title: Lawrence Welk

texts:
 his show; he later tried unsuccessfully to rehire the singer after fan mail indicated overwhelmingly that viewers opposed her dismissal. He then had a series of short-term "Champagne Ladies" before Norma Zimmer filled that spot on a permanent basis. Highly involved with his stars' personal lives, he often arbitrated their marital disputes.His musical conservatism caused occasional controversies as well. Despite the authentic New Orleans Dixieland clarinet that made him a popular cast member, Pete Fountain left the orchestra in a dispute with Welk over adding a jazz solo to a Christmas song. Reflecting the controversies about the quality of Welk's music among the cognoscenti, in 1956, musical satirist Stan Freberg, known for his love of jazz, wrote and recorded a biting Welk satire, "Wunnerful! Wunnerful!" Freberg impersonated Welk. Recorded with some of Hollywood's best jazz musicians, arranged by Billy May to sound like authentic Welk, the single mocked Welk's accordion work, his sometimes-stumbling patter between songs and the music of such Welk favorites Rocky Rockwell ("Stony Stonedwell"), Champagne Lady Alice Lon ("Alice Lean") and Larry Hooper ("Larry Looper"). Welk was not amused, and when he met Freberg years later, claimed he never used the "Wunnerful!Wunnerful!" term. Ironically, it became the title of Welk's 1971 autobiography. Despite its staid reputation, The Lawrence Welk Show nonetheless kept up with the times and never limited itself strictly to music of the big-band era. During the 1960s and 1970s, for instance, the show incorporated material by such contemporary sources as the Beatles, Burt Bacharach and Hal David, Neil Sedaka, the Everly Brothers and Paul Williams (as well as, in the most notorious example, Brewer & Shipley), all arranged in a format that was easily digestible to older viewers. Originally produced in black and white, in 1957 the show began being recorded on videotape, and it switched to color for the fall 1965 season. During its network run, The Lawrence Welk Show aired on ABC on Saturday nights at 9 p.m. (Eastern Time), moving up a half-hour to 8:30 p.m. in the fall of 1963.In fact, <mask> headlined two weekly prime-time shows on ABC for three years. From 1956 to 1958, he hosted Top Tunes and New Talent, which aired on Monday nights. The series moved to Wednesdays in the fall of 1958 and was renamed The Plymouth Show, which ended in May 1959. During that time, the Saturday show was also known as The Dodge Dancing Party. During this period, the networks were in the process of eliminating programming that was seen as having either too old an audience, did not appeal to urban residents, or both (the so-called Rural Purge). As The Lawrence Welk Show fit into this category, ABC ended its run in 1971. Welk thanked ABC and the sponsors at the end of the last network show.The <mask>lk Show continued on as a first-run syndicated program shown on 250 stations across the country until the final original show was produced in 1982, when <mask> decided to retire. While many longtime TV shows suffered a serious ratings drop during the counterculture movement of the late 1960s, The Lawrence Welk Show survived largely intact and even had increased viewership during this time. For the entire run, musical numbers were divided fairly evenly between prerecorded lip- and finger-sync performances and those recorded live on film or tape. Generally, the big production numbers featuring dancing and singing performances were recorded earlier in the day or the day before, often at famous recording studios in and around nearby Hollywood, while the more intimate numbers were recorded live on tape or film. Personal life

<mask> was married for 61 years, until his death in 1992, to Fern Renner (August 26, 1903 – February 13, 2002), with whom he had three children. One of his sons, <mask> Jr., married fellow Lawrence Welk Show performer Tanya Falan; they later divorced. Welk had many grandchildren and great-grandchildren during his lifetime.Known as a skillful businessman, <mask> had investments in real estate and music publishing. He was the general partner in a commercial real estate development at 100 Wilshire Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. The 21-story white tower, located on the bluffs overlooking Santa Monica Bay at Ocean Avenue, is the tallest building in Santa Monica. It was a joint venture with the engineering firm Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall. Its largest original tenant was GTE, now Verizon. <mask> also owned the adjacent 16-story luxury apartment building at 1221 Ocean Avenue-- the "Lawrence Welk Champagne Towers", and <mask> made his personal residence in the complex. He built the adjacent 11-story Wilshire Palisades office building at 1299 Ocean Avenue at Arizona Street.Designed to resemble a white ocean liner, it has a wedge-shaped "bow" edge, receding "decks" with railings, and air conditioner covers that look like smokestacks. Its shape creates a landscaped plaza on the corner, and the result is a landmark. <mask> enjoyed playing golf, which he first took up in the late 1950s, and was often a regular at many celebrity pro-am tournaments, such as the Bob Hope Desert Classic. Welk was awarded four US design patents:

A musically themed restaurant menu

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed ashtray

A devout Roman Catholic, Welk was a daily communicant, as corroborated by numerous biographies, by his autobiography and by his family and his many staff, friends and associates throughout the years. Later years

After retiring from his show and from the road in 1982, Welk continued to air reruns of his shows, which were repackaged first for syndication and, starting in 1986, for public television. He also starred in and produced a pair of Christmas specials in 1984 and 1985. In addition, he owned a restaurant and club in Escondido, where he filmed lead-ins for reruns of The Lawrence Welk Show.<mask> died of pneumonia on May 17, 1992 at age 89 in his Santa Monica apartment, surrounded by his family. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, in Culver City, California. Singles

* "Shame On You" also made the US Country charts (No. 1) as well as its flip side, "At Mail Call Today" (No. 3)** "Calcutta" also made the US R&B chart, reaching No. 10

Honors
In 1961, <mask> was inducted as a charter member of the Rough Rider Award from his native North Dakota. In 1967, he received the Horatio Alger Award from the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans.He later served as the Grand Marshal for the Rose Bowl's Tournament of Roses parade in 1972. <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1980. In 1994, <mask> was inducted into the International Polka Music Hall of Fame. <mask> has a star for recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6613½ Hollywood Boulevard. He has a second star at 1601 Vine Street for television. In 2007, <mask> was a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, Indiana. <mask>'s band continues to appear in a dedicated theater in Branson, Missouri.In addition, the television show has been repackaged for broadcast on PBS stations, with updates from show performers appearing as wraparounds where the original shows had commercial breaks. The repackaged shows are broadcast at roughly the same Saturday night time slot as the original ABC shows, and special longer rebroadcasts are often shown during individual stations' fund-raising periods. These repackaged shows are produced by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority. A resort community developed by <mask> and promoted heavily by him on the show is named for him. Formerly known as Lawrence Welk Village, the Welk Resort and Champagne Village are just off Interstate 15 north of Escondido, California, about  north of downtown San Diego. Welk lived in a rather affluent "cottage" in Lawrence Welk Village. The resort is open to the public and contains two golf courses, dozens of upscale timeshares, and a theater that contains a museum of <mask>'s life.The Welk Resort Theatre performs live Broadway musicals year-round. His organization, the Welk Group, includes Welk Resorts (run by his grandson Jon Fredricks), properties in Escondido; Palm Springs; Branson, Missouri; Lake Tahoe; and Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. It also includes Welk Syndication, which broadcasts the show on public television, and the Welk Music Group, which operates the record labels Sugar Hill, Vanguard and Ranwood. From the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, the Welk Group was known as Teleklew, in which tele stood for television and klew was Welk spelled backwards. The "Live Lawrence Welk Show" makes annual concert tours across the United States and Canada, featuring stars from the television series, including Ralna English, Mary Lou Metzger, Jack Imel, Gail Farrell and Anacani. Welk's variety show has been repeatedly parodied in U.S. popular entertainment for decades. The comedy show Saturday Night Live had a recurring sketch during the late 2000s and early 2010s, in which he was portrayed by Fred Armisen.Books by Welk
All books written with Bernice McGeehan and published by Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), except where indicated:
 Wunnerful, Wunnerful: The Autobiography of <mask>, 1971,
 Ah-One, Ah-Two! Life with My Musical Family, 1974,
 My America, Your America, 1976,
 <mask>'s Musical Family Album, 1977,
 Welk with McGeehan, <mask>'s Bunny Rabbit Concert,  illustrated by Carol Bryan, Indianapolis: Youth Publications/Saturday Evening Post Co., 1977,  (children's book)
 You're Never Too Young, 1981,

See also
 The Lennon Sisters – mainstay singers for Welk from 1955 to 1968
 Aragon Ballroom (Ocean Park)

References

Further reading
 Coakley, Mary Lewis. Mister Music Maker, <mask>lk (1958). Govoni, Albert. The <mask> Welk Story (1961)
 Kloberdanz, Timothy J. "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains." Great Plains Quarterly 8#1 (1988): 3–15  online.Miller, John. "From the Great Plains to LA: The Intersecting Paths of <mask> and Johnny Carson." Virginia Quarterly Review 79.2 (2003): 265. Miller, John E. "<mask> and John Wooden: Midwestern small-town boys who never left home." Journal of American Studies 38.1 (2004): 109–125. Schweinher, William K. <mask>lk: An American Institution (1980). Vickery-Bareford, Melissa."<mask>, <mask>" American National Biography (1999) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1803327
 Zehnpfennig, Gladys. <mask>lk: Champagne Music Man'' (1968)

External links

Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show

North Dakota State Univ. database of <mask> Welk Music Arrangements
<mask>'s recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, along with other info
Welk Musical Family website
Welk Musical Family blog

1903 births
1992 deaths
20th-century accordionists
20th-century American male musicians
American accordionists
American bandleaders
American people of German-Russian descent
Big band bandleaders
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Catholics from California
Catholics from North Dakota
Coral Records artists
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Dot Records artists
Gennett Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Emmons County, North Dakota
Polka musicians
Sweet band musicians
Television personalities from Los

masks:
Welk
Lawrence We
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Lawrence Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
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Welk
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title: Ross Wolf

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born October 18, 1982) is a former professional baseball relief pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers. He bats and throws right-handed. He has also played for the SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Championship. <mask> attended Newton Community High School in Newton, Illinois and Wabash Valley College in Mount Carmel, Illinois. Professional career
<mask> was selected by the Montreal Expos in the 47th round (1390th overall) in the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. However, he refused to sign with them and remained a free agent.He was selected the following year by the Florida Marlins in the 18th round (533rd overall) in the 2002 Major League Baseball draft, this time accepting the position. After the 2013 season, he moved to Korea Baseball Championship. SK Wyverns is his new team. Florida Marlins
<mask> was assigned to Short-Season Jamestown, where in 11 starts, he went 2-4 with a 4.66 ERA, striking out 18 in 46.1 innings. <mask> played 2003 with Single-A Greensboro, where in 27 games, he went 6-1 with a 1.61 ERA, striking out 26 in 50.1 innings. <mask> played 2004 with High-A Jupiter, where in 43 games, he went 11-7 with a 2.60 ERA and 5 saves, striking out 58 in 90 innings, tying for 4th in wins despite not starting a single game. <mask> played 2005 with Double-A Carolina, where in 54 games, he went 5-4 with a 4.96 ERA, striking out 59 in 78 innings.<mask> began 2006 with Carolina, where he pitched in 12 games before earning a promotion to Triple-A Albuquerque in May. He pitched in 48 games with the Isotopes to finish the season. In 60 games in 2006, he went 5-3 with a 4.05 ERA, striking out 41 in 66.2 innings. <mask> opened 2007 with Albuquerque, where he had a 2.82 ERA in 41 games before earning a promotion to Florida. On August 9, <mask> had his contract purchased. He made his major league debut on August 10 against the Mets, pitching 0.1 scoreless innings. On August 25, <mask> was optioned back to Albuquerque, but he didn't stay for long, returning on September 4 after the rosters expanded.He got his first major league strikeout on September 5, against Wily Mo Peña of the Nationals. In 14 games with the Marlins in 2007, he went 0-1 with an 11.68 ERA, striking out 6 in 12.1 innings. After beginning 2008 on the disabled list, he made 3 rehab appearances with Jupiter starting on May 19, and was assigned to Albuquerque at their conclusion. On May 31, he was outrighted off the major league roster. In 41 games in 2008, he went 5-2 with a 3.77 ERA, striking out 27 in 43 innings. After the season, he became a minor league free agent. Baltimore Orioles
On December 1, 2008, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles.<mask> played all of 2009 with Triple-A Norfolk, where in 47 games, he went 4-2 with a 3.95 ERA, striking out a career-high 73 in 82 innings. He signed another minor league deal with Baltimore for the 2010 season. He began 2010 with Norfolk, going 0-2 with a 1.88 ERA, striking out 26 in 38.1 innings before being traded

Oakland Athletics
On June 22, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Jake Fox. He was assigned to Triple-A Sacramento, where he pitched in 7 games before earning a promotion. On July 7, he was called up by Oakland, replacing <mask>. He made his Athletics debut on July 10 against the Angels. After not pitching since July 29, he was optioned to Sacramento on August 22 when closer Andrew Bailey was reinstated from the disabled list.When the rosters expanded on September 1, <mask> was recalled. In 11 games with Oakland, he had a 4.26 ERA, striking out 9 in 12.2 innings. On October 7, <mask> was outrighted off the roster, and he elected free agency 2 days later. Houston Astros
On November 9, 2010, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros. <mask> played 2011 with Triple-A Oklahoma City, where in 56 games, he went 4-3 with a 4.76 ERA, striking out 55 in 73.2 innings. After the season, he became a minor league free agent. Return to Baltimore
The Baltimore Orioles signed him on January 9, 2012.After playing 7 games with Double-A Bowie, he was released on April 22. Texas Rangers
On April 27, <mask> signed a minor league deal with Texas Rangers, and was assigned to Double-A Frisco. After 15 appearances, he was promoted to Triple-A Round Rock on June 12. He bounced between them during June and July before settling with Frisco on July 14. In 50 games in 2012, he went 3-1 with a 3.18 ERA, striking out 58 in 62.1 innings. After signing with the Rangers for 2013, he was assigned to Frisco, making one appearance before being promoted to Round Rock to join their rotation, his first time starting since his professional debut in 2002, excluding one start in 2005. After 6 starts with Round Rock, he was promoted to the Rangers.After scheduled starting pitcher Nick Tepesch had a blister form on his pitching hand, <mask> got the chance to make a start with the Rangers. On May 22, <mask> was called up to start against Oakland, where he gave up 1 run in 5 innings, earning his first career win. Instead of being optioned back to Round Rock, he stayed with Texas in the bullpen. On June 8, 2013, <mask> pitched 6.2 innings of relief in an 18-inning showdown between the Texas Rangers and the Toronto Blue Jays in which he gave up 1 unearned run in the bottom of the 18th inning. He became the fourth pitcher in 50 years to throw at least 6.2 innings with 0 earned runs and get stuck with a Loss. The most recent was current Rangers broadcaster Steve Busby who, ironically, lost to the Rangers in his game. <mask> made more 2 starts in July but was otherwise used in the bullpen.From August to the end of the season, he only appeared in 5 games. In 22 games with the Rangers in 2013, he went 1-3 with a 4.15 ERA and 1 hold, striking out 21 in 47.2 innings. On November 4, <mask> was outrighted off the roster and quickly signed a minor league deal with the Rangers with an invitation to spring training. SK Wyverns
On December 13, <mask> exercised an opt-out clause in his contract to pitch with the SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Championship. Return to Texas
After leaving the SK Wyverns, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers on December 11, 2014. Announced his retirement from professional baseball on February 21, 2016. References

External links

Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

1982 births
Living people
Florida Marlins players
Oakland Athletics players
Texas Rangers players
SK Wyverns players
Wabash Valley Warriors baseball players
Jamestown Jammers players
Greensboro Bats players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Carolina Mudcats players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Norfolk Tides players
Sacramento River Cats players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Bowie Baysox players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Round Rock Express players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Illinois
People from Effingham, Illinois
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Peoria Saguaros players

masks:
Ross Garrett Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
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Tyson Ross
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title: Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi

texts:
<mask> (; 25 January 1743 – 10 March 1819) was an influential German philosopher, literary figure, and socialite. He is notable for popularizing nihilism, a term coined by Obereit in 1787, and promoting it as the prime fault of Enlightenment thought particularly in the philosophical systems of Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Fichte and <mask>. Jacobi advocated Glaube (variously translated as faith or "belief") and revelation instead of speculative reason. In this sense, Jacobi can be seen to have anticipated present-day writers who criticize secular philosophy as relativistic and dangerous for religious faith. In his time, he was also well known among literary circles for his critique of the Sturm and Drang movement, and implicitly close associate and intimate partner of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and his visions of atomized individualism. His literary projects were devoted to the reconciliation of Enlightenment individualism with social obligation. He was the younger brother of poet <mask> and the father of the great psychiatrist <mask>.Biography

Early life
He was born at Düsseldorf, the second son of a wealthy sugar merchant, and was educated for a commercial career, which included a brief apprenticeship at a merchant house in Frankfurt-am-Main during 1759. Following, he was sent to Geneva for general education. <mask>, of a retiring, meditative disposition, associated himself at Geneva mainly with the literary and scientific circle (of which the most prominent member was Le Sage). He studied  closely the works of Charles Bonnet, as well as the political ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire. In 1763 he was recalled to Düsseldorf, and in the following year he married Elisbeth von Clermont and took over the management of his father's business. After a short time, he gave up his commercial career, and in 1770 he became a member of the council for the duchies of Jülich and Berg. He distinguished himself by his ability in financial affairs and his zeal in social reform.Jacobi kept up his interest in literary and philosophic matters by an extensive correspondence. His mansion at Pempelfort, near Düsseldorf, was the centre of a distinguished literary circle. He helped to found a new literary journal with Christoph Martin Wieland. Some his earliest writings, mainly on practical or economic subjects, were published in Der Teutsche Merkur. Here too appeared in part the first of his philosophic works, Edward Allwill's Briefsammlung (1776), a combination of romance and speculation. This was followed in 1779 by Woldemar, a philosophic novel, of very imperfect structure, but full of genial ideas, and giving the most complete picture of <mask>'s method of philosophizing. In 1779, he visited Munich following his appointment as minister and privy councillor for the Bavarian department of customs and commerce.He opposed the mercantilistic policies of Bavaria and intended to liberalize local customs and taxes; but, after a short stay there, differences with his colleagues and with the authorities of Bavaria, as well as his unwillingness to engage in a power struggle, drove him back to Pempelfort. The experience as well as its aftermath led to the publication of two essays in which Jacobi defended Adam Smith's theories of political economy. These essays were followed in 1785 by the work which first brought Jacobi into prominence as a philosopher. Pantheism controversy

A conversation with Gotthold Lessing in 1780 in which Lessing avowed that he knew no philosophy in the true sense of that word, save Spinozism, led him to a protracted study of Spinoza's works. After Lessing's death, just a couple of months later, Jacobi continued to engage with Spinozism in an exchange of letters with Lessing's close friend Moses Mendelssohn, which began in 1783. These letters, published with commentary by Jacobi as Briefe über die Lehre Spinozas (1785; 2nd ed., much enlarged and with important Appendices, 1789), expressed sharply and clearly Jacobi's strenuous objection to a dogmatic system in philosophy, and drew upon him the vigorous enmity of the Aufklärer. Jacobi was ridiculed for trying to reintroduce into philosophy the antiquated notion of unreasoning belief, was denounced as an enemy of reason, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit in disguise, and was especially attacked for his use of the ambiguous term "belief".His next important work, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term Glaube had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the Letters on Spinoza, but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. In this writing, and especially in the Appendix, Jacobi came into contact with the critical philosophy, and subjected the Kantian view of knowledge to searching examination. In 1787, <mask> <mask> addressed, in his book On Faith, or Idealism and Realism, Kant's concept of "thing-in-itself." Jacobi agreed that the objective thing-in-itself cannot be directly known. However, he stated, it must be taken on faith. A subject must believe that there is a real object in the external world that is related to the representation or mental idea that is directly known. This faith or belief is a result of revelation or immediately known, but logically unproved, truth.The real existence of a thing-in-itself is revealed or disclosed to the observing subject. In this way, the subject directly knows the ideal, subjective representations that appear in the mind, and strongly believes in the real, objective thing-in-itself that exists outside of the mind. By presenting the external world as an object of faith, Jacobi legitimized belief and its theological associations. Schopenhauer would later state: "…[B]y reducing the external world to a matter of faith, he wanted merely to open a little door for faith in general…." Ironically, the Pantheism Controversy led later German philosophers and writers to take an interest in pantheism and Spinozism. Jacobi's fideism remained unpopular, and instead his critique of Enlightenment rationalism led more German philosophers to explore atheism and wrestle with the perceived loss of philosophical foundations for theism, myth, and morality. <mask> and the Pantheism Controversy he ignited remain important in European intellectual history, because he formulated (albeit critically) one of the first systematic statements of nihilism and represents an early example of the death of God discourse.Later life
The Pempelfort era came to an end in 1794 when the French Revolution spilled over into Germany following the outbreak of war with the French Republic. The occupation of Düsseldorf by French Troops forced him to resettle and for nearly ten years live in Holstein. There he became intimately acquainted with Karl Leonhard Reinhold (in whose Beitrage his important work, Uber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus, die Vernunft zu Verstande zu bringen, was first published), and with Matthias Claudius, the editor of the Wandsbecker Bote. Atheism dispute

Gottlieb Fichte was dismissed from Jena in 1799 as a result of a charge of atheism. He was accused of this in 1798, after publishing his essay "Ueber den Grund unsers Glaubens an eine göttliche Weltregierung" ("On the Ground of Our Belief in a Divine World-Governance"), which he had written in response to <mask> Forberg's essay "Development of the Concept of Religion", in his Philosophical Journal. For Fichte, God should be conceived primarily in moral terms: "The living and efficaciously acting moral order is itself God. We require no other God, nor can we grasp any other" ("On the Ground of Our Belief in a Divine World-Governance").Fichte's intemperate "Appeal to the Public" ("Appellation an das Publikum", 1799) as well as a more thoughtful response entitled “From a Private Letter” (1799), provoked F. H<mask> to publish Letter to Fichte (1799), in which he equated philosophy in general and Fichte's transcendental philosophy in particular with nihilism and the relation of his own philosophic principles to theology. President of Academy of sciences and retirement
Soon after his return to Germany, <mask> received a call to Munich in connection with the new academy of sciences just founded there. The loss of a considerable portion of his fortune induced him to accept this offer; he settled in Munich in 1804, and in 1807 became president of the academy. In 1811 appeared his last philosophic work, directed against <mask> specially (Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung), the first part of which, a review of the Wandsbecker Bote, had been written in 1798. A bitter reply from Schelling was left without answer by Jacobi, but gave rise to an animated controversy in which Fries and Baader took prominent part. In 1812 <mask> retired from the office of president, and began to prepare a collected edition of his works. He died before this was completed.The edition of his writings was continued by his friend F. Koppen, and was completed in 1825. The works fill six volumes, of which the fourth is in three parts. To the second is prefixed an introduction by Jacobi, which is at the same time an introduction to his philosophy. The fourth volume has also an important preface. Philosophical work
Jacobi's philosophy is essentially unsystematic. A fundamental view which underlies all his thinking is brought to bear in succession upon those systematic doctrines which appear to stand most sharply in contradiction to it, and any positive philosophic results are given only occasionally. The leading idea of the whole is that of the complete separation between understanding [comprehension] and apprehension of real fact.For Jacobi, Understanding, or the logical faculty, is purely formal or elaborative, and its results never transcend the given material supplied to it. From the basis of immediate experience or perception thought proceeds by comparison and abstraction, establishing connections among facts, but remaining in its nature mediate and finite. The principle of reason and consequent, the necessity of thinking each given fact of perception as conditioned, impels understanding towards an endless series of identical propositions, the records of successive comparisons and abstractions. The province of the understanding is therefore strictly the region of the conditioned; to it the world must present itself as a mechanism. If, then, there is objective truth at all, the existence of real facts must be made known to us otherwise than through the logical faculty of thought; and, as the regress from conclusion to premises must depend upon something not itself capable of logical grounding, mediate thought implies the consciousness of immediate truth. Philosophy therefore must resign the hopeless ideal of a systematic (i.e. intelligible) explanation of things, and must content itself with the examination of the facts of consciousness.It is a mere prejudice of philosophic thinkers, a prejudice which has descended from Aristotle, that mediate or demonstrated cognition is superior in cogency and value to the immediate perception of truths or facts. As Jacobi starts with the doctrine that thought is partial and limited, applicable only to connect facts, but incapable of explaining their existence, it is evident that for him any demonstrative system of metaphysic which should attempt to subject all existence to the principle of logical ground must be repulsive. Now in modern philosophy the first and greatest demonstrative system of metaphysic is that of Spinoza; it is, therefore, sensible that upon Spinoza's system Jacobi should first direct his criticism. A summary of the results of his examination is thus presented (Werke, i. 216–223):
Spinozism is atheism;
the Kabbalistic philosophy, insofar as it is philosophy, is nothing but undeveloped or confused Spinozism;
the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff is not less fatalistic than that of Spinoza, and carries a resolute thinker to the very principles of Spinoza;
every demonstrative method ends in fatalism (nihilism);
we can demonstrate only similarities (agreements, truths conditionally necessary), proceeding always in identical propositions; every proof presupposes something already proved, the principle of which is immediately given (Offenbarung, revelation, is the term here employed by Jacobi, as by many later writers, e.g. Lotze, to denote the peculiar character of an immediate, unproved, given truth);
the keystone (Element) of all human knowledge and activity is belief (Glaube, or "faith"). Of these propositions, only the first and fourth require further explanation.Jacobi, accepting the law of reason and consequent as the fundamental rule of demonstrative reasoning, and as the rule explicitly followed by Spinoza, points out that, if we proceed by applying this principle so as to recede from particular and qualified facts to the more general and abstract conditions, we land ourselves, not in the notion of an active, intelligent creator of the system of things, but in the notion of an all-comprehensive, indeterminate Nature, devoid of will or intelligence. Our unconditioned is either a pure abstraction, or else the impossible notion of a completed system of conditions. In either case the result is atheism, and this result is necessary if the demonstrative method, the method of understanding, is regarded as the only possible means of knowledge. Moreover, the same method inevitably lands in fatalism/nihilism. For, if the action of the human will is to be made intelligible to understanding, it must be thought as a conditioned phenomenon, having its sufficient ground in preceding circumstances, and, in ultimate abstraction, as the outflow from nature which is the sum of conditions. But this is the fatalist conception, and any philosophy which accepts the law of reason and consequent as the essence of understanding is fatalistic/nihilistic. Thus for the scientific understanding there can be no God and no liberty.It is impossible that there should be a God, for if so he would of necessity be finite. But a finite God, a God that is known, is no God. It is impossible that there should be liberty, for if so the mechanical order of phenomena, by means of which they are comprehensible, would be disturbed, and we should have an unintelligible world, coupled with the requirement that it shall be understood. Cognition, then, in the strict sense, occupies the middle place between sense perception, which is belief in matters of sense, and reason, which is belief in supersensuous fact. Works
Early essays in Der Teutsche Merkur. Available online. Edward Allwill’s Briefsammlung (1781).Etwas das Lessing gesagt hat (1782). Werke, vol. 2, pp. 325-388. Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785). 2nd edition, 1789. NYPL.<mask> <mask> wider Mendelssohns Beschuldigungen betreffend die Briefe über die Lehre des Spinoza (1786). Oxford. David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787). University of Lausanne. Woldemar (1794). 2 volumes. Oxford.2nd edition, 1796. NYPL. <mask> an Fichte (1799). University of Michigan. Text 1799/1816, Italian Translation, 3 Appendices with <mask>'s and Fichte's complementary Texts, Commentary by A. Acerbi): La Scuola di Pitagora, Naples 2017, . Ueber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus (1801). Werke, vol.3, pp. 59-195. Ueber Gelehrte Gesellschaften, ihren Geist und Zweck (1807). Harvard. Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung (1811). University of California. <mask> <mask>'s Werke (1812–1825).Volume 1, 1812. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 2, 1815. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 3, 1816. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 4, 1819.Harvard. Parts 1 & 2: Oxford; University of Michigan (Morris). Part 1. NYPL; University of Michigan. Part 2. NYPL; University of Michigan. Part 3.NYPL; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 5, 1820. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 6, 1825. NYPL; University of Michigan (Morris). <mask> <mask>'s auserlesener Briefwechsel (1825–27). 2 volumes.Volume 1, 1825. Harvard; University of Michigan. Volume 2, 1827. Harvard; University of Michigan. Notes

External links

<mask> <mask>, George Di Giovanni (1994). "The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill". McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, . .

1743 births
1819 deaths
Writers from Düsseldorf
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
18th-century German novelists
18th-century philosophers
19th-century philosophers
German philosophers
German Protestants
People from Berg (state)
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
German male novelists
Spinoza scholars

masks:
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Friedrich Schelling
Johann Georg Jacobi
Maximilian Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Karl
. Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Schelling
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi


title: Isaiah Shembe

texts:
<mask> (c. 1865 – 2 May 1935), was the founder of the Ibandla lamaNazaretha, South Africa, which was the largest African-initiated church in Africa during his lifetime. <mask> started his religious career as an itinerant evangelist and faith healer in 1910. Within ten years, he had built up a large following in Natal with dozens of congregations across the province. Birth and early life

He was born in 1865, at Ntabamhlophe (Estcourt Area), in the Drakensberg region of Natal. He had pure Zulu descent. When he was very young, his family had fled from Shaka during the Mfecane period. His father, Mayekisa, traced his lineage four generations back among members of the Ntungwa tribe.His mother Sitheya, the daughter of Malindi Hadebe, was born at Mtimkulu. <mask>'s family left Natal for the adjacent Harrismith district of the Orange Free State in the 1880s, ending up there as tenants for an Afrikaner family named the Graabes. The young <mask> appears to have laboured for this Boer family as well, and spent considerable time working with the farm's horses. There is a considerable lore of hagiographic tradition concerned with the young <mask>. It was alleged he died and was resurrected at the age of three when relatives sacrificed a bull before his body could be interred. He was also allegedly visited by God on many occasions during these years. <mask> claimed that the voice of God taught him how to pray.Thereafter it commanded him to find a place to pray to God on regularly basis. He started visiting the Wesleyan Church that was nearby. He did not spend much time there, however, because the laws that he was taught in vision by the Word, were not followed in the church. For example, baptism by immersion was not practised, this was one of the key laws that made him desert the church. By the time of the South African War, <mask> was married and was working for the Graabes as a tenant in his own right. The war disrupted his situation, however. After abandoning his wives, he spent some time on the Rand as a migrant.During this time, he met the African Native Baptist Church (in Boksburg), which was led by Reverend William Leshega, who later baptized him on 22 July 1906. Early years as an evangelist

Between 1906 and 1910, <mask> was a minor evangelist in Leshega's church. The latter visited him in Harrismith in 1906 and baptized him there (by immersion). For the following two years he worked as an itinerant evangelist, and was then given an official preacher's certificate by Leshega in 1908. It appeared that <mask> then led a congregation for Leshega in Witzieshoek until 1909, when Leshega affiliated with John G. Lake's Apostolic Faith Mission. <mask> claimed that the Word ordered him to leave his wives and family and go to Natal. Initially he resisted separating from his wives; nine of his children died after that resistance.This was followed by him being struck by lightning after ascending a mountaintop. The lightning strike injured his thigh and he took two weeks to recover. Eventually, he agreed to follow the word to Natal. He arrived in Durban on 10 March 1910. Messengers preceded his arrival into various parts of Natal, proclaiming that "A Man of Heaven" had been sent by God to preach to the African people. Leader of the Church of Nazareth, 1910–1935

By all accounts, <mask> had an electric effect and was able to rapidly build congregations in a number of areas. He formed the Ibandla lamaNazaretha in 1913, with his converts consisting primarily of poverty-stricken migrants living at the margins of Natal's urban areas.In 1911, he purchased a freehold farm and established a holy city at eKuphakameni that sought in part to keep his people on the land free of white control. He also established a yearly pilgrimage to the Holy Mountain of Nhlangakazi, an event that was central to the Nazarites. As his following grew and he could not provide land for everyone, <mask> began training his followers to be exemplary workers. His exhortation and strict religious regimens turned his followers into a distinctive group known for their honesty, punctuality, and work ethic. In addition to his preaching and healing, <mask> was known for composing numerous Zulu hymns and sacred dances, for creating sacred costumes that combined Zulu and European clothing styles, for developing a new liturgical calendar (that omitted Christmas, Easter, and Sunday worshipping), and for dietary laws that included a restriction against eating chicken, pork and other unclean foods as found in the Old Testament of the Bible. He advocated worship on the biblical Sabbath, rather than on Sunday. He chose to identify instead with the Sabbath of God, Jehovah.He saw the Sabbath as essential to the wholeness and well-being of Africans. In the 1930s, <mask> (who was an autodidact in terms of literacy and theology) commissioned his neighbour, John Dube, to write his biography. This book, uShembe, appeared shortly after its subject's death. This biography contains much of the essential <mask> lore and hagiography. Because Dube was an ordained minister and not a Nazarite, he does not always present <mask> in flattering terms. His bona fides as a prophet are questioned, while his ability to extract financial contributions from his membership is highlighted. <mask>'s followers, though, wrote down many of his teachings.As a result, the Nazarite church has an extensive written theological corpus, perhaps the largest of any African-initiated church. <mask>'s legacy has created some controversy. In a 1967 book, G.C. Oosthuizen argued that the movement was "a new religion that sees <mask> as 'the manifestation of God. On the one hand, Oosthuizen was attacked by Bengt Sundkler and Absolom Vilakazi as being too westernized to understand Zulu culture, and claimed that the movement remained Christian. On the other hand, Oosthuizen's view has been embraced by two of <mask>'s successors, his younger son <mask> and his grandson Londa <mask>, who (although they fought with each other over who was the legitimate successor and eventually formed two separate branches of the church), both of whom believe that <mask> did indeed create something new. Today,  Ibandla lamaNazaretha is no longer recognized as a church that affiliates under Christianity; rather it is an independent religion, the religion of AmaNazaretha.References

Bibliography
H.L. Pretorius (1995) Historiography and historical sources regarding African indigenous churches, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston
Oosthuizen, G.C., ed. (1986) Religion Alive: Studies in New Movements and Indigenous Churches in Southern Africa, Hodder and Stoughton, Johannesburg

1865 births
1935 deaths
South African Charismatics
People from Ulundi Local Municipality
Zulu people

masks:
Isaiah Mloyiswa Mdliwamafa Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Shembe
Isaiah Shembe
Shembe
Amos Shembe
Shembe
Shembe


title: Hubert de Givenchy

texts:
Count <mask> (; 20 February 1927 – 10 March 2018) was a French aristocrat and fashion designer who founded the house of Givenchy in 1952. He is famous for having designed much of the personal and professional wardrobe of Audrey Hepburn and clothing for Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. He was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1970. Early life
<mask> was born on 20 February 1927 in Beauvais, Oise into a Protestant family. He was the younger son of <mask>, Marquis of Givenchy (1888–1930), and his wife, the former Béatrice ("Sissi") Badin (1888–1976). The <mask> family, which traces its roots to Venice, Italy (the original surname was Taffini), was ennobled in 1713, at which time the head of the family became Marquis of Givenchy. He had an elder brother, Jean-<mask> (1925–2009), who inherited the family's marquessate and eventually became the president of Parfums Givenchy.After his father's death from influenza in 1930, he was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother, Marguerite Dieterle Badin (1853–1940), the widow of Jules Badin (1843–1919), an artist who was the owner and director of the historic Gobelins Manufactory and Beauvais tapestry factories. Artistic professions ran in the extended Badin family. <mask>'s maternal great-grandfather, Jules Dieterle, was a set designer who also created designs for the Beauvais factory, including a set of 13 designs for the Elysée Palace. One of his great-great-grandfathers also designed sets for the Paris Opera. He moved to Paris at the age of 17, and he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts. Career

<mask>'s first designs were done for Jacques Fath in 1945. Later he did designs for Robert Piguet and Lucien Lelong (1946) – working alongside the still-unknown Pierre Balmain and Christian Dior.From 1947 to 1951 he worked for the avantgarde designer Elsa Schiaparelli. In 1952, he opened his own design house at the Plaine Monceau in Paris. Later, he named his first collection "Bettina Graziani" for Paris's top model at the time. His style was marked by innovation, contrary to the more conservative designs by Dior, and he is credited with introducing in 1957 the loose-fitting-but-narrow-hemmed "sack/sac dress," soon copied by Christian Dior for his 1957 Fuseau/Spindle line. At 25, he was the youngest designer of the progressive Paris fashion scene. His first collections were characterized by the use of rather cheap fabrics for financial reasons, but they always piqued curiosity through their design. Audrey Hepburn, later the most prominent proponent of Givenchy's fashion, and Givenchy first met in 1953 during the shoot of Sabrina.He went on to design the black dress she wore in Breakfast at Tiffany's. He also developed his first perfume collection for her (L'Interdit and Le de Givenchy). Audrey Hepburn was the face of that fragrance. This was the first time a star was the face of a fragrance's advertising campaign. At that time, Givenchy also met his idol Cristóbal Balenciaga. Givenchy sought inspiration not only from the lofty settings of haute couture but also in such avant-garde environments as Limbo, the store in Manhattan's East Village. Givenchy's notable clients included Donna Marella Agnelli, Lauren Bacall, Ingrid Bergman, Countess Mona von Bismarck, Countess Cristiana Brandolini d'Adda, Sunny von Bülow, Renata Tebaldi, Maria Callas, Capucine, Marlene Dietrich, Daisy Fellowes, Greta Garbo, Gloria Guinness, Dolores Guinness, Aimee <mask>, Audrey Hepburn, Jane Holzer, Grace Kelly, Princess Salimah Aga Khan, Rachel Lambert Mellon, Sophia Loren, Jeanne Moreau, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Empress Farah Pahlavi, Babe Paley, Lee Radziwill, Comtesse <mask> Ribes, Nona Hendryx, Baroness <mask> Rothschild, <mask> <mask>, Baroness Gaby Van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Diana Vreeland, Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, Baroness <mask> Waldner, the Duchess of Windsor, Haitian first lady Michèle Duvalier and Jayne Wrightsman.In 1954, Givenchy's prêt-à-porter collection debuted. Givenchy created the iconic 'Balloon coat' and the 'Baby Doll' dress in 1958. In 1969, a men's line was also created. From 1976 through 1987, the Ford Motor Company offered a Givenchy Edition of its Continental Mark series (1981 to 1983) and Lincoln Continental (1982 to 1987) automobiles beginning with the 1976 Continental Mark IV coupe and ending with 1983 Lincoln Mark VI and the 1987 Lincoln Continental sedan. In 1988, he organized a retrospective of his work at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. The House of Givenchy was split in 1981, with the perfume line going to Veuve Clicquot, and the fashion branch was acquired by LVMH in 1989. As of today, LVMH owns Parfums Givenchy as well.Later life
Givenchy retired from fashion design in 1995. His successor to head the Givenchy label was John Galliano. After a brief stint by Galliano, a five-year stay from <mask> and a term from 2001 to 2004 by Julien Macdonald, Givenchy women's ready-to-wear and haute couture was headed by Riccardo Tisci from 2005 until 2017. Clare Waight Keller held the post from 2017 until April 2020. Matthew M. Williams became Givenchy's creative director in June 2020. <mask> resided at the Château du Jonchet, a listed historic castle in Romilly-sur-Aigre, Eure-et-Loir, near Paris. In his retirement, he focused on collecting 17th and 18th-century bronze and marble sculptures.In July 2010, he spoke at the Oxford Union. From 8 to 14 September 2014, during the Biennale des Antiquaires, he organized a private sale exhibition at Christie's in Paris featuring, artwork by Jean-Baptiste-<mask>, the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, Jacques-Louis David, and Anne-Louis <mask> <mask>-Trioson, etc. In January 2007, the French Post Office issued postage stamps for Valentine's Day designed by <mask>. In October 2014, a retrospective exhibition featuring ninety-five of his designed pieces took place at the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, Spain. His longtime partner was fashion designer Philippe Venet. <mask> <mask> died in his sleep at the Renaissance chateau near Paris on Saturday 10 March 2018. He was 91 and was buried in Passy Cemetery in Paris.Bibliography
Françoise Mohrt, The Givenchy Style (1998), Assouline. Pamela Clarke Keogh, <mask> <mask> (introduction): Audrey style (1999), Aurum Press. Jean-Noël Liaut: <mask> <mask> : Entre vies et légendes (2000), Editions Grasset & Fasquelle. References

External links

 <mask> <mask>: 18 facts about the iconic designer

1927 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Counts of France
French art collectors
French fashion designers
French Protestants
French stamp designers
Gay artists
Italian nobility
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
LGBT businesspeople from France
LGBT fashion designers
Order of Arts and Letters of Spain recipients
People from Beauvais
Hubert

masks:
Hubert James Marcel Taffin de Givenchy
Hubert James Taffin de Givenchy
Lucien Taffin de Givenchy
Taffin de Givenchy
Claude de Givenchy
Givenchy
Givenchy
de Heeren
Jacqueline de
Pauline de
Frederica
von Stade
Sylvia de
Alexander McQueen
Givenchy
Claude Odiot
Girodet
de Roussy
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy


title: Ninian Pinkney

texts:
<mask> (17 June 1811 – 15 December 1877), also spelled Pinckney, born in the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland. He graduated from St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1829, and from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1833. He spent his entire naval career helping to develop the field of surgery and medicine. He was especially prominent—and praised—during the American Civil War. Military service
Appointed an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy on 26 March 1834, <mask> received orders to the sloop of war Erie on 5 May. Ordered to report by 20 June, he joined the ship at Boston, Massachusetts, on 24 June, shortly before she sailed for the Brazil Station. Detached from Erie on 18 September 1837, he began two months of leave on 20 September, later changed to "waiting orders."Ordered to duty at the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 9 April 1838, he was detached from that duty on 2 April 1839, receiving one month of leave. He then joined the frigate Brandywine, assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron, on 17 August, shortly after she was recommissioned. On 12 February 1840, Commodore Isaac Hull, commanding the squadron, ordered <mask> to return to the United States, and the assistant surgeon reported his arrival on 24 April. Ordered thence, on 12 October 1840, to the storeship Relief, on the Pacific Squadron, <mask> later served again on board Erie. He was promoted to surgeon on 27 October 1841. Commodore Alexander J. Dallas, commanding the Pacific Squadron, granted Surgeon <mask> permission to return to the United States in February 1844, and he arrived there in April of the same year. Ordered to the Receiving Ship and Naval Station, Baltimore, Maryland, on 24 June 1844, he received orders to "discharge duties" at the Naval Rendezvous (recruiting station) as well, on 21 April 1845.Detached from the Baltimore Station on 19 September 1846 and placed in the status of "waiting orders," <mask> was ordered to Albany on 14 October; he reported to that new sloop of war, assigned to the Home Squadron, a little less than a fortnight later, on 27 October. Transferred to sloop of war Germantown, also in the Home Squadron, three days after Christmas the following year 28 December 1847, he was detached from that ship on 23 February 1848. Carried on the status of "waiting orders" on 1 January of the following year [1849], <mask> was ordered to the new sidewheel sloop of war Saranac on 4 February 1850, to report for duty on the 24th of that month. Detached from that ship on 22 July 1851, the surgeon was then ordered [10 September] to review candidates for admission to the U.S. Naval Academy. Following another period of "waiting orders," he was ordered to the Naval Academy on 3 April 1852. Detached from the Academy on 5 July 1855, <mask> subsequently received orders to the sidewheel frigate Susquehanna on 31 March 1856, and served in that ship as she cruised in the Mediterranean and off the coast of Central America, and later operated in assistance of the steam frigate Niagara  in her unsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable in August 1857.Detached from Susquehanna on 19 April 1858, he was ordered to the U.S. Naval Hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, on 21 October, his actual time of reporting delayed from 1 November to 1 December 1858. Detached from that medical facility ashore on 9 June 1859, <mask> received orders to join the screw frigate San Jacinto as she prepared for a cruise to the coast of Africa. Illness, however, shortened <mask>'s tour of duty in San Jacinto, as he was detached from the ship at Cadiz, Spain, and ordered home "because of ill health" on 28 March 1860. Arriving back in the United States on 23 April, he went to Easton, Maryland, where he apparently remained until he was ordered to special duty in Washington, D.C., on 8 June 1861. Detached from duty in the capitol on 12 December 1861, he received orders to report as the Fleet Surgeon, Mississippi Squadron, on the last day 1861. Civil War service
<mask> served in the Mississippi Squadron for the duration of the American Civil War, performing "the most arduous duty in caring for the sick and wounded."He succeeded in getting possession of the Commercial Hotel, in Memphis, Tennessee, a building "admirably located and well adapted for hospital purposes" in March 1863. The shortage of assistant surgeons compelled <mask> to serve on board the U.S. Navy Hospital Ship Red Rover, "where he has been of great service fitting out his department." Acting Rear-Admiral David Dixon Porter, Commanding the Mississippi Squadron, called Pinkney's presence

Porter used the occasion to dispel any misgivings about the fleet surgeon's "little peculiarities" (Pinkney was known to be of "a 'peppery' nature and stood firmly on his dignity and rights"), writing to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles on 30 March 1863 of Pinkney that "...a more zealous, devoted officer to the profession, and to the country, does not exist anywhere..."

Soon thereafter, the fleet surgeon directed the provision of new ships fitting out at St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati, Ohio, with medical stores during June, 1863, and later that summer supervised the conversion of a seized Rebel building at Memphis, Tennessee, into a hospital. Pinkney received the wounded from the fall of Fort Pillow in April 1864, on board the Hospital Ship Red Rover, and treated them. Subsequently, one of the nursing Sisters, employed on board Red Rover, wrote to express her appreciation for the kindness Pinkney had extended to them. "Through them," Sister Angela, of the Order of the Holy Cross, wrote on 11 August 1864,

Post-Civil War service
Commodore <mask> retired from active duty on 15 June 1865. Over the next four years (until 8 November 1869), performed a succession of duties, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors of the U.S.Naval Academy, presided over the board that examined candidates for admission to the Academy, and served as a delegate to represent the Medical Department of the Navy to the Medical Department in England. Ordered to duty at Washington, D.C., on 1 October 1870, he was promoted to the rank of Medical Director on 3 March 1871. Final years
Detached from the Washington Navy Yard and retired with that rank on 7 June 1873, <mask>, who received a doctor of laws degree from his alma mater, St. John's College, Annapolis, in 1873. He died after a brief illness at his residence, "Londonderry," near Easton, Maryland, on 15 December 1877. Honored in ship naming
The United States Navy ship [[<mask> (APH-2)|<mask> (APH-2)]] which saw action in the Pacific Ocean during World War II was named in his honor. References

1811 births
1877 deaths
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
United States Naval Academy
Union Navy surgeons
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
People from Annapolis, Maryland
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
Physicians from Maryland

masks:
Ninian Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
USS Pinkney
USS Pinkney


title: David Murray Anderson

texts:
Admiral Sir <mask>,  (11 April 1874 – 30 October 1936) was a British naval officer and governor. <mask> served in the Royal Navy from the age of 13 and served in many colonial wars and was given various Empire postings, rising to the rank of admiral in 1931. He retired a year later and took up the posting as Governor of Newfoundland, where he also took up the role of Chairman of the Government following the suspension of self-government in the Dominion of Newfoundland. Leaving Newfoundland in 1935, he was appointed as Governor of New South Wales but served only briefly due to his ill health. He died while in office aged 62. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 11 April 1874, the second son of General <mask>, Colonel of the Cheshire Regiment, and his wife Charlotte Christina, née <mask> in Newton-by-Chester in Cheshire, England. His elder brother was Lieutenant General Sir <mask>.In 1887, as a 13-year-old, he became a naval cadet in the training ship Britannia at Dartmouth. Seeing action against King Koko slave traders on the Niger River, he became a lieutenant on 23 February 1895 at age 20. <mask> saw further action against West-African rebels and in the Ashanti Campaign. In May 1902, he was posted as First and gunnery lieutenant to the cruiser  on the Channel Squadron. In 1905 he was promoted to commander and was posted to the Royal Yacht HMY Victoria and Albert in 1908. That year, he married a New Zealander, Edith Teschemaker. On 29 July 1910 <mask> was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order.On 11 August 1911, he was promoted to captain and posted as Flag Captain on  from 1913 to 1917. When the First World War broke out he took part in the operations that resulted in the destruction of the  in German East Africa, and was Mentioned in Despatches in 1915. For his actions leading to the capture of Dar es Salaam he was appointed a Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1918. He was also invested by the Sultan of Zanzibar with the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, Second Class. From 1918 to 1919 <mask> was posted to command the battleship  in the Grand Fleet. In May 1921 he was appointed as an aide-de-camp (ADC) to King George V, which he held until April 1922. After a posting in England, he was promoted to rear admiral in 1922.On 2 June 1923 he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was later posted from August 1923 to October 1925 as the Senior Naval Officer, Yangtze and briefly served as temporary Commander-in-Chief China Station in 1925. While in China, he was called upon on three separate occasions to command a multi-national force of Japanese, British, American, Portuguese and Italian sailors to help protect the Shanghai International Settlement. For his efforts in China, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class, by the Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Further promoted to vice admiral in 1927, he was appointed to command the Africa Station. From June to September 1928 he served as High Commissioner to the Union of South Africa. Being fluent in French, he was further appointed to Geneva as the Admiralty representative to the League of Nations permanent advisory commission from 1929 to 1931.On 3 June 1930 he was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and was promoted to admiral in 1931. He retired at his own request on 5 July 1932. Governor of Newfoundland

<mask> was then appointed on 20 October 1932 as the Governor of Newfoundland. He became His Majesty's Representative at a time of great instability in the Dominion of Newfoundland. Newfoundland had been hit badly by the Great Depression, leaving most of the banks on the verge of insolvency, saved only by emergency loans from Britain, the state Treasury was empty and the political process was discredited by corruption and incompetence. The Government, led by Prime Minister Frederick C. Alderdice, called upon the British government to take direct control until Newfoundland could become self-sustaining. The United Kingdom, concerned over Newfoundland's likelihood of defaulting on its loans, asked the government to establish the Newfoundland Royal Commission, headed by a Scottish peer, Lord Amulree.Its report, released in 1933, assessed Newfoundland's political system as institutionally corrupt and its economic future as bleak, recommending the abolition of responsible government, and its replacement by a Commission of the British Government. Acting on the report's recommendations, Alderdice's government voted itself out of existence in December 1933. Appointed as Chair of the Commission of Government in 1934, <mask> found his role as Governor with significantly expanded powers and proved himself up to the job, constantly sending reports back to the Dominions Office and giving advice to the Dominions Secretary on how to deal with the Commission members. Despite his new-found powers, <mask> took the position as the neutral mediator, intervening only when there was a dispute in the commission. He was nevertheless involved with restructuring the administration of the state, including government departments, social services, the health system and the postal system. His approach proved to be not enough to bring the Commission out of petty arguments and disputes and in October 1935 it was announced that he would be replaced by another Naval Officer, Sir Humphrey Walwyn. <mask> and his wife departed from Newfoundland the following January.Governor of New South Wales

In November 1935 it was announced that he was to become the Governor of New South Wales, a relatively quieter post. He was invested by King Edward VIII as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on 5 May 1936, and as a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem on 23 June 1936. En route to Australia he was taken ill, and had to spend six weeks in hospital in Perth, Western Australia. He was sworn in at Sydney on 6 August 1936. Because of his recurring illness, Lady <mask> undertook many official duties on his behalf, while the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Sir Philip Street, carried out his legislative and ceremonial duties. On 29 October he collapsed and died of a cerebral haemorrhage early in the morning the next day at Government House. His body was laid in state in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney and was shipped back to England for burial.Lady Edith Muriel <mask> was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) on 11 May 1937 for public service in New South Wales. Honours

References

Further reading

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1874 births
1936 deaths
People from Malpas, Cheshire
Royal Navy admirals
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Governors of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Governors of New South Wales
Ambassadors and High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Military personnel from Cheshire
Members of the Newfoundland Commission of Government

masks:
David Murray Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
David Anderson
Anderson
Warren Hastings Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Leonis C. Malburg

texts:
<mask><mask> (April 4, 1929 – November 1, 2017) was a former mayor of Vernon, California, and the grandson of the city's co-founder John B. (J.B.<mask>, a nephew of <mask>. In 2009 he and his wife <mask> were convicted of conspiracy, perjury, and voter fraud. <mask>'s son, <mask>, was sent to prison for child molestation of boys in 2009. The offenses were discovered during the same family voter fraud investigation. <mask> was appointed to the Vernon City Council in 1956, and served until 2009. He was elected mayor in 1974, and served until his convictions forced him to resign in 2009.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born in 1929 to Raymond S<mask> and Adelina <mask>, Jr. at the French Hospital of Los Angeles, in Chinatown, Los Angeles. <mask>'s father was a mortuary director from San Francisco who played a prominent role in forensic examinations in the Los Angeles Coroner's Office. <mask>'s grandfather, John B<mask> (J. B.) was a Basque immigrant who with ranchers Thomas and James Furlong founded Vernon, the first exclusively industrial city in the California, in September 1905. His great uncle was <mask>, a 19th-century Alta California pioneer based at the Leonis Adobe in present-day Calabasas, who owned Rancho El Escorpión and other ranch properties in the western San Fernando Valley and Simi Hills. <mask> received both public and private education.His early school years were spent at Third Street Elementary and John Burrows Junior High, both in Los Angeles. While living at his parents house, he also spent time with his grandfather, J. B<mask>, who had residences in Hancock Park, Los Angeles, and on a working ranch in the Angeles National Forest. J. B. was one of the founders of the City of Vernon. In its early days, Vernon was noted for its sporting events, including professional boxing and baseball and the 'world's longest bar' at Jack Doyle's Saloon located on land leased from J. B. <mask>.J. B. served for 45 years as a Vernon city councilmember. He was also the founder and president of the First Citizens Bank of Vernon. <mask>'s relationship with his grandfather influenced him to pursue a banking career and Vernon city politics. In 1943, <mask> was accepted to and attended the Harvard Military Academy in Los Angeles. He was regarded for his shooting skills and graduated a two-time champion in rifle marksmanship. After returning from his service in the U.S. Air Force, <mask> attended Woodbury University in Los Angeles and majored in Business Administration.He was later on Woodbury's Board of Trustees. He and his wife made a donation for the naming of the Malburg Atrium in the business school building. Career

Banking
Malburg began his banking career as a messenger for First National Bank of Vernon, which was chartered in 1919. He rose within the bank to oversee loans for construction projects and eventually became the bank's vice president. In 1956, he became the President of First National Bank. When, through a merger, First National became Citizens National Bank, and <mask> stayed on as vice president and chairman of the advisory board. Eventually, Citizens National merged with Crocker National Bank and later with Wells Fargo.<mask> retired from banking to manage his family interests and investments. He was chairman of the Sanitation District of Los Angeles County., a partnership of 24 independent districts, encompassing 78 cities, which serves nearly 5½ million people in Los Angeles County. The Sanitation Districts build and maintain facilities to manage solid, industrial, and water waste in Los Angeles County. <mask> was also chairman of the Barlow Group, which oversees the operations of the Barlow Respiratory Hospital in Los Angeles. He was president and lifelong member of the Societe Francaise De Bienfaisance Mutuelle De Los Angeles. He formerly served as director of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD), a consortium of 26 cities and water districts that provide drinking water to six counties in Southern California. Politics
<mask>'s career in politics began when he accepted an appointment to the Vernon city council following the death of a sitting councilman.After eighteen years on the council, Malburg was elected mayor by the council and served in that capacity until 2009. Under Malburg's leadership, the city had multiplied its surplus while providing businesses within its borders with natural gas service, fiber optic systems, and its own light and power company, with rates up to 40% lower than those outside the city. As mayor, he also oversaw ongoing land development and the city's expanding infrastructure, including a power generation station which bears his name. In 1978, the Mayor and city council made the controversial decision during a labor dispute to dismiss striking firefighters who refused to report for duty or take acting positions on fire calls. It was the opinion of city leaders that the firefighter's illegal actions, which came after their union rescinded its agreement to a solution brokered by a state mediator, left the city with a dangerously thin line of fire defense. Superior Court Judge Harry L. Hupp upheld the city's decision in October, 1978, ruling that the firefighter's strike was indeed illegal. However, after four days of negotiations with the union, the city reinstated the dismissed firefighters.Still, the L.A. County Board of Supervisors, responding to political pressure from labor unions seeking retaliation for the initial firings, cancelled its mutual aid agreement with the City of Vernon (a move that was criticized by the president of the 40-member Independent Cities of Los Angeles County Association). The county district attorney's office also charged Malburg and other administrators with crimes unrelated to the strike. In Malburg's case, the district attorney office accused the mayor of falsely declaring his domicile to be the family residence he built in Vernon, charging that his true domicile was the Los Angeles home he inherited from his grandfather. In 1979, Judge William Keene dismissed the charges when it was revealed that the district attorney's office had withheld evidence from the grand jury which directly contradicted the prosecution's claims. Similar charges were filed again, twenty-seven years later, after the city attempted to suppress a report by a city attorney that the city administrator was stealing from the city. In the course of that investigation the District Attorney's new Public Integrity Division learned that Malburg and his wife and son all claimed to live in apartments within an office building in Vernon. The city's attempt to suppress the report was unsuccessful and the city administrator, Bruce Malkenhorst, Sr., was charged with misappropriating public funds.The mayor and his family were charged with voter fraud. <mask>'s son, <mask>, was sent to prison for child molestation discovered during the same investigation. After being sued by the City of Vernon over nearly $1.5 million in attorney fees, <mask> resigned the office of mayor on July 1, 2009. In December 2009, <mask> <mask> and his wife were convicted of conspiracy, perjury, and voter fraud. (see editorial, Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2009, "Justice Comes to Vernon") In January 2010, they were ordered to pay over $600,000 in restitution and fines. References

Further reading
Los Angeles Times: Articles about <mask> <mask> archive
City of Vernon: Mayor
Chinadaily.com.cn: Vernon
Google images: EPGnews.com

American perjurers
American politicians convicted of fraud
Vernon, California
1929 births
2017 deaths
California politicians convicted of crimes
Mayors of places in California
Woodbury University alumni

masks:
Leonis C
. Malburg
) Leonis
Miguel Leonis
Dominica Malburg
Leonis
John Malburg
Malburg
Leonis
Clos
Malburg
. Malburg
Leonis
Malburg
Malburg
. Leonis
Miguel Leonis
Malburg
. Leonis
Leonis
Malburg
Malburg
Malburg
Malburg
Malburg
Malburg
Malburg
Leonis
John Malburg
Malburg
Leonis
Malburg
Leonis
Malburg


title: Alex Webster

texts:
<mask> (born October 25, 1969) is an American bass player, who is best known as a member of the death metal band Cannibal Corpse. He is one of two remaining members of the original lineup of the band, along with drummer Paul Mazurkiewicz. He is also the bassist for the band Blotted Science and the supergroup Conquering Dystopia. Before Cannibal Corpse was formed, he was part of Beyond Death. Musical biography
<mask> was born in Akron, New York. He has stated "I just always liked music since I was a little kid. Music was always a soundtrack in my head to things going on in my life.I always wanted to play. I wanted to play drums when I was about three. I made a drum out of an old butter container and hit it with tinker toys. I was going to make music. Most people who are musicians didn't have to have anyone tell them to do it. I would never push music on someone, because it is something that doesn't need to be pushed. If you're going to make music, you're going to make it."<mask> was originally of the band Beyond Death, with ex-Cannibal Corpse guitarist Jack Owen, back in 1987. Both met up with Chris Barnes, Bob Rusay and Paul Mazurkiewicz, all of whom were in the band Tirant Sin. He was the one to come up with the band's name, Cannibal Corpse. In an interview he said that he thought it was a very catchy name for a band. He has a reputation for being friendly to his fans, often asking questions, and genuinely caring what his fans think, regularly answering questions on the band's forum. <mask> also recorded bass for Hate Eternal, Erik Rutan's death metal band. Erik is the producer for Cannibal Corpse's albums that were released between 2006 and 2012, Kill, Evisceration Plague, and Torture.In 2005, <mask> was contacted by guitarist Ron Jarzombek about a possible collaboration which became Blotted Science, an all-instrumental extreme metal project. They released their debut album, The Machinations of Dementia, in the fall of 2007. When asked about his favorite Cannibal Corpse song, <mask> answered: "I don't know, it would be hard to choose one that's the "best", but one of my favorites is "From Skin to Liquid", mainly because it was so different for us. It showed we didn't necessarily have to be playing at warp drive and have gory lyrics to be heavy." Bass playing

<mask> is recognized as an extremely experienced and talented metal bass player. He can play at exceptionally fast speeds, and does a signature 3-finger walk (a "galloping" finger motion). He revealed in a making-of DVD for Cannibal Corpse's album The Wretched Spawn that he initially started playing guitar but changed to bass because he felt he could master the instrument more quickly.Unlike usual heavy metal bassists that play at high speeds, <mask> is able to play his instrument without the use of a pick, while still retaining a clean clear tone, which helps maintain clarity in the complex and very fast lines he plays in conjunction with the heavily distorted guitars of Cannibal Corpse. "When I was six years old I took some acoustic guitar lessons. It didn't really work out because I was six and didn't really want to learn "Mary Had a Little Lamb," and those were the kind of songs I was being taught. I wanted to play Elvis. I liked all the old 50s music. My dad had a bunch of old 50s records because that's when he was a teenager. Those were what I listened to, because when you're six you don't have the money to go buy stuff, so I just listened to his records.Nobody was going to teach me how to play the guitar like that, out in the country where I lived. I just gave it up until I was 13 or 14. I met a kid in school who played bass in the high school jazz band. He wanted to make some extra money and it was five bucks a lesson. He did a good job too. His name was Mike Hudson. I don't know if he plays anymore.I lost touch with him. He's the one that got me started. I always wanted to play in a band, and to learn how to play lead guitar was going to take like five years. But I really liked the sound of the bass. I liked AC/DC and figured I could do that. I thought I could learn Cliff Williams' bass parts faster than I could learn to play Angus Young's guitar parts. It was motivation, because I wanted to be in a band.I never wanted to sit around and play music by myself. I wanted to play with other people, and the fastest route to that was playing an instrument that wasn't a lead instrument, and bass was that. Now I've learned to make it a lot more difficult. I've made my job a lot harder than it probably needs to be. But it's just fun. In the beginning my concern was playing in a band." "I took some lessons from a friend of mine when I first started.He was in the school jazz band and he taught me the basics. I didn't take lessons for about a year, but I started again when I was a senior in high school. I've had about four different teachers throughout the years, but I never took lessons for more than a few months. I did, however, gain a lot from them and I've tried to learn as much on my own as I can. Anything I can learn about music or bass playing, I'll try to learn. I mean, the more you learn and the more you apply to your playing, it just makes you a better musician." "I liked the bass player from AC/DC.I really loved the stuff he did. Peter Baltes from Accept was another. I liked the really good guys too, but that seemed out of reach at the beginning. Geddy Lee from Rush and Steve Harris were like gods to me. Billy Sheehan was from Buffalo, and we all knew about Billy before the rest of the country did. Billy has been a legend in Buffalo for a long, long time. He's still one of my favorites.By the time I was listening to Cliff Burton I was getting a little better. I had been playing a year or so before I started listening to Metallica. I thought he was great. I always thought he could have been a little louder on those albums though. That's the thing. In thrash metal or any other kind of metal where the bass is playing exactly what the guitar is playing, automatically the bass went down in the mix. If you notice those older bands like Accept, the bass is doing something that's a little bit different from the guitar.It's more with the kick drum instead of playing the riff the guitar is doing. In thrash metal and then death metal, the bass player always wound up playing what the guitar player was doing most of the time. It's been a decade long fight for us to be heard in the mix." "I'd like to do some instructional material, but I'm still not sure if I'll try and do a DVD or book though. It will probably be easier to do a DVD, actually. Hopefully I'll be able to come up with some stuff that's worth releasing. I definitely won't put anything out until I'm sure it's of really high quality, and full of lots of good information.Also, you might have heard about the possibility of us doing a tab book. Well, we still haven't found a publisher for that." "I practice the most when I have something I'm working on that's difficult, like one of Pat's songs for example. I usually won't practice for more than 3 or 4 hours a day unless I'm really inspired, or I have some kind of deadline." Besides playing bass, <mask> has also contributed to lyric and music writing on many occasions for the band, some examples being "Fucked with a Knife," "Puncture Wound Massacre," "I Will Kill You," "Devoured by Vermin," "Unleashing the Bloodthirsty," "Scavenger consuming death," "Scourge of iron" and "Murder Worship". <mask> is also known for his bass guitar solos/fills in such songs as "Addicted to Vaginal Skin", "Mangled", "The Undead Will Feast", "Crushing the Despised", "Fucked with a Knife", "Hammer Smashed Face", "The Discipline of Revenge", "Put Them To Death", "She Was Asking For It", "Staring Through The Eyes of the Dead", "Bloodlands", "They Deserve to Die", "Rabid", and "The Strangulation Chair". From 2013 to 2015 <mask> wrote a monthly tuition column for the UK's Bass Guitar Magazine.Equipment
<mask> currently uses Spector '<mask> Webster Signature Edition' (based on Euro 5lx basses), DR Strings, and His signature Hammer Smashed Bass pickups by Seymour Duncan paired with a Darkglass Electronics tone capsule preamp wired for 18 volt operation. All of his signature basses have been set up by scooter at granville guitars and are wired using 4 single stack knobs for reliability on a heavy tour rotation (1 volume with both pick ups hardwired and 3 tone controls) Before his signature model, he used Modulus Quantum 5 and Spector Euro 5lx basses. He also used a white 1987 Fender Precision bass on the albums Eaten Back to Life and Butchered at Birth, an Ibanez Sabre SB900 on the album Tomb of the Mutilated, an Ibanez Soundgear SR1500 on The Bleeding and both a 1971 Precision Bass as well as a Spector NS Series 5-string bass on Vile. In the past, he used an Ampeg SVT200T with an Ampeg 8x10 cabinet, then switched to the SVT-4PRO head. Later, he signed an endorsement deal with SWR and used 2 SWR SM-1500 and 2 SWR Megoliath 8x10 cabinets. Currently he is using Aguilar DB 751 and DB810 cabinets. Not much of an effects user, however on the album Torture he stated that he began using a Darkglass Microtubes B3K switched to a B7kU (2016) overdrive pedal and commented that it's the heaviest tone he has achieved yet.He also uses a Radial Bassbone and a Boss TU-2 Chromatic Tuner, and a Seymour Duncan Bass Studio Compressor. Personal life

Personality
<mask> is prominently featured in the heavy metal documentary Metal: A Headbanger's Journey where he comes off as musically knowledgeable and well-spoken. "Cannibal Corpse's bassist <mask> exudes a quiet, intellectual and particularly amiable persona which seems so at odds with the music that he is a driving force behind that one is immediately reminded of the old adage about not judging books by their covers. "- Sinister Online

When asked about what he likes to do in his spare time outside of Cannibal Corpse, <mask> commented: "working out, I’ve been doing some martial arts stuff for a while  now, so I just like to run, I like to go mountain biking"

"I'm not very proud of myself if I lose my temper. That's something I would love to be able to change. I've worked on it throughout my life and hope to eventually have it conquered and react as peacefully as Gandhi in the worst situation." "Forrest Gump, that was OK actually, but I prefer...I'll tell you what one of my favourite all-time movies was, as far as horror. I like The Shining and I like Jacob's Ladder. I don't know if you'd call Jacob's Ladder horror anyway, but I really liked that movie. I like, Jesus there's a lot of them... I like the Evil Dead stuff, just total splatter action and Nekromantik from Germany. I have a very bad copy of Necromantik 2 and it's all in German and you can barely watch it. You can't even see the picture, really, but I saw Necromantik 1 and it's classic.I was just in a bar in Paris where they were playing Necromantik while you were just hanging about in the bar – yes!" "I just like the really low budget splatter. It's fun. And I like high budget psychological horror like Jacob's Ladder and The Shining. Everything's entertaining for different reasons. Here's kinda the way I see it: you can appreciate a lot of different things for what they are. Like, we're obviously a much different type of death metal band from, say, My Dying Bride or something like that, but there's no reason you can't appreciate both of them for what they are.I like Anathema and My Dying Bride. I also like Morbid Angel and Vader, and I also like us and Autopsy – of course I like us! I'm in the band! You know what I mean. It's good for what it is. When I see a movie like Evil Dead I don't expect it to be like The Shining, just like a person who likes Cannibal Corpse. They shouldn't expect us to be like Anathema.You know what I'm saying? But they can like us for being... the Evil Dead of death metal! [laughs] And they can like those other bands for being more psychological or whatnot." <mask> is agnostic. Honors
The fossil marine worm species <mask>oprion armstrongi is named for <mask>; the researchers who named it — both heavy-metal fans — stated that "<mask> Stomper, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Freddy Got Fingered, The Road Warrior, and tons more..."

Television: "Most of the original programming on HBO; I also watch the news a lot." Books: 1984 by George Orwell, Murder Machine by Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci, The Westies by T.J. English, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion by Tolkien, Gulag by Anne Applebaum, etc..."

When asked about his favorite song on the Morbid Angel album Altars of Madness, <mask> answered: "that whole album is so amazing, it's hard to choose.Maybe "Chapel of Ghouls", "Immortal Rites", or "Visions from the Darkside"." In a 2006 interview, he commented that his favorite albums of the previous five years are Spawn of Possession's Cabinet, Necrophagist's Epitaph, Aeon's Bleeding the False, Hate Eternal's I, Monarch, and Spastic Ink's Ink Compatible. His five all-time favorite albums are (in descending order) Accept's Restless and Wild, Morbid Angel's Altars of Madness, Metallica's Master of Puppets, Iron Maiden's Powerslave and Slayer's Reign in Blood. Musical tastes
<mask> is a big Slayer fan. "I got into them back in the mid 80's. I learned about them through word of mouth from some other metal heads at my school. They were the best of the evil thrash bands at the time.I can't really stress how much I and the other Cannibal guys listened to Slayer. They were a massive influence on us." He said that his favorite song lyric would be "anything by Slayer.." He also said if any band could cover a Cannibal Corpse song, it would be Slayer. References

1969 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American agnostics
American heavy metal bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
People from Akron, New York
Death metal musicians
Cannibal Corpse members
American male guitarists
Guitarists from New York (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Blotted Science members
Conquering Dystopia members

masks:
Alex Webster
Webster
Webster
Alex
Alex
Webster
Webster
Webster
Alex
Webster
Webster
Webster
Alex
Webster
Alex Webster
Webster
Alex
Webster
Webster
Alex Websteromper
Webster
Alex Webster