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<mask> (November 24, 1935 – July 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as Mayor of Oakland from 2007 to 2011. He had previously served thirteen terms as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, in office from 1971 to 1998, after which he worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C.

<mask> was born into a family of labor organizers, and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps before serving on the Berkeley, California, City Council. He was the first African American elected to Congress from Northern California and the first successful openly socialist non-incumbent Congressional candidate after World War II. His politics earned him a place on President Nixon's enemies list. During his career in Congress, he fought the MX Missile project and opposed expansion of the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber program. When President <mask> vetoed <mask>'s Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, a Democratic-controlled House and a Republican-controlled Senate overrode Reagan's veto, the first override of a presidential foreign-policy veto in the 20th century. Early years and family life

<mask> was born in Oakland, California, to Verney and Willa (Terry<mask>.His father was a longshoreman. His uncle, C. L<mask>, was one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He had a younger sister Theresa. His mother Willa died on August 17, 2008, at the age of 89. <mask> attended Oakland Technical High School and McClymonds High School. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1954 to 1956. <mask> later received his A.A. degree from the Oakland City College, now Merritt College, in 1958, his B.A.from San Francisco State University in 1960, and his M.S.W. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1962. He became a psychiatric social worker and political activist in the African-American community beginning in the 1960s. He also taught at San Francisco State University and the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He was also a member of the fraternity's World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand the fraternity's involvement in politics, and social and current policy to encompass international concerns. <mask> was married three times.He married his second wife, attorney Leola "Roscoe" Higgs, in 1961. The two divorced in 1998. He married his third wife, Cynthia Lewis, in 2000. One son, Michael, was convicted of a drug-related homicide in 1979, and remains in prison, being repeatedly denied parole due to bad behavior. Dellums had four other children: professional actor Erik, author Piper, Brandon and Pam; five grandchildren: Danielle Henderson, Jacob Holmes, Sydney Ross, Dylan Ross, and <mask>; and two great-grandchildren: Jared Henderson and Charli Henderson. Berkeley City Council
<mask> was elected to the Berkeley City Council, after prompting from Maudelle Shirek,
and served from 1967 to 1970. U.S. Congress
<mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1970 after being recruited by anti-Vietnam War activists to run against the incumbent, Jeffery Cohelan, a white liberal close to organized labor who had not opposed the war early enough to win reelection in the district.<mask> defeated Cohelan in the Democratic primary and won the general election, serving without interruption for 27 years. In 1972, <mask> was reelected to Congress, 60 to 38 percent over his Republican opponent, Peter D. Hannaford, an advisor to then Governor <mask>. His politics earned him a place on the so-called Nixon's Enemies List, where his notation stated <mask> "had extensive EMK-Tunney support in his election bid." Foreign policy
During his tenure in Congress, <mask> opposed every major American military intervention, except for emergency relief in Somalia in 1992. <mask> also supported the restriction of foreign aid to repressive African governments in Zaire (present-day DRC), Burundi, Liberia and Sudan. Anti-apartheid campaign

In 1972, <mask> began his campaign to end the apartheid policies of South Africa. Fourteen years later, the U.S. House of Representatives passed <mask>'s anti-apartheid legislation, calling for a trade restriction against South Africa and immediate divestment by American corporations.The bill, the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, had broad bipartisan support. It called for sanctions against South Africa and stated preconditions for lifting the sanctions, including the release of all political prisoners. President Reagan called for a policy of "constructive engagement" and vetoed the bill; however, his veto was overridden. It was the first override in the 20th century of a presidential foreign policy veto. <mask>'s fight against apartheid in South Africa was the subject of a Disney Channel made-for-TV film, The Color of Friendship, released in 2000. The role of Congressman <mask> was played in the film by actor Carl Lumbly. Cold War conflicts in southern Africa
As part of the Cold War struggle for influence in southern Africa, the United States joined with the apartheid government of South Africa in support of UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, against the ultimately victorious Angolan forces of the MPLA supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba.<mask> was criticized for his support of Fidel Castro's involvement with the MPLA in Angola and was called "the prototype of the Castroite congressman" by the conservative press. He also introduced legislation (which was unsuccessful) in September 1987 to prohibit economic and military assistance to Zaire, citing poor human rights, corruption, and collaboration with South Africa. <mask> v. Bush (1990)
In 1990, <mask> and 44 of his congressional colleagues sued then-president President George H. W. Bush in D.C. Federal District Court in 1990, in the case <mask> v. Bush, 752 F. Supp. 1141 (1990) attempting to halt a preemptive military buildup in the Middle East in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The plaintiff members of Congress asserted that military action without a declaration of war would be unlawful under U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl.11 of the United States Constitution. <mask> v. Bush is notable in that it is one of only a few cases in which the Federal Courts have considered whether the War Powers Clause of the U.S. Constitution is justiciable in the courts. The Court in <mask> v. Bush indicated that, in that instance, it was, but because Congress had not yet acted as a majority, the lawsuit was premature. Military budgets and arms control
Throughout his career <mask> led campaigns against an array of military projects, arguing that the funds would be better spent on peaceful purposes, especially in American cities. Programs he opposed included the Pershing II and MX missiles, and the B-2 bomber (popularly known as the "stealth bomber"). Because of his commitment to the closing of unneeded military bases, <mask> did not oppose the closing of the former Naval Air Station Alameda in his own district. The B-2 Stealth Bomber is a long-range strategic bomber, that features stealth technology that makes it far less visible to radar.The B-2 was a major technological advance; however, it was designed during the Cold War for military scenarios that some argued were less relevant following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Its total program cost was estimated in 1997 at over US$2.2 billion per airplane. Although <mask> opposed the B-2 project from the start, Congress approved initial funding for production of 135 bombers in 1987. However, with the winding down of the Cold War, total B-2 production was reduced to 21 aircraft in the early 1990s. But in 1997, seven former Secretaries of Defense signed a letter urging Congress to buy more B-2s, citing the difficulty of assembling a similar engineering team in the future should the B-2 project be terminated. <mask>, citing five independent studies consistent with his position, offered an amendment to that year's defense authorization bill to cap production of the bombers with the existing 21 aircraft. The amendment was narrowly defeated; nonetheless, Congress never approved funding for additional B-2 bombers.Vietnam war crimes hearings
In January 1971, just weeks into his first term, <mask> set up an exhibit of Vietnam war crimes in an annex to his Congressional office, coordinated with the  Citizens Commission of Inquiry (CCI). The exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers, embellished with red paint. The My Lai massacre was followed shortly thereafter by a series of hearings on war crimes in Vietnam, which began April 25, 1971. <mask> had called for formal investigations into the allegations, but Congress chose not to endorse the proceedings. As such, the hearings were ad hoc and only informational in nature. As a condition of room use, press and camera presence were not permitted; however, the proceedings were transcribed. A small number of other anti-Vietnam War congressional representatives also took part in the hearings.Integration of gays and lesbians in the military
In 1993, <mask> was Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. Though he argued in favor of integration, <mask> was the sole sponsor of H.R. 2401, introduced on June 14, 1993, adding language to the Defense Authorization Act of 1994 to ensure continued support for unit cohesion in the military. Although the bill contained that language, <mask> pointed out that he personally found the language unacceptable, stating in the Congressional Record on August 4, 1993: "The bill also contains at least one policy that, while unacceptable to this Member in substantive terms, is not as retrograde as it might have been: It supports the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the issue of allowing gay and lesbian service members to serve their country." Remaining in the bill was Title V Section G "[e]xpresses as congressional policy the prohibition against homosexual conduct or activity in the armed forces. Requires separation from the armed forces for such conduct or activity. Directs the Secretary to ensure that the standards for military appointments and enlistments reflect such policy."<mask>'s "yes" vote on the bill with the unit cohesion support language was the first time in his 22-year congressional tenure that he voted in favor of any defense spending bill, previously opposing them on economic principles. However, <mask> gave several economic reasons in the Congressional Record for his "yes" vote, on H.R. 2401, including that "It cuts ballistic missile defense to $3 billion—less than one-half the level planned by the Bush administration ..." and: "it devotes a record $11.2 billion to environmental cleanup and improvement, and does so in a way that will stimulate the development of new technologies and new markets for American firms". U.S. House Committee positions
<mask> served as chairman of the House Committee on the District of Columbia and the House Armed Services Committee. <mask> also served on the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Post Office and Civil Service Committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Select Committee to Investigate the Intelligence Community. <mask> co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971. <mask>'s last Congressional election

<mask> was reelected 11 times from this Oakland-based district, which changed numbers twice during his tenure–from the 7th (1971–75) to the 8th (1975–93) to the 9th (1993–98).He only dropped below 57 percent of the vote twice, in 1980 and 1982. In his last House election race, in 1996, <mask> bested his opponent, Republican Deborah Wright, by a 77%–18% margin. In 1997, <mask> announced that he was retiring from Congress in the middle of his term, forcing a special election for the balance of his term — which created a series of five special elections in 12 months as various East Bay politicians ran for different political offices. For more detailed information, see Special election musical chairs. <mask>'s successor, Barbara Lee, won the 2000 election by an even larger, 85%–9% margin. Congressional tribute
Upon his resignation, several members of Congress, including Nancy Pelosi, Jane Harman, William Coyne, Nick Rahall, Ike Skelton, Juanita Millender-McDonald, and Tom DeLay gave speeches on the floor of the House in honor of <mask>. Millender-McDonald described <mask> as a "distinguished, principled [and] educated man."Her tribute went on:

Congressman <mask> is revered on both sides of this aisle because of his integrity and his commitment to progressive ideas. He was always on the cutting edge of the issues. California will miss him in the ninth district, but the State has been enriched by <mask>. While he towers above most of us physically, this attribute is matched by his intellect, faith in the process and optimism for peaceful resolution of conflict. Congressman Danny Davis of Illinois described Dellums:
A creative, piercing, probing, incisive, thought-provoking, inspiring, charismatic, careful, considerate and deliberative mind. The mind to stand up when others sit down. The mind to act when others refuse to act.The mind to stand even when you stand alone, battered, bruised and scorned, but still standing. Standing on principle, standing tall and standing for the people. House Majority Leader Tom DeLay described <mask> as "...one of the most giving, open and stalwart, a real stalwart man when he was Chairman"
We are losing one of its finest Members, a Member that I have great respect for, because he always did his homework, was so articulate and eloquent on this floor. He always got my attention when he stood up and took the microphone. He would stop every Member in their tracks to hear what he had to say, and there are very few Members that have served in this body that can claim the respect that both sides of the aisle had for the gentleman from California. And the incredible reputation that the gentleman from California has brought to this House; he has elevated this House. He has elevated the distinction of this House by serving here, and this House will greatly miss him when he leaves.Voting record

<mask>'s voting records in Congress

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 were "almost without exception straight As" from groups such as the Sierra Club, the National Organization for Women and the AFL-CIO. He received 100% on consumer group Public Citizen's scorecard. In contrast, he received an "F" from NumbersUSA, a group dedicated to limiting immigration. Dismissal of drug use allegations
An eight-month investigation cleared <mask> of allegations that he had used cocaine and marijuana, finding there was no basis for the allegations. The investigation of <mask> and two other congressmen, Texas Democrat Charlie Wilson and California Republican Barry Goldwater Jr., began in 1983, based on a complaint from a House doorkeeper, who pleaded guilty to drug charges on Capitol Hill himself in March 1983. Presidential nominations
In 1976, <mask> was nominated for president by the National Black Political Assembly but refused, stating "It is not my moment; it's not my time." That year, he received 20 delegate votes at the Democratic National Convention for the Vice-Presidency.Four years later, he was again nominated as the presidential candidate, this time for the Independent Freedom Party, but refused the nomination because the IFP had not yet created an effective political structure. In that year's Democratic National Convention, <mask> received three delegate votes for the Presidential nomination. Lobbyist
<mask> worked as a legislative lobbyist, which drew criticism described in the East Bay Express, a local newspaper. Shortly after leaving office, <mask> began consulting for an international health-care company, Healthcare Management International which invests in health insurance programs in developing countries. <mask> worked in Washington, D.C., as a lobbyist for clients such as the East Bay Peralta Community College District and AC Transit, the public transit district charged with offering mass transit throughout the East Bay. <mask>'s firm lobbied for Rolls Royce, a company that manufactures aircraft engines. He also worked on behalf of the San Francisco International Airport during its attempts to build additional runway capacity, which has been vigorously opposed by environmental groups.His company was engaged in community relations work for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory which conducts scientific research on behalf of the Department of Energy, and has long had a contentious relationship with its residential neighbors and the Berkeley city council. In addition he lobbied for Bristol-Myers Squibb, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation. In 2017, Bill Browder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that representatives of Vladimir Putin had hired "Howard Schweitzer of Cozen O'Connor Public Strategies and former Congressman <mask> to lobby members of Congress on Capitol Hill to repeal the Magnitsky Act and to remove Sergei's name from the Global Magnitsky bill." The bill is named for the Russian lawyer who was murdered in prison for pursuing the corruption of Putin's allies. Browder also worked with the Human Rights Accountability Global Initiative to oppose sanctions on Russia. Dellums lobbied for the Haitian government in 2001–2002 and worked to support Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the first democratically elected, former President of Haiti who was deposed in a 2004 coup. When running for mayor of Oakland, Dellums listed his most recent profession as "retired Congressman" in election filing forms.When assistant City Clerk Marjo Keller informed the Dellums campaign that this description was unacceptable, the campaign elected to leave the occupation field blank. A former East Bay Express columnist once wrote a column titled "Dellums for Dollars" criticizing Dellums's lobbying. Speaking in defense of Dellums, Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson said that, if asked, Dellums would likely say "just because I'm advocating for a company that may be paying me consulting fees, I'm not selling out my beliefs." Mayor of Oakland

2006 Oakland mayoral election

After Oakland Council President Ignacio De La Fuente and District 3 City Council member Nancy Nadel declared their mayoral candidacies, <mask> was recruited to run for Mayor of Oakland. An informal committee, "Draft Dellums", collected 8,000 signatures and presented them to the former Congressman at a public meeting at Laney College. Crowds of Oaklanders chanted "Run, <mask>, Run". In October 2005, reportedly after weeks of deliberation and speculation, <mask> announced that he would run for mayor of Oakland.The incumbent mayor, former California Governor Jerry Brown, was prohibited by term limits from running again. On June 16, 2006, after a careful ballot count, and a dispute over whether votes for unqualified write-in candidates such as George W. Bush and Homer Simpson counted towards the total, <mask> was unofficially declared the winner in the Oakland mayoral race. <mask> garnered a 50.18 percent majority to win the election. This was 155 votes more than needed to avoid a runoff. <mask> received 41,992 votes, while his nearest challengers received 27,607 votes, and 10,928 votes respectively. Transition and citizen task forces
Mayor-Elect <mask>'s transition to office involved 800 Oaklanders who joined 41 task forces to make recommendations on issues ranging from public safety to education and affordable housing. Many of these recommendations helped to shape the policy agenda of the <mask> administration.The task forces recommended a land use policy which would emphasize zoning for job-creating business. This policy was adopted in 2007, and the city is being zoned. The task forces recommended a stronger policy on the hiring of local residents, and the City Council appointed a group to pursue this change. The task forces recommended a focus on the green economy, and the Mayor, along with a variety of community organizations created the Green Jobs Corps, an office of sustainability and the East Bay Green Corridor. Mayor <mask> reported that approximately two-thirds of the recommendations had been implemented as of the end of 2009. The Task Forces and the Inauguration itself, which included hundreds of the city's least affluent residents, were considered examples of grassroots democracy. Public safety initiatives
Crime rates were high when <mask> took office in January 2007 and at his first State of the City Address in January 2008, Dellums called for hiring more police officers.<mask> promised that by year's end, the police department would be fully staffed at 803 officers. On November 14, 2008, 38 Oakland police officers were added to the force after graduating the 165th academy, bringing the department's force to 837 officers, the most in OPD history. In addition, to follow through on his calls for hiring more officers, <mask> offered Measure NN on the November 2008 ballot, a voter initiative parcel tax to hire 70 additional police officers at a hiring and training cost of $250,000 each. Though 55 percent of Oakland voters supported Measure NN, this failed to meet California's "two thirds" constitutional requirement for the enactment of a new tax. <mask>'s administration negotiated the passage of a new police contract which was especially noteworthy, as it broke the Oakland Police Officers Association's opposition to the civilianization of certain OPD positions which were previously staffed by "sworn," uniformed police officers, with concomitant payrolls and police academy training costs. OPD then hired "non-sworn" personnel to work some of its desk jobs and administrative jobs, freeing up academy uniformed officers for street patrol and investigative work. On Saturday, March 21, 2009, during the 2009 Oakland police shootings incident, the Oakland Police Department lost three sergeants and one officer.One of the officers left instructions in his emergency packet that if he were killed in the line of duty that <mask> not be permitted to speak at his funeral. Two of the officers' families requested the same, and when <mask> attended the March 28 public memorial service at the Oracle Arena he honored the requests. In his State of the City address in 2008 <mask> promised to reduce the crime rate by 10% during 2009;  the crime rate actually went down by 13%. In 2009 Dellums hired the highly regarded Anthony Batts, formerly the Long Beach police chief. Batts had a record of reducing both crime and police shootings in that Southern California city. Education initiatives
Noting that reducing teacher turn-over and improving the engagement of teachers with the families of their students would require increasing the number of teachers who came from the local community, <mask> initiated a program  to create more teachers who were diverse local residents. He held teacher recruitment summits in City Hall, helped the Teach Tomorrow in Oakland program to obtain $2.7 million in federal funding, and spoke to the U.S. Conference of Mayors about the national potential of such programs.The Community Task Forces remained active in these efforts. In 2009 <mask> launched an anti-drop-out initiative which included sponsoring back to school rallies at City Hall and participating with the school district in truancy reduction efforts. He accepted an invitation from the national organization, America's Promise,  to join their efforts at drop-out prevention. As part of this effort, he started Oakland's Promise,  recruited several dozen community-based organizations to participate, held a Summit with 350 participants, and adopted an Action Plan to cut Oakland's drop-out rate in half. Promoting Oakland
As Mayor, <mask> proposed the idea of Oakland as a "Model City". He argued that Oakland is "big enough to be significant and small enough to get your arms around", and that the federal government needs a city like Oakland on which to try out new urban policy inventions. From 2008, <mask> campaigned to bring millions in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act federal stimulus funding to Oakland, using both his extensive Washington D.C. contacts and the idea of the Model City.By the end of 2009, his efforts had yielded US$65 million in stimulus funding for Oakland, including the largest police grant of any city in the country, and the second largest amount in competitive funding after Chicago. Criticism and recall efforts
After his election as mayor of Oakland, <mask> came under criticism for a wide range of issues, including a lack of transparency in government, ineffectual governance, and alleged extended absence from his duties at City Hall. He was criticized for refusing to disavow a staff-generated letter sent in his name in July 2007 to a Federal Bankruptcy Court in support of the Your Black Muslim Bakery, whose owners were suspects in the 2007 murder of reporter Chauncey Bailey. In 2009, <mask> and his wife were cited with failure to pay over $239,000 in federal income taxes. In 2007, Oakland reporter Elise Ackerman launched an unsuccessful campaign to recall <mask> and released an open letter addressed to Dellums. When addressing a town hall-style meeting in 2007, <mask> declared: "I'm giving it everything that I have. If that's not enough, that's cool.Recall me and let me get on with my private life." <mask> later announced he would not seek a second term as mayor of Oakland in the 2010 election. He was succeeded by Jean Quan. Death
<mask> died of complications from prostate cancer on July 30, 2018, at age 82. <mask> was interred with military honors in section 82, at Arlington National Cemetery. Partisan affiliations

Although he ran as a Democrat and caucused as a Democrat in Congress, <mask> described himself as a socialist. He was the first self-described socialist in Congress since Victor L. Berger.In the 1970s, <mask> was a member of the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC), an offshoot of the Socialist Party of America. He later became vice-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), which was formed by a merger between the DSOC and the New American Movement, and which works within and outside the Democratic Party. While running for mayor of Oakland, <mask> was officially registered as a member of the Democratic Party. On October 1, 2007, <mask> endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary at a press conference held at Laney College in Oakland. He was named national chair of Clinton's Urban Policy Committee. <mask> was a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. Autobiography
In 2000, <mask> published an autobiography, cowritten with H. Lee Halterman, entitled Lying Down with the Lions: A Public Life from the Streets of Oakland to the Halls of Power.See also

List of African-American United States representatives
List of Democratic Socialists of America who have held office in the United States
The Color of Friendship

References

External links
Profile at Citymayors.com

Dellums victory signifies a sea change in Oakland politics San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 2006. <mask>'s oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project. |-

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1935 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
African-American history in the San Francisco Bay Area
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American military personnel
African-American city council members in California
American lobbyists
American socialists
California Democrats
California socialists
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from prostate cancer
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
History of Berkeley, California
Mayors of Oakland, California
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Military personnel from California
Nixon's Enemies List
Non-interventionism
Politicians from Berkeley, California
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
San Francisco State University alumni
United States Marines
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Writers from Oakland, California
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Dellums family
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from

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<mask> (22 March 1901 – 7 April 1951) was a New Zealand palaeontologist and conchologist. He was born in Comilla, India (now Bangladesh), on 22 March 1901. His main research interest was marine and non-marine malacofauna of New Zealand, both recent and fossil. He also specialised on fossil Foraminifera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1939, and was awarded the scoiety's Hector Memorial Medal in 1941. Bibliography
Many of <mask>'s works were published in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand abbreviated as Trans. N.Z.Inst. (incomplete; complete only for publications from Trans. N.Z. Inst.) 1923
 Finlay H. J. 1923. Some Remarks on New Zealand Calliostomidae, with Descriptions of New Tertiary Species.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 99–105. Finlay H. J. & McDowall F. H. 1923.Fossiliferous Limestone at Dowling Bay. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 106–114. 1924
 Finlay H. J.1924. A Chemical Investigation of Pintsch Oil. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. Three Fossil Annelids new to New Zealand.Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. New shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds. Trans. N.Z.Inst., vol. 55, 1924, pp. 450–479. <mask> H. J. 1924. New Zealand Tertiary Rissoids. Trans.N.Z. Inst. vol 55, 1924, pp. 480–490. Finlay H. J. 1924. The Molluscan Fauna of Target Gully.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 494–516. <mask> H. J. 1924. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 517–526. <mask> H. J. 1924. The Family Liotiidae, Iredale, in the New Zealand Tertiary: Part 1—The Genus Brookula.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 526–531. Finlay H. J. & McDowall F. H. 1924. Preliminary Note on the Clifden Beds.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 534–538. <mask> H. J. 1924.Two New Species of Magadina. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. Some necessary changes in Names of New Zealand Mollusca. Proc.Mal. Soc. (Lond. ), vol. 16, pt. 2, pp. 99–107.Finlay H. J. 1924. List of Recorded Relationships between Australian and New Zealand Mollusca. Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol.16, pp. 332–343. 1925
 Finlay H. J. 1925 Some Modern Conceptions Applied to the Study of the Caenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. Verbeek Mem. Birthday Vol., pp. 161–172.1926
 Finlay H. J. 1926 New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds: Part 2. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, 1926, pp. 227–258.Finlay H. J. 1926 On Iredalina, new genus: a Volute without plaits. Proc. Mal. Soc. (Lond. ), vol.17, pt. 1, pp. 59–62. 1927
 Finlay H. J. 1927. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand.—No. 2.Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 57, 1927, pp. 485–487
 <mask> H. J. (19 January) 1927. New Specific Names for Austral Mollusca. Trans.N.Z. Inst., Volume 57, 1927, pp. 488–533. <mask> H. J. (23 December) 1927. A Further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan Systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 57, 1927, 320-485.1928
 Finlay H. J. 1928. The Recent Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 59, 1928, pp. 232–286

1930
 Finlay H. J.(23 August) 1930. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand. No. 3. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 222-247.(PDF)
 Finlay H. J. 1930. Invalid Molluscan Names. No. 1. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 61, 1930
 Finlay H. J. 1930. New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds. Part 3. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930, pp.49–84
 Finlay H. J. 1930. Notes on Recent Papers dealing with the Mollusca of New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930, pp. 248–258
 Finlay H. J.1930. Revision of the New Zealand. Shells Referred to Fusinus. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930

1931
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932.On Turbo postulatus Bartrum: Does it indicate a Pliocene Connection with Australia? Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932. On Austrosassia, Austroharpa, and Austrolithes, New Genera; with some Remarks on the Gasteropod Protoconch. Trans.N.Z. Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32, pp. 7–19
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932. On the Occurrence of Strebloceras in New Zealand. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32
 Finlay H. J. & Laws C. R. (23 May) 1931. A Second Species of Planorbis from New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. Volume 62, 1931–32.23-25. 1938
 Finlay H. J. 1938–1939. New Zealand Foraminifera: Key Species in Stratigraphy—No. 1. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 68, 1938–39,
 Finlay H. J. 1938–1939. New Zealand Foraminifera: The Occurrence of Rzehakina, Hantkenina, Rotaliatina, and Zeauvigerina. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 68, 1938–39

1940
 Finlay H. J. 1940.New Zealand Foraminifera: Key Species in Stratigraphy. No. 2. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 69, 1940
 Finlay H. J. & Marwick J.1940. The Divisions of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary in New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., vol. 70, pp.77–135. 1946
 <mask> H. J. 1946–1947. The Microfaunas of the Oxford Chalk and Eyre River Beds. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 76, 1946–47,
 Finlay H. J.1946–1947. The Foraminiferal Evidence for Tertiary Trans-Tasman Correlation. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 76, 1946–47

1947
 Finlay H. J. & Marwick J. 1947.New Divisions of the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary. N.Z. Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 28, (sec. B), pp.230–236. 1950
 Benson W. N. & Finlay H. J. 1950. A Post-Tertiary Micro-Fauna in a Concretion Containing Cancer novae-zealandiae. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 78, 1950, 269-270.References

 Scott, G. H. <mask>, <mask> 1901 – 1951. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007

Further reading
 Rehder H. A. (July) 1952. <mask> <mask>, 1901–1951. The Nautilus 66(1): 30-31. Hornbrook N. de B. (July) 1951.The Micropaleontologist. volume 5, number 3. <mask>, A. M. (July) 1981. H. J<mask>, 1901—1951. Geological Society of New Zealand. Newsletter No 53 (July 1981): 29—30
 Hornbrook, N. de B. (December) 1971.Finlay & Marwick. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14, No 4 (Dec. 1971): 640—654
 Hornbrook, N. de B. 1975. <mask><mask> (1901–1951). New Zealand's Nature Heritage 59 (1975): facing 1656

External links
 http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-207944.html

New Zealand paleontologists
1901 births
1951 deaths
University of Otago alumni
Micropaleontologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand scientists

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Harold John Finlay
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Harold John
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. Finlay
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title: Van Heflin

texts:
Emmett Evan "<mask><mask>. (December 13, 1908 – July 23, 1971) was an American theatre, radio and film actor. He played mostly character parts over the course of his film career, but during the 1940s had a string of roles as a leading man. <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Johnny Eager (1942). He also had memorable roles in Westerns such as Shane (1953), 3:10 to Yuma (1957), and Gunman's Walk (1958). Early life
<mask> was born in Walters, Oklahoma, the son of Fanny Bleecker (née Shippey) and Dr. <mask>, a dentist. He was of Irish and French ancestry. Heflin's sister was Daytime Emmy-nominated actress <mask> (who married composer Sol Kaplan).Heflin attended Classen High School in Oklahoma City. One source says Long Beach Polytechnic High School. He also went to the University of Oklahoma, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1932 and was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He earned a master's degree in theater at Yale University. Career

Broadway
<mask> made his film debut in A Woman Rebels (1936), opposite Katharine Hepburn, whom he played opposite in the stage version of The Philadelphia Story. He followed it with The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1937), billed third after Preston Foster and Jean Muir, and Flight from Glory (1937), a Chester Morris programmer where Heflin played an alcoholic pilot. <mask> was in Annapolis Salute (1937), then was given his first lead role in Saturday's Heroes (1937), playing a star quarterback. <mask> returned to Broadway for Western Waters (1937–38) and Casey Jones (1938), the latter for the Group Theatre and directed by Elia Kazan. In Hollywood <mask> had a support role in Back Door to Heaven (1939). He returned to Broadway where he played Macaulay Connor opposite Katharine Hepburn, Joseph Cotten and Shirley Booth in The Philadelphia Story, which ran for 417 performances from 1939–1940. It led to <mask> being offered a choice character part in the Errol Flynn western Santa Fe Trail (1940) at Warners, playing a villainous gun seller.The movie was a big hit. It also led to a contract offer from MGM. MGM

MGM initially cast <mask> in supporting roles in films such as The Feminine Touch (1941) and H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941). He had an excellent part as Robert Taylor's doomed best friend in Johnny Eager (1942), which won <mask> an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and was a box office success. Stardom

MGM began to groom <mask> as a leading man in B movies, giving him the star role in Kid Glove Killer (1942), directed by Fred Zinnemann, and Grand Central Murder (1942). Both were popular.Encouraged, MGM cast him as Kathryn Grayson's love interest in a musical, Seven Sweethearts (1942), then was given the star role in an "A" film, as the embattled President Andrew Johnson in Tennessee Johnson (1942), playing opposite (and at odds with) Lionel Barrymore who, in the role of Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, failed to have Johnson convicted in an impeachment trial by the slimmest of margins. The film was a box office flop. <mask> was Judy Garland's love interest in Presenting Lily Mars (1943), then he enlisted in the army. <mask> served during World War II in the United States Army Air Force as a combat cameraman in the Ninth Air Force in Europe and with the First Motion Picture Unit. He appeared in a training film, Land and Live in the Jungle (1944). When Helfin returned to Hollywood, MGM loaned him to Hal Wallis to appear opposite Barbara Stanwyck in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946). He was in the all-star musical Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) then was loaned to Warner Bros to co star with Joan Crawford in Possessed (1947).Back at MGM he co-starred with Lana Turner in Green Dolphin Street (1947), a big prestige film for the studio and their biggest hit of 1947. He was reunited with Stanwyck in B.F.'s Daughter (1948) and was loaned to Walter Wanger for Tap Roots (1948), where he was top billed; both lost money. MGM cast him as Athos in The Three Musketeers (1948), a huge success. He was top-billed in Zinnemann's Act of Violence (1949), and supported Jennifer Jones in Madame Bovary (1949). Both movies were acclaimed but lost money. He then made a third film with Stanwyck, East Side, West Side (1950), but he was now billed beneath James Mason. While that production did not lose money, it only netted a small profit for the studio.Radio
The Adventures of Philip Marlowe was a radio detective drama that aired from June 17, 1947, through September 15, 1951, first heard on NBC in the summer of 1947 starring <mask> (June 12, 1947 – September 9, 1947). He also acted on the Lux Radio Theatre, Suspense, Cavalcade of America and many more radio programs. Leaving MGM
<mask> began appearing on television on episodes of Nash Airflyte Theatre and Robert Montgomery Presents (an adaptation of Arrowsmith). <mask> had the lead role in a Western at Universal, Tomahawk (1951) and starred in a thriller directed by Joseph Losey, The Prowler (1951). At Universal he made a family comedy with Patricia Neal, Week-End with Father (1951), then he was an FBI man in Leo McCarey's anti-Communist My Son John (1952). <mask> went to England to star in South of Algiers (1953). He appeared in a huge success as the honest farmer in Shane (1953) with Alan Ladd.However he followed it up with action films at Universal: Wings of the Hawk (1953), and Tanganyika (1954). He starred in an independent Western, The Raid (1954) and was one of many stars in 20th Century Fox's Woman's World (1954). <mask> stayed at Fox to star in Black Widow (1954) and he was top billed in Warners' Battle Cry (1955) based on Leon Uris's best seller which was a major hit at the box office. After a Western, Count Three and Pray (1955), <mask> starred in Patterns (1956) based on a TV play by Rod Serling. He also did a Playhouse 90 written by Serling, "The Dark Side of the Earth", and "The Rank and File"; he also did "The Cruel Day" by Reginald Rose. <mask> returned to Broadway to appear in a double bill of Arthur Miller's A View From the Bridge and A Memory of Two Mondays which ran for 149 performances under the direction of Martin Ritt. Heflin had an excellent part in 3:10 to Yuma (1957) with Glenn Ford.He made a Western with Tab Hunter, his old Battle Cry co star, Gunman's Walk (1958). That was made for Columbia, with whom Heflin signed a contract to make one film a year for five years. Europe
<mask> then went to Italy to star in Tempest (1959). He was billed after Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth in They Came to Cordura (1959). <mask> went back to Europe for 5 Branded Women (1960), which he starred in for Martin Ritt, Under Ten Flags (1960), and The Wastrel (1961). In Hollywood he appeared on The Dick Powell Theatre. <mask> went to the Philippines to star in a war film Cry of Battle (1963).This was playing at the Texas Theatre in Dallas on November 22, 1963. His name and the film title appear on the marquee. It was that theatre where Lee Harvey Oswald was apprehended in the aftermath of President Kennedy's assassination. <mask> had another Broadway hit in the title role of A Case of Libel (1963–64) which ran for 242 performances. Later career
<mask> appeared in a short but dramatic role as an eyewitness of Jesus' raising of Lazarus from death in the 1965 Bible film, The Greatest Story Ever Told. After seeing the miracle he ran from Bethany to the walls of Jerusalem and proclaimed to the guards at the top of the wall that Jesus was the Messiah. <mask> returned to MGM for a support part in Once a Thief (1965).He was in the remake of Stagecoach (1966) and went to Europe to star in The Man Outside (1967) and Every Man for Himself (1968). In the US he was in the TV movies A Case of Libel (1968), and Certain Honorable Men (1968) and he had a support part in The Big Bounce (1969). <mask>'s last feature film was Airport (1970). He played "D. O. Guerrero", a failure who schemes to blow himself up on an airliner so that his wife (played by Maureen Stapleton) can collect on a life insurance policy. It was an enormous success. His last TV movies were Neither Are We Enemies (1970) and The Last Child (1971). Personal life
Heflin had a six-month marriage to actress Eleanor Shaw (née Eleanor Scherr, died 2004) in the mid-thirties.In 1942,  <mask> married RKO contract player Frances Neal. They had two daughters, actresses <mask> O'Brien and Cathleen (Kate) <mask>, and a son, Tracy. The couple divorced in 1967. Heflin was the grandfather of actor Ben O'Brien and actress Eleanor O'Brien. <mask>'s sister, Fran, nickname 'Fra', regularly appeared as Mona Kane, mother of Erica [Susan Lucci] in the daytime television drama series All My Children. She played the role from January 5, 1970 until her death in June 1994. He was also the uncle of <mask> and Mady Kaplan, both actresses, and director Jonathan Kaplan.<mask>'s brother, Martin, a public relations executive, was married to American theatre producer <mask>. Death
On June 6, 1971, <mask> had a heart attack while swimming in a pool. Medics took him to a hospital, and though he lived for nearly seven weeks, he apparently never regained consciousness. <mask> died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles on July 23, 1971 at 6:43 am, aged 62. He had left instructions forbidding a public funeral. Instead, his cremated remains were scattered in the ocean. Recognition
In 1960, <mask> was honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for his contributions to motion pictures at 6311 Hollywood Boulevard, and for television at 6125 Hollywood Boulevard.He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1964. In February 2016, a biography, <mask>lin A Life in Film, by Derek Sculthorpe, was published by McFarland & Co., Inc., of Jefferson, N.C.

Filmography

Television credits

Radio appearances

References

Further reading
Sculthorpe, Derek (2016). <mask>lin: A Life in Film. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. External links
<mask>lin A Life in Film

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Heflin, <mask>
Photographs and literature on <mask>fln

1908 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Classen School of Advanced Studies alumni
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Oklahoma
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from Walters, Oklahoma
RKO Pictures contract players
United States Army Air Forces officers
University of Oklahoma alumni

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" Heflin Jr
Heflin
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Emmett Evan Heflin
Frances Heflin
Heflinflin
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Van He


title: Paul Weiland

texts:
<mask> OBE (born 11 July 1953) is an English motion picture and television director, writer and producer. <mask> is a director and producer of television commercials in the UK, having made over 500 commercials, including a popular and long-running series for Walkers crisps. He has also directed several British television series, including Alas Smith and Jones (1989–1992) and Mr. Bean (1991–1992). His feature film credits include Made of Honor (2008), Sixty Six (2006), Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999), Roseanna's Grave (1997), City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994) and Leonard Part 6 (1987). Early years
<mask> grew up in the Southgate section of London, England and attended De Bohun's school. He left school at age 17 and worked as a messenger before becoming a copywriter. Career

Television commercials
Weiland began his directing career making British television commercials.Weiland has made more than 500 commercials. Weiland's most successful advertising campaign was a series of television commercials for Walkers crisps. The commercials have featured celebrities, including English football striker Gary Lineker, boxer Lennox Lewis and Victoria Beckham. The commercials became enormously popular in Britain, leading Weiland to then say, "A friend said to me the other day that they've become like little Woody Allen films – people want to appear in them. Lennox Lewis obviously didn't need the money but felt that he wanted to be more approachable to the British public. He was interesting, did a good job, as did David Seaman and Victoria Beckham." Weiland is the owner of The Paul Weiland Film Company and has become a multimillionaire with his work on television commercials.In the 1990s, his company won the top British TV Awards prize for five consecutive years. Leonard Part 6
In 1987, <mask> made his debut as a feature film director with Leonard Part 6, a comedy starring Bill Cosby as secret agent who is called out of retirement to save the world from an evil genius who has developed the ability to brainwash small animals into killing humans. The film was a critical and box office bomb. The Village Voice called it "the worst film of the decade." The Los Angeles Times wrote: "'Leonard Part 6' is a smug, tedious exercise in self-indulgence ... There's virtually nothing to laugh at in this film, and too much of everything else." The Times noted that, although <mask> was the director, "clearly Cosby, as star, producer and idea man, is the auteur here."His direction of Leonard Part 6 resulted in <mask>'s being nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director. Asked years later about his work on the film, <mask> recalled:"It was a terrible mistake. ... When anyone gets into that position (Bill Cosby's position of power in the 1980s), they are surrounded by sycophants and no one tells them the truth. But Cosby just wasn't funny. I couldn't tell him directly. I'd say it feels slow, and he'd say 'You worry about construction, let me worry about funny'.""Cosby attributed most of the movie's problems to first-time director <mask>, whom he felt was too young and inexperienced. Cosby himself was producer and writer of the story". Mr. Bean
Between 1991 and 1992, <mask> directed several episodes of the Mr. Bean television series starring Rowan Atkinson. In 2005, The Times wrote: "The director <mask> made millions laugh with the television comedy series Mr Bean and Alas Smith and Jones." City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold
In 1994, <mask> returned to feature films as the director of City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold starring Billy Crystal, Daniel Stern, Jon Lovitz and Jack Palance. The film was a sequel to the popular 1991 film City Slickers. In the film, Billy Crystal's character discovers a treasure map and sets off with Lovitz and Stern to find the treasure of gold in the Arizona desert.Blackadder: Back & Forth
In 2001, <mask> renewed his partnership with Rowan Atkinson, directing him in the British television film, Blackadder: Back & Forth. The film is a time travel comedy in which Atkinson's character, Lord Blackadder, travels in a time machine to the Jurassic period, Sherwood Forest, and the Battle of Waterloo. Miranda Richardson, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, Colin Firth and Kate Moss also appear in the film. <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for his direction of the film. Sixty-Six
<mask>'s 2006 feature film Sixty Six is an autobiographical comedy-drama based on <mask>'s bar mitzvah which was held on the same night as England's win over West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup final. As a result of the football match, guests cancelled en masse, and only a handful showed up at the bar mitzvah. The film received generally positive reviews.The Guardian of London wrote that, "Despite the whimsical voice-over and gloopy, sentimental tone, it's a hard film to dislike and boasts a wonderfully lugubrious performance from Eddie Marsan as the round-shouldered schlub of a dad." Made of Honor
<mask> also holds the distinction of directing the last screen appearance of Sydney Pollack, in the 2008 feature Made of Honor. Awards
<mask> has won a BAFTA Award for The Storyteller: The Three Ravens. He also won the President's Award for Lifetime Achievement at the Design & Art Directors Association. In 1983, he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for directing Keep Off the Grass. Personal life
<mask> is married, and he and his wife, Caroline, have four children: Maxwell, Hannah, Bella and Joseph. Filmography
<mask>'s film directing credits include:
 Leonard Part 6 (1987)
 Bernard and the Genie (1991)
 City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994)
 Roseanna's Grave (1997)
 Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999, short film)
 Sixty Six (2006)
 Made of Honor (2008)

References

External links

1953 births
Comedy film directors
Film directors from London
Writers from London
Television commercial directors
Living people
English male writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

masks:
Paul Weiland
Weiland
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title: Cris Carter

texts:
<mask> (born November 25, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989), the Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001) and the Miami Dolphins (2002). After playing college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, <mask> was drafted by the Eagles in the fourth round of the 1987 NFL supplemental draft. While in Philadelphia, head coach Buddy Ryan helped to coin one of ESPN's Chris Berman's famous quotes about <mask>: "All he does is catch touchdowns." He was let go by Ryan in 1989, however, due to off-the-field issues. <mask> was signed by the Vikings and turned his life and career around, becoming a two-time first-team and one-time second-team All-Pro and playing in eight consecutive Pro Bowls. When he left the Vikings after 2001, he held most of the team career receiving records. He briefly played for the Dolphins in 2002 before retiring.Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has worked on HBO's Inside the NFL, ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown, and online at Yahoo Sports. He also works as an assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver. In 2017, <mask> began co-hosting First Things First with Nick Wright on FS1. He was terminated from the show following a suspension and investigation in 2019. <mask> resides in Boca Raton, Florida. He is the brother of former NBA player and coach <mask>. After six years, and five finalist selections, <mask> was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 2, 2013.Early years
<mask> was born in Troy, Ohio. For elementary school he went to Heywood Elementary in Troy, Ohio. He spent his early childhood there before moving to Middletown, Ohio, with his mother, three brothers, and two sisters. They lived in a small four-bedroom apartment. He attended Middletown High School and starred in both football and basketball. Named after his grandfather, Graduel, <mask> dropped his birth name and unofficially changed his name to <mask> after wide receiver <mask> Collinsworth, stating that he would never be famous with the name Graduel. According to <mask> on ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" (on September 15, 2014), he dropped the name during 7th grade, and his name is still listed as Christopher on official documents, including his driver's license.College career
<mask> was heavily recruited out of high school for both basketball and football. He accepted the offer to attend Ohio State University from Buckeyes head coach Earle Bruce. <mask> became a consensus All-America selection after his junior season, Ohio State's first All American at wide receiver. <mask> had intended to play both football and basketball at Ohio State, but decided to focus on football after making an immediate impact his freshman year. That year, he set a Rose Bowl record with nine receptions for 172 yards. In his junior season, he caught 69 passes for 1,127 yards and 11 touchdowns. <mask> was known for great hands, running precise routes, and for acrobatic leaps.He had remarkable body control and footwork when making catches near the sidelines. At the Citrus Bowl at the end of the 1985 season, <mask> caught a ball that quarterback Jim Karsatos was intending to throw away. Karsatos has claimed that catch by <mask> was the greatest in the history of college football: "When I finally saw it on film, he was tiptoeing the sidelines and he jumped up and caught the ball left-handed by the point of the football at least a yard out of bounds. Then he somehow levitated back in bounds to get both his feet in bounds. I swear to this day he actually levitated to get back in bounds. When I saw it on film, it just blew me away." Prior to <mask>'s senior season, he secretly signed with notorious sports agent Norby Walters.When the contract was discovered, <mask> was ruled ineligible. The absence of <mask> in the 1987 offense contributed to a disappointing 6–4–1 season and the firing of Coach Bruce. Missing this season also cost him a chance at evening his personal record against Michigan; <mask> finished 1–2, his lone taste of victory in the series being his freshman year. Despite losing his senior year, <mask> left Ohio State holding the school record for receptions (168), gaining 2,725 yards and 27 touchdowns from them. In 2000, he was selected as a member of the Ohio State Football All-Century Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
A 4th round pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1987 supplemental draft, <mask> saw limited action during his rookie season catching just 5 passes for 84 yards and 2 touchdowns.His first professional catch was a 22-yard touchdown vs. the St. Louis Cardinals. <mask> got more involved in the Eagles offense in 1988 catching 39 passes for 761 yards and tying for the team lead with 6 scoring receptions. In 1989, he became the teams' primary red zone receiver, leading the Eagles with 11 touchdown catches (3rd in the NFC) while hauling in 45 passes for 605 yards. Shortly after, <mask> had a falling out with coach Buddy Ryan and was a surprise cut following the pre-season. <mask> later admitted that Ryan released him because of alcohol and drug abuse, including large amounts of ecstasy, cocaine and marijuana, and credits his former coach with helping him turn his life around as a result. Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings claimed the troubled wide receiver off waivers on September 4, 1990, for only $100. Stuck behind Hassan Jones and resident star receiver, <mask> (no relation), <mask> didn't see very many passes come his way during his first season in Minnesota.He did gain a measure of revenge against his former team, however, catching six passes for 151 yards, including a 78-yard touchdown, in a Monday Night contest at Philadelphia on October 15. <mask> finished the 1990 campaign with 27 receptions for 413 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 1991, <mask> stepped forward as Minnesota's top pass catcher. He led the team with 72 receptions, 962 yards, and 5 touchdown catches. The winds of change were blowing in Minnesota; after a second straight disappointing season head coach Jerry Burns retired. Stanford head coach Dennis Green was named as his replacement on January 10, 1992, and began a house cleaning process. "The New Sheriff in Town" released stalwarts like RB Herschel Walker and QB Wade Wilson and traded DT Keith Millard to the Seattle Seahawks.The Vikings returned to NFL prominence in 1992, posting an 11–5 record and capturing their first NFC Central Division title since 1989. With Rich Gannon and Sean Salisbury alternating at QB, <mask> remained the team's primary aerial weapon—leading the team with 53 receptions, 681 yards, and 6 touchdowns despite missing the final four games of the season with a broken collar bone. The Vikings season ended in disappointment, however, as the defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins upended them 24–7 in the Wild Card round. In 1993, veteran QB Jim McMahon acted as the team's primary signal-caller and <mask> had a breakout season. He posted career highs in receptions, 86, and yards, 1,071, while catching 9 touchdowns — all team highs, and appeared in his first Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished the season 9–7, good enough for a playoff berth, but fell 17–10 to the New York Giants in the Wild Card round. Veteran quarterback Warren Moon was acquired before the 1994 season and immediately developed a rapport with <mask>.The veteran helped <mask> set the NFL single-season record for receptions with 122 (the record was broken in 1995 by Detroit's Herman Moore). <mask> also led the team with 1256 yards and 7 receiving touchdowns, which earned him First-team All Pro honors. Moon and <mask> carried the team to a 10–6 record and the NFC Central title, but couldn't stop the Vikings from a third straight first-round playoff exit — a 35–18 home loss to the Chicago Bears. <mask> teamed up with Moon in 1995 to post his finest statistical season. He caught 122 passes for a career-high 1,371 yards and led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions. <mask> received Second-team All Pro honors for his efforts. The Vikings, however, finished 8–8 and missed the playoffs for the first time under Green.Midway through the 1996 season Brad Johnson took over at QB for the Vikings. <mask> didn't miss a beat, catching 96 passes for 1,163 yards and 10 touchdowns. The Vikings returned to the playoffs with a 9–7 record, but were routed by the Dallas Cowboys 40–15 in the Wild Card round. <mask> appeared in his fourth straight Pro Bowl following the season. <mask> continued to be the focal point of the Vikings' offense in 1997. He was named to his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl, leading the NFL with 13 touchdown receptions while pacing the team with 89 catches and 1069 yards. Even though he had more impressive seasons statistically, 1997 may have been <mask>'s finest hour, as week after week he dazzled with one spectacular catch after another.With Randall Cunningham at QB (he replaced the injured Johnson late in the season) the Vikings finally broke through in the playoffs, defeating the Giants 23–22 in a last-minute miracle comeback. The playoff success was fleeting, however, as the team fell to the San Francisco 49ers 38–22 the following week. In 1998 the Vikings drafted Marshall wide receiver Randy Moss with 21st pick in the first round. Suddenly, the Vikings possessed the NFL's most dangerous weapon. They cruised through the regular season, posting a 15–1 record while scoring a then-league record 556 points. <mask>, who made the Pro Bowl for

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title: Cris Carter

texts:
 the fifth time, caught 78 passes for 1,011 yards and 12 touchdowns. Led by Moss, <mask>, and Miller Lite Player of the Year Randall Cunningham, the Vikings entered the playoffs as heavy favorites to reach the Super Bowl.They easily defeated the Arizona Cardinals 41–21 in the Divisional Round, advancing to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since 1987. The Vikings entered that game as 13 and a half point favorites over the Atlanta Falcons, but lost in overtime 30–27 to become the biggest favorite to ever lose a home playoff game. <mask> later said losing that game was the lone regret of his time in Minnesota, and that he didn't even know if he wanted to play anymore afterwards. The following year, <mask> had his finest individual season since 1995— the First-team All Pro caught 90 passes for 1241 yards and an NFL-best 13 touchdowns. The Vikings easily defeated the Dallas Cowboys 27–10 in the Wild Card round and headed to St. Louis to face the NFL's new hottest offense. Minnesota led the eventual Super Bowl champions 17–14 at the half, but a second-half flurry led to a 49–37 Rams win. <mask> finished the decade of the '90s with 835 receptions, second only to Jerry Rice's 860, and was named to the NFL's All Decade team.In 2000, led by Daunte Culpepper, the Vikings won the NFC Central division, and <mask> finished the season with 96 receptions, 1274 yards, 9 touchdowns, and an eighth Pro Bowl. On November 30, <mask> became only the second player in NFL history to reach the 1,000 reception plateau when he caught a 4-yard touchdown pass against Detroit. In 2001, the Vikings floundered with a record of 5–11, their first losing season since 1990. <mask>'s production dipped to its lowest point since 1992 (mostly because of QB Spergon Wynn's ineffectiveness in the last three games) — 73 catches, 871 yards, 6 touchdowns — and his streak of eight straight Pro Bowls came to an end. Following the season, the longest-tenured Viking exercised an out clause in his contract that ended his career in Minnesota. <mask> <mask> left the Vikings as their all-time leader in, among other things, receptions (1,004), receiving yards (12,383), and touchdowns (110). Miami Dolphins
<mask> spent the spring of 2002 looking for a team.Although he talked with the Rams, Browns, and Dolphins, he was unable to complete a deal and joined HBO's Inside the NFL team as an analyst on May 21. He served in that capacity until October 21 when the Miami Dolphins lured the veteran back onto the playing field to bolster their injury-riddled receiving corps. The Boca Raton resident started in his first game as a Dolphin at Lambeau Field in Week 9. <mask> showed signs of rust, catching just three passes for 31 yards and fumbling once. During the week that followed, he checked into the hospital with a kidney ailment and was sidelined for the next four weeks. <mask> returned in Week 14, but struggled to get back into the Dolphins receiver rotation. In Week 15, however, he caught a one-handed touchdown pass as the Dolphins beat the Raiders 23–17.The following week against the Vikings, however, he made a key drop in the end zone that cost Miami a touchdown. The Dolphins wound up losing that game and then lost to the Patriots the following week, missing the playoffs. Even though he put up respectable numbers for the number of games that he played, he retired after the season. Legacy
At the time of his retirement, <mask>'s 1,101 career receptions and 130 touchdowns as a receiver placed him second in NFL history behind Jerry Rice, although his reception total has since been surpassed by Marvin Harrison, and his touchdown receptions by Randy Moss and Terrell Owens. <mask> is one of 14 players in NFL history with 1,000 or more receptions. He was named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. <mask> was one of 15 finalists for the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2008, but was not elected in a surprise to some commentators.<mask> was once again excluded in 2009 and again in 2010 as receivers Jerry Rice and Tim Brown became eligible for the first time, though Brown did not make it. Additionally, Andre Reed was another possible candidate that diminished <mask>'s chance for enshrinement in 2010. In 2011, he also did not make it despite not having a single wide receiver in the class. NFL Network's NFL's Top 10 placed him atop the list of wide receivers with the best hands. On February 2, 2013, <mask> was announced as an inductee into the Hall of Fame Class of 2013 along with Bill Parcells, Larry Allen, Jonathan Ogden, Warren Sapp, Curley Culp, and Dave Robinson. NFL career statistics

|-
! || PHI
| 9 || 0 || — || 5 || 84 || 16.8 || 9.3 || 2
|-
!|| PHI
| 16 || 16 || — || 39 || 761 || 19.5 || 47.6 || 6
|-
! || PHI
| 16 || 15 || — || 45 || 605 || 13.4 || 37.8 || 11
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 5 || — || 27 || 413 || 15.3 || 25.8 || 3
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || — || 72 || 962 || 13.4 || 60.1 || 5
|-
! || MIN
| 12 || 12 || 92 || 53 || 681 || 12.8 || 56.8 || 6
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 143 || 86 || 1,071 || 12.5 || 66.9 || 9
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 188 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|122 || 1,256 || 10.3 || 78.5 || 7
|-
!|| MIN
| 16 || 16 || 197 || 122 || 1,371 || 11.2 || 85.7 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|17
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 167 || 96 || 1,163 || 12.1 || 72.7 || 10
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 158 || 89 || 1,069 || 12.0 || 66.8 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|13
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 125 || 78 || 1,011 || 13.0 || 63.2 || 12
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 137 || 90 || 1,241 || 13.8 || 77.6 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|13
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 161 || 96 || 1,274 || 13.3 || 79.6 || 9
|-
! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 130 || 73 || 871 || 11.9 || 54.4 || 6
|-
!|| MIA
| 5 || 1 || 17 || 8 || 66 || 8.3 || 13.2 || 1
|
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="2"|Career || 234 || 209 || 1,515 || 1,101 || 13,899 || 12.6 || 59.4 || 130
|}

Career notables

 One of three players to record more than 120 receptions in a season twice, 1994 and 1995. After football
<mask> was one of the hosts of HBO's Inside the NFL and also was an NFL Analyst for Yahoo Sports and ESPN. He is also a faculty member and assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver in 2008. He is the owner of <mask> <mask>'s FAST Program, a sports training center in South Florida and is an ordained minister. He also appeared in the 2005 sports video game NFL Street 2 as a wide receiver for the NFL Gridiron Legends team along with former teammate, safety Joey Browner, and a few other historical NFL legends. <mask> was a speaker at the 2008 NFL rookie symposium and again at the 2009 NFL Rookie Symposium.He also spoke at the 2014 NFL rookie symposium, where he encouraged players to get a fall guy they can trust to take the blame if they get in trouble. The comments were revealed in 2015 in an ESPN The Magazine story about Chris Borland. The NFL took the video of the speech down from its website and released a statement saying in part: "The comment was not representative of the message of the symposium or any other league program...The comment was not repeated in the 2014 AFC session or this year's symposium." <mask> apologized on Twitter, saying he realized it was bad advice, and everyone should take responsibility for their own actions. ESPN also released a statement saying <mask>'s comments do not reflect the company's views. <mask> was chosen to be a coach for a team in the 2015 Pro Bowl, along with former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin. In December 2016, <mask> was hired by Fox Sports as a football analyst.In May 2017, his role was expanded as it was announced that <mask> would co-host a morning show, First Things First, on Fox Sports 1 with radio personality Nick Wright and moderator Jenna Wolfe. The show premiered on September 5, 2017. His tenure ended in November 2019 following a suspension. Since 2021 he has been part of Good Morning Football as an analyst. Personal life
<mask> is a Christian and has two children. His daughter, Monterae works in philanthropy. His son, Duron <mask>, played wide receiver at Ohio State in 2009 and Coffeyville Community College in 2010.Professionally, he played for the Montreal Alouettes, a Canadian Football League (CFL) team, in 2013-2014 and 2016, spending 2015 on the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. In Montreal, Duron was described as being a terrible teammate among the players on the Alouettes team. In 2017, he signed on with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, also in the CFL, where he served primarily as a receiver and occasionally played cornerback. Duron was released by the Roughriders in August 2018, in the midst of the 2018 CFL season. He subsequently signed on with the Toronto Argonauts a few weeks later, and now currently plays for the B.C Lions. <mask> is the younger brother of ex-NBA player and coach <mask>. References

Notes

External links

1965 births
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
Fox Sports 1 people
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
Minnesota Vikings players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Troy, Ohio
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Ohio
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Middletown, Ohio
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
10,000 receiving yards club
National Football League players with retired

masks:
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Cris
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Butch Carter


title: Winifred Shotter

texts:
<mask> (5 November 1904 – 4 April 1996) was an English actress best known for her appearances in the Aldwych farces of the 1920s and early 1930s. Initially a singer and dancer in the ensembles of musical comedies, Shotter was spotted by the comedian and producer Leslie Henson. He recommended her to his colleague Tom Walls, who was in search of a leading lady to succeed Yvonne Arnaud in his series of farces at the Aldwych Theatre, London. From 1926 to 1932, Shotter played in eight of the farces, in a regular company headed by Walls and Ralph Lynn. She appeared in several films during the 1930s, including adaptations of four of the Aldwych plays. After the Aldwych series ended, Shotter appeared in numerous West End shows, worked briefly in Hollywood, and continued to appear in British films. During the Second World War she joined the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA), performing for troops in Europe and Asia.An example is French Leave, a play by Reginald Berkeley, sub-titled: A Normandy Story, where she appeared with Lawrence O'Madden. After the war she joined the BBC as an announcer on the relaunched television service. During the 1950s she gradually withdrew from performing and retired to Switzerland with her second husband. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in London, the eldest of the six children (five of them girls) of Frederick Ernest and Harriet Payne <mask>. The four younger daughters, Constance, Margaret, Eva and Barbara, all followed Winifred into the acting profession. Their only brother, Victor, became a television executive. Her father worked as a tie cutter and later as the manager of a leather factory.Before Winifred there was no stage tradition in her family, but from her days as a schoolgirl at Maidenhead High School she was determined to perform. She made her London debut, at the age of 14, in a travesti role in Soldier Boy at the Apollo Theatre. Over the next five years she was a member of the ensemble in musical comedies at the Winter Garden Theatre, with small roles in the hit show Sally (1921) and then in The Beauty Prize (1923), both of which starred Leslie Henson. In 1925 she made her New York debut at the Gaiety in the revue By-the-Way. Aldwych farce
When she returned to England, Henson recommended Shotter to his co-producer Tom Walls for the ingenue role of Rhoda Marley in the new Aldwych farce, Rookery Nook. This was the third in the series of farces presented by Walls at the Aldwych Theatre in the 1920s and early 1930s. The heroines in the first two had been played by the hugely popular Yvonne Arnaud, who left the company to play in variety.As her successor, Shotter made an immediate impact: in the words of The Times, "This was 1926, and it was considered delightfully shocking that an actress should make her first appearance in a play in a pair of pyjamas." Her colleague Molly Weir recalled her as "an enchanting 'flapper' who had to be hidden for fear of discovery by prim visiting relatives, and she sent the house into screams of warning appreciative laughter as she raced downstairs from the bedroom and across the stage clad only in exquisitely revealing pink crepe-de-Chine camiknickers." <mask> remained a member of the Aldwych company for the next six years, playing roles written expressly for her in six farces by Ben Travers and two by others. She played Kitty Stratton in Thark (1927), Joan Hewlett in Plunder (1929), Betty Ramsbotham in A Cup of Kindness (1930), Cora Mellish in A Night Like This (1930), Doris Chataway in Marry the Girl (1930 – by George Arthurs and Arthur Miller), Rose Adair in Turkey Time (1931) and Peggy Croft in Fifty Fifty (1932 – by H. F. Maltby). During this time she married Brigadier Michael Green; the marriage lasted from 1931 until 1951, when they divorced. Most of the farces were adapted for the cinema. Shotter appeared in films of Rookery Nook (1930), Plunder (1931) and A Night Like This (1932), directed by Walls and featuring the principals of the Aldwych company.She was the only member of the stage cast to feature in the 1934 film of Marry the Girl, directed by Maclean Rogers, with Hugh Wakefield, Sonnie Hale and John Deverell in roles played on stage by Walls, Ralph Lynn and Robertson Hare. 1930s and 40s
According to The Times, Shotter was essentially a stage performer, but "like any actress of her generation, she could not afford to ignore Hollywood." She visited America in the mid-1930s and made one film for MGM, Petticoat Fever, a farce featuring Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy. The film did good business, but Shotter did not greatly care for America, and she returned to England as soon as she could. In addition to adaptations of the Aldwych plays she appeared in more than a dozen other British films through the 1930s, including On Approval with Walls, Hare, Brough and her Aldwych predecessor, Yvonne Arnaud, and Summer Lightning, an adaptation of P G Wodehouse's novel of the same name, co-starring with Lynn. In the West End, Shotter starred in a series of plays, including Wodehouse's Good Morning, Bill, with Lawrence Grossmith, in a 1934 revival. Chase the Ace (1935) was a departure for her: it was not a comedy but a thriller.The role was poorly written, and she returned to comedy in plays including High Temperature at the Duke of York's Theatre, in which, according to Ivor Brown in The Observer, "Miss Winifred Shotter has mainly to be under-clad and over-worried, which she does very prettily." During the Second World War Shotter joined ENSA, entertaining the troops in India and Europe. When BBC television transmissions resumed in 1946 she was appointed as one of three announcers, together with Jasmine Bligh and McDonald Hobley. Later years
After her divorce from her first husband in 1951, Shotter remarried the following year. Her second husband was the actor Gilbert Davis (1899–1983), whom she had first met in Hollywood. After this she wound her career down. She made her last film in 1955, playing Mrs Swayne in John and Julie.Her later West End appearances included the role of Barbara Fane in a 1954 revival of Ian Hay's 1936 comedy, Housemaster, with Jack Hulbert. The Manchester Guardian observed that Shotter "gives the final touch of pre-war mood to the comedy". Her last stage play was a farce, Caught Napping, at the Piccadilly Theatre in 1959. Shotter and her husband settled in Switzerland in a house at Montreux, overlooking Lake Geneva. After his death she returned to England, where she died aged 91 at Redhill in Surrey. She had no children from either marriage. Filmography

 Rookery Nook (1930) – Rhoda Marley
 On Approval (1930) – Helen Hayle
 Plunder (1930) – Joan Hewlett
 The Chance of a Night Time (1931) – Pauline Gay
 Mischief (1931) – Diana Birkett
 A Night Like This (1932) – Cora Mellish
 Jack's the Boy (1932) – Ivy
 The Love Contract (1932) – Antoinette
 Summer Lightning (1933) – Millicent Keable
 Sorrell and Son (1933) – Molly Pentreath
 Up to the Neck (1933) – April Dawne

 Night of the Garter (1933) – Gwen Darling
 Just My Luck (1933) – Peggy Croft
 Lilies of the Field (1934) – Betty Beverley
 D'Ye Ken John Peel?(1935) – Lucy Merrall
 The Rocks of Valpre (1935) – Christine Wyndham
 Marry the Girl (1935) – Doris Chattaway
 Petticoat Fever (1936) – Clara Wilson
 His Lordship Regrets (1938) – Mary / Mabel
 Candles at Nine (1944) – Brenda Tempest – Cecil's Wife
 The Body Said No! (1950) – TV Announcer
 John and Julie (1955) – Mrs. Swayne
Source: British Film Institute. References

External links

1904 births
1996 deaths
Aldwych farce
Actresses from London
English film actresses
20th-century English actresses

masks:
Winifred Florence Shotter
Shotter
Shotter
Shotter


title: Bianca Maria Sforza

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<mask> (5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510) was the queen of Germany and Italy, and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. Early life
<mask> was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan, by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. She was named after her paternal grandmother, <mask>. When <mask> was not yet five years old, her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476, which was the Feast Day of St. Stephen. He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court. On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old <mask> married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy, the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy, and Yolande of France.Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482, leaving <mask> a widow at the age of ten. She returned to Milan, under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro, who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests, mainly needlework. On 31 July 1485, the engagement between <mask> and John Corvinus, the only (though illegitimate) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, was formally announced. With this marriage, the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his son's future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria. The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487, and according to the terms of the contract, <mask> received several Hungarian counties. However, due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix, wife of King Matthias, the formal marriage never took place. In March 1492 a marriage between <mask> and King James IV of Scotland was considered, but the idea was soon abandoned.Queen and empress
On 16 March 1494 in Hall, Tyrol, <mask> married her second husband, the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany. <mask>'s second marriage was arranged by her uncle, who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian; in exchange, Maximilian received a large dowry along with <mask>, 400,000 ducats. Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention. At her wedding, <mask> wore a bodice "with eighty pieces of the jeweler's art pinned thereon, with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls". Maximilian's claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France, regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France, and brought about French intervention in Italy, thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars. The union was unhappy: shortly after the consummation of the marriage, Maximilian complained that <mask> may have been more beautiful than his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy, but was not as wise. It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband, who considered her too uneducated, talkative, naive, wasteful with money, and careless.She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret, but, as was remarked by Hermann Wiesflecker, <mask> remained "all her life a child who played while sitting on the floor" and was criticized for forgetting her dignity position as Maximilian's wife. According to Daniel Unterholzner, although there was early rumours of pregnancies, <mask> apparently could not become pregnant (the time she shared with Maximilian was already little, due to his busy schedule, and decreased more and more). The reasons for this were not certain, although she seemed to be angry with her doctor Battista Baldironi for this problem. Maximilian had always concentrated on the children of his first marriage in terms of succession politics from the beginning, despite this policy was very risky as he had only one male child, Philip (after whose early death in 1506, he would concentrate on Karl and Ferdinand, his grandsons). Her childlessness made <mask> lose one of her important areas of responsibility as the female head of their family. <mask> had her own court of 150–200 people and she was considered extravagant, but Maximilian did not let her get control of her own finances and thus one minute she lived in luxury and the next her court was a show of poverty. After 1500, Maximilian lost all interest in <mask>.She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol. On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips (although this is disputed by historian Sabine Weiss, according to whom she was only left behind if it was related to her own debt). Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508, making <mask> empress. Empress <mask> died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510. She was buried at Stams. Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her. Recent research though indicates that <mask> was an educated woman who had a political role as a mediator for different kinds of agenda both involving Ludovico Sforza and Maximilian.Unterholzner notes that while the emperor did not love her and sent few letters (an 1499 letter explained the reason Maximilian did not come to the defence of her uncle Ludovico; another, sent in 1504, informed her of his victory against the Kufstein fortress), there was contact between them and he supported her rights in numerous cases, notably concerning her preces primariae. In 1503, <mask> was persuaded by the pseudo-mystic of Augsburg, Anna Laminit (who claimed to be a "hunger saint" and had managed to dupe even her husband Maximilian), to lead a penitent procession with the city's leading officials – probably the largest one the city had ever seen. Later Laminit's fraud would be exposed by Maximilian's younger sister Kunigunde in October 1512. In 1514, Maximilian expelled Laminit  from Augsburg. After continuing to engage in fraudulent behaviours, she was condemned as a witch and executed by drowning. According to Nicole Riegel, after <mask>'s death in 1510, building activities for Maximilian's imperial residence project (which had been ongoing for almost two decades) in Innsbruck completely ceased, suggesting that the project was tied to their marriage. Only after 1506, when the Hungarian double wedding happened with the appearance of the two brides Mary and Anne, new reparations began again.In arts and media

La Bella Principessa is attributed by several scholars to be a portrait of <mask> by Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> is the main character of the 2019 musical Schattenkaiserin (The shadow empress) by Jürgen Tauber und Oliver Ostermann. The musical received three nominations for the German Musical Theater Price 2020/2021 (due to the coronavirus crisis, the price covers both the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons) for composition, stage design and costume and won the prize for stage design. Notes

References and literature

  and

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the aeiou Encyclopedia
 Portrait of <mask> Sforza at the National Gallery

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1472 births
1510 deaths
Nobility from Milan
<mask> Sforza
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16th-century Italian nobility
Austrian royal consorts
15th-century Italian women
15th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
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Bianca Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Maria Sfoa
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Bianca Maria Visconti
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title: Stephen Herbits

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<mask><mask> (born March 13, 1942) is an American businessman, former consultant to several Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries of Defense, advisor to the Edgar M. Bronfman family, executive vice president and corporate officer of the Seagram Company, advisor to the President's Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets, and secretary general of the World Jewish Congress. He was the youngest person to be appointed commissioner on the Gates Commission (All-Volunteer Armed Force). <mask>' career has specialized in "fixing" institutions – governmental, business, and not-for-profit – with strategic planning and management consulting. Background
Son of Nathaniel and <mask> of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. <mask> earned his AB from Tufts in 1964 and his JD degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1972. He has lived in Boston, D.C., Geneva, New York City, Tokyo, London, Seoul, Miami, and currently resides in Western North Carolina. Early political career (1967–1977)
After college and prior to starting law school, <mask> worked as research assistant for Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate (1966).In 1967, <mask> was hired as a Congressional staffer in Washington. It was there that <mask> developed his work on addressing the inequities of the military draft. His work on Capitol Hill led to his providing research and editorial assistance to the publication of "How to End the Draft – The Case for an All-Volunteer Army". The book received national and international attention and subsequently, <mask> was appointed to the President's Commission on An All-Volunteer Armed Force (Gates Commission). <mask> was the youngest Commissioner to receive the appointment, being only 27 years of age. He served alongside noted economists Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan. Subsequently, hired as the special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense of Manpower and Reserve Affairs in the Department of Defense, he helped implement the transition to an All-Volunteer Armed Force at the senior level.He also authored the study (1974) which gave the acting Secretary of Defense the information used to reverse Army decisions deliberately undermining achieving the All-Volunteer Force. In 1974, following his work as special assistant at the Department of Defense, <mask> was hired by Donald H. Rumsfeld, then chief of staff to President Gerald Ford. Following his role in the Presidential Personnel Office, he moved to Geneva as Counsel to the Head of the US Delegation to the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (then GATT) in the Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations. In 1976 he moved back to the Pentagon under Rumsfeld. <mask> was named The Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, a position equivalent to other departments' Chief of Staff. While employed in the private sector, <mask> was called back to public service several times. In 1981, he served as an unpaid consultant to assist in transitions for Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, in 1989 for Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, and then again in 2001 for Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.During these transitions, Herbits developed job requirements and objectives for key Department of Defense Presidential Appointments and helped recruit and screen candidates. Rumsfeld brought <mask> back to the Department of Defense immediately following the attacks of September 11th, 2001 to work on, among other tasks, special projects regarding internal mission development and organizational change as a result of the attacks. In this context, Herbits helped design and create a system of civilian review and succession planning for senior military officers, a project subsequently studied and published by the RAND Corporation. On several occasions between 1969 and 1977, Herbits did project work with one of the earliest political consulting firms in the country – Bailey, Deardourff. Corporate career (1977–1997)
In 1977, <mask> was hired by the spirits and wine company, Seagram Company Ltd., a Fortune 150 Corporation. He was tasked with developing and implementing strategies for various subsidiaries. Between 1977 and 1983, <mask> held many positions in the company, including vice president of Seagram Overseas Sales Company in Tokyo, vice president of Seagram Europe in London, president of Browne Vintners in New York, and president of Seagram Wine Company in the United States.In 1983, <mask> was promoted to vice president of corporate development and then promoted again in 1986 with the added role of external affairs. During this period, <mask>, in the additional role of chef de cabinet to Seagram Chairman and President of the World Jewish Congress, Edgar M. Bronfman, helped prepare for and traveled to meetings with world leaders. "He [<mask>] sat at the intersection of Mr. Bronfman's corporate, World Jewish Congress and other philanthropic roles." <mask> became a corporate officer and
an executive vice president of corporate policy and external affairs from 1989 to his retirement in 1997. Equivalence Campaign
In 1985, while <mask> was vice president of corporate development at Seagram, a hefty tax was raised on liquor, significantly widening the gap with taxes for other beverage alcohol. In response, <mask> led a campaign known as "Equivalence" to educate consumers that a 12 oz can of beer, 5 oz glass of wine and a  oz shot of spirits all contain the same kind and amount of alcohol. This campaign received national and international media attention and was successful as the gap began to close during the years that followed.On Retirement from Seagram
On retirement, <mask> formed The Herbits Group, LLC as a business consulting entity. In that capacity, he has worked for several domestic and international companies, the RAND Corporation, and the Department of Defense. Political career (1981–present)

In addition to his return to the Pentagon on several occasions through early 2004, <mask> became a vocal proponent of Hillary Clinton and donated to her 2000 and 2006 Senate campaigns and her 2004 and 2016 presidential campaigns. He was selected to serve on Clinton's Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Task Force, a steering committee that recruited many of the most powerful LGBT citizens in the nation. He supported Obama/Biden in 2008 and 2012, including volunteering as an official poll worker for the election. He again supported Clinton in 2016 and Biden in 2020 and undertook several transition projects in support of the Biden/Harris race. Among other efforts, <mask> has used a substantial portion of a donor-advised account to support 501(c)(3) efforts to assure a fair election.World Jewish Congress
Following his departure from the Defense Department in 2004, <mask> was brought into the World Jewish Congress by Edgar Bronfman, its president, because of public allegations that there were financial irregularities within the organization. <mask> was charged with the responsibility of "fixing [the] entity", as he had done for Bronfman in other areas in the past. Shortly after <mask> arrived, the New York State Attorney General's office opened up its own investigation into the financial irregularities. <mask> managed the WJC’s responses to the NYS Assistant Attorney General for Charities and led the WJC to adopt a new charter, by-laws, governance structure, and financial controls. <mask> spent three years as its secretary general, the group's most senior professional staff position. He eventually negotiated a satisfactory Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York State Attorney's office. Following the retirement of Edgar Bronfman, Sr. after 25 years as President, <mask> agreed to stay on for several months to assist in the transition of the incoming president.The City of Miami

Periodically, from 2004 through 2017, <mask> volunteered with a group of citizens to hold the City of Miami to the requirements of State law and regulations and county and city ordinances, rules and regulations in the approval and permitting of projects on the City’s waterfront property. Philanthropy
Herbits volunteered for Gay Men's Health Crisis (known as GMHC) in the 1980s, the earliest and foremost AIDS service organization in America. He then served as treasurer and was subsequently asked to take over as President of the Board of AIDS Action Council, the policy and lobbying organization representing the AIDS service organizations across the U.S. <mask> also served in a number of different capacities for several national, New York City and Miami AIDS organizations, such as the National Task Force on AIDS (1986). <mask> was one of the original supporters of GLAAD (the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) in 1986–1987 and worked with organizations such as Save DADE (1999–2002) and a founding Board member and treasurer of Youth Expressions, Inc., an after-school program for at-risk youth in Miami’s Haitian Community (2000–2006). He has provided substantial pro bono planning and strategic advice to a wide range of LGBT organizations. Further reading
<mask>' writings and activities regarding the all-volunteer armed force, including correspondence, reports, memoranda, notes, and printed matter are organized and researchable at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California. The following publications and books discuss Herbits regarding his involvement in the All-Volunteer Force:

Other books where Herbits is mentioned:

References

External links

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Politicians from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Jewish American government officials
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
LGBT rights activists from the United States
1942 births
Living people
Seagram
21st-century American Jews

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