title: Jean Améry

texts:
<mask> (31 October 191217 October 1978), born Hanns Chaim Mayer, was an Austrian-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during World War II. His most celebrated work, At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities (1966), suggests that torture was "the essence" of the Third Reich. Other notable works included On Aging (1968) and On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death (1976). He first adopted the pseudonym <mask> in 1955. <mask> took his own life in 1978. Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, <mask>'s participation in organized resistance against the Nazi occupation of Belgium resulted in his detainment and torture by the German Gestapo at Fort Breendonk, and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. <mask> survived internments in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, and was finally liberated at Bergen-Belsen in 1945.After the war he settled in Belgium. Early life
<mask> was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in Vienna, Austria, in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in World War I in 1916. <mask> was raised as a Roman Catholic by his mother. Eventually, <mask> and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there. Religion
While <mask>'s family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord." The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews.His The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without messianic-national hope". During Nazi rule

In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", <mask> fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes. His wife later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels. Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south. After escaping from the camp at Gurs, he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement. Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, <mask> was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at Fort Breendonk.When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to Auschwitz. Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to Buchenwald and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945. After the war

After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to <mask> (the surname being a French-sounding anagram of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture. He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in Germany or Austria for many years, publishing only in Switzerland.He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet Helmut Heißenbüttel, he wrote his book Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities. He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death. In 1976 <mask> published the book On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. He committed suicide via an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978. Literary and philosophical legacy

The publication of At the Mind's Limits, Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of sadism, Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world".For a Nazi torturer,

[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored Kant and Hegel, and all nine symphonies, and The World as Will and Representation – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter. <mask>'s efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory". His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history", but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to Beyond Guilt and Atonement:

I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory.With the prize money that the Viennese writer Robert Menasse received for the Austrian State Prize (1999) he re-founded the “<mask>ry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were Lothar Baier, Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Journalist, Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski  (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018). <mask> was known for his opposition to antisemitism in postwar Germany and support for the state of Israel, which he said was "more important than any other" country to him. In 1969,  he wrote an article in Die Zeit in which he stated: "Anti-Zionism contains antisemitism like a cloud contains a storm". Works

In German
 Karrieren und Köpfe: Bildnisse berühmter Zeitgenossen. Zurich: Thomas, 1955. Teenager-Stars: Idole unserer Zeit. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1960.Im Banne des Jazz: Bildnisse großer Jazz-Musiker. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1961. Geburt der Gegenwart: Gestalten und Gestaltungen der westlichen Zivilisation seit Kriegsende. Olten: Walter, 1961. Gerhart Hauptmann: Der ewige Deutsche. Stieglitz: Handle, 1963. Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten.Munich: Szczesny, 1966. Über das Altern: Revolte undd Resignation. Stuttgart: Klett, 1968. Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre. Stuttgart: Klett, 1971. Lefeu oder der Abbruch. Stuttgart: Klett, 1974.Hand an sich Legen. Diskurs über den Freitod. Stuttgart: Klett, 1976. Charles Bovary, Landarzt. Stuttgart: Klett, 1978. Bücher aus der Jugend unseres Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.Der integrale Humanismus: Zwischen Philosophie und Literatur. Aufsätze und Kritiken eines Lesers, 1966–1978. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985. <mask>, der Grenzgänger: Gespräch mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts." Ed. Jürgen Voigt. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.Cinema: Arbeiten zum Film. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994. <mask>: Werke. 9 vols. Edited by Irène Heidelberger-Leonard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2002–2008. The collected works in German.Translations into French
 Charles Bovary, médecin de campagne: portrait d'un homme simple. Roman/essai traduit de l'allemand par Françoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1991. Par-delà le crime et le châtiment : essai pour surmonter l'insurmontable. traduit de l'allemand par Francoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1995. Du vieillissement.Payot : Paris,  1991 [1968] ; rééd. Petite Bibliothèque Payot 2009
 Le feu ou la démolition. Actes Sud : Arles, 1996 [1974]
 Porter la main sur soi – Du suicide. Actes Sud : Arles, 1999 [1976]
 Les Naufragés. Actes Sud: Arles, 2010 [1935]

Translations into English
 Preface to the Future: Culture in a Consumer Society. Trans. Palmer Hilty.London: Constable, 1964. At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980. Radical Humanism: Selected Essays. Trans.Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. On Aging: Revolt and Resignation. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death.Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. Charles Bovary, Country Doctor: Portrait of a Simple Man. Trans. Adrian Nathan West. New York: New York Review Books, 2018.Notes

Further reading
 Christopher Bigsby, Remembering and Imagining the Holocaust: The Chain of Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2006), Ch. 7. Irène Heidelberger-Leonard, The Philosopher of Auschwitz: <mask> and Living with the Holocaust. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010. Guia Risari, "La paradossale condizione di un non-non ebreo", "Qol", n. 64, lug.-sett.1996
 Guia Risari, "<mask>, la morale del risentimento - La Shoah e gli storici", "Golem L'Indispensabile", n. 12, dic.2003
 Guia Risari, "Il risentimento come principio creativo","Materiali di Estetica", n. 8, gen. 2003
 Guia Risari,"<mask>ry. Il risentimento come morale", Franco Angeli, Milano, 2002 [monography]; <mask> : il risentimento come morale, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2016, . W. G. Sebald, "Against the Irreversible" in On the Natural History of Destruction, Penguin, 2003, pp. 147–72. External links

 <mask> biography
 An essay on <mask>ry
 Essay on <mask>'s suicide

1912 births
1978 suicides
Writers from Vienna
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
Austrian male writers
Drug-related suicides in Austria
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Holocaust historiography
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Breendonk prison camp survivors
Jewish philosophers
Jewish writers
Belgian resistance members
Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust
Belgian people of Austrian descent
20th-century Austrian philosophers
Gurs internment camp survivors
1978 deaths
Austrian torture victims

masks:
Jean Améry
Jean Améry
Améry
Améry
Améry
Jean Améry
Améry
Améry
Améry
Améry
Améry
Jean Améry
Améry
Améry
Jean Amé
Améry
Jean Améry
Jean Améry
Jean Améry
Jean Améry
Jean Amé
Jean Améry
Jean Amery
Jean Amé
Jean Améry


title: Emilio Charles Jr.

type: original

texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1956 – December 28, 2012) was a Mexican luchador (or professional wrestler), who is best known under the ring name <mask>. Over the years, <mask> worked for all of the major Mexican professional wrestling promotions, including Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración and International Wrestling Revolution Group . He is also one of the founding members of the wrestling group called Los Destructores ("the Destroyers"), along with Vulcano and Tony Arce. He was also a key member of the group Los Guapos ("the Handsome Ones"), as well as a group called Los Talibanes (the Taliban), both with longtime wrestling partners and friends Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje. Personal life
<mask> was born on October 12, 1956, in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. His father was a professional wrestler in the 1940s and 1950, and was known under the ring name <mask>. Professional wrestling career
While his father was a professional wrestler, <mask>. was not trained by him; instead, he was trained by Diablo Velasco and Abuelo Carrillo before making his debut in February 1980. Los Destructores (1987–1990)
In the mid-1980s, he joined up with the real life-brother tag team of Tony Arce and Vulcano, to form a trio known as  Los Destructores ("the Destroyers").The group was created in the same vein as Los Infernales, a trio of rudos (bad guys) who worked well together and could produce top-quality matches with a variety of opponents. On January 31, 1988, Los Destructores defeated Hombre Bala, Jerry Estrada, and Pirata Morgan to win the Mexican National Trios Championship. Los Destructores held the titles for almost two years and had a series of championship defenses that drew packed houses all over Mexico. While teaming with Arce and Vulcano, <mask> also worked as a singles wrestler, including a long drawn-out storyline with Atlantis. The storyline saw <mask> win the NWA World Middleweight Championship from Atlantis on July 17, 1988, only to lose it back to him eleven days later. <mask> became a two time NWA Middleweight champion on August 12, 1988, when he defeated Atlantis for the title once more. His run as a double champion ended on April 28, 1989, when Ángel Azteca won the Middleweight title.On November 20, 1989, Los Destructores lost the trios title to Black Terry, Jose Luis Feliciano, and Shu El Guerrero. Not long after the title loss, <mask> left Los Destructores, who decided to replace him with Rocco Valente instead. On August 30, 1990, <mask> defeated Javier Cruz to win the Mexican National Middleweight Championship, holding it until November 20, when he lost the belt to Octagón. <mask> remained active in the Middleweight division for over three years, defeating El Dandy to win the CMLL World Middleweight Championship on December 16, 1992. He held the championship for almost ten months before Dandy regained the title on October 5, 1993. Los Chacales (1995–1996)
In early 1995, <mask> formed a trio with Bestia Salvaje and Sangre Chicana, referred to as Los Chacales (Spanish for "The Jackals"). The trio was one of eight teams competing in the Salvador Lutteroth Trios Tournament in March 1994.Los Chacales defeated La Ola Blanca (Dr. Wagner Jr., Gran Markus Jr., and El Hijo del Gladiador) in the opening round, Dos Caras, El Dandy, and Héctor Garza in semifinals, and finally Los Brazos (Brazo de Oro, Brazo de Plata, and El Brazo) in the finals of the one-night tournament. The following week, Los Chacales defeated La Ola Blanca to win the CMLL World Trios Championship, becoming the sixth overall championship team. Los Chacales' reign as CMLL World Trios Champions lasted 357 days, before they lost it to Dos Caras, La Fiera, and Héctor Garza at the first Homenaje a Salvador Lutteroth show on March 22, 1996. On September 1, <mask> and Apolo Dantés won CMLL's Second Generation Tag Team Tournament. While most participants were second-generation wrestlers like <mask>, the tournament also included some fictional family relationships, like Hijo del Gladiador. In 1997, the makeshift team of <mask>, El Satánico, and Rey Bucanero defeated Apolo Dantés, Black Warrior, and Dr. Wagner Jr. in the finals of a one-night eight-team tournament to win the CMLL World Trios Title. The team only held onto the championship for a month before losing to La Ola Azul ("The Blue Wave"; Atlantis, Lizmark, and Mr. Niebla) on April 29, 1997.A few months later, <mask> and Wagner defeated Atlantis and Brazo de Plata in the final of an eight-team tournament to win the vacant CMLL World Tag Team Championship. While not being a regular team, the two managed to defend the title for five months before losing it to Mr. Niebla and Shocker on January 23, 1998. Los Guapos (1999–2002)
After Shocker lost his mask at the CMLL 66th Anniversary Show, he stated he was okay with being unmasked since his face was "1000% Guapo" ("1000% Handsome"). He  developed a narcissistic, self-obsessed rudo character, who exhibited various metrosexual traits and treated those who were not as handsome as him with scorn. In the following months, Shocker would often team up with Bestia Salvaje and Scorpio Jr. Following a series of vignettes, Shocker convinced both of his partners to have their hair bleached blond and that they were also Guapo like him forming a group known as Los Guapos. Scorpio Jr., and Bestia Negra were both older, seasoned veteran wrestlers and neither were actually considered attractive, in fact.Scorpio, Jr.'s nickname up until this point had been El Rey Feo ("The Ugly King"). In 2000, Shocker was invited to work for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on several occasions and due to his NJPW tours of Japan Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Negra often found themselves without a partner for Trios matches. Their solution was to bring in <mask> Jr. to become the fourth Guapo team member, <mask>. like his partners used the Guapo name more ironically than factual. After returning from NJPW Shocker objected to someone joining "his" group without his approval, but at first agreed to it. Over the following months, Shocker's displeasure with the rest of the team grew, and eventually, he split from the team, turning tecnico in the process. Shocker began a long-running storyline feud with Los Guapos. The storyline built to its peak at the 2001 Sin Piedad show on December 14.In the main event, Shocker defeated <mask> Jr. in a Lucha de Apuestas match, forcing <mask> to have all his hair shaved off as a result of his loss. As a result of the victory, Shocker regained the rights to the "Los Guapos" name. Los Talibanes (2002–2004)
While Shocker reformed Los Guapos, initially with Máscara Mágica and later El Terrible, Bestia Salvaje, Scorpio Jr., and <mask> Jr. became known as Los Talibanes (The Taleban). As part of their image change, all three wrestlers began wearing Bedouin robes and headdresses to the ring, pretending to be part of the terrorist group. The feud with Shocker and his group continued over the next two years, including several multi-man Lucha de Apuestas matches. On August 1, 2003, El Terrible defeated Bestia Salvaje in a domo de la muerte steel cage match that also included the other members of Los Talibanes and Los Guapos. The feud culminated in another six-way Lucha de Apuestas match on September 24, 2004, ending with Shocker pinning Bestia Salvaje, forcing him to have his hair shaved off afterward.Final years (2005–2011)
<mask>' schedule slowed down from 2005 to 2007, with him only working two notable storylines in that time period. The first one saw <mask> shaved bald as a result of losing a Lucha de Apuesta, to Máximo on October 29, 2006. In the last notable feud <mask> worked, he wrestled newcomer Máscara Purpura in a series of matches, culminating in a Lucha de Apuesta bout on September 16, 2007, that <mask> lost and was shaved bald as a result. After leaving CMLL in 2007, <mask> worked a limited number of matches for International Wrestling Revolution Group in 2009 and two matches on the independent circuit in 2011. His last recorded match taking place on December 3, 2011, as he, Fuerza Guerrera and Juventud Guerrera lost to Los Payasos (Coco Amarillo, Coco Azul, and Coco Rojo) by disqualification. Death
<mask> died in 2012 of kidney failure. Championships and accomplishments
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL)
CMLL World Middleweight Championship (2 times)
CMLL World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dr. Wagner Jr.
CMLL World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Sangre Chicana and Bestia Salvaje (Los Chacales), El Satánico and Rey Bucanero
Mexican National Middleweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Vulcano and Tony Arce (Los Destructores)
NWA World Middleweight Championship (2 times)
Distrito Federal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Second Generation Tag Team Tournament (1995) – with Apolo Dantés
Salvador Lutteroth Trios Tournament – with Bestia Salvaje and Sangre Chicana

Luchas de Apuestas record

Footnotes

References

1956 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Nuevo León
Sportspeople from Monterrey

masks:
Sergio Emilio Charles Garduño
Emilio Charles Jr
Charles
Sergio Emilio Charles Garduño
Emilio Charles
Emilio Charles Jr
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Emilio Charles
Charles Jr
Emilio Charles
Charles
Emilio Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Mark Abene

texts:
<mask><mask> (born February 23, 1972) is an American infosec expert and entrepreneur, originally from New York City. Better known by his pseudonym Phiber Optik, he was once a member of the hacker groups Legion of Doom and Masters of Deception. Phiber Optik was a high-profile hacker in the 1980s and early 1990s, appearing in The New York Times, Harper's, Esquire, in debates and on television. He is an important figure in the 1995 non-fiction book, Masters of Deception — The Gang that Ruled Cyberspace (). Early life

<mask>'s first contact with computers was at around 9 years of age at a local department store, where he would often pass the time while his parents shopped. His first computer was a TRS-80 MC-10 with 4 kilobytes of RAM, a 32-column screen, no lower case, and a cassette tape recorder to load and save programs. As was customary at the time, the computer connected to a television set for use as a monitor.After receiving the gifts of a RAM upgrade (to 20K) and a 300 baud modem from his parents, he used his computer to access CompuServe and shortly after discovered the world of dialup BBSes via people he met on CompuServe's "CB simulator", the first nationwide online chat. On some of these BBSes, Abene discovered dialups and guest accounts to DEC minicomputers running the RSTS/E and TOPS-10 operating systems as part of the BOCES educational program in Long Island, New York. Accessing those DEC minicomputers he realized there was a programming environment that was much more powerful than that of his own home computer, and so he began taking books out of the library in order to learn the programming languages that were now available to him. This and the ability to remotely save and load back programs that would still be there the next time he logged in had a profound effect on Abene, who came to view his rather simple computer as a window into a much larger world. Having learned about programming and fundamental security concepts during those early years, Abene further honed his skill in understanding the intricacies of the nationwide telephone network. In the mid-1980s he was first introduced to members of the Legion of Doom (LOD), a loosely knit group of highly respected teenage hackers who shared Abene's uncompromising desire to understand technology. Their main focus was to explore telecommunications systems, minicomputer and mainframe operating systems and large-scale packet data networks.The eventual decline of the LOD toward the late 1980s largely due to fragmentation and dissension within the group, coupled with the legal prosecution of a handful of its members, caused <mask> to increasingly align himself with a local group of up-and-coming hackers, who came to be known as the Masters of Deception (MOD). Legal tribulations
On January 24, 1990, <mask> and other MOD members had their homes searched and property seized by the U.S. Secret Service largely based on government suspicions of having caused AT&T Corporation's network crash just over a week earlier on January 15 (Abene was personally accused by the Secret Service of having done as much, during the search and seizure). Some weeks later, AT&T themselves admitted that the crash was the result of a flawed software update to the switching systems on their long-distance network, thus, human error on their part. In February 1991, Abene was arrested and charged with computer tampering and computer trespass in the first degree, New York state offenses. Laws at the time were considered a “gray area” concerning information security. Abene, who was a minor at the time, pleaded "not guilty" to the first two offenses and ultimately accepted a plea agreement to a lesser misdemeanor charge, and was sentenced to 35 hours of community service. <mask> and four other members of the Masters of Deception were also arrested in December 1991 and indicted by a Manhattan federal grand jury on July 8, 1992, on an 11-count charge.The indictment relied heavily on evidence collected by court-approved wire tapping of telephone conversations between MOD members. According to U.S. Attorney Otto Obermaier, it was the "first investigative use of court-authorized wiretaps to obtain conversations and data transmissions of computer hackers" in the United States. According to a July 9, 1992 newsletter from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the defendants faced a maximum term of 50 years in prison and fines of $2.5 million if found guilty on all counts. Despite the fact that Abene was a minor at the time the crimes were allegedly committed, was only involved in a small fraction of the sub-charges, and often in a passive way, a plea arrangement resulted in by far the harshest sentence: 12 months imprisonment, three years probation and 600 hours of community service. After serving the one-year sentence at the Federal Prison "Camp" in Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, Abene was released in November 1994. In January 1995, a huge celebration called "Phiberphest '95" was held in his honor at Manhattan's Irving Plaza ballroom/nightclub. In Time, Joshua Quittner called him "the first underground hero of the Information Age, the Robin Hood of cyberspace."Upon leaving jail, Phiber Optik made the @Cafe his hang out spot. Social protests
Many people inside and outside of the hacker world felt that Abene was made an example of, and was not judged according to earlier court standards. Abene had built up a significant reputation in the hacker sub-culture, for example regularly appearing on the radio show Off the Hook, hosted by Eric Corley (a.k.a. Emmanuel Goldstein), debating and defending the morals and motivations of hackers in public forums and in interviews, and lecturing on the history of telecommunications technology at the night courses of several New York City universities. At the time of the indictment he was working at MindVox, an early BBS/ISP founded by two New York LOD members, and subsequently on EchoNYC, a multi-user BBS and early ISP. ECHO users, ECHO management themselves and hackers around the nation expected Abene to get off with probation or at most a few months of jail time. Co-defendants and previous offenders charged with "hacking" offenses had received rather lenient punishments, and given his new-found enthusiasm for using his knowledge to constructive ends, the general feeling was optimistic prior to sentencing.A statement made by U.S. Attorney Otto Obermeier in conjunction with the indication, "The message that ought to be delivered with this indictment is that such conduct will not be tolerated, irrespective of the age of the particular accused or their ostensible purpose," was interpreted by Abene's supporters to mean that MOD was made an example of, to show that the authorities could handle the perceived "hacker threat". During sentencing, Judge Stanton said that "the defendant stands as a symbol here today," and that "hacking crimes constitute a real threat to the expanding information highway", reinforcing the view that a relatively harmless "teacher" was judged as a symbol for all hackers. Professional life
<mask> has spoken on the subject of security in many publications such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and Time. He has appeared as a speaker at both hacker and security industry conferences worldwide and frequently visits universities to speak to students about information security. After some years as a security consultant, he joined forces with former Legion of Doom member Dave Buchwald and a third colleague, Andrew Brown, to create the security consulting firm Crossbar Security. Crossbar provided consulting services for third party companies, during which the principals conducted business in the U.S., Japan, Brazil, and Sweden. As a result of the "dot com" bust Crossbar ultimately went defunct in 2001, largely due to cuts in corporate security spending.<mask> made his acting début as "The Inside Man" in the fiction film Urchin, completed in 2006 and released in the US in February 2007, in which other hacker notables such as Dave Buchwald and Emmanuel Goldstein can also be seen. In 2009, he founded TraceVector, an intrusion detection firm that makes use of supercomputing and data analytics. He currently resides in Silicon Valley. References

Bibliography
 The Rise and Fall of Information Security in the Western World. Speech by <mask>, Hack in the Box security conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2007. CNET Q&A: <mask>, from 'Phiber Optik' to security guru. New York Software Industry Association.Goldstein, Emmanuel (2001). Freedom Downtime, opening sequence. Savage, Annaliza (September 1995). Notes from the underground — Phiber Optik goes directly to jail. .net Issue 10. Quittner, Joshua (January 23, 1995). Hacker Homecoming.TIME. Dibbell, Julian (January 12, 1994). Prisoner: Phiber Optik Goes Directly to Jail. The Village Voice
 Sterling, Bruce (January 1994). The Hacker Crackdown — Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. . From Project Gutenberg. Goldstein, Emmanuel (November 10, 1993). Interview with Phiber Optik.Off the Hook radio show. (Online archive)
 Electronic Frontier Foundation (July 9, 1992). Federal hacking indictments issued against five in New York City. Retrieved September 4, 2004
 Newsbytes (July 9, 1992). New York Computer Crime Indictments. Retrieved September 11, 2004. Grand jury, United States District Court Southern District of New York (1992).Indictment of Julio Fernandez, John Lee, <mask>, Elias Ladopoulos, Paul Stira. (Copy from Computer underground Digest, 4:31). All Circuits are Busy Now: The 1990 AT&T Long Distance Network Collapse. External links
 The History of MOD
 modbook1.txt — "The History of MOD: Book One: The Originals"
 modbook2.txt — "The History of MOD: Book Two: Creative Mindz"
 modbook3.txt — "The Book of MOD: Part Three: A Kick in the Groin"
 modbook4.txt — "The Book of MOD: Part Four: End of '90-'1991"
 modbook5.txt — "The Book of MOD: Part 5: Who are They And Where Did They Come From? (Summer 1991)"
 Phiber Optik Goes to Prison — Article in Wired Magazine by Julian Dibbell
 Off the Hook shows (available as MP3 files)
 1991-03-13, "Phiber Optik's" first appearance on the show. .
 1993-11-03, announcement of <mask>'s sentence. No recording exists. .
 1993-11-10, the first show following the sentencing, Phiber Optik in the studio. .
 1994-01-05, last show before Phiber Optik's going to prison. .

1972 births
Computer security specialists
Legion of Doom (hacker group)
Living people
Masters of Deception
Businesspeople from New York City
Phreaking

masks:
Mark T
. Abene
Abene
Abene
Abene
Abene
Abene
Abene
Mark Abene
Mark Abene
Mark Abene
Mark Abene


title: Willie Mack

texts:
<mask>.  (born  January 5, 1987) is an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name <mask>. He is currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he is a former Impact X Division Champion. <mask> spent the first years of his career working in the independent circuit, usually in California-based promotions like Pro Wrestling Guerrilla and Championship Wrestling from Hollywood. He had his first national exposure in 2015, when he signed with the El Rey Network show Lucha Underground, a pro wrestling series created by Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide. He worked until 2018 as <mask> and won the Lucha Underground Trios Championship two times. After Lucha Underground ended, he worked in the National Wrestling Alliance, where he is a former NWA National Heavyweight Champion, but he left the promotion after signing a contract with AAA partner Impact Wrestling. Professional wrestling career

Independent circuit (2006–present)
<mask> began his wrestling training while still in high school, but put it on hold until he graduated.He then attended Martin Marin's WPW Training School in Anaheim, California and wrestled at their weekly events at the Anaheim Marketplace. Knowing that he needed further training, <mask> moved on to Bart Kapitzke's AWS School in Industry, California and began wrestling for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) sanctioned Alternative Wrestling Show. At AWS, he was noticed by NWA producers and was invited to appear at tapings of NWA Wrestling Showcase, where he had the opportunity to face such wrestlers as Adam Pearce, Brent Albright, Joey Ryan, Chris Escobar and more. <mask> also wrestled at the tapings as part of a tag team with his best friend and fellow WPW graduate Jerome Robinson. <mask> began wrestling for another NWA sanctioned group, Mach One Wrestling, who run weekly events at the American Sports Center across the street from where WPW had run previously. <mask> Sky in a number one contenders match for the M1W Championship, <mask> entered himself into a three-way elimination match later that same evening, making it a four-way.After Joey Ryan and James Morgan were eliminated, <mask> defeated reigning champion, Bobby Marshall to claim the title. On March 5, 2011, <mask> lost the M1W Championship to Morgan in a four-way match that also involved Nick Madrid and Andrew Hellman. On November 2, 2013, <mask> participated in a tournament to crown the first MexPro Wrestling United States Champion. He defeated Jacob Diez and SoCal Crazy in the semi-finals, but he lost to CJ Kruz in the finale. On November 3, 2013, <mask> was defeated by Samoa Joe at Championship Wrestling from Hollywood's Open Door, in a Dream match. On November 14, 2013, <mask> was defeated by the CWFH Santino Bros. Wrestling Champion Robby Phoenix. On June 15, 2014 <mask> won the Championship Wrestling from Hollywood Red Carpet Rumble in a match which included Matt Striker, X-Pac, Jake "The Snake" Roberts and Joey Ryan.Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2010–2014)
<mask> debuted for the Southern California company Pro Wrestling Guerrilla on December 11, 2010, winning his first match. It has been acknowledged on DVD commentary that he attended PWG shows as a fan before training to be a wrestler. On March 4, 2011, <mask> participated in the 2011 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, pairing with Brandon Gatson in a loss against The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson), the eventual winners, in the Opening Round. On May 27, <mask> gained a substantial win by upsetting Kevin Steen. He then began a streak of wrestling top names on the independent scene, defeating Chris Hero in the first round of the 2011 Battle of Los Angeles before losing to El Generico, the eventual winner, in the Semifinal Round. On December 10, <mask> beat Chris Hero for a second time in what ended up being Hero's PWG exit match. He continued his streak by beating Naruki Doi on January 29 and Roderick Strong on March 17, 2012.<mask> took part in the 2012 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, teaming with El Generico as 2 Husky Black Guys. The duo beat Roderick Strong and the debuting Sami Callihan in the Opening and the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma) in the Semifinal Rounds, before succumbing to the Super Smash Bros. (Player Uno and Stupefied) in the Final. On May 25, <mask> faced and beat debutant Michael Elgin. On July 21 at Threemendous III, PWG's nine-year anniversary event, <mask> received a shot at the PWG World Championship, but was defeated by defending champion Kevin Steen. The match saw an interference by Brian Cage, which launched a feud between Cage and <mask>. The 2012 Battle of Los Angeles, taking place in September, saw <mask> lose against Sami Callihan on Night One. The following month at Failure to Communicate, <mask> lost in his first encounter against Brian Cage.At Mystery Vortex on December 1, he faced Cage once more, this time in a match also involving B-Boy and TJ Perkins, with <mask> emerging victorious. <mask> wrestled his PWG farewell match on August 31, 2014. WWE signing (2014)
In September 2014, it was reported that McClinton had passed WWE's medical tests and would be reporting to WWE's developmental territory, NXT, in Orlando, Florida. He had been signed to the promotion for a few months at this point. However, only a month later on October 13, 2014, McClinton stated that he had been released from WWE before he had even arrived in Orlando. A few years later, McClinton said WWE fired him because a medical test found something wrong with his blood pressure and his knee; however, he suspects he was fired because WWE signed another African American wrestler at the same time that had a better body than him. Lucha Underground (2015–2018)

In February 2015, it was announced <mask> worked at Lucha Underground's TV Tapings.He wrestled under the ringname <mask>, Big Ryck's cousin. On February 8, 2015, along with Killshot and Big Ryck participated in a tournament for the LU Trios Championship, but they were defeated in the semi-finals by the eventual winners Angélico, Son of Havoc and Ivelisse. <mask> was then put into a feud with Cage, who attacked <mask> backstage in order to be a part of a trios team with Big Ryck and Davari. Their feud culminated in a falls count anywhere match that saw <mask> lose to Cage. On the first set of tapings for season 2 of Lucha Underground <mask> defeated the debuting PJ Black using the stunner. <mask> was unsuccessful at winning the Lucha Underground Championship against Johnny Mundo in a Falls Count Anywhere match. <mask> would team with Dante Fox and Killshot as they defeated Snake Tribe (Drago, Pindar and Vibora) to win the Lucha Underground Trios Championship.During the season 4, Fox was replaced by Son of Havoc as champion, starting a feud with Killshot. The trio would lose the title against The Reptile Tribe. The serie was discontinued after season finale, Ultima Lucha Cuatro. Impact Wrestling

Teaming with Rich Swann (2018–2020)
<mask> debuted for Impact Wrestling on the October 11 episode of Impact!, where Rich Swann announced that <mask> would be his tag team partner for his match at Bound for Glory, where the new duo would face Matt Sydal and Ethan Page. The team went on to emerge victorious at Bound for Glory. Shortly thereafter <mask> began appearing regularly on Impact programming and frequently teamed with Swann. On the December 6 episode of Impact!, <mask> lost an Ultimate X qualifying match against Jake Crist after a distraction by Crist's oVe leader Sami Callihan, which resulted in <mask> beginning a feud with oVe.<mask> lost a match to Callihan at Homecoming but defeated Callihan in a rematch on the January 11, 2019 episode of Impact!. <mask> would frequently team with Swann as well as Tommy Dreamer and Fallah Bahh against oVe throughout the first quarter of 2019. He also picked up a major win against Ethan Page at Uncaged. In May, <mask> entered a brief feud with the newcomer Michael Elgin, which led to him losing to Elgin at Code Red and the June 14 episode of Impact!. <mask> continued to feud with oVe as he teamed with Swann and Tessa Blanchard to defeat oVe members Dave Crist, Jake Crist and Madman Fulton in a six-person tag team match at Bash at the Brewery. At Slammiversary XVII, <mask> defeated Jake Crist, TJP and Trey in a four-way match. <mask> then entered the Mashup Tournament to determine the #1 contender for the Impact World Championship on the July 19 episode of Impact!, where he was randomly paired with Michael Elgin and they defeated the team of Ace Austin and Stone Rockwell to qualify for the four-way elimination match in the tournament final where they were eliminated by the eventual winners Sami Callihan and Tessa Blanchard after Elgin turned on <mask>.Swann and <mask> would then begin pursuing the World Tag Team Championship and entered a lengthy rivalry against the champions The North for the titles. They first challenged North for the titles in a three-way match, also involving Reno Scum at Unbreakable, but failed to win the titles. Swann and <mask> received another title shot against North in a three-way match, also involving Rhino and Rob Van Dam in a three-way match at Bound for Glory but lost again. Swann and <mask> would then unsuccessfully challenge North for the titles at Turning Point. They received another title shot against North at Hard to Kill but Swann suffered an ankle injury which rendered him unable to compete and <mask> challenged North for the titles in a handicap match which he lost. X Division Champion and various feuds (2020–present)
On the February 11, 2020 episode of Impact!, <mask> and Johnny Swinger lost a match to Desi Hit Squad members Mahabali Shera and Rohit Raju, which led to a post-match confrontation between the two and <mask> briefly feuded with Swinger, which led to <mask> defeating Swinger in subsequent matches. On the March 24 episode of Impact!, <mask> won an eight-way match to become the #1 contender for the X Division Championship.He received his title shot against Ace Austin at Rebellion. <mask> defeated Austin to win the X Division Championship, his first title in Impact Wrestling. In his first title defense, <mask> successfully defended the title against Austin and Chris Bey in a three-way match on the May 5 episode of Impact Wrestling. <mask> then retained the title against Johnny Swinger on the May 19 episode of Impact!. On July 7, 2020 <mask> retained the title against Swinger-Cide (Johnny Swinger dressed as Suicide). On July 18, at Slammiversary, <mask> lost the championship to Chris Bey. He then began a feud against Brian Myers.At Emergence Night Two, he was defeated by Myers and sucessivly lost the feud. At Victory Road <mask> defeated by countout the X-Division Champion Rohit Raju in a match for the title. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–2019)
<mask> begun to wrestle for the official reborn National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) promotion under Billy Corgan. He had returned to wrestling for Championship Wrestling From Hollywood, which the NWA has had a working relationship with since February 2018. <mask> was named as the first challenger for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Cody Rhodes. Their match took place at the Ring of Honor (ROH) Death Before Dishonor XVI event on September 28, 2018, where he was defeated by Cody. At the NWA 70th Anniversary Show on October 21, 2018, <mask> defeated Sam Shaw to win the vacant NWA National Heavyweight Championship.Both <mask> and Shaw had won separate four-way elimination matches earlier in the card to qualify for the chance to win this title. At the 2019 Crockett Cup, <mask> lost the title to Colt Cabana. Personal life

<mask> has been in a relationship with his current girlfriend since 2013. They both reside in Las Vegas, NV. Championships and accomplishments

 Alternative Wrestling Show
AWS Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Championship Wrestling from Hollywood
CWFH Heritage Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CWFH International Television Championship (1 time)
Red Carpet Rumble (2014)
The Crash Lucha Libre
The Crash Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Copa The Crash (2016)
Elite Xtreme Wrestling
EXW Elite Division Championship (1 time)
 House of Hardcore
 HOH Twitch Television Championship (1 time, current)
 HOH Twitch TV Title Tournament (2018)
Impact Wrestling
Impact X Division Championship (1 time)
Impact Year End Awards (1 time)
One to Watch in 2020	(2019)
Insane Wrestling League
IWL Anarchy Championship (1 time)
IWL Anarchy Championship Tournament (2009)
Lucha Underground
Lucha Underground Trios Championship (2 times) – with Dante Fox and Killshot (1) and Killshot and Son of Havoc (1)
Battle of the Bulls Tournament
Mach One Wrestling
M1W Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA National Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 68 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020
Rival Pro Wrestling
RPW Undisputed Championship (1 time)
SoCal Uncensored
Southern California Wrestler of the Year (2010)
World Power Wrestling
WPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Footnotes

External links

<mask> on Facebook

1987 births
American male professional wrestlers
African-American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Professional wrestlers from California
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Willie McClinton Jr
Willie Mack
Mack
The Mack
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Mackpio
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The Mack
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Willie
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Willie Mack
Willie Mack


title: Irakli Okruashvili

texts:
<mask> () (born 6 November 1973) is a Georgian politician who had served on various important posts in the Government of Georgia under President Mikheil Saakashvili, including being the Minister of Defense from December 2004 until being dismissed in November 2006. In September 2007, <mask> staged a scandalous comeback to Georgian politics, openly confronting Mikheil Saakashvili and creating the opposition party Movement for United Georgia. On September 27, 2007, <mask> was briefly arrested at his party headquarters on the charges of corruption, money laundering, and abuse of office. In 2007 he left Georgia and was granted political asylum in France. He was sentenced to 11-year prison term in Georgia in absentia in March 2008. In October 2010, he, remaining in France, joined Sozar Subari, Levan Gachechiladze and Erosi Kitsmarishvili in the new Georgian Party. <mask> was sentenced to five years in prison for allegedly participating in group violence in anti-government rallies organized in June 2019.However, President Salome Zourabichvili pardoned him, alongside Gigi Ugulava, on May 15, 2020. Political career

<mask> <mask> was born in Tskhinvali, South Ossetian AO, Georgian SSR. He graduated from Faculty of International Law and Relations at Tbilisi State University. He then worked as an attorney. In government

<mask> served as the Deputy Minister of Justice from 2000 to 2001. He joined Mikhail Saakashvili's United National Movement and was elected as a member of Tbilisi Assembly (Sakrebulo) in 2002. After the Rose Revolution, <mask> was appointed the Person Authorized (governor) of the president of Georgia in Shida Kartli (to which breakaway South Ossetia was a de jure part) in November 2003 and established strong anti-corruption and anti-smuggling measures in the region.He served as the Prosecutor General from January 2004 until Saakashvili appointed him Interior Minister in June 2004 and moved him to the post of defence minister in December 2004. During his tenure as defence minister, <mask> was known for advocating military actions against the separatists in South Ossetia. Okruashvili said on May 1, 2006, that he would resign if Georgia failed to restore control over breakaway South Ossetian by January 1, 2007. On November 10, 2006, Saakashvili appointed him Minister for Economic Development. Davit Kezerashvili became the Minister of Defence. <mask> resigned as Minister for Economic Development on 17 November 2006. In opposition

On September 25, 2007, he announced the formation of the new opposition Movement for United Georgia and unleashed criticism on President Saakashvili, accusing him of corruption, incompetency and human rights violations.He also raised new concerns around Zurab Zhvania's death, challenging the official investigation point of view and personally accused the Georgian president in planning the murder of businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili. Speculations about <mask>'s planned party had been circulating for a long time already and many commentators expected, what they called, "a war of compromising materials" in case of <mask>'s political comeback. The presentation was preceded by the controversies over financial irregularities surrounding the party's new office and the arrest of Mikheil Kareli, Orkuashvili's close associate and governor of Shida Kartli, on the charges of corruption. Arrest
On September 27, 2007, <mask> was detained on charges of extortion, money laundering, and abuse of office while Georgia's defense minister. On September 28, 2007, several opposition parties organized a peaceful mass rally in <mask>'s support at the Parliament of Georgia. On October 8, 2007, in a video taped confession released by the General Prosecutor's Office, <mask> pleaded guilty to large-scale bribery through extortion and negligence while serving as minister and retracted his accusations against the president, winning release on bail of 10 million Georgian lari. He also said that his earlier accusations levelled against Saakashvili were not true and were aimed at gaining political dividends for himself and Badri Patarkatsishvili and at discrediting the President of Georgia.Some opposition leaders said <mask>'s statement had been made under duress. <mask> declared, however, that he had decided to cooperate with the investigation in order to "mitigate [his] situation". Expulsion from Georgia

After he pleaded guilty, <mask> was released. <mask> left Georgia around November 1, 2007. He subsequently said he was forced into exile; the government said he had asked to leave because of medical issues. On November 5, 2007, <mask> made a surprise appearance on Imedi TV from Munich, claiming that he had been forced to retract accusations against President Saakashvili while being in jail. A Georgian prosecuting officer, however, rejected <mask>'s allegations, while the senior members of the Parliament of Georgia for the ruling party described him "an instrument in the hands of Patarkatsishvili", the owner of Imedi TV, who financed opposition rallies against the Georgian government.On November 14, 2007, following a Prosecutor's Office request, a court in Tbilisi ruled that <mask> be returned to police custody pending investigation. In December 2007, he was arrested in Germany at the request of Georgia, but was later transferred to France, where a court ruled that he be freed on bail with Georgia's extradition request to be examined on April 16, 2008. In the meantime, a Georgian court found him guilty of "large-scale extortion" and sentenced him to 11 years in prison in absentia on March 28, 2008. On April 23, 2008, he was granted political asylum. The French courts ultimately rejected the extradition request as well. In September 2008 Reuters reported <mask> had said that Saakashvili had long planned the 2008 South Ossetia war but had executed it poorly. While defence minister from 2004 to 2006 he and Saakashvili worked together on military plans to retake South Ossetia and Abkhazia, saying "Abkhazia was our strategic priority, but we drew up military plans in 2005 for taking both Abkhazia and South Ossetia as well".In October 2010, <mask> resigned his position in the Movement for United Georgia and shortly afterwards joined with the high-profile Georgia-based politicians — Sozar Subari, Levan Gachechiladze, and Erosi Kitsmarishvili to establish a new opposition party, the Georgian Party. Return, imprisonment and release
In a phone interview with the Tbilisi-based Maestro TV on May 22, 2011, he said "On May 25 I will be in Georgia together with my people. I will not talk about details. On May 25 we will manage to put an end to Saakashvili's regime with minimal losses. If there is a great public support, the losses will be minimal. So, everybody should acknowledge the responsibility, which should be assumed before our country." After government change in Georgia <mask>, who faces multiple criminal charges in Georgia, returned from his French exile back to his home country.But despite a broad amnesty for political prisoners he was arrested upon arrival in the Tbilisi airport on November 20, 2012. Georgian Justice Minister, Tea Tsulukiani, commented, that she shared the view that <mask> "was subjected to politically-motivated persecution by the [previous] authorities." "But it does not automatically mean that he is innocent in those criminal charges that he may face; it requires investigation," Tsulukiani told journalists. "There are number of criminal charges brought against him and the most recent one is related to setting up of illegal armed groups and that is related to the events of May, 2011 [during street protest rallies]. It requires further probe and I think that <mask> returned in order to prove his truth." <mask> <mask> was released from a courtroom on January 11. His release was made possible after <mask> was cleared of bribe-taking and extortion charges during a hearing in the Court of Appeals on January 10 and after the Tbilisi City Court accepted on January 11 a motion from prosecutors to release Okruashvili from custody on GEL 15,000 bail.A trial into negligence will be continued later in the Tbilisi City Court. After his release <mask> gave an interview to Reuters to define the reasons of his return to Georgia after several years of residence in France under political asylum. <mask> sayd Georgia's prosecution does not use him as "a golden witness" against President Saakashvili, as it was suggested in the Georgian media, and there was no big agreement with the new government about any issue. "My return (to the country) was just based on my decision and that`s it", <mask> said. See also
 List of people granted political asylum

References

External links
 Biography: <mask> Kobaevich <mask>, Kavkaz-uzel, January 14, 2013 (in Russian)

1973 births
Jurists from Georgia (country)
Living people
Georgian exiles
People from Tskhinvali
United National Movement (Georgia) politicians
Government ministers of Georgia (country)
People convicted in absentia
Expatriates from Georgia (country) in France

masks:
Irakli Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Irakli
Okruashvili
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Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Irakli
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
Okruashvili
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Irakli
Okruashvili


title: Eldridge Hawkins Jr.

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (born July 25, 1979) was Mayor of Orange, New Jersey, a city of 33,000 residents in Essex County, New Jersey with an annual $53 million operating budget. As Chair of the Management Reform Committee of the N.J. League of Municipalities, <mask> was a leader in the campaign to reform the state's civil service and arbitration laws to give cities more power in collective bargaining with public employee unions. His adversarial managing style and combative relations with the workers of Orange received national attention. <mask> served as President of the New Jersey United States Junior Chamber of Commerce (Jaycees) and is also a law enforcement professional and businessman. In addition, he is a martial arts expert with over 30 years of experience. Accordingly, <mask>, Jr has earned the rank of 5th Degree Black Belt in United States Ju-Jitsu, Fusion Kenpo, and American Style Nunchaku. As such, <mask> has been recognized as a national leader in the martial arts by the United States Ju-Jitsu Federation.Early years

<mask> <mask>, Jr. was born in 1979 in Livingston, New Jersey, the son of <mask> <mask>, Civil Rights lawyer and former Assemblyman (D-Essex) and Linda Cofer <mask>, businesswoman and civic leader. He grew up in West Orange, New Jersey attending Seton Hall Preparatory School. He then attended Rider University and received his B.A. in Business Administration in 2001. After college, he pursued dual careers in business and law enforcement. He served as Director of Operations for the Carl Lewis Fund, Inc and as a Licensed Realtor Associate. He also worked as a Private Investigator and in 2002 began his career with the West Orange Police Department.After receiving two commendations, the Essex County P.B.A. Distinguished Service Award and suffering a line of duty or service related injury, he retired as a Police Officer. He moved on to secure an additional undergraduate degree in Criminal Justice from Thomas Edison State College and a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) with a Management concentration from Seton Hall University. Additionally, he also obtained a Juris Doctor (JD) degree with a certificate in Health Care Compliance from Mitchell Hamline School of Law, formerly known as William Mitchell College of Law. Campaign for mayor

Having moved to Orange, he was preparing to run for the City Council in the May 2008 municipal elections when the incumbent mayor, Mims Hackett was indicted for bribery in a federal corruption probe. After Hackett withdrew from his re-election campaign, <mask> decided to run for mayor instead of city council. Entering a field of candidates with much more experience in politics, municipal government and business than himself, the novice candidate promised to make Orange safer, assure honesty and integrity, and intensify redevelopment.In a city concerned about crime, his law enforcement credentials proved a big plus. <mask>’ reform campaign won the support of State Senator and former Governor Richard Codey, Newark Mayor Cory Booker, Assemblywoman Mila Jasey and two members of the Orange City Council. On May 13, 2008, he was narrowly elected Mayor at the age of 28. The vote totals were: <mask> <mask>, Jr.- 1,061, Councilman Donald Page – 942, Councilwoman Tency Eason – 564, Zoning Board Chair Janice Morrell – 417, Community Activist Betty Brown – 285, and Planning Board Chair Dwight Holmes – 212. Governing Orange

<mask> assumed office on July 1, 2008, just as the U.S. economy was entering the worst economic recession since the 1930s. His initial acts as mayor involved major improvements to the Orange Police Department. He appointed a new police director, instituted community policing, conducted gun buyback events, upgraded police technology, and established Special Police Officers.In the process, he reduced crime  and restored the confidence of federal and state law enforcement agencies in the Orange Police Department. <mask>’ second major initiative was to spur redevelopment and strengthen the city's tax base. He upgraded the city's water supply so that the state would permit increased development. He demolished the Walter G. Alexander Houses, a deteriorated high rise housing project and received state and federal funding to replace it with a neighborhood of low rise homes. <mask> successfully sought designation as a “Transit village”, triggering state technical and financial help for transit-oriented development around Orange's two train stations. To promote Orange as a destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment, <mask> secured funding for the city's Valley Arts district, designated the historic Italian neighborhood as “Little Italy,” and developed a plan for the revitalization of the city's commercial corridors. To increase citizen involvement, <mask> initiated televising and streaming video of City Council meetings, sponsored regular public forums, initiated a “Call to Service” initiative to enable ordinary citizens and not just the politically connected to serve on boards and commissions, and redesigned the city website to make it easier for citizens to communicate their concerns and get fast action.Public/private partnerships

Having promised an ambitious agenda but faced with declining revenues, <mask> created public/private partnerships to stretch the city's tax dollars. He partnered with the St. Barnabas Health Care System to provide health care services to residents of senior citizens’ housing; recruited the Heinz Foundations to develop and finance a program of low cost prescription drugs, and created a partnership with the Profeta Urban Investment Foundation, Seton Hall University Business School and the Intersect Fund to provide technical assistance and loans to Orange entrepreneurs. Coping with the financial crisis

In the aftermath of a $3 million-dollar reduction in state aid to Orange, <mask> sought to increase the ability of New Jersey cities to cut spending through pension and health benefit changes, civil service and collective bargaining reforms, and relief from unfunded mandates. He spoke out against Governor Chris Christie's cuts in New Jersey's Urban Enterprise Zone program. He was named as Chairman of the Management Reform Committee of the NJ League of Municipalities and led his fellow mayors in lobbying for changes in state laws. To avoid a twenty percent increase in property taxes, he was forced to lay off firefighters, police, and other city workers. The layoffs and difficult negotiations with public employee unions received national attention as emblematic of the plight of U.S. cities and states.Fox Financial News Network focused on the implications for city and state budgets, while CNN highlighted the plight of the laid off workers. In March 2011, Orange was awarded a federal grant which helped <mask> to negotiate an agreement with the firefighters union. The grant combined with work rule changes and other givebacks enabled the city to rehire its twelve laid-off firefighters and hire an additional twelve. This precedent-setting settlement also received national coverage. Losing the 2012 election
<mask> faced a tough road to reelection in 2012. Challengers included sitting Councilman Edward Marable, 2008 Mayoral Candidate Janice Morrell and attorney Dwayne Warren   <mask> was narrowly beaten by Warren in what some observers called an "election shocker." Critics pointed to <mask>' management style as being one reason for his loss.Another major factor was a $100,000 campaign of mailings, television commercials and paid canvassers by several public employee unions, who opposed <mask>' advocacy of higher pension and health benefit payments by government workers. After the 2012 election, <mask> founded Black Belt Security & Investigations, LLC, a private security firm located in East Orange, NJ. As a former Mayor and security expert, <mask> participated in television and radio discussions of school violence and gun control in January 2013. Appearing on New York City's Fox5 TV and WWOR TV as well as radio station WGHT Hot 97, <mask> advocated for the controversial position of placing armed guards in schools and urged a "moderate" approach to gun control. Martial Arts Background

<mask> <mask>, Jr. began his training in Chinese Kenpo-Kung Fu as a youth and made Black Belt in June 2001 under now Professor Harry Baker, 10th Dan. Under Professors Baker & Ibrahim Sharif, <mask> holds Black Belt rank in Fusion Kenpo, and Chito Ryu. Here, <mask>’ martial arts lineage runs through his teachers to Grand Masters Ed Parker & Kalaii Kano Griffin, as well as Professors Moses Powell & Ronald Duncan.<mask> also has recognized rank in Kenpo-Jujitsu and United States Ju-Jitsu under the United States Ju-Jitsu Federation (USJJF). <mask> specializes in various martial arts weapons and is a 7th Degree Black Belt in the tournament system American Style Nunchaku (ASN) founded by Grandmaster Michael Burke. See  https://www.asnfederation.com/  Accordingly, <mask>, is a certified rank instructor for the “American Style Nunchaku Federation” (ASNF) and Is also certified by the United States Martial Arts Federation (USMAF). <mask> is also founder of the Ken-Fu Nunchaku Jutsu self-defense system and teaches ASNF tournament forms/katas Nunchaku through an online platform www.VirtualNunchaku.com. A more complete martial arts biography for Shihan <mask> <mask>, Jr can be found at https://www.usjjf.org/eldridge-hawkins.html . Honors and affiliations

 1st Place Champion – Adult Division, Black Belt Weapons; Upland Martial Arts (Open Tournament). 2nd Place Winner – Free Fighting Division, Black Belt Men Over 200 Lbs.; Challenge of Champions XII (Open Tournament). Senior Instructor, Baker's Red Iron Dragon Fusion Kenpo Academy
 Life Member – New Jersey Police Honor Legion
 President of the New Jersey Junior Chamber of Commerce (Jaycees) and founder of the Orange-Essex Jaycees, the first chapter in a New Jersey urban community
 Member, 2012 Congressional Redistricting Commission (<mask> was appointed but then removed before redistricting began). Selected by Ebony Magazine in 2009 as an “Outstanding Young American Leader.”
 Member, Phi Beta Sigma fraternity
 Chairman, Orange Democratic Committee. Member, Maplewood & Oranges Chapter, NAACP. Master Mason, Bethel Lodge No. 10, F & AM - PHA Orange, NJ
 Youth Role Model Award – National Association of Negro Business & Professional Women's Clubs, Inc. Articles and publications
.Official Municipal Accomplishments of <mask> <mask>, Jr.
“Orange attracting shoppers and keeping businesses downtown”. NJ Municipalities. NJ League of Municipalities January 2010. Accessed March 25, 2011
“New development turns Orange into green”. Enterprise Magazine, NJ Chamber of Commerce, October 2010. Accessed March 25, 2011
“The towns need more powers on arbitration and civil service”. Orange Transcript November 2, 2010.Accessed March 25, 2011
"Innovation continues in Orange”. NJ Municipalities NJ League of Municipalities December 2010. Accessed March 25, 2011
. Election shocker in Orange: Mayor ousted after first term despite fierce re-election campaign
. Orange Mayor <mask> <mask> fighting crime, but also battling critics and lawsuits
. Essex County election results: Montclair, Orange get new mayors
. Winners and Losers: Municipal Elections Edition
."Official Website of <mask> <mask>, Jr.

References

1979 births
Living people
New Jersey Democrats
People from West Orange, New Jersey
African-American mayors in New Jersey
Mayors of Orange, New Jersey
Rider University alumni
Thomas Edison State University alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

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title: Bobby Richardson

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (born August 19, 1935) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees from 1955 through 1966. Batting and throwing right-handed, he formed a top double play combination with fellow Yankee infielders Clete Boyer and Tony Kubek. He became the only World Series Most Valuable Player to be selected from the losing team when he won the award for his play in the 1960 World Series. In 1962, he led the American League (AL) in hits with 209 and snared a line drive off the bat of Willie McCovey to win the 1962 World Series for the Yankees. Born in Sumter, South Carolina, <mask> grew up desiring to play for the Yankees after seeing the 1942 film The Pride of the Yankees. Drawing interest from 11 out of 16 MLB teams, he signed with the Yankees and made his debut for them two years later.Earning a regular spot on the roster in 1957, <mask> reached his first All-Star Game that year. He lost starts at second base to Gil McDougald later in the year, though, and was mostly a reserve player in 1958. It was not until 1959 that he would become a regular at second base. In 1960, he was named the World Series MVP; though the Yankees lost the Series in seven games to the Pittsburgh Pirates, <mask> batted .367 with 12 runs batted in (RBI). He won the next two World Series, ending the 1962 series by catching McCovey's line drive in what The Sporting News called baseball's 13th most memorable play in 1999. <mask> led the AL in hits that year, with 209. From 1961 to 1965, <mask> won five straight Gold Glove Awards at second base.He played in the All-Star Game every year from 1962 through 1966. In 1963, he won the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award, and he played in the World Series in 1963 and 1964. His last two years in the major leagues, he had 164 and 153 hits, respectively. Though only 31 after the 1966 season, <mask> retired to spend more time with his family. The Yankees held a special day for him towards the end of the season, making <mask> the 10th Yankee to be so honored. After his playing career, <mask> coached college teams for several years. He led the University of South Carolina to its first College World Series in 1975 and laid the groundwork for their later success.In 1986, he led Coastal Carolina University's baseball team to a Big South Conference championship, and he coached at Liberty University from 1987 through 1990. <mask> ran for the United States House of Representatives in South Carolina's 5th congressional district as a Republican in 1976 but lost to incumbent Kenneth Holland. A Christian, <mask> was involved in many Christian organizations during and after his career. He spoke at the White House in 1970 as a representative of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, appeared in five Billy Graham Crusades, and frequently speaks at churches and other organizations. Early life
<mask> was the middle child of Robert Sr. and <mask> of Sumter, South Carolina. He had two sisters, Inez (older) and Willie Ann (younger). Richardson Marble and Granite Works in Sumter was managed by Robert Sr., who also owned some of the interest in the company.Ever since seeing Pride of the Yankees, released in 1942, <mask> had dreamed of playing for the New York Yankees. Growing up, he practiced his baseball skills with Harry Stokes, a boy in his neighborhood seven years his senior who would play catch with him. <mask> played on a local YMCA/Salvation Army team at the age of ten. Later, he played on ballclubs sponsored by the local Kiwanis Club and American Legion. On the American Legion team, <mask>'s coach was Fred Hutchinson, who would later manage the Cincinnati Reds when <mask> faced them in the 1961 World Series. Hutchinson and <mask> became American Legion champions in 1952, <mask>'s junior year of high school. Hutchinson also coached Richardson at Edmunds High School.The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Georgia Tech University offered <mask> baseball scholarships, and 11 out of 16 Major League Baseball (MLB) teams showed interest in him as well. Mayo Smith, manager of the Norfolk Tars, a team in the Class B Piedmont League and an affiliate of the New York Yankees, scouted <mask> for New York, as did Bill Harris. Ultimately, <mask> decided to forgo college and sign with the Yankees out of high school (though he later earned a degree in accounting). Career

1953-56: Playing in the minor leagues, debuting with the Yankees
<mask> started his minor league career in 1953 with the Norfolk Tars of the Class B Piedmont League, travelling by bus to Norfolk from Sumter with $85 in coins friends and family had given him. After <mask> batted just .211 in his first 27 games with the Tars, the Yankees assigned him to a Class D team, the Olean Yankees of the PONY League. With Olean, he batted .412 in 32 games and hit his first home run. In 1954, <mask> was promoted, heading up to the Class A Binghamton Triplets of the Eastern League without having to return to Norfolk.Spending the whole year in Binghamton, he ranked among the Eastern League leaders in games (141, tied for first), runs (81, fifth), hits (171, first), doubles (29, second to Clyde Parris's 40), and batting average (.310, second to Parris's .313). For his contributions, <mask> was named the Eastern League's Most Valuable Player (MVP). <mask> spent most of spring training with the Yankees in 1955 but was sent to the Class AAA Denver Bears of the American Association to start the year. In 119 games with the Bears, he batted .296 with 146 hits, 99 runs scored, 21 doubles, 12 triples, six home runs, and 59 RBI. When Gil McDougald found himself on the receiving end of a line drive during batting practice in August 1955, the Yankees called up <mask>. He debuted on August 5, 1955, getting his first hit against Hall of Famer Jim Bunning in a 3–0 victory over the Detroit Tigers. In the field, he was a "nervous wreck" as he later described, but no balls were hit to him.He started four games at second base in three days (including an August 7 doubleheader), then entered three games in the late innings at shortstop before getting sent to the minor leagues on August 15 to make room for a pitcher returning from the disabled list. For some reason, he was sent to the Richmond Virginians of the Class AAA International League this time, with whom he finished the season. Called up again in September, he appeared in four more games for the Yankees before the end of the year. In 1956, <mask> started the season with the Yankees. However, he only appeared in five games for them, batting .143 before getting sent back to Denver May 13. With the Bears, he ranked among the American Association leaders in batting average (.328, third), runs scored (102, sixth), hits (175, fourth), doubles (30, ninth), and triples (12, tied with Willie Kirkland for second behind Larry Raines's 14). 1957-59: Becoming a full-time player
<mask> made the team in 1957 and soon took over the second base job from Billy Martin.The Yankees' volatile infielder had injured himself in a deliberate golf cart collision with Mickey Mantle in spring training, then caused further trouble by getting into a highly publicized brawl at the Copacabana Club in May before getting traded to the Kansas City Athletics in June. <mask> proved a quieter sort of character, if not a great hitter in 1957; manager Casey Stengel said, "Look at him. He doesn't drink, he doesn't smoke, he doesn't chew, he doesn't stay out late, and he still can't hit .250." His fielding was better; Louis Effrat of The New York Times wrote June 25, "He has thrilled the fans with his great stops and catches... no one gets rid of the ball quicker [on double plays]." Actually, <mask>'s .331 average trailed only Mantle among the Yankees on June 25, and he made his first appearance in the All-Star Game that year. However, he batted .188 over the rest of the year, finishing the season with a .256 mark and 78 hits in 305 at bats. By September, <mask> was losing a lot of starts to Jerry Coleman at second base.Even so, Stengel waited until the last minute to decide whether Coleman or <mask> would start at second base in the 1957 World Series against the Milwaukee Braves. Ultimately, Stengel chose Coleman, who started all seven games for the Yankees as <mask> was limited to two appearances as a pinch-runner and defensive replacement. The Yankees lost the Series in seven games. Coleman retired following the 1957 season, and <mask> began 1958 as the Yankees' starting second baseman. After batting .203 through the Yankees' first 18 games, he missed 20 in a row as McDougald began getting the starts at second. <mask> started at second from June 5 through June 12 but thereafter spent most of the season on the bench until September, when he again got a few starts at second base. In 73 games (182 at bats), he batted .247 with 18 runs scored and 45 hits.<mask> considered quitting baseball that season because of his struggles, but Ralph Houk, the Yankees' general manager and <mask>'s former manager at Denver, convinced him to keep playing. In the 1958 World Series, again against the Braves, <mask> finished three games for the Yankees at third base and also started Game 4 at third, though he was hitless in two at bats before getting pinch-hit for in the seventh by Elston Howard. However, he became a World Series champion for the first time, as this year the Yankees defeated the Braves in seven games. <mask> began 1959 as the Yankees' shortstop; Effrat wrote, "[<mask>] is a tremendous fielder no matter where [the Yankees] play him." He moved to second base on April 18 after McDougald suffered cracked knuckles, then returned to shortstop on April 29 when McDougald returned to the lineup. Only batting .232 through the season's first twenty games, he was benched after May 5 in favor of Tony Kubek. Bill Dickey, the hitting coach for the Yankees, worked with <mask> to improve his hitting.In 1959, <mask> switched to a heavier bat and tried swinging harder at pitches. Given the chance to start at second base again in mid-June, <mask> raised his batting average from .232 to .300 over six games with 11 hits in 18 at bats. He was on the roster for the second All-Star Game of the year and remained the starting second baseman the rest of the season. On July 25, 1959, <mask> and Fritz Brickell both hit their first major league home runs, <mask>'s coming against Paul Foytack in a 9–8 victory over the Tigers. Batting .298 coming into the final game of the year, <mask> was the only Yankee with a chance at hitting .300. Stengel promised to remove him from the game if he got a hit in his first at bat (moving his batting average to .300). <mask> flew out to Albie Pearson in his first at bat but got hits in his next two at bats to move his average to .301, then was pinch-hit for in the eighth, preserving the mark.In 134 games (469 at bats), he had 53 runs scored, 141 hits, 18 doubles, six triples, two home runs (both against Foytack), and 33 RBI. His .301 average topped the Yankees and ranked sixth in the American League (AL), and he finished 18th in AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) voting after the season. 1960-62: Starring in the World Series
In 1960, <mask> remained the Yankees' starting second baseman all season. On April 30, June 30, and July 18, he had a season-high three hits. One of those hits on April 30 was his only home run of the year, against Arnie Portocarrero, in a 16–0 victory over the Baltimore Orioles. With the Yankees and Athletics tied 7–7 on May 6, <mask> singled against Bob Trowbridge, stole second base, moved to third on a groundout by Ryne Duren, then scored the winning run on a single by McDougald. Batting .208 through June 17, he hit .370 from June 18 through July 23, raising his season average to .273.Thereafter, he batted .215 to finish the year with a .252 mark. In 150 games (460 at bats), he had 45 runs scored, 116 hits, 12 doubles, three triples, and 26 RBI. The Yankees faced the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1960 World Series. <mask> went hitless in Game 1 but contributed three in Game 2, scoring three runs as well as the Yankees won 16–3. In Game 3, he came to bat in the first inning with the bases loaded against Clem Labine. Third base coach Frank Crosetti signaled him to bunt, but after running the count to two strikes, <mask> cancelled the plan. He remained at the plate long enough to run the at bat to a full count, then hit a grand slam to put the Yankees ahead 6–0.Up to bat with the bases loaded again in the fourth inning, he had a two-RBI single against Red Witt. His six RBI set a new record for most in a single World Series game. In Game 4, he had two hits and drove in another run, but the Yankees lost this one 3–2. After going hitless in Game 5, he hit two triples in Game 6, drove in three runs, and scored one in the Yankees' 12–0 rout of the Pirates to force Game 7. He scored a run in the sixth inning, led off the ninth with a single against Harvey Haddix, and scored another run, but New York lost the game 10–9. Though Pittsburgh second baseman Bill Mazeroski hit a walk-off home run in the bottom of the ninth to win the Series for Pittsburgh, it was <mask> who would be named the World Series MVP after hitting .367 with 12 RBI. He is both the only World Series MVP who played primarily second base and the only MVP who was playing for the losing team when he won the award.Sport Magazine gave him a new Corvette for his efforts. Since he had a growing family, <mask> traded the car for a Chevrolet station wagon. Houk took over from Stengel as the Yankee manager in 1961; he inserted <mask> either first or second into the batting order each game. On June 15, he had three hits and four RBI, including a three-run home run against Johnny Antonelli as the Yankees beat the Cleveland Indians 11–5. He had four RBI again in the second game of a doubleheader on July 9, including a three-run home run against Don Schwall, but the Yankees lost that game 9–6 to the Boston Red Sox. On August 17, he had three hits and scored three runs in a 5–3 victory over the Chicago White Sox. The Yankees lost 6–4 to the Los Angeles Angels on August 26, but <mask> had five hits in the game.Playing all 162 games for the Yankees, <mask> batted .261 with 80 runs scored, 17 doubles, five triples, three home runs, and 49 RBI. His 662 at bats were third in the AL (behind Brooks Robinson's 668 and Jake Wood's 663), and his 173 hits were fifth in the league. Defensively, he led the AL with 413 putouts and 136 double plays assisted in. <mask> finished 24th in MVP voting and won the Gold Glove at second base, the first of five straight he would win at the position. <mask> had no RBI in the 1961 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds but did bat .391, with nine hits in 23 at bats. He had three hits apiece in Games 1 and 4. In Game 4, he led off the seventh inning with a single against Jim Brosnan, advanced to second when Vada Pinson misplayed the ball, moved to third base on a wild pitch by Brosnan, and scored on a single by Héctor López as the Yankees won 7–0.The Yankees defeated the Reds in five games, making <mask> a World Series champion for the second time. On June 9, 1962, against the Orioles, <mask> had four hits, including a two-run home run against Steve Barber that tied the game at two in the seventh; the Yankees went on to win 7–3. He was selected to both of the All-Star Games in 1962. With the Yankees trailing the Minnesota Twins 7–4 in the ninth inning on August 16, 1962, at Metropolitan Stadium, <mask> came up to the plate with the bases loaded. Before the at bat, Mantle told him, "See if you can hit one out. I'm not feeling too good today." <mask> hit a home run to left field against Dick Stigman, the only grand slam of his career besides his one in the 1960 World Series.Though the hit put the Yankees ahead 8–7, they would lose the lead in the bottom of the ninth and lose in extra innings. Two days later, he had three hits and two runs scored, including a three-run home run against Orlando Peña in an 11–7 victory over the Athletics. Against the Washington Senators on September 19, he had four hits, two runs scored, and an RBI in an 8–5 victory. Len Pasculi of the Society for American Baseball Research called 1962 his most productive year, as he batted .302 with eight home runs, 59 RBI, and 11 stolen bases in 161 games. He led the AL in hits (209) and at bats (692). <mask> also ranked among the league leaders in runs scored (99, tied for fourth with Carl Yastrzemski), batting average (.302, seventh), and doubles (38, fourth). He finished second to Mantle in AL MVP voting.The Yankees faced the San Francisco Giants in the 1962 World Series. <mask> batted a mere .148 in this Series, though he did have two hits and two runs scored in the Yankees' 5–3 triumph of Game 5. However, his glove would provide one of the most famous memories of the series. In Game 7, the Yankees had the

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