title: Norma Miller

texts:
<mask> (December 2, 1919 – May 5, 2019) was an American Lindy hop dancer, choreographer, actress, author, and comedian known as the "Queen of Swing". Early life
<mask> was born in 1919 in Harlem, New York City to mother Alma, a charwoman, and father <mask>, a shipyard worker, both from Bridgetown, Barbados. <mask> was named after her father, who died from pneumonia a month before her birth. She had an older sister, Dot. Even though her mother struggled to pay the rent, <mask> was enrolled in dance classes from a very young age. At the age of five, she was performing at amateur nights in theaters. <mask> knew she wanted to be a dancer very early on:"Black girls didn't have many outlets.You had laundry. You had hairdresser. Or teacher. Now, I didn't qualify for none of those. I could dance, I just could just do it naturally." When the Great Depression began in 1929, <mask> and her family moved to a cramped and noisy tenement apartment on 140th street that overlooked the Savoy Ballroom. The windows were open due to the lack of air conditioning and she could hear the house band, which was led by Chick Webb and included singer Ella Fitzgerald.From her fire escape, she would watch the dancers perform the Black Bottom, the Shimmy, the Charleston and the Shim Sham. She would practice dancing in her living room and her school gymnasium. On Easter Sunday in 1932, when <mask> was dressed up from church services, she was dancing outside the Savoy Ballroom, too young to enter. Twist Mouth George Ganaway, "the greatest dancer at the Savoy," was impressed with her dancing. Ganaway gave <mask> a Coca-Cola and asked her to dance in the ballroom for the first time, before <mask> was escorted back outside. <mask> said of the experience:
He just threw me up; my feet never touched the ground. People were screaming and he put me on top of his shoulders, walked me around the ballroom .. . and put me back outside. Greatest moment in my life and I’m excited, excited, and I’m gonna go home and tell my mother and my sister — and then I said no, I better not say nothin’! Career
<mask> attended Manhattan School of the Arts on the Upper West Side. <mask> would dance at the Renaissance Ballroom & Casino, where young people were allowed to dance on Sunday afternoons. In 1934, along with her high school dance partner, Sonny Ashby, <mask> won the Savoy Lindy Hop Contest, held at the Apollo Theater. The next day, Herbert "Whitey" White, the dance master at the Savoy, hired <mask> as the youngest member of his dance troupe, Whitey's Lindy Hoppers. In 1935, <mask> competed in a dance contest called the Harvest Moon Ball at Madison Square Garden.<mask> claimed that she lost the contest because her blouse opened. She then went on a seven-month European tour. In 1936, Whitey's Lindy Hoppers began a tour of the U.S. with headliner Ethel Waters. In 1937, while on tour in California, she met the Marx Brothers, Allan Jones and Maureen O'Sullivan, and made her film debut in A Day at the Races, a movie by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. She danced and sang in the number "All God's Chillun Got Rhythm" which featured singer Ivie Anderson and Duke Ellington's orchestra. Dave Gould, the choreographer, was nominated for an Academy Award for the dance sequence. After the tour, <mask> was hospitalized for fatigue until her 18th birthday in December 1937.<mask> rejoined Whitey's Lindy Hoppers in 1938. For a second time, the group competed in the Harvest Moon Ball, hosted that year by Ed Sullivan. <mask> and her partner placed in the top 3, and Sullivan invited them to perform on Toast of the Town (later called The Ed Sullivan Show). Whitey's Lindy Hoppers performed in the 1941 movie Hellzapoppin', where <mask> had a memorable role as a dancing cook, executing breathtaking flips, slides, kicks, splits, and lifts. When they returned from filming, the group went to Rio de Janeiro to perform. Because of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, they were unable to find transportation home and ended up staying for 10 months, nearly exhausting all of their energy and money. In 1942, <mask> joined Whitey's Lindy Hoppers on a three-week tour with Cootie Williams and Pearl Bailey that included performances at the Apollo Theater, the Howard Theatre in Washington, D.C., and the Royal Theatre in Baltimore.<mask> left the group due to “accounting differences” with Whitey, who was known to pay the performers poorly. The group disbanded shortly thereafter since the males were called into service during World War II. In 1943, she took dance classes on the style of Martha Graham taught by Sophie Maslow, the style of Hanya Holm taught by Mary Anthony, and classes by Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman. To fund the classes, she began working as a producer for Smalls Paradise, a nightclub in Harlem. She toured Canada and the United States and lived in Los Angeles before returning to New York in 1946. From 1952 to 1968, <mask> directed and toured with the <mask> Miller Dancers and <mask> and Her Jazzmen, both of which included Frankie Manning's son Chazz Young as well as her long-time partner Billy Ricker. In 1954, her group toured nationally with Count Basie.Between 1956 and 1956, she lived in Miami and performed comedy shows with Cab Calloway and George Kirby, produced by Mervyn Nelson. In Miami, <mask> suffered from racism in renting housing, and was forced to ride in the back of buses and dine in black eateries. In 1959, <mask> moved to Las Vegas, where she lived for much of the 1960s and 1970s. There, she performed with Redd Foxx and Sammy Davis Jr.

<mask> turned to comedy at the advice of Foxx, who told her:Look, you're not going to be able to dance any longer. Your knees are knocking. You better learn to talk. From February 1972 until 1974, <mask> traveled around Vietnam, performing her solo comedy routine for American troops in the Vietnam War.In 1977, she produced a show at the Village Gate in New York and then moved back to Las Vegas, where she starred in and produced shows. In 1982, she moved back to New York and in 1990, she moved back to Las Vegas. Beginning in the 1980s, <mask> played a major role in the swing revival. She was a teacher of swing dance, and taught master classes at Stanford University and the University of Hawaiʻi. For several years in the mid- to late 2010s, <mask> lived in both Fort Myers, Florida and Italy. From May 9–11, 2014, <mask> performed for the first time in Italy at the "L.O.T. (Lindy Old Timers) event" in Montesilvano (Pe), beginning a collaboration with the Italian Swing Dance Society that lead to five years of concerts, festivals, conventions, recordings and books.From 2015 to 2018, <mask> wrote new lyrics and songs that were arranged and recorded with the Italian Billy Bros. Swing Orchestra. In December 2016, the CD A Swingin' Love Fest with <mask> is issued with the Orchestra. From September to October 2017, at age 98, she was on a European tour with the Orchestra, consisting of seven concerts in Italy, Slovenja, and Denmark. From August to October 2018, she was on an Italian tour with the Billy Bros. Swing Orchestra, performing in Pescara, Perugia, Genova, Milano, and Palermo. On October 21, 2018, <mask> performed a last concert at the Teatro S. Cecilia in Palermo; she was almost 99.In May 2017, a new edition (sold out) of her book Swing, Baby Swing! was produced with English and Italian text, featuring previously unreleased photographs and other additions. In September 2018, a second printing of the new edition of the book was issued with new pictures, notes and a last chapter about <mask>'s last four years of living in Italy. In September 2017, <mask>'s song "Gimme da Beat" was remixed and issued on the CD Electro Swing New Generation 01 by French DJs Bart & Baker. <mask> presented and taught workshops at Herräng Dance Camp until 2018, when she was 98. A CD with six more songs of <mask> is to be produced in 2021 with the Billy Bros. Swing Orchestra.Personal life
<mask> never married. From 1941 to 1947, she was in a relationship with performer Roy Glenn, whom she met while filming Hellzapoppin'''. They put off marriage plans many times and decided to separate in 1947. Glenn died in 1971. Death
On May 5, 2019, <mask> died from congestive heart failure at the age of 99. She had just produced new music. Published works
Books
<mask> wrote or played a major role in several books, including:
 Me & John Biffar: A Love Story, which chronicles her friendship with filmmaker John Biffar.Swing, Baby Swing! follows the evolution of swing dance into the 21st century. Swingin' at the Savoy: The Memoir of a Jazz Dancer, <mask>'s autobiography, describes her early life and meetings with Frankie Manning, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Ethel Waters, and Chick Webb. Stompin' at the Savoy: The Story of <mask>  is a children's book by Alan Govenar, chronicling her life, published in 2006. The Redd Foxx Encyclopedia of Black Humor, was co-written by <mask> and Redd Foxx in 1977. Discography
 Healthy, Sexless & Single, <mask>; 1972. A Swingin' Love Fest with <mask>, Billy Bros.Swing Orchestra; 2016. Electro Swing New Generation 01, by Bart & Baker, feat. "Gimme da Beat"; 2017. Filmography
<mask>'s most well-known film appearance is in the lindy hop scene in [[Hellzapoppin' (film)|Hellzapoppin']], featuring Whitey's Lindy Hoppers. Films

Television

Documentary appearances

Broadway productions
 Swingin' The Dream, 1939, dancer
 Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1939, 1939, dancer
 Run, Little Chillun, 1943, dancer

Awards
In 2003, <mask> was honored with a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts for creating and continuing to preserve "the acrobatic style of swing dancing known as the Lindy Hop". References

External links

Swing Central party with <mask>
<mask> at Find a Grave

1919 births
2019 deaths
People from Harlem
20th-century American actresses
African-American female dancers
American women singer-songwriters
American people of Barbadian descent
American swing dancers
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Lindy Hop
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Dancers from New York (state)
Actresses from New York (state)
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

masks:
Norma Adele Miller
Miller
Norman
Norma
Norma
Miller
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Norma Miller
Norma Miller
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Norma Miller
Norma Miller


title: Charles Russell (1786–1856)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (22 July 1786 – 15 May 1856) was a British Conservative and Tory politician. <mask> was the second surviving son of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet and  his second wife, Anna Barbara née Whitworth. He never married. Military career
Described by memoirist William Hickey as a "fine dashing youth", <mask> entered  as a cadet in the British Indian Army in 1800, becoming an ensign in the 17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment) in 1801, and a lieutenant in the 21st Bengal Native Infantry 1803. In July 1810, he was appointed to the command of the escort at Hyderabad, and also took temporary responsibility for the residency's business until his brother, Sir <mask>, 2nd Baronet arrived from his post at Poona. Becoming a captain in 1818, <mask> then took furlough in 1817, returning to the United Kingdom via Saint Helena, where he witnessed Napoleon—who had then been exiled to the island—walking in front of his house in Longwood. <mask> declined to meet Napoleon after being told he must address the former revolutionary leader as 'General'.Upon return to England, <mask> lived mostly in London, and formally retired from the army in 1822, then becoming a proprietor of East India Company stock. Corruption scandal
Alongside his brother, Henry, <mask> was implicated in a corruption scandal where Lord Hastings, a Governor-General of India, was alleged to have acted partially on behalf of Palmer and Company, a Hyderabad banking house. The <mask>s were found to have to have been involved in and profited from the firm's dealings with the Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Akbar Ali Khan, directly from Hastings' 1816 decision to exempt the house from a ban on lending money to native princes. <mask>'s successor, Sir <mask>fe, discovered a loan in 1820 that was both fictitious and fraudulent. An investigation was launched by the East India Company, which in 1824 ordered the relevant papers to be printed. <mask> launched a defence of himself and his brother, <mask>, titled Letter to the Court of Directors, arguing the allegations had arisen from "acrimonious party spirit" and complaining that no opportunity had been granted to defend themselves. The matter was debated in court in February 1825, where Henry defended the pair, and they were both absolved in a move designed to avoid a charge of peculation against Hastings.Political career

Colchester, 1826
Shortly after, <mask> was approached to contest the 1826 general election at Colchester but this was blocked by his father if it resulted in a contest. <mask> offered to stand for the seat in Henry's place, noting he would resign from the race if it resulted in a contest, if this would ensure the Hyderabad affair was not raised in parliament, but he was "not very solicitous about it" and did not mention this idea to their father. Brother Henry vetoed the idea, regardless, arguing there was too high a risk of being involved in a difficult contest, especially against the Radical sitting Member of Parliament (MP) Daniel Whittle Harvey, who had previously attacked their father in 1820 and had since become interested in the Hyderabad affair—and was likely to exploit it in order to "defame" <mask>. Despite this, Henry recommended <mask> to seek election at any other "close seat at a fair price", not seeing the Indian scandal as a barrier to a political career. <mask>, however, believed there was little chance of a contest at Colchester, but decided not to stand, arguing it was in Harvey's "interest as much as ours to keep things quiet", and said:

At the same general election, <mask> and his wife actively supported the canvas of Tory candidate George Spence, who opposed Catholic emancipation, in a bid to remove the sitting Whig MP <mask> Palmer. The campaign was successful, although Spence was removed just nine months later via an election petition issued by Fyshe Palmer. Henry intervened in a bid to, at some point, also stand for the borough, but <mask> warned him to procee cautiously and avoid being "drawn into the town set".At a celebration dinner in July of that year, Henry professed support for Catholic emancipation, and accused Fyshe Palmer and John Monck—a radical Whig MP for the borough—of seeking to obstruct a liberalising government. <mask> complimented his brother on the speech, saying:

1827–1830
The following year, <mask> accompanied his brother on a tour of Flanders, Germany, Switzerland and France. The year after, he went to Dover to investigate the possibility of standing for the borough constituency, but decided against doing so. He was then approached by a stockbroker cousin of Southampton Tory MP Abel Rous Dottin to purchase a £63,000 property in an unnamed borough, which was said to guarantee the occupier command of 214 electors of both seats. A peerage was also on offer for a further £40,000, but <mask> reported to his brother that nothing came of the "gross fudge". In 1829, <mask> again received an offer from the same source to allow himself, or Henry, to gain the seat of Leominster upon the retirement of Tory MP Rowland Stephenson. <mask> was not convinced by assurances that there would be no contest and so did not pursue the matter.MP for Reading

1830–1831
In the following year, Tory MP Spence told <mask> that the Tory government's Chief Whip, William Holmes, was seeking to understand whether Henry "wished to be in parliament" and, if so, would support the Wellington–Peel Ministry. The result of these conversations, however, was that <mask> was elected Tory MP for Reading at that year's general election, when Monck retired and, in an about-face, recommended the Whig Stephen Lushington to replace him. At the hustings for the election, <mask> addressed accusations that he was an advocate of West Indian slavery and the "promoter of monopoly" by the East India Company, stating he "utterly abhorred" slavery but that abolishing it required a "measure for the protection of British property". He added he had no "tie to bind him" to the company and its interests. After a bitter and prolonged contest, caused by the referral of disputed votes to the assessor, <mask> secured the seat and claimed it had been "rescued... from the intolerable burden which oppressed it", claiming he would "go to Parliament a free and independent member". To his brother, he expressed:

At a celebration dinner in September of that year, he observed there were many differences still remaining between the Tories and Whigs, and added that the Whigs:

He sought to convinced moderate Whigs that "we are no more enamoured than they are of a despotic power, but that we would only so temper our love of civil liberty, as to prevent freedom from degenerating into licence, anarchy and revolution". The Wellington ministry saw <mask> was one of their "friends" and, in October 1830, he met with the Patronage Secretary, Joseph Planta, who reported to <mask> that he was "courteous and complimentary".<mask> did not attend a constituency meeting the next day, at which a petition calling for repeal of the house and window taxes was presented. Upon hearing of this, <mask> observed to his brother that "my troubles begin to thicken on me" and that the petition was "hard under a declining revenue to force on a minister speciic repeals of taxation". Despite this, he agreed to present the petition, and any others, but refused to pledge himself to it "until I see what measures are proposed by the government". <mask> also avoided an anti-slavery petition organised by local quakers, pleading he had a prior engagement in London, and adding:

<mask> avoided another meeting, on the same day, on the subject of reform, at which Palmer was present. <mask> did not take his seat in the House of Commons until October 1830, and immediately shared in the belief that the government had acted "foolishly" on cancelling the royal visit to the City of London on 9 November of that year. Yet, he struggled on the problem of distress" noting it was "severe" among "parts of the agricultural population" but was "by no means general". He concluded that he should say little on the matter, particularly with petitions from constituents pending, and noted the government had few speakers supporting its position on the matter.In November, he voted silently with the ministers on the civil list, but the vote failed and the government was brought down, leading to a Whig government formed by Lord Grey. In the same month, as he had feared, a petition was lodged against his election, alleging bribery and corruption, but this was not persevered as its promoters believed parliament would be dissolved and an election would be called. <mask> admitted this was a "great relief", but he remained anxious that accounts should be settled and care should be taken when "making illegal payments". While this concern was over, he faced further wrath from his constituents who, as the Berkshire Chronicle reported, were "disappointed" at his vote on the civil. <mask> was prepared to defend himself, arguing the vote had not been "a question of economy" but one of "whether the Duke of Wellington or Lord Grey should be premier", adding "I should have been a coward and traitor if I had not voted as I did", if the liberal Reading Mercury attacked the vote. No action was taken immediately, but <mask> came under "very unreasonable" fire from his leading friends, who were "greviously offended". In an explanation to his brother, <mask> said:

In any event, <mask> was prepared to go to Reading in person to pacify his critics, if his brother approved, and when he was denounced by the Reading Mercury at the end of the month, he wrote a written reply for the Berkshire Chronicle—and considered whether to couple this with an attack on the new government.Nevertheless, he decided that there was a "desire to give a fair trial" to the new government, noting "the opinion of the necessity of economy and reform seems universal and prevails with both parties". He told his brother "we must manage any attack on the present ministry cautiously". He continued to contemplate a speech on the assessed taxes and whether to present a scheme for their modification, and regarded the Chronicle article as "capital", but disregarded an idea by his chief agent, Alfred Compigne, that he should justify his vote in a public letter to constituents. He said:

In December 1830, <mask> both presented an anti-slavery petition from the women of Reading and asked if there was any prospect of a Reading reform meeting, noting he "has always been favourable to granting representatives to the large unrepresented towns", believing this would "prove the means of checking the torrent of reform". By the start of 1831, <mask> was still busy trying to finalise his election accounts and, alarmed by reports of plans to dissolve parliament, he planned to return to Reading. His brother advised him and Monck to make a plea to the Home Secretary Lord Melbourne to provide clemency to the so-called 'Swing' rioters who had been sentenced to death at a recent special commission. <mask> attended, with Palmer, a local reform meeting despite

masks:
Charles Russell
Family Russell
Henry Russell
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Charles Metcal
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Charles Fyshe
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title: Charles Russell (1786–1856)

texts:
 believing its signatories were "few and scurvy" and that the meeting was no longer a party matter, believing the Whig government should decide the details  on "a firm conviction of its expediency".He said he was prepared to support a "temperate" measure of the type advocated by the government, but disputed that the ballot would "lead to the results which the supports of it expected". His brother did not think "any substantial use" could be made of the argument that the ballot would destroy beneficial "social influences" and admit the "evil" influences advocated by Radicals William Cobbett and Richard Carlile. Despite this, <mask> planned to speak on the motion proposed by Henry Warburton, and Henry wrote a speech on this. At a town meeting in January 1831, <mask> reiterated his willingness to support "practical and substantial reform" as long as it was "temperate and consonant with the principles and practice of the English constitution", but flatly refused to countenance the ballot, and again had to defend his vote on the civil list. He said he supported the previous government "because he believed them friends to economy and peace" but would support the current government if they showed similar support for the same principles. Radicals agreed he had performed well and with unsuspected ability. <mask> later told his brother that the proposed reform scheme was "gigantic in its dimensions, and it is impossible to contemplate such vast changes without anxiety and alarm.As regards the main point after all, however, the degree in which it will increase the democratic element of our constitution, it has some redeeming virtues." He particularly agreed with the increase in members for county constituencies and to exclude borough voters from counties which, he said, would "introduce into the house a phalanx of country gentleman connected with the most solid property in the company". He also supported plans for a £10 householder borough franchise, removing non-resident voters, and shortening the duration of the polls. His brother said he "must support the measure", adding it was "popular among the most Tory of our friends" and doing so would "not displease any of your party, and you will conciliate several of the adverse party". Nevertheless, <mask> continued to be "alarmed at the magnitude of the changes" but believed the country would "never be satisfied till they are carried" and would therefore supprt the bill "on public... as well as on personal considerations". His agent urged him to speak on the matter, but worried about "making any debut on such a question" believing the "fall from such a height will be tremendous" so <mask> should first make speeches on "less ambitious views". Henry was asked to draft a speech, and did so "strongly and unreservedly in its favour", believing it would only benefit <mask>'s position amongst the electorate.He then advised <mask> to give a silent vote at the bill's second reading, and then speak at committee stage praising the bill's "principle of raising the respectability of the electors". Indeed, he further advocated raising the borough franchise to £12, or making it £10 based on rates rather than rent. Henry believed this would get rid of opposition from the electorate that were prone to bribery or to support the Radicals. Yet, he warned he "must not openly propose or advocate the change, for fear of giving offence to the parties who would be affected by it". <mask> was attracted by this idea, but composed a speech a set speech on the principle of the measure in case it was required. Compigne was, however, adamant that it would be electorally advantageous, causing <mask> to complain to this brother:

Upon request, Henry provided a speech for a town meeting on the matter to <mask> in the hope it would "please your hearers, those of our own, as well as of the adverse party, despite <mask> complaining the meetings were "prodigious bores". <mask> told his brother:

Despite this animosity, at the meeting, he declared his unequivocal support the bill, which he said was based on the "combined principles of population and property; population, to infuse into the system the spirit of real and popular representation; property, to impart to it a character of stability and order".He did not in the end make a set speech at the bill's second reading but, when Palmer presented a petition to the house, he "forced on the house, which was very reluctant to listen to me", a "few words" supporting both the petition and the bill. He then voted for the bill at its second reading, and his intervention escaped the notice of journalists. Yet, <mask> felt parliament would have to be dissolved, regardless of whether the bill passed, noting he was unable to reconcile "how Lord Grey is to carry on the business of the country with the present house" while "Peel would probably shrink from forming a new administration on the unpopular basis of a reform short of that now proposed". 1831–1832
He was correct, and at the general election that year, he pledged his intention to give "honest support" to the bill, and was returned unopposed alongside Palmer. At the hustings, he reiterated his support for the bill on the grounds that "legitimate power given to property" and "that influence conferred on those classes where influence ought to reside". He reserved a right on any alterations, but denied that would do so in "any covert spirit of hostility". Shortly after his election, <mask> fell ill and was unable to attend the opening weeks of the new parliament, obtaining a fortnight's sick leave, before attending for the first time on 26 July 1831.His first vote was then in the committee stage of the reintroduced reform bill, when he divided for the partial disfranchisement of Sudbury, despite believing his opponents "had much reason on their side". He continued to vote steadily in favour of the bill for the remainder of that month and, fearing backlash if he missed a debate on the borough qualification proposals, missed his father's 80th birthday celebrations on 19 August. He then spoke, under "urgent" pressure from Compigne, on the qualification clause on 24 August. After this, he was not known to have spoken again in parliament, and voted with ministers for the prosecution of those found guilty of giving bribes at the Dublin City election on 23 August. Again, he feared early dissolution of parliament if the House of Lords rejected the bill, and he asked his brother to put in order their election accounts so that they could avoid "the wasteful and exorbitant expenditure" foisted on them in 1830. He missed the unexpected vote on the bill's third division on 19 September, as he was at a dinner, but voted in favour of its passage two days later. Anticipating a motion by Lord Ebrington on confidence in the ministry, he told his brother:

Henry endorsed the message and <mask> then divided for the motion, although he was unable to see "what advantage" ministers derived from it.<mask> then missed a meeting in Reading called by Monck and local radicals to address William IV on the issue of reform, as he received the invitation too late. He also feared that, if a county meeting was called, his presence would be "extremely awkward" as he "could not avoid taking a decisive tone in supporting reform or I should be considered as a trimmer by the reformers; and if I did take a decisive tone I should offend many of the old Blue party". However, no meeting took place. He was again struck ill in the autumn from a "deranged stomach, a dry hacking cough" and reported that "the secretions of my bowels are slimy and unhealthy" and used this as an excuse to avoid attending a dinner in Reading to pay tribute to Monck on 22 November. Still ill, he attended the State Opening of Parliament, and began to doubt the revisions put forward by the Grey ministry to the reform bill, wondering "by what means Lord Grey proposes to carry it through the Lords". He soon learned of a plan to appoint 45 new peers, and divided for the bill's second reading on 17 December 1831, as well as to deprive 30 boroughs of one member on 23 January 1832. He voted with the government on reforms to Appleby, Helston and Tower Hamlets, and for the bill's third reading on 22 March.On 14 May, he once again stayed away from a Reading meeting on the subject, with his brother noting:

On 22 February, he was appointed to the select committee on the East India Company's affairs, a day after his brother had given evidence to its political and foreign sub-committee—which also happened on 30 March, and in the military sub-committee on 19 April. Ahead of the dissolution of parliament, <mask> wrote to the chairman saying these was no reason to worry about his absence, noting his votes provided the "best proofs of his sincerity in the cause of reform". He voted in favour of the second reading of the Irish reform bill on 25 May and against any increase in Scottish county representation on 1 June. 1832–1847
<mask> was subsequently returned again for Reading at the 1832 general election, when he pledged for cautious reform of the church and the Corn Laws but evaded questions on slavery, triennial parliaments and municipal reform. He began to gravitate towards Peelite Conservatives and it was in that regard he was re-elected in 1835 and lost an election in 1837. He regained the seat in 1841 before losing it again in 1847 and retiring from politics. Later life and death
Then living in Adelaide Place near London Bridge, in 1839, he became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Between 1839 and 1855, he was a "forceful and successful" chairman of the Great Western Railway, retiring due to ill health. In 1856, he committed suicide at his home in Argyle Street, London, becoming the second of four Reading MPs to take his own life. An inquest after his death found, in the early hours of 15 May, he had shot himself in the mouth on a second attempt after the pistol had first misfired. His valet said, in his final few days, he had been suffering from chest pains which had depressed him, and had found him alive but insensible at 06:45, lingering until 14:00 with a bullet in his brain. A verdict of suicide under the influence of "temporary insanity" was returned. In accordance with his will, the residue of his estate was left to his nephew, Sir <mask>, 3rd Baronet, and created a trust fund for the payment of annuities of £200 each to spinster Mary Ann Watkins and her daughter, who may also have been his, Jane Watkins. He also left money for care of Janes Monies née Ellis, who he had been trustee for and was confined in a Hoxton lunaitc asylum.This paid for the rents and profits on a leasehold in St Pancras, London, which provided her with £100 a year for life. References

External links

UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1841–1847
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
1786 births
1856 deaths
British politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in England
British Indian Army

masks:
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title: János Sebestyén

texts:
<mask> (2 March 19314 February 2012) was a Hungarian organist, harpsichordist, pianist and journalist. Biography
<mask> was born in Budapest, where both of his parents were prominent musicians and educators. His father, <mask> (1891-1962), studied cello with Adolf Schiffer and Arnold Földesy and was the author of several pedagogical works. His mother, Rózsi Mannaberg (1895-1986), studied piano with Arnold Székely and Wilhelm Backhaus. His formal musical education began in 1946 at the State Music Secondary School as a student of pianist István Antal, organist <mask> and composer Ervin Major. He continued his studies with organist Ferenc Gergely and composer Ferenc Szabó at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music and graduated there with an organ diploma in 1955. He later attended the harpsichord class of Zuzana Růžičková in Prague.His concert tours as organ and harpsichord soloist took him to Russia, India, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the United States and nearly every country in Europe. In 1970 he established the first harpsichord class at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music. He was invited to serve on juries for organ and harpsichord competitions in France, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and Switzerland. In Hungary he served as President of the Jury for the International Liszt Organ Competition in 1983, 1988 and 1993, and at the 1st International Harpsichord Competition, Budapest, in 2000. From 1950 on, he worked for Hungarian Radio in various capacities, serving as senior music producer between 1969 and 1994, and from 1962 until 2007 he contributed a regular series of programs documenting culture, politics and history. During his last years he contributed a monthly program to Hungarian Catholic Radio. More than 80 LP and CD recordings have been published by various labels including Angelicum, Ariston, Balkanton, BAM, Il Canale, CBS Italiana, Fonit Cetra, Hungaroton, Naxos, Supraphon, and Vox.Highlights:
 Paul Hindemith: Organ Sonatas Nos. 1 and 3 - Angelicum LPA 5963
 J. S. Bach: Concertos after Alessandro Marcello, Georg Philipp Telemann, etc. - Angelicum STA 9015
 Melodie di Natale (Domenico Zipoli, Girolamo Frescobaldi, etc.) - with organist Miklós Spányi - Hungaroton HCD 32167
 W. A. Mozart: Organ Works - Naxos 8.550514
 J. S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias - Naxos 8.550679
 Various Composers: Organ Meditation - Naxos 8.550791
 João de Sousa Carvalho: Harpsichord Works - Portugalsom 860006
 J. S. Bach: Concertos for Two, Three, and Four Harpsichords - with harpsichordist Zuzana Růžičková et al. - Supraphon 1110 4391-92
 Polish Renaissance Music for Harpsichord and Organ (Jakob Polak, Wojciech Długoraj etc.) - Vox/Candide CE 31019
 Hungarian Dances for Harpsichord (Valentin Bakfark, Johann Babnik, etc.) - Vox/Candide CE 31032
 J. S. Bach: Six Concertos after Antonio Vivaldi - Vox/Turnabout TV-S 34287
 Harpsichord Concertos (Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, etc.)- led by Vilmos Tátrai - Vox/Turnabout TV-S 34325
 Franz Liszt: Complete Organ Works - Vox Box SVBX 5328-29

<mask> <mask> participated in many recordings for Hungarian Radio.

masks:
János Sebestyén
János Sebestyén
Sándor Sebestyén
János Hammerschlag
János
Sebestyén


title: Merav Ben-David

texts:
<mask>-David (; born January 17, 1959) is an Israeli-American ecologist, zoologist, and politician who is the Chair of the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming. She was the Democratic nominee in the 2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming, losing to former Congresswoman Cynthia Lummis in the general election. Early life and education
Ben-David was born to a Jewish family in Rehovot, Israel, and raised on a farm near Rishon LeZion. She spent two years in the Israeli Air Force in fulfillment of the country's compulsory military service. Ben-David earned a Bachelor of Science in Biology in 1984, and  a Master of Science  in 1988 from Tel Aviv University. She spent 5 years as a safari tour guide in Kenya before moving to Alaska where she studied wildlife management. She earned her PhD from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1996.Career
Ben-David emigrated from Israel to the United States due to worsening job prospects in Israel in the early 1990s as a result of the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah. After earning her PhD at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Ben-David remained there as an ecologist. She was fascinated by local marine ecosystems, which included otters, mink, marten, polar bears, and the salmon they fed on. In 2000, Ben-David became an associate professor at the University of Wyoming. She became a full professor in 2010. She has served as the editor-in-chief of Wildlife Monographs, succeeding Eric Hellgren in 2017. As of January 2020 she was head of the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming.Her work mostly centers around carnivores and their behavior in ecosystems. She has published more than 110 scientific papers that analyze the impact of climate change, invasive species, logging and pollution on animals, often using innovative research techniques. Among her most-cited works are studies applying stable isotope analysis to animal ecology to document changes in the diet of generalist predators; exploring the impact of flooding, predation, and salmon runs on vegetation in the Alexander Archipelago; and examining the effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill on otters in Prince William Sound. She has helped to study the effects of the Exxon and BP spills in terms of both immediate and long-term effects. Her work was included in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, which assessed damage and potential for remediation, and was a basis for fining Exxon and BP after their respective oil spills of 1989 and 2010. Ben-David has focused deeply on the river otter (Lontra canadensis), examining it in its role as a sentinel species and also using it as a model for predicting effects of pollutants on the rarer and more difficult to study sea otter (Enhydra lutris). She has carried out work with Alaskan otters for over 30 years.Her field studies of chemical bioaccumulation have gained international attention. She began studying the impact of human activity and climate change on polar bears in 2001. She has worked for nearly 20 years  with Steven Amstrup to study polar bear ecology in the Beaufort Sea and other areas. One of the behavioral patterns she has observed via satellite tracking is that polar bears show high fidelity to the local area of ocean in which they live. As sea ice is thinning, it drifts faster, requiring polar bears to walk farther each day on the ice to retain their position. This increases the energy requirements of the bears while decreasing their available time to hunt. Models project that polar bear populations may collapse by 2080.In 2004 she began another long-term project, studying chipmunks that live in the Laramie Mountains. One of the findings of Ben-David and her students is that chipmunks are more likely to survive the shorter winters resulting from climate change. Ben-David also studies river otters of the Powder River Basin, and the effects of nearby oil drilling. Her work has revealed low populations of otters in the New Fork River, compared to areas nearby. Ben-David has received a variety of awards for her work including the Barrett-Hamilton distinguished ecologist award from the University of Manitoba in 2012 and the Excellence in Wildlife Education award from The Wildlife Society in 2016. She was selected as a Wildlife Fellow of the Wildlife Society in 2017.

Personal life
Ben-David has resided in Laramie, Wyoming, since 2000, and was naturalized as a United States citizen in 2009.Politics
Ben-David announced her candidacy for the 2020 U.S. Senate election at the 2020 Wyoming Women's March in Cheyenne, Wyoming, on January 18, 2020. On August 18, 2020, she placed first in a field of six candidates to become the Democratic nominee. Ben-David's platform centered on 'future-proofing' Wyoming's economy through diversification, including public investments in reclaiming old mines, capping oil and gas wells, and building wildlife crossings. She lost the general election to Republican Cynthia Lummis, gaining just 27% of the vote. Electoral history

2020

References

External links
Campaign website
Profile at the University of Wyoming

1959 births
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American zoologists
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
Activists from Wyoming
American community activists
American ecologists
Jewish American scientists
Jewish biologists
American women activists
American zoologists
Candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Jewish American people in Wyoming politics
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Laramie, Wyoming
People from Rehovot
Progressivism in the United States
Tel Aviv University alumni
University of Alaska Fairbanks alumni
Wyoming Democrats
Jewish women scientists
Israeli women scientists
University of Wyoming faculty
Women zoologists
Women ecologists
American women academics
21st-century American Jews


title: Charles H. Strub

texts:
<mask>Doc<mask> (November 3, 1884 – March 28, 1958) was an American dentist and entrepreneur who built and owned Santa Anita Park racetrack in Arcadia, California, and was president and partner of the San Francisco Seals baseball club of the Pacific Coast League. Early life
<mask> was born in Hollister, California, as the only child of <mask> and <mask>. At a young age, he moved to San Francisco, where he attended St. Ignatius College Preparatory. He enrolled at Santa Clara University and played baseball under future business partner Charlie Graham. He was a teammate of future New York Yankees star <mask>. Having been put through agony as a child by the dentists of the day, he decided to study dentistry. Since Santa Clara didn't offer a dentistry program, he transferred to the University of California at Berkeley to obtain his degree and where he also played on the varsity baseball team.At Berkeley, he studied modern techniques with new pain-killing drugs and laughing gas so that pulling an abscessed tooth could be done painlessly—a great benefit to society, he thought. Upon graduation, Charlie invested in state-of-the-art equipment which was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake before he saw his first patient. In the weeks following the disaster, he saw a column in the newspaper that said his baseball coach from Santa Clara, Charlie Graham, was looking for him to play some ball. During 1906 and 1907 he played baseball with the San Francisco team in the California State League but made his living as a dentist. Entrepreneurial focused, he was known as the "advertising dentist" and eventually had a chain of six "painless extraction" dentist parlors. His chain of dentist offices provided him the opportunity to speculate in the burgeoning California real estate market, financing much of the rebuilding of the SF Business district after the earthquake, making Doc Strub a very wealthy man. One of the San Francisco buildings he built was 450 Sutter, which still houses medical professionals.San Francisco Seals
In 1918, the financially strapped owner of the San Francisco Seals put the baseball team up for sale and George Alfred (Alfie) Putnam and <mask>. Graham were looking to acquire the club, but lacked the necessary funds. After passing one of Strub's dentist offices, they sought out and brought the "Doc" in as an equal partner. Appointed team president, he successfully led the San Francisco Seals for more than two decades. In 1931, he oversaw construction of Seals Stadium. As president of the Seals, he sold minor league ball players to the majors at unheard of prices. By the mid-1920s, the Seals had collected an estimated $500,000 in fees from these transactions and had earned the trio the title "Murder, Mayhem and Manslaughter, Incorporated" from Chicago Cubs Scout Jack Doyle. After first trying to sell Joe Dimaggio to the Chicago Cubs, he eventually negotiated a deal with the New York Yankees for $25,000 on a money-back guarantee.<mask> always regretted that he was able to get more for Joe's brother Dom than he got for Joe. He quipped, "Of course I never dreamed he'd become the husband of Marilyn Monroe." In 1929, <mask> was sitting in his lucky barber chair getting a shave when he was handed the phone. On it was the president of Bank of America who told him that he lost everything and was more than 1 million in debt. When Strub asked about repaying it, the response from the president of Bank of America was "Don't worry Charlie, I know you're good for it." Not a believer in bankruptcy, <mask> paid back all of his debt including that of his other Seals partners. He maintained a list of those he owed money on an index card that he constantly kept with him in his jacket pocket.Santa Anita Park
A fan of thoroughbred horse racing, he decided to enter the business when California passed a paramutuel wagering bill in the early 1930s. He had spent several months examining locations in the San Francisco Area and found none of them to his liking, including windy Candlestick Point. He then connected with a group in Los Angeles that had identified 'Lucky' Baldwin's Rancho Santa Anita as a location, but needed increased financial backing. In January 1934 <mask>, in partnership with Hollywood filmmaker <mask> and a group of investors, formed the Los Angeles Turf Club. Created for the purpose of building the first race track in California, they opened Santa Anita Park in Arcadia on Christmas Day, 1934. He introduced a number of significant innovations to American racing. The innovations he instituted for all races included finish line cameras to verify race results, electronic timing, and electronic starting gates.The improvements were later adopted by the rest of racing industry. Although the country was in the throes of the Great Depression, Strub's management and creativity brought success to his investors. He attracted Seabiscuit to the track, which helped to establish Santa Anita as a premier stop on the racing circuit. The first year dividend returned to investors 100% of their initial investment. By 1960, the aggregate par value of the stock ($7,500,000) had multiplied over a dozen times and grown so large that it split 375 to one. After its opening, Santa Anita made Dr. Strub one of the highest paid executives in the country, landing on the Treasury Department list of highest executives from 1936 through 1941. In 1946, he ranked number four on the list, earning $396,901.As time progressed, <mask> used Santa Anita as a vehicle for other leisure-time investments including Lake Arrowhead and Pacific Ocean Park. In 1987, he inducted into California Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame's inaugural class. In 2018 he was inducted into the National Racing Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, NY

Strub Series
Santa Anita Park honored him by renaming the Santa Anita Maturity Stakes the Charles H. Strub Stakes. The Strub Stakes is the final leg of the Strub Series of three open races for newly  turned 4-year-old horses held over several weeks during the first two months of each year. The Series consists of the Malibu Stakes, raced at 7 furlongs, the San Fernando Stakes, at 1 1/16 miles, and the Strub Stakes. Only five horses have ever won all three legs of the Strub Series: Round Table (1958), Hillsdale (1959), Ancient Title (1974), Spectacular Bid (1980) and Precisionist (1985). Other endeavors
In 1939, he was asked to help bail out the 1939 San Francisco World's Fair.It was a task he accepted at no salary. His efforts turned the fair around and into a break-even event for its organizers. When he was opening Santa Anita, <mask> still had his interest and position with the San Francisco Seals baseball team. While in New York City, prior to the track's official opening, he sought out a meeting with Baseball Commissioner Judge Landis to talk about the  apparent conflict of gambling and baseball. When he entered the commissioner's office, Judge Landis asked "Why are you here? ", to which Dr <mask> explained his concerns about the conflict and the need for him to exit baseball. Judge Landis replied, "Charlie, if I wanted you out of baseball I would have sent for you."Judge Landis' comment effectively ended the conversation. In 1945, the estate of Jacob Ruppert was selling the NY Yankees and <mask> put in a bid. However, at this point, the baseball commissioner was <mask> and he was concerned about the public appearance of having an owner who was also involved in gambling - albeit legitimate para-mutual horse racing. Strub withdrew his bid. He was appointed to the board of several civic organizations, including the Greater Los Angeles Opera Association and New York's Metropolitan Opera. As a benefactor, the Charles H. Strub Memorial Theater at Loyola Marymount University and Strub Hall at Santa Clara University (part of the Charles H. Graham residential complex) are named in his honor. He brought and donated to the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, the Bellefontaine estate which is now the Mayfield Senior School property in Pasadena, California.In conjunction with Santa Anita, he donated the  Forest Lawn Scout Reservation to the Los Angeles Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Strub died of a cerebral thrombosis in 1958 in Los Angeles. He was the nephew of Rev. <mask>, founder of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He married Vera Wood (1896–1968) and had five children. His son Robert P<mask> later became chairman of Santa Anita. In the movie Seabiscuit he is portrayed by Ed Lauter.References

 "Doc's Gold Mine". Time. January 31, 1949. <mask><mask> and the history of the San Francisco Seals at MLB.com's official Minor League Baseball website
 1939 Treasure Island World's Fair Closes

1884 births
1958 deaths
American dentists
Sportspeople from California
Horse racing venue owners
American horse racing industry executives
Minor league baseball executives
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
20th-century dentists

masks:
Charles Henry "
" Strub
Charles Strub
Isae Strub
Rebecca Williamson Strub
Hal Chase
Charles H
Doc Strub
Strub
Doc Strub
Charles Strub
Hal Roach
Doc Strub
Strub
Strub
Doc Strub
Happy Chandler
Joseph Strub
. Strub
Charles H
. Strub


title: Andrew Lang

texts:
<mask>  (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The <mask> lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him. Biography
<mask> was born in 1844 in Selkirk, Scottish Borders. He was the eldest of the eight children born to <mask>, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first Duke of Sutherland. On 17 April 1875, he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados. She was (or should have been) variously credited as author, collaborator, or translator of <mask>'s Color/Rainbow Fairy Books which he edited.He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School, Loretto School, and the Edinburgh Academy, as well as the University of St Andrews and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College. He soon made a reputation as one of the most able and versatile writers of the day as a journalist, poet, critic, and historian. He was a member of the Order of the White Rose, a Neo-Jacobite society which attracted many writers and artists in the 1890s and 1900s. In 1906, he was elected FBA. He died of angina pectoris on 20 July 1912 at the Tor-na-Coille Hotel in Banchory, Banchory, survived by his wife. He was buried in the cathedral precincts at St Andrews, where a monument can be visited in the south-east corner of the 19th century section. Scholarship

Folklore and anthropology

<mask> is now chiefly known for his publications on folklore, mythology, and religion.The interest in folklore was from early life; he read John Ferguson McLennan before coming to Oxford, and then was influenced by E. B. Tylor. The earliest of his publications is Custom and Myth (1884). In Myth, Ritual and Religion (1887) he explained the "irrational" elements of mythology as survivals from more primitive forms. <mask>'s Making of Religion was heavily influenced by the 18th century idea of the "noble savage": in it, he maintained the existence of high spiritual ideas among so-called "savage" races, drawing parallels with the contemporary interest in occult phenomena in England. His Blue Fairy Book (1889) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was followed by many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as <mask>'s Fairy Books. In the preface of the Lilac Fairy Book he credits his wife with translating and transcribing most of the stories in the collections.<mask> examined the origins of totemism in Social Origins (1903). Psychical research
<mask> was one of the founders of "psychical research" and his other writings on anthropology include The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Magic and Religion (1901) and The Secret of the Totem (1905). He served as President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1911. <mask> extensively cited nineteenth- and twentieth-century European spiritualism to challenge the idea of his teacher, Tylor, that belief in spirits and animism were inherently irrational. <mask> used Tylor's work and his own psychical research in an effort to posit an anthropological critique of materialism. <mask> fiercely debated with his Folklore Society colleague Edward Clodd over 'Psycho-folklore' a strand of the discipline which aimed to connect folklore with psychical research. Classical scholarship

He collaborated with S. H. Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of Homer's Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both still noted for their archaic but attractive style.He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer and the Study of Greek found in Essays in Little (1891), Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; Homer and his Age (1906); and "Homer and Anthropology" (1908). Historian

<mask>'s writings on Scottish history are characterised by a scholarly care for detail, a piquant literary style, and a gift for disentangling complicated questions. The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901) was a consideration of the fresh light thrown on Mary, Queen of Scots, by the Lennox manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, approving of her and criticising her accusers. He also wrote monographs on The Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart (1906) and James VI and the Gowrie Mystery (1902). The somewhat unfavourable view of John Knox presented in his book John Knox and the Reformation (1905) aroused considerable controversy. He gave new information about the continental career of the Young Pretender in Pickle the Spy (1897), an account of Alestair Ruadh MacDonnell, whom he identified with Pickle, a notorious Hanoverian spy.This was followed by The Companions of Pickle (1898) and a monograph on Prince Charles Edward (1900). In 1900 he began a History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation (1900). The Valet's Tragedy (1903), which takes its title from an essay on Dumas's Man in the Iron Mask, collects twelve papers on historical mysteries, and A Monk of Fife (1896) is a fictitious narrative purporting to be written by a young Scot in France in 1429–1431. Other writings
<mask>'s earliest publication was a volume of metrical experiments, The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872), and this was followed at intervals by other volumes of dainty verse, Ballades in Blue China (1880, enlarged edition, 1888), Ballads and Verses Vain (1884), selected by Mr Austin Dobson; Rhymes à la Mode (1884), Grass of Parnassus (1888), Ban and Arrière Ban (1894), New Collected Rhymes (1905). His 1890 collection, Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, contains letters combining characters from different sources, in what is now known as a crossover, including one based on Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey and Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre – an early example of a published derivative work based on Austen. <mask> was active as a journalist in various ways, ranging from sparkling "leaders" for the Daily News to miscellaneous articles for the Morning Post, and for many years he was literary editor of Longman's Magazine; no critic was in more request, whether for occasional articles and introductions to new editions or as editor of dainty reprints. He edited The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns (1896), and was responsible for the Life and Letters (1897) of JG Lockhart, and The Life, Letters and Diaries (1890) of Sir Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh.<mask> discussed literary subjects with the same humour and acidity that marked his criticism of fellow folklorists, in Books and Bookmen (1886), Letters to Dead Authors (1886), Letters on Literature (1889), etc. Works

To 1884

 St Leonards Magazine. 1863. This was a reprint of several articles that appeared in the St Leonards Magazine that <mask> edited at St Andrews University. Includes the following <mask> contributions: Pages 10–13, Dawgley Manor; A sentimental burlesque; Pages 25–26, Nugae Catulus; Pages 27–30, Popular Philosophies; pages 43–50 are Papers by Eminent Contributors, seven short parodies of which six are by <mask>. The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872)
 The Odyssey of Homer Rendered into English Prose (1879) translator with Samuel Henry Butcher
 Aristotle's Politics Books I. III. IV.(VII.). The Text of Bekker. With an English translation by W. E. Bolland. Together with short introductory essays by A<mask> To page 106 are <mask>'s Essays, pp. 107–305 are the translation. <mask>'s essays without the translated text were later published as The Politics of Aristotle. Introductory Essays.1886. The Folklore of France (1878)
 Specimens of a Translation of Theocritus. 1879. This was an advance issue of extracts from Theocritus, Bion and Moschus rendered into English prose
 XXXII Ballades in Blue China (1880)
 Oxford. Brief historical & descriptive notes (1880). The 1915 edition of this work was illustrated by painter George Francis Carline. 'Theocritus Bion and Moschus.Rendered into English Prose with an Introductory Essay. 1880. Notes by Mr A<mask> on a collection of pictures by Mr J. E. Millais R.A. exhibited at the Fine Arts Society Rooms. 148 New Bond Street. 1881. The Library: with a chapter on modern illustrated books. 1881.The Black Thief. A new and original drama (Adapted from the Irish) in four acts. (1882)
 Helen of Troy, her life and translation. Done into rhyme from the Greek books. 1882. The Most Pleasant and Delectable Tale of the Marriage of Cupid and Psyche (1882) with William Aldington
 The Iliad of Homer, a prose translation (1883) with Walter Leaf and Ernest Myers
 Custom and Myth (1884)
 The Princess Nobody: A Tale of Fairyland (1884)
 Ballads and Verses Vain (1884) selected by Austin Dobson
 Rhymes à la Mode (1884)
 Much Darker Days. By A.Huge Longway. (1884)
 Household tales; their origin, diffusion, and relations to the higher myths. [1884]. Separate pre-publication issue of the "introduction" to Bohn's edition of Grimm's Household tales. 1885–1889
 That Very Mab (1885) with May Kendall
 Books and Bookmen (1886)
 Letters to Dead Authors (1886)
 In the Wrong Paradise (1886) stories
 The Mark of Cain (1886) novel
 Lines on the inaugural meeting of the Shelley Society. Reprinted for private distribution from the Saturday Review of 13 March 1886 and edited by Thomas Wise (1886)
 La Mythologie Traduit de L'Anglais par Léon Léon Parmentier. Avec une préface par Charles Michel et des Additions de l'auteur.(1886) Never published as a complete book in English, although there was a Polish translation. The first 170 pages is a translation of the article in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica'. The rest is a combination of articles and material from 'Custom and Myth'. Almae matres (1887)
 He (1887 with Walter Herries Pollock) parody
 Aucassin and Nicolette (1887)
 Myth, Ritual and Religion  (2 vols., 1887)
 Johnny Nut and the Golden Goose. Done into English from the French of Charles Deulin (1887)
 Grass of Parnassus. Rhymes old and new. (1888)
 Perrault's Popular Tales (1888)
 Gold of Fairnilee (1888)
 Pictures at Play or Dialogues of the Galleries (1888) with W. E. Henley
 Prince Prigio (1889)
 The Blue Fairy Book (1889) (illustrations by Henry J. Ford)
 Letters on Literature (1889)
 Lost Leaders (1889)
 Ode to Golf.A Study in Forgeries and Folklore (1905)
 Adventures among Books (1905)
 Homer and His Age (1906)
 The Red Romance Book (1906)
 The Orange Fairy Book (1906)
 The Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart (1906)
 Life of Sir Walter Scott (1906)
 The Story of Joan of Arc (1906)
 New and Old Letters to Dead Authors (1906)
 Tales of a Fairy Court (1907)
 The Olive Fairy Book (1907)
 Poets' Country (1907) editor, with Churton Collins, W. J. Loftie, E. Hartley Coleridge, Michael Macmillan
 The King over the Water (1907)
 Tales of Troy and Greece (1907)
 The Origins of Religion (1908) essays
 The Book of Princes and Princesses (1908)
 Origins of Terms of Human Relationships (1908)
 Select Poems of Jean Ingelow (1908) editor
 The Maid of France, being the story of the life and death of Jeanne d'Arc (1908)
 Three Poets of French Bohemia (1908)
 The Red Book of Heroes (1909)
 The Marvellous Musician and Other Stories (1909)
 Sir George Mackenzie King's Advocate, of Rosehaugh, His Life and Times (1909)

 1910–1912
 The Lilac Fairy Book (1910)
 Does Ridicule Kill? (1910)
 Sir Walter Scott and the Border Minstrelsy (1910)
 The World of Homer (1910)
 The All Sorts of Stories Book (1911)
 Ballades and Rhymes (1911)
 Method in the Study of Totemism (1911)
 The Book of Saints and Heroes (1912)
 Shakespeare, Bacon and the Great Unknown (1912)
 A History of English Literature (1912)
 In Praise of Frugality (1912)
 Ode on a Distant Memory of Jane Eyre (1912)
 Ode to the Opening Century (1912)

 Posthumous
 Highways and Byways in The Border (1913) with John Lang
 The Strange Story Book (1913) with Mrs. Lang
 The Poetical Works (1923) edited by Mrs. Lang, four volumes
 Old Friends Among the Fairies: Puss in Boots and Other Stories. Chosen from the Fairy Books (1926)
 Tartan Tales From <mask> Lang (1928) edited by Bertha L. Gunterman
 From Omar Khayyam (1935)

 <mask> Lang's Fairy Books

Lang selected and edited 25 collections of stories that were published annually, beginning with The Blue Fairy Book in 1889 and ending with The Strange Story Book in 1913. They are sometimes called Andrew Lang's Fairy Books although the Blue Fairy Book and other Coloured Fairy Books are only 12 in the series. In this chronological list the Coloured Fairy Books alone are numbered. (1) The Blue Fairy Book (1889)
(2) The Red Fairy Book (1890)
 The Blue Poetry Book (1891)
(3) The Green Fairy Book (1892)
 The True Story Book (1893)
(4) The Yellow Fairy Book (1894)
 The Red True Story Book (1895)
 The Animal Story Book (1896)
(5) The Pink Fairy Book (1897)
 The Arabian Nights' Entertainments (1898)
 The Red Book of Animal Stories (1899)
(6) The Grey Fairy Book (1900)
(7) The Violet Fairy Book (1901)
 The Book of Romance (1902)
(8) The Crimson Fairy Book (1903)
(9) The Brown Fairy Book (1904)
 The Red Romance Book (1905)
(10) The Orange Fairy Book (1906)
(11) The Olive Fairy Book (1907)
 The Book of Princes and Princesses (1908)
 The Red Book of Heroes (1909)
(12) The Lilac Fairy Book (1910)
 The All Sorts of Stories Book (1911)
 The Book of Saints and Heroes (1912)
 The Strange Story Book (1913)

 References

Relevant literature
 de Cocq, Antonius P. L. (1968) Andrew Lang: A nineteenth century anthropologist (Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands).Tilburg: Zwijsen. Green, Roger Lancelyn. (1946) <mask>: A critical biography with a short-title bibliography. Leicester: Ward. <mask>, <mask>. 2015. The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of <mask>, Volume I.  Edited by <mask>, Alexandra Warwick, and Leigh Wilson.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 456 pages. (hard cover). <mask>, <mask>. 2015. The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of <mask>, Volume II. Edited by <mask>, Alexandra Warwick, and Leigh Wilson.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 416 pages. (hard cover). External links

 Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 Index to the fairy tales in the Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 A Monk of Fife Complete Book Online
 <mask>, The Making of Religion, Longmans, Green and Co., 1909. (1889–90 Gifford Lectures)
 <mask>, Letters to Dead Authors, transcribed from the 1886 Longman's edition. <mask>, Introduction to Marian Roalfe Cox's Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty-Five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin and, Cap O' Rushes, Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes''. andrewlangessays.com Japanese

 Andrew Lang Collection.General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 1844 births
1912 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Collectors of fairy tales
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Parapsychologists
People from Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Scottish children's writers
Scottish folklore
Scottish folklorists
Scottish historians
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
Scottish poets
Scottish scholars and academics
Victorian poets
People educated at Selkirk High School
Victorian novelists
19th-century Scottish writers
20th-century Scottish writers
19th-century historians
20th-century British historians
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Folklore writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Neo-Jacobite Revival
Translators of Homer
Presidents of the Folklore Society

masks:
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang
Lang
John Lang
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Andrew Lang
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. Lang
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. Lang
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew Lang
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Andrew
Andrew Lang
Andrew Teverson
Lang
Andrew
Andrew Lang
Andrew Teverson
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang


title: Andrew J. Moonen

texts:
<mask><mask>, currently working for the Washington State Department of Corrections in the Special Offender Unit at the Monroe  Correctional Complex, is a former employee of Blackwater Security (since renamed Academi), accused by the Iraq government of murdering Raheem Khalif, a security guard of the Iraqi Vice-president, Adel Abdul Mahdi. Khalif died from three gunshot wounds. <mask>, originally from Kalispell, Montana, in the US, served previously in the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army; he received an honorable discharge. In the wake of the killing, the United States Department of State and Blackwater USA had attempted to keep his identity secret for security reasons. Currently, <mask> lives in Seattle, Washington. Responding to claims of company-wide negligence, Erik Prince, the company's founder, said “when we found knucklehead behavior, we fired them.”

The  employee was identified on October 4, 2007, by The New York Times as <mask><mask>, from Seattle, Washington, and federal law enforcement is investigating the case, which the Iraqi government considers a murder. In Congressional hearings on October 2, 2007, Blackwater USA CEO Erik Prince testified that Moonen was fired for "violating alcohol and firearm policy."Despite the Blackwater incident, <mask> found subsequent employment. From February to August 2007, he was employed by US Department of Defense contractor Combat Support Associates (CSA) in Kuwait. In April 2007, the US Department of Defense attempted to call him back to active duty, but cancelled the request because Moonen was overseas. Shooting incident
On August 12, 2007, an MSNBC report noted the largely unaccountable and unsupervised nature of security contractor activities and the high number of casual or indiscriminate civilian killings attributed to them. According to the State Department, on December 24, 2006, a drunken Blackwater employee shot and killed a bodyguard who was protecting the Iraqi vice president. The US State Department was aware of the incident and recommended that a $250,000 payment be made to the victim's family. They offered to pay out $15,000, which the State Department agreed to.The Blackwater employee was fired but no criminal charges were brought against him initially. United States Congress memo of incident
A memo dated October 1, 2007, from the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform detailed the incident that led to the death of the Raheem Khalif:

“On December 24, 2006, a 26-year-old Blackwater security contractor shot and killed a 32-year-old security guard to Iraqi Vice President Adil Abd-al-Mahdi during a confrontation in the ‘Little Venice’ area of the International Zone in Baghdad. This incident sparked an angry reaction from the Iraqi government. “According to documents obtained by the Committee, the Blackwater contractor, who worked as an armorer, had attended a party on the evening of December 24, had consumed several alcoholic beverages and was described as drunk by witnesses who encountered him that evening. “The Blackwater contractor, carrying a Glock 9 mm pistol, passed through a gate near the Iraqi Prime Minister's compound and was confronted by the Iraqi guard, who was on duty. The Blackwater contractor fired multiple shots, three of which struck the guard, then fled the scene. “The Blackwater contractor fled to a guard post operated by Triple Canopy, another private military contractor.He told personnel there that he had gotten into a gunfight with Iraqis and that they were chasing him and shooting at him. “The guards had not heard any gunshots. He fumbled with his firearm, which was loaded, until one of the guards took it from him. Although he appeared visibly intoxicated and smelled of alcohol, he denied that he had any alcoholic beverages that evening...”

“On December 25, the day after the shooting of the guard, Blackwater terminated the contractor from the State Department contract based on its policy against possessing a firearm while intoxicated. That same day, only hours after the shooting, Blackwater arranged to have the contractor flown out of Iraq...”

""Following the incident and contrary to popular rumor, Blackwater employees individually wrote requests to the U.S. Attorney that Mooney be prosecuted. The Blackwater employees cited it was, "...the only way we can hope to maintain integrity"."" “Immediately following the incident, the State Department determined that Blackwater should send a letter of condolence to the victim's family along with a cash payment."Congressional and criminal investigation
The Justice Department Domestic Security Section opened a criminal investigation of murder charges against Moonen due to the outcry from Iraqis over the shooting death of the Iraqi man, in October 2007. On October 5, 2007, House Oversight and Government Reform Chairman Henry Waxman wrote a letter to US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice requesting Moonen's personnel records. In an October 18, 2010 press release, the US attorney closed the investigation and noted that they had declined prosecution stating "...after reviewing all the available evidence and considering possible affirmative
defenses, such as self defense, prosecutors have concluded there is not sufficient evidence to obtain and sustain a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. That high standard must be met to bring a criminal case." Notes

External links

 http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gfhT0GDGj2NR1gSKdCi6FsODXGxQD8S3BERG1
 http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/05/waxman.blackwater/
 http://www.tbo.com/news/nationworld/MGBQO3KKF7F.html
 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/washington/06blackwater.html?ref=us
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202408/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7008744803
 http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=38246&dcn=todaysnews
 http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?191575
 "Report Details Shooting by Drunken Blackwater Worker", The New York Times. http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=157111

Blackwater (company)
American mercenaries
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Kalispell, Montana

masks:
Andrew J
. Moonen
Moonen
Moonen
Andrew J
. Moonen
Moonen


title: George Grove

texts:
Sir <mask>  (13 August 182028 May 1900) was an English engineer and writer on music, known as the founding editor of <mask>'s Dictionary of Music and Musicians. <mask> was trained as a civil engineer, and successful in that profession, but his love of music drew him into musical administration. When responsible for the regular orchestral concerts at the Crystal Palace, he wrote a series of programme notes from which eventually grew his musical dictionary. His interest in the music of Franz Schubert, which was neglected in England at that point in the nineteenth century, led him and his friend Arthur Sullivan to go to Vienna in search of undiscovered Schubert manuscripts. Their researches led to their discovery of the lost score of Schubert's Rosamunde music, several of his symphonies and other music in 1867, leading to a revival of interest in Schubert's work. <mask> was the first director of the Royal College of Music, from its foundation in 1883 until his retirement in 1894. He recruited leading musicians including Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford as members of the College faculty and established a close working relationship with London's older conservatoire, the Royal Academy of Music.In addition to his musical work, <mask> had a deep and scholarly knowledge of the Bible. He contributed to the English literature on the subject, including a concordance in 1854 and about a thousand pages of Sir William Smith's 1863 Bible Dictionary. He was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Clapham, the eighth of the eleven children of <mask> (1774–1852), fishmonger and venison dealer, and his wife, Mary (1784–1856), née Blades. A younger sister, <mask>, was the founding principal of College Hall, London. He went to a preparatory school, on Clapham Common, where one of his schoolfellows was <mask> Bradley, later Dean of Westminster, whose sister <mask> subsequently married. He next entered Stockwell (later known as Clapham) Grammar School, run by Charles Pritchard, the astronomer, who was inspired by the progressive principles of King's College, London.The educational curriculum was based on classics, divinity, mathematics and natural philosophy, and rigorously tested by annual examination. Pritchard also encouraged his pupils to develop interests in literature and music. <mask> was a regular worshipper at Holy Trinity church, Clapham, where he heard the music of Bach and Handel. By the age of sixteen, he was competent in classics and mathematics; he left the school in 1836 and was apprenticed to Alexander Gordon, a well-known civil engineer in Westminster. In his free time, he immersed himself in music, attending concerts and studying scores. After completing his apprenticeship, <mask> was admitted as a graduate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in 1839. A year later he went to Glasgow, gaining further experience in the factory of Robert Napier.In 1841 <mask> had an affair with a woman called Elizabeth Blackwell, who gave birth to his illegitimate son, <mask> Blackwell, in March 1842. Between 1841 and 1846, <mask> spent most of his time in the West Indies, as resident engineer during the building of cast-iron lighthouses. After this he joined the staff of the Chester and Holyhead Railway and then became assistant to Edwin Clark, working on the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. An account of the first floating of the tubes of the bridge is recorded in The Spectator of 23 June 1849, which was <mask>'s first appearance in print. During this period, he lived in Chester, hearing music in the cathedral and also becoming familiar with Welsh folksong. Music and biblical scholarship
While working on the Britannia Bridge <mask> came into contact with Robert Stephenson, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Sir Charles Barry and other eminent visitors to the works. "These distinguished men", <mask> later recalled, "noticed me and were as good as gold to me.They counselled me to go to London and forced me into the secretaryship of the Society of Arts, then vacant by the retirement of Mr. Scott Russell." This was in 1849, when the Great Exhibition of 1851 was in preparation. <mask> was the society's secretary for the duration of the exhibition. On 23 December 1851, he married Harriet Bradley, the sister of his old school friend <mask>. After the Great Exhibition closed in 1852, its principal building, known as "the Crystal Palace", was dismantled and rebuilt in the south London suburb of Sydenham as a centre for education, the arts and leisure. <mask> was appointed secretary of the Crystal Palace. He engaged a wind band and a conductor, Heinrich Schallehn.The latter was found to be unsatisfactory, and was replaced by August Manns, who, with <mask>'s encouragement, developed the band into a full-sized symphony orchestra. With programmes chosen by <mask> and Manns, the Crystal Palace concerts became a central feature of London's musical scene and remained so until the end of the century. <mask> wrote the programme notes for the concerts. In 1901, a biographer wrote:

The daily and weekly orchestral performances at Sydenham prompted those admirable analytical notices of musical compositions with which the name of <mask> was so long and is so favourably associated. He had always shown a great fondness for music, but had never received any technical training in the art. Entirely self-taught, his knowledge was acquired solely by 'picking up' information. "I wish it to be distinctly understood," he said, "that I have always been a mere amateur in music.I wrote about the symphonies and concertos because I wished to try to make them clear to myself and to discover the secret of the things that charmed me so; and from that sprang a wish to make other amateurs see it in the same way." <mask>'s musical analyses avoided all hint of technical jargon and tried to make clear to everyone who read them what, in <mask>'s opinion, listeners should be aware of in each piece. In a note on Mozart's Symphony No. 39, after referring to Mozart's extraordinary productivity in the year 1788, <mask> wrote:
The circumstances which necessitated such fearful exertion on this and many other occasions in Mozart's life we have no means of ascertaining. Whatever they were, they were in accordance with a common custom of Nature. She seems to delight in condemning her most gifted sons to an ordeal the very reverse of that which we should anticipate. It seems equally true in Art and in Morals, that it is not by indulgence and favour, but by difficulty and trouble, that the spirit is formed; and in all ages of the world our Davids, Shakspeares, Dantes, Mozarts, and Beethovens must submit to processes which none but their great spirits could survive – to a fiery trial of poverty, ill health, neglect, and misunderstanding – and be "tried as silver is tried," that they may become the teachers of their fellow-men to all time, and shine, like stars in the firmament, for ever and ever.<mask>'s Crystal Palace programme notes did not concentrate solely on his favourite Austro-German composers. He embraced a representative selection of composers, notably the Frenchmen Berlioz, Bizet, Delibes, Gounod, Massenet and Saint-Saëns, and the rising generations of British composers – Arthur Sullivan, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford, Hamish MacCunn, Edward German and Granville Bantock. Among the composers whom <mask> sought to popularise was Schubert, whose music was largely neglected in England. <mask> and Manns presented the first performance in England of the Great C major Symphony. Together with his friend Arthur Sullivan, <mask> went to Vienna in 1867 in search of Schubert manuscripts. They found several of Schubert's symphonies and much other music, some of which they copied. They were particularly excited about their final discovery, which <mask> described thus: "I found, at the bottom of the cupboard, and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music-books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century.… These were the part-books of the whole of the music in Rosamunde, tied up after the second performance in December, 1823, and probably never disturbed since. Dr. Schneider [Schubert's nephew] must have been amused at our excitement; but let us hope that he recollected his own days of rapture; at any rate, he kindly overlooked it, and gave us permission to take away with us and copy what we wanted." In the early years of the Crystal Palace, <mask> devoted much of his leisure time to Biblical scholarship. Discovering that there was no full concordance of the proper names in the Bible, <mask>, helped by his wife, began work in 1853 making a complete index of each occurrence of every proper name in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. Between 1860 and 1863, <mask> was assistant editor to Sir William Smith in a comprehensive Bible dictionary, contributing more than a thousand pages. Some entries written by <mask>, such as that on the prophet Elijah, were equivalent almost to book-length. He visited the Holy Land in 1859 and 1861, and helped to found the Palestine Exploration Fund, of which he became honorary secretary, labouring incessantly on its behalf.The Archbishop of York said that <mask> was "virtually the founder and institutor of the Society, and has done wonders for it throughout." <mask> later observed, "People will insist on thinking of me as a musician, which I really am not in the very least degree. I took quite as much interest in my investigations into the natural features and the little towns of Palestine which I did for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible or for Arthur Stanley's Sinai and Palestine, as I did for Beethoven and Mendelssohn, indeed perhaps more so." <mask>'s Dictionary of Music and Musicians
After nearly twenty years of service at the Crystal Palace, <mask> resigned the secretaryship at the end of 1873 and accepted an offer from the publishers Macmillan and Co. to join their staff and become a director of the firm. He edited Macmillan's Magazine and wrote a primer of geography for Macmillan's "History Primers". By far the most important outcome of his connection with Macmillan was A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, for which his name is best remembered. The idea of the dictionary was entirely his own.He stated, in the prospectus of the dictionary, in March 1874, that "The want of English works on the history, theory, or practice of Music, or the biographies of musicians accessible to the non-professional reader, has long been a subject of remark." <mask> conceived of a work to fill the gap he had identified; he originally proposed two volumes of about 600 pages each, but by the time of its first publication, it ran to four volumes containing a total of 3,125 pages. It was issued by Macmillan in alphabetical volumes over a 12-year period ending in 1889. <mask> criticised Parry, a leading contributor, for being "inclined to be wordy and diffuse", but articles by <mask> on his own particular interests, Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schubert, were even longer. The Musical Times wrote of the work, "His masterly biographies of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert are models of biographical literature, and are written in a most fascinating style. He made two special journeys to Germany to obtain materials for his Mendelssohn article, and more than two to Vienna in connection with Schubert and Beethoven." Royal College of Music

In the 1880s, London's musical academies were in poor shape.The Royal Academy of Music was moribund, and the National Training School for Music, of which Sullivan was the reluctant and ineffectual head, was in financial and administrative difficulties. There was a proposal to merge the two bodies to create a single effective conservatoire, but the Royal Academy insisted on retaining its independence and later revitalised itself under the leadership of Alexander Mackenzie. The National Training School was re-formed as the Royal College of Music in 1882, and <mask> was appointed its first director. Throughout 1882 he led a successful fund-raising campaign that ensured the official opening of the new college by the Prince of Wales on 7 May 1883. <mask> received a knighthood on the same day. The teaching staff, whom he appointed, were led by Parry and Stanford, and, as a biographer of <mask> says, "carried the college with distinction into the twentieth century." <mask> focused the college's attention on two main activities: practical training and examining.He was determined to raise the general standard of orchestral playing by replacing the existing ad hoc methods of apprentice-based training, private lessons, or study abroad. His second focus, examination, followed the Victorian trend to form professional bodies regulating and standardising the activity of members of each profession. An example is the Institution of Civil Engineers to which <mask> had been admitted in 1839. When the Royal Charter establishing the college was being drawn up, <mask> ensured that, unlike the Royal Academy, the college should have degree-awarding powers. Mackenzie, seeing the prospect that the new institution would overshadow the Academy, successfully proposed that both bodies should award qualifications jointly. <mask> agreed, realising that this course would do much to dispel the damaging hostility that existed between the Academy and the college. The new Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music thus formed offered musical qualifications to external candidates from anywhere in the British Empire who could meet its rigorous standards.1,141 candidates entered for the first examinations in 1890, despite the high entry fee of two guineas. The income helped both institutions to keep their own student fees at an affordable level, which enabled the college to make a full three-year course of study its basic standard. Because of the thorough training thus offered, the high standard of playing of the college's students quickly became known. Leading musicians willingly appeared with the College orchestra, including Joseph Joachim and Hans Richter. Manns, Eugène Ysaÿe and Bernard Shaw praised it strongly. The historian David Wright says of <mask>'s legacy:  "The founding of the RCM in 1883 clearly represents the major turning point for musical training in Britain. The new attitudes it espoused stemmed directly from the professionalizing ethos that modernized and transformed Victorian society."Retirement and last years
<mask> retired at Christmas 1894, when he was succeeded by Parry. By this time, a new building had been constructed for the college. In 1896 <mask>'s Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies, "addressed to the amateurs of this country", appeared. Early in 1899, <mask>'s health began to fail, and he died, aged 79, on 28 May 1900, in the house at Sydenham in which he had lived for nearly 40 years. He was buried in the Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries. References

Further reading
  Gerrit Waidelich. „nicht das Verdienst der im J.867 nach Wien gekommenen Englishmen“? – Legenden und Tatsachen zu Sullivans und <mask>s Sichtung des „staubigen“ Aufführungsmaterials von Schuberts Rosamunde-Musik (Teil II), in: Sullivan-Journal. Magazin der Deutschen Sullivan-Gesellschaft e. V. (Hrsg. von Meinhard Saremba) – Nr. 13 (Juli 2015), S. 18–32. ISSN 2190-0647. External links

English musicologists
English book editors
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Directors of the Royal College of Music
People from Clapham
1820 births
1900 deaths
Knights Bachelor
English writers about music

masks:
George Grove
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Thomas Grove
Eleanor Grove
George Granville
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George Bradley
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