title: William Coddington

texts:
<mask> (c. 1601 – 1 November 1678) was an early magistrate of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He served as the judge of Portsmouth and Newport, governor of Portsmouth and Newport, deputy governor of the four-town colony, and then governor of the entire colony. <mask> was born and raised in Lincolnshire, England. He accompanied the Winthrop Fleet on its voyage to New England in 1630, becoming an early leader in Boston. There he built the first brick house and became heavily involved in the local government as an assistant magistrate, treasurer, and deputy. <mask> was a member of the Boston church under the Reverend John Cotton, and was caught up in the events of the Antinomian Controversy from 1636 to 1638. The Reverend John Wheelwright and dissident minister Anne Hutchinson were banished from the Massachusetts colony, and many of their supporters were also compelled to leave.<mask> was not asked to depart, but he felt that the outcome of the controversy was unjust and decided to join many of his fellow parishioners in exile. He was the lead signer of a compact to form a Christian-based government away from Massachusetts. He was encouraged by <mask> to settle on the Narragansett Bay. He and other supporters of Hutchinson bought Aquidneck Island from the Narragansetts. They settled there, establishing the town of Pocasset which was later named Portsmouth. <mask> was named the first "judge" of the colony, a Biblical term for governor. A division in the leadership of the town occurred within a year, and he left with several others to establish the town of Newport at the south end of the island.In a short time, the towns of Portsmouth and Newport united, and <mask> was made the governor of the island towns from 1640 to 1647. During this period, <mask> had gone to England to obtain a patent to bring under one government the four Narragansett towns of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth, and Newport. This was done without the consent of the island towns and these two towns resisted joining the mainland towns until 1647. <mask> was elected president of the united colony in 1648, but he would not accept the position, and complaints against him prompted the presidency to go to Jeremy Clarke. <mask> was very unhappy with <mask>' patent; he returned to England, where he was eventually able to obtain a commission separating the island from the mainland towns, and making him governor of the island for an indefinite period. He was initially welcomed as governor, but complaints from both the mainland towns and members of the island towns prompted <mask>, John Clarke, and <mask> to go to England to have Coddington's commission revoked. They were successful, and Dyer returned with the news in 1653.However, disagreements kept the four towns from re-uniting until the following year. With the revocation of his commission, Coddington withdrew from public life, focusing on his mercantile interests, and becoming a member of the Religious Society of Friends. After nearly two decades away from politics, he was elected deputy governor in 1673, then governor the following year, serving two one-year terms. The relative calm of this period was shattered during his second year as governor of the colony when the King Philip's War erupted in June 1675. It became the most catastrophic event in Rhode Island's colonial history. He was not re-elected in 1676, but he was elected to a final term as governor of the colony in 1678 following the death of Governor Benedict Arnold. He died a few months into this term, and was buried in the Coddington Cemetery on Farewell Street in Newport.England and Massachusetts

<mask> was born in Lincolnshire, England, most likely the son of Robert and <mask> of Marston. His presumed father was a prosperous yeoman; the younger <mask> possessed a seal with the initials "R.C." when he was in Rhode Island, which were likely the initials of his father. The source of his education is not known, but it is apparent that he was well educated because of his correspondence, and from his considerable command of English law. As a young man, he married by about 1626 and had two sons baptized at St. Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire. Both died in infancy and were buried at the same church. His first wife was Mary, and speculation exists that she was Mary Burt, because <mask> once mentioned his "cousin Burt" in a letter.King Charles circumvented Parliament in 1626 by raising funds through the Forced Loan, and <mask> was one of many Puritans who resisted this royal loan; his name was recorded on a list for doing so the following winter. <mask> was elected as a Massachusetts Bay assistant (magistrate) on 18 March 1629/30 while still in England, and he sailed to New England the following month with the Winthrop Fleet. His first wife died during their first winter in Massachusetts, and he returned to England aboard the Lion in 1631, remaining there for two years. During this visit to England, he married Mary Moseley in Terling, Essex, and she went to New England with him in 1633. She was admitted to the Boston church that summer. <mask> was a leading merchant in Boston, and he built the first brick house there. He was elected an assistant every year from his arrival in New England until 1637.He was the colony's treasurer from 1634 to 1636, and a deputy for Boston in 1637. He was also a Boston selectman in 1634, and was on several committees overseeing land transactions in 1636 and 1637. Antinomian Controversy

As a member of the Boston Church, Coddington was pleased when John Cotton arrived in the colony in 1633, as he was one of the most noted Puritan ministers of the time. The two men had been friends in England, and Cotton had arranged in a 1630 letter for a hogshead of meal to be sent to <mask>, who was at Naumkeg (Salem) at the time. Cotton became a minister of the Boston Church, joining minister John Wilson. In time, the Boston parishioners could sense a theological difference between Wilson and Cotton. Anne Hutchinson was a theologically astute midwife who had the ear of many of the colony's women, and she became outspoken in support of Cotton and condemned the theology of Wilson and most of the other ministers in the colony.Differing religious opinions within the colony eventually became public debates. The resulting religious tension erupted into what has traditionally been called the Antinomian Controversy, but has more recently been labelled the Free Grace Controversy. Many members of Boston's church disagreed with Wilson's emphasis on morality and his doctrine of "evidencing justification by sanctification", meaning that one demonstrates salvation by living a more holy life. Some of Wilson's opponents labeled his views as a covenant of works, while Hutchinson told her followers that Wilson lacked "the seal of the Spirit". Wilson's theological views were in accord with those of the other ministers in the colony except for Cotton, who stressed "the inevitability of God's will" (which he termed a covenant of grace) as opposed to preparation (works). All but about five of the Boston parishioners supported Hutchinson's views, and they had become accustomed to Cotton's doctrines. Some of them began disrupting Wilson's sermons, even finding excuses to leave when he got up to preach or pray.In May 1636, the Bostonians received a new ally when the Reverend John Wheelwright arrived from England and immediately aligned himself with Cotton, Hutchinson, and other so-called free grace advocates. Yet another boost came for those advocating the free grace theology during the same month when young aristocrat Henry Vane was elected governor of the colony. Vane was a strong supporter of Hutchinson, but he also had his own ideas about theology that were considered not only unorthodox, but even radical. Fast Day Sermon
<mask> was a magistrate as the events of the controversy unfolded, elected by the freemen of the colony. Like many members of the Boston church, he sided squarely with the free grace advocates. By late 1636, the theological schism had become great enough that the General Court called for a day of fasting to help ease the colony's difficulties. During the appointed fast-day on Thursday, 19 January 1637, Wheelwright preached at the Boston church in the afternoon.To the Puritan clergy, his sermon was "censurable and incited mischief". The colony's ministers were offended by the sermon, while the free grace advocates were encouraged, and they became more vociferous in their opposition to the "legal" ministers. Governor Vane began challenging the doctrines of the colony's divines, and supporters of Hutchinson refused to serve during the Pequot War of 1637 because Wilson was the chaplain of the expedition. Ministers worried that the bold stand of Hutchinson and her supporters began to threaten the "Puritan's holy experiment". As early as March 1637, the political tide began to turn against the free grace advocates. Wheelwright was tried for contempt and sedition that month for his fast-day sermon, and he was convicted in a close vote but not yet sentenced. During the election of May 1637, Henry Vane was replaced as governor by John Winthrop.In addition, <mask> and all the other Boston magistrates who supported Hutchinson and Wheelwright were voted out of office by the colony's freemen, though <mask> was then immediately elected by the town of Boston as a deputy. By the summer of 1637, Vane sailed back to England, never to return. With his departure, the time was ripe for the orthodox party to deal with the remainder of their free grace rivals. The aggressive challenges of the free grace advocates left the colony in a state of dissension. Winthrop realized that "two so opposite parties could not contain in the same body, without apparent hazard of ruin to the whole"; he opted for a stern approach to the difficulties, supported by a majority of the colonists. The elections of October 1637 brought about even more change, with a large turnover of the Deputies to the General Court. In contrast to the remainder of the colony, Boston continued to be represented with strong free grace advocates, and <mask> continued as one of its three deputies.The trial
The autumn court in 1637 convened on 2 November, and Wheelwright was sentenced to banishment and ordered to leave the colony within fourteen days. Several of Hutchinson and Wheelwright's other supporters were tried and given varied sentences. Following these preliminaries, it was Anne Hutchinson's turn to be tried. She was brought to trial on 7 November 1637, presided over by Governor Winthrop, on the charge of "traducing [slandering] the ministers", among other charges. One of the Boston deputies had been dismissed, so the town was only represented at the trial by <mask> and one other deputy. The trial lasted for two days, and <mask> likely coached Hutchinson on legal matters at the end of the first day. The first day went well for her, but she made the work much easier for her accusers during the second day.She addressed the court with her own judgment, claiming divine revelations as her source of inspiration, and she threatened the court with a curse, as well. The stunned reaction of the court turned into an immediate call for Hutchinson's conviction. Cotton attempted to come to her defense but was hounded by the magistrates until Winthrop called off the questioning. A vote was taken on a sentence of banishment; only <mask> and the other remaining deputy from Boston dissented. Winthrop then read the order: "Mrs. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society, and are to be imprisoned till the court shall send you away". Aftermath
<mask> was very unhappy with the proceedings. He stood and asserted:
I do not see any clear witness against her, and you know it is a rule of the court that no man may be a judge and an accuser too.I would entreat you to consider whether those things which you have alleged against her deserve such censure as you are about to pass, be it to banishment or imprisonment. I beseech you: do not speak so as to force things along, for I do not, for my own part, see any equity in the court in all your proceedings. Here is no law of God that she hath broken nor any law of the country that she hath broke, and therefore deserve no censure. <mask>'s words were ignored, and the court wanted a sentence, but they could not proceed until some of the ministers spoke. Three of the ministers were sworn in, and each testified against Hutchinson. Winthrop moved to have her banished; in the ensuing tally, only <mask> and the other Boston deputy voted against conviction. Hutchinson challenged the sentence's legitimacy, saying, "I desire to know wherefore I am banished".Winthrop responded with finality: "The court knows wherefore and is satisfied". Within a week of Hutchinson's sentencing, additional supporters of hers were called into court and were disenfranchised. The constables were then sent from door to door throughout the colony's towns to disarm those who signed a petition in support of Wheelwright. Within ten days, these individuals were ordered to deliver "all such guns, pistols, swords, powder, shot, & match as they shall be owners of, or have in their custody, upon paine of ten pound[s] for every default". A great number of those who signed the petition recanted under the pressure and "acknowledged their error" in signing the petition when faced with losing their protection and, in some cases, their livelihood. Those who refused to recant suffered hardships and, in many cases, decided to leave the colony. Rhode Island

Coddington was angry about the recent trials, considering them to be unjust, so he began making plans for his own future in consultation with others affected by the Court's decisions.He remained on good terms with Winthrop, and consulted with him about the possibility of leaving the Massachusetts colony in peace. Winthrop was encouraging and helped smooth the way with the other magistrates. The men were uncertain where to go, so they contacted <mask>; he suggested that they purchase land along the Narragansett Bay from the Narragansett Indians, near his settlement in Providence. On 7 March 1638, a group of men gathered at Coddington's home and drafted a compact. This

masks:
William Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Williams
Roger Williams
William Dyer
William Coddington
Margaret Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams


title: William Coddington

type: original

texts:
 group included several of the strongest supporters of Hutchinson and Wheelwright who had been disfranchised, disarmed, excommunicated, or banished, including John Coggeshall, <mask>, <mask>, John Porter, Philip Sherman, Henry Bull, and several members of the Hutchinson family. Some who were not directly involved in the events also asked to be included, such as Randall Holden and physician and theologian John Clarke. Altogether, a group of 23 individuals signed the instrument, sometimes called the Portsmouth Compact, which was intended to form a "Bodie Politick" based on Christian principles.<mask>'s name appears first on the list of signers, and the signers elected him as their "Judge," using this Biblical name for their ruler or governor. Following through with <mask>'s proposed land purchase, these exiles established their colony on Aquidneck Island (which they called Rhode Island). They initially named the settlement Pocasset but soon renamed it Portsmouth. The split
Within a year of founding this settlement, there was dissension among the leaders. <mask>, three elders, and other inhabitants moved to the south end of the island and established the town of Newport. In 1640, the two towns of Portsmouth and Newport united, the name of the chief officer was changed to governor, and <mask> was elected to the position. The two island towns grew and prospered at a much greater rate than the mainland settlements of Providence Plantations and the newly established Shawomet (later Warwick).<mask> envisioned a union of all four settlements on the Narragansett Bay, so he went to England to obtain a patent bringing all four under one government, and he was successful in obtaining it on 14 March 1644. The corporate charter obtained by the Williams group was brought from England and read to representatives of the four towns later in 1644. <mask> was opposed to the Williams patent. As the chief magistrate of the island, he had a well-organized and thoroughly equipped government which had little in common, in his opinion, with the unorganized, discordant elements of Providence. Because of this, the island towns ignored the 1643/44 patent, and the General Assembly of the two towns officially named the island on 13 April 1644 Rhode Island. <mask> was so unhappy over uniting with the mainland towns that he wrote a letter to Governor John Winthrop in Massachusetts in August 1644, letting it be known that he would rather have an alliance with Massachusetts or Plymouth than with Providence. This did not happen, but Coddington did manage to resist union with Providence until 1647, when representatives of the four towns finally met and adopted the Williams Patent of 1643.This is also the year that <mask>'s second wife Mary died in Newport. The General Court (later the General Assembly) met in Providence in May 1648, and <mask> was elected president of the entire colony. He did not attend the meeting, however, probably because he did not support the patent. Charges were subsequently brought against him, though the nature of them was not recorded, and he was replaced as governor by Jeremy Clarke. The 1643 patent created little more than a confederation of independent governments. In September 1648, <mask> made application for admission of the two island towns into the New England Confederation. The ensuing reply let him know that the island would have to submit to the Plymouth government to be considered.This was unacceptable to <mask> who wanted colonial independence for the two island towns. They had a well-organized government in which civil and religious liberty had been clearly defined and fully recognized, as did Providence, and these liberties would be lost in a government under Plymouth. <mask> commission

Exasperated by the situation, <mask> decided to go to England and present his case to the Colonial Commissioners in London, leaving his farm and business interests in the hands of an agent. He arrived in England to find the country in the midst of a civil war, and he was delayed in getting the attention of the proper authorities. He eventually met with his old friend and associate from Boston Sir Harry Vane. Vane had helped <mask> obtain his patent, and he was now called upon to advise <mask> as to a course of action. Governor Josiah Winslow of the Plymouth Colony was also in London at the same time, urging Plymouth's claims to the two island towns.On 6 March 1650, <mask> presented his petition for an independent colonial government on Rhode Island, free from the claims of Plymouth and free from union with Providence. In April 1651, the Council of State of England gave <mask> the commission of a separate government for Rhode Island (i.e., Portsmouth and Newport) and for the smaller neighboring island of Conanicut (later Jamestown), with him as governor. Vane gave his consent to this, thus annulling the patent given to <mask> several years earlier. He thought that <mask> would be a wise and effective chief magistrate and permitted him to serve as governor for an indefinite period, subject to the will of Parliament. To complete the government, <mask> was to have a council of six men, elected by popular vote of the freemen. <mask> spent nearly three years in England, and he met and married Anne Brinley while there. She was the daughter of Thomas Brinley and sister of Francis Brinley, who settled in Newport in 1652 and built a large structure that later became the White Horse Tavern.In August 1651, <mask> returned to the island. Henry Bull of Newport said that he was welcomed upon his return from England, and that the majority of people accepted him as governor. With his new commission, <mask> once again unsuccessfully sought a place for Rhode Island in the New England Confederation, consisting of the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Most writers and historians consider <mask>'s efforts to be treasonous, particularly those writers who are sympathetic to the Providence and Warwick settlers, including Samuel G. Arnold. Historian Thomas Bicknell, on the other hand, takes a minority position by suggesting that <mask>'s actions were totally justified, and he accuses <mask> of usurping <mask>'s successful island government with the Patent of 1643. Bicknell asserts that Coddington had been the chief magistrate of a flourishing island of nearly 1,000 inhabitants, while the combined population of Providence and Warwick was about 200. In Bicknell's view, <mask> went to London in 1643, without advice or instructions, and returned in September 1644 with a patent for the colony, without the knowledge or consent of the island population.Regardless, the island government resisted the patent for several years until 1647, when they yielded to the patent and merged with the mainland government. Revocation of commission

Criticism soon arose concerning Coddington. The venerable Dr. John Clarke voiced his opposition to the island governor, and he and <mask> were sent to England as agents of the discontents to get the Coddington commission revoked. Simultaneously, the mainland towns of Providence and Warwick sent <mask> on a similar errand, and the three men sailed for England in November 1651. The men did not meet with the Council of State on New England until April 1652, however, because of recent hostilities between the English and the Dutch. <mask> was accused of taking sides with the Dutch on matters of colonial trade, and his commission was revoked for the island government in October 1652. Dyer was the messenger who returned to Rhode Island the following February, bringing the news that the colony would return to the Williams Patent of 1643/44.The reunion of the colony was to take place that spring, but the mainland commissioners refused to come to the island to meet, and the separation of mainland from island was extended for another year. During this interim period, John Sanford was elected as governor of the island towns, while Gregory Dexter became president of the mainland towns. The powerless <mask> withdrew from public life to tend to his business affairs. The four towns eventually united in 1654, with Nicholas Easton of Newport chosen as president. A general court of elections was then held in September 1654, and <mask> was elected president of the united colony, a position which he held for nearly three years. In time, <mask> briefly re-entered public life and became a Newport commissioner on the General Court of Trials. A committee was appointed to investigate his right to a seat, and they sent a letter to the Council of State in England asking for a full accounting of all complaints entered against him.The reply fully vindicated <mask>, and an investigation in Newport cleared him of all charges brought against him. He was finally able to accept the united government of the four towns, and he made the following oath in March 1656: "I <mask> doe hereby submit to ye authoritie of His Highness in this Colonie as it is now united, and that with all my heart". Later career

Sometime in the early 1660s, <mask> joined Governor Nicholas Easton and many other prominent citizens in becoming members of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. In March 1665, he sent a paper to the Newport commissioners concerning Quaker matters. <mask> remained out of public office for most of the two decades following the demise of his commission to govern Aquidneck Island, but he was still considered one of the colony's leading citizens, and his name appears in the Royal Charter of 1663. He eventually returned to serving the colony in May 1673, when he was elected deputy governor under Governor Nicholas Easton. At the general election a year later, he was chosen as governor, with Easton's son John elected as deputy governor.Little of note occurred during this administration, other than the establishment of peace between England and the Dutch Republic, removing a large source of tension in the colonies. Also, the township of Kingston was established in the Narragansett country, which became incorporated as the seventh town of the colony. In May 1675, the same officers were elected in the colony and given the task of bringing the colony's weights and measures into conformity with English standards. A calm greeted this administration, but the storms of war had been brewing for years, even decades. In June 1675, the peace was shattered by an Indian massacre at Swansea which began King Philip's War, the most devastating event to visit the colony of Rhode Island prior to the American Revolution. The mainland settlements of Warwick and Pawtuxet were totally destroyed during the war, and much of Providence was ruined, as well. The island towns of Newport and Portsmouth were spared with the protection of a fleet of armed vessels.During the 1676 election, Walter Clarke was elected governor, and his administration saw the end of the war. Benedict Arnold was elected governor in 1677; he died a year later, and <mask> was elected to his final term as governor. He was in office only a few months, dying at the beginning of November in 1678. Death, family, and legacy

<mask> died in office on 1 November 1678 and is buried in the Coddington Cemetery (Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Newport No. 9) on Farewell Street in Newport, where several other colonial governors are also buried. His grave is marked with the original marker, as well as a taller monument erected on the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Newport. His oldest son <mask>, Jr., born of his third wife, Ann Brinley <mask>, was the governor of the colony for two terms from 1683 to 1685.His son Nathaniel married Susanna Hutchinson, a daughter of Edward Hutchinson, and a granddaughter of <mask> and Anne Hutchinson. His daughter Mary married Peleg Sanford, a colonial governor from 1680 to 1683, the son of earlier governor John Sanford  with his second wife Bridget Hutchinson, and a grandson of <mask> and Anne Hutchinson. His grandson <mask>, the son of Nathaniel, married Content Arnold, the daughter of Benedict and Mary (Turner) Arnold, and granddaughter of Governor Benedict Arnold. A portrait often ascribed to Governor <mask> actually portrays this grandson, who was very active in colonial affairs but never a governor. <mask> was usually at odds with <mask>, who described him in a letter several years after the founding of Portsmouth (1638): "a worldly man, a selfish man, nothing for public, but all for himself and private." Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor Samuel G. Arnold was highly critical of <mask> for obtaining a commission to govern Aquidneck Island separately from Providence and Warwick, yet he had this to say of him: "He was a man of vigorous intellect, of strong passions, earnest in whatever he understood, and self-reliant in all his actions." Historian Thomas Bicknell writes: "he rose to the achievement of a great personal and political victory, when foes became friends, his policy of statecraft vindicated, and Rhode Island Colony on Aquidneck assumed the position for which he had so stoutly contended and so shamefully suffered."<mask> Hall, an upperclassmen residence hall at the University of Rhode Island is named in his honor. A harbor, street, cemetery, and apartment complex in Newport bear his name, and the Coddington Brewery restaurant in Middletown, Rhode Island is named for him. See also

 List of colonial governors of Rhode Island
 List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island
 List of early settlers of Rhode Island
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Notes

References

Bibliography

"Online sources"

External links
 Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders
 Background on <mask> portrait (Brown University online portrait collection) Provides good background on history of the portrait, but mistakenly calls <mask> III the son of <mask>, Jr., when he was actually the son of <mask>, and grandson of Gov. <mask>. Coddington portrait Published paper refuting the portrait being of the governor
 Forced loan Published paper about <mask>'s role in refusing the forced loan, 1627

1600s births
1678 deaths
17th-century Quakers
American city founders
Colonial governors of Rhode Island
Converts to Quakerism
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
People from colonial Boston
Politicians from Newport, Rhode Island
Burials at Coddington

masks:
William Dyer
William Aspinwall
Coddington
Roger William
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Roger Williams
William Dyer
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
William Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
William Coddington
Coddington
William
William
William Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
William Coddington
William Coddington
Nathaniel Coddington
Coddington
Coddington


title: Dido Harding

texts:
Diana Mary "<mask>" <mask>, <mask> of Winscombe (born 9 November 1967), is a British businesswoman and Conservative life peer serving as chairwoman of NHS Improvement since 2017. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she was the head of the NHS Test and Trace programme until April 2021. She is a former chief executive of the TalkTalk Group where she faced calls for her to resign after a cyber attack revealed the details of up to four million customers; the company was subsequently fined £400,000 by the Information Commissioner's Office for its negligence. A member of the Conservative Party, <mask> is married to Conservative Party Member of Parliament John Penrose and is a friend of former Prime Minister David Cameron. <mask> was appointed as a Member of the House of Lords by Cameron in 2014. She holds a board position at the Jockey Club, which is responsible for several major horse-racing events including the Cheltenham Festival. In May 2020, <mask> was appointed by Health Secretary Matt Hancock to head NHS Test and Trace, established to track and help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in England.In August 2020, after it was announced Public Health England was to be abolished, <mask> was also appointed interim chief executive of the new National Institute for Health Protection, later renamed the UK Health Security Agency. Both these roles ended on the formal establishment of the new agency on 1 April 2021. In June 2021, <mask> temporarily stood aside as NHS Improvement Chair to apply, unsuccessfully, for the position of Chief Executive of NHS England. Early life
<mask> is the daughter of <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask> of Petherton, and the granddaughter of Field Marshal <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Petherton, who commanded the Desert Rats for a few months in World War II. Raised on the family pig farm in Dorset, she was educated from 1978 to 1985 at St Antony's Leweston, then an all-girl independent Catholic school. She then graduated in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, from Magdalen College, Oxford, where she studied under Vernon Bogdanor and alongside David Cameron, and then studied at Harvard Business School, gaining an MBA. Career
Upon graduating in 1988 she joined the management consultancy McKinsey & Company.In 1995 she was appointed marketing director of Thomas Cook before moving to Manpower and Kingfisher in 1998 and Woolworths in 1999. From 2000 to 2004 she was “commercial director for value added foods" and then “international support director” at Tesco. In 2007 she moved to Sainsbury's as convenience store director, and took a seat on the operating board in 2008. She was named the first CEO of TalkTalk in 2010, when Carphone Warehouse split its telecoms business from its retail operation. She was appointed as a non-executive director on The Court of The Bank of England in July 2014. She has also served on the boards of British Land and Cheltenham Racecourse. In October 2015, TalkTalk experienced a cyber-attack, during which personal and banking details of up to four million customers, not all of which were encrypted, were thought to have been accessed.City A.M. described her responses as "naive", noting that early on, when asked if the affected customer data was encrypted or not, she replied: "The awful truth is that I don't know". Her inflexible line on termination fees was also criticised. Marketing ran a headline, "TalkTalk boss <mask> <mask>'s utter ignorance is a lesson to us all". The Evening Standard noted that "It has been a tough week for TalkTalk boss <mask> <mask>, facing complaints from customers and calls for her head". The company admitted the incident had cost it £60 million and lost it 95,000 customers. Fining the company £400,000, the Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham blamed a "failure to implement the most basic cyber security measures." In February 2017, <mask> announced that she would stand down as CEO of TalkTalk in order to focus more on her public service activities.In January 2018 she joined the main board of the Jockey Club, which runs many of British horse racing's most popular events, including the Grand National, the Cheltenham Festival and the Derby. Political service
<mask> joined the House of Lords as a Conservative life peer on 20 October 2014. She has sat on the Economic Affairs Committee since 27 June 2017. She has not rebelled against her party on any of the votes she has attended during her time in the House. Public service
In October 2017, <mask> was appointed chair of NHS Improvement, which is responsible for overseeing all NHS hospitals, comprising foundation trusts and NHS trusts, as well as independent providers of NHS-funded care. Parliament's Health Select Committee, at that time chaired by former Conservative MP Sarah Wollaston, recommended that <mask> resign as a Conservative peer and sit as a crossbench peer in order to "allow for greater parliamentary and public confidence in her ability to challenge government ministers and policies if this role demands it". <mask> did not accept this.In May 2020, Health Secretary Matt Hancock announced that <mask> was to be put in charge of the "track, test and trace" programme (later given the name NHS Test and Trace) as part of the UK government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2020, a case was lodged jointly by the not-for-profit Good Law Project and the Runnymede Trust, a race equality thinktank, to challenge the legality of this appointment. On 18 June 2020 it was announced by Hancock that the UK government intended to switch its contact-recording mobile phone app from a centralised model to the decentralised approach pioneered by Apple and Google, due to privacy concerns, among other things. <mask> was to decide on the suitability of the alternative model. She stated that "what we've done in really rigorously testing both our own COVID-19 app and the Google-Apple version is demonstrate that none of them are working sufficiently well to be actually reliable to determine whether any of us should self-isolate for two weeks [and] that's true across the world". The change was, however, widely interpreted in the press as an abandonment of the UK's app in favour of the Apple-Google one, and a U-turn by the government. The BBC also reported that the "latest developments come a day after the BBC revealed that a former Apple executive, Simon Thompson, was taking charge of the late-running project as part of Baroness <mask>'s team".In August 2020 the government announced a merger between Public Health England and NHS Test and Trace to form the National Institute for Health Protection, with <mask> as interim chief executive. The appointment was criticised by health experts as she did not have a background in health, and because of her political position. The Guardian quoted allies of hers who, in response, said that she had quickly learned after being appointed chair of NHS Improvement in 2017 and that she had a record of "getting things done" while working in business. It has been widely claimed that her appointments to various public bodies came about through nepotism and her alliances with members of the Conservative party and key figures in the political establishment. Jolyon Maugham QC, director of the Good Law Project, wrote: "For ministers or special advisers to choose their friends or close associates for these key roles is to exclude those who are more able, or better value. And ultimately it is the public interest that suffers." In 2022 the Runnymede Trust won a High Court action that Matt Hancock had failed to comply with public sector equality duty when appointing <mask> to head the National Institute for Health Protection.As the second spike of the pandemic developed into the winter of 2020 and over Christmas, commentary developed in much of the press about <mask>'s absence from the national stage as hospitalisations and deaths grew alarmingly. The columnist Rod Liddle in the right-leaning The Sunday Times complained: "Test and Trace has cost the taxpayer £22bn. It has repeatedly failed to achieve targets it has been set. It was once heralded as The Thing That Would Defeat Covid, but nobody talks about it much any more." In January 2021, <mask> defended spending upwards of £1,000-a-day each on consultants for the contact tracing programme. Appearing before the Public Accounts Committee, <mask> told MPs she felt it was "appropriate" to bring in external help in "extreme emergency circumstances". In June 2021, <mask> took a temporary leave of absence from her role as chair of NHS Improvement to apply unsuccessfully for the position of Chief Executive of NHS England, with Sir Andrew Valentine Morris acting in the interim.Honours and awards
In February 2013, she was included in that year's list of the hundred most powerful women in the UK by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. The following year, she was named in the ten most influential women in the BBC Woman's Hour Power List 2014. <mask> was created a life peer on 15 September 2014, taking the title <mask> of Winscombe in the county of Somerset. Personal life
In October 1995, she married John Penrose, who was elected MP for Weston-super-Mare in 2005 and went on to hold junior minister posts from 2010 to 2019. The couple met while working at McKinsey, have two daughters, and live in London during the week and Somerset at the weekend. Penrose sits on the advisory board of a think tank called 1828, which calls for the NHS to be replaced by an insurance system and for Public Health England to be scrapped. <mask> is a horse racing enthusiast and member of the Jockey Club, joining the main board in January 2018.In 1993 she borrowed £7,000 from her bank to buy an Irish thoroughbred to ride in ladies' point-to-point races. In 1998, her horse Cool Dawn won the Cheltenham Gold Cup. <mask> rode Cool Dawn herself for three seasons, achieving second place in the 1996 Foxhunter Chase at Cheltenham. She said that the horse: "... taught me that dreams come true, sometimes, that actually miracles can happen. Isn't that a great gift? I think it shaped my business career ...". Books

Arms

References

Living people
English businesspeople
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Harvard Business School alumni
Sainsbury's people
TalkTalk Group people
British racehorse owners and breeders
1967 births
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Female life peers
Daughters of barons
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
McKinsey & Company people
<mask> family
English jockeys
English memoirists
<mask>

masks:
Dido
Harding
Baroness Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
John Harding
Harding
John Harding
Harding
Dido
Harding
Dido
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Harding
Baroness Harding
Harding
Harding
John Harding
Harding


title: Edwin Feulner

texts:
<mask>. (born August 12, 1941) is an American academic who founded the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation and served as its president from 1977 to 2013 and again from 2017 to 2018. Feulner's positions have included advisor and chairman of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, from which he received the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom in 2006. Early years and education
<mask>. was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Helen Joan (née Franzen) and <mask>, the owner of a Chicago real estate firm. He has three sisters: Mary Ann, Joan, and Barbara. The family comes from a line of devout Roman Catholic German Americans. Three of his maternal uncles were parish priests. Feulner attended Immaculate Conception High School (Elmhurst, Illinois) and graduated from Regis University with a bachelor's degree in English in 1963.After receiving an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business in 1964, he attended Georgetown University and the London School of Economics, where he was a Richard M. Weaver Fellow. He put his studies on hold while President of The Heritage Foundation. Later, in 1981 he earned a PhD in political science at the University of Edinburgh. Career
Feulner began his career as an analyst for the Center for Strategic and International Studies, then called the Center for Strategic Studies. He later became a congressional aide to Congressman Melvin Laird. Feulner subsequently became a long-serving executive assistant to Illinois Republican congressman Phil Crane. Prior to his presidency of the Heritage Foundation, Feulner was executive director of the Republican Study Committee.Heritage Foundation
Feulner was a founding trustee of the Heritage Foundation from 1973 until 1977, when he left Representative Crane's office to run the outfit full-time. It had nine employees and in those four years had churned through four presidents. As president, he changed the foundation's direction. He wanted it to be more aggressive, more market-driven and less ivory-tower, creating easily-accessed, concise studies. By focusing the foundation's marketing, he transformed it from a small operation into a booming enterprise of conservative ideals, eventually creating the think tank that The New York Times calls "the Parthenon of the conservative metropolis." This new marketing strategy was called the "briefcase test", a concept that revolutionized the influence of think tanks on public policy and boosted Heritage's popularity. Now the focus was on easily accessed, timely, concise research that could fit in a briefcase.A further fillip was the foundation's publishing of policy reports and papers ahead of related legislation, rather than the established think-tank practice of waiting until it had been passed. As Feulner related to The Washington Examiner, "It doesn't do us any good to have great ideas if we are not out there peddling our products." Within a year and a half of Feulner becoming president, Heritage's budget had increased to $2.5 million with a donor pool of about 120,000. The institution has around 250 employees and annual income of about $80 million and a donor pool of about 600,000. In January 2013, Feulner published the column "Economic Freedom on the Wane" to review the results of the annual Index of Economic Freedom, which has been a joint project of The Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation since 1995. The index measures individual countries' policies in the broad areas of rule of law, limited government, regulatory efficiency, and open markets. The 2013 edition stated that citizens of the United States were "lucky we didn't fall out of the top 10 altogether.Our Index score went down a bit over the last year. We held onto the No. 10 slot mostly because Ireland declined enough to wind up in 11th place. As recently as 2008, the U.S. ranked seventh worldwide, had a score of 81 (on a 0–100 scale, with 100 being the freest), and was listed as a 'free' economy. Today, the U.S. has a score of 76 (its lowest since 2000) and is 'mostly free,' the Index's second-highest category." Retiring as chair of the foundation in 2013, Feulner briefly resumed the role after the election of President Trump in 2017. Other roles
Feulner was president and treasurer of the Mont Pelerin Society in 2014.He has served as a trustee and as the chairman of the board of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. He has also been a member of the board of the National Chamber Foundation and of the Institut d'Etudes Politiques, as well as of the board of trustees and a life trustee of Regis University, his undergraduate alma mater. He became a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, and held its chair in 2021. Among other executive and advisory roles, Feulner was president of the Philadelphia Society 1982–1983 and 2013–2014, and is a past director of  the Council for National Policy, the Acton Institute, and George Mason University. Feulner served as a member of the Gingrich–Mitchell Congressional UN Reform Task Force (2005) and of the Meltzer Commission from 1999–2000. He was vice chairman of the National Commission on Economic Growth and Tax Reform, known as the Kemp Commission, from 1995 to 1996. He also was the chairman of the U.S.Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (1982–91), a consultant for domestic policy to U.S. president Ronald Reagan, and an adviser to several government departments and agencies. Awards and distinctions
In 1989 Feulner received the Presidential Citizens Medal, the second-highest civilian award in the United States. He is frequently recognized by media and in conservative circles as an influence in US right-wing policy thought. In Forbes Magazine, in 2009, Karl Rove called Feulner the sixth most powerful conservative in Washington. In 2007 GQ magazine considered him one of the "50 most powerful people in D.C." In both 2007 and 2010, the UK's Daily Telegraph named him "one of the 100 most influential conservatives in America". In June 2012, Feulner received the conservative Bradley Prize for "extraordinary talent and dedication". In 2018, he took the National Review's William F. Buckley Jr. Prize for Leadership in Political Thought.He has been awarded eleven honorary degrees, and has received honors from the governments of Taiwan, South Korea and the Czech Republic. Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Linda Claire Leventhal, live in Alexandria, Virginia. They have two children: <mask><mask> III and Mrs. Emily Victoria Lown. Bibliography
 Looking Back (Heritage Foundation, 1981). ASIN B0006E54OC
 Conservatives Stalk the House (Green Hill, 1983). The March of Freedom (Spence Publishing Company, 1998). Intellectual Pilgrims (Mont Pelerin Society, 1999).Leadership for America: The Principles of Conservatism (Spence Publishing Company, 2000). Getting America Right (Co-author Doug Wilson) (Crown Forum, 2006). The American Spirit (Co-author Brian Tracy) (Thomas Nelson, 2012). References

External links
 "Heritage Foundation launches Feulner Institute
 Getting America Right Official website

 A Lesson in Conservative Optimism, The Weekend Interview by Daniel Henninger, The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2012
 with <mask> by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, August 7, 2003

1941 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Georgetown University alumni
The Heritage Foundation
Writers from Chicago
Roman Catholic activists
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American people of German descent
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Regis University alumni
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Illinois Republicans
Virginia Republicans

masks:
Edwin John Feulner Jr
Edwin John Feulner Jr
Edwin John Feulner
Feulner
Edwin J
. Feulner
Ed Feulner


title: Dimitris Kolovos

texts:
<mask> (, born 27 April 1993) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Turkish club Kocaelispor. Club career

<mask> entered in football by signing in PAS Oropos in the local league of Athens. Playing with PAS Oropos since the beginning of 2009–10 season, he succeeded to win the amateurs' championship in 2009 and promoted in the Delta Ethniki. As his talent became known among the professional teams, needs only a year to sign with  Panionios in the Superleague. At the beginning he was a member of the U-20 team who took the 3rd place in the U-20 Greek Championship of 2012. At the same time he played mostly as a reserve with the first team . At the beginning of 2012–13 season under the coaching of Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos became a full-time member of the team, ensuring the interest of the Italian club Bologna, as well as the interest of the Greek giants AEK and PAOK.Renowned for its pervasiveness and breaking the dribble . Considered among the most promising new talents of the club. He is seen as one of the most promising players of Panionios and the team reportedly rejected a €250,000 transfer offer from Fiorentina during the January transfer period of 2012. In May 2012, he renewed his contract with the club until 2016. In August 2013 he signed with the Greek champions Olympiacos for a total transfer €750,000, but it is decided to play for one year in his former team Panionios. Olympiacos
On 26 September 2015, he made his debut with Olympiacos in a 5–1 home win over PAS Giannina replacing Sebá on second half. On 2 December 2015, he scored his first goal with Olympiacos in all competitions in a 4–0 away win against Panegialios in the Greek Cup.On 7 January 2016, he scored in a 4–1 away win against Chania in the Greek Cup. He finished his first season with the champions having 11 appearances(2 goals, 1 assist) in all competitions. On 15 June 2016, <mask> signed a long season loan from Olympiakos with Belgian Pro League club KV Mechelen. On 29 July he made his debut as a late substitute in a 2–0 home loss against Club Brugge. On 10 September, <mask> netted his first ever Mechelen goal to cap off a 2–0 home victory against Sint-Truidense in Round 6 of the Belgian Pro League. On 22 October 2016, he netted with the head, the second goal sealing a 2–0 home win against Mouscron. On 10 December, he opened the score in a 4–1 away win against Royal Excel Mouscron.On 22 January 2017, he equalized the score in a 2–1 home loss against Westerlo. On 18 February, he scored giving a 2–0 lead to his club against Lokeren but only six minutes later due to a cruciate ligament rupture, after contesting the ball with fellow countryman Georgios Galitsios of Lokeren, he has been substituted. A day later, Mechelen announced that <mask> suffered a ruptured ACL on his right knee and will be sidelined for 6–8 months. Mechelen
<mask> is currently on loan at Mechelen from Olympiacos, but despite the injury the Belgian club are still interested in buying the player from the Greek club. On 8 May 2017, Mechelen announced that it has acquired Greek striker from Olympiacos on a three-years contract for a fee of €750,000. After a very difficult period for the winger marred by injury (235 days to be exact), <mask> returned to action in an away game against K.A.S. Eupen on 21 October 2017.After a mediocre season with Mechelen (played in 12 Jupiler League matches for Mechelen, failing to contribute with any goals or assists), <mask> signed a long season contract with Dutch club Willem II on loan from Mechelen. Omonia
On 28 December 2018, he agreed to join Omonia on an initial six-month loan deal, with a buy-out clause. On 19 January 2019, in his third appearance with the club was the MVP as he played as a substitute and scored a brace, giving David Ramírez an assist in a 3–1 home win game against Nea Salamis. On 29 March 2019, Omonia bought the player from Mechelen, by activating the purchase option set by the two teams in December 2018, on a two-and-a-half-year contract for a fee of €120,000. The Cypriots had to decide what they would do before March 31, 2019 as many Greek and foreign clubs ask about the ownership status of the Greek international. Panathinaikos
On July 18, 2019 Panathinaikos have confirmed the signing of a three-year contract with Greek international for an undisclosed fee. The Greek midfielder began to get back on track his career with Omonia in the second half of the 2018–19 season, contributing with four goals and one assist in 18 Cypriot First Division matches.<mask> commented on his transfer to Panathinaikos: "I am very happy to become a member of the Panathinaikos family. This is a big club. I want to remain healthy in order to help the team achieve its goals. For me, Panathinaikos represents a great opportunity, and I want to prove that I can play at this level knowing how large this club is. I thank Mr. Dabizas and Mr. Donis for their belief which they have showed in me. I also express my thanks to the supporters who have sent me welcoming messages over the course of the past two days." On 11 September 2020, <mask> will continue his career with last year's Moldovan National Division champion FC Sheriff Tiraspol, on a long-season loan from Panathinaikos.At the end of the 2020-21 season with 12 goals (and 9 assists) in all competitions helped the club to win the 2020-21 title. FC Sheriff Tiraspol
On 28 July 2021, <mask> will continue his career in FC Sheriff Tiraspol, this time with a regular transfer, as he was released by mutual consent from Panathinaikos, for a year contract with an undisclosed fee. There was interest from Turkish and Israeli clubs, but he chose to join a team that plays in the UEFA Champions League qualifiers. On 17 August 2021, <mask> with a volleyed strike gave Sheriff a dominant lead in a 3-0 home win game against GNK Dinamo Zagreb in the Champions League playoffs 1st round. On 25 September 2021, he scored a brace in a triumphic 7-0 away win against FC Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol. Kocaelispor
On 1 February 2022,<mask> will continue his career in Kocaelispor, with a regular transfer, as he was released by mutual consent from FC Sheriff Tiraspol, for a year-and-a-half contract with an undisclosed fee. International career
<mask> has a plural international career in youth Greece squads.On 9 November 2014 Greece head coach Claudio Ranieri announced the first call up of <mask> (replaced injured Salpingidis) for the match against Faroe Islands. He made his international debut four days later in a friendly home match against Serbia. On 19 March 2019, Greece head coach Angelos Anastasiadis announced the call up of <mask> for the match against Liechtenstein and Bosnia and Herzegovina for UEFA Euro 2020. On 26 March 2019, <mask> heading home powerfully hit goal from a great Zeca right-wing cross in the 85th minute equalizing in a 2–2 finish against Bosnia and Herzegovina against 10-man Bosnia-Herzegovina at the Stadion Bilino Polje in Zenica in their second Euro 2020 qualifying match. It was his first goal with the national team. International goals
Scores and results list Greece's goal tally first. Honours
Olympiakos
Super League Greece: 2015–16

FC Sheriff Tiraspol
Divizia Națională: 2020–21

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Athens
Association football midfielders
Association football wingers
Greek footballers
Greece youth international footballers
Greece under-21 international footballers
Greece international footballers
Super League Greece players
Belgian First Division A players
Cypriot First Division players
Moldovan National Division players
Eredivisie players
Panionios F.C.players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Panegialios F.C. players
K.V. Mechelen players
Willem II (football club) players
AC Omonia players
FC Sheriff Tiraspol players
Greek expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Moldova
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Greek expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Moldova

masks:
Dimitris Kolovos
Panionios Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos
Kolovos


title: Junayd of Baghdad

texts:
<mask> of Baghdad (; 830–910) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders. Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan". Early life and education

The exact birth date of <mask> ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Junayd al-Khazzāz al-Qawārīrī (Arabic: أبو القاسم الجنيد بن محمد الخزاز القواريري) is disputed and ranges from 210 to 215 AH according to Abdel-Kader. His death is more certain and ranges from 296 to 298 AH (908 to 910 CE).It is believed that <mask> was of Persian ancestry, with his ancestors originating in Nihawand in modern-day Iran. Al-Junayd was raised by his uncle Sirri Saqti after being orphaned as a boy. <mask>'s early education included teachings from Abū Thawr, Abū 'Ubayd, al-Ḥārith al-Muḥãsibī, and Sarī ibn Mughallas. Hagiography
As to the hagiography by Attar of Nishapur, the Tazkirat al-Awliya, had felt the pain of divine separation since childhood. Regardless of spiritual sorrow, he was known for his quick understanding and discipline. When Sirri Saqti accepted him. According to Attar, Junayd was only seven years of age when Sirri Saqti took him along for the Hajj.In al-Masjid an-Nabawi, there were 400 sheikhs discussing the concept of ‘thankfulness’ whereby each expounded his own view. When Sirri Saqti told him to present his definition, Junayd said, "Thankfulness means that should not disobey God by means of the favour which he has bestowed upon you nor make of His favour a source of disobedience." The sheikhs unanimously agreed that no other words could define the term better. Sirri Saqti asked Junayd from where he could learn all this. Junayd replied, "From sitting with you." Spiritual journey
His traditional hagiography continues by stating that Junayd went back to Baghdad and took up selling glasses. However, he spent most of the time in prayer.Hence, he retired to the porch of Sirri Saqti's house and kept himself away from worldly matters, devoting his thoughts only to God. People need to "relinquish natural desires, to wipe out human attributes, to discard selfish motives, to cultivate spiritual qualities, to devote oneself to true knowledge, to do what is best in the context of eternity, to wish good for the entire community, to be truly faithful to God, and to follow the Prophet in the matters of the Shari’a." This starts with the practice of asceticism (zuhd) and continues with withdrawal from society, intensive concentration on devotion (ibadah) and remembrance (dhikr) of God, sincerity (ikhlas), and contemplation (muraqaba) respectively; contemplation produces fana. Junayd spend 40 years in his mystic course praying while sacrificing his sleep and any other worldly desires, but then a conceit in his heart arose that he has achieved his goal. By then he inspired by God that "He who is not worthy of union, all his good works are but sins." This meant that the prayers which become a source of pride are useless, as true prayer makes a person more humble and devoted to God. His name became famous in many parts of the world despite the persecution he faced and the tongues of slander shot at him.Even then, he did not start preaching until 30 of the great saints indicated to him that he should now call men to God. However, he chose not to preach as yet, saying, "While the master is there, it is not seemingly for the disciple to preach." After witnessing Muhammad in his dream commanding him to preach, he had to listen to Sirri Saqti. The intensity of ishq poured out of a speech of Junayd such that out of the 40 people he first preached, 18 died and 22 fainted. His caliph and most dear disciple was Abu Bakr Shibli. Works by <mask>
<mask> helped establish the "sober" school of Sufi thought, which meant that he was very logical and scholarly about his definitions of various virtues, tawhid, etc. Sober Sufism is characterized by people who "experience fana [and] do not subsist in that state of selfless absorption in God but find themselves returned to their senses by God.Such returnees from the experience of selflessness are thus reconstituted as renewed selves," just like an intoxicated person sobering up. For example, Junayd is quoted as saying, "The water takes on the color of the cup." While this might seem rather confusing at first, ‘Abd al-Hakeem Carney explains it best: "When the water is understood here to refer to the Light of Divine self-disclosure, we are led to the important concept of 'capacity,' whereby the Divine epiphany is received by the heart of any person according to that person’s particular receptive capacity and will be 'colored' by that person’s nature". Also, according to Sells, "Junayd seems to presuppose that his hearer or reader has had the experience about which he is speaking – or, even more radically, that the hearer or reader is able to enter that experience, or some re-creation of it – at the moment of encounter with Junayd's words." This statement makes it seem like Junayd was writing to a specific sect of the elite that he described earlier. The elite that he refers to are the elect, or "a tightly knit group of 'brethren' that Junayd designates by such phrases as 'the choice of believers' or 'the pure ones'. They play significant roles in the community of believers."See also
 List of Sufis
 Sari al-Saqati
 Harith al-Muhasibi
 Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui
 Suhrawardiyya
 Seyyed Qutb al-Din Mohammad Neyrizi

References

External links
 The Book of the Cure of Souls Translation of Kitab Dawa Al-arwahbi, at archive.org. Sunni Sufis
Sunni imams
Iranian Sufis
Iraqi Sufis
People from Baghdad
People from Nahavand
10th-century Iranian people
9th-century Iranian people
830 births
910 deaths

masks:
Junayd
Abu l Qāsim al Junayd
al Junayd
Al Junayd
Junayd
Junayd


title: 2 Chainz

texts:
Tauheed K. Epps (born September 12, 1977), known professionally as <mask>, is an American rapper. Born and raised in College Park, Georgia, he initially gained recognition for being one-half of the Southern hip hop duo Playaz Circle, alongside his longtime friend and fellow rapper Earl "Dolla Boy" Conyers. The duo was signed to fellow Georgia-based rapper Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace label, and are best known for their debut single "Duffle Bag Boy" (featuring Lil Wayne). In February 2012, Epps signed a solo record deal with Def Jam Recordings, an imprint of Universal Music Group. The following August, he released his debut studio album Based on a T.R.U. Story on August 14, 2012, to commercial success despite mixed reviews. The album spawned three successful singles: "No Lie" (featuring Drake), "Birthday Song" (featuring Kanye West), and "I'm Different", all of which charted in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 and were certified Gold or higher by the RIAA, along with the album being certified Gold.His second studio album B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time was released on September 11, 2013; supported by the lead single "Feds Watching" (featuring Pharrell Williams). Epps began working with TV network Viceland on a show called Most Expensivest, which debuted on November 15, 2017, and aired for three seasons. Early life
2 Chainz was born Tauheed Epps in College Park, Georgia. He attended North Clayton High School, where he played basketball and graduated second in his class. While in high school, he dealt marijuana and was arrested for felony cocaine possession when he was 15 years old. College basketball career
He later attended Alabama State University on a scholarship, and played on its basketball team from 1995 to 1997.When asked by Rolling Stone about longstanding rumors that he had graduated from Alabama State with a 4.0 GPA, which had been widely reported on many sources including Wikipedia, 2 Chainz said: "Don't believe anything on Wack-ipedia. There's a lot of false stuff on there, to the point that every time I try to fix one thing, something else comes out." In fact, he transferred to Virginia State University due to circumstances he was reluctant to speak about. "I got into some trouble, went somewhere else, and came back. But I graduated, and that's that. That was then," he said. Statistics

Musical career

1997–2010: Playaz Circle and Disturbing tha Peace
Epps formed the hip hop duo Playaz Circle (the word "Playaz" being a bacronym for "Preparing Legal Assets for Years from A to Z") in College Park, Georgia in 1997, with his high school friend Earl Conyers (known as Dolla Boy), while Epps adopted "Tity Boi" as his moniker.Following the release of an independent album titled United We Stand, United We Fall (2002), the duo was introduced to fellow Atlanta rapper Ludacris when he moved into their College Park apartment complex while he was acting as a DJ. After taking interest in Playaz Circle, Ludacris began to record several songs with the group, playing some of them on his radio station. Ludacris soon became one of the highest-selling rappers in the Southern United States. After hearing of their situation, Ludacris requested of Epps that the duo join his newly formed record label Disturbing Tha Peace, a subsidiary of Def Jam Recordings. Epps agreed to sign, although Conyers did not officially join the label until his mother regained her health a year after the initial signing. The duo's debut album Supply & Demand, was released on October 30, 2007. The lead single and the duo's debut single, "Duffle Bag Boy", became an urban hit single.The song features Lil Wayne, and was performed by the duo at the BET Hip Hop Awards. The duo released its second studio album Flight 360: The Takeoff, on September 29, 2009. In January 2010, Playaz Circle filmed a music video for the single "Big Dawg" featuring Lil Wayne and Birdman at Studio Space Atlanta. Shortly afterwards, Epps left Disturbing tha Peace, a move he claimed was taken in order to advance his career. Although Ludacris was initially reluctant to allow Epps to leave the label (as he felt Epps could still prove financially successful), he eventually accepted the decision. 2011–12: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story
Epp's has sometimes faced criticism of sexism for his original pseudonym "Tity Boi", although he has repeatedly denied such accusations.In early 2011, Epps decided to change his stage name to <mask>, as he perceived it to be more "family friendly." Following the name change, Epps released a mixtape titled T.R.U. REALigion, which became his first mixtape to appear on the music charts, peaking at number 58 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Since the success of the mixtape, Epps has made numerous guest appearances on tracks by prominent recording artists such as Kanye West ("Mercy") and Nicki Minaj ("Beez in the Trap"). On March 24, 2012, Epps announced his debut studio album, whose title he had changed to Based on a T.R.U. Story from its original title of T.R.U. to My REALigion, which was set for an August 14, 2012, release date.The album's lead single, "No Lie," featured Canadian rapper Drake, and was released on May 8, 2012. On May 11, it was under speculation that Epps had signed with Kanye West's GOOD Music label, after West tweeted: "2 Chainz is charging 100k for a verse now cause he's G.O.O.D!!!!!" However, Epps later denied those rumors, saying: "He just said I'm good, like I'm ill. But we was talking and I think I was jeopardizing my brand sometimes by doing the homeboy special. So I think he felt like we should just put that out there that we ain't doing no more of that." On May 30, 2012, Ciara revealed <mask> was featured on "Sweat," the intended first single from her fifth studio album, One Woman Army. Based on a T.R.U.Story debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 147,000 copies in its first week. The album was met with mixed reviews, earning a score of 55 on metacritic. As of September 23, 2012, the album sold 288,000 copies in the United States. That September, Epps performed at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards, alongside longtime friend Lil Wayne. After the release of his debut, Based on a T.R.U. Story, Epps made momentous strides. He facilitated his first solo worldwide tour, selling out most of its dates; he was nominated for over 13 BET Hip Hop Awards, bringing home 4 such trophies; he earned The Source Magazine's "Man of the Year" award; he released a collaborative endeavor with ADIDAS, and later Beats By Dre; and he was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album.2012–15: B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time and Collegrove

In late 2012, Epps stated once he completed the B.O.A.T.S. concert tour, he would reenter the studio. In November 2012, he revealed he was three songs deep into his second studio album. The album's estimated release date was April 2013. The rapper made a guest appearance on NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in an episode that aired May 8, 2013. He also appeared as himself in the second season (episode 16, titled "...And Just Plane Magic") of the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls, where he traveled on the same private planes as the two main characters.On May 23, 2013, he announced that his second studio album B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time would be released on September 10, 2013. On June 2, 2013, Epps premiered the first single from the album, titled "Feds Watching," at the Hot 97's Summer Jam. The song featured Pharrell Williams, and it was recorded on 2013 Grammy Awards night. On June 15, Epps announced the title of his second album would be B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time. The album was released on Def Jam Recordings on September 10, 2013.B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time featured guest appearances from Pharrell Williams, Fergie, Drake, Lil Wayne, Pusha T, Mase, Chrisette Michele, Iamsu!, T-Pain, Dolla Boy, Rich Homie Quan, and Lloyd among others. The album's production was handled by Diplo, Mike WiLL Made It, Drumma Boy, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Mannie Fresh, Wonder Arillo, Da Honorable C-Note and DJ Toomp among others. It was also supported by the single "Used 2," along with the promotional singles "Where U Been?" and "Netflix." Upon the album's release, it was met with generally positive reviews from music critics.It also faired decently commercially, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200, and number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart selling 63,000 copies in its first week. On October 23, 2013, Epps revealed that he had begun working on his third studio album immediately following the release of B.O.A.T.S. II. He also stated he had the first single from his third album ready for release and that he still wanted to get Jay-Z featured on the album. In November 2015, <mask> Chainz revealed that he was releasing a joint album with Lil Wayne, titled ColleGrove. On May 5, 2014, Epps released a brand new EP titled FreeBase for free digital download. It included seven songs and included features from Lil Boosie, A$AP Rocky, Rick Ross, and more.The EP earned over 200,000 downloads. In January 2014 Epps released a promotional single titled "I'm a Dog." 2016–2019: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music and Rap or Go to the League

On January 27, 2016, Epps released an EP titled "Felt Like Cappin". It was released via online streaming sites and iTunes. The EP was promoted by the single "Back On That Bullshit" featuring Lil Wayne. Epps began 2016 with the March release of a 12-record collaborative album with rapper Lil Wayne titled ColleGrove, which was intended to be the debut album between <mask>z and Lil Wayne. However, Wayne's ongoing lawsuit with Cash Money Records prevented Wayne from being a primary artist on the album.Epps appears as the primary artist on the album with eight tracks featuring Lil Wayne. The album features prominent producers such as Honorable C.N.O.T.E., Mike Will Made It, Zaytoven, TM88, Metro Boomin, London on da Track, and more. ColleGrove received decent reviews from critics and fans. Epps continued his work in 2016 with the August 5 release of mixtape Daniel Son: Necklace Don, a 9-track mixtape that Epps released independently. The mixtape originally featured Drake and YFN Lucci on it, but Epps chose to move the song "Big Amount ft. Drake" to the 2017 studio album Pretty Girls Like Trap Music because of its mass appeal on the mixtape and star power performance. Daniel Son: Necklace Don received a 3-out-of-5-star review from XXL magazine. 2016 was wrapped up by Epps's third mixtape, titled Hibachi for Lunch, which was released October 28.The 7-track mixtape originally featured Quavo, Gucci Mane, Ty Dolla Sign, and Future. However, the song "Good Drank ft. Quavo and Gucci Mane" was moved to Pretty Girls Like Trap Music. Notable production was done by Mike Will Made It, K Swisha, and Buddah Bless. In 2017, Epps released his fourth studio album titled Pretty Girls Like Trap Music on June 16 on Def Jam Recordings. The album featured Travis Scott, Nicki Minaj, Swae Lee, Migos, Jhene Aiko, Pharrell Williams, and more. Album production was done by Mike Will Made It, Buddah Bless, Mike Dean, Murda Beatz, and more. The album was supported by three official singles: "Good Drank", "It's a Vibe," and "4 AM".The album was also supported by a nationwide concert tour, as well as several pop-up shops in the US. [1] [2] 2 Chainz alluded to the album showing "growth and maturation." He stated the content would maintain its edginess while also elevating trap music to a point where everyone could appreciate it. Pretty Girls Like Trap Music received widespread critical acclaim, with most critics citing the album as his best album yet. On November 15, 2017, the first episode of Most Expensivest aired on the TV network Viceland. The show focused on 2 Chainz visiting different locations offering the "most expensivest" goods and services. Each show covers a particular theme, with shows ranging from personal health to extravagant indulgences.The show offered a unique insight into products and services that have been created with the explicit intent on being exclusive and expensive. <mask>z offered a unique and often humorous insight into the products, especially the ones that he personally found to be either amazing or ridiculous. The show was renewed for a 20-episode third season, which aired in early 2019. The Play Don't Care Who Makes was the fourth EP released by Epps on February 8, 2018, by Def Jam Recordings. The EP was composed of four songs, one of which featured appearances from YG and Offset on the song "PROUD". Production was done by Minus, June James, Nonstop, Streetrunner, and more. On February 19, 2018, Epps announced his new album Rap or Go to the League, which was set to be released during 2018.However, the album was released on March 1, 2019. On March 26, 2020, 2 Chainz confirmed that ColleGrove 2, a sequel of 2016's ColleGrove, would be released later in 2020. 2020–present: So Help Me God and Dope Don't Sell Itself
In August 2020, following his Verzuz battle with Rick Ross, <mask> Chainz announced that his upcoming sixth album would be titled So Help Me God!. The album was initially scheduled for release on September 25, 2020. However, in the week of its planned release, it was delayed because of sample clearances. 2 Chainz said, "It should be another couple weeks". It was then announced for release on November 13, 2020, and was preceded by the release of the single "Quarantine Thick", which featured Mulatto.. On September 24, 2020, 2 Chainz played against Big Boi and his family on the season premiere of the reality game show Celebrity Family Feud.On August 3, 2021, 2 Chainz announced that his seventh album would be his last trap album, titled Dope Don't Sell Itself. Personal life

Family
Epps has two daughters, Heaven, born on July 26, 2008, and Harmony, born on October 20, 2012. On October 14, 2015, 2 Chainz welcomed his third child, a baby boy named Halo. On August 18, 2018, Epps married his longtime girlfriend and mother of his three children: Kesha Ward. Legal issues
At the age of 15, Epps was convicted of felony cocaine possession. On February 14, 2013, Epps was arrested in Maryland en route to a concert at UMES for marijuana possession. Epps was then cited and released.On June 11, 2013, Epps was arrested while on board a departing flight at LAX airport for possession of a controlled substance after TSA agents found that his checked bag contained marijuana and promethazine. He was booked and charged with felony narcotics possession. Later that day he posted $10,000 bond and was released. He was due back in court on June 21, 2013. Two days previous, he was reportedly robbed at gunpoint outside a medical marijuana dispensary in San Francisco. Just before midnight on August 21, 2013, Epps' tour bus was pulled over in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, because the passenger side taillights were out. The arresting officer reported that he smelled marijuana and saw smoke through the open door of the bus after he had stopped and pulled over the bus.The driver of the bus shut the door and told officers he was not authorized to allow them on the bus. The officer said the marijuana smell gave him probable cause to search, but the driver refused to open the door. After many attempts to enter, the bus was towed with the men still aboard to the police training center in Oklahoma City. Officers obtained a search warrant and the 10 men, including Epps, got off the bus. Police discovered two semi-automatic pistols and a 12-gauge pump shotgun, along with some prescription painkillers and marijuana residue, on the tour bus according to papers filed Oklahoma County district Court. Business ventures

In October 2016, he opened a line of hoodies called CEO Millionaires or Create Every Opportunity Millionaires. He also has his own line of sweaters called "Dabbing Sweaters."On May 10, 2019, the Atlanta Hawks announced that 2 Chainz had acquired a minority ownership stake in the team's NBA G League affiliate, the College Park Skyhawks. Discography

 Based on a T.R.U. Story (2012)
 B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time (2013)
 ColleGrove (2016)
 Pretty Girls Like Trap Music (2017)
 Rap or Go to the League  (2019)
 So Help Me God! (2020)
 Dope Don't Sell Itself (2022)

The Real University

On January 6, 2015, 2 Chainz announced that he was starting his own independent record label "The Real University" (also known as "T.R.U. "; or "The Real U"). The announcement also revealed that frequent collaborators Cap.1 & Skooly were signed.Additionally, they signed former Young Money artist Short Dawg, who is now known as Fresh. Along with the announcement of the label's founding, they also revealed they'd be releasing their debut mixtape TRU Jack City on January 27, 2015. On October 4, 2019, 2 Chainz announced that T.R.U has signed a partnership deal with Atlantic Records.

masks:
2 Chainz
2 Chainz
2 Chainz
2
2 Chain
2 Chain
2


title: Shirley Clarke

texts:
<mask> (née Brimberg; October 2, 1919 – September 23, 1997) was an American filmmaker. Life
Born <mask> in New York City, she was the daughter of a Polish-immigrant father who made his fortune in manufacturing. Her mother was the daughter of a multimillionaire Jewish manufacturer and inventor. The eldest of three daughters, her sister was the writer Elaine Dundy. Her interest in dance began at an early age, but met with the disapproval of her father, a violent bully. <mask> attended Stephens College, Johns Hopkins University, Bennington College, and University of North Carolina. As a result of dance lessons at each of these schools, she trained under the Martha Graham technique, the Humphrey-Weidman technique, and the Hanya Holm method of modern dance.She married <mask> to escape her father's control, so she could study dance under the masters in New York City. Their daughter Wendy was born in 1944. Her marriage to Bert ended in divorce in 1963. She began her career as a dancer in the New York avant garde modern dance movement. She was an avid participant in dance lessons and performances at the Young Women's Hebrew Association. In 1972, <mask> was a signatory to a campaign of Ms magazine, “We Have Had Abortions”, which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom; the participants encouraged women to share their stories and take action. Short films
In her first film, Dance in the Sun (1953), she adapted a choreography of Daniel Nagrin.The New York Dance Film Society selected it as the best dance film of the year. In  Dance in the Sun (1953), <mask> made use of rhythmic shots, shooting a dance on stage and then cutting from the stage to the beach and back and forth throughout the film. She crossed over from being a dancer, to being a filmmaker and expressing her art through a new medium. <mask> studied filmmaking with Hans Richter at the City College of New York after making In Paris Parks (1954). In 1955, she became a member of the Independent Filmmakers of America and was part of a circle of independent filmmakers in Greenwich Village such as Maya Deren, Stan Brakhage, Jonas Mekas, and Lionel Rogosin. In A Moment in Love, <mask> used abstract line and color to capture pure dance. <mask>'s film Bridges Go-Round (1959) is a major example of abstract expressionism in film, with two alternative soundtracks, one with electronic music by Louis and Bebe Barron and the other is jazz orientated and was created by Teo Macero.She used the camera to create a sense of motion while filming inanimate structures. She received an Academy Award nomination for Skyscraper (1959) with two other documentary filmmakers. Mainly shot in 1958, the short film captures the construction of 666 Fifth Avenue that began in 1957. The 20-minute film includes shots of the Roxy Theatre which was demolished the year Skyscraper was released. In 1959, it won the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival. A Scary Time (1960), showing poverty and disease among children in Third World nations, was produced by UNICEF in consultation with Thorold Dickinson. It features music by Peggy Glanville-Hicks.Features released in the 1960s
<mask> described the impact her experience as a woman had on her filmmaking:

In 1962, she described, her objectives: "I'm revolting against the conventions of movies. Who says a film has to cost a million dollars and be safe and innocuous enough to satisfy every 12-year-old in America?" The Connection
Her first feature film The Connection (1961), from the play by Jack Gelber, concerns heroin-addicted jazz musicians, was part of the emergence of a New York independent feature film movement. The film heralded a new style addressing relevant social issues in black-and-white low-budget films. <mask> intended the film to be used as a test case in a successful fight to abolish New York State's censorship rules. It also served as a commentary on the failures of cinema verité. It is meant to appear to document the spontaneous interactions of a contemporary, specific lifestyle (Bohemian New York of the early 1960s).The Connection generated controversy and discussion in the downtown New York City arts community. The original play by Jack Gelber had been condemned by mainstream critics during its performances off-Broadway, but had still drawn an audience that included "Leonard Bernstein, Anita Loos, Salvador Dalí and Lillian Hellman, who likened it to 'a fine time at the circus'". <mask> was determined to film the play, and once completed, it received favorable reviews. It was screened out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1961, where again it was received positively. American Beat generation celebrities who were in Europe at the time traveled to Cannes to show support for <mask>'s film. Screenings of The Connection in New York State were subsequently banned following complaints alleging indecency, based on a shot that included a pornographic magazine and a word deemed obscene. At the time, New York State only permitted films to be publicly screened if they had received a license from the State's board of censors.Another attempt was made to publicly screen the film a year later, only for the police to intervene, as the filmmakers still did not have a license from the State's board of censors. Following these incidents, critical reviews of The Connection became predominantly negative. The situation made it difficult for <mask> to organize funding and distribution for her film projects. While filming The Connection, she fell in love with actor Carl Lee. Following her divorce from <mask>, she began a relationship with Lee that lasted until his death in 1986 from AIDS, which he had contracted from his use of a dirty hypodermic needle. Later in the decade
In 1961, <mask> signed the manifesto "Statement for a New American Cinema", and in 1962, she co-founded The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York with Jonas Mekas. Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel With the World (1963), directed by <mask> and starring the poet Robert Frost, won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature.Based on a novel by Warren Miller, <mask>'s  feature, The Cool World (1964), followed the life of a young man who rose to be the leader of a juvenile gang. The first movie to dramatize a story on black street gangs without relying upon Hollywood-style moralizing, it was shot on location in Harlem and produced by Frederick Wiseman. The Cool World was the first independently made film to be screened at the Venice International Film Festival. <mask> directed a feature-length interview with a gay black male  prostitute, Portrait of Jason (1967) which was selected for the New York Film Festival. Edited from 12 hours of interview footage. the film was described by Lauren Rabinovitz as an exploration of one "person's character while it simultaneously addresses the range and limitations of cinema-verité style". Portrait of Jason (1967) had a mixed response from American critics.With the exception of non-mainstream publications, reviewers were generally negative focusing on <mask>'s supposed "morbid viewpoint and the lack of production polish". Portrait of Jason had a better reception in Europe. The film was distributed by the Film-Makers Distribution Center. Co-founded by <mask> in 1966, the distributor closed in 1970 after encountering financial difficulties. Video works and other projects
In the 1970s and early 1980s, <mask> experimented with live video performance, returning to her roots as a dancer. She formed The TeePee Video Space Troupe at her Hotel Chelsea penthouse. This group included video artists Andy Gurian, Bruce Ferguson, Stephanie Palewski, DeeDee Halleck, Vickie Polan, Shrider Bapat, <mask>'s daughter <mask>, and many others.The Troupe were also early experimenters with taped video performance, installation and documentation. After working on video films for several years at the Hotel Chelsea, <mask> was approached by Roger Corman to work on his next film Crazy Mama (1975). This sparked disagreements over creative approaches. <mask> realized that Corman was expecting a protègé without film experience. In a 1985 interview, <mask> stated that she did not believe the situation would have occurred had she been a male filmmaker:

From time to time, members of the pioneering video collective Videofreex were part of the Troupe: David Cort, Parry Teasdale, Chuck Kennedy, Skip Blumberg, Bart Freidman, and Nancy Cain. The troupe worked in and around the Hotel Chelsea on West 23rd St in New York City, often setting up multiple cameras and monitors on the roof or in the stairwell. The Chelsea guest participants included Viva, Arthur C<mask> (no relation), Severn Darden, and Agnès Varda.The troupe went on tour to colleges and media centers, including Bucknell College in Pennsylvania, where they worked with drama and dance students in a massive evening performance in the student center, and SUNY Cortland, where they created a video mural with art students. <mask>'s final film was Ornette: Made in America (1985), a documentary profile of the jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman. Other activities
In addition to directing her own films, <mask> played an independent filmmaker in the cinéma vérité-style comedy Lions Love (1969) by Agnès Varda. <mask> also appears briefly in the documentary He Stands in a Desert Counting the Seconds of His Life (1986) by Jonas Mekas. <mask>'s legs appeared in John Lennon and Yoko Ono's 1971 film Up Your Legs Forever. <mask> lectured regularly, speaking at theaters and museums. During the period between 1971 and 1974, <mask> led number of Teepee touring workshops in a variety of venues and institutions including the Kitchen, the Museum of Modern art ('Open Circuits'), Antioch College, Baltimore, Wesleyan College, Bucknell University, Film Study Center, Hampshire College and the University of Buffalo.<mask> became a professor at UCLA in 1975, teaching film and video until 1983. Death and legacy
<mask> died of a stroke in Boston, Massachusetts after a struggle with Alzheimer's disease, shortly before her 78th birthday. The only full-length feature to receive wide media coverage during <mask>'s lifetime was The Connection. It was not her only film to subject to bans by New York State censors, or distribution challenges posed by the lack of infrastructure for independent filmmakers. <mask>'s reputation languished for many years, during a period when she was "marginalized, written out of histories and dismissed as a dilettante". There has been renewed interest in her filmmaking, however. The first Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award was presented to Barbara Hammer in October 2006.Thomas Cohen, in a 2012 book discussing her career, described her features as "films considered essential works of New American Cinema". From 2012 onwards, Milestone Films undertook "Project Shirley", an in-depth, eight-year project to release restored versions of many of <mask>'s films on DVD and Blu-ray, preceded by limited theatrical runs. This encompassed Ornette: Made in America (Volume 1, November 11, 2014), Portrait of Jason (Volume 2, November 11, 2014), The Connection (Volume 3, February 24, 2015) and The Magic Box: The Films of <mask>. 1927-1986 (Volume 4, November 15, 2016). Filmography
A Dance in the Sun (1953)
In Paris Parks (1954)
Bullfight (1955)
A Moment in Love (1957)
Brussels "Loops (1958)
Bridges-Go-Round (1958)
Skyscraper (1959) with Willard Van Dyke and Irving Jacoby
A Scary Time (1960)
The Connection (1961)
Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World (1963)
The Cool World (1963)
Portrait of Jason (1967)
Man in Polar Regions (1967)
Trans (1978)
One Two Three (1978)
Mysterium; Initiation (1978)
Savage/Love (1981)
Tongues (1982)
Ornette: Made in America (1985)

See also
 Experimental film
 New American Cinema
 Women's cinema
 List of female film and television directors
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women

References

External links

<mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. <mask> datebook, 1955-1956, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Article by Andy Gurian
Interview with <mask> by DeeDee Halleck
A profile of <mask> by Sophia Satchell Baeza for Sight & Sound [October 2019]
Village Voice article
Remembering <mask> Clarke by DeeDee Halleck
<mask>: A Retrospective - Edinburgh Film Festival TV
"A Conversation", <mask> Clarke and Storm de Hirsch, Film Culture Issue 46 (Autumn 1967)

1919 births
1997 deaths
American women film directors
American experimental filmmakers
20th-century American Jews
American people of Polish descent
Stephens College alumni
American documentary filmmakers
Women documentary filmmakers
Women experimental filmmakers
20th-century American women

masks:
Shirley Clarke
Shirley Brimberg
Clarke
Bert Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Bert Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Wendy Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
. Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Clarke
Shirley Clarke
Shirley Clarke
Shirley Clarke
Shirley Clarke
Shirley Clarke
Shirley
Shirley Clarke
Shirley