title: Carlo Curti

texts:
<mask> (May 6, 1859 – 1926), also known as <mask>, was an Italian musician, composer and bandleader. He moved to the United States whose most lasting contribution to American society was popularizing the mandolin in American music by starting a national "grass-roots mandolin orchestra craze" (that lasted from 1880 until the 1920s). He also contributed to Mexican society in 1884 by creating one of Mexico's oldest orchestras, the Mexican Typical Orchestra. The orchestra under his leadership represented Mexico at the New Orleans Cotton Exhibition. As with his Spanish Students, <mask> dressed his Mexican band in costumes, choosing the charro cowboy outfit. The patriotic value of having Mexico represented on the international stage gave a boost to mariachi bands (which had normally been repressed by social elites); the mariachis began using charro outfits as <mask>'s orchestra had done,  expressing pride in being Mexican. <mask>'s Orquestra Típica Mexicana has been called the "predecessor of the Mariachi bands."He was an orchestra leader, composer, educator at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música (Mexican National Conservatory of Music), xylophonist, violinist, mandolinist and author of a mandolin method. He directed the orchestra at the New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel in his later career. Also known as a composer of zarzuelas and dance music, among his most noted tunes are "La Tipica" and "Flower of Mexico". His brother was harpist Giovanni (Juan or John) <mask>, who also was a member of his orchestra. Spanish Students (1880–1884)

<mask> was born in Gallicchio, province of Potenza, Basilicata. About five years after he arrived in the United States (c.1875), Curti saw the opportunity to imitate one of the great acts of his day, the Estudiantina Figaro, also known as the Estudiantina Figueroa or "Spanish Students" troupe, a costumed, dancing, bandurria-playing group from Spain that was touring in the United States (as well as the United Kingdom and parts of South America in the early 1880s). Curti had experience in show business, working with a small traveling opera, along with his brother John.He took advantage, figuring that people wouldn't see the difference when he (an Italian) pretended to be Spanish. He even started using <mask>, instead of <mask>. He established a group similar to the Spanish Students, but made up of Italians playing mandolins (because of the similarity to violins, which they knew). The group blatantly used the Spanish Students' name while touring the United States. He later admitted what he had done, and started another group or changed his groups' name to the "Roman Students". The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States. They left an impression on the people who saw them, and the mandolin, rather than the bandurria became established in the United States and Europe.Mexican Typical Orchestra (1884–1887)

Beginning in 1884

<mask> took his knowledge of the elaborate costumed performances he had participated in and organized since coming to the United States, and created a new show in Mexico, what became the Orquesta Típica Mexicana (Mexican Typical Orchestra). The Mexican Typical Orchestra was originally conceived by the salterio player Encarnación García and bandolónist Andrés Díaz de la Vega but its creation was consolidated in the hands of its director and founder, xylophone player and composer <mask>,  in August 1884. It initially consisted of 19 musicians, most of them from the Conservatorio Nacional de Música (Mexican National Conservatory of Music) and distributed as follows:

Flute. Anastasio Meneses. Harp. <mask>. Salterios.Maria Encarnación García and Mariano Aburto. Garcia played a 99 string Salterio that resembled a dulcimer. First Bandolóns. Andrés Díaz de la Vega. Pedro Zariñana, Mariano Pagani y Apolonio Domínguez. Bandolóns were shaped like a cittern or bouzouki with 18 strings (6 courses of 3 strings). Second Bandolóns.Vidal Ordaz, Vicente Solís y José Borbolla. Guitars. Pantaleón Dávila and Pedro Dávila. Violins. Antonio Figueroa and Enrique Palacios. Viola: Buenaventura Herrera. Cellos.Rafale Galindo and Eduardo Gabrielli. Xylophone. <mask>. First concert
The orchestra debuted Saturday night September 20, 1884 at a private concert, held at the Conservatory Orchestra's Theatre and alternated in the concert with the Conservatory Orchestra. The Mexican Typical Orchestra played the following five works during the third part of programming:

1. Obertura of the Opera "Raymond" by Ambroise Thomas
2. Mazurca "Los Ecos" para solo de Salterio by Encarnación García
3.Fantasía sobre la Opera "Norma" by Vincenzo Bellini
4. Marcha de la Opera "Tanhäuser" by Richard Wagner
5. Aires Nacionales Mexicanos by <mask>. Presidential endorsement
This concert was attended by the president of Mexico, General Porfirio Díaz, who at the time named the group "Orquesta Típica Mexicana". The president was interested in supporting the group, because he had issues during his election campaign in which his opponents used folk music as propaganda against him. The president wanted to bring order and stability and modernity to Mexico, and music was one of the tools he used. The "Aires Nacionales Mexicanos" (Mexican National Tunes) put together by Curti along with ethnic instruments like the salterio impressed the General.The orchestra toured Mexico, the United States and Europe. They gave performances in several places in the Mexican capital. The orchestra performed at the Arbeu Theater in a performance dedicated to the Honorable Foreign Colonies and to the Mexican students; this was also an audition, performed on December 3, 1884, and of <mask>'s arrangement of "Mexican National Tunes" was endorsed. As a result, the orchestra was invited to perform at the New Orleans Universal Expo. Over the next three years the band made several tours; the first to the United States, starting for the Universal Exhibition in New Orleans and continuing to New York and several cities in the US. The second tour started in January 1886, visiting Zacatecas on January 8, and then again the US, Canada and Cuba returning to the City Mexico in July 1887. The band disintegrated abruptly in the city of Puebla, and little is known of its fate after so sudden dissolution.It was understood that the musicians who should return to their academic activities at the National Conservatory of Music that had been abandoned during the touring. Among these was Mr. <mask>, who later dedicated himself to conduct the orchestra Circo Orrín. The orchestra after <mask>i

The Mexican typical orchestra would continue in 1901 with conductor Juan Velázquez, who was with the orchestra and <mask> during his second tour. The third lead was Miguel Lerdo de Tejada who organized it as the Orquesta Típica Lerdo in 1901. The orchestra is still in existence, after 120 years, and was declared a "Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Capital" (of Mexico) on May 31, 2011. Last years
After fourteen years in Mexico, <mask> returned to New York in 1897. At the beginning of the 1900s, he was conductor of the Waldorf–Astoria Orchestra for several years.He also formed another group called "Orquesta Mexicana Curti" with whom made recordings for Columbia Records in 1905, 1906 and 1912. His later life was marked by tragic events: he suffered financial difficulties and his wife Carmen shot herself on January 28, 1914, after he had lost his job at the Waldorf-Astoria. Then <mask> came back to Mexico City, where he committed suicide in 1926. Works

Not merely an imitator, <mask> was a multi-instrumental musician and a composer as well. He published sheet music as early as 1880 in New York, but also published extensively in Mexico. My Irish Home. Words by Joe A. Burgess.(August, 1892)
La Tipica. Polka. (1895)
Florera. Polka. (1891)
Nueva Espana. (1894)
Una boda en Santa Lucia. (1894)
La patria.Military march. (1895)
Merci. Gavotte. (1896)
El Gondolero. Waltz, (1896)
Serenate. (1897)
Siempre alegre. Polka, (1897)
Il n'y a pas de quoi.Welcome. Schottische. (1897)
La cuarta plana. (1899)
Los de abajo. (1899)
El novio de Tacha. (1900)
Benedictina, en "La cuarta plana". Gavota.(1901)
Bolero, en "La cuarta plana". (1901)
Diablito. Polka. (1901)
Nemrod, rey de Babilonia. Operetta. Sala Wagner, (1901)
Saravia, danza en la zarzuela La cuarta plana. (1901)
Tango, danza en la zarzuela "La cuarta plana".(1901)
Under the Bamboo Tree. Mandolin duo. Arranged by <mask> (1902)
While the Convent Bells Were Wringing. Mandolin duo. Arranged by <mask>ita.Valse romantique. (1907)
Notturno in D. Violin and piano. (1908)
Petit bijou (Little jewel). Gavotte. (1908)
Chimes of old Cornell. (1917)
Visions of love (Visione d'amore). Waltz.(1928)
Angela. Schottische. Bogando. Barcarola, en la pantomima acuatica "Una boda en Santa Lucia". Brisa. Valse. Champagne.Polka en la pantomima Una boda en Santa Lucia. Constanza. Mazurka. Dias felices. Schottische. Entre amigos. Polka.Fregoli. Polka. Gondolero. Vals. Ilusiones. Vals. Juego hidraulico.Vals
Lamentos. Lluvia de rosas. Vals.Lola. Polka.Maria Enriqueta. Danza.Merci! Schottische.Momna. Mazurka..Monica.Mazurka.Mundo ilustrado, en la zarzuela La cuarta plana). Vals.Nueva Espana. Pasa-calle.Otilia. Polka.Pan American-Marsch.Pas de quoi! Schottische.Polka militar.Predilecta. Vals.Recuerdos. Mazurka.Teresa.Gavotta.Tus ojos. Schottische.Xylosono. Polka.lbum de Mexico. Coleccion de 10 piezas celebres para mandolina y piano con 2. Recordings
Victor
His compositions were recorded 10 times on Victor Records. including:Saravia, Antonio Vargas, 1902The flower of Mexico, Arthur Pryor's Band, 1904Tipica polka, W. Eugene Page ; D. F. Ramseyer, 1909Blue ribbon, Conway's Band, 1914La tipica, Trio Romano[ i.e., Cibelli's Neapolitan Orchestra], 1921La cuarta plana, Banda de Zapadores, 1905La cuarta plana, Trío Arriaga, 1905Canción de la saravia, Esperanza Iris, 1906

Columbia Estudiantina Walzer by Waldteufel with the Columbia Orchestra, with Kastagnetten; La tipica polka by <mask> with the Orquesta EspanolaLa Tipica, F Lahoz; <mask>; Curti's Band. ; Banda Española, 1910

Zonophone
 Flower of Mexico, Hager's Orchestra, 1906

Modern
Among modern reinterpretations are:La Tipica, Los Alegres de Terán, 1961La Tipica, Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, 1963La Tipica, Flaco Jiménez, 1988La Tipica, Nashville Mandolin Ensemble, 1998La Tipica, Terry Waldo, 2004La Tipica, Milwaukee Mandolin Orchestra, 2007Flower of Mexico'', Milwaukee Mandolin Orchestra, 2015

See also
 List of mandolinists (sorted)

References

External links
Modern reprint of Curti's Complete Method for the Mandolin.Document with portraits of <mask> and his brother <mask>. Spanish Students
These links are about two groups performing under the name "Spanish Students" that were identifiable by their promoter's name. The links are limited to those two groups, even though there were other groups using the name. Abbey and Hickey, the first Spanish Students, and Humpty Dumpty
Newspapers.com clipping from The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 30 Mar 1880, Tue, Page 3 about the first group to be called the Spanish Students (Abbey's and Hickey's) and the "Humpty Dumpty", a circus-style variety show of which the Spanish Students were a part. The newspapers called their bandurrias, "mandolins." Newspapers.com clipping from The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 30 Mar 1880, Tue, Page 1 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 29 Mar 1880, Mon, Page 9 about Abbey's and Hickey's variety show, including the Spanish Students. Newspapers.com clipping from The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 30 Mar 1880, Tue, Page 1, advertisement for the first group to be called the "Spanish Students".<mask>'s Spanish Students
Newspapers.com newspaper clipping from Middlebury Register, 29 Oct 1880, Fri, First Edition, calling <mask>'s group "Curti's Original Spanish Students." <mask>'s Roman Students
Newspapers.com clipping from April 1, 1881, advertising <mask>'s 9 "Roman Students"
Newspapers.com clipping from April 4, 1881, talking about variety show. The "Roman Students" were paired with "freaks of nature" (i.e. circus acts.) Reappearance of <mask>'s version of the Spanish Students
 Newspapers.com newspaper clipping from The Times, 9 Apr 1882, Sun, Page 5, showing the "Reappearance of the Famous Spanish Students" with Senor <mask> as leader. Newspapers.com clipping from 1914 detailing existence of bandurria playing Spanish Students and mandolin playing imitators, and a meeting between two groups. Mexican Typical Orchestra
Newspapers.com clipping from The Daily Commonwealth, 4 Aug 1885, Tue, Page 4 in Topeka, Kansas, giving some of the history of the Mexican Typical Orchestra.Newspapers.com 1886 advertisement from Topeka, Kansas, talking about the Mexican Typical Orchestra and comparing them to the Spanish Students. Newspapers.com clipping from Springfield Missouri, from the Springfield Daily Republic, 6 Aug 1886, Fri, First Edition, mentions the Mexican Army band they were traveling with. 1859 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Italian composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Italian bandleaders
Italian conductors (music)
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian male composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian male writers
Italian mandolinists
Italian violinists
Male violinists
People from New York (state)
People from the Province of Potenza
Xylophonists
1926 suicides
Suicides in Mexico

masks:
Carlo Curti
Carlos Curti
Curti
Curti
Curti
Curti
Curti
Carlos
Carlo
Curti
Carlos Curti
Juan Curti
Carlos Curti
Carlos Curti
Carlos Curti
Curti
Carlo Curt
Carlos Curti
Curti
Curti
Curti
Carlo Curti
Carlo Curtios
Carlo Curti
Carlos Curti
Carlo Curti
Giovanni Curti
Carlo Curti
Curti
Carlo Curti
Carlo Curti
Carlo Curti
Carlo Curti


title: Johnathan Joseph

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 16, 1984) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football at South Carolina and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft. <mask> also played for the Houston Texans, Tennessee Titans, and Arizona Cardinals. College career
<mask> began his college football career at Coffeyville Community College in Coffeyville, Kansas in 2003. He was ranked the 31st-best JUCO player in the nation by College Football News and earned all-conference honors. <mask> recorded three interceptions, one for a touchdown, and 43 tackles. He also recorded a sack and two pass break-ups.<mask> transferred to the University of South Carolina, where he played for South Carolina Gamecocks football team in 2004 and 2005. He started at cornerback his first two games of the 2004 season, recording two tackles in his first game against Vanderbilt and forcing a fumble. <mask> broke his foot in the first quarter against the Georgia Bulldogs, and spent the remainder of the year rehabilitating his injury. <mask> was scheduled to have a big season in 2005, along with teammate and fellow defensive back Ko Simpson. He earned the Outstanding Defensive Back Award in spring practice and recorded two tackles and a broken up pass in the Garnet and Black Game. <mask> finished the season with 55 tackles, four interceptions, and nine broken up passes. Professional career
A year before the NFL Draft, <mask> was not regarded as a highly touted prospect and wasn't on any big boards since he was still an underclassman and only had played two games at South Carolina.He began to improve his stock after playing well in 2005. <mask> was invited to the NFL Combine and after running a 4.31 40-yard dash, his draft stock immediately soared. Scouts and analysts projected him as a first or second-round pick. <mask> was ranked the third-best cornerback by NFLDraftScout.com. Cincinnati Bengals
The Cincinnati Bengals selected <mask> in the first round (24th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft. He was the third cornerback selected in the first round (15th Tye Hill, 19th Antonio Cromartie). 2006 season: Rookie year
On July 31, 2006, the Bengals signed <mask> to a five-year, $8.10 million contract with $4.82 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.09 million.He entered training camp competing with veteran Tory James and Deltha O'Neal for a starting cornerback position. <mask> was named the third cornerback on the depth chart behind O'Neal and James to begin the season and was named the nickelback. <mask> earned the start over O'Neal in the season-opener against the Kansas City Chiefs and finished with three solo tackles in a 23–10 victory. On November 12, 2006, <mask> started his third game and made five solo tackles in a 31–16 victory over the New Orleans Saints. He started in place of Deltha O'Neal who suffered a shoulder injury the previous week and would miss the following three games. <mask> remained the starter the rest of the season. During a Week 13 matchup with the Baltimore Ravens, he recorded seven combined tackles and a season-high four pass deflections in a 13–7 victory.On December 31, 2006, <mask> made a season-high ten combined tackles and two pass deflections in a 23–17 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> finished his rookie season with 58 combined tackles (45 solo) and 20 pass break-ups in 16 games and nine starts. 2007 season
With the departure of Tory James in free agency and Deltha O'Neal receiving shoulder surgery in the off-season, <mask> was slated to be the Bengals' starting cornerback. He faced competition for his starting position after the Bengals drafted cornerback Leon Hall with the 18th overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. <mask> was named the starting right cornerback, opposite Deltha O'Neal, to begin the season. Hall and O'Neal were the starters for the season-opener against the Baltimore Ravens, but <mask> made two combined tackles in the 27–20 victory. The following week, he made his first start of the season and recorded three solo tackles in a 51–45 loss to the Cleveland Browns.On October 21, 2007, <mask> made five combined tackles and intercepted Chad Pennington for the first pick of his career. He returned it for a 42-yard touchdown and helped defeat New York Jets by a score of 38–31. On November 25, 2007, he recorded five combined tackles, three pass deflections, and intercepted Vince Young as the Bengals routed the Titans 35–6. The next game, <mask> made a season-high seven solo tackles and intercepted Ben Roethlisberger's pass during a 24–10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. In Week 16, he made a season-high tying seven combined tackles and intercepted Cleveland Browns' quarterback Derek Anderson in a 19–14 victory. <mask> finished the 2007 season with 62 combined tackles (49 solo), 15 pass deflections, four interceptions, and a touchdown. He was second on the team with four interceptions, behind Leon Hall's five interceptions.2008 season
After Deltha O'Neal left during free agency, Leon Hall and <mask> became the Bengals' starting cornerbacks. He was named the left cornerback to begin the regular season. <mask> started the season-opener against the Baltimore Ravens and made five combined tackles and three pass deflections, and recovered Ray Rice's fumble and returned it for a 65-yard touchdown in a 17–10 loss. He missed three games (Weeks 3–5) with an ankle injury and returned as a starter in Week 6, making three solo tackles and three pass deflections in a 26–14 loss to the New York Jets. On November 2, 2008, <mask> recorded a career-high 15 combined tackle (11 solo) and two pass deflections in a 21–19 win against the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the next game, he made five combined tackles and three pass deflections, and intercepted Donovan McNabb in a 13–13 tie with the Philadelphia Eagles. On November 21, 2008, <mask> was added to injured-reserve after a recurring foot injury.<mask> finished with 42 combined tackles (31 solo), 13 pass breakups, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and a touchdown in eight games and seven starts. 2009 season
<mask> returned to his starting role in 2009 and combined with Leon Hall to become one of the better cornerback duos in the league. On September 27, 2008, <mask> made six combined tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted Ben Roethlisberger and returned it for a 30-yard touchdown, en route to a 22–19 victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The following game, he recorded two solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Derek Anderson in a 23–20 victory over the Cleveland Browns. During a Week 5 matchup with the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> had three solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Joe Flacco in a 17–14 victory. He had three consecutive games with an interception, which marked the longest streak of his career. On December 6, 2009, he made a season-high eight solo tackles and a pass deflection in a 23–13 defeat over the Detroit Lions.In Week 15, <mask> racked up six solo tackles and intercepted Matt Cassel for his sixth interception of the season, as the Bengals routed the Kansas City Chiefs 17–10. <mask> finished the season with 69 combined tackles (58 solo), 20 deflected passes, and a forced fumble in 16 games and starts. He also made a career-high six interceptions and returned one for a touchdown. He was ranked the sixth best cornerback by Pro Football Focus and posted a +14.5 in the measures. The Bengals finished atop the AFC North with a 10–6 record. They faced the New York Jets in the AFC Wildcard game and <mask> made five combined tackles in the 24–14 loss. After the season, USA Today named <mask> to their annual "All-Joe" team which recognizes quality players that don't get their due.In December 2009, Sports Illustrated writer Peter King called <mask> and Hall "the best tandem in the NFL". Leon Hall and <mask> were named the Cincinnati Bengals' co-MVPS. 2010 season
The Bengals entered the season with high expectations after ranking fourth in yards allowed in 2009. With the addition of Adam Jones, they entered with one of the most talented cornerback teams in the league. Hall and <mask> were ranked the third best cornerback tandem in 2009 by the AFC North Blog, behind Al Harris and Charles Woodson of the Green Bay Packers and Darrelle Revis and Lito Sheppard of the New York Jets. <mask> started the season-opener against the New England Patriots and made six solo tackles in a 38–24 loss. On October 10, 2010, he recorded two combined tackles and two pass deflections, and intercepted Josh Freeman in a 24–21 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.<mask> missed Weeks 7 and 8 with a sprained ankle and returned in Week 9 making four combined tackles in a 27–21 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. On November 21, 2010, he recorded two solo tackles and intercepted Ryan Fitzpatrick in a 49–31 loss to the Buffalo Bills. <mask> finished the season with a career-lows 42 combined tackles (37 solo), eight pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 12 games and starts. At the end of the season, he completed his rookie contract and became a free agent. <mask> entered negotiations with the Bengals and received two offers from them. Houston Texans
On July 29, 2011, the Houston Texans signed <mask> to a five-year, $48.75 million contract with $23.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $12.50 million. <mask> and former Chicago Bears safety Danieal Manning were signed to help improve a defense that was ranked 30th overall and 32nd in pass defense.2011 season
<mask> entered the 2011 season as the Texans' de facto starting cornerback, opposite Kareem Jackson. <mask> started the season-opener and made five combined tackles in a 34–7 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. The following week, he recorded four solo tackles and three pass deflections, and intercepted Miami Dolphins' quarterback Chad Henne in a 23–13 victory. It was his first interception as a Texan. During Week 3 against the New Orleans Saints, <mask> racked up three solo tackles and two pass deflections, and intercepted Drew Brees in the 40–33 loss. On October 16, 2011, <mask> made a season-high seven combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco in a 29–14 road loss. <mask> finished his first season with the Texans with a total of four interceptions and 15 passes defended.He also registered 44 combined tackles (40 solo) and a forced fumble. On December 28, 2011, <mask> was invited to the 2012 Pro Bowl. and was named a second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press. On January 7, 2012, <mask> made six solo tackles and intercepted Andy Dalton in a 31–10 victory over his former team, the Cincinnati Bengals. marking the Texans first ever playoff victory. During the AFC Divisional Round, the Texans were defeated by the Ravens. <mask> made two solo tackles in the game.On January 29, 2012, he appeared in his first career Pro Bowl and intercepted Cam Newton, as the AFC defeated the NFC, 59–41. 2012 season
On May 9, 2012, <mask> was announced as the 73rd-ranked player on the NFL Top 100. <mask> started the season-opener and finished the 30–10 victory over the Miami Dolphins with five combined tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted Ryan Tannehill. On October 14, 2012, he made a season-high seven combined tackles in a 42–24 loss to the Green Bay Packers. The following week, <mask> made five combined tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted Joe Flacco and returned it for a 52-yard touchdown in a 43–13 win over the Baltimore Ravens. <mask> missed Weeks 11 and 12 due to a groin injury. <mask> finished the season with 57 combined tackles (52 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, and touchdown in 14 games and starts.He was selected to his second Pro Bowl along with eight of his Texans teammates. 2013 season
During the off-season, <mask> had surgery to repair two sports hernias he had endured through the year before and attributed the defensive passing game falling to 16th in 2012 to multiple hamstring, groin, and hernia injuries. He entered training camp at 100%. <mask> started the season-opener against the San Diego Chargers and made two solo tackles and two pass deflections in a 31–28 victory. In Week 3, he made two solo tackles, three pass deflections, and intercepted Russell Wilson for his first pick of the season in a 23–20 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On December 13, 2013, <mask> made a season-high nine combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Andrew Luck in a 25–3 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. <mask> had a surgery in December to repair a torn ligament in his toe.<mask> finished the season with a combined 47 tackles (43 solo), 16 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 15 games and starts. The Texans finished the season with a 2–14 record and head coach Gary Kubiak was fired after Week 15. Football Outsiders ranked him fifth among qualified corners with a 63% success rate. 2014 season
<mask> returned to his starting role, along with Kareem Jackson, under new head coach Bill O'Brien to begin 2014. In the season-opener, <mask> made 11 solo tackles in a 17–6 victory over the Washington Redskins. On November 23, 2014, he made three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for a 60-yard touchdown in a 22–13 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. <mask> finished the season with a career-high 75 combined tackles (70 solo), 11 pass deflections, two forced fumbles, two interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and starts.<mask>'s rank fell to 30th in Football Outsiders success rate. Pro Football Focus ranked him the 20th-best coverman in 2014. 2015 seaosn
<mask> entered training camp facing competition from Kevin Johnson who was selected with the 16th overall pick in the 2015 NFL Draft and A. J. Bouye. Kareem Jackson and <mask> were able to maintain their starting roles to begin the season. On June 18, 2015, the Texans signed him to a two-year, $13.50 million contract with $11.50 million guaranteed. <mask> started the season-opener against the Kansas City Chiefs and made four solo tackles and a pass deflection in a 27–20 loss. On November 16, 2015, <mask> made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Andy Dalton in a 10–6 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals.In Week 12, he made a season-high seven combined tackles in, as the Texans routed the New Orleans Saints 24–6. The Texans finished atop the AFC South with a 9-7 record. <mask> started the AFC Wildcard game and made two combined tackles as the Texans were defeated by the Kansas City Chiefs by a score of 30–0. He finished the season with 56 combined tackles (46 solo), a career-high 22 pass deflections, and a touchdown in 16 games and starts. Football Outsiders ranked him 31st with a 54% success rate. 2016 season
<mask> started the season-opener against the Chicago Bears and made four combined tackles and a pass deflection in a 23–14 victory. On November 13, 2016, <mask> recorded a season-high eight solo tackles and a pass deflection during a 24–21 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars.During Week 13 against the Green Bay Packers, he made four solo tackles but left in the third quarter of the 21–13 loss, due to a rib injury. <mask> missed the next two games with two cracked ribs and a bruised lung. <mask> finishing the season with 45 combined tackles (38 solo), nine pass deflections, and posted his first season in his career without an interception in 13 games and 11 starts. The Texans finished atop the AFC South with a 9–7 record. On January 7, 2017, <mask> made ten solo tackles and three pass deflections in a 27–14 AFC Wildcard victory over the Oakland Raiders. 2017 seaosn
In Week 5, <mask> collected a season-high six combined tackles in a 42–34 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. In the next game, he recorded three combined tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown during a 33–17 victory against the Cleveland Browns.<mask> returned an interception by Kevin Hogan, that was intended for Duke Johnson, for an 82-yard touchdown in the second quarter. His performance in Week 6 earned him AFC Defensive Player of the Week. <mask> finished the 2017 season with 47 combined tackles (37 solo), nine pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and starts. Pro Football Focus gave him an overall grade of 75.7, which ranked 65th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017. 2018 season
On March 15, 2018, the Texans signed <mask> to a two-year, $10 million contract with $3.90 million guaranteed. During Week 6 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> intercepted Nathan Peterman late in the fourth quarter and returned it for a 28-yard touchdown to win the game 20-13. 2019 season
In the 2019 season, <mask> recorded 51 tackles, 13 pass deflections, and an interception in 14 games and 11 starts.On March 18, 2020, <mask> and the Texans mutually agreed to part ways, making him a free agent. Tennessee Titans
On May 6, 2020, <mask> signed with the Tennessee Titans. During Week 3 against the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> recorded his first interception and forced fumble as a Titan in the narrow 31–30 road victory. During a Week 8 31-20 road loss to the Cincinnati Bengals, he gave up eight completions for 92 yards and a touchdown. <mask> was released on November 3. Arizona Cardinals
On November 11, 2020, <mask> was signed by the Arizona Cardinals. He made his Cardinals debut during a Week 10 32-30 victory over the Buffalo Bills.<mask> was placed on injured reserve on December 12, 2020. Retirement
On June 10, 2021, <mask> announced his retirement after 15 seasons in the NFL. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
<mask> was a criminal justice major at the University of South Carolina. He and his wife, Delaina reside in Houston, Texas. <mask> has three children; Jay’vion, <mask> II, and Danae. He is of Haitian descent. <mask>'s father, <mask>, worked at a cotton mill for over 30 years and died in 2014 at age 76 after having emphysema that developed into lung cancer from being a smoker.He credits his father for molding him into the man he is today and instilling core values. <mask> always practices yoga and pilates to help his body deal better with age. References

External links
 Houston Texans player profile

1984 births
Living people
People from Rock Hill, South Carolina
Players of American football from South Carolina
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American sportspeople of Haitian descent
American football cornerbacks
Coffeyville Red Ravens football players
South Carolina Gamecocks football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Houston Texans players
Tennessee Titans players
Arizona Cardinals players

masks:
Johnathan Lee Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
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Johnathan
Joseph
John Joseph
Joseph


title: Sheila Legge

texts:
<mask> (née Chetwynd Inglis; c. 1911 – 5 January 1949) was a Surrealist performance artist. Legge is best known for her 1936 Trafalgar Square performance for the opening of London International Surrealist Exhibition, posing in a costume inspired by a Salvador Dalí painting, with her head completely obscured by a flower arrangement. Early life and family
<mask> was born <mask>. Chetwynd Inglis in 1911 at Penzance in Cornwall, the daughter of Lieutenant James Arthur Chetwynd Inglis of the Scottish Highland Light Infantry, 4th Battalion and Ida Evelyn Kerr, a Scot, from Melbourne, Australia. Her father was the only child of Major James Argyll Spalding Inglis, commissioner of Nicosia and the grandson of Dr. James Inglis, a Scottish physician and author. Through her father, Legge was a member of the Smalls of Dirnanean, a Perthshire family that included Legge's direct ancestors, Charles Spalding, improver of the diving bell, and James Small, factor of the forfeited Robertson estates after the Battle of Culloden. Prior to the start of World War I, Legge's family, which now included an additional daughter, was living in Tahiti where Legge's father was working as a mining engineer. At the outbreak of the war, he returned to Scotland and rejoined his battalion from the Boer War.In March 1915, while his wife was serving as a nurse in France, Legge's father joined the 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders. Within days of arriving at the regiment's headquarters, he was killed in a trench in Flanders on 9 May 1915. Little is known about Legge's life after her father died, except for the numerous passenger lists detailing the family's world travels. On 1 January 1919 Legge's mother, who at the time was listed as a YMCA worker, married John Sharpe Sutherland at the British Consulate in Cairo, Egypt. Early in 1934 at Kensington in London, Legge married her first husband, Rupert Maximilian Faris <mask> and gave birth to a son in April of that year. The marriage ended within the year and the couple placed their child to be raised by family friends. Surrealism
In 1935, Legge wrote to David Gascoyne expressing her fondness for his book A Short Survey of Surrealism and offering to help organize a Surrealist group in England.At the time Legge was living in a bedsit in Earl's Court in central London. Gascoyne made arrangements to meet Legge, and later described her as "a warm, good-natured, intelligent, frustrated young woman" with an "eagerness for experience" and "a genuinely keen curiosity" about contemporary culture", "especially surrealism." Gascoyne also noted that she was fluent in French, "able to read Raymond Roussel in the original." Art historians differ in their opinions as to when Gascoyne and Legge met. Some believe Gascoyne recruited Legge for his "Surrealist Phantom" exhibit for the 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition only a few days before the exhibit was to open. While others believe Legge participated in the planning of the exhibit. The latter scenario is more likely, as Legge was already moving in Surrealist circles, having her portrait sketched by Man Ray in March 1936. and Legge is seated in the front row of the group photo of the organizers of the London exhibition.Gascoyne, whatever the level of collaboration with Legge, was instrumental in transforming her into a walking "Surrealist Phantom", the living embodiment of a Salvador Dalí painting, that the Surrealist group would use to draw attention to the opening of the exhibit. The ensemble chosen for the exhibition was a white, drop tail hemmed wedding dress designed by the Motley Theatre Design Group and accessorized with sheer black evening gloves, coral-coloured shoes and a belt. Obscuring Legge's entire head was a mask of roses from a Mayfair florist. On the opening day of the 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition, Gascoyne led Legge, dressed as the "Surrealist Phantom", to Trafalgar Square. Once there, Legge stood in front of the Trafalgar lions as Claude Cahun took photographs, as pigeons began to perch on her outstretched arms. From Trafalgar Square the group headed up the Haymarket and Piccadilly to the New Burlington Galleries. As André Breton gave remarks to officially open the exhibition, Legge wandered through the gallery crowds carrying a prosthetic leg with a silk stocking on it as a prop.Some accounts also have her carrying a raw pork chop, that she later abandoned when it began to smell. Legge's contribution to the Surrealist movement appears to be limited to a few years in the 1930s. Legge would appear in several promotional newspaper articles for the London International Surrealist Exhibition, and would grace the cover of the fourth issue of the International Surrealist Bulletin dressed as the "Phantom Surrealist" in September 1936. Legge's Surrealist poem, I Have Done My Best For You, appeared in the December 1936 edition of Contemporary Poetry and Prose. In 1937, Legge participated in the surrealist objects show at the London Gallery, and E. L. T. Mesens wanted to hire her as the secretary for his London Gallery in 1938. An attractive woman with long blonde hair, Legge has often been relegated to the role of a "surrealist groupie" by various art historians who have identified her as a possible lover of David Gascoyne, Dylan Thomas and René Magritte. Legge's more noteworthy contribution is undoubtedly her performance as the "Surrealist Phantom" at the 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition, making Legge among the most photographed surrealist artists of all time.After the 1936 exhibition
Legge met John Lodwick at Orange in Vichy France on 13 January 1942 while Lodwick was working on his first novel, Running to Paradise, which he dedicated to her when it was published in 1943. By 1945, <mask> and Lodwick were living in Cornwall with their two children, with Legge working as a book collector. Legge died on 5 January 1949 while living at Villa Boramar in Banyuls-sur-Mer in the Pyrénées-Orientales region of France and was buried in the Cimetière Communal de Banyuls-sur-Mer there. The cause of death was pleurisy and pneumonia. The 1936 Man Ray sketch of Legge, entitled "<mask>", was included in an April 1970 exhibit at the Centre Georges Pompidou entitled The Ballad of The Ladies Out of Time. The exhibit included a series of fourteen etchings accompanied by text by André Breton from 1934. In 2015, academic Silvano Levy published a book on Legge entitled <mask>e Phantom of Surrealism.Up to the publication of this book, nothing was known about Legge, other than her performance at the opening of the International Surrealist Exhibition in 1936. In 2007 Levy was contacted by <mask>'s grandson, Eric North-Blyth (his father had been adopted soon after birth by the North-Blyth family), who admitted he knew nothing about his grandmother, not even her dates or whether she was alive or dead. After years of painstaking research, Silvano Levy established practically all that is now known. Following the publication of the book, Eric North-Blyth started adopting the surname 'Legge' and 'Chetwynd'. In 2016, a theater group in New York City included Legge as a character in a play based on parts of Rene Magritte's life, entitled, A Journey Through The Mind Of The Surrealist Painter. References

External links
David Gascoyne & British Surrealism

1910s births
1949 deaths
20th-century British women artists
British surrealist artists
People from Penzance
British performance artists
Scottish people of Australian descent
Scottish women artists
Women surrealist artists

masks:
Sheila Legge
Sheila Legge
Sheila C
Legge
Legge
Sheila
Sheila Legg
Sheila


title: Madge Titheradge

texts:
<mask> (2 July 1887  14 November 1961) was an Australian-born actress who became a leading actress in the West End of London and on Broadway. She began as a child actress before the First World War, and went on to star in the 1920s and 1930s. Her range was unusually wide, including Shakespeare, pantomime, Ibsen, farce, drawing-room comedy and Ruritanian romance. Ill health forced her early retirement from the stage in 1938, and she lived in retirement until her death at her home in Surrey, aged 74. Life and career

Early years, 1887–1907
Titheradge was born in Melbourne, to a theatrical English family. She was the daughter of the actor <mask> and his wife Alma, née Saegert (Stage name Alma Santon);
her younger brother Dion became an actor and playwright. She was educated at a private school in Hampstead,
and in 1902, shortly after her fifteenth birthday, she appeared at the Garrick Theatre, London, as the Second Water Baby in Rutland Barrington's adaptation of The Water Babies.Barrington recalled in his memoirs "<mask> <mask> was our première danseuse and made a great success with her dance outside the little school-house, or rather cottage; she danced with such evident enjoyment of her work." Over the next three years Titheradge performed at a succession of West End theatres, including the Haymarket and His Majesty's, appearing at the latter as Mimi in Herbert Beerbohm Tree's production of Trilby. In 1907 she appeared at the Playhouse with Cyril Maude in a French farce adapted into English as "French as He is Spoke", and the following year played the same role in French at His Majesty's in the original version, L'Anglais tel qu'on le parle, with Coquelin aîné. 1908–1928
In 1908 Titheradge joined Lewis Waller's company, in which she played her first Shakespearian role, Princess Katherine in Henry V. In 1910 she married the actor Charles Quartermaine, with whom she appeared on stage in several productions. The marriage was happy at first, but the couple grew apart and in 1919 they divorced. Titheradge rejoined Waller for several later productions in London, New York and on tour in the US (1912) and Australia (1913) – her only return to the country in which she was born. In Australia she performed in A Marriage of Convenience
and Henry V, a play that also featured her father George S<mask>.While there on tour she also played Peggy Admaston in E.G Hemmerde and Francis Neilson's A Butterfly on the Wheel. In London in December 1914 she played the name part in J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan, with Hilda Trevelyan as Wendy and the fifteen-year-old Noël Coward as Slightly. She made her screen debut in the 1915 film Brigadier Gerard starring opposite Waller. Her obituarist in The Times wrote of the next phase of her career:
Thereafter came a number of variegated parts at Drury Lane, where she showed that she could enact a highly strung heroine of melodrama and the principal boy in pantomime with equal facility. Thus in 1916 she was in the "autumn drama" The Best of Luck; in successive pantomimes she was "principal boy" and after a season of film work in California she returned to Drury Lane in 1920 for what proved to be a spectacular success for the theatre, herself and the leading man, Godfrey Tearle – the stage version of Robert Hichen's novel The Garden of Allah. Titheradge's roles in the 1920s included Desdemona to Tearle's Othello (Court Theatre, 1921), Nora Helmer in Ibsen's A Doll's House (Playhouse, 1923) and Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing with Tearle as Benedick (1926). She created two roles in plays by Coward: Nadya in The Queen Was in the Parlour (St Martin's, 1926),
and Janet Ebony in Home Chat (Duke of York's, 1927).She then went to New York, and at the Majestic Theatre in January 1928, she played Anna, Baroness Ostermann in Ashley Dukes's "The Patriot". Second marriage and later years
In 1928 <mask> married an American businessman, Edgar Park, and temporarily retired. Sir John Gielgud, who greatly admired <mask>, recalled that her husband lost his fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, leading her to return to the stage. After nearly five years absence she reappeared in the West End at the Haymarket in December 1932 as Clary Frohner in Business with America. At the Globe in September 1933 she succeeded Fay Compton as Norma Matthews in " Proscenium", co-starring with Ivor Novello. One of her most celebrated roles came late in her career, when she played Julie Cavendish in "Theatre Royal" by Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman directed by Coward at the Lyric Theatre in October 1934. She co-starred with Marie Tempest and the young Laurence Olivier in a thinly-disguised parody of the American theatrical family the Barrymores.At Wyndham's Theatre in, September 1936, again directed by Coward, she played the title role in Jacques Deval's comedy Mademoiselle, heading a cast that included Isabel Jeans, Greer Garson and Cecil Parker. During the run of the play her health began to decline; she suffered from severe arthritis, and after one more role – Edith Venables in "A Thing Apart", in March 1938 – she retired. Her husband died in that year. <mask> died on 14 November 1961, at the age of 74, at her house in Fetcham, Surrey. Films

 Brigadier Gerard (1915)
 A Fair Impostor (1916)
 The Woman Who Was Nothing (1917)
 God Bless Our Red, White and Blue (1918)
 Gamblers All (1919)

 David and Jonathan (1920)
 Her Story (1920)
 The Husband Hunter (1920)
 Love in the Wilderness (1920)
 A Temporary Gentleman (1920)

References and sources

References

Sources

External links

1887 births
1961 deaths
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian actresses
20th-century English actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian film actresses
Australian people of English descent
Australian silent film actresses
Australian stage actresses
People educated at Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School

masks:
Madge Titheradge
George Titheradge
Madge
Titheradge
. Titheradge
Titheradge
Titheradge
Titheradge


title: Peter Jan Margry

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1956) is a Dutch historian and European ethnologist who works at the University of Amsterdam and, since 1993, also at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences research center Meertens Institute in the Netherlands. Previously, he worked in The Hague and Den Bosch where he held positions as archivist-researcher, historian and archival inspector successively at the Dutch National Archives, the Court of Audit (Netherlands) and the Province of North Brabant. During the 1990s he was also active as a consultant on document heritage, working in Suriname and Papua (Indonesia). Biographical information

<mask> received an MA in medieval history from the University of Amsterdam in 1983. In 1985 he finished the post-doctoral study of Archivistics in The Hague. He received his PhD in cultural history from the University of Tilburg in 2000. From 2004 to 2015 he was executive vice-president/secretary of SIEF, the International Society for Ethnology and Folklore, during which time he was instrumental in the regeneration of this professional organization of now mainly European and North-American ethnologists/anthropologists and folklorists.From 2010 to 2013 he was also chair of SIEF's Ethnology of Religion Working Group, and continued as a board member. In 2011 he was professor of Religious Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven. He was visiting scholar/professor at the universities of California (Berkeley), Oregon (Eugene), Iceland, and Istanbul (Süleyman Sah). Research and work

Since 2013, <mask> has been professor of European ethnology at the University of Amsterdam, within the department of Cultural Studies. His research program was laid out in his inaugural lecture of 2014. He focuses on past and contemporary religious cultures and new (“deviant”) religious movements, rituality, pilgrimage, memorialization, cultural memory, and (Intangible) cultural heritage and everyday life in general. The output of his research is listed online.During his history study he also pioneered in pilgrimage photography in the Netherlands in 1980-1981, of which a selection was chosen as part of the national online heritage collection "Memory of the Netherlands." Later, between 1993 and 1999, he executed a long term research project on Dutch pilgrimage culture, which resulted in a four volume book series and the BoL online research database. The 'logic' for that pilgrimage endeavor was recorded in a 2017 clip. In 2000-2001 he lived in Italy, researching the Holy Year and doing fieldwork on so called "deviant devotions." After the killing of the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn in 2002 he acquired the letters and mementos  posted at the various spontaneous or grassroots memorials in the Netherlands for the Meertens Institute and started to publish on them as well as on ritual practices related to mourning and protest after traumatic death. As a follow-up to the pilgrimage project he initiated RAHRP, the Religious and Alternative Healing Research Platform in order to structure cultural and ethnological research on these 'alternative' practices. His current research involves also the politics of UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage convention (2003), in particular in relation to Dutch practices that caught international attention, as was the case for the Saint Nicholas tradition with his 'blackface' helper 'Zwarte Piet'.Due to his research on pilgrimage culture, he played an important role in the discovery  of the scholarly misconduct and fraud of the endowed professor of political anthropology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Mart Bax. Books and volumes
 Material Change. The Impact of Reform and Modernity on Material Religion in North-West Europe, 1780-1920 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2021; co-editor <mask> Maeyer)
 Vurige Liefde. Het geheim rond het Bloedig Bruidje van Welberg (Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2021)
 Cold War Mary: Ideologies, Politics and Marian Devotional Culture (Leuven: Leuven University Press/KADOC, 2020)
 The Miracle of Amsterdam: Biography of a Contested Devotion (Notre Dame: Notre Dame UP, 2019) (co-author Charles Caspers)
 Healing en 'alternatief genezen'. Een culturele diagnose (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018)
 Spiritualizing the City: Agency and Resilience of the Urban and Urbanesque Habitat (Milton Park: Routledge, 2017) (co-editor Victoria Hegner)
 Experiencing Religion. New Approaches to Personal Religiosity (Berlin: Lit-Verlag, 2016) (co-editor Clara Saraiva et al.) What's in a Discipline?Special issue on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the International Society for Ethnology and Folklore, Cultural Analysis 13 (2014) 1-115 (co-editor Valdimar Hafstein)
 Bloed Kruipt! Over de Culturele Hemoglobine van de Samenleving (Amsterdam: AUP, 2014; inaugural lecture University of Amsterdam)
 Grassroots Memorials. The Politics of Memorializing Traumatic Death (New York: Berghahn, 2011)  (co-editor: Cristina Sánchez-Carretero)
 Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World. New Itineraries into the Sacred (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2008)
 Reframing Dutch Culture. Between Otherness and Authenticity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)(co-editor: H. Roodenburg)
 P.J. Meertens van het Meertens Instituut (Amsterdam: MI, 2002)
  (Hilversum: Verloren, 2000) (dissertation)
 Bedevaartplaatsen in Nederland, 4 volumes (Amsterdam/Hilversum: Meertens Instituut/Verloren, 1997-2004)  (co-author and editor: Charles Caspers)
 Zes eeuwen rekenkamer. Van Camere van der rekeninghen tot Algemene Rekenkamer (Den Haag 1989) (co-editors E.C.van Heukelom en A.J.R.M. Linders)
 Amsterdam en het mirakel van het heilig sacrament. Van middeleeuwse devotie tot 20e-eeuwse stille omgang (Amsterdam: Polis, 1988)
 Stadsplattegronden: Werken met kaartmateriaal bij stadshistorisch onderzoek (Hilversum: Verloren, 1987) (co-authors P. Ratsma and B. Speet)
 Bedevaartplaatsen in Noord-Brabant (Eindhoven: Bura, 1982)

References

1956 births
Living people
Dutch ethnographers
20th-century Dutch male writers
21st-century Dutch historians
20th-century Dutch historians
21st-century Dutch male writers
University of Amsterdam alumni
University of Amsterdam faculty
Tilburg University alumni
People from Breda

masks:
Peter Jan Margry
Peter Jan Margry
Margry
Jan De


title: Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon

texts:
Sir <mask>y, feudal baron of Okehampton and feudal baron of Plympton, played an important role in the Hundred Years War in the service of King Edward III. His chief seats were Tiverton Castle and Okehampton Castle in Devon. The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay Earls of Devon depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted 22 February 1334/5 or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the <mask> family. Authorities differ in their opinions, and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist, given here. Origins
<mask> was born on 12 July 1303, the second son of <mask>, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (1276–1340), by his wife <mask>, a daughter of Sir <mask> John of Basing, Hampshire. He succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in 1340. His elder brother, <mask> (c.1296-11 July 1349), Abbot of Tavistock, as a cleric was unmarried and although he succeeded his father as feudal baron of Okehampton, did not succeed to the earldom.Career
By his marriage to <mask> Bohun, Countess of Devon in 1325, Courtenay acquired the manor of Powderham; it was later granted by <mask> Bohun to one of her younger sons, Sir Philip Courtenay (died 1406), whose family has occupied it until the present day, and who were recognised in 1831 as having been de jure Earls of Devon from 1556. On 20 January 1327 Courtenay was made a knight banneret. In 1333 both he and his father were at the Battle of Halidon Hill. He was summoned to Parliament on 23 April 1337 by writ directed to Hugoni <mask>y during the lifetime of his father. In 1339 he and his father were with the forces which repulsed a French invasion of Cornwall, driving the French back to their ships. The 9th Earl died 23 December 1340 at the age of 64. Courtenay succeeded to the earldom, and was granted livery of his lands on 11 January 1341.In 1342 the Earl was with King Edward III's expedition to Brittany. Richardson states that the Earl took part on 9 April 1347 in a tournament at Lichfield. However, in 1347 he was excused on grounds of infirmity from accompanying the King on an expedition beyond the seas, and about that time was also excused from attending Parliament, suggesting the possibility that it was the Earl's eldest son and heir, <mask>, who had fought at the Battle of Crecy on 26 August 1346, who took part in the tournament at Lichfield. In 1350 the King granted the Earl permission to travel for a year, and during that year he built the monastery of the White Friars in London. In 1352 he was appointed Joint Warden of Devon and Cornwall, and returned to Devon. In 1361 he and his wife were legatees in the will of her brother, <mask> Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford, which greatly increased his wealth and land holdings. Later years
Courtenay made an important contribution to the result of the Battle of Poitiers in 1356.The Black Prince had sent the baggage train under Courtenay to the rear, which proved to be a wise manoeuvre as the long trail of wagons and carts blocked the narrow bridge and the escape route for the French. Courtenay played little part in the battle as a result of his defensive role. Courtenay retired with a full pension from the king. In 1373 he was appointed Chief Warden of the Royal Forests of Devon, the income of which in 1374 was assessed by Parliament at £1,500 per annum. He was one of the least wealthy of the English earls, and was surpassed in wealth by his fellow noble warriors the Earl of Arundel, Earl of Suffolk  and Earl of Warwick. Nevertheless he had a retinue of 40 knights, esquires and lawyers in Devon. He also held property by entail, including five manors in Somerset, two in Cornwall, two in Hampshire, one in Dorset and one in Buckinghamshire.He had stood as patron in the career of John Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter. He supported the taking-on of debt to build churches in the diocese of Exeter. He died at Exeter on 2 May 1377 and was buried in Exeter Cathedral on the same day. His will was dated 28 Jan 13--. Marriage and issue

On 11 August 1325, in accordance with a marriage settlement dated 27 September 1314, Courtenay married <mask> Bohun (b. 3 April 1311 - d. 16 December 1391), eldest surviving daughter of <mask> Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (by his wife Princess Elizabeth, a daughter of King Edward I), by whom he had eight sons and nine daughters:
Sir <mask> (d.1348), KG, eldest son and heir apparent, who died shortly before Easter term, 1348, predeceasing his father. He married, before 3 September 1341, <mask> Vere (d. 16 August 1375), a daughter of <mask> Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford by his wife <mask> Badlesmere (a daughter of <mask> Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere), by whom he had an only son, <mask>, (d.20 February 1374) who died without issue.<mask> Vere survived her husband and remarried successively to <mask> Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray (d. 4 October 1361), and to Sir <mask> Cossington. Thomas Courtenay (born c.1329-31), a Canon of Crediton and Exeter. Sir Edward Courtenay (c.1331-1368/71) of Godlington, who was born at Haccombe in Devon, and died between 2 February 1368 and 1 April 1371, predeceasing his father. He married Emeline Dawney (c.1329 – 28 February 1371), daughter and heiress of Sir John Dawney (d.1346/7) of Mudford Terry in Somerset by whom he had issue as follows:
Edward Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (d.1419), who married Maud Camoys. The earldom remained in their descendants until their great-grandson, Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon, was beheaded at York on 3 April 1461 after the Battle of Towton, without issue. All his honours were forfeited by attainder, and the earldom eventually passed, after a brief period of confusion during the Wars of the Roses (for which see Earl of Devon), by a new creation in 1485 to Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1509), the grandson of Sir <mask> (1358-1425) of Boconnoc in Cornwall and of Haccombe in Devon, younger brother of the 3rd/11th Earl. Sir <mask> (1358-1425) of Boconnoc in Cornwall and of Haccombe in Devon, whose grandson was Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1509).Robert Courtenay. William Courtenay (c.1342 – 31 July 1396), Archbishop of Canterbury. Sir Philip Courtenay (c.1345 – 29 July 1406) of Powderham in Devon, who married Ann Wake, a daughter of Sir Thomas Wake by his wife Alice Patteshull, a daughter of Sir <mask> Patteshull. Sir Peter Courtenay (d. 2 February 1405), KG, of Hardington Mandeville, Somerset, who married Margaret Clyvedon, widow of Sir <mask> Saint Loe (d. 8 November 1375), and daughter and heiress of <mask> Clyvedon. His monumental brass, much worn, but still showing the arms of Courtenay impaling Bohun, survives in the floor of the south aisle of Exeter Cathedral. Humphrey Courtenay, who died young without issue. Margaret Courtenay (the elder), (born c. 1328 - died 2 Aug 1395), who married <mask> Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham.Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 7 August 1395), who married firstly, Sir <mask> Vere (d. before 23 June 1350) of Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire, eldest son and heir apparent of <mask> Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford, by his wife <mask> Badlesmere; and secondly to Sir Andrew Luttrell of Chilton, in Thorverton, Devon and had issue, including Sir <mask>. Katherine Courtenay (d. 31 December 1399), who married, before 18 October 1353, Thomas Engaine, 2nd Baron Engaine (d. 29 June 1367), without progeny. Anne Courtenay. Joan Courtenay, who married, before 1367, Sir <mask> Cheverston (died c. 1375), by whom she had no issue. Margaret Courtenay (the younger), (born btw. 1342 and 1350 - died after July 1381), who married Sir Theobald Grenville II (died by July 1381). __ Courtenay (7th daughter).__ Courtenay (8th daughter). __ Courtenay (9th daughter). References

Bibliography
Browning, Charles H., Americans of Royal Descent, 6th ed. 1905, p. 105-108

 Holmes, G. Estates of Higher Nobility in Fourteenth Century England, Cambridge, 1957, p. 58

 Mortimer, Ian Edward III (London 2007). Ormrod, W. M. The Reign of Edward III (Tempus Publishing 1999). Saul, Nigel, ed. The Oxford History of Medieval England (OUP 1997).Register of Edward, the Black Prince, (ed) A. E. Stamp & M. C. B. Dawes (London 1930-33). Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War, 2 vols, Vol.1: Trial by Battle, vol. 2: Trial by Fire (Faber 1999). Waugh, Scott L., England in the Reign of Edward III (CUP 1991)
Tuck, Anthony, Crown and Nobility; England 1272-1461: political conflict in late medieval England, 2nd ed., (Blackwell 1999). Further reading

External links
For the entry for <mask>, 10th Earl of Devon, in The Peerage.com, see
For the tomb of <mask>, 10th Earl of Devon, see findagrave.com entry

1303 births
1377 deaths
Burials at Exeter Cathedral
<mask> <mask>, 10th Earl of Devon
Devon, <mask> Courtenay, 10th Earl of
Knights banneret of England
People of the Hundred Years' War

masks:
Hugh de Courtenayena
de Redvers
Hugh de Courtenay
Hugh de Courtenay
Agnes de Saint John
John de Saint
John de Courtenay
Margaret de
Margaret de
de Courteneyena
Hugh Courtenay
Humphrey de
Margaret de
Humphrey de
Hugh Courtenay
Elizabeth de
John de
Maud de
Bartholomew de
Hugh Courtenayy
Elizabeth de
John de
William de
Hugh Courtenay
Hugh Courtenay
John de
John de
John de
John de
John de
John de
Maud de
Hugh Luttrell
John de
Hugh Courtenay
Hugh Courtenay
Hugh Hugh
de Courtenay
Hugh de


title: Alberto Kornblihtt

texts:
<mask> (born June 30, 1954) is an Argentine molecular biologist who specializes in alternative ribonucleic acids splicing. Kornblihtt is credited with being among the first to document how a single transcribed gene can generate multiple protein variants. Kornblihtt was elected as a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States in 2011 and received the Diamond Award for the most relevant scientist of Argentina of the decade, alongside physicist Juan Martin Maldacena, in 2013. Personal life
Kornblihtt is married, with two adult sons. Outside of his research, Kornblihtt appreciates the opportunity to teach undergraduate biology students at the University of Buenos Aires. In his free time, Kornblihtt enjoys cooking, classical music, numerous genres of literature, etymology, and is a life-long lover of cinema. Early life and education
<mask> was born on June 30, 1954, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.His parents taught Mathematics and Geography, providing Kornblihtt and his two siblings, who also pursued careers in science and education, with an environment for knowledge and learning at an early age. When he was 16 years old, Kornblihtt enrolled in a high school botany and biology class instructed by Rosa Guaglianone, allowing Kornblihtt the opportunity to perform laboratory and microscopy work. This experience launched Kornblihtt’s interest in DNA and mRNA. Following high school, Kornblihtt continued his education at the School of Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires, earning a Biology degree in 1977. In 1980, Kornblihtt went on to earn his PhD in Biochemistry from Campomar Foundation in Buenos Aires, under the mentorship of Héctor Torres. Kornblihtt then relocated to Oxford, where he held a postdoctoral position from 1981 through 1984 at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology. Kornblihtt worked with Professor Francisco Barralle during his postdoctoral research, and together, they were successful in cloning the human fibronectin gene.They determined that fibronectin, an important glycoprotein for cell adhesion and tissue repair, was alternatively spliced and could result in the generation of ten or more polypeptides. Research
After completing his postdoctoral research in Oxford, Kornblihtt returned to Argentina in 1984 and accepted a position as a Plenary Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology at Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales at the University of Buenos Aires. Kornblihtt is also a Senior CONICET Investigator and works with a research team to study the regulation of alternative ribonucleic acids splicing. Alternative splicing occurs during gene expression, allowing exons from a gene to be excluded or included, resulting in a single gene generating multiple proteins. Major projects in Kornblihtt’s lab focus on: 1) Coupling transcription with alternative splicing; 2) Alternative splicing and Chromatin; 3) Alternative splicing and spinal muscular atrophy; 4) Ultraviolet light irradiation and alternative splicing; and 5) Alternative splicing in plants. Research on coupling transcription with alternative splicing
Kornblihtt’s lab focuses on the mechanisms that couple transcription with alternative splicing for the regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Transcription is the process in which a genetic sequence of a gene is transcribed, or changed, from DNA into RNA, to allow for protein production.One of the most significant accomplishments in Kornblihtt’s research came in 1997. Kornblihtt’s research team was able to an alternative splicing assay combined with promoter swapping to demonstrate that transcription parameters affect the outcome of splicing  They later determined that the coupling of transcription and splicing is dependent upon transcriptional elongation speed, or kinetic coupling, and the impact of transcribing RNA polymerase II on splicing. Kornblihtt’s research has found that elongation affects alternative splicing events, with slow elongation increasing inclusion of approximately 80% of exons and skipping of approximately 20% in mammalian cells. More on alternative splicing and chromatin
An additional area of Kornblihtt’s study investigated the impact of chromatin structure on alternative splicing. Kornblihtt’s research team demonstrated that alternative splicing is impacted by chromatin structure and the rate of transcription. They found that a tighter chromatin structure provides lower rates of elongation and looser chromatin structures provide a higher rate of elongation of transcription. These studies further contributed to the relationship between alternative splicing and epigenetics, which Kornblihtt’s team used in studying potential therapies for Skeletal Muscular Atrophy.Research on alternative splicing and spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary degenerative disease of the central nervous system resulting from a spinal motor neuron (SMN) protein shortage. This is due to the deletion or mutation of Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1). Due to the faulty SMN1 gene, SMA patients do not have enough SMN protein. SMA patients must depend on Survivor of Motor Neurons 2 (SMN2), a gene that all humans have. SMN2 cannot produce sufficient full-length protein for the motor neurons to signal muscles due to sequence differences and the exclusion of exon 7, resulting in the overall SMN protein deficiency. As a treatment strategy for SMA, the first FDA-approved drug, known as Spinraza was developed by Dr. Adrian Krainer and his Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory colleagues. Spinraza is an oligonucleotide that works to activate SMN2 to make more SMN protein in SMA patients.In 2015, the families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy patients encouraged Kornblihtt and Krainer to work together to improve the effectiveness of Spinraza or to develop alternative therapies to be used in conjunction with Spinraza. Kornblihtt’s research team focuses on epigenetic strategies, a different mechanism than used Spinraza, to increase SMN protein from the SMN2 gene. Epigenetics studies changes in gene expression, without alteration to the DNA sequence. In 2017 and 2019, Kornblihtt received two separate grants from CURE SMA and FAME (Families of SMA, Argentina) to support continued work on his projects “Epigenetics in SMN2 E7 Alternative Splicing” and “Epigenetics in SMN2 E7 Alternative Splicing II”. In these projects, Kornblihtt’s team has worked on the regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing to develop new mechanisms for SMN protein development, using a single gene to generate multiple proteins. Kornblihtt’s lab continues to work on the SMN2 gene for SMA therapy that focus specifically on exon 7 inclusion to work in conjunction with oligonucleotide treatments, such as Spinraza. Other research

UV-induced DNA damage
As a continuation of their longterm research on alternative splicing, Kornblihtt’s team also studied the impact DNA damage induced by Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation on alternative splicing in human skin cells.Their research demonstrated that the DNA-damage response to sunlight causes phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase and slowing of the enzyme.Through their research, they found that UV irradiation is necessary to trigger the alternative splicing of many genes and promoting the death of damaged or mutated cells. Alternative splicing in plants
Adding to their research performed on human cells, Kornblihtt’s team expanded their research to study transcription and alternative splicing in plants. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used to investigate how external lighting conditions affected alternative splicing. Research showed that the chloroplast, where photosynthesis occurs, senses light and sends a signal to the cell nucleus to regulate alternative splicing. As previously found in mammalian cells, Kornblihtt’s team demonstrated that alternative splicing in plants responds to the kinetic coupling mechanism. Their research further showed that light promotes elongation in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) while elongation is lowered in darkness. Honors and awards
 In 1991, Kornblihtt received the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship in Natural Sciences, awarded on the basis of previous achievement and basis of prior achievement and outstanding promise.Since 2002, Kornblihtt has received the International Research Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Award, given to scientists outside of the United States who have notably contributed to biological science research. In 2003 and 2013, Kornblihtt was the recipient of the Konex Platinum Award, a cultural award given to Argentines in different fields of work. From 2000 through 2008, Kornblihtt was awarded as a chair from the Fundacion Antorchas. In 2010, Kornblihtt was the recipient of the Bicentennial Medal. In 2010, Kornblihtt was elected as Investigator of the Argentine Nation Prize, granted by the President of Argentina. From 2010 – 2011, Kornblihtt served as the President of the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). From 2010 – 2015, Kornblihtt served as a member of the Board of Reviewing Editors of Science.In 2011, Kornblihtt received Honorary Mention, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento of the Argentine Senate. In 2011, Kornblihtt was elected as a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 In 2012, Kornblihtt was awarded the TWAS prize in Medical Sciences, an award given to individual scientists in developing countries for outstanding scientific contributions. In 2013, Kornblihtt was a recipient of the Diamond Award for the most relevant scientist of Argentina of the decade, alongside physicist Juan Martin Maldacena. Kornblihitt is a two-time recipient of the CURE SMA and FAME Grant in 2017 and 2019 for his research projects, Epigenetics in SMN2 E7 Alternative Splicing” and “Epigenetics in SMN2 E7 Alternative Splicing II”. References

1954 births
Living people
Argentine biologists
Molecular biologists
University of Buenos Aires faculty

masks:
Alberto Kornblihtt
Alberto Kornblihtt


title: Peter Magubane

texts:
<mask> (born ) is a South African photographer. Early life
<mask> was born in Vrededorp, now Pageview, a suburb of Johannesburg, and grew up in Sophiatown. He began taking photographs using a Kodak Brownie box camera as a schoolboy. In 1954 he read a copy of Drum, a magazine known for its reporting of urban blacks and the effects of apartheid. "They were dealing with social issues that affected black people in South Africa. I wanted to be part of that magazine." He started employment at Drum as a driver.After six months of odd jobs, he was given a photography assignment under the mentorship of Jürgen Schadeberg, the chief photographer. He borrowed a camera and covered the 1955 ANC convention. "I went back to the office with good results and never looked back." Being on assignment in the early years was not easy, as he recalled: "We were not allowed to carry a camera in the open if the police were involved, so I often had to hide my camera to get the pictures I wanted. On occasion I hid my camera in a hollowed-out Bible, firing with a cable release in my pocket. At another time, at a trial in Zeerust from which the press were banned, I hid my Leica 3G in a hollowed-out loaf of bread and pretended to eat while I was actually shooting pictures; when the bread went down, I bought milk and hid the camera in the carton. And I got away with it.You had to think fast and be fast to survive in those days." Magubane photographed most of South Africa's historic moments, such as Sharpeville in 1960 and also Mandela's Rivonia trial in 1964. He later recalled: "I had never seen so many dead people." His editor wanted to know why he had not taken any close-ups. Magubane then "decided I was not going to get emotionally involved, or at least not until after I have done my work." Middle and later years
He left Drum to become a freelancer. In 1967, he was employed by the Rand Daily Mail.In 1969, he was sent to photograph a demonstration outside Winnie Mandela's jail cell. He was arrested, interrogated and then put in solitary confinement. The charges were dropped in 1970. However, <mask> was banned from photography for five years. In 1971 he was imprisoned again and spent 98 days in solitary confinement and then spent six months in jail. Following his release, Mugabane was assigned to cover the Soweto riots which occurred from June through to August 1976. He was arrested, beaten up and had his nose broken.Eventually, he was released at the end of 1976. The series of pictures he took brought him international recognition and acclaim. In February 1977, he would win an excellence in journalism award, sponsored by Stellenbosch Farmers' Winery and presented by Walter Cronkite. This led to other opportunities. He worked on assignments for Time magazine, the United Nations and for Sports Illustrated photographing a series about the South African teenage runner Zola Budd. In 1985, Magubane spent time in hospital recovering from buckshot wounds received when he was caught in police crossfire at a funeral near Johannesburg. In 2006, the South African Post Office issued a miniature sheet, commemorative envelope and a special canceller on National Women's Day.This commemorates the march on 9 August 1956 when 20,000 women from all parts of South Africa staged a second march on the Union Buildings to protest against the pass laws. They left petitions containing more than 100,000 signatures at the Prime Minister's door. The photograph used on the miniature sheet was taken by <mask>e during the march and features some of the women who led the 1956 march: Lilian Ngoyi, Helen Joseph, Sophia Williams-De Bruyn and Rahima Moosa. <mask> has ceased working in photojournalism and now concentrates on art photography. He is documenting the surviving tribal ways in post-apartheid South Africa in colour. These photographs have been published under the African Heritage Series banner. Books
 Black As I Am, Zindzi Mandela and <mask>e; foreword by Andrew Young, Los Angeles Guild of Tutors Press, 1978,
 Magubane's South Africa; with a foreword by Ambassador Andrew Young, New York:  Alfred A. Knopf, distributed by Random House.1978,
 Soweto, photographed by <mask>e; text, Marshall Lee; contributing and picture editor, Dawn Lindberg, Cape Town: Don Nelson, 1978,  (2nd ed. 1983)
 Soweto Speaks, Jill Johnson, photographs by <mask>e, Johannesburg: A. D. Donker, 1979,
 Black Child, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982,
 16 June: The Fruit of Fear, Braamfontein: Skotaville, 1986,
 Soweto: The Fruit of Fear, Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986,  (reissue of 16 June: The Fruit of Fear)
Soweto: Portrait of a City, photography by <mask>; text by David Bristow, Stan Motjuwadi; [foreword by Archbishop Desmond Tutu]. London: New Holland, 1990
Women of South Africa: their fight for freedom, photographs by <mask>bane, text by Carol Lazar. Boston MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1993
 Nelson Mandela, Man of Destiny: a pictorial biography, Cape Town: Don Nelson, 1996,
 Vanishing Cultures of South Africa: changing customs in a changing world, Cape Town: Struik, 1998,  (The Xhosa—The Zulu—The Ndebele—The Venda—The Tsonga—The Basotho—The Tswana—The Pedi—The Ntwana—The San)
 African Renaissance, Cape Town: Struik, 2000,
 African Heritage Series:
 Homesteads, <mask>bane, text by Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,
 Dress and Adornment, <mask>bane, text by Sandra Klopper, 2001,
 Ceremonies, <mask> Magubane, text by Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik. 2001,
 Soweto, <mask> Magubane and Charlene Smith, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,
 African Heritage Series:
 Arts and Crafts, <mask>gubane, text by Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,
 The BaNtwane: Africa's Undiscovered People, <mask> Magubane, text by Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,
 AmaNdebele, <mask>gubane, text by Sandra Klopper, Sunbird, 2005,

Film and video

 Peter Magubane appears as himself in the 1998 documentary Dying to Tell the Story. BBC Millennium diaries – Peter Magubane Photographer. "Having recorded the turbulent events in South Africa over the past 45 years on camera he tells of the journey to his homeland of today".Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
1985 — Photographic Gallery Hippolyte, Helsinki, Finland. 2005 — Madiba: Man of Destiny, Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg

Group exhibitions
 2001 – Soweto – A South African Myth – Photographs from the 1950s (by Alf Khumalo, Ernest Cole and Jürgen Schadeberg). The core of the exhibition is the student uprising of 1976. This includes some of <mask>'s work. 2012–2013 – Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life

Awards

 1958 – First black South African to win a photographic prize in the country – first and third prizes were awarded to him for Best Press pictures of the year. 1985 – Robert Capa Gold Medal
 1986 – Dr. Erich Salomon Award
 1992 – Special Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism
 1995 – Martin Luther King Luthuli Award
 1997 – Lifetime Achievement Award from the Mother Jones Foundation and Leica Cameras
 1997 – Fellowship by the Tom Hopkinson School of Journalism and Cultural Studies, University of Wales, Cardiff
 1999 – Order for Meritorious Service Class II from President Mandela
 2003 – Honorary doctorate degree from the University of South Africa
 2006 – Honorary doctorate of Philosophy Fort Hare University<ref name=WW>"<mask>", Who's Who Southern Africa.</ref>
 2006 – Honorary doctorate of Technology Tshwane University of Technology
 2006 – Doctor of Law (honoris causa) Rhodes University
 2008 – Honorary Fellowship from the Royal Photographic Society, UK
 2010 – Cornell Capa Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography
 2010 – Honorary doctorate degree from Columbia College (Chicago)
 2015 - Nat Nakasa Award for Media Integrity

References

External links
Publications by or about <mask>. Copac."Peter Magubane Timeline 1932-", South African History Online, 12 February 2016. Sian Cain, "<mask>e's best photograph: a girl and her maid on a 'Europeans only' bench", The Guardian,  12 November 2015. Kerri MacDonald, "A Fighter With a Camera in Apartheid-Era South Africa", The New York Times'', 21 September 2012. 1932 births
Living people
South African photographers

masks:
Peter Magubane
Peter Sexford Magubane
Magubane
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Magubane
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Peter Maguban
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Peter Magu
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Peter Magubane
Peter Magubane
Peter Maguban


title: Ferguson Jenkins

texts:
<mask> "Fergie" <mask>. CM (born December 13, 1942) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and coach. He played Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers and Boston Red Sox (–). <mask> played the majority of his career for the Cubs. He was a National League (NL) and Cubs All-Star for three seasons, and in 1971, he was the first Canadian and Cubs pitcher to win a Cy Young Award. He was a 20-game winner for seven seasons, including six consecutive seasons for the Cubs. He was the NL leader in wins, in 1971, and the American League (AL) leader in wins, in 1974. <mask> was also the NL leader in complete games in 1967, 1970, and 1971, and the AL leader in complete games in 1974.He led the NL in strikeouts in 1969 and had over 3,000 strikeouts during his career. His 284 victories are the most by a black pitcher in major league history. <mask> also played basketball in the off-season for the Harlem Globetrotters from 1967 to 1969, and pitched two seasons in Canada for the minor league London Majors following his major league career. <mask> became the first Canadian to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991; he remained the only one until Larry Walker's election in 2020. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Chatham, Ontario, the only child of Delores Jackson and <mask> Sr. His father, a chef and chauffeur, was the son of immigrants from Barbados, while his mother was a descendant of American slaves who escaped through the Underground Railroad before settling in Southwestern Ontario. Both of his parents were good athletes; his father was an amateur boxer and semi-professional baseball player for the Chatham Coloured All-Stars. A talented athlete, <mask> competed in track and field, ice hockey, and basketball in his school years, lettering five times.When he began playing bantam baseball in his teens, he started out as a first baseman. He honed his pitching skills by throwing pieces of coal from a local coal yard, aiming at either an open ice chute or the gaps of passing boxcars. He was also encouraged to continue working on his pitching by Gene Dziadura, a former shortstop in the Chicago Cubs minor league system, and a Philadelphia Phillies scout. Many training sessions involving the two followed, until <mask> graduated from high school. Professional baseball

MLB career

Early seasons
In 1962, <mask> was signed by Philadelphia Phillies scout Tony Lucadello. <mask> made his major-league debut as a 22-year-old in 1965, as a relief pitcher. He was traded the following year to the Chicago Cubs, along with Adolfo Phillips and John Herrnstein, for pitchers Larry Jackson and Bob Buhl.<mask> would become one of the best pitchers in the majors. In his first full year as a starter for the Cubs (1967), <mask> recorded 20 wins while posting a 2.80 ERA and 236 strikeouts. He finished tied for second in the Cy Young Award voting, following Mike McCormick of the San Francisco Giants. He was also selected for the All-Star Game for the first time that season. The following year his numbers improved; once again he won 20 games, his ERA dropped to 2.63 and his strikeout total increased to 260. <mask> established a reputation for achieving his pitching feats and his statistics while spending most of his career pitching in a "hitter's ballpark"—Wrigley Field in Chicago. Furthermore, in 1968, <mask> lost five of his starts in 1–0 ballgames.1971 season
<mask> had his best season in 1971. On April 6, 1971, <mask> started the Cubs' opening-day game. The Cubs defeated the St. Louis Cardinals 2–1 in 10 innings at Wrigley Field. <mask> pitched the complete game for the Cubs, and Billy Williams hit a home run in the final inning for the victory. On September 1, 1971, <mask> threw another complete game against the Montreal Expos and hit two home runs. The Cubs won the game 5–2. He was named NL Player of the Month (for the only time in his career) in July, with a 6–1 record, a 2.14 ERA, and 49 strikeouts.That season, <mask> threw a complete game in 30 of 39 starts and received a decision in 37 of them, finishing with a 24–13 record (.649). He walked only 37 batters versus 263 strikeouts across 325 innings. He played in the All-Star Game and finished seventh in MVP voting. <mask> also posted a .478 slugging percentage, hitting six home runs and driving in 20 runs in just 115 at-bats. <mask> won the 1971 NL Cy Young Award. <mask> was the first Cubs pitcher and the first Canadian to win the Cy Young Award (Quebec native Éric Gagné is the only other Canadian to match the feat). He received 17 of 24 first-place votes.He was outpitched in several statistical categories by New York Mets pitcher Tom Seaver, but <mask> pitched in hitter-friendly Wrigley Field and Seaver worked in pitcher-friendly Shea Stadium. Later seasons
In 1972, <mask> completed his sixth consecutive season with 20 or more wins. By the middle of the following season, he expressed that he did not feel like playing baseball anymore. He finished the season, but registered a 14–16 win–loss record. <mask> was traded from the Cubs to the Texas Rangers for Bill Madlock and Vic Harris on October 25, 1973. Texas manager Billy Martin was pleased with the trade, describing <mask> as a workhorse and a winner. In 1974, <mask> achieved a personal best 25 wins during the season, setting a Rangers franchise record which still stands.He finished second in Cy Young Award voting for the second time in his career behind Catfish Hunter in a very close vote (90 points to <mask>'s 75); surprisingly, <mask> actually finished ahead of Hunter in MVP voting (118 points to Hunter's 107), and his fifth-place finish on the MVP leader-board was the highest of his career. He was named the American League Comeback Player of the Year by The Sporting News. <mask> achieved his 250th win against the Oakland Athletics on May 23, 1980. Later that year, during a customs search in Toronto, <mask> was found possessing 3.0 grams cocaine, 2.2 grams hashish, and 1.75 grams marijuana. In response, on September 8, Commissioner Bowie Kuhn suspended him indefinitely. However, <mask>' suspension lasted only two weeks before, in an unprecedented action, an independent arbiter, Raymond Goetz, overturned the suspension and reinstated him and he returned to the league. Eventually, when he went to trial, the judge gave him an absolute discharge for lack of some evidence.<mask> was not punished further by MLB for the incident, as he remained active until his retirement following the 1983 season. It has been suggested that this incident delayed his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Canadian baseball

Minor league
<mask> continued playing professional baseball in Canada after retiring from  MLB in 1983 and pitched two seasons for the London Majors, a minor league team of the Intercounty Major Baseball League, operating in London, Ontario. Post-baseball

<mask> ran for the Ontario Liberal Party in the 1985 Ontario general election, in the riding of Windsor—Riverside, but placed third with 15% of the vote behind the NDP's Dave Cooke. <mask> led the league in wins twice (1971, 1974), fewest walks per 9 innings five times, complete games nine times, and home runs allowed seven times. He led the league in strikeouts once (1969, with 273). His streak of six straight seasons with 20 or more wins (1967–1972) is the longest streak in the major leagues since Warren Spahn performed the feat between 1956 and 1961.<mask>, fellow Cub Greg Maddux, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez are the only major league pitchers to ever record more than 3,000 strikeouts with fewer than 1,000 walks. Only Robin Roberts and Jamie Moyer allowed more home runs over a career than <mask>. <mask> achieved his 3,000th strikeout on May 25, 1982, against Garry Templeton. As a hitter, <mask> posted a .165 batting average (148-for-896) with 54 runs, 13 home runs, 85 RBI and 41 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .954 fielding percentage. He is considered the anchor of the 12 Black Aces, a group of pitchers with at least 20 wins in one season. Honours and awards

In 1974, <mask>, then with the Texas Rangers, became the first baseball player to win the Lou Marsh Trophy, an award given annually to Canada's top athlete.He was also named the Canadian Press male athlete of the year four times (1967, 1968, 1971, and 1974). <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987, and in 1991, became the first Canadian ever elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. The 1991 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, held in Toronto, was dedicated to <mask>; he threw out the ceremonial first pitch to conclude the pregame ceremonies. <mask> was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1995, and was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame in 2001. He was appointed the commissioner of the now-defunct Canadian Baseball League in 2003; the league's Jenkins Cup went missing when the league folded and has been missing ever since. He was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2011, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame created the <mask> Jenkins Heritage Award in his honour to commemorate those one-of-a-kind events or special moments in time that so embellish the long history of sports in Ontario.On December 17, 1979, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada for being "Canada's best-known major-league baseball player". Governor General Michaëlle Jean officiated at his investiture into the Order, which finally occurred on May 4, 2007: over 27 years after he was appointed. On May 3, 2009, the Cubs retired jersey number 31 in honor of both <mask> and Greg Maddux. On December 13, 2010, Canada Post announced <mask> would be honoured in Canada with his own postage stamp. The stamp was issued on February 1, 2011, to commemorate Black History Month. See also
3,000 strikeout club
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball players from Canada
List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
List of members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
List of Canadian sports personalities

References and notes

Further reading
 Bike, William S. The Forgotten 1970 Chicago Cubs: Go and Glow (2021). The History Press.ISBN 978-1467149082. <mask>, Fergie, with Lew Freedman (2009). Fergie: My Life from the Cubs to Cooperstown. Chicago: Triumph Books. External links

Fergie Jenkins Foundation
<mask> Jenkins at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at Baseball Almanac
Ferguson <mask> at Baseball Library
Sidebar "Texas Ranger Hall of Famer"
National Film Board of Canada documentary
History by the Minute <mask> Jenkins

1942 births
Living people
American League wins champions
Arizona Instructional League Cubs players
Arkansas Travelers players
Baseball people from Ontario
Black Canadian baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian people of African-American descent
Canadian people of Barbadian descent
Canadian sportsperson-politicians
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Chicago Cubs coaches
Chicago Cubs players
Cy Young Award winners
Harlem Globetrotters players
London Majors players
Lou Marsh Trophy winners
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Members of the Order of Canada
Miami Marlins (FSL) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League strikeout champions
National League wins champions
Sportspeople from Chatham-Kent
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sun City Rays players
Texas Rangers players
Winter Haven Super Sox players
Expatriate baseball players in Nicaragua
Canadian expatriates in Nicaragua

masks:
Ferguson Arthur
Jenkins Jr
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Ferguson Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
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Jenkins
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Jenkins
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Jenkins
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Jenkins
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Jenkins
Jenkins
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Legacy Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Ferguson
Jenkins
Jenkins
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Ferguson
Ferguson Jenkins
Jenkins
Ferguson