title: Bartholomeus Anglicus

texts:
<mask> (before 1203–1272), also known as Bartholomew the Englishman and Berthelet, was an early 13th-century scholastic of Paris, a member of the Franciscan order. He was the author of the compendium De proprietatibus rerum ("On the Properties of Things"), dated c.1240, an early forerunner of the encyclopedia and a widely cited book in the Middle Ages. Bartholomew also held senior positions within the church and was appointed Bishop of Łuków in what is now Poland, although he was not consecrated to that position. Early life

Little is known of Bartholomew's early life. He is believed to have been born around the turn of the 13th century to unknown parents. The first record of him was in 1224 in Paris as a teacher, although he is also believed to have studied at Oxford University. Encyclopedia

The work De proprietatibus rerum was written at the school of Magdeburg in Saxonia and intended for the use of students and the general public.Bartholomew carefully notes the sources for the material included, although, at present, it is sometimes impossible to identify or locate some of them. His annotations give a good idea of the wide variety of works available to a medieval scholar. The original Latin work was translated into French in 1372 and a number of manuscripts of the Latin and French versions survive. The work was later printed in numerous editions. John Trevisa produced an English translation in 1397. Extracts were compiled by Robert Steele under the title Medieval Lore: an Epitome (1893). A critical edition of Trevisa's translation appeared in 1988.The work was organized in 19 books. The subjects of the books, in order, are God, angels (including demons), the human mind or soul, physiology, of ages (family and domestic life), medicine, the universe and celestial bodies, time, form and matter (elements), air and its forms, water and its forms, earth and its forms including geography, gems, minerals and metals, animals, and color, odor, taste and liquids. Basil of Caesarea In Hexameron
Bede (673-735). The work by which he was best known in the 13th century was not his History but the works on the Calendar, etc. Jean Beleth
Bernard of Clairvaux
Bestiarium: A collection of early myths on animals; of Eastern origin. There are many different forms of this work. All are founded on Physiologus.Boethius treatise on arithmetic
Callisthenes pseudo: Alexander romance
Cassiodorus  De Septem Disciplinis
Cato the Elder: On Agriculture
Calcidius: A commentary on the Timaeus (dialogue) of Plato
Cicero (107-44 BC). In SOMN. SCIPIONIS. Constantine the African He wrote the Viaticum and the Pantegna  He introduced Arab medicine into Europe through the School of Salerno. Cyprian (died 285). A Syriac astrologer, afterwards Bishop of Antioch, and Martyr in the Diocletian persecution. DAMASCENE (11th century).Quoted by Constantinus Afer. A physician. John Damascene (end of 12th century). An Arab physician. Damascius (c. 533). A Syrian commentator on Aristotle, who took refuge in Persia. Author of a work on wonders quoted by Photius.Pedanius Dioscorides
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite:  De Coelesti Hierarchia, and de divinis nominibus
Aelius Donatus Grammarian. EUFICIUS (c. 600). A disciple of Gregory. Fabius Planciades Fulgentius or Fulgentius of Ruspe grammarian. Galen (131-210). Gilbertus Anglicus An English physician in France; wrote COMPENDIUM MEDICINAE. Pope Gregory I Commentary on Job.HALY The first medical work translated by Constantius Afercanus
HERMES. In ALCHEMIA (not now extant). Hippocrates (460-351 BC). Huguccio (died 1210). A jurisconsult and writer on Grammar. HYGINUS, PSEUDO- (6th century). Writer on Astronomy.  ?Pope Innocent III. (died 1216). Wrote "De Contemptu Mundi," etc. Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (c. 660). An Arab physician, who translated many Greek authors into Arabic. Isidore of Seville (died 636). Bishop of Seville.He wrote a work on Etymology in 20 books, one of the most popular works of the Middle Age. Jacques de Vitry (died 1240). A Crusading Bishop, afterwards Cardinal legate. Wrote an EXEMPLAR, and 3 books of Eastern and Western History. Jerome (340-420). Joseph ben Gorion (). Abridgment of Jewish History containing many legends.Josephus (37-95). Jewish historian. JORATH. DE ANIMALIBUS. A Syriac writer (?). LAPIDARIUM. See MARBODIUS DE GEMMIS.There are many treatises under this name. Pope Leo IX. (1054). See Jacques Paul Migne, Patrologia. Lucan (died 65). One of the most popular Latin poets of the Middle Age. Aemilius Macer (6th century).On THE VIRTUES OF HERBS The extant hexameter poem known as Floridus or De viribus (aut virtutibus) herbarum, traditionally ascribed to Macer, is actually a medieval production by Odo Magdunensis, a French physician. Macrobius (c. 409). His commentary on the  dream of Scipio was a favourite work in Medieval times. Martianus Capella (c. 400). Wrote a poem, THE MARRIAGE OF MERCURY AND PHILOLOGIA, treating of THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, which was the standard text-book from the 5th century for the schools. Mashallah ibn Athari (c. 1100). METHODIUS, PSEUDO- (8th century).DE AGARINI. Michael Scot (c. 1235). At this time concerned in the translation of some Arabic works on Astronomy, and Aristotle's DE COELO and DE MUNDO DE ANIMA, and HISTORIA NATURALIS with commentaries. MISALATH ASTROLOGUS (?). Papias (lexicographer) (c. 1053). Grammarian. [Milan, 1467, etc.]Perspectiva Sciencia. According to  William Morris this may be Bacon's, Peckham's, or Albertus Magnus', but he favors Peckham. Others say; Alhacen's De Aspectibus, a medieval Latin translation of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), was  first cited in this compendium, dated about 1240. Petrus Comestor (died 1198). Named MAGISTER HISTORIARUM or Master of Histories, wrote an account of the world from the Creation, which, when translated into French, was called the "Mer des Histoires." A favourite Medieval book. PHILARETUS (1100).A writer on Medicine. date seems wrong here redirects to Theophilus Protospatharius The real Philaretus wrote on pulses
Physiologus. A Syriac compilation of moralities on animal myths. It first appears in Western Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII. ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the 4th century, and appears to have been altered at the will of each writer. PLATEARIUS SALERNITANUS (c. 1100) was Johannes, one of a family of physicians at Salerno.His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the virtues of herbs. [Lugd., 1525, etc.] Plato (430-348 BC). The Timaeus (dialogue) is quoted, probably from Chalcidius. Pliny (died 79). Natural History.This and Isidore's work are the two chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature. Priscian (c. 525). Grammarian and physicist. Ptolemy (c. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic translations only at that time. [Ven., 1509, etc.] Rabanus Maurus (776-856) of Fulda, pupil of Alcuin.A Benedictine, afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468; Col., 1627, etc.] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (died 935). An Arab physician, perhaps the greatest of the School. [Ven., 1548, etc.] Remigius of Auxerre (died 908). A teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris.His grammar remained in use there four centuries. He wrote a gloss on Marcianus Capella. Richard of Saint Victor (died 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St. Victor. A mystic of considerable acuteness. [Ven., 1506, etc.] Richard Rufus of Cornwall (c. 1225).A Cornishman who was a doctor in great renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the Franciscans. Robert Grosseteste (died 1253), the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford. Commentaries on Aristotle. SALUSTIUS (died 363?). DE DIIS ET MUNDO.A geographer. Schola Medica Salernitana (c. 1100). A treatise on the preservation of health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease a branch of medicine equally important with the cure of it. SECUNDUS. A writer on Medicine.4th century used Pliny
Gaius Julius Solinus (c. 100). Wrote an account of things in general—POLYHISTORIA
STEPHANUS (c. 600). Commentary on Galen. Walafrid Strabo (died 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance. One of the authors of the Gloss. SYMON CORNUBIENSIS (?).Marcus Terentius Varro, M. T. (116-26 BC). Most celebrated grammarian. Virgil (70-19 BC). William of Conches (died 1150). Lectured at Paris, 1139, on Grammar, wrote DE NATURA. Zeno of Cyprus (c. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria. Church positions

Bartholomew was elected as Minister of Austria in 1247 and was then elected as Minister of Bohemia in 1255.This appointment included  Poland where he resolved a dispute between Duke Boleslaw and the Cathedral Chapter at Kraków. Pope Alexander IV appointed him as Papal legate north of the Carpathians in 1256 and appointed him as the Bishop of Łuków. However, he was probably not consecrated in that position due to the second Mongol invasion of Poland in 1259. Bartholomew was appointed as Minister at Saxonia in 1262 and served in that position until his death in 1272. He was at some point confused with <mask> de Glanvilla, another Franciscan friar who lived a century later. References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

De proprietatibus rerum, 20 June 1492 edition published by A. Koberger in Nuremberg, held by the Corning Museum of Glass. (Accessed 17 April 2014)
 French translation by Jean Corbechon, Le Propriétaire des choses, (Lyon 1495), scanned by La Bibliothèque d'agglomération de Saint-Omer.French translation by Jean Corbechon, Le Propriétaire des choses, (c. 1500) , scanned by La bibliothèque municipale de Nîmes. Complete text of the English translation by John de Trevisa revised by Stephen Batman, Batman uppon Bartholome his booke De Proprietatibus Rerum, (London 1582), Early English Books Online / University of Michigan

English Franciscans
1272 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century Latin writers
English male writers
Latin encyclopedists
13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Poland

masks:
Bartholomaeus Anglicus
Bartholomeus


title: Mauro De Mauro

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; 6 September 1921 – disappeared 16 September 1970) was an Italian investigative journalist. Originally a supporter of Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, <mask> eventually became a journalist with the left-leaning newspaper L'Ora in Palermo. He disappeared in September 1970 and his body has never been found. The disappearance and probable death of the "inconvenient journalist" (giornalista scomodo) – as he became known as a result of his investigative reporting – remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in modern Italian history. Several explanations for <mask>'s disappearance are current. One is related to the death of Enrico Mattei, the president of Italy's state-owned oil and gas conglomerate ENI. Another is that <mask> had discovered a drug trafficking network between Sicily and the United States.A third explanation links his disappearance with the Golpe Borghese, a 1970 foiled right-wing coup d'état. <mask> was apparently convinced that he had got hold of a story of a lifetime and had told colleagues at L'Ora, "I have a scoop that is going to shake Italy." Fascist past
<mask> <mask> was born in 1921 in Foggia, Apulia. His father <mask> <mask> belonged to a reputable family of doctors and pharmacists that had been living in Foggia for several generations. His mother Clementina Rispoli came from Naples and was a math teacher. His younger brother Tullio <mask> (31 March 1932 – 5 January 2017) was a linguist and politician who became Minister of Education in 2000-2001. <mask> was a supporter of the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini.After the armistice with the Allied Forces in September 1943, he choose to follow the hard-line fascist regime of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI) in German-held northern Italy. During the German military occupation of Rome in 1943-1944, he was vice-commander of police under the Commander Caruso, informant of Captain Erich Priebke and Colonel Herbert Kappler of the SS. <mask> was also a member of the Koch Band, a special unit of the Home Security in the RSI. Using a variety of aliases, <mask> managed to infiltrate several resistance organizations in Rome and Milan in order to hunt the partisans. <mask> and his wife Elda volunteered to join the Decima MAS, a brutal anti-partisan force under the command of Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, also known as the "Black Prince". He worked for the journal La Cambusa (The Galley) of the propaganda unit of the military formation. <mask> was arrested during the liberation in Milan in April 1945.He escaped from the prison camp Coltano (Tuscany) in December 1945 and took refuge in Naples with his young wife, along with his two daughters, Junia and Franca Valeria (the names referred to Junio Valerio Borghese). Accused of having participated in the Fosse Ardeatine massacre in March 1944 in which 335 people were executed, he was absolved by the court in 1948. Journalist in Sicily

In 1948, <mask> moved to Palermo, Sicily, under an assumed name, and worked for local newspapers such as Il Tempo di Sicilia and Il Mattino di Sicilia. In 1959 he started working for L'Ora, a communist-oriented paper. Other journalists were puzzled about <mask>'s presence at the newspaper, as he had been a supporter of Mussolini until the bitter end and fought in the brutal war against the anti-Fascist partisans. Rumour had it that his nose had been broken by partisans. At L'Ora, <mask> joined a group of crack investigative reporters that included Felice Chilanti and Mario Farinella.From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the left-leaning newspaper often hit the national spotlight for its investigations and denunciations of ties between corrupt politicians and the Sicilian Mafia. In 1960 <mask> was among the winners of the Premiolino, one of the most important Italian journalism awards, for his crime investigations. <mask> also wrote pieces on drug trafficking and on the Sack of Palermo, the construction boom in the 1950s and 1960s that led to the destruction of the city's green belt and ancient villas. In 1962, <mask> was the first to publish a detailed map of the Mafia, which was confirmed 22 years later by the Mafia pentito (turncoat) Tommaso Buscetta in his testimony to Judge Giovanni Falcone. In January 1962 he published a series of articles in L'Ora disclosing the testimony of Melchiorre Allegra, a medical doctor and a member of the Mafia from 1916 until his arrest in 1937. Upon being arrested, Allegra disclosed his membership and testified about Mafia activities. It was one of the first testimonies about the Mafia from within, but the document had been neglected until <mask> republished it.After these and other revelations, <mask> became a target for the Mafia. "<mask> was a walking corpse," said Buscetta. "Cosa Nostra had been forced to 'forgive' the journalist because his death would arouse too much suspicion, but at the first opportunity he would have to pay for the scoop. The death sentence had only been temporarily suspended." Mattei affair

In 1962, <mask> investigated the mysterious death of Enrico Mattei, the powerful president of Italy's state-owned oil and gas conglomerate ENI, who died in suspicious circumstances in a plane crash on 27 October. During his controversial tenure of ENI, Mattei had tried to break the oligopoly of the "Seven Sisters" (a term Mattei coined to refer to the dominant oil companies of the mid-20th century), and in 1959, in the middle of the Cold War, brokered an oil import deal with the Soviet Union over intense protests from the United States and NATO, while supporting independence movements against colonial powers such as Algeria. The U.S. National Security Council described Mattei as an irritation and an obstacle in a classified report from 1958, while the French could not forgive Mattei for his Algeria involvement.Responsibility for his death has been attributed to the Mafia, the CIA, and the French nationalist group the Organisation armée secrète (OAS). In September 1970, <mask> was again investigating the case upon request of the movie director Francesco Rosi for the movie Il caso Mattei (The Mattei Affair), which would eventually be released in 1972. He was convinced that Mattei's aircraft had been sabotaged and looked into possible links between the Mafia and the crash. Two days before his disappearance, <mask> interviewed Graziano Verzotto, a Christian Democrat politician and former right-hand man of Mattei as head of public relations for ENI. Verzotto knew Mafia boss Giuseppe Di Cristina quite well; he had been best man at <mask>'s wedding. Verzotto had been with Mattei on his airplane the day before it crashed. <mask> was convinced that he had got hold of a story of a lifetime.Before his disappearance he told colleagues at the newspaper L'Ora, “I have a scoop that is going to shake Italy.”

Disappearance

<mask> was kidnapped on the evening of 16 September 1970, while coming back home from work, in the via delle Magnolie in Palermo. In response, thousands of police and Carabinieri, equipped with helicopters and dogs, combed Sicily in vain in search of the reporter. <mask>'s body has never been found, a victim of the so-called lupara bianca, despite intensive search efforts assisted by top-level forces from Rome and even a special investigative committee of the Italian Parliament. Over the years, the investigations into <mask>'s disappearance by the Carabinieri and the police followed widely divergent leads. Colonel Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa and Captain Giuseppe Russo of the Carabinieri were among the first to work on the case. Years later, and in different circumstances, both were murdered by the Mafia. They focused on the lead of drug trafficking.According to them, <mask> would have been a victim of lupara bianca after discovering leads on drug trafficking by the Mafia between Sicily and the U.S. The first inquiries of the police by Bruno Contrada and Boris Giuliano instead focused on the lead of <mask>'s investigations into the death of Mattei, prompted by the disappearance a few pages of notes and a tape of Mattei's last speech from <mask>'s office. The investigations were seriously hampered due to deviations by people within the Italian police and secret services. According to police inspector Giuliano, there was "someone at the ministry in Rome that does not want to go to the bottom of the death of <mask>." According to Giuliano, an order to scale down the investigation was issued by the head of the secret service, Vito Miceli, allegedly involved in the Borghese coup. Miceli had been in contact with the mafiosi Di Cristina and Giuseppe Calderone, who wanted to support the coup, which was scheduled for December 1970. Italian mystery
The disappearance of <mask> remained a mystery and the focus of many speculations.In May 1994, Buscetta declared that the Sicilian Mafia had been involved in the murder of Mattei, and that <mask> had been killed for investigating that murder. According to Buscetta, Mattei was killed at the request of the American Mafia because his oil policies had hurt U.S. interests in the Middle East. The American Mafia in turn was possibly doing a favour to the Seven Sisters. Buscetta claimed that Mattei's death was organized by Mafia bosses Di Cristina, Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu", and Stefano Bontade at the request of Angelo Bruno, a Sicilian born Mafia boss from Philadelphia. Gaetano Iannì, another pentito, declared that a special agreement had been reached between the Sicilian Mafia and "some foreigners" for the elimination of Mattei, which was organized by Di Cristina. These statements triggered new inquiries, including the exhumation of Mattei's corpse. Buscetta claimed that Bontade organized <mask>'s kidnap, because his investigations into the death of Mattei came very close to the Mafia, and to Bontade in particular.Another pentito, Francesco Di Carlo, declared in 2001 that <mask> was killed because he had learned that one of his former fascist friends, Prince Borghese, was involved in the planned 1970 coup with like-minded army officers, determined to stop what they considered as Italy's drift to the left. Yet another pentito, Rosario Naimo, who started to collaborate with the Italian authorities after his arrest in October 2010, said that the journalist was killed because of his investigative reporting that damaged the Mafia. The order for <mask>'s killing came from the heads of the Sicilian Mafia Commission, Bontade, Gaetano Badalamenti and Salvatore Riina, according to Di Carlo and Buscetta. Both Di Carlo and Naimo say that <mask> was kidnapped by Emanuele D'Agostino, a mafioso from Bontade's Santa Maria di Gesù crime family. According to Di Carlo, the remains of <mask> were buried under a bridge over the Oreto River near Palermo. However, the police, after a search, did not find the body. The pentito Francesco Marino Mannoia later claimed that he had been ordered by Bontade in 1977 or 1978 to dig up several bodies at the bridge and dissolve them in acid.According to the new testimony of Naimo, <mask> was taken to a terrain in Pallavicino neighbourhood in Palermo where the Mafia boss Francesco Madonia owned a chicken farm. He was killed there and dumped in a pit. 2006 murder trial

In 2001, as a result of the declarations of Di Carlo, the judicial inquiry was reopened. In April 2006, more than 35 years after <mask>'s disappearance, the trial on his murder started at the Court of Palermo with the former Mafia boss of bosses Riina as the only remaining defendant. (D'Agostino and Bontate were killed by Riina's Corleonesi in the Second Mafia War; Badalamenti died in a US prison in April 2004.) In 2011 the new Mafia turncoat Naimo testified at the trial saying that the journalist was killed by the Mafia on the orders of Riina. The "inconvenient journalist" (giornalista scomodo), as <mask> had become known, was kidnapped and killed because the Mafia and their backers wanted to know his sources of confidential and potentially devastating information, public prosecutor Antonio Ingroia told the court in his closing speech in March 2011."The death sentence on <mask> was passed because of a convergence of two elements," Ingroia said. Riina, Bontade and Badalamenti decided to eliminate <mask> because he was about to go public about Mattei's 1962 murder as a result of research for Francesco Rosi's landmark movie, as well as the fact the journalist had uncovered the plans for staging the Mafia-backed far-right Borghese coup d'état, thanks to his former wartime Fascist connections. "<mask> was very busy piecing together the elements of the plot, and his death stopped it being uncovered," according to Ingroia. "The other 'convergent' element in his death was the fact that he knew, from its inception, about the subversive project involving spies, neofascists and Mafia groups," to stage the Borghese Coup," Ingroia said. "From his sources in neofascist circles, from his past in Prince Junio Valerio Borghese's crack Decima Mas unit, as well as from tip-offs from Mafia boss Emanuele D'Agostino, he knew something was in the offing". The "preventive crime" might even have had other motives, such as other events that concerned the "friends in Rome" of the Corleonesi headed by Riina, as emerged from documents retrieved from the former mayor of Palermo, Vito Ciancimino. Cosa Nostra was behind the murder of <mask>, but there were other backgrounds and individuals, allied with the Mafia, such as deviated freemasons and corrupt public officials."<mask> was not killed out of revenge, but to prevent harm to the Mafia. The Mafia did not just execute instructions of others, but also because his investigations affected Cosa Nostra itself and other powers associated with it," according to Ingroia. He said the investigations for the trial had unearthed an "institutional cover-up" in the initial probe into <mask>'s disappearance. Mystery continues
On 10 June 2011, Riina was acquitted of charges for ordering the kidnap and killing of <mask> by the Court in Palermo because of insufficient evidence. "It's certainly a surprise, but we'll see the reasons for this ruling," said Franca <mask>, daughter of the journalist. "I am very upset because after 40 years we still have no answer about what happened that day." In their explanation of the ruling that became public in August 2012, the judges of the Court of Palermo decided that <mask> had died because he had gone too far in his quest for the truth about the last hours of Mattei in Sicily.They pointed to Graziano Verzotto as a possible man behind the killing of <mask> and Mattei, but without a clear conviction. Verzotto had died in June 2010. The prosecution, which had requested a further life term for Riina, appealed against the acquittal. The appeal trial began in April 2013. On 27 January 2014, the Palermo Appeal Court confirmed the acquittal of Riina. The court was convinced of the involvement of Cosa Nostra in <mask>'s murder, but attributed the murder to the group that was headed by Stefano Bontade and identified the likely motive in the discovery by the journalist of important facts about the death of ENI president Enrico Mattei. There was insufficient evidence for the involvement of Riina, due to contradictory evidence, lack of clarity of the evidence gathered and conflicting statements by government witnesses, in particular those of Di Carlo.In June 2015, Riina was absolved by the court of last instance, the supreme Court of Cassation. The evidence collected by the prosecution did not allow to establish a direct or indirect role of the accused in the crime. The Court concluded, however, that <mask> most likely had been killed by the Mafia because he knew of their involvement in Enrico Mattei's death, rather than the Borghese coup attempt. <mask>'s disappearance and likely death remains one of the unsolved mysteries in Italian history. The Sicilian writer Leonardo Sciascia once summarized the puzzle of <mask>'s death: "He said the right thing to the wrong man and the wrong thing to the right man." See also
Enrico Mattei
Golpe Borghese
List of journalists killed in Europe
Lists of people who disappeared
List of unsolved murders
List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia

References

 Arlacchi, Pino (1996). Addio Cosa Nostra: i segreti della mafia nella confessione di Tommaso Buscetta, Milan: Rizzoli,
 Servadio, Gaia (1976).Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg
Woodhull, Nancy J. & Robert W. Snyder (eds.) (1998),  Journalists in peril, New Brunswick (NJ): Transaction Publishers,

External links
 , Ordine dei Giornalisti di Sicilia, 15 February 2006
 <mask> <mask> , Ordine dei Giornalisti della Lombardia

1921 births
1970 deaths
1970s missing person cases
20th-century Italian journalists
Antimafia
Assassinated Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in Italy
People from Foggia
People murdered by the Sicilian Mafia
Unsolved murders in Italy
20th-century Italian male writers

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title: Titus Labienus

texts:
<mask> (c. 10017 March 45 BC) was a professional Roman soldier in the late Roman Republic. He served as tribune of the Plebs in 63 BC. Although remembered as one of Julius Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns, Labienus chose to oppose him during the Civil War and was killed at Munda. He was the father of Quintus Labienus. Biography

Early career
As his praetorship was in 60 or 59 BC, <mask>us most likely was born around 100 BC. Many sources suggest that he came from the town of Cingulum in Picenum. His family was of equestrian status.He most likely had early ties with Pompey during his time as a patron for Picenum and his desire to rise in military rank. His early service was c. 78–75 BC in Cilicia under Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus fighting pirates and the Isaurian hill tribes. Tribune of the Plebs, Trial of Gaius Rabirius
In 63 BC, <mask>us was a tribune of the Plebs with close ties to Pompey. Gaius Julius Caesar was also working closely with Pompey and therefore he and Labienus occasionally cooperated. These interactions were the seed that eventually developed into a friendship between Labienus and Caesar. At Caesar's instigation, Labienus accused Gaius Rabirius of high treason (perduellio) for the murder of the tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and of his uncle <mask>us in 100 BC. The purpose of this trial was to discredit the so-called "final decree of the Senate" (senatus consultum ultimum), an emergency measure of the senate commonly used against the Populares and the Roman assemblies.Labienus used the antiquated procedure of the duumviri, used in the early republic, against Rabirius. The procedure bypassed normal criminal law and Rabirius would be tried without defense. Since tribunes were sacrosanct, it was seen as an act against the gods to kill one. Thus punishment of the culprit was seen as more of a cleansing to appease the gods. The killing was seen as a pollution so profound that a normal criminal trial was unnecessary and immediate cleansing was necessary to avoid the wrath of the gods. The duumviri were assigned to accuse under the pretense of obvious guilt and cleanse the culprit through scourging. Rabirius appealed to the Centuriate Assembly and Cicero spoke in his defense.However, before the assembly could vote, Metellus Celer used his powers as an augur to claim the sightings of bad omens and take down the flag in Janiculum. This postponed the trial. Rabirius was ultimately sentenced to exile, as he was unable to pay an unreasonable fine. In the same year Labienus carried a plebiscite returning the elections of the pontifices to the people. This indirectly secured for Caesar the dignity of Pontifex Maximus, by his act of supporting Labienus in this cause (Dio Cassius xxxvii. 37). Labienus was more a soldier than politician, and primarily used his office as a gateway to secure himself positions of high military command.After his term as tribune, Labienus served as Caesar's legate (second-in-command) in Gaul, meaning he took Caesar's place whenever he went to Rome. Lieutenant under Caesar in Gaul
As Caesar's senior legate during his campaign in Gaul Labienus was the only legate mentioned by name in Caesar's writings about his first campaign. He was a skilled cavalry commander and could be considered a military genius. Labienus commanded the winter quarters in Vesontio in 58 BC. He also had full command of the legions in Gaul during Caesar's absence, as his legatus pro praetore. He had this privilege when Caesar was administering justice in Cisalpine Gaul as well as during Caesar's second campaign in Britain (in 54 BC). In 57 BC, during the Belgian campaign, in a battle against the Atrebates and Nervii near Sabis, Labienus, commanding the 9th and 10th legions, defeated the opposing Atrebates force and proceeded to take the enemy camp.From there he sent the 10th Legion against the rear of the Nervii line while they were engaged with the rest of Caesar's army, single-handedly turning the tide of battle and securing Caesar the victory. Labienus is also credited with the defeat of the Treviri under Indutiomarus. Labienus spent days with his army fortified in their camp, while Indutiomarus harassed him daily in an attempt at intimidation and demoralization. Labienus waited for the right moment, when Indutiomarus and his forces were returning to their camp disorganized, to send out his cavalry through two gates. He gave them the orders to first kill Indutiomarus, then his trailing forces on their return. Labienus's men were successful, and with the death of their leader, the Treviri army scattered. The Treviri forces later regrouped under relatives of Indutiomarus and moved upon Labienus, setting up camp across the river from his legions, waiting for reinforcements from the Germans.Labienus feigned a withdrawal, enticing the Treviri to cross the river, after which he turned around and had his men attack. Being in such a disadvantageous position, the Treviri forces were shattered. After hearing this, the German reinforcements turned around. Labienus's victory over the Parisii at Lutetia in the Battle of Lutetia is another example of his tactical genius. Sending five cohorts back towards Agedincum, and himself crossing the Sequana River with three legions, he tricked the enemy into thinking that he had divided his army and was crossing the river in three places. The enemy army split into thirds and pursued Labienus. The main body met Labienus which he subsequently surrounded with the rest of his legions.He then annihilated the reinforcements with his cavalry. In September, 51 BC, Caesar made Labienus governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Defection from Caesar, command under Pompey in Civil War
After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Labienus left his post in Cisalpine Gaul and joined Pompey. He was rapturously welcomed on the Pompeian side, bringing some Gallic and German cavalry with him. He also brought an account on Caesar's military strength. In the book, Biography of <mask>, Caesar's Lieutenant in Gaul, Tyrrell notes that modern historians describe Labienus's actions as a defection from Caesar, and do not hesitate to call him a "deserter" or "renegade", possibly due to their liking for Caesar. Tyrrell recognizes that in the end, Labienus can be described as a man who "joined the legitimate government in its struggle against a revolutionary proconsul who placed his own dignitas above his country" (Tyrrell, 36).Tyrrell points out, however, that "Labienus had proved on every occasion his capacity for independent command. He could easily have felt himself Caesar's equal in the field. Although a praetorius since 59 or 58, a consulship with its subsequent provincial army was not forthcoming. The consulship with Caesar, even if seriously planned, would not have altered the balance of power between them. Antonius' election to the augurate, the first step to the consulship, showed the direction of Caesar's purposes. Caesar's enemies held out a new opportunity to gain an army. Three years later he could boast that he had won the loyalty of his troops (BAf.19.3)." Beyond that, we cannot go.". Pompey made Labienus commander of the cavalry (magister equitum). Labienus attempted to persuade Pompey to face Caesar in Italy and not retreat to Hispania (Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) to regroup, insisting that Caesar's army was thin and weakened after his campaign in Gaul. But Labienus's ill fortune under Pompey was as marked as his success had been under Caesar. From the defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus, where he commanded the cavalry, he fled to Corcyra, and after hearing of the death of Pompey then proceeded to Africa. He created confidence in the followers of Pompey by lying to them, claiming that Caesar had received a mortal wound at the Battle of Pharsalus.He was able through sheer force of numbers to inflict a slight check upon Caesar at the Battle of Ruspina in 46 BC. By arranging his troops into dense formations, he tricked Caesar into thinking he had only foot soldiers, and was able to rout Caesar's cavalry and surround his army. However, Labienus was unable to defeat Caesar's forces, and was compelled to leave the field. After the defeat at the Battle of Thapsus, he joined the younger Gnaeus Pompeius in Hispania. Death came to Labienus in the Battle of Munda, an evenly matched conflict between the armies of Caesar and the sons of Pompey. King Bogud, an ally of Caesar, approached the Pompeians with his army from the rear. Labienus was commanding the Pompeians' cavalry unit at the time, and seeing this, took the cavalry from the front lines to meet him.The Pompeian legions misinterpreted this as a retreat, became disheartened and began to break. Pompeians suffered massive casualties during the rout. This defeat ended Caesar's Civil War. Labienus was killed during the rout. According to Appian, (BC2.105), his head was brought to Caesar. Caesar then dispatched men to locate the body of his old friend, and buried Labienus with full honours. Fictional accounts
Labienus is featured in The Gods of War, a novel by British author Conn Iggulden, though in a much reduced role, as his historical position as Caesar's second-in-command is filled instead by Marcus Junius Brutus, whose relationship with Caesar is conversely greatly expanded.He was also an important minor character in the earlier Masters of Rome novels by Australian author Colleen McCullough. In these, his first appearance is in the Trial of Rabirius, but this is placed rather later in the political year than it is usually stated as having been, orchestrated by Caesar as a reaction to Cicero's decision to have several Catiline conspirators executed without trial while the "Senatus Consultum Ultimum" is in force - rather than as a prior warning against such an action before the decree was even in place. He then falls on hard times because he had drawn the disfavour of Pompey for having an affair with his Picentine wife Mucia Tertia. He is portrayed latterly as a very capable but fierce and cruel soldier and commander, whose brilliance wins battles in Gaul, but whose brutality went some way towards alienating Caesar's Gallic allies and thus causing the battles in the first place. McCullough takes a somewhat different interpretation of the events, and has Caesar shunning Labienus, instead of Labienus defecting to Pompey. In the novels, Caesar disowns Labienus when it comes to civil war, not wanting him on his side because he is too cruel and unpredictable. Labienus was also featured in the BBC One docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire.Labienus is a significant character in S.J.A. Turney's series 'Marius' Mules'. See also
 Labiena (gens)

Notes

References
Caesar's Bellum Africum
Caesar's Bellum Civile
Caesar's Bellum Gallicum
Cassius Dio's Roman History

Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares
Sextus Julius Frontinus
Tyrrell, William B. Biography of <mask>, Caesar's Lieutenant in Gaul. Diss. Michigan State Univ., 1970. 10 May 2007 <http://www.msu.edu/~tyrrell/Labienus.pdf >.100 BC births
Year of birth uncertain
45 BC deaths
1st-century BC Romans
Ancient Roman generals
Ancient Roman soldiers
People of the Roman Republic
Roman generals killed in action
Roman governors of Hispania
Roman legates
Roman people of the Gallic Wars
Roman Republican praetors
Tribunes of the plebs
Labieni

masks:
Titus Labienus
Titus Labien
Titus Labien
Titus Labien
Titus Labienus
Titus Labienus


title: Luis Federico Leloir

texts:
<mask>  (September 6, 1906 – December 2, 1987) was an Argentine physician and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the metabolic pathways in lactose. Although born in France, Leloir received the majority of his education at the University of Buenos Aires and was director of the private research group Fundación Instituto Campomar until his death in 1987. His research into sugar nucleotides, carbohydrate metabolism, and renal hypertension garnered international attention and led to significant progress in understanding, diagnosing and treating the congenital disease galactosemia. <mask> is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires. Biography

Early years
Leloir's parents, <mask> and <mask>, traveled from Buenos Aires to Paris in the middle of 1906 with the intention of treating <mask>'s illness. However, <mask> died in late August, and a week later <mask> was born in an old house at 81 Víctor Hugo Road in Paris, a few blocks away from the Arc de Triomphe. After returning to Argentina in 1908, Leloir lived together with his eight siblings on their family's extensive property El Tuyú that his grandparents had purchased after their immigration from the Basque Country of northern Spain: El Tuyú comprises 400 km2 of sandy land along the coastline from San Clemente del Tuyú to Mar de Ajó which has since become a popular tourist attraction.During his childhood, the future Nobel Prize winner found himself observing natural phenomena with particular interest; his schoolwork and readings highlighted the connections between the natural sciences and biology. His education was divided between Escuela General San Martín (primary school), Colegio Lacordaire (secondary school), and for a few months at Beaumont College in England. His grades were unspectacular, and his first stint in college ended quickly when he abandoned his architectural studies that he had  begun in Paris' École Polytechnique. It was during the 1920s that Leloir invented salsa golf (golf sauce). After being served prawns with the usual sauce during lunch with a group of friends at the Ocean Club in Mar del Plata, Leloir came up with a peculiar combination of ketchup and mayonnaise to spice up his meal. With the financial difficulties that later plagued Leloir's laboratories and research, he would joke, "If I had patented that sauce, we'd have a lot more money for research right now." Career

Buenos Aires

After returning again to Argentina, Leloir obtained his Argentine citizenship and joined the Department of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires in hopes of receiving his doctorate.However, he got off to a rocky start, requiring four attempts to pass his anatomy exam. He finally received his diploma in 1932 and began his residency in the Hospital de Clínicas and his medical internship in Ramos Mejía hospital. After some initial conflicts with colleagues and complications in his method of treating patients, Leloir decided to dedicate himself to research in the laboratory, claiming that "we could do little for our patients... antibiotics, psychoactive drugs, and all the new therapeutic agents were unknown [at the time]." In 1933, he met Bernardo Houssay, who pointed Leloir towards investigating in his doctoral thesis the suprarenal glands and carbohydrate metabolism. Houssay happened to be friends with Carlos Bonorino Udaondo, the brother-in-law of Victoria Ocampo, one of Leloir's cousins. Following the recommendation of Udaondo, Leloir began working with Houssay, who in 1947 would later win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The two would develop a close relationship, collaborating on various projects until Houssay's death in 1971; in his lecture after winning the Nobel Prize, Leloir claimed that his "whole research career has been influenced by one person, Prof. Bernardo A. Houssay".Cambridge
After only two years, Leloir received recognition from the medical department at the University of Buenos Aires for having produced the best doctoral thesis. Feeling that his knowledge in fields such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology was lacking, he continued attending classes at the University as a part-time student. In 1936 he traveled to England to begin advanced studies at the University of Cambridge, under the supervision of another Nobel Prize winner, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who had obtained that distinction in 1929 for his work in physiology and in revealing the critical role of vitamins in maintaining good health. Leloir's research in the Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge centered around enzymes, more specifically the effects of cyanide and pyrophosphate on succinic dehydrogenase; from this moment Leloir began to specialize in researching carbohydrate metabolism. United States
Leloir returned to Buenos Aires in 1937 after his brief stay at Cambridge. 1943 saw Leloir marry; <mask> and Amelia Zuberbuhler (1920-2013) would later have a daughter also named Amelia. However, his return to Argentina was amidst conflict and strife;  Houssay had been expelled from the University of Buenos Aires for signing a public petition opposing the Nazi regime in Germany and the military government led  by Pedro Pablo Ramírez.Leloir fled to the United States, where he assumed the position of associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Washington University in St. Louis, collaborating with Carl Cori and Gerty Cori and thereafter worked with David E. Green at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University as a research assistant. Leloir would later credit Green with instilling within him the initiative to establish his own research in Argentina. Fundación Instituto Campomar

In 1945, Leloir ended his exile and returned to Argentina to work under Houssay at the Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Fundación Campomar, which Leloir would direct from its creation in 1947 by businessman and patron Jaime Campomar. Initially, the institute was composed of five rooms, a bathroom, central hall, patio, kitchen, and changing room. During the final years of the 1940s, although lacking financial resources and operating with very low-cost teams, Leloir's successful experiments would reveal the chemical origins of sugar synthesis in yeast as well as the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver; together with J. M. Muñoz, he produced an active cell-free system, a first in scientific research. It had initially been assumed that in order to study a cell, scientists could not separate it from its host organism, as oxidation could only occur in intact cells. Along the way, Muñoz and Leloir, unable to procure the costly refrigerated centrifuge needed to separate cell contents, improvised by spinning a tire stuffed with salt and ice.By 1947 he had formed a team that included
Ranwel Caputto, Enrico Cabib, Raúl Trucco, Alejandro Paladini, Carlos Cardini and <mask> Reissig, with whom he investigated and discovered why a malfunctioning kidney and angiotensin helped cause hypertension. That same year,  his colleague Caputto, in his investigations of the mammary gland, made discoveries regarding carbohydrate storage and its subsequent transformation into a reserve energy form in organisms. Sugar nucleotides

At the beginning of 1948, <mask> and his team identified the sugar nucleotides that were fundamental to the metabolism of carbohydrates, turning the Instituto Campomar into a biochemistry institution well known throughout the world. Immediately thereafter, <mask> received the Argentine Scientific Society Prize,  one of the many awards he would receive both in Argentina and internationally. During this time, his team dedicated itself to the study of glycoproteins; <mask> and his colleagues elucidated the primary mechanisms of galactose metabolism

 (now called the Leloir pathway) and determined the cause of galactosemia, a serious genetic disorder that resulted in lactose intolerance. The following year, he reached an agreement with Rolando García, dean of the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, which named <mask>, Carlos Eugenio Cardini and Enrico Cabib as titular professors in the University's newly founded Biochemical Institute. The Institute would help develop scientific programs in budding Argentine universities as well as attract researchers and scholars from the United States, Japan, England, France, Spain, and other Latin American countries.Following Jaime Campomar's death in 1957, <mask> and his team applied to the National Institutes of Health in the United States desperate for funding, and surprisingly was accepted. In 1958, the Institute found a new home in a former all-girls school, a donation from the Argentine government. As <mask> and his research gained greater prominence, further research came from the Argentine Research Council, and the Institute would later become associated with the University of Buenos Aires. Later years
In his later years <mask> continued to study glycogen
and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. As his work in the laboratory was coming to an end, <mask> continued his teaching position in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, taking a hiatus only to complete his studies at Cambridge and at the Enzyme Research Laboratory in the United States. In 1983, <mask> became one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later renamed the TWAS. Nobel Prize
On December 2, 1970, <mask> received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry from the King of Sweden for his discovery of the metabolic pathways in lactose, becoming only the third Argentine to receive the prestigious honor in any field at the time.In his acceptance speech at Stockholm, he borrowed from Winston Churchill's famous 1940 speech to the House of Commons and remarked, "never have I received so much for so little". Leloir and his team reportedly celebrated by drinking champagne from test tubes, a rare departure from the humility and frugality that characterized the atmosphere of Fundación Instituto Campomar under Leloir's direction. The $80,000 prize money was spent directly on research, and when asked about the significance of his achievement, Leloir responded:

Legacy
Leloir published a short autobiography, entitled "Long Ago and Far Away" in the 1983 Annual Review of Biochemistry. The title, Leloir claims, is derived from one of William Henry Hudson's novels that depicted the country wildlife and scenery of Leloir's childhood. He died in Buenos Aires on December 2, 1987, of a heart attack soon after returning to his home from the laboratory, and is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery. Mario Bunge, a friend and colleague of Leloir, claims that his lasting legacy was proving that "scientific research on an international level, although precarious, was possible in an underdeveloped country in the middle of political strife" and credits Leloir's vigilance and will for his ultimate success. With his research in dire financial straits, Leloir often resorted to homemade gadgets and contraptions to continue his work in the laboratory.In one instance, <mask> reportedly used waterproof cardboard to create makeshift gutters in order to protect his laboratory's library from the rain. Leloir was known for his humility, focus and consistency, described by many as a "true monk in science". Every morning his wife Amelia would drive him in their Fiat 600 and drop him off at 1719 Julián Alvarez Street, location of Fundación Instituto Campomar, with Leloir wearing the same worn out, gray overalls. He worked sitting on the same straw seat for decades and encouraged colleagues to eat lunch in the laboratory to save time, bringing enough meat stew to share with everyone. Indeed, despite Leloir's frugality and extreme dedication to his research, he was a sociable man, claiming not to like working alone. The Fundación Instituto Campomar has since been renamed Fundación Instituto Leloir, and has grown to become a  building with 20 senior researchers, 42 technicians and administrative personnel, 8 post doctorate fellows, and 20 Ph.D. candidates. The Institute conducts research in a variety of fields, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.Awards and distinctions

Bibliography
 Lorenzano, Julio César. Por los caminos de Leloir. Editorial Biblos; 1a edition, July 1994. ISBN 9-5078-6063-0
 Zuberbuhler <mask>, Amelia. Retrato personal de Leloir. Vol. 8, No.25, pp. 45-46, 1983. Nachón, Carlos Alberto. <mask> Leloir: ensayo de una biografía. Bank Foundation of Boston, 1994. References

External links
 Fundación Instituto Leloir
 The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

1906 births
1987 deaths
Physicians from Buenos Aires
Argentine biochemists
Argentine Nobel laureates
Columbia University faculty
Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Nobel laureates affiliated with Missouri
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
TWAS fellows

masks:
Luis Federico Leloir
Luis Leloir
Federico Augusto Rufino Leloir Bernal
Hortensia Agure de Leloir
Federico
Federico
Luis
Luis Leloir
José Luis
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
Leloir
de Leloir
Luis Federico


title: Wendell Ford

texts:
<mask> (September 8, 1924 – January 22, 2015) was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served for twenty-four years in the U.S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky. He was the first person to be successively elected lieutenant governor, governor and United States senator in Kentucky history. The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999, he was considered the leader of the state's Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until he retired from the Senate in 1999. At the time of his retirement, he was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky's history, a mark which was then surpassed by Mitch McConnell in 2009. He is the most recent Democrat to have served as a Senator from the state of Kentucky. Born in Daviess County, Kentucky, <mask> attended the University of Kentucky, but his studies were interrupted by his service in World War II.After the war, he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business. He also continued his military service in the Kentucky Army National Guard. He worked on the gubernatorial campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959 and became Combs' executive assistant when Combs was elected governor. Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs' ally and successor, Ned Breathitt, <mask> won the seat and served one four-year term before running for lieutenant governor in 1967. He was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Nunn. Four years later, <mask> defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship. As governor, <mask> made the government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch.He raised revenue for the state through a severance tax on coal and enacted reforms to the educational system. He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office, including helping Walter "Dee" Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper. In 1974, Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator, Republican Marlow Cook. Following the rapid rise of Ford and many of his political allies, he and his lieutenant governor, Julian Carroll, were investigated on charges of political corruption, but a grand jury refused to indict them. As a senator, <mask> was a staunch defender of Kentucky's tobacco industry. He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond. Chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991, <mask> considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticut's Christopher Dodd.He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro, where he taught politics to youth at the Owensboro Museum of Science and History. Early life
<mask> was born near Owensboro, in Daviess County, Kentucky, on September 8, 1924. He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork (Schenk) <mask>. His father was a state senator and ally of Kentucky Governor Earle C. Clements. <mask> obtained his early education in the public schools of Daviess County and graduated from Daviess County High School. From 1942 to 1943, he attended the University of Kentucky. On September 18, 1943, <mask> married Jean Neel (1924 - living) of Owensboro at the home of the bride's parents.The couple had two children. Daughter Shirley (<mask>) Dexter was born in 1950 and son <mask> was born in 1954. The family attended First Baptist Church in Owensboro. In 1944, <mask> left the University of Kentucky to join the army, enlisting for service in World War II on July 22, 1944. He was trained as an administrative non-commissioned officer and promoted to the rank of technical sergeant on November 17, 1945. Over the course of his service, he received the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal and earned the Expert Infantryman Badge and Good Conduct Medal. He was honorably discharged on June 18, 1946.Following the war, <mask> returned home to work with his father in the family insurance business, and graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance in 1947. On June 7, 1949, he enlisted in the Kentucky Army National Guard and was assigned to Company I of the 149th Infantry Regimental Combat Team in Owensboro. On August 7, 1949, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant of Infantry. In 1949, <mask>'s company was converted from infantry to tanks, and <mask> served as a Company Commander in the 240th Tank Battalion. Promoted to First Lieutenant of Armor, he transferred to the inactive Guard in 1956, before being discharged in 1962. Political career
<mask> was very active in civic affairs, becoming the first Kentuckian to serve as president of the Jaycees in 1954. He was a youth chairman of Bert T. Combs' 1959 gubernatorial campaign.After Combs' election, <mask> served as Combs' executive assistant from 1959 to 1963. When his mother died in 1963, <mask> returned to Owensboro to help his father with the family insurance agency. Although it was speculated he would run for lieutenant governor that year, <mask> later insisted he had decided not to re-enter politics until Governor Ned Breathitt asked him to run against Casper "Cap" Gardner, the state senate's majority leader and a major obstacle to Breathitt's progressive legislative agenda. <mask> won the 1965 election by only 305 votes but quickly became a key player in the state senate. Representing the Eighth District, including Daviess and Hancock counties, <mask> introduced 22 major pieces of legislation that became law during his single term in the senate. In 1967, <mask> ran for lieutenant governor, this time against the wishes of Breathitt and Combs, whose pick was state attorney general Robert Matthews. <mask> defeated Matthews by 631 votes, 0.2% of the total vote count in the primary.He ran an independent campaign and won in the general election even as Combs-Breathitt pick Henry Ward lost the race for governor to Republican Louie B. Nunn. Republicans and Democrats split the state offices, with five going to Republicans and four going to Democrats. During his time as lieutenant governor, <mask> rebuilt the state's Democratic machine, which would help elect him and others, including Senator Walter Huddleston and Governor Martha Layne Collins. When Governor Nunn asked the legislature to increase the state sales tax in 1968 from 3 percent to 5 percent, <mask> opposed the measure, saying it should only pass if food and medicine were exempted. Ford lost this battle; the increase passed without exemptions. From 1970 to 1971, <mask> was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors. While lieutenant governor, he became an honorary member of  Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity in 1969.Governor of Kentucky
At the expiration of his term as lieutenant governor, <mask> was one of eight candidates to enter the 1971 Democratic gubernatorial primary. The favorite of the field was <mask>'s mentor, Combs. During the campaign, <mask> attacked Combs' age and the sales tax enacted during Combs' administration. He also questioned why Combs would leave his better-paying federal judgeship to run for a second term as governor. <mask> garnered more votes than Combs and the other six candidates combined, and attributed his unlikely win over Combs in the primary to superior strategy and Combs' underestimation of his candidacy. Following the election, Combs correctly predicted "This is the end of the road for me politically." <mask> went on to win the governorship in a four-way general election that included another former Democratic governor, A.B. "Happy" Chandler, who ran as an independent. Ford finished more than 58,000 votes ahead of his closest rival, Republican Tom Emberton. With Combs and Chandler both out of politics, factionalism in the Kentucky Democratic Party began to wane. As governor, <mask> raised revenue from a severance tax on coal, a two-cent-per-gallon tax on gasoline, and an increased corporate tax. He balanced these increases by exempting food from the state sales tax. The resulting large budget surplus allowed him to propose several construction projects.His victory in the primary had been largely due to Jefferson County, and he returned the favor by approving funds to build the Commonwealth Convention Center and expand the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center. He also shepherded a package of reforms to the state's criminal justice system through the first legislative session of his term. <mask> oversaw the transition of the University of Louisville from municipal to state funding. He pushed for reforms to the state's education system, giving up his own chairmanship of the University of Kentucky board of trustees and extending voting rights to student and faculty members of university boards. These changes generally shifted administration positions in the state's colleges from political rewards to professional appointments. He increased funding to the state's education budget and gave expanded powers to the Council on Higher Education. He vetoed a measure that would have allowed collective bargaining for teachers.<mask> drew praise for his attention to the mundane task of improving the efficiency and organization of executive departments, creating several "super cabinets" under which many departments were consolidated. During the 1972 legislative session, he created the Department of Finance and Administration, combining the functions of the Kentucky Program Development Office and the Department of Finance. Constitutional limits sometimes prevented him from combining like functions, but <mask> made the reorganization a top priority and realized some savings to the state. On March 21, 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the case of Dunn v. Blumstein that found that a citizen who had lived in a state for 30 days was resident in that state and thus eligible to vote there. Kentucky's Constitution required residency of one year in the state, six months in the county and sixty days in the precinct to establish voting eligibility. This issue had to be resolved before the 1972 presidential election in November, so <mask> called a special legislative session to enact the necessary corrections. In addition, Ford added to the General Assembly's agenda the creation of a state environmental protection agency, a refinement of congressional districts in line with the latest census figures and ratification of the recently passed Equal Rights Amendment.All of these measures passed. Despite surgery for a brain aneurysm in June 1972, <mask> attended the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. He supported Edmund Muskie for president, but later greeted nominee George McGovern when he visited Kentucky. The convention was the beginning of Ford's role in national politics. Offended by the McGovern campaign's treatment of Democratic finance chairman Robert Schwarz Strauss, he helped Strauss get elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee following McGovern's defeat. As a result of his involvement in Strauss' election, <mask> was elected chair of the Democratic Governors' Conference from 1973 to 1974. He also served as vice-chair of the Conference's Natural Resources and Environmental Management Committee.During the 1974 legislative session, Ford proposed a six-year study of coal liquefaction and gasification in response to the 1973 oil crisis. He also increased funding to human resources and continued his reorganization of the executive branch, creating cabinets for transportation, development, education and the arts, human resources, consumer protection and regulation, safety and justice. He was considered less ruthless than previous governors in firing state officials hired by the previous administration, and expanded the state merit system to cover some previously exempt state workers. Despite the expansion, he was criticized for the replacements he made, particularly that of the state personnel commissioner appointed during the Nunn administration. Critics also cited the fact that employees found qualified by the merit examination were still required to obtain political clearance before they were hired. Ford united the state's Democratic Party,

masks:
Wendell Hampton Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Wendell Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Steven Ford
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title: Wendell Ford

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 allowing them to capture a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1972 for the first time since 1956. The seat was vacated by the retirement of Republican John Sherman Cooper and won by Ford's campaign manager, Walter "Dee" Huddleston.Ford's friends then began lobbying him to try and unseat Kentucky's other Republican senator, one-term legislator Marlow Cook. Ford wanted lieutenant governor Julian Carroll, who had run on an informal slate with Combs in the 1971 primary, to run for Cook's seat, but Carroll already had his eye on the governor's chair. Ford's allies did not have a gubernatorial candidate stronger than Carroll, and when a poll showed that <mask> was the only Democrat who could defeat Cook, he agreed to run, announcing his candidacy immediately following the 1974 legislative session. A primary issue during the election was the construction of a dam on the Red River. Cook opposed the dam, but Ford supported it and allocated some of the state's budget surplus to its construction. In the election, Ford defeated Cook by a vote of 399,406 to 328,982, completing his revitalization of the state's Democratic party by personally ousting the last Republican from major office. Cook resigned his seat in December so that Ford would have a higher standing in seniority in the Senate.Ford resigned as governor to accept the seat, leaving the governorship to Carroll, who dropped state support for the project, killing it. In the wake of the rapid ascent of Ford and members of his faction to the state's major political offices, he and Carroll were investigated in a corruption probe. The four-year investigation began in 1977 and focused on a state insurance kickback scheme alleged to have operated during Ford's tenure. In June 1972, Ford had purchased insurance policies for state workers from some of his political backers without competitive bidding. State law did not require competitive bidding, and earlier governors had engaged in similar practices. Investigators believed there was an arrangement in which insurance companies getting government contracts split commissions with party officials, although Ford was suspected of allowing the practice for political benefit rather than personal financial gain. In 1981, prosecutors asked for indictments against Ford and Carroll on racketeering charges but a grand jury refused.Because grand jury proceedings are secret, what exactly occurred has never been publicly revealed. However, state Republicans maintained that <mask> took the Fifth Amendment while on the stand, invoking his right against self-incrimination. <mask> refused to confirm or deny this report. A federal grand jury recommended that Ford be indicted in connection with the insurance scheme, but the U.S. Department of Justice did not act on this recommendation. United States Senate
<mask> entered the Senate in 1974 and was reelected in 1980, 1986 and 1992. In the 1980 primary, <mask> received only token opposition from attorney Flora Stuart. He was unopposed in the 1986 and 1992 Democratic primaries.Republicans failed to put forward a viable challenger during any of Ford's re-election bids. In 1980, he defeated septuagenarian former state auditor Mary Louise Foust by 334,862 votes. Ford's 720,891 votes represented 65 percent of the total votes cast in the election, a record for a statewide race in Kentucky. Against Republican Jackson Andrews IV in 1986, Ford shattered that record, securing 74 percent of the votes cast and carrying all 120 Kentucky counties. State senator David L. Williams fared little better in 1992, surrendering 477,002 votes to Ford (63 percent). <mask> seriously considered leaving the Senate and running for governor again in 1983 and 1991, but decided against it both times. In the 1983 contest, he would have faced sitting lieutenant governor Martha Layne Collins in the primary.Collins was a factional ally of Ford's, which influenced his decision. In 1991, Ford cited his seniority in the Senate and desire to become Democratic Senate whip as factors in his decision not to run for governor. Early in his career, Ford supported a constitutional amendment against desegregation busing. He also floated a proposal to put the federal budget on a two-year cycle, believing too much time was spent annually on budget wrangling. This idea, based on the model used in the Kentucky state budget, was never implemented. During the Ninety-fifth Congress (1977–1979), he was chairman of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. From 1977 to 1983, Ford was a member of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee.He first sought the post of Democratic whip in 1988, but lost to California's Alan Cranston, who had held the post since 1977. <mask> got a late start in the race, and a New York Times writer opined that he overestimated his chances of unseating Cranston. Immediately after conceding his loss, he announced he would be a candidate for the position in the next election in 1990. He again faced Cranston in the election, but Cranston withdrew from the race due to a battle with prostate cancer. <mask> maintained that he had enough commitments of support in the Democratic caucus to have won without Cranston's withdrawal. When majority leader George J. Mitchell retired from the Senate in 1994, <mask> showed some interest in the Democratic floor leader post. Ultimately, he decided against it, choosing to focus instead on Kentucky issues.He supported Christopher Dodd for majority leader. During the Ninety-eighth Congress (1983–1985), <mask> served on the Select Committee to Study the Committee System, and he was a member of the Committee on Rules and Administration in the One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses (1987–1995). In 1989, he joined with Missouri senator Kit Bond to form the Senate National Guard Caucus, a coalition of senators committed to advancing National Guard capabilities and readiness. <mask> said he was motivated to form the caucus after seeing the work done by Mississippi Representative Sonny Montgomery with the National Guard Association and the National Guard Bureau. <mask> co-chaired the caucus with Bond until <mask>'s retirement from the Senate in 1999. The Kentucky Army Guard dedicated the Wendell H. Ford Training Center in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky in 1998. In 1999, the National Guard Bureau presented Ford with the Sonny Montgomery Award, its highest honor.Missouri senator Thomas Eagleton opined that Ford and Dee Huddleston made "probably the best one-two combination for any state in the Senate." Both were defenders of tobacco, Kentucky's primary cash crop. Ford sat on the Commerce Committee, influencing legislation affecting the manufacturing end of the tobacco industry, while Huddleston sat on the Agriculture Committee and protected programs that benefited tobacco farmers. Both were instrumental in salvaging the Tobacco Price Support Program. Ford got tobacco exempted from the Consumer Product Safety Act and was a consistent opponent of cigarette tax increases. He sponsored an amendment to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that limited the amount of foreign tobacco that could be imported by the United States. Later in his career, Ford split with Huddleston's successor, Mitch McConnell, over a proposed settlement of lawsuits against tobacco companies.Ford favored the package as presented to Congress, which would have protected the price support program, while McConnell favored a smaller aid package to tobacco farmers and an end to the price support program. Both proposals were ultimately defeated, and the rift between Ford and McConnell never healed. As chairman of the Commerce Committee's aviation subcommittee, Ford secured funds to improve the airports in Louisville, northern Kentucky, and Glasgow. The Wendell H. Ford Airport in Hazard, Kentucky is named for him. A 1990 bill aimed at reducing aircraft noise, improving airline safety measures, and requiring airlines to better inform consumers about their performance was dubbed the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century. Of his career in the Senate, Ford said "I wasn't interested in national issues. I was interested in Kentucky issues."Nevertheless, he influenced several important pieces of federal legislation. He sponsored an amendment to the Family Medical Leave Act exempting businesses with fewer than fifty employees. He was a key player in securing passage of the motor voter law in 1993. He supported increases to the federal minimum wage and a 1996 welfare reform bill. A supporter of research into clean coal technology, he also worked with West Virginia senator Jay Rockefeller to secure better retirement benefits for coal miners. Never known as a major player on international issues, Ford favored continued economic sanctions against Iraq as an alternative to the Gulf War. He voted against the Panama Canal Treaty, which he perceived to be unpopular with Kentucky voters.Despite having chaired Bill Clinton's inaugural committee in 1993, <mask> broke with the administration by voting against the North American Free Trade Agreement . As he had as governor of Kentucky, <mask> gave attention to improving the efficiency of government. While serving on the Joint Committee on Printing during the One Hundred First and One Hundred Third Congresses, he saved the government millions of dollars in printing costs by printing in volume and using recycled paper. In 1998, Virginia senator John Warner sponsored the Wendell H. <mask> Government Publications Reform Act of 1998; Ford signed on as a co-sponsor. The bill would have eliminated the Joint Committee on Printing, distributing its authority and functions among the Senate Rules Committee, the House Oversight Committee, and the administrator of the Government Printing Office. It would also have centralized government printing services and penalized government agencies who did not make their documents available to the printing office to be printed. Opponents of the bill cited the broad powers granted to the printing office and concerns about the erosion of copyright protection.The bill was reported favorably out of committee, but was squeezed from the legislative calendar by issues related to the impending impeachment of Bill Clinton. Warner did not return to his chairmanship of the Joint Committee on Printing in the next congress, Ford retired from the Senate, and the bill was not re-introduced. Later life
Ford chose not to seek a fifth term in 1998, and retired to Owensboro. In 1998 he was named an Honorary Member of the American Library Association. He worked for a time as a consultant to Washington lobbying and law firm Dickstein Shapiro Morin & Oshinsky. At the time of his retirement, Ford was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky history. In January 2009, Mitch McConnell surpassed Ford's mark of 24 years in the Senate.In August 1978, the US 60 bypass around Owensboro was renamed the Wendell H. Ford Expressway. The Western Kentucky Parkway was also renamed the Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway during the administration of Governor Paul E. Patton. In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the Kentucky Transportation Hall of Fame. Later in life, <mask> taught politics to the youth of Owensboro from the Owensboro Museum of Science and History, which houses a replica of his Senate office. On July 19, 2014, the Messenger-Inquirer reported that <mask> had been diagnosed with lung cancer. <mask> died at his home on January 22, 2015, at the age of 90 from lung cancer, and was buried at Rosehill Elmwood Cemetery. References

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1924 births
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Democratic Party United States senators
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Politicians from Owensboro, Kentucky
United States Army officers
United States senators from Kentucky
20th-century Baptists
Kentucky National Guard personnel
National Guard of the United States officers
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<mask> (born 18 March 1985) is an English singer, disc jockey, television presenter and radio host who currently presents the Monday–Thursday late night show across the Capital Network. He previously hosted The Official Big Top 40 chart show across UK commercial radio stations on a Sunday afternoon, between 2013 & 2018. He is best known as a member of the 4-piece boyband JLS, the runner-up boyband to Alexandra Burke in the fifth series of The X Factor. After a successful five years, JLS split in December 2013, but reunited in February 2020. Between 2014 and 2016, Humes hosted BBC One's The Voice UK with Emma Willis and created a DJ-Producer-dance act LuvBug. Early life
<mask> was born on 18 March 1985, in Greenwich, London. He is the son of a Jamaican father and Anglo-Scottish mother and is the middle child between two brothers, Leon and Jackson.<mask> started his music career in a band called VS which was created by Blue member Simon Webbe; however shortly after being formed and releasing an album, they split. <mask> appeared in Holby City on the BBC for three years from 2000 to 2003, playing Robbie Waring for 14 episodes. At the age of 14, he starred in a children's programme called K-Club, which helped people with computers and how they work. Career

Beginnings and The X Factor
Oritsé Williams decided to get into the music business mainly. He was originally scouted for a number of boy bands but did not feel they were right, Williams decided to form his own boy band and, through friends, met <mask> who had experience in R&B and pop music, being a part of VS in 2004. Next to join was Aston Merrygold, who was once cast in the ITV children's programme Fun Song Factory, because of his athletic ability. Last to join the group was JB Gill, for his "musical ear" and harmonies.They bonded, became friends and together they were called UFO (an initialism of Unique Famous Outrageous). They signed to Tracklacers developing a sound they then called "Jack the Lad Swing", combining the phrase "Jack the lad" and the urban music of new jack swing. While working their way into the music business, UFO instantly signed to Epic Records, before winning their first award in late 2007 at the Urban Music Awards for Best Unsigned Act thanks to their mash-up of "Stand by Me" by Ben E. King and "Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston. Shortly thereafter, they released their second single, "Slap Ya Elbow". The group give credit to "DJ Triz" who produced one of UFO's first songs and helped them write it. In 2008, UFO auditioned for the fifth series of The X Factor, but had to change their name because it was already being used by another group, so they decided to go with the name JLS (an initialism of Jack the Lad Swing, the style created with Tracklacers some months ago). Following the elimination of girl groups Bad Lashes and Girlband in weeks one and two respectively, JLS were Louis Walsh's last remaining act in the competition, but throughout the live shows the judges called them the best band to come out of The X Factor.In week 7, JLS were in the bottom two along with Rachel Hylton. However, they survived, thanks to votes from Walsh, Cheryl Cole and Simon Cowell. Cowell stated when casting his deciding vote that JLS did not deserve to be in the bottom two. In week 8, JLS performed "...Baby One More Time" and received negative comments from two of the four judges, with Cowell saying "at the moment you're out", but after their second performance, "You Light Up My Life", Cowell commented that they were "back in the race" and that they could "have a hit record" with the performance. In week 9, JLS performed "Umbrella" and "I'm Already There". Cowell then predicted they would win the competition. They made it to the final and performed their own version of the winner's song, "Hallelujah", which the other finalist Alexandra Burke also performed.The public voted for the second time that night and Burke won the competition, JLS becoming the runners up. They were the fourth band to make the final. Following their success on The X Factor, Cowell's record company, Syco, were going to sign JLS; however, Cowell revoked this offer, having instead decided to focus on Alexandra Burke. JLS's manager thought the band would be well suited to Epic Records, with whom they signed a record contract in January 2009. 2006–2013: JLS

Following their appearance on The X Factor, JLS signed to Epic Records. Their first two singles "Beat Again" and "Everybody in Love" both went to number one on the UK Singles Chart. The band's self-titled debut album was released on 9 November 2009, and has since sold over one million copies in the UK.JLS won the awards for British Breakthrough and British Single ("Beat Again") at the 2010 BRIT Awards. They also won several awards at the Mobo Awards for Best song for "Beat Again" in 2009 and also Best Newcomer in the same year. In 2010, they won the MOBO Awards for Best UK act and Best Album. They also went on to win their fifth MOBO Award in 2012 by winning Best Video for "Do You Feel What I Feel?". They won the title of the UK's hardest-working band for two constitutive years, in 2011 and 2012. In 2010, JLS signed a record deal in the United States with Jive Records, and released "Everybody in Love" as their debut US single, but it failed to chart. "The Club Is Alive", the lead single from their second studio album, was released in the UK in July 2010, and earned the band their third number-one on the UK Singles Chart.Their single "Love You More", the official single for Children in Need in 2010, was the group's fourth UK number one. Their single "She Makes Me Wanna" featuring Dev was their fifth UK number one. As of 2012, their debut album and single has been named one of The X Factors top ten biggest-selling debut singles and albums. JLS have sold more than 10 million records worldwide. As of 2013, they are the sixteenth richest reality TV stars in the UK, with an estimated fortune of £6 million per member, totalling £24 million. In December 2012, Humes signed with an acting agent, hoping that landing a part in a credible show would give him the platform to launch a career in acting after JLS came to an end. On 24 April 2013, it was announced that the band were to split after their fifth album and tour.They released their last book as a band, called Forever and a Day, One Last Goodbye X, on 24 October 2013. JLS' last ever performance was on 22 December 2013 on the last night of their "Goodbye - The Greatest Hits Tour". LuvBug

On 23 July 2014, <mask> announced through social networking sites that he had formed a new dance group featuring 'The White N3RD & JKAY called LuvBug. They were officially signed to Polydor Records and their first single, "Resonance" featuring Talay Riley, was released on 5 October 2014. It charted at number 13 on the week of 18 October 2014. The follow-up single, "Revive (Say Something)" was number 17 in the UK charts in February 2015. LuvBug first aired their new single "Best is Yet to Come" on 5 February 2016 and it was released in April 2016.Radio
In March 2013, <mask> began hosting his own radio show, #FridayNightCapital on the Capital network on Friday evenings between 7pm and 10pm as the official start of "The Weekend Lives on Capital". On 5 January 2014, <mask> replaced Rich Clarke on The Vodafone Big Top 40 with Kat Shoob, which airs on Sundays from 4pm to 7pm on Capital, Heart, and over 100 commercial music radio stations. He left the show in 2018. On 11 March 2016, Global announced that Humes would take control of the Capital Late Show, which runs Monday-Thursday 10pm-1am, to replace Will Cozens. It was announced that <mask> would co-present the One Love Manchester on Global Radio stations on 4 June 2017. Television
Humes made his television presenting debut on 23 August 2013, when he co-presented ITV's This Morning with his wife Rochelle <mask>. The couple later became regular stand-in presenters until 2015.<mask> was a regular reporter for ITV's Surprise Surprise programme, hosted by Holly Willoughby. In September 2013, <mask> was confirmed as Reggie Yates' replacement for the third series of  BBC One's The Voice UK, which began on 11 January 2014. He hosted series 3, 4 and 5 with Emma Willis. The show moved to ITV in 2017, without Humes as co-presenter. Since 2016, <mask> has co-presented BBC's Children in Need appeal with his wife, Rochelle <mask>. He played Apollo Creed in an episode of The Keith & Paddy Picture Show. On 20 November 2018, it was announced that <mask> would co-host a music quiz show with wife Rochelle <mask> on BBC One.The Hit List began in May 2019 and was recommissioned for a second series to air later that year. A third series was commissioned and was set to air in  2020. On 19 November 2020, <mask> guest presented the ITV daytime show Loose Women, by making history to be the first male presenter in the show's 21 year history as well as an all male panel. Other ventures

Products and endorsements
In September 2010, a "<mask> doll" was launched, along with the other three members of JLS. Updated dolls were produced for the launch of JLS' 2nd album "Outta This World". Durex teamed up with JLS to produce a condom range called "Just Love Safe", with each member of the group having their own box and <mask>'s box being green. JLS also released their iconic hoodie range.In 2010, JLS endorsed Nintendo Wii Party appearing in seven different TV advertisements. JLS were also part of the Walkers crisps "Make sandwich more exciting" advertising campaign, their performance at Sandwich Technology School appeared on the television ad alongside other celebrities such as Gary Lineker, Pamela Anderson and Jenson Button. In May 2020, <mask> was announced as the Menswear ambassador for UK retailer Next. Philanthropy
JLS founded "The JLS Foundation" a foundation that sets out to raise money for six charities: Cancer Research UK, Rays of Sunshine, Brook, Childline, BeatBullying and the MS Society. Despite the split, the foundation still exists and all members are still committed to continue the foundation. All sales from the JLS number one single "Love You More" went to Children In Need. In 2012, JLS performed at the "Children In Need Rocks Manchester" concert performing "Take a Chance on Me".In 2013, JLS appeared on Children In Need for the last time, where the group sang a medley of songs on the EastEnders set. JLS has also helped raise money for Comic Relief, appearing in comedy sketches with both Miranda Hart and James Corden. In 2012, JLS visited Uganda for Sport Relief, appearing in emotional VT's across the night. The same year JLS released the official sport relief charity single "Proud", which peaked at number 6 in the chart, as well as hosting a special charity concert "JLS sing for Sport Relief" and doing the Sport Relief Mile. In total, JLS have recorded five charity singles: a cover of Mariah Carey's song "Hero" as part of the X Factor 2008 finalists (for Help for Heroes), "Wishing On A Star" Xfactor finalists ft. JLS and One Direction (For organization Together for Short Lives) "Love You More" (for Children In Need), "Proud" (for Sport Relief) and "Everybody Hurts" (for Helping Haiti). Four out of five of these charity singles got to number one on the UK Singles Chart. Online
In late 2013, Humes launched "The Marvin Humes Channel" a "website and app for iPhone or Android smartphone devices that allows you to catch up on <mask>'s activity 24 hours a day".This channel has since stopped. <mask> now has a website. Personal life
Humes is a fan of Chelsea F.C. His biggest inspiration is Michael Jackson. Humes married The Saturdays singer Rochelle Wiseman on 27 July 2012 at Blenheim Palace. They have two daughters and one son. Humes was nominated for "Celebrity Dad of the Year 2013", but lost to Olympic gold medallist Mo Farah.In June 2016, he played for England in the 2016 Soccer Aid, which was broadcast on ITV. In August 2018, Humes was a subject of the UK genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are? Filmography
Television
K-Club – presenter
Holby City (2000–2003) – Robbie Waring
The X Factor (2008) – contestant, as part of JLS
This Morning (2013–2015) – stand-in presenter, with Rochelle Humes
Surprise Surprise (2013–2015) – reporter
The Voice UK (2014–2016) – co-presenter, with Emma Willis
Children in Need (2016–2018) – co-presenter, with Rochelle Humes
The Keith & Paddy Picture Show (2017) – Apollo Creed
MOBO Awards (2017) – co-presenter, with Maya Jama
The Hit List (2019–present) - co-presenter, with Rochelle Humes
Loose Women (2020) - Presenter, with panellists Ronan Keating, Roman Kemp and Iain Stirling

References

External links
Official website
Marvin Humes Channel
JLS Website

1985 births
English people of Jamaican descent
English people of Scottish descent
21st-century Black British male singers
Living people
People from Greenwich
JLS members
Capital (radio network)
Black British television personalities

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