title: Anson Chan

texts:
<mask> On-sang, GBM,  (; née Fang; born 17 January 1940) is a retired Hong Kong politician and civil servant who was the first ethnic Chinese and woman to serve as Chief Secretary, the second-highest position in both the British colonial government and the Hong Kong SAR government under the Chinese sovereignty from 1993 until she retired from the government in 2001, sparking speculations of her growing rift with Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. Enjoying wide popularity during her tenure and often dubbed as "Iron Lady" and the "Conscience of Hong Kong", <mask> became increasingly outspoken about pushing for a faster pace of the democratisation in Hong Kong and defending the autonomy of Hong Kong. Supported by the pan-democracy camp, she stood in the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election and briefly served as member of the Legislative Council. After her retirement in 2008, she continued to lobby domestically and internationally for democracy and autonomy of Hong Kong, until her retirement from public life entirely in 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in Shanghai into an affluent family in 1940. Her father Fang Shin-hau was a banker and textile businessman who moved his family to the British colony of Hong Kong in 1948 on the eve of the Communist victory of the Chinese Civil War. Fang Shin-hau died suddenly in 1950 aged 36 when Anson was only ten, leaving eight children to her mother Fang Zhaoling.<mask>'s mother took the eldest sons off to England to oversee their education, leaving the rest in the hands of Anson's paternal grandmother and some uncles and aunts. Her paternal grandfather, Fang Zhenwu, was a Kuomintang general who fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, while her uncle, Sir Harry Fang Sin-yang was a well-known orthopaedic surgeon and served as an appointed member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1974 to 1985. Her mother Fang Zhaoling who was also a Chinese painting master not only shouldered the responsibility of raising her children, but also tried to pursue her career as an artist. Anson was educated at the Sacred Heart Canossian College and studied English literature at the University of Hong Kong. She put herself through university by working as a private tutor and for a year as a clerk at Queen Mary Hospital. Along with studies, she was keen on amateur dramatics, and it was through this that she met her future husband, <mask> Tai-wing. She began work on a social work diploma, but later changed her mind and joined the Hong Kong Civil Service in 1962.The following year, she married Archie, who became a science teacher at St Joseph's College. Colonial administration career
When <mask> joined the administrative service cadet in 1962, she was one of only two women to join the civil service at that time. Her salary was reportedly one-quarter that paid to men of equivalent grade. Afterwards, she progressed to the Economics Section of the Finance Branch in 1962, followed by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, then the Department of Commerce and Industry, and later back to Finance. In 1970, she became Assistant Financial Secretary in the Finance Branch of the Colonial Secretary, the first woman to attain that post. She became a senior administrative officer in 1970. During this period she helped set up the Association of Female Senior Government Officers to fight for better rights for women civil servants, notably pushing for wage parity with men.Director of Social Welfare
<mask> became the first female civil service director when appointed Director of Social Welfare in 1984. During her tenure, she was severely criticised by media for her handling of a child custody case in 1986, popularly known as the Kwok Ah-nui incident. An investigation by unofficial members of the Executive Council found that <mask> had "acted within the law" in respect of her extreme powers, but recommended changes to the law and to the Social Welfare Department's procedures to prevent re-occurrence of similar cases. She later admitted that the media pressure had made her "very upset" and this led to keep her distance from the press, at least for a few years. Chief Secretary
From 1987 to 1993, she was Secretary for Economic Services, becoming the 30th and last Chief Secretary, the head of the Hong Kong civil service, in 1993. She mainly oversaw the localisation of the civil service during her time in this position. From 1994, she headed the Airport Development Steering Committee overseeing the construction of the new Chek Lap Kok Airport.<mask> was the first woman and the first ethnic Chinese to hold the second-highest governmental position in Hong Kong. The highest governmental position, the Governor, was always held by Britons before Hong Kong's handover to People's Republic of China. <mask> was often described during this era as an "Iron Lady", with "an iron fist in a velvet glove". <mask> was lauded as the most powerful woman in Asia for her role as the deputy of British Governor Chris Patten, and later first Chief Executive of the SAR Tung Chee-hwa. She was considered most trusted high official in Hong Kong by both the UK and PRC government to appoint her to the head of the civil service, before and after the handover of Hong Kong. In the run-up to the handover of Hong Kong, she was often the 'face of Hong Kong', dispatched to reassure the wider world that the territory would not implode upon its return to China and that civil liberties would be upheld. Her confidence reassured many around the globe.Within Hong Kong she had wide public support to be the first Chief Executive in the new administration but announced in October 1996 that she would not seek the role. SAR administration career
After Hong Kong's handover to China on 1 July 1997, <mask> stayed on as head of the civil service under then Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, a valuable sign of stability and continuity for the new administration. She was always highly regarded: one British-born civil servant said that "nothing would work without her", also noting that "Tung needs her more than she needs him." <mask> was loyal in the main but her public utterances were occasionally at odds with Tung. It was enough to earn her a certain independence and the epithet of "Hong Kong's Conscience". In contrast to the more conservative Tung, <mask> showed the greater support for democracy and freedom, and advocated a faster pace of democratisation. In 1998, <mask> was somewhat criticised for her role in the monitoring of the new Hong Kong International Airport construction at Chek Lap Kok.The airport had logistical difficulties upon its opening, and some blamed <mask> for her lack of supervision. Defence of press freedom
When pro-government figures in Hong Kong attacked the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) for being too critical of the Hong Kong and Chinese governments, <mask> flew to its defence. In the summer of 1999 RTHK became a platform for Taiwan-Mainland China discussions. A local member of the PRC's National People's Congress, Tsang Hin-chi, urged the government-owned radio station to exercise self-censorship and not to provide a platform that expressed the splitting of China; Xu Simin, a member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, urged RTHK to not allow Taiwan's president broadcasts. On 12 April 2000 Wang Fengchao, deputy director of Central Government's Liaison Office, delivered a speech titled "The Principle of One China and the Taiwan Issue". Wang hinted that Basic Law Article 23 should be enacted as quickly as possible in Hong Kong to protect China against treason and subversion. <mask> spoke in a four-hour speech after Wang on the importance of press freedom and publication, as she believed in genuine press freedom without external pressures.Retirement from the government
The constant criticism of mainland officials and policies was perceived by many to be one of the main reasons for Beijing to view <mask> as a malefactor in Hong Kong politics. In what the Hong Kong media saw as a dressing down for <mask>, PRC Vice Premier Qian Qichen told her at a function in Beijing to "better support Tung", after there had been reports of disagreements between the two over the appointment of officials. <mask> agreed in 1999 to delay her retirement until June 2002. However, <mask> announced her resignation in January 2001, and officially stepped down in April of the same year. In a later interview, <mask> said she resigned after she failed to persuade Tung to delay the introduction of the Principal Officials Accountability System, as she believed it was too early to introduce this system when the chief executive and half of the legislature were not directly elected. Post-civil service career

After retiring from the civil service, <mask> did not often show up in public. However, in December 2005, <mask> participated in the protest march for democracy, against Donald Tsang's constitutional reform package and has since participated in subsequent marches for universal suffrage.In July 2006, she criticised the Commission on Strategic Development, chaired by Donald Tsang, for being "rather slow and unsatisfactory", and announced her intention to start a "Core Group" to push for taking forward the debate on Hong Kong's constitutional reforms. It was later announced that the group would consist of heavyweights including Allen Lee, Christine Loh, Elizabeth Bosher, Professor <mask>, <mask> Nair and Lily Yam Kwan Pui-ying. On 23 September 2006, in a news conference, <mask> proclaimed that she would not run for the position of Chief Executive in 2007. Legislative Council by-election

On 11 September 2007, <mask> announced that she would run in the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat made vacant by the death of former DAB chairman Ma Lik. During the campaign, she was criticised by Alex Tsui, a former ICAC official who accused <mask> of obtaining a 100% mortgage to purchase a flat in 1993 when she was Chief Secretary, suggesting an abuse of power. A City University commentator said the issue marked the start of a smear campaign against <mask>, although <mask> did not engage in smear-free politics either, accusing her rival Regina Ip, the former Secretary for Security supported by Beijing government, of being a "fake democrat". <mask> was also revealed of having been also taken a seat in the board of Richemont, (where a board member is former legionnaire Taipan Simon Murray) the manufacturer of name brand luxury items, but which at that time also owned a 23% share of British American Tobacco.When this news of her board membership was revealed she immediately resigned from the board of Richemont. In the early hours of 2 December 2007, <mask> was elected in the by-election with 175,874 votes, securing about 55% of the vote. Regina Ip, <mask>'s main rival, had 137,550 votes. For this election, <mask> spent HK$1.81 million, $330,000 more than Ip. Her two main donors were Sir Quo-wei Lee and his wife, and Hong Kong Democratic Foundation chairman George Cautherley, who donated HK$250,000 each. Next Media chairman Jimmy Lai donated HK$200,000, and the Democratic Party gave HK$65,840 "for services". On 6 July 2008, <mask> announced that she would not be seeking re-election to the Legislative Council at the expiry of her term.International lobbying
On 24 April 2013, <mask> <mask> launched a group called Hong Kong 2020 on the basis of the former "Core Group" and "Citizen's Commission on Constitutional Development" to monitor and comment on the constitutional reform progress to achieve full universal suffrage for election of the Chief Executive in 2017 and all members of the Legislative Council by 2020. In April 2014, <mask> <mask> and Martin Lee, founder of Hong Kong's opposition Democratic Party, went to the United States and met U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, minority leader of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi and members of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The activists spoke out against Beijing increasing control over Hong Kong and their fear of only candidates picked by Beijing would be allowed to take part in the 2017 Chief Executive election. Lee and <mask> also voiced concerns over press freedom in Hong Kong, referring to violent assaults on journalists and alleging that Beijing is pressuring advertisers to shun critical media. Biden underscored Washington's "long-standing support for democracy in Hong Kong and for the city's high degree of autonomy under the 'one country, two systems' framework". China warned the United States against meddling in Hong Kong's internal affairs after Biden met with <mask> and Lee. In response, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it "firmly opposes any countries meddling in the city's internal affairs in any way."In July 2014, <mask> <mask> and Martin Lee visited the United Kingdom and met with Deputy Prime Minister and the leader of the coalition's junior partner the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg and raised concerns over China's jurisdiction of the region, and questioning Britain's commitment to Hong Kong's democratic development. Clegg affirmed Britain's commitment to honour the pledge that if China breached the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Britain would "mobilize the international community and pursue every legal and other avenue available". Liu Xiaoming, PRC ambassador to Britain, described Martin Lee and <mask> <mask> as "bent on undermining the stability of Hong Kong". In March 2019, <mask> <mask> and pro-democrat legislators Charles Mok and Dennis Kwok visited the United States and met with Vice President Mike Pence to speak against Beijing's intervention in Hong Kong affairs and the proposed amendments to Hong Kong extradition law which later escalated to the massive anti-government protests. <mask> expressed concerns on the special trading relationship between Hong Kong and the United States which guaranteed by the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. "If [the US government’s] perception of 'one country, two systems' changes, then we must be concerned that something could be done to change the content of the Hong Kong Policy Act," said <mask>. The act stipulated that Hong Kong can enjoy a special trading status separate from that between mainland China and the U.S. because of the one country, two systems principle, under which the city has control over its own political and economic affairs.In June 2020, aged 80, and following the death of her daughter, <mask> announced that she was withdrawing from civic and political life. Personal life
Among her seven siblings, twin sister Ninson ran a travel agency; brother Philip Fang Shun-sang (b. 1941) worked as a Chinese interpreter at the United Nations in Geneva until 1999 (and died in 2013 after jumping from his home in Lantau). Another brother, David Fang Jin-sheng, was a former orthopaedics lecturer and head of the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine; and another brother, John Fang Meng-sang, is a lawyer. In 2006, John became embroiled in a controversy over the death of his former lover in mysterious circumstances in a flat owned by him in 1995. A coroner's inquest unanimously ruled her death accidental or by misadventure. She was married to Archibald ("Archie") <mask> Tai-wing from 1963 until his death in 2010.Six years her senior, Archibald was a director of Caltex Oil and taught science at St Joseph's College, his alma mater. He was also in the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police from 1987 to 1996, when he retired as a commandant. The couple had two children, son <mask> Hung-wai and daughter <mask> Wai-ling (who died in 2020, aged 57), and four grandchildren. On 25 June 2020, she announced that she would retire from political and civic life. In a public statement, she said that she has long promised her children that she would step back from "civic and political engagement and lead a quieter life". The death of her daughter in May 2020 was a driving factor for her retirement because she wanted some "time and space to mourn and recover" and that she wanted to spend as much time with her family, particularly with her granddaughters and son-in-law. Her statement ends with her urging the young people of Hong Kong not to lose hope for the future and to "continue to hold fast to the values that underpins our unique city but to do so in a law abiding and peaceful manner".Honours
In recognition of her 34 years of public service to the British Crown, <mask> was awarded the Hong Kong Grand Bauhinia Medal in 1999. She was then appointed by Queen Elizabeth II as Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2002 in recognition of her service with the Hong Kong government before the handover. Such award was usually given only to Governors of Hong Kong before the transfer of sovereignty. She is an honorary fellow of SOAS University of London. In recognition of her commitment to democracy and the empowerment of women, and her service as Patron of the University, Asian University for Women conferred upon <mask> <mask> an honorary doctorate degree on 20 May 2017. See also
 List of graduates of the University of Hong Kong

References

External links

"Official Website of <mask> <mask> 2007 Legislative Council By-election (HKI)"
"Former Chief Secretary wants stronger push on universal suffrage" A vidcast of an interview between <mask> <mask> and Chris Yeung, South China Morning Post, April 2007. Mrs <mask> <mask> and her Core Group
 Mrs <mask> <mask>'s Chinese blog/column at Yahoo "陳方安生 「Anson信箱」"
<mask> <mask>'s appearances on C-SPAN

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1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong
Government officials of Hong Kong
Hong Kong democracy activists
Hong Kong Roman Catholics
Politicians from Shanghai
Recipients of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Tufts University alumni
Twin people from Hong Kong
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong politicians
Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
HK LegCo Members 1988–1991
HK LegCo Members 1991–1995
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
People from Shanghai
Chinese Civil War refugees

masks:
Anson Maria Elizabeth Chan Fang
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Anson Fang
Anson
Archibald Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
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Chan
Chan
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Chan
Chan
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Johannes Chan
Chandran
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Anson
Chan
Anson
Chan
Chan
Chan
Anson
Chan
Anson
Chan
Anson
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Andrew Chan
Michelle Chan
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title: Edward Oldcorne

type: original

texts:
<mask> or Oldcorn alias Hall (1561 – 7 April 1606) was an English Jesuit priest. He was known to people who knew of the Gunpowder Plot to destroy the Parliament of England and kill King James I; and although his involvement is unclear, he was caught up in the subsequent investigation. He is a Roman Catholic martyr, and was beatified in 1929. Early life
Oldcorne was born in York in 1561, the son of <mask>, a bricklayer, and his wife Mary. His father was a Protestant, and his mother a Catholic who had spent some time in prison due to her faith. He was educated at St Peter's School in York; school friends were John and Christopher Wright and Guy Fawkes. Oldcorne was educated as a doctor, but later decided to enter the priesthood.He went to the English College at Reims, then to Rome where after ordination in 1587, he became a Jesuit in 1588. On the English mission
In late 1588 Oldcorne returned to England, in the company of Father John Gerard. In early 1589 he went with Father Henry Garnet to the West Midlands, visiting Coughton, Warwickshire and settling at Baddesley Clinton. He then worked chiefly in Worcestershire for 17 years. Oswald Tesimond assisted him after 1596; Father Thomas Lister, another Jesuit, also supported Oldcorne's mission but found the requirements of the covert life difficult. Oldcorne sometimes stayed with Thomas Abington, whose house at Hindlip Hall was near Baddesley Clinton. There he converted Thomas's sister Dorothy.The house was then was adapted by Nicholas Owen to help conceal Catholic priests. From 1601 to 1605

On 3 November 1601, Oldcorne went on a pilgrimage to St Winefride's Well at Holywell in north Wales to obtain a cure for a cancer of the throat. The cancer cleared up and in 1605 about thirty people returned with him to give thanks for his recovery. Amongst this group were the priests Oswald Tesimond, Ralph Ashley, and Henry Garnet, as well as Nicholas Owen and John Gerard . Also in the group was plotter Everard Digby and his wife, whose priest was Oldcorne. The timing of this second pilgrimage and the people involved later aroused suspicion. The government investigation used this gathering as circumstantial evidence to implicate some of those there in the plot.Aftermath of the Plot
When the Gunpowder Plot was discovered, Oldcorne was at Hindlip Hall, his base for fourteen years. In December, he was joined there by Nicholas Owen, Henry Garnet and Ralph Ashley who were hiding because they were under suspicion of involvement. Hindlip was searched in January but the four were not discovered: Garnet and Oldcorne were in one hiding place while the two lay brothers were in another. Their conditions were poor, and after eight days they surrendered. Oldcorne was arrested with Garnet by Sir Henry Bromley and held briefly at the castle at Holt in Worcestershire before being taken to the Tower of London. It has been said that Bromley would have abandoned his search much earlier but he had information from Humphrey Littleton that Oldcorne and possibly Garnet were hiding there. Trial and execution
Oldcorne was tortured, but no evidence was found to connect him to the Gunpowder Plot.He recounted under interrogation that on 8 November 1605 there arrived Tesimond from Robert Wintour's who told Mr (H)Abington and himself that "he brought them the worst news that they had ever heard, and they were all undone." Tesimond said that certain people had intended to blow up the parliament house but they had been discovered a few days before it was meant to happen. Some allege that Oldcorne was executed just for his priesthood. Others suppose that it may have been because he was notorious or because he had provided safe refuge through Father Jones for the plotters, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton (Stephen Lyttelton); or for providing a hiding place for his superior Henry Garnet at Hindlip. At his trial, Humphrey Littleton asked for his forgiveness and it was said that he believed he deserved to die for revealing his friend's whereabouts. Two letters of his are at Stonyhurst, the second written from prison. On the day before his execution John Floyd, a fellow Jesuit, was arrested for trying to visit him.Oldcorne was executed at Red Hill, Worcester, together with John Wintour, Humphrey Littleton and Ralph Ashley, his servant. He was hanged, drawn, and quartered; it is said that, as Oldcorne waited on the ladder to die, Ashley kissed his feet and said, "What a happy man am I to follow in the steps of my sweet father". Oldcorne died with the name of St Winifred on his lips. When Ashley came to die he prayed and asked for forgiveness and noted that like Oldcorne he was dying for his religion and not as a traitor. Legacy
Oldcorne's portrait was painted after his death for the Church of the Gesù. A number of his relics survived including one of his eyes which he lost when the executioner decapitated him: it is said that the force of the blow was so great that his eye flew out of its socket. A secondary school, <mask> <mask> Catholic College, named in his honour, is in Worcester.His right eye and the rope that bound him are kept as relics at Stonyhurst College. They believe that the eye was taken by a Catholic sympathiser while his body was being parboiled after he was quartered. Abington's wife Mary was the sister of William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle; Lord Monteagle was later to become a pivotal figure in the capture of the gunpowder plotters. The authorship of Monteagle's letter has been a significant problem to historians. One of the candidates put forward is Oldcorne. References

1561 births
1606 deaths
16th-century English Jesuits
17th-century English Jesuits
English beatified people
Executed Gunpowder Plotters
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
Executed people from North Yorkshire
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
17th-century venerated Christians
Clergy from York
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and Wales

masks:
Edward Oldcorne
John Oldcorne
Blessed Edward
Oldcorne


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
<mask> (born October 7, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, pianist, actress, and television personality. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide and is one of the best-selling female R&B artists in history. <mask> has won seven Grammy Awards, nine Billboard Music Awards, seven American Music Awards, and numerous other accolades. In 2011, <mask> was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In 2017 she was honored with the Legend Award at the Soul Train Music Awards. In the late 1980s, <mask> began performing with her sisters in a music group known as The Braxtons; the group was signed to Arista Records. After attracting the attention of producers Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and being signed to LaFace Records, Braxton released her self-titled debut studio album in 1993.The album reached number one on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 10 million copies worldwide. In addition, the singles "Another Sad Love Song" and "Breathe Again" became international successes. The album brought <mask> three Grammy Awards, including the Grammy for Best New Artist. <mask> experienced continued success with the albums Secrets (1996), which included the U.S. #1 hit singles "You're Makin' Me High/Let It Flow" and "Un-Break My Heart"; and The Heat (2000), which opened at #2 on the Billboard 200 and included the U.S. #2 hit single "He Wasn't Man Enough". <mask>'s subsequent studio albums, More Than a Woman (2002), Libra (2005) and Pulse (2010), were released amid contractual disputes and health issues. In 2014, <mask> and longtime collaborator Babyface released a duet album entitled Love, Marriage & Divorce that earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album in 2015. Further label changes saw the release of Sex & Cigarettes (2018) under Def Jam/Universal and Spell My Name (2020) under Island.<mask> is also a television executive producer and personality. She competed in the seventh season of the reality competition series Dancing with the Stars. She has executive produced and starred in Braxton Family Values, a reality television series that has aired on We TV since 2011. <mask> was also an executive producer of  Tamar & Vince, a spinoff reality TV series starring her younger sister, Tamar. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Severn, Maryland on October 7, 1967. Her father, Michael Conrad <mask> Sr., was a Methodist clergyman and power company worker, and her mother, Evelyn Jackson, a native of South Carolina, was a former opera singer and cosmetologist, as well as a pastor. Braxton's maternal grandfather was also a pastor.Braxton is the eldest of six siblings. She has a younger brother Michael Jr. (born 1968) and four younger sisters Traci Renee (born 1971), Towanda Chloe (born 1973), Trina Evette (born 1974), and Tamar Estine (born 1977). They were raised in a strict religious household, and Braxton's first performing experience was singing in her church choir. Braxton attended Bowie State University to obtain a teaching degree, but decided to sing professionally after she was discovered by William E. Pettaway Jr., who reportedly heard her singing to herself while pumping gas. On her appearance May 24, 2014 broadcast of NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, she stated that she was not singing to herself at the gas station. Pettaway, working as an attendant at the Annapolis service station where she was refueling, recognized her from local performances and introduced himself, saying he wanted to produce her. Although skeptical, Braxton decided to, in her words, "take a chance" and accepted.Career

1989–1995: The Braxtons, <mask> and breakthrough

<mask> and her four sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar began performing as The Braxtons in the late 1980s and were signed to Arista Records in 1989. Their first single, "Good Life", was released in 1990. Though the song was not successful, it attracted the attention of record executive Antonio "L.A." Reid and record producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds. Reid and Babyface recruited her to record a demo of "Love Shoulda Brought You Home", a song that they had written for Anita Baker for the soundtrack of Eddie Murphy's film, Boomerang. Baker, who was pregnant at the time, did not record the song but suggested that Braxton record it. Her recording was later included on the soundtrack along with "Give U My Heart", a duet by <mask> and Babyface. <mask>, meanwhile, was signed to Reid and Edmonds' Arista-distributed imprint, LaFace Records, and immediately began recording her solo debut album.In July 1993, LaFace released <mask>'s self-titled debut album. Primarily produced by Reid, Babyface, and Daryl Simmons, it peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and entered the top ten of the albums chart in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The first single, "Another Sad Love Song", peaked at number seven and number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B Singles charts respectively. The album's second single, "Breathe Again", peaked in the top five of both the Hot 100 and R&B singles charts and no 2 in the UK. More singles from <mask> were released in 1994, including "You Mean the World to Me", "Seven Whole Days", and "I Belong to You/How Many Ways". <mask>'s debut album won her several awards, including three Grammy Awards (for Best New Artist and two consecutive awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1994 and 1995). She won two American Music Awards (for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist and Favorite New Adult Contemporary Artist) in 1994 and another one in 1995 (for Favorite Soul/R&B Album).<mask> was certified 8x platinum in USA and has sales of over 10 million worldwide. 1996–1999: Secrets and financial issues
In June 1996, <mask> released her second album Secrets. Motivated "to include a little bit of everything," <mask> reteamed with Babyface, but also worked with R. Kelly, Tony Rich, and David Foster on the album, which she co-produced. A major success, it peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and reached the top ten on most international charts. After 92 weeks in the charts, Secrets was certified 8x platinum, becoming <mask>'s second straight 8 million-seller. Internationally, Secrets sold more than 15 million copies, further cementing <mask>'s superstar status. The album's first single, "You're Makin' Me High", marked <mask>'s first number-one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, while follow-up "Un-Break My Heart", a ballad written and composed by Diane Warren, became the biggest hit of Braxton's career yet.It spent eleven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot 100 and enjoyed worldwide top five success. As a result, <mask> topped several of Billboards year-end charts, and won two Grammy Awards; one for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Un-Break My Heart" and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "You're Makin' Me High" as well as two American Music Awards for Favorite Female Soul/R&B Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Album. Still waiting on her financial rewards, <mask> eventually launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against Arista and LaFace Records. Soon after, she filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy. Public reaction to these events was very harsh, having been expressed most clearly in an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show. <mask> has appeared in two Disney Broadway shows: She made her Broadway debut as Belle in Beauty and the Beast beginning September 9, 1998 when she replaced Kim Huber. During her run in the show Alan Menken wrote and composed a new song for the musical, titled "A Change in Me", which he specially wrote and composed for <mask>, and was still being used in the musical as of late July 2014.She left the production on February 28, 1999, and was succeeded by Andrea McArdle. Her role in Beauty and the Beast marked the first (and only) time a black woman commanded the leading role of Belle on Broadway. (In the UK, Michelle Gayle played the role in the West End.) It also marked the first time a black woman would star in a Disney musical on Broadway. In 1999, the lawsuit against LaFace Records was settled and <mask> was given back all her possessions, giving her time to record The Heat, her first album in four years. 2000–2002: The Heat, More Than a Woman, and acting debut
After her three-year-long dispute with LaFace and Arista had been settled, <mask> signed a new $20 million contract. In April 2000, her third studio album, The Heat was released.<mask> took a more hands-on approach, co-writing and co-producing a handful of the tracks which saw her adapting a more urban sound. It opened at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 199,000 copies sold in its first week, eventually going double platinum in the United States, while selling over 4 million copies worldwide. Additionally, the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards, while uptempo lead single "He Wasn't Man Enough," a worldwide top ten hit, won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song. In 2001, <mask> made her movie acting debut in director Doug McHenry's comedy film Kingdom Come opposite an ensemble also starring LL Cool J, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Whoopi Goldberg A modest box-office success, it grossed $23.4 million worldwide. The same year, Braxton recorded and released the Christmas album Snowflakes which consisted R&B–led original songs co-penned with Keri Lewis and Babyface as well as several remixes and cover versions of Christmas standards and carols. It received a mixed reception by critics, many of whom compared its nature to <mask>'s other work but found the stylized production and original material too contemporary to conjure images of Christmas, and failed to reach the upper half of the Billboard 200, eventually going gold in the United States. In 2002, while gearing up for the release of her fourth studio album, <mask> discovered she was pregnant with her second child.Knowing that she would be unable to promote the album properly, she unsuccessfully lobbied Arista Records to get the label to postpone its release until after she was to give birth. In November 2002,  More Than a Woman was released. Opening to an instant commercial disappointment, the album peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard 200, but was less successful internationally. First single "Hit the Freeway" failed to impact, resulting in lackluster sales in general and the release of no further singles. More Than a Woman was eventually certified gold in the United States and sold more than 800,000 copies worldwide. 2003–2007: Libra and Las Vegas residency
In April 2003, <mask> abruptly left Arista Records, having been there for 14 years, and immediately signed with Blackground Records, headed by Barry Hankerson, her manager at the time. She then starred in Aida as Aida beginning June 30, 2003 when she replaced actress Simone, until she left the cast on November 16, 2003.In April 2005, <mask>'s new label, Blackground/Universal, released "Please", the first single from her fifth album, Libra. The album was originally planned for a June release, but it was pushed back several times and was finally issued on September 27. Libra peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200, selling 114,593 copies in the first week, and peaked at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was certified gold in late 2005 and has since sold 679,000 copies worldwide. In May 2005, <mask> made an appearance on the season finale of American Idol 5, where she performed Elvis Presley's "In the Ghetto" with soon-to-be winner Taylor Hicks. A month later, "The Time of Our Lives", a duet with classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, was released as a single, serving as the official 2006 FIFA World Cup anthem. <mask> performed the song, which entered the top ten in Switzerland, at the opening ceremony in Berlin on June 9, 2005.In August 2006, <mask> replaced singer Wayne Newton as the Flamingo Las Vegas's new headlining act. The show, entitled <mask>: Revealed, was to be performed six nights a week and was scheduled to run through to March 2007. <mask> later confirmed that she was extending her show through to August 2007. Due to its success, it was reported that <mask> would extend her show through to August 2008, though the show was later cancelled in order for <mask> to focus on her health after being diagnosed with microvascular angina. On January 12, 2007, <mask> filed a $10 million lawsuit against her former manager Barry Hankerson, alleging "fraud, deception and double dealing", in addition to mismanaging her relationship with Arista Records. According to <mask>'s lawsuit, Hankerson placed his personal financial interests ahead of hers by using 'double-talk' to compromise the relationship between <mask> and her former label, with Hankerson allegedly telling Arista that "Braxton no longer wanted to record for Arista," and telling <mask> that "Arista was not interested in working with her anymore". The suit was settled with <mask> being forced to return a $375,000 advance to Hankerson, who would also receive a percentage of the sales of her next album, and Hankerson releasing <mask> from her contract with him.The settlement also temporarily limited the companies with which Braxton could sign. Hankerson claimed that the problems initially arose due to a number of disputes with <mask> and her wish to include her husband in her music. 2008–2012: Pulse and television
Following the abrupt cancellation of her Toni Braxton: Revealed show, <mask> experienced financial difficulties when insurance agency Lloyd's of London refused to honor her policy that she purchased for upwards of $70,000 that included financial compensations for financial losses. Lloyd's responded with a counter-suit seeking damages against her because of an unrelated heart condition that the company was not made aware of at the time the application was filed. While <mask> acknowledged that she did disclose her full medical history at the time, she got on the hook for all damages because of the cancelled shows, being sued by multiple companies, and had to once again file for bankruptcy. In September 2008, <mask> appeared on the seventh season of American dance competition series Dancing with the Stars; her partner was Alec Mazo. They were voted off in

masks:
Toni Michele Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Toni Michele
Braxton
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Toni Braxton
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Toni Braxton
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Toni Braxton
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Toniraxton
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title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 the fifth week of the competition.In 2009, <mask> signed to Atlantic Records and began work on her next studio album. In February 2010, she was part of the supergroup Artists for Haiti who recorded "We Are the World 25 for Haiti," a remake of the 1985 hit "We Are the World," to help benefit the people of Haiti hollowing the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake. Three months later, Pulse, her seventh studio album, was released. A collection of up-tempo songs and R&B ballads with production varying from smooth to dance-based styles, it debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200, selling 54,000 copies in its first week, and topped the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, becoming <mask>'s fifth US top-ten album. A moderate chart success elsewhere, it reached the top ten in Switzerland, and the top 20 in Germany and Greece. While critical reception of Pulse was generally positive, its singles "Yesterday", "Hands Tied" and "Make My Heart" achieved moderate chart success. In 2011, <mask> signed with WE tv for a reality series, Braxton Family Values.Chronicling the lives of <mask> and her sisters Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina, plus their mother Evelyn, the series debuted on April 12, 2011. It received favorable reviews from critics who recognized it as a "guilty pleasure" and spawned several seasons and spin-offs. In September 2011, <mask> parted ways with her long-time manager Vincent Herbert, husband of sister Tamar, and signed a new management deal with Los Angeles-based entertainment/production company The Collective. In March 2012, she released  the standalone single "I Heart You," a dance-pop, EDM and house song that peaked at number one on the US Dance Club Songs. Also that year, <mask> played Rosalie Rosebud, a singer with an over-the-top personality, in the children's musical adventure comedy film The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure alongside Jaime Pressly and Cloris Leachman, and began filming a lead role in the Lifetime Movie Network film Twist of Faith which premiered the following year. 2013–2014: Love, Marriage and Divorce, Broadway return, and biographical film
In 2013, <mask> and longtime creative music partner Babyface began work on their collaborative studio album Love, Marriage & Divorce which was released in February 2014 under Motown Records. It received favorable reviews from music critics, who labeled it as "high-quality R&B," and debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and the top of the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with first-week sales of 67,000 copies.Love, Marriage & Divorce was nominated for World's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards and won for Best R&B Album at the 57th Grammy Awards. Lead single "Hurt You" reached number one on the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming <mask>'s first song to do so since her 2000 release "Just Be a Man About It." The song also hit number 16 on Billboard Hot R&B/ Hip Hop Airplay chart. In March 2014, <mask>, alongside Babyface, made her return to Broadway in the musical After Midnight. The third in rotation in the role of "Special Guest Star" following Fantasia Barrino and KD Lang, they performed from March 18 to 31, 2014 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre. In May 2014, Braxton published a memoir, Unbreak My Heart: A Memoir, through Harper Collins Publishers. In it, Braxton discusses her career success and struggles and the self-healing she took charge of after her own diagnosis with the auto-immune disease lupus and her son's diagnosis with autism.In October 2015, <mask> along with The Braxtons released the holiday album Braxton Family Christmas on Def Jam Recordings. Compromsing cover versions of Christmas standards and carols as well as several original songs, it debuted and peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In January 2016, Lifetime premiered the biographical film <mask>: Unbreak My Heart, based on <mask>'s memoir. Actress Lex Scott Davis was cast to portray Braxton in the film. The biopic's premiere generated 3.6 million viewers. In July 2016, <mask> announced that she would embark on a concert tour, titled The Hits Tour, in late 2016. On October 3, five days before the first date of the tour, Braxton was hospitalized due to complications with lupus resulting in canceling the first two dates of the tour.On October 15, 2016, <mask> was admitted once again to hospital with complications with lupus, leading to another tour date cancellation, which was later rescheduled. In December, <mask> announced that the January 2017 concert dates were canceled. 2017–2019: Sex & Cigarettes, touring, and other ventures
In January 2018, <mask> starred in the Lifetime film Faith Under Fire. In March, her eighth studio album Sex & Cigarettes, her first solo album in eight years, was released on Def Jam Recordings. An adult contemporary R&B album with production from Fred Ball, Babyface, Dapo Torimiro, and Tricky Stewart, it debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Sex & Cigarettes received mainly positive reviews from music critics, and was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. Second single "Long as I Live" topped the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming <mask>'s eighth chart topper, while breaking a tie with singers Maxwell and R. Kelly to give her sole possession of the second-most number-one's in the chart's 24-year history.It also received Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Also in 2018, <mask> and Uncle Bud's Hemp products created a joint marketing campaign for the latter's products, which <mask> noted as helpful in her battle against lupus. In April 2018, <mask> and her sisters Trina and Towanda appeared on their sister Traci's single "Broken Things." In November, <mask> and Towanda appeared in the holiday film Every Day is Christmas, which premiered on Lifetime. The same month, she announced her As Long As I Live Tour, a joint concert tour with SWV, which took her to South Africa and the United Kingdom. In June 2019, <mask> headlined the 2019 Pittsburgh Pride festival. 2020–present: New record label and Spell My Name
In April 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed with Island Records.She released the single, "Do It", her first song under the new deal on April 6, 2020. In May, <mask> released a remix EP for her second single "Dance". On June 26, 2020, Missy Elliott appeared on the official remix to the single "Do It". Elliott co-produced the track alongside Hannon Lane. On August 4, 2020, Braxton released the music video for "Dance", directed by Mike Ho. On August 27, 2020, <mask> released the song "Nothin'." <mask>'s tenth studio Spell My Name was released on August 28, 2020.On October 23, 2020, <mask> released a video for her song "Gotta Move On." In 2021, <mask> competed on season six of The Masked Singer as "Pufferfish". She was the third to be eliminated during the two-night premiere alongside Dwight Howard as "Octopus" and Vivica A. Fox as "Mother Nature". Despite being unmasked, <mask> kept on a glittered KN95 cloth face mask over her mouth due to her lupus condition. <mask> has been confirmed to be starring in the upcoming 2022 Lifetime film The Fallen Angels Book Club. Artistry
<mask> has been recognized for her distinctive contralto voice.Her voice has been called "husky, sultry, elegant and sexy." Due to the huskiness of her voice, Braxton often used male singers such as Michael McDonald, Luther Vandross and Stevie Wonder as vocal style models. Chaka Khan and Anita Baker were two of the few female singers that she could stylize. Steve Huey of AllMusic cites a key to Braxton's success is the versatility of her voice, which he states as being "soulful enough for R&B audiences, but smooth enough for adult contemporary; sophisticated enough for adults, but sultry enough for younger listeners; strong enough in the face of heartbreak to appeal to women, but ravishing enough to nab the fellas." Braxton began her career singing traditional R&B and soft rock ballads and love songs on her debut and second albums. However, hip-hop soul and dance music elements begun to get spun into her sound on The Heat, More Than a Woman, and Pulse. She also showcased her classical training while performing in Broadway plays Beauty and the Beast and Aida as well as her duet with Il Divo, "The Time of Our Lives".Legacy
<mask> became an R&B superstar after the release of her first album. LA Reid stated during an interview with VH1: "We called her the first lady of LaFace. She was our Diva. Clive had Whitney, Tommy had Mariah and we had <mask>." BBC called the album "spiritedly, mature soul at its best – and just urban enough to make it the bedroom album for the hip hop generation." Over the span of her career <mask> has sold over 70 million records, including 40 million albums, worldwide. Her hit "Un-Break My Heart", the Diane Warren-penned ballad, spent 11-weeks at number 1.Bob McCann, author of Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television (2010), considered it "simply one of the most haunting R&B records ever made." Reviewer Mark Edward Nero named it one of the best R&B break-up songs and considered it <mask>'s "finest moment". He further commented, "damn, this song is so sad it can make people cry for hours at a time." <mask> is a recipient of seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and nine Billboard Music Awards. She has been cited as an influence by various artists, such as Beyoncé, Tamar <mask>, Billie Godfrey, Kelly Clarkson, Leela James, Keyshia Cole, Teyana Taylor, Kehlani and Anja Nissen. Braxton's career, she made several impacts on fashion, mostly for her high splits in her dresses. In 2011, Braxton topped the list for the Grammy Award's best dressed of the decade."I've always gone a little risque with all my other award show outfits." In 2012, <mask> made the list for VH1's 50 Greatest Women in Music. <mask>'s 2000 performance at Super Bowl XXXIV is ranked as one of the most memorable Super Bowl performances. <mask> is featured alongside other R&B and pop divas as a primary character on the popular web parody Got 2B Real: The Diva Variety Show. With her Las Vegas residency <mask>: Revealed, she became the first African American performer in Las Vegas to have her act enter the top ten Vegas shows charting. <mask> also made headlines for her Giantto Million Dollar Microphone that she performed every show with. <mask> said: "I think it's a great element to the show.You have to have a little sprinkle of Liberace and this is my little sprinkle of that." <mask>'s prop was made up of white gold and encrusted with 650 karats of diamonds. The microphone reportedly cost $1 million. <mask> has also been seen as a gay icon, with some of her songs becoming gay anthems, such as "Un-Break My Heart", "He Wasn't Man Enough" and "Make My Heart". The singer stated that after the release of "Un-Break My Heart", she "recognized all the support. And it was really wonderful." When asked about her gay fans, Braxton said "I love my boys because my boys help me be a better girl.My choreographer and my video director are gay, and they’ve been my best friends since I started in the industry. They’re my favorite part of the whole industry". Personal life

Relationships
<mask> met musician Keri Lewis when his group, Mint Condition, opened for her on tour; they married on April 21, 2001. In December 2001, she gave birth to their first child, a son named Denim <mask>-Lewis. In 2002, while gearing up for the release of her fourth studio album, <mask> discovered she was pregnant with her second child; the complicated pregnancy confined her to bed rest. The couple's second son, Diezel Ky <mask>-Lewis, was born in March 2003. As Diezel has been diagnosed with autism, Braxton has become involved with Autism Speaks, serving as their International Spokesperson.In November 2009 <mask> announced that she and her husband had separated. The couple later divorced in July 2013. In her early 30s, Braxton had an abortion after discovering she was pregnant by then-boyfriend Keri Lewis. In her memoir Unbreak my Heart, Braxton discusses her abortion and guilt, saying that her son Diezel's autism was "God's payback." In an October 2006 concert at the Flamingo Las Vegas, <mask> broke down in tears while announcing to the audience that just before the concert began she had been told that her son, Diezel, had been diagnosed with autism. <mask> has been outspoken regarding her doctor's failure to diagnose Diezel's condition earlier, contending that if he had been diagnosed earlier he could have received treatment earlier. As well as becoming a spokeswoman for Autism Speaks, she is also a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association.On July 8, 2015, <mask>'s attorney, Antavius Weems, announced that <mask> had settled her contentious child support case with her former husband, Keri Lewis. On June 2, 2016, the city and county officials of Atlanta, Georgia, named June 2 as <mask> Day. <mask> was dating rapper Birdman in May 2016, and the couple announced their engagement in February 2018. In January 2019, the couple called off the engagement. However, in April 2019, both <mask> and Birdman confirmed that they were still together. Health problems
In August 2007, rumors surfaced that <mask> had been diagnosed with breast cancer. She stated to Access Hollywood that the breast cancer rumors were false and that her health was very good.However, in 2008, she had a benign lump removed from her breast. On April 8, 2008, near the end of her two-year run at the Flamingo Hotel, <mask> was briefly hospitalized and the remaining dates on the show, which was scheduled to end on August 23, 2008, were cancelled. Later, while appearing on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars, she stated, that she has been diagnosed with microvascular angina (small vessel disease). On November 18, 2010, <mask> revealed to CBS News that she had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a potentially life-threatening autoimmune disease. <mask>'s uncle died of complications from lupus. While taping her reality series Braxton Family Values, she went into hospital for surgery. <mask> was hospitalized in Los Angeles in December 2012 because of "minor health issues" related to

masks:
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Toni
Toni Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
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Toni Braxton
Toni
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Toni Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
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Cole Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
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Toniraxton
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Braxton


title: Keene Fitzpatrick

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<mask> (December 25, 1864 – May 22, 1944) was an American track coach, athletic trainer, professor of physical training and gymnasium director for 42 years at Yale University (1890–1891, 1896–1898), the University of Michigan (1894–1895, 1898–1910), and Princeton University (1910–1932). He was considered "one of the pioneers of intercollegiate sport." Early years
<mask> was born in either 1864 or 1865 in Massachusetts. His father was born in Ireland. As a young man in the 1880s, Fitzpatrick was a sprinter with the national champion Natick Hook and Ladder Company team. As a coach, he is credited with inventing a new pole-vaulting technique and with coaching numerous Olympic gold medalists, including Archie Hahn, Ralph Rose, Charles Dvorak and Ralph Craig. He was also the trainer for the Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1894 to 1895 and 1898–1909, including Fielding H. Yost's legendary "point-a-minute" teams from 1901 to 1905.<mask> was born in Natick, Massachusetts in 1864. He died in Princeton, New Jersey at age 79 in 1944. Natick Hook and Ladder Company
In the late 1870s and 1880s, New England was "the home of the professional athlete." Teams of professional sprinters formed in New England. For a decade, the sport thrived, and <mask> was one of the leading sprinters. Sprinters took up residence in small towns and competed with the local fire companies that engaged in hose races with other companies. <mask> "was one of the first to organize the famous hose, hook and ladder teams, when racing of this kind was so popular and the rivalry between Massachusetts towns was keen."The "Natick Hook and Ladder Company" was the most successful of the New England teams, becoming "the world's championship organization." The Natick team in the 1880s included <mask> and some of the leading sprinters of the era, including Mike Murphy, William F. Donovan, Sid Peet, Johnny Mack, Steve Farrell, and world champion Piper Donovan. In 1885, the only sweepstake race to determine the national champion of American professional sprinters was held and won by Natick's Piper Donovan. Several members of the Natick Hook and Ladder Company went on to become leading trainers at American universities, leading to Massachusetts being called the "mother of athletic mentors." Professional career

Yale University
In 1890 and 1891, <mask> was an athletic trainer at Yale University. Legendary football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg was a pupil of <mask> at Yale in 1890. Time magazine wrote in its obituary of <mask>: "When he was just beginning his coaching career, at Yale, he gave later-famed coach Amos Alonzo Stagg a primer course in the art of the fast breakaway."Detroit Athletic Club
In 1892, <mask>'s former Natick teammate, Mike Murphy, left his job as trainer at the Detroit Athletic Club to become the trainer at Yale. On Murphy's recommendation, <mask> was hired to replace him in Detroit, a position which he held until 1894. While <mask> was the trainer in Detroit, the club's leading sprinter, Harry S. Jewett, was the champion sprinter of the United States and Canada. In 1892, Jewett won the American 100-yard and one-furlong championships. Jewett also set an American record in the 220-yard dash in 1893. University of Michigan: 1894–1896

In 1894, <mask> was hired by the University of Michigan as the trainer for the school's football team. During <mask>'s first stint as Michigan's trainer, the football teams had two of the best seasons in the school's history.The team lost only one game each year and outscored opponents 510-98. During these two seasons, Michigan also proved that a Western football team could compete with the major Eastern schools that dominated the game to that time. In 1894, Michigan defeated Cornell, 12-4, and in 1895, the team beat Harvard, 4-0. The victory over Cornell in 1894 marked the first time that a Western school defeated an established power from the East. Prior to 1894, Michigan had never beaten one of the Eastern powers, losing to Yale, 46-0 in 1883, and to Cornell, 56-0 in 1889, 58-12 in 1891, and 44-0 in 1892. The team's record in 1894 and 1895 is set forth below. After two seasons at Michigan, <mask> had proven his value as an "expert trainer of football squads" and was recruited by Yale.When <mask> accepted the job at Yale, The Philadelphia Inquirer described the impact of his departure on the Michigan football team:"The greatest loss, however, is <mask> <mask>, the popular and efficient trainer, who has just accepted an offer from Yale, and will henceforth fill 'Mike' Murphy's place there. This loss is irreparable in the opinion of the Michigan men, for 'Fitz' has always been the prime factor in building up the teams for the past years, and had the confidence and esteem of every student." Return to Yale: 1896–1898
<mask> returned to Yale from 1896 to 1897 as the trainer of the school's track and football teams. For the second time, <mask> was hired to replace his old Natick teammate Mike Murphy, this time as Yale's trainer. In September 1896, one newspaper describe his hiring this way:"<mask> <mask> ... has just signed a contract to train Yale's track team for one year. ... In his younger days he won fame as a sprinter of great ability.He is a personal friend of Murphy and one of his pupils. ... <mask> will have charge of the other teams also, and will report Sept. 18, when the football squad will begin active training at the Yale field. ... It is reported that the salary will be the same as that paid to Murphy, $1,500." <mask> was described elsewhere as "a thoroughly good man who knows all about track and field athletics", but also "energetically devoted" to football—unlike many trainers who are "jealous of football" due to its damaging impact on "finely tempered men." Invention of new pole-vaulting technique
While at Yale, <mask> proved himself to be an innovator in track and field by inventing a new pole-vaulting technique. Dr. R.G.Clapp, who later spent 40 years as an athletic trainer and coach at the University of Nebraska, trained as a pole vaulter under <mask> in 1897. Clapp recalled that <mask> came to Yale with a "new idea on gripping the pole." <mask> "advocated sliding the lower hand up the pole to meet the upper hand at the takeoff instead of the prevailing system of taking off with the hands spread." Clapp was the first pole-vaulter to take up <mask>'s suggestion, and the two worked together on coordinating the other essentials of the vault with the hand slide. In 1898, after perfecting the technique, Clapp set a world record in the pole-vault (11 feet, 10½ inches) that stood for six years. Clapp later wrote:"Credit should be given where credit is due and, while it is true that <mask> <mask> and I were jointly responsible for this development which revolutionized valuting, the major credit should go to that polished Irish gentleman, who was one of the finest sportsmen I have ever known and who was so highly regarded at University of Michigan, Yale, and Princeton universities and by all of the track coaches and athletes of yesteryears." University of Michigan

Return to Michigan in 1898
During the two seasons that <mask> was at Yale, Michigan lost both games to its then rival University of Chicago.When Charles A. Baird was hired as Michigan's first athletic director in 1898, his first act was to recruit <mask> to return to Michigan. <mask> agreed to re-join Baird, who had been the manager of the 1894 and 1895 teams trained by <mask>. On September 15, 1898, one week before moving to Ann Arbor, <mask> was married to Mary Quinlan in Natick, Massachusetts. In <mask>'s first season back at Michigan, the football team went 10-0 and won the school's first Western Conference (now known as the Big Ten Conference) championship. The team outscored its opponents 205 to 26, and closed the season with a 12-11 win over Chicago. <mask> was credited for the team's turn-around in 1898. One writer recalled how "sadly out of condition" the Michigan team had been in 1897 when it lost to Chicago and earlier in 1898 when it narrowly beat Northwestern."Then after <mask> worked with these men they approached the Thanksgiving day contest with Chicago strong and fit to beat any team in the west. Physical condition improved 100 per cent." During the 1898 football season, <mask> received a bruise on the back and "thought nothing of it" until an "ugly abscess" developed on his back. An operation was performed by a Detroit physician, but after two weeks, his condition deteriorated, and he returned to Massachusetts where he underwent a second surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. In late January 1899, he remained seriously ill at the Massachusetts hospital, though he was able to return in time for the 1899 track season. Yost's point-a-minute teams
In 1901, Michigan hired Fielding H. Yost as its football coach, and <mask> worked closely with Yost as trainer of the football team over the next nine years. In Yost's first four seasons at Michigan, the team was 44-0-1, outscoring opponents 2,331-40.The Michigan teams from 1901 to 1905, known as the "Point-a-Minute" teams, played 56 consecutive games without a loss and outscored their opponents 2,821 to 42. Michigan football drew widespread press attention, and though the lion's share of the credit went to Yost, much praise was also paid to <mask> for his role in training Michigan's players. In 1903, <mask> was recognized as a trainer "without peers in the country" and was paid a salary of $3,000 per year. The Los Angeles Times reported that Michigan's athletic director (Baird), football coach (Yost) and trainer (<mask>) were collectively paid $10,250, an amount "over double that of United States Senators", but noted that each was "conceded to be worth all he gets." The Times said the following about <mask>:"Trainer <mask> <mask>, the 'Professor of Athletics,' is also recognized as without a superior in his line, which is the education of the young idea in the cinder path of track athletics, jumping, pole vaulting, and work with the weights. In all these branches Michigan ranked high last year, and to Fitzpatrick was given most of the credit." <mask>'s training was often credited as the reason why so few Michigan football players were injured during his years as trainer.Michigan's legendary football coach Fielding H. Yost held a high opinion of <mask> and praised his role in the success of Michigan's football teams:"Fitz and I worked together for nine years. We were like brothers during that association at Michigan. There is no one person who contributed so much to the University of Michigan as this great trainer. His wonderful personality, his expert assistance and that great optimism of his stood out as his leading qualifications. My association with him is one of the pleasantest recollections of my life. He put men in shape, trained them and developed them. They were 'usable' all the time.He is a trainer who has his men in the finest mental condition possible. I don't think there was ever a trainer who kept men more fit, physically and mentally, than <mask> <mask>." During the 1903 season, <mask> also played a central role in the birth of the Little Brown Jug trophy that is still awarded to the winner of the Michigan-Minnesota football game. The student manager of the 1903 Michigan team, Tommy Roberts, recalled the origin of the jug as follows: "Trainer <mask> <mask> was afraid Minnesota would try to dope Michigan's water supply, and bought the jug for about 30 cents in a Minneapolis store." Track success at Michigan

Western Conference championships

Fitzpatrick was Michigan's track coach from 1900 to 1910, and during those years, Fitzpatrick's teams compiled a 24-2-1 record in dual meets and won Western Conference track championships in 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1906. <mask>'s athletes also excelled in Olympic competition. Over the course of four Olympic Games held during his tenure as track coach, Michigan track and field athletes won 15 medals, including 7 gold medals.1900 Paris Olympics
In 1900, funds were solicited from faculty, students, alumni and Ann Arbor businessmen to send <mask> and four Michigan track athletes to the Olympics in Paris. Michigan's John McLean won a silver medal in the high hurdles, and Michigan's champion pole-vaulter, Charles Dvorak, became involved in the Sabbath controversy. When finals of some events were scheduled for Sunday, several American university teams agreed they could not violate the Sabbath. Among the finals scheduled for Sunday was the pole vault, in which Dvorak was a favorite. Dvorak was reportedly told that the final had been rescheduled, but the event was held after Dvorak and another American left. Several special competitions were conducted later to accommodate the Americans, which allowed Dvorak to win a silver medal. On his return from Paris, <mask> praised the American athletes and criticized Paris officials for holding key event finals on a Sunday:"The Americans showed themselves superior in every kind of track athletics.They won practically everything. We felt keenly the breach of faith in holding the Paris games on Sunday, but we could do nothing more than make a formal protest." 1904 Olympics in St. Louis
One of the highlights for Michigan athletics during the Fitzpatrick years came at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, which have sometimes been referred to as the "Michigan Olympics." Five University of Michigan track and field athletes won 9 medals: six gold, two silver, and one bronze. The Michigan medal winners at the 1904 Olympics were:
 Archie Hahn – gold medals in the 60 meters, 100 meters, and 200 meters;
 Ralph Rose – gold medal in the shot put, silver medal in the discus, and bronze medal in the hammer throw;
 Charles Dvorak – gold medal in the pole vault;
 Fred Schule – gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles; and
 Wesley Coe – silver medal in the shot put. Archie Hahn became a major star, and <mask> was credited with inventing his unusual running style. Shortly before the 1904 Olympics, a Wisconsin sports writer described the Fitzpatrick-invented style this way:"Hahn has a new style of running.Nobody at Michigan understands the style, except that <mask> <mask> invented it, and that Hahn steps differently than ever before. Even to see Hahn's new stride is not to analyze how he manages to lift his feet so high in front. The new stride suggests that he is trying to climb

masks:
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title: Keene Fitzpatrick

texts:
 a hill. The little man has toughened every muscle in his body and trained it to be a spring." With three medals, Ralph Rose also became a star. In December 1904, the New York Evening Sun wrote that Rose was "the first perfect physique ever seen at the University of Michigan" as measured by Fitzpatrick's anthropometric charts. Before Rose, Michigan never had an athlete who did not fall short of either size or symmetry requirements to draw "an uncurving line on the cart at the 100 mark."At 6 foot, 3 inches, 246 pounds, a 29.9 inch right thigh, and a 47.6 inch expanded chest, he was the school's first "perfect physique." 1906 and 1909 Olympics

At the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, Archie Hahn repeated as the 100-meter champion, winning his fourth gold medal. And at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, Michigan athlete Ralph Rose repeated as the gold medalist in the shot put, and John Garrels won a silver medal in the 110-meter hurdles and a bronze in the shot put. Ralph Craig
<mask> also coached Ralph Craig at Michigan. Following <mask>'s departure from Michigan, Craig went on to win gold medals in the 100 metres and 200 metres at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm. In 1932, <mask> said that Craig was the best sprinter he ever turned out, though Johnny Garrels was the best all-around athlete he ever handled. <mask>'s pupils, Hahn and Craig, were the only Olympic double sprint winners prior to another Michigan athlete, Eddie Tolan, accomplishing the feat at the 1932 Summer Olympics.Gymnasium director and advocate for "physical culture"
In addition to serving as the trainer for the football team and coach of the track team, <mask> also served as a professor of physical training and the director of the school's Waterman Gymnasium. He was first hired at Michigan in 1894, the same year the Waterman Gymnasium was opened. Gymnasium training was compulsory for Michigan students at the time, and it was <mask> who oversaw the training. The gymnasium training included "muscular strengthening and improvement", exercises (known as "correctives"), basketball, and Swedish gymnastics. During his years at Michigan, <mask> was an outspoken advocate of vigorous exercise and what was then known as "physical culture." In 1910, a profile of <mask>'s work was published under the headline, "Makes Man Out of Weakling, Chart Shows Wonders of Scientific Physical Training." The article displayed one of the anthropometric charts (pictured to right) used by <mask> in tracking the progress of Michigan's students, including measurements of lung capacity, weight, shoulders, neck, chest, hips, waist, thighs, forearms, and arms.The article touted <mask>'s work as evidence that "scientific physical culture" can turn "a poor weed into a splendidly developed man." <mask> was also an advocate of a healthy diet. In 1909, he wrote: "Diet takes a foremost part in the training of athletes. Men in training should not eat anything fried, pastry, pork sausages, etc. ... Tea and coffee, smoking and drinking intoxicating liquors must be absolutely barred from an athlete's diet." In another article, <mask> told of his work with a student who had been "horribly crippled" from birth.The student asked to be excused from the compulsory gymnasium work, claiming it would be "utterly impossible" for him to participate. The student had never walked a step, his legs were twisted out of shape, and he could not control his head and neck. <mask> denied the request and promised the young man: "I will teach you to walk." <mask> invented exercises to strengthen every part of the student's body, until eventually the student could walk on his own. <mask> recalled:"Day after day I taught him. I showed him how to step and helped him with my hands to take steps. The first two steps he took alone were followed by tears of joy.Of course, he'll never be able to walk as an able-bodied man, but he learned to discard his shuffle. ... This is but an instance of gymnasium work's benefits. If people realized the value of physical culture, we would be a splendidly developed race of men and women." Those who knew <mask> described his "magnetic personality", his ability to rouse men "out of the gloom of despair and defeat", and noted that "he knew men and how to get the best out of them." <mask>'s accomplishments draw fame and offers from Eastern universities
By 1905, the success of Michigan's athletic programs had brought fame to <mask> and to the school. <mask> had "turned out more championship teams than any other man in the West", and the school's "athletic reputation had spread so far" that requests were received from all over the country from school's seeking to hire Michigan graduates to teach athletics.<mask> noted that the demand was so great that a Michigan athlete could command $400 to $500 more a year in salary than students from other schools, and an All-Western player from Michigan's football team could command a salary of $1,500 for three months' work. In what one newspaper called "Fitzpatrick's call to the book worms", <mask> extended an offer even to students without the ability to make the big teams that he would "teach them all the tricks by which they can show other men to success on the cinder path and gridiron." In 1905, Yale sought to recruit <mask> to return once again to that school. At the time, one paper wrote: "It is no exaggeration to say that today <mask> stands head and shoulders over every trainer in the country, just as Yost outshines rival football coaches. And without <mask>, Yost could not produce the winning football teams he does." A team from Yale visited Fitzpatrick in June 1905 but left Ann Arbor with the report that it was "impossible to get Keene away from Michigan." It was said: "Keene is located there, with everything pleasant and just as he wants it, and they say they won't let him go and he says he can't come.So Yale must give up hoping for him." <mask> declined to comment on the offers and said, "Ann Arbor is a good place to live in and I like the Michigan spirit." <mask>'s reputation as one of the greatest trainers and conditioners continued to grow as his four-mile-relay team won the event at the Penn relays for seven consecutive years. And in January 1910 a Minnesota newspaper wrote a lengthy profile on <mask> describing him as the "great little man" responsible for molding Michigan's teams:"A great asset to Michigan is <mask> <mask>. He knows athletics from A to Z. As a trainer of track men he is beyond a peer; for keeping football players in condition he is unbeatable and in the capacity of a football coach he ranks high. He works over an unconscious player, binds up a nasty hurt or squeezes a soaked sponge down the neck of a perspiring husky with the same calmness that he looks for dangerous stones in the training lot at Whitmore Lake."<mask>'s conditioning was credited with the success of the Michigan football team in his two games at the team's trainer. On November 13, 1900, Michigan beat Penn, 12-6, after a long train ride to Philadelphia. On a hot day in Philadelphia, Penn's coach was forced to make nine substitutions, but Michigan made only one. Seven days later, after long train rides to Ann Arbor, and then to Minnesota, the Michigan football team beat Minnesota, 15-6, in the bitter cold. One writer of the victories: "It was a test that is seldom paralleled in football, but <mask> had the men in shape to stand it -- and then a whole lot." <mask> accepts an $8,000 a year offer from Princeton

In 1910, <mask> was offered the position of athletic trainer and track coach by Princeton University. <mask> stated that he was content in Michigan, but Princeton representative persisted and asked him to name the salary that would cause him to leave Michigan.<mask> did not want to leave Michigan so he gave the figure "in the neighborhood of $8,000 per year"—an amount he assumed would be prohibitive. Princeton agreed to the amount, and <mask>, "having made the terms himself felt in honor bound to leave Michigan and come East." <mask>'s impact on the student body was such that, when he left for Princeton in 1910, the following tribute was paid to him:"He made men better, not alone physically, but morally. His work has been uplifting along all lines of university activities. In character and example he is as great and untiring as in his teaching and precept. ... Next to President Angell, no man of the University of Michigan, in the last ten years, has exerted a more wholesome influence upon the students than <mask> <mask>. His work brought him in close touch with the students and his influence over them for good has been wonderful.He is a man of ideals and clean life." In the decade after <mask> left, Michigan's football teams did not play to the same level they had in the nine years that Yost and <mask> had worked together. In 1915, one paper noted that <mask>'s departure "left a gap in the circle which has never been properly filled." In nine years under Yost-<mask>, the Michigan football team had a record of 75-6-2 (.903 winning percentage), and outscored opponents, 3,248-193. In the ten years after <mask> left, Yost's teams went 52-18-6, a .684 winning percentage. Princeton University
<mask> was hired by Princeton in 1910 and remained the track coach and athletic trainer there for 22 years. Four of his Princeton track teams placed second in the intercollegiates–1920, 1922, 1923, and 1925.Fifteen of his track athletes from Princeton won individual intercollegiate championships, including two double champions, Charles R. Erdman and Randolph E. Brown, and two repeat champions, J. Coard Taylor and Ralph G. Hills. After his first year at Princeton, the Daily Princetonian published an editorial in November 1911 proclaiming <mask> as "the best trainer Princeton has ever had", and concluded, "if we were asked to name the man who had done most for Princeton athletics in general during the past year, we should name <mask> <mask>, the trainer of a championship football team, the trainer of a championship baseball team and the coach of the first Princeton track team that has beaten Yale in fifteen years." In 1918, collegiate track coaches formed the Association of College Track Coaches of American and elected <mask> as their first president. By 1919, <mask> had been a track coach for 30 years and was known as the "Dean of College Coaches." A columnist that year observed: "Princeton has learned to love <mask> just as much as it does the members of the famous Poe family, Sam White and others who have brought glory to the Jungletown institution. He has built up the athletic department, just as he had done at Michigan..." In 1921, another writer noted: "His success in coaching in all branches of sport makes him one of the greatest athletic instructors of all time." In 1922, syndicated sports columnist Billy Evans wrote a profile about <mask> that was published in newspapers across the United States.Evans compared <mask> to Connie Mack:"In collegiate track athletics <mask> <mask> occupies much the same place that Connie Mack holds in major league baseball. <mask> stands out as one of the greatest developers of college athletics in the history of the track sport. ...  Much of <mask>'s success is due to his knowledge of the anatomy. He is a great conditioner." In 1927, <mask> spoke publicly in favor of allowing college football teams to conduct early practice before the school year began. He argued that the lack of sufficient time for training and conditioning was the greatest cause of football injuries. He argued that, although football is the most strenuous of all sports, it gets the least amount of actual preparation.In 1928, U.S. Senator Royal S. Copeland joined in <mask>'s call for "systematic training." Copeland credited <mask> with doing "more to develop straight thinking than any college president of modern times." Retirement and tributes
In 1932, <mask> retired after 42 years in the business as an athletic trainer and coach. <mask>, who was 67 years old at the time, noted that he sought to retire to a "less strenuous mode of life." At the time of <mask>'s resignation, the chairman of Princeton's board and supervisor of sports said, "For 22 years Mr. <mask> has been to Princeton men the symbol of all that is fine in amateur sport." Columnist Walter S. Trumbull wrote that <mask> "is known, admired and respected wherever a football shoe has trod or a running spike has pressed."At the dedication of the Michigan Union in 1935, former University of Michigan athletic director Charles A. Baird said, "I often think that if I were asked to produce a live, flesh-and-blood specimen of the perfect gentleman, I would unhesitatingly select <mask> <mask>. He was indeed a super-coach." Famed sports writer Grantland Rice regularly sought out <mask> on questions involving track and field, referring to <mask> in his columns as "the oracle" and "one of Natick's immortals." Even after <mask> died, Rice continued to write about his old friend, calling <mask> a man who "could coach and train football, track, rowing and the art of living." Rice recalled that one of the most common topics of discussion with <mask> was "this matter of weight and age." <mask> believed that a man of 50 or 60 should keep his weight close to what it was at 25 or 30. <mask> claimed he had never missed a day's work and was never out of condition.In 44 years, <mask> was never more than two pounds away from 164 pounds. Even at age 60, <mask> claimed he could outrun many of his students who came back to school "overweight and soft from a summer that certainly wasn't devoted to keeping in condition." As a tribute to his years of service, Princeton named an athletic field and fieldhouse after him. Later years and death
<mask> continued to live in Princeton, New Jersey after his retirement. He died at his home in Princeton in 1944 after a long illness. Head coaching record

Football

See also
 <mask> (name)
 List of Michigan Wolverines football trainers

References

1864 births
1944 deaths
American track and field coaches
Athletic trainers
Michigan Wolverines track and field coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
People associated with physical culture
Princeton Tigers football coaches
Princeton Tigers track and field coaches
People from Natick, Massachusetts
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Mercer County, New

masks: Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick


title: Domenico Beccafumi

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<mask>mi (1486May 18, 1551) was an Italian Renaissance-Mannerist painter active predominantly in Siena. He is considered one of the last undiluted representatives of the Sienese school of painting. Biography
<mask> was born in Montaperti, near Siena, the son of Giacomo di Pace, a peasant who worked on the estate of Lorenzo Beccafumi. Seeing his talent for drawing, Lorenzo adopted him, and commended him to learn painting from Mechero, a lesser Sienese artist. In 1509 he traveled to Rome, where he learned from the artists who had just done their first work in the Vatican, but soon returned to Siena. However, while the Roman forays of two Sienese artists of roughly his generation (Il Sodoma and Peruzzi) had imbued them with elements of the Umbrian-Florentine Classical style, Beccafumi's style remains, in striking ways, provincial. In Siena, he painted religious pieces for churches and of mythological decorations for private patrons, only mildly influenced by the gestured Mannerist trends dominating the neighboring Florentine school.There are medieval eccentricities, sometimes phantasmagoric, superfluous emotional detail and a misty non-linear, often jagged quality to his drawings, with primal tonality to his coloration that separates him from the classic Roman masters. Pavement of Duomo di Siena
In addition to painting, he also directed the celebrated pavement of the cathedral of Siena from 1517 to 1544, a task that took over a century and a half. The pavement shows vast designs in commesso work—white marble, that is, engraved with the outlines of the subject in black, and having borders inlaid with rich patterns in many colours. From the year Beccafumi was engaged in continuing this pavement, he made very ingenious improvements in the technical processes employed, and laid down scenes from the stories of Ahab and Elijah, of Melchisedec, of Abraham and of Moses. He made a triumphal arch and an immense mechanical horse for the procession of the emperor Charles V on his entry into Siena. Critical assessment and legacy

Compared to the equilibrated, geometric, and self-assured Florentine style, the Sienese style of painting edges into a more irrational and emotionally unbalanced world. Buildings are often transected, and perspectives awkward.The setting is often hallucinogenic; the colors, discordant. For example, in the Nativity (Church of San Martino) hovering angels form an architectural hoop, and figures enter from the shadows of a ruined arch. In his Annunciation, the Virgin resides in a world neither in day or dusk, she and the Angel Gabriel shine while the house is in shadows. In Christ in Limbo (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena), an atypically represented topic, Christ sways in contrapposto as he enters a netherworld of ruins and souls. S.J. Freedberg compares his vibrant eccentric figures to those of the Florentine mannerist contemporary Rosso Fiorentino, yet more "optical and fluid". While all the elements of the expected religious scenes are here, it is like a play in which all the actors have taken atypical costumes, and forgotten some of their lines.In Medieval Italy, Siena had been an artistic, economic, and political rival of Florence; but wars and natural disasters caused a decline by the 15th century. Stylistically, Beccafumi is among the last in a line of Sienese artists, a medieval believer of miracles awaking in Renaissance reality. Drawing of Abraham
 St. Peter - -Woodcut, Cleveland Museum of Art
 Angels drawing (1524–25) -San Francisco

Gallery

References
Painting in Italy 1500–1600, S.J. Freedberg, (Penguin History of Art, 2nd Edition, 1983). Notes

External links

 <mask> in the "A World History of Art"
 <mask> Pace Beccafumi. paintings

Italian Renaissance painters
Italian Mannerist painters
Painters from Siena
1486 births
1551 deaths
Italian male painters
People from Castelnuovo Berardenga
16th-century Italian painters

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Domenico di Pace Beccafu
Domenico
Domenico Beccafumi
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title: Juan Luna

texts:
<mask> (, ; October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists. His winning the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, along with the silver win of fellow Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, prompted a celebration which was a major highlight in the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement, with the fellow Ilustrados toasting to the two painters' good health and to the brotherhood between Spain and the Philippines. Regarded for work done in the manner of European academies of his time, <mask> painted literary and historical scenes, some with an underscore of political commentary. His allegorical works were inspired with classical balance, and often showed figures in theatrical poses. Biography

Early life
Born in the town of Badoc, Ilocos Norte in the northern Philippines, <mask> was the third among the seven children of <mask> Pedro y Posadas and Laureana Novicio y Ancheta. In 1861, the <mask> family moved to Manila and he went to Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree.He excelled in painting and drawing, and was influenced by his brother, Manuel N<mask>, who, according to Filipino patriot José Rizal, was a better painter than <mask> himself. <mask> enrolled at Escuela Nautica de Manila (now Philippine Merchant Marine Academy) and became a sailor. He took drawing lessons under the illustrious painting teacher Lorenzo Guerrero of Ermita, Manila. He also enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts (Academia de Dibujo y Pintura) in Manila where he was influenced and taught how to draw by the Spanish artist Agustin Saez. However, <mask>'s vigorous brush strokes displeased his teacher and <mask> was discharged from the academy. However, Guerrero was impressed by his skill and urged <mask> to travel to Madrid to further pursue his work. Travel abroad
In 1875 Manuel and <mask> traveled to Europe, where Manuel studied music and Juan painting.<mask> entered the Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, where he befriended the painter Don Alejo Vera. <mask> was discontented with the style of teaching in school and decided that it would be much better to work with Vera. Vera brought him to Rome for some of his commissions, and <mask> was exposed to the art of the Renaissance painters. It was in 1878 when his artistic talents was established with the opening of the first art exposition in Madrid which was called the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Demonstration of Fine Arts). From then on, <mask> became engrossed in painting and produced a collection of paintings that he exhibited in the 1881 Exposition. In 1881, his La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra) won him a silver medal and came in second place. <mask>'s growing reputation as an artist led to a pensionado (pension) scholarship at 600 pesos annually through the Ayuntamiento of Manila.The condition was that he was obliged to develop a painting which captured the essence of Philippine history which would then become the Ayuntamiento's property. Artistic career

In 1883 <mask> started the painting demanded of him by the Ayuntamiento. In May 1884, he shipped the large canvas of the Spoliarium to Madrid for the year's Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes. He was the first recipient of the three gold medals awarded in the exhibition and <mask> gained recognition among the connoisseurs and art critics present. On June 25, 1884, Filipino and Spanish nobles organized an event celebrating <mask>'s win in the exhibition. That evening, Rizal prepared a speech for his friend, addressing the two significant things of his art work, which included the glorification of genius and the grandeur of his artistic skills. <mask> developed a friendly relationship with King Alfonso XII and was later commissioned by the Spanish Senate to paint a large canvas which was called the La Batalla de Lepanto (The Battle of Lepanto).He moved to Paris in 1885 where he opened his own studio and befriended Hidalgo. A year after, he finished the piece El pacto de sangre (The Blood Compact) in accordance with the agreement he had with the Manila City Council. Depicted in this piece was the blood compact ceremony between the Datu Sikatuna, one of the lords in Bohol island, and the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi. It is now displayed in the Malacañan Palace. He also sent two other paintings in addition to the one required; the second canvas sent to Manila was a portrait of López de Legazpi reconstructed by <mask> from his recollection of a similar portrait he saw in the hall of the Cabildo, and the third was of Governor-general Ramón Blanco y Erenas. In 1887, <mask> traveled back to Spain to enter in that year's Exposition two of his pieces, the La Batalla de Lepanto and Rendición de Granada (Surrender of Granada), which both won in the exhibition. He celebrated his triumph with his friends in Madrid with Graciano López-Jaena delivering the congratulatory speech.<mask>'s paintings are generally described as being vigorous and dramatic. With its elements of Romanticism, his style shows the influence of Delacroix, Rembrandt, and Daumier. In 2015, a <mask> masterpiece called ¿A Do...Va la Nave? sold for P46.8M at a Makati auction. Marriage
On December 4, 1886, <mask> married María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera, a sister of his friends Félix and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. The couple traveled to Venice and Rome and settled in Paris. They had one son, whom they named Andrés, and a daughter, María de la Paz, nicknamed Bibi, who died when she was three years old.<mask> was fond of his wife. However, the jealous <mask> frequently accused Paz of having an affair with a certain Monsieur Dussaq. Finally in a fit of jealousy, he shot the door wherein his wife was behind. Killing his wife and mother-in-law and wounded his brother-in-law Félix in the process, on September 22, 1892. He was arrested and murder charges were filed against him. <mask> was acquitted of charges on February 8, 1893, on the grounds of a crime of passion. Temporary insanity; the "unwritten law" at the time forgave men for killing unfaithful wives.He was ordered to pay the Pardo de Taveras a sum of one thousand six hundred fifty one francs and eighty three cents, and an additional twenty five francs for postage, in addition to the one franc of claims for damages ("dommages-intérêts"). Five days later, <mask> went to Madrid with his brother, <mask>, and his son, Andrés. Murcia

A few years later, in October 1889, the artist travelled to southeast Spain, Murcia, as contained in the news release at the time, was provisionally installed in Moratalla where he made a portrait of the daughter of <mask>, an eminent man in this town. Passing through Murcia gave two portraits of the Queen Regent had made to the Provincial and City Council, respectively, and one of these was acquired by the provincial body for five hundred seventy-five pesetas installed on top of the Hall of Sessions of the Provincial Palace and then going to the presidential office in April 1932, one year after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, enters as a deposit Museum of Murcia along with several official portraits of royal iconography, being included in the different inventories and catalogs without sufficient data or references, just a terse "DJ.LUNA" as artistic attribution. Final years

In 1894 <mask> moved back to the Philippines and traveled to Japan in 1896, returning during the Philippine Revolution of the Cry of Balintawak. On September 16, 1896, he and his brother <mask> were arrested by Spanish authorities for being involved with the Katipunan rebel army. Despite his imprisonment, <mask> was still able to produce a work of art which he gave to a visiting priest.He was pardoned by the Spanish courts on May 27, 1897, and was released from prison and he traveled back to Spain in July. He returned to Manila in November 1898. In 1898, he was appointed by the executive board of the Philippine revolutionary government as a member of the Paris delegation which was working for the diplomatic recognition of the República Filipina (Philippine Republic). In 1899, upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1898), <mask> was named a member of the delegation to Washington, D.C. to press for the recognition of the Philippine government. He traveled back to the Philippines in December 1899 upon hearing of the murder of his brother Antonio by the Kawit Battalion in Cabanatuan. Death
He traveled to Hong Kong and died there on December 7, 1899, from a heart attack. His remains were buried in Hong Kong and in 1920 were exhumed and kept in <mask>'s house, to be later transferred to a niche at the Crypt of San Agustin Church in the Philippines.Five years later, <mask> would be reinstated as a world-renowned artist and Peuple et Rois, his last major work, was acclaimed as the best entry to the Saint Louis World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. Some of his paintings were destroyed by fire in World War II. Media portrayal
Portrayed by Bryan Benedict in the 2014 TV series Ilustrado. See also
Spoliarium
The Blood Compact
España y Filipinas
Antonio <mask> Rizal
José Honorato Lozano
Damián Domingo
Fernando Amorsolo
Fabián de la Rosa
Justiniano Asuncion
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo

References

External links
INQUIRER.net: <mask>'s work
López Memorial Museum: <mask>

1857 births
1899 deaths
19th-century Filipino painters
Filipino portrait painters
Impressionist painters
Orientalist painters
Filipino sculptors
People of the Philippine Revolution
Filipino exiles
Filipinos imprisoned abroad
Filipino murderers
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Ilocano people
People from Ilocos Norte
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni
Burials at San Agustin Church (Manila)

masks: Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta