title: Radu Irimescu

texts:
<mask> (December 9, 1890 – May 1975) was a Romanian businessman, politician, and diplomat. The son of an admiral, <mask> joined the Romanian Navy and, being first in his class, was sent to Germany, as a pre-World War I Romanian-German convention provided. Based in Kiel, he was a cadet in the Imperial German Navy and, again at the head of his class, was appointed a German naval officer, serving two years on a man of war, then being obliged to return to Romania. Admiral von Tirpitz himself held <mask> in high esteem. However, he became dissatisfied with his career in the Romanian Navy: after cruising the world on a German man of war, commanding a Danube monitor or a Black Sea torpedo boat was not very attractive to him and he left the navy after two years. He was then granted leave to attend courses at the Royal Technical College of Charlottenburg, from where he graduated with excellent marks. During World War I, Major <mask> served in the Romanian Air Forces and showed great skill as a pilot and as an organizer.He received a degree in engineering from Columbia University in 1920. After the war, Jean Chrissoveloni, a Bucharest banker, tasked <mask> with organizing the Chrissoveloni Bank in New York City. He ran the bank from 1921 to 1928, successfully closing the branch because he sensed a financial crisis coming and because operating a foreign bank tended to be unprofitable because more burdensome business regulations were placed on such institutions. At the time, it was the only Romanian banking institution in the United States. After it closed on April 1, 1928, <mask>, formerly agent and manager, stayed on for a time as its representative on Wall Street. When Queen Marie of Romania attended a luncheon in New York on October 22, 1926, <mask> heaped praise upon his host country: "It is natural...that Romania should look today to America for good will and cooperation...The wealth and resources of America are stupendous. Her leadership and influence in the affairs of the world are paramount today.Her prosperity is well established and well deserved...Let us...express the wish for the continuous prosperity of the United States of America and that of the entire civilized world." Upon his return to Romania, <mask> Vaida-Voevod National Peasants' Party cabinet, with the expectation that he would upgrade and modernize his branch of the military. Additionally, he served as interim Minister of War for a week in August–September 1937, in Gheorghe Tătărescu's National Liberal Party cabinet. In 1938 <mask> was appointed Minister to the United States. This drew some concern from the American Jewish Congress, as he had served in the recent Octavian Goga cabinet, which passed anti-Semitic legislation. Augustine Lonergan, Democratic Party Senator for Connecticut, forwarded these concerns to Secretary of State Cordell Hull.However, Hull reassured him, noting that as an aviation expert, <mask> had served in all cabinets since that of Vaida-Voevod, regardless of party, and that he himself belonged to no party. He also mentioned that <mask> had an American wife. The new envoy arrived in the United States with his wife on April 7, 1938, being greeted by a number of Romanians, including his brother Ştefan (1894-1967), active in the community. Upon his arrival he declared, "As far as I know, there is no anti-Semitism in Romania that deserves any special discussion or notice." Also in 1938, some three months after Queen Marie died, Time magazine printed a wry article claiming, for instance, that "she had long since been forgiven by most Rumanians for her endorsements of face creams, her exuberant U.S. junket, and the fact that in the end most of her dowagerish intrigues gained nothing for Rumania." The next month, an offended <mask> asked in the magazine, "Has not this great Lady done anything in Her life to justify a favorable comment on your part?" To his observation that "De mortuis nil nisi bonum", Time'''s editors replied: "De mortuis nil hokum."As might be expected for an ambassador, <mask> expressed public support for the royal dictatorship established by King Carol II (see National Renaissance Front). For instance, in a speech given at a social event on November 26, 1938, he proclaimed that "the last twenty years of experimentation with the so-called democratic regime has shown that political parties could and would act against public interest", claiming that the new system was based on an idea "of organization, of order against chaos, of a regime of social harmony wherein the source of rights is work and one's fulfillment of one's civic obligations, and not the exploitation of the community for personal interest and rapid enrichment." He lauded the new constitution adopted in 1938, which he said "sets up an equilibrium between liberty and authority...regulates the exercise of [civic] rights for the public good...insures...a disciplined liberty" and "disposes once and for all of partisan politics and libertine democracy." He repeated similar sentiments when the constitution's second anniversary was celebrated on March 3, 1940: "The entire development of Romania in the last two years is wholly the outcome of the new Constitution. "<ref>"Rumania's Basic Law Receives Praise Here", 'The New York Times, March 4, 1940.</ref>

On April 9, 1943, <mask> wrote a letter to The New York Times responding to criticism that Carol Davila, former Romanian Minister to the United States, had levelled against him in that newspaper. <mask> denied having represented the National Legionary State, claiming that as the King abdicated, he heard a Romanian Radio broadcast from Bucharest that Ion Antonescu had dismissed him; he wrote that he received a telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania the next day informing him of his dismissal and giving him until October 15, 1940, to pass on his account books to his successor. He stated that at the same time as his dismissal, all his property in Romania, "including bank accounts, securities, real estate" and furniture was confiscated, and that "Antonescu and his Iron Guard cronies have persecuted me relentlessly."As evidence of his "democratic ideals" he presented the fact that he became an American citizen in November 1941. Regarding the ongoing war, he opined that "Only a sincere cooperation of the democracies and Russia can rebuild the world." <mask> lived the rest of his life in the United States. In 1955, he was working for Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. That January, he attended a Motor Boat Show, buying a chrome-trimmed, 55-m.p.h. Coronado speedboat for about $5,500, ten minutes after the doors opened. References

Bibliography
"Rumanian Minister Trained in New York", The New York Times, August 28, 1932.1890 births
1975 deaths
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Romanian Air Force officers
Ambassadors of Romania to the United States
20th-century Romanian businesspeople
20th-century Romanian engineers
Romanian expatriates in the United States
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian Naval Forces officers
Romanian Ministers of Defence
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Radu Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescuandru
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu


title: Robert E. Kingston

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (born in 1955) is an American biochemist who studies the functional and regulatory role nucleosomes play in gene expression, specifically during early development. After receiving his PhD (1981) and completing post-doctoral research, <mask> became an assistant professor at Massachusetts General Hospital (1985), where he started a research laboratory focused on understanding chromatin's structure with regards to transcriptional regulation. As a Harvard graduate himself, <mask> has served his alma mater through his leadership. He was the head of the Harvard's Biological and Biomedical Sciences PhD program from 2004 to 2007, the chair of the Molecular Biology Department at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2005 to present day, the vice-chair of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and the chair of the executive committee on research at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2012 to 2015. In addition to being a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, <mask> frequently organizes conferences and performs editorials on his research interests. In 2016, he was elected by his peers to be a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Education
<mask> graduated from Harvard College in 1976.Four years later, he completed his PhD on bacteria's regulatory mechanisms at the University of California, Berkeley, while under the mentorship of Michael Chamberlin. He then performed postdoctoral research on mammalian post-transcriptional mechanisms at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of Dr. Philip Sharp. Research
<mask>'s research continues to have a significant impact on developmental biology and epigenetics, as it focuses on an important feature of eukaryotic gene expression: chromatin remodeling. His research can be applied to the field of gene therapy, specifically principles surrounding chromatin regulation. nusA protein
In 1981, <mask> received his PhD after working on a number of research initiatives surrounding genome regulation and expression. Through an in vitro study that mapped termination sites dependent on the nusA protein, he discovered that in vivo rRNA transcription is regulated by turnstile attenuation, a mechanism that terminates rrnB chains in the leader region. He found that this happens because of the specific presence and location of pause sites, located 90 and 91 bases from P1 promoter, which are sensitive to the presence of nusA protein and concentration of regulatory nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate.Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)
After recognizing that the myc gene was involved with tumor formation, <mask> drew a parallel between the presence of the myc gene and the increased genomic expression of HSP70. He also found that the genomic expression of HSP70 is also dependent on physiological stresses.5 Analyzing the gene sequences showed that heat shock, cadmium induction, and metallothionein II responsiveness are needed for HSP70 gene expression during the primary level of transcription. He observed that while the physiological factors have a role on one domain (distal) of the HSP70 promoter, the other domain (proximal) is more responsive to serum stimulation. After conducting in vitro transcription experiments, <mask> found that there is a heat-shock transcription factor (HSTF) that allows the interactions with the heat shock element (HSE), and that the HSP70 gene promoter also depends on a CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor (CTF) for CCAAT-box-dependent transcription. In vitro cell-free systems that have heat-induced activation of human heat-shock factor (HSF) were used to determine that at 43 °C, HSF undergoes post-translational modification to where it can then bind to a specific DNA sequence, HSE. SWI/SNF subunits of chromatin remodeling
<mask>'s primary research interests surround chromatin remodeling, and his breakthroughs within the field began when he discovered the functional subunit responsibilities of SWI/SNF, a chromatin remodeling complex that causes specific transcription factors to bind to nucleosomal DNA. He defined that two SWI/SNF subunits, BRG1 and BAF155, along with EKLF zinc-finger DNA binding domains (DBDs) can be used to remodel chromatin, meaning that these specific domains of SWI/SNF have an effect on transcription factor-directed nucleosome remodeling.He was also able to conclude that different domains of transcription factors target SWI/SNF complexes to chromatin in a gene-selective way. His work on nucleosomal DNA extends to his findings on TATA-binding protein (TPB), specifically how dynamic remodeling of chromatin can allow for TPB to bind onto the TATA sequence. His work on SWI/SNF led him to conclude that these two subunits are responsible for an “activation” function related to transcription. This is because a purified human SWI/SNF complex mediated the ATP-dependent disruption of a nucleosomal barrier, resulting in SWI/SNF activators (GAL4-VP16 and GAL 4-AH) binding onto the nucleosome core. Since the TATA sequence is inside a nucleosome, adding ATP will cause human SWI/SNF to recognize its chromatin structure and alter the nucleosomal DNA sequence so that the TPB can access and bind to it. From a broader perspective, this allows for more eukaryotic gene expression, since a variety of eukaryotic promoters will be regulated. Advancements in biotechnology
Because Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) contains a number of proteins that work together to repress SWI/SNF complex chromatin remodeling, <mask> refined a method to reconstitute a stable complex of proteins that together form a “chromatin structure” that excludes human SWI/SNF.<mask> found that in order to form the complex that silences chromatin remodeling, it must be stable and compact. Through electron microscopy, he found that the components of PRC 1 induce compaction of nucleosomal arrays. The compaction of chromatin occurs within the presence of three nucleosomes and a region of Posterior Sex Combs together. His work with Polycomb proteins further extends, as he helped develop a RIP-sequence method to capture the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) transcriptome in embryonic stem cells. Noting that Polycomb proteins factor into stem cell renewal and the formation of diseases, <mask>'s discovery of direct interactions (Ezh2 subunit) and PRC2 cofactors (Gtl2 RNA) really contributed to identifying the function of Polycomb proteins within the genome. Dr. <mask>'s heavy interest in chromatin remodeling also showed through his research regarding purifying the proteins associated with chromatin remodeling. He established a protocol, Proteomics of Isolated Chromatin Segments (PICh), where a specific nucleic acid probe is used to isolate genomic DNA with regards to the quantity and purity of associated proteins.The PlCh protocol was then used on telomeric chromatin to identify telomeric factors and resulted in finding a number of novel associations. <mask>'s advancements within the field of biotechnology extend into developing eukaryotic cell transfection protocols, for he also developed two methods of calcium phosphate transfection for transient and stable transfections. These two methods use a precipitate to introduce plasmid DNA into monolayer cell cultures. The difference between them is that one uses a HEPES-buffered solution while the other uses a BES-buffered system, but both form a precipitate over the cells and allow for similar levels of transient expression. Macromolecular interaction in chromatin remodeling
<mask>'s research surrounding chromatin remodeling dwells into understanding how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a role on chromatin binding sites. He was able to genome map NEAT1 and MALAT (both lncRNAs) and found that they localize overactive genes. His research also suggests that NEAT1 and MALAT interact with complementary proteins.He found that underlying DNA sequences are not responsible for targeting NEAT1 to chromatin, but it is rather transcriptional sequences that allow it to bind onto chromatin sites. <mask>'s work with lncRNAs extends, as he also discovered that DIGIT interacts with the Bromodomain-containing protein 3 (BRD3). He found that they work together to regulate endoderm differentiation transcriptionally. <mask> found another breakthrough: that a protein-protein interaction affected chromatin remodeling in the lymphoid system. He discovered that the Ikaros-NURD complex is able to target chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylation complexes in vivo. This allowed him to conclude that chromatin remodeling affects lymphocyte differentiation. Advances in structural and functional biochemistry
One of the biggest discoveries that <mask> found was that the nucleosome structure could be arranged into different conformations so that different biophysical properties can result, including mechanisms of transcription.Specifically, multiprotein complexes that were used for transcriptional regulation were found to acetylate nucleosomes, deacetylate nucleosomes, or alter nucleotome structure when ATP was present. These alterations would essentially be a major way to regulate eukaryotic gene expression. <mask> furthered this and discovered the novel nucleosome remodelling and deacetylating (NRD) complex. Through in vitro studies with CHD3 and CHD4 proteins with ATPase domains found in chromatin remodelling factors, Dr. <mask> established that there was a functional and physical link between nucleosome remodeling proteins and histone deacetylases’ chromatin-modifying features. Selected review publications

 The CBX family of proteins in transcriptional repression and memory
 Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription
 Mechanisms of polycomb gene silencing: knowns and unknowns
 Occupying chromatin: Polycomb mechanisms for getting to genomic targets, stopping transcriptional traffic, and staying put
 ATP-dependent remodeling and acetylation as regulators of chromatin fluidity
 Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes
 Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization

References

1955 births
American biochemists
Harvard College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living people

masks:
Robert E
. Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Robert Kingston
Kingston
Robert Kingston
Kingston
Robert Kingston
Kingston
Kingston


title: Albert Kitson

texts:
<mask>,  (21 March 1868 – 8 March 1937) was a British-Australian geologist, naturalist, and winner of the Lyell Medal in 1927. Early life
<mask> was born in North Street, Audenshaw, Cheshire, England, the son of <mask> from Manchester and Margaret, née Neil, from Edinburgh, Scotland. On his father's side the family had been stonemasons, while his maternal grandfather was a Scottish Presbyterian minister. <mask>'s early childhood was spent in Nagpur in the Central Provinces of India where his family moved when he was a year old. Around 1876 they emigrated to Victoria. Here John and Margaret taught at a State School in the gold-mining settlement of Enoch's Point in the Victorian Alps before John was appointed as head teacher of the, recently created, North Winton State School near Benalla. John died of angina in 1879 and so until her death in 1898 Margaret took over the running of the school which was attended by both her surviving children – <mask> and his younger brother (John) Sidney.Career
<mask> joined the Public Service in Victoria in 1886 as a clerk. Whilst still employed in this function he also carried out geological field work. This fired a passion and encouraged him to take up part-time studies in geology at the Working Men's College (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) and subsequently at the University of Melbourne. By 1903, he had risen to become second-in-command of the Geological Survey of Victoria of which he subsequently became senior geologist and for a time acting director. He contributed a number of studies on the mineral resources of Victoria and the Glacial beds of Tasmania. In 1907, <mask> recommended that the Buchan Caves in Gippsland, Victoria be set aside as a reservation to protect them from vandalism. After his initial work in Victoria, <mask> spent much of his subsequent professional life in Africa.Recognising his geological talents Professor J. W. Gregory recommended him for a post as Principal mineral surveyor in Southern Nigeria where he went on to discover coal and lignite. In 1909 he discovered black bituminous coal along the Enugu-Udi escarpment in Nigeria and high hopes were placed in such a potentially important coal deposit. The town of Port Harcourt was built in 1912 as an outlet for this Nigerian coal and was linked with Enugu via a railway line that extended northwards to Kaduna. The Enugu coal fields went into production in 1915 and caused an important immigration of population to Enugu earning the town the nickname of the "Coal City". The Nigerian coal turned out to be of poor quality and was used mainly for domestic consumption within the colonies, providing an important power resource for the railways and electricity. Although Kitson's mission was to discover mineral deposits which might be exploited by the British colonial authority he always combined this with a paternalistic concern to improve the material situation of the local populations. In 1912, after hearing a lecture by J. P. Unstead about the climatic conditions for wheat cultivation in North America, <mask>'s response was to ask whether Unstead's findings might be applied to Nigeria.<mask> argued: "Could a wheat-growing industry be established it would be a great boon to the people of West Africa." In paternalistic tones he went on: "It might in Northern Nigeria replace to a large extent the less valuable millet now grown there, while in Southern Nigeria it could materially supplement the staple foods- cassava, yams and maize". After Nigeria, <mask> continued his explorations in Africa, along with Edmund Thiele, working particularly in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) between 1913–30 where he was first Principal of the Mineral Survey and afterwards Director of the Geological Survey. <mask> travelled round the colony by train and bicycle and discovered sizeable mineral deposits including bauxite  and manganese. He discovered Bauxite, the raw material of alumina, in the Atewa Range near Kibi in 1914. The first manganese ore which he discovered was in May 1914 when he found occurrences near the Sekondi-Kumassi Railway about  from Tarkwa. These deposits were important to Britain's war effort, as supplies of these minerals from other locations had become difficult.During the last year of the war 32 000 tons of manganese, used in munitions production, were shipped to Britain from the deposits Kitson had found in the Gold Coast. Then in February 1919, together with his colleague E. O. Teale (formerly Thiele), he discovered on the Birim River the first deposits of diamonds to be found in the Gold Coast. The diamonds were of small size but high quality. Kitson observed that they were good crystals showing octahedron and dodecahedron. This proved to be a particularly valuable source of diamonds and the exportation of diamonds grew spectacularly. In 1934 the  of diamonds exported from the Gold Coast accounted for 39% of the world's supply that year. Kitson is also associated with the development of hydro-electric power in the Gold Coast/Ghana.In 1915 he was the first to recommend building a dam at Akosombo on the Volta River to generate hydro-electricity, hoping to use this to process the bauxite deposits that he had discovered in the Kwahu plateau the previous year. It was not until 1965 that the idea of the dam was put into effect when Ghana's first black president, Dr Kwame Nkrumah, decided to generate hydropower as a means of modernizing the economy. This development created Lake Volta, the largest man-made lake in the world. Late life
After his retirement from the Gold Coast in 1930 <mask> moved to Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, where he called his house "Benalta" (a reference to the original name of Benalla), as an indication of his enduring passion for Australia. Here he continued to be consulted on geological questions connected to Africa. In particular he reported on goldfields in Kenya during the so-called Kakamega Gold Rush of the early 1930s where gold-mining once again showed its disrespect for the rights of local communities and the environment. In his report for the Colonial Office <mask> suggested that possibly as much as half of the gold being prospected was wasted by amateur techniques.In an article for the magazine The Spectator, <mask> compared the influx of amateur gold-prospectors to a similar situation in Klondike in Canada in 1897-8 : "The road to Kakamega now resembles a miniature 'trail of 98' without the snow. Old mining men, from ex-Klondyke Pioneers to Australian backwoodsmen, are hurrying to the spot". But it seems that <mask>'s initial report had helped create the rush in the first place by highlighting the rich pickings available. As The Spectator noted: "Since the publication of Sir <mask>'s report, the population of the Kakamega goldfields had doubled". <mask>'s article in this magazine merely fuelled the rush still further. Numerous honours came <mask>'s way in recognition of his work. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918 and Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1922.In 1927 <mask> was knighted for his services to geology. The Geological Society of London elected him as a fellow in 1897, awarded him the Wollaston fund in 1918 before honouring him with the very prestigious Lyell Medal in 1927, an annual award given to an outstanding Earth Scientist. In 1929 he was appointed as President of the Geology Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and, following his retirement, he became President of the Geologists' Association in 1934. <mask> was an official representative of the British Government at International Geological Congresses (four times) and at World Power Conferences (four times). One of the Buchan Caves in Victoria Australia is named after him, as are a fossil mollusk, a fossil eucalypt and a living eucalypt. The Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus kitsoniana (Gippsland Malee) bears his name, as does the lizard Panaspis kitsoni (sometimes considered a synonym of Panaspis togoensis). <mask> Avenue in Takoradi in modern-day Ghana is named in his honour as is <mask> Court in Benalla, Victoria, Australia and <mask> Place in the Florey suburb of Canberra, Australia.For his obituary the journal Nature wrote: "SIR ALBERT KITSON, whose death occurred on 8 March, was a geologist of world-wide repute, and the discoveries which he made and which are now being exploited in many parts of the world entitle him to be classed as one of the foremost economic geologists of his time." From his earliest age, Kitson took an interest in the natural world around him. Throughout his career he collected fossils which he would send to museums in Victoria and London. He was fascinated by the Victorian Lyrebird, publishing an article on it for the Smithsonian Institution. In the Australian bush he learnt a facility to handle snakes and this would later earn him a reputation on the Gold Coast as a fetish priest. He was also a keen photographer. By the end of his first three years in the Gold Coast he had taken around 450 photos of the colony.Many of these are preserved in Ghana's national archive (where they are wrongly attributed to E. A<mask>). <mask> was also noted for his keen amateur interest in archeology, finding numerous artefacts which he made available to Museums in Africa and England. Nicknamed "Kittie", <mask> was a very religious serious-minded man and a teetotaller. He was quite strict as J. N. F. Green makes clear: "Lifelong self-discipline gave Kitson exceptional powers of endurance and concentration in difficult and trying conditions. Somewhat of a driver in the field, he never spared himself, taking the heaviest burden." L. J. Spencer, formerly keeper of minerals at the British Museum, described Kitson as "a most energetic little man; his constant companion was a small prospecting pan". Spencer remembered "a journey with him in 1924 in the mining districts of northern Ontario; at every halt of the train he was out with his little pan in any ditch he could find".At the award of his Lyell medal, Ormsby-Gore spoke of "his tireless energy, but his attractive and stimulating personality". In 1910 he married Margaret Legge, née Walker (1870–1920). After her death he married Elinore Almond Ramage (1892–1963) in 1927. Like his mother she was the daughter of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, although she herself was born in Victoria, Australia. Despite their advancing years (the couple had a combined age of around 100) they had two children: (Ernest) Neil (1928–2009) and David (1935–2011). <mask> died in Beaconsfield on 8 March 1937 of broncho-pneumonia and influenza. Sir <mask> is sometimes wrongly referred to as Sir <mask> or Sir <mask>.He is also sometimes confused with his contemporary <mask>, 2nd Baron Airdale (1863–1944) who does not appear to be related. References

Sources

The Times, 9 March 1937;
Proceedings of the Geological Society, Vol. LXXXIII, 1927, pp. XLVI- XLVII;
John Frederick Norman Green, "Obituary: <mask> <mask>", Quarterly Journal, Geological Society no. 94, 1938, pp. CXXV—CXXVII;
L. J. Spencer, 'Biographical notes of mineralogists recently deceased', The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, no 165, June 1939, Vol. XXV;
John M. Saul, Arthur J. Boucot, Robert M. Finks, "Fauna of the Accraian Series (Devonian of Ghana) including a Revision of the Gastropod Plectonotus", Journal of Paleontology, Vol.37, No. 5 (September 1963), pp. 1042–1053;
N. R. Junner & F. A. Bannister, The Diamond Deposits of the Gold Coast with Notes on Other Diamond Deposits in West Africa, GCGS, Gold Coast, 1943;
H. Service & J. A. Dunn, The Geology of the Nsuta Manganese Ore Deposits, GCGS, Kensington printer, 1943; "A Special Correspondent", "The Volta River Project", African Affairs, Vol. 55, No. 221 (October 1956), pp. 287–293;
Ann Brower Stahl, "Innovation, diffusion, and culture contact: The holocene archaeology of Ghana", Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 8, Number 1, March 1994, pp.51–112. <mask>'s publications include

A. E<mask>, "The Gold Coast", The Geographical Journal, vol XLVIII, no 5, November 1916, pp. 369–392;
A. E<mask>, "Proposed reservation of limestone caves in the Buchan District, Eastern Gippland", Rec. geol. Surv. Vict., 1907, II(I) :37–44;
Leonard Darwin, Tempest Anderson, A. E<mask>, E. O. Thiele, 'Some New Zealand Volcanoes: Discussion',  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 40, No.1 (July 1912), pp. 23–25;
Major Darwin, Walter Egerton, Dr. Falconer & A. E. <mask>, "Southern Nigeria: Some Considerations of Its Structure, People, and Natural History: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan. 1913), pp. 34–38;
A. E<mask>, "The Economic Minerals and Rocks of Victoria", Department of Mines, Special Report, Melbourne; J. Kemp, Acting Government Printer; 1906. pp. 517–536;
Percy Cox, K. S. Sandford, Vaughan Cornish, L. J. Spencer, <mask><mask>, R. A. Bagnold, "The Movement of Desert Sand: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 85, No.4 (April 1935), pp. 365–369;
A<mask>, "First Report on Kakamega Goldfield, Kenya", Mining Journal, London, 12 November 1932, pp. 757–8;
A. E<mask>, "Notes on the Victoria Lyre-Bird". Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1906, 363–374;
Percy Cox, H. H. Austin, <mask><mask>, W. Campbell Smith, E. B. Worthington, 'Teleki's Volcano and the Lava Fields at the Southern End of Lake Rudolf: Discussion",The Geographical Journal, Vol. 85, No. 4 (April 1935), pp. 336–341
Prof. Myres, R. H. Curtis, W. P. Rutter, J. Wrigley, A. E<mask>, J. F. Unstead, "The Climatic Limits of Wheat Cultivation, with Special Reference to North America: Discussion', The Geographical Journal, Vol.39, No. 5 (May 1912), pp. 441–446
A. E<mask>, "The possibility of Bui Gorge as the site of hydro-electric station". Gold Coast. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1. Accra, Gold Coast, 1925;
<mask>, Memorandum On the Operations of the Geological Survey Department of the Gold Coast, 1913–30.Gold Coast, No. XXII of 1930–31. Accra: Printed by the Government Printer at the Government Printing Office, 1930;
A. E<mask>, "Observations on the geology of Mount Mary and the lower Werribee Valley". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 14, 1902 pp. 153–165;
John Dennant, & A. E<mask>, "Catalogue of the described species of fossils (except Bryozoa and Foraminifera) in the Cainozoic fauna of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania". Records of the Geological Survey of Victoria 1, 1903, pp. 89–147;
A. E<mask>, Report on the Discovery of Diamonds at Abomosa, Northwest of Kibbi, Eastern Province, Gold Coast, Govt.Press, Accra, Gold Coast, 1919;
A. E. Kitson & E. O.Thiele, "The Geography of the Upper Waitaki Basin, New Zealand", Geographical Journal, vol. 36, 1910, p. 431. External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070317210951/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/IDA/USAID/RC/Guide_to_Electric%20Power_in_Ghana.pdf
 Yonatan Girmay, "Assessing the Environmental Impacts of a Hydropower Project: The case of Akosombo/Kpong Dams in Ghana". Master of Science Thesis, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006
 History of Akosombo dam at www.ghanaweb.com
 The History – Volta River Authority at www.vra.com
 M. Andreini, N. van de Giesen, A. van Edig, M. Fosu, W. Andah, "Volta Basin Water Balance", No. 21, ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy Bonn, March 2000. More about Kete Krachi at pacodepgh.org
 PN6 pdf.

masks:
Sir Albert Ernest Kitson
Kitson
John Kitson
Albert
Albert
Albert Kitson
Albert Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Albert Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Albert Kitson
Albert Kitson
Arthur Kitson
Alfred Kitson
Albert Kitson
Albert Ernest
Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
Albert E
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
Albert E
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
Albert Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson


title: William Wyler

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask> (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a Swiss-German-American film director and producer who won the Academy Award for Best Director three times, those being for Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Ben-Hur (1959), all of which also won for Best Picture. In total, he holds a record twelve nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director. Born in Alsace, then in Germany, but later part of France, <mask> was a troublemaker in the schools of his youth. He emigrated to United States in 1921, working first for Universal Studios in New York before moving to Los Angeles. By 1925, he was the youngest director at Universal, and in 1929 he directed Hell's Heroes, Universal's first sound production filmed entirely on location. In 1936, he earned his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for Dodsworth, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, "sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness." He helped propel a number of actors to stardom, including finding and directing Audrey Hepburn in her debut film, Roman Holiday (1953), and directing Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl (1968), both winning Academy Awards.Olivia de Havilland and Bette Davis both won their second Oscar in <mask> films, de Havilland for The Heiress (1949) and Davis for Jezebel. Davis said <mask> made her a "far, far better actress" than she had ever been, while Laurence Olivier, who received his first Oscar nomination for <mask>'s Wuthering Heights (1939), credited <mask> with teaching him how to act for the screen. <mask>'s three Best Picture-winning films each featured a Best Actress or Actor Oscar winner - Greer Garson in Mrs Miniver, Frederic March in The Best Years of Our Lives, and Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur. Other popular <mask> films include: The Westerner (1940) with Gary Cooper, The Letter (1940) again with Davis, Detective Story (1951) with Kirk Douglas, Friendly Persuasion (1956) with Cooper, The Big Country (1958) with Gregory Peck and Heston, The Children's Hour (1961) with Hepburn, Shirley MacLaine and James Garner, and How to Steal a Million (1966) with Hepburn and Peter O'Toole. Film historian Ian Freer calls <mask> a "bona fide perfectionist", whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, "became the stuff of legend." His ability to direct a string of classic literary adaptations into huge box-office and critical successes made him one of "Hollywood's most bankable moviemakers" from the 1930s to 1960s. Through his talent for staging, editing, and camera movement, he turned dynamic theatrical spaces into cinematic ones.For his work <mask> was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement, the Director's Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award and the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Mulhouse, Alsace (then part of the German Empire). His Swiss-born father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman but later became a thriving haberdasher in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie (née Auerbach; died February 13, 1955, Los Angeles, aged 77), was German-born, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, founder of Universal Pictures. During <mask>'s childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed a reputation as "something of a hellraiser", being expelled more than once for misbehavior. His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, and the theatre, as well as the early cinema. Sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment.<mask> was supposed to take over the family haberdashery business in Mulhouse, France. After World War I, he spent a dismal year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts and ties. He was so poor that he often spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the haberdashery business, his mother, Melanie, contacted her distant cousin, Carl Laemmle who owned Universal Studios, about opportunities for him. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, searching for promising young men who would work in America. In 1921, <mask>, while traveling as a Swiss citizen (his father's status automatically conferred Swiss citizenship to his sons), met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As <mask> said: "America seemed as far away as the moon."Booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner (later the famous independent agent), aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived, however, as they found they had to pay back the cost of the passage out of their $25 weekly income as messengers to Universal Pictures. After working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York Army National Guard for a year, <mask> moved to Hollywood to become a director. Career

1920s
Around 1923, <mask> arrived in Los Angeles and began work on the Universal Studios lot in the swing gang, cleaning the stages and moving the sets. His break came when he was hired as a second assistant editor. But his work ethic was uneven, and he would often sneak off and play billiards in a pool hall across the street from the studio, or organize card games during working hours. After some ups and downs (including getting fired), <mask> focused on becoming a director and put all his effort into it.He started as a third assistant director and by 1925 he became the youngest director on the Universal lot directing the westerns that Universal was famed for turning out. <mask> was so focused on his work that he would dream about "different ways (for an actor) to get on a horse". In several of the one-reelers, he would join the posse in the inevitable chase of the 'bad man'. He directed his first non-Western, the lost Anybody Here Seen Kelly?, in 1928. This was followed by his first part-talkie films, The Shakedown and The Love Trap. He proved himself an able craftsman. In 1928 he became a naturalized United States citizen.His first all-talking film, and Universal's first sound production to be filmed entirely on location, was Hell's Heroes, filmed in the Mojave Desert in 1929. 1930s
In the early 1930s <mask> directed a wide variety of films at Universal, ranging from high-profile dramas such as The Storm with Bebe Daniels, A House Divided with Walter Huston, and Counsellor at Law with John Barrymore, to comedies like Her First Mate with Zasu Pitts and The Good Fairy with Margaret Sullavan. He became well known for his insistence on multiple retakes, resulting in often award-winning and critically acclaimed performances from his actors. After leaving Universal he began a long collaboration with Samuel Goldwyn for whom he directed such classics as Dodsworth (1936) with Walter Huston, These Three (1936) with Miriam Hopkins and Merle Oberon, Dead End (1937) with Humphrey Bogart, Wuthering Heights (1939) with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, The Westerner (1940) with Gary Cooper and Walter Brennan, The Little Foxes (1941) with Bette Davis, and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) with Myrna Loy and Fredric March. It was during this time that <mask> began his famous collaboration with cinematographer Gregg Toland. Toland and <mask> virtually created the "deep focus" style of filmmaking wherein multiple layers of action or characters could be seen in one scene, most famous being the bar scene in The Best Years of Our Lives. Toland went on to use the deep focus he mastered with <mask> when he shot Orson Welles' Citizen Kane.Bette Davis received three Oscar nominations for her screen work under <mask>, and won her second Oscar for her performance in <mask>'s 1938 film Jezebel. She told Merv Griffin in 1972 that <mask> trained her with that film to be a "far, far better actress" than she had been. She recalled a scene that was only a bare paragraph in the script, but "without a word of dialog, Willy created a scene of power and tension. This was moviemaking on the highest plane," she said. "A scene of such suspense that I never have not marveled at the direction of it." During her acceptance speech when she received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1977, she thanked him. Laurence Olivier, whom <mask> directed in Wuthering Heights (1939) for his first Oscar nomination, credited <mask> with teaching him how to act for the screen, despite clashing with <mask> on multiple occasions.Olivier would go on to hold the record for the most nominations in the Best Actor category at nine, tied with Spencer Tracy. Critic Frank S. Nugent wrote in the New York Times, "<mask> has directed it magnificently. It is, unquestionably, one of the most distinguished pictures of the year." Variety described Olivier's performance as "fantastic... he not only brings conviction to his portrayal but translates intelligently its mystical quality." Five years later, in 1944, while visiting London, <mask> met with Olivier and his actress wife, Vivien Leigh. She invited him to see her performance in The Doctor's Dilemma, and Olivier asked him to direct him in his planned film, Henry V. But <mask> said he was "not a Shakespearian" and turned down the offer. In 1950, <mask> and Olivier made a second film together, Carrie, which was not a commercial success.However, some critics state that it nonetheless contains Olivier's finest film performance, but because of its old-fashioned story, the film was very under-appreciated: In critic Michael Billington's opinion:

Director and screenwriter John Huston had been a close friend of <mask> during his career. When he was twenty-eight and penniless, sleeping in parks in London, Huston returned to Hollywood to see if he could find work. <mask>, four years his senior, had met Huston when he was directing his father, Walter Huston, in A House Divided in 1931, and they got along well. <mask> read dialogue suggestions that Huston had given to his father Walter and hired John to work on the dialogue for the script. He later inspired Huston to become a director and became his "early mentor." When America entered World War II in 1941, <mask>, Huston, Anatole Litvak and Frank Capra, by then all directors, enlisted at the same time. Later in his career, Huston recalled his friendship with <mask> during an interview:

1940s

In 1941, <mask> directed Mrs. Miniver, based on the 1940 novel; it was the story of a middle-class English family adjusting to the war in Europe and the bombing blitz in London.It starred Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. Pidgeon originally had doubts about taking on the role, until fellow actor Paul Lukas told him, "You will find working with <mask> to be the most delightful experience you ever had, and that's the way it turned out." Pidgeon recalls: "One thing that would have been a terrific regret in my life is if I had succeeded in getting out of doing Mrs. Miniver" He received his first Oscar nomination for his role, while his co-star, Greer Garson, won her first and only Academy Award for her performance. The idea for the film was controversial since it was intended to make America less isolationist. By portraying the real-life suffering of British citizens in a fictional story, Americans might be more prone to help Britain during their war effort. The film succeeded in its propaganda elements, showing England during its darkest days of the war. Years later, after having been in the war himself, <mask> said that the film "only scratched the surface of war...It was incomplete." However, before America entered the war in December 1941, all films that could be considered anti-Nazi were banned by the Hays Office. U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, Joseph Kennedy, told the studios to stop making pro-British and anti-German films. Kennedy felt that British defeat was imminent. But MGM producer Eddie Mannix disagreed, saying that "someone should salute England. And even if we lose $100,000, that'll be okay." Mrs. Miniver went on to win six Academy Awards, becoming the top box office hit of 1942.It was <mask>'s first Academy Award for Best Director. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill both loved the film, said historian Emily Yellin, and Roosevelt wanted prints rushed to theaters nationwide. The Voice of America radio network broadcast the minister's speech from the film, magazines reprinted it, and it was copied onto leaflets and dropped over German-occupied countries. Churchill sent MGM head Louis B. Mayer a telegram claiming that "Mrs. Miniver is propaganda worth 100 battleships." Bosley Crowther wrote in his New York Times review that Mrs. Miniver was the finest film yet made about the war, "and a most exalting tribute to the British." Between 1942 and 1945, <mask> volunteered to serve as a major in the United States Army Air Forces and directed a pair of documentaries: The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944), about a Boeing B-17 and its U.S. Army Air Force crew; and Thunderbolt! (1947), highlighting a P-47 fighter-bomber squadron in the Mediterranean.<mask> filmed The Memphis Belle at great personal risk, flying over enemy territory on actual bombing missions in 1943; on one flight, <mask> lost consciousness from lack of oxygen. <mask>'s associate, cinematographer Harold J. Tannenbaum, a First Lieutenant, was shot down and perished during the filming. Director

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title: William Wyler

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 Steven Spielberg describes <mask>'s filming of Memphis Belle in the 2017 Netflix series, Five Came Back. Before being assigned to the Air Force, <mask> was  hired to direct the documentary The Negro Soldier on African-Americans in the United States Armed Forces. Working on Thunderbolt! <mask> was exposed to such loud noise that he passed out. When he awoke, he found he was deaf in one ear.Partial hearing with the aid of a hearing aid eventually came back years later. <mask> returned from the War a lieutenant colonel and a disabled veteran. Returning from the War and unsure whether he could work again, <mask> turned to a subject that he knew well and directed a film which captured the mood of the nation as it turned to peace after the war, The Best Years of Our Lives (1946). This story of the homecoming of three veterans from World War II dramatized the problems of returning veterans in their adjustment back to civilian life. Arguably his most personal film, Best Years drew on <mask>'s own experience returning home to his family after three years on the front. The Best Years of Our Lives won the Academy Award for Best Director (<mask>'s second) and Academy Award for Best Picture, as well as seven other Academy Awards. In 1949 <mask> directed The Heiress, which earned Olivia de Havilland her second Oscar and garnered additional Oscars for Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, and Best Music.The film is considered by some to be a highlight in her career, "that could strike envy even in the most versatile and successful actress," according to one critic. De Havilland had seen the play in New York and felt she could play the lead perfectly. She then called <mask> to convince him to have Paramount buy the film rights. He flew to New York to see the play and moved by the story, convinced the studio to buy it. Along with de Havilland, he managed to get Montgomery Clift and Ralph Richardson to co-star. 1950s
In 1951, <mask> produced and directed Kirk Douglas and Eleanor Parker in Detective Story, portraying a day in the lives of the various people in a detective squad. Lee Grant and Joseph Wiseman made their screen debuts in the film, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including one for Grant.Critic Bosley Crowther lauded the film, describing it as "a brisk, absorbing film by producer-director <mask>, with the help of a fine, responsive cast." Carrie was released in 1952 starring Jennifer Jones in the title role and Laurence Olivier as Hurstwood. Eddie Albert played Charles Drouet. Carrie received two Academy Award nominations: Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Art Direction (Hal Pereira, Roland Anderson, Emile Kuri). <mask> was reluctant to cast Jennifer Jones, and the filming was subsequently plagued by a variety of troubles. Jones had not revealed that she was pregnant; <mask> was mourning the death of his year-old son; Olivier had a painful leg ailment, and he developed a dislike for Jones. Hollywood was reeling under the effects of McCarthyism, and the studio was afraid to distribute a film that could be attacked as immoral.Ultimately, the ending was changed and the film was cut to make it more positive in tone. During the immediate postwar period, <mask> directed a handful of critically acclaimed and influential films. Roman Holiday (1953) introduced Audrey Hepburn to American audiences in her first starring role, winning her an Academy Award for Best Actress. <mask> said of Hepburn years later, when describing truly great actresses, "In that league there's only ever been Garbo, and the other Hepburn, and maybe Bergman. It's a rare quality, but boy, do you know when you've found it." The film was an instant hit, also winning for Best Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Writing (Dalton Trumbo). Hepburn would eventually do three movies with <mask>, who her son said was one of the most important directors in her career.Friendly Persuasion (1956) was awarded the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the Cannes Film Festival. And in 1959, <mask> directed Ben-Hur, which won 11 Oscars, a feat unequaled until Titanic in 1997 and The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King in 2003. He had also assisted in the production of the 1925 version. <mask> and its star, Charlton Heston, both knew what the film meant for MGM, which had massive investments in its final outcome, with the film's budget having gone from $7 million to $15 million, and the fact that MGM was already in dire financial straits. They were aware that if it failed at the box office, MGM might go bankrupt. The film, like many epics, was difficult to make. When Heston was asked which scene he enjoyed doing most, he said "I didn't enjoy any of it.It was hard work." Part of the reason for that was the financial stress placed on making the film a success. With a cast of fifteen thousand extras, a leading star, and being shot on 70mm film with stereophonic tracks, it was the most expensive film ever made at that time. The nine-minute chariot race, for example, took six months to film. Ben-Hur became a great box office success. <mask> won his third Academy Award for Best Director and Charlton Heston his first and only Academy Award as its star. Heston recalled in his autobiography that at first he had doubts about taking the role.But his agent advised him otherwise: "Don't you know that actors take parts with <mask> without even reading the damn script? I'm telling you, you have to do this picture!" Kirk Douglas had lobbied <mask>, who directed him in Detective Story in 1951, for the title role, but only after <mask> had already decided on Heston. He offered him instead the role of Messala, which Douglas rejected. Douglas then went on to star in Spartacus (1960). Ben-Hur cost $15 million to produce but earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide. Audiences mobbed movie theaters in the months after it opened.Critic Pauline Kael praised <mask>'s achievement:

1960s

In 1961 he became a director for 20th Century Fox and also cast James Garner in The Children's Hour with Audrey Hepburn and Shirley MacLaine. Garner had beaten Warner Bros. in a lawsuit, enabling him to leave the television series Maverick, and had been briefly graylisted as a result but <mask> broke the graylist by casting him; the following year, Garner played a  leading role in four major motion pictures. In 1968 he directed Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl, costarring Omar Sharif, which became a huge financial success. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, and like Audrey Hepburn in her first starring role, Streisand won as Best Actress, becoming the thirteenth actor to win an Oscar under his direction. Streisand had already starred in the Broadway musical of Funny Girl, with seven hundred performances. And although she knew the part well, <mask> still had to mold her stage role for the screen. She naturally wanted to be involved in the film's production, often asking <mask> questions, but they got along well."Things were ironed out when she discovered some of us knew what we were doing," kidded <mask>. What originally attracted him to direct Streisand was similar to what attracted him to Audrey Hepburn, who had also been new to film audiences. He met with Streisand during her musical run and became excited at the prospect of guiding another new star into an award-winning performance. He sensed and admired that Streisand had the same kind of dedication to being an actress as did Bette Davis, early in her career. "It just needed to be controlled and toned down for the movie camera." <mask> said afterwards:

<mask> was hired to direct Patton (1970), but quit before the beginning of production in 1969. The last film <mask> directed was The Liberation of L.B.Jones, released in 1970. <mask> had worked with cinematographer Gregg Toland for six of his films, mostly in the 1930s. Toland used deep focus photographic technique for most of them, whereby he could keep all objects on the screen, whether foreground or background, in sharp focus at the same time. The technique gives the illusion of depth and therefore makes the scene more true to life. A perfectionist, <mask> earned the nickname "40-take <mask>". On the set of Jezebel, <mask> forced Henry Fonda through 40 takes of one particular scene, his only guidance being "Again!" after each take.When Fonda asked for more direction, <mask> responded, "It stinks." Similarly, when Charlton Heston quizzed the director about the supposed shortcomings of his performance in Ben-Hur, <mask> simply told Heston "Be better!" However, Heston notes that by the time a scene is done, regardless of how hard it was to do, it always came off well:

Legacy

Fourteen actors won Oscars under <mask>'s direction, including Bette Davis in Jezebel (1938) and her nomination for The Letter (1940). Davis summed up their work together: "It was he who helped me to realize my full potential as an actress. I met my match in this exceptionally creative and talented director." Other Oscar winners were Olivia de Havilland in The Heiress (1949), Audrey Hepburn in her debut film, Roman Holiday (1953), Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur (1959), and Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl (1968). <mask>'s films garnered more awards for participating artists and actors than any other director in the history of Hollywood.He received 12 Oscar nominations for Best Director, while dozens of his collaborators and actors won Oscars or were nominated. In 1965, <mask> won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement. Eleven years later, he received the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. In addition to his Best Picture and Best Director Oscar wins, 13 of <mask>'s films earned Best Picture nominations. Other late <mask> films include The Children's Hour (1961), which was nominated for five Academy Awards. Later films included The Collector (1963), Funny Girl (1968), and his final film, The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970).Many of <mask>'s home movies are held by the Academy Film Archive; the archive preserved a number of them in 2017. Personal life and death
<mask> was briefly married to actress Margaret Sullavan (from November 25, 1934 – March 13, 1936) and married actress Margaret "Talli" Tallichet on October 23, 1938. The couple remained together until his death; they had five children: Catherine, Judith, <mask>., Melanie and David. Catherine said during an interview that her mother played an important part in his career, often being his "gatekeeper" and his reader of scripts presented to him. On July 24, 1981, <mask> gave an interview with his daughter, Catherine, for Directed by <mask>, a PBS documentary about his life and career. Three days later, he died from a heart attack. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.Filmography

Honors and awards
<mask> is the most nominated director in Academy Awards history with twelve nominations. He won the Academy Award for Best Director on three occasions, for his direction of Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Ben-Hur (1959). He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also the only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976.Among those who thanked him for directing her in her debut film, was Barbra Streisand. For his contributions to the motion picture industry, on February 8, 1960, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1731 Vine Street. In 1961, <mask> was chosen as one of 50 outstanding Americans of meritorious performance in the fields of endeavor, to be honored as a Guest of Honor to the first annual Banquet of the Golden Plate in Monterey, California. Honor was awarded by vote of the National Panel of Distinguished Americans of the Academy of Achievement. References

External links

 <mask> bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
 In Loving Memory Of <mask>
 Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
 "The Little Foxes" and <mask>'s screen collaborations with playwright Lillian Hellman
 Margaret Tallichet and <mask> remembered at Alabama festival
 The Fighting Lady
 William Wyler papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1902 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male actors
AFI Life Achievement Award recipients
Alsatian Jews
American film directors
American film producers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American people of Swiss-Jewish descent
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Best Director Golden Globe winners
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaf film directors
Deaf people from the United States
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
English-language film directors
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
People from Mulhouse
United States Army Air Forces officers
Western (genre) film directors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
New York National Guard

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title: P. J. Ryan

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<mask> "P. J.<mask> (born 15 June 1977) is an Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Kilkenny senior team. Born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny, <mask> first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Thurles CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 1999 championship. <mask> later became a regular member of the starting fifteen, and won three All-Ireland medals, four Leinster medals and two National League medals on the field of play.He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, <mask> won two Railway Cup medals. At club level <mask> continues to play with Fenians. <mask>'s father, also P. J<mask>, won three All-Ireland medals as reserve goalkeeper to Noel Skehan between 1974 and 1979. Throughout his career <mask> made 18 championship appearances. He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 18 January 2012. Playing career

Club

<mask> plays his club hurling with the Fenians club in Johnstown and enjoyed much success during his underage career.In 1995 he won a championship medal in the minor "B" grade following a narrow 1–14 to 1–13 defeat of <mask>'s. Two years later in 1997 <mask> was a key member of the club's under-21 team. He won a championship medal in the "B" grade once again, following a 1–11 to 1–2 trouncing of Piltown. Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny in 1995 when he joined the minor side. He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 4–16 to 2–6 defeat of Offaly. The subsequent All-Ireland decider pitted Kilkenny against old rivals Cork, with <mask> lining out in goal. The game turned into a rout as Cork won easily by 2–10 to 1–2.In 1998 <mask> was a key member of the Kilkenny under-21 team. A 2–10 to 0–12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his sole Leinster medal in that grade. Senior

Beginnings

In 1999 <mask> first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team. In the week leading up to the All-Ireland final with Cork, reserve goalkeeper Martin Carey broke his finger and had to withdraw. <mask> was quickly drafted onto the panel, however, he remained on the bench for Cork's narrow 0–13 to 0–12 victory. Reserve goalkeeper

<mask> was off and on the panel over the next few years and remained as third-choice goalkeeper, before taking over as second to <mask> in 2002. That year he was an unused substitute as Kilkenny made a clean sweep by claiming the National League, Leinster and All-Ireland titles.In 2003 <mask> won his first league medal on the field of play as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5–14 to 5–13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary. On 7 June 2003 <mask> made his senior championship debut in a 3–16 to 0–10 Leinster semi-final defeat of Dublin. He was dropped to the substitutes' bench for all subsequent games, as Kilkenny went on to retain the Leinster and All-Ireland crowns. <mask> remained as an unused substitute over the next three years, but collected another two league medals, two Leinster medals and an All-Ireland medal. First-choice goalkeeper

In 2007 <mask> took over as Kilkenny's first-choice goalkeeper. That year he won his first Leinster medal on the field of play as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2–24 to 1–12. On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider.Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone. Limerick launched a second-half comeback, however, "the Cats" were too powerful and cruised to a 2–19 to 1–15 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal on the field of play. Kilkenny secured the Leinster crown again in 2008, with <mask> collecting a second successive winners' medal following a 5–21 to 0–17 drubbing of Wexford. On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years. In a disappointingly one-sided final, Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon. A 23-point winning margin, 3–24 from play, only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin leading the way in a 3–30 to 1–13 victory.It was <mask>'s second All-Ireland medal. <mask> collected a second league medal on the field in 2009, as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2–26 to 4–17 with a thrilling extra-time victory. He later won a third successive Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2–18 to 0–18. On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider. For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners, however, late goals from Henry Shefflin and substitute Martin Comerford, together with a series of magnificent saves from <mask>, finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2–22 to 0–23 victory. <mask> had collected his third All-Ireland medal while he was also named man of the match. He later collected an All-Star.Decline

In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider. A 1–19 to 1–12 victory gave <mask> a fourth consecutive Leinster medal. The drive for a fifth successive All-Ireland crown reached a head on 5 September 2010, when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. "The Cats" lost talisman Henry Shefflin due to injury, while Tipperary's Lar Corbett ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as <mask>'s side fell to a 4–17 to 1–18 defeat. <mask> was dropped from the starting fifteen in 2011, however, he collected further Leinster and All-Ireland medals as a non-playing substitute as Kilkenny dominated the championship once again. Inter-provincial

In 2006 Walsh was goalkeeper on the Leinster team that faced Munster in the inter-provincial final. <mask> top-scored with nine points as Leinster secured a 1–15 to 1–12 victory.It was <mask>'s first Railway Cup medal. Leinster made it two-in-a-row in 2009, with <mask> collecting his second winner's medal as Leinster defeated Connacht by 3–18 to 1–17. Honours

Player

Fenians
Kilkenny Under-21 B Hurling Championship (1): 1997
Kilkenny Minor B Hurling Championship (1): 1995

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (7): 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (10): 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
National Hurling League (5): 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1998
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1995

Leinster
Railway Cup (2): 2008, 2009

Awards
All Stars (1): 2009
 All-Ireland Hurling Final Man of the Match (1): 2009

References

1977 births
Living people
Fenians hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

masks:
Patrick Joseph
" Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
. Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
John Locke
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
James McGarry
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Richie Power
Ryan
Ryan


title: John II Casimir Vasa

texts:
<mask> (; ; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 until his abdication in 1668 as well as titular King of Sweden from 1648 until 1660. He was the second son of <mask> and Constance of Austria. His older brother and predecessor on the throne was <mask>. As a prince, <mask> embarked at Genoa for Spain in 1638 to negotiate a league with Philip IV against France, but was captured by Cardinal Richelieu and imprisoned at Vincennes where he remained for two years. He was released when his brother, Władysław IV, promised never to wage war against France. <mask> then travelled extensively throughout western Europe and entered the order of Jesuits in Rome in 1643. He was made cardinal by Innocent X, however, after returning to Poland, he became a layman and succeeded his brother in 1648.His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great revolt of the Cossacks under Bohdan Khmelnytsky in Ukraine, who had advanced into the very heart of Poland. The power of the king had been stripped of almost all its prerogatives by the growing influence of the nobles. The Tsardom of Russia and Sweden, which had long been active enemies of Poland, renewed their attacks. <mask> Rakoczy of Transylvania also invaded the Polish territory, while the Sejm was continuously dissolved due to abuse of the liberum veto law. Charles X Gustav of Sweden triumphantly marched through the country and occupied Kraków in 1655 forcing <mask> to flee to Silesia. The Swedes were eventually stopped by Stefan Czarniecki under Częstochowa. The wars with the Swedes and Russians were terminated by treaties involving considerable cessions of provinces on the Baltic and the Dnieper on the part of Poland, which also lost its sway over the Cossacks who placed themselves under the protection of Russian Tsars.During these long battles, <mask>, though feeble and of a peaceful disposition, frequently proved his patriotism and bravery. The intrigues of his wife in favor of the Duke of Enghien as successor to the Polish throne triggered a series of revolts, including a rebellion under Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. As a result, <mask> abdicated at the Sejm of Warsaw on 16 September 1668. In the following year, he retired to France where he was hospitably treated by Louis XIV. <mask>'s reign was one of the most disastrous in the history of Poland. He was the third and last monarch on the Polish throne from the House of Vasa. Royal titles

 Official titles in
 English translation: <mask>, by God's grace King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and, Chernihiv; and also hereditary King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals.Biography

Early life, family and rise to power
<mask> was born in Kraków on 22 March 1609. His father, Sigismund <mask>, the grandson of Gustav I of Sweden, had in 1592 succeeded his own father to the Swedish throne, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden. This led to a long-standing feud wherein the Polish kings of the House of Vasa claimed the Swedish throne, resulting in the Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629. Poland and Sweden were also on opposite sides in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), although in that conflict Poland for the most part avoided joining any major military actions and campaigns, instead supporting the Austrian Habsburg and Catholic fraction. His mother, Queen Constance, was the daughter of <mask> of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria and also the younger sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. <mask> for most of his life remained in the shadow of his older half-brother, Władysław <mask>. He had few friends among the Polish nobility.Unfriendly, secretive, dividing his time between lavish partying and religious contemplation, and disliking politics, he did not have a strong power base nor influence at the Polish court, instead supporting unfavorable Habsburg policies. He did, however, display talent as a military commander, showing his abilities in the Smolensk War against Muscovy (1633). Between 1632 and 1635, Władysław IV sought to enhance his brother's influence by negotiating a marriage for <mask> to Christina of Sweden, then to an Italian princess, but to no avail. In 1637 <mask> undertook a diplomatic mission to Vienna, which he abandoned to join the army of the Holy Roman Empire and fight against the French. After his regiment was defeated in battle, he spent a year living lavishly at the Viennese court where his strong anti-Cossack interests and political views were greatly shaped under the direct influence of the Austrian Emperor. In 1636 he returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and fell in love with Baroness Guldentern, but his desire to marry her was thwarted by King Władysław. In return, Władysław attempted to make him the sovereign of the Duchy of Courland, but this was vetoed by the Commonwealth parliament (Sejm).Taking offence at this, <mask> in 1638 left for the Kingdom of Spain to become Viceroy of Portugal, but was captured by French agents and imprisoned by the order of Cardinal Richelieu until 1640. He was then freed by a diplomatic mission of the appointed Voivode of Smolensk Krzysztof Gosiewski and as a result of anti-French Polish-Spanish negotiations. In 1641 <mask> decided to become a Jesuit. In 1642 he again left the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, accompanying his sister to Germany. In 1643 he joined the Jesuits, against vocal opposition from King Władysław, causing a diplomatic rift between the Commonwealth and the Pope. <mask> was made a cardinal, but in December 1646, finding himself unsuited to ecclesiastical life, he returned to Poland. In October 1647 he resigned as cardinal to stand in elections for the Polish throne.He attempted to gain the support of the Habsburgs and marry an Austrian princess to create an alliance between the nations in case of an unexpected attack, possibly from the east. King of Poland

In 1648 <mask> was elected by the Polish Parliament to succeed his half-brother on the Polish throne. The reign of the last of the Vasas in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth would be dominated by the Russo-Polish War (1654–67), followed by the war with Sweden ("The Deluge"), the scene for which had been set by the Commonwealth's two previous Vasa kings. Most of Poland was invaded by the Swedish army during The Deluge without much of a fight, due to the conspiratorial complicity of Polish and Lithuanian governors and nobility. In the course of a few years, the Commonwealth rose to force the Swedes out of Poland, ending the short-lived intrusions and campaigns, however, at a high cost. Most of the cities and towns in the Commonwealth were sacked, plundered and some were burnt to the ground, mostly by the retreating enemy units. Although the reign of <mask> is remembered to be one of the most disastrous and perhaps most unsuccessful in the history of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he is often referred to as the "warrior king" that fought bravely to save his nation and his people.In 1660 <mask> <mask> was forced to renounce his claim to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over Livonia and the city of Riga in modern-day Latvia. <mask> had married his brother's widow, Marie Louise Gonzaga (), who was a major support to the King. Marie Louise suddenly died in 1667 and this may have caused the monarch's early political decline. Abdication and death
On 16 September 1668, grief-stricken after the death of his wife in the previous year, <mask> <mask> abdicated the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and returned to France, where he rejoined the Jesuits and became abbot of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris. Following his abdication Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Michael I) was elected the new king and was crowned on 29 September 1669. In the autumn of 1672, <mask> had intended to return to Poland, but fell ill before departing and was prevented from doing so. The seizure of Kamieniec Podolski by the Ottoman Empire distressed him, exacerbating his condition.He requested the assistance of Pope Clement X to defend Poland against the Ottomans. He died on 16 December 1672 from apoplexy, and his burial took place inside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. His heart was interred in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The Lwów Oath

On 1 April 1656, during a Mass in the Latin Cathedral in Lwów, conducted by the papal legate Pietro Vidoni, <mask> <mask> in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom he announced as The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries. He also swore to protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage. This is referred to as the Lwów Oath. As almost the whole country was occupied by Swedish or Russian armies, the vow was intended to incite the whole nation, including the peasantry, to rise up against the invaders.Two main issues raised by the king in the vows were the necessity to protect the Catholic faith, seen as endangered by the Lutheran (and to some extent Orthodox) aggressors, and to manifest the will to improve the condition of the peasantry. After the King, a similar vow was taken by the Deputy Chancellor of the Crown and the bishop of Kraków, Andrzej Trzebicki, in the name of the szlachta noblemen of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth forces finally drove back the Swedes in 1657 and the Russians in 1661. After the war, promises made by <mask> in Lwów, especially those considering the peasants' lot, were not fulfilled, mostly because of objections by the Sejm, which represented the szlachta nobility and was not attracted to the idea of reducing serfdom, which would negatively affect their economic interests. Legacy

<mask> left no surviving children. All his brothers and sisters having predeceased him without surviving issue, he was the last of the line of Bona Sforza. With him, all the legitimate issue of Alfonso II of Naples died out.His heir in Ferdinand I of Naples and in the Brienne succession was his distant cousin, Henry de La Tremoille, Prince of Talmond and Taranto, the heir-general of Frederick IV of Naples (second son of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont), who also was the heir-general of Federigo's first wife, Anne of Savoy. <mask> was, after his brother, the head of the genealogical line of St. Bridget of Sweden, descending in primogeniture from Bridget's sister. After his death, the headship was offered to his second cousin, the already-abdicated Christina I of Sweden. Patron of the arts

The vast collection of paintings, portraits, porcelain and other valuables belonging to the Polish Vasas was mostly looted by the Swedes and Germans of Brandenburg who brutally sacked Warsaw in the 1650s, during the Deluge. Most of them were sold off to wealthy nobles, displayed in other parts of Europe, or would eventually belong to private collectors, though some of the famous works survived hidden in Opole like The Rape of Europa by Guido Reni. The most important additions to the royal collection were made by <mask> <mask>, a passionate collector of Dutch paintings, and a patron of Daniel Schultz (who painted a famous portrait of a son of Crimean Aga Dedesh, and was made Royal falconer in reward for his father's contribution during the war with Russia in 1663). A major part of the king's painting collection was acquired in 1660s, by way of Hendrick van Uylenburgh, an agent in Amsterdam, and later his son Gerrit van Uylenburgh.These were mainly Dutch paintings and works by Rembrandt. The collection also included works by Rubens, Jordaens, Reni, Guercino, Jan Brueghel the Younger, and Bassano, among others. When <mask> abdicated the Polish–Lithuanian throne, he brought many of his paintings and portraits with him to France. The collection remaining at Royal Castle in Warsaw was looted during the Great Northern War or appropriated in 1720 by <mask> the Strong, Elector of Saxony, like two paintings by Rembrandt – Portrait of a Rabbi (1657) and Portrait of a Man in the Hat Decorated with Pearls (1667), today displayed in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, Germany. In fiction
<mask> was a character in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novels With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i Mieczem) and The Deluge (Potop). Ancestry

See also
 History of Poland (1569–1795)

References

Document image <mask> <mask> (1609–1672), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1648–1668), ratifies decisions made by the Magistrate of the City of Krakow at portal.unesco.org

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1609 births
1672 deaths
17th-century Polish monarchs
Grand Dukes of Lithuania
House of Vasa
Dukes of Opole
17th-century Polish cardinals
Polish people of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Polish people of the Smolensk War
Former Jesuits
Nobility from Kraków
Burials at Wawel Cathedral
Monarchs who abdicated
Polish military personnel of the Khmelnytsky Uprising

masks:
John II Casimir
Sigismund III Vasa
Władysław IV Vasa
John Casimir
John Casimir
George II
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
III
Charles II
John Casimir
IV Vasa
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John Casimir
John II
Casimir
John Casimir
Augustus II
John Casimir
John II
Casimir Vasa


title: Kevin Hannan

texts:
<mask><mask> (January 22, 1954 – January 5, 2008) was an American ethnolinguist and slavicist. Personal life

He was born into a family of Silesian and Irish ancestry. <mask> married Hanna, a Polish American, and had two daughters with her, Marianna and Celeste. Education and Academic Career

Hannan graduated with a BA degree from Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He was the first student to receive a doctorate in Slavonic Philology from the latter university. He earned a living by working for Mills Electrical Contractors in Austin, Texas. In 2002, he left the United States, and resumed his research and academic career at the University of Łódź, in Łódź, Poland.Research

Hannan grew up in Texas, where the descendants of the original Central European settlers, until recently, preserved their local dialects/languages, commonly referred to as Bohemian (Czech), Moravian, and Silesian. This early experience of multiethnicity and multilingualism, along with family links to Czech Silesia, inspired him to embark on the doctoral research to comprehend the shaping and maintenance of ethnolinguistic and religious difference in the borderland region (that borders on Poland and Slovakia) in the broader context of Central Europe. His wide-ranging findings, he presented in Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia (1996), which is a monograph on the ethnolinguistic present of the Cieszyn Silesia. After resuming his research near the end of the 20th century, Hannan widely travelled in Ukraine, Poland, Russia, and the Balkans. He came to the conclusion that civic cosmopolitanism, divorced from localized ethnic values as embodied in long-lasting ethnic groups (often imagined as nations), failed people. An epitome of such a situation he saw in his native United States, which, according to him, explained a constant increase in genealogical research in the country, observed since the 1970s. In this line of thinking, a person can find one's identity only in one's ethnolinguistic ancestry, not in the technical rationalism of law and economy.Hence, the United States or any other settler state could never become a 'real ethnic country'. As a positive alternative to the de-ethnicized United States he posed the ethnic values of Poland in his My Poland: Essays on Polish Identity / Moja Polska. Eseje o polskości from 2005. He did, on occasion, make note of the failings of Polish nationalism and national statehood such as the long-lasting preservation of serfdom and the never-ending quest for ethnolinguistic purity, which led to vast ethnic cleansing in the communist period (1944–1989). He was especially critical of the relentless Polonization of Belarusians, Rusyns (Lemkos), and Ukrainians, who, in his eyes, preserved 'real Slavic spirituality,' as encapsulated in Greek Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and the liturgical language of Church Slavonic. Hannan chose Poland as his adopted homeland in preference to the Czech Republic, which he perceived as an example of an overexclusive ethnic nationalism, which led to the 1993 breakup of Czechoslovakia, producing this nation-state and another, Slovakia. He qualified any strong-Polonist sentiments by saying that 'his Poland' was the southern half of the country skirted by the multilingual, multiethnic, and multiconfessional Carpathians.He wrote lyrically about this area in his collection of poems, Bounties of Collective Memory / Dary zbiorowej pamięci from 2006. Books

 [O'Donnell, Stojgniev, pseudonym] Why I Left America: Reflections on History, Culture and Religion / Dlaczego wyjechałem z Ameryki. Refleksje nad historią, kulturą i religią (translated into Polish by Anna and Jarosław Fejdych). 2003. Marklowice: The Celto-Slavic Fellowship of Apiarists and Bielsko-Biała: Prasa Beskidzka. .
 My Poland: Essays on Polish Identity / Moja Polska. Eseje o polskości (translated by Jacek Serwański et al.). 2005.Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. . Bounties of Collective Memory / Dary zbiorowej pamięci (Series: Rzecz Poetycka). 2006. Łódź: biblioteka. [collection of poems]. Articles and Book Chapters
 Analogical Change in West Slavic Be (pp 306–324). 1993.Journal of Slavic Linguistics. No 2, Summer-Fall. The Language Question in Nineteenth Century Moravia (pp 116–125). 1993. Czechoslovak and Central European Journal (formerly Kosmas). No 2, Winter. Some Unpublished Poems of Óndra Łysohorsky (pp 98–123).1995. Oxford Slavonic Papers. Vol XXVIII (New Series). Identity and Assimilation among the Poles of Zaolzie. 1996. The Sarmatian Review. No 1, Jan. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/196/Hannan.html
 Ethnic Identity Among the Czechs and Moravians of Texas (pp 3–31).1996. Journal of American Ethnic History. No 4, Summer. K lingvistickému přehodnocení Łysohorského literární laštiny (pp 39–47). In: K Jánasová, ed. 1996. Óndra Łysohorský, 1905-1989.Kolokvium uskutečněné ve dnech 8.-10. červena 1995 u příležitosti nedožitých 90. narozenin básníka. Frýdek-Místek: Muzeum Beskyd. . Ethnic Identities in Austrian and Czech Silesia before the Second World War (pp 225–243). In: Kai Struve and Philipp Ther, eds. 2002. Die Grenzen der Nationen. Identitätenwandel in Oberschlesien in der Neuzeit (Series: Tagungen zur Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, vol 15).Marburg: Herder-Institut. .
 Reflections on Assimilation and Language Death in Czech-Moravian Texas (pp 110–132). 2003. Kosmas: Czechoslovak and Central European Journal. No 2, Spring. O urokach i stereotypach polskości (pp 135–148). 2003. Sprawy Narodowościowe.No 22. Polish Catholicism: A Historical Outline (pp 1008–1015). 2004. The Sarmatian Review. No 1, Jan.
 Lech kocha Głupią Ludmiłę. Polacy i stereotypy słowiańskości a "Malowany ptak" Jerzego Kosińskiego (pp 67–84). 2005.Er(r)go. No 2. Experiencing the Divine Conversation: Liturgical Languages of Eastern Christians in Contemporary Poland (pp 263–294). 2005. The Polish Review. No 3. Polishness in the Borderlands (pp 205–226).In: Wojciech J. Burszta, Tomasz Kamusella and Sebastian Wojciechowski, eds. 2005. Nationalisms Across the Globe (Vol I: Europe). Poznań: School of Humanities and Journalism. . The Historical and Linguistic Background of Lachian Regionalism and "Separatism" (pp 471–496). In: Wojciech J. Burszta, Tomasz Kamusella and Sebastian Wojciechowski, eds. 2005.Nationalisms Across the Globe (Vol I: Europe). Poznań: School of Humanities and Journalism. .
 Citizen of the Borderlands: Óndra Łysohorsky (1905-1989) (pp 123–144). In: Maria Wanda Wanatowicz, ed. 2007. Józef Chlebowczyk – badacz procesów narodowotwórczych w Europie XIX I XX wieku (Ser: Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach, Vol 2463). Katowice, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. , ISSN 0208-6336.Notes

References
 Obituary from Taylor Daily Press

1954 births
2008 deaths
Linguists from the United States
People from La Marque, Texas
American people of Irish descent
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
20th-century linguists

masks:
Kevin J
. Hannan
Kevin Hannan