title: Doris Lessing

texts:
<mask>   (; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British-Zimbabwean (Rhodesian)  novelist. She was born to British parents in Iran, where she lived until 1925. Her family then moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where she remained until moving in 1949 to London, England. Her novels include The Grass Is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–1969), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983). <mask> was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature. In awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy described her as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny". Lessing was the oldest person ever to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.In 2001, <mask> was awarded the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British literature. In 2008, The Times ranked her fifth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Life

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> Tayler in Kermanshah, Iran, on 22 October 1919, to Captain Alfred Tayler and Emily Maude Tayler (née McVeagh), both British subjects. Her father, who had lost a leg during his service in World War I, met his future wife, a nurse, at the Royal Free Hospital in London where he was recovering from his amputation. The couple moved to Iran, for Alfred to take a job as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia. In 1925, the family moved to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) to farm maize and other crops on about  of bush that Alfred bought. In the rough environment, his wife Emily aspired to lead an Edwardian lifestyle.It might have been possible had the family been wealthy; in reality, they were short of money and the farm delivered very little income. As a girl <mask> was educated first at the Dominican Convent High School, a Roman Catholic convent all-girls school in the Southern Rhodesian capital of Salisbury (now Harare). Then followed a year at Girls High School in Salisbury. She left school at age 13 and was self-educated from then on. She left home at 15 and worked as a nursemaid. She started reading material that her employer gave her on politics and sociology and began writing around this time. In 1937, <mask> moved to Salisbury to work as a telephone operator, and she soon married her first husband, civil servant Frank Wisdom, with whom she had two children (John, 1940–1992, and Jean, born in 1941), before the marriage ended in 1943.Lessing left the family home in 1943, leaving the two children with their father. Move to London; political views
After the divorce, <mask>'s interest was drawn to the community around the Left Book Club, an organisation she had joined the year before. It was here that she met her future second husband, Gottfried <mask>. They married shortly after she joined the group, and had a child together (Peter, 1946–2013), before they divorced in 1949. She did not marry again. Lessing also had a love affair with RAF serviceman John Whitehorn (brother of journalist Katharine Whitehorn), who was stationed in Southern Rhodesia, and wrote him ninety letters between 1943 and 1949. <mask> moved to London in 1949 with her younger son, Peter, to pursue her writing career and socialist beliefs, but left the two older children with their father Frank Wisdom in South Africa.She later said that at the time she saw no choice: "For a long time I felt I had done a very brave thing. There is nothing more boring for an intelligent woman than to spend endless amounts of time with small children. I felt I wasn't the best person to bring them up. I would have ended up an alcoholic or a frustrated intellectual like my mother." As well as campaigning against nuclear arms, she was an active opponent of apartheid, which led her to being banned from South Africa and Rhodesia in 1956 for many years. In the same year, following the Soviet invasion of Hungary, she left the British Communist Party. In the 1980s, when <mask> was vocal in her opposition to Soviet actions in Afghanistan, she gave her views on feminism, communism and science fiction in an interview with The New York Times.On 21 August 2015, a five-volume secret file on Lessing built up by the British intelligence agencies, MI5 and MI6, was made public and placed in The National Archives. The file, which contains documents that are redacted in parts, shows <mask> was under surveillance by British spies for around twenty years, from the early-1940s onwards. Her associations with Communism and her anti-racist activism are reported to be the reasons for the secret service interest in Lessing. Literary career
At the age of fifteen, Lessing began to sell her stories to magazines. Her first novel, The Grass Is Singing, was published in 1950. The work that gained her international attention, The Golden Notebook, was published in 1962. By the time of her death, she had published more than 50 novels, some under a pseudonym.In 1982 <mask> wrote two novels under the literary pseudonym Jane Somers to show the difficulty new authors face in trying to get their work printed. The novels were rejected by Lessing's UK publisher but later accepted by another English publisher, Michael Joseph, and in the US by Alfred A. Knopf. The Diary of a Good Neighbour was published in Britain and the US in 1983 and If the Old Could in both countries in 1984, both as written by Jane Somers. In 1984 both novels were republished in both countries (Viking Books publishing in the US), this time under one cover, with the title The Diaries of Jane Somers: The Diary of a Good Neighbour and If the Old Could, listing <mask> as author. <mask> declined a damehood (DBE) in 1992 as an honour linked to a non-existent Empire; she had declined an OBE in 1977. Later she accepted appointment as a Companion of Honour at the end of 1999 for "conspicuous national service". She was also made a Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature.In 2007 <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. She received the prize at the age of 88 years 52 days, making her the oldest winner of the literature prize at the time of the award and the third-oldest Nobel laureate in any category (after Leonid Hurwicz and Raymond Davis Jr.). She was also only the eleventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature by the Swedish Academy in its 106-year history. In 2017, just 10 years later, her Nobel medal was put up for auction. Previously only one Nobel medal for literature had been sold at auction, for André Gide in 2016. Lessing was out shopping for groceries when the Nobel Prize announcement came. Arriving home to a gathering of reporters she exclaimed, "Oh Christ!""I've won all the prizes in Europe, every bloody one, so I'm delighted to win them all. It's a royal flush." She entitled her Nobel Lecture On Not Winning the Nobel Prize and used it to draw attention to global inequality of opportunity and to suggest that fiction writers can be involved in redressing those inequalities. <mask> wrote that "it is our imaginations which shape us, keep us, create us – for good and for ill. It is our stories that will recreate us, when we are torn, hurt, even destroyed." The lecture was later published in a limited edition to raise money for children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. In a 2008 interview for the BBC's Front Row she stated that increased media interest after the award had left her without time or energy for writing.Her final book, Alfred and Emily, appeared in 2008. Illness and death
During the late-1990s Lessing suffered a stroke, which stopped her from travelling during her later years. She was still able to attend the theatre and opera. She began to focus her mind on death, for example asking herself if she would have time to finish a new book. She died on 17 November 2013, aged 94, at her home in London, predeceased by her two sons, but was survived by her daughter, Jean, who lives in South Africa. She was remembered with a humanist funeral service. Fiction

Lessing's fiction is commonly divided into three distinct phases.During her Communist phase (1944–56) she wrote radically about social issues, a theme to which she returned in The Good Terrorist (1985). <mask>'s first novel, The Grass Is Singing, as well as the short stories later collected in African Stories, are set in Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) where she was then living. This was followed by a psychological phase from 1956 to 1969, including the Golden Notebook and the "Children of Violence" quartet. Third came the Sufi phase, explored in her 70s work, and in the Canopus in Argos sequence of science fiction (or as she preferred to put it "space fiction") novels and novellas. <mask>'s Canopus sequence received a mixed reception from mainstream literary critics. John Leonard praised her 1980 novel The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five in The New York Times, but in 1982 John Leonard wrote in reference to The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 that "[o]ne of the many sins for which the 20th century will be held accountable is that it has discouraged Mrs. Lessing... She now propagandises on behalf of our insignificance in the cosmic razzmatazz," to which Lessing replied: "What they didn't realise was that in science fiction is some of the best social fiction of our time. I also admire the classic sort of science fiction, like Blood Music, by Greg Bear.He's a great writer." She attended the 1987 World Science Fiction Convention as its Writer Guest of Honor. Here she made a speech in which she described her dystopian novel Memoirs of a Survivor as "an attempt at an autobiography." The Canopus in Argos novels present an advanced interstellar society's efforts to accelerate the evolution of other worlds, including Earth. Using Sufi concepts, to which Lessing had been introduced in the mid-1960s by her "good friend and teacher" Idries Shah, the series of novels also uses an approach similar to that employed by the early 20th century mystic G. I. Gurdjieff in his work All and Everything. Earlier works of "inner space" fiction like Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971) and Memoirs of a Survivor (1974) also connect to this theme. Lessing's interest had turned to Sufism after coming to the realisation that Marxism ignored spiritual matters, leaving her disillusioned.<mask>'s novel The Golden Notebook is considered a feminist classic by some scholars, but notably not by the author herself, who later wrote that its theme of mental breakdowns as a means of healing and freeing one's self from illusions had been overlooked by critics. She also regretted that critics failed to appreciate the exceptional structure of the novel. She explained in Walking in the Shade that she modelled Molly partly on her good friend Joan Rodker, the daughter of the modernist poet and publisher John Rodker. Lessing did not like being pigeon-holed as a feminist author. When asked why, she explained:

Doris Lessing Society
The Doris Lessing Society is dedicated to supporting the scholarly study of <mask>'s work. The formal structure of the Society dates from January 1977, when the first issue of the Doris Lessing Newsletter was published. In 2002 the Newsletter became the academic journal Doris Lessing Studies.The Society also organises panels at the Modern Languages Association (MLA) annual Conventions and has held two international conferences in New Orleans in 2004 and Leeds in 2007. Archives
Lessing's literary archive is held by the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, at the University of Texas at Austin. The 45 archival boxes of <mask>'s materials at the Ransom Center contain nearly all of her extant manuscripts and typescripts up to 1999. Original material for <mask>'s early books is assumed not to exist because she kept none of her early manuscripts. The McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa holds a smaller collection. The University of East Anglia's British Archive for Contemporary Writing holds <mask>'s personal archive: a vast collection of professional and personal correspondence, including the Whitehorn letters, a collection of love letters from the 1940s, written when <mask> was still living in Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia). The collection also includes forty years of personal diaries.Some of the archive remains embargoed during the writing of <mask>'s official biography. Awards

 Somerset Maugham Award (1954)
 Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
 Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1981)
 Shakespeare-Preis der Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F. V. S., Hamburg (1982)
 WH Smith Literary Award (1986)
 Palermo Prize (1987)
 Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
 Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography (1995)
 Los Angeles Times Book Prize (1995)
 Premi Internacional Catalunya (1999)
 Order of the Companions of Honour (1999)
 Companion of Literature of the Royal Society of Literature (2000)
 David Cohen Prize (2001)
 Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
 S.T. Benson, 2002)

Short story collections
 This Was the Old Chief's Country (1951)
 Five Short Novels (1953)
 The Habit of Loving (1957)
 A Man and Two Women (1963)
 African Stories (1964)
 Winter in July (1966)
 The Black Madonna (1966)
 The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
 This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
 The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
 To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
 The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. (Page A1, 2013-11-17).

masks:
Doris May Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Doris May
Doris
Doris
Doris
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Doris Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Doris Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Lessing
Doris Lessing
Lessing
Lessing


title: Don Boven

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (March 6, 1925 – March 10, 2011) was an American basketball player, coach, and university instructor. He was a World War II veteran who was a standout athlete at Western Michigan University. After playing professional basketball, he served as an instructor at the University for more than 30 years. In the 1980s, <mask> retired from his teaching duties but remained active in sporting circles and became involved in voluntary public service in his Michigan township. Early life and military
<mask> was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1925. He was the second of four sons born to <mask> and Jessie Knapper. His parents were immigrants from the Netherlands, having come from Groningen.<mask> was raised on the north side of Kalamazoo and attended Lincoln Junior High School. He then developed into a successful athlete at Kalamazoo Central High School where he lettered in football, baseball, and basketball. He graduated from Central in 1943 and, after his graduation, enlisted in the United States Army to serve in Europe during World War II. He was a Gunnery Sergeant with the American Third Army and arrived at Omaha Beach on D-Day plus two. He also fought with the Third Army at the Battle of the Bulge. Following World War II, <mask> returned to Kalamazoo where he enrolled at Western Michigan University with the help of the G.I. Bill to study for a degree in education.College career
<mask> attended Western Michigan University from 1946 to 1949. He was an athletic standout while at Western and earned 11 varsity letters in football, basketball and baseball. In his final year at Western, he received the University's Academic-Athletic Excellence Honor Medal. On the basketball court at Western Michigan, <mask> set the career scoring record with 1099 points between 1946 and 1949, though this record has since been broken. He is remembered as having successfully competed against players that were much taller than he was, such as Bowling Green's <mask>. <mask> also remains among the top ten for free throws made and free throws attempted. As a junior, <mask> was named a second team All-American and in 1949, the senior was named a first team All-American.After college, <mask> received offers to play professionally from the Detroit Lions in football, the Chicago Cubs in baseball, and several professional basketball teams. He chose to play basketball and was selected by the Indianapolis Olympians in the 6th round of the 1949 BAA draft. Professional career

Waterloo Hawks (1949–1951)

<mask> began his career playing for the Waterloo Hawks in 1949. During his college and professional playing days, he stood 6'4" (1.93 m), weighed 210 pounds (95 kg), and played most of his career as a small forward. The team finished fifth in the NBA Western Division with a 19–43 record. <mask> averaged about 10 points and two assists per game and was in the top 20 in the league making 37% of his field goals. The following season, the Waterloo franchise left the NBA to join the original National Professional Basketball League during its only season in existence.<mask> led the entire league in scoring with 781 points. He was also named a member of the league's all-star team. More than half of the league's teams folded over the course of the year and no championship game was played. <mask>'s Hawks and the Sheboygan Red Skins made claims to being the champions, but the league was dissolved before the matter could be resolved. Waterloo finished the season with the most wins of any team behind <mask>'s scoring, but Sheboygan defeated the Hawks in 8 of their fifteen meetings. Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1953)
When the Waterloo franchise folded along with the NPBL, <mask> was signed with the Milwaukee Hawks for one season. This team finished fifth in the NBA's western division and <mask> put up numbers similar to his first year in the NBA.One lasting distinction came during that season. <mask> was tied for third most personal fouls in the NBA behind George Mikan and Vern Mikkelsen. He also set a league record by fouling out of six consecutive games that season. Though this record was nearly broken in 1982 and skirted by Shaquille O'Neal in 2007, it still stands as of 2016. Baltimore Bullets and Fort Wayne Pistons (1953)
For the 1952–53 season, <mask> was traded to the Fort Wayne Pistons by way of the Baltimore Bullets. Though his stats were slightly lower than his previous seasons, the Pistons made it to the playoffs after finishing with a record of 36–33. <mask> and the Pistons competed in the Western Division semifinals, beating the Rochester Royals two games to one.The Pistons then lost to George Mikan and the eventual NBA champion Minneapolis Lakers in the western division finals. This was <mask>'s last season in the NBA and he finished his professional career with averages of 10.2 points, 2.0 assists, and 4.2 rebounds per game. Coaching and later life

Western Michigan University
After retiring from professional basketball, <mask> began a long career as a coach and instructor at Western Michigan University. He initially taught sports and physical education classes while serving as assistant coach for the football, basketball, and baseball teams. During the 1958–59 season, <mask> was promoted to head coach of the Bronco's basketball team. Boven's first season was not very successful and the Broncos went 2–20. In 1959–60 Boven put together the first of two winning seasons (12–11).The other came in 1961–62 when the team went 13–11. <mask> coached at Western Michigan until 1966 ending his coaching career with a record of 75–112 (). His record in the Mid-American conference was 36–60 (). His relatively poor winning percentage has been explained by the fact that he scheduled his team to play the best competition available in order to improve their skills on the court. While he was working at Western, <mask> also earned a master of arts degree in education from the University. He also played semi-professional baseball during the summer months for the Sutherland Paper Company team until the late 1950s. After his semi-professional career ended, <mask> worked during the summers for the Kalamazoo Parks and Recreation Department as the director of the city's summer playground program.<mask> was inducted into Western Michigan's hall of fame in 1975, at which time the school's athletic director noted "He commands respect with the history he represents in our university. He was an outstanding teacher and coach who continued to support Western." Retirement and personal life
<mask> retired from Western Michigan University in 1985 after 32 years of working with the institution. After he had completed his professional basketball career, <mask> married Charlotte Kniese on April 25, 1953 and the couple had three children. The two had met while both were students at Western Michigan University. The family lived on a small lake near Mattawan, Michigan. He served as Texas Township Clerk for 12 years and was very active in his retirement.<mask> had remained involved in basketball in his later years, playing in reunion games with the Waterloo Hawks as late as 2004. He was also a member of the National Basketball Retired Players Association. <mask> died in June 2010 and <mask> died as a result of amyloidosis in his heart on March 10, 2011. He and his wife were buried at Fort Custer National Cemetery. References

External links

1925 births
2011 deaths
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954) players
Baseball players from Michigan
Basketball coaches from Michigan
Basketball players from Michigan
Fort Wayne Pistons players
Indianapolis Olympians draft picks
Milwaukee Hawks players
People from Mattawan, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Waterloo Hawks players
Western Michigan Broncos baseball coaches
Western Michigan Broncos baseball players
Western Michigan Broncos football players
Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball coaches
Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army non-commissioned officers

masks:
Donald E
. Boven
Boven
Boven
Thomas Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Don Otten
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Boven
Charlotte Boven
Donald


title: Vishvamitra

texts:
Brahmarshi Vishvamitra (, ) is one of the most venerated rishis or sages of ancient India. A near-divine being, he is also credited as the author of most of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda, including Gayatri Mantra. The Puranas mention that only 24 rishis since antiquity have understood the whole meaning of—and thus wielded the whole power of—Gayatri Mantra. <mask> is supposed to be the first, and Yajnavalkya the last. Before renouncing his kingdom and royal status, Brahmarishi Vishvamitra was a king, thus he retained the title of Rajarshi or 'royal sage'. Textual background

Historically, Viśvāmitra Gāthina was a Rigvedic rishi who was the chief author of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda. Viśvāmitra was taught by Jamadagni Bhārgava.He was the purohita of the Bharata tribal king Sudās, until he was replaced by Vasiṣṭha. He aided the Bharatas in crossing the Vipāś and Śutudrī rivers (modern Beas and Sutlej). In later Hindu texts, Viśvāmitra and Vasiṣṭha have a long-standing feud, and scholars have stated they historically had a feud regarding the position of the Bharata purohita. However, this view has been criticized due to lack of internal evidence and the projection of later views onto the Rigveda. In post-Rigvedic literature Viśvāmitra becomes a mythical sage. Most of the stories related to Vishvamitra's life is narrated in the Valmiki Ramayana. Vishvamitra was a king in ancient India, also called Kaushik (descendant of Kusha) and belonged to Amavasu Dynasty.Vishwamitra was originally the King of Kanyakubja (modern day Kannauj). He was a valiant warrior and the great-grandson of a great king named Kusha. Valmiki Ramayana, prose 51 of Bala Kanda, starts with the story of Vishvamitra:

His story also appears in various Puranas; however, with variations from Ramayana. Vishnu Purana and Harivamsha chapter 27 (dynasty of Amaavasu) of Mahabharata narrates the birth of <mask>. According to Vishnu Purana, Kushanabha married a damsel of Purukutsa dynasty (later called as Shatamarshana lineage - descendants of the Ikshvaku king Trasadasyu) and had a son by name Gaadhi, who had a daughter named Satyavati (not to be confused with the Satyavati of Mahabharata). Life and legends

Birth
Satyavati was married to an old man known as Richika who was foremost among the race of Bhrigu. Ruchika desired a son having the qualities of a Brahmin and so he gave Satyavati a sacrificial offering (charu) which he had prepared to achieve this objective.He also gave Satyavati's mother another charu to make her conceive a son with the character of a Kshatriya at her request. But Satyavati's mother privately asked Satyavati to exchange her charu with her. This resulted in Satyavati's mother giving birth to <mask>, and Satyavati gave birth to Jamadagni, father of Parashurama, a person with qualities of a warrior. Conflicts with Vashista

Maharshi Vasistha possessed a divine-cow  kamadhenu that was able to give everything that one wished for. Once king Kaushika (Vishwamitra) saw the cow and wished to possess her. He asked Vasistha to hand her over but Vasistha refused to do so saying she actually belongs to Devas and not him. King Kaushika became angry due to his arrogance and attacked Vasistha with all his forces.However, he was defeated by the power of Vasistha's penance and suraabhi/kamadhenu's created soldiers and was somehow rescued by Vamdeva. He asked Vamdeva how Vasistha could defeat him all alone. Vamdeva told him this happened due to Vasistha's position as"Brahmarishi" due his tapasya. Kaushika then wanted to gain "Brahmarishi" like Vasistha. Doing penance guided by Vamdeva, King Kaushika became Vishwamitra. In one encounter, Vishwamitra cursed the king Harishchandra to become a pauper. Vashista accompanied him by becoming a bird himself to help him.There were several such instances of violent encounter between the sages and at times, Brahma, god of creation, had to intervene. Alternative version
Vashista destroys Vishvamitra's entire army by the simple use of his great mystic and spiritual powers, breathing the Om syllable. Vishvamitra then undertakes a tapasya for several years to please Shiva, who bestows upon him the knowledge of celestial weaponry. He proudly goes to Vaśiștha's ashram again and uses all kinds of powerful weapons to destroy Vashista and his hermitage. He succeeded in the killings of Vashista's thousand sons but not Vashista himself. An enraged Vashista brings out his brahmadanda, a wooden stick imbued with the power of Brahma. It consumes Vishvamitra's most powerful weapon, the brahmastra.Vashista then attempts to attack Vishvamitra, but his anger is allayed by Devas. Vishvamitra is left humiliated while Vashista restores his hermitage. Seduction by Menaka

Menaka was born during the churning of the ocean by the Devas and Asuras and was one of the most beautiful apsaras (celestial nymph) in the world with quick intelligence and innate talent. However, Menaka desired a family. Due to his penance and the power he achieved through it, Vishwamitra frightened the gods and even tried to create another heaven. Indra, frightened by Vishwamitra's powers, sent Menaka from heaven to earth to lure him and break his meditation. Menaka successfully incited Vishwamitra's lust and passion.She succeeded in breaking the meditation of Vishwamitra. However, she fell in genuine love with him and a baby girl was born to them who later grew in Sage Kanva's ashram and came to be called Shakuntala. Later Shakuntala falls in love with King Dushyanta and gives birth to a child called Bharata. However, later Vishwamitra merely cursed Menaka to be separated from him forever, for he loved her as well and knew that she had lost all devious intentions towards him long ago. After succumbing to Menakā’s flirtations, and after having a daughter with her, Viśvāmitra then travels south to the Godāvarī to resume his austerities, settling down at a spot next where Śiva stood as Kālañjara. Vishwamitra was also tested by the Apsara Rambha. She, however was cursed by Vishwamitra.Rise to Brahmarishi
After cursing Rambha, Vishwamitra goes to the highest mountain of Himalayas to perform an even more severe tapasya for over 1000 years. He ceases to eat and reduces his breathing to a bare minimum. He is tested again by Indra, who comes as a poor Brahmin begging for food just as Kaushika is ready to break a fast of many years by eating some rice. Kaushika instantly gives his food away to Indra and resumes his meditation. Kaushika also finally masters his passions, refusing to be provoked by any of Indra's testing and seductive interferences. At the penultimate culmination of a multi-thousand-year journey, Kaushika's yogic power is at a peak. At this point, Brahma, as the head of Devas led by Indra, names Kaushika a Brahmarishi and names him Vishvamitra or Friend of All for his unlimited compassion.He then goes to meet Vashishta. It was customary that, if a sage was greeted by an equal or superior person, the sage would also greet the person. If the sage was greeted by an inferior person, the sage would simply bless them. Initially, when Vishwamitra greeted Vashishta with the pride of being a new Brahmarishi in heart, Vashishta simply blessed him. Suddenly all pride and desire left Vishwamitra's heart and he became a clean and clear Brahmarishi. When Vishwamitra turned back to leave, Vashishta realised a change of heart and proceeded to greet Vishwamitra. Vishwamitra is also embraced by Vashista and their enmity is instantly ended.Trisanku

Another story Vishvamitra is known for is his creation of his own version of Swarga or heaven, called Trisanku Swarga. When a proud King Trisanku asked his Guru Vashista to send him to heaven in his own body, guru responded that the body cannot ascend to heaven. King Trisanku then asked Vashista's hundred sons to send him to heaven. The sons, believing that Trisanku should not come to them after their father had refused, took outrage and cursed Trisanku to be a Chandala. Trisanku was transformed into a person with body smeared of ash, clothed in black and wearing iron jewelry. Unrecognizable to his subjects, he was driven out of the kingdom. In his exile, Trisanku came across the sage Vishvamitra, who agreed to help him.Vishvamitra organized a great sacrifice and ritual propitiating the Devas, pleading that they accept Trisanku into heaven. Not one Deva responded. Angered, Vishvamitra used his yogic powers and ordered Trisanku to rise to heaven. Miraculously, Trisanku rose into the sky until he reached heaven, where he was pushed back down by Indra. Enraged even more by this, <mask> commenced the creation of another universe (including another Brahma) for Trisanku. He had only completed the Universe when Brihaspati ordered him to stop. Trisanku, however, did not fully transcend through Trisanku Svarga created for him.He remained fixed and upside-down in the sky and was transformed into a constellation, which is now known as Crux. In the process of forming a new universe, Vishvamitra used up all the tapas he had gained from his austerities. Therefore, after the Trisanku episode, Vishvamitra had to start his prayers again to attain the status of a Brahmarshi and become an equal of Vashista. Harishchandra/Ambarisha's sacrifice
While undertaking a penance, Kaushika helps a boy named Shunashepa who has been sold by his parents to be sacrificed at Harishchandra/Ambarisha's yagna to please Varuna. The king's son Rohit does not want to be the one sacrificed, as was originally promised to Varuna, so young Sunashepa is taken. A devastated and terrified Sunashepa falls at the feet of Kaushika, who is deep in meditation and begs for his help. Kaushika teaches secret mantras to Sunashepa.The boy sings these mantras at the ceremony, is blessed by Indra and Varuna and Ambarisha's ceremony is completed. In another version of the story, Sunahshepa is lost son of <mask>. When <mask> was Prince of Bharats (Kaushik) - and his name was Vishwarath then, he was abducted by the enemy king Shambar. There, Shambar's daughter, Ugra, falls in love with Vishvarath. Ugra convinces Prince Vishvarath to marry her. Looking at the good character of Vishvarath, Shambar also agrees for the marriage. Soon after the marriage, the Bharatas win the battle against Shambar.When they found their Prince Vishvarath alive, they feel happy but they could not accept Ugra as their future queen as she is an Asura. To convert Ugra into an Sura, Vishvarath creates Gayatri Mantra, but people still refuse to accept her. Soon she gives birth to a son, but to save the son from the angry people, the greatest female sage Lopamudra sends the child to a hidden place. To Lopamudra and Vishvarath's sadness, people kill Ugra. But the son is saved, without the knowledge of Vishvarath. This child grows young and he comes to sacrifice himself in the ceremony of Ambarisha (or King Harishchandra). Teacher of Rama

In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Vishvamitra is the preceptor of Rama and his brother Lakshmana.Rama is prince of Ayodhya, and believed to be the seventh Avatar of god Vishnu . Vishvamitra gives them the knowledge of the Devastras or celestial weaponry [bala and ati bala], trains them in advanced religion and guides them to kill powerful demons like Tadaka, Maricha and Subahu. He also leads them to the Swayamvara ceremony for princess Sita, who becomes wife of Rama. Works

<mask> is said to have found Gayatri Mantra. It is a verse from a sukta of Rigveda (Mandala 3.62.10). Gāyatrī is the name of the Vedic meter in which the verse is composed. Gayatri mantra is repeated and cited very widely in Vedic literature and praised in several well-known classical Hindu texts such as Manusmriti ("there is nothing greater than the Savitri (Gayatri) Mantra.", Manu II, 83), Harivamsa and Bhagavad Gita. The mantra is an important part of the upanayana ceremony for young males in Hinduism and has long been recited by dvija men as part of their daily rituals. Modern Hindu reform movements spread the practice of the mantra to include women and all castes and its recitation is now widespread. Descendants
Vishwamitra had many children from different women. Madhuchhanda was also a composer of many hymns in the Rigveda. According to the Mahabharata, Sushruta, the father of plastic surgery, was one of his sons. Ashtaka, who was born from Madhavi, was successor to his kingdom.Shakuntala was born from the damsel Menaka. She was the mother of Bharata, who became a powerful emperor as well as an ancestor of Kuru kings. Rajput belonging to Kaushika or Vishwamitra gotra claim that they descended from Sage Vishwamitra. The distinction can be found from the respective pravaras,
Visvamitra, Aghamarshana, Kaushika
Visvamitra, Devarata, Owtala
Visvamitra, Ashtaka

In film and television
 Vishwamitra is shown in the Tamil movie Raja Rishi with Sivaji Ganesan playing the role of the Sage. Vishvamitra is shown in Telugu movie Brahmarshi Vishwamitra. The TV show Vishwamitra (1995) is made on the story of Brahmarishi Vishwamitra. The role of Vishwamitra is played by Mukesh Khanna.Vishwamitra is shown in the show Siya Ke Ram airing on Star Plus, starring Manish Wadhwa. The TV show Piya Albela is also based on the classic love story of Menaka and Vishwamitra, depicted as a modern-day love story revolving around Naren and Pooja. Vishwamitra also appears in Shani (TV series)

See also

 Hinduism
 Hindu mythology

References

. Brahmin gotras
Rishis
Sages in the Ramayana
Saptarishi

masks: Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra Vishvamitra


title: Luigi Fioravanti

texts:
<mask> (born January 22, 1981) is an American mixed martial artist who last competed in 2016. A professional since 2004, he is perhaps best known for competing in the UFC, but has also fought for M-1 Global and the Maximum Fighting Championship. Background
<mask> grew up in St. Petersburg, Florida, attending Pinellas Park High School, where he participated in wrestling, winning a district title, while also practicing judo. He joined the Marines after graduating high school and was part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Fioravanti started training in various martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and kickboxing while stationed in California and Iraq with the Marines. After spending five months in Iraq, <mask> continued training and began his professional career in early 2004. Mixed martial arts career

Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> began his professional MMA career 7-0 before losing to UFC veteran Chris Leben via unanimous decision.<mask> would then rattle off four straight wins, including two in the UFC, before dropping two straight fights against Jon Fitch and Forrest Petz. <mask> would then split his last four fights in the UFC, before losing to Anthony Johnson and being cut by the UFC. Post-UFC
Fioravanti has seen improved results since leaving the UFC, going 10–6 in his last 16 fights since being released, including a five fight winning streak that was snapped when he lost a unanimous decision to Andrei Semenov. He faced Joe Doerksen at Score Fighting Series 1 on June 10, 2011. He lost via unanimous decision. <mask> faced former UFC welterweight contender Paul Daley at Ringside MMA 12 on October 21, 2011. He lost the fight via unanimous decision, putting him at three losses in a row.<mask> snapped his three fight losing streak on May 18, 2013, when he submitted Edwin Aguilar in forty-two seconds at Flawless FC 3. <mask> followed up with a TKO win over Joshua Thorpe at Shamrock Promotions on October 12, 2013. Fioravanti fought in the BattleGrounds MMA in a Single Night 8-Man Tournament. He lost his quarterfinal fight against Joe Ray via TKO in the first round. 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:31
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Solomon Hutcherson
| KO (punch)
| The Ultimate Fighter: Team Ortiz vs.

masks:
Luigi Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti
Fioravanti


title: Jimmy Kimmel

texts:
<mask> (born November 13, 1967) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is the host and executive producer of Jimmy Kimmel Live!, a late-night talk show that premiered on ABC on January 26, 2003, at Hollywood Masonic Temple in Hollywood, California; and on April 1, 2019, at a secondary home, the Zappos Theater on the Las Vegas Strip. <mask> hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2012, 2016 and 2020, and the Academy Awards in 2017 and 2018. Before hosting Jimmy Kimmel Live!, <mask> was the co-host of Comedy Central's The Man Show and Win Ben Stein's Money. <mask> has also produced such shows as Crank Yankers, Sports Show with Norm Macdonald, and The Andy Milonakis Show. In 2018, Time named him as one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People". <mask> is the longest-working of all current late-night talk show hosts in the United States, following Conan O’Brien’s retirement from hosting a late-night program.Early life and family
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in the neighborhood of Mill Basin as the eldest of three children of Joan (Iacono) and James John <mask>, who worked at American Express and was an IBM executive. He was raised Catholic and, as a child, was an altar server. <mask>'s mother is of Italian ancestry from Ischia, Naples; her family migrated to the United States after the 1883 earthquake. Two of his paternal great-great-grandparents were German immigrants. His family's surname was "Kümmel" ("caraway" in German) several generations back. The family moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, when he was nine years old. He graduated from Ed W. Clark High School, and then attended University of Nevada, Las Vegas for one year before transferring to Arizona State University.He received an honorary degree from UNLV in 2013. <mask>'s uncle, Frank Potenza ("Uncle Frank"), appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! as a regular from 2003 until his death in 2011. His cousin Sal Iacono performed <mask>'s former co-hosting duties during the last season of Win Ben Stein's Money and then became a writer and sketch performer on Jimmy Kimmel Live! His Aunt Chippy (Concetta Potenza) is also a featured part of the show. His brother Jonathan works on the show as a director. His sister, Jill, is a comedian.Career

Radio career

Inspired by David Letterman's start in radio, <mask> began working in radio while in high school, hosting a Sunday night interview show on UNLV's college station, KUNV. While attending Arizona State University, he became a popular caller to the KZZP-FM afternoon show hosted by radio personalities Mike Elliott and Kent Voss in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1989, <mask> landed his first paying job alongside Voss as morning drive co-host of The Me and Him Show at KZOK-FM in Seattle, Washington. Over the next 10 months, the hosts performed several stunts on air, including one that led to an $8,000 loss in advertising. In 1990, <mask> and Voss were fired by KZOK and were fired again a year later at WRBQ-FM in Tampa, Florida. <mask> went on to host his own show at KCMJ in Palm Springs, California, where he recruited Carson Daly, who had been a family friend since his childhood, as his intern. After a morning stint at KRQQ in Tucson, Arizona, <mask> landed at KROQ-FM in Los Angeles.He spent five years as "<mask> Sports Guy" for the Kevin and Bean morning show. During this time he met and befriended the comedian Adam Carolla. Comedy Central

<mask>, who initially did not want to do television, began writing for Fox announcers and promotions and was quickly recruited to do the on-air promotions himself. He declined several offers for television shows from producer Michael Davies, being uninterested in the projects, until he was offered a place as the comedic counterpart to Ben Stein on the game show Win Ben Stein's Money, which began airing on Comedy Central in 1997. His quick wit and "everyman" personality were counterpoints to Stein's monotonous vocal style and faux-patrician demeanor. The combination earned the pair an Emmy award for Best Game Show Host. In 1999, during his time on Win Ben Stein's Money, <mask> co-hosted (with Adam Carolla) and co-produced (with Daniel Kellison), Comedy Central's The Man Show.<mask> left Win Ben Stein's Money in 2001 and was replaced by comedian Nancy Pimental, who was eventually replaced by <mask>'s cousin Sal Iacono. The Man Shows success allowed <mask>, Carolla, and Kellison to create and produce, under the banner Jackhole Productions, Crank Yankers for Comedy Central (on which <mask> plays the characters "Elmer Higgins", "Terrence Catheter", "The Nudge", "Karl Malone" and himself) and later The Andy Milonakis Show for MTV2. <mask> also produced and co-wrote the feature film Windy City Heat, Festival Prize winner of the Comedia Award for Best Film at the 2004 Montreal Comedy Festival. <mask> Live! In January 2003, <mask> permanently left The Man Show to host his own late-night talk show, <mask> Live!, on ABC. In the April 2007 issue of Stuffmagazine.com, <mask> was named the "biggest badass on TV". <mask> said it was an honor but clearly a mistake.Despite its name, the show has not actually aired live since 2004, when censors were unable to properly bleep censor a barrage of swearing from actor Thomas Jane. During the 2004 NBA Finals in Detroit, <mask> appeared on ABC's halftime show to make an on-air plug for his show. He suggested that if the Detroit Pistons defeated the Los Angeles Lakers, "they're gonna burn the city of Detroit down ... and it's not worth it." Officials with Detroit's ABC affiliate, WXYZ-TV, immediately announced that that night's show would not air on the station. Hours later, ABC officials pulled that night's show from the entire network. <mask> later apologized. <mask> usually ends his show with "My apologies to Matt Damon, we ran out of time."When Matt Damon did actually appear on the show to be interviewed, he walked in and sat down only to be told just a few seconds later by <mask>, "Unfortunately, we are totally out of time," followed by "my apologies to Matt Damon." Damon appeared angry but both performers have since indicated that their faux-feud is a joke. In February 2008, <mask> showed a mock music video with a panoply of stars called "I'm Fucking Ben Affleck", as "revenge" after his then-girlfriend Sarah Silverman and Damon recorded a similar video titled "I'm Fucking Matt Damon". Silverman's video originally aired on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and became an "instant YouTube sensation." <mask>'s "revenge" video featured himself, Ben Affleck, and a large lineup of stars, particularly in scenes spoofing the 1985 "We Are the World" video: Brad Pitt, Don Cheadle, Cameron Diaz, Robin Williams, Harrison Ford, Dominic Monaghan, Benji Madden and Joel Madden from Good Charlotte, Lance Bass, Macy Gray, Josh Groban, Huey Lewis, Perry Farrell, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Pete Wentz, Meat Loaf, Rebecca Romijn, Christina Applegate, Dom Joly, Mike Shinoda, Lauren Conrad, and Joan Jett, among others. After this, <mask>'s sidekick, Guillermo, appeared in a spoof of The Bourne Ultimatum, which starred Damon.He was then chased down by Damon, who was cursing about <mask> being behind all this. Guillermo also stopped Damon on the red carpet one time and, before he could finish the interview, said, "Sorry, we are out of time." The most recent encounter was titled "The Handsome Men's Club" which featured <mask>, along with the "Handsome Men", who were: Matthew McConaughey, Rob Lowe, Lenny Kravitz, Patrick Dempsey, Sting, Keith Urban, John Krasinski, Ethan Hawke, Josh Hartnett, Tony Romo, Ted Danson, Taye Diggs, Gilles Marini, and Ben Affleck, speaking about being handsome and all the jobs that come with it. At the end of the skit, <mask> has a door slammed in his face by Damon, who says they have run out of time and laughs sinisterly. Jennifer Garner also makes a surprise appearance. As a tradition, celebrities voted off Dancing with the Stars appear on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, causing <mask> to describe himself as "the three-headed dog the stars must pass on their way to No-Dancing Hell." In October 2013, a new segment of the show, "Kids Table", showcased five- and six-year-olds discussing the U.S. government shutdown and U.S. debts.When one of the children suggested "killing all the people in China" as a way of resolving the U.S. debt, <mask> responded that that was "an interesting idea" and soon jokingly asked a followup: "Should we allow the Chinese to live?" The incident triggered discussions and protests on Internet, even from Mainland China. In an October 25 letter to a group called the 80-20 Initiative, which identifies itself as a pan-Asian-American political organization, ABC apologized for the segment, saying "We would never purposefully broadcast anything to upset the Chinese community, Asian community, anyone of Chinese descent or any community at large." More than a hundred people took to the streets in San Francisco on October 28 to protest the show and demand "a more elaborate apology" and that <mask> be fired. On that day's broadcast, <mask> addressed the controversy personally, saying: "I thought it was obvious that I didn't agree with that statement, but apparently it wasn't ... So I just wanted to say, I'm sorry, I apologize." Despite the apologies from ABC and <mask>, protests continued.A White House petition was created to investigate the incident and reached the 100,000 signatures needed to require a response from the White House. The Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus denounced the incident and demanded a formal apology from ABC. Other television work

In spring 1996, <mask> appeared as "<mask> Fox Guy" in promos on the Fox Network. His other television work included being the on-air football prognosticator for Fox NFL Sunday for four years. He has had numerous

masks:
James Christian Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy The
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy the


title: Jimmy Kimmel

texts:
 appearances on other talk shows, including Live with Regis and Kelly, The Howard Stern Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and the Late Show with David Letterman. He has appeared on The Late Show five times, most recently in 2010. <mask> served as roastmaster for the New York Friars' Club Roast of Hugh Hefner and the Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson.He has appeared on ABC's Dancing with the Stars. In August 2006, ABC announced that <mask> would be host of their new game show Set for Life. The show debuted on July 20, 2007. On April 6, 2007, <mask> filled in for Larry King on Larry King Live. That particular broadcast dealt with paparazzi. <mask> reproached Emily Gould, an editor at Gawker.com, for the site's alleged stalking of celebrities. On July 8, 2007, <mask> managed the National League in the 2007 Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game in San Francisco.He played in the game in 2004 and 2006 (in Houston and Pittsburgh, respectively). On July 11, 2007, <mask>, along with basketball player LeBron James, hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards. The show aired on ESPN on July 15, 2007. <mask> hosted the American Music Awards on ABC five times, in 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2008. <mask> guest-hosted Live with Regis and Kelly during the week of October 22–26, 2007, commuting every day between New York and Los Angeles. In the process, he broke the Guinness World Record for the longest distance () traveled in one work week. <mask> himself has questioned the record, suggesting that a world leader or the Pope must actually hold the record.<mask> has performed in several animated films, often voicing dogs. His voice appeared in Garfield: The Movie and Road Trip, and he portrayed Death's Dog in the Family Guy episode "Mr. Saturday Knight"; Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane later presented <mask> with a figurine of his character on Jimmy Kimmel Live! <mask> also did voice work for Robot Chicken. <mask>'s cousin Sal Iacono has accepted and won a wrestling match with Santino Marella. On January 14, 2010, amid the 2010 Tonight Show host and time slot conflict, <mask> was the special guest of Jay Leno on The Jay Leno Shows "10 at 10" segment. <mask> derided Leno in front of a live studio audience for taking back the 11:35 pm time slot from Conan O'Brien, and repeatedly insulted Leno. He ended the segment with a plea that Leno "leave our shows alone", as <mask> and O'Brien had "kids" while Leno only had "cars".<mask> hosted the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 23, 2012, and the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2016. With the presidential election only weeks away, <mask> pointed out the role Mark Burnett played in the rise of Trump. <mask> hosted the 89th edition of the Academy Awards ceremony on February 26, 2017. He returned as host for the 90th edition on March 4, 2018. In June 2018, <mask> was challenged by U.S. Senator Ted Cruz to a one-on-one basketball game after <mask> compared Cruz's appearance to that of a blobfish. <mask> accepted and the game (known as the Blobfish Basketball Classic) was scheduled to take place at Texas Southern University on June 16, with the loser donating $5,000 to the non-political charity of the winner's choice.Cruz defeated <mask> 11–9, and over $80,000 was raised from the game and donated to the charities. In November 2018, <mask> launched his second production company, Kimmelot. <mask> is currently the host of a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, which premiered for the show's 20th anniversary in 2020 and continues into 2021. It premiered on April 8, 2020, on ABC. In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would return to host the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2020. It was also announced that he was taking the summer off amid a brewing blackface controversy. Later, videos surfaced of <mask> using racial slurs in a music video.Also, during an interview in 2009 with Megan Fox, <mask> made a joke in response to Fox speaking out about being sexualized at age 15 by Michael Bay. <mask> later issued an apology for his actions and for taking a long time to address the criticism. He said, "There is nothing more important to me than your respect, and I apologize to those who were genuinely hurt or offended by the makeup I wore or the words I spoke." <mask> explained the blackface was part of a recurring impression of basketball player Karl Malone that continued on The Man Show: "We hired makeup artists to make me look as much like Karl Malone as possible. I never considered that this might be seen as anything other than an imitation of a fellow human being, one that had no more to do with Karl's skin color than it did his bulging muscles and bald head." He also denied that his going on vacation was due to the blackface controversy, saying the vacation had been planned for over a year. He did not address the interview with Megan Fox.Books
In July 2019, <mask> released his first book, The Serious Goose, an interactive children's picture book featuring his own illustrations that tasks readers with helping to make the serious goose smile. Influences
<mask>'s biggest influences in comedy are David Letterman and Howard Stern. <mask> has said of Letterman, "His show was just so weird and different. I'd never seen anything like it. I didn't know anyone who had a sense of humor like that." <mask> has often joked that the only reason he got into show business was to be friends with Letterman; he has also questioned why anybody would watch his show instead of Letterman's. <mask> wrote a piece for Time about his love for Letterman, saying, "As I write this, there are only ten shows left before the funniest, most inventive and smartest man who ever wore an Alka Seltzer suit goes fishing for good.None of us who discovered Dave on our own and claimed him as our own will ever be able to satisfactorily explain to the younger people who didn't what he did, what he meant and what he means. I guess it doesn't matter. It's only an exhibition, not a competition. Thanks Dave. For whatever it's worth, you're my favorite." Personal life
<mask> is a practicing Catholic. <mask> married Gina Maddy in 1988; they divorced in 2002.Their daughter Katherine was born in 1991 and their son Kevin was born in 1993. He had a relationship with comedian Sarah Silverman from 2002 to March 2009. <mask> started dating Molly McNearney, a co-head writer for Jimmy Kimmel Live, in October 2009. They were engaged in August 2012 and married in July 2013. Their daughter Jane was born in July 2014. Their second child, William ("Billy") John, was born on April 21, 2017. He was born with a rare congenital heart defect, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia, which was first detected when he had a purplish appearance at three hours after birth.He underwent successful surgery at three days of age. The first guests <mask> had when his show returned following his son's birth were cardiac surgeon Mehmet Oz, who explained the condition, and snowboarder Shaun White, who was born with TOF. <mask> later cited his son's condition in a monologue criticizing a previous guest, Senator Bill Cassidy, who had co-authored a congressional healthcare bill, for not living up to the "<mask> test" regarding access for patients with preexisting conditions. The monologue was widely discussed as part of the wider debate about the American healthcare system. <mask> plays the bass clarinet, and was a guest performer at a concert in Costa Mesa, California, on July 20, 2008, featuring The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, performing with the group on the song "The Impression That I Get". <mask> has served as the Honorary Mayor of Dildo, Newfoundland, since August 2019. <mask> has spoken publicly of being a narcoleptic.<mask> co-founded the annual Los Angeles Feast of San Gennaro, a New York City annual tradition, and co-hosted the eighth annual Los Angeles version in 2009. <mask> has been a fundraiser for the U.S. Senate candidate Jacky Rosen. In 2020, <mask> learned that he and Martha Stewart are cousins through a genealogy report on the TV show Finding Your Roots. <mask> is the title sponsor of the LA Bowl, a college football bowl game to be played annually in Los Angeles starting in 2021. The game is therefore officially known as the Jimmy Kimmel LA Bowl. It will match the number 1 selection from the Mountain West Conference against the number 5 selection from the Pac-12 Conference. Filmography

Film

Television

As executive producer

Video games

Discography
"Joel the Lump of Coal" from Don't Waste Your Wishes with The Killers

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 ABC Jimmy Kimmel Live website

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century Roman Catholics
American game show hosts
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American people of German descent
American writers of Italian descent
American radio personalities
American Roman Catholics
American television talk show hosts
American television writers
Arizona State University alumni
Comedians from New York City
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host winners
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Late night television talk show hosts
Male actors from Nevada
Male actors from New York City
People from Mill Basin, Brooklyn
People with narcolepsy
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Arizona
Screenwriters from Nevada
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Television producers from New York City
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Writers

masks:
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Jimmy Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel
Kimmel


title: Ricky Burns

texts:
<mask> (born 13 April 1983) is a Scottish professional boxer. He is one of only three British boxers to have won world titles in three weight divisions and the first from Scotland, having held the WBO super-featherweight title from 2010 to 2011; the WBO lightweight title from 2012 to 2014; and the WBA light-welterweight title from 2016 to 2017. At regional level he held the Commonwealth super-featherweight title from 2008 to 2009, and has challenged for the British and European super-featherweight titles. Professional career

Super-featherweight

Early career
<mask> first fight as a professional was a four-round victory in October 2001 over Woody Greenaway at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow, Scotland. On 12 December 2004, following a string of seven wins over opponents including Jeff Thomas, Ernie Smith and Daniel Thorpe he was matched against fellow unbeaten prospect Colin Bain. The fight, at the Marriott Hotel in Glasgow, resulted in a first career defeat for Bain as <mask> won over the six round distance. For <mask>, the win set him up for a journey south of the border to face the unbeaten British lightweight champion Graham Earl in a non-title fight.The fight with Earl took place at the Wembley Conference Center and <mask> produced one of the upsets of the year when he scored a points victory to beat Earl over eight rounds. Domestic title fights
The win against Earl meant he would land a shot at the big time when in February 2006, he took on reigning British, Commonwealth and European champion Alex Arthur. The fight took place in Edinburgh and ended in defeat for <mask>, as Arthur retained on points. <mask> who was still only a 12-fight novice at this stage took the fight to Arthur prompting the champion to heap praise on him; "<mask> was in superb shape and he was up for the fight" said Arthur, "He's a brilliant boxer with a great future and he could be a world champion one day." <mask> himself refused to be disappointed with the loss saying; "I don't count that as a loss. I'm just 22 and it was great experience for me". <mask> next had a crack at the British title almost exactly a year later when in February 2007, he met reigning champion Carl Johanneson at the Town Hall in Leeds.The fight ended once again in defeat with <mask> losing a 12-round decision to the experienced champion. Johanneson intent on winning well before his home crowd hounded <mask> throughout the fight and managed to knock <mask> down three times. Regaining composure
After the defeat to Johanneson, <mask> took the decision to leave his old boxing club in a bid to seek a new challenge. <mask> had worked with Rab Bannan at the Barn Boxing Club for over 14 years, but the Johanneson defeat prompted a need for a change of direction. On telling his former mentor the news <mask> said; "It was a nightmare having to tell him. It was really sad because I’ve been with him for 14 years. All my boxing life really.It was really hard but we left on good terms and we shook hands and I’m sure our paths will cross again." <mask> moved to the Dalmarnock gym in Glasgow, where he could train alongside the likes of Willie Limond and Kenny Anderson. Since the fight with Johanneson, <mask> won eight fights in a row. A ten-round win over Romanian Gheorghe Ghiompirica at the Thistle Hotel in Glasgow gave him the lightly regarded British International Masters belt. <mask> also spent time sparring former opponent Alex Arthur in preparation for Arthur's WBO super-featherweight title defence against Nicky Cook. Commonwealth champion
In September 2008, <mask> was in line for a crack at the vacant Commonwealth title, a belt which had been given up by Londoner Kevin Mitchell. The challenge took place at the York Hall in Bethnal Green and saw <mask> outpoint the Ghanaian Osumana Akaba over 12 rounds.The fight, which was taken with only weeks notice after the original main event on the card was cancelled, propelled <mask> into the championship frame. Speaking of his future ambitions <mask> said; "There is only one fight I want at the moment. That fight would be the current British champion Kevin Mitchell. He recently has been injured, and won't be back until December so we'll have to see what happens". <mask> defended his crown at Glasgow's Kelvin Hall soon afterwards in November 2008, against another Ghanaian, Yakubu Amidu. The African fighter had a record of 16–1–1, with all his victories coming by way of stoppage. <mask> however was too much and his superior fitness levels showed as the referee stopped the contest in the seventh round, handing victory to the Scotsman.<mask> second defence took place in March 2009, and saw <mask> halt former British champion Michael Gomez in the seventh round. On 20 June 2009, <mask> made perhaps the toughest defence of his title yet with a hard-fought 12 round win over Northern Ireland's Kevin O'Hara, with the assistance of the highly experienced trainer Billy Nelson and his Fighting Scots Gym in Stepps. <mask> became Billy's first world champion. <mask> vs. Martínez
<mask> success in the ring had elevated him to the number one ranking with the WBO's rankings. <mask>' promoter Frank Warren tried to negotiate a match with the reigning champion Roman Martínez. The bout with the Puerto Rican champion had been subject to numerous delays with the fight scheduled for both Scotland and Puerto Rico at various intervals only for the fight never to materialise and for Martinez to make a voluntary defence of his title instead. The uncertainty for <mask> meant that a proposed British title contest against Gary Sykes never happened with Sykes winning the title against <mask> replacement Andy Morris and defending against the man <mask> had defeated in his last Commonwealth title defence Kevin O'Hara.Finally after almost a year of frustration <mask> re-entered the ring on 15 May 2010, on the undercard of Kevin Mitchell's world title shot against Michael Katsidis at the Boleyn Ground. <mask> continued his winning streak and kept ticking over with an eight-round win over journeyman and former foe Youssef Al Hamidi. <mask> claimed after the fight that he hoped the fight with Román Martinez would materialise around July and that it would be in Glasgow. The WBO super-featherweight title showdown between <mask> and Roman Martinez was eventually confirmed on 24 June 2010 and scheduled to take place at the Kelvin Hall, Glasgow on 4 September. Speaking at the announcement of the fight <mask> said; "this has been dragging on a bit..it is the biggest fight of my career but I'm more than confident that I can beat him". Finally on 4 September, <mask> entered the ring at Kelvin Hall to face the WBO's unbeaten reigning world champion Roman Martinez. Martinez had held the title for over a year winning it from Englishman Nicky Cook and defending twice against Colombian Feider Viloria and Argentinian Gonzalo Munguia.Despite suffering a knockdown in the first round, <mask> took the fight to the champion winning on all three judges scorecards 115–112, 115–112 and 115–113 to inflict a career first defeat on Martinez and finally winning the world title. Speaking of the fight, Burns promoter Frank Warren said; "this was the best night I've ever had in Scotland and I've had some great shows with Scott Harrison and Alex Arthur as well as bringing Nigel Benn and Frank Bruno up here." Describing the atmosphere at the Kelvin Hall as "electric" he went on to praise <mask>, who in winning the title had become Scotland's 12th world champion, saying Scotland had a new "sporting hero" and that the win would lead to a renaissance in Scottish boxing. It also transpired that before the fight the manager of Celtic, Neil Lennon had called to wish <mask> the best and sent him a Celtic strip signed by the whole of the first team as a good luck present. <mask> vs. Evensen
On 4 December 2010, <mask> defended his title for the first time against Norwegian boxer Andreas Evensen who held the WBO Inter-Continental featherweight title. The fight, at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow, resulted in another unanimous points win for <mask> with the Scotsman also scoring a knockdown in the first round. On 12 March 2011, <mask> made his second defence again at the Braehead Arena.His opponent the Ghanaian boxer Joseph Laryea had won the WBO Inter-Continental title win a victory over Scotsman Paul Appleby on the same night that <mask> beat Evenson. The fight was stopped in the 7th round after Laryea withdrew citing a broken knuckle with <mask> ahead in the fight. <mask> vs. Cook
<mask>' next defence was scheduled for 16 July 2011 and against former WBO champion Nicky Cook, in Liverpool's Echo Arena. The fight resulted in a 93-second stoppage for <mask> as Cook's corner threw in the towel following an injury to his back. After only six seconds a punch from <mask> resulted in Cook receiving a count and complaining of back trouble. Cook was sent to the canvas twice more before his corner retired the boxer handing a third straight defence of the title to <mask> who said that he would like to fight the South African boxer Mzonke Fana next. <mask> was next scheduled to meet mandatory challenger, and Boxrec No.1 rated super-featherweight, Adrien Broner, but announced on 22 September 2011 that he would be relinquishing his WBO super-featherweight title and moving up to compete at lightweight. <mask> said that the move up a weight division would ease the pressure of having to control his weight saying "the last couple of fights it was getting harder and harder for me to do it." Adrien Broner commented on the situation, saying, "You vacated the title talking about you couldn't make weight no more. But you just fought four times and defended this title", Broner further said, "But everyone knows boxing is a game where you can duck fighters... and I guess he felt like running away was best for his career." Lightweight

<mask> vs. Katsidis
In his first fight at the weight it was announced that <mask> would fight Australian Michael Katsidis in London for the WBO interim lightweight title. Speaking of the fight <mask> said that it would definitely be the toughest of his career saying "I don't think they could have got me a harder fight if they tried, he's been in with the best of the weight, he's proved himself, obviously he's one of the best in the division and it's a great chance to get out there and show what I can do." On 5 November 2011, <mask> took on Katsidis for the WBO interim lightweight championship and despite being the slight underdog went on to win the fight by unanimous decision.After the fight <mask> claimed to have "proved a lot of people wrong" as some people "thought Michael would walk all over me". Speaking of the fight he added "Michael didn't give me a minute, he kept coming forward but I'd prepared for that. I'm doing my job and that's the way I always look at it." <mask> vs. Moses
On 26 January 2012, <mask> was installed as WBO lightweight champion after former champion Juan Manuel Márquez moved up a division to welterweight. <mask> defended his WBO lightweight title against Namibian fighter Paulus Moses. He will have the homefield advantage with the fight being held in Braehead Arena, Glasgow. <mask> said, "It's great news about the title but it's back to reality and training hard for what will be a tough title defence against Moses in my homecoming in Scotland.For the last 10 years I’ve been grafting away in my career. But in the last couple of years it has really taken off with me beating Roman Martinez and then beating a great warrior like Katsidis to put me up there with the best in the world." <mask> would go on to successfully defend his title via a unanimous points win, with Moses outboxed by <mask>, who was awarded victory 119–110,120–110,117–111 by the three judges. <mask> vs. Mitchell
In June 2012 it was confirmed after months of negotiations that <mask>' next fight will be another defence of his WBO lightweight title, against former WBO Inter-Continental lightweight champion Kevin Mitchell on 22 September 2012. In front of a sold out Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre <mask> turned in a career best performance to defeat Mitchell via fourth-round TKO. <mask> looked the much bigger man on fight night and seemed to recognise this

masks:
Ricky Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky
Burns
Ricky
Ricky
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


title: Ricky Burns

texts:
 adopting a more aggressive style, he was gaining control of the fight by the 4th round out boxing Mitchell he would go on to knock Mitchell down twice in round 4 in the last minute of round 4 and a further onslaught forced the referee to stop the fight. After such a dominant performance, <mask> was able to make a legitimate claim to being of the best at 135 pounds.Promotional changes
On 15 December 2012, <mask> was expected to defend his WBO lightweight title against Liam Walsh at the ExCeL, London. Walsh was later involved in a car crash and had to pull out. Walsh's replacement was revealed to be Jose Ocampo. Ocampo however, had to pull out due to death of his trainer. then followed an announcement from <mask> that he would not be competing in London on that date after not being able to find an opponent in time. With promoter Frank Warren unable to secure an opponent for a rescheduled date of 26 January 2013, <mask> declined the opportunity of an exhibition bout, deciding instead to take a long rest between fights. On 4 March 2013, the unification fight between <mask> and Miguel Vázquez (which was originally scheduled for 16 March 2013) was postponed to 20 April 2013 because Vazquez was suffering from a viral infection.<mask> was due to defend his WBO title while also challenging for Vazquez' IBF title. The Vazquez fight was also called off with <mask> manager Alex Morrison telling The Scotsman "I doubt very much that fight was ever going to happen – leading to an announcement on 7 March 2013 that <mask> had left Frank Warren's promotion stable. Miscellaneous defences
On 11 March 2013 it was confirmed that <mask> had joined Eddie Hearn's Matchroom promotions and fought for the first time under Matchroom on 11 May 2013, when he faced Puerto Rican Jose Gonzalez at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow, a fight broadcast on Sky Sports. <mask> won the fight in the ninth round after being outboxed in the first 6 rounds however the fight took a drastic change in round 7 where <mask> was hurt before firing back in true championship style, <mask> dominated rounds 8 & 9. Gonzalez refused to come out for the tenth round citing a damaged wrist for pulling out of the fight despite being 87-84 ahead on all 3 cards. <mask> vs. Beltrán, Crawford
<mask>'s promoter Eddie Hearn announced that <mask> would fight again on 7 September 2013 against Ray Beltrán of Mexico at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. <mask> was knocked down in the 8th round.The bout ended in a controversial split-decision draw as the vast majority of observers believed Beltran had won and the decision was seen as one of the worst decisions of 2013. The draw meant <mask> retained his WBO lightweight title. It was confirmed after the fight that <mask> had broken his jaw as early as the second round. After having surgery the following day it was unsure when, and if, <mask> would be able to fight again, but after the surgery was successful, <mask> expressed interest in a rematch with Beltran. However, the WBO installed Terence Crawford as <mask>'s mandatory challenger and the bout took place on 1 March 2014 in Scotland. Crawford defeated <mask> by unanimous decision, boxing well on the outside and picking his shots to win the WBO lightweight title. <mask> earned a career high £500,000 for the fight.<mask> vs. Zlatičanin
On 27 June 2014 <mask> fought Dejan Zlatičanin at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow. It was an eliminator fight and for the WBC International title. <mask> lost the fight to Zlaticanin on split decision points, this was his second consecutive loss. Light-welterweight
After the loss to Zlatičanin on 27 June 2014, <mask> promoter Eddie Hearn confirmed on 4 July 2014 that he would have a "Make or Break" 10 round fight in a move to the light-welterweight division. This was on 4 October 2014 at the First Direct Arena in Leeds, giving <mask> a break from fighting in Scotland, the fight was originally scheduled for 13 September 2014 in Manchester but was moved due to an elbow injury <mask>nin fight. <mask> defeated French journeyman Alexandre Lepelley via points on his light-welterweight debut on 4 October 2014. <mask> vs. Figueroa Jr.In his US debut, <mask> faced off against undefeated former WBC lightweight champion Omar Figueroa Jr. on 9 May 2015 in Hidalgo, Texas. In a fight that saw both men land clean hard punches throughout was over shadowed by disgraceful refereeing as 2 points were deducted from <mask> for holding and for repeatedly moving both boxers hands whilst they were in a dominant position within the clinch. <mask> lost a controversial decision as the judges in Texas scored the fight widely to the home fighter. Two judges scored the fight 116-110 and the third had it 117-109. <mask> then went on to win two consecutive fights, firstly with a TKO victory against Prince Ofotsu on 1 August 2015 in Hull then winning via KO against Josh King on 7 November 2015 in Liverpool. <mask> vs. Di Rocco, Relikh
It was confirmed on 15 March 2016 that <mask> would fight Italian boxer Michele di Rocco for the vacant WBA light-welterweight title at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow on 28 May 2016. The title became vacant after Adrien Broner failed to make weight in his previous fight and subsequently stripped.<mask> dominated from start to finish with his jab and right cross, knocking his opponent down on the third and stopping him in the eighth in front of a packed crowd. With this win <mask> became a three-weight world champion, one of only three British fighters in history, also the first Scotsman to achieve this feat. WBA ordered <mask> to defend his world title against their Inter-Continental champion Kiryl Relikh (21-0, 19 KOs) of Belarus, who is promoted by former world champion <mask>. The official announcement was made with The SSE Hydro in Glasgow as the venue and 7 October as the date. After starting off slow in the first couple of rounds, <mask> used his experience and took the fight to 12 rounds. <mask> seemed to take some shots which seemed to shake him for split seconds as he carried on and showed that he is a master of pacing 12 round fights. <mask> needed good movement as Relikh switched to and from the southpaw stance which helped cut the distance.At the end of the fight, the three judges scored the fight with scores of 116-112 twice and a rather wide 118-110. Some pundits ringside including Relikh's trainer Hatton believed the wide scoring was harsh due to the fact there was constant back and forth action. With <mask> retaining the world title paved the way for a fight in December against former champion Adrien Broner, possibly in the US. <mask> vs. Indongo
In late December, there were talks for a potential unification fight between <mask> and IBF, and IBO champion Julius Indongo (21-0, 11 KOs). Indongo acquired the two titles after knocking out then undefeated Eduard Troyanovsky in less than a minute on 3 December. In January 2017, Freddie Roach named <mask> a potential opponent for Filipino legend Manny Pacquiao for 23 April. On 9 January, <mask>' manager Tommy Morrison confirmed a deal was being put together for <mask> to fight Indongo in a unification fight in April at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow.On 11 January, Sky Sports confirmed a deal was reached for <mask> and Indongo in a unification title bout on 15 April 2017. The WBA, IBF, and IBO titles would be at stake. This was Scotland's first ever unification fight. <mask> failed to become Scotland's first unified world champion when he lost a via a one-sided unanimous decision with wide scores of 120-108, 118-110 and 116-112. In the last two rounds, <mask> hit the canvas three times, but these were ruled as a slip. Following the defeat, <mask> praised Indongo, "He was so so awkward. He was a lot better than we thought he was going to be.He can hit as well." He also said that he wouldn't retire. Return to lightweight

<mask> vs. Crolla
On 7 July 2017, STV news reported there was talks between <mask> and fellow Brit Anthony Crolla (31-6-3, 13 KOs) about a potential all-British fight towards the end of 2017. Talks suggested a fight would likely take place in Manchester or Glasgow at light-welterweight. A provisional date of 14 October 2017 was being considered. Both boxers tweeted a day earlier confirming their interest in the fight. <mask> told Sky Sports, he agreed to the fight straight away when he first heard about the speculations.He said, both he and Crolla were in the same position, coming off losses. At the time, Burn's compatriot Josh Taylor had been calling him out for an all Scottish showdown. Crolla admitted the fight would be a 'make or break' fight for both of them and could steer the defeated boxer into retirement, whereas the winner could line himself up for another potential world title fight. On 7 August 2017, it was confirmed by Eddie Hearn that a deal had been reached between Crolla and <mask> for a fight to take place at lightweight on 7 October, live on Sky Sports. Manchester Arena was confirmed as the venue, marking it the first time <mask> would fight in Manchester. Hearn spoke to Sky Sports about the fight, "What a fight between two great warriors. Both Anthony and <mask> are in similar places in the careers and they know that this absolute must-win.Knowing these two like I do this is going to be a fight until the finishing bell with neither taking a backward step. It's an all-British super fight between two great [former] world champions." Crolla won the fight via 12 round unanimous decision. In the end, the three judges' scored the fight 116-113, 117-112, 116-114. Sky pundits at ringside had either Crolla winning or a draw, however none believed <mask> had done enough to warrant a win. Crolla was the busier fighter throwing much more than <mask> and focused a lot of his body shots. <mask> made Crolla miss a lot with his movement and looked to land cleaner and accurate punches.Both fighters embraced in the end, as they had shown mutual respect for one another in the build up. In the post fight, Crolla said, "I thought I definitely did enough. He just kept coming, he gave me a very tough fight, but I thought my quality shots won it." <mask> felt he did enough to win the fight saying, "Although it was close, I thought I did enough. thought I landed the cleaner shots. In my eyes, I thought I just edged it." Crolla also said he would be willing to travel to Glasgow for a rematch.<mask> vs. Njegac, Cardle
On 26 May 2018, <mask>' 50th professional fight was announced to take place at the Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle on 16 June on a card co-headlined by Josh Kelly and Lewis Ritson. It was the first time <mask> fought in Newcastle. In a scheduled 6-round bout, <mask> retired his Croatian opponent Ivan Njegac after round 4. After the bout, <mask> stated he intended to carry on boxing. On 3 November, at just one weeks notice, <mask> stepped in to replace Joe Cordina and fight Scott Cardle (23-2-1, 7 KOs) on 10 November 2018 at the Manchester Arena. Cordina withdrew from the bout after picking up an injury. Prior to stepping in, <mask> was originally scheduled to appear on a Matchroom USA card in Kansas, USA on 17 November.<mask> dominated and then knocked out Cardle in round 3 to continue his comeback in 2018. It was a right hand which sent Cardle to the canvas. Cardle managed to beat the count, but referee Mark Lyson called a halt to the about at 2:06 of round 3. Although <mask> did not call anyone out in the prost-fight interview, he stated he was chasing big fights in 2019. <mask> vs. Selby
On 26 October 2019, <mask> faced former world champion Lee Selby. In a foul-filled fight, Selby managed to edge <mask> via majority decision, winning 116-112 and 116-113 on two of the scorecards, while the third judge scored the fight a draw, 115-115. Professional boxing record

See also
List of boxing triple champions

References

External links

<mask> profile at Matchroom Boxing
<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Coatbridge
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
World Boxing Organization champions
World Boxing Association champions
Scottish male boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World light-welterweight boxing

masks:
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burnslatica
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky Hatton
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Ricky Burns
Ricky Burns


title: Joseph Warren

texts:
<mask> (June 11, 1741 – June 17, 1775) was an American physician who played a leading role in Patriot organizations in Boston during the early days of the American Revolution, eventually serving as President of the revolutionary Massachusetts Provincial Congress. <mask> enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes on April 18, 1775, to leave Boston and spread the alarm that the British garrison in Boston was setting out to raid the town of Concord and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams. <mask> participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord the following day, which are commonly considered to be the opening engagements of the American Revolutionary War. <mask> had been commissioned a major general in the colony's militia shortly before the June 17, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill. Rather than exercising his rank, <mask> chose to serve in the battle as a private soldier, and was killed in combat when British troops stormed the redoubt atop Breed's Hill. His death, immortalized in John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General <mask> at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775, galvanized the rebel forces. He has been memorialized in the naming of many towns, counties, streets, and other locations in the United States, by statues, and in numerous other ways.Biography

<mask> was born in Roxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, to <mask> and Mary (née Stevens) <mask>. His father was a respected farmer who died in October 1755 when he fell off a ladder while gathering fruit in his orchard. After attending the Roxbury Latin School, <mask> enrolled in Harvard College, graduating in 1759, and then taught for about a year at Roxbury Latin. He studied medicine and married 18-year-old heiress Elizabeth Hooten on September 6, 1764. She died in 1773, leaving him with four children: Elizabeth, <mask>, Mary, and Richard. Before his death in 1775, he was engaged to Mercy Scollay. While practicing medicine and surgery in Boston, he became involved in politics, associating with John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and other leaders of the broad movement labeled Sons of Liberty.<mask> conducted an autopsy on the body of young Christopher Seider in February 1770, and was a member of the Boston committee that assembled a report on the following month's Boston Massacre. Earlier, in 1768, Royal officials tried to place his publishers Edes and Gill on trial for an incendiary newspaper essay <mask> wrote under the pseudonym A True Patriot, but no local jury would indict them. In 1774, he authored a song, "Free America", which was published in colonial newspapers. The poem was set to a traditional British tune, "The British Grenadiers." <mask> joined the Scottish Rite Freemasonry, being initiated in the St. Andrew's Lodge, and later became Past Provincial Grand Master of Massachusetts. Lexington and Concord

As Boston's conflict with the royal government came to a head in 1773–75, <mask> was appointed to the Boston Committee of Correspondence. He twice delivered orations in commemoration of the Massacre, the second time in March 1775 while the town was occupied by army troops.<mask> drafted the Suffolk Resolves, which were endorsed by the Continental Congress, to advocate resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts, which were otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. He was appointed President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, the highest position in the revolutionary government. In mid-April 1775, <mask> and Dr. Benjamin Church were the two top members of the Committee of Correspondence left in Boston. On the afternoon of April 18, the British troops in the town mobilized for a long-planned raid on the nearby town of Concord, and already before nightfall word of mouth had spread knowledge of the mobilization widely within Boston. It had been known to rebel leadership for weeks that General Gage in Boston had plans to destroy munitions stored in Concord by the colonials, and it was also known that they would be taking a route through Lexington. Some unsupported stories argue that <mask> received additional information from a highly placed informant (usually claiming it was from Margaret Kemble Gage, the wife of General Thomas Gage) that the troops had orders to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. However, there is little evidence of this as the troops apparently had no such orders.Regardless, <mask> learned there was some British expedition likely to begin that night, and so sent William Dawes and Paul Revere on their famous "midnight rides" to warn Hancock and Adams in Lexington. (There is growing consensus in new scholarship that Mrs. Gage never did conspire against the British and that <mask> needed no informant to deduce that the British were mobilizing.) <mask> slipped out of Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Battle of Lexington and Concord, he coordinated and led militia into the fight alongside William Heath as the British Army returned to Boston. When the enemy were returning from Concord, he was among the foremost in hanging upon their rear and assailing their flanks. During this fighting <mask> was nearly killed, a musket ball striking part of his wig. When his mother saw him after the battle and heard of his escape, she entreated him with tears again not to risk life so precious. "Wherever danger is, dear mother," he answered, "there will your son be.Now is no time for one of America's children to shrink from the most hazardous duty; I will either set my country free, or shed my last drop of blood to make her so." He then turned to recruiting and organizing soldiers for the Siege of Boston, promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in his role as head of the Provincial Congress. Death

<mask> was commissioned as a major general by the Provincial Congress on June 14, 1775. Several days later, in the moments before the Battle of Bunker Hill, <mask> arrived where the militia was forming and asked where the heaviest fighting would be; General Israel Putnam pointed to Breed's Hill. <mask> volunteered to join the fighting as a private against the wishes of General Putnam and Colonel William Prescott, both of whom requested that he serve as their commander. <mask> declined the command in the belief that Putnam and Prescott were more experienced with war. He was among those inspiring the men to hold rank against superior numbers.<mask> was known to have repeatedly declared of the British: "These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!" He fought in the redoubt until out of ammunition and remained until the British made their third and final assault on the hill to give time for the militia to escape. He was killed instantly by a musket or pistol ball in the head by a British officer (possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon) who recognized him, or by an officer's servant. This account is supported by a 2011 forensic analysis. His body was stripped of clothing and he was bayoneted until unrecognizable, and then shoved into a shallow ditch. British Captain Walter Laurie, who had been defeated at Old North Bridge, later said he "stuffed the scoundrel with another rebel into one hole, and there he and his seditious principles may remain."In a letter to John Adams, Benjamin Hichborn describes the damage that British Lieutenant James Drew, of the sloop Scorpion, inflicted on <mask>'s body two days after the Battle of Bunker Hill: "In a day or two after, Drew went upon the Hill again opened the dirt that was thrown over Doctor: <mask>, spit in his face jumped on his stomach and at last cut off his head and committed every act of violence upon his body." His body was exhumed ten months after his death by his brothers and Paul Revere, who identified the remains by the artificial tooth he had placed in the jaw. His body was placed in the Granary Burying Ground and later (in 1825) in St. Paul's Church before finally being moved in 1855 to his family's vault in Forest Hills Cemetery. Legacy

General Gage reportedly said <mask>'s death was equal to the death of 500 men. It encouraged the revolutionary cause because it was viewed by many Americans as an act of martyrdom. At the time of <mask>'s death, his children were staying with his fiancée, Mercy Scollay, in Worcester as refugees from the Siege of Boston. She continued to look after them, gathering support for their education from John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Mercy Otis <mask>, Benedict Arnold, and even the Continental Congress.<mask>'s youngest brother and apprentice in medicine, <mask>, served as a surgeon during the Battle of Bunker Hill and the rest of the war, and afterwards founded Harvard Medical School and co-founded the Massachusetts Medical Society. There are at least four statues of <mask> on public display. Three are in Boston: one in the exhibit lodge adjacent to the Bunker Hill Monument, another on the grounds of the Roxbury Latin School, and the third atop the puddingstone at his grave site at the Forest Hills Cemetery (this statue was commissioned by the 6th Masonic District, and dedicated in a ceremony by the Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts on October 22, 2016). The fourth is in a small park on the corner of Third and Pennsylvania avenues in Warren, Pennsylvania, a city, borough, and county all named after the general. Fort Warren on George's Island in Boston harbor, started in 1833, was named in his honor. In 1840, the first Warren School was built on Salem Street in Charlestown, Massachusetts near Bunker Hill. It relocated to School and Summer Streets in 1868, and later merged with the Prescott School to form the Warren-Prescott School.Fourteen states have a Warren County named after him. Additionally, Warren, Pennsylvania; Warren, Michigan; Warren, New Jersey; Warrenton, Missouri; Warrenton, Virginia; Warren, Maine; Warren, Massachusetts; Warrenton, North Carolina; Warren, Connecticut and 30 Warren Townships are also named in his honor. The New York county of Warren is named after him, but the town of Warrensburg within that county is not; the town is in fact named after <mask>, a prominent early settler. The streets of Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned after the 1806 fire, based on the Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Detroit is named after <mask>. Five ships in the Continental Navy and United States Navy were named <mask> in his honor. Warren Square in Savannah, Georgia, is also named for him. Freemasonry
<mask> was a Scottish Freemason.He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts) which held a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was during the period after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, 30 November 1756 and 15 May 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being the Master of the Lodge. Paul Revere and William Palfrey are also recorded, in the same entry, with Revere being named as Secretary of the Lodge. <mask> was appointed Grand Master of all Scottish Freemasonry in the 13 colonies by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.</ref>

He was appointed Grand Master of the newly established Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in that same year. (Upon his death, <mask> became Acting Grand Master.) The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts has an award in his name for Masons who have served the fraternity, the country, or humanity with distinction.It is the second-highest honor conferred by the Grand Lodge, only surpassed by the Henry Price medal. The Henry Price medal is usually awarded to those who served with distinction in the Grand Lodge, while the <mask> medal may be conferred upon any Mason within the Grand jurisdiction. In popular culture
Walter Coy portrayed Dr<mask> in the 1957 film Johnny Tremain. <mask> also appeared in episodes 5 and 9 of the 2002 animated television show Liberty's Kids. Ryan Eggold was cast as <mask> in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty. Dr. <mask> is featured in the song "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange on their 2016 album Blindfaller. <mask> is referenced in the A. W. Burns/George W. Hewitt song "America Shall Aye Be Free".See also

 Patriot (American Revolution)
 List of Freemasons

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

 Dr. <mask> on the Web Comprehensive compendium of searchable full texts of <mask>'s writings and speeches, with weekly updates. THE BROKERAGE ROLE IN THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Social Network Analysis using only organizational affiliations identifying <mask> and Paul Revere as central to the events leading up to the American Revolution. The Warren Tavern: History

1741 births
1775 deaths
People from colonial Boston
People of colonial Massachusetts
18th-century American physicians
American Freemasons
United States military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War
Political leaders of the American Revolution
Harvard College alumni
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Militia generals in the American Revolution
Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
Physicians in the American Revolution
Physicians from Massachusetts
Burials in Boston
Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts
Roxbury Latin School alumni
People from Roxbury, Boston

masks:
Joseph Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Joseph Warren
Joseph
Warren
Joseph
Joseph
Warren
Warren
Joseph Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Joseph
John Warren
Joseph Warren
James Warren
Joseph Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Joseph Webb
Joseph Warren
. Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Joseph Warren
Joseph Warren
Joseph Warren
Joseph Warren