title: Father Healy of Little Bray

texts:
<mask> (1824–1894) was an Irish priest of the Roman Catholic Church who was famous in his day as a wit and conversationalist. Early life
<mask> was born in Francis Street, a rough area on the west side of Dublin, on 15 December 1824. His father, <mask>, was a provision merchant. His mother, Mary Meyler, was from Wexford. In 1834 <mask> enrolled at the Vincentian seminary in Usher's Quay, as a day-scholar. In 1839 he moved to St Vincent's College, Castleknock, which had opened in 1835. In 1843 he left the Vincentian order and entered the national seminary, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, from which he qualified as a priest.He left Maynooth in 1850. Clerical career
Father <mask>'s first appointment was as a reader at St Andrew's Church, Westland Row, Dublin; soon after that, in 1852, he took up the post of curate at the church of SS Michael and John. In 1858 he was appointed curate in the parish of Bray, County Wicklow. Nine years later, in 1867, he was put in charge of St Peter's chapel at Little Bray as administrator. Little Bray was then a hamlet of Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin; it is separated from Bray proper by the river Dargle. In 1868 Little Bray became a separate parish and <mask> was made its parish priest. He remained in that role until 1893, when he was transferred to the parish of Ballybrack and Killiney, County Dublin.<mask>'s ecclesiastical career was unremarkable, yet he became a figure of some repute in the cultured circles of his day. It was as a bon viveur and conversationalist that he gained his fame. His entertaining repartee made him a popular guest at dinner parties; he also held dinners at his own house which attracted visitors from all strata of society. As one of his regular guests observed, "His friends comprised all classes, rich and poor, old and young, Protestant and Catholic. He was a priest devoted to his Church and to his flock, but his heart was big enough to include kind and loving feelings for all." A particular friend of <mask>'s was the controversial judge William Keogh QC, who lived near him in Bray. Another of his admirers, a Mr Darcy, took <mask> on two extensive trips abroad, the first (in 1879) to Italy and Egypt, the second (in 1886) to the United States of America.Declining years
In the 1880s Father <mask> began to suffer from liver problems and other health issues. After a break of several months "taking the waters" at Harrogate and Karlsbad (Baden) (during which period he claimed to have "shrunk to the size of a curate") he was well enough to resume his duties as a parish priest. In 1893 he was transferred to the parish of Ballybrack with Killiney, but by then his health was in terminal decline. He died, of liver failure aggravated by pneumonia, on 28 October 1894. Anecdotes
A lady told <mask> she was one of the Dalys of Castle Daly, and asked what family he belonged to. "I belong to the Francis Street branch of the Halys of Castle Haly," he replied. The Duchess of Marlborough once asked <mask> if he could speak French."I ought to, your Grace, for I was born in Francis Street," was his reply. Sir Redvers Buller, a general who had fought in Africa, dined with <mask> on one occasion when the other guests were Archbishop Walsh and eleven priests. Sir Redvers flinched when he saw he was the only layman. "Don’t worry," said <mask>, "the soutane can’t be much worse than the Soudan!" <mask> was sceptical of physicians. When he was on his deathbed Dr Christopher Nixon came to attend on him. "My dear <mask>," he said, "you are exceedingly ill. We know what is best for you, and I must ask you to submit your will to us.""I shan’t," retorted the Reverend Father, "you might alter it!" Meeting with <mask> <mask> came to the attention of William Ewart Gladstone while the latter was visiting Dublin in 1877. On his way to Italy in 1879 <mask> stopped in London and was invited to breakfast at Gladstone's house. The tale he subsequently told about this occasion was recorded by a young writer:

My father took me one evening to dine (at the house of Mr Justice James Murphy) near Stillorgan. I soon became aware that the wine was excellent, and was being drunk with attention. But before long I found my mind chiefly engaged in marvelling who on earth was this little priest with the humorous face, who kept saying precisely the right thing in precisely the happiest way. For I had never then heard of <mask> of Bray.No reasonable person could fail to see that this man was an extraordinary artist in conversation. ... One story he told that night is so characteristic of the man that I give it as I wrote it from memory thirty years ago, after his death. Mr Gladstone’s name had come up, as in those days it could not fail to do; and <mask> was expressing admiration for his wonderful accomplishments. “He asked me to breakfast in his own house one day,” he said, “and there were a lot of big men there; ministers and men of science, and writers and what not: but he seemed the master of every one of them on his own subject. Well, after breakfast, Gladstone began declaiming about the doctrine of indulgence; and, seeing where I was, I tried to make myself as little as I could. It was no use; he turned round on me there, with his eyes flashing: ‘<mask>, I saw with my own eyes in a church at Verona a notice offering to remit forty thousand years in purgatory for the sum of two hundred lire. Now – what do you say to that?’ Well, I was in a fix with all those fellows looking at me; but I thought of a way; so I said, ‘It’s a fair offer, and I don’t know where you’d go to do better.’”

Testimonials
“His outward presence expressed perfectly the soul within.It would have been a common face but for the uncommon qualities which marked it, for it was broadened with smiles, lit up with a twinkling eye, refined by the thin nostril and mobile lips, which told of his delicate perception and his ready utterance – an utterance rich with the flavour of his origin. He was never at a loss for a kindly word; to meet him in the street was like passing suddenly into sunshine.” ––  Dr John Pentland Mahaffy, Fellow (later Provost) of Trinity College, Dublin

“<mask> was one of the most charming of men – racy of the soil, a true Irishman, a true friend, kind, witty, genial, sociable. We shall not soon look upon his like again. I knew him for over a quarter of a century; I have dined with him on several occasions in his house at Little Bray, and I can never forget those wonderful and hospitable entertainments. The numbers varied – sometimes eight, ten, twelve, even fourteen. The most varied guests met at his table. I have sat there at the same time with Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Lord Powerscourt, Monsignor Persico, Archbishop Walsh, Lord Morris, Chief Baron Palles, and others.His guests were always delighted to be there, and he was delighted to have them. One servant cooked the dinner and brought it to the table, and no one could tell how the attendance was arranged. Once, I remember, when some officer of the Guards was dining with the Padre, he looked round for a servant to take his coat and hat when he entered the house, and the host came forward smiling, saying: ‘You know those footmen of mine all gave me notice and left on the spot when they heard that you were coming.’ He was brilliant, quick like lightning in conversation, and never hesitated for a second to come out with a sparkling, genial mot.” –– Lord Ashbourne

Notes

References

1824 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Christian clergy from Dublin (city)
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth

masks:
James Healy
James Healy
John Healy
James Healy
Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father James
Gladstone Father
Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father Healy
Father James


title: Lena Constante

type: original

texts:
<mask> (June 18, 1909 – November 2005) was a Romanian artist, essayist and memoirist, known for her work in stage design and tapestry. A family friend of Communist Party politician Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, she was arrested by the Communist regime following the conflict between Pătrăşcanu and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. She was indicted in his trial and spent twelve years as a political prisoner. Constante was the wife of the musicologist Harry Brauner, and the sister-in-law of the painter Victor Brauner. Biography
Born in Bucharest, she was the daughter of an Aromanian journalist (who had immigrated from Macedonia) and his Romanian wife. The <mask> family left the city during the World War I German occupation, and <mask> spent much of her childhood in Iaşi, Kherson, Odessa, London and Paris. Returning at the end of the conflict, she studied Painting at the Romanian Art Academy in Bucharest, and established friendships with leading intellectuals of her time, including Brauner, Mircea Vulcănescu, Petru Comarnescu, Henri H. Stahl, Mihail Sebastian, and Paul Sterian.During the period, she became sympathetic to left-wing politics and joined the sociological project initiated by Dimitrie Gusti, aiding in the creation of comprehensive monographs on traditional Romanian society; her visits to various villages acquainted her with traditional folk art, especially religious icons, which she later used as inspiration in her work. Constante first exhibited her art in 1934, and had personal shows in 1935, and 1946; her last exhibit before being arrested occurred in Ankara, Turkey (1947). After 1945, she was employed as a stage designer by the newly founded Ţăndărică Theater, where she met Elena Pătrăşcanu, Lucreţiu's wife. In early 1946, when Pătrăşcanu, who was Romania's Minister of Justice, decided to go against the will of his party and intervened in the standoff between King Michael I and the Petru Groza executive (greva regală – "the royal strike"), she mediated between him and two well-known anti-communist figures Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu and Grigore Niculescu-Buzeşti, in an attempt to ensure their support for a political compromise. Together with her friend Brauner, as well as Remus Koffler, Belu Zilber, Petre Pandrea, Herant Torosian, Ionel Mocsony Stârcea, the engineer Emil Calmanovici, Alexandru Ştefănescu and others, she was implicated in Pătrăşcanu's 1954 trial, being sentenced to twelve years in prison. The person who took initiative in bringing her to trial was Securitate deputy chief Alexandru Nicolschi. During repeated interrogations by the Securitate, Constante tried to fend off false accusations of "Titoism" and "treason", but, the victim of constant beatings and torture (much of her hair was torn from the roots), and confronted with Zilber's testimony — which implicated her —, she eventually gave in and admitted to the charges.Throughout the rest of her life, she maintained a highly critical view of Zilber, and expressed her admiration for Pătrăşcanu, who had for long resisted pressures and had been executed in the end. As she stated in 2004,
"I did not know [Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu] too well. It was not [because of] him that I went to jail. Neither was it [because of] Mrs. Elena [Pătrăşcanu]. His friend, Belu Zilber, made us go to jail, me and my husband. Zilber was never pleased with all the things he kept inventing in his confessions and he would concoct some stuff that aimed to please the interrogators. To please [Gheorghiu-]Dej."For much of her time in prison, Constante was kept in virtually complete solitude, a special regime which she later attributed to her earlier refusal to confess. Repeatedly beaten and again tortured during her stay in special prisons for women, she much later confessed that she was never able to forgive the people responsible for her plight. She was freed in 1962; in 1963, she married Brauner, who had also been released. They both were rehabilitated during Nicolae Ceauşescu's campaign of reviewing Romania's history under Gheorghiu-Dej (1968). Constante exhibited her works on two other occasions (in 1970 and 1971, both centered on tapestry and collage art). In 1990, after the Romanian Revolution, she published her French-language autobiography L'évasion silencieuse ("The Silent Escape"), at the Éditions La Découverte in Paris. The volume, which Vladimir Tismăneanu has compared to the works of Margarete Buber-Neumann, is written as a diary, and makes use of her prolific memory, which allowed her to record an immense succession of days, years after events had passed.It won the Prize of French-Language Writers' Association, and was translated into English as The Silent Escape: Three Thousand Days in Romanian Prisons, with a preface by Gail Kligman; the Romanian version (Evadarea tăcută) received the Romanian Academy's Lucian Blaga Prize. In 1993, she also published Evadarea imposibilă. Penitenciarul politic de femei Miercurea Ciuc 1957–1961 ("The Impossible
Escape. The Political Prison for Women in Miercurea Ciuc 1957–1961"). In 1997, Constante starred as herself in Nebunia Capetelor, a film by Thomas Ciulei based on The Silent Escape; Ciulei had originally intended to cast Maia Morgenstern as Constante, but ultimately decided to pay a special tribute to the book's theme ("I wanted to force the spectator to build himself an imaginary space, as <mask>e had done when she was in her cell").

masks:
Lena Constante
Constante
Lena
Lena Constant


title: Mandy Patinkin

texts:
<mask> (; born November 30, 1952) is an American actor and singer, known for his work in musical theatre, television and film. He is a critically acclaimed Broadway performer, having received three Tony Award nominations, winning for his leading role in Evita (1996), and seven Drama Desk Award nominations. For his work in television he has received seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations (winning one). He has also received a Screen Actors Guild Award, and three Golden Globe Award nominations. Patinkin made his theatre debut in 1975 starring opposite Meryl Streep in the revival of the comic play Trelawny of the 'Wells' at The Public Theatre's Shakespeare Festival. He then originated the iconic role of Che in the original Broadway production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, in 1979, as well as that of Georges Seurat in Stephen Sondheim's Sunday in the Park with George, in 1984. Patinkin is also known for his leading roles in various shows on television playing Dr. Jeffrey Geiger in Chicago Hope (1994–2000), SSA Jason Gideon on the crime-drama television series Criminal Minds (2005–2007), and Saul Berenson in the Showtime drama series Homeland (2011–2020).For his work in television he earned seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations winning for Outstanding Leading Actor in a Drama Series for Chicago Hope in 1995. Patinkin has had recurring roles in Dead Like Me (2003–2004), and The Good Fight (2021). Over his career <mask> has become known for his performances in film including his iconic portrayal of Inigo Montoya in Rob Reiner's family adventure film The Princess Bride (1987). He also starred alongside Barbra Streisand in the musical epic Yentl (1983), where he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination. His other film credits include Miloš Forman's Ragtime (1981), Warren Beatty's Dick Tracy (1990), Wonder (2017), and Life Itself (2018). Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on November 30, 1952, to Doris Lee "Doralee" (née Sinton), a homemaker, and Lester Don <mask>, who operated two large Chicago-area metal factories, the People's Iron & Metal Company and the Scrap Corporation of America. His mother wrote Grandma Doralee <mask>'s Jewish Family Cookbook.Patinkin's cousins include <mask>, an author and nationally syndicated columnist for The Providence Journal; <mask> of Columbia College Chicago's Theater Department, a founder of The Second City; Bonnie Miller Rubin, a Chicago Tribune reporter; <mask>, a New York-based actress; and Louis Rosen, a New York-based composer. Patinkin grew up in an upper-middle-class family, descended from Jewish immigrants (from Russia and Poland), and was raised in Conservative Judaism, attending religious school daily "from the age of seven to 13 or 14" and singing in synagogue choirs, as well as attending the Camp Sura in Michigan. His father died of pancreatic cancer in 1972. He attended South Shore High School, Harvard St. George School, and Kenwood High School (later renamed Kenwood Academy, where his teachers included Lena McLin), and graduated in 1970. He attended the University of Kansas and the Juilliard School (Drama Division Group 5: 1972–1976). At Juilliard, he was a classmate of Kelsey Grammer. When the producers of the sitcom Cheers were holding auditions for the role of Dr. Frasier Crane, Patinkin put Grammer's name forward.Career

1970s
After some television-commercial and radio appearances (including on CBS Radio Mystery Theater in 1974), Patinkin started his career on the New York stage in 1975, starring in Trelawny of the 'Wells' as Arthur Gower. Patinkin starred alongside Meryl Streep, who played Imogen Parrott, and John Lithgow, who played Ferdinand Gadd. From 1975 through 1976, Patinkin played Fortinbras, Prince of Norway and Player King in a Broadway revival of Hamlet, with Sam Waterston in the leading role. Patinkin had his first success in musical theater when he played Che in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, which starred Patti LuPone, on Broadway in 1979. 1980s
Patinkin went on to win the 1980 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance in Evita. He then moved to film, playing parts in movies such as Yentl and Ragtime. He returned to Broadway in 1984 to star in Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine’s Pulitzer Prize-winning musical Sunday in the Park with George, in which he played the pointillist artist Georges Seurat, earning him another Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical.In 1987, Patinkin played Inigo Montoya in Rob Reiner's The Princess Bride, playing the role of the best swordsman in the country, looking to avenge his father’s death. Over the next decade, he continued to appear in movies, including Dick Tracy and Alien Nation. 1990s
On Broadway, Patinkin appeared in the musical The Secret Garden in 1991 and was nominated for the 1991 Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Actor in a Musical. He also released two solo albums, titled <mask> (1989) and Dress Casual (1990). In 1994, Patinkin took the role of Dr. Jeffrey Geiger on CBS's Chicago Hope for which he won an Emmy Award. However, despite the award and the ratings success of the show, Patinkin left the show during the second season because he was unhappy spending so much time away from his wife and children. He returned to the show in 1999 at the beginning of the sixth season, but it was canceled in 2000.Since Chicago Hope, Patinkin has appeared in a number of films. However, he has mostly performed as a singer, releasing three more albums. In 1995, he guest-starred in The Simpsons in the episode "Lisa's Wedding" as Hugh Parkfield, Lisa's future English groom. Mamaloshen, Patinkin's musical production of songs sung entirely in Yiddish, premiered in 1998. He has performed the show on Broadway and in venues around the United States. The recorded version won a Deutscher Schallplattenpreis award in Germany. In 1999, Patinkin co-starred in the second Sesame Street film, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland, as Huxley, an abusive, childish, sadistic, and greedy man with abnormally large eyebrows, who steals whatever he can grab and then claims it as his own.2000s
Patinkin returned to Broadway in 2000 in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Michael John LaChiusa's The Wild Party, earning another Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. From 2003 to 2004, he appeared in the Showtime comedy-drama Dead Like Me as Rube Sofer. In 2004, he played a six-week engagement of his one-man concert at the Off-Broadway complex Dodger Stages. In September 2005, he debuted in the role of Jason Gideon, an experienced profiler just coming back to work after a series of nervous breakdowns, in the CBS crime-drama television series Criminal Minds. Patinkin was absent from a table read for Criminal Minds and did not return for a third season. The departure from the show was not due to contractual or salary matters, but over creative differences. He left apologetic letters for his fellow cast members explaining his reasons and wishing them luck.Many weeks before his departure, in a videotaped interview carried in the online magazine Monaco Revue, Patinkin told journalists at the Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo that he loathed violence on television and was uncomfortable with certain scenes in Criminal Minds. He later called his choice to do Criminal Minds his "biggest public mistake" and stated that he "thought it was something very different. I never thought they were going to kill and rape all these women every night, every day, week after week, year after year. It was very destructive to my soul and my personality. After that, I didn't think I would get to work in television again." Patinkin spoke of having planned to tour the world with a musical and wanting to inject more comedy into the entertainment business. In later episodes of Criminal Minds, during the 2007–08 season, Jason Gideon was written out of the series and replaced by Special Agent David Rossi (played by Joe Mantegna).Gideon was later officially killed off, ending all chances of a guest appearance by <mask> on the show. On October 14, 2009, it was announced that Patinkin would be a guest star on an episode of Three Rivers, which aired on November 15, 2009. He played a patient with Lou Gehrig's disease injured in a car accident who asks the doctors at Three Rivers Hospital to take him off life support so his organs can be donated. He filmed an appearance on The Whole Truth that had been scheduled to air December 15, 2010, but ABC pulled the series from its schedule two weeks prior. 2010s
He starred in the new musical Paradise Found, co-directed by Harold Prince and Susan Stroman, at the Menier Chocolate Factory in London. The musical played a limited engagement from May 2010 through June 26, 2010. <mask> and Patti LuPone performed their concert An Evening with Patti LuPone and <mask>in on Broadway for a limited 63-performance run starting November 21, 2011, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, and ending on January 13, 2012.The concert marked the first time the pair had performed together on Broadway since appearing in Evita. He costarred with Claire Danes on the Showtime series Homeland, which initially began airing in 2011. He portrays counterterrorism operative Saul Berenson, protagonist Carrie Mathison's (Danes) mentor. For his performance, Patinkin has been nominated for a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Explaining what he learned from the character, he stated, "The line between good and evil runs through each one of us." Patinkin was announced as playing the role of Pierre in the Broadway musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 starting August 15, 2017. He was to have a limited run through September 3, replacing former Hamilton star Okieriete Onaodowan, but Patinkin dropped out of the role before performing.In 2018, Patinkin returned to recorded music with the album Diary: January 27, 2018 which was produced by pianist Thomas Bartlett. Personal life
Patinkin married actress and writer Kathryn Grody on April 15, 1980. They have two sons, Isaac and Gideon. Gideon joined his father onstage in Dress Casual in 2011. Patinkin has described himself as "Jewish with a dash of Buddhist" belief. On the Canadian radio program Q, Patinkin called himself a "JewBu" because of this mix of beliefs and "spiritual but not religious." Patinkin suffered from keratoconus, a degenerative eye condition, in the mid-1990s.This led to two corneal transplants, his right cornea in 1997 and his left in 1998. He was also diagnosed with and treated for prostate cancer in 2004. He celebrated his first year of recovery in 2005 by doing a  charity bike ride with his son, Isaac – the Arava Institute Hazon Israel Ride: Cycling for Peace, Partnership & Environmental Protection. Patinkin has been involved in a variety of Jewish causes and cultural activities. He sings in Yiddish, often in concert, and on his album Mamaloshen. He also wrote introductions for two books on Jewish culture, The Jewish American Family Album, by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, and Grandma Doralee <mask>'s Holiday Cookbook: A Jewish Family's Celebrations, by his mother, Doralee <mask> Rubin. In May 2012, Patinkin delivered the opening speech at the Annual Convention of the Israeli Left, where he recounted his experiences during a visit to the West Bank with members of the Breaking the Silence organization.Patinkin contributed to the children's book Dewey Doo-it Helps Owlie Fly Again: A Musical Storybook, inspired by Christopher Reeve. The award-winning book, published in 2005, benefits the Christopher Reeve Foundation and includes an audio CD with Patinkin singing and reading the story as well as Dana Reeve and Bernadette Peters singing. On December 21, 2015, on Charlie Rose on PBS, Patinkin spoke about his recent trip to Greece to help refugees from war-torn Syria and his acting role on the television series Homeland. He stated that he wanted to help "create opportunity and better systems of living and existing, to give freedom, justice and dignity, quality of life to humanity all over the world." In 2020, Patinkin's and Grody's son, Gideon, began filming and photographing their daily lives, posting images and clips to multiple social media outlets. The couple soon developed a significant social media following. Later that year, Grody and Patinkin partnered with Swing Left, creating viral videos with their sons to encourage people to vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election.Patinkin also stumped for Biden in an ad for the Jewish Democratic Council of America encouraging Jews to vote for Biden. The ad featured Patinkin channeling his Princess Bride character to encourage people to vote. Patinkin is a model railroader. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Discography

Awards and nominations
Theatre awards

Film and television awards

On February 12, 2018, Patinkin received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Blvd for his work on television. References

External links

"<mask>in: How I became political -- and why you should too" via CNN

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American Buddhists
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male Shakespearean actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American musicians
Juilliard School alumni
Male actors from Chicago
Nonesuch Records artists
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
University of Kansas alumni
Patinkin family
Illinois Democrats

masks:
Mandel Bruce Patinkin
Patinkin
Patinkin
Patinkin
Patinkin
Mark Patinkin
Sheldon Patinkin
Laura Patinkin
Mandy Patinkin
Patinkin
Patinkin
Mandy Patink
Patinkin
Patinkin
Mandy Patink


title: Franca Arena

texts:
<mask> (born 23 August 1937) is an Australian politician and activist. She was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1981, first for the Labor Party then as an Independent from 1997 until she left the Council in 1999. Long recognised as a colourful and influential figure in New South Wales politics, <mask> shot to national prominence in 1996 when, under Parliamentary privilege, she named retired judge David Yeldham and former New South Wales MP Frank Arkell as potential paedophiles. Life and career
<mask> was born in Genoa, Italy, the daughter of Francesco Dellepiane and Onorato Rosita. She received her education in Italy, at Syskon College in London, and after migrating to Australia in 1959, took several courses at WEA Sydney. In 1961, <mask> married <mask>. The couple had twin sons in 1966.Soon after arriving in Australia, <mask> worked as a journalist for the Italian language newspaper La Fiamma, until 1966. She also worked as a broadcaster in ethnic radio. In 1975 <mask> helped found ethnic radio 2EA Sydney, where she worked until 1979. <mask>'s strong interest in ethnic affairs inevitably led her to become involved in community organisations and politics. She sat on numerous committees from 1972 through the 1970s and '80s, all of them involved in some way in promoting or managing ethnic affairs, women's issues, or adult education. She joined the Labor Party in 1972, and in 1981 was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council, becoming the first woman not from an English-speaking background in the New South Wales Parliament. As a Member of the council, <mask> sat on several parliamentary committees, most prominently the Standing Committee on Social Issues.In 1996 <mask> attracted public condemnation after suggesting that the Wood Royal Commission should investigate Supreme Court judge David Yeldham and former MP Frank Arkell as alleged paedophiles. Her relationship with her party became increasingly strained as the fallout from her 1996 comments mounted, and she resigned in November 1997, continuing to serve on the Legislative Council as an Independent. In 1999 she failed a bid for re-election under the "Franca Arena Child Safety Alliance" banner, and retired from politics. The National Italian-Australian Women's Association was established by <mask> <mask> in 1985 (founding President). It aims to recognise and promote the contribution of Italian-Australian women to Australian society. <mask> <mask> has been a volunteer telephone counsellor for Lifeline and is a regular on-air contributor on the SBS Italian radio program. Awards
In 1976, <mask> was awarded a Churchill Fellowship, which sponsorship she used to study the relationship between ethnic groups and their host countries in countries other than Australia.She was offered the Order of the British Empire for services to migrants, but refused the honour; in 1980 she accepted the Order of Australia for services to ethnic groups. Australia was not the only government determined to recognise her work; in 1990 she was awarded Commendatore della Repubblica Italiana (in English, Knight Commander of the Italian Republic), and in 2004 the City of Genoa and the Region of Liguria bestowed the Illustrious Ligurian Award. Queer nation
In 1991, <mask> attracted sympathy and scorn after becoming the target of militant homosexual activists Queer Nation. At the time, <mask> was the head of a parliamentary enquiry into financial assistance for people who had acquired AIDS medically. <mask> attracted the attention of Queer Nation because, according to prominent member Tony Westmore, she had attempted to distinguish between people with medically acquired AIDS (whom she considered "innocent") and people who become infected through sexual contact. Election reform
In 1995, MLC <mask> <mask> moved the Parliament to an inquiry and report on the idea of providing seats dedicated to people of Aboriginal background, modeled on the Māori seats of New Zealand, so as to allow for hitherto unseen indigenous representation in the Parliament of New South Wales. The Standing Committee on Social Issues, of which she wasn't part, released a report on the merits of such seats in November 1998.The NSW Government members, however, did not believe the solution appropriate and leaned towards other measures to facilitate Aborigine representation. Wood Royal Commission
The Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service was a Royal Commission set up in 1994 to investigate corruption in the then New South Wales Police Service. As the commission continued, its scope expanded to include paedophilia and the failure of the NSW Police to adequately investigate accusations of sexual abuse. <mask>, along with fellow MP Deirdre Grusovin, urged the commission to look into abuse perpetrated by judges and lawyers. Frustrated with what she saw as the commission's unwillingness to investigate prominent people, <mask> promised to name at least two Sydney men in a speech to the Legislative Council. The next day, she followed through, demanding to know why the commission had not investigated retired Supreme Court judge David Yeldham or former MLA Frank Arkell. The remarks caused uproar in both Parliament and the press, and <mask> was regularly accused of abusing Parliamentary privilege to shield herself from potential defamation suits.Both Arkell and Yeldham strenuously denied being paedophiles. As a result of the publicity <mask>'s suggestion attracted, Yeldham was discovered to be living a double life as a homosexual, and committed suicide on 4 November 1996. When asked in late 1996 to comment on Yeldham's suicide, <mask> stood by her comments to the Legislative Council, explaining, "I asked questions which I felt it was important for me to ask after I was contacted by several people. As a member of Parliament, I have a duty to my constituents. Throughout this whole affair, I have acted according to my conscience.". The Privileges Committee of the Legislative Council investigated Arena's parliamentary conduct in November 1997. Frank Arkell, the other accused, was murdered on 26 June 1998.When the Commission published its findings, it cleared Yeldham and Arkell of any wrongdoing, and found that <mask>'s claims of a high-level cover-up of paedophilic activity were "false in all respects". Journalist Trudy Harris, writing in The Australian, described some of her claims, including one that an unnamed NSW judge was a Satanic murderer, as "bizarre". Not all of <mask>'s efforts were dismissed, however: NSW Commissioner of Police Peter Ryan set up a strike force to investigate accusations <mask> supplied to NSW Police, and argued that her assistance had been invaluable at times, such as in the arrest of a NSW District Court judge for child sex offences. Leaving the Labor Party
The decision to name Arkell and Yeldham as suspected paedophiles would cost <mask> dearly. With support within her own party already waning as a result of the incident and her refusal to back down, in 1997 <mask> pushed things further, crossing the floor to vote with the Liberal Opposition in favour of widening the Wood Commission's jurisdiction to include all paedophilia-related activity. Voting against one's own party is an expellable offence in the Labor Party; the only other NSW Labor MP to have opposed his own party in a party-line vote was George Petersen, who was expelled in 1987 as a result. As debate on whether to expel <mask> continued within the Labor Party and in the press, the Wood Royal Commission released its findings, clearing <mask>'s accused and ridiculing her allegations of a political cover-up.<mask> resigned from the Australian Labor Party on 7 November 1997, but continued to serve the Legislative Council as an Independent. As an Independent
<mask> wasted no time in using her new-found freedom as an Independent. In November 1997, the Labor Government attempted to pass the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Amendment Bill, which would have reduced the fine for small-scale marijuana use from $2200 to $500, and removed the possibility of gaol time. <mask> opposed the Bill, which was defeated in a 20–19 vote in the Legislative Council. Another Independent MLC, Richard Jones, attacked <mask> for her opposition of the Bill, asserting that she had told him she would be supporting it; <mask> argued that she had changed her mind because similar legislation had failed in South Australia. As <mask>'s eight-year term drew to a close, the Legislative Council voted to suspend her indefinitely unless she apologised for her comments about a criminal conspiracy of politicians to cover-up paedophilia. <mask> refused to apologise, arguing that she hadn't made any statements alleging criminal conspiracies.She read a "statement of regret" to the Council instead, a compromise that angered the Government but attracted enough support from Independents and individual Coalition MPs to avoid suspension. <mask> stood for re-election in 1999 under the name of a new party, the "Franca Arena Child Safety Alliance". She was soundly defeated, receiving a mere 0.4 percent of the popular vote, and immediately announced her retirement from political life. As an author
In 2002, <mask> published an autobiography entitled, Franca: my story. In it, she describes how finding out that both her sons are gay sparked a deep depression, during which she contemplated suicide. Footnotes

References

Public online resources

State Library of New South Wales biography. Accessed 25 June 2007."Statement of Regret By the Honourable <mask> <mask>", Hansard transcript, 16 September 1998. Australian women biographical entry. Accessed 25 June 2007. Newspapers

"Gay Group Plans 'Outing' For NSW Politician", Sonya Voumard, The Age, 9 August 1991. "Vicious Gay Campaign Against Franca Arena", Alicia Larriera, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 1991. "Being pulled out of the closet: Militant gays' tactics of 'outing' people who don't want their sexual preference made public has divided the homosexual community", Miranda Friedlander, The Toronto Star, 3 September 1991. "What about lawyers, judges?", Michael Cameron, The Daily Telegraph, 24 October 1996. "<mask> to name molesters", The Daily Telegraph, 31 October 1996. "Ex-judge denies paedophile claim", David Nason, The Australian, 1 November 1996. "Uproar at MP name dropping", Rachel Morris, The Daily Telegraph, 1 November 1996. "Ex-judge suicides after child sex claim", The Australian, 5 November 1996. "<mask> votes with opposition", Mark Robinson and Ben English, The Daily Telegraph, 11 April 1997 (corrected 27 March 2002). "<mask> defiant in face of expulsion calls", Jonathan Este, The Australian, 6 November 1996."Arena Attacked For Vote Over Drug Law Reforms", Newcastle Herald, 22 November 1997. "ALP Marihuana Reform Refused", Scott Tucker, Newcastle Herald, 25 November 1997. "<mask> <mask> Faces Apology Deadline", Australian Associated Press, 15 September 1998. "Ms <mask> Regrets But Wins the Day", Mark Robinson, The Daily Telegraph, 17 September 1998. "<mask> <mask> says goodbye in a far cry from her days under the spotlight", Damien Murphy, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1999 (republished online). "Paedophile chaser concedes defeat", Trudy Harris, The Australian'', 14 April 1999. 1937 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Women members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Independent members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Living people
Italian emigrants to Australia
Australian politicians of Italian descent

masks:
Franca Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Joseph Nicholas Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Franca
Arena
Franca
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Franca
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Franca
Arena
Arena
Arena
Arena
Franca
Arena
Arena
Franca
Arena


title: William Hurt

texts:
<mask>  (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He studied at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. <mask> made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature Altered States, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. In 1981 he played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir Body Heat. He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in Gorky Park (1983). <mask> garnered three consecutive nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), Children of a Lesser God (1986), and Broadcast News (1987), winning for the first of these. <mask> remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions including Henry V, Fifth of July, Richard II and A Midsummer Night's Dream.<mask> received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of Hurlyburly. After a variety of character roles in the following decade, <mask> earned his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller A History of Violence (2005). Other notable recent films include A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), The Village (2004), Syriana (2005), The Good Shepherd (2006), Mr. Brooks (2007), Into the Wild (2007), Robin Hood (2010), and the Marvel Cinematic Universe films, in which he portrays Thaddeus Ross. Early life and education
<mask> was born March 20, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill; 1923–1971), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord <mask> (1910–1996), who worked for the United States Agency for International Development and State Department. He has two brothers. With his father, he lived in Lahore, Mogadishu and Khartoum.After his parents divorced, his mother married Henry Luce III (1925–2005), a son of publisher Henry Luce, during <mask>'s childhood. <mask> attended the Middlesex School, where he was vice president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. He graduated in 1968 and his yearbook predicted, "you might even see him on Broadway." <mask> attended Tufts University and studied theology, but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School (Drama Division Group 5: 1972–1976). Two of his classmates there were Christopher Reeve and <mask>. Career
<mask> began his career in stage productions, only later acting in films. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company.He won an Obie Award for his debut appearance there in Corinne Jacker's My Life, and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in Fifth of July, Ulysses in Traction, and Lulu. In 1979, <mask> played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and Beatrice Straight. His first major film role was in the science-fiction film Altered States where his performance as an obsessed scientist gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan's neo-noir classic Body Heat elevated <mask> to stardom, and he later also co-starred in Kasdan’s The Big Chill (1983). He appeared in the thriller Gorky Park opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Actor for Kiss of the Spider Woman in 1985. He has received three additional Oscar nominations: Best Actor for Children of a Lesser God (1986) and Broadcast News (1987; he was thus nominated for Best Actor for three consecutive years) and Best Supporting Actor for A History Of Violence (2005).<mask> also starred in Tuck Everlasting as Angus Tuck. Often cast as an intellectual, <mask> has starred as such in films such as Lost in Space, but has also been effective in other kinds of role, as in I Love You to Death and David Cronenberg's psychological drama A History of Violence (2005), where in less than 10 minutes of screen time he plays the creepy mob boss, Richie Cusack. Also in 2005, <mask> played a mysterious government operative in Stephen Gaghan's ensemble drama about the politics of big oil, Syriana. <mask> was in the miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's Nightmares and Dreamscapes, in a piece entitled Battleground (also notable for its complete lack of dialogue). He plays Renshaw, a hitman who receives a package from the widow of a toymaker he had killed, unaware of what is waiting inside for him. He appeared in the cast of Vanya, an adaptation of Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, at the Artists Repertory Theatre in Portland, Oregon. In June 2007, Marvel Studios announced that <mask> would portray General Thaddeus Ross in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk alongside Edward Norton, Liv Tyler and Tim Roth.<mask> reprised his role in Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Black Widow (2021). He appeared in Sean Penn's film Into the Wild, the true story of Christopher McCandless. He appeared as President Henry Ashton in the 2008 action-thriller Vantage Point. <mask> also played Mr. Brooks's alter ego in Mr. Brooks starring Kevin Costner. In 2009, <mask> became a series regular on the FX series Damages playing a corporate whistleblower opposite Glenn Close and Marcia Gay Harden. For his role in the series, <mask> earned a 2009 Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series" category. <mask>'s 2009 Sundance film The Yellow Handkerchief was released in theaters on February 26, 2010, by Samuel Goldwyn Films.He was in the Thailand-based 2011 thriller Hellgate alongside Cary Elwes and Paula Taylor, directed by John Penney. In September 2010, <mask> played United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in the HBO film Too Big to Fail, an adaptation of Andrew Ross Sorkin's book. He also starred as Captain Ahab in the 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick. In 2018, he was cast as the lead in The Coldest Game (2019), but after he was injured in an off-set accident, he was replaced by Bill Pullman. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Beth <mask> from 1971 to 1982. In the 1980s he was involved in a lawsuit with Sandra Jennings. While he was still married, <mask> and Jennings had begun a relationship in Saratoga Springs, New York, in 1981.Jennings became pregnant in the spring of 1982, which precipitated <mask>'s divorce from Mary Beth <mask>, after which <mask> and Jennings relocated to South Carolina, a state that recognized common-law marriages. <mask> and Jennings remained officially unmarried and later separated. Jennings sued him in New York, seeking recognition of their relationship as a common-law marriage under South Carolina law. The New York court did not recognize common-law marriage, was reluctant to recognize a common-law marriage originating in South Carolina, and found in <mask>'s favor that no common-law marriage existed. <mask> dated Marlee Matlin for one year, and they cohabited for two years. In 1986, after Matlin won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God, <mask> reportedly asked her to consider what it meant to win the Oscar after just one film, when others won only after many years of hard work. "What makes you think you deserved it, Marlee?"<mask> allegedly asked her in the limousine after the ceremony. In her 2009 autobiography I'll Scream Later, Matlin said that their relationship involved considerable drug abuse and physical abuse by <mask>. In response to the accusations aired on CNN on April 13, 2009, <mask>'s agent declined to respond, but <mask> issued a statement the following day, which said: "My own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good." <mask> has four children: one with Jennings, two with Heidi Henderson, and one with French actress, film director and screenwriter Sandrine Bonnaire.<mask> is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. He is fluent in French and maintains a home outside Paris. It was announced in May 2018 that <mask> had terminal prostate cancer that spread to the bone. Filmography

Film

Television

Audiobook narration

References

External links

 Comprehensive career-overview interview with <mask>

1950 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
David di Donatello winners
Juilliard School alumni
Living people
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Tufts University alumni
Middlesex School alumni

masks:
William McChord Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Robin Williams
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
William Hurt


title: Ali Jawad Zaidi

texts:
<mask>  <mask> (10 March 1916 – 6 December 2004) was an Indian Urdu poet, scholar, and author of over 80 books in several languages. He was also an Indian independence activist, lawyer and later, a civil servant, but is best known for his work in Urdu literature. He was an authority on marsiyago poetry of Uttar Pradesh, including the poets Mir Anis and Mirza Ghalib, and wrote on both poetry and prose, including research and analytical works. He has received several awards for his contributions to literature and other fields. Early life and education

<mask> was born in the village Karhan, Uttar Pradesh, then in Azamgarh district (now Mau district) in eastern Uttar Pradesh, the eldest of six children in a zamindar family of Mohammadabad-Gohna, Azamgarh. He was born at his maternal grandfather's home in Karhan. Belonging to a Saiyid family and being the eldest son in his family, he was sent to the local Arabic madarsa to gain education and proficiency in Islamic theology and religious matters.When <mask> was 11 years old, his father died. His early formal education took place in Mahmudabad, the princely state. He then graduated from Government Jubilee College, Lucknow and an LLB from Lucknow University). Indian independence activism

During his graduation and later while doing his LLB, he came into contact with leaders of the Indian independence movement, which he joined in the late 1930s. He wrote revolutionary poetry while he led the student's movement along with other student leaders such as Shankar Dayal Sharma, who later went on to become the president of India. His poetry drew praise from Sarojini Naidu, and he was subsequently elected as the secretary-general of the All India Student's Federation. He remained the secretary-general of the All India Students Federation during the Quit India Movement (1942) launched by Mahatma Gandhi.His poems were proscribed by the British Colonial Government for inciting rebellion against the British Raj. The British government issued an arrest warrant in order to stop him from organising student rallies and mobilising students against the Raj. He continued his work underground, organising students throughout India. He was later arrested at Nagpur, and was sentenced to jail for anti-British activity and sent to serve his term at the Nagpur Central Prison and later transferred to the Benares Central Jail. He was laid to rest at the Malka Jahan burial grounds, Lucknow, India, with full state honours provided to an Indian freedom fighter. Government service

With India's independence, <mask> ended his active involvement in politics. He joined the Information Department of the Government of Uttar Pradesh and was a deputy director there until he was inducted into the Indian Information Service and posted to Srinagar.Although he had taken up Government Service for a full-time job, and chosen that as a career, he remained active in arts and cultural activities in Jammu and Kashmir, organising and conducting the annual Kashmir festival during the summer months. He was appointed as the secretary general of the Society of Arts and Culture, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. In the early 1960s he was transferred to Delhi and posted with the Press Information Bureau in Delhi and Mumbai. His final posting was in Tehran and he retired from active Government service as Joint Director, News Services, All India Radio in August 1978. <mask> was a secularist and nationalist. He was a member of the Inder Kumar Gujral Committee for promotion of Urdu. He also worked as the editor of Naya Daur, an Urdu monthly digest, and Al-Ilm, a monthly published from Mumbai.Naya Daur ran a series on his memoirs on a monthly basis for a time, as well as a special issue in his memory of <mask> <mask> (Nov/Dec issue, 2004) after his death. He also did some translation work (into English) for the Sahitya Akademi. He travelled extensively in India and abroad, often working with heads of state and other high-ranking officials. He was friends with Darshan Singh of the Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission. Writing career

Throughout his years with the government, Zaidi continued writing. Seven of his books have won State Government Awards. He was the author of over 80 books in Urdu, English, Hindi and Persian.Many of his works are now reference material for research students. He has been the subject of research scholars, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees have been awarded to four students for research done on his life and works. He was president of the Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy, Lucknow and as the president of the Zainabbiya Institute of Islamic Studies, Mumbai, and was on the board of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi and the Sangeet and Natya Akademi, New Delhi and other social, literary and cultural organizations. He was also an advisor to the Government of Uttar Pradesh. His books are included in the U.S. Library of Congress. Amongst his notable works are Qasida Nigaran-e-Uttar Pradesh (in 2 Volumes), Uttar Pradesh ke Marsiyago (in 2 Volumes) & Do Adabi School, which have been published in Urdu-speaking Pakistan as well. These books along with his History of Urdu Literature (English), Mirza Ghalib – Ek Parichay (Hindi), Mir Anis, are unique in their approaches to their subjects.<mask> was a member of the progressive Urdu literature movement, other members of which included <mask> Jafri and Kaifi Azmi. His poetic contemporaries included Majaz, Faiz, and Qurratulain Hyder. He was also a member of the Committee for Promotion of Urdu (appointed by the Government of India Resolution No. F. 15-25/72-L. 1 dated 5 May 1972)

Confined to his home in Lucknow due to poor health and failing eyesight during his last years, he wrote using an amanuensis. He died on 6 December 2004. Awards
The Government of India conferred on him the Padma Shri in recognition of his contributions to Urdu literature. (1988), He also received a Tamra Patra award for his role in the freedom movement, and the Ghalib award

Other awards included:
 Anis Award in recognition of Expertise on Mir Anis
 Ghalib Award in recognition of Expertise on Mirza Ghalib
 Certificate of Honour presented by The Rotary Club, Lucknow
 Awards presented to his various books by Governments and Literary Organizations are marked in the list of his books below.In 1987, Zaidi asked government bodies and literary organizations not to consider his works for awards. The Jawad Memorial Prize was instituted in his remembrance in 2019 for awarding outstanding translations of Urdu works to English. List of published books

(Books marked by an ‘*’ are award-winning books) authored by Saiyid <mask> Zaidi
Meri Gazalain 					1959	* Poetry
Teesha-e-Awaaz 					1985	   Poetry
Uttar Pradesh Ke Marsiyago					   Research
Do Adbi School					1970	* Critical Analysis
Naath Nigari Uttar Pradesh mein				   Research & analysis
Zabt Shuda Nazmein					   Collection of Proscribed Poems
Urdu Main Qaumi Shairi Ke Sau Saal		1957	   Criticism & analysis
History of Urdu Literature				1993	   Research & Analysis
Mir Anis (Tr. 1975	   Report

<mask> himself has been the subject of research in several publications:

 <mask> Jawad Zaidi, by Saikh Abdur Rehman, 1999
 <mask> <mask>, Hindustan Adab ke Mehmur, Sahitya Acedemy, by Wazahat Hussain Rizvi, 2012
 Naya Daur, Shumara Number-008,009, by Wazahat Hussain Rizvi
 <mask>ad Zaidi aur sheeraza Kashmir (research), presented at Ali Jawad Zaidi - Fun aur shakshiyat; by Dr. Mohd. Rashid Azeez

References

External links
 https://www.scribd.com/document/231817656/App-Say-Miley-Pensketches-<mask>-Zaidi-Dehli-1963 (By Rashid Ashraf)

Internet searches should also include "Ali Javad Zaidi" as some people mistakenly spell the Jawad as Javad. Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
People from Uttar Pradesh
People from Mau
University of Lucknow alumni
Indian Muslims
1916 births
2004 deaths

masks:
Syed Ali Jawad
Zaidi
Zaidi
Zaidi
Zaidi
Zaidi
Ali Jawad
Zaidi
Zaidi
Ali Sardar
Ali Jawad
Zaidi
Ali
Ali Jawad
Zaidi
Ali jaw
Ali Jawad


title: George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon

texts:
<mask>, 4th Earl of Clarendon,  (12 January 180027 June 1870) was an English diplomat and statesman from the Villiers family. He thrice served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, as part of a distinguished diplomatic career. He was the leading British representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War. Background and education
Villiers was born in London, the son of <mask> and Theresa Parker. He went up to Cambridge at the early age of sixteen and entered St John's College on 29 June 1816. In 1820, as the eldest son of an earl's brother with royal descent, he was able to take his MA degree under the statutes of the university then in force. Career
In the same year, he was appointed attaché to the British embassy at Saint Petersburg.There he remained three years, and gained practical knowledge of diplomacy which would be of use to him later in his life. He had "received from nature a singularly handsome person, a polished and engaging address, a ready command of languages, and a remarkable power of composition". Upon his return to England in 1823, he was appointed to a commissionership of customs, an office which he retained for about ten years. In 1831, he was despatched to France to negotiate a commercial treaty, which however was fruitless. Minister in Spain
On 16 August 1833, he was appointed minister at the court of Spain. Ferdinand VII died within a month of his arrival at Madrid, and the infant queen Isabella, then in the third year of her age, was placed on her contested throne, based on the old Spanish custom of female inheritance. Don Carlos, the late king's brother, claimed the crown by virtue of the Salic law of the House of Bourbon which Ferdinand had renounced before the birth of his daughter.Isabella II and her mother Christina, the queen regent, became the representatives of constitutional monarchy, Don Carlos of Catholic absolutism. The conflict which had divided the despotic and the constitutional powers of Europe since the French Revolution of 1830 broke out into civil war in Spain, and by the Quadruple Treaty, signed on 22 April 1834, France and England pledged themselves to the defence of the constitutional thrones of Spain and Portugal. For six years Villiers continued to give the most active and intelligent support to the Liberal government of Spain. He was accused, though unjustly, of having favoured the revolution of La Granja, which drove Christina, the queen mother, out of the kingdom, and raised Espartero to the regency. He undoubtedly supported the chiefs of the Liberal party, such as Espartero, against the intrigues of the French court; but the object of the British government was to establish the throne of Isabella on a truly national and liberal basis and to avert those complications, dictated by foreign influence, which eventually proved so fatal to that princess. Slavery was intended to be illegal in Spanish colonies from 1820, but this was not working. Villiers worked with the help of the Times correspondent David Turnbull to get slavery removed from Spanish colonies.In 1835 the Spanish reaffirmed their commitments. Succession to the Earldom, Offices of State in Britain
Villiers received the Grand Cross of the Bath in 1838 in acknowledgment of his services, and succeeded, on the death of his uncle, to the title of Earl of Clarendon; in the following year, having left Madrid, he married a young widow, Lady Katharine Foster-Barham (née Grimston), eldest daughter of James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam. In January 1840 he entered Lord Melbourne's Whig administration as Lord Privy Seal, and from the death of Lord Holland in the autumn of that year Lord <mask> also held the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster until the dissolution of the ministry in 1841. Deeply convinced that the maintenance of a cordial understanding with France was the most essential condition of peace and of a liberal policy in Europe, he reluctantly concurred in the measures proposed by Lord Palmerston for the expulsion of the Mohammed Ali of Egypt from Syria; he strenuously advocated, with Lord Holland, a more conciliatory policy towards France; and he was only restrained from sending in his resignation by the dislike he felt to break up a cabinet he had so recently joined. The interval of Sir Robert Peel's administration (1841–1846) was to the leaders of the Whig party a period of repose; but Lord <mask> took a strong interest in the triumph of the principles of free trade and in the repeal of the Corn Laws, of which his brother, Charles Pelham Villiers, had been one of the earliest champions. For this reason, upon the formation of Lord John Russell's first administration, Lord <mask> accepted the office of President of the Board of Trade. As Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Twice in his career the governor-generalship of India was offered him, and once the governor-generalship of Canada; these he refused from reluctance to withdraw from the politics of Europe.In 1847, the desire of the cabinet was to abolish the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, and Lord <mask> was prevailed upon to accept that office, with a view to transform it into an Irish secretaryship of state. He arrived during the second year of the Great Famine. The crisis was one of extraordinary peril. Agrarian crimes had increased threefold. The Catholic clergy were openly disaffected. Extraordinary measures were required to retain the control by the Westminster government. The French Revolution of 1848 let loose fresh elements of discord, which culminated in an abortive insurrection, and for a lengthened period Ireland was a prey to more than her wonted symptoms of disaffection and disorder.Lord <mask> remained viceroy of Ireland till 1852. His services were expressly acknowledged in the queen's speech to both Houses of Parliament in September 1848—this being the first time that any civil services obtained that honour; and he was made a Knight of the Garter (retaining also the grand cross of the Bath by special order) on 23 March 1849. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Upon the formation of the coalition ministry between the Whigs and the Peelites, in 1853, under Lord Aberdeen, Lord <mask> became Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The country was already "drifting" into the Crimean War, an expression of his own which was never forgotten. <mask> was not responsible for the policy which brought war about; but when it occurred he employed every means in his power to stimulate and assist the war departments, and above all he maintained the closest relations with the French. The tsar Nicholas had speculated on the impossibility of the sustained joint action of France and England in council and in the field. It was mainly by Lord <mask> before the Siege of Sevastopol that such a combination was rendered practicable, and did eventually triumph over the enemy.The diplomatic conduct of such an alliance for three years between two great nations jealous of their military honour and fighting for no separate political advantage, tried by excessive hardships and at moments on the verge of defeat, was certainly one of the most arduous duties ever performed by a minister. The result was due in the main to the confidence with which Lord <mask> had inspired the emperor of the French, and to the affection and regard of the empress, whom he had known in Spain from her childhood. In 1856 Lord <mask> took his seat at the congress of Paris convoked for the restoration of peace, as first British plenipotentiary. It was the first time since the appearance of Lord Castlereagh at Vienna that a secretary of state for foreign affairs had been present in person at a congress on the continent. Lord <mask>'s first care was to obtain the admission of Piedmont-Sardinia to the council chamber as a belligerent power, and to raise the barrier which still excluded Prussia as a neutral one. But in the general anxiety of all the powers to terminate the war there was no small danger that the objects for which it had been undertaken would be abandoned or forgotten. It is due entirely to the firmness of Lord <mask> that the principle of the neutralization of the Black Sea was preserved, that the Russian attempt to trick the allies out of the cession in Bessarabia was defeated, and that the results of the war were for a time secured.The congress was eager to turn to other subjects, and perhaps the most important result of its deliberations was the celebrated Declaration of the Maritime Powers, which abolished privateering, defined the right of blockade, and limited the right of capture to enemy's property in enemy's ships. Lord <mask> has been accused of an abandonment of what are termed the belligerent rights of Great Britain, which were undoubtedly based on the old maritime laws of Europe. But he acted in strict conformity with the views of the British cabinet, and the British cabinet adopted those views because it was satisfied that it was not for the benefit of the country to adhere to practices which exposed the vast mercantile interests of Britain to depredation, even by the cruisers of a secondary maritime power, and which, if vigorously enforced against neutrals, could not fail to embroil her with every maritime state in the world. Upon the reconstitution of the Whig administration in 1859, Lord John Russell made it a condition of his acceptance of office under Lord Palmerston that the foreign department should be placed in his own hands, which implied that Lord <mask> should be excluded from office, as it would have been inconsistent alike with his dignity and his tastes to fill any other post in the government. The consequence was that from 1859 till 1864 Lord <mask> remained out of office, and the critical relations arising out of the Civil War in the United States were left to the guidance of <mask>. But he re-entered the cabinet in May 1864 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; and upon the death of Lord Palmerston in 1865, Lord Russell again became prime minister, when Lord <mask> returned to the foreign office, which was again confided to him for the third time upon the formation of Gladstone's administration in 1868. He died surrounded by the boxes and papers of his office on 27 June 1870.Family

On 4 June 1839, Villiers married the widowed Lady Katherine Foster-Barham (a daughter of James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam) and they had eight children:

Lady Constance Villiers (1840–1922), married Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby. Lady Alice Villiers (1841–1897), married Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom. Lady Emily Theresa (1843–1927), married Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill. Edward Hyde, Lord Hyde (1845–1846). Edward Villiers, 5th Earl of Clarendon (1846–1914). Hon. <mask> Hyde (1847–1892), married Louisa Maria Maquay, daughter of <mask> Maquay, on 9 October 1884.Lady Florence Margaret (1850–1851). Hon. Francis Hyde Villiers (1852–1925), married Virginia Katharine Smith, daughter of Eric Carrington Smith and Mary Maberly, on 28 June 1876. Notes

Further reading

 David Steele. "Villiers, <mask> Frederick, fourth earl of Clarendon" Dictionary of National Biography (2009)
 Cecil, Algernon. British Foreign Secretaries 1807-1916 (1927) pp 220–255. online
 Sir Herbert Eustace Maxwell: The Life and letters of <mask> Frederick 4.Earl of Clarendon. London: Arnold, 1913. online
 <mask> <mask>: First report on the commercial relations between France and Great Britain, addressed to ... the lords of the committee of privy council for trade and plantations: with a supplementary report, by John Bowring. London, 1834

External links

1800 births
1870 deaths
4
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Knights of the Garter
Knights of St Patrick
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers
Diplomatic peers
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
<mask>, 4th Earl of Clarendon
Politicians from London
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain
Presidents of the Board of Trade

masks:
George William Frederick Villiers
George Villiers
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendonlan
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Clarendon
Earl Russell
Clarendon
George Patrick
George Disney
George William
George William
George Villiers
Clarendon
George Villiers


title: Ian Miller (illustrator)

texts:
<mask> (born 11 November 1946) is a British fantasy illustrator and writer best known for his quirkily etched gothic style and macabre sensibility, and noted for his book and magazine cover and interior illustrations, including covers for books by H. P. Lovecraft and contributions to David Day's Tolkien-inspired compendiums, work for Fighting Fantasy gamebooks and various role-playing and wargaming publications, as well as contributions to the Ralph Bakshi films Wizards and Cool World. Early life

<mask> was born in 1946, and raised predominantly in London and Manchester. His mother, who encouraged the artistic vocation, was a theatrical milliner for one of the leading costumiers to the film industry, which, with cinema, he cites as an early inspiration:

As a child <mask> experimented with coloured pencils and poster paints producing images of Ancient Egyptians during something he refers to as his 'Ancient Egyptian Phase', followed later by an obsession with cowboys and Indians. At the age of nine <mask> attended Mortbane Academy for Boys in Invernesshire, Scotland, where he recalls regular painting expeditions to the surrounding countryside under the tutelage of the art master, nicknamed 'Old Dribble'. Between 1964 and 1967 he enrolled at Northwich School of Art, before embarking on a degree at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, where he began in sculpture before switching to painting, and graduating with honours in 1970. Shortly after this he was taken on by an agent and began working in London as a professional illustrator. Career

<mask>'s earliest work included magazine and book jacket illustrations, including a host of illustrations for paperback titles by H.P.Lovecraft, and work for Men Only and Club International.In 1975 and 1976 whilst <mask> was staying in San Francisco, he was approached by Ralph Bakshi and invited to contribute to the film Wizards. <mask> relocated to Los Angeles and worked on the animated movie, later citing it as an experience that left a profound impression upon him. He later went on to work on Bakshi's film Cool World in the 1980s, produce pre-production work for the film Shrek in the 1990s, and contribute designs and illustrations to the 2005 film MirrorMask. <mask> is well known for his work for the Fighting Fantasy gamebooks which rose to popularity in the mid-1980s, providing covers for early titles in the series like The Citadel of Chaos, House of Hell and Creature of Havoc. He has also contributed to the Games Workshop-published fantasy gaming periodical White Dwarf in which he was featured in an Illuminations exposé in issue 86, and provided numerous illustrations for various role-playing and war gaming books and supplements published by Games Workshop during the latter half of the 1980s, including the covers for Terror of the Lichmaster, Death on the Reik and Warhammer City for Warhammer, and a host of illustrations for the Realm of Chaos supplement and the first edition of
Warhammer 40,000. In the following decades <mask> went on to provide further illustrations for gaming lines published by other companies, including the Everway, Shadowrun, and Earthdawn RPGs. <mask> has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.<mask> is also noted for his Tolkien-inspired illustrations, and contributed to the lavishly illustrated A Tolkien Bestiary and Characters from Tolkien – A Bestiary, and has provided illustrations for British science fiction periodical Interzone and cover and interior images for SF titles like Alien Stories 2 by Dennis Pepper. A number of anthologies of <mask>'s work have been published over the years. His first, with James Slattery, The Green Dog Trumpet and Other Stories, was published by Dragon's Dream in 1979, and was followed by another, Secret Art, and a third, entitled Ratspike, co-authored with fellow illustrator and Games Workshop art director John Blanche and published by GW Books. <mask> has also produced imagery for two graphic novels, the first, The Luck in the Head, with writer M. John Harrison and a second with James Herbert called The City, as well as working on an unpublished third called Suzie Pellet. <mask> has exhibited frequently during his career in both solo shows and group exhibitions in Britain and internationally. Current projects include the production of a series of black and white panel drawings called Corpus Pandemonium, and a book called The Broken Novel, a reworked film project called The Confessions of Carrie Sphagnum, a set of Tarot cards, and a theatre project entitled The Shingle Dance. Style and technique

<mask>'s style is variously described as surreal, gothic and nightmarish or grotesque."Edgy and surreal, <mask> combines intelligent geometric exactness with a messy, fluid sense of what it means to be human." As fellow contemporary illustrator Patrick Woodroffe comments in the introduction to Blanche and <mask>'s Ratspike:

According to <mask>, his illustrations have a tendency to the 'frontalistic', and are also noted to often feature recurrent elements inspired by fishes, flies and robotic forms, and the gnarled haunting trees which he claims originated in an attempt to cover failures of draughtsmanship. Says <mask> of his work:

<mask> cites amongst his principal artistic influences Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci, the German Expressionists and French Impressionists, as well as an early predilection for Japanese landscape artists. Other sources include the formative influence of writer Alfred Bester, and a love for the Flash Gordon RKO Radio serials, and his early exposure to the cinematic medium in general which he feels lent a narrative quality to his work, as well as, of course, the every day world itself:

<mask> has experimented with various media during his career, but has a preference for pencils, technical pens, watercolour, and charcoal. "I found self-expression with the pen – with oils it was quite the opposite." He also occasionally combines collage and photography into his pieces. His best-known published work has tended to be characterised by a trademark pen-and-ink and wash technique executed on line board and which he refers to as his 'Tight Pen Style', emphasising line detail and a restricted use of colour, something he views as a result of both short-sightedness and Northern European proclivities:

More recently he has taken to adding an Apple Macintosh computer to his range of tools.References

External links

Books illustrated by <mask> on Gamebooks.org
An article on <mask> in an Italian fantasy e-zine
Alien Stories 2 illustration on Google books
<mask>'s Geometrically Exact Surrealism at io9.com
The Art of <mask> on an arts blog
A selection of <mask>'s images on Sci-Fi-O-Rama
<mask>'s Gallery with biography and artbooks on Inside Your ART

1946 births
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
British comics artists
British graphic novelists
English illustrators
Fantasy artists
Fighting Fantasy
Living people
Game artists
Games Workshop artists
Role-playing game artists
Tolkien artists
BSFA Award for Best Artwork winner

masks:
Ian Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Ian Miller
Miller
Ian Miller
Ian Miller
Miller
Ian Miller


title: Richard Christopher Carrington

texts:
<mask> (26 May 1826 – 27 November 1875) was an English amateur astronomer whose 1859 astronomical observations demonstrated the existence of solar flares as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun. Life
<mask> was born at Chelsea, the second son of <mask>, the proprietor of a large brewery at Brentford, and his wife Esther Clarke Aplin. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1844; but, though destined for the church, rather by his father's than by his own desire, his scientific tendencies gradually prevailed, and received a final impulse towards practical astronomy from Professor Challis's lectures on the subject. This change in the purpose of his life was unopposed, and he had the prospect of ample means; so that it was purely with the object of gaining experience that he applied, shortly after taking his degree as thirty-sixth wrangler in 1848, for the post of observer in the University of Durham. He entered upon his duties there in October 1849, but soon became dissatisfied with their narrow scope. The observatory was ill supplied with instruments, and the leisure left him for study served only to widen his aims. Friedrich Bessel's and Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander's star-zones, above all, struck him as a model for imitation, and he resolved to complete by extending them to the pole.Desirous of advancing so far beyond his predecessors as to include in his survey stars of the tenth magnitude, he vainly applied for a suitable instrument, and at last, hopeless of accomplishing any part of his design at Durham, or of benefiting by any further stay, he resigned his position there in March 1852. He had not, however, been idle. Some of his observations, especially of minor planets and comets, made with a Fraunhofer equatorial of 6½ inches aperture, had been published, in a provisional state, in the ‘Monthly Notices’ and ‘Astronomische Nachrichten,’ and the whole were definitively embodied in a volume entitled ‘Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory of the University, Durham, from October 1849 to April 1852’ (Durham, 1855). His admission as a member of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), 14 March 1851, conveyed a prompt recognition of his exceptional merits as an observer. In June 1852 he fixed upon a site for an observatory and dwelling-house at Redhill, Surrey. In July 1853 a transit-circle of 5½ feet focus, reduced in scale from the Greenwich model, and an equatorial of 4½ inches aperture, both by Simms, were in their places, and work was begun. On 9 December 1853, Carrington presented to the RAS, as the result of a preliminary survey, printed copies of nine draft maps, containing all stars down to the eleventh magnitude within 9° of the Pole (Monthly Notices, xiv.40). Three years' steady pursuance of the adopted plan produced, in 1857, ‘A Catalogue of 3,735 Circumpolar Stars observed at Redhill in the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, and reduced to Mean Positions for 1855.’ The work was printed at public expense, the decision to that effect by the Lords of the Admiralty rendering unnecessary the acceptance of Leverrier's handsome offer to include it in the next forthcoming volume of the ‘Annales’ of the Paris observatory. It was rewarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in presenting which, 11 February 1859, Mr. Main dwelt upon the eminent utility of the design, as well as the ‘standard excellence’ of its execution (ib. xix. 162). It included a laborious comparison of Schwerd's places for 680 stars with those obtained at Redhill, and an elaborate dissertation on the whole theory of corrections as applied to stars near the pole. Ten corresponding maps, copper-engraved, accompanied the catalogue.Meanwhile, <mask> had adopted, and was cultivating with his usual felicity of treatment, a ‘second subject’ at that juncture of peculiar interest and importance. While his new observatory was in course of construction, he devoted some of his spare time to examining the drawings and records of sun-spots in possession of the RAS, and was much struck with the need and scarcity of systematic solar observations. Sabine's and Wolf's discovery of the coincidence between the magnetic and sunspot periods had just then been announced, and he believed he should be able to take advantage of the pre-occupation or inability of other observers to appropriate to himself, by ‘close and methodical research,’ the next ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly resolved to devote his daylight energies to the sun, while reserving his nights for the stars. Solar physics as a whole, however, he prudently excluded from his field of view. He limited his task to fixing the true period of the sun's rotation (of which curiously discrepant values had been obtained), to tracing the laws of distribution of maculæ, and investigating the existence of permanent surface-currents. Adequately to compass these ends, new devices of observation, reduction, and comparison were required.Leaving photography to his successors as too undeveloped for immediate use, he chose a method founded on the idea of making the solar disc its own circular micrometer. An image of the sun was thrown upon a screen placed at such a distance from the eyepiece of the 4½-inch equatorial as to give to the disc a diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus of the telescope, which was firmly clamped, two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened at right angles to each other, and inclined about 45° on either side of the meridian. Then, as the inverted image traversed the screen, the instants of contact with the wires of the sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus to be measured were severally noted, when an easy calculation gave its heliocentric position (ib. xiv. 153). In this manner, during seven and a half years, 5,290 observations were made of 954 separate groups, many of which were besides accurately depicted in drawings.By the sudden death of his father, however, in July 1858, and the consequent devolution upon <mask> of the management of the brewery, the complete execution of his project of research was frustrated. He continued for some time to supervise the solar work he had previously carried on in person; but in March 1861, seeing no prospect of release from commercial engagements, he thought it advisable to close the series. The results appeared in a quarto volume, the publication of which was aided by a grant from the Royal Society. Its title ran as follows: Observations of the Spots on the Sun from November 9, 1853, to March 24, 1861, made at Redhill (London, 1863). Never were data more opportunely furnished. Perhaps more effectually than the pronouncements of spectrum analysis, they served to revolutionise ideas on solar physics. Efforts to ascertain the true rate of solar rotation had been continually baffled by what were called the ‘proper motions’ of the spots serving as indexes to it.Carrington showed that these were in reality due to a great ‘bodily drift’ of the photosphere, diminishing apparently from the equator to the poles (ib. xix. 81). There was, then, no single period ascertainable through observations of the solar surface. By equatorial spots the circuit was found to be performed in about two and a half days less than by spots at the (ordinarily) extreme north and south limits of 45°. The assumed ‘mean period’ of 25.38 solar days applied, in fact, only to two zones 14° from the equator; nearer to it the time of rotation was shorter, further from it longer, than the average. Carrington succeeded in representing the daily movement of a spot in any heliographical latitude l, by the empirical expression 865′ ± 165 . sin 7/4 (l – 1°).But he attempted no explanation of the phenomenon. It formed, however, the basis of Faye's theory (1865) of the sun as a gaseous body ploughed through by vertical currents, which finally superseded Herschel's idea of a flame-enveloped, but cool, dark, and even habitable globe. <mask>'s determinations of the elements of the sun's rotation are still of standard authority. The inclination of the solar equator to the plane of the ecliptic he fixed at 7° 15′; the longitude of the ascending node at 73° 40′ (both for 1850) . A peculiarity in the distribution of sun-spots detected by him about the time of the minimum of 1856, afforded, as he said, ‘an instructive instance of the regular irregularity and the irregular regularity’ characterising solar phenomena (ib. xix. 1).As the minimum approached, the belts of disturbance gradually contracted towards and died out near the equator; shortly after which two fresh series broke out, as if by a completely new impulse, in comparatively high latitudes, and spread equatorially. No satisfactory rationale of this curious procedure has yet been arrived at. It is, nevertheless, intimately related to the course of sun-spot development, since Wolf found evidence of a similar behaviour in Böhm's observations of 1833–6, and it was perceived by Spörer and Secchi to recur in 1867. While still in his apprenticeship at Durham, <mask> repaired to Sweden on the occasion of the total solar eclipse of 28 July 1851, and made at Lilla Edet, on the Göta river, observations printed in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (xxi. 58). The experience thus gained was turned to public account in the compilation of Information and Suggestions addressed to Persons who may be able to place themselves within the Shadow of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on September 7, 1858, a brochure printed and circulated by the lords of the admiralty in May 1858. The eclipse to which it referred was visible in South America.A visit to the continent in 1856 gave him the opportunity of drawing up a valuable report on the condition of a number of German observatories (Monthly Notices, xvii. 43), and of visiting Schwabe at Dessau, to whose merits he drew explicit attention, and to whom, in the following year, he had the pleasure of transmitting the Gold Medal of the RAS. He fulfilled with great diligence the duties of secretary to that body, 1857–62, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 7 June 1860. The great solar storm of 1859
<mask>, together with fellow amateur Mr. Hodgson, were the sole witness of the extraordinary solar outburst of 1 September 1859. Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society. The geomagnetic solar flare hit the Earth the following days, the main body of which fell over the American continents. In these early days of electrical communication, the telegraph systems was the most affected.Lines all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving telegraph operators electric shocks. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some telegraph operators could continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies. Based on Carrington's observation of the solar storm, this type of event now bear the name Carrington Event. Late life and demise
But the lease by which he held his powers of useful work was unhappily running out. A severe attack of illness in 1865 left his health permanently impaired. In 1869, he married Rosa Ellen Jeffries (1845–75), and, having disposed of the brewery, he retired to Churt, Surrey, where, on the top of an isolated conical hill, 60 feet high, locally known as the Middle Devil's Jump, in a lonely and picturesque spot, he built a new observatory (ib.xxx. 43). Its chief instrument was a large altazimuth on Steinheil's principle, but there are no records of observations made with it. He no longer attended the meetings of the RAS, and his last communication to it, 10 January 1873, was on the subject of a ‘double altazimuth’ of great size which he had thoughts of erecting (ib. xxxiii. 118). A deplorable tragedy, however, supervened.On the morning of 17 November 1875 his wife was found dead in her bed, as it seemed, through an overdose of chloral. The event, combined perhaps with the censure on a supposed deficiency of proper nursing precautions conveyed by the verdict of the coroner's jury, told heavily on her husband's spirits. He left his house on the day of the inquest, and returned to it after a week's absence, only to find it deserted by his servants. He was seen to enter it on 27 November, but was never again seen alive. After a time some neighbour gave the alarm, the doors were broken open, and his dead body was found extended on a mattress locked into a remote apartment. A poultice of tea-leaves was tied over the left ear, as if for the relief of pain, and a post-mortem examination showed death to have resulted from an effusion of blood on the brain. A verdict of ‘sudden death from natural causes’ was returned.Legacy
<mask>'s manuscript books of sun-spot observations and reductions, with a folio volume of drawings, were purchased after his death by Lord Lindsay (later Earl of Crawford), and presented to the Royal Astronomical Society (ib. xxxvi. 249). To the same body <mask> bequeathed a sum of £2,000. Among his numerous contributions to scientific collections may be mentioned a paper ‘On the Distribution of the Perihelia of the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Comets in relation to the Motion of the Solar System in Space,’ read before the Astronomical Society, 14 December 1860 (Mem. R. A. Soc. xxix.355). The result, like that of Mohn's contemporaneous investigation, proved negative, and was thought to be, through uncontrolled conditions, nugatory; yet it perhaps conveyed an important truth as to the original connection of comets with the solar system. Work

Even though he did not discover the 11-year sunspot activity cycle, <mask>'s observations of sunspot activity after he heard about Heinrich Schwabe's work led to the numbering of the cycles with <mask>'s name. For example, the sunspot maximum of 2002 was Carrington Cycle No. 23. <mask> also determined the elements of the rotation axis of the Sun, based on sunspot motions, and his results remain in use today. Carrington rotation is a system for measuring solar longitude based on his observations of the low-latitude solar rotation rate.<mask> made the initial observations leading to the establishment of Spörer's law. <mask> won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) in 1859. <mask> also won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1864, for his Observations of Spots on the Sun from 9 November 1853 to 24 March 1861, Made at Redhill. This award was not reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, probably due to <mask>'s bitter, acrimonious and public criticism of Cambridge University over the appointment of John Couch Adams, Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry, as the non-observing Director of the Cambridge Observatory. As a measure of displeasure <mask> withdrew Observations from official considerations of the RAS for what would likely have been the book's second gold medal, for the year 1865. Carrington super flare

On 1 September 1859, <mask> and <mask>, another English amateur astronomer, independently made the first observations of a solar flare. Because of a simultaneous "crochet" observed in the Kew Observatory magnetometer record by Balfour Stewart and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection.For this reason, the geomagnetic storm of 1859 is often called the Carrington Event. Worldwide reports on the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by Elias Loomis which supported the observations of Carrington and Balfour Stewart. Selected writings

 {{Citation | author = Carrington, <mask> | title = Observations of the Spots on the Sun from 1853 to 1861 (1863) Williams and Norgate | url =  https://archive.org/details/observationsofsp00carr }}

 References

 Further reading

  – Originally published in the July 1960 issue of Sky & Telescope''

  – an obituary
 Charbonneau, Paul. <mask> <mask> (1826–1875) (short biographical sketch), Groupe D'astrophysique de Groupe D'astrophysique de l'Université de Montréal (University of Montreal), 27 December 2001. External links
 "Carrington's star billing": an article in The Times Literary Supplement by John North, 24 October 2007

 Extensive history and timeline about Carrington by Astronomer Sten Odenwald
 R. <mask> @ Astrophysics Data System

1826 births
1875 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Recipients of the Lalande Prize
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge

masks:
Richard Christopher Carrington
Carrington
Richard Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Carrington
Richard Hodgson
Richard Christopher
Richard Christopher
Carrington
Carrington