds in the Middle East. Strategic Atlas: A Comparative Geopolitics of the World's Powers, with J.P. Rageau, Harper & Row, New York 1987, 1990, updated edition 1992. Minorities at the Age of Nation-States (ed) Pluto Press, London, 1988. Terrorism, Saqi Books, London: 1987. The Genocide of the Armenians, Zoryan Institute, Boston, Mass, 1986
 Guerrilla Strategy. A Historical Anthology From the Long March to Afghanistan, ed.Berkeley, 1982. The Struggle for Africa. Great Power Strategies, Macmillan, London 1982. Report from Afghanistan, Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1982. A People without a country, The Kurds and Kurdistan, (Ed), Zed Books 1980, Olive Branch Press, 1993
 Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects, Viking, New York 1977; updated edition, Penguin Books, 1989. The Palestinian Resistance, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1972. Peasants of North Vietnam, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1970.Armed Struggle in Africa: With the guerrillas in Portuguese Guinea, Monthly Review Press, New York 1969. Chaliand has also written a cookbook, Food without Frontiers, Pluto Press, London 1981 and two books of poems The Stubborn March, Crane Books, Watercrown, MA. 1990, and Lone Rider, bilingual edition, translated by André Demir, Paris, 2015. Many of his books have been translated in more than twelve languages. Mémoires, Robert Laffont, 2011

Travel
 Los Angeles, Naissance d’un Mythe,  Stock, 1991. Aux confins de l’Eldorado, Le Seuil, 2006
 Le Guide du voyageur autour du monde (avec S. Mousset) Odile Jacob, 2007

<mask> has also published three plays, four books for children and translations of Kautiliya’s Arthashastra (book seven), Guevara's La guerra de Guerillas, and a book of popular Turkish poetry (bilingual).

masks:
Gérard Chaliand
Chaliandia
Gerard Chaliand