title: Dorothy Eady

texts:
 her to probably originate in ancient Egypt. On "Job Wednesday," during the week preceding Easter Sunday, a bath is taken and the body scrubbed with a plant, "Egyptian Amaranath", called ghabira by the Muslims, and damissa by the Copts. They believe that Job of the Bible was cured from his leprosy by similar means.In the absence of any scriptural authority for this event, she speculates that it is based on the Pyramid texts in which the same plant is used by the King to purify himself. Between December and January (the month of Koiak in both ancient Egyptian and Coptic calendars), Muslims and Copts, but mainly the latter, sow small gardens which are thought to bring prosperity to the household when they sprout. Omm Sety believed that this originates with the ancient Egyptian practice of sowing "Osiris Gardens" and "Osiris Beds" during the month of Kiahk. The sprouting vegetation symbolised resurrection. Andrew Strum notes a similar practice amongst Egyptian Jews, in this case relating to atonement for sin, and also speculates that this has its origins in the Osirian beliefs of ancient Egypt. Omm Sety detailed many other modern practices transmitted down from ancient times in short articles written between 1969 and 1975. These were edited and published by the Egyptologist Nicole B. Hansen in 2008, under the title "Omm Sety's Living Egypt: Surviving Folkways from Pharaonic Times," with a foreword by Kent Weeks and an introduction by Walter A. Fairservis.Later years
On reaching the age of sixty in 1964, Omm Sety was faced with mandatory retirement by the Antiquities Department and advised to seek part-time work in Cairo. She went to Cairo, but only stayed one day before returning to Abydos. The Antiquities Department decided to make an exception to their retirement age rules and allowed her to continue her work at Abydos for a further five years, until she retired in 1969. Her pension of $30 per month was supplemented by needlework sold to friends and tourists, who also brought gifts of clothes, food, and reading materials. She began work as a part-time consultant for the Antiquities Department, guiding tourists around the Temple of Seti and explaining the symbolism of the painted wall scenes. In 1972, she suffered a mild heart attack and in the aftermath decided to sell her old house and move into a zareba (a ramshackle single room made of reeds). Ahmed Soliman, the son of the onetime keeper of the Temple of Seti, built a simple mudbrick house adjacent to his family home where Omm Sety moved and lived as part of the Soliman family.She reported in her diary that on first moving into her new home, Seti I appeared and carried out a ritual that consecrated the habitation, bowing reverently towards small statues of Osiris and Isis she kept in a small shrine-niche. During this visit Seti described the one and only time he saw the god Set, his namesake. As a prelude to meeting Set he fasted for ten days before entering the Chapel of the Great Strength, where the god appeared with "a beauty that cannot be described". On sensing that he was the spirit of all that was cruel and evil, Seti fled to the sound of mocking laughter from the god, never to serve Set again. He counselled that "one should not serve an evil being, even if it appears to have a good or useful attribute or function." Seti made several visits during the following weeks, during which he gave his opinion of the Greek story of Atlantis (a Cretan had once told him that the islands of the Aegean were the tops of mountains from a great land that had sunk into the Mediterranean) and the origins of Osiris ("our Lord came from Amenti, whence he returned"). Associations with Egyptologists
Omm Seti got to know all the leading Egyptologists of her day during her stay in Abydos.Lanny Bell and William Murnane from Chicago House recalled going "up to Abydos to see Omm Sety, have tea in her place" and then view the temples with her. John Romer recalled taking a bottle of vodka to her home and Omm Sety having fun telling the slightly more ribald stories of the gods and goddesses. She spoke of Rameses II, the son of Seti I, whom she always saw as a teenager, as when Bentreshyt first knew him. She regarded him, in common with other Egyptologists, as "the most slandered of all the pharaohs" because of biblically derived accounts describing him as the Pharaoh of the Oppression and the slaughterer of baby boys, traits which are contradicted by contemporary records. Kenneth Kitchen, an expert on this period, considered her "a true Ramesside". He said that there was "a certain truth in her familial approach" and that she "came to all sorts of perfectly sensible conclusions about the actual, objective material of the Sety Temple." Nicholas Kendall of the National Film Board of Canada visited Egypt in 1979 to make a documentary, The Lost Pharaoh: The Search for Akhenaten.Donald Redford, who had led a team that recently unearthed material relating to the reign of Akhenaten, asked Omm Sety to appear in the film. She, in common with other Egyptologists, did not regard the king as a romantic idealist dedicated to a universal god, but a "one-track minded, authoritarian iconoclast who impaled captives and deported populations." In October 1980, Julia Cave and a team from the BBC arrived in Abydos to film the documentary Omm Sety and Her Egypt. Featuring interviews with Egyptologists T. G. H. James and Rosalie David, it described Abydos and the excavations that had been undertaken. It had extensive input from Omm Sety, who used crutches due to her deteriorating health. The documentary was broadcast on BBC 2 in May 1981. The Times wrote of the documentary: "An incredulous smile froze on my lips as I watched the Chronicle film Omm Sety and Her Egypt.Could I be absolutely positive it was all a lot of eyewash? Of course I couldn't. And neither will you be able to. In any case, it makes marvellous television." At the time the BBC were recording their documentary, the American producer Miriam Birch asked Omm Sety to appear, along with Egyptologists Kent Weeks and Lanny Bell, in a documentary that National Geographic Channel was filming, Egypt: Quest for Eternity. It concentrated on Rameses II, the son of Seti I. Shooting took place in March 1981, coinciding with Omm Sety's seventy-seventh birthday party at Chicago House, which was filmed.She was in a lot of pain but full of good cheer, and the film crew carried her up to the Temple of Seti for filming. This was to be her last visit to the shrine in which she believed she had served as a priestess 3,000 years before. Omm Seti had once said "Death holds no terror for me...I'll just do my best to get through the Judgment. I'm going to come before Osiris, who will probably give me a few dirty looks because I know I've committed some things I shouldn't have." Because the Muslims and Christians would not let "a heathen" be buried in their graveyards, Omm Sety built her own underground tomb decorated with a false door. Through this door the Ka was believed to travel between this world and the next, and it was engraved with an offering prayer in conformance with ancient beliefs. The staff of Chicago House gave her an imitation Shawabti figurine to place in the tomb.On 10 April 1981 she gave away her two cats as her condition deteriorated. On 15 April she received a letter from Olivia Robertson confirming that Omm Sety had been enrolled in the Fellowship of Isis, an interfaith spiritual movement focused on the goddess, on 23 March. On 21 April 1981 Omm Sety died in Abydos. The local health authority refused to allow her to be buried in the tomb she had constructed, so she was interred in an unmarked grave, facing the west, in the desert outside a Coptic cemetery. Possible sites for archaeological exploration
In the early 1970s, shortly after Nasser's death, Omm Sety disclosed that she believed she knew the location of Nefertiti's tomb, but showed some reluctance in disclosing its "most unlikely place" because Seti I did not like Akhenaten for his attempt to suppress traditional Egyptian religious practices. "We don't want anything more of this family to be known." She described the location of the tomb as being close to Tutankhamun's, which was counter to the then-prevailing opinion that no more new tombs would be found in the Valley of the Kings.In 1998, the ARPT group led by Nicholas Reeves began exploring in the area of Tutankhamun's tomb, based on two anomalies found during a sonar sounding in 1976. During the dig, two undisturbed seals of the 20th dynasty scribe Wen-nefer, a well-known person whose seal has been found on many Valley tombs, were discovered. A radar scan in 2000 produced evidence of two empty chambers, but the work was halted pending an investigation into the theft of antiquities. In 2006, Otto Shaden, on a completely unrelated dig, accidentally burst into one of the "anomalies" (later numbered KV63), which contained particularly fine examples of mummification supplies used for a royal burial, presumably nearby. Reeves' opinion is that the second "anomaly" is likely to be an undisturbed tomb. In August 2015, a new paper was published by the egyptologist Nicholas Reeves, likely confirming the finding. While the general public tend to focus on the beauty of ancient Egyptian artefacts, scholars highly value texts which reveal more about history and religious beliefs.Since Edgar Cayce, a clairvoyant of Presbyterian background, asserted while in a trance state that a Hall of Records was to be found in the area of the Sphinx, there have been repeated attempts to find its supposed location. In 1973, Omm Sety recalled asking Seti I about these Halls of Records. He replied that every temple had a book repository ("Per-Medjat"), but that the one attached to the Temple of Amun-Ra in Luxor contained all the important documents "from the time of the Ancestors," including those that survived the political upheaval at the end of the 6th dynasty. In 1952, Omm Sety translated for Abdul Kader inscriptions from Ram statues he had uncovered from the temple at Luxor. They had been found in the area where Seti located the Hall of Records. Contrary to normal practice for this type of statue, there was no writing on the back, suggesting that they had once been placed against an otherwise unknown wall or building. Based on Seti's description and the location of the Rams, both she and Dr. Zeini believed that the Hall of Records is likely to be located under the modern building which houses the Arab Socialist League.Opinions of Egyptologists
According to the late John A. Wilson, head of the Oriental Institute, and called the "dean of American Egyptology" by contemporaries, Omm Sety deserved to be treated as "a responsible scholar." She was a source for modern scholarship seeking to understand how traditional ancient religious practices have survived into modern times, as "folk customs" practiced by modern Egyptians Copts and Muslims. Unlike other people who claimed to be reincarnated figures from ancient Egypt, she was treated with respect by Egyptologists, and whilst none publicly subscribed to the phenomena she reported, none doubted her sincerity and many have used her observations of past and present Egypt as reliable source material. Kent Weeks wrote that scholars have "never doubted the accuracy of Omm Sety's field observations. As an ethnographer, a participant-observer of modern Egyptian village life, Omm Sety has had few equals. Her studies easily hold their own next to the works of Lane, Blackman, Henein, and others who have examined Egypt's long and fascinating cultural traditions." Egyptologists who knew Omm Sety were impressed by her knowledge of ancient Egypt.Klaus Baer of the Oriental Institute commented that "she had visions and worshipped the ancient Egyptian gods. But she understood the methods and standards of scholarship, which is usually not the case with nuts," nor did she "desire to convert anyone." Omm Sety was impressed by Hermann Junker, "one of the elders of 20th century archaeology," who had taught Selim Hassan. He advocated a more honest approach to the study of ancient Egyptian religion, believing that "nobody had made a real effort to go deeply enough into it." She admired his open-mindedness, especially since Junker was also a Catholic priest. One noted Egyptologist, who did not wish to be named, commented "I was deeply shocked when, one night, I attended a party given by Dr. Ahmed Fakhry behind the Great Pyramid...and there under the full moon was <mask> belly dancing! I couldn't believe my eyes!"William Murnane of the Oriental Institute recalled "It was always a pleasure to be with her and listen to whatever she said...you really couldn't take her anything but seriously." Kenneth Kitchen, author of the seven-volume "Ramesside Inscriptions," described Omm Sety as a "true Ramesside" who "came to all sorts of conclusions about the actual objective material of the Sety Temple – which may have also coincided with things that she felt she knew some other way...and that paid dividends. Donald Redford invited Omm Sety to appear in the documentary "The Lost Pharaoh," in which she gives her description of Akhenaton, including a negative view of the religious revolution he attempted (comparing him to the Ayatollah Khomeini – "a fanatic"), a viewpoint broadly shared by scholars such as Seton-Williams and Redford. John A. Wilson of the Oriental Institute of Chicago praised her book "Abydos, Holy city of Ancient Egypt" for its "comprehensive coverage of every ancient element in Abydos". During a visit to the Great Pyramid by a Japanese team with sophisticated sensing equipment, one English Egyptologist, with nods of approval from others, said "If Omm Sety were still here I'd take her word for where things can be found, any day, over the most-state-of-the-art equipment out there." William Simpson, Professor of Egyptology at Yale, considered Omm Sety to be a "delightful person" and thought that "a great many people in Egypt took advantage of her because she more or less traded her knowledge of ancient Egypt by writing or helping people out by doing drafting for them for a pittance." Dr. Labib Habachi, one of "two leading Egyptian archaeologists of his day" and a great admirer of <mask> Eady's work, claimed that she was a ghost writer.James P. Allen commented "Sometimes you weren't sure whether Omm Sety wasn't pulling your leg. Not that she was a phoney in what she said or believed – she was absolutely not a con artist – but she knew that some people looked on her as a crackpot, so she kind of fed into that notion and let you go either way with it...She believed enough to make it spooky, and it made you doubt your own sense of reality sometimes." Barbara Lesko wrote, "She was a great help to Egyptian scholars, especially Hassan and Fakhry, correcting their English and writing English language articles for others. So this poorly educated Englishwoman developed in Egypt into a first rate draughtswoman and prolific and talented writer who, even under her own name, produced articles, essays, monographs and books of great range, wit and substance." William Golding wrote of the Egyptologists he met in his travels through Egypt in the 1980s who were "as well disposed to the Mystery as any child could have wished." When "the question arose of a dear lady who believed herself to have been a priestess of a particular temple, they did not dismiss her as a crackpot but agreed that she had something." Other opinions
Carl Sagan considered Omm Sety as "a lively, intelligent, dedicated woman who made real contributions to Egyptology.This is true whether her belief in reincarnation is fact or fantasy." He viewed such phenomena as being rooted in fear of death and that humankind has commonly sought reassurance in some form of afterlife. He pointed out that there was no independent record, other than her own accounts, to verify what she claimed. In his opinion, whilst "functioning soundly and constructively in most aspects of her adult life" she "nevertheless carried strong childhood, adolescent fantasies" into adulthood. A psychiatrist who specialized in adolescent behaviour speculated that <mask>'s fall down stairs as a child may have resulted in damage to the locus ceruleus, which could have resulted in a dislocation from her surroundings resulting in the embracement of an obsession. The psychologist Michael Gruber noted that Omm Sety lived "a functional life in so-called everyday reality", including work in Egyptology, embroidery, making jewellery and socializing with people. Her reported experiences enriched her life so much that "it would be an extreme loss to have seen her simply as someone who was hallucinating" A 1987 New York Times article described a biography of her as an "intriguing and convincing modern case histor[y]" of the belief in reincarnation.Publications
 "A Dream of the Past", 1949, Egyptian State Tourist Board
 "A Question of Names", 1970, American Research Centre in Egypt, Newsletter 71, pp. 10–15
 "Some Miraculous Wells and Springs of Egypt", 1970, American Research Centre in Egypt, Newsletter 75, pp. 17–22
 "Warding off an Eclipse" 1972, American Research Centre in Egypt, Newsletter 80-, pp. 25–27
 "Omm Sety's Abydos", 1979–80, 1982, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
 "Abydos: Holy City of Ancient Egypt", 1981, with H. El Zeini
 "Survivals from Ancient Egypt"
 "Pharaoh: Democrat or Despot", with Hanny El Zeini, unpublished . Sources
The Search for Omm Sety, Jonathan Cott in collaboration with Dr. Hanny El Zeini, Doubleday & Company, 1987,
Omm Sety's Living Egypt: Surviving folkways from Pharaonic Times, Omm Sety (author), Edited by Nicole B. Hansen,  Glyphdoctors Chicago, 2008,
Omm Sety's Egypt, Hanny el Zeini & Catherine Dees, T Lynn's Press, 2007,
Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology: Omm Sety,  Barbara Lesko -PDF
Find-a-Grave for Omm Sety

References

External links

Omm Sety – Priestess of Ancient Egypt? Article about <mask> / Omm Sety on Brian Haughton's website. 1904 births
1981 deaths
Egyptian Egyptologists
British Egyptologists
British Modern Pagans
Reincarnation
British emigrants to Egypt
British women archaeologists
People from Blackheath, London
British women

masks:
Dorothy Eady
Dorothy
Dorothy Eady
Dorothy Eady


title: Nikolai Podgorny

type: original

texts:
<mask> (, ;  – 12 January 1983) was a Soviet statesman who served as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the head of state of the Soviet Union, from 1965 to 1977. <mask> was born to a Ukrainian working-class family in the city of Karlovka in 18 February 1903. He later graduated from a local worker's school in 1926 before completing his education at the Kyiv Technological Institute of Food Industry in 1931. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union and climbed up the Soviet hierarchy after years of service to the country's centrally planned economy. By 1953, <mask> became Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1953 before later serving as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine from 1957 to 1963. In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a coup replacing Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev with a troika consisting of himself, Premier Alexei Kosygin and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. On 6 December 1965, he replaced Anastas Mikoyan as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.After Kosygin's standing was damaged in the wake of the Prague Spring crisis in 1968, <mask> emerged as the second-most powerful figure in the country behind Brezhnev. Thereafter, his influence over policy declined as Brezhnev consolidated his control over the regime. By June 1977, he was removed as Chairman of the Presidium as well as a member of the Politburo. Upon his removal from the Soviet leadership, <mask> was forced to resign from active politics and sidelined in Soviet affairs until his death in 1983. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on  in Karlovka, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to a Ukrainian working-class family. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, <mask> became one of the founders of the Karlovka branch of the Komsomol, and served as a Secretary of the Komsomol from 1921 to 1923. <mask> started work at the age of 17 as a student at the mechanical workshops in Karlovka.In 1926, <mask> graduated from a local workers' school. In 1930, <mask> became a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the ruling party of the Soviet Union. In 1931, <mask> graduated from the Kyiv Technological Institute of Food Industry and started working in the sugar industry. <mask> was promoted to deputy chief engineer of Vinnytsia in 1937 and was promoted in 1939 as the chief engineer of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Oblast sugar trusts. By the end of 1939, <mask> had become Deputy People's Commissar for Food Industry of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR). The next year, <mask> was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Food Industry of the Soviet Union. Rise to the Soviet leadership (1942–1964)
Podgorny became the Director of the Moscow Technological Institute of Food Industry in 1942 during World War II.After the liberation of Ukraine from Nazi Germany, <mask> reestablished Soviet control over Ukraine on the orders of the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Government. In the post-war years, <mask> regained his old office of Deputy People's Commissar for Food Industry of the Ukrainian SSR, but was later appointed in 1946 as a Permanent Representative to the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR. In April 1950, he was made First Secretary of the Kharkiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU). In 1953, <mask> was elevated to Second Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the CPU. From 1957 to 1963, <mask> was First Secretary of the CC of the CPU, effectively the most powerful position in Ukraine. In this role, Podgorny worked on reorganising and modernising the Ukrainian economy, which had been destroyed during the war years. He worked to increase the rate of industrial and agricultural production and to improve people's welfare.He paid particular attention to improving party organisation and educating new cadres. In 1960, <mask> became a member of the Politburo (Political Bureau), the highest policy-making authority in the Soviet Union. By 1963, <mask> had risen to prominence within the Soviet hierarchy as a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). As a protégé and close companion of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, he travelled with him to the United Nations headquarters in 1960. Podgorny acted as a Soviet emissary to Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Canada, and Yugoslavia. <mask>'s beliefs were strongly influenced by Khrushchev, and under Leonid Brezhnev's rule, Podgorny was one of the most liberal members within the Soviet leadership, even more liberal than Premier Alexei Kosygin. Podgorny briefly fell out of Khruschev's favor in 1961 when he blamed bad corn yields in the Ukrainian SSR on "bad weather", while Khrushchev claimed the crops had been "stolen" and "pilfered".However, in 1962, Podgorny reported to Khrushchev that agricultural output had again increased: Under <mask>'s leadership, the Ukrainian SSR had doubled Ukraine's supply of grain to the state from the previous year. Because of his handling of agriculture, First World commentators saw <mask> as one of Khrushchev's many potential heirs. According to historian Ilya Zemtsov, the author of Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika, Brezhnev began starting a conspiracy against Khrushchev when he found out that he had chosen <mask>, and not himself, as his potential successor. During the 1964 ouster to remove Khrushchev as First Secretary and Premier, <mask> and Brezhnev appealed to the Central Committee, blaming Khrushchev for economic failures and accusing him of voluntarism and immodest behaviour. Influenced by Brezhnev and his allies, Politburo members voted to remove Khrushchev from office. Post-Khrushchev troika (1964–1977)

Struggle for power
In the aftermath of Khrushchev's removal, a collective leadership known as a troika was formed, headed by Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan as head of state. Before becoming head of state, <mask> served as the party's Second Secretary, and was therefore in charge of the Party's Organisational Division.In this capacity, Podgorny threatened Brezhnev's position as First Secretary because the Organisational Division, if <mask> chose so, could easily be turned into his own power base within the party. Due to this risk, Brezhnev allied himself with Alexander Shelepin, the KGB chairman, to oppose both Podgorny and Kosygin. Podgorny's position was constantly threatened by Brezhnev and his allies. In an article in Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta from February 1965, the newspaper criticised the Kharkiv Party organisation which Podgorny had previously headed, but also its management of the economy. By indirectly criticising <mask>, the article raised doubts about his qualifications as a leading member of the Soviet leadership. <mask> launched a counterattack in his 1965 speech in Baku, Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, where he criticised the Soviet leadership's heavy industrial policy. This, as it turned out, would be a move he would regret for life.Instead of offending just Brezhnev and Shelepin, he offended the whole conservative wing of the leadership. To make matters even worse for <mask>, Mikhail Suslov, who had kept outside of the conflict, sided with Brezhnev, and called his views "revisionist". Later in December 1965, <mask> relinquished his seat in the Secretariat, and took Mikoyan's place as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. According to Ilya Zemstov, his departure from the Secretariat signaled the end of his wish to assume the First Secretaryship. The majority of Politburo members under Brezhnev were conservative communists. Even so, <mask> remained one of the most liberal-minded members in the Era of Stagnation. Other liberal-minded Politburo members included Kosygin and Andrei Kirilenko.Factionalism within the Soviet leadership in the 1960s led <mask> to become more active; he held several speeches in Moscow and went on numerous state visits at the expense of Brezhnev and Kosygin's popularity. There was speculation in Soviet society that <mask> was trying to replace Kosygin as Premier, or even Brezhnev as General Secretary, due to his increasing presence in the late 1960s. In 1971, the 24th Party Congress affirmed Brezhnev's and Kosygin's status as the leadership's current highest-ranking figures but <mask> nevertheless showed that he remained a major player in Soviet politics by leading delegations to China and North Vietnam later that year. As Brezhnev adopted more liberal positions, Podgorny attracted support among hardline communists by opposing his conciliatory stance towards Yugoslavia, disarmament deals with the West, and pressuring of East Germany into conceding to the Berlin negotiations. In the Politburo, Podgorny could count on the support of Gennady Voronov and Petro Shelest. Additionally, when <mask> and Kosygin actually agreed on something Brezhnev would find himself in the minority, and forced to follow their decisions. However, such an opportunity was often ignored due to how frequently Podgorny found himself in conflict with Kosygin over policy issues.Ultimately, the collective leadership was rendered powerless in the late 1970s when Brezhnev achieved all but complete control over the Politburo. Diplomatic protocol as head of state

In 1967, just before the outbreak of the Six-Day War, <mask> delivered an intelligence report to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Sadat which claimed, falsely, that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border. That same year, he engaged in a dialogue with Pope Paul VI as part of the pontiff's ostpolitik; the result was greater openness for the Roman Catholic Church in Eastern Europe. In 1971 Podgorny went on two state visits, the first to the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the second to North Vietnam; Kosygin went on a visit to Canada while Brezhnev visited Yugoslavia. Podgorny frequently paid visits to North Vietnam during the Vietnam War to discuss Soviet-Vietnamese foreign relations. In 1973, Podgorny visited Finland and Mohammed Daoud Khan's Afghanistan. Brezhnev conspired to oust Podgorny as early as 1970.The reason was simple: Brezhnev was third, while <mask> was first in the ranking of Soviet diplomatic protocol. Since September 1970 Brezhnev tried to form an opposition in the Politburo to oust Podgorny. According to Time, "There was some speculation in Moscow" that if Brezhnev didn't succeed in removing Podgorny he would establish a Council of State modelled after institutions found in, for example, East Germany (Staatsrat), People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Socialist Republic of Romania. The post of Chairman of the Council of State would give Brezhnev the top state and party job in the USSR. Brezhnev's backers were unable, and did not even try, to remove Podgorny from the head of state post at the 1970 Central Committee plenum. Brezhnev could count on only five votes, while another seven Politburo members were opposed to granting Brezhnev more power. Under such circumstances, removing Podgorny would be condemned among the Soviet elite for violating the principle of collective leadership.Later tenure

In the early 1970s, Brezhnev strengthened Podgorny's position at the expense of Premier Kosygin by giving the Presidium executive powers. As a result of these changes, the post of Chairman of the Presidium changed from a largely honorary office to the second most important office in the USSR. Pleased by the extension of powers given to the Supreme Soviet, <mask> saw little threat to his position, even if a Central Committee resolution from 1971 had called for the expansion of Party activities in the Soviets. Unbeknownst to Podgorny, Brezhnev felt threatened by his new authority and ordered Konstantin Chernenko to review the 1936 Soviet Constitution for a way to weaken Podgorny's position. As it turned out there were none under current Soviet law. As the head of state, Podgorny could block any measures taken by Brezhnev to circumscribe his powers. Chernenko's solution to this dilemma was to make it law that the Party leader could also become the Chairman of the Presidium.Consequently, a new constitution was drafted to include such a provision. On 7 October 1977, the 1977 Soviet Constitution which affirmed the Party's supremacy in Soviet society was approved by the Soviet leadership. The approval of the 1977 Soviet Constitution is considered <mask>
<mask>'s removal from office in 1977 has become the most notable example of power transfer in the late Brezhnev Era. According to Robert Vincent Daniels, <mask> was, before his removal, the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union, behind Brezhnev but ahead of Premier Kosygin. Though there were some Sovietologists who foresaw <mask>'s fall, the decision to remove <mask> from the Politburo took the world by surprise. On 24 May 1977, a unanimous vote was taken by the Central Committee after Grigory Romanov proposed removing <mask> from the Politburo.The vote seemed to have taken <mask> by surprise, and immediately after the vote, he got up from his politburo seat to instead sit with the ordinary members. The Central Committee had however only voted him off the Politburo, and <mask> still retained the position of Chairman of the Presidium. After his removal from the Politburo Podgorny's name disappeared from Soviet media. The Soviet media told the Soviet people that he had retired due to his stance against détente and producing more consumer goods. <mask> finally lost his Chairmanship of the Presidium on 16 June 1977. Due to his advanced age, Brezhnev was regarded as too old to carry out some of the functions of head of state. The Supreme Soviet, on Brezhnev's orders, established the new post of First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, an office equivalent to the post of Vice President.Vasili Kuznetsov, at the age of 76, was unanimously approved by the Supreme Soviet as First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium. Retirement, death and recognition

<mask>'s life after his resignation is not well documented. The last mention of him in any major Soviet media was his meeting with Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland. There was never any explanation given, nor a denunciation of him, by the Soviet authorities. <mask> retained his seat in the Supreme Soviet after his downfall. He was seen at the 61st anniversary reception of the October Revolution at the Grand Palace of the Kremlin in November 1978 by Tokichiro Uomoto, the Japanese Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Podgorny spoke to Brezhnev, Kosygin, and then to Andrei Gromyko, all of whom looked embarrassed by the presence of Podgorny, according to Uomoto.Soon after this incident, <mask> lost his seat in the Supreme Soviet. In Tretyakov Gallery, <mask> was removed from the 1977 painting of the Soviet leaders at the Red Square by Dmitriy Nalbandyan in which <mask> stood between Brezhnev and Kosygin. <mask> died of cancer in Kyiv on 12 January 1983, and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. As with many other high-standing Soviet officials, <mask> was honoured with several awards. He was awarded five Orders of Lenin, one Order of the Red Banner and several medals, as well as being awarded several foreign state prizes by the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Mongolian People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and Finland. Notes

Bibliography

1903 births
1983 deaths
People from Karlivka
People from Poltava Governorate
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
National University of Food Technologies alumni
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
Heads of state of the Soviet Union
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Eighth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Politicians of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Soviet engineers
20th-century Ukrainian politicians
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Soviet leaders of Ukraine

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title: Yuri Ozerov (director)

texts:
<mask> (; 26 January 1921 – 16 October 2001) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter. He directed twenty films between 1950 and 1995. <mask>'s works won him many awards, among them the title People's Artist of the USSR which was conferred upon him in 1977. Biography

Early life
Ozerov was born to Nikolai Nikolayevich Ozerov and Nadezhda Ozerova. His mother, a student of the All-Union State Institute of Cinematography, had to leave her studies when she became pregnant. Ozerov's father was an acclaimed opera singer who was awarded the title People's Artist of the Russian SFSR in 1937 and taught in the Moscow Conservatory. His brother, also named Nikolai, was a tennis champion and sports commentator.After graduating from high school, Ozerov enrolled for the Lunacharsky State Institute of Theatre Arts in September 1939. A month later, he was drafted into the Red Army, where he was trained as a signaler. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union, he held the rank of a Second Lieutenant. Ozerov participated in the Battle of Moscow and in the campaigns for Ukraine and Poland. In 1944, he underwent a staff officers' course in the Frunze Academy. While stationed in the 3rd Belorussian Front, he took part in the Battle of Königsberg as a forward observation officer. In a 2001 interview, he told that the battle had a profound effect on him and he swore that if he will remain alive, he would "tell the story of the great army that fought in the war."After the German surrender in May, Ozerov served in the occupied city until his discharge in October 1945, with the rank of a Major. During the war, Ozerov married a nurse, Raisa Sukhomlina, with whom he had a son, Vladimir. The two later divorced. Breakthrough
Soon after demobilization, Ozerov resumed his studies in the Lunacharsky Institute. In 1947, he entered the All-Union Cinematography Institute, where he studied together with Aleksandr Alov, Marlen Khutsiev, Sergei Parajanov and other future Soviet directors. During the same year, he joined the Communist Party. In 1949 he started working as an assistant-director in the Mosfilm studio.While still a student, he made his debut film, Alexander Pushkin, in 1950. He graduated a year later. In the beginning of his career, Ozerov directed several documentaries: in 1952, he made the film In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden about the eponymous garden. During 1953, together with Sergei Gurov, he co-directed Arena of the Bold, which presented a live performance by the Soviet Union's young circus artists and starred Oleg Popov, among others. In 1954, he made At the Gala Evening, showing a concert at the Bolshoi Theater. Ozerov's first major feature film was the 1955 Son, revolving around the life of a delinquent youth in Moscow. In 1957, he directed the adventure film Kochubey, about the last days of  the Civil War Cossack hero, Ivan Kochubey.The film, <mask>'s only one to be produced by Lenfilm, received the Prize for Best Musical Score in the 1959 All-Union Film Festival. In the same year, <mask> first participated in an international production: the Albanian-Soviet film Fortuna, which he co-directed with Kristaq Dhamo. Fortuna was also his first film about the Second World War, dealing with the Albanian partisans' struggle and starring Naim Frashëri. In 1962, he directed the Soviet-Czechoslovak co-production The High Road, a biographical film on Jaroslav Hašek with Josef Abrhám as the main protagonist. In addition to his cinematic work, <mask> was also a Major in the KGB's Seventh Directorate, the department responsible for surveillance. He served as a technical officer. In early 1962, the KGB was monitoring Oleg Penkovsky.Miniature cameras were installed in flower pots on his apartment's window sills. The surveillance team suspected that Penkovsky discovered the cameras and was evading them. Ozerov had personally inspected the house and decided to place other equipment in the balcony above the apartment. Penkovsky was caught and executed during 1963. Summit
During the mid-1960s, <mask> - who was awarded the title 'Honored Artist of the RSFSR' in 1965 - was dismayed by several World War II films made in the West, which he regarded as diminishing the role of the Red Army. At the same time, the Soviet authorities were planning a film in response to The Longest Day that would present the official Soviet narrative on the war. <mask> was selected to direct the new project, the five-part series Liberation, for which he co-wrote the script.The filming lasted more than four years, from 1967 to 1971. Ozerov had to cope both the tight political supervision of the Soviet establishment and with the technical difficulties of coordinating the battle scenes, that involved 150 tanks and thousands of soldiers. <mask>'s second wife, Dilara, was the films' costumes designer. For his work on Liberation, he received the Lenin Prize and the Tbilisi All-Union Film Festival Grand Prize at 1972. <mask> directed the first part of the documentary Visions of Eight on the Munich Olympics, entitled The Beginning. Visions of Eight won the 1973 Golden Globe Award for the Best Documentary Film. In 1974, he was given the title of a People's Artist of the RSFSR.In 1977, <mask> directed the ten-hour-long mini-series Soldiers of Freedom, theatrically released as two 220 minutes feature films, a co-production that involved most of the Eastern Bloc European countries and dealt with the exploits of their contemporary leaders, especially Leonid Brezhnev, during the Second World War. He was granted the title People's Artist of the USSR in the same year, and was a member in the jury of the 30th Cannes Film Festival and the 10th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1979, <mask> was selected to be the chief of the Moscow 1980 Olympics Artistic Committee. He directed a series of documentary films dedicated to the games: Ballad of Sport, Farewell to the Olympics, The Olympic Holidays and O, Sport - You're the World. For this accomplishment, he was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1981. In 1985, Ozerov directed another large-scale World War II production, the Battle of Moscow, released for the 40th Anniversary of Victory Day. The film received the 1986 All-Union Film Festival Grand Prize.Later years

In 1989, <mask> decided to direct one more World War II film, Stalingrad. Due to the economical situation in the Soviet Union, he had to approach the Warner Bros. for assistance with the budget. The company agreed, but only on condition that American actors would receive major roles. The reluctant Ozerov had to cast Powers Boothe as General Chuikov. In 1993, the director used footage from Stalingrad in the film Angels of Death, that presented a sniper duel taking place during the battle for the city. The new footage was filmed in Syria. Selected material from all of <mask>'s works on World War II was compiled to create the historical mini-series Tragedy of the Century.In 1995, Ozerov produced a mini-series, The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov, consisting of all the scenes in his films that included Zhukov - in all of which he was depicted by Mikhail Ulyanov. In 2001, he received the Russian President's award for contribution to national cinema, dying shortly after. He is buried in the Vvedenskoye Cemetery, alongside his younger brother Nikolai. His widow founded the Yuri Ozerov War Films Festival in his memory. Decorations
 Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class (1944)
 Order of the Red Banner (1945)
 Order of the Badge of Honour (1965)
 Order of Lenin (1971, 1981)
 Star of People's Friendship (East Germany, 1972)
 Silver Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1977)
 Order of the October Revolution (1986)
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (1996)
 Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1965)
 Honoured Artist of the Slovak Socialist Republic (1971)
 Honoured Artist of the People's Republic of Poland (1972)
 People's Artist of the RSFSR (1974)
 People's Artist of USSR (1977)
 Honoured Artist of the Czech Socialist Republic (1981)
 Main prize and award of the All-Union Film Festival ("Liberation" movies, 3rd, 4th; 1972)
 Lenin Prize (1972) - the film "Liberation"
 Silver Medals of the Polish-Soviet Friendship Society (1977) - "Liberation" and "Soldiers of Freedom"
 State Prize of the USSR (1982) - as the director of the official film of the Games of the XXII Summer Olympics "O Sport, You are Peace!". Main prize of the organizing committee of the All-Union Film Festival (1986) - "Battle of Moscow"
 Dovzhenko Gold Medal (1986) - "Battle of Moscow"
 Russian President's Award for his contribution to the development of national cinema (2001)

Filmography
 Alexander Pushkin (1950)
 Arena of the Bold (1953)
 Son (1955)
  (1957)
  (1959)
  (1962)
 Liberation
 The Fire Bulge (1970)
 Breakthrough (1970)
 The Direction of the Main Blow (1971)
 Battle of Berlin (1971)
 The Last Assault (1971)
 Visions of Eight (1973)
 Soldiers of Freedom (1977)
 O, Sport, You - the Peace! (1981)
 Battle of Moscow (1985)
 Stalingrad (1989)
 Tragedy of the Century (1993)
 Angels of Death (1993)
 The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov (1995)

References

External links
A biography of Ozerov.1921 births
2001 deaths
Writers from Moscow
Soviet military personnel of World War II
KGB officers
Soviet film directors
Soviet screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography faculty
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Frunze Military Academy alumni

masks:
Yuri Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov
Ozerov


title: Colin Ireland

texts:
<mask> (16 March 1954 – 21 February 2012) was a British serial killer known as the Gay Slayer because his victims were gay. Criminologist David Wilson believes that Ireland was a psychopath. Ireland suffered a severely dysfunctional upbringing. He committed various crimes from the age of 16 and had served time in borstals and prisons. While living in Southend, he started frequenting the Coleherne, a gay pub in Earl's Court, London. Ireland sought men who liked the passive role and sado-masochism, so he could readily restrain them as they initially believed it was a sexual game. Ireland said he was heterosexual: he had been twice married to women and that he pretended to be gay only to befriend potential victims.Ireland claimed that his murders were not sexually motivated. He was highly organised, and carried a full murder kit of rope, handcuffs and a full change of clothes to each murder. After killing his victim he cleaned the flat of any forensic evidence linking him to the scene and stayed in the flat until morning in order to avoid arousing suspicion from leaving in the middle of the night. Ireland was jailed for life for the murders in December 1993 and remained imprisoned until his death in February 2012, at the age of 57. Early life
Ireland was born in 1954 in Dartford, Kent, to an unmarried teenage couple. Shortly after his birth, his father left him and his 17-year-old mother. His father is not named on his birth certificate, and Ireland did not know his identity.He was raised in poverty by his mother; they moved many times. In the early 1960s, she married. When she became pregnant, she put Ireland into care; he later returned to her. In 1966 she married another man. During the 1960s in Sheerness, Kent, Ireland was propositioned on three occasions and spied on once by men who were pedophiles. In his mid-teens, he was sent to borstal for theft, and whilst there, deliberately set fire to another resident's belongings. At age 17, Ireland was convicted of robbery.He escaped and was returned to borstal. Early adulthood
In the attempt to make ends meet, Ireland had a series of manual jobs, then in December 1975, he was convicted of car theft, criminal damage and two burglaries, for which he was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. Ireland was released in November 1976 and moved to Swindon, Wiltshire. He lived with a woman and her children for a few months. In 1977, he was convicted of extortion, for which he was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. In 1980, he was convicted of robbery, for which he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. In 1981, he was convicted of attempted deception.In 1982, Ireland married Virginia Zammit; the couple and their daughter lived in the Holloway area of London. In 1985, he was convicted and sentenced to six months for "going equipped to cheat". He divorced in 1987, after his wife discovered he had committed adultery. In 1989, in Devon, he married Janet Young; he was violent towards her and stole from her. In the early 1990s, they separated; she and her children became homeless. He moved to Southend-on-Sea, where he became homeless and lived in a hostel. He later moved to his own flat.Whilst living there, he travelled to the Coleherne Arms, a gay pub in Earl's Court, London, where he first met his victims. Victims

Peter Walker
Peter Walker, a 45-year-old choreographer, took Ireland back to his flat in Battersea. There he was bound, and ultimately suffocated by a plastic bag being placed over his head. Ireland placed two teddy bears in a 69 position on the body. He left Walker's dogs locked in another room. The day after the murder, having heard no news reports of the crime, he called the Samaritans and a journalist from The Sun newspaper, advising them of the dogs, and that he had murdered their owner. He told them he wanted to become famous for being a serial killer.A former boyfriend of Peter was later interviewed and told the police that Peter did not like sadomasochism and was more than likely forced into it by Ireland. Christopher Dunn
Dunn was a 37-year-old librarian who lived in Wealdstone. He was found naked in a harness. His death was initially believed to be an accident that occurred during an erotic game. In addition, because he lived in a different area from Walker, a different set of investigators worked on the case. For these reasons the death was not initially linked to Walker's. Perry Bradley III
Ireland met 35-year-old businessman Perry Bradley III at the Coleherne pub.Bradley lived in Kensington and was the son of Texas Democratic Party fundraiser Perry Bradley Jr. The two men returned to Bradley's flat, where Ireland suggested that he tie Bradley up; Bradley expressed his displeasure at the idea. In order to get Bradley to comply, Ireland told him that he was unable to perform sexually without elements of bondage. Bradley hesitantly cooperated and was soon trussed up on his own bed, face down, with a noose around his neck. After Ireland had secured Bradley, he demanded money and a PIN under the threat of torture. Ireland assured Bradley that he was merely a thief and would leave after stealing Bradley's money. After Bradley gave Ireland his PIN, which Ireland later used to steal £200, along with £100 in cash stolen from Bradley's flat, Ireland told him that he should go to sleep, as he wouldn't be leaving his flat for hours.Bradley eventually did fall asleep and Ireland momentarily thought of leaving Bradley unharmed. Ireland then realised that Bradley could identify him and used the noose, which he had earlier attached around Bradley's neck, to strangle him. Before leaving Bradley's flat, he placed a doll on top of the dead man's body. Andrew Collier
<mask>, angered that he had received no publicity even after three murders, killed again within three days. He met and courted 33-year-old Andrew Collier, a housing warden, and the pair went to Collier's home in Dalston. After entering the flat there was a disturbance outside and both men went to the window to investigate. Ireland gripped a horizontal metal bar that ran across the window.He later forgot to wipe the bar for fingerprints during his usual cleanup phase. The police found these prints. Once he had tied up his victim on the bed, Ireland again demanded his victim's bank details. This time his victim refused to comply. After killing Collier's cat, Ireland strangled Collier with a noose. He put a condom on Collier's penis and placed the dead cat's mouth over it, and placed the cat's tail into Collier's mouth. Ireland was angered at discovering Collier was HIV positive while rummaging through his personal effects looking for bank details.He then phoned the police, asking why they had not linked the four murders. He left the next morning with £70. A suspected reason for his killing of the cat was that after Ireland killed Walker and had left this previous victim's dogs locked in a separate room, he later called anonymously to advise parties to the fact that these dogs were being or had been locked up. As a result, the media called the killer an animal lover. He strangled the cat to demonstrate that the "animal lover" assumption had been wrong. Emanuel Spiteri

Ireland's fifth victim was a Maltese chef named Emanuel Spiteri, aged 41, whom he had met at the Coleherne pub. Spiteri was persuaded to be cuffed and bound on his bed.Once more, Ireland demanded his PIN but did not obtain it. He again used a noose to kill. After carrying out his post-murder ritual of cleaning and clearing the scene, Ireland set fire to the flat and left. He rang the police later to tell them to look for a body at the scene of a fire and added that he would probably not kill again. Criminal case

Investigation

There are suggestions that homophobia on the part of the police delayed the linking of all the murders and that they were initially not handled well, but police eventually connected all five killings. The crimes were publicised by the mass media and it quickly became known in the gay community that a serial killer was specifically targeting gay men. Investigations revealed that Spiteri had left the Coleherne pub and travelled home with his killer by train, and a security video successfully captured the two of them on the railway platform at Charing Cross station.Ireland recognised himself and decided to tell police he was the man with Spiteri but not the killer—he claimed to have left Spiteri in the flat with another man. However, police had also found fingerprints in Collier's flat, which they linked to Ireland. Trial, convictions and imprisonment
Ireland was charged with the murders of Collier and Spiteri, and confessed to the other three while awaiting trial in prison. He told police that he had no vendetta against gay men, but picked on them because they were the easiest targets. Ireland pretended to be gay in order to lure his victims. He had robbed those he killed because he was unemployed at the time, and he needed funds to travel to and from London when hunting for victims. When his case came to the Old Bailey on 20 December 1993, Ireland admitted all charges and was given life sentences for each.The judge, Mr Justice Sachs, said he was "exceptionally frightening and dangerous", adding: "To take one human life is an outrage; to take five is carnage." On 22 December 2006, Ireland was one of 35 life sentence prisoners whose names appeared on the Home Office's list of prisoners who had been issued with whole life tariffs and were unlikely ever to be released. Ireland's crimes received sensationalist coverage in the tabloid press. As well as the nickname "The Gay Slayer", he was headlined as "Jack The Gripper" by the News of the World. Death

Ireland died on 21 February 2012, at Wakefield Prison. A spokeswoman for Her Majesty's Prison Service said: "He is presumed to have died from natural causes; a post-mortem will follow." Later, his death was ascribed to pulmonary fibrosis and a fractured hip he had suffered earlier in the month as preliminary causes of death.Television
 In 2017, <mask>'s crimes were covered in an episode of the CBS Reality series Voice of a Serial Killer. In 2019, Ireland was the subject of episode 7, in season 3 of Most Evil Killers. on Sky UK-owned channel, Pick. See also

List of serial killers by country

References

External links
<mask>
<mask> in Crime&Investigation Network

1954 births
2012 deaths
1993 murders in the United Kingdom
1993 in London
20th-century English criminals
Criminals from Kent
English male criminals
English people convicted of murder
English people who died in prison custody
English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
English serial killers
Male serial killers
Murder in London
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People from Dartford
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
Prisoners who died in England and Wales detention
Serial killers who died in prison custody
Violence against gay men
Violence against men in the United Kingdom

masks:
Colin Ireland
Ireland
Colin Ireland
Colin Ireland
Colin Ireland


title: Betsy Jochum

texts:
<mask>Sockum" <mask> (born February 8, 1921) is a former outfielder and pitcher who played from  through  in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 7", 140 lb., she batted and threw right-handed. Overview profile
A native of Cincinnati, Jochum was one of the sixty original founding members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. An ideal leadoff hitter, she was one of the fastest runners in the early years of the league and rarely struck out, fanning only 104 times in 2,401 plate appearances, which combined with a stellar defense and a strong and secure throwing arm. In addition, she was an All-Star, won a batting title, collected 354 stolen bases, and pitched a full season during her six seasons in the league. Brief history
Chewing gum magnate and Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley decided, in 1942, to start a women's professional baseball league, concerned that the 1943 Major League Baseball season might be canceled because of World War II. Since the only organized ball for women in the country was softball, the league created a hybrid game which included both softball and baseball.Wrigley had scouts all over the United States, Canada and even Cuba signing girls for tryouts. About 500 girls attended the call. Of these, only 280 were invited to the final try-outs in Chicago, where 60 of them were chosen to become the first women to ever play professional baseball. The girls were placed on the rosters of four fifteen-player teams: Kenosha Comets, Racine Belles, Rockford Peaches and South Bend Blue Sox. The first spring training was set for May 17, 1943, at Wrigley Field. By then, the average full-time worker made $1,299 a year or about $25 a week, according to one estimate. Players in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League were offered between $50 and $125 a week during a three-month, 108-game season.Of the six girls from Ohio who went to Chicago, <mask> and Dorothy Kamenshek were selected for the new league. Jochum was allocated to the Blue Sox and Kamenshek joined the Peaches. Early life
<mask> was the daughter of Frank and <mask>, German-speaking Hungarians who immigrated to United States, landed at Ellis Island, and eventually arrived to Cincinnati, just before the World War began in 1917. Her father worked as a carpenter and cabinetmaker. She had an older brother, Nicholas, and her younger sister Frances. The siblings grew up together in a close household that held the value of family over anything else. Jochum started playing sandlot ball by the time she turned eight and organized softball at age 12.During her student years at Hughes Center High School, she took part in many intramural athletic events offered for girls: basketball, volleyball, track and field and softball. After graduating from high school, Jochum attended Cincinnati Business School and learned to operate the comptometer, the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator. But Jochum came of age during the Great Depression when jobs were hard to find. She was forced to take an employment in a meat packing house, and played semi-professional softball on the company team in the Cincinnati League. The team participated in several national softball tournaments, including Chicago, Illinois. She also liked competing in Amateur Athletic Union track and field events such as the baseball throw. During a competition held in Connecticut in 1938, she posted a 276 feet mark which placed second only to Babe Zaharias, who threw the ball a national record of 296 feet.Later, she found a job in a dairy company doing comptometer work, earning $16 a week, before signing a contract for $50 per week to become an original member of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. AAGPBL career
Jochum entered the league in 1943 and spent her entire six-year career with the South Bend Blue Sox, one of two teams to play in every AAGPBL season, being the other the Rockford Peaches. Jochum appeared at center field and left, pitched, and also played first base for a long time when the regular was hurt. Because she played in a league that progressively expanded the length of the base paths and pitching distance and decreased the size of the ball until the final year of play in the 1954 season. Incidentally, the relatively low batting averages in the early years reflect mainly the high quality of AAGPBL pitchers, rather than a lack of skills by the hitters. In her rookie season, Jochum posted a .273 average and led the league in at-bats (439), hits (120), singles (100), and doubles (12). She also stole 66 bases, scored 70 runs, and led all hitters in the second half of the season with a .295 average.She was selected to the All-Star Game, which coincidentally was the first night game played at Wrigley Field, on July 1, 1943. The game was played under temporary lights between two teams composed of Blue Sox and Peaches players against Comets and Belles players. Jochum led the circuit in her sophomore year of 1944 by hitting a respectable .296 average, considering the league's dead-ball era. She also posted career-numbers in games (112), runs (72), hits (128) and stolen bases (127), including seven steals in a game on August 2. Jochum dropped to .237 with 40 runs and 25 stolen bases in 1945 but rebounded in 1946 with a .250 average, including 64 runs, 73 stolen bases, 64 runs and a career-high 63 runs batted in. In that season, Dorothy Kamenshek led the league with a .316 average, while Bonnie Baker tied Sophie Kurys for second place at .286. With her .250 average, Jochum ranked third in her team and tenth overall for girls playing 90 or more games.She also tied with Kamenshek for the fewest strikeouts (10) and ranked second in RBI behind Elizabeth Mahon (72). Often a second-division team, the Blue Sox advanced to the playoffs for the first time in 1946, being beat in the first round by the Racine Belles, the eventual Championship Team after defeating the Rockford Peaches in six games. In 1947, the league moved its spring training camp to Havana, Cuba. Two hundred girls made the trip to Havana, and for many, like Jochum, the flight was their first airplane trip. As she recalled in an interview with Jim Sargent, I took my first airplane flight, we stayed at the Seville-Biltmore Hotel, and we played our games at the Gran Stadium. All the teams were filmed for Fox News going down the steps at the University of Havana. The new rules applied during the regular season permitted a full sidearm pitching delivery, and many players who developed hitting underhand pitching had problems adjusting to the new pitching style.As a result of the innovation, Dorothy Kamenshek was the champion bat with a significant .306 average, Audrey Wagner was the leader with seven home runs, and Elizabeth Mahon topped all hitters with 53 runs batted in. Jochum was not an exception, as she slipped to .211, 42 RBI, 36 runs, and 44 stolen bases. For the second consecutive year South Bend made the playoffs, but again lost in the first round, this time to the Grand Rapids Chicks, who defeated the Racine Belles in seven games. The AAGPBL grew to an all-time peak of ten teams in 1948, the first year the league shifted to overhand pitching. Showing her versatility, the strong-armed Jochum was a natural choice to become a pitcher in her final season. She debuted against the Fort Wayne Daisies and limited them to a pair of hits, allowing only four batters to get on base (two by errors) while striking out five. At one point during the season, Jochum had a 13–6 record, but she lost seven of her last eight decisions to finish with a 14–13 mark.When she was not pitching, South Bend manager Marty McManus used her to fill at outfield, first base and pinch hit, even though she batted a low-career .195 average. Nevertheless, Jochum provided 14 of the 57 victories of her team, including a sparkling 1.51 earned run average, and striking out 103 batters while walking just 58 in 215 innings of work. Nevertheless, for the second straight year South Bend lost to Grand Rapids in the first round of the playoffs. Statistics

Batting

Fielding

Pitching

Life after baseball
Jochum quit the league after the 1948 season, when she was notified that the Peoria Redwings had acquired her in a transaction with the Blue Sox. While playing for South Bend, she resumed her comptometer job in Cincinnati during the off-season. Jochum learned about the trade unofficially through a teammate, and she ultimately decided to retire. She had many good friends in South Bend, plus a new comptometer job at Bendix Home Appliances.Jochum also was disappointed because the Blue Sox boasted figures as Charlotte Armstrong, Bonnie Baker, Doris Barr, Margaret Berger, Lois Florreich, Rose Gacioch, Lillian Faralla, Elizabeth Mahon and Dorothy Schroeder, who were part of strong winning teams during her years there, but never was able to win a regular season title or a championship crown. After her baseball days, Jochum earned bachelor's and master's degrees in physical education from Illinois State University. She taught girls physical education for South Bend Community Schools at Muessel Elementary/Junior High School for 26 years and retired in 1983. After that, she has participated in golf, bowling, and the Run Jane Run Exhibition Games. She also has assisted in gathering and sorting AAGPBL memorabilia for the Northern Indiana Historical Society. In November 1988, Jochum, along with her former teammates and opponents, received their long overdue recognition, when the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York dedicated a permanent display to the All American Girls Professional Baseball League. In 1999 she was enshrined into the Ohio Baseball of Fame and Museum in 1999.Besides this, her South Bend Blue Sox uniform has traveled in an itinerant display promoted by the Smithsonian Institution as part of its exhibition on Sports: Breaking Records, Breaking Barriers. As Jochum recalled in an interview, Women should have their own major league and minor leagues plus the sponsors to make it go. As of 2010, Jochum was living in South Bend, Indiana. She turned 100 in February 2021. Sources

External links

1921 births
Living people
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
American centenarians
Baseball players from Cincinnati
South Bend Blue Sox players
Baseball players from South Bend, Indiana
Women centenarians
21st-century American women
Bendix Corporation people

masks:
Betsy "
Jochum
Betsy Jochum
Betsy
Katherine Jochum


title: Phil Housley

texts:
<mask> (born March 9, 1964) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently an assistant coach for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was the head coach of the NHL's Buffalo Sabres from 2017 until 2019. Playing as a defenseman, <mask> was drafted by the Sabres in the first round of the 1982 NHL Entry Draft and had a long and illustrious career playing for the Sabres, Winnipeg Jets, St. Louis Blues, Calgary Flames, New Jersey Devils, Washington Capitals, Chicago Blackhawks, and Toronto Maple Leafs. As a player, <mask> was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2015. Playing career
<mask> is the second leading scorer amongst American-born players, with 1,232 points (338–894). He held the record for most points by an American-born NHL player until Mike Modano surpassed it on November 7, 2007.<mask> never won the Stanley Cup, coming closest with the Capitals in 1998, where they were swept in the Stanley Cup Finals by the Detroit Red Wings. At the time of retirement, <mask> had played more NHL games without winning the Stanley Cup than any other player in NHL history until the retirement of Shane Doan in 2017. On January 21, 2000, <mask> played in his 1,257th NHL game, the most ever at the time by an American, breaking the record held by Craig Ludwig. <mask> went on to play in 1,495 NHL games. He held the record for games played by an American-born player for nearly seven years, until it was broken, on November 24, 2006, by Chris Chelios. <mask> was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 9, 2015. On February 7, 2007, he was inducted into the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame, commemorated in a pre-game ceremony with former head coach Scotty Bowman on hand.Coaching career
From 2004 to 2013, <mask> coached high school hockey at Stillwater Area High School in Stillwater, Minnesota, helping to rebuild the program to respectability. From 2013 to 2017, <mask> was an assistant coach for the Nashville Predators, working primarily with defensemen. On January 5, 2013, <mask> coached Team USA to the gold medal at the 2013 IIHF World U20 Championship in Ufa, Russia. He had served as an assistant coach on Team USA's 2007 and 2011 appearances in the World Juniors. On June 15, 2017, it was announced that <mask> was hired by the Buffalo Sabres as their new head coach. He led the Sabres to a 31st-place finish in his first season and saw the Sabres attain a 10-game winning streak early in his second season before the team collapsed down the stretch. <mask> was fired by the Sabres after the 2018–19 season on April 7, 2019.On June 26, 2019, it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-year contract as assistant coach for the Arizona Coyotes. For the Coyotes, <mask> serves as defensive coordinator and power play coach. Personal life
<mask> grew up in South St. Paul, Minnesota. He is married to his high school sweetheart, <mask>, a Minnesota state senator. The <mask>s have four grown children and reside in St. Marys Point, Minnesota. Career playing statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Head coaching record

Awards and achievements
Member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame (2004)
NHL All-Rookie Team (1983)
NHL Second All-Star Team (1992)
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2000)
Second runner-up Norris Trophy (1992)
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame (2015)
Youngest Defencemen in NHL History to Score (30) Goals in a Single Season @ (20 Years/9 Days) in Edmonton on 03/18/1984 in a 4-3 loss to the Oilers. International play
1984 Canada Cup (fourth place)
1987 Canada Cup (fifth place)
1996 World Cup of Hockey (first place)
Ice Hockey World Championships: 1982 (eight place), 1986 (sixth place), 1989 (sixth place), 2000 (fifth place), 2001 (fourth place), 2003 (13th place)
IIHF World U20 Championship: 2013 (Head Coach - Gold Medal)
2013 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships (Assistant Coach- Bronze Medal)

Transactions
June 7, 1982 - Buffalo Sabres 1st round draft choice (6th overall) in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft.June 16, 1990 - Traded by the Buffalo Sabres, along with Scott Arniel, Jeff Parker and Buffalo's 1990 1st round choice (Keith Tkachuk), to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for Dale Hawerchuk and Winnipeg's 1990 1st round draft choice (Brad May). September 23, 1993 - Traded by the Winnipeg Jets to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Nelson Emerson and Stéphane Quintal. July 4, 1994 - Traded by the St. Louis Blues, along with St. Louis' 1996 2nd round draft choice (Steve Bégin) and St. Louis' 1997 2nd round draft choice (John Tripp), to the Calgary Flames in exchange for Al MacInnis and Calgary's 1997 4th round draft choice. February 26, 1996 - Traded by the Calgary Flames, along with Dan Keczmer, to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for Tommy Albelin, Cale Hulse and Jocelyn Lemieux. July 22, 1996 - Signed as a free agent with the Washington Capitals. July 21, 1998 - Claimed on waivers by the Calgary Flames from the Washington Capitals
September 28, 2001 - Claimed on waivers by the Chicago Blackhawks from the Calgary Flames
March 11, 2003 - Traded by the Chicago Blackhawks to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Toronto's 2003 9th round draft choice (Chris Porter) and Toronto's 2004 4th round draft choice (Karel Hromas). See also
 List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame
 List of NHL statistical leaders
 List of NHL players with 1000 games played
 List of NHL players with 1000 points

References

External links

 <mask>'s U.S. Olympic Team bio

1964 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres coaches
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey coaches from Minnesota
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Nashville Predators coaches
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New Jersey Devils players
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
St. Louis Blues players
St. Paul Vulcans players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Washington Capitals players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
Ice hockey players from Saint Paul, Minnesota

masks:
Phillip Francis Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Housley
Karin Housley
Housley
Phil Housley


title: Eric Hilgendorf

texts:
<mask> (born 3 December 1960 in Stuttgart) is a German professor of law and legal philosopher. He currently works at the University of Würzburg, serving as the Chair of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Legal Theory, and Information and Computer Science Law. Hilgendorf is one of Germany's most influential scholars in the field of criminal law, with a special focus on IT law and artificial intelligence and law. Academic background
After graduating from high school in Ansbach in 1980, Hilgendorf entered the University of Tübingen where he studied several subjects including philosophy, modern history, religious studies, and law. He finished his BA/MA degree with concentrations in philosophy and history with the submission of his master's thesis on the "History of the Parliamentary Freedom of Speech in Germany." After that, he finished his PhD thesis in Philosophy in 1990 with a study on "Argumentation in Jurisprudence," and was awarded his second PhD in the field of Law with his thesis entitled "Criminal Production Liability in the Society of Risk." In 1997 he finished his habilitation dissertation with the focuses of criminal law, criminal process, and legal philosophy with his book "On the Distinction of Factual Statements and Value Judgments in Criminal Law."Following his habilitation, Hilgendorf worked as a professor of criminal law at the University of Konstanz from 1997 to 2001 and served there as Dean from 1999 to 2001. Since 2001 he has taught at the Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg and was given the Chair of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Justice, Legal Theory, Information and Computer Science Law. He served as Dean of the Law Faculty from October 2010 to September 2012. Academic career
Hilgendorf's main areas of concentration are medical law, computer- and Internet criminal law, law and technology and comparative law. He is also active in foundational legal research including work in the subfields of legal philosophy, legal theory, bioethics, history of legal thought, the history of criminal law, and human dignity. He belongs to the Pioneers of E-Learning in Jurisprudence and from 2005 to 2009 was a member of the Commission on Virtual Higher Education in Bavaria. Among other distinctions, Hilgendorf is a member of the Association of Criminal Law Teachers and the European Society for Analytic Philosophy, a correspondent of the Hans Kelsen Society in Vienna, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Giordano Bruno Foundation.He has been called upon several times to give counsel to the German Parliament and Federal government on matters of criminal law, medical law, and Internet crime. Since 2014, Hilgendorf has been serving as co-editor of the renowned JuristenZeitung. Professor <mask> has also been a spokesman for Würzburg's Center for Foundational Legal-Academic Research. He heads the University of Würzburg’s project "Global Systems and Intercultural Competence" (GSIK), which focuses on teaching students of all faculties how to recognize, analyze, and solve intercultural conflicts. Under this program are a number of projects focusing on international comparative law. He was one of the organizers of an international team of researchers at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZIF) in Bielefeld, Germany. He is involved in the field of legal development through his partnerships with universities in Turkey, the Caucasus (mainly Azerbaijan), and East Asia (China, Korea and Japan), for example forming cooperative relations with Peking University Law School.In 2010, he and Professor Genlin Liang of the Peking University of China founded the Chinese-German Federation of Criminal Law Professors (CDSV), whose goal it is to promote the academic exchange between the two countries. Meanwhile, the CDSV is considered to be one of the most important academic platforms for academic cooperation in criminal law between Germany and China. In 2013, Hilgendorf was appointed visiting professor at the Law Faculty of the Peking University. He was given the title of honorary professor. Since 2018, he is member of the "Global Faculty" of Peking University Law School. In the same year. he received an honorary professorship from Renmin University Law School.In 2014, he was a guest professor at Hebrew University, Jerusalem. In 2010, Hilgendorf founded the "Forschungsstelle Robotrecht", a well-known research centre addressing legal issues related to autonomous systems in industrial processes, transport and private life. Regarding autonomous automobiles, this involves questions of civil and criminal liability, protection of privacy and matters of registration for road traffic. Since 2013, he is head of the pan-European legal research group of AdaptIVe, an EU-funded research project on the development of autonomous vehicles. In 2016, he was appointed by Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure Alexander Dobrindt to serve on the German government's Ethics Commission on Autonomous Driving. Since 2019, Hilgendorf is co-director of the newly founded Bavarian Research Institute for Digital Transformation (BIDT) situated in Munich. Moreover, he is member of the European High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence.Hilgendorf is also the chairperson of the Juristen ALUMNI Würzburg, the University of Würzburg Law Faculty's alumni relations program. Publications
Hilgendorf is the author of multiple books, essays, and annotations. Many of his works have been translated into other languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Greek. Among his works are (with English translation):

Argumentation in der Jurisprudenz. Zur Rezeption von analytischer Philosophie und kritischer Theorie in der Grundlagenforschung der Jurisprudenz (Argumentation in Jurisprudence: On the Reception of Analytical Philosophy and Critical Theory in the Basic Research of Jurisprudence), Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 1990, Duncker & Humblot Berlin 1991
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der parlamentarischen Redefreiheit in Deutschland (Historical Development of the Parliamentary Freedom of Speech in Germany), Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main 1991
Hans Albert zur Einführung (Hans Albert: an Introduction), Junius, Hamburg 1997 (Zur Einführung, 143)
Wissenschaftlicher Humanismus. Texte zur Moral- und Rechtsphilosophie des frühen logischen Empirismus (Scientific Humanism: Essays on the Moral- and Legal-philosophy of early logical Empiricism), Haufe Verlag, Freiburg 1998 (Haufe-Schriftenreihe zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung, Bd. 12)
Fallsammlung zum Strafrecht.Allgemeiner und Besonderer Teil (Casebook on Criminal Law: General and Specific Sections), 5. Ed., Beck, Munich 2008
dtv - Atlas Recht Bd. 1. Grundlagen, Staatsrecht, Strafrecht (dtv - Atlas of Law Vol. 1. Foundations of Constitutional and Criminal Law), Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2003, 2. Ed.2008
dtv - Atlas Recht Bd. 2 Verwaltungsrecht, Zivilrecht (dtv – Atlas of Law Vol. 2 Administrative Law, Civil Law), Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2008
Strafrecht Besonderer Teil (Criminal Law Specific Part), Gieseking Verlag, 2. Ed. Bielefeld 2009 (together with authors Gunter Arzt, Ulrich Weber and Bernd Heinrich)
Die deutschsprachige Strafrechtswissenschaft in Selbstdarstellungen (The German Criminal-Law Science in Self-Representation), 2010 (Editor)
Ostasiatisches Strafrecht (Eastasian Criminal Law), Tuebingen 2010 (Editor)
 Handbuch des deutschen Strafrechts (Handbook of German Criminal Law), Vol. 1, Heidelberg 2018
Medizinstrafrecht (Medical Criminal Law), 2. Ed.2019

References

External links
 Literature from and on Professor <mask>rf in the catalogues of the German National Library
 Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Justice, Legal Theory, Information and Computer Science Law at the University of Würzburg
 Full list of publications
 Project Homepage of Global Systems and Intercultural Competence
 Homepage of the Juristen ALUMNI Würzburg

1960 births
Living people
People from Stuttgart
German legal scholars
German lawyers
University of Würzburg faculty

masks:
Eric Andreas Hilgendorf
Hilgendorf
Eric Hilgendo


title: Paul Gray (English musician)

texts:
<mask> (born 1 August 1958) is an English rock musician notable for playing with the bands Eddie and the Hot Rods and The Damned. Biography
<mask> was born in Leigh-on-Sea. Inspired by a Hawkwind gig he attended, <mask> started learning bass guitar at the age of 13, his playing influenced by bassists such as Steve Currie, Lemmy, John Entwistle, Felix Pappalardi and Roger Glover. He joined Eddie and the Hot Rods as bassist after answering an advert in the Southend Evening Echo. The band had several hit singles and albums in the late 1970s, including "Do Anything You Wanna Do". While working with Eddie and the Hot Rods, he also recorded bass for Larry Wallis, Rob Tyner and Johnny Thunders, as well as filling in as temporary bassist for The Members. In early 1980, following the departure of Graeme Douglas, <mask> left Eddie and the Hot Rods and, on the insistence of Captain Sensible and Rat Scabies, joined the punk rock band The Damned, replacing former bassist Algy Ward.<mask> contributed to two studio albums, The Black Album and Strawberries, as well as numerous singles and the Friday 13th EP. Frictions in the band led to <mask>'s departure in February 1983. Shortly afterwards, he joined UFO and remained until their split in 1987. In 1989, after brief stints with Heavy Load, Fastway and Andrew Ridgeley, <mask> rejoined The Damned, ostensibly for a one-off reunion tour of the UK, US, and Japan. This tour reunited <mask> with Captain Sensible, and the two worked together on Sensible's solo material, as well as touring together. This Sensible-led group briefly evolved into another reunion of The Damned, with <mask> concurrently reforming Eddie & the Hot Rods for one album, Gasoline Days, for which he contributed the song writing, and supported the album with several tours in the UK and Germany. In between these high profile projects, he also played bass with Canvey Island Allstars, and René Berg, and began producing local bands.With the onset of severe tinnitus and hyperacusis interrupting his live music activities, <mask> became Lead Tutor for Community Music Wales - a charity aimed at helping young bands based in Cardiff - on a variety of national and international projects between 1995 and 2004. In 1997, <mask> formed Mischief with Alan Lee Shaw, a studio-based project allowing him to write and record without damaging his hearing further by playing live. In 1998, he appeared alongside Barry Masters of Eddie & the Hot Rods on the Identity Parade round of British comedy panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks. In 2005, he took up the post of Regional Officer, Wales & Southwest England for the British Musicians' Union. <mask> reunited with Captain Sensible in 2013 to form psychedelic rock band The Sensible Gray Cells with drummer Ant Thickett. After the release of debut album A Postcard from Britain, <mask> was diagnosed with throat cancer and had to cancel tentative plans to return to playing live music. He has since recovered.On 27 February 2014, <mask> joined fellow original Hot Rods Barrie Masters, Steve Nicol, and Graeme Douglas on stage at The Oysterfleet, Canvey Island to play in tribute to the late Dave Higgs, founder member of the band. <mask> joined Professor and the Madman in 2017, alongside former Damned drummer Rat Scabies, and featured on their albums Disintegrate Me and Live at the Hundred Club. In September 2017, <mask> rejoined The Damned following the departure of Stu West, recording the album Evil Spirits and returning to full-time touring for the first time in nearly 15 years. <mask> appeared on stage for the final Eddie and the Hot Rods show in April 2019, alongside founding members Barry Masters, Graeme Douglas and Steve Nicol. In 2020, both The Damned and The Sensible Gray Cells released new material, the latter including <mask>'s first lead vocal performance on "What's the Point of Andrew?". The Damned's 2020 EP The Rockfield Files included two tracks written by <mask>, entitled 'Manipulator' and 'The Spider & the Fly'. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> opened up Paul Gray Bass Online, a website offering services as a session bassist to recording artists.(2020)
"Get Back into the World" / "World of Confusion" (2020)
Get Back into the World (2020)

With Sir Silence and The Hush
End of the Pier (2015)

With Rachel Taylor-Beales
Stones Throw, Lament of the Selkie (2015)

With EVO
Warfare (2017)

With Professor and the Madman
Disintegrate Me (2018)
Live at the 100 Club (2019)

References

1958 births
Living people
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
UFO (band) members
The Damned (band) members
People from Rochford
Eddie and the Hot Rods members

masks:
Paul Murray Granville Gray
Paul Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray


title: Shwetak Patel

texts:
<mask> is an American computer scientist and entrepreneur best known for his work on developing novel sensing solutions and ubiquitous computing. He is the Washington Research Foundation Entrepreneurship Endowed Professor at the University of Washington in Computer Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering, where he joined in 2008. His technology start-up company on energy sensing, Zensi, was acquired by Belkin International, Inc. in 2010. He was named a 2011 MacArthur Fellow. In 2016, He was elected as an ACM Fellow for contributions to sustainability sensing, low-power wireless sensing and mobile health and received Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE). He was named the recipient of the 2018 ACM Prize in Computing for contributions to creative and practical sensing systems for sustainability and health. Biography

Personal life
<mask> was born on December 9, 1981 in Selma, Alabama, though he was raised in Birmingham, Alabama.He attended Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School for high school in Birmingham, graduating in 2000. He received his B.S. in Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2003, and then continued on to receive his Ph.D. in computer science in 2008 under the advisement of Dr. Gregory Abowd. He started as an assistant professor at the University of Washington in 2008, where he remains today. In July 2013, he was promoted to associate professor, and then in July 2014 was named the Washington Research Foundation Endowed Professor. <mask> is married to Dr. Julie A. Kientz, who is also a faculty member at the University of Washington, and lives in Seattle, Washington. Professional career
<mask>’s research is broadly in the areas of ubiquitous computing, human-computer interaction, and user interface software and technology.He has published over 50 articles since 2003 and has received numerous best paper awards. <mask> focuses on developing easy-to-deploy sensing technologies, activity recognition, and applications for energy monitoring. He also has developed novel interaction techniques for mobile devices, mobile sensing systems, and wireless sensor platforms, many of which in collaboration with Microsoft Research, where is also a visiting researcher. Dr. <mask>'s primary research has been in building low-cost and easy-to-deploy sensing systems, which he calls Infrastructure Mediated Sensing. These approaches leverage utility infrastructures in a home to support whole-house sensing. <mask> co-founded a company called Zensi, Inc., while he was a graduate student at Georgia Tech. Zensi was a demand-side energy monitoring solutions provider.In 2010, Zensi was acquired by Belkin, Inc in 2010 for an undisclosed sum. This acquisition resulted in numerous awards for <mask>, including making the cover of Seattle Business magazine, newsmaker of the year by TechFlash, and was named one of the top 10 start up stories of 2010 by TechFlash. Dr. <mask> has also received international recognition for his work, including the MacArthur Fellowship in 2011, the MIT Technology Review TR-35 award in 2009, the Microsoft Research Faculty Fellowship in 2011, the 2011 India Abroad Face of the Future award, and the Sloan Fellowship in 2012. His work was featured in the cover story of Wired Magazine, and his past work on camera blocking technology was also honored by the New York Times as a top technology of the year in 2005. He also has numerous other articles appearing in the popular media on his inventions. In 2017 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. Selected bibliography
Mariakakis, A., Baudin, J., Whitmire, E., Mehta, V., Banks, M.A., Law, A., Mcgrath, L. and <mask>, S.N., 2017.PupilScreen: using smartphones to assess traumatic brain injury. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 1(3), pp. 1–27. Wang, E.J., Li, W., Hawkins, D., Gernsheimer, T., Norby-Slycord, C. and <mask>, S.N., 2016, September. HemaApp: noninvasive blood screening of hemoglobin using smartphone cameras. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 593–604).De Greef, L., Goel, M., Seo, M.J., Larson, E.C., Stout, J.W., Taylor, J.A. and <mask>, S.N., 2014, September. Bilicam: using mobile phones to monitor newborn jaundice. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 331–342). Larson, E.C., Goel, M., Boriello, G., Heltshe, S., Rosenfeld, M. and <mask>, S.N., 2012, September. SpiroSmart: using a microphone to measure lung function on a mobile phone.In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on ubiquitous computing (pp. 280–289). Cohn, G., Morris, D., <mask>, S.N., Tan, D.S. Your Noise is My Command: Sensing Gestures Using the Body as an Antenna. CHI 2011. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2011). Gupta, S., Reynolds, M.S., <mask>, S.N.ElectriSense: Single-Point Sensing Using EMI for Electrical Event Detection and Classification in the Home. Ubicomp 2010. Froehlich, J. Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and <mask>, S.N. HydroSense: Infrastructure-Mediated Single-Point Sensing of Whole-Home Water Activity. UbiComp 2009. Cohn, G., Stuntebeck, E., Pandey, J., Otis., B., Abowd, G.D., <mask>, S.N. SNUPI: Sensor Nodes Utilizing Powerline Infrastructure.Ubicomp 2010. <mask>, S.N, Gupta, S., Reynolds, M. The Design and Evaluation of an End-User-Deployable, Whole House, Contactless Power Consumption Sensor. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2010). <mask>, S.N., Robertson, T., Kientz, J.A., Reynolds, M.S., Abowd, G.D. At the Flick of a Switch: Detecting and Classifying Unique Electrical Events on the Residential Power Line. Ubicomp 2007. References

External links
 <mask>'s personal home page
 University of Washington Ubicomp Computing Research Group
 University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering
 University of Washington Electrical Engineering

Living people
People from Selma, Alabama
American computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
University of Washington faculty
Ubiquitous computing researchers
1981 births
MacArthur Fellows
American academics of Indian descent
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
American people of Gujarati descent

masks:
Shwetak Naran Patel
Shwetak Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel
Patel