title: Mimie Wood

texts:
Susan Selina "<mask>" <mask>  (4 December 1888 – 25 August 1979) was a New Zealand secretary, accountant, and librarian for the Royal Society of New Zealand. She was employed by the organisation from 1920 until her retirement in 1962. Coleridge Farr, president of the New Zealand Institute from 1929 to 1931, said of her that it would be more accurate to describe her as the institute's assistant president. She carried a large administrative load at the Royal Society and correctly predicted that upon her retirement, she would be replaced by five people; those five positions were established within three years of her departure. From 1920 until shortly before her death, <mask> lived in Eastbourne with her partner, Margaret Magill. There, they were part of a circle of lesbian friends at a time when it was highly unusual to be openly lesbian. They were both very active in the community and both were appointed members of the Order of the British Empire.<mask> co-founded a number of community groups and usually served on committees, holding positions with those groups for decades. She was elected fellow of two societies. Early life
<mask> was born in 1888 in Dunedin. She was christened as Susan Selina <mask> at the Anglican St Peter's Church in Caversham. She never used her birth name, not even on official documents, but always signed as <mask> <mask>. Her parents were Edwin Thomas and Susan Sophia <mask> (). <mask> received her education at schools in various Dunedin suburbs: Wakari, Kaikorai, and then at Dunedin Normal School in Dunedin North.She did not receive a secondary school education. Her father, who was an accountancy tutor, also taught writing and was a designer. He announced one day that he would teach calligraphy to Mimie and make her "the best in New Zealand". Her handwritten minutes that she would take in copperplate script were testimony to her father's teaching. She attended Knox Church in George Street, and for some time she taught bible classes there. She knew John Marwick in Dunedin, who would later become a palaeontologist and geologist. It is thought that she knew the Hon.G. M. Thomson through Knox Church. <mask> died in 1918 and <mask> in 1925; both her parents died in their home town Dunedin. Professional career
<mask> took her first job at the Athenaeum in The Octagon, where she catalogued books using the Dewey Decimal Classification. Her next employment was in the office of the hardware merchants Paterson & Barr Ltd in Princes Street. At some time before 1919, she moved to Wellington, where her first role was as an assistant accountant to a large commercial business. The New Zealand Institute decided in 1919 that they needed to employ a permanent paid official as the workload for their honorary officials had become too time-consuming. The Board of Governors gave authority to the Standing Committee to employ someone for a salary not exceeding NZ£200.Tasks to fulfill were to act as assistant secretary, assistant treasurer, assistant editor, assistant librarian, compile indexes for the institute's Transactions and cards for the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. In May 1920, the Standing Committee tasked the institute's president—Thomas Easterfield—with appointing the right person. <mask> received the appointment in August 1920 and Thomson, who had been the institute's president in 1907 and 1908, was instrumental in her getting the job. At the beginning of the Great Depression, her salary was cut in line with the blanket salary cut for civil servants. Geophysicist Coleridge Farr, who was the institute's president at the time, pointed out that <mask> had put him right on many occasions in her "usual cheerful manner" where he would otherwise have gone wrong, and that her title of an assistant was not correct, as she was the institute's secretary. Farr suggested that if the word "assistant" was required, "a more just title would be 'assistant president'." At the subsequent 1931 annual general meeting, Thomson moved that <mask>'s title be changed to the secretary.<mask> had a deep admiration for Thomson and kept his portrait in her bedroom all her life. The honorary secretary of the institute was the chemist Bernard Aston from 1908 to 1925, but after a while in the role, <mask> replaced Aston. <mask> interacted more with Aston than any other board member. <mask> is regarded as having dedicated her life to the Royal Society. She was well-liked, exceedingly helpful, and trusted with many confidential matters, as she was discreet. Journalists recorded how helpful she was to them when they reported from meetings of the institute's board. <mask> got on well with all board members and presidents, with the exception of botanist Leonard Cockayne (president from 1918 to 1920 immediately prior to <mask>'s appointment), who was known for his brusque manner.When <mask> attended a committee meeting, taking notes on the request of Aston, Cockayne asked: "What is SHE doing here?" <mask> never forgave him and late in life noted that: "Despite all his honours he was the rudest man I ever met." The New Zealand Institute had to move from the wooden Dominion Museum as the Public Works Department would not allow further bookshelves to be installed over a concern of excessive weight. Professor Harry Kirk, who was the institute's president at the time, arranged that the institute could move into the Hunter Building. Three libraries—of the New Zealand Institute, the Dominion Museum, and the Wellington Philosophical Society—had been held at the Dominion Museum and it took the officers of the institute plus three men from the Public Works Department one week to relocate all the books in November 1922. There were great difficulties separating the libraries and when <mask> relocated to the Hunter Building on 6 June 1923, much of the work was still to be done. <mask> completed the remaining work practically by herself and showed "competent energy and determination".She received special recognition in the 1924 Transactions. By 1947, <mask>'s salary had increased to NZ£425. From 1950, she was assisted by a part-time librarian. In May 1962, <mask> asked to go into retirement. The society's council arranged for six months' paid leave and a NZ£500 bonus, perhaps in recognition that she did not have a superannuation scheme but also as an acknowledgement that she had been employed "for a pittance". Charles Fleming, who was president when she retired and who later wrote her obituary, said that there was no prospect of employing somebody on similar terms. At a leaving function on 28 November, she was presented with a silver tray.Few of the attendees knew that <mask>'s partner of 42 years had died just three weeks earlier; her partner's illness was the reason for <mask> asking to retire. <mask> carried a large administrative burden at the Royal Society, with the meetings of the council a particularly busy period. Exhausted after one of those meetings, she once exclaimed to the assistant librarian: "When I leave this job, you mark my words, five people will replace me." She was correct: by 1965—three years after <mask>'s retirement—the Royal Society was employing a general secretary, an executive officer, an office assistant, a librarian, and a library assistant. Private life
When <mask> came to Wellington, she first lived in Lyall Bay and in 1920, she moved to Eastbourne, New Zealand, where she remained for the rest of her life. There was a community of female couples in Eastbourne that was an early example of lesbian community in New Zealand. <mask> lived with Margaret Magill, a teacher, from 1920 until Magill's death.Magill's younger sister Ada and her partner, Molly Gore, were part of the group. Magill and <mask> set up the Eastbourne Horticultural Society (originally called the East Harbour Society), with <mask> calling an inaugural meeting on 1 March 1938 via a flyer that she distributed to residents. They attracted Elizabeth Gilmer, who was chair of the Wellington Horticultural Society, as patron for their society, Magill was the inaugural vice-president, and <mask> the inaugural honorary secretary-treasurer. The society's first show was held in September 1938. The September 1941 show was attended by Cyril Newall, who earlier that year had been appointed governor-general of New Zealand. <mask> remained the society's secretary-treasurer until 1970, when she was elected honorary member. She also held memberships with the Hutt Valley and East Harbour Rose Society (where she was on the council), and the Floral Art Society.In 1939, <mask> became joint secretary when an Eastbourne group was formed to arrange the local contribution towards the Wellington Provincial Centennial Memorial. <mask> was also secretary of the Eastbourne Lyric Group, a group that she had founded in 1937. In 1948, <mask> was one of the founders of the East Harbour Women's Club. From 1947 to 1975, she was the honorary secretary for the Eastbourne branch of the Red Cross. In her final year, she developed blood clots in her legs. She remained bed-ridden at Bowen Hospital in Crofton Downs even after an operation. She died on 25 August 1979.Awards and recognition
In 1933, <mask> was a founding member of the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Secretaries. She was admitted a fellow of the organisation (FCSNZ) and after the 1953 merger with the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, the honorifics changed to FCIS (fellow of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries). In 1963, she was elected fellow of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture (FRNZIH). In the 1963 New Year Honours, she was appointed member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for her services as secretary of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In 2017, <mask> was selected as one of the Royal Society Te Apārangi's 150 women in 150 words. References

1888 births
1979 deaths
People from Dunedin
People from Lower Hutt
Secretaries
New Zealand accountants
New Zealand librarians
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand gardeners
Royal Society of New Zealand
LGBT people from New Zealand
Lesbians

masks:
Mimie
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Mimie
Wood
Wood
Wood
Edwin Wood
Susan Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood


title: Richard D. Wolff

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1942) is an American Marxian economist, known for his work on economic methodology and class analysis. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and currently a Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs of the New School in New York. <mask> has also taught economics at Yale University, City University of New York, University of Utah, University of Paris I (Sorbonne), and The Brecht Forum in New York City. In 1988 <mask> co-founded the journal Rethinking Marxism. In 2010 he published Capitalism Hits the Fan: The Global Economic Meltdown and What to Do About It, also released on DVD. In 2012 he released three new books: Occupy the Economy: Challenging Capitalism, with <mask> (San Francisco: City Lights Books), Contending Economic Theories: Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian, with Stephen Resnick (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT University Press), and Democracy at Work (Chicago: Haymarket Books). In 2019 he released his book Understanding Marxism (Democracy at Work).<mask> hosts the weekly 30-minute-long program Economic Update, which is produced by the non-profit Democracy at Work, which he co-founded. Economic Update is on YouTube, FreeSpeech TV, WBAI-FM in New York City (Pacifica Radio), CUNY TV (WNYE-DT3), and available as a podcast. <mask> is featured regularly in television, print, and internet media. The New York Times Magazine has named him "America's most prominent Marxist economist". <mask> lives in Manhattan with his wife and frequent collaborator, Harriet Fraad, a practicing psychotherapist. Early life and education
To escape Nazism, <mask>'s parents emigrated from Europe to the United States during World War II. His father, a French lawyer working until that point in Cologne, Germany, gained employment as a steelworker in Youngstown, Ohio (in part because his European certification was not recognized in the United States), and the family eventually settled outside New York City.His mother was a German citizen. <mask>'s father was acquainted with Max Horkheimer. <mask> states that his European background influenced his world view:
"[E]verything you expect about how the world works probably will be changed in your life, that unexpected things happen, often tragic things happen, and being flexible, being aware of a whole range of different things that happen in the world, is not just a good idea as a thinking person, but it's crucial to your survival. So, for me, I grew up convinced that understanding the political and economic environment I lived in was an urgent matter that had to be done, and made me a little different from many of my fellow kids in school who didn't have that sense of the urgency of understanding how the world worked to be able to navigate an unstable and often dangerous world. That was a very important lesson for me." <mask> earned a BA magna cum laude in history from Harvard in 1963 and moved on to Stanford—he attained an MA in economics in 1964—to study with Paul A. Baran. Baran died prematurely from a heart attack in 1964 and <mask> transferred to Yale University, where he received an MA in economics in 1966, MA in history in 1967, and a PhD in economics in 1969.As a graduate student at Yale, <mask> worked as an instructor. His dissertation, "Economic Aspects of British Colonialism in Kenya, 1895–1930", was eventually published in book form in 1974. Career
<mask> taught at the City College of New York from 1969 to 1973. Here he started his lifelong collaboration with fellow economist Stephen Resnick, who arrived in 1971 after being denied tenure at Yale for signing an anti-war petition. Both would then be part, along with Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and Rick Edwards, of the "radical package" that was hired in 1973 by the Economics Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where <mask> has been full professor since 1981. <mask> retired in 2008 but remains professor emeritus and that year joined The New School as a visiting professor. The first co-authored academic publication by <mask> and Resnick was "The Theory of Transitional Conjunctures and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism," which laid out the pillars of the framework that they have worked on ever since.They formulated a non-determinist, class-analytical approach for understanding the debates regarding the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Their topics have included Marxian theory and value analysis, overdetermination, radical economics, international trade, business cycles, social formations, the Soviet Union, and comparing and contrasting Marxian and non-Marxian economic theories. <mask>'s work with Resnick took Louis Althusser and Étienne Balibar's Reading Capital as its point of departure and developed a subtle reading of Karl Marx's Capital Volumes II and III in their influential Knowledge and Class. For the authors, Marxian class analysis entails the detailed study of the conditions of existences of concrete forms of performance, appropriation, and distribution of surplus labor. While there could be an infinite number of forms of surplus appropriation, the Marxist canon refers to ancient (independent), slave, feudal, capitalist, and communist class processes. In 1989, <mask> joined efforts with a group of colleagues, ex- and then current students to launch Rethinking Marxism, an academic journal that aims to create a platform for rethinking and developing Marxian concepts and theories within economics as well as other fields of social inquiry. For more than two decades, he served as a member of the editorial board of the journal.Currently, he continues to serve as a member of the advisory board of the journal. <mask> was a visiting professor in spring 1994 at University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. <mask> continues to teach graduate seminars and undergraduate courses and direct dissertation research in economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and, most recently, in the graduate program in international affairs (GPIA) at The New School. A founding member of the Green Party of New Haven, Connecticut, <mask> was the party's mayoral candidate in 1985. In 2011, he called for the establishment of a broad-based left-wing mass party in the United States. <mask>, especially since 2008, gives many public lectures throughout the United States and other countries. He is regular lecturer at the Brecht Forum.<mask> is often a guest on television and radio news programs, and, within the U.S., has appeared on a variety of programs, as well as writing for a number of publications and websites. <mask> hosts a weekly radio/TV show and podcast on economics and society, Economic Update, at WBAI in New York City. One of his students, George Papandreou, became Prime Minister of Greece serving from 2009 to 2011. <mask> remembers Papandreou as a student who "sought then to become both a sophisticated and a socialist economist." However, CUNY Economics professor Costas Panayotakis observed that "after being elected Greek prime minister in the fall of 2009 on a platform that excoriated austerity as the wrong kind of policy to be adopted at a time of deep economic crisis, George Papandreou has reversed himself and, faced with a debt crisis, called in the International Monetary Fund and imposed the most brutal austerity program the country has ever seen." Projects
<mask> is a co-founder of Democracy at Work, a non-profit that produces media and live events to expose capitalism's systemic problems and to show how democratizing our workplaces solves them. The organization is based on his 2012 book, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism.<mask> also hosts the nationally syndicated program Economic Update with <mask><mask>, which is produced by Democracy at Work. Personal life
In addition to his native English, <mask> is fluent in French and German. <mask> lives in New York City with his wife, Harriet Fraad, a psychotherapist. They have two children. <mask> is a distant relative of German political activist <mask>, to whom the first volume of Karl Marx's Das Kapital was dedicated. Works

Films

References

External links

 Democracy@Work, a YouTube series hosted by <mask>
 <mask><mask>'s UMASS webpage (with Stephen A Resnick)
 <mask>'s faculty profile at The New School
 Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society
 Democracy at Work A social movement "for greater economic democracy" co-founded by Dr<mask>

Interviews

 Capitalism in Crisis: <mask> Urges End to Austerity, New Jobs Program, Democratizing Work. Democracy Now!March 25, 2013. The Empire Files: Understanding Marxism and Socialism with <mask>. The Real News, March 21, 2016. Poverty Has Always Accompanied Capitalism. Truthout. July 3, 2016. 1942 births
20th-century American economists
Economists from New York (state)
American people of French descent
American people of German descent
American Marxists
American communists
American socialists
American anti-capitalists
City College of New York faculty
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Marxian economists
Marxist theorists
American Marxist writers
New York (state) socialists
Stanford University alumni
The New School faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Writers from Youngstown, Ohio
Yale University alumni
Economists from Ohio
21st-century American economists

masks:
Richard David Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
David Barsamian
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Richard D
. Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wilhelm Wolff
Richard Wolff
Richard D
. Wolff
Wolff
. Wolff
Richard Wolff
Richard Wolff


title: Eduard Gafencu

texts:
<mask> (born February 9, 1993) is a Romanian professional kickboxer and boxer. He currently competes in the Colosseum Tournament, in which he is the reigning champion of the welterweight and super welterweight divisions. In February 2021, <mask> signed with Glory. Early life
<mask> played soccer from 7 to 14 years old, but quit after an injury. He also practiced swimming. <mask> then started boxing at the age of 15, but after a short while he switched to kickboxing. At the age of 16 and a half, he had his first fight and practiced kickboxing until the age of 21, culminating in a three-year hiatus.Professional kickboxing career
<mask> entered the professional circuit in 2017, after being initiated by the coach Gabriel Moț from Top Fighters Club and taken over from Arnold Nagy (Metalbox) by the Ruben Stoia Boxing Club. Colosseum Tournament
<mask> competed for various regional Romanian promotions, in the process amassing a record of 6–0. In 2018, <mask> had signed a contract with the Colosseum Tournament. He took part in a four-man super welterweight tournament to determine the Colosseum Tournament's first Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Champion. <mask> faced Adrian Cibu on September 17, 2018, in the semi-final of the Super Welterweight Tournament. He won the fight in emphatic fashion via knockout in round one to progress to the final round of the tournament. <mask> faced Leonard Dorin's student Adelin Mihăilă at Colosseum Tournament 8 in the finals.<mask> won the match via knockout in the third round. The triumph also earned <mask> his first Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Flavius Boiciuc on December 14, 2018 at Colosseum Tournament 10. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced the Fight Institute by Peter Aerts's Thomas Doeve on 	March 29, 2019 at Colosseum Tournament 11. He won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned him his second Performance of the Night award.The tornado kick knockout has been also acknowledged by sites like Sherdog, MMA Fighting, MMAjunkie.com and others as the potential Knockout of the Year for 2019. <mask> moved down to the welterweight division. He faced the Bonjasky Academy's Ekrem Doruk for the inaugural Colosseum Tournament World Welterweight Championship on May 9, 2019, in the main event of Colosseum Tournament 12. He won the fight via knockout in the second round, becoming the first Colosseum Tournament fighter to win titles in two weight classes. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award for a third time. Dynamite Fighting Show
On January 23, 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed a deal with Dynamite Fighting Show. In his debut fight for the promotion, <mask> faced the Hemmers Gym's Benjamin Masudi on March 5, 2020 at Dynamite Fighting Show 7.<mask> knocked down Masudi twice in the fight. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Return to Colosseum Tournament
In September 2020, it was announced that <mask> signed a deal to return to the Colosseum Tournament. In his return bout, <mask> was expected to face Adelin Mihăilă in rematch on October 23, 2020 at Colosseum Tournament 20. However on October 6, it was announced that Mihăilă pulled out due to his COVID-19 recovery, and he was replaced by Alexandru Ianţoc. <mask> won the fight via knockout in the second round. <mask> faced Anghel Cardoş in a 3-round non-title on February 26, 2021 at Colosseum Tournament 23.He lost the fight via decision. Fighting style
<mask> is regarded as one of Romania's best of the new generation of Romanian kickboxers. He earned public praise from Romanian legend Daniel Ghiță for his ring performances. <mask> was described by Ghiță as "the most talented kickboxer, at present, in the country". Championships and accomplishments

Kickboxing
Colosseum Tournament
Colosseum Tournament World Welterweight Championship (One, inaugural)
Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Championship (One, inaugural)
Colosseum Tournament World Super Welterweight Championship Tournament Winner
Performance of the Night (Four times) vs. Adrian Cibu & Adelin Mihăilă, Thomas Doeve, Ekrem Doruk and Anghel Cardoş
First multi-divisional champion in Colosseum Tournament history
Dynamite Fighting Show
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Benjamin Masudi
Russia Today
2019 Knockout of the Year vs. Thomas Doeve

Kickboxing record

|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2021-09-20 || Win ||align=left| Anghel Cardoş || Colosseum Tournament 27 || Oradea, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 15-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2019-03-29 || Win ||align=left| Thomas Doeve || Colosseum Tournament 11 || Bucharest, Romania || KO (tornado kick) || 1 || 2:19 || 10-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-12-14 || Win ||align=left| Flavius Boiciuc || Colosseum Tournament 10 || Timișoara, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 9-0
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-09-17 || Win ||align=left| Adelin Mihăilă || Colosseum Tournament 8, Final || Bucharest, Romania || KO (right hook & double left hook) || 3 || 0:22 || 8-0
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-09-17 || Win ||align=left| Adrian Cibu || Colosseum Tournament 8, Semi-final || Bucharest, Romania || KO (flurry of punches) || 1 || 2:57 || 7-0
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-01-28 || Win ||align=left| Paul Crețiu || Fighters League 2 || Reșița, Romania || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 6-0
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

Professional boxing record

See also
List of male kickboxers

References

External links
 Official Dynamite Fighting Show profile

1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Arad, Romania
Romanian male kickboxers
Light heavyweight kickboxers
Glory kickboxers
Romanian male boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania

masks:
Eduard Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Eduard Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu
Gafencu


title: Luciano Chessa

texts:
<mask> (, born January 12, 1971, in Sassari, Italy) is a musician, performance/visual/installation artist, and musicologist. As a composer, conductor, pianist, and musical saw / Vietnamese dan bau soloist, <mask> has been active in Europe, the U.S., Australia, and South America. Compositions include a piano and percussion duet after Pier Paolo Pasolini’s "Petrolio", written for Sarah Cahill and Chris Froh and presented in 2004 at the American Academy in Rome, "Il pedone dell’aria" (“air walker”) for orchestra and double children choir, premiered in 2006 at the Auditorium of Turin's Lingotto and subsequently released on DVD, and two works in collaboration with artist Terry Berlier: "Louganis" for piano and TV/VCR combo (performed at the Monday Evening Concerts in 2010) and "Inkless Imagination IV" for viola, mini-bass musical saw, turntables, piano, percussion, FM radios, blimp and video projection (premiered at UC Davis’ Mondavi Center by the Empyrean Ensemble). Among his compositions should be mentioned a large orchestral work commissioned by the Orchestra Filarmonica di Torino, Italy and titled "Ragazzi incoscienti scarabocchiano sulla porta di un negozio fallito an.1902" (reckless children scribble on the door of a failed shop in 1902), "Movements", a multimedia work for 16mm film, dan bau and amplified film projectors produced in collaboration with filmmaker Rick Bahto, "Come un’infanzia", a guitar plus string quartet piece for the Left Coast Chamber Ensemble, and A Heavenly Act, an opera commissioned by SFMOMA and Opera Parallèle with a libretto by Gertrude Stein and video by Kalup Linzy. A Heavenly Act premiered on 19 August 2011, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco, in a staged production by the Ensemble Parallèle, conducted by Nicole Paiement and featuring Linzy. Recent premieres include "LIGHTEST", a SFMOMA commission presented on 16 November 2013, at the SF Columbarium, and "Set and Setting", a San Francisco Contemporary Music Players commission presented on 18 February 2014, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. Chessa's first record, "Humus" (1997), out on the Italian cult label Destination X, received excellent reviews in all the major Italian musical magazines (Fare Musica, Rumore, Il Mucchio Selvaggio) and was voted by Rockerilla’s critics as one of the 10 best international recordings of 1997.His  "Peyrano", which includes recordings produced in the 90s, has been re-released in March 2012 by the Swiss label Skank Bloc Records. <mask> has been performing futurist sound poetry for well over 10 years. His reading of Italian poetry to accompany a performance of the Grammy Award Nominated New Century Chamber Orchestra in San Francisco's Herbst Theatre in 2000 was granted with excellent reviews in the San Francisco press, and in 2001 he has given the modern premiere of Francesco Cangiullo's explosive Futurist sound poems "Piedigrotta" and "Serata in onore di Yvonne" to critical acclaim. From the year 1999 to 2004, he has been a member of the UC Davis Gospel Choir, where he served as assistant conductor to Calvin Lymos, the choir's principal director. As a musicologist, his areas of research competence include twentieth-century, experimental, and late fourteenth-century music (Ars Subtilior). His research on Italian Futurism, which he has presented and published internationally, has shown for the first time the occult relationship between Luigi Russolo’s intonarumori and Leonardo da Vinci’s mechanical noisemakers. He is author of Luigi Russolo Futurist.Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, the first monograph ever to be dedicated to Russolo and The Art of Noises. Published by the University of California Press, the book has received enthusiastic reviews:

"With meticulous attention to primary sources, galvanised by daring leaps of imagination, [Chessa] reveals an array of unorthodox ideas, creative tensions, and contradictions within Russolo's milieu." [...]
"<mask>'s prose embodies the sheer pleasure of discovery through research." [...]
"The frenzied pace of <mask>'s writing retains a visionary edge throughout, and the book itself could be seen as an example of synthesis and dynamism." (The Wire, June 2012)

"The most comprehensive source of Russolo available in English." (Examiner.com)

"In Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, composer and San Francisco Conservatory music history professor <mask>a reconstructs Russolo’s life through ambitious archival research, uncovering and digesting esoteric and obscure texts to reverse-engineer how the artist’s eccentric interests influenced his creative output." (Brainpickings.org)

In 2018, he wrote a brief essay on Russolo's ongoing importance in contemporary music for the first ever Argentinean translation of Luigi Russolo's "L'arte dei Rumori", published in 2018 by Dobra Robota Editora.He was also the main guest in the launching of said book in Buenos Aires in December 2017. Chessa's Futurist expertise has resulted in an invitation by RoseLee Goldberg, General Director of the New York-based Biennale of the Arts PERFORMA to direct the first reconstruction project of Russolo's earliest intonarumori orchestra, and to curate concerts of music specifically commissioned for this orchestra. The new intonarumori ensemble has been unveiled in October 2009 at San Francisco's YBCA's Novellus Theater and then presented in NYC's Town Hall in November for PERFORMA 09—both events being co-produced by PERFORMA and SFMOMA, and featuring Minna Choi's Magik*Magik Orchestra. This production presented an impressive array of world premieres written by such composers and ensembles as Blixa Bargeld, John Butcher, Tony Conrad, James Fei, Ellen Fullman, Ghostdigital with Finboggi Petusson and Caspar Electronics, Nick Hallett, Carla Kihlstedt + Matthias Bossi, Ulrich Krieger, Joan La Barbara, Pauline Oliveros, Pablo Ortiz, Mike Patton, Anat Pick, Elliott Sharp, Jennifer Walshe, Theresa Wong, Text of Light. The production, also featuring Chessa's L’acoustique ivresse, for bassvoice and intonarumori ensemble and the modern premiere of Russolo's Risveglio di una città in a new diplomatic edition by Chessa, was hailed by The New York Times among the best events in the arts of 2009. In September 2010 Chessa presented the intonarumori in the first Italian appearance: a concert at the MART in Rovereto, Italy, as part of the Festival Transart, which featured performances by Nicholas Isherwood and included Sylvano Bussotti's "VARIAZIONE RUSSOLO-Slancio d'angoli", and two new commissioned pieces by Margareth Kammerer and Teho Teardo. In March 2011 Chessa conducted the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners in a sold out concert for Berliner Festspiele MaerzMusik Festival, which included "Gramophone Saraswati," a new piece by Amelia Cuni and Werner Durand.The Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners is currently touring internationally. In December 2011 <mask> conducted the project with the New World Symphony in their new Frank Gehry designed New World Center’s Concert Hall packed to capacity as part of a Performa-curated special event to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Art Basel | Miami Beach. The performance included Joan La Barbara’s "Striations" and the premiere of Lee Ranaldo’s "It All Begins Now (Whose Streets? Our Streets!)". Both pieces featured their respective composers performing alongside <mask> and the New World Symphony. In May 2013 at the Experimentation Center of the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires he presented a series of events to celebrate the Centennial of Russolo's Art of Noises. A double LP dedicated to the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners and documenting the first phase of this project has been released on the label Sub Rosa in November 2013.In December 2013 <mask> conducted the Orchestra of Futurist Noise Intoners to a sold-out crowd at the RedCat in Los Angeles. In June 2014 <mask> performed three concerts with Futurist Sound Poetry at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, as part of the retrospective exhibit on Italian Futurism; his voice reading Marinietti's Manifesto and Poetry to accompany Jen Sachs’ videos was experienced by all exhibit visitors, from February to September 2014. A new version of Cangiullo's Piedigrotta conceived for the Peter B. Lewis Theater of the Guggenheim Museum,  directed, and scored for 5 Neapolitan folk instruments  by Chessa, received a standing ovation on 9 June 2014. <mask> has been interviewed by the CBS (KPIX/KBHK) television channel as an expert on Italian 1990s hip-hop and by the BBC as Luigi Russolo's foremost scholar. He has been featured in Artforum, Art in America, in the Italian issue of Marie Claire and in the September 2010 Issue of Vogue Italia, and appears in Peter Esmonde's documentary on Ellen Fullman, 5 Variations on a Long String (2010). <mask> teaches at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, serves in the Advisory Board of TACET, the international research publication dedicated to Experimental Music of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, and collaborates with SF's Italian Cultural Institute. His music is published by RAI TRADE, the Italian National Broadcast Channels’ music publishing company, and Edizioni Carrara.Education
He holds a D.M.A. in Piano performance and a M.A. in Composition from the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna, Italy, a M.A. magna cum laude in History of Medieval Music from the University of Bologna, and a Ph.D. in Musicology and Music Criticism from the University of California at Davis. He taught and lectured at numerous institutions including St. John's College of Oxford, UK, Columbia University, Harvard University, Sydney's and Melbourne's Conservatories and Universities, the Conservatory of Music in Bologna, UC Davis, UC Berkeley, Stanford University, and EMPAC in the campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. See also
 Futurists and Theosophy

References
English Home Page https://www.lucianochessa.com/

1971 births
Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini alumni
Italian composers
Italian male composers
Living people
People from Sassari
University of California, Davis alumni

masks:
Luciano Chessa
Luciano Chessa
Luciano Chessa
Chessa
Chessa
Luciano Chess
Chessa
Chessa
Chessa
Chessa
Luciano Chessa
Chessa


title: Christopher P. Monkhouse

texts:
<mask> (1947–2021) was an architectural historian, a scholar of the decorative arts, and a curator who worked in institutions across America. He was the founding curator of the Heinz Architectural Galleries at Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh and, in 2017, upon his retirement, he had held the post of Eloise W. Martin curator and Chair of the Department of European Decorative Arts at the Art Institute of Chicago for ten years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Portland, Maine on 2 April 1947 to William A<mask>, M.D. and <mask>. He had two brothers, William and Frederick, who both predeceased him. <mask> attended Waynflete School, graduated from Deerfield Academy in 1965, and, in 1966, studied English country houses at the summer school run by the Attingham Trust at Attingham Park in Shropshire, England. From 1965 to 1969, <mask> read for a degree in History of Art (BA) at the University of Pennsylvania and, upon being awarded a Thouron British American Fellowship, he travelled to London to study for an MA at the Courtauld Institute of Art, undertaking his dissertation on 19th century railway hotels supervised by <mask>.It was during this time he first visited Ireland to study the hotels on the Grand Canal. He later wrote a chapter, Railway Hotels, for a 1979 book on railway architecture. Career
<mask> worked on his first exhibition while still at secondary school, curating a 1964 exhibit on Maine politics with two other members of Deerfield’s historical society and, as he later observed; “I had the good fortune to know what I wanted to do professionally very early in life. I curated my first art exhibition at Deerfield, and I have not deviated from that career track since.”

<mask> remained in London after completing his master's degree and worked at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the world's largest museum of applied and decorative arts and design, before returning to the States in 1975 as visiting lecturer at Brown University. His first curatorial appointment was in the summer of 1976 when he became curator of European and American decorative arts at the Museum of Art at Rhode Island School of Design where he served for the next 15 years. One of the many exhibitions he curated, Gorham: Masterpieces in Metal was reviewed in the New York Times in 1983 and was described as ‘an impressive survey of Providence’s illustrious 152-year- old metal-fabricating industry’. From 1991 to 1995 <mask> was the founding curator of the Heinz Architectural Galleries at Carnegie Museum of Art and, reflecting his life-long interest in architecture, laid the foundations of an architectural resource that encompasses a collection of over 6000 objects.His own house in Ben Avon, Pennsylvania was also like a museum with the walls covered in architectural drawings. He moved his own extensive collection of art, antiques, books and architectural drawings to Minnesota when he was appointed James Ford Bell Curator of Decorative Arts, Sculpture, Architecture Design and Craft at the Minneapolis Institute of Art in 1995. One of the major exhibitions that <mask> curated was the 2004 exhibition Currents of Change: Art and Life Along the Mississippi River, 1850–1861, with Jason T. Busch and Janet L. Whitmore, in which he merged his interest in the poetry of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, a fellow Portland native, and the culture of the American Midwest. Lynsi Spaulding, in a review for the journal Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide, said the exhibition offered ‘a fresh perspective of the River and the steamboat as the primary conduits for both the necessities of commerce and the propagation of artistic style’ and concluded that the curators were owed ‘a debt of gratitude for tackling such a complicated era and presenting the diverse themes with a sense of maturity and sensitive comprehension.’

In 2007 <mask> Martin Curator and Chair of the department of European Decorative Arts at the Art Institute of Chicago. Upon being approached to take up the post and appreciating that he was approaching the last decade of his career he asked himself; “Have I done everything I want to? This is a chance to work with an extraordinary collection in a great museum. Who could ask for anything more?” One of his tasks was to oversee the reinstallation of one of America’s top decorative arts collections in a new wing at the institute designed by Renzo <mask>; an architect whose work was well known to <mask> since the first exhibition he curated when the Heinz Architectural Galleries opened in 1993 was a show inspired by the work of Renzo <mask> incorporating computer technology; an innovative idea at the time.<mask>’s first visit to Ireland way back in the 1960s when, by the nature of his research, he became involved with the Irish Georgian Society coupled with his meeting Desmond Fitzgerald, 29th Knight of Glin, while he was working at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, fuelled his interest in Ireland and its art and craft. Over the years <mask> visited Ireland many times and continued a lifelong friendship with Desmond Fitzgerald with whom he often discussed the possibility of an exhibition of Irish art. It is therefore not surprising that the culmination of his distinguished curating career was the much-acclaimed exhibition Ireland: Crossroads of Art and Design, 1690–1840, held at the Art Institute of Chicago, that “triumphantly put the visual arts of eighteenth-century Ireland onto the ‘world stage’." The exhibition opened to the public on St Patrick’s Day 2015, and was dedicated to the memory of the Knight of Glin, who was represented at the launch by his widow Olda and their daughters. In the year prior to the exhibition opening, <mask>, together with other members of staff, met the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins who visited the Art Institute of Chicago on the last day of a five-day official visit to the United States in April 2014. Generous with his time to friends and colleagues, Monkhouse was also a generous donator of gifts to various institutions over the years, for example, the Rhodes Island School of Design museum (RISD) has innumerable items donated by Monkhouse as diverse as a 1960 Lark Ladle by <mask> to an American button containing a portrait of a young man dating back to the 1800s. Another <mask> design was gifted by him to the Minneapolis Institute of Art as was a <mask>er pitcher, c.1875 and, reflecting his diverse interests and ‘boundless intellectual curiosity’, some embroidery items, amongst other things, were gifted to the Art Institute, Chicago.While he was studying in London at the Courtauld Institute of Art he also donated photographs to the Conway Library who are in the process of digitising their archive of primarily architectural images as part of the wider Courtauld Connects project. <mask> received the honour of being elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 2 February 2018 and over his long career was involved with a number of historical and cultural societies such as the American Friends of Attingham, to whom he gave the Annual Fall Lecture in 2014, the Society of Architectural Historians, a member from 1966, and Victoria Mansion; acting on its professional advisory council, to name a few. Personal life
<mask> retired in 2017 after a long and illustrious career. He has been described as an ebullient tea-drinking story teller and was an avid collector. His homes full of his collections were important to him and one of the regrets, when he moved from Minnesota to Illinois, was that he had to sell his Marcel Breuer house in Saint Paul designed for the ecclesiastical designer Frank Kacmarcik. When he first visited it, <mask> said "As soon as I walked in the door, I just knew it was my house, I've never had a piece of architecture speak to me so quickly." Like Kacmarcik he filled its purpose built library with his collection of rare books and invited its former owner, a kindred spirit, to visit and, not unsurprisingly, bearing in mind their mutual interests, <mask> and Kacmarcik, who was by then a monk and in his late 80s, got on well.As <mask> said "It was nice that he saw in me as the rightful heir, he went to his grave knowing someone loved the house almost as much as he did." For all his travels, <mask> always retained ties to his birth state and had, for a long time, kept a summer home in Machiasport, an 18th-century Colonial house. When he retired, he moved his collection, for the final time, to a former sea-captain’s house in Brunswick. <mask> died from a stroke on January 12, 2021 at Gosnell Memorial Hospice House in Scarborough, Maine.

masks:
Christopher Pruyn Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse
. Monkhouse
Agnes Pruyn Linder Monkhouse
Christopher
Monkhouse
Nikolaus Pevsner
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouseoise
Piano
Monkhouse
Piano
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse
John Prip
John Prip
Christopher Dress
Christopher Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Monkhouse
Christopher Monkhouse


title: DJ JoN-E

texts:
Johney Brar (born July 25 in Toronto, Ontario), also known as DJ JoN-E or "Johnny No Best", is a Canadian DJ, producer, writer and radio host. He was the host and executive producer of the primetime Desi Live Radio Program which first aired on CHRY 105.5FM then was nationally distributed in the United States on HD Radio in New York/New Jersey WRKS 98.7FM HD2, Washington WTOP 103.5FM HD2, Chicago WKQX 101.1FM HD2, San Jose/Bay Area KIOI 101.3FM HD2 and Los Angeles KPWR 105.9FM HD2. He is currently head of operations for Sixcity Media. Career

BBC Soundcrew
Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E) & Gurjit Bolina (MC LoudMouTH) created the South entertainment company BBC Soundcrew in the year 2001 to help develop the North American Indian/South Asian Music scene. BBC Soundcrew was developed to change, broaden and strengthen the Desi/South Asian Night Life in Canada. Based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, BBC Soundcrew has made their mark in the 2000's with their own ventures including popular Desi/South Asian DJ Website in Canada (BBCsoundcrew.com), BBC Soundcrew Gear, mix CDs and remix albums, a record label (Funky Dhol Productions) and a weekly primetime urban Indian/Desi radio program in North America (Desi Live on 105.5 FM Mondays 8-9PM). The show was then nationally distributed in the United States on HD radio to five major markets from 2008 to 2011.BBC Soundcrew's successful night life scene saw them open for such popular South-Asian musical acts as Punjabi MC, DCS (Shin), B21, Sukhsinder Shinda, Lehmber Hussinpuri, Jassi Sidhu, RDB, Premi Group, Bikram Singh, Apache Indian, H-Dhami and many more. FM Radio
BBC Soundcrew's "Desi Live" Radio Program was hosted By Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E) and aired every Monday 8:00pm–9:00pm (EST) on CHRY 105.5FM Toronto. Shows could also be listened to on their website as well as Rogers Cable Channel 945. BBC Soundcrew's "Desi Live" Radio Program hit the airwaves in December 2004 after the green light was given from the Board of Directors of CHRY Radio Station. After the approval, "Desi Live" was given a prime time Monday night slot (8-9pm EST) to help add some diversity to the Monday night lineup on CHRY 105.5FM. Desi Live Radio Show was sandwiched between the popular hip hop program "Backroad Radio" 6:00pm–8:00pm and "Everyday I have the Blues" the long running jazz/blues show hosted by Vince Vitacco (9:00pm–11:00pm)

The show primarily played bhangra (Punjabi) music along with urban Indian beats and music from local talent. The show took great strides in its first year with its popularity soaring.Each show was also made available online. CL Magazine stated:

BBC Soundcrew, one of Toronto’s top Indian and Bhangra DJs, has sought to create a presence and medium for South Asians to explore their culture, not only in Toronto, but for Canada’s diverse Indian population. "Desi Live" was considered the top Urban Bhangra Radio Program in North America. With visitors dropping by the studio every week and segments such as "The Old Skool Track of the Week, Top 5, Featured Album, Use it or Lose it (The audience decides if a new debut track should be kept in rotation on the show), and artist interviews. Johney Brar announced in October 2008, that he will be leaving CHRY 105.5FM permanently at the end of the month, concluding his four years of programming on CHRY on October 27, 2008. HD Radio
Johney Brar signed a deal to move his show to the United States market with a national distribution deal with HD Radio provider WorldBand Media, beginning in late November 2008. The shows title remained "Desi Live," however the show expanded from a 1-hour format to a 2-hour format.Desi Live also began airing live programming 5 nights a week, airing weeknights 8pm10pm on HumDesi Radio (a division of Worldband Media) hosted by Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E). The show aired in the following cities:

New York City/New Jersey - WRKS 98.7 FM HD-2
Los Angeles - KPWR 105.9 FM HD-2
Chicago - WKQX 101.1 FM HD-2
Washington - WTOP 103.5 FM HD-2
San Jose - KIOI 101.3 FM HD-2

This was the first attempt to nationally distribute a Desi/Bhangra Show in North America, making Johney Brar the youngest nationally syndicated South-Asian DJ in North America. As of October 2009, Desi Live changed timeslots from 8pm10pm weeknights to its new home 9pm12am Fridays and Saturdays. As of July 2010, Desi Live began airing one night a week, Saturdays 9pmmidnight. The last show for Humdesi Radio aired on May 21, 2011. Humdesi Radio was sold shortly after this, officially cancelling all shows on its network. Desi Live TV
In 2015, concepts were pitched to two prominent Canadian television networks of turning the radio show in to a live dance music television program, appealing to ethnic music audiences around the country.While the idea gained interest from the networks, it was put on hold by Johney claiming that certain rules and restrictions of what we can do on the program by the networks would likely make the show unprofitable. Due to this, the pilot episode of "Desi Live TV" was never shot. Executive Producer - Radio
Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E) has created or assisted in development the following radio programs:

Notable Guests

Trish Stratus - WWE Hall of Famer

Shaun Majumder - Canadian comedian/actor

Vikas Kohli - Audio Producer of Fatlabs recording studio in Mississuaga, Ontario, Canada

Lara Levi - CEO of Death Row Records

Sonjay Dutt - Professional Wrestler

John Leguizamo - Emmy Award-winning actor

Discography

BBC Soundcrew - Live to Air (2002)

BBC Soundcrew - BreakThrough (2003)

Various - Urban Bhangra (BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Sound Rab Di)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Got Yourself Desi Remixxx Feat Nas (2004)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E) - Desi Live the Mixx CD Vol. 1 (March - 2005)

BBC Soundcrew - Punjabi MC VS Eminem Mashup (Single 2005) (Produced By <mask>)

BBC Soundcrew (DJ JoN-E & <mask>) - Desi Live the Mixx CD Vol. 2 (March - 2008)

References

External links
 Excalbur News Article on "Desi Live" and BBC Soundcrew
 Campus Life Magazine Article on BBC Soundcrew, "Desi Live" & DJ JoN-E

1984 births
Living people
Canadian DJs
Musicians from Toronto

masks:
DJ Din
DJ Davy


title: Jane Jacobs

texts:
Her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) argued that "urban renewal" and "slum clearance" did not respect the needs of city-dwellers. <mask> organized grassroots efforts to protect neighborhoods from urban renewal and slum clearance – in particular plans by Robert Moses to overhaul her own Greenwich Village neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through an area of Manhattan that later became known as SoHo, as well as part of Little Italy and Chinatown. She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on that project. After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to the Spadina Expressway and the associated network of expressways in Toronto that were planned and under construction. As a woman and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of urban planning, <mask> endured scorn from established figures. Routinely, she was described first as a housewife, as she did not have a college degree or any formal training in urban planning; as a result, her lack of credentials was seized upon as grounds for criticism.However, the influence of her concepts eventually was acknowledged by highly respected professionals such as Richard Florida and Robert Lucas. Early years
<mask> was born <mask> Butzner in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Bess Robison Butzner, a former teacher and nurse and John Decker Butzner, a physician. They were a Protestant family in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Her brother, John Decker Butzner, Jr., served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. After graduation from Scranton High School, she worked for a year as the unpaid assistant to the women's page editor at the Scranton Tribune. New York City
In 1935, during the Great Depression, she moved to New York City with her sister Betty. <mask>ner took an immediate liking to Manhattan's Greenwich Village, which deviated some from the city's grid structure.The sisters soon moved there from Brooklyn. During her early years in Manhattan, <mask> held a variety of jobs working as a stenographer and freelance writer, writing about working districts in the city. These experiences, she later said, "gave me more of a notion of what was going on in the city and what business was like, what work was like." Her first job was for a trade magazine, as a secretary, then an editor. She sold articles to the Sunday Herald Tribune, Cue magazine, and Vogue. She studied at Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, taking courses in geology, zoology, law, political science, and economics. About the freedom to pursue study across her wide-ranging interests, she said:

For the first time I liked school and for the first time I made good marks.This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered, statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of Barnard College at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I had to take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high-school marks had been so bad that Barnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an education. Career
After attending Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, Butzner found a job at Iron Age magazine. Her 1943 article on economic decline in Scranton was well publicized and led the Murray Corporation of America to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the War Production Board to support more operations in Scranton. Experiencing job discrimination at Iron Age, she also advocated for equal pay for women and for the right of workers to unionize. Amerika
She became a feature writer for the Office of War Information and then a reporter for Amerika, a publication of the U.S. State Department in the Russian language.While working there she met Robert Hyde <mask>., a Columbia-educated architect who was designing warplanes for Grumman. They married in 1944. Together they had a daughter, Burgin, and two sons, James and Ned. They bought a three-story building at 555 Hudson Street. <mask> continued to write for Amerika after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect. The <mask>es rejected the rapidly growing suburbs as "parasitic", choosing to remain in Greenwich Village. They renovated their house, in the middle of a mixed residential and commercial area, and created a garden in the backyard.Working for the State Department during the McCarthy era, <mask> received a questionnaire about her political beliefs and loyalties. <mask> was anti-communist and had left the Federal Workers Union because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro-union and purportedly appreciated the writing of Saul Alinsky; therefore she was under suspicion. On 25 March 1952, <mask> delivered her response to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the United States Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said:

The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because they themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe...Architectural Forum
<mask> left Amerika in 1952 when it announced its relocation to Washington, D.C. She then found a well-paying job at Architectural Forum, published by Henry Luce of Time Inc. She was hired as an associate editor. After early success in that position, <mask> began to take assignments on urban planning and "urban blight". In 1954, she was assigned to cover a development in Philadelphia designed by Edmund Bacon. Although her editors expected a positive story, <mask> criticized Bacon's project, reacting against its lack of concern for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed <mask> examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she determined that "development" seemed to end community life on the street. When <mask> returned to the offices of Architectural Forum, she began to question the 1950s consensus on urban planning. In 1955, <mask> met William Kirk, an Episcopal minister who worked in East Harlem.Kirk came to the Architectural Forum offices to describe the impact that "revitalization" had on East Harlem, and he introduced <mask> to the neighborhood. In 1956, while standing in for Douglas Haskell of Architectural Forum, <mask> delivered a lecture at Harvard University. She addressed leading architects, urban planners, and intellectuals (including Lewis Mumford), speaking on the topic of East Harlem. She urged this audience to "respect – in the deepest sense – strips of chaos that have a weird wisdom of their own not yet encompassed in our concept of urban order." Contrary to her expectations, the talk was received with enthusiasm, but it also marked her as a threat to established urban planners, real estate owners, and developers. Architectural Forum printed the speech that year, along with photographs of East Harlem. Rockefeller Foundation and Death and Life of Great American Cities
After reading her Harvard speech, William H. Whyte invited <mask> to write an article for Fortune magazine.The resulting piece, "Downtown Is for People", appeared in a 1958 issue of Fortune, and marked her first public criticism of Robert Moses. Her criticism of the Lincoln Center was not popular with supporters of urban renewal at Architectural Forum and Fortune. C.D. Jackson, the publisher of Fortune, was outraged and over the telephone, demanded of Whyte: "Who is this crazy dame?" The Fortune article brought <mask> to the attention of Chadbourne Gilpatric, then associate director of the Humanities Division at the Rockefeller Foundation. The foundation had moved aggressively into urban topics, with a recent award to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for studies of urban aesthetics that would culminate in the publication of Kevin A. Lynch's Image of the City. In May 1958, Gilpatric invited <mask> to begin serving as a reviewer for grant proposals.Later that year, the Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to <mask> to produce a critical study of city planning and urban life in the U.S. (From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the foundation's Humanities Division sponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which <mask> was the best known grantee.) Gilpatric encouraged <mask> to "explor[e] the field of urban design to look for ideas and actions which may improve thinking on how the design of cities might better serve urban life, including cultural and humane value." Affiliating with The New School (then called The New School for Social Research), she spent three years conducting research and writing drafts. In 1961, Random House published the result: The Death and Life of Great American Cities.The Death and Life of Great American Cities remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning. She coined the terms "social capital", "mixed primary uses", and "eyes on the street", which were adopted professionally in urban design, sociology, and many other fields. <mask> painted a devastating picture of the profession of city planning, labeling it a pseudoscience. This angered the male-dominated urban planning profession.<mask> was criticized with ad hominem attacks, being called a "militant dame" and a "housewife": an amateur who had no right to interfere with an established discipline. One planner dismissed <mask>'s book as "bitter coffee-house rambling". Robert Moses, sent a copy, called it "intemperate and also libelous... Sell this junk to someone else." Later, her book was criticized from the left for leaving out race and openly endorsing gentrification, which <mask> referred to as "unslumming". In 1962, she resigned her position at Architectural Forum to become a full-time author and concentrate on raising her children. In other political activities she became an opponent of the Vietnam War, marched on the Pentagon in October 1967, and criticized the construction of the World Trade Center as a disaster for Manhattan's waterfront. Struggle for Greenwich Village
During the 1950s and 1960s, her home neighborhood of Greenwich Village was being transformed by city and state efforts to build housing (see, for example, <mask>'s 1961 fight to build the West Village Houses in lieu of large apartment houses), private developers, the expansion of New York University, and by the urban renewal plans of Robert Moses.Moses' plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the Housing Act of 1949, also called for several blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale high-rises. The plan forced 132 families out of their homes and displaced 1,000 small businesses—the result was Washington Square Village. As part of his efforts to revitalize the area, Moses had proposed the extension of Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park in 1935. In the face of community opposition, Moses had shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1950s. Moses argued that the Fifth Avenue extension would improve the flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX), which would connect the Manhattan Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge with the Holland Tunnel. In response, local activist Shirley Hayes created the "Committee to Save Washington Square Park", a coalition of dozens of local neighborhood groups that opposed the roadway extension. Raymond S. Rubinow eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the "Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic".<mask> had joined the committee under Hayes, but she took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as The Village Voice, which provided more sympathetic coverage than The New York Times. The committee gained the support of Margaret Mead, Eleanor Roosevelt, Lewis Mumford, Charles Abrams, and William H. Whyte, as well as Carmine De Sapio, a Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decisive. On 25 June 1958, the city closed Washington Square Park to traffic, and the joint committee held a ribbon tying (not cutting) ceremony. Plans for LOMEX expressway continued despite growing community opposition in areas such as Little Italy. In the 1960s, <mask> chaired the Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway. The New York Times was sympathetic to Moses, while The Village Voice covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway.<mask> continued to fight the expressway when plans resurfaced in 1962, 1965, and 1968, and she became a local hero for her opposition to the project. She was arrested by a plainclothes police officer on April 10, 1968, at a public hearing during which the crowd had charged the stage and destroyed the stenographer's notes. She was accused of inciting a riot, criminal mischief, and obstructing public administration. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which <mask> commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct.New York: A Documentary Film devoted an hour of the eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour series to the battle between Moses and <mask>. Robert Caro's biography of Moses, The Power Broker, gives only passing mention to this event, however, despite <mask>'s strong influence on Caro. In 2017, Caro told an interviewer about the difficulty in cutting more than 300,000 words from his initial manuscript: "The section that I wrote on <mask> disappeared. To this day, when someone says: 'There's hardly a mention of <mask>,' I think, 'But I wrote a lot about her.'Every time I'm asked about that, I have this sick feeling." Life in Toronto

Soon after her arrest in 1968, <mask> moved to Toronto, eventually settling at 69 Albany Avenue in The Annex from 1971 until her death in 2006. She decided to leave the U.S. in part because she opposed the Vietnam War, she worried about the fate of her two draft-age sons, and she did not want to continue fighting the New York City government. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered employment opportunities, and they moved to an area of Toronto that included so many Americans avoiding the draft that it was called the "American ghetto". She quickly became a leading figure in her new city and helped stop the proposed Spadina Expressway. A frequent theme of her work was to ask whether cities were being built for people or for cars. She was arrested twice during demonstrations.She also had considerable influence on the regeneration of the St. Lawrence neighborhood, a housing project regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1974 and later, she told writer James Howard Kunstler that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her U.S. citizenship was lost. In 1980, she offered a more urban perspective on Quebec's sovereignty in her book, The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Separation. <mask> was an advocate of a Province of Toronto to separate the city proper from Ontario. <mask> said, "Cities, to thrive in the twenty-first century, must separate themselves politically from their surrounding areas." She was selected to be an officer of the Order of Canada in 1996 for her seminal writings and thought-provoking commentaries on urban development. The community and urban sociology section of the American

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title: Jane Jacobs

texts:
 Sociological Association awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2002.In 1997, the city government of Toronto sponsored a conference entitled, "<mask> Jacobs: Ideas That Matter", which led to a book by the same name. At the end of the conference, the <mask> Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual stipend of $5,000 for three years to be given to "celebrate Toronto's original, unsung heroes – by seeking out citizens who are engaged in activities that contribute to the city's vitality". <mask> never shied away from expressing her political support for specific candidates. She opposed the 1997 amalgamation of the cities of Metro Toronto, fearing that individual neighborhoods would have less power with the new structure. She backed an ecologist, Tooker Gomberg, who lost Toronto's 2000 mayoralty race, and she was an adviser to David Miller's successful mayoral campaign in 2003, at a time when he was seen as a longshot. During the mayoral campaign, <mask> helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city waterfront to Toronto City Centre Airport (TCCA).Following the election, the Toronto city council's earlier decision to approve the bridge was reversed and bridge construction project was stopped. TCCA did upgrade the ferry service and the airport was still in operation as of 2019. In lieu of the bridge, a pedestrian tunnel broke ground in March 2012. The tunnel opened on 30 July 2015. <mask> also was active in a campaign against a plan of Royal St. George's College (an established school very close to the <mask> residence in Toronto's Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. <mask> suggested not only that the redesign be stopped but that the school be forced from the neighborhood entirely. Although Toronto council initially rejected the school's plans, the decision later was reversed – and the project was given the go-ahead by the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) when opponents failed to produce credible witnesses and tried to withdraw from the case during the hearing.She also had an influence on Vancouver's urban planning. <mask> has been called "the mother of Vancouverism", referring to that city's use of her "density done well" philosophy. <mask> died in Toronto Western Hospital aged 89, on 25 April 2006, apparently of a stroke. She was survived by a brother, James Butzner (d. 2009); a daughter, Burgin <mask>, her sons, James and Ned of Vancouver, and by two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Upon her death her family's statement noted: "What's important is not that she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember her by reading her books and implementing her ideas". Legacy
<mask> is credited, along with Lewis Mumford, with inspiring the New Urbanist movement.She has been characterized as a major influence on decentralist and radical centrist thought. She discussed her legacy in an interview with Reason magazine. While <mask> saw her greatest legacy to be her contributions to economic theory, it is in the realm of urban planning that she has had her most extensive effect. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted planning models that had dominated mid-century planning. The influential Harvard Economist Edward Glaeser, known for his work on urban studies, acknowledged  that <mask> (1960s) had been prescient in attacking Moses for "replacing well-functioning neighborhoods with Le Corbusier-inspired towers". Glaeser agreed that these housing projects proved to be Moses' greatest failures, "Moses spent millions and evicted tens of thousands to create buildings that became centers of crime, poverty, and despair." She also was famous for introducing concepts such as the "Ballet of the Sidewalk" and "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as natural surveillance.The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as Oscar Newman, who prepared the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his defensible space theory. The work of <mask> and Newman would go on to affect American housing policy through the HOPE VI Program, an effort by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to demolish the high-rise public housing projects so reviled by <mask> and to replace them with low-rise, mixed-income housing. Throughout her life, <mask> fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities were living beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning. Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise housing" projects were instrumental in discrediting these once universally supported planning practices. <mask> is remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities, and for leaving "a legacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place". Despite the fact that <mask> mainly focused on New York City, her arguments have been identified as universal.For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighborhoods for projects of urban renewal had "special resonance" in Melbourne, Australia. In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought against large-scale high-rise housing projects of the Housing Commission of Victoria, which they argued had little regard for the impact on local communities. <mask> fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the United States remaining very much a suburban nation, the work of <mask> has contributed to city living being rehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighborhoods are more likely to be gentrified than cleared for redevelopment. Samuel R. Delany's book Times Square Red, Times Square Blue relies heavily on The Death and Life of Great American Cities in its analysis of the nature of social relations within the realm of urban studies. <mask> Days
After the death of <mask> in April 2006, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a Jane Jacobs Day, held on June 28, 2006.The City of Toronto proclaimed her birthday the following year, May 4, 2007, as Jane Jacobs Day. Jane's Walks

In connection with Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto, two dozen free neighborhood walks in the city were offered that weekend (5 May 2007) as an active memorial to <mask>, and they were dubbed Jane's Walks. Later, a Jane's Walk event was held in New York on September 29–30, 2007. In 2008, the event spread to eight cities and towns throughout Canada, and by 2016, Jane's Walks were taking place in 212 cities in 36 countries, on six continents. The interpretive walks typically apply ideas <mask> identified or espoused to local areas, which are explored on foot and sometimes by bicycle. The walks normally take place in early May, on or close to her May 4 birth anniversary. Walks are organized and led by local volunteers, coordinated by a headquarters office in Toronto.There are more than 200 walks offered in Toronto, alone, in 2016, taking place on May 6, 7, and 8. Exhibitions
In 2016, to mark the hundredth birth anniversary of <mask>, a Toronto gallery staged "Jane at Home", an exhibition running from April 29-May 8. Curated by <mask>'s son, <mask>, it offered glimpses of her home life, where she also worked. Her Toronto living room was represented, based on the one at her Albany Avenue house in The Annex, where she often spoke with noted thinkers and political leaders including Marshall McLuhan, Paul Martin, and the Queen of the Netherlands. On display were her typewriter, original manuscripts, rediscovered photographs demonstrating her distinctive styles, and personal mementos. The exhibit included furniture from previous homes in New York (her dining room is set up) and from Scranton, Pennsylvania.<mask> at Home , Urbanspace Gallery, Toronto, 2016

In 2007, the Municipal Art Society of New York partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation to host an exhibit focusing on "<mask> Jacobs and the Future of New York," which opened at the society in September that year. The exhibit aimed to educate the public on her writings and activism and used tools to encourage new generations to become active in issues involving their own neighborhoods.An accompanying exhibit publication included essays and articles by such architecture critics, artists, activists, and journalists as Malcolm Gladwell, Reverend Billy, Robert Neuwirth, Tom Wolfe, Thomas de Monchaux, and William McDonough. Many of these contributors participated in a series of panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York". Jane Jacobs Medal
As a tribute to <mask>, the Rockefeller Foundation, which had awarded grants to <mask> in the 1950s and 1960s, announced on February 9, 2007, the creation of the Jane Jacobs Medal, "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about urban design, specifically in New York City". Recipients include:
 Barry Benepe, co-founder of the New York City Green Market program and a founding member of Transportation Alternatives, was awarded with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and a $100,000 cash prize in September 2007. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism was awarded to Omar Freilla, the founder of Green Worker Cooperatives in the South Bronx; Mr. Freilla donated his $100,000 to his organization. Peggy Shepard, executive director of West Harlem Environmental Action, received the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and Alexie Torres-Fleming, founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, received the award for New Ideas and Activism. Both women received their medals and $100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in New York City.Damaris Reyes, executive director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created and manages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in New York City, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both received $100,000, in addition to the medal. The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the High Line Park atop an unused elevated railroad line, led the foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism, along with $60,000 to each man. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was given to Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, for her longtime work as writer, park administrator, and co-founder of Central Park Conservancy. She received $80,000 as well. The Canadian Urban Institute offers an award to honor her, the <mask> Lifetime Achievement Award, to recognize a person "who has had significant impact on the health of their region consistent with <mask>'s belief that successful cities foster a place-based, community-centered approach."The 2011 winner was Eberhard Zeidler, while his daughter, Margie Zeidler, won the 2015 award. In 2012, Anne Golden took the prize "for her long-standing leadership in public policy, her academic work and her varied leadership experience in business, not-for-profit and government sectors." William (Bill) Teron accepted the 2013 award "for his influential career in public policy and passionate advocacy for quality design and commitment to development in the Ottawa area." In 2014, Jack Diamond was recognized for his "contribution to improving the built form and advocacy for cities and the future of the Greater Toronto Area." In April 2014, Spacing was appointed the stewards of the Jane Jacobs Prize. Spacing, winners of the prize in 2010, has continued to provide the award with a new life and new ways of promoting (and finding) the winners. Other honors
 Jane Jacobs Way, West Village, New York City (Hudson Street and Eleventh Street, New York, New York)
 Jane Jacobs Park, 11 Wellesley Street West, Toronto (construction began in 2016)
 <mask> sculptural chairs, Victoria Memorial Square (St. John's Square), Toronto
 Jane Jacobs Toronto Legacy Plaque, 69 Albany Avenue, Toronto
 Jacobs' Ladder, rose bushes dedicated by Grassroots Albany (neighbors) in 1997, Toronto
 Jane Jacobs Street, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
 Jane <mask> Street (Village of Cheshire) Black Mountain, North Carolina
 a Google Doodle marked the 100th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, on May 4, 2016, and was featured on Google's homepage in 15 countries on four continents
 a conference room at the offices of the New Economics Foundation in London is named in honor of <mask>

<mask> received the second Vincent Scully Prize from the National Building Museum in 2000.<mask> is the subject of the 2017 documentary film Citizen Jane: Battle for the City, which depicts her victories over Robert Moses and her philosophy of urban design. In popular culture
 A fictionalized version of her is played by Alison Smith in a season 1 episode of the Amazon series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. The community organizer played by Cherry Jones in Motherless Brooklyn has drawn comparisons to <mask>. The director, Edward Norton, has clarified that the composite character was partially based on <mask>, but more so on Hortense Gabel who was active a decade earlier. The URL of the Facebook group New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens (NUMTOT) is whatwouldjanejacobsdo. Criticism
The planners and developers she fought against to preserve the West Village were among those who initially criticized her ideas. Robert Moses has generally been identified as her arch-rival during this period.Since then, <mask>'s ideas have been analysed many times, often in regard to the outcomes that their influences have produced.Glaeser, Edward L. (2010) Taller Buildings, Cheaper Homes. The New York Times, 4 May 2010 6:02 amOuroussoff, Nicolai (2006) Outgrowing <mask>, Lev (2016) <mask>'s Tunnel Vision Why our cities need less <mask>. Literary Review of Canada, October 2016

In places such as the West Village, the factors that she argued would maintain economic and cultural diversity have led instead to gentrification and some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Her family's conversion of an old candy shop into a home is an example of the gentrifying trend that would continue under the influence of <mask>'s ideas. Gentrification also was caused, however, by "the completely unexpected influx of affluent residents back into the inner city". The extent to which her ideas facilitated this phenomenon was at the time unimaginable.For example, she advocated the preservation of older buildings specifically because their lack of economic value made them affordable for poor people. In this respect, she saw them as "guarantors of social diversity". That many of these older structures have increased in economic value solely due to their age was implausible in 1961. Issues of gentrification have dominated criticism of <mask>'s planning ideas. Economist Tyler Cowen has criticized her ideas for not addressing problems of scale or infrastructure, and suggests that economists disagree with some of her approaches to development. For example, although her ideas of planning were praised at times as "universal", they are now thought inapplicable when a city grows from one million to ten million (as has happened many times in developing nations). Such arguments suggest that her ideas apply only to cities with similar issues to those of New York, where <mask> developed many of them.Works
<mask> spent her life studying cities. Her books include:

 The Death and Life of Great American Cities The Death and Life

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