title: Jane Jacobs

texts:
 of Great American Cities is her single-most influential book and, possibly, the most influential book on urban planning and cities. Published in 1961, this book was widely read by both planning professionals and the general public. The book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed, destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. In the book, she celebrates the diversity and complexity of old-mixed use neighborhoods while lamenting the monotony and sterility of modern planning. <mask> advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of free markets in land, which would result in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and she frequently cited New York City's Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community. Robert Caro has cited it as the strongest influence on The Power Broker, his Pulitzer-winning biography of Robert Moses, although Caro does not mention <mask> by name in the book despite <mask>'s battles with Moses over his proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway.Caro reportedly cut a chapter about <mask> due to his book's length. Beyond the practical lessons in city design and planning that Death and Life offers, the theoretical underpinnings of the work challenge the modern development mindset. <mask> defends her positions with common sense and anecdotes. The Economy of Cities
The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers of economic development. Her main argument is that explosive economic growth derives from urban import replacement. Import replacement is the process of producing goods locally that formerly were imported, e.g., Tokyo bicycle factories replacing Tokyo bicycle importers in the 1800s. <mask> claims that import replacement builds up local infrastructure, skills, and production.<mask> also claims that the increased production is subsequently exported to other cities, giving those other cities a new opportunity to engage in import replacement, thus producing a positive cycle of growth. In an interview with Bill Steigerwald in Reason Magazine, <mask> said that if she is remembered for being a great intellectual she will be remembered not for her work concerning city planning, but for the discovery of import replacement. Critics erroneously claim that her ideas parrot the idea of import substitution advanced earlier by scholars such as Andre Gunder Frank. Import substitution was a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production, the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called urban import substitution. However, even this would lead to confusion since in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas <mask>'s concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. In the second part of the book, <mask> argues that cities preceded agriculture. She argues that in cities trade in wild animals and grains allowed for the initial division of labor necessary for the discovery of husbandry and agriculture; these discoveries then moved out of the city due to land competition.Another interpretation of history, generally and erroneously considered to be contradictory to <mask>'s is supported by Marxist archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe and in recent times, by another historical materialist Charles Keith Maisels These writers argue that agriculture preceded cities. The apparent opposition between Childe and <mask> theories rests in their definition of 'city', 'civilization', or 'urban'. Childe, like other materialists such as Maisels or Henri Lefebvre defines 'urban' or 'civilization' as Synoecism—as a literate, socially stratified, monolithic political community, whereas, as one can see from The Economy of Cities or from Cities and the Wealth of Nations, <mask> defines the city purely along the lines of geographically dense trade giving way to entrepreneurial discovery and subsequent improvements in the division of labor. Without the requirements of literacy, monumental building, or the signs of specialized civil and armed forces, 'cities' can be accurately be interpreted to exists thousands of years before when Childe and Maisels place them. However, the <mask> definition is supposition, since 'city' is defined simply as a large town or "a large human settlement" indicating permanence. The earliest remains of mankind uncovered by archaeologists do not give us more information other than that they were hunter-gatherers as there is no evidence yet of farming or settlement, implying nomadic lifestyles until further discoveries are found. The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty The Question of Separatism incorporated and expanded <mask>'s presentation of the 1979 Massey Lectures, entitled Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association.It was published in 1980 and reprinted in 2011 with a previously-unpublished 2005 interview with Robin Philpot on the subject in which she evokes the relative overlooking of that book among her usual readership. This was the first time <mask> was requested to discuss it in an interview. Columnist Richard Gwyn advanced that while not openly criticizing her, English-speaking Canadians readers thought she did not understood how Canadian politics worked and that she was not being helpful in a time of distress for national unity (the 1980 referendum was just defeated by a vote of 60%). The Question of Separatism was also not mentioned in the bibliography of her 2006 obituary in The Globe and Mail. <mask>'s book advances the view that Quebec's eventual independence is best for Montreal, Toronto, the rest of Canada, and the world; and that such independence can be achieved peacefully. As precedent, she cites Norway's secession from Sweden and how it enriched both nations. The origins of the contemporary secessionist-movement in the Quiet Revolution are examined, along with Canada's historical reliance on natural resources and foreign-owned manufacturing for its own economic development.<mask> asserts that such an approach is colonial and hence backward, citing by example, Canada buying its skis and furniture from Norway or Norwegian-owned factories in Canada, the latter procedure being a product of Canadian tariffs designed specifically to foster such factories. The relevant public views of René Lévesque, Claude Ryan, and then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau are also critically analyzed, an example being their failure to recognize that two respective, independent currencies are essential to the success of an independent Quebec and a smaller resultant Canada, an issue that is central to her book. <mask> stresses the need for Montreal to continue developing its leadership of Québécois culture, but that ultimately, such a need can never be fulfilled by Montreal's increasing tendencies toward regional-city status, tendencies foretelling economic, political, and cultural subservience to English-speaking Toronto. Such an outcome, <mask> believed, would in the long run doom Quebec's independence as much as it would hinder Canada's own future. She concludes with her observation that the popular equating of political secession with political and economic failure is the result of the Enlightenment, which perceived nature as a force for "standardization, uniformity, universality, and immutability." Since then, naturalists and their readers have gradually realized that nature is a force for diversity, and that, "diversity itself is of the essence of excellence." The right kind of secession, <mask> states, can lead to the right kind of diversity, and Quebec and Canada are capable of both, and must achieve both, to survive.Cities and the Wealth of Nations Cities and the Wealth of Nations attempts to do for economics what The Death and Life of Great American Cities did for modern urban planning, although it has not received the same critical attention. Beginning with a concise treatment of classical economics, this book challenges one of the fundamental assumptions of the greatest economists. Classical (and Neo-classical) economists consider the nation-state to be the main player in macroeconomics. <mask> argues that it is not the nation-state, rather it is the city that is the true player in this worldwide game. She restates the idea of import replacement from her earlier book The Economy of Cities, while speculating on the further ramifications of considering the city first and the nation second, or not at all. Systems of Survival Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics moves outside of the city, studying the moral underpinnings of work. As with her other work, she used an observational approach.This book is written as a Platonic dialogue. It appears that she (as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippings of moral judgments related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral behavior that were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns "Moral Syndrome A", or commercial moral syndrome, and "Moral Syndrome B", or guardian moral syndrome. She claims that the commercial moral syndrome is applicable to business owners, scientists, farmers, and traders. Similarly, she claims that the guardian moral syndrome is applicable to government, charities, hunter-gatherers, and religious institutions. She also claims that these Moral Syndromes are fixed, and do not fluctuate over time. It is important to stress that <mask> is providing a theory about the morality of work, and not all moral ideas.Moral ideas that are not included in her system are applicable to both syndromes. <mask> goes on to describe what happens when these two moral syndromes are mixed, showing the work underpinnings of the Mafia and communism, and what happens when New York subway police are paid bonuses here – reinterpreted slightly as a part of the larger analysis. The Nature of Economies The Nature of Economies, a dialog between friends concerning the premise: "human beings exist wholly within nature as part of the natural order in every respect" (p. ix), argues that the same principles underlie both ecosystems and economies: "development and co-development through differentiation and their combinations; expansion through diverse, multiple uses of energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling" (p. 82). <mask> also comments on the nature of economic and biological diversity and its role in the development and growth of the two kinds of systems. <mask>'s characters discuss the four methods by which "dynamically stable systems" may evade collapse: "bifurcations; positive-feedback loops; negative-feedback controls; and emergency adaptations" (p. 86). Their conversations also cover the "double nature of fitness for survival" (traits to avoid destroying one's own habitat as well as success in competition to feed and breed, p. 119), and unpredictability including the butterfly effect characterized in terms of multiplicity of variables as well as disproportional response to cause, and self-organization where "a system can be making itself up as it goes along" (p. 137). The book is infused with many real-world economic and biological examples, which help keep the book "down to earth" and comprehensible, if dense.Concepts are furnished with both economic and biological examples, showing their coherence in both worlds. One particularly interesting insight is the creation of "something from nothing" – an economy from nowhere. In the biological world, free energy is given through sunlight, but in the economic world human creativity and natural resources supply this free energy, or at least starter energy. Another interesting insight is the creation of economic diversity through the combination of different technologies, for example the typewriter and television as inputs and outputs of a computer system: this can lead to the creation of "new species of work". Dark Age Ahead

Published in 2004 by Random House, Dark Age Ahead posits <mask>'s argument that "North American" civilization shows signs of a spiral decline comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire. Her discussion focuses on "five pillars of our culture that we depend on to stand firm", which can be summarized as the nuclear family and community; quality in education; free thought in science; representational government and responsible taxes; and corporate and professional accountability. As the title of this book suggests, <mask>'s outlook is far more pessimistic than that of her previous works.However, in the conclusion she admits: "At a given time it is hard to tell whether forces of cultural life or death are in the ascendancy. Is suburban sprawl, with its murders of communities and wastes of land, time, and energy, a sign of decay? Or is rising interest in means of overcoming sprawl a sign of vigor and adaptability in North American culture? Arguably, either could turn out to be true." While <mask> idealized U.S. democracy, Dark Age Ahead echoes the skepticism and disappointment that led to her emigration to Canada in 1968. Later, she would indicate that North American cultures, among others, were grounded in a "plantation mentality" that was culturally and ecologically unsustainable. Orthodox urbanism
<mask> asserts in her work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, that the sources of orthodox urbanism are:
 Garden Cities of Tomorrow, Ebenezer Howard
 The Culture of Cities, Lewis Mumford
 Cities in Evolution, Sir Patrick Geddes
 Modern Housing, Catherine Bauer
 Toward New Towns for America, Clarence Stein
 Nothing Gained by Overcrowding, Sir Raymond Unwin
 The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, Le Corbusier

 Writings
 Constitutional chaff; rejected suggestions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, with explanatory argument Compiled by <mask>ner, (1941) Columbia University Press; Compiled by <mask> (Née Butzner), Reprinted 1970 by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York.The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) New York: Random House. The Economy of Cities (1969)
 The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty (1980 Random House and 2011 Baraka Books)
 Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1985)
 The Girl on the Hat (Children's Book Illustrated by Karen Reczuch), (June 1990) Oxford University Press. Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (1992)
 A Schoolteacher in Old Alaska – The Story of Hannah Breece (1995) Random House of Canada. The Nature of Economies (2000) New York: Random House, The Modern Library. Dark Age Ahead (2004)
 Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of <mask>'' (2016) New York: Random House. See also
 David Crombie
 Fred Gardiner
 Innovation Economics
 Urban secession
 Urban vitality

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 <mask>'s Order of Canada Citation
 <mask>'s Papers at John J. Burns Library, Boston College
 Jane Jacobs Oral History, 1997  Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation

 <mask>'s Legacy, City Journal online, July 31, 2009

1916 births
2006 deaths
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title: James Brian Tait

type: original

texts:
Group Captain <mask>Willie" <mask>,  (9 December 1916 – 31 August 2007) was an officer in the Royal Air Force during and after the Second World War. He conducted 101 bombing missions during the war, including the one that finally sank the German battleship Tirpitz in 1944. He succeeded Leonard Cheshire as commander of the famous 617 Squadron and with six gallantry decorations to his name, remains one of the most distinguished airmen in the history of the nations of the British Commonwealth. Early career
<mask> was born in Manchester and educated at Wellingborough School. After visiting a Schneider Trophy event in 1928, he decided to join the RAF. He graduated from the RAF College Cranwell and was commissioned as a pilot officer in the RAF on 1 August 1936 and joined No. 51 Squadron RAF, flying Whitley bombers.He was promoted to flying officer on 1 February 1938. Second World War
Tait was active on bombing operations with 51 Squadron in 1940, including several long-distance raids on Berlin and the first British air raid on Italy, crossing the Alps to bomb Turin, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 February 1940. By the end of the year, he was commanding 51 Squadron. On 10 February 1941, he led the aircraft involved in Operation Colossus flying from Malta to drop paratroops in southern Italy. For this mission, he was awarded the DSO. He was given a temporary promotion to squadron leader on 1 March 1941, which was later made substantive with the same seniority.After Colossus, Tait joined 35 Squadron, the first squadron to be equipped with Handley Page Halifaxes. He was awarded the first bar to his DSO for his exploits in leading a daylight raid on Kiel on 30 June 1941. He was mentioned in despatches in September 1941. Tait was rested from operations and posted to a training unit, but managed nevertheless to fly on the three "Thousand Bomber Raids" in early 1942. In mid-1942, <mask> was appointed to command No. 78 Squadron RAF and was mentioned in despatches during his period in command. He was made a temporary wing commander on 1 June 1942.In March 1944, he became base operations commander at RAF Waddington where he continued to fly missions with RAAF Lancaster crews despite holding a non-flying job. He was given a substantive promotion to wing commander on 1 March 1944. He returned to operational duties in May 1944, becoming Master Bomber of 5 Group. His service in this role resulted in his being awarded a second bar to his DSO. He succeeded Leonard Cheshire as commander of No. 617 Squadron RAF in July 1944. 617 Squadron, the famous "Dambusters" squadron, specialised in low-level target marking and precision attacks.Under his command, the squadron bombed a series of V-1 storage sites and V-2 launching sites using Barnes Wallis's "Tallboy" 12,000 lb earthquake bomb. <mask> was awarded a bar to his DFC for pressing home a low-level attack in a daylight raid on the Kembs Barrage in Alsace against fierce defensive fire despite having a damaged aircraft. On 15 September 1944, <mask> led a force of 37 Avro Lancaster bombers of 617 Squadron and 9 Squadron on Operation Paravane. Flying from an airfield at Yagodnik, near Arkhangelsk on the Kola Peninsula in northern Russia, they attacked the German battleship Tirpitz, in the Kaa Fjord. Despite smoke obscuring the target, the Tirpitz was so severely damaged the German High Command decided the ship could not be restored to seaworthiness. Tirpitz was therefore moved to Tromsø so its armament could be used as defensive artillery against an anticipated Allied invasion. The Germans were able to keep the ship's lack of seaworthiness a secret and so its destruction remained a high priority.<mask> led his force in a second attack on 28 October named Operation Obviate, this time from RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland (the ship's move having brought her within range). This raid was unsuccessful because of the heavy cloud obscuring the target shortly before the bombers arrived. On 12 November, <mask> led his force against the Tirpitz for a third and final raid, Operation Catechism. The Luftwaffe failed to intercept the British bombers, and three direct hits by "Tallboy" bombs left the ship capsized west of Tromsø, in the bay of Håkøybotn. In mid-December 1944, <mask>, having completed 101 missions, was grounded and assigned to train Canadian bomber crews. Like his predecessor at No. 617 Squadron, he was recommended for the Victoria Cross for his "sustained gallantry" over almost five years of operations.However, unlike Cheshire, he was awarded the third bar to his DSO. The citation for this award, published in a supplement to the London Gazette in January 1945, reads:

Post-war career
Tait remained in the RAF after the war, initially reverting to the rank of squadron leader. He was re-promoted to wing commander in 1947 (back-dated to October 1946). He served in South East Asia, India, the Middle East, and Singapore. He commanded RAF Coningsby, was promoted to group captain in 1953, appointed Aide-de-camp to the Queen in 1959, and retired from the RAF in 1964. He retrained as a computer programmer, and joined ICL as a technical representative, working in Eastern Europe. After a period with a haulage company, he became an investment adviser with Scottish Widows.He finally retired in 1981. He married Betty Plummer in 1945. They had met during the war when she was an officer in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. She died in 1990. Tait died on 31 August 2007; he was survived by his son and two daughters. Footnotes

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People from Manchester
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People educated at Wellingborough School

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title: Rod Laver

texts:
<mask>  (born 9 August 1938) is an Australian former tennis player. <mask> was the World No. 1 ranked professional in some sources in 1964, in all sources from 1965 to 1969 and in some sources in 1970, spanning four years before and three years after the start of the Open Era in 1968. He also was ranked the world No. 1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay and 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. <mask>'s 198  singles titles are the most in tennis history. This included his all-time men's record of 10 or more titles per year for seven consecutive years (1964–70).He excelled on all of the court surfaces of his time: grass, clay, hard, carpet, and wood. <mask> won 11 Grand Slam singles titles, though he was banned from playing those tournaments for the five years prior to the Open Era. <mask> is the only player, male or female, to win a Grand Slam (winning all four major titles in the same calendar year) twice in singles, in 1962 and 1969; the latter remains the only time a man has done so in the Open Era. He is second of four male players to win each major title twice (preceded by Roy Emerson and followed by Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal). <mask> also won eight Pro Slam titles, including the "pro Grand Slam" in 1967, and he contributed to five Davis Cup titles for Australia during an age when the Davis Cup was deemed as significant as the four majors. The Laver Cup tournament and the <mask> Arena are named after him. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, on 9 August 1938.He was the third of four children of <mask>, a cattleman and butcher, and his wife Melba Roffey. In 1966, <mask>, aged 27, married Mary Benson in San Rafael, California. Born Mary Shelby Peterson in Illinois, she was a divorcee with three children. After their wedding ceremony, a group of well-known tennis players in attendance, including Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall, Roy Emerson, Mal Anderson and Barry MacKay, stood outside the church with raised tennis rackets that formed an archway for the newlyweds to walk under. <mask> and Mary had a son and the family lived at various locations in California including Rancho Mirage, Corona del Mar, a ranch near Santa Barbara and Carlsbad. <mask> died in November 2012 at the age of 84 at their home in Carlsbad. Career

Amateur (1956–62)
<mask> was a teenager when he left school to pursue a tennis career that lasted 24 years.He was coached in Queensland by Charlie Hollis and later by the Australian Davis Cup team captain Harry Hopman, who gave <mask> the nickname "Rocket". <mask> was both Australian and US Junior champion in 1957. He had his breakthrough on the world stage in 1959, when he reached all three finals at Wimbledon, winning the mixed doubles title with Darlene Hard. As an unseeded player, he lost the singles final to Peruvian Alex Olmedo after surviving an 87-game semifinal against American Barry MacKay. His first major singles title was the Australian Championships in 1960, where he defeated fellow Australian Neale Fraser in a five-set final after coming back from two sets down and saving a Fraser championship point in the fourth set. <mask> captured his first Wimbledon singles crown in 1961 beating Chuck McKinley in straight sets in the final, which lasted just 53 minutes (one of the shortest men's singles Wimbledon finals on record). <mask> was ranked the world No.1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay. In 1962, <mask> became the first male player since Don Budge in 1938 to win all four Grand Slam singles titles in the same year. He won an additional 18 titles, for a season total of 22. Among those titles were the Italian Championships and the German Championships, giving <mask> the "clay court triple" of Paris, Rome, and Hamburg that had been achieved previously only by Lew Hoad in 1956. At the Australian championships, <mask> beat Roy Emerson in the final. The biggest hurdle to <mask>'s winning the Grand Slam was the French Championships on slow clay, where <mask> won three consecutive five-setters beginning with the quarterfinals. In his quarterfinal with Martin Mulligan, <mask> saved a matchpoint in the fourth set with a backhand volley after coming to the net behind a second serve.In the final, <mask> lost the first two sets and was down 0–3 in the fourth set before coming back to defeat Emerson. At Wimbledon, his progress was much easier. <mask> lost only one set the whole tournament, to Manuel Santana in a quarterfinal, who held a set point for a two set lead. In the final, <mask> beat Mulligan in 52 minutes (a minute shorter than the previous year's final). At the US Championships, <mask> lost only two sets during the tournament and defeated Emerson again in the final. <mask> was ranked world number one amateur for 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. In February 1963, he appeared on the panel game show To Tell the Truth, where all four panelists identified him based on his knowledge of the history of tennis.Professional

Before the Open Era (1963–68)
In December 1962 <mask> turned professional after winning the Davis Cup with the Australian team. After an initial period of adjustment he quickly established himself among the leading professional players such as Ken Rosewall, Lew Hoad and Andrés Gimeno, and also Pancho Gonzales when Gonzales returned to a full-time schedule in 1964. During the next seven years, <mask> won the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships five times, including four in a row beginning in 1966. In the beginning of 1963, <mask> was beaten consistently by both Rosewall and Hoad on an Australasian tour. Hoad won the first eight matches against <mask>, and Rosewall won 11 out of 13. However, <mask> won the best-of-five set matches against Rosewall at Kooyong Stadium and at Adelaide's Memorial Stadium.By the end of the year, with six tournament titles, <mask> had become the No. 2 professional player behind Rosewall. In the first phase of the World Series tour, <mask> finished second, with a 25–16 record. The top two players Rosewall and <mask> then played a series of matches against each other to determine the champion. Rosewall won 14–4. Laver's gross earnings for 1963 were first among the pro players. In 1964, <mask> and Rosewall both won seven important titles (in minor tournaments <mask> won four and Rosewall won three), but <mask> won 17 of 24 matches against Rosewall and captured the two most prestigious titles, the US Pro Championships over Gonzales and the Wembley Championships over Rosewall.In Tennis Week, Raymond Lee described the Wembley match, where <mask> came from 5–3 down in the fifth set to win 8–6, as possibly their best ever and one that changed tennis history. Lee regards this win as the one that began and established <mask>'s long reign as world number one. The other prestige title, the French pro, was won by Rosewall. Rosewall finished top of the official points table in 1964 and after winning at Wembley, <mask> said "I’ve still plenty of ambitions left and would like to be the world's No. 1. Despite this win, I am not there yet – Ken is." In 1965, <mask> was clearly the No.1 professional player, winning 17 titles and 13 of 18 matches against Rosewall. In ten finals, <mask> won eight against the still dangerous Gonzales. <mask> won the Wembley Pro, beating Gimeno in the final. In 1966, <mask> won 16 events, including the US Pro Championships (beating Rosewall in a five-set final), the Wembley Pro Championship (beating Rosewall easily in the final), and eight other important tournaments. In 1967, <mask> won 19 titles, including the Wimbledon Pro (beating Rosewall in straight sets in the final), the US Pro Championships (beating Gimeno in the final), the Wembley Pro Championships (beating Rosewall in the final), and the French Pro Championship (beating Gimeno in the final), which gave him a clean sweep of the four most important professional titles, a professional Grand Slam. The Wimbledon Pro tournament in 1967 was the only professional event ever staged on Wimbledon's Centre Court before the Open Era began. During the Open Era (1968–76)
With the dawn of the Open Era in 1968, professional players were once again allowed to compete in Grand Slam events.<mask> became Wimbledon's first Open Era champion in 1968, beating the best amateur, American Arthur Ashe, in a semifinal and fellow-Australian Tony Roche in the final, both in straight sets. <mask> was also the runner-up to Ken Rosewall in the first French Open. In this first "open" year, there were only eight open events besides Wimbledon and the French Open, where professionals, registered players, and amateurs could compete against each other. The professionals mainly played their own circuit, with two groups – National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championships Tennis (WCT) – operating. <mask> was ranked No. 1 universally, winning the US Professional Championships on grass and the French Pro Championship on clay (both over John Newcombe). <mask> also won the last big open event of the year, the Pacific Southwest in Los Angeles on hard courts.Ashe regarded <mask>'s 4–6, 6–0, 6–0 final win over Ken Rosewall as one of his finest performances. <mask>'s post-match comment was, "This is the kind of match you always dream about. The kind you play at night in your sleep." <mask> ranked No. 1 for 1968 by the panel of journalists for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, by a panel of 15 journalists, by World Tennis, by Lance Tingay, by Rino Tommasi, by Bud Collins and by The Times. In 1969, <mask> won all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year for the second time, sealing the achievement with a four-set win over Roche in the US Open final. He won 18 of the 32 singles tournaments he entered (still the Open Era titles record) and compiled a 106–16 win-loss record.In beating Newcombe in four sets in the Wimbledon final, he captured the title at the All England Club for the fourth consecutive time that he had entered the tournament (and reached the final for the sixth consecutive time as he had been runner-up in 1959 and 1960). He set a record of 31 consecutive match victories at Wimbledon between 1961 and 1970, which lasted until 1980 when it was eclipsed by Björn Borg. Unlike his first Grand Slam year in 1962, <mask> in 1969 played in events open to all the best professional and amateur players of the world. In the year's Grand Slam tournaments, <mask> had five five-set-matches, twice coming back from two sets down in early rounds. In the four finals, however, he lost a total of only two sets. His hardest match was a marathon 90-game semifinal against Roche at the Australian Open under tropical hot conditions. Other opponents at the Australian Open included Roy Emerson, Fred Stolle, and Andrés Gimeno.At the French Open, <mask> beat Gimeno, Tom Okker, and Rosewall. At Wimbledon, <mask> overcame strong challenges from Stan Smith, Cliff Drysdale, Ashe, and Newcombe. At the US Open on slippery grass courts, he defeated Dennis Ralston, Emerson, Ashe, and Roche. <mask> proved his versatility by winning the Grand Slam tournaments on grass and clay, plus the two most important hard court titles (South African Open at Ellis Park, Johannesburg and the US Professional Championships at Boston) and the leading indoor tournaments (Philadelphia US Pro Indoor and Wembley British Indoor). <mask> ranked No. 1 for 1969 by the panel of 13 international journalists for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, by Tingay, by Collins,, by Tommasi, and by World Tennis. In the early 1970s, <mask> lost his grip on the major tournaments.He played only five Grand Slam tournaments from 1970 through 1972. This was partly because of his contracts with NTL and WCT. But on the WCT tours, he remained the leading player and by far the leading prize money winner. In 1970, <mask> won 15 titles and US$201,453 in prize money, including the rich "Tennis Champions Classic" and five other big events (Sydney Dunlop Open, Philadelphia, Wembley, Los Angeles, South African Open). Those were the equivalent of the modern day ATP Masters Series and most had 8 or more of the world's top ranked players participating. With only two majors played by all the best players (Wimbledon and the US Open), there was no clear-cut World No. 1 in 1970.Wimbledon champion Newcombe, US champion Rosewall, and <mask> (who won the most titles and had a 3–0 win-loss record against Newcombe and a 5–0 record against Rosewall) were ranked the highest by different journalists and expert panels. The panel of 10 international journalists who voted for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, ranked Rosewall No. 1 with 97 points over <mask> (89 pts) and Newcombe (81 pts). The panel of 12 journalists which made the WCT draw for 1971 ranked <mask> 1st, Rosewall 2nd and Newcombe 3rd. Rex Bellamy ranked <mask> No. 1, with Rosewall No. 2.Judith Elian of L'Equipe Magazine (Paris) and Rino Tommasi placed Rosewall No. 1, while Robert Geist co-ranked Rosewall, <mask> and Newcombe No. 1. Newcombe later wrote in his autobiography "Newk-Life On and Off the Court" (2002) that the top honour for 1970 belonged to Laver. Lance Tingay, John McCauley and Bud Collins. ranked Newcombe ahead of Rosewall and <mask>. In 1971 he won seven titles, including the Italian Open in Rome on clay over Jan Kodeš, the reigning French Open champion.<mask> successfully defended his title at the "Tennis Champions Classic", winning 13 consecutive winner-take-all matches against top opponents and US$160,000. For the year, <mask> won a then-record US$292,717 in tournament prize money and became the first tennis player to surpass US$1 million in career prize money. In 1971 and 1972, <mask> finished as the points leader of the WCT tournament series but lost the playoff finals at Dallas to Rosewall. The last match is rated as one of the best of all time and drew a TV audience of over 20 million. In 1972, <mask> cut back his tournament schedule, partly because of back and knee injuries and his tennis camp businesses, but he still won five titles that year. In 1973, <mask> won seven titles and successfully participated in the semifinals and final of the Davis Cup, where he won all six of his rubbers for Australia. In 1974 <mask> won six titles from 13 tournaments and ended the year as World No.4 based on the ATP point system. At 36, he was the oldest player during the Open Era to have been included in the year-ending top five. In 1975, <mask> set a record for WCT tournaments by winning four titles and 23 consecutive matches but in 1976, he semi-retired from the main tour, playing only a few selected events. He also signed with World Team Tennis, where he became "Rookie of the Year" at the age of 38 but won five titles overall that season. Overall, despite turning 30 just months after the Open Era began, <mask> had tremendous success, winning 74 singles titles, which remains seventh most of the era. Plus, like most players of his day, he regularly played doubles, winning 37 titles. <mask>'s career earnings were approximately $1,540,000.Rivalries

<mask> had a long-running, friendly rivalry with Ken Rosewall between 1963, when he started out as a pro, and 1976, when both were semi-retired from the main tour. Including tournaments and one-night stands, they played over 130 matches, all of them as professionals, with some results from the barnstorming pro tours lost or badly recorded. Overall a match score of 89–75 in favour of <mask> can be documented. Against the older Pancho Gonzales, whom he played 1964 to 1970 on the pro tour, <mask> had a lead of 43–22. <mask> had another, even longer rivalry with his fellow Queenslander Roy Emerson. They met first on the senior amateur tour in 1958 and dominated the amateur circuit until 1962, before <mask> turned pro. When open tennis arrived in 1968, Emerson joined the pro tour, and had many new battles with <mask>.Overall the score is 49–18 in favour of <mask>, with 7–2 in major Grand Slam tournaments. <mask> had also many battles with Lew Hoad in his first years on the pro circuit 1963–1966. Although he lost the first eight matches in January 1963, <mask> later in the year began to turn around their rivalry, and until 1966, he had built a 38–21 lead. Against Arthur Ashe, <mask> had a head-to-head lead of 21–3, winning all of the first 18 matches. Ashe's first win came in 1974, when <mask> was 35. Another younger rival in the Open Era was John Newcombe, whom

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title: Rod Laver

texts:
 <mask> led 16–5 in their head-to-head score. Davis Cup
<mask> helped Australia win the Davis Cup four consecutive times from 1959 to 1962.In 1973, professionals were permitted to play in the Davis Cup for the first time, and <mask> was on a winning team for the fifth time, claiming two singles and a doubles rubber in the final as Australia beat the United States 5–0. Australia were crowned Davis Cup champions in each of the five seasons <mask> played in the competition. <mask> won 16 out of 20 Davis Cup singles matches and all four of his doubles. Playing style

Although of a slightly short and medium build (1.73 m/5 ft 8"), <mask> developed a technically complete serve-and-volley game, with aggressive groundstrokes to back it up. Commentator Dan Maskell described him as "technically faultless". His left-handed serve was well disguised and wide swinging. His groundstrokes on both flanks were hit with topspin, as was the attacking topspin lob, which <mask> developed into a weapon.His stroke technique was based on quick shoulder turns, true swings, and accurate timing. His backhand, often hit on the run, was a point-ender that gave him an advantage. <mask> was very quick and had a strong left forearm. Rex Bellamy wrote, "The strength of that wrist and forearm gave him blazing power without loss of control, even when he was on the run and at full stretch. The combination of speed and strength, especially wrist strength, enabled him to hit ferocious winners when way out of court." At the net, he had forcing volleys, often hit as stroke volleys. Especially on the backhand, he could hit sharp underspin angles as well.He was difficult to lob, because of his springing agility, and when forced to retreat, he could come up with a vicious counterpunch. As an amateur, <mask> was a somewhat flashy player, often a late starter. He had to learn to control his adventurous shot-making and integrate percentage tennis into his game when he turned professional. In his prime, he could adapt his style to all surfaces and to all conditions. <mask> had a strong record in five-set-matches, often turning things around with subtle changes of tactics. Tennis legacy

<mask> is widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players in the history of the sport. <mask> was ranked the world No.1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay and in 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. <mask> was the number one professional in some rankings in 1964, in all rankings from 1965 to 1969 and in some rankings in 1970. Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter, ranked <mask> only in the "second echelon" of great players, just behind the six best. He writes that although <mask> was "absolutely unbeatable for a year or two late in the 1960s", a "careful comparison" could be made between <mask> and the somewhat older Gonzales and that Kramer is "positive that Gonzales could have beaten <mask> regularly." Kramer's main argument for downgrading <mask> is that, "Ken Rosewall beat <mask> in those two World Championship of Tennis finals and that was a title <mask> really wanted." Kramer sees as evidence of Gonzales' superiority over <mask> the fact that Gonzales defeated <mask> in a  five-set match before 15,000 spectators in New York City's Madison Square Garden in January 1970, when Gonzales was 41 years old and <mask> was still considered the World No. 1 player.On the other hand, Gonzales was still a top ten player when this match took place and <mask> subsequently won this event, beating Gonzales in a straight-sets semifinal. Overall, his head-to-head-record with Gonzales was either 35–19 or 38–21 in favour of <mask>, depending on the source. <mask> was 12–5 against Gonzales during the Open Era, although Gonzales was then in his late thirties. In 1975, Don Budge ranked his top five players of all time and rated <mask> number five behind Vines, Kramer, Perry and Tilden. In 1978, Ellsworth Vines ranked his all time top 10 in Tennis Myth and Method and rated <mask> number four behind Budge, Kramer and Gonzales. Many experts disagree with Kramer's assessment of <mask>. For example, Dan Maskell, John Barrett, Joe McCauley, Ted Schroeder, and Tony Trabert rank <mask> as the best of all time.Schroeder has been quoted by Alan Trengove as saying, "You take all the criteria – longevity, playing on grass and clay, amateur, professional, his behaviour, his appearance – in all criteria, <mask>'s the best player of all time." Trabert said in January 2008, "I still maintain that <mask> is the best player who ever played the game because he's done something no one has ever done in the 120 or 140-year history of our sport: he won the Grand Slam as an amateur and he won the Grand Slam as a pro. If someone in some other sport held a world record no one else had, you would say that person was the best in that sport. So in my view, you've got to say <mask> is the best player of all time." Similarly, the tennis author Peter Bodo wrote in May 2008, "Give him credit? Shoot, the only real issue is whether the GOAT [Greatest of All Time] argument is a debate at all, given that posting those two Slams puts <mask> in a league of his own." Other experts cite the fact that during his amateur, touring professional, and Open Era careers, <mask> won a record 184 singles titles.He also holds the record for most titles won in a single year during the amateur era (22 in 1962), during the touring pro era (19 in 1967), and during the Open Era (18 in 1969). After turning professional in 1963, <mask> won the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships five times and the Wembley Pro Championship four times from 1964 to 1967. In 1967, <mask> won a "Professional Grand Slam" by winning all four of the major professional tournaments: the US Pro Championships, the Wembley Pro Championships, the French Pro Championship, and the Wimbledon Pro. <mask> came out on top in various experts polls for the best of all time. In 1986, the US magazine Inside Tennis polled 37 experts, which resulted in a computerised tournament. <mask> ranked first on this list ahead of John McEnroe, Don Budge, Kramer, Björn Borg, Gonzales, Tilden, Jimmy Connors, Fred Perry, and Lew Hoad.In a poll by the Associated Press in 2000, <mask> was voted "The Male Tennis Player of the Century", ahead of Pete Sampras, Tilden, Borg, Budge, McEnroe and Hoad (tied), Rosewall and Roy Emerson (tied), and Kramer. In an article in Tennis Week in 2007, the tennis historian Raymond Lee statistically analysed the all-time best players. <mask> topped his list ahead of Tilden and Borg (tied), Roger Federer, Gonzales, Rosewall, Budge, Ivan Lendl, Connors, Sampras, McEnroe, and Kramer. In 2009 it was written that <mask> "is considered by most folks who saw him play and many who've heard of his accomplishments, to be as great a tennis player that ever lived—current players included.". In July 2017, tennis player Roger Federer called <mask> the greatest of all-time. In 1989, Bud Collins wrote, "I remain unconvinced that there ever was a better player than <mask>". Thirteen years later, however, as editor of the "Total Tennis, The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia", Collins was more guarded.He wrote that <mask> would "be known as possibly the greatest player ever", but also said that Gonzales was "probably as good as anyone who ever played the game, if not better"—and called Tilden "perhaps the greatest player of them all". In an August 2006 article for MSNBC, Collins ranked <mask> as one of the five top men's tennis stars of all time, along with Tilden, Gonzales, Borg, and Sampras. He pointed to Tilden's "phenomenal .938 winning percentage", and said "If I had to choose someone to play for my life it would be Pancho Gonzalez", praised Borg's uncanny transition from the French Open to Wimbledon, cited Sampras's "assault on the citadels of the past", and called <mask> "in my eyes, the greatest player ever". In 1973, the ATP's computer rankings were established. <mask> attained his highest ranking on that computer of World No. 3 in 1974. <mask>'s highest year-end ranking by the ATP was World No.4 in 1974. <mask> semi-retired from the main professional tennis tour in 1975 while still being ranked in the top 10. In terms of yearly prize money won, <mask> was the leader from 1964 until 1971. The number of tournament singles titles that <mask> won during his career varies depending on the source. The ATP credits <mask> with 72 Open Era titles while "Total Tennis: The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia" (edited by Bud Collins), give him 47 or 54 titles during the Open Era. Collins credits him with 184 titles in amateur, professional, and open competition, without listing them in detail. <mask>'s eleven Grand Slam singles titles currently place him tied with Borg for sixth place on the all-time list.Among his contemporaries, only Emerson won more Grand Slam singles titles during his career (12 to <mask>'s 11), though more recently Federer, Nadal, Sampras, and Djokovic have surpassed this number. <mask> also won eight Major doubles titles. <mask> is the only player to have twice won all four Grand Slam singles tournaments during the same calendar year – the Australian Open, US Open, and Wimbledon. Because none of the Majors were played on hardcourts in <mask>'s era, he never won a Grand Slam tournament on that surface. The tennis landscape today is different as half of the year's Majors are played on hardcourts. Only six players have won Major titles on clay, grass and hardcourts: Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic. Federer, Nadal and Djokovic are the only players in history to have simultaneously held Grand Slam tournament titles on the three surfaces.Previous observations change substantially if we also consider professional grand slam majors, which were played on three different surfaces (clay, grass and wood/parquet), and wherein <mask>, like Rosewall, excelled. Furthermore, the ATP Performance Zone website lists his (partial) career win/loss percentage on hardcourt as .813, on carpet as .766, on grass as .827 and on clay as .764. <mask> was unable to compete in the Grand Slam tournaments during his professional career between 1963 and 1968 and it is argued he would likely have won more titles had he been able to do so. Sports columnist Malcolm Knox of the Sydney Morning Herald assesses the effect of <mask>'s ban on competing in Grand Slams. He states: "..if grand slams are taken as the benchmark, consider this. <mask> won 11 of the 16 grand slam titles he contested in his prime. The pro tour put him out of 20 grand slams from age 23 to 28".Based on this he puts <mask> and Rosewall in "a class of two". Honours
The hall at the Rockhampton Tennis Association's Victoria Park precinct in Wandal where <mask> competed until the age of 14 was named the Rod Laver Hall upon its completion in December 1963 in recognition of his Grand Slam win the previous year. In 1969, <mask> was awarded the ABC Sportsman of the Year Award. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 and upgraded to a Legend of Australian Sport in 2002. He is also an Australian Living Treasure. In 1998, <mask> received the Philippe Chatrier Award (the ITF's highest accolade) for his contributions to tennis and in 2000, Centre Court at the National Tennis Centre in Melbourne was renamed <mask> Arena.<mask> was named as a Queensland Great in June 2005. In 2009, he was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. Also in 2009, as part of the Q150 celebrations, <mask> was named one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland. Bronze busts of <mask> and Margaret Court by sculptor Barbara McLean were unveiled at Melbourne Park in 1993 upon their induction into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame. Another bronze bust of <mask>, also by McLean, was installed on the banks of the Fitzroy River in Rockhampton's city centre which was unveiled by <mask> and Rockhampton City Council deputy mayor Dell Bunt on 7 December 2002. There was some concern raised by the local community when the bust was removed in 2016 during the riverbank redevelopment. However, the bust was re-installed upon the completion of the redevelopment which was officially opened in 2018, with the recreational precinct on the low bank being named Rod Laver Plaza.A bronze statue of <mask> by sculptor Lis Johnson was unveiled at Melbourne Park prior to the 2017 Australian Open. Post-retirement
On 27 July 1998, <mask> suffered a stroke while being interviewed by ESPN-TV in the United States for their SportsCentury 20th Century sports retrospective series. He was hospitalised for a month and suffered from memory and speech difficulties after the stroke, but recovered over the course of the following year. In 2000, the centre court at Melbourne Park, which today hosts the Australian Open, was named the <mask> Arena in his honour. In 2003, <mask>, along with his fellow Australian tennis superstar Margaret Court, was honoured with his portrait on a postage stamp by the "Australia Post Australian Legends Award". <mask> returned to his native country to present Roger Federer in 2006 and 2017, Rafael Nadal in 2009, and Novak Djokovic in 2012, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, which is awarded to the Men's Singles winner of the Australian Open. He was present at Wimbledon to witness Federer make tennis history, when he surpassed Pete Sampras' record by winning his 15th Grand Slam Title.After the short-lived reintroduction of knighthoods in Australia in 2014, there were calls for <mask> to be knighted within the Order of Australia. In 2016 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia, by which time knighthoods had again been abolished and the Companion was the highest honour available in the Order. <mask> resides in Carlsbad, California, and attended San Diego Chargers games on occasion. On October 1, 2017, he was inducted into the Southern California Tennis Hall of Fame. Performance timeline

<mask> joined the professional tennis circuit in 1963 and as a consequence was banned from competing in the amateur Grand Slams until the start of the Open Era at the 1968 French Open. Career statistics and records

All-time tournament records
 Records in bold indicate peerless achievements. Combined tours: NTL, WCT and Grand Prix

Notes on sources: John Bercow's book Tennis Maestros: The Twenty Greatest Male Tennis Players of All Time confirms in chapter 9 <mask>'s titles for the following years 1962 (22), 1965 (17), 1966 (16), 1967 (19), 1970 (15), 1971 (7), 1972 (5), 1973 (7), 1974 (6).The ITF confirms titles in 1975 (5) titles. Open Era records

See also

 All-time tennis records – men's singles
 Open Era tennis records – men's singles

Notes

References

Sources

 Bercow, John (2014). Tennis Maestros: The Twenty Greatest Male Tennis Players of All Time, Biteback Publishing, ASIN: B00KPSCV40
 Bellamy, Rex (1990). Love Thirty. Three Decades of Champions. Heldman, Julius. The Style of <mask>.In

 Newcombe, John; Writer, Larry (2002). Newk – Life on and Off the Court. Sutter, Michel (1992). Vainqueurs-Winners 1946–1991 (forewords by Arthur Ashe and Mark Miles). Trengove, Alan (2003). Advantage Australia. <mask> and Margaret Court: Legends of the Grand Slam.External links

 Official Wimbledon website profile
 BBC profile

Living people
1938 births
Australian Championships (tennis) champions
Australian Championships (tennis) junior champions
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian male tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Companions of the Order of Australia
French Championships (tennis) champions
French Open champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
People from Carlsbad, California
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
Queensland Greats
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Rockhampton
Tennis people from Queensland
United States National champions (tennis)
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
World No. 1 tennis

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title: Clarence Budington Kelland

texts:
<mask> "Bud" <mask> (July 11, 1881 – February 18, 1964) was an American writer. He once described himself as "the best second-rate writer in America". Although largely forgotten now, Kelland had a long career as a writer of fiction and short stories, stretching from 1913 to 1960. He was published in many magazines, including The Saturday Evening Post and The American Magazine. A prolific writer, his output included sixty novels and some two hundred short stories. His best known juvenile works were the Mark Tidd series and the Catty Atkins series, while his best known adult work was the Scattergood Baines series. Other notable adult books by Kelland include Conflict (1920), Rhoda Fair (1925), Hard Money (1930), Arizona (1939), and Dangerous Angel (1953).Kelland was the "literary idol" of the teenaged John O'Hara. He was referred to in a 1995 installment of Harlan Ellison's television commentary, Harlan Ellison's Watching for the program Sci-Fi Buzz, wherein Ellison laments what he perceives as a prevailing cultural illiteracy

Kelland's work resulted in some thirty Hollywood movies, including Speak Easily (1932) starring Buster Keaton. Opera Hat, a serial from The American Magazine, was the basis for the film Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) starring Gary Cooper. Opera Hat later was turned into the short-lived television series Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1969–70), and the movie Mr. Deeds (2002).One of Kelland's best-known characters was featured in the Scattergood Baines series of six films from 1941 to 1943, starring Guy Kibbee. Biography

Kelland was born in Portland, Michigan, and attended public schools in Detroit. After completing two years of high school, he took a job in a chair factory, studying law at night. He earned a law degree from Detroit College of Law in 1902, but practiced law for less than a year. From 1903 to 1907, he worked at the Detroit News as a reporter, political editor, and Sunday editor. Kelland married Betty Caroline Smith in 1907, and at the urging of his father-in-law, left the newspaper business and moved to Vermont for a short period to run a clothespin mill with his brother. By 1907, he had returned to Detroit to work for The American Boy magazine, beginning as a proofreader, and moving up to become editor.Circulation grew from 90,000 at the beginning of his tenure, to 360,000 in 1915 when he left the magazine. From 1913 to 1915, he also lectured on juvenile literature and writing at the University of Michigan. Kelland had two sons with Betty, Thomas Smith <mask> (1910–1989), and Horace Kendall <mask> (1913–2010). Tom Kelland also wrote for a living, working a newspaper reporter in New York. Kelland made the news during the Great Depression when he refused to pay a $3,313 bill from dressmaker Hattie Carnegie, Inc., for purchases by his wife from February 27, 1931, to February 27, 1932, stating he was not liable for payment because the purchases were not "necessaries". His wife supported him, stating that she, not he, should have received the bill. Kelland lost the action, and had to pay the full amount.In that same year, Kelland was director of the Bank of North Hempstead in Port Washington, New York. The bank failed, tying up most of his securities. Kelland bought a house in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1937, and became active in national politics at about the same time. He was politically active as a Republican, serving as the Republican National Committeeman from Arizona from 1940 to 1956. Before 1941, he was a non-interventionist, opposing U.S. involvement in what became the Second World War. His passionate dislike for the New Deal seemed to have spurred his entry into national politics. Time magazine referred to him as "pugnacious", "vitriolic", "peppery", and "gaunt-faced"—a description at odds with the whimsical character of Kelland's fictional characters.He was as harsh on his fellow Republicans as he was on Democrats, blaming Eisenhower for "wrecking" the party. He was particularly critical of Eisenhower's appointment of Earl Warren to the Supreme Court. From the mid-'20s forward, Kelland served as the toastmaster at the weekly luncheons of New York's Dutch Treat Club. In 1940, when he was president of the club, Kelland said "the fifth column in this country is headed by that fellow in the White House", i.e., President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Author Hendrik Willem Van Loon resigned from the Club to protest this "disparaging" remark. Later in life, Kelland became vice president and director of Phoenix Newspaper Group, which published the Arizona Republic and the Phoenix Gazette. He died in Scottsdale, Arizona, on February 18, 1964.His character Scattergood Baines was the protagonist in a series of six movies, all starring Guy Kibbee as Baines, beginning with Scattergood Baines (1941) and ending with Cinderella Swings It (1943). Bibliography

Mark Tidd juvenile series
Mark Tidd: His Adventures and Strategies (Harpers 1913)
Mark Tidd in the Backwoods (1914)
Mark Tidd in Business (1915)
Mark Tidd's Citadel (1916)
Mark Tidd, Editor (1917)
Mark Tidd, Manufacturer (1918)
Mark Tidd in Italy (1925)
Mark Tidd in Egypt (1926)
Mark Tidd in Sicily (1928)
Mark Tidd in Palestine (serialized in American Boy 1926-1927)
Mark Tidd in Paris (serialized in American Boy 1929-1930)
Mark Tidd Back Home (serialized in American Boy 1931)

Catty Atkins juvenile series
Catty Atkins (1920)
Catty Atkins, Riverman (1921)
Catty Atkins, Sailorman (1922)
Catty Atkins, Financier (1923)
Catty Atkins, Bandmaster (1924)

Scattergood Baines series
Scattergood Baines (1921)
Scattergood Returns (1940)
Scattergood Baines Pulls the Strings (1941)

Other books

Quizzer No. 20, Being Questions and Answers on Insurance (1911)
Thirty Pieces of Silver (1913)
The American Boy's Workshop: Each Subject by an Expert (ed.) Deeds Goes to Town, a movie based on his book Opera Hat

References

"<mask>ington Kelland Checklist, Chronological List of 64 books," https://web.archive.org/web/20040831022054/http://home.earthlink.net/~tidd/list.html accessed 13 October 2012 18:18 U.T.C. External links

<mask> Budington Kelland Web Site
<mask> Budington Kelland books checklist
<mask> Budington Kelland Magazine list The FictionMags Index
Harlan Ellison interview

1881 births
1964 deaths
American magazine editors
American newspaper journalists
20th-century American novelists
Arizona Republicans
People from Portland, Michigan
People from Long Island
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
University of Michigan faculty
Novelists from New York (state)
Writers from Detroit
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Michigan
Novelists from Arizona
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Old Right (United States)

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title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
<mask> of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman), c. 1290–1348, or <mask> of Calabria () was a southern Italian scholar (Aristotelian scholastic) and clergyman of the 14th century, as well as a humanist,  philologist and theologian. When Gregorios Palamas defended Hesychasm (the Eastern Orthodox Church's mystical teaching on prayer), Barlaam accused him of heresy. Three Eastern Orthodox synods ruled against him and in Palamas's favor (two "Councils of Sophia" in June and August 1341, and a "Council of Blachernae" in 1351). Early life
<mask> was born in what is now the comune of Seminara, Calabria. Despite the general belief that <mask> converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Martin Jugie argues that he was in fact of Greek origin, baptized and brought up in the tradition. Early career

Bernardo moved to Constantinople in the 1320s, where he soon gained entrance into ecclesiastical and political circles, especially those around the emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus, who gave him a teaching position at the university. He was made Basilian monk at the monastery of Sant'Elia di Capassino and assumed the name Barlaam.Eventually, he was made the Hegumen (abbot) of the Monastery of Our Savior, and two confidential missions on behalf of the emperor were entrusted to him. Colin Wells characterizes Barlaam as "brilliant but sharp-tongued", describing him as "thoroughly versed in the classics, an astronomer, a mathematician, as well as a philosopher and a mathematician. However, according to Wells, "this formidable learning was coupled with an arrogant, sarcastic manner, so caustic at times that he put off even friends and allies." During the years 1333–1334, Barlaam undertook to negotiate the union of churches with the representatives of Pope John XXII. For this occasion he wrote twenty-one treatises against the Latins in which he opposed papal primacy and the filioque doctrine. Emperor Andronicus III sent Barlaam on important diplomatic missions to Robert the Wise in Naples and to Philip VI in Paris. In 1339, he was sent to the exiled Pope Benedict XII at Avignon  to suggest a crusade against the Turks and to discuss the union of churches, but he was not successful in this endeavour.On this occasion he met Petrarch. Returning to Constantinople, Barlaam worked on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Early conflict between <mask> and Palamas
Around 1336, Gregory Palamas received copies of treatises written by <mask> against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this stance was solid Eastern Orthodox theology, Palamas took issue with <mask>'s argument in support of it, since Barlaam declared efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds. According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, Palamas viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", Palamas insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son.A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably. The Hesychast controversy

In contrast to Palamas' teaching that the "glory of God" revealed in various episodes of Jewish and Christian Scripture (e.g., the burning bush seen by Moses, the Light on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration) was in fact the uncreated Energies of God (i.e., the grace of God), <mask> held that they were created effects, because no part of God whatsoever could be directly perceived by humans. The Eastern Orthodox interpreted his position as denying the renewing power of the Holy Spirit, which, in the words of various Eastern Orthodox hymns, "made apostles out of fishermen" (i.e., makes saints even out of uneducated people). In his anti-hesychastic works Barlaam held that knowledge of worldly wisdom was necessary for the perfection of the monks and denied the possibility of the vision of the divine life. <mask>'s attack on Hesychasm
Steven Runciman reports that, infuriated by Palamas' attacks against him, Barlaam vowed to humiliate Palamas by attacking the Hesychast teaching for which Palamas had become the chief proponent. Barlaam visited Thessalonica, where he made the acquaintance of monks who followed the Hesychast teachings. Runciman describes these monks as ignorant and lacking a real understanding of the Hesychast teaching.<mask> issued a number of treatises mocking the absurdity of the practices which he reported included, "miraculous separations and reunions of the spirit and the soul, of the traffic which demons have with the soul, of the difference between red lights and white lights, of the entry and departure of the intelligence through the nostrils with the breath, of the shields that gather together round the navel, and finally of the union of Our Lord with the soul, which takes place in the full and sensible certitude of the heart within the navel." Barlaam said that the monks had claimed to see the divine essence with bodily eyes, which he viewed as sheer Messalianism. When asked about the light which they saw, the monks told him that it was neither of the superessential Essence nor an angelic essence nor the Spirit itself, but that the spirit contemplated it as another hypostasis. Barlaam commented snidely, "I must confess that I do not know what this light is. I only know that it does not exist." According to Runciman, Barlaam's attack struck home. He had shown that, in the hands of monks who were inadequately instructed and ignorant of the true Hesychast teaching, the psycho-physical precepts of Hesychasm could produce "dangerous and ridiculous results".To many of the Byzantine intellectuals, Hesychasm appeared "shockingly anti-intellectual"  Barlaam nicknamed the Hesychasts "Omphaloscopoi" (the navel-gazers); the nickname has coloured the tone of most subsequent Western writing about the Byzantine mystics. However, <mask>'s triumph was short-lived. Ultimately, the Byzantines had a deep respect for mysticism even if they didn't understand it. And, in Palamas, Barlaam found an opponent who was more than his equal in knowledge, intellect and expository skills. The Triads
In response to <mask>'s attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages.The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of Palamas. Although the Tome does not mention <mask> by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The Tome provides a systematic presentation of Palamas' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism. Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the Hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of Hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous.It was maintained by the Hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. <mask> viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. <mask> accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism. The second triad quotes some of <mask>'s writings directly. In response to this second triad, <mask> composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy. In "Against the Messalians", Barlaam attacked Gregory by name for the first time. Barlaam derisively called the Hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East.According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism". In the third Triad, Palamas refuted <mask>'s charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the Hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to John Meyendorff, "Gregory Palamas orients his entire polemic against <mask> the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of <mask>’s errors." Hesychast councils at Constantinople
It became clear that the dispute between <mask> and Palamas was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils was held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351  to consider the issues. The dispute over Hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned <mask>, who recanted.The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of <mask>'s writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of <mask>'s treatise "Against Messalianism" have survived. Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although <mask> initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against Palamas, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. Later career
After leaving Constantinople, <mask> was received into the Latin Church at Avignon in 1342 and was consecrated Bishop of Gerace. In 1346, he was appointed Papal Ambassador to Constantinople but, his mission having ended in failure, he returned to Gerace where he died in 1348. Legacy

Barlaam, by his upbringing and philosophy, spanned the gap between the Christian East and West. Though he was never able to synthesize both traditions in a satisfactory manner, he did end up influencing both.The Zealots of Thessalonica were influenced by <mask>'s teachings, and his arguments affected the dogmatic definition of Hesychasm in the Eastern Church. A master of the Greek language, he taught Petrarch some rudiments of Greek. Critics see <mask>'s elevation of philosophy above theology as being the reason for his condemnation by the Eastern Church:

Barlaam overestimated the significance of philosophy for theology, asserting that only through philosophy could humanity arrive at perfection. He thus denied the renewing power of the Holy Spirit, which makes saints even out of uneducated people, as it made the fishermen apostles. Being a humanist, Barlaam placed emphasis on created means of salvation (e.g., philosophy and knowledge) and reduced the role of the grace of the Holy Spirit. According to Fr. John Meyendorff, "Gregory Palamas orients his entire polemic against <mask> the Calabrian on the issue of the 'Hellenic wisdom' which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam’s errors."To this day, the issues which Barlaam raised are treated by Eastern Orthodox theologians:

<mask>'s views – that we cannot really know Who the Holy Spirit is exactly (an outgrowth of which is agnosticism), that the ancient Greek philosophers are superior to the Prophets and the Apostles (since reason is above the vision of the Apostles), that the light of the Transfiguration is something which is created and can be undone, that the hesychastic way of life (i.e. the purification of the heart and the unceasing noetic prayer) is not essential – are views which express a supra-scholastic and, subsequently, a secularised point of view of theology. Saint Gregory Palamas foresaw the danger that these views held for Orthodoxy and through the power and energy of the Most Holy Spirit and the experience which he himself had acquired as a successor to the Holy Fathers, he confronted this great danger and preserved unadulterated the Orthodox Faith and Tradition. See also
 Gregory Acindynus
 Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance
 Essence-Energies distinction
 Hesychasm
 Light of Tabor

References

Bibliography
Works by <mask>
 Giannelli, Ciro. "Un progetto di Barlaam per l'unione delle chiese." In Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, vol. 3, "Studi e Testi," no.123. Vatican City, 1946. See pages 157–208 for excerpts from his writings. Migne, J.-P., ed. Patrologia Graeca, vol. 151. Paris, 1857.Includes excerpts from the Discourse to Pope Benedict XII and the Advisory Discourse. Schiro, Giuseppe, ed. <mask> Calabro: Epistole greche. Palermo, 1954
John Chamber, Barlaam monachi logistice (1600), a critical translation of the Logistica

Works About <mask>
 Christou, Panagiotis C. "<mask>." In Threskeutikē kai ēthikē enkuklopaideia, vol. 3, cols.624–627. Athens, 1963. Jugie, Martin. "<mask> de Seminara." In Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 6, cols. 817–834.Paris, 1932. <mask>, John. "Un mauvais théologien de l'unité au quatorzième siècle: Barlaam le Calabrais." In L'église et les églises, 1054–1954, vol. 2, pp. 47–65. Chevetogne, 1955."Barlaam the Calabrian" from Science and Its Times. Thomson Gale, 2005–2006. External links
 Gregory Palamas: Historical Timeline
 Notes on the Palamite Controversy and Related Topics-Part I by Fr. John Romanides
 Notes on the Palamite Controversy and Related Topics-Part II
 The Humanist Quest for a Unity of Knowledge and the Orthodox Metaphysics of Light by Bishop Auxentios of Photiki
 Knowledge, Prayer, and Vision by St. Gregory Palamas

1290 births
1348 deaths
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
Italian Renaissance humanists
Greek Renaissance humanists
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Greek Roman Catholics
People excommunicated by the Greek Orthodox Church
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Greek Orthodox Christians
14th-century Byzantine people
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
14th-century Eastern Orthodox clergy
Medieval Thessalonica
Anti-Hesychasm
Criticism of Eastern Orthodox Church
Ambassadors to the Byzantine Empire

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Meyendof


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
<mask> (born 26 May 1983) is a former Indian wrestler. He carried the Indian flag at the opening ceremony of 2012 London Olympics. His 2008 Olympic medal was second for India in wrestling, and the first since Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav's bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics. In July 2009, he received the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna – India's highest honour for sportspersons. On 3 October 2010, <mask> handed the Queen's Baton to Prince Charles in the Queen's Baton Relay for the 2010 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony. <mask> won the gold medal in the 74 kg division at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Career

<mask> started training in pehlwani  at the Chhatrasal Stadium's akhada at the age of 14.He was trained at the akhada by Yashvir and Ramphal, later by Arjuna awardee Satpal and then at the Indian Railways camp by Gyan Singh and Rajkumar Baisla Gurjar. After switching to freestyle wrestling <mask>'s first success came at the World Cadet Games in 1998 where he won the gold medal in his weight category, followed by a gold at the Asian Junior Wrestling Championship in 2000. Moving out of the junior competitions, in 2003 <mask> won the bronze medal at the Asian Wrestling Championships and a gold at the Commonwealth Wrestling Championships. <mask> placed fourth at the 2003 World Championships, but this went largely unnoticed by the Indian media as he fared badly in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, placing 14th in the 60 kg weight class. He won gold medals at the Commonwealth wrestling championships in 2005 and 2007. He placed seventh in the 2007 World Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first person to win two Olympic medals for independent India.<mask> was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2006 and a coveted Padma shree by the Indian Government in 2011. 2008 Beijing Olympics
<mask> lost to Andriy Stadnik in the first round of the 66 kg freestyle wrestling event, leaving his medal hopes hinging on the repechage. He defeated Doug Schwab in the first repechage round and Albert Batyrov in the second round. In the bronze medal match on 20 August 2008, <mask> beat Leonid Spiridonov 3:1. <mask> disclosed that he had no masseur during the three bouts he won within a span of 70 minutes to take the bronze. The team manager Kartar Singh who is a former Asian Games medallist acted as the masseur for him. 2010 World Wrestling Championships, Moscow
At the 2010 World Wrestling Championships <mask> became the first Indian to win a world title in wrestling.He beat the local favourite Alan Gogaev of Russia 3–1 in the finals in the 66 kg category. 2010 Commonwealth Games, Delhi
<mask> won gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi on 10 October 2010. He beat Heinrich Barnes 7–0 in the finals in the 66 kg freestyle wrestling category. The bout was stopped by the referee in the second round. Earlier, in the semifinals, <mask> defeated Famara Jarjou 3–0 within 9 seconds. In the quarterfinals, <mask> defeated Muhammad Salman 10–0 in 46 seconds. 2012 London Olympics

<mask> won a silver medal after losing the final to Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu.Earlier, he had entered the final amid some controversy by beating Kazakhastan's Akzhurek Tanatarov in the semifinal. The Kazakh athlete claimed that <mask> had bitten his ear, which was denied by the latter. <mask> was the Olympic flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony. This win made him the first Indian to win 2 individual Olympic Medals since India's Independence. 2014 Commonwealth Games, <mask> defeated Qamar Abbas in the 74 kg final to win the gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. He won in 107 seconds by fall. 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Australia
<mask> won gold in 74 kg category on 12 April 2018, Thursday, beating South Africa’s Johannes Botha in the final that lasted 80 seconds thus achieving a feat of winning 3 gold medals in 3 consecutive Commonwealth Games.International competition

Summer Olympics

World Championship

Personal life
<mask> was born in Baprola village, near Najafgarh in South West Delhi. His father, Diwan Singh, was a driver in MTNL Delhi, while his mother, Kamla Devi, is a housewife. <mask> was inspired to take up wrestling by his father, himself a wrestler, and his cousin Sandeep. Sandeep later stopped competing as the family could only support one wrestler. <mask> trained in pehlwani wrestling at the akhada (wrestling school) in the Chhatrasal Stadium from the age of 14. With minimal funds and poor training facilities for wrestling in India, even for the 2008 Olympic team, his family made sure he obtained the necessary dietary supplements by sending him tinned milk, ghee and fresh vegetables. He is a devoted Hindu and strict vegetarian.He has completed his Graduation (B.P.E.) and Post-Graduation (M.P.E.) from Noida College of Physical Education, Dadri. <mask> is presently employed with the Indian Railways as an assistant commercial manager. Commercial endorsements and media

<mask> endorses brands such as Mountain Dew, Eicher tractors, and the National Egg Coordination Committee which earns him  annually. He refused the offer of  to appear in a surrogate ad for a leading liquor brand. He appeared in the Indian documentary film Carve Your Destiny by Anubhav Srivastava.<mask> also served as a judge on MTV India's reality television series MTV Roadies. Other media appearances include in The Kapil Sharma Show and Comedy Nights with Kapil. Awards, rewards and recognition
 Arjuna Award, 2005
 Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award (joint), India's highest sporting honour. Padma Shri, 2011
 For the bronze medal at 2008 Beijing Olympics
  cash award and promotion to Assistant Commercial Manager from chief ticketing inspector by Railway Ministry (his employer)
  cash award from the Delhi Government. award by the Haryana Government. cash award by the Steel Ministry of India. cash award by R K Global
DSP Rank in Haryana police department.K Global. cash award by the Maharashtra State Government. cash award from MTNL. For the gold medal at 2010 World Wrestling Championships
  cash award from Indian Railways (his employer) & out-of-turn promotion from his current position of Asst. Commercial Manager. cash award from Sports Authority of India, (Government of India). cash award from the Delhi Government
 For the silver medal at 2012 London Olympics
  cash reward from the Delhi Government
  cash reward from the Haryana Government
  cash reward from the Indian Railway
 Land area in Sonipat for Wrestling academy by the Haryana Government.cash award from ONGC. Ongoing case
Delhi Police arrested <mask> <mask> in connection with the murder of former junior national wrestling champion Sagar Dhankhar during a brawl in the Chhatrasal Stadium on 4 May 2021. After arresting <mask>, Delhi Police presented him in Rohini court and the court ordered a six-day remand of <mask> to Delhi police. In October 2021, a judge ordered <mask> continue to be held without bail. The decision was reached after arguments from both sides, and a review of evidence from the prosecution, including a video taken by an alleged accomplice of a man purported to be <mask> engaged in the attack. See also

 India at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg
 Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg
Wrestling

References

External links

1983 births
Indian male sport wrestlers
Living people
Olympic wrestlers of India
People from South West Delhi district
Sport wrestlers from Delhi
Sport wrestlers from Haryana
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Indian Hindus
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Olympic bronze medalists for India
Olympic silver medalists for India
Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Wrestlers at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Wrestling Championships medalists

masks:
Sushil Kumar
Kumar
Sushil
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
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Glasgow Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
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Sushil
Kumar
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Kumar


title: Jake Garn

texts:
Edwin Jacob "<mask>" <mask> (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a United States senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a payload specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D (April 12–19, 1985). Prior to his time in Congress, he served as the mayor of Salt Lake City. Early life and education
The son of a World War I pilot, Garn was born in Richfield, Utah. Garn also attended East High School, Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business and finance from the University of Utah in 1955 and was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. Career
Senator Garn is a former insurance executive.He served in the United States Navy as a Martin P5M Marlin pilot. He also served as a pilot of the 151st Air Refueling Group of the Utah Air National Guard, where he flew the Boeing KC-97L and KC-135A. He retired as a colonel in April 1979. He was promoted to brigadier general after his Space Shuttle mission. He had flown 17,000 hours in military aircraft when he flew in space. Before his election to the Senate, <mask> served on the Salt Lake City commission for four years and was elected as the mayor in 1971, entering office in 1972. He was the last Republican to hold that office to date.<mask> was active in the Utah League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the National League of Cities, and he served as its honorary president in 1975. <mask> was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican Wallace Bennett, father of later Senator Robert Bennett. <mask> was re-elected to a second term in November 1980 with 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history. <mask> was re-elected a second time in 1986. Though strongly anti-abortion on the issue of abortion, <mask> joined U.S. Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois in resigning from the board of the United States Pro-Life Political Action Committee when the executive director of the organization, Peter Gemma, issued a "hit list" to target certain lawmakers who supported abortion rights. <mask> and Hyde, the author of the Hyde Amendment, which limited abortions financed by Medicaid, said that "hit lists" are counterproductive because they create irrevocable discord among legislators, any of whom can be subject to a "single issue" attack of this kind by one interest group or another.Gemma said that he was surprised by the withdrawal of Garn and Hyde from the PAC committee but continued with plans to spend $650,000 for the 1982 elections on behalf of anti-abortion candidates. Garn was chairman of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as secretary of the Republican Conference. His Institute of Finance has been called a "hot tub of influence peddling." <mask> retired from the Senate in 1992.He is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. Savings and loan
As chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the law that partially deregulated the savings and loan industry and attempted to forestall the looming Savings and Loan crisis. Spaceflight
<mask> asked to fly on the Space Shuttle because he was head of the Senate appropriations subcommittee that dealt with NASA, and had extensive aviation experience. He had previously flown a B-2 Spirit prototype and driven a new Army tank. He began publicly asking NASA about flying on the Shuttle in 1981, and the agency had long planned to fly "citizen passengers" such as artists, journalists, entertainers, and the Teacher in Space Project, but the November 1984 announcement that a member of Congress would go to space surprised most observers. Garn said that flying on the Shuttle would be a fact-finding trip: "I do really think that it is a necessity that Congressmen check things out that they vote for and make certain that funds are being spent adequately.It might be necessary to have a Senator kick the tire". STS-51-D was launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Its primary objective was to deploy two communications satellites, and to perform electrophoresis and echocardiograph operations in space in addition to a number of other experiments. As a payload specialist, Garn's role on the mission was as a congressional observer and as a subject for medical experiments on space motion sickness. At the conclusion of the mission, Garn had traveled over  in 108 Earth orbits, logging over 167 hours in space. The space sickness Garn experienced during the journey was so severe that a scale for space sickness was jokingly based on him, where "one Garn" is the highest possible level of sickness. Some NASA astronauts who opposed the payload specialist program, such as Mike Mullane, believed that Garn's space sickness was evidence of the inappropriateness of flying people with little training.Garn was in excellent physical condition, however, and began flying at the age of 16. Astronaut Charles F. Bolden described Garn as "the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office". Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles D. Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that:

The <mask>n Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs, is named after him. Upon his return, he co-wrote the 1989 novel Night Launch. The book centers around terrorists taking control of the Space Shuttle Discovery during the first NASA–USSR Space Shuttle flight. Personal life
Garn married Hazel Rhae Thompson in 1957. Together, they had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey.Hazel died in an automobile accident in 1976. In 1977, <mask> married Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage. <mask> and Kathleen had two children together, Matthew and Jennifer. Kathleen died on May 31, 2018. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In February 1980, Garn was honored by the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, along with U.S. Ambassador Shirley Temple, actor James Stewart, singer John Denver, and Tom Abraham, a businessman from Canadian, Texas, who worked with immigrants seeking to become U.S. citizens.In 1986, Garn donated a kidney to his 27-year-old daughter, Susan, who was experiencing progressive kidney failure as a result of diabetes. References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of <mask>
 Page with true origin of "Garn scale"

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1932 births
American astronauts
American astronaut-politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Mayors of Salt Lake City
United States Air Force generals
United States Navy officers
United States senators from Utah
University of Utah alumni
Utah Republicans
Republican Party United States senators
Organ transplant donors
People from Richfield, Utah
Space Shuttle program astronauts

masks:
Jake
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Garn
Jakear
Garn
Jake
Jake Garn