title: Manuel Castells

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 9 February 1942) is a Spanish sociologist. He is well known for his authorship of a trilogy of works, entitled The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. He is a scholar of the information society, communication and globalization. <mask> is the Full Professor of Sociology, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), in Barcelona. He is also the University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair Professor of Communication Technology and Society at the Annenberg School of Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Additionally, he is the Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Professor Emeritus of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught for 24 years. He is also a fellow of St. John's College at the University of Cambridge and holds the chair of Network Society at Collège d’Études Mondiales, Paris.The 2000–2014 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world's fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Holberg Prize, for having "shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society." In 2013, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Sociology for "his wide-ranging and imaginative thinking through of the implications of the great technological changes of our time." In January 2020, he was appointed Minister of Universities in the Sánchez II Government of Spain, position he held until his resignation in December 2021. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born on February 9, 1942 in a small town in the La Mancha region of Spain. His parents, <mask> Adriaensens and Josefina Olivan Escartin were both civil servants. He also has a younger sister named Irene.The family’s residence in La Mancha was short lived, as it was related to Castells’ parents’ work. In fact, due to the mobility of his father’s career as a finance inspector, Castells’ childhood was also mobile. He grew up in the cities of Madrid, Cartagena, and Valencia. Politics were a part of Castells’ life from an early age. He notes:

My parents were very good parents. It was a conservative family — very strongly conservative family. But I would say that the main thing that shaped my character besides my parents was the fact that I grew up in fascist Spain.It's difficult for people of the younger generation to realize what that means, even for the Spanish younger generation. You had actually to resist the whole environment, and to be yourself, you had to fight and to politicize yourself from the age of fifteen or sixteen. Castells’ engagement is evident in his early opposition to Francisco Franco’s semi-fascist regime. His father initially fought in its favor as a member of the Falange Party. Castells’ father eventually abandoned this mentality, as he was no longer pleased with Franco’s rule. Early Education and Activism

Castells completed his secondary education in Barcelona. He was a strong student, and in 1958, he completed his course of study two years early, at the age of sixteen.The same year, He continued his education at the University of Barcelona, where he studied both Law and Economics. Beyond these subjects, Castells was also interested in literature and the theatre. However, the oppressive Franco government cracked down on students’ self-expression. Theatre performances were censored and student journals were shut down. This motivated Castells to join the anti-Franco movement in 1960 at age 18. He was one of very few students to engage in this kind of activism, largely because it was highly illegal and dangerous. Secrecy was imperative.Castells joined an opposition group of diverse ideologies called the Workers Front of Catalonia. From there, he coupled his formal education with copious amounts of reading to supplement his activism. Among many other topics, Castells involved himself in the exploration of Marxist and anarchist theory. In May 1962, Castells’ activism led him to participate in a strike. Its goal was to protest the iron-fisted government and stand in solidarity with exploited miners in the Asturias region of Spain. This resulted in many of Castells’ friends being arrested and beaten. Fortunately, Castells was able to escape to France, but without the social support he had access to in Spain.As a result, he was not able to complete his degree at the University of Barcelona. Following his escape, a fellow resistance member assisted him in achieving political refugee status, and he travelled to Paris. In Paris, at the age of 20, he completed his degree, and then progressed to the University of Paris, where he earned a doctorate in Sociology. Castells graduated from the Sorbonne in 1964 and received his PhD from the University of Paris in 1967. Catalan Identity

Castells identifies as Catalan largely because of his connection to Barcelona, which is recognized as the center of the Catalan movement for independence. He spent a large portion of his adolescence there, completing his secondary and beginning his college education at the University of Barcelona. Castells also traces his paternal lineage to the city.This aspect of Castells’ identity is related to his resistance to Franco’s oppressive regime. The Catalan language was not taught at school under Franco and Castells’ family, being from a Spanish speaking region of Spain, did not speak it. However, he took the initiative to teach the language to himself while at University, which he states has helped him feel more connected to his Catalan identity. <mask> is a Catalan nationalist, but not a separatist. He has expressed support for the Catalan Socialist Party. Academic career

At the age of twenty-four, Castells became an instructor in several Parisian universities, and would teach from 1967 to 1979. First, he taught at the Paris X University Nanterre (where he taught Daniel Cohn-Bendit).He was terminated from this position as a result of the 1968 student protests. He then taught at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales from 1970 to 1979. In 1979, the University of California, Berkeley appointed him as Professor of Sociology, and Professor of City and Regional Planning. In 2001, he was a research professor at the UOC-Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona. Then, in 2003, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication, as a Professor of Communication and the first Wallis Annenberg-endowed Chair of Communication and Technology. Castells is a founding member of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and a senior member of the diplomacy center's Faculty Advisory Council and is a member of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Castells divides his residence between Spain and the US.Since 2008, he has been a member of the governing board of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. He has been the Minister of Universities in Spain since January 2020 until December 2021. Theoretical Contributions

The sociological work of <mask>s synthesises empirical research literature with combinations of urban sociology, organization studies, internet studies, social movements, sociology of culture, and political economy. About the origins of the network society, he posits that changes to the network form of enterprise predate the electronic internet technologies (usually) associated with network organization forms (cf. Organization theory (Castells)). Moreover, he coined the (academic) term "The Fourth World", denoting the sub-population(s) socially excluded from the global society; usual usage denotes the nomadic, pastoral, and hunter-gatherer ways of life beyond the contemporary industrial society norm. Information Age

Castells’ most well-known work is a trilogy of books, entitled, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture.Overall, it comprehends three sociological dimensions—production, power, and experience—stressing that the organization of the economy, of the state and its institutions, and the ways that people create meaning in their lives through collective action, are irreducible sources of social dynamics—that must be understood as both discrete and inter-related entities. The Information Age trilogy is his précis: "Our societies are increasingly structured around the bipolar opposition of the Net and the Self"; the "Net" denotes the network organizations replacing vertically integrated hierarchies as the dominant form of social organization, the Self denotes the practices a person uses in reaffirming social identity and meaning in a continually changing cultural landscape. In other words, Castells’ theory of the Information Age explores the dissonance between “universal, digital language,” and individual, even local identities. Our physical selves exist in different places and experience different cultures, but the mind has essentially migrated into the world of the internet and the television. They exist in a “global space of instant information." Castells maintains that the Information Age can "unleash the power of the mind", which would dramatically increase the productivity of individuals and lead to greater leisure, allowing individuals to achieve "greater spiritual depth and more environmental consciousness". Such change would be positive, he argues, in that it would cause resource consumption to decrease.Castells also became an established cybernetic culture theoretician with his Internet development analysis stressing the roles of the state (military and academic), social movements (computer hackers and social activists), and business, in shaping the economic infrastructure according to their (conflicting) interests. Informationalism

Castells' concepts of The Information Age, The Age of Consumption, and The Network Society are all perspectives attempting to describe modern life as it is known in the present and to depict the future of society. As Castells suggests, contemporary society may be described as "replacing the antiquated metaphor of the machine with that of the network". Put simply, this quote exemplifies Castells’ concept of “Informationalism.” He asserts that from the 1970s to the present day, informational technology has allowed large businesses, organizations, and social structures in

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Manuel Castells Oliván
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title: Manuel Castells

type: original

texts:
 general to form global networks. The world is growing away from industrialism, which is focused on economic growth. Informationalism strives to develop knowledge and create massive networks. This theory is, of course, related to the growth of capitalism.As networks grow larger, the state gradually plays a smaller role in the capitalist system. Common systems of information have begun to replace it. They act as a connector between networks that may very likely be on opposite sides of the globe. It is important to note, however, that this development does not come without some level of exclusion. For certain areas of the globe that are not as connected with mainstream society and massive international networks, it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep pace with the expansion of capitalism. Excluded communities respond by developing their own systems, which are often based in illicit economic activity. These illicit economic activities illustrate another of Castells’ points, that resistance to globalization is a result of the development of the information age.He explains this using an example:

Well, if I have no value for these global networks of power, finance, technology, then I build my own value, my own system. I build my family. I build my nation. I build my God. And, if I am not listened to, then I will become more and more enraged. Marxism

In the 1970s, as a still-growing intellectual, Castells centered his research and intellectual processes around the works of Karl Marx because he, “felt the need to communicate to the world of political change through its language – Marxism." <mask> developed his ideas by studying the works of several Marxists, including Louis Althusser.Althusser utilized a structuralist perspective in his works, which may also be seen in some of Castells’ earliest publications. For example, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach was originally published (in French) in 1972, and is a major development in the field of urban sociology. This work emphasizes the role of social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city (cf. post-industrial society). Castells emphasizes that problems within cities do not exist in a social vacuum, and that they must be contextualized to be appropriately analyzed. Castells also introduced the concept of "collective consumption" (public transport, public housing, etc.) comprehending a wide range of social struggles—displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention.Castells no longer identifies as a Marxist. This shift in ideology occurred when he realized that the concepts he was interested in exploring could not be appropriately evaluated by Marxism. Marxism uses class as its major lens for examining social life, and Castells had become interested in ideas that could not be understood by considering class alone. By moving away from Marxism, Castells could explore the concepts of gender, urban social movements, and nationality in a more thoughtful way. He is still interested in ideas that are related to Marxism, such as social change, power relations, and technology, but has broadened his scope of how he approaches them as topics. <mask> has said that he prefers to think of theory as a tool, and Marxism is simply a tool that he uses less now. He has not renounced Marx, but has chosen different tools to analyze the social world with.The following quote exemplifies the expansion of Castells’ theoretical paradigm. When I left Spain again to go to Berkeley, I was no longer interested in correct answers but in relevant questions. I became more political when I left Marxism. I left the Parisian salons with wonderful categories that had nothing to do with reality and started relying more on my own observations. Transcending Marxist structures in the early 1980s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. In 1989, he introduced the concept of the "space of flows", the material and immaterial components of global information networks used for the real-time, long-distance co-ordination of the economy. In the 1990s, he combined his two research strands in The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published as a trilogy, The Rise of the Network Society (1996), The Power of Identity (1997), and End of Millennium (1998); two years later, its worldwide, favourable critical acceptance in university seminars, prompted publication of a second (2000) edition that is 40 per cent different from the first (1996) edition.Critical Responses to Castells

Over the years, Castells’ work has been met with several noteworthy critiques. Some criticisms of Castells’ work compare his ideas to functionalism, in that they include some “abstract system-building.” In other words, there is a certain level of inattention to individuals, while sweeping generalizations are made about society. Additionally, Castells’ work includes observations about the intense global influence of informationalism. There is some discrepancy about how much of the globe is truly “dominated” by expansive informational networks. The global population is so diverse that there are many exceptions to the idea of complete global domination. These information networks have the potential to be useful “ideal types” for studying global relations, but one should exercise caution when using them to model the real world. <mask> has also been criticized for the conservatism that appears within his theories.He has noted that there is “little chance of social change” within the network society. This reveals a thought process that supports the status quo, which can be a problem for social change and justice movements. Related to this criticism, some scholars have found it peculiar that while <mask>’ theorizes quite a bit about global connection, he does not explore the potential of those global connections to establish an international system for the protection of human rights and cultural difference. Publications

<mask> is one of the world's most often-cited social science and communications scholars. <mask> is a sole author of 23 books and editor or co-editor of fifteen more, as well as over one hundred articles in academic journals. The trilogy, The Information Age, has been compared to the work of Karl Marx and Max Weber. It took him fifteen years to conduct research for the trilogy.Books
 The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (Alan Sheridan, translator). London, Edward Arnold  (1977) (Original publication in French, 1972)
 City, Class and Power. London; New York, MacMillan; St. Martins Press (1978)
 The Economic Crisis and American Society. Princeton, NJ, Princeton UP (1980)
 The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press (1983)
 The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell (1989)
 Technopoles of the World : The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes.London, New York: Routledge (1994)
 The Information Age trilogy:

 The Internet Galaxy, Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press (2001)
 The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model. Oxford UP, Oxford (2002) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
 The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar (2004), (editor and co-author), . The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy. Washington, DC, Center for Transatlantic Relations (2006) (co-editor)
 Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press (2006) (co-author)
 Communication power.Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press (2009)
 Aftermath: the cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2012)
 Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Polity Press (2012)
Reconceptualizing Development in the Global Information Age. OXFORD University Press (2014) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
Rupture: the crisis of liberal democracy. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press (2018)

Journal Articles
 Social Uses of Wireless Communications: The Mobile Information Society, co-author of the paper for the International Workshop on Wireless Communication Policies and Prospects: A Global Perspective, USC, 8–9 October 2004. <mask>, M (2007) Communication, power and counter-power in the network society.International Journal of Communication 1(1): 238–66. Arsenault, A, and <mask>, M. 2008. The structure and dynamics of global multimedia business networks. International Journal of Communication 2707–48. Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) Switching power: Rupert Murdoch and the global business of media politics: A sociological analysis. International Sociology 23(4): 488. References

Further reading
 Susser, Ida.The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory. Oxford, Blackwell (2002)
 <mask>, <mask>; Ince, Martin. Conversations with <mask>. Oxford, Polity Press (2003)
 Stalder, Felix. <mask> and the Theory of the Network Society. Oxford, Polity Press (2006)
 Howard, Phillip: Castells and the Media. Cambridge, Polity Press (2011)

External links

 Webpage of Castells at USC Annenberg
 Webpage of Castells at UC Berkeley (Professor Emeritus listing)
 Website devoted to his work, made by Open University of Catalonia
 Video stream of an hour long interview with Castells, conducted in 2001
 International Journal of Communication Academic journal co-founded by Castells, established in 2007
 <mask>' World of Communication, a <mask>s exclusive monthly article in Media Coolhunting.Audio: <mask> in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
 Video Stream: <mask> October 2009 keynote at University of Oxford Internet Institute for the release of his new book, "Communication Power"

1942 births
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Living people
Members of Academia Europaea
Spanish sociologists
University of Southern California faculty
Writers from California
Urban theorists
Writers about globalization
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design faculty
American sociologists
Holberg Prize laureates
Urban sociologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
People from Hellín
Government ministers of

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Manuel Castells
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Manuel Castells
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Manuel Castells


title: Stanley Blystone

texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1894 – July 16, 1956) was an American film actor who made more than 500 films appearances between 1924 and 1956. He was sometimes billed as <mask> or <mask>. Early years
<mask> was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. He was a steel production engineer and worked in ore mines before he became an actor. Career
<mask> is best known for his appearance in Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times, playing Paulette Goddard's father, and several short films starring The Three Stooges. Some of his more memorable roles were in the films Half Shot Shooters, False Alarms, Goofs and Saddles, Three Little Twirps and Slaphappy Sleuths. His final appearance with the trio was Of Cash and Hash in 1955.He also appeared in several Laurel and Hardy films. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Hollywood starlet Alma Tell (1898–1937). They had no children. <mask>'s brother <mask> (1892–1938) was a film director in Hollywood. <mask> was the third cousin of CNN correspondent <mask> and also the second cousin twice removed of George Carmack, who launched the Klondike gold rush. <mask> was strolling down a Hollywood sidewalk on July 16, 1956 when he collapsed, dying of a sudden heart attack. He was dressed as a cowboy for the Desilu The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp television series and was pronounced dead on arrival at Hollywood Receiving Hospital.He was buried at Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. (1934) - Race Driver (uncredited)
 Looking for Trouble (1934) - Fire Officer (uncredited)
 A Very Honorable Guy (1934) - Man at Tea Party (uncredited)
 We're Not Dressing (1934) - Ship's Officer - Yacht Doris (uncredited)
 Manhattan Melodrama (1934) - Detective in Court (uncredited)
 Murder at the Vanities (1934) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Such Women Are Dangerous (1934) - Turnkey (uncredited)
 Burn 'Em Up Barnes (1934, Serial) - Henchman Joe Stevens [Chs. Cameraman (uncredited)
 Les Misérables (1935) - Gendarme in Prefect's Office (uncredited)
 G Men (1935) - Cop (uncredited)
 Vagabond Lady (1935) - Hotel Detective (uncredited)
 Men of the Hour (1935) - Policeman (uncredited)
 The Awakening of Jim Burke (1935) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Fighting Pioneers (1935) - Hadley
 Justice of the Range (1935) - San Mateo Sheriff (uncredited)
 Ginger (1935) - Detective (uncredited)
 Saddle Aces (1935) - Pete Sutton
 Code of the Mounted (1935) - Town Constable
 Ladies Crave Excitement (1935) - Joe (uncredited)
 The Roaring West (1935, Serial) - Night Deputy [ch. (1935) - Announcer (uncredited)
 The Littlest Rebel (1935) - Party Guest (uncredited)
 Strike Me Pink (1936) - Miller
 Modern Times (1936) - The Gamin's Father
 You May Be Next (1936) - Printer's Devil (uncredited)
 Hell-Ship Morgan (1936) - Lookout (uncredited)
 The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Here Comes Trouble (1936) - Detective
 Murder at Glen Athol (1936) - Henchman Joe (uncredited)
 The Little Red Schoolhouse (1936) - Reformatory Guard (uncredited)
 The Country Doctor (1936) - Logger (uncredited)
 Silly Billies (1936) - Cavalry Captain (uncredited)
 Comin' Round the Mountain (1936) - Gambler (uncredited)
 Half Shot Shooters (1936, Short) - Sgt. Mike Briggs
 Allegheny Uprising (1939) - Settler at McDowell's Mill (uncredited)
 Tower of London (1939) - First Gate Guard Greeting Tom Clink (uncredited)
 Crashing Thru (1939) - Jim LaMont
 The Big Guy (1939) - City Police Captain (uncredited)
 A Chump at Oxford (1939) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Emergency Squad (1940) - Mack - Emergency Squad Sergeant (uncredited)
 The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940) - Police Announcer (uncredited)
 The Invisible Man Returns (1940) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Saint's Double Trouble (1940) - Detective Sadler (uncredited)
 Parole Fixer (1940) - Trainer (uncredited)
 Young Tom Edison (1940) - Army Officer on Train (uncredited)
 Framed (1940) - Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 Double Alibi (1940) - Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me (1940) - Doorman (uncredited)
 Johnny Apollo (1940) - Guard in Library (uncredited)
 Dark Command (1940) - Tough (uncredited)
 Those Were the Days! Lynch
 Sea Raiders (1941, Serial) - Capt.Olaf Nelson
 I Wake Up Screaming (1941) - Detective (uncredited)
 Appointment for Love (1941) - Joe (uncredited)
 Holt of the Secret Service (1941, Serial) - J. Garrity (uncredited)
 West of Cimarron (1941) - Major Briggs (uncredited)
 Pacific Blackout (1941) - Sergeant (uncredited)
 Arizona Terrors (1942) - Karney (uncredited)
 Fly-by-Night (1942) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Pardon My Stripes (1942) - Guard (uncredited)
 Born to Sing (1942) - Detective (uncredited)
 Roxie Hart (1942) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Mr. Wise Guy (1942) - Policeman (uncredited)
 True to the Army (1942) - Police Officer (uncredited)
 Jesse James, Jr. (1942) - Sam Carson
 So's Your Aunt Emma (1942) - Detective Miller
 My Favorite Spy (1942) - Turnkey (uncredited)
 In Old California (1942) - San Francisco Deputy (uncredited)
 Powder Town (1942) - Security Guard Shooting Gun (uncredited)
 Timber (1942) - Lumberjack (uncredited)
 The Old Homestead (1942) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Even as IOU (1942, Short) - Ventriloquist
 The Traitor Within (1942) - Henchman (uncredited)
 Ice-Capades Revue (1942) - Cop (uncredited)
 Lady Bodyguard (1943) - Policeman (uncredited)
 The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943, Serial) - Capt. Harrigan [Chs. 5-6] (uncredited)
 City Without Men (1943) - Prison Guard (uncredited)
 Spook Louder (1943, Short) - Spy Leader
 Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943, Serial) -  Detective Collins [Chs. 7, 11] (uncredited)
 Action in the North Atlantic (1943) - U.S. Commander (uncredited)
 Back from the Front (1943, Short) - German Captain (uncredited)
 Three Little Twirps (1943, Short) - Mr. Herman - Circus Director
 Phantom of the Opera (1943) - Officer (uncredited)
 Roger Touhy, Gangster (1944) - Cop (uncredited)
 Youth Runs Wild (1944) - Policeman in Opening Montage (uncredited)
 Navajo Kid (1945) - Matt Crandall
 The Scarlet Horseman (1946, Serial) - Railroad Engineer (uncredited)
 Six Gun Man (1946) - Cattleman Lon Kelly
 Moon Over Montana (1946) - Rancher Joseph Colton
 The People's Choice (1946) - Tom Flannigan
 The Hoodlum Saint (1946) - Cop Arresting Fishface (uncredited)
 Mysterious Intruder (1946) - Henry - Second Cop (uncredited)
 King of the Forest Rangers (1946, Serial) - Harry Lynch [Ch. 12] (uncredited)
 The Underworld Story (1950) - Policeman (uncredited)
 County Fair (1950) - Rent Collector (uncredited)
 Desperadoes of the West (1950, Serial) - Storekeeper [Chs.

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William Stanley Blystone
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Stanley
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Blystone


title: Azriel Hildesheimer

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<mask> (also Esriel and Israel, ; 11 May 1820 – 12 July 1899) was a German rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism. He is regarded as a pioneering moderniser of Orthodox Judaism in Germany and as a founder of Modern Orthodox Judaism. Biography

Hildesheimer was born in Halberstadt, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia, the son of Rabbi Löb Glee Hildesheimer, a native of Hildesheim, Electorate of Hanover, a city near Hanover. He attended the Hasharat Zvi school in Halberstadt, and, from age seventeen, the Yeshiva of Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger in Altona;  Chacham Isaac Bernays was one of his teachers and his model as a preacher. While studying in yeshiva Hildesheimer also studied classical languages. In 1840 he returned to Halberstadt, took his diploma at the public Königliches Dom-Gymnasium, and entered the University of Berlin; he became a disciple of the dominant Hegelian school. He studied Semitic languages and mathematics, and continued his study in Talmud.In 1842 he went to Halle upon Saale where he earned his doctorate from the University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1844 under Wilhelm Gesenius and Emil Rödiger (, English: On the Right Kind of Bible Interpretation). He then returned to Halberstadt, where he married Henrietta Hirsch, whose dowry made them financially independent. In 1851 he became Rabbi of Eisenstadt (Kis Marton), Hungary (now located in Austria); the principal city of the Siebengemeinden or Sheva kehillot. His first notable act there was to found a parochial school, where correct German was used, and modern principles of pedagogy were adopted in teaching secular, as well as Jewish, subjects. Hildesheimer initially introduced limited secular studies in the elementary school; the older students received a secular education as well, but with a focus on mathematics and other subjects that would enhance their understanding of gemara. Next, Hildesheimer established a Yeshiva. The Yeshiva was unusual in that it was the only Orthodox institution where students were required to have a significant secular education before they were admitted.Also, the curriculum devoted time to studying Tanach and the Hebrew language. Despite this approach, within a few years the Yeshiva attracted a large number of pupils. After beginning with six students in 1851, the seminary had 128 students in 1868, including one from the United States. His son, Hirsch <mask>, was a professor there. In 1869 the Orthodox minority in Berlin was granted government permission to found a separate Orthodox synagogal congregation, the Israelitische Synagogen-Gemeinde Adass Jisroel zu Berlin (Israelite Synagogal Congregation of Adass Yisroel [עדת ישראל] in Berlin; extant from 1869 to 1939, and again since 1989), then comprising about 200 families. They were dissatisfied with Rabbi Joseph Aub, appointed in 1867 by the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin (till 1869 the only Jewish congregation in Berlin). Adass Jisroel chose Hildesheimer to represent them as an "Orthodox rabbi of standing".Here, he similarly established a religious school and a yeshiva (Rabbinerseminar für das orthodoxe Judenthum in Berlin 1873–1880, then the name was shortened to Rabbiner-Seminar zu Berlin, known as the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary), which immediately attracted thirty former pupils. Hildesheimer was thus the real intellectual founder and leader of the Adass Jisroel congregation. Aided by Mayer Lehmann, the editor of Israelit in Mainz (Mayence), Hildesheimer "exerted his whole energy" in the fight against Reform Judaism. In 1861 he took his stand against Abraham Geiger by criticising Geiger, Die Geiger'sche Broschüre Notwendigkeit und Maass einer Reform des jüdischen Gottesdienstes (under the name variant Israel Hildesheimer, Mayence: Verlag der Le Roux'schen Hofbuchhandlung, 1861). (In fact, as early as 1847—as the representative of the communities in the Magdeburg district—he had energetically opposed the Reform attempts of Ludwig Philippson.) Hildesheimer was "simple in his habits and fearless"; he had an unusual capacity for work; and his great Talmudic learning "was joined to practical administrative ability". He was financially independent, and never accepted remuneration for his rabbinical activity.He was frequently engaged in philanthropic activities connected with his own congregation, but additionally, "no labor was too great and no journey too long for him" in the service of the Jews of Germany, Austria, Russia, and even Abyssinia and Persia, so that he came to be known as the "international schnorrer". Hildesheimer also took a special interest in the welfare of the Jews of Palestine. In 1860, when the missionary society of Palestine provided seventy free dwellings for homeless Jews, Hildesheimer himself built houses in Jerusalem for the free use of Jewish pilgrims and for the poor. Hildesheimer died in Berlin on 12 July 1899. His grave is preserved in the Cemetery of the Synagogal Congregation of Adass Jisroel on Wittlicher Straße, Berlin-Weißensee. In Israel the moshav Azri'el is named after him, as well as streets in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. Writings
Hildesheimer contributed articles to various journals and newspapers: the Jüdische Presse, Ha-Lebanon, He-Chalutz and Archives Israélites.During his lifetime he wrote his name in his books usually as Israel Hildesheimer. His son, Hirsch was editor of the Jüdische Presse. Other writings include:
"Materialien zur Beurtheilung der Septuaginta", in: Literaturblatt des Orients, 1848, Nos. 30 et seq. ;
Die Epitaphien der Grabsteine auf dem Hiesigen [of Halberstadt] Jüdischen Friedhofe, 1846;
Verwaltung der Jüdischen Gemeinde Halberstadt, Halberstadt: Dölle, 1849. Offener Brief an den Redacteur der Monatsschrift "Ben-Chananja", Leopold Löv, Vienna, 1858;
ספר מנחה טהורה: כולל דינים מהלכות מליחה נדה חלה והדלקה / Minchah Tehorah, Solomon ben Moses Bonhard, Hildesheimer (ed.) Pressburg: 1860;
Halachoth gedoloth: nach dem Texte der Handschrift der Vaticana /הלכות גדולות : על פי כתב יד רומי, with Simeon Ḳayara, Berlin: Itzkowski, 1888.Hukkat HaPesach

On the celebration of his seventieth birthday, in 1890, his friends and pupils published a literary Jubelschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstag des Dr. Israel Hildesheimer, Rabbiner und Rector des Rabbiner-Seminars zu Berlin: Gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern /  (Berlin: H. Engel, 1890). Modernisation within Orthodoxy
Hildesheimer is regarded as a pioneering "Moderniser" of Orthodox Judaism in Germany. He was insistent that for Orthodox Jews living in the West, there was no possibility to segregate oneself behind ghetto walls. On the contrary, he felt that modern Jewish education must teach Jews how best to confront and deal with modernity in all of its aspects . His firm conviction that traditional Judaism need have no fear of the light of European culture determined his attitude and his activity in Hungary and Germany from the start, and gave him a definite aim. In an address delivered at his rabbinical seminary and defining his position he said:

He thus undertook a variety of actions which render him a "modern" activist and institution-builder. The most important of these, as discussed above, are:
 Jewish education for males and females which included both religious and secular studies.The seminary which incorporated not only secular studies but academic scholarship. Maintaining traditional Jewish attachments to the Land of Israel and working with the non-Orthodox on its behalf. Working with communal leaders, even non-Orthodox ones, on issues that affected the community, such as anti-Semitism and ritual slaughtering. Orthodox opposition
The introduction into the Eisenstadt School of modern methods of education and of secular learning was resented by the Orthodox. Hildesheimer's "liberal tendencies and sympathy with modern culture" soon changed this resentment "to positive antipathy". Eventually his Yeshiva was denounced before the representatives of the government at Oedenburg, the result being that the Hungarian government ordered the school closed within twenty-four hours and the pupils removed from the city. Soon afterward (in 1858), however, Hildesheimer succeeded in obtaining state recognition for the Yeshiva.Interestingly, the Yeshiva also had opponents on the left: Reform saw it as a threat because its graduates would be equipped to defend Orthodoxy against Reform's inroads. In 1860, the “zealot” Akiva Yosef Schlesinger placed Hildesheimer under a ban as "not truly a sincere Jew" ("emessdiger Jüd"). Hildesheimer, however, seems to have cared little for the ban. At the Hungarian Jewish Congress of 14 December 1868, Hildesheimer at first endeavored to associate himself with the existing Orthodox party. When the impossibility of this union became evident, he formed a separate group, with thirty-five followers, which has been described as "Cultured Orthodox". In the Hungarian Jewish Congress held at Budapest in 1869 he defined this party as representing a "faithful adherence to traditional teachings combined with an effective effort to keep in touch with the spirit of progress". See also
Modern Orthodox Judaism
Samson Raphael Hirsch
Torah im Derech Eretz
Torah Umadda

References

Further reading

External links

Hildesheimer, Israel (Azriel), jewishencyclopedia.com
Rabbi Dr. Esriel Hildesheimer z"l: part 1; part 2, hamaayan
Azriel Hildesheimer, jewishhistory.org.il
Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer's Program of Torah u-Madda, Marc B. Shapiro
Dilemmas of modern orthodoxy: sociological and philosophical, Prof. Chaim I. Waxman
Guide to the Esriel Hildesheimer Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York
Die Jüdische Presse, (B219), a digitized periodical founded by Hildesheimer, at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York

1820 births
1899 deaths
People from Halberstadt
Modern Orthodox rabbis
German Orthodox rabbis
People from the Province of Saxony

masks:
Azriel Hildesheimer
Hildesheimer


title: Eric Stenman

texts:
<mask> is an American record producer/engineer/mixer currently living in the Los Angeles area. <mask> has recorded projects with artists including AWOLNATION, Thrice, Saves The Day, Senses Fail, Deftones, Gameface, M.I.A., Will Haven, Lovedrug, Tokyo Police Club, Far, Irontom,  Dashboard Confessional,  and many others. <mask> grew up in Sacramento, CA and got his start playing guitar and/or bass in bands like Tinfed, Elegy, and Bureau of the Glorious. <mask> engineered his first sessions at John Baccigaluppi's (of TapeOp Magazine) Enharmonik Studios. From 2007 to 2017, <mask> was the Studio Manager/Chief Engineer at Red Bull Studios – Los Angeles. From 2017 to the present, <mask> has overseen AWOLNATION's recording studio in Malibu, California. 1 – Topshelf x Bloodcompany (2013) – Engineering, Mastering
 Party Supplies – Tough Love – Fool's Gold Records (2013) – Engineering

2012
 Thrice – Anthology – Workhorse Music/Vagrant Records (2012) – Mixing, Mastering
 Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros – One Love To Another Single – (2012) – Vagrant Records – Mastering
 Frankenweenie Unleashed!– Original Soundtrack – Walt Disney Records (2012) – Engineer, Mixer
 Your Favorite Trainwreck – Your Favorite Trainwreck –  (2012) Revelation Records – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
 School Of Seven Bells – Kiss Them For Me Single – (2012) Vagrant Records (2012) – Mastering
 Boys Like Girls – Crazy World E.P. – Columbia Records (2012) – 2nd Engineer, Digital Editing
 Brodka – LAX – Kayax (2012) – Engineer

2011
Awolnation – Megalithic Symphony – (2011) – Red Bull Records – Co-Producer, Mixer, Engineer, Composer
Tokyo Police Club – 10x10x10 – (2011) – Mom + Pop Music – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
††† Crosses – EP 1 – (2011) – Mix Engineer
††† Crosses – EP 2 – (2011) – Mix Engineer
Batman: Arkham City – The Album – Original Soundtrack – (2011) Warner Brothers – Mix Engineer
Innerpartysystem – Never Be Content – (2011) – Red Bull Records – Engineer
Thrice – Major/Minor – (2011) – Vagrant Records – 2nd Engineer
Death Valley High – Doom, In Full Bloom – Minus Head Records (2011) – Mixer (Days & Days, The Wait, Bring It Down, I Kissed A Girl)

2010
M.I.A. – Distruktor Records (2003) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
No Motiv – Lola E.P. Strange Records (1999) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
Training for Utopia – Throwing a Wrench... – Tooth & Nail Records (1999) – Producer, Engineer, Mixer

1998
Skinny Puppy – Remix Dys Temper – Nettwerk Records (1998) – Guitar, Remixer
Training for Utopia & Zao – Split [EP] – Tooth & Nail Records (1998) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
Amber Inn – All Roads Lead Home – Ebullition Records (1998) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer

1997
Far (with Deftones) – Soon – Immortal/Epic Records (1997) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
Far – "All Go Down" – Original Soundtrack – God Money – V2 Records (1997) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
Knapsack – "Less Than" – Don't Forget to Breathe – Crank Records (1997) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
Will Haven – El Diablo – Revelation Records (1997) Producer, Engineer, Mixer

1996
Far – Tin Cans with Strings to You – Immortal/Epic Records (1996) – Engineer
Tinfed – Hypersonic Hyperphonic – Cargo Records (1996) – Bass, Programming, Producer, Engineer, Mixer
Zoinks! – Stranger Anxiety – Dr. Strange Records (1996) – Producer, Engineer, Mixer
Boneback – "Starsky Solo Project" – Coffee Records- (1996) – Producer, Mixer Engineer

1995
7 Seconds – The Music, The Message – Immortal/Epic Records (1995) – Mixer, Engineer
Vomit Launch – Not Even Pretty – Teenbeat Records (1995) Mixer, Mastering

1994
Far – In The Isle, Yelling 7"; Rusty Nail Records (1994) – Producer, Mixer, Engineer

1993
Tinfed – Synaptic Hardware – Primitech Releases (1993) – Producer, Engineer, Mixer

Sources
 Eric Stenman's official site
 https://tapeop.com/articles/by/eric-stenman
 Awolnation.com
 Allmusic.com
 Discogs.com
 Artistdirect.com

External links
 Eric Stenman's official site
 Red Bull Studios

Record producers from California
American audio engineers
Mixing engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Eric Stenman
Eric
Eric Stenman
Eric
Eric
Eric


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
<mask>  (; April 4, 1809 – October 6, 1880) was an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics. Early life
He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> (1778–1831), later librarian of Harvard, and <mask> (1781–1868). After graduating from Harvard University in 1829, he taught mathematics for two years at the Round Hill School in Northampton, and in 1831 was appointed professor of mathematics at Harvard. He added astronomy to his portfolio in 1842, and remained as Harvard professor until his death. In addition, he was instrumental in the development of Harvard's science curriculum, served as the college  librarian, and was director of the U.S. Coast Survey from 1867 to 1874. In 1842, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 1852. Research
<mask> is often regarded as the earliest American scientist whose research was recognized as world class. He was an apologist for slavery, opining that it should be condoned if it was used to allow an elite to pursue scientific enquiry. Mathematics
In number theory, he proved there is no odd perfect number with fewer than four prime factors. In algebra, he was notable for the study of associative algebras. He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the Peirce decomposition. In the philosophy of mathematics, he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions".Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, Charles Sanders <mask>, as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like George Boole, Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by his son Charles , who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell attempted to base mathematics on logic. Statistics
Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles. Peirce was an expert witness in the Howland will forgery trial, where he was assisted by his son Charles.Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chance of such a match occurring at random, i.e. by pure coincidence, was extremely small. Private life

He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia. He was an avid juggler of diabolo and wrote about the physics of the game in Analytic Mechanics. He married Sarah Hunt Mills, the daughter of U.S.Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Peirce and his wife had four sons and one daughter:
 James Mills <mask> (1834–1906), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship,
 Charles Sanders <mask> (1839–1914), a famous logician, polymath and philosopher,
 <mask> <mask> (1844–1870), who worked as a mining engineer before an early death,
 Helen Huntington <mask> Ellis (1845–1923), who married William Rogers Ellis, and
 Herbert Henry <mask> (1849–1916), who pursued a career in the Foreign Service. Eponyms
The lunar crater Peirce is named for Peirce, as well as the asteroid 29463 <mask>peirce. Post-doctoral positions in Harvard University's mathematics department are named in his honor as <mask>e Fellows and Lecturers. The United States Coast Survey ship USCS Benjamin Peirce, in commission from 1855 to 1868, was named for him. Works
 An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Boston: James Munroe and Company. Google Eprints of successive editions 1840–1862.Physical  and Celestial Mechanics, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Google Eprint of 1855 edition. Linear Associative Algebra, lithograph by Peirce 1872. New edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders <mask>, published in the American Journal of Mathematics v. 4, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp. 221–226, Google Eprint and as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, Google Eprint. 1872: A System of Analytical Mechanics, David van Nostrand & Company, link from Internet Archive

See also
 <mask> <mask> (1854–1914)
 Tachytrope, curve in which the law of the velocity is given. Developed by Peirce.Notes

References

 F. P. Matz, "B. O. Peirce: Biography," American Mathematical Monthly, 1895, № 2, 173–179. Google Eprint. S. R. Peterson, "<mask>: Mathematician and Philosopher," Journal of the History of Ideas, 16, 1955, 89–112. P. Meier and S. Zaibel, "<mask>eirce and the Howland Will", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75, 1980, 497–506. <mask>, <mask> (1852), "Criterion for the Rejection of Doubtful Observations", Astronomical Journal II 45 and Errata to the original paper. Link pages for their non-PDF images of the article and its errata. <mask>, <mask> (1872, 1881), Linear Associative Algebra.Lithograph edition by Peirce 1872. New edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders <mask>, published in the American Journal of Mathematics v. 4, n. 1, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp. 221–226, Google Eprint,  JSTOR and as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, Google Eprint, Internet Archive Eprint. Peirce, <mask> (1878), "On Peirce's Criterion", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 13 (whole series), v. 5 (new series), for May 1877 – May 1878, Boston: Press of John Wilson and Son, pp. 348–351. Google  Eprint. JSTOR abstract.Peirce, Charles Sanders (1870/1871/1873) "Appendix No. 21. On the Theory of Errors of Observation", Report of the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey Showing the Progress of the Survey During the Year 1870, pp. 200–224. Coast Survey Report submitted February 18, 1871, published 1873 by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Reports 1837–1965. NOAA PDF Eprint (link goes to 1870 Report's p. 200, PDF's p. 215). Reprinted in pp.140–160 of Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition: Volume 3, 1872–1878, Christian J. W. Kloesel et al., eds., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, . External links

 Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, and  Walsh, Alison (2005), "<mask>eirce", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), Eprint. O'Connor, John J., and Robertson, Edmund F. (2005), "<mask>eirce", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Eprint. Hogan, Edward R. (2008), Of the Human Heart: A Biography of <mask>e, Lehigh University Press, catalog page discussion of Peirce. Scientific American, "<mask> Peirce", 23 October 1880, p. 257

1809 births
1880 deaths
Charles Sanders Peirce
Algebraists
Number theorists
American statisticians
American astronomers
19th-century American mathematicians
United States Coast Survey personnel
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Salem, Massachusetts
Mathematicians from Massachusetts

masks:
Benjamin Peirce
Benjamin Peirce
Lydia Ropes Nichols Peirce
Benjamin Peirce
Peirce
Peirce
Peirce
Benjamin Mills
Peirce
Peirce
Davis Peirce
Benjamin
Benjamin Prc
Peirce
Benjamin Osgood
Peirce
Benjamin Peirce
Benjamin P
Peirce
Benjamin
Peirce
Benjamin
Peirce
Benjamin
Benjamin P
Benjamin P
Benjamin Prc
Benjamin


title: Ed Beatin

texts:
Ebenezer Ambrose "<mask>" <mask> (August 10, 1866 – May 9, 1925) was an American baseball player. He played five seasons in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for the Detroit Wolverines from 1887 to 1888 and the Cleveland Spiders from 1889 to 1891. A 20-game winner in both 1889 and 1890, <mask> was known for having the best "slow ball" in the game. He was also a member of the 1887 Detroit Wolverines team that won the National League pennant. Early years
<mask> was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1866. He began his professional baseball career at age 20 with the Allentown Peanut Eaters in the Pennsylvania State Association. He appeared in 25 games for Allentown, threw 22 complete games, and compiled a 19–5 record with a 1.37 earned run average (ERA).Major league player

"The Beatin Case"
After his strong showing at Allentown, a dispute arose between three National League clubs (Detroit Wolverines, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Indianapolis Hoosiers) over which had the rights to Beatin. The Indianapolis club claimed it had struck a deal with the Allentown club for Beatin's services in early July, and Detroit and Cincinnati both claimed to have struck deals for Beatin and catcher Tom Kinslow in late July. The dispute, referred to as "The Beatin Case", became front page material in the Sporting Life throughout the month of August 1887. Indianapolis manager Horace Fogel accused both Beatin and the Allentown directorate of having acted "very dishonorably" in the matter and suggested that "this Allentown youth is deserving of the blacklist." In the end, only Cincinnati and Detroit pressed their claims at a hearing before baseball's Board of Arbitration. Detroit president Frederick K. Stearns testified and produced telegrams showing that he had closed deals with Beatin and Kinslow on July 20, seven days before Cincinnati claimed to have signed them. Detroit thus established priority to the players, and the Sporting Life described Cincinnati's case as having "proved decidedly weak."The Board issued its ruling in September 1887, finding in favor of Detroit. The "slow ball"
<mask>'s best pitch was his "slow ball." A report published in The Sporting Life stated:  "His slow ball has never been equaled by any pitcher living, it would set such batters as Delehanty, Beckley and Anson perfectly wild, and the little cuss would use it with the bases chock full and a heavy hitter at bat. I should expect my release if I lobbed a slow one at such times, but Beatin's teaser was the best thing in his repertoire." Another account, published in 1910, stated that Beatin threw his slow pitch with "the nerve of a wrestling promoter" and added: "Beatin had the most deliberate slow ball that ever wearied its way toward a plate. Cy Young, Mathewson, <mask>, Mordecai Brown, Addie Joss or any of the artists would gladly separate from $5000 for a loaf ball like Beatin's. The batter never knew when Beatin wound up whether the ball would come like [aviator] Johnny Moisant or an A.D.T.[messenger] boy." Teammate <mask> in 1905 opined that Beatin "had the most astonishing slow ball that was ever offered up to a batter." McKean recounted a story of Harry Stovey coming to bat against <mask> in the ninth inning of a game and being so confused by Beatin's slow ball that he swung once and missed, then swung again and hit the ball for what appeared to be a game-winning hit. However, the umpire ruled that the first swing counted as the third strike and an out. When Stovey protested, the umpire replied, "there is no rule allowing you two strikes at the same ball. You were out a full second before you made that hit!" Detroit Wolverines
<mask> pitched a four-hit complete game in his major league debut for Detroit on August 2, 1887, as the Wolverines beat Philadelphia by a score of 10-3.The headline for the game coverage in the Detroit Free Press read: "A GOOD BEATIN: Both Detroit and Philadelphia in Possession of One." <mask> pitched in only one other game for Detroit in 1887 and concluded his first major league season with a 1-1 record and a 4.00 ERA. During the 1888 season, <mask> appeared in 12 games for Detroit, all complete games. He compiled a 5-7 record and a 2.86 ERA. The team finished in fifth place with a 68-63 record. With high salaries owed to the team's star players, and gate receipts declining markedly, the team folded in October 1888 with the players being sold to other teams. <mask> was sold to the Cleveland Spiders along with three other players, including Larry Twitchell.Cleveland Spiders

In 1889, <mask> had the best season in his major league career. Despite playing for a sixth place team with a losing record, <mask> threw 35 complete games and compiled a 20-15 record. He ranked among the National League's pitching leaders with three shutouts (3rd), a Wins Above Replacement rating of 5.7 (6th), 126 strikeouts (8th), 20 wins (9th), and a 3.57 ERA (9th). In 1890, <mask> was the Spiders' top pitcher despite competition from rookie Cy Young. <mask> started 54 games in 1890 and threw 53 complete games, ranking fourth in the National League in both categories. On the other hand, he also led the league in hits (518) and earned runs (202) allowed. His win-loss record of 22-30 was hampered by the performance of a team that finished in seventh place with a 44-88 record.In 1891, Cy Young emerged as Cleveland's pitching ace, and <mask> sustained arm troubles, spending a portion of the season seeking treatment in Mount Clemens, Michigan. In all, <mask> started only four games for Cleveland in 1891. He compiled an 0-3 record as his ERA jumped to 5.28. He appeared in his final major league game on September 28, 1891. Later years
<mask> died in Baltimore in 1925 at age 58. He was buried at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Baltimore. <mask> was one of only two Major League Baseball players with the given name of Ebenezer.The other was second baseman, Abbie Johnson. Both went by names other than Ebenezer. (In addition to <mask> and Johnson, third baseman Joe Graves had the middle name, Ebenezer.) References

External links

1866 births
1925 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from Baltimore
Detroit Wolverines players
Cleveland Spiders players
Allentown Peanut Eaters players

masks:
Ed
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Ed Walsh
Ed McKean
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin
Beatin


title: William Waldorf Astor

texts:
<mask>Willy<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> (March 31, 1848 – October 18, 1919) was an American-British attorney, politician, businessman (hotels and newspapers), and  philanthropist. Astor was a scion of the very wealthy <mask> family of New York City. He moved to Britain in 1891, became a British subject in 1899, and was made a peer as Baron Astor in 1916 and Viscount Astor in 1917 for his contributions to war charities. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City. He was the only child of financier and philanthropist <mask> (1822–1890) and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (1825–1887). He studied in Germany and in Italy under the care of private tutors and a governess. He grew up in a cold and distant household.In his early adult years, <mask> returned to the United States and went to Columbia Law School, graduating with a LL.B. in 1875. He was called to the United States Bar in 1875. He worked for a short time in law practice and in the management of his father's estate of financial and real estate holdings. Personal life

Astor married Mary Dahlgren Paul (born 1858, died 22 December 1894) on 6 June 1878. She is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery Manhattan. They had five children:

 <mask> <mask>, 2nd Viscount Astor (born 19 May 1879, died 30 September 1952)
 Hon.<mask> (born 1880, died 5 May 1972), married soldier/politician Herbert Spender-Clay (1875–1937) in 1904. They had three daughters. John Rudolph <mask> (born & died 1881), buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. Lt. Col. John Jacob <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Hever (born 20 May 1886, died 19 July 1971)
 Gwendolyn Enid <mask> (born 1889, died 1902), no issue, buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. Politics
After some time practicing law, Astor thought he had found his true calling and an opportunity to make a name for himself outside of his family's fortune by entering the political realm. In 1877, with his eyes set on the United States Congress, <mask> entered New York City politics as a Republican. He was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 11th D.) in 1878; and of the New York State Senate (10th D.) in 1880 and 1881.<mask> was likely supported by the boss of the New York State Republican machine, Roscoe Conkling, with whom his family was involved. In 1881, <mask> was defeated by Roswell P. Flower as a candidate for the United States Congress. A second attempt at the seat also resulted in defeat. His shy nature could not handle the political attacks on his character. This was the end of his political career. The press used his political failures as fodder for harsh criticisms. In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed <mask> Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885.He told Astor, "Go and enjoy yourself, my dear boy." While living in Rome, <mask> developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture. Move to England
Upon the death of his father in February 1890, <mask> inherited a personal fortune that made him the richest man in America. That year he initiated the construction of the luxurious Waldorf Hotel on the site of his former residence. At 13 stories high, it overshadowed the adjacent mansion of his aunt, socialite Caroline "Lina" Schermerhorn <mask>. Lina complained bitterly about this commercial establishment next door. However, in 1897, her son John Jacob <mask> IV persuaded her to move away and replaced their mansion with the Astoria Hotel, which was operated as an extension of the Waldorf; the complex became the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.In the meantime, the friction had blown up into a feud; Aunt Lina also insisted that she, not <mask>'s wife Mary, was the Mrs. Astor in New York society. So <mask> moved with his wife and children to England. He rented Lansdowne House in London until 1893. That year he purchased a country estate, Cliveden in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, from the Duke of Westminster. In 1899, <mask> <mask> picked up British citizenship, which drew him further away from American history. To disappear from public view, in the summer of 1892, <mask> faked his own death by having his staff report to American reporters that he had died, apparently from pneumonia. However, the ruse was soon discovered, whereupon <mask> was mocked in the press.In 1895 he built a gothic mansion on London's Victoria Embankment at Two Temple Place overlooking the River Thames. He commissioned architect John Loughborough Pearson to design a $1.5 million building, a "crenelated Tudor stronghold" which he used as an office for managing his extensive holdings. Astor made several business acquisitions while living in London. In 1892, he purchased the Pall Mall Gazette, and in 1893 established the Pall Mall Magazine. In 1911 he acquired The Observer a national newspaper. In 1912 he sold the Magazine, and in 1914 made a present of the Gazette and The Observer, with the building in Newton Street and its contents, to his son <mask> <mask>. In 1903 he acquired the Hever Castle Estate near Edenbridge, Kent, about 30 miles south of London.The estate of over 3,500 acres had at its centre a castle built in 1270 where Anne Boleyn lived as a child. <mask> invested a great deal of time and money to restore the castle, building what is known as the "Tudor Village," and creating a lake and lavish gardens. He also added the Italian Garden (including Fernery) to display his collection of statuary and ornaments. In 1906 he gave his eldest son <mask> <mask> and his new daughter-in-law, Nancy Witcher Langhorne, the Cliveden estate as well as the Sancy diamond as wedding presents. <mask> (as she became on her marriage) became Britain's first seated female Member of Parliament. In 1908, building on his success with the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York he financed the Waldorf Hotel in London's West End. Philanthropy and peerage
Astor became a British subject in 1899.He continued his philanthropic activities, like his father. Among the charities he supported were The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (to which he gave $250,000 in 1903); University College, London (including a gift of £20,000 in 1902 for professorships); the Cancer Research Fund; Oxford University; Cambridge University; the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; the British Red Cross Society; Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum; the Soldiers and Sailors Families Association; and the Women's Memorial to Queen Victoria. His gifts to war charities included $125,000 to the Prince of Wales's National Relief Fund; a similar amount to Princess Louise's Officers' Families Fund; $200,000 to the British Red Cross; $25,000 to Queen Mary's Employment Committee; and a similar sum to the Lord Mayor's National Bands Fund. He gave $5,000 to King Edward's Hospital Fund annually starting with its founding in 1897. In recognition of his work for charity, on January 1, 1916, he was offered and accepted a peerage of the United Kingdom under the title of Baron Astor of Hever Castle in the County of Kent. On June 3, 1917, he was elevated to the rank of Viscount as The Viscount Astor. The elevation was controversial; some felt that a rich American had bought his way into the English aristocracy.Death
On October 18, 1919, he unexpectedly died of heart failure in the lavatory of his seaside house at Brighton in Sussex. His ashes were buried under the marble floor of the Astor family chapel (also called the Octagon Temple) at Cliveden. Bibliography
Valentino: An Historical Romance of the Sixteenth Century in Italy (1885)
Sforza, a Story of Milan (1889)
Pharaoh's Daughter and Other Stories (1890)

Notes

References

External links

 This article also has a paragraph on <mask> Astor. This article also has a paragraph on <mask> Astor. <mask>rf Astor papers at the New-York Historical Society

|-

1848 births
1919 deaths
American emigrants to England
American magazine publishers (people)
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Columbia Law School alumni
<mask>rf
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state senators
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Viscounts Astor
British newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century British newspaper publishers (people)
Livingston family
19th-century American diplomats
New York (state) Republicans
Businesspeople from New York City
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Politicians from New York City
Waldorf Astoria New York
Peers created by George V
People from Hever, Kent
19th-century American politicians

masks:
William Waldorf "
" Astor
Astor
Astor
William Waldorf Astor
John Jacob Astor III
Astor
Waldorf
Astor
Pauline Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
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William Waldo


title: Janet Burroway

texts:
<mask> (born September 21, 1936) is an American author. Burroway's published oeuvre includes eight novels, memoirs, short stories, poems, translations, plays, two children's books, and two how-to books about the craft of writing. Her novel The Buzzards was nominated for the 1970 Pulitzer Prize. Raw Silk is her most acclaimed novel thus far. While Burroway's literary fame is due to her novels, the book that has won her the widest readership is Writing Fiction: A Guide to Narrative Craft, first published in 1982. Now in its 10th edition, the book is used as a textbook in writing programs throughout the United States. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Tucson, Arizona.The second child and only daughter of tool and die worker <mask> and his wife Alma (née Milner). <mask>y was educated in Phoenix. Burroway's intelligence and gift for words resulted in one of her elementary school teachers tutoring her in poetry after class. She was educated at the University of Arizona, Barnard College of Columbia University, Cambridge University, and the Yale School of Drama. Her first scholarships were courtesy of local men's clubs, the Elks and the Knights of Pythias, and allowed her to attend the University of Arizona. After studying there for a year (1954–55), Burroway won the Mademoiselle Magazine College Board Contest and spent part of the summer of 1955 in New York City as the magazine's Guest Editor. Burroway's first poem to be published in a national magazine was “The Rivals,” which appeared in Seventeen when Burroway herself was eighteen (June 1954).In 1955, her first play, Garden Party, was produced at Barnard College. Seventeen also published Burroway's first short story, “I Do Not Love You, Wesley,” in January 1957. In August of that same year, The Atlantic published Burroway's poem “Song.”

After receiving her M. A. from Cambridge, Burroway taught at the University of Sussex from 1965 to 1970. Personal life

Burroway married Belgian theatre director Walter Eysselinck and lived in Belgium for two years where she worked as a costume designer. The couple's oldest son, Timothy Alan Eysselinck, was born in Ghent in 1964 and committed suicide in Windhoek, April 21, 2004. After Eysselinck took a theatre job in Sussex, the family moved to England, where Burroway had their second child in 1966. She left Eysselinck in 1971.She married William Dean Humphries, an artist, in 1978, but the marriage did not last. The two divorced in 1981. In 1993, Burroway married her long-time partner, Utopian scholar Peter Ruppert. The two spend their time in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin and Chicago. Writing career

While in England, Burroway finished her first novel, Descend Again. Often overlooked by critics because it was not published in the United States, the book is structured around the myth of Plato's “Cave.”   In 1961, Burroway's first book of poetry, But to the Season, was published by Keele University Press. Burroway spent 1960–1961 in New Haven, Connecticut after receiving an RCA/NBC scholarship in playwriting from the Yale School of Drama.Her fourth novel, The Buzzards, came out in 1969. It was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Critic Elisabeth Muhlenfeld said,  “The Buzzards is a political novel of unusual artistry. Its controlling metaphor is adopted from the first chorus of the Oresteia . . . . [when] warrior-birds swoop upon a pregnant hare, tearing out the unborn brood.”

That same year the first of Burroway's two children's books, The Truck on the Track, came out in England. The American edition was published the following year by Bobbs-Merrill. The book enjoyed a long print run,

Her second children's book The Giant Jam Sandwich with illustrations by John Vernon Lord was first published in 1972 and had enduring popularity. In 2008, composer Philip Wharton set it to music for narrator and orchestra, and the piece had its debut performance with the Iowa City Symphony.Burroway completed her fourth play, Hoddinott Veiling, in 1970; it was performed that year by ATV Network Television in London. Another play, The Fantasy Level, was first produced in 1961 at the Yale School of Drama, and again in 1968 by the Gardner Center for the Arts for the Brighton Festival in Sussex. The Beauty Operators was also produced by the Gardner Center for the Arts, then by the Armchair Theatre, Thames Television in London in 1970. In 1971, her marriage had finally collapsed. She came back to America with her sons after landing a position at the University of Illinois. Depressed and distraught, Burroway contemplated suicide. In 1972, Burroway accepted a position as Associate Professor of English Literature and Writing at Florida State University in Tallahassee.Except for brief stints at other institutions as a visiting professor, Burroway taught at Florida State University until her retirement in 2002. Burroway received a National Endowment for the Arts Creative Writing Fellowship in 1976, which was followed by two resident fellowships at Yaddo (in Saratoga Springs, New York), one in 1985 and again in 1987. Burroway's fifth novel, Raw Silk took seven years to research and write, but it was responsible for introducing her to a wide popular audience. The book was also important for her personally, since she had incorporated chunks of her own life into it, a practice she had tentatively begun in The Buzzards. Burroway wrote about eighty pages in a two-day period, then revised the material down to nine pages that “worked perfectly well as narrative. And it forced me to see that if I was avoiding my real concerns and trying to write Great Literature, I would likely not be able to write.”    After that, Burroway looked over the books she had written and realized that the threads she consistently wove through her narrative and kept returning to—in particular, mentor relationships, the abandonment of children, race, and suicide—were in fact themes. “That’s why I began Raw Silk with, ‘This morning I abandoned my only child.’”

Another book of poetry, Material Goods, was published in 1980 by the University Presses of Florida.In 1982, the first edition of Burroway’s “how-to” book, Writing Fiction: A Guide to Narrative Craft, was published. Burroway wrote two more novels, Opening Nights (Antheum, 1985), which draws on her background in theatre, and Cutting Stone, set, like her first novel, in a small Arizona town of another era. Cutting Stone became a Book-of-the-Month Club alternate selection, and in 1993-94 Burroway was awarded the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fellowship. A collection of essays-as-memoir, Embalming Mom, came out in 2002. By 2004, Burroway was working on another novel, Paper, which dealt with the love affair between a white woman and a black mill worker. In 2004, Burroway's eldest son committed suicide. For a while, his suicide was all she could write about.Writing about Tim, helped her cope with her grief. Eventually, she returned to the subject matter of Paper. Re-conceived and re-christened Bridge of Sand, the novel explores what happens when a white woman falls in love with a black man in the contemporary American South. Known for her complex female protagonists, Burroway enjoys experimenting with technique; she is adept at assuming the speech and thought patterns of characters of another gender, race, or age. The authors she most admires (and continues to reread) are Jane Austen, George Eliot, Joseph Conrad, and Henry James. Receptions
Burroway's work has been greeted with approval, enthusiasm, and, on occasion, rave reviews. Critic Elisabeth Muhlenfeld has called her “a writer of wide range and many voices” who has “consciously avoided current trends.”  Author Joan Fry referred to her as “a writer’s writer, a prodigiously talented all-American girl.”   Critic Thomas Rankin observed that Burroway's fiction is known for “its stylistic excellence and tragicomic tone, portraying evil as the result of emotional blindness.”  He also notes that Burroway “has been called a Renaissance woman for her achievements as a novelist, teacher, playwright, [poet], columnist, and critic,” but that her most important achievement “may be the encouragement and role modeling she provides for young women who aspire to write.”

Awards and recognition
In 2014, she was named as the recipient of the Florida Humanities Council's 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award for Writing.Publications

Books
Descend Again, novel, Faber and Faber, London, 1960. But to the Season, poems, Keele University Press, 1961. The Dancer from the Dance, novel, Faber and Faber, 1965 ; Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1967. Eyes, novel, Faber and Faber, 1966; Little, Brown, 1966. "Poenulus, or The Little Carthaginian," adaptation from the Latin, in Five Roman Comedies, ed. Palmer Bovie, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1970; reprinted in The Complete Roman Drama series, Johns Hopkins University Press, ed. David Slavitt and Palmer Bovie, 1995.The Buzzards, novel, Little, Brown, 1969 (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, 1970); Faber and Faber, 1970. The Truck on the Track, children's book, Jonathan Cape, London, 1970; Bobbs-Merrill, Indiana, 1971 ; Jr. Literary Guild Selection, 1971; Pan paperback edition, London, 1972; Televised by the BBC, London, 1975. The Giant Jam Sandwich, children's book, Jonathan Cape, London, 1972; Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1973 ; German translation, Das Riesen-Marmeladenbrot, K. Thienmanns, Stuttgart, 1974; Pan paperback edition, 1975; National Scholastic Publications, "Lucky Club" choice; Televised by the BBC, London, 1977; Weekly Reader Children's Book Club, Fall 1978; Paperback edition Sandpiper, Boston, 1987; Read on Dutch and Belgian television in Dutch translation 1988; Paperback edition, Piccolo, London, 1988; Cassette edition, Houghton Mifflin, 1990; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt board book edition 2010; paperback edition Red Fox (Random House), New York 2011; included in A Classic Story for Every Day, London, Hutchinson-Random House, 2014. Raw Silk, novel, Little, Brown, 1977, ; Victor Gollancz, Ltd., London, July 1977; condensed in Redbook Magazine, Jan. 1976; condensed in Cosmopolitan (London), July 1977; serialized in Cleo (Australia), 1977–78; paperback edition, Pocket Books, New York, March 1979. Second paperback edition Bantam Books, N.Y., June 1986; e-book, Open Road Media, N.Y. , March 2014. Material Goods, poems, University Presses of Florida, Sept. 1980.Writing Fiction: A Guide to

masks:
Janet Burroway
Burroway
Paul Burroway
Janet Burrowa


title: Janet Burroway

texts:
 Narrative Craft; Little, Brown & Co, College Division, Boston, 1982; Second Edition Oct. 1986; first selection, Writer's Digest Book Club, Jan. 1987; Third edition, HarperCollins, New York, Sept. 1991; Fourth Edition, HarperCollins, 1995; Fifth Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, 1999, Seventh Edition, Longman, 2006; 8th Edition, Longman, 2011, ; Ninth Edition, Pearson, 2014, . Opening Nights, novel, Atheneum, New York, June 1985, and Gollancz, July 1985; Paperback Edition, Bantam Books, New York, June 1986; Book-of-the-Month-Club alternate selection from Jan. 1986.; Swedish translation, Plats pa Scen, Bonniers, Stockholm, 1987; Radio adaptation in production from Arts Repertory Theatre and the FSU School of Motion Picture, Television and Recording Arts, transmitted on WFSU summer 1996. Cutting Stone, novel; Houghton Mifflin, Boston, April 1992, and Victor Gollancz, London, July 1992; paperback edition Pinnacle Books (division of Zebra, Inc.) Oct. 1993; paperback edition, Indigo Books, Victor Gollancz June 1996. Embalming Mom, essays, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002; paperback edition, 2003. Imaginative Writing: the Elements of Craft, New York: Longman and Penguin Academics, 2002; second edition 2006; third edition, Pearson, 2011; fourth edition, Pearson, 2014. From Where You Dream: The Process of Writing Fiction, ed. (the lectures of Robert Olen Butler).Grove Press, New York, 2005. Bridge of Sand, New York and Boston, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009; and Sidney, Australia, Murdoch Books 2009. Losing Tim: the Life and Death of an American Contractor in Iraq, A Memoir Think Piece Publishing, 2014. Poetry
"The Rivals," Seventeen, June 1954. "Song," The Atlantic, August 1957. "Song" and "Owed to Dickens," New Poems by American Poets, ed. Rolfe Humphries, Ballantine, New York, 1957."Introduction" and "Epithalamion," Granta (Cambridge, England), 29 November 1958. "Aubade," Granta, 24 January 1959. "Prolegomenon," Granta, 7 March 1959. "Footnote," Granta, 6 June 1959
"Piecework," Delta, October 1959. "Benevolence," Granta, 7 November 1959. "Aubade" and "Epithalamion," Universities Poetry 2, Keele University Press, 1959. "D'Accord" and "The Scientist," Granta, 23 January 1960."Solo," Granta, 14 May 1960. "James's Park," "D'Accord," and "The Scientist," Universities Poetry 3, 	Keele University Press, 1961. "The Scientist," New Poems 1961, A P.E.N. Anthology, ed. Plomer, Cork 	and Thwaite, Hutchinson, London, 1961; The Guinness Book of Poetry, Putnam, London, 1962; Sound and Sense: An Introduction 	to Poetry, Fourth Edition, ed. Laurence Perrine, Harcourt Brace 	Jovanovich, New York, 1973, and following editions; "set" for the 1994-95 American high school "Academic Decathelon." "A Few Particulars," Twenty-Seven Poems, ed.Woolf and Taylor, University of Sussex Press, Brighton, 1966. "Nuns at Birth," New Statesman (London), July 1970; Best Poems of 1970: Borestone Mountain Poetry Awards 1971; Articulations: Poetry about Illness and the Body, anthology, ed. Jon Mukland, U. Iowa Press, 1995. "Lievre aux Capres," Cafe at St. Marks, ed. Van K. Brock, Anhinga Press, 				Tallahassee, 1975. "Separation," New Statesman, 16 May 1975; MS. Magazine, November 1975. "Hole," Sun Dog, Florida State University, Spring 1979."Lines to King's Cross Terminal," Critical Quarterly, Manchester, Spring 1980; Sarajevo: An Anthology for Bosnian Relief, Elgin Community College, fall 1993. "Material Goods" and "Appleyard Odyssey," Sun Dog, Spring 1980. "Mother Hood," Konglomerati, Spring 1983; North of Wakulla, an anthology, 	Anhinga Press, 1990. "Catcher," Florida Review (First prize winner, Florida Poetry Contest), Fall 1983. "Maternal Line," Red Bass, Nos. 8/9, Fall 1985. "This Is," Apalachee Quarterly, Fall 1985, and Yearbook of American Poetry, Monitor, Beverly Hills, 1987."Florida Hard Freeze," Caprice, 1990. "This Hammock is for Peter," The Chatahoochee Review, fall, 1992. "Text/tile," memoir, produced as a text for dance, performed by the Dance Theatre, FSU, and published in Writing in Education, National Association of Writers in Education, Huddersfield, England, winter 1993. "Three Ideas" ("Democracy," "Shame," "Heaven"), Caprice, Nov. 1995, Wichita, Kansas. "Workout" ("Biceps," "Triceps," "Forceps"), Caprice, April 1996. “Four Deadly Sins,” Chelsea, 2001. “The Tim Poems: Roadkill, Scuppernong, Monologue, Airport, Plenty, Post,” Prairie Schooner, Fall 2006.Stories
"I Do Not Love You, Wesley," Seventeen, January 1957. "A Letter to Remember not to Mail," Granta (Cambridge, England), 8 November 1958. "The Fantasy Level," Granta, 17 October 1959; The Yale Review, summer 1961. "The Rest of It, July," Granta, 30 April 1960. "Extra Days," Story Quarterly, winter 1976; reprinted in The Best of Story Quarterly, 1990. "Disaster," Apalachee Quarterly, Fall 1980. "Embalming Mom," Apalachee Quarterly, Spring 1985; reprinted in The Source of the Spring, Conari Press, Spring 1998."Winn Dixie," New Letters on the Air, Winter 1985, and New Letters, Winter 1986; reprinted in New Visions, an anthology of Florida writers, Arbiter Press, 1989. "Uncle Ben's," novella, New Letters, March 1987. "Growth," New Virginia Quarterly, Winter 1990. "I'toi," Prairie Schooner, Spring 1991. "Pool," for the Florida Humanities Council project "Making Florida Home," 1993. "Dad Scattered," in anthology The Day My Father Died, Running Press, N.Y. 1994. "Tea Leaves," in Microfiction, anthology ed.Jerome Stern for W.W. Norton & Co., fall 1996. "Report on Professional Activities," Black Warrior Review, Fall 1997 (with interview by Joan Fry). Nominated for a Pushcart Prize. “Deconstruction,” Prairie Schooner, Winter 1999 (winner of the Lawrence Foundation Award). “Regular,” New Letters, spring 2001. “The Mandelbrot Set,” Five Points, Winter 2002; 2003 Pushcart Prize XXVII; Best of the Small Presses, ed. Bill Henderson.“Oracles,” Prairie Schooner, fall 2004, winner of the Prairie Schooner “Readers’ Choice” award. “Sublet,” Ninth Letter, Spring 2005. “Chronotope,” Prairie Schooner, Summer 2006, winner of PS “Readers Choice” Award. Excerpt from Devil’s Play, Iron Horse Review, Winter 2007. Excerpt from Indian Dancer, “Blackout,” (winner of third prize, Love Story Competition), Narrative Magazine, Spring 2008. Excerpts from Bridge of Sand, Prairie Schooner, Winter, 2008; and Narrative Magazine Autumn 2008. "White Space," (winner of first prize, Winter Contest), Narrative Magazine, Winter 2009.Plays and performance texts
Garden Party, Barnard College, 1955. The Fantasy Level, Yale School of Drama, 1961; Roberson Memorial Center, Binghamton, N.Y., 1963; Belgian National Television (in Dutch translation), 1965; Gardner Center for the Arts, for the Brighton Festival, Sussex, 1968. Playwrights' Theatre, Tallahassee, 1979. The Beauty Operators, Gardner Center for the Arts, 1968; Armchair Theatre, Thames Television, London, 1970; Belgian National Television (in Dutch translation), 1971. Hoddinott Veiling,	ATV Network Television, London, 1970; British Independent Television's entry in the 1970 Monte Carlo Festival "Best Television Drama" category. Due Care and Attention, ATV Network Television, London, 1973. Dadadata: Homage to John Cage, text for dance, FSU Dance Dept., Oct. 1990.Text/Tile, text for dance, FSU Dance Department for "Twelve Days of Dance", Nov. 1991. Reprise, Florida Museum of History, R.A. Gary Building, Oct. 5, 1997. Medea with Child, staged reading, Playwright's Theatre, London, June 1994; and International Women's Day, Tallahassee, 1995; Winner of the Reva Shiner Award, Bloomington Playwrights' Project; production October 1997. The Empty Dress, text for dance, "Gendered Space," Florida Women's Studies Conference, FSU Oct. 1994, and "Twelve Days of Dance," FSU Dance Department, Nov. 1994, Center for Professional Development and Public Service, Jan. 1995. Opening Nights, radio adaptation (with Charles Olsen), production by the Actors’ Repertory Theatre; sponsored by WFSU-TV and the FSU School for the Production of Film, Television and the Recording Arts; Tallahassee transmission summer 1997. Yazoo City Station, text for dance, FSU Dance Repertory Theatre, collaboration with Lynda Davis, March 1998. Sweepstakes, a play, Reading at the Playwrights’ Center of San Francisco, Oct. 1998 (finalist in the annual Dramarama competition); production by the Actors’ Repertory Theatre at Tallahassee Little Theatre, Feb. 11–21, 1999; reading, the Royal National Theatre Studio, London, Nov. 1999; and at Women's Playwright's Initiative, Orlando, Feb, 2006.Quiltings: Text/tile Opus Three, text for dance, Birdsong Nature Reserve, Oct. 1999; reprise for Dance Repertory Theatre in Concert, Feb. 25–26, 2000. Division of Property, winner of the 2002 Arts & Letters Prize (chosen by Lanford Wilson), produced at Milledgeville, GA, April 2002, published in the Spring 2002 issue of Arts & Letters. Produced for the Imago One-Act Festival at the Stella Adler Academy and Theatre, Los Angeles, summer 2002. Parts of Speech, readings with Jane Alexander in a staging by Edwin Sherin, FSU Conradi Theatre, March 2004; Women's Playwright's Initiative, 	directed by Ellen Jones, Orlando, January, 2007; and Chicago Dramatists, Dec. 2008; winner of the Br!nk playwriting competition, Renaissance Theatreworks, Milwaukee, WI, 2014. Long Time No See, produced at Bloomington Playwrights’ Theatre, Bloomington, Indiana, July 31 – Aug.2, 2008. Winn Dixie, film adaptation by Ana Silverlinck, USC Film School, 2008. Morality Play, musical, adapted from the novel by Barry Unsworth, with composer Matthew M. Kiedrowski, concert reading (Midwest New Musicals, Light Opera Works and NEA), Athenaeum Theatre, Chicago, Feb. 2012; third prize winner, New Musicals Incorporated (Los Angeles, CA) international new musicals search, 2015.Boomerang, commissioned by the Sideshow Theatre Company as part of their Freshness Initiative, Chicago, 2015. References

External links
 <mask>y on Losing Tim at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
 <mask> at the Florida Humanities Council

1936 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
Yale School of Drama alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Barnard College alumni
Florida State University faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American women poets
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
Novelists from Florida
American women academics
21st-century

masks:
Janet Burrowa
Janet Burroway


title: Pyotr Wrangel

texts:
<mask> (; April 25, 1928), also known as <mask>, was a Russian officer of Baltic German origin in the Imperial Russian Army. During the later stages of the Russian Civil War, he was commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia. After his side lost the civil war in 1920, he left Russia. He was known as one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés and military leader of the South Russia (as commander in chief). Family
Wrangel was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Zarasai, Lithuania) as the son of Baron <mask> (1847-1923) and Maria Dimitrievna Demetieva-Maikova (1856-1944). The Baltic German noble Wrangel family was part of the Uradel (old nobility), the family was of German origin, appearing in the old "Livland" with the German Order. It undoubtedly has a common origin with the noble family von Löwenwolde and von Engdes.<mask> Nikolayevich <mask> was only distantly related to the famed Arctic explorer Ferdinand von <mask> and the Prussian Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich von <mask>. Early life
After graduating from the Rostov Technical High School in 1896 and the Institute of Mining in St. Petersburg in 1901, Wrangel volunteered for the prestigious Life Guards cavalry. He was commissioned a reserve officer in 1902 after graduating from the Nikolaev Cavalry School. He soon resigned his commission and traveled to Irkutsk, where he was assigned to special missions by the Governor-General. Military career

At the start of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, he re-enlisted and was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossack Corps. In December 1904, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. After the war ended, in January 1906, he was reassigned to the 55th Finland Dragoon Regiment, which, under General A. N. Orlov, took part in pacifying rebels in Siberia.In 1907, he returned to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1908, he married Olga Mikhaylovna Ivanenko in St. Petersburg, and they had two sons and two daughters. Wrangel graduated from the Nicholas Imperial General Staff Academy in 1910 and the Cavalry Officers' School in 1911. With the start of World War I, Wrangel was promoted to captain and assigned command of a cavalry squadron. On October 13, 1914, he became one of the first Russian officers to be awarded the Order of St. George (4th degree) in the war, the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire. In December 1914, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In October 1915, Wrangel was transferred to the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the 1st Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossacks.The unit was very active in Galicia against the Austrians, and Wrangel distinguished himself especially during the Brusilov Offensive. He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1917 and took command of the 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cavalry Division, which was merged with other cavalry units to become the Consolidated Cavalry Corps in July that year. He was further decorated with the George Cross (4th degree) for his defense of the Zbruch River in the summer of 1917. Russian Civil War
After the end of Russia's participation in the war, Wrangel resigned his commission and went to live at his dacha at Yalta, in the Crimea. Arrested by the Bolsheviks at the end of 1917, he was released and escaped to Kiev, where he joined Pavlo Skoropadskyi's Ukrainian State. However, it was soon apparent to him that the new government existed only because of the waning support of Germany, and in August 1918, he joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army based at Yekaterinodar, where he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Division and the rank of major general in the White movement. After the Second Kuban Campaign in late 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and his division’s strength was raised to that of a corps.As an aggressive commander, he won victories in the northern Caucasus. In January 1919, his military force was renamed to the Caucasus Volunteer Army. Wrangel soon clashed politically with Armed Forces of South Russia leader Anton Denikin, who demanded a quick march on Moscow. Wrangel insisted that his forces should instead take Tsaritsyn first, to join up with the army of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, which his troops accomplished on June 30, 1919, after three previous attempts by <mask> Krasnov had failed in 1918. Wrangel gained a reputation as a skilled and just administrator, who, unlike some other White Army generals, did not tolerate lawlessness or looting by his troops. However, after he was unable to join forces with Admiral Kolchak and at the insistence of Denikin, he led his forces north towards Moscow on a failed attempt by the Whites to take it in autumn 1919. Continuing disagreement with Denikin led to his removal from command, and Wrangel departed for exile to Constantinople on February 8, 1920.However, Denikin was forced to resign on March 20, 1920, and a military committee, led by General Abram Dragomirov in Sevastopol, asked for <mask>'s return as Commander-in-Chief of the White forces in Crimea. He assumed that post on April 4, 1920, at the head of the Russian Army, and he put forth a coalition government that attempted to institute sweeping reforms (including land reforms). He also recognized and established relations with the new (and short-lived) anti-Bolshevik independent republics, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, among others. However, by that stage in the Russian Civil War, such measures were too late, and the White movement was rapidly losing support, both domestically and overseas. Wrangel is immortalized by the nickname of "Black Baron" in the marching song The Red Army is the Strongest, composed as a rallying call for a final effort on the part of the Bolsheviks to end the war. The song was immensely popular in the early Soviet Union in the 1920s. After being severely outnumbered and facing defeat in Northern Tavria and in Crimea, Wrangel organised a mass evacuation on the shores of the Black Sea.Wrangel gave every officer, soldier, and civilian the choice to evacuate and go with him into the unknown, or to remain in Russia. Those who chose to stay in Crimea were subject to brutal repression by the Bolsheviks as part of the Red Terror, along with many civilians. Wrangel evacuated the White forces from the Crimea in 1920; the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy became known as Wrangel's fleet. The last military and civilian personnel left Russia with <mask> on board the General Kornilov on November 14, 1920. Initially, Wrangel lived on his yacht, Lucullus, at Constantinople. It was rammed and sunk by the Italian steamer Adria, which had sailed from Soviet-held Batum. Wrangel, then on shore, escaped with his life in what was widely regarded as an assassination attempt.Emigration
In 1922, he moved to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the head of all White Russian refugees. He arguably was considered the most prominent of all White émigrés. In 1924, in the Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci, he established the Russian All-Military Union, a civilian organisation that was designed to embrace all Russian military émigrés all over the world. He tried to preserve a Russian military organisation for another fight against Bolshevism. In September 1927, <mask> and his family emigrated, settling in Brussels, Belgium, where he worked as a mining engineer. Wrangel published his memoirs in the magazine White Cause (Белое дело) in Berlin in 1928. Death and burial
Wrangel died suddenly on April 25, 1928.His family believed that he had been poisoned by his butler's brother, who briefly lived in the household in Brussels and was allegedly a Soviet agent. He was buried in Brussels. More than a year later, his remains were transported to Belgrade. On October 6, 1929, in a formal public ceremony, his body was reinterred in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Belgrade, the Russian church, according to his wishes. Personal life
He was married to Russian noblewoman Olga Mikhailovna Ivanienko (1883-1968). They had two sons and two daughters:

 Baroness Helena Petrovna <mask> (1909-1999); married Baron Fedor von Meyendorff: married secondly to Phillip Hills; had issue
 Baron Peter Petrovich <mask> (1911-1999); no issue
 Baroness Nathalie Petrovna <mask> (1913-2013); married to Russian nobleman Alexis George Basilevski; had issue
 Baron Alexis Petrovich <mask> (1922-2005); married to Ekaterina Nikolaevna von Lambsdorff; no issue

Legacy
The town of Sremski Karlovci, which had served as his headquarters after he emigrated from Russia, erected a monument in his honour in 2007. At the time of his death, it was the location of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR, which is now based in New York) and the Russian Ministry of Culture.Many Russian officers regarded Wrangel so highly that he had almost a semi-sacred status. After Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, some prominent military émigrés referred to the position that they believed Wrangel would have taken. For example, Major General Mikhail Mikhailovich Zinkevich said in mid-August 1941, "If General Wrangel were alive today, he would go unhesitatingly with the Germans". In 2015, the government of the Russian Federation began to repatriate the remains of white emigres that were buried abroad, but the descendants of Wrangel refused to have his remains returned to Russia as the current Russian government had not "yet condemned the evil [of Bolshevism]." He was portrayed by Russian actor Aleksandr Galibin in the first season of the Serbian television series Balkan Shadows, which features Wrangel's Cossack emigres as major characters. In September 2021, following the abrupt withdrawal of the United States troops from Afghanistan under Biden's administration, in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, Wrangel's grandson Peter A. Basilevsky compared the "bureaucratic incompetence" of the U.S. government in Afghanistan to the successful November 1920 evacuation of 150,000 anti-Bolshevik soldiers and civilians under Wrangel which became possible with far inferior resources of the White army and in the face of the advancing Red Army. Honours
 Order of St. Anne 4th class, 4 July 1904
 Order of St. Anne 3rd class, 9 May 1906
 Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd class, with swords and bow, 6 January 1906.Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class, 6 December 1912
 Order of St. George, 4th class, 13 October 1914
 Order of St Vladimir, 4th class with swords and bow, 24 October 1914
 Golden Sword of St George "for courage", 10 June 1915
 Order of St Vladimir, 3rd class with swords, 8 December 1915
 Cross of St. George, 4th class, 24 July 1917
Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, 2nd degree
Papal Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 1920

See also
List of unsolved deaths
Russian Civil War
White Army, Black Baron
White movement
Wrangel's fleet

References

Sources
 Lincoln, W. Bruce. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1989. Luckett, Richard. The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War. New York, Viking, 1971. Robinson, P. (1999)."Always with Honour": The Code of the White Russian Officers. Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne Des Slavistes, 41(2), pp. 121-141. Retrieved February 16, 2020. Williams, H. (1928). <mask>. The Slavonic and East European Review, 7(19), pp.198-204. Retrieved February 16, 2020. <mask>, Alexis. General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader, London, 1987 (reprint 1990)
<mask>, Peter N. Always With Honour: Memoirs of General Wrangel. Robert Speller & Sons. New York. 1957 (Originally published in 1928).<mask>, Peter N. Always With Honour: The Memoirs of General Wrangel, Mystery Grove Publishing. 2020

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Books

1878 births
1928 deaths
Baltic-German people
Graduated of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute (until 1917)
Imperial Russian Army generals
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lithuania
Members of the Russian Orthodox Church
People of the Russian Civil War
Russian anti-communists
Russian All-Military Union members
Russian exiles
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel of World War I
Russian monarchists
Barons of the Russian Empire
Russian Provisional Government generals
People from Novoalexandrovsky Uyezd
People from Zarasai District Municipality
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
White movement generals
White Russian emigrants to Belgium
White Russian emigrants to Turkey
White Russian emigrants to Yugoslavia
Wrangel's fleet
Unsolved deaths

masks:
Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel
Peter von Wrangel
Nikolai Egorovich Wrangel
Pyotr
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Wrangel
Pyotr
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General Wrangel
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