title: Gojong of Korea

texts:
<mask> (, 8 September 1852 – 21 January 1919), was the monarch of Korea from 1864 to 1907. He reigned as the last King of Joseon from 1864 to 1897, and as the first Emperor of Korea from 1897 until his forced abdication in 1907. He is known posthumously as the Emperor Gwangmu (). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Jeongseonbang, a province of Hanseong. He was the son of Yi Ha-eung. <mask> had almost no possibility of becoming king since he was far removed. Early reign

<mask> took the Joseon throne in early 1864 when he was twelve years old.As a minor, his father, the Heungseon Daewongun (or more commonly, the Daewongun), ruled as a regent for him until Gojong reached adulthood. As Gojong became an adult, he had conflicts with his father since he wanted to rule the country. During the mid-1860s, the Heungseon Daewongun was the main proponent of isolationism and was responsible for the persecution of native and foreign Catholics, a policy that led directly to the French invasion and the United States expedition to Korea in 1871. The early years of the Daewongun's rule also witnessed a concerted effort to restore the largely dilapidated Gyeongbok Palace, the seat of royal authority. During the Daewongun's reign, Joseon factional politics, the Seowons (private academies that often doubled as epicenters of factional power), and the power wielded by the Andong Kim clan in particular was dismantled. In 1873, <mask> announced his assumption of direct royal rule. In November 1874, with the retirement of the Heungseon Daewongun, <mask>'s consort, Queen Min (posthumously known as Empress Myeongseong), gained complete control over the court, filling senior court positions with members of her family.This angered Heungseon Daewongun, who was exiled from court. Some relatives of Heungseon Daewongun and members of the Southerner faction plotted a coup. External pressures and unequal treaties

In the 19th century, tensions mounted between Qing China and Japan, culminating in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895. Much of this war was fought on the Korean peninsula. Japan, having acquired Western military technology after the Meiji Restoration, secured a victory against Joseon forces in Ganghwa Island, forcing Joseon to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876. Japan encroached upon Korean territory in search of fish, iron ore, and other natural resources. It also established a strong economic presence in the peninsula, heralding the beginning of Japanese Imperial expansion in East Asia.These events were the roots of <mask>'s antipathy to the Japanese Empire. The French campaign against Korea of 1866, the United States expedition to Korea in 1871, and the Ganghwa Island incident all put pressure on many of Joseon's officials, including King <mask>. The Treaty of Ganghwa became the first unequal treaty signed between Korea and a foreign country; it gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea and forced the Korean government to open three ports, Busan, Incheon, and Wonsan, to Japanese and foreign trade. With the signing of such a lopsided treaty, Korea became easy prey for competing imperialistic powers, paving the way for Korea's annexation by Japan. Imo Rebellion and Gapsin Coup

King <mask> began to rely on a new paid army (byeolgigun) of soldiers equipped with rifles. In contrast to the well-armed army, the old army had not received a salary for 13 months. The tattered army was finally paid one month's salary, Enraged, the old army sparked a riot, and Heungseon Daewongun seized power.However Chinese troops led by the Qing Chinese general Yuan Shikai abducted the Daewongun and took him to China, thus foiling his return to power. Four years later, the Daewongun returned to Korea. During the Imo incident when Queen Min was taking refuge in her relative's villa, Lady Seon-yeong of the Yeongwol Eom clan showed extreme devotion towards King <mask>. He rewarded her fealty by promoting her to the rank of Jimil Sanggung (5th senior rank of Women of the Internal Court). Upon Queen Min's return in 1885, she had Lady Seon-yeong banished from the royal palace when she discovered the court lady wearing <mask>'s clothing. Lady Seon-yeong was demoted to Seoin. On 4 December 1884, five revolutionaries attempted a coup d'état by leading a small anti-old minister army to detain King <mask> and Queen Min.The Gapsin Coup failed after 3 days. Some of its leaders, including Kim Okgyun, fled to Japan, and others were executed. Peasant revolts

Widespread poverty presented significant challenges to the 19th century Joseon Dynasty. Starvation was rampant, and much of the populace lived in run-down shanties lined along dirt roads. Famine, poverty, crushing taxes, and corruption among the ruling class, led to many notable peasant revolts in the 19th century. King <mask>'s predecessors had suppressed an 1811–1812 revolt in the Pyeongan Province, led by Hong Gyeong-nae. In 1894, another major revolt, the Donghak Peasant Revolution took hold as an anti-government, anti-yangban, and anti-foreign campaign.One leading cause of the revolution was the tax system implemented by Queen Min, who was not familiar with modern tax systems. <mask> brought Chinese and Japanese to crush the revolution. Yi Jun-yong and others coordinated with peasants to assassinate <mask>. However, the plot was leaked and the revolution failed. Although the revolution ultimately failed, many of the peasants' grievances were later addressed with the Gabo Reform. One of the biggest reforms in 1894 was abolishing the slave (nobi) system, which had existed as far back as Gojoseon. The assassination of Queen Min

In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japanese agents.The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Gorō, orchestrated the plot against her. A group of Japanese agents entered the Gyeongbokgung in Seoul, which was under guard by Korean troops sympathetic to the Japanese, and the Queen was killed in the palace. The Queen had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to Russia or China for support. Anti-Japanese sentiments in Korea
In 1895 Japan won the First Sino-Japanese War, expanding its influence over the Korean government. The Gabo reforms and the assassination of the Queen also stirred controversy in Korea, fomenting Korean anti-Japanese sentiment. <mask>'s antipathy toward the Japanese intensified, and he turned to Russia as an ally by signing Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884. He sent many emissaries to Russian Empire.Some Confucian scholars, as well as farmers, formed over 60 successive righteous armies to fight for Korean freedom. These armies were preceded by the Donghak movement and succeeded by various Korean independence movements. Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation

Pro-Japanese government grew, while anti-Japanese politicians were either killed or fled for their survival after the Chun Sang Door Incident in 1895. <mask> perceived the need for refuge. On 11 February 1896, King <mask> and his crown prince fled from the Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Seoul, from which they governed for about one year, an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation. After Queen Min's death, Lady Seon-yeong re-entered the palace as Eom Gwi-in and lived with <mask> and the crown prince in the Russian legation where she gave birth to Crown Prince Euimin in 1897. Her status had changed to Sunbin and Sunbi, but was later given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon of the Yeongwol Eom clan.As the Japanese Empire continued to meddle in Korean state affairs, <mask> tried to ally with Russia by sending officials including Min Young-hwan to the coronation of Nicholas II of Russia. Proclamation of empire

In 1897, yielding to rising pressure from overseas and the demands of the Independence Association-led public opinion, King <mask> returned to Gyeongungung (modern-day Deoksugung). He declared himself emperor, changed the country's name to the Great Korean Empire, and declared a new era name Gwangmu (Hangul: 광무, Hanja: 光武) (meaning, "shining and martial"). This effectively ended Korea's historic subordination to the Qing empire, which Korea had acknowledged since the fall of the Ming Dynasty. He took the title of Gwangmu Emperor, and was formally crowned emperor in Wongudan. This marked the end of the traditional Chinese tributary system in the Far East. By declaring Korea an empire, Gojong at least nominally made Korea the co-equal of Qing China and implemented the "full and complete" independence of Korea as recognized in 1895.He established the Independence Club to establish a constitutional monarchy but this plan was blocked by right-wing politicians, and the Korean Empire remained an absolute monarchy. When Heungseon Daewongun died in 1898, Emperor Gwangmu refused to attend the funeral of his father as the relationship between father and son had broken down irretrievably. But it was also reported that the emperor's cries could be heard when he looked over the palace wall. <mask> desired to elevate Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon to be his Empress, but this was opposed by Lee Jun-yong and Korean refugees who created a movement to stop the action. They successfully blocked her accession, but she was able to persuade the emperor to choose Yun Yong-seon's adoptive granddaughter, Lady Jeongsun of the Haepyeong Yun clan, as wife for the Crown Prince as reward for the grace and assistance she received from Yun during her banishment. Emperor of Korea

<mask> proclaimed the Korean Empire in October 1897 to justify the country's ending of its traditional alliance with China. He tried to promote the Gwangmu Reform, which aimed to modernize and industrialize the new empire.On September 12 (July 25 in the lunar calendar) of 1898, the emperor was the target of a failed assassination attempt by interpreter Kim Hong Ryuk (金鴻陸). Kim had lost political power when the king took refuge at the Russian legation and tried to poison the coffee of the emperor and the prince with opium. <mask> returned from Russia in the next year. <mask> maintained the Absolute monarchy but, he always possessed the country being Constitutional monarchy until 1897. He listened to the opinion of independence club. But when Independence Club became an anti-government organization, <mask> maintained the absolute monarchy. Before the Russo-Japanese War, <mask> used to announce helping the Russian Empire but, he later declared the neutral.When the war actually began, <mask> agreed the military activity of Empire of Japan without any term. Japanese army made peasants refugees. Itō Hirobumi gave him 300,000 Yen (Which is now 25,000,000 dollars nowadays). In 1904–1905, the Japan was the victor in the Russo-Japanese War. Amidst the war, there has been diplomatic efforts to keep Korea independent, including that of Korean Charge d'Affaires Yi Han-eung in London who desperately tried to gain support from UK. But UK already had common interests with Japan by Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Lord Lansdowne in British Foreign Office has ignored his diplomatic request. Yi Han-eung took his own life on May 1905 as a protest, and <mask> mourned his tragic death as his remains returned to Korea by ship.Itō Hirobumi purposed the Protectorate Treaty of 1905 between Korea and Japan. <mask> disagreed with signing the treaty so as the officials. But some agreed signing. Because the Korean government did not had a clear decision, heavily armed Imperial Japanese Army marched near his palace. Itō Hirobumi met 8 ministers of Korean Empire without <mask>. Only 3 of them were against the treaty until the end. Itō modified the treaty and met the 5 ministers that agreed with the treaty.5 of them signed the treaty without <mask>. These five ministers are later referred as Five Eulsa Traitors. But it is said that before signing the treaty, Gojong got bribe of 20,000 Won (which is about 2,080,000 dollars nowadays) from Japan. This made him to appoint pro-Japanese officials as high-ranking officials for example appointing Pak Chesoon as the Foreign Affairs Minister. But it is a controversial whether he really got bribe. Because section of <mask> and Sunjong of Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty was written by Japanese officials during Korea under Japanese rule. This stripped Korea of its rights as an independent nation, <mask> sent representatives to the Hague Peace Convention of 1907 to try to re-assert his sovereignty over Korea.Although the Korean representatives were blocked by the Japanese delegates, they did not give up, and later held interviews with newspapers. Whenever he had chances, <mask> sent letters showed his disagreement with the treaties. <mask> told to three Korean representatives sent to Hague that not to mind if he is murdered but only care about sovereignty of Korea. He even tried to reach Nicholas II to ask him to help the representatives of Korea sent to Europe. But this failed by the interruption of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empire of Japan. One representative warned of Japanese ambitions in Asia:

When these acts of Gojong was revealed by Japanese, Japanese tried to remove him. On July 20, 1907, <mask> was removed.<mask>'s son Sunjong succeeded him to the throne. During Sunjong's reign, the kingdom of Joseon ended with the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910. After abdication

After abdicating, Emperor <mask> was confined to Deoksu Palace. On 22 August 1910, the Empire of Korea was annexed by Japan under the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. In the treaty, <mask> lost his title as a former emperor; instead, he received a new title, "King Emeritus Yi of Deoksu" (徳寿宮李太王), and was recognized as a member of the imperial family of Japan. <mask> died suddenly on 21 January 1919 at Deoksugung Palace at the age of 66. There is much speculation that he was killed by a poison administered by Japanese officials, an idea that gained wide circulation and acceptance at the time of his death.His death and subsequent funeral proved a catalyst for the March First Movement for Korean independence from Japanese rule. He is buried with his wife at the imperial tomb of Hongneung (홍릉, 洪陵) in the city of Namyangju. Family
 Father
Yi Ha-Eung, King Heungseon (21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898) (흥선왕 이하응)
 Grandfather: Yi Gu, Prince Namyeon (22 August 1788 – 19 March 1836) (이구 남연군)
 Grandmother: Princess Consort Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (26 June 1788 – 1831) (군부인 여흥민씨, 驪興府大夫人 閔氏)
 Legal Father: Yi Yeong, King Munjo of Joseon (18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830) (조선의 문조 이영)
 Mother
 Queen Sunmok of the Yeoheung Min clan (3 February 1818 – 8 January 1898) (순목왕비 민씨)
Grandfather: Min Chi-Gu (1795 – 14 December 1874) (민치구, 閔致久)
Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (? Portrayed by Kim Young-min in the 2009 film The Sword with No Name. Portrayed by Choi Jong-hwan in the 2010 SBS TV series Jejungwon. Portrayed by Park Hee-soon in the 2012 film Gabi. Portrayed by Lee Min-woo in the 2014 KBS2 TV series Gunman in Joseon.Portrayed by Park Min-sang in the 2016 film The Map Against The World. Portrayed by Baek Yoon-sik in the 2016 film The Last Princess. Portrayed by Kang Yi-seok and Lee Seung-joon in the 2018 tvN TV series Mr. Sunshine. Trivia

 <mask> was a great fan of billiards, and coffee. He sometimes stayed up until 2 to 3 in the morning playing billiards. Loving coffee made Kim Hong Ryuk to plot assassination by poisoning his coffee. See also
History of Korea
Rulers of Korea
Heungseon Daewongun
Empress Myeongseong
List of Head of State and Government deposed by foreign power in the 20th and 21st century

Notes

References

External links

 "Essays Trace US, Japan Roles in Joseon's Downfall" Korea Times, June 13, 2008

Korean Empire emperors
1852 births
1919 deaths
19th-century Korean monarchs
Monarchs who abdicated
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Flag designers

masks: Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong


title: Elizabeth Beisel

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born August 18, 1992) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in backstroke and individual medley events. Beisel placed second in the 400m individual medley at the 2016 US Olympic Swimming Trials, qualifying for her third Olympic team. She has won a total of nine medals in major international competition, four gold, one silver, and four bronze spanning the Olympics, World Aquatics, and the Pan Pacific championships. Beisel competed in the 200-meter backstroke and 400-meter individual medley events at the 2008 Summer Olympics, placing fifth and fourth, respectively, in the world. She won the silver medal in the 400-meter individual medley and bronze in the 200-meter backstroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics. On August 30, 2021, she became the first woman to ever swim to Block Island. The 20km swim raised funds for cancer research and clinical trials.In August 2020, SPIRE Institute and Academy signed Biesel to become a swimming ambassador. She will be joining Caeleb Dressel in representing the school. The goal of the partnership with SPIRE and the ambassadors is to emphasize the development of peak performance in athletics, academics, character and life. Early life
Beisel was born in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, in 1992, the daughter of Ted and Joan Beisel. She graduated from North Kingstown High School in North Kingstown, Rhode Island in 2010. From the age of 12 through high school, she competed for the Bluefish Swim Club while training under coach Chuck Batchelor. Beisel became a member of the U.S. national swim team when she was 13 years old.Beisel's great uncle, Warren William Krech, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was called the "King of Pre-code Hollywood." He was also one of the original fourteen members of the Screen Actors Guild. College career
Beisel accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for coach Gregg Troy's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 2011 to 2014. She won nine Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships, and was honored as the SEC Female Swimmer of the Year in 2012. Beisel also won the NCAA individual championships in the 200-yard backstroke in 2012, and the 400-yard individual medley in 2013, leading the Lady Gators to a seventh, tenth, sixth and sixth-place team finishes at the NCAA national championships. She received eighteen All-American honors and earned first-team Academic All-America recognition. International career

2007 World Championships
At the age of 14, Beisel competed in the 2007 World Championships.She advanced to the semi-finals and placed twelfth overall in the 200-meter backstroke. 2008 Summer Olympics

At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials, Beisel finished second to Katie Hoff in the 400-meter individual medley with a time of 4:32.87. Hoff went on to set the world record in that race. In the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel finished second to Margaret Hoelzer, who also set the world record. As a 15-year-old, Beisel was the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic swim team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Beisel clocked the best time in the preliminaries of the 400-meter individual medley, and finished fourth in the final with a time of 4:34.24. She had the second fastest time in the semi-finals of the 200-meter backstroke, and finished fifth in the final.2009 World Championships

At the 2009 National Championships, Beisel competed in four individual events and qualified to swim in two finals. In the 400-meter individual medley, Beisel edged Julia Smit with a time of 4:36.31. In the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel finished first with a time of 2:08.80. Margaret Hoelzer, the Olympic silver medalist in Beijing, finished third. In her first event at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel finished third in the final with a time of 2:06.39, just missing Hoelzer's American record of 2:06.09. In the 400-meter individual medley final, Beisel placed fifth. 2010 Pan Pacific Championships
At the 2010 National Championships, Beisel competed in two events.In the 400-meter individual medley, the defending national champion slipped to fourth place. In the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel successfully defended her national title, finishing first with a time of 2:08.50. At the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Beisel won two gold medals. Her first gold medal came in the 400-meter individual medley, in which she finished first with a time of 4:34.69. It was three seconds faster than the second-place finisher and was Beisel's first international gold medal. In the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel won her second gold medal with a time of 2:07.83. 2011 World Aquatics Championships

At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China, Beisel competed in two events, the 200-meter backstroke and the 400-meter individual medley.After qualifying third in both the heats (2:08.40) and semi-finals (2:07.82) of the 200-meter backstroke, Beisel finished in fifth place in the final with a time of 2:08.16. In her second and final event the 400-meter individual medley, Beisel won the gold in a time of 4:31.78. In the heats, Beisel posted the top qualifying time with a 4:34.95. Her nearest competitor, Hannah Miley, was over two seconds behind. This was Beisel's first individual title at a World Aquatics Championships. 2012 Summer Olympics

At the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, Beisel qualified for the U.S. Olympic team by placing first in the women's 400-meter individual medley. In the final, Beisel posted a personal best time of 4:31.74, finishing more than two seconds ahead of teammate Caitlin Leverenz.She also qualified in the 200-meter backstroke by placing second, behind Missy Franklin, with a time of 2:07.58. In her third event, the 400-meter freestyle, Beisel placed fifth in a time of 4:07.29. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Beisel posted a time of 4:31.68 in the preliminaries of the 400-meter individual medley. She was seeded first going into the finals, and received a silver medal for finishing second behind China's Ye Shiwen with a time of 4:31.27 to Ye's 4:28.46. She also won a bronze medal by placing third in the 200-meter backstroke with a time of 2:06.55, behind American Missy Franklin and Russian Anastasia Zuyeva. 2016 Summer Olympics

At the 2016 U.S. Olympic Trials held in Omaha, Nebraska, Beisel qualified for her 3rd Olympic team in the women's 400-meter individual medley. In the finals, Beisel swam a 4:36.81 for 2nd place behind Maya Dirado, who won the event with a 4:33.73.In Rio de Janeiro, Beisel finished sixth in the final of the 400-meter individual medley with a time of 4:34.98. 2020 coaching career
In August 2020, SPIRE Institute and Academy signed Biesel to become a swimming ambassador. As an ambassador she will lead and instruct select classes. Survivor
Beisel competed on Survivor: Island of the Idols, the 39th season of the CBS series Survivor. She was the third Olympian to be a contestant on the show. She placed ninth after a blindside on Day 30. As a member of the jury at the Final Tribal Council, she voted for Dean Kowalski to win, though Tommy Sheehan would end up winning the season.She was widely criticized for using false accusations of sexual harassment to further her game while simultaneously being dismissive and unsupportive of the actual victim. While she did initially apologize  many felt that the apology was insincere and only due to the intense backlash she received after the show aired. Personal bests (long course)
. Involvement in LEAD Sports Summit
Since retiring from her swimming career, <mask> has become extremely involved in the LEAD Sports Summit. She has been a part of this organization since 2017 and is currently active. LEAD is a yearly summit that connects young female athletes with Olympic champions and experts through an all-inclusive, 4-day event. See also

 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of University of Florida alumni
 List of University of Florida Olympians
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)

Bibliography
 Beisel, <mask> with Beth Fehr.Silver Lining. United States, Nico 11 Publishing & Design, January 22, 2020. .

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
American female backstroke swimmers
American female medley swimmers
Florida Gators women's swimmers
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
People from North Kingstown, Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Washington County, Rhode Island
Survivor (American TV series) contestants
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming

masks:
Elizabeth Lyon Beisel
Elizabeth
Elizabeth


title: Dummy Hoy

texts:
William Ellsworth "<mask>" <mask> (May 23, 1862 – December 15, 1961) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played for several teams from 1888 to 1902, most notably the Cincinnati Reds and two Washington, D.C. franchises. Hoy is the most accomplished deaf player in MLB history, and is credited by some sources with causing the establishment of signals for safe and out calls. He held the MLB record for games in center field (1,726) from 1889 to 1902, set records for career putouts (3,958) and total chances (4,625) as an outfielder, and retired among the leaders in outfield games (2nd; 1,795), assists (7th; 273), and double plays (3rd; 72). He was also an excellent baserunner, scoring over 100 runs nine times, and often finishing among the top base stealers. He is one of only 29 players to have played in four different Major Leagues. His 1,006 career walks put him second in MLB history behind Billy Hamilton when he retired, and he also ended his career ranking eighth in career games played (1,796). Career

Born in the small town of Houcktown, Ohio, Hoy became deaf after suffering from meningitis at age three.He graduated from the Ohio State School for the Deaf in Columbus as class valedictorian. He opened a shoe repair store in his hometown and played baseball on weekends, earning a professional contract in  with an Oshkosh, Wisconsin, team which was managed by Frank Selee in 1887. In 1888, with the Washington Nationals of the National League, Hoy became the third deaf player in the major leagues, after pitcher Ed Dundon and pitcher Tom Lynch. In his rookie year he led the league in stolen bases (although the statistic was defined differently prior to 1898), and also finished second with 69 walks while batting .274. At 5'4" and batting left-handed, he was able to gain numerous walks with a small strike zone, leading the league twice and compiling a .386 career on-base percentage. Hoy's speed was a great advantage in the outfield, and he was able to play shallow as a result. On June 19, 1889, he set an MLB record (which has since been tied twice) by throwing out three runners at home plate in one game, with catcher Connie Mack recording the outs.He and Mack joined the Buffalo Bisons of the Players' League in 1890, after which Hoy returned to the AA with the St. Louis Browns under player-manager Charles Comiskey for the league's final season in , leading the league with 119 walks and scoring a career-high 136 runs (second in the league). He returned to Washington for two years with the Washington Senators of the National League, and was traded to the Reds in December 1893, where he was reunited with Comiskey. Hoy later joined the Louisville Colonels, where his teammates included Honus Wagner, Fred Clarke and Tommy Leach (who was his roommate), and he hit .304 and .306 in his two seasons with the club; in  he broke Mike Griffin's Major League record of 1459 games in center field. After playing for the Chicago White Sox in the American League during its last minor league season in 1900, where Comiskey was now the team owner, Hoy stayed with the team when the AL achieved major league status in 1901, helping them to the league's (and his) first pennant; that year he broke Tom Brown's record of 3623 career outfield putouts, and also led the league with 86 walks and 14 times hit by pitch while finishing fourth in runs (112) and on-base percentage (.407). He ended his Major League career with the Reds in 1902, batting .290 and breaking Brown's record of 4461 career total chances in the outfield, and played for Los Angeles in the Pacific Coast League in 1903. In May of his last season with the Reds, he batted against pitcher <mask> Taylor of the New York Giants in the first faceoff between deaf players in the Major Leagues; Hoy got two hits. Hoy retired with a .288 batting average, 2048 hits, 1429 runs, 725 runs batted in, 248 doubles, 121 triples and 40 home runs.He had 488 stolen bases from 1888 through 1897, and 108 more after the statistic was redefined to its present meaning in 1898. His 1795 games in the outfield ranked second to Jimmy Ryan (then at 1829) in MLB history. Jesse Burkett broke his MLB record for career putouts in 1905, and Clarke topped his record for career total chances in 1909. His record for career games in center field was broken by Tris Speaker in 1920. Personal life

In Hoy's time, the word "dumb" was used to describe someone who could not speak, rather than someone who was stupid; but since the ability to speak was often connected to one's intelligence, the epithets "dumb" and "dummy" became interchangeable with stupidity. Hoy himself often corrected individuals who addressed him as William, and referred to himself as Dummy. Said to have been able to speak with a voice that resembled a squeak, he was actually one of the most intelligent players of his time, and is sometimes credited with developing the hand signals used by umpires to this day, though this view is widely disputed; Cy Rigler is believed to have created signals for balls and strikes while working in the minor leagues (although, in the November 6, 1886 issue of The Sporting News, the deaf pitcher Ed Dundon is credited as using hand signals while umpiring a game in Mobile, Alabama on October 20 of that year), and Bill Klem is credited with introducing those signals to the Major Leagues, in the early 20th century.Indeed, no articles printed during Hoy's lifetime have been found to support the suggestion that he influenced the creation of signals, nor did he ever maintain that he had such a role. Nonetheless, due to the possibility that he may have played a role in the use of signals, as well as for his all-around play, there is a movement to support his election to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. In retirement, <mask> and his wife Anna Maria (who was also deaf) operated a dairy farm in Mount Healthy, Ohio, outside Cincinnati; among their six children was Carson, an Ohio judge, and their grandson, Judson, became a member of the Ohio House of Representatives. They also raised his nephew, <mask> Helms, the founder of the Helms Athletic Foundation in Los Angeles. Hoy also worked as an executive with Goodyear after supervising hundreds of deaf workers during World War I. In 1951 he was the first deaf athlete elected to membership in the American Athletic Association of the Deaf Hall of Fame. At the age of 99 and just two months before his death in Cincinnati following a stroke, the Reds brought him back to Crosley Field, built on the site of his former home field, to throw out the first ball before Game 3 of the 1961 World Series.He could see, if not hear, the standing ovation he received. Upon his death that December, his remains were cremated according to family tradition and were scattered at Lytle Park in Cincinnati. Legacy

Upon his death in 1961 at the age of 99, Hoy was the longest-lived former MLB player ever. (In 1973, Ralph Miller broke Hoy's "record" by becoming the first ex-major leaguer to reach the age of 100. Altogether, 13 former big league ballplayers have become centenarians, the oldest being Chet Hoff, who was 107 when he died in 1998.) At the time of his death, <mask> <mask> was the last surviving participant of both the American Association and the Players' League. In  the baseball field at Gallaudet University was named the William "Dummy" Hoy Baseball Field.He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in . Hoy was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2004. The William "Dummy" Hoy Classic is a baseball game held every two years during Rochester, New York Deaf Awareness Week; it is contested between members of the Rochester Recreation Club of the Deaf and the Buffalo, New York Club of the Deaf, at a recreated 19th-century ballpark at Genesee Country Village and Museum. In 2008, the Documentary Channel aired the biography Dummy Hoy: A Deaf Hero (aka: I See the Crowd Roar). The documentary, using photographs of Hoy and actors to recreate certain events, chronicled the highlights of Hoy's life and his contributions to baseball; Hoy was portrayed by Ryan Lane. The <mask> Story: How a Deaf Baseball Player Changed the Game, a children's picture book by Nancy Churnin, was published in 2016. "Silent Star: The Story of Deaf Major Leaguer <mask>" by Bill Wise was published in 2012.The 2019 limited-release movie The Silent Natural, tells the story of <mask>, who is played by Miles Barbee, who is deaf in real life. The Little-Known Heroes: William '<mask>' <mask>, a children's picture book by Kaushay and Spencer Ford, was published in 2021. Notes

References

Sandy, Steve; Miller, Richard. "No Dummy: William Ellsworth Hoy." Timeline, March–April 2000, pp. 48–53. External links

BaseballLibrary – profile and career highlights
DummyHoy.com – website promoting his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame
The Dummy Hoy documentary film, I See the Crowd Roar

1862 births
1961 deaths
Major League Baseball center fielders
19th-century baseball players
Cincinnati Reds players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
Buffalo Bisons (PL) players
St. Louis Browns (AA) players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Louisville Colonels players
Chicago White Sox players
Baseball players from Ohio
National League stolen base champions
Oshkosh (minor league baseball) players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Chicago White Stockings (minor league) players
American disabled sportspeople
Deaf baseball players
Disabled baseball players
People from Hancock County, Ohio
Deaf people from the United States
People from Mount Healthy, Ohio

masks:
Dummy
Hoy
Dummy
Hoy
Paul Hoy
Dummy
Hoy
William Hoy
William Hoy
Hoy
Dummy
Hoy


title: Manuel Olivieri Sanchez

texts:
<mask> (January 20, 1888 - July 13, 1961) was a court interpreter and civil rights activist who led the legal battle which recognized U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii. Early years
<mask> was born in Yauco, Puerto Rico, when the island was still a Spanish possession. As a native inhabitant of Puerto Rico, he was a Spanish subject. <mask> was still residing in the island when the United States annexed Puerto Rico after the Spanish–American War in 1898 and Spain had lost its last colony in the western hemisphere. United States occupation of Puerto Rico
The United States established a military government, which acted as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Almost immediately, the United States began the "Americanization" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles in their colony.Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory," which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution — including the right of citizenship — did not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S.

One of the conditions of the treaty was the transfer by cession the allegiance of the islanders to the United States. <mask> Sánchez was a citizen of Puerto Rico, but not of the United States even though the island was governed by that nation. Situation in Puerto Rico after Hurricane San Ciriaco

On August 8, 1899, Hurricane San Ciriaco, with winds of over 100 miles per hour, struck Puerto Rico and, on August 22, another hurricane followed. The floods caused by 28 days of continuous rain damaged the agricultural industry and left 3,400 dead and thousands of people without shelter, food or work. As a result, there was a shortage of sugar from the Caribbean in the world market and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii and other sugar producing countries. To meet the demand, plantation owners from Hawaii began a campaign to recruit the jobless laborers in Puerto Rico. First Puerto Rican immigrants to Hawaii

On November 22, 1900, the first group of Puerto Ricans consisting of 56 men, began their long journey to Maui, Hawaii.The trip was long and unpleasant. They first set sail from San Juan harbor to New Orleans, Louisiana. Once in New Orleans, they were boarded on a railroad train and sent to Port Los Angeles, California. From there they set sail aboard the Rio de Janeiro to Hawaii. According to the "Los Angeles Times" dated December 26, 1901, the Puerto Ricans were mistreated and starved by the shippers and the railroad company. They arrived in Honolulu, on December 23, 1900, and were sent to work in different plantations on Hawaii's four islands. By October 17, 1901, 5,000 Puerto Rican men, women and children had made their new homes on the four islands.Records show that, in 1902, 34 plantations had 1,773 Puerto Ricans on their payrolls; 1,734 worked as field hands and another 39 were clerks or overseers (foremen). Wages and living accommodations depended upon their jobs and race. Europeans were paid more and were given better living  quarters. Most of the workers moved from plantation to plantation to work because they did not like the work they did and because of the racial discrimination. <mask> Sánchez travels to Hawaii

In 1900, when <mask> Sánchez was 12 years old, his father died. That same year, the United States passed the Foraker Act establishing the territorial status of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rican citizenship in accordance to Section VII. Therefore, Puerto Ricans were not entitled to the same rights that citizens of the United States had, even though the island was governed by that nation.<mask> Sánchez's family financial situation worsened and in 1901, he moved to Hawaii with his mother. He became fluent in both English and Spanish and worked as a court interpreter. At the time Puerto Rico and Hawaii were unincorporated and incorporated territories of the United States respectively; however, the passage of the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917, same year that the U.S. entered World War I, granted U.S. citizenship to the Puerto Rican residents in Puerto Rico and excluded those who resided in Hawaii. Even though Puerto Ricans in Hawaii were excluded from U.S. citizenship, they were assigned draft numbers along with those who were citizens. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, had an association called the "Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association" (HSPA), found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap labor overseas, especially from Puerto Rico and Asia. Such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. Struggle for U.S. citizenship
In 1917, Puerto Ricans in the island, believing that they were entitled to the same rights that every other U.S. citizens had, tried to sign up to vote in a local Hawaiian election and  were denied their rights by David Kalauokalani, the county clerk, who claimed that early immigrants to Hawaii were not covered by the Jones Act.<mask> Sánchez became enraged in what he viewed as a violation of the civil rights of his fellow countrymen. He encouraged his fellow Puerto Ricans to protest by telling them that "If you are not allowed to vote, don't answer the draft call". <mask> Sánchez took a mandamus suit to court with the claim that all Puerto Ricans were United States citizens and entitled to the civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, however the lower court ruled in favor of the county clerk. <mask> Sánchez hired two liberal lawyers. Together they presented the case to the Territorial Supreme Court. The case known as "IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION OF MANUEL OLIVIERI SANCHEZ FOR A WRIT OF MANDAMUS AGAINST DAVID KALAUOKALANI" No. 1024, which was decided on October 22, 1917, reversed the lower court's decision.The Territorial Supreme Court recognized that all Puerto Ricans in Hawaii were citizens of the United States and were entitled to all rights of citizenship. Struggle against discrimination

<mask> Sánchez' victory was not welcomed by the members of HSPA, who depended on the cheap labor non-citizens provided. In 1930, HSPA began circulating false rumors. They made it known that they (HSPA) planned to recruit laborers in Puerto Rico, while at the same time they had the "Honolulu Star Bullentin" and other local newspapers they controlled run anti-Puerto Rican stories—claiming, for example, that Puerto Ricans were "unhealthy hookwormers who had bought disease to Hawaii". In a Dec. 1931 letter to the editor of the "Hawaiian Advertiser," <mask> Sánchez wrote that he saw all of the rhetoric as a tactic by the HSPA to push the different ethnic groups in the local labor force back to work on the plantations. He was right, the HSPA wanted to persuade Congress to exempt the territory from a law, which in 1924 was requested by California to prevent the migration of Filipinos and Japanese nationals to the U.S. (National Origins Quota Action (Immigration Act) and Johnson Immigration Act of 1924). HSPA's secretary treasurer J. K. Butler claimed that the association was unwilling to import Puerto Ricans to Hawaii.His defamation of Puerto Ricans condemned not only the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii, but also those on the island. Despite the efforts of <mask> Sánchez, HSPA had their way and Hawaii was exempted from the stern anti-immigration laws of the time. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by the activist descendants of the original immigrant laborers. Because they were born in an incorporated United States territory and they were legal American citizens, they gained full local voting rights and actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. Death
<mask> Sánchez died at St. Francis Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii on July 13, 1961. Legacy
His efforts helped to make the United States citizenship, which was granted to the citizens of Puerto Rico by way of the Jones Act of 1917, to be extended to the Puerto Ricans living there. See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii

References

1888 births
1961 deaths
People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican activists
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Hawaii people of Puerto Rican descent

masks:
Manuel Olivieri Sánchez
Olivieri Sánchez
Olivieri Sánchez
Olivieri
Manuel Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri


title: Ögedei Khan

texts:
<mask> (also Ogodei;  – 11 December 1241) was the third son of <mask> and second khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and Mongol conquests of China. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia. Background
<mask> was the third son of <mask> and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When <mask> was 17 years old, <mask> experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. <mask> was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield.His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in steppe culture. After Genghis was proclaimed Emperor or Khagan in 1206, myangans (thousands) of the Jalayir, Besud, Suldus, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his appanage. <mask>'s territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became <mask>'s tutor. <mask>, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the Jin dynasty .He was sent to ravage the land south through Hebei and then north through Shanxi in 1213. <mask>'s force drove the Jin garrison out of the Ordos, and he rode to the juncture of the Xi Xia, Jin, and Song domains. During the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, <mask>i massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, <mask> was appointed by Genghis <mask> to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, <mask> also pacified Ghazni. Ascendancy to Supreme Khan

The Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis <mask> designate an heir before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219.After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that <mask> was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision. Genghis <mask> died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. <mask>'s younger brother Tolui held the regency until 1229. <mask> was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kurultai held at Kodoe Aral on the Kherlen River after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by <mask>. After ritually declining three times, <mask> was proclaimed Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai continued to support his younger brother's claim.Genghis <mask> saw <mask> as having a courteous and generous character. His charisma is partially credited for his success in keeping the Empire on his father's path. Thanks mostly to the organization left behind by Genghis <mask>, and to the personality of <mask>, the affairs of the Mongol Empire remained for the most part stable during his reign. <mask> was a pragmatic man, though he made some mistakes during his reign. <mask> had no delusions that he was his father's equal as a military commander or organizer and used the abilities of those he found most capable. Notwithstanding reports of his charisma, <mask> was criticized by Mongol and Persian chroniclers for a crime he committed in 1237, which according to Persian chroniclers consisted of ordering the rape of four thousand Oirat girls above the age of seven. These girls were then confiscated for <mask>'s harem or given to caravan hostels throughout the Mongol Empire for use as prostitutes.This move brought the Oirat and their lands under <mask>'s control following the death of <mask>'s sister Checheyigen, who previously controlled Oirat lands. World conquests

Expansion in the Middle East

After destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis <mask> was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan but was unable to follow up that success. With <mask>'s consent to launch a campaign, Chormaqan qorchi left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and Khorasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support.Crossing the Amu Darya River in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had further instructions to invade western Afghanistan. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered Tabaristan (modern-day Mazandaran), a region between the Caspian Sea and Alborz mountains, in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area to the south, which was controlled by the Nizari Ismailis (the Assassins). Upon reaching the city of Rey, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan. From there, he sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir Baghatur steadily achieved his goals in capturing Kabul, Ghazni, and Zabulistan.With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire. The fall of the Jin dynasty

At the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi (Mongol general), the Khagan went south to Shanxi province with Tolui, clearing the area of the Jin forces and taking the city of Fengxiang. After passing the summer in the north, they again campaigned against the Jin in Henan, cutting through territory of South China to assault the Jin's rear. By 1232 the Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital of Kaifeng. <mask> soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the Song dynasty, destroyed the Jin with the fall of Caizhou in February 1234.However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang, and Chang'an, which were now ruled by the Mongols. In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, <mask> crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. <mask> subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237. Conquest of Georgia and Armenia

The Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were breached by catapult and battering ram in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of Möngke <mask> was also active in the north Caucasus.After subduing Armenia, Chormaqan took Tiflis. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler, Hasan Jalal, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of Transcaucasia, forcing the Georgian nobles to surrender. Invasion of Korea

In 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed in obscure circumstances and Korea stopped paying tribute.<mask> dispatched Saritai qorchi to subdue Korea and avenge the dead envoy in 1231. Thus, Mongol armies began to invade Korea in order to subdue the kingdom. The Goryeo King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept Mongol overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, however, Choe U moved the capital from Kaesong to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was hit with a stray arrow and died as he campaigned against them. <mask> announced plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song, the Kipchaks and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol envoys, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. <mask> appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects.When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, <mask> demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages, temporarily ending the war in 1241. Europe

The Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of Batu <mask> to subdue the western steppes and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included Volga Bulgaria, almost all of Alania, Cumania, and Rus', along with a brief occupation of Hungary. They also invaded Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Latin Empire, and Austria. During the siege of Kolomna, the Khagan's half brother Khulgen was killed by an arrow. Amid the conquest, <mask>'s son Güyük and Chagatai's grandson Büri ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension.The Khagan harshly criticized Güyük: "You broke the spirit of every man in your army... Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and another of <mask>'s sons, Kadan, attacked Transylvania and Poland, respectively. Although <mask> <mask> had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the "Great Sea", the Atlantic Ocean, the Mongol advance stopped in East Europe early in 1242, the year after his death. Mongol accounts would later attribute the drive's failure to his untimely demise necessitating Batu's withdrawal to personally participate in the election of <mask>'s successor. Batu, however, never reached Mongolia for such an election and a successor wouldn't be named until 1246. A likely reason the advance stalled and never regained momentum is that European fortifications posed a strategic problem that Mongol commanders were unable to surmount with the resources they had available.Conflict with Song China

In a series of razzias from 1235 to 1245, the Mongols commanded by <mask>'s sons penetrated deep into the Song Dynasty and reached Chengdu, Xiangyang and Yangtze River. But they could not succeed in completing their conquest due to climate and the number of Song troops, and <mask>'s son Khochu died in the process. In 1240, <mask>'s other son Khuden dispatched a subsidiary expedition to Tibet. The situation between the two nations worsened when Song officers murdered <mask>'s envoys headed by Selmus. The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent under the leadership of <mask> helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road, the primary trading route between East and West. India

<mask> appointed Dayir Baghatur in Ghazni and Menggetu noyan in Qonduz. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the Indus valley and besieged Lahore, which was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate.However, Dayir Baghatur died storming the town, on 30 December 1241, and the Mongols butchered the town before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate. Some time after 1235 another Mongol force invaded Kashmir, stationing a darughachi there for several years. Soon Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency. Around the same time, a Kashmiri Buddhist master, Otochi, and his brother Namo arrived at the court of <mask>. Administration
<mask> began the bureaucratization of Mongol administration. Three divisions constituted his administration:
 the Christian eastern Turks, represented by Chinqai, the Uyghur scribe, and the Keraites. the Islamic cycle, represented by two Khorazmians, Mahamud Yalavach, and Masud Beg.the North Chinese Confucian circle, represented by Yelu Chucai, a Khitan, and Nianhe Zhong-shan, a Jurchen. Mahamud Yalavach promoted a system in which the government would delegate tax collection to tax farmers who collect payments in silver. Yelu Chucai encouraged Ögedei to institute a traditional Chinese system of government, with taxation in the hands of government agents and payment in a government issued currency. The Muslim merchants, working with capital supplied by the Mongol aristocrats, loaned at higher interest the silver needed for tax payments. In particular, Ögedei actively invested in these ortoq enterprises. At the same time the Mongols began circulating paper currency backed by silver reserves. Ögedei abolished the branch departments of state affairs and divided

masks:
Ögedei
Genghis Khan
Ögedei
Genghis Khan
Ögedei
Genghis Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedeigata
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Khan
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei
Ögedei


title: Ögedei Khan

texts:
 the areas of Mongol-ruled China into ten routes according to the suggestion of Yelü Chucai.He also divided the empire into Beshbalik and Yanjing administration, while the headquarters in Karakorum directly dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia. Late in his reign, Amu Darya administration was established. Turkestan was administered by Mahamud Yalavach, while Yelu Chucai administered North China from 1229 to 1240. <mask> appointed Shigi Khutugh chief judge in China. In Iran, <mask> appointed first Chin-temur, a Kara-kitai, and then Korguz, an Uyghur who proved to be honest administrator. Later, some of Yelu Chucai's duties were transferred to Mahamud Yalavach and taxes were handed over to Abd-ur-Rahman, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. The Ortoq or partner merchants lent Ögedei's money at exorbitant rates of interest to the peasants, though Ögedei banned considerably higher rates.Despite it proving profitable, many people fled their homes to avoid the tax collectors and their strong-arm gangs. <mask> had imperial princes tutored by the Christian scribe Qadaq and the Taoist priest Li Zhichang and built schools and an academy. <mask> <mask> also decreed to issue paper currency backed by silk reserves and founded a Department responsible for destroying old notes. Yelu Chucai protested to <mask> that his large-scale distribution of appanages in Iran, Western and North China, and Khorazm could lead to a disintegration of the Empire. <mask> thus decreed that the Mongol nobles could appoint overseers in the appanages, but the court would appoint other officials and collect taxes. The Khagan proclaimed the Great Yassa as an integral body of precedents, confirming the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, while adding his own. <mask> codified rules of dress and conduct during the kurultais.Throughout the Empire, in 1234, he created postroad stations (Yam) with a permanent staff who would supply post riders' needs. Relay stations were set up every 25 miles and the yam staff supplied remounts to the envoys and served specified rations. The attached households were exempt from other taxes, but they had to pay a qubchuri tax to supply the goods. <mask> ordered Chagatai and Batu to control their yams separately. The Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing paizas (tablets that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs. <mask> decreed that within decimal units one out of every 100 sheep of the well-off should be levied for the poor of the unit, and that one sheep and one mare from every herd should be forwarded to form a herd for the imperial table. Karakorum

From 1235–38 <mask> constructed a series of palaces and pavilions at stopping places in his annual nomadic route through central Mongolia.The first palace Wanangong was constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of the city, Karakorum (Хархорум), was finished in 1235, assigning different quarters to Islamic and North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win <mask>'s favor. Earthen walls with 4 gates surrounded the city. Attached were private apartments, while in front of stood a giant stone tortoise bearing an engraved pillar, like those that were commonly used in East Asia. There was a castle with doors like the gates of the garden and a series of lakes where many water fowl gathered. <mask> erected several houses of worship for his Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers.In the Chinese ward, there was a Confucian temple where Yelu Chucai used to create or regulate a calendar on the Chinese model. Character

<mask> was considered to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a physically big, jovial, and charismatic man, who seemed mostly to be interested in enjoying good times. He was intelligent and steady in character. His charisma was partially credited for his success in keeping the Mongol Empire on the path that his father had set. The sudden death of Tolui in 1232 seems to have affected <mask> deeply.According to some sources, Tolui sacrificed his own life, accepting a poisoned drink in shamanist ritual in order to save <mask> who was suffering from illness. Other sources say <mask> orchestrated Tolui's death with the help of shamans who drugged the alcoholic Tolui. <mask> was well known for his alcoholism. Chagatai entrusted an official to watch his habit, but <mask> managed to drink anyway. It is commonly told that <mask> did so by vowing to reduce the number of cups he drank a day then having cups twice the size created for his personal use. When he died at dawn on 11 December 1241, after a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman, the people blamed the sister of Tolui's widow and Abd-ur-Rahman. The Mongol aristocrats recognized, however, that the Khagan's own lack of self-control had killed him.<mask> was also known to be a humble man, who did not believe himself to be a genius, and who was willing to listen to and use the great generals that his father left him, as well as those he himself found to be most capable. He was the Emperor (Khagan) but not a dictator. Like all Mongols at his time, he was raised and educated as a warrior from childhood, and as the son of Genghis <mask>, he was a part of his father's plan to establish a world empire. His military experience was notable for his willingness to listen to his generals and adapt to circumstances. He was a pragmatic person, much like his father, and looked at the end rather than the means. His steadiness of character and dependability were the traits that his father most valued, and that gained him the role of successor to his father, despite his two older brothers. However, Mongol and Persian chroniclers criticize <mask> for a crime he committed in 1237 which violated the laws of his father, Genghis <mask>, which forbade seizure, rape, kidnapping, bartering, or selling young girls, who were allowed to be married at a young age but could not engage in sexual activity until the age of sixteen.Mongol chronicles were vague about the nature of the crime, but Persian chroniclers indicated that after the Oirats did not send girls for <mask>'s harem, <mask> had four thousand Oirat girls above the age of seven stripped naked and raped by his soldiers repeatedly in full sight of the girls' relatives. Two of these girls died from the ordeal, and the remaining non-raped were divided up by soldiers, with some being sent to the royal harem, and others assigned to caravan hostels for sexual servitude, and others not deemed suitable for this were left present for anyone to carry them away or use them for any purposes deemed fit. <mask> seems not to have done this out of sexual depravity as such, but more to consolidate power over the Oirat. The above account, including the assumption that Mongol sources criticized the crime (still questionable), was described in Jack Weatherford's 2011 book The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire. Weatherford calls it "the most horrendous crime of his twelve-year reign and one of the worst Mongol atrocities recorded". A more recent book in Mongol historiography "Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire" (2018) by Anne F. Broadbridge links the "infamous alleged mass rape of Oirat girls" to <mask>'s requisitioning of girls from his uncle Temüge Otchigin's territories without Temüge's approval. Broadbridge notes however that "with all the evidence suppressed, this can only be a surmise".The History of the Yuan or Yuanshi (YS 2, 35) and Secret History of the Mongols (SHM 281) speak of a forceful requisitioning of women by <mask> from the "left wing" and "uncle Otchigin's domain" respectively but do not mention a rape (De Rachewiltz 2004). In the Secret History <mask> expresses remorse for his act stating "as to my second fault, to listen to the word of a woman without principle, and to have the girls of my uncle Otchigin's domain brought to me was surely a mistake" but De Rachewiltz notes that the entire paragraph listing four good deeds and four mistakes may be a posthumous assessment (De Rachewiltz 2004). The only account alleging a rape is in Chapter 32 of the Tarikh-i Jahangushay (History of the World Conqueror) written in 1252 by Juvayni (1226-1283). This entire chapter was later copied verbatim by Rashid Al-Din into his early 14th century Jami' Al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) albeit in a slightly abridged version. In Chapter 32 Juvayni starts by praising <mask> <mask> then proceeds to give 50 highly detailed anecdotes to illustrate <mask>'s "clemency, forgiveness, justice and generosity" followed by one anecdote to illustrate his "violence, severity, fury and awesomeness" which was the rape incident. This anecdote closes the chapter. The name of the tribe is unclear in two manuscripts of Juvayni but Manuscript D and Rashid-Al-Din give it as Oirat.Broadbridge and De Rachewiltz questioned the factual accuracy of this identification with the Oirats. The anecdotes are written in the style of a Persian tale. Juvaini notes the source of Anecdote 46 by saying "one of my friends of pleasing speech told me the following story". The anecdotes praising <mask> take a pronounced pro-Muslim, anti-Chinese stance. A number of anecdotes evince a tone of ridicule for <mask>'s lack of self-control. While the anecdotes may contain a kernel of truth some seem to be apocryphal legends originating from the community of Muslim merchants and should be approached with a degree of caution. Another Persian account was the mass sodomy against soldiers of the Jin Dynasty because "they jeered at the Mongols" and expressed "evil thoughts".This was quoted in Rashid-Al-Din and noted by Weatherford. Although this account could be exaggerated, it depicts the usage of rape as a weapon. According to Weatherford, <mask> violated every single law regarding the sexual intercourse, rape, kidnap, and selling of girls and women that Genghis <mask> had created. Death and aftermath
In the Tarikh-i Jahangushay claims <mask> died shortly after his lion-like hounds chased and tore to pieces a wolf he saved and released despite his having hoped God Almighty would spare his ill bowels if he released a living creature. This anecdote (Anecdote 47) contradicts the standard account of <mask>'s death from a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman. In the early 1230s, <mask> had nominated his son Kuchu as his heir; following Kuchu's death in 1236,  he named his grandson Shiremun as his heir. His preference was not binding on the Mongols., Güyük eventually succeeded him after the five-year regency of his widow Töregene Khatun.However, Batu, the Khan of the Golden Horde (also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi) only nominally accepted Güyük, who died on the way to confront Batu. It was not until 1255, well into the reign of Möngke <mask>, that Batu felt secure enough to again prepare to invade Europe. He died before his plans could be implemented. When Kublai <mask> established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, he had <mask> <mask> placed on the official record as Taizong (). Wives, concubines, and children
Like his father Genghis <mask>, <mask> had many wives and sixty concubines: <mask> married first Boraqchin and then Töregene. Other wives included Möge Khatun (former concubine of Genghis <mask>) and Jachin Khatun. Principal wives:

 Boraqchin
 Töregene
 Güyük — the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongols
 Koden — the first Buddhist Mongol prince
 Köchü (died 1237) — during the campaign in Song China.Shiremün — appointed heir by <mask>. Boladchi
 Söse
 Qarachar
 Totaq
 Qashi — died during reign of <mask>. Kaidu (1235-1301)
 Möge Khatun
 Körügene

Concubines:

 Erkene
 Kadan
 Unknown concubine
 Melik — brought up by Danishmand Hajib. Ancestry

Memorial
Mongolian Airlines named its Boeing 737-800 EI-CSG Ogoodei Khan. See also
 House of Ögedei

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1998
 Chambers, James, The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
 Hildinger, Erik, Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700
 Morgan, David, The Mongols,
 Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press, 1998
 Reagan, Geoffry, The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, Canopy Books, New York (1992)
 Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971,
 Sicker, Martin The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers, 2000
 Soucek, Svatopluk, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge, 2000

External links
 Medieval History: Mongol Invasion of Europe
 The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde

Generals of the Mongol Empire
1180s births
1241 deaths
Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
13th-century Mongol rulers
13th-century Chinese monarchs
Year of birth uncertain
House of Ögedei
Tengrist

masks: Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Khan Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Khan Ögedei Khan Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Khan Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Khan Ögedei Ögedei Ögedei Khan Khan Ögedei Khan Khan Ögedei Ögedei Khan Ögedei Ögedei


title: Ross Draper

texts:
<mask> (born 20 October 1988) is an English footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Elgin City, on loan from Cove Rangers. <mask> has previously played for Shrewsbury Town, Stafford Rangers, Hednesford Town, Macclesfield Town, Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Ross County. Career
<mask> started his career as a trainee at Shrewsbury Town, before moving to Conference National club Stafford Rangers in August 2007. He made his debut for Stafford on 10 September, in the 3–0 away defeat in the Conference National to Stevenage Borough. He made a total of 31 appearances during the 2007–08 season. <mask> revealed he worked in a range of jobs while playing part-time, quoting: "When I was at Hednesford I had a job at Birmingham Midshires. I worked with mortgages then in administration before I moved into the collections department."Macclesfield Town
<mask> went on to join Northern Premier League Premier Division club Hednesford Town, before signing for League Two side Macclesfield Town in July 2009. He revealed he had offers from clubs in the Conference National, but wanted to play in the Football League. He made his debut for Macclesfield on 8 August, in the 0–0 away draw against Northampton Town in League Two. He scored his first goal in the Football League in the 2–2 draw against Morecambe on 22 August. Later that season, on 3 March 2010, Manager Keith Alexander died suddenly at home following the club's away match with Notts County. <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with Macclesfield in April 2010 and at the end of the season, he had made twenty-nine appearances, scoring once. The 2010/11 season, under new manager Gary Simpson – who had previously been Alexander's assistant at Lincoln City and Peterborough United, saw <mask> become a first team regular.He made forty appearances and scored five times. In August 2011, at the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> attracted national news attention after scoring from close to the halfway line against Hereford United. Macclesfield went on to win the League Two match 4–0. Afterwards, <mask> conceded that he would never score another goal like it in his career. On 9 October 2011, he scored and provided an assist for George Donnelly during a 2–1 win over Aldershot. Later that month, the club opened contract extension negotiations with <mask>. On 25 November 2011, he received a straight red card – for the first time in his Macclesfield career – after a serious foul on Michael Hector in a 2–1 loss against Barnet.After the match, the club appealed his sending off. However, the FA rejected this appeal and confirmed a ban for three matches. In the early part of the season, <mask> had found some goalscoring form but this was halted when he sustained a fractured metatarsal during a 2–1 win over Port Vale. This injury kept him sidelined between December and March. Meanwhile, the club had slipped into a losing streak, which ultimately led to relegation and ended fifteen consecutive seasons in the Football League. As a result, Macclesfield undertook a severe cost-cutting exercise and released twenty-one players, with <mask> being the only incumbent player to be offered a new contract. During the subsequent negotiations, he reportedly attracted interest from other clubs 'wanting his signature'.Inverness Caledonian Thistle
After rejecting a new contract at Macclesfield Town, <mask> signed for Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle in July 2012, on a one-year contract. His move to Scotland left manager Steve King upset, as it was ruled that there would be no compensation from Inverness. <mask> made his debut in the opening game of the season, a 2–2 draw against St Mirren. Three weeks later, he scored his first goals for his new club, netting twice – in only his second home appearance, during a 4–2 defeat by Celtic. He went on to score in the Highland derby and then notched another against Hibernian. Having established himself in the first team, playing in central midfield, <mask> signed a new contract with the club, in conjunction with Billy McKay, who had also agreed to an extension. He later commented that agreeing to the new one-year deal had been an easy decision to make.Another goal later in the campaign meant that <mask> finished his first season with Inverness with forty appearances and five goals. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> scored his first goal during the quarter-final of the League Cup. The goal proved to be the winner in the 2–1 win over Dundee United, sending the club into the semi-finals. He received his first red-card as an Inverness player when he was dismissed for a second bookable offence against Ross County on 1 January 2014. <mask> helped the club reach the League Cup final after scoring the winning penalty during the shoot-out against Hearts in the semi-final. After the match, he revealed that manager John Hughes had organised mock shoot-outs ahead of the game. He also disclosed that due to his previous occupation as a 'debt collector', his teammates had given him the nickname The Bailiff.In the final of the League Cup, <mask> expertly performed his role during the game, by effectively smothering Aberdeen in midfield. However, the match ended scoreless, and after extra-time, Inverness lost on penalties. Despite his team losing, he was named the 'Man-of-the-Match'. <mask> grudgingly accepted the award, explaining: "It's nice to get an award like that to show the kids when I'm older but it doesn't mean a great deal at the moment after the way we were beaten. And maybe I didn't deserve it. I'll take it, but it means nothing without a winner's medal to back it up." On 19 March 2014, <mask> signed a new two-year contract extension with Caley Thistle.Weeks after signing a new contract, <mask> scored his first league goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against St Mirren on 29 March 2014. <mask> went on to make forty-one appearances, scoring twice in all competitions. At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, <mask>'s impressive early performances led to him receiving the award of SPFL Player of the Month for August. Soon after, he collected four yellow cards in three matches which resulted in a one-match suspension, however he insisted he wasn't a dirty player. <mask> was then sent-off in the 67th minute, in a 1–0 loss against St Johnstone on 20 December 2014 and had to serve a two match ban. He made his first team return, coming on as a substitute for Aaron Doran in the 79th minute, in a 1–0 loss against St Mirren on 4 January 2015. <mask> then played 120 minutes, as Inverness beat Celtic 3–2 to reach their first ever Scottish Cup final.> After making the final, <mask> said he hoped Inverness could do themselves justice, saying that he would have been happy to have thrown away his League Cup final man of the match award, such was his disappointment that day.<mask> played as a centre-midfielder in the Scottish Cup Final, in a 2–1 win over Falkirk as Inverness won the Scottish Cup for the first time. After the match, <mask> expressed his delight at winning the trophy following the years he'd spent playing non-league in England. <mask> went on to make eighty-eight appearances in all competitions. Ross County
<mask> moved to Ross County in August 2017. Ross County got relegated from the Scottish Premiership that season finishing bottom of the table. The 2018–19 season <mask> was part of the team that won the Scottish Championship and Scottish Challenge Cup to get Ross County straight back to the Premiership. <mask> was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players.Cove Rangers
On 23 June 2021, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Scottish League One side Cove Rangers. In September 2021, <mask> then joined Scottish League Two side Elgin City on loan until January 2022. On 14 January 2022, the loan was extended for the remainder of the 2021–22 season. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Scottish Cup : 2014–15

Ross County
Scottish Championship: 2018–19
Scottish Challenge Cup: 2018–19

Individual
SPFL Player of the Month: August 2014

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
English footballers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C.players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Cove Rangers F.C. players
Elgin City F.C. players
Footballers from Wolverhampton
Association football midfielders
Scottish Professional Football League players
Ross County F.C. players

masks:
Ross James Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper


title: Patrick V, Earl of March

texts:
<mask>, 9th Earl of March, (c. 1285–1369) was a prominent Scottish magnate during the reigns of Robert the Bruce and David II. Early years
The earldom, located in East Lothian, and known interchangeably by the names Dunbar and March (so-called Northumbrian or Scottish March), was one of the successor fiefs of Northumbria, an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom and later Earldom. The Dunbar family descended from one branch of ancient Earls of Northumbria, specifically from a branch which also had Scottish royal blood. He is said to have been aged 24 in 1309 at the death of his father, <mask>, 8th Earl of March, who had been one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland in 1291. The 8th Earl's wife, Marjory, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, was also descended from King Donald III. Bannockburn to Durham

After the Battle of Bannockburn, <mask> gave sanctuary and quarter to the English King Edward II at the fortress of Dunbar Castle, on the east coast of Scotland between Edinburgh and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and managed to effect the king's escape by means of a fishing boat whereby that monarch was transported back to England. The earl afterwards made his peace with his cousin Robert the Bruce, and was present at the parliament held at Ayr on 26 April 1315, when the succession to the Crown of Scotland was settled.In 1318 he assisted in retaking Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English, at which time he is noted as Sheriff of Lothian. In 1320 he was one of those nobles who signed the Declaration of Arbroath        sent to Pope John XXII asserting the independence of Scotland. Laing relates a charter of a Precept originally written in Norman-French by <mask> Dunbar, Earl of March, to Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood, for heritable sasine of the reversion of the lands of Whitelaw within the Earldom of Dunbar, plus 10 livres yearly from the mill of Dunbar, and the farms and issues of the granter's said town (ville) of Dunbar, according to the terms of charters to the grantee. Dated at Berwick-upon-Tweed, 20 October 1324. Sometime after 1331 the Bishop of Durham complained to the Regency in Scotland that the village of Upsettlington, on the Scottish side of the River Tweed west of Norham, belonged to the See of Durham and not the Earl of Dunbar, who had seized it. The King of England now became involved also and it appears the lands were restored to the Bishop. In 1332 the Earl of Dunbar was appointed by the assembly of the estates (Parliament) at Perth, joint Guardian of the Crown, upon the death of the Regent, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray.He opposed Edward Balliol in several battles and skirmishes following the Battle of Dupplin Moor. In January 1333 he was appointed Governor of Berwick Castle but was forced to surrender it following the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333. The <mask> of Dunbar and several others of the nobility paid fealty to King Edward. The Earl attended Edward Balliol at the parliament held at Edinburgh in February 1334 when they ceded to England Berwick, Dunbar, Roxburgh, and Edinburgh, as well as all the southern counties of Scotland. Earl <mask> had had his castle levelled to the ground, but Edward III of England now compelled him to rebuild the fortress at his own expense and garrisoned it with English troops. Dunbar castle was not restored to the Earl until 1338. In 1335 when King Edward III and Baliol had made another attack upon the Scots, the Earl cut off a body of archers on their return southward, and afterwards assisted John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray in defeating the Count of Namur at the Battle of Boroughmuir close to Edinburgh.In 1339 the Earl of Dunbar assisted the High Steward of Scotland, in the reduction of Perth, where he led the second division of the army. In 1340 he and the Earl of Sutherland were routed by Sir Thomas Grey and Sir Robert Manners, assisted by John Copeland and the English garrison of Roxburgh Castle, during border skirmishes. <mask>, Earl of Dunbar, had a Safe-Conduct dated 24 March 1342, from Westminster, in order to travel to England. <mask>, Earl of Dunbar, commanded the right of the Scottish army in the Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham. From this disaster the Earl escaped, with considerable losses, which included his wife's brother, John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray. In 1355 with William, Lord of Douglas and Sir William Ramsay of Dalhousie, the Earl of Dunbar again invaded Northumberland, and subsequently recovered Berwick-upon-Tweed, although not the castle. In 1357 he was one of the Scottish ambassadors who met at Berwick to discuss the liberation of King David, who had been taken prisoner at Neville's Cross.He was subsequently one of the hostages for David until the ransom was paid, although it would appear from Safe-Conducts that he was out and about thereafter. Following this his town of Dunbar was erected into a Royal Burgh. In 1366 he made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. In May 1367 he confirmed to the monks of Coldingham Priory by charter to the Prior and Convent of Durham, the church and manor of Edrom, and Nisbet, with the agreement of his wife. In June 1368 the King was advised by parliament at Scone to consult with the Earls of Dunbar and Douglas on the security of the Eastern marches. He was not present at the Coronation of King Robert II in 1371 so it is assumed that he died before then. Brown gives a year of death as 1368.If that is so it would probably be 1368/9. Marriage
<mask> is not as well remembered as his second wife Agnes Randolph, also known as Black Agnes of Dunbar who died just a few months before him. From her brothers she obtained by inheritance the Isle of Man, the Lordship of Annandale (which she brought to her marriage), and the feudal baronies of Morton and Tibbers in Nithsdale,  Mordington (where she is buried), Longformacus, and Duns, in Berwickshire; Mochrum in Galloway, Cumnock in Ayrshire, and Blantyre in Clydesdale. Notes

References
 Bain, Joseph, Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, Edinburgh, 1888, vol.iv, pps: xx - xxiv (Introduction) for further mention of her and relationships in the Dunbar family (with other references in the main sections of the volume). Burke, Sir Bernard, Ulster King of Arms, Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, London, 1883, p. 606. Dunbar, <mask>, <mask> of
Dunbar, <mask>, Earl of
Dunbar, <mask> of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath
14th-century Scottish earls
Earls of March (Scotland)

masks:
Patrick de Dunbar
Patrick
Patrick de Dunbar
Patrick de
Earl
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Dunbar
Patrick March
Earl
Patrick March
Patrick People


title: Gerald Horne

texts:
<mask> (born January 3, 1949) is an American historian who currently holds the John J. and Rebecca Moores Chair of History and African American Studies at the University of Houston. Background
<mask> was raised in St. Louis, Missouri. After undergraduate education at Princeton University he received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and a J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. Father of <mask>. <mask> holds the John J. and Rebecca Moores Chair of History and African American Studies at the University of Houston. <mask> is a frequent contributor to Political Affairs magazine.Writing
<mask> has published on W. E. B. Du Bois and has written books on neglected episodes of world history. He writes about topics he perceives as misrepresented struggles for justice, in particular communist struggles and struggles against imperialism, colonialism, fascism, racism and white supremacy. A Marxist, individuals whose lives his work has highlighted in their historical contexts have included the blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter John Howard Lawson, Ferdinand Smith (a Jamaican-born communist, sailor, labor leader, and co-founder of the National Maritime Union), and Lawrence Dennis, an African American fascist and racist who passed for white. While many of <mask>'s books use a celebrated, intriguing or politically engaged individual as a prism to inspect the historical forces of their times, <mask> has also produced broad canvas chronicles of infrequently examined periods and aspects of the history of white supremacy and imperialism such as the post-civil war involvement of the US ruling class—newly dispossessed of human chattels—with slavery in Brazil, which was not legally abolished until 1888, or the attempts by Japanese imperialists in the mid-20th century to appear as the leaders of a global war against white supremacy, thus allies and instruments of "liberation" for people of color oppressed by imperialism. Manning Marable has said: "<mask> is one of the most gifted and insightful historians on racial matters of his generation." Historiography in and for the radical tradition
At the Black Women and the Radical Tradition conference held at the Brooklyn College Graduate Center for Worker Education, in a session devoted to Shirley Graham Du Bois, he said:

In a speech given at an event marking the depositing of the Communist Party USA archives at the Tamiment Library at New York University, <mask> remarked at length on the writing of history, its importance, and what he perceives as the grievous proliferation of propagandistic historiography in the US:

In August 2014, The Real News posted a series of six interviews, Reality Asserts Itself conducted by Paul Jay with Horne.Works
 Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War. SUNY Press (1986)
 Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946-1956. Farleigh Dickinson University Press (1987)
 Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party. University of Delaware Press (1994)
 Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising And The 1960s. Da Capo Press (1997)
 From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980.University of North Carolina Press (2000)
 Class Struggle in Hollywood, 1930-1950 : Moguls, Mobsters, Stars, Reds and Trade Unionists. University of Texas Press (2001)
 Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois. NYU Press (2002)

 Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. NYU Press (2005)
 The Final Victim of the Blacklist: John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten. University of California Press (2006)
Cold War in a Hot Zone: The United States Confronts Labor and Independence Struggles in the British West Indies. Temple University Press (2007)
The White Pacific: U.S. Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas After the Civil War.University of Hawaii Press (2007)
 The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade. NYU Press (2007)
 Blows Against the Empire: U.S. Imperialism in Crisis. International Publishers (2008)
 Red Seas: Ferdinand Smith and Radical Black Sailors in the United States and Jamaica. NYU Press (2009)
 Mau Mau in Harlem? : The U.S. and the Liberation of Kenya. Palgrave MacMillan (2009)
 The Color of Fascism: Lawrence Dennis, Racial Passing, and the Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States.NYU Press (2009)
 W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. Greenwood Press (2009)
 The End of Empires: African Americans and India. Temple University Press (2009)
 Fighting in Paradise: Labor Unions, Racism, and Communists in the Making of Modern Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. (2011)
 Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation. NYU Press.(2013)
 Black Revolutionary: William Patterson & the Globalization of the African American Freedom Struggle. University of Illinois Press (2013)
 The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America. NYU Press (2014)
 Race to Revolution: The U.S. and Cuba during Slavery and Jim Crow. Monthly Review Press (2014)
 Confronting Black Jacobins:  The U.S., the Haitian Revolution and the Origins of the Dominican Republic. Monthly Review Press (2015)
 Paul Robeson:  The Artist as Revolutionary. Pluto Press (2016)
 The Rise and Fall of the Associated Negro Press: Claude Albert Barnett's Pan-African News and the Jim Crow Paradox. University of Illinois Press (2017)
 Storming the Heavens:  African Americans and the Early Struggle for the Right to Fly.Black Classic Press (2017)
 Facing the Rising Sun:  African Americans, Japan the Rise of Afro-Asian Solidarity. NYU Press (2018)
 The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism:  The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy and Capitalism in Seventeenth Century North America and the Caribbean. Monthly Review Press (2018)
 Jazz and Justice: Racism and the Political Economy of the Music. Monthly Review Press (2019)
 White Supremacy Confronted: U.S. Imperialism and Anti-Communism vs. the Liberation of Southern Africa from Rhodes to Mandela. International Publishers (2019)
 The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century. Monthly Review Press (2020)
 The Bittersweet Science: Racism, Racketeering, and the Political Economy of Boxing.International Publishers (2020)

Footnotes

External links

 University of Houston faculty page

 Recorded speeches and interviews

 On The Global Civil Rights Struggle at the conference, The Long Civil Rights Movement: Histories, Politics, Memories, given by the Southern Oral History Program, April 2–4, 2009 (Video)
 On Shirley Graham Du Bois at the Graduate Center for Worker Education at Brooklyn College (Video)
 On the Red Scare and the Hollywood Blacklist on NPR
 Horne challenges the mainstream narrative of US history (August 2014). Six-part discussion, The Real News (all TRNN segments)
 "Counter-Revolution of 1776": Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery? on Democracy Now!, June 27, 2014
 The Summit of the Americas in the Context of US Imperialism (April 2015). "Scholar and activist <mask> traces modern-day US foreign policy in Latin America to its colonial roots." The Real News
 Police Killings Won't Stop Until U.S. Comes to Grips with its Racist Foundations The Real News. July 8, 2016.Historian: "You Can't Disconnect History of the 2nd Amendment From the History of White Supremacy" on Democracy Now!, July 12, 2016 (all DN! segments)
Appearances on On the Ground radio show

1949 births
Living people
African-American academics
African-American studies scholars
African-American writers
Historians of communism
American political writers
Marxist theorists
American Marxist historians
American male non-fiction writers
Anti-imperialism
Historians of colonialism
Labor historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Princeton University alumni
Columbia University alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni

masks:
Gerald Horne
Gerald Horne
Flora Horne
Career Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Gerald Horne
Horne
Gerald Horne