title: Robert K. A. Gardiner

texts:
<mask> (29 September 1914 – 13 April 1994) was a Ghanaian civil servant, university professor, and economist who served as the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa from January 1962 until October 1975, and as the Commissioner for Economic Planning of Ghana from October 1975 until May 1978. <mask> was born in 1914 in Kumasi, Gold Coast, into a family of successful merchants. After attending Adisadel College, he received his education in Sierra Leone and in the United Kingdom. Following the completion of his studies, <mask> became a professor of economics at Fourah Bay College. From 1946 until 1948 he served as an area specialist for the UN Trusteeship Council. In 1949 he was hired as the first Director of Extramural Studies at University College in Ibadan, Nigeria. Four years later he returned to the Gold Coast to serve in the higher levels of the civil service.Following the country's independence as Ghana in 1957, <mask> was appointed by Prime Minister <mask> Nkrumah to be Establishment Secretary. The two had a tenuous working relationship as Nkrumah's idealism conflicted with <mask>'s practical style of administration. Following his dismissal in 1959, <mask> accepted his nomination as Deputy Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). In 1960 civil war erupted in the newly independent Republic of the Congo and <mask> became heavily involved in UN efforts to resolve the situation, serving as a mediator between various factions and as a close adviser to UN Secretary-General U Thant on the matter. In January 1962 <mask> was appointed Executive Secretary of UNECA. In that capacity he oversaw the training of new African experts to staff the organisation and promoted economic development throughout Africa. Following his departure from the UN in 1975 <mask> returned to Ghana to serve as Commissioner for Economic Planning.He resigned in 1978, his reputation as an economist damaged by the instability of the Ghanaian government. <mask> then engaged himself in various academic capacities until his declining health forced him to retire. He died in 1994. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 29 September 1914 in Kumasi, Gold Coast, into the Fante tribe. His double middle name translated from the Fante dialect means "male twin born on Wednesday". He was one of eight children of Phillip H.D<mask> and Nancy Torraine Ferguson, both successful merchants.His father died when he was two years old, and one of his siblings died before reaching adulthood. <mask> studied at St. Syprian Anglican School in Kumasi before attending Adisadel College in Cape Coast, where in 1934 he was Head Prefect. That year he won two school prizes for essays he had written. He also attended Fourah Bay College in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and the University of Cambridge's Selwyn College, graduating from the latter in 1941. <mask> then studied at the University of London and Oxford University's New College. At the latter he worked under Margery Perham while examining constitutional development in the Gold Coast. During this time he became involved with the West African Students' Union and led its study group.In March 1942 he delivered a lecture entitled West Africa and the War before the Royal Institute of International Affairs, discussing the relevance of World War II to the African continent. That year the Royal African Society appointed <mask> to the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. He also served on the Church of England's Anglo-African committee. He proceeded to the United States to tour American colleges; by March 1943 he had visited 30 institutions. On 24 July of that year he married Linda Charlotte Edwards, a Jamaican painter. They had two daughters, Charlotte and <mask>, and a son, George. Early career

After completing his studies, <mask> secured a position as an economics professor at Fourah Bay College and helped to establish its Department of Commercial and Social Studies.In late 1946 he assisted a British delegation at an international conference on education in Paris. Later that year he was hired by Ralph Bunche to work as an area specialist for the United Nations Trusteeship Council with a focus on West Africa in the Section of Territorial Research and Analysis. Bunche also placed him on the staff of the Special Palestine Commission. He served as an area specialist until 1948. In October 1949 he was made the first Director of Extramural Studies at University College in Ibadan, Nigeria, making him the only African department head at the institution. Under his tenure, the department employed experimental methods to promote and develop its programs, and by 1952 it was determined to be a success. He resigned on 30 September 1953.<mask> subsequently joined the Gold Coast Civil Service as the Director of the Department of Social Welfare and Community, becoming the third African to be entrusted with a department in the colony. In that capacity he sought to establish more vocational schools throughout the country. The following year he was made Chairman of the Kumasi College of Technology Council. In 1955 he was made Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Housing. Following the Gold Coast's independence as Ghana in 1957, Prime Minister <mask> Nkrumah appointed <mask> Establishment Secretary, making him the head of the Ghana Civil Service. During <mask>'s tenure the two frequently clashed. According to observers, the disagreements between them stemmed from their differing personalities; <mask> was pragmatic, while Nkrumah was idealistic.<mask> was often sought by lower level civil servants to shield them from political pressure. He worked to balance demands for Africanisation with professional competence in the bureaucracy. In his capacity as Establishment Secretary, he drafted a protocol that allowed Ghana to manage its own assets housed in British West African organisations until the relevant neighboring colonies could achieve independence. Nevertheless, Nkrumah withdrew Ghana's capital from the groups with the stated purpose of ensuring complete monetary independence from the United Kingdom. In 1958 <mask> was serving as the Prime Minister's chief of staff. Nkrumah considered dispatching him as high commissioner to Pretoria, South Africa, but the idea was ultimately discarded, in part due to the difficulties in finding <mask>'s children the means to earn an education in the region. Late in his tenure he dismissed his sister from her nursing position for an unexcused extended leave of absence, straining his family ties.He later said, "I had no choice. Her action was clearly contrary to the regulations." In 1959 <mask> was dismissed by Nkrumah for unknown reasons. In May he accepted a nomination to the post of Deputy Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). By taking the job his political position in Ghana was made neutral, but his overall reputation in the African continent was diminished, as others saw his UN role as an external imposition. Several African states that had close ties with Nkrumah were also unenthusiastic about his discontent with the Prime Minister. <mask> moved to UNECA's headquarters in Addis Ababa on 17 May, but following the outbreak of civil war in the newly independent Republic of the Congo he was appointed consultant in public administration to the chief of the civilian mission of the UN Operation in the Congo (known under its French acronym as ONUC) in August 1960 and tasked with helping rebuild the Congolese civil service.He faced difficulty in his work because his Ghanaian nationality aroused the suspicions of Congolese President <mask>-Vubu; the Ghanaian government had offered enthusiastic support to <mask>-Vubu's rival, Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Following Lumumba's dismissal in September, <mask> asked to be replaced. In November he resumed his work at UNECA. In March 1961 he returned to the Congo at the behest of UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld to lead a Secretariat mission in negotiating a deal concerning the reorganisation of the Congolese Army. On 26 July <mask> was appointed Director of the Public Administration Division at the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, making him the highest ranking African in the UN's staff. While he worked in New York, he also acted as the foremost Congo adviser to Hammarskjöld's successor, U Thant. He played a key role in mediating the negotiations that resulted in the reconvening of the Congolese Parliament and a ceasefire between UN peacekeepers and the armed forces of the secessionist State of Katanga.On 26 January 1962 <mask> was appointed Officer-in-Charge of ONUC and tasked with managing approximately 400 UN civilian staff. He flew into the Congo on 10 February to assume control of the mission and subsequently garnered significant worldwide media attention in the role. The situation in the Congo deescalated in January 1963 and on 1 May he ended his service. Executive Secretary of UNECA

At the same time as his appointment to ONUC <mask> was named Executive Secretary of UNECA, but while he was in the Congo he did not assume any of the responsibilities of the post. Upon his return to Addis Ababa, he worked to guard the organisation from controversies and operate it in a non-partisan manner, circumventing African national and continental political disputes and avoiding the causing of offense to governments. Mindful of the criticism of his predecessor, Mekki <mask>, for being too passive, <mask> promised that under his management UNECA would take an active role in economic planning and development projects. During his 12 year-tenure in the post, he advocated for the Africanisation of UNECA's staff and the methods it utilised.As he had few resources, his first objectives upon entering office was to improve the commission's data gathering abilities and to acquire qualified personnel. The latter goal was furthered by his establishment of three training paths for African personnel: fellowship awards, seminars and workshops, and education at institutions. The program proved highly successful and by 1968 a total of 1,600 professionals had been trained. As a result, many countries were able to Africanise their statistical and demographic services. He also used the commission to promote smaller regional and subregional economic, research, training, and banking organisations. Following the foundation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, <mask> appealed to the community for cooperation with UNECA in furthering economic growth. Nevertheless, <mask>'s conservative approach and modest outlook for African development ran contrary to the socialist-leaning idealism of the OAU leadership, and the resulting rivalry between UNECA and OAU undermined inter-organisational coordination and the technical capability of the latter for years.In April–May 1967 <mask> attended the Accra Conference that resulted in the eventual foundation of the Economic Community of West African States. He presented the Articles of Association to the conference for signature and advised that the smaller West African states should attempt to integrate sections of their markets to open themselves up to a wider array of economic activities. <mask> strongly endorsed the construction of a Lagos–Mombasa Highway, and on 1 July 1971 he established the Trans-African Highway Bureau to oversee the development of a continental road network. He also played a key role in convincing states to sign the African Economic Charter in 1973. Partly due to his efforts to promote regional economic organisations, Ghana mollified its resistance towards West African integration in the 1970s. After being approached by the British Broadcasting Corporation, <mask> agreed to become the first African to deliver the Reith Lectures. Entitled A World of Peoples, his six broadcasts in 1965 discussed race relations.The following year he published a book under the same name. He also delivered the Gilbert Murray Memorial Lectures in 1969, the J. B. Danquah Memorial Lectures in 1970, and the Aggrey-Fraser-Guggisberg Memorial Lectures in 1972. In 1969 Ghanaian Prime Minister <mask> <mask> Busia offered him the office of Secretary of the Presidential Commission and Council of State. <mask> subsequently wrote a letter of resignation to Thant and made preparations to return to Accra. Meanwhile, members of Busia's cabinet led by Foreign Minister Victor Owusu insisted that <mask> not be given the post, objecting to Busia's ostensible intentions to "groom" him to be the next President of Ghana. Busia relented and sent a letter to Thant expressing his government's wish that <mask> remain at the UN.When <mask> was informed of the decision he was deeply embarrassed and kept his post. In 1972 he was dispatched to Uganda where he attempted in vain to convince President Idi <mask> to halt the expulsion of Asian minorities from the country. While at UNECA he served as a mentor to fellow Ghanaian and future UN Secretary-General <mask> <mask>. Concurrent academic and advisory activities
Following the unanimous approval of the governments of the Commonwealth of Nations, <mask> was appointed Chairman of the Commonwealth Foundation, serving from 1970 until 1973. He was a visiting professor of economics at the University of Strathclyde from 1970 until 1975. He was also a visiting professor of economics and senior consultant to the newly established Centre for Development Studies at the University of Cape Coast from 1974 until 1977 and the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Post and Telecommunications Corporation. Later he was a fellow of Selwyn College, the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration.Between 1970 and 1975 <mask> was variously a member of the Advisory Committee of the Council on World Tensions, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Ghana, the Third World Foundation, and the UN Development Planning Committee. <mask> also served as trustee or board member for the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, and the Third World Prize Selection Committee, and sponsored Minority Rights Group International. Return to Ghana
In October 1975 <mask> left UNECA and returned to Ghana. On 14 October he was appointed Commissioner for Economic Planning for the Supreme Military Council. Two years later the government dispatched him to Nairobi in an attempt to improve relations between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda and salvage the financially troubled East African Railways and Harbours Corporation. He also personally involved himself in anti-corruption efforts in the port of Takoradi. He resigned in May 1978, citing concern for his health.According to Africa Confidential, there were rumours that <mask> had resigned in an attempt to distance himself from Ignatius <mask> <mask>'s economically unstable regime. His reputation as an economist was nevertheless tarnished. Afterwards he served a term as the Chairman of the Council of the University of Science and Technology (successor to the Kumasi College of Technology) and edited the African Development Bank's 20th anniversary book, African Development Bank : 1964–1984, until his declining health forced him into retirement. <mask> died early in the morning on 13 April 1994 in Accra, Ghana, survived by his wife and children. Beliefs and personality

In comparison to his Ghanaian contemporaries, <mask> was a conservative. He believed that political and economic issues of transformation could be separated and strongly supported a capitalist model of development. He thought increased productivity and higher wages would boost Ghana's economy, and believed that the persistence of a trade deficit would contribute to inflation and national financial difficulties.He expressed that improved transport and communication systems and rural education and health services as well as land redistribution, participation in global trade, and expanded job opportunity would contribute to development in Africa. <mask> also thought that African aid models were too reliant on foreign assistance and that such assistance should only be used to augment local development efforts. He advocated for the normalisation of relations between African states and the white minority government of South Africa, believing the former could benefit from the economic strength of the latter. Evaluations of <mask> generally perceive him to be politically moderate and primarily an international civil servant, rather than a political figure. His successor at the UNECA Secretariat, <mask> <mask>, felt he lacked a creative outlook, saying of him, "<mask> was a conservative economist who didn't see anything wrong with the extant development paradigm." <mask> was quiet and reserved in nature. His two favorite sayings were "complacency breeds arrogance" and "one's job can never be finished".He enjoyed walking, golfing, reading, and listening to music. Honours

<mask> was awarded nine honorary degrees from universities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Ghana over the course of his life. Donald Robinson included him in his 1970 book, The 100 Most Important People in the World Today. At the opening session of the International Conference for the Study of the Problem of Developing Countries in 1975 he was awarded a gold medal by Italian President Giovanni Leone in recognition for his contributions to Africa. In March 1978 <mask> was inducted into the Order of the Volta with companion insignia for his service as Commissioner for Economic Planning. A collection of essays published in 1990 was dedicated to him. In 2000 <mask> stated that <mask> was one of "[Ghana's] great figures of the past".Notes

Citations

References

People of the Congo Crisis
1914 births
1994 deaths
People from Kumasi
Fante people
Ghanaian officials of the United Nations
Ghanaian economists
Government ministers of Ghana
Fourah Bay College alumni
University of Ibadan faculty
Recipients of the Order of the Volta
Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences

masks:
Robert Kweku Atta Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Kwame
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Robert Kweku
Atta
Gardiner
. Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Roberta
Gardiner
Gardiner
Kwame
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Joseph Kasa
Kasa
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Abbas
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Kofi
Abrefa
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Amin
Kofi
Annan
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Kutu
Acheampong
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Adebayo
Adedeji
Robert Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Annan
Gardiner


title: Mark Whipple

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1957) is an American football coach who is currently the offensive coordinator at the University of Nebraska. Previously he served as offensive coordinator at the University of Pittsburgh until 2021. <mask> was the head football coach at University of New Haven from 1988 to 1993, Brown University from 1994 to 1997, and stints as the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass), from 1998 to 2003 and 2014 to 2018. His 1998 UMass team won the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship. He was the quarterbacks coach for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) in 2011 and 2012. Before joining the Browns in January 2011, <mask> worked for two seasons as the offensive coordinator at the University of Miami. He previously coached in the NFL, working as a quarterback coach with the Pittsburgh Steelers from 2004 to 2006 and as an offensive assistant coach with the Philadelphia Eagles in 2007 and 2008.On January 14, 2014, <mask> returned to UMass as head coach. Early life and playing career
<mask> was born in Tarrytown, New York before moving to Phoenix, Arizona at the age of nine. He is a graduate of Camelback High School, where he was an All-State performer in both football and baseball. <mask> was named the Arizona Scholar-Athlete of the Year in 1975. <mask> went on to play football at Brown University, where he was a 1979 graduate with a bachelor's degree in political science. <mask> was the starting quarterback for the Bears in 1977 and 1978, leading Brown to a 13–5 record and a pair of second-place Ivy League finishes. He was a member of the Bears' 1976 Ivy League championship team, the first Ivy football championship in school history.During his three-year varsity career, he completed 175 of 340 passes for 2,365 yards and 13 touchdowns, while running for 518 yards and 10 touchdowns. A two-time honorable mention All-Ivy pick in football, <mask> also earned four varsity letters on the baseball diamond as Brown's starting shortstop. He was inducted into the Brown Athletic Hall of Fame in 1996. Coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career as an assistant coach at St. Lawrence University in 1980, before serving as the offensive coordinator at Union College for next two seasons. In 1984, <mask> was hired as an assistant coach at his alma mater (Brown) where he worked with the wide receivers. The following season, <mask> spent as a member of the coaching staff for the United States Football League's Arizona Wranglers under George Allen, assisting with the quarterbacks. <mask> served as the offensive coordinator at the University of New Hampshire for two years before receiving his first head coaching opportunity, as the new head coach of the University of New Haven Chargers in 1988.While at New Haven, his 1992 squad finished 12–1 and ranked No. 5 nationally. The team led all NCAA divisions in scoring offense (50.5 points per game) and total offense (587.7 yards per game). His 1993 New Haven team was named Sports Illustrated's "Best Offense in College Football" while averaging 52.5 points and 557.6 yards of total offense per game. His 1993 squad ranked as high as No. 2 nationally. In 1994, he was hired by his alma mater to serve as head football coach at Brown University, where he spent the next four seasons.While at Brown, his 1997 squad set Ivy League and school records for total offense (474.3 yards per game) which included a single-game record of 629 yards against Yale. His 1995 team set several single-season records including most points (282), total offense (4,165 yards), passing offense (2,502 yards) and first downs (227). In his first stint as coach of UMass from 1998 to 2003, he won the NCAA Division I-AA national title in his first season at the school. His UMass teams rewrote the record books, setting more than 40 team records. In 1998 his national championship team posted school records in points scored (524), touchdowns (73), total yards (7,074), passing yards (4,050), completions (306), and first downs (354). <mask> left college football for a position as an assistant coach with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL in 2004 where he was instrumental in the development of Ben Roethlisberger, who in his rookie season became the first NFL quarterback to finish a season undefeated with a 13–0 record in games he started. Roethlisberger later became the youngest starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl.On January 25, 2007, <mask> was let go by new Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin and replaced with Ken Anderson. The next day, <mask> was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles. On January 7, 2009, <mask> was named the offensive coordinator at Miami. <mask> was fired along with head coach Randy Shannon, following the end of the season loss to South Florida on November 27, 2010. After coach Tom O'Brien left Boston College to coach North Carolina State, it was reported that <mask> was the leading candidate to replace him. That job eventually went to Jeff Jagodzinski. He was reported to be the leading candidate for the Connecticut Huskies head football coach, an opening created when Randy Edsall left to replace Ralph Friedgen as the head coach at the University of Maryland, College Park following the 2010 season.However, Connecticut hired Paul Pasqualoni on January 13, 2011. <mask> signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns on January 30, 2011 to be their quarterback coach. He was fired along with the rest of the Browns coach staff at the end of the 2012 season. Head coaching record

References

External links
 Nebraska profile

1957 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Brown Bears football coaches
Brown Bears football players
Cleveland Browns coaches
Miami Hurricanes football coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches
New Hampshire Wildcats football coaches
New Haven Chargers football coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
St. Lawrence Saints football coaches
UMass Minutemen football coaches
Union Dutchmen football coaches
United States Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
People from Tarrytown, New York
Coaches of American football from Arizona
Players of American football from Phoenix, Arizona

masks:
Mark John Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Whipple
Mark Whipple
Whipple


title: Herbert Singleton

texts:
<mask> (1945–2007) was an American bas-relief sculptor and painter based in New Orleans, Louisiana. His work documented the tribulations of life in the Algiers neighborhood of New Orleans. Life and career
<mask> was born the eldest of eight children on May 31, 1945 to Elizabeth and <mask>. Singleton recalled that one day when he was ten years old, his father left the house to buy a pack of cigarettes and never returned. His mother supported the family on her single income working at a hospital. He attended school until the seventh grade, although other accounts claim the sixth grade. He worked most of his youth in a steel factory and as a bridge painter. He was arrested as a young adult for various narcotic crimes and spent thirteen years in the Louisiana State Penitentiary between 1967 and 1986.After his release, he began making little clay snake sculptures for the Voodoo Museum in New Orleans in 1970. Distraught by the fragility of unfired clay, <mask> switched his medium to wood and began carving long ax handles into walking sticks, primarily used as weapons. His customers were pimps, drug dealers, and horse-and-carriage drivers in the French Quarter. In fact, one carriage driver notoriously killed a robber during a mugging with one of Singleton's sticks, and thus they became known as "Killer Sticks." His later work was carved on doors and other solid woods found on the banks of the Mississippi River. It is estimated that <mask> completed over 200 works, although his earliest creations cannot be counted accurately. He lived the rest of his life in Algiers, a New Orleans' neighborhood on the western bank of the Mississippi River.He died at the age of 62. Subject and materials
Singleton used manual tools such as knives, chisels and mallets to carve his pieces. Most of the wood he used he collected from the levees bordering Mississippi River. He often found oak and cypress doors and cabinets to work with. Reflecting on his artistic process, Singleton said, "When the river was low, I would find a plank of wood to carve. I would look at it and wonder if someone's life fell apart." He painted his reliefs and carvings with saturated enamel primary colors.His early carvings, "killer sticks," and stools depict intricate scenes of violence, lynchings, drugs, dealing, prostitution, and other every-day scenes from the inner-city of New Orleans. His stylized, dramatic narratives come from personal experience living amidst violent crime, police brutality, and financial instability. In 1980 his sister and two friends were murdered by three white police officers searching for an African American person who shot another white officer. They took Singleton in for questioning, beat, and suffocated him for twelve hours. None of the officers were charged for the murders or cruel punishment. The art historian and curator Alice Rae Yelen noted a shift in his subject matter mid-career. Once Singleton switched to doors and larger materials, He began to depict biblical scenes, local social situations, and autobiographical subjects.Broadly, <mask>'s subject matter can be categorized as either religious scenes, scenes from contemporary African American street life, or socio-political themes from local to international scope. Exhibitions
<mask> has shown work in the following exhibitions:

 Ten Southern Black Folk Artists. 1990, Icons Gallery, Houston, TX. Not by Luck: Self-Taught Artists in the American South. 1993, Hunterdon Art Center, Clinton, NJ. Black History and Artistry: Work by Self-Taught Painters and Sculptors from the Blanchard Hill Collection. 5 Feb- 3 Mar, 1993, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY.Pictured in my Mind: Contemporary American Self-Taugt Art from the collection of Dr. Kurt Gitter and Alice Rae Yellen. 1995, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL. By Any Means Necessary: Sculpture by African American Self-Taught Artists. 14 Jan- 13 Feb, 1999, Cavin-Morris Gallery, New York, NY. Let it ShineL Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection. 23 Jun- 2 Sep, 2001, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA.
 Singular Visions: Folk Art from Charlottesville Collections. 5 Oct- 2 Dec. 2001, University of Virginia Art Museum, Charlottesville, VA.
 Street Savvy: New and Recent Works.2002, Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning, Jamaica, NY. Goin' Cross my Mind: Contemporary Self-Taught Artists of Louisiana. 2002, Madame John's Legacy, New Orleans, LA. The Louisiana Purchase Dis-Mantled. Apr-May 2003, Barrister's Gallery, New Orleans, LA. Tony Green does Mardi Gras. Feb 2004, John Stinson Fine Arts, New Orleans, LA.Coming Home: Self-Taught Artists, the Bible, and the American South. 19 Jun- 13 Nov 2004, Art Museum of University of Memphis, Memphis, TN. The Souls of Black Folk: Selections of African American Folk Art from the Museum's Permanent Collection. 28 Nov. 2004- ongoing, Museum of African American Life and Culture, Dallas, TX. The Dream Lives On: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle for Justice. Jan- Feb 2005, Robert Cargo Folk Art Gallery, Paoli, PA.
 Amazing Grace: Self-taught Artists from the Mullis Foundation. 29 Sep 2007- 6 Jan, 2008, Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA.
 Crossroads: Spirituality in American Folk Traditions.17 Nov, 2007- 24 Feb, 2008, Owensboro Museum of Fine Art, Owensboro, KY.
 Houston Collects: African American Art. 3 Aug- 26 Oct, 2008, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX. Go Tell It On the Mountain. 4 Oct 2012- 8 Jun 2013, California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA. Souls Stirring: African American Self-Taught Artists from the South. 3 Oct. 2013- 8 Jun. 2014, California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA.Prospect.3 Notes for Now. 25 Oct 2014- 25 Jan, 2015, Multi-venue, New Orleans, LA. Collections
The following museums have works by <mask> in their permanent collections:

 Smithsonian American Art Museum
Minneapolis Institute of Art
High Museum of Art
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Ogden Museum of Southern Art
Pérez Art Museum Miami
Contemporary Art Center
Birmingham Museum of Art
Museum of African American Life and Culture

References

1945 births
2007 deaths
African-American sculptors
20th-century American painters
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
American male sculptors
American male painters
Painters from Louisiana
Artists from New Orleans
Sculptors from Louisiana
20th-century African-American painters
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Herbert Singleton
Herbert Singleton
Herbert Singleton Sr
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton


title: Henry Austin (architect)

texts:
<mask> (December 4, 1804 – December 17, 1891) was a prominent and prolific American architect based in New Haven, Connecticut. He practiced for more than fifty years and designed many public buildings and homes primarily in the New Haven area. His most significant years of production seem to be the 1840s and 1850s. Life and practice
The paucity of precise information concerned with <mask> and a lack of many personal papers (such as diaries or letters) makes a complete biography of his life difficult to write. <mask> was born in Hamden, Connecticut in 1804 and was the son of Daniel and Adah (Dorman) <mask>. He first seems to have worked as a carpenter's apprentice and then began his career in architecture in association with Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, although the nature of his relationship to Town and Davis has not been ascertained. In 1837, he opened his own office in Hartford, evidenced by newspaper advertisements.In Hartford, he designed the tower of Christ Church Cathedral (1838), the Wadsworth Athenaeum with Town and Davis (1842, his involvement is uncertain), the demolished gothic-revival Kellogg house (1841), and the long-gone 1842 building for St. John's Episcopal Church (Hartford, Connecticut); he also became associated at this time with Nelson Hotchkiss a New Haven real estate developer and designed with him villas along "Park Row" in Trenton, NJ, probably his first major commission. In 1841, he moved his practice to New Haven where his first significant commission was the now-demolished, Greek Revival George Gabriel House (1841). In New Haven, <mask>'s style diversified; in one ad, <mask> claimed he could design buildings "in every variety of architectural style". He worked in a range of styles popular in the nineteenth century including Gothic, Italianate, Egyptian and Moorish Revival. In some buildings, he employed an eclectic mix of styles, creating varied, exotic formi. His New Haven work left a lasting impression on the domestic architecture of the then-developing real estate projects in the areas of Wooster Square and Hillhouse Avenue. In Wooster Square he designed the Italianate James E. English House (1845), the exotic Indian/Moorish Willis Bristol House (1845), the Nelson Hotchkiss House (1850), and the irregular Italianate villa Oliver B.King House (1852). On Hillhouse Avenue he worked on the James Dwight Dana House (1848) and the John Pitkin Norton House (1849), as well as remodeled the Greek Revival Ithiel Town House of 1836 for Joseph E. Sheffield in 1859 (demolished), encasing Town's structure in an exuberant Italianate shell. In New Haven, <mask> made the so-called candelabra column (a column inspired by Indian architecture consisting of superimposed vegetal layers) his signature, as well as elaborate Indian/Moorish lambrequins over windows, and thick vegetal anthemia and tendrils over window surrounds. Other significant works in New Haven include the Grove Street Cemetery Gate in Egyptian Revival (1848–49), Dwight Hall at Yale (1842–1845), the Townsend City Savings Bank (demolished, 1852), the Palladium Building (formerly Young Men's Institute, 1855) and the strange Moorish New Haven Railroad Station (demolished, 1848). His most significant non-residential commission in New Haven was the City Hall (1860), a polychrome, asymmetrical, Gothic Revial structure, which, although significantly altered in the 1980s, still maintains <mask>'s facade and some interior decorative features. <mask> also worked in other regions and states. In Connecticut, he designed churches in Gothic revival and Italianate styles in Northford (Congregational 1845), Waterbury (St. John's Episcopal Church, 1846), Kent (First Congregational 1849), Plainville (Congregational 1850), and Seymour (Trinity Episcopal, 1858).Perhaps his most significant out-of-state commission was the Morse-Libby House (Victoria Mansion) in Portland, ME, 1857–1860, for Sylvester Ruggles Morse. This large, elaborate Italianate mansion in brownstone is considered one of <mask>'s best works and has been called "one of the culminating domestic designs of the antebellum years, and of the Italianate villa in general." One of his last major commissions was for the gothic, brownstone library (Rich Hall, 1866–68), now Patricelli '92 Theater, at Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT.

After the 1860s, <mask>'s style changed with the times, incorporating structures in the Second Empire and Stick styles. In 1868, he constructed two Second Empire houses on Prospect Street in New Haven for Oliver Winchester and John M. Davies. The Winchester House has been demolished, but the Davies house remains, having been restored by Yale and renamed the Betts House. <mask>'s son, Fred, joined his father's practice in later years, but the firm did not survive long after <mask>'s death. Throughout his later years, <mask> maintained control of his firm and was famous as he aged for wearing a dark brown wig.He was the chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Public Buildings in New Haven at the time of his death; he also served on the New Haven city council in 1854 and belonged to the Masons for fifty years. For an image of the only photograph that was taken of <mask>:   In recent years, curiosity has been raised about <mask>'s professional relationship to his New Haven contemporary, Sidney Mason Stone, but, other than minor references to civic duties they shared, there seems to be little documentation available to fuel such an inquiry. <mask> was married twice, first to Harriet M. Hooker, then to Jane Hempstead, and had four children who survived into adulthood, Willard, <mask>, David, and Fred. He died in 1891 in New Haven and is interred in Grove Street Cemetery, whose famous gates he designed. Selected works
* indicates demolished or significantly altered buildings

References

External links
 Yale University Library Digital Collections. <mask>. <mask> papers (MS 1034).Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1804 births
1891 deaths
Architects from Connecticut
Architects from Hartford, Connecticut
Architects from New Haven, Connecticut
Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
19th-century American architects

masks:
Henry Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Austin
Henry
Henry Austin
Henry Austin


title: Peter Quilter

texts:
<mask> is a West End and Broadway playwright whose plays have been translated into 30 languages and performed in over 40 countries. He is best known for his Broadway play End of the Rainbow, which was adapted for the Oscar-winning film Judy (2019), starring Renée Zellweger. He is also author of the West End comedy "Glorious!" about the amateur opera singer Florence Foster Jenkins. <mask> has twice been nominated for the Olivier Award (Best New Comedy and Best New Play) and his Broadway debut was nominated for 3 Tony Awards. Early life
<mask> was born in Colchester, England and is an honours graduate of Leeds University. He began his writing career from his home in Greenwich, London where he lived for 14 years before emigrating to the Spanish Canary Islands.Early career
He started his career as a television presenter on BBC TV. He was a presenter of the Children's BBC programme "Playdays" and also appeared as an actor on a number of TV series including "London's Burning". His first play was an all-female comedy Respecting Your Piers and he followed this with The Canterville Ghost a musical adaptation of Oscar Wilde's The Canterville Ghost which played a number one tour of the UK starring Ron Moody. International success
In 1999, Quilter made his West End debut with a comedy about the pop industry, “BoyBand”. The show played a summer season at the Gielgud Theatre and later enjoyed success in South Africa, Denmark, Estonia, Poland, and on a 60-venue tour of the Netherlands. It is currently playing at the Divadlo Nova Scena in Bratislava and recently had its Asian premiere in Tokyo Japan. In 2005, Quilter had a bigger international hit with End of the Rainbow, a musical drama about the final months in the life of Judy Garland.It premiered at the Sydney Opera House in Australia (winning Caroline O'Connor two Best Actress awards), and also had an award-winning run at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival. The following year, Joop van den Ende presented a new Dutch production, which played a seven-month tour of the Netherlands culminating in performances at the Royal Theatre Carré in Amsterdam. The show then enjoyed runs in the Czech Republic, Finland, Poland and New Zealand. A new UK production opened in February 2010 at the Royal Theatre in Northampton, directed by Terry Johnson, designed by William Dudley and starring Tracie Bennett. The show transferred to London's West End on 16 November, playing at the Trafalgar Theatre. The show opened to great critical acclaim and was featured on the front cover of The Times newspaper. The play ended its six-month run in May 2011.The show received nominations for 4 Laurence Olivier Awards – Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, Best Sound and Best New Play. A new Spanish production opened at the Teatro Marqina in Madrid in January 2011, followed by a German production at the Hamburger Kammerspiele in June 2011 and a Brazilian production in Rio de Janeiro directed by Moeller-Botelho. In January 2012, the show had its USA debut at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, prior to a run on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre, which began previews on 19 March. The production opened to excellent reviews, ran for 176 performances and received three Tony Award nominations including Best Actress for Bennett. The show continues to be produced frequently around the world and has had successful runs in Buenos Aires, Chicago, Montreal, Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, Krakow, Berlin, Adelaide, Tel Aviv, Rome, Prague, Moscow and Amsterdam amongst many other cities. The movie Judy is an adaptation of the play. Pathé and the BBC produced the film, released in 2019, directed by Rupert Goold, and starring Renée Zellweger and Michael Gambon.Zellweger won the Oscar for Actress in a leading role. She also won the SAG, BAFTA and Golden Globe award for her performance as Judy Garland. Quilter's other major hit Glorious! also received its debut production in 2005, opening at Birmingham Repertory Theatre and transferring in November 2005 to the Duchess Theatre in the West End of London. The production starred the much loved comedy actress Maureen Lipman, was directed by Alan Strachan and produced by impresario Michael Codron. Glorious! told the story of Florence Foster Jenkins, the worst singer in the world.It ran in London for six months and over 200 performances. The play was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award as Best New Comedy. Glorious! made its North American debut at Theatre Calgary and had its first foreign language production at the Helsinki City Theatre, under the title Suurenmoista! Glorious! has since played in over 30 countries to an estimated audience of two million people. In 2008 Quilter created a three-actor version which premiered at the Fulton Opera House, Philadelphia and also played to great success in Rio de Janeiro and Madrid.One of the most popular productions has been in Poland ("Boska") starring the legendary Krystyna Janda. The production has visited Chicago and New York, has toured to all major polish cities, and been broadcast live on national television. In recent years, new productions have opened in Bratislava, Caracas, Vienna, Kiev, Belgrade, Riga, Johannesburg, Budapest and Toronto. In 2016 his 3-actor play 4000 Days opened at the Park Theatre in London starring Alistair McGowan. The play has had further productions in Hamburg, Sao Paulo, Pennsylvania and Prague. It toured throughout Germany in 2019 and again in 2022. In 2020, his comedy "The Hill" had its premiere at the Divadlo Ungelt in Prague and in 2021, his 2-actor comedy "Snowbound" had its premiere productions on national tours of Russia and Italy.His new all-female show "Step By Step" will debut in various countries in 2022, including anticipated runs in Barcelona and Madrid. Other works
His other work includes –

The Morning After a modern comedy about love, sex and relationships. The Actress a theatrical comedy which had its world premiere in Rio de Janeiro in May 2015. Saving Jason a new black comedy which had its London premiere at the Park Theatre in 2016. Duets an award-winning romantic comedy for a cast of two actors that has been performed in 20 countries. Celebrity filmed for Polish TV as Rodzinny Show and performed on stage in Sweden, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Canada. Just the Ticket a one-woman comedy, which had its world premiere at Australia's Ensemble Theatre in February 2011.Curtain Up! an all-female comedy which has played in many European countries. The Nightingales a comedy with music which Premiered at the Contra Kreiss Theater in Bonn Germany in 2012. References

  official website for playwright <mask>er
 New York Times review for End of the Rainbow on Broadway

English dramatists and playwrights
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English male dramatists and playwrights
People from Colchester
Alumni of the University of Leeds
English emigrants to Spain

masks:
Peter Quilter
Peter
Quilter
Peter Quilt


title: Anne of Kiev

texts:
<mask> of Kiev or Anna Yaroslavna (c. 1030 – 1075) was a Rus' princess who became queen of France in 1051 upon marrying King Henry I. She ruled the kingdom as regent during the minority of their son Philip I from Henry's death in 1060 until her controversial marriage to Count Ralph IV of Valois. <mask> founded the Abbey of St. Vincent at Senlis. Childhood

<mask> was a daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev and Prince of Novgorod, and his second wife <mask>tter of Sweden. Her exact birthdate is unknown; Philippe Delorme has suggested 1027, while Andrew Gregorovich has proposed 1032, citing a mention in a Kievan chronicle of the birth of a daughter to Yaroslav in that year. <mask>'s exact place in the birth order of her siblings is unknown, although she was almost certainly the youngest daughter. Little is known about <mask>'s childhood or education.It is assumed that she was literate, at least enough to write her name, because her signature in Cyrillic exists on a document from 1061. Delorme has pointed out that Yaroslav founded a number of schools in his kingdom and suggests that education was highly valued in his family, leading him to propose a significant level of education for <mask>. Gregorovich has suggested that <mask> learned French in preparation for her marriage to King Henry I of France. Engagement
The negotiations for <mask>'s marriage to the 18-years-older King Henry took place in the late 1040s, after the death of Henry's first wife, Matilda of Frisia, and their only child. Due to the pressing need for an heir, and the Church's growing disapproval of consanguineous marriages, it became necessary for Henry to seek an unrelated bride. The Kievan Rus' was not unknown to the French. Yaroslav had married several of his children to Western rulers in an attempt to avoid the influence of the Byzantine Empire.In the autumn of 1049 or the spring of 1050, Henry sent Bishop Gauthier of Meaux, Goscelin of Chauny, and other unnamed advisors to Yaroslav's court. It is possible that there were two diplomatic missions to the Rus at this time, with Roger of Chalons also present. No record of the marriage negotiations or the dowry arrangements survives, although <mask> reportedly left Kiev with "rich presents". Gregorovich claims that part of the wealth she brought to France included the jacinth jewel that Abbot Suger later mounted on a reliquary of St. Denis. <mask> left Kiev in the summer or fall of 1050 and traveled to Reims. Queenship

<mask> married Henry on 19 May 1051, during the feast of Pentecost. Henry was nearly twenty years older than <mask>.Her wedding on 19 May 1051 followed the installation of Lietbert as bishop of Cambrai, and <mask> was crowned immediately following the marriage ceremony, making her the first French queen to celebrate her coronation in Reims Cathedral. <mask> and Henry were married for nine years and had three sons: Philip, Robert (who died young), and Hugh. <mask> is often credited with introducing the Greek name "Philip" to royal families of Western Europe, as she bestowed it on her first son; she might have imported this Greek name from her Eastern Orthodox culture. There may also have been a daughter, Emma, perhaps born in 1055; it is unknown if she married or when she died. Henry and <mask> of Kiev are additionally said to have been the parents of the beatified figure Edigna. As queen, <mask> would have had the privilege of participating in the royal council, but there are almost no records of her doing so. In one 1058 charter, Henry granted a privilege to a couple of villages associated with the monastery of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés doing so "with the approval of my wife <mask> and our children Philip, Robert, and Hugh."<mask> seems to have possessed territories in the same region under the terms of her dower. In 1059, King Henry began feuding with the Church over issues related to Gregorian Reform. During this time, Pope Nicholas II sent Queen <mask> a letter counselling her to follow her conscience to right wrongs and intervene against oppressive violence, while also encouraging her to advocate with her husband so that he might govern with moderation. According to Delorme, some historians have interpreted this letter from the Pope as being indicative of <mask>'s conversion to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy. Regency
Upon Henry's death on 4 August 1060, Philip succeeded to the throne. Count Baldwin V of Flanders, the husband of Henry's sister Adela, was assigned to be Philip's guardian. <mask> may still have played an active role in government at that point; an act from 1060 shows her name following Philip's, and her name appears in four times as many charters as Baldwin's.She also hired Philip's tutor, who was known at court by a Greek title. Queen <mask>'s only existing signature dates from this period, inscribed on a document issued at Soissons for the abbot of , now held in the National Library of France. Under the symbol of the king, <mask> added a cross and eight letters in Cyrillic, probably meaning "Anna Reina". Evidence for <mask>'s role in government, however, disappears in 1061, around the time she remarried. Her second husband was Count Ralph IV of Valois. This marriage was controversial because of the couple's affinity, as Ralph was Henry's cousin, and bigamy, since Ralph was still technically married to his second wife, Haquenez. Ralph was excommunicated for these transgressions.King Philip's advisers may have encouraged him to turn away from his mother, perhaps mistrusting Ralph's influence. Ralph began referring to himself as the king's stepfather in the late 1060s. He died in 1074, leaving <mask> a widow once again. In 1062, <mask> gave a significant amount of money to restore a dilapidated chapel at Senlis, originally dedicated to St. Vincent of Saragossa, bequeathing lands and income to the new establishment so that the organization could sustain itself. She also wrote a letter explaining her reasons for dedicating the monastery. The letter betrays an adherence to Greek Orthodox theology. For instance, the term "Mary, mother of God" is used rather than the more common "Our Lady", perhaps referring to the Eastern concept of the Theotokos.Some scholars believe that <mask> did not write this letter herself. Death and aftermath

The exact date of <mask>'s death is unknown. Delorme believes that she died on 5 September—the day commemorated at Senlis—in 1075 (the year of her last signed document), while others have proposed 1080. A terminus ante quem is provided by a 1089 document of Philip I, which indicates that <mask> had died by then. In 1682, the Jesuit antiquary Claude-Francois Menestrier announced that he had discovered <mask>'s tomb at the Cistercian Abbey of Villiers. The discovery was subsequently disputed, as Villiers was not built until the thirteenth century, although it's possible <mask>'s remains had been moved there at some point following her death. Whatever monument may have been there was destroyed in the French Revolution.In the 18th and 19th centuries, increased diplomatic contact between France and Russia led to a revived antiquarian interest in <mask>, and a number of short biographies were published. In the 20th century, <mask> became a symbol of Ukrainian nationalism. On the other hand, a film was produced in the Soviet Union, "Yaroslavna, the Queen of France" (1978), which was not related with "Ukrainian nationalism" in any way. An opera called "Anna Yaroslavna", written by Antin Rudnytsky, was first performed at Carnegie Hall in 1969. In 1998, the Ukrainian government issued a postage stamp in her honor. In 2005, the Government of Ukraine sponsored the construction of a bronze statue of Queen <mask> at Senlis, which was unveiled by President Viktor Yushchenko on 22 June. Notes

References

Bibliography

 Bauthier, Robert-Henri.'<mask>moletz, Wladimir V. Anna of Kiev. An enigmatic Capetian Queen of the eleventh century. A reassessment of biographical sources. In: French History. Jg. 19, Nr.3, 2005,
 Bouyer, Christian: Dictionnaire des Reines de France. Perrin, Paris 1992, , S. 135–137. Dauxois, Jacqueline. <mask> <mask>. Reine de France. Paris: Presse de la Renaissance, 2003. .
 de Caix de Saint-Aymour, Amédée. <mask> Russie, reine de France et comtesse de Valois au XIe siècle.Paris: Honoré Champion, 1896. Hallu, Roger. <mask> <mask>, reine de France. Rome: Editiones Universitatis catholicae Ucrainorum, 1973. Lobanov-Rostovskii, Aleksandr Iakovlevich (1825). Recueil de Pièces Historiques sur la reine Anne ou Agnès, épouse de Henri Ier, Roi De France, et Fille de Iarosslaf Ier, Grand Duc de Russie. Paris: Typ.De Firmin Didot, 1825. Megan McLaughlin, Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000–1122. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Sokol, Edward D.: Anna of Rus, Queen of France. In The New Review. A Journal of East European History. Nr.13, 1973, S. 3–13. Treffer, Gerd: Die französischen Königinnen. Von Bertrada bis Marie Antoinette (8.–18. Jahrhundert). Pustet, Regensburg 1996, , S. 81–83. Ward, Emily Joan. "<mask> of Kiev (c.1024-c.1075) and a reassessment of maternal power in the minority kingship of Philip I of France," published on 8 March 2016, Institute of Historical Research, London University.Woll, Carsten. Die Königinnen des hochmittelalterlichen Frankreich 987-1237/38 (= Historische Forschungen. Band 24). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2002, , S. 109–116. External links

 Pope Nicholas II's 1059 letter to <mask>, translated at Epistolae
 Women's Biography: <mask> of Kiev

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1030 births
1075 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
House of Capet
French queens consort
11th-century women rulers
Regents of France
11th-century French people
11th-century French women
Kievan Rus' princesses
Remarried royal consorts
French people of Russian descent
French people of Ukrainian descent
People from Kyiv
Rurik dynasty
11th-century Rus' people
11th-century Rus' women
French people of Swedish descent

masks:
Anne
Anne
Anne
Ingegerd Olofsdo
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Annego
Anne de
Kiev
Anne de
Anne de
Kiev
Anne
Anne
Anne


title: Ted T. Tanouye

texts:
<mask> (November 14, 1919 – September 6, 1944) was a Japanese American soldier in the United States Army who posthumously received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Biography
<mask><mask>" <mask> was born in Torrance, California, on November 14, 1919. The eldest of six children in a Japanese American family, he graduated from Torrance High School in 1938. At the time of the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask>ye was working in the produce department of Ray's Friendly Market, a local Japanese American owned grocery store. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the incarceration of Japanese Americans in designated internment camps. <mask>'s parents and siblings were interned in the Jerome War Relocation Center near Jerome, Arkansas. After the Jerome camp was closed on June 30, 1944, the <mask> family was transferred to the Rohwer War Relocation Center near Rohwer, Arkansas.<mask>, however, was never incarcerated; having enlisted in the U.S. Army on February 20, 1942. <mask> joined the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, a unit composed almost entirely of Japanese American soldiers, in 1943 and shipped out for Europe in 1944. The 442nd was sent to Western Italy to aid the Allies' advance up the Northern Italian coast. On July 7, 1944—only his third day on the front line—<mask> was serving as a Technical Sergeant in the 442nd's Company K. During a battle on that day, near Molino a Ventoabbto, Italy, he repeatedly advanced ahead of his unit to attack opposing German forces alone, despite intense return fire. Although severely wounded by a grenade blast, he continued to fight until his platoon had succeeded in taking their objective, the crest of "Hill 140". <mask>ye refused to be evacuated until he had organized a defensive position for his unit. After recovering from his wounds, <mask> returned to the front lines where, on September 1, 1944, he was wounded by an exploding land mine near San Mauro Cilento, Italy.He died five days later on September 6, 1944. <mask> was buried in Italy. In 1948 his body was exhumed and returned to Los Angeles. A funeral service was held at the Buddhist Temple in Little Tokyo and <mask> was interred in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles, California. For his heroic actions on July 7, 1944, <mask><mask> was posthumously awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross. A 1996 review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to <mask>'s award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton.Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously. In addition to receiving the Medal of Honor, <mask> was also posthumously awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, Combat Infantryman Badge, and World War II Victory Medal. Honors
Tech. Sgt. <mask><mask>" <mask> was honored in 2002 by the city of Torrance, California, with a permanent display in the Torrance Historical Society Museum. The Torrance, California, National Guard Armory was dedicated on May 19, 2002, in <mask>'s honor. On July 7, 2004, a stone and bronze memorial to <mask> was dedicated in Triangle Park, located across the street from Torrance High School, where <mask> had graduated in 1938, in Torrance, California.Medal of Honor citation

Technical Sergeant <mask><mask>'s official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Technical Sergeant <mask><mask> distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Molino A Ventoabbto, Italy. Technical Sergeant <mask> led his platoon in an attack to capture the crest of a strategically important hill that afforded little cover. Observing an enemy machine gun crew placing its gun in position to his left front, Technical Sergeant <mask> crept forward a few yards and opened fire on the position, killing or wounding three and causing two others to disperse. Immediately, an enemy machine pistol opened fire on him. He returned the fire and killed or wounded three more enemy soldiers. While advancing forward, Technical Sergeant <mask> was subjected to grenade bursts, which severely wounded his left arm. Sighting an enemy-held trench, he raked the position with fire from his submachine gun and wounded several of the enemy.Running out of ammunition, he crawled 20 yards to obtain several clips from a comrade on his left flank. Next, sighting an enemy machine pistol that had pinned down his men, Technical Sergeant <mask> crawled forward a few yards and threw a hand grenade into the position, silencing the pistol. He then located another enemy machine gun firing down the slope of the hill, opened fire on it, and silenced that position. Drawing fire from a machine pistol nest located above him, he opened fire on it and wounded three of its occupants. Finally taking his objective, Technical Sergeant <mask> organized a defensive position on the reverse slope of the hill before accepting first aid treatment and evacuation. Technical Sergeant <mask>'s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Japanese Americans
List of Asian Americans

References

External links
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
 "<mask>" - PBS documentary on <mask>ye

1919 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Torrance, California
United States Army soldiers
American military personnel of Japanese descent
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles

masks:
Ted Takayuki Tanouye
Ted "
Tak
Tanouye
Tanou
Tanouye
Tanouye
Ted Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanou
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Ted T
. Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Ted "
Tak
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Ted T
. Tanouye
Ted T
. Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Tanouye
Citizen Tanouye
Ted Tanou


title: Qianlong Emperor

texts:
The <mask> Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799) was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 to 1796. Born Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. In 1796, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor—a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled for 61 years. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power as the Retired Emperor until his death in 1799, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, and, dying at the age of 87, one of the longest-lived. As a capable and cultured ruler inheriting a thriving empire, during his long reign, the Qing Empire reached its most splendid and prosperous era, boasting a large population and economy. As a military leader, he led military campaigns expanding the dynastic territory to the largest extent by conquering and sometimes destroying Central Asian kingdoms. This turned around in his late years: the Qing empire began to decline with corruption and wastefulness in his court and a stagnating civil society.A valet who accompanied a British diplomatic mission to the Qing court in 1793 described the emperor:
The Emperor is about five feet ten inches in height, and of a slender but elegant form; his complexion is comparatively fair, though his eyes are dark; his nose is rather aquiline, and the whole of his countenance presents a perfect regularity of feature, which, by no means, announce the great age he is said to have attained; his person is attracting, and his deportment accompanied by an affability, which, without lessening the dignity of the prince, evinces the amiable character of the man. Early years

Hongli was the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor and was born to Noble Consort Xi. Hongli was adored by both his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. Some historians argue that the main reason why the Kangxi Emperor appointed the Yongzheng Emperor as his successor was because Hongli was his favourite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very similar to his own. As a teenager, Hongli was capable in martial arts and possessed literary ability. After his father's enthronement in 1722, Hongli was made a qinwang (first-rank prince) under the title "Prince Bao of the First Rank" ().Like many of his uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his elder half-brother Hongshi, who had the support of a large faction of the officials in the imperial court, as well as Yinsi, Prince Lian. For many years, the Yongzheng Emperor did not designate any of his sons as the crown prince, but many officials speculated that he favoured Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south, and was known to be an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also appointed as the chief regent on occasions when his father was away from the capital. Accession to the throne

Hongli's accession to the throne was already foreseen before he was officially proclaimed emperor before the assembled imperial court upon the death of the Yongzheng Emperor. The young Hongli was the favourite grandson of the Kangxi Emperor and the favourite son of the Yongzheng Emperor; the Yongzheng Emperor had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to Hongli while the latter was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of military strategy. In the hope of preventing a succession struggle from occurring, the Yongzheng Emperor wrote the name of his chosen successor on a piece of paper and placed it in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqing Palace).The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the imperial family in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the emperor. When the Yongzheng Emperor died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read before the entire Qing imperial court, after which Hongli became the new emperor. Hongli adopted the era name "Qianlong", which means "Lasting Eminence". Frontier wars

The <mask> Emperor was a successful military leader. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sent armies to suppress the Miao rebellion. His later campaigns greatly expanded the territory controlled by the Qing Empire. This was made possible not only by Qing military might, but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples.Under the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the Dzungar Khanate was incorporated into the Qing Empire's rule and renamed Xinjiang, while to the west, Ili was conquered and garrisoned. The incorporation of Xinjiang into the Qing Empire resulted from the final defeat and destruction of the Dzungars (or Zunghars), a coalition of Western Mongol tribes. The Qianlong Emperor then ordered the Dzungar genocide. According to the Qing dynasty scholar Wei Yuan, 40% of the 600,000 Dzungars were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to the Russian Empire or Kazakh tribes, and 30% were killed by the Qing army, in what Michael Edmund Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has argued that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of massacre launched by the Qianlong Emperor. The Dzungar genocide has been compared to the Qing extermination of the Jinchuan Tibetan people in 1776, which also occurred during the Qianlong Emperor's reign. When victorious troops returned to Beijing, a celebratory hymn was sung in their honour.A Manchu version of the hymn was recorded by the Jesuit Amoit and sent to Paris. The Qing Empire hired Zhao Yi and Jiang Yongzhi at the Military Archives Office, in their capacity as members of the Hanlin Academy, to compile works on the Dzungar campaign, such as Strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars (Pingding Zhunge'er fanglue). Poems glorifying the Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols were written by Zhao, who wrote the Yanpu zaji in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded. The Qianlong Emperor was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi. Khalkha Mongol rebels under Prince Chingünjav had plotted with the Dzungar leader Amursana and led a rebellion against the Qing Empire around the same time as the Dzungars. The Qing army crushed the rebellion and executed Chingünjav and his entire family. Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia.After the Lhasa riot of 1750, the <mask> Emperor sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, with a Qing resident and garrison to preserve Qing presence. Further afield, military campaigns against Nepalese and Gurkhas forced the emperor into stalemate where both parties had to submit. On 23 January 1751, Tibetan rebels who participated in the Lhasa riot of 1750 against the Qing were sliced to death by Qing Manchu general Bandi, similar to what happened to Tibetan rebels on 1 November 1728 during his father, the Yongzheng emperor's reign. Six Tibetan rebel leaders plus Tibetan rebel leader Blo-bzan-bkra-sis were sliced to death. The rest of the Tibetan rebel leaders were strangled and beheaded and their heads were displayed to the Tibetan public on poles. The Qing seized the property of the rebels and exiled other Tibetan rebels. Manchu General Bandi sent a report to the Qing Qianlong emperor on 26 January 1751 on how he carried out the slicings and executions of the Tibetan rebels.The Tibetan rebels dBan-rgyas (Wang-chieh), Padma-sku-rje-c'os-a['el (Pa-t'e-ma-ku-erh-chi-ch'un-p'i-lo) and Tarqan Yasor (Ta-erh-han Ya-hsün) were sliced to death for injuring the Manchu ambans with arrows, bows and fowling pieces during the Lhasa riot when they assault the building the Manchu ambans (Labdon and Fucin) were in. Tibetan rebel Sacan Hasiha (Ch'e-ch'en-ha-shih-ha) was sliced to death for murder of multiple individuals. Tibetan rebels Ch'ui-mu-cha-t'e and Rab-brtan (A-la-pu-tan) were sliced to death for looting money and setting fire during the attack on the Ambans. Tibetan rebel Blo-bzan-bkra-sis, the mgron-gner was sliced to death for being the overall leader of the rebels who led the attack which looted money and killed the Manchu ambans. Two Tibetan rebels who had already died before the execution had their dead bodies beheaded, one died in jail, Lag-mgon-po (La-k'o-kun-pu) and the other killed himself since he was scared of the punishment, Pei-lung-sha-k'o-pa. Bandi sentenced to strangulation several rebel followers and bKra-sis-rab-brtan (Cha-shih-la-pu-tan) a messenger. He ordered the live beheadings of Man-chin Te-shih-nai and rDson-dpon dBan-rgyal (Ts'eng-pen Wang-cha-lo and P'yag-mdsod-pa Lha-skyabs (Shang-cho-t'e-pa La-cha-pu) for leading the attack on the building by being the first to go to on the staircase to the next floor and setting fire and carrying the straw to fuel the fire besides killing several men on orders from the rebel leader. In 1762 the Qianlong Emperor came close to war with the Afghan Amir Ahmad Shah Durrani because of Qing China's expansions in Central Asia.While Qing and Durrani empire troops were sent near the frontier in Central Asia, war did not break out. A year later, Durrani sent an envoy to Beijing gifting four splendid horses to Qianlong, which became the subject of a series of paintings, Four Afghan Steeds. However, the Afghan envoy failed to make a good impression to <mask> after refusing to perform the kowtow. <mask> later refused to intervene in the Durrani Empire's killing of the Sultan of Badakhshan, who was a vassal of Qing China. The Qianlong Emperor responded to the vassal Shan States's request for military aid against the attacking forces of Burma, but the Sino-Burmese War ended in complete failure. He initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the Green Standard Army based in Yunnan, which borders Burma. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their latest invasion of the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom.Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–66 and 1766–67 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military manoeuvres nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite Manchu Bannermen nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital, Ava. However, the Manchu Bannermen of northern China could not cope with "unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases", and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close-call, King Hsinbyushin redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769.The Qing forces kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. When Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790, the Qing government unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory. The Qianlong emperor ordered Manchu general Eledeng'e (also spelled E'erdeng'e (額爾登額) or possibly 額爾景額) to be sliced to death after his commander Mingrui was defeated at the Battle of Maymyo in the Sino-Burmese war in 1768 because Eledeng'i was not able to help flank Mingrui when he did not arrive at a rendezvous. The circumstances in Vietnam were not successful either. In 1787, Lê Chiêu Thống, the last ruler of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty, fled from Vietnam and formally requested to be restored to his throne in Thăng Long (present-day Hanoi). The <mask> Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the Tây Sơn (rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The capital, Thăng Long, was conquered in 1788, but a few months later the Qing army was defeated, and the invasion turned into a debacle due to the surprise attack during Tết (Vietnamese New Year) by Nguyễn Huệ, the second and most capable of the three Tây Sơn brothers.The Qing Empire no longer supported Lê Chiêu Thống, and his family were imprisoned in Vietnam. The Qing would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years. Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast Qing Empire, and unified many non-Han peoples—such as Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Evenks and Mongols. It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The Qing army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the campaign against the Jinchuan hill peoples took 2 to 3 years—at first the Qing army were mauled, though Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of Yue Fei) later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides.The Ush rebellion in 1765 by Uyghur Muslims against the Manchus occurred after Uyghur women were gang raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Sucheng. It was said that Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on [Sucheng and son's] hides and eat their flesh because of the rape of Uyghur Muslim women for months by the Manchu official Sucheng and his son. The Manchu <mask> Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. Manchu soldiers and Manchu officials regularly having sex with or raping Uyghur women caused massive hatred and anger against Manchu rule among Uyghur Muslims. The invasion by Jahangir Khoja was preceded by another Manchu official, Binjing, who raped a Muslim daughter of the Kokan aqsaqal from 1818 to 1820.

masks: Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong


title: Qianlong Emperor

texts:
 The Qing sought to cover up the rape of Uyghur women by Manchus to prevent anger against their rule from spreading among the Uyghurs. At the end of the frontier wars, the Qing army had started to weaken significantly.In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had already taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in a rapid military decline by the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. This was the main reason for the Qing military's failure to suppress the White Lotus Rebellion, which started towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign and extended into the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor. Cultural achievements

The Qianlong Emperor, like his predecessors, took his cultural role seriously. First, he worked to preserve the Manchu heritage, which he saw as the basis of the moral character of the Manchus and thus of the dynasty's power. He ordered the compilation of Manchu language genealogies, histories, and ritual handbooks and in 1747 secretly ordered the compilation of the [[Shamanism in the Qing dynasty#The Shamanic Code" of 1747|Shamanic Code]], published later in the Siku Quanshu. He further solidified the dynasty's cultural and religious claims in Central Asia by ordering a replica of the Tibetan Potala Palace, the Putuo Zongcheng Temple, to be built on the grounds of the imperial summer palace in Chengde.In order to present himself to Tibetans and Mongols in Buddhist rather than in Confucian terms, he commissioned a thangka, or sacred painting, depicting him as Manjushri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom. He also was a poet and essayist. His collected writings, which he published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, contain more that 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts, which if he had composed them all would make him one of the most prolific writers of all time. The <mask> Emperor was a major patron and important "preserver and restorer" of Confucian culture. He had an insatiable appetite for collecting, and acquired much of China's "great private collections" by any means necessary, and "reintegrated their treasures into the imperial collection." He formed a team of cultural advisers to help locate collections of merchant families who needed to sell or whose heirs had lost interest. He sometimes pressured or forced wealthy officials to surrender precious objects by offering to excuse shortcomings in their performance if they made a certain "gift".On several occasions he claimed that a painting could be secure from theft or fire only if it was taken into the Forbidden City. The Emperor's massive art collection became an intimate part of his life; he took landscape paintings with him on his travels to compare them with the actual landscapes, or to hang them in special rooms in palaces where he lodged, in order to inscribe them on every visit there. "He also regularly added poetic inscriptions to the paintings of the imperial collection, following the example of the emperors of the Song dynasty and the literati painters of the Ming dynasty. They were a mark of distinction for the work, and a visible sign of his rightful role as emperor. Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself. On certain fixed occasions over a long period he contemplated a number of paintings or works of calligraphy which possessed special meaning for him, inscribing each regularly with mostly private notes on the circumstances of enjoying them, using them almost as a diary." In particular, the Qianlong Emperor housed within the Hall of Three Rarities (Sanxitang), a small chamber within the Hall of Mental Cultivation, three calligraphy works: “Timely Clearing After Snowfall” by Wang Xizhi, from the Jin Dynasty, “Mid-Autumn” by his son Wang Xianzhi, and “Letter to Boyuan” by Wang Xun.Most of the several thousand jade items in the imperial collection date from his reign. The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and seals," in addition to pottery, [ceramics and applied arts such as enameling, metal work and lacquer work, which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London. The Victoria and Albert Museum and British Museum also have collections of art from the Qianlong era. One of his grandest projects was to assemble a team of scholars to assemble, edit, and print the largest collection ever made of Chinese philosophy, history, and literature." Known as the Four Treasuries Project (or Siku Quanshu), it was published in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3,450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress political opponents, requiring the "careful examination of private libraries to assemble a list of around eleven thousand works from the past, of which about a third were chosen for publication. The works not included were either summarised or—in a good many cases—scheduled for destruction."Burning of books and modification of texts

Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were anti-Qing or rebellious, that insulted previous "barbarian" dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defence problems. The full editing of the Siku Quanshu was completed in about ten years; during these ten years, 3,100 titles (or works), about 150,000 copies of books were either burnt or banned. Of those volumes that had been categorised into the Siku Quanshu, many were subjected to deletion and modification. Books published during the Ming dynasty suffered the greatest damage. The authority would judge any single character or any single sentence's neutrality; if the authority had decided these words, or sentence, were derogatory or cynical towards the rulers, then persecution would begin. In the Qianlong Emperor's time, there were 53 cases of Literary Inquisition, resulting in the victims executed by beheading or slow slicing (lingchi), or having their corpses mutilated (if they were already dead).Literary works
In 1743, after his first visit to Mukden (present-day Shenyang, Liaoning), the Qianlong Emperor used Chinese to write his "Ode to Mukden," (Shengjing fu/Mukden-i fujurun bithe), a fu in classical style, as a poem of praise to Mukden, at that point a general term for what was later called Manchuria, describing its beauties and historical values. He describes the mountains and wildlife, using them to justify his belief that the dynasty would endure. A Manchu translation was then made. In 1748, he ordered a jubilee printing in both Chinese and Manchu, using some genuine pre-Qin forms, but Manchu styles which had to be invented and which could not be read. Languages
In his childhood, the Qianlong Emperor was tutored in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian, arranged to be tutored in Tibetan, and spoke Chagatai (Turki or Modern Uyghur). However, he was even more concerned than his predecessors to preserve and promote the Manchu language among his followers, as he proclaimed that "the keystone for Manchus is language." He commissioned new Manchu dictionaries, and directed the preparation of the Pentaglot Dictionary which gave equivalents for Manchu terms in Mongolian, Tibetan and Turkic, and had the Buddhist canon translated into Manchu, which was considered the "national language".He directed the elimination of loanwords taken from Chinese and replaced them with calque translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign were direct translations contrasted with Manchu books translated during the Kangxi Emperor's reign which were transliterations in Manchu script of the Chinese characters. The Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Qin ding Xiyu Tongwen Zhi (欽定西域同文志; "Imperial Western Regions Thesaurus") which was a thesaurus of geographic names in Xinjiang in Oirat Mongol, Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Turki (Modern Uyghur). Tibetan Buddhism

The Qianlong Emperor showed a personal belief in Tibetan Buddhism, following the tradition of Manchu rulers associating with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. He continued their patronage of Tibetan Buddhist art and ordered translations of the Buddhist canon into Manchu. Court records and Tibetan language sources affirm his personal commitment. He learned to read Tibetan and studied Buddhist texts assiduously.His beliefs are reflected in the Tibetan Buddhist imagery of his tomb, perhaps the most personal and private expression of an emperor's life. He supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist Gelukpa sect) to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama of the Yellow Church. He also said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak" which led him to patronize the Yellow Church. In 1744 he turned the Palace of Harmony (Yonghe Palace) into a Tibetan Buddhist temple for Mongols. To explain the practical reasons for supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists  and to deflect Han Chinese criticism, had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in Tibetan, Mongol, Manchu and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church, we maintain peace among the Mongols. This being an important task we cannot but protect this (religion). (In doing so) we do not show any bias, nor do we wish to adulate the Tibetan priests as (was done during the) Yuan dynasty."Berger 2003, p. 35. Mark Elliott concludes that these actions delivered political benefits but "meshed seamlessly with his personal faith." Anti-Islam laws
Qing policy on Muslims and Islam was changed during the reign of the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. While the Kangxi emperors proclaimed Muslims and Han to be equal, his grandson the Manchu Qianlong emperor endorsed Han officials harsh recommendations towards treatment of Muslims. The Kangxi emperor said that Muslim and Han Chinese were equal when people argued for Muslims to be treated differently. The Qing Yongzheng emperor held the opinion that Islam was foolish, but he felt it did not pose a threat when a judge in Shandong petitioned him to destroy mosques and ban Islam. Yongzheng then fired an official for demanding Muslims be punished more harshly than non-Muslims.This policy changed in the reign of the Qianlong emperor. Chen Hongmou, a Qing official, said that Muslims needed to be brought to law and order by being punished more harshly and blaming Muslim leaders for criminal behavior of Muslims in a letter to the Board of Punishments called Covenant to Instruct and Admonish Muslims that he wrote in 1751. Although the Board of Punishment did nothing, the Shaanxi-Gansu Governor-General in 1762 then proceeded to implement his recommendation and had Muslim criminals punished severely more than Han Chinese ones. He also implemented the policy that the criminal deeds of Muslim congregants of Mosques ended up with their Imams being punished and held responsible for them. These anti-Muslim policies by the governor general received endorsement from the Manchu Qianlong emperor. Great changes happening to Chinese Muslims, like the introduction of a Sufi order, the Naqshbandiyya to the Hui, causing the Qianlong emperor to adopt this harsh attitude against Muslims in contrast to his grandfather and father. This led to larger connections between the Hui and the broader Islamic world from the west, as the Naqshbandiyya order came east to the Hui when Hui scholars in Suzhou were converted to Naqshbandiyya by Muhammad Yusuf Khoja.Afaq Khoja, Muhammad Yusuf's son, also further spread Naqshbandi orders among Chinese Muslims like Tibetan Muslims, Salars, Hui and other Muslim ethnicities in Hezhou, Gansu (now Linxia) and Xining in Qinghai and Lanzhou. Ma Laichi was the leader of one of these orders and he personally studied in the Islamic world in Bukhara to learn Sufism, and Yemen and in Mecca where he was taught by Mawlana Makhdum. This brought him prestige among Chinese Muslims. In an argument over the breaking of fast during Ramadan Ma Laichi said that before praying in the mosque, fast should be broken, not vice versa and this led to him getting many Naqshbandi converts from Hui and Turkic Salars. It came to court in 1731 when the Muslims arguing over how to break Ramadan fast filed lawsuits. The Muslim plaintiffs were told by the Qing authorities at the court to resolve them themselves, as the legal authorities who had no idea about Ramadan fasting. The dispute was not solved and continued to go on and was compounded by even more disputes like how to perform dhikr in Sufism, in a jahri (vocal) as taught by Ma Mingxin, another Sufi who learned in the western Islamic lands like Bukhara, or khufi (silent) like what Ma Laichi did.The Zabid Naqshbandiyyas in Yemen taught Ma Mingxin for two decades. They taught vocal dhikr. Ma Mingxin was also affected by another series of events in the Middle Eastern Muslim world, revivalist movements among Muslims like the Saudis who allied with Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. This renewal tajdid influenced Ma Mingxin in Yemen. While Ma Mingxin was in Yemen and away from China, all of Muslim Inner Asia was conquered by the "infidel" Qing dynasty giving even more relevance to his situation and views. Ma Laichi and Ma Mingxin again sued each other in court but this second time the Qing passed a verdict in favor of the quiet dhikr faction, the Silentist Khafiyya of Ma Laichi and gave it the status of orthodoxy while damning as heterodox the Aloudist Jahriyya of Ma Mingxin. Ma Mingxin ignored the order and kept proselytizing in Shaanxi, Ningxia and Xinjiang going to Guangchuan from Hezhou in 1769 after being kicked out and banned from Xunhua district.Turkic Salars in Xunhua followed his orders even after the Qing banned him from there and he continued to have further lawsuits and legal issues with the Khafiyya and Ma Laichi as the Qing backed the Khafiyya. A violent battle