title: Robert Yerkes

texts:
<mask> (; May 26, 1876 – February 3, 1956) was an American psychologist, ethologist, eugenicist and primatologist best known for his work in intelligence testing and in the field of comparative psychology. <mask> was a pioneer in the study both of human and primate intelligence and of the social behavior of gorillas and chimpanzees. Along with John D. Dodson, Yerkes developed the Yerkes–Dodson law relating arousal to performance. As time went on, <mask> began to propagate his support for eugenics in the 1910s and 1920s. His works are largely considered biased toward outmoded racialist theories by modern academics. He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1921-1925. Education and early career
<mask> was born in Breadysville, Pennsylvania (near Ivyland, Pennsylvania).Growing up on a farm in rural Pennsylvania, <mask> wanted to leave the hard life of the rural farmer and become a physician. With the financial help of an uncle, Yerkes attended Ursinus College from 1892 to 1897. Upon graduating he received an offer from Harvard University to do graduate work in Biology. Faced with a choice of Harvard or medical training in Philadelphia, he chose to go to Harvard. At Harvard, <mask> became interested in animal behavior, so much so that he put off further medical training to study comparative psychology. He earned his Ph.D. in the Psychology Department in 1902. His early career was strongly influenced by the debts Yerkes incurred paying for school.Upon his graduation from Harvard, he took up a position with the school as an instructor and Assistant Professor in Comparative Psychology. He had to supplement his income during the summer for several years by teaching general psychology at Radcliffe College. Another part-time job he took on was being the director of psychological research at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. In 1907, Yerkes published his first book, The Dancing Mouse. Among his friends during this time was future behaviorist John Watson, with whom he exchanged ideas and collaborated. He was also a member of the Wicht Club (1903–1911). Intelligence testing and eugenics
In 1917, <mask> served as president of the American Psychological Association (APA).Under his influence, the APA began several programs devoted to the war effort in World War I. As chairman of the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits, he developed the Army's Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests, the first nonverbal group tests, which were given to over 1 million United States soldiers during the war. Although Yerkes claimed that the tests measured native intelligence, and not education or training, this claim is difficult to sustain in the face of the questions themselves. Question 18 of Alpha Test 8 reads: "Velvet Joe appears in advertisements of ... (tooth powder)(dry goods)(tobacco)(soap)." Yerkes used the results of tests such as these to argue that recent immigrants (especially those from Southern and Eastern Europe) scored considerably lower than older waves of immigration (from Northern Europe.) The results would later be criticized as very clearly only measuring acculturation, as the test scores correlated nearly exactly with the number of years spent living in the US. Nonetheless, the effects of Yerkes work would have a lasting effect on American xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment.His work was used as one of the eugenic motivations for harsh and racist immigration restrictions. He was appointed as an "Expert Eugenic Agent" to The House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, where his work would contribute to the creation of the discriminatory National Origins Formula. In his introduction to Carl C. Brigham's A Study of American Intelligence (which helped popularize eugenics in the U.S.), Yerkes stated that "no one of us as a citizen can afford to ignore the menace of race deterioration." Along with Edward L. Thorndike, Yerkes was a member and Chairman of the Committee on Inheritance of Mental Traits, part of the Eugenics Record Office, which was founded by Charles Benedict Davenport, a former teacher of Yerkes at Harvard. National Research Council
Immediately after World War I, Yerkes worked as a paid officer for the United States National Research Council (NRC) and took the helm of the NRC Committee for Research in Problems of Sex. The Committee for Research in Problems of Sex helped Yerkes establish close relationships with officers from Rockefeller philanthropic foundations. These relationships later helped him to solicit substantial funds for his chimpanzee projects.Primatology
<mask> had a long and storied fascination with the study of chimpanzees. He had spent time observing chimpanzees in Cuba at Madame Abreu's colony in the early 1920s, and had returned from the trip determined to raise and observe chimps on his own. He began by purchasing two chimpanzees, Chim and Panzee, from a zoo. He brought the two chimps home, where they lived in a bedroom and ate with a fork at a miniature table. Chim was a particular delight for Yerkes, and the summer that chimp and psychologist spent together is memorialized in Almost Human (1924). In 1924, <mask> was hired as a professor of psychobiology, a field he pioneered, at Yale University. He founded the Yale University Laboratories of Primate Biology in New Haven, followed by his Anthropoid Breeding and Experiment Station in Orange Park, Florida, with funds from the Rockefeller Foundation.After his death, the lab was moved to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and is now called the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. The primate language Yerkish was developed there. <mask> retired from his position as Director in 1942, where he was replaced by Karl Lashley. Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it was YER-keez. Legacy
Yerkes gave his name to the National Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia at Emory University. Publications
1907, The Dancing Mouse, A Study in Animal Behavior
1911, Introduction to Psychology
1911, Methods of Studying Vision in Animals (with John B. Watson)
1914, Outline of a Study of the Self
1915, A Point Scale for Measuring Mental Ability (with co-authors)
1916, The mental life of monkeys and apes
1920, Army Mental Tests (by Clarence S. Yoakum and <mask>. Yerkes)
1925, Almost Human
1929, The Great Apes (with Ada W<mask>)
1943, Chimpanzees; a laboratory colony

See also
Great Ape personhood
Yerkes–Dodson law
Yerkish
The mind of an ape
Alasdair A. K. White

References

Notes

General references

Further reading

External links

 <mask>ns Yerkes papers (MS 569). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.Emory.edu - 'Innovation and Science:  The History of Yerkes', Yerkes National Primate Research Center
Indiana.edu - '<mask> <mask> (1876–1956) American Comparative Psychologist', Indiana University
IPFW.edu - 'Intelligence Tests' (historical overview)
Karoo.net - 'A Nation of Morons' (critique of the Army Alpha Intelligence Test), Stephen Jay Gould
YorkU.ca - 'Autobiography of <mask> <mask>', <mask>, York University (1930)

1876 births
1956 deaths
American eugenicists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Radcliffe College faculty
Primatologists
Intelligence researchers
Ursinus College alumni
Yale University faculty
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
20th-century American zoologists

masks:
Robert Mearns Yerkes
Yerkes
Yerkes
Robert Yerkes
Robert Yerkes
Yerkes
Yerkes
Yerkes
Yerkes
Yerkes
Robert M
. Yerkes
Robert Mear
Robert Mearns
Yerkes
Robert Mearns
Yerkes
Robert Yerkes


title: Cyrus S. Ching

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (May 21, 1876 – December 27, 1967) was a Canadian-American who became an American industrialist, federal civil servant, and noted labor union mediator. He was the first director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) and the Wage Stabilization Board. Early life
<mask> was born on his father's farm in Prince Edward Island, Canada on May 21, 1876. The <mask>s were of Welsh heritage (the family name was originally spelled Chynge). He was the only boy in a family with eight children. <mask> was educated in a one-room schoolhouse. When he was 16, he was a spectator in a local courtroom, and the experience inspired him to become a lawyer.He attended Prince of Wales College, a college preparatory academy, after a well-off uncle paid for his high school education. He transferred to a local business college and studied bookkeeping and stenography. In 1895, he left Prince Edward Island to work for an Albertan grain elevator company. On October 31, 1899, <mask> moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and took a job as a clerk with the West End Street Railway. He became an instructor, teaching motormen how to operate the new elevated rail cars. In 1901, <mask> was nearly electrocuted on the job while repairing a rail car. Although he was expected to be blind and his face heavily scarred for life, he left the hospital after two months with only minimal scar damage to his hands.Since Massachusetts had yet to enact worker's compensation protection, <mask> was fired by the company during his hospitalization. Afterward, however, the company rehired him—this time as a manager, training motormen on the city's streetcars. <mask> became a naturalized American citizen in 1909. In 1912, he obtained his law degree from the Evening Institute for Younger Men (now Northeastern University). The same year, he married the former Anna MacIntosh. After her death, <mask> married Mildred Vergosen. Industrial relations career
While working for the public transit system, <mask> witnessed the 1912 Boston streetcar strike.<mask> had warned management that 11 years of frozen wages, lack of communication and general disregard for workers' issues would lead to a strike. Management refused to heed his warnings. In June 1912, the Amalgamated Association of Street Car Employees struck the transit system. The Mayor of Boston, John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, and the Governor of Massachusetts, Eugene Foss, accused the president of the company of bribing state legislators to obtain favorable treatment. The president resigned, leading to an end to the strike in August 1912. The system's new president appointed <mask> as company negotiator. <mask> promised to end the use of management spies, which quickly led to a labor agreement.When the American Federation of Labor (AFL) forced the Amalgamated to give up jurisdiction over 34 separate job titles to various craft unions, <mask> consented to the change—and negotiated another 34 labor contracts. When the United States entered World War I in 1918, <mask> attempted to enlist but was turned down because the military refused to induct anyone taller than 6'4" (<mask> was 6'7"). Rather than continue to work for the transit company, <mask> went to work for the United States Rubber Company in 1919 as director of industrial relations. U.S. Rubber had 34 subsidiary units, most of which were independent. When employees assisted by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) engaged in a recognition strike at the company's Dominion Rubber unit in Montreal, <mask> convinced both Dominion and U.S. Rubber officials to agree to binding arbitration. The workers subsequently rejected the IWW in favor of affiliating with the AFL. <mask> later secured company acquiescence in the formation of workers' councils in every U.S. Rubber factory.Yet <mask> opposed widespread unionization of U.S. Rubber due to the AFL's insistence on craft unionism. Unions began forming in the American rubber industry after passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933. Goodyear, B. F. Goodrich, and Firestone all were quickly organized by the AFL. But workers at U.S. Rubber remained by and large satisfied with working conditions, and unionization made little inroad among company employees. <mask>, however, saw unionization coming. Although the United Rubber Workers (URW) had made few inroads among the company's workers, <mask> met with URW and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) organizers and arranged for card check elections at U.S. Rubber factories. Unionization of the company proceeded without the acrimony observed at other rubber manufacturers, and contracts were quickly signed.Federal service
<mask>'s career as a mediator began in 1941. William S. Knudsen, chairman of the National Defense Advisory Commission, asked <mask> to mediate a dispute at a Bethlehem Steel factory in upstate New York. When the union struck in February 1941, Bethlehem Steel executives demanded that the governor crush the strike using the New York Army National Guard. <mask> not only refused to ask for military intervention, he demanded that Bethlehem Steel executives meet with him in Washington, D.C. At a meeting a few days later, <mask> surprised the company by having Philip Murray, president of the United Steelworkers of America, and <mask>, associate director of the Office of Production Management and a former CIO leader, at the meeting. <mask> had won Murray's consent to a quick election at the plant. When the employer claimed the union effort was led by a mere handful of agitators, <mask> demanded that the company prove its claim by holding a snap National Labor Relations Board election. Management, its bluff called, reluctantly agreed.An election was held 10 days later which the union won by a vote of 75 percent to 25 percent. The strike ended, and a contract was  signed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt named <mask> to the National Defense Mediation Board (NDMB) in early 1941. The Board collapsed shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor after <mask> and a majority of the Board's members voted against imposing the union shop on the "captive mines". A later panel overturned the ruling in 1942, but <mask> continued to espouse a philosophy of consensual collective bargaining rather than government imposition in employer-union relations. President Roosevelt then named <mask> to the War Labor Board, the NDMB's successor. He served from February 1942 to September 1943, then returned to U.S. Rubber.<mask> retired from the company in August 1947. Passage of the Taft-Hartley Act over President Harry S. Truman's veto on June 23, 1947, established the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service as an independent agency. John R<mask>, Assistant to the President of the United States (the office later became the White House Chief of Staff), asked <mask> to head up the new agency. <mask> initially refused, but Truman himself asked <mask> to direct the new agency in order to forestall congressional opposition to funding the new agency. <mask> served until the end of the Truman administration. During his time in office, <mask> advised Truman to invoke the Taft-Hartley Act during a strike at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in December 1947, and mediated several important strikes—including the 1949 steel strike, the 1949 Hawaii dockworkers' strike, and several coal strikes. He also spent much of his time fighting off attempts to put FMCS back under the authority of the United States Department of Labor.<mask> is said to have originated the famous quote about the downside of wrestling with pigs:

“A man in the audience began heckling him with a long series of nasty and irrelevant questions. For a while <mask> answered patiently. Finally he held up his big paw and waggled it gently. ‘My friend,’ he said, ‘I’m not going to answer any more of your questions. I hope you won’t take this personally, but I am reminded of something my old uncle told me, long ago, back on the farm. He said. ‘What’s the sense of wrestling with a pig?You both get all over muddy . . . and the pig likes it. '”

<mask> took a leave of absence from FMCS in October 1950 to head the Wage Stabilization Board, a Korean War-era agency created in September 1950 to limit wage increases and help stabilize the economy as defense mobilization ramped upward. He was the agency's first director. He quit the Board in April 1951 when President Truman reconstituted the panel, and returned to FMCS. After departing FMCS in September 1952, President Dwight Eisenhower asked <mask> to lead a panel which would arbitrate labor disputes at Oak Ridge. <mask> agreed, and remained head of the arbitration panel until his death.Retirement, honors, death
<mask> published his memoirs, Review and Reflection: A Half Century of Labor Relations, in 1953. He received an honorary degree from Bowdoin College the same year. A partial scholarship was endowed in 1956 in honor of <mask> at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. In 1961, the Dept. of Labor presented <mask> with its Award of Merit for his service in labor-management relations. <mask> died at his home in Washington, D.C., of a heart attack on December 27, 1967. At his death, AFL-CIO president George Meany noted, "He contributed as much to the cause of industrial peace and labor-management understanding as any man of his generation."<mask> was inducted into the Labor Department's Labor Hall of Honor in 1989. Notes

References
"Bargaining Averts Atom Plant Tie-Up." Associated Press. June 14, 1948. <mask>, <mask>. Review and Reflection: A Half Century of Labor Relations. New York:  B.C. Forbes Publishing Co., Inc., 1953."<mask> Due to Head Atom Labor Panel." United Press International. May 24, 1953. "<mask> Honored At 85." New York Times. May 21, 1961. "<mask> Made WLB Member."New York Times. November 11, 1942. "C.S<mask> Is Sworn In as Mediation Chief." New York Times. September 6, 1947. "<mask> Dies."New York Times. December 28, 1967. Dubofsky, Warren and Van Tine, Warren. John L. Lewis: A Biography. Reprint ed. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992. "Labor Department Dedicates Hall of Fame."Associated Press. January 11, 1989. Loftus, Joseph A. "<mask> Named Head of New Wage Unit." New York Times. October 11, 1950. Loftus, Joseph A."<mask> Quits Post In Pay Stabilizing." New York Times. April 21, 1951. Loftus, Joseph A. "Lewis, Here, Shuns Mediation In Coal." New York Times. November 11, 1949.Loftus, Joseph A. "<mask>man, <mask> to Review Strikes." New York Times. October 25, 1949. Marcus, Maeva. Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.Nelson, Daniel. American Rubber Workers and Organized Labor, 1900-1941. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988. "Nine Honored At Bowdoin." New York Times. June 21, 1953. "President Accepts Ching Resignation."New York Times. September 16, 1952. Raskin, A.H. "<mask><mask>:  Pioneer in Industrial Peacemaking." Monthly Labor Review. August 1989. "Resigns From War Labor Board." New York Times.September 2, 1943. <mask>, Ralph T. "<mask><mask>: An Oral History Interview." New York: Columbia University Oral History Project, 1965. <mask>, Louis. "<mask> Assails Plan to Shift Mediation." New York Times. February 2, 1949.<mask>, Louis. "Coal Dispute Goes to President." New York Times. June 19, 1948. <mask>, Louis. "Union Postpones Oak Ridge Strike." New York Times.December 9, 1947. External links

1876 births
1967 deaths
American businesspeople
Directors of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)
People from Kings County, Prince Edward Island
Dispute resolution
University of Prince Edward Island alumni
Canadian people of Welsh descent
United States federal executive department officials

masks:
Cyrus S
. Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Sidney Hillman
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
. Steelman
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Cyrus Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Cyrus S
Ching
Ching
Ching
. Ching
Cyrus Ching
Ching
Ching
Steel
Ching
Cyrus S
. Ching
Seward
Cyrus S
. Ching
Stark
Ching
Stark
Stark


title: Windsor Davies

texts:
<mask> (28 August 1930 – 17 January 2019) was a British actor. He is best remembered for playing Battery Sergeant Major Williams in the sitcom It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974–1981) over its entire run. The show's popularity resulted in <mask> and his co-star Don Estelle achieving a UK number one hit with a version of "Whispering Grass" in 1975. He later starred with Donald Sinden in Never the Twain (1981–1991), and his deep Welsh-accented voice was heard extensively in advertising voice-overs. Early life
<mask> was born on 28 August 1930 in Canning Town, East London, to Welsh parents. In 1940 they returned to their native village of Nant-y-moel, Bridgend. <mask> studied at Ogmore Grammar School and worked as a coal miner.He performed his National Service in Libya and Egypt, with the East Surrey Regiment, between 1950 and 1952. Following teacher training at Bangor Teacher Training College, he taught English and Maths at Leek in Staffordshire, and at a school in Elephant and Castle, south London. <mask> had become active in amateur dramatics and took a short drama course with a Kew theatre company. He became a professional actor at the age of 31 and began working at the Cheltenham Rep in 1961. Career

Television
<mask>' best known role was as Battery Sergeant Major Williams in the British sitcom It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974–1981). Modelled on similar individuals <mask> had met as a soldier during his National Service. "Bastards, real bastards some of them were.They knew it too, and took pride in it," he once said. Among his character's catchphrases was "Shut Up!! ", delivered as an eardrum-shattering military scream. Another phrase was "Oh dear, how sad, never mind", delivered in a dry, ironic manner, and used when others around him had problems. <mask> and co-star Don Estelle had a number one hit in the UK with a semi-comic version of "Whispering Grass" in 1975. Journalist Neil Clark, contributing to The Times in 2005, described his performance as the "definitive portrayal of a bullying and uneducated sergeant-major" and reported Spike Milligan was of the opinion that <mask>' role was "the funniest comic performance he had ever" watched. Other television roles included the sailor Taffy in the first of the BBC-series The Onedin Line (1971), a special branch detective in Callan (1972) and the antique dealer Oliver Smallbridge in Never the Twain (1981–1991), with Donald Sinden.In the field of science fiction television, <mask> appeared in the 1967 Doctor Who story The Evil of the Daleks as Toby; and was the voice of Sergeant Major Zero (a spherical robotic soldier in charge of 100 other spherical robotic soldiers) in the 1983 Gerry Anderson-Christopher Burr production Terrahawks. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1976 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. In September–October 1985, <mask> played the lead role of George Vance, a museum custodian elevated to the peerage, in the six-part BBC2 comedy series The New Statesman. This was based on the play by Douglas Watkinson and is not to be confused with the later sitcom of the same name. (Colin Blakely played the role of Vance in a pilot episode transmitted on BBC2 in December 1984.) <mask> also featured in the BBC comedy sitcom Oh, Doctor Beeching!, written by David Croft and Richard Spendlove, as the Lord Mayor in an episode broadcast in 1997. Films
In the cinema, <mask> played major roles in two Carry On films, Behind (1975) and England (1976), in the latter again as a sergeant major.He played Mog in the Welsh rugby film Grand Slam (1978), and was a sergeant in the Highland Regiment in Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall (1973) with Jim Dale and Spike Milligan. In 1989, he revived the role of Sergeant Major Williams in a 30 minute Royal Air Force training film, Hazardous Ops. Voice work
<mask>' distinctive voice was heard in commercials for New Zealand's Pink Batts house insulations and confectionery ads for Cadbury's Wispa and for Heinz Curried (Baked) Beans. He also appeared alongside New Zealand rugby union coach Alex Wyllie in New Zealand advertisements for Mitre 10 hardware stores in the early 1990s. <mask> and Wyllie had worked together previously on the rugby-themed film Old Scores in 1991. In the 1970s, he read an edition of BBC Radio 4's Morning Story programme, and also narrated the audiobook for the Ladybird children's classic Treasure Island. He sang and voiced many characters in the Paul McCartney film Rupert and the Frog Song in 1984, and appeared in that year's children's film Gabrielle and the Doodleman as three different characters (the Ringmaster, the Black Knight and an Ugly Sister).1984 also saw him audition to be the voice of the UK's speaking clock. <mask> was also the voice of Sergeant Major Zero in Gerry Anderson's Terrahawks. Personal life and death
In 1957, he married Eluned Lynne Evans; the couple had four daughters and a son. Eluned died in September 2018. <mask> lived in the south of France, and was a keen birdwatcher. He died on 17 January 2019, aged 88, four months after the death of his wife. His estate was valued at £883,000.Filmography

 The Pot Carriers (1962) - Police Constable
 Murder Most Foul (1964) - Sergeant Brick
 The Alphabet Murders (1965) - Dragbot
 Arabesque (1965) - Policeman in Car Crash (uncredited)
 The Family Way (1966) - Man in Crowd (uncredited)
 Drop Dead Darling (1966) - Radio Engineer
 Assignment K (1968) - Bill (uncredited)
 Hammerhead (1968) - Police Sergeant
 Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) - Police Sergeant
 The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1969–1971) - Chief Inspector Pyne
 Clinic Exclusive (1971) - Geoffrey Carter
 Endless Night (1972) - Sgt. Keene
 Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall (1973) - Sgt. MacKay
 Soft Beds, Hard Battles (1974) - Bisset (uncredited)
 Mister Quilp (1975) - George
 Carry On Behind (1975) - Fred Ramsden
 Confessions of a Driving Instructor (1976) - Mr. Truscott
 Carry On England (1976) - Sergeant-Major 'Tiger' Bloomer
 Not Now, Comrade (1976) - Constable Pulford
 Grand Slam (1978, TV Movie) - Mog Jones
 The Playbirds (1978) - Assistant Police Commissioner
 Gabrielle and the Doodleman (1984) - Ringmaster / Black Knight / Ugly Sister
 Rupert and the Frog Song (1985, Short) - Rupert's Father / Father Frog (voice)
 Old Scores (1991) - Evan Price
 The Thief and the Cobbler (1993) - Chief Roofless (voice)
 The Willows in Winter (1996, TV Movie) - Commissioner of Police (voice)

References

External links

1930 births
2019 deaths
20th-century British male actors
21st-century British male actors
British expatriates in France
British male comedy actors
British male film actors
British male television actors
British male voice actors
East Surrey Regiment soldiers
English people of Welsh descent
Male actors from Essex
Male actors from London
People from Canning Town

masks:
Windsor Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


title: Edgar Steele

texts:
<mask> (July 5, 1945 – September 4, 2014) was an American author and disbarred trial attorney from northern Idaho, best known for serving as the defense attorney for Richard G. Butler, the founder of the white supremacist group Aryan Nations. He was a graduate of UCLA Law School and the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business. On June 11, 2010, <mask> and another man were arrested and charged in connection with a murder-for-hire plot to kill <mask>'s wife Cyndi and her mother. He was found guilty and sentenced to a 50-year prison sentence. <mask> died in prison in September 2014, three years into his sentence. Notable cases
<mask> defended Aryan Nations leader Richard Butler in a 2000 lawsuit, which he ultimately lost. In another case, <mask> challenged Idaho's hate crime laws in defending Lonny Rae, a man who had been charged with malicious harassment for shouting "nigger" at a black referee who had injured Rae's wife, Kimberly (a reporter for a local newspaper), while trying to prevent her from taking a photograph following a high school football match.<mask> argued that the law breached the constitutional right to free speech under the First Amendment. Rae was cleared of the harassment charge but sentenced to seven days imprisonment for assault. In 2004, Rae's conviction was overturned on appeal, which was also handled by <mask>. <mask> also formerly worked as a spokesman for Prussian Blue, a female white supremacist pop music duo that was active in the mid-2000s. Defensive Racism
In 2005, <mask> published Defensive Racism: An Unapologetic Examination of Racial Differences, a book in which he described his views on the differences between the races of the world, and questioned the motives of people who espouse political correctness. Arrest for conspiracy to commit murder
In June 2010, <mask>'s handyman, Larry Fairfax, alleged to authorities that <mask> was soliciting the murders of his wife and mother-in-law in a murder-for-hire plot. The FBI wired Fairfax for sound for a meeting between Fairfax and <mask> where the plot would be discussed.<mask> was thereafter arrested for conspiracy to commit murder. Subsequently, when <mask> was already in police custody, a pipebomb was found under his wife's car when she took it in for an oil change, which brought the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms into the case, and Fairfax was arrested. The charging document for Fairfax's arrest includes an admission that he manufactured and installed the bomb. Fairfax was given a 27-month prison sentence, and was transferred to home confinement in April 2012. Trial
<mask> was initially assigned a federal public defender, Roger Peven, when he was arrested. In July 2010, <mask>'s supporters put up a website to solicit donations to hire him a private attorney. By February 2011, they had raised over $120,000 for this purpose, and hired leading Denver attorney Robert T. McAllister, as well as local Idaho attorney Gary Amendola.<mask> remained incarcerated in Spokane, Washington, and Bonner County, Idaho while awaiting trial. He was relocated to Boise, Idaho, for his trial, which began on April 28, 2011. At the time of the trial, McAllister was in the process of being disbarred for converting the funds of a client to his own use. Prosecutor Traci Whelan questioned <mask>'s wife Cyndi regarding her marital troubles with him. In 2000, Cyndi had caught her husband looking for women in California on match.com; she posted her own profile with a fake name and got him to reply, after which she filed for divorce. In her petition, she asked for numerous damages, including child support payments of $1,400 per month, two of the family's vehicles, and their horse ranch in Sagle, Idaho. Though <mask> and Cyndi were reconciled a few months later, the prosecution used this to argue that <mask> was unsatisfied with his marriage and had a motive to kill his wife because he wanted a new partner.<mask>'s computer had been seized with his arrest. Under questioning, Cyndi testified that her husband had sent 14,000 emails to large numbers of Ukrainian women between January and June 2010 as part of his research on a Russian bride scam centered in Florida. Each of the women had received at least 10 emails or 100 instant messages. The prosecutor argued that this showed that <mask> wanted a new partner, and had a motive to kill his current wife. The prosecutor introduced several love letters written by <mask> to his supposed Ukrainian girlfriend Tatyana Loginova from his jail cell while he was awaiting trial. These letters were signed by <mask> and were admitted as evidence in court without any objection from <mask>'s attorney. In one of the letters, <mask> expressed a wish to live with Loginova:

You could, perhaps, go to school in Panama, if you like, or summer school in Ukraine, or we could find you something to do – work at something, language instructions [sic]?Take care of our babies, make love to me, whatever will make you happy. You get to be near friends, family for half of every year. I get the same for three months each year. We both get to be warm for the winter, which can be like a huge, extended vacation each year. Our kids learn both Russian and English as they grow up. It sounds great to me. What do you think, my love?Loginova was later questioned over a video link from the Ukraine. The prosecutor argued that <mask> desired to be with Loginova in Ukraine, and thus had a motive to kill his wife. Conviction and sentencing
On May 5, 2011, after extended deliberation, the jury of eleven women and one man found <mask> guilty on all four counts described in the indictment: (1) use of interstate commerce to commission murder for hire, (2) possession of a destructive device in relation to a crime of violence, (3) use of explosive material to commit a federal felony, and (4) tampering with a witness. In an interview after the trial ended, <mask>'s wife gave a passionate and critical assessment of the prosecution, judge and case elements. <mask>'s sentencing hearing was held on November 9, 2011, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. After making a statement in his own defense, he was sentenced to 50 years' imprisonment. He was interned in Victorville, California until his death.As a result of these convictions he was disbarred from the practice of law by the State Bar of California on January 30, 2014. Death
<mask> died in prison at the age of 69 on September 4, 2014, after suffering from declining health for weeks. References

External links
 ConspiracyPenPal.com (collection of <mask>'s columns and commentaries) and Biography of <mask>
 "Racists See Set Up In Arrest of Idaho Lawyer". SPLC. 22 June 2010. 1945 births
2014 deaths
Haas School of Business alumni
UCLA School of Law alumni
Place of birth missing
American people who died in prison custody
Idaho lawyers
Writers from Idaho
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
American white supremacists
20th-century American lawyers
Aryan Nations

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Edgar James Steele
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title: Arthur Godfrey

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<mask> (August 31, 1903 – March 16, 1983) was an American radio and television broadcaster and entertainer who was sometimes introduced by his nickname The Old Redhead. At the peak of his success, in the early-to-mid 1950s, <mask> was heard on radio and seen on television up to six days a week, sometimes for as many as nine separate broadcasts for CBS. His programs included Arthur Godfrey Time (Monday-Friday mornings on radio and television), <mask>'s Talent Scouts (Monday evenings on radio and television), <mask> and His Friends (Wednesday evenings on television), The Arthur Godfrey Digest (Friday evenings on radio) and King Arthur <mask> and His Round Table (Sunday afternoons on radio). The infamous on-air firing of cast member Julius La Rosa in 1953 tainted his down-to-earth, family-man image and resulted in a marked decline in popularity which he was never able to regain. Over the following two years, <mask> fired over twenty additional cast and crew members, under similar disregard and questionable ethics, for which he was heavily attacked by the press and public alike. A self-made man, he was fiercely competitive; some of his employees were fired for merely speaking with ones he considered to be competitors, like Ed Sullivan, or for signing with agents. By the late 1950s, his presence had been reduced to hosting the occasional television special and his daily network radio show, which ended in 1972.<mask> was strongly identified with many of his commercial sponsors, especially Chesterfield cigarettes and Lipton Tea. He advertised Chesterfield for many years, during which he devised the slogan "Buy 'em by the carton", but he terminated his relationship with the company after he quit smoking, five years before he was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1959. He later became a prominent spokesman for the tobacco control movement. Early life

<mask> was born in Manhattan in 1903. His mother, Kathryn Morton <mask>, was from a well-to-do Oswego, New York, family which disapproved of her marriage to an older Englishman, <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>. The senior <mask> was a sportswriter and considered an expert on surrey and hackney horses, but the advent of the automobile devastated the family's finances. By 1915, when <mask> was 12, the family had moved to Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey.<mask> dropped out after a year at Hasbrouck Heights High School. <mask>, the eldest of five children, had tried to help his family survive by working before and after school, but at age 14 left home to ease the financial burden on the family. By 15 he was a civilian typist at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, and enlisted in the Navy by lying about his age two years later. <mask>'s father was something of a "free thinker" by the standards of the era. He did not disdain organized religion but insisted that his children explore all faiths before deciding for themselves which to embrace. Their childhood friends included Catholic, Jewish and every kind of Protestant playmates. The senior <mask> was friends with the Vanderbilts, but was as likely to spend his time talking with the shoeshine man or the hotdog vendor about issues of the day.In the book Genius in the Family (G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1962), written about their mother by <mask>'s youngest sister, Dorothy Gene (who preferred to be called "Jean"), with the help of their sister, Kathy, it was reported that the angriest they ever saw their father was when a man on the ferry declared the Ku Klux Klan a civic organization vital to the good of the community. They rode the ferry back and forth three times, with their father arguing with the man that the Klan was a bunch of "Blasted, bigoted fools, led 'round by the nose!" <mask>'s mother, Kathryn, was a gifted artist and composer whose aspirations to fame were laid aside to take care of her family after her husband, <mask> or "Darl'", died. Her creativity enabled the family to get through some very hard times. She played the piano to accompany silent movies, made jams and jellies, crocheted bedspreads, and even cut off and sold her floor length hair, as it was extremely difficult for a woman of her "class" to find work without violating social mores of the time. The one household item that was never sold or turned into firewood was the piano, and she believed at least some of her children would succeed in show business.In her later years some of her compositions were performed by symphony orchestras in Canada, which earned her a mention in Time. In 1958, at the age of 78, her sauciness made her a big hit with the audience when she appeared on Groucho Marx's quiz show You Bet Your Life. She died of cancer in 1968 at a nursing home in a suburb north of Chicago. <mask> served in the United States Navy from 1920 to 1924 as a radio operator on naval destroyers, but returned home to care for the family after his father's death. Additional radio training came during <mask>'s service in the Coast Guard from 1927 to 1930. He passed a stringent qualifying examination and was admitted to the prestigious Radio Materiel School at the Naval Research Laboratory, graduating in 1929. During a Coast Guard stint in Baltimore he appeared, on October 5 of that year, in a local talent show broadcast and became popular enough to land his own brief weekly program.Radio

On leaving the Coast Guard, <mask> became a radio announcer for Baltimore station WFBR (now WJZ (AM)), then moved to Washington, D.C., to become a staff announcer for NBC-owned station WRC the same year. He remained there until 1934. Recovering from a near-fatal automobile accident en route to a flying lesson in 1931 (he was already an avid flyer), he decided to listen closely to the radio and realized that the stiff, formal style then used by announcers could not connect with the average radio listener. The announcers spoke in stentorian tones, as if giving a formal speech to a crowd and not communicating on a personal level. <mask> vowed that when he returned to the airwaves, he would affect a relaxed, informal style as if he were talking to just one person. He also used that style to do his own commercials and became a regional star. Over time, he added wisecracks to his commercials and would kid the sponsors, a risky move that offended advertising agency executives whose staff worked on the commercial scripts.Nonetheless, <mask>'s antics quickly gained acceptance when his sponsors discovered their sales actually increased after <mask>'s added jokes. At times, he would read an ad agency script on television as he mockingly rolled his eyes, used a sarcastic tone of voice or added his own wisecracks. Since the sponsors approved, given their added sales, the agencies were powerless to stop him. In addition to announcing, <mask> sang and played the ukulele. In 1934 he became a freelance entertainer, but eventually based himself on a daily show titled Sundial on CBS-owned station WJSV (later WTOP and now WFED) in Washington. <mask> was the station's morning disc jockey, playing records, delivering commercials (often with tongue in cheek; a classic example had him referring to Bayer Aspirin as "bare ass prin"), interviewing guests, and even reading news reports during his three-hour shift. <mask> loved to sing, and would frequently sing random verses during the "talk" portions of his program.In 1937, he was a host on Professor Quiz, radio's first successful quiz program. One surviving broadcast from 1939 has <mask> unexpectedly turning on his microphone to harmonize with the Foursome's recording of "There'll Be Some Changes Made". <mask> was eager to remain connected with the Navy, but found his hip injuries rendered him unsuitable for military service. He knew President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who listened to his Washington program, and through Roosevelt's intercession, he received a commission in the U.S. Naval Reserve before World War II. He would participate in exercises around the Washington area. <mask> eventually moved his base to the CBS station in New York City, then known as WABC (now WCBS), and was heard on both WJSV and WABC for a time.In the autumn of 1942, he also became the announcer for Fred Allen's Texaco Star Theater show on the CBS network, but a personality conflict between Allen and <mask> led to his early release from the show after only six weeks. <mask> became nationally known in April 1945 when, as CBS's morning-radio man in Washington, he took the microphone for a live, first-hand account of President Roosevelt's funeral procession. The entire CBS network picked up the broadcast, later preserved in the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly record series, I Can Hear it Now. Unlike the tight-lipped news reporters and commentators of the day, who delivered news in an earnest, businesslike manner, <mask>'s tone was sympathetic and neighborly, lending immediacy and intimacy to his words. When describing new President Harry S. Truman's car in the procession, <mask> fervently said, in a choked voice, "God bless him, President Truman." <mask> broke down in tears and cued the listeners back to the studio. The entire nation was moved by his emotional outburst.<mask> made such an impression on the air that CBS had scheduled him for his own morning time slot on the nationwide network before Roosevelt's death. Arthur Godfrey Time was a Monday–Friday show that featured his monologues, interviews with various stars, music from his own in-house combo and regular vocalists. <mask>'s monologues and discussions were usually unscripted, and went wherever he chose. Arthur Godfrey Time remained a late morning staple on the CBS Radio Network schedule until 1972. Two radio monologues proved to be audience favorites and were rebroadcast on several occasions by popular demand, and later on his television show. They were "What is a Boy?" and a follow-up, "What is a Girl?"With the skilled addition of sentimental music, both monologues captured the essence of what made parents love their children, fondly describing the highly varied personality traits of each child as the monologue progressed. Each monologue struck a chord with everyone who heard it. "What is a Boy?" in particular proved to be so popular that it was released as one of <mask>'s records, which he issued on Columbia Records (Record no. 39487) in the summer of 1951, with "What is a Girl?" on the B-side of the record. It peaked on the Billboard charts in August 1951, one of several successful records <mask> released between 1947 and 1952.<mask> was also known for sparking impromptu jam sessions on the air with the band, all of them first-rate musicians who could create an arrangement as they went. He would sometimes begin singing with his ukulele, the band falling in behind him. At other times, he would jump into a number sung by one of the "<mask>s" and continue it, encouraging solos from various band members. It was further proof of his insistence on spontaneity on the air. He began to play a baritone ukulele. Over time, tutored by the band's guitarist Remo Palmier, <mask>'s playing took a decidedly jazzy quality. Palmier, a top Manhattan studio guitarist, was also a respected jazz guitarist and the only one of <mask>'s musicians to remain with the show from its 1945 debut until the final 1972 broadcast.In 1947, <mask> had a surprise hit record with the novelty "Too Fat Polka (She's Too Fat For Me)" written by Ross MacLean and <mask>. The song reached number two in the US charts and its popularity led to the Andrews Sisters recording a version adapted to the women's point-of-view. In general, <mask> despised most of his novelty recordings, including "Too Fat Polka", his biggest selling record. <mask>'s morning show was supplemented by a prime time variety show, <mask>'s Talent Scouts, broadcasting from the CBS Studio Building at 49 East 52nd Street where he had his main office. This variety show, a showcase for rising young performers, was a slight variation of CBS's successful Original Amateur Hour. Some of the performers had made public appearances in their home towns and were recommended to <mask> by friends or colleagues. These "sponsors" would accompany the performers to the broadcast and introduce them to <mask> on the air.Two acts from the same 1948 broadcast were Wally Cox and the Chordettes. Both were big hits that night, and both were signed to recording contracts. <mask> took special interest in the Chordettes, who sang his kind of barbershop-quartet harmony, and he soon made them part of his broadcasting and recording "family". <mask> was also known for extemporizing music on the show, grabbing his ukulele and launching into songs the band may not have rehearsed. He had insisted on employing musicians in his small orchestra who would be able to accompany him quickly and "follow" him as he sang. This resulted in impromptu jam sessions on some broadcasts, rarely heard on mainstream variety programs. Performers who appeared on Talent Scouts included Lenny Bruce, Don Adams, Tony Bennett, Patsy Cline, Lu Ann Simms, Pat Boone, opera singer Marilyn Horne, Roy Clark, and Irish vocalist Carmel Quinn.Later, he promoted "<mask>" Janette Davis to a management position as the show's talent coordinator. Three notable acts rejected for the show were Buddy Holly, the Four Freshmen, and Elvis Presley. Following his appearances on the Louisiana Hayride, Presley traveled to New York for an unsuccessful Talent Scouts audition in April 1955. After the Talent Scouts staff rejected the Orioles, they went on to have a hit record with their version of "Crying in the Chapel" (a cover of the song by Darrell Glenn, written by his father Artie, and a subsequent hit for Presley as well). That success kicked off the "bird group" trend of early rock 'n' roll. <mask> was also an avid amateur radio operator, with the station call sign K4LIB. He was a member of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division.Television

In 1948, <mask>'s Talent Scouts began to be simultaneously broadcast on radio and television, and by 1952, Arthur Godfrey Time also appeared on both media. The radio version ran an hour and a half; the TV version an hour, later expanded to an hour and a half. The Friday shows were heard on radio only, because at the end of the week, <mask> traditionally broadcast his portion from a studio at his Virginia farm outside of Washington, D.C., and TV cameras were unable to transmit live pictures of him and his New York cast at the same time. <mask>'s skills as a commercial pitchman brought him a large number of loyal sponsors, including Lipton Tea, Frigidaire, Pillsbury cake mixes and Liggett & Myers's Chesterfield cigarettes. By 1959, total advertising billings from <mask>'s TV shows were estimated at an industry-high $150 million, almost double those of second-place Ed Sullivan. He found that one way to enhance his pitches was to extemporize his commercials, poking fun at the sponsors (while never showing disrespect for the products themselves), the sponsors' company executives, and advertising agency types who wrote the scripted commercials that he regularly ignored. (If he read them at all, he ridiculed them or even threw aside the scripts in front of the cameras.)To the surprise of the advertising agencies and sponsors, <mask>'s flippancy during the commercials  frequently enhanced the sales of the sponsor's products. His popularity and ability to sell brought a windfall to CBS, accounting for a significant percentage of their corporate profits. While his willingness to mock the scripted commercials provided to him by sponsors' ad agencies angered those agencies, the sponsors, concerned

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title: Arthur Godfrey

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 only with improving their sales, were happy to let <mask> tear apart those scripts (even physically on occasion). In 1949, <mask> and His Friends, a weekly informal variety show, began on CBS-TV in prime time. His affable personality combined warmth, heart, and occasional bits of double entendre repartee, such as his remark when the show went on location: "Well, here we are in Miami Bitch. Hehheh." <mask> received adulation from fans who felt that despite his considerable wealth, he was really "one of them", his personality that of a friendly next-door-neighbor.His ability to sell products, insisting he would not promote any in which he did not personally believe, gave him a level of trust from his audience, a belief that "if <mask> said it, it must be so." When he quit smoking after his 1953 hip surgery, he began speaking out on the air against smoking, to the displeasure of longtime sponsor Chesterfield. When he stood his ground, the company withdrew as a sponsor in early 1954. <mask> shrugged off their departure since he knew other sponsors would easily fill the vacancy. Eventually <mask> added a weekend "best of" program culled from the week's Arthur Godfrey Time, known as Arthur Godfrey Digest. He began to veer away from interviewing stars in favor of a small group of regular performers that became known as the "Little Godfreys". Many of these artists were relatively obscure, but were given colossal national exposure, some of them former Talent Scouts winners, including Hawaiian vocalist Haleloke, veteran Irish tenor Frank Parker, Marion Marlowe and Julius LaRosa, who was in the Navy when <mask>, doing his annual Naval reserve duty, discovered the young singer.He subsequently invited him on the show as a guest, offering him a job upon his discharge. LaRosa joined the cast in 1951 and became a favorite with <mask>'s immense audience, who also saw him on the prime-time weekly show Arthur Godfrey and his Friends. <mask> also had a regular announcer-foil on the show, Tony Marvin. <mask> preferred his performers not to use personal managers or agents, but often had his staff represent the artists if they were doing personal appearances, which allowed him considerable control over their careers and incomes. In 1953, after LaRosa hired an agent, <mask> was so angry that he fired him on the air. <mask> was one of the busiest men in the entertainment industry, often presiding over several daytime and evening radio and TV shows simultaneously. (Even busier was Robert Q. Lewis, who hosted Arthur Godfrey Time whenever <mask> was absent, adding to his own tight schedule.)Both <mask> and Lewis made commercial recordings for Columbia Records, often featuring the "Little Godfreys" in various combinations. In addition to the "Too Fat Polka", these included "Candy and Cake"; "Dance Me Loose". "I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover"; "Slap 'Er Down Again, Paw"; "Slow Poke"; and "The Thing". In 1951 <mask> also narrated a nostalgic movie documentary, Fifty Years Before Your Eyes, produced for Warner Brothers by silent-film anthologist Robert Youngson. <mask> had been in pain since the 1931 car crash that damaged his hip. In 1953, he underwent pioneering hip replacement surgery in Boston using an early plastic artificial hip joint. The operation was successful and he returned to the show to the delight of his vast audience.During his recovery, CBS was so concerned about losing <mask>'s audience that they encouraged him to broadcast live from his Beacon Hill estate (near Leesburg, Virginia), with the signal carried by microwave towers built on the property. <mask>'s immense popularity and the trust placed in him by audiences was noticed not only by advertisers but also by his friend U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, who asked him to record a number of public service announcements to be played on American television in the case of nuclear war. It was thought that viewers would be reassured by <mask>'s grandfatherly tone and folksy manner. The existence of the PSA recordings was confirmed in 2004 by former CBS president Dr. Frank Stanton in an exchange with a writer with the web site CONELRAD. Aviation

<mask> learned to fly in 1929 while working in broadcast radio in the Washington, D.C., area, starting with gliders, then learning to fly power planes. He was badly injured on his way to a flying lesson one afternoon in 1931 when an oncoming truck lost its left front wheel and hit him head on. <mask> spent months recuperating, and the injury kept him from flying on active duty during World War II.He served during the war as a reserve officer in the United States Navy in a public affairs role. <mask> used his pervasive fame to advocate a strong anti-Communist stance and to pitch for enhanced strategic air power in the Cold War atmosphere. In addition to his advocacy for civil rights, he became a strong promoter of his middle-class fans' vacationing in Hawaii and Miami Beach, Florida, formerly enclaves for the wealthy. He made a television movie in 1953, taking the controls of an Eastern Air Lines Lockheed Constellation airliner and flying to Miami, thus showing how safe airline travel had become. As a reserve officer, he used his public position to cajole the Navy into qualifying him as a Naval Aviator, and played that against the United States Air Force, who later successfully recruited him into the Air Force Reserve. At one time during the 1950s, <mask> had flown every active aircraft in the military inventory. His continued unpaid promotion of Eastern Air Lines earned him the undying gratitude of good friend Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I flying ace who was the president of the airline.He was such a good friend of the airline that Rickenbacker took a retiring Douglas DC-3, fitted it out with an executive interior and DC-4 engines, and presented it to <mask>, who then used it to commute to the studios in New York City from his huge Leesburg, Virginia, farm every Sunday night. Incidents
In January 1954, <mask> buzzed the control tower of Teterboro Airport in his DC-3. His certificate was suspended for six months. He claimed that the windy conditions that day required him to turn immediately after takeoff, but in fact he was peeved with the tower because they would not give him the runway that he requested. He later recorded a satirical song about the incident called "Teterboro Tower", roughly to the tune of "Wabash Cannonball". A similar event occurred while he flew near Chicago in 1956, though no sanctions were imposed. These incidents underscored the differences between his private life and public persona in the wake of the controversies that swirled around him after firing Julius LaRosa.Leesburg airport
The original Leesburg airport, which <mask> owned and referred to affectionately on his show as "The Old Cow Pasture", was less than a mile from the center of town, and local residents had come to expect rattling windows and crashing dishes every Sunday evening and Friday afternoon. In 1960, <mask> proposed building a new airport by selling the old field and donating a portion of the sale to a local group. Since <mask> funded the majority of the airport, it is now known as Leesburg Executive Airport at Godfrey Field. He was also known for flying a North American/Ryan Navion, a smaller single-engined airplane, a Lockheed Jetstar, and in later years a Beech Baron and a Beech Duke, registration number N1M. In 1964, he became one of the founding members of the board of directors of Executive Jet Aviation Corporation. Behind the scenes

When the <mask> show began appearing on television, some Southern CBS affiliates objected to the Mariners barbershop quartet. This group of four US Coast Guard veterans included two whites and two blacks.<mask> resisted criticism from network affiliates in Southern states and struck back. He noted that black and white troops were serving together in the Korean War, and he attacked critics including Democratic Georgia Governor Herman Talmadge. <mask>'s opposition to racial discrimination was longstanding, alluded to on his broadcasts. According to several people who worked either for or closely with <mask>, behind his on-air warmth and benevolent image was a volatile, egomaniacal and controlling personality. He insisted that his "Little Godfreys" all attend dance and singing classes, believing they should be versatile performers regardless whether they possessed the aptitude for those disciplines. In meetings with his staff and cast, he could be abusive, sarcastic and intimidating. CBS historian Robert Metz, in CBS: Reflections in a Bloodshot Eye, quoted <mask> as having once told cast and staffers, "Remember that many of you are here over the bodies I have personally slain.I have done it before and I can do it again." Julius LaRosa corroborated this in an interview with writer Gene Lees:  “We used to have what we called prayer meetings. After the Wednesday night show, we would go over the show and start preparing for next week’s. Here is a verbatim quote: ‘Remember, some of you are here over the bodies of people I have personally slain, and I can do it again.’"  He also demanded, though there was no contractual requirement, that his cast members refrain from hiring personal managers or booking agents. He insisted his staff could handle all of that. Given the rise of the "Little Godfreys" from total obscurity due to their exposure on <mask>'s popular programs, no one felt inclined to challenge him. Despite his ability to bring in huge profits, most CBS executives who respected <mask> professionally disliked him personally, since he often baited them on and off the air, occasionally by name, even including CBS chairman William S. Paley.<mask>'s attitude was controlling before his hiatus for hip surgery, but upon his return, he added more air time to his morning shows and became critical of a number of aspects of the broadcasts. One night, he substituted a shortened, hastily arranged version of his Wednesday night variety show in place of the scheduled "Talent Scouts" segment, feeling that none of the talent that evening was up to his standards. He also began casting a critical eye on others in his cast, particularly LaRosa, whose popularity continued to grow. LaRosa incident

Like many men of his generation, Julius LaRosa, as well as other male <mask> cast members, thought dance lessons to be somewhat effeminate and bristled when <mask> ordered them for his entire performing crew. Metz suggested that <mask> instituted the practice because his own physical limitations made him sensitive to the need for coordination on camera. "<mask>", Metz wrote, "was concerned about his cast in his paternalistic way". <mask> and LaRosa had a dispute in the fall of 1953 when LaRosa, the most popular of the "Little Godfreys", missed a dance lesson due to a family emergency.He claimed he had advised <mask>, but was nonetheless barred, via a notice placed on a cast bulletin board, from appearing on the show for a day in retaliation. LaRosa went to <mask>'s hotel and attempted to discuss the incident, but after being rebuffed by <mask>'s assistants, he waited in the lobby. When <mask> came into the lobby, he reportedly walked past LaRosa as if he wasn't there and refused to talk with him. At that point, LaRosa, whose success on records had brought interest from top show business managers and agents, retained manager Tommy Rockwell to renegotiate his contract with <mask> or, failing that, to receive an outright release; however, such talks had yet to occur. LaRosa was also signed to Cadence Records, founded by <mask>'s musical director Archie Bleyer, who produced "Eh, Cumpari! ", the best-selling record of LaRosa's musical career. LaRosa later admitted the record's success had made him a little cocky.<mask> discovered that LaRosa had hired Rockwell in the wake of the dance lesson reprimand when he received a letter from Rockwell dictating that all future dealings with LaRosa would be handled through General Artists Corporation, Rockwell's agency. At that point, <mask> immediately consulted with CBS President Dr. Frank Stanton, who noted that <mask> had hired LaRosa on the air and suggested firing him the same way. Whether Stanton intended this to occur after <mask> spoke with LaRosa and his manager about the singer's future on the program, or whether Stanton suggested <mask> actually fire LaRosa on air without warning, is unknown. Soon after the firings, Stanton conceded "maybe this was a mistake." On October 19, 1953, near the end of his morning radio show — deliberately waiting until after the television portion had ended — after lavishing praise on LaRosa in introducing the singer's performance of "Manhattan", <mask> thanked him and then announced that this was LaRosa's "swan song" with the show, adding, "He goes now, out on his own — as his own star — soon to be seen on his own programs, and I know you'll wish him godspeed as much as I do". <mask> then signed off for the day saying, "This is the CBS Radio Network". LaRosa, who did not know what the phrase "swan song" meant, was incredulous when told he had just been fired, since he had not been informed beforehand of his termination and contract renegotiations had yet to happen.In perhaps a further illumination of the ego that <mask> had previously kept hidden, radio historian Gerald Nachman, in Raised on Radio, claims that what truly angered <mask> about his now-former protege was that LaRosa's fan mail had come to outnumber <mask>'s. It is probable that a combination of these factors led to <mask>'s decision to discharge LaRosa. <mask> very likely did not expect the public backlash that followed, a result of the incident running directly counter to <mask>'s solicitous, paternal image. The LaRosa incident was the beginning of an era of controversy that enveloped <mask>, gradually destroyed his folksy image, and diminished his popularity. LaRosa's was not, however, the only firing that day. <mask> also fired Archie Bleyer. In 1952, Bleyer had formed his own record label, Cadence Records, which LaRosa was contracted to; the bandleader also married Janet Ertel of The Chordettes.The focus of <mask>'s anger was the fact that Bleyer, while on hiatus from the show, had produced a spoken-word record by <mask>'s Chicago counterpart Don McNeill to be issued by Cadence. McNeill hosted The Breakfast Club, which had been <mask>'s direct competition on the NBC Blue Network (later ABC) since <mask>'s days at WJSV. Despite the far more modest following of the McNeill show, <mask> was unduly offended, even paranoid, at what he felt was disloyalty on Bleyer's part. According to <mask>, a meeting between Bleyer and <mask> immediately following LaRosa's dismissal, revealed Bleyer was unconcerned about the matter. He claimed Bleyer simply shrugged off the dismissal and focused on developing Cadence, which found significant success  with hit records by the Everly Brothers and Andy Williams. Bleyer himself never commented publicly on the rift with <mask>. LaRosa, on the other hand, was beloved enough by <mask>'s fans that they saved their harshest criticism for <mask> himself.After the firing, a conference was held by LaRosa and his agent. On October 21, with public animosity towards <mask> steadily rising, <mask> further complicated the matter at a press conference of his own where he announced the firing of LaRosa and Bleyer, citing their "outside activities". While praising LaRosa, <mask> added he felt that LaRosa had lost his "humility". The charge, given <mask>'s sudden baring of his own ego beneath the facade of warmth, brought anger,  mockery and a

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title: Arthur Godfrey

texts:
 significant backlash from both the press and public. Almost instantly, <mask> and the phrase "no humility" became the butt of many comedians' jokes. <mask> later claimed he had given LaRosa a release from his contract that the singer had personally requested. <mask>, however, provided no evidence to support that contention.The firings continue

The Teterboro Airport incident in January 1954 kept <mask>'s image negative in the media. At the same time, he ended his relationship with Chesterfield cigarettes. After his 1953 hospitalization broke his smoking habit, he had concluded that smoking was not beneficial and very likely harmful, a total reverse from his earlier commercials. His once-friendly rapport with the company began to fade as he spoke out on the air against smoking. <mask> subsequently fired other producers, writers and cast members including Marion Marlowe, Lu Ann Simms, Haleloke and The Mariners. The integrated quartet (two members of the foursome were African-American) believed <mask> had caved in to the continued criticism from CBS affiliates in the South over their continued presence on the show. Pat Boone and Carmel Quinn joined the cast for a time.But any thoughts of curtailing the fired cast members' network-television exposure backfired somewhat when they continued to perform for <mask>'s substitute host, Robert Q. Lewis, who now had his own afternoon show on CBS. Occasionally, <mask> snapped at cast members on the air, including Tony Marvin. Other performers, most notably Pat Boone and, briefly, Patsy Cline, stepped in as "Little Godfreys". Cline, who had won top honors for her appearance on Talent Scouts, declined to become a regular, confining her appearances to a few guest spots. Eventually, <mask> did away with any regular cast except Marvin, bringing in performers for a stipulated period of time and, if they did well with his audiences, bringing them back at various times. <mask>'s problems with the media and public feuds with newspaper columnists, such as Jack O'Brian and newspaperman turned CBS variety show host Ed Sullivan, were duly documented by the media, which began running critical exposé articles linking <mask> to affairs with several female "Little Godfreys". <mask>'s anger at Sullivan stemmed from the variety show impresario's featuring fired "Little Godfreys" on his Sunday night program, including LaRosa.<mask> later dismissed long-time vocalist Frank Parker, an Italian-American known for his Irish tenor. <mask> had been told Parker made jokes about him during a Las Vegas appearance. In popular culture

As the media turned on <mask>, two films, The Great Man (1956) starring José Ferrer, who also directed and produced, and Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (1957) starring Andy Griffith and Patricia Neal, were inspired in part by <mask>'s increasingly controversial career:
The Great Man, adapted from a novel by TV writer Al Morgan, centered on a tribute broadcast for Herb Fuller, a Godfrey-like figure killed in a car crash whose genial public demeanor concealed a dissolute phony. Various parallels to <mask>'s life could be seen in the film, from his affair with the show's girl singer to his dicey relationship with the show's bandleader. The term "The Fuller Family" was a direct play off "The Little Godfreys". A Face in the Crowd creator Budd Schulberg maintained his story was actually inspired by contrasts between the public image and private personality of Will Rogers, Sr. Also, the film's protagonist, Lonesome Rhodes, with his combination of country singing and country storytelling, superficially resembled popular singer and network TV host Tennessee Ernie Ford. Nonetheless, prominent elements of the film, including the scenes when Rhodes (played by Andy Griffith) spoofed a mattress commercial on a TV show he was hosting in Memphis, were clearly Godfrey-inspired.The research by Kazan and Schulberg included attending an advertising agency meeting about Lipton Tea. <mask> was a frequent target for parody:
Actor and comedian Art Carney would frequently parody <mask>, singing one of his signature tunes "Candy and Cake" and imitating his laugh. As early as 1949, comedians Bob and Ray presented an obvious parody with the character of <mask> (voiced by Bob Elliott) who, in plummy, folksy tones, constantly ragged his announcer Tony (Ray Goulding, imitating <mask>'s announcer Tony Marvin). Tony, meanwhile, would incessantly answer every question with "That's right, <mask>!". In the 1969 film Cold Turkey, Ray (not Bob) played another parody of <mask>, this time as folksy radio announcer "<mask>". Comedian Jerry Lester mocked him as "<mask>". The Joy Boys performed a similar satire of <mask> on their radio show, calling their fellow Washingtonian "<mask>".Satirist Stan Freberg picked up on Bob and Ray's use of the catchphrase "That's right, <mask>", and recorded a barbed spoof of <mask>'s show. "That's Right, <mask>" depicted the star as a rambling, self-absorbed motormouth and his longtime announcer (Tony Marvin, portrayed by voice actor Daws Butler) as a yes-man, responding "That's right, <mask>" to every vapid <mask> pronouncement. Fearing legal problems and noting objections from <mask>'s attorney, Freberg's label, Capitol Records, would not release it, to Freberg's annoyance. The recording was finally issued in a 1990s Freberg career retrospective CD box set. Following the Julius LaRosa episode, singer-songwriter Ruth Wallis, renowned for her double-entendre songs, recorded "Dear Mr. Godfrey", a country tune that implored him to "hire me and fire me and make a star of me." <mask> appeared on many major magazine covers including Life, Look, Time, and more than a dozen TV Guide covers. He was also the first man to make the cover of Cosmopolitan magazine.Despite his faux pas, <mask> still commanded a strong presence and a loyal fan base. Talent Scouts lasted until 1958. Allegations of anti-Semitism

Accusations of anti-Semitism shadowed <mask> during the height of his career and continue to persist. Eddie Fisher, in his autobiography, Been There, Done That, discusses the rumor:

<mask>. Singer, author of <mask>: The Adventures of an American Broadcaster (2000), rejects this accusation, citing <mask>'s good personal relations with a number of Jews in the entertainment industry, including his longtime announcer Tony Marvin. As for <mask>'s association with the Kenilworth, the hotel did establish a "No Jews" policy in the 1920s, but abandoned it when <mask> acquired a stake in the hotel in the early 1950s. In the eyes of the public, the increasingly negative, and largely self-inflicted publicity <mask>, despite his ongoing popularity, had generated since 1953 no doubt added credence to the accusations.In fact <mask> was only a part-owner of the hotel and insisted that when he took that stake, he ended any discriminatory policies that existed. Further undermining Fisher's account, he appeared on Talent Scouts years before <mask> purchased a part interest in the Kenilworth. Dick Cavett, in an opinion piece for the New York Times (July 16, 2010), calls the accusations of anti-Semitism "...purest nonsense". Later life
<mask> was an avid hunter who teamed with professional hunters to kill big-game animals on safari in Africa, employing helicopters to gain close access to his prey. In 1959, <mask> began suffering chest pains. Examination by physicians revealed a mass in his chest that could have been lung cancer. Surgeons discovered cancer in one lung that spread to his aorta.One lung was removed. Yet, despite the disease's discouragingly high mortality rate, it became clear after radiation treatments that <mask> had beaten the substantial odds against him. He returned to the air on a prime-time  TV special but resumed the daily morning show on radio only, reverting to a format featuring guest stars such as ragtime pianist Max Morath and Irish vocalist Carmel Quinn, maintaining a live combo of first-rate Manhattan musicians (under the direction of Sy Mann) as he had done since the beginning. <mask> also became a persuasive spokesman advocating regular medical checkups to detect cancer early, noting his cancer was cured only because it was discovered when still treatable. <mask>'s initial return to television occurred in a TV special centered on his gratitude to have survived what was by 1959 standards, an almost-certain death sentence. He sang, danced, did commercials and announced that he'd make greater use of the new videotape technology for the future. Despite appearing healthy on the broadcast, <mask>, fearing the after-effects of his illness would adversely affect his appearance, announced that he would resume the Monday–Friday Arthur Godfrey Time on radio only, ending the daily TV broadcasts.Long-time announcer Tony Marvin, with <mask> since the late 1940s, did not make the transition to the new program. Marvin was one of <mask>'s few associates who left on amicable terms, and went on to a career as a radio  news anchor on the Mutual Broadcasting System. The <mask> show was the last daily longform entertainment program on American network radio when <mask> and CBS agreed to end it in April 1972, when his 20-year contract with the network expired. <mask> by then was a colonel in the United States Air Force Reserve and still an active pilot. He appeared in the movies 4 for Texas (1963), The Glass Bottom Boat (1966), and Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows (1968). He briefly co-hosted the 1960–61 debut season of Candid Camera with creator Allen Funt, but that relationship, like so many others, ended abruptly and acrimoniously; <mask> hosted at least one broadcast without Funt. <mask> also made various guest appearances, and he and Lucille Ball co-hosted the CBS special 50 Years of Television (1978).He also made a cameo appearance in the 1979 B-movie Angels Revenge. Post-retirement
In retirement, <mask> wanted to find ways back onto a regular TV schedule. He appeared on the rock band Moby Grape's song "Just Like Gene Autry: A Foxtrot", a 1920s-pop-style piece from their album Wow. <mask>'s political outlook was complex, and to some, contradictory; his lifelong admiration for Franklin Roosevelt combined with a powerful libertarian streak in his views and his open support for Dwight D. Eisenhower as president. During his later years he became a powerful voice for the environmentalist movement who identified with the youth culture that irreverently opposed the "establishment", as he felt he had done during his peak years. He renounced a lucrative endorsement deal with Colgate-Palmolive when it became clear to him that it clashed with his environmental principles. He had made commercials for Colgate toothpaste and the detergent Axion, only to repudiate the latter product when he found out that Axion contained phosphates, implicated in water pollution.He did far fewer commercials after that incident. While <mask> was a great fan of technology, including aviation and aerospace developments, he also found time for pursuits of an earlier era. He was a dedicated horseman and master at dressage and made charity appearances at horse shows. He also found in later years that his enthusiasm for high-tech had its limits when he concluded that some technological developments posed the potential to threaten the environment. During one appearance on The Dick Cavett Show, <mask> commented that the United States needed the supersonic transport "about as much as we need another bag of those clunkers from the moon." The concern that the SST contributed to noise pollution, an issue <mask> was instrumental in raising in the United States, is considered to have effectively ended SST interest in the U.S., leaving it to Britain and France. (Cavett claims that <mask>'s statement also earned tax audits from the Richard Nixon-era Internal Revenue Service for the show's entire production staff.)Although <mask>'s desire to remain in the public eye never faltered, his presence ebbed considerably over the next ten years, despite an HBO special and an appearance on a PBS salute to the 1950s. A 1981 attempt to reconcile him with LaRosa for a <mask> show reunion record album, bringing together <mask> and a number of the "Little Godfreys", collapsed. <mask> had initially resisted the idea, floated by his agent, but finally relented. At an initially amicable meeting, <mask> reasserted that LaRosa wanted out of his contract and asked why he had not explained that instead of insisting he was fired without warning. When LaRosa began reminding him of the dance lesson controversy, <mask>, then in his late seventies, exploded and the meeting ended in shambles. The Arthur Godfrey Collection
Toward the end of his life, <mask> became a major supporter of public broadcasting, and left his large personal archive of papers and programs to public station WNET/Thirteen in New York. <mask> biographer <mask> helped to arrange a permanent home for the <mask> material at the Broadcasting Archives at the University of Maryland in early 1998.The collection contains hundreds of kinescopes of <mask> television programs, more than 4,000 audiotapes and wire recordings of his various radio shows, videotapes, and transcription discs. The collection also contains <mask>'s voluminous personal papers and business records, which cover his spectacular rise and precipitous fall in the industry over a period of more than 50 years. Death
Emphysema, thought to have been caused by decades of smoking and the radiation treatments for <mask>'s lung cancer, became a problem in the early 1980s. <mask> died of the condition at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan on March 16, 1983, at the age of 79. <mask> was buried at Union Cemetery in Leesburg, Virginia, not far from his farm. Personal life
<mask> was married twice. He and his first wife, Catherine, had one child.He was next married to the former Mary Bourke from February 24, 1938, until their divorce in 1982, a year before his death. They had two children. His granddaughter is Mary Schmidt Amons, a cast member on The Real Housewives of Washington, D.C.. Awards
NBAA Meritorious Service to Aviation Award (1950)
National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (radio)
National Aviation Hall of Fame (1987)
Radio Hall of Fame (1988)
Peabody Award (1971)
Hollywood Walk of Fame ( Honored with three stars; Radio, TV, Recording)
Ukulele Hall of Fame  (2001)
 In 2002 <mask> was one of only three people named on both of industry publication Talkers Magazine'''s 25 greatest radio, and 25 greatest television, talk show hosts of all time lists. References

 External links

Arthur <mask> at Flickr Commons via Boston Public Library
Museum of Broadcast Communication: <mask>
Kinescope of an episode of 'Arthur Godfrey Time' at the Internet Archive
WJSV Complete Broadcast Day on September 21, 1939, including Sundial with <mask>'', at the Internet Archive

76-page booklet, <mask> and His Gang (PDF)
Arthur Godfrey papers at the University of Maryland libraries

1903 births
1983 deaths
Radio and television announcers
Amateur radio people
Television personalities from New York City
American ukulele players
Peabody Award winners
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
United States Air Force officers
United States Coast Guard enlisted
United States Navy sailors
Vee-Jay Records artists
Deaths from emphysema
Radio personalities from Baltimore
Radio personalities from New York City
Radio personalities from Washington, D.C.
People from Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey
People from Leesburg, Virginia
Military personnel from New York City
20th-century American musicians
American anti-communists
Military personnel from New

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