title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
<mask> (1973–2003) was an Indian Engineering Service (IES) officer. He was the Project Director in the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) at Koderma. He was murdered in Gaya, Bihar allegedly for his anti-corruption related actions in the Golden Quadrilateral highway construction project. Early life
<mask>, the son of <mask> and Phulamati Devi, was born in a brahmin family at the village of Shahpur, near Pratappur Sugar Factory in the Siwan district of Bihar, India. The family of seven children, five girls and two boys, subsisted on a small piece of land, and Bageshwari also held a low-paying clerical position in a nearby sugar mill. Until the age of 15, he studied at the Ganga Box Kanodiya High School in Shahpur and then joined junior college at Allahabad, about three hundred kilometres away. <mask> was the topper of the state in 10th and 12th board exams.He gained admission to the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur in 1990 and graduated in 1994. He would subsequently complete his M. Tech (Civil Engg.) from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology, BHU) in 1996. Professional life
After his masters, <mask> joined the Indian Engineering Service (IES) and in July 2002, went on deputation to the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). <mask> became the Project Director at Koderma, Jharkhand, responsible for managing a part of the Aurangabad-Barachatti section of National Highway 2 (The Grand Trunk Road). This highway was part of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Corridor Project, the Prime Minister's initiative, which aimed to connect many of the country's major cities by four-lane limited-access highways totalling 14,000 km, at an overall cost more than US$10 billion. During this period, <mask> got the contractor of the project to suspend three of his engineers after exposing serious financial irregularities.At one point, he had the contractor rebuild six kilometres of under-quality road, a huge loss for the road contract mafia. Murder and aftermath
On 27 November 2003, his 30th birthday, <mask> was returning from a wedding in Varanasi, and called his driver to meet him at the station. He reached Gaya railway station at three in the morning, and found that the car was not able to come because of a battery malfunction. It appears that at this point <mask> decided to take a rickshaw home. When he didn’t reach home, his driver went to look for him and found him dead by the side of the road in the suburb of A.P. Colony. He had been shot.The news ignited tremendous public hue and cry. The matter was raised in Parliament, and the Prime Minister shifted the onus of investigation from the Bihar Police (who might themselves be implicated) to the CBI. The CBI registered a case against unknown persons under 120-B (criminal conspiracy) and 302 (murder) of Indian Penal Code and various provision under the Arms Act on 14 December 2003. The investigation
In early investigations, the CBI interrogated the rickshaw puller Pradeep Kumar who was caught using <mask>'s stolen cell phone. The mobile phone had been switched off for about a fortnight after the murder, but then Kumar called his 'second wife' in Kolkata, following which the CBI traced the rickshaw puller to his slum in Gaya. Although Kumar had a criminal history in similar cases of robbery, it appears he was released after interrogation, and could not be traced a month later. Two other suspects, Sheonath Sah and Mukendra Paswan, were questioned by the CBI.They were found dead from poisoning on 1 February 2004, within 25 hours of the CBI questioning. Sah's father lodged an FIR against the CBI with the Bihar Police, but CBI Director Uma Shanker Mishra called their deaths a suicide in a press meeting a few days later. The CBI later arrested four persons, Uday Mallah, Mantu Kumar, Tutu Kumar and Babloo, all belonging to Katari village of Gaya on 6 June 2004. On 13 June, the CBI arrested another accused Sarvan Paswan. In conclusion of its investigations, CBI arraigned four persons on 3 September 2004. Based on testimony by Pradeep Kumar, who was his rickshaw puller, the event was presented as an attempted robbery. Because <mask> put up a fight about giving up his briefcase, he was shot.The person accused of actually shooting <mask> with a country-made pistol was Mantu Kumar, son of Lachhu Singh, of Village Katari, Gaya district. Accomplices with him included Uday Kumar, Pinku Ravidas and Shravan Kumar. Mantu Kumar was arrested from near his home in Panchayatee khada in Gaya. He had apparently been living in Gaya town and working as a rickshawpuller. On 19 September 2005, while the case was being heard in Patna, Bihar in the court of Addl. Session Judge, J M Sharma, Mantu Kumar escaped from the court premises, leading to widespread allegations of police complicity. While Mantu was being held at the high security Beur Jail, the invigilation can be lax during such court appearances, and it is a common tactic of the mafia to organise a few policemen to make it possible for the criminal to escape.It was felt that the escape was engineered by higher-ups who may have executed the murder through Mantu Kumar. The CBI announced a cash reward of Rs. 100,000 for apprehending Mantu. CBI Report and Conviction of accused
It is possible that <mask> may have been the victim of a simple robbery during which Mantu Kumar shot him, as alleged in the case filed by CBI. However, given the death and disappearance of several witnesses and the startling escape of the prime accused, there is widespread speculation that vested interests may have engaged the criminals who actually pulled the trigger. As for the GQ project, the Supreme Court is currently overlooking investigations into the corruption charges initially raised by the <mask> letter. Several officials have been indicted and a technical team is overseeing the actual construction.Also, as of September 2005, news reports indicated that the law ministry was about to introduce legislation to protect whistleblowers. Meanwhile, on 10 February 2006, a 600-meter stretch of the GQ highway connecting Kolkata to Chennai subsided into the ground, opening up ten meter gorge near Bally, West Bengal. This stretch had been executed as a joint venture between two Malaysian firms RBM and Pati, who had been awarded the contract after global tendering. More than six years after the murder, on 22 March 2010, a Patna Court convicted three accused Mantu Kumar, Udai Kumar and Pinku Ravidas for murdering <mask>. The court convicted accused Mantu Kumar under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 302 (Murder) and 394 (Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery), and section 27 (A) of the Arms Act for possessing an unlicensed weapon. The other two accused were convicted under Section 302/34 (Murder committed in furtherance of common intention) and 394 IPC. Legacy

Awards and Fellowships dedicated to <mask> <mask>
<mask>'s murder drew several protests in India and abroad, especially by the media.Student and Alumni bodies of IITs took the lead in raising this issue. S. K. Dubey Foundation for Fight Against Corruption was founded in the US by Ashutosh Aman (IIT Kanpur, Satyendra's batchmate) and Atal Bansal (IIT Kanpur) to systematically fight against corruption. IIT Kanpur instituted an annual award in his name, <mask> <mask> Memorial Award, to be given to an IIT alumnus for displaying highest professional integrity in upholding human values. The Indian Express also announced a fellowship in the name of <mask>. Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Non-governmental organisation from Lucknow has been awarding the <mask> <mask> award for civil services in reverence to his contributions to the cause of fighting corruption. Awards given to <mask> <mask>
Whistleblower of the year award from the London-based Index on Censorship,
The Transparency International's  Annual integrity award. The Service Excellence award from the All India Management Association.He was nominated for the Padma awards in 2011. In Popular Media
On 26 November 2007 NDTV aired a documentary by Minnie Vaid on <mask> <mask>, produced by Ashutosh Aman on behalf of the S K Dubey Foundation. Famous Indian musician Rabbi Shergill has dedicated one stanza in his song titled 'Bilqis (Jinhe Naaz Hai)' from album Avengi Ja Nahin to <mask> <mask>. This song is a dedication to all those who died in vain or while supporting some cause (anti-corruption). Indian crime television series, Crime Patrol, dedicated their hundredth episode to <mask> <mask> on 7 April 2012. His story was highlighted in the final episode of Satyamev Jayate. Also his story was shown in Savdhaan India of Life OK channel.See also
 Shanmughan Manjunath: An IIM Lucknow graduate and Indian Oil Corporation employee, Manjunath was murdered by the oil mafia in 2005 when he tried to check petrol adulteration in Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh. Narendra Kumar was an IPS officer murdered by alleged members of mining mafia in Rajasthan

References

External links

 "Speak Up Gun Down" coverage of <mask> <mask> Indian Express
 Rediff.com's "Truth Silenced" pages on <mask> <mask>
 Biography of <mask> Kumar Dubey
 CBI notice of reward for Mantu Kumar
 Remembering <mask> <mask>
 Crime Patrol Dastak: Civil engineer <mask> <mask> murder case

1973 births
2003 deaths
People from Gaya, India
Deaths by firearm in India
People murdered in Bihar
Assassinated Indian people
IIT Kanpur alumni
Corruption in Bihar
Indian whistleblowers
People from Siwan district
2000s murders in India
2003 crimes in India
2003 murders in Asia
Corruption in Jharkhand

masks:
Satyendra Dubey
Satyendra Dubey
Bageshwari Dubey
Satyendra
Satyendra
Dubey
Dubey
Dubey
Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Dubey
Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
K Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Satyendra
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey


title: William R. Boggs

type: original

texts:
<mask> (March 18, 1829 – September 11, 1911) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was noted as a civil engineer who constructed the military fortifications that protected some of the Confederacy's most important seaports. Early life and career
<mask>, son of Archibald & Mary Ann (<mask><mask>, was born in Augusta, Georgia. Comparatively little is known of his early youth, but it is known he studied at the Augusta Academy. Two of his brothers would also serve in the Confederate Army. They spent their summers at the Sand Hills near what is now Summerville, South Carolina, a popular tourist resort. At the age of twenty in July 1849, he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point as a cadet from Georgia.He graduated four years later among the first five in his class. Among <mask>' classmates were James B. McPherson, Philip H. Sheridan, and John M. Schofield, later Union generals, and John Bell Hood of the Confederate service. On graduation he was brevetted as a second lieutenant and assigned to the Topographical Bureau. He spent some time in the office of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. In 1854 he was transferred to the Ordnance Corps and was made assistant at the Watervliet Arsenal in Troy, New York. In December of the same year he became second lieutenant and in 1856 he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. While at Watervliet Arsenal, on December 19, 1855, he married Mary Sophia, daughter of Col. John Symington, the commandant.To them were born five children–<mask>., Jr., a mining engineer who was murdered in Mexico in 1907; Elizabeth McCaw, John Symington, Edith Allston, and Henry Patterson <mask>. (For some unknown reason a sixth child, <mask> (1860–1881) was omitted from the biographical data published for General <mask>.) In 1857 <mask> was transferred to the Louisiana Arsenal at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In 1859 he became inspector of ordnance at Point Isobel, Texas. On December 14, 1859, he took part in an engagement with Cortina's Mexican marauders near Fort Brown, for which he was given honorable mention by General Winfield Scott. Soon after, he was transferred to the Alleghany Arsenal at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to which his father-in-law Colonel Symington had also been assigned. Civil War service
<mask> resigned from the U.S. Army the very day that the Georgia Convention adopted its ordinance of secession.However, his father-in-law stayed in the Federal service. Early in the war, <mask> was appointed by Governor Joseph E. Brown as the purchasing agent to procure arms, ammunition, and supplies for Georgia's state troops. Later, in the Provisional Confederate Army, <mask>' duties were again as an engineer and ordnance officer, given primarily to staff duty for such officers as Braxton Bragg. He was never given the command of troops in combat, although he commanded all engineers and artillery in Pensacola, Florida. His major accomplishments were to perfect and complete fortifications and supply depots in 1861 (including the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, and Pensacola); to engineer Kirby Smith's invasion of Kentucky in 1862; and to assist Smith's military administration west of the Mississippi River from 1863 to 1865. In 1862, he was appointed colonel, Chief Engineer of the State of Georgia. In recognition of his efforts in constructing the fortifications that defended Savannah, Georgia, one of the earthworks was named Fort Boggs.During the Kentucky campaign, Colonel <mask>, by then back in the Confederate national service, won the confidence of his superiors. On General Kirby Smith's recommendation, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and became chief of staff under him in the Trans-Mississippi Department in the spring of 1863. Late in the war, <mask> resigned after a quarrel with Smith. For a short time thereafter, he commanded the District of Louisiana, but was soon superseded by Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays and he subsequently awaited orders at Shreveport, Louisiana. Early in 1865 he enlisted in an expedition to enter military service in Mexico. Finding that the purpose of its leaders was to fight for Maximilian, rather than Juarez, he withdrew his name and returned to the Confederate army.With the collapse of the Confederate armies in the East, Kirby Smith moved his headquarters to Houston, Texas. The surrender of his army was made by Smith's subordinates, in which General <mask> participated, the parole of <mask> being dated June 9, 1865. Postbellum career

After the war, <mask> engaged in the profession of engineering, participating to a great extent in railroad construction in the West. In 1875, he was appointed Professor of Mechanics in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute at Blacksburg, a position he held until a reorganization of the faculty in 1881. One of his colleagues wrote, "He was highly valued by his associates as a man of force and culture; was esteemed by the student body as an attractive and honest teacher; by the people of the community as an upright, genial, agreeable gentleman. Politics was alone responsible for his removal." The later years of his life were spent in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he died at the age of eighty-two.He was buried in Salem Cemetery. One of his nephews, Major Archibald Butt, perished in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 <mask>, <mask>., Military Reminiscences of Gen. Wm. R<mask>, C.S.A. Durham, North Carolina: The Seeman Printery, 1913. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart.Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links
Military Reminiscences of Gen. Wm. R<mask>, C.S.A. Durham, N.C.: The Seeman Printery, 1913.Letter from Brig. Gen. W. R<mask> to Maj. Gen. <mask>, from the Edmund Kirby-Smith Papers, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
The <mask> Robertson Boggs Family Papers

Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People from Augusta, Georgia
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
Virginia Tech faculty
1829 births
1911 deaths
People from Summerville, South Carolina
Burials at Salem Cemetery

masks:
William Robertson Boggs
Boggs
Robertson
) Boggs
Boggs
William R
Boggs
Archibald Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
William R
. Boggs
. Boggs
. Boggs
Richard Taylor
William


title: George Darwin

texts:
<mask>,  (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912) was an English barrister and astronomer, the second son and fifth child of <mask> and <mask>. Biography

<mask><mask> was born at Down House, Kent, the fifth child of biologist <mask> and <mask>. From the age of 11 he studied under Charles Pritchard at Clapham Grammar School, and entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1863, though he soon moved to Trinity College, where his tutor was Edward John Routh. He graduated as second wrangler in 1868, when he was also placed second for the Smith's Prize and was appointed to a college fellowship. He earned his M.A. in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1872, but returned to science.<mask> conducted studies into the prevalence and health outcomes of contemporary first-cousin marriages in Great Britain. His father Charles had become concerned after the death of three of his children, including his favorite daughter, Annie, from tuberculosis in 1851, that his and Emma's union may have been a mistake from a biological perspective. He was reassured by <mask>'s results. Darwinian mechanics

Although <mask> was the son of the famous biologist, <mask>, rather than moving predominantly into the field of biology like his father, <mask> instead kept his focus on geology. Subsequently, his efforts within geology caused him to stumble onto many seemingly radical ideas, some of which were related to the notion that preserved within the physical structure of the planet was the mechanical energy (or the collective inertial motion), which may have allowed an ancient rapidly spinning Earth to somehow expel a piece of its mass, and it was this expelled mass which later congealed to create the natural satellite that was now in orbit around the Earth. So, before the Apollo mission and the rise to prominence of the relativistic notion that the origin of the Moon was due in part to collisions within a very active protoplanetary disk, there was a radically different depiction of lunar and planetary evolution, which was proposed by <mask>, in 1879, called the Fission Theory. In 1879, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and won their Royal Medal in 1884 and their Copley Medal in 1911.He delivered their Bakerian Lecture in 1891 on the subject of "tidal prediction". In 1883 <mask> became Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He studied tidal forces involving the Sun, Moon, and Earth, and formulated the fission theory of Moon formation. <mask> was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and won the Gold Medal of the RAS in 1892. From 1899–1901 he served as President of the RAS. The RAS founded a prize lectureship in 1984 and named it the <mask> Lectureship in <mask>'s honour. He was an invited speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians 1908, Rome on the topic of "Mechanics, Physical Mathematics, Astronomy."As President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, he also gave the Introductory Address to the Congress in 1912 on the character of pure and applied mathematics. He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Darwin crater on Mars is named after him. Family

<mask> married Martha (Maud) du Puy, the daughter of Charles du Puy of Philadelphia, in 1884; his wife was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members. She died on 6 February 1947. They had three sons and two daughters:

 Gwen Raverat (1885–1957), artist. Sir Charles Galton <mask> (1887–1962), physicist and applied mathematician.Margaret Elizabeth <mask> (1890–1974), married Sir Geoffrey Keynes. William Robert <mask> (1894–1970)
 <mask> (1899–1899)

<mask> and <mask> bought Newnham Grange, Cambridge in 1885. The <mask>s extensively remodelled the house. Since 1962 the Grange has been part of Darwin College, Cambridge. He is buried in Trumpington Extension Cemetery in Cambridge with his son Leonard and his daughter Gwen (Raverat), his wife Lady <mask> was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium; his brothers Sir <mask> and Sir <mask> and their respective wives are interred in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground. Works

 The tides and kindred phenomena in the solar system (Boston, Houghton, 1899)
 Problems connected with the tides of a viscous spheroid (London, Harrison and Sons, 1879–1882)
 Scientific papers (Volume 1): Oceanic tides and lunar disturbances of gravity (Cambridge : University Press, 1907)
 Scientific papers (Volume 2): Tidal friction and cosmogony. (Cambridge : University Press, 1908)
 Scientific papers (Volume 3): Figures of equilibrium of rotating liquid and geophysical investigations.(Cambridge : University Press, 1908)
 Scientific papers (Volume 4): Periodic orbits and miscellaneous papers. (Cambridge : University Press, 1911)
 Scientific papers (Volume 5) Supplementary volume, containing biographical memoirs by Sir <mask> and Professor E. W. Brown, lectures on Hill's lunar theory, etc... (Cambridge : University Press, 1916)
 The Scientific Papers of Sir <mask>. 1907. Cambridge University Press (rep. by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )

Articles
 "On Beneficial Restrictions to Liberty of Marriage," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873. "Commodities Versus Labour," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873."The Birth of a Satellite" Harper's Monthly Magazine, December 1903, pages 124 to 130. References

External links

"The Genesis of Double Stars"  – by <mask>, from A.C. Seward's Darwin and Modern Science  (1909). details of correspondence
Trinity College Chapel memorial

1845 births
1912 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
19th-century English mathematicians
<mask> family
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Medal winners
Second Wranglers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Presidents of the British Science Association
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
English eugenicists
Victoria Medal recipients
20th-century British astronomers

masks:
Sir George Howard Darwin
Charles Darwin
Emma Darwin
George H
. Darwin
Charles Darwin
Emma Darwin
George Darwin
George
George Darwin
Charles Darwin
George
George Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
George Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Leonard Darwin
George
Maud Darwin
Darwin
Maud Darwin
Francis Darwin
Horace Darwin
Francis Darwin
George Darwin
George Darwin
Darwin Wegwood


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
<mask> (June 17, 1784 – March 9, 1858) was an American soldier, playwright and politician. He rose to the rank of major in the Army during the War of 1812, wrote ten plays, and was mayor of Philadelphia. Early life
<mask> was born on June 17, 1784, in Philadelphia. He was the fourth son of <mask>, and <mask>, who were married on July 13, 1769. His education was limited, for though he attended local schools, he spent more time reading books than studying. However, <mask>'s father ensured that his son was educated in gentlemanly etiquette and the ability to defend himself with a sword or pistol. <mask> began writing in 1804.The Spanish Rover was a three-act play based on Cervantes. However, only one act was completed, and eventually burned. His studies were also challenged by travel. He joined an expedition to the West Indies in 1806, much to his parents' unease. His first produced play, Tears and Smiles (1807), was a social comedy. It premiered on March 4, 1807, at The Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia. His next play, The Embargo; or, What News?(1808), was a drama about the Embargo Acts of December 22, 1807, and February 19, 1808, which forbade vessels to engage in foreign trade. <mask> was a lifelong Democrat, and his father John was a mayor of the city from 1808 to 1809. In September 1808, <mask> joined "The Democratic Young Men", a Philadelphia political organization. His involvement in the organization led to his naming as a member of vigilance to supervise the voting at the election, which led to the Democratic control of councils. This control then led to his father's second term as mayor of the city from 1812 to 1813. In 1809, 25-year-old <mask> was sent by his father to Washington to gain political experience and to prepare for a political career. This visit served both to train him in politics and to give him political contacts, as he was invited to meet with <mask>.In 1811, <mask> married Mary Rogers. His daughter, Rachel Jackson <mask>, was named after Andrew Jackson's wife Rachel Jackson. Literary influence
<mask>'s plays show awareness of the problems with the government's attitude that it was the center of the new America's society. He sought to demonstrate that the American experience could be used to shape national identity. He considered himself to be an American playwright who was committed to exploring native subjects and themes. His work reflected the conflict for American authors in finding their own native voice. He believed that American artistic tastes should be independent of those of Europe, and condemned Americans' feelings of inferiority.He took the position that American art was to be both democratic and useful. Two of <mask>'s most popular plays were The Indian Princess and Marmion. Superstition is considered one of <mask>'s best plays. The Indian Princess

The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage (1808), is a melodrama about the Pocahontas story. Though originally written as a play, <mask> decided to turn it into an operatic melodrama, collaborating  with the English John Bray, who wrote the music. It is the first play that survives in its entirety with Native American characters, (Ponteach from 1766, for example, was a play about Native Americans that was never produced). It was also the first original American play to be produced in London after being premiered in America.However, according to the American music scholar H. Wiley Hitchcock, the London production was "a bowdlerized version" of the original. In a letter of June 10, 1832, to William Dunlap, <mask> said that the London production at Drury Lane "differs essentially from mine in the plan and arrangement". It was premiered at The Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. It is based on Captain John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia (1624), though he used Smith's text freely. Its New York premiere was at the Park Theatre on June 14, 1809. It satisfied intrigue for both American and English audiences regarding the figure of the Native American. Even though romantic conquest takes precedence over colonial conquest, it is evident that the connection between the two is strong.The Indian Princess gained popularity due to a search for a national identity, as American history was becoming more popular. As Susan Scheckel wrote, "In bringing Pocahontas to the popular stage, <mask> <mask> enlisted the conventions of melodrama to produce a romanticized version of American history that resolved conflicts implicit in past acts of conquest and revolution and defined national identity in terms that reinforced a sense of moral and cultural integrity." Though historical accuracy is overshadowed by romantic melodrama, <mask> was aware that that was what his audience wanted, as they were accustomed to romantic melodramas from England. As Jeffrey H. Richards noted, "In <mask>, the Native Americans are identified specifically with a history of the North American mainland and a people that spectators in 1808 would easily identify as Indian." A common practice of the time was to add music to performances, whether in song or not. Because of the music, audiences flocked to it. Marmion
Marmion; or, The Battle of Flodden Field (1812), was premiered in New York at the Park Theatre on April 13, 1812.It is a blank-verse dramatization of Sir Walter Scott's poem Marmion. It was premiered in New York because there was already a production in Philadelphia with the same name at the Olympic Theatre. Marmion had its Philadelphia premiere on January 1, 1813. Though it is set in sixteenth century England and Scotland, it addressed nineteenth century America and its relationship with England regarding a heated debate with Congress about the imprisonment of American seamen. It was initially purposefully attributed to the English dramatist Thomas Morton, out of fear of disregard for a play by an American. It was believed that when the true playwright was revealed, ticket sales would drop. However, according to the diary of William Wood, who requested that <mask> write the play, the ticket sales were as follows:
Jan. 1, 1813, $1414.75Jan.2, $357.25Jan. 11, $578Jan. 18, $845Feb. 5, 332Feb. 15, $466. According to Wood, the truth was revealed after the sixth or seventh performance. Ticket sales remained constant, and Marmion was one of the longest running dramas of <mask>'s career.By the time Marmion premiered in Philadelphia, <mask> had gone to the Canada–US border as captain of the Second Artillery Regiment. Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father
Superstition, or, The Fanatic Father (1824) was first staged on the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia on March 12, 1824. Superstition is a melodrama written during the Romanticism movement that took form in America in the early 1800s. According to Allan Gates Halline in his introduction to Superstition in American Plays, "The appeal to reason and knowledge suggest that <mask> was reflecting the rationalistic thought current shortly before and partly during the period in which he was writing." The setting of Superstition takes place in the Puritan's Massachusetts Bay Colony in the early 17th-century. The play's protagonist, Charles Fitzroy, and his mother, Isabella, are unfairly condemned by the town's Puritan leader, Reverend Ravensworth. After the New England town defends itself from a Native American raid, Charles and Isabella are put on trial and are executed for supposed witchcraft.Superstition addresses the hypocritical practices of the Puritans as well as glorifying American exceptionalism. While this melodrama does follow many of the common tropes and character archetypes for which 19th-century melodrama was known, <mask> subverts many of these expectations by including a tragic ending where the protagonist dies and the antagonist goes unpunished. According to John Gassner's introduction to Superstition in Best American Plays, "It [Superstition] was also the culmination of Baker's most distinguishing characteristics, as a playwright--namely, his concern with American subjects and problems." 1812-1819
<mask> served as a soldier in the War of 1812. He was appointed captain in the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Artillery on May 26, 1812, by William Eustis, Secretary of War. In 1814, he was severely wounded in a duel. He was shot in both legs by Major Wade Hampton, father of the Confederate general, and he was incapacitated from active service for several years.He was appointed major when he was made assistant adjutant general of the 4th Military District by President Madison on April 8, 1814. He was honorably discharged in June 1815. After discharge, he returned to Philadelphia, where he continued working in politics, as well as writing and supporting theater. Between 1815 and 1817, he wrote reviews for the Chestnut Street Theatre and he was a trustee of the Theatrical Fund for Indigent Actors. <mask> wrote his next drama, The Armourer's Escape; or, Three Years at Nootka Sound, in 1817. It was based on the real-life adventures of John Jewitt, who played himself at the premiere. Though the playbill has survived, the two-act melodrama has not.It was premiered on March 21, 1817. His next piece, An oration delivered at Philadelphia Vauxhall Gardens, on the forty-first anniversary of American independence, was published in 1817, printed by John Binns (Philadelphia). In spring 1817, <mask> took his father's seat on the Philadelphia board of Aldermen. In 1819, <mask> was elected Mayor of Philadelphia. As mayor, he was known for being fair, speaking out against slavery, raising funds for local charities and sending aid to Savannah after the city was hurt by a devastating fire. Later life
After his term as mayor had ended, he continued to write. Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father (1824), is a tragedy, produced at the Chestnut Street Theatre in 1824 with Mary Ann Duff as Mary.According to historian Arthur Hobson Quinn, the plot revolves around "Puritan refugee Goff, issuing from his solitude to lead the villagers to victory against the Indians. With this theme he interwove that of the intolerance of the New England Puritans and their persecution for witchcraft." His play, How to Try a Lover, was written in 1817, but was not produced until 1836 as The Court of Love. It was premiered in Philadelphia on March 26, 1836, at the Arch Street Theatre. It is a dramatic adaptation of the French picaresque novel, La folie espagnole, by Pigault-Lebrun (1753–1835). <mask> wrote, "It was the only drama I have written with which I was satisfied." However, <mask> felt he could better serve society as a politician than a dramatist.He was unable to combine his political and literary roles, which led to him seeing himself as primarily a politician and an author second. He turned his focus from writing plays to writing political tracts, commemorative poems and local history between 1818 and 1858. His non-fiction works include A Sketch of Primitive Settlements on Delaware River (1827) and contributions to the columns of many democratic journals during the Bank War and Panic, from 1832 to 1836 which were highly valued. In addition to writing, from 1829 to 1838, <mask> was the collector of the port of Philadelphia, and from 1841 to 1858, he was the assistant comptroller of the U.S. Treasury. He was involved in the presidential campaigns for both Jackson and Van Buren during the 1820s and 1830s. He died in 1858 of pneumonia in Washington, D.C.

Legacy
<mask>'s literary work advocated native dramas and emphasized a growing desire among American writers to claim the nation's early history. His plays are set in America, which was unusual for that period, and he is considered to be among the first generation of American playwrights.He knew that his plays could shape national identity by creating an independent American consciousness. Quoted in the Philadelphia Democratic Press, <mask> believed that theatre had a higher goal, "to keep alive the spirit of freedom; and to unite conflicting parties in a common love of liberty and devotedness to country". References

External links
 Chorus of Adventurers from "The Indian Princess" Without a Penny of Money from "The Indian Princess" Larry the Irishman from "The Indian Princess"

1784 births
1858 deaths
American dramatists and playwrights
Mayors of Philadelphia
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
American duellists
19th-century American politicians

masks:
James Nelson Barker
Barker
John Barker
Mary Nelson
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
James Madison
Barker
Mary Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
James Nelson
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker


title: Marion Ross

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; October 25, 1928) is an American retired actress. Her best-known role is that of <mask> on the ABC television sitcom Happy Days, on which she starred from 1974 to 1984 and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Before her success on Happy Days, <mask> appeared in a variety of film roles, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), Operation Petticoat (1959), and Honky (1971), as well as several minor television roles, one of which was on television's The Lone Ranger (1954). <mask> also starred in The Evening Star (1996), for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Since the 1990s, <mask> has been known for voice-over work on animated television series, including King of the Hill and SpongeBob SquarePants, among others and recurring roles on The Drew Carey Show, Gilmore Girls, and Brothers & Sisters and guest appearances. Early life
<mask> was born in Watertown, Carver County, Minnesota, the daughter of Gordon and Ellen (née Hamilton) <mask>, natives of Saskatchewan, Canada. She lived in Waconia, then moved to Willmar, and eventually to Albert Lea, Minnesota.At the age of 13, she changed the spelling of her name from "Marian" to "<mask>" because she thought it would look better on a marquee. After completing her sophomore year in high school, she moved to Minneapolis, studying drama at the MacPhail Center for Music and attending Southwest High School. A year later, her family moved to San Diego, California. She graduated from Point Loma High School in San Diego. <mask> received her undergraduate degree from San Diego State University. Career

Early film and television roles: 1953–73
<mask> made her 1953 film debut in Forever Female, starring Ginger Rogers and William Holden. She found steady work in film, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Lizzie (1957), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), and Operation Petticoat (1959).She also appeared in Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), Honky (1971), and Grand Theft Auto (1977). <mask>' career on television also began in 1953, when she played the Irish maid on the series Life with Father for two years. In 1954, she appeared as Ginny Thorpe on The Lone Ranger, and in 1958, she appeared on NBC's Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer as Mary Williams. In 1959, she appeared as a teacher Miss McGinnis on ABC's The Donna Reed Show. <mask> also appeared on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Millionaire (1956 episode), Steve Canyon, Perry Mason (The Case of the Romantic Rogue), Buckskin, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Father Knows Best, The Outer Limits (The Special One), Thriller (U.S. TV series) (The Prisoner in the Mirror), The Brothers Brannagan (two episodes as Diane Warren), The Eleventh Hour, Mannix, Route 66, Mr. Novak, Death Valley Days, Hawaii Five-O, The Brady Bunch, The Fugitive, and Night Court. In the 1961–62 television season, she played Gertrude Berg's daughter on the CBS sitcom Mrs. G. Goes to College as well as starred as a mail order bride on Rawhide. <mask> had an uncredited and non-speaking role as one of the hapless passengers on board Trans Global Flight #2 in Airport (1970).That year, <mask> played a computer scientist opposite Eric Braeden in the sci-fi thriller Colossus: The Forbin Project. Happy Days success and roles thereafter: 1974–95

<mask>' best known role is on the sitcom Happy Days, which aired for 11 seasons on ABC, from 1974 to 1984. She portrayed matriarch <mask>, mother of Richie, Joanie, and (briefly) Chuck. She received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on the show in 1979 and 1984. <mask> later reprised <mask> on the spin-off series Joanie Loves Chachi and on Family Guy. Between 1978 and 1986, she appeared as different characters on The Love Boat. In the 1986–87 television season, <mask> became a series regular, playing Emily Haywood.She later starred in the short-lived, critically acclaimed comedy-drama Brooklyn Bridge, which ran on CBS from 1991 to 1993. The series won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award following its first season. <mask> also appeared on the game show Password Plus in 1979. Recent roles: 1996–2018

In 1996, she starred as housekeeper Rosie Dunlop opposite Shirley MacLaine in The Evening Star, a sequel to Terms of Endearment. Despite panning the film, New York Times critic Janet Maslin enthused that, "<mask> does a warm, sturdy job as the devoted housekeeper who has been kept too long under Aurora's wing." She went on to be nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. <mask> had a recurring role on Touched by an Angel as a homeless woman and was in the final two episodes which closed the series.Additionally, she played a secretly ill mother  in "The Cat", an episode of Early Edition that first aired in April 1997. She had recurring roles as Drew Carey's mother on The Drew Carey Show (during one episode of which she was referred to as her Happy Days character Mrs. Cunningham, a deliberate error for a contest the show was running); as mean grandmother Bernice Forman on That '70s Show; and as Lorelai "Trix" Gilmore and Marilyn Gilmore on Gilmore Girls. She also frequently appeared on Hollywood Squares. During the 1990s, <mask> became active in voice-over work. She played Ms. Wakefield on the Fox animated series King of the Hill, Grandma SquarePants on Nickelodeon's SpongeBob SquarePants, Crane's mother on Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness and Mrs. Lopart on Handy Manny. She also guest-starred on The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, The Wild Thornberrys, and Generator Rex. In 2007, <mask> appeared in Music Within.In 2007 and 2010, she played Ida Holden on ABC's Brothers & Sisters. In June 2008, the Albert Lea Civic Theater in Albert Lea, Minnesota changed its name to the Marion Ross Performing Arts Center. That year, <mask> played Aunt Lucille in the film Superhero Movie, and in 2009 she appeared in a guest spot on The New Adventures of Old Christine. In 2010, <mask> guest-starred on Nurse Jackie and Grey's Anatomy, and appeared in the Cartoon Network television film Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster as Mrs. Trowburg. In 2013, she guest-starred on both Major Crimes and The Middle, and in 2014 on Two and a Half Men. In September 2015, she began making brief appearances on MeTV to share her memories of her Happy Days co-stars.In 2018, <mask> announced that she had officially retired from acting. Personal life

<mask> lives in Cardiff by the Sea, a neighborhood of the city of Encinitas, California, in northern San Diego County. In July 2011, she served as grand marshal of the Cardiff Centennial Celebrations. <mask> lived in Los Angeles, with her husband, actor Paul Michael, before his death. <mask>'s two children also work in entertainment. Son Jim Meskimen's credits include How the Grinch Stole Christmas and appearances on Whose Line Is It Anyway? <mask> and Jim have both acted in The Boondocks and Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (although not always in the same episodes).Daughter Ellen Plummer was a writer/producer on Friends. Happy Days lawsuit
On April 19, 2011, <mask> and four of her Happy Days co-stars, Erin Moran, Don Most, Anson Williams, and the estate of Tom Bosley filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS, which owns the show, claiming they had not been paid for merchandising revenue owed under their contracts. The cast members claimed they had not received revenue from show-related items, including comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunch boxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards, and DVDs where their images appear on the box covers. Under their contracts, they were supposed to be paid five percent from the net proceeds of merchandising if their sole images were used, and half that amount if they were in a group. CBS said it owed the actors $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot machine revenue, but the group said they were owed millions. The lawsuit was initiated after <mask> was informed, by a friend playing slots at a casino, of a Happy Days-themed machine on which players win the jackpot when five Marion Rosses are rolled. In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's fraud claim, which rejects their claim to millions of dollars in potential damages.On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion filed by CBS to have the case thrown out, which meant it would go to trial on July 17 if the matter was not settled by then. In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS. Each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts. Partial filmography

Video games
 SpongeBob SquarePants: Employee of the Month as Grandma SquarePants (voice)
 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa as Nana (voice)

References

External links

1928 births
Living people
Actresses from Minnesota
Actresses from San Diego
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American voice actresses
American television actresses
American people of Canadian descent
California Democrats
People from Watertown, Minnesota
San Diego State University alumni
Point Loma High School alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Albert Lea, Minnesota

masks:
Marion Ross
Marian Eileen Ross
Marion Cunningham
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Marion
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Marion Cunningham
Ross
Marion Cunningham
Ross
Ross
Marion Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Marion
Ross
Ross


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
<mask> (1 June 1883 – 10 June 1955) was the founder of The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital in 1934 in Cairo – renamed The Brooke Hospital for Animals in 1961. Developing from a single operation in Cairo into one of the world’s largest equines welfare organisations, at work in many countries, with headquarters in London, it is known today as Brooke. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 1 June 1883 in the Cathedral Close at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. She was the daughter of Henry Vivian and Emily Dulcibella (Wilmot) Gibson-Craig. Her grandfather was the Rt. Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton.Her childhood was spent in Scotland, Wiltshire and Hampshire. By family and friends, she was always called Dodo. She was first married in 1905 to Lt.-Col. James Gerald Lamb Searight, The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment). They were divorced in 1926. In 1926 <mask> married again, to Major-General Geoffrey Francis Heremon <mask>, C.B., D.S.O., M.C. (1884–1966), 16th/5th Lancers. <mask> was a recognised horse expert and author.Among his many titles are Horse-Sense and Horsemanship of Today (1924); Horse Lovers (1927); Horsemanship: The Way of a Man with a Horse (1929); and Good Company (1954). He trained and rode his own steeplechasers, he was a polo-player and show-jumper. He competed as a member of the British equestrian team in the 1924 Summer Olympics, although he had broken his collarbone a few days earlier. <mask> had three children: Rodney Gerald Searight, born 1909; Pamela Searight, born 1915; and John Philip Searight, born 1917. Life in Cairo
In 1930, <mask> was appointed to the command of the British Cavalry Brigade in Egypt. It was at this time that <mask> realised she would have to search for the old war horses, whom “she hated to remember yet could not forget”. She could not be in Egypt and fail to do so.She had been devoted to horses since her childhood. War Horses in Cairo
In 1919, the cavalry, artillery and draught horses that had served in the British Army in the Egypt and Palestine campaigns of World War I had been sold in their many thousands to a life of continuous hard labour and a painful old age. Many had been requisitioned in England and had served in the British Yeomanry. Some had seen active service on the Western Front before being drafted as remounts to the Near East. Strict quarantine restrictions prevented the repatriation of the horses of the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Infantry. During World War I, horses cast from the veterinary hospitals had initially been sold to Egyptian dealers. British residents in Cairo had protested so forcefully that this practice had been stopped.After the Armistice, however, with 22,000 horses, mostly in Palestine and Sinai, requiring transport or disposal, the Remounts Directorate of the War Office ordered the local sale of all animals of 12 years and under that were deemed up to some work. Those over 12 and the unsound were destroyed. The surviving horses had not had an easy war. They had carried often far too much weight – up to . They had experienced rationing, withstood piercing cold, dust clouds and exhaustion. Some may also have suffered both severe and light wounds. They had covered great distances, and some had endured a summer in the heat of the Jordan Valley.By 1930, twelve years later, the war horses, many now of an advanced age, had been lost to view, toiling for the very poorest owners, or at night to avoid the police and Egyptian S.P.C.A., or in the stone quarries. <mask> had heard rumours from British residents who spoke of pitiful, emaciated creatures that they suspected were war horses. Their condition was said to be so bad that people could hardly bear to look at them. She was advised there could be two hundred. Weeks passed before she found the first,  but there were to be more than two hundred. In fact in the years from 1930 to 1934, she bought back 5,000 old army horses and mules. Campaign
There were many challenges and obstacles throughout the early years of <mask>’s efforts.Progress was prolonged, and, as the wife of the senior cavalry officer in Egypt, she had strenuous social duties. Nevertheless, she acquired frail old horses when and where she found them. She raised money from her friends and from her own pocket, got together a Committee, and set in motion the Old War Horse Campaign of Rescue. By April 1931, six months after her arrival in Egypt, she was writing to the Morning Post to appeal for funds. Thousands of readers responded. King George V was one of her many supporters throughout the British Commonwealth. At first, she used the premises of the Egyptian S.P.C.A., but this was to prove unrealistic in the long term, and it was difficult to find light, airy stables in Cairo – and to gain the necessary permission.However, she was persistent in working to raise money. During the first summer leave, she produced an 8-page pamphlet. There were further appeals in the press. Almost all the old war horses were totally unfit to stand a voyage home. They were pathetically grateful for a drink and for somewhere to lie down. “As their ill-shod misshapen hooves felt the deep tibbin [broken barley straw] bed beneath them, there would be another doubting disbelieving halt. Then gradually they would lower their heads and sniff as though they could not believe their own eyes or noses.Memories, long forgotten, would then return when some stepped eagerly forwards towards the mangers piled high with berseem, while others, with creaking joints, lowered themselves slowly on to the bed and lay, necks and legs outstretched. There they remained, flat out, until hand fed by the syces.”

They were given days of rest, and feed, and treated to kindness, and then put out of what was, for so many, their extreme misery. Very few were returned to England. Buying Committee
<mask> had the services of a Buying Committee. It was composed largely of high-ranking British officers, where it is thought she the only woman. The Chairman was General Sir Charlton Spinks, Sirdar of the Egyptian Army and fluent in Arabic. Other members included Major (later Brigadier) Roland Heveningham, R.A.V.C., who was to be first Veterinary Director of the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital, and Brigadier <mask>.The Committee was buying up to 60 or 70 animals every week, and scouts searched throughout Egypt. It was a grim task. Sometimes, one of the male committee members might be too anguished to remain at the table. In the years 1930 to 1934, some 5,000 horses and old army mules were found. They were identified by their conformation and army brands. The price paid represented the cost to the owner of a replacement. On a Friday, ‘Black Friday’, the day after Buying Day – and for nine months of the year, every year for four years – <mask> would select those to be destroyed, quietly and without alarm, by humane killer.<mask> never sought to blame the men and boys who through poverty and lack of knowledge, had failed their animals. The ‘tragic sight’ of the locally bred animals that appeared before the Buying Committee made her realise that a free hospital was needed – to which every poor owner could bring what might be his family’s sole earner, and obtain expert help and advice at the first signs of trouble instead of waiting hopelessly. She had set up a separate fund almost from the start. She called this The Animal Assistance Fund. Criticism
<mask> attracted some criticism. Some of the British who were long familiar with Egypt felt that she was going too far in removing such a number of draught animals from a traditional economy. Others asserted that the Committee was buying frauds.Legacy
At the end of four years, the war horse campaign could be closed. The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was founded. <mask> gained permission for the Hospital to place a drinking trough at the Pyramids. The Cairo city authorities eventually adopted a policy of sanding the slippery stretches of street. Geoffrey and <mask> moved from Egypt to India, where Geoffrey became Major-General of Cavalry. There <mask>, besides giving her time and energy to the affairs of the Hospital, “threw herself into working to alleviate the suffering she saw all about her”. She managed to return to Cairo for an annual visit.Death
The <mask>s left India at the outbreak of World War II. After a gap – through precarious years for the Hospital – <mask> was able to resume her trips to Egypt in 1946. In 1955, at their house in Heliopolis, on the outskirts of Cairo, she was not well enough to travel back to Wiltshire. She is reported as having remarked to her husband, some weeks beforehand, “If I die – not that I am going to for ever so long – promise me you won’t go to my funeral service. I know it will only distress you and I shan’t be there myself.”

<mask> died on 10 June 1955 and was buried in Cairo. “Looking back on all she had accomplished,” remarks Glenda Spooner, “one can feel certain that she thought little of her own share and a great deal of other people’s, for that was ever her way. She was indeed overwhelmed with gratitude to those who had made the rescue of the horses possible and it was no mean achievement.”

After his stepfather’s death in 1966, Major Philip Searight succeeded <mask> as Chairman.He guided the organisation through a period of expansion. <mask>’s grandchildren and great-grandchildren have maintained a tradition of service to The Brooke. Ann Searight, her granddaughter, served as a Trustee 1979-2011 and in 2014 is Honorary Vice-President. References

Works cited
 <mask>, Good Company, Constable 1954
 Glenda Spooner, edited by, For Love of Horses, Diaries of Mrs <mask>, paperback edition, The Brooke Hospital for Animals
 The Marquess of Anglesey, F.S.A., A History of the British Cavalry, Volume 5: 1914-1919, Egypt, Palestine & Syria, Lee Cooper 1994; Volume 8: The Western Front, 1915-1918, Epilogue 1919-1939, Lee Cooper, 1997
 Maj.-Gen. Sir L.J. Blenkinsop and Lieut.-Col. J.W. Ramsey, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Veterinary Services, H.M. Stationery Office, 1925
 Capt. Cyril Falls, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Military Operations, Egypt & Palestine, Part II, Vol.2, facs. ed. The Imperial War Museum, first published H.M. Stationery Office 1930
 Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. R.M.P. Preston, D.S.O., The Desert Mounted Corps: an account of the cavalry operations in Palestine and Syria 1917-1918, U.S. ed., Houghton Mifflin 1921

Further reading

External links
The Brooke Hospital for Animals

1884 births
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
People from Salisbury
1955 deaths

masks:
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Evelyn Gibson Craig
Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke


title: Macgregor Laird

texts:
<mask> (1808 – 9 January 1861) was a Scottish merchant pioneer of British trade on the River Niger. Laird's commercial expedition between 1832 and 1834 to navigate the Niger and initiate trade between Europeans and Africans northwards of the coast was considered a failure, majority of the passengers died and the volume of trade realized was minimal. However, his experience provided information about the design of vessels suitable on the Niger and the various settlements in the interior of the Niger Delta. Laird never returned to Africa but instead devoted himself to the development of trade with West Africa and especially to the opening up of the countries then forming the British protectorates of Nigeria. One of his principal reasons for so doing was his belief that this method was the best means of stopping the slave trade and raising the social condition of the Africans. Early life
Laird was born at Greenock, the younger son of Agnes and <mask>, founder of the Birkenhead firm of shipbuilders of that name. His paternal grandfather, John Laird was a merchant and rope maker in Greenock while his maternal grandfather, Gregor Macgregor had commanded a ship that undertook voyages between Greenock and the West Indies.Laird's Brother, <mask> was himself a notable shipbuilder. Laird was educated at Edinburgh University. In 1829, while at the university, he fell ill, caused by typhus infection. He was helped to recovery by Dr Thomas Briggs who later accompanied Laird in the expedition to the Niger. After graduation, Laird joined the family business in Birkenhead where he developed interest in building steamships. Niger voyage
In the early 1830s, Richard Lander, an associate of Hugh Clapperton was provided subsidy to return to Africa and find the course of the Niger. Upon the reception of Richard Lander's report of reaching the mouth of the Niger, enthusiasm for an exploratory team to West Africa grew and the report also rekindled interest in merchants looking for new markets.In 1831, Laird and certain Liverpool merchants formed the African Inland Commercial Company with the objective of the commercial development of the Niger regions, after the lower course of the Niger having been made known that year by Richard Lemon Lander and John Lander. Laird worked on the designs of the ships to be contracted on a voyage to navigate the Niger, though the primary aim was to foster trade with the interior communities, Laird also had a personal objective of implementing Christian and humanitarian ideals. In 1832, the company sent two small ships and a brig to the Niger, the Alburkah, a paddle-wheel steamer of fifty-five tons designed by Laird, the first iron vessel to make an ocean voyage and the Quorra, conveying twenty nine men, made of wood, it measured 112 feet in length, a beam of 16 feet and a draft of eight feet. The original plan of the expedition was to set up a floating vessel, the brig at River Nun, a Niger tributary with history of trade with Europeans, and two paddle vessels to navigate northwards to establish a trading post at Lokoja. Laird was among the forty eight European voyagers in the expedition, which was led by Richard Lander, all but nine of whom died from fever or, in the case of Lander, from wounds. Though two doctors came along, quinine was rarely used to treat fever that became more pronounced as they made their ascent up the river, instead miasma was thought the main contributory reason for an epidemic of fever. Laird went up the Niger to the confluence of the Benue River (then called the Shary or Tchadda), which he was the first white man to ascend.He did not go far up the river but formed an accurate idea as to its source and course. Laird was weakened by fever and had to return to Fernando Po where he was received by Colonel Edward Nicolls, the British Governor at Fernando Po, who later became his father-in-law. He rested in Fernando Po before returning to England. Laird and Surgeon R. A. K. Oldfield were the only surviving officers besides Captain (then Lieutenant) William Allen, who accompanied the expedition on the orders of the Admiralty to survey the river. In 1837, Laird and Oldfield published the Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa by the River Niger in 1832, 1833, 1834. British and North American Steam Navigation Company
Laird's interests were not, however, wholly African. In 1837 he was one of the promoters of a company formed to run steamships between England and New York, and in 1838 the Sirius, sent out by this company, was the first ship to cross the Atlantic from Europe entirely under steam.Between 1835 and 1841, Laird was involved with the British and American Steam Navigation Company. The firm launched a vessel, the British Queen providing mail service between England and America, but this venture was unprofitable. It then added another vessel, the President which disappeared en route to England from New York. The company did not survive the disappearance of the President and the navigation firm was liquidated in 1841. Despite the unsuccessful expedition, Laird continued to stimulate interest in promoting commercial trade in the hinterland of West Africa, particularly within the settlements closest to the mouth of the Niger. He advised merchants to cultivate trade with coastal middlemen as a primary business objective, and as a secondary objective, to send a steam vessel inland to woo communities in the interior and bypass the coastal middlemen. In 1841, when the British blockade of the coast of West Africa failed to halt the transatlantic slave trade, Laird's believe in legitimate trade as a deterrent to slave trading soon gradually gave way to the idea that cheap labour through unrestricted emigration to the West Indies would cripple the demand for slaves while also increasing production of sugar.In 1838, after the apprenticeship system in West Indies was eliminated ending slavery, Laird advocated voluntary emigration of Africans to West Indies as a way to curtail slavery and also bring Africans in contact to Europeans and their culture, views he voiced to a parliamentary select committee on the West Coast of Africa in 1842 and to the General Anti-Slavery Convention in 1843. A Return to West African Trade: The African Steam Navigation Company
Laird never went back to West Africa, However, upon renewed government interest in the affairs of West Africa after the appointment of John Beecroft as consul in the Oil Rivers and the 1851 annexation of Lagos, Laird submitted a proposal to the government for regular mail communication by steamship between England and West Africa. Laird's proposal found favour with the government and he was given a mail contract including government subsidies. In 1852, he co-founded the African Steam Navigation Company and in 1854, set up, with the support of the British government, a small steamer, the Pleiad, which under W. B. Baikie made so successful a voyage that Laird induced the government to sign contracts for annual trading trips by steamers specially built for navigation of the Niger and Benue. Various stations were founded on the Niger, and though government support was withdrawn after the death of Laird and Baikie, British traders continued to frequent the river, which Laird had opened up to little or no personal advantage. Laird died in London in 1861. References

Explorers of Africa
Scottish explorers
1808 births
1861 deaths

masks:
Macgregor Laird
William Laird
John Laird


title: L. K. Samuels

texts:
L.K<mask> (born December 7, 1951), also known as <mask>, is an American author, classical liberal, and libertarian activist. He is best known as the editor and contributing author of Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer and In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action. He coined the phrase "social chaology", which refers to the studies of complex, holistic, and self-organizing nature of society in relationship to the linear, predatory and "planned chaos" predispositions of government. Education
<mask> graduated from Sunny Hills High School in Fullerton, California, attended Fullerton Junior College, and in 1976 earned a bachelor's degree in commercial art with a minor in journalism from California State University, Fullerton. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington Park, California, and moved two years later to the city of Fullerton in Orange County, California. He became politically active at Sunny Hills High School after listening to a speech by Dana Rohrabacher, who was later elected to U.S. Congress.<mask> co-organized a chapter of Speak-Out with Bob Conaway, and published an underground newspaper after a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became active at his high school. He joined Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) in summer of 1969 and later became the Vice Chairman of Orange County YAF, which had 15-20 affiliate chapters on high schools and college campuses. At a journalism convention, <mask> won second place in the "on-the-spot-editorial" competition at the 1971 Beta Phi Gamma National Convention in Los Angeles, California. In 1973, he won a scholarship to attend the "Seminar on China Studies for Sino-American Youth" and spent five weeks in Taiwan and South Korea. Political activities
After interviewing <mask>evre, president of Rampart College in Santa Ana, for a college newspaper, <mask> organized the Jefferson-Libertarian Caucus within YAF in 1973. In the same year he became the editor and publisher of The New Horizon, an underground newspaper at Fullerton College, while writing columns for the campus newspaper The Hornet. <mask> was briefly the editor-in-chief of the official campus newspaper.At University of California, Fullerton in 1973, <mask> became the founder and chairman of Society for Libertarian Life (SLL). The student organization sponsored and co-sponsored speeches by Prof. Tibor Machan, Phillip Abbott <mask>, <mask>, Jr., Prof. George W. Trivoli, George H. Smith, Prof. Joel Spring, Prof. Nathaniel Branden, Prof. John Hospers, John Pugsley, <mask>, Jr., Sy <mask>, Prof., David Bergland, <mask>evre, Jack Matonis, and <mask>. SLL published several news journals, The New Libertarian Horizon and later Libertas Review, produced a dozen position papers and spearheaded a draft-card burning demonstration in 1979, which received national attention. <mask> conducted a series of anti-tax demonstrations at IRS offices for almost a decade. In 1979 Samuels organized the Voluntary Census Committee to oppose the decrease of privacy by the 1980 Census with the "Count Me Out" campaign. Society for Individual Liberty (SIL), the largest libertarian organization in the country at the time, awarded SLL and Samuels the 1975–76 "outstanding local libertarian organization" in the nation. In 1978 SLL sponsored a debate between State Senator John Briggs and libertarian gay-rights activist Reverend Eric Garris on Briggs-sponsored Prop.6. This Californian initiative would have banned homosexuals from teaching in Californian schools. Briggs failed to appear at the debate and was sued by SLL and attorney David Bergland. In 1974 <mask> joined the Peace and Freedom Party and was elected to the PFP Central Committee in Orange County. He represented the 39th Congressional district as a delegate to the PFP 1974 convention in Sacramento, which resulted in a split between libertarian and socialist factions. The libertarian faction was recognized as the legal PFP for almost two years. <mask> worked with feminist-libertarian <mask>'s PFP campaign for California governor in 1974.<mask> was expelled by the socialist faction in 1976 after the entire PFP State Central Committee resigned and joined the Libertarian Party. In the late 1970s, <mask> supported the founding of Rampart Institute. In 1980 Rampart Institute became a 503(c)(3) non-profit educational foundation, and <mask> became its president. <mask>, founder of Rampart College and Harry Hoiles, owner of the Santa Ana Register, were on its board of directors. <mask> was editor of its quarterly journal Rampart Individualist, and he was the managing editor of the bi-monthly New Rampart. <mask> co-managed and later managed The Future of Freedom Conference series for five years (1980–85) in Southern California. The libertarian conference series included Professor Murray Rothbard, <mask>, <mask>, Professor John Hospers, Irwin Schiff, Professor David D. Friedman, Professor Thomas Szasz, Robert Anton Wilson, <mask>, Professor <mask>, Ray Bradbury, Dr. Demento, Assemblyman Dennis Brown, and others.Samuels managed two Freeland Conferences (1983–84) in Long Beach, California examine ways to create communities on floating islands, space settlements and orbiting spaceports free of government coercion. Speakers included Spencer McCallum, Gary Hudson, Poul Anderson, <mask>re, Anthony Hargis, Samuel E<mask> III, Carol Moore and Jeff Hummel, Barry Reid and Terry Savage. In 1992, Samuels sold his typesetting and graphics business and moved to Monterey County. He became involved in real estate and real estate investment and served as Northern Vice Chair of the Libertarian Party of California (2003–2007). An occasional writer for lewrockwell.com and Campaign for Liberty, he is one of the four founders of the Foundation to End Drug Unfairness Policies (FED-UP), an anti-drug war organization that sponsors speeches by Jack Herer, Ed Rosenthal, Judge Jim Gray, Valerie Corral, and <mask> Shaw, and provided support to medical marijuana clinics. Samuels managed the campaign against Measure Q in Monterey County, California, a half-cent sales tax initiative in 2003. The countywide tax was initiated to increase funding for the money-losing Natividad Medical Center, a county-run hospital.Although the proponents for the sales tax increase spent almost 100 times as much as the opponents (approximately $500,000), the measure lost. Natividad Medical Center remained open, despite claims during the campaign that it would close, making record profits of nearly $13 million in the 2009-2010 financial year. Once a columnist for "Libertarian Perspective," <mask> is one of the founders and the vice chair of the Seaside Taxpayers Association. In 2008 he was elected chairman of the Project Area Committee (PAC), a citizens committee to advise the Seaside Redevelopment Agency and the city of Seaside over eminent domain issues. <mask> is the winner of the 2007 Karl Bray Memorial Award, presented by the Samuel Adams Society. <mask> was active in the anti-war movement during the second war in Iraq, organizing peace rallies and speeches, mostly under the non-interventionist organization Libertarians for Peace and the Peace Coalition of Monterey County. Samuels designed the "porcupeace" logo in 2008, which displays a peace symbol inside of a porcupine, created to give libertarians their own peace symbol.His magnum opus book, In Defense of Chaos: the Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, was published in 2013 by Cobden Press. In the book, he writes that war is chaos and that "government in and of itself is the foremost agent for destroying order and imposing chaos." In 2009 <mask> ran for city council for the unestablished Town of Carmel Valley as one of the leaders opposed to turning rural Carmel Valley into a city. Saying he did not want to become a politician, he asked voters: "don't vote for me, don't vote for the city." Samuels finished11th out of the 15 candidates with 4.55% of the vote. The vote for incorporation failed. <mask> organized and hosts (co-host <mask>) a weekly radio show on KRXA 540AM in Sand City called "Left Coast Liberty: The Classical Liberal Hour" on Monday evenings.The show's first broadcast was on May 28, 2012. Bibliography
Samuel's writing been described as "agenda-driven history that will appeal only to those who already share the author’s disdain of contemporary leftism". His works include:
 Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer, Freedom Press and Rampart Institute, 2nd edition, 2009, first published 1985. Dreams Gone to Seed, play written in 2009. In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, first published in 2013. Hitler and Mussolini: History’s Dirty Little Secret, written as content for a script to be used in the production of a documentary film. Killing History: The False Left-Right Political Spectrum and the Battle between the 'Free Left' and the 'Statist Left''' (2019)
 Ferret: The Reluctant King (2020)
 We Are Them: The Apocalypse Syndrome (2021)
 FACETAS DE LA LIBERTAD: Un manual libertariano (Spanish Edition of Facets of Liberty'') (2021)

References

External links

 lksamuels.com
 freedom1776.com
 Fedupfreedom.org
 seasidetaxpayers.org

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Activists from California
American anti-war activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
California Libertarians
Non-interventionism
People from Fullerton, California
People from Huntington Park, California
Writers from California

masks:
. Samuels
Lawrence Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeF
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Luce
Kenneth Gregg
Kenneth Grubbs
Leon
Robert LeF
Karl Bray
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Elizabeth Keathley
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFevre
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFre
Karl Hess
Timothy Leary
Arthur Laffer
Robert LeFev
. Konkin
Lynnette
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Jonathan Krost


title: Freddy Shepherd

texts:
<mask> (29 October 1941 – 25 September 2017) was an English businessman and the chairman of Newcastle United football club from 1997 until 2007. During his time at Newcastle, both as an active assistant to and later replacement of Sir John Hall as chairman for ten years, <mask> proved an often outspoken and controversial figure, at times alienating the club's support. Life and career
<mask> was born in Gilsland, Northumberland into a working class home, the son of a lorry driver; and with his brother Bruce, he expanded a road haulage business into a number of marine and related businesses. He also engaged in property development through redevelopment of the former ship facilities along the River Tyne. The assets of the company now include Mitford Hall. The <mask> brothers often worked with Sir John Hall, who owned the property development business Cameron Hall Developments, and who had become a key share-holder in Newcastle United. After Hall's vision of building Newcastle into a sporting club along the lines of A.S. Roma or FC Barcelona, he looked to consolidate the operations of Newcastle United.Shepherd Offshore had started to build a holding in Newcastle United, and so <mask> became involved in the football business, alongside Hall's son Douglas Hall. Newcastle United
Initially, <mask> became involved with the consolidation of the Newcastle sporting club to just Newcastle United, selling or reducing Hall's controlling stakes in: Newcastle Falcons rugby team, Newcastle Eagles basketball team; and the then Newcastle Cobras ice hockey team. In 1996, <mask> was tasked by Hall with bringing Alan Shearer to the club, which he did for a-then world record fee. The confidence <mask> showed in completing the deal persuaded Hall, who wanted to retire to Spain, to effectively offload the day-to-day running of the club to <mask> as chairman, and his son Douglas as the active Hall family member on the board. <mask> agreed with his brother Bruce to take the position, while Bruce continued to run Shepherd Offshore. Finances
<mask> owned almost all of his Newcastle shares through Shepherd Offshore. Unlike the Halls, who had been steadily selling off their shares since flotation in 1997, the Shepherds increased their holding.They owned 28.01% of the club, up from about 22% in April 2005. Since 1997, the Shepherds have made £8,351,298 from Newcastle United, £5,489,239 in share dividends and £2,862,059 in salaries. In 2005, <mask>'s annual salary from the club was £552,954. News of the World exposé
In March 1998, <mask> and Douglas Hall were the target of a News of the World exposé, led by the "Fake Sheikh" Mazher Mahmood. The pair, believing Mahmood to be a wealthy Arab prince trying to set up a business deal, were caught mocking the club's own supporters for spending extortionate amounts of money on merchandise, calling female supporters "dogs", and mocking star striker Alan Shearer by calling him the "Mary Poppins of football", all while frequenting a brothel. Amidst heavy media coverage, the Newcastle Independent Supporters Association and the then Minister for Sport, Tony Banks, called for the resignation of the pair. Although reports from sources close to <mask> initially indicated he was contractually unable to resign, he and Hall had both left their posts within two weeks of the scandal breaking.His general approach to running the club, as well as the ongoing fallout from the News of the World story, earned <mask> a number of unflattering nicknames such as "Fatty <mask>", the "Fat Controller" and "Baron Greenback". Only ten months after resigning, <mask> and Hall, the majority shareholders at Newcastle, voted themselves back on to the board. This led to the immediate resignation of the PLC chairman David Cassidy, who had taken the position just six months earlier. <mask> then went on to take over as PLC chairman. Sacking of Bobby Robson
In August 2004, <mask> fired manager Sir Bobby Robson four games into the new season. In the week before the sacking, <mask> was quoted as saying that Robson would not be offered a new deal at the end of the season, and that Robson would be "in the Guinness Book of Records" if he were still the manager at 73 years old. It is unclear if <mask> made his statement after consulting Robson, but Robson admitted that he had an agreement with the club that he would retire at the end of the season.Robson also stressed that there was an agreement that he would not be sacked. <mask> said that sacking Robson was "the hardest thing I have ever done in my life", adding "I didn’t want to be known as the man who shot Bambi." In his 2005 autobiography Sir Bobby Robson provided detailed criticism of <mask>'s chairmanship, claiming that while manager he was denied information regarding the players' contracts and transfer negotiations. He also criticised <mask> and Douglas Hall, the club's deputy chairman, for their focus only on the first team and St James' Park, causing them to neglect less glamorous, although equally important, areas such as the training ground, youth development and talent scouts. The club's training ground has been notorious in the past for its unkempt state and for causing injuries to first team players. Newcastle supporter protest
Following the defeat to Sheffield United on 4 November 2006, more than 2,000 fans protested outside St James' Park, calling for his resignation. Websites such as True Faith and United For Change led a supporter campaign against him.Protests were again held after the club's defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 5 May 2007, after which Glenn Roeder resigned. Michael Owen rumours
In May 2007, shortly after sacking Roeder as manager of the club, <mask> attacked Michael Owen's adviser for revealing a clause in his contract which said that he could be sold for £9 million if the club failed to qualify for Europe. He alleged that they were trying to engineer his sale to one of the four leading clubs in the Premier League, preferably Liverpool or Manchester United. On 11 May 2007, <mask> was filmed joking with friend and Geordie con artist Steve MacNeish through his car window, stating that Owen himself was not the problem and that his advisers were the ones causing upheaval. The video was later published on YouTube. Sale of Newcastle United
In May 2007, <mask> was shocked to learn that billionaire businessman Mike Ashley had purchased the Hall family's 41.6% shareholding for £55m. This followed numerous previous bid negotiations from which nothing had materialised.Under Stock Exchange rules Ashley then had to submit an offer for the remaining shares. Should he go over 50%, <mask> would no longer be in control of the club and Ashley would be able to replace the board. <mask> initially came out fighting, but later agreed to meet with Ashley and the board on 29 May. On 7 June 2007, Mike Ashley had a bid accepted by <mask> to buy his shares and in his role as chairman of the board <mask> also advised the remaining shareholders to sell to Ashley. <mask> had been suffering from poor health over the previous six months, resulting in hospitalisation due to pneumonia and a collapsed lung, he was being treated at the time the Hall family publicly announced the sale of their shares to Ashley. On 24 July 2007, it was announced that <mask> was stepping down with immediate effect, to be replaced by deputy chairman Chris Mort. Reported 2009 bid for Newcastle United
Following Newcastle's relegation and the announcement by Mike Ashley that the club was up for sale, <mask> was instantly linked with a possible buy-out.<mask> had said, "never say never" on the issue of re-buying Newcastle, however on 30 June 2009 it was reported that <mask> had launched a £60million bid to buy the club from Ashley. On 1 November 2010 reports circulated that <mask> was planning on making an offer for the club and returning to Newcastle as owner three years after selling it. This was later denied by the club; however, <mask> would not comment on the matter. Death
<mask> died in his sleep at his home in Jesmond on 25 September 2017. He was 75 years old. References

External links
<mask> Talks To Bobby Moncur – Part I NUFC.com – First broadcast on Century FM, 25 January 2001
Newcastle United – Football Finances – Detail of <mask>'s Newcastle United shareholdings, 30 June 2009
 The Independent, 19 March 1998 – <mask>'s apology to Newcastle women

1941 births
2017 deaths
Newcastle United F.C. directors and chairmen
People from Gilsland
20th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
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Shepherd
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Freddy Shepherd
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Freddy Shepherd
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Shepherd


title: Leona Maguire

texts:
<mask> (born 30 November 1994) is an Irish professional golfer. She was ranked 1st in the world on the women's World Amateur Golf Ranking from May 2015 until May 2016 and then from August 2016 until February 2018. Maguire's 135 weeks at the top is the longest in history. She holds many other records including the lowest ever score in the final round of a major by any golfer, male or female, and the joint lowest round in the history of golf's major grand slam tournament rounds, both male and female, with a score of 61. She broke the all-time rookie points record in either the Solheim Cup or the Ryder Cup with a total of 4.5 points (2 points better than anybody else in the 2021 Solheim Cup), which helped Europe to narrowly win the cup 15-13. A native of County Cavan, at the age of 9, she gave up a promising swimming career to concentrate on golf. She is 15 minutes younger than her twin sister, <mask>, who was also a professional golfer she retired in 2019.On 5 February 2022 she made history by becoming the first Irish woman to win an event on the LPGA Tour. She won the LPGA Drive On Championship by three strokes. Amateur career
On 10 September 2005, she won the 10th HSBC British Wee Wonders Championship by 11 shots at the Balgove Course, St Andrews, Scotland, with a finishing round of 61. On 13 November she finished runner-up to her sister Lisa in the Young Masters Golf Junior Series at La Manga in Spain. On 21 May 2008, she won the Lancome Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship at Westport, County Mayo. In January 2011, Maguire won the Portuguese International Ladies Amateur Championship by 15 strokes. Later that same year, Maguire won the Irish Women's Open Strokeplay title.2012
On 22 April, Maguire became the first Irish golfer to win the Irish Girls Open Strokeplay championship, held at Roganstown Golf Club. She beat an international field by eight shots. On 10 June, she was part of the Great Britain & Ireland Curtis Cup team which defeated the USA at Nairn, Scotland by 10.5 points to 9.5 points. On 20 June, Maguire won the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship at the County Louth Golf Club, for the second time in her career. 2014
Maguire left secondary school at Loreto College, Cavan in Ireland with top scholastic honours and joined Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, U.S.

2015
Maguire commenced the year in spectacular form in NCAA college golf, shooting up to first place in the World Amateur Golf Ranking by mid-May. In the Darius Rucker Intercollegiate held at Hilton Head, South Carolina, on 8 March, she came first with rounds of 73, 65, 69. In the ACC Championship held at Greensboro, North Carolina on 19 April, she won with rounds of 68, 68, 70.In the NCAA South Regional held at the Warren Golf course, South Bend, Indiana on 9 May, she won again with rounds of 72, 68, 72, thus helping Duke win the NCAA South Bend Regional title. On 6 May, she was voted the ACC (Atlantic Coast Conference) Player of the Year and ACC Freshman of the Year. She was also picked for the ACC All-Star team. She also won ACC Golfer of the Month awards for both March and April. On 25 May, she won the 2015 Annika Award for the best golfer of the year in American college women's golf. On 20 May, she was chosen as a member of the South Bend Region All-Star team. On 26 May, Leona was honoured both as the WGCA Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year for 2015 and was also chosen on the 2015 WGCA All-American team.She was also the recipient of the 2014–15 Golfstat Cup presented to the player who has the best scoring average. <mask>'s stroke average of 70.78 was the best in the history of Duke University women's golf. She also tied the Duke record of 24 par rounds or better in a season and tied the Duke record for most wins in a season with three. At the British Ladies Amateur held at Portstewart, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland on 11–13 June, Maguire won the stroke play part of the competition, finishing 6 strokes ahead of the field with rounds of 67, 68. She also helped Ireland to win the international team event. On 25 June, Maguire was named on the 2015 All-ACC Academic Team which recognises academic excellence as well as athletic excellence. In June Maguire won the Golfweek National Player of the Year award and also was selected to Golfweek First Team All-America.On 6 July <mask> was named on the WGCA 2015 All-American Scholar Team. On 27 July, Maguire represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Vagliano Trophy against Europe, held at Malone Golf Club, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Europe won 12 1/2 points to 11 1/2. <mask> was undefeated, contributing 3 1/2 points of the GB & Ireland total. <mask> was invited as a guest amateur to play in the European Ladies Tour's ISPS Handa Ladies European Masters held at Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham, England on 2–5 July. Maguire stunned the professionals by finishing second, just one shot off the lead with rounds of 69, 70, 69, 69. As an amateur Maguire could not accept the 2nd place prize money of €50,000.In her last seven stroke play competitions, she finished 1st, 3rd, 1st, 1st, 2nd, 1st and 2nd. On 20 August 2015, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur player in the world. Maguire was invited to play in the fifth and final major of the year, The Evian Championship held at Evians Golf Club, Evian Les Bains, France, on 10–13 September. Maguire finished as leading amateur and became the first woman ever from the Republic of Ireland to make the cut in a major. As an amateur Maguire could not accept her prize money of €18,648, meaning she has forfeited over €68,000 in prize money in 2015. Although still an amateur and having only played a couple of professional tournaments in 2015, Maguire was ranked in the top 300 of the Women's World Golf Rankings. In September Maguire was awarded the European Ladies' Amateur Golf Ranking's gold medal.2016

On 12 June 2016 at Dún Laoghaire Golf Club, Maguire was part of the Great Britain & Ireland team which defeated the USA in an 11½ to 8½ win in the 2016 Curtis Cup. She contributed 4 points to the winning total. On 21 June, Maguire was selected on the All-ACC Academic Team for the second year in a row. In June, Maguire was selected to Golfweek First Team All-America for the second straight season. On 5 Jul,y Maguire was selected for the 2015-16 WGCA All-American Scholars Team which recognises academic excellence as well as athletic excellence, for the second year in a row. On 31 July at the Woburn Golf and Country Club in England, Maguire won the Smyth Salver when she finished as the leading amateur at the Ricoh Women's British Open, one of the major championships. As an amateur, she forfeited her 25th place prize money of $25,500, after rounds of 71, 70, 68, 75.In the last 12 months, she forfeited over $100,000 in prize money as a result of her amateur status, despite playing only a handful of professional tournaments. As a result of the points earned at the British Open, she regained her world number one amateur ranking on 3 August 2016. On 15 August 2016, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur player in the world. This is the second successive season <mask> has won the award. On 20 August Maguire finished 21st overall and was the leading amateur at the Rio Olympics Women's Golf for a two under par total of 282, with scores of 74, 65, 74, 69. On 17 September, <mask> helped Ireland to a third place bronze medal in the 2016 Espirito Santo Trophy held at Mayakoka El Camaleon Golf Club in Mexico. Maguire finished in a tie for 6th place in the individual rankings with rounds of 72, 70, 71, 69 for a 6-under-par total of 282.On 28 September, <mask> was awarded the European Ladies' Amateur Golf Ranking's gold medal for the second successive year. On 2 November, she helped Duke win the East Lake Cup held at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, beating Washington State in the final. On 28 November, Maguire was chosen as a member of the Global Golf Post All-Star amateur team of 2016. On 3 August, Maguire announced she would turn professional after the Brazil Olympics and would enter the LPGA Tour qualifying school in October. After successfully completing stage II at qualifying school, Maguire withdrew prior to stage III and stated she would return to Duke. 2017

Maguire was selected as ACC Golfer of the Month for April 2017, which is the sixth time she has won the monthly award in her college golf career. On 11 May, Maguire was voted the ACC Women's Golfer of the Year for the second time in her career and was also selected for the All-ACC Women's Golf Team for the third year in a row.Also on 11 May <mask> was selected for the College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-District III Women's At-Large Team, which recognises the nation's top student-athletes for their combined performances athletically and in the classroom. On 23 May, Maguire was named the USA Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) National Player of the Year for the second time in three years and became just the fifth player in history to win the award multiple times. She was also selected for the WGCA First Team All-Americans. On 24 May, Maguire was awarded the 2016-17 GolfStat Cup which is presented to the player with the best scoring average versus par with at least 20 full rounds played during a season. It was the second time in her career to win the cup. Maguire also finished in first place on the Golfweek/Sagarin women's college end of season rankings. On 8 June Maguire won the Annika Award for the second time, becoming the only person to win it twice.She was also selected on the CoSIDA Academic All-America® Division I Women's At-Large Team, only the second Duke golfer in history to be so. On 17 June, Maguire won the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship for the first time, beating Ainhoa Olarra of Spain 3 & 2 in the matchplay final held at the  Pyle & Kenfig Golf Club, Waun-y-Mer, Wales. On 25 June, Maguire was named the ACC Women's Golf Scholar-Athlete of the Year and was also named to the All-ACC Academic Team for the third year in a row. On 28 June, Maguire won the Golfweek National Player of the Year award for the second time in her career and was also selected to Golfweek First Team All-America for the third straight season. On 6 July, Maguire represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Vagliano Trophy against Europe, held at Circolo Golf Bogogno, Italy. Europe won 15 points to 9. Maguire contributed 1 point of the GB & Ireland total.On 5 July, <mask> was selected for the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) All-American Scholars Team for the third year in a row. On 10 July Maguire was awarded the 2017 Edith Cummings Munson Golf Award by the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA). She is only the second golfer in history to win both the Edith Cummings Munson Golf Award and the WGCA Player of the Year in the same season. On 6 August, at the Kingsbarns Golf Links, Scotland, Maguire made the cut and was runner-up for the Smyth Salver awarded to the leading amateur at the Ricoh Women's British Open, one of the major professional championships, after rounds of 69, 71, 70, 75. On 15 August 2017, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur golf player in the world. This is the third successive season Maguire has won the award thus equalling the all-time record holder Lydia Ko. On 12 September, Maguire began the 2017-2018 College Golf season by winning the Jim West Challenge at The Fazio Course at The Club at Carlton Woods, The Woodlands, Texas, USA.Her rounds of 67, 63, 70 for a total of 200 included the lowest round of her career, a 63, which is the second lowest round in the history of Duke University, one  stroke behind Liz Janangelo's 62. <mask>'s 36-hole and 54-hole totals of 130 & 200 also broke the Duke all-time scoring records for two and three rounds. Her 13-under par total of 200 also broke the tournament all-time record. She also helped Duke win the team title at the tournament as well as setting a new school team scoring record of 33-under par total of 819. Duke also set a new Jim West Challenge tournament record for under par (-33) and 54-hole score (819). This is <mask>'s fifth title of the calendar year 2017.player - Jim West Challenge

On 22 October, Maguire qualified to play in the professional Symetra Tour in 2018 by finishing in ninth place at the LPGA Qualifying Tournament (Stage II) with rounds of 70, 69, 70, 72. She finished as the second highest amateur.On 9 November <mask> was selected as ACC Golfer of the Month for November 2017, which is the eight time she has won the monthly award in her college golf career. On 27 November Maguire was named 2017 Global Golf Post Female Amateur of the Year. She was also chosen as a member of the Global Golf Post All-Star amateur team of 2017, the third year in a row that she has been selected. 2018
On 31 January, Maguire broke Lydia Ko's record for the most weeks at the top of the World Amateur rankings, with 131 weeks. On 28 February, Maguire was named as an honorary recipient of the ACC Weaver-James-Corrigan postgraduate scholarship, which is awarded to selected student-athletes who intend to pursue a graduate degree following completion of their undergraduate requirements. On 14 April at the Liz Murphey Collegiate Classic in Athens, Georgia, Maguire broke the all-time ACC record of most even or under par rounds in a college career. Her record of 80 even or under par rounds (she eventually finished her college career with 87 such rounds, the second best in NCAA history) also breaks the Duke record held by Amanda Blumenherst.On 23 April, <mask> claimed her third win of the 2017–18 college season by winning the ACC Championship for the third time in her career, which matches the all-time record of Amanda Blumenherst. She finished with a total of 210 and won on the third hole of a playoff against Duke teammate Jaravee Boonchant. She also helped Duke to win the ACC team title for the second year in a row. Maguire also matched the Duke 18-hole record for the ACC Championship with a five-under 67. It tied Brittany Lang (2004 on par 71) and Maria Garcia-Estrada (2000 on par 72). Her round of 67 also broke the ACC Championship course record at Grandover Resort. On 23 April Maguire was presented with the Duke University

masks:
Leona Maguire
Lisa Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
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