title: Rebecca Sugar

texts:
<mask> (born July 9, 1987) is an American animator, director, screenwriter, producer, and singer-songwriter. She is the creator of the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe, making her the first non-binary person to independently create a series for the network. Until 2013, <mask> was a writer and storyboard artist on the animated television series Adventure Time. Her work on the two series has earned her seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations. <mask> is bisexual, non-binary, and genderqueer, using both she/her and they/them pronouns. <mask>'s queerness has served as the inspiration for her to stress the importance of LGBT representation in art, especially in children's entertainment. Early life
<mask> was raised in the Sligo Park Hills area of Silver Spring, Maryland.She simultaneously attended Montgomery Blair High School and the Visual Arts Center at Albert Einstein High School (where she was an arts semifinalist in the Presidential Scholar competition, and won Montgomery County's prestigious Ida F. Haimovicz Visual Arts Award), both of which are located in Maryland. While at Blair, she drew several comics (called "The Strip" for the school's newspaper, Silver Chips) which won first place for comics in the Newspaper Individual Writing and Editing Contest. "The Strip" ran a comic challenging MCPS's new grading policy from 2005. She went on to attend the School of Visual Arts in New York. According to <mask>'s father Rob, <mask> and her younger brother Steven were raised with what he called "Jewish sensibilities", and both siblings observe the lighting of Hanukkah candles with their parents via Skype. Career

Early work
During her time at the School of Visual Arts, <mask> directed short animated films, including Johnny Noodleneck (2008). In 2009, she wrote and animated Singles, in which frequent collaborator Ian Jones-Quartey acted as an assistant animator, assistant inker and voice actor on the project, while <mask>'s brother <mask> acted as an assistant colorist.<mask> completed this film as her thesis. <mask> also played an important role in the creation of nockFORCE, a cartoon series created by Ian Jones-Quartey and Jim Gisriel and launched in 2007 on YouTube. In particular, she contributed to the cartoon's backgrounds and characters. In 2010, <mask> published her first graphic novel, Pug Davis, featuring an astronaut dog and his gay sidekick Blouse. She is also known for her comic "Don't Cry for Me, I'm Already Dead", a story about two brothers whose shared love of The Simpsons takes a tragic turn. Television
<mask> first joined the crew of Adventure Time as a storyboard revisionist during the show's first season. Due to the quality of her work, within a month of being hired she was promoted to a storyboard artist, making her debut during the production of the second season.Her first episode was "It Came from the Nightosphere". While working on the show, she was encouraged by the creative team to put her "own life experiences into the character of Marceline". As she put it in an interview with Paper Magazine, she connected with indie and underground comic artists who worked on the show, like Pendleton Ward, Patrick McHale and Adam Muto, who told her to do what she would do when drawing comics and to not hold anything back. She stated that some of the changes in animation for years to come were inspired by what the show was able to do by being "very artist-driven", by independent comic artists like herself. Production for Steven Universe began while <mask> was still working on Adventure Time. She continued working on Adventure Time until the show's fifth season, whereupon she left in order to focus on Steven Universe. Her last episode for Adventure Time was "Simon & Marcy"; following that episode, working on both series simultaneously "became impossible to do".She had also previously encountered difficulty in the production of the Adventure Time episode "Bad Little Boy". <mask> returned temporarily to write the song "Everything Stays" for the seventh season miniseries Stakes. She was an executive producer for Steven Universe for its entire run, and a storyboard artist for several of its episodes; the series premiered on November 4, 2013 and concluded on January 21, 2019. She directed the full-length television movie taking place after the fifth season of Steven Universe, called Steven Universe: The Movie, which premiered on September 2, 2019 on Cartoon Network. The movie was followed by an epilogue limited series titled Steven Universe Future, also with <mask> as executive producer, which premiered on December 7, 2019 and concluded on March 27, 2020. Themes
<mask> has discussed the importance of creating LGBT representation and content, especially in children's entertainment. On Cameron Esposito's podcast QUEERY, <mask> stated "I want to champion LGBTQIA, all of it, content... in G-Rated, family entertainment.I want to do that forever". She also explained how Steven Universe has helped her come to terms with her own identity as bisexual and non-binary. She believes that early and positive exposure to the LGBT community can help queer identifying children avoid experiencing shame in their own identities. Other work
<mask> designed the album cover of True Romance for Estelle, the voice of Garnet on Steven Universe. In December 2016, comic book publisher Youth in Decline featured <mask>'s sketches and story notes for her unpublished comic Margo in Bed as issue #14 of the art/comics anthology series Frontier. In 2018, <mask> was featured on Gallant's 2018 R&B/Soul track TOOGOODTOBETRUE, along with Sufjan Stevens. In April 2020, <mask> narrated a video titled Let My People Go, a video created by the organization Never Again Action.The video talks about U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement detainees and the poor living conditions they are experiencing in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the "Froggy Little Christmas" episode of Amphibia, a 22-minute Christmas special which aired on November 27, 2021, <mask> voiced a street performer who sang a musical number which <mask> had written. <mask> was not credited for her contribution to the episode. Personal life
In February 2016, Ian Jones-Quartey confirmed via Twitter that he and <mask> were in a romantic relationship; at the time of the tweet, the two had been together for eight years. He added that they met when <mask> was at the School of Visual Arts in New York. They were married on December 4, 2019. In July 2016, <mask> said at a San Diego Comic-Con panel that the LGBT themes in Steven Universe are in large part based on her own experience as a bisexual woman.In a July 2018 interview on NPR, In 2018 <mask> said that she created the series' Gems as non-binary women in order to express herself, as a non-binary woman, through them. In August 2020, she said she "didn't identify as a woman" but had felt pressure to conceal that fact because of her reputation as the first woman to create a Cartoon Network series. In October 2020, in the final art book for Steven Universe, <mask> said that she loved being able to place her experiences in a different context "through a nonbinary lens" when writing characters for the show. As of 2021, <mask> goes by both "she/her" and "they/them" pronouns. Accolades

Adventure Time
<mask>'s work on Adventure Time gained Primetime Emmy Award for Short-format Animation nominations for the episode "It Came from the Nightosphere" in 2011 and for the episode "Simon & Marcy" in 2013. The show also earned multiple Annie Award nominations. These included, Best Storyboarding in a Television Production in 2012 and Story-boarding in an Animated Television Production in 2013.Steven Universe

For Steven Universe, <mask> has been nominated for several media industry awards, including six Primetime Emmy Awards. She and the series have received, among others, the 2018 Peabody Award for Children's & Youth Programming and the 2019 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids & Family Program; in 2015 the series was named to the James Tiptree Jr. Award Honor List. Honors
In 2012, Forbes magazine included her on its "30 Under 30 in Entertainment" list, noting that she was responsible for writing "many of the best episodes" of Adventure Time. Variety included <mask> in "Hollywood's New Leaders 2016: The Creatives", a list celebrating upcoming filmmakers, show-runners and creators in both traditional and digital media. Filmography

Notes

References

External links

American animated film producers
1987 births
Animators from Maryland
21st-century American composers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American screenwriters
American storyboard artists
American television producers
American television writers
Bisexual artists
Bisexual musicians
Bisexual writers
Cartoon Network Studios people
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Jewish American writers
Jewish American artists
LGBT animators
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from Maryland
LGBT producers
LGBT screenwriters
LGBT songwriters
Living people
Non-binary writers
Non-binary musicians
School of Visual Arts alumni
Showrunners
Songwriters from Maryland
LGBT singers from the United States
Forbes 30 Under 30 recipients
People from Silver Spring, Maryland

masks:
Rebecca Rea Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Rebecca Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Steven Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Rebecca Sugar
Sugar
Sugar


title: Nicky Winmar

type: original

texts:
Neil Elvis "<mask>" <mask> (born 25 September 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer, best known for his career for  and the  in the Australian Football League (AFL), as well as  in the West Australian Football League. Growing up in Pingelly in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, <mask> began his career with South Fremantle, playing 58 games at the club before being recruited prior to the 1987 season by St Kilda. In a twelve-season career with St Kilda, <mask> won the club's best and fairest award, the Trevor Barker Award, in 1989 and 1995 and was also twice named in the All-Australian team. He left St Kilda at the end of the 1998 season and was drafted by the Western Bulldogs, playing one further season in the AFL before retiring at the end of the 1999 season. Having represented Western Australia in eight interstate matches, <mask> was named in St Kilda's Team of the Century in 2003 and was inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2009. An Indigenous Australian, he was the first Aboriginal footballer to play 200 games in the AFL and was named in the Indigenous Team of the Century in 2005. He was involved in several incidents of racial vilification during his career and a photograph of <mask> responding to one such incident during the 1993 season has been described as one of the most memorable images in Australian sporting history.Early life and WAFL career
Neil Elvis <mask> was born in Kellerberrin, Western Australia, to Neal and Meryle <mask>. He grew up in the neighbouring Wheatbelt town of Pingelly, and played for the Brookton/Pingelly Football Club in the Upper Great Southern Football League (UGSFL) from an early age. <mask> was subsequently recruited by South Fremantle in the Perth-based WAFL after the club's coach at the time, Mal Brown, saw <mask> playing for Brookton/Pingelly. He made his senior debut for South Fremantle in round nine of the 1983 season, aged 17, and played a total of 13 games in his debut season. In the beginning, he was used across the wings and half-forward flanks, but was later played as a rover, although he remained a regular goal-kicker. In total, <mask> played 58 games for South Fremantle from 1983 to 1986 and kicked 98 goals. VFL/AFL career

St Kilda
<mask> transferred to the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) for the 1987 season, making his debut for the club in Round 1 against  at Moorabbin Oval.Having played 20 games in his debut season and kicking 37 goals, <mask> finished second in the club's best and fairest count behind Tony Lockett (who went on to win the Brownlow) and also polled 10 votes in the Brownlow Medal. In 1988, he kicked 43 goals from 21 games to be the club's leading goalkicker and again finished runner-up in the best and fairest count, this time to Danny Frawley. After an outstanding season in 1989, <mask> won St Kilda's best and fairest award and was also named in the VFL's Team of the Year on a half-forward flank. He also finished equal third in the 1989 Brownlow Medal, polling 16 votes from his 22 games. After a match against  in Round 19 of the 1990 season, <mask> was suspended for 10 matches for kicking and eye-gouging Dermott Brereton. Brereton later apologised to <mask> for racially abusing him during the game. He returned to football in round seven of the 1991 season, recording 33 disposals and one goal against Adelaide at Moorabbin.<mask>'s performances throughout the rest of the season led to him being named in the inaugural AFL All-Australian team. <mask> played a further 23 games in the 1992 season, including the club's semi-final loss to . At the conclusion of the season, <mask> was named the winner of the Mark of the Year competition, for a spectacular mark taken at Subiaco Oval against . In round four of the 1993 season, indigenous players <mask> and Gilbert McAdam were racially abused by Collingwood supporters, eventually being awarded two and three Brownlow Medal votes in a game St Kilda won by 22 points. The week after the game, <mask> was involved in a dispute with St Kilda over his level of pay, in particular, injury payments, and did not play for the next two weeks. Playing a total of 17 games in 1994, <mask> missed three weeks late in the season after being suspended for striking. At the end of the season, <mask> was also refused clearance by St Kilda to play in the Aboriginal All-Stars game, held at Marrara Oval in Darwin.In 1995, <mask> played in each of St Kilda's 22 games, winning the club's best and fairest award for a second time and also being named in the All-Australian team. In the pre-season competition held prior to the start of the 1996 season, the 1996 Ansett Australia Cup, <mask> played in St Kilda's team which defeated Carlton by 58 points in the grand final held at Waverley Park and was awarded the Michael Tuck Medal as best on ground. Having damaged the medial collateral ligament of his knee in the round three game against , <mask> missed nine matches in the early part of the 1996 season before returning in the latter part of the season. <mask> played his 200th game for the club in round 17 of the 1997 season, against the  at Waverley Park, becoming the first indigenous player to reach the milestone in the AFL. He also played in St Kilda's loss to Adelaide in the 1997 Grand Final, having kicked three goals against  in the preliminary final the previous week. In 1998, in what was to be his last season for St Kilda, <mask> played 23 games and kicked 16 goals. He was heavily criticised during the club's match against Carlton in Round 20 after spending much of the game fighting with opponents, finishing with only eight disposals.<mask> was suspended by the club for the following match but returned to play for the club in the finals series. After the match, <mask>'s manager, Peter Jess, was criticised for making comments in an interview with radio station 3AW suggesting that Aboriginal players were unable to cope with the pressures introduced by "white society". Western Bulldogs
<mask> was dismissed from St Kilda at the end of the 1998 season after Tim Watson replaced Stan Alves as coach of the club. Despite being contracted for another year, the club terminated <mask>'s contract as a result of his behaviour and lack of discipline over the previous season. He was then selected by the Western Bulldogs with the 30th pick overall in the 1998 National Draft, having been considered a chance to be drafted by Collingwood, North Melbourne or Carlton. <mask> played a total of 21 games for the club, kicking 34 goals, before retiring from the Western Bulldogs at the end of the 1999 season, halfway through a two-year contract, citing issues with a commitment to training and injuries. <mask> was named National Aboriginal Sportsman of the Year at the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sports Awards held in Hobart, Tasmania, sharing the award with rugby league player Cliff Lyons.Later life
Following his retirement from the AFL, <mask> played with various clubs in regional and country leagues in Victoria and the Northern Territory, including for the Palmerston Football Club in the Northern Territory Football League, for the Warburton and Seville Football Clubs in the Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League and for Rutherglen and the Wodonga clubs in the Tallangatta & District Football League. Having previously worked with Denfam (a Melbourne-based construction business) and as a shearer, <mask> was employed with the mining industry and living in Brookton, Western Australia, as of May 2012. On a visit to Perth in September 2012, <mask> had a heart attack and was hospitalised at Royal Perth Hospital. <mask> was named in St Kilda's Team of the Century (announced in 2003) on a half-forward flank and has also been inducted into the club's hall of fame. <mask> was subsequently named in the AFL's Indigenous Team of the Century, announced in 2005, as well as South Fremantle's Indigenous Team of the Century, named in 2009, and was also inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame in the same year. A tournament for underage indigenous footballers, the Nicky Winmar Cup, has been contested since 2009 as a joint venture between the West Australian Football Commission and the Western Australian Department of Sport and Recreation, sponsored by Alinta, an energy company. Two of <mask>'s cousins, Leroy Jetta and <mask>, were formerly listed with AFL clubs ( and St Kilda, respectively).<mask> was convicted and fined in 2000 for assaulting his ex-wife on Christmas Day of the previous year. In 2019, <mask> pleaded guilty to a charge of assaulting a taxi driver in March of that year. Racial vilification
<mask> was involved in a number of controversial incidents involving alleged acts of racial vilification against him by other players and staff during his career. In 1998, after <mask>'s outburst against Carlton, former Hawthorn player Dermott Brereton publicly apologised to <mask> and Russell Jeffrey for abusing them in a game in 1990. In March 1999, television presenter and former footballer Sam Newman appeared on The Footy Show in blackface after <mask> cancelled an appearance on the show in favour of appearing on a rival network. Newman was later forced to apologise for the incident, subsequently breaking a confidentiality agreement that had been signed during mediation for the incident. <mask> appeared on The Footy Show the following week as part of a pre-taped segment.Famous photograph

In a match for St Kilda against Collingwood in Round 4 of the 1993 season, <mask> was racially abused by members of the Collingwood cheer squad, who yelled for him to "go and sniff some petrol" and "go walkabout where you came from". At the conclusion of the game, which St Kilda won by 22 points, <mask> lifted up his jumper and, facing to the crowd, pointed to his skin. The following day, a photograph (pictured right) of <mask>'s gesture, taken by Wayne Ludbey, was published in the Sunday Age under the headline "Winmar: I'm black and proud of it", with the Sunday Herald Sun publishing a similar photograph under the caption "I've got guts". <mask>'s gesture, described as a "powerful statement", an "anti-racist symbol", and one of the "most poignant" images in Australian sport, has been credited as a catalyst for the movement against racism in Australian football, and compared to the black power salute performed by American athletes at the 1968 Summer Olympics in terms of impact. The event inspired Indigenous singer-songwriter Archie Roach to write the song "Colour of Your Jumper". The photograph is reproduced in The Game That Made Australia, a mural painted by Jamie Cooper and commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the origins of Australian rules football. Tony Albert included a watercolour of the photograph in a collage titled Once upon a time, winner of the 2014 Basil Sellers Art Prize.In 2019, a bronze statue based on the photograph was unveiled outside Perth Stadium. <mask> donated the jumper he was wearing in the photograph to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 1998. Prior to the commission's disbanding in 2005, Geoff Clark, the chairman of ATSIC at the time, removed the framed jumper from the commission's offices in Canberra to his home in Warrnambool, Victoria. Clark was forced to return the jumper to Winmar, which was later donated to the National Museum of Australia, where it featured in Off the Walls, an exhibit of Indigenous Australian art. In May 2012, the jumper was auctioned by Sotheby's, but was passed in after the bidding reached A$95,000. In September of the same year, Museum Victoria purchased the jumper for $100,000, with the intention to display it at the First Peoples exhibition at Melbourne Museum in July 2013. However, the authenticity of the jumper has been questioned, with the St Kilda Football Club published a statement in March 2005 suggesting that the jumper given to ATSIC may not have been the actual jumper worn during the game, citing differences between sponsors' logos present on the jumper.Similar questions were raised prior to the jumper's auction in 2012. Playing statistics

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 20 || 37 || 28 || 290 || 82 || 372 || 90 || 39 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 14.5 || 4.1 || 18.6 || 4.5 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 21 || 43 || 39 || 299 || 60 || 359 || 89 || 29 || 2.0 || 1.9 || 14.2 || 2.9 || 17.1 || 4.2 || 1.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 22 || 43 || 36 || 329 || 81 || 410 || 102 || 30 || 2.0 || 1.6 || 15.0 || 3.7 || 18.6 || 4.6 || 1.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 17 || 26 || 33 || 210 || 97 || 307 || 55 || 26 || 1.5 || 1.9 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 3.2 || 1.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 17 || 12 || 13 || 295 || 135 || 430 || 65 || 38 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 17.4 || 7.9 || 25.3 || 3.8 || 2.2
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 23 || 21 || 14 || 388 || 137 || 525 || 102 || 55 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 16.9 || 6.0 || 22.8 || 4.4 || 2.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 16 || 12 || 10 || 273 || 102 || 375 || 64 || 37 || 0.8 || 0.6 || 17.1 || 6.4 || 23.4 || 4.0 || 2.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 17 || 15 || 12 || 257 || 100 || 357 || 67 || 33 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 15.1 || 5.9 || 21.0 || 3.9 || 1.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 22 || 21 || 21 || 386 || 161 || 547 || 97 || 66 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 17.5 || 7.3 || 24.9 || 4.4 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 11 || 10 || 5 || 149 || 75 || 224 || 50 || 16 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 13.5 || 6.8 || 20.4 || 4.5 || 1.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 21 || 27 || 18 || 254 || 111 || 365 || 68 || 36 || 1.3 || 0.9 || 12.1 || 5.3 || 17.4 || 3.2 || 1.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 7 || 23 || 16 || 19 || 307 || 187 || 494 || 109 || 54 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 13.3 || 8.1 || 21.5 || 4.7 || 2.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 21 || 34 || 14 || 158 || 73 || 231 || 69 || 13 || 1.6 || 0.7 || 7.5 || 3.5 || 11.0 || 3.3 || 0.6
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 251
! 317
! 262
! 3595
! 1401
!4996
! 1027
! 472
! 1.3
! 1.0
! 14.3
! 5.6
!19.9
! 4.1
! 1.9
|}

Honours and achievements

Team
McClelland Trophy (St Kilda): 1997
Pre-Season Cup (St Kilda): 1996
Individual
All-Australian: 1991, 1995
Herald Sun Player of the Year Award: 1995
Trevor Barker Award (St Kilda F.C. Best & Fairest): 1989, 1995
St Kilda F.C. Leading Goalkicker: 1988
Alex Jesaulenko Medal (Mark of the Year Award): 1992
Michael Tuck Medal: 1996
Aboriginal Sportsperson of the Year: 1999
St Kilda F.C. Team of the Century – Right Wing
St Kilda F.C. Hall of Fame Inductee: 2003
West Australian Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2009
Indigenous Team of the Century – Half-Forward Flank

References

Further reading

External links

1965 births
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Living people
Noongar people
Palmerston Football Club players
People from Kellerberrin, Western Australia
South Fremantle Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Trevor Barker Award winners
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Australian State of Origin players
Western Bulldogs players

masks:
Nicky
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Nicholas Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar
Winmar


title: Todd Gray (artist)

texts:
<mask> (born 1954) works in photography, performance and sculpture as a contemporary artist who lives and works in Los Angeles, California and Akwidaa, Ghana. Writing in the catalogue for the exhibition Black is, Black Ain't at the Renaissance Society, Chicago, Amy M. Mooney writes "critics have noted that <mask>'s work is "fluent in cultural iconography, driven by introspection, and steeped in issues of corporate politics and racial identity" and that his self-portraits thwart a traditional read of the exterior likeness". <mask> describes himself as an artist and activist who primarily focuses on issues of race, class, gender, and colonialism, and uses these lenses to challenge binaries in the past and present. In general, his work aims to challenge the viewer both by what he is including and what he is leaving out. Early life and education

<mask> was born in 1954 in Los Angeles, California. He got his Bachelor of Fine Arts from the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), Valencia, California in 1979 and his Master of Fine Arts from CalArts in 1989. Early career

<mask> first turned onto photography in high school, when he took a class in it.Beginning in the early 1970s while still in high school, <mask> worked as a commercial photographer in the music industry, photographing rock and R&B acts such as the Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder and Gladys Knight. <mask> shot his first album cover at age 17. He continued to do so throughout the 1970s, allowing him to pay for college and then art school. To date, <mask> has shot over 100 album covers. Later/Current career
After graduating with his BFA from CalArts, <mask> was asked by Michael Jackson to become his personal photographer, which he did in the period 1979–1983, during the time of Jackson's landmark albums Off the Wall and Thriller. When <mask> asked Michael's manager Ron Weisner why Michael wanted him specifically, Ron responded that Michael said "I like <mask> because he doesn't talk much." <mask> described Jackson as being "very sensitive to the overt racism of the American press, well aware that a caption can completely alter the context of a photograph, perpetuating negative stereotypes.He scrutinized every photograph I made and only the images he approved were released to the press." <mask>'s work became greatly influenced by Michael Jackson's exploration of race and gender, and to this day uses photographs of Jackson in his art. His work is often consisted of multilayered frames with photographs of only parts of Jackson shown, such as a hand or his jacket, adding to the notion of Jackson as a superior metaphysical being. These images are accompanied by more recent photographs of nature or interiors, many of which he shoots in Ghana. Exhibitions

<mask> has exhibited work at Meliksetain Briggs Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask>'s past solo and group exhibitions include: Hammer Museum, Los Angeles; Studio Museum, Harlem, NY; USC Fisher Museum of Art, Los Angeles; Luckman Gallery, Cal State University, Los Angeles; California African American Museum, Los Angeles; Tucson Museum of Art; Detroit Museum of Art; Renaissance Society, University of Chicago, among others. Some of his performance works have been presented at The Roy & Edna Disney Cal/Arts Theater; (REDCAT), Los Angeles; Academy of Media Arts, Cologne, and the Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles.[2] For his 2016 exhibition A Place That Looks Like Home "re-frames and re-contextualizes images from his personal archive that spans over forty years of his career as a photographer, sculptor and performance artist." In his 2017 exhibition at the Museum of the African Diaspora, <mask> explored Michael Jackson in terms of "mental colonialism." In 2017, <mask> also created Pluralities of Being which was exhibited from August 31 to October 7 in the Gallery MOMO in Johannesburg, South Africa. This was <mask>'s first solo exhibit in South Africa and featured work he created during his residency at the NIROX Foundation's sculpture park in Johannesburg. Pluralities of Being was next exhibited at the Palm Springs Art Museum from December 15, 2018 to April 7, 2019. In 2018, <mask>'s work was included in Michael Jackson: On the Wall at the National Portrait Gallery in London which ran until October 21, 2018. In 2019, <mask> was featured as an artist in the Whitney Museum of American Art's 2019 Biennial.<mask>'s most recent work Cartesian Gris Gris explores "the continued fallout of European colonialism in Africa." This collection of photographs was exhibited at the David Lewis Gallery in New York City in July 2019. In 2019 <mask> was selected to be on display at the Pomona College Museum of Art, which features his piece, "Euclidean Gris Gris," among others. His exhibition will stay up until May 17, 2020. His exhibition in 2016, a part of the Hammer museum in Los Angelos, took place outside the confines of the museum itself. <mask> wore the clothes of Ray Manzarek, who was one of the founding members of the Doors, and also a friend of <mask>'s; for a year. In order to see the "exhibition," one had to happen upon <mask> himself during the months the exhibition was taking place.Collections

<mask>'s work is held in the following permanent public collections: the Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles CA, Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, CA, the University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, the California Community Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, and the University of Parma, Parma, Italy. Other works
On October 21, 2009, <mask> published a book of rare photos titled Michael Jackson: Before He Was King. References

External sources

<mask> Art

1954 births
Living people
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Conceptual photographers
American photographers
Postmodern artists
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century male artists
American male sculptors
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
American performance artists
African-American sculptors
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American artists

masks:
Todd Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Todd
Gray
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title: Dan Gilbert

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<mask> (born January 17, 1962) is an American businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Quicken Loans, founder of Rock Ventures, and owner of the National Basketball Association's Cleveland Cavaliers. <mask> owns several sports franchises, including the American Hockey League's Cleveland Monsters, and the NBA G League's Cleveland Charge. He operates the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in Cleveland, Ohio, home to the Cavaliers and Monsters. As of April 17, 2021, Bloomberg Billionaires Index estimated his net worth at US$37.6 billion, making him the 36th richest person in the world. However that figure has fallen to US$23 billion in 2022 according to Forbes. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan.He grew up in Southfield, Michigan, where he attended Southfield-Lathrup High School. He earned his bachelor's degree from Michigan State University and a Juris Doctor from Wayne State University Law School, and is a member of the State Bar of Michigan. While in college he earned a real estate agent's license and while in law school, he worked part-time at his parents' Century 21 Real Estate agency. Business career

Quicken Loans
<mask> founded Rock Financial in 1985 with his younger brother <mask>. In the late 1990s, the company launched its internet strategy, becoming an early online direct mortgage lender. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the company became the largest retail mortgage lender by volume in the United States. In 2000, software maker Intuit Inc. purchased Rock Financial and renamed the national web operation Quicken Loans.In 2002, <mask> and a group of private investors  purchased Quicken Loans and its affiliated national title company, Title Source, Inc., from Intuit. As of 2021, <mask> served as the chairman of Quicken Loans, Inc. In 2007, <mask> and the city of Detroit announced an agreement to move the company's headquarters to downtown Detroit. All 3,600 Michigan-based employees moved into Detroit's urban core by the end of 2010. In August 2020, Quicken Loans went public under the name Rocket Companies and made its debut on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “RKT.” As of 2020, <mask> remained the majority owner, controlling 79% of the company's shares. Sports franchise ownership
<mask> became majority owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers in March 2005 and undertook a complete overhaul of the front office, coaching staff, player personnel and game presentation. During <mask>'s tenure, the Cavs won six Central Division championships (2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), five Eastern Conference championships (2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), and one NBA championship (2016), which ended the 52-year Cleveland sports curse.In 2007, <mask> bought the dormant Utah Grizzlies American Hockey League franchise, moved it to Cleveland and renamed it the Lake Erie Monsters (now Cleveland Monsters). In 2016, the Monsters won the AHL's top prize – the Calder Cup – giving <mask> two championships within eight days. In 2011, <mask> purchased the New Mexico Thunderbirds from what was then the NBA Developmental League (now called the G League), and moved them to Canton, Ohio renaming them the Canton Charge, and making them the Cavaliers' affiliate. Open Letter
In July 2010, Ohio native LeBron James announced that he was leaving the Cavaliers for the Miami Heat on an ESPN television special dubbed The Decision. Following the special, <mask> published an open letter to Cleveland Cavaliers fans in which he criticized how James made his announcement. <mask> was later fined by NBA Commissioner David Stern for his remarks. <mask> later claimed that he regretted the letter, and has since apologized to James.James later stated, "I've met with <mask>, face-to-face, man-to-man. We've talked it out. Everybody makes mistakes. I've made mistakes as well. Who am I to hold a grudge?" Other businesses and investments
<mask> is a founding partner in the private equity group Rockbridge Growth Equity LLC (RBE). The partnership invests in growing businesses in the financial services, Internet technology, consumer-direct marketing, and the sports and entertainment industries.RBE has significant investments in Gas Station TV, Robb Report, and RapidAdvance, among other ventures. <mask> is also an investor in Courtside Ventures, a venture capital fund investing across early-stage technology and media companies with a focus on sports and is a founding partner of Detroit Venture Partners (DVP), a venture capital firm that funds start-up and early-stage technology companies based primarily in Detroit. [23] Some of the companies DVP has invested in includes LevelEleven, iRule and Marxent Labs. <mask> cofounded StockX, a stock market of things for high-demand, limited edition products such as sneakers. <mask> is also invested and involved in the operation of several consumer-based technology-centered businesses, including Fathead, Veritix, Xenith, StyleCaster and Quizzle. <mask> launched nonprofit Bizdom in 2007, which promotes both tech and brick-and-mortar entrepreneurship in Detroit and Cleveland by supporting on-the-ground service providers. In November 2009, <mask> and a group of partners successfully backed a statewide referendum to bring casino gaming to Ohio's four largest cities.Through a joint venture with Caesars Entertainment Corporation, the groups operate urban-based casinos in both Cleveland and Cincinnati. The first of the casinos, Horseshoe Cleveland, opened in May 2012. In 2013, Rock Ventures, the umbrella entity for Gilbert's investments and real estate holdings, announced it had formed Athens Acquisition LLC, an affiliate of Rock Gaming, and acquired the majority interest in Greektown Superholdings Inc., owner of the Greektown Casino-Hotel located in downtown Detroit. In late 2018, <mask> bought the online dictionaries, Dictionary.com and Thesaurus.com. In November 2017, professional Call of Duty player Matthew "Nadeshot" Haag announced that <mask> had made a multimillion-dollar investment into Nadeshot's eSports team called 100Thieves. Detroit initiatives
Quicken Loans moved its headquarters and 1,700 of its employees to downtown Detroit in August 2010, where Gilbert and the company are helping lead a revitalization of Detroit's urban core. Gilbert's Bedrock Detroit has purchased several buildings in downtown Detroit, including the historic Madison Theatre Building, Chase Tower and Two Detroit Center, Dime Building, the First National Building and the former Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building.Bedrock Detroit has also purchased several buildings on the city's Woodward Avenue, including One Woodward Avenue and the 1001 Woodward office tower. In September 2013, <mask> was named co-chair of the Blight Removal Task Force. The group published a detailed plan in May 2014 to remove all blighted structures and lots in the City of Detroit. In 2015, he purchased Book Tower in Detroit. A 2017 Politico Magazine article named <mask> one of "America's 11 Most Interesting Mayors", listing him as though he were Mayor of Detroit due to his role in the city's development. In September 2017, Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan appointed <mask> to lead a committee to make a bid for online retail giant Amazon to bring its second North American headquarters to Detroit. In 2018, Amazon narrowed its list of potential headquarters locations, removing Detroit from its list of contenders.Philanthropy and political donations
In September 2012, <mask> and his wife Jennifer joined The Giving Pledge, committing to give half of their wealth to philanthropy throughout their lifetimes. <mask>'s eldest son was born with neurofibromatosis. <mask> established two Neurofibromatosis research clinics at the Children's National Medical Center (CNMC) in Washington, D.C. and at the Dana Children's Hospital at the Sourasky Medical Center in Tel Aviv, Israel. <mask> also serves on the boards of the Children's Tumor Foundation, the Cleveland Clinic, and the Children's Hospital Foundation (an affiliate of CNMC); and is the vice-chairman of the not-for-profit M-1 RAIL initiative which is dedicated to promoting light-rail transportation in downtown Detroit. In 2015, <mask> donated $750,000 to the presidential candidacy of Chris Christie. In September 2016, <mask> donated $5 million to Wayne State University Law School. In October of that year,  <mask> also donated $15 million toward the planned $50-million Breslin Center renovation project at Michigan State University.In 2020, <mask> made a $1.2 million donation to help COVID-19 relief efforts in the city of Detroit. Personal life
<mask> resides in Michigan with his wife <mask> and their five children. His wife serves on the Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. and also serves on the boards of ORT America and the Israeli and Overseas Committee of the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Detroit. On May 26, 2019, <mask> was taken to the hospital and treated for a stroke at the age of 57. References

External links
 <mask>'s Blog: Choose Thinking

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century philanthropists
American billionaires
American casino industry businesspeople
American financial company founders
American real estate businesspeople
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
American venture capitalists
Arena Football League executives
Businesspeople from Detroit
Cleveland Cavaliers owners
Cleveland Monsters
Giving Pledgers
Jewish American philanthropists
Michigan State University alumni
People from Southfield, Michigan
Rock Ventures
Wayne State University Law School alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Daniel Gilbert
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Dan Gilbert


title: Gaillard de la Mothe

texts:
<mask> (also spelled <mask>, <mask>otte, <mask>tta) was a fourteenth-century prelate and Cardinal, of Gascon extraction. <mask> was born towards the end of the 13th century, either in Toulouse or Bordeaux, and died in Avignon on 20 December 1356. He was the son of <mask>, seigneur of Roquetaillade. His mother was Elips (Alix) <mask>, daughter of <mask>, brother of <mask>. He was therefore a nephew  of Pope Clement V (<mask>). <mask> had a brother, Bertrand. Another uncle, his father's brother, <mask>, was Bishop of Bazas from 1303-1313, when he was transferred to Saintes, and again from 1318 to 1319.Early career

Pope Clement V (1305-1314) had secularized the monastery of S. Emilion, and converted it into a Collegiate Church with canons. The first Dean of the Canons of S. Emilion was <mask> <mask> Mothe. By 1313 he was Protonotary Apostolic and Archdeacon of Narbonne, thanks to his uncle's patronage. On 20 May 1313 Pope Clement reserved for his nephew a prebend in the Church of Compostella in Spain. On 23 June he made him Canon and Prebend of the Church of Rouen. On 17 August 1313 the Pope granted <mask> the privilege of visiting his Archdeaconry of Oxford in the Church of Lincoln by proxy, for a period of three years. On 23 October he was granted the same privilege with respect to his Archdeaconry of Grand-Caux in the Church of Rouen.These positions were granted for the sake of the income. There was no expectation that the recipient would ever appear personally, and in the case of the English benefices, <mask> did not. He appointed procurators in England to act as his legal agents. Cardinal

He was named a cardinal by Pope John XXII  in his first Consistory for the creation of cardinals on 18 December 1316. He was named Deacon of Santa Lucia in Silice. Cardinal <mask> Mothe took part in the Conclave of 13–20 December 1334, following the death of Pope John. Twenty-four cardinals participated, two-thirds of them French, five from Cahors.The cardinals chose the Cistercian Cardinal Jacques Fournier, from the town of Savardun near Toulouse, in the Diocese of Pamiers. He took the throne name of Benedict XII. In 1336,  <mask> <mask> <mask> was one of five cardinals, and numerous other prelates and lay persons, who were appointed to revise the Statutes of the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans). Cardinal <mask> <mask> <mask> also took part in the Conclave of 5–7 May 1342, following the death of Pope Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier). Eighteen of the nineteen cardinals took part in the election, which took place in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon. The Cardinals elected Cardinal Pierre Roger of Limoges. Pope Clement VI was crowned at the Church of the Convent of the Dominicans in Avignon, on Pentecost Sunday, 19 May 1342, by Cardinal <mask> <mask>, the Protodeacon.Among the witnesses were John Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of the King,  Jacques Duke of Bourbon, Philip Duke of Burgundy, and Imbert Dauphin of Vienne. English benefices and French hostility

On 21 June 1339, Pope Benedict XII wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Winchester, and the Bishop of Paris, issuing a mandate for them to protect Cardinal <mask> <mask> Mothe against those who molest him, touching his benefices and possessions in their dioceses. This indicates that, in addition to the benefices already noted, <mask> also had benefices in Canterbury, Winchester and Paris. On 20 February 1345,  Cardinal <mask> <mask> still held in England the benefices of: Archdeacon of Oxford, Archdeacon of Ely, Precentor of Chichester (by 1321), and  Prebend of Milton in the Church of Lincoln. The possession of such a number of English benefices should cause no surprise. Gascony and Guyenne belonged to the English crown, and both the <mask>s and the <mask> Mothes owed allegiance to the King of England. In the summer of 1346 Cardinal <mask> Mothe found himself in serious trouble.Two of his familiares hid themselves near the Cardinal's presence, and claimed to have overheard the Cardinal make remarks which were injurious to the King and Queen of France. They caused the alleged remarks to be circulated among the subjects of the French King. King Philip VI wrote to the Pope, who ordered an investigation in which subjects of the King were examined. The solemn investigation found that the remarks had been invented, and Cardinal <mask> <mask> was cleared. When they were released, the familiars headed immediately for the French Court. The Pope, therefore,  had to write a letter to the King, fully explaining what he had done to seek the truth, explaining that the whole set of remarks had been invented, and that Cardinal <mask> <mask> had been exonerated. In that same summer, Prince John of France was campaigning against the English in Languedoc and Gascony, and he happened to attack a castle belonging to the nephew of Cardinal <mask> <mask>.In 1348, Cardinal <mask> <mask> and two other cardinals were assigned to be Relatores (discussion leaders) when the portion of the process for the Canonization of St. Yvo Helori which included his claimed miracles was discussed and voted on. Their efforts were successful. De La <mask> took part in the Conclave of 1352, following the death of Clement VI on 6 December 1352. The Conclave opened on Sunday 16 December, in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance. It ended on the morning of Tuesday 18 December, with the election of Innocent VI (Étienne Aubert, the Bishop of Ostia). He was crowned in the Apostolic Palace at Avignon on Sunday 30 December by Cardinal <mask> <mask> <mask>, the Protodeacon. On 5 February 1355  Cardinal <mask> <mask> was present in Consistory along with Pope Innocent VI and twenty other cardinals to discuss the petition submitted by Pierre Bertrand <mask>, Bishop of Ostia, to be granted the pallium before he set off for Rome to preside at the Coronation of the Emperor Charles IV.Next day, the Pope, having consulted the cardinals as a group and individually, issued his decree granting the pallium and assigning Cardinal <mask> and Cardinal <mask> Torre of S. Eustachio to present it according to the accepted ritual. Cardinal <mask> <mask> <mask> died on 20 December 1356, and was buried at Bazas in the Church of Saint Jean, where he was building a magnificent monument for his uncle Pope Clement V.  The church was devastated by the Huguenots in 1577. Of <mask> La Mothe  Jean Roy remarked, "... it is true that this prelate did not have all the talents necessary to administer advantageously the affairs of the Church and of the Holy See...."

See also
 <mask> <mask>, his mother's first cousin.'' References

Bibliography

 [containing a biography of Cardinal <mask> Motte]

14th-century French cardinals
Avignon Papacy
Gascons
13th-century births
1356 deaths

masks:
Gaillard de La Mothe
de La Motte
de LaM
della Mo
Gaillard
Amanieu Levieux de La Motte
de Got
Arnaud Garsale de Got
Bertrand de Got
Bertrand de Got
Gaillard
Guillaume de la Mothe
Gaillard
de La
Gaillard
Gaillard
de la
Gaillard
de La
Mothe
Gaillard
de La
Mothe
Raymond Guillaume
de Fargues
Gaillard
de La
Gaillard
de La
Mothe
de Got
de la
de La
de La
Mothe
de La
Mothe
de La
Mothe
de La
Mothe
Mothe
Gaillard
de la
Mothe
de La
Mothe
de Colombiers
Gaillard
Bernard de
Gaillard
de La
Mothe
Cardinal de
Gaillard
de Preyssac
de La


title: Joachim Löw

texts:
<mask> (born 3 February 1960) is a German football coach and former player. He was the manager of the Germany national team from 2006 until 2021. During his tenure as manager, he led Germany to victory at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. In March 2021, Löw announced that he would resign from his position after Euro 2020. Playing career
In 1978, Löw started his playing career with 2. Bundesliga club SC Freiburg. He returned to the club twice (1982, 1985) and held the club's overall goal scoring record until 2020, when Nils Petersen surpassed him.In 1980, Löw joined VfB Stuttgart in the Bundesliga, but he had difficulties establishing himself in the starting lineup and played only four matches. In the 1981–82 season, Löw played for Eintracht Frankfurt (24 matches, five goals), but he returned to Freiburg the following year. In 1982–83, he scored eight goals in 34 matches, 1983–84 he scored 17 goals in 31 matches in the 2. Bundesliga. Afterwards, he returned to the Bundesliga with Karlsruher SC, but he only scored two goals in 24 matches. Later, he joined Freiburg again for four years, played 116 matches and scored 38 goals. Löw concluded his career in Switzerland, where he played for FC Schaffhausen (1989–1992) and FC Winterthur (1992–1994).Löw played four times for the West Germany national under-21 team. Managerial career

1994–2004: club management

Early career
Löw started his coaching career as a youth coach for FC Winterthur while he was still active as a player. In 1994–95, he served as player-coach of FC Frauenfeld. In 1995–96, he became an assistant coach to VfB Stuttgart head coach Rolf Fringer. As Fringer had the opportunity to become coach of the Switzerland national team, Löw was promoted caretaker manager on 14 August 1996. He eventually became the permanent manager and was at the club until 21 May 1998. His first match as head coach was a 4–0 win against Schalke 04 on 17 August 1996.They finished the 1996–97 season in fourth place. The 1997-98 season started with a 3–0 against Karlsruher SC on 22 July 1997 in the semi–final of the DFB-Ligapokal. They went on to lose in the final against Bayern Munich on 26 July 1997. In the Bundesliga, Stuttgart finished in fourth place. During the season, in the DFB-Pokal, Stuttgart reached the competition's semi-finals, defeating reserve team of Borussia Mönchengladbach, Hertha BSC, SSV Ulm 1846 and KFC Uerdingen 05 en route. In the semi-final on 17 February 1998, however, Bayern Munich defeated Stuttgart 3–0. Stuttgart also got to the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Stuttgart eliminated IP Vestmannaeyja, Beerschot, Slavia Prague and Lokomotiv Moscow. In the final on 13 May 1998, Stuttgart lost 1–0 to Chelsea. This proved to be his final match as he left the club seven days later. He finished with a record of 46 wins, 20 draws and 23 losses. Löw joined Turkish club Fenerbahçe on 1 July 1998. His first match was a 0–0 draw against Dardanelspor. During the 1998–99 season, Fenerbahçe finished third in the Süper Lig and were eliminated in the first round of the UEFA Cup.They were serving a one-year ban in the Turkish Cup. Return to Germany and back to Turkey
Löw became manager of Karlsruher SC on 25 October 1999. His first match was a 1–1 draw against Hannover 96 on 31 October 1999. He was manager until 19 April 2000, finishing with a record of one win, seven draws and ten losses. His final match was a 3–1 loss to Hannover on 16 April 2000, while his only win came in a 2–1 win against Fortuna Köln on 19 March 2000. He was sacked, with the club in last place (18th). Marco Pezzaiuoli replaced Löw for the remainder of the season and only had two wins in the remaining seven matches, finished the season in last place (18th), and were relegated.Löw returned to Turkey as manager of Adanaspor from 20 December 2000 to 2 March 2001. He failed to win any matches during this time. When he left Adanaspor, the club was in the relegation zone at 16th place. Coaching in Austria
Löw became the manager of Austrian club Tirol Innsbruck on 10 October 2001 and led them to the 2001–02 Austrian Bundesliga title. He finished with a record of 11 wins, five draws and nine losses. The same year, the club had to declare bankruptcy and was liquidated. Löw was once again unemployed.He was with Austria Wien from 1 July 2003 to 24 March 2004. During the 2003–04 season, Wien were eliminated from the Champions League by Marseille in the third qualifying round and eliminated from the UEFA Cup by Borussia Dortmund in the first round. They lost the 2003 Austrian Supercup to FC Kärnten. He left the club on 24 March 2004; Austria Wien were in first place at the time of his departure. 2004–2006: Germany assistant manager
When Jürgen Klinsmann succeeded Rudi Völler as the head coach of the Germany national team following a disappointing UEFA Euro 2004, he brought Löw into the German setup as assistant manager. Klinsmann and Löw had met years earlier at a coaching school and both shared a philosophy focused on attacking football. Under their reign, Klinsmann and Löw's German team reached the semi-final stage at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup.Germany lost 3–2 to Brazil in the semi-final of the 2005 Confederations Cup, but subsequently defeated Mexico 4–3 in the third place encounter. Klinsmann and Löw's new attacking philosophy saw Germany score the most goals (15 in 5 matches) of any team in the tournament. Germany opened the 2006 World Cup on 9 June in Munich with a 4–2 victory against Costa Rica in an exciting match. A last minute 1–0 win over Poland and a 3–0 win over Ecuador followed. Germany defeated Sweden in the round of 16 with two Lukas Podolski goals, followed by a grueling battle with Argentina. In the penalty shootout after finishing extra time at 1–1, the coaching staff gave Jens Lehmann a prepared list of possible Argentinian penalty takers and their preferred way to shoot, which was reported to have helped ensure Germany's victory. The semi-final match with Italy was a disappointment however, with the hosts conceding two goals in the final two minutes of extra time.Germany, however, turned in a dominant performance against Portugal in the third place match, winning 3–1 with two Bastian Schweinsteiger goals. Besides a focus on attacking football and youth development, Klinsmann's staff also introduced an alternative B-team: Team 2006, to experiment with new aspiring players suitable to play at the home World Cup. Also introduced were an enhanced fitness coaching staff, as well as Oliver Bierhoff as "Business Manager" – this job revolves around public relations, general management and everything not directly related to coaching – and finally a mental coach, Dr. Hans-Dieter Hermann, who has the job of preparing the German players for stressful situations in major tournaments. 2006–2021: Germany manager

Euro 2008

On 12 July 2006, following Klinsmann's decision not to renew his contract, Löw was named as the new manager of Germany. Löw obtained a contract for two years and announced that he wanted to continue in the philosophy developed with Klinsmann to play with an offensive style. Löw was particularly concerned with the amount of time his players hold on to the ball before passing. During his tenure, he reduced this time significantly, increasing the pace of the German game.He declared that his aim was to win Euro 2008. His first game in charge, a friendly against Sweden in Gelsenkirchen on 16 August 2006, was a 3–0 success in which Miroslav Klose scored twice and Bernd Schneider scored the other. Löw had a successful start in qualifying for Euro 2008 with wins over the Republic of Ireland and San Marino. On 7 October 2006, Germany won 2–0 against Georgia in the Ostseestadion in Rostock, which was the fourth consecutive success for Löw and his team, the best start of a new head coach of the German national team ever. The team extended this record to five wins in the next match, the Euro 2008 qualifier against Slovakia in Bratislava on 11 October, with a 4–1 victory. The Slovaks' strike was the first goal conceded by Germany under Löw's reign. The next match saw the end of Löw's perfect record, with the qualifying match on 15 November in Nicosia against Cyprus ending in a disappointing 1–1 draw.2007 started with a 3–1 win against Switzerland on 7 February and a 2–1 win against the Czech Republic on 24 March. Löw's first loss as manager came in his eighth game on 28 March 2007, an experimental squad lost 0–1 against Denmark. He had given Robert Enke and Patrick Helmes their debuts. When qualification for Euro 2008 was ensured, Löw's record stood at 11 wins, 1 loss and 1 draw from 13 matches and a 41:6 goal difference. This includes the first win over England in London's new Wembley Stadium. Germany lost to the Czech Republic in qualifying on 17 October 2007. This was the second loss for Löw.Germany finished qualifying in second place. In the final match of 2007, Germany and Wales finished in a 0–0 draw. Germany started 2008 with 3–0 win against Austria on 6 February and a 4–0 win against Switzerland on 26 March. Then Germany and Belarus finished in a 2–2 draw. Germany had a 2–0 lead at half–time. In their final match before Euro 2008, Germany defeated Serbia 2–1. At Euro 2008, Germany defeated Poland 2–0 in their first game, with two goals from Lukas Podolski.In their second game, Germany were beaten 2–1 by Croatia, while in their final group game, against Austria, Löw was sent to the stands by the referee Manuel Mejuto González – along with his Austrian counterpart Josef Hickersberger – for arguing with the fourth official. Following his dismissal, he was seen talking to Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel about the incident. Nonetheless, Germany won the match 1–0 with a goal from Michael Ballack to progress to the quarter-finals as runners up because of their


title: Joachim Löw

texts:
 earlier loss to Croatia. Löw changed the 4–4–2 system after the group stages to a 4–2–3–1 system, and left striker Mario Gómez out of the starting lineup. Though he was forced to watch from the sidelines, his team defeated Portugal 3–2. In the quarter-final, Löw was banned from giving any directions to his team even through telephone calls. Later Löw declared that he had put seven different scenarios with his assistant Hansi Flick in order to contain Portugal.In an exciting match against Turkey in the semi-finals, Germany won 3–2. Germany then lost 1–0 to Spain in the final on 29 June 2008. 2010 World Cup
Further progress was evident in qualifying for South Africa as Germany booked their place at the 2010 World Cup undefeated. In their penultimate match on 10 October 2009, Germany secured first place in their qualifying group for the 2010 World Cup by beating second placed Russia in Moscow 1–0, sending Guus Hiddink's side into playoffs. In the 2010 World Cup, Löw introduced new young players and fielded the second youngest team of the tournament, Germany's youngest since 1934. Germany topped Group D and met England in the first round of the knockout stage, beating them 4–1 before defeating Argentina 4–0 in the quarter-finals. Germany then lost the semi-final to Spain 1–0.On 10 July 2010, they went on to win the third place play-off against Uruguay by 3–2 to collect the bronze medals and third place at the 2010 World Cup. Euro 2012

Germany qualified for Euro 2012 and topped their group with ten wins out of ten matches. This includes a 4–0 win against Kazakhstan and a 6–2 win against Austria. During the qualification campaign, Löw signed a new contract that would keep him with Germany until 2014. Germany then proceeded to top their group in the tournament, the only team to win all three of their group matches as they defeated Portugal 1–0, the Netherlands 2–1, and Denmark 2–1. In the quarter-finals, Germany beat Greece 4–2, but were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 2–1 loss to Italy. 2014 World Cup

Germany started qualification with a 3–0 win against the Faroe Islands.Germany won their first match in 2013 2–1 against France. After qualifying they started their 2014 World Cup group stage with a 4–0 victory over Portugal. In the second game, against Ghana, Germany came from behind to draw the match 2–2, while in the third match, Germany beat the United States – led by former German coach Jürgen Klinsmann – 1–0, with the lone goal scored by Thomas Müller. In the second round match against Algeria, Löw's tactics were called into question after playing a high defensive line allowing Algeria to break through on numerous occasions. Nonetheless, Germany won 2–1 after extra time, thereby setting up a quarter-final clash with France. Germany edged France 1–0 with a goal from Borussia Dortmund centre-back Mats Hummels in the 12th minute. In the semi-final, Germany defeated hosts Brazil (who were playing without the injured Neymar and suspended Thiago Silva) 7–1 to reach the tournament's final; the result was Brazil's worst defeat in FIFA World Cup history.<mask> led Germany to their fourth World Cup title win with a Mario Götze goal in the 112th minute to get Die Mannschaft the victory in extra time against Argentina in the final. The same year he won the FIFA World Coach Of The Year Award after receiving 36.23 % votes and finished ahead of Carlo Ancelotti who got 22.06 % votes. Euro 2016
Germany started Euro 2016 qualifying with a 2–1 win against Scotland. Then Germany lost to Poland, 2–0. Germany had 28 shots in the match and the result put them in fourth place. Germany tied the Republic of Ireland 1–1 on 14 October 2014; John O'Shea had scored the equalizer for Ireland in the fourth minute of stoppage time. In the following month, meanwhile, Germany defeated Gibraltar 4–0.On 13 March 2015, Löw signed a contract extension until 2018. On 29 March 2015, Germany defeated Georgia 2–0, Germany remained in second place. and on 10 June, in a friendly match, Germany lost 2–1 to the United States. This was the first victory for the U.S. in Germany. Germany defeated Gibraltar 7–0 on 13 June 2015 and Poland 3–1 on 4 September 2015. Three days later, Germany again defeated Scotland, but on 8 October 2015, Ireland would defeat Germany 1–0. Germany finished off qualifying with a 2–1 win against Georgia.In the lead up to the final tournament, Germany faced France, England, Italy Slovakia, and Hungary. France defeated Germany 2–0 on 13 November 2015, England defeated Germany 3–2 on 26 March 2016 and three days later, Germany would defeat Italy 4–1, marking the first time since 1995 that Germany had defeated Italy. Slovakia defeated Germany 3–1 on 31 May 2016. In their final match before the start of the tournament, Germany defeated Hungary 2–0. In the tournament proper, Germany were grouped into Group C alongside Ukraine, Poland and Northern Ireland. Germany defeated Ukraine (2–0) and Northern Ireland (1–0), while it tied Poland (0–0). Finishing level on seven points with Poland but with a superior goal differential, Germany qualified for the round of 16 as Group C winners.At this stage they would defeat Slovakia 3–0 on 26 June 2016, setting up a quarter-final match against Italy on 2 July. After the match finished in a 1–1 draw, Germany advanced to the semi-finals after winning the shootout, matching up with tournament hosts France. France would defeat Germany 2–0, inflicting its first loss on Germany in a major tournament for the first time since 1958. Despite losing, Löw thought that Germany were the "better team" in the match. 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup
Germany started their 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup mission with a 3–2 victory over Australia in their first group stage match. In the next match, Germany ended with a 1–1 draw over Chile. Germany then won against Cameroon with a 3–1 victory in their last group stage match and sealed their place in the semi-final.This victory meant the 100th Victory for Germany under his coaching. Germany faced Mexico in the semi-final and defeated them with a 4–1 victory to make it to the final for the first time in the tournament. On 2 July 2017, Löw led Germany to their FIFA Confederations Cup title win for the first time after a 1–0 victory against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg. 2018 World Cup
After Euro 2016, Löw opted to stay on as Germany manager. Germany were drawn into Group C alongside the Czech Republic, Northern Ireland, Norway, Azerbaijan and San Marino for 2018 World Cup qualifying. On 15 May 2018, he extended his contract with Germany until 2022. Germany lost their first group match 0–1 against Mexico.Löw played a 4–2–3–1 formation but allowed right-back Joshua Kimmich to attack that flank, giving Mexico space on that side. Moreover, playing two defensive midfielders but having them to push forward in attack left the German backline vulnerable to the Mexican counter. Germany went on to defeat Sweden with a 2–1 victory. Germany were eliminated in the first round of the World Cup for the first time since 1938, and encountered its first ever group stage exit after losing 2–0 to South Korea. Four of the last five world champions would exit in the group stage of the next World Cup (the other incidents are France in 2002, Italy in 2010, Spain in 2014). UEFA Nations League and Euro 2020
Löw decided to stay on as national team coach despite the group stage exit from the World Cup. The nation's poor form in 2018 continued; Germany were set to be relegated from the top tier of the inaugural UEFA Nations League, but stayed in League A after UEFA elected to change the number of teams in each tier.Later on, Germany finished second in Group A4 in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League following a 0–6 defeat to Spain in the final group match in November 2020. It was Germany's worst defeat since May 1931, when they lost 0–6 at home against Austria. On 9 March 2021, Löw announced that he would step down from his role as Germany manager following Euro 2020. On 29 June 2021, England beat Germany in the round of 16 of Euro 2020, thus eliminating Germany from the tournament. This defeat also marked the end of Löw's tenure as Germany's coach. His tenure of nearly 15 years is the longest for an international coach in Europe. He was replaced by his former assistant manager, Hansi Flick.Personal life
Löw is Roman Catholic and was an altar boy in his early life. He has been married to Daniela since 1986; they have no children. The couple met in 1978 and dated for eight years before they got married. Löw has lost his driver's licence twice, once in 2006 (for one month) and once in 2014 (for six months) because of excessive speed and using a mobile phone while driving. Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
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Germany under-21 international footballers
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Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
German football managers
FC Frauenfeld managers
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Expatriate football managers in Switzerland
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Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of


title: Colin Mitchell

texts:
<mask> (17 November 1925 – 20 July 1996) was a British Army soldier and politician. He became a public figure in 1967 as the commanding officer of the 1st Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Forces under his command reoccupied the Crater district of Aden which had been taken over by local police mutineers in what became known as "the last battle of the British empire". The reoccupation and subsequent control of the Crater were controversial and <mask> resigned his army commission in 1968. Subsequently, he became a Conservative Member of Parliament and served one term from 1970 to February 1974. After participation in a failed business venture he subsequently worked as a security and military consultant. In 1989 <mask> took a leading role in the Halo Trust, a not-for-profit organisation undertaking mine clearance in former war zones.Early life
<mask>'s father (also called <mask>) came from an Argyllshire fishing family. <mask> (Snr) worked in a solicitor's office and for the MacBrayne ferry company before serving in the 10th Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in World War I. <mask> (Snr) achieved the rank of captain (commissioned 'in the field') and was awarded the Military Cross at the Second Battle of Ypres, but when the young <mask> asked him how he would only say, 'Oh, shooting rabbits'. He was badly gassed in 1918. After the war, he worked in the City of London and married a Glaswegian woman (née Gilmour) whose father worked as a manager for the LMS Railway company. The couple took up residence in the South London suburb of Purley where they had two children – <mask> and Henrietta. The family lived in a modest semi-detached house and <mask> would attend services at the local Presbyterian Church wearing a kilt. <mask> received his formal education at the Whitgift Grammar School in Croydon.Military career
In 1940, at age 15, <mask> enlisted in the Home Guard, and may have been the youngest Home Guard soldier. In May 1943 he joined the British Army, enlisting as a private in the Royal West Kent Regiment. He soon became a Lance-Corporal and instructed newcomers in physical training. One of his fellow instructors was Stan Cullis who had been the captain of the Wolverhampton Wanderers cup side at Wembley in 1939 and was the captain of England at the time. <mask> was commissioned into the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1944. He fought in the final battles of the Italian campaign, and was lightly wounded in the advance on Ferrara. Despite this, his wartime experience inclined him to take up a military career.He was appointed to a regular commission on 21 December 1946. Following the war, he saw action against Jewish guerrillas during the Palestine Emergency. While in Palestine, he participated in operations to arrest Jewish militants. During Operation Agatha, which saw most of the Jewish political leadership in Palestine detained, <mask>'s mission was to arrest Moshe Shertok (a future Prime Minister of Israel). Initially, his unit raided the wrong house. However, they were later able to find and arrest him. In July 1946, he witnessed the King David Hotel bombing: he and his company commander were within 300 feet of the building when the bombing occurred.While on a personal reconnaissance mission, he was shot and wounded by one of his own Bren gunners, who mistook him for a guerrilla. After recovering from his injuries, he was transferred from his regiment to become aide-de-camp to General Gordon MacMillan, the commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan. He spent a total of three years in Palestine. While there, he made friends among both the Arabs and Jews, including Moshe Dayan, a future Israeli general who would become one of <mask>'s heroes, as well as future Israeli Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, then named Moshe Shertok, who developed a cordial relationship with <mask> after his arrest and corresponded with him for years afterward, when he became a senior Israeli government official. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, he was allowed to rejoin his regiment so he could deploy to Korea. He participated in the initial advance into North Korea, seeing close-quarters combat along the way. His regiment ultimately reached Taechon, near the Chinese border on the Yalu River.When the Chinese Army intervened and crossed the Yalu River in overwhelming numbers, the regiment was forced to take part in the retreat of UN forces, and later helped hold the line against Communist forces when UN forces consolidated. The regiment held a position known as "Frostbite Ridge", where they had to endure freezing conditions. They held the area through the winter until the thaw, and in 1951, they began to advance. However, shortly afterward, they were relieved and withdrawn. Following his service in Korea, <mask> was posted in Britain, but in late 1957, he returned to the Argylls as a company commander with the 1st Battalion, and was posted to Cyprus. At the time, the Cyprus Emergency was in full swing. <mask> was placed in charge of the coastal towns of Paphos and Ktima, where his men engaged in counter-insurgency operations against EOKA guerrillas.They faced both conventional EOKA raids and forest fires deliberately lit by EOKA fighters and local villagers who were motivated by the money they would receive to fight them. <mask> was subsequently posted to the British Army of the Rhine with the rest of the regiment, and then joined the King's African Rifles, and was posted to East Africa. Soon afterward, he saw action in Zanzibar with the KAR in breaking up disturbances between the island's Arab and African populations, which had begun during a general election and had descended into widespread rioting and clashes. He also participated in operations on the Northern Frontier District. At the time, Somali guerrillas were launching raids as part of a campaign to unite the region with Somalia, and the frontiers with other neighbouring states were also volatile. In one incident, <mask> was searching for Somali guerrillas in a low-flying helicopter, and an elephant attempted to attack the helicopter, nearly clipping it with its tusks. It has been claimed that while with the KAR <mask> was instrumental in obtaining a commission for Idi Amin, who later became President of Uganda.<mask>'s familiarity with the Scottish clan system made him more comfortable with African tribal issues than was the case with his English contemporaries. Impressed by <mask> and other Scottish officers, Amin would later adopt the title King of Scotland. Following his service in Kenya, <mask> rejoined the Argylls, which was sent to Borneo to participate in the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation. <mask> participated in a series of clashes with Indonesian forces. After six months of jungle warfare, the regiment was sent back to Singapore to recuperate. <mask> was posted back to the UK as a staff officer. Throughout all this time <mask> was making a reputation as a bold and efficient officer, passing out top of Staff College and serving as GSO1 on the staff of Chief of the Defence staff, Lord Mountbatten.<mask> was promoted lieutenant in 1947, captain in 1952, major in 1959, and his success in a wide range of appointments won him brevet rank as a lieutenant-colonel in 1964. <mask> was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel on 31 December 1966, and made Commanding Officer 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (the 'Argylls') on 12 January 1967. Aden
In 1967 the British Aden colony consisted of the City of Aden and attached Protectorate areas, with a total land mass similar to that of the United Kingdom. These territories enjoyed a degree of self government as the Federation of South Arabia. Within the City itself was the old quarter known as "The Crater", so called because it was sited in an extinct volcano. The Crater district had an area of approximately one square mile and housed approximately 80,000 inhabitants. Between 1963 and 1967 the British administration faced a low intensity insurgency from groups of armed Arab nationalists who were seeking independence for Aden and competing for future power after the inevitable British withdrawal.This insurgency was designated the "Aden Emergency". Uprising in Aden City
In late June 1967 the 1st Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders was due to take over responsibility for security in Aden's Crater district from the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. However, before this took place, on 20 June 1967 elements of the locally recruited Aden Police mutinied, seizing control over the district in alliance with insurgent forces, staging several ambushes of British troops in the Crater district's streets. Eight British soldiers from a transport unit were attacked and killed by the mutineers, and other British troops were killed in coordinated separate attacks. Three men from the Argylls (its Officer Commanding 'D' company, along with two privates) were killed when a patrol of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers that they were accompanying was ambushed. All but one of the patrol were shot and killed. For some days a stand-off around the Crater existed between British Forces and the mutineers, with the authorities hesitating.Then, just before sunset on 3 July 1967 <mask> commanded an operation that reoccupied the Crater. The Argylls and other units entered and reoccupied the Crater, accompanied by 15 bagpipers playing "Scotland the Brave" and the Argylls' regimental charge, "Monymusk". <mask> subsequently used what were described as "strong arm methods" to maintain order in the Crater district for the remaining months before British withdrawal from Aden. The reoccupation itself was almost bloodless. One local man was killed and control of the Treasury building holding the Federation's currency reserves was restored. <mask> then used an integrated system of observation posts, patrols, checkpoints and intelligence gathering to maintain the Crater as a pacified area whilst security

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title: Colin Mitchell

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 conditions elsewhere in Aden began to deteriorate. However, British troops in the Crater became subject to sniper and grenade attacks.Allegations were made of abuses by <mask> and the troops under his command. There were also allegations that British troops had engaged in some looting within the district. <mask> used the Chartered Bank building in the Crater district as his headquarters, and army snipers positioned upon its roof would shoot at anyone thought to represent a threat in the streets below. A BBC reporter stated "Once we stood together in Crater watching the Argylls stacking, as in a butcher's shop, the bodies of four Arab militants they had just shot and Mad Mitch said: 'It was like shooting grouse, a brace here and a brace there'." <mask> (nicknamed 'Mad Mitch' by sections of the press) imposed what was described as "Argyll law" on the Crater. The reoccupation of the Crater made <mask> popular with sections of the British press and public. At the same time it brought disapproval from <mask>'s superiors in both the Army and the High Commission.He was criticized for being a publicity-seeker, and there were accusations that the troops under his command lacked discipline. One High Commission official in Aden describing the Argylls as "a bunch of Glasgow thugs" (a statement for which he later apologised). The reoccupation and subsequent control of the Crater district were controversial. General-Officer-Commanding Middle East Land Forces, Major-General Philip Tower, feared that it would merely provoke trouble. He was of the view that engaging in a full reoccupation of the Crater, with its risk of casualties, was pointless given that British withdrawal from Aden was imminent and British strategy was moving to the role of neutral peacekeeping. Tower had authorized a probe into the Crater but <mask> had used this authority to carry out a full military reoccupation. Tower subsequently ordered <mask> to "throttle back" on the operation.<mask> stated that he considered Tower's approach to be "wet hen tactics". The situation that developed was described in The Times as follows:

Questions were raised in the House of Commons about the events in Aden. Tam Dalyell (Labour, West Lothian) asked whether it was true that: "<mask> disobeyed operational and administrative orders of his senior officers during the recapture of the Crater"? <mask> himself later stated that he had been rebuked over the reoccupation by General Tower. The nature of this rebuke was explained by British Government's Defence Minister Denis Healey as follows:

The final British withdrawal from Aden took place in November 1967. <mask> and the Argylls arrived back at their Plymouth garrison on 27 November. Between July and November the regiment had suffered 5 dead and 25 wounded in Aden, a near 5% casualty rate.Unlike all the other battalion commanders from Aden, <mask> was not decorated, receiving instead only a Mention in Despatches. It was also indicated to him that further career advancement within the army was unlikely. Interviewed by the BBC in 1985, General Tower said "Colonel <mask>, for reasons of his own, wanted to cut a dash with the Argylls in the Crater" thereby accepting unnecessary casualties. Reports began to circulate to the effect that the Argylls were to be disbanded as part of a general cutback in defence spending. In July 1968, <mask> gave notice of his intention to resign his commission at the end of the year. Although he had not given the customary 7 months' notice required of senior officers, his resignation was accepted with effect from 1 October 1968. Political career
Once he was a civilian, <mask> assumed a prominent public role in a "Save the Argylls" campaign to stop the abolition of the regiment.He published a memoir entitled Having Been a Soldier, undertook some freelance journalism and briefly took a job as management trainee with Beaverbrook Newspapers. However, he had become a popular public figure from his time in Aden, and turned this to his advantage when he started a new career in politics. In 1969 he was adopted as the Conservative Party's parliamentary candidate for Aberdeenshire West. This was a Liberal Party-held seat, although the sitting member was retiring at the next election. <mask> took the seat with a 5,000 vote majority in the 1970 general election. His main opponent in that election was Laura Grimond, wife of former Liberal leader Jo Grimond. <mask> was considered to be an energetic and effective constituency MP.He also served for a year as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland. However, it became apparent that he was not likely to develop a ministerial career. His main political interest was the British Army, and he was frequently critical of its leadership. In August 1970 he was quoted as having referred to "... those bastards in Whitehall". He gravitated towards the right wing of the Conservative Party, opposing the United Kingdom's membership of the European Economic Community, economic sanctions being placed upon Rhodesia, and the arms embargo on Israel. He also became a prominent member of both the Monday Club and the 'Anglo-Rhodesian Society'. <mask> became known as a maverick M.P., and was one of 39 Conservatives who defied the Party whip to vote against entry to the EEC in the Commons vote on 28 October 1971.Although never promoted to ministerial office, <mask> was a high-profile backbench M.P., in demand by society and the media. He was a popular member of the Garrick Club, and was reported to enjoy a "gregarious social life" in London. In 1973 he was approached by a consortium that was planning to establish a large sporting and agricultural estate in Scotland, which invited him to take a stake in the project and become the project's General-Manager with a generous salary. <mask> accepted and announced he would not be seeking re-election to Parliament on the basis that he “…could not afford to be an MP". — a remark that would come back to haunt him. He left Parliament at the time of the February 1974 general election, against the advice of both his wife Sue and fellow maverick M.P Tam Dalyell. 1974-1989
The Scottish estate project failed and <mask> became unemployed.He later stated that giving up his seat in Parliament had been a disastrous mistake. <mask> spent much of the next 10 years trying to get back into Parliament. He applied to several constituency Conservative Associations, including Bournemouth East in August 1977, but at every selection interview the question was raised as to why he had given up Aberdeenshire West in 1974. No winnable constituency would adopt him. He remained on the fringes of Conservative Party politics, The Times Diary columnist reporting on a meeting of the Monday Club at the 1976 Conservative Party conference where he had made a speech on the subject of Rhodesia:

During this period <mask> remained sporadically active in a series of consultancies, mostly of a military or security nature. He is known to have provided services to backers of the Mujahideen insurgents in Afghanistan and Contra rebels in Nicaragua. In November 1980, <mask> praised the Mujahideen as "gallant fighters... expressing themselves, as Afghans know best, in the romantic tradition of sniping, raiding and brigandry."He urged Western leaders to provide them with military training and equipment, and to select "proven guerilla fighters" from their ranks for training as future leaders of Afghanistan. However, <mask> became increasingly dissatisfied with his situation. The Halo Trust
In 1989, <mask> co-founded the Halo Trust (the hazardous areas life-support organization). This non-profit making organization undertook de-mining operations in former war zones. It employed a core of (mostly British and Commonwealth) de-mining experts and a large number of locally recruited and trained personnel. Most of the Halo personnel were former servicemen. Halo became active around the world in areas such as Mozambique, Cambodia and Afghanistan.<mask> thrived in his work with Halo. It raised his public profile once again, and in a manner that was both positive and uncontroversial. Death
<mask> died in his 71st year on 20 July 1996 at Westminster in London, after a short illness. His obituary in The Independent was written by his friend the Labour MP Tam Dalyell. Dalyell stated :

Personal life
<mask> married Jean Hamilton (Sue) Phillips in April 1956. Phillips was the daughter of Wing Commander Stephen Phillips, R.A.F., and was a native of Meikleour, Perthshire. The couple had three children (2 sons and 1 daughter), the youngest of whom (<mask>a) was born in 1965.Their son, Dr. <mask>, is a noted authority on the life of Irish revolutionary Roger Casement. One observer later described Phillips as: "his marvellous wife ... who backed him through thick and thin - mostly thin". References
The two major sources for the article are Having Been a Soldier (<mask>'s autobiography) London: Hamilton, 1969. , and from Tam Dalyell's long obituary  of <mask> published in The Independent on 24 July 1996. External links

 Army History The Argylls, 1945 to 1971
 700 Glengarried Men :The Argylls' 1967 tour of duty in Aden
 BBC report, 1 December 2007:a return to Aden without Mad Mitch
 Army History  Argylls in Aden
 "Tartan kitsch"

Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders officers
British Army personnel of World War II
British military personnel of the Aden Emergency
British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency
British Army personnel of the Korean War
British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency
Scottish Conservative Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
People educated at Whitgift School
UK MPs 1970–1974
1925 births
1996 deaths
King's African Rifles officers
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
People from Croydon
Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment soldiers
British Home Guard soldiers
English people of Scottish descent
Military personnel from

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title: Nikolaos Dragoumis

texts:
<mask>Nikos<mask> (29 August 1874 – 6 January 1933) was a Greek painter and the firstborn son of <mask> and Elizabeth Kontogiannakis. He has been described by Dimitris Pikionis as "the van Gogh of Greece" because he was an exceptional post-Impressionist, and one of the forerunners of Post-Impressionism in Greece. Life
He was born on 29 August 1874 in Athens, where he spent his childhood. In September 1891 he went to Paris for the first time to study at Lycee Janson-de-Sailly, preparing for the French Naval School and pursuing a military career. His guardian during that time was Dimitrios Vikelas. However, in June 1893 he failed the Naval School exams and in October of the same year he enrolled at the Sorbonne Law School. In the summer of 1896 he was in Munich to study law at the University of Ludwig-Maximilans, while at the same time he became friend with the painter Dimitrios Geraniotis, who studied at the Munich Academy.In November 1897, Nikos Dragoumis obtained his degree from the University of Sorbonne and returned to Greece to pursue a career in the Foreign Ministry. However, he broke up with his family and his father, Stephanos, sent him to Volos to work as an assistant manager of the Thessaly Railway Company. But Nikos Dragoumis secretly left Volos in May 1899 and returned to Paris this time to study painting. Nikos Dragoumis, Marika Dragoumis, Sister of the Painter, 1909, ink and gouache on paper, private collection

He was enrolled in the Julian Free Academy in October 1900 and studied there until December 1902 in the workshop of William Bouguereau (1825-1905). At the same time, in the years 1900, 1901, 1902 he was enrolled in the entrance examinations of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts but seems to have failed in all three of his attempts. During these years he befriended Dimitris Galanis, who portrayed Dragoumis in one of his first works in Paris, the painting by Trovadouros (1900, today at the National Gallery and the Museum of Alexandros Soutsos). In June 1903 Dragoumis went to the village of Graveson for the first time in Provence, where he spent a long period of his life painting.In August 1904 he visited Greece and his family in Kifissia. It is noteworthy that Nikos was the last member of the Dragoumis family to see Pavlos Melas alive: he stayed with him on the night of August 29 and accompanied him the next morning to the train station, from where Melas left for his last trip to Macedonia. <mask> returned to Paris in June 1905, although he remained in Graveson. In 1908 he began his relationship with the Russian painter Lydia Borzek. He was again found in Greece from October 1909 until July 1910 before returning to Paris. In October 1911, while in Graveson, his mental illness developed. On 2 November he left Marseille for Piraeus.Accompanied by his brother Ion, a few days later, he entered a private clinic for the mentally ill in Naples, Italy. Dragoumis did not stay in Naples for a long time. Shortly afterwards the family moved him to Corfu and in the summer of 1913 he and Borzek visited Andros. In August 1913 he settled in Kifissia, but in May of the following year, accompanied by Ion Dragoumis, he traveled to the village of Sent, near Geneva, and entered a private psychiatric clinic. He stayed there for 18 years until 1932, when his family brought him back to Greece due to financial difficulties. He entered the Dromokaitio Institute in Chaidari in August, where he died a few months later, on 6 January 1933, possibly from a stroke. Works

The first time that Nikos Dragoumi's works were presented to the public was after his death, in 1936, at the 6th Exhibition of the Avignon Group of Independent Painters (March 20–30, at the Town Hall), under the responsibility of the painter and his friend Jean Baltus.In Greece, the first reference to the painter Dragoumi was made by Dimitris Pikionis in 1963 in an article in the Zigos magazine: "I had met him in the spring of 1911 in Paris, in the Luxembourg gardens. Breton costume, cap and wooden footwear. […] He gave me a sketch of his sister combing her hair. The next day he would start early in the morning to go to Provence, hiking under the fiery rays of Apollo, to show the vintage, this Greek Van Gogh!" Essentially, the Greek public first came into contact with Dragoumis' paintings through an exhibition organized by the National Bank Education Foundation in 2015 (May 7-July 18). In an unpublished text, his brother, Philippos <mask>, remarked: "Nikos never wanted to sell any of the paintings because he believed that true art was sacred and non-marketable. [...] He was a follower of the principle of L'art pour l'art (= Art for art), that art is simply an expression of the artist's mental aesthetic world and nothing more. "Since Dragoumis himself burned several of his paintings in 1911, with the onset of his mental illness, today the family archive preserves basically lightweight designs (pencil, charcoal, watercolors) on paper. These reveal his intentions and aspirations, his stylistic influences and the spirit in which his artistic creation was shaped. Dragoumis, who did not systematically study painting, was nurtured as a painter in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century, at a time when Impressionism and post-Impressionist movements dominated French art, while in the Salons of the avant-garde the cubists were presented for the first time. Dragoumis was rather indifferent to Modernism and the experiments of Matisse, Braque and Picasso, focusing his attention essentially on the Nabian circle and more broadly on Symbolism. He was also greatly influenced by Van Gogh's painting, both thematically and stylistically, and secondarily by Gauguin and the Pont Aven School (Provence). He was interested in depicting the (French and, to a lesser extent, Greek) countryside [cf. the project: Chaîne des Alpilles, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence], the relationship between the human form and the landscape (especially the woman in the landscape), but also the lives of the people of labor (farmers, workers).In his work, of course, one does not identify the social concerns that characterized Courbet, but rather the symbolic extensions that distinguish Gauguin, Van Gogh and Les Nabis. Similar observations can also be made at the level of style: Dragoumis is not part of Impressionism but rather of post-Impressionist quests. His works are not shaken by the strong light, but are characterized by hard outlines, love of the line, tough forms [cf. the work: Marika Dragoumi, sister of the painter]. Finally, some exposures to expressionism should also be understood as loans by Van Gogh. On the other hand, Dragoumis stayed away from the problems faced by Greek visual artists in the early 20th century. It is noteworthy that even the few works he created in Greece exude a clear French aura [cf.the work: Lydia in Kokkinaras] with the possible exception of his plans from Andros (summer 1913). References

1874 births
1933 deaths
Greek landscape painters
19th-century Greek painters
Post-impressionist painters
20th-century Greek painters
Artists from Athens
Dragoumis family

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Nikolaos (
) Dragoumis
Stephanos Dragoumis
Dragoumis
Dragoumis