title: Alfredo Stroessner

texts:
<mask> (; 3 November 1912 – 16 August 2006) was a Paraguayan army officer, politician and statesman who served as President of Paraguay from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989. <mask> led a coup d'état on 4 May 1954 with the support of the army and the Colorado Party, with which he was affiliated. After a brief provisional government headed by Tomás Romero Pereira, he was the Colorado Party's presidential candidate for the 1954 general election, and was elected unopposed since all other parties were banned. He officially assumed the presidency on 15 August 1954, quickly suspended constitutional and civil rights, and began a period of harsh repression with the support of the army and the military police (which also served as a secret or political police) against anyone who opposed his authoritarian rule. Even when opposition parties were legalized in 1962, they were barely tolerated, and the repression continued. On 25 August 1967, he introduced a new constitution enabling him to re-elect himself; in 1977 he modified that constitution to permit himself to be re-elected indefinitely. He was fraudulently re-elected seven times from 1958 until 1988; approximately six months after the 1988 general election, he was overthrown in the coup d'état of 2 and 3 February 1989, led by his most trusted confidant, Major General Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti, with the support of the army.On 5 February 1989, just 2 days after the coup, <mask> was exiled to Brazil, where he spent his last 17 years. He died at 11:20 AM on 16 August 2006 at the Santa Luzia Hospital in Brasilia from septic shock due to complications from pneumonia. He was veiled in a strict private ceremony, and finally buried in the Campo da Esperança Cemetery. Early life
<mask>'s parents were Hugo Strößner, who emigrated from Hof, Bavaria, Germany, and worked as an accountant for a brewery, and Heriberta Matiauda, who grew up in a wealthy Paraguayan family of Criollo Spanish descent. <mask> was born  in Encarnación on 3 November 1912. He enrolled in the Francisco López Military Academy in 1929, and received his commission as a lieutenant in the Paraguayan Army in 1931. In 1932, he fought against Bolivian forces in the Battle of Boquerón during the Chaco War.After the war he rose steadily in rank; by 1940, he had risen to the rank of major and joined the general staff in 1946. When the Paraguayan Civil War broke out in 1947, he commanded the artillery division at Paraguarí that ensured that President Higinio Morínigo won the war by destroying a working-class rebel area of Asunción. President Morínigo found Stroessner's military skills very useful and promoted him rapidly. As one of the few officers who had remained loyal to Morínigo, Stroessner became a formidable political and social player once he entered the higher echelons of the Paraguayan armed forces. He became a brigadier — and the youngest general officer in South America — in 1948. His accurate political sense failed him only once, when he found himself in 1948 on the wrong side of a failed coup attempt and had to be driven to the Brazilian embassy in the trunk of a car, earning him the nickname of "Colonel Trunk". Stroessner backed Felipe Molas López in a successful coup against Juan Natalicio González.He then backed Federico Chávez against Molas López and by 1951 he was Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces of Paraguay. Dictatorship (1954–1989)

<mask> objected to President Federico Chávez's plans to arm the national police and threw him out of office in a coup on 4 May 1954. After a brief interim presidency by Tomás Romero, <mask> was the only candidate in a special election on 11 July to complete Chávez's term. He was reelected seven times—in 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1988. He appeared alone on the ballot in 1958. In his other elections, he won by implausibly high margins; only once (1968) did he drop below 80 percent of the vote. That campaign was also the only time an opposition candidate got more than 20 percent of the vote.He served for 35 years, with only Fidel Castro having a longer tenure among 20th-century Latin American leaders; though Castro's tenure as president was shorter at 32 years (1976–2008). Soon after taking office, <mask> placed the entire country under a state of siege and suspended civil liberties. The state-of-siege provisions allowed the government to arrest and detain anyone indefinitely without trial, as well as forbid public meetings and demonstrations. It was renewed every 90 days until 1987, except for a brief period in 1959. Although it technically only applied to Asunción after 1970, the courts ruled that anyone charged with security offenses could be brought to the capital and charged under the state-of-siege provisions—even if the offense took place outside the capital. Apart from one 24-hour period on election days, <mask> ruled under what amounted to martial law for nearly all of his tenure. A devoted anti-communist who brought Paraguay into the World Anti-Communist League, he justified his repression as a necessary measure to protect the country.Paraguay enjoyed close military and economic ties with the United States and supported the US invasion of the Dominican Republic. The <mask> regime even offered to send troops to Vietnam alongside the Americans. The United States played a "critical supporting role" in the domestic affairs of Stoessner's Paraguay. Between 1962 and 1975 the US provided $146 million to Paraguay's military government and Paraguayan officers were trained at the US Army School of the Americas. Although the military and security forces under <mask> received less material support from the United States than other South American countries, strong inter-military connections existed through military advisors and military training. Between 1962 and 1966, nearly 400 Paraguayan military personnel were trained by the United States in the Panama Canal Zone and on US soil. Strong Paraguayan-U.S. relations continued until the Carter Administration emphasized a foreign policy that recognized human rights abuses, although both military and economic aid were allotted to the Paraguayan government in Carter's budgets.The Reagan Administration restored more cordial relations due to <mask>'s staunch anti-communism, but by the mid 1980s relations cooled, largely because of the international outcry over the regime's excesses, along with its involvement in narcotics trafficking and money-laundering. In 1986, The Reagan administration added his regime to its list of Latin American dictatorships. As leader of the Colorado Party, <mask> exercised nearly complete control over the nation's political scene. Although opposition parties were nominally permitted after 1962 (the Colorado Party had been the only legal party in the country since 1947), Paraguay remained for all intents and purposes a one-party state. Elections were so heavily rigged in favor of the Colorados that the opposition had no realistic chance of winning, and opposition figures were subjected to varying degrees of harassment. Furthermore, <mask>'s Paraguay became a haven for Nazi war criminals, including Josef Mengele, and non-communist peaceful opposition was crushed. Given <mask>'s affinity for Nazism and harboring of Nazi war criminals, foreign press often referred to his government as the "poor man's Nazi regime".<mask>'s rule brought more stability than most of the country's living residents had previously known. From 1927 to 1954, the country had had 22 presidents, including six from 1948 to 1954 alone. However, that stability came at a high cost. Corruption was rampant (<mask> himself did not dispute charges of corruption at some levels in his government) and Paraguay's human rights record was considered one of the poorest in South America. During <mask>'s regime, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 people were murdered, 400 to 500 more "disappeared," and thousands more imprisoned and tortured. Press freedom was also limited, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding. Any outcry about government mistreatment or attacks toward the Colorado Party would result in destruction of the media outlets.Many media executives were sent to prison or tortured. Because of this, political opponents were few and far between. Near the end of this presidency, he declared that he would remove the state of siege, but quickly recanted after students began protesting trolley fares. For the first 13 years of his rule, <mask> ruled under a severely authoritarian constitution enacted in 1940. It was replaced in 1967 with an equally repressive document. Like its predecessor, it gave the president broad powers to take exceptional actions for the good of the country, such as suspending civil liberties and intervening in the economy. It thus formed the legal basis for the state of virtual martial law under which Stroessner governed.While it limited the president to two five-year terms, it stipulated that only those terms completed after the 1968 election would count toward that limit. In 1977, faced with having to leave office for good the following year, <mask> pushed through a constitutional amendment allowing him to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms. Operation Condor
Paraguay was a leading participant in Operation Condor, a campaign of state terror and security operations officially implemented in 1975 which were jointly conducted by the military dictatorships of six South American countries (Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil) with the support of the United States. Human rights violations characteristic of those in other South American countries such as kidnappings, torture, forced disappearances and extrajudicial killings were routine and systematic during the <mask> regime. Following executions, many of the bodies of those killed by the regime were dumped in the Chaco or the Río Paraguay. The discovery of the "Archives of Terror" in 1992 in the Lambaré suburb of Asunción confirmed allegations of widespread human rights violations. Pastor Coronel was the chief of the Department of Investigations, or secret police.He would interview people in a pileta, a bath of human vomit and excrement, or ram electric cattle prods up their rectums. In 1975, the Secretary of the Paraguayan Communist Party, , was dismembered alive with a chainsaw while Stroessner listened on the phone. The screams of tortured dissidents would often be recorded and played over the phone to family members, and sometimes the bloody garments of those killed were sent to their homes. Under Stroessner, egregious human rights violations were committed against the Aché Indian population of Paraguay's eastern districts, largely as the result of U.S. and European corporations wanting access to the country's forests, mines and grazing lands. The Aché Indians resided on land that was coveted and had resisted relocation attempts by the Paraguayan army. The government retaliated with massacres and forced many Aché into slavery. In 1974 the UN accused Paraguay of slavery and genocide.Only a few hundred Aché remained alive by the late 1970s. The <mask> regime financed this genocide with U.S. aid. <mask> was careful not to show off or draw attention from jealous generals or foreign journalists. He avoided rallies and took simple holidays in Patagonia. He became more tolerant of opposition as the years passed, but there was no change in the regime's basic character. During <mask>'s rule, no socialist nations had diplomatic relations with Paraguay, with the sole exception of non-aligned Yugoslavia. Stroessner made many state visits, including to Japan, the United States, and France, as well as to South Africa, a country which Paraguay developed close bilateral ties with in the 1970s.He also made several visits to West Germany, although over the years his relations with that country deteriorated. Since he had always been known as pro-German, this worsening of relations, combined with his feeling that the U.S. had abandoned him, was regarded as a personal blow to Stroessner. It has been asserted that the Roman Catholic Church is the only reason Stroessner did not have absolute control over the country. After the destruction of Asunción University in 1972 by police, the Archbishop of Paraguay Ismael Rolón Silvero excommunicated the minister of the interior and the chief of police, and proscribed the celebration of Holy Mass in a sign of protest against the Stroessner regime. When Pope John Paul II visited Paraguay in 1988, his visit bolstered what was already a robust anti-Stroessner movement within the country. Stroessner gave a written television interview to Alan Whicker as part of a documentary called The Last Dictator (UK: 7 April 1970) for the television series Whicker's World. The programme was released in a Region 2 DVD box-set by the UK's Network imprint.Economics
Stroessner dedicated large proportions of the Paraguayan national budget to the military and police apparatus, both fundamental to the maintenance of the regime. According to a 1963 article from Time magazine, <mask> spent 33% of the 1962 annual budget on army and police, 15% for education, and just 2% for public works. There was no income tax and public spending was the smallest percentage of GDP in Latin America. Stroessner enacted several economic development projects, including the building of the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world in Itaipu Dam, developing Paraguay's economy: although Paraguay received only 15% of the contracts, it was a major factor allowing the country to have the highest rate of growth in Latin America for most of the 1970s. The construction of the Itaipu Dam, as well as the subsequently built Yacyretá Dam on the Paraguay–Argentina Border, displaced thousands of Paraguayans, pushing them from their homes, often without any restitution. The Itaipu Dam displaced at least 80,000 Paraguayans, and the Yacyretá was estimated to have displaced at least that many by December 2008. 160 workers died building the Itaipu Dam.Stroessner also promoted projects that purportedly developed the country's infrastructure. Amongst these were the improvement of highways and the issuing of 15–20 hectare land grants to military personnel upon completion of their service, provided that the land would be used for farming purposes. Over 10,000 soldiers took up this offer. By the end of the Stronato, the second biggest city was Puerto Flor de Lis (renamed "Puerto Presidente Stroessner," then "Ciudad del Este"), founded just 32 years before. Downfall
In April 1987, Stroessner lifted the state of siege as part of the run-up to elections the following spring. However, several draconian security laws remained in effect, meaning that the substance (if not the form) of the state of siege was still in place. As had been the case for over three decades, opposition leaders continued to be arbitrarily arrested and opposition meetings and demonstrations were broken up (often brutally).<mask> was nominated by the Colorados once again, and was the only candidate who was allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Under these circumstances, the February 1988 election was no different from past elections, with <mask> officially registering 89 percent of the vote — a margin that his rivals contended could only have been obtained through massive fraud. On 3 February 1989, only six months after being sworn in for what would have been his eighth full term, <mask> was ousted in a coup d'état led by General Andrés Rodríguez, his closest confidant for over three decades. One reason for the coup was that the generals feared one of <mask>'s offspring would succeed him. Of the two, <mask> (aka 'Freddie'), was a cocaine addict and Gustavo, a pilot, was loathed for being homosexual. A more outlandish rumour was that Lino Oviedo threatened Rodríguez with a grenade if he did not launch the coup. The two generals, Rodríguez and Oviedo, fought a brief artillery duel over Asunción.Later life and death

After the coup, <mask> fled to Brazil, where he lived in exile for the next 17 years. The eastern city of Puerto Flor de Lis, which had been renamed Puerto Presidente Stroessner in his honour, in 1989 was again renamed Ciudad del Este. Asunción's airport had been named after him during his regime, but was later renamed Silvio Pettirossi International Airport. <mask> died on 16 August 2006, in Brasília, at the age of 93. The immediate cause of death was a stroke. He had been suffering from pneumonia after undergoing a hernia operation. The Paraguayan government preemptively dismissed any suggestions for honouring the late president within Paraguay.He tried to return to Paraguay before his death, to die in his homeland, but he was rebuked and threatened with arrest by the government. In part due to Stroessner's abuses, Paraguay's current constitution limits the president to a single five-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive. The ban on any sort of reelection has become so entrenched in Paraguayan politics that in 2017, when the legislature debated an amendment that would have allowed then-president Horacio Cartes to run for reelection, massive protests forced the Colorados to abandon those plans. Family

Marriage and children
<mask> was married to Eligia Mora (26 December 1910 – 3 February 2006). They had three children: Gustavo, <mask> and Graciela. <mask> <mask>, son of Graciela, was a senator. The couple were forcibly separated after his exile; she fled to the US, while he was given asylum in Brazil.Although they stayed in touch by phone and occasionally met up, they were unable to live together, and neither Stroessner nor his son were able to return to Paraguay to attend her funeral. Extramarital affairs
Stroessner engaged in extramarital affairs before and during his presidency. According to many sources, some of his affairs were with teenage girls as young as 13, and he may have fathered over 30 illegitimate children. The affairs were divulged after his downfall, further tarnishing his image. References

Bibliography

Further reading

CIA: Stroessner's Paraguay

External links

Obituary BBC News
Paraguay's archive of terror
The Presidential Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower Official letter to President <mask> (1959)
Paraguay seeks Stroessner return
ObituaryThe Guardian
<mask>, 93, Old-Style Military Dictator of Paraguay
Obituary The Economist
<mask>, Paraguay's Enduring Dictator, Dies The New York Times
Gen. <mask>, Colorful Dictator of Paraguay for 35 Years, Dies in Exile at 93

1912 births
2006 deaths
People from Encarnación, Paraguay
Paraguayan people of German descent
Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
Leaders ousted by a coup
Leaders who took power by coup
Operation Condor
Opposition to Fidel Castro
Paraguayan anti-communists
Paraguayan soldiers
People of the Chaco War
People of the Cold War
Presidents of Paraguay
Colorado Party (Paraguay) politicians
Paraguayan exiles
Exiled politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Paraguayan emigrants to Brazil
Politicide perpetrators
Military personnel of the Cold War
Genocide perpetrators
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease

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Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda
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title: Robert Chester (poet)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (flourished 1601) is the mysterious author of the poem Love's Martyr which was published in 1601 as the main poem in a collection which also included much shorter poems by William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, George Chapman and John Marston, along with the anonymous "Vatum Chorus" and "Ignoto". Despite attempts to identify <mask> no information has ever emerged to indicate with any certainty who he was. Currently all that is known of <mask> is his name, the long poem he published, and a few unpublished verses. The poem's meaning is deeply obscure. Even the authenticity of the date on the title page has been questioned. It is also not known why Shakespeare and so many other distinguished poets supplemented the publication of such an obscure person with their own works. Identity
The only clue to <mask>'s identity is the fact that his poem was dedicated to Sir John Salusbury of Lleweni Hall, Denbighshire, in Wales.Sir John was a member of the powerful Salusbury family of Wales. It may have been published to celebrate his knighthood in June 1601. However, even this date has been questioned. In 1878 <mask> was identified with a man of that name from Royston, Cambridgeshire, by Alexander Grosart, who produced the first modern edition of the poem. However, in 1913, Carleton Brown argued that <mask> must have been closely associated with Salusbury in Denbighshire. Also, <mask>'s verse suggests that he was a servant of Salusbury's, rather than a social equal as was the <mask> from Royston. Brown discovered a manuscript poem entitled A Winter's Garland, written by <mask>, in the Salisbury family archives.Another poem, welcoming Salusbury home from London, compares <mask>'s own crude "hoarse-throat raven's song" to the "court beautifying poets" he would have heard in London. Brown concluded that <mask> was a local employee of Salusbury's who probably worked in his household. In 2009, Boris Borukhov, comparing the signatures of the poet and the <mask> from Royston, demonstrated that they were two different people. <mask>'s description of himself as a "British" poet, rather than "English" one, his particular interest in Geoffrey of Monmouth's account of King Arthur, as well as his links to Salusbury, strongly suggest that he was Welsh. However, no documentation beyond this has been found to identify <mask>. E. A. J. Honigmann argues that <mask> was probably Salusbury's local chaplain or secretary, and that he and his patron shared a taste for "mystical verse" which contained obscure acrostic puzzles. Salusbury himself was a poet.A previous collection of verse, Sinetes Passions (1597) by <mask> had included a supplement containing acrostic verse, possibly written by Salusbury. The poem

Title
The full title of <mask>'s book explains the content:

Love's Martyr: or Rosalins Complaint. Allegorically shadowing the truth of Loue, in the constant Fate of the Phoenix and Turtle. A Poeme enterlaced with much varietie and raritie; now first translated out of the venerable Italian Torquato Caeliano, by <mask>. With the true legend of famous King Arthur the last of the nine Worthies, being the first Essay of a new Brytish Poet: collected out of diuerse Authenticall Records. To these are added some new compositions of seuerall moderne Writers whose names are subscribed to their seuerall workes, vpon the first subiect viz. the Phoenix and Turtle.The Italian poet "Torquato Caeliano" is as mysterious as <mask> himself. No original Italian work from which the poem is supposed to have been translated has ever been identified, nor is Caeliano a known Italian poet. It has been argued that <mask> made up Caeliano to conceal the personal significance of the poem's allegory. The name is probably a combination of the names of the real poets Torquato Tasso and Livio Celiano. Another mystery is the alternative title "Rosalins Complaint", since there is no reference to anyone called "Rosalin" in the poem. The name may be derived from Edmund Spenser's The Shepherd's Calendar. Possibly this too had a private meaning that would have been understood by <mask> and his circle.The "turtle" in the title is the turtledove, not the shelled reptile. Publication
The poem was published by Edward Blount and printed by Richard Field. It was not entered in the Stationers' Register. Only three copies of the original edition are known to have survived, though two are partial texts. Another copy appears to be from the same edition but has a different title page. This announces the poem as "The Anuals of the great Brittaine", going on to describe it as an "excellent Monument wherein may be seene all the antiquities of this Kingdom to the satisfaction of both Universities, or any other place stirred with Emulation of long continuance. Excellently figured out in a worthy poem".This page is dated 1611, and said to be published by Matthew Lownes. Content

<mask> prefaced his poem with a short dedication addressed to the Phoenix and Turtledove, traditional emblems of perfection and devoted love, respectively:

Phoenix of beautie, beauteous, Bird of any
To thee I do entitle all my labour,
More precious in mine eye by far then many
That feedst all earthly sences with thy savour:
Accept my home-writ praises of thy loue,
And kind acceptance of thy Turtle-doue

The poem is a long allegory, incorporating the story of King Arthur, in which the relationship between the birds is explored, and its symbolism articulated. It begins with the personification of Nature observing that the magnificently beautiful Phoenix is apparently about to die without an heir. The physical description given of the Phoenix is as a human female rather than a bird. Nature visits the Classical gods and pleads with Jupiter to find a way to give the Phoenix a child. Jupiter says that she must bring the Phoenix to the "isle of Paphos" to meet the Turtledove whose lover has apparently died. The Turtledove is guarding the fire of Prometheus.Jupiter gives Nature a magical "balm" to anoint the Tutledove, which will make him fall in love with the Phoenix. On the trip she tells the story of King Arthur, gives an account of ancient British kings and gives Brythonic (Welsh) etymologies for British towns. There follows a long description of the flora and fauna of Paphos, explaining the nature and uses of the various plants and animals. At the island, the Phoenix and the Turtledove fall in love, apparently without the aid of the balm. But first the Turtledove asks the Phoenix to forgive him for some unspecified wrong. They then agree to die together in a self-sacrificing fire, building an altar to Apollo, the patron of poetry. As they are consumed, the Phoenix laments the death of the Turtledove.A watching pelican observes the Phoenix's own death and describes a new and even more beautiful Phoenix emerging in glory from the flames. The narrative is followed by a series of acrostic love poems entitled "Cantos to the fair Phoenix made by Paphian Dove". Each line of the verses begins with each letter of the alphabet in sequence. These are supposed to have been written by the Turtledove to the Phoenix, implying a long and complex relationship. They are followed by other separate love poems idealising spiritual devotion to the Phoenix. It is not clear whether these poems are written by <mask>, who signed his name to the end of the narrative section. William Empson stated that they displayed the "very recognisable facility and ingenuity" of Sir John Salusbury's poetry, published in Parry's 1597 book.After these are the poems by Shakespeare and the others, which comment on the symbolism. In addition to the named poets, there are poems attributed to "Vatum Chorus" (chorus of poets) and "Ignoto" (anonymous). The poems are introduced by Vatum Chorus and Ignoto, followed by Shakespeare's The Phoenix and the Turtle'', which states that the birds died "leaving no posterity" due to their "married chastity". John Marston then seems to reply to Shakespeare's "moving epicedium", by referring to the couple's "glorious issue": the new Phoenix born from the flames. Chapman adds more detail on the relationship, saying that the Phoenix provided every variety of life to the Turtle, "She was to him the Analysed World of pleasure, / Her firmness cloth'd him in variety". Jonson ends with an idealisation of the Phoenix, whose judgement shines as "Clear as a naked Vestal, / Closed in an orb of Crystal." Interpretations

There have been many attempts to interpret the symbolism of the poem, though the most common one is that the Phoenix represents Queen Elizabeth I, who used the Phoenix as her symbol.The "isle of Paphos" is thus her realm of England, the history of which is given in such detail. The Turtledove has been said to be the dedicatee of the poem, Sir John Salusbury. Critics Katherine Duncan-Jones and Henry Woudhuysen argue that the recent Essex Rebellion against the queen is referred to in several passages, and state that Salusbury stands for the loyalty of the people as a whole. The fact that Salusbury's cousin sided with the rebels may be linked to the contrition that the Turtledove has to show. The "glorious issue" would thus be the prosperity and stability of the kingdom, to be passed on to Elizabeth's heir, James VI of Scotland. However, the degree of intimacy between the lovers, albeit chaste, has been used to argue against this view, as has the fact that both the Phoenix and Turtle die, though Salusbury and the Queen were still very much alive in 1601. Another view, first expressed by Carleton Brown, is that the poem celebrated the marriage of Salusbury and his wife Ursula Stanley, the illegitimate daughter of Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby.Brown argued that it was written after the birth of their first child. This view has been criticised on the grounds that the poem emphasises the chastity of the couple, nor is it clear why Ursula and John would have to die to produce a child. Indeed they were both alive in 1601, having by then had nine more children since their first daughter. Other commentators have suggested esoteric symbolism, or politically dangerous messages, hidden in deliberately obscure allegory, such as support for Catholic martyrs such as Anne Line, or for Essex himself. References

External links
 The full text of Chester's Love's Martyr
 Shakespeare Census entry
 Digital Facsimile from Folger Library

Welsh poets
People associated with Shakespeare
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
17th-century English poets
17th-century male writers
People of the Tudor period
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets

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title: Danny Thomas

texts:
<mask> (born Amos Muzyad Yaqoob Kairouz; January 6, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an American actor, singer, nightclub comedian, producer,  and philanthropist whose career spanned five decades. He created and starred in one of the most successful and long-running situation comedies in the history of American network television, the <mask> Show. In addition to guest roles on many of the comedy, talk, and musical variety programs of his time, his legacy includes a lifelong dedication to fundraising for charity. Most notably, he was the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, a leading center in pediatric medicine with a focus on pediatric cancer. St. Jude's now has affiliate hospitals in eight other American cities as of early 2020. Already a successful entertainer, <mask> began his film career in 1947, playing opposite child actress Margaret O'Brien in The Unfinished Dance (1947) and Big City (1948). He then starred in the long-running television sitcom Make Room for Daddy (later, The <mask> Show from the fourth season onwards) from 1953 to 1964, in which he played the lead role of <mask>.He was the father of Marlo <mask>, Terre <mask>, and <mask>. Early life

One of 10 children, <mask> was born as Amos Muzyad Yaqoob Kairouz on January 6, 1912, in Deerfield, Michigan, to Charles Yaqoob Kairouz and his wife Margaret Taouk. His parents were Maronite Catholic immigrants from Bsharri, Lebanon. <mask> was raised in Toledo, Ohio, attending St. Francis de Sales Church, Woodward High School, and finally the University of Toledo, where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Bishop Samuel Stritch of Toledo confirmed <mask> in the Catholic Church. Stritch, a native of Tennessee, was a lifelong spiritual advisor for <mask>, and would later advise him to locate the St. Jude Hospital in Memphis. He married Rose Marie Cassaniti in 1936, a week after his 24th birthday.In 1932, <mask> began performing on radio in Detroit at WMBC on The Happy Hour Club. <mask> first performed under his anglicized birth name, "Amos Jacobs Kairouz." After he moved to Chicago in 1940, <mask> did not want his friends and family to know he went back into working clubs where the salary was better, so he came up with the pseudonym "<mask>" (after two of his brothers). He was living in Ward 6, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio, according to the 1920 United States Census as Amos Jacobs, the same in the 1930 Census, and in 1940 living in Ward 2, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, as Amos J. Jacobs, a radio and theatrical artist. Further, the 1930 Census states his parents were born in Syria; while the 1920 census states that they were born in "Seria," and that their mother tongue is "Serian." At the time, Lebanon was part of the Ottoman Empire (until 1920) and Lebanese immigrants were identified as Syrians in most of the world, and as Turks in Latin America. Careers other than television

Radio
Thomas first reached mass audiences on network radio in the 1940s playing shifty brother-in-law Amos in The Bickersons, which began as sketches on the music-comedy show Drene Time, starring Don Ameche and Frances Langford.<mask> also portrayed himself as a scatterbrained Lothario on this show. His other network radio work included a stint as Jerry Dingle the postman on Fanny Brice's The Baby Snooks Show. In the early 1950s he made several appearances on the popular NBC variety program, The Big Show, hosted by stage legend Tallulah Bankhead. <mask> also had his own radio program, The <mask> Show. The 30-minute weekly variety show was on ABC from 1942 to 1943 and on CBS from 1947 to 1948. Films
After his two late 1940s films with Margaret O'Brien, <mask> appeared with Betty Grable in the musical Call Me Mister (1951). He then starred in The Jazz Singer opposite the popular contemporary vocalist Peggy Lee, a 1952 remake of the 1927 original.He portrayed songwriter Gus Kahn opposite Doris Day in the 1951 film biography I'll See You in My Dreams. Music
In 1952, <mask> recorded several Arabic folk songs with Toufic Barham for a Saint Jude Hospital Foundation fundraiser record. The songs later appeared on the re-issue album The Music of Arab-Americans: A Retrospective Collection. From 1952 through 1974, <mask> also recorded a number of vocal albums on his own, as well as participating on other albums. Television career

Make Room for Daddy (The <mask> Show)
<mask> enjoyed a successful 11-year run (1953–1964) on Make Room for Daddy, later known as The Danny <mask> Show. Jean Hagen, Sherry Jackson, and Rusty Hamer were his first family. The Hagen character died offscreen in 1956 and was replaced by Marjorie Lord; Angela Cartwright also joined the cast at this time playing <mask>'s stepdaughter.Sherry Jackson left the series in 1958, and Penny Parker replaced her in the 1959–1960 season. Parker was written out of the series with her marriage to the character Patrick Hannigan, played by comedian Pat Harrington, Jr.

On January 1, 1959, <mask> appeared with his other Make Room for Daddy child stars, Angela Cartwright and Rusty Hamer, in an episode of NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. The show was produced at Desilu Studios, where Lucille Ball was appearing alongside Desi Arnaz in I Love Lucy, and it featured several guest stars who went on to star in their own shows, including Andy Griffith (The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry RFD), Joey Bishop, and Bill Bixby (My Favorite Martian and others). He also scored a major success at the London Palladium, in the years when many big American stars appeared there. In 1970, the program was revived for a season under the title Make Room for Granddaddy. Angela Cartwright (who spoke about her on- and off-camera relationship with her television stepfather, <mask>, on a groundbreaking ABC TV show, Make Room for Daddy) had said: "I thought <mask> was hilarious and he was always cracking me up. He was loud and gregarious, nothing like my real dad who is far more reserved than that.So, it was fun to be able to make smart remarks and get away with it. I would never have talked to my real parents that way, but in the make-believe world of the Williams family I got away with that." Cartwright also added that by the time <mask>'s show had ended, she wanted to join the cast of The Sound of Music: "I went on an interview for the part of Brigitta. I was still filming The <mask> Show, but I knew the series was coming to an end. After several auditions, I was the first von Trapp cast. I asked <mask> if he would let me out of my contract so I could be in the movie and he was very gracious to let me out of the last show of the season. He didn't have to do that and I am very grateful he did."The Wonderful World of Burlesque
In 1965 and 1966, <mask> presented The Wonderful World of Burlesque, featuring Lucille Ball, Jerry Lewis, Don Adams, Carol Channing, Andy Griffith, Sheldon Leonard, and Shirley Jones. The Danny Thomas Hour
The Danny Thomas Hour is an American anthology television series that was broadcast on NBC during the 1967–1968 television season. Producer
<mask> became a successful television producer (with Sheldon Leonard and Aaron Spelling among his partners) of The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Andy Griffith Show, That Girl and The Mod Squad. <mask> also produced three series for Walter Brennan: The Real McCoys, The Tycoon, and The Guns of Will Sonnett on ABC during the late 1950s and 1960s. <mask> often appeared in cameos on shows he produced, including his portrayal of the tuxedoed, droll alien Kolak, from the planet Twilo, in the Dick Van Dyke Show science-fiction spoof, "It May Look Like a Walnut". <mask> was responsible for Mary Tyler Moore's first "big break" in acting. In 1961, Carl Reiner cast her in The Dick Van Dyke Show after <mask> personally recommended Moore.He had remembered her as "the girl with three names" whom he had turned down earlier, but rediscovered her after a lengthy search through photos and records. Return to television
In the early 1970s, <mask> reunited most of his second Daddy cast (Marjorie Lord, Rusty Hamer, and Angela Cartwright) for a short-lived update of the show, Make Room for Granddaddy. Premised around <mask> and Kathy Williams caring for their grandson by daughter Terry, who was away with her husband who was serving in the Military, and stationed in Japan, the show lasted one season. By the mid-1970s, <mask>'s son Tony had become an accomplished television producer. Tony, along with Paul Junger Witt, formed Witt/Thomas Productions in 1975, and was responsible for his father's next three (and ultimately final) starring vehicles. <mask> returned to series TV in the NBC sitcom, The Practice, from January 1976 to January 1977, and after that I'm a Big Girl Now, which aired on ABC from 1980 to 1981. <mask> was guest of honor in The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast that aired December 15, 1976, on NBC.He guest-starred in "In Full Command," the March 18, 1978, series finale of the long-running detective drama Kojak, as a corrupt superior officer in the police department, in an episode directed by series star Telly Savalas. He also appeared in the 1988 TV movie Side by Side, opposite Milton Berle and Sid Caesar. The last series in which <mask> was a headlining star was One Big Family, which aired in syndication during the 1986–1987 season. The situation comedy's premise was set around a semi-retired comedian whose grandchildren were orphaned after their parents were killed in a car accident. Commercials
<mask>, like many actors prominent in television, endorsed commercial products. In particular, two companies that featured him in their advertising were Maxwell House, whose instant coffee he endorsed (though it had no decaffeinated variant at the time, he later claimed he had been endorsing a "decaffeinated" instant coffee and the coffee he actually drank had a high caffeine content), and Philips Norelco's "Dial-A-Brew" version of its short-lived "Better Cup Of Coffee" line of electric drip coffee-makers. One of his other "commercials" was actually a public-service message, with fund-raising goals, for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.Philanthropy
As a "starving actor", <mask> had made a vow: If he found success, he would open a shrine dedicated to St. Jude Thaddeus, the patron saint of hopeless causes. After becoming a successful actor in the early 1950s, his wife joined him and began traveling the United States to help raise funds to build St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He fervently believed "no child should die in the dawn of life." With help from Dr. Lemuel Diggs and close friend Anthony Abraham, an auto magnate in Miami, Florida, <mask> founded the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1962. Since its inception, St. Jude has treated children from all 50 states and around the world, continuing the mission of finding cures and saving children. Dr. Peter C. Doherty of St. Jude's Immunology Department, was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for key discoveries on how the immune system works to kill virus-infected cells. St. Jude's has grown to include eight affiliate hospitals across the United States.It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with annual expenses, as of 2018, of over $1.4 billion funded by nearly $1.5 billion in donations. Further, the World Health Organization has named St. Jude's as its first "Collaborating Center for Childhood Cancer" to help increase survival rates on rare pediatric cancer from 20% to as much as 60% by 2030. Personal life

<mask> was a struggling young comic when he met Rose Marie Mantell (born Rose Marie Cassaniti) (1914–2000), who had a singing career with her own radio show in Detroit, Michigan, and was the daughter of Marie "Mary" Cassaniti (1896–1972), a drummer and percussionist for "Marie's Merry Music Makers". They were married on January 15, 1936, and had three children, Margaret Julia ("Marlo"), Theresa ("Terre"), and Charles Anthony ("Tony") <mask>. The <mask> children followed their parents into entertainment in various capacities—Marlo as an actress and producer, Tony as a television producer, and Terre as an accomplished singer-songwriter. <mask>'s brother, <mask>, using the name Tom Jacobs, appeared on Make Room For Daddy and The Andy Griffith Show. <mask> was initiated to the Freemasonry in Prudence Lodge No.958, Chicago, passed, and raised to the sublime degree of Master Mason at Gothic Lodge #270 F&AM located at Hamilton Square, New Jersey, on March 15, 1984, by special dispensation of the New Jersey Grand Master. During May 1985, he was made a 32° Mason and also a Noble in Al Malaikah Shrine located at Los Angeles, California. <mask> also filmed the introduction to the Masonic Service Association's movie, When the Band Stops Playing. A devout Roman Catholic, <mask> was named a Knight Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre by Pope Paul VI in recognition of his services to the church and the community. He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan presented <mask> with a Congressional Gold Medal honoring him for his work with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. <mask> was one of the original owners of the Miami Dolphins, along with Joe Robbie, but he sold his share soon after the purchase.<mask> attempted to get back into football with his purchase of the Shreveport Steamer, planning to move the team to Cleveland, but withdrew the bid when the World Football League folded. He was an avid golfer, claimed a ten golf handicap, and competed with Sam Snead in a charity event. Two PGA Tour tournaments bore his name: the Danny Thomas-Diplomat Classic in south Florida in 1969 and, along with co-founder Vernon Bell, the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic from 1970 to 1984. He was also the first non-Jewish member of the Hillcrest Country Club in Los Angeles. In 1990, <mask> was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Death

In 1991, <mask> died after a heart attack at his home in Beverly Hills, a hospital spokesman said. Two days previously he had celebrated St. Jude Hospital's 29th anniversary and filmed a commercial, which aired posthumously.He is interred in a mausoleum on the grounds of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, alongside his wife. Awards and honors
A park in Toledo, Ohio, bears <mask>'s name and a monument. A stretch of roadway in Memphis is locally known as <mask> Boulevard. The road, built in the 1960s to partially reroute U.S. Highway 51 around downtown, runs from E.H. Crump Boulevard (U.S. 70/79/64) to North Parkway/A.W. Willis Avenue (Tennessee State Route 1), passing through St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's campus on a viaduct. For <mask>'s contribution to the television industry, in February 1960 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard. <mask> was a posthumous recipient of the 2004 Bob Hope Humanitarian Award.On February 16, 2012, the United States Postal Service issued a first-class forever stamp honoring <mask> as an entertainer and humanitarian. The Danny Thomas Forever Stamp shows an oil-on-panel painting depicting a smiling, tuxedo-clad <mask> in the foreground and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in the background. Filmography

References

External links

Biography at the Museum Broadcast Communications
"<mask> Story" at St. Jude
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
<mask> receives the Congressional Gold Medal from President Ronald Reagan
 Portrait of comedian <mask>, 1963 in Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. 1912 births
1991 deaths
Male actors from Toledo, Ohio
Arab-American culture in Ohio
American male comedians
20th-century American comedians
American male film actors
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American male television actors
Television producers from New York (state)
American male radio actors
American people of Lebanese descent
Burials in Tennessee
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Deaths from pneumothorax
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Male actors from Detroit
People from Lenawee County, Michigan
Male actors from Rochester, New York
RCA Victor artists
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American businesspeople
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
American Freemasons
Roman Catholic Freemasons
Nightclub performers
Musicians from Rochester, New York
Catholics from Michigan
University of Toledo alumni
Television producers from Michigan

masks:
Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Danny Williams
Thomas
Thomas
Tony Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Danny
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny
Thomas Yaqoob
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas


title: Jason Dent

texts:
<mask> (born June 12, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist. The Lightweight competitor has held several regional championships, most recently he won the International Fighting and Boxing League (IFBL) Welterweight Championship. He runs the GriffonRawl MMA Academy in Mentor, Ohio, and previously hosted an MMA oriented radio talk show on WWGK Radio (AM 1540 KNR2) in Cleveland. and was a competitor on SpikeTV's The Ultimate Fighter: United States vs. United Kingdom. Mixed martial arts career

Dent's training in Martial arts began at age 13 with karate. Just before earning his black belt he moved onto muay thai and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Dent made his professional MMA debut at Extreme Combat Challenge's Assault event on May 31, 2003, where he defeated Tim Newland with a triangle choke.He won his first professional championship a few months later at Next Level Fighting's first event on September 13, 2003. Once again, using a triangle choke, <mask> defeated Nick Spencer for the NLF Lightweight Championship. He fought in a number of other local events and was eventually offered a chance to fight in a UFC match. In his UFC debut at UFC 63, <mask> lost by unanimous decision to Roger Huerta. He was given second chance with a match against Gleison Tibau at UFC 68 which he lost by unanimous decision. Having lost both matches, <mask> was cut from the UFC roster. <mask> went back to the local MMA circuit and won five of his next six fights winning three championships along the way.He tried out for The Ultimate Fighter: United States vs. United Kingdom and was accepted. In the preliminary elimination round, he defeated Robert Browning, securing himself a spot in The Ultimate Fighter house. In episode eight, Dent defeated Team UK lightweight Jeff Lawson by Anaconda Choke in the second round, earning him a spot in the semi-finals. Dent lost by decision in the semifinals to Ross Pearson. Dent won his post TUF fight against Cameron Dollar by submission in the first round due to an anaconda choke. The fight was at the TUF 9 Finale and Dent was awarded the Submission of the Night bonus for the choke. Dent faced George Sotiropoulos on November 21, 2009 at UFC 106.<mask> fought George on the Prelim card, the fight started off with an exchange where both fighters were engaging but after some time Sotiropoulos took down <mask> and controlled him on the ground for the duration of round 1. At the start of round 2, <mask> once again got taken down while Sotiropoulos was working for a kimura, but was unable to lock it in. While still holding <mask>'s arm he instead went for an armbar which finished the fight in the 2nd round. <mask> was released from the UFC for the second time after his loss at UFC 106. With his latest stint in the UFC now behind him, <mask> took a fight with NAAFS Middleweight Champion Chris Lozano at a catchweight of 170 pounds for the NAAFS Superfight Title. Despite suffering a broken arm sustained from blocking a kick in the 1st round, <mask> traded shots with Lozano for four full rounds before the fight was ended. He returned to defend his NAAFS Lightweight belt against the Interim Champion, Bellator Featherweight Tournament finalist Daniel Mason-Straus more than a year later.While <mask> again traded shots with his opponent throughout, he lost a decision on all three judges' scorecards. <mask> is scheduled to fight Chris Horodecki in Horodecki's hometown of London, Ontario on October 26, 2013 on the Provincial Fighting Championship card. Based on research by an MMA writer] Dent owns the record for most career submissions in MMA for a UFC veteran from Ohio. |-
| Win
| align=center| 14–6
| Kolo Koka
| Submission (armbar)
| Icon Sport: Mayhem vs Lawler
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:07
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–6
| Luke Spencer
| Submission (triangle choke)
| NAAFS: Fight Night in the Flats 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 0:43
| Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–6
| Joe Voisin
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| KOTC: Drop Zone
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:50
| Mt.

masks:
Jason William Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent
Dent


title: I. A. Richards

texts:
<mask> CH (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A<mask>, was an English educator, literary critic, and rhetorician. His work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained and self-referential æsthetic object. <mask>' intellectual contributions to the establishment of the literary methodology of the New Criticism are presented in the books The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923), by C. K. Ogden and I. A<mask>, Principles of Literary Criticism (1924), Practical Criticism (1929), and The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936). Biography

<mask> was born in Sandbach. He was educated at Clifton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where his intellectual talents were developed by the scholar Charles Hicksonn 'Cabby' Spence.He began his career without formal training in literature; he studied philosophy (the "moral sciences") at Cambridge University, from which derived his assertions that, in the 20th century, literary study cannot and should not be undertaken as a specialisation, in and of itself, but studied alongside a cognate field, such as philosophy, psychology or rhetoric. His early teaching appointments were as adjunct faculty: at Cambridge University, Magdalene College would not pay a salary for <mask> to teach the new, and untested, academic field of English literature. Instead, like an old-style instructor, he collected weekly tuition directly from the students, as they entered the classroom. In 1926, <mask> married Dorothy Pilley whom he had met on a mountain climbing holiday in Wales. In the 1929–30 biennium, as a visiting professor, <mask> taught Basic English and Poetry at Tsinghua University, Beijing. In the 1936–38 triennium, <mask> was the director of the Orthological Institute of China. He died in Cambridge.Contributions

Collaborations with C. K. Ogden

The life and intellectual influence of I. A<mask> approximately corresponds to his intellectual interests; many endeavours were in collaboration with the linguist, philosopher, and writer Charles Kay Ogden (C. K. Ogden), notably in four books:

I. Foundations of Aesthetics (1922) presents the principles of aesthetic reception, the bases of the literary theory of “harmony”;  aesthetic understanding derives from the balance of competing psychological impulses. The structure of the Foundations of Aesthetics—a survey of the competing definitions of the term æsthetic—prefigures the multiple-definitions work in the books Basic Rules of Reason (1933), Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definition (1932), and  Coleridge on Imagination (1934)

II. The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) presents the triadic theory of semiotics that depends upon psychological theory, and so anticipates the importance of psychology in the exercise of literary criticism. Semioticians, such as Umberto Eco, acknowledged that the methodology of the triadic theory of semiotics improved upon the methodology of the dyadic theory of semiotics presented by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). III.Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar (1930) describes a simplified English based upon a vocabulary of 850 words,

IV. The Times of India Guide to Basic English (1938) sought to develop Basic English as an international auxiliary language, an interlanguage. <mask>' travels, especially in China, effectively situated him as the advocate for an international program, such as Basic English. Moreover, at Harvard University, to his international pedagogy, the instructor I. A<mask> began to integrate the available new media for mass communications, especially television. Aesthetics and literary criticism

Theory

<mask> elaborated an approach to literary criticism in The Principles of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929) which embodied aspects of the scientific approach from his study of psychology, particularly that of Charles Scott Sherrington. In The Principles of Literary Criticism, <mask> discusses the subjects of form, value, rhythm, coenesthesia (an awareness of inhabiting one's body, caused by stimuli from various organs), literary infectiousness, allusiveness, divergent readings, and belief.He starts from the premise that "A book is a machine to think with, but it need not, therefore, usurp the functions either of the bellows or the locomotive." Practical Criticism (1929), is an empirical study of inferior response to a literary text. As an instructor in English literature  at Cambridge University, <mask> tested the critical-thinking abilities of his pupils; he removed authorial and contextual information from thirteen poems and asked undergraduates to write interpretations, in order to ascertain the likely impediments to an adequate response to a literary text. That experiment in pedagogical approach – critical reading without contexts – demonstrated the variety and the depth of the possible textual misreadings that might be committed, by university student and layman alike. The critical method derived from that pedagogical approach did not propose a new hermeneutics, a new methodology of interpretation, but questioned the purposes and efficacy of the critical process of literary interpretation, by analysing the self-reported critical interpretations of university students. To that end, effective critical work required a closer aesthetic interpretation of the literary text as an object. To substantiate interpretive criticism, <mask> provided theories of metaphor, value, and tone, of stock response, incipient action, and pseudo-statement; and of ambiguity.This last subject, the theory of ambiguity, was developed in Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930), by William Empson, a former student of <mask>'; moreover, additional to The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism, Empson's book on ambiguity became the third foundational document for the methodology of the New Criticism. To <mask>, literary criticism was impressionistic, too abstract to be readily grasped and understood, by most readers; and he proposed that literary criticism could be precise in communicating meanings, by way of denotation and connotation. To establish critical precision, <mask> examined the psychological processes of writing and of the reading of poetry. That in reading poetry and making sense of it "in the degree in which we can order ourselves, we need nothing more"; the reader need not believe the poetry, because the literary importance of poetry is in provoking emotions in the reader. New rhetoric
As a rhetorician, <mask> said that the old form of studying rhetoric (the art of discourse) was too concerned with the mechanics of formulating arguments and with conflict; instead, he proposed the New Rhetoric to study of the meaning of the parts of discourse, as "a study of misunderstanding and its remedies" to determine how language works. That ambiguity is expected, and that meanings (denotation and connotation) are not inherent to words, but are inherent to the perception of the reader, the listener, and the viewer. By their usages, compiled from experience, people decide and determine meaning by "how words are used in a sentence", in spoken and written language.The semantic triangle

<mask> and Ogden created the semantic triangle to deliver improved understanding to how words come to mean. The semantic triangle has three parts, the symbol or word, the referent, and the thought or reference. In the bottom, right corner is the Referent, the thing, in reality. Placed at the left corner is the symbol or word. At the top point, the convergence of the literal word and the object in reality; it is our intangible idea about the object. Ultimately, the English meaning of the words is determined by an individual's unique experience. Feedforward

When the Saturday Review asked <mask> to write a piece for their "What I Have Learned" series, <mask> (then aged 75) took the opportunity to expound upon his cybernetic concept of "feedforward".The Oxford English Dictionary records that <mask> coined the term feedforward in 1951 at the Eighth Macy Conferences on cybernetics. In the event, the term extended the intellectual and critical influence of <mask> to cybernetics which applied the term in a variety of contexts. Moreover, among <mask>' students was Marshall McLuhan, who also applied and developed the term and the concept of feedforward. According to <mask>, feedforward is the concept of anticipating the effect of one's words by acting as our own critic. It is thought to work in the opposite direction of feedback, though it works essentially towards the same goal: to clarify unclear concepts. Existing in all forms of communication, feedforward acts as a pretest that any writer can use to anticipate the impact of their words on their audience. According to <mask>, feedforward allows the writer to then engage with their text to make necessary changes to create a better effect.He believes that communicators who do not use feedforward will seem dogmatic. <mask> wrote more in depth about the idea and importance of feedforward in communication in his book Speculative Instruments and has said that feedforward was his most important learned concept. Influence
<mask> served as mentor and teacher to other prominent critics, most notably William Empson and F. R. Leavis, although Leavis was contemporary with <mask>, and Empson much younger. Other critics primarily influenced by his writings also included Cleanth Brooks and <mask>. Later critics who refined the formalist approach to New Criticism by actively rejecting his psychological emphasis included, besides Brooks and Tate, John Crowe Ransom, W. K. Wimsatt, R. P. Blackmur, and Murray Krieger. R. S. Crane of the Chicago school was both indebted to <mask>'s theory and critical of its psychological assumptions. They all admitted the value of his seminal ideas but sought to salvage what they considered his most useful assumptions from the theoretical excesses they felt he brought to bear in his criticism.Like Empson, <mask> proved a difficult model for the New Critics, but his model of close reading provided the basis for their interpretive methodology. Works
 The Foundations of Aesthetics (George Allen and Unwin: London, 1922); c o-authored with C. K. Ogden, and James Wood. 2nd ed. with revised preface, (Lear Publishers: New York 1925). The Principles of Literary Criticism (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1924; New York, 1925); subsequent eds. : London 1926 (with two new appendices), New York 1926; London 1926, with new preface, New York, April 1926; and 1928, with a revised preface. Science and Poetry (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1926).; reset edition, New York, W. W. Norton, 1926; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1935. The 1935 edition was reset, with a preface, a commentary, and the essay, “How Does a Poem Know When it is Finished” (1963), as Poetries and Sciences (W. W. Norton: New York and London, 1970). Practical Criticism (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1929); revised edition, 1930. Coleridge on Imagination (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1934; New York, 1935); revised editions with a new preface, New York and London 1950; Bloomington, 1960;  reprints 1950, with new foreword by <mask>, and an introduction by K. Raine. The Philosophy of Rhetoric (Oxford UP: London, 1936). Speculative Instruments (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1955). So Much Nearer: Essays toward a World English (Harcourt, Brace & World: New York, 1960, 1968), includes the essay, "The Future of Poetry".Rhetoric, semiotics and prose interpretation

Works
The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. Co-authored with C. K. Ogden. With an introduction by J. P. Postgate, and supplementary essays by Bronisław Malinowski, 'The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages', and F. G. Crookshank, 'The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study of Medicine'. London and New York, 1923. 1st: 1923 (Preface Date: Jan. 1923)
2nd: 1927 (Preface Date: June 1926)
3rd: 1930 (Preface Date: Jan. 1930)
4th: 1936 (Preface Date: May 1936)
5th: 1938 (Preface Date: June 1938)
8th: 1946 (Preface Date: May 1946)
NY:  1989 (with a preface by Umberto Eco)

Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definition (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.: London; Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1932). Basic Rules of Reason (Paul Trench Trubner: London, 1933).The Philosophy of Rhetoric (Oxford University Press: New York and London, 1936).Interpretation in Teaching (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London; Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1938). Subsequent editions: 1973 (with 'Retrospect').Basic in Teaching: East and West (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1935).How To Read a Page: A Course in Effective Reading, With an Introduction to a Hundred Great Words (W. W. Norton: New York, 1942; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1943).Subsequent editions: 1959 (Beacon Press: Boston. With new 'Introduction').The Wrath of Achilles: The Iliad of Homer, Shortened and in a New Translation (W. W. Norton: New York, 1950; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1951). 'So Much Nearer: Essays toward a World English (Harcourt, Brace & World: New York, 1960, 1968). Includes the important essay, "The Future of Poetry." Complementarities: Uncollected Essays, ed. by John Paul Russo (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976). Times of India Guide to Basic English (Bombay: The Times of India Press), 1938; Odgen, C. K. & Richards, I.A. See also
 M. H. <mask>

References

Further reading

Tong, Q. S. "The Bathos of a Universalism, I. A<mask> and His Basic English." In Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulation. Duke University Press, 1999. 331–354. External links

 Practical Criticism The Open Archive's copy of the first edition, 2nd impression, 1930; downloadable in DjVu, PDF and text formats.The Meaning Of Meaning at Internet Archive
 I.A. <mask> page from the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory (subscription required)
 I.A. Richards capsule biography
 The I.A. Richards Web Resource
 I.A. Richards page from LiteraryDictionary.com
 Biography compiled by John Constable
 Richard Storer, '<mask>, <mask> <mask> (1893–1979)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 May 2007
 Barbara Leonard Reynolds I.A. <mask>' relationship with his American mentor, author and educator Sterling A. Leonard. Jessica Renshaw, 'FAMILY: My Grandfather Sterling,' I.A.<mask>' visit to the United States in May 1931 to meet American literary critic and New Rhetoric proponent Sterling A. Leonard, who had arranged for him to speak at the University of Wisconsin, his shock at being present at Dr. Leonard's death the next day when the two men were canoeing together on Lake Mendota and the canoe overturned. 3 July 2013: NEW INFORMATION from Dr. Leonard's grandson Tim Reynolds just added to this link: "Dr. <mask> said he saw Dr. Leonard lose his grip and start to sink and he instinctively dived down, reaching for him. His hand brushed Sterling's bald head. Dr. R. told Tim, 'For a long time afterwards I was haunted with bad dreams, dreaming that Sterling was trying to come up and that my hand brushing across his head kept him from being able to.' Dr. R. told Dr. Leonard's grandson that he and Sterling had had a productive afternoon together and he believed if Dr. Leonard had survived, they (together) would have 'revolutionized English teaching.' Tim says Dr. R. seemed more concerned about him (Tim) than the past events and "he reassured me my grandfather was a very important person." 1893 births
People educated at Clifton College
1979 deaths
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Semioticians
People from Sandbach
English literary critics
New Criticism
English rhetoricians
Communication scholars
Cyberneticists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Ivor Armstrong Richards
. Richards
Richards
. Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
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title: Akasha Gloria Hull

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<mask> (born December 6, 1944) is an American poet, educator, writer, and critic whose work in African-American literature and as a Black feminist activist has helped shape Women's Studies. As one of the architects of Black Women's Studies, her scholarship and activism has increased the prestige, legitimacy, respect, and popularity of feminism and African American studies. <mask> has been a professor of women's studies and literature at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the University of Delaware, and the University of the West Indies (Mona campus) in Kingston, Jamaica. She has published four books, a monograph, three edited collections, over twenty articles in peer-reviewed professional journals, numerous chapters in a dozen volumes, fifteen book reviews, poems in more than thirty magazines and anthologies, and two short stories. Her first novel, Neicy, was released in October 2012. She lives in Little Rock, Arkansas. Early life and education
<mask> was born <mask> in Shreveport, Louisiana.Her father was a carpenter and laborer and her mother a maid and cook. She graduated valedictorian from Booker T. Washington High School in Shreveport and summa cum laude from Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. During these years, she was a valuable member (as a pianist and member of the choir) at Shreveport's Zion Baptist Church. She was also secretary for the local chapter of the NAACP and a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. <mask> later matriculated at Purdue University, where she earned her Master's and Ph.D. in English Literature. She married on June 12, 1966. She and her husband, Prentice Roy <mask>, also a graduate student, had their only child, Adrian Prentice <mask>, at this time.Career

Black women's studies, feminism, and African-American studies
<mask> was a member of the Combahee River Collective, a Black feminist group active in Boston in the late-1970s. Membership in the collective catalyzed her focus as a scholar, activist, and critic. It was during this period that she co-edited the book All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies with Patricia Bell-Scott and Barbara Smith. Printed in numerous editions, it is a classic in Feminist Studies, Black Studies, and Black Women's Studies. Her landmark scholarship directed attention to the lives of Black women and, combined with the numerous articles she wrote thereafter, helped remedy the emphasis within Feminist Studies on white women and within Black studies on Black men. The National Institute conferred on <mask> its Women of Color Award for this accomplishment. In 1986 <mask> published Give Us Each Day: The Diary of Alice Dunbar-Nelson, only the second published diary by an African-American woman in the United States.The New York Times gave it an enthusiastic review. Give Us Each Day revealed the life and times of Alice Dunbar-Nelson, a fascinating poet-journalist who until then had been eclipsed by her more famous husband, the renowned dialect poet and writer Paul Laurence Dunbar. <mask>'s book Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance continued to highlight the rich contributions of women to that pivotal era. Its painstaking archival research revealed for the first time unsuspected homoerotic connections among the women and lesbian themes in their writings. Poetry, nonfiction, and fictional works
<mask> <mask>'s poetry was first published in Women: A Journal of Liberation in the 1970s. Since then her poems have been featured in such collections as Flatfooted Truths, Life Prayers, Sisterfire, In Search of Color Everywhere, Daughters of Africa, Erotique Noire, Callaloo, and Shout Out: Women of Color Respond to Violence. Ntozake Shange called <mask>'s book Healing Heart: Poems (published by Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press) “the voice of a free, fiercesome, sensual and vivid woman of color," while the esteemed critic Stephen E. Henderson applauded it as “a total delight."In her book Soul Talk: The New Spirituality of African-American Women, <mask> examines the burgeoning of metaphysical and “New Age” modalities after 1980, and states that politics, spirituality, and creativity are being united into a revolutionary new paradigm. Nobel Prize Laureate Toni Morrison and literary activist E. Ethelbert Miller endorsed it, while Publishers Weekly praised it as "powerful, practical and nourishing gumbo ... of the heart and spirit." In 2006 <mask> moved to Little Rock, Arkansas and devoted herself to writing fiction. She was a semifinalist (top 20 of 300) in the Ursula K. Le Guin Imaginative Fiction Contest of Rosebud Magazine for "'Touch Me,' They Said, They Wanted." Her short story "Plum Jelly in Hot Shiny Jars" appeared in the 2003 Beacon Press anthology Age Ain't Nothing but a Number: Black Women Explore Midlife. In 2012 she completed her first novel. Her novel is, <mask> says, the story "of a Black actress going through a lot of love, sex, sexuality, personal enlightenment -- it's not autobiographical, but it's all me."Public appearances, activism, and awards
<mask> has been the keynote speaker at numerous university and community conferences throughout the United States; given lectures and readings at numerous bookstores and other venues; been interviewed on National Public Radio about the poets of the Harlem Renaissance; participated in grassroots and professional feminist organizing; and presented workshops on multiculturalism, spirituality, creativity, and self-empowerment. These appearances include Michigan's Everywoman's Festival, the American Library Association, the New York Open Center, the Center for the Book of the Library of Congress, a 30th Class Reunion speech, as well as conversations with notable authors Toni Cade Bambara, Gwendolyn Brooks, Maya Angelou, Alice Walker, and Octavia Butler. She has received prestigious fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Fulbright, Rockefeller, Mellon and Ford Foundations, the American Association of University Women, and the National Humanities Center. In 1992, Purdue University awarded her an Honorary Doctor of Letters "for pioneering work in the field of black feminist studies that has empowered others to hear and appreciate diverse voices." Spirituality and name change
Over the course of her life, <mask> has studied and/or practiced Southern Baptist Christianity, Rastafari, Santeria, metaphysics, meditation, the Alice Bailey teachings, and Buddhism. She has traveled in Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, the Caribbean, England, Ghana, Hawaii, and Costa Rica. These experiences helped shape her research, poetry, and nonfiction and fiction writings.In 1992 <mask> legally changed her name from <mask> Thompson to <mask> <mask>. Her chosen first name is a Sanskrit word that means "light/luminous". Personal life
<mask> married on June 12, 1966; she and her husband, Prentice Roy <mask>, also a graduate student, had their only child, Adrian Prentice <mask>, at this time. They divorced in 1984. Subsequently, she married again (divorced in 1991) and entered into a California domestic partnership (dissolved in 2006). References

African-American women writers
American women writers
American writers
Feminist studies scholars
African-American feminists
American feminists
Living people
Women's studies academics
1944 births
Activists from Louisiana
African-American writers
Members of the Combahee River Collective
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century LGBT people
20th-century African-American women

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Akasha Gloria Hull
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Gloria Theresa Thompson
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Akasha
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Gloria Theresa
Akasha
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title: John Laws

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<mask> CBE (born 8 August 1935) is an Australian radio announcer. For more than 30 years until 2007, he was the host of an Australian morning radio program combining music with interviews, opinion, live advertising readings and listener talkback. His distinctive voice earned him the nickname "the Golden Tonsils". Though officially retired between 2007-2011 he returned in February 2011 to host a morning program on 2SM and the Super Radio Network. Career
Best known as a talkback radio broadcaster, <mask> is one of Australia's highest-paid radio personalities. Although regularly commentating on topical news, <mask> did not regard himself a journalist but as an entertainer and salesman. He is nonetheless one of the few commercial radio personalities whose interviews with state and federal political leaders are considered to have a significant influence of the course of politics in New South Wales especially, and Australia in general.He has also often appeared as a television show host and enjoyed a long recording career. <mask>' radio show was syndicated throughout Australia for many years and was consistently one of the most popular and influential programs in the Australian media. <mask> is also a familiar voice for generations of Australians through his large and varied body of work as a voice-over artist for commercials, and as a celebrity endorser of commercial products, notably Valvoline motor oil, with his popular catchphrase "Valvoline, you know what I mean" and Oral-B toothbrushes (the slogan "Oral-B, the toothbrush more dentists use.") Biography

Early life
Born in Wau, Papua New Guinea to Australian parents, <mask> contracted polio twice – once as a child, and again as a young man. He was educated at Mosman Preparatory School and Knox Grammar School in Sydney, Australia. Early career
He began his radio career in 1953 at 3BO in Bendigo before working at several rural radio stations and joining 2UE in 1957, the first of four terms at that Sydney radio station, during which time he became one of the first Australian disc jockeys to play rock 'n' roll music (along with Bob Rogers, Tony Withers and Stan Rofe). <mask> pioneered the practice (soon taken up by Rofe) of using contacts in the airline industry to supply him with the latest international pop releases, giving him an edge at a time when Australian releases of many British and American pop records might be delayed for months.<mask> left 2UE in 1959, and moved to the Hunter Region, where he ran a farm. In 1962 he moved back to Sydney, where he joined 2GB, remaining with the station for two years before he rejoined 2UE in 1964. His stint at 2UE continued until 1969, at which point he contracted to 2UW, where he was to remain for 10 years. He returned to 2UE in 1979, this time for another five years. He then moved to 2GB after a highly publicised bid for his services, but returned to the 2UE fold when the station was number eight in the ratings. The return of <mask> was the primary cause of the station becoming number one in Sydney for many years. <mask>' radio program was syndicated nationwide, and was especially popular in rural areas.Capital city stations taking <mask> include 4BC in Brisbane, 2CC in Canberra, 101.7 HOFM in Hobart and Mix 1049 in Darwin. <mask> also often worked a television host and panellist. His early 1960s show Startime assisted in introducing mainstream Australia to Edna Everage at which time <mask> claimed Everage was "a very close friend of mine". <mask> told columnist Valda Marshall in 1970 that he was 'not basically a TV star' and didn't 'feel altogether happy with the medium'. He was a judge on Australia's New Faces in 1969  and took over as host from Noel Ferrier on the panel advice show, Beauty and the Beast in 1970. <mask> quit in 1971; a spokesman for the station which produced the show, Channel 7, claimed <mask> had asked for too high a salary. He also appeared on television in 1970 in an acting role in the children's drama Skippy.In May 1971, he began hosting a daytime show called His and Hers. In 1982, he hosted a revived "Beauty and the Beast" for Network 10. In 1998, <mask> – In One Lifetime premiered on Network Ten and LAWS on Foxtel. While LAWS continued until 2000, <mask> – In One Lifetime was dropped after two episodes – although the remaining five episodes that were commissioned by Network 10 were aired later that year. 21st century
However, his appeal began to wane. In 2002, station colleague and arch-rival Alan Jones moved from 2UE to 2GB, and soon took that station to the top talk position in Sydney. After 55 years on air, <mask> announced on 25 June 2007 that he would retire at the end of the year.However, he was pre-empted by other media agencies, who broke the story at 9:00 am. <mask> made the announcement at about 9:10 am, saying that he had planned to make the announcement at about 9:45 am.<mask>' last broadcast was on 30 November 2007, one week after the federal election. He began as always, "Hello world, I'm <mask>" and signed off with his usual quote, "you...be kind to each other." He then left the 2UE building in Sydney in his Rolls Royce Phantom surrounded by hordes of cameramen. In 2004 <mask> and rival talk-back host Alan Jones were accused of taking payment to make favourable comments on products and services as though merely expressing personal opinion, after entering into deals with Telstra. The ABA subsequently found that <mask>' deal constituted cash for comment but Jones' did not. <mask>, apparently angered by what he saw as inequitable treatment, launched stinging attacks on Jones and the ABA's head, David Flint.In an appearance on the ABC's Enough Rope, <mask> accused Jones of placing pressure on Prime Minister <mask> to keep Flint as head of the ABA, and made comments that many viewers took to imply a sexual relationship between Jones and Flint, and broadly hinted that Jones, like Flint, was homosexual. On 7 May 2009 <mask> made a statement on the 20th anniversary special edition of the ABC's Media Watch program, in which he exhibited no remorse for his role in the Cash-for-Comment scandal, instead implying that the whistleblower (Media Watch) was the wrongdoer and that the people involved were only jealous of his success. In November 2004, <mask> and 2UE colleague Steve Price were found guilty of vilifying homosexuals after an on-air discussion about a gay couple appearing in the reality TV show The Block. They described the couple as "young poofs". <mask> had previously apologised for another incident in which he called gay TV personality Carson Kressley, of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy fame, a "pillow-biter" and a "pompous little pansy prig". In October 2007, West Coast Eagles player Adam Selwood commenced legal proceedings against <mask> over comments made about him regarding a mid-year incident involving Fremantle Football Club player Des Headland. On 17 July 2007 <mask>' gold-plated microphone was stolen.The Sennheiser was presented to him by his radio station 2UE management in 2003 to commemorate his 50 years on the air and is said to be worth $10,000. "I'm very upset about it – it's been a part of my life" he told the Daily Telegraph. <mask> subsequently switched to another gold plated microphone; a Rode NT2-A presented to him for his 40th anniversary. He promised charges would not be laid if the Sennheiser was returned. In December 2007, during a long lunch at Sydney's Otto Ristorante to farewell his former personal assistant, <mask> was informed of the presence of rival broadcasters Derryn Hinch and Bob Rogers at another table nearby. He went over to their table and immediately spouted forth a tirade of invective, calling them 'the two most despicable cunts' he'd ever met in the industry. Hinch and Rogers traded insults with <mask>, insisting Hinch was a 'hypocrite' and a 'failed alcoholic'.Hinch replied that that must mean <mask> was a 'successful one' and that if <mask> was not in fact an alcoholic then he was a 'bloody good actor'. Eventually 2UE colleague Mike Carlton convinced <mask> to return to his table and Hinch and Rogers were left to laugh off the altercation. In August 2009, <mask> revealed on Vega (now known as Smooth FM) that he missed radio and that he was interested in returning to the airwaves. This was followed five months later by an announcement by <mask>' manager, revealing that <mask> had entered into negotiations with a number of radio stations, including 2SM. Nevertheless, the suggestions that <mask> would be returning from retirement in 2010 ended shortly thereafter, when 2UE management revealed that their contract with <mask> precluded him from competing with their station until December 2010. <mask>' management confirmed in November 2010 that he would be returning to radio, following the expiry of the no-compete clause that prevented him from signing with a new network. On 19 March 2013 <mask> interviewed a female listener, who described a history of sexual abuse between the ages of six and sixteen.<mask> proceeded to ask the woman if the abuse was in some way her fault and whether she had been provocative. The following day <mask> said on air that women who dressed provocatively were once viewed as "rape bait". In 2015, <mask> referred to a male victim of child sexual assault as a "wet blanket" and told him to "brighten up". In March 2020, <mask> addressed on air an email received from a listener which was critical of both <mask> and various items of content broadcast on the show. In his response, <mask> told the listener "for goodness sake, say something constructive, like you’re going to kill yourself." The incident was later investigated by the Australian Communications and Media Authority, who in March 2021 released a report finding <mask> had breached two provisions of the Commercial Radio Code of Practice in broadcasting this statement. It also found 2HD (licensee of 2SM) had breached a provision of the same code relating to complaints handling.He currently presents the <mask> Morning Show on 2SM and the Super Radio Network. Cultural influence
In 1996 a portrait of <mask> by artist Paul Newton won the Packing Room award at the Archibald Prize. The portrait was hung in <mask>' production office at 2UE. Former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating called him the "broadcaster of the century" at <mask> 40th anniversary dinner. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2008 he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award. He is mentioned in the song "Who Can Stand in the Way?" by Australian group Midnight Oil on their album Red Sails in the Sunset and the song "This Train Will be Taking No Passengers" from Augie March's second album Strange Bird.Poetry and non-fiction

<mask> has authored numerous books, many of them poetry collections. He claimed in 1970 that he had been reading Rod McKuen's poems on air but at one point, realising he had left his copy of McKuen's book at home, he instead read a poem of his own and "it seemed to go over pretty well." The working title for his first book was Poems that Came to Me in the Night When No-one Else Would. HIs Book of Irreverent Logic and his Book of Uncommon Sense were republished together in 1996 as A John Laws Limited Edition. His most recent work is a memoir. His books include:

 In love is an expensive place to die : poems (Paul Hamlyn, 1971)
 Results of Love (Hamlyn, 1972)
 Calendar Collection (Summit, 1978)
 Just You and Me Together, Love: Poems (Hamlyn, 1978)
 Somewhere Remembering (Angus and Robertson, 1984)
 <mask>' Book of Irreverent Logic (Pan Australia, 1994)
 <mask>' Book of Uncommon Sense (Pan Macmillan, 1995)
 <mask>' Barbecue Cook Book (Pan Macmillan, 1996)
 It Doesn't End There: Great Australian Stories With a Twist (with Christopher Stewart) (Pan Macmillan, 2006)
 There's Always More to the Story (with Christopher Stewart) (Pan Macmillan, 2006)
 Lawsie : well ... you wanted to know (New Holland, 2017)

Filmography
Ned Kelly (1970) – Kennedy
Nickel Queen (1971) - Claude Fitzherbert
The Magic Pudding (2000) – Rumpus Bumpus

Discography

<mask> recorded nine singles between 1959-62, including many songs he wrote himself. He recorded eight solo albums in the 1970s.His first three LPs and the seventh, You've Never Been Trucked Like This Before, are primarily covers of country and middle of the road hits; the fourth, The Mind and the Music, was made up of original <mask> songs. In Love is an Expensive Place to Die is an album of <mask>' poetry set to music. You Must Remember This is a collection of standards from the forties with one song co-written by <mask>. Additionally, <mask> appears recorded as part of the cast of Side By Side By Sondheim (RCA Red Seal, 1977) and reading his poems to accompaniment by the Henry Mancini Orchestra on an album entitled Just You and Me Together, Love (RCA, 1977). A Tribute to the ANZACS (Southland, 2000) is a 'musical documentary' narrated by <mask>. Studio albums

Compilation albums

Charting singles

Awards

Australian Record Awards

|-
| 1975
| Let Him Roll
| Country Music Album of the Year
|
|}

References

External links
 Radio 2UE's archive of <mask>' retirement announcement and noteworthy tributes
 Media Watch analysis of the 1999–2000 'cash for comment' inquiry
 Media Watch on the Telstra deals
 Sydney Morning Herald report on vilification finding

ARIA Award winners
Australian radio presenters
Australian talk radio hosts
Australian television presenters
People from Sydney
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Network 10
Shock jocks
People educated at Knox Grammar School
People from Morobe Province
1935 births
Living people
People with polio
Australian car collectors
Australian male singers
Australian country singers
Former 2GB presenters

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