title: Michael Cheika

texts:
 victory. On 1 November, <mask> was named 2015 World Rugby Coach of the Year, becoming the first Australian coach to claim the title since Rod Macqueen in 2001, and the first non-New Zealander coach to win it since Ireland's Declan Kidney in 2009. 2016–2017
In 2016, England toured Australia for a three-test series, the first of its kind. The series saw Australia lose all three tests to be "whitewashed" for the first time in a home series since South Africa won 3–0 in 1971.The first test, lost 39–28, saw England win back-to-back tests on Australian soil for the first time since 2003, while winning at Brisbane for the first ever time. The 39 points scored against Australia were the most points Australia had ever conceded by an English team. The second test saw England win 23–7, a record winning margin on Australian soil and a record third consecutive away win, to see England claim their first ever series win over Australia. The final test saw an accumulative score of 84 points, with England the victors 44–40. He led Australia to second in the 2016 Rugby Championship despite losing the first two matches on an aggregate score of 71–17 against New Zealand. <mask> lead the Wallabies to their first win of the season against South Africa in round 3, winning 23–17, before defeating Argentina the following week 36–20. Australia narrowly missed out on their first ever victory at Loftus Versfeld Stadium, losing to South Africa in Pretoria 18–10.In the final week of the Championship, Argentina hosted Australia in London, where the teams became the first to play a Rugby Championship or Tri-Nations match outside any of the SANZAAR nations. Australia were the victors, 33–21. In the final Bledisloe Cup on 22 October, Australia were defeated 37–10, conceding 18 points in the closing 20 minutes. Australia's 2016 Spring tour saw mixed results, convincingly defeating Wales 32–8 in the opening week, before narrowly defeating Scotland with a 74th minute try by Tevita Kuridrani to win 23–22. Their third game saw Cheika completely change the team for the French clash, but still managed to claim the victory 25–23. The fourth and fifths matches on the tour saw the Wallabies lose their eight and ninth tests of the year, losing to Ireland 27–24 and England 37–21, with Ireland loss killing the Australian's chances of claiming a successful Grand Slam tour. Australia's 2017 season started with a 37–14 victory over Fiji where Cheika gave four players their international debut.The following week, Australia lost to Scotland for the first ever time in Sydney, losing 24–19. It was the first time ever Australia had lost to Scotland twice in row at home, with the last loss, 9–6 in 2012, the last time Scotland had beaten Australia. Australia's final June test was a 40–27 victory over Italy, though for most of the game the teams weren't separated by many points with the score being 28–27 until the 75th minute. During the 2017 Rugby Championship, <mask> was heavily criticized for his constant changing off match day teams. It wasn't until the last round of the Championship that <mask> retained the previous starting XV in two consecutive matches, for the first time in his Career as Wallabies head coach. The Championship started with a 54–34 hammering to New Zealand, conceding 8 tries in 47 minutes. At the 50 minute mark, the score was 54–6, however Australia clawed back the margin scoring four tries in the last quarter of the game.The return fixture the following, Australia came within minutes of claiming an away victory to New Zealand, leading the All Blacks 29–28 at the 77th minute mark. However a Beauden Barrett try on the 78th minute, saw New Zealand claim a 35–29 victory, despite at one point being behind 17–0 down early on in the game. The third round saw Australia and South Africa draw for the first time since 2001, after the game ended 23–23. The result was repeated in the reverse fixture three weeks later, when it ended 27–27. Australia ended on a high, putting a solid performance against Argentina away, running out victors 37–20. Ahead of the Wallabies Spring tour, <mask> led Australia to a 23–18 victory over the All Blacks in the third Bledisloe Cup. It was the first time since 2015 that the Wallabies had defeated the world champions.This win was backed up by a narrow 31–28 non-test victory over the Barbarians and a week later a 63–30 win over Japan in Yokohama, in what was both experimental sides for Australia. Australia's first major test on their Spring tour came on 11 November, where they faced and defeated Wales, 29–21. Despite the score being 13–6 heading into the final 10 minutes in the England test, Australia went on to lose their first tour match 30–6, conceding 3 tries. Australia's final test was a record defeat at the hands of Scotland, losing 53–24 in Edinburgh for the first time since 2009. 2018–2019
The Wallabies endured a shocking run in 2018; in June, <mask> led the team to a series defeat against Ireland, losing 2–1 having won the first test 18–9. However, a first loss to Ireland at home since 1979 in the second test (26–21) followed by a close encounter in the third test (16–20), meant Ireland claimed a first ever series win over Australia. Despite losing the series, the Wallabies out scored their opposition in terms of tries, scoring 6 tries to 3.It was also a first for <mask> in the second test, naming an unchanged matchday 23 for two consecutive tests, retaining the same team from the first test. During the 2018 Rugby Championship, <mask> faced severe criticism over the team's form and a string of poor results. His job was openly questioned in the Australian media after the team won only two games during the Championship. Despite leading New Zealand 6–5 in the opening match, the Wallabies went onto lose the match 38–13, and despite being marginally behind the All Blacks in the second test, 7–14 at half time, they also went on to lose that match 40–12. <mask>'s side did manage an impressive 23–18 victory over South Africa to retain the Mandela Challenge Plate. However, the following week, Australia lost to Argentina 23–19, which was the first time since 1983 that Argentina had beaten Australia on home soil. This meant the Wallabies dropped to a record low seventh place on the World Rugby Rankings and, after Round 5, their woes continued as they lost to South Africa 23–12.In the final round, Argentina led Australia 31–7 at half time in Salta. However a record come-back in the second half meant <mask> and his team won 45–34, to secure third place in the Championship. In the third Bledisloe Cup match, held in Japan, the Wallabies put on a better performance but failed to capitalise on their chances, seeing the All Blacks win 37–20. <mask>'s team endured a similarly dismal run in the 2018 autumn internationals, losing 9–6 to Wales (their first win over Australia since 2008) before salvaging a consolation 26–7 victory against Italy. The Wallabies ended 2018 with a sixth consecutive defeat to England, going down 37–18. The team's win-loss record, having won only four out of thirteen test matches, was their worst since 1958. A review of the team's performance was conducted by the administration of Rugby Australia, with the board electing to back Cheika through to the 2019 World Cup.The decision was widely derided in the Australian sporting press, with speculation rife that the administration were unable to afford to terminate <mask>'s contract. 2019 saw much change in the Australian set-up, beginning with the sacking of Stephen Larkham as attack coach and the introduction of a selection panel made up of Cheika, newly selected Director of Rugby Scott Johnson and <mask>'Connor who acts as an independent away from the national team coaching team. The new process started with a 35–17 loss to South Africa in the opening round of the 2019 Rugby Championship. The following week, Australia gained just their first win of the Championship, defeating Argentina 16–10. However it was the final match against New Zealand that proved a success, after winning 47–26, a joint record defeat for the All Blacks; through this result meant a win in the second Bledisloe Cup match meant Australia would reclaim the title for the first time since 2002. However, the Wallabies lost 36–0 to see the trophy remain in New Zealand. At the 2019 Rugby World Cup Australia won three of their four pool matches but a close loss to  led to a quarter-final fixture with .A defeat by 40–16 in that match ended the Australian campaign and the following day <mask> announced that he would resign as head coach by the end of the year. His contract had been due to expire following the World Cup. 2020
Following his departure from Australian Rugby, <mask> took up a role within the NRL with Sydney Roosters Rugby League Team as assistant coach. In September 2020, the Argentine Rugby Union announced that <mask> had joined the team prior to the 2020 Tri Nations Series, taking up an advisory role and re-joining former Wallabies coaching staff, Mario Ledesma. On 20 Nov 2020, it was reported that Lebanon had appointed Cheika as the nation's new head coach ahead of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup

Statistics

International matches as head coach
Note: World Rankings Column shows the World Ranking Australia was placed at on the following Monday after each of their matches

Record by Country

Honours
Australia

World Rugby Coach of the Year
Winner: 2015
Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
Runner-up: 2015
The Rugby Championship
Winner: 2015
Runner-up: 2016, 2017, 2019

James Bevan Trophy
Winner: 2014, 2016, 2017
Mandela Challenge Plate
Winner: 2015, 2016, 2017,2018
Puma Trophy
Winner: 2015, 2016, 2017,2018, 2019

Trophée des Bicentenaires
Winner: 2016
Hopetoun Cup
Winner: 2016
Killik Cup
Winner: 2014

New South Wales
Super Rugby
Winner: 2014
Australian Conference winner: 2014, 2015

Stade Français
European Challenge Cup
Runner-up: 2011

Leinster
Heineken Cup
Winner: 2009
Celtic League
Winner: 2008
Runner-up: 2006, 2010

Randwick
Shute Shield
 Winner (as coach): 2004
 Winner (as player): 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996

Personal life
<mask> is the son of Lebanese migrants. He is the youngest of three children and grew up in a working-class home in Coogee, New South Wales. He previously worked for dress designer Collette Dinnigan, before starting a multimillion-dollar fashion business of his own called Live Fashion.<mask> speaks fluent Arabic, French and Italian. He was known among the Leinster rugby fraternity as Mic Check 1–2, a humorous allusion to his name, Craig McLachlan's band and his eagerness that all facets of preparation were scrutinised and reviewed prior to matchday. <mask> married in June 2008. He and his wife Stephanie have four children. He is a fan of the South Sydney Rabbitohs Rugby league team and is first cousin once removed of Adam Doueihi. References

External links
 Lassen Record

1967 births
Living people
Australia national rugby union team coaches
Australian people of Lebanese descent
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
Australian rugby union coaches
Australian rugby union players
New South Wales Waratahs players
Lebanon national rugby league team coaches
Leinster Rugby non-playing staff
Rugby union players from

masks:
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Michael O
Cheika
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Cheika
Cheika
Cheika
Cheika


title: Barbara Bosworth

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1953) is an American artist, educator, and photographer. <mask> works primarily with a large-format, 8x10 view camera and focuses on the relationship between humans and nature. Her works have been included in magazines, journals, books and permanent collections, and shown in solo exhibits nationally and internationally. Life and career
<mask> was born in 1953 in Cleveland, Ohio, and grew up in Novelty, Ohio. She studied at Bowling Green State University, where she received her B.A. in Fine Arts in 1975. She earned an M.F.A.in photography at Rochester Institute of Technology in 1983. <mask> worked briefly as a visiting instructor at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, before joining the photography faculty at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. In 1985, she won a Guggenheim fellowship for her photographic work. She has been professor and Chair of the Photography Department at Massachusetts College of Art. <mask> grew up surrounded by trees, plants, and the outdoors. She creates her views of the natural world using a large-format film camera, exploring subtle relations between humans and landscapes, "unfolding a personal and spiritual connection to the world around us." According to Andy Grundberg, writing in Grand Street, her peers in landscape photography include Laura McPhee, Lois Connor, Terry Evans, Linda Halverson, and Mary Peck, among others.Work

Much of <mask>'s photographic work focuses on landscapes and trees. She spent several months intensively photographing the New England Trail, and more than 14 years visiting and photographing large trees from the National Register. In other photographs such as Indigo Bunting she captures fleeting moments of connection between birds and humans, "incredibly intimate moment[s] of contact" with the tiny creatures appearing "exceptionally vulnerable." <mask> documents the American landscape and how it is affected by humans. <mask> captures details using a view camera, and she often creates diptychs and triptychs from a set of exposures, expanding the area of her images. In her series Birds and Other Angels, the triptych format places her photographs of birds and humans within the wider scope of the forest surrounding them. Although <mask> works in color, she also frequently shoots in black and white, intentionally limiting the image to forms shown in tones of grey, undistracted by color.In her twenty-year retrospective Natural Histories: Photographs by <mask>, about three quarters of the photographs are in black and white and one quarter were in color. In a San Francisco MoMA interview, <mask> asserts that her processes are slowed down due to the use of film, and that the care and thoughtfulness put into her work increases with that time. She takes her time carefully studying the landscapes, which primarily consists of forests, birds, and the people her work has crossed paths with. Like other landscape photographers, <mask>'s asserted interest is in exploring the world at her own pace and appreciating what nature puts in front of her. She believes that observation is necessary to the artistic process and end product. Although she examines what appears before her in the natural world, <mask>'s chosen subject matter remains very personal and depicts specific moments that she has experienced. Her first photographs in and around her home in Ohio were taken from her rectangular living room window, looking out into the Ohio forest.Although her earliest photographs rarely included humans, she increasingly focused on people's connection to and effects on the surrounding environment, and she often mentions her parents and her upbringing as influences. <mask>'s mother developed Parkinson's disease and dementia, while her father passed away from old age. <mask> was able to channel these experiences into her work, drawing on them as an inspiration for her book Behold (2014): "Photography is our validation that we were there." Behold
<mask>'s work was exhibited in the fall of 2014 at the Datz Museum in SinSeong Gol, Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. This work was collected and bound by the museum's Datz Press, into the book Behold. <mask>'s photographs connected tall, ancient tree stands with people, animals, streams that seem to flow through nature with time. The exhibition had its opening reception on October 11, 2014.About Behold, <mask> states:

New England Trail

In the fall of 2012, the New England National Park Service hired <mask>  as Artist-in-Residence to take pictures along the New England Trail. Her photos were shown at the exhibition To Be at the Farther Edge: Photographs along the New England Trail at Amherst College in Massachusetts and later throughout New England. This work is her tribute to the genre of Hudson River School style paintings, which have inspired her, and her piece View of the Oxbow from Dry Knob (2012) is a particular tribute to Thomas Cole’s famous painting The Oxbow. Trees: national champions
Many of <mask>’s photographs focus on the landscapes of trees. She explored Holden Arboretum as a child and as an adult with her family. <mask> says trees "are rooted solidly in the earth but point ethereally toward the sky." "Champion trees" are notably the largest trees of each species according to the National Register of Big Trees, and are found in many different locations including backyards, street sides, mountains, and forests.In Trees: national champions, <mask> documents the genera of the trees and also shows how their landscape changes from place to place. Voyage of the Charles W. Morgan
In the summer of 2014, eighty-five people from various backgrounds were invited to sail on the Charles W. Morgan ship from Mystic Seaport in Mystic, CT, to produce creative projects for Mystic Seaport. <mask> was chosen because, "While all of her projects remind viewers that we shape nature, but nature also shapes us." The trip was one day and one night long. During that evening, <mask> created Nocturnal Voyage: The Morgan Series, which consists of five images of the dark sea. The Meadow
In 2015, <mask> collaborated with photographer Margot Anne Kelley to photograph an area of land in Carlisle, Massachusetts, situated among a variety of landscapes with pathways and abandoned areas. The resulting book The Meadow includes a log documenting the daily life of the previous landowner to reinforce the connection between humans and the land, and incorporates photographs in scrap-book form with fold-out booklets and embellishments.The project has been described as "a meditation on the shifting perspective that occurs when one repeatedly sees the same place through new eyes." Crossing the Frontier, organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, traveling exhibition
 The Altered Landscape, organized by the Reno Museum of Art, traveling exhibition; <mask> is one of the artists included in the accompanying book. Awards and honors
 2016 - Shortlisted for Paris Photo-Aperture Foundation, Photo Book of the Year
 2015 - Pollock-Krasner Foundation, Grant
 2013 - Honored Educator Award, Society for Photographic Education
 2012 - Artist-in-Residence, New England National Scenic Trail, National Park Service
 2012 - Kittredge Fund, Grant
 2010 - Sudbury, Assabet, and Concord Wild and Scenic River Stewardship Council, Wild and Scenic River Grant
 2008 - Marsh Billings Rockefeller National Historical Park, Woodstock, VT, Fellowship
 2008 - Laurel School, Cleveland, OH, Scholar-in-Residence
 2002 - MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, NH, Fellowship
 1998/1999 - Buhl Foundation, New York, NY, Grant
 1995 - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, Fellowship
 1993, New England Foundation for the Arts
 1992, Artist-in-Residence, Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in North Carolina
 1986, Artist-in-Residence, Bernheim Forest in Kentucky
 1985, Ruttenberg Fellowship, Friends of Photography, San Francisco, CA

Books
 Bosworth, <mask>; Kelley, Margot Anne; Lukitsh, Joanne; Gingerich, Owen (2018). The Heavens. Santa Fe, NM: Radius Books. References

Photographers from Ohio
Massachusetts College of Art and Design faculty
Artists from Cleveland
1953 births
Living people
Bowling Green State University alumni
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
American women photographers
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Barbara Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Barbara Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Barbara Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
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Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Barbara Bosworth
Bosworth
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Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Bosworth
Barbara


title: Florence Lake

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, November 27, 1904 – April 11, 1980) was an American actress best known as the leading lady in most of the Edgar Kennedy comedy shorts. Early life
<mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina. In the early 1900s, her father and uncle toured with a circus in an aerial act known as "The Flying Silverlakes". Her mother, Edith Goodwin, was an actress. Her parents later appeared in vaudeville in a skit "Family Affair", traveling throughout the South and Southwest United States. <mask> and her younger brother Arthur Silverlake, Jr. became part of the act in 1910. Their mother brought the children to Hollywood to get into the burgeoning film industry.Arthur changed his professional name to <mask> and later achieved great success as "Dagwood Bumstead" in the Blondie movie series. Early career
Before acting in films, <mask> was the leading lady for the Raynor Lehr stock theater company. Her film debut came in New Year's Eve (1929). Comic acting persona
<mask> was petite, with a high-pitched speaking voice. She perfected a comical singsong delivery that established her in "dumb" roles. She personified flightiness in the Kennedy shorts, as the scatterbrained Mrs. Kennedy. After the series ended upon Kennedy's death in 1948, she continued to play character roles in films and television.Her best-known TV role was Jenny, the Calverton telephone operator in Lassie. <mask> played the role for the entire ten year "farm seasons" of the show (1954–1964), thus becoming the Lassie player with the longest run on the series. She played the role of Mama Angel in "The Angel and the Outlaw", a 1957 episode of the TV series The Lone Ranger. She also appeared in the first color episode of the TV series Superman in 1957 as a cave woman. On old-time radio, <mask> portrayed Jessie in Charlie and Jessie, Tess Terwilliger in David Harum, Mrs. Featherstone's daughter in The Gay Mrs. Featherstone, and Miss Smith in Phone Again Finnegan. In her later years, <mask> appeared as Elvira Norton on an episode of Dragnet entitled "Frauds". She appeared in an episode of the 1973 situation comedy A Touch of Grace, and later that year played a blind date for the character Lou Grant on The Mary Tyler Moore Show episode, "Lou's First Date".Her last roles were in the TV series Emergency!, Baretta in 1976, and Most Wanted in 1977. (1976-S5Ep18) - as Maggie

References

External links

1904 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from California
People from Greater Los Angeles
Actresses from Charleston, South Carolina
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica

masks:
Florence Lake
Florence Silverlake
Lake
Florence
Arthur Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake


title: Otosirieze Obi-Young

texts:
<mask> (born 1994) is a Nigerian writer, editor, culture journalist and curator. He is editor-in-chief of Open Country Mag, an African literary magazine. He is editor of Folio Nigeria, a CNN affiliate which covers Nigerian art, business, and entertainment. He was deputy editor of Brittle Paper. In 2019, he won the inaugural The Future Awards Africa Prize for Literature. He has been described as among the "top curators and editors from Africa" and listed among "the 100 most influential young Nigerians." Career
<mask> was born in Aba, Nigeria.He studied at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He taught at Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu. He has served on the judging panel of the Gerald Kraak Prize, an initiative for writing and visual art about on gender, social justice and sexuality. He was a judge for the Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholarship. He is an editor at 14, Nigeria’s first queer art collective. He is the founder of the Art Naija Series anthologies which include Enter Naija: The Book of Places and Work Naija: The Book of Vocations. Views on LGBTQ Literature
Obi-Young is considered a leading advocate for LGBTQ writing in Africa.In a 2017 letter titled “Queer Literature in Africa Is Not a Trend,” he addressed critical views of queer writing in African literature. “To write literature humanizing queerness is a political act: because writing itself is political, because to humanize queerness is a decision in much the same way that to demonize it is, but a decision to be honest and empathetic and truthful, because to tell the truth is a decision,” he wrote. “But I must point out also that to write literature humanizing queerness is only as political as it is not, because it is grounded in lived experience, grounded in the vagaries of everyday breathing that has no recourse to grand political intentions; because, in your country Nigeria, there is Akinnifesi Olumide who died from a mob beating in Ondo State in February 2016; there are the forty-two men arrested in Lagos this year for attending a ‘gay party’; there is the online hate faced by Bobrisky for straddling masculinity and femininity so loudly; and there are the man and the boy harassed on video in Edo State this year. How can one un-robbed of empathy say that to show these lives in literature is a ‘political concession’?”

Obi-Young has argued against having a category of LGBT literature. “I am heavily skeptical of the term ‘queer literature,’ or ‘LGBTQ literature,’ because it has no counter-reference,” he says. “Unlike ‘African literatures’—Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone, and in indigenous languages—which fits into a geopolitics that acknowledges an equal term, ‘European literatures’—English, French, Italian, Spanish—the lack of an equal for ‘queer literature’—an equal which would have been called ‘heterosexual literature,’ writing that examines what it means to be heterosexual—begs the question: Why should literature exploring same-sex desire be categorized based on who its characters find themselves loving or on who its writers themselves love, especially as such categorization is withheld from literature exploring desire for the opposite sex? While the categorization does function as a marketing tool, a way of drawing attention to literature traditionally overlooked, lives deliberately unseen, it is one that is rooted in Othering, and so proves insufficient in humanizing queerness, particularly with the way it takes focus away from the skill of its writers and pushes it to their subject, a denial not bestowed on writers of ‘heterosexual literature.’”

Views on contemporary African literature
In 2018, Obi-Young used the term “the confessional generation” to describe his generation of African writers.“The contributors to Selves: An Afro Anthology of Creative Nonfiction belong to this generation,” he wrote. “Aside from their skills having been honed on the continent rather than in the West, these writers stand out for their boldness in expressing themselves, for their lack of fear in going where it hurts. Powerful miners of personal stories, theirs is a confessional generation. In general, you will find them on social media emoting boundlessly, sharing the spoken and unspoken, their lives an invitation for participation. In particular, you will find that they write fiction well, have breathed life back into the poetry scene, but that it is in nonfiction that they are unshackled, unspooling confessions in a hitherto unconventional manner. Through emotional honesty as raw as it is brave, they are taking the genre to places their predecessors shied away from, leading important conversations about trauma, about sex and sexuality, about depression and vulnerability and private shame.”

In a 2016 interview with Africa in Dialogue, Obi-Young is quoted as saying: “Cultural production in Africa is no longer dominated by heterosexual men, not as it used to be. Literature, for example, is now run by women, and they are using it so well to fight back, to write their sex and gender back into history.The next generation of writers, the ones who began to blossom last year and would peak in five years’ time, is dominated by people who are either queer or female and who have already begun to revolt against the normalized absence of their kind in literature.”

Fiction
Writing about Obi-Young’s short story, “A Tenderer Blessing,” in Los Angeles Review of Books, Erik Gleibermann notes:

“Chukwudi’s language circles around his feelings as he observes Nnaemeka on campus. The two enter an intimate friendship. Yet much still remains unspoken. Obi-Young relies on body language cues and the spaces between words to shape the intimacy. Finally, Chukwudi internally names his own feelings, though even then with a heterosexual framing. ‘For an unguarded moment, a slender second of resurgent craving, I wondered if he’d ever imagine that were he a girl, I would chase him endlessly.’ As readers, we feel almost as though we’ve been holding our breath the whole story, waiting for him to finally say it. We feel almost as though we have ourselves come out.This makes Chukwudi’s subsequent unrequited confession all the more devastating.”

Reviewing Obi-Young's short story, "You Sing of a Longing," Adedamola Kolawole writes: "One remarkable quality I'll ascribe to Otosirieze's short fiction is audacity. Profound. Sublime."

masks:
Otosirieze Obi Young
Otosirieze Obi Young


title: Yōko Ogawa

texts:
is a Japanese writer. Her work has won every major Japanese literary award, including the Akutagawa Prize and the Yomiuri Prize. Internationally, she has been the recipient of the Shirley Jackson Award and the American Book Award. The Memory Police was also shortlisted for the International Booker Prize in 2020. Some of her most well known works include The Housekeeper and the Professor, The Diving Pool and Hotel Iris. Background and education
<mask> was born in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture, and attended Waseda University, Tokyo. When she married her husband, a steel company engineer, she quit her job as a medical university secretary and wrote while her husband was at work.Initially, she wrote only as a hobby, and her husband didn't realise she was a writer until her debut novel, The Breaking of the Butterfly, received a literary prize. Her novella Pregnancy Diary, written in brief intervals when her son was a toddler, won the prestigious Akutagawa Prize for literature, thus cementing her reputation in Japan. She currently lives in Ashiya, Japan. Career
Since 1988, Ogawa has published more than fifty works of fiction and nonfiction. Much of her work has yet to be translated into English. In 2006, she worked alongside the mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara to co-write "An Introduction to the World's Most Elegant Mathematics", a dialogue on the extraordinary beauty of numbers. Her work has been published in the New Yorker, A Public Space and Zoetrope.The 2005 French film L'Annulaire (The Ringfinger) was based in part on <mask>'s Kusuriyubi no hyōhon. Her novel The Housekeeper and the Professor was adapted into the movie The Professor's Beloved Equation. In partnership with Amazon studios, Reed Morano and Charlie Kaufman are set to adapt The Memory Police. Themes and Influences
Kenzaburō Ōe has said, "Yoko <mask> is able to give expression to the most subtle workings of human psychology in prose that is gentle yet penetrating." Her English translator, Stephen Snyder, has said that “There is a naturalness to what she writes so it never feels forced...Her narrative seems to be flowing from a source that’s hard to identify.”

Frequently, she explores the theme of memory in her works. For instance, The Housekeeper and the Professor follows a mathematics professor who cannot remember anything for longer than eighty minutes, and The Memory Police is about a group of islanders who gradually forget the existence of certain things, such as birds or flowers. Human cruelty features as another prominent theme in her work, as she is interested in exploring what drives people to commit acts of physical or emotional violence.She often writes about female bodies and the woman's role in a family, which has led many to label her as a feminist writer. <mask> is hesitatant about this label, stating instead that she "just peeked into [the world of her characters] and took notes from what they were doing". The Diary of Anne Frank has been a significant source of inspiration to her throughout her career. She first encountered the diary as a teenager, and was inspired to start a diary of her own, writing back to Anne as though they were friends. She notes how “Anne’s heart and mind were so rich,” and that “her diary proved that people can grow even in such a confined situation. And writing could give people freedom.” Given its themes of persecution and confinement, The Memory Police in particular is a response to Anne's diary and the Holocaust in general. While at Waseda University, she was influenced by fellow Japanese authors such as Mieko Kanai, Kenzaburō Ōe, and Haruki Murakami.She also felt influenced by the American author Paul Auster, who she believes “writes a spoken literature—it feels like he’s written down a story someone told him, rather than creating it himself. Shibata’s translation was also very important, but when I read Moon Palace I thought ‘This is how I’d like to write.’ Like I’m just a medium for transferring a story from the world outside.”

Awards and honors
 1988 Kaien literary Prize (Benesse) for her debut The Breaking of the Butterfly (Agehacho ga kowareru toki, 揚羽蝶が壊れる時)
 1990 Akutagawa Prize for Pregnancy Diary (Ninshin karendaa, 妊娠 カレンダー)
 2004 Yomiuri Prize, Bookseller's Award for The Professor's Beloved Equation (Hakase no aishita sūshiki, 博士の愛した数式; translated as The Housekeeper and the Professor)
 2004 Izumi Kyōka Prize for Burafuman no maisō, ブラフマンの埋葬
 2006 Tanizaki Prize for Meena's March (Mīna no kōshin, ミーナの行進)
 2008 Shirley Jackson Award for The Diving Pool
 2014 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize shortlist for Revenge: Eleven Dark Tales (Japanese; trans. Stephen Snyder)
 2020 American Book Award for The Memory Police (Japanese; trans. Stephen Snyder)
 2021 Medal with Purple Ribbon

Works in English translation
 The Man Who Sold Braces (Gibusu o uru hito, ギブスを売る人, 1998); translated by Motoyuki Shibata, Manoa, 13.1, 2001. Transit (Toranjitto, トランジット, 1996); translated by Alisa Freedman, Japanese Art: The Scholarship and Legacy of Chino Kaori, special issue of Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol. XV (Center for Inter-Cultural Studies and Education, Josai University, December 2003): 114-125. The Cafeteria in the Evening and a Pool in the Rain (Yūgure no kyūshoku shitsu to ame no pūru, 夕暮れの給食室と雨のプール, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, The New Yorker, 9/2004.Read here
 Pregnancy Diary (Ninshin karendā, 妊娠カレンダー, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, The New Yorker, 12/2005. Read here
 The Diving Pool (Daibingu puru, ダイヴィング・プール, 1990; Ninshin karendā, 妊娠カレンダー, 1991; Dormitory, ドミトリイ, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, New York: Picador, 2008. ; published on The New York Times in 2006
 The Housekeeper and the Professor (Hakase no ai shita sūshiki, 博士の愛した数式, 2003); translated by Stephen Snyder, New York : Picador, 2008. Hotel Iris (Hoteru Airisu, ホテル・アイリス, 1996), translated by Stephen Snyder, Picador, 2010. Revenge: Eleven Dark Tales (Kamoku na shigai, midara na tomurai, 寡黙な死骸みだらな弔い,1998) Translated by Stephen Snyder, Picador, 2013. The Memory Police (Hisoyaka na kesshō, 密やかな結晶, 1994), translated by Stephen Snyder, Pantheon Books, 2019.

masks: Ogawa Ogawa Ogawa Ogawa


title: Cecilia Romo

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask> (5 December 1945 – 30 August 2020) was a Mexican film, theatrical, and television actress. Prior to her professional acting career, which began in the 1980s, she was a member of Mexico women's national basketball team during the 1960s. <mask>, who appeared in more than 30 theater productions during her career, was often cast as rebellious or comedic characters. Her telenovela and television roles became popular throughout Mexico and Latin America during the 1990s. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born on 5 December 1945, in Mexico City. She was raised in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Her mother, <mask>, was a high school teacher, while her father, <mask>, owned and operated several pharmacies and medical laboratories.An athlete, <mask> played for Mexico women's national basketball team during the 1960s. She then enrolled at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and received her bachelor's degree in 1978. <mask> worked as an economist for the Mexican government before becoming a talent manager for advertising models. Acting career
In the early 1980s, <mask> received a phone call at her agency looking for extras for the American science fiction film, Dune, which was filming in Mexico at the time. <mask>, who was 38-years old at the time, decided to sign up as an extra for film herself. She enjoyed the experience and quickly decided to pursue acting as a career. She was soon cast in the 1985 film, Los Náufragos del Liguria, which focused on a group of shipwreck survivors.<mask> soon found on-screen acting roles in Mexican television during the mid and late 1980s as well, launching a decades-long professional TV career. <mask> was taller than most other television actresses, but became popular with audiences in Latin America and Mexico for her comedic facial expressions and gift for slapstick comedy. For example, in the 1990s telenovela De pocas, pocas pulgas, <mask> enters a doctor's office, scaring the patient "with a syringe the size of a hunting rifle," according to the New York Times. In the TV Azteca telenovela Prófugas del destino (2010-2011), <mask> utilized her trademark comedic facial expressions to play Madre Lourdes, a mother superior who discovers that several of the women in her convent are actually escaped fugitives disguised as nuns. <mask> also appeared in more than 30 professional theatrical plays and musicals, including the Spanish-language, Mexican productions of Hello, Dolly!, La Cage aux Folles, and Mame. In 2003, she appeared in the American film, Out of Time, starring Denzel Washington. In 2012 interview for the program "Momentos de Telenovela" on , <mask> discussed the range of characters she had played on stage and screen, which were often rebellious, but also comedic, "I've played all the nuns in the world: mother superior, the kitchen nun, the garden nun.All of them! In comedies, dramas, theater, musicals." Actress , who appeared opposite her in several productions, noted that "She [<mask>] played a lot of villains, but the roles that she was most known for were playful and cheeky, because she was like that." <mask>'s villainous roles included a witch and evil nurses and nuns. <mask> was known for a personal and professional sense of humor. On the set of her final television series, Como tú no hay 2 (2020), <mask> began whistling like a stereotypical truck driver to catch the attention of the crew and her co-stars. She and the show's writers ultimately incorporated her whistle into her character, Doña Remedios, a traditional healer in a local market.Death
<mask> died from complications of COVID-19 in Mexico City on 30 August 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico after a 169-day battle with the illness. She had been hospitalized several times during her treatment for COVID-19 and its complications, including anemia and three pulmonary hemorrhages. <mask> died just five months after she filmed her final episode of Como tú no hay 2. <mask> was survived by her third husband, film editor Guillermo Coelho; two of her four children, diplomat <mask> Edelman and Luis Roberto Ravelo <mask>; and two grandchildren. Her two other children, Adriana <mask> and Raúl <mask>, both died from genetic disorders as toddlers. <mask>'s previous marriages, to civil engineer Raul Domingo González Soto and musician Alfonso Ravelo, ended in divorce. (2006) - Señora Bueno
 Mujeres asesinas (2009) - Angeles Chata Bovela
 La rosa de Guadalupe (2008-2011) - Beatriz/Amparo/Martha/Felicia
 Como dice el dicho (2016) - Sarita
 Un día cualquiera (2016) - Tisibe
 Silvia Pinal, frente a ti (2019)

Films
 Los náufragos del Liguria (1985)
 El segundo aire (2001)
 Out of Time (2003)
 Fantasías (2003) - Michelle
 Corazón marchito (2007) - Isela
 Rock Marí (2010) - Edna
 Luz azul (2010) (short film)
 Amante de lo ajeno (2012) - Elvira

References

External links

1945 births
2020 deaths
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican women's basketball players
Actresses from Mexico City
People from Ciudad Juárez
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico

masks:
Cecilia Romo
Ceci Romo
Romo
Romo
Cecilia Santillan de Romo
Luis Romo Maconde
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Cecilia Romo
Romo
Romo
Claudia Romo
Romo
González Romo
González Romo
Romo


title: William Wand

texts:
<mask>,  (25 January 1885 – 16 August 1977) was an English Anglican bishop. He was the Archbishop of Brisbane in Australia before returning to England to become the Bishop of Bath and Wells before becoming the Bishop of London. Early life
<mask> was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the son of <mask>, a butcher, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Ovelin, née Turner. Despite <mask>'s father being a staunch Calvinist, his mother brought him up in the Church of England. Educated at The King's School, Grantham and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in theology (BA, 1907; MA, 1911), he prepared for ordination at Bishop Jacob Hostel, Newcastle upon Tyne. He was ordained a deacon in 1908 and a priest in 1909. He served curacies at Benwell and Lancaster.On 11 October 1911 he married Amy Agnes Wiggins (1883-1966) at St Leonard's parish church in Watlington, Oxfordshire and they had two children. In 1914, he was appointed vicar-choral of Salisbury, and became part of a cathedral family centred on ‘the Close’. World War I
Wand volunteered for the army chaplaincy in July, 1915. He was Anglo-Catholic in a Chaplaincy in which ‘low church’ predominated. He was posted to Gallipoli, and would write vividly of his experience there. For example, his simile of Sulva Bay conveys the fearsome context of British positions on a narrow beach. "Our position on that beach was rather like that of a theatre orchestra as he turns his back on the stage and looks up at the tiers of boxes and galleries in front and on either hand.Only in this case they were not filled with an applauding audience but with the enemy and his guns". Wand's autobiography is an evocative but rarely used source of first-hand experience of Gallipoli, and Wand also wrote letters published in the Salisbury Diocesan Chronicle, including a reflection on how the reputation of padres depended on their willingness to display bravery. "The soldier needs not only a man who can preach to him, however eloquently, or pray with him, however movingly, or arranges his recreation for him, however good humouredly, but one who will lay his remains to rest in his last resting place in spite of the terror by night or the arrow that flieth by day. And who can blame him?" Wand was attached to Australian hospitals and hospital ships but caught paratyphoid and had to be evacuated to Malta and then to London. He had recovered by April, 1916, and was posted to Rouen and after the Armistice, to Cologne. Archbishop of Brisbane
Demobilised in March 1919, Wand was made perpetual curate of St Mark's, Salisbury, where St Clair Donaldson was bishop.In 1925 Wand became a fellow and the dean of Oriel College, Oxford and university lecturer in church history. Eight years later Bishop St Clair Donaldson was asked by archbishop Cosmo Lang to nominate a candidate for the see of Brisbane as archbishop. Wand was consecrated in St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 1 May 1934, by archbishop Lang, together with the new bishop of Johannesburg and the suffragan bishop of Plymouth. He was enthroned in St John's Cathedral, Brisbane on 5 September, after arriving in Brisbane on 30 August. Wand's arrival in Queensland was almost immediately clouded by the death in a climbing accident, near Chamonix-Mont-Blanc on the France/Switzerland border, of his only son, Paul (1912–34). He had a difficult reception: those who had wanted a local dignitary as their new bishop united to oppose Wand. His attempts to eradicate slackness made him appear authoritarian to his clergy.Sturdy in appearance, shy and gracious, Wand was often seen as being aloof and something of an intellectual snob though this belied his natural humour and quick wit. The decision to move St Francis's Theological College from Nundah to the Bishopsbourne property was unpopular, although Wand's relations with its students won him their respect and affection and its proximity to the Archbishop's home improved the standards of training. His establishment of a property and finance board to handle the economic problems of the diocese also did not meet with general favour. As a member of the University of Queensland senate, Wand worked to promote biblical studies and helped to create the first university theological faculty in Australia. During his episcopate he wrote a weekly article for The Courier-Mail, translated the New Testament epistles and gave the Moorhouse lectures in Melbourne in 1936. He consecrated Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral, Dogura, Papua (now Papua New Guinea) on 29 October 1939. The date was continually altered owing to the start of World War II and its isolated position.Dogura is in Milne Bay Province. The cathedral was built on a battle site, held 800 with a further 500 standing outside at the consecration. Wand made a lecture tour of the United States of America in 1940. He argued in support of a new constitution for the Church, but thought that the proposed appellate tribunal should have a majority of bishops, rather than legal laymen, to determine points of doctrine. Bishop of Bath and Wells
During World War II, when Brisbane resembled a garrison town, Wand and his wife worked for the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen's Help Society. His 1942 address to the Royal Society of St George defended the British war effort and was published as the pamphlet, "Has Britain Let Us Down?" This brought Wand to the attention of Brendan Bracken, Minister of Information, and of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.It was already known that Wand was unpopular in Australia since the Archbishop of Perth had written to the Archbishop of Canterbury, <mask>, asking Temple to find a post for Wand in England. The death of the Bishop of Bath and Wells provided that opportunity. Early in 1943, Wand was offered the see of Bath and Wells, and the family left Brisbane in July the same year. Bishop of London
Wand was surprisingly translated to London two years later, being interviewed personally by Winston Churchill at a lunch he described in his autobiography. Both appointments caused some dissension since Wand was suspected ‘...of Papish practice, and was roughly handled by Protestant demonstrators at his confirmation ....’

In London post-war difficulties, including the rebuilding of shattered city churches, challenged and revealed Wand's administrative gifts. As bishop, Wand was a privy counsellor; in 1955 he was appointed KCVO; in 1946-57 he was prelate of the Order of the British Empire. He resigned his see as Bishop of London in 1956.Archbishop Fisher had preceded Wand at London, and was no admirer of Wand, writing after Wand's retirement, ‘Wand had been interested only in certain aspects of diocesan life. It was high time that the Diocese of London was placed in firm hands’. Conversely, the scholarly Canon Charles Smyth wrote of Wand that he ‘ Was methodical, patient, shrewd, far-sighted, never complacent, but always cheerful, and physically robust.’ Dean Marcus Wright noted ‘There was nothing deceitful or ‘smooth’ about him: he was a straight man of integrity and you always knew where you were with him. He was no actor.’ High-powered as Wand was, the human side was expressed through a supply of detective stories read in bed at night and, as a family man, notably Saturday afternoons ‘sacred to the weekly visit to the cinema with Mrs Wand'. With the Bishop of Fulham Basil Batty, he supported the early ecumenical movement. He was the first Chairman of the Executive body of the British Council of Churches, attending the 1948 foundation of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam. Seretse Khama affair
On 25 September 1948, Seretse Khama, a 27-year-old black African man, and <mask>, a 24-year-old white English woman, went to the Anglican St George's Church in Campden Hill, London, to get married.Half an hour before the service their vicar, the Reverend Leonard Patterson, under severe pressure from various parties opposed to the inter-racial marriage, told the couple he was not willing to perform at the ceremony. Khama, who was heir to the kingship of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, and <mask>, who was a London insurance clerk, pleaded with Patterson to change his mind, but instead he took them to the nearby St Mary Abbots church in Kensington to meet <mask>, who, as Bishop of London, was performing an ordination. There they attempted to gain Wand's consent to be married in the Church of England. However, Wand refused such permission without even speaking to the couple himself, sending the Archdeacon of Middlesex with a message that read: "Get in touch with the Colonial Office. When they agree to the wedding, I will". Although senior officials at the Colonial Office had no say over whether the couple could get married in a church, or indeed anywhere else, they had made it known through various back channels that they were opposed to the union, not only because they found it distasteful but because they believed that, given Khama's royal status, it would create political difficulties with apartheid South Africa, a neighbouring state to Bechuanaland. Wand's refusal to sanction a church ceremony forced Khama and <mask> to get married in a civil service four days later, at Kensington Registry Office in London.Latter years
After resigning as bishop, Wand was appointed minor canon and later Canon Treasurer of St Paul's Cathedral, London, until 1969 and edited The Church Quarterly Review. A wide-ranging and facile historian, he wrote forty-five books, among them a History of the Modern Church (1930), History of the Early Church (1937), White of Carpentaria (1949), Anglicanism in History and Today (1961) and an autobiography, The Changeful Page (1965). Survived by a daughter, Wand died on 16 August 1977 at the College of St Barnabas, Lingfield, Surrey, and was cremated. An obituary in the Church Times paid tribute to his scholarship, administrative genius and unsentimental piety. Selected works

A History of the Modern Church from 1500 to the Present Day, 1930. A History of the Early Church to A.D. 500, Methuen, 1937. The Authority of the Scriptures, Mowbray, 1949.Seven Steps to Heaven, Longman, Green & Co. Ltd, 1956. The Church Today: A brief description of the Christian Church in its external variety and its inner unity, Penguin, 1968. Notes

References

Sources
F. R. Arnott, 'Wand, <mask> Charles (1885 - 1977)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 12, MUP, 1990, p. 377. Retrieved 19 January 2010

External links
Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

1885 births
1977 deaths
People from Grantham
Anglican archbishops of Brisbane
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Bishops of Bath and Wells
Bishops of London
Deans of the Chapel Royal
20th-century Anglican bishops in Australia
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of St John
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Prelates of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at The King's School, Grantham
20th-century Church of England bishops

masks:
John William Charles Wand
William Wand
Arthur James Henry Wand
Wand
William Temple
Ruth Williams
Williams
Wand
Williams
John William


title: Isabella of France

texts:
<mask> of France ( – 22 August 1358), sometimes described as the She-Wolf of France (), was Queen of England as the wife of King Edward II, and regent of England from 1327 until 1330. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. <mask> was notable in her lifetime for her diplomatic skills, intelligence, and beauty. She overthrew her husband, becoming a "femme fatale" figure in plays and literature over the years, usually portrayed as a beautiful but cruel and manipulative figure. <mask> arrived in England at the age of 12 during a period of growing conflict between the king and the powerful baronial factions. Her new husband was notorious for the patronage he lavished on his favourite, Piers Gaveston, but the queen supported Edward during these early years, forming a working relationship with Piers and using her relationship with the French monarchy to bolster her own authority and power. After the death of Gaveston at the hands of the barons in 1312, however, Edward later turned to a new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger, and attempted to take revenge on the barons, resulting in the Despenser War and a period of internal repression across England.<mask> could not tolerate Hugh Despenser and by 1325 her marriage to Edward was at a breaking point. Travelling to France on a diplomatic mission, <mask> may have begun an affair with Roger Mortimer, and the two may possibly have agreed at this point to depose Edward and oust the Despenser family. The Queen returned to England with a small mercenary army in 1326, moving rapidly across England. The King's forces deserted him. <mask> deposed Edward, becoming regent on behalf of her son, Edward III. Some believe that <mask> then arranged the murder of Edward II. <mask> and Mortimer's regime began to crumble, partly because of her lavish spending, but also because the Queen successfully, but unpopularly, resolved long-running problems such as the wars with Scotland.In 1330, aged 18, Edward III forcibly asserted his authority, and Mortimer was executed. <mask> lost her regency and was put under arrest for two years, but afterwards she lived for many years in considerable style; though she did not reside at court, she often visited to see her grandchildren. Early life and marriage: 1295–1308

<mask> was born in Paris on an uncertain date—on the basis of the chroniclers and the eventual date of her marriage, she was probably born between April 1295 and January 1296. She is described as born in 1292 in the Annals of Wigmore, and Piers <mask> agrees, claiming that she was 7 years old in 1299. The French chronicler Guillaume de Nangis and English chronicler Thomas Walsingham describe her as 12 years old at the time of her marriage in January 1308, placing her birth between January 1295 and of 1296. A papal dispensation by Clement V in November 1305 permitted her immediate marriage by proxy, despite the fact that she was probably only 10 years old. Since her brother Charles was born on 18 June 1294, and she had to reach the canonical age of 12 before her marriage in January 1308, the evidence suggests that she was born between April 1295 and January 1296.Her parents were King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre; her brothers Louis, Philip and Charles became kings of France. <mask> was born into a royal family that ruled the most powerful state in Western Europe. Her father, King Philip, known as "le Bel" (the Fair) because of his good looks, was a strangely unemotional man; one contemporary described him as "neither a man nor a beast, but a statue"; modern historians have noted that he "cultivated a reputation for Christian kingship and showed few weaknesses of the flesh". Philip built up centralised royal power in France, engaging in a sequence of conflicts to expand or consolidate French authority across the region, but remained chronically short of money throughout his reign. Indeed, he appeared almost obsessed about building up wealth and lands, something that his daughter was also accused of in later life. <mask>'s mother died when <mask> was still quite young; some contemporaries suspected Philip IV of her murder, albeit probably incorrectly. <mask> was brought up in and around the Louvre Palace and the Palais de la Cité in Paris.<mask> was cared for by Théophania de Saint-Pierre, her nurse, given a good education and taught to read, developing a love of books. As was customary for the period, all of Philip's children were married young for political benefit. <mask> was promised in marriage by her father to Edward, the son of King Edward I of England, with the intention to resolve the conflicts between France and England over the latter's continental possession of Gascony and claims to Anjou, Normandy and Aquitaine. Pope Boniface VIII had urged the marriage as early as 1298 but it was delayed by wrangling over the terms of the marriage contract. The renewal of the Anglo-French truce in 1299 led to the marriage of Edward I to Philippe's sister Margaret further anticipating the marriage of <mask> to Edward II. In 1303 Edward I may have considered a Castilian bride for Edward II instead of <mask> and even increased her dowry before the wedding. Edward I attempted to break the engagement several times for political advantage, and only after he died in 1307 did the wedding proceed.<mask> and Edward II were finally married at Boulogne-sur-Mer on 25 January 1308. <mask>'s wardrobe gives some indications of her wealth and style—she had dresses of baudekyn, velvet, taffeta and cloth, along with numerous furs; she had over 72 headdresses and coifs; she brought with her two gold crowns, gold and silver dinnerware and 419 yards of linen. At the time of her marriage, <mask> was probably about twelve and was described by <mask> of Paris as "the beauty of beauties... in the kingdom if not in all Europe." This description was probably not simply flattery by a chronicler, since both <mask>'s father and brothers were considered very handsome men by contemporaries, and her husband was to nickname her "<mask> the Fair". <mask> was said to resemble her father, and not her mother, queen regnant of Navarre, a plump, plain woman. This indicates that <mask> was slender and pale-skinned, although the fashion at the time was for blonde, slightly full-faced women, and <mask> may well have followed this stereotype instead. Throughout her career, <mask> was noted as charming and diplomatic, with a particular skill at convincing people to follow her courses of action.Unusual for the medieval period, contemporaries also commented on her high intelligence. Queenship
As queen, the young <mask> faced numerous challenges. Edward was handsome, but highly unconventional, possibly forming close romantic attachments to first Piers Gaveston and then Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward found himself at odds with the barons, too, in particular his first cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, whilst continuing the war against the Scots that he had inherited from Edward I. Using her own supporters at court, and the patronage of her French family, <mask> attempted to find a political path through these challenges; she successfully formed an alliance with Gaveston, but after his death at the hands of the barons her position grew increasingly precarious. Edward began to take revenge on his enemies, using an ever more brutal alliance with the Despenser family, in particular his new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger. By 1326 <mask> found herself at increasing odds with both Edward and Hugh, ultimately resulting in <mask>'s own bid for power and the invasion of England.Fall of Gaveston: 1308–1312

Edward was an unusual character by medieval standards. Edward looked the part of a Plantagenet king to perfection. He was tall, athletic, and wildly popular at the beginning of his reign. He rejected most of the traditional pursuits of a king for the period—jousting, hunting and warfare—and instead enjoyed music, poetry and many rural crafts. Furthermore, there is the question of Edward's sexuality in a period when homosexuality of any sort was considered a serious crime, but there is no direct evidence of his sexual orientation. However, contemporary chroniclers made much of his close affinity with a succession of male favourites; some condemned Edward for loving them "beyond measure" and "uniquely", others explicitly referring to an "illicit and sinful union". Nonetheless, <mask> bore four children by Edward, leading to an opinion amongst some historians that Edward's affairs with his male favourites were platonic.When <mask> first arrived in England following her marriage, her husband was already in the midst of a relationship with Piers Gaveston, an "arrogant, ostentatious" soldier, with a "reckless and headstrong" personality that clearly appealed to Edward. <mask>, then aged twelve, was effectively sidelined by the pair. Edward chose to sit with Gaveston rather than <mask> at their wedding celebration, causing grave offence to her uncles Louis, Count of Évreux, and Charles, Count of Valois, and then refused to grant her either her own lands or her own household. Edward also gave Gaveston <mask>'s own jewelry, which he wore publicly. <mask> complained to her father that Gaveston took her place next to Edward II, she received insufficient funds and Edward visited Gaveston's bed more than hers. It took the intervention of <mask>'s father, Philip IV, before Edward began to provide for her more appropriately. <mask>'s relationship with Gaveston was a complex one.For a time her dislike of him was widely known and she was said to be in contact with her father, the pope and cardinals in order to have him exiled. Baronial opposition to Gaveston, championed by Thomas of Lancaster, was increasing, and Philip IV began to covertly fund this grouping, using <mask> and her household as intermediaries. Edward was forced to exile Gaveston to Ireland for a period, and began to show <mask> much greater respect, assigning her lands and patronage; in turn, Philip ceased his support for the barons. Gaveston eventually returned from Ireland, and by 1309–11 the three seemed to be co-existing together relatively comfortably. Indeed, Gaveston's key enemy, <mask>'s uncle Thomas of Lancaster, considered her to be an ally of Gaveston's. <mask> had begun to build up her own supporters at court, principally the de Beaumont family, itself opposed to the Lancastrians; originating, like her, in France, the senior member of the family, <mask> Vesci, had been a close confidant of Edward's mother Eleanor; supported by her brother, Henry de Beaumont. During 1311, however, Edward conducted a failed campaign against the Scots, during which <mask> and he only just escaped capture.In the aftermath, the barons rose up, signing the Ordinances of 1311, which promised action against Gaveston and expelled <mask> Vesci and Henry de Beaumont from court. 1312 saw a descent into civil war against the king;—<mask> stood with Edward, sending angry letters to her uncles d'Évreux and de Valois asking for support. Edward left <mask>, rather against her will, at Tynemouth Priory in Northumberland whilst he unsuccessfully attempted to fight the barons. The campaign was a disaster, and although Edward escaped, Gaveston found himself stranded at Scarborough Castle, where his baronial enemies first surrounded and captured him. Guy de Beauchamp and Thomas of Lancaster ensured Gaveston's execution as he was being taken south to rejoin Edward. Tensions grow: 1312–1321
Tensions mounted steadily over the decade. In 1312, <mask> gave birth to the future Edward III, but by the end of the year Edward's court was beginning to change.Edward was still relying upon his French in-laws—<mask>'s uncle Louis, for example, had been sent from Paris to assist him—but Hugh Despenser the Elder now formed part of the inner circle, marking the beginning of the Despensers' increased prominence at Edward's court. The Despensers were opposed to both the Lancastrians and their other allies in the Welsh Marches, making an easy alliance with Edward, who sought revenge for the death of Gaveston. In 1313, <mask> travelled to Paris with Edward to garner further French support, which resulted in the Tour de Nesle Affair. The journey was a pleasant one, with many festivities, although <mask> was injured when her tent burned down. During the visit her brothers Louis and Charles put on a satirical puppet show for their guests, and after this <mask> had given new embroidered purses both to her brothers and to their wives. <mask> and Edward then returned to England with new assurances of French support against the English barons. Later in the year, however, <mask> and Edward held a large dinner in London to celebrate their return and <mask> apparently noticed that the purses she had given to her sisters-in-law were now being carried by two Norman knights, Gautier and Philippe d'Aunay.<mask> concluded that the pair must have been carrying on an illicit affair, and appears to have informed her father of this during her next visit to France in 1314. The consequence of this was the Tour de Nesle Affair in Paris, which led to legal action against all three of <mask>'s sisters-in-law; Blanche and Margaret of Burgundy were imprisoned for life for adultery. Joan of Burgundy was imprisoned for a year. <mask>'s reputation in France suffered somewhat as a result of her perceived role in the affair. In the north, however, the situation was turning worse. Edward attempted to quash the Scots in a fresh campaign in 1314, resulting in the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn. Edward was blamed by the barons for the catastrophic failure of the campaign.Thomas of Lancaster reacted to the defeats in Scotland by taking increased power in England and turning against <mask>, cutting off funds and harassing her household. To make matters worse, the "Great Famine" descended on England during 1315–17, causing widespread loss of life and financial problems. Despite <mask> giving birth to her second son, John, in 1316, Edward's position was precarious. Indeed, John Deydras, a royal pretender, appeared in Oxford, claiming to have been switched with Edward at birth, and to be the real king of England himself. Given Edward's unpopularity, the rumours spread considerably before Deydras' eventual execution, and appear to have greatly upset <mask>. <mask> responded by deepening her alliance with Lancaster's enemy Henry de Beaumont and by taking up an increased role in government herself, including attending council meetings and acquiring increased lands. Henry's sister, <mask> Vesci, continued to remain a close adviser to the Queen.The Scottish general Sir James Douglas, war leader for Robert I of Scotland, made a bid to capture <mask> personally in 1319, almost capturing her at York—<mask> only just escaped. Suspicions fell on Lancaster, and one of Edward's knights, Edmund Darel, was arrested on charges of having betrayed her location, but the charges were essentially unproven. In 1320, <mask> accompanied Edward to France, to try and convince her brother, Philip V, to provide fresh support to crush the English barons. Meanwhile, Hugh de Despenser the Younger became an increasing favourite of <mask>'s husband, and was believed by some to have begun a sexual relationship with him around this time. Hugh was the same age as Edward. His father, Hugh the Elder, had supported Edward and Gaveston a few years previously. The Despensers were bitter enemies of Lancaster, and, with Edward's support, began to increase their power base in the Welsh Marches, in the process making enemies of Roger Mortimer de Chirk and his nephew, Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, their rival Marcher Lords.Whilst <mask> had been able to work with Gaveston, Edward's previous favourite, it became increasingly clear that Hugh the Younger and <mask> could not work out a similar compromise. Unfortunately for <mask>, she was still estranged from Lancaster's rival faction, giving her little room to manoeuvre. In 1321, Lancaster's alliance moved against the Despensers, sending troops into London and demanding their exile. Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, a moderate baron with strong French links, asked <mask> to intervene in an attempt to prevent war; <mask> publicly went down on her knees to appeal to Edward to exile the Despensers, providing him with a face-saving excuse to do so, but Edward intended to arrange their return at the first opportunity. <mask>'s attempts, though heavily praised by the English, had very little impact and she had no lasting effect as a mediator for foreign or domestic affairs. Return of the Despensers, 1321–1326
Despite the momentary respite delivered by <mask>, by the autumn of 1321, the tensions between the two factions of Edward, <mask> and the Despenser, opposing the baronial opposition led by Thomas of Lancaster, were extremely high, with forces still mobilised across the country. At this point, <mask> undertook a pilgrimage to Canterbury, during which she left the traditional route to stop at Leeds Castle in Kent, a fortification held by Bartholomew de Badlesmere, steward of the King's household who had by 1321 joined the ranks of Edward's opponents.Some historians believe that the pilgrimage was a deliberate act by <mask> on Edward's behalf to create a casus belli. Lord Badlesmere was away at the time, having left his wife Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere in charge of the castle. When the latter adamantly refused the Queen admittance, fighting broke out outside the castle between <mask>'s guards and the garrison, marking the beginning of the Despenser War. Whilst Edward mobilised his own faction and placed Leeds Castle under siege, <mask> was given the Great Seal and assumed control of the royal Chancery from the Tower of London. After surrendering to

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title: Isabella of France

texts:
 Edward's forces on 31 October 1321, Margaret, Baroness Badlesmere and her children were sent to the Tower, and 13 of the Leeds garrison were hanged. By January 1322, Edward's army, reinforced by the Despensers returning from exile, had forced the surrender of the Mortimers, and by March Lancaster himself had been captured after the Battle of Boroughbridge; Lancaster was promptly executed, leaving Edward and the Despensers victorious. Hugh Despenser the Younger was now firmly ensconced as Edward's new favourite and together over the next four years Edward and the Despensers imposed a harsh rule over England, a "sweeping revenge" characterised by land confiscation, large-scale imprisonment, executions and the punishment of extended family members, including women and the elderly.This was condemned by contemporary chroniclers, and is felt to have caused concern to <mask> as well; some of those widows being persecuted included her friends. <mask>'s relationship with Despenser the Younger continued to deteriorate; the Despensers refused to pay her monies owed to her, or return her castles at Marlborough and Devizes. Indeed, various authors have suggested that there is evidence that Hugh Despenser the Younger attempted to assault <mask> herself in some fashion. Certainly, immediately after the Battle of Boroughbridge, Edward began to be markedly less generous in his gifts towards <mask>, and none of the spoils of the war were awarded to her. Worse still, later in the year <mask> was caught up in the failure of another of Edward's campaigns in Scotland, in a way that permanently poisoned her relationship with both Edward and the Despensers. <mask> and Edward had travelled north together at the start of the autumn campaign; before the disastrous Battle of Old Byland in Yorkshire, Edward had ridden south, apparently to raise more men, sending <mask> east to Tynemouth Priory. With the Scottish army marching south, <mask> expressed considerable concern about her personal safety and requested assistance from Edward.Her husband initially proposed sending Despenser forces to secure her, but <mask> rejected this outright, instead requesting friendly troops. Rapidly retreating south with the Despensers, Edward failed to grasp the situation, with the result that <mask> found herself and her household cut off from the south by the Scottish army, with the coastline patrolled by Flemish naval forces allied to the Scots. The situation was precarious and <mask> was forced to use a group of squires from her personal retinue to hold off the advancing army whilst other of her knights commandeered a ship; the fighting continued as <mask> and her household retreated onto the vessel, resulting in the death of two of her ladies-in-waiting. Once aboard, <mask> evaded the Flemish navy, landing further south and making her way to York. <mask> was furious, both with Edward for, from her perspective, abandoning her to the Scots, and with Despensers for convincing Edward to retreat rather than sending help. For his part, Edward blamed Lewis de Beaumont, the Bishop of Durham and an ally of <mask>, for the fiasco. <mask> effectively separated from Edward from here onwards, leaving him to live with Hugh Despenser.At the end of 1322, <mask> left the court on a ten-month-long pilgrimage around England by herself. On her return in 1323 she visited Edward briefly, but was removed from the process of granting royal patronage. At the end of 1324, as tensions grew with <mask>'s homeland of France, Edward and the Despensers confiscated all of <mask>'s lands, took over the running of her household and arrested and imprisoned all of her French staff. <mask>'s youngest children were removed from her and placed into the custody of the Despensers. At this point, <mask> appears to have realised that any hope of working with Edward was effectively over and begun to consider radical solutions. Invasion of England
By 1325, <mask> was facing increasing pressure from Hugh Despenser the Younger, Edward's new royal favourite. With her lands in England seized, her children taken away from her and her household staff arrested, <mask> began to pursue other options.When her brother, King Charles IV of France, seized Edward's French possessions in 1325, she returned to France, initially as a delegate of the King charged with negotiating a peace treaty between the two nations. However, her presence in France became a focal point for the many nobles opposed to Edward's reign. <mask> gathered an army to oppose Edward, in alliance with Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, whom she may have taken as a lover. <mask> and Mortimer returned to England with a mercenary army, seizing the country in a lightning campaign. The Despensers were executed and Edward was forced to abdicate—his eventual fate and possible murder remains a matter of considerable historical debate. <mask> ruled as regent until 1330, when her son, Edward deposed Mortimer in turn and ruled directly in his own right. Tensions in Gascony, 1323–1325

<mask>'s husband Edward, as the Duke of Aquitaine, owed homage to the King of France for his lands in Gascony.<mask>'s three brothers each had only short reigns, and Edward had successfully avoided paying homage to Louis X, and had paid homage to Philip V only under great pressure. Once Charles IV took up the throne, Edward had attempted to avoid doing so again, increasing tensions between the two. One of the elements in the disputes was the border province of Agenais, part of Gascony and in turn part of Aquitaine. Tensions had risen in November 1323 after the construction of a bastide, a type of fortified town, in Saint-Sardos, part of the Agenais, by a French vassal. Gascon forces destroyed the bastide, and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat: the assault was unsuccessful, but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos <mask>'s uncle, Charles of Valois, successfully wrested Aquitaine from English control; by 1324, Charles had declared Edward's lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas. Edward was still unwilling to travel to France to give homage; the situation in England was febrile; there had been an assassination plot against Edward and Hugh Despenser in 1324—the famous magician John of Nottingham had been hired to kill the pair using necromancy—and criminal gangs were occupying much of the country. Edward was deeply concerned that should he leave England, even for a short while, the barons would take the chance to rise up and take their revenge on the Despensers.Charles sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward, suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands: the Pope proposed <mask> as an ambassador. <mask>, however, saw this as a perfect opportunity to resolve her situation with Edward and the Despensers. Having promised to return to England by the summer, <mask> reached Paris in March 1325, and rapidly agreed a truce in Gascony, under which Prince Edward, then thirteen years old, would come to France to give homage on his father's behalf. Prince Edward arrived in France, and gave homage in September. At this point, however, rather than returning, <mask> remained firmly in France with her son. Edward began to send urgent messages to the Pope and to Charles IV, expressing his concern about his wife's absence, but to no avail. Edward instructed <mask> to come home in September, but she expressed concern the young Despenser would try to kill her upon her arrival, or the Earl of Richmond.She also feared her own husband might attempt to have her killed. For his part, Charles replied that the, "queen has come of her own will and may freely return if she wishes. But if she prefers to remain here, she is my sister and I refuse to expel her." Charles went on to refuse to return the lands in Aquitaine to Edward, resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 whilst France continued to occupy the rest. Meanwhile, the messages brought back by Edward's agent Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter and others grew steadily worse: <mask> had publicly snubbed Stapledon; Edward's political enemies were gathering at the French court, and threatening his emissaries; <mask> was dressed as a widow, claiming that Hugh Despenser had destroyed her marriage with Edward; <mask> was assembling a court-in-exile, including Edmund of Kent and John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond. <mask> surrounded herself with mostly exiles, among them her rumored lover Roger Mortimer. Roger Mortimer, 1325–1326

Roger Mortimer was a powerful Marcher lord, married to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, and the father of twelve children.Mortimer had been imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 following his capture by Edward during the Despenser wars. Mortimer's uncle, Roger Mortimer de Chirk finally died in prison, but Mortimer managed to escape the Tower in August 1323, making a hole in the stone wall of his cell and then escaping onto the roof, before using rope ladders provided by an accomplice to get down to the River Thames, across the river and then on eventually to safety in France. Victorian writers suggested that, given later events, <mask> might have helped Mortimer escape and some historians continue to argue that their relationship had already begun at this point, although most believe that there is no hard evidence for their having had a substantial relationship before meeting in Paris. <mask> was reintroduced to Mortimer in Paris by her cousin, Joan, Countess of Hainault, who appears to have approached <mask> suggesting a marital alliance between their two families, marrying Prince Edward to Joan's daughter, Philippa. Mortimer and <mask> may have begun a physical relationship from December 1325 onwards. If so both <mask> and Mortimer were taking a huge risk in doing so—female infidelity was a very serious offence in medieval Europe, as shown during the Tour de Nesle Affair—both <mask>'s former French sisters-in-law had died by 1326 as a result of their imprisonment for exactly this offence, and their alleged lovers had been brutally executed. <mask>'s motivation has been the subject of discussion by historians; some believe that there was a strong sexual attraction between the two, that they shared an interest in the Arthurian legends and that they both enjoyed fine art and high living.One historian has described their relationship as one of the "great romances of the Middle Ages" in spite of the fact that they are reputed to have murdered her husband. They also shared a common enemy—the regime of Edward II and the Despensers. Taking Prince Edward with them, <mask> and Mortimer left the French court in summer 1326 and travelled north to William I, Count of Hainaut. As Joan had suggested the previous year, <mask> betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa of Hainault, the daughter of the Count, in exchange for a substantial dowry. She then used this money plus an earlier loan from Charles to raise a mercenary army, scouring Brabant for men, which were added to a small force of Hainaut troops. William also provided eight men-of-war ships and various smaller vessels as part of the marriage arrangements. Although Edward was now fearing an invasion, secrecy remained key, and <mask> convinced William to detain envoys from Edward.<mask> also appears to have made a secret agreement with the Scots for the duration of the forthcoming campaign. On 22 September, <mask>, Mortimer and their modest force set sail for England. Seizure of power, 1326

Having evaded Edward's fleet, which had been sent to intercept them, <mask> and Mortimer landed at Orwell on the east coast of England on 24 September with a small force; estimates of <mask>'s army vary from between 300 and around 2,000 soldiers, with 1,500 being a popular middle figure. After a short period of confusion during which they attempted to work out where they had actually landed, <mask> moved quickly inland, dressed in her widow's clothes. The local levies mobilised to stop them immediately changed sides, and by the following day <mask> was in Bury St Edmunds and shortly afterwards had swept inland to Cambridge. Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, joined <mask>'s forces and Henry of Lancaster—the brother of the late Thomas, and <mask>'s uncle—also announced he was joining <mask>'s faction, marching south to join her. By the 27th, word of the invasion had reached the King and the Despensers in London.Edward issued orders to local sheriffs to mobilise opposition to <mask> and Mortimer, but London itself was becoming unsafe because of local unrest and Edward made plans to leave. <mask> struck west again, reaching Oxford on 2 October where she was "greeted as a saviour"—Adam Orleton, the Bishop of Hereford, emerged from hiding to give a lecture to the university on the evils of the Despensers. Edward fled London on the same day, heading west towards Wales. <mask> and Mortimer now had an effective alliance with the Lancastrian opposition to Edward, bringing all of his opponents into a single coalition. <mask> now marched south towards London, pausing at Dunstable, outside the city on 7 October. London was now in the hands of the mobs, although broadly allied to <mask>. Bishop Stapledon failed to realise the extent to which royal power had collapsed in the capital and tried to intervene militarily to protect his property against rioters; a hated figure locally, he was promptly attacked and killed—his head was later sent to <mask> by her local supporters.Edward, meanwhile, was still fleeing west, reaching Gloucester by the 9th. <mask> responded by marching swiftly west herself in an attempt to cut him off, reaching Gloucester a week after Edward, who slipped across the border into Wales the same day. Hugh Despenser the Elder continued to hold Bristol against <mask> and Mortimer, who placed it under siege between 18–26 October; when it fell, <mask> was able to recover her daughters Eleanor and Joan, who had been kept in the Despenser's custody. By now desperate and increasingly deserted by their court, Edward and Hugh Despenser the Younger attempted to sail to Lundy, a small island just off the Devon coast, but the weather was against them and after several days they were forced to land back in Wales. With Bristol secure, <mask> moved her base of operations up to the border town of Hereford, from where she ordered Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest her husband. After a fortnight of evading <mask>'s forces in South Wales, Edward and Hugh were finally caught and arrested near Llantrisant on 16 November. The retribution began immediately.Hugh Despenser the Elder had been captured at Bristol, and despite some attempts by <mask> to protect him, was promptly executed by his Lancastrian enemies—his body was hacked to pieces and fed to the local dogs. The remainder of the former regime were brought to <mask>. Edmund Fitzalan, a key supporter of Edward II and who had received many of Mortimer's confiscated lands in 1322, was executed on 17 November. Hugh Despenser the Younger was sentenced to be brutally executed on 24 November, and a huge crowd gathered in anticipation at seeing him die. They dragged him from his horse, stripped him, and scrawled Biblical verses against corruption and arrogance on his skin. He was then dragged into the city, presented to Queen <mask>, Roger Mortimer and the Lancastrians. Despenser was then condemned to hang as a thief, be castrated, and then to be drawn and quartered as a traitor, his quarters to be dispersed throughout England.Simon of Reading, one of the Despensers' supporters, was hanged next to him, on charges of insulting <mask>. Once the core of the Despenser regime had been executed, <mask> and Mortimer began to show restraint. Lesser nobles were pardoned and the clerks at the heart of the government, mostly appointed by the Despensers and Stapledon, were confirmed in office. All that was left now was the question of Edward II, still officially <mask>'s legal husband and lawful king. Death of Edward, 1327

As an interim measure, Edward II was held in the custody of Henry of Lancaster, who surrendered Edward's Great Seal to <mask>. The situation remained tense, however; <mask> was clearly concerned about Edward's supporters staging a counter-coup, and in November she seized the Tower of London, appointed one of her supporters as mayor and convened a council of nobles and churchmen in Wallingford to discuss the fate of Edward. The council concluded that Edward would be legally deposed and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.This was then confirmed at the next parliament, dominated by <mask> and Mortimer's followers. The session was held in January 1327, with <mask>'s case being led by her supporter Adam Orleton, Bishop of Hereford. <mask>'s son, Prince Edward, was confirmed as Edward III of England, with his mother appointed regent. <mask>'s position was still precarious, as the legal basis for deposing Edward was doubtful and many lawyers of the day maintained that Edward II was still the rightful king, regardless of the declaration of the Parliament. The situation could be reversed at any moment and Edward II was known to be a vengeful ruler. Edward II's subsequent fate, and <mask>'s role in it, remains hotly contested by historians. The minimally agreed version of events is that <mask> and Mortimer had Edward moved from Kenilworth Castle in the Midlands to the safer location of Berkeley Castle in the Welsh borders, where he was put into the custody of Lord Berkeley.On 23 September, <mask> and Edward III were informed by messenger that Edward had died whilst imprisoned at the castle, because of a "fatal accident". Edward's body was apparently buried at Gloucester Cathedral, with his heart being given

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