title: Werner Pascha

texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a German economist working on the Japanese and South Korean economies and on the international economic relations of East Asia. He has been influential in introducing an institutional economics and political economy perspective to East Asian studies in the German-speaking area. In addition, he has been very active in academic and semi-official organizations related to East Asia and East Asian studies. Career
After secondary education in Wuppertal (Abitur at Carl-Fuhlrott-Gymnasium in 1976) he studied economics at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau (Diplom, corresponding M.A., in 1981) and at the London School of Economics. Pascha received a doctoral degree in economics under the supervision of Professor Theodor Dams from the University of Freiburg in 1986, and an advanced doctoral degree (Habilitation) in 1991, in the context of about three years of research at Nagoya University, Japan. He was a full professor of East Asian Economic Studies/Japan and Korea at the University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE, before: University of Duisburg) from 1992 to 2020. Since, he is an Emeritus Professor of UDE and an Associated Member of the Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST) of UDE, which he had co-founded in 1994.He was a visiting professor and researcher at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Kyoto University, the Academy of Korean Studies near Seoul, Waseda University, Kobe University, the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, Doshisha University, and Busan National University. In 2020, Pascha was honoured with a Festschrift, co-edited by Cornelia Storz and Markus Taube. In 2021, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, by the Japanese government. Contributions
In his early academic work, Pascha focused on the dynamics of industrial change in Japan and Pacific Asia, strongly influenced by the concept of the catching-up product cycle as developed by Kaname Akamatsu and others. In his later work, he also got interested in the more conceptional issue of how to understand the evolution of the Japanese and Korean economies as economic systems with inbuilt peculiarities, and to what extent mainstream economics suffices to cover such research issues. Together with the sociologist Karen Shire and the political scientist Paul Kevenhörster he wrote the only textbook in German on Japan´s economy, society and politics (2003, new edition in 2010). In recent years, he got particularly interested in the dynamics of regional and trans-regional economic cooperation schemes and infrastructure initiatives originating in the Indo-Pacific.While a lot of this momentum is often ascribed to China´s Belt and Road Initiative, Pascha pointed out the contribution of Japan in shaping the developments, for instance into the direction of “quality infrastructure”. He has supervised about twenty doctoral dissertations, and several of his former students now hold professorial positions, including Cornelia Storz in Frankfurt, Rüdiger Frank in Vienna, Norifumi Kawai at Sophia University in Tokyo and Sven Horak at St. John´s University in New York. Pascha is listed in WorldCat with 142 works in 349 publications in 3 languages and 4,791 library holdings. Over the years, Pascha has been very active in governance and advisory functions for various organizations, including the European Association for Japanese Studies, the Institute for Asian Studies (now: GIGA Institute for Asian Studies) in Hamburg, the German Institute for Japanese Studies in Tokyo and the German Association for Asian Studies. For many years, he was a member of the Committee for Economic Systems and Institutional Economics of the German Association for Economics. Since 2015, he is the Vice-President of the Japanese-German Centre Berlin, and since 2013 the Chairman of the Foundation for Japanese-German cultural and academic relations (JaDe Stiftung). Since 2021, he is an Honorary Fellow of EastAsiaNet, a European Research School Network of Contemporary East Asian Studies, of which he had been the permanent member of the steering group since its foundation in 2006.He is the Honorary President of KOPRA, a non-profit platform for internship and job offers with an East Asian focus that he had helped setting up in the early 1990s and supported since. Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>: Belts, Roads, and Regions: The Dynamics of Chinese and Japanese Infrastructure Connectivity Initiatives and Europe’s Responses, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) Working Paper No. 1114, Tokyo, April 2020
 Bersick, Sebastian and <mask>, <mask> (eds. ): East Asia and the European Union: Partners in Global Economic Governance, Special Issue, East Asian Community Review, Palgrave, Volume 2, Issue 1-2, June 2019
 Mahlich, Jörg and <mask>a (eds. ): Korean Science and Technology in an International Perspective, Heidelberg et al. : Physica-Springer, 2012
 <mask>, Cornelia Storz, Markus Taube (eds. ): Institutional Variety in East Asia.Formal and informal patterns of coordination, New Horizons in Institutional and Evolutionary Economics series edited by Geoff Hodgson, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2011
 Seliger, Bernhard and <mask>, <mask> (eds. ): Towards a Northeast Asian Security Community: Implications for Korea’s Growth and Economic Development, The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific series edited by Vinod K. Aggarwal, Springer: New York et al. 2011
 Paul Kevenhörster, <mask> and Karen Shire: Japan. Wirtschaft – Gesellschaft - Politik, 2nd updated edition, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2010
 <mask>, <mask> und Cornelia Storz (Hg. ): Wirkung und Wandel von Institutionen. Das Beispiel Ostasien, Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft Bd. 77, Stuttgart: Lucius+Lucius 2005
 <mask>, <mask> (ed.): Systemic Change in the Japanese and German Economies. Convergence and differentiation as a dual challenge, London und New York: RoutledgeCurzon 2004

References

External links
 Personal website at IN-EAST

__INDEX_

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
1957 births
Living people
German economists
University of Freiburg alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics

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title: Banharn Silpa-archa

type: original

texts:
<mask>a (also spelled Banhan, Silapa-, Sinlapa-, -acha; , , ; ; 19 August 1932 – 23 April 2016) was a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1995 to 1996. Banharn made a fortune in the construction business before he became a Member of Parliament representing his home province of Suphan Buri. He held different cabinet posts in several governments. In 1994, he became the leader of the Thai Nation Party. In 2008, the party was dissolved by the Constitutional Court and <mask> was banned from politics for five years. Early life, education, and business career
<mask> was born on 19 August 1932 in Suphan Buri to a Chinese merchant family.His Chinese name was Tekchiang Saebe (; ). He married Khunying Jamsai Silpa-archa and they have three children. Banharn dropped out of secondary school during World War II. He went to work with his older brother, then founded his own building company. Years later, when he was a politician, he completed his education at the open admissions Ramkhamhaeng University, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1986, and finally a Master of Laws. Banharn's construction company was very successful in the 1960s, when large sums were invested in major infrastructure projects, including military facilities. His business made Banharn a billionaire.Political career

<mask> Silpa-archa was persuaded to enter politics by Booneua Prasertsuwan, a veteran member of the House of Representatives. In 1976, <mask> Silpa-archa made his political debut when he was elected a Member of Parliament, representing Suphan Buri Province. He joined the Thai Nation Party, a conservative party dominated by the "Rajakru clan" around Pramarn Adireksarn and Chatichai Choonhavan. His party participated in a coalition government under Prime Minister Seni Pramoj and Banharn was appointed deputy minister of industry. He was elected to the Senate in 1977, but returned to represent his constituency in the House of Representatives the next year. Banharn was re-elected Member of Parliament for Suphan Buri in all following elections, receiving steadily more than 100,000 votes (60 to 90 percent of the votes cast), what made him one of the highest vote-getters in the country. He sponsored the construction of schools, bridges, and other infrastructure in his home province, which in turn were named after him.This has led to the common saying that he "owns the province". When his party was a junior partner in the government of Prem Tinsulanonda from 1980 to 1983, Banharn was Minister of Agriculture. In 1981, he became secretary-general of the Thai Nation Party. <mask>, being one of the main financiers of the party, accumulated considerable influence inside the party, although he was not a member of the originally dominant Rajakru clan. The local press has once dubbed him "Mr. (Mobile) ATM" (automated teller machine), due to the suspicion that he had bought the loyalty of political associates in exchange for money. In 1986 Prime Minister Prem again called him up to the government, this time naming him Minister of Transport. After his party had won the elections in 1988 and Thai Nation leader Chatichai Choonhavan had become Prime Minister, <mask> was appointed Minister of Industry.In January 1990, he switched offices with Pramarn Adireksarn and became interior minister. In December of the same year, Chatichai made him Minister of Finance. The Chatichai government was deposed by a military coup d'état in 1991. <mask> returned to the cabinet as early as April 1992, when he once again became Minister of Transport in the short-lived government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon. His party went into opposition after early elections in September 1992. <mask> took over the leadership of the Thai Nation Party from Pramarn Adireksarn in 1994 and also became official leader of the opposition. Premiership
Under the leadership of Banharn, the Thai Nation Party won the parliamentary election in 1995, and he became the 21st Prime Minister of Thailand, leading a seven-party coalition.Banharn was involved in numerous corruption scandals, one of which diminished confidence in his administration and caused him to resign. His short-lived yet inept administration is believed to have paved the way for the economic crisis of 1997. Later life and death

On 21 January 2008, <mask> announced that his Thai Nation Party would join a coalition with the People's Power Party, successor to the Thai Rak Thai Party of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Because he had earlier vowed before the Emerald Buddha never to rejoin Thaksin because of the corruption scandals, this move reinforced <mask>'s image as a "slippery eel". Upon the dissolution of his Thai Nation Party by the Constitutional Court on 2 December 2008, <mask> Silpa-archa was banned from politics for five years. Non-executive members of the Thai Nation Party immediately founded the Chartthaipattana Party (Thai National Development), chaired by <mask>'s younger brother, Chumpol Silpa-archa. Chumphol was Minister of Tourism and Sports in the cabinet of Abhisit Vejjajiva.His son Varawut was deputy transport minister, and his daughter Kanchana was deputy education minister. Banharn died of asthma on the morning of 23 April 2016 at Siriraj Hospital at the age of 83. On 23 April 2019, a bronze statue of Banharn Silpa-archa was opening in the vicinity of the province's city shrine by the donations of Suphanburi people and the Silpa-archa family contributed to the remaining part to commemorate the things that Banharn has done for Suphanburi Province for over 40 years.

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title: Ammar Rashid

texts:
<mask> (Urdu: عمار رشید; born August 16, 1986) (also written as <mask>) is a Pakistani researcher, academic, political worker and organizer of the left-wing party Awami Workers Party. He has written many columns for  Daily Times (Pakistan) and Dawn News. He has taught as faculty of Centre of excellence for Gender Studies in Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. He ran for the National Assembly seat NA-53 in the Islamabad capital territory for 2018 Pakistani general election. He is senior researcher at Heartfile. Early life and education
<mask> got his early education from schools in Rawalpindi. He did BSc (Hons) in Economics and Social Sciences in 2008 from Lahore University of Management Sciences and a master's degree in development studies in 2012,  from Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK.In LUMS, he was student of Aasim Sajjad Akhtar. Career
<mask>, as a professional has been involved in teaching and research work on areas ranging from health reform to public education, gender and development, public policy, political economy, tax reform, sub-national governance etc. His research interests include political theory and collective action. He also taught at Centre of excellence for Gender Studies department at Quaid-i-Azam University and at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad. He worked as programme officer of Social Sector in National Disaster Management Authority (Pakistan). He is senior researcher at Heartfile. He also worked with Federal Board of Revenue and Alif Ailaan.Political beginning

Ideology
<mask> follows the political ideology of socialism. The Emergency Times
<mask>'s political struggle started in 2007, when he was a student in LUMS, during Lawyers' Movement, initiated by lawyers of Pakistan against the military dictatorship of Pervez Musharraf. On November 7, 2007, he along with 1,000 students of his university, gathered to protest the emergency rule imposed by Musharraf's televised emergency announcement on November 3, 2007. After his teacher's (Aasim Sajjad Akhtar) arrest, he along with other students was also got arrested during the protest. Major Pakistani news networks were not allowed to cover the student protest at LUMS, so <mask> took the initiative to start a newsletter named as “The Emergency Times” (November, 2007 - June, 2008) to narrate the protests’ details, to help students speak about democracy and organize against emergency rule. The newsletter described itself as “an independent Pakistani student information initiative providing regular updates, commentary, and analysis on Pakistan’s evolving political scenario.”

Politics

Awami Workers Party
<mask> is a senior and leading member of the Awami Workers Party (AWP) since the party was founded in 2012. He served as general  secretary and information secretary AWP Rawalpindi-Islamabad in 2014–2015.As political worker of AWP, <mask> has been involved in struggle for the right to affordable housing and shelter in Islamabad in 2015. He organized legal and political resistance to the inhumane and illegal evictions of people from Katchi Abadi (informal settlements) driven by Capital Development Authority (CDA). While working with All Pakistan Katchi Abadi Alliance, <mask> talked about the flaws in system about rights to housing by people from informal settlements. He said, “Under the Urban Shelter Program the CDA legalized a few slums and left the rest out in the lurch, because the national policy dictated that any slums setup after March 1985 were illegal. We have in our possession voter lists consisting of thousands of people living in the I-11 and other katchi abadis as far back as the 1985 General Election.”

On July 30, 2015, the Capital Development Authority (CDA) along with police, local administration and rangers, demolished dwellings of ‘Katchi Abadi’ (informal settlements) in sector I-11/1, Islamabad destroying dozens of houses built since last 30 years. On August 2, 2015, to stop these forceful evictions and fight for solution of this urban housing crisis in informal settlements of I-11/1, <mask> along with Aasim Sajjad Akhtar and residents from Kachi Abadi, filed a petition in the Supreme Court for the case on the right to housing. It was requested in petition that the court declare the residents of katchi abadis of the federal capital entitled to the benefits conferred under Articles 9, 10A and 25 of the Constitution.“It should be declared that the state is bound to provide the residents of katchi abadis shelter and other amenities as per the Constitution and the National Housing Policy 2001.”
On August 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered the federal government and other departments to stop further demolishing of houses in katchi abadi  I-11, Islamabad.In a court filing, CDA claimed it needed to demolish informal settlements as their growing Christian population would threaten the city's Muslim majority. CDA stated: “It seems this pace of occupation of land by Christian community may increase… removal of katchi abadies is very urgent to provide better environment to the citizen of Islamabad and to protect the beauty of Islam.”  <mask> told the newspaper, “The move was old-fashioned bigotry against minorities and working classes. The administrative body has no right to be making decisions about the religious demography of Islamabad.”

<mask> was elected as president of Awami Workers Party Punjab unit in its third congress held on January 17, 2020 in Faisalabad. On 28 January 2020, Islamabad police arrested <mask> along with two members of the Awami Workers Party (Nawfal Saleemi and Saifullah Nasar), one member of Progressive Students Federation and 19 other protesters while they were holding a peaceful protest demanding the release of Pashtun peace activist Manzoor Pashteen, in front of the National Press Club, Islamabad. They were accused of entirely concocted charges of sedition against the state. Additional District and Sessions Judge refused to grant post-arrest bail to the 23 protesters and sent them to jail. The protesters appealed in Islamabad High Court where they were granted bail by chief justice Athar Minallah on February 3, 2020.The chief justice Athar Minallah, summoned the Islamabad City Magistrate, asking an explanation for first placing sedition charges on peaceful protesters and later turned them into terrorism charges in the first information report (FIR). On February 17, 2020, Islamabad Deputy Commissioner Hamza Shafqaat told Islamabad High court that all charges against the 23 protesters had been dropped by Islamabad administration. As president AWP, Punjab, he supported Aurat Azadi March 2020 held in Islamabad. General Elections 2018
<mask> contested for the 2018 Pakistani general election on National assembly seat NA-53 in federal capital Islamabad. Out of 312142, he secured 912 votes. His electoral campaign included the agenda of “social justice, democracy, gender equality, secularism and environmentally sustainable development”. <mask> vowed to revive left-wing politics by bringing back ideological strength to politics.His election manifesto focused to solve water problem, Rs. 30,000 as minimum wage with continuous increase in proportional to the price hike, allocation of 10% of the total GDP for education and free education to everyone. During the 2018 election campaign, <mask> along with his party workers, due to security concerns, were not allowed to enter Islamabad with election material, which included relevant banners but he said that Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaaf (PTI) banners could be seen across Islamabad. According to him, this certainly strengthens the narrative that these elections are engineered and Pakistan cannot afford these allegations at this point." Student politics
<mask> is strong supporter of potential of country's youth to carry out political struggles and voice their opinion against all odds by thinking and differentiating between the wrong and right and will always continue to stand for the right. <mask>, on social media expressed solidarity with the campaign organizers of Students Solidarity March, 2018 along with other notable personalities like Iqbal Lala (father of the late Mashal Khan, Bushra Gohar, Jalila Haider, Nida Kirmani, Jibran Nasir, Farooq Tariq. The Charter of Demands presented by students in march included restoring student unions, student representation in decision-making on campuses, functional sexual harassment policies on campuses, freezing the fee hikes, increasing the budgetary allowing for education to 5% of GDP and improving the quality of research and teaching.On April 13, 2019, <mask> urged students and progressive people to join the Mashal March, to honor Mashal Khan who was killed by his fellow students in university campus on false accusation of blasphemy. <mask> said that the march would call for structural reform of what he described as rotten education system that produced Mashal's killers. On October 24, 2019, a large number of students, political workers and activists gathered for Student Housing Rights March (Talba Haq-e-Rihayesh March) in Islamabad, protesting against CDA for its forceful eviction of students from private hostels in Islamabad. The march was organized by Progressive Students Federation (PRSF), Student Hostelites Association (SHA), supported by Awami Workers Party (AWP). <mask>, as an organizer of the march, addressed to the occasion, "the broader crisis in higher education which includes funding cuts for the HEC, fee hikes, endemic and widespread harassment as evident from University of Balochistan’s case and management high handedness, which led to Inam’s death at COMSATS University Islamabad." On November 29, 2019, <mask> organized and performed in the Students Solidarity March, 2019. Revolutionary Music
Rashid is also a musician.His music is a mix of acoustic, classical and folk and he regularly performs revolutionary songs and poetry at political events organized by his political party. On Women's Day, 2015, <mask>, as information Secretary AWP Rawalpindi-Islamabad, performed in the conference arranged for gender equality. On May 9, 2015, under the banner of <mask>'s party, AWP and National Students Federation (NSF), a concert titled as Songs of Freedom-2015 was held at the Aabpara Community Centre, Islamabad to raise awareness of student politics and political rights in city's youth and to make them appreciate revolutionary music and art. As information secretary of AWP Islamabad-Rawalpindi, <mask> played guitar and sang the revolutionary songs: “Hum dekhein gay”, “Aaj bazaar main” along with Kalaam of Khawaja Ghulam Farid and other classical Sufi poets. On May 6, 2016, at the event of Songs of freedom-2016, <mask> played revolutionary songs to lift ban on student unions, to reignite the progressive and democratic spirit among students. and stressed heavily for the right for students to unionise along with other NSF's organisers and performers during the event in Islamabad. Student unions were banned by Gen Ziaul Haq in 1984 in an attempt to suppress expressions of dissent against his dictatorship.During campaign of 2018 Pakistani general election, <mask> released an official Election Campaign Song along with an explosive music video to boost popularity of AWP among Pakistanis. The song titles as ‘Chehre Nahi Samaaj Ko Badlo’ (Change the society, Not just faces). The powerful lyrics of song demanded people to change themselves in order to bring about an overall change in society. <mask> performed the song with another Pakistani singer and economist Shahram Azhar. For Aurat Azadi March 2020, <mask> composed the anthem song “Hum Inquilab Hain” (We are Revolution) written by Ismat Shahjahan and sung in chorus with Ismat Shahjahan, Shahzadi Hussain, Huda Bhurgri, Areej Hussain and Ayesha Khan. Study Circles and Political Schools
<mask>, along with his other party workers helps in organizing political schools and study circles to raise awareness about understanding of social, economic and political structures of inequality and oppression along with  methods of organizing progressive political resistance and ideological strengthening in Pakistani people. The agenda of this initiative is to act like a modern alternative to Pakistan's age-old curriculum, focusing on a radicalized concept of ‘dismantling systems of oppression’, to target the root of issues plaguing society so that, effective solutions can be designed.On September 2, 2018, the second day of political school, <mask> delivered a lecture on `Capitalism: On the Roots of our Economic Crisis'. He gave a detailed examination of colonialism, industrial capitalism and world economic history, the developments and changes causing decline in feudal mode of production through merchant capitalism. Articles
<mask> has published and continues to publish regular articles on student politics, development, feminism, political economy, environment etc. in newspapers and magazines (Daily Times (Pakistan), Dawn News, The Express Tribune, The Guardian, Pakistan Today). References

Living people
Pakistani Marxists
Awami Workers Party politicians
Pakistani socialists
1986 births

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Ammar Rasheed
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title: Marie Torhorst

texts:
<mask> (28 December 1888 - 7 May 1989) was a German school teacher and political activist who became an East German politician. She served as Minister for People's Education in the state of Thuringia between 1947 and 1950. Some sources identify her as "the first-ever female minister (on state or national level) in the history of Germany". Others are content to record that, within Germany, she was the first-ever female minister in the state of Thuringia. <mask>ory-Torhorst theorem in her 1918 doctoral dissertation. The dissertation was subsequently lost and Torhorst's contribution was for many decades overlooked; but in the twenty-first century mathematics scholars are happy to acknowledge and celebrate her work. Life

Provenance
<mask> was born at the end of the so-called "Year of the Three Emperors" in Ledde, then as now a sleepy village in the flat countryside west of Osnabrück.She was the seventh and youngest child of <mask> (1841-1909), the local parson and his wife, born Luise Smend (1847-1923). The family seems to have been intellectually gifted. <mask>'s elder sister, Adelheid, would also achieve a measure of eminence in teaching and, after 1945, in politics. The sisters would later, jointly, have a secondary school named after them. Luise Torhorst had inherited a useful sum of money as a result of which she was able to see to it that not just her four sons, but also her three daughters, received a full education. <mask> completed her own schooling at an "Oberlyzeum" (single-sex girls' secondary school). Student
Sources are not completely consistent as to when she embarked on her university education, much of which coincided with the First World War.She attended the University of Bonn, studying Geography, Mathematics and Physics. There are at least two reference to her having also studied at the University of Göttingen. It was from Bonn that in 1918 she received her doctorate:  the work was supervised by Hans Hahn. Her dissertation was entitled "Über die Randmenge einfach-zusammenhängender ebener Gebiete": a core conclusion has become known among her scholarly admirers as the Carathéodory-Torhorst theorem or, more simply, as the Torhorst theorem. It might have been thought that her doctorate should have provided a launch pad for a life-long career in the universities sector. There were still vanishingly few women working in high-level academic research at this time, however, and at least one commentator has identified "a lack of confidence in her own mathematical ability" in her autobiography. Also, with Germany economically, militarily and politically broken and on the brink of a year of revolutions in the ports and industrial centres, there was widespread nervousness that Lenin's so-called October revolution might yet spread uncontrollably through the European continent.<mask>'s own student record of left-wing political activism was no secret. She joined the socialist "Studenten-Arbeitsgemeinschaft" (apparently an umbrella group of socialist student associations) in 1917. According to one source she passed the exams necessary to qualify her for teaching in state schools in 1919 and 1920. Elsewhere it is indicated that she had already attended the "Stift Keppel" in Allenbach, where she successfully completed a two years teacher-training course in her early 20s, between 1903 and 1905. During the early twentieth century her political record made it hard for her to find a permanent teaching post. She was able to find a part-time teaching position at a Catholic girls' school in Bonn, however, and also found work with the university as a university librarian. It was probably in 1922/23 that she completed several terms of study at the "Handelshochschule" (loosely, "business college" - at the time being subsumed into the university) in Cologne, studying business administration and economics, following which she received a qualification in teaching business studies.Teacher
In 1923 Torhorst took on the headship of a private business school for the "Frauenerwerbs- und Ausbildungsverein" (loosely, "Women's employment and training association") in Bremen. She continued to lead the business school till 1929. She also teamed up with politically like-minded teacher colleagues, during this period, to organise evening courses for young people who had been excluded from state schools in the area. Her political and feminist beliefs had been deeply rooted in Torhorst's personal values and life choices since at least as far back as the First World War, but it was only in 1928 that she became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). It was in the same year that she joined the "Freie Lehrergewerkschaft Deutschlands" / FLGD, a teachers' trades union committed to socialist principals. There are indications that within the SPD, as a left-wing member of the party, she often found herself out of sympathy with the party leadership. Between 1929 and 1933 <mask> taught and worked as a "Studienrätin" (loosely, "student counsellor") at the Karl Marx School which had been set up in 1921 in Berlin-Neukölln by the education pioneer Fritz Karsen, and then progressively expanded under Karsen's direction during the years that followed.There was much about the school which was considered innovative at the time. In 1929 Karsen took the bold step of turning it into a "Gesamtschule" (loosely, "comprehensive school"), intended to educate children displaying the widest possible range of abilities. Another appealing feature for Torhorst was an underpinning philosophy which insisted that academically talented working class children should have the same opportunities as the children of more prosperous and/or well educated parents to pass the "Abitur" (secondary school final exam). The significance of the "Abitur" in Germany was (and is) that passing it opens the way to university-level education. Torhorst's four years at the school included, in 1932, a six month study trip to the Soviet Union. Her half year in the Soviet Union left a lasting impression. The early 1930s were marked by an intensification of Germany's political polarisation.In the Reichstag (parliament) this was reflected in political deadlock. In January 1933 the Hitler government took power and rapidly transformed Germany into a one-party dictatorship. A progressive school in a traditionally left-wing district of Berlin named in honour of Karl Marx was, unsurprisingly, high on the National Socialist hate list. Bernhard Rust was installed as acting Prussian Minister for the Arts and Education on 4 February 1933 (following the dismissal of his predecessor in the office) and on 21 February 1933 Rust dismissed Karsen from the headship of his own school. The teaching staff were dismissed, and when the school reopened later that year it was with a new name, a new set of teachers, and a large swastika flag hanging in the main hall. Karsen emigrated. <mask>'s teaching career was evidently over.Twelve years of Hitler
As soon as Hitler took power <mask>'s older sister, Adelheid, emigrated to the Netherlands and stayed there for the next twelve years. In 1934 she embarked on a six month marriage of convenience with a man called Jacob
Jacobs. Her own resulting change of name, from Adelheid <mask> to Adelheid Jacobs, turned out to have been prescient. After the German army invaded the Netherlands in 1940, her new name protected her from Nazi persecution. The two sisters had always been close, both politically engaged, both teachers, both unmarried and childless. But <mask>st chose a different course and stayed in Germany. As far as her public self was concerned, hr first job after losing her teaching position was as a catering assistant.She later found a job as an appointments administrator at the Berlin University Hygiene Institute, and another as a typist in the travel office correspondence section of an American Express (AMEXCO) branch. She was, in addition, entitled to receive a pension in respect of the six years during which she had worked as head of a private business school in Bremen between 1923 and 1929, but this pension was payable by the "Reichsversicherungsanstalt", a government agency. It was not paid to her. According to her own understanding set out in a letter to a friend at the time, changes to the law implemented in 1934/35 meant that she was unable to litigate the matter. In addition to her day jobs, Torhorst gave every sign of being part of the new social order emerging in Germany. Between 1935 and 1940 she was a registered member both of the German Labour Front and of the German Red Cross. According to her own detailed - albeit largely uncorroborated - records she was also a member of other organisations that operated, as far as possible, out of the sight of the homeland security.As soon as she lost her teaching job at beginning of 1933 she became an activist member of "Parole", a locally based resistance group in Berlin-Neukölln. In this group, together with former pupils from the progressive school at which she had taught between 1929 and 1933, she produced an underground anti-government newspaper, also called "Parole". There are indications that she was also involved in underground political discussion groups, and in smuggling out information about conditions in Germany to the exiled Communist Party leadership groups that had ended up after 1933 in Paris, Prague and Moscow, using her communications with her sister in the Netherlands as a conduit. The authorities seem to have known (or suspected) that the teachers who had lost their jobs when the Kerl Marx School in Neukölln had been taken over would (or might) have kept in touch and formed some sort of a resistance organisation. <mask> was first called in for questioning by the Gestapo in 1937. She was accused of undertaking political work for the (by now illegal) SPD, but she was able to refute the accusation and was released, presumably "for lack of evidence". War broke out in September 1939.Within Germany, government persecution of political opponents and of Jews intensified progressively till the Shoah reached its brutish nadir in 1942. During this time <mask>st concealed one of her former pupils and his mother, also providing the two of them with food. The young man was in particular danger from the government, since he was both Jewish and a Communist. At some point during 1943 someone informed the authorities of the situation. Sources are silent over what happened to the people she had been hiding, but <mask>st herself was detained and taken to the "Hallendorf labour camp" by Watenstedt, near Braunschweig. Given the personal network that she would have acquired during her teaching career, and given her strong political and social opinions, it is likely that Torhorst will have responded to many opportunities to help victims and potential victims of government persecution between 1933 and 1945, and commentators bemoan the lack of relevant research undertaken on the details of resistance activism in Berlin and other German cities. However, many of the actions involved will have depended on maximum secrecy to have been effective, and it therefore seems likely that most of the details will remain unknown.Before the war ended Torhorst had been released from the labour camp and returned to Berlin. Here she returned to the job in the archives department job with the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Betriebswirtschaft" (loosely, "German Society for Business Administration") in which she had already been employed between 1939 and her arrest in 1943. During the final months of the war she was also involved in looking after German prisoners of War under the auspices of the "Reichsgruppe Handwerk" (a government backed craftworkers' organisation). 1945 and new beginnings
The end of the war in May 1945 marked an end to the Hitler nightmare and new beginnings for millions of Germans. There were choices to be made. The western two thirds of Germany had ended up divided

masks:
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorstod
Marie Torhorst
Arnold Torhorst
Marie
Marie
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorst
Marie
Torhorst
Marie Torhor
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhor
Marie Torhor


title: Marie Torhorst

texts:
 into four military occupation zones, administered respectively by the British, the Americans, the French and the Soviets. The region surrounding Berlin, along with the ruins and rubble comprising eastern part of the city itself, were administered as the Soviet occupation zone.Torhorst had spent the Hitler years based in Berlin and she now made her choice:  she joined the (no longer outlawed) Communist Party in or before January 1946. She was actively engaged in various education related functions from the middle part of 1945. Between August 1945 and July 1946 she took charge at the department in charge of teacher training for the education department of Greater Berlin. In April 1946 a new political party was created in the Soviet occupation zone by means of a contentious political merger between the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party. It is probable that the architects of this arrangement intended that it should take effect across all four occupation zones, but as matters turned out the Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED) never gained traction outside the Soviet zone. Nevertheless, in East Berlin <mask>st was one of hundreds of thousands of Communist Party members who lost no time in signing their party memberships over to what became, over the next few years, the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship. The party unification congress of April 1946 also saw a widespread transfer of political powers over various aspects of daily life - including education - to the control of the new Party.<mask> meanwhile emerged as a true believer in the new order. She saw herself as an intellectual-worker, determined to support the building of a new Germany, truly socialist in spirit and vision. After twelve years of Hitler, actions for the creation of an antifascist future must be genuine, and not just a matter for empty rhetoric. The political beliefs which she had developed and by which she had lived under the German Republic before 1933 provided a sound basis on which, under the Soviet military administration,  it would be possible develop and apply her ideas for the education system. It now became apparent just how much she had been impressed by Soviet education during her six month study visit to Moscow in 1932. Towards the end of 1946 she held a meeting with Fritz Karsen, the education pioneer at whose school she had worked as a teacher between 1929 and 1933. He was back in (west) Berlin , now working for the US military administration as an education officer.When he asked Torhorst how it could be possible to work only "under Russian pressure", she replied that she had never felt "so free and happy". Now she found she could "join in with the creation of everything that she had always strived to achieve as a teacher, without having to make any of those fundamental comprises". Nation building
Between May 1945 and October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone underwent a carefully choreographed nation building programme based on plans many of which had, as it turned out, been devised in some detail in Moscow between 1941 and 1945 by the men who now held the levers of power (subject to Soviet supervision). On 29 May 1947 Torhorst was chosen to serve as "Minister for People's Education" in the state of Thuringia. It was a remarkable development. The recently launched women's weekly magazine "Die Frau von heute" carried her portrait on its front page, accompanied by the headline "Frauen als Minister ..... [habe] Deutschland noch nicht gesehen" (loosely, "Women as ministers    .... a new experience for Germany"   There was a brief article spelling out that her appointment was justified by "long years of specialist knowledge", but also acknowledging that "as a woman she ... [would be] exposed to exceptional levels of criticism". Nevertheless, "for all the women in the east" the appointment represented a melting away of the former indifference over women being able to determine their own futures.Even though it had in the past been the case that "a few thousand of her gender-comrades, who came from the more favourably positioned classes, found their way into some of the higher professions, such as medicine, academic life or equivalent levels in public service", Torhorst's appointment as a minister showed that "the whole situation for the female gender has changed fundamentally, since their equality of value and equality of entitlement with men" was officially recognised, and thereby their "gender-subservience" had been done away with. Torhorst herself also used the press to share with comrades some of her ambitions for her new role. These included the necessity "to bring an end to the still major differences between urban and rural schooling provision". She also shared her opinion that there was "still much more to be done to lay down a genuinely democratic basis for the development of a highly qualified and progressive German intelligentsia". Indispensable to that ambition was "a substantial increase in the proportion of university students with working class backgrounds". She would therefore make it her top priority to ensure that "the treasures of culture and learning do not simply benefit a small number of comrades at the top of society". An interesting insight into her education philosophy as minister comes from a surviving record of a "conversation" that Torhorst held with an American delegation on 27 June 1947, shortly after her appointment to ministerial office:  "The most important work ... would be implementation of the law to democratise German schools".In this connection "Unity schools must be implemented in the Soviet zone". There was a strong, if ill-defined, expectation on both sides of what would become known as the "inner German border" that the four military occupation zones of Germany would at some stage be rehabilitated and unified into a single post-fascist state, but visions of how such a state would be governed differed starkly, especially after 1948. During the twelve month Berlin blockade thoughts of any future German reunification disappeared over the horizon, and in October 1949 the Soviet zone was relaunched as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was also during 1949 that Adelheid returned from the Netherlands and moved in with <mask>. The two sisters, still unmarried, childless, and still - in their different ways - deeply engaged in the politics of education, made their home together in Weimar, which till 1952 was the seat of the state government for Thuringia. In 1950 <mask> lost her position as Thuringian Minister for People's Education. Significantly Isolde Oschmann, her successor, appointed only in 1951, was another woman.Isolde Oschmann was a former Kindergarten teacher who turned out to be very much less of a hands-on education minister that Torhorst had been:  her footprint on East German history remained slight despite her having held ministerial office for more than a year. It remains unclear why <mask> was replaced in the role. There is no very obvious indication from her subsequent public career that she was among those who fell out of favour with the party leadership at this time. Ex-minister
Torhorst then served, briefly during 1951/52, as political secretary with the East Berlin office of the "Internationale Demokratische Frauenföderation" (IDFF / "Women's International Democratic Federation"). She also accepted an invitation from Paul Wandel, East Germany's Minister for Education, to take over the running of the important "Arts Exhibition of the People's Republic of China" which was held in East Berlin during 1950/51. In 1952 she joined the East German Education Ministry as head of the department for cultural relations with foreign countries, a position she retained till 1957. Between 1958 and 1962 she taught at the (East) German National Pedagogical Institute, where in 1962 she also accepted a professorship.Through the 1950s and early 1960s Torhorst held a number of other, mostly short-term and part-time complementary appointments relating to her educational experience and expertise. Beyond the world of education, she also served between 1957 and 1960 as an honorary deputy president of the "Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" (DFD / "(East) German Democratic Women's League". After 1964, the year of her seventy-sixth birthday, she continued to engage actively in education related projects and discussions, but now on a free-lance basis. <mask> died in East Berlin on 7 May 1989. Despite her considerable age, she was very far from forgotten at the time of her death. There were obituaries both from the East German ministry of Education and from the Central Committee. She had lived out her final years in a special retirement home set aside for "party veterans".Stasi links
After reunification it emerged that <mask>st had been a longstanding and active Secret Informant for the Ministry for State security. When the Stasi files were investigated, her earliest surviving report was found to date from 1953. Most Stasi informants produced reports on the daily movements and conversations of their work colleagues and / or family members, but Torhorst had been targeted and recruited after it was noticed, from routine monitoring of her personal letters, that she had excellent contacts with a number of persons of interest on the far side of the "inner German border". No doubt it was considered useful that she was always herself a compulsive writer of long detailed letters to friends and contacts. On account of her links to the East German government she also enjoyed exceptional travel privileges at a time when East Germany was becoming became ever more physically isolated from the west. Those on whom she submitted reports included her cousin, the respected professor of church law Rudolf Smend, the popular historian Wolfgang Leonhardt and the journalist Stephan Grzeskowiak. (Stephan Grzeskowiak was, in addition, one of Torhorst's former pupils from her time as a teacher at the Karl Marx School in Neukölln during the early 1930s and, more recently, had been a party insider with the team surrounding Kurt Schumacher, the recently deceased leader if the SPD in the west.His ongoing links, as a journalist, with SPD politicians in Bonn during the 1950s, 60s and 70s were of particular interest to Torhorst's Stasi handlers.) In 1958 her Stasi handlers marked the seventieth birthday of "GI Sophie" (the codename by which she was identified in the files) with a hamper worth 75 (western) marks, accompanied by a note commending the way in which she had "fulfilled all her assignments in an exemplary manner  ... [and showed] a keen of interest in [the Stasi's] work". It does appear that her reports were not just long, but also both detailed and, at times, remarkably "readable" and even "chatty". She was indeed unusual among Stasi informants in her willingness to submit unsolicited advice, for instance concerning books from the west which should probably not be permitted to circulate in East Germany, or ways in which East German radio programmes might more effectively counter the "western propaganda" broadcast by the U.S. backed RIAS (radio station) from West Berlin. After her seventieth birthday a regular "secret collaborative relationship" was deemed no longer appropriate on account of her age, but she continued to receive "official visits" and her advice continued to be solicited, according to the reports of her Stasi handler at the time, Officer Hüther. Notes

References

1888 births
1989 deaths
People from Tecklenburg
People from Bremen
University of Bonn alumni
University of Cologne alumni
20th-century German educators
German feminists
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor

masks:
Marie Torhor
Marie Torhorst
Marie
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhor


title: Samuel Gibbs French

texts:
<mask> (November 22, 1818 – April 20, 1910) was an American military officer who was born in New Jersey. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1843, served as a captain in the U.S. Army in the Mexican-American War, and was wounded at the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1856, he resigned his commission to manage a plantation in Mississippi he obtained through marriage. When the American Civil War broke out, he sided with the Confederacy and was commissioned lieutenant colonel, promoted to brigadier general and then major general. He served in the Eastern Theater and commanded the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He was transferred to the Western Theater and commanded a division in the Army of Tennessee during the attempt to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg, the Atlanta campaign and the Franklin-Nashville campaign. Over the course of his military career, he served in thirty-five engagements.In 1901, he published his autobiography Two Wars: an Autobiography of Gen. <mask><mask>, An Officer in the Armies of the United States and the Confederate States, A Graduate from the U.S. Military Academy, West Point 1843. Early life and education
<mask> was born on November 28, 1818 near Mullica Hill, New Jersey, the second son of <mask> and Rebecca (Clark) <mask>. He spent his childhood on the family farm and was educated at the Harmony School. He attended the Burlington Academy preparatory school in Burlington, New Jersey and was accepted to the United States Military Academy on March 22, 1839. In 1843, French graduated from the United States Military Academy along with several future Civil War generals including Christopher C. Augur, William B. Franklin, Franklin Gardner, Ulysses S. Grant, Charles Smith Hamilton, Henry M. Judah, John J. Peck, Joseph J. Reynolds, Roswell Ripley and Frederick Steele. He was given the brevet rank of second lieutenant and assigned to the 3rd U.S. Artillery.He was stationed in Fort Macon, North Carolina, Washington, D.C., West Point and Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Mexican-American War
In August, 1845, he sailed from Baltimore with Major Ringgold's battery of horse artillery to join General Zachary Taylor and the Army of Occupation in Aransas Pass, Texas. He fought at the Battle of Palo Alto and received praise for his actions at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. On June 18, 1846, he was promoted to second lieutenant. During the Battle of Monterrey, he commanded an artillery battery and was brevetted first lieutenant on September 23, 1846. He was wounded in the thigh by a musket ball during the Battle of Buena Vista but continued to lead his men in combat. He received a promotion to brevet captain and was sent home to recuperate.On July 4, 1847, he was presented a ceremonial sword from the citizens of New Jersey which contained the inscription "for distinguished service in the battles of Palo Alo, Resaca de la Palma and Buena Vista". On February 9, 1949, he was presented on resolution from the New Jersey Legislature a second sword with the inscription "For brave and gallant conduct displayed in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterrey. Subsequently distinguished at Buena Vista, and promoted to the rank of Captain". He became an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847. He was promoted to full captain on January 12, 1848 and commissioned as assistant quartermaster in the general staff of the army working under his former classmate, Rufus Ingalls. He led expeditions in 1849 and 1851 to the Republic of Texas and was assigned to Fort Smith, Arkansas at his request in 1854. He resigned his commission in May, 1856.He acquired a plantation through his marriage to Eliza Matilda Roberts along Deer Creek near Greenville, Mississippi and left the army to manage it. American Civil War

At the start of the Civil War, French joined the Confederacy. Residents of his home state of New Jersey were so incensed by his decision that they protested in front of his summer home in Woodbury, New Jersey, hanged him in effigy, stormed the house and threw items from his house into the street. <mask> was made a lieutenant colonel and chief of ordnance of the Army of Mississippi on February 12, 1861; and  brigadier general in the provisional army of the Confederate States of America on October 23, 1861. He was assigned to the defense of the Potomac River near Evansport, Virginia. From July 21, 1862 to June, 1863, he commanded the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He oversaw improvements to Fort Fisher and built Fort St. Philips (later renamed Fort Anderson) in Brunswick Town, North Carolina to protect Wilmington, North Carolina.On October 22, 1862, French was promoted major general with seniority backdated to August 31. He commanded a brigade and a division under Major General Daniel Harvey Hill at Petersburg, Virginia. He built the fortifications around Petersburg that were regarded as a model of defensive warfare and held off the Army of the Potomac for nine months. He led attacks against Harrison's Landing on July 4, 1862 and Suffolk, Virginia on September 22, 1862. In the first letter to French after the Civil War, former West Point classmate, Union General Rufus Ingalls wrote to French about the Harrison's Landing bombardment; "You don't know, dear Sam, how near you came to killing me that night, which, had it happened, would have been a great sorrow to you." In April 1863, French led a division under Lieutenant General James Longstreet in the Siege of Suffolk. He built Camp French near Quantico, Virginia.<mask>'s troops were at the Battle of Suffolk (Hill's Point), but he declined to attack Fort Huger since he believed the Union commander would quickly vacate the fort since he had no military support. Longstreet censured French's actions at Suffolk and tried to have him removed from command but Jefferson Davis vetoed the action. French was on medical leave in Columbus, Georgia and Warm Springs, Arkansas due to the lingering effects of dysentery from August 4 to October 1863. French moved to the Western Theater and commanded a division in Jackson, Mississippi during General Joseph E. Johnston's Jackson Expedition to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg. Johnston initially expressed concern to Jefferson Davis that French's Northern heritage would make it difficult for the troops to accept him. Davis dismissed this concern and reminded Johnston that French was a wealthy plantation owner in Mississippi and served in the state militia after secession. French served under Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk in Mississippi during the retreat from Jackson from December 1863 to May 1864.He was officially attached to the Army of Tennessee on May 18, 1864. He fought in the Atlanta Campaign including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain from May to September 1864. French served in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. After Atlanta capitulated on October 5, 1864, Hood ordered <mask> and his division to capture Altoona Pass and break the line of communications for Sherman's army. At the Battle of Allatoona, French was unable to capture the pass, which was guarded by a federal garrison under Brigadier General John M. Corse. The fierce fighting concluded when federal reinforcements arrived, forcing <mask>’s troops to retreat to New Hope Church and rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Two of <mask>'s brigades suffered enormous losses in the Battle of Franklin with more than 1/3 of the troops being killed, wounded or missing.French suffered an eye infection that rendered him nearly blind and he relinquished command to Claudius W. Sears before the Battle of Nashville. He returned home to recuperate from December 16, 1864 to February 1865. He returned to active service and commanded forces in the defense of Mobile, Alabama. Postbellum life

He surrendered near Mobile, Alabama and in April, 1865, French was paroled at Columbus, Georgia. Between the Mexican-American War and the Civil War, French served in thirty-five engagements. He returned to his plantation in Mississippi and worked for several years as Mississippi State levee commissioner. He lived for a year in Woodbury, New Jersey when he worked as president of a railroad company.He lived in Columbus, Georgia for several years and moved to Winter Park, Florida in 1881 after investing in orange groves. In 1895, he moved to Pensacola, Florida to live near his daughter. In 1898, at the age of 79, he volunteered to serve in the Spanish-American War but his offer was refused by President William McKinley. In 1901, he published his memoirs, Two Wars. In his book, he criticized Governor John J. Pettus and Confederate generals William J. Hardee, Hood and Leonidas Polk. French placed the blame for the Civil War on the greed of the North. He believed that the North should have compensated Southern states for their slaves when slavery was abolished.He believed that one day, impartial historians would vindicate the South. <mask> was married to his first wife, Eliza Matilda Roberts of Mississippi, on April 26, 1853. Together they had a daughter and a son who died in childbirth along with Eliza on June 13, 1857. <mask> was married again to Mary Fontaine Abercrombie of Alabama on 12 January 1865 but she too died, on 16 May 1900 at Atlanta, Georgia. Together they had three children. Death and legacy

<mask> died in Florala, Alabama on April 20, 1910 while visiting his son and was interred at St. John's Cemetery in Pensacola. For the burial, his body was wrapped in both the American and the Confederate flags.His family placed a cenotaph for him in the family plot in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the Civil War, Fort <mask> near Wilmington, North Carolina and Camp French near Quantico, Virginia were named in his honor. During World War II, the Liberty ship  was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor. There is a bust and marker of French in the National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Bibliography
Two Wars: an Autobiography of Gen. <mask><mask>, An Officer in the Armies of the United States and the Confederate States, A Graduate from the U.S. Military Academy, West Point 1843., Confederate Veteran, Nashville, Tenn., 1901

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Citations

Sources

External links
 CivilWarTalk.com - <mask> <mask>
Ironbrigadier.com - <mask> <mask>: a Northern-Born Confederate General
 The Civil War & Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi - <mask>. <mask> correspondence

1818 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
20th-century American male writers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American planters
Burials in Florida
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Confederate States Army major generals
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
Northern-born Confederates
People from Columbus, Georgia
People from Greenville, Mississippi
People from Harrison Township, New Jersey
People from Pensacola, Florida
People from Winter Park, Florida
People of Mississippi in the American Civil War
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
Pro-Confederate writers
United States Military Academy alumni
Writers from New Jersey

masks:
Samuel Gibbs French
Samuel G
. French
French
Samuel
French
French
French
French
French
French
French
French
French
French
Samuel G
. French
Samuel Gibbs
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Samuel Gibbs
French
Samuel G
French


title: María Celeste Arrarás

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1960), better known as <mask>, is a Puerto Rican broadcast journalist, author, and television personality, who has won three national Emmy Awards for journalism. In 2005, she became the first female recipient of the Legacy Award by Broadcast and Multi Channel for outstanding achievement in Hispanic Television. In 2006, <mask> was included on the cover of "Newsweek" magazine,  as one of the 20 most powerful women of the next generation of leaders.” In August 2018, <mask> was awarded with a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Universidad Central de Bayamon in Puerto Rico, in recognition for her philanthropic work. Until August 2020, <mask> spent two decades as the host and managing editor of “Al Rojo Vivo con María Celeste”. Her program aired daily in the U.S. and in 15 Latin American countries, for a total daily audience of 35 million viewers. Her popularity has made her one of the most influential Hispanic figures in social platforms, with millions of followers around the world and in 2019 she made her debut in the Hollywood Reporter's Social Climber Chart at #5 of all TV Personalities. ,

<mask> is also Executive Producer and screenplay writer for “Selena’s Secret” a miniseries based on the bestselling book of the same title that she wrote about the murder of singer Selena Quintanilla, known as the Queen of Tejano music.The mini series aired on Amazon Prime video, TNT Latin America and on Telemundo. In 2019, <mask> received the St Jude Hospital Lifetime Achievement Award. As of the Summer of 2021 <mask> has joined CNN en Español as the host of their new Sunday Prime Time show called “DocuFilms con <mask> Arrarás.” In her capacity as a writer, she also became the first Hispanic opinion maker contributor for Facebook’s new platform “Bulletin.” She also launched her YouTube channel and premiered "MC Live," a weekly one-on-one interview program that quickly surpassed 1 million views. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, the first child of José Enrique <mask>, a politician, lawyer, and educator, and Astrid Mangual, a homemaker and chemist. In 1971, she won three medals (one gold, one silver, and one bronze) at the Central American and Caribbean Swimming Championships. She qualified to compete at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, but was unable to compete after she contracted mononucleosis, one week before the games began. In 1978, <mask> left her native Puerto Rico to attend Loyola University in New Orleans, Louisiana, where she majored in communications at Loyola University.In 2016, <mask> returned to Loyola University, where she was inducted into the School of Mass Communication's Den of Distinction and was honored by Loyola University for her career in television. Television career

Early career
<mask> began her broadcasting career in 1986 when she was employed by a local Puerto Rican television station, Channel 24, as a news anchor and reporter. There, Arrarás traveled covering major news events, such as the fall of the Soviet Union in Moscow and Leningrad, and she received several journalistic awards for her reports. In 1987 the Univision affiliate in New York City WXTV hired her as the co-anchor of its local news show. Univision (1987–2002)
Shortly after being hired by Univision, <mask> became Los Angeles Bureau Chief. In January 1990, when the network moved to Miami, she was named the national news anchor for Noticiero Univision weekend edition. In 1992, <mask> was named co-anchor of a new television news program, Noticias y Mas, alongside Myrka Dellanos, which would become Primer Impacto in 1994.The show's popularity resulted in a large franchise for Univision including Primer Impacto Extra, Primer Impacto Edicion Nocturna, and the weekly show Ver Para Creer, all of which were hosted by <mask> and Dellanos. <mask> would continue to hold her positions until 2002, when she left the show and joined rival network Telemundo. Telemundo (2002–2020)
The defection of <mask> <mask> from Univision, North America's largest Spanish-language network, to the rival Telemundo broadcasting group in 2002 sent shockwaves in the industry and was heralded as the start of a new era for Hispanic media. <mask>'s arrival coincided with news that the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)'s $2.7 billion acquisition of the Spanish-language news and entertainment provider had just won U.S. government approval. <mask> was to host her own Telemundo show, but would also file English-language reports for Dateline, NBC's top-rated prime-time newsmagazine, and work as a guest co-host in NBC's Today show. Arrarás's hire—and the Telemundo/NBC venture—was seen as a sign of an increased Hispanic presence in mainstream media news organizations, and The New York Times journalist Mirta Ojito called the new, lucrative contract for this popular journalist "NBC's first coup in the Latino media." In 2002, the same day that NBC Universal acquired Telemundo as part of their larger network, <mask> took her former position at Telemundo, becoming the host and Managing Editor of the show Al Rojo Vivo con María Celeste

In 2004, <mask> co-hosted the Brown-Black Democratic Presidential Debate in Iowa for MSNBC.<mask> has crossed-over to the English market. Since 2002 <mask> has been invited as a guest co-host of NBC's Today show, and according to The New York Times, "Ms. Arrarás's high-profile sally into national network television, in the spot previously occupied by Ms. Couric no less, was groundbreaking for a Spanish-accented broadcaster." She has also contributed to different NBC programs including Dateline and Nightly News. On the night of <mask>'s debut as a contributor for Dateline NBC, the show experienced a dramatic audience increase in both Hispanic an Anglo demographics. NBC president Andrew Lack told the Los Angeles Times, "[<mask>] was one of the highest segments at Dateline that quarter." He described her as "a serious, smart journalist." In 2012, <mask> became co-anchor of Noticiero Telemundo alongside Jose Diaz-Balart.In September 2014 <mask> and her team won an Emmy for its coverage of the election of Pope Francis. One news source stated, the addition of <mask> is the latest development in a strategy that consolidated "Noticiero Telemundo" as the national newscast with the fastest growing audience on both Spanish and English-language television. In 2016, <mask> was awarded her third Emmy Award for "Francisco in America," Telemundo's special coverage of Pope Francis's historic visit to Cuba and the USA on September. After spending four years at the head of Al Rojo Vivo con María Celeste and Noticiero Telemundo, Arraras opted to "dedicate herself fully to Al Rojo Vivo con <mask> Celeste". At that time, she received her third Emmy Award and extended her contract with Telemundo for several more years. In February 2016, <mask> served as a panelist for the Republican Party presidential debate held in Houston. <mask> was cited for her performance.The Washington Post praised her unconventional way of framing issues and said categorically that "she played an important fact-checking role" in that debate. In the summer of 2016, <mask> celebrated her 30-year career in television, and was reunited with her former co-host of Primer Impacto, Myrka Dellanos, for a special edition of Al Rojo Vivo commemorating the anniversary. She was recognized by the city of Los Angeles with a resolution commending her work. Puerto Rico, her birthplace, also honored Arrarás by granting her a star on their "Paseo de la Fama de Puerto Rico," their walk of fame. The government also held a special ceremony for Arrarás at the House of Representatives Capitol Building to commemorate her achievements. On 5 August 2020, Telemundo laid off <mask>, as part of NBCUniversal's wave of layoffs after poor earnings caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. CNN en Español, Facebook's Bulletin & "MC Live" (2021)

As of the Summer of 2021 Arraras will be part of the staff of CNN en Español, as the host of their Sunday Prime Time show called “DocuFilms con María Celeste Arrarás.” In her capacity as a writer, she also became the first Hispanic opinion maker contributor for Facebook’s new platform “Bulletin.” In 2021, she also launched her YouTube channel and premiered "MC Live," a weekly one-on-one interview program that quickly surpassed 1 million views.Awards and honors

 In June 2005 she became the first Hispanic journalist to receive a National Emmy in recognition for her career achievements. In 2013 she received the Silver Circle Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for her outstanding career in journalism. In September 2014, and in 2016, <mask> won two further Emmy awards with the Telemundo news team for their coverage of the election of Pope Francis, and the pontiff's first visit to Cuba. In 2016 The Hispanic Association of Corporate Responsibility (HACR) presented <mask> with a lifetime achievement award to commemorate her 30 years in television and her contributions for the advancement of the Hispanic community in the U.S. In 2003 <mask> was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Hispanic Television presented to her by Broadcasting & Cable and Multichannel News at the Hispanic Television Summit, produced by Schramm Marketing Group. In May 2003 <mask> was honored with her name and hand-prints on a plaque on display in Mexico City's Paseo de los Grandes (Walk of the Great Ones). In 2012 she was named "Best Journalist doing Social Good in Social Media" by LATISM, the largest Hispanic social media organization.In 2013 she was given the most "social" celebrity award in Premios Tu Mundo because of her mass audience and communication with fans. In 2001 she was awarded the PETA Humanitarian Award for her dedication to animal rights campaigns around the globe. In 1999 <mask> won the Génesis, award (National Ark Trust Fund) in recognition for her outstanding work in raising awareness of animal protection issues. In 2009 she was named the "Hero of the Environment" by the Monterey Bay Aquarium for her efforts in raising awareness about conserving the planet and its ecosystems. In 2012 she was awarded the title of "Ocean Defender" by Wildcoast in recognition for her efforts to defend the earth's coasts and oceans. In 2016, The National Council of La Raza (NCLR) presented <mask> Salazar Award for Communications to commemorate her 30 years in television and her contributions for the advancement of the Hispanic community. In 2018, <mask> joins Las Vegas Walk of Stars.In 2018, She was the Recipient of Hispanicize 2018 Latinovator Award. In 2019, St Jude Children's Research Hospital recognizes <mask> for her philanthropic work on behalf of children with cancer honoring her with the 2019 St. Jude Hospital Lifetime Achievement Award. Books
<mask> is also an investigative reporter and writer, and has authored several books. In 1997, <mask> wrote Selena‘s Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death (released in Spanish as El Secreto De Selena: La Reveladora Historia Detrás De Su Trágica Muerte), published by Simon & Schuster. The book describes her in-depth investigation surrounding the events that led to the death of singer Selena Quintanilla. In 2007, <mask> wrote The Magic Cane (released in Spanish as El Bastón Mágico), a children's fable published by Scholastic. In 2009, Arrarás published Make Your Life Prime Time: How to Have It All Without Losing Your Soul, (released in Spanish as Vive Tu Vida Al Rojo Vivo: Secretos Para Triunfar En Todo), published by Atria.Public image
Often cited as the “Hispanic TV Queen,<mask> has been described by The New York Times as “a household name in Spanish-speaking homes across the country, and a darling of the Spanish-language media, which turned her into a cover girl for magazine articles that ranged from fitness to the supermom syndrome." She is one of the most popular celebrities today, with over 50 magazine covers under her belt. In 2006, she appeared on the cover of Newsweek after the magazine selected her as one of the “20 Most Powerful Women” of the next generation of leaders. Later that year, Newsweek also had her on the cover of its special international edition dedicated to “Women and Leadership.” She has been featured on the cover of People en Español magazine more than 15 times. <mask> has been the judge of the Miss Universe Pageant on two occasions. The first was the 52nd Miss Universe pageant, held in June 2003, where Amelia Vega became the first Dominican candidate to be crowned. Then again in 2006, when Puerto Rican beauty Zuleyka Rivera was crowned in Los Angeles.<mask> currently lives in Miami with her three children, Julian Enrique, Lara Giuliana, and Adrian Vadim. She is a vocal environmental and animal rights activist. She has been noted for speaking out against the exploitation of animals, especially in spectacles such as rodeos, aquariums, cock-fights, and circuses. In December 2001, she even went in front of the Puerto Rican Legislature to advocate for a ban in the Island on circuses that forced wild animals to perform as part of their shows. Currently <mask> is working with The Humane Society of the United States and Humane Society International on a campaign to dramatically improve the welfare of the more than 300,000 stray dogs and one million stray cats in the island. <mask> is a supporter of Para la Naturaleza, a non-profit organization dedicated to environmental conservation and historic preservation in Puerto Rico. She is also an avid supporter and advocate of other organizations including, Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organization in the United States that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public.See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of television presenters
History of women in Puerto Rico

References

External links
<mask> <mask> at YouTube

1960 births
Living people
Actresses from Miami
Puerto Rican journalists
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican television personalities
American television talk show hosts
Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent

masks:
María Celeste Arrarás Mangual
María Celeste
Arrarás
María Celeste
Arrarás
Maria Celeste
Maria Celeste
Maria Celeste
María Celeste
María Celeste
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
María Celeste
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
María Celeste
María Celeste
Arrarás
Maria Celeste
María Celeste
Arrarás
María
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarásubén
Maria Celeste
Maria Celeste
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
” Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Arrarás
Maria Celeste
Maria Celeste
Arrarás


title: Ignacio Ponseti

texts:
<mask> (3 June 1914 – 18 October 2009) was a Spanish-American physician, specializing in orthopedics. He was born on 3 June 1914 in Menorca, part of the Balearic Islands, Spain, Ponseti was the son of a watchmaker and spent his childhood helping repair watches. This skill was said to eventually contribute to his abilities as an orthopedist. He served three years as a medic during the Spanish Civil War treating orthopedic injuries of wounded soldiers. He left Spain shortly after the end of the war and became a faculty member and practicing physician at the University of Iowa, where he developed his ground-breaking, non-surgical treatment for the clubfoot defect - the Ponseti Method. Biography

In the 1950s, <mask> developed the Ponseti method (also known as the Ponseti technique), a non-surgical technique that uses a series of casts, followed by an abduction brace, to correct congenital clubfoot. The condition causes a baby's feet to turn inward and downward; if not corrected, the child will be unable to walk or move properly.He was known for this method of clubfoot treatment that bears his name, and was Professor Emeritus in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Education

<mask> studied medicine at Barcelona University. Not long after he graduated, fighting broke out between the Nationalists and the Republicans - the start of the Spanish Civil War. Ponseti served as a medical officer with the Loyalists as a lieutenant, then captain, in the Orthopaedic and Fracture Service. His duties included setting fractures, which put him on a career in orthopaedics. Without ambulances, Ponseti used the help of local smugglers to take the injured into France. He soon escaped to France himself and went to Mexico, where for two years he practiced family medicine.A physician there helped him get to Iowa in 1941 to study orthopaedics under Arthur Steindler, M.D. <mask> completed a residency at Iowa in 1944 and became a member of the orthopaedic faculty at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Early in his career at Iowa, Ponseti saw that the outcomes of clubfoot surgical treatments were not very good - patients had limited movement. He set out to develop a treatment that made the most of babies' flexible ligaments. The method was met with some opposition but over the past 50 years it has been adopted by many doctors and other health care providers worldwide, including in Britain and Turkey. Well into his nineties, Ponseti continued to see patients and trained visiting doctors from around the world. He also developed new prosthetic devices with John Mitchell of MD Orthopaedics, Inc. and produced training and information DVDs on the method.Ponseti's other research focused on congenital and developmental bone and joint disorders, skeletal growth disorders in children, and the biochemistry of cartilage. He gained insight in the early 1950s on the effect of amino nitriles on collagen cross linking, defined the curvature patterns of idiopathic scoliosis, and demonstrated that curves progressed after skeletal maturity. He also conducted many studies evaluating the long-range results of treatments for congenital dislocation of the hip, clubfoot and scoliosis. The Ponseti method
Clubfoot affects well over 100,000 newborns annually. Early in his career at the University of Iowa, Ponseti realized that surgical approaches did not fully correct clubfoot and/or created problems later in life, such as severe arthritis or even requiring more surgery. In working to develop a new approach, he determined it could be nonsurgical. The Ponseti method uses gentle, manual manipulation of the foot, followed by application of toe-to-groin plaster casts.The casts are changed weekly after a clinician manipulates softened foot ligaments to gradually achieve near-normal muscle and bone alignment. In addition to the improved physical outcomes, compared to surgery, the Ponseti method is less expensive and can be taught to nonphysician health care providers, which is useful in areas with few or no doctors. Clubfoot is the most common musculoskeletal birth deformity, affecting 200,000 newborn children each year worldwide, 80% of whom are in developing countries. The Ponseti method is used, for example, in Uganda, where efforts continue to improve the availability of the treatment. The Ponseti method is effective when properly applied by a trained health care provider and is considered the "gold standard" treatment, leading to a normal, productive life. Nearly 80% of children can expect an excellent to good long-term outcome; however, a minority of children will get recurrence requiring repeated treatment, or on occasion surgery. Non-compliance with the method is the greatest risk-factor for failure.At the 2007, International Clubfoot Symposium attended by 200 doctors from 44 countries, papers were presented regarding an estimated 10,000 children successfully treated with the technique around the world in recent years. The Ponseti International Association for the Advancement of Clubfoot Treatment was founded in 2006 to improve the treatment of children born with clubfoot, through education, research and improved access to care. PIA has a related website devoted to parents' interests and needs. Groups that work with Ponseti International include CURE International and A Leg to Stand On (India) and Pehla Qadam (Pakistan). World Clubfoot Day

World Clubfoot Day was introduced in 2013 by Ponseti International Association, and is celebrated on June 3 every year, commemorating <mask>'s birthday. This date was chosen following the signing of the Iowa Clubfoot Declaration during the 2nd International Clubfoot Symposium held in Iowa City, Iowa, USA, on October 4 – 5, 2012. The goal of World Clubfoot Day is to raise awareness about clubfoot disability and its prevention using the Ponseti method.Notes

References

External links
<mask> | Galeria de Metges Catalans
Ponseti International for health care providers
Ponseti International downloadable book on clubfoot treatment
Ponseti International for parents
University of Iowa website on clubfoot
Comprehensive list of links to information about Ponseti
Ponseti checklist for parents
Information about the use of the Ponseti method can be found at these sites:
 World Health Organisation
 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
 Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America
 STEPS Charity UK
 STEPS Charity South Africa

1914 births
2009 deaths
Spanish orthopedic surgeons
20th-century surgeons
University of Iowa faculty
Spanish emigrants to the United States

masks:
Ignacio Ponseti
Ignacio Ponseti
Ponseti
Ponseti
Ponseti
Ignacio Ponsetí


title: Nancy Spungen

texts:
<mask> (; February 27, 1958 – October 12, 1978) was an American amateur music journalist , most famously known for being the former manager  and girlfriend of English musician Sid Vicious. <mask> has been named a significant figure of the 1970s punk rock scene. Raised Jewish in Philadelphia, Spungen was an emotionally disturbed child who was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 15. After being expelled from college, she flew to London in December 1976 at the height of the punk rock movement and became involved with Vicious. Their relationship was punctuated by bouts of domestic violence and drug abuse. The press soon labelled Spungen "Nauseating <mask>" for her outrageous and frequently antisocial behavior. After the Sex Pistols disbanded, the couple moved to New York City and checked into the Hotel Chelsea, where they spent much of their time using drugs, especially heroin.In October 1978, Spungen was found dead in the bathroom of the couple's room, with a single stab wound to the abdomen. Vicious was charged with her murder, but died of a heroin overdose while on bail in February 1979 before the case went to trial. Various authors and filmmakers have speculated about Vicious' role in Spungen's death and the possibility that Spungen was killed by a drug dealer who frequently visited their room. Early life
<mask> Spungen was born on February 27, 1958, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital, to Franklin "Frank" (1934–2010) and Deborah Spungen (born 1937). She was born with severe cyanosis and nearly died of oxygen deprivation after being choked by her umbilical cord during delivery. Spungen appeared to have suffered no brain damage and was released from the hospital eight days after birth. The Spungens were a middle-class Jewish family that resided in Lower Moreland Township, a suburb of Philadelphia.Spungen's father was a traveling salesman and her mother later owned an organic food store called The Earth Shop in nearby Jenkintown. Young <mask> was a difficult baby, throwing crying fits and temper tantrums late into childhood. At three months old, she was prescribed a liquid barbiturate by a pediatrician, but her violent behavior persisted. In an interview, Spungen's mother stated, "I know it's normal for babies to scream, but <mask> did nothing but scream." Though she excelled academically, she had few friends during her elementary school years. Spungen was a temperamental child who exhibited violent behavior toward her younger sister Susan but was very caring toward her younger brother David. She allegedly threatened to kill a babysitter with scissors and attempted to batter her psychiatrist, who accused her of "acting out" for attention.At age 11, Spungen was expelled from public school when she went absent from class for more than two weeks. Weary of her erratic behavior, Spungen's parents enrolled her at Devereux Glenholme School in Connecticut and at Devereux Manor High School in Pennsylvania. In January 1972, Spungen ran away from Devereux Manor and attempted suicide by slitting her wrists with scissors. When she was 15, her psychiatrist diagnosed her with schizophrenia. Education
Spungen graduated from Lakeside High School in April 1974, two weeks after her application to attend the University of Colorado Boulder was accepted. She began attending the university at 16, but five months into her freshman year she was arrested for purchasing marijuana from an undercover police officer. When she was later arrested for storing stolen property in her dorm room, the University of Colorado decided to expel her.Spungen's father traveled to Boulder and accepted a plea bargain for her, which resulted in her being banished from the state of Colorado. Relationship with Sid Vicious
Spungen left home at 17 and moved to New York City, where she supported herself for a time with sex work, amateur music journalism, and odd jobs at clothing stores. In her free time, she became a groupie and followed rock bands such as Aerosmith, Bad Company, The New York Dolls, and the Ramones. In 1977, Spungen flew to London with The Heartbreakers and met Sex Pistols, who later included bassist Sid Vicious; Spungen and Vicious soon moved in together. During their tumultuous nineteen-month relationship, Spungen and Vicious (who was already abusing multiple drugs before meeting Spungen) became addicted to heroin. The tabloids dubbed Spungen "Nauseating <mask>" for her frequent public outbursts. After Sex Pistols broke up in January 1978, Spungen and Vicious eventually moved to Hotel Chelsea in New York City.They stayed in room 100, registered as "Mr. and Mrs. John Simon Ritchie", Vicious' real name. Death
Over the next two months, Vicious and Spungen spiraled into deeper drug abuse. On October 12, 1978, Spungen's body was found under the sink in the bathroom of their room at the Hotel Chelsea. She had suffered a single fatal stab wound to the abdomen. It was long rumored that Vicious owned the knife that inflicted the injury, a "007" hunting knife that he had obtained after seeing Dee Dee Ramone give one to the Dead Boys' Stiv Bators, but the police report notes that the knife is a Jaguar Wilderness K-11 with a  blade. Vicious was immediately arrested and charged with second-degree murder. He pleaded not guilty and was released on bail, though he shared conflicting stories of the night Spungen died.Four months after her death, Vicious died of a heroin overdose before the trial could take place and the New York City Police Department closed the case. Spungen was buried in the King David Memorial Park in Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. Aftermath
There are several theories that implicate someone other than Vicious in Spungen's murder, such as one of the two drug dealers who had visited the apartment that night, and that suggest that a robbery was involved, as certain items (including a substantial bankroll) were claimed to be missing from the room. In his book Pretty Vacant: A History of Punk, Phil Strongman accuses actor and stand-up comic Rockets Redglare of killing Spungen; Redglare had delivered drugs to the couple's room at the Hotel Chelsea on the night of Spungen's death. Throughout his life, Redglare, who died in 2001, steadfastly denied any involvement in Spungen's murder to the press, but often "confessed" to the murder within his circle of friends, to mixed reaction. Friends such as Zoe Hansen took Redglare at his word, but others, including Howie Pyro, have cast doubt on his claims, insisting that he enjoyed telling exaggerated stories for attention. Redglare also told the press that he believed that a drug dealer whom he had seen in the lobby of the Hotel Chelsea on the morning of Spungen's murder committed the crime.In other media
"Horror Business", a 1979 song by the American punk rock band Misfits was inspired by Spungen's murder with song's lyrics, which include lines such as, "You don't go in the bathroom with me" and, "I'll put a knife right in you". Prior to Vicious's death, the Misfits were rumored to back Vicious on his proposed debut solo album. Additionally, Misfits bassist Jerry Only attended a dinner gathering at the apartment of Vicious' girlfriend Michelle Robinson the night that Vicious died. Spungen's mother Deborah wrote the memoir And I Don't Want to Live This Life (1983). Its title is taken from a poem Vicious wrote. The British biopic Sid and Nancy (1986), directed by Alex Cox, portrays the life of Vicious (played by Gary Oldman) and his relationship with Spungen (played by Chloe Webb). Critics praised Webb's performance as Spungen.In the film, Cox also put forth the theory that Spungen and Vicious had a suicide pact, but they got into an argument when Vicious reneged. The argument escalated when Spungen assaulted Vicious, who was trying to leave the apartment, and as portrayed in the film she was stabbed accidentally when she charged him while his knife was out. Veronica Schanoes' story "Rats" appeared in the 2007 Interstitial Arts Foundation anthology Interfictions. The story is a punk rock fairytale inspired by Spungen's life. About her work, the author said: "I wrote 'Rats' because I was angry with the way the recent coffee-table histories of punk seem to have no problem demonizing a dead, mentally ill, teenage girl." Alan G. Parker directed the 2010 documentary film Who Killed Nancy?, which includes interviews with Vicious and Spungen's associates, including John Holmstrom, Don Letts, Glen Matlock, and Howie Pyro. References

Sources

External links

1958 births
1978 deaths
1978 murders in the United States
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
American female erotic dancers
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American people with disabilities
American prostitutes
Burials in Pennsylvania
Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)
Drug dealers
Female murder victims
Groupies
Jewish dancers
Jews in punk rock
Murdered American Jews
Sex workers murdered in the United States
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
People from Philadelphia
People murdered in New York City
People with schizophrenia
Sex Pistols
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Women in punk

masks:
Nancy Laura Spungen
Nancy
Nancy
Nancy Laura
Nancy
Nancy
Nancy


title: Miguel Álvarez-Fernández

texts:
<mask> (born 1979 in Madrid, Spain) is a sound artist, composer, filmmaker, theorist and curator working between Madrid and Berlin, where he has taught at the Electronic Music Studio of the Technical University of Berlin. He also lectures regularly at the Department of Art History and Musicology of the University of Oviedo (Spain), and at the European University of Madrid as a specialist in Sound Art and Electroacoustic music. His artistic and theoretical work addresses problematic concepts like the relationships between sexuality and music (both understood as socio-cultural constructions, rather than 'natural categories'), or the connections between interactive processes and the illusion of control. Álvarez-Fernández has explored these issues in his sound installations and musical compositions, both alone and as a member of the art group DissoNoiSex. Career
The works of Álvarez-Fernández have been presented in several venues in Europe and America, including the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the National Auditorium of Music and the Residencia de Estudiantes (where Álvarez-Fernández was composer-in-residence from 2002 to 2005) in Madrid, the Technical University of Berlin, The Huset gallery in Copenhagen, Harvard University, New York University, the Eyebeam Gallery in New York and O'culto da Ajuda in Lisbon, among many others. He has also composed music for different audiovisual productions, including the film "A via láctea", by Brazilian director Lina Chamie, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. As a musicologist and sound-art theorist, Álvarez-Fernández has lectured (and his writings have been published) in Spain, Germany, Italy, France, Denmark, Sweden, Macedonia, Serbia, Lithuania, Russia and the United States, among other countries.His work as a sound-art curator is widely recognized in Spain. For the project "Itinerarios del sonido" (co-curated along with María Bella) fourteen internationally recognized artists were invited (in many cases, for the first time) to Madrid, in order to create a new sound piece that later would be listened to in specific bus-stops around the city. Participants of this project included Vito Acconci, Jorge Eduardo Eielson,  Julio Estrada, Luc Ferrari, Bill Fontana, Susan Hiller, Christina Kubisch, Adrian Piper and Trevor Wishart, among others. In 2007, Álvarez-Fernández curated in Berlin "Offener Klang / Sonido Abierto" as part of the "Linux Audio Conference", with concerts and workshops at the Technical university and at the Instituto Cervantes Berlin. In April 2011 he curated, along with Chema de Francisco and Rubén Gutiérrez del Castillo, the "SON" Festival, which presented for the first time at the Auditorio Nacional de Música (Madrid) the newest generation of Spanish sound artists in a series of concerts, performances and sound installations. Also in 2011, <mask>-Fernández received the IV "Cura Castillejo" prize, awarded at the Nits de Deshielo i Art Festival, organized in Valencia by sound artist Llorenç Barber (the three previous recipients of the award being Francisco López, Fátima Miranda and sound installation pioneer Luis Lugán). In 2015 he directed, in collaboration with Luis Deltell, the feature-length documentary "No escribiré arte con mayúscula" ("I will not write art with a capital letter"), devoted to the life and works of Spanish pioneer of conceptual art Isidoro Valcárcel Medina, premiered at the Festival Punto de Vista (Pamplona).In 2008 <mask>-Fernández became host at Radio Clásica/Radio Nacional de España for the weekly radio broadcast Ars Sonora, a cult program (founded in 1985) devoted to sound art and experimental music. References

External links
"Itinerarios del sonido", public sound-art project curated by <mask>-Fernández
DissoNoiSex
"Álvarez-Fernández: Sound Amateur", article by Silvia Scaravaggi published by Digimag (Italy)
"Dissonance, Sex and Noise: (Re)building (Hi)stories of Electroacoustic Music", article by <mask>-Fernández published by the HZ Journal (Sweden)
"<mask> Fernández recibe el Premio Cura Castillejo de las 'Nits de Deshielo i Art'" (press article)
"SON" Festival, sound art project curated by <mask>-Fernández at the Auditorio Nacional de Música (Madrid)

Bibliography
Álvarez Fernández, <mask>. 2005a. "Dissonance, Sex and Noise: (Re)Building (Hi)Stories of Electroacoustic Music". In ICMC 2005: Free Sound Conference Proceedings, International Computer Music Conference, Escola Superior de Musica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, September 4–10, 2005. Barcelona: International Computer Music Conference; International Computer Music Association. ; SuviSoft Oy Ltd.
Álvarez Fernández, <mask>.2005b. "Disonancia y emancipación: comodidad en/de algunas estéticas musicales del siglo XX". Taller Sonoro: Revista cuatrimestral de música contemporánea 4 (January). ISSN 1887-2093
Álvarez-Fernández, <mask>. 2005c. "El comisariado como metodología de investigación musicológica". Revista de Musicología 28, no.2:1425–34. ISSN 0210-1459
Álvarez-Fernández, <mask>. 2007a. "Posibilidades (e imposibilidades) de los "nuevos medios tecnológicos" en la creación sonora". Sul Ponticello. Revista on-line de estudios musicales 7 (January). ISSN 1697-6886
Álvarez-Fernández, <mask>.2007b. "The Sound of Meaning: Aesthetical Approaches to the Manipulation of Speech Sounds" (seminar syllabus). Anon. [n.d.]. "<mask>-Fernández" Spanish Wikipedia article. Bandrés, Jon. 2011."Nace SON, festival para la nueva generación de artistas sonoros españoles". RTVE.ES, 8 April 2011. Correa, Sergio. 2007. "Nuevos instrumentos para música nueva". BBC MUNDO.COM, 27 March 2007. Prieto, Ruth.2013. "No puedo entender la música como algo distinto de la política, interview with <mask>-Fernández". El Compositor Habla, April 2013. Reverter, Arturo. 2011. "SON. Músicadhoy se asoma a la cantera".El Cultural 8 April 2011. Sánchez, Sergio. 2013. "España electroacústica, interview with <mask>-Fernández". Blog del experto FNAC, 2 August 2013. Scaravaggi, Silvia. [n.d.] "Alvarez-Fernandez: Sound Amateur".Digimag 27, sept 07. Experimental musicians
Sound artists
Spanish installation artists
Spanish contemporary artists
21st-century classical composers
Spanish musicologists
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Artists from Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Living people
1979 births
University of Oviedo alumni
Spanish radio personalities
21st-century male musicians

masks:
Miguel Álvarez Fernández
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel
Miguel
Miguel
Miguel
Miguel
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez
Miguel Álvarez