title: Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos

texts:
<mask>, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos  (10 September 1823 – 26 March 1889), styled Earl Temple until 1839 and Marquess of Chandos from 1839 to 1861, was a British soldier, politician and administrator of the 19th century. He was a close friend and subordinate of Benjamin Disraeli and served as the Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1867 to 1868 and Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. <mask> was the only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He joined the British Army, eventually rising to become a colonel. <mask> entered politics, as Lord Chandos, in 1846 when he was elected unopposed from Buckinghamshire as a candidate of the Conservative Party. <mask> served as Member of Parliament from 1846 to 1857, when he resigned. He contested a re-election in 1859, but lost.<mask> served in various political offices during his tenure. In March 1867, he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies and served until December 1868. He also served as Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. As Governor, he handled the relief measures for the victims of the Great Famine of 1876-78. <mask> also served as Lord of the Treasury, Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway, member of the Imperial Privy Council, Lord President of the Council and chairman of the committees in the House of Lords. He died on 26 March 1889 at the age of 65. Background and education
<mask> was the second child and only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and his wife Lady Mary, younger daughter of John Campbell, 4th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (later The 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).His sister, Lady Anna Eliza Mary Gore-Langton, was a women's rights campaigner. As his father's son and heir apparent, he was styled Earl Temple from birth. He was 15 years of age when his paternal grandfather died and his father became the 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. From this time, he was styled Marquess of Chandos until he succeeded his father as Duke. Upon his father's death in 1861, his titles were Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Marquess of Chandos, and Earl Temple of Stowe in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; Marquess of Buckingham, Earl Temple, Viscount and Baron Cobham in the Peerage of Great Britain; and Earl Nugent in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1868, he was also recognised by the House of Lords as Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland. The young Lord Temple, later Lord <mask>, attended Eton until 1841 and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, from which he later received an honorary degree of D.C.L.Two years after graduation, <mask> (as he then was) was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry and he would eventually become Honorary Colonel of that regiment. He was also Hon. Colonel of the 1st Administrative Battalion, Middlesex Artillery Volunteers and later of the City of London Artillery. Early career

In 1846, <mask>, as the Marquess of <mask>, entered Parliament as Conservative MP for Buckinghamshire, and remained as an unopposed MP until 1857. The young Lord <mask> was appointed a deputy lieutenant for Oxfordshire on 3 February 1846, Hampshire on 17 February, and Northamptonshire on 29 May. In 1852, he entered Lord Derby's administration as a Lord of the Treasury, a position he held for exactly ten months. That year, he was also appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, deputy lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, and chairman of the London and North-Western Railway.In 1857, he resigned as MP for Buckinghamshire and did not stand for re-election due to the deteriorating family fortunes and his father's bankruptcy. In 1859, Lord <mask> contested against William Ewart Gladstone for the constituency of Oxford University, but lost by 859 to 1,050 votes. In 1861, he succeeded his father as Duke of Buckingham and <mask> (and in various other titles across four Peerages) and took his seat in the House of Lords; he also resigned as chairman of the London and North-Western Railway. In the 1860s he was chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company. <mask>'s political career was stagnant until 1866, when he was appointed to the Privy Council and became Lord Derby's Lord President of the Council. During the interregnum, <mask> served as chairman of the executive committee of the royal commission for the Great Exhibition of 1862. He served as Lord President of the Council until 8 March 1867, when he succeeded Lord Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies.As Secretary of State for the Colonies

<mask> was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies when Lord Carnarvon resigned in March 1867 over the Reform Bill and served from 8 March 1867 to 1 December 1868. During this period, he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. As Secretary of State for the Colonies. <mask> had to deal with the British North America Act. He also attracted controversy over his dispute with Bishop Colenso of Natal. <mask>'s tenure ended in December 1868 when the Conservative Party ministry of Benjamin Disraeli resigned. He was succeeded as Colonial Secretary by Lord Granville.On 21 July 1868, the House of Lords recognised him as the 10th Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland, which had been dormant since the death of the 6th Lord Kinloss, his three-times great-grandfather Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin, in 1747. Through the House of Lords ruling, <mask>'s father was recognised posthumously as de jure 9th Lord Kinloss, his maternal grandmother Lady Anna Brydges as de jure 8th Lady Kinloss, and his great-grandfather James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos as de jure 7th Lord Kinloss. Though the lordship was the most minor of <mask>'s many titles, it was the only one that could be inherited by his daughters, and he established his right to it at a time when the likelihood emerged that he would leave no male heir. Governor of Madras

When the Conservative Party was re-elected to power in the United Kingdom in 1874 and Disraeli became the Prime Minister once again, <mask> was appointed Governor of the Madras Presidency, British India. <mask> moved to Madras and took his seat on 23 November 1875. <mask> served as the Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. His tenure was plagued by deteriorating socio-economic and health conditions.In 1876, the Great Famine of 1876–78 broke out in Madras Presidency. By August 1877, the famine had spread all over the Presidency and over 18 million people were affected. To make matters worse, the rains failed in parts of Madras and Mysore. Large quantities of grain were shipped from Bengal to Madras port, and through his efforts, famine relief was distributed to 839,000 people in the Madras districts, besides 160,000 in the Bombay Districts and 151,000 in the Mysore districts. The Governor appealed to the principal cities of England, Scotland, Ireland and India for assistance. At <mask>'s suggestion, the Lord Mayor of London collected relief funds of up to £475,000 in 1877 (£ as of ). Though the famine eventually came to an end in 1878, the issue had far-reaching effects.As a part of the famine relief work, <mask> had commenced the construction of a navigation channel between Madras city and the northern part of the Madras Presidency so that transportation of supplies to the interior in cases of emergency would be easy. More than 715,000 people were employed as labourers in Madras to assist with the relief work. Opened in 1878, this canal was named after Buckingham as Buckingham Canal. Buckingham Street in Penang, Malaysia was also named after him by the Tamil labourers who were brought there during the British colonial period. Displeasure of the tribes of the northern part of the Presidency over the stringent taxation schemes of the British government erupted in the form of a major rebellion in 1879. The rebellion was eventually suppressed through a joint operation of the Madras police and army and the Hyderabad army, and the captured prisoners were sent to the Andamans. Many of the stringent taxation laws were repealed.On 30 August 1880, William Patrick Adam was appointed Governor of Madras and he succeeded <mask> in December 1880. Later life and death
In May 1886, <mask> succeeded Lord Redesdale as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords. He made few speeches in the House of Lords and succeeded in paying off most of his father's debts. Gradually, towards the later part of his life his financial situation improved and by 1883, he owned 10,482 acres of land with a total value of £18,080. <mask> died in March 1889, aged 65, from diabetes at Chandos House, London. His illness was unexpected and not originally thought to be serious; the House of Lords postponed voting on several bills until he recovered. Within a week, however, his illness proved fatal, despite the efforts of Dr. Henry Walter Kiallmark, the family physician, and Sir James Paget, who was called in to assist.The duke was buried at the family vault in the church at Wotton House, Buckinghamshire. With no male issue, the dukedom and marquessate of Buckingham and Chandos and the Earldom of Temple became extinct. Several of his other titles survived due to available heirs: his nephew William Gore-Langton succeeded him in 1892 as fourth Earl Temple of Stowe, which was created with a special remainder; his eldest daughter, Lady Mary, succeeded him in the Scottish lordship of Kinloss, which can be held by females as Lady Kinloss; and his distant relative Charles Lyttelton succeeded him as eighth Viscount Cobham. Family

<mask> married firstly Caroline Harvey, daughter of Robert Harvey of Langley Park, Sheriff of Buckinghamshire, and sister of Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet of Langley Park, in 1851. They had three daughters:
 Mary Morgan-Grenville, 11th Lady Kinloss (1852–1944)
 Lady Anne (1853–1890)
 Lady Caroline Jemima Elizabeth (1858–1946)

Caroline, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, died in February 1874. <mask> married, secondly, Alice Graham-Montgomery, daughter of Sir Graham Graham-Montgomery, 3rd Baronet, in 1885. Born in 1848, she was 25 years younger than him.In 1897, she was one of the guests at the Duchess of Devonshire's Diamond Jubilee Costume Ball. There were no children from this marriage. Widowed in 1889, Alice, Dowager Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, married the 1st Earl Egerton in 1894. She died in 1931, aged 83. See also
 1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps

References

Further reading

External links

 The Dukes of Buckingham

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1823 births
1889 deaths
Secretaries of State for the Colonies
Lord Presidents of the Council
Governors of Madras
Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos
Earls Nugent
Earls Temple of Stowe
Richard
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
People from Buckinghamshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-<mask>-Grenville, Marquess of
Buckingham and Chandos, D3
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Directors of the London and North Western Railway
Richard
Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry officers
Deputy Lieutenants of Oxfordshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Deaths from diabetes

masks: Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos Grenville


title: Lucas Moura

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 13 August 1992), known as <mask> (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger and forward for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Brazil national team. <mask> started his professional career at São Paulo where he became one of the best players in the Campeonato Paulista. His pace and dribbling skills garnered attention from numerous European clubs, eventually earning him a transfer to French side Paris Saint-Germain. After winning multiple domestic trophies over a five-year span at the club, <mask> was then signed by English side Tottenham Hotspur. He was involved in the side reaching their first ever UEFA Champions League final, scoring a historic hat-trick in the second leg of the semi-final of the competition to help Spurs advance. <mask> made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2011 and has since earned over 30 caps, representing the nation at two editions of the Copa América, the 2012 Olympics (where he won a silver medal), and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, winning the latter title. Club career

São Paulo
<mask> joined São Paulo FC in 2005 after playing for the youth teams of Clube Atlético Juventus and Corinthians and was known as Marcelinho since he played for a Marcelinho Carioca football school as a child and also had physical resemblance with the former footballer.Having had prominence at youth level, he was promoted to play professionally by Milton Cruz. <mask> made his debut with the São Paulo first-team in 2010, scoring 4 goals and providing four assists in 25 appearances. In the same year, he stated his desire to be known for his given name instead of a nickname to "make his own history in football without comparisons". In 2011, <mask> scored nine goals and provided four assists in 28 appearances in the Campeonato Brasileiro and 13 goals and eight assists in all competitions. Paris Saint-Germain

During the summer of 2012, both Manchester United and Inter Milan were reported to be interested in signing <mask>. On 8 August 2012, Paris Saint-Germain won the battle and announced the player would be moving to the club in January 2013. He would be the club's most expensive signing.The transfer fee was reported to be in the region of €45 million (£38 million). It was announced that <mask> would wear the No. 29 shirt for the remainder of the season. On 11 January 2013, <mask> made his debut against AC Ajaccio, in a match that ended as a 0–0 draw. He also played in the Champions League away victory over Valencia on 12 February, assisting a goal in the process. On 13 September 2013, he scored his first goal for PSG in a 2–0 league victory over Bordeaux. For the 2014–15 season, following Jérémy Ménez's transfer to A.C. Milan, <mask> was handed the No.7 shirt – the same number he wore while playing for São Paulo. He made his season debut for PSG in their 2–0 Trophée des Champions victory over Coupe de France winners EA Guingamp on 2 August 2014 at the Workers Stadium in Beijing. He scored his first goal of the 2014–15 Ligue 1 campaign on 16 August, volleying in a Gregory van der Wiel cross as PSG defeated Bastia 2–0. On 5 October, <mask> scored the opening goal in a match that finished 1–1 against title rivals Monaco. With his two goals in PSG's 3–0 victory over Bordeaux on 25 October, he equalled his league tally from the previous season. On 7 August 2015, <mask> scored the first goal of the 2015–16 Ligue 1 season in PSG's 1–0 defeat of Lille OSC at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy. On 15 October 2016, <mask> scored PSG's first goal in the 13th minute in a 2–1 away win against AS Nancy in a Ligue 1 match with a curling free-kick from the left which nobody got a touch to; that was his fifth league goal of the 2016–17 Ligue 1 season.For the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season, he appeared only as substitute six times for the club, and left in January 2018. Tottenham Hotspur
On 31 January 2018, <mask> signed a contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2023 for a transfer fee of around £25 million. He made his debut for Tottenham in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League match against Juventus on 13 February 2018, coming on as a late substitute in the match that ended in a 2–2 draw. He made his first start as well as scoring his first goal for the club in the FA Cup tie against Rochdale on 18 February 2018 that also finished 2–2. In the 2018–19 season, <mask> scored his first Premier League goal on 18 August 2018 in Spurs' 3–1 win over Fulham. In the following match on 27 August 2018, he scored a brace against Manchester United as Tottenham won 3–0 in only their third away win at Old Trafford in 27 games. He scored his first Champions League goal for Spurs in the group round match against PSV.In the away match against Barcelona at Camp Nou, <mask> scored a late equaliser after Barcelona took an early lead in the game. The game ended 1–1, which sent Tottenham through into the knockout stage together with Barcelona. On 13 April 2019, he scored a hat-trick in the 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town. This was his first hat-trick in Europe and the first ever hat-trick scored at the new Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. On 8 May 2019, <mask> scored a second half hat-trick in Tottenham's 3–2 victory over Ajax at the Johan Cruyff Arena in the second leg of their Champions League semi-finals. Spurs came back from 2–0 down on the night, and 3–0 down on aggregate to win on away goals. His third goal, in the 96th minute, sent his team into a Champions League final for the first time in their history.This performance lead L'Équipe to award him a perfect 10 rating, making him the tenth ever player to be awarded a 10 rating by them. On 9 August 2019, <mask> signed a new contract with Tottenham until 2024. He scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season on 17 August 2019, equalising against Manchester City within nineteen seconds of being introduced as a substitute. International career

Youth career and early senior career

<mask> was a frequent member of Brazil's Under-20 international side. In February 2011, he was involved for Brazil in the Under-20 South American Championship where he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 victory over Uruguay in the final. <mask> made his senior international debut for Brazil in friendly match against Scotland on 27 March 2011. On 28 September 2011, <mask> scored his first senior international goal for Brazil against Argentina.2011 Copa América
<mask> was named in Mano Menezes' squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina. <mask> appeared in the group stage matches against Paraguay, Ecuador and Venezuela as a second-half substitute on all occasions. He once again featured as a substitute in Brazil's penalty shoot-out defeat to Paraguay in the quarter-finals which eliminated Brazil from the competition. 2012 Olympics
<mask> was selected to compete for the Brazil Olympic football team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London along with club teammates Casemiro and Bruno Uvini. He appeared in three matches as a substitute, including the Gold medal match with Mexico, and started in the 3–0 group stage victory over New Zealand. 2013 Confederations Cup
<mask> was selected by Luiz Felipe Scolari for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil. Copa América Centenario
In 2016, <mask> was named in Dunga's 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario in the United States.Style of play
He is credited as a quick and mobile winger, who is also powerful, creative, and technically gifted, <mask> is also known for his explosive acceleration, agility, jumping, and pace – both on and off the ball –, as well as his movement, and his excellent dribbling skills, in particular his use of trickery and feints, which make him a dangerous offensive threat. A versatile player, he is also capable of playing in several positions, and has also been deployed as a forward, in midfield, as a support striker, or even as an attacking midfielder behind the strikers. However, he has been accused of being inconsistent in the media, in particular in his youth, while his vision and decision–making have also been cited as weaknesses to his game. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results tables list Brazil's goal tally first. Honours
São Paulo
Copa Sudamericana: 2012

Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Coupe de France: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Coupe de la Ligue: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Trophée des Champions: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Tottenham Hotspur
EFL Cup runner-up: 2020–21
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2018–19

Brazil U20
South American U-20 Championship: 2011

Brazil U23
Summer Olympic silver medal: 2012

Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2013

Individual
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2012
Bola de Prata: 2012
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: October 2014
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2018
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2018–19

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian footballers
Brazil youth international footballers
Brazil under-20 international footballers
Brazil international footballers
Association football wingers
Clube Atlético Juventus players
São Paulo FC players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Olympic footballers of Brazil
2011 Copa América players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in England
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian Christians

masks:
Lucas Rodrigues Moura da Silva
Lucas Moura
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura


title: Harold Clurman

texts:
<mask> (September 18, 1901 – September 9, 1980) was an American theatre director and drama critic. In 2003, he was named one of the most influential in the United States by the PBS. He was most notable as one of the three founders of New York City's Group Theatre (1931–1941). He directed more than 40 plays in his career and, during the 1950s, was nominated for a Tony Award as director for several productions. In addition to his directing career, he was drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952) and The Nation (1953–1980), helping shape American theater by writing about it. Clurman wrote seven books about the theatre, including his memoir The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties (1961). Early life and education
<mask> was born on the Lower East Side of New York City, the son of Jewish parents from Kamenets Podolsky, Russia now Ukraine, in Eastern Europe, Samuel, a doctor, and Bertha Clurman.He had three older brothers, Morris, Albert, and William. His parents took him at age six to Yiddish theater, and Jacob Adler's performances in Yiddish translations of Karl Gutzkow's Uriel Acosta and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's Nathan the Wise fascinated him, although he did not understand Yiddish. He attended Columbia and, at the age of 20, moved to France to study at the University of Paris. There he shared an apartment with the young composer Aaron Copland. In Paris, he saw all sorts of theatrical productions. He was influenced especially by the work of Jacques Copeau and the Moscow Art Theatre, whose permanent company built a strong creative force. He wrote his thesis on the history of French drama from 1890 to 1914.Clurman returned to New York in 1924 and started working as an extra in plays, despite his lack of experience. He became a stage manager and play reader for the Theatre Guild. He briefly studied Stanislavski's system under the tutelage of Richard Boleslavsky, and became Jacques Copeau's translator/assistant on his production of The Brothers Karamazov, based on the novel by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. Career
Clurman began work as an actor in New York. He felt that the standard American theater, though successful at the box office, was not culturally significant. He said, "I was interested in what the theater was going to say [...]. The theater must say something.It must relate to society. It must relate to the world we live in." Together with the like-minded Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg, he began to create what would become the Group Theatre. In November 1930, Clurman led weekly lectures, in which they talked about founding a permanent theatrical company to produce plays dealing with important modern social issues. Together with 28 other young people, they formed a group that developed a groundbreaking style of theater that strongly influenced American productions, including such elements as Stanislavski-trained actors, realism based on American stories, and political content. By building a permanent company, they expected to increase the synergy and trust among the members, who included Stella Adler, Morris Carnovsky, Phoebe Brand, Elia Kazan, Clifford Odets, and Sanford Meisner. In the summer of 1931, the first members of the Group Theatre rehearsed for several weeks in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut at the Pine Brook Country Club.They were preparing The House of Connelly by Paul Green, their first production, directed by Strasberg. Clurman was the scholar of the group — he knew multiple languages, read widely, and listened to a broad array of music. Strasberg dealt with acting and directing, and Crawford dealt with the business. The first play which Clurman directed for the Group Theatre was Awake and Sing! by Clifford Odets in 1935. The play's success led Clurman to develop his directing style. He believed that all the elements of a play—text, acting, lighting, scenery and direction—needed to work together to convey a unified message.Clurman would read the script over and over, each time focusing on a different element or character. He tried to inspire, guide and constructively critique his designers rather than dictate to them. He also used Richard Boleslavsky's technique of identifying the "spine," or main action, of each character, then using those to determine the spine of the play. He encouraged his actors to find "active verbs" to describe what their characters were trying to accomplish. In 1937, tensions among Clurman, Crawford and Strasberg caused the latter two to resign from the Group; four years later, the Group Theatre permanently disbanded. Clurman went on to direct plays on Broadway, more than 40 in all, and write as a newspaper theatre critic. Marriage and family
In 1940 Clurman married Stella Adler, a charismatic theatre actress and later a renowned New York acting coach.A member of the Group Theatre since its founding, Adler was the daughter of the notable Yiddish actor Jacob Adler. Clurman was her second husband. They divorced in 1960. Clurman's second marriage was to the independent filmmaker Juleen Compton. Director and drama critic
Clurman had an active career as a director, over the decades leading more than 40 productions, and helping bring many new works to the stage. He is considered "one of the most influential theater directors in America". In addition, Clurman helped shape American theater by writing about it, as drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952), The Nation (1953–1980), and New York (1968).He encouraged new styles of production, such as that of the Living Theater, and championed contemporary plays and playwrights. Author
He wrote a memoir about the Group Theatre's beginning and their making art within American culture, called The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties. His six other books about the theater include On Directing (1972); his autobiography, All People are Famous (1974); The Divine Pastime (1974); Ibsen (1977); and Nine Plays of the Modern Theater (1981). Most of his essays and reviews can be found in The Collected Works of <mask>. On acting
Uta Hagen in Respect for Acting credits Clurman with a new perspective on acting. She summarized his approach as demanding the human being within the character:

In 1947, I worked in a play under the direction of <mask>. He opened a new world in the professional theatre for me.He took away my 'tricks.' He imposed no line readings, no gestures, no positions on the actors. At first I floundered badly because for many years I had become accustomed to using specific outer directions as the material from which to construct the mask for my character, the mask behind which I would hide throughout the performance. Mr. Clurman refused to accept a mask. He demanded ME in the role. My love of acting was slowly reawakened as I began to deal with a strange new technique of evolving in the character. I was not allowed to begin with, or concern myself at any time with, a preconceived form.I was assured that a form would result from the work we were doing. <mask> died on September 9, 1980 in New York City of cancer. He is buried in Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Glendale, Queens. Works on Broadway
Note: All works are plays and are the original productions unless otherwise noted. Caesar and Cleopatra (1925) (revival) - actor
The Goat Song (1926) - actor
The Chief Thing (1926) - actor
Juarez and Maximilian (1926) - actor
Night Over Taos (1932) - produced by the Group Theater
Big Night (1933) - produced by the Group Theater
Men in White (1934) - produced by the Group Theater
Awake and Sing! (1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Waiting for Lefty (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Till the Day I Die (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Weep for the Virgins (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Paradise Lost (1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Case of Clyde Griffiths (1936) - co-produced by the Group Theater
Johnny Johnson (1936) - produced by the Group Theater
Golden Boy (1937) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Casey Jones (1938) - produced by the Group Theater
Rocket to the Moon (1938) - director, produced by the Group Theater
The Gentle People (1939) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Awake and Sing!(1966) - director

Legacy and honors
<mask>'s legacy is his contribution to the creation of a uniquely American theater. The <mask>rman Theatre within the Theatre Row Building complex Off Broadway is named for him. Ronald Rand brought <mask> to life in his acclaimed solo play, LET IT BE ART!, which has been performed for 20 years in 26 countries, 20 U.S. states, and at the Theatre Olympics in New Delhi and Kerala. <mask> was awarded the Republic of France's Legion d'Honneur. The Stella Adler and <mask>rman Collection came to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003. The collection includes original and reproduced materials gathered by Marjorie Loggia. Of particular interest are a handwritten draft of The Fervent Years, a photocopy typescript of "Plans for a First Studio," handwritten and typescript drafts of Lies Like Truth, and an edited typescript of Reminiscences: An Oral History.Among other noteworthy Clurman material are his correspondence (with Stella Adler and others), contracts and royalties, a diary, and theater programs he collected from 1926 to 1930. Notes

References
 <mask> on Spartacus Educational, retrieved February 26, 2005. Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, . Carnicke, Sharon. Stanislavsky in Focus, Cornwall: TJ International Ltd, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. All People Are Famous (instead of an autobiography).New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974. <mask>, <mask>. The Fervent Years. USA: The Colonial Press Inc., 1961
<mask>, <mask>. Ibsen. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978. <mask>, <mask>.On Directing, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1974. "<mask>, <mask>." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 October 2007
Smith, Wendy. Real Life Drama: The Group Theatre and America, 1931-1940, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990.External links
 <mask>, American Masters, Public Broadcasting Service PBS
 <mask>rman Collection, Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
 , Wall Street Journal

1901 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American Jews
American theater critics
American theatre directors
Columbia University alumni
Donaldson Award winners
University of Paris alumni
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
The New Republic people
People from the Lower East Side
American expatriates in France

masks:
Harold Edgar Clurman
Clurman
Harold Clurman
Harold Clurman
Clurman
Clurman
Haroldlu
Harold Clurman
Harold Clurman
Harold Clu
Harold Clurman
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Harold Clurman
Harold Clulu


title: Wang Shu

texts:
<mask> (, born 4 November 1963) is a Chinese architect based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. He is the dean of the School of Architecture of the China Academy of Art. With his practice partner and wife Lu Wenyu, he founded the firm Amateur Architecture Studio. In 2012, <mask> became the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Prize, the world's top prize in architecture. The award was the subject of some controversy since the Pritzker committee did not also award Lu Wenyu, his wife and architectural partner, despite their years of collaboration. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 4 November 1963 in Ürümqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China's far west. He began to draw and paint as a child, without any formal training in art.Despite the anti-intellectual fervor of the "cultural revolution" (1966–76), his mother gave him access to the library and he read widely, from "Pushkin to Lu Xun." As a compromise between his passion of art and engineering, his parents' recommendation, <mask> chose to study architecture at the Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and received a bachelor's degree in 1985 and a master's degree in 1988. Although <mask> lived in Ürümqi and Beijing in his early life, after college he moved to Hangzhou for the city's natural landscapes and ancient tradition of art. He worked for the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (now China Academy of Art) and in 1990 completed his first architectural project, a youth centre in the city of Haining near Hangzhou. <mask> did not have any commissions between 1990 and 1998. During that time his wife Lu Wenyu supported the family. Instead, he chose to further his studies at the School of Architecture of Tongji University in Shanghai, earning a PhD in 2000.Career

In 1997, <mask> and his wife Lu Wenyu, also an architect, founded the firm Amateur Architecture Studio. They chose the name as a rebuke of the "professional, soulless architecture" practiced in China, which they believe has contributed to the large-scale demolition of many old urban neighborhoods. <mask> joined the faculty of the China Academy of Art in 2000 as a professor, became the Head of the Architecture Department in 2003, and was named Dean of the School of Architecture in 2007. In 2000, <mask> designed the Library of Wenzheng College at Soochow University, which won the inaugural Architecture Art Award of China in 2004. His Five Scattered Houses in Ningbo won the Holcim Award for Sustainable Construction in the Asia Pacific in 2005. In 2008 his Vertical Courtyard Apartments in Hangzhou was nominated for the International Highrise Award. In 2008 he completed the Ningbo Museum, a project he won in 2004 after an international competition.The building's facade is constructed entirely of recycled bricks, and its shape - resembling nearby mountains - reflects its natural setting. The museum won the 2009 Lu Ban Prize, the top architecture prize in China. <mask>'s other major projects include the Ningbo Museum of Art (2005), the Xiangshan campus of the China Academy of Art (2007) and the Old Town Conservation of Zhongshan Street, Hangzhou (2009). His architecture has been described as "opening new horizons while at the same time resonates with place and memory", experimental, and as a rare example of critical regionalism in China. Design approach
<mask> creates modern buildings making use of traditional materials and applying older techniques. The Ningbo Museum is constructed of bricks salvaged from buildings which had been demolished to facilitate new developments. <mask> is a keen supporter of architectural heritage where globalisation has stripped cities of their special attributes."In an age where the goal is to offer a distinct, individualized style, <mask> has shied away from such a prerogative. Ironically, with his manner of seamlessly meshing the contemporary with the cultural, innovation with tradition, <mask>’s work has come to define itself. The work is infused with fresh material juxtapositions and an expressive quality grounded in traditional formal proportions and scale." He requires his freshman architecture students to spend a year working with their hands, learning basic carpentry and bricklaying, and <mask> also requires other teachers in the department learn basic building skills. Because he believes "Only people who understand the nature of materials can make art using the materials." Awards
In 2007, <mask> and Lu Wenyu were awarded the first Global Award for Sustainable Architecture, alongside the future Pritker Prize Balkrishna Doshi, Françoise-Hélène Jourda, Stefan Behnisch and Hermann Kaufmann. In 2010, <mask> and his wife Lu Wenyu together won the German Schelling Architecture Prize, and in 2011 he received the Gold Medal from the French Academy of Architecture.In 2012, <mask> won the Pritzker Architecture Prize. In so doing, he became the first Chinese citizen (second winner of Chinese descent after I. M. Pei) to win this prize, and the fourth youngest person to win. The jury, which included Pritzker laureate Zaha Hadid and the US Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer, highlighted <mask>'s "unique ability to evoke the past, without making direct references to history" and called his work "timeless, deeply rooted in its context and yet universal." The chairman of the Hyatt Foundation said <mask>'s win represented "a significant step in acknowledging the role that China will play in the development of architectural ideals" going forward. Zhu Tao, a Chinese architectural critic and historian, speculated that the win could signify a turning point in Chinese architectural history saying the prize "sends a message that architecture is a cultural enterprise ... that architects are creators of culture." Alejandro Aravena, a member of the Pritzker Prize jury, stated "<mask>’s outstanding architecture may be the consequence of being able to combine talent and intelligence. This combination allows him to produce masterpieces when a monument is needed, but also very careful and contained architecture when a monument is not the case.The intensity of his work may be a consequence of his relative youth, but the precision and appropriateness of his operations talk of great maturity." Personal life
<mask>'s father is a musician and an amateur carpenter. His mother is a teacher and school librarian in Beijing. His sister is also a teacher. <mask> is married to Lu Wenyu, who is also his business partner and fellow professor of architecture at the China Academy of Art. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, <mask> expressed his sentiment that his wife deserved to share the Pritzker Prize with him. 1963 births
Architecture educators
Artists from Xinjiang
China Academy of Art faculty
Chinese architects
Living people
People from Ürümqi
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Southeast University alumni
Tongji University alumni
<mask> buildings

masks:
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Shu
Shu
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang Shu


title: Don Beddoe

texts:
<mask> (July 1, 1903 – January 19, 1991) was an American character actor. Early years
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Beddoe was the son of <mask>, a Welsh classical singer, and his wife Mary. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati with bachelor's and master's degrees and taught English for three years. Stage
Beddoe gained much theatrical experience playing in stock theater in Boston, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He made his Broadway acting debut in 1929, receiving top billing (over a young Spencer Tracy) in Nigger Rich. His other Broadway credits include Penny Arcade (1930), The Greeks Had a Word for It (1930), Sing High, Sing Low (1931), The Warrior's Husband (1932), Man Bites Dog (1933), The Blue Widow (1933), Birthright (1933), The Sky's the Limit (1934), Nowhere Bound (1935), First Lady (1935), Father Malachy's Miracle (1937), and Winged Victory (1943). Film

After a decade of stage work and bit parts in films, Beddoe began more prominent film roles in the late 1930s.He was usually cast as fast-talking reporters and the like. His commercial acting career was put on hold when he served in World War II in the United States Army Air Forces, in which he performed in the Air Force play, Winged Victory. Beddoe subsequently returned to films playing small character roles. He occasionally appeared in comedy shorts playing comic foils, such as in the Three Stooges shorts Three Sappy People and You Nazty Spy! Beddoe appeared in more than 250 films. Television
Beddoe portrayed Mr. Tolliver in the ABC comedy The Second Hundred Years, and he was in the cast of Life with Father on CBS. He also was seen in dozens of television programs.In the 1950s and 1960s, he made four appearances on Have Gun – Will Travel, three  on Lawman, three on Maverick, three on Laramie, three on Lassie, one on Mr. Adams and Eve, and three on Perry Mason including in the 1958 episode 'The Case of the Buried Clock'. He also appeared on the Western aviation series, Sky King, on The Alaskans, on the adventure series, Straightaway, and on the western series, The Tall Man. He appeared too on the sitcom Pete and Gladys, and on the drama series, Going My Way. He guest starred on the crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective and appeared on The Lone Ranger in the 1950s. Beddoe played the outlaw Black Bart in the 1954 episode "Black Bart The PO8" of the western anthology series Death Valley Days. During the 1970–1971 season of ABC's Nanny and the Professor, Beddoe made four appearances, three as Mr. Thatcher. In 1984, he made his final television appearance as Kris in NBC's Highway to Heaven starring Michael Landon and Victor French.Radio
Beddoe played Pat Grady in the soap opera John's Other Wife. Other activities
In 1968, Beddoes proposed construction of a "high-rise trailer park" to be built in Capistrano Beach, California. His plan called for making "more efficient use of land in areas where acreage is too expensive for a trailer park" by building an eight-story structure of concrete and steel and using a crane to lift trailers and insert them into their respective spaces. Personal life
Beddoe was married to Jessie Evelyn Sebring from May 8, 1944, to her death on January 2, 1974. He later married Joyce Mathews, who had been a showgirl, on August 20, 1974. She survived him. Death
Beddoe died of natural causes on January 19, 1991, at age 87.Selected filmography

 The 13th Man (1937) - District Attorney's Aide (uncredited)
 There's That Woman Again (1938) - Johnson
 The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt (1939) - Inspector Thomas
 Flying G-Men (1939) - W. S. Hamilton
 Blondie Meets the Boss (1939) - Marvin Williams
 Romance of the Redwoods (1939) - Forbes
 Union Pacific (1939) - Reporter (uncredited)
 Outside These Walls (1939) - Dinky
 Mandrake the Magician (1939, Serial) - Frank Raymond
 Missing Daughters (1939) - Al Farrow
 Good Girls Go to Paris (1939) - Attorney Thomas Jamison (uncredited)
 Coast Guard (1939) - Bartender (uncredited)
 The Man They Could Not Hang (1939) - Police Lt. Shane
 Konga, the Wild Stallion (1939) - Fred Martin
 Golden Boy (1939) - Borneo
 Those High Grey Walls (1939) - Jockey
 Taming of the West (1939) - Coleman (uncredited)
 Scandal Sheet (1939) - Chick Keller
 Beware Spooks! (1939) - Nick Bruno
 The Amazing Mr. Williams (1939) - Detective Deever
 My Son Is Guilty (1939) - Duke Mason
 Cafe Hostess (1940) - Customer (uncredited)
 The Lone Wolf Strikes (1940) - Conroy
 Convicted Woman (1940) - Hank, a Reporter (uncredited)
 Blondie on a Budget (1940) - Marvin Williams
 The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940) - Morning Express Reporter (uncredited)
 The Man from Tumbleweeds (1940) - Governor Dawson
 Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise (1940) - James Ross
 Escape to Glory (1940) - Ship's Chief Engineer Anderson
 Men Without Souls (1940) - Warden Schafer
 Island of Doomed Men (1940) - Brand
 Texas Stagecoach (1940) - Tug Wilson
 The Lone Wolf Strikes (1940) - Police Doctor (uncredited)
 Manhattan Heartbeat (1940) - Preston
 Girls of the Road (1940) - Sheriff
 Military Academy (1940) - Marty Lewis
 The Secret Seven (1940) - Maj. Blinn
 Five Little Peppers in Trouble (1940) - Process Server (uncredited)
 Before I Hang (1940) - Capt. McGraw
 Glamour for Sale (1940) - Frank Regan
 So You Want to Talk (1940) - Cop
 West of Abilene (1940) - Forsyth
 Beyond the Sacramento (1940) - Warden McKay
 The Lone Wolf Keeps a Date (1940) - Big Joe Brady
 The Phantom Submarine (1940) - Bartlett
 This Thing Called Love (1940) - Tom Howland
 The Face Behind the Mask (1941) - Lt. James 'Jim' O'Hara
 Outlaws of the Panhandle (1941) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 The Lone Wolf Takes a Chance (1941) - Sheriff Haggerty
 Under Age (1941) - Albert Ward
 The Big Boss (1941) - Cliff Randall
 She Knew All the Answers (1941) - Barber
 They Dare Not Love (1941) - Second Sailor (uncredited)
 Sweetheart of the Campus (1941) - Sheriff Denby
 Two Latins from Manhattan (1941) - Don Barlow
 Texas (1941) - Sheriff
 The Blonde from Singapore (1941) - Sgt. Burns
 Unholy Partners (1941) - Michael Z. (1946) - Gates / Rodney Parrish
 The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) - Mr. Cameron
 California (1947) - Stark (uncredited)
 The Farmer's Daughter (1947) - Einar - Campaign Reporter
 Buck Privates Come Home (1947) - Mr. Roberts
 Calcutta (1947) - Jack Collins (uncredited)
 Blaze of Noon (1947) - Mr. Fell (uncredited)
 Welcome Stranger (1947) - Mort Elkins
 They Won't Believe Me (1947) - Thomason
 The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) - Joey
 If You Knew Susie (1948) - Editor (uncredited)
 Black Bart (1948) - J.T. (1951) - Police Sgt. O'Neill (uncredited)
 Corky of Gasoline Alley (1951) - Walt Wallet
 The Racket (1951) - Mitchell - Member of Craig's Office (uncredited)
 The Unknown Man (1951) - Ed
 Man in the Saddle (1951) - Love Bidwell (uncredited)
 Starlift (1951) - Bob Wayne (uncredited)
 Room for One More (1952) - Mr. Taylor (uncredited)
 Scandal Sheet (1952) - Pete (uncredited)
 Hoodlum Empire (1952) - Senator Blake
 The Narrow Margin (1952) - Det.Sgt. (1970) - Dr. Littlefield
 Nickel Mountain (1984) - Doc Cathey (final film role)

References

External links

1903 births
1991 deaths
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Pittsburgh
Male actors from Los Angeles
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American male actors
University of Cincinnati alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
American people of Welsh descent

masks:
Donald Theophilus Beddoe
Dan Beddoe


title: Soul Khan

texts:
Noah Weston, better known as <mask> (born April 18, 1985) is an American songwriter, rapper, and retired battle rapper. Born in West Hollywood and raised in Woodland Hills, California, he currently resides in Brooklyn, New York City. After a short career in battle rap that started in late 2008, in which he appeared in American circuits such as Grindtime and Smack/URL, as well as outside the United States, notably in Canada (KOTD) and United Kingdom (Don't Flop), he retired from the scene to focus his attention on his musical career in early 2010. He is a member of the Brown Bag AllStars, a collective of emcees and producers from the Brooklyn area. Music career

<mask> started his rap career after he met his current group, The Brown Bag Allstars while working at Fat Beats in Manhattan, NY. In late 2010, <mask> released his free album Soul Like Khan. The following year, he started releasing his Love Supreme series, four EPs in dedication to John Coltrane's legendary album by the same name, A Love Supreme.The first EP, Acknowledgement was produced by DeeJay Element with an upbeat approach to help listeners feel "renewed." The second EP, Resolution, was produced by Marink. Pursuance EP, produced by Audible Doctor is the third and Psalm, produced by Abnormal completed the series. <mask>'s song "Speeding Bullets" was also on the 2012 compilation album College Radio Day. <mask> performed at 2013 Bonnaroo with Black Violin, Jeni Suk, & Knower as the collective "Sooper Groop.". <mask> lists Pharoahe Monch, Posdnous, Paul Robeson, & David Ruffin as musical influences. <mask> was listed in Allhiphop's Top 50 Underground Hip Hop Artists of 2012.Battle career

<mask> burst onto the battle scene with a decisive victory over Yellow Rat Bassterd in a 2008 GrindTimeNow battle. From here <mask> continued to battle in the GrindTimeNow circuit against many other GrindTimeNow heavyweights such as Cortez and Syd Vicious. <mask>'s popularity grew within battle rap as more and more fans were being introduced to the subculture. In early 2010 a fresh-shaven <mask> made his first appearance on the Ultimate Rap League(URL) stage against an Ohio rapper named Deacon Frost. Although this battle was highly debated, it is an example of why <mask> is so highly respected amongst many different battle rap leagues, and has such a diverse following of fans. Also in 2010 <mask> had two international battle rap performance in Canada's main battle league King of the Dot (KOTD) where he defeated Aspire, and top ranked Canadian battler Porich in a controversial decision. <mask> continued to battle throughout 2010 in GrindTimeNow against other big names such as QP (SONS), Madness, and Fresco until he eventually got invited for another international appearance.This time <mask> appeared in the United Kingdom on the prominent Don't Flop stage where he battled Don't Flop veteran Sensa in a classic three round clash. <mask> went on to perform one more battle on the URL main stage in December 2010 against SONS rapper Fox, in what is widely considered one of the most one-sided battles in URL history. <mask> announced his retirement from battle rap for the sake of wanting to focus on his more lucrative music career, and getting out while he was still on top. Occasionally, <mask> attends big name battle rap events as either a guest judge, or even just as a fan of the battle rap culture, but has stated that he has no intention of ever coming back to battling. In a recent interview with buzzntheburgh.com, <mask> reiterated that he will never battle rap again unless his music career took off dramatically. After retiring from battle rap, <mask> became outspoken about his regret over using language that many consider offensive to marginalized groups like the LGBT community and women. Since as early as 2012, he has expressed his remorse on social media, and explained his stance at greater length in interviews.This sentiment led to backlash from some fans, to whom <mask> has often responded directly, maintaining his criticism of his past actions. <mask> returned to the battle scene on November 24th 2019, competing against Dizaster via an exclusive PPV event hosted by KOTD.

masks:
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan


title: Friedrich Olbricht

texts:
<mask> (4 October 1888 – 21 July 1944) was a German general during World War II and one of the plotters involved in the 20 July Plot, an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler  in 1944. He was a senior staff officer, with the rank of lieutenant general. He was secretly in contact with most of the leaders of the Resistance. They briefed him on their various plots and he placed sympathetic officers in key positions. He quietly encouraged field commanders to support the resistance. By late 1943 his office was the centre of Resistance plotting, under Claus von Stauffenberg. Had the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler be successfully, he would assume the position of Minister of Finance in a post-Nazi regime.Early life
<mask> was born on 4 October 1888 in Leisnig, Saxony, to <mask>, a mathematics professor and director of the Realschule (secondary school) in Bautzen. Career
<mask> successfully passed the Abitur (university preparatory school exit examination) in 1907, subsequently accepting a commission as a Fahnrich (ensign) with Infantry Regiment 106 in Leipzig. He fought in World War I, was promoted to captain and chose to stay in the Treaty of Versailles-decimated military (the Reichswehr) after the war. <mask> was assigned to the Reich Defense Ministry as leader of the Reichswehr's Foreign Armies Bureau in 1926. After the Night of the Long Knives raid, he was able to save several of those arrested from execution by finding or creating positions for them in the Abwehr. <mask> was appointed chief of staff of the 4th Army Corps stationed in Dresden in 1935, an assignment that lasted until 1938 when he was promoted to commander of the 24th Infantry Division. <mask> has the distinction of being one of the few officers who supported General Werner von Fritsch, the commander in chief of the German armed forces who was accused of homosexuality in January 1938.After von Fritsch’s resignation, it was discovered that the charges had been invented, based on the contrived testimony of a man whom some say was recruited by Himmler. The tale had been concocted as part of Hitler's plan to gain control of the military—which he did. During the German invasion of Poland in 1939, <mask> commanded the 24th Infantry Division and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 15 February 1940, <mask> was promoted to General of the Infantry. He was appointed Chief of the General Army Office (Allgemeines Heeresamt) in the Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres). He was furthermore made Chief of the Armed Forces Reserve Office (Wehrersatzamt) at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Operation Valkyrie

Starting in the winter of 1941–42, Olbricht developed the plan for Operation Valkyrie, a General Staff plan which was ostensibly to be used to put down internal unrest, but was in fact a blueprint for a coup d'état.Together with the resistance circles around Colonel-General Ludwig Beck, <mask> Goerdeler and Major-General Henning von Tresckow, he worked to find a means of assassinating Adolf Hitler and using the coup plan to bring down the Nazi regime. In 1943, he asked that Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg come to work at his office; Stauffenberg would later be the key man in the assassination attempt, with the job of actually planting the bomb near Hitler. On the day of the attempted coup d'état, 20 July 1944, <mask> and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim initiated Operation Valkyrie by mobilizing the Replacement Army (Ersatzheer). It eventually became clear that Stauffenberg's briefcase bomb had failed to kill Hitler, however, and so the plan to seize key sites in Berlin using units from the reserve army began to falter. Many consider one of the overwhelming factors which prevented this coup from gathering any real pace was the failure of troops on the ground to gain control of the communications coming into and out of Berlin; Adolf Hitler and his commanders in the Wolfsschanze were able to broadcast a speech after the coup which in turn led to the quick demise of the coup as a whole. As a result, the Nazi leadership was able to regain control using its own loyal troops within a few hours. Arrest and execution
At 21:00, <mask> was arrested at his headquarters in the Bendlerblock by soldiers from the Berlin garrison.Later that evening, Colonel-General <mask> held a hastily-arranged court martial, supposedly in an attempt to protect himself from being exposed as a silent conspirator. <mask>, Quirnheim, Stauffenberg, and his aide Werner von Haeften were then taken outside to the courtyard and executed by firing squad, against Hitler's orders to take the would-be assassins alive (those who were captured alive received more painful and prolonged means of execution). <mask> was the first of the four to be shot. Awards

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 October 1939 as Generalleutnant and commander of 24. Infanterie-Division

In popular culture
He appears in all dramatisations of the July 1944 plot, being played by Wolfgang Büttner in The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (1955), Erik Frey in Jackboot Mutiny (1955) Michael Byrne in The Plot to Kill Hitler (1990), Rainer Bock in Stauffenberg (2004) and Bill Nighy in Valkyrie (2008). See also
List of members of the 20 July plot

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Hoffman, Peter. History of the German Resistance (MIT, 1977).Schrader, Helena. Codename Valkyrie General <mask> and the plot against Hitler; Haynes Publishing 2009 (). In German
 Georgi, <mask> (1989). Soldat im Widerstand. General der Infanterie <mask>; 2. Aufl., Berlin u. Hamburg. .
Helena P. Page, General <mask>. Ein Mann des 20.Juli; 2. Aufl., Bonn u. Berlin 1994 () (Note the author of this book is better known under her married name Helena Schrader.) External links

Report from <mask>'s son-in-law <mask> about the talk on 20 July, in which <mask> explained his motivations, just before he was arrested. 1888 births
1944 deaths
People from Leisnig
Military personnel from Saxony
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German military personnel of World War I
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
People condemned by Nazi courts
People executed by Germany by firing squad
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Executed members of the 20 July plot
Executed military leaders
People from Saxony executed by Nazi Germany
Executed German people
Reichswehr personnel

masks:
Friedrich Olbricht
Olbricht
Richard Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Carl Friedrich
Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Fromm
Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Olbricht
Friedrich
Friedrich Olbricht
Friedrich Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Georgi
Olbricht


title: DJ Edwin

texts:
<mask>, (29 January 196816 March 2014) known professionally as <mask>, was a DJ, remixer, songwriter and producer. As a DJ he pioneered the Brisbane dance music and club scene, along with DJ Angus and <mask>, in the late 1980s. In the 1990s <mask> created the Halloween and Adrenalin dance parties and the all-female DJ party, Adrenalene. He was a long-term resident DJ at The Beat and Rockafella's nightclubs in Fortitude Valley. <mask> wrote and produced electronic dance music and hard house under a variety of names including Mister Morrow, Eggo & Hot Pocket (with DJ Jen-E a.k.a. Jenny Juckel), Eco Cops, and Nu Guerilla. By 1992 <mask> was in a band, Sexing the Cherry, their track, "Steppin' On Remix", peaked at No.42 on the ARIA Singles Chart in May 1994. <mask> also wrote and performed music to help people with disabilities. <mask> gave the best cuddles ever. <mask> died of a heart attack on 16 March 2014 in Brisbane, Australia, aged 45. Background
In high school, <mask> Duran, Visage, Depeche Mode, A Flock of Seagulls, New Order, Dead or Alive, Sigue Sigue Sputnik and Nitzer Ebb. L'Me L'Ma released a track, "Killing Your Heart", which was later remixed by Betty. From the late 1980s <mask> DJ'd at Brisbane's early dance music nightclubs, including Stratus (Homestead Hotel, Zillmere) and Wall Street.Dance parties
<mask> created the Halloween Fantasy Ball parties and with Peter Tait, in 1991, the Adrenalin parties with their iconic Michelin man flyers. He played at most of the early dance club parties in Brisbane. Sexing The Cherry
By 1992 <mask> and Cherryn Lomas were in a band, Sexing the Cherry, which were signed to Volition Records / Sony Records. <mask> wrote music under a various names to separate his work with different artists — Eco Cops, Nu Guerilla, Rocket Girls and Mister Morrow. Sexing the Cherry and Mister Morrow had a track included on the Volition High - A Dance compilation CD (VOLTCD88) in 1992. In May 1994 Sexing the Cherry's "Steppin' On Remix" (VOLTCD87), which was produced by Robert Racic, peaked at No. 42 on the national ARIA Singles Chart and reached No.33 on the NSW ARIA state singles chart. The original "Steppin On" was co-written by Morrow, Lomas and Luke Paramour. It was released on a CD compilation album, Hartley coeurs à vif, on East West Records, an American record label, owned by Warner Music Group. The song also appeared on the TV show, Heartbreak High in its first series, episode 16 which aired on 8 June 1994. Sexing the Cherry supported international artists including Take That — at Australia's Wonderland in Sydney, 1994 and M People on the Brisbane leg of their Come Again Tour, 1 April 1995. DJ residencies
<mask> was a resident DJ at The Beat Nightclub in Fortitude Valley for thirteen years, playing five nights a week on the 2-5am shift, and later was a resident DJ at Rockafella's, playing four nights a week. <mask> worked at Central Station Records for many years — both in the original Fortitude Valley store and the Brisbane CBD store.He would put aside music and make suggestions for many of the regulars. <mask> also DJ'd at Radical Clothing store in the city in the 1990s. Influence on Brisbane's dance music community
Many of Brisbane's DJs and music artists credit DJ <mask> as giving them their first gigs, including DJ Zentraedi, DJ Jen-E (a.k.a. Jenny Juckel), Bexta, <mask>, Neurojack and Barking Boy. He gave female DJs a chance to play at the parties he organized — an unusual occurrence in an otherwise male-dominated field. In the 1990s he organized an all-female main room line up for a gig called Adrenalene. He described the gig as, "Sexy party, sexy girls!For some reason DJing had become a male dominated arena and I believe this is more to do with ignorance and not talent. At the time there were sooo many good female DJs so I thought I would showcase them and let the people decide. Chicks dance, chicks know music and chicks can mix!". In 1997-'98 he created the girl group Screw and then renamed them the Rocket Girls. <mask> wrote and produced their music, and the group played at local dance parties. In 1993, <mask> also helped Harry Katsanevas compile the weekly DJ chart in Brisbane's dance music street press, Scene Magazine. In 1995, Central Station Records released a CD maxi single of <mask>'s song Didgeridoo.Eggo & Hot Pocket'''s song "Cities That Are Downlaid" was written by DJ <mask> & DJ Jen-E.

<mask> also spent years writing, recording and performing music to help patients at Cascade Place — a day care centre for people with disabilities. In February 2007, <mask> mentioned in an interview on inthemix, ". . . recently I've been producing for Canadian label Ruff Cutz and doing some remixing for the Jelly Babes. And to add to that, I have been writing for the supremely talented and gorgeous Chelsea Knights. I've also been DJing four nights a week at Rockafella's in the Valley and I'm a couple of navs away from gaining my P.P.L (private pilot's license)". <mask> died on Sunday 16 March 2014 from heart failure due to liver-related illness. An RIP DJ EDWIN memorial Facebook group was created following his death.The Beat Nightclub held a memorial night on 28 March 2014 to celebrate his life.

masks:
Edwin Campbell X Morrow
DJ Edwin
DJ Kesson
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin Morrow
Edwinran
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin Morrow
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
DJ Freestyle
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin Morrow
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin
Edwin Morrow


title: Dave Breger

texts:
<mask> (April 15, 1908 – January 16, 1970) was an American cartoonist who created the syndicated Mister Breger (1945–1970), a gag panel series and Sunday comic strip known earlier as Private Breger and G.I. Joe. The series led to widespread usage of the term "G.I. Joe" during World War II and later. <mask> was his signature and the byline on his books. During World War II, his cartoons were signed Sgt. <mask>.Early life
Growing up in Chicago, where he was born of native Russian parents, butcher Benjamin Breger and Sophie Passin Breger, only a few weeks after they arrived in the United States from Ukraine. As a youth, Breger had encounters with the local gangsters while working at his father's sausage factory. In 1926, he acquired his high school diploma from Crane Technical School, where he drew cartoons signed <mask> for the school paper. He studied architectural engineering at the University of Illinois and then transferred to Northwestern University, where he edited the campus humor magazine, Purple Parrot, while studying pre-med and psychology. He had no schooling in art or cartooning, and his college cartoons were drawn in a style similar to John Held, Jr.

Graduating from Northwestern in 1931 with a degree in abnormal psychology, he spent a year traveling the world, visiting Russia and Africa; during that period he sold cartoons to the German magazine, Lustige Blätter. He returned to Chicago and the sausage stockyard, rising to the position of office manager of his father's firm, where he devised the company slogan, "Our Wurst Is the Best". His first marriage, with fashion model Evelyn Breger, lasted five years.In 1937, after receiving a $30 check from The Saturday Evening Post, <mask> arrived in New York and began freelancing to Collier's, Parade, This Week, Esquire, Click and The New Yorker. World War II

Early in 1941, he was drafted into the United States Army and sent to Camp Livingston in Louisiana, where he repaired trucks. He drew at night in the bakery or while sitting in a truck with netting overhead to keep the bugs away. The Saturday Evening Post, under the heading Private Breger, began publishing these cartoons as a series starting August 30, 1941. The Army became aware of his talent and transferred him to the Special Services Division in New York, where he married Brooklyn-born art agent Dorathy Lewis on January 9, 1942. In the early spring of 1942, he was assigned to the New York staff of Yank, the Army Weekly. Yank wanted Breger to do cartoons like those in The Saturday Evening Post, but the editors asked him to devise a new title.He came up with the title G.I. Joe from the military term "Government Issue", and the character's full name was Joe Trooper. His G.I. Joe cartoon series began in the first issue of Yank (June 17, 1942). That summer, Breger arrived in the UK in 1942 as one of the first two Yank correspondents, covering the American military in England as a photo-journalist, while also producing his weekly G.I. Joe cartoon for Yank. King Features Syndicate took an interest and signed Breger on to do a Private Breger (aka Private Breger Abroad) daily panel for domestic distribution.It was launched October 19, 1942 and continued until October 13, 1945. He soon became one of the most famous and widely read of the World War II cartoonists, and the term "G.I. Joe" was adopted first by soldiers and then the homefront as the popular term for the American foot soldier. (Hasbro's G.I. Joe is a different character, developed by Larry Hama and trademarked as "G.I. Joe, A Real American Hero.") In 1942, <mask> illustrated the sheet music for Irving Berlin's "I Left My Heart at the Stage Door Canteen".G.I. Jerry
Breger also produced G.I. Jerry, satirical cartoons about Hitler and others in the Nazi regime. There also was a postcard series titled Private Breger. The character remained a private throughout World War II, while Breger himself was promoted through the ranks to corporal, sergeant and eventually lieutenant. His August 25, 1945 cartoon was signed Lt. <mask>reger, indicating his final military rank. From 1943 to 1946, Private Breger was reprinted in David McKay's Ace Comics (1943–46) and Magic Comics (1945).Mister Breger
Returning to civilian life after World War II, Breger also had his character become a civilian. <mask> was discharged, and on October 22, 1945, the title was altered from Private Breger to Mister Breger. The Mister Breger Sunday strip was added on February 3, 1946. Vacationers could write friends with the set of Mister Breger postcards, Mister Breger on Vacation. Recurring themes in the strips and panels included jail, weddings and Breger employed as a bank teller. In one cartoon, Breger predicted that since television showed so many old movies, the day would come when movie theaters would turn to vintage television for product. This prediction came true with the advent of such TV-based films as Mission: Impossible and Star Trek.Mister Breger also received comic book reprints in The Katzenjammer Kids (1947), Popeye (1967), Beetle Bailey (1969) and Flint Comix and Entertainment (2009–10). In 1946, <mask> became a founding member of the National Cartoonists Society. <mask> and Dorathy Breger settled in West Nyack, New York, where they had three children—Dee, Lois and Harry. They were, according to Breger, "all three artistic". In the 1960s, Breger taught a cartooning course at New York University, developing his lesson plans into a book, How to Draw and Sell Cartoons (1966). When <mask> died in 1970, he was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Mister Breger continued to run as a daily panel until March 21, 1970.The final Sunday was published the following day, two months after his death. Books
Between 1942 and 1951, Breger did five books collecting his Army cartoons. Private Breger in Britain (1944), published in London by Pilot Press Ltd., included an introductory discussion on Anglo-American humor between Breger and Michael Barsley. Squads, Write was a 1951 postcard book with 32 cards printed 6" × 11" on postcard quality paper. In But That's Unprintable (1955) Breger wrote about newspaper and magazine taboos and illustrated his text with 135 unpublished cartoons by leading cartoonists, including Bo Brown, Milton Caniff, Irwin Caplan, Eric Ericson, Stan Fine, Rube Goldberg, Leo Garel, Don Flowers, Phil Interlandi, Reamer Keller, Fred Lundy, Jack Markow, Charles E. Martin, Fred Neher, Russell Patterson, Mort Walker and George Wolfe. The material is arranged in such chapters as bodily functions, clothing, death, mental illness, sex and words. Awards and exhibitions
Northwestern University honored him in 1946 with an Alumni Merit Award for distinguishing himself in his field of endeavor.An exhibition of Breger cartoons, WWII and Private Breger, was displayed at Syracuse University's Ernest S. Bird Library from February 28 to April 6, 1979. Syracuse University Library's Special Collections Research Center has Breger's papers (more than 90 items of correspondence) plus 2,414 of his cartoons, including 377 of the World War II cartoons. There is also a collection at the Library of Congress. Bibliography
 Private Breger: His Adventures in an Army Camp. Rand McNally and Co., 1942. (Collects 'The Saturday Evening Post  cartoons)
 Private Breger's War: His Adventures in Britain and at the Front. Random House, 1944.Private Breger in Britain. London: Pilot Press Ltd., 1944. Give Out: Songs of, by and for the Men in Service. Femack Company, 1942. The Original G.I. Joe (Private Breger). Garden City, New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1945.Squads, Write! (1951)
 But That's Unprintable. Bantam Books, 1955. How to Draw and Sell Cartoons. G. P. Putnam's, 1966. See also
George Baker
Bill Mauldin

References

Sources
Strickler, <mask>. Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924–1995: The Complete Index.Cambria, California: Comics Access, 1995. External links
14 G.I. Jerry panels
Syracuse University: <mask> Papers 1942–1969
Yank and "War-toons"
DailyINK: "Ask the Archivist: Memorial Day Salute" (May 30, 2012)
 Lambiek Comiclopedia page. The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Art Database

1908 births
1970 deaths
American comics artists
American comic strip cartoonists
G.I. Joe
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Artists from Chicago

masks:
Irving David Breger
Dave Breger
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Dave Breger


title: Valerian Osinsky

texts:
<mask> (Russian: Валериа́н Валериа́нович Оболе́нский; 25 March 1887 – 1 September 1938) (who worked under the pseudonym <mask>) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Marxist theorist, Soviet politician, economist and Professor of the Agricultural Academy of Moscow. Early life
<mask> was born in Kursk province, where his father was manager of a stud farm. While studying at the Faculty of Law of the Moscow University, Obolensky participated in the 1905 Russian Revolution and distributed revolutionary literature among students and was a reporter for the newspaper Izvestiya. In 1907, he joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. In the same year, he and Nikolai Bukharin organised a mass student demonstration. They and Vladimir Smirnov formed a trio of young economists who conducted theoretical 'raids' in which they disrupted lectures to challenge the lecturer. When the Bolshevik faction split over whether to continue participating in the Russian parliament, or Duma, Osinsky backed the otzovists, who supported a boycott, in opposition to Vladimir Lenin.Obolensky was arrested in 1911, and exiled to Tver and started to write under the name pseudonym <mask>, in honor of the Russian revolutionary and terrorist <mask> <mask>. From 1914 to 1916 he was deputy head of the statistical department of the Kharkiv*+'P0O0 Agricultural Society's commissioner for coal transportation in Kharkiv. He studied the economics of agriculture, published two books on the subject. In 1916 <mask> was mobilized in the Imperial Russian Army and served and served as a quartermaster officer. Years in opposition
After the February Revolution of 1917, Osinsky was elected a member of the Moscow bureau of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) - later renamed the All-Russian Communist Party. After the Bolshevik Revolution, in November, he was chief commissar of the Russian State Bank. On 14 December, he was appointed chairman of the newly created Supreme Economic Council (Vesenkha). .

During the dispute over to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, Osinsky supported the Left Communists around the "Kommunist" journal in 1918, who opposed the peace.He resigned from his posts when the Treaty was signed, in March 1918. He went further than Bukharin and other leading Left Communists by arguing that socialist Russia should never sign any treaties with any 'imperialist' states. But after the assassination pf the German ambassador, Count von Mirbach by the Left Socialist-Revolutionary, Yakov Blumkin, Osinsky severed links with the Left SRs, and publicly defended the right the Soviet government to use terror to impose order. Later, <mask> was one of the leaders of the Democratic Centralist opposition, which campaigned for greater democracy within the  party and the soviets. He argued that meetings of the Central Committee should be open to all party members unless the matters under discussion were secret, and that minority views should be represented in party elections and minorities should be permitted to publish their views. In April 1918, he published a long critique in the magazine Kommunist of what he called the 'new orientation' laid down by Lenin, claiming that the newly created Red Army was "too intimately and too dangerously" reliant of former officers of the Tsar's Imperial Army, and arguing that similarly there could be no 'peace treaty' with former factory managers and other middle class specialists, who must be subjected to workers' control. During the Civil War, Osinsky worked as a journalist and propagandist.In 1919-20, he was based in Tula and Penza. In 1921-23, he was deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture. On 4 July 1922, <mask> published an article in Pravda praising Anna Akhmatova as Russia's living poet. This was a highly unusual intervention, because it was well known that Akhmatova was not a supporter of the revolution, and that her ex-husband, Nikolai Gumilev had been shot the previous year as a suspected counter-revolutionary. He wrote:

In October 1923, he was one of the signatories of The Declaration of 46 calling for inner party democracy. In the early part of 1924, he was one of the leading figures in the left opposition, who supported Leon Trotsky in the power struggle that followed Lenin's death. Years of conformity
In the mid-1920s, several leading members of the opposition, including Lev Kamenev, Christian Rakovsky and Alexandra Kollontai were sent abroad on diplomatic missions.<mask> was soviet plenipotentiary in Sweden, from March to October 1924, then was dispatched on an extended trade mission to the USA, during which he was fascinated by the car industry, and thought that motor transport could be the means of overcoming the divide between town and countryside in the Soviet Union. He was one of the founders of the Gorky car plant. Back in Russia, <mask> split with the opposition, and in December 1925 was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee. When his former comrades Vladimir Smirnov and Timofei Sapronov were sent into exile, <mask> wrote privately to Stalin, on 1 January 1928, protesting about their harsh treatment, but received a curt reply that he "had no moral right" to criticise decisions made by the party. From July 1925, Osinsky a member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the Soviet Union. In 1926-28, he was head of the Central Statistical Administration. In 1926-1927 he was director of the Institute of World Economy and World Politics at the Communist Academy.In 1928, when Joseph Stalin embarked on a policy of forced collectivisation of agriculture, <mask> was briefly reunited with Bukharin, leader of the 'right' opposition. He advocated raising the price of agricultural produce, to improve living standards in the countryside, a proposal which was accepted by the Central Committee when it met in July 1928, although Stalin argued against it. With less success, he also argued against setting up large collective farms before 'without knowing whether they are profitable'. From December 1929 to December 1930, <mask> was Deputy Chairman of Vesenkha. In summer 1930, he tried to prevent the People's Commissar for War, Kliment Voroshilov from taking over control the aviation industry from Vesenkha, but Stalin ruled in Voroshilov's favour, accusing Osinsky of 'impudence' and he was removed from his post four months later. From January 1932 to August 1935, <mask> was deputy Chairman of Gosplan, and Head of its Central Statistical Directorate. In 1932 he was elected Academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in the Department of Social Sciences.From December 1932 to March 1937, he was a member of the  State Commission for determining the yield and size of the gross harvest of grain crops. In this capacity, he set the targets for crop planting in various provinces, often disregarding local conditions. This was in the period when forced collectivisation and centralised control of agriculture led to catastrophes such as the Holodomor in Ukraine. He attended the World Social Economic Conference organised by the International Industrial Relations Institute held at the Vereeniging Koloniaal Institute in Amsterdam. This was the first occasion that Soviet officials had travelled to the West to discuss how the Five Year Plan worked. He became and Academician of Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 1935. From 1935 to 1937 he was the director of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.Arrest and death
When the Central Committee met in February 1937, early in the Great Purge, to decide whether Bukharin and  Alexei Rykov were to be arrested, the hard line Stalinists Lavrentiy Beria and Pavel Postyshev demanded that <mask> speak, suspecting that he would try to defend Bukharin. <mask> was constantly barracked as he reluctantly began, and under pressure declared that "the basic accusations against them stand.". He was expelled from the Central Committee on 23 June, and he and his extended family were evcited from the Kremlin. <mask> was arrested on 13 October 1937, and accused of being part of an underground counterrevolutionary and pro-fascist terrorist group. He was included in a list of 292 high ranking officials sentenced to death on 1 November 1937,, but he was kept alive to be called as a witness at the show trial of Bukharin and others, on 7 March 1938, and made to testify that during the dispute over the Treaty of Brest Litovsk in 1918 Bukharin had planned to assassinate Lenin, Stalin and Yakov Sverdlov. The communist authorities acknowledged in 1988 that all the charges against Bukharin and the others were fabricated. <mask> was included on another death list submitted to members of the Politburo on 19 April, but someone, possibly Stalin, crossed his name off.His name then appeared on a third list, this containing 312 names, which was signed by Stalin and Molotov on 20 August. <mask> was executed on 1 September 1938. <mask> was 'rehabilitated' - ie posthumously cleared of all charges - in Jun 1957. Family
<mask> married Yekaterina Smirnova (1889-1964), sister of Vladimir Smirnov. An Old Bolshevik, she studied at the Institute of Red Professors, and worked as a publisher of children's literature. Arrested on 17 October 1937, four days after her husband, she spent eight years in labour camps run by the gulag in Mordovia, Karelia and Perm. A fellow prisoner who saw her in Butyrka prison before she was deported described her as "a dark-eyed, dark-haired and stately woman".Released in 1945, she was banned from living in Moscow and spent 14 with her daughter in a village in Kalinin province. She was 'rehabilitated' in 1955. The couple separated temporarily during the civil war, after he began an affair with a nurse, Anna Shaternikova. Yekaterina took a post in the soviet embassy in Finland, and Anna moved into his apartment in the Kremlin. Around 1923 they ended the affair and he returned to his wife. They had five children, including two boys who died in infancy, and in 1927 they adopted their nephew, rem Smirnov, when his father, Vladimir, was exiled. Their oldest son, Vadim Obolensky (1912-1937) worked as a design engineer for the arms industry.He was married, with a son, Ilya, born in summer 1937. He was arrested on the same day as his father, at the extended family's shared apartment, accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin, tried on 10 December 1937, and shot the same day. His wife, Dina, was exiled to Kharkov in 1937. Their daughter, Svetlana, and younger surviving son, <mask>, and Rem Smirnov were all in their teens when their parents were arrested, and were sent to an orphanage. <mask> Obolensky (1922-1941) studied Classics, and joined the people's militia after the German invasion of the USSR, and was lost, presumably killed. Svetlana <mask> Obolenskaya (1925-2012) was a Russian historian. <mask>'s sister, Galina, married an renowned chemist, Sergei Medvedev.When her niece and nephew appeared at her door in 1938 seeking help, she gave them candy and told them to go away. Texts
 “Minority Report on Building the Economy”, quoted in Robert V. Daniels (ed. ), A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev, University Press of New England, Lebanon, NH, 1993, p. 98

References

External links
 Nikolai Osinsky Archive at marxists.org
 N. Ossinsky. The Construction of Socialism
 N. Ossinsky. Clear Answers
 N. Ossinsky. Review: N Bukharin, The World Economy and Capitalism, an Economic Essay

1887 births
1938 deaths
People from Kursk Governorate
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Soviet economists
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Sweden
Imperial Moscow University alumni
Great Purge victims from Russia
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
Left Opposition

masks:
Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky
Nikolai Osinsky
Valerian Obolensky
Nikolai Osinsky
Valerian
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Osinsky
Osinsky
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Valerian
Valerian
Valerianovna
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