title: Layne Staley

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<mask> (born <mask>; August 22, 1967 – April 5, 2002) was an American musician, songwriter and the original lead singer of the rock band Alice in Chains, which rose to international fame in the early 1990s as part of Seattle's grunge movement. He was known for his distinctive vocal style and tenor voice, as well as his harmonizing with guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell. <mask> was also a member of the glam metal bands Sleze and Alice N' Chains, and the supergroups Mad Season and Class of '99. "Man in the Box", the second single from Alice in Chains' debut album, Facelift (1990), garnered <mask> critical recognition for his vocal style. Alice in Chains' EP Jar of Flies (1994), debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making it Alice in Chains' first record—and the first-ever EP—to top the chart. However, <mask>'s deteriorating condition due to heroin abuse led him to enter a rehabilitation clinic. He began to work on a side project with several Seattle musicians, Mike McCready of Pearl Jam, Barrett Martin of Screaming Trees and John Baker Saunders of The Walkabouts, which came to be Mad Season, while Alice in Chains went into hiatus.During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of <mask>'s drug addiction began to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse. On April 10, 1996, the band returned with a performance on MTV Unplugged in New York; it was their first concert in two-and-a-half years. From mid-1996 onwards, <mask> was out of the public spotlight, never to perform live again. <mask> struggled with depression and addiction for much of his adult life and later died from a speedball overdose on April 5, 2002, at the age of 34. <mask> was ranked at No. 27 on Hit Paraders list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists" in 2006, and at No. 42 on Complex's magazine list of "The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time" in 2012.Seattle officially declared August 22, 2019, as "Layne Staley Day". <mask> earned six Grammy Award nominations as a member of Alice in Chains. Early life
<mask> was born in Kirkland, Washington, on August 22, 1967. His parents are Phillip Blair "Phil" <mask> and Nancy Elizabeth <mask> (née <mask>). <mask> did not like his middle name "Rutherford" and would get angry every time someone called him by this name. He legally changed his middle name to "Thomas" during his teens because he was a fan of Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. <mask> joined a rhythm band in Bellevue when he was two or three years old, and was the youngest in the group.At nine years old, he wrote in his Dr. Seuss book, All About Me, that he wanted to be a singer. <mask> was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer. He took his stepfather's surname while enrolled in Meadowdale High School in Lynnwood, and was known for some time as <mask>. <mask> was raised as a Christian Scientist, but was critical of religion in his adult life, stating in a 1991 interview: "I have a fascination with how brainwashed people get with religion and how they'll give up their money, their time and their whole life for a cause that they're sure is right, but I'm sure is wrong. I think there's a lot of people who are scared of life and living and they want to make sure they get to Heaven or whatever. I try to stay away from it as much as I can. I was raised in the church until I was 16 and I've disagreed with their beliefs as long as I can remember, so when I had the choice I chose not to believe in anything apart from myself."<mask> also stated in a 1999 interview that the song "Get Born Again" is about "religious hypocrisy". He approached music through his parents' collection, listening to Black Sabbath (regarded by him as his first influence) and Deep Purple. Other favorite bands include hard rock and metal bands like The Stooges, Anthrax, Judas Priest, Saxon, Rainbow, Mercyful Fate, Twisted Sister, Van Halen, and industrial/new wave acts such as Ministry, The Lords of the New Church and Skinny Puppy. He also cited Prince and David Bowie as two of his biggest idols. <mask> began playing drums at age 12; he played in several glam bands in his early teens, but by this point, <mask> had aspirations of becoming a singer. In 1984, <mask> joined a group of Shorewood High students in a band called Sleze, which also featured future members of The Dehumanizers and Second Coming. In 1985, <mask> and his band Sleze made a cameo in Father Rock, a low-budget movie from Seattle's Public Access Channel.In 1986, Sleze morphed into Alice N' Chains, a band which <mask> said "dressed in drag and played speed metal." The new band performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers. Career

Alice in Chains and Mad Season

Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell at a party in Seattle while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios in 1987. A few months before that, Cantrell had watched <mask> performing with his then-band, Alice N' Chains, in his hometown at the Tacoma Little Theatre, and was impressed by his voice. Cantrell was homeless after being kicked out of his family's house, so <mask> invited Cantrell to live with him at the Music Bank. The two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N' Chains soon disbanded and <mask> joined a funk band, which at the time also required a guitarist.He asked Cantrell to join as a sideman. Cantrell agreed on condition that <mask> join his band, which at the time did not have a name and included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. They started auditioning terrible lead singers in front of <mask> to send a hint, which made him angry. The final straw for <mask> was when they auditioned a male stripper in front of him – he decided to join the band after that. Cantrell said this about <mask>'s voice: "I knew that voice was the guy I wanted to be playing with. It sounded like it came out of a 350-pound biker rather than skinny little <mask>. I considered his voice to be my voice."Eventually the funk project broke up, and in 1987, <mask> joined Cantrell's band on a full-time basis. The band had names like "Fuck" and "Diamond Lie", the latter being the name of Cantrell's previous band. Two weeks after the band's formation, they were playing a gig at the University of Washington, trying to fill out a 40-minute set with a couple of original songs along with Hanoi Rocks and David Bowie covers. Diamond Lie gained attention in the Seattle area and eventually took the name of <mask>'s previous band, Alice N' Chains, then renamed Alice in Chains. <mask> got permission from his former bandmates to use the name. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of Alice in Chains at a concert and offered to pay for demo recordings. However, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state.The final demo, completed in 1988, was named The Treehouse Tapes and found its way to the music managers Kelly Curtis and Susan Silver, who also managed the Seattle-based band Soundgarden. Curtis and Silver passed the demo on to Columbia Records' A&R representative Nick Terzo, who set up an appointment with label president Don Ienner. Based on The Treehouse Tapes, Terzo signed Alice in Chains to Columbia in 1989. The band also recorded another untitled demo over a three-month period in 1989. This recording can be found on the bootleg release Sweet Alice. Alice in Chains released their debut album Facelift on August 21, 1990, shaping the band's signature style. The second single, "Man in the Box", with lyrics written by <mask>, became a huge hit."Man in the Box" is widely recognized for its distinctive "wordless opening melody, where <mask>'s peculiar, tensed-throat vocals are matched in unison with an effects-laden guitar" followed by "portentous lines like: 'Jesus Christ/Deny your maker' and 'He who tries/Will be wasted' with Cantrell's drier, and less-urgent voice." Facelift has since been certified double platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States. The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acoustic EP Sap in early 1992. Alice in Chains made a cameo in Cameron Crowe's 1992 film Singles, performing the songs "It Ain't Like That" and "Would?". In September 1992, Alice in Chains released Dirt. The critically acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and was certified quadruple platinum. <mask> designed the sun logo on the album's inlay.During the Dirt tour in Brazil in 1993, <mask> saved Starr's life after he had overdosed. Because of <mask>'s drug addiction, the band did not tour in support of Dirt for very long. Cantrell wrote almost all of the music and lyrics for Alice in Chains, but as time went on, <mask> contributed more lyrics. Eventually, <mask> would receive credit for about half the lyrics from the entire Alice in Chains catalog prior to the release of Black Gives Way to Blue in 2009. He also wrote the music and the lyrics to "Hate to Feel", "Angry Chair" and "Head Creeps", and melodies to other songs. <mask>'s lyrics are largely viewed as having dealt with his personal troubles, such as drug use and depression. <mask> also played guitar on "Angry Chair" and "Hate to Feel".Cantrell said of "Angry Chair" on the liner notes of the 1999 Music Bank box set:

In 1994, Alice in Chains released their second EP, Jar of Flies. It debuted at number one, making it the first Alice in Chains release—and the first-ever EP—to do so. The other members of Alice in Chains, seeing <mask>'s deteriorating condition, opted not to tour in support of Jar of Flies. Following the album's release, <mask> entered a rehabilitation clinic and began to work on a side project with several Seattle musicians, Mike McCready of Pearl Jam, Barrett Martin of Screaming Trees and John Baker Saunders of The Walkabouts. The band worked on material for several months and played their first show at the Crocodile Cafe in Seattle under the name "The Gacy Bunch" on October 12, 1994. Within a few weeks, the band changed its name to Mad Season. In January 1995, Mad Season performed two songs on Pearl Jam's Self-Pollution satellite radio broadcast, "Lifeless Dead" and "I Don't Know Anything".The band completed an album, titled Above, which was released in March 1995. The first single, "River of Deceit", became a modest success on alternative radio. A live performance filmed at the Moore Theatre in Seattle was released in August 1995 as a home video, Live at the Moore. During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of <mask>'s addiction began to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse. Alice in Chains regrouped to record Alice in Chains, sometimes referred to as "Tripod", which was released in November 1995. The album debuted at the top of the U.S. charts, and has since been awarded—along with Facelift and Jar of Flies—double platinum status. With the exceptions of "Grind", "Heaven Beside You", and "Over Now", the lyrics were all written by <mask>, making this album his greatest lyrical contribution to the band's catalogue.To accompany the album, the band released a home video, The Nona Tapes, but the band lapsed again, failing to complete tours planned in support of the album. When asked about the frustration of not touring to support the record, Cantrell provided some insight into how <mask>'s addictions led to tensions within the band: "Very frustrating, but we stuck it out. We rode the good times together, and we stuck together through the hard times. We never stabbed each other in the back and spilled our guts and [did] that kind of bullshit that you see happen a lot." "Drugs worked for me for years", <mask> told Rolling Stone in February 1996, "and now they're turning against me, now I'm walking through hell and this sucks. I didn't want my fans to think that heroin was cool. But then I've had fans come up to me and give me the thumbs up, telling me they're high.That's exactly what I didn't want to happen." One of <mask>'s last shows with Alice in Chains was the MTV Unplugged performance in New York on April 10, 1996. The recording of Unplugged came after a long period of inactivity for the band; it was their first concert in two-and-a-half years. <mask> made his last performance on July 3, 1996, in Kansas City, Missouri, while Alice in Chains were touring with Kiss. Other projects
<mask> shared lead vocals with Ann Wilson for a cover of Bob Dylan's "Ring Them Bells", featured on Heart's 1993 album Desire Walks On. The song "It's Coming After" from Second Coming's 1994 debut album L.O.V.Evil features <mask> on lead vocals. Second Coming features <mask>'s bandmates from Alice N' Chains, his former band.One of the last songs that <mask> recorded was a cover of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall" with the supergroup Class of '99, featuring guitarist Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, bassist Martyn LeNoble, drummer Stephen Perkins, both from Jane's Addiction and Porno for Pyros, and keyboardist Matt Serletic. In November 1998, the group recorded the song for the soundtrack to Robert Rodriguez's 1998 horror/sci-fi film The Faculty. A music video was also released. While the other members of the band were filmed specifically for the video, <mask>'s appearance consisted of footage pulled from Mad Season's 1995 Live at the Moore video. A song titled "Things You Do" featuring <mask> on vocals was part of the soundtrack to the 2012 film Grassroots. In the film, the song was credited to "The Bondage Boys featuring <mask>", but the song had been credited to "<mask>aley and The Aftervibes" and "Layne Staley and Second Coming" when it leaked on the internet years before. Personal life
In the early 1990s, <mask> enrolled in several rehab programs, but he failed to stay clean for long.At one point, the other members of Alice in Chains flew to Los Angeles for weekly therapy at <mask>'s rehab. During the Dirt tour, Alice in Chains' manager, Susan Silver, hired bodyguards to keep <mask> away from people who might try to pass him drugs, but he ended up relapsing on alcohol and drugs during the tour. Kurt Cobain's death in April 1994 scared <mask> into temporary sobriety, but soon he was back into his addiction. Alice in Chains' managers turned down lucrative touring possibilities and kept the band off the road, hoping that would help <mask>. Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready also tried to help <mask> by inviting him to his side project, Mad Season. McCready had hoped that playing with sober musicians would encourage <mask>. On October 29, 1996, <mask>'s former fiancée, Demri Lara Parrott, died of a drug overdose.<mask> was placed on a 24-hour suicide watch, according to NME, which quoted a friend saying <mask> was taking Parrott's death "extremely badly" and had fallen into a deep depression. Screaming Trees' Mark Lanegan told Rolling Stone in 2002, "He never recovered from Demri's death. After that, I don't think he wanted to go on." Final years: 1997–2002
On February 26, 1997, <mask> and the other members of Alice in Chains attended the Grammy Awards after the song "Again" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance. In April of that same year, <mask> purchased a , three-bedroom condominium in Seattle's University District via a trust. Toby Wright, the producer of Alice in Chains' third album, set up a home recording system for him there. In 1998, amid rumors that <mask> rarely left his apartment, had contracted gangrene, and had lost the ability to ingest food and was living on a diet of Ensure, Jerry Cantrell told Kerrang!that the members of Alice in Chains regularly hung out at <mask>'s house. On June 22, 1998, <mask> made a phone call to radio program Rockline and gave a rare interview while Cantrell was promoting his first solo album, Boggy Depot. <mask> called the show to talk to Cantrell and stated that he had loved the album. In October 1998, <mask> re-emerged to record two tracks with Alice in Chains, "Get Born Again" and "Died", which were released on the Music Bank box set in 1999. Additional reports of <mask>'s deteriorating condition persisted in the midst of the sessions. Dirt producer Dave Jerden—originally chosen by the band for the production—said, "<mask> weighed 80 pounds…and was white as a ghost." Cantrell refused to comment on the singer's appearance, and band manager Susan Silver said she had not seen him since "last year".<mask> made his final public appearance on October

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title: Layne Staley

type: original

texts:
 31, 1998, when he attended a Jerry Cantrell solo concert in Seattle. He declined Cantrell's request to sing with him on stage. A photo taken of <mask> backstage at this show is the most recent photo of him that has been publicly released. Thereafter, <mask> was thought to have left behind his "self-imposed rock & roll exile", when in November 1998 he laid down additional vocal tracks as part of a supergroup called Class of '99, featuring members of Rage Against the Machine, Jane's Addiction, and Porno for Pyros. On July 19, 1999, the radio program Rockline was hosting Cantrell, Inez, and Kinney for a discussion on the release of Nothing Safe: Best of the Box, when, unexpectedly, <mask> called in to participate. This was <mask>'s last interview. From 1999 to 2002, <mask> became more reclusive and depressed, rarely leaving his Seattle condo; little is known about the details of his life during this period.<mask> was rumored to spend most of his days creating art, playing video games, or nodding off on drugs. <mask>'s one time roommate and friend Morgen Gallagher later said that around 2001 <mask> was going to audition for Audioslave; this claim was later debunked by Audioslave guitarist Tom Morello. <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, told The Seattle Times in 2007 that despite his isolation, he was never far from the love of his family and friends, who filled his answering machine and mailbox with messages and letters. "Just because he was isolated doesn't mean we didn't have sweet moments with him." McCallum has also claimed that she saw <mask> on Thanksgiving of 2001, and again just around Valentine's Day of 2002, when he visited his sister's baby. This was the last time that McCallum saw her son. Sean Kinney has commented on <mask>'s final years and isolation period:

<mask>'s physical appearance had become even worse than before: he had lost several teeth, his skin was sickly pale, and he was severely emaciated.Close friends such as Matt Fox said, "If no one heard from him for weeks, it wasn't unusual". <mask> grew increasingly disconnected from his friends and bandmates who repeatedly tried to get him into rehab, but <mask> refused. <mask>'s close friend Mark Lanegan said, "He didn't speak to anybody as of late… It's been a few months since I talked to him. But for us to not talk for a few months is par for the course." Death
On April 19, 2002, <mask>'s accountants contacted his former manager, Susan Silver, and informed her that no money had been withdrawn from the singer's bank account in two weeks. Silver then contacted <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, who placed a call with 911 to say she had not heard from him "in about two weeks". The police went with McCallum and her ex-husband, Jim Elmer, to <mask>'s home.It was reported that the  <mask> weighed only  when his body was discovered. <mask>'s body was partially decomposed when he was found. Medical examiners had to identify the body by comparing dental records. Years later, McCallum revealed that two days before <mask>'s body was found, she went to his apartment to let him know about the death of Demri Parrott's brother, but there was no answer. When she got the phone call to check on her son two days later, she was not surprised that <mask> had not responded. There was some mail by his door. <mask> owned a cat named Sadie at the time, who was usually quiet; upon hearing Sadie meow, McCallum became worried it was a call of distress.Still not receiving an answer from <mask>, McCallum called 911. The autopsy and toxicology report on <mask>'s body revealed that he died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine, known as a speedball. The autopsy concluded that <mask> died two weeks before his body was found, on April 5—the same day fellow grunge icon Kurt Cobain died eight years prior. <mask>'s death was classified as "accidental." <mask>'s Alice in Chains bandmates issued the following statement:

It's good to be with friends and family as we struggle to deal with this immense loss … and try to celebrate this immense life. We are looking for all the usual things: comfort, purpose, answers, something to hold on to, a way to let him go in peace. Mostly, we are feeling heartbroken over the death of our beautiful friend.He was a sweet man with a keen sense of humor and a deep sense of humanity. He was an amazing musician, an inspiration, and a comfort to so many. He made great music and gifted it to the world. We are proud to have known him, to be his friend, and to create music with him. For the past decade, <mask> struggled greatly—we can only hope that he has at last found some peace. We love you, <mask>. Dearly.And we will miss you … endlessly. In 2010, in an interview on VH1's Celebrity Rehab with <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, former Alice in Chains bass player Mike Starr said that he was the last person to see <mask> alive and had spent time with him the day before he died, as Starr's birthday was on April 4, 2002. Starr claimed that <mask> was very sick but would not call 911. They briefly argued, which ended with Starr storming out. Starr stated that <mask> called after him as he left and said: "Not like this, don't leave like this." Since <mask> is believed to have died a day later, on April 5, Starr expressed regret for not calling 911 to save his life. Starr reported that <mask> had threatened to sever their friendship if he did, and also stated that he wished he had not been high on benzodiazepine that night and wouldn't have just walked out of the door.The interview ended with Starr apologizing to McCallum for not calling 911, but she was insistent that neither she nor anyone in her family blamed Starr for <mask>'s death. She also told Starr: "<mask> would forgive you. He'd say, 'Hey, I did this. Not you.'" Starr still blamed himself for the death of <mask>. Starr kept this story a secret until his appearance on Celebrity Rehab in February 2010. During this same interview, McCallum also said that <mask> had attempted rehab 13 times, although it is not clear whether any of these attempts were during his reclusive years.Starr was found dead on March 8, 2011, as a result of prescription drug overdose. Aftermath
An informal memorial was held for <mask> on the night of April 20, 2002, at the Seattle Center, which was attended by at least 100 fans and friends, including Alice in Chains bandmates Cantrell, Starr, Inez and Kinney, and Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell. <mask>'s body was cremated and a private memorial service was held for him on April 28, 2002, on Bainbridge Island in Washington's Puget Sound. During her appearance on Celebrity Rehab in 2010, <mask>'s mother said she has her son's ashes in a box. <mask>'s private memorial was attended by his family and friends, along with his Alice in Chains bandmates, the band's manager Susan Silver and her then husband Chris Cornell, as well as other music personalities. Chris Cornell, joined by Heart's Ann and Nancy Wilson, sang a rendition of The Rolling Stones' "Wild Horses" at the funeral. They also performed The Lovemongers' song "Sand".Jerry Cantrell dedicated his solo album, Degradation Trip, released two months after <mask>'s death, to his memory. Cantrell also took in <mask>'s cat, Sadie, and he and the family cared for the pet for eight years until Sadie passed away in 2010 at the age of 18. Shortly after <mask>'s death, his parents Nancy McCallum and <mask> started receiving donations from fans all over the world. Nancy and Phil worked with Seattle's Therapeutic Health Services clinic to create the Layne Staley Memorial Fund to help other heroin addicts and their families in the Seattle music community. Alice in Chains remained inactive following <mask>'s death. For the next several years, the band refused to perform together out of respect for him. In 2005, Cantrell, Kinney, and Inez reunited for a benefit concert for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, with several vocalists filling in for <mask>.Following positive response, the band decided to reunite formally in 2006. Comes with the Fall vocalist William DuVall, a member of Cantrell's solo touring band who often sang <mask>'s parts on the Alice in Chains songs that Cantrell performed, was announced to sing <mask>'s part for the reunion shows. In an interview with MTV News, Kinney noted that the band would use the reunion concerts to pay tribute to the songs and to <mask>. The band used to have an intermission to include a five-minute filmed tribute to <mask> in between sets. DuVall has since become <mask>'s full-time replacement in the band, contributing to three full-length releases. Tributes and influence
Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins stated that <mask> "had an amazing voice that had such a beautiful, sad, haunting quality about it. He was different because his heaviness was in that voice."The song "Bleeding The Orchid" from The Smashing Pumpkins' 2007 album Zeitgeist was indirectly inspired by the death of <mask>. Cold's song "The Day Seattle Died" from their 2003 album Year of the Spider was an ode to <mask>, as well as fellow grunge figurehead Kurt Cobain. That same year Staind featured a song called "Layne" in memory to the singer on their album 14 Shades of Grey. In their 2004 album Hangover Music Vol. VI, Black Label Society also included a tribute to <mask>, titled "Layne". Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam, wrote a song eulogizing <mask>, titled "4/20/02" (the day Vedder heard the news). The song featured only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in a ukulele-inspired tuning, and was released as a hidden track on Pearl Jam's 2003 B-sides and rarities album, Lost Dogs, roughly four minutes and twenty seconds after the conclusion of the final listed song, "Bee Girl".Vedder also paid tribute to <mask> during a Pearl Jam concert in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been <mask>'s 49th birthday, and dedicated the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend. Jerry Cantrell said <mask> gave him the self-assurance to sing. "<mask> was really responsible for giving me the confidence to become more of a singer. He'd say, 'You wrote this song, this means something to you, sing it.' He kicked my ass out of the nest. Over the years I continued to grow, and <mask> started to play guitar, and we inspired each other". Since 2002, Seattle has hosted an annual tribute concert for <mask> on his birthday.Venues such as the Moore Theatre, The Showbox The Fenix, and The Crocodile have hosted the event. The show proceeds benefit the Layne Staley Memorial Fund. <mask> ranked at No. 27 on Hit Parader magazine's list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists" published in the November 2006 issue, and at No. 42 on Complex's magazine list of "The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time" in 2012. <mask> was an inspiration for the title of Metallica's 2008 album, Death Magnetic. The band recorded a song in tribute to him, titled "Rebel of Babylon".In 2009, Alice in Chains released their first studio album in 14 years, Black Gives Way to Blue, with Cantrell and then-new vocalist and rhythm guitarist William DuVall sharing lead vocals. The title track is a tribute to <mask>. Cantrell invited Elton John to join Alice in Chains and pay tribute to <mask> playing the piano in "Black Gives Way to Blue", the closing song in the album. The song was written and sung by Cantrell, who described it as the band's goodbye to <mask>. The first concert that <mask> attended was Elton John's and he was blown away by it. According to Cantrell, the album's cover art featuring a heart surrounded by a black background was inspired by the fact that the members of the band had their hearts broken by losing <mask>. <mask>'s former bandmates also thanked him in the album's liner notes.On September 6, 2011, Hank Williams III released his Attention Deficit Domination album and dedicated it to <mask>. <mask>'s Alice in Chains bandmates have stated that one of the saddest aspects of his legacy is to hear him remembered primarily for his drug use rather than the other aspects of his personality. Kinney and Cantrell have also expressed their frustration over the Grammys ignoring <mask> during their annual tribute to the musicians who have died in the past year. In 2013, Alice in Chains' drummer, Sean Kinney, added the initials "LSMS" on his drum kit, a tribute to <mask> and the band's former bassist, Mike Starr, who died in 2011. The music video for Alice in Chains' 2013 single, "Voices", features a picture of <mask> next to a photo of Nirvana's frontman, Kurt Cobain, at the 2:20 mark. Since Alice in Chains reunited, Jerry Cantrell started paying tribute to <mask> before performing the song "Nutshell". Since 2011, Cantrell pays tribute to both <mask> and Mike Starr before performing the song at concerts.In April 2017, Nancy Wilson revealed that she started writing the song "The Dragon" for <mask> in the '90s. The song was recorded in 2016 and is part of the EP of Wilson's new band, Roadcase Royale, released in 2017. On <mask>'s 50th birthday, August 22, 2017, Alice in Chains released a video paying tribute to him, featuring Jerry Cantrell, Ann Wilson, Mike McCready and Barrett Martin. William DuVall revealed that he was thinking about <mask>, his grandmother and the late Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell while writing the Alice in Chains' song "Never Fade", from their 2018 album, Rainier Fog. The album's title track, written by Cantrell, is partly a tribute to <mask> and Mike Starr. Layne Staley Day in Seattle
On August 22, 2019, which would have been <mask>'s 52nd birthday, Seattle mayor Jenny Durkan officially proclaimed that day as "Layne Staley Day" in the city in honor of <mask>'s contributions to the world of music. The day was also a call to attention to the Layne Staley Memorial Fund, established by his parents in 2002.Books
Two biographies have been written about <mask>, both authored by Adriana Rubio—<mask>: Angry Chair released in 2003, which contains an alleged final interview of <mask> that Rubio claimed to have conducted less than three months before his death, and <mask>: Get Born Again, released in 2009, a revised and updated version of her earlier book. <mask>'s family has disputed Rubio's work, stating they do not believe she interviewed him in 2002. <mask>'s last interview was for the radio Rockline on July 19, 1999, promoting the release of the compilation album Nothing Safe: Best of the Box with the other members of Alice in Chains. The content of Rubio's book, including what she referred to as <mask>'s final interview, was called into question in journalist David De Sola's 2015 book Alice in Chains: The Untold Story. De Sola questions not only the content of the interview, which portrays <mask> as using his lyrics in casual conversation, it also indicates that Rubio never talked to him, citing her refusal to release the tape with the interview and the fact that not even her publisher had access to the tape. One of <mask>'s sisters, Liz Coats, likewise doubted the veracity of the book. <mask> was featured on the books Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music (2009) by Greg Prato, and Everybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge (2011) by Mark Yarm.Both books explored the history of grunge in detail and touch upon Alice in Chains and <mask>'s life and death via interviews with <mask>'s mother, friends and bandmates, including Cantrell, Kinney, Starr and Inez. In August 2015, journalist David de Sola released the biography Alice in Chains: The Untold Story, which is mainly focused on <mask> and features interviews with his friends and relatives; the surviving members of Alice in Chains did not partake in interviews for this book. Discography

Alice in Chains

Staley appeared on all Alice in Chains releases from We Die Young up to the song "Died", later taking part in reissues and compilations containing material from his time in the band. Other appearances

References

External links

Archive Seattle Police incident report at The Smoking Gun

1967 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American male singers
Accidental deaths in Washington (state)
Alice in Chains members
Alice N' Chains members
Mad Season (band) members
Musicians from Kirkland, Washington
Musicians from Seattle
Singer-songwriters from Washington (state)
American heavy metal singers
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American tenors
Alternative rock singers
Alternative metal singers
Grunge musicians
Glam metal musicians
Columbia Records artists
Deaths by heroin overdose in Washington (state)
American people of Danish descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss-German descent
Critics of religions
Class of '99 members
Former Christian

masks:
Staley
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Phil Staley
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Layne Staley
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title: William Henry Macleod Read

texts:
<mask> (7 February 1819 – 10 May 1909) was an active participant in the commercial, political and social life of Singapore and the Malay states between 1841 and 1887. Early life
<mask> was born in Scotland, the son of <mask>, co-partner of A. L. Johnston & Company. Aged 22, he travelled to Singapore to take his father's place at A. L. Johnston & Company, Singapore's leading merchant company at that time, his father retiring and returning to England the following year (1842). Alexander Laurie Johnston, his father's co-partner, retired and left Singapore in December. <mask> headed the company until his own retirement in 1887. <mask> was predeceased by his wife, <mask> at age 21 on 24 June 1849. Cumming-<mask> was the daughter of banker John Cumming of Forres, Scotland and there is a stone marker in her memory as his "beloved and lamented wife" at St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore.Contributions to early colonial Singapore
<mask> was appointed Special Constable to deal with ethnic riots between the Colony's Hokkien and Cantonese communities in 1854. He is credited with using his powers of negotiation and mediation to settle the conflict. Also in 1854, <mask> was the first volunteer of the Singapore Rifle Corps, a militia unit in which he remained active for 25 years. In 1857 <mask>, who was fluent in French, was made Counsul for the Netherlands in Singapore, a post he held until 1885. For his service as the Dutch Counsul, he was awarded the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Knight Commander). By 1865, <mask> was Chairman of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce. During his tenure in the then British Straits Settlement, Singapore passed from control of British India to the British Colonial Office in 1867.<mask> was a member of the Legislative Council that oversaw the transfer. In 1868, <mask> was appointed Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George (C.M.G. ), by Queen Victoria. An announcement in the London Gazette noted, Chancery of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Downing Street, February 3, 1885. THE Queen has been graciously pleased to give directions for the following appointment to the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George : To be an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, of Companions of the said Most Distinguished Order :— <mask> <mask> <mask>, Esq., for long and valuable services rendered in the Straits Settlements. <mask> had ongoing involvements in regional politics, including the establishment of the  British Colonial presence in Borneo through co-chairmanship of the British North Borneo Provisional Association in 1881. The charter of the British North Borneo Company, lists merchant <mask> <mask> <mask>, of 25 Durham Terrace, in the Country of Middlesex, as one of its petitioners.On 23 February 1843 <mask>, an avid horseman, won the first prize in the inaugural Singapore Cup, Singapore's first horse derby. In March of that year, he organised the Colony's first rowing regatta. The Singapore Turf Club, the island's home of horse racing, began as <mask>'s Singapore Sporting Club on 4 October 1842. His interest in educational and cultural life are evidenced by his involvement with the National Library (first treasurer), trusteeship of Singapore (later Raffles) Institution, and founding of the first Sailor's Home (appointed Honorary Secretary). <mask> was also active as a Freemason, being the second person to be initiated to the Masonic Lodge Zetland in the East and soon becoming its Worshipful Master. He eventually rose to become leader of the Freemasons' Eastern Archipelago, District Grand Lodge. He officiated over Masonic ceremonies which included the laying of the Foundation Stone of Raffles Lighthouse in 1854.One of <mask>'s last duties as a Singapore resident was laying the first cylinder of a bridge over the Singapore River – a bridge that today still bears his name, Read Bridge. Municipal assessment funds
In January 1845, at a public meeting, <mask> put forward a motion proposing that municipal assessment funds (see Act XIII of 1839 allowing for an assessment fund to be used for municipal purposes) be controlled by one person appointed by government and two persons appointed by ratepayers. The motion was carried by a large majority. However a new bill was passed (Act IX of 1848 that provided for two officials and three non-officials, all nominated by the Governor to administer the funds. Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements
<mask> was made a member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements by Royal appointment. A notice in the London Gazette, reads,Downing Street, May 18, 1882. THE Queen has been pleased to appoint George Macfarlane Sandilands, Esq., and <mask> <mask> <mask>, Esq., to be Members of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements.and again

"Downing Street, March 17, 1868. The Queen has been pleased to appoint <mask> <mask> <mask>, Forbes Scott Brown, Thomas Scott, and Robert Little, Esqrs., to be Members of. the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements ; and <mask>, Alfred James Harrigan,. and <mask> Harrigan, Esqrs., to be Members of the Legislative Council of the Virgin Islands." Freemasons
On 27 September 1878 a land grant was issued in favour of R. W. Bro. <mask> <mask> <mask>, District Grand Master, and his successors in office for the use of Masons under the United Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of England. <mask> laid the foundation stone for the new building on 14 April 1879.The new hall was consecrated on 27 December 1879 by the District Grand Master, <mask>, Thomas Cargill, the civil engineer who designed the building, was installed as Master of Lodge Zetland-in-the-East. <mask> was eventually succeeded in his role as District Grand Master by Major Samuel Dunlop in 1885. The Singapore Turf Club
The Singapore Turf Club, formerly known as the Singapore Sporting Club, was founded by <mask> on 4 October 1842. Marking the 24th anniversary of the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles, the first races were held on 23 and 25 February 1843. <mask> himself won the first Derby, called the Singapore Cup, and took home the prize money of $150. Return from the Colonies
<mask> returned to Britain in February 1887. He had spent almost 46 years in Singapore.In 1901, <mask> published his memoirs "Play and Politics, Recollections of Malaya by an Old Resident". <mask> died on 10 May 1909, aged 91. In 1910, the Governor of Singapore unveiled a memorial tablet to the memory of <mask> <mask> <mask> in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore, for his outstanding contributions to Singapore. This tablet dedication can be still seen on the left side, behind the main entrance door of the church. <mask>'s imprint on the Straits Settlements also survived his passing through descendants in the local Eurasian community bearing his <mask> surname. <mask> was buried on 13 May 1909 at Brompton Cemetery, London. See also
 Tan Kim Ching
 Chung Keng Quee
 Klang War
 Larut War

References
 Play and politics recollections of Malaya by an old resident.(1901). London: W.Gardner Darton (Call no. : RRARE 959 503 REA)
 Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore: 1819–1867 (pp. 135, 367–369). Singapore: Oxford University Press.(Call no. : RSING 959.57 BUC)
 Edwards, N. & Keys, P. (1988). Singapore: A guide to buildings, streets, places (p. 506). Singapore: Times Books International. (Call no. : RSING 959.57 EDW)
 Freemasons. (1873).Ceremony of layaing the foundation stone of the Clyde Terrace Market, at Singapore, the 29th day of March 1873, by the Rt. Worshipful, the District Grand Master, W. H<mask> [Microfilm: NL 5876]. Singapore: Straits Times Press. (Call no. : RSEA 959.51 FRE)
 Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times (pp. 22–35, 45–46).Singapore: Times Editions: Singapore Press Holdings
(Call no. : RSING 079.5957 TUR)
 Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements 1826–1867: Indian presidency to crown colony (pp. 24–25, 321–322). London: Athlone Press
(Call no. : RCLOS 959.57 TUR)
 Tyers, R. K. (1993). Ray Tyers' Singapore: Then and now (p. 26).Singapore: Landmark Books. (Call no. : RSING 959.57 TYE)

Online links

British colonial police officers
1819 births
1909 deaths
People of British Malaya
People of British Singapore
Burials at Brompton Cemetery

masks:
William Henry Macleod Read
Read
Christopher Rideout Read
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Marjory Cumming Read
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William Read
William Read
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William Read
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William Henry
Macleod
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William Bagnell
Henry Stephens
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William Henry
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title: John Renshaw Starr

texts:
<mask> (6 August 1908 – 1996), code names Emile and Bob, was a British artist and an agent in France of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization during World War II. He was the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network (or circuit) which operated in Dijon. The purpose of SOE in occupied France was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. <mask> was wounded and captured by the German SS on 18 July 1943 and imprisoned for the remainder of the war. After World War II, <mask> was accused by several other SOE agents of collaboration with the Germans while he was a captive. <mask>'s brother <mask> was also an SOE agent.Early life
<mask> was born in Heaton Moor, Lancashire, the son of an American father, Alfred Demarest <mask>, a bookkeeper who became a naturalised British subject, and an English mother, <mask>, he was a grandson of William Robert <mask>. He studied art in Paris and in 1934 he married a French woman, Michelle Vergetas, and the couple had one child, Ethel. <mask> tried to join the Royal Air Force in 1938 but was rejected because his father was an American. He was in Paris when World War II began in 1939, and in early 1940 joined the King's Own Scottish Borderers and later was assigned to the Field Security Police. He escaped to England when France was overrun by Nazi Germany. He joined the SOE in early 1941. Special Operations Executive

First Mission
<mask> parachuted "blind" (without being met on the ground) near Valence on the night of 27–28 August 1942.His job was to evaluate the food requirements for the CARTE network, a resistance group which claimed that, with SOE support, it could raise an army of 300,000 men to resist the German occupation of France. <mask> made his way from Valence to a villa in Cannes where he met SOE agent Peter Churchill and CARTE leader Andre Girard. <mask> learned from Churchill and his own experience that CARTE was largely a fantasy of Girard's. He returned to England in November. Oddly enough, as he was boarding a small boat to slip out of France, he encountered his older brother George who was arriving in France as an SOE agent. Second Mission

<mask> was held in high regard by SOE and, along with a wireless operator, <mask>, he parachuted into France again on the night of 15–16 May 1943, landing near Blye in the French Alps. He was designated as the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network, operating around Saint-Étienne and Dijon.Shortly after his arrival, <mask> narrowly escaped being captured in Clermont-Ferrand. The Germans had penetrated several SOE networks and captured agents in that area. <mask> was joined in Acrobat by saboteur Harry Rée and courier Diana Rowden. Rée soon departed for another network. He did not like <mask>'s "assertive manner" and believed the network was insecure. Capture and collaboration
On 18 July 1943 <mask> was captured by the Germans after being betrayed by a Frenchman he had recruited. He attempted to escape en route to a prison in Dijon and was shot twice in the thigh and foot.He was placed in the custody of the Sicherheitsdienst (or SD), the intelligence service of the SS. In Dijon, he said the Germans tortured him by beating on his wounded thigh but he didn't reveal any significant information to them. He was transferred to Fresnes Prison in Paris and in late September to SD headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch in Paris. The head of the Paris SD was an ex-policemen named Hans Kieffer, a man more dedicated to persuasion than torture. Kieffer persuaded <mask> to use his artistic talents to redraw a map and some charts of SOE operations in France. In return, <mask> was given a private room in the building and dined in the officer's mess which served excellent food. Another SOE prisoner at 84 Avenue Foch was Gilbert Norman who told <mask> that the Germans knew everything about SOE and that nothing he said would be news to them.<mask> justified his cooperation with the SD by saying he was gathering information on SD operations that would be useful to SOE if he could escape. Along with SOE wireless operator, Noor Inyat Khan, and a French colonel, Leon Faye, he tried to escape in late 1943 by climbing out the skylight of his room onto the roof of the building, but the three were soon recaptured. Kieffer threatened to shoot them, but relented on condition that they gave their word of honor not to attempt another escape. Khan and Faye declined; but <mask> gave his word. Khan and Faye were sent to concentration camps in Germany and later executed. After the escape attempt, <mask> again became friendly with the Germans, even going out to restaurants with some of them and on an operation to identify the bodies of British airmen who had been shot down near Paris. He helped the SD send bogus wireless messages by correcting spelling and editing mistakes.The Germans he worked with later described him as "weak and misguided rather than knowingly treacherous." A German concentration camp
<mask> remained at Avenue Foch until August 1944 when, after the Normandy Invasion and with allied armies approaching Paris, he was transported to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen near Berlin. According to his account he avoided execution in 1945 due to a quarantine resulting from a typhus outbreak within the camp. The opportunity arose to smuggle himself into a group of prisoners who were being transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp near Linz. By using his ability to pass himself off as a Frenchman, he joined a group of French and Belgian prisoners who were released into the custody of the Red Cross and taken to Switzerland as the war in Europe drew to a close. Post World War II
<mask> testified at the war crimes trial of Josef Kieffer. He said that Kieffer had not mistreated prisoners and that he did not believe that Kieffer would "take part in the deliberate murder of British prisoners."Kieffer was found guilty and hanged. Stories from other SOE agents who shared his captivity at Avenue Foch resulted in doubts being raised about <mask>'s loyalty, and his case became the subject of an MI5 investigation, which concluded that although his behaviour was suspicious, there were no grounds for criminal prosecution. After the war, <mask> opened a night-club in Hanley, Staffordshire, with Alfred and Henry Newton, SOE agents (and brothers) whom he had met during his training and also at the Avenue Foch. The brothers had been at Buchenwald concentration camp. <mask> later returned to live in Paris, then moved to Switzerland where he died in 1996. References

External links
Biography
S.O.E. British Special Operations Executive personnel
British Army personnel of World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1908 births
1996 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of death missing

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John Ashford Renshaw Starr
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John Starr
George Starr
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Ethel Renshaw
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title: Meiert Avis

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<mask> is an Irish music video and commercial director. <mask> has directed videos for artists such as Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, U2, Avril Lavigne, Paramore, Alanis Morissette, Flyleaf, Jennifer Lopez, New Found Glory and Josh Groban, Ariana Grande amongst many others. His work has won multiple awards and nominations including a Grammy Award for U2's "Where The Streets Have No Name" and MTV Music Video Awards for U2's "With or Without You" and Ryuichi Sakamoto and Iggy Pop's "Risky". His commercial clients include Toyota, Pioneer, Lexus and The Los Angeles Times and have received international recognition, most notably the Grand Clio and the Cannes Gold Lion. (2003)
 The All-American Rejects – "Time Stands Still" (2003)
 Matchbox Twenty – "Unwell" (2003)
 Jennifer Lopez – "Baby I Love U!"

masks:
Meiert Avis
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title: Angus Young

texts:
<mask> (born 31 March 1955) is an Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter, and sole constant original member of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his energetic performances, schoolboy-uniform stage outfits, and his own version of Chuck Berry's duckwalk. <mask> was ranked 24th in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 greatest guitarists of all-time list. In 2003, <mask> and the other members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Early life
In the 1950s, <mask>'s father, <mask> (16 February 1911 – 30 May 1985), his mother, Margaret (14 July 1913 – 1988; maiden name also <mask>), and his elder seven siblings lived at 6 Skerryvore Road in the Cranhill district of Glasgow in Scotland. Cranhill was a tough, working-class suburb with high unemployment. Prior to moving to Cranhill, William worked first as a wheel boy in a rope works and then as a machine/saw operator in an asbestos/cement business.In 1940 William joined the Royal Air Force serving in World War II as a flight engine mechanic. After the war William worked as a yard man for a builder and then as a postman. Margaret was a housewife. <mask> spent the first seven years of his life in Cranhill. His siblings were Stephen Crawford (24 June 193313 December 1989), Margaret (2 May 1935 – 11 November 2019), John (17 May 1938), Alexander (28 December 1938 – 4 August 1997), William (1941), George (6 November 1946 – 22 October 2017), and Malcolm (6 January 1953 – 18 November 2017). Music was part of family life. Stephen played the piano accordion and the piano, <mask>'s sister Margaret was passionate about music, John played the guitar, Alexander was an accomplished singer, bass guitarist, and saxophonist who in the early 1960s left for a career in music in Europe, and George and Malcolm eventually became founding members of the Easybeats and AC/DC respectively.Stephen was the father of <mask> who in later years took over from Malcolm in AC/DC. <mask> himself took up the guitar at the age of five or six, receiving one lesson from Alexander, after which he was self-taught. <mask> also learned how to fight on Cranhill's tough streets, and, on one occasion was struck by a car. Prompted by the worst winter on record in Scotland and TV advertisements offering assisted travel for families to immigrate to Australia, William, Margaret, George, Malcolm, and <mask> flew from Scotland to Sydney, Australia in late June 1963. Also aboard were <mask>'s brother Stephen and his family, sister Margaret Horsburgh, and brother William. <mask>'s brother John had migrated to Australia separately. Initially staying at Villawood Migrant Hostel (a site later developed as Villawood Immigration Detention Centre) in Nissen huts, brother George met and became friends with another migrant, Harry Vanda, a relationship that grew into their professional careers in music.<mask>'s family moved into a semi-detached house at 4 Burleigh Street in the Sydney suburb of Burwood. After primary school, <mask> attended Ashfield Boys High School, dropping out at age 15. While at high school, <mask> enjoyed only the art classes. He practised the guitar in his bedroom after school. After high school, <mask> worked at various jobs, including night shifts at a butcher shop. Then he became an apprentice printer. For one week, a soft porn magazine called Ribald moved into the print shop where <mask> worked.<mask> set some type for that magazine, but, despite some claims, was never its employee. <mask> first started playing on a banjo, re-strung with six strings. <mask>'s first guitar was a cheap acoustic model purchased second-hand by his mother. After high school, and with a pay packet, <mask> bought his first Gibson SG second-hand around 1970 from a music shop just down the street from his home: "I got out and got a Gibson SG that I played until it got wood rot because so much sweat and water got into it. The whole neck warped. I bought it second-hand; it was about a '67. It had a real thin neck, really slim, like a Custom neck.It was dark brown." Career

Both <mask> and Malcolm were in a band with George and his music partner Harry Vanda called Marcus Hook Roll Band. The project released an album in Australia called Tales of Old Grand Daddy. Prior to forming AC/DC, <mask> played in a local group called Kantuckee. Kantuckee's line-up included Bob McGlynn (vocals), <mask> (guitar), Jon Stevens (bass), and Trevor James (drums). The band split and was later called Tantrum with the following line up: Mark Sneddon (vocals-guitar), <mask> (guitar), Jon Stevens (bass) and Trevor James (drums). <mask> was 18 when he and Malcolm formed AC/DC in 1973.<mask> was on lead guitar, Malcolm on rhythm guitar, Colin Burgess on drums, Larry Van Kriedt on bass guitar and Dave Evans on vocals. The band had a recording contract with Albert Productions; it had also produced the work of the Easybeats. "Can I Sit Next To You Girl," the band's first single, was later re-recorded with Bon Scott as their vocalist. They decided upon the name AC/DC, suggested by their sister Margaret, who saw the letters "AC/DC" on the back of her sewing machine. <mask> tried a number of stage costumes, such as Spider-Man, Zorro, a gorilla, and a parody of Superman, named Super-Ang, before settling on his signature schoolboy look at the suggestion of his sister. To match this image the press and public were told that <mask> was born in 1959, not 1955. The original uniform was created by his sister Margaret and when it fell apart from wear and tear, he used his uniform from Ashfield Boys High School in Sydney.AC/DC released their debut album,High Voltage, exclusively in Australia on 17 February 1975, along with a single Baby, Please Don't Go / "Love Song". Over the next three years AC/DC cemented themselves as a popular hard rock act, especially in Australia, with the follow-up albums, T.N.T., Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, Let There Be Rock and Powerage. All their albums until this point were produced by <mask>'s brother George in partnership with Harry Vanda. Their 1979 studio album, Highway to Hell, became their best-selling at the time and launched them to new heights of fame. Months after this, Scott died from alcohol poisoning. Questions were raised as to whether the band could continue without him. <mask> and his other bandmates soon decided they should finish the work they had begun for their new album, so they recruited ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson to replace Scott.Five months later, Back in Black was released as a tribute to Scott. It quickly became a huge success, far outselling any of their previous albums, and going on to reach 22x multi-platinum in the US alone, and selling 50 million copies, the second highest-selling album worldwide, behind only Michael Jackson's Thriller. AC/DC's next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, cemented their position as the most popular hard rock act of the time. AC/DC's popularity declined with their next three albums, Flick of the Switch, Fly on the Wall and Blow Up Your Video. AC/DC looked as though they had reached their peak early in the 1980s and by the end of the decade were in decline. <mask> missed the majority of the band's 1988 Blow Up Your Video World Tour to address his drinking problem. He eventually became sober and returned to the band.During his absence he was replaced by his nephew, <mask>. The band's 1990 studio album, The Razors Edge, brought them back into the spotlight, reaching 5x multi-platinum in the US alone and selling between 10 and 12 million copies worldwide. Over the next 10 years AC/DC released two other studio albums, Ballbreaker and Stiff Upper Lip, which confirmed their renewed popularity and success. After a lengthy eight-year hiatus, AC/DC returned with a new studio album, Black Ice, in 2008. Black Ice debuted at number 1 in 29 countries and was certified multi-platinum in 14 of those, becoming one of their most successful albums worldwide, and was followed by a hugely successful world tour. In 2010, AC/DC released an album of songs used for the Iron Man 2 soundtrack they had put together; this reached number one in many countries around the world, including the UK, and number four in the US. <mask> confirmed in 2011 that AC/DC were working on a 16th studio album.In April 2014 Malcolm was forced to leave the band due to ill health, leaving <mask> the sole continuous founding member left in the band. In May it was revealed that <mask>, Malcolm and <mask>'s nephew, would stand in for his uncle to record AC/DC's latest record. In September Malcolm officially retired and Stevie was made AC/DC's official full-time rhythm guitarist. AC/DC released Rock or Bust in the fall of 2014. In March 2016, after the departure of both <mask> and drummer Phil Rudd, AC/DC was set back with yet another departure; long time lead singer Brian Johnson was ordered by doctors to stop performing or face total hearing loss. <mask>, determined to finish what the band started, recruited Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose to stand in for Johnson for the remainder of the Rock or Bust World Tour. On September 30, 2020, the band's official Twitter account announced the pending release of a new album, Power Up, with the lineup of <mask>, <mask>, Brian Johnson, Cliff Williams and Phil Rudd.In 2003, AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll hall of fame and the following year they were ranked number 72 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 greatest artists of all time." VH1 ranked them number 23 on their list of the "100 greatest artists of all time" and number 4 in their list of the "100 greatest artists of hard rock." Personal life
<mask> is married to a Dutch woman named Ellen van Lochem. They own homes in Australia, the UK, and the Netherlands. A heavy smoker, <mask> is a teetotaler and has been all his life. He is a supporter of Rangers F.C. On 24 August 2006, <mask> received Kerrang!magazine's Legend Award from the editor, Paul Brannigan, who called AC/DC "one of the most important and influential rock bands in history". On 16 May 2012, he was named the "Best Australian Guitarist of All Time" in a poll conducted by Australian Guitar Magazine. Equipment

Guitars

<mask> has used Gibson SGs in various forms (his original, and the basis for his current signature model, was a 1969 - 1971 SG Standard) throughout his career. He also used a modified version of the SG called the Jaydee SG, which was made custom for <mask> by Jaydee guitars. At least two of his SGs (whether modified Gibson product or ground-up construction) circa 1977 and the Paris Let There Be Rock tapings featured on-board wireless going to his amplifiers, the circuitry installed in a cavity routed into the back of the body. This practice was discontinued due to the potential for electrical shorts due to sweat, and at least one of these guitars would be repaired and used for the Rock or Bust tour. The Jaydee SG featured signature lightning bolt inlays on the fretboard.Gibson made a custom SG for <mask> with lightning bolt inlays to replace the Jaydee SG. <mask>'s '69 - '71 SG has T Top humbucking pick-ups. Another 1964 SG that he used on the recording of Ballbreaker, has patent # pick-ups. All of these are vintage-output Alnico II or V pick-ups with matched coils typically reading 7.5k - 7.8k DCR. Beginning in 2009, <mask> started fitting Seymour Duncan humbuckers to all of his touring guitars. He uses Ernie Ball Super Slinky guitar strings (.009-.042) and Fender "Extra Heavy" picks. <mask> Young SG
Young and Gibson Guitar Corporation have collaborated to make the Angus Young SG.It features a pick-up designed by <mask> himself (the <mask> Signature Humbucker) in the bridge position, and a '57 Classic Humbucker in the neck. The neck has "lightning bolt" inlays. Amplifiers
<mask> mainly uses Marshall 1959 100 watt Super Lead Plexi heads and model 1960 AX and BX 4x12 cabinets with Celestion G12-65 speakers. Later amplifiers included Marshall JMP 2203 and most recently, Wizard Amplifiers. Early wireless systems, the Schaffer-Vega Diversity System that he would begin using in 1977, was also used as a compressor and a booster in his signal to "fatten up" his tone. Ever since adding it to his rig, it was used on several albums in the studio for chosen rhythm guitar tracks and all lead guitar tracks. Beginning with Rock or Bust, due to the discontinuation of the Schaffer system, <mask>
<mask> has stated that he first began playing guitar when he was "little, teeny. I would sort of dabble around five or six years old. That's when I started hearing Little Richard." In an interview with The Guitar Show, <mask> noted his influences include his brother <mask>, Chuck Berry, Freddie King, and Muddy Waters, while playing licks relating to Jimi Hendrix, Pete Townshend, John Lee Hooker, and the Kinks' "You Really Got Me". <mask> has indicated that he was also influenced by Keith Richards, as well as Chuck Berry's performing style, including his banter with audiences and duck walk. When the band covered Chuck Berry songs in their early years, audiences would recognise the song, while noting their renditions were very different from the source material. Style

<mask>'s playing style is influenced by straight blues playing in both the minor and major pentatonic twelve bar blues-type progressions.In AC/DC's earlier recordings, power chords can be heard in songs such as "T.N.T." and "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". He also utilises touches of Scottish folk in his playing, and pull-off arpeggios (pull-offs played one-handed) are a popular trick, appearing in songs such as "Who Made Who", "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap", "Sin City", and live renditions of "Let There Be Rock". In 1976, the band recorded an instrumental arrangement of the Scottish traditional song "Loch Lomond", retitled "Fling Thing", which has appeared in their stage act over the years. The title refers to the Highland Fling. <mask> occasionally provides backing vocals along with Malcolm on songs such as "T.N.T." and "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap".A common criticism of AC/DC is that their songs are excessively simple and formulaic. In reply, <mask> stated in an interview with the Atlanta Gazette in 1979: "It's just rock and roll. A lot of times we get criticised for it. A lot of music papers come out with: 'When are they going to stop playing these three chords?' If you believe you shouldn't play just three chords it's pretty silly on their part. To us, the simpler a song is, the better, 'cause it's more in line with what the person on the street is." <mask> is famous for his wild onstage antics, such as intense jumps and running back and forth across the stage.Once, he would clamber onto Bon Scott's or Brian Johnson's shoulders during concerts and they would make their way through the audience with smoke streaming from a satchel on <mask>'s back, while he played an extended improvised guitar solo, usually during the song "Rocker" with Scott or "Let There Be Rock" with Johnson. He frequently does his own version of Chuck Berry's duck walk, as well as a "spasm" during which he throws himself to the ground, kicking, shaking, and spinning in circles while playing the guitar. In earlier years he might remove his jacket and shirt mid-song as a form of 'striptease' to the confused bemusement of the crowd. <mask> was advised by older brother George that, if he ever tripped over his guitar cable, to keep playing and make it look like part of the act. <mask> also included a sort of striptease as part of a mid-show ritual, during which he slowly took off his schoolboy outfit, running across the stage to elicit cheers from the audience, culminating in a "mooning" gesture to expose his underwear, generally chosen with the colours of the local flag or occasionally offering a brief glimpse of his bare buttocks. He would then grab his guitar and play the remainder of the show topless. According to AC/DC video director David Mallet, although <mask> performs many of his trademark feats sometimes from a series of platforms, risers, and ramps, he suffers from a fear of heights; this was discovered when Mallet chose to have <mask> lowered from a second story balcony onto a stage floor by wires for the video for "Who Made Who".Discography

Marcus Hook Roll Band
 Tales of Old Grand Daddy (1973 Australia, 1978 America, 2014 international)

AC/DC

 High Voltage (1975, Australia only)
 T.N.T. (1975, Australia only)
 High Voltage (1976, International version)
 Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976)
 Let There Be Rock (1977)
 Powerage (1978)
 If You Want Blood You've Got It (1978)
 Highway to Hell (1979)
 Back in Black (1980)
 For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
 Flick of the Switch (1983)
 Fly on the Wall (1985)
 Who Made Who (1986)
 Blow Up Your Video (1988)
 The Razors Edge (1990)
 Ballbreaker (1995)
 Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
 Black Ice (2008)
 Iron Man 2 (2010)
 Rock or Bust (2014)
 Power Up (2020)

References

External links

 ACDC.com Official Website

1955 births
Living people
AC/DC members
APRA Award winners
Australian multi-instrumentalists
Australian rock guitarists
Kerrang! Awards winners
Lead guitarists
Australian male guitarists
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Cranhill
Musicians from Sydney
Musicians from Glasgow
People from the Sutherland Shire
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Angus
Australian expatriates in the Netherlands
People educated at Ashfield Boys' High School
Marcus Hook Roll Band members
Blues rock musicians

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Angus McKinnon Young
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William Young
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Stevie Young
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Angus Young
Angus Young
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Malcolm Young
Stevie Young
Malcolm Young
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Malcolm Young
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Angus Young
Stevie Young
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Malcolm Young
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title: Alice Fong Yu

texts:
尤方玉屏, <mask> (2 March 1905 -  19 December 2000) was the first Chinese American public school teacher and a community organizer in San Francisco, California. She was a founding member and first president of the Square and Circle Club (方圓社), and was a prominent leader in the San Francisco Chinatown community. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in the small gold-mining town of Washington in Nevada County, California. Her Chinese name was <mask> P'ing, a variation of which she used as a pen name later in life. She was born on March 2, 1905, to Lonnie Tom and <mask> (Suey Chang). While in Washington, <mask> was superintendent of a leased gold mine and also ran a general store for Chinese miners. <mask> was the second of ten children, seven of which were also born in Washington.The youngest three were born after the family moved to Vallejo. The family's eldest child was a son named Theodore, and <mask> <mask>'s younger siblings were Minnie, who often went by Mickey, Taft, Helen, Albert, Marian, Leslie, Martha and Lorraine. After many years of running the mine in Washington and making improvements, <mask> Chow lost the lease when its owners decided to take it back for themselves. Unable to support his family, <mask> Chow relocated to Vallejo, California where he opened The Oriental Market on Georgia Street. <mask> Chow was a progressive and educated Chinese Nationalist, and encouraged all of his children, both daughters and sons, to pursue an education. Encouragement for Chinese girls to get an education and join professions was not standard in Chinese and Chinese American families at the time, though it was more common in Chinese Christian households. All six Fong sisters graduated from college and four of the sisters, including <mask> <mask>, were the first Chinese American women to enter their chosen professional fields.Of these women, <mask> <mask> became the first Chinese American public school teacher and her sisters Mickey, Marian and Martha Fong became the first Chinese American public health nurse, dental hygienist and nursery school teacher respectively. Identity as Chinese American and Christian
<mask> <mask> became familiar with anti-Chinese racial discrimination at a young age. In interviews, <mask> <mask> has recalled being taunted and shunned by white students as a child in Washington. Of the experience she has said:

The Fong siblings found comfort in the words of their parents and in the acceptance of local Christian communities. The Fong parents encouraged their children to take pride in their Chinese heritage, calling their children's tormentors “barbarians” whose taunts shouldn't be allowed to bother them. They assured their children that their people had a rich culture and a long history, and that once they gained an education, they would be looked up to when they returned to China. Once the family moved to Vallejo, they were invited into the Vallejo Christian community.The Presbyterian church first sent a Sunday school teacher to the Vallejo Chinatown to teach the community's children, eventually leading to the Fong's joining the larger, majority-white congregation. This was unusual for the time, and <mask> <mask> has praised the congregation as “ the ones who accepted us in the early days... [and] gave us a chance to intermingle with other races." Both <mask> <mask>'s Chinese heritage and Christian faith would remain strong influences on her life. Together, they would form the bedrock of her future career in community service. <mask> <mask> did not perceive any conflict between these two facets of her identity, and indeed believed that the virtues of both overlapped. According to <mask> <mask>, the teachings of Confucius “'contained all the virtues of Christian teachings'” and “'that only those who were unfamiliar with the heritage of China’s wisdom failed to see that'”. Marriage and family
On December 22, 1940, in Tucson, Arizona, <mask> <mask> married Jon Yong <mask>, a writer and journalist who wrote editorials for the Young China newspaper.The couple met through the Chinese War Relief Association, where <mask> <mask> served as the Square and Circle Club's representative and <mask> served as the organization's secretary and news release writer. They had two sons, Alon and Joal. Jon Yong <mask> died of a sudden illness in 1966, while the couple was on a trip to Asia to visit members of Jon's family that he had not been able to see in decades. Career as an Educator

After graduating from high school in 1923, <mask> <mask> moved to San Francisco to attend the San Francisco State Teachers College. When she had applied in 1922, she was personally introduced the president of the college, Dr. Frederic Lister Burke. This introduction was made by the head of the local Red Cross, whom she had worked with and impressed with her fundraising work for the YWCA Girls Reserve. She was initially denied admission to the college, being told by Dr. Burke that she would not be hired for a teaching job anywhere in the country because she was Chinese.<mask> <mask>, frustrated because “”[She'd] faced so much discrimination’”, told Dr. Burke that she has no intention of staying in the US, and was instead planning on moving to China to “’teach my people’”. This convinced Dr. Burke to admit <mask> <mask> to the program, and she graduated in 1926. Commodore Stockton Elementary School
<mask> <mask> never moved to China to teach, and instead was hired directly after her graduation by Commodore Stockton Elementary School (formerly known as the Oriental Public School). Commodore Stockton was the required primary school for Chinese children in San Francisco at the time. However, before <mask> <mask>’s hiring, the school had no Chinese speaking teachers. The school’s new principal recognized the need to rectify this language barrier and hired <mask> <mask> as the first Chinese American to teach in the San Francisco public school system. <mask> <mask> continued to experience discrimination throughout her time at Commodore Stockton.While she was hired as a schoolteacher, she was often required to serve in many different administrative and non-classroom roles. Her ability to speak Chinese, unlike the rest of the school staff, led her to be asked to fulfill almost all the duties that are required to run school, including those of an assistant principal, a translator, councilor, a nurse and a social worker. Despite 31 years of teaching experience, <mask> <mask> was never promoted and only received the salary of a normal teacher. <mask> <mask> was offered the position of principal in the 1950s near the end of her career at Commodore Stockton, but she turned the position down in order to care for her child and her husband who were experiencing health difficulties. During her time at Commodore Stockton, <mask> <mask> worked to help her students navigate the bi-cultural experience of being Chinese American as her family had done for her. In a 1926 article by the San Francisco Examiner, <mask> <mask> explained that she believed that "'the Chinese boy or girl who wants to make a good American citizen cannot be one unless he retains the fineness and restraint of his own race," something that she "'[tried] to make plain to all the girls and boys I teach". To that end, she "'sought to show her students how to manage a dual culture, [not only appreciating] their ancient Chinese culture but also learning how to be modern and progressive.'”

Speech Therapy
<mask> <mask>'s youngest son, Joal, was born with cerebral palsy due to complications in childbirth. Seeking to help her son face the challenges of his condition, <mask> <mask> enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, and took courses in speech therapy. She received her certification in 1957 and was then commissioned to teach speech therapy in schools throughout the San Francisco area. Until her retirement in 1970, <mask> <mask> served as the speech correction teacher-at large for many San Francisco schools. <mask> <mask> recalled that she "'was sent to different schools, on a different route every day, five days a week'" as her "'special assignment up to [her] retirement'". During her years as a speech therapist, <mask> <mask> began the practice of grouping students with the same speech problem and teaching them together. According to <mask> <mask>, this method of speech therapy made the children "'more comfortable – not singled out, not awful... just kids with something they need to learn, can learn.'”

Community leader and activist
In addition to her work in the San Francisco public school system, <mask> <mask> was a noted community leader and activist. She was involved with many Chinatown organizations including the Square and Circle Club, Chinese Needlework Guild, the YWCA, and the Lake Tahoe Christian Conference. She also contributed to the Chinese Digest, a progressive Chinese language newspaper founded in 1935. By the time <mask> <mask> was in her early 30s, she had already developed a reputation as a community organizer who was ready and willing to take on whatever project San Framcisco Chinatown had a need for. Later in life, <mask> <mask> recalled that "'being so useful in the community, they put me in everything,'" and that "'[she] was always the superintendent wherever [she] went'". The Square and Circle Club
In 1924, <mask> <mask> and six other young women who were members of the Chinese Congregational Church founded the Square and Circle Club, the oldest Chinese women's service organization in the United States. <mask> <mask> served as the club's first president.The immediate impetus behind the club's creation was to raise money for flood and famine victims in China. However, the founding members had long spoke about ways to better their community and perform public service, and also organized the club to serve these more long-term objectives. Of the club and its founding goals, <mask> <mask> has said that at the time, "so much community service had to be done, and nobody was doing it... We felt that we could bring women together and use our talents, our energy, and be more loving and caring in doing things for the community"". <mask> <mask> advocated for the women of the Square and Circle Club to be allowed to perform community service work that was previously the domain of Chinatown men's organizations. Regarding the organizations' first benefit dance organized to fundraise for Chinese Flood and Famine Relief, <mask> <mask> was quoted by a local newspaper as saying, "Usually the Chinese Chamber of Commerce or the Six Companies are in charge of these charitable and public affairs... But we wanted to help, too. American girls can do these things.Why shouldn't we?'" In this way, <mask> <mask> was a vital part in starting the Square and Circle Club's tradition of community service, leadership, sisterhood and pride that has impacted several generations of Chinese and Asian American women. Journalism and Writing
<mask> <mask> was a prolific journalist, writing many opinion and lifestyle articles that spoke on many political, social, and day-to-day issues of her time. Some of her earlier writing was published in the Chinese Christian Student, which was the official newspaper of the Chinese Christian Student Organization (CSCA). However, it wasn't until 1937 that she began writing her own regular column for the Chinese Digest aimed at Chinese American women entitled the "Jade Box”. For this column, she wrote under the pen name “Lady P’ing” and later “Lady P’ing <mask>” after her marriage. This was a reference to her Chinese name, <mask> <mask> P’ing, though she used different Chinese characters in her pen name.Through the “Jade Box”, <mask> <mask> offered advice on fashion, recipes, men, and marriage alongside political and social commentary regarding issues of race, women's issues and American life. <mask> <mask> often used the “Jade Box” as an extension of the community activism and advocacy she performed in other part of her life. For example, when the Square and Circle Club was rejected from the Federation of Women's Clubs on racial grounds, <mask> <mask> wrote about this act of discrimination in her column, connecting it to the larger phenomenon of anti- Chinese racism. She also often used her column to advocate more generally for the rights of women, particularly Chinese American women, to be seen and treated as equals by their male counterparts. Finally, with the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the later entrance of the United States into WWII, <mask> <mask> often wrote in support of strikes, fundraisers, and anti-Japanese boycotts that she was involved in through organizations like the Square and Circle Club and the Chinese War Relief Association. Under her leadership, the Square and Circle Club was the major player in the “Non-Silk Movement”, a nationwide boycott of Japanese silk stockings. During this time, the “Jade Box” praised Chinatown merchants who “submitted to the coercion of group conscience and have openly stopped their trade with the Japanese” and admonished women who did not join the “Non- Silk Movement”.In response to a letter written to the column criticizing Chinese American women who did not support the boycott, the column agreed and openly criticized women who “weep openly and sicken over the ghastly reports on the rape of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers, and yet feel no shame to have their money go to support these soldiers on Chinese soil by continuing to buy Japan[ese] silk.”

However, despite her criticism of women who did not support the boycott, <mask> <mask>'s general approach to war was from a feminist and pacifist perspective. She was of the opinion that women knew better than men about the horrors of war. This was because she felt women in wartime experienced the “piecemeal” and heart-wrenching deaths of their sons and loved ones over time, while men are often sold the myth of the glorious sacrifice of war. In her mind, “war was neither right nor reasonable” and saw efforts to support China in the war against Japan as means to “banish war from the face of the earth". Chinese Needlework Guild
While she was teaching at Commodore Stockton Elementary School, <mask> <mask> worked to help her students' families if they were in need. One way she accomplish this was by establishing the Chinese chapter of the Needlework Guild. This group was started partially because many of her students' parents could not speak English well enough to participate in the Commodore Stockton PTA.In response to this issue, <mask> <mask> started her chapter of the Needlework Guild to serve as an alternative PTA. This group provided shoes and clothes to children in Chinatown, as well as provided a space for Chinese mothers to sew for their own children. <mask> <mask> has described the guild as a place where she and other Chinese women “'got together to sew and talk about things,'” and that “'whenever [the group] found out about an impoverished family, we would help them to get on welfare'”. In this way, <mask> <mask> used her position at Commodore Stockton to support Chinatown families in need. YWCA
<mask> <mask> worked with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) at many points in her life. Her career in public service started in the YWCA Girls Reserve during her teenage years. In her adult life, <mask> <mask> became highly involved in the San Francisco Chinatown YWCA, acting as "forum leader, fund raiser, and den mother".In her role as the YWCA's first house mother, <mask> <mask> ran a Friday breakfast club and started a Bible class for Sunday School teachers. She also participated in and facilitated activities to help second-generation women acclimate to life in the United States, including language classes, social dinners, sports, and group discussions on topics such as race prejudice, Chinese culture, current events, marriage, and parenting. Lake Tahoe Chinese Young People's Christian Conference
In 1932, inspired by their experiences at YMCA and YWCA conferences, <mask> <mask> joined with two other politically active Chinese American Christians, <mask> <mask>'s future brother-in-law Ira Lee and the future Chinese Methodist minister Edwar Lee, to organize a liberal Christian conference for Chinese American youth. These plans would come to fruition in 1933, when the trio was able to organize what would become the first annual Lake Tahoe Chinese Young People's Christian Conference, known colloquially as simply the "Tahoe Conferences". Although the Tahoe Conferences had their origins in Church organizations and discussed Christian issues, non-Christians were encouraged to attend and the conferences were not meant to proselytize. Instead, the Tahoe Conferences provided a space for second generation Chinese Americans to meet, socialize, and discuss social and political issues as a larger community outside of their local Chinatowns. These conferences would become annual events in the Chinese American community that would meet through the 1960s, and then continue on as a family conference into the early 2000s.Tahoe conference participants, or "Tahoeites", would go on create several offshoot organizations and events inspired by their experiences at the conferences. One of these offshoot organizations was an East Coast variation on the Tahoe Conferences held at the Silver Bay Conference Grounds at Lake George, New York. These conferences were organized by "Tahoeites" George Kan, Eddie Leong Way, and Paul Louie, and were held from the early 1940s to the 1960s. <mask> <mask> also created her own offshoot organization called "The Chinese Young People's Forum". This interdenominational organization met at the Donalinda Cameron House to discuss issues affecting the San Francisco Chinatown community. <mask>'s legacy

In 1996 San Francisco's Chinese immersion school was named <mask> Fong <mask> Alternative School in <mask>'s honor. At the San Francisco Jazz Festival in October 2007, composer and jazz pianist Jon Jang performed the world premiere of "Unbound Chinatown: A Musical Tribute to <mask> <mask> Jang called the piece a "musical portrait" of <mask>'s experience as an activist in the late-1930s.External links
Alice Fong Yu Alternative School
America Media – UpFront: Harriet Tubman, <mask> <mask>, After the Quake

References

American academics
1905 births
2000 deaths
San Francisco State University alumni

masks:
Alice Fong Yu
Alice Fong Yu
Alice Fong
Fong Yu
Fong Chow
Fong Chow
Fong Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Fong
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Alice Fong
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Alice Fong
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Fong
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Fong
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Alice Fong
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Chang Yu
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Chang Yu
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