title: Darrell Horcher

texts:
<mask> (born July 28, 1987) is an American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Lightweight division of the UFC. A professional since 2010, he formerly competed for Bellator and the Cage Fury Fighting Championships, where he was the Lightweight Champion. Background
Born in Chicago and raised in Shermans Dale, Pennsylvania, Horcher began wrestling during his freshman year at West Perry High School, graduating in 2005. Later, he transitioned to mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Horcher compiled an amateur record of 4–1 before turning professional in September 2010, Horcher fought all of his earlier fights in Pennsylvania-based promotions. With a record of 5–0, he signed with Bellator in 2012. Bellator MMA
Horcher made his Bellator debut against then-undefeated E.J.Brooks in a Bellator season seven lightweight tournament reserve bout on October 19, 2012 at Bellator 77. Despite coming in as an underdog, <mask> won the fight via knockout in just 21 seconds into first round. <mask> then faced Chris Liguori at Bellator 83 on December 7, 2012. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was handed his first professional loss via unanimous decision to former TUF 8 contestant Phillipe Nover at Bellator 95. Cage Fury Fighting Championships
After his stint in Bellator, <mask> was expected to face Mike Bannon at CFFC 25 on June 22, 2013. However, the bout was cancelled for unknown reasons.Horcher faced Mike Medrano at CFFC 30: Sterling vs. Roberts on November 2, 2013. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Gabriel Miglioli at CFFC 35: Heckman vs. Makashvili on April 26, 2014. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Gil de Freitas at CES 25 on August 8, 2014. However, the fight was cancelled for unknown reasons. Horcher faced Alex Ricci at CFFC 40: <mask> vs. Ricci on August 23, 2014.He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Jordan Stiner for the vacant CFFC lightweight championship at CFFC 45: Stiner vs. <mask> on February 7, 2015. He won the fight via TKO in the third round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> was tabbed as a short notice replacement to face Khabib Nurmagomedov on April 16, 2016 at UFC on Fox 19. The contest took place at a catchweight of 160 lbs. He lost the fight via second-round TKO. <mask> faced Devin Powell on June 25, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 112.He won the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Scott Holtzman on December 9, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 123. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced promotional newcomer Roosevelt Roberts on November 30, 2018 at The Ultimate Fighter 28 Finale. He lost the fight via a guillotine choke in round one. <mask> was released by UFC in December 2019. Post UFC
After the release, <mask> returned to CFFC and was expected to face Vadim Ogar at CFFC 88 on November 18, 2020.However, the bout was rescheduled to CFFC 90 on December 17, 2020. In turn, the bout was postponed to take place a day later on December 18, 2020 at CFFC 91. <mask> won the fight via first-minute knockout. <mask>, as a replacement for Natan Schulte, faced Olivier Aubin-Mercier on August 13, 2021 at PFL 7. At weigh-ins, Horcher weighed in at 159.25 pounds, missing weight by 3.25 pounds. The bout proceeded at catchweight and he was fined 20% of his purse, which went to his opponent Aubin-Mercier. Horcher lost the bout via unanimous decision.<mask> is scheduled to face Akhmed Aliev at Eagle FC 46 on March 11, 2022.

masks:
Darrell Joseph Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher
Horcher


title: Vince Biegel

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born July 2, 1993) is an American football linebacker for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wisconsin. Early years and family
<mask>'s father, Rocky, was a linebacker for BYU from 1988–92 and a second-team All-WAC player in 1990. His uncle, T.D., played fullback alongside his father for BYU from 1989–93. His grandfather, <mask>, played linebacker and offensive guard for the division III UW–Eau Claire Blugolds. His younger brother, <mask>, played offensive tackle at UW-Madison. Named <mask> after the legendary Packers' coach <mask>, <mask> grew up on a cranberry marsh near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin that was originally established by his mother's ancestors in 1919; he, his brother, and his sister are the fifth generation of the family to have worked the farm.He regularly worked on the marsh while growing up, although his football development eventually limited his farm work. High school career
<mask>'s senior year he recorded 172 tackles, 21 sacks, three interceptions, five forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries and two defensive touchdowns. He was named the Wisconsin Football Coaches Association Defensive Player of the Year, 2011 Gatorade State Player of the Year in Wisconsin as well as being a member of the 2011 USA Today All-USA high school football team. Recruiting
Regarded as a four-star recruit by four major recruiting services; Rivals.com, Scout.com, ESPN.com and 247Sports.com. <mask> committed to Wisconsin his junior year of high school, on April 23, 2011. He chose Wisconsin over scholarship offers from BYU, Iowa, Michigan, Michigan State, Stanford, Tennessee, among others. <mask>'s final decision came down to Wisconsin and BYU; in a 2016 interview for ESPN, he elaborated on his choice of Wisconsin:
I felt that Wisconsin was the place where I needed to be.I knew if I went to BYU, I would be kind of another Mormon kid on campus. But if I went to Wisconsin, I could really be someone that could make a difference and show the person who I am and have the biggest impact. He was one of 90 players across the nation selected to play in the 2012 U.S. Army All-American Bowl which was held on January 7, 2012, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. College career

<mask> attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he played outside linebacker for the Wisconsin Badgers football team from 2012 through 2016. 2012
<mask> played in two games his freshman year and didn't record any statistics, he injured his foot and received a medical redshirt. 2013
<mask> played in 13 games and started two of them in 2013. He recorded 25 total tackles, three tackles-for-loss and two sacks.2014
The 2014 season saw the Badgers replace all 4 starting linebackers from 2013. Joe Schobert and <mask> replaced the starting outside linebackers while Derek Landisch and Marcus Trotter replaced the starting inside linebackers. Schobert and <mask> were described by former teammate Marcus Trotter as exact opposites, he described <mask> as "a hamster on a wheel, man. He's just always running." while he said "Schobert is the exact opposite. He's very calm all the time." <mask> started 13 of 14 games in 2014.<mask> had a breakout game against Purdue in 2014 when he recorded seven tackles, three sacks, four tackles-for-loss and one pass defensed. He was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. For the season, <mask> recorded 56 total tackles, 16.5 tackles-for-loss and 7.5 sacks. He was named 2nd-team All-Big Ten by the media. 2015
2015 saw the Badgers replace the starting inside linebackers again while Schobert and <mask> started opposite one another again. <mask> was named to numerous preseason award watchlists, notably Bednarik Award, Bronko Nagurski Trophy and the Lombardi Award. <mask> started all 13 games in 2015.Following the end of the regular seasons <mask> was named 3rd-team All-Big Ten by coaches and media. During an interview <mask> was asked what he thought of Schobert's comment on <mask> deserving more recognition, <mask> said "being named third-team all-Big Ten is a flat-out slap in the face to me." Following the Badgers win over USC in the Holiday Bowl <mask> announced he would return for the 2016 season instead of declaring for the 2016 NFL Draft. <mask> had requested an evaluation by the NFL Draft Advisory Board and they projected him to be drafted between the 3rd and 6th rounds should he enter the 2016 Draft. For the season <mask> recorded 66 total tackles, 14 tackles-for-loss and 8 sacks. He was third on the team in tackles behind fellow linebackers T.J. Edwards (84) and Joe Schobert (79), second behind Schobert in both TFLs (19.5) and sacks (9.5). 2016
Prior to the start of the season <mask> was named to the preseason watchlist for the Bednarik Award.<mask> was named by Pro Football Focus as the number one rated returning outside linebacker in both pass rushing and defending the run. On November 29, 2016, <mask> was named Second Team All-Big Ten. College statistics

Professional career

Green Bay Packers
<mask> was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fourth round, 108th overall, in the 2017 NFL Draft. On May 15, 2017, <mask> suffered a fracture in the fifth metatarsal in his foot. He signed his rookie contract on May 31, 2017. On September 2, 2017, <mask> was placed on the physically unable to perform list. He was activated off PUP to the active roster on November 3, 2017.On September 1, 2018, <mask> was waived by the Packers. New Orleans Saints
On September 2, 2018, <mask> was signed to the New Orleans Saints' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21, 2018. Miami Dolphins
On September 1, 2019, <mask> was traded to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for linebacker Kiko Alonso in a salary swap. In week 15 against the New York Giants, <mask> recorded his first career interception off a pass thrown by Eli Manning during the 36–20 loss. <mask> signed his tender for a one-year contract with the Dolphins on April 6, 2020. On August 18, 2020, <mask> suffered a torn Achilles and was ruled out for the 2020 season.He was placed on injured reserve the next day. <mask> signed a contract extension with the Dolphins on March 16, 2021. He was placed on injured reserve on August 28, 2021. He was released on September 7. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 19. He was promoted to the active roster on November 24, 2021. NFL career statistics

Awards and honors
College
Third Team All-Big Ten (2015)
2× Second Team All-Big Ten (media) (2014, 2016)
Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week (2014)
Academic All-Big Ten (2013, 2014)
William V. Campbell Trophy Semifinalist (2016)

High School
USA Today High School All-American (2011)
Wisconsin's Gatorade Player of the Year (2011)
WFCA Defensive Player of the Year (2011)

References

External links

Wisconsin Badgers bio

Living people
1993 births
Players of American football from Wisconsin
People from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
American football linebackers
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Green Bay Packers players
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players

masks:
Vincent James Biegel
Biegel
Ken Biegel
Hayden Biegel
Vince
Vince Lombardi
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
Biegel
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Biegel
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Biegel


title: Raja ibn Haywa

texts:
<mask> ibn Ḥaywa ibn Khanzal al-Kindī () was a prominent Muslim theological and political adviser of the Umayyad caliphs Abd al-Malik (), al-Walid I (), Sulayman () and Umar II (). He was a staunch defender of the religious conduct of the caliphs against their pious detractors. He played an important role in the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem under Abd al-Malik. He became a mentor of Sulayman during the latter's governorship of Palestine and his secretary or chief scribe during his caliphate. He played an influential role in securing the succession of Umar II over Sulayman's brothers or sons and continued as a secretary to the new caliph. He spent the last decade of his life in retirement, though he maintained contact with Caliph Hisham (). Early life

<mask>, known also by his kunya "Abūʾl-Miqdām" or "Abū Naṣr", was the son of a certain <mask> ibn Khanzal.He was born in Beisan (Beit She'an) in the Jordan district before moving south to Palestine. According to a report traced to <mask> and recorded by the medieval Egyptian historian al-Suyuti (d. 1505), <mask> ultimately considered himself a Jerusalemite. His approximate year of birth was , during the early reign of the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I (). The 9th-century historian Khalifa <mask>t mentions that <mask> was a mawlā (non-Arab, Muslim client or freedman) of the Kinda. The modern historian Michael Lecker considers his mawla status as a reasonable possibility, but also holds there is good evidence that <mask> may have been of actual Kindite descent, due to the existence of his full genealogy, which places him as a great-grandson of the Kindite tribesman Imru' al-Qays ibn Abis, a contemporary of the first caliph Abu Bakr. Moreover, Imru al-Qays and <mask> both lived in Baysan, the former in his later life and <mask> in his youth. Because of his family's residence in the Palestine or Jordan district of Syria, <mask> is occasionally given the nisba (epithet) of al-Filasṭīnī ("the Palestinian") or al-Urdunnī ("the Jordanian").The family likely hailed from or settled in an area inhabited by their Kindite tribal kin or patrons, whose prominence in Syria had grown under Mu'awiya and further still under Caliph Marwan I (). Career under the Ummayad caliphs

Association with the Dome of the Rock

It was likely through the patronage of the Kindites in the caliphs' courts in Syria that <mask> gained favor with the Umayyads, particularly Marwan's son and successor, Abd al-Malik (). The latter entrusted <mask> and his own Jerusalemite mawlā, Yazid <mask>, with overseeing the financing of the Dome of the Rock's construction in Jerusalem. It is possible this was the reason for <mask>'s relocation to Palestine from the Jordan district and his new title sayyid ahl Filaṣtin (leader of the people of Palestine). <mask>'s role in its construction is described in the earliest known Muslim literary work specifically dedicated to the merits of Jerusalem, the Faḍāʿil al-Bayt al-Muqaddas written by the Jerusalemite preacher Ahmad al-Wasiti before 1019. <mask> and Yazid were instructed by the caliph to spend generously on the building's construction and ornamentation. In an account recorded by the 15th-century Palestine-based historian Mujir ad-Din al-Ulaymi, <mask> and Yazid informed Abd al-Malik that after the Dome of the Rock's completion there remained a surplus of 100,000 gold dinars in the construction budget.The caliph offered them the sum as an additional reward for their efforts, but both men refused; as a result, Abd al-Malik ordered that the coins be melted to gild the building's dome. The historian Nasser Rabbat notes that several factors about <mask> suggest he played a greater role in the founding of the Dome of the Rock, beyond its fiscally managing its construction. On the one had he had a social connection to Palestine, attributed expertise about the holy sites of Jerusalem, and played an important role in developing the early Muslim tradition about Jerusalem's sanctity. On the other hand he held a senior position in the Umayyad court and possessed knowledge of the Qur'an. Accordingly, Rabbat speculates that <mask> may have advised Abd al-Malik to choose the site of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount and formulated the Qur'anic inscriptions which decorate the structure's interior and exterior. Adviser of Abd al-Malik
Toward the end of the Dome of the Rock's completion in 691/92, <mask> was assigned by Abd al-Malik to a joint embassy with the up-and-coming commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf to negotiate a reconciliation with Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, the Qarqisiya (Circesium)-based rebel leader of the Qaysi tribes. The latter had given their allegiance to Abd al-Malik's anti-Umayyad rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah <mask>-Zubayr, and since their rout by the Umayyads and their Kindite and Banu Kalb allies at the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684, had launched a revolt throughout the al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and the Syrian Desert.<mask> displayed his moderate disposition by praying alongside Zufar when al-Hajjaj refused to do so. According to al-Baladhuri, <mask> later interceded with Abd al-Malik to pardon the rebels who had participated in the mass anti-Umayyad, Iraqi rebellion of Ibn al-Ash'ath, a prominent Kufa-based Kindite, in 700–701. Secretary of Sulayman and Umar II
When Abd al-Malik appointed his son Sulayman governor of Palestine, he assigned <mask> as his mentor. <mask> accompanied Abd al-Malik's son and successor al-Walid I () on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina in 710. By the time Sulayman acceded to the caliphate in 715, <mask> had gained a reputation as the ascetic of the Umayyads and the "outstanding man of religion of his age for Syria", according to Bosworth. He related traditions from certain companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, including Mu'awiya, Jabir ibn Abd Allah, Abu Umama al-Bahili and Abd Allah <mask>, which were, in turn, related by numerous later Muslim traditionists. In a quote attributed to Sulayman's brother Maslama, the head Umayyad commander on the Byzantine front, "through <mask> and his likes, we are rendered victorious".In a testament to <mask>'s loyalty to the Umayyad caliphs Sa'id ibn Jubayr (d. 714) stated, <mask> "used to be regarded as the most knowledgeable jurist (faqih) in Syria, but if you provoke him, you will find him Syrian in his views quoting Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan saying such-and-such." <mask> served as Sulayman's chief kātib (secretary or scribe) and head of the administration of justice. He is credited by the Mamluk historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari for advising Sulayman, while he was governor of Palestine, to select the site of Ramla as the new capital of Islamic Palestine, replacing nearby Lydda (Lod). According to the traditional Muslim historians, <mask> played an influential role in securing the succession of Sulayman's paternal cousin, the son of Abd al-<mask> Marwan, Umar II, to the caliphate over expectations in the Umayyad ruling family that one of Sulayman's brothers or sons would accede. In the account of the historian al-Waqidi (d. 823), while Sulayman was on his deathbed at his army camp in Dabiq during the major offensive against the Byzantines in 717, Sulayman's succession became a pressing issue. Abd al-Malik had formally designated al-Walid and Sulayman as his successors, but did not specify anyone beyond them; nonetheless, his intention that the office of the caliphate remain in the hands of his direct descendants was common knowledge in the ruling family. Sulayman's chosen successor, his eldest son Ayyub, had predeceased him and the ill caliph debated potential replacements with <mask>.The two Umayyad factions present at Dabiq were an anonymous group of Sulayman's inner circle represented by <mask> and the family of Abd al-Malik, apparently represented by the caliph's brother Hisham. The latter faction favored another of Sulayman's brothers, Yazid II, who was away on the Hajj pilgrimage, to succeed, while the former favored Umar. In al-Waqidi's accounts, which are ultimately traced back to <mask>'s own account of the events, <mask> persuaded Sulayman to bypass his own sons and brothers in favor of Umar. <mask> was chosen to execute Sulayman's will. He secured the decision by securing oaths of allegiance from the Umayyad family to Sulayman's willed successor whose name was kept secret in a sealed letter. Once he gained their oaths, Umar was revealed as the next caliph and Yazid II as the next in line. He threatened the use of force against Sulayman's brothers following their protestations at being bypassed.<mask>'s role in the affair is considered to be a likely exaggeration by the modern historian Reinhard Eisener because of the personal account of <mask> was the original authority for the early Muslim sources. <mask> first met Umar during the Hajj pilgrimage of 710, when Umar served as governor of Medina for al-Walid. During Umar's caliphate (717–720), <mask> was one of the caliph's three kātibs. Although <mask> may have functioned as a secretary of Sulayman and Umar, there is no evidence that he was ever a copyist, adhering to a specific set of stylizations of the sort visible at the Dome of the Rock, or that a group of such copyists flourished in Palestine in the time of Abd al-Malik. There is a lack of precise information about contributions of <mask>, if any, to the well-documented administrative reforms of Umar. Retirement and death
Following the death of Umar, <mask> likely entered retirement. According to the medieval Persian historian Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d. 1038), he refused to accompany Umar's successor, Caliph Yazid II () on the latter's visit to Jerusalem.After Caliph Hisham () wrote to <mask> expressing regret about his executions of the Qadari (at the time a theological school of Islam that asserted humans possessed free will) scholars Ghaylan al-Dimashqi and Salih Qubba, <mask> wrote back supporting Hisham's decision; the executed scholars had been known political dissidents during the reign of <mask>'s patron, Umar II. According to the medieval historian Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233), <mask> died in Qussin, a place in Kufa's environs. Bosworth surmises that <mask> ended up there possibly as part of the entourage of the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Khalid al-Qasri. References

Bibliography

660 births
730 deaths
7th-century Umayyad people
8th-century Umayyad people
Hadith scholars
Kinda
Medieval Palestine
People from Beit She'an
Scholars from the Umayyad Caliphate
Tabi‘un
Tabi‘un hadith narrators

masks:
Rajaʾ
Raja
Haywa
Raja
Raja
ibn Khayya
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
ibn Sallam
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
ibn al
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
ibn Umar
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Aziz ibn
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja
Raja


title: Sergio Barroso

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>) (b. Havana, Cuba, 1946) is a Cuban composer, performer and professor. Academic Background

<mask> studied piano, theory and organ with Alfredo Levi, César Pérez Sentenat, Edgardo Martín, and Alfredo Diez Nieto at the Havana National “Amadeo Roldán” Conservatory, where he received an Honours Diploma in 1966. At a later time he did post-graduate studies in composition and theory with Václav Dobiáš and Karel Jánacek at the Superior Academy of Music (AMJ) in Prague, and obtained a Post-Graduate Certificate at this institution in 1968. He took private classes with Alois Hába in the same city. <mask> also studied Orchestral Conducting with Manuel Duchesne Cuzán and Gonzalo Romeu at the Superior Institute of Arts (ISA), in Havana and computer music with John Chowning and Jean-Claude Risset at CCRMA, Stanford University (USA). Composer

As a composer, <mask> has received numerous commissions from organizations and individual performers; and has kept a busy international career, appearing frequently at ISCM events. He participated at the ISCM New Music Miami Festival as invited composer in 2004 and 2007.<mask>'s works have been performed at numerous concerts and events in the Americas, Europe and Asia; in venues such as the Lincoln Centre (New York City); the Kennedy Centre (Washington); the Monte Carlo Theatre (Monaco); IRCAM (Paris); Smétana Hall (Prague); Philharmonic Hall (Bratislava); Elizabeth Hall (London); Warsaw Autumn Festivals; Alicante and Manuel de Falla Festivals; Operas (Budapest, Helsinki, Warsaw, and San Francisco); Manila National Theatre, and São Paulo State Symphony Hall. His works have been also broadcast through national networks in Europe, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand and throughout South and North Americas. <mask>'s music appears on the labels Areíto, SNE, Centredisc, CBC Records, Bonk, Blue Note, and Empreintes Digitales. His music has represented both Canada and Cuba at the UNESCO TRIMALCA (1979), the UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers in Paris (1980, 1995) and the UNESCO International Rostrum of Electroacoustic Music (1990, 1994). Performer

As a keyboardist, <mask> has mainly performed his own music and has also specialized in baroque music. He has performed at the National Arts Centre (Ottawa), IRCAM and UNESCO (Paris), South Bank Centre (London, UK), Pollack Hall, Chapelle historique du Bon-Pasteur (Montréal) and  Glenn Gould Studio (Toronto); as well as in Cuba, Banff, Bourges, Brussels, Calgary, Kingston, Madrid, Mexico City, Miami, Oslo, Prague, Seattle, and Vancouver. <mask> has commissioned and premiered numerous works for keyboard controlled synthesizers by Canadian composers.Professor

<mask> served as professor at the National Conservatory in Havana, Cuba from 1968 to 1973 and from 1978 to 1980. He taught at the National School of Music in Havana from 1968 to 1976, and at the University of Havana from 1976 to 1980. He was also appointed as Head of the music departments at the National Library of Havana and the Havana University; as Head of contemporary music for the Cuban Broadcasting Institute, from 1975 to 1977; and as head of music for the Ministry of Culture, Cuba from 1977 to 1980. In 1980, <mask> established his permanent residence in Canada, and after a brief period teaching at Trent University, he moved to the West Coast to teach at the University of Victoria from 1981 to 1984, and at the Simon Fraser University in 1986. He has also taught electronic music and FM synthesis at the Mexico City National “Carlos Chávez” Conservatory. Awards and recognitions

<mask> has received numerous recognitions in Cuba, Canada, Europe, Latin America, and the USA, including awards in the Concours International de Musique Électroacoustique de Bourges (1980); the Cintas/Arts International (New York City, 1999); the International Music Council (IMC) Rostrums of Composers (Paris, 1994, 1980); the IMC Rostrums of Electroacoustic Music (TIME) (Helsinki, 1994), (Oslo, 1990); IMC Rostrum of Latin American Music (TRIMALCA, Santafé de Bogotá, 1979); the Lynch-Staunton Award (2000), and several national awards in Cuba (chamber music 1973, 74; symphonic music, 1974; choral music, 1974; electronic music, 1979). Other professional activities

<mask> has been appointed as Director of the Music departments at the Havana National “José Martí” Library (1970–72), the University of Havana (1972–76), and the Cuban Ministry of Culture (1976–80); as music writer for the Havana daily paper Juventud Rebelde (1975–80), and as broadcaster for the Cuban National Radio and Television Network (ICRT) (1969–80), and the Vancouver Cooperative Radio (1985–90).He also served as secretary-general of the Cuban section of the International Music Council (IMC) (1976–80); as an associate of the Canadian Music Centre, as a member of the Canadian League of Composers and of SOCAN, and as a founding member of the Canadian Electroacoustic Community. Works

<mask>'s ample catalog include music for ballet (La Casa de Bernarda Alba, Plasmasis); for acoustic instruments or ensembles with tape or live electronics (including six works in his Yantra series, 1973–82); and purely electronic works. Nancy Casanovas, piano (Areíto: LDA-3589) (LP)
 Concierto (piano, percussion, audience, fixed media); Yantra I; Yantra IV. Luis Bayard, flute, piccolo, alto flute; Flores Chaviano, guitar; <mask>/percussion of the Orquesta Sinfónica de La Habana (Areíto: LDA-3631) (LP)
 Yantra III (original version). Flores Chaviano, guitar (Areíto: LDA-3721) (LP)
 Yantra VIII. Ileana Peña, piano (Areíto: LDA-3800) (LP)
 Oda al soldado muerto. Enrique González Mántici/Orquesta Sinfónica de La Habana (Areíto: LDA-7000) (LP)
 Crónicas de ultrasueño (version with oboe).Lawrence Cherney, oboe; <mask>, synthesizers (Centrediscs: CMCCD 4793)
 La Fiesta; Crónicas de ultrasueño (version with oboe); En febrero mueren las flores; Charangas delirantes; Sonatada; Viejas voces; Tablao (version for fixed media); Yantra X; Canzona. León Biriotti, oboe; Jesse Read, bassoon; Adele Armin, violin; Laura Wilcox, viola; <mask>, synthesizers (empreintes DIGITALes: IMED 9628/29)
 Yantra I; Yantra III (original version); Yantra IV; Yantra VI; Yantra IX. Luis Bayard, flute, piccolo, alto flute; Miguel Villafruela, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone; Flores Chaviano, guitar; Jorge Gomez Labraña, piano (IREME: 19732001)
 La Noche (version for fixed media); En febrero mueren las flores; Sandunga (original version); Las Barricadas misteriosas. Adele Armin, violin; Laura Wilcox, viola (IREME: 19822002)
 Concerto (viola); Jitanjáfora; La Casa de Bernarda Alba (excerpts). Adele Armin, violin; Laura Wilcox, viola; Alex Pauk/Esprit Orchestra; <mask>/Orquesta Sinfónica de la Ópera Cubana (IREME: 19962001)
 La Fiesta. <mask>, synthesizers (Radio Canada International: ACM-37)
 Soledad; Canzona. <mask>, synthesizers (Société de Nouvelle Enregistrement: SNE 556)
 Viola Desnuda.Laura Wilcox, viola (Société de Nouvelle Enregistrement: SNE 654)

References

External links
 ElectroCD: <mask>: http://www.electrocd.com/en/bio/barroso_se/
 The living composers Project: <mask>oso: http://www.composers21.com/compdocs/barrosos.htm
 <mask> at Encyclopedia of Music in Canada

See also

Music of Cuba

1946 births
20th-century classical composers
20th-century pianists
21st-century classical composers
21st-century pianists
Electroacoustic music composers
Cuban classical composers
Living people
Male classical composers
People from Havana
Male pianists
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians

masks:
Sergio Fernández Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Barroso
Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barroso
Sergio Barr
Sergio Barroso


title: Ruth Manning-Sanders

texts:
<mask> (21 August 1886 – 12 October 1988) was an English poet and author born in Wales, known for a series of children's books for which she collected and related fairy tales worldwide. All told, she published over 90 books in her lifetime. Biography

Childhood
<mask> was the youngest of three daughters of John Manning, an English Unitarian minister. She was born in Swansea, Wales, but the family moved to Cheshire when she was three. As a child, she took a wide interest in reading books. She and her two sisters wrote and acted in their own plays. She described her childhood as "extraordinarily happy ... with kind and understanding parents and any amount of freedom."According to a story she tells in the foreword to Scottish Folk Tales, she spent her summers in a farmhouse in the Scottish Highlands named "Shian", which she says means the place where fairies live. There old Granny Stewart loved to tell stories and Manning loved to listen to them. Education
Manning studied English literature and Shakespearean studies at Manchester University. Marriage
She married the English artist George Sanders in 1911, when they both changed their names to Manning-Sanders. She spent much of her early married life touring Britain in a horse-drawn caravan and working in a circus, a topic she wrote about extensively. The family eventually moved into a cottage in the fishing hamlet of Land's End, Cornwall. One of their two children, Joan Manning-Sanders (1913–2002), found fame as a teenage artist in the 1920s.Her husband died in an accident in 1953. Literary career
Manning-Sanders took to publishing dozens of fairy-tale anthologies, mostly during the 1960s and 1970s. She writes in the foreword to a 1971 anthology, A Choice of Magic

Some of Manning-Saunders's fairy-tale compilations include a discursive foreword on the origins of the tales retold. The stories in A Book of Dragons hail from Greece, China, Japan, North Macedonia, Ireland, Romania, Germany and elsewhere. She goes out of her way to say "not all dragons want to gobble up princesses." The book includes tales of kind and proud dragons, along with savage ones. Insight into how Manning-Sanders believed fairy tales should usually end is given in her foreword to A Book of Witches
 Along those same lines, Manning-Sanders notes in the foreword to A Book of Princes and Princesses

While many of Manning-Sanders's tales are not commonly known, she includes stories about more famous figures such as Baba Yaga, Jack the Giant-Killer, Anansi, Snow White, Hansel and Gretel, Robin Hood and Aladdin.The dust jacket for A Book of Giants notes "her wit and good humour. There is not a word wasted." Death
Manning-Sanders died in 1988 in Penzance, England. Marcus Crouch wrote in the February 1989 issue of The Junior Bookshelf, "For many long-lived writers, death is followed by eclipse. I hope that publishers will continue to re-release Manning-Sanders's priceless treasury of folk-tales. We would all be the poorer for their loss." Books
Many of her children's fairy-tale titles were memorably illustrated by Robin Jacques, who expressed a preference "for children's books of the more imaginative and fanciful kind, since these leave greater scope for illustrative invention, where I feel most at home.Thus, my work with <mask>-Sanders has proved most satisfying, and the twenty-five books we have done together contain much of the work that I feel personally happiest with." Other illustrators of her fairy tales included Victor Ambrus, Scoular Anderson, Eileen Armitage, Raymond Briggs, Donald Chaffin, Brian Froud, Lynette Hemmant, C. Walter Hodges, J. Hodgson, Annette Macarthur-Onslow, Constance Marshall, Kilmeny Niland, William Papas, Trevor Ridley, Jacqueline Rizvi, Leon Shtainmets, William Stobbs, and Astrid Walford. For children's literature, Manning-Sanders's American and international publishers included E. P. Dutton, Heinemann, McBride, Laurie, Oxford University Press, Roy, Methuen & Co. Ltd., Hamish Hamilton, Watts and Co. (London), Thomas Nelson, Angus & Robertson and Lippincott. She worked for two years with Rosaire's Circus in England. Her novel The Golden Ball. A Novel of the Circus (1954) is said to include parallels with the life of Leon LaRoche, a famed circus performer with Barnum & Bailey Circus from 1895 through 1902. Manning-Sanders was noted as a poet and novelist in the years up to World War II.At least two of her early poetry collections – Karn and Martha Wish-You-Ill – were published by the Hogarth Press, run by Leonard and Virginia Woolf. Three of her poems appeared in the 1918 volume "Twelve Poets, a Miscellany of New Verse", which also includes ten poems by Edward Thomas. She won the Blindman International Poetry Prize in 1926 for The City, and was for a time a protégée of the English author Walter de la Mare, who spent at least one holiday with the Manning-Sanders family in Cornwall. While living in Sennen, Cornwall, Manning-Sanders was for a time a neighbour of the British writer Mary Butts. The short story "John Pettigrew's Mirror" appeared in the 1951 anthology "One and All – A Selection of Stories from Cornwall," edited by Denys Val Baker. It was republished at least once, in the 1988 anthology "Ghost Stories" edited by Robert Westall. Her story, "The Goblins at the Bath House" from A Book of Ghosts and Goblins was read by Vincent Price on an LP entitled "The Goblins at the Bath House & The Calamander Chest," published by Caedmon in 1978 (TC 1574).Selected volumes

"A Book of ..." series
These 22 anthologies or collections were published by Methuen (Dutton in the US) and illustrated by Robin Jacques. A Book of Giants, 1962
A Book of Dwarfs, 1963
A Book of Dragons, 1964
A Book of Witches, 1965
A Book of Wizards, 1966
A Book of Mermaids, 1967
A Book of Ghosts and Goblins, 1968
A Book of Princes and Princesses, 1969
A Book of Devils and Demons, 1970
A Book of Charms and Changelings, 1971
A Book of Ogres and Trolls, 1972
A Book of Sorcerers and Spells, 1973
A Book of Magic Animals, 1974
A Book of Monsters, 1975
A Book of Enchantments and Curses, 1976
A Book of Kings and Queens, 1977
A Book of Marvels and Magic, 1978
A Book of Spooks and Spectres, 1979
A Book of Cats and Creatures, 1981
A Book of Heroes and Heroines, 1982
A Book of Magic Adventures, 1983
A Book of Magic Horses, 1984
The Library of Congress reports also a 1970 anthology compiled by Manning-Sanders, The Book of Magical Beasts, published by T. Nelson and illustrated by Raymond Briggs "Modern and ancient poems and short stories from around the world about make-believe beasts.".

masks:
Ruth Manning Sanders
Ruth Vernon Manning
Ruth Manning


title: Mark C. Rogers

texts:
<mask> (born 1942) is an American physician, medical entrepreneur, professor, and hospital administrator. He is a pediatrician, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist with a specialty in critical care medicine. With a medical career focused on pediatric intensive care, <mask> was founder of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital, working there from 1977 to 1991. He concurrently served as chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine beginning in 1980 and was a professor of anesthesiology and pediatrics throughout his tenure at Johns Hopkins. <mask> graduated from Columbia University and earned his medical degree from the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse before serving in the United States Army Medical Corp. At the end of his subsequent two-decade career in medicine at Johns Hopkins, he earned an MBA from Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1991 and began a new career as CEO of Duke Hospital and Health Network until 1996. He would later serve as founder and chairman of several pharmaceutical research companies focused on the treatment of cancer. <mask> was influential in the development of pediatric intensive care as an independent medical specialty in the United States and published numerous academic papers and books on the subject.He helped establish the medical sub-board examinations for pediatric critical care medicine and was also an editor of a textbook on the subject. The now eponymously renamed <mask>' Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care is now its fifth edition headed by new editors. The <mask><mask> Chair in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at Johns Hopkins is named in his honor. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, in 1942, and grew up in the Bronx. He earned entrance into the Bronx High School of Science, an academically competitive magnet school. Neither of his parents had attended higher education. An early influence on <mask>' education was his uncle, a physician who was the first in the family to attend college.Before beginning his medical education, <mask> attended Columbia University and earned an undergraduate degree in medieval history in 1964. Medical education and military service
Over the next five years, <mask> studied towards a medical degree at the Upstate Medical Center of the State University of New York in Syracuse. His studies were funded by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant with 6-month-long stints each year working at an NIH Research Fellowship. He graduated with a medical degree in 1969 and began a pediatric internship at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). After one year at MGH, he began a pediatric residency at Boston Children's Hospital in 1970. Working toward his desire to become a pediatric intensivist, <mask> entered a pediatric cardiology fellowship at Duke University Medical Center from 1971 to 1973 and then returned to MGH to complete a two-year anesthesiology residency. <mask> was a major in the United States Army from 1975 to 1977.As part of the Medical Corps, he was stationed at the Ireland Army Hospital in Fort Knox, Kentucky, where <mask> had a general pediatrics practice and was the director of Newborn Services. Medical career
He became the first director of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1977. He also began teaching as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1979. <mask> was appointed as the Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology in 1980, which he soon renamed the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine. At the same time, he was also promoted to professor of pediatrics and anesthesiology. According to the journal Pediatric Anesthesia, "The original PICU at Hopkins was rudimentary and not much larger than a living room and closet. It had six beds—four in one big room and two in the other.It had a very small nursing staff that was not dedicated to pediatric intensive care." In 1985, <mask> was responsible for opening a new and expanded 16-bed pediatric critical care unit. He also hired Richard Traystman, a professor in epidemiology, as director of research and together they transformed the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine into "one of the top NIH-funded anesthesia department in the United States. In 1992, he founded the first World Congress of Pediatric Intensive Care. <mask> developed the medical sub-board examinations for pediatric critical care medicine and was also an editor of a textbook on the subject. While at Johns Hopkins, he began publishing the Handbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, first published in 1989. The book was subsequently renamed as the Rogers' Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care.Although no longer under <mask>' editorship, it continues to carry his name and is now in its fifth edition. Two colleagues of <mask>, Donald H. Shaffner and David Nichols serve as co-editors in chief of Rogers' Textbook. <mask> has trained and mentored more than 45 doctors that completed residencies and fellowships in pediatric critical care specialties at Johns Hopkins. In 1995, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine). Later career
While an associate dean and professor at Johns Hopkins, <mask> was a visiting Fulbright Scholar at Ljubljana University Medical Center in the former Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). After graduating in 1991 with a Master of Business Administration degree from the Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania, <mask> became CEO of the Duke Hospital and Health Network and Vice-Chancellor for Health Affairs. In 1996, he initiated a novel capitated contractual agreement with Baxter International to provide all of the hospital's operating room supplies at a capped budget.This novel agreement gave Baxter a bonus when costs are below budget, incentivizing the supplier to keep the hospital's supply costs down. <mask> later served as senior vice-president and chief technology officer of Perkin-Elmer, a Norwalk, Connecticut-based maker of DNA sequencers. He went on to head several private companies, including being the founder and chairman of PolaRX, a company that developed the FDA-approved drug arsenic trioxide for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The company was later sold for $100 million. He was also the founder of Innovative Drug Delivery Systems, a pharmaceutical development company later sold to a larger company for approximately $230 million. <mask> was also the chairman of Cardiome, a cardiovascular drug development company. In 2004, he became chairman of Aptamera, a cancer drug developer based in Louisville, Kentucky.Aptamera was the developer of AGRO100, an experimental anticancer drug in human clinical trials. <mask> was also appointed Chair of the Reagan-Udall Foundation, a civilian advisory board to the Federal Drug Administration. Personal life
<mask> is married to <mask>, a physician who is also an adjunct professor of geriatrics at Johns Hopkins. They live in Fisher Island, Florida. Bibliography

References

1942 births
Living people
American anesthesiologists
American pediatric cardiologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
State University of New York Upstate Medical University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
Mark Charles Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Mark C
. Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Elizabeth Rogers


title: Alighiero Boetti

texts:
<mask> known as <mask> (16 December 1940 – 24 February 1994) was an Italian conceptual artist, considered to be a member of the art movement Arte Povera. Background

<mask> is most famous for a series of embroidered maps of the world, Mappa, created between 1971 and his death in 1994. <mask>'s work was typified by his notion of 'twinning', leading him to add 'e' (and) between his names, 'stimulating a dialectic exchange between these two selves'. Life
<mask> was born in Turin, to <mask>, a lawyer, and Adelina Marchisio, a violinist. <mask> abandoned his studies at the business school of the University of Turin to work as an artist. Already in his early years, he had profound and wide-ranging theoretical interests and studied works on such diverse topics as philosophy, alchemy and esoterics. Among the preferred authors of his youth were the German writer Hermann Hesse and the Swiss-German painter and Bauhaus teacher Paul Klee.<mask> also had a continuing interest in mathematics and music. At seventeen, <mask> discovered the works of the German painter Wols and the cut canvases of Argentine-Italian artist Lucio Fontana. <mask>'s own works of his late teen years, however, are oil paintings somewhat reminiscent of the Russian painter Nicolas de Staël. At age twenty, <mask> moved to Paris to study engraving. In 1962, while in France he met art critic and writer Annemarie Sauzeau, whom he was to marry in 1964 and with whom he had two children, Matteo (1967) and Agata (1972). From 1974 to 1976, he travelled to Guatemala, Ethiopia, Sudan. <mask> was passionate about non-western cultures, particularly of central and southern Asia, and travelled to Afghanistan and Pakistan numerous times in the 1970s and 1980s, although Afghanistan became inaccessible to him following the Soviet invasion in 1979.In 1975, he went back to New York. Active as an artist from the early 1960s to his premature death in 1994, <mask> developed a significant body of diverse works that were often both poetic and pleasing to the eye while at the same time steeped in his diverse theoretical interests and influenced by his extensive travels. He died of a brain tumour in Rome in 1994 at the age of 53. Career

Arte Povera
From 1963 to 1965, <mask> began to create works out of then unusual materials such as plaster, masonite, plexiglass, light fixtures and other industrial materials. His first solo show was in 1967, at the Turin gallery of Christian Stein. Later that year participated in an exhibition at Galleria La Bertesca in the Italian city of Genoa, with a group of other Italian artists that referred to their works as Arte Povera, or poor art, a term subsequently widely propagated by Italian art critic Germano Celant. <mask> continued to work with a wide array of materials, tools, and techniques, including ball pens (biro) and even the postal system.Some of <mask>'s artistic strategies are considered typical for Arte Povera, namely the use of the most modest materials and techniques, to take art off its pedestal of attributed "dignity". <mask> also took a keen interest in the relationship between chance and order, in various systems of classification (grids, maps, etc. ), and non-Western traditions and cultural practices, influenced by his Afghanistan and Pakistan travels. An example of his Arte Povera work is Lampada annuale (Yearly Lamp) (1966), a single, outsized light bulb in a mirror-lined wooden box, which randomly switches itself on for eleven seconds each year. This work focuses both on the transformative powers of energy, and on the possibilities and limitations of chance – the likelihood of a viewer being present at the moment of illumination is remote. In 1967, <mask> produced the piece Manifesto, a poster listing the names of artists that make up <mask>'s creative background. Dossier Postale (1969–70) consists of a series of letters which were sent to 26 well-known recipients, primarily artists (Giulio Paolini, Bruce Nauman), art critics (Lucy Lippard, Arturo Schwarz), dealers (Konrad Fischer, Leo Castelli), and collectors (Giuseppe Panza, Corrado Levi) active at the time.<mask> sent the envelopes to imaginary addresses, thus each letter was returned to the artist undelivered, demonstrating <mask>'s preoccupation with improbability and chance. 1972–1994

<mask> disassociated himself from the Arte Povera movement in 1972 and moved to Rome, without, however, completely abandoning some of its democratic, anti-elitist, strategies. In 1973, he renamed himself as a dual persona <mask> <mask> (“<mask> and <mask>”) reflecting the opposing factors presented in his work: the individual and society, error and perfection, order and disorder. Already in his double-portrait I Gemelli begun in 1968 and published as a postcard, <mask> had altered photographs so that he appeared to be holding the hand of his identical twin. He often collaborated with both artists and non-artists, giving them significant freedom in their contributions to his works. For instance, one of the better known types of his works consists of colored letters embroidered in grids ("arazzi", meaning wall hangings or tapestries) on canvases of varying sizes, the letters upon closer inspection reading as short phrases in Italian, for instance Ordine e Disordine ("Order and Disorder") or Fuso Ma Non Confuso ("Mixed but not mixed up"), or similar truisms and wordplays. To create these pictures, <mask> worked with artisan embroiderers in Afghanistan and Pakistan, to whom he gave his designs but increasingly handed over the process of selecting and combining the colors and thus deciding the final aesthetic look of the work.Similarly, in the lavori biro (ball pen paintings), he would invite friends and acquaintances, to fill large colored sections of the multi-part work by ball pen, typically alternating between a man and a woman from one sheet to another. <mask> made his first ballpoint ink drawings in 1972–73 and continued through the late 1980s. The largest of all <mask>'s Biro works are the four versions of Ononimo (1973), with their progressions of eleven separate panels, each hand-coloured in biro (two in blue biro and two in red). His most ambitious project is a large embroidered piece titled Classificazione dei mille fiumi piu lunghi del mondo (Classification of the thousand longest rivers in the world (1977). Following an invitation by Hans Ulrich Obrist,  the artist published six of his watercolour drawings in Austrian Airlines' in flight magazine ‘Sky Lines’. To accompany this publication, jigsaws of the images were produced, and were available to passengers on the flights at this time. In 1986 he took part at the Lucio Amelio's exhibition "Terrae Motus".After the 1980 Irpinia earthquake the Neapolitan gallerist asked to the major contemporary artists of that time to realize a work of art about the earthquake; so <mask> realized for this occasion Di palo in frasca nell'estate dell'anno millenovecentottantasei, accanto al Pantheon, a reflection on the concepts of time and thinking: the monkey stands for the human thought's capacity to jump from a think to another. Embroideries

Perhaps best known is <mask>'s series of large embroidered maps of the world, called simply Mappa. After the Six-Day War in June 1967 the artist began to collect newspaper covers featuring maps of war zones. He then asked his wife to embroider the shapes from the June 1967 map. He pondered the idea of the first large-scale Mappa during his second voyage to Afghanistan in 1971, resulting in a series of woven world maps entitled Territori Occupati. Between 1971 and 1979 he set up the One Hotel with his friend and business partner Gholam Dastaghir in Kabul as a kind of artistic commune and created large colourful embroideries, the most famous of these were the Mappa, world maps in which each country features the design of its national flag. In 1971, <mask> commissioned women at an embroidery school in Kabul to embroider his first map.He initially intended to make only one but went on to commission roughly 150 of them in his lifetime, with no two possessing exactly the same dimensions. <mask>'s maps reflect a changing geopolitical world from 1971 to 1994, a period that included the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall. Embroidered by up to 500 artisans in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the maps were the result of a collaborative process leaving the design to the geopolitical realities of the time, and the choice of colours to the artisans responsible for the embroidery. The maps delineate the political boundaries of the countries. In one map, the sea is unexpectedly coloured pink rather than blue, as landlocked Afghans had no tradition of mapping, certainly not of oceans. The border texts contain dates or details relative to the work's production, <mask>'s signature and sayings, as well as excerpts from Sufi poetry. "For me the work of the embroidered Mappa is the maximum of beauty.For that work I did nothing, chose nothing, in the sense that: the world is made as it is, not as I designed it, the flags

masks:
Alighiero Fabrizio Boetti
Alighiero e Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero Boetti
Corrado Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero
e Boetti
Alighiero
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti


title: Alighiero Boetti

texts:
 are those that exist, and I did not design them; in short I did absolutely nothing; when the basic idea, the concept, emerges everything else requires no choosing." Alighiero e Boetti, 1974

The brightly colored Arazzi works are embroidered pieces made in various sizes that depict sentences drawn from poetry, wisdoms from around the world, or sayings invented by <mask> himself. The Arazzi grandi, containing messages in both Italian and Persian, are each distinct, recording the date when they were created, and containing an elaborate internal code that prescribes the order of the sentences on display. They contrast geometric European letters and flowing Persian calligraphy in checkerboard patterns, alternating bands, grids or cruciform shapes. The dates, carefully noted on each Arazzi grandi, mark a point of captivation for <mask>, as he was deeply interested in the concept of time and its inevitable passing. The embroidery of each map normally took one to two years and, in some cases, much longer due to geopolitical events. Following the closure of the Afghan border, <mask> was forced to abandon this practice and work remotely from Italy.This work began in his studio in Rome, with the artist outlining the countries in felt-tip pen onto linen, before sending the cloth framework to Afghanistan. The invasion of Afghanistan by Russian troops in 1979 shifted production completely from Kabul to Peshawar in Pakistan, where the group of Afghan women had taken refuge and where <mask> was only able to reconnect with them through middlemen. It also halted production completely until 1982, with only a few maps being made between 1982–1985 During the 1980s <mask> visited Pakistan to meet the men organizing the embroidery. As a European male, however, <mask> was not allowed to visit the camps. He therefore asked photographer Randi Malkin Steinberger, with whom he had collaborated on the book Accanto al Pantheon in Rome, to go to Peshawar in 1990 to photograph the craftswomen at work. A chief example of this series, Mappa del Mondo, 1989 ("Map of the World, 1989"), is on view in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York (see Key Works). Exhibitions
Having shown in Milan and Turin, <mask> was invited by Harald Szeemann to participate in the seminal exhibition "Live in your Head.When Attitudes Become Form" in 1969. <mask> had his first US solo exhibition in New York at John Weber Gallery in 1973. In 1978, he held an anthological exhibition curated by Jean-Christophe Ammann at the Kunsthalle Basel that featured historical works alongside more recent ones. He was the subject of a retrospective in 1992 that traveled to Bonn and Münster, Germany, and Lucerne, Switzerland. He was honored with several exhibitions after his death, most notably at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome (1996); the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Vienna in 1997; the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main in 1998; Whitechapel Gallery, London (1999); and Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz. The artist took part in Documentas 5 (1972) and 7 (1982) and the Venice Biennale (1978, 1980, 1986, 1990, 1995). In 2001, the Venice Pavillon was completely dedicated to <mask> <mask>'s work.In 2012, for the exhibition Game Plan, a significant number of works have been lent to the MoMA by Tornabuoni art Gallery. Select exhibitions

 Galleria Christian Stein, Turin, Italy, 1967
 Arte Povera, Galleria La Bertesca, Genoa, 1967 (group exhibition)
 Shaman Showman, Galleria De Nieubourg, Milan, Italy, 1969
 When Attitude Becomes Form, curated by Harald Szeemann, Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland,  1969 (group exhibition)
 Io che prendo il sole a Torino il 24 February 1969, Galleria Sperone, Turin, Italy, 1969. John Weber Gallery, New York, 1973
 Mettere al mondo il mondo, Sperone-Fischer Gallery, Rome, Italy, 1973
 Kunstmuseum Lucerne, Switzerland, 1975. Kunsthalle Basel, curated by Jean-Christophe Amman, Basel, Switzerland, 1978
 Art Agency Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 1980. 44th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 1990. Synchronizitaet als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhaenge, Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany; Westfalischer Kunstverein, Munster, Germany; Kunstmuseum, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1992–1993
 Alternando da 1 a 100 e viceversa, Centre National d'Art Contemporain de Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1993
 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California, 1994
 P.S.1 Museum, Long Island City, New York, 1994. Alighiero e Boetti, part of the project, Origin and Destination, Societe des Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
 Alighiero Boetti, Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin, Italy; Musee d'Art Moderne, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Museum Moderner Kunst, Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna, Austria, 1996–97
 Alighiero Boetti: Mettere al mondo il mondo ("Bringing the World into the World") – Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Galerie Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst, Germany, 1998
 Boetti; the maverick spirit of Arte Povera, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, 1999
 Zero to Infinity, Arte Povera 1962–1972 – Tate Modern, London,' Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2001–2002
 When 1 is 2: The Art of Alighiero e Boetti – Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, TX, 2002
 Quasi Tutto, Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Bergamo, Italy, 2004.2012 Tate Modern retrospective. "Alighiero <mask>: Game Plan" MoMA, NY, 2012. Key works (selection)

 Mappa del Mondo, 1989 ("Map of the World, 1989"), Afghan embroidery on fabric, Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York  (image)
 Tutto ("Everything"), 1994, Afghan embroidery on fabric, collection of the Museum of Modern Art in Frankfurt am Main, Germany  (image ). Art market

In 1995, the Archivio Alighiero Boetti, seated in Rome, was created for the issuance of certificates of authenticity for works by <mask>. In 2008, lawsuits were filed between Sperone Westwater Gallery (the artist's primary dealer at the time) and the Archivio Alighiero Boetti (and some family members) over the authenticity of 15 works exhibited and sold by the gallery its 2002 show "Simmetria Asimmetria". In a January 2008 suit by the archive against the gallery in Milan, the archive sought declaratory judgment that it is not liable to the gallery for not authenticating the works in dispute, and additionally claims that the gallery violated its "moral rights" by exhibiting, publishing, and selling works of art attributed to <mask>. Sperone Westwater, in return, sued the Boetti Archive in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for what it alleges is a broad scheme to discredit it by capriciously questioning the authenticity of <mask> artworks it has shown and sold in the United States; this included one that was purchased by the Art Institute of Chicago.In the New York suit, Sperone Westwater asked the judge to make a declaratory judgment that the archive has no moral rights claims and also seeks damages "for the Defendants' injuries to the gallery's business and reputation," on counts of breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, and interference with business relations. References

Further reading
 La Tartaruga Gallery (ed. ), Il teatro delle mostre (Rome, Lerici editore, 1968, in Italian)
 Alberto Boatto, Alighiero & Boetti (Ravenna, Essegi Ed., 1984, in Italian)
 Rolf Lauter, Alighiero e Boetti: Mettere il mondo al mondo (Hatje Cantz Verlag, 1988, in German, catalogue for the exhibition Mettere al mondo il mondo)
 Germano Celant, Umberto Allemandi, et al., Arte povera (Turin, 1989, in Italian)
 Collaboration Parkett No. 24 (art magazine, Parkett Verlag Zurich, Switzerland, 1990, in German and English)
 Annelie Pohlen, Alighiero e Boetti – 1965 bis 1991 (Bonner Kunstverein, 1992, in German)
 Jean-Christophe Ammann, M. T. Roberto, A. Sauzeau (eds. ), Alighiero e Boetti – 1965–1994 (Milan, Edizioni Mazzotta, 1996, in Italian). Germano Celant, Alighiero <mask>, (Milan, Skira, 2001, published in connection with the exhibition Alighiero Boetti. Niente da vedere niente da nascondere at the 49th Venice Biennale, 2001)
 Paola Morsiani and Barry Schwabsky (eds.), When 1 is 2: The Art of Alighiero <mask> (Houston, Contemporary Arts Museum, 2002)
 Hans Ulrich Obrist, Interviews Volume I (Milan, Fondazione Pitti Immagine Discovery/Charta, 2003)
 Maura Picciau, Giorgio Maffei (eds. ), <mask> <mask> “Tutto libro” (Edizoni SACS, 2004, in Italian)
 Giacinto Di Pietrantonio, Corrado Levi (eds. ), Alighiero <mask> – Quasi tutto (Milan, Silvana Editoriale, 2004, in Italian)
 Annemarie Sauzeau, Luca Sassella (eds. ), Shaman showman Alighiero e Boetti (Rome, 2006, in Italian)
 Anne-Marie Sauzeau pour Tornabuoni art, "Alighiero Boetti" Federico Motta Editore, 2010

External links

 Website of the Alighiero Boetti Foundation (Fondazione Alighiero Boetti), in Italian:
 Italian website of the Alighiero Boetti Archives, in English and Italian:

1940 births
1994 deaths
Artists from Turin
Italian contemporary artists
Italian conceptual artists
Arte

masks:
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Alighiero
e Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
Boetti
e Boetti
Alighiero
Boetti
Boetti


title: Pongsiri P.K.Saenchaimuaythaigym

texts:
<mask>. Saenchaimuaythaigym (), is a Thai Muay Thai kickboxer. Muay Thai career
He fought Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy for the inaugural ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE Championship: Warrior's Code on February 7, 2020. Phetmorakot won by unanimous decision. He was scheduled to fight Phonaek Or Kwanmuang in the Prachinburi event in the Omnoi Stadium, in March 2020. The fight was for the Omnoi Stadium −147 lbs title. <mask> won by decision.He fought Sorgraw Petchyindee during ONE Championship: No Surrender 2 on August 14, 2020, and lost the bout by split decision. <mask> was scheduled to fight Sean Clancy during ONE Championship: A New Breed 2 on September 11, 2020. Pongsiri won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> is scheduled to face Liam Harrison at ONE on TNT 2 on April 14, 2021. However, their fight was pulled from the event after the COVID-19 situation in the United Kingdom prevented Harrison from traveling. <mask> was scheduled to face former ONE Bantamweight Kickboxing World Champion Alaverdi Ramazanov at ONE Championship: NextGen 3 on November 26, 2021. He lost by first-round knockout.style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-02-07 || Loss||align=left| Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy || ONE Championship: Warrior's Code || Jakarta, Indonesia || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-04-21 || Win||align=left| Cristian Marzullo || Thai Fight|| Roma, Italy || KO (Right Elbow) || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-03-24 || Win||align=left| Victor Conesa || Thai Fight || Spain || TKO (Punches) || 2 ||
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2018-02-18 || Loss|| align=left| Manachai YokkaoMuayThai || MuayThaiJedsee, Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-12-16 || Win||align=left| Sam Bark || WPMF King's Birthday || Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2017-10-15 || Loss ||align=left| Jordan Watson  || Yokkao 28 || Bolton, England || KO (Head Kick) || 2 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 2017-09-30 || Draw||align=left| Sam Bark || Top King 16 || Fujian, China || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-09-10 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-08-05 || Win||align=left| Craig Dickson || Top King 15 || Thailand || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-06-17 || Loss ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-06-17 || Loss ||align=left| Nontakit Tor.Morsri || Kiatpetch + PKsaenchai promotion, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-03-19 || Loss ||align=left| Nontakit Tor.Morsri || Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-12-18 || Win ||align=left| Vinailek Sor.Jor.Vichitpadriew ||  Chiang Mai Boxing Stadium || Chiang Mai, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-10-07 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-09-02 || Win ||align=left| Rafi Bohic || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2008-02-05|| Win ||align=left| Hokun Sitkruwat || Krikkrai, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2007-12-07|| Win ||align=left| Norasing Lukbanyai || Lumpinee 51st Anniversary, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2007-06-22|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Phetsupapan, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2007-04-23|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or.

masks:
Pongsiri P K
Pongsiri
Pongsiri
Pongsiri
Pongsiri


title: Britt Nicole

texts:
<mask>, better known by her stage name <mask>, is an American vocalist, songwriter and recording artist. She has mainly charted as a Christian pop artist, but in 2012 found her debut mainstream single, "Gold", and, in 2013, "Ready or Not", in the Mainstream Top 40. Her fourth studio album, Gold, was nominated for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 55th Grammy Awards. She is signed to Sparrow and Capitol Records. Early life
<mask> was born in Salisbury, North Carolina. <mask> began singing at the age of three in her church, Truth Temple of Kannapolis, North Carolina. She, along with her brother and cousin, eventually became involved with the church's daily program on Charlotte TV station WAXN.She was a talented dancer, taking ballet, jazz, hip hop, and lyrical. At South Rowan High School, she was a member of the school's advanced choir group, and performed with them at Carnegie Hall in New York. <mask> was also a member of Duke University's Brightleaf Music Workshop. Career

2003–2011

<mask> turned down a scholarship from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a full-time music career. She felt that God was telling her to concentrate on singing instead of going to college. On January 10, 2003, released her debut album, Follow the Call, an independent release as <mask>dell. In 2004, she signed a management deal with Vertical Entertainment, and then signed a development deal with Word Records.Also in 2004 she released her debut extended play, <mask>dell. In 2006 signed with Sparrow Records and her song "Indestructible" was featured on the WOW Next 2007 compilation CD, and she performed at Creation East/West, Spirit West Coast Monterey, ALIVE 11 festival, and Celebrate Freedom. She was featured on Christian hip-hop group GRITS' 2006 album, Redemption, on the songs "Right Back" and "Soul Cry", both under the name <mask>. On May 22, 2007 she released her second album Say It. It peaked at No. 40 on Billboard's Christian Albums chart. The debut single from the album, "You", was released on March 27, 2007.It hit the Top 10 on the R&R magazine chart. It was the 12th most played song on Christian Hit Radio stations in 2007, according to R&R magazine. It also peaked at No. 6 on Billboard'''s Hot Christian Songs, her highest charting song to date. <mask> was the opening act on the 2007 Winter Jam Tour with Sanctus Real, Hawk Nelson, Jeremy Camp, Steven Curtis Chapman, and Newsong. <mask>'s song "Sunshine Girl" was featured on MTV's teen reality show Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County on September 5, 2007. <mask>'s first music video, for the song "Believe", premiered on the Gospel Music Channel on September 22, 2007.The song was then released as the album's second single on October 30, 2007. It was the 21st most-played song of 2008 on Christian Pop radio stations according to R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart. On November 20, 2007, <mask> released her first EP titled Holiday Trio. The EP was Christmas-themed and was only released digitally. It featured her song "Holiday", plus two never before released songs; one is an original titled "Come What May", and the other is a cover song of the holiday hit "Last Christmas". "Set the World on Fire" was released as Say Its third and final US single in early 2008. The song peaked at No.11 on Billboard's Hot Christian Songs. In 2007 and 2008, "Holiday" and "When She Cries" were both released as UK singles, while "Don't Worry Now" was released as a single in Australia. In 2009, <mask> released a new song "The Lost Get Found" to promote her third album by the same name. The song debuted in the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart, at No. 20, and peaked at No. 8. It peaked at No.1 on Christian radio stations. The music video for the song was released as a single on iTunes on November 17, 2009. The single also included a remix and karaoke version of the track. The Lost Get Found was released on August 11, 2009, and peaked at No. 1 on Billboard'''s Christian Albums Chart and No. 62 on the Billboard 200. The same month, the music video for her song "Holiday" (from Say It) was posted on YouTube.Her second US single from The Lost Get Found, "Walk on the Water", peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and No. 1 on Christian radio. It was promoted on the NBC television show The Biggest Loser. Meanwhile, the song "Headphones" was released as her second single from The Lost Get Found in the UK. It peaked at No. 2 on the UK Christian CHR chart.On January 1, 2010, a compilation album, Acoustic Playlist: Bold, was released under StarSong. It featured an acoustic version of <mask>'s single "Believe". Her second EP Acoustic was released August 24, 2010, to stores and online. It includes five acoustic versions of previous songs and a brand new song, "Found By You". The album debuted at No. 22 on the Hot Christian Albums chart. Her third single from The Lost Get Found, "Hanging On", was released in July to coincide with the release of the album.It peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart. In early 2010, "Welcome to the Show" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No. 4 on the country's Christian CHR chart. Later, in the middle of the year, the song "Safe" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No.3 on the country's Christian CHR chart. A music video for "Headphones" was released on November 9, 2010. In December 2010, "Have Your Way" was released as a single in the UK. It peaked at No. 4 on the UK's Christian CHR chart. 2012–present

On December 21, 2011, <mask> announced the release of her fourth album which was preceded by the January release of "All This Time", the album's lead single. It was the No.1 song on Christian pop radio for eight weeks in a row and also peaked at No. 3 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart. The album, titled Gold, was released on March 26, 2012. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Hot Christian albums chart and No. 41 on the Billboard 200, the highest charting album on that chart for the singer. The singles "Stand" and "Breakthrough" were released to United States and United Kingdom Christian radio, respectively, in the fall of 2012."Stand" peaked at No. 11 on US Christian pop radio and "Breakthrough" peaked at No. 3 on UK Christian Pop radio. In December 2012, she released two Christmas music videos, "Jingle Bell Rock" and "O Holy Night". <mask> announced that she signed to Capitol Records and released "Gold" as her debut single for mainstream pop radio on December 4, 2012. A re-release of her album, Gold, was released on February 26, 2013, to mainstream pop markets. On January 11, 2013, she released a Gold EP with the radio version of "Gold", two remixes of "Gold" and the "Gold" music video.<mask> was featured on Tenth Avenue North's Christmas single "We Three Kings", which along with her own song "O Come All Ye Faithful" are included on WOW Christmas Blue released September 24, 2013. In 2014, the song "The Sun Is Rising" was included as part of the soundtrack of the film, The Other Woman, gaining popularity without being an official single. Her first remix album, The Remixes, was released March 17, 2015. "Through Your Eyes", the lead single from <mask> <mask>'s fifth studio album was released on July 29, 2016. On September 1, 2016, People Magazine announced <mask>'s fifth studio album, Britt <mask>, to be released on October 7, 2016 and later released "Be the Change" and "Pave" as promotional singles off the album. Britt <mask> was released on October 7, 2016, in standard and deluxe editions. Personal life

<mask>'s parents divorced when she was seven.This was mentioned in her song "Don't Worry Now" and "All This Time". On July 1, 2012, she married Joshua Crosby. On February 5, 2013, <mask> announced that she was pregnant with her first child and gave birth to a girl, Ella Brave Crosby on July 24, 2013. On September 3, 2014, <mask> and her husband announced that she was pregnant with their second child a son, Adin Jerusalem Crosby, who was born on February 8, 2015. On April 5, 2018 <mask> announced that she was expecting her third child, and shared the first picture of her second son, Eli, on May 8, 2019. In December 2019, <mask> was one of several evangelical worship artists who prayed for President Donald Trump in the Oval Office. Discography

Studio albums
 Follow the Call (2003)
 Say It (2007)
 The Lost Get Found (2009)
 Gold (2012)
 Britt Nicole (2016)

Concert tours
 You're Worth More Than Gold Tour (2012)
 This Is Not a Test Tour (2015)
 Hits Deep Tour (2016)

Awards

References

External links

21st-century American singers
American Charismatics
American women singer-songwriters
American women rock singers
American performers of Christian music
Living people
Singer-songwriters from North Carolina
People from Salisbury, North Carolina
Performers of Christian rock music
Sparrow Records artists
21st-century American women singers
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Brittany Nicole Waddell
Britt Nicole
Britt Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Brittany Wad
Brittany Wad
Brittany Waddell
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Britt
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole


title: Anthony Fokker

texts:
Anton Herman Gerard "<mask><mask> (6 April 1890 – 23 December 1939) was a Dutch aviation pioneer, aviation entrepreneur, aircraft designer, and aircraft manufacturer. He produced fighter aircraft in Germany during the First World War such as the Eindecker monoplanes, the Dr.1 triplane and the D.VII biplane. After the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to produce aircraft, <mask> moved his business to the Netherlands. There, his company was responsible for a variety of successful aircraft including the Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor, a successful passenger aircraft of the inter-war years. He died in New York in 1939. Later authors suggest he was personally charismatic but unscrupulous in business and a controversial character. Early life
<mask> (Tony<mask> was born in Blitar, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), to <mask>, a Dutch coffee plantation owner.Some sources say that he was born in Kediri. At that time, Blitar was a part of the "Kediri Residency", a colonial administrative division the capital of which was Kediri. When <mask> was four, the family returned to the Netherlands and settled in Haarlem in order to provide <mask> and his older sister, Toos, with a Dutch upbringing. <mask> was not a studious boy and did not complete his high school education. However, he showed an early interest in mechanics, and preferred making things, playing with model trains and steam engines, and experimenting with model aeroplane designs. He devoted considerable effort to the development of a wheel that would not suffer from punctures, basically a wheel with a perimeter formed by a series of metal plates. Move to Germany

<mask>'s first interest in flight stemmed from Wilbur Wright's exhibition flights in France in the summer and fall of 1908.In 1910, aged 20, <mask> was sent by his father to Germany to receive training as an automobile mechanic at Bingen Technical school, but his interest was in flying, so he transferred to the Erste deutsche Automobil-Fachschule in Mainz. That same year <mask> built his first aircraft "de Spin" ("the Spider"), which was destroyed by his business partner who flew it into a tree. He gained his flying certificate in his second "Spin" aircraft, which shortly thereafter was also destroyed by the same business partner, prompting <mask> to end their cooperation. In his own country, he became a celebrity by flying around the tower of the Grote or St.-Bavokerk in Haarlem on 1 September 1911, with the third version of the "Spin". One day earlier, on Queen's Day (31 August, Queen Wilhelmina's birthday), <mask> had already taken the opportunity to make a couple of demonstration flights in Haarlem in the same aircraft. In 1912, <mask> moved to Johannisthal near Berlin where he founded his first own company, Fokker Aeroplanbau. In the following years he constructed a variety of aircraft.He relocated his factory to Schwerin where it was renamed Fokker Flugzeugwerke GmbH, and later shortened to Fokker Werke GmbH. Involvement in World War I
At the outbreak of World War I the German government took control of the factory. <mask> remained as director and alleged designer of many aircraft for the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte), including the Fokker Eindecker and the Fokker Dr.I, the triplane made famous in the hands of aces such as Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron). In all, his company delivered about 700 military aircraft to the German air force as well as supplying the German navy and Austria-Hungary. <mask> himself was a skilled pilot, demonstrating his aircraft on many occasions. On 13 June 1915, <mask> demonstrated the new Eindecker (monoplane) at Stenay in the German 5th Army Sector in front of the German Crown Prince and other VIPs. <mask> worked closely with an accomplished military pilot, Otto Parschau, to bring the Eindecker into military use and on this occasion both men demonstrated the aircraft.Max Immelmann, later to become a high-scoring flying ace with the Eindecker, commented in a letter written shortly after this event on 25 June 1915 that: "<mask>, especially, amazed us with his skill". Author A.R. Weyl (Fokker: The Creative Years, Putnam 1965) says that, while <mask> was a talented and bold pilot, his business character was more flawed. He failed to reinvest war profits back into his factory which consequently struggled to fulfill contracts as the factory floor was often muddled with prototype development and production taking place at the same time. <mask> distrusted qualified engineers (which he was not), and resented frequent German insistence on carrying out stringent structural tests to ensure prototype aircraft were fit for combat. He could be bad tempered and insensitive, as when he verbally abused his dying designer Martin Kreuzer on the evening of 27 June 1916, after Kreuzer had crashed the prototype Fokker D.I. The rudder jammed, but Kreuzer was able to give a verbal report on the accident before he died."<mask> hurried to the scene, and shouted reproaches at the mortally injured man". Weyl says this incident was witnessed by Reinhold Platz, who succeeded Kreuzer. While Weyl's biography paints an unpleasant picture of <mask> as a businessman, he was a popular and charismatic figure with service pilots, and could charm even senior officers. This charm enabled him to deal with the first major crisis of his German career when his newly delivered Fokker Dr.I triplanes began to experience sudden fatal accidents in late 1917, and the type was temporarily grounded as too dangerous to fly. The triplanes' top wings frequently ripped off under aerobatic conditions and even Lothar von Richthofen (brother of Manfred) was lucky to survive one such crash. <mask> was able to prove to the German high command that the basic design was not at fault, but the German military inquiry concluded that shoddy workmanship due to poor supervision and quality control at the Fokker factory were to blame. <mask> received a stern warning about future conduct.Unfortunately the same scenario repeated itself a few months later, with the introduction of his E.V/D.VIII monoplane in mid-1918. A further high level German inquiry revealed more production and workmanship issues. Weyl asserts that the German authorities were now willing to file criminal charges against <mask>, and might have done so, had he not returned to the Netherlands shortly after the end of World War I.

<mask>'s own account of the D.VIII places the blame on officious German Air Force inspectors requiring an ill-conceived design change. "When the first D-8 was submitted to the engineering division to be sandload tested, the wings proved to be sufficiently strong, but the regulations called for a proportionate strength in the rear spar compared to the front spar ... Complying with the government's edict, we strengthened the rear spar and started to produce in quantity ..." The D.VIIIs immediately ran into trouble with the wing collapsing at high speed. <mask> recalled the aircraft for further testing, and successfully demonstrated that the reinforced rear spar caused the wings to flex unevenly at speed, increasing the angle of attack at the wing tips and causing the wing to shear apart under the increased loads. The problem was resolved by restoring the rear spar to its original specifications.Weyl also discusses claims of <mask>'s outright plagiarism or taking sole credit for the work of his staff, first designer Martin Kreuzer and later Reinhold Platz. For example, contemporary German documents for the E.V/D.VIII refer to <mask> as "the designer" but Weyl and other authors now suggest that Platz was the real design genius behind the Dr.I, D.VII and D.VIII. There may be some truth in this as Platz recalled to Weyl that he attended high level meetings alongside <mask> but was never introduced or referred-to as the designer and often never even spoke. Yet when <mask> fled Germany it was Platz who immediately took over the German works on <mask>'s behalf. <mask> later moved Platz to the Netherlands, as head designer, when the post-war German operation collapsed which indicates Platz really did play a greater design role than <mask> admits. Weyl uncharitably suggests that Platz's role at the Fokker D.VIII crisis meetings was to take the blame if anything was wrong and not receive credit. How much of this interpretation is based on the fact that Platz was still alive to tell his side of the story in 1965, and <mask> was not, is unclear.Another book by Henri Hegener (who knew both <mask> and Platz personally) depicts a rather different story, saying that Platz, while a skilled craftsman (and excellent welder), had received no formal technical training, and that his contributions to the Fokker designs are exaggerated, although Hegener grants that Platz was a good "rule of thumb" designer. Hegener also contradicts the claims that Platz was treated badly by <mask>, at least not financially because Platz's year-end bonuses often exceeded his yearly salary. The interrupter gear

<mask> is often credited with having invented the synchronization device which enabled World War I aircraft to fire through the spinning propeller. His role was certainly significant, but there were a number of prior developments before the result was achieved for which <mask> is commonly credited. The famous French pilot Roland Garros was shot down on 18 April 1915. His aircraft had been fitted with a deflector device, whereby metal deflector wedges were fitted to the propeller. Garros was able to set fire to the airframe before being taken prisoner but the aircraft's gun and the armoured propeller remained intact and came into

masks:
Anthony
" Fokker
Fokker
Anthony
) Fokker
Herman Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker
Fokker


title: Anthony Fokker

texts:
 German hands.This initiated a phase of consideration of the interrupter gear concept in the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte). <mask> was heavily involved in this process but the story of his conception, development and installation of a synchronization device in a period of 48 hours (first found in an authorized biography of <mask> written in 1929) has been shown to be not factual. The available evidence points to a synchronisation device having been in development with <mask>'s company for perhaps six months prior to the capture of Garros' machine. Additionally there were patents filed in France, Germany and Austria-Hungary as far back as 1910 which show a very similar device to that pioneered by <mask>. Author A. J. Weyl suggests that <mask> – or more probably someone on his production team – was aware of these patents. One patentee, Franz Schneider and his employer LVG, later sued <mask> in the German courts and won their case; but <mask> (by now in America) refused to pay up. However, the final result of the development was <mask>'s pushrod control mechanism, Gestängesteuerung, which allowed the aircraft's forward-firing machine gun to fire only when the propeller was out of the line of fire.As incorporated into the famous Fokker Eindecker, its use directly led to a phase of German air superiority known as the Fokker Scourge. Despite its shock effect on the enemy, the first Fokker interrupters remained unreliable and were prone to failures. Both Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann survived failures which resulted in propellers being shot off and even engines pulled out of their mountings due to the engine becoming unbalanced by the loss of the propeller. Immelmann's eventual death in combat has also been attributed to interrupter gear failure as the aircraft was seen to break up in mid-air while engaged against a Royal Flying Corps F.E.2b. Other works on aircraft armament
Fokker and his armament team, including Lübbe and Leimberger, also worked on lesser known projects, including a multi-barrelled machine gun, known as the Fokker-Leimberger. Although superficially similar to a Gatling gun, the action of the Fokker-Leimberger was substantially different. Problems with the gun, especially with ruptured cases, prevented its adoption into production during the war.After moving to the US, <mask> continued to work on the design, but he was ultimately unsuccessful—properly sealing the rotary split-breech was apparently very difficult. A single surviving prototype is known today at the Kentucky Military Treasures. Return to the Netherlands

After the war's end, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to build any aircraft or aircraft engines. The Armistice, not the Treaty of Versailles, singled out the Fokker D.VII for destruction or confiscation, the only aircraft to be so named. In 1919, <mask> returned to the Netherlands and started a new aircraft company, the Nederlandse Vliegtuigenfabriek (Dutch Aircraft Factory), predecessor to the Fokker Aircraft Company. Despite the strict disarmament conditions in the treaty, <mask> did not return home empty-handed: he managed to smuggle six goods trains' worth of D.VII and C.I military aircraft and spare parts out of Germany across the German-Dutch border. Author Weyl says that <mask> used 350 railway wagons and made sure that each train was too long to fit into the railway sidings where trains were normally checked for contraband.Weyl quotes <mask> himself as saying that he paid 20,000 Dutch guilders in bribes. The trains included 220 aeroplanes, more than 400 aero engines and much other material. This initial stock enabled him to quickly set up shop, but his focus shifted from military to civil aircraft such as the very successful Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor. <mask>'s admitted bribery has contributed to his reputation for sharp business practices. Weyl also points out that – in addition to possible criminal charges for the Fokker D.VIII fatal crashes – <mask> also failed to pay taxes to German authorities, and actually owed more than 14 million Marks. <mask>'s autobiography tells a similar story, but focuses on the rampant corruption, hyper-inflation, economic meltdown, and violent revolutionary forces of the pre-Weimar days. According to <mask>'s account, as WWI progressed, the German High Command became increasingly brazen, even forcing <mask> into German citizenship against his will.<mask> describes his escape from Germany as a harrowing tale in which he protected as many workers as possible and escaped with less than a quarter of his net worth. He takes pains to rebuff the claim that he left the country owing any taxes. Personal life

On 25 March 1919, <mask> married Sophie Marie Elisabeth von Morgen in Haarlem. This marriage ended in divorce in 1923. In 1927, he married Canadian Violet Austman in New York City. On 8 February 1929, she died in a fall from their hotel suite window. The original police report said her death was a suicide, but this was later changed to "vertigo victim" at the request of her husband's staff.On the subject of his marriages, <mask> wrote, "I have always understood airplanes much better than women. I had more love affairs in my life, and they ended just like the first one, really, because I thought there was nothing that could be more important than my airplanes ... I have now learned, by bitter experience, that one must give a little too; in love one has to use one's brain just as much as in business, and perhaps even more". Move to the US and death

In or about 1926 or 1927, <mask> moved to the United States. Here he established the North American branch of his company, the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation. The company gained high visibility in daring exploits by pilots. The Fokker F.VII aircraft was used by pilot Richard E. Byrd and machinist Floyd Bennett to fly over or near the North Pole on 9 May 1926.In June 1928, Amelia Earhart crossed the Atlantic to Wales in a Fokker F.VII/3m trimotor, and in 1930 Charles Kingsford Smith circumnavigated the globe in another. However the reputation was hurt when the famous Notre Dame University football coach Knute Rockne was killed in a crash of a Fokker F.10A in March 1931. Fokker's Dutch and American companies were at the peak of their success in the late 1920s, but he lost control by going public to sell stock. In 1929, General Motors took over Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America, and merged it in the General Aviation Corporation. <mask> was appointed director of engineering. He resigned in 1931. Fokker designs were increasingly outdated and in 1934 General Aviation discontinued their production.They were still built in the Netherlands. Neville Shute in 1934 negotiated with <mask> for a manufacturing licensing agreement for Airspeed Ltd (England), and found him "genial, shrewd and helpful" but "already a sick man"; and he was difficult to deal with as "his domestic life was irregular". He worked "at all hours and in strange places". Frequently "his very efficient legal advisor and secretary could not tell us where he was". Shute said he was "a good chooser of men" and had a "most efficient staff of Dutchmen and ex-Germans". <mask> died at age 49 in New York in 1939 from pneumococcal meningitis, after a three-week-long illness. In 1940, his ashes were brought to Westerveld Cemetery in Driehuis, North Holland, where they were buried in the family grave.In 1970, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame. Popular culture
<mask>'s nickname was The Flying Dutchman. In popular media, Hurd Hatfield portrayed him in the 1971 film Von Richthofen and Brown and the character <mask> from the animated series Macross was named in honor of <mask>. <mask> is portrayed by Craig Kelly in the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Attack of the Hawkmen. See also
 Jan Hilgers

References

Bibliography

 Boyne, Walter J. The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988. .
 Dierikx, Marc.Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. .
 <mask>, <mask> and Bruce Gould. Flying Dutchman: The Life of <mask>. London: George Routledge, 1931. Hegener, Henri; Bruce Robinson (ed.) <mask> – The Man and the Aircraft. Lethchworth: Harleyford, 1961.Molson, K. M. Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg: James Richardson & Sons, Ltd., 1974. .
 Nevin, David. The Pathfinders (The Epic of Flight Series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1980. .
 Postma, Thijs. <mask>: Aircraft Builders to the World. London: Jane's, 1979. .
 Wepman, Dennis. "<mask>, <mask>" American National Biography (2006) online
 Weyl, A. R. <mask>: The Creative Years.London, Putnam publications, 1965

External links

 "Tony Fokker Wizard of Flight", Popular Science, May 1931
 "Tony Fokker and the World War", Popular Science, June 1931
 "Tony Fokker Captures America", Popular Science, July 1931
 <mask>ker Richard Byrd and others in restored Fox Movietone sound newsreel during preparations for Fokker America flight. Recorded 19 May 1927 the day before Lindbergh's famous Atlantic flight (courtesy University of South Carolina)

1890 births
1939 deaths
Air France–KLM
Aviation pioneers
Aviation inventors
Dutch aviators
Dutch chief executives in the airline industry
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch corporate directors
Dutch company founders
Dutch investors
Dutch aerospace engineers
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch people of World War I
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Fokker
People from Blitar
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
National Aviation Hall of Fame

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