title: Óscar Romero

texts:
 Faith, at the time headed by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later elected Pope Benedict XVI) and that beatification could follow within six months. Pope John Paul II died within weeks of those remarks.Predictably, the transition of the new pontiff slowed down the work of canonizations and beatifications. Pope Benedict instituted changes that had the overall effect of reining in the Vatican's so-called "factory of saints." In an October 2005 interview, Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, was asked if Paglia's predictions of a clearance for <mask>'s beatification remained on track. Saraiva responded, "Not as far as I know today," In November 2005, the Jesuit magazine La Civiltà Cattolica signaled that <mask>'s beatification was still "years away." Although Benedict XVI had always been a fierce critic of liberation theology, Paglia reported in December 2012 that the Pope had informed him of the decision to "unblock" the cause and allow it to move forward. However, no progress was made before Benedict's resignation in February 2013. Pope Francis was elected in March 2013, and in September 2013, Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, stated that the Vatican doctrinal office has been "given the greenlight" to pursue sainthood for <mask>.Beatification

On 18 August 2014, Pope Francis said that "[t]he process [of beatification of <mask>] was at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, blocked for 'prudential reasons', so they said. Now it is unblocked." Francis stated that "There are no doctrinal problems and it is very important that [the beatification] is done quickly." The beatification signaled Francis' affirmation of <mask>'s work with the poor and as a major change in the direction of the church since he was elected. In January 2015, an advisory panel to the Roman Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously to recognize <mask> as a martyr, and the cardinals who were voting members of the Congregation unanimously recommended to Francis that he be beatified as a martyr (a martyr can be declared a saint without recognition of a miracle). Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, the postulator (chief promoter) of the causes of saints, said that <mask>'s assassination at the altar was intended "to strike the Church that flowed from the Second Vatican Council" and that the motive for his murder "was not caused by motives that were simply political, but by hatred for a faith that, imbued with charity, would not be silent in the face of the injustices that relentlessly and cruelly slaughtered the poor and their defenders." On 3 February 2015, Francis received Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in a private audience, and authorized Amato to promulgate (officially authorize) <mask>'s decree of martyrdom, meaning it had gained the Congregation's voting members and the Pope's approval.This cleared the way for the Pope to later set a date for his beatification. The beatification of <mask> was held in San Salvador on 23 May 2015 in the Plaza Salvador del Mundo under the Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo. Amato presided over the ceremony on behalf of Francis, who in a letter to Archbishop of San Salvador José Luis Escobar Alas marked the occasion by calling <mask> "a voice that continues to resonate." An estimated 250,000 people attended the service, many watching on large television screens set up in the streets around the plaza. Canonization

Three miracles were submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome in October 2016 that could have led to <mask>'s canonization. But each of these miracles was rejected after being investigated. A fourth (concerning the pregnant woman Cecilia Maribel Flores) was investigated in a diocesan process in San Salvador that was opened on 31 January 2017 and which concluded its initial investigation on 28 February before documentation was submitted to Rome via the apostolic nunciature.The C.C.S. validated this on 7 April. On August 11, Paglia celebrated the Romero Centenary Mass in St George's Cathedral, Southwark, in London, where the cross and relics of <mask> are preserved. Subsequently, medical experts issued unanimous approval to the presented miracle on 26 October with theologians also confirming their approval on 14 December. The C.C.S. members likewise approved the case on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis approved this miracle on 6 March 2018, allowing for <mask> to be canonized and the date was announced at a consistory of cardinals held on 19 May.The canonization was celebrated in Rome's Saint Peter's Square on 14 October 2018. Previously, there had been hopes that <mask> would be canonized during a possible papal visit to El Salvador on 15 August 2017 – the centennial of the late bishop's birth – or that he could be canonized in Panama during World Youth Day in 2019. <mask> was the first Salvadoran to be raised to the altars; the first martyred archbishop of America, the first to be declared a martyr after the Second Vatican Council; and the first native saint of Central America, (Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, who did all his work for which he was canonized in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros of Guatemala, was from Tenerife, Spain,) <mask> had already been included on the Anglican Church's list of official saints and on the Lutheran Church's liturgical calendar. Homages and cultural references

Institutions
 The Romero Centre in Dublin, Ireland, is today an important centre that "promotes Development Education, Arts, Crafts, and Awareness about El Salvador." The Christian Initiative Romero is a non-profit organization in Germany working in support of industrial law and human rights in Central American countries. The Romero Institute, a nonprofit law and public policy center in Santa Cruz, California, U.S., headed by Daniel Sheehan, was named after Archbishop <mask> in 1996. In 1989 the Toronto Catholic District School Board opened a secondary school in Toronto, Canada, named after Archbishop <mask> <mask> called St. Oscar Romero Catholic Secondary School.St. Oscar Romero Catholic High School in Edmonton, Canada, formerly known as Archbishop <mask>, and as Blessed <mask> throughout his canonization. St Oscar Romero Catholic School, a coeducational secondary school in Worthing, West Sussex, England. Romero Center Ministries in Camden, New Jersey, U.S., provides Catholic education and retreat experiences inspired by Archbishop <mask> <mask>'s prophetic witness. The mission of Romero Center Ministries is to "seek personal, communal, and societal transformation by living ministry as proclaimed in Christ's Gospel." The center hosts over 1,600 guests annually from high schools, colleges, and youth groups which participate in the Urban Challenge program. Television and film
 Oliver Stone's 1986 film Salvador depicts a fictionalized version of the assassination of <mask> (played by José Carlos Ruiz) in a pivotal scene. <mask>'s assassination (with René Enríquez as <mask>) was also featured in the 1983 television film Choices of the Heart about the life and death of American Catholic missionary Jean Donovan.The Archbishop's life is the basis of the 1989 film <mask>, directed by John Duigan and starring Raul Julia as <mask>. It was produced by Paulist Productions (a film company run by the Paulist Fathers, a Roman Catholic society of priests). Timed for release ten years after <mask>'s death, it was the first Hollywood feature film ever to be financed by the order. The film received respectful, if less-than-enthusiastic, reviews. Roger Ebert typified the critics who acknowledged that "The film has a good heart, and the Julia performance is an interesting one, restrained and considered. ...The film's weakness is a certain implacable predictability." In 2005, while at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, Daniel Freed, an independent documentary filmmaker and frequent contributor to PBS and CNBC, made a 30-minute film entitled The Murder of Monseñor which not only documented <mask>'s assassination but also told the story of how Álvaro Rafael Saravia – whom a US District court found, in 2004, had personally organized the assassination – moved to the United States and lived for 25 years as a used car salesman in Modesto, California, until he became aware of the pending legal action against him in 2003 and disappeared, leaving behind his drivers license and social security card, as well as his credit cards and his dog.In 2016 a 1993 law protecting the actions of the military during the Civil War was overruled by a Salvadoran high court and on 23 October 2018, another court ordered the arrest of Saravia. The Daily Show episode on 17 March 2010 showed clips from the Texas State Board of Education in which "a panel of experts" recommended including <mask> in the state's history books, but an amendment proposed by Patricia Hardy to exclude <mask> was passed on 10 March 2010. The clip of Ms. Hardy shows her arguing against including <mask> because "I guarantee you most of you did not know who <mask> was. ...I just happen to think it's not [important]." A film about the Archbishop, Monseñor, the Last Journey of Óscar <mask>, with the priest Robert Pelton serving as executive producer, had its United States premiere in 2010. This film won the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Award for Merit in film, in competition with 25 other films. Pelton was invited to show the film throughout Cuba.It was sponsored by ecclesial and human rights groups from Latin America and from North America. Alma Guillermoprieto in The New York Review of Books describes the film as a "hagiography," and as "an astonishing compilation of footage" of the final three years of his life. Visual arts
 St. James the Greater Catholic Church in Charles Town, West Virginia is the first known Catholic Church in the United States to venerate St. Oscar <mask> with a stained glass window in its building. The project was led by the first Spanish priest of the Wheeling-Charleston Diocese, José Escalante, who is originally from El Salvador, as a gift to the Spanish community of the parish. John Roberts sculpted a statue of <mask> <mask> that fills a prominent niche on the western facade of Westminster Abbey in London; it was unveiled in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II in 1998. Joan Walsh-Smith sculpted a statue of Saint <mask> <mask> at The Holy Cross College  Ellenbrook Western Australia in 2017. The sculpture depicts their College Patron "walking his faith" on his journey with the poor in El Salvador.Music
 Violinist Jean-Luc Ponty's Individual Choice album has a song dedicated to <mask>: "Eulogy to <mask>"

Political writing
 In their book Manufacturing Consent (1988), Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman compared US media coverage of the murders of <mask> and other Latin American clergy in US client states with coverage of the murder of Catholic priest Jerzy Popiełuszko in "enemy" Communist Poland to explain their propaganda model hypothesis. See also

 List of peace activists
 List of unsolved murders
 Misa Campesina Nicaragüense
 Stanley Rother
 Salvadoran Civil War

 Catholic priests assassinated in El Salvador during and after <mask> <mask>'s time as archbishop (1977–1980):
 Rutilio Grande: assassinated 12 March 1977
 Alfonso Navarro: assassinated 11 May 1977
 Ernesto Barrera: assassinated 28 November 1978
 Octavio Ortiz: assassinated 20 January 1979
 Rafael Palacios: assassinated 20 June 1979
 Napoleón Macías: assassinated 4 August 1979
 Ignacio Martín-Baró: assassinated 16 November 1989
 Segundo Montes: assassinated 16 November 1989
 Ignacio Ellacuría: assassinated 16 November 1989

 Murder of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador on 2 December 1980: three Religious Sisters and one lay worker:
 Maura Clarke, Maryknoll
 Jean Donovan, lay missionary
 Ita Ford, Maryknoll
 Dorothy Kazel, Ursuline nun

References

External links

 The Archbishop Romero Trust, based in London
 Archbishop <mask>: A Shepherd's Diary Archbishop <mask>'s diary in English. It covers the time between 31 March 1978, and 20 March 1980. Remembering Archbishop <mask> (several contemporary and memorial articles) from the Collaborative Ministry Office at Creighton University. Learn from History: 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of Archbishop <mask>, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 339
 Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romerto: Doe v. Saravia from the Center for Justice and Accountability
 How we killed Archbishop Romero (2010), interviews with Captain Álvaro Rafael Saravia and others from El Faro
 St Oscar Romero statue at Westminster Abbey

1917 births
1980 crimes in El Salvador
1980 deaths
1980 murders in North America
1980s murders in El Salvador
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in El Salvador
20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
20th-century venerated Christians
Anti-poverty advocates
Assassinated Salvadoran people
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Canonizations by Pope Francis
Catholic martyrs of El Salvador
Deaths by firearm in El Salvador
Human rights abuses in El Salvador
Martyred Roman Catholic bishops
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
People from San Miguel Department (El Salvador)
People of the Salvadoran Civil War
People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Roman Catholic activists
Roman Catholic archbishops of San Salvador
Salvadoran Roman Catholic saints
Unsolved murders in El Salvador
Anglican saints
Roman Catholic bishops of Santiago de

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title: Armen Nalbandian

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1978 in Manchester, England) is a British-born Armenian American jazz pianist, composer, author, and activist from Los Angeles, California. Music
Highly influenced by Thelonious Monk, Nalbandian performs jazz, free and avant-garde jazz, improvised and experimental music. While his primary ensemble is the Armen Nalbandian Trio, he has led more than 30 different ensembles and composed over 1200 works ranging from music for string quartets, chamber music, orchestral music, electronic music, scores for theater, experimental hiphop, 'Conduction' pieces inspired by Butch Morris' approach, new Japanese and Armenian inspired folk music, and John Zorn inspired "game pieces" in addition to having performed a solo piano concert of Zorn's Masada music with the encouragement and blessing of the composer. His groups include the Armen Nalbandian Trio (with Eric Revis and Nasheet Waits), Armen Nalbandian V (with Jeff Parker Chris Speed, Eric Revis, and Alex Cline), and the Armen Nalbandian 3 (with Steve Lehman and Guillermo E. Brown). He cites witnessing a Cecil Taylor performance at LA's Jazz Bakery when he was 19 years old as a turning point in his life and career. He is the protege of jazz pianist John Hicks but also credits Bill Dixon and McCoy Tyner for being important teachers in addition to Charlie Haden, Jackie McLean, Horace Silver, Cedar Walton, Billy Higgins, Art Farmer, and Harold Land. Nalbandian has worked with Billy Higgins, Han Bennink, Eric Revis, Nasheet Waits, Bennie Maupin, Jeff Parker, Chris Speed, Steve Lehman, Guillermo E. Brown, Derek Keller, Marvin "Smitty" Smith, Tony Dumas, Carl Allen, and Alex Cline.<mask> is also known for his multidisciplinary collaborations in visual and fine art which include a four-year residency at the Fresno Art Museum where he served as Music Director and Artist-in-Residence. Additional collaborations have included compositions featuring poets Sunni Patterson, Lee Herrick, and Tim Z. Hernandez; as a member of Nino Moschella's touring band for The Fix and Boom Shadow, composing and arranging the Music of Mexico for the Fresno Philharmonic, and composing the score for The Artist's Repertory Theater production of One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. He established his record label Blacksmith Brother in 2006. In 2008, Nalbandian was named a finalist in the 2008 Gilles Peterson Worldwide Talent Search and has received praise from Dave Douglas, Susie Ibarra, and Matthew Shipp. In 2011 and 2012, Nalbandian had multiple improvised performances with comedian Dave Chappelle at Yoshi's Jazz Club in  Oakland and San Francisco. In 2017, <mask> premiered two new ensembles to add to his work with his trio with Eric Revis and Nasheet Waits and his solo piano work. The first, a new quintet named Armen Nalbandian V featuring Chris Speed, Jeff Parker, Eric Revis & Alex Cline and the Armen Nalbandian 3 with Steve Lehman & Guillermo E. Brown; loosely inspired by Cecil Taylor's trio with Jimmy Lyons and Andrew Cyrille.In October 2017, he premiered a solo piano piece by Wadada Leo Smith entitled "Majestic". Recordings

Armen
Released in March 2006, Armen was Nalbandian's debut album as a leader and the debut recording featuring the first Armen Nalbandian Trio. The recording features Nalbandian on piano, and contains five original compositions by Nalbandian, and five by other composers including the rarely performed Thelonious Monk composition "Oska T", and the traditional spiritual "This Train". <mask>'s composition "Need" is dedicated to memory of pianist Kenny Kirkland. Manchester Born
Manchester Born was released in November 2007 and features The Armen Nalbandian Trio. This was <mask> Nalbandian's debut recording on the Fender Rhodes. The recording consists of ten compositions by Nalbandian and is dedicated to his mentor John Hicks, and in memory of Alice Coltrane and Andrew Hill.Young Kings Get Their Heads Cut Off
Initially inspired by avant-garde drummer Chris Corsano's solo drum album The Young Cricketer and the music of Ikue Mori, <mask> Nalbandian's first solo recording was named after a painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat and features Nalbandian on the "prepared" Fender Rhodes. The recording was made by Nalbandian performing primarily on the inside of the Fender Rhodes, treating it as a percussion instrument, manipulating the hammers with drum cymbals, snare drum heads, wrenches, mallets, and keys. Nalbandian also employed an analog delay pedal and a wah-wah pedal. The recording is completely improvised with the exception of the composition "Blues to Steve Lacy", which was composed by trumpeter Dave Douglas. The sound of the album has elicit comparisons to Miles Davis' Bitches Brew and John Cage's prepared piano music. The album has been featured heavily on WFMU, called by Rolling Stone Magazine, The Village Voice, CMJ and the New York Press as "the best radio station in the country." Tirez Sur Le Pianiste & To Repel Ghosts
To Repel Ghosts is an experimental electronic production and live album comprising eleven compositions by Nalbandian.The album is Nalbandian's second recording named after the work of artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. To Repel Ghosts was Nalbandian's first digital-only album, released exclusively on the artist's website in its first year. Nalbandian's album Tirez Sur Le Pianiste (Shoot the Piano Player) was released nine months before and includes three compositions that also appear on To Repel Ghosts. The music on both albums has been compared to Kid A/Amnesiac-era Radiohead and the LA beat scene. Coup de Grace
On August 23, 2011, Nalbandian released two distinctly different albums. The first, Coup de Grace, is a live recording featuring Nalbandian on piano and drummer Han Bennink in an improvised duet setting. Bennink, perhaps best known as one of the pivotal figures in early European free jazz and free improvisation, is the co-founder of the Instant Composers Pool (ICP).<mask> and Bennink conclude the performance with a rendition of Ornette Coleman's "Lonely Woman". In both concept and art direction, Coup de Grace references Peter Brötzmann's 1968 album Machine Gun, which also features Bennink. Quiet As It's Kept
Quiet As It's Kept, is the first studio recording of the Armen Nalbandian Trio with Eric Revis on bass and Nasheet Waits on drums. <mask> is featured on the Fender Rhodes. The trio recording contains first takes of solely original compositions by Nalbandian. <mask> is among an elite group of artists that perform with the Revis/Waits tandem which include Peter Brötzmann, Tarbaby, Oliver Lake, Kurt Rosenwinkel, and Revis' own Parallax Quartet (with Ken Vandermark and Jason Moran). Quiet As It's Kept has been featured Los Angeles-based radio station KCRW.Surrounded by Snakes
On March 15, 2013, he released his 8th album, Surrounded by Snakes, a 13-song album consisting of original compositions that feature him in an experimental electronic setting with improvised solos. <mask> is the sole producer and instrumentalist on the album. The album artwork was designed by Joshua Asante of the Arkansas blues bands Velvet Kente and Amasa Hines. The album artwork was designed by Joshua Asante of the Arkansas blues bands Velvet Kente and Amasa Hines. Time Waits
Inspired by the intimacy and sparseness of Keith Jarrett's album The Melody at Night, with You, <mask> released his first solo piano album, Time Waits, on May 23, 2014. It consists of eight compositions, including a reworking of "Conflicted" from his album Manchester Born. The additional material includes "I Get Along Without You Very Well" by Hoagy Carmichael and popularized by Frank Sinatra, "Ugly Beauty" by Thelonious Monk, and "Motion Picture Soundtrack" by Radiohead.Time Waits and Alis Grave Nil consist of performances recorded at Nino Moschella's Bird & Egg studio. Alis Grave Nil
Nalbandian's tenth album, Alis Grave Nil, is a follow-up to Time Waits. Originating from the same solo piano recording session as Time Waits; it was released on July 23, 2014. Alis Grave Nil (translated from Latin meaning "nothing is heavy to those who have wings") includes compositions by <mask>, Charlie Chaplin, Eubie Blake, & the first part of fellow LA-native Kendrick Lamar's song Sing About Me, I'm Dying of Thirst from his album Good Kid M.A.A.D. City. The album artwork of both "Time Waits" and "Alis Grave Nil" feature paintings by <mask> <mask> created only months prior to the recordings. <mask> has referred to both solo albums as "a requiem of my early career."Nalbandian contends "there is a great deal of symbolism throughout the first 10 albums and they are connected in many ways, AGN concludes the story." 2018 Albums
In 2018, Nalbandian released 8 albums chronicling his studio and live performances from 2017. The recordings cover his solo piano work, trio and V. The albums were released one at a time, each month for the first 8 months of 2018, culminating with a live trio performance in September 2018 in memory of Cecil Taylor; who had passed away earlier in the year. Activism
Nalbandian has most often used his platform to recognize social and civil injustice and perform many humanitarian services. He has raised thousands of dollars in aid for the victims of Hurricane Katrina by way of many benefit concerts. Nalbandian has also raised money for organizations as diverse as The United Way, The Red Cross, the ONE Campaign, Habitat for Humanity, The American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Research and The Relay for Life Foundation, among others. In September 2009, Nalbandian appeared in the play Semblance: Notes from the Promised Land by Devoya Mayo.The final act of the play featured a soliloquy written and performed by Nalbandian, critical of the Bush administration's response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. <mask> has made critical comments from the bandstand regarding America's proposed cuts to funding for the arts and its withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accord, never addressing the administration by name. Visual and fine art collaborations
From 2004 to 2008, <mask> served as the Artist-in-Residence/Music Director of the Fresno Art Museum, Artistic Director of Jazz @ the F.A.M., Artistic Director of the F.O.R.M. (Festival of Resurrected Music), and curator of the Rhythms of Art in which he composed concerts of original music inspired by the exhibitions at the Fresno Art Museum on a monthly basis. The programming also included educational components for children and adults, concerts which highlighted the music of jazz masters and supplemental concerts that focused on collaboration. While <mask>'s first season musically focused on a primarily traditional foundation, primarily inspired by Duke Ellington, his approach and compositions for the following 3 seasons were highly inspired by the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), Wadada Leo Smith, Bill Dixon, Anthony Braxton, Henry Threadgill & The Art Ensemble of Chicago. Nalbandian concluded his artistic residency at the Fresno Art Museum by performing a solo piano program of composer John Zorn's Masada music encouraged with the composer's blessing.Nalbandian has often referenced the art of Jean-Michel Basquiat in his early work and song titles; compositions throughout his early discography reference specific Basquiat paintings and graffiti. <mask> presented a concert inspired by Basquiat's work in March 2008 during his tenure as Artist-in-Residence at the Fresno Art Museum. Nalbandian has also composed and premiered music inspired by the work of Kerry James Marshall, Theaster Gates, Kara Walker, David Hammons, Arshille Gorky, Anne Scheid, and Garo Antreasian, who wrote of <mask>'s work in his 2016 biography, Reflections on Life and Art. In March 2017, <mask> premiered a new composition, Heirloom, with his trio with Revis and Waits inspired by "Heirlooms and Accessories" by Kerry James Marshall after several viewings at both Marshall's retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and The Underground Museum. Discography
Armen (2006)
Manchester Born (2007)
Young Kings Get Their Heads Cut Off (2007)
Tirez Sur Le Pianiste (2009) (EP)
To Repel Ghosts (2010)
Quiet As It's Kept (2011)
Coup de Grace (2011)
Surrounded by Snakes (2013)
Time Waits (2014)
Alis Grave Nil (2014)
The Holy Ghost (2018)
Fire Sign (2018)
V (2018)
Live in Little Tokyo Vol. I (2018)
AMEN (2018)
Prayer (2018)
Orbits (2018)
Live in Little Tokyo Vol. II (2018)
Ghosts (2019)
Live on Sunset (2019)

Bibliography
Portrait of an Artist as a Young Improviser: Writings 2006-2007 by <mask> <mask> (2013 Blacksmith Brother) .Essays and entries focusing on <mask>'s compositions from 2006-2007. References

External links

AllMusic Guide
Conquering One Heart at a Time Through Jazz
This Pianist Ain't Got No Wrong Notes
<mask> <mask> on All About Jazz

1978 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American musicians of Armenian descent
British people of Armenian descent
British emigrants to the United States
21st-century American pianists
American male jazz composers
21st-century American male musicians

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title: Piper Laurie

texts:
<mask> (born  Rosetta Jacobs; January 22, 1932) is an American stage and screen actress known for her roles in the films The Hustler (1961), Carrie (1976), and Children of a Lesser God (1986), all of which brought her Academy Award nominations. She is also known for her performances as Kirsten Arnesen in the original TV production of Days of Wine and Roses, and as Catherine Martell in the cult television series Twin Peaks, for which she won a Golden Globe Award in 1991. As of 2022, her acting career has spanned over 70 years. She is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood. Early life
<mask> was born Rosetta Jacobs on January 22, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan. She was the younger daughter of Charlotte Sadie (née Alperin) and Alfred Jacobs, a furniture dealer. Her grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland on her father's side and Russia on her mother's.She was delivered, according to her 2011 autobiography Learning to Live Out Loud, in a one-bedroom walk-up on Tyler Street in Detroit, where the family lived. Alfred Jacobs moved the family to Los Angeles, California, in 1938, where she attended Hebrew school. To combat her shyness, her parents provided her with weekly elocution lessons; this eventually led to minor roles at nearby Universal Studios. For much of her early childhood, her parents placed <mask> and her older sister in a children's home, which they both despised. Career
In 1949, Rosetta Jacobs signed a contract with Universal Studios, and changed her screen name to <mask>, which she has used since then. Among the actors she met at Universal were James Best, Julie Adams, Tony Curtis, and Rock Hudson. Her breakout role was in Louisa, with Ronald Reagan, whom she dated a few times before his marriage to Nancy Davis.In her autobiography, she claimed that she lost her virginity to him ("Learning to Live Out Loud," page 77). Several other roles followed: Francis Goes to the Races (1951, co-starring Donald O'Connor); Son of Ali Baba (1951, co-starring Tony Curtis); and Ain't Misbehavin' (1955, co-starring Rory Calhoun). To enhance her image, Universal Studios told gossip columnists that <mask> bathed in milk and ate flower petals to protect her luminous skin. Discouraged by the lack of substantial film roles, she moved to New York City to study acting and to seek work on the stage and in television. She appeared in Twelfth Night, produced by Hallmark Hall of Fame; in Days of Wine and Roses with Cliff Robertson, presented by Playhouse 90 on October 2, 1958 (in the film version, their roles were taken over by Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick); and in Winterset, presented by Playhouse 90 in 1959. She was lured to Hollywood by the offer to co-star with Paul Newman in The Hustler, released in 1961. She played Newman's girlfriend, Sarah Packard, and for her performance, she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.Substantial movie roles did not come her way after The Hustler, so  her husband and she moved to New York. In 1964, she appeared in two medical dramas — as Alicia Carter in The Eleventh Hour episode "My Door Is Locked and Bolted", and as Alice Marin in the Breaking Point episode "The Summer House". In 1965, she starred in a Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, opposite Maureen Stapleton, Pat Hingle, and George Grizzard. <mask> did not appear in another feature film until she accepted the role of Margaret White in the horror film Carrie (1976). She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, and it, along with the commercial success of the film, relaunched her career. Her co-star Sissy Spacek praised her acting skill: "She is a remarkable actress. She never does what you expect her to doshe always surprises you with her approach to a scene."In 1979, she appeared as Mary Horton in the Australian movie Tim opposite Mel Gibson. After her 1981 divorce, <mask> moved to California. She received a third Oscar nomination for her portrayal of Mrs. Norman in Children of a Lesser God (1986). The same year, she was awarded an Emmy for her performance in Promise, a television movie, co-starring James Garner and James Woods. She had a featured role in the Off-Broadway production of The Destiny of Me in 1992, and returned to Broadway for Lincoln Center's acclaimed 2002 revival of Paul Osborn's Morning's at Seven, with Julie Hagerty, Buck Henry, Frances Sternhagen, and Estelle Parsons. In 1990–1991, she starred as the devious Catherine Martell in David Lynch's television series Twin Peaks. She also appeared in Other People's Money with Gregory Peck (1991), and in horror maestro Dario Argento's first American film Trauma (1993).She played George Clooney's character's mother on ER. In 1997, she appeared in the film A Christmas Memory with Patty Duke, and in 1998, she appeared in the sci-fi thriller The Faculty. She made guest appearances on television shows such as Frasier, Matlock, State of Grace, and Will & Grace. <mask> also appeared in Cold Case and in a 2001 episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit titled "Care", in which she played an adoptive mother and foster grandmother who killed one of the foster granddaughters in her daughter's charge and who abused her adoptive son and foster grandchildren. She returned to the big screen for independent films, such as Eulogy (2004) and The Dead Girl (2006), opposite actress Toni Collette. In 2018, she had a supporting role in White Boy Rick as the grandmother of the title character. Personal life
<mask> was married to New York Herald Tribune entertainment writer Joe Morgenstern.They met shortly after the release of The Hustler in 1961 when Morgenstern interviewed her during the film's promotion. They soon began dating, and nine months after the interview, they were married on January 21, 1962. When no substantial roles came her way after The Hustler,  Morgenstern and she moved to Woodstock, New York. In 1971, they adopted a daughter, Anne Grace Morgenstern. In 1982, the couple divorced, after which she moved to the Hollywood area and continued working in films and television. In 1962, she was Harvard's Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year, and in 2000, she received the Spirit of Hope Award in Korea for her service during the Korean War. <mask> is a sculptor working in marble and clay and exhibits her work.She appeared at the September 2014 Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Hunt Valley, Maryland. Awards
<mask> has been nominated for an Academy Award for her performances in three films. She won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the 1986 TV movie Promise, opposite James Garner and James Woods. She also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 1991 for her role in Twin Peaks. In addition, she received several Emmy nominations, including one for playing Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels, in The Bunker, opposite Anthony Hopkins as Hitler; and for her role in the miniseries The Thorn Birds, two nominations for her work in Twin Peaks, as Catherine Martell, and a nomination for her guest appearance on Frasier. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

<mask> at Virtual History
Interview with <mask>, August 25, 2014, Classic Film & TV Cafe

– Interview with <mask>. The Spectrum, January, 2016.1932 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
Art Students League of New York alumni
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Jewish American actresses
Living people
Actresses from Detroit
People from Woodstock, New York
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie
Laurie
Piper Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Laurie
Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie


title: Edmund Kiss

texts:
<mask> (1886 – 1960) was a German pseudoarchaeologist and author best known for his books about the ancient settlement of Tiwanaku in the Andes mountains of Bolivia. Early life and writings

<mask> was born in Germany in 1886 and later studied architecture. He claimed to have also studied archaeology, but there is no evidence that this is true. He was a soldier during the First World War. After the Treaty of Versailles, he started writing a series of novels of adventure fiction in the prestigious German collection Der Gute Kamerad and with other publishing houses. He also wrote non-fiction works that adhered to the tenets of pseudo-scientist Hanns Hörbiger. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he worked as a municipal officer responsible for the construction of public buildings.In the 1920s, <mask> started writing his first books on alternative archeology and ancient mysticism. In his book entitled The Last Queen of Atlantis (Die letzte Königin von Atlantis) he equated the mythical northern land Thule to the origins of humanity. According to <mask> 'The inhabitants of Northern Atlantis were led by their leader Baldur Wieborg, a native of the mythical Thule who migrated all across the world'. He later described the return journey of the Nordic Thulians to their mythical homeland in The Swans of Thule. Tiwanaku and Welteislehre
<mask> was a follower of the pseudoscience Welteislehre (World Ice Theory). Welteislehre was a pseudoscientific hypothesis created by Hanns Hörbiger and Philipp Johann Heinrich Fauth during the 1890s. Welteislehre suggests that the Earth and all other cosmic planetary bodies were made out of ice.One of the claims made in Hörbiger's book Glacial-Kosmogonie was that the Earth once had six satellite moons and that sometime in the ancient past, five of these moons were destroyed. According to Hörbiger, this event would have caused global flooding and the formation of continent-spanning glaciers. According to Hörbiger, flora and fauna could only survive at high altitudes such as those found in the Himalayas and the Andes. <mask> was attracted by the claim of global ice and wanted to explore the Andes for evidence to prove Hörbiger's theory. In 1927, <mask> made contact with an Austrian writer and amateur archaeologist  Arthur Posnansky. Posnansky informed <mask> about the ruins of Tiwanaku. Posnansky had been undertaking research at Tiwanaku since the early 1900s and suggested that the temples built on the site predated the traditionally accepted date of 200 C.E.and were instead constructed around 17,000 B.C.E. Posnansky used pseudoscientific astronomical calculations on one of the walls at the site to obtain this date. In 1928, <mask> used a 20,000 Mark reward he received in a writing contest to fund an expedition to Tiwanaku. <mask> generally agreed with Posnansky's findings and came to the conclusion that the ruins were not Andean in origin. These findings were based on <mask>'s personal opinion that the ruins were "European" in design. He later stated in a letter translated by Heather Pringle, "The works of art and the architectural style of the prehistoric city are certainly not of Indian style…Rather they are probably the creations of Nordic men who arrived in the Andean Highlands as representatives of a special civilization.". <mask> theorized that the original builders of Tiwanaku were Nordic peoples who had begun construction of Tiwanaku almost one million years ago.<mask> claimed that the same Nordic race that he claimed built Tiwanaku had been the inhabitants of the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. <mask>'s research was discussed in several publications that appeared after his 1928 expedition to Tiwanaku, in 1930, published an article for the architecture magazine Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, titled Die Rekonstruktion des Mausoleums Puma Punku und der Sonnenwarte Kalasasaya in Tihuanaku in Bolivien. From 1930-1933 <mask>, published Das Gläserne Meer, Die Letzte Königin von Atlantis, and Frühling in Atlantis. These novels were presented as historical fiction and were based on his archaeological theories. The novels portray the Atlanteans as Nordic Aryans with access to advanced technology and the builders of Tiwanaku. <mask> did not publish a comprehensive work detailing his findings at Tiwanaku until 1937, when he published Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislhere. The title makes a reference to the Gateway of the Sun, a monolithic carved gateway located at Tiwanaku.The Gateway of the Sun is known for its intricate carvings, with the central figure known as the front-facing figure or Staff God. One of <mask>'s theories for the Gateway of the Sun was that the monolith was a celestial calendar, according to Heather Pringle. "He felt certain he could see symbols for twelve months of the year, each possessing either twenty-four or twenty-five days…each of the days had thirty hours." <mask> claimed about a notable artifact from the site found at Kalasasaya that it resembles a Nordic man. The interpretation as a "Nordic Man's Head" is an interpretation based on racist assumptions. Connections to Nazism
<mask>, along with other leading Nazis such as Heinrich Himmler, was influenced by Völkisch ideology for most of his writing career. His adherence to the Welteislehre further strengthens his connection due to its popularity within the Völkisch movement.Canadian author Heather Pringle has noted <mask>' lack of concern for conventional scientific theory and the way in which his ideas 'greatly appealed to right-wing politics extremists who were always looking for ways of Germanizing science and junking anything that smacked of "Judaism" science'. According to Pringle, mainstream scientists in America and Great Britain at the time described <mask> as a 'complete idiot.' The publishing of Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre brought <mask> to the attention of Heinrich Himmler. Himmler was so enthralled with <mask>'s theories that he purchased a leather-bound copy of ‘’Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre’’ as a Christmas present for Adolf Hitler. <mask>'s novel also included a large collection of reconstructive illustrations he created of Tiwanaku. These illustrations drew more from <mask>'s fantasies than from actual archaeological work. Furthermore, his reconstructions show signs that they were also influenced by Nazi monumental architecture.By 1939, <mask> had requested the SS-Ahnenerbe to fund another expedition to Tiwanaku. The proposed expedition would've been one of the most technical of the time, including aerial and underwater photography alongside the excavations. The Ahnenerbe's director Wolfram Sievers concluded the cost for the expedition would've come to around 100,000 Reichsmarks. The expedition was delayed indefinitely following the German invasion of Poland. The expedition was canceled in 1941. Following the German declaration of war in 1939, <mask> was called in to serve as a Hauptsturmführer in the Waffen-SS. <mask> was captured in 1945.In 1948, a denazification trial classified him as a Mitläufer. He was fined 501 Reichsmarks. Later life
Following his trial, he retired in order to continue writing. In the 1950s he wrote two more books on mysticism. One of these books was entitled Some comments on Critias which was a reanalysis of the location of Atlantis. In 1959 he published an article titled, An Early Account of Tiahuanaco, for the journal, New World Antiquity. He would die in 1960.Books
 Das gläserne Meer. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1930. Die letzte Königin von Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1931. Frühling in Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1933. Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbigers Welteislehre.Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1937. Literature
Michael H. Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS 1935–1945. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches. Stuttgart 1974 (in German)
Peter Mierau, Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik. Die deutschen Asienexpeditionen. Munich 2005 (in German)

References

1886 births
1960 deaths
Pseudoarchaeologists
German military personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
SS personnel
Waffen-SS personnel
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers

masks:
Edmund Kiss
Edmund Kiss
Edmund Kiss
Kiss
Edmund Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss


title: Debra Messing

texts:
<mask> (born August 15, 1968) is an American actress. After graduating from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, <mask> received short-lived roles on television series such as Ned and Stacey on Fox (1995–1997) and Prey on ABC (1998). She achieved her breakthrough role as Grace Adler, an interior designer, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace (1998–2006, 2017–2020), for which she received seven Golden Globe Award nominations and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once, in 2003. From 2007 to 2008, <mask> starred as Molly Kagan, the ex-wife of a Hollywood film mogul, on the television miniseries The Starter Wife, for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Thereafter, she appeared as Broadway playwright Julia Houston on the NBC musical drama Smash (2012–2013) and as homicide detective Laura Diamond on the NBC police-procedural comedy The Mysteries of Laura (2014–2016). From 2017 to 2020, <mask> reprised her role as Grace Adler on NBC's three season revival of Will & Grace, garnering a ninth Golden Globe nomination for her performance. <mask>'s film work includes A Walk in the Clouds (1995), Jesus (1999), The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Hollywood Ending (2002), Along Came Polly (2004), The Wedding Date (2005), Lucky You (2007), The Women (2008), Nothing like the Holidays (2008), and Searching (2018).She has also lent her voice to animated films such as Garfield (2004) and Open Season (2006). Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Sandra (née Simons), who worked as a professional singer, banker, and travel and real estate agent, and <mask>, a sales executive for a costume jewelry packaging manufacturer. Messing is Jewish and had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony; her Jewish ancestors emigrated from Poland and Russia. When Messing was three, she moved with her parents and her older brother, Brett, to East Greenwich, Rhode Island. During her high school years, she acted and sang in a number of high school productions at East Greenwich High School, including the starring roles in the musicals Annie and Grease. She took lessons in dance, singing, and acting. In 1986, she was Rhode Island's Junior Miss and competed in Mobile, Alabama, in the America's Junior Miss scholarship program.While <mask>'s parents encouraged her dream of becoming an actress, they also urged her to complete a liberal arts education before deciding on acting as a career. Following their advice, she attended Brandeis University, where, at her parents' request, three-quarters of her courses were not theater-related. During her junior year, she studied theater at the prestigious British European Studies Group of London (BESGL) program, an experience that solidified her desire to act. In 1990, after graduating summa cum laude from Brandeis with a Bachelor of Arts in Theater Arts, <mask> gained admission to the elite Grad Acting Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, which accepts 16 new students annually. She earned a Master of Fine Arts after three years. Career
In 1993, <mask> won acclaim for her performance as Harper in the pre-Broadway workshop production of Tony Kushner's play Angels in America: Perestroika. Subsequently, she appeared in several episodes of the television series NYPD Blue during 1994 and 1995.In 1995, <mask> made her film debut in Alfonso Arau's A Walk in the Clouds playing the unfaithful wife of main character Paul Sutton (Keanu Reeves). This exposure led Fox to make her the co-star of the television sitcom Ned & Stacey. The series lasted for two seasons, from 1995 to 1997. <mask> appeared as Jerry Seinfeld's romantic interest in two episodes of the series Seinfeld: "The Wait Out" in 1996 and "The Yada Yada" in 1997. <mask> turned down a starring role in another television sitcom to appear in Donald Margulies's two-character play Collected Stories, which opened at the off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club. She also co-starred in the Tom Arnold vehicle McHale's Navy in 1997. In 1998, <mask> played a lead role as the bioanthropologist Sloan Parker on ABC's dramatic science-fiction television series Prey.During this time, her agent approached her with the pilot script for the television show Will & Grace. <mask> was inclined to take some time off, but the script intrigued her, and she auditioned for the role of Grace Adler, beating Nicollette Sheridan, who later guest-starred on the show as Grace's romantic rival. Will & Grace became a ratings success, and <mask> received critical acclaim for her performance. In 2002, she was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People. TV Guide picked her as its "Best Dressed Woman" in 2003. And <mask>'s trademark curls on Will & Grace won her five Crown Awards from voters at the celebrity hair site Super-Hair.Net between 2000 and 2008. Director Woody Allen cast <mask> in a supporting role in his film Hollywood Ending (2002).Her film roles since include Richard Gere's ill-fated wife in the supernatural thriller The Mothman Prophecies (2002) and a supporting role as an unfaithful bride in Along Came Polly (2004). The Wedding Date (2005) was <mask>'s first leading role in a high-profile film. It received mixed reviews but performed fairly well at the box office. <mask> was featured as a judge on the season finale of the second season of Bravo's reality show Project Runway. Also in 2005, along with Megan Mullally, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. She also starred in the television miniseries The Starter Wife (2007), which was nominated for ten Emmy Awards, including one for <mask> for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2008, <mask> reprised her role as Molly Kagan in the television series The Starter Wife, consisting of 10 episodes.In early 2010, <mask> starred in the ABC comedy pilot Wright vs. Wrong for the 2010–2011 primetime season, but ABC did not pick-up the pilot. In July 2011, <mask> was ranked no. 22 on the TV Guide Network special, Funniest Women on TV. In February 2011, producers announced that <mask> would star in a new NBC musical pilot called Smash for the 2011–2012 primetime season. In May 2011, it was reported that NBC picked up the show as a series for the 2011–2012 season. The show premiered on February 6, 2012. The show was later renewed for a second season after which it was cancelled.<mask> appeared with Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong and Leighton Meester in Frank Whaley's drama film Like Sunday, Like Rain in 2014. For her performance, <mask> won the 2014 Best Actress Award at The Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. She made her Broadway debut in John Patrick Shanley's play Outside Mullingar alongside Tony Award winner Brían F. O'Byrne, which began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on January 3, 2014. Outside Mullingar was nominated for Best Play for the 2014 (68th Annual) Tony Awards. <mask> starred in The Mysteries of Laura, a police procedural television show that premiered in September 2014. The series lasted for two seasons and ended in 2016. <mask> portrayed Marjorie Houseman in the television remake of the film Dirty Dancing (1987).It aired on ABC in May 2017. She starred again as Grace Adler in the revival of Will & Grace on NBC. The revival aired for three seasons, from September 2017 to April 2020. Personal life
<mask> met Daniel Zelman, an actor and screenwriter, on their first day as graduate students at New York University in 1990. They were married on September 3, 2000, and lived in Manhattan. On April 7, 2004, <mask> gave birth to their son, Roman. In December 2011, she and her husband separated after 11 years of marriage.<mask> filed for divorce on June 5, 2012, and the divorce became official on March 1, 2016. <mask> dated her Smash co-star Will Chase from the end of 2011 to October 2014. In 2012, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
<mask>'s most honored role is as Grace Adler on Will & Grace, which earned her seven Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Lead Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical; five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, one of which she won in 2003; and seven Screen Actors Guild Award nominations: two for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and five for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – winning one in 2001. Honors

 2005: Nominated for Favorite Funny Female Star by the People's Choice Awards. 2005: Honored with the Lucy Award, by the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards – to recognize women and men and their creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. 2017: Honored with the Excellence in Media Award by the GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) – to individuals in the media and entertainment industries who through their work have increased the visibility and understanding of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community.2017, October 6: Inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame and received a star for her contribution to Television – located at 6201 Hollywood, Blvd. Accolades

References

External links

 Debra Messing Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1968 births
Living people
Actresses from Rhode Island
American film actresses
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Brandeis University alumni
Jewish American actresses
New York (state) Democrats
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from East Greenwich, Rhode Island
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

masks:
Debra Lynn Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Brian Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing
Messing


title: Taddeo Barberini

texts:
<mask> (1603–1647) was an Italian nobleman of the House of Barberini who became Prince of Palestrina and Gonfalonier of the Church; commander of the Papal Army. He was a nephew of Pope Urban VIII and brother of Cardinals <mask> and <mask>. Thanks to their uncle's famous nepotism, the brothers shaped 17th-century Italian politics, religion, art, music and architecture. Biography
<mask> was born in 1603, the son of <mask> and Costanza Magalotti. He was the nephew of brothers cardinal <mask> (later Pope Urban VIII) and  <mask> (later also Cardinal) and of Lorenzo Magalotti. He was the brother of <mask> and <mask>, both of whom became Cardinals when their uncle became pope. Like his brothers, <mask> was educated at the Collegio Romano.Pontificate of Pope Urban VIII

In 1623, Maffeo <mask> was elected as Pope Urban VIII and <mask> <mask>'s fortunes improved considerably. Almost immediately, <mask> was appointed Gonfalonier of the Church; Commander of the Papal Army, though during later conflicts his brother Cardinal <mask> also commanded papal and mercenary troops in the field. In 1624, <mask> took control of the Duchy of Urbino, relinquished to Urban VIII after the death of Federico Ubaldo. When Francesco Maria died in 1631, the duchy was transferred to the Papal States. On 14 October 1627 <mask> married Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, at a lavish service presided over by the pope himself at the Castel Gandolfo. The agreement drawn up by Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi between the Barberini and Colonnas stipulated a dowry worth some 180,000 scudi which included cash and credit as well as a Colonna castle in Anticoli. It is thought the transfer of the Palestrina comune between the two families was tied to the agreement; part of Anna Colonna's dowry.Upon transfer, the commune became a fief of the Barberini which allowed the family to appoint one of its number as Prince of Palestrina, a title which was passed from one Barberini patriarch to another while the comune remained among family possessions. <mask>'s son <mask> later renounced his right to inherit his father's titles (as he would have done as eldest son) to become a cardinal. <mask>'s hereditary titles therefore passed to his second son, Maffeo. As Prince of Palestrina, <mask> worked to improve local buildings and establish new services, even if many of them were primarily self-serving. He rebuilt the  Palazzo Barberini (which still houses the Nile mosaic of Palestrina) and his son Maffeo later commissioned a new church nearby. Taddeo built a small private casino which operated for a few years during his administration but closed when future princes had no interest in gambling. Pope Urban further honoured his nephew in 1631 by appointing him Governor of the Borgo, Commander of Sant'Angelo and Prefect of Rome.<mask>'s investiture as prefect was celebrated with much pomp and extravagance. It is estimated that by 1632, <mask>'s property was worth as much as 4 million scudi and that over the course of Urban VIII's 21-year reign, Taddeo amassed 42 million scudi in personal wealth. By 1635, income from <mask>'s property was estimated at 100,000 scudi per year. First War of Castro

In 1639, Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, came to Rome and during his visit managed to insult <mask>'s cardinal brothers. Pope Urban responded by banning grain shipments from Farnese controlled areas. When the Farnese were then unable to pay their debts the Pope sent debt collectors. Finally the Pope troops to occupy Castro.The Pope's forces were led by <mask>, his mercenary field commander Luigi Mattei and by Fabrizio Savelli. When Savelli proved to be an unenthusiastic commander, he was returned to Rome and <mask> <mask> was appointed in his place. Castro fell without significant resistance and the victory was celebrated in song by Barberini family composer, Marco Marazzoli. But the victory was short-lived and thereafter papal troops suffered a series of decisive losses. Pope Urban was forced to accept defeat and signed a peace treaty with the Farnese Dukes in an attempt to prevent them from marching on Rome itself. Exile and death

In 1644, <mask>'s uncle Pope Urban VIII died and the College of Cardinals elected Pope Innocent X of the Pamphili family. At the Papal conclave of 1644, <mask>'s cardinal brothers engineered a deal to ensure the safety of their family's fortunes.But the new Pope refused to honour the deal and launched an investigation into alleged financial abuses during the First War of Castro. <mask> <mask> and his brothers were forced into exile and fled to Paris in 1646 where they were supported by Cardinal Jules Mazarin. <mask>'s wife Anna Colonna appealed to Pope Innocent urging him to allow the Barberini to keep their property. Innocent agreed but the Barberini remained in exile for several more years. <mask> <mask> died in 1647 while in exile in France without ever seeing Rome again. Issue

<mask> and Anna Colonna had five children:
Lucrezia <mask> (1628–1699) who married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
Camilla <mask> (1629–1631) who died in infancy
<mask> (1630–1704) who became a Cardinal
Maffeo <mask> who became Prince of Palestrina
Niccolò <mask> (1635–1699)

Legacy
The <mask> family was reconciled with the papacy, at least in part, through <mask>'s two sons, <mask> and Maffeo <mask>. Carlo was elevated to cardinal by Pope Innocent X and Maffeo married a grand-niece of Pope Innocent X, Olimpia Giustiniani, and in turn had a son who was elevated to cardinal, <mask> (Junior).<mask>'s daughter, Lucrezia <mask>, married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena. <mask>'s secretary,  Corinzio Benicampi, accompanied the young Carlo Maratta to Rome in 1636. The well-known Baroque artist later received one of his first commissions, The Glory of Saints, from <mask>. The painting was finished in 1645, two years before <mask>'s death. References

1603 births
1647 deaths
Taddeo
17th-century Italian nobility
Papal family members
Captains General of the Church

masks:
Taddeo Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Barberini
Carlo Barberini
Maffeo Barberini
Antonio Marcello Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Taddeo
Carlo Barberini
Taddeo
Taddeo
Taddeo
Taddeo
Taddeo
Taddeo
Antonio Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Taddeo
Taddeo
Taddeo
Barberini
Taddeo
Taddeo
Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Barberini
Carlo Barberini
Barberini
Maria Barberini
Barberini
Taddeo
Carlo Barberini
Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
Barberini
Taddeo
Taddeo


title: Adela of Normandy

texts:
<mask> of Normandy, of Blois, or of England (c. 1067 – 8 March 1137), also known as  in Roman Catholicism, was a daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders who later became the countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux by marriage to Stephen II of Blois. Her husband greatly benefited from the increased social status and prestige that came with such a marriage. She brought with her not only her bloodline, but a dowry of money and other movable goods from the prodigious store of Anglo-Norman wealth. She was regent of Blois during the absence of her spouse in 1096–1100 and 1101–02, and during the minority of her son from 1102 until 1120. <mask> was the mother of King Stephen of England and Bishop Henry of Winchester. Early life

<mask> was born, it is generally believed, after her father's accession to the English throne, between 1066 and 1070. Her royal blood marked her as noble in the eyes of her peers.She was the favorite sister of King Henry I of England, and they were probably the youngest of the Conqueror's children. <mask> was a high-spirited and educated woman, with a knowledge of Latin. She had three older brothers and one younger, and thus she would not inherit her father's honors, but her bloodline would be a valuable asset to any suitor. <mask> married Stephen Henry, son and heir to the count of Blois, between 1080 and 1083, around her fifteenth birthday. Stephen was nearly twenty years her senior. Stephen inherited Blois, Chartres and Meaux upon his father's death in 1089, as well as lands and right in parts of Berry and Burgundy. The Thibaudian dynasty had other possessions east of Paris, and by the end of <mask>'s life these were coalescing into the county of Champagne.While Theobald IV takes most of the credit for the emergence of that principality, <mask> helped lay its foundations. <mask> and her husband had a relationship based on trust and mutual respect, if not affection, and she made decisions along with Stephen. She swore, for instance, to bind herself and her husband to protect the bishop of Chartres, then in a dispute with the king of France. First regency
Stephen-Henry joined the First Crusade in 1096, along with his brother-in-law Robert Curthose. Stephen's letters to <mask> form a uniquely intimate insight into the experiences of the Crusade's leaders and show that he trusted <mask> to rule as regent while he was on crusade. <mask> filled in as regent for her husband during his extended absence as a leader of the First Crusade (1095–1098) as well as during his second expedition in 1101. This included granting monks the right to build new churches, as well as other charters.<mask> also worked with Ivo of Chartres at various points, exchanging letters throughout her regency to discuss matters such as the control of misbehaving nuns and larger issues such as disputes about sworn oaths. While her husband was away, <mask> would continue to tour their lands, settling disputes, promoting economic growth, and even commanding knights to go to battle with the king. This however was not unique, as during the crusades it was common for noble women to take upon themselves the duties of their male counterparts. The Count of Blois returned to France in 1100 bringing with him several cartloads of maps, jewels and other treasures, which he deposited at Chartres. When he abandoned the First Crusade returning to France in ignominy, <mask> constantly berated him, even during their love-making, urging him to return to the Holy Land. He was under an obligation to the pope for agreements made years earlier and returned to Antioch to participate in the crusade of 1101. He was ultimately killed in a last stand after the Battle of Ramla in 1102.The image of <mask> persuading her ease-loving husband to redeem his reputation through action has proved popular with historians attempting to account for the crusader motivations. Second regency
<mask> continued to act as regent after her husband's death and through her son Thibaud's early rule until her retirement in 1120. Even after Thibaud came of age and no longer needed a regent, <mask> continued to issue charters and act as co-ruler of many parts of their land. <mask> did not secure a marriage alliance for Thibaud, who did not get married until after <mask>'s retirement, which helped to maintain her power and influence over both her son and her lands. <mask>, a devout Benedictine sympathizer, employed several high-ranking tutors to educate her children. Her youngest son, Henry, was conceived during the single year Stephen was in France between crusading duties. At two years of age Henry was pledged to the Church at Cluny Abbey, Saône-et-Loire, France, as an oblate child, that is, he was dedicated to the service of God, according to medieval practice.Henry went on to be appointed Abbot of Glastonbury and Bishop of Winchester. In that capacity, he sponsored hundreds of constructions including bridges, canals, palaces, forts, castles, and whole villages. In addition, Bishop Henry built dozens of abbeys and chapels and sponsored books including the treasured Winchester Bible. In 1105, after St Anselm visited her during a sickness, she was responsible for communicating the archbishop's earnestness in threatening excommunication to her brother Henry I. Orderic Vitalis praises her as a "wise and spirited woman" who ably governed her husband's estates and her own. <mask>'s power and interests are reflected in letters collected, they demonstrate her religiosity and intellect. In one such letter to the public from 1104, <mask> gifts a monastery a portion of land with all the wildlife inhabiting it, but she reserves the power to pass judgment upon crimes committed in the area. She also makes sure to mark her place as a woman, tying herself to not only her late husband but her sons.<mask> quarrelled with her eldest son William and despite his previously being named heir-designate, she appointed his younger brother Theobald to replace him as heir in 1107. Another son, Stephen of Blois, moved to London in 1111 to join the court of his uncle, King Henry I (Beauclerc), and became his favorite. Upon Beauclerc's death in Normandy (1135), Stephen seized the English throne from  Holy Roman Empress Dowager Matilda, King Henry I's daughter, whom the monarch had named as his successor. This started a protracted civil war in England that lasted nearly twenty years. Retirement
<mask> retired to Marcigny Convent in 1120. Though she may have considered retiring to an abbey in Normandy where members of her family, including sisters and nieces, may have already been living, <mask> was drawn to and chose the larger, more prestigious convent at Marcigny near her son Henry at Cluny Abbey. <mask> may have acted as prioress within the community at Marcigny, though this is not certain.She continued to interact and communicate with her children and the ecclesiastical leaders of lands that she had once ruled, maintaining her influence over the area. In one instance, <mask> sent letters to both her son Thibaud  and <mask>, bishop of Chartres, reminding them of her settlement of a monastic case. In these letters she reminds her son how his father and she felt about alms gifting to monasteries. Later that same year, her daughter Lucia-Mahaut drowned in the wreck of the White Ship alongside her husband. <mask> lived long enough to see her son Stephen on the English throne, though any response she may have had to this development has been lost. She likely took pride in the ascension of her youngest child, Henry of Blois, to the bishopric of Winchester in 1129. After her death in 1137 at Marcigny, prayers were offered at a number of churches that she had endowed personally or had recognized at some point during her life.Her money, influence, and entry into the convent resulted in <mask> becoming a saint of the Catholic Church. Issue
<mask> and Stephen's children are listed here in probable birth order. Their birth order is uncertain. William, Count of Sully
Theobald II, Count of Champagne
Odo of Blois
 <mask>, married Milo II of Montlhéry
Stephen, King of England
Lucia-Mahaut, married Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. Both drowned on 25 November 1120 in the White Ship disaster. Agnes, married Hugh de Puiset and were parents to Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham
 Alix, married Renaud II of Joigny
Henry, Bishop of Winchester (1096–1171), an oblate child raised at Cluny Abbey in Saône-et-Loire, France
Eleanor of Champagne
Some of the daughters may have been step-daughters of Adela, rather than biological children. It is known that Adela had five biological sons and may have had three or more daughters, though not all of the daughters were necessarily <mask>'s biological children.The daughters are not mentioned by name during their youth, only appearing when they reached marriageable age and played an important part in building alliances. Legacy
<mask> is a saint in the Roman Catholic church. Her feast day is 24 February. She was deeply religious and supported scholars and poets. Throughout her life she generously endowed various abbeys and churches, helping to expand and preserve the culture and art of her time. In fiction
<mask> was portrayed by Nike Arrighi in the two-part BBC TV play Conquest (1966), about her father's conquest of England, part of the series Theatre 625. In art
<mask> is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.Ancestry

Note

References

Further reading
Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell (2007). Evergates, Theodore, ed. Aristocratic Women in Medieval FrancePhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1999). LoPrete, Kimberly. <mask> of Blois: Countess and Lord (c.1067–1137).Dublin: Four Courts Press (2007). LoPrete, Kimberly. "<mask> of Blois and Ivo of Chartres: Piety, Politics and Peace in the Diocese of Chartres'." Anglo-Norman Studies xiv (1992): 131–152
Parsons, John and Bonnie Wheeler. Medieval Mothering (New Middle Ages). New York: Routledge (1999). Schaus, Margaret, ed.Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge (2006). External links

 (en)
Women's Biography: <mask>, countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux

1060s births
1137 deaths
Female saints of medieval France
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century women rulers
11th-century English people
11th-century French people
12th-century Christian saints
12th-century women rulers
12th-century English people
12th-century French people
English princesses
House of Normandy
Countesses of Chartres
Medieval French saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Female saints of medieval England
Medieval English saints
11th-century English women
11th-century French women
12th-century English women
12th-century French women
Children of William the Conqueror
Anglo-Normans

masks: Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Geoffrey Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela Adela


title: Andrée Putman

texts:
<mask> (23 December 1925 – 19 January 2013) was a French interior and product designer. She was the mother of <mask> and of Cyrille Putman. Life and work

Childhood and youth (1925–1944)

<mask> was born into a wealthy family of bankers and notables from Lyon. Her paternal grandfather, Edouard Aynard, founded the Maynard & Sons Bank; her paternal grandmother, Rose de Montgolfier, was a descendant of the hot-air balloon inventors' family. Her father was a graduate from the prestigious Ecole Normale Supérieure who spoke seven languages but swore to a life of austerity and seclusion to protest against his own milieu; her mother, Louise Saint-René Taillandier, was a concert pianist who found comfort in the frivolity of "being a great artist without a stage." Her formal artistic education first came, however, through music. Her mother took her and her sister to concerts and urged them to learn the piano.But she was later told that her hands were not suited to the piano and, as a consequence, she would never be a virtuoso. She then switched her focus to studying composition at the National Conservatory of Paris. At the age of nineteen, she received the First Harmony Prize of the Conservatory from Francis Poulenc himself. On that occasion, he told her that at least 10 more years of unremitting work and ascetic life would be necessary before she could—maybe—aspire to a career as a composer. Picturing herself living like a Carmelite nun at the Fontenay Abbey, she cut short the musical career she had undertaken as a tribute to her mother. Putman decided to satisfy her curiosity and creative instincts another way. Professional beginnings (1945–1978)
At the age of 20 she had a serious bike accident, which she barely survived.Her characteristic posture stemmed from this event: she was a tall woman who stood straight and walked as if on a tightrope. Soon after the accident, she broke free from her initial career in music and from the illusion of safety her social environment offered her and decided to discover the world. One day, she emptied her bedroom and furnished it with just a hard iron bed, a chair and a Miró poster on the white walls. This early expression of her desire of independence led to a confrontation with her family who wondered "if she realises the sorrow she makes them feel?" "What can one do when one did not go to school and is a musician who stopped playing music? ", she asked her maternal grandmother, Madeleine Saint-René Taillandier. "Nothing except messenger," was the reply.Taking her grandmother's advice, Andrée started working as a messenger for Femina magazine. While taking care of all the dirty little jobs of the office, she observed with a sharp eye the social theatre which takes place during meetings. She worked for Elle and L'Oeil, a prestigious art magazine where the still-lives she imagined with objects of various styles and from different periods attracted attention. She identified what is sophisticated and innovative, widened her knowledge of designers... and walked by the Café de Flore every day. "We could see Antonin Artaud, Juliette Gréco, Giacometti, Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir… People who looked free and were emancipated from conventions." These first jobs allowed Andrée to meet artists, characters more familiar to her than intellectuals. At the time, she was not confident enough to fully express herself.She therefore stayed in the background rather to put the talents of others in the limelight, something for which she showed great talent since she was raised in an artistically-rich environment. Personally knowing what it is to "be trapped into the beaten tracks", she was moved by "people whose work is not understood", "impressed by these artists who do not look for anything else but remaining in the depth of their sincerity, their risk", she only wished to help them and establish a connection between them and the rest of the world. In the late 1950s, <mask> Aynard married <mask>, an art critic, collector and publisher. Together they associated with artists such as Pierre Alechinsky, Bram van Velde, Alberto Giacometti and Niki de Saint Phalle. In 1958, Putman collaborated with the retail chain Prisunic as Art Director of the Home Department, where her motto was to "design beautiful things for nothing". Her wish of making art available to a larger public also became a reality through Prisunic as she organised with her husband editions of lithographs by famous artists sold for only 100 Francs (1,73 €). In 1968, she distinguished herself in the style agency Mafia until Didier Grumbach spotted her in 1971 and hired her to start a new company which was aimed at developing the textile industry: Créateurs & Industriels.Her intuition led her to reveal many talented designers such as Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, Issey Miyake, Ossie Clark, Claude Montana and Thierry Mugler. It is at that moment that she went into interior design as she converted the former SNCF premises into a showroom and offices for the company. Ecart (1978–1995)
In the late 1970s, Créateurs & Industriels went bankrupt; Putman got divorced. She tried to materialise her intense feeling of emptiness: at the time she lived in a room furnished with only a bed and two lamps "in total austerity, because I no longer knew what I liked." Taking her friend Michel Guy's advice, she decided to found Ecart (which backwards is Trace). It is therefore at the age of 53 that <mask> <mask> really started the career which made her famous from Hong Kong to New York. She started by giving life again to forgotten designers from the 1930s: René Herbst, Jean-Michel Frank, Pierre Chareau, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Gaudi, Eileen Gray... "My only concern was to interest at least ten persons and I would have accomplished something which would carry me for all my life."These pieces of furniture won over not ten, but thousands of people. From releasing furniture to designing interiors, the evolution of activity came quite naturally. took the next logical step: "I loathe pompous luxury. I take interest in the essential, the framework, the basic elements of things." The interior design of the Morgans Hotel in New York in 1984 marked a turning point in <mask> <mask>'s career: she managed to make a high-standard hotel with a small budget and asserted her style with sober rooms and visual effects. "Because I started working in New York, the French suddenly asked for me." From the 1980s, she led more and more interior design projects: hotels such as Le Lac in Japan, Im Wasserturm in Germany and the Sheraton in Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris; stores for Azzedine Alaia, Balenciaga, Bally and Lagerfeld; offices, particularly the one for French Minister of Culture Jack Lang in 1984; and museums like the CAPC, Bordeaux's contemporary art museum.The Andrée Putman Studio (1997–nowadays)
In 1997, <mask> <mask> created her eponymous Studio, specialising in interior design, product design and scenography. When she imagined objects, she refused the excess of striving to re-design pieces which were perfectly designed by others in the past. "We have to accept that many things can no longer be changed – or very slightly. If we change them, we have to add humour, detachment. What interests me: a joke in a collection, a sign of complicity." For example, when she began collaborating with Christofle in 2000, she designed a collection of silver cutlery, objects and jewellery named Vertigo. The common element of this collection was a slightly twisted ring: "the fact that this ring is twisted brings life to it: did it fall?Why is it asymmetrical? Life is made of imperfections. "She created a Champagne bucket for Veuve Clicquot and reinterpreted the iconic Louis Vuitton Steamer Bag. In 2001, Putman created "Préparation Parfumée". In 2003, she launched her own line of furniture "Préparation meublée" where the pieces were ironically named "Croqueuse de diamants", "Jeune bûcheron", "Bataille d'oreillers"... ("Gold digger", "Young lumberjack" and "Pillow fight"). In 2004, she creates a stunning Russian tea set for Gien: Polka. An interior designer, she carried out the projects for Pershing Hall in Paris, the Morgans Hotel in Manhattan, and the Blue Spa at the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich.In 2005, Guerlain chooses the Studio Putman to re-design its flagship store on the Champs Elysées. Among notable private commissions are the Pagoda House in Tel Aviv, the vast SoHo penthouse for Serge and Tatiana Sorokko, and a cliff-house in Tangier for Bernard-Henri Lévy and Arielle Dombasle, for whom Putman completely restructured the building. In 2007, a new era began as Andrée's daughter <mask> agreed to take over the Art Direction of the Studio, a wish its founder had expressed for a long time. "We realised that time and Andrée's fame had turned our family name into an adjective. Qualified in History of Art and landscape architecture, Olivia wishes to perpetuate the eclecticism and curiosity her mother always claimed." In 2008, Paris Mayor Bertand Delanoë made Andrée President of the first Paris Design Comity, which aims at rethinking street furniture, Parisian public equipments and employees' uniforms. That same year, she presented Voie Lactée ("Milky Way"), the grand piano she designed for France's oldest piano manufacturer Pleyel and unveiled Entrevue, her creation for Bisazza at the Salone del Mobile in Milan.In June, the store she designed for fashion designer Anne Fontaine in New York was inaugurated, following the ones designed in Paris and Tokyo. The following year, <mask> and Olivia present the chair they designed for the American firm Emeco, a line of sunglasses for RAC Paris, a collection of carpets for Toulemonde Bochart, a knife for the Forge de Laguiole, as well as furniture for Fermob and Silvera. The Studio was also called upon to imagine the scenography for French singer Christophe's concerts at the Olympia and at Versailles, and the Madeleine Vionnet exhibition at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris. In October 2009, a new monograph dedicated to <mask> <mask>'s career is published by Rizzoli Editions. In 2010, Paris' City Hall paid tribute to <mask> <mask> by hosting a great exhibition about her life, for which Olivia is curator. The event <mask> <mask>, ambassador of style attracted more than 250,000 visitors. <mask> died at her apartment in the sixth arrondissement of Paris, on 19 January 2013, aged 87.Awards
2009 – BEST DESIGNER, voted by 4000 journalists
2008 – CHEVALIER DE LA LEGION D'HONNEUR, OFFICIER DES ARTS ET BELLES LETTRES, Paris, France
2006 – GALA SPA AWARD Für Bayerischer Hof, Baden-Baden, Germany
2005 – 1er PRIX VEUVE CLICQUOT DE LA FEMME D'AFFAIRES, Veuve Clicquot prize for her whole career
2002 – DER FEINSCHMECKER (allemagne) Hotel of the Year Award
N°1 Ritz-Carlton, Wolfsburg
N°3 Im Wassertum, Cologne
2001 – IIDA STAR AWARD, Chicago, USA
1999 – MODERNISM DESIGN AWARD For Lifetime Achievement Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York USA
1998 – HONORARY DOcTOR OF FINE ARTS DEGREE, The School of The Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, USA
1997 – STARS OF THE DESIGN AWARD, pour l'oeuvre d'une toute une vie en Design d'Intérieur. PACIFIC DESIGN CENTER, WESTWEEK 97. Los Angeles, U.S.A
1996 – HONORARY DOCTOR OF FINE ARTS DEGREE PARSONS SCHOOL OF DESIGN, New York City
1996 – THE GOOD DESIGN AWARD, for industrial products sold worldwide, awarded by "The Chicago Athenaeum", Museum of Architecture and Design, Chicago, USA
1996 – BUSINESS TRAVELLER AWARD, Sheraton Aéroport de Paris- Meilleur Nouvel Hôtel dans le Monde, Décerné par Carlson Wagonlit
1995 – GRAND PRIX NATIONAL DE LA CREATION INDUSTRIELLE, given by Monsieur Philippe Douste-Blazy, Ministre de la Culture, Paris, France
1995 – BLENHEIM JEWELRY DISPLAY AWARD, Jewelers of America International- Bijouterie exposée à New York. ()

External links
 Studio Putman
 Mobilier national :  Andrée Putman

French interior designers
1925 births
2013 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris

masks:
Andrée Putman
Olivia Putman
Andrée Christine Aynard
Andrée
Jacques Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Olivia Putman
Andrée
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Andrée
Putman
Death Putman


title: Carlos Alberto Parreira

texts:
<mask> (born 27 February 1943) is a Brazilian former football manager who holds the record for attending the most FIFA World Cup final tournaments as manager with six appearances. He also managed five different national teams in five editions of the FIFA World Cup. He managed Brazil to victory at the 1994 World Cup, the 2004 Copa América, and the 2005 Confederations Cup. He is also the only manager to have led two different Asian teams to conquer the AFC Asian Cup. He most recently managed the South Africa national football team. <mask> is one of the most successful managers to have never played football himself. Coaching career
<mask> supports Fluminense, and he has won two league titles for the club: The First Division Brazilian Championship in 1984 and the Third Division in 1999.About the latter title, <mask> has said that this was personally the most important trophy of his career, even more so than Brazil's World Cup triumph, as the club he loved was facing near-bankruptcy and became very close to extinction at the time. <mask> is one of two coaches that has led five national teams to the World Cup: Kuwait in 1982, United Arab Emirates in 1990, Brazil in 1994 and 2006, Saudi Arabia in 1998 and South Africa in 2010. The other coach, Bora Milutinović, reached this record when he led a fifth team in 2002. <mask> was also involved with the 1970 championship team for Brazil, which he claims was an inspiration for him to aspire to be a national football coach. In 1997, <mask> coached the MetroStars of the American Major League Soccer. He also coached Fenerbahçe in Turkey and won a Turkish League Championship. <mask> was in charge of Corinthians in 2002, which gave him two of the most important national trophies of 2002: The Brazilian Cup and the Torneio Rio-São Paulo, besides being runner up at the Brazilian League.When coaching Saudi Arabia at the 1998 World Cup in France, he was fired after two matches, one of three managers to be sacked during the tournament. <mask> repeatedly turned down offers to coach Brazil again between 1998 and 2002 World Cups. In end of 2000, when the team was in turmoil after firing Vanderlei Luxemburgo, he refused the post, stating that he did not want to relive the stress and pressure of winning the World Cup again. There were public cries again to replace Luiz Felipe Scolari for Parreira in July 2001 when Brazil lost two matches to Mexico and Honduras in its title defense at the 2001 Copa América in Colombia, especially after last minute invitee (replacing Argentina who dropped out one day before the kickoff) Honduras defeated 2–0 and eliminated the favorite Brazil in quarter finals round on July 23, 2001. <mask> only stated that he would indirectly assist Scolari in the 2002 campaign. After the 2002 World Cup, <mask> took part in drafting a technical report of the tournament. He was named coach along with Mario Zagallo as assistant director in January 2003, with the goal of defending their World Cup title in Germany 2006, but on July 1, 2006 Brazil was defeated and eliminated 0–1 by France in the quarterfinals.After Brazil's exit from the World Cup, <mask> was heavily criticized by the Brazilian public and media for playing an outdated brand of football and not using the players available to him properly. <mask> subsequently resigned on July 19, 2006. He coached Brazil to victory in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and was the coach of the South Africa national football team until resigning in April 2008. On October 22, 2009 it was announced he would return as head coach of South Africa. He announced a verbal agreement with the South African Football Association on October 23, 2009. He resumed coaching South Africa in 2009 in time for the 2010 World Cup. In South Africa, his team drew with Mexico, 1–1, in the tournament opener, lost to Uruguay, 3–0, and beat France, 2–1, to finish third in Group A.After the France game, he tried to shake hands with French coach Raymond Domenech but the latter refused. On 25 June 2010 he announced his retirement as football coach. Career statistics

Fitness coach
São Cristóvão (1967)
Vasco da Gama (1969)
Brazil (1970)
Fluminense (1970–1974)

Assistant coach
Brazil (Olympic Team) (1972)
Kuwait (1976–1977)

FIFA World Cup matches
<mask> has coached national squads in 23 games in FIFA World Cup finals. <mask>'s coaching record is 10–4–9 (Wins-Draws-Losses). His teams have scored 28 goals and conceded 32.

masks:
Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira
Parreira