title: Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

texts:
<mask> () (28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810), later Princess Dashkova, was an influential noblewoman, a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment and a close friend of Empress Catherine the Great. She was part of the coup d'état that placed Catherine on the throne, the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences, the first woman in Europe to hold a government office  and the president of the Russian Academy, which she helped found. She also published prolifically, with original and translated works on many subjects, and was invited by Benjamin Franklin to become the first female member of the American Philosophical Society. Early life and education

Born Countess <mask>na Vorontsova, she was the daughter of Count Roman Vorontsov, a member of the Senate, and  his wife Marfa Surmina. Her uncle Mikhail Illarionovich and older brother Alexander both served as Imperial Chancellor. Her younger brother Semyon was a Russian ambassador to Great Britain, and a celebrated Anglophile. She had two older sisters: Maria, later Countess Buturlin, who married Count Peter Buturlin, and Elizabeth, who married state advisor Alexander Polyansky.Among her godparents were  Empress Elizabeth I and Grand Duke Peter Petrovich, later Emperor Peter III; her mother was a lady-in-waiting and very close friend of the Empress. When <mask> was just 2 years old, Marfa died and Count Roman was an absent father, so the children were sent to different places. Alexander continued to live with their father, but Semyon was raised in the countryside by their grandfather and the three sisters went to live with their uncle Mikhail at the lavish Vorontsov Palace. He provided his nieces with an exceptionally good education and spared no expenses with them, the girls being treated by the best doctors and spoiled with fine clothes and jewellery. <mask> learned several languages (Russian, French, Italian and German), studied Mathematics at the University of Moscow and read French literature – according to her memoirs, her favourites were Bayle, Montesquieu, Boileau and Voltaire. She also developed an interest in politics at a very young age and was allowed by her uncle to go through his papers, reading diplomatic letters from Russian ambassadors to illustrious foreigners like the Emperor of China (the content of which she describes in her memoirs), which gave her an inside look at how diplomacy worked. She grew up a well-educated, well-read, bright and intelligent girl.Life at court and marriage
Just like her older sisters, <mask> went to live at the Russian court when she became a teenager and, by favour of her godmother Empress Elizabeth I, appointed as one of her maids-of-honour. There, she became acquainted with the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alexeyevna, 14 years older than her, and the pair bonded over their love of literature, particularly French Enlightenment authors, like Voltaire. She supported the Grand Duchess through her difficult marriage to Grand Duke Peter Petrovich. For <mask>'s embarrassment, her sister Elizabeth became Peter's mistress. At 15, she met 22-year-old Second Lieutenant Prince Mikhail Dashkov of the Imperial Guards and the two fell in love. The couple went to live in Moscow and married a year later, in February 1759. She became known as Princess Vorontsova-Dashkova  or simply Princess Dashkova.The couple had three children: Anastasia (born in February 1760), Mikhail (born in January 1761) and Pavel (born in May 1763). Her son Mikhail died in the autumn of 1762. Catherine's coup d'état
The couple was close friends with Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alexeyevna and disliked the Grand Duke Peter, fearing for the future of Russia under the rule of the pro-Prussia future tsar. In December 1761, Empress Elizabeth became severely ill and died January 5, 1762. Her nephew ascended the throne, began undoing her policies and kept a submissive position towards his idol and Russia's enemy, Frederick the Great, much to the displeasement of his court and military. <mask>, along with several nobleman and members of the Imperial Guards, lead a coup d'état against him on June 28, 1762, that put his wife on the throne. She continued to be loyal to the newly crowned Empress Catherine.However, their friendship gave place to a more estranged relationship as <mask> often disliked the men the Empress took as lovers, and often resented the graces and devotion shown to them. She was also disappointed when her request to become a colonel of the Imperial Guards was denied. There were also some tensions over what Catherine the Great called in her letters an exaggerated account of her friend taking the lead part in the coup d'état. She may have also done this to belittle <mask>'s resolve and ambition, which made her a potential rival in her eyes, capable of taking her away from the throne as she had been of putting her there. Foreign travels

When Prince Dashkov died in 1764, <mask> decided to ask to leave court and was granted permission, starting in 1768 a 14 year-long journey through Europe, where she was welcomed in several courts with respect and admiration. Paris

In Paris, she became good friends with Diderot and Voltaire, who admired and respected her. She also met Benjamin Franklin in the French capital on February 3, 1781  and the two became close friends, corresponding frequently and showing mutual respect and admiration.United Kingdom And Ireland

<mask> also corresponded with Garrick, Dr. Blair, and Principal William Robertson, meeting them during her visit to the United Kingdom and entrusting the education of her son Pavel to the latter. She was also friends with English painter Georgiana Hare-Naylor, daughter of Jonathan Shipley, whom she met in London. She lived in Edinburgh from December 1776 to June 1779 at Palace of Holyrood, where she was involved and wounded in a sword duel with another lady, and donated a collection of Russian commemorative medals to the University of Edinburgh on the occasion of her son Pavel's graduation fom that school. Having recovered from her duel wound, she traveled to Ireland to visit her friend Lady Catherine Hamilton, daughter of John Ryder, the Archbishop of Tuam. She can be seen in a painting by Francis Wheatley watching from a balcony a review of the Dublin Volunteers on November 4, 1779, during her Irish visit. Career
At the end of 1782, <mask> returned to Russia and was welcomed by the Empress. Her son Pavel had become an adjutant of Grigory Potyomkin and married a lower-class woman, Anna Alferova, in January 1788, later leaving her for his mistress.Her daughter Anastasia was forced into an arranged marriage, ending in debt and involved in many scandals. In January 1783, the princess was appointed director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences (known now as the Russian Academy of Sciences) by Catherine the Great. She became the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences. Famous in her own right as a philologist, she guided the ailing Academy to prominence and intellectual respectability. In October 1783, <mask> was also named the first president of the newly created Russian Academy and launched a project for the creation of a 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages in 1789.In 1783, she was the first foreign woman elected an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was invited by her friend Benjamin Franklin to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society in 1789. Exile and death

When the Empress died in 1796 and her son Emperor Paul I succeeded her, <mask> was sent into exile by the new tsar "to meditate on the events of 1762". Eventually, the exile was over on the petition of her friends and she was allowed to spend the last years of her life on her rural estate in Troitskoye, west of Moscow.In 1803, Catherine Hamilton sent her cousin Martha Wilmot (1775–1873) to visit the princess in Russia; in 1805, Wilmot was joined by her sister Catherine (1773–1824) and the two sisters ended up living with <mask> as her companions, editing and translating her memoirs to English (they were originally written in French). Martha was like a daughter to the princess, who even called the Anglo-Irish woman Mavra Romanovna as if she had actually adopted her, leaving her a fortune and some material possessions upon her death. Catherine left Russia in 1807 and Martha in October 1808. Her son Pavel died in January 1807 and bequeathed his fortune to his cousin Ivan Vorontsov. <mask> Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova died in Moscow on the 4th of January, 1810, at 66 years of age. Works and legacy
Besides her work on the 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages, <mask> edited a monthly magazine, and wrote at least two novels: The Marriage of Fabian and a comedy entitled Toissiokoff. The University of Edinburgh opened in 2010 the Princess Dashkova Russian Centre in her honor.Her memoirs were published in French in 1804 (Mon Histoire), then edited and translated to English by Martha Wilmot in 1840 in two volumes (Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw, written by herself)) and the Russian version of her memoirs was translated by Alexander Herzen in 1857. Exhibitions
The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment exhibition was held in Philadelphia,  USA from February to December 2006. They met only once, in Paris in 1781. Franklin was 75 and Dashkova was 37. Franklin and Dashkova were both evidently impressed with each other. Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society in 1789. Later, Dashkova reciprocated by making him the first American member of the Russian Academy.The correspondence between Franklin and Dashkova was the highlight of the exhibition. See also
 Maria Choglokova
 Praskovya Bruce

Notes

References

Sources
The princess & the patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin, and the Age of Enlightenment, Volume 96, Part 1, Editor Sue Ann Prince, American Philosophical Society, 2006,
 Woronzoff-Dashkoff, A.  Dashkova: A Life of Influence and Exile. American Philosophical Society: Philadelphia, 2008. The memoirs of Princess Dashkova, Editors Jehanne M. Gheith, Alexander Woronzoff-Dashkoff, Translator Kyril FitzLyon, Duke University Press, 1995,
"Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova Dashkova", Great Women Travel Writers: From 1750 to the Present, Editors Alba Amoia, Bettina Knapp, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006,

External links

The Vorontsov Virtual Museum
Madame Directeur de l'Academie
Brooklyn Museum Heritage Floor: <mask> Dashkova
Russian Princess Stands With Franklin as Comrade of the Enlightenment
 This source reports that Prince Dashkov died three years after his marriage. Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Russian Academy
Moscow State University alumni
Russian memoirists
Countesses of the Russian Empire
1743 births
1810 deaths
18th-century Russian people
People from Saint Petersburg
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Russian women writers
Yekaterina
Age of Enlightenment
Women memoirists
Russian princesses by marriage

masks:
Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova
Yekaterina Romanov
Yekaterina
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Yekaterina


title: William Johnson Temple

type: original

texts:
<mask> (also Johnstone) (1739–1796) was an English cleric and essayist, now remembered as a correspondent of James Boswell. Early life
<mask> was the son of <mask> of Allerdean, near Berwick-on-Tweed, where his father was mayor in 1750 and again in 1754. His mother was Sarah, daughter of Alexander Johnston of Newcastle upon Tyne, who died in 1747. <mask> was baptised at Berwick as "<mask>" on 20 December 1739. He was a fellow-student at the University of Edinburgh with James Boswell, in the class of Robert Hunter. Their correspondence is in print from 29 July 1758, by which time <mask> had left Edinburgh. On 22 May in that year he was admitted pensioner at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and on 5 February 1759 he became a scholar on that foundation.<mask>'s name was taken off the books on 20 November 1761, and he went to London: he and Boswell met as again law students at the end of 1762. <mask> took chambers in Farrar's Buildings, at the bottom of Inner Temple Lane, and in July 1763 he lent these rooms to Boswell. His father became bankrupt towards the close of 1763, and <mask> contributed to him from the proceeds of the small estate which he had inherited from his mother. To enter the church he returned to Trinity Hall, where he was admitted fellow-commoner on 22 June 1763, and took the degree of LL.B. on 28 June 1765, his name being taken off the books on 13 June 1766. <mask> while at Cambridge became a close friends also to Thomas Gray. He remained in touch with Gray's circle, through Norton Nicholls.Churchman
During a visit to London in February 1766 Boswell introduced <mask> to <mask>. On 14 September 1766 he was ordained deacon at Exeter, by Bishop Frederick Keppel, and on the following Sunday he was ordained priest by Keppel at a general ordination in the cathedral. Next day, on the presentation of Wilmot Vaughan, 4th Viscount Lisburne, whose family were connected with Berwick-on-Tweed, he was instituted to the rectory of Mamhead, adjoining Starcross, about ten miles from Exeter. By August 1767 <mask> was married, to a lady with a fortune of £1,300, but the following year, after the bankruptcy of Fenwick Stow, he was again in financial trouble. He corrected Boswell's Account of Corsica (1768). In May 1770 <mask> contemplated separating from his wife, and by the following November he had sold part of his estate. After proceeding to Northumberland on this business, he visited Boswell at Chessel's Buildings, Canongate, Edinburgh (September 1770).In the spring of 1771 he was looking for a chaplaincy abroad. During a visit to London in May 1773 <mask> dined at the house of Charles and Edward Dilly, the publishers in The Poultry, meeting <mask>, Oliver Goldsmith, Bennet Langton, Boswell, and others; and in April 1775 Boswell paid him a visit at Mamhead. In the meantime <mask> published his first essay (1774); Bishop Keppel made him his chaplain, and by November 1775 he had received the promise of another living, St Gluvias with the chapelry of Budock. As vicar of St Gluvias from 1776, <mask> spent the rest of his days. In 1792 the Cornwall Library and Literary Society was founded, mainly through <mask>, at Truro. <mask> died at St Gluvias on 13 August 1796. A monument in the churchyard was erected to the memory of their parents by "the seven remaining children".His second name is there given as Johnstone. Views
<mask> as man of letters compared literary London very unfavourably with Edinburgh. He did not at all share Boswell's adulation of <mask>, and in literary terms was more an ally of Gray and Horace Walpole. A hostile anonymous biographical work, The Character of Doctor <mask> (1792), has been attributed to <mask>, the attribution rating only as "possible" in one authority. It is accepted as <mask>'s work by Thomas Crawford. He preached against bull-baiting. Anti-religious views and a Socinian tendency expressed privately to Boswell in the late 1760s later dropped away.In politics he held radical reforming views, until late in life these were shaken by the outcomes of the French Revolution. Works
<mask>'s writings were:

 An Essay on the Clergy, their Studies, Recreations, Decline of Influence, 1774. On the Abuse of Unrestrained Power (anonymous), 1778. Moral and Historical Memoirs (anonymous), 1779, including Unrestrained Power. These memoirs argued for less foreign travel, less luxury, and for less variety of reading. A short pamphlet on Jacobinism, 1792?. <mask> left unfinished a work on The Rise and Decline of Modern Rome.Some of his letters to Lord Lisburne are in the Egerton MS. His diaries were published in 1929. Boswell correspondence
A character of Thomas Gray was written by <mask> in a letter to Boswell a short time after the poet's death (30 July 1771), and was published by him without permission in the London Magazine for 1772. <mask> incorporated it in his Life of Gray, and <mask> included it in his memoir of Gray in Lives of the Poets. The Boswell–<mask> correspondence was reconstructed and edited over the 19th and early 20th century. A scholarly edition appeared in 1997. The correspondence was discovered by chance in Boulogne in the late 1830s. The Letters of James Boswell, addressed to the Rev.W. J<mask>, appeared in 1856, anonymously edited by Philip Francis the barrister; this edition contained 97 letters, and was a mainstay of Boswell biography. There was another edition in 1908 by Thomas Seccombe. There was an edition of Boswell's letters in 1924 by Chauncey Brewster Tinker; it was flawed as previous editions were by suppression. Some further letters of Boswell to <mask>, and 338 from <mask> to Boswell, came to light in the 20th century. <mask> married Anne Stow, daughter of <mask> and Anne née Blake, sister of Sir Francis Blake. She died on 14 March 1793, aged 46; they had issue in all eleven children (DNB), or eight (ODNB). One son, <mask> (died 19 January 1863), became vice-admiral; another, Octavius <mask> (died 13 August 1834), was governor of Sierra Leone, and father of <mask>.References

External links
WorldCat page
Page at jamesboswell.info. Attribution

1739 births
1796 deaths
English essayists
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century essayists

masks:
William Johnson Temple
William Johnson Temple
William Temple
Temple
William Johnson
Temple
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Samuel Johnson
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Family Temple
William Stow
Francis Temple
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Frederick Temple


title: Kim Ki-young

texts:
<mask>-young (October 10, 1919 – February 5, 1998) was a South Korean film director, known for his intensely psychosexual and melodramatic horror films, often focusing on the psychology of their female characters. <mask> was born in Seoul during the colonial period, raised in Pyongyang, where he became interested in theater and cinema. In Korea after the end of World War II, he studied dentistry while becoming involved in the theater. During the Korean War, he made propaganda films for the United States Information Service. In  1955, he used discarded movie equipments to produce his first two films. With the success of these two films <mask> formed his own production company and produced popular melodramas for the rest of the decade. <mask>'s first expression of his mature style was in his The Housemaid (1960), which featured a powerful femme fatale character.It is widely considered to be one of the best Korean films of all time. After a "Golden Age" during the 1960s, the 1970s were a low-point in the history of Korean cinema because of governmental censorship and a decrease in audience attendance. Nevertheless, working independently, <mask> produced some of his most eccentric cinematic creations in this era. Films such as Insect Woman (1972) and Iodo (1977) were successful at the time and highly influential on the younger generations of South Korean filmmakers both at their time of release, and with their rediscovery years later. By the 1980s, <mask>'s popularity had gone into decline, and his output decreased in the second half of the decade. Neglected by the mainstream during much of the 1990s, <mask> became a cult figure in South Korean film Internet forums in the early 1990s. Widespread international interest in his work was stimulated by a career retrospective at the 1997 Pusan International Film Festival.He was preparing a comeback film when he and his wife were killed in a house fire in 1998. The Berlin International Film Festival gave <mask> a posthumous retrospective in 1998, and the French Cinémathèque screened 18 of <mask>'s films, some newly rediscovered and restored, in 2006. Through the efforts of the Korean Film Council (KOFIC), previously lost films by <mask>-young continue to be rediscovered and restored. Many current prominent South Korean filmmakers, including directors Im Sang-soo, Bong Joon-ho and Park Chan-wook, claim <mask>-young as an influence on their careers. Biography

Early life
<mask>-young was born in the Gyo-dong neighborhood of Seoul—now part of Gyeongun-dong in Jongno-gu—on October 10, 1922. His family had lived in Seoul for several generations, and his grandfather was a guard at Gwanghwamun. <mask>'s family was well-educated and artistically inclined.His father, <mask>-jin, was an English teacher, and his mother, Han Jin-cho, was also a teacher and a graduate of Gyeonggi Women's College. Both painted as a hobby. The family had two daughters, and <mask>-young was their only son. One of his sisters graduated as an art major from Seoul National University, and the other majored in dance at Ewha Womans University. His sisters encouraged the young <mask> to develop his own creativity. The family moved to Pyongyang in 1930, where they stayed for the next 10 years. At Pyongyang National High School, <mask> showed exceptional talent in music, painting and writing, and his studious nature earned him the nickname "Professor of Physics".While still a student, one of <mask>'s poems was published in a Japanese newspaper, and he was awarded first prize in a painting competition. Despite his artistic talents, <mask>'s main interest was medicine, and he applied for entrance into medical school upon graduation from high school in 1940. When he failed to gain admittance, <mask> moved to Japan, planning to study and save up money to reapply for medical school. The theater and cinema grew into lifetime interests at this time. <mask> often went to Kyoto, where he attended many stage productions and saw many international films. Josef von Sternberg's Morocco (1930) and Fritz Lang's M (1931) made a particularly strong impression on him, and their influence was to show in his mature film style. <mask> returned to Korea in 1941, initially planning to work as a dentist, but instead immersing himself in the study of drama.At this time he was particularly interested in classical Greek theater, Ibsen and Eugene O'Neill. To avoid conscription by the Japanese into the military, <mask> returned to Japan briefly before 1945. He returned to Pyongyang where he studied Stanislavsky's theories of acting and founded a theatrical group called "The Little Orchid". In 1946 <mask> enrolled in Seoul Medical School, Seoul National University, and graduated with a major in dentistry in 1950. While attending university, his theatrical activities continued. He founded the National University Theater in 1949, and with this group staged many works of the Western theater, including Ibsen's Ghosts, Čapek's Robots, Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, and works by Chekhov and O'Neill. The main actress <mask> worked with while at the university was <mask>-bong, who would later become his wife.Film career
<mask> was working as an intern at Seoul University Medical Clinic when the Korean War broke out. He went to Pusan on June 1, 1951, the day the North Korean army retreated. In Pusan, <mask> met Oh Young-jin, a fellow Pyongyang National High School graduate. Oh, who would later write the screenplay to the popular film The Wedding Day (1956), was producing newsreels for the Korean News through the Bureau of Public Information, and helped <mask> get a job writing screenplays with this organization. With Oh's help, <mask> was able to get a job working for the United States Information Service in Jinhae. The job helped shape <mask>'s life in several ways. With the increase in pay he received from the U.S.I.S., he was able to marry <mask>-bong in 1951, and their first son, <mask>-won, was born in 1952.They would have a daughter born in 1955 and a second son, <mask>-yang, born in 1958. The two remained married for the rest of their lives. <mask>-bong supported her husband's filmmaking career through her dental practice, giving him a unique degree of independence among Korean filmmakers of his era to pursue his own personal visions. At a career retrospective during the last year of his life, <mask> commented, "My wife's support has been unflagging over the years, even if, at times, she has seen one of my films and cried 'What have you done with my money?' But at rare moments like this retrospective, she becomes very emotional, recognizing that finally it has all been worthwhile." <mask> filmed about 20 documentaries for the U.S.I.S. with such titles as Diary of the Navy and I Am a Truck for "Liberty  News".The latter title was given an award by the U.S. State Department. The training and equipment <mask> gained while working on these propaganda newsreels for the U.S.I.S. also enabled him to direct his first commercial film, Box of Death (1955). <mask> used expired film stock and a manually operated camera from the U.S.I.S. to make this debut feature, an anti-communist melodrama about war orphans. The film, now lost, showed stylistic influences from the Italian neo-realists and was the first Korean film to employ synchronous sound. With the success of this first film, <mask> was able to direct his second feature, the historical costume drama Yangsan Province (also 1955), again using primitive equipment obtained from the U.S.I.S.Although <mask> claimed to have based the film on a traditional song he learned from his mother, no exact source for the story has been found. It is suspected that the director made up the story himself, modeling it on traditional stories such as Chunhyangjeon, Lee Kyu-hwan's remake of which had recently become a major success, stimulating a rebirth in Korean cinema. After Lee's Chunhyangjeon, Yangsan Province was the second most successful Korean film of 1955. Though a popular success, critics of the time were not kind to Yangsan Province. Yoo Do-yeon called the film a "work of bad taste," and Heo Baek-nyeon said that it "debases the dignity of Korean cinema." As his only surviving film of the 1950s, Yangsan Province sheds considerable light on <mask>-young's early career. In an era in which Korean film critics considered realism to be important, the now-lost ending to Yangsan Province, in which two dead lovers ascend to heaven on a beam of light, was harshly criticized.In light of <mask>'s later career, critics today believe that this cut scene displays some of the most recognizable characteristics of <mask>'s mature style such as an interest in the fantastic, and a jarring blending of genres. Other motifs that were to be explored in depth in <mask>'s later work can also be found in Yangsan Province, such as animal imagery, particularly the use of hens as a representation of fertility and sexuality. In 1956 <mask> started Kim Ki-young Productions, and began making melodramas, the most popular film genre in South Korea at the time. His first independent production was Touch-Me-Not (1956). In 1957, <mask> was living near the red-light district of Yongsan, and the atmosphere of this neighborhood influenced his films, A Woman's War and Twilight Train (both 1957). With First Snow (1958), <mask> moved from melodrama to a more socially conscious realism. Defiance of a Teenager (1959) and Sad Pastorale (1960) followed in this style.Defiance of a Teenager was one of <mask>'s most successful and respected early works, and he attended the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1960 for a showing of this film. The Housemaid

1960 was a critical year for South Korea, marking the end of the rule of Syngman Rhee through the civilian April Revolution. In 1962, another military authoritarian, General Park Chung-Hee, would ascend to power and rule South Korea for nearly two decades. The short period of relative freedom between these two administrations was known as the Second Republic. During this time, filmmakers took advantage of the relaxation of governmental control over the film industry to create several boldly experimental works. Director Yu Hyun-mok's film Aimless Bullet (1960) dates from this period, as does <mask>-young's major breakthrough, The Housemaid (also 1960). A lurid, expressionistic melodrama set in an eerie house, involving sexual obsessions, murder and rats, this is the first film in which <mask>'s mature style is fully evident, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Korean films ever made.The film is a domestic thriller telling of a family's destruction by the introduction of a sexually predatory femme fatale into the household. A composer has just moved into a two-story house with his wife and two children. When his wife becomes

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title: Kim Ki-young

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 exhausted from working at a sewing machine to support the family, the composer hires a housemaid to help with the work around the house. The new housemaid behaves strangely, catching rats with her hands, spying on the composer, seducing him and eventually becoming pregnant by him. The composer's wife convinces the housemaid to induce a miscarriage by falling down a flight of stairs. After this incident, the housemaid's behavior becomes increasingly more erratic. She kills the composer's son, and then persuades the composer to commit suicide with her by swallowing rat poison.The film ends with the composer reading the story from a newspaper with his wife. The narrative of the film has apparently been told by the composer, who then warns the film audience that this is just the sort of thing could happen to anyone. The Housemaid marked <mask>'s full break with realism, the main style of Korean cinema at the time, into his own version of expressionism. The plot, themes and even character names set out in The Housemaid were to be revisited by <mask> repeatedly in his later career. Besides the first film, the official "Housemaid Trilogy" consists of Woman of Fire (1971) and Woman of Fire '82 (1982). Also, at least two other later films—Insect Woman (1972) and Beasts of Prey (1985)—are, in some ways, remakes of The Housemaid. By using the story as a template, <mask> was able to emphasize different aspects of the scenario, and to concentrate on different details and aspects of the central situation with each new re-telling.Mid-career
<mask> solidified his break with cinematic realism by following The Housemaid with two more films exploring styles and mixing genres, radically new for Korean cinema at the time. The Sea Knows (1961) transcended its roots in the standard anti-Japanese World War II film to become a distinctive examination of humanity, sadism, greed, lust for power and sexuality. The box-office success of this film enabled <mask> to buy his first house, in the Namsan district of Seoul. Goryeojang (1963), dealt with a similar subject matter as The Ballad of Narayama (1983), directed by Shohei Imamura, a filmmaker with whom <mask> has often been compared. <mask>'s version of the story is marked by his mixing of genres. For example, he frames the story—which deals with an ancient tradition in which elders were abandoned to die—within a modern lecture on birth control. Some of the characteristic traits of <mask>'s mature style, first seen in these three films, are gothic excess, surrealism, horror, perversions and sexuality.Although in stark contrast to the realism, harmony, balance and sentimentality typical of Korean cinema of the time, <mask>'s films, in an eccentric and metaphorical way, deal with the realities of postwar, industrializing South Korean society and psychology. After having firmly established his auteur status with these films, <mask>'s unique vision began to wane in his films of the later 1960s. During the 1970s, South Korea's film industry was at a low point due to government censorship and underfunding. Because of the poor state of the local film industry, cinema attendance in South Korea had dropped drastically since its high-point in the 1960s. <mask>-young, however, working independently in B-movie-like genre films, began to produce some of his most innovative and personal works at this time. <mask> fully regained his auteurist spirit with Woman of Fire (1971), the second of his Housemaid trilogy. The use of color, particularly reds and blues to express the anxiety and desires of the film's characters, distinguished this film from the original Housemaid'''s dark, shadowy black-and-white photography.For this film, <mask> was named Best Director at the Blue Dragon Film Awards and actress Youn Yuh-jung was given Special Mention for Best Actress at the Festival de Cine de Sitges. Not only popular with the critics, <mask>'s independently produced films were box-office successes during this era in which most films were harmed through heavy governmental interference. In 1972 <mask>'s Insect Woman was the only film to sell more than 100,000 tickets in Seoul and won <mask> the Best Director prize at the Baeksang Arts Awards in 1973. "I'm a scientist specializing in medicine. That makes me close to a technician... In some ways, human beings are more accurate than machines. Of course, that depends on their expertise.As an independent producer, I have to be a type of skilled laborer. There were many times that I had to make a film quickly. At those times, I kept entertainment-value in mind. Not once have I made a film for the sake of making the film itself. My taste is in looking through the camera. Filming happens to correspond with that taste. Art films are what Yu Hyun-mok makes.That's because director Yu wants to make art films. I just make films by following my heart, so the analysis I leave to all of you. "— <mask>-youngAlthough a critically acclaimed, financially successful independent filmmaker, <mask> was not immune from governmental pressure. He filmed Ban Geum-ryeon in 1975, but it was banned at the time, and not released until 1981, with 40 minutes of footage censored. The government also coerced <mask> into making an anti-Communist propaganda film. The resulting film, Love of Blood Relations (1976), transcended the bounds of propaganda by portraying the communist agent as one of <mask>'s typical femme fatale characters. <mask> later commented, "North or south, capitalist or communist, ideology is far less interesting to me than the things that divide the sexes."Film professor and programmer for the Pusan International Film Festival, Lee Yong-kwan calls Iodo (1977) <mask>'s best film, and Variety's Seoul-correspondent Darcy Paquet calls it "one of Korean cinema's most compelling, unnerving depictions of the primal forces that motivate humankind." An examination of environmental, religious, social and sexual taboos, the film culminates in a scene of necrophilia that Paquet calls "one of the most shocking, brazen sequences ever shot by a Korean filmmaker". Rediscovery and later life
<mask>'s associates characterize the director as an eccentric individual. Tokyo International Film Festival programming director Kenji Ishizaka recalls that <mask>'s way of writing a screenplay was to walk away from home for three months. He would shut himself up in a cheap hotel, listen to neighborhood gossip, and write all night in the dark. South Korean film critic Lee Young-il remembers that <mask>'s shoes were never shined, and that one of his few material pleasures was gourmet coffee. <mask>-young's unconventional and nonconformist nature also prevented him from participating in South Korea's mainstream film industry.The only official title he held within the film community was member of The National Academy of Arts, which he joined in 1997, and he did not cultivate friendships with journalists who could further his career. Nevertheless, since the early 1960s, <mask>-young's status as one of the greatest and most original Korean film directors had never been in doubt. His stylistic preoccupation with sexuality, horror and melodrama had earned <mask> the nickname, "Mister Monster" from his admirers. However, by the 1980s <mask>'s career had fallen into neglect. His continued fascination with B-movie exploitation themes as well as the increasingly obsessive and subversive nature of his films resulted in his isolation from the film community, and in financial failures at the box-office. The last of the Housemaid trilogy, Woman of Fire '82 (1982) is an even more radicalized and baroque retelling of the same basic story he had filmed numerous times in the previous two decades. By the mid-1980s, <mask>'s film output had slowed and finally stopped.In the early 1990s <mask>'s work began to be rediscovered by South Korean cult film fans who discussed his films through the Internet and exchanged hard-to-find copies by videotape. Noticing this growing domestic <mask>-young cult, the Dongsung Cinematheque, an art-house theater in Seoul, programmed a retrospective showing of <mask>'s films. With his profile again high in Korean film society, <mask>'s work began to attract international attention. Five of his films were screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival in 1996. When <mask>-young's career was highlighted at the second Pusan International Film Festival in 1997, his work found enthusiastic new audiences in the international film community. The strongly positive reception of <mask>'s work by international audiences surprised the festival organizers, who immediately began receiving requests for overseas retrospectives of <mask>'s career. With this renewed interest, <mask> began work on a comeback film to be titled Diabolical Woman.The Berlin International Film Festival invited him to attend a showing of his films in 1998. Before <mask> started work on the film or attended the festival, he and his wife were killed in a house fire caused by an electrical short circuit on February 5, 1998. <mask>-young's death did not stop the revival of interest in his films. A six-film retrospective of <mask>'s career was shown in San Francisco twice in 1998. Within the year, <mask>'s films were screened at the Belgrade International Film Festival, the London Pan-Asian Film Festival, the Estate Romana and the Paris Videothèque. Few prints of Korean films before the 1970s survive, and at one  point 90% of <mask>'s output was considered lost. Under the "Kim Ki-young Renaissance Project", the Korean Film Council (KOFIC) has worked to find <mask>'s lost films and to restore those that are damaged.In 2006, the French Cinémathèque presented 18 of <mask>'s films, many of them newly rediscovered and restored through the efforts of the KOFIC. During his lifetime, <mask> gained many supporters among the younger generation of South Korean directors. Park Kwang-su reportedly admires <mask>-young above all other directors, and Lee Chang-ho is another of <mask>'s followers. In the years since his death, <mask>'s influence on Korean cinema has continued to be seen through the work of the current generation of South Korean filmmakers, including such prominent directors as Im Sang-soo and <mask>-duk. Bong Joon-ho calls <mask> his mentor and favorite director. Park Chan-wook names The Housemaid'' as one of the films which most influenced his career, and says of <mask>-young, "He is able to find and portray beauty in destruction, humor in violence and terror." Filmography

See also
List of Korean film directors
Cinema of Korea

Notes

Bibliography

  – an extensive page of critical writings

1919 births
1998 deaths
People from Seoul
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean film directors
South Korean anti-communists
Accidental deaths in South Korea
South Korean

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title: Jeff Jarvis

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<mask> (born July 15, 1954) is an American journalist, associate professor, public speaker and former television critic. He advocates the Open Web and argues that there are many social and personal benefits to living a more public life on the Internet. Career
<mask> began his career in journalism in 1972 writing for the Addison Herald-Register, a local weekly newspaper at which he was the sole journalist. In 1974 <mask> was an undergraduate in the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University when he was hired by the Chicago Tribune. He completed his degree and holds a BSJ from Northwestern. <mask> went on to work as a television critic for TV Guide and People magazines. In 1984, while still at People, <mask> proposed the idea for Entertainment Weekly, a magazine which he hoped would feature "tough reviews and offbeat subjects" pertaining to the entertainment industry.The first issue was published in February 1990, with <mask> as creator and managing editor. On June 12 of the same year, <mask> left the publication; spokesman Peter Castiglio cited "creative differences" between <mask> and senior management as the cause for his departure. <mask> was the resident "couch critic" at TV Guide throughout the 1990s. <mask> is former Sunday editor and associate publisher of the New York Daily News and a former columnist for the San Francisco Examiner. He was president and creative director of Advance Internet—the online arm of Advance Publications—until 2005. He has consulted for numerous other media companies. In 2005, he became an associate professor at City University of New York's Graduate School of Journalism, directing its new media program.<mask> is the creator of the popular weblog BuzzMachine, which tracks developments in new media and chronicles some of the author's personal obsessions, such as the fortunes of radio host Howard Stern. He gained national notoriety when he wrote about his negative experiences in dealing with Dell Computer's customer support system on the website. Along with Leo Laporte, <mask> is a co-host on This Week in Google, a live-streamed podcast show on the TWiT Network which covers Google and cloud computing. Books
In 2009, <mask> wrote a book called, What Would Google Do? In the book, he argues that companies and individuals should study and perhaps copy Google's methods for succeeding at Internet entrepreneurship. <mask> said of the book, "Just as I try to look admiringly from a distance at Google, I include anecdotes and examples from Mark Zuckerberg at Facebook and Craig Newmark at Craigslist and <mask> at Amazon." In 2011, <mask> published Public Parts: How Sharing in the Digital Age Improves the Way We Work and Live, in which he defends the openness of the Internet, discusses ways in which the Internet has made modern life public, and argues against regulations to protect privacy.Public Parts was reviewed scathingly by fellow Internet scholar Evgeny Morozov in the November 3, 2011, issue of The New Republic. In 2012, <mask> published the Kindle single Gutenberg the Geek, in which he suggests that Johannes Gutenberg was "the world's first technology entrepreneur" and was comparable to Steve Jobs because they both "accomplished greatness through trial and error, vision, and determination." Politics
<mask> describes himself as "a liberal: a centrist leaning left" and his espoused philosophy falls solidly left. A Democrat, he claims to have voted party-line in most elections. Nonetheless, he notes that he upsets some Democrats for not always agreeing with them and for linking to those with whom they disagree. <mask> says that is why he likes the blogosphere so much: because it allows him to talk with people whose opinions do not align with his views. <mask> also describes himself as "a post-9/11 hawk."Personal life
On Monday, August 10, 2009, <mask> announced on his blog that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. The cancer was detected at an early stage and was subsequently treated by robotic surgery. He was pronounced "cured" as the cancer was contained in the prostate and had not spread to other organs. His very public revelation and reporting of his condition was (according to <mask>) partially motivated by, in his words, the hope "to be one more guy to convince you men to get your PSA checked: a small mitzvah in return for my luck." He is married to Tammy. Twitter parody
<mask> is the subject of a popular Twitter parody account, @ProfJeffJarvis, curated by Rurik Bradbury. The parody account has been enthusiastically received among many in media circles with over 30,000 followers."I chose <mask> because he epitomizes a certain type of 'thinkfluencer,' " Bradbury explains, "someone with an online influence massively greater than the thoughtfulness of his positions. It's all style and rhetorical flourishes which don't stand up to scrutiny—but do grab attention." <mask> is not a fan of @ProfJeffJarvis, calling Bradbury, "my minor tormentor, my idiot imposter, my personal troll." He reached out to a Twitter executive to complain, but declined to pursue further action. References

External links

 BuzzMachine.com

 <mask>' audio account of his personal experience of the attack on the World Trade Center
 The World Trade Center Tragedy: An eyewitness account, <mask>' written account of 9/11
 BusinessWeek podcast with <mask>, about Recovery 2.0, September 2005
 <mask>, On the Inside, Blogging Out, Washington Post article, May 2005
 Corante.com interview with <mask> in The Future of Digital Media series, November 2004
 Criticism of <mask>' credentials as "Web Guru," by Ron Rosenbaum, Slate,  Nov. 11, 2008
 Cover story about <mask> as a "Web Guru," by John Koblin, The New York Observer, Nov. 25, 2008
 Conversation with <mask>, Intruders tv, May 5, 2009 Video
 Interview in Italian, Il Sole 24 Ore
 Interview with <mask>: Social Media Challenges International Organizations by Joerg Wolf, Atlantic Community

American male journalists
American television critics
American bloggers
Chicago Tribune people
Medill School of Journalism alumni
1954 births
Living people
CUNY Graduate School of Journalism faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Chicago
New York Daily News people
21st-century American non-fiction writers
San Francisco Examiner people
American technology writers
Historians of American media
Internet theorists
Illinois Democrats
TWiT.tv people
American male bloggers

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title: Hideo Kobayashi

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was a Japanese author, who established literary criticism as an independent art form in Japan. Early life
<mask> was born in the Kanda district of Tokyo, where his father was a noted engineer who introduced European diamond polishing technology to Japan, and who invented a ruby-based phonograph needle. <mask> studied French literature at Tokyo Imperial University, where his classmates included Hidemi Kon and Tatsuji Miyoshi. He met Chūya Nakahara in April 1925, with whom he quickly became close friends, but in November of the same year, began living together with Nakahara's former mistress, the actress Yasuko Hasegawa. <mask> graduated in March 1928, and soon after moved to Osaka for a few months before moving to Nara, where he stayed at the home of Naoya Shiga from May 1928. His relationship with Yasuko Hasegawa ended around this time. In September 1929, he submitted an article to a contest hed by the literary journal Kaizō, and won second place.Literary critic
In the early 1930s <mask> was associated with the novelists Yasunari Kawabata and Riichi Yokomitsu and collaborated on articles for the literary journal Bungakukai and became editor in January 1935. At that time <mask> felt literature should be relevant to society, with writers and critics practicing social responsibilities. His editorials covered a wide range from contemporary literature to the classics, philosophy, and the arts. He began to serialize his life of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the magazine. Around this time, he also published Watakushi Shosetsu Ron, an attack on the popular Japanese literary genre of the shishosetsu, the autobiographical novel or I Novel. From April 1932, he was also working as a lecturer at Meiji University and was promoted to professor in June 1938. By the mid-1930s, <mask> was well established as a literary critic.His aversion to abstract ideas, and conceptualizing in general, was widely known, as was his preference for spontaneity and intuition. In literature, he reserved his highest praise for the works of Kan Kikuchi and Naoya Shiga, whereas he expressed a low opinion of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa for being too cerebral. He made Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture his home from 1931 and was a central figure in local literary activity. Wartime propagandist
In politics, <mask> praised the writings of militant nationalist Shūmei Ōkawa. In November 1937, he wrote a strongly worded essay Senso ni tsuite ("On War"), which appeared in a leading intellectual magazine, Kaizō. In the essay, he lashed out at fellow writers and intellectuals who continued to oppose the growing war in China, sharply reminding them that their duty as subjects of the emperor took precedence over all else. It made little difference what the war is about, all that mattered was that it existed and must be dealt with.<mask> treated the war as if it were an act of nature, such as a storm, impervious to analysis and beyond human control. Just as a storm must be weathered, a war must be won, regardless of right or wrong. <mask> went to China for the first time in March 1938 as a special correspondent for the popular magazine Bungeishunjū, and as a guest of the Imperial Japanese Army. This was the first of six wartime trips to the continent, which took him through Japanese-occupied areas of eastern and northern China. In 1940, together with Kan Kikuchi and fifty-two other writers including Kawabata Yasunari and Riichi Yokomitsu, <mask> toured Japan, Korea, and Manchukou as members of the Literary Home-Front Campaign (Bungei Jugo Undo), a speech-making troupe organized by Kikuchi to promote support for the war. Later career
Following the end of World War II, <mask> was sharply attacked by leftists for his collaboration with the Japanese military, but the US occupation authorities never filed any charges against him, and he was not even purged from public life. <mask>'s reputation as a brilliant literary critic emerged from the war largely intact.He resigned from teaching at Meiji University in August 1946. An anthology of his works was awarded the Japan Art Academy Prize in 1951. In the post-war period, <mask> started a business as an antique dealer (amassing a considerable collection of Japanese art in the process), traveled to Europe, wrote essays and gave lectures on a huge variety of subjects, made radio broadcasts, took part in dialogues with writers, artists and scientists, and wrote about golf. His  Watashi no jinseikan ("My View of Life") and Kangaeru hinto ("Hints for Thinking") became bestsellers. In 1958, <mask> was awarded the Noma Literary Prize for Kindai kaiga ("Modern Paintings"). <mask> became a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1959, and was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1967. <mask> died of renal failure on March 1, 1983.His grave is at the temple of Tōkei-ji in Kamakura. Honours and awards
 1953 - Yomiuri Prize
 1958 - Noma Literary Prize
 1959 - Japan Art Academy member
 1963 - Person of Cultural Merit
 1967 - Order of Culture

Legacy
The Kobayashi Hideo Prize (Kobayashi Hideo Shō) was established in 2002 by the Shinchō Bungei Shinkō Kai (Shinchō Society for the Promotion of the Literary Arts). It is awarded annually to a work of nonfiction published in Japanese, between July 1 and the following June 30, that offers a fresh image of the world based on the demonstration of a free spirit and supple intellect. The winner receives a commemorative gift and a cash award of 1 million yen. See also
Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors

External links

Japan Focus article on Kobayashi Hideo
Site on Shinchosha Publishing Company (Japanese)

References
 Anderer, Paul. ed. Literature of the Lost Home: Kobayashi Hideo Literary Criticism, 1924-1939.Stanford University Press (1995). Dorsey, James. _Critical Aesthetics: <mask> Hideo, Modernity, and Wartime Japan_ (Harvard Asia Center/Harvard UP, 2009). ;
 Takamizawa, Junko. My Brother Hideo <mask>. University of Hawaii Press (2001). 1902 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Japanese male writers
Japanese literary critics
Writers from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Deaths from kidney failure
20th-century Japanese writers

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title: Viktor Postol

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<mask> (; born 16 January 1984) is a Ukrainian professional boxer who held the WBC light-welterweight title from 2015 to 2016 and challenged twice for the WBO light-welterweight title in 2016 and in 2020. As of May 2021, he is ranked as the world's fifth best active light-welterweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and by BoxRec and fourth by The Ring magazine. Professional career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut on 1 October 2007 at the age of 23 against Zsolt Vicze, stopping him in round 2. He won his next fourteen bouts fighting in countries Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, Spain, Russia and Georgia. <mask>'s first significant title fight came in December 2011 against Karen Tevosyan for the vacant WBC Silver International light welterweight title. <mask> managed to win via unanimous decision to claim the belt. He then successfully defended it against Yvan Mendy and DeMarcus Corley.After vacating the belt, it was announced in February 2013 that <mask> would next fight American boxer Hank Lundy for the vacant WBC International light welterweight title. Lundy was originally due to fight Lucas Matthysse, but the fight fell apart. <mask> won the bout via a 12-round unanimous decision. Two judges scored the fight 116-112 and the remaining judge scored it 116-113 all in <mask>'s favour. Before vacating the belt, <mask> had managed to retain it against Ignacio Mendoza. On 7 November 2013, the World Boxing Council ordered a final eliminator for their super lightweight title, held at the time by unified champion Danny García, which would see <mask> fight Turkish boxer Selçuk Aydin (26-2, 19 KOs). Before engaging in the eliminator, <mask> finished the year with a dominant decision win over tough journeyman Behzod Nabiyev (22-6-1, 16 KOs) at the SportLife club in Kyiv, Ukraine.Over 10 rounds, Nabiyev was dropped once in round 4 and twice in the final round. The three judges scored all rounds for Postol (100-79). In February 2014, a purse bid took place where Elite Boxing Promotions bid an amount of $120,000, which was more than Aydin's promoter Ahmet Oner offer, which was $50,000. Due to Postol's team winning the bid, the fight was likely set for Ukraine. It was instead announced to take place at The Forum in Inglewood, California on the undercard of Márquez vs. Alvarado on 17 May 2014. On his American debut, <mask> stopped Aydin in round 11 to become the mandatory challenger for the WBC title. The time of stoppage was 2:52 of the round.On 19 August 2014, the WBC ordered <mask> vs. García and scheduled purse bids for 12 September. This was then pushed back to 10 October. On 11 October, Postol's manager Vadim Kornilov stated a deal was close to being reached for García to make a voluntary defence before fighting <mask>. Kornilov said, "There is a step aside agreement that we have almost finalized. <mask> and García will both get options to take other fights over the next 4 months and then <mask> will again be in the mandatory position to fight the WBC champion." Both camps agreed the step-a-side deal the same day. <mask> next planned to fight again in December 2014.Having not fought in December 2014, in January 2015, <mask> announced that he would fight on the undercard of Danny García vs. Lamont Peterson on 11 April at the Barclays Center in New York. Kornilov announced his opponent to be Jake Giuriceo (17-2-1, 4 KOs) in a scheduled 10 round bout. This was later shortened to 8 rounds. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision after 8 rounds. WBC super lightweight champion

<mask> vs. Matthysse
It was announced that <mask> would fight Lucas Matthysse (37-3, 34 KOs) in a scheduled 12 round bout for the WBC light welterweight title vacated by Danny García in order to move up to the welterweight division in August, at the StubHub Center in Carson, California on 3 October 2015. The camps made a deal just in time to avoid a WBC purse bid scheduled for Monday. After waiting 17 months for a world title shot, <mask> outboxed and outpunched Matthysse before knocking him out with a right hand to the eye in the 10th round to punctuate a superb performance and win a vacant 140-pound world title before 7,025 at the StubHub Centerr.Round after round, <mask> attacked Matthysse to the body and kept his jab in his face. Matthysse landed a few hard right hands that rocked <mask> during the middle rounds, but not enough to do any serious damage. In the 10th round, <mask> nailed Matthysse on the left eye with a clean right hand and he went down. Matthysse got to one knee, but with his head down and dabbing at his eye, referee Reiss counted him out at 2 minutes, 58 seconds. At the time of the knockout, <mask> led 86-85 on two scorecards and Matthysse surprisingly led 86-85 on the other. According to CompuBox punch statistics, <mask> landed 113 of 509 punches (22 percent) and Matthysse connected on 96 of 281 (34 percent). <mask> vs. Crawford
On 3 May 2016 it was finally confirmed that <mask> and Terence Crawford had officially signed a contract for a highly anticipated junior welterweight unification fight on 23 July at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.Both fighters entered the ring with a matched record of 28 wins, no losses. Both men also entered the MGM Grand Garden Arena for the first time in their respective careers. Crawford won by unanimous decision and unified two light welterweight world titles before a crowd of 7,027. Crawford also claimed the vacant Lineal and Ring Magazine titles. Crawford scored two flash knockdowns in the fifth round, on going away on all three scorecards 118-107, 118-107 and 117-108. ESPN.com also scored the fight 118-107 for Crawford. Postol resorted to rabbit punching in the 11th round.He nailed Crawford with a right hand behind the head, for which <mask> was penalized one point, adding to Crawford's advantage. With the victory, Crawford staked his indisputable claim to division supremacy and set himself up for bigger fights, possibly against a returning Manny Pacquiao. Over 12 rounds, Crawford landed 141 of his 388 punches thrown (36%), and  Postol landed 83 of 244 thrown (34%). In the post-fight, Postol praised Crawford, saying "I thought it was a good fight between two technicians, but he was quicker than me. He is one of the best fighters in the world. I just didn't have the answers for him." Crawford also praised his trainer Brian McIntyre, "Freddie Roach and Postol said that Freddie would outcoach my coach, but you tell 'em who got outcoached tonight."McIntyre revealed the plan was to keep <mask> moving, which would have eliminated his jab and right hand. Crawford's purse for the fight was $1.3 million. <mask> earned $675,000 for his part. Some sources stated the fight generated 50,000 PPV buys on HBO. A replay was shown later in the week and drew 378,000, also considered a weak number. Career from 2017 to 2019

<mask> vs. Najmiddinov
After nearly 14 months out, <mask> would make his ring return in his native Ukraine at the AKKO International in Kyiv. Ringtv announced that <mask>, who was still ranked by the WBC at #3, would fight inexperienced Uzbekistani boxer Jamshidbek Najmiddinov (14-0, 9 KOs) on 16 September 2017.<mask> explained his time away from boxing, “After the Crawford fight, I took one month rest and then I got back to the gym. I have been ready to fight within all that time, with any opponent, but the question why I was absent should be directed to my manager.” His manager Vadim Kornilov answered, “We have been looking for the right opportunities for Postol in the United States and it’s been hard to get a TV spot for a non-U.S. fighter lately. We hope to make up for it in the next year.” <mask> had appeared on HBO a total of three times in the past. Kornilov further explained that even when <mask> was winning his fights, the possibility of finding TV opportunities were still slim. <mask> won a hard-fought fight, settling for a unanimous decision against Najmiddinov. Throughout the 10 rounds, Najmiddinov moved around the ring, throwing minimal punches. The opening rounds started with Postol controlling the fight and Najmiddinov swinging, but mostly missing Postol with counters.In round 5, <mask> was floored with a left hook and hit the canvas hard. <mask> beat the count, but on wobbly legs. Najmiddinov looked for the finish, but <mask> survived the round. Najmiddinov couldn't capitalise on the knockdown as <mask> regained his composure and dominated the remainder of the fight. The final judges scorecards read 98-92, 97-92, and 97-92 in favour of <mask>. The WBC super lightweight title became vacant after Terence Crawford decided to move up to welterweight. It was announced that number 1 ranked Amir Imam would fight number 3 ranked Jose Ramirez for the vacant title.WBC President Mauricio Sulaiman then announced that <mask>, who was ranked number 4, would fight number 2 ranked Regis Prograis (20-0, 17 KOs) for the interim WBC title. The winner of both fights would then meet to become the full titleholder. In January 2018, a deal was finally reached for the fight between <mask> and Prograis to take place on 9 March at the Buffalo Run Casino in Miami, Florida. Purse bids were due the next day. On 12 February, ESPN reported that <mask> suffered a fractured thumb and then forced to drop out of the bout. His replacement was confirmed as former unified champion Julius Indongo (22-1, 11 KOs). <mask> vs. Taylor
On 26 April 2018, Cyclone Promotions announced Postol would be fighting their 27 year old rising prospect Josh Taylor at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow on 23 June, with Taylor defending his WBC Silver title and a chance for the winner to become a step closer to challenging for a world title.<mask> was regarded as Taylor's toughest opponent to date in his 12-fight career. In a very competitive fight, <mask> was dropped once and lost a unanimous decision to Taylor. The three judges scored the bout 117-110, 118-110 and 119-108 in favour of Taylor, however some believed the scores were too wide in what appeared a relatively close fight. <mask> started the fight stronger but it was during the middle rounds where Taylor took control, eventually dropping <mask> in round 10. Taylor was being urged by his team throughout the fight, but it was only the second half of the fight where he started being more aggressive and landing to the body. Taylor spent the last few rounds hitting Postol with his signature left hook. Taylor's promoter Barry McGuigan admitted the fight was 'terrific', but stated the scores should have been closer.<mask> vs. Ozgul
On 8 October 2018, the WBC revealed mandatories and eliminators they were looking to enforce in the near future, with one of them being a semi-final eliminator between <mask> and Mohamed Mimoune. On 24 October, <mask> was announced by the World Boxing Super Series as a reserve fighter for Josh Taylor vs. Ryan Martin on 3 November 2018 at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow. It was said that <mask> would fight Turkish boxer Siar Ozgul (14-1, 3 KOs). As a reserve fighter, due to an unlikely scenario where one of the original participants cannot compete, <mask> would step in. <mask> was taken the 10 round distance, dominating the fight. <mask> won via a points decision 99-91 on the referees scorecard. <mask> vs. Mimoune
On 19 March 2019, it was announced that <mask> would fight French boxer Mohamed Mimoune (21-2, 2 KO) in a WBC final eliminator on 27 April.The bout was officially ordered by the WBC in October 2018. The fight was confirmed a week later to be part of a Showtime tripleheader featuring Robert Easter Jr. vs. Rances Barthelemy at The Joint at Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. <mask> defeated Mimoune by a 10 round unanimous decision to become a step closer to challenging WBC champion José Ramírez. <mask> threw punches throughout and got the better of Mimoune in every round of the fight, mostly using his stiff jab and using his reach advantage. Postol managed to knock Mimoune off balance a number of times. By round 8, Mimoune's right eye began to swell. The three judges scored the fight 98-92, 97-93, and 99-91 for Postol.CompuBox showed that <mask> landed 149 of 587 punches thrown (25%) and Mimoune landed 73 of his 306 punches (24%). <mask> attributed the win with Freddie Roach's game plan and that he was able to stay disciplined. Showtime's unofficial judge Steve Farhood, gave Postol all 10 rounds or the fight. <mask> vs. Ramirez
On 29 August, 2020, <mask>, ranked #4 by The Ring and the WBO and #1 by the WBC, fought WBC and WBO super lightweight champion Jose Ramirez. In a very close fight, Ramirez managed to do enough in the eyes of two of the judges two score the majority decision victory. The scorecards read 116-112, 115-113 and 114-114 for Ramirez. Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

References

External links

<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1984 births
People from Velyka Dymerka
Living people
Ukrainian male boxers
World light-welterweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions

masks:
Viktor Vasylovych Postol
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title: Władysław Bortnowski

texts:
<mask> (12 November 1891 – 21 November 1966) was a Polish historian, military commander and one of the highest ranking generals of the Polish Army. He is most famous for commanding the Pomorze Army in the Battle of Bzura during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Also notable for serving as president of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America between 1961 and 1962. Education and the Great War
<mask> was born on 12 November 1891 in Radom, Congress Poland, Russian Empire. Upon graduating from a gymnasium in Zhytomir, he enrolled into the Moscow State University as a medical student, only to transfer after one year to the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. There, he completed his medical studies. From 1908, he was a member of the Union for Active Struggle, and from 1912, a member of the Riflemen's Association.In 1913, he completed his training as a NCO, followed by his graduation as an officer in the ranks of the Rifleman's Association. With the outbreak of the Great War, Bortnowski interrupted his higher studies and joined the Polish Legions where he commanded a platoon in the ranks of the 1st Infantry Regiment. Next, as a Second Lieutenant, he commanded a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment, followed by a position as adjutant of the 7th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Brigade. On Christmas Day 1914, Bortnowski was wounded at the battle of Łowczówek. Following the events of the Oath Crisis in 1917, he was arrested and interned at the Fort Beniaminów POW camp in Beniaminów from July 1917 until his release in April 1918. From his release from Beniaminów to October 1918, Bortnowski acted as commander of the Kraków branch of the Polish Military Organisation. Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War
On October 31, 1918, Lieutenant Colonel Bortnowski joined the Polish Army which was reborn after Poland had regained her independence at the conclusion of World War I.Initially, he led a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment, and was later promoted to lead a battalion of the 5th Infantry Regiment. In November 1918, he participated in both the Sieges of Przemyśl and Lwów. From May 1919, Bortnowski worked as a Teaching Assistant during the very first post-war sessions at the War School of the General Staff of the War College in Warsaw. With the onset of the Polish–Soviet War, Bortnowski remained at his teaching position in Warsaw until December 1919. From October 10, 1919, he served as an operations officer of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division, composed mostly of his colleagues from the Polish Legions. Next, he served as Chief of the 3rd Operational Group Branch led by General Edward Rydz-Śmigły. Next, Bortnowski served as Chief of the 3rd Branch of the 3rd Army, and from October 1920, as Chief of Staff of the 3rd Army led by Zygmunt Zieliński.Interwar period
After the conclusion of the Polish–Soviet War, Bortnowski traveled to Paris, France, where he began training at the École Supérieure de Guerre on November 1, 1920. In September 1922, he graduated and returned to Poland where he received further training at various posts, notably in the staff of the Army Inspectorate in Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania). On August 15, 1924, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and in October of the following year, he became the commanding officer of the Kutno-based 37th Infantry Regiment. After the May Coup d'État in 1926, he served as the Chief of the 3rd Branch of the General Army Staff for two months starting in November. In February 1928, he was appointed commander of the 26th Infantry Division in Skierniewice. From June 1930, he was transferred to Poznań where he was appointed commander of the 14th Infantry Division. In October 1930, was assigned to the Army Inspectorate in Toruń as an officer.On November 1, 1931, he took command of the Zamość-based 3rd Legions Infantry Division, one of the most prestigious units of the Polish Army. On January 1, 1932, Bortnowski was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General by President Ignacy Mościcki. Starting from October 12, 1935, he served as an Inspector General of the Armed Forces at Toruń. In the Autumn of 1938, Bortnowski took command of the Independent Operational Group Silesia which took participation in the occupation of Czechoslovak territory resulting from the Munich Agreement. Specifically, <mask>'s troops occupied the Czechoslovak territory of Zaolzie. The popularity of Bortnowski after his successful invasion and occupation of Zaolzie was so great back in Poland, that he was planned to replace Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły as Commander-in-Chief when the latter was to run for the presidency in the planned 1940 elections. Prior to the outbreak of the September Campaign in September 1939, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Division General on March 1, 1939, and became the commanding officer of Pomeranian Army, the northernmost of the Polish armies to take part in the war.September Campaign
During the September Campaign, also known as the Polish Defensive War, Bortnowski commanded the Pomeranian Army. Having been surrounded from two sides by Nazi German forces, the Pomeranian Army was forced to fight several bloody battles while retreating southwards towards Poznań and Warsaw, including the Battle of Tuchola Forest. On 9 September, Bortnowski subordinated the Pomeranian Army under the Poznań Army led by General Tadeusz Kutrzeba. Next, the combined forces of the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies took part in the Battle of the Bzura, a counter-offensive devised by Kutrzeba. <mask>'s forces were most notable for fighting near the outskirts of Łowicz and Sochaczew. On 14 September, he was ordered to retreat onto the northern side of the Bzura River which resulted in the definite retreat of both the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies towards Warsaw. On 21 September, Borntowski was captured by German forces and held as a prisoner-of-war.German captivity and post-war life
Bortnowski spent the rest of World War II in various Nazi POW camps, such as Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, Oflag VIII-E Johannisbrunn and finally Oflag VII-A Murnau. Liberated in 1945 by American forces, he remained in exile after the war. Initially in Great Britain, where he was one of the founders of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in London, he eventually emigrated to the United States in 1954. He is most commonly associated with the Polish Independence League and the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. He served on the institute's committee starting November 30, 1954. From June 19, 1955, he served as the institute's vice-president, and was appointed President of the Institute in 1961 until 1962. He died on November 21, 1966, in Glen Cove, New York.His funeral took place five days later on November 26, where he was laid to rest at the Our Lady of Czestochowa Cemetery in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Controversy
Prior to his death on September 22, General Mikołaj Bołtuć, an officer serving in Bortnowski's Pomeranian Army, allegedly criticized Bortnowski's leadership during the September Campaign. He supposedly regretted that he had not, "during the first days of the war – during the Battle of Tuchola Forest, put a bullet through his (Bortnowski's) head and assumed command." Additionally, he allegedly stated that "if I die, let it be known that the Army and I died because of this son-of-a-bitch." The above-mentioned statements made by General Bołtuć were publicized by General Wiktor Thommée. On the other hand, Bołtuć's statements regarding Bortnowski and his leadership during September 1939, were contrary to the general opinion of the other officers who had served under Bortnowski's command in the Pomeranian Army. General Bołtuć, who was remembered positively by Bortnowski himself, was supposedly hot-tempered in both word and action.During the September Campaign, Bołtuć dismissed both commanders of the two divisions which were part of his Operational Group. It is alleged that as a result of the bombardment during the Battle of Bzura, as well as the break-through towards the Modlin Fortress, Bołtuć may have suffered from a nervous breakdown. Bołtuć attributed to <mask> the series of disastrous events of September 1939 which eventually resulted in Nazi Germany's and Soviet Russia's occupation of Poland. Specifically, Bołtuć criticized the "absurd" deployment of three large Polish Army units – the Pomeranian Cavalry Brigade, the 9th Infantry Division, and the 27th Infantry Division, into the Polish Corridor, which would allow Germany forces to cut Poland off from access to the Baltic Sea. Bołtuć was correct – General Günther von Kluge's  4th Army quickly utilized this tactical botch. Kluge and his 4th Army captured the Corridor by smashing through the three Polish units, and cut off the rest of Poland from the Baltic coast, where several Polish coastal defense units remained and were forced to defend alone, which resulted in the notable Battle of Hel. On the other hand, General <mask> had known of this tactical absurdity and had unsuccessfully appealed several times to his superiors prior to the invasion.Bołtuć's reaction and criticisms may be justified through the Clausewitzian philosophy, where the commander of a losing army holds the heaviest burden for the loss, for he holds full responsibility for his army. With this interpretation, Bołtuć's criticisms of Bortnowski are justified in that Bortnowski was the commanding officer of the Pomeranian Army. Awards and decorations
Among the military decorations he received are:
 Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari
 Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
 Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości)
 Commander's Cross with Star of the Polonia Restituta (earlier Officer's Cross)
 Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych – 4 times)
 Gold Cross of Merit (Krzyż Zasługi)
 Latvian Order of Lāčplēsis – Third Class Order Number 1904

References

Bibliography
 Konrad Ciechanowski, Armia "Pomorze" 1939, Warszawa, 1983. Jerzy Kirchmayer: Pamiętniki, Warszawa, 1987. Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski, Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Warszawa, 1991. Kazimierz Pindel, Obrona Narodowa 1937–1939, Warszawa, 1979. Piotr Stawecki, Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918–1939, Warszawa 1994.General <mask> Bortnowskiego Archive in the collections of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America

1891 births
1966 deaths
People from Radom
People from Radom Governorate
Polish emigrants to the United States
Polish generals
Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Polish military personnel of World War II
Jagiellonian University alumni
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Independence
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Individuals associated with the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America
20th-century historians
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

masks:
Władysław Bortnowski
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Władysław


title: Timothy F. Jamison

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<mask><mask> is a professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Jose, CA and grew up in neighboring Los Gatos, CA. He received his undergraduate education at the University of California, Berkeley. A six-month research assistantship at ICI Americas in Richmond, CA under the mentorship of Dr. William G. Haag was his first experience in chemistry research. Upon returning to Berkeley, he joined the laboratory of Prof. Henry Rapoport and conducted undergraduate research in his group for nearly three years, the majority of which was under the tutelage of William D. Lubell (now at the University of Montreal). A Fulbright Scholarship supported ten months of research in Prof. Steven A. Benner’s laboratories at the ETH in Zürich, Switzerland, and thereafter he undertook his PhD studies at Harvard University with Prof. Stuart L. Schreiber. He then moved to the laboratory of Prof. Eric N. Jacobsen at Harvard University, where he was a Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell postdoctoral fellow.Career

MIT Professor
In July 1999, <mask> began his independent career at MIT, where his research program focuses on the development of new methods of organic synthesis and their implementation in the total synthesis of natural products. He was tenured in 2006. On July 1, 2015, he became Head of MIT's Chemistry Department, saying "I am honored and delighted to have the opportunity to serve chemistry, the School of Science, and MIT. Research
<mask> is an organic chemist whose research is focused on the discovery and application of new reactions and technologies for organic synthesis. any of the transformations we target are based on common structural motifs or functional group patterns present in molecules provided to us by nature. Developing effective and reliable continuous flow protocols to improve reaction yield, selectivity and minimize safety risks relative to batch conditions. Included are continuous flow protocols to prepare b-amino alcohols, tetrazoles, asymmetric ketones, cyclic carbonates and amide bonds as well as DIBAL-H reductions of esters to aldehydes, oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrogen-free alkene reductions, couplings (Ullmann condensations, Sonogashira couplings) and a variety of transformations mediated by photoredox catalysis.Streamlining multi-step processes: telescoping two or three step reactions into a single, continuous and uninterrupted reactor network to circumvent the need for isolation and/or purification of intermediates. Some examples include developing (a) a continuous protocol for the two-carbon homologation of esters to prepare (a) β-unsaturated esters with high yield and selectivity;  (b) 2-functionalized phenols via benzyne-mediated in-line generation of arylmagnesium intermediates and aerobic oxidation; (c) developing a three-step continuous flow system which integrates in-line isocyanide formation and photochemical cyclization for preparing quinoxaline derivatives and (d) a two-step glycosylation and deprotection sequence to prepare 5’-deoxyribonucleoside pharmaceuticals. Designing integrated continuous manufacturing strategies for preparing active pharmaceutical ingredients. Within a broader context, I also been involved in developing end-to-end manufacturing processes which handle a variety of intermediate reactions, separations, crystallizations as well as drying and formulation to generate active pharmaceutical ingredients in one controlled process. Nickel–Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. The majority of the transformations under investigation are carbon–carbon bond–forming reactions promoted by nickel catalysts. We have discovered a variety of coupling reactions to join a number of different functional groups in highly regio–, stereo– and enantioselective fashion depending on the nature of the supporting ligands on nickel.Epoxide–Opening Cascades. Over two decades ago, Koji Nakanishi proposed a provocative explanation for the structural and stereochemical similarities found across the ladder polyether family of natural products – the transformation of a polyepoxide into a ladder polyether via a cascade of epoxide–opening events. An ongoing effort in our group is the replication or emulation of such cascades. One aim is the efficient synthesis of these extremely complex natural products. In addition, we hope that our explorations into a diverse set of epoxide–opening cyclizations and cascades will shed further light on the fundamental feasibility of the Nakanishi’s hypothesis. Target–Oriented Synthesis. In order to test the scope and the utility of newly developed methods, we strive to employ them in the total synthesis of natural products.Often these products are the original inspiration for the development of these methods. For example, we have found that nickel–catalyzed reactions are compatible with a wide array of functional groups, making them useful in complex settings, such as fragment coupling or macrocyclization operations at a late stage in synthesis. Honors and awards
Tim currently serves as the Associate Editor of Chemical Reviews. In 2014, he received the Council of Chemical Research Collaboration Award. Tim was awarded the MIT School of Science's Teaching Prize for Undergraduate Education in 2013, and in 2012, was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, receiving the Society's Merck Award that same year. Fulbright Fellow (1991)
3M Innovation Award (2000)
National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2001)
Boehringer Ingelheim New Investigator Award (2002)
Paul M. Cook Career Development Chair (2002)
Amgen Young Investigator Award (2003)
GlaxoSmithKline Scholar Award (2004)
Sloan Research Fellow (2004)
JSPS Invitation Fellowship (2006)
Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award (2011)
Royal Society of Chemistry Merck Award (2012)
Teaching Prize for Undergraduate Education, MIT School of Science (2013)
Council of Chemical Research Collaboration Award (2014)

References

Harvard University alumni
21st-century American chemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Berkeley alumni

masks:
Timothy F
. Jamison
Tim Jamison
Jamison
Jamison


title: Bernard Natan

texts:
{{Infobox adult biography
| name            = <mask>
| image           = <mask>.jpg
| caption         = <mask> on trial (filmed against his wishes)
| birth_name      = <mask>nenzaft or <mask>pf
| birth_date      = <ref name="Bio">[http://www.lips.org/bio_natan_GB.asp Rossel-Kirschen, André. "<mask>." Les independents due premier siecle. www.LIPS.org] No date.</ref>
| birth_place     = Iași, Kingdom of Romania
| death_date      = October  (aged 56)
| death_place     = Auschwitz-Birkenau, German-occupied Poland
| death_cause     = Execution? | height          =
| weight          =
| alias           =
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| website         =
}}
<mask> (born <mask>zaft; July 14, 1886 – October 1942)  was a French-Romanian film entrepreneur, director and actor of the 1920s and 1930s. He was once said by historians to be one of the earliest (if not the earliest) pornographic film directors and pornographic film actors,Slade, Joseph. "<mask>: France's Legendary Pornographer."Journal of Film and Video. 45:2–3 (Summer-Fall 1993). although there is now considerable doubt about this. <mask> certainly worked in  mainstream cinema from his youngest days, working his way up from projectionist and chemist to cinematographer and producer. He eventually acquired the giant French motion picture studio Pathé in 1929. Pathé collapsed in 1935, and <mask> was convicted of fraud. However, he laid the foundation for the modern film industry in France and helped revolutionize film technology around the world.<mask> died after being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp. Personal life
<mask> was born <mask> Tannenzaft (possibly Tanenzapf) to Jewish parents in Iași, Romania in 1886. He moved to France in the early 1900s and, despite being a Romanian, volunteered to fight for France in World War I. In 1909 he married and subsequently had 2 children. In 1921 he became a French citizen, and at some point changed his name to "<mask>." His younger brother Émile <mask> also moved to France and became a film producer. Mainstream film career
<mask> worked as a projectionist, film lab chemist, titles designer, cinematographer and producer during his early years in Paris.He was a publicity stringer for Paramount Pictures during the early 1920s. But by 1929, <mask>'s Rapid Film had become a major film producer and distributor. His reputation was such that in 1924 <mask> became a member of the executive committee of the Cinematographic Employers' Federation. By 1926, his film laboratory was highly regarded, he had established a marketing firm, and he built two sound stages. <mask> was also a film producer, helping finance and produce motion pictures at other studios.Willems, Gilles. "Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain." Vingtième Siècle.46 (April–June 1995). Takeover of Pathé
In late February 1929, <mask> acquired the production and exhibition businesses of Pathé, then the largest French motion picture company. He agreed to merge his own studio, Rapid Film (then worth 25 million francs), with Pathé in exchange for 50 million francs in shares. The remaining shares were purchased with funding from a consortium of banks, bonds (to be paid with income from Pathé), and a 10 percent ownership in Pathé by the banks. After the merger, <mask> renamed the company Pathé-Natan (sometimes also credited as Pathé-Cinéma).Abel, Richard. The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.Pathé was already in substantial financial trouble when <mask> took control. Studio founder Charles Pathé had been selling assets for several years to boost investor value and keep the studio's cash flow healthy. The company's founder had even sold Pathé's name and "rooster" trademark to other companies in return for a mere 2 percent of revenues generated by them. <mask> had the bad luck to take charge of the studio just as the Great Depression convulsed the French economy. <mask> attempted to steady Pathé's finances and implement modern film industry practices at the studio. <mask> acquired another film studio, Société des Cinéromans, from Arthur Bernède and Gaston Leroux, which enabled Pathé to expand into projector and electronics manufacturing. He also bought the Fornier chain of motion picture theaters and rapidly expanded the chain's nationwide presence.The French press, however, attacked <mask> mercilessly for his stewardship of Pathé. Many of these attacks were antisemitic and contained veiled homophobic allusions to <mask>'s supposed sexuality. Pathé-Natan did well under <mask>'s guidance. Between 1930 and 1935, despite the world economic crisis, the company made 100 million francs in profits and produced and released more than 60 feature films (just as many films as major American studios produced at the time). He resumed production of the newsreel Pathé News, which had not been produced since 1927. <mask> also invested heavily in research and development to expand Pathé's film business. In 1929, he pushed Pathé into sound film.In September, the studio produced its first sound feature film and its first sound newsreel a month later. Natan also launched two new cinema-related magazines, Pathé-Revue and Actualités Féminines, to help market Pathé's films and build consumer demand for cinema. Under <mask>, Pathé also funded the research of Henri Chrétien, who developed the anamorphic lens (a technology which later led to the creation of CinemaScope and other widescreen film formats common today). <mask> expanded Pathé's business interests into communications industries other than film. In November 1929, <mask> established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. A year later, he purchased a radio station in Paris and formed a holding company (Radio-Natan-Vitus) to run what would become a burgeoning radio empire. Collapse of Pathé and imprisonment
In 1935, Pathé went bankrupt.In order to finance the company's continued expansion, Pathé's board of directors (which still included Charles Pathé) voted in 1930 to issue shares worth 105 million francs. But with the depression deepening, only 50 percent of the shares were purchased. One of the investor banks collapsed due to financial difficulties unrelated to Pathé's problems, and Pathé was forced to follow through with the purchase of several movie theater chains it no longer could afford to buy. Although the company continued to make a profit (as noted above) for a time, it soon began to lose more money than it could bring in. The collapse of Pathé led French authorities to indict <mask> on charges of fraud. <mask> was accused of financing the purchase of the company without any collateral, of bilking investors by establishing fictitious shell corporations, and negligent financial mismanagement. <mask> was even accused of hiding his Romanian and Jewish heritage by changing his name.<mask> was indicted and imprisoned in 1939. This meant he was in prison when France fell to the Nazis, while most other major Jewish filmmakers were able to flee the country or go into hiding. A second indictment was brought in 1941, and he was convicted shortly thereafter. His French citizenship was taken away, which required special legal manoeuvres by the state, since he had been naturalized as a result of his WWI military service and there were no existing legal means to render him stateless. He was transferred from prison in September 1942 to the camp at Drancy, and shortly afterwards deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Adult film controversy
In 1911, <mask> and colleagues were convicted of making erotic films, he was jailed for a short time and fined 1,000 francs but due to his exceptional record fighting in World War I this was later removed from his record.Rossel-Kirschen and Willems, p. 168-169. Some sources have claimed that <mask>'s career in pornography did not end there.Joseph Slade suggests that <mask> may have directed at least one hardcore pornographic film in Romania and produced and acted in at least 20 hardcore heterosexual and bisexual films between 1920 and 1927. Slade wrote that nearly all French pornographic films from this period which include bisexual and homosexual content were produced by <mask>. The same source states that <mask> himself was bisexual, and engaged in intercourse in Le Menage Moderne de Madame Butterfly (1920) and La Maîtresse du Capitaine de Meydeux (1924). Furthermore, Slade claimed that he introduced masochism into French pornographic film. Slade's claims are disputed by the historians of the French organization "Les Indépendants du Premier Siècle", who argue that the various actors in question are not <mask> and that accusations at <mask>'s trial and in Paris-Match connecting him to the adult film industry were false.Droit de réponse Mise au point Sur le grand producteur <mask>, LIPS.org, Natan, a 2013 documentary film, compares stills from the adult films attributed to <mask> with official headshots and shows that several pornographic actors have been mistaken for Natan but are not him. Joseph Slade now admits there is room for doubt over whether <mask> worked in pornography at any time after 1910. Death
World War II broke out while <mask> was in prison awaiting trial, and Nazi Germany conquered France.After <mask>'s release from prison, the French government handed him over to the occupying German authorities. <mask> was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on September 25, 1942, where it is believed he died in 1943. Importance to the film industry
<mask>'s importance to the French film industry should not be underestimated. He pioneered the vertical integration of the French film industry, and adopted the "American model" of film-making and distribution. This model provides the underpinning of the French film industry even in the 21st century. Indeed, Pathé survived into the 1980s almost solely on revenues generated by the companies purchased and integration instituted by <mask>. <mask> also brought television to France, and established the first French radio holding and television companies.Under <mask>'s leadership, the anamorphic film camera lens was developed. The anamorphic lens was not only a major advance in film technology, but helped Hollywood survive during the early years of television.Monaco, James. How to Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History and Theory of Film and Media. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Until recently there was no public acknowledgement of <mask> at La Fémis, the French national film school, which is housed in one of his former studios.A plaque commemorating his work, and his death in Auschwitz in 1942, was unveiled in December 2014. References

Bibliography
O'Brien, Charles. Cinema's Conversion to Sound: Technology and Film Style in France and the U.S. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 2005. Rossel-Kirschen, André and Willems, Gilles. "<mask>an à la direction de Pathé-Cinéma." 1895.21 (December 1996). Trumpbour, John. Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950.'' Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007. External links

1886 births
Film people from Iași
1942 deaths
French cinema pioneers
French film directors
Romanian film directors
French film producers
French screenwriters
Romanian screenwriters
Romanian cinematographers
French pornographic film directors
Romanian pornographic film directors
French male pornographic film actors
Romanian male pornographic film actors
Directors of bisexual pornographic films
French civilians killed in World War II
Romanian civilians killed in World War II
French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Romanian people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Prisoners and detainees of France
Drancy internment camp prisoners
French Jews who died in the Holocaust
Romanian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Romanian emigrants to France
20th-century French screenwriters
French male screenwriters

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