title: Vidyapati

texts:
<mask> ( – 1460), also known by the sobriquet Maithil Kavi Kokil (the poet cuckoo of Maithili), was a Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint, composer, writer, courtier and royal priest. He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs. He knew Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha, and Maithili. Vidyapati's influence was not just restricted to Maithili and Sanskrit literature but also extended to other Eastern Indian literary traditions. The language at the time of Vidyapati, the prakrit-derived late Abahattha, had just begun to transition into early versions of the Eastern languages such as Maithili and Bhojpuri. Thus, Vidyapati's influence on making these languages has been described as "analogous to that of Dante in Italy and Chaucer in England". He has been called the "Father of Bengali literature".Early life
Vidyapati was born to a Maithil Brahmin family in the village of Bisapī (now Bisfi) in the present-day Madhubani district of the Mithila region of northern Bihar, India. The name Vidyapati ("master of knowledge") is derived from two Sanskrit words, vidya ("knowledge") and pati ("master"). There is confusion as to his exact date of birth due to conflicting information from his own works and those of his patrons. He was the son of Gaṇapati Ṭhakkura, a Maithil Brahmin said to be a great devotee of Shiva. He was a priest in the court of Rāya Gaṇeśvara, the reigning chief of Tirhut. A number of his near ancestors were notable in their own right including his great-grandfather, Devāditya Ṭhakkura, who was a Minister of War and Peace in the court of Harisimhadeva. Vidyapati himself worked in the courts of various kings of the Oiniwar Dynasty of Mithila.<mask>'s first commission was by Kīrttisiṃha, who ruled Mithila from around 1370 to 1380. This led to the Kīrttilatā, a long praise-poem for his patron in verse. This work contains an extended passage praising the courtesans of Delhi, foreshadowing his later virtuosity in composing love poetry. Though Kīrttisiṃha didn't commission any more works, <mask> secured a position at the court of his successor, Devasimha. The prose story collection Bhūparikramaṇa was written under Devasimha's auspices. <mask> developed a close friendship with Devasimha's heir apparent Sivasimha and started focusing on love songs. He wrote some five hundred love songs, primarily between 1380 and 1406.The songs he composed after that period were devotional praises of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, and Ganga. There was a close friendship between Sivasimha, king of Mithila from 1402 to 1406, and Vidyapati. As soon as Sivasimha ascended to his throne, he granted Vidyapati his home village of Bisapi, an act recorded on a copper plate. On the plate, Sivasimha calls him "the new Jayadeva". The poet also accompanied his king to Delhi, at the sultan's demand. A story about that encounter relates how the king was held by the sultan and Vidyapati negotiated for his release by displaying his clairvoyant powers. Sivasimha's favorable patronage and the courtly environment encouraged Vidyapati's experiments in love songs written in Maithili, a language everyone at court could enjoy.In 1406, Sivasimha went missing in a battle with a Muslim army. After this defeat, Vidyapati and the court took refuge at a king's court in Rajabanauli, Nepal. In 1418, Padmasimha succeeded Sivasimha as ruler of Mithila after an interregnum when Sivasimha's chief queen Lakhima Devi reigned for 12 years. Vidyapati returned to serve Padmasimha and continue writing, primarily treatises on law and devotional manuals. At about 1430 or earlier, he is known to have returned to his village, Bisapi. He often visited its temple of Shiva. He is recorded as having two wives, three sons and four daughters.Political career
The independence of the kings Vidyapati worked for was often threatened by incursions by Muslim sultans. The Kīrttilatā makes reference to an incident where the Oiniwar King, Raja Gaṇeśvara, was killed by the Turkish commander, Malik Arsalan in 1371. By 1401, Vidyapati requested the help of the Jaunpur Sultan in overthrowing Arsalan and installing Gaṇeśvara's sons, Vīrasiṃha and Kīrttisiṃha, on the throne. With the Sultan's assistance, Arsalan was deposed and Kīrttisiṃha, the oldest son, became the ruler of Mithila. The conflicts of his time are evident in his works. In his early praise-poem Kīrttilatā, he slyly criticizes his patron for his perceived deference to Muslims. Love songs
While working under his second patron, Devasimha, and especially under his successor Sivasimha, Vidyapati started composing Maithili songs of the love of Radha and Krishna.He seems to have only composed love songs between 1380 to 1406, though he kept writing until near his death in 1448. He seems to have ceased writing love songs after his patron and friend Sivasimha went missing in a battle and his court had to go into exile. These songs, which would eventually number five hundred, broke with convention. They were written in vernacular Maithili as songs, not as formal poems in literary Sanskrit as was done before. Until Vidyapati, Maithili wasn't employed as a literary medium. He applied the tradition of Sanskrit love poetry to the "simple, musical, and direct" Maithili language. His inheritance from the Sanskrit tradition include its repertory of standard images to describe beauty ("eyes large and tender like a doe's") and standard settings to invoke certain moods and feelings (spring with its increasing heat as an analogy for rising passion).<mask> also drew from the beauty of his home in Madhubani ("forest of honey"), with its mango groves, rice fields, sugar cane, and lotus ponds. In the tradition of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Vidyapati's songs were simultaneously praises of love-making and praises of Krishna; praise of Krishna involved praise of love-making. The intensity and poetic virtuosity of the songs were integral to these songs' function as a way to directly worship god and earn spiritual merit. <mask>'s continuation of Jayadeva's program in a different language earned him the title "the new Jayadeva". His work did differ from his predecessor's in two ways. His songs were independent from one another unlike the Gita Govinda, which comprises twelve cantos telling an over-arching story of the couple's separation and reunion. While Jayadeva wrote from Krishna's perspective, Vidyapati preferred Radha's; "her career as a young girl, her slowly awakening youth, her physical charm, her shyness, doubts and hesitations, her naive innocence, her need for love, her surrender to rapture, her utter anguish when neglected - all of these are described from a woman's point of view and with matchless tenderness."These songs frequently mention the queens of king Sivasimha, an indicator that they were meant to be enjoyed by the court. At times, his poems identify Krishna with king Sivasimha and Radha with the king's chief queen, Lakhima Devi. They were sung by a court singer, Jayati, who sent the songs to music. They were learned by dancing girls and eventually spread out of the court. His love songs have been collected into the Padāvalī, probably not by Vidyapati himself. Devotional songs

Though he wrote hundreds of love songs about the romance of Radha and Krishna, he was not a special devotee of Krishna or Vishnu. Instead, he lavished attention on Shiva and Durga but also wrote songs about Vishnu and Ganga.He is particularly known for his songs of the love of Shiva and Parvati and prayers for Shiva as the supreme Brahman. A song titled All My Inhibition:All my inhibition left me in a flash,
When he robbed me off my clothes,
But his body became my new dress. Like a bee hovering on a lotus leaf
He was there in my night, on me! Influence

Odia literature
<mask>'s influence reached Odisha through Bengal. The earliest composition in Brajabuli,  an artificial literary language popularized by Vidyapati, is ascribed to Ramananda Raya, the governor of Godavari province of the King of Odisha, Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He recited his Brajabuli poems to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, when he first met him on the bank of river Godavari at Rajahmundry, southern provincial capital of Kingdom of Odisha in 1511–12.Other notable Odia poets influenced by <mask>'s poems were Champati Ray and king Pratap Malla Dev (1504–32). Bengali literature
Bengali Vaishnavas like Chitanya and Chandidas adopted <mask>'s love songs about Radha and Krishna as Vaishnava hymns. All major Bengali poets of the medieval period were influenced by Vidyapati. As a result, an artificial literary language, known as Brajabuli was developed in the sixteenth century. Brajabuli is basically Maithili (as prevalent during the medieval period) but its forms are modified to look like Bengali. The medieval Bengali poets, Gobindadas Kabiraj, Jnandas, Balaramdas and Narottamdas composed their padas (poems) in this language. Rabindranath Tagore composed his Bhanusingha Thakurer Padabali (1884) in a mix of Western Hindi (Braj Bhasha) and archaic Bengali and named the language Brajabuli as an imitation of Vidyapati (he initially promoted these lyrics as those of a newly discovered poet, Bhanusingha).Other 19th-century figures in the Bengal Renaissance like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee have also written in Brajabuli. Tagore was much influenced by <mask>ti Setu). Legacy
<mask> has been kept alive in popular memory over the past six centuries; he is a household name in Mithila. His love songs are sung at weddings in the region. Many myths have arisen about him and people continue to sing his songs.Bidāpat Nāch
A form of folk dance-drama street theater, Bidāpat Nāch, where "bidāpat" is derived from "Vidyapati", is performed in Purnia district in north Bihar. While several groups performed in multiple villages in that area in the 20th century, there was just one group left in one village by 2012. In mythology
Vidyapati's life has been mythologised in different ways. Many of his admirers ascribe miracles to him and detail his interaction with the gods. Among these stories is one which details that Shiva came down to earth to speak with Vidyapati after being impressed with his piety. This incarnation of Lord Shiva is known as Ugna. Ugna served as the servant of the poet Vidyapati.Another story tells of story involving him and the Goddess Ganga. When his death was imminent, he decided to go to the river Ganga, but was too tired to continue just a few miles away. He resolves that if his piety was pure, the river would come to him. And so it happens. The goddess obliges and the river rises to let him take a final dip in holy waters. At some point in the past, the town where this is believed to have happened was renamed Vidyapati Nagar ("town of Vidyapati") and a Shiva temple was built there. In popular culture
Pahari Sanyal played <mask> in the 1937 Bengali film Vidyapati, which received a lot of appreciation.The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor as King Shiva Singha of Mithila. Another film, also titled Vidyapati, was made in 1964 by Prahlad Sharma, starring Bharat Bhushan and Simi Garewal in the lead roles. In Dec 2018, Darbhanga Airport was renamed Kavi Kokil Vidyapati Airport. Works

Texts
Maṇimañjarīnāṭikā (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) - a conventional romantic play (nāṭikā)
Bhūparikramaṇa ("around the world", Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a collection of eight prose stories set in different locales
 (Avahaṭṭha, Devanagari script) - a praise-biography in verse detailing the victory of Vidyapati's patron Kirttisimha's over his rival Malik Arsalan composed in the Sanskrit genre ākhyāyikā. (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a treatise on political ethics and ideal masculinity, composed broadly in the Sanskrit kathā genre. Gorakṣavijaya (Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili; Mithilākṣara script) - a musical play about Tantric saint Gorakṣanātha rescuing his teacher Matsyendranātha from a worldly life back to the life of a yogi
Kīrttipatākā (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) - a partially-extant praise-biography in verse for another of Vidyapati's patrons, Sivasimha. Harikeli (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) - a partially-extant allegorical love play between Krishna and the Gopis, with Raya Arjuna/Jagat Simha (a cousin of Sivasimha) as protagonist.Likhanāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a manual for scribes, with model letters, business documents, and affidavits
Śaivasarvasvasāra (Sanskrit; one manuscript in Mithilākṣara script, two in Devanagari) - describes the significance and merits of worshipping Shiva, with proscribed rituals, citing extensively from the Puranas. Gaṅgāvākyāvalī (Sanskrit) - a text glorifying the religious significance of Ganga, with citations from the Puranas. (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) - a dharmaśāstra focusing on property law, with citations from many Smritis. (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a guide to types of ritual donations and their spiritual merits
 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a guide to the proper worship of Durga, especially during Navaratri or in the month of Asvin. Gayāpattalaka (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a text about funerary rituals. (Sanskrit) - a text describing the festivals that are to be observed through the year (probably the festivals that were observed in Mithila at that time). Padāvalī (Maithili, Tirahuta/Bangla/Devanagari scripts depending on version) - a compilation of Vidyapati's songs in praise of Krishna, likely not put together by him.Translations
His works have been translated to several languages, including English. <mask>'s love songs were translated into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 <mask> at Encyclopædia Universalis
 <mask> at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

 27 poems transl. Deben Bhattacharya, from Love Songs of Vidyapati, (UNESCO) 1963

1350s births
1440s deaths
Hindu poets
14th-century Indian poets
People from Madhubani district
Culture of Mithila
Writers of Mithila
Maithili poets
15th-century Indian poets
Maithil Brahmin

masks: Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapatiidyapa Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati


title: Jyles Coggins

type: original

texts:
<mask> (January 10, 1921 – August 25, 2011) was an American real estate developer and politician who served in the North Carolina House of Representatives and North Carolina Senate. He served as the Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina from 1975 until 1977. <mask> was born to a poor family in 1921 in Iredell County, North Carolina, United States. He moved to Chapel Hill in 1939 to pursue a university education, but dropped out due to ill health and took up various jobs. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1942 and fought in World War II as a bomber pilot. Following his discharge in 1946, <mask> moved to Raleigh to resume his education. He shortly thereafter abandoned his studies to start his own construction company.Over time the business grew and completed projects across the southeastern United States, and <mask> became a millionaire. In 1963 he, a conservative Democrat, was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives. Two years later he was elected to the North Carolina Senate. Over the course of his legislative career he advocated for the disabled and opposed liquor, pornography, and coed dormitories on state university campuses. He also frequently disregarded the wishes of state Democratic leaders, earning a reputation as a maverick. <mask> left the Senate in 1971 and unsuccessfully sought a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives the following year. <mask> was elected Mayor of Raleigh in 1975.During his tenure, the Raleigh City Council was split evenly between members aligned with community and environmental activists who wanted to limit the city's growth and others who represented business interests and sought to promote development. The division brought about frequent clashing between <mask>—who had an abrasive, uncompromising style and supported further development in Raleigh—and members of the council. He was challenged in his 1977 reelection bid by Isabella Cannon, who ran at the behest of a coalition of community activists. <mask> frequently attacked the coalition throughout the campaign. Despite having the endorsement of Raleigh's two newspapers and outspending his opponent, he lost the election. He died on August 25, 2011. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on January 10, 1921, in Mooresville, Iredell County, North Carolina, United States to James Lee <mask> and Jeanette Arney.He was the third of five children in a poor family. Both of his parents worked at the Kannapolis Cotton Mill. When <mask> was thirteen years old his father died, and he moved to Statesville to work on a farm, sending a portion of his income back to his family to support it. He graduated from Iredell County's Central High School in 1939. <mask> hitchhiked from his family's farm to Chapel Hill to attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He studied at the school from 1939 until 1940, when he was forced to drop out due to ill health. He then worked a variety of jobs before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps in June 1942.Seeking to become an aviator, he undertook training courses in Chapel Hill; Anacostia, Maryland; and Pensacola, Florida, and was commissioned as a lieutenant on August 17. He completed his operational flight training on November 6 and was subsequently sent to San Diego to join American forces moving out for deployment in World War II. <mask> served as a bomber pilot and fought in the South Pacific, earning ten military awards, including two Distinguished Flying Crosses. <mask> became known as "Bomber Jack" to his fellow Marines during the war and garnered the rank of First Lieutenant before he was discharged in 1946. <mask> returned to North Carolina and enrolled in North Carolina State College in Raleigh, building his own duplex to reside in while he pursued his studies. Anticipating a post-war construction boom, he dropped out in 1947 to pursue a career in contracting. <mask> married Frances Katherine Lyon on September 24, 1943 in Jacksonville, Florida.They had five daughters together. <mask> was a Presbyterian Christian, and was a member of a masonic lodge, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the American Legion, and the Raleigh Civitan Club. Commercial career
<mask> founded the Coggins Construction Company. His first projects were small duplexes. Over time <mask> gradually expanded his building work to include apartment complexes and government buildings. His construction company completed projects across the southeastern United States, including development at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point and the erection of Beckanna Apartments, an eight-story, 250-unit housing complex on Glenwood Avenue in Raleigh which he named for two of his daughters. <mask> later engaged in real estate speculation.Believing that U.S. Route 70 would become an important channel of commercial activity between Raleigh and Durham, he began to purchase land along the highway, eventually amassing over 250 acres. He leased some of the land in the area and oversaw a significant amount of real estate development along the road, sometimes provoking the ire of local residents. He also founded the Lyon Equipment Company and Dob's, Inc.

<mask> frequently attended to his business, and he had little spare time to interact with friends and family or engage in leisurely activities. Over the course of his career he became a millionaire. His newfound wealth allowed him to purchase a large home and 16-acres of land in western Raleigh. He founded Raleigh Memorial Park, a cemetery. His last development project was the erection of a large mausoleum in the cemetery.<mask> had wanted to build such a structure since the 1950s but never had any commercial support to do so, and decided to personally construct it in the early 1990s. He dedicated it to his wife. <mask> served as chairman of the board of Textile Research Services, Inc.. He was also a member of the National Association of Cemeteries, North Carolina Cemetery Association, Raleigh Merchants Bureau, Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, North Carolina Association of Quality Restaurants, North Carolina Motel Association, Association of General Contractors, Raleigh Board of Realtors, and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. Legislative career
In 1963 <mask> sought a seat in the North Carolina House of Representatives. Affiliating with the Democratic Party, he styled himself as a conservative and won election. <mask> was then elected to the 12th district seat in North Carolina Senate, representing Wake County, in 1965.He won re-election to the Senate in 1967 and 1969, serving until 1971. In the 1969–1970 legislative session, he served as Chairman of both the Senate Appropriations Committee on Health, Welfare and Institutional Care, and the Senate Committee on Libraries. Over the course of his time in the legislature, he advocated for the disabled and opposed liquor, pornography, and coed dormitories on state university campuses. In 1971 he introduced a bill that would prohibit students from visiting opposite sex dormitories on state university campuses, but it was defeated in committee. Throughout his tenure he gained a reputation as a maverick, frequently ignoring the wishes of state Democratic leaders. Speaking about his legislative career in 1975, he said, "I was not a special-interest legislator. I was never bothered by lobbyists much in the legislature."In 1972 <mask> sought the U.S. House of Representatives seat from North Carolina's 4th congressional district. He lost the Democratic Party's nomination to Ike Franklin Andrews in a primary election. Mayoral career

1975 campaign
In the 1970s citizens of Raleigh became increasingly concerned about the city's rapid population growth and the consequences of unchecked real estate development. These people formed civic and neighborhood associations which unified as a collective political bloc, the Community Coalition, that supported a more managed process for dealing with Raleigh's expansion. The coalition's electoral strength contributed to the election of Clarence Lightner as Mayor of Raleigh in 1973. In 1975, <mask> sought the office of Mayor, challenging Lightner, whose reputation had suffered from family legal troubles, though <mask> did not openly discuss them. He emphasized during his campaign that he had never maintained a campaigning organization on his behalf or accepted a political donation, noting that his "loner" status in politics made him less suspicious than other candidates with potential ties to real estate developers.He placed first in the October mayoral primary election, earning 10,201 votes. Lightner placed third. He withdrew from the race and endorsed <mask>. <mask> faced City Councilman J. Oliver Williams in the November 4 election, who had the support of the Community Coalition. According to some reports, <mask> initially sought the support of some coalition members, but failed. He resorted to criticizing the bloc, accusing it of trying to take over the municipal government. Two local black voters' groups, the Raleigh Wake Citizens Association and the Wake County Black Democratic Political Caucus, endorsed him.<mask> won the election with 55 percent of the votes cast in his favor. Tenure
<mask> assumed office on December 9, 1975. During his tenure, the eight-member Raleigh City Council was split evenly between members aligned with community and environmental activists who wanted to limit the city's growth and others who represented business interests and sought to promote development. The division brought about frequent clashing between <mask>—who had an abrasive, uncompromising style and supported further development in Raleigh—and members of the council. The disagreement emerged during the City Council's first meeting in December when <mask> called for a vote on the reelection of a returning member as mayor pro tempore. The four city council members supported by the Community Coalition asked that the vote be postponed until a later meeting when they could consider assigning all other leadership roles on the council. <mask>' disregarded their wish and proceeded with the vote, which tied among the councilmen.After breaking the tie with his own vote, <mask> angrily declared "If we're going to have division, let's bring it to a head right now." He then told the four councilmen backed by the coalition, "I refuse to be intimidated. I refuse to be coerced. And I will not be dictated to by any group regardless of who supports it." He later clarified that the "group" he alluded to was the Community Coalition. Relations between <mask> and the council remained tense throughout the rest of his term. The councilmen hotly debated whether the mayor should be empowered to refer proposals to committees without the council's consent.<mask> disagreed with the council about revisions to Raleigh's city charter, pushing for the abolition of the Community Advisory Council, a board which represented neighborhood civic associations. During his tenure the city council also failed to produce a plan for addressing Raleigh's development and growth. The frequent disagreement between <mask> and the council greatly contributed to the eventual resignation of one city councilman and the decision of two others to not seek reelection. While mayor, he also defeated a strike undertaken by black sanitation workers attempting to unionize and established a committee to examine the city's housing inspections department. On July 31, 1976 he was awarded an honorary doctor of law from Shaw University. 1977 reelection campaign
<mask> sought reelection in 1977. He was challenged by a grassroots candidate, Isabella Cannon, who ran for the mayoral office at the behest of the Raleigh Coalition, a successor group to the Community Coalition.On September 13 <mask>, Cannon, and other candidates for municipal offices attended a forum hosted by the coalition. In his opening statement <mask> declared that he was not pursuing the coalition's endorsement, and characterized the group as "a self-appointed, self-anointed group of people serving as an ad hoc city council in exile." At the forum's end he dismissed the event as a "farce". Cannon and the other candidates used their time to discuss local issues, and on September 20 the coalition endorsed Cannon. In the early weeks of the campaign, <mask> discussed Raleigh's need for jobs and his experience in business. Throughout its duration, he emphasized his political experience as mayor and as a legislator. He also frequently criticized the Raleigh Coalition for being "anti-growth".Some observers believed that <mask> attacked the coalition instead of Cannon directly because he was hesitant to speak poorly of an elderly woman. <mask> initially denied that this was the case, but later said, "I still think a gentleman should treat a lady as a lady." <mask> spent $12,000 of his own money on his campaign effort, the most of any candidate for Raleigh municipal office in the 1977 election. He received the endorsement of the city's two daily newspapers, The Raleigh News and Observer and The Raleigh Times, as well as the support of the Raleigh Wake Citizens Association. The Wake County Black Democratic Political Caucus endorsed Cannon. During the final week of the campaign, <mask> spent $9,000 on newspaper advertisements, including $4,000 on four full-page ads. In an upset, Cannon defeated <mask> in the November 8 election, 14,508 votes to 13,315.<mask> won only 15 of Raleigh's 43 precincts, performing best in the wealthier neighborhood constituencies as well as the working-class areas of the eastern part of the city. Various theories were offered as to why <mask> lost. G. Wesley Williams, director of the Raleigh Merchants Bureau, believed that <mask> "blew it" by repeatably delivering "vitriolic statements" throughout his tenure. Journalists believed the split of the black vote—which had previously unified behind <mask>—contributed to his defeat. <mask> attributed his failure to the campaigning done by the Raleigh Coalition as well as negative press coverage of himself. His term ended in December. Reflecting on his political career in 1998, <mask> said, "I never looked at politics as a profession.It was more of a hobby, my chance to give something back to the community since I had no talent for volunteering [for civic groups]." Later life
<mask> flew aircraft as a hobby after World War II, and continued doing so into his 70s. On February 8, 1978 Governor Jim Hunt appointed him to the North Carolina Cemetery Commission. <mask>' wife died in 1995 and he subsequently developed insomnia. He sold Raleigh Memorial Park in 1996. <mask> died at his home in western Raleigh on the evening of August 25, 2011. He was survived by his five daughters, 15 grandchildren, and one great-grandson.Notes

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References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Mayors of Raleigh, North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
People from Iredell County, North Carolina
North Carolina Democrats
Businesspeople from North Carolina
American World War II bomber pilots
United States Marine Corps officers
Military personnel from North Carolina

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title: Bella Akhmadulina

texts:
<mask> (, ; 10 April 1937 – 29 November 2010) was a Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator, known for her apolitical writing stance. She was part of the Russian New Wave literary movement. She was cited by Joseph Brodsky as the best living poet in the Russian language. She is known in Russia as "the voice of the epoch". Despite the aforementioned apolitical stance of her writing, Akhmadulina was often critical of authorities in the Soviet Union, and spoke out in favour of others, including Nobel laureates Boris Pasternak, Andrei Sakharov, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. She was known to international audiences via her travels abroad during the Khrushchev Thaw, during which she made appearances in sold-out stadiums. Upon her death in 2010 at the age of 73, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev hailed her poetry as a "classic of Russian literature."The New York Times said Akhmadulina was "always recognized as one of the Soviet Union's literary treasures and a classic poet in the long line extending from Lermontov and Pushkin." Sonia I. Ketchian, writing in The Poetic Craft of <mask>a, called her "one of the great poets of the 20th century. There's Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Mandelstam, and Pasternak – and she's the fifth". Early life, education and works
<mask> was born in Moscow on 10 April 1937, the only child of Akhat Valeevich Akhmadulin, a Tatar father and Nadezhda Makarovna Lazareva, a Russian-Italian mother. They underwent evacuation to Kazan when World War II broke out. Akhmadulina's literary career began when she was a school-girl working as a journalist at the Moscow newspaper, Metrostroevets, and improving her poetic skills at a circle organized by the poet Yevgeny Vinokurov. Her first poems appeared in the magazine October after being approved by established Soviet poets.These first poems were published in 1955. Émigré critic Marc Slonim described her prospects as follows in 1964 (Soviet Russian Literature): "Her voice has such a purity of tone, such richness of timbre, such individuality of diction, that if her growth continues she will be able some day to succeed Akhmatova" as "the greatest living woman poet in Russia". After finishing school, Akhmadulina entered the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute from which she graduated in 1960. While studying at the institute, she published her poems and articles in different newspapers, both official and handwritten. She was the subject of criticism in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1957. She was expelled in 1959 (but allowed re-entry as time progressed) as a result of her opposition to the persecution of Boris Pasternak. In 1962 the first collection of her poems, titled Struna (The String), was published and was a resounding success.In spite of being expunged, many of her collections of verses were published later: Music lessons (1970), Poems (1975), Candle (1977), Dreams of Georgia (1977), The Mystery (1983), Coastline (1991), and others. A collection called Sad (Garden) led to Akhmadulina receiving the USSR State Prize in 1989. "Many dogs and one dog", a short story written in a surreal style, was published in 1979 in Samizdat's Metropol Almanac. She assisted in the creation of Metropol. She wrote essays about Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. She appeared in sold-out stadiums in the 1960s, as did the poets Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Andrei Voznesensky and Robert Rozhdestvensky. Her open letter was published supporting the exiled Andrei Sakharov.In October 1993, she signed the Letter of Forty-Two. She was a journalist in a 1964 film. <mask> participated in many international poetry events including Kuala Lumpur International Poetry Reading (1988). After the Soviet Union she published Casket and Key (1994), A Guiding Sound (1995) and One Day in December (1996). Translations
The main themes of Akhmadulina's works are friendship, love, and relations between people. She wrote numerous essays about Russian poets and translators, some devoted to her close friend, Bulat Okudzhava. Akhmadulina avoided writing overtly political poems, but took part in political events in her youth, supporting the so-called "dissident movement".She translated into Russian poetry from France, Italy, Chechnya, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, and many others. Akhmadulina wrote in a "resolutely apolitical" style. She made use of imagery and humour in her work. She used rhymed quatrains in her early works, which discussed ordinary, yet imaginative occurrences from daily life in language that was full of both archaisms and neologisms. Religion and philosophy became her themes as she aged and she wrote in longer forms. Personal life

<mask>'s first marriage in 1954 was to Yevgeny Yevtushenko, another famous poet of the era; her second husband, whom she married in 1960, was Yuri Nagibin, a major novelist and screenwriter. Her third marriage in 1971 to film director Eldar Kuliev produced a daughter, Elizaveta Kulieva, who is also a poet.In 1974, she married her last husband, the famous artist and stage designer Boris Messerer. They had homes in Peredelkino and Moscow. Death
Akhmadulina died at her home in Peredelkino near Moscow on 29 November 2010 at the age of 73. Akhmadulina's husband said her death was from a heart condition, describing it as a "cardiovascular crisis". Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin both paid tribute, with Medvedev writing on his blog that the death was an "irreparable loss". Medevdev also wrote that <mask>'s poetry was a "classic of Russian literature". USSR State Prize Laureate (1989)
 State Prize of the Russian Federation (2004)
 Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984)
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class (11 August 2007) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national literature and many years of creative activity; 3rd class (7 April 1997) – for services to the State and outstanding contribution to the development of national literature
 Laureate of the Foundation "Banner" (1993)
 Winner of the "Nosside" (Italy, 1994)
 Laureate of "Triumph" (1994)
 Pushkin Prize winner (1994)
 Laureate of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of Literature and Art (1998)
 Winner of "Brianza" (Italy, 1998)
 Winner of the journal "Friendship of Peoples" (2000)
 Prize winner Bulat Okudzhava (2003)
 Honorary Member of Russian Academy of Arts
 On 10 April 2017, Google Doodle commemorated her 80th birthday.References

External links
bengali tanslation <mask>a by moom rahman
 Poems by <mask>a
  Additional poetry by Akhmadulina
  created by Larisa Novoseltseva

1937 births
2010 deaths
Writers from Moscow
Tatar people of Russia
Russian people of Italian descent
Russian women poets
Soviet women poets
Soviet poets
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Pushkin Prize winners
Honorary Members of the Russian Academy of Arts
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
20th-century Russian women writers
Soviet people of Italian descent
21st-century Russian poets
21st-century Russian women writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Tatar people of the Soviet Union

masks:
Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina
Bella Akhmadulin
Bella Akhmadulina
Bella
Bella
Akhmadulina
Bella Akhmadulin
Bella Akhmadulin


title: Carlos Rodón

texts:
<mask> (born December 10, 1992) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox. On April 14, 2021, <mask> pitched the 20th no-hitter in White Sox history against the Cleveland Indians. Rodon played college baseball at North Carolina State. As a freshman in 2012, <mask> was nominated for and won several awards while breaking collegiate records. After his freshman year, he was ranked as the top prospect and earned a spot on Team USA's National Collegiate Baseball Team. In his sophomore year, he led the NC State Wolfpack to the College World Series and was then placed back on Team USA in summer 2013.He was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the first round of the 2014 Major League Baseball draft. Amateur career

High school
<mask> attended Holly Springs High School in Holly Springs, North Carolina. During his junior year in 2010, he threw a no-hitter, two one-hitters, and four shutouts. He went 10–1 with a 0.80 earned run average (ERA) and 115 strikeouts and was named all-state by the NCBCA (North Carolina Baseball Coaches Association). In 2011, he went 11–0 with a 1.40 ERA and 135 strikeouts, leading Holly Springs to the North Carolina 4A state championship over national powerhouse T. C. Roberson High School. <mask> was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 16th round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. However, he decided not to sign to attend North Carolina State University.College
As a freshman in 2012, <mask> went 9–0 with a 1.57 ERA setting the North Carolina State University freshman record with 135 strikeouts and 43 walks in 117 innings pitched. He was the NCBWA Freshman Pitcher of the Year and an All-American. He was the first ever freshman to be named the Atlantic Coast Conference's pitcher of the year, and he was named freshman of the year after leading the North Carolina State Wolfpack to a super regional and a 43–20 overall record. In addition, he was a finalist for the Golden Spikes Award and was named the Louisville Slugger's National Freshman Pitcher of the Year. He led the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in ERA (1.57), innings pitched (), complete games (2), and opponent's batting average (.176), finishing second in the conference and third nationally in strikeouts. In the 2013 season, <mask> led NC State to their first College World Series since 1968. In <mask>'s sophomore season, he went 10–3 with a 2.99 ERA in 19 starts, including 184 strikeouts and 45 walks.He threw three complete games in  innings pitched. <mask>'s sophomore performance set the NC State single-season record with 184 strikeouts. He was also named ACC Pitcher of the Week back-to-back after recording career-highs of 14 and 16 strikeouts against FAU and LaSalle. He won the USA Baseball Richard W. "Dick" Case Player of the Year Award in 2013. As a junior, <mask> broke the NC State school record for career strikeouts, which had previously been 386, during an April 11, 2014 game against the Duke Blue Devils He finished his career with 436 strikeouts. For the 2014 season, <mask>'s record was 6–7 with a 2.01 ERA and 117 strikeouts in  innings. International career

After his freshman year, <mask> earned a spot on USA Baseball's Collegiate National Team.Originally, he almost turned down the offer because his coach at North Carolina State University, Elliott Avent, wanted to shut him down for the summer. However, <mask> joined the team because would have had the opportunity to play in Cuba, where his family is from. After his sophomore year, Team USA listed him as a top prospect, and <mask> spent the summer of 2013 playing for the team (USA). During two seasons on Team USA, <mask> allowed only three earned runs over 36 innings (0.75 ERA) and contributed 42 strikeouts for the team. Professional career

Minor leagues
The Chicago White Sox selected <mask> in the first round, third overall, in the 2014 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the White Sox on July 11. He made his professional debut on July 22 with the Arizona League White Sox.After pitching for the Winston-Salem Dash of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, the White Sox promoted <mask> to the Charlotte Knights of the Class AAA International League, where he debuted on August 19. Chicago White Sox
On April 20, 2015, <mask> was called up to the White Sox' major league roster. The initial plan was for <mask> to pitch out of the bullpen, the way Chris Sale began his major league career with the White Sox. <mask> made his Major League debut on April 21. He pitched 2.1 innings, giving up 2 runs, walking 3 batters, and striking out Lonnie Chisenhall. He recorded his first start, and his first win, in the second game of a May 9 doubleheader against the Cincinnati Reds at US Cellular Field, giving up two earned runs in six innings on four hits, four walks and eight strikeouts. In 26 games (23 starts), <mask> finished 9-6 with a 3.75 ERA.On July 9, 2016, <mask> was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a left wrist sprain. In 28 starts, <mask> finished 9-10 with an ERA of 4.04 in 165 innings. During the 2017 season, <mask> spent significant time on the disabled list, and he was only able to start twelve games. He finished with a 2-5 win-loss record in  innings. He began the 2018 season on the 60 day disabled list with a shoulder injury. He was activated off the disabled list on June 9. He ended the season with a record of 6-8 in 20 starts.On March 18, 2019, the team announced that  <mask> would be the Opening Day starter. On May 15, 2019, <mask> underwent Tommy John surgery; he missed the rest of the season recovering from the procedure. In 2019, <mask> had a 3-2 win-loss record in 7 starts with 46 strikeouts in  innings. With the 2020 Chicago White Sox, <mask> appeared in 4 games, compiling a 0-2 record with 8.22 ERA and 6 strikeouts in  innings pitched. On December 2, <mask> was non-tendered by the White Sox. On January 30, 2021, <mask> re-signed with the White Sox on a one-year, $3 million contract. On April 14, 2021, <mask> no-hit the Cleveland Indians 8-0 at Guaranteed Rate Field.After retiring the first 25 batters, he lost his bid for a perfect game on a hit by pitch to Roberto Pérez. <mask>, who recorded seven strikeouts and threw 75 of 114 pitches for strikes, then retired the next two batters. <mask> was originally scheduled to start the first ever MLB at Field of Dreams but he was not able to start due to left shoulder fatigue. In 2021, <mask> got his first All-Star nod along with teammates Tim Anderson, Liam Hendriks, and Lance Lynn. <mask> finished the regular season with a 13-5 record with an ERA of 2.37 in 24 starts while pitching in  innings and striking out 185 batters. Rodon made his first career postseason start in Game 4 of the 2021 American League Division Series against the Houston Astros. After pitching a scoreless first inning, Rodon struggled by giving up 2 runs in his next  innings as the White Sox lost 10-1 and were eliminated.Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Ashley, were married in January 2018 in Costa Rica. They have a daughter and a son together. References

External links

NC State Wolfpack bio

1992 births
Living people
Baseball players from Miami
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Major League Baseball pitchers
Chicago White Sox players
NC State Wolfpack baseball players
Arizona League White Sox players
Winston-Salem Dash players
Charlotte Knights players
All-American college baseball players
American League All-Stars
Twitch (service) streamers

masks:
Carlos Antonio Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Carlos Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón
Rodón


title: Alphonzo Bell

texts:
<mask>. (September 29, 1875  – December 27, 1947) was an American oil multi-millionaire, real estate developer, philanthropist, and champion tennis player. The westside Los Angeles residential community of Bel Air is named after him, as well as the Southern California communities of Bell and Bell Gardens. Family and background
<mask> was a native and lifelong resident of Los Angeles, whose family had deep financial and historical ties to the area, and played a key role in the history and development of Southern California. He was the son of <mask>, who established Bell Station Ranch (now the site of the City of Bell), in the Santa Fe Springs area in 1875, and of Susan Albiah Hollenbeck. His uncle, Ed Hollenbeck, who arrived in California in the 1850s, founded the First National Bank, created Los Angeles's public transportation trolley system, and developed eastern portions of Los Angeles County. After attending Occidental College, which had been founded by his father in 1887, and graduating at the top of his class as valedictorian in 1895, <mask> enrolled at San Anselmo Presbyterian College for two years (he did not return for 3rd year). In 1902 he married <mask>, a native of Kansas.<mask>'s son, <mask> E<mask>, Jr., later served eight terms as a California Congressman. <mask>'s daughter, Minnewa <mask> Burnside Ross, married Elliott Roosevelt, son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1951. Tennis achievements

While in college the senior <mask> was Inter-Collegiate Tennis Champion, and later Pacific Coast Tennis Champion, who at one time earned national rankings of fifth in singles and eighth in doubles. Known for his "net-rusher" style, <mask> went on to win two medals in tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis – a bronze in the men's singles event, and a silver in the men's doubles tournament, partnering with Robert LeRoy. Oil, real estate & other business ventures
After striking oil on their ranch at Santa Fe Springs, <mask> entered the oil business with his father in the early 1920s, establishing the Bell Petroleum Co., and developing what became one of the richest oil fields in California. With the ensuing California oil boom, or "black-gold" rush, competition from various less scrupulous large oil companies was fierce—several of whom, along with William Randolph Hearst, tried to drive the more honest Bell's smaller operation out of business—a saga documented in the fictionalized account by writer Upton Sinclair in a 1927 novel Oil!, also the basis for the 2007 movie, There Will Be Blood. <mask>, known for his almost puritanical morality and honesty, used portions of his initial profits to develop upscale real estate communities in West Los Angeles, including parts of Westwood, Beverly Hills, and Pacific Palisades.He became a visionary real estate developer, anticipating the influx of Hollywood elite and other wealthy residents who would be lured by the burgeoning film industry. In 1922, building on over  that he had acquired, <mask> founded Bel Air Estates, an exclusive and upscale neighborhood now known as Bel-Air, enhancing the surrounding area with lush vegetation, new roads, and utilities; designed, laid out and developed the Bel-Air Country Club and the Bel Air Bay Club; The Riviera Country Club also owes its inception to <mask>*. According to Claude Wayne, <mask> went to see the late Frank Garbutt of the Los Angeles Athletic Club and told him that he would give the land free if Garbutt would build the club. (*Alphonzo E. <mask>: a Biography by John O Pohlmann )  While many such clubs thrived on sales of bootleg liquor during the years of Prohibition, <mask> refused to allow the sale of illegal spirits in any of his clubs or establishments, which lost him some membership. William Randolph Hearst's longstanding vendetta with <mask> had started when <mask> refused to sell a homesite to Hearst for a home to house his silent-film-star mistress, Marion Davies in Bell's Bel-Air Estates development. For themselves and their young extended family, <mask> and his wife Minnewa in 1921 built a showplace 42-room house on  in portions of the areas that are now Bel Air and Pacific Palisades which they called  (Italian for "Top of the Hill"). Today nothing of the house remains, except for some of the terraced gardens and rock walls, and their former horse riding stables, which now constitute a portion of the Bel-Air Hotel – with what was once the <mask> stable's manure barn, now one of the favorite celebrity guest suites.In 1926, <mask> provided land in Bel Air to the proposed location of UCLA in Westwood. The deeds for the land granted to the university had strict racial provisions and dictated:5. That neither the whole nor any part of said premises shall be sold, rented or leased to any person of Ethiopian, Chinese or Japanese descent, nor shall the same be occupied by any such person excepting as a professor or instructor of the University of California or a member of his family, excepting also as a servant or employee of the person using said premises exclusively for residential purposes. Philanthropy
Throughout his lifetime, and just prior to his death in 1947, as well as in his will, Alphozo <mask>, Sr. gave the larger share of his wealth to various charities – including Occidental College, University of California, Los Angeles, the L.A. Presbyterian Church, and other church groups and charitable organizations. Today, he is honored by memorial tributes to him at – among others – Occidental College, UCLA, and the Bel-Air Country Club. References

External links
The <mask> <mask> papers at the University of Southern California

American company founders
American energy industry executives
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
1875 births
1947 deaths
Land owners from California
Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Philanthropists from California
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
American male tennis players
Tennis players from Los Angeles
Occidental College alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in tennis
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in tennis
Tennis players at the 1904 Summer Olympics
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Alphonzo Edward Bell Sr
Bell
James George Bell
Bell
Minnewa Shoemaker Bell
Bell
Alphonzo
. Bell
Bell
Bell Gray
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Alphonzo
Bell


title: Link Lyman

texts:
William Roy "<mask>" <mask> (November 30, 1898 – December 28, 1972), also sometimes known as <mask>, was an American football player and coach. <mask> was born in Nebraska and raised in Kansas. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL)  for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934). He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934). <mask> was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942. He later had a career in the insurance business.He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas. Early years
<mask> was born in 1898 in Table Rock, Nebraska. As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, <mask>, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business. <mask> had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred). <mask> attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only "six or seven boys in the whole school". Nebraska
<mask> enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. <mask> was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920. He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921. <mask> later recalled: "From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too." The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about <mask>: "<mask> was, without doubt, our fastest lineman. Roy is a big man, weighing 200 pounds, and could get down under punts almost as quickly as the ends.Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over." Professional football

Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs
In September 1922, <mask> left Lincoln, Nebraska, to play professional football for the Canton Bulldogs. The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited <mask> to join the team. With <mask> and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship. <mask> returned to the Bulldogs the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine.In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette. In July 1925, <mask> and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton. <mask> played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. <mask> was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach. After the 1925 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye.Chicago Bears
In December 1925, <mask> joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange. He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926. The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (<mask>, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL. <mask> remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons. He retired after the 1928 season but returned to the Bears in the fall of 1930. The 1930 Bears compiled a 9–4–1 and finished third in the NFL. <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.<mask> again retired from playing football after the 1931 season. During his two retirements from the Bears, <mask> played semipro ball in Texas and worked in the ranching business. <mask> returned to the Bears in 1933. The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (<mask>, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game. <mask> played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game. After the 1934 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye. Bears' coach George Halas later observed that <mask> was "stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier."Shifting on defense
<mask> was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen. According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, "the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to <mask>, who regularly resorted to similar ploys. His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time. <mask> explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker. He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped." Steve Owen, who played with <mask> in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: "<mask> was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped. It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong."Career accomplishments and honors
<mask> received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961. His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees. During his 11 years in the NFL, <mask> won four NFL championships and never had a losing season. (In 1929, following <mask>'s first retirement, the Bears posted a 4–9–2 record.) He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games. He was known as one of the true "iron men" of iron man era. Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games.At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged. Coaching career
In December 1934, <mask> was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones. During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson. In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew <mask> as the football team's line coach. In 1942, he served as the line coach for the Creighton Bluejays football. Family and later years
<mask> was married in June 1920 to Grace "Dolly" Godwin (1901–1967).They had two daughters, Joanne and Ardis Mary. In 1942, <mask> accepted a job with the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948. Through the 1950s and 1960s, he worked as an insurance executive in Los Angeles. His wife died in 1967 at a hospital in Pasadena, California. After his wife's death, <mask> lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California. <mask> died in 1972 at age 74 in an automobile crash.He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker. He was dead upon arrival at the Barstow Community Hospital. Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. References

External links
 <mask> at the Pro Football Hall of Fame

1898 births
1972 deaths
American football tackles
Canton Bulldogs players
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Bulldogs players
Creighton Bluejays football coaches
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Pawnee County, Nebraska
People from Rawlins County, Kansas
Players of American football from Nebraska
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park
Road incident deaths in California

masks:
Link
Lyman
Roy Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Edwin Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Link
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Lyman
Link Lyman


title: Chuck Berghofer

texts:
<mask> (born June 14, 1937), professionally known as <mask>, is an American jazz double bassist, who has worked as a studio musician and in the film industry for more than 60 years, including working on more than 400 movie soundtracks. Early life
<mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, and moved with his family to Arcadia, California when he was eight. With a lineage of musicians in the family (his grandfather had played with John Philip Sousa, and his uncle played tuba with the Saint Louis Symphony), Berghofer took interest in music at an early age, playing trumpet at the age of eight. He also played the tuba in grade school and high school until moving to the double bass at the age of 18. As a young adult, as he began venturing out to jazz night clubs, he came to admire bassist Ralph Peña and was able to persuade Peña to take him on as a student. According to Berghofer, he always felt as though his music was heavily influenced by Leroy Vinnegar, Paul Chambers and Ray Brown. He also admired the work of Scott LaFaro and told musician and journalist Gordon Jack, "The best soloist on the instrument was Red Mitchell ...I loved to hear him solo." Professional career
Two years after he took up the bass, Berghofer, joined an orchestra, led by Skinnay Ennis for a tour of the midwest and then joined with Bobby Troup. As his career progressed he eventually replaced his former tutor, Peña, in a duo with Pete Jolly which later expanded into a trio with the addition of drummer Nick Martinis. In the 1960s he became a member of Shelly Manne's band, taking on a bassist position at Manne's night club Shelly's Manne-Hole and had the opportunity to play alongside numerous leading jazz musicians of the era including Jack Sheldon, Conte Candoli, Frank Rosolino, Rahsaan Roland Kirk and Philly Joe Jones. During this time, he also recorded with luminary singers such as Elvis Presley and The Everly Brothers. He was a member of the Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra around 1967 when Frank Zappa recorded the orchestral parts for Lumpy Gravy. With his lengthy career in film, Berghofer was also quite accomplished as a house jazz musician.He formed a semi-regular house band at Donte's in Los Angeles with pianist Frank Strazzeri and drummer Nick Ceroli and was videotaped having played with Roger Kellaway and drummer Larry Bunker as they backed Zoot Sims. Among others he accompanied were Ray Charles, Bob Cooper, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, Peggy Lee, Shelly Manne, Gerry Mulligan, Art Pepper, Frank Rosolino, Seth MacFarlane, and Frank Sinatra. In 2019, Berghofer, along with fellow Wrecking Crew members Don Randi and Don Peake and in conjunction with Denny Tedesco (producer and director of the 2008 film The Wrecking Crew), performed around the Los Angeles area with their The Wrecking Crew's Farewell to Glen Campbell live shows. Film, television, and popular music
As Berghofer made his career as a jazz musician, he landed a prominent role recording with Nancy Sinatra in "These Boots Are Made For Walkin". He also worked on television with Glen Campbell, recorded with Frank Sinatra, and played with Barbra Streisand, in which they did a recording of Funny Lady. His film work extends to 400 appearances, leading to his being awarded in the mid-1980s the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Award as the most valuable bass player for four consecutive years. In that decade he recorded with Mel Tormé and later recorded again with Sinatra on Duets.During his career, Berghofer has performed on over 400 movie soundtracks. Just a few of the films he has worked on include Rocky II (1979), The Majestic (2001), Sing (2016), and Clint Eastwood’s Bird (1988). He also worked on such television shows as Barney Miller (on which he played the opening bassline), Charlie’s Angels, The Carol Burnett Show, The Simpsons and Star Trek: Enterprise. King and Diane Schuur
 Heart to Heart (GRP, 1994)
With Irene Kral
 Wonderful Life (Mainstream, 1965)
With Diana Krall
 When I Look in Your Eyes (Verve Records, 1999)
With Peggy Lee
 In the Name of Love (Capitol, 1964)
With Seth MacFarlane
 No One Ever Tells You (Republic 2015)
With Melissa Manchester
 If My Heart Had Wings (Atlantic Records, 1995)
With Barry Manilow
 Manilow Sings Sinatra (Arista Records, 1998)
With Shelly Manne
 Live! Shelly Manne & His Men at the Manne-Hole (Contemporary, 1961)
 Shelly Manne & His Men Play Checkmate (Contemporary, 1961)
With Martina McBride
 It's the Holiday Season (Broken Bow Records, 2018)
With Paul McCartney
 Kisses on the Bottom (Hear Music, 2012)
With Carmen McRae
 Can't Hide Love (Blue Note, 1976)
With Bette Midler
 Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook (Columbia Records, 2003)
With Liza Minnelli
 Gently (Angel Records, 1996)
With Joni Mitchell
 Both Sides Now (Reprise Records, 2000)
 Travelogue (Nonesuch Records, 2002)
With Michael Nesmith
 The Wichita Train Whistle Sings (Dot Records, 1968)
With Aaron Neville
 The Grand Tour (A&M Records, 1993)
With Steve Perry
 Traces (Fantasy, 2018)
With Ruth Price and Shelly Manne
 Ruth Price with Shelly Manne & His Men at the Manne-Hole (Contemporary, 1961)
With Emitt Rhodes
 The American Dreams (A&M Records, 1970)
With Howard Roberts
 Whatever's Fair! (Capitol Records, 1966)
With Diana Ross
 Take Me Higher (Motown, 1995)
With Seal
 Standards (Decca Records, 2017)
With Diane Schuur
 Love Songs (GRP, 1993)
 Music Is My Life (Atlantic Records, 1999)
 Friends for Schuur (Concord Records, 2000)
 Midnight (Concord Records, 2003)
With Blake Shelton
 Cheers, It's Christmas (Warner Bros. Records, 2012)
With Zoot Sims
 Quietly There: Zoot Sims Plays Johnny Mandel (Pablo, 1984)
With Nancy Sinatra
 Sugar (Reprise Records, 1966)
 Nancy (Reprise Records, 1969)
With Rod Stewart
 Merry Christmas, Baby (Verve Records, 2012)
With Barbra Streisand
 The Movie Album (Columbia Records, 2003)
 What Matters Most (Columbia Records, 2011)
 Partners (Columbia Records, 2014)
 Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway (Columbia Records, 2016)
With Sarah Vaughan
 Sarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand (Mainstream Records, 1972)
With Dionne Warwick
 Dionne Warwick Sings Cole Porter (Arista Records, 1990)
With Robbie Williams
 Swing When You're Winning (Chrysalis Records, 2001)

Filmography
An incomplete list of his music and film credits. See also

 Jazz
 List of jazz bassists
 List of jazz musicians

References

External links
Chuck Berghofer Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)

1937 births
Living people
Musicians from Denver
American male guitarists
West Coast jazz double-bassists
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Guitarists from Colorado
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from Colorado
21st-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Capp-Pierce Juggernaut members

masks:
Charles Curtis Berghofer
Chuck Berghofer
Chuck Berghofer


title: Susan Williams-Ellis

texts:
<mask> (6 June 1918 – 26 November 2007) was an English-Welsh pottery designer, who was best known for co-founding Portmeirion Pottery. She was the eldest daughter of Clough Williams-Ellis. Background
Williams-Ellis was born in Guildford, Surrey, England, in the house of artist and critic Roger Fry. Her father, Sir Clough, was an eminent architect; Williams-Ellis' mother was writer Amabel Strachey, cousin of author and Bloomsbury figure Lytton Strachey. Her parents were friends of other members of the Bloomsbury Group, including Augustus John and Virginia Woolf. Williams-Ellis' godfather was Rudyard Kipling. She was determined to be an artist from an early age.In the 1930s, <mask> studied ceramics with Bernard and David Leach while she was at Dartington Hall School. At Chelsea School of Art, during the 1940s, her tutors included Graham Sutherland for painting and Henry Moore for sculpture, who helped to develop <mask>'s innate feeling for three-dimensional shape and form. Career
Williams-Ellis studied Fine Art at Chelsea Polytechnic, where her tutors included Henry Moore and Graham Sutherland. In 1948, <mask> and her husband Euan moved to Wales, following their marriage in 1945, and became self-sufficient. She earned some money from book illustration and design work, while Euan produced a pamphlet, Towards Equality, for the Fabian Society. However, the lure of Clough's architectural vision was strong. In 1953, the management of the souvenir shop in the Welsh village of Portmeirion, created by <mask>'s father, fell to <mask> and Euan.Despite the unique architectural status of the village, the shop was operating at a loss. By 1961, the shop had grown enormously; <mask> and Euan were managers of the village; and a second Portmeirion shop had opened in one of London's smartest shopping areas, Pont Street. Working on Sir Clough's principle that "good design is good business", the couple transformed two broken-down potteries in Stoke-on-Trent into one of the country's most affluent pottery companies, Portmeirion Pottery. In an era when the idea of the "working woman" was an anathema, the entrepreneurial success of <mask>-Ellis, as a designer and a businesswoman (as well as wife and mother), was unusual. Portmeirion was one of the first retail companies to fully understand and exploit the "lifestyle" consumer, creating a wide range of products including casual tableware, housewares and gifts for both women and men. The 1970s saw the birth of what is considered by many to be signature range of Portmeirion: Botanic Garden. It was based on illustration plates discovered by <mask> in an antique natural history book she found at an antiquarian bookseller's in London: Weldon & Wesley.<mask> was looking for eighteenth-century engravings of sea creatures to use in a pottery decoration. She bought some French encyclopaedias and, as she was leaving, the bookseller showed her a brightly hand-coloured 'herbal' book of 1817, illustrated with a large selection of plants and flowers. The book, by Thomas Green, was called The Universal -or -Botanical, Medical and Agricultural Dictionary. Botanic Garden has proven to be the company's most successful range of tableware, despite buyers' reluctance at the beginning. <mask>-Ellis recounted:
I remember when we first launched Botanic Garden. At that time you might have had dessert sets which had different patterns on each plate, but for the traditional tableware setting, everything had to match. I thought "Why can't we have different patterns all within one collection?So, I created Botanic Garden!" The department store buyers in 1972 said that no-one would stock it as there were too many designs and that no-one would want to buy it as it didn't match. I think I proved them all wrong! Even in her eighties, Williams-Ellis' desire to continue to design the best tableware and ceramics led her to keep closely involved with the latest generation of Portmeirion designs, introducing Portmeirion to new audiences all over the world. Until 2006, she was still travelling the world, finding inspiration from ancient civilisations and underwater worlds for her art work. <mask> created a large number of paintings and pastel drawings of tropical fish during her lifetime. An avid scuba-diver, she devised a technique of sketching fish and corals from life under the water by using tracing paper and marking crayons.She would paint the final works when back in her studio. They are in the coffee-table art book Magic Gardens and can be seen in <mask>'s granddaughter, Rose Fulbright-Vickers', print design for the Tropical collection. In 2005, she received an honorary fellowship from the Rector of London's University of Arts, Sir Michael Bichard, and University Registrar, <mask>. <mask>-Ellis said:
I was very flattered when I found out that I was to receive an honorary fellowship from University of Arts, London, and even more so when the Rector agreed to come all the way to see me at Portmeirion in North Wales to re-create the ceremony that will be held in my absence in London later this month. I decided to pursue pottery, rather than painting, mainly because I wanted to create affordable and beautiful things. I wanted people to buy my work purely because they liked it, and that it had a function, rather than buying things just as an investment, so its ironic I suppose that my work from the 60s is now considered so "collectable" I am frightfully lucky. When I went to Chelsea before the War, I studied under the sculptor Henry Moore and the painter Graham Sutherland.Twice a week I would be in a class with these icons of modern British art – what a wonderful chance to have, and now I am being given an honorary fellowship from University of Arts, London of which Chelsea forms part, its all come rather full circle hasn’t it? Being in Stoke has also been a wonderful part of my life. The people of Stoke are really the nicest people one could ever meet, and their hard work has established Portmeirion and enabled us to sell our pots around the world. I have been very fortunate. Personal life
On 13 March 1944, her brother, Christopher (1923–1944), fell in action before Monte Cassino as a lieutenant in the Welsh Guards. He had joined up straight from King's College, Cambridge. His friend at Cambridge was Euan Cooper-Willis, who later married <mask>.The couple had four children: daughters Anwyl, Siân, and Menna Angharad; and son Robin Llywelyn. Anwyl and Menna are artists who had a close involvement with Portmeirion Pottery; Siân is a peace activist; Robin is a Welsh language author. Her father wrote in his autobiography, Architect Errant, about his feelings:
His [Clough's son Christopher's] roommate in the Gibbs building there, Euan Cooper-Willis, subsequently married our elder daughter <mask>. The armistice was thus a time of both pleasure and of almost unbearable pain. We soon had grandchildren to add to the pleasure. We decided that since we, Christopher's parents, were alive, we should try to be so properly, and to keep the wound to ourselves. Death
<mask>-Ellis died on 26 November 2007 in her sleep, aged 89.References

External links
 Portmeirion Pottery company website
 Portmeirion Village: article on pottery
 Obituary in The Times, 10 December 2007
 Radio 4 Woman's Hour Interview

1918 births
2007 deaths
Dinnerware designers
English potters
People from Stoke-on-Trent
People from Guildford
People educated at Dartington Hall School
Women potters
20th-century ceramists
British women ceramists
20th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Susan Williams Ellis
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan Williams
Susan
Susan
Susan Williams
Susan
Susan
Susan Asser
Susan Williams
Susan
Susan
Susan Williams


title: Ignac Gregorač

texts:
<mask> (June 24, 1916 – May 7, 2016) (Partisan name Vid), was a Slovenian architect, journalist, and recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941. Life and work
His family moved to Tacen after Gabriele D'Annunzio's conquest of Rijeka in 1920 and later to Ljubljana in 1923. He finished classical gymnasium in 1935 and graduated from the Technical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana in 1940, under the mentorship of Prof. Dr. Ivan Vurnik. During the studies he was active in progressive student associations. In 1941, he joined the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation (OF), where he and his brother France (Cene) made and used a printing and documentation hideout in their own house. On June 15, 1942 he joined the Partisans, where he worked as a technical assistant, organizer and political activist in the Central Technical Section (CT)

He worked in the Partisan printing-press Triglav on the Gotenica Snežnik mountain from 1943 to 1944. After enabling the printing of Partisan bonds and Italian liras, he was transferred to the CT leadership in Stara Žaga as a group leader's assistant for the Graphic Department, and later as the leader of the Central Distribution Department.In October 1944, he was transferred to the main headquarters of the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (NOV-POJ), to OZNA, where he awaited the end of the WW2 on May 9, 1945 as an acting director of the fourth section. During the war, he was a candidate for the Communist Party of Slovenia (KPS) since October 1941 and a member since October 1943. He reached the rank of major, and after the war he was transferred to the reserve forces. Between August 25 and November 26, 1945, he was appointed director of the National Film Company DFJ. After two months, on January 31, 1946 he returned to his profession as a designer in the Federal Architectural Bureau (ZPZ), where he also assisted in the restoration of the king Alexander's palace in Belgrade (Dedinje) and the agricultural laboratory in Zemun. In February 1947, he joined the Yugoslavian technical and economic aid mission to Albania, where he met his future wife, a high-school teacher Ljubica Tafra from Šibenik, who also took part in the mission in the Ministry of Culture. He assisted the Albanian Infrastructure Ministry and also designed the wool processing factory in Tirana.In the fall of 1948, after the Cominform split, the People's Republic of Albania stopped cooperating with Yugoslavia, so he returned to work in Belgrade at the Federal Ministry of Infrastructure. Later he was transferred to the Internal Affairs Department of The Yugoslav State Security Administration (UDBA). In the years from 1952 to 1953, he studied in Paris where he specialized in hospital infrastructure planning. When he returned, he planned the Civil Protection Training Centre in Belgrade (Batajnica). Then he was transferred to the Foreign Affairs Department and supervised the construction of the then Yugoslav embassy in Washington on California Street between 1960 and 1961. Since December 28, 2001 the building has served as the Slovenian Embassy. He also conceptualized the construction of the Yugoslav Embassy in Moscow.In 1963, he returned to Ljubljana, the capital of the then Yugoslav republic of Slovenia, which he had missed while living elsewhere. Here he worked as a senior advisor in the then Ljubljanska banka Gospodarska banka Ljubljana, currently SKB, until his retirement on September 1, 1972. When he was back in Ljubljana, his fruitful publishing activity started. He had a lot of material from his wartime experiences, which he also portrayed in an article entitled "Življenje v tiskarski postojanki 11A Triglavski tiskarni" (The Life in the Printing Outpost 11A Triglav Printing Outpost published in the Borec (Fighter) magazine. Together with a painter Alenka Gerlovič (1919–2010) he wrote Likovna vzgoja otrok (=Likovni pouk otrok) (1968)(Visual Arts Education of Children). However, his most acclaimed book was Štampiljke Osvobodilne fronte slovenskega naroda, 1941 – 1945: podoba in dokaz rojstva slovenske družbe, ljudske oblasti in države v obdobju okupacije in narodnoosvobodilnega boja (1997)(The Official Stamps of the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation 1941–1945: Vision and Proof of the Birth of the Slovenian Society, People's Government and State during Occupation and National Liberation War), about which Dr. Janko Kostnapfel (2009) wrote: “Regarding its contents and production value, this work is at the level of a doctoral dissertation in history, social studies and technical sciences, and yet it is probably little known to other historians". He also made book design for both publications.In addition, he was active in responding to social polemics of the time and helped in the creation of the Encyclopedia of Slovenia. <mask> <mask> – Vid was not just an architect, excellent draftsman and designer, but also a writer of articles and two books, designer of museum exhibitions. He was a fighter for unpolluted environment, active in social and political affairs and one of the founders of the progressive movement Slovenska pot (Slovenian Way). Exact, analytical and logical in his work, he was also in favour of People`s Front and Labour movements. He remained a proponent of humane, democratic and just social society even after the political changes of 1991. The Ljubljana City Assembly awarded the Zlata plaketa illegalca (Golden Plaque of the Member of Underground Movement) to the <mask>č – Golden Plaque of the Member of Underground Movement (May 8, 1984)

References

Further reading
 Gerlovič, Alenka, (1979). Partizansko lutkovno gledališče. Borec, Ljubljana
 Gregorač, Ignac, (1997). Preizkušnja. Naš zbornik 1997, str. 149–166. Društvo piscev zgodovine NOB Slovenije, Ljubljana.Blatnik, Maruša, Burnik, Jelena, (2007). Analiza sovražnika v vizualnih propagandnih materialih NOB. Diplomsko delo. 130 str. Fakulteta za družbene vede, Univerza v Ljubljani. Repe, Božo, (2015). S puško in knjigo: narodnoosvobodilni boj slovenskega naroda 1941–1945.Str. 119–133. Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. 1916 births
2016 deaths
Architects from Ljubljana
Writers from Ljubljana
Yugoslav architects

masks:
Ignac Gregorač
Ignac
Gregorač
Gregorača


title: Mariela Castro

texts:
<mask> (born 27 July 1962) is the director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education in Havana, as well as the National Commission for Comprehensive Attention to Transsexual People, and an activist for LGBT rights in Cuba. <mask> is an outspoken advocate for the LGBT+ community as well as dissolving some of the antiquated stigmas and stereotypes that surround the community. She is the daughter of former Communist Party First Secretary <mask> and feminist and revolutionary Vilma Espín, and the niece of former First Secretary <mask>. Early life

<mask> is the daughter of Communist Party First Secretary <mask> and feminist and revolutionary Vilma Espín, and the niece of former First Secretary and prominent Cuban revolutionary <mask>. She has a brother, <mask>. <mask> states that as a child, she grew up in a homophobic society where members of the LGBT+ community were targeted relentlessly in terms of both law and policy and societal standards and traditional expectations. <mask> stated later in life that she and her peers would “laugh at gays, make fun of them”.After speaking with some of her friends in the LGBT+ community, however, she gained a newfound awareness of the issues they face. <mask> studied modern dance and child psychology. <mask> has published 13 scholarly articles and nine books. On September 26, 2019, it was revealed that the administration of President of the United States, Donald Trump, issued a travel ban on Cuban leader Raúl <mask> and his children as a result of <mask>’s support for Venezuela, spearheaded by Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro. United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated that “[Raul] <mask> is responsible for Cuba’s actions to prop up the former Maduro regime in Venezuela through violence, intimidation and repression.”

Cuban National Center for Sex Education
<mask> is the director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education, or CENESEX, which promotes safe sex and healthy attitudes towards sexuality. She modeled CENESEX after the Federation of Cuban Women, which was established by her mother in 1960. The Federation of Cuban Women, along with other organizations at the time, was created as a result of women and other members of marginalized groups expressing their readiness to be involved in social change.One of their major efforts included a proposal for a change to the government family code that defined marriage as a union between two people, regardless of gender. <mask> once stated in an interview that the federation "spearheaded efforts to confront machismo in many arenas." After the Federation was established, the public, economic, and social position of women in Cuba at the time rose dramatically - employment and equal pay opportunities for women arose, as well as maternity leave and the concept of social security for women. In 1996, along with the Cuban Ministries of Education (MINED), the Cuban National Center for Sex Education created a National Sex Education Program for Cuban schools to teach children about sex in terms of procreation and as a means of pleasure and holistic well-being, gender equality, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections. <mask>’s work and research with CENESEX, as well as various organizations that are centered on the research about and the lowering of stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, has led to immense positive changes in the sexual health in Cuba as a whole. Cuba has one of the lowest HIV infection rates. In addition, those with the virus have access to free antiretroviral drugs through the country’s health system.She is also president of the Cuban Multidisciplinary Centre for the Study of Sexuality, president of the National Commission for Treatment of Disturbances of Gender Identity, member of the Direct Action Group for Preventing, Confronting, and Combatting AIDS, an executive member of the World Association for Sexual Health (WAS), and the director of the journal Sexología y Sociedad, a magazine of Sexology edited by CENESEX. In 2008, the CENESEX and the National Commission for Comprehensive Attention to Transsexual People established May as an awareness month about LGBT issues, specifically homo- and trans-phobia. The month of May is turned into a month of awareness as well as festive activities centered around and planned by members of the LGBT+ community, and is centered around the annual International Day Against Homophobia on May 17. The National Commission for Comprehensive Attention to Transsexual People campaigns for effective AIDS prevention as well as recognition and acceptance of LGBT human rights. LGBT rights

In 2004, <mask> met with a group of transgender people that sought assistance from her. In 2005, <mask> proposed a project to allow transgender people to receive sex reassignment surgery and change their legal gender. The measure became law in June 2008 which allows sex change surgery for Cubans without charge.Since the project proposal became law, the National Commission for Comprehensive Attention to Transsexual People has attended to more than 120 applications and has performed nearly a dozen surgeries. <mask> is a sitting member of the National Assembly of People's Power. When the assembly voted in 2014 to ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment, <mask> opposed the legislation because it did not also include protection on the basis of gender identity, and became the first legislator in the body's history ever to vote against a piece of legislation. On May 5, 2013, <mask> traveled to Philadelphia in order to accept an award from Equality Forum, a nonprofit organization centered on awareness for the LGBT+ community, for her work with her organizations that spread awareness about the issues that those in the LGBT+ community face. The leader and founder of the group, Malcom Lazin, stated that “She is truly an international hero for LGBT equality” and that she has made “remarkable changes for LGBT Cubans.”

In May 2018 at a press conference, <mask> announced that she would push for same-sex marriage to be included in a constitutional reform beginning in July. <mask> also stated the need for tougher sanctions for anti-LGBT+ discrimination and violence. In 2019, a yearly march against homophobia and transphobia was cancelled by <mask> due to regional tensions, which the Miami Herald reported as being "to avoid confrontations with Christian groups."Personal life
As of 2000, according to a former assistant of Raúl <mask>, <mask> <mask> was married to an Italian man and had two children with him, and one child from a previous marriage. References

General references

See also

<mask> <mask>'s March: Cuba's LGBT Revolution

1962 births
Living people
People from Havana
Cuban people of Canarian descent
Cuban people of French descent
Cuban people of Galician descent
LGBT rights activists from Cuba
Mariela
Civil rights activists
HIV/AIDS activists
Cuban sexologists
Children of national leaders
Members of the National Assembly of People's Power
21st-century Cuban women politicians
Women civil rights activists

masks:
Mariela Castro Espín
Castro
Raúl Castro
Fidel Castro
Mariela Castro
Raúl Castro
Fidel Castro
Alejandro Castro Espín
Castro
Castro
Castro
Career Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Mariela
Castro
Mariela
Castro