title: Lee Boylan

texts:
<mask> (born 2 September 1978) is a former footballer who played as a striker. <mask> began his career with West Ham United in 1995, and progressed through the club's youth academy. He played one game for West Ham in the Premier League, as a substitute during the latter stages of the 1996–97 season. He was sent out on loan to Kingstonian in 1998, and was released on his return to his parent club in 1999. He had brief spells with Trelleborg in Sweden and with Exeter City, before rejoining Kingstonian on a permanent basis in 2000. He left the club in November 2000, and played for Hayes and Stevenage during the final months of the 2000–01 season. Ahead of the 2001–02 season, <mask> joined Canvey Island, where he played 210 games and scored 176 goals for the club during a five-year spell.When Canvey resigned from the Conference in 2006, he joined Grays Athletic on a one-year contract, but was later loaned to Chelmsford City after struggling for first-team appearances at Grays. <mask> joined Cambridge United on a free transfer shortly before the 2007–08 season, as Cambridge narrowly missed out on promotion to the Football League in May 2008. He joined Stevenage for an undisclosed fee in June 2008, scoring in the 2009 FA Trophy Final victory against York City at Wembley Stadium in May 2009. <mask> was also part of the Stevenage team that won promotion to the Football League the following season. <mask> left Stevenage in January 2011 and subsequently re-joined Chelmsford City in March of the same year. After just five appearances for Chelmsford, <mask> joined Thurrock for the rest of the 2010–11 season. He spent a further season at Thurrock, before leaving the club following their relegation.In July 2012, <mask> joined AFC Sudbury. Midway through the 2012–13 season, <mask> signed for divisional rivals Maldon & Tiptree, which would be his last club before retiring from playing. Early life
Born in Witham, Essex, <mask> attended John Bramston School. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his career with West Ham United in 1996, playing regularly in the club's youth team, as well as in the FA Youth Cup Final defeat at the end of the 1995–96 season, starting alongside Rio Ferdinand and Frank Lampard. <mask> made one Premier League appearance, as an 89th-minute substitute in a 5–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday on 3 May 1997. After a loan spell with Kingstonian during the 1998–99 season, he joined Trelleborg in Sweden on a permanent basis in 1999, playing two games for the club and scoring one goal. He returned to England in November 1999, and signed for Exeter City.<mask> made his debut for Exeter in the club's 1–0 defeat to Halifax Town, coming on as a substitute in the 69th minute. He scored his first goal for the club in his third game, scoring Exeter's first goal in a 3–2 victory against Torquay United. It was to be <mask>'s only goal for Exeter, as he played eight times before leaving the club in January 2000. He signed for Kingstonian, who he had previously played for on loan, on a free transfer a month after leaving Exeter, signing a contract until the end of the season. He made his debut in Kingstonian's 1–0 win against Stevenage Borough. <mask> made 15 appearances for Kingstonian in all competitions without scoring. He was released at the end of the season.<mask> was without a club in the opening months of the 2000–01 season, before he joined Hayes in November 2000, making his debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Telford United. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge in the FA Cup, scoring with a low shot from just inside the area. Despiting playing regularly, <mask> left Hayes in February 2001, and signed for another Conference National club in the form of Stevenage Borough two months later. He played one game for the club before being released, starting in Stevenage's 1–1 draw with Morecambe, playing 69 minutes before being substituted. Canvey Island
Ahead of the 2001–02 season, <mask> signed a part-time contract with Canvey Island, making his debut in Canvey's first game of the season, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute in a 5–1 away victory against Chesham United. Three days later, he started his first game in a 3–1 home defeat to Aldershot Town, scoring just before half-time. He scored four goals in a 6–1 victory against Heybridge Swifts.During his first season with Canvey, <mask> finished as the club's top goalscorer, scoring 44 times in all competitions. He opted to stay at Canvey for the 2002–03 season. <mask> scored his first goal of the season on 7 September 2002, scoring Canvey's sixth goal in the 88th-minute in a 6–1 victory against Aylesbury United. He ended the season by scoring six goals in two games, which included scoring four times against Enfield in a 10–1 victory. <mask> scored 45 goals in 52 appearances during the season as Canvey finished the Isthmian Premier season in second-place for the second season running. During the 2003–04 season, <mask> set a club and league record when he scored in 11 consecutive games, spanning from December 2003 to February 2004. Canvey also won all eleven matches.During the 11 games, <mask> scored 21 times, which included consecutive hat-tricks against Bishop's Stortford and Billericay Town, and braces against Ford Utd, Maidenhead United, Northwood, and Hayes. He scored a hat-trick, his third of the season, in Canvey's 3–2 victory against Hornchurch on the final game of the 2003–04 season, as Canvey finally won promotion to the highest tier in non-league football after winning the Isthmian Premier title. He also scored in the FA Trophy final as Canvey lost 3–2 to Hednesford Town at Villa Park on 24 May 2004, scoring from a header just after half-time. <mask> scored 57 goals in 53 appearances in all competitions. On Boylan playing in the Conference National, Canvey manager Jeff King said "I have no doubts about his ability to score goals in the Conference. It's a team effort which is why <mask> was happy to sign a new contract here last year". <mask> started in Canvey's first game back in the Conference National during the 2004–05 season, playing the whole match as the club drew 0–0 with Carlisle United at Brunton Park, with Boylan "carving out a number of opportunities".He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw against Gravesend & Northfleet on 17 August 2004. He scored a "clinical" hat-trick in Canvey's 3–1 away win against Farnborough Town at Cherrywood Road in September 2004. After scoring Canvey's second goal in a 4–1 away victory against Stevenage at Broadhall Way, <mask> was stretchered off after 27 minutes having suffered a fractured ankle. He was subsequently ruled out for three months after seeing a specialist to gauge the full extent of the injury. <mask> returned to first-team action in late December 2004, coming on as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2–2 draw with Woking. <mask> scored 16 goals in 31 games as Canvey avoided relegation to remain in the highest tier of non-league football. <mask> signed a one-year contract extension ahead of the 2005–06 season, and played in the club's opening game of the season, a 1–0 defeat to Accrington Stanley.He scored his first goals of the season in a 2–1 victory against Aldershot Town on 16 August 2005; both goals coming in the final four minutes of the match. He also scored twice in a 2–1 away win at Burton Albion, his second goal was a volley from 25 yards out. <mask>'s two goals also condemned Burton to their first ever defeat at the Pirelli Stadium, as well as becoming the first player to score two goals at the stadium. He scored in Canvey's FA Trophy victory against Kingstonian, but was taken to hospital shortly after scoring having collided with the goal post and suffered facial injuries. The injury subsequently ruled him out for up to three months, and he returned to the first-team on 11 March 2006, coming on as a 60th-minute substitute and marking his comeback with a goal, scoring an injury-time winning goal in a 1–0 victory against Altrincham at Moss Lane. He scored in the final game of the season in Canvey's 2–0 away win against Halifax Town, latching onto a through pass and scoring from just outside the box, having already assisted Jason Hallett's early goal. The goal proved to be <mask>'s last goal for the club, after Canvey announced that they would be resigning from the Conference National in May 2006, after manager Jeff King said he would withdraw his investment.<mask> ended the season having made 29 appearances, scoring 14 times. During his five years with the Essex club, <mask> made 210 appearances and scored 176 goals. Grays and Chelmsford
On his release from Canvey shortly after the club's resignation from the Conference, he joined Grays Athletic on a one-year contract, and made his debut in the club's first game of 2006–07 season, starting in a 1–1 draw against Stafford Rangers. <mask> scored his first goal for Grays in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United on 4 November 2006, scoring with a "neat finish" from 12 yards. <mask> made 16 starting appearances for the club, scoring three goals, and a day after playing as an 88th-minute substitute in Grays' victory against Welling United, he joined Conference South club Chelmsford City on 26 February 2007 on loan for the remainder of the season. <mask> made his Chelmsford debut a day after joining the club, scoring in the club's 5–1 win against Carshalton Athletic, playing 76 minutes of the match. He played 12 games for Chelmsford, scoring eight times.After returning to Grays in May 2007, <mask> was released. Cambridge United
At the end of the 2006–07 season, he joined Cambridge United on a free transfer on 17 May 2007, and made his debut in the club's 2–1 away win at York City on 10 August 2007, scoring from the penalty spot as Cambridge came from a goal behind to win the game. Boylan did not score for four months and was used as a substitute throughout February 2008. He made the starting line-up against York City on 1 March 2008, and scored twice in a 2–0 victory. Boylan started in the club's 1–0 defeat to Exeter City in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 15 May 2008, playing the first 69 minutes of the match before he was substituted. <mask> played 38 times throughout the campaign, scoring 12 goals. After the defeat, <mask> was placed on the transfer-list by Cambridge United in May 2008, and despite placing him on the transfer list, the club made "late efforts to persuade him to stay".On being placed on the transfer list, Boylan said "as soon as Jimmy Quinn said to me that I was not in his plans for next year my heart just was not at the club any more". Stevenage
Boylan signed for fellow Conference Premier club Stevenage Borough for an undisclosed fee on 7 June 2008. After signing for the club, <mask> stated that manager Graham Westley had phoned him "five or six times a day and really wanted me at the club". He made his debut for the Hertfordshire club as a substitute in a 5–0 defeat against Wrexham at the Racecourse Ground on 9 August 2008, and scored his first goal for Stevenage in the 4–1 victory over Burton Albion on 6 September 2008. A brace against Kidderminster Harriers on 21 April 2009 ensured <mask> ended the season with ten league goals. He made 39 appearances during the 2008–09 campaign, scoring 14 times in all competitions. He also started in five of the club's successful FA Trophy campaign during the same season, scoring four times.This included scoring the second goal in Stevenage's 2–0 win against York City in the Final at Wembley Stadium on 9 May 2009, latching onto a through ball before hitting a "looping shot" over the goalkeeper to seal the victory in injury-time. <mask> remained at Stevenage ahead of the 2009–10 season, starting in the club's first game of the season at home to Tamworth on 8 August 2009, scoring a penalty in a 1–1 draw. The goal was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Conference National season. He scored twice against former club Cambridge United in Stevenage's 4–1 victory on 1 January 2010, a victory that meant Stevenage went top of the Conference Premier league table. He scored eight times in 26 appearances during the season, as Stevenage won the Conference Premier title and consequently earned promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history. <mask> left Stevenage when his contract expired on 13 January 2011. Return to non-League
After an unsuccessful trial at Southend United, <mask> signed for Conference South club Chelmsford City on a free transfer on 5 March 2011.He made his debut for Chelmsford on the same day as his signing was announced, replacing Wayne Gray as a 79th-minute substitute in Chelmsford's 2–1 away defeat at Eastleigh. <mask> made a further four appearances for Chelmsford, all of which were from the substitute's bench, before being released by the club on 30 March 2011. A day later, <mask> joined Conference South rivals Thurrock until the end of the 2010–11 season. He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–0 win against Weston-super-Mare, a win that moved Thurrock four points away from the relegation zone. Boylan scored five goals in six matches for Thurrock, although the club were relegated as a result of finishing in 20th position, the final relegation place. However, they were later reprieved following the demise of Rushden & Diamonds, meaning Thurrock remained in the Conference South for the 2011–12 season. <mask> opted to stay at Thurrock for the 2011–12 campaign, scoring on the first day of the season in a 1–1 draw away at Salisbury City on 13 August 2011.He went on to score twelve times in 34 appearances for the club during the campaign, finishing as the club's top goalscorer. Thurrock were relegated from the Conference South after finishing in last place, and <mask> left the club in May 2012. <mask> joined Isthmian League Division One North club AFC Sudbury on 27 July 2012, taking on dual responsibilities as a player-coach. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2012–13 season, a 3–1 home defeat to Cheshunt on 18 August 2012. Three days later, he scored his first goal for AFC Sudbury in a 3–1 away loss to Maldon & Tiptree — briefly restoring parity in the match when he scored from Michael Shinn's corner. In January 2013, <mask> joined divisional rivals Maldon & Tiptree, making his debut as a 61st-minute substitute in a 0–0 home draw with Waltham Abbey on 12 January. Two weeks later, in his second appearance for the club, he scored in a 2–2 draw against Redbridge.He added two further goals a month later in Maldon's 5–1 home victory over Brentwood Town. <mask> continued to play regularly for Maldon & Tiptree for the remainder of the 2012–13 season, and scored three times in their play-off campaign as they lost 4–1 on penalties to Thamesmead Town in the final. He made 21 appearances in all competitions for the club that season, scoring six goals. International career
<mask> played for the Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team in the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship finals in Iceland scoring against Israel. He represented the Republic of Ireland under-21 team when he was contracted to West Ham United, making his debut in a 3–0 defeat to Czech Republic, a game in which he suffered an injury after just 20 minutes and was stretchered off. In 2004, he played for the England C team, earning a solitary cap. Personal life
<mask> was married in Watford, Hertfordshire, in May 2001.Career statistics

A. The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League, Football Conference, Isthmian League and Swedish Superettan. B. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy, Football League Trophy and Isthmian League play-offs. Honours
Canvey Island
 Isthmian League Premier Division: 2003–04

Stevenage
 FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
 Conference Premier: 2009–10

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Witham
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Association football forwards
West Ham United F.C. players
Kingstonian F.C. players
Trelleborgs FF players
Exeter City F.C.players
Hayes F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Thurrock F.C.players
A.F.C. Sudbury players
Maldon & Tiptree F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Allsvenskan players
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
British expatriates in Sweden

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title: Frances Wright

type: original

texts:
<mask> (September 6, 1795 – December 13, 1852), widely known as <mask>, was a Scottish-born lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, utopian socialist, abolitionist, social reformer, and Epicurean philosopher, who became a US citizen in 1825. The same year, she founded the Nashoba Commune in Tennessee, as a utopian community to demonstrate how to prepare slaves for eventual emancipation, but the project lasted only five years. In the late 1820s <mask> was the first woman lecturer to speak publicly before gatherings of men and women in the United States about political and social-reform issues. She advocated universal education, the emancipation of slaves, birth control, equal rights, sexual freedom, legal rights for married women, and liberal divorce laws. <mask> was also vocal in her opposition to organized religion and capital punishment. The clergy and the press harshly criticized <mask>'s radical views. Her public lectures in the United States led to the establishment of Fanny Wright societies and her association with the Working Men's Party, organized in New York City in 1829, became so strong that its opponents called the party's slate of candidates the <mask> ticket.<mask> also wrote about political and social reforms, which included Views of Society and Manners in America (1821), a memoir of her travels that provides her observations of early democratic political and social institutions in the United States. She also outlined her position on emancipation in A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South (1825). In addition, <mask> co-edited The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette or Free Inquirer with Robert Dale Owen in New Harmony, Indiana, as well as the Free Enquirer in New York City in 1829, and, later, The Sentinel (renamed New York Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate). Among <mask>'s other published works is Course of Popular Lectures (1829), a collection of her speeches, and her final book, England, the Civilizer (1848). Early life and education

<mask> "Fanny<mask> was born at 136 Nethergate in Dundee, Scotland, on September 6, 1795, to Camilla Campbell and her husband <mask>. Their house was then a newly built house by the town architect, Samuel Bell on the recently widened Nethergate, close to Dundee harbour. Her father was a wealthy linen manufacturer, a designer of Dundee trade tokens, and a political radical.He corresponded with Adam Smith and was sympathetic to the American patriots and French republicans, including Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and Thomas Paine. <mask>, or "Fanny" as she was called since childhood, was the second eldest of family's three children. Her siblings included an older brother, who died when <mask> was still young, and a sister named Camilla. <mask>'s mother also died young, and her father died in 1798, when <mask> was about the age of two. With support from a substantial inheritance, the orphaned <mask> sisters were raised in England by members of the Campbell family, who were relatives of their mother. A maternal aunt became <mask>'s guardian and taught her ideas founded on the philosophy of the French materialists. In 1813, when <mask> was sixteen, she returned to Scotland to live with her great-uncle, James Mylne, a philosophy professor at Glasgow College.<mask> spent the winter months in study and writing and the summer months visiting the Scottish Highlands. <mask> was interested in the works of Greek philosophers, especially Epicurus, who was the subject of her first book, A Few Days in Athens  (1822), which she had written by the age of eighteen. <mask> also studied history and became interested in the United States' democratic form of government. First visits to the United States and France

Twenty-three-year-old <mask> and her younger sister Camilla made their first trip to the United States in 1818. The sisters toured the country for two years before returning to England. While <mask> was visiting New York City, Altorf,  her play about the struggle for Swiss independence from Austria, was anonymously produced and performed beginning on February 19, 1819, but it closed after three performances. For its Philadelphia premiere on January 5, 1820, an advertisement noted that it was "performed in New York last season with distinguished success."Soon after her return to England in 1820, <mask> published Views of Society and Manners in America (1821). The book's publication was a major turning point in her life. It brought her an invitation from Jeremy Bentham to join his circle of acquaintances, which included economist James Mill, politician Francis Plore, and author George Grote, among others. The group's opposition to religious clergy influenced <mask>'s own emerging philosophy. In 1821 <mask> traveled to France at the invitation of the Marquis de Lafayette and met with him in Paris. Despite the differences in their ages, the two became friends. At one point <mask> encouraged him to adopt her and her sister.<mask>'s request put a strain on the relationship with General Lafayette's family and no adoption took place. <mask>'s friendship with the general continued after relations with his family were repaired. She also returned to Lafayette's home in France for a six-month visit in 1827 to work on a biography of him. Second visit to the United States

In 1824, <mask> and her sister returned to the United States to follow the Marquis de Lafayette and his entourage during much of his farewell tour of the United States. <mask> joined Lafayette for a two-week stay at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's plantation in Virginia. In addition to Jefferson, Lafayette also introduced <mask> to Presidents James Madison and John Quincy Adams, as well as General Andrew Jackson. In February 1825, when Lafayette headed south, <mask> traveled northwest to visit Harmonie,  George Rapp's utopian community in Butler County, Pennsylvania.She also visited the Rappite colony established in Indiana, which was also named Harmonie. At that time the Indiana community was in a period of transition. It had recently been sold to Welsh industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen, who renamed his utopian community New Harmony. <mask>'s visits to these utopian communities inspired her to form her own experimental community, which she established in Tennessee. After leaving Indiana, she traveled along the Mississippi River to rejoin Lafayette's group in New Orleans in April 1825. When Lafayette returned to France, <mask> decided to remain in the United States, where she continued her work a social reformer. It was also in 1825 that <mask> became a U.S. citizen.Views
<mask> believed in universal equality in education and feminism. She opposed organized religion, marriage, and capitalism. Educational opportunities were a particular interest. Along with Robert Owen, <mask> demanded that the government offer free public education for all children after the age of twelve or eighteen months of age in federal government-supported
boarding schools. <mask> was a vocal advocate of birth control, equal rights, sexual freedom, legal rights for married women, liberal divorce laws, the emancipation of slaves, and the controversial idea of interracial marriages. She tried to demonstrate through her experiment project in Tennessee what the utopian socialist Charles Fourier had said in France, "that the progress of civilization depended on the progress of women." <mask>'s opposition to slavery contrasted with the views of many other Democrats of the era, especially those of the South.Her activism on behalf of working men also distanced her from the leading abolitionists of the day. Career

Early career
<mask>'s early writing career included her book, Few Days in Athens (1822), which was a defense of the philosophy of Epicurus, written before the age of eighteen. <mask>'s Views of Society and Manners in America (1821), a memoir of her first visit to the United States, enthusiastically supported the country's democratic institutions. This book provides early descriptions of American life that preceded later works such as Alexis De Tocqueville's Democracy in America (1835 and 1840) and Harriet Martineau's Society in America (1837). <mask>'s book is also an example of an early nineteenth-century humanitarian perspective of the new democratic world. Historian Helen Elliott also pointed out that <mask>'s travelogue was "translated into several languages and widely read by liberals and reformers" in Great Britain, the United States, and Europe. Nashoba experiment

In early 1825, after spending time at former President Jefferson's home in Virginia and Robert Owen's utopian settlement at New Harmony, <mask> began developing her plans for an experimental farming community.By the summer of 1825 she was seeking advice from Lafayette and Jefferson, among others, to begin implementing her ideas. Owen and Lafayette later became members of her project's board of trustees; however, Jefferson declined to participate. <mask> also published A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South (1825), a tract that she hoped would persuade the U.S. Congress to set aside federal land for the purpose of promoting emancipation. To demonstrate how slaves could be emancipated without their owners losing money, <mask> established a model farming community in Tennessee where slaves could work to earn money to purchase their own freedom and received an education. Taking inspiration from the New Harmony community in Indiana, <mask> traveled to Tennessee in the fall of 1825, and bought about  of land along Wolf River about thirteen miles from Memphis. <mask> founded a community at this wilderness site, which she named Nashoba. To demonstrate that her idea was a viable way to abolish slavery, she purchased about thirty slaves, nearly half of them children, to live in the experimental community.Her plan was for the slaves to gradually acquire their freedom through their labor on the property. <mask> also planned to eventually colonize the newly emancipated slaves to areas outside the United States. In addition to building cabins and farm buildings, <mask> planned to establish a school for black students, although many abolitionists criticized her idea of gradual emancipation and educational training for the former slaves. <mask> joined in the early efforts to clear land and build log cabins for its inhabitants, which included blacks and whites. Nashoba was, however, plagued with difficulties from the start. It was built on mosquito-infested land that was conducive to malaria and failed to produce good harvests. <mask> contracted malaria in the summer of 1826 and had to leave the property to recover her health in New Harmony, Indiana, and visits to France and England.While she was absent from Nashoba the community declined. Its interim managers began instituting a policy of harsher punishments toward the black workers. A scandal also erupted over the community's tolerance of "free love" and publicized accounts of an interracial relationship between James Richardson, a white supervisor of the community, and Josephone Lalotte, the mulatto daughter of a freed African American woman slave who had brought her family to live at Nashoba. <mask> returned to Nashoba in 1828 with her friend, <mask>, who spent ten days at the community, and found it in disarray and on the verge of financial collapse. Trollope's published descriptions of the area criticized its poor weather, lack of scenic beauty, and Nashoba's remoteness and desolation. In 1828, when Nashoba was rapidly declining, the New-Harmony Gazette published <mask>'s explanation and defense of the commune, as well as her views on the principles of "human liberty and equality." In January 1830, <mask> chartered a ship and accompanied the community's thirty slaves to Haiti, which had achieved independence in 1804, so that they could live their lives as free men and women.The failed experiment cost <mask> about US$16,000. Germantown, Tennessee, a present-day suburb of Memphis, was established on the land where Nashoba once stood. Newspaper editor
After <mask>'s failure at Nashoba in the late 1820s, she returned to New Harmony, Indiana, where she became the coeditor of The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette (later renamed the Free Enquirer) with Robert Dale Owen, the eldest son of Robert Owen, the Owenite community's founder. In 1829 <mask> and Robert Dale Owen moved to New York City, where they continued to edit and publish the Free Enquirer. <mask> was also editor of The Sentinel (later titled New York Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate). Political and social activist

Beginning in the late 1820s and early 1830s, <mask> spoke publicly in favor of abolition and lectured in support of women's suffrage. She also campaigned for reforms to marriage and property laws.While residing in New York City, she purchased a former church in the Bowery area and converted it into what she called a "Hall of Science" for use as a lecture hall. From 1833 to 1836, her lectures on slavery and other social institutions attracted large and enthusiastic audiences of men and women in the eastern United States and the Midwest, leading to the establishment of what were called <mask> societies. Although her lecture tours extended to the principal cities of the United States, the enunciation of her views and publication of a collection of her speeches in her book, Course of Popular Lectures (1829 and 1836), met with opposition. The clergy and the press were critical of <mask> and her opinions on religion and social reform. The New York American, for example, called <mask> "a female monster" because of her controversial views, but she was undeterred. As <mask>'s philosophy became even more radical, she left the Democratic Party to join the Working Men's Party, organized in New York City in 1829. Her influence on the Working Men's Party was so strong that its opponents called its slate of candidates the <mask> ticket.<mask> was also an activist in the American Popular Health Movement in the 1830s and advocated for women being involved in health and medicine. Personal life
<mask> married French physician Guillaume D'Arusmont in Paris, France, on July 22, 1831. <mask> had first met him at New Harmony, Indiana, where he was once a teacher. D'Arusmont also accompanied her to Haiti in 1830, serving as her business manager. <mask>'s and D'Arusmont's daughter, Francès-Sylva Phiquepal D'Arusmont, was born on April 14, 1832. Later years
<mask>, her husband, and their daughter traveled to the United States in 1835 and made several subsequent trips between the United States and Europe. <mask> eventually settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where she bought a home in 1844 and attempted to resume her career as a lecturer.<mask> continued to travel the lecture circuit, but her appearances and views on social reform issues were not always welcome. She also became a supporter of President Andrew Jackson. After the mid-term political campaign of 1838, <mask> suffered from a variety of health problems. She published her final book, England, the Civilizer in 1848. <mask> divorced D'Arusmont in 1850. She also fought a lengthy legal battle to retain custody of their daughter and control of her own personal wealth. The legal proceedings remained unsettled at the time of <mask>'s death.<mask> spent her last years in quiet retirement at Cincinnati, estranged from her daughter, Francès-Sylva D'Arusmont. Death and legacy
<mask> died on December 13, 1852, in Cincinnati, Ohio,  from complications resulting from a broken hip after fall on ice outside her home. She is buried at the Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. Her daughter, Francès-Sylva D'Arusmont, inherited the majority of <mask>'s wealth and property. <mask>, an early women's rights advocate and a social reformer, was the first woman to deliver public lectures to men and women on political social reform issues in the United States in the late 1820s. Her views on slavery, theology, and women's rights were considered radical for that time and attracted harsh criticism from the press and clergy. Honors and memorials

 <mask>'s name is included on the Reformers Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.A plaque was installed on a wall of her birthplace at 136 Nethergate in Dundee, Scotland. <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. Selected published works
 Altorf: A Tragedy (Philadelphia, 1819)
 Views on Society and Manners in America (London, 1821)
 A Few Days in Athens (London, 1822)
 A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States (1825)
 Lectures on Free Inquiry (New York, 1829; 6th ed., 1836)
 Address on the State of the Public Mind and the Measures Which it Calls For (New York, 1829)
 Course of Popular Lectures (New York, 1829 and 1836)
 Explanatory Notes Respecting the Nature and Objects of the Institution of Nashoba (1830)
 What is the Matter? A Political Address as Delivered in Masonic Hall (1838)
 Fables (London, 1842)
 Political Letters, or, Observations on Religion and Civilization (1844)
 England the Civilizer: Her History Developed in Its Principles (1848)
 Biography, Notes, and Political Letters of <mask> D'Arusmont (1849)

See also
Robert Owen
Robert Dale Owen
New Harmony, Indiana
Popular Health Movement
Working Men's Party
Fanny Trollope

Notes

References

 Via Gallica BnF. (Translated from the French text.) Further reading

 Connors, Robert J. (1999)."<mask>: First Female Civic Rhetor in America," College English 62 (1), pp. 30–57. Everett, L.S. (1831). An Exposure of the Principles of the "Free Inquirers." Boston: B. B. Mussey

 Schlereth, Eric R. (2013).An Age of Infidels: The Politics of Religious Controversy in the Early United States. University of Pennsylvania Press. Wilentz, Sean (2004). Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850. Oxford University Press. External links

 <mask>, Woman's Advocate
 Biography with excerpt from Lectures
 The Germantown Museum. Andy Pouncey: <mask>.A Few Days in Athens

 Different sides of the picture. Four Women's Views of Canada (1816 - 1838). Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Susan Birkwood, Faculty of Graduate Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 1997 (Ann Cuthbert Knight; Anna Brownell Jameson; <mask>; <mask>)

1795 births
1852 deaths
19th-century American philosophers
19th-century English women writers
19th-century Scottish writers
American abolitionists
American anti-capitalists
American birth control activists
American feminists
American social reformers
American socialist feminists
American women philosophers
American women's rights activists
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Critics of religions
English expatriates in the United States
Founders of utopian communities
Freethought writers
People from Cincinnati
People from Dundee
People with acquired American citizenship
Philosophers from Tennessee
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish philosophers
Scottish socialist feminists
Scottish women philosophers
Tennessee Democrats
Utopian socialists

masks:
Frances Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances
" Wright
James Wright
Frances
Frances
Wright
Frances
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances Trollope
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Trollope
Wright


title: Abel J. Brown

texts:
<mask><mask>el's and Buehler's (or Beeler's) congregations in Sullivan County, Tennessee. He was a leader in the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod from 1836 to 1861. He was instrumental in the leading the East Tennessee congregations to form the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod, and was a leading member of that synod from 1861 until his death. He published several of his sermons and essays, and was the president of the Diet of Salisbury in 1884, which oversaw the creation of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South. Birth to ordination
<mask> was born near Lincolnton, North Carolina on March 27, 1817. He was the son of Absalom and Elizabeth (Killian<mask>, and the first son and second child of a family of ten children.His paternal grandfather was an Englishman, who came to America when a boy, and was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His maternal grandfather was of German extraction, a native of Pennsylvania but in early life came to North Carolina, where he lived in the balance of his days and died. <mask>'s parents and ancestors generally, so far as is known, belonged to the laboring classes,
and were distinguished for their industry, their frugality and thrift, and their moral integrity and religious worth. His mother was a woman of strong mind and of deep religious convictions, and eminently pious. His father was a man of superior native intellect, and of great firmness and decision and character. He was a farmer and mechanic and carefully trained up his children to manual labor, as well as "in the nurture and admonition of the Lord." He was a man of considerable prominence in the community in which he lived.For many years he held the office of magistrate, and was often solicited to run for higher offices, but always positively declined. <mask>'s primary education was received in a good country school. His academic studies, preparatory to entering college, were prosecuted principally in the Male Academy, at Lincolnton, N.C., and his collegiate course was taken in Emory and Henry College, Virginia, from which he was graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and which afterward conferred up on him the Master of Arts degree, not merely "in course," but because of his higher attainments in literature. After graduation <mask> engaged for a time in teaching. He first took charge of Jefferson Male Academy, in Blountville, Tenn., which he held for five or six years, when he accepted a professorship in Greenville College in Tennessee. At the end of two years he resigned his position in this institution and took charge of the academic department of Jefferson Male Academy, which, in the meantime, had been rebuilt and enlarger, and had had the sphere of its operations and usefulness greatly enlarged, and otherwise improved. He held this position till the outbreak of our late Civil War, since which he has devoted but little time to the business of teaching.During the time of which we have spoken he was offered a professorship in one college and the presidency of another, both of which he declined. He is regarded as an accomplished scholar and one of the best educators in the country. Quite a number of young men, who in after life made their mark in the learned professions, and in other departments of activity and usefulness, were educated by him. He first married <mask>, daughter of <mask> and Sophie (Speece) Teeters. However, she only lived one year into the marriage. After her death, he married her sister Emily Teeter in 1842. Their son, Charles Augustus <mask>, was a brilliant lawyer, and his grandson, <mask><mask>, was a prominent attorney in Bristol, Tenn.

Ordination until death
In 1836, at age 19, <mask> was ordained to the work or the ministry as a deacon in the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and devoted his time and studies for six years exclusively to this work.In 1837 he was ordained as a pastor in the same body. He was elected secretary of the Synod six times as recorded in the Synod's minutes, and President in 1854 and 1858. His work during this time was principally in North Carolina, though he did a good deal of preaching in other states, particularly in South Carolina. While engaged in teaching, he preached regularly in the places of his location. His services were, however, for the most part, rendered gratuitously. In 1858 he took charge of Immanuel and Buehler's congregations, in Sullivan County, Tennessee, which he retained until his death in 1894. He owned property directly to the east of <mask> B. Hamilton's Farm, (which had been owned by the Snapp family) just west of Blountville.<mask> was voted President and Secretary of the Tennessee Synod often at its conventions. In 1861 he was instrumental in the organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod of Tennessee, which separated from the Tennessee Synod due to difficulties in travel to synod conventions. He said in his 1886 discourse on the Holston Synod's founding, "The withdrawal of East Tennessee Lutherans from the Tennessee Synod was not a step taken hastily or rashly, but after long and deliberate and prayerful reflection. Nor was it taken because of dissatisfaction with the doctrinal position of the Synod, or because of any personal difficulties with any of its members, or for the accomplishment of any selfish or sinister ends; but solely because it was believed that the best interests of the Lutheran Church in East Tennessee imperatively demanded the formation of an independent Synod within its limits. Amongst the reasons assigned by the petitioners for the step which they proposed, were the inconvenience and expensiveness of attending the annual conventions of the Synod when it met in another State, which was here years in every four; the loss to the people of whatever advantages might result from the meeting of the Synod in the midst of them annually, the slowness of the process by which any measure for the good of the Church could be introduced, because the Synod was scattered over so vast an extent of territory, that it was difficult to get as full a meeting of the Synod as was necessary for the adoption of any important measure; and because all business transacted by the Synod could be just as well transacted by the new Synod comtempleated, as could be in the Tennessee Synod." <mask> continued to serve as a strong leader in the Holston Synod as much as in the Tennessee, if not more so. The actual ratification of the Holston Synod occurred in his congregation, Immanuel, in 1865.<mask> pushed for education in the Holston Synod, however because of financial hard times the Holston Synodical College was a short lived venture. <mask> served several terms as President and Secretary of the Synod. In former years <mask> took a very prominent and active part in the controversies which then agitated the Southern Lutheran Church. His "A Vindication of the Evangelical Tennessee Synod" in 1838 was a response to a sermon of Rev. <mask>. While still young, he wrote articles for The Lutheran Observer on the Lord's Supper. The views he expressed were criticized by its editor, Dr. Kurtz.Through his life he wrote much for the Lutheran Observer, the Lutheran Standard, Our Church Paper (from Henkel Press, a southern Lutheran newspaper), and literary magazines, besides publishing sermons and essays in separate form. Twice he was elected president of North Carolina college, but declined. He also declined editorship of the Lutheran Standard in Ohio. In later years he has been a regular contributor to the Lutheran, the Lutheran Home, and wrote one article for the Lutheran Quarterly. In consideration of his literary and theological attainments, Roanoke College, in 1873, conferred upon him the degree of D.D. In 1876 and 1877 he served as the Holston Synod's representative at the meeting of the Lutheran General Council. C. P. Krauth of the General Council would later describe <mask> as the leading proponent for historic Lutheranism in the South.In 1884, <mask> took a leading part in the formation of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, and was president of the Diet of Salisbury at which it was formed. He then served as president of the Southern Lutheran United Synod. In this union he saw Southern Lutheranism as accepting the Lutheran identity he has fought for as a young man. In 1886, the 50th anniversary of his ordination (as a deacon, not his pastoral ordination), 8 years before his death, the synod presented him with a parchment containing the following:

"To Our Senior Pastor and President of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod the Rev. <mask><mask>, Doctor of Divinity

At the Fiftieth Anniversary of his Ordination to the Holy Office of the Gospel Ministry, and the Twenty-Fifth Annual Convention of our Synod, which he helped to organize and of which he has ever been a faithful and zealous member, we his brethren and friends present this token of our affection and esteem, praying God and our Lord <mask> for His richest blessing upon him. Given this fourteenth day of August, 1886, at Immanuel Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee.– The Synod." Until his last days, he was still actively engaged in the ministry, and preached every Sunday with as much ease as ever. On July 17, 1894, he was preaching "Nightless Day in the Home of the Blest" for a funeral at Buehler's Church. He suddenly collapsed and died shortly afterwards. He is buried in Blountville, Tennessee. Published works
 Synodical sermon : the perfection of God's plan of human Salvation (New Market [Virginia] : Henkel, [1893])
 Portraiture of Lutheranism in its fundamental principles : and some of its distinctive doctrinal features : sermon, preached at the dedication of St. Mary's Lutheran Church, Monroe County, Tenn., October 26, 1879 (Bristol, Tenn. : Printed at the "Daily Argus" Office, 1880). Nightless day in the home of the blest : sermon, partly delivered in Weaver's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, Sunday morning, June 3, 1894 (New Market [Virginia] : Henkel, 1894).The Lutheran Church built on the only true foundation sermon (Philadelphia : Lutheran Book Store, [1870?]) The importance of divine truth in its integrity and purity
 The divine formula for the administration of the Lord's Supper : sermon, delivered in Immanuel and Buehler's Churches, Sullivan County, Tennessee, in April, 1883 (Bristol [Tenn.] : <mask>. King, 1883). The conflict and the crown : together with a tribute of respect to the late Rev. Alfred J. Fox, M.D., delivered at Salem Church, Cocke County, Tennessee, June 7, 1885 (Philadelphia : Lutheran Publication Society, 1885). The Christian minister delineated and moral influence exerted after death : sermon occasioned by the death of Rev.Adam Miller, Sen., delivered at Poor Valley and Zion's Churches, Washington Co., Virginia, August, 1844 (Knoxville : Brownlow & Haws, 1867). A vindication of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, on the Doctrine and Discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Salem, [Tenn.? ]: Blum & Son, 1838) in rare books at University of Tennessee. Numerous letters to the editor and opinion pieces in Our Church Paper, a Lutheran weekly publication from the Henkel Press in New Market, VA, which ran from 1873-1904 when it merged with The Lutheran Visitor to become the Lutheran Church Visitor. Footnotes

Bibliography
Several sentences above are extracted verbatim from these works

 J. C<mask>. American Lutheran Biographies (Milwaukee: A. Houtkamp & Son, 1890) pp. 114–15.Lutheran Cyclopedia (St. Louis: Concordia Pub. House, 1975) under "<mask>, <mask>." C.W. Cassell, W. J. Finck, and Elon O. Henkel, eds. History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee (Strasburg VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, 1930). Life Sketches of Lutheran Ministers: North Carolina and Tennessee Synods 1773-1965, North Carolina Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, 1966, p. 30
 Our Church Paper (New Market, Shenandoah County, Va: Henkel & Calvert, 1873–1904). Weekly newspaper for Lutherans in the Southeast, containing many editorials and sermons by <mask>.Oliver Taylor. Historic Sullivan; A History of Sullivan County, Tennessee, with Brief Biographies of the Makers of History (Bristol, Tenn: King Print. Co, 1909) under "<mask>. <mask>" in Biographies section. Goodspeed's History of Sullivan County
 The Sullivan County Historical Commission and Associates. Historic Sites of Sullivan County.. Compiled by Mrs. Muriel C. Spoon (Kingsport 1976), pp.21, 116-17, 133, 142, 225. Minutes of the Lutheran General Council, 1874-1886. External links
 Biography of <mask> <mask>

1817 births
1894 deaths
American Lutherans
American people of English descent
People from Sullivan County, Tennessee
People from Lincolnton, North Carolina
19th-century Lutherans

masks:
Abel J
. Brownnu
Brown
) Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Julian Teeter
Jacob
Brown
Joseph K
. Brown
Brown
John
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John Bachman
Brown
Brown
Abel J
. Brown
Jesus Christ
J L
. Jensson
Brown
Abel J
Brown
Abel J
Brown
Abel J
Brown


title: William Inge

texts:
<mask> (; May 3, 1913 – June 10, 1973) was an American playwright and novelist, whose works typically feature solitary protagonists encumbered with strained sexual relations. In the early 1950s he had a string of memorable Broadway productions, including Picnic, which earned him a Pulitzer Prize. With his portraits of small-town life and settings rooted in the American heartland, Inge became known as the "Playwright of the Midwest". Early years
Inge was born in Independence, Kansas, the fifth child of Maude Sarah Gibson-Inge and <mask>. <mask> attended Independence Community College and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech and Drama. At the University of Kansas he was a member of the Nu chapter of Sigma Nu. Offered a scholarship to work on a Master of Arts degree, Inge moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to attend the George Peabody College for Teachers, but later dropped out.Back in Kansas, he worked as a laborer on state highways and as a Wichita news announcer. From 1937 to 1938 he taught English and drama at Cherokee County Community High School in Columbus, Kansas. After returning and completing his Master's at Peabody in 1938, he taught at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, from 1938 to 1943. Career
<mask> began as a drama critic at the St. Louis Star-Times in 1943. With <mask>'s encouragement, <mask> wrote his first play, Farther Off from Heaven (1947), which was staged at Margo Jones' Theatre '47 in Dallas, Texas. As a teacher at Washington University in St. Louis between 1946 and 1949, he wrote Come Back, Little Sheba. It ran on Broadway for 190 performances in 1950, winning Tony Awards for Shirley Booth and Sidney Blackmer.(The 1952 film adaptation won both an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Shirley Booth. Willy van Hemert directed a 1955 adaptation for Dutch television, and NBC aired another TV production in 1977.) During his time teaching at Washington University, <mask>'s struggles with alcoholism became more acute; in 1947, he joined Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It was through AA that <mask> met the wife of a member of his AA group whose name was Lola and, who through name as well as personal characteristics, was the person upon whom one of the lead characters in Come Back, Little Sheba, "Lola", was based. Even as Come Back, Little Sheba was in a pre-Broadway run in early 1950, <mask> was filled with some doubt as to its success. He expressed in a letter to his sponsor in Alcoholics Anonymous, "If Sheba makes it in Hartford I guess it will go on to Broadway and if it doesn't I suppose I'll be back in St. Louis. If it does make it to Broadway, I don't know when I'll be back."<mask> never had to return to St. Louis. In 1953, <mask> received a Pulitzer Prize for Picnic, a play based on women he had known as a small child:
When I was a boy in Kansas, my mother had a boarding house. There were three women school teachers living in the house. I was four years old, and they were nice to me. I liked them. I saw their attempts, and, even as a child, I sensed every woman’s failure. I began to sense the sorrow and the emptiness in their lives, and it touched me.Picnic had a successful Broadway run from February 19, 1953, to April 10, 1954. A film adaptation made in 1955 was directed by Joshua Logan and won two Academy Awards. In 1953, <mask>'s short play Glory in the Flower was telecast on Omnibus with a cast of Hume Cronyn, Jessica Tandy, and James Dean. In 1955 his play Bus Stop premiered. <mask>'s inspiration of boy-pursuing-girl came from a similar situation he'd seen on a bus trip to Kansas City. Nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Play, it was made into a 1956 film starring Marilyn Monroe. In 1957 he wrote The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, an expansion of his earlier Farther Off from Heaven.The play was nominated for five Tony Awards, including Best Play, and was adapted as a film in 1960. His 1959 play A Loss of Roses, with Carol Haney, Warren Beatty, and Betty Field, was filmed as The Stripper (1963), with Joanne Woodward, Richard Beymer, and Claire Trevor, and a popular Jerry Goldsmith score. Natural Affection had the misfortune to open on Broadway during the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, which lasted from December 8, 1962, until April 1, 1963. Thus, few were aware of the play, and fewer bought tickets. It lasted only 36 performances, from January 31, 1963, to March 2, 1963. What theatergoers missed was a drama exploring themes of fragmented families and random violence. As with Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, the inspiration for Natural Affection came from a newspaper account of a seemingly meaningless and unmotivated murder.The play centers on a single mother, Chicago department store buyer Sue Barker (Kim Stanley). While troubled teen Donnie (Gregory Rozakis), Sue's illegitimate son, has been away at reform school, she has entered into a relationship with Cadillac salesman Bernie Slovenk (Harry Guardino). With Donnie's unexpected return to her Chicago apartment, conflicts escalate, and Donnie finds himself on an emotional precipice. The closing five minutes of the play introduces a new character, a young woman Donnie meets in the apartment hallway. He invites her into the apartment and, without warning, kills her as the curtains close. The Broadway production, directed by Tony Richardson, benefited from composer John Lewis's made-to-order background music, which was provided via tape recordings, rather than live performance, and worked in the same fashion as a film score. A highly successful revival of Natural Affection was mounted in 2005 at Chicago's The Artistic Home.Directed by John Mossman, it was named by the Chicago Tribune one of the year's best productions. <mask>'s The Last Pad premiered in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1972. Originally titled The Disposal, the world premiere of The Last Pad was produced by Robert L. "Bob" Johnson and directed by Keith A. Anderson through the Southwest Ensemble Theatre. The production starred Nick Nolte with Jim Matz and Richard Elmore (Elmer). The production moved to Los Angeles and opened just days after <mask> died by suicide. The original production in Phoenix was proclaimed the Best Play of 1972 by the Arizona Republic, while the Los Angeles production brought awards to Nolte and helped introduce him to the film industry and catapult his subsequent film career. The Last Pad is one of three of <mask>'s plays that either have openly gay characters or address homosexuality directly.The Boy in the Basement, a one-act play written in the early 1950s, but not published until 1962, is his only play that addresses homosexuality overtly, while Archie in The Last Pad and Pinky in Where's Daddy? (1966) are gay characters. <mask> himself was closeted. Summer Brave, produced posthumously on Broadway in 1975, is <mask>'s reworking of Picnic, as he noted:
It would be fair to say that Summer Brave is the original version of Picnic. I have written before that I never completely fulfilled my original intentions in writing Picnic before we went into production in 1953, and that I wrote what some considered a fortuitous ending in order to have a finished play to go into rehearsal. A couple of years after Picnic had closed on Broadway, after the film version had made its success, I got the early version out of my files and began to rework it, just for my own satisfaction. Summer Brave is the result.I admit that I prefer it to the version of the play that was produced, but I don't necessarily expect others to agree. Summer Brave might not have enjoyed any success on Broadway whatever, nor won any of the prizes that were bestowed upon Picnic. But I feel that it is more humorously true than Picnic, and it does fulfill my original intentions. About two dozen unperformed plays by <mask> began receiving wider attention in 2009. They were available for viewing, but not copying or borrowing, in the collection of his papers at Independence Community College. One, a three-act play titled Off the Main Road, was read at the Flea Theater in New York City on May 11, 2009, with Sigourney Weaver, Jay O. Sanders, and Frances Sternhagen in the cast. Another, The Killing, a one-act play, directed by José Angel Santana, and starring Neal Huff and J.J. Kandel, was performed at the 59E59 Theater, in New York City, through August 27, 2009.It is not yet known how many of these additional plays are complete. Besides Off the Main Road and The Killing, six others were performed in April 2009 at the William Inge Theater Festival, in Independence, Kansas. These six were published in A Complex Evening: Six Short Plays by <mask>. Television and film
In 1961 <mask> won an Academy Award for Splendor in the Grass (Best Writing, Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen). He made his film debut as a reverend in the film. John Frankenheimer directed All Fall Down (1962), <mask>'s screenplay adaptation of the novel by James Leo Herlihy. <mask> was unhappy with changes made to his screenplay for Bus Riley's Back in Town (1965), so at his insistence, the writing credit on the film is "Walter Gage".During the 1961–62 television season, <mask> was the script supervisor of ABC's Bus Stop TV series, an adaptation of his play. With Marilyn Maxwell as Grace Sherwood, the owner of Sherwood's Bus Station and Diner in a fictitious Colorado town, the series presented dramas about the townspeople and travelers who passed through the diner in 25 one-hour episodes. The sixth episode, "Cherie", with Tuesday Weld, Gary Lockwood and Joseph Cotten, was an abbreviated version of the original Bus Stop play. Robert Altman directed eight episodes, and one of these, "A Lion Walks Among Us", led to a Congressional hearing on violence. The episode, which starred Fabian Forte as a maniacal axe-wielding serial killer, was adapted from Tom Wicker's novel Told By an Idiot. In 1963 <mask> met with CBS to consider a one-hour filmed television drama about a family in a Midwestern town. The series, with six continuing characters, had the tentative title All Over Town, and was planned for the 1964–65 season.Instead, <mask> did a play, Out on the Outskirts of Town, which was seen November 6, 1964, on NBC as part of the Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre series. It starred Anne Bancroft and Jack Warden with <mask> taking the role of the town doctor. NBC gave the play a repeat on June 25, 1965. Novels

<mask> wrote two novels, both set in the fictional town of Freedom, Kansas. In Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1970), high-school Latin teacher Evelyn Wyckoff loses her job because she has an affair with the school's black janitor. The novel's themes include spinsterhood, racism, sexual tension and public humiliation during the late 1950s. Polly Platt wrote the screenplay for the 1979 film adaptation starring Anne Heywood as Evelyn Wyckoff.The film was released under several titles: The Shaming, The Sin, Secret Yearnings and Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff. My Son Is a Splendid Driver (Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1971) is an autobiographical novel that traces the Hansen family from 1919 into the second half of the 20th century. The novel received praise from Kirkus Reviews:
Mr. <mask>'s novel, told in the form of a memoir, is a little more extended than Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff and though there's a slackening of structure and splintering of content towards the second half, the first part is immaculate in both design and focus. It features the early years of Joey, the narrator here, and there are lovely scenes, as clear as the summer sunlight, with his family and on visits to assorted relatives. The time lag between Joey and his older brother Jule—his mother's favorite, my son the splendid driver, and an attractive playboy of this midwestern world—will never be reconciled. Even long after Jule's early death from a wanton incidental. Here Act I breaks away from Act II, a whole psychic anatomy of Joey's years as a young man in compressed and fractured incidents—one replayed from Miss Wyckoff and one which seems unnecessary (his parents' syphilis).Thus Joey grows up impaired, never resolving his relationship with his absentee father or insufficiently loving mother, and ends up with his "aloneness like a corridor that has no end". <mask> has told his story of life and death and all those spaces in between with a gentleness and probity which gives his novel a persistence few writers achieve. During the early 1970s <mask> lived in Los Angeles, where he taught playwriting at the University of California, Irvine. His last several plays attracted little notice or critical acclaim, and he fell into a deep depression, convinced he would never be able to write well again. Death and legacy

<mask> died of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning on June 10, 1973, at the Hollywood home he shared with his sister, Helene. He was 60 years old. <mask> is buried at Mt.Hope Cemetery in his hometown of Independence, Kansas. <mask> has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Beginning with the premiere of Come Back, Little Sheba in 1950, <mask> became wealthy from the success of his plays and movies. On the advice of his financial advisors, he began to buy works of contemporary art so he could reduce his taxes by donating them to museums. According to his biographer, “He bought only what he liked, but had excellent fortune in choosing what was going to become valuable...” [e.g. works by de Kooning, Pollock, and Modigliani]. <mask> liked the modern art he bought because, “...in its abstractions and distortions” he saw “a reflection of the distorted times in which he...lived, the times he...tried to portray” in his written work.He donated a total of ten contemporary paintings to the Nelson Gallery in Kansas City, Missouri. There is a black box theater named for <mask>ge in Murphy Hall at the University of Kansas. <mask> is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, inducted posthumously in 1979. Since 1982, Independence Community College's William Inge Center for the Arts in his hometown, has sponsored the annual William Inge Theatre Festival to honor playwrights. The <mask> Collection at the college is the most extensive collection of Inge material, including 400 manuscripts, films, correspondence, theater programs, and other related items. The March 2008 issue of The Brooklyn Rail featured interviews by playwright Adam Kraar of former Inge House resident playwrights Marcia Cebulska, Catherine Filloux, Caridad Svich, Lydia Stryk, and Alice Tuan, relating how Inge's life and work has influenced them. Works

Plays
1950: Come Back, Little Sheba
1953: Picnic
1955: Bus Stop
1957: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
1959: A Loss of Roses
1962: Summer Brave (a reworking of Picnic)
1963: Natural Affection
1966: Where's Daddy?1973: The Last Pad
Off the Main Road

Short Plays
 To Bobolink, for Her Spirit
 People in the Wind
 A Social Event
 The Boy in the Basement
 The Tiny Closet
 Memory of Summer
 Bus Riley's Back in Town
 The Rainy Afternoon
 The Mall
 An Incident at the Standish Arms
 The Strains of Triumph
 1953: Glory in the Flower
 The Killing
 The Love Death
 The Silent Call
 Bad Breath
 Morning on the Beach
 Moving In
 A Murder

Film and TV
1952: Come Back Little Sheba
1955: Picnic
1956: Bus Stop
1960: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
1961: Splendor in the Grass - Reverend Whitman (uncredited)
1963: All Fall Down
1964: Out on the Outskirts of Town (a reworking of Off the Main Road) - Doctor (final appearance)
1965: Bus Riley's Back in Town (as Walter Gage)

Novels
1970: Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff
1971: My Son Is a Splendid Driver

See also

References

Further reading

 Johnson, Jeff. <mask> and the Subversion of Gender: Rewriting Stereotypes in the Plays, Novels, and Screenplays. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2005. Radavich, David. "<mask>ge's Dramatic Mindscape." South Dakota Review 42:3 (Fall 2004): 49–69. Voss, Ralph F. A Life of <mask>ge: The Strains of Triumph.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2000. Listen to
Natural Affection audio scenes and interview

External links

William Inge Center for the Arts, at Independence Community College, in Independence, Kansas. <mask> Inge Collection at Pittsburg State University (Pittsburg, Kansas)
St. Louis Walk of Fame
<mask> Inge Collection at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas
 New York Public Library Blog about <mask> and Barbara Baxley

1913 births
1973 suicides
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
American gay writers
Writers from Kansas
Novelists from Missouri
People from Independence, Kansas
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Stephens College faculty
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
Suicides in Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Independence Community College alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Kansas
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
William Motter Inge
Luther Clay Inge
William
Inge
Tennessee Williams
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
William Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
Inge
William In
Inge
William Inge
William Inge
William In
William In
William Motter
William
William Inge


title: John Roach (shipbuilder)

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<mask> (December 25, 1815 – January 10, 1887) was an American industrialist who rose from humble origins as an  Irish immigrant laborer to found the largest and most productive shipbuilding empire in the postbellum United States, John Roach & Sons. <mask> emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen in 1832, eventually finding employment at the Howell Works of James P. Allaire in New Jersey, where he learned the ironmolder's trade. Following an abortive attempt at farming in Illinois in 1839, <mask> returned to Allaire's employment at the Allaire Iron Works in New York City, where he learned how to build marine steam engines. In 1852, after 20 years in the employment of Allaire, <mask> and three partners purchased a small New York ironworks which had fallen into receivership, the Etna Iron Works. <mask> soon became sole proprietor, and during the American Civil War transformed the Etna Works into a major manufacturer of marine engines. He continued to prosper after the war, diversifying into the manufacture of machine tools and buying out his main engine-building competitors in the postwar slump. In 1867 he purchased the Morgan Iron Works on New York's East River, and relocated his business there.In 1871, <mask> purchased the shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania of Reaney, Son & Archbold, which had fallen into receivership, and renamed it the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, which thereafter became his main facility. In the next few years he founded a network of new companies in Chester to support the shipyard's operations, including the Chester Rolling Mill, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company, the Hirsch Propeller Company, the Chalmers-Spence asbestos company, and later the Combination Steel and Iron Company and the Standard Steel Casting Company. To give his sons a stake in the business, <mask> founded the firm of John Roach & Sons, which became the overall parent and marketing company. He also attempted to create his own shipping line with the establishment of the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company, but this latter venture was a costly failure. From 1871 until 1885, John Roach & Sons was easily the largest and most productive shipbuilding firm in the United States, building more tonnage of ships than its next two chief competitors combined. In the mid-1880s the firm ran into trouble with a series of U.S. Navy contracts which became the subject of political controversy. <mask> had signed the contracts under a Republican administration, but when the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland came to power, it voided one of the contracts.Doubts over the validity of the remaining three contracts made it impossible for John Roach & Sons to obtain loans, and in 1885 the Roach shipbuilding empire was forced into receivership. <mask> died at his home in New York at the age of 71 on January 10, 1887, while his firm was still in the hands of the receivers. After settling all the company's debts, his sons found themselves still in possession of the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding Works in Chester and the Morgan Iron Works in New York, and they resumed the business, which was continued for another 20 years, although the firm never regained the preeminent position it had enjoyed under <mask>.'s leadership. Early life and career

<mask> was born on December 25, 1815 at Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ireland, the first of seven children to Patrick Roche, a retail salesman, and his wife Abigail Meany. The Roche family traced its origins back to Godebert de Rupe, a major landholder in Cork in the twelfth century. <mask>'s father Patrick made a modest living by collecting produce from the region's farmers to sell in the local township, and by purchasing the farmers' needs while in town. <mask> received only a rudimentary education, and went to work at the age of thirteen after his father Patrick fell on hard times.Patrick died in 1831, and <mask> was unable to find enough work to support the family. Around the same time, an uncle who had emigrated to the United States sent money for his two sons to join him, but their mother would allow only one to go, offering the second fare to <mask> instead, who accepted it. In 1832, at the age of sixteen, <mask> emigrated together with his cousin to the United States. Arriving in New York City, he was at first unable to find regular work, but eventually gained secure employment at the Howell Works of James P. Allaire on the recommendation of a former employee of his father. Howell Works

Roach began his employment at the Howell Works as a common laborer at 25c a day, collecting bricks and conveying them in a wheelbarrow to various building sites around the company grounds. Concerned about the potential ill effects of the brick dust on his health, he soon decided to improve his situation by learning the iron molder's trade. At the time, the firm's proprietor, James P. Allaire, charged an entry fee of sixty dollars for an apprenticeship, but impressed by <mask>'s dedication, he decided to waive the fee.This created some resentment on the part of the established iron molders, who at first disdained to teach <mask> their skills, subjecting him to various forms of humiliation instead. When Allaire heard of their treatment, he personally visited the molding floor and addressed the gathered tradesmen: "You see this boy—it is my wish that he should learn the trade—see to it that my wishes are not further disregarded." <mask> was thereafter taught the trade, eventually becoming a highly skilled iron molder. Attempt at farming

In 1837, the Howell Works' blast furnace exploded, bringing production to a standstill, and because of the financial panic which occurred the same year, Allaire was unable to raise the funds to fully repair it for two years. Although the Howell Works was self-sufficient in food, <mask> decided upon a change in career after a colleague encouraged him to take up farming in Illinois. In 1838, <mask> set out with $500 in savings to make a down payment on a farm in Peoria, Illinois, planning to send for his wife when the transaction had been concluded. His 28-day journey began with an 85-mile train leg, followed by transfer to a canal boat which in the course of its 385-mile route had to pass through no less than 176 locks.At the Allegheny Mountains, the boat was actually lifted in sections over the mountain on steam-driven cable cars before resuming its journey. The final leg of the journey was completed on a Mississippi riverboat. Once in Illinois, <mask> was dismayed to discover that so complete was the isolation of the region that corn served not only as the staple foodstuff, but also as the principal source of heating and even as the local currency. He nevertheless made a down payment on the farm, but his plans were dashed when he received news from his wife that the couple's remaining savings had been lost in some kind of financial failure. <mask> was forced to forfeit the farm, and with no remaining money took several months to work his way back to New Jersey. While his farming venture had ended in failure, <mask> learned much from the experience, including the vital importance of transport and proximity to markets. "I came to the conclusion then", he was later to write, "that it was better to own an acre or two of land where there was a railroad, and where you could get something for what you raised on your land, than to own the whole of Illinois without means of transportation."These were lessons he would apply to his own business model in later life. Later career

Etna Iron Works

After returning to his wife in New Jersey, <mask> resumed employment with James Allaire, but this time at the latter's engine building plant, the Allaire Iron Works in New York City. During his twelve years at the plant, <mask> applied himself to learning everything he could about the manufacture of marine steam engines. In 1852, <mask>, by now 37 years of age, joined with three other ironmolders, including his brother-in-law <mask> who had $8,000 in savings, to purchase a small New York ironworks which had fallen into receivership, the Etna Iron Works. <mask> was given the task of touting for business while his three partners attended to production on the shop floor. After its first year of operations, the business had made a modest $1000 profit, but now a dispute arose as <mask> wanted to invest the money in expanding the plant while his three partners preferred to split the money into dividends of $250 each. Realizing they had reached the limit of their ambition, <mask> secured a mortgage on the property and bought his partners out, making himself sole proprietor.In a three-month period, he made a profit of $8,000 from sales of iron castings to local shipyards, giving his new company a solid foundation. By 1859, the Etna Works employed 40 people, and in that year the company received a windfall capital injection when a lawyer friend named <mask> died and left <mask> trustee over his $70,000 estate, enabling <mask> to expand his business further. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, <mask> was in a position to take advantage of high demand by converting his plant into a manufacturer of marine steam engines. At its wartime peak, the Etna Works employed 2,000 people, and by the war's end it had become a leader in the industry. Morgan Iron Works

In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. government dumped more than a million tons of surplus shipping onto the market, depressing prices and leaving shipyards and marine engine builders with little or no work. From 1865 to 1870, many shipyards and engine builders were driven to bankruptcy. Roach, however, managed to prosper in this difficult period by diversifying into the manufacture of machine tools, and selling them to the U.S. Navy which was in the process of upgrading the facilities of its own shipyards.He secured almost a million dollars worth of such contracts between 1866 and 1868, and was thus able to buy out most of his competitors. In 1867 he purchased the Morgan Iron Works and relocated his business there, retaining the Etna Works only as a rental property. The Morgan Works, with its ideal location on New York's East River, would remain a key part of the Roach business empire for the next four decades. Chester shipyard

Roach had observed that Great Britain was steadily replacing its fleet of wooden-hulled sidewheel steamers with modern iron-hulled, screw-driven steamships. Anticipating a similar trend in the United States, he decided to establish an iron shipbuilding facility of his own. In 1871, he purchased the shipyard of Reaney, Son & Archbold in Chester, Pennsylvania, which had fallen into receivership. Roach renamed the yard the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works and invested heavily in expanding its facilities.To support its operations, he established a network of companies in Chester, including the Chester Rolling Mill, which supplied iron hull plates and beams to the yard, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company, for supplying boiler pipes and other ships' piping, the Chalmers-Spence Company, which supplied asbestos insulation for the steam pipes, and the Hirsch Propeller Company. He would later establish the Combination Steel and Iron Company for the production of iron and steel castings, and the Standard Steel Casting Company for the production of steel ingots, both of which firms would soon be engaged in producing steel for the shipyard. This network of vertically integrated companies enabled <mask> to largely eliminate third-party suppliers, cutting costs and thus allowing him to regularly underbid competitors. He quickly established himself as the nation's leading iron shipbuilder, building more tonnage of ships in most years than the aggregate output of his next two major competitors, Harlan & Hollingsworth and William Cramp & Sons. U.S. and Brazil Mail Steamship Company

Roach was not content with simply owning the largest shipbuilding empire in the United States. He had visions of transforming John Roach & Sons into a vast global transportation empire, and as the first step toward this goal, he established the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company in 1876 to operate a shipping line between the United States and Brazil. At this time, British shipping companies operated a highly lucrative "triangular trade" from Britain to Brazil to the U.S. and back to Britain which allowed them a near-monopoly on Brazilian imports.<mask> hoped to break into the Brazilian import market with his new shipping line, but lacking the funds to engage in a prolonged trade war, intended to rely on subsidies from the American and Brazilian governments to support his venture. The U.S. and Brazil Mail Company was launched with great fanfare, with President Rutherford B. Hayes and many members of Congress attending the launch of one of the company's first ships. To <mask>'s dismay however, both the Brazilian and U.S. governments ultimately rejected his application for subsidies, and his Brazil Mail company struggled on for a number of years before eventually failing. <mask> lost almost a million dollars in his Brazilian shipping line venture, leading to a shortage of operating capital for his business empire that would eventually contribute to its financial failure. Political controversies

As a result of his business dealings, <mask> found himself involved in a number of political controversies during the course of his career, as business competitors and political opponents alike sought to malign his reputation. He also attracted criticism as a consequence of his subsidy campaigns. A staunch Republican and generous donor to the Republican Party, <mask> enjoyed the patronage of successive Republican administrations, but the Democrats continued to suspect him of obtaining government contracts not through merit but from favoritism and jobbery with a corrupt Navy Department.While <mask> may indeed have benefited from a degree of favoritism under Republican administrations, no credible evidence was ever presented to substantiate the allegations of corruption made against him, and indeed his ability to regularly undercut his competitors sometimes saved the government considerable sums of money. Suspicions persisted however, and when the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland assumed office, it repudiated a partly completed set of government contracts with Roach, driving the Roach shipyard into receivership. Machine tools

The first substantial political controversy in which <mask> was engaged arose from his sale of surplus machine tools from the Etna Iron Works to the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1867. This sale raised the ire of two specialist Philadelphian machine tool manufacturers, William Sellers & Co. and Bement and Dougherty, both of whom had expected to be awarded the contract themselves. The two firms contacted their Congressional representative, William D. Kelley, who quickly raised the matter in Congress on behalf of his constituents. Kelley was appointed Chairman of a subcommittee to investigate the Roach contract. In support of claims that the contract had been awarded as a result of political

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title: John Roach (shipbuilder)

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 favoritism, Kelley produced two compliant experts who were prepared to testify against the quality of Roach's tools.The investigation soon drew the attention of the Navy's Bureau of Steam Engineering, Benjamin Isherwood, who appointed a board which took evidence from 25 independent experts on the quality of Roach's machine tools, and which unanimously repudiated the findings of the Kelley report. At this point the controversy should have ended in favor of Roach but now a staunch opponent of Isherwood's engineering department, Vice-Admiral David Dixon Porter, decided to use it as a means of discrediting Isherwood. Payments to Roach were suspended while the political battle continued for over a year, threatening Roach with bankruptcy. Finally however, the Navy agreed to accept the tools already received and to pay Roach $86,000 for release from the rest of the contract. <mask> realized the importance of political influence during this period, and secured the services of lawyer William E. Chandler who became his chief Washington lobbyist. <mask> also became a generous donor to the Republican Party. USS Tennessee

In August 1871, <mask> submitted a proposal to the U.S. Navy for refitting several warships with compound engines, asserting that the new engines would save space and reduce running costs by as much as 40%.The Navy agreed to an experimental engine refit for one vessel, , for which <mask> would receive $300,000 for two compound engines plus the ship's original engines for their scrap value. In February 1872, the editor of New York's The Sun newspaper, Charles Dana, initiated an editorial campaign against Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson, accusing him of receiving kickbacks from companies in return for favoring them with Navy contracts. Dana alleged that <mask> had corruptly received from Robeson the excessive sum of $700,000 to refit the Tennessee—$300,000 for the new engines plus a $400,000 scrap value for the old. In an extraordinary step, Congress consented to Dana's demand that he personally be given the power to cross-examine witnesses in a Congressional inquiry into the allegations. Dana was able to establish evidence of corruption in Robeson's case, but he failed to demonstrate any such evidence against <mask>. Dana's initial estimate of a $400,000 scrap value for Tennessee's old engines had been provided by former Navy Bureau Chief Benjamin Isherwood, but under oath Isherwood retracted his earlier estimate and submitted a new estimate of $175,000. This estimate was also incorrect however—in fact, the scrap value of Tennessee's old machinery was only $38,000 after subtracting the cost of removing it from the ship.<mask> was actually doing the job cheaper than for a similar contract he had recently completed for a private client. In spite of the lack of evidence, Dana never retracted the charges of corruption he had levelled against <mask> in the pages of The Sun. <mask>'s name had become tainted by his association with Robeson, and Democrats in particular continued to suspect him of receiving favorable treatment from successive Republican administrations. Pacific Mail subsidy

Shortly after opening his Chester shipyard, <mask> received a large contract from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company for the construction of seven modern iron-hulled, screw-propelled steamships to replace their ageing fleet of wooden-hulled sidewheel steamers. <mask> quickly began work on the contract, but in 1873, Pacific Mail confessed an inability to meet its obligations after the company's managing director squandered its capital reserves with a failed stock manipulation scheme and then absconded with a large amount of cash. <mask> was put in a difficult position as he still had several Pacific Mail ships in an uncompleted state on his slipways with an aggregate value in excess of $500,000. The situation was made worse when stock speculator Jay Gould, in an attempt to gain control of Pacific Mail by driving down its share price, lobbied Congress to cancel the $500,000 subsidy it had earlier granted to the company.Fearing that loss of the subsidy would bankrupt Pacific Mail, <mask> instructed his own lobbyist, William Chandler, to organize a counter-campaign. Unknown to <mask> however, Chandler also had Gould as a client, making Chandler reluctant to take any action which might lose him Gould's patronage. Gould's campaign was ultimately successful, and Congress cancelled the Pacific Mail subsidy. Fortunately, Pacific Mail survived the financial crisis, but <mask> was again maligned in Congress, this time by Gould's opportunistic extension of earlier attacks on <mask> portraying him as an unethical businessman supposedly surviving only as a result of political favoritism and government subsidies. USS Puritan

In 1873, the Virginius war scare with Spain prompted Secretary of the Navy George Robeson to order a new class of five monitors to protect America's ports. Two of these monitors— and —were contracted for with John Roach & Sons. Robeson soon ran out of money to pay for the monitors, and in 1876 was obliged to ask Congress for an additional $2,300,000 to complete them.Two days before leaving office, he gave orders for completion of the monitors and at the same time awarded a further $997,000 contract to <mask> for the addition of armored belts and turrets to Puritan. When the new Secretary of the Navy, Richard W. Thompson, assumed office, he appointed an ad hoc naval board to review the monitor contracts. The board concluded that the work <mask> had done on Puritan was first-class, and that the price of the contracts had been reasonable; however, it averred that the extra weight of the armored belts would render the ship unseaworthy. <mask> scoffed at the latter conclusion, but two further naval inquiries confirmed the findings of the first, as a result of which the government refused to honor the contracts. The Puritan controversy revived the attacks on <mask> alleging favoritism and jobbery, and he was forced to keep the uncompleted vessel in his shipyard at his own expense for the next five years. Only in 1882 did Congress finally approve completion of the ship, whose eventual performance would prove the conclusions of the earlier inquiries wrong. Brazil Line subsidy

In 1875, C. K. Garrison's United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company went bankrupt.The following year, <mask> decided to revive the company, believing that with the deployment of modern iron-hulled, screw-propelled steamships, he could succeed where the Garrison-run operation had failed. <mask> fully expected to receive a subsidy from the government to help him run the line, since the Garrison company had enjoyed a U.S. government subsidy worth $150,000 annually. Nevertheless, he launched his new Brazil Line with great fanfare, inviting President Rutherford B. Hayes and the entire U.S. Congress to the launch of one of the Line's first ships, and lobbying hard for the subsidy. Unfortunately, his high-profile campaign had the opposite effect to that intended, as a host of entrenched interest groups—including Bostonian sailing ship owners and merchants, free traders, and competitors in the shipbuilding industry—joined forces to oppose it. In 1879 the proposed subsidy bill was struck down in Congress. Forced to compete with subsidized British shipping lines for the Brazil trade without a subsidy of its own, Roach's Brazil Line steadily lost money. In May 1881, Roach wound up the company.His losses in the venture amounted to almost a million dollars, leading to a shortage of operating capital that would eventually contribute to the bankruptcy of his business empire. USS Dolphin

In 1881, William H. Hunt was appointed Secretary of the Navy by the new administration of James A. Garfield. Hunt conducted a review and found that the Navy at this time comprised a mere 52 seaworthy vessels, only 17 of which were iron-hulled, including 14 dated Civil-War era ironclads. Appalled at the Navy's dilapidated condition, he appointed an advisory board in June 1881 to look into the problem, which made some recommendations concerning the desirable qualities for a new generation of warships. Congress subsequently created a Naval Advisory Board to make more definitive recommendations, and in December 1882 the Board recommended the construction of four new warships to comprise the "nucleus of the New Navy"—three protected cruisers and one dispatch vessel. These would be the Navy's first steel warships. Since the Navy's own yards lacked the facilities to build the new ships, the four contracts were tendered to the private sector.On July 2, 1883, it was announced that John Roach & Sons had won all four contracts with an aggregate bid $315,000 lower than the next lowest bidder, William Cramp & Sons. Charles Cramp would later declare it impossible to build the ships at the prices tendered by <mask>, but with his own steel mills, <mask> could save $275,000 on the cost of the steel alone. His success in winning all four bids was however to revive the old charges of favoritism. Shortly after <mask> began building the new vessels, their design, authored by the Naval Advisory Board, came under scathing attack in the prestigious British engineering journal The Engineer. Editor of The Sun, Charles Dana, seized upon this article to renew the attack upon Roach, and the various faction-ridden departments in the U.S. Navy began to circulate their own criticisms. Soon the ships were being denigrated by press and politicians alike as "costly toy[s]", "egregious failures" and "comic naval architecture." The Navy began submitting an increasing number of design changes to Roach, leading to mounting cost overruns, and construction was further delayed by a nationwide shortage of the high quality steel the Navy demanded.By the time the first ship to be completed, , was ready for her final sea trials in early 1885, a new Democratic administration under Grover Cleveland had come to power. In spite of Dolphin passing her sea trials, the new administration, for whom <mask> had become a symbol of Republican corruption, found a pretext to declare the Dolphin contract void. <mask>, by now a terminally ill old man, placed his company into receivership a short time later. He later explained that with over $500,000 tied up in the four uncompleted U.S Navy ships, whose contracts might be declared void at any time, he was unable to raise the necessary loans to continue in business. Thomas Edison, a business acquaintance of <mask>, probably encapsulated the feelings of many <mask> supporters regarding the Dolphin affair with an entry in his diary:

... Read Sunday Herald, learned about <mask>'s failure. Am sorry. He has been pursued with great malignity by newspapers and others, from ignorance I think.Americans ought to be proud of <mask>, who started in life as a day laborer and became the giant of industry and the greatest shipbuilder in the United States ... What has he now for forty years of incessant work and worry? For people who hound such men as these I would invent a special Hades ... In spite of the heavy criticism initially levelled at them from many different quarters, the completion of the four ABCD ships—the Navy's first steel vessels—was later hailed as the "Birth of the New Navy", and all four vessels were to provide many years of reliable service. Death and legacy
During the protracted dispute over Dolphin, <mask> had fallen ill with a chronic mouth infection. In 1886, the illness was diagnosed as cancer. <mask> underwent surgery in spring of that year but it provided only temporary relief. He died at the age of 71 on January 10, 1887, while his business was still in the hands of receivers.At his funeral, held at St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church on Fourth Ave. and Twenty-second St., 500 mourners filled the galleries alone, many of them employees of John Roach & Sons who demonstrated a "real affection" for their late employer. <mask> was interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Following <mask>'s death and the settlement of all the company's debts, <mask>'s heirs found themselves still in possession of both the Chester shipyard and the Morgan Iron Works. <mask>'s eldest son <mask> <mask> assumed head of the business, which would continue for another 20 years, although the yard would never again regain the pre-eminent position in American shipbuilding that it had enjoyed under <mask>. In total, the shipyard established by <mask> built 179 iron ships between 1871 and 1907—98 under <mask>'s own management and an additional 81 under that of his eldest surviving son, <mask> <mask>. At its peak, Roach's business empire is said to have been the nation's largest employer with the exception of the railroad companies. After the retirement of the <mask> family from the shipbuilding business, the Roach yard was taken over by W. Averell Harriman, who built an additional 40 ships there for the U.S.Shipping Board during and after World War I. Personal life

<mask> married Emeline <mask>—sister of the Howell Works foreman, later <mask>'s business partner, <mask>—at James Allaire's mansion on the Howell Works property in 1836. The couple had nine children, three of whom, Garrett, James and Stephen, died in childhood. The others were William Henry, <mask>, Garrett 2d and Stephen 2d—all of whom followed <mask>. into the family business—and Sarah and Emeline. In 1898 Emeline <mask> married William Cameron Sproul who would become the 27th Governor of Pennsylvania. <mask> was survived by his wife, to whom he left a $5,000 annuity, and all his adult children except William. Footnotes

References
Hall, Henry (ed.)(1896): America's Successful Men of Affairs: An Encyclopedia of Contemporaneous Biography Vol. 1, New York Tribune, New York, page 542, as reproduced at the Allaire Village website. Heinrich, Thomas R. (1997): Ships for the Seven Seas: Philadelphia Shipbuilding in the Age of Industrial Capitalism, Johns Hopkins University Press, . Jordan, <mask>. (Ed.) (1914): A History of Delaware County Pennsylvania and its People, Lewis Historical Publishing Library, New York. Pedraja, René de la (1998): Oil and Coffee—Latin American Merchant Shipping from the Imperial Era to the 1950s, Greenwood Press, .Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965): <mask>, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862-1886 - United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing, ). Tate, E. Mowbray (1986): Transpacific Steam: The Story of Steam Navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867-1941 - Associated University Presses, . Tyler, David B. (1958): The American Clyde: A History of Iron and Steel Shipbuilding on the Delaware from 1840 to World War I, University of Delaware Press (reprinted 1992, ). External links

 Obituary, Daily Evening Bulletin, January 11, 1887

1816 births
1887 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
American company founders
American manufacturing businesspeople
American shipbuilders
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
John Roach & Sons
People from Chester, Pennsylvania
People from

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