title: Nola Fraser

texts:
<mask> (née Chalhoub) is an Australian small business owner, former Registered Nurse and former Liberal Party and Independent candidate for the New South Wales state seat of Macquarie Fields. <mask> first rose to public prominence as one of the whistleblowers whose disclosures about entrenched substandard clinical practices and complicit management culture at Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, that resulted in 21 avoidable deaths and other unnecessary injuries, sparked five major inquiries and the resignation and termination of a number of senior executive managers in the NSW health service. Role in the Macarthur Health Services scandal

Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals are two acute care hospitals (Campbelltown being the larger hospital) that provide extensive clinical services to residents of the Macarthur region (south-west Sydney) of New South Wales in Australia. Rapid population growth in the region, particularly from overseas immigration, during the 1990s and 2000s put increasing strain on Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals. Despite this, Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals continuously failed to attract sufficient numbers of suitably qualified clinical staff, compared to other hospitals of the same size, to meet the increasing clinical demand. Political electoral sensitivities however continued to see Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals be pushed to not reduce or limit services, which created an environment of numerous clinical care safety risks that resulted in unnecessary adverse incidents, including 21 avoidable deaths, and a "sick hospital and administration system" that had "severely shaken... public confidence in New South Wales hospitals". Between 1995 and 2002, a number of clinical staff - including <mask>, who was a Registered Nurse Unit Manager at Camden Hospital and member of the Critical Care Review Committee (an internal clinical safety governance body) - raised and reported numerous separate clinical safety incident reports to document deficiencies in and episodes of substandard clinical practice, that were met with indifference or hostility from hospital executive management, especially from the then General Manager Jennifer Collins (a former NSW Nurses and Midwives’ Association trade union General Secretary who had gone on to been employed by the hospitals as General Manager since 1998 until her resignation and transfer in late 2003).In October 2002, after sending the then Chief Executive Officer of the South Western Sydney Area Health Service, Ian Southwell, details about the alleged mismanagement and misconduct at the Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, <mask> requested an appointment with then NSW Health Minister Craig Knowles. On 5 November 2002 Nurses Valerie Owens, Sheree Martin, Yvonne Quinn and <mask>, accompanied by solicitor John Chalhoub, met with the then NSW Health Minister Craig Knowles as whistleblowers, detailing multiple episodes of substandard clinical practice that had resulted in patient death and injury, and ongoing failures of clinical governance processes at Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, for which there had been systemic inaction to address by senior management, and for which retaliatory action, including intimidation, against those reporting such incidents had been occurring, including directly from the then General Manager Jennifer Collins. This meeting resulted in the Director-General of the NSW Department of Health commissioning an internal investigation by the Departmental Director of Audit. On 18 November 2002, the Director-General of the NSW Department of Health, after considering the internal investigation report, referred 47 clinical care incidents that occurred between June 1999 and February 2003 to the New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission. The New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission published its final report on 9 December 2003, but a leaked interim draft copy was obtained by the media in September (two months earlier, which also prompted then NSW Heath Minister Morris Iemma to commission Professor Bruce Barraclough to conduct a separate review), which resulted in the sacking of the then Chief Executive Officer of the South West Sydney Area Health Service, Ian Southwell, by then newly appointed  NSW Health Minister Morris Iemma and the resignation of the then General Manager Jennifer Collins (who transferred to a lucrative six figure contract with the NSW Central Sydney Area Health Service, but was shortly thereafter sacked by Minister Morris Iemma from this role, albeit with a six figure termination payment). While the New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission found that "in some instances the [clinical] care was so poor that patients suffered serious deteriorations in health" (Part 1, p. 4) and that "disciplinary action" taken by the then General Manager Jennifer Collins against the whistleblowers "failed to properly apply relevant personnel policies... was not fair, impartial or complete... [and] many of the allegations had little or no basis... [and was intended] to discourage other staff from openly and actively raising concerns about clinical care" (Part 1, p. 5), the Commission did not recommend any prosecutorial or disciplinary action be directed at any individual. This omission was seen by the then newly appointed NSW Health Minister Morris Iemma as a failure of the Health Care Complaints Commission to discharge its statutory duties, leading him to sack the South West Sydney Area Health Services Board (which was responsible for supervising the management of the Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals) and the Health Care Complaints Commissioner, Amanda Adrian, stating on ABC Television’s The 7.30 Report on 12 December 2003 that "The report, whilst it roared incompetence, it whispered solutions".Meanwhile, commencing from February 2003, <mask> (and to a lesser extent Sharee Martin and Vanessa Bragg) had been actively putting pressure, together with the then New South Wales Opposition Leader, Liberal Party member John Brogden, on the then Premier of New South Wales Bob Carr and his government, through numerous media outlets, including on the Alan Jones radio program on broadcaster 2GB. On 11 December 2003 NSW Premier Bob Carr appointed Bret Walker as a Commissioner to conduct a Special Commission of Inquiry into Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, followed by the separate announcements that the New South Wales Legislative Council would hold an "Inquiry into Complaints Handling within NSW Health" and that the NSW ICAC would open "Operation Jardine" to examine if any corrupt conduct had occurred. On 24 June 2004, the NSW Legislative Council Inquiry released its final report, with Inquiry Chairman Gordon Moyes stating that the medical mistakes and their cover-ups were a result of a system run by an "old girls' network" of administrators protected by their political affiliations and willingness to put the political motivations of their masters ahead of patient safety. The Inquiry committee singled out former General Manager Jennifer Collins for specific criticism, stating "The Committee is critical of former Macarthur Health Services General Manager Jennifer Collins and believes her management approach hindered efforts to bring forward complaints about health care" (paragraph 4.21) and found her evidence to the committee as lacking credibility, stating it was "evasive at best" (paragraph 4.19). Ultimately though, despite five major inquiries, multiple findings of concern and numerous media coverage, no criminal or civil charges were laid, nor was any finding of corrupt conduct made (due to lack of evidence), on anyone involved. Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals did receive more funding however as a result of the scrutiny, with then Health Minister Morris Iemma pledging $5m in extra funding. Election campaigns (Macquarie Fields) 2005-2011

After former NSW Health Minister Craig Knowles resigned from the New South Wales Parliament in 2005, <mask> stood as the  candidate in the resulting by-election for his seat of Macquarie Fields, where she achieved a 12.38% swing towards the Liberals, but ultimately was defeated by  candidate Steven Chaytor.<mask> again stood as the Liberal Party candidate at the 2007 election for Macquarie Fields, where she achieved a similar result, with the seat being retained for Labor by Andrew McDonald. <mask> again contested the 2011 election for Macquarie Fields, but this time as an , where she came in third, behind the Labor and Liberal candidates, with 10.5% of the vote, with sitting member Andrew McDonald retaining the seat. Registration cancellation

On 30 July 2014 <mask> had her registration as a nurse and midwife cancelled for administering insulin potentiation therapy and intravenous vitamin therapy to her brother and three other cancer patients, under the direction of former doctor Chittoor Krishnan (who had voluntarily cancelled his registration and was no longer able to direct medical treatments). References

Australian whistleblowers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian women in business
Australian businesspeople
Australian women nurses
Australian nurses

masks:
Nola Therese Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Nora Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser


title: Adolf Loos

type: original

texts:
<mask>
(; 10 December 1870 – 23 August 1933) was an Austrian architect and influential European theorist of modern architecture. His essay Ornament and Crime advocated smooth and clear surfaces in contrast to the lavish decorations of the fin de siècle, as well as the more modern aesthetic principles of the Vienna Secession, exemplified in his design of Looshaus, Vienna. <mask> became a pioneer of modern architecture and contributed a body of theory and criticism of Modernism in architecture and design and developed the "Raumplan" (literally spatial plan) method of arranging interior spaces, exemplified in Villa Müller in Prague. <mask> had three tumultuous marriages that all ended in divorce. He suffered from poor health, including an inherited hearing affliction. He was convicted as a pedophile in 1928 for exploiting girls from poor families, aged 8 to 10. He died aged 62 on 23 August 1933 in Kalksburg near Vienna.Early life
<mask> was born on 10 December 1870 in Brno, in the Margraviate of Moravia region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today the eastern part of the Czech Republic. His father, a German stonemason, died when <mask> was nine years old. Young <mask> had inherited his father's hearing impairment and was significantly handicapped by it throughout his life. His mother continued to carry on the stonemason business after her husband's death. <mask> attended several Gymnasium schools, a technical school in Liberec and graduated 1889 from a technical school in Brno. He later studied at Dresden University of Technology. He left one year later without completing his study.Career
At age 23, <mask> traveled to the United States and stayed there for three years from 1893 to 1896. While in the United States, he mainly lived with relatives in the Philadelphia area, supported himself with odd jobs and also visited other cities such as the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, St. Louis and New York. <mask> returned to Vienna in 1896 and made it his permanent residence. He was a prominent figure in the city and a friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Arnold Schönberg, Peter Altenberg and Karl Kraus. Inspired by his years in the New World he devoted himself to architecture. After briefly associating himself with the Vienna Secession in 1896, he rejected the style and advocated a new, plain, unadorned architecture. A utilitarian approach to use the entire floor plan completed his concept.<mask>'s early commissions consisted of interior designs for shops and cafés in Vienna. Architectural theory
<mask> authored several polemical works. In Spoken into the Void, published in 1900, he attacked the Vienna Secession, at a time when the movement was at its peak. In his essays, <mask> used provocative catchphrases and is noted for the essay/manifesto entitled Ornament and Crime, given in a lecture in 1910 and first published in 1913. He explored the idea that the progress of culture is associated with the deletion of ornament from everyday objects, and that it was therefore a crime to force craftsmen or builders to waste their time on ornamentation that served to hasten the time when an object would become obsolete (design theory). <mask>'s stripped-down buildings influenced the minimal massing of modern architecture, and stirred controversy. Although noted for the lack of ornamentation on their exteriors, the interiors of many of <mask>'s buildings are finished with rich and expensive materials, notably stone, marble and wood, displaying natural patterns and textures in flat planes, executed in first rate craftsmanship.The distinction is not between complicated and simple, but between "organic" and superfluous decoration. <mask> was also interested in the decorative arts, collecting sterling silver and high quality leather goods, which he noted for their plain yet luxurious appeal. He also enjoyed fashion and men's clothing, designing the famed Kníže of Vienna, a haberdashery. His admiration for the fashion and culture of England and America can be seen in his short-lived publication Das Andere, which ran for just two issues in 1903 and included advertisements for 'English' clothing. In 1920, he had a brief collaboration with Frederick John Kiesler, an architect, theater and art-exhibition designer. Loos House and other projects
From 1904 on, he was able to carry out big projects; the most notable was the so-called "Looshaus" (built from 1910 to 1912), originally for the Viennese tailor Goldman and Salatsch, for whom Loos had designed a store interior in 1898, and situated right across from the Habsburg city residence Hofburg Palace. The house, today located at the address Michaelerplatz 3, Vienna, and under monument preservation, was criticized by its contemporaries.The facade was dominated by rectilinear window patterns and a lack of stucco decoration and awnings, which earned it the nickname "House without Eyebrows"; Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria was said to have despised the modern building so much that he avoided leaving the Hofburg Palace through a main gate in its vicinity. His work also includes the store of the men's fashion house Knize (built 1909–13), Am Graben 13, Café Museum (built 1899), Operngasse 7, Vienna, and the "American Bar" (built 1907–08), Kärntnerstrasse 10, Vienna. <mask> visited the island of Skyros in 1904 and was influenced by the cubic architecture of the Greek islands. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I <mask> was awarded Czechoslovakian citizenship by President Masaryk. His main place of residence remained in Vienna. During the First Austrian Republic <mask> became interested in public projects. He designed several housing projects for the City of Vienna, which was then nicknamed Red Vienna.From 1924 to 1928 <mask> lived in Paris. He taught at the Sorbonne and was contracted to build a house for Tristan Tzara, which was completed 1925 on Avenue Junot 15, Paris. In 1928 he returned to Vienna. <mask> had an admiration for classical architecture, which is reflected in his writings and his entry to the 1922 Chicago Tribune competition. <mask>'s submission was a massive doric column. Private life

Marriages
<mask> was married three times. In July 1902, he married drama student .The marriage ended three years later in 1905. In 1919, he married 20-year-old Austrian-born Elsie Altmann, a dancer and operetta star and daughter of <mask> and Jeannette Gruenblatt. They divorced seven years later in 1926. In 1929 he married writer and photographer Claire Beck. She was the daughter of his clients Otto and Olga Beck, and 35 years his junior. They were divorced on 30 April 1932. Following their divorce, <mask> wrote Adolf Loos Privat, a literary work of snapshot-like vignettes about <mask>'s character, habits and sayings, published by the Johannes-Presse in Vienna in 1936.The book was intended to raise funds for <mask>'s tomb. Poor health
All his life, <mask> suffered from a hearing impairment. When he was a child, he was deaf. He only acquired partial hearing at the age of 12. In 1918 <mask> was diagnosed with cancer. His stomach, appendix and part of his intestine were removed. By the time he was 50 he was nearly deaf.Child sexual abuse
In 1928 <mask> was disgraced by a pedophilia scandal in Vienna. He had commissioned young girls, aged 8 to 10, from poor families to act as models in his studio. The indictment stated that <mask> had exposed himself and forced his young models to participate in sexual acts. He was found partially guilty in a court decision of 1928. In 2008 the original case record was rediscovered and confirmed the accusation. Death and legacy

<mask> exhibited early signs of dementia around the time of his court proceedings. A few months before his death he suffered a stroke.He died aged 62 on 23 August 1933 in Kalksburg near Vienna. <mask>'s body was taken to Vienna's Zentralfriedhof to rest among the great artists and musicians of the city, including Schoenberg, Altenberg and Kraus, some of his closest friends and associates. Through his writings and his groundbreaking projects in Vienna, <mask> was able to influence other architects and designers, and the early development of Modernism. His careful selection of materials, passion for craftsmanship and use of 'Raumplan'—the considered ordering and size of interior spaces based on function—are still admired. <mask>: Our Contemporary (New York, Columbia GSAPP, 2013), eds. Y. Safran and Cristobal Amunategui. Published on the occasion of the traveling exhibition "<mask>: Our Contemporary," a cooperation between Columbia University GSAPP in New York, the MAK in Vienna, and the CAAA in Guimaraes.Essays by Beatriz Colomina, Hermann Czech, Rainald Franz, Benedetto Gravagnuolo, Christopher Long, Can Onaner, Daniel Sherer, Philip Ursprung. External links

 <mask> online exhibition images, podcasts and video about <mask>'s life and work. Royal Institute of British Architects
 <mask>, Vienna 1900 & Austrian Modern Architecture TourMyCountry.com
 <mask> biography 1870–1933 WOKA Lamps Vienna

1870 births
1933 deaths
Architects from Brno
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
Moravian-German people
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Art Nouveau architects
Austrian architects
Architecture critics
Architectural theoreticians
Austrian architecture writers
Austrian expatriates in France
Austrian expatriates in the United States
Modernist architects
Austrian people convicted of child sexual abuse
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery

masks:
Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Adolf Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Adolf Altmann
Claire Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Loos
Adolf Loos
Loos
Loos
Adolf Loos
Adolf Loos
Adolf Loos
Loos
Adolf Loos
Adolf Loos


title: Anna van Egmont

texts:
<mask> (March 1533 – 24 March 1558), mainly known as <mask> (or <mask>en), was a Dutch heiress who became the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Biography

<mask> was born in Grave, Netherlands in March 1533. She was the only child of <mask> (1509-1548) and Françoise de Lannoy (1513-1562). Therefore, she was suo jure Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Her mother and father were of high nobility. Maximiliaan's main activities were those of Charles V's army commander, first in an argument with Gelre, later in a campaign in the German areas against the League of Schmalkalden.He also played a role as a director, both as captain general and stadholder of Friesland, Groningen and Overijssel, and in his extensive possessions around Buren and in Zeeland. He was often at the Brussels court of Charles V and especially of Mary of Hungary, his sister and governor of the Netherlands. <mask> and her mother usually stayed at the family castle in Buren. Given his high position, father Maximiliaan was on good terms with Charles V (1500-1558), then emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Spain and landlord of the Habsburg Netherlands and his sister, Mary of Hungary (1505-1558), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands. <mask> grew up in a noble entourage, the center of which was the court of the governor in Brussels. The spoken language was French, the language that <mask> learned in addition to Dutch and in which she would later correspond with William of Orange, better known later as William the silent. Whether and how she was prepared for the administration of the vast estates and wonderful rights belonging to the County of Buren is unknown.Her father died quite unexpectedly at the court in Brussels in 1548, reportedly dressed in full armor and surrounded by his confidants, but in the absence of his wife and daughter. On his deathbed, Maximiliaan arranged the marriage of William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, one of the most prominent young noblemen of the time and of the same age as his daughter. <mask> succeeded Maximiliaan as Countess <mask>uren. She was only fifteen years old and one of the most desirable partners in the marriage market. Charles V and Mary of Hungary supported the commitment. On 8 July 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren, and thereby he earned the titles Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. The couple settled in the family castle in Breda, but <mask> was often alone there with the three children she had there.<mask> Egmont had three children with William the Silent:

 Countess Maria of Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), named after Mary of Hungary (1505-1558), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, died in infancy. Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), named after the lord and Williams father, married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé, but did not have children. Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), who was named after her deceased sister, married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, did not have children. William was often at the court, but also at the front in Hainaut and Artois, as commander of the army in the wars with France. Forty seven letters have been handed down from William to <mask>. Her letters to him have been lost. The letters mainly breathe an atmosphere of domesticity and also affection.Several times William expresses his appreciation for the way in which <mask> handles his affairs during his absence. William wrote most letters to <mask> when he was in an army camp. <mask> rarely followed her husband on a journey. Only when he was summoned in 1555 to receive Philip II as new sovereign, did William ask <mask> if she would also come to Brussels. We only have indirect data about the life of <mask> Egmond. However, as countess <mask>uren and especially as princess of Orange, she must have played a leading role alongside her husband in the world of the high nobility of the Dutch regions. Of the four women William of Orange has had, she is the least known.There are various reasons for this. She lived when William was still in the service of the landlord and the conflict had not escalated yet, she was only 25 years old, and her children would later play a role of minor importance, not least because Philip William was taken to Spain as a hostage and was given up. At the beginning of 1558 <mask> was supposed to go to Dillenburg with William, but because of her illness the trip was canceled. She died of the disease in March of that year. She was regretted by William, who also fell ill shortly after her death. He received condolences from many dignitaries, including Philip II, who sent a messenger to comfort him. At that time there was no question of removal between the Orange and the lord.<mask> Egmond was interred in a chapel of the Grote Kerk in Breda. Her son Philip William inherited the county of Buren. He later left it to his half-brother Maurits, making it part of the heritage of the Oranje-Nassaus. The portraits of <mask> Egmont

The only painting depicting <mask> Egmont in the Royal Collections of the Netherlands is considered to be one of the copies of a lost painting by Antonis Mor. A portrait that was painted by Pieter Pourbus, Portrait of a Noble Young Lady, was exhibited for the first time in 2017 in Bruges, then at the Gouda museum in 2018. Portraits, possibly copies after Antonis Mor

Although these portraits have all different sizes and show different or change of details in the gown (a spanish style ropa), they all seem to copy the same face, scarf (écharpe) and position of the scarf. The coif is also always a French hood, and seems to be the same depicted on all four copies, although with changing details and/or added or changed jewels from one to the other copy.Portrait 1., which is to be seen in the Ducal Palace of Mantua (Italy), is the largest. Depicting the sitter in half length, it is the only one showing her hands. It has allo added to her right hand a gold and finely chiseled fan with yellow, red and green colored ostrich feathers. Worth noting is that her left hand shows no ring. The original of this portrait is a possible pendant to an original portrait of William by Antonis Mor, according to Luttervelt. Portrait 2. was in the private collection of William Hall Walker (1st Baron Wavertree), Liverpool (England), and bequeathed by him in 1933 to the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool (England). Portrait 3., now in the Museum of the Chartreuse de Douai, in Douai (France), shows an inscription, below on the frame: CONT/A DI BUREN
 Portrait 4. shows on the upper left the coat of arms of Lichtervelde.A version of the same portrait, from the collection of Count d'Andlau at the castle of Voré, Remalard (Orne, in France), shows yet other variations in the dress and the jewels. Here the princess wears large, oval pareis in her ears. This time the caption is: "Prin = d, Orange". Two other possible portraits have been identified and cited in the article called "The Klabin portrait". References

1533 births
1558 deaths
Princesses of Orange
Anna
Anna
<mask> the Silent
People from Grave, North Brabant

masks:
Anna van Egmont
Anna van Buren
Anna van Buer
Anna
Maximiliaan van Egmond
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
van B
Anna
Anna van
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna van
van B
Anna
Anna van
Anna van
Anna van
Anna William


title: Laura Ingalls Wilder

texts:
<mask> (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American writer, mostly known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children's books, published between 1932 and 1943, which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the television series Little House on the Prairie was loosely based on the Little House books, and starred Melissa Gilbert as <mask> and Michael Landon as her father, Charles Ingalls. Birth and ancestry

<mask> was born to Charles Phillip and Caroline Lake (née Quiner) Ingalls on February 7, 1867. At the time of Ingalls' birth, the family lived seven miles north of the village of Pepin, Wisconsin, in the Big Woods region of Wisconsin. Ingalls' home in Pepin became the setting for her first book, Little House in the Big Woods (1932). She was the second of five children, following older sister, Mary Amelia. Three more children would follow, Caroline Celestia (Carrie), Charles Frederick, who died in infancy, and Grace Pearl.<mask> <mask>'s birth site is commemorated by a replica log cabin at the Little House Wayside in Pepin. Ingalls was a descendant of the Delano family, the ancestral family of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. One paternal ancestor, <mask>, from Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, emigrated to America, settling in Lynn, Massachusetts. <mask> is the 7th great granddaughter of the Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. She was a third cousin, once removed, of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. Early life
When she was two years old, <mask> <mask> moved with her family from Wisconsin in 1869. After stopping in Rothville, Missouri, they settled in the Indian country of Kansas, near modern-day Independence, Kansas.Her younger sister, Carrie, was born in Independence in August 1870, not long before they moved again. According to <mask> <mask>, her father Charles Ingalls had been told that the location would be open to white settlers, but when they arrived this was not the case. The <mask> family had no legal right to occupy their homestead because it was on the Osage Indian reservation. They had just begun to farm when they heard rumors that settlers would be evicted, so they left in the spring of 1871. Although in her novel, Little House on the Prairie, and Pioneer Girl memoir, <mask> <mask> portrayed their departure as being prompted by rumors of eviction, she also noted that her parents needed to recover their Wisconsin land because the buyer had not paid the mortgage. The <mask> family went back to Wisconsin where they lived for the next three years. Those experiences formed the basis for <mask>'s novels Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and the beginning of Little House on the Prairie (1935).On the Banks of Plum Creek (1939), the third volume of her fictionalized history which takes place around 1874, the <mask> family moves from Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, settling in a dugout on the banks of Plum Creek. They moved there from Wisconsin when Ingalls was about seven years old, after briefly living with the family of her uncle, <mask>, first in Wisconsin and then on rented land near Lake City, Minnesota. In Walnut Grove, the family first lived in a dugout sod house on a preemption claim; after wintering in it, they moved into a new house built on the same land. Two summers of ruined crops led them to move to Iowa. On the way, they stayed again with Charles Ingalls' brother, <mask>, this time on his farm near South Troy, Minnesota. Her brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls ("Freddie"), was born there on November 1, 1875, dying nine months later in August 1876. In Burr Oak, Iowa, the family helped run a hotel.The youngest of the Ingalls children, Grace, was born there on May 23, 1877. The family moved from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove where Charles Ingalls served as the town butcher and justice of the peace. He accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879, which took him to eastern Dakota Territory, where they joined him that fall. <mask> <mask> omitted the period in 1876–1877 when they lived near Burr Oak, skipping to Dakota Territory, portrayed in By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939). De Smet

<mask>'s father filed for a formal homestead over the winter of 1879–1880. De Smet, South Dakota, became her parents' and sister Mary, who was blind, home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the surveyor's house, they watched the town of De Smet rise up from the prairie in 1880.The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by <mask> <mask> in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was settled in De Smet, Ingalls attended school, worked several part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader Almanzo <mask>. This time in her life is documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Golden Years (1943). Young teacher
On December 10, 1882, two months before her 16th birthday, Ingalls accepted her first teaching position. She taught three terms in one-room schools when she was not attending school in De Smet. (In Little Town on the Prairie she receives her first teaching certificate on December 24, 1882, but that was an enhancement for dramatic effect.)Her original "Third Grade" teaching certificate can be seen on page 25 of William Anderson's book <mask>'s Album (1998). She later admitted she did not particularly enjoy it, but felt a responsibility from a young age to help her family financially, and wage-earning opportunities for women were limited. Between 1883 and 1885, she taught three terms of school, worked for the local dressmaker, and attended high school, although she did not graduate. Early marriage years

Ingalls' teaching career and studies ended when the 18-year-old <mask> married 28-year-old Almanzo <mask> on August 25, 1885, in De Smet, South Dakota. From the beginning of their relationship, the pair had nicknames for each other: she called him "Manly" and he, because he had a sister named <mask>, called her "Bess", from her middle name, Elizabeth. Almanzo had achieved a degree of prosperity on his homestead claim; the newly married couple started their life together in a new home, north of De Smet. On December 5, 1886, <mask> gave birth to her daughter, Rose.In 1889, she gave birth to a son who died at 12 days of age before being named. He was buried at De Smet, Kingsbury County, South Dakota. On the grave marker, he is remembered as "Baby Son of A. J<mask>". Their first few years of marriage were difficult. Complications from a life-threatening bout of diphtheria left Almanzo partially paralyzed. Although he eventually regained nearly full use of his legs, he needed a cane to walk for the remainder of his life. This setback, among many others, began a series of unfortunate events that included the death of their newborn son, the destruction of their barn along with its hay and grain by a mysterious fire, the total loss of their home from a fire accidentally set by Rose, and several years of severe drought that left them in debt, physically ill, and unable to earn a living from their 320 acres (129.5 hectares) of prairie land.These trials were documented in <mask>'s book The First Four Years (published in 1971). Around 1890, they left De Smet and spent about a year resting at the home of Almanzo's parents on their Spring Valley, Minnesota, farm before moving briefly to Westville, Florida, in search of a climate to improve Almanzo's health. They found, however, that the dry plains they were used to were very different from the humidity they encountered in Westville. The weather, along with feeling out of place among the locals, encouraged their return to De Smet in 1892, where they purchased a small home. Move to Mansfield, Missouri

In 1894, the <mask>s moved to Mansfield, Missouri, and used their savings to make the down payment on an undeveloped property just outside town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm and moved into a ramshackle log cabin. At first, they earned income only from wagon loads of fire wood they would sell in town for 50 cents.Financial security came slowly. Apple trees they planted did not bear fruit for seven years. Almanzo's parents visited around that time and gave them the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield, which was the economic boost <mask>'s family needed. They then added to the property outside town, and eventually accrued nearly 200 acres (80.9 hectares). Around 1910, they sold the house in town, moved back to the farm, and completed the farmhouse with the proceeds. What began as about 40 acres (16.2 hectares) of thickly wooded, stone-covered hillside with a windowless log cabin became in 20 years a relatively prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit farm, and a 10-room farmhouse. The <mask>s had learned from cultivating wheat as their sole crop in De Smet.They diversified Rocky Ridge Farm with poultry, a dairy farm, and a large apple orchard. <mask> became active in various clubs and was an advocate for several regional farm associations. She was recognized as an authority in poultry farming and rural living, which led to invitations to speak to groups around the region. Writing career
An invitation to submit an article to the Missouri Ruralist in 1911 led to <mask>'s permanent position as a columnist and editor with that publication, which she held until the mid-1920s. She also took a paid position with the local Farm Loan Association, dispensing small loans to local farmers. <mask>'s column in the Ruralist, "As a Farm Woman Thinks", introduced her to a loyal audience of rural Ozarkians, who enjoyed her regular columns. Her topics ranged from home and family, including her 1915 trip to San Francisco, California, to visit Rose Lane and the Pan-Pacific exhibition, to World War I and other world events, and to the fascinating world travels of Lane as well as her own thoughts on the increasing options offered to women during this era.While the couple were never wealthy until the "Little House" books began to achieve popularity, the farming operation and <mask>'s income from writing and the Farm Loan Association provided them with a stable living. "[By] 1924", according to the Professor John E. Miller, "[a]fter more than a decade of writing for farm papers, <mask> had become a disciplined writer, able to produce thoughtful, readable prose for a general audience." At this time, her now-married daughter, <mask> Lane, helped her publish two articles describing the interior of the farmhouse, in Country Gentleman magazine. It was also around this time that Lane began intensively encouraging <mask> to improve her writing skills with a view toward greater success as a writer than Lane had already achieved. The <mask>s, according to Miller, had come to "[depend] on annual income subsidies from their increasingly famous and successful daughter." They both had concluded that the solution for improving their retirement income was for <mask> to become a successful writer herself. However, the "project never proceeded very far."In 1928, Lane hired out the construction of an English-style stone cottage for her parents on property adjacent to the farmhouse they had personally built and still inhabited. She remodeled and took it over. Little House books

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 wiped the <mask>s out; Lane's investments were devastated as well. They still owned the 200-acre (81-hectare) farm, but they had invested most of their savings with Lane's broker. In 1930, <mask> requested Lane's opinion about an autobiographical manuscript she had written about her pioneering childhood. The Great Depression, coupled with the deaths of <mask>'s mother in 1924 and her older sister in 1928, seem to have prompted her to preserve her memories in a life story called Pioneer Girl. She also hoped that her writing would generate some additional income.The original title of the first of the books was When Grandma Was a Little Girl. On the advice of Lane's publisher, she greatly expanded the story. As a result of Lane's publishing connections as a successful writer and after editing by her, Harper & Brothers published <mask>'s book in 1932 as Little House in the Big Woods. After its success, she continued writing. The close and often rocky collaboration between her and Lane continued, in person until 1935, when Lane permanently left Rocky Ridge Farm, and afterward by correspondence. The collaboration worked both ways: two of Lane's most successful novels, Let the Hurricane Roar (1932) and Free Land (1938), were written at the same time as the "Little House" series and basically retold Ingalls and <mask> family tales in an adult format. Authorship controversy
Some, including Lane's biographer, William Holtz, have alleged that <mask>'s daughter was her ghostwriter.Existing evidence includes ongoing correspondence between the women about the books' development, Lane's extensive diaries, and <mask>'s handwritten manuscripts with edit notations shows an ongoing collaboration between the two women. Miller, using this record, describes varying levels of involvement by Lane. Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and These Happy Golden Years (1943), he notes, received the least editing. "The first pages ... and other large sections of [Big Woods]", he observes, "stand largely intact, indicating ... from the start ...[<mask>'s] talent for narrative description." Some volumes saw heavier participation by Lane, while The First Four Years (1971) appears to be exclusively a <mask> work. Concludes Miller, "In the end, the lasting literary legacy remains that of the mother more than that of the daughter ... Lane possessed style; <mask> had substance." The controversy over authorship is often tied to the movement to read the Little House series through an ideological lens.Lane emerged in the 1930s as an avowed conservative polemicist and critic of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration and his New Deal programs. According to a 2012 article in the New Yorker, "When Roosevelt was elected, she noted in her diary, 'America has a dictator.' She prayed for his assassination, and considered doing the job herself." Whatever Lane's politics, "attacks on [<mask>'s] authorship seem aimed at infusing her books with ideological passions they just don't have." Enduring appeal
The original Little House books, written for elementary school–age children, became an enduring, eight-volume record of pioneering life late in the 19th century based

masks:
Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder
Laura
Laura Elizabeth Ins
Ingalls
Wilder
Edmund Ingalls
Laura
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Peter Ingalls
Peter Ingalls
Ingalls
Wilder
Wilder
Ingalls
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Wilder
Laura
Laura
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Laura
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. Wilder
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Rose Wilder
Wilder
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Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Laura
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder


title: Laura Ingalls Wilder

texts:
 on the Ingalls family's experiences on the American frontier. As Irene Smith pointed out shortly after "These Happy Golden Years (1943) was published, <mask>  began "with a style appealing to the eight-year-olds and continuing in volumes of increasing length and difficulty. This graduation is a distinguishing feature of the Little House books."The First Four Years, about the early days of the <mask> marriage, was discovered by her literary executor Roger MacBride after Lane's 1968 death and published in 1971, unedited by Lane or MacBride. It is now marketed as the ninth volume. Since the publication of Little House in the Big Woods (1932), the books have been continuously in print and have been translated into 40 other languages. <mask>'s first—and smallest—royalty check from Harper, in 1932, was for $500, . By the mid-1930s the royalties from the Little House books brought a steady and increasingly substantial income to the <mask>s for the first time in their 50 years of marriage. The collaboration also brought the two writers at Rocky Ridge Farm the money they needed to recoup the loss of their investments in the stock market. Various honors, huge amounts of fan mail, and other accolades were bestowed on <mask>.Autobiography: Pioneer Girl
In 1929–1930, already in her early 60s, <mask> began writing her autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl. It was rejected by publishers. At Lane's urging, she rewrote most of her stories for children. The result was the Little House series of books. In 2014, the South Dakota State Historical Society published an annotated version of <mask>'s autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography. Pioneer Girl includes stories that <mask> felt were inappropriate for children: e.g., a man accidentally immolating himself while drunk, and an incident of extreme violence of a local shopkeeper against his wife, which ended with his setting their house on fire. She also describes previously unknown facets of her father's character.According to its publisher, "<mask>'s fiction, her autobiography, and her real childhood are all distinct things, but they are closely intertwined." The book's aim was to explore the differences, including incidents with conflicting or non-existing accounts in one or another of the sources. Political views
<mask> has been referred to by some as one of America's first libertarians. She was a longtime Democrat, but became dismayed with Roosevelt's New Deal and what she and her daughter, <mask> Lane, saw as Americans' increasing dependence on the federal government. <mask> grew disenchanted with her party and resented government agents who came to farms like hers and grilled farmers about the number of acres they were planting. Her daughter was a similarly strongly libertarian. <mask> supported women's rights (though she worried that women would vote according to what their husbands wanted, and not as they wanted) and education reform.She also became infamous for a short period for shaking the hand of an African American man, which was controversial for segregated Missouri. Indeed, part of the plot of Little House on the Prairie involves an African American doctor saving the Ingalls family's lives. Later life and death
Upon Lane's departure from Rocky Ridge Farm, <mask> and Almanzo moved back into the farmhouse they had built, which had most recently been occupied by friends. From 1935 on, they were alone at Rocky Ridge Farm. Most of the surrounding area (including the property with the stone cottage Lane had built for them) was sold, but they still kept some farm animals, and tended their flower beds and vegetable gardens. Almost daily, carloads of fans stopped by, eager to meet the "<mask>" of the Little House books. The <mask>s lived independently and without financial worries until Almanzo's death at the farm in 1949 at age 92.<mask> remained on the farm. For the next eight years, she lived alone, looked after by a circle of neighbors and friends. She continued an active correspondence with her editors, fans, and friends during these years. In autumn 1956, 89-year-old <mask> became severely ill from undiagnosed diabetes and cardiac issues. She was hospitalized by Lane, who had arrived for Thanksgiving. She was able to return home on the day after Christmas. However, her health declined after her release from the hospital, and she died at home in her sleep on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday.She was buried beside Almanzo at Mansfield Cemetery in Mansfield. Lane was buried next to them upon her death in 1968. Estate
Following <mask>'s death, possession of Rocky Ridge Farm passed to the farmer who had earlier bought the property under a life lease arrangement. The local population put together a non-profit corporation to purchase the house and its grounds for use as a museum. After some wariness at the notion of seeing the house rather than the books be a shrine to <mask>, Lane came to believe that making a museum of it would draw long-lasting attention to the books. She donated the money needed to purchase the house and make it a museum, agreed to make significant contributions each year for its upkeep, and donated many of her parents' belongings. In compliance with <mask>'s will, Lane inherited ownership of the Little House literary estate, with the stipulation that it be for only her lifetime, with all rights reverting to the Mansfield library after her death.Following her demise in 1968, however, her chosen heir, Roger MacBride, gained control of the books' copyrights. as well as her business agent and lawyer. The copyrights to each of <mask>'s "Little House" books, as well as those of Lane's own literary works, were renewed in his name after the original copyright had expired. Controversy arose following MacBride's death in 1995, when the Laura Ingalls Wilder Branch of the Wright County Library in Mansfield—the library founded in part by <mask>—tried to recover the rights to the series. The ensuing court case was settled in an undisclosed manner, with MacBride's heirs retaining the rights to <mask>'s books. From the settlement, the library received enough to start work on a new building. The popularity of the Little House books has grown over the years following <mask>'s death, spawning a multimillion-dollar franchise of mass merchandising under MacBride's impetus.Results of the franchise have included additional spinoff book series—some written by MacBride and his daughter, Abigail—and the long-running television series, starring Melissa Gilbert as <mask> and Michael Landon as her father. Works

Because she died in 1957, <mask>'s works are now public domain in countries where the term of copyright lasts 50 years after the author's death, or less; generally this does not include works first published posthumously. Works first published before 1924 or where copyright was not renewed, primarily her newspaper columns, are also public domain in the United States. Little House books
The eight "original" Little House books were published by Harper & Brothers with illustrations by Helen Sewell (the first three) or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle. Little House in the Big Woods (1932)named to the inaugural Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1958
 Farmer Boy (1933)about Almanzo <mask> growing up in New York
 Little House on the Prairie (1935)
 On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
 By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
 The Long Winter (1940)
 Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
 These Happy Golden Years (1943)

Other works
 On the Way Home (1962, published posthumously)diary of the <mask>s' move from De Smet, South Dakota, to Mansfield, Missouri, edited and supplemented by <mask> Lane
 The First Four Years (1971, published posthumously by Harper & Row), illustrated by Garth Williamscommonly considered the ninth Little House book
 West from Home (1974, published posthumously), ed. Roger Lea MacBrideWilder's letters to Almanzo while visiting her daughter <mask>-Lane in 1915 in San Francisco
 Little House in the Ozarks: The Rediscovered Writings (1991) collection of pre-1932 articles
 The Road Back Home, part three (the only part previously unpublished) of A Little House Traveler: Writings from Laura Ingalls <mask>'s Journeys Across America (2006, Harper) Wilder's record of a 1931 trip with Almanzo to De Smet, South Dakota, and the Black Hills

 A Little House Sampler (1988 or 1989, U. of Nebraska), with Rose Wilder Lane, ed. William Anderson,
 Writings to Young WomenVolume One: On Wisdom and Virtues, Volume Two: On Life as a Pioneer Woman, Volume Three: As Told by Her Family, Friends, and Neighbors
 A Little House Reader: A Collection of Writings (1998, Harper), ed.William Anderson
 Laura Ingalls Wilder & Rose Wilder Lane, 1937–1939 (1992, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library), ed. Timothy Walchselections from letters exchanged by <mask> and Lane, with family photographs,
 <mask>'s Album: A Remembrance Scrapbook of <mask> <mask> (1998, Harper), ed. William Anderson,
 Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography (South Dakota Historical Society Press, 2014)
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1911–1916: The Small Farm
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1917–1918: The War Years
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1919–1920: The Farm Home
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1921–1924: A Farm Woman
 <mask> <mask>'s Most Inspiring Writings
 <mask> <mask>: A Pioneer Girl's World View: Selected Newspaper Columns (Little House Prairie Series)
 The Selected Letters of <mask> <mask>, edited by William Anderson
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Farm Journalist: Writings from the Ozarks, edited by Stephen W. Hines
 <mask> <mask>'s Fairy Poems, Introduced and compiled by Stephen W. Hines

Legacy

Documentary

Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of <mask>galls <mask> (February 2015) is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of <mask>. <mask>'s story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments. Historic sites and museums

 <mask> Ingalls Wilder Home and Museum, Mansfield, Missouri
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Pepin, Wisconsin
 <mask> Ingalls Wilder Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society museum and historic homes, De Smet, South Dakota;  annual pageant performed here
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Park and Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa
 Little House on the Prairie Museum, Independence, Kansas
 Wilder Homestead, Malone, NY
 De Smet Cemetery in Kingsbury County, South Dakota, where many Little House Ingalls family members are buried

Portrayals on screen and stage
Multiple adaptations of Wilder's Little House on the Prairie book series have been produced for screen and stage. In them, the following actresses have portrayed Wilder:
 Melissa Gilbert in the television series Little House on the Prairie and its movie sequels (1974–1984)
 Kazuko Sugiyama (voice) in the Japanese anime series Laura, The Prairie Girl (1975–1976)
 Meredith Monroe, Tess Harper (elder version), Alandra Bingham (younger version, part 1), Michelle Bevan (younger version, part 2) in part 1 and part 2 of the Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder television films (2000 and 2002)
 Kyle Chavarria in the TV miniseries Little House on the Prairie (2005)
 Kara Lindsay in the Little House on the Prairie book musical (2008–2010)

Wilder Medal

Wilder was five times a runner-up for the annual Newbery Medal, the premier American Library Association (ALA) book award for children's literature. In 1954, the ALA inaugurated a lifetime achievement award for children's writers and illustrators, named for Wilder, of which she was the first recipient.The Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal recognizes a living author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". As of 2013, it has been conferred nineteen times, biennially starting in 2001. In 2018, the award was renamed the Children's Literature Legacy Award in light of language in <mask>'s works which the Association perceived as biased against Native Americans and African Americans. Other
 Google Doodle commemorated her 148th birthday in 2015. Hall of Famous Missourians at the Missouri State Capitola bronze bust depicting <mask> is on permanent display in the rotunda. She was inducted in 1993. Missouri Walk of FameWilder was honored on the Walk in 2006.<mask> crater on planet Venus was named after <mask>. In her 1916 essay "Look for Fairies Now", <mask> asked, "Of what use are eyes to a tree, I wonder?". The following century has seen continued research on the detection of far-red receptors by plants, including as a possible factor in crown shyness. The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of ‘Little House on the Prairie’, 2011 book by Wendy McClure

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Works cited

  – Edition: illustrated, reprint, revised; 427 pp. ; selections and bibliographic data retrieved from Google Books 2015-10-15. Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

 Beyond Little House – Laura Ingalls Wilder Legacy and Research Association
 <mask>galls <mask>, Frontier Girl
 Travel map of <mask> Ingalls <mask> – A map showing <mask> <mask>'s travels from her birth in 1867 to 1894. About the Ingalls Family (Sarah S. Uthoff)
 Western American Literature Research: <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask>: An American Fixture (Pamela Smith Hill)

Museums
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home & Museum, Mansfield, Missouri
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota:
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Park & Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa

Electronic editions

1867 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Congregationalists
American children's writers
American Congregationalists
American libertarians
American pioneers
American people of English descent
Schoolteachers from South Dakota
American women educators
American women novelists
Christian libertarians
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from diabetes
Delano family
Ingalls family
<mask>galls <mask> Medal winners
Newbery Honor winners
Novelists from Missouri
Novelists from Wisconsin
People from De Smet, South Dakota
People from Pepin, Wisconsin
People from Wright County, Missouri
Wilder family
American women children's writers
Writers from South Dakota
Burials in

masks:
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Rose Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Laura
Laura
Wilder
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Wilder
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Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
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Rose Wilder
Rose Wilder
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Laura Ingalls
Wilder
Laura Ins
Wilder
Laura Ins
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Laura Ins
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Laura Ins
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Laura Ingalls
Wilder
Laura In
Wilder
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Laura
Laura
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Laura Ins
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Laura In
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Laura Ins
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Laura Ins
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Laura Ins
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Laura In
Wilder


title: Connie May Fowler

texts:
<mask> (born January 3, 1960) is an American novelist, essayist, memoirist, screenwriter, and poet. Her semi-autobiographical novel, Before Women had Wings, received the 1996 Southern Book Critics Circle Award and the Francis Buck Award (League of American Pen Women). She adapted the novel for Oprah Winfrey and the subsequent Emmy-winning film starred Winfrey, Ellen Barkin, Julia Stiles, and Tina Majorino. Remembering Blue received the Chautauqua South Literary Award. Three of her novels were Dublin International Literary Award nominees. Her other novels include Sugar Cage and River of Hidden Dreams. The Problem with Murmur Lee was Redbook's premier book club selection.Her memoir, When Katie Wakes, explores her family's generational cycle of domestic violence. How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, a novel oft compared to Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway in term of its structure, was published in 2010. Her latest book, a memoir titled "A Million Fragile bones," will be published April 20, 2017 by Twisted Road Publications. It explores her life on an isolated barrier island and the horrific impact and aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill. Her books have been translated into eighteen languages (https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081631/http://www.conniemayfowler.com/about.html). Booklist says of "A Million Fragile Bones, "<mask>'s elegy to her lost home and chronicle of BP's criminal negligence and the toxic decimation of this coastal haven is uniquely intimate and affecting in its precise elucidation of this tragic, largely invisible apocalypse, offering powerful testimony to the unacceptable risks and profound consequences of reckless oil drilling." <mask>'s essays, touching on a wide range of topics such as family history, the environment, child abuse, domestic violence, Sumo wrestling, popular culture, music, personal relationships, and food have been published in a variety of publications including The New York Times, The Times, Japan Times, International Herald Tribune, Oxford American, Best Life, "The Sun Magazine," and Forum.{http://www.conniemayfowler.com/about.html}

In 2007, <mask> performed at New York City's The Player's Club with actresses Kathleen Chalfont, Penny Fuller, and others in a performance based on The Other Woman, an anthology that includes <mask>'s essay “The Uterine Blues.”  In 2003, <mask> performed in a charity benefit performance of The Vagina Monologues with Jane Fonda and Rosie Perez. <mask>'s work has been characterized as southern fiction with a post-modern sensibility. It often melds magical realism with the harsh realities of poverty. It generally focuses on working-class people of various racial backgrounds. She has been cited in sources such as Advancing Sisterhood? : Interracial Friendships in Contemporary Southern Fiction (Monteith, Sharon) and Race Mixing: Southern Fiction Since the Sixties (Jones, Suzanne) as belonging to a “fourth generation” of American writers, black and white,that explodes old notions of race, segregation, and interpersonal racial relationships. Other publications her work has been cited in include Reclaiming Class: Women Poverty, And the Promise of Higher Education in America, essay by Nell Sullivan, Temple University Press, 2003; Poverty and Children's Adjustment (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry) by Suniya Luthar, Transforming Nurses' Stress and Anger: Steps Toward Healing by Sandra P. Thomas, Ph.D., Editors on Editing: What Writers Need to Know About What Editors Do by Gerald C. Gross, Reading Adoption: Family and Difference in Fiction and Drama by Marianne Novy, Secrets of the Zona Rosa: How Writing (and Sisterhood) Can Change Women's Lives by Rosemary Daniell, The Tomorrow Trap: Unlocking the Secrets of the Procrastination-Protection Syndrome by Karen Peterson, The Book Lover's Cookbook: Recipes Inspired by Celebrated Works of Literature, and the Passages That Feature Them by Shaunda Kennedy Wenger, and Oprah Winfrey (Just the Facts Biographies) by Katherine E. Krohn.<mask> has held numerous jobs including bartender, caterer, nurse, television producer, TV show host, antique dealer, and construction worker. From 1997-2003 she directed the Connie May Fowler Women Wings Foundation, an organization that served at risk women and children. From 2003–2007, she was the Irving Bacheller Professor of Creative Writing at Rollins College and directed their author series “Winter With the Writers.”

<mask> splits her time between Florida, the Yucatan, and Vermont. She earned a Bachelor of Arts (English Literature) from University of Tampa and a Masters of Arts (English Literature with an Emphasis in Creative Writing) from University of Kansas where she studied with the novelist Carolyn Doty. <mask> <mask> (1960). Her most recent memoir, A Million Fragile Bones, will be released April 2017. Her most recent novel, How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, was published by Grand Central/Hachette Book Group in April 2010.Her short story "Do Not Enter the Memory" was published in the fall/2010 edition of Oxford American. An excerpt from A Million Fragile Bones, was published in the January 2017 issue of The Sun Magazine. She is working on a dystopian novel titled STONE BY STONE. She is a core faculty member of the Vermont College of Fine Arts MFA in Writing program and directs their VCFA Novel Retreat. She, along with her husband Bill Hinson, are founders and directors of The Yucatan Writing Conference (formerly The St. Augustine Writers Conference). Works

Novels and memoirs
 A Million Fragile Bones, 2017;
 How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, 2010;
 The Problem with Murmur Lee, 2005;
 When Katie Wakes, 2002;
 Remembering Blue, 2000;
 Before Women had Wings, 1996;
 River of Hidden Dreams, 1994;
 Sugar Cage, 1992

Poetry
 Two Thing Thing Poets: Steve Sleboda and <mask>, UT Review, Vol. 5, 1977.“A Soliloquy of a Seven Year Old,” “Crowded Closets,” Ann Arbor Review, Vol. 27, Washtenaw Community College, 1977. “You Have Created Me,” Goethe's Notes: A Literary Magazine, Vol. 6, 1978. “A Purity of Crabs,” “America: The Invitation and Rejection,” “A Celebration of Nothingness,” Outside the Museum: Contemporary Writings — An Anthology, Ann Arbor Review, Vol. 28, Washtenaw Community College, 1978. “Genetic Lace,” “The Fear,” Open Twenty-four Hours: Collective Consciousness, Vol.3, 1984. “Kateland,” “Ybor City Number One,” The Midwest Quarterly, A Journal of Contemporary Thought, Vol. XXIX, Pittsburg State University, 1988. “Homesick,” Roberts Writing Awards 1988, The H.G. Roberts Foundation, 1988. External links
<mask> <mask> website

+[amazon.com/author/conniemayfowler]
Lyceum Agency

WAMU 88.5 FM American University Radio — The Diane Rehm Show
 BookPage Interview February 2000: <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask> — Audio Interview on "When Katie Wakes"
 WordSmitten Spotlight :: <mask> <mask> :: The Problem with Murmur Lee
 Perspective: Cyberia
 The Other Woman anthology

1960 births
Living people
University of Tampa alumni
University of Kansas alumni
American women novelists
20th-century American novelists
American memoirists
American screenwriters
American women poets
21st-century American novelists
American women memoirists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

masks:
Connie May Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Connie May
Fowler
Connie May
Connie May
Fowler
Connie May
Fowler
Connie May
Fowler
Connie May
Fowler


title: Yang Liwei

texts:
<mask> () (born 21 June 1965) is a major general, military pilot, and People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) taikonaut. In October 2003, he became the first person sent into space by the Chinese space program. This mission, Shenzhou 5, made China the third country to independently send humans into space. He is currently a vice chief designer of China Manned Space Engineering. Background
<mask> was born in Suizhong County, Huludao, Liaoning province. His mother was a teacher, and his father was an accountant at a state agricultural firm. <mask> married Zhang Yumei with whom they had a son together.Zhang Yumei was a part of the People's Liberation Army and was a teacher in China's Space Program. In 1983, he enlisted in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), and was admitted to the Number 2 PLAAF Flight Academy (空军第二飞行学院) and graduated four years later. He participated in the screening process for astronauts in 1996. In the PLAAF, he logged 1350 hours of flight time as a fighter pilot before he went to space training. Spaceflight career
<mask> was selected as a taikonaut candidate in 1998 and has trained for space flight since then. He was chosen from the final pool of 14 candidates to fly on China's first manned space mission. A former fighter pilot in the Aviation Military Unit of the PLA, he held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel at the time of his mission.He was promoted to full Colonel on 20 October 2003. According to the Youth Daily, the decision had been made in advance of his spaceflight, but <mask> was not made aware of it. The launch window of Shenzhou 5, was chosen to be 15 October 2003 because it would coincide with the conclusion of a Communist Party conference in Beijing and a day before President Hu Jintao's visit to Thailand for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. President Hu was present at the launch site to supervise the launch of Shenzhou 5. The launch was not broadcast on live television to prevent negative publicity in the event of a disaster. He was launched into space aboard his Shenzhou 5 spacecraft atop a Long March 2F rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi Desert at 09:00 CST (01:00 UTC) on 15 October 2003. Prior to his launch almost nothing was made public about the Chinese taikonaut candidates; his selection for the Shenzhou 5 launch was only leaked to the media one day before the launch.The other two potential candidates for the space mission were Nie Hai-sheng and Zhai Zhi-gang who were also on standby as backup crews on the day of the launch. <mask> has reported the apparition of abnormal vibrations 120 seconds after launch, he described as "very uncomfortable". The vibration were later discovered to have come from the launcher rocket. As a consequence, corrective measures were swiftly taken to the design of the following CZ-2F carrier rocket for the Shenzhou-6. <mask> punctuated his journey with regular updates on his condition—variations of "I feel good", the last coming as the capsule floated to the ground after re-entry. He spoke to his wife as the Shenzhou 5 started its eighth circuit around the Earth, assuring her from space: "I feel very good, don't worry". He ate specially designed packets of shredded pork with garlic, Kung Pao chicken and eight treasure rice, along with Chinese herbal tea.During the flight, <mask> slept 2 times in 3 hour intervals. In the middle of the journey, state television broadcast footage of <mask> waving a small flag of the People's Republic of China and that of the United Nations inside his capsule. State media said <mask>'s capsule was supplied with a gun, a knife and tent in case he landed in the wrong place. <mask>'s craft landed in the grasslands of the Chinese region of Inner Mongolia at around 06:30 CST on October 16, 2003 (22:00 UTC), having completed 14 orbits and travelled more than 600,000 km. <mask> was in space for a total of 21 hours, <mask> left the capsule about 15 minutes after landing, and was congratulated by Premier Wen Jiabao. But the astronaut's bleeding lips seen in the official images broadcast sparked rumors of a hard landing confirmed by accounts of personnel present at the landing site. Although the first Chinese citizen in space, <mask> is not the first person of Chinese origin in space.Shanghai-born Taylor Wang flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-51-B in 1985. Wang, however, had become a United States citizen in 1975. Taylor Wang was not the first person born from China to go to orbit. William Anders was born in Hong Kong on 17 October 1933. Anders would be a part of the Apollo 8 lunar orbital mission in 1968. <mask> visited Hong Kong on 31 October 2003, holding talks and sharing his experiences during a six-day stay in the territory. The visit coincided with an exhibition that featured his reentry capsule, spacesuit and leftover food from his 21-hour mission.On November 5, he travelled to Macau. On 7 November, <mask> received the title of "Space Hero" from Jiang Zemin, the Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission (CMC). He also received a badge of honour during a ceremony at the Great Hall of the People. Russia awarded him the Gagarin medal. The Chinese University of Hong Kong has given <mask>wei and the fossil bird Dalingheornis liweii are named after him. After Shenzhou 5

In a move similar to that taken by the Soviet Union with national space flight hero Yuri Gagarin, an official decision to no longer assign him to future spaceflight missions was made.<mask> was promoted to Major General on 22 July 2008. After the successful space flight of Shenzhou 5, <mask> was given the position as vice- commander- in- chief of the astronauts system of China's crewed spaceflight project. <mask> became the alternate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization awarded the UNESCO Medal on Space Science to <mask> in October 2017. <mask> is the director of the China Manned Space Engineering Office. See also
 Wan Hu
 Taylor Wang
Nie Hai-sheng
Zhai Zhi-gang
 Space program of China
 List of Chinese taikonauts

References

External links

Spacefacts biography of <mask>
United Nations: Background Information on Chinese Astronaut, <mask>wei

1965 births
Living people
People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
People from Huludao
Shenzhou program astronauts
People's Liberation Army Air Force generals
People's Liberation Army generals from Liaoning
Alternate members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 13th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

masks:
Yang Liwei
Yang
Yang Liwei
Yang
Yang
Yang Liwei
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang Liwei
Yang
Yang
Yangli
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang Liwei
Yang Liwei
Yang Li


title: Walter Carnielli

texts:
<mask> (born 11 January 1952 in Campinas, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher, full professor of Logic at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). With Bachelor and Ms.C. degrees in mathematics at the State University of Campinas  in Campinas he obtained his Ph.D. in 1984 from the same university under the supervision of Newton da Costa and subsequently worked as a PostDoc at  the University of California at Berkeley as a Research Fellow, following an invitation  by Leon Henkin. Areas of interest

Many-valued logic and paraconsistent logic

Carnielli contributed to the proof theory and semantics of many-valued logics and paraconsistent logics. His tableau method for many-valued logics generalized all previous treatments of the subject. His proposal of the possible-translations semantics (a new semantical interpretation for paraconsistent logics) contributed to a revival in the philosophical interpretation of paraconsistent logics. The logics of formal inconsistency, which systematize a large class of paraconsistent logics, opened the way to the application of paraconsistency to computer science and to new philosophical investigations on paraconsistency.Combinatorics, modulated logics, and combinations of logics

He also published on finite and infinite combinatorics, and developed (with his collaborators A. M. Sette and P. A. Veloso) the modulated logics, a new kind of logics that allows the formalization of qualitative reasoning by means of special generalized quantifiers. His research also includes model theory, non-classical logics, foundations of quantum computation, and combinations of logics. Positions and awards
Carnielli served as a Director for  the Centre for Logic, Epistemology and the History of Science at UNICAMP for three terms,  and served as President of the Brazilian Logic Society. He  was  distinguished with an Alexander von Humboldt Grant for long term research stays in Germany, and served as en editor and/or a member of editorial boards of major journals, such as Studia Logica, Logic and Logical Philosophy,  Journal of Applied Logic,
CLE e-Prints, Reports on Mathematical Logic and Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics. He is a recipient  of the Telesio-Galilei Gold Medal Award 2012 in Philosophy and Mathematics. Selected publications

Articles
W. A. Carnielli. On coloring and covering problems for rook domains, Discrete Mathematics 57 (1985), pp.9–16. W. A<mask>. Systematization of the finite many-valued logics through the method of tableaux. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 52 (2), 1987, pp. 73–493. W. A<mask> (with Newton C. A. da Costa). Paraconsistent deontic logics.Philosophia – The Philos. Quarterly of Israel vol.16 numbers 3 and 4 (1988), pp. 293–305. W. A<mask>. Hyper-rook domain inequalities. Studies in Applied Mathematics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 82,\ n.1 (1990), pp. 59–69.W. A<mask> (with C. A. Di Prisco). Some results on polarized partition relations of higher dimension. Mathematical Logic Quarterly 39 (1993) pp. 461–474. W. A<mask> (with P. A. S. Veloso). Ultrafilter logic and generic reasoning.In Computational Logic and Proof Theory (Vienna, 1997), pp. 34–53, Lecture Notes in Computer. Science 1289, Springer, Berlin, 1997. W. A. Carnielli. Possible-translations semantics for paraconsistent logics. In: Frontiers in Paraconsistent Logic: Proceedings of the I World Congress on Paraconsistency, Ghent, 1998, pp. 159–72, edited by D. Batens et al., Kings College Publications, 2000.W. A<mask> (with E. L. Monte Carmelo). K2,2-K1,n and K2,n-K2,n bipartite Ramsey numbers. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 223 (1-3), 2000, pp. 83–92. W. A<mask> (with C. Sernadas and J. Rasga). Modulated fibring and the collapsing problem.The Journal of Symbolic Logic 67(4) 2002 pp. 1541–1569. W. A<mask> (with J. Marcos). A taxonomy of C- systems . In: Paraconsistency- the Logical Way to the Inconsistent, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 228, pp. 01–94 2002.W. A<mask> (with C. Caleiro, M. E. Coniglio and J. Marcos). Two’s company: The humbug of many logical values. In: Logica Universalis (Editor J.-Y. Béziau). Basel: Birkhäuser, 2005, p. 169-189. W. A<mask> (with A. B.M. Brunner).Anti-intuitionism and paraconsistency.Journal of Applied Logic Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2005, pages 161-184. W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio). Splitting Logics. In: We Will Show Them: Essays in Honour of Dov Gabbay. (Editors S. Artemov, H. Barringer, A. S. Avila Garcez, L. C. Lamb and J. Woods). London: King’s College Publications, 2005, v. 1, p. 389-414.W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio and J. Marcos). Logics of Formal Inconsistency. In: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 14, pp. 15–107. Eds. : D. Gabbay; F. Guenthner.Springer, 2007. W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio. Combining Logics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007. W. A<mask> (with J. Rasga and C. Sernadas). Preservation of Interpolation Features by Fibring. Mathematical Logic Quarterly Volume 18, Issue 1, 2008, pages
123-151.W. A<mask> (with J. Rasga and C. Sernadas). Interpolation via translations. Mathematical Logic Quarterly Volume 55, Issue 5, 2009, pages 515-534. W. A<mask> (with J. C. Agudelo). Paraconsistent Machines and their Relation to Quantum Computing.. Journal of Logic and Computation Volume 20, Issue 2, 2010, pages 573-595. Books

R. L. Epstein and W. A<mask>. Computability: computable functions, logic and the foundations of mathematics, with the timeline Computability and Undecidability.Second edition. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA, 2000. W. A<mask> and C. Pizzi. Modalità e multimodalità. Franco Angeli, Milan, 2001. W. A<mask> and R.L. Epstein Computabilidade: Funções Computáveis, Lógica e os Fundamentos da Matemática Winner of 2007 Jabuti Award, a prestigious literary prize in Brazil.W. A<mask> and C. Pizzi. Modalities and Multimodalities. Springer-Verlag), 2008. W. A<mask>, M. E. Coniglio, D. Gabbay, P. Gouveia and C. Sernadas. Analysis and Synthesis of Logics. How to Cut and Paste Reasoning Systems. Applied Logic Series, Springer, 2008.References

 Graduate Program in Philosophy-IFCH- UNICAMP
 http://www.ifch.unicamp.br/pos/filosofia/index.php?texto=walter&menu=menudocente
 Security and Quantum Information Group - (SQIG-IT)
 http://www.it.pt/person_detail_p.asp?id=1896
 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
 http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/automat_db/pub_humboldtiana2.humboldtiana_index_pub?p_year=2000&p_group=1&p_fg2=2A
<mask>lli academic homepage
Pensadores da Matemática

20th-century Brazilian mathematicians
Brazilian logicians
1952 births
Living people
Brazilian philosophers
20th-century Brazilian philosophers

masks:
Walter Alexandre Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
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. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
Walter Carnie


title: Carl Macek

texts:
<mask> (September 21, 1951 – April 17, 2010) was an American screenwriter, script editor, producer and voice actor on numerous English language adaptations of anime during the 1980s and 1990s. His work is considered by many to have been instrumental in creating mainstream awareness of Japanese animation in the United States. Career

Robotech and Harmony Gold USA
<mask> came to public attention in 1985 as the producer and story editor of the influential animated television series Robotech, which he produced for Harmony Gold USA. Robotech is considered one of the titles most responsible for igniting anime fandom in North America and internationally. Macek intended to produce a sequel to Robotech, Robotech II: The Sentinels, but this project was canceled. While at Harmony Gold, Macek also produced the little-known, rarely-seen Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years (which combines the almost-unrelated stories of Space Pirate Captain Harlock and Queen Millennia). Later career
Macek went on to co-found (with Jerry Beck) Streamline Pictures in 1988.Joining him were writers who had worked with him on Robotech, most notably, Steve Kramer, Tom Wyner, Gregory Snegoff, and Ardwight Chamberlain, each of whom are also experienced voice actors. Streamline Pictures was one of the first American companies to successfully deal in the regular production of imported Japanese animation. Among the titles released by Streamline are Lensman, Robot Carnival, Doomed Megalopolis, Twilight of the Cockroaches, Crying Freeman, Wicked City,  the Fist of the North Star film, Akira, Lupin III: Mystery of Mamo as well as the original English dub versions of Hayao Miyazaki's Lupin III: Castle of Cagliostro, Laputa: Castle in the Sky, My Neighbor Totoro, and Kiki's Delivery Service. As of 1993, Streamline Pictures distributed their anime through Orion Pictures and was eventually purchased by Orion in 1996. Both companies shut themselves down, but Orion was resurrected for television in 2013 and as a whole in 2014, all by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, while Streamline stays defunct. He was working as a scriptwriter for the English dub of Naruto and Bleach for Viz Media, and consulting for Harmony Gold on Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles before his death. Other works
<mask> was a co-editor of McGill's Survey of the Cinema and Film Noir—An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style (1979).He authored The Art of Heavy Metal: Animation for the Eighties and Robotech Art 3: The Sentinels in which he chronicles in detail the conception and what went wrong during the production of the latter aborted animated series. He also worked as a scriptwriter for the animated series C.O.P.S., was the executive consultant for the animated film Heavy Metal 2000, and wrote the animated adaptation of Brian Pulido's Lady Death. Macek adapted the treatment by Merian C. Cooper (the producer of King Kong) for the unproduced film project War Eagles into a novel and screenplay in 2008. The book was published in the summer of 2008 by Angelgate Press. Legacy in anime
Macek became one of the most controversial figures amongst English anime fandom. Streamline Pictures-dubbed anime were among the first to be available on home video as well as broadcast on cable. Over the years, he has seen his share of detractors and proponents, for while he did help to bring Japanese animation titles and series to the United States, his edits, re-rewrites and mash-ups (particularly The Robotech Saga) angered many fans of the original titles and series.To this day, anime fans still remain divided between appreciation and scorn for his work. Death
Jerry Beck, one of Macek's former business partners, revealed that Macek died of a heart attack on Saturday, April 17, 2010. Barely three months before his sudden death, Macek recorded a lengthy two-and-a-half-hour podcast interview with Anime News Network, offering an extensive retrospective on his entire career. His brief obituary in the Los Angeles Times reported the place of death as Topanga Canyon. The obituary shows a picture of him surrounded by several Robotech characters from all three series. Biography documentary film
After his death, a short documentary, <mask>'s Robotech Universe, was produced.

masks:
Carl Frank Macek
Macek
Macek
Carl Macek