title: Alan Bates

texts:
<mask>  (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story Whistle Down the Wind to the "kitchen sink" drama A Kind of Loving. He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek, as well as his roles in King of Hearts, Georgy Girl, Far From the Madding Crowd and The Fixer, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson. <mask> went on to star in The Go-Between, An Unmarried Woman, Nijinsky and in The Rose with Bette Midler, as well as many television dramas, including The Mayor of Casterbridge, Harold Pinter's The Collection, A Voyage Round My Father, An Englishman Abroad (as Guy Burgess) and Pack of Lies. He also appeared on the stage, notably in the plays of Simon Gray, such as Butley and Otherwise Engaged. Early life

<mask> was born at the Queen Mary Nursing Home, Darley Abbey, Derby, England, on 17 February 1934, the eldest of three boys born of Florence Mary (née Wheatcroft), a housewife and a pianist, and <mask>, an insurance broker and a cellist. They lived in Allestree, Derby, at the time of <mask>' birth, but briefly moved to Mickleover before returning to Allestree.Both parents were amateur musicians who encouraged <mask> to pursue music. However, by the age of 11, having decided to become an actor, he studied drama instead. He further developed his vocation by attending productions at Derby's Little Theatre. <mask> was educated at the Herbert Strutt Grammar School, Derby Road, Belper, Derbyshire (now "Strutts", a volunteer led business and community centre) and later gained a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, where he studied with Albert Finney and Peter O'Toole, before leaving to join the RAF for National Service at RAF Newton. Career

Early stage appearances
<mask>'s stage debut was in 1955, in You and Your Wife, in Coventry. In 1956 he made his West End debut as Cliff in Look Back in Anger, a role he had originated at the Royal Court and which made him a star. He also played the role on television (for the ITV Play of the Week) and on Broadway.He also was a member of the 1967 acting company at the Stratford Festival in Canada, playing the title role in Richard III. Television
In the late 1950s <mask> appeared in several plays for television in Britain in shows such as ITV Play of the Week, Armchair Theatre and  ITV Television Playhouse. In 1960 appeared as Giorgio in the final episode of The Four Just Men (TV series) entitled Treviso Dam. <mask> made his feature film debut in The Entertainer (1960) opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. <mask> worked for the Padded Wagon Moving Company in the early 1960s while acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City. Film stardom
<mask> played the lead in his second feature, Whistle Down the Wind (1961), directed by Bryan Forbes. He followed it with the lead in A Kind of Loving (1962), directed by John Schlesinger.Both films were very popular establishing <mask> as a film star. Film critics cited the 1963 film noir, The Running Man, as being one of <mask>' finest performances. The film starred Laurence Harvey, Lee Remick and <mask> in the supporting role of Stephen Maddox, an insurance company investigator who encounters Harvey and Remick in Spain after Harvey successfully faked his death in an aeroplane crash to cash in on a life insurance policy, leaving wife Lee Remick a small fortune. Fans of film noir enjoyed the many intriguing twists and turns The Running Man offered. The film also offered movie fans a depth of character study worthy of a memorable film noir. <mask>' character worked well with Harvey and Remick, helping director Carol Reed craft an ever-guessing, suspenseful story of cat and mouse detective work that moved seamlessly from beginning to end. While many movies in film noir have predictable plots, The Running Man featured a plot that was unpredictable, which was its best asset.The film's finale saw Lee Remick standing wearily on a dock, looking at a departing boat with the Rock of Gibraltar looming in the background. <mask> went into an adaptation of Harold Pinter's The Caretaker (1963) with Donald Pleasence and Robert Shaw. It was directed by Clive Donner who then made Nothing But the Best (1964) with <mask>. He supported Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek (1964) and James Mason in Georgy Girl (1966). <mask> returned to TV doing episodes of Wednesday Theatre and starred in Philippe de Broca's King of Hearts (1966). <mask> was reunited with Schlesinger in Far From the Madding Crowd (1967), starring Julie Christie then did the Bernard Malamud film The Fixer (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969 he starred in Women in Love directed by Ken Russell with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson, in which <mask> and Reed wrestled naked.He followed it appearing as Col. Vershinin in the National Theatre's film of Three Sisters, directed by and co-starring Laurence Olivier. <mask> was handpicked by director John Schlesinger (with whom he had previously worked on A Kind of Loving and Far From The Madding Crowd) to play the starring role of Dr. Daniel Hirsh in the film Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971). <mask> was held up filming The Go-Between (1971) for director Joseph Losey alongside Christie, and had also become a father around that time, and so he had to refuse the role. (The part then went first to Ian Bannen, who balked at kissing and simulating sex with another man, and then to Peter Finch who earned an Academy Award nomination for the role.) <mask> starred in the film of A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (1972) and produced and appeared in a short, Second Best (1972). He starred in Story of a Love Story (1973), and some play adaptations, Butley (1974) and In Celebration (1975). He was the villain in Royal Flash (1975) and appeared on television in Plays for Today and the Laurence Olivier Presents version of Harold Pinter's The Collection (1976).Television
<mask> starred in the TV movie Piccadilly Circus (1977) and The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978). In the latter he played Michael Henchard, the ultimately-disgraced lead, which he described as his favourite role. He starred in such international films as An Unmarried Woman (1978) and Nijinsky (1980), and also played Bette Midler's ruthless business manager in the film The Rose (1979). He was also in The Shout (1979) and Very Like a Whale (1980). He played two diametrically opposed roles in An Englishman Abroad (1983), as Guy Burgess, a member of the Cambridge spy ring exiled in Moscow, and in Pack of Lies (1987), as a British Secret Service agent tracking several Soviet spies. He continued working in film and television in the 1990s, including the role of Claudius in Mel Gibson's version of Hamlet (1990), though most of his roles in this era were more low-key. Later career
In 2001 <mask> joined an all-star cast in Robert Altman's critically acclaimed period drama Gosford Park, in which he played the butler Jennings.He later played Antonius Agrippa in the 2004 TV film Spartacus, but died before it premiered. The film was dedicated to his memory and that of writer Howard Fast, who wrote the original novel that inspired the film Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick. On stage <mask> had a particular association with the plays of Simon Gray, appearing in Butley, Otherwise Engaged, Stage Struck, Melon, Life Support and Simply Disconnected, as well as the film of Butley and Gray's TV series Unnatural Pursuits. In Otherwise Engaged, his co-star was Ian Charleson, who became a friend, and <mask> later contributed a chapter to a 1990 book on his colleague after Charleson's early death. <mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1996, and was knighted in 2003. He was an Associate Member of RADA and was a patron of The Actors Centre, Covent Garden, London, from 1994 until his death in 2003. Personal life
<mask> was married to actress Victoria Ward from 1970 until her death from a heart attack in 1992, although they had separated many years earlier.They had twin sons, born in November 1970, the actors Benedick <mask> and <mask>. Tristan died following an asthma attack in Tokyo in 1990. <mask> had numerous gay relationships, including those with actor Nickolas Grace and Olympic skater John Curry as detailed in Donald Spoto's authorised biography  Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>. Spoto characterised <mask>'s sexuality as ambiguous, and said, "he loved women but enjoyed his closest relationships with men". Even after homosexuality was partially decriminalised in England in 1967, <mask> rigorously avoided interviews and questions about his personal life, and even denied to his male lovers that there was a homosexual component in his nature. Throughout his life <mask> sought to be regarded as a ladies' man or at least as a man who, as an actor, could appear attractive to and attracted by women. He also chose many roles with an aspect of homosexuality or bisexuality, including the role of Rupert in the 1969 film Women in Love and the role of Frank in the 1988 film We Think the World of You.Death
<mask> died of pancreatic cancer in December 2003 after going into a coma. He is buried at All Saints' Church, Bradbourne in Derbyshire. Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>
Donald Spoto's 2007 book, Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>, is a posthumous authorised biography of <mask>. It was written with the cooperation of his son Benedick, and includes more than one hundred interviews with people such as Michael Linnit and Rosalind Chatto. Tristan Bates Theatre
<mask> and his family created the Tristan Bates Theatre at the Actors' Centre in Covent Garden, in memory of his son Tristan who died at the age of 19. Tristan's twin brother, Benedick, is a vice-director. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards
 1959 Clarence Derwent Award for A Long Day's Journey into Night
 1971 Evening Standard Best Actor Award for Butley
 1972 Best Actor Tony for Butley (a performance he recreated in the film version of the same name, Butley in 1974)
 1975 Variety Club Award for Otherwise Engaged
 1983 Variety Club Award for A Patriot for Me
 2000 Drama Desk and Lucille Lortel Award for Unexpected Man
 2002 Best Actor Tony and Drama Desk, for Fortune's Fool

References

External links

1934 births
2003 deaths
Actors awarded knighthoods
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Bisexual male actors
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Drama Desk Award winners
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
LGBT actors from England
BAFTA winners (people)
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Allestree
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English male Shakespearean actors
Tony Award winners
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors

masks:
Sir Alan Arthur Bates
Bates
Bates
Harold Arthur Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Tristan Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Alan Bates
Alan Bates
Bates


title: Kevin Norton

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born January 21, 1956) is an American percussionist and composer active in the New York City jazz and contemporary music scenes. He has performed and recorded with a diverse group of musicians, including Anthony Braxton, Paul Dunmall, Milt Hinton, Fred Frith, David Krakauer, Joëlle Léandre, Frode Gjerstad, Wilber Morris, James Emery, Bern Nix, and many others. In 1999, he founded Barking Hoop Recordings, a record label dedicated to releasing new and original music. <mask> has also spent summers at camp Encore/Coda in Maine teaching music theory classes and private percussion classes. The label has released 11 CDs to date, which feature <mask>'s own groups as well as artists such as Anthony Braxton, <mask>'Neil, Billy Stein, and the String Trio of New York. Education and career
Born in Brooklyn, NY, <mask> grew up in Staten Island and later studied composition at CUNY's Hunter College, where he began his association with bassist Milt Hinton. <mask> would later record the album The Judge's Decision with Hinton in 1986.Upon graduation from Hunter College, he attended the Manhattan School of Music and earned his Master's degree in classical percussion. After school he began getting involved with the "downtown New York City" scene, and began working with Fred Frith's experimental rock band Keep the Dog (which also featured saxophonist John Zorn and harpist Zeena Parkins). Some other collaborators during this period include Phillip Johnston and Joel Forrester. Beginning in 1998, <mask> is currently teaching at William Paterson University. He began the Barking Hoop label in 1999 with a live concert recording of a piece he composed for the French situationist theorist Guy Debord, "with Braxton cast as sideman. 'I taped the concert, not thinking I was going to put it out,' <mask> says. 'But I was so happy with the results that I thought, well, this should come out.'"More recently, <mask> has been working in various configurations with musicians Tony Malaby, Dave Ballou, John Lindberg, Scott Robinson, Connie Crothers, and J. D. Parran. 1 (Leo, 2002)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. 2 (Leo, 2003)
 23 Standards (Quartet) 2003 (Leo, 2004)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. 3 (Leo, 2005)
 20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 (Leo, 2005)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. (Cadence, 2003)
 Steve Swell, Suite for Players, Listeners and Other Dreamers (CIMP, 2003)
 John Zorn, Nosferatu (Tzadik, 2012)

References

External links

Barking Hoop Recordings
All About Jazz interview

American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz drummers
American jazz vibraphonists
1956 births
Living people
CIMP artists
Hunter College alumni
People from Staten Island
American percussionists
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Clean Feed Records artists
FMR Records artists

masks:
Kevin Norton
Kevin Norton
Norton
Kevin O
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


title: Guillermo Portabales

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 6 April 1911 – 25 October 1970) was a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist who popularized the guajira style of Cuban music from the 1930s through the 1960s. His languid, melancholy, intensely lyrical guajiras and his elegant, stylish singing made him popular throughout Latin America, where he is still revered. Discussion of basic data
His father was José Quesada y Perez from Casteiro Oreste Spain and his mother was Marcela Estefania Castillo y Rodriguez from Vueltas Cuba. His birthplace was Rodas in the old province of Santa Clara (Las Villas). In what is now the Province of Cienfuegos. He grew up in Cienfuegos. His father died when he was about 8 years old, his mother then remarried a man whose last name was <mask> (the director of the Hospital in Cienfuegos), thus where his "stage name" came from.Portabales was married to a woman named Araminta and had a son Named <mask>. Portabales had a brother named Manuel Eleuterio Quesada y Castillo. His brother was married to Sylvia Ester Ramirez y Gonzalez, who had four children Manuel Antonio Quesada (born in Caracas Venezuela in 1955), <mask> Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1957), Sylvia Mercedes Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1958) and Reynaldo Quesada (Born in Miami Florida in 1960). As for his birthdate, Helio Orovio, in the original Cuban edition of 1981, left Portabales out entirely. In the usual Soviet-style way, any opponents of the revolution get 'painted out' of history; but Portabales had left Cuba years before the Castro revolution, and most such people still retained their place in official Cuban history. Portabales had even recorded an album for Gema in Cuba in 1960, after the revolution but before Egrem took over all recording rights in Cuba. The later English translation reinstated such 'enemies of the state' as Celia Cruz (who was a determined opponent of the regime) and Portabales, giving 6 April 1914 as his date of birth.Cristobal Díaz Ayala gives 6 April 1911. The date and place of his death also vary in sources. Orovio's English edition says 1961. This is definitely incorrect, because there are at least three recording session whose dates are later in the 1960s: in 1962/3 in Miami; in 1967/8 in New York, issued on Gema 3070 Viva Portabales; and, above all, in October 1970 in Puerto Rico, just a few days before his death (issued Gema 3086 Sones cubanos: <mask> con Los Guaracheros de Oriente). This simple refutation throws doubt upon Orovio's other data, and has led to a general acceptance of Cristobal Díaz's version of 25 October 1970. He did indeed die on 25 October 1970 while crossing a street in Puerto Rico late at night. He used to perform at a restaurant called Las Palmas in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico and while leaving the restaurant he was hit by a car and dragged several feet.As for location, Orovio says Isla Verde, Cuba and Díaz says San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is almost unbelievable that the two versions should be so different, and again, it seems right to prefer Díaz, especially as the best-known Isla Verde is in Puerto Rico. Both agree that he died in a traffic accident; he was apparently hit by a car when leaving a gig at the Las Palmas restaurant. Career
At age 11, <mask> began work as a printer's assistant in Cienfuegos. In 1928, he made his radio debut on the station CMHI, and from then on divided his time between his work as a printer and performing. In the beginning, Portabales sang a variety of styles — canción, tango, bolero, son — until he discovered that his listeners enjoyed the guajira the most. He thereby refined the style and developed his signature salon guajira style in which he depicted in bucolic terms the life of the Cuban guajiro (the rural campesino).In typical trovadore fashion, Portabales sang and played guitar, sometimes accompanied by a small group. His guajiras have a gentle, lilting rhythm, sometimes mixing with elements of the son or the bolero. <mask> continued to perform and perfect the guajira until he went to Puerto Rico in 1937. There he became enamoured of the neighboring island and stayed there for two years, singing in theaters, clubs and on the radio. In 1939, he married Puerto Rican Arah Mina López, a journalist who joined him as he returned to Cuba in 1939. Over the years they toured together in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, New York City, and Tampa. After returning to Havana, Portabales performed on stage and radio with the Trio Matamoros.He also made a successful tour of United States and took an extended stay in Barranquilla, Colombia. In 1953, <mask> finally settled for good in Puerto Rico, where he continued to record and perform, with occasional tours of the continent. During the 1960s, he expressed his opposition to the Cuban Revolution in several discreetly poetic compositions. Impact
In 2006 the African group Kékélé released an album, Kinavana, that re-Africanized songs Portabales had composed or performed, giving them new lyrics in the Lingala language and playing them in a Congolese style. As a Washington Post writer Mark Jenkins said, the 2006 album "celebrates [<mask>], who died before learning that his music had become popular in Africa." Assessment
<mask>' early work is represented on Tumbao TCD 084 <mask>les: El creador de la guajira de salón 1937–1943: Al vaivén de mi carreta. It is this CD, with its liner notes, which may be the source of the incorrect dates.His voice, and particularly his guitar technique, improved greatly with experience. This is quite clear from the recordings in his fifties, represented by World Circuit WCD 023 <mask>, El Carretero. This includes examples from his three recording sessions in the 1960s

For the quality of his voice, its purity and its subtle evocation of emotion, and the exceptionally high calibre of his guitar technique – which is certainly worth attention by young musicians – <mask> must be rated as a performer of the highest calibre even given the unusually high standards of Cuban popular music. His style is on the Spanish side of creole in contrast to many other Cuban trova performers in the 20th century: his music is clearly in the tradition of the old Spanish-descent countryside people, the guajiros. His repertoire was originally wide, but he came to specialize in guajira-sons and laments, together with some guaracha-sons. With his smooth style, he was known as the creator of la guajira de salón. As a composer he was perhaps not so important as his rootsier compatriot, Ñico Saquito, but what he did compose was of high quality, and still is popular.Four of his noteworthy compositions: El carretero; Nostalgia guajira; Cumbiamba; Cuando salí de Cuba. References

External links

1911 births
1970 deaths
Cuban male guitarists
Cuban songwriters
Male songwriters
Guajira (music) musicians
World Circuit (record label) artists
20th-century Cuban male singers
20th-century guitarists
Orquesta Riverside members

masks:
Guillermo Portabales
José Guillermo Quesada Castillo
Portabales
Guillermo
José Guillermo
Guillermo Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Guillermo Portaba
Guillermo Portabales
Portabales


title: Jörn Lenz

texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as part of the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Career

Early career
<mask> was born in Warnemünde. He began playing football for the youth teams of enterprise sports community BSG Schiffahrt/Hafen Rostock in Rostock. He was admitted into the Children and Youth Sports Scool (KJS) in 1981 and then taken over by fotball club FC Hansa Rostock.Lenz joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1985. He was promoted to the reserve team of BFC Dynamo in 1987. <mask> made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the first round of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 10 September 1988. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Waldemar Ksienzyk in the 80th minute. He was thus given the opportunity to play alongside players such as Andreas Thom, Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde. <mask> then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Energie Cottbus on 5 May 1989.BFC Dynamo won the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team was set to play the first ever DFV-Supercup against SG Dynamo Dresden on 5 August 1989. <mask> started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Jörg Fügner in the 77th minute. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football. <mask> then made his international debut for BFC Dynamo in the return leg of the first round of the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup against Valur on 26 September 1989. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Heiko Bonan in the 33th minute. <mask> scored the winning 2–1 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 83th minute.Lenz also played in the first leg of the second round against AS Monaco FC  at the  Stade Louis II on 17 October 1989. AS Monaco FC was coached by Arsène Wenger and fielded prominent players such as George Weah at the time. Lenz started the match in the starting line-up, but was exchanged for Eike Küttner in the 46th minute. He missed the return leg against AS Monaco FC due to an injury. Lenz made 12 appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. Lenz played five matches for FC Berlin the 1990 Intertoto Cup.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach at the beginning of the  1990–91 season. Lenz was regularly included in the starting line-up and made 16 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. He made 23 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberlig Nord and played all six matches for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 2. Bundesliga play-offs. However, FC Berlin failed to win promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the second season in a row. <mask> left FC Berlin for  local rival Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.Tennis Borussia Berlin
Lenz joined Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1992–93 season. The former goalkeeper of BFC Dynamo and ten times East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit was the goalkeeper of Tennis Borussia Berlin at the time. Tennis Borussia Berlin reached the final of the 1992–93 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Türkiyemspor Berlin 2–0 in the final at the Mommsenstadion on 6 May 1993. <mask> would later come to win another two Berlin Cups with the club. Tennis Borussia Berlin also won the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. But the team finished the 1992–94 2.Bundesliga play-offs on second place. However, the winner 1. FC Union Berlin was denied a license and Tennis Borussia Berlin was therefore allowed to advance to the 2. Bundesliga instead. <mask> made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the on 27 July 1993.Tennis Borussia Berlin was qualificied for the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal as a team in the 2. Bundesliga. <mask> made his debut in the DFB-Pokal in the second round of the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal against ASV Neumarkt on 24 August 1993. <mask> made 11 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga. He made a brief return to FC Berlin at the end of the 1993–94 season and played nine matches for FC Berlin in the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Tennis Borussa Berlin finished the 1993–94 2.Bundesliga on 17th place and was immediately relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. <mask> became regular player in Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost. The team won the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost, but was defeated by VfB Oldenburg in the Play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The play-offs were lost after a 2–1 goal to VfB Oldenburg on stoppage time in the return leg. <mask> has described the defeat in the play-offs as his hardest sporting moment. <mask> left Tennis Borussia Berlin for FC Energie Cottbus after the 1996–97 season.He made 100 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 1997. Return to FC Berlin
Lenz joined FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 season. However, he was sparingly used and played only two matches for FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 2. Bundesliga. <mask> returned to FC Berlin during the winter break. He would be a key player in the team for several seasons to come. <mask> became the new team captain of FC Berlin in the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost.FC Berlin reverted to its old club name BFC Dynamo during the season. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Berlin Türkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. <mask> was team captain of BFC Dynamo also in the following season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal as winner of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team lost 2–0 to DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the second of the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999 The team finished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost on 17th place and was relegated to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. VfB Leipzig
BFC Dynamo dominated the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had only suffered three losses and conceded 17 goals during the league season. However, BFC Dynamo was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg in  the play-offs for the Regionalliga. And it was now also clear that the club was in serious financial difficulties. Insolvency proceeding were opened against BFC Dynamo on 1 November 2001. The club now had to continue under amateur conditions and the team was going to be automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin. Lenz left BFC Dyamo for VfB Leipzig when the insolvency proceeding were opened.VfB Leipzig was coached by SG Dynamo Dresden legend Hans-Jürgen "Dixie" Dörner at the time. Lenz played his first match for VfB Leipzig against FSV Hoyerswerda in the 2001–02  NOFV-Oberliga Süd on 18 November 2001. He also played for VfB Leipzig in the 2002–03  NOFV-Oberliga Süd. <mask> returned to BFC Dynamo in the 2003–04 season. He once again became the team captain. BFC Dynamo finished 2003–04 Verbandsliga Berlin on first place and won promotion back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had won all 17 matches of the second half of season. Lenz celebrated the promotion as his first athletic promotion, as Tennis Borussia Berlin had benefited from the license withdrawal of 1. FC Union Berlin in 1993. The new coach of BFC Dynamo for the 2004–04 season was Christian Backs. Lenz and Backs had played together in FC Berlin until 1992. <mask> was one of the most experienced players in the team of BFC Dynamo in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He took over as interim player-coach together with goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski after the resignation of coach Rajko Fijalek in the September 2006.Ingo Rentzsch became the new coach in late October 2006. Lenz then again took over as interim player-coach together with Thomaschewski after the dismissal of coach Rentzsch in January 2007. Volkan Uluc then became new coach at the begininng of March 2007. Uluc decided to moved Lenz from a libero position to densive midfield position. Lenz suffered a torn cruciate ligament in the fifth match day of the 2007–08 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He was out for the majority of the season and returned at the end of the season. Lenz then decided to retire as football player.He played his last match for BFC Dynamo against FC Hansa Rostock II on 1 June 2008. Lenz has played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo since 1988, according to club statistics. The number includes two appearances in the European Cup Winner's Cup and five appearances for FC Berlin in the Intertoto Cup. He played for BFC Dynamo and FC Berlin in four different leagues and tiers: the DDR-Oberliga, the Regionalliga Nordost, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Verbandsliga Berlin. <mask> continued as team manager in the BFC Dynamo after ending his playing career. He has continued to serve in the club's backroom staff since the 2008–09 season. He serves as team manager of BFC Dynamo and as the head of the Kita-Projekt as of 2021.The Kita-Projekt is a day care project of BFC Dynamo. Miscellaneous
Lenz said in an interview with the Berlin football magazine Fußball-Woche in 2008 that his favorite football clubs besides BFC Dynamo were FC Hansa Rostock  and Hamburger SV. He explained that he had played for FC Hansa Rostock and had sympathy for the North German clubs, as he grew up on the Baltic coast. He also said that he admired Dutch football player Ruud Krol in his youth. Honours

BFC Dynamo
 FDGB-Pokal
 Winner: 1988-89
 DFV-Supercup
 Winners: 1989
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner: 1991-92, 2000-01
Verbandsliga Berlin
 Winner: 2003–04
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1998-99
 Runner-up: 1999-00

Tennis Borussia Berlin
 Regionalliga Nordost
 Winner: 1995-96
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner: 1992-93
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1992-93, 1994-95, 1995-96

References

External links

 Career stats up to 2005

1969 births
Living people
German footballers
East German footballers
Association football defenders
2. Bundesliga players
Berliner FC Dynamo players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
FC Energie Cottbus players
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig players
German football managers
Berliner FC Dynamo managers
DDR-Oberliga players

masks:
Jörn Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
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Lenz


title: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

texts:
<mask> or <mask>, CIE (27 June 1838 – 8 April 1894) was an Indian novelist, poet and journalist. He was the composer of Vande Mataram, originally in Sanskrit, personifying India as a mother goddess and inspiring activists during the Indian Independence Movement. Chattopadhyay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in Bengali. He is known as Sahitya Samrat (Emperor of Literature) in Bengali. Biography
Chattopadhyay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader Indian subcontinent. Some of his writings, including novels, essays, and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,
and provided an inspiration for authors across India. Chattopadhyay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of North 24 Parganas, Naihati, in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family, the youngest of three brothers, to <mask>ya and Durgadebi.His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in Hooghly District. His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of Midnapur. One of his brothers, Sanjib <mask>y was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau". <mask> <mask> and his elder brother both went to Hooghly Collegiate School (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem. He was educated at the Hooghly Mohsin College and later at Presidency College, Kolkata, graduating with a degree in arts in 1858. He later attended the University of Calcutta and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates. He later obtained a degree in law in 1869.Following his father's footsteps, <mask> joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of Jessore. After merging of the services in 1863, he went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government. He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894. He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891. Literary career

Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in Ishwar <mask>'s weekly newspaper Sangbad Prabhakar.He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the novelette was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel Rajmohan's Wife. Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865. One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is Rajsimha (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). Anandamath (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a political novel which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force.The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song Vande Mataram (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by Rabindranath Tagore, was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song of India. The plot of the novel is loosely set on the Sannyasi Rebellion. He imagined untrained Sannyasi soldiers fighting and defeated the highly experienced British Army; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British could not be defeated. The novel first appeared in serial form in Bangadarshan, the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. Vande Mataram became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as Bharat Mata, which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<mask> was particularly impressed by the historical Gaudiya Vaishnava cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the Bhagavad Gita was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4. In a long essay on Sankhya philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal vairagya (renunciation) rather than political and social power. Meeting with Ramakrishna
<mask> was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not had knowledge of English. Yet they had a nice relation between them.Once Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, playing on the meaning of <mask> (Bent A Little), asked him what it was that had bent him. <mask> <mask> jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman's shoe for he was a well-known critic of the British government. Legacy
Tagore penned in the memory of his mentor:
"<mask> <mask> had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true sabyasachi (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions”

Sri Aurobindo wrote in his memory:
"The earlier <mask> was only a poet and stylist, the later <mask> was a seer and nation-builder"

After the Vishabriksha (The Poison Tree) was published in 1873, the magazine, Punch wrote:

"You ought to read the Poison Tree
of <mask> <mask>." His novel Anushilan-Tattva inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start Anushilan Samiti. Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Further reading
 Ujjal Kumar Majumdar: <mask> <mask>y: His Contribution to Indian Life and Culture. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 2000. .
 Walter Ruben: Indische Romane. Eine ideologische Untersuchung. Vol. 1: Einige Romane <mask> Chattopadhyays iund Ranbindranath Tagore. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964. (German)
 Bhabatosh <mask>, Editor: <mask> <mask>: Essays in Perspective (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi) 1994.External links

1838 births
1894 deaths
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
Bengali writers
Bengali-language writers
Indian civil servants
Indian male novelists
Writers from Kolkata
People from North 24 Parganas district
University of Calcutta alumni
Writers of historical romances
Bengali people
Bengali Hindus
Indian historical novelists
19th-century Indian novelists
19th-century Indian male writers
Neo-Vedanta
Novelists from West Bengal
Poets from West Bengal
Journalists from West Bengal
19th-century Indian journalists
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Hooghly Mohsin College alumni

masks:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Yadav Chandra Chattopadhya
Chandra Chattopadhya
Bankim
Chandra
Bankimchandra
Chandra Gupta
Bankim
Bankim
Bankim
Bankim
Chandra
Bankim
Chandra
Bankim
Bankim
Bankim
Chandra Chatterjee
Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhya
Bankim
Chatterjee
Bankimchandra
Chatterjee


title: Richard Owen

texts:
Sir <mask>  (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Despite being a controversial figure, <mask> is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils. <mask> produced a vast array of scientific work, but is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully Great Reptile"). An outspoken critic of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, <mask> agreed with Darwin that evolution occurred, but thought it was more complex than outlined in Darwin's On the Origin of Species. <mask>'s approach to evolution can be seen as having anticipated the issues that have gained greater attention with the recent emergence of evolutionary developmental biology. <mask> was the first president of the Microscopical Society of London in 1839 and edited many issues of its journal – then known as The Microscopic Journal. <mask> also campaigned for the natural specimens in the British Museum to be given a new home.This resulted in the establishment, in 1881, of the now world-famous Natural History Museum in South Kensington, London. Bill Bryson argues that, "by making the Natural History Museum an institution for everyone, <mask> transformed our expectations of what museums are for". While he made several contributions to science and public learning, <mask> was a controversial figure among his contemporaries, such as Thomas Henry Huxley. His later career was tainted by controversies, many of which involved accusations that he took credit for other people's work. Biography
<mask> was born in Lancaster in 1804, one of six children of a West Indian Merchant named <mask> (1754–1809). His mother, Catherine Longworth (née Parrin), was descended from Huguenots and he was educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School. In 1820, he was apprenticed to a local surgeon and apothecary and, in 1824, he proceeded as a medical student to the University of Edinburgh.He left the university in the following year and completed his medical course in St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he came under the influence of the eminent surgeon John Abernethy. In July 1835 <mask> married Caroline Amelia Clift in St Pancras by whom he had one son, <mask>. He outlived both wife and son. After his death, in 1892, he was survived by his three grandchildren and daughter-in-law <mask>, to whom he left much of his £33,000 fortune. Upon completing his education, he accepted the position of assistant to William Clift, conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, on the suggestion of Abernethy. This occupation led him to abandon medical practice in favor of scientific research. He prepared a series of catalogues of the Hunterian Collection, in the Royal College of Surgeons and, in the course of this work, he acquired a knowledge of comparative anatomy that facilitated his researches on the remains of extinct animals.In 1836, <mask> was appointed Hunterian professor, in the Royal College of Surgeons and, in 1849, he succeeded Clift as conservator. He held the latter office until 1856, when he became superintendent of the natural history department of the British Museum. He then devoted much of his energies to a great scheme for a National Museum of Natural History, which eventually resulted in the removal of the natural history collections of the British Museum to a new building at South Kensington: the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum). He retained office until the completion of this work, in December 1883, when he was made a knight of the Order of the Bath. He lived quietly in retirement at Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, until his death in 1892. His career was tainted by accusations that he failed to give credit to the work of others and even tried to appropriate it in his own name. This came to a head in 1846, when he was awarded the Royal Medal for a paper he had written on belemnites.<mask> had failed to acknowledge that the belemnite had been discovered by Chaning Pearce, an amateur biologist, four years earlier. As a result of the ensuing scandal, he was voted off the councils of the Zoological Society and the Royal Society. <mask> always tended to support orthodox men of science and the status quo. The royal family presented him with the cottage in Richmond Park and Robert Peel put him on the Civil List. In 1843, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1844 he became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. When this Institute became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851, he joined as foreign member.In 1845, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. He died at home on 15 December 1892 and is buried in the churchyard at St Andrew's Church, Ham near Richmond, Surrey. Work on invertebrates
While occupied with the cataloguing of the Hunterian collection, <mask> did not confine his attention to the preparations before him but also seized every opportunity to dissect fresh subjects. He was allowed to examine all animals that died in London Zoo's gardens and, when the Zoo began to publish scientific proceedings, in 1831, he was the most prolific contributor of anatomical papers. His first notable publication, however, was his Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (London, 1832), which was soon recognized as a classic. Thenceforth, he continued to make important contributions to every department of comparative anatomy and zoology for a period of over fifty years. In the sponges, <mask> was the first to describe the now well-known Venus' Flower Basket or Euplectella (1841, 1857).Among Entozoa, his most noteworthy discovery was that of Trichina spiralis (1835), the parasite infesting the muscles of man in the disease now termed trichinosis (see also, however, Sir James Paget). Of Brachiopoda he made very special studies, which much advanced knowledge and settled the classification that has long been accepted. Among Mollusca, he described not only the pearly nautilus but also Spirula (1850) and other Cephalopoda, both living and extinct, and it was he who proposed the universally-accepted subdivision of this class into the two orders of Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata (1832). In 1852 <mask> named Protichnites – the oldest footprints found on land. Applying his knowledge of anatomy, he correctly postulated that these Cambrian trackways were made by an extinct type of arthropod, and he did this more than 150 years before any fossils of the animal were found. <mask> envisioned a resemblance of the animal to the living arthropod Limulus, which was the subject of a special memoir he wrote in 1873. Fish, reptiles, birds, and naming of dinosaurs

<mask>'s technical descriptions of the Vertebrata were still more numerous and extensive than those of the invertebrate animals.His Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates (3 vols. London 1866–1868) was indeed the result of more personal research than any similar work since Georges Cuvier's Leçons d'anatomie comparée. He not only studied existing forms but also devoted great attention to the remains of extinct groups, and followed Cuvier, the pioneer of vertebrate paleontology. Early in his career, he made exhaustive studies of teeth of existing and extinct animals and published his profusely illustrated work on Odontography (1840–1845). He discovered and described the remarkably complex structure of the teeth of the extinct animals which he named Labyrinthodontia. Among his writings on fish, his memoir on the African lungfish, which he named Protopterus, laid the foundations for the recognition of the Dipnoi by Johannes Müller. He also later pointed out the serial connection between the teleostean and ganoid fishes, grouping them in one sub-class, the Teleostomi.Most of his work on reptiles related to the skeletons of extinct forms and his chief memoirs, on British specimens, were reprinted in a connected series in his History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols. London 1849–1884). He published the first important general account of the great group of Mesozoic land-reptiles, and he coined the name Dinosauria from Greek δεινός (deinos) "terrible, powerful, wondrous" + σαύρος (sauros) "lizard". <mask> used 3 genera to define the dinosaurs: the carnivorous Megalosaurus, the herbivorous Iguanodon and armoured Hylaeosaurus''', specimens uncovered in southern England. He also first recognized the curious early Mesozoic synapsids, with affinities both to amphibians and mammals, which he termed Anomodontia (the mammal-like synapsids, Therapsida). Most of these were obtained from South Africa, beginning in 1845 (Dicynodon) and eventually furnished materials for his Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa, issued by the British Museum, in 1876. Among his writings on birds, his classical memoir on the kiwi (1840–1846), a long series of papers on the extinct Dinornithidae of New Zealand, other memoirs on Aptornis, the takahe, the dodo and the great auk, may be especially mentioned.His monograph on Archaeopteryx (1863), the long-tailed, toothed bird from the Bavarian lithographic stone, is also an epoch-making work. With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, <mask> helped create the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs as he thought they might have appeared. Some models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of 1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in South London. <mask> famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science inside the hollow concrete Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon Mantell had realised that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as <mask> was proposing, but had slender forelimbs; his death left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so <mask>'s vision of dinosaurs became that seen by the public. He had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Work on mammals

<mask> was granted right of first refusal on any freshly dead animal at the London Zoo.His wife once arrived home to find the carcass of a newly deceased rhinoceros in her front hallway. With regard to living mammals, the more striking of <mask>'s contributions relate to the monotremes, marsupials and the anthropoid apes. He was also the first to recognize and name the two natural groups of typical Ungulate, the odd-toed (Perissodactyla) and the even-toed (Artiodactyla), while describing some fossil remains, in 1848. Most of his writings on mammals, however, deal with extinct forms, to which his attention seems to have been first directed by the remarkable fossils collected by Charles Darwin, in South America. Toxodon, from the pampas, was then described and gave the earliest clear evidence of an extinct generalized hoof animal, a pachyderm with affinities to the Rodentia, Edentata and herbivorous Cetacea. <mask>'s interest in South American extinct mammals then led to the recognition of the giant armadillo, which he named Glyptodon (1839) and to classic memoirs on the giant ground-sloths, Mylodon (1842) and Megatherium (1860), besides other important contributions. <mask> also first described the false killer whale in 1863.At the same time, Sir Thomas Mitchell's discovery of fossil bones, in New South Wales, provided material for the first of <mask>'s long series of papers on the extinct mammals of Australia, which were eventually reprinted in book-form in 1877. He described Diprotodon (1838) and Thylacoleo (1859), and extinct species kangaroos and wombats of gigantic size. Most fossil material found in Australia and New Zealand was initially sent to England for expert examination, and with the assistance of the local collectors <mask> became the first authority on the palaeontology of the region. While occupied with so much material from abroad, <mask> was also busily collecting facts for an exhaustive work on similar fossils from the British Isles and, in 1844–1846, he published his History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds, which was followed by many later memoirs, notably his Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (Palaeont. Soc., 1871). One of his latest publications was a little work entitled Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (London, 1884). <mask>, Darwin, and the theory of evolution

Following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin had at his disposal a considerable collection of specimens and, on 29 October 1836, he was introduced by Charles Lyell to <mask>, who agreed to work on fossil bones collected in South America.<mask>'s subsequent revelations, that the extinct giant creatures were rodents and sloths, showed that they were related to current species in the same locality, rather than being relatives of similarly sized creatures in Africa, as Darwin had originally thought. This was one of the many influences that led Darwin later to formulate his own ideas on the concept of natural selection. At this time, <mask> talked of his theories, influenced by Johannes Peter Müller, that living matter had an "organising energy", a life-force that directed the growth of tissues and also determined the lifespan of the individual and of the species. Darwin was reticent about his own thoughts, understandably, when, on 19 December 1838, as secretary of the Geological Society of London, he saw <mask> and his allies ridicule the Lamarckian 'heresy' of Darwin's old tutor, Robert Edmund Grant. In 1841, when the recently married Darwin was ill, <mask> was one of the few scientific friends to visit; however, <mask>'s opposition to any hint of transmutation made Darwin keep quiet about his hypothesis. Sometime during the 1840s <mask> came to the conclusion that species arise as the result of some sort of evolutionary process. He believed that there was a total of six possible mechanisms: parthenogenesis, prolonged development, premature birth, congenital malformations, Lamarckian atrophy, Lamarckian hypertrophy and transmutation, of which he thought transmutation was the least likely.The historian of science Evelleen <mask> has argued that <mask> was likely sympathetic to developmental theories of evolution, but backed away from publicly proclaiming them after the critical reaction that had greeted the anonymously published evolutionary book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844 (it was revealed only decades later that the book had been authored by publisher Robert Chambers). <mask> had been criticized for his own evolutionary remarks in his Nature of the Limbs in 1849. At the end of On the Nature of Limbs <mask> had suggested that humans ultimately evolved from fish as the result of natural laws, which resulted in his being criticized in the Manchester Spectator for denying that species such as humans were created by God. During the development of Darwin's theory, his investigation of barnacles showed, in 1849, how their segmentation related to other crustaceans, showing how they had diverged from their relatives. To both Darwin and <mask> such "homologies" in comparative anatomy were evidence of descent. <mask> demonstrated fossil evidence of an evolutionary sequence of horses, as supporting his idea of development from archetypes in "ordained continuous becoming" and, in 1854, gave a British Association talk on the impossibility of bestial apes, such as the recently discovered gorilla, standing erect and being transmuted into men, but <mask> did not rule out the possibility that humans had evolved from other extinct animals by evolutionary mechanisms other than transmutation. Working-class militants were trumpeting man's monkey origins.To crush these ideas, <mask>, as President-elect of the Royal Association, announced his authoritative anatomical studies of primate brains, claiming that the human brain had structures that apes brains did not, and that therefore humans were a separate sub-class, starting a dispute which was subsequently satirised as the Great Hippocampus Question. <mask>'s main argument was that humans have much larger brains for their body size than other mammals including the great apes. Darwin wrote that "I cannot swallow Man [being that] distinct from a Chimpanzee". The combative Thomas Henry Huxley used his March 1858 Royal Institution lecture to deny <mask>'s claim and affirmed that structurally, gorillas are as close to humans as they are to baboons. He believed that the "mental & moral faculties are essentially... the same kind in animals & ourselves". This was a clear denial of <mask>'s claim for human uniqueness, given at the same venue. On the publication of Darwin's theory, in On The Origin of Species, he sent a

masks:
Richard Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
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Owen
Owen
Owen
Richard Owen
Owen
William Owen
Emily Owen
Owen
Owen
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title: Richard Owen

texts:
 complimentary copy to <mask>, saying "it will seem 'an abomination.<mask> was the first to respond, courteously claiming that he had long believed that "existing influences" were responsible for the "ordained" birth of species. Darwin now had long talks with him and <mask> said that the book offered the best explanation "ever published of the manner of formation of species", although he still had the gravest doubts that transmutation would bestialize man. It appears that Darwin had assured <mask> that he was looking at everything as resulting from designed laws, which <mask> interpreted as showing a shared belief in "Creative Power". As head of the Natural History Collections at the British Museum, <mask> received numerous inquiries and complaints about the Origin. His own views remained unknown: when emphasising to a Parliamentary committee the need for a new Natural History museum, he pointed out that "The whole intellectual world this year has been excited by a book on the origin of species; and what is the consequence? Visitors come to the British Museum, and they say, 'Let us see all these varieties of pigeons: where is the tumbler, where is the pouter?' and I am obliged with shame to say, I can show you none of them" .... "As to showing you the varieties of those species, or of any of those phenomena that would aid one in getting at that mystery of mysteries, the origin of species, our space does not permit; but surely there ought to be a space somewhere, and, if not in the British Museum, where is it to be obtained?"However, Huxley's attacks were making their mark. In April 1860 the Edinburgh Review included <mask>'s anonymous review of the Origin. In it <mask> showed his anger at what he saw as Darwin's caricature of the creationist position, and his ignoring <mask>'s "axiom of the continuous operation of the ordained becoming of living things". As well as attacking Darwin's "disciples", Hooker and Huxley, for their "short-sighted adherence", he thought that the book symbolised the sort of "abuse of science... to which a neighbouring nation, some seventy years since, owed its temporary degradation" in a reference to the French Revolution. Darwin thought it "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever, and... damaging" and later commented that "The Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about. It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which <mask> hates me." During the reaction to Darwin's theory, Huxley's arguments with <mask> continued.<mask> tried to smear Huxley, by portraying him as an "advocate of man's origins from a transmuted ape" and one of his contributions to the Athenaeum was titled "Ape-Origin of Man as Tested by the Brain". In 1862 (and on other occasions) Huxley took the opportunity to arrange demonstrations of ape brain anatomy (e.g. at the BA meeting, where William Flower performed the dissection). Visual evidence of the supposedly missing structures (posterior cornu and hippocampus minor) was used, in effect, to indict <mask> for perjury. <mask> had argued that the absence of those structures in apes were connected with the lesser size to which the ape brains grew, but he then conceded that a poorly developed version might be construed as present without preventing him from arguing that brain size was still the major way of distinguishing apes and humans. Huxley's campaign ran over two years and was devastatingly successful at persuading the overall scientific community, with each "slaying" being followed by a recruiting drive for the Darwinian cause. The spite lingered.While <mask> had argued that humans were distinct from apes by virtue of having large brains, Huxley claimed that racial diversity blurred any such distinction. In his paper criticizing <mask>, Huxley directly states: "if we place A, the European brain, B, the Bosjesman brain, and C, the orang brain, in a series, the differences between A and B, so far as they have been ascertained, are of the same nature as the chief of those between B and C". <mask> countered Huxley by saying the brains of all human races were really of similar size and intellectual ability, and that the fact that humans had brains that were twice the size of large apes like male gorillas, even though humans had much smaller bodies, made humans distinguishable. When Huxley joined the Zoological Society Council, in 1861, <mask> left and, in the following year, Huxley moved to stop <mask> from being elected to the Royal Society Council, accusing him "of wilful & deliberate falsehood". (See also Thomas Henry Huxley.) In January 1863, <mask> bought the Archaeopteryx fossil for the British Museum. It fulfilled Darwin's prediction that a proto-bird with unfused wing fingers would be found, although <mask> described it unequivocally as a bird.The feuding between <mask> and Darwin's supporters continued. In 1871, <mask> was found to be involved in a threat to end government funding of Joseph Dalton Hooker's botanical collection, at Kew, possibly trying to bring it under his British Museum. Darwin commented that "I used to be ashamed of hating him so much, but now I will carefully cherish my hatred & contempt to the last days of my life". Legacy

<mask>'s detailed memoirs and descriptions require laborious attention in reading, on account of their complex terminology and ambiguous modes of expression. The fact that very little of his terminology has found universal favour causes them to be more generally neglected than they otherwise would be. At the same time, it must be remembered that he was a pioneer in concise anatomical nomenclature and, so far at least as the vertebrate skeleton is concerned, his terms were based on a carefully reasoned philosophical scheme, which first clearly distinguished between the now-familiar phenomena of analogy and homology. <mask>'s theory of the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (1848), subsequently illustrated also by his little work On the Nature of Limbs (1849), regarded the vertebrate frame as consisting of a series of fundamentally identical segments, each modified according to its position and functions.Much of it was fanciful and failed when tested by the facts of embryology, which <mask> systematically ignored, throughout his work. However, though an imperfect and distorted view of certain great truths, it possessed a distinct value at the time of its conception. To the discussion of the deeper problems of biological philosophy, he made scarcely any direct and definite contributions. His generalities rarely extended beyond strict comparative anatomy, the phenomena of adaptation to function and the facts of geographical or geological distribution. His lecture on virgin reproduction or parthenogenesis, however, published in 1849, contained the essence of the germ plasm theory, elaborated later by August Weismann and he made several vague statements concerning the geological succession of genera and species of animals and their possible derivation one from another. He referred, especially, to the changes exhibited by the successive forerunners of the crocodiles (1884) and horses (1868) but it has never become clear how much of the modern doctrines of organic evolution he admitted. He contented himself with the bare remark that "the inductive demonstration of the nature and mode of operation of the laws governing life would henceforth be the great aim of the philosophical naturalist."He was the first director in Natural History Museum in London and his statue was in the main hall there until 2009, when it was replaced with a statue of Darwin. A bust of <mask> by Alfred Gilbert (1896) is held in the Hunterian Museum, London. There is a blue plaque in his honour at Lancaster Royal Grammar School. A species of Central American lizard, Diploglossus owenii, was named in his honor by French herpetologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron in 1839. The <mask> <mask> pub in central Lancaster is named in his honour. Conflicts with his peers
<mask> has been described by some as a malicious, dishonest and hateful individual. He has been described in one biography as being a "social experimenter with a penchant for sadism.Addicted to controversy and driven by arrogance and jealousy". Deborah Cadbury stated that <mask> possessed an "almost fanatical egoism with a callous delight in savaging his critics." An Oxford University professor once described <mask> as "a damned liar. He lied for God and for malice". Gideon Mantell claimed it was "a pity a man so talented should be so dastardly and envious". <mask> Freeman described him as "the most distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist ... but a most deceitful and odious man". Charles Darwin stated that "No one fact tells so strongly against <mask> ... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower."<mask> famously credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the Iguanodon, completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or last time <mask> would falsely claim a discovery as his own. It has also been suggested by some authors, including Bill Bryson in A Short History of Nearly Everything, that <mask> even used his influence in the Royal Society to ensure that many of Mantell's research papers were never published. <mask> was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council for plagiarism. When Mantell suffered an accident that left him permanently crippled, <mask> exploited the opportunity by renaming several dinosaurs which had already been named by Mantell, even having the audacity to claim credit for their discovery himself. When Mantell finally died in 1852, an obituary carrying no byline derided Mantell as little more than a mediocre scientist, who brought forth few notable contributions. The obituary's authorship was universally attributed to <mask> by every geologist.The president of the Geological Society claimed that it "bespeaks of the lamentable coldness of the heart of the writer". <mask> was subsequently denied the presidency of the society for his repeated and pointed antagonism towards Gideon Mantell. Even more extraordinary was the way <mask> ignored the genuine scientific content of Mantell's work. For example, despite the paucity of finds Mantell had worked out that some dinosaurs were bipedal, including Iguanodon. This remarkable insight was totally ignored by <mask>, whose instructions for the Crystal Palace models by Waterhouse Hawkins portrayed Iguanodon as grossly overweight and quadrupedal. Mantell did not live to witness the discovery in 1878 of articulated skeletons in a Belgium coal-mine that showed Iguanodon was mostly bipedal (and in that stance could use its thumb for defence). <mask> made no comment or retraction; he never did on any errors he made.Moreover, since the earliest known dinosaurs were bipedal, Mantell's idea was indeed insightful. Despite originally starting out on good terms with Darwin, <mask> was highly critical of the Origin in large part because Darwin did not refer much to the previous scientific theories of evolution that had been proposed by people like Chambers and himself, and instead compared the theory of evolution by natural selection with the unscientific theory in the Bible. Another reason for his criticism of the Origin, some historians claim, was that <mask> felt upstaged by Darwin and supporters such as Huxley, and his judgment was clouded by jealousy. <mask> in Darwin's opinion was "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about". "It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which <mask> hates me". <mask> also resorted to the same subterfuge he used against Mantell, writing another anonymous article in the Edinburgh Review in April 1860. In the article, <mask> was critical of Darwin for not offering many new observations, and heaped praise (in the third person) upon himself, while being careful not to associate any particular comment with his own name.<mask> did praise, however, the Origin's description of Darwin's work on insect behavior and pigeon breeding as Huxley, Thomas H., (1861), "On the Zoological Relations of Man with the Lower Animals", Natural History Review 1: 67–84. "real gems". <mask> was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Attacks on Hooker and Kew), orchestrated by Acton Smee Ayrton:
"There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and <mask>...  At the root was <mask>’s feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to <mask>) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden." It has been suggested by some authors that the portrayal of <mask> as a vindictive and treacherous man was fostered and encouraged by his rivals (particularly Darwin, Hooker and Huxley) and may be somewhat undeserved. In the first part of his career he was regarded rightly as one of the great scientific figures of the age. In the second part of his career his reputation slipped.This was not due solely to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was also due to serious errors of scientific judgement that were discovered and publicized. A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate subclass of the Mammalia (see Man's place in nature). In this <mask> had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on. <mask> continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had garnered in his younger days.Sir <mask>: the archetypal villain. Darwin.gruts.com. Retrieved on 17 September 2011.Bibliography
 Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (1832)
 Odontography (1840–1845)
 Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth (1842)
 On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (1848)
 History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols., 1849–1884)
 On the Nature of Limbs (1849)
 Palæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations (1860)
 Archaeopteryx (1863)
 Anatomy of Vertebrates (1866) Image from
Available at Google Books:
Volume I, Fishes and Reptiles
Volume II, Birds and Mammals
Volume III, Mammals
 Memoir of the Dodo (1866) Full book on Wiki commons
 Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (1871)
 Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa (1876)
 Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (1884)

References

Further reading

  Amundson, Ron, (2007), The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-Devo. New York: Cambridge University of Press. Cosans, Christopher, (2009), <mask>'s Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Desmond, Adrian & Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group. .
Darwin, Francis, editor (1887).The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an Autobiographical Chapter (7th Edition). London: John Murray. Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C., editors (1903). More letters of Charles Darwin: A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Huxley, Thomas H., (1861),  "On the Zoological Relations of Man with the Lower Animals", Natural History Review  1: 67–84. <mask>, Evellen, (1987),  "A Question of Property Rights: <mask>'s Evolutionism Reassessed", British Journal for the History of Science, 20: 129–171.Rupke, Nicolaas, (1994), <mask>: Victorian Naturalist. New Haven: Yale University Press. Shindler, Karolyn. <mask>: the greatest scientist you've never heard of'', The Telegraph, 16 December 2010. (accessed 16 December 2010)

External links

1804 births
1892 deaths
English anatomists
English biologists
English palaeontologists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
English people of French descent
Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Fullerian Professors of Physiology
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Non-Darwinian evolution
People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Philosophical theists
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Royal Medal winners
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Wollaston Medal winners
19th-century British scientists
People who have lived in

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title: Charles Alexandre Lesueur

texts:
<mask> (1 January 1778 in Le Havre – 12 December 1846 in Le Havre) was a French naturalist, artist, and explorer. He was a prolific natural-history collector, gathering many type specimens in Australia, Southeast Asia, and North America, and was also responsible for describing numerous species, including the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), smooth softshell turtle (A. mutica), and common map turtle (Graptemys geographica). Both Mount <mask> and Lesueur National Park in Western Australia are named in his honor. Life
In 1801, Lesueur traveled to Australia as artist on the expedition of Nicolas Baudin. With François Péron, he took over the duties as naturalist after the death of the expedition's zoologist René Maugé. Together, they collected over 100,000 zoological specimens. In 1802, he made the only known sketches of the King Island emu in its natural habitat (the bird became extinct in 1822).Between May 1816 and early 1837, he lived and traveled widely in the United States, particularly in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1817. In 1833, he visited Vincennes, Indiana, where he sketched the first known drawing of Grouseland, the mansion of William Henry Harrison. The mansion is today a National Historic Landmark. From 1826 to 1837, Lesueur was based in New Harmony, Indiana, where he filled sketchbooks full of the finds discovered during the utopian adventure funded by his friend and former employer, American geologist William Maclure. He arrived in the boat Philanthropist (which he also sketched) with other intellectuals who came to live in the small town of New Harmony, on the Wabash River. He took research trips (including series of six flat-boat trips to New Orleans) and sketched people, small towns, and scenes continuously.He was in New Harmony when Prince Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuweid, Germany, and artist Karl Bodmer came to spend five months there in 1832–1833. Prince Maximilian said of Lesueur, "He had explored the country in many directions, was acquainted with everything remarkable, collected and prepared all interesting objects, and had already sent considerable collections to France." Indeed, Lesueur sent specimens of unique fish, animals, and fossils, as well as artifacts he had dug from the Indian Mounds in New Harmony, back to France, where they remain. Lesueur returned to France in 1837, only after his friends Thomas Say and Joseph Barabino had died and William MacClure had returned to Philadelphia, accompanied by many of his fine books. He had spent 21 years in the United States, but continued his scholarly studies and activities in France, where he resumed his occupation of artist-naturalist and began to catalogue his extensive research and artwork. At last, he was awarded the honor of Chevalier de l’Ordre Royal de la Légion d'honneur for his long years of work in the sciences. In March 1846, Lesueur was appointed curator of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre.Nine months later, he died suddenly (12 December 1846) and was buried at Le Havre. In the 1900s, his work was finally published by the museum, totaling over 60 books, including reports of his zoological, geological, historical, and archaeological research, as well as studies of his life. Pictured here is the oil portrait by <mask> Peale of Lesueur. The original hangs in the reading room of the Ewell Sale Stewart Library in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Gallery

Eponyms
One species of frog, two species of lizards, and a species of jellyfish were named in honour of Lesueur (the last also honoring François Péron, also of the Baudin expedition):

Litoria lesueurii  – Lesueur's frog (Hylidae)
Amalosia lesueurii  – Lesueur's velvet gecko (Diplodactylidae)
Intellagama lesueurii  – eastern water dragon (Agamidae)
Phyllorhiza peronlesuerui  – a jellyfish (Mastigiidae)

Published works

 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of six new Species of the genus Firola, observed by Messrs.Le Sueur and Péron in the Mediterranean Sea, in the months of March and April, 1809. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 3–8. Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Characters of a new genus, and descriptions of three new species upon which it is formed; discovered in the Atlantic ocean, in the months of March and April, 1816. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(3), 37–41. (Read April 15, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. Descriptions of three new species of the genus Raja. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(3), 41–43. (Read July 1, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of two new species of the genus Gadus. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 83–85.(Read August 26, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of a new species of the genus Cyprinus. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 85–86. (Read August 19, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. An account of an American species of Tortoise, not noticed in the systems.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 86–88. (Read September 23, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. A new genus of Fishes, of the order Abdominales, proposed, under the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this genus, with those of its species, indicated. Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 88–96. (Read September 16, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. A new genus of Fishes, of the order Abdominales, proposed, under the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this genus, with those of its species, indicated. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 102–111. (Read September 16, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of four new species, and two varieties, of the genus Hydrargira.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 125–134. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Observations on several species of the genus Actinia; illustrated by figures. Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 149–154. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. Observations on several species of the genus Actinia; illustrated by figures. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 169–189. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Descriptions of several new species of North American fishes.Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 222–235. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Observations on a new genus of fossil shells. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 310–313. (Read June 30, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1818. Descriptions of several new species of North American fishes. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 359–365. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Description of several new species of the genus Esox, of North America.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 413–417. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1823. Descriptions of several new species of Ascidia. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 3, 2–8. (Read March 25, 1822)

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by <mask> Lesueur
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

Further reading
 Josephine Mirabella Elliott and Jane Thompson Johansen, <mask> Lesueur: Premier Naturalist and Artist, New Harmony, Indiana, 1999. Claus Nissen: Die zoologische Buchillustration.Ihre Bibliographie und Geschichte. Vol. I: Bibliographie. Anton Hiersemann, Verlag 1969. Page 252. R. W. G. Vail, The American Sketchbooks of <mask> Lesueur, 1816–1837, American Antiquarian Society, 1938. Waldo G. Leland, The Lesueur Collection of American Sketches in the Museum of Natural History at Havre, Seine-Inferieure, Journal of American History 10(1): 53–64, June 1923.Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1888689. Cédric Crémière et Gabrielle Baglione, Lesueur, Peintre voyageur, Un trésor oublié, coll. Très Grande Bibliothèque Thalassa, Éditions de Conti, Paris, 2009 ()
 Muséum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre, Lesueur, peintre voyageur http://www.museum-lehavre.fr/fr/collections/ca-lesueur/lesueur-peintre-voyageur
 John R. Dolan, <mask> Lesueur in Philadelphia: His remarkable contributions to natural history and scientific illustration. Arts and Scoences Vol 4 n3 (2020) http://www.openscience.fr/IMG/pdf/iste_artsci20v4n3_6.pdf

External links

 <mask> Lesueur (1778–1846) naturalist, artist
 Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Le Havre (Lesueur, peintre voyageur)
 Fishes Described and Drawn by C. A. Lesueur
 Graptemys geographica Lesueur (Map turtle, first described by Lesueur)
 Maclurites magnus Lesueur
 Alex the explorer, the hero of a new graphic novel
 Baudin's voyage – State Library (South Australia)
 Historic New Harmony (Indiana)
 L'expédition Baudin en Australie – Université de La Rochelle
 Charles A Lesueur Papers – Purdue University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections (Indiana, USA). Works of art on paper, including pencil, pastel, charcoal and watercolor sketches by artist and naturalist <mask> Lesueur, Virginia Dupalais, and Lucy Sistare [Say]. 1778 births
1846 deaths
People from Le Havre
French naturalists
Shark Bay
People from New Harmony, Indiana
Teuthologists

masks:
Charles Alexandre Lesueur
Lesueur
Charles Willson
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre


title: Lee Gi-kwang

texts:
<mask> (; born March 30, 1990), known professionally as Gikwang or Kikwang, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He originally debuted as solo singer with the stage name AJ (Ace Junior), releasing his first mini album First Episode: A New Hero on April 4, 2009. In October 2009, he debuted as the main dancer, visual and a lead vocalist of boy group BEAST, which was renamed Highlight in February 2017. He began his acting career with a supporting role in the popular television sitcom High Kick Through the Roof (2009–10) and had supporting roles in dramas My Princess (2011), Me Too, Flower! (2011), Mrs. Cop (2015), Monster (2016), Circle (2017), and Lovely Horribly (2018),  He also became an MC for various shows such as Hot Brothers and Inkigayo. Early life and career
<mask> was born on March 30, 1990 in Naju, South Korea. Gi-kwang found interest in hip hop and had particular liking to many classic hip hop acts.At first he was backed by his family to pursue a musical career but eventually he passed an audition and became a trainee. He was trained under JYP Entertainment for four years before being eliminated. He was asked by the former president of Cube Entertainment to join the agency without auditioning, making him the company's first trainee. He was known as the solo singer AJ or Ace Junior when he debuted and released a mini-album First Episode: A New Hero on April 4, 2009. He made his debut on April 2, 2009 on Mnet M!Countdown, and dubbed by Korean media as the next Rain. However he met controversies when his name created dispute among netizens for having a similar name with Paran's AJ (who later became a U-KISS member). He now goes with his original name when he re-debuted with Beast.On June 17, 2009, AJ opened for Lady Gaga's Korean showcase. Fellow Beast members Yoon Doo-joon, Yong Jun-hyung, Jang Hyun-seung and Yang Yo-seob participated as backup dancers for AJ before debuting in Beast. AJ also featured in reality show, Diary of AJ, which was hosted by MTV. The show ran on two episodes on May 9, 2009 with a total of two episodes showcasing his journey on his debut as AJ. Career

2009–2016: Debut with Beast and solo activities
Six months after debuting as soloist, Gi-kwang was chosen to debut as member of Beast, originally known as B2ST, an acronym for "Boys 2 Search the Top". However, their name was changed to BEAST (acronym for "Boys of East Asia Standing Tall"). The group debuted in October 2009.Gi-kwang made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom High Kick Through the Roof, which aired in 2009 and 2010. In 2010, Gi-kwang featured in K.Will's music video for the song, "Present". He was also selected as the MC for MBC's Sunday Sunday Night segment Hot Brothers and the KBS talk show Win Win. In May, Gi-kwang was chosen as the model for the 'Ice Tea Tio' from DongSuh Foods. In August, Gi-kwang featured on Ahn Jinkyung's single "Love is Pathetic" from the mini album Be the Voice as a rapper. He, Yoon Doojoon and IU appeared as special hosts on Music Core on August 21, 2010. On December 29, Gi-kwang was awarded with Popularity Award from the 2010 MBC Entertainment Awards.Gi-kwang, together with IU, were selected to be new MCs of Inkigayo in replacement of CNBlue's Jung Yonghwa from March 20, 2011. The two were paired with the existing MCs, 2AM's Jo Kwon, and f(x)'s Sulli. He was also chosen as the leading man in A Pink's music video, "I Don't Know" Sunny Hill's music video for "Midnight Circus". In July, Gi-kwang was featured on Brave Brothers' song "Break Up" alongside Electroboyz, as a part of Brave Brother's sixth project album on July 12, 2011. Also in 2011, Gi-kwang was cast in the romantic comedy drama My Princess starring Song Seung-hun and Kim Tae-hee; and played <mask>-ah's patrol partner in the drama Me Too, Flower!. Gi-kwang won the Best New Actor award at the SBS Drama Awards for his performance in My Princess. On February 8, 2012 Gi-kwang appeared in Ailee's debut music video, "Heaven".Gi-kwang also hosted  SBS K-Pop Super Concert in America on November 10 alongside Tiffany Hwang and Jung Yong-hwa and Melon Music Awards with Infinite's Woohyun, Moon Hee-jun, and Danny Ahn. In 2013, Gi-kwang had a role as a terminally ill patient with leukemia on KBS Drama Special My Friend is Still Alive. In 2014, he starred in the mobile drama 20's (Twenty Years Old). In 2015, Gi-kwang was cast in SBS's drama Mrs. Cop as the youngest detective on the team. He next starred as the younger version of Kang Ji-hwan's character in the 2016 MBC drama Monster, and the web drama Momin's Room. 2017–present: Return to solo music career
In September 2017, Gi-kwang returned as a soloist with his first mini album One. The lead single was a future R&B single titled "What You Like".Gi-kwang reportedly participated in 6 out of 8 tracks on the album. He held his first solo concert <mask>wang Mini Live 2018 One in January 2018. Also in 2017, Gi-kwang was cast in tvN's science fiction drama Circle. In 2018, Gi-kwang was cast in KBS' horror romance drama Lovely Horribly. On April 18, 2019, Gi-kwang began his mandatory military service as a conscripted police officer. He was discharged on November 18, 2020. Discography

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Collaborations

Music videos

Songwriting credits

Filmography

Film

Television series

Television shows

Web shows

Concerts

Korean tours

 LEEGIKWANG Mini LIVE 2018 <ONE> - Blue Square I Market Hall, Seoul (January 27–28, 2018)

 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] - Blue Square I Market Hall, Seoul (March 23-24, 2019)

Japan tours

 LEEGIKWANG Mini LIVE 2018 <ONE> in Japan - Mynavi BLITZ Akasaka, Tokyo (July 22, 2018)

 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] in Japan - Toyosu PIT by Team Smile, Tokyo (13 April, 2019)

Taiwan tours
 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] in Taiwan - Taiwan TICC Hall, Taipei (30 March, 2019)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Highlight (band) members
1990 births
Cube Entertainment artists
K-pop singers
Living people
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean dance musicians
South Korean male idols

masks:
Lee Gi kwang
Lee Gi kwang
Lee Ji
Lee Gik