title: Françoise Hardy

texts:
 et les filles is the closest she was to the yé-yé genre and its noted for its simplicity, featuring minimalist accompaniment of acoustic and electric guitar, bass and jazz-influenced percussion. Robert Ham of Paste felt that the album "reveals a musician that had yet to fully absorb her influences and make them her own." Russell Warfield of Drowned in Sound felt that "her first record sticks out like a sore thumb" and described it as "the product of a patriarchal music industry", as <mask> was untrusted to shape her own material.Considered an artistic growth, her sophomore record Le premier bonheur du jour incorporated more complex instrumentation and lyricism, including electric organs and "weeping" string arrangements. It includes compositions inspired by jazz music, as well as American girl groups such as the Crystals and the Ronettes. Despite their enduring popularity, <mask> is highly critical of her first releases. She told Clash in 2018: "From very early on I felt very frustrated because I wanted to have beautiful electric guitars like those of the Shadows in the sixties or those of Cigarettes After Sex now. Instead, I had very bad French musicians and a terribly bad musical production. My albums began to improve when I went to London to record them. My first songs were not very interesting either."Beginning in the mid-1960s, her music became lusher and richer, as she eschewed the poor quality of French studios in 1964 to go record in London with arranger Charles Blackwell, who allowed her to "reach new levels of sophistication." She told The Guardian in 2018: "I was happy from that moment. I was free to make another kind of music, not this mechanical music I had been trapped in." <mask>'s music during the second half of the decade incorporated influences from the British Invasion pop phenomenon and "a strong comeback of the traditional values of French chanson, neither yé-yé nor 'Left Bank', but rather romantic." Released that year, Mon amie la rose showcased a growing complexity in her music, with stronger vocals and increased experimentation in song structure. Her most varied album yet, it incorporated influences of Phil Spector's Wall of Sound technique, as well as Italian composer Ennio Morricone. Her 1965 and 1966 output showcased a stylistic maturation, with productions that "moved from the tinny sound of yeh-yeh pop into a fuller brand of rock arrangements."The overall sound of her follow-up L'amitié is considerably more expansive. According to Pitchfork's Hazel Cills: "It wasn’t until her fifth record La maison où j'ai grandi that <mask> grew into a more grown-up, baroque sound, one that matched the depth of her sorrow and its complexities." Likewise, Warfield considered that it was the album in which "she really settles into her sound, giving us a glimpse of the performer we can still recognise as a 70-year-old". With Ma jeunesse fout le camp, her last 1960s album recorded in London, she "moved toward a more adult, sedate form of orchestrated pop balladry". It has been described as "her farewell to the yé-yé years". 1968—1974

Her return to French recording studios, 1968's Comment te dire adieu is more MOR-oriented than her previous releases. Richie Unterberger considered its music to be "perhaps even sadder and more sentimental than was the norm for Françoise".As the yé-yé era faded away following the May 68 protests, <mask> "smartly reinvented herself as an elusive folk rock jazz chanteuse" with her early 1970s releases. The singer looked for a more mature and less-pop oriented style in an effort to reflect her inner self to a greater extent. Described as "the first truly personal <mask> <mask> record", the 1971 album La question is regarded as an important turning point in her career, moving towards a less commercial sound with no apparent hooks. It is one of her "most sparsely produced efforts," with subdued and acoustic-flavored arrangements that feature guitar, touches of bass, and subtle orchestration. Through the work of Brazilian guitarist and arranger Tuca, the album incorporates marked influences of bossa nova music. Her vocals have been called "sultry" and "breathy", at times "[substituting] melodic humming in the place of singing, wordlessly articulating the emotional essence of the song." La question also marked the first time that <mask> had a part in choosing the string arrangements of her work.Following the poor commercial performance of La question, <mask> leaned towards a more folk and rock-influenced sound. Around this time, she became an admirer of then little-known English folk singer-songwriter Nick Drake and championed his work in interviews. She recalled:  "For me, he didn't belong to a particularly British tradition: his style was quite different from that of The Beatles, the Stones and other groups that I was listening to a lot around this time. It is the soul which comes out of his songs that touched me deeply – romantic, poetic... but also the refined melodies. As well as the very individual timbre of his voice, which adds to the melancholy of the whole thing." According to Tom Pinnock: "There are certainly analogues with Nick Drake, in their personalities, voices and even a similar taste in chords and harmony." This led Joe Boyd to propose that the English musician write an album of songs for her, which would be produced by Tony Cox.Although Drake and <mask> met several times, including a visit to her recording sessions in London, the project was never carried out. Nevertheless, Cox was keen to work with <mask> regardless and, in late 1971, they recorded If You Listen, which featured a "crack team" of British folk-rock musicians. Influenced by Drake, the album showcases <mask>'s taste for this musical style at the time, featuring "cinematic" arrangements that emphasize the acoustic guitar and light strings. The same year, she released Et si je m'en vais avant toi, also known as "the orange album" in reference to its cover, which incorporated influences from American blues, folk and rock music. The album features a slightly humorous tone and catchier rhythms, which were atypical for the singer. In 1972, Véronique Sanson's debut album made a great impact on <mask>, who began to feel her own music was "very outdated". She described her impression of Sanson in her autobiography: "The originality and quality of the melodies, the lyrics, the production, and the singing made all other French singers, starting with me, seem like hasbeens.(...) It was as if the English and American influences that yé-yé had been happy to simply copy with varying degrees of success had been thoroughly digested and allowed for the emergence of something much more musically mature, as well as more personal." <mask> thus enlisted Michel Berger, the producer of Sanson's album, to oversee the production of her 1973 album Message personnel, which features arrangements by Michel Bernholc, who directed "a basic rock band backed by a lush set of strings [underlining] <mask>'s wispy yet compelling vocals." The album is characterized by its sad, introspective mood and "classy, adult tone". The 1974 release Entr'acte was <mask>'s first attempt at a concept album, with lyrics that narrate "the successive phases of a one-night stand between a stranger and a young woman, who, abandoned by the man she loves, is looking to give him a taste of his own medicine." It featured orchestral arrangements by Del Newman, who had recently worked on Elton John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road and Cat Stevens' Tea for the Tillerman. 1975—2018
A jazz-oriented pop record, 1977's Star was <mask>'s first album arranged by Gabriel Yared, who would produce her output for the next ten years. In 1978, as disco dominated the music industry, his team sought to adapt her sound to the era with the release of Musique saoûle, which incorporated a marked binary rhythm influenced by funk music.The singer later stated that she felt uncomfortable and embarrassed when singing over danceable rhythms. The 1988 album Décalages is noted for its layered, atmospheric sound. It incorporated the use of a Synclavier synthesizer, despite the singer's wishes to avoid fashionable digital sounds in favor of an acoustic album. Deeply inspired by the alternative rock scene, <mask> veered into an assertive, guitar-oriented modern rock style with Le danger, her first album in seven years. She incorporated influences from English band Portishead, and the grunge, Britpop and roots rock genres. Pitchfork's Jazz Monroe described its music as "adult-contemporary space rock". The album's harsh sound and lyrics reflect the "very dark" period that the singer was living in her personal life at that time.The commercial failure of Le danger, among other reasons, caused <mask> to return to her characteristic soft and light style in her following album Clair-obscur, released in 2000. Her last five albums are characterized by their elegant and melancholic sound. 2006's (Parenthèses...) is a collection of twelve duets with a production that "[keeps] tricks and mixing slick-ery to a tasteful minimum," drawing comparisons to previous uncluttered releases such as La question. Compared to previous albums, 2010's La pluie sans parapluie features a "sunnier" sound, with a few of its songs being driven by a typical rhythm track of drums and bass, rather than by piano or strings. Her 2012 album L'amour fou features half-sung, half-spoken vocals and is characterized by its "resigned, philosophical" mood. <mask> is backed by "classy" pianos, minor chords and brushed drums. The lyrics of her last album Personne d'autre, released in 2018, deal with her advancing years in repose and her own mortality, having survived a major health crisis after the release of her previous record.Her vocals in the album show the wear and tear resulting from her ilness. The dark lyrical subject matter of Personne d'autre is contrasted with the singer's characteristic delicate and intimate sound. Public image and impact

As a public figure, <mask> is renowned for her shyness and reservedness, and observers have emphasized her "anti-social nature as a celebrity". She has been open in her autobiography and in interviews about her struggles with anxiety, self-doubt, loneliness and inferiority complex. Uncuts Tom Pinnock noted that "it was her refusal to play the showbusiness game that made her something of an icon." The singer's sudden celebrity status was a source of great discomfort for her, claiming in 2011: "I didn't enjoy at all everything, the trappings, when all of a sudden you become very famous. (...) [Being taken up by fashion houses] was work, things I had to do, a chore—I didn't enjoy it at all...It is quite impossible to stand—to be admired too much—it is not a normal situation. I don't like that at all. I am not comfortable with my professional life really, so the word 'icon'—it's as though you were talking about someone else, it's not me really." She regularly suffered from stage fright, which led to her stopping performing live altogether in 1968. Her public image and style during the 1960s made an impact on international pop culture, something that overshadowed her skills as a singer outside of France. As <mask>'s almost exclusive photographer and agent during the decade, Jean-Marie Périer became a Pygmalion-like figure for her, transforming the singer's public image from "a shy, gauche-looking schoolgirl" into a "modern young trend-setter." She wrote: "...[Périer] tried to open my mind and help me in all domains with his characteristic generosity.For example, he taught me to love the cinema by bringing me to see great films, and under his tutelage I realized the importance of aesthetics, which became one of my major criteria. He taught me how to carry myself and to dress, and gave me advice on social skills". He persuaded the singer to begin modelling and she soon became "a star of the international fashion world as well as the French music scene." She was also notably photographed by Gered Mankowitz, William Klein and Richard Avedon for Vogue and other publications. Her regular appearance on magazine covers gave her the reputation of being the quintessential French cover girl of the 1960s. In 1967, teen magazine Special Pop wrote: "Françoise manages to attract both kids and their parents, men and women alike. More than a singer, she's becoming a universal myth with whom thousands of young girls dream of identifying."Nevertheless, she was disenchanted with the lifestyle of the jet-set and high society, and in the 1970s abandoned the image of "fashionable young girl about town" that Périer had created for her. An "it girl" and fashion icon, <mask> was considered the epitome of "the 'Modern Woman'" and of 1960s French chic and cool, known for her avant-garde and futuristic fashion choices. Brett Marie of PopMatters noted that "her sense of style and '60s-era model figure made her as much an icon of fashion as a music-business star." She recalled in 2008: "At the start of the 1960s, all of a sudden, my slender build, which made me so self-conscious, became fashionable." The singer began to be regarded as an "égérie" 'muse' by the top French fashion designers of the time, including André Courrèges, Chanel and Yves Saint Laurent. <mask> championed the first incarnation of Saint-Laurent's rupturist 1966 design Le Smoking. The designer recalled the time he took the singer to the Paris Opera dressed in one of his tuxedos: "People screamed and hollered.It was an outrage". She was also an early fan of Paco Rabanne, earning the Spanish designer popularity by wearing his creations for both photoshoots and television performances. Her 1968 photographs wearing a golden, metal minidress by Paco Rabanne—dubbed "the most expensive dress in the world" at the time— are now considered "legendary" and "perhaps her most iconic look". In 1968, <mask> told a reporter that: "If it weren't for the way I dress, no one would notice me". Likewise, she told Vanity Fair in 2018: "My songs had little interest compared to the Anglo-Saxon production. So I took it to heart to dress well every time I went to London or New York. I was above all a fashion ambassador."<mask> also modelled the creations of the nascent prêt-à-porter industry, a new wave of French female designers known as the "yé-yé school" or "the stylistes", who rebelled against the "strictures of haute couture". For instance, she helped launch the career of Sonia Rykiel by wearing her influential "poor boy sweater" on the cover of Elle, and was photographed by David Bailey wearing Emmanuelle Khanh's color-blocking coat for Vogue. Fashion Institute of Technology's Colleen Hill considers <mask>'s style to be the most enduring out of all the yé-yé girls, noting that "her nonchalance is an important part of her appeal. <mask>'s fashion choices, such as her white Courrèges pantsuits and Yves Saint Laurent's first Le Smoking, are distinctly '60s and streamlined, yet they also have an edge." In addition to high-fashion ensembles, <mask> was known for her pared-down style, with discreet hairdos and makeup, and often wearing a simple sweater and pants combination. Her signature look was defined by her famous bangs and use of white boots by Courrèges and miniskirts, considered one of the first people to wear the latter. She also regularly experimented with androgynous

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Françoise Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Françoise Hardy

type: original

texts:
 silhouettes.As such, she has been described as the "anti-Bardot", imposing a beauty ideal that "rendered the exaggerated femininity of the sex-kitten of the time old-fashioned". In the second half of the decade, <mask> became a pop icon and was consequently made a muse by numerous creative people. She was the subject of portraits by artists Michel Bourdais, Bernard Buffet, Gabriel Pasqualini and Jean-Paul Goude. In 1965, Jacques Prévert wrote a poem dedicated to the singer titled Une plante verte, which was read as part of <mask>'s performance at the Olympia. She was also the subject of a poem by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán and an open letter by Paul Guth. Belgian illustrator Guy Peellaert used <mask> as a model for the title character of his 1968 pop art and psychedelic-inspired comic Pravda la Survireuse, made in collaboration with French screenwriter Pascal Thomas. The singer was admired by Spanish artist Salvador Dalí, who invited her to spend a whole week with him in Cadaqués in 1968.Outside of France, <mask> was also regarded as an icon in the Swinging London scene. She acknowledges to having been a "source of fascination for the English pop musicians" during that time. Malcolm McLaren described her as the "utmost of the pinup girl, pinned to the walls of every trendy pop apprentice's bedroom down in Chelsea. Many bands in their prime, like the Beatles or the Stones, dreamt of dating her." Her image fascinated the young David Bowie, Mick Jagger (who described her as his "ideal woman"), Brian Jones, Morrissey, and Richard Thompson. Bob Dylan was notably infatuated by the singer and included a beat poem dedicated to her on the back cover of his 1964 album Another Side of Bob Dylan. It begins: "for françoise hardy/at the seine's edge/a giant shadow/of notre dame/seeks t' grab my foot/sorbonne students/whirl by on thin bicycles/swirlin' lifelike colors of leather spin..." In 2018, <mask> told Uncut that two Americans had sent her several drafts of the poem that Dylan had left in a café, stating: "...I was very moved. This was a young man, a very romantic artist, who had a fixation on somebody only from a picture. You know how very young people are... I realised it had been very important for him." <mask> and Dylan only met in May 1966, behind the scenes of his performance at the Olympia. Noticing that <mask> was among the concert's audience, Dylan refused to go back on stage to perform the second half unless she went to his dressing room. She and other singers later joined Dylan at his suite in the Four Seasons Hotel George V, where he gifted her early pressings of "Just Like a Woman" and "I Want You".Legacy and influence

<mask> is celebrated as a "French national treasure" and one of the greatest figures in French music of all time. She is one of the best-selling music artists in French history, with over 7.6 million records sold as of November 2017. American critic Richie Unterberger described her as "indisputably the finest pop-rock artist to emerge from that country in the 1960s." He also listed the singer as one of the artists he would like to be inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, an entry of <mask> was included in Le Petit Larousse Illustré. Long after her heyday in the 1960s, <mask> continues to be regarded as an iconic and influential figure in fashion history. During his time at Balenciaga, designer Nicolas Ghesquière described her in Vogue as "the very essence of French style".The iconic photographs of the singer wearing a Paco Rabanne metal plated dress inspired Lizzy Gardiner's design of both the costumes of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and her own Oscars dress. <mask> was a muse to Japanese designer Rei Kawakubo, who named her label Comme des Garçons after a lyric in the song "Tous les garçons et les filles". Over her career, <mask> has amassed a large fanbase among gay men and is regarded as a gay icon by the community, declaring on several occasions that "her most devoted friends and fans are gay". <mask>'s musical influence is mostly found in the work of Francophone acts such as Coralie Clément, La Femme, Juliette Armanet, Melody's Echo Chamber, Keren Ann and Carla Bruni, who used <mask> as a blueprint for her musical debut. Writers have pointed to her influence on the music of English avant-pop group Stereolab, including similarities in <mask>'s vocals and those of lead singer Lætitia Sadier. Outside the French-speaking world, she has also been mentioned as an inspiration to female singer-songwriters like Caroline Polachek, Charli XCX, Angel Olsen, Candie Payne, Erin Rae, Heather Trost, Violetta Zironi, Zooey Deschanel and Cat Power. <mask> has also been an influence to several alternative music acts, including Broadcast, Goldfrapp, Jeremy Jay, The Chap and Xeno & Oaklander.In 2021, Rivers Cuomo of American rock band Weezer cited <mask> as one of his "sonic ideals", particularly influenced by her album Message personnel. Greg Gonzalez of American dream pop band Cigarettes After Sex called <mask> one of his biggest musical influences, stating in 2016: "La question is just so perfect, I wanted that kind of beauty." Her hit songs "Tous les garçons et les filles", "Le temps de l'amour", "Comment te dire adieu", "Message personnel", "Mon amie la rose", "L'amitié" and "La question" have appeared in several critcs' lists on the greatest French songs of all time. Her 1968 album Comment te dire adieu? was included in Rock & Folks list of "The Best Albums from 1963 to 1999", Les Inrockuptibles "50 Years of Rock'n'Roll" and Stan Cuesta's La discothèque parfaite de la chanson française. The 1971 cult album La question appeared in The Guardians "1000 albums to hear before you die", Gilles Verlant's "300+ Best Albums in the History of Rock", Christophe Conte's La française pop and Stan Cuesta's La discothèque parfaite de la chanson française. In 2017, Pitchfork ranked Tous les garçons et les filles ninetieth on its list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s", with Marc Hogan describing it as "an enduring middle ground between rockabilly shimmy and Gallic introspection, delivered by the most glamorous wallflower in France."Personal life

Family

In mid-1962, <mask> met Salut Les Copains photographer Jean-Marie Périer and they soon developed a romantic and professional relationship. The couple never moved in together and were constantly distanced because of their respective work obligations, which took a toll on the relationship. They broke up in 1966, but have remained close friends and collaborators ever since. <mask> began her much publicized relationship with fellow singer Jacques Dutronc in 1967. They had a somewhat distant relationship and did not live together until after the birth of their only son, Thomas, on 16 June 1973. In the autumn of 1974, <mask> and Dutronc moved in together in a three-storey house near Parc Montsouris, with separate bedrooms. Every summer, the family moved to a house owned by Dutronc located in Lumio, on the island of Corsica.As an adult, Thomas Dutronc also developed a career as a musician. <mask> and Dutronc got married on 30 March 1981 in a discreet ceremony away from the press. According to <mask>, they formalized their relationship for "fiscal reasons", stating in 1989: "I don't know if I should talk about this stuff but at the time, I had a little health problem and since I am of a hyper-anxious, hypochondriac temperament, I already saw myself in Heaven, or in Hell. So I had gone to see a lawyer to find out what would happen if something happened to me. And as a result, if anything happened to me, everyone had an interest in Jacques and I being married. That's why we got married. Stupidly!I have always considered marriage as an uninteresting formality." Having a troubled relationship, compounded by infidelities on both parts and Dutronc's alcoholism, the couple separated in late 1988. Nevertheless, they never got divorced and their relationship evolved into that of a "special friendship". In 2016, <mask> told Le Parisien that although Dutronc rebuilt his life with a new partner, it is he who does not want to divorce. She said: "One day, a long time ago, regarding another relationship, I told him he had to make a commitment. And that's when he said to me, 'I'll never get a divorce.' What do you want me to say?"<mask> has discussed the intimacies of her family history in depth, including the tragic fate of her father and younger sister. In the early 1980s, she learned that her distant father led a double life as a secluded homosexual after one of his young lovers bragged about his financial support to one of Dutronc's friends. She wrote in 2008: "The revelation that someone is a homosexual is not shocking in itself, even if it is your own father, but the fact that at the age of almost eighty he was picking up young guys turned my stomach, despite the loneliness and suffering such degraded behavior implied." He died in the hospital on 6 February 1981 after being assaulted, presumably by a young male prostitute, a cause that was not reported by the press at the time. Raised without the affection of their parents, <mask>'s sister grew up to be suicidal, paranoid schizophrenic. In late May 2004, she was found dead at her home in L'Île-Rousse, possibly a suicide. Health
Between late 2004 and early 2005, <mask> was diagnosed with MALT lymphoma, which inaugurated a "hellish period" that disrupted her life.The singer then underwent chemotherapy treatment that was initially successful. In March 2015, <mask>'s condition worsened and she had to be admitted to the hospital, where she was put into an artificial coma and nearly died. During her hospitalization, the singer also broke her hip and elbow. That month, she told Le Figaro: "I am very isolated, very handicapped by illness. I was diagnosed with lymphoma over ten years ago. But it is especially in the last three years that my symptoms have worsened. I also have a lot of difficulty walking.(...) There are times when I absolutely cannot see anyone and I cannot go out. But I remain positive, I live from day to day, I have no choice, I avoid thinking about it, it does not obsess me." The singer then underwent further chemotherapy and immunotherapy sessions. Her health has since worsened and in 2021 she made news as a proponent for the legalization of physician-assisted suicide in France, expressing her desire to have recourse to euthanasia. She told RTL's Flavie Flament: "It's absolutely appalling, but for the moment I'm reassured. I manage to cook for myself. As long as I can do that, okay!But if it does become even worse, if I am weakened to the point of not being able to do anything, I would seriously think about euthanasia. I cannot stay like this waiting for death to come, because I cannot live any more. I can't do the things that my life requires." She also disclosed her inability to continue singing as a result of the effects of the treatments. Politics
As a public figure, <mask> is known for her frankness regarding her sometimes controversial political views, which have been described as right-wing. Raised in a Gaullist family, she told Télérama in 2011: "I kept that sensitivity. I don't like everything that is said or done on the right, and I don't denigrate everything that is done or said on the left.To be honest, basically I'm pretty centrist." In her 2008 autobiography, she claimed: "I only identify with ecology, which I absolutely believe is neither right nor left, but the fact I am not a puppet of the established authority will likely be enough to pigeonhole me." In promotion of her album Décalages in 1988, <mask> was interviewed by the magazine Rockland in a conversation that branched off into political news, as the presidential election had taken place the day before. Believing that the off-the-record discussion would not be included in the final article, <mask> expressed her contempt for people on the left. Although outraged by the publication of the political conversation, <mask> defended her position on 13 May in a televised interview with Thierry Ardisson, in which she recounted an altercation with singer Renaud, claiming he had insulted her for her support of Minister of Culture François Léotard. In the Rockland interview, she also caused controversy with her statements about racism in France, claiming that: "we do not talk about anti-French racism, that there are places where you are more likely to enter if you are not French"; as well as antisemitism, suggesting that "those who see it everywhere could actually be sowing its seeds." The singer later distanced herself from these remarks, writing in her autobiography: "Since then, I have become more aware of the ethnic, social, and cultural differences that separate individuals.However, I still believe that the affinities of the heart and soul weigh more heavily on the scales and also have the marvelous power of transforming opposites into complementarities." <mask> was a known opponent of the solidarity tax on wealth (French: impôt de solidarité sur la fortune; ISF). In 2010, she defended the tax shield put in place by the government of Nicolas Sarkozy and, in 2012, caused controversy when denouncing François Hollande's tax program amidst the presidential elections, telling Paris Match: "I believe that most people do not realize the tragedy that the ISF causes to people in my category. I am forced, almost 70 years old and ill, to sell my apartment and move out." This prompted her son Thomas Dutronc to write on Twitter: "But no mom, don't worry I'll invite you over to my place just in case...". Annoyed by the extent of her remarks, the singer later complained: "First, contrary to what has been written, I did not speak of the 'tragedy' of people who pay the ISF. The tragedy is the people who are losing their jobs because of offshoring and the crisis, and about whom we hear about every day in the newspapers.Then I never said I was going to be homeless. It's absurd. And even less that I was going to go into exile!" <mask> has expressed her support for the legality of abortion, while at the same time distancing herself from feminism. She wrote in 2008: "It is better to forgo having a child if you are not able to supply the minimum resources and time required for it to develop into a healthy, balanced adult. (...) In contemporary French society, we hear a lot more talk about rights than we do their inseparable duties. This can be seen in how the feminist discourse has advanced the right of women to do as they wish with their own bodies, while passing over in silence — exactly like the puritan position — the fate of the children, although their fate should take precedence over everything else."In 2015, the singer caused controversy for her criticism of feminist activists in her essay "Avis non autorisés ...", in which she wrote: "I find them surly, ugly, that is to say not feminine for two cents. I have never been able to identify in anything with feminists. There are, however, some that I could have idealized..."

Amidst the 2017–2018 protests in France, <mask> expressed her support for President Emmanuel Macron, stating: "We must let him reform France. Part of the French people don’t want to see the reality and are stuck in the Marxist ideology. What I like about President Macron is that he is an idealist but not an ideologue and is firmly grounded in

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Guy Hersant

texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is a French photographer. Biography
Born in Loire Atlantique (France), <mask>t entered apprenticeship at the age of sixteen and obtained his CAP in photography while working as an assistant for several photographers. He later opened his own studio in Lorient in 1975. There he concentrated on portraits and reporting until 1990. He went to Africa for the first time in 1971, where he was an assistant in a studio run by a Frenchman in Bamako). It was the beginning of a personal photography, the revelation of the taste for traveling and the passion for Africa. He co-founded the collective of Brittany photographers "Sellit" in 1979.He created in 1982, and managed until 1989, the meetings of the photography in Brittany, then the gallery Le Lieu in Lorient. Afterward, <mask> settled in Paris and photographed architecture. He travelled again in West Africa and made photographic series of the valleys of the river Niger. He co-led the African Photography Encounters from 1994 until 2001. He has conducted research, wrote and published on the photography of studio and itinerant photographers in Africa, contributing to awareness of the works of these photographers. In 1995, he began a series of photos of groups in the forest of Crécy (Somme, France) which began the spirit of the project Please do not move! that began in Kano (Nigeria) on the instigation of the Alliance française of this city in 2000.The project was to develop in the following years in France in Amiens, Le Touquet, Mulhouse; in Libreville (Gabon), Gao (Mali), and in January, 2010 in association with Jean-Michel Rousset and Eric Adjetey Anang in Teshie (Ghana). It is this work which confirmed the vision, at the same time documentary and human, which crossed the whole work of the photographer. Expositions
 Nature humaine. Musée de l’Hospice Saint-Roch – Issoudun . October 2007 -  April 2008
 Portraits au Gabon. Festival « Les photographiques » - Le Mans . February 2008
 Les hommes sont des acteurs… Théâtre La Passerelle, Scène nationale – Gap .October  - December 2007
 Portraits de groupe. Château de Suze-la-Rousse – Drôme . September - December 2007
 J’ai trouvé l’eau si belle. Festival Photo Nature & Paysage – La Gacilly . June–September 2006
 (travail). La Filature, Scène nationale – Mulhouse . January–March 2006
 Please do not move!.Alliance française de Kano (Nigeria) – octobre 2005 ; Université Rennes2  . April-June2006
 Africa-urbis – exposition collective. Musée des Arts Derniers, Paris - May–September 2005
 Tout le monde. Musée du Touquet (Pas de Calais) - March–June 2005
 Kan be soni. (Avec G.Clariana, Th.Corroyer, O.Dumbia, M.Sanogo, S.M.Sidibé), École Supérieure d’Art et de design, Amiens, avril 2002; Institut national des arts Bamako (Mali), October 2001
 Les routes du fleuve. La Bibliothèque - Saint-Herblain, 1999; Université de Picardie, Amiens, September 2001
 Un itinéraire africain : 1971-2000. Aubenas - July 2001
 In Lagos.Galerie Auteurs, Paris 14e, March 2000 ; Alliance Française de Lagos (Nigeria) - November 2000
 Harar. Musée Rimbaud, Charleville-Mézières - November 1999-February 2000
 Champs, agriculture dans l’Aisne. Maison des Arts Laon, June–September 1999
 La photographie à Grignan, Grignan, 1995
 L’Africaine. Rencontres Photographiques en Bretagne, Lorient, 1991 ; Carré Amelot, La Rochelle, 1993 ; l’Atelier, Paris, 1993
 Vigo VI. Commande Ville de Vigo, 2e Fotobienal, Vigo, (Spain) 1986
 Itinérance. Galerie nationale, Dakar (Senegal) 1984
 Vous avez dit rural ? (avec M. Massi, H. Bramberger, M. Garanger), B.P.I.du Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1983
 Voyages  à Ouessant. Musée des Arts décoratifs, Nantes, 1979
 Vu en Chine. (avec F. Huguier, F. Lochon, F. Saur), B.P.I. du Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1979

Editions
 Nature humaine. 40 colour photographies, text Pascal Mougin . Editions du Musée de l’Hospice Saint–Roch. Issoudun 2007
 Tout le monde.45 colour photographies, comments by Laurence Perrigault, Editions Filigranes 2005
 Please do not move ! in Kano. 23 colour photographies, poems by Sam Cambio, Editions Filigranes, 2005. Harar. 19 black & white photographies, text by Bernard Noël, Editions Filigranes, 1999. Champs. 65 colour and black & white photographies, text by <mask>, preface Bernard Noël, Editions Filigranes, 1999.L’Africaine. 13 black & white photographies, text by Ch. Jacob . Editions Filigranes 1993
 La Chine quotidienne. 70 black & white photographies, text by R. Trottignon, preface E. Manac’h, Editions Leoreca, 1979. Films
 Guragu, DVD movie on street disabled people in Lagos (Nigeria). 18 minutes, July 2001
 Photographes guinéens, video, 8 minutes 30 seconds, Maison européenne de la photographie, 1994.Public collections
 FRAC Bretagne, Rennes
 Galerie Le Lieu, Lorient
 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
 Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine, Paris
 Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris, Paris
 Le Ring – artothèque, Nantes
 Musée de Bretagne, Rennes

Published texts and conversations
 Le Photographe doit être gai Malick Sidibé, Editions Filigranes and Afriphoto, 2005. AFRICA URBIS O.Sultan, catalogue, Editions Sepia - 2005
 Studio Malick, Catalogue Les Afriques, Editions Autrement, Paris, 2004. Preface for Photographes ambulants, Editions Filigranes et Afriphoto, 2004. Preface for Gabriel Fasunon, Editions Filigranes and Afriphoto, 2004. A vignette from Lomé : the street photographers’blues, Visual Anthropology, Photographies and modernities in Africa volume XIV, number 3, Harwood publishers academic, 2001
 Interview of Emma Sudour, for "Voir" les photographies, n°9, February 2001
 Lomé, le blues des photographes ambulants, Africultures, July 2001
 Au temps de Sékou Touré ; Portraits peints d’Addis Ababa, in Anthologie de la photographie africaine, Editions Revue Noire, Paris, 1998, Prix Nadar 1999. Anthologie de la photographie africaine, Editions Revue Noire, 1998
 Entretien avec Brigitte Ollier, Libération, 17 October 1997
 36 ans de photographies en Guinée, Le Photographe, December 1994 – January 1995
 Images de Conakry, Jeune Afrique, September 1994

Workshops
 Workshop with the students of Collège Alan Seeger, Vailly-sur-Aisne 2007 /2008
 Workshop in Ecole des Beaux-Arts «Le Quai », Mulhouse – December 2005
 Intervention on architecture and urban landscapes photography at Ecole des Beaux-arts de Paris – February 2004 – October 2004
 Artistice residence in Le Touquet : one week workshop with adolescents – February 2004
 Les photographes ambulants au Togo, Bénin, Ghana et Nigeria, supported by Afrique en Créations / AFAA, 20 September to 16 November 1999
 Autour de la Bibliothèque de France, with students in second year at Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs de Paris, 1993-1994. Photographies négociées at Club Méditerranée of Cefalu (Sicilia), 1985.Curator of exhibitions
2004
 Malick Sidibé and other photographers from Mali : Vive la COPHOTEX, la Filature, Ecole des Beaux-arts, Le Quai and Musée d’Impression sur Etoffe in Mulhouse. 2001
 Les photographes ambulants au Ghana, Nigeria, Togo et Benin. Gabriel Fasunon photographe de studio au Nigeria. Artistic direction and co-ordination of KAN BE SONI with photographers from Mali and France. Amiens. 1998
 Boxing Ghana. photographies from the archives of Ghanaian Ministry of Information on boxing, a mythic sport in Ghana during the 60s and 70s, and on the boxing studios in Accra by Francis Provençal, a young Ghanaian photographer.1996
 Photographes ambulants in Addis Ababa ( Ethiopia). Portraits de studio coloriés in Addis Ababa. Les photographes de presse à Nairobi (Kenya). 1994
 Syli Photo:  Sékou Touré photo service in the first years of Guinea independence. References

External links
 Official website
 Purpose - webmag photographique
 Africultures, cultures africaines

1949 births
Living people
French photographers
Portrait photographers

masks:
Guy Hersant
Guy Hersan
Guy Hersant
Guy Marival


title: Shyne

texts:
Moses Michael Levi Barrow (born Jamal Michael Barrow; November 8, 1978), better known by his stage name <mask>, is a Belizean rapper and politician. Barrow was born in Belize but moved to New York City as a child and began to rap thereafter. He is perhaps best known for his 2000 singles "Bad Boyz" and "Bonnie & Shyne". He also wrote and performed on many multi-platinum albums such as Usher's "Confessions", Lil Wayne's "Carter IV", Notorious B.I.G's "Born Again", Mase's "Double Up" and Puff Daddy's "Forever" among other top selling albums during his tenure with his former label Bad Boy Records and Def Jam Recordings. <mask> and his mother lived in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East Flatbush, where he became a musician and rapper after being discovered in a barbershop by Imani Hayley. On the verge of releasing his debut album, he was involved in a nightclub shooting incident on , and in June 2001 he was convicted of assault and sentenced to 10 years in prison. His 2000 debut album was still a success and he continued to record music while incarcerated.While serving his prison sentence, Shyne became interested in Judaism, and later became observant, practicing Orthodox Judaism, officially changing his name to Moses Michael Levi Barrow in 2006. After being released from prison in 2009, he was deported to Belize. He has since been appointed the country's Ambassador of Music charged with the sustainable development of the music industry in Belize and has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to develop it. Shyne was elected to the Belizean House of Representatives at the 2020 general election. Early life
Shyne was born Jamal Michael Barrow on November 8, 1978, in Belize City to Frances Imeon Myvette and Dean Barrow, who were not married. Barrow divided his time between his mother in Brooklyn, New York City, and his politician father, who was elected in 2008 as the Prime Minister of Belize. Shyne's mother is the sister of Michael Myvett, now going by the surname Finnegan, one of Dean Barrow's long-time political colleagues in Belize.Barrow's middle name comes from his uncle. Barrow's mother moved to the United States when he was three years old, leaving her son with his father who was busy with politics which left him between the care of his mother's brother Michael and father's sister Denise in Belize City. When he was 8 years old, Barrow moved to Brooklyn to live with his mother in East Flatbush, while spending summers in Belize with his father. After he moved to New York, he began to develop a strong interest in the hip-hop culture of the 1980s and 1990s. Music career

1997–1999: Career beginnings and signing to Bad Boy
In 1998, while Barrow was freestyling in a barbershop, he was discovered by hip hop producer DJ Clark Kent, who was working on The Notorious B.I.G. 's first posthumous album, Born Again. He quickly took Barrow to Bad Boy Studios, where Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs signed him on the spot.It was reported that <mask> received millions of dollars, 3 cars of his choice and 2 homes just for signing. The contract also included a 5 studio album deal. This event caused a small media shockwave. Not long after, <mask> began making appearances on recordings made by his Bad Boy Entertainment label-mates. He was notably featured on Mase's second album, Double Up (1999), and on a remix of Total's "Sittin At Home" single. In the same year he featured on chief executive Sean Combs' second studio album Forever. 1999–2008: <mask>, prison, and Godfather Buried Alive

On December 27, 1999, <mask>, along with Combs and his then girlfriend, Jennifer Lopez, were involved in a high-profile incident at a Manhattan club.Three people were injured. Shyne was charged with attempted murder, assault, and reckless endangerment. Shyne released Shyne (album) in September 2000. The album featured guest appearances from Barrington Levy and 112's Slim, as well as production from Bad Boy's in house producers The Hitmen. Shyne's self-titled debut album was recorded prior to the rapper's arrest. It made Billboards number five spot on the charts and sold more than 900,000 copies. In June 2001, Shyne was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison.Combs was acquitted of weapons charges in the case. While many labels met with <mask> while he was at the Clinton Correctional Facility, the rapper ultimately signed with Def Jam Records for a $3 million contract. In 2004, <mask> released his second album Godfather Buried Alive, while imprisoned. The album, recorded prior to imprisonment and partially over the phone, sold 434,000 copies and hit No. 1 on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop chart. 2009–present: Release from prison and third album
Upon his early release in 2009 from his 10-year prison sentence, the Belize native was deported to his homeland as a non-citizen felon; he had never become a naturalized United States citizen. He was represented by Harvard professor and attorney Charles Ogletree in his attempt to forestall deportation and later to regain entry.On February 16, 2010, <mask> signed a seven-figure deal with Def Jam Records. "We are excited about working with Shyne, he's a revered Hip Hop Star and we want to give him the attention he deserves." said Steven "Steve-O" Carless, national lifestyle director of Def Jam, in a call from his New York Office. After a trip to Jerusalem in 2010, where he converted to Orthodox Judaism, <mask> collaborated with Jewish American reggae and rock musician Matisyahu on his single "Messiah", released in April 2010. He released "Roller Song" in 2010. He later announced that he was recording two LPs for release in 2010. Messiah was set to be the first of his 2010 release schedule, while Gangland, was set to be his second.In October 2010, <mask> criticized Def Jam and announced hopes of signing to Cash Money Records: "I'm definitely trying to get with Cash Money….I'm not signed to Def Jam anyway, I just need to find another distributor. I might just have Cash Money do everything. Who knows? That's the beauty about being in the business for yourself. You can decide where you want to go and what you want to do." Although he blamed Def Jam CEO L.A. Reid for his frustration, later that month Shyne issued an apology. In November 2010, Birdman said that Shyne's deportation had stalled his Cash Money deal, as it would prevent him from appearing in the US.In November 2010, <mask> was living in Jerusalem, where he underwent a formal conversion to Orthodox Judaism and arranged further studies with rabbis. He had studied seriously with rabbis while in prison and adopted the Jewish laws to create boundaries and order in his life. He officially changed his name to Moses Levi to reflect his commitment to Judaism. Shyne made a surprise guest appearance in the Matisyahu and HaDag Nachash concert in Jerusalem's Kikar Safra on June 23, 2011. He rapped into Matisyahu's set for "King Without a Crown". He shouted "Free Jonathan Pollard, Free Gilad Shalit" to thunderous applause before he exited the stage. Matisyahu and <mask> have shared Judaism and have become best friends.They have discussed collaborating more frequently in the future. In August 2011, <mask> appeared on the track "Outro", from Lil Wayne's platinum-selling ninth studio album Tha Carter IV (2011), along with Bun B, Nas and Busta Rhymes. In December 2011, Shyne said signing to Cash Money Records "is still a possibility". In March 2012, <mask> and Diddy finally reconciled. The two were photographed together at Fashion Week in Paris; Diddy tweeted, "Me and <mask> Po front row at Kenzo #ParisIsBurning RT to da world!!!!" In April 2012, Shyne traveled to Kyiv, Ukraine, where he was a featured speaker at a conference on inter-religious understanding. The conference – called Global Winds of Change: Religions' Role in Today's World;The Challenges in Democracies and Secular Societies – brought together members of the world's many faiths to discuss the role of religion in modern society.Oleksandr Feldman, a member of the Ukrainian parliament and the President of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee, hosted the three-day event. In October 2012, Shyne endorsed Mitt Romney for president of the United States, faulting incumbent President Obama for not doing anything to prevent the rapper's deportation to Belize. In 2012, Shyne released a mixtape, Gangland. Shyne called out Rick Ross, due to his blasphemous Black Bar Mitzvah mixtape, as well as Jewish-Canadian rapper Drake. He has recorded diss tracks towards Diddy, Swag Blanket's DLSupreme and 50 Cent. In November 2012, Shyne became involved in a feud with West Coast rapper Game, after Shyne described West Coast rapper Kendrick Lamar's universally acclaimed debut album good kid, m.A.A.d city as "trash". Shyne dissed Game on tracks such as "Bury Judas" and "Psalms 68 (Guns & Moses)".These tracks reflected his study of Judaism. Complex Magazine in December 2012 noted <mask> on its list of rapper stars who had suffered the "30 worst fall-offs in rap history", ranking him as 23. But <mask>'s Gangland mixtape appeared to show a revival of his popularity; it was downloaded more than 100,000 times on DatPiff.com, earning him a "Gold" ranking. Personal life

Club New York shooting
On December 27, 1999, <mask> and his mentor/label boss, Sean Combs and his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez, were involved in a shooting incident involving Matthew "Scar" Allen at a Manhattan club that resulted in three people being injured. <mask>, then 21 with an album pending release, was charged with and later convicted of attempted murder, assault, and reckless endangerment. Combs was arrested but acquitted at trial of charges. Shyne's debut album was released in 2000 and was successful.Incarceration
On June 1, 2001, <mask> was sentenced to ten years in prison. He began serving his sentence at the maximum security prison Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora. This seemed to spell the end of his rap career; his legal team's appeal for a suspended sentence ultimately failed. Shyne severed all ties with Sean Combs and Bad Boy Records. He had his name legally changed, in early March 2006, to Moses Michael Levi Barrow. He had been studying Judaism in prison with rabbis. Barrow has said that from the age of thirteen, he began to identify as an Israelite after learning that his great-grandmother was from Ethiopia.He has speculated that she may have been among the Beta Israel, ancient Ethiopian Jews. As a teenager, he began to pray daily and to study Judaism on his own. He formally converted to Orthodox Judaism in Jerusalem in 2010. In 2006 Shyne went to court to challenge New York's application of the 'Son of Sam' law, which had resulted in his assets being frozen and limiting his ability to make record deals and income. He and his lawyers argued that allowing Shyne to make deals with record producers would enable him to pay a higher potential settlement to victims of the night club shooting, who were separately pursuing a civil suit against him. Despite his conviction for crimes, his incarceration drew many sympathizers, as well as the admiration of many in the hip hop community. His adherence to the code of silence, which he referred to several times on his eponymous debut album, earned him a hardcore reputation in the prison community and on the streets.Even while incarcerated, he was visited by representatives of record labels who wanted to make deals. <mask> was not without detractors. Fellow New York rapper 50 Cent called him a "punk" and made light of his situation and his part in the "night club incident." Shyne retaliated on his 2004 release Godfather Buried Alive, with a track entitled "For the Record". Release and deportation
On October 26, 2009, <mask> was released from ICE to his place of birth, Belize. A Manhattan judge signed the order that would schedule Shyne for release on October 6, 2009. He had served more than 9 years of a 10-year sentence, on which no terms for post-release supervision had originally been placed.At the request of the New York State Department of Correctional Services, a mandatory probation period of at least two and half years was added to Shyne's sentence. <mask> and his attorney, Oscar Michelen, had hoped to avoid probation. The rapper was transferred to the Woodbourne Correctional Facility, where he spent the last months of his incarceration, from Rikers Island where he had been held for the parole hearing. Some of the hip hop community rallied to celebrate his release, and the events were followed by mainstream media. On October 6, 2009, Shyne was released from New York State custody. He was immediately taken into Federal custody. He was detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement at a "detention facility in Western New York State".At least one source revealed that the facility in question was the Buffalo Federal Detention Facility in Batavia. According to his attorney, Federal officials were reviewing the rapper's immigration status and making a determination on whether or not he would be deported to his native Belize. Shyne had a "green card" but had never become a naturalized citizen. There was speculation that Shyne might have been released on bail in the U.S. while his case was being resolved. Shyne's uncle, Michael Finnegan, said that the family had prepared for the rapper's potential return to Belize. He also revealed that Shyne and his representatives had been expecting to be intercepted by ICE officials upon his release and had deferred members of his legal team to prepare the necessary documents in an effort to deal with this situation. Dean Barrow, Belize's Prime Minister and Shyne's father, sent a petition to New York Governor David Paterson to pardon his son.In 2008 Governor Paterson had pardoned rapper Slick Rick who, in a similar situation, also faced deportation. Barrow stated he had been assured that the Governor received his letter and that his request was under consideration, but that he did not expect to have any influence in swaying the decision. The family said they had sought the assistance of Charles Ogletree, a Harvard Law professor and part of President Barack Obama's circle. On October 15, 2009, Finnegan released a statement indicating that all legal matters regarding the case had been turned over to Ogletree. <mask> was deported to Belize on October 28, 2009, though he continued to fight for residency in the United States. In February 2010, the rapper was refused entry into the United Kingdom due to his conviction as a felon. He had begun his journey in Cancun, Mexico, but was deported upon arrival in the UK after immigration officials refused to allow him to enter the country.In November 2010, <mask> was living in Jerusalem, having become observant and changing his name officially to Moses Michael Levi. He spent his time learning the Torah and stated that he spends up to 12 hours a day studying it. In 2011 he performed there, forming a collaboration with Matisyahu. In December 2011, almost 12 years after the initial shooting, Matthew "Scar" Allen was shot and killed outside of Brooklyn's Footprints nightclub. Entry into Belizean politics

<mask> is now a member of the House of Representatives in Belize. He was nominated by the United Democratic Party to stand as a candidate for the Belize House of Representatives in the Belize City-based Mesopotamia constituency in the 2020 Belizean general election. On November 11, 2020, Barrow won the House of Representatives seat for Mesopotamia.Discography

Studio albums
 Shyne (2000)
 Godfather Buried Alive (2004)

References

External links

 [ Shyne] at Allmusic

1978 births
Living people
American prisoners and detainees
Bad Boy Records artists
Baalei teshuva
Belizean businesspeople
Belizean expatriates in Israel
Belizean musicians
Belizean Orthodox Jews
Belizean people of Honduran descent
Belizean people of Ethiopian descent
Children of national leaders
Def Jam Recordings artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
Converts to Orthodox Judaism
Jewish rappers
People convicted of assault
People deported from the United States
People from Belize City
People from Jerusalem
Rappers from Brooklyn
Shooting survivors
Gangsta rappers
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
21st-century American rappers
Black Jewish people

masks: Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne Shyne


title: Vito Nunziante

texts:
<mask> (Campagna, 12 April 1775 – Torre Annunziata, 22 September 1836) was an Italian general, politician and entrepreneur, who was active in the Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Early life
<mask> was born in Campagna, in the province of Salerno, on 12 April 1775 to a modest family, the fourth child of eleven siblings. He was entrusted by his father Pasquale to a canonical uncle to be initiated to the priesthood, but in 1794 he was called, through dell'imbossolamento method (pretty much a draw), to perform military service, activities for which he probably felt more inclined. Its exceptional stature, an extraordinarily strong body and his courage made him a soldier of election and earned him the esteem of Luigi Pignatelli colonel who commanded the 13th Infantry Regiment of the Line "Lucania" to which he was assigned. It was the same Pignatelli to appoint him quartermaster of the regiment and to obtain later, thanks to the fact that, had the task of capturing the defectors will shoot about two thousand in two years, for the young recruit the shoulder straps of the official with the rank of ensign in 1797. Career

Participation in the wars against the French
War broke out between the Kingdom of Naples and the French Republic, Nunziante participated in the first occupation of Rome by the Neapolitans. Following the escape of Ferdinand I to Sicily, on 22 December 1798, and the Neapolitan army victory, he managed to form a regiment which he called "Holy Cross", by which he joined all armed sanfedista of Cardinal Ruffo.The latter renamed the regiment as "Montefusco" and promoted him to the rank of colonel commandant. During the reconquest of the kingdom he participated in the siege of the fortress of Capua until the surrender of the French and then the second occupation of Rome. He was captured during the battle of Siena, but he managed to escape. It was subsequently confirmed by the king in the rank of colonel and put in charge of the regiment "Sanniti". In 1806, after the defeat in the battle of Campotenese and the consequent French reconquest of the kingdom of Naples, is brought in Sicily where he was charged with his regiment and a small reinforcement of cavalry to keep Reggio, only foothold on the continent still holding to Bourbon. Joint operations in the area with orders to keep with the ships that had transported, so that they can ensure a rapid retreat, after evaluating the situation, successfully asked the king to send back to the ships. Also he advised the king to disperse the masses of common people or to integrate them into the army.In 1807 he was put under the command of Prince Louis of Hesse-Philippsthal on an expedition for the reconquest of the mainland. On 28 May 1807 he and his expedition of the French troops were defeated in the battle of Mileto (near Seminara), despite his counseling with Philippsthal who proposed a retreat towards Catanzaro, which was considered to be the best strategic location. Back in Reggio (with the remains of his regiment reduced from 1,200 to 579 men, including 49 hospitals) Nunziante assured the defense of the castle for another six months, after which he was recalled in Sicily where he was promoted to Brigadier and put in charge of the Milazzo forces. In his new role, he managed to reorganize the forces under his command, improving conditions for soldiers and relations with allies British and obtained, unlike the provisions of applicable regulations, to have this in case its degree was greater than that of the English officer present in the same place. In the same period, he was a widower by his first wife Faustina Onesti and met in Lipari Camilla Baresse, " graceful and rich maiden", which became his second wife. Since the latter had eight children, who were added to the four first bed. The various offers came to pass the service to Murat, who always opposed a firm denial, though his children they were still on the mainland and Murat do not allow the transfer.In 1814, under the command of Lord William Bentinck he took part in the conquest of Genoa, but was later excluded as was proclaimed in an article contrary to the agreement between Murat and the Powers, which did not provide for the return of the continental part of the Kingdom of Bourbon. As general
In August 1815, after the restoration of the Bourbon and the exile of Murat, he was appointed commander of the 5th territorial division (which by that time had whole Calabria and expertise of that area), and moved its headquarters from Monteleone to Tropea. On October 9, he heard the news of the landing of Gioacchino Murat's troops in an attempt to regain power and its subsequent capture. Following these events, it was commissioned by the government to appoint the military court which was to judge the former king and later sentenced him to death. On 12 April 1816 he obtained the title of Marquess of Cirello; and later (20 July 1819) the degree of lieutenant general; his appointment as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. George; the post of civil commissioner and the power of alter ego, who equated her orders to those of the sovereign. In this age it took care to suppress the Carbonari in Calabria succeeding admirably and worked actively against the banditry; He was also able to make open a road between Monteleone and Reggio Calabria. On 4 July 1820 he was appointed by letter of the king as commander of 4th territorial division, which included Salerno and Basilicata, and remained at this position at which he tried to oppose erupted motions for the granting of the constitution.Schieratosi later in favor of the constitution with a letter published in the Journal Constitution of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was then appointed on 17 November 1820 the commander of the territorial division of Syracuse and then on 9 December of the same year as General Commander of the Sicilian Army. Also the same year, he was initiated into masonry with his son, without formalities, in the Loggia "Damon and Pythian" of Syracuse. During the restoration he was involved by General Carrascosa, exiled, in a controversy over the failure to repression of the uprisings. In early April 1821 he was called to be part of the temporary Government Council and from 30 July 1822 took charge of the army's reorganization with the office of inspector general of infantry and cavalry of the line. When King Francis I ascended to the throne in 1825, he was appointed Knight of the Royal Order of St. George and the General Commander of the Army of the Two Sicilies. Additionally, he was also given additional staff and as a bonus, 460 ducats monthly, all of which was paid by Ferdinand himself. When Ferdinand II came to the throne in 1830, Nunziante was appointed Lieutenant (governor) of Sicily, awaiting Leopold of Bourbon to assume the role.In this short period he managed to win the affection and respect of the various components of the people. Later he obtained the dignity of a minister and the first since the King of the whole army, which earned him the assumption of the supreme command of the Continental Army. Death
He later took an interest in business and philanthropy while residing in San Ferdinando. Upon staying there, he caught malaria and was transferred to Naples where he in his will appointed Florestano Pepe. That was his last order. He died of malaria and liver complications in 1836 at Torre Annunziata. His body was transferred back to San Ferdinando immediately after funeral ceremony in Naples, where the body now rests.Honours
Order of Saint Januarius
Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

References

1775 births
1836 deaths
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
Italian politicians
Generals of former Italian states
Italian businesspeople
Italian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Campagna
19th-century Neapolitan people

masks:
Vito Nicola Nziante
Vito Nziante


title: Georgina Hale

texts:
<mask> (born 4 August 1943) is an English film, television and stage actress. She is best known for her roles in the films of director Ken Russell, including The Devils (1971), The Boy Friend (1971), and Mahler (1974), for which she received a BAFTA Film Award. An accomplished stage actress, she received an Olivier Award nomination for her leading performance in Steaming (1981). She has appeared in a number of television plays, and in 2010, The Guardian listed her as one of 10 great character actors in British television. She remains active in film, television and theatre. Life and early career
<mask> was born in Ilford, Essex to publicans Elsie (née Fordham) and George Robert Hole. She later said she had:

As a teenager, she worked as an apprentice hairdresser and studied Stanislavski's method approach to acting at a fledgling studio, the Chelsea Actors' Workshop, in London, then she was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she graduated in 1965.Acting career

Stage
An accomplished stage actress, <mask> made her professional debut at Stratford as a walk-on. She appeared in repertory theatre at Canterbury, Windsor and Ipswich, then at the Playhouse, Liverpool in 1967, where her parts included the title role in Gigi and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. At the Thorndike Theatre in Leatherhead in October 1975, she played Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion, followed by an acclaimed portrayal of Nina in Chekhov's The Seagull at the Playhouse in July 1976, making her West End debut in the production when it transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in August 1976. Other roles included Marie Caroline David in The Tribades (Hampstead Theatre Club, May 1978); Melanie in Boo Hoo (Open Space Theatre, July 1978); and Bobbi Michele in Neil Simon's Last of the Red Hot Lovers (Royal Exchange, Manchester, April 1979 – transferring to the Criterion Theatre in November 1979). In 1981, <mask> played the leading role of Josie in Nell Dunn's play Steaming at the Comedy Theatre in London and received a nomination for a 1981 Olivier Award. In 1982, she appeared with Annette Crosbie and Richard O'Callaghan in a production of Noël Coward's Star Quality at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In April 1983 she starred opposite Glenda Jackson and Gary Oldman in Summit Conference at the Lyric Theatre, London, playing Benito Mussolini's mistress Clara Petacci.Later that year, she starred with Colin Blakely, Jane Carr and Paul Eddington in the play Lovers Dancing, directed by Donald McWhinnie, at the Noël Coward Theatre. She followed with roles in two productions at The Old Vic: Aricia in Phédre (1984) and Crystal Allen in The Women (1985). In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Glenda Jackson in Mourning Becomes Electra by Eugene O'Neill,at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1993, she appeared in a production of Alan Ayckbourne's Absurd Person Singular at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In 1994, she appeared opposite Rupert Everett in a production of Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1997, she appeared opposite Alan Bates in Life Support by Simon Gray at the Aldwych Theatre in London. Critic Sheridan Morley wrote in The New York Times that <mask>, as the bed-bound Gwen, was "supremely touching even in almost total paralysis".Other notable stage appearances include The Guardsman at the Noël Coward Theatre (2000), where critic Sheridan Morley noted that <mask> added "superbly timed comic support", Semi-Monde at the Lyric Theatre (2001), Britannicus and as Madame Ranevsky in The Cherry Orchard at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre (both 2002), and Chéri and Take a Chance on Me at the New End Theatre (both 2003). <mask>'s most recent stage role was that of Nell in a production of Samuel Beckett's Endgame at the Gate Theatre, Dublin and then the Barbican Centre, London, as part of the Beckett Centenary Festival in May 2006. Film
<mask> made her film debut in the historical drama Eagle in a Cage (1971) as Betsy Balcombe, opposite Kenneth Haigh as Napoléon Bonaparte. In his review for The New York Times, film critic Roger Greenspun noted that, at age 24, <mask> displayed "a kind of mature intensity that argues for at least 30 years' experience on the stage". <mask> appeared as Alma Mahler in Ken Russell's Mahler (1974), opposite Robert Powell as Gustav Mahler. Her performance was called "excellent" by both Time Out and Radio Times, and earned her the 1975 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles. In his review for Film Comment, critic Stephen Farber wrote:

<mask> also made appearances in a number of Russell's other films, with roles in The Devils (1971), The Boy Friend (1971), Lisztomania (1975), Valentino (1977), and Treasure Island (1995).Russell later referred to <mask> as "an actress of such sensitivity that she can make the hair rise on your arms". <mask> played a supporting role in the romantic drama The World is Full of Married Men (1979), based on the novel of the same name by Jackie Collins. Variety noted that <mask> was "effective as a laconic wife who’s come to terms with the sexcess scene". <mask> had a small role in the film The Watcher in the Woods (1980), starring Bette Davis. <mask> took the role of the younger version of Davis' character largely because of her admiration for Davis. Her other film appearances include supporting roles in Butley (1974), Sweeney 2 (1978), McVicar (1980), Castaway (1986), Preaching to the Perverted (1997), Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (2005), and Cockneys vs Zombies (2011). Television
<mask>'s television career spans six decades.Her first major television appearances were supporting roles in plays filmed for The Wednesday Play, ITV Playhouse and ITV Play of the Week. Recurring roles in primetime series followed, first opposite Adam Faith in the second series of Budgie (1972) as his wayward wife, and then as Lili Dietrich in the miniseries The Strauss Family (1972). In 1973, she starred in A.D.A.M. as a physically disabled woman who develops an unusual relationship with the sentient computer system that controls her home. Directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the drama was broadcast as part of the ITV Sunday Night Drama anthology strand. In 1975, <mask> appeared in two television plays written by Simon Gray, broadcast as part of the ITV series Play for Today. These were Plaintiffs and Defendants and Two Sundays.In 1978, <mask> appeared with Michael Gambon in the BBC Play of the Month adaptation of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull. In 1980, <mask> portrayed Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK, in an episode of the drama series Ladykillers. In 1990, <mask> succeeded Elizabeth Estensen in the eponymous role of T-Bag, the villainous, tea-drinking sorceress in a succession of children's adventure series produced by Thames Television. <mask> played the role in four series and two Christmas specials broadcast between 1990 and 1992. In December 1992, <mask> appeared in two television plays produced by Simon Curtis, broadcast as part of the anthology series Performance. These were Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author and Terence Rattigan's After the Dance. In 1994, <mask> appeared in the sitcom pilot The Honeymoon's Over, written by Paul Whitehouse and Charlie Higson, broadcast as part of the Comic Asides anthology strand on BBC Two.In 2007, <mask> made a guest appearance in the crime drama The Commander. Television critic Nancy Banks-Smith noted in The Guardian that <mask> "was able to do wonders with a mere sliver of a scene". Other notable television appearances include guest starring roles in Upstairs, Downstairs (1975), Minder (1980), Hammer House of Horror (1980), the Doctor Who serial The Happiness Patrol (1988), One Foot in the Grave (1990), Murder Most Horrid (1994), The Bill (2002), Emmerdale (2006), Hollyoaks (2010–2011) and Holby City (2016). Work

Film

Television

Theatre

Notes

References

Further reading
Who's Who in the Theatre, 17th edition, Gale (1981)

External links

<mask> <mask> portrait by photographer Rachel Lum
<mask> <mask> Interview

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1943 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles winners
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Living people
People from Ilford

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title: Heather Horst

texts:
<mask><mask> is a social anthropologist and media studies academic and author who writes on material culture, mobility, and the mediation of social relations. In 2020 she became the Director of the Institute for Culture and Society at Western Sydney University where she is a Professor and is also a lead investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society. Prior to this she was a Professor of Media and Communications at the University of Sydney from 2017 and Vice Chancellor's Senior Research Fellow in the School of Media and Communication at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia from 2011. She has also been a Research Fellow in the MA program in digital anthropology at University College London. Horst has a B. A. from University of Minnesota, an M. A. from University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Ph. D. from University College, London (UCL).<mask> served as an Associate Project Scientist for DML Research Hub in the Department of Humanities Research Institute at University of California, Irvine, an Honorary Research Associate in Department of Anthropology and a faculty of Social & Historical Sciences at University College London. <mask>’s research focuses upon the relationship between place, space and new media. Her research has been published in a range of journals, including Social Anthropology, Current Anthropology, Journal of Material Culture, Global Networks, Identities, International Journal of Communication and the Caribbean Review of Gender Studies. She has been a guest editor for special issues of the International Journal of Communication, Journal of Material Culture, International Journal of Cultural Studies and Home Cultures. She is also the co-author of The Cell Phone: An Anthropology of Communication (Horst and Miller, Berg, 2006) and Hanging Out, Messing Around and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with Digital Media (MIT Press, 2009, Ito, et al.). Research
<mask>’s research focuses on the relationship between material culture and the role of objects and artifacts in mediating social relations, with particular attention to mobility and the global movement of people, objects, goods, media and capital in different national and transnational spaces. The Materiality of Personhood
The idea of starting this research came from <mask>rst’s 'dissertation worked in Mandeville, Jamaica, which explored the imagination, construction and transformation of the meanings of ‘home’ among Jamaicans who migrated to Britain after World War II and returned to Jamaica to retire in the 1990s.'In this research, <mask> works on the relationship between material culture, property and personhood by understanding the materiality of the house assert, recognize and negotiate personhood in colonial and postcolonial Jamaica. New Media, Technology and Society
In order to examine the relationship between new media in this research, <mask> began to study on the 'global and transnational processes involved in the construction of the ‘digital divide’ as part of a multi-national comparative study funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID) to examine the implications of new information and communication technologies in Ghana, India, Jamaica and South Africa working with Daniel Miller.' Also, over the past four years, <mask>’s study focuses on 'social change and the power dynamics surrounding the provisioning, access to and use of new media and technology by shifting my attention to the heart of the global technology industry.' Projects

Information Society: Emergent Technologies and Development in the South
It is a large-scale DFID-funded project which compared the relationship between Information and communications technology (ICTs) and development in Ghana, India, Jamaica and South Africa. As a part of it, <mask> was examining development, new information and communication technologies and the 'digital divide'. After completing her dissertation, she began to examine development, new information and communication technologies and the 'digital divide' as part of it. Digital Youth
During the time at University of California, Berkeley prior to joining University of California, Irvine, <mask> was holding a position in a research project called Digital Youth which is to address the gap between in-school and out-school experience with a targeted set of ethnographic investigations into three emergent modes of informal learning that young people are practicing using new media technologies: communication, learning, and play by exploring how kids use digital media in their everyday lives.Coming of Age in Silicon Valley Digital Media in Families

This study aims to understand the role of digital media in children and youths’ communication, learning, knowledge, play and, in turn, how digital media may affect their relationships with their peers, siblings, parents or other household members. Virtual PlaygroundsAn Ethnography of Neopets

Working with Laura Robinson, <mask>, Mizuko Ito and Lou-Anthony Limon designed this project to understand practices and participation of young people using the online gaming site, Neopets.com. Mobiles, Migrants and Money: A Study of Mobility at the Haitian-Dominican Republic Border
<mask> was working with Erin Taylor, and Espelencia Baptiste on this project which investigates the role of mobile phones in the economic and social wellbeing among some of the world's poorest people living at and moving across the border of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Publications

New Media and Society
 Free, Social, and Inclusive: Appropriation and Resistance of New Media Technologies in Brazil. International Journal of Communication 5: 437–462, 2011
 New Media in International Contexts: Introduction (with Cara Wallis). International Journal of Communication 5: 463–470, 2011

 Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.(with Mizuko Ito, Sonja Baumer, Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Rachel Cody, Rebecca Herr-Stephenson, Patricia G. Lange, Dilan Mahendran, Katynka Z. Martinez, CJ Pascoe, Dan Perkel, Laura Robinson, Christo Sims and Lisa Tripp), 2009
 The Cell Phone: An Anthropology of Communication. New York: Berg Publications (<mask>. <mask> and Daniel Miller), 2006
 The Blessings and Burdens of Communication: The Cell Phone in Jamaican Transnational Social Fields. Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 6(2): 143-159, 2006
 From Kinship to Link-up: Cell Phones and Social Networking in Jamaica. Current Anthropology 46(5): 755-778 (<mask>. <mask> and Daniel Miller), 2005
 ‘Cell Phone Come Like a Blessing’: Religion and the Cell Phone in a Rural Jamaican Town. Jamaica Journal 29(1&2): 12-17 (Daniel Miller and <mask>. <mask>), 2005

Mobility and Transnationalism

 Jamaican Americans. New Immigrants Series. New York: Chelsea House (<mask>. <mask> and Andrew Garner), 2006
 Landscaping Englishness: Respectability and Returnees in Mandeville, Jamaica.Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 2(2), 2008
 Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica. Social Anthropology 16 (1): 51-62, 2008
 ‘You can’t be two places at once’: Rethinking Transnationalism through Return Migration in Jamaica. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 14 (1): 63-83, 2007
 The Most English Town in Jamaica: Myths, Memories and Other Returning Resident Dilemmas. Jamaica Journal 31(1 & 2): 56-61, 2007

Materiality of Home and Domestic Space

 Landscaping Englishness: Respectability and Returnees in Mandeville, Jamaica. Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 2(2), 2008
 Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica. Social Anthropology 16(1): 51-62, 2008
 The Most English Town in Jamaica: Myths, Memories and Other Returning Resident Dilemmas. Jamaica Journal 31 (1 & 2): 56-61, 2007
 A Pilgrimage Home: Tombs, Burial and Belonging in Jamaica.Journal of Material Culture 9(1): 11-26, 2004

References

External links

“<mask>” Digital Youth Research
Haitian Monetary Ecologies and Repertoires: A Qualitative Snapshot of Money Transfer and Savings
Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica
<mask>'s blog Digital Youth Research
Mobile communication in the global south
Anthropology and the Individual: A Material Culture Perspective (Berg Publications, 2009)
“<mask> <mask>” on The Material World Blog
Special Section: New Media in International Contexts Introduction
Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion
IMTFI researcher "<mask>" Haitian Monetary Ecologies and Repertoires: A Qualitative Snapshot of Money Transfer and Savings
“<mask><mask>” 2010 NCTI Technology Innovators Conference
“<mask><mask>”  on staff directory page at University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI) website

American anthropologists
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Alumni of University College London
Year of birth missing (living people)

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