title: Shaukat Usmani

texts:
<mask> (Maulla Bux Usta) (1901–1978) was an early Indian communist, who was born to artistic USTA family of Bikaner and a member of the émigré Communist Party of India (Tashkent group), established in Tashkent in 1920, and a founding member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) formed in Kanpur in 1925. He was also the only candidate to the British Parliament contesting elections, while he was residing in India—that too in a prison. He was sentenced to a total of 16 years in jail after being tried in the Kanpur (Cawnpore) Case of 1923 and later the Meerut Conspiracy Case of 1929. In émigré Communist Party of India
M.N. Roy, an ex-member of the Anushilan Samiti,  a powerful secret revolutionary organization operating in East Bengal in the opening years of the 20th century, went to Moscow by the end of April 1920, and soon after founded the émigré Communist Party of India at Tashkent on 17 October 1920. The fledgling party became a part of Communist International (Comintern) in 1921. <mask> had been a very early leading activist of the émigré Communist Party of India.M.N. Roy was sent by Lenin to Tashkent as head of Central Asiatic Bureau of Comintern as well as the Indian Military School to train an Indian army of revolutionaries. The Indian Military School was closed in April 1921, as a quid pro quo for industrial assistance that Britain promised to Soviet Russia, under Anglo-Russian Trade Pact in March 1921. But before its closure, the School indoctrinated many Muslim volunteers(muhajireens) who were on their way to Turkey to fight for the restoration of Caliphate. After the closing down of the School, the Comintern started Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. <mask> was one of the muhajireens who was tutored both at Moscow as well as at Tashkent. Early in 1922 thirteen Indians belonging to the émigré Indian Communist Party crossed the Pamirs and reached India.They were all arrested and put in jail in Moscow-Peshawar conspiracy case. <mask> was not in this group, but a later batch, upon many of whom the British government clamped the Kanpur conspiracy case. The Tashkent-Moscow alumni who had dispersed all over the country did not have a smooth working relationship with the local leadership in India under S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, S.S. Mirajkar, S.V. Ghate etc. At the same time a different kind of tension was building up between the Communist Party of Great Britain and the émigré communists. As a result, four members of the émigré CPI, including <mask>, went to attend the sixth congress of Comintern without seeking émigré Communist Party of India's nomination. All these tensions did not come into open because of the strict police surveillance.By this stage, <mask> was operating underground under the nom de guerre of Sikander Sur; his Comintern code name was D A Naoroji (sometimes wrongly rendered as Naoradji). Kanpur conspiracy case

After Peshawar in 1922, two more conspiracy cases were instituted by the British government, one in Kanpur (1924) and Meerut (1929). The accused in the cases included, among others, important Communist organisers who worked in India, such as S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta and S.V. Ghate, and members of the émigré party, such as Rafiq Ahmad and <mask> <mask>. On 17 March 1924, M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, <mask> <mask>, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and others were charged that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution. ", in what was called the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case.The case attracted interest of the people towards Comintern plan to bring about violent revolution in India. "Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India." Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was out of the country and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, <mask> <mask> and Dange were sentenced for four years of imprisonment.This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to the Indian masses. After Kanpur, Britain had triumphantly declared that the case had "finished off the communists". But the industrial town of Kanpur, in December 1925, witnessed a conference of different communist groups, under the chairmanship of Singaravelu Chettiar. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, <mask> <mask> were among the key organizers of the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution for the formation of the Communist Party of India with its headquarters in Bombay (now: Mumbai) . The British Government's extreme hostility  towards the bolsheviks, made them to decide not to openly function as a communist party; instead, they chose a more open and non-federated platform, under the name the Workers and Peasants Parties. Meerut conspiracy case

The British Government was worried about the growing influence of the Communist International in India.The government's immediate response was to foist yet another conspiracy case—the Meerut Conspiracy Case—on them. <mask> along with 32 persons were arrested on or about March 20, 1929  and were put on trial under Section 121A of the Indian Penal Code, which declares, Whoever within or without British India conspires to commit any of the offenses punishable by Section 121 or to deprive the King of the sovereignty of British India or any part thereof, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Government of India or any local Government, shall be punished with transportation for life, or any shorter term, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years. The charges
Though all the accused were not communists, the charges framed against them betrayed the government's fear of growth of communist ideas in India. "For example, Lester Hutchinson, later released as innocent after spending four years in prison, was arrested as an afterthought when he took up the task of carrying on some of the trade union and agitational work after the arrest of the others, was a merely journalist on the Indian Daily Mail and unconnected with the trade union movement." The main charges were that in 1921 Dange, <mask> <mask> and Muzaffar Ahmad entered into a conspiracy to establish a branch of Comintern in India and they were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist International. The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges, was  to deprive the King Emperor of the sovereignty of British India, and for such purpose to use the methods and carry out the programme and plan of campaign outlined and ordained by the Communist International. The Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences to the accused in January 1933.Out of the accused 27 persons were convicted with various durations of 'transportation'. While Muzaffar Ahmed was transported for life, Dange, Spratt, Ghate, Joglekar and Nimbkar were each awarded transportation for a period of 12 years. <mask> was given ten years. On appeal, in July 1933, the sentences of Ahmed, Dange and <mask>ut trial <mask> stood unsuccessfully as a candidate in a British general election for the Communist Party of Great Britain from his prison cell in India, for the  1929 general election for the constituency of Spen Valley. <mask> is believed to be the only candidate ever to stand in a British General Election whilst resident in India.The Spen Valley seat was significant since it was the focus of an attempt by the leader of a pro-Tory group of right-leaning Liberals, Sir John Simon, to get back into Parliament. He had been the man who declared in 1926 that the General Strike was illegal, and who in 1930 headed the Commission to report on the situation in India. <mask>’s selection as candidate arose from his prominence in the Meerut trial. Since he was a prisoner thousands of miles away, he was unable to conduct the campaign himself, so a deputy to represent him was chosen - one Billy Brain. Communists from many parts of Britain converged at Spen Valley. The  campaign was successful in the sense  that it brought into focus Meerut and harshness of British rule in  India, which were hitherto unknown to many. Candidate from South East St Pancras
The long drawn Meerut trial enabled the Communist Party to again run <mask> in the 1931 general election for St. Pancras South East against  Tory South African mining millionaire, Sir Alfred Lane Beit.The candidature of <mask> was aimed by the Communist Party of Great Britain to ensure freedom for India, and to highlight the plight of the Meerut prisoners. In this election, the communists polled seventy five thousand votes, which was a 50% increase on the previous, 1929 General election figure. The party was dismayed at the result. Harry Pollitt, the new general secretary of the Party, had expected that between one hundred and fifty thousand and two hundred thousand would vote communist. He was shocked, and told a meeting of the British Commission of the Communist International that he could not understand why after two Labour Governments, and the betrayal of the General Strike, that still almost seven million workers could vote Labour. Later life
Aftermath of the Meerut case was the emergence of a stronger CPI, instead of what the British planned for—obliteration of the party. After the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933, a party with a centralized apparatus came into being.The CPI came out with its own manifesto and was affiliated to the Communist International in 1934 However, <mask> did not figure in  the Party building exercise. The leadership had gone to local (as opposed to  émigré Tashkent-Moscow cadre) communists like S.A. Dange, P.C. Joshi, P. Sundarayya etc. Nothing much had been heard about <mask> after release from the jail. Similar fate happened to other members of  the émigré CPI. Muhammad Ali Sepassi, M.N. Roy's close aide stayed back in Paris and was shot dead by the Nazis in 1940.Muhammed Shafique, first secretary of  émigré CPI, wandered about in Europe until 1932 and then vanished. Abdulla Safdar came to India only in 1933 when most of the comrades were booked under the Meerut case. He remained with M.N. Roy, who had by then, had only little standing in the international communist movement. G.A.K. Lohani who had joined Roy in 1921 never returned to India. Like other émigré CPI members, <mask> also slipped into oblivion.Books
Peshawar to Moscow Leaves from an Indian Muhajireen's diary, <mask> <mask>'s earliest book was published by Swarajya Publishing House, Benares in 1927. Much later in life, <mask> published a book on the same theme, Historic Trips of a Revolutionary - Sojourn in the Soviet Union. The book gives an account of Usmai's part in the émigré Communist Party of India, and other examples of progress in his homeland like the Indian Military School. He gives colorful descriptions of his stays in Moscow, during which he lodges at the Hotel Delovoi Dior (which has a meaning something akin to the “Business Courtyard”), and boards at the Hotel De Lux, once a gathering place for Communist leaders from all over the world. He also describes a trip from Tashkent through the Ukraine to Crimea. This book is focused mainly on the Middle Eastern states of the Soviet Union. <mask> published in 1939 Char Yatri in Hindi and Char Musafir in Urdu and later in English as Four Travellers.It is an account of a journey of four Indian revolutionaries through Jagdalak, Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif, Termiz, Bukhara and Samarkand. He had also published a collection of eight stories in 1951 called Night of the eclipse; a collection of 8 short stories. Karachi: Usta Publications Corp.

See also
S.A. Dange
M.N. Roy

Notes

External links
Stevenson, Graham, <mask> (pron. Shavkat) <mask>. Compendium of Communist Biographies. He fought to be British MP while in Indian jail

1901 births
1978 deaths
Indian communists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Comintern people
People from Bikaner
Indian Muslims
Indian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Communist Party of India politicians from Rajasthan

masks:
Shaukat Usmani
Usmani
Usmani
Usmani
Usmani
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Shaukat
Usmani
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title: Diana Kennedy

type: original

texts:
<mask> MBE (born 3 March 1923) is a British food writer. A primary English-language authority on Mexican cooking, <mask> is known for her nine books on the subject, including The Cuisines of Mexico, which started changing how Americans view Mexican cooking. Her work is the basis of much of the work of Mexican chefs in the United States. Her cookbooks are distinctive because they are based on her fifty years of traveling Mexico, interviewing and learning from cooks of all kinds in the country, and from just about every region. Her documentation of native edible plants has been digitized by National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity. Due to her style of work, <mask> has been called a "culinary anthropologist" and has self-identified as an "ethno-gastronomer". <mask> has received numerous awards for her work, including the Order of the Aztec Eagle from the Mexican government, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.<mask> was born <mask> in Loughton, Essex, in the southeast of England. Her father was a salesman, and her mother was a schoolteacher who loved nature and wanted to live quietly in the countryside. <mask> did not attend college because of World War II, instead joining the Women's Timber Corps at age 19. The Corps were a British civilian organization which took over forestry duties from men who had gone off to fight. <mask> did not like cutting down trees, so she was delegated to measuring tree trunks instead. In 1953, <mask> migrated to Canada, living there for three years doing a number of jobs, including running a film library and selling Wedgewood china. On a last-minute decision, <mask> decided to visit Haiti in 1957.There she met Paul P<mask>, a correspondent for The New York Times in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The two moved to Mexico in 1957, and there they married some time later. <mask> has had no children, but she does have two step-daughters, Dr. Moira <mask>s and Brigid <mask>, daughters of Paul P<mask> and his first wife, Martha Combs <mask>. In Mexico, <mask> became enamored of the food, and has since dedicated her career to its preservation and promotion. However, she still maintains her British accent and takes tea each day. When she is not teaching, she is either writing or working in the kitchen on recipes. She is noted for her brusque, no-nonsense demeanor, having pulled out tape recorders when police have tried to get bribes from her on her Mexican travels.She has visited every state in Mexico, and used diverse forms of transportation, from buses, to donkeys to her Nissan pickup truck with no power steering (and a shovel to dig it out of the mud). She has traveled to many isolated areas of Mexico to visit markets and cooks to ask about cooking ingredients and methods. In the 1970s, she decided to build her house in Michoacán in an area with orchards. The land has allowed her to grow many of her own ingredients. While she is not technophobic, she is against electronic forms of cookbooks, believing in the need to make notes over printed recipes. First exposure to Mexican cuisine
During her first years in Mexico City with her husband in the late 1950s, she learned quickly that the best food in Mexico was not in fancy restaurants but rather in markets, traditional family restaurants called "fondas" and in homes. In addition, she was impressed with what she saw in local, traditional markets.She also came to appreciate that recipes varied from region to region, traveling with her husband when he was on assignment, and he would collect recipes when she could not accompany him. In Mexico City, she asked her friends about cooking these dishes, and was referred to their maids. These maids then encouraged her to visit their villages, which she has done since. <mask> also began researching documentation on Mexican cuisine, and credits the work of Josefina Velázquez de León as a pioneer, who had done similar work collecting recipes by visiting church groups. <mask>'s focus became the food that was not documented, such as that found in villages, markets and homes, eventually to preserve native ingredients and traditional recipes being lost as Mexicans move from rural areas to urban centers. <mask> began to share what she learned informally among expats and her husband's colleagues when they came to Mexico. This included taking women on tours of traditional markets, including the stands with animal heads, which shocked Americans.When New York Times food writer Craig Claiborne was in town, she tried to give him a book of Mexican recipes, but he refused it, saying "I'll only read a Mexican cookbook once you have written one".' At the time, <mask> thought this was a crazy idea. Cooking classes and cookbook writing

At the end of 1965, <mask> and her husband moved to New York City, where he died the following year from cancer. In 1969, <mask> began to teach classes in Mexican cooking in her apartment in the Upper West Side, with the encouragement of Craig Claiborne. This was the beginning of a decades-long teaching career, which began as her own venture, then in collaboration with other institutions such as the Peter Kump Cooking School in New York, as well as offering Mexican cooking "boot camps" at her home in Mexico. Her classes focus on the most traditional cooking techniques and ingredients. For example, while most Mexican cooks now use pre-ground corn or corn flour, she insists on teaching students how to soak kernel with lime overnight, remove the skins and grind with lard to make corn dough (masa).She has had the most success with this since the 1970s, when cooking schools grew in popularity. The work with the cooking classes led to her first cookbook. From her time in Mexico City to her time in New York, she has been supported in her work with Mexican cooking by Claiborne. She did not have experience writing, but after then-poetry editor at Harper and Row, Fran McCullough took one of her classes, she offered to help <mask> put the book together, eventually collaborating on <mask>'s first five books. To do the first one, <mask> decided to return to Mexico to do further research. This research, she believes, is what separates her from other cookbook writers in that she has taken the time and effort to explore Mexico and do field research on how the cuisine varies. Her inexperience led to rewriting the book several times but the result was The Cuisines of Mexico, published in 1972.This book became a best-seller and is still one of the most authoritative single volumes on Mexican cooking. It began to change Americans' understanding of Mexican food, expanding it beyond Tex-Mex into the various regional cuisines and dishes, and is the basis of establishing authentic food in the U.S. The 1986 revision of the book is still in print. Since then, she has published eight other volumes on Mexican cooking, a number of which have been translated into Spanish. Her initial influence is the work of Josefina Velázquez de León, but credits much of her writing style to the work of English cookbook author Elizabeth David. <mask> does not consider herself a writer, but rather as someone who documents was she has seen in about fifty years of traveling Mexico, including remote areas, to talk to cooks of all kinds. She finances her own book research and travels, often sleeping in her old Nissan truck.She prefers the food of central and southern Mexico, which is more complex and varied. She has registered a wide variety of edible plants, and includes more exotic recipes such as those using brains, iguanas, insects and even whole animals such as oxen. She regularly interviews and cooks with a variety of cooks, but especially those from rural areas, cooking for family and friends. She even apprenticed in a bakery in Mexico City to learn the all-male trade. Her preference for traditional home cooking means that her books revolve around foods made with corn dough and even has an entire book dedicated to tortillas. Her insistence on field research distinguishes her books for the stories they tell related to food and her travels. It also has led to unconventional formats.The Oaxaca book is not divided by types of dishes but rather the eleven regions of the state. Her work has made her one of the foremost authorities on Mexican cuisine, not only in authentic ingredients and techniques, but the loss and disuse of various ingredients as Mexico shifts from a primarily rural to primarily urban society. One loss is the use of local and regional produce. "As far as I can see," says <mask>, "I write oral history that is disappearing with climate change, agribusiness, and loss of cultivated lands. In the past people had a sense of taste and a sense of where they came from. They were conscious of what they were eating and what they consumed and about not wasting." In the introduction of Oaxaca al Gusto, <mask> writes, "Trying to record the ethnic foods as well as the more sophisticated recipes of the urban centers presented an enormous challenge and responsibility … I am sure that if I had known what it would entail to travel almost constantly through the year, and often uncomfortably, to research, record, photograph and then cook and eat over three hundred recipes, I might never have had the courage to start the project in the first place."In addition to traveling Mexico, this work has required frequent travel abroad, especially to the United States, where she gives classes and speaks about Mexican cuisine. She starred in a 26-part television series on Mexican cooking for The Learning Channel. She has been an influence in the development of Mexican cooking in the United States and on chefs such as Rick Bayless. She taught Paula Wolfert, who recommended her to her editor. Chefs of Texas and New Mexico that came to prominence in the mid 1980s credit her work as a base for their Southwestern cuisine. However, <mask> dismisses most chefs doing Mexican food because they have not done the traveling and research that she has and innovate rather than preserve original methods. She criticizes chefs who waste food and who encourage the unnecessary use of plastic, foil, and other items that only get thrown in the trash.She also does not like culinary writers who do not live in Mexico, but question her authority because of her ethnicity. Some of her conflicts have received significant press, citing her throwing chef Rick Bayless out of her car for being "brash" and her criticisms of Maricel Presilla. She is careful to credit the people who have shared their understanding of Mexician regional foods with her, including, for example, anthropologist and restauranteur Raquel Torres Cerdán. Her influence is not limited to the United States as her work has been very well received in Mexico. She has received numerous awards in this country including the Order of the Aztec Eagle, which is the highest Mexican order awarded to foreigners in the country. The National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) has digitalized her research including a vast collection of recipes, drawings and notes both on cooking and native edible plants, resulting in a section  of their website dedicated to her . Quinta <mask> / <mask> Center
<mask> permanently returned to Mexico in 1976, initially living in Mexico City.In 1980, she moved to eastern Michoacán, about three hours west of the capital after a friend introduced her to the area. There she bought property which she initially called "Quinta Diana"  near the small village of San Francisco Coatepec de Morelos (colloquially known as San Pancho), in the municipality of Zitácuaro. Her homestead is on a forested hill at the end of a long dirt road, only accessed by pickup or four-wheel drive. However, this has not stopped a steady stream of visitors from arriving to her cobblestone driveway. Quinta <mask> is an ecologically minded establishment. She stated in the book My Mexico in 1998 that she wanted a house built of local materials and live a lifestyle similar to that of her neighbors. This nearly three hectares is almost off the grid, and centers on her adobe home.This home was built by local architect Armando Cuevas, and centers around a large boulder, almost the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, which <mask> decided not to remove from the site. Around the boulder is an atrium of the open living room, and from it, stairways lead to various parts of the house. In her home she tests recipes according to the seasons, and what is growing on her property. Her cooking spaces consist of an outdoor space with wood-fired grills and adobe beehive-shaped ovens, and an indoor kitchen, which she calls her "laboratory." Her indoor kitchen centers on a long, cement counter, which is covered in blue and white tile, with inlaid gas burners. This kitchen is filled with various ingredients and implements including burnished copper and clay pots on the walls,  herbs and vegetables in wicker baskets, various varieties of dried chili peppers, and her own condiments, including a pineapple vinegar similar to balsamic. For her table, she has authentic Talavera pottery from Puebla, and near the kitchen window, there are binoculars and a bird book.Her bedroom is upstairs, which opens to her study, filled with books and papers about, and with windows on three sides to look out over the gardens to towards the mountains. <mask> grows much of her own food organically. She has a greenhouse to grow various edible plants, such as herbs and even coffee. The gardens include grapefruit, apricot and fig trees, chayote vines from Veracruz, and a section dedicated to the corn she uses for masa. Manure is the fertilizer. All the water used on the property is from tanks that collect wastewater, with a patch of land serving as a filter for wastewater. Much of the energy is solar.Since 1980, money from her books and speaking engagements have funded the property and its operations. However, <mask> has established the Diana Kennedy Foundation to have tax-free status with the Mexican government, and to work on projects focusing on the environment as well as food. Her interest in environment is related to food in the sense that when environment is destroyed, foods disappear. It also has roots in her mother's love for nature and experience with scarcity in wartime England. She has argued against the use of genetically modified seeds, excessive use of packaging and use of bleach for white linens in hotels and restaurants. The Foundation is also geared toward preservation, not only of Mexico's food heritage, but of Quinta Diana, with its immense collection of Mexican cookbooks, other publications and pottery, along with the gardens. Publications
Articles in the following magazines
Gastronome, Cooking, Clipper, Conde Nast Traveller, Sabor, Mexican Food Magazine, Amistad (American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico), Intercambio (British Chamber of Commerce in Mexico), México Desconocido (a series of illustrated articles on little-known recipes), CIDAP, Artes de Mexico, Food & Wine.She has been called a "dogged, obsessive pop anthropologist." Her comparison to Julia Child comes from her promotion of Mexican cuisine, much the way that Child did for French cuisine; however, while flattered, she dismisses it. She has been a common name among foodies in the United States for decades, but did not receive notice in her native England until Prince Charles came to Quinta Diana in 2002, to eat and to appoint a Member of the Order of the British Empire. 1971 – Silver Medal from the Tourism Secretariat for the promotion of Mexican culture through its foods. 1980 – Amando Farga Font special award from the Mexican Food Writers Association
 1981 – Decorated with The Order of the Aztec Eagle by Mexican Government.

masks:
Diana Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Life Kennedy
Diana Southwood
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
. Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy Simm
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. Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
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Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Diana
Diana Kennedy
Kennedy
Diana
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy


title: Harry Thubron

texts:
<mask> OBE (Henry James Thubron, 1915–1985) was an English artist and art teacher. He made radical innovations in art education which are still controversial today. Life

Thubron was born on 24 November 1915 at 7 Victoria Avenue, Bishop Auckland, Co. Durham, the son of <mask>, journeyman joiner (and later a newsagent and tobacconist), and his wife, Martha Ada, née Thompson (d. 1929/30). His mother, who died when he was fourteen, would shut him away in a room to paint from the age of seven. Having attended Henry Smith Grammar School, Hartlepool, he went on to Sunderland School of Art (1933–38) and to the Royal College of Art, London (1938–40). Thubron served in HM Armed Forces (1941–46) at the Army Bureau of Current Affairs Newsletter. On 6 March 1940 he married, in Battersea, London, Joan Sawdon, a schoolteacher, daughter of Frank Sawdon, a hairdresser.Following his divorce in 1962, he married, on 4 August 1965 in Lancaster, Elma Askham, an artist and lecturer, daughter of William Marsh Askham. In the 1978 Birthday Honours he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services in art education. Thubron died at home in Lewisham, London in April 1985. Art

Thubron started to create figurative works, which soon changed to abstract, not only in painting, as in reliefs in wood, metal or resin. After 1965, he devoted himself mainly to collages and assemblages with materials found on the street, usually from industry. Out of the turbulence of the years after his divorce Thubron produced comparatively few works of art, but these, based on a dialogue between old and new materials, and painting and collage, were treasured by friends and colleagues who rightly judged them to be sensitive and beautiful. With Dennis Harland as technical adviser he produced a fine relief in plastics for the exterior of the Branch College, Leeds (1963–4; removed), which fulfilled his ambition to make art for public, architectural settings.He showed work in Leeds at the Queen Square Gallery in 1967, and again that year with Elma Thubron. Later, in 1976, he showed paintings and collages at the Serpentine Gallery, London. He was also included in major surveys, among them 'British Art' at the Hayward Gallery, London, in 1974, and 'British Painting, 1952–77' at the Royal Academy, London, in 1977. After 1969 he concentrated more on his own painting, and funded by an Arts Council grant spent the following year in Spain. He spent part of 1971 in Jamaica before beginning an association with Goldsmiths' College, New Cross, London, as part-time teacher. He continued making paintings and collages during the last eight years of his life, though experiencing ever-deteriorating health. He lived his most creative time between London and the south of Spain, in the 70s and 80s, very interested in the work of Kurt Schwitters and Antoni Tàpies, and with particular admiration for Paul Klee, who advocated art as a means of self- development and self-discovery, combining experience and instinct in the creative act.Works

Examples of his work are in the Tate collection in the Tate Britain, Leeds City Art Gallery, Leeds University Gallery, and the Museum of Hartlepool, co. Durham, among other regional and private collections. Teaching
Thubron's wartime experience of teaching soldiers via the text of the Army Council of Current Affairs Newsletter gave him a vision of a "new post-war world" and the rhetoric to achieve it. On demobilisation in 1946 he realised that in art also a new start was required. While teaching at Sunderland School of Art from 1946, he began to elaborate new courses (from 1948 onward), contributing (from 1954) to those directed by John Wood of North Riding county council, which allowed for greater innovation. On his move north in 1956, Victor Pasmore also worked with wood. Pasmore had worked at the Central School of Arts and Crafts, London, on the basic design course, instigated in 1949 with William Johnstone and Arthur Halliwell. These developments owed much to the Vorkurs of the German Bauhaus, but Thubron was always careful to dissociate his own methods from those of others and in his own teaching insisted on freedom, openness, development, and research.These chosen phrases gave expression to his perception of rapid contemporary changes in technology and society, and he rejected the label "basic design" which he thought was given too freely to radical modernist teaching. At Leeds Thubron also established close links between the art college and the School of Fine Art at the University of Leeds, which allowed the University's Gregory Fellows in Fine Art to start teaching at Leeds College of Art. He also helped to create a prototype for Britain's Polytechnics by sending his students to work on collaborative projects with engineering students from Leeds College of Technology, out of which Leeds Polytechnic was formed. This was also a time when Thubron organised a series of summer schools in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, through which his ideas on art education were shared with artists, art teachers and art students from all over the country, thereby spreading his philosophy. In 1964 Thubron left Leeds and became a lecturer at Lancaster until 1966. He subsequently became Head of Painting at Leicester College of Art, although he only held this post for three years (until 1968) due to increasing ill health. He still continued some teaching after this, as a part-time tutor at Goldsmiths' College, London, between 1971 and 1982.Thubron's specific innovations in art education are still controversial. While he is remembered for his warm personality and vivid use of the spoken word, an extensive documentary record of his work as a teacher is held in the National Art Archive, Bretton Hall, Yorkshire. “If we, ourselves, don't take jobs in colleges, take leadership roles; then nothing will ever change." – <mask>n

Approach to education

During the 1950s and 60s Thubron was a familiar name in education for his pioneering experiments in post-school art education. He taught at Sunderland College of Art from 1950 to 1955, and then became Head of Fine Art at Leeds College of Art. During his ten-year tenure in Leeds he helped to revolutionise art education in England by establishing the Basic Design Course, a programme inspired by the German Bauhaus college and the theoretical writings of Herbert Read. In this programme, art and design students were not taught specific skills for any of the disciplines of art and design, but visual literacy in the use of colour, establishment of form and construction of space.Out of this, and similar experiments undertaken by Victor Pasmore and Richard Hamilton at Kings College Newcastle, a new introductory course for art, design and architecture students emerged, called the Foundation Course, which went on to become the standard degree course-entry qualification for art, design and architecture students in many countries, including Britain, Ireland, Canada and elsewhere. Thubron also organised by this time a series of "summer schools" in Yorkshire and Norfolk, in which he shared his ideas on art education with teachers, students and artists who came from all over the country, markedly influencing an entire generation of creators as Hoyland, Sausmarez, Bridget Riley and Michael Kidner. With Thubron, students first engaged in communal exercises making marks or collages on inexpensive paper laid on the floor in an atmosphere of invention. They experimented, for example, with families of forms whereby a square could by repeated modification become an oval; or, given a blob of red paint, a student would be directed to mix and place next to it on the paper what he or she perceived to be the most enhancing green. The traditional study of natural form as structure remained central to his students' development as did that of the human figure, but drawn in movement. Thubron's strength of character could overdetermine student responses, and his enthusiasms yawed abruptly from philosophy to mathematical sculpture or to expressive painting. Young followers whom he appointed to the staff found themselves with much reading.With their preconceptions under assault by his methods and their ideas at the mercy of his forceful personality, some students, perhaps particularly women students, foundered. Credentials

Awards
 1978 – Order of the British Empire; for contributions to the arts and art education

Career
 1941-46 - Army Bureau of Current Affairs Newsletter. 1946–50 – professor of painting at West Hartlepool School of Art
 1950-5 – Head of Fine Art, Sunderland College of Art
 1955–64 – Head of Fine Art, Leeds College of Art
 1964-5 – Head of Find Art, Lancaster College of Art
 1965-6 – Visiting Professor at the University of Illinois, US
 1966-8 - Head of Painting School at Leicer College of Art
 1968-9 – Arts Council grant; visitor and adviser to International School in Spain
 1969–70 – Director of Studies at the Kingston School of Art in Jamaica
 1971-3 - Summer Schools, International School, Spain, Ronda
 1971–1982 – part-time teaching, Fine Art Department, Goldsmiths' College London
 1976 – awarded Arts Council Bursary

Lectures
Thubron lectured widely throughout Great Britain and the US (including at Harvard, Yale, Chicago, and Kansas City), 1965-6. Paraskos went on to establish the Cyprus College of Art, on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus using Thurbon's theories, and this institution still exists as a "Thubronite" art institution today. Fisher went on to become Professor Poetry and Painting at Roehampton University and then Professor of Poetry and Art at Manchester Metropolitan University. References

External links
 Stephen Chaplin Thubron, Henry James [<mask>] (1915–1985), artist and art teacher

 University of Warwick Art Collection – <mask>bron
 Review of HARRY THUBRON: COLLAGES AND CONSTRUCTIONS 1972–1984 BY NORBERT LYNTON AND JON THOMPSON
 Harry Thubron | Tate
 Katherine House Gallery Sale – Harry Thubron
 Blog article from a student of Harry Tubron
 Harry Thubron | Serpentine Gallery

1915 births
1985 deaths
Academics of Lancaster University
20th-century British painters
British male painters
Modern painters
Academics of Leeds Arts University
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Bishop Auckland

masks:
Harry Thubron
Percy Thubron
Harry Thubro
Harry
Harry Thu


title: Andrew Dice Clay

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; September 29, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, musician and producer of television and film. He rose to prominence in the late 1980s with a brash, deliberately offensive persona known as "The Diceman". In 1990, he became the first stand-up comedian to sell out Madison Square Garden for two consecutive nights. That same year, he played the lead role in the comedy-mystery film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane. <mask> has appeared in several films and television shows, including critically acclaimed supporting roles in Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine (2013) and Bradley Cooper's directorial debut A Star Is Born (2018). He continues his acting career while also touring and performing stand-up. The television show Dice aired on Showtime for two seasons.He also launched a podcast, I'm Ova Hea' Now, in September 2018. Early life
<mask> was born to parents Jacqueline and Fred Silverstein in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, where he was raised. He is Jewish. He has one sister. <mask>'s father was a boxer and real estate agent. At age five, <mask> was entertaining his family with impressions, and by seven he was playing drums, inspired by the sounds of big band music. <mask> attended James Madison High School in Brooklyn and as a teenager worked as a drummer on the Catskill Mountains circuit in the 1970s playing bar mitzvahs and weddings under the name <mask>.Upon returning to New York City, he failed to form a big band of his own. He pursued higher education but dropped out to become a full-time comedian. <mask> cites Elvis Presley, Fonzie, John Travolta, and Sylvester Stallone as his heroes. Career

1970s
<mask> began his stand-up career in 1978 when he auditioned at Pips comedy club in Sheepshead Bay, which turned into a headline spot at the venue the following week, billed as <mask>. He started with an act mainly of impressions, which included a character named "The Diceman" based on Jerry Lewis as Buddy Love from The Nutty Professor which transformed into John Travolta in Grease. It took him three weeks to prepare the act. A picture of him on stage during his early sets at Pips was described: "[<mask>] In a baggy white shirt, pants rolled up to his knees and a pair of thick glasses", with a black leather jacket underneath the shirt so he could seamlessly switch to his Travolta character when the lights went out.With his new act, <mask> graduated to larger and more prestigious comedy venues including The Improv, Catch a Rising Star, and Dangerfield's. He recalled his father being supportive of his act during one performance at the latter. "He knew it was different right off the bat [...] He saw it worked". The persona was more of a shock to his mother, but she got used to it and he recalled her laughing at his jokes. 1980s
By 1980, <mask> had relocated to Los Angeles and landed work at the Comedy Store, owned by Mitzi Shore. His sets were not an instant hit, and because of his dirty act and her unwillingness to have other comics follow him, Shore had <mask> perform at late hours, resorting for him "to wait and perform for ten drunks". In 1982, <mask> landed his first film role, appearing in Wacko.In 1983, <mask> added the "<mask>man" moniker to his name and no longer relied on impressions of other notable figures, instead creating an alter ego based on his heroes. He first used the act at the Comedy Store after he was asked to fill in for a comic who cancelled their spot. He said: "I didn't have my Jerry Lewis stuff with me, so I just winged it, saying whatever popped in my head". His performances at the venue led to his first sitcom roles with appearances on M*A*S*H and Diff'rent Strokes, and feature-length films, including Making the Grade (1984), Pretty in Pink (1986), and Casual Sex? (1988). A review by the Los Angeles Times critic Michael Wilmington described <mask>'s character in the latter, named "The Vin Man" and based on his Diceman persona, as "a macho bozo from Jersey". From 1986 to 1988, he had a regular role as Max Goldman on Crime Story.His act included a drum solo as a tribute to Buddy Rich. <mask> then pursued stand-up comedy full-time as the <mask> character. <mask>'s breakthrough came in 1988 when he performed at an all-male Big Brother Association dinner event with "all of Hollywood's royalty [...] dressed in tuxedos and I show up in a black leather jacket with a flag on the back that said 'Rock and Roll'". The set was a hit; the next day, 20th Century Fox offered him a film deal and entered talks with producer Joel Silver. Also in 1988, <mask> performed a seven-minute set at Dangerfield's in New York City for Rodney Dangerfield's HBO stand-up showcase special Nothing Goes Right, launching him into the national spotlight. In 1989, <mask> was named Comedy Act of the Year by readers of Performance magazine. In March 1989, he released his debut comedy album Dice, which went on to reach gold certification by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies in the US.It peaked at No. 89 on the US Billboard 200. In September 1989, <mask> performed a three-minute set at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, which included his adult versions of the Mother Goose nursery rhymes. The incident led to MTV imposing a lifetime ban on <mask> from appearing on the network. The ban was lifted in 2011. In December 1989, <mask> performed two unadvertised, largely improvised sets at Dangerfield's, which were recorded for his second comedy album, The Day the Laughter Died, produced by Rick Rubin. Released in March 1990 on Geffen Records, the album sold 250,000 copies in seven weeks, peaking at No.39 on the Billboard 200. 1990s
In February 1990, <mask> became the first comedian to sell out two consecutive nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City, totalling 38,000 people in attendance. <mask> appeared on the Saturday Night Live episode of May 12, 1990, the fourth highest-rated episode of the season. During the opening monologue, security guards removed protesters from the studio. Cast member Nora Dunn, refused to appear in the episode due to the often  sexist and homophobic content in <mask>'s standup act. Despite NBC's use of a 5 second tape delay to enable them to cut offensive content from the live broadcast, one such remark escaped removal. Two days later, musical guest Sinead O'Connor cancelled her scheduled appearance in protest.<mask> first met his agent Dennis Arfa at Dangerfield's, which led to his first HBO special, and ultimately his starring role in the 1990 film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane; in 1991, he received a Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in the film. In 1991, <mask> ran his own production company, Fleebin Dabble Productions. He is featured on the front cover of the April 1991 issue of Penthouse, becoming the second male to front the magazine after George Burns. Footage of <mask>'s shows at Madison Square Garden was used to produce his 1991 stand-up concert film Dice Rules. His controversial act affected the number of venues that were willing to screen the film; it opened in 40 theatres nationwide on its opening day. It was originally planned for 20th Century Fox to release it, but it dropped out over the controversial material, leaving it to be picked up by Seven Arts. This was followed by the release of One Night With Dice that was filmed in 1986.A sell out show at Symphony Hall in Salt Lake City in August 1991 was met with angry protesters outside the venue over his perceived to be homophobic and hateful material, during which police were called. In 1993, ABC dropped a proposed one-hour television drama which was to feature <mask> after management deemed him too controversial for the network. <mask> had signed a one-year deal with ABC which kept him from working with other networks. In July 1993, <mask> released No Apologies, the first stand-up concert pay-per-view special. It was purchased by over 250,000 homes to become the highest grossing non-sports pay-per-view event of the year. It was to feature Joey Buttafuoco but the plan was dropped following the publicity it attracted and upon the advice of his attorney. <mask> followed it with a second pay television special, The Valentine's Day Massacre, which aired in around 100,000 homes.In 1994, <mask> accepted more television roles. In 1995, <mask> released an HBO special Assume the Position. That same year, he signed a development deal with CBS and producer Bruce Helford, resulting in his starring role on the sitcom Bless This House. In mid-1995, <mask> explained that the <mask> character had "sort of gone out of hand" which he felt happy about because it allowed him to pursue more television and film work than before. The situation led to a change in his stand-up act, focusing more on being a husband and a father yet still with an "edge". In 1998, <mask> released the triple album Filth through his website. Later in 1998, He began appearing on the New York City-based radio show Opie and Anthony.His opening act at the time, Jim Norton, became the show's co-host in late 2000. 2000s

In 2000, <mask> released I'm Over Here Now and Banned for Life. Later in 2000, he released Face Down, Ass Up. He supported these with a nationwide tour that included a headline show at Madison Square Garden, ten years after his two sold-out performances. In 2005, <mask> signed a deal with Sirius Satellite Radio to broadcast his own show, Out of the Cage. In 2007, he attempted a comeback with the reality TV series Dice: Undisputed on VH1, which lasted seven episodes. He appeared as a part of NBC's The Celebrity Apprentice 2 and was the first celebrity to be fired after he openly entertained the idea of quitting while in Donald Trump's presence and calling Trump "Donny Trump".On The Howard Stern Show, <mask> had stated that the show was edited to exclude situations where Trump treated <mask> poorly based on his comic treatment of women rather than his accomplishments. Throughout the season, each celebrity was raising money for a charity of their choice; <mask> had selected StandUp For Kids. 2010s
In July 2011, <mask> was featured in the eighth and final season of Entourage as Johnny Drama's co-star in the fictional program Johnny's Bananas. <mask> also appeared as himself in the Entourage film. He appeared in an episode of Raising Hope as himself which aired on November 29, 2011. In May 2012, <mask> appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and also did a set at The Bamboozle festival in Asbury Park. In December 2012, <mask> had a stand-up comedy special on Showtime entitled Indestructible.In May 2013, <mask> began a podcast with Michael Wheels named Rollin' with Dice and Wheels...The Podcast. It ran for 46 original episodes, the last of which was released in December 2015. <mask> appeared with Cate Blanchett in Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine, which opened on July 26, 2013. In an interview with Good Day L.A., <mask> stated that, as he had not been in a movie in 12 years, "It was a thrill to do something dramatic, something I've always wanted to do." His performance was critically praised. In July 2013, <mask> signed a book deal with Simon & Schuster for a memoir to be co-authored with David Ritz. In November 2014, <mask> released his book The Filthy Truth.In 2015, <mask> hosted The Blue Show, showcasing some of his favorite blue comics, which was released on Showtime. In 2016, <mask> had a guest role as a record executive in the Martin Scorsese/Mick Jagger-produced television series Vinyl for HBO. In 2017, <mask> competed with his wife in the Fox reality cooking series My Kitchen Rules. In September 2018, <mask> launched his new podcast I'm Ova Hea' Now on the GaS Digital network. Later that year, he appeared as Lorenzo in the musical drama film A Star is Born, alongside Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, playing Gaga's character's father. <mask> beat out several high-profile actors for the part, including Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta, and his performance went on to receive positive reviews, as did the film itself. Personal life
<mask> has married three times.From 1984 to 1986, he was married to Kathy Swanson. From 1992 to 2002, <mask> was married to Kathleen "Trini" Monica. They had two sons, Maxwell Lee and Dillon Scott. Max has since followed his father into stand-up comedy and occasionally opens for him on tour. <mask>'s third marriage was with hair stylist Valerie Vasquez, from 2010 to 2014. <mask> was in an eight-year relationship with his ex-fiancée, comedian Eleanor Kerrigan. In November 2017, <mask> had a stent placed in a partially blocked artery.In August 2021, <mask> was diagnosed with Bell's palsy, though the condition was declared temporary and he continues to perform live. He lives in the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles. In popular culture
On the third season Murphy Brown episode "Brown and Blue," Murphy reluctantly is made to interview a rising yet crudely controversial comedian, Tony Rocket (Michael Chiklis), whose character is loosely modeled on <mask>'s "The Diceman" and his material during the height of his popularity. Discography
ADC: The Mixtape That Hates You (1988)
Dice (1989)
The Day the Laughter Died (1990)
Dice Rules (1991)
40 Too Long (1992)
The Day the Laughter Died, Part II (1993)
No Apologies (1993)
Filth (1998)
Face Down, Ass Up (2000)
Indestructible (2012)

Filmography

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male television actors
American male film actors
American memoirists
American stand-up comedians
Male actors from New York City
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish male comedians
People from Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn
Writers from Brooklyn
Comedians from New York City
James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Las Vegas shows
Participants in American reality television series
The Apprentice (franchise) contestants
Obscenity controversies in stand-up comedy
21st-century American Jews
Golden Raspberry Award winners

masks:
Andrew Dice Clay
Andrew Clay Silverstein
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay Silvers
Clay
Clay
Andrew Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Dice
Clay
Clay
Dice
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Diceman
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Dice
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay


title: Bruce Weinstein

texts:
<mask> is an American ethicist who writes about ethics, character, and leadership for Fortune. He also writes for and sits on the editorial board of the Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics. Much of <mask>'s work involves helping business leaders, members of professional trade associations, and students appreciate the role that ethics plays in everyday life. This work often takes the form of interactive keynote addresses to corporations, universities, and other organizations. Early publications
<mask> published his first book in 1985 at the age of 25 while a graduate student at Georgetown University. "Ethics in the Hospital Setting" contains the papers presented at the first state conference devoted to the issue of what was then called hospital ethics committees, which are now known as institutional ethics committees. <mask> is credited as the editor of the volume.Portions of <mask>'s doctoral dissertation, "The Possibility of Ethical Expertise" (Georgetown University, 1989) were edited and published as the articles “What is an Expert?”[Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (Vol. 14, No. 1), pp. 57–73] and “The Possibility of Ethical Expertise”[Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (Vol. 15, No. 1), pp. 61–75.<mask>'s second book as editor, "Dental Ethics", is a collection of articles co-authored by ethicists and dentists. His third book as editor, "Ethical Issues in Pharmacy", contains essays co-authored by ethicists and pharmacists. Later publications
After editing three books for health care professionals, <mask> decided to write his own books and broaden the scope of his work to include businesspeople, general readers of adult non-fiction, and students. His first book in this project was, "What Should I Do: 4 Simple Steps to Making Better Decisions in Everyday Life." He applied the four-step protocol used by institutional ethics committees to ethical issues that people outside of health care face. This protocol is:

 Get the facts. Identify the values at stake.Find the options available to you. Test the options and choose the best one, based steps 1 and 2. The book was a Finalist for the Books for a Better Life Award. <mask>'s next book was published in 2005 by Emmis Books, a division of Emmis Communications. "Life Principles: Feeling Good by Doing Good," was an application of Tom Beauchamp and James Childress's "Principles of Biomedical Ethics." The basis of the Beauchamp/Childress work is principlism, an ethical framework that uses principles as the foundation for ethical decision making. The four principles that form the core of the Beauchamp/Childress work are:

 Respect for autonomy
 Nonmaleficence
 Beneficence (ethics)
 Justice

<mask>'s work simplifies the principles, so that, for example, the principle of nonmaleficence becomes "do no harm", and the principle of beneficence becomes "make things better."<mask> also applies the principles to areas beyond health care and biomedical research. The follow-up to "Life Principles" was a book for 10-14-year-olds entitled, "Is It Still Cheating If I Don't Get Caught?" Published in 2009 by Roaring Brook Press (a division of Macmillan), The book is an application of "Life Principles" to the issues that young adults face with teachers, fellow students, parents, and friends. It received the strongest reviews in <mask>'s career up to that point. In 2011, New World Library published <mask>'s "Ethical Intelligence: Five Principles for Untangling Your Toughest Problems at Work and Beyond." The book expanded much of the work <mask> had done in his columns for Bloomberg Businessweek on such topics as the outsourcing of customer service, the ethics of taking vacations, and how to give and receive criticism. In 2012, ForeWord magazine selected "Ethical Intelligence" as a Silver Winner in its annual Book of the Year Awards in the self-help category.<mask>'s letter to The New York Times calling for honesty in politics was chosen as the basis for its weekly Invitation to a Dialogue feature. The letter was originally published on July 7, 2012, after which readers were invited to submit responses. The letter was then republished on August 11, along with several reader responses and a rejoinder from <mask>. The basis for the letter was Warren Beatty's 1998 film, Bulworth, a satire predicated on the idea that a politician telling the truth would be the stuff of comedy. Books
As Editor
"Ethics in the Hospital Setting" (West Virginia University Press, 1985)
Dental Ethics (Lea & Febiger, 1993)
Ethical Issues in Pharmacy (Applied Therapeutics, 1998),
As Author
 "What Should I Do? 4 Simple Steps to Making Better Decisions in Everyday Life" (Perigee/Penguin, 2000)
 "Life Principles: Feeling Good by Doing Good" (Emmis Books, 2005)
 "Is It Still Cheating If I Don't Get Caught?" (Roaring Brook, 2009)
 "Ethical Intelligence: Five Principles for Solving Your Toughest Problems at Work and Beyond" (New World Library, 2011),
 "The Good Ones: Ten Crucial Qualities of High-Character Employees" (New World Library, Oct 2015),

Media appearances as ethics analyst
<mask> has offered ethical analyses on CNN's The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer (on such issues as the Harvard cheating scandal of 2012), Anderson Cooper 360 (debating with David Gergen about the ethics of publishing kiss-and-tell books in politics), and Issue #1 (an ethics quiz he developed); NBC's Today (the ethics of going to work sick); ABC's Good Morning America (the ethics of tipping and regifting); ABC News Now (ethical dilemmas in the workplace); WNBC's Today in New York (five principles for making ethical decisions); CNBC's "Surviving the Market" (scandals in business);, WNYC's Leonard Lopate Show (the ethics of apologies);, FOX News Channel's O'Reilly Factor (the ethics of producing and watching reality television shows); and other television and radio programs.<mask> promotes himself as "The Ethics Guy". References

External links
<mask>'s official site: The Ethics Guy
Weinstein author page at Fortune online
Youtube channel

Living people
American business writers
American ethicists
Swarthmore College alumni
Philosophers from New Jersey
Year of birth missing (living people)
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

masks:
Bruce Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Weinstein
Bruce Weinstein


title: Darrell Johnson

texts:
<mask> (August 25, 1928 – May 3, 2004) was an American Major League Baseball catcher, coach, manager and scout. As a manager, he led the 1975 Boston Red Sox to the American League pennant, and was named "Manager of the Year" by both The Sporting News and the Associated Press. Playing career
<mask> was born in Horace, Nebraska, and graduated from Harvard, Nebraska, High School in 1944. He was signed by the St. Louis Browns as an amateur free agent in 1949 and made his Major League debut with the Browns on April 20, 1952. A reserve catcher during his six-year Major League career (1952; 1957–58; 1960–62), <mask> also played for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds and Baltimore Orioles, who released him on June 12, 1962, ending his playing career. He was listed as  tall and  and threw and batted right-handed. In 134 MLB games played, he batted .234 lifetime, with his 75 hits including six doubles, one triple and two home runs.<mask>'s playing career was interrupted by an eleven-month stint as an MLB coach with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1960–61. After playing in eight games, with three plate appearances, for the  Cardinals, he was released as a player on August 5 and added to the coaching staff of manager Solly Hemus, then reappointed for . When the Redbirds fired Hemus on July 6, 1961, <mask> was released along with him. Three days later, he signed a player's contract with the last-place Philadelphia Phillies and caught 21 games for them in five weeks before being sold to the pennant-contending Cincinnati Reds on August 14. The Reds were then  games behind the first-place Los Angeles Dodgers, but over the final six weeks of the season they overtook the Dodgers to win the National League championship by four full contests. <mask> appeared in 20 games (including 17 as the club's starting catcher, with the Reds going 8–9). In limited duty, he batted .315 with 17 hits, including his second and last big-league home run, hit off the Dodgers' Johnny Podres on August 16.He appeared in the 1961 World Series against his former team, the Yankees, and had two singles in four at bats (both of them off Baseball Hall of Famer Whitey Ford) as the Reds lost to the slugging Yanks of Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle, four games to one. He started Games 1 and 4, both of them Cincinnati defeats. The Reds released <mask> only a few days into the  season, and he signed with the Orioles as a backup catcher before retiring as a player in June and serving out the year as Baltimore's bullpen coach. Manager of Red Sox, Mariners and Rangers

Overview
He then became a minor league manager in the Orioles system and won championships with the Rochester Red Wings of the Triple-A International League in 1964 and Elmira Pioneers of the Double-A Eastern League in 1966. His demotion was the result of an exchange requested by Red Wings president Morrie Silver who was disappointed with a losing 1965 campaign and wanted the Pioneers' Earl Weaver, coming off a winning season, to manage his team instead. After a year spent scouting for the 1967 Yankees, <mask> was named pitching coach of the Boston Red Sox on October 31, 1967, succeeding Sal Maglie who had been released after the World Series. When manager Dick Williams was fired in September 1969, <mask> was retained by the Red Sox as a scout in 1970, then managed Boston's Louisville Colonels International League affiliate in 1971–72.In 1973, he became the first manager of the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, finishing 78–68 and winning his second Governors' Cup, emblematic of the International League's playoff championship, in his only PawSox season. That championship earned him a promotion to the parent club as Red Sox manager. As a big-league manager, <mask> led three different teams over eight seasons. His career began when he succeeded Eddie Kasko following the conclusion of the Red Sox's 1973 campaign on September 30. His biggest success came during his Red Sox posting when he compiled a win-loss record of 220–188 for a .539 winning percentage. He guided Boston to a 95–65 (.594) mark in  and a first-place finish in the AL East. The Sox then swept the defending world champion Oakland Athletics in the playoffs, 3–0, to win the American League pennant.But they lost to the Cincinnati "Big Red Machine" in the thrilling 1975 World Series, four games to three. In an interview conducted by Tim Russert on CNBC in 2003, Baseball Hall of Fame catcher Carlton Fisk named <mask> as the biggest influence in his professional life. In , Boston started poorly, losing 15 of its first 21 games, then rallied and finally climbed above the .500 mark on July 6 (38–37). As the incumbent pennant-winning manager, <mask> skippered the 1976 American League All-Star team (with the Junior Circuit losing 7–1 at Veterans Stadium on July 13). But by then the Red Sox were mired in another slump and only five days later on July 19, <mask> was fired in favor of third-base coach Don Zimmer after the team had lost eight of its last 11 games. At the time of his dismissal, Boston was out of contention with a 41–45 record, in fifth place and 13 games behind the Yankees. <mask> then briefly scouted for the Red Sox.<mask> was hired to become the first-ever manager of the expansion Seattle Mariners on September 3, 1976. Lou Gorman, Seattle's director of baseball operations, stated that <mask> would also assist in scouting players for the upcoming expansion draft. <mask> said that he was looking for players with "pride, aggressiveness, and the right mental attitude." <mask> skippered the Mariners for approximately three and a half seasons until he was fired on August 3, 1980, and posted an overall win-loss mark of 226–362 (.384). <mask> then worked as third-base coach for the Texas Rangers, under Zimmer, starting in  before taking over as interim manager on July 30, 1982. Six years earlier, the roles had been reversed when third-base coach Zimmer succeeded <mask> as manager in Boston on July 18, 1976. In his final managerial role, <mask>'s Rangers went 26–40 (.394) in the  season's final two months.He finished with a 472–590 record for a .444 career percentage as an American League skipper. He then moved to the New York Mets as minor league coordinator of instruction and a longtime scout. He also served as the Mets' bench coach on the staff of Dallas Green from May 20, 1993, through the end of that season. <mask> died at the age of 75, in 2004 of leukemia in Fairfield, California. Managerial record

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

References

External links

Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record

New York Times Obituary

1928 births
2004 deaths
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox managers
Boston Red Sox scouts
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from leukemia
Denver Bears players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) managers
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Memphis Chickasaws players
New York Mets coaches
New York Mets scouts
New York Yankees players
New York Yankees scouts
Pawtucket Red Sox managers
People from Greeley County, Nebraska
Philadelphia Phillies players
Redding Browns players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
Rochester Red Wings managers
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Browns players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
St. Louis Cardinals players
San Antonio Missions players
Seattle Mariners managers
Texas Rangers coaches
Texas Rangers managers
Wichita Falls Spudders players

masks:
Darrell Dean Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Renato del Prado

texts:
<mask> (March 17, 1940 – November 1, 2013) was a Filipino film actor. Early life
Born <mask> on March 17, 1940 in Manila. Personal life
He was married with 6 children. Career
<mask> was discovered by Sampaguita producer Jose Vera-Perez in the 1960s. Among his films were Tansan vs. Tarsan with Dolphy, Ang Mahiwagang Mundo ni Lola Sinderella with Amalia Fuentes and My Beloved with Nora Aunor. The older <mask> was best known for his role as Guido in the GMA Network soap Anna Liza in the 1980s. His last film was Lapu-Lapu, which starred Lito Lapid in 2002.Filmography

Actor
2002 Lapu-Lapu - Itong
2002 Hibla
2002 Forevermore - Pedro
2002 Bugso (TV Movie)
2001 Radyo - Policeman
2001 Mahal Kita... Kahit Sino Ka Pa! 2000 Leon ng Maynila, Lt. Col. Romeo Maganto
1999 Bayad Puri
1998 Berdugo - Mang Rene
1998 My Guardian Debil - Mang Pete
1998 Pagbabalik ng Probinsyano - Natong Luga
1997 Ang Probinsyano - Natong Luga
1997 Epimaco Velasco: NBI - Kidnapper
1997 Ipaglaban Mo II: The movie - Tiyo Pilong (episode 1)
1997 Casamento de Conveniência - Ambo
1997 Boy Chico: Hulihin si Ben Tumbling
1997 Buhay Mo'y Buhay Ko Rin
1997 Walang Dayaan Akin ang Malaki
1996 Masamang Damo
1996 Lahar
1996 Hagedorn
1996 Huwag Mong Isuko ang Laban
1996 Kristo - Pariseo
1995 Silakbo - Mang Pete
1995 I Love You Sabado!!! - Syndicate men
1995 Costales - Kapitan
1995 Matinik Na Kalaban
1994 Ang Ika-labing Isang Utos: Mahalin Mo, Asawa Mo - Turing
1994 Iukit Mo sa Bala! - Julian
1994 Nagkataon... Nagkatagpo - Guzman's Man
1994 Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story - Prison Guard
1994 Ismael Zacarias - Pol
1994 Baby Paterno (Dugong Pulis)
1994 Ka Hector - Ka Enchong
1994 Mayor Cesar Climaco
1994 Talahib at Rosas
1993 Tumbasan Mo ng Buhay
1993 Silang Mga Sisiw sa Lansangan
1993 The Myrna Diones Story (Lord, Have Mercy!) 1993 Manila Boy - Alvarez Henchman
1993 The Vizconde Massacre Story (God Help Us!) -Kapitan Guti
1990 Kapag Wala Nang Batas
1990 Urbanito Dizon: The Most Notorious Gangster in Luzon - Gary
1989 Target... Police General: Major General Alfredo Lim Story
1989 Isang Bala, Isang Buhay
1989 Jones Bridge Massacre (Task Force Clabio)
1989 Gawa Na ang Bala para sa Akin - Capt. Puten
1989 Bawat Patak ... Dugong Pilipino
1989 Delima Gang - Alfredo
1989 Sgt.Melgar - Esteng
1989 Eagle Squad
1989 Capt. Jaylo: Batas sa Batas
1989 Alex Boncayao Brigade: The Liquidation Arm of the NPA
1988 Code Name: Black & White
1988 Kumander Anting-Anting
1988 Chinatown: Sa Kuko ng Dragon
1988 Pepeng Kuryente: Man with a Thousand Volts - Siso
1988 Hamunin ang Bukas...
1988 Iyo ang Batas, Akin ang Katarungan - Selmo
1988 Arturo Lualhati
1988 Sgt. Ernesto 'Boy' Ybañez: Tirtir Gang - Tata
1988 Kambal Na Kamao: Madugong Engkwentro
1988 Boy Negro - Tiyo Maning
1988 Joaquin Burdado
1988 Gorio Punasan, Rebel Driver
1988 Target... Maganto
1988 Dongalo Massacre
1987 Action Is Not Missing
1987 Nonoy Garote and the Sidekicks
1987 Balandra Crossing
1987 Family Tree - Gambling Lord
1987 Lost and Found Command: Rebels Without Because - Sur Dimawari
1987 Ultimatum: Ceasefire! 1986 Beloy Montemayor
1986 Durugin ang Kutsng Buto
1986 Jailbreak 1958
1986 Blood War
1986 Pepe Saclao: Public Enemy No. 1 - Simon
1986 Agaw Armas
1986 Muslim .357
1986 Anomalya ni Andres de Saya
1986 Isang Kumot Tatlong Unan
1986 Isa Lang ang Dapat Mabuhay
1986 Iyo ang Tondo, Kanya ang Cavite - Hildo
1985 Isusumpa Mo ang Araw Nang Isilang Ka
1985 Paradise Inn
1985 Ben Zapanta ... Ilibing ng Buhay? 1985 High Blood
1985 Jandro Nakpil: Halang ang Kaluluwa
1985 Anak ng Tondo - Binong Bulol
1985 Celeste Gang
1985 White Slavery
1985 Isa-isa Lang! - Sgt.Vera Cruz (uncredited)
1985 Manila Gang War
1985 Bilang Na ang Oras Mo
1985 Ben Tumbling: A People's Journal Story - Tinyente
1985 Isang Platitong Mani (as <mask> Guido Del Prado)
1985 Rambuto
1984 Death Raiders
1984 Digmaan sa Pagitan ng Lagit at Lupa
1984 Muntinlupa
1984 Condemned - Rapist
1984 Minanong Magat
1984 Nardong Putik (Kilabot ng Cavite) Version II
1983 Estong Tutong: Ikalawang Yugto - Nato
1983 Kunin Mo ang Ulo ni Magtanggol
1983 Sgt. Maximo Velayo: Trigger ng mga Kumander
1983 To Love Again
1983 Gamu-gamo sa Pugad Lawin - Rufo
1983 Aking prince charming
1983 E.T. Is Estong Tutong - Nato
1982 Isaac... Dugo ni Abraham - Digo
1982 Tokwa't Baboy
1982 The Victim
1982 Daniel Bartolo ng Sapang Bato
1982 Get My Son Dead or Alive - Ka Rodrigo
1982 Stepanio
1981 Tacio
1981 Labanang Lalaki
1981 Iligpit: Pepe Magtanggol
1981 Boni & Klayd
1981 Lukso ng Dugo
1981 Hari ng Stunt
1981 Takbo... Peter... Takbo! 1980 Alyas Tiagong Lundag
1980 Anna Liza - Guido
1979 Tatay na barok
1978 Salonga
1978 Malabanan
1978 Flordeluna - Eric
1977 Tutol ang Lupa sa Patak ng Ulan
1977 Mr. Wong and the Bionic Girls
1977 Gulapa
1976 Bitayin si... Baby Ama! 1976 Ang Lihim ni Rosa Henson sa Buhay ni Kumander Lawin
1976 Type na Type Kita
1976 Bergado, Terror of Cavite
1974 Kapitan Eddie Set
1974 Hotline
1974 Ulong Pugot... naglalagot! 1974 Shazam Boom
1973 Prinsipe Abante
1972 Naku Poooo! 1972 Apat sa silya elektrika
1972 Pinokyo en Little Snow White
1972 Jungle Fighters
1972 Roulette
1972 Kung matapang ka!1972 Banal na sandata
1972 Tomas Brusko
1972 Isla de Toro
1971 She Walked by Night
1971 Racquel
1971 Sino...? 1971 Nagbagong Landas
1971 Sophia
1971 Kababalaghan
1971 Init sa Magdamag
1971 Bawat Saglit... Kaligayahan
1971 Pigilin Mo ang Umaga
1971 Jezebel
1970 My Beloved
1970 My Dearest Mama
1970 Mga Lihim ni Magdalena
1970 Alamo Scouts
1970 Silang Tatlo
1970 The Bold and the Beauties
1970 Munting Santa
1970 Dream of Jeanne
1970 Master Stuntman
1970 Gutom
1969 Si Darna at ang Planetman
1969 Kababalaghan
1968 Dalawang Mukha ng Anghel
1968 Magic Guitar
1968 Mga Tigre sa Looban
1968 Pitong Krus ng Isang Ina
1968 Quinto de Alas
1967 Hammerhead
1967 The Son of Dyango Meets Dorango Kid
1967 Sino ang Dapat Sisihin? 1967 7 Bullets for Gringo
1967 Double Date
1967 Philcag in Vietnam
1967 Special Forces
1966 Mga Pag-ibig ni Christine
1966 O!... Kay laking eskandalo! 1965 Magnificent Bakya
1965 Iginuhit ng Tadhana: The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story
1965 Walis ni Tenteng
1965 Hamon sa Kampeon
1965 Isinulat sa Dugo
1964 Anak ni Kamagong
1964 Kumander Judo
1964 From Tokyo with Love
1964 Umibig Ay Di Biro

Death
Del <mask> died on November 1, 2013 in California due to colon cancer, his daughter, entertainment reporter Pilar Mateo, told the Inquirer. He was 73. <mask>, who migrated to the United States in 2005, will be buried at Glen Abbey Memorial Park this week, said Mateo.References

1940 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in the Philippines
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Filipino male film actors
Male actors from Manila

masks:
Renato del Prado
Renato Natidad Mateo
Renato Del Prado
Del Prado
Renato
Prado
Del Prado


title: Charles McAnally

texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1836 – 1905) was a native of Glenviggan, County Londonderry, Ireland who served with the federal army of the United States (also known as the Union Army) during the American Civil War. Severely wounded in action while fighting as a first lieutenant with Company D of the 69th Pennsylvania Infantry at Spottsylvania, Virginia on May 12, 1864, he captured the flag of the enemy during hand-to-hand combat with Confederate States Army soldiers, and was subsequently awarded the United States' highest commendation for valor, the Medal of Honor, on October 15, 1872. Formative years
Born in Glenviggan, Ballinascreen, County Londonderry, Ireland, <mask> emigrated in 1852. American Civil War military service
 <mask> became one of the early responders to the call by United States President Abraham Lincoln for volunteers to help defend Washington, D.C. following the mid-April 1861 fall of Fort Sumter to troops from the Confederate States Army. After enrolling for military service in Philadelphia during the summer of 1861, he then officially mustered in there as a captain with Company D of the 69th Pennsylvania Infantry on August 1, 1861. Encamped near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 5, 1863, following the Battle of Gettysburg, he penned a letter to the widow of James Hand, one of his D Company subordinates who had been killed in action:

It is a painfull [sic] task for me to Communicate the Sad fate of your husband (my own Comrade) he was killed on the 3rd inst he received a ball through the breast & one through the Heart & never Spoke after. I was in command of the Skirmishers about one mile to the front & every inch of the ground was well contested  I Reached our Regt the Rebels made the attack in 3 lines of Battle....I threw off my coat & in 2 minutes we were at it hand to hand they charged on us twice & we repulsed them then they their [sic] tried the Regt on our Right – & drove them which caused us to Swing back our right then we charged them on their left flank & in the charge James fell may the Lord have mercy on his Soul. he never flinched from his post & was loved by all who knew him he is intered [sic] along Side of Sergt James McCabe Sergt Jeremiah Gallagher of our Co & 5 others of our Co.... we were determed [sic] that a long as a man lived he would Stand to be killed too rather than have it Said that we left on the battle field in Pennsylvania the Laurels that we So dearly won in Strange States. the loss in the Regt killed wounded & missing was one hundred & fifty eight and our Colnell [sic] & Lieut Colnell [sic] & 2 Capts Duffy & Thompson killed & Lieut Kelly & 6 officers wounded. We killed 6 Rebel Generals & nearly all the line officers & killed or captured every man that attacted [sic] us.... Mrs. Hand please excuse this letter as I am confused & I hope you will take your trouble with patience you know that God is mercifull [sic] & good to his own. No one living this day was more attached than Jas to my Self when I was engaged in front he wanted to get out to my assistance. I lost a loyal comrade in him. No more at present from your Sorrowing friend

Chas McAnally
Lieut Co “D” 69th
Regt P.V.P.S. This letter will answer for Sergt McCabe he was shot through the head he died in 2 minutes after. McCabe had 35 cents of money [illegible character] 20 he lent to Lieut Fay of our Co.... In 1864, while fighting as a first lieutenant with the 69th Pennsylvania and other Union Army troops in the Battle of Spottsylvania Court House, he performed the acts of valor which would ultimately result in his being awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor. On May 12, he was "[c]ut in head, shot [in the] left shoulder; also through right leg, knee and head" while capturing the enemy flag from Confederate States Army soldiers during hand-to-hand combat. In late October of that same year, McAnally led members of his regiment and others from the 106th Pennsylvania Infantry in an assault upon Confederate troops in order to silence a CSA artillery battery during the Battle of Boydton Plank Road. According to a report by 106th Pennsylvania first lieutenant John H. Gallagher to his superiors on October 29:

We left camp in conjunction with the Sixty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers about 2 p.m. October 26, and marched till about dusk; detailed on picket for the night.In the morning followed the division and joined the brigade in time to participate in the charge of Hatcher's Run. After the charge advanced with the brigade along the telegraph road through the woods to the Boydton road. We then formed in line of battle on the left of brigade. We were there ordered by General Smyth to deploy as skirmishers on the right of the Nineteenth Massachusetts Volunteers. While lying waiting for Captain McAnally, commanding the Sixty-ninth and One hundred and sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, to find the Nineteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, I [Gallagher] was ordered by aide-de-camp from General Egan, commanding division, to cross the Boydton road and advance in line of battle. We advanced then through the woods to the open field, when we were ordered by aide-de-camp from General Egan to deploy as skirmishers and advance parallel with the Boydton road, capturing a battery forge and quartermaster and commissary stores. We then advanced under command of Captain McAnally to within 150 yards of the enemy's battery, and succeeded for a time in silencing their battery.They then advanced their infantry to drive our right, which we repulsed with the loss of 10 men in wounded in missing (7 wounded and 3 missing). We succeeded in holding the ground until ordered to leave, between 1 and 2 a.m., on the morning of the 28th, when we were withdrawn by order of Captain <mask>, Sixty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and marched direct for the sawmill, and at daylight rejoined the brigade and continued in the column to this place [headquarters, 106th Pennsylvania Infantry). <mask> mustered out with his regiment at Philadelphia on July 1, 1865. Post-war life
After the war, <mask> married on August 24, 1871 in Burleson County, Texas to widow Frances 'Fanny' Veach, and purchased farmland in Lee County, Texas. He married a second time on December 18, 1882 in Travis County, Texas to widow Julia Hofheintz and lived for some time in the city of Austin, Texas. He had one known child, a daughter, born in February 1880 in Texas. During the 1890s, <mask> was admitted to the network of National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.Admitted on March 5, 1896 to the Southern Branch home in Elizabeth City, Virginia, he was enumerated by a federal census taker in 1900 as a resident of that home who had been confined as an inmate at Fort Monroe. Hospital records for this period noted that, on March 13, 1905, he was "Dropped/demanding discharges while under sentence". Those military hospital records also noted that he was a 60-year-old farmer and widower who was 5' 7-1/2" tall with gray hair, blue eyes and a light complexion, and that his residence subject to discharge was Philadelphia, and confirmed that he had sustained a gunshot wound of the left shoulder during the fighting at Spotsylvania in 1864. Hospitalized in late July 1905 due to heart disease, McAnally died in the asylum hospital in Washington, D.C. on August 8, 1905. Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Company D, 69th Pennsylvania Infantry. Place and date: At Spotsylvania, Va., 12 May 1864. Entered service at: Philadelphia, Pa.Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 2 August 1897. Citation:
In a hand-to-hand encounter with the enemy captured a flag, was wounded in the act, but continued on duty until he received a second wound. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P

References

External links

 McDermott, Anthony W. A Brief History of the 69th Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, from Its Formation Until Final Muster Out of the United States Service. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: D. J. Gallagher & Co., 1889. 1836 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Irish soldiers in the United States Army
People from County Londonderry
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Union Army officers
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People from Austin, Texas
Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Texas

masks:
Charles McAnally
Charles McAnally
Charles McAnally
McAnally
McAnally
McAnally
McAnally


title: Dieter Gerhardt

texts:
<mask> (born 1 November 1935) is a former commodore in the South African Navy and commander of the strategic Simon's Town naval dockyard. He was arrested by the FBI in New York City in 1983 following information obtained from a Soviet defector. He was convicted of high treason as a spy for the Soviets for a period of twenty years in South Africa together with his second wife, Ruth, who had acted as his courier. Both were released prior to the change of government following the 1994 general election. Early life and education
Gerhardt was born on 1 November 1935, in Berlin, Germany. Military training
Gerhardt joined the South African Navy after his father successfully persuaded naval chief Hugo Biermann to take the troubled teenager under his wing to try to instill discipline in him; he graduated from the Naval Academy in Saldanha Bay in 1956, winning the Sword of Honour. In 1962 he attended a Royal Navy mine school in Portsmouth and completed the parachute training course at RAF Abingdon.After his training in Britain, he was seconded to the Royal Navy. He started his spying career in his late twenties, while still a junior naval officer, by offering his services to the South African Communist Party. Bram Fischer referred him to the Soviet embassy in London, where the "walk-in" was recruited into the GRU, the Soviet military intelligence branch, and instructed to continue his career in the South African military. Spy activities
As part of his service in the Royal Navy, he trained at  and served on , and passed classified information about the weapons systems there to the Soviets. Among the systems he compromised through these activities were the SeaCat and Sea Sparrow missiles. He was also responsible for passing the first intelligence information about the French Exocet missile to the Soviets. British journalist and security services specialist Chapman Pincher maintained that, while in London in the late 1960s, Gerhardt was able to interview Royal Navy Polaris submarine crews for potential candidates that the Soviets could approach.It was also during this time that he met his first wife, British-born Janet Coggin whom he married in 1958. Coggin says she became aware of her husband's Cold War spying activities eight years later in 1966, but chose not to turn him in, fearing that he would be executed, leaving her children fatherless. She says Gerhardt eventually gave her an ultimatum to become a spy too, which she declined, forcing the couple's separation. She divorced him in 1966 and moved to Ireland with her children, claiming that she lived in constant fear of the Soviet security services. She subsequently published a book in 1999 about her experiences called The Spy's Wife. In 1973 <mask> married his second wife, Ruth Johr, a Swiss citizen who author Chapman Pincher claims was already a spy for the German Democratic Republic. According to Gerhardt, he recruited her shortly after they were married.She travelled to Moscow to undergo training. Gerhardt rose through the ranks of the naval establishment as his career progressed. Upon his return from training in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s, he served as the naval liaison officer with the defence company that subsequently become Armscor. From 1972–1978, he was appointed as a senior staff officer to the Chief of the SADF in Pretoria. In this position he was able to access South African Army and Air Force secrets and plans regarding the South African Border War. He claims direct involvement in aspects of Israeli and South Africa's military cooperation, using this position in 1975 to pass Israeli secrets to the Soviets, including details of the purchase of Jericho missiles from Israel. Later, he was appointed commander of the strategically important Simonstown naval dockyard.In this position, he had access to all the South African Naval intelligence reports from the Silvermine listening post near Cape Town, as well as technical details of weapons systems. He reportedly revealed to the Soviets most of the Western naval surveillance techniques for the South Atlantic. During the 1982 Falklands War, Gerhardt was allegedly able to use his position to supply the Soviets with detailed information about the locations of Royal Navy ships in the south Atlantic that the South African Navy intercepted at Silvermine. Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton publicly contradicted this view, but supported screening of Royal Navy officers who had been in contact with Gerhardt throughout his career. Gerhardt visited the USSR five times during his career, while his wife travelled with him twice in 1972 and 1976. He was reportedly paid 800,000 Swiss francs by the GRU for his spying activities; his contact in the GRU said that money was not the motive for Gerhardt. Arrest, trial and subsequent release
Gerhardt's cover was finally blown by Soviet double agent Vladimir Vetrov (given the codename "Farewell" by France's DST intelligence service) He was arrested at his hotel in New York City in January 1983 in a sting operation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation while he was taking a degree in mathematics at Syracuse University.The CIA interrogated him for 11 days, during which time he gave up one of his Soviet handlers, Vitaly Shlykov (codename "Bob"). Shlykov, who did not know that the Gerhardts had been arrested, was also arrested on 25 January when he travelled to Zurich under the alias "Mikhail Nikolayev" for a pre-arranged meeting with <mask>. He had in his possession $100,000 in cash that he intended to pay her; he did not disclose his real identity to Swiss authorities, and was sentenced to three years imprisonment for spying. P.W. Botha announced <mask>'s arrest to the world in a special press conference on 26 January 1983. Following his deportation to South Africa, Gerhardt and his wife were tried in camera in the Cape Town Supreme Court, with the prospect of a death sentence being handed down for high treason. In his trial, Gerhardt stated that the repulsion he felt towards his father's right-wing political beliefs drove him to fight apartheid by serving the USSR.According to Gerhardt, he deliberately attempted to sow confusion in the trial by stating in his defence that he had spied for an unnamed third country that was not hostile to South Africa. His first wife described him as a "traditional apartheid-accepting South African"; he had told her that he wanted revenge against the South African government for interning his father, a Nazi sympathizer, during World War II. <mask> claimed in her defence that she thought he was a double agent working for South Africa. Judge George Munnik sentenced him to life imprisonment in December 1983, while his wife Ruth received a 10-year sentence for acting as a courier. The judge said that he would have passed the death sentence on Gerhardt that the prosecution sought if the information he had passed to the Soviet Union had led to the death of a South African soldier. Ruth Gerhardt served her sentence together with Barbara Hogan and other anti-apartheid dissidents. In 1988, she attempted to gain her freedom by renouncing violence, and thereby take advantage of an offer made by PW Botha to political prisoners like Nelson Mandela, however the request was turned down by Justice Goldstone.<mask> <mask> was one of the imprisoned spies who was mooted for inclusion in a 1989 East-West prisoner exchange amongst a number of countries that did not materialise. In 1990 when FW de Klerk unbanned organisations such as the ANC and released political prisoners like Nelson Mandela, Gerhardt was not one of those who was freed. He was visited in prison on 22 January 1992 by a delegation from the ANC, who were seeking information regarding the SADF that might have assisted them in CODESA negotiations with the National Party government. Gerhardt was released in August 1992 following his application for release, political pressure in South Africa and an appeal by Russian premier Boris Yeltsin to South African President FW de Klerk when the latter visited Moscow after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Former Minister of Defence Magnus Malan said that the former spy's release was a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic ties and the signing of a trade agreement between South Africa and the Russian Federation. Gerhardt moved to Basel, Switzerland, following in the footsteps of his Swiss wife <mask>, who was released in 1990 following a request from the Swiss government. He stated upon his release that: "I did not feel like a traitor or someone who was betraying his colleagues.I was a political activist fighting the evil regime of apartheid. It was nothing personal." Gerhardt was subsequently granted amnesty in 1999 by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and his rank of rear admiral restored. Nuclear weapons controversy

He claimed that the United States and the Soviet Union met in 1978 to discuss South Africa's nuclear weapons programme, and that the Soviets proposed a pre-emptive strike on the Pelindaba plant. In February 1994, he told Des Blow of the Johannesburg City Press that the Vela Incident was the result of a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, code-named Operation Phoenix. He stated that he had no official knowledge of the alleged test, but was not ready to provide further details. In a subsequent interview with David Albright in March 1994, he stated that no South African warships had been involved, but declined to provide further details.Popular Mechanics contends that the mystery surrounding the incident would finally have been resolved if Gerhardt were a more credible source, while other authors suggest that newly declassified documents increase the credibility of his claims. See also
 John Anthony Walker

Further reading

Notes

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References

External links

<mask> Gerhardt  (Translation)
Operation Felix  (Translation)

South African Navy personnel
South African spies for the Soviet Union
South African people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
1935 births
Living people
Admitted Soviet spies
Israel–South Africa relations
GRU officers
1983 in international relations
1983 in South Africa
People convicted of treason
Opposition to apartheid in South Africa
Cold War military history of South Africa
Naval attachés

masks:
Dieter Felix Gerhardt
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Ruth Gerhardt
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