title: Werner Weber (mathematician)

texts:
<mask> (January 3, 1906 in Oberstein, near Hamburg, Germany – February 2, 1975) was a German mathematician. He was one of the Noether boys, the doctoral students of Emmy Noether. Considered scientifically gifted but a modest mathematician, he was also an extreme Nazi, who would later take part in driving Jewish mathematicians out of the University of Göttingen. He later started work as part of a group of five mathematicians, recruited by Wilhelm Fenner, and which included Ernst Witt, Georg Aumann, Alexander Aigner, Oswald Teichmueller and Johann Friedrich Schultze, and lead by Wolfgang Franz, to form the backbone of the new mathematical research department in the late 1930s, which would eventually be called: Section IVc of Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (abbr. OKW/Chi). <mask> was born in 1906 in Oberstein (near Hamburg, Germany), the son of a merchant. In 1924, he graduated from the Abitur.He studied mathematics in Hamburg and at the University of Göttingen  and in 1928 he handed over the Lehramt staatsexamen (state examination) in Mathematics, Physics, Biology. <mask> took his examination for promotion of Dr. phil. in Göttingen with Emmy Noether, (who was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl, and Norbert Wiener as the most important woman in the history of mathematics),  with a dissertation titled: Ideal theoretical interpretation of the representability of any natural numbers by square forms, (German: Idealtheoretische Deutung der Darstellbarkeit beliebiger natürlicher Zahlen durch quadratische Formen) Noether had not been authorized to supervise dissertations on her own. In Göttingen, his postdoctoral scholarship was co-sponsored by Edmund Landau in 1931, with whom he had been an assistant since 1928 and whom he represented in 1933 after his leave of absence. Landau and Noether had judged his dissertation to be excellent, but <mask> was only a mediocre mathematician, and his usefulness for Landau consisted chiefly of his abilities in accurate proofreading, to which Landau devoted much attention (according to an anecdote which was then prevalent, he was able to distinguish between an Italic point and a Roman point). In 1933, Oswald Teichmüller convinced <mask> to convert to Nazism. He was involved in the publication of the Deutsche Mathematik and published a book on the Pell equation.From 1946, <mask> worked as a publishing director in Hamburg and from 1951 at the private school "Institut Dr. Brechtefeld" in Hamburg as a teacher. He left a detailed manuscript (written down before 1940) about his discussion with Hasse, which serves as an important source for the events at that time in Göttingen. Nazi Biography
<mask> was a member of the SA, but only became a Nazi on 1 May 1933 when he was given the Nazi party number 3,118,177. ),  In November 1933, he signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. Removal of Jewish mathematicians
<mask> was involved in the removal of the Jewish mathematician Edmund Landau on 2 November 1933 from the mathematics faculty at the University of Göttingen. Richard Courant was also forced out of Göttingen in May 1933. As the leader of a group of pro-Nazi students <mask>, along with the Nazi mathematician Oswald Teichmüller, along with the SS, organized a group that commanded a boycott of   Edmund Landau's lectures.In a letter that Richard Courant wrote to Abraham Flexner, he stated:

[There] were some seventy students, partly in SS uniforms, but inside [the lecture theatre] not a soul. Every student who wanted to enter was prevented from entering by <mask>. Landau received a delegate from the students, who informed him that "Aryan students want Aryan mathematics...and requested that he refrain from giving [any more] lectures." The speaker for the students was a very young, scientifically gifted man, but completely muddled and notorious. That person was Oswald Teichmüller. Landau would leave the university soon after. Mathematical Institute

On February 13, 1934, the university Dekan (Deacon) asked <mask>, who was acting director of the mathematical institute at Göttingen, for recommendations on who should replace Hermann Weyl as new operational director.Several days later <mask> recommended, as the best mathematician, the algebraist Helmut Hasse, then working at the University of Marburg, but preferred the Nazi Udo Wegner. In 1940, <mask> would write:

On the morning of 25 April 1933, I sank into gloomy brooding over how to save German mathematics. According to <mask>: The tradition of Felix Klein that had been destroyed by the Jews, could only be awakened to a new life by one man: Wegner

The decision was made by the Nazi Theodor Vahlen, who appointed Helmut Hasse in April 1934. The Nazi were unsure if Hasse was fully committed to National Socialist policies, and tried to appoint someone to a second chair at Göttingen who was a firm Nazi supporter. Udo Wegner was a strong candidate, but the probability theorist Erhard Tornier and ardent Nazi, eventually gained the second chair. Later <mask> and other convinced national socialists, met in Göttingen with the designated new head of the Göttingen mathematical institute Helmut Hasse, who also sympathized with the Nazis, to question him about his ancestry, where <mask> and his cronies did not consider him reliable for (Nazi) party politics, due to him having a Jewish grandmother. Although Hasse was acceptable to the Nazis, he was not acceptable to <mask>, who refused to hand over the keys to the Institute.Proceedings were started against <mask> with <mask> sending a 400+ page document to Dr Mentzel of the Reich Ministry for Science Education and Adult Education. War work interrupted the proceedings. In 1945, <mask> was dismissed due to his Nazi involvement. War work
During World War II, he worked with Oswald Teichmüller in the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht in section IVc under Wolfgang Franz which was scientific decoding of enemy crypts, the development of code-breaking methods and working on re-cyphering systems not solved by practical decoding. The agency was managed by Erich Hüttenhain. He successfully deciphered a cypher of the Japanese diplomatic service. He also worked on cryptanalytic theory.References

Sources

1906 births
1975 deaths
German cryptographers
20th-century German mathematicians
Nazi Party members

masks:
Werner Weber
Life Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber


title: Mike Sherrard

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born June 21, 1963) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Denver Broncos. He played college football at UCLA. Early years
Sherrard attended Chico High School in Chico, California, where he was a multi-sport athlete, lettering in football, basketball, baseball and track. He moved on to UCLA as an unrecruited walk-on athlete and was redshirted after breaking his finger in fall practice. The next year, he suffered from mononucleosis when he reported for spring practice and registered only 2 receptions during the season, while backing up wide receivers Dokie Williams and Jo-Jo Townsell. Sherrard became a starter as a sophomore in 1983, posting 48 receptions (school record) for 709 yards. He also was the first player in school history to have 2 games of more than 135 receiving yards; 136 yards against the University of Washington and 140 yards against Arizona State University.The next year, he had 43 catches, becoming the first player in school history to have two seasons with more than 40 receptions, while also tallying a career-high 729 receiving yards. As a senior, he was having his best season until breaking his clavicle in the first half of the fifth game against Arizona State University. He missed five contests and returned for the season finale against USC. He also played in the 1986 Rose Bowl 45-28 win against the University of Iowa, where he had 4 receptions and one touchdown. Sherrard left as the school's all-time leading receiver in a season and a career with 124 receptions for 1,937 yards and 9 touchdowns. Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
In the 1986 NFL Draft the Dallas Cowboys traded up from the 20th to the 18th position with the San Francisco 49ers, in exchange for a fifth round draft choice (#131-Patrick Miller), in order to select Sherrard, who became only the second wide receiver ever drafted by the franchise in the first round (Dennis Homan was the first one in 1968). Sherrard started what seemed to be a very promising NFL career, becoming a starter in the thirteenth game against the Seattle Seahawks.He played in all 16 games (4 starts), registering 41 receptions for 744 yards, an 18.2-yard average (led the team) and 5 receiving touchdowns (led the team). At the time his totals ranked third for most receptions, third for most receiving yards, and second for most receiving touchdowns by a rookie in franchise history. In 1987, he came into training camp as the Cowboys best wide receiver, but was lost for the year when he was tripped by a defender during a scrimmage on August 5, shattering two bones (the tibia and fibula) in his right leg. He also missed the 1988 season, when he re-fractured his right leg tibia and also the shin bone, while jogging on a Santa Monica beach as part of his rehab treatment in March. San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers signed Sherrard in Plan B free agency in 1989, but put him on the Physically Unable to Perform list for the entire regular season, allowing him plenty of time to heal for the playoffs, where he caught 3 passes for 40 yards and was a part of the Super Bowl XXIV winning team. In 1990, he was off to a solid start, but broke his right fibula in a 20-17 win over the Cleveland Browns during the seventh game and was placed on the injured reserve list on October 29. He finished with 17 receptions for 264 yards and 2 touchdowns.The next season, he played in all 16 games, posting 24 receptions for 296 yards and 2 touchdowns. In 1992, he appeared in all 16 games (8 starts), tallying 38 catches for 607 yards, including 6 catches for 159 yards against the Buffalo Bills. New York Giants
On April 7, 1993, he signed as a free agent with the New York Giants. He was off to a great start with 24 receptions for 433 yards and 2 touchdowns through the first 6 games, but lost the rest of the season after suffering a partially dislocated left hip and a fractured hip socket against the Philadelphia Eagles. He also had injury complications when he was diagnosed as having a blood clot on the same hip. His best professional season came in 1994, when he had career-highs in starts (14), receptions (53), receiving yards (825) and touchdowns (6). The next year, although he missed most of the preseason with a hamstring injury, he played in 13 games (13 starts), catching 44 receptions for 577 yards and 4 touchdowns.He missed the 12th and 13th games with a ruptured blood vessel above his right knee. Denver Broncos
On May 5, 1996, he signed as a free agent with the Denver Broncos, where he only played one season as a reserve, before announcing his retirement on August 6, 1997. Sherrard persevered through multiple injuries and doubts about his future, to play 11 seasons in the NFL, recording 257 receptions for 3,931 yards and 22 touchdowns. Personal life
<mask>'s mother Cherrie, ran the 80-yard hurdles in the 1964 Summer Olympics, where she was a teammate of Bob Hayes. She won a gold medal in the 1967 Pan American Games. His father Robert, played college basketball, semi-pro baseball and was a college professor at California State University. He is a cousin of Pro Football Hall of Fame cornerback Darrell Green.After retirement, Sherrard worked as a fundraiser for Autism Speaks. He currently lives in Westlake Village, California with his daughter and two sons and is involved in television production. In 2010, he was hired as the wide receivers coach at Oaks Christian School. In 2014, he was the offensive coordinator at Oaks Christian. In 2015, he was hired as the wide receivers coach at Newbury Park High School. References

External links

1963 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Dallas Cowboys players
Denver Broncos players
New York Giants players
San Francisco 49ers players
UCLA Bruins football players
High school football coaches in California
Sportspeople from Chico, California
Players of American football from California

masks:
Michael Watson Sherrard
Sherrard


title: Chawky Frenn

texts:
<mask> is a Lebanese-born American artist, author, and art professor. He currently teaches art at George Mason University in northern Virginia. His highly realistic paintings have strong narrative social and political elements. Frenn is a former Fulbright Scholar, and currently resides in the Greater Washington, D.C. area. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Zahlé, Lebanon. Frenn immigrated to the United States in 1981 and lived for several years in Boston, where he studied art and received a BFA from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1985 and completed his MFA at Tyler School of Art of Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and at Temple Abroad in Rome, Italy, in 1988. He has taught art at Bridgewater State College in Bridgewater, Massachusetts; Montserrat College of Art in Beverly, Massachusetts; and Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in Edinboro, Pennsylvania.He is currently an associate professor at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, where he received a Teaching Excellence Award in 2009. Exhibitions
Frenn has exhibited widely in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and his work has been widely reviewed by major newspapers and significant art critics. His work has been exhibited at the Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts in New Castle, Pennsylvania; Housatonic Museum of Art in Bridgeport, Connecticut; Erie Art Museum in Erie, Pennsylvania; Arnot Art Museum in Elmira, New York; and the Sursock Museum in Beirut, Lebanon. Frenn's paintings are also in the permanent collection of The Housatonic Museum of Art in Bridgeport, Connecticut and the Springfield Museum of Art in Springfield, Ohio. Solo exhibitions
 1985     Raison d'Etre. Tower Gallery, Massachusetts College of Art and Design. Boston, MA
 1987     The Quest.Tyler Gallery, Tyler School of Art. Philadelphia, PA
 1988     Your Tragedy is Mine. Temple Abroad Gallery. Rome, Italy
 1988     Your Tragedy is Mine. Basilica San Lorenzo Maggiore. Milan, Italy
 1991     Active Meditation. Laura Knott Gallery, Bradford College.Bradford, MA
 1991     Dolls' Heads. Goforth Rittenhouse Galleries. Philadelphia, PA
 1992     A Living Trail. McKillop Gallery, Salve Regina University. Newport, RI
 1993     Shared Solitude. The Lowe Gallery. Atlanta, GA
 1993     Reckless Peace.Alif Gallery. Washington, DC
 1994     Big. Works of Surprising Size and Impact. The Art Center in Hargate, St. Paul's School. Concord, NH
 1995     Art for Life's Sake. Carnegie Arts Center. Covington, KY
 1996     Tomb to Womb.Anderson Gallery, Bridgewater State College. Bridgewater, MA
 1996     Sacra Conversazione. Bromfield Gallery. Boston, MA
 1997     Sacra Conversazione. Olaf Clasen Gallery. Cologne, Germany
 1997     Silence. Galerie Septentrion.Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
 1998     Wandering. Voss Gallery. Düsseldorf, Germany
 2003 - 04  For Show or For Sure? Upper Jewett Exhibition Corridor, Dartmouth College. Hanover, NH
 2000     Thanatos and Eros. Passions Gallery. Provincetown, MA
 2000-02 Ecce Homo.Traveling exhibition: Housatonic Museum of Art
 Johnson Center and Fine Arts Galleries, George Mason University. Fairfax, VA. 15 Jan – 9 Feb, 2001
 The Art Center in Hargate, St. Paul's School. Concord, NH. 11 Jan – 9 Feb, 2002
 Sarrat Gallery, Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN. 2 – 27 Nov, 2000
 The Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts. New Castle, PA. 24 Apr – 25 May 2001
 2002     Thanatos and Eros.Horizon Gallery. Santa Fe, NM
 Housatonic Museum of Art. Bridgeport, CT. 8 Jun – 20 Jul, 2001
 Erie Art Museum. Erie, PA. 22 Sep – 28 Dec, 2001
 2002     The Holy Cost. Fraser Gallery. Bethesda, MD
 2004     US and THEM. Fraser Gallery.Bethesda, MD
 2005     What is Truth? Washington Theological Union. Washington, DC
 2006     Art for Life's Sake. The Art Center, American University of Beirut. Beirut, Lebanon
 2006     Human, Not Too Human. Fraser Gallery. Bethesda, MD
 2007     Missa Pro Pace.Arlington Arts Center. Arlington, VA
 2009     Can humankind save itself? Lamar Dodd Art Center, LaGrange College. LaGrange, GA
 2012     Introspection: The Universal In The Personal. Cynthia Nouhra Art Gallery. Beirut, Lebanon
 2012     Be the change you seek! BlackRock Center for the Arts.Germantown, MD
 2013     We the People. Hess Gallery, Pine Manor College. Chestnut Hill, MA
 2014     We the People. Nestor Gallery. Milton Academy, Milton, MA

Museum exhibitions and international art fairs
 1986  National April Salon. Springville Museum of Art. Springville, UT
 1987  Harrisburg Arts Festival.State Museum of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA
 National April Salon. Springville Museum of Art. Springville, UT
 1989  Springfield Art League 70th Annual Exhibition. Springfield Museum of Fine Arts and George Walker Vincent Smith Art Museum. Springfield, MA
 1991  Tenth Annual September Competition. Alexandria Museum of Art.Alexandria, LA
 Juried Exhibition. Attleboro Museum. Attleboro, MA
 1992  ANA 21. The Holter Museum of Art. Helena, MT
 1993  28th Annual Exhibition. The Fine Arts Institute of the San Bernardino County Museum. Redlands, CA
 Winter International Competition.The Florida Museum of Hispanic and Latin American Art. Miami, FL
 1994  Hoyt National Art Show. The Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts. New Castle, PA
 Staten Island Biennial. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Staten Island, NY
 1995  XIX Salon d’Automne. Sursock Museum.Beirut, Lebanon
 30th Annual Exhibition. The Fine Arts Institute of the San Bernardino County Museum. Redlands, CA
 1997  XXI Salon d’Automne. Sursock Museum. Beirut, Lebanon
 1998  XXII Salon d’Automne. Sursock Museum. Beirut, Lebanon
 16th Annual September Competition.Alexandria Museum of Art. Alexandria, LA
 New Voices/New Visions. New The Alternative Museum. New York, NY
 16th Contemporary Art Fair. ArtBrussels. Represented by Voss Gallery. Brussels, Belgium
 2001-02  Re-presenting Representation 5.Arnot Art Museum. Elmira, NY
 2001 Housatonic Museum of Art, Bridgeport, CT
 2002  The Affordable Art Fair. Gescheidle. New York, NY
 2004  20th Contemporary Art Fair. MAC 2000. Espace Champerret. Paris, France
 2005  73rd Annual Cumberland Valley Artists Exhibition.Washington County Museum of Fine Arts. Hagerstown, MD
 2006  Slow Painting: A Determined Renaissance. Oglethorpe University Museum of Art. Atlanta, GA
 2007  Aachen to Arlington / Arlington to Aachen: Imaging the Distance. Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst. Aachen, Germany. Curators: Harold Kunde, Director of the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Claire Huschle and Carol Lukitsch.ARTDC Washington First Annual International Modern & Contemporary Art Fair. April 27 – 30 Washington Convention Center. Washington, DC
 Exhibition 280. Huntington Museum of Art. Huntington, WV
 Convergence: New Art From Lebanon. The Katzen American University Museum. Washington, DC
 2012  Galvanized Truth – A Tribute to George Nick.Duxbury Art Complex Museum. Duxbury, MA
 2013  Beirut Art Fair. September 19–22. Cynthia Nouhra Art Gallery. Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure center (BIEL). Beirut, Lebanon
 Beirut Bloom Contemporary Art Fair. April 17–27.Cynthia Nouhra Art Gallery. Artheum. Beirut, Lebanon
 2014 Beirut Art Fair. September 19–21. Cynthia Nouhra Art Gallery. Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure center (BIEL). Beirut, Lebanon
2019 Radius 250, March 22 - April 21, 2019.Art Space, Richmond, VA.
2021 Inside Outside, Upside Down, July 17-September 12, 2021. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC. Books
Frenn is the author of the following books
 100 Boston Artists Atglen, PA: Schiffer Books. 100 Boston Painters Atglen, PA: Schiffer Books. Art for Life’s Sake Fine Arts Consulting and Publishing. Ecce Homo Nassar Design: Beirut, Lebanon. Reviews
A New York Times review in 2001 described him as “a painter who has nailed down the figurative mode, and this accomplishment gives him the license to convey anything he wants, including the grand theme: the elusive meaning of human existence.”

A Washington Post review in 2004 added that Frenn is “an artist's artist (as opposed to a critic's artist).” In that same year, in discussing an exhibition of Frenn's works at Darmouth The Lebanon Daily Star newspaper noted that "you might think it would take a lot to upstage an artist like Damien Hirst, but earlier this year Chawky Frenn did so with ease."American art critic Donald Kuspit wrote that “He constructs a spiritual space in which the contemporary public can feel emotionally at home, however troubling the emotions his imagery evokes in them.”

Washington Life Magazine described Frenn in 2009 as an "influential metro area visual artist." References

External links

 Vision Series: "Chawky Frenn - “Art and Social Justice”, Lecture, George Mason University Television, February 4, 2013

Living people
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
American male painters
Modern painters
Artists from Washington, D.C.
Lebanese American
Lebanese artists
Artists from Boston
Painters from Washington, D.C.
George Mason University faculty
Temple University Tyler School of Art alumni
Massachusetts College of Art and Design alumni
Artists from Virginia
Arab-American culture in Washington, D.C. Writers from Washington, D.C.
Lebanese writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Montserrat College of Art faculty

masks:
Chawky Frn
Chawky Frn


title: Denis Lian

texts:
<mask> (traditional Chinese: ) (born 8 March 1972) is a Singaporean race car driver. <mask> is Singapore's most successful professional racing driver. In 2002, he was crowned Asian Formula 2000 Champion, becoming the first Singaporean to win an international motorsports title. In 2005, he went on to become the first Singaporean to compete in Europe when he raced in the Formula Palmer Audi Euro Series. In 2006, he established his own Formula V6 Asia race team to compete in the regions then premier series, finishing 5th overall as driver and team owner. Later that year, he was given the honor to represent Singapore in A1GP, the World Cup of Motorsports. He raced for A1 Team Singapore in the 2006/2007 season with a best place finish of 18th overall.<mask> also had a successful career in the automotive industry, initially as brand manager for Lotus Cars Singapore from 2004 to 2005 and subsequently as brand manager for McLaren Singapore from 2011 to 2013. In 2015, he was appointed CEO of Johor Motorsports, the company tasked with redeveloping the iconic Johor Circuit in Malaysia. <mask> currently competes in various international endurance events, like the 24h Dubai, 12h Gulf and 12h Sepang. In 2014, he competed in the Asian Le Mans Series for the first time and eventually finished runner up in the drivers championship (CN category). In 2015, he went one better and clinched the Asian Le Mans Series Drivers Champion title (CN category) once again becoming the first Singaporean to do so. Karting
<mask> started karting at the age of 9 and continued to do so while he was studying in Australia. When he got back to Singapore he was fortunate enough to be sponsored by the premier kart racing team: Kartmaster.It was a golden opportunity to prove himself and he did not disappoint, placing on the podium at every single race entered. By the age of 21, he was runner-up in the  Singapore National Karting Championship and had finished third overall in the 1993 International Kart Prix. Karting to Formula 2000

<mask> made his transition to car racing in 1994 while competing in the Australian Club Racing series. He quickly worked his way up the club ranks by winning every race he entered. In 1999 he was invited by the series organizer to join the Asian Formula 2000 Championship. In his first race at Johor Circuit, <mask> qualified 5th on the grid and finished 5th in the race. In 2001 he competed full-time in Formula 2000 and clinched 3rd overall that season.Then in 2002, he became the overall champion by winning three races that season and qualified in pole position twice, breaking two lap records along the way. By doing so, <mask> established himself as the first Singaporean to ever win an international motorsports title. From Asia to the world
In 2005, <mask> became the first Singaporean to compete in Europe when he entered the Formula Palmer Audi Euroseries halfway through the season. With no prior testing done in the series, he stunned the press by finishing in the top five at all the classic European race venues. A year after, A1 Team Singapore asked him to join them in their first-ever season of A1 Grand Prix. In 2006 <mask> also competed in the Formula V6 Asia by Renault as the only team owner and driver. He finished 5th overall in that series.Endurance Racing
Even though he's enjoyed a long and successful Formula car career, <mask> has always shown a strong affinity towards Endurance racing early on. From 2001 to 2010, he was a factory nominated driver for TVR Malaysia, Lotus Cars Asia Pacific, Proton R3 and Empire Motorsports Lotus, competing for the respective manufacturers in various international endurance races. He has driven and helped develop an eclectic mix of GT cars, ranging from the TVR Chimera GTS, Lotus Elise S1, 340R, Exige S1/S2 and 2-Eleven GT4

<mask> currently competes in the Asian Le Mans Series where he races in the CN category with Team Avelon Formula. He won the 2015/2016 Asian Le Mans Drivers Championship. Personal life
<mask>UBA dives and sails for pleasure. He also has a Private Pilots Licence (PPL) and indulges in flying aerobatics occasionally. Achievements
2015/2016 Asian Le Mans Series Drivers Champion (CN Category).2 wins and 1 pole position. 2nd overall, 2014 Asian Le Mans Series Drivers Championship (CN Category). 2nd & 3rd in Class (ProAm), 2013 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia Series, Korea Inje Circuit. 3rd overall, Malaysian Super Series Rd.2 Sepang. 2nd overall, 12h Gulf Endurance race. Abu Dhabi YAS Marina Circuit. Wolf Racing endurance debut
2007 to 2010 Empire Motosports Lotus.Competing in 12h MME and 24h Dubai Endurance event. 5th overall, 2006 Formula V6 Asia Championship. Raced for A1GP Team Singapore at the 2006 Czech Republic Grand Prix, 18th overall (1st Singaporean Grand Prix driver). Practiced at the Dutch Grand Prix but did not race on medical grounds
Mid season participation in the 2005 Formula Palmer Audi Championship. 8th overall at Spa, 6th overall Monza and 5th overall Brands Hatch (1st Singaporean to compete in Europe). Works driver for Proton R3 Motorsports, 4th overall, 2004 Merdeka Millennium Endurance race. Works driver for TVR Malaysia, 8th overall, 2003 Merdeka Millennium Endurance race.4th overall, 2002 Macau Grand Prix, Asian Formula 2000 Challenge. 2002 Asian Formula 2000 Champion. 3 wins, 2 pole-positions and 2 lap records (1st Singaporean to win an International Motorsports championship). Works driver for Lotus Cars Asia Pacific, 2002 Merdeka 12hr Endurance race. 3rd overall, 2001 Asian Formula 2000 Championship. Works driver for Lotus Cars Asia Pacific, 2002 Merdeka Millennium Endurance race (1st Singaporean to compete in the Merdeka Millennium Endurance race). 4th overall, 2000 Asian Formula 2000 Championship (round 2 spot entry).2nd overall, 2000 Caltex Subaru Rally Challenge (2WD Class). 3rd overall, 2000 Singapore Tour de Rally (2WD Class)
5th overall, 1999 Asian Formula 2000 Championship (round 11 spot entry. Debut formula car race). 11th overall, 1999 Sepang F1 Grand Prix support race,   Proton GTi Challenge. 1st overall, 1997 Melbourne Asian Car Race (Australia), driving a Group N Subaru WRX. 2 overall wins in the 1997 Australian Club Car Series, driving a Group N Subaru WRX. 2nd overall, 1993 Singapore National Karting Championship, scoring the most FTD’s.3rd overall, 1993 CIK International Kart Prix (ICA). Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

1972 births
A1 Team Singapore drivers
Formula V6 Asia drivers
Living people
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean racing drivers
Asian Le Mans Series drivers

masks:
Denis Lian
Denis Lian
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis
Denis SC


title: Salma Samar Damluji

texts:
<mask> (born in Beirut in 1954), is an Iraqi British architect, professor and author. She graduated from the AA School of Architecture in 1977 and from the Royal College of Art in London in 1987, where she did her doctorate. She worked with the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy in Cairo, in 1975-6 and in 1984–5. She was appointed architectural advisor to the UAE minister Shaykh Sultan Bin Zayed Al Nahyan in 2001–2004 on The Shaykh Zayed Grand Mosque project and other projects in Abu Dhabi. In 2008, she established with colleagues in Yemen, the Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation in Hadramut (Yemen) and has been working there on earth construction and rehabilitation projects. Career
<mask>‘il Domes, Shaklanza Mosque in Shihr and Shaykh Ya‘qub Dome in Mukalla These projects were funded by the Prince Claus Fund of the Netherlands and the Cultural Protection Fund of the British Council, United Kingdom.In 2014, <mask> was the first woman architect invited to give the Leçon Inaugurale at the École de Chaillot in Paris, the tenth in the series. This was published in The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and the Vernacular, (Paris, 2015) and formed an overview of her work and research. She was elected Member of the Académie d’Architecture in Paris in 2017, and awarded the Académie d’Architecture's Restoration Award (silver medal) in 2015. In 2012 she received The Global Award for Sustainable Architecture in 2012, from the Cité d'architecture & du Patrimoine and the Locus Foundation. In 2013, she was appointed to the Mu‘allim Awad Binaldin Chair for Professor of Architecture in the Islamic World, at the American University of Beirut. <mask> was senior tutor at the Architectural Association (AA) Graduate School and at the Royal College of Art (RCA) in London (UK). She has several titles published on earth and vernacular architecture of the Arab region.Her publications include Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia (2018), The Architecture of Yemen (2007) and The Architecture of Oman (1998). A new edition of The Architecture of Yemen and its Reconstruction will be published in 2020. She has curated several exhibitions on her work in London (at the RCA and RIBA), in Paris, Venice and in Madrid. Publications

Books
 Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia, (Laurence King Publishing, London 2018)
 The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and Vernacular (Leçon Inaugurale de l’École de Chaillot), Paris 2015, French and English. (Short listed by the Académie d’Architecture for the Prix du Livre d’Architecture in November 2015)
 Al Diwan Al Amiri, Doha, Qatar, Laurence King Publishing, London 2013
 Earth Architecture, Architectural Landmarks Wadi Hadramut & Daw‘an, Earth Architecture Conference Say’un- February 2011, Beirut 2011
 Editor. The Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan Mosque Abu Dhabi: Italian Excellence in The UAE, Fantini Mosaici, Milano 2009
 The Architecture of Yemen From Yafi’ to Hadramut, Laurence King Publishing, London 2007
 The Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Apex Publishing, Muscat 2007
 The Architecture of the UAE, Garnet Publishing, Reading 2006
 The Architecture of Oman, Reading 1998
 Editor. The Architecture of the Prophet's Holy Mosque Madinah, London 1998
 Editor.The Architecture of the Holy Mosque Makkah, London 1998
 Zillij The Art of Moroccan Ceramics, with John Hedgecoe; Reading 1992 (French Edition 1993)
 General Editor, Islamic Art and Architecture, The System of Geometric Design Issam El Said; Tarek El Bouri & Keith Critchlow, Reading 1993
 The Valley of Mud Brick Architecture Shibam, Tarim and Wadi Hadramut, Reading 1992 (Arabic Edition, Beirut 1996)
 A Yemen Reality; Architecture Sculptured in Mud and Stone, Reading 1991
 Editor. The Visual Diary of an Arab Architect, Maath Alousi, Beirut & London 1983

Book chapters
 http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Alternatives/Architecture-Alternatives/Sustainable-design-8 ‘Ammar Khammash Portrait' in Sustainable Design 8: Towards a new Ethics for Architecture and the City, Contal, Marie-Hélène and Revedin, Jana, Architecture - Alternatives Gallimard Editions, Paris, 2020 (pp.124-131). ‘A Mosque & Saint Domes in Wadi Sah: Hadramut (YEMEN)’, in earth construction & tradition vol 2 Ed. Hubert Feiglstorfer, IVA-ICRA (Institute for Comparative Research on Architecture) Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 2018 (pp. 313–337). ‘Re-inventing M‘alula’  in Wave 2017 | Syria (Syria the Making of the Future + 26 workshops), Incipit (Italy), 2017
 ‘La Médina et le renouveau de la ville nomade [The Medina and nomad urban renewal]’, in La Ville Rebelle, Ed. Jana Revedin, Paris, 2015
 "Salma Samar Damluji"’ in Sustainable Design III, vers une nouvelle ´ethique pour l’architecture et la ville, Contal, Marie-Hélène and Revedin, Jana, Paris, 2014 (pp.82-95).2018 Italian Beauty: the video of the award ceremony
<mask> <mask> Damluji, Daw‘an Architecture Foundation, Entrevue diffusée dans l'exposition "Réenchanter le monde: architecture, ville, transitions" présentée à la Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine du mercredi 21 mai 2014 au lundi 6 octobre 2014
Earth Earth, with Roger Moukarzel, for Re-enchant the World Exhibition, Cité de l’Architecture & du Patrimoine, 2014
Leçon Inaugurale de l’école de Chaillot, Cité de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine, 3 March 2014
Sun Dust: Shibam with Roger Moukarzel, 2013

Daw‘an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation
Daw‘an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation was established in 2007-8 by <mask> <mask> <mask> and her colleagues in Yemen, Dr Abdullah BaGhumyan and Architect Ali Ba Saad. The foundation sets up projects and seeks funding to design and construct with Hadrami builders using earth materials and techniques of Yemeni architecture. Projects completed
Masna‘at ‘Urah  Location: Wadi Daw‘an Date: 2006 – 2013
‘Aynat Mosque: Masjid al Faqih  Location: ‘Aynat- Wadi Hadramut Date: 2008 – 2011
‘Umar Ba Wazir Mosque Location: Ghayl ‘Umar- Sah, Wadi Hadramut Date: 2008 – 2010

Wali Domes (Saint Shrines) Location: Sah, Wadi Hadramut Date: 2008 – 2010
Husn Qarn Majid Location: Wadi Daw‘an Date: 2012 – 2014
Shibam’s Housing The BaSahi House - The BaSwatayn House Location: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Date: 2012 – 2014
Post-War Shibam Shibam Gateway Shibam Palace Entrance Location: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Date: 2017 – 2019
A grant was approved by the British Council, Cultural Protection Fund (CPF), for a project on ‘Post-war Reconstruction and Rehabilitation in Yemen’, directed by the CER-Net Prince Claus Fund. The Daw‘an Architecture Foundation was contracted to manage and implement the project in partnership with the Office of the Governor of Hadramut. The project concerns reconstructing cultural sites and landmarks in Hadramut that have been targeted in the war:

Shaykh Ya‘qub Dome Location: Al Mukallah, Hadramut Date: 2019 – 2020

Shaklanza Mosque Location: Al Shihr, Hadramut Date: 2019 – 2020
Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes Location: Al Shihr, Hadramut Date: 2019 – 2020
Bin Isma‘il Domes Location: Al Shihr, Hadramut Date: 2019 – 2020

References

British architects
British writers
British women architects
British women writers
1954 births
Living people

masks:
Salma Samar Damluji
Damlujima
Damluji
Damluji
Salma
Samar
Salma
Samar
Damluji


title: William Francis Gibbs

texts:
<mask> (August 24, 1886 – September 6, 1967) was an American naval architect of the mid twentieth century. Though he began his career as an attorney, after World War I, he became recognized as a skilled project manager in the restoration of a former German ocean liner for American use. In 1922, in partnership with his brother <mask>, he began the firm which would eventually become Gibbs & Cox; they were among the major designers of World War II era warships and cargo vessels, including the Liberty ships and Fletcher-class destroyers. <mask> was a pioneer in the areas of efficient hull design and propulsion, along with being an staunch advocate for high standards of fire prevention and hull integrity. Although the Liberty ships were designed with a priority of production simplicity and economy, other <mask> designs tended to be sturdy, light, fast, safe, and enduring. In the late 1940s and early 1950s the <mask> brothers were among the promoters leading the United States government and military to subsidize the cost of building the ultimate ocean liner. In the end <mask> and Cox was awarded the contract to design and supervise the building of SS United States, which entered service in 1952.While in the class of the largest liners, it was much lighter and considerably faster than contemporary vessels. It was built with a high emphasis on safety, using a minimum of flammable materials. Early years

<mask> was born in Philadelphia to financier <mask> <mask> and Frances Ayres (Johnson<mask>. He graduated from the DeLancey School in 1905 then entered Harvard College where he followed his own curriculum of science and engineering, studying plans of British battleships in his dormitory room. He left without a degree in 1910. He then attended Columbia Law School from 1911 to 1913, receiving a Bachelor of Law and Master of Arts in economics, both in 1913. At his father's request, he practiced law for the next two years.While working as a lawyer, <mask> visited the family home each weekend and, together with his brother Frederic Herbert <mask>, began designs for a  long ocean liner, each capable of producing 180,000 horsepower. The design had progressed to a point that he left the law firm in May 1915; in January 1916 the brothers presented their plans to Admiral David W. Taylor and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. The response was encouraging, and the brothers, with the financial backing of J. P. Morgan and the United States Navy, then approached the International Mercantile Marine Company (IMMC) later that year. Although a model was tested in the Experimental Model Basin at the Washington Navy Yard, World War I put an end to these early designs. <mask> became Chief of Construction for IMMC in 1919. Gibbs & Cox

In February 1922 the <mask> brothers started their own naval architecture firm, Gibbs Brothers, Inc.; their first major contract was to convert the former German liner Vaterland into the American luxury liner . When shipbuilders Blohm + Voss asked over $1 million for the original plans, <mask> decided to draw his own.Between 100 and 150 draftsmen documented the existing ship and designed its new layout. Gibbs Brothers was renamed Gibbs & Cox in 1929. The Gibbs designed a series of four trim white-hulled ocean liners for the Matson Lines service to Hawaii, starting with the design of  in 1924. Malolo was built at William Cramp & Sons under the Gibbs Brothers' exacting supervision and tolerances. At the time she was launched, Malolo was the largest and fastest passenger liner built in the United States. During sea trials in May 1927, Malolo was rammed by ; the Gibbs brothers' modern design and safety features were credited with keeping the disabled ship afloat while she was towed back to the yard. Three sister ships to Malolo would be built in the 1930s:  and  in 1931 and  in 1932.The Grace Line contracted with Gibbs & Cox for four smaller 9,000 ton ocean liners in 1930, receiving the , , , and  in 1932. Gibbs & Cox also designed the  for the United States Lines, which was completed in 1940. All nine of these ships served as U.S. troopships in the war. During the war, Gibbs & Cox created plans for thousands of American warships and cargo vessels, including destroyers, LST landing craft, minesweepers, tankers, cruisers, and Liberty ships. Between 1940 through 1946, 63 per cent of all merchant ships of 2,000 tons up and 74 per cent of all American naval vessels (destroyers, landing craft, escort carriers, etc.) were built to the designs or working plans of Gibbs & Cox. After the war, the <mask> brothers were among the promoters for the US government and military to subsidize the construction and operation of a new 1,000-foot ocean liner.After overcoming resistance in the Truman administration for government involvement and competing designs, Gibbs & Cox was awarded the contract to design and supervise the construction of the . This ship was the culmination of <mask> career, and he was fastidious in the incorporation of fire safety concepts, to the point that the United States surpassed most present day passenger ships in fire prevention and containment. The design was also revolutionary in the use of lightweight materials and construction techniques, including a welded hull and aluminum superstructure. While rivaling the largest liners for physical size, she was much lighter, enabling higher speeds. The United States entered service in 1952, after five years of design and 28 months of construction. On her maiden voyage, she won the Blue Riband as the fastest ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, averaging , and reducing the crossing time by 10 hours. Between 1952 and 1969, the ship completed 400 voyages, with an excellent safety record.She was the largest liner ever built in the United States and the fastest liner built anywhere. While fast and safe, she was panned by some passengers, as the use of exclusively fireproof materials in the décor and furnishings limited the aesthetic and luxury appeal. Later years

In 1953 <mask> was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal. In 1955 he was awarded the first Elmer A. Sperry Award. He died in New York City on September 6, 1967, two weeks after his 81st birthday. Fulton-Gibbs Hall, the marine engineering building at the United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York, is named in honor or <mask>, along with Robert Fulton. The Gibbs Brothers Medal, awarded by the United States National Academy of Sciences for outstanding contributions in the field of naval architecture and marine engineering, was established by a gift from <mask> and his brother.References

Further reading

1886 births
1967 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Engineers from Pennsylvania
American naval architects
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

masks:
William Francis Gibbs
Frederic Herbert Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
William Warren
Gibbs
) Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs


title: Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly

texts:
<mask>-<mask>'Aurevilly (2 November 1808 – 23 April 1889) was a French novelist and short story writer. He specialised in mystery tales that explored hidden motivation and hinted at evil without being explicitly concerned with anything supernatural. He had a decisive influence on writers such as Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Henry James, Leon Bloy, and Marcel Proust. Biography
<mask>-<mask> — the d'Aurevilly was a later inheritance from a childless uncle — was born at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, Manche in Lower Normandy. In 1827 he went to the Collège Stanislas de Paris. After getting his baccalauréat in 1829, he went to Caen University to study law, taking his degree three years later. As a young man, he was a liberal and an atheist, and his early writings present religion as something that meddles in human affairs only to complicate and pervert matters.In the early 1840s, however, he began to frequent the Catholic and legitimist salon of Baroness Amaury de Maistre, niece of Joseph de Maistre. In 1846 he converted to Roman Catholicism. His greatest successes as a literary writer date from 1852 onwards, when he became an influential literary critic at the Bonapartist paper Le Pays, helping to rehabilitate Balzac and effectually promoting Stendhal, Flaubert, and Baudelaire. Paul Bourget describes <mask> as an idealist, who sought and found in his work a refuge from the uncongenial ordinary world. <mask>, a less sympathetic critic, thought the extraordinary crimes of his heroes and heroines, his reactionary opinions, his dandyism and snobbery were a caricature of Byronism. Beloved of fin-de-siècle decadents, <mask> d'Aurevilly remains an example of the extremes of late romanticism. <mask> d'Aurevilly held strong Catholic opinions, yet wrote about risqué subjects, a contradiction apparently more disturbing to the English than to the French themselves.<mask> d'Aurevilly was also known for having constructed his own persona as a dandy, adopting an aristocratic style and hinting at a mysterious past, though his parentage was provincial bourgeois nobility, and his youth comparatively uneventful. Inspired by the character and ambience of Valognes, he set his works in the society of Normand aristocracy. Although he himself did not use the Norman patois, his example encouraged the revival of vernacular literature in his home region. <mask> <mask> d'Aurevilly died in Paris and was buried in the cimetière du Montparnasse. During 1926 his remains were transferred to the churchyard in Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte. Works

Fiction
 Le Cachet d’Onyx (1831). Léa (1832).L'Amour Impossible (1841). La Bague d’Annibal (1842). Une vieille maîtresse (A Former Mistress, 1851)
 L'Ensorcelée (The Bewitched, 1852; an episode of the royalist rising among the Norman peasants against the first republic). Le Chevalier Des Touches (1863)
 Un Prêtre Marié (1864)
 Les Diaboliques (The She-Devils, 1874; a collection of short stories, each of which relates a tale of a woman who commits an act of violence or revenge, or other crime). Une Histoire sans Nom (The Story Without a Name, 1882). Ce qui ne Meurt Pas (What Never Dies, 1884). Essays and criticism
 Á Rebours (1884), in Le Constitutionnel, 28 July 1884.(An English translation can be found in the appendix of On Huysmans' Tomb: Critical reviews of J.-K. Huysmans and À Rebours, En Rade, and Là-Bas. Portland, OR: Sunny Lou Publishing, 2021). Du Dandysme et de Georges Brummel (The Anatomy of Dandyism, 1845). Les Prophètes du Passé (1851). Les Oeuvres et les Hommes (1860–1909). Les Quarante Médaillons de l'Académie (1864). Les Ridicules du Temps (1883).Pensées Détachées (1889). Fragments sur les Femmes (1889). Polémiques d'hier (1889). Dernières Polémiques (1891). Goethe et Diderot (1913). L'Europe des Écrivains (2000). Le Traité de la Princesse ou la Princesse Maltraitée (2012).Poetry
 Ode aux Héros des Thermopyles (1825). Poussières (1854). Amaïdée (1889). Rythmes Oubliés (1897). Translated into English
 The Story without a Name. New York: Belford and Co. (1891, translated by Edgar Saltus). The Story without a Name.New York: Brentano's (1919). Of Dandyism and of George Brummell. London: J.M. Dent (1897, translated by Douglas Ainslie). Dandyism. New York: PAJ Publications (1988). Weird Women: Being a Literal Translation of "Les Diaboliques".London and Paris: Lutetian Bibliophiles' Society (2 vols., 1900). The Diaboliques. New York: A.A. Knopf (1925, translated by Ernest Boyd). "Happiness in Crime." In: Shocking Tales. New York:  A.A. Wyn Publisher (1946). The She-devils.London: Oxford University Press (1964, translated by Jean Kimber). What Never Dies: A Romance. New York: A.R. Keller (1902). What Never Dies: A Romance. London: The Fortune Press (1933). Bewitched.New York and London: Harper & brothers (1928, translated by Louise Collier Willcox). His complete works are published in two volumes of the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Quotations

 "Next to the wound, what women make best is the bandage." "The mortal envelope of the Middle Age has disappeared, but the essential remains. Because the temporal disguise has fallen, the dupes of history and of its dates say that the Middle Age is dead. Does one die for changing his shirt?" "In France everybody is an aristocrat, for everybody aims to be distinguished from everybody.The red cap of the Jacobins is the red heel of the aristocrats at the other extremity, but it is the same distinctive sign. Only, as they hated each other, Jacobinism placed on its head what aristocracy placed under its foot." "In the matter of literary form it is the thing poured in the vase which makes the beauty of the vase, otherwise there is nothing more than a vessel." "Books must be set against books, as poisons against poisons." "When superior men are mistaken they are superior in that as in all else. They see more falsely than small or mediocre minds." "The Orient and Greece recall to my mind the saying, so coloured and melancholic, of Richter: 'Blue is the colour of mourning in the Orient.That is why the sky of Greece is so beautiful'." "Men give their measure by their admiration, and it is by their judgements that one may judge them." "The most beautiful destiny: to have genius and be obscure." Gallery

See also
 Charles Baudelaire
 Joris-Karl Huysmans

Notes

References

Further reading

 Beyham-Edwards, Matilda (1911). "French Author and Publisher <mask> d’Aurévilly and Trebutien." In: French Men, Women and Books. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co., pp.95–104. Bradley, William Aspenwall (1910). "Barbey D'Aurevilly: A French Disciple of Walter Scott," The North American Review, Vol. 192, No. 659, pp. 473–485. Buckley, Thomas (1985)."The Priest or the Mob: Religious Violence in Three Novels of <mask> D'Aurevilly," Modern Language Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 245–260. Chartier, Armand B. (1977). Barbey d'Aurevilly.Boston: Twayne Publishers. Eisenberg, Davina L. (1996). The Figure of the Dandy in <mask> d'Aurevilly's "Le Bonheur dans le Crime". New York: Peter Lang. France, Anatole (1922). "Barbey d’Aurevilly." In: On Life and Letters.London: John Lane, the Bodley Head, pp. 37–44. Gosse, Edmund (1905). "Barbey d’Aurevilly." In: French Profiles. London: William Heinemann, pp. 92–107.Griffiths, Richard (1966). The Reactionary Revolution: the Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870–1914. London: Constable. Hansson, Laura Mohr (1899). "An Author on the Mystery of Woman: <mask> d'Aurevilly." In: We Women and our Authors. London: John Lane the Bodley Head, pp.197–211. Jackson, Holbrook (1914). "The New Dandyism." In: The Eighteen Nineties. London: Grant Richards Ltd., pp. 105–116. Jamieson, T. John (1985)."Conservatism's Metaphysical Vision: <mask> d'Aurevilly on Joseph de Maistre," Modern Age, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 28–37. Lowrie, Joyce O. (1974). The Violent Mystique: Thematics of Retribution and Expiation in Balzac, <mask> d'Aurevilly, Bloy and Huysmans.Genève: Droz. Menczer, Béla (1962). "The Primacy of Imagination: From Diderot to Barbey d’Aurevilly." In: Catholic Political Thought. University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 49–57. Respaut, Michèle M. (1999)."The Doctor's Discourse: Emblems of Science, Sexual Fantasy, and Myth in Barbey d'Aurevilly's 'Le Bonheur dans le Crime'," The French Review, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 71–80. Rogers, B. G. (1967). The Novels and Stories of Barbey d'Aurevilly. Genève: Librairie Droz.Saltus, Edgar (1919). "Introduction." In: The Story without a Name. New York: Brentano's, pp. 5–23. Scott, Malcolm (1990). The Struggle for the Soul of the French Novel: French Catholic and Realist Novelists, 1850–1970.Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. Thiollet, Jean-Pierre (2006) & (2008). Barbey d'Aurevilly ou le Triomphe de l'Écriture, with texts by Bruno Bontempelli, Jean-Louis Christ, Eugen Drewermann and Denis Lensel. Paris: H & D Editions ; Carré d'Art : <mask> d'Aurevilly, Byron, Dali, Hallier, with texts by Anne-Élisabeth Blateau and François Roboth, Paris : Anagramme Ed. Treherne, Philip (1912). "Barbey d'Aurevilly." In: Louis XVII and Other Papers.London: T. Fisher Unwin, pp. 133–146. Turquet-Milnes, G. (1913). "Barbey d'Aurevilly." In: The Influence of Baudelaire. London: Constable and Company, Ltd., pp. 135–145.Whibley, Charles (1897). "Barbey d’Aurevilly," The New Review, Vol. XVI, pp. 204–212 (rpt. in The Pageantry of Life. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1900, pp. 219–236.)Whitridge, Arnold (1922). "Barbey d’Aurevilly," The Cornhill Magazine, New Series, Vol. LIII, pp. 49–56. External links

 Works by <mask> d'Aurevilly, at Hathi Trust
 <mask> <mask> d’Aurevilly: Encyclopædia Britannica
 Jules-Amédée <mask> d’Aurevilly: Encyclopédie de L'Agora

1808 births
1889 deaths
People from Manche
French Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
French fantasy writers
French literary critics
French monarchists
Writers from Normandy
Roman Catholic writers
Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni
19th-century French novelists
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Jules
Amédée Barbey d
Jules
Amédée Barbey
Barbey
Jules Lemaître
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Jules Amédée
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Barbey
Jules Amée
Barbey
Barbey


title: Matilde Salvador i Segarra

texts:
<mask> (23 March 1918 – 5 October 2007) was a Spanish composer and painter. <mask> was born and raised in Castellón de la Plana, Valencian Community. She was married to the composer <mask> (1908–1979). She was a leading figure in promoting the culture and music of the Valencian Community. One of her most famous compositions was Homenatge a Mistral for solo guitar. <mask> died of a stroke on 5 October 2007 in her native Valencia, aged 89. Works

Piano
 1935 Campanas
 1937 Danza de la luna.(de Romance de la luna) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1937 Danza del niño mirando a la luna. (de Romance de la luna) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1946 Planyívola (Fuera de catálogo)
 1954 Judas (Fuera de catálogo)

Vocal
 1935 Canción de atardecer, para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1935 Cuentan que la rosa,  para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1935 Nana, para voz y piano. (de Vuit cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1936 El amor y la llama para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1937 Tres cançons valencianes, para voz y piano, (Existe en versión orquestral realizada por <mask>encio)
 Cançó alegre
 Cançó de recança
 Cançò d’amor (Fuera de catálogo)
 1939 Alba lírica, ciclo de canciones para voz y piano (1936–1939) (De la segunda y la tercera existe versión para voz y guitarra)
 Canción, Llanto
 Canción de cuna
 Nostalgia
 Cantar de enamorada
 Alamillos verdes
 1939 Como esa agua, para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1939 De los álamos vengo, para voz y piano.(de Tonadas Antiguas) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1939 Seis canciones españolas, ciclo de canciones para voz y piano (de la número 4 existe versión para violín y piano, y de la número 6 versión para voz y orquesta)
 Castellana
 Gallega
 Asturiana
 Andaluza
 Zamorana
 Valenciana
 1940 ¡Adiós!, para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1940 Caminante, para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1942 El padre Lucas, para voz y piano. (de Set cançons) (Fuera de catálogo)
 1942 Set cançons, ciclo para voz y piano (1935–1942), títulos ya indicados en su año de composición (Fuera de catálogo)
 1943 Una veu, para voz y piano (Fuera de catálogo)
 1945 Ai! Que no n’era, para voz y piano.

masks:
Matilde Salvador Segarra
Life Salvador
Vicente Asencio
Matilde Salvador
Vicente As


title: Benedetto Pistrucci

texts:
<mask> (29 May 1783 – 16 September 1855) was an Italian gem-engraver, medallist and coin engraver, probably best known for his Saint George and the Dragon design for the British sovereign coin. <mask> was commissioned by the British government to create the large Waterloo Medal, a project which took him thirty years to complete. Born in Rome in 1783, <mask> studied briefly with other artists before striking out on his own at age 15. He became prominent as a cameo carver and was patronised by royalty. In 1815, he moved to Britain, where he would live for most of the rest of his life. His talent brought him to the attention of notables including William Wellesley-Pole, the Master of the Mint. Pole engaged <mask> to design new coinage, including the sovereign, which was first issued in 1817 to mixed reactions.Although Pole probably promised <mask> the post of Chief Engraver, the position could not be awarded as only a British subject could hold it. This slight became a long-term grievance for <mask>. Talented but temperamental, <mask> refused to copy the work of other artists. When in 1823 George IV demanded that an unflattering portrait of him on the coinage be changed with a new likeness to be based on the work of Francis Chantrey, <mask> refused and was nearly dismissed. The Mint did not dismiss him, lest the money already spent on the Waterloo Medal be wasted. <mask> kept his place with the Mint for the rest of his life, eventually completing the Waterloo Medal in 1849, though because of its great size it could not be struck. After <mask>'s death, the George and Dragon design was restored to the sovereign coin, and is still used today.Early life and career (1783–1815)
<mask> <mask> was born in Rome on 29 May 1783, second child and son of <mask>, Senior Judge of the High Criminal Court under the papal government, and Antonia (née Greco). His elder brother Filippo displayed artistic tendencies from a young age, but <mask> showed mainly a disinclination to study. <mask> wanted his sons to follow in his footsteps and sent them to Latin schools. <mask> began his education in Bologna, where the family had property, but the <mask> family was forced to move to Rome in 1794 when Napoleon invaded Italy, and the boys were enrolled in the Roman College. Napoleon had put a price on <mask>'s head, as he had prosecuted Bonapartist rebels, so the family fled Rome when the French advanced towards it, stopping in Frosinone, where the boys were again put into an academic school. Filippo satisfied his father with enough academic achievement that he was allowed to take a job with a painter named Mango. Deprived of his brother, <mask> became despondent and was eventually allowed to work at Mango's.There, he quickly displayed his artistic talent. Mango told <mask> of his brother Giuseppe Mango, a cameo engraver in Rome. With the Pope and the French having made peace, the family was able to return there, and <mask> <mask> began his training as a cameo carver. He advanced quickly, also taking lessons from Stefano Tofanelli, and soon Giuseppe Mango was selling <mask>'s carvings as his own. Realising that his works were being sold as counterfeit antiques, <mask> began placing a secret mark, the Greek letter λ (lambda) on his creations. <mask>'s obvious talent made his fellow apprentices envious, and one provoked a fight with him, stabbing him in the abdomen before <mask> fended off the attack. Recovering at home, he taught himself to model with wax.<mask> decided his son would be better off with a new master, and secured a position for him with Giuseppe Cerbara, but the boy refused, believing that he would have to work in poor conditions. A place with gem-carver Nicolo Morelli was secured, and <mask> also attended the scuola del nudo art academy at the Campidoglio, where in 1800 he took the first prize for sculpture. <mask> felt Morelli was seeking to profit from his ability while giving him little training, and left his position at the age of 15, working from the family home. He was able to pay rent, as from the beginning he had ample commissions for cameos. <mask>'s early clients included two of Rome's major art dealers, Ignazio Vescovali and Angelo Bonelli, and Napoleon's three sisters, Elisa, Pauline and Caroline. <mask> gained prominence by winning a competition to make a cameo of Elisa (the Grand Duchess of Tuscany), working nearly nonstop for eight days to complete it. The Grand Duchess was so impressed by his work that she gave him studio space at her palace.<mask> felt secure enough with this patronage that in 1802, he married Barbara Folchi, daughter of a well-to-do merchant; they had nine children together. He continued working in Rome, turning out portrait cameos and engraved gems, until 1814. Bonelli returned from a successful trip to Britain in 1814 and proposed that <mask> go back with him, arguing that the artist's future was there. <mask> was willing, and after making provision for his family left Rome with Bonelli. They first stopped in Perugia so that <mask> could say farewell to his brother Filippo, but found him willing to accompany them. By Turin, Filippo <mask> had decided that Bonelli was not to be trusted, and so informed his brother. When they reached Paris in December 1814, the brothers refused to accompany Bonelli further, and after making threats, the dealer  departed.Filippo soon returned to Italy, but <mask> <mask> found his name and art were known in Paris, and set to work. He was there when Napoleon returned from Elba, beginning the Hundred Days, but worked on, unaffected by the war. He saw Napoleon in a garden, and always having a ball of wax with him, quietly modelled the emperor, the last portrait of him done in Europe. After the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, <mask> began preparations to move on to Britain, but it was not until 31 December that he arrived there. Rise to prominence (1815–1819)

On arrival at Dover, <mask> had difficulty with Customs, possibly caused by Bonelli's malice. Once he was able to, he journeyed to London. He had letters of introduction to several people, and Charles Konig, Keeper of Minerals at the British Museum, proved a loyal friend.Through Konig, <mask> met the famous naturalist, Sir Joseph Banks, who commissioned the artist to do a portrait of him. While Banks was sitting for <mask>, the connoisseur Richard Payne Knight came by, anxious to show Sir Joseph a cameo fragment he had purchased, and which he dated to Ancient Greece. After Banks praised it highly, <mask>, on examining it, identified it as his own work, displaying the secret mark he had placed on it. The incident increased <mask>'s reputation in London. <mask> was introduced to Lord and Lady Spencer by Banks. Lady Spencer showed Pistrucci a model of Saint George and the Dragon by Nathaniel Marchant and commissioned him to reproduce it in the Greek style as part of her husband's regalia as a Knight of the Garter. <mask> had already been thinking of such a work, and he produced the cameo.The model for the saint was an Italian waiter at Brunet's Hotel in Leicester Square, where he had stayed after coming to London. Sir Joseph commissioned <mask> to craft a cameo of King George III. As the King was ill with porphyria, <mask> modelled the likeness from Marchant's three-shilling bank token, and cut it in red jasper for a fee of 50 guineas. Banks showed the cameo to William Wellesley-Pole, elder brother of the Duke of Wellington and the Master of the Mint, who was greatly impressed by the quality of what he saw. At this time, the Royal Mint was preparing to issue new gold and silver coins as part of the Great Recoinage of 1816, and in June of that year, Pole decided to hire <mask> to make models in stone for the new coinage that could be converted into steel dies by the Mint's engravers. Pole had <mask> create three portraits of the King in different sizes. Only two were used, one for the obverse of the half crown, and the other for the shilling and sixpence.Both were modified by Thomas Wyon of the Mint, who engraved the designs in steel. What was dubbed the "bull head" of the King on the 1816 half crown was disliked by the public, and it was replaced by another in 1817. The criticism incensed <mask>, who blamed Wyon for bungling the design, and who set about learning to engrave in steel himself. After completing Lady Spencer's commission, by most accounts, <mask> suggested to Pole that an appropriate subject for the sovereign, a new gold coin equal to one pound that was to be struck, would be Saint George. Until the early 20th century, gold coins were struck for circulation, rather than as bullion pieces. Kevin Clancy, in his volume on the history of the sovereign coin, doubted whether the Spencer commission was truly the inspiration for the George and Dragon design which that coin has long featured, and that the idea might not even have come from <mask>. Clancy argued that such motifs were common at the time and that the story originated with <mask>, whom he deemed an unreliable witness on his own past.For a fee of 100 guineas (£105), <mask> created the sovereign's design, engraving it himself. He depicted the saint atop a fiery steed which is trampling the wounded dragon. George has a broken spear in his hand; part is in the dragon and another fragment lies on the ground. <mask>'s original design, used for circulation in 1817–1819 and reprised by the Royal Mint in 2017, has the ribbon of the Order of the Garter surrounding the George and dragon design, with its motto HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE. The design, with Saint George bearing a sword rather than a spear, is ordinarily seen on the sovereign, and was also used for the crown from 1818. Clancy noted of the design process for the crown, "what emerges is the presence of Pole at each turn. He bombarded the young artist with suggestions and instructions on how the design should be changed from the shape of the sword to the perceived ferocity of the dragon."<mask> had placed his full last name on both sides of the crown, for which he was criticised by the public, and some said the saint would surely fall off his horse with the next blow. After the death in 1817 of Thomas Wyon Sr, the father of the man who had adapted <mask>'s designs, Pole most probably offered <mask> the post of chief engraver at the Royal Mint, with a salary of £500 per annum. and a house within the grounds of the Mint. However, it soon appeared that a law passed under William III barred foreigners from the post, and so Pole left it vacant, while granting <mask> the salary and emoluments of the office. Sir John Craig wrote in his history of the Royal Mint: "The arrangement was not put into writing, and misunderstanding was easy for a foreigner. Pole categorically denied any commitment beyond the grant for the time being of a salary for coinage designs as cheaper than payment of fees. The Italian persistently contended that he was seduced into Mint service by a promise of formal appointment to the chief engravership".According to H.W.A. Linecar in his book on British coin designs and designers, "the arrangement might have worked very well, even though it was against accepted procedure, had <mask> been other than he was." In 1819, <mask> was awarded the commission to design the Waterloo Medal, a huge piece some  in diameter that the government planned to award to the victorious generals and national leaders who had defeated Napoleon. Such a medal had been proposed by the Prince Regent (later George IV) soon

masks:
Benedetto Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Benedetto
Pistrucci
Federico Pistrucci
Benedetto
Federico Pistrucci
Benedetto
Pistrucci
Federico Pistrucci
Benedetto
Benedetto
Benedetto
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Federico Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
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Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Benedetto
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title: Benedetto Pistrucci

texts:
 after the battle. <mask>'s price was £2,400, and the down payment allowed him to bring his family from Italy. The medal was originally supposed to be to a design by John Flaxman, but <mask> refused to engrave the work of another artist, and Pole allowed him to design his own medal, a decision that antagonised London's art establishment against <mask>. A gigantic undertaking, the medal would take <mask> 30 years to complete.Conflict at the Mint (1820–1836)

After the death of George III in 1820, <mask> prepared the coinage bust of the new King, George IV. The King despised <mask>'s work for its bloated expression—according to Clancy, "its full features implying something of the appetites of the monarch". The King and <mask> also came into conflict over the Coronation medal, with the King objecting to being placed on the same level as the allegorical representations of his kingdoms. <mask> stated, "I shall elevate His Majesty", and did so. The King's toupee also caused difficulty in the engraving process. On the coinage, the sovereign was modified to remove its garter, and the saint's broken spear was replaced by a sword. Thus, it became very similar to the design used on modern-day sovereigns but for the lack of a streamer on Saint George's helmet.This version of the reverse was struck from 1821 to 1825, but <mask>'s design would be thereafter absent from the sovereign from 1825 to 1874, after his death. Aware of King George's dissatisfaction at the coinage effigy, the Mint played for time. Pole's resignation in 1823 deprived <mask> of a friend and supporter at the Mint. Sculptor Francis Chantrey had prepared a bust of the King which the monarch liked, and ordered that it be placed on the coinage. <mask> would not copy the work of another artist, and refused. The new coinage of 1823–1825 was engraved by <mask>'s assistant, Jean-Baptiste Merlen, and by William Wyon; <mask> was thereafter excluded from work on the coinage. The Mint considered sacking <mask>, but realised that if it did, the £1,700 advanced for fees and expenses on the Waterloo medal would probably be wasted, and he kept his position and pay on condition he focused on the completion of the medal.Despite this, by 1826, only a portion of one side had been completed. Though the banishment of the George and Dragon design from the sovereign after 1825 was more part of a general redesign of the coinage than an attack upon <mask>, according to Clancy he "cannot have masked the sense he must have felt of tides turning against him". There was conflict at the Mint between <mask> and William Wyon, that sometimes involved Merlen. According to Graham Pollard in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "<mask>'s temperament did not foster good relations with his colleagues at the mint; the insecurity of his position there was deepened by a spasmodic but bitter campaign conducted through the newspapers by his partisans and those of William Wyon." <mask> appealed to each new Master of the Mint for appointment to the post of chief engraver. In 1828, the incumbent Master, George Tierney, worked a compromise that satisfied no one. Wyon was appointed as chief engraver, and <mask> as chief medallist, with the salaries of the top two engraving positions divided between them.Of <mask>'s salary of £350, £50 was conditional on his training an apprentice. <mask> in succession named two of his sons, but the allowance was stopped after 1830 as it had come to light that each resided abroad, and one was not a British subject and so was ineligible for regular Mint employment. <mask>'s understanding of the arrangement was that he would create such medals as might be ordered by government departments, with each medal a separate fee in addition to the annual salary. This effectively left <mask> with little to do at the Mint. He created several medallic works, for example a small memorial medal for the King's brother, Frederick, Duke of York in 1827 that was popular, in royal circles, mounted in rings. He was asked to design the Coronation medal after King William IV came to the throne on George's death in 1830, but declined as he was asked to copy a bust by Chantrey, and the King refused to sit for him. He created, in 1830–1831, the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, the first non-campaign medal of the British Army.He took twelve months to do so, a period of time Craig found unduly long. He continued to cut cameos, and to work, slowly, on the Waterloo Medal. <mask>'s biographer, Michael A. March, tied his disinclination to work on the Waterloo Medal to his unhappiness about his position at the Mint, and he may have concluded that he would be sacked if he finished the medal. In 1836, the new Master, Henry Labouchere, stated that he felt the medal could be finished in 18 months, and offered <mask> payment if he would take on four apprentices and finish it. <mask> declined. Later career and death (1837–1855)

<mask> enjoyed a friendly relationship with Princess Victoria of Kent, the niece and heiress presumptive of King William, and cut several cameos of her.After she succeeded to the throne as Queen Victoria in 1837, <mask> was selected to sculpt her Coronation medal, which he did; the Queen granted him several sittings. Although the Queen was pleased, there were mixed reviews. When questions were asked in the House of Commons, Labouchere stated that <mask> may have been ill. Joseph Hume opined that the reverse was no better done than the cheap medals sold in the streets for a penny each. In 1838, <mask> made the silver seal of the Duchy of Lancaster, using a new process by which the punch or die could be cast in metal directly from the original wax or clay mould, rather than having to be copied by hand engraving. The following year, <mask> left for Rome to take up a position as chief engraver at the papal mint, but returned to London a few months later, deeming the salary too low. By the early 1840s, the Audit Office was questioning the amount spent on Pistrucci. In 1844, the Master of the Mint, William Gladstone restored <mask>'s salary to the full £350 and offered him £400 to complete the Waterloo Medal.<mask> moved his residence from the Mint on Tower Hill to Fine Arts Cottage, Old Windsor, and set to work in full earnest. He was slowed by injuries from a fall, and it was not until the beginning of 1849 that he submitted the matrices of the medal, and was paid the remaining balance of £1,500. The matrices were so large no one at the Royal Mint was willing to take the risk of hardening them and possibly ruining three decades' work. So only soft impressions were taken, with no medals in gold, silver and bronze as intended, though replicas have since been minted from other dies. Even if the government had struck the medals, there was almost no one to present them to, for of the intended recipients, all were dead but the Duke of Wellington. The conflict between <mask> and William Wyon continued into the late 1840s, and sometimes featured in the press, contributing to the feeling that all was not well at the Mint. A Royal Commission on reform of the Royal Mint was appointed in 1848.<mask> submitted a report, in which he settled some old scores. The reforms abolished the positions of chief engraver (Wyon died in 1851) and chief medallist, with <mask> appointed a modeller and engraver to the Mint, to receive a salary in addition to payment for any work done. <mask> in 1850 moved from Old Windsor to Flora Lodge, Englefield Green, near Windsor, where he lived with his daughters Maria Elisa and Elena, both gem engravers. He continued to accept private commissions for cameos and medals. <mask> died there of "inflammation of the lungs", on 16 September 1855, and is buried  at Christ Church, Virginia Water, Surrey. Appraisal

<mask> is probably remembered most for his George and Dragon design for the sovereign. Not greatly liked at the time of its origin, it has come to be celebrated.The Deputy Master of the Mint who restored the design to the sovereign in 1871, Charles Fremantle, stated his view that "it is hardly possible to over-rate the advantages accruing to a coinage from an artistic and well-executed design". By 1893, it was on all of Britain's gold coins; The Art Journal described <mask>'s design as having "triumphantly borne the test of time". Marsh noted, "it is indeed a tribute that his wonderful design should still adorn the gold coinage of our current Queen Elizabeth II. It is one of the finest ever in our coinage history, and has certainly stood the test of time. Long may it continue." <mask>'s design has also appeared on a non-circulating £20 silver coin in 2013 and on the crown in 1818–1823, 1887–1900, 1902 and 1951. Roderick Farey, in his biographical articles on <mask>, described him as "an Italian with a fiery disposition, he had numerous arguments with the authorities but no-one could doubt his genius firstly as a cameo cutter and later as an engraver and medallist."Those disputes, and a perceived slowness to complete his works (especially the Waterloo Medal) have been sources of the criticism by later writers. Howard Linecar, in his book on British coin designs and designers, wrote, "there is little doubt that <mask> held the cutting of these dies as a bargaining counter in his relentless efforts to obtain the post of Chief Engraver at the Royal Mint ... On balance it is perhaps fair to say that <mask>, having probably been promised that which he could not have ... squeezed the last drop of blood out of the situation." According to Clancy, "With great talent can often come controversy and throughout his career <mask> was acclaimed and reviled in equal measure, maintaining a series of tense relationships with his colleagues, the most pointed of which [was] with his fellow engraver William Wyon." Craig concluded, "Apart from the George and Dragon design, which was less esteemed then than now ... this artist's Mint works, unlike his private commissions, were failures". The Waterloo Medal is regarded by many as a masterpiece on a par with his St George and the Dragon. Pollard stated that the Waterloo Medal, "shows Pistrucci's command of the types (or figures) of cameos, an understanding of the figurative language of the Roman Renaissance, and an appreciation of the antique sculptured relief—his types, none the less, were always original". Marsh also praised the medal:, "no better piece of intaglio engraving  or design has surely ever been seen before or since.It contains as much as thirty ordinary-sized medals, and this alone is more than most medalists achieved in a life time." Farey concluded his study of Pistrucci,

Gallery

Notes

References

Bibliography

Leonard Forrer. <mask> <mask>: Italian medallist & gem-engraver, 1784-1855 (Spink, 1906). Further reading
Billing, Archibald & Pistrucci, B. The science of gems, jewels, coins, and medals, ancient and modern (inc. biography of Pistrucci) (London: Bell & Daldy, 1867) pp. 135–211. Illustrated.Contains list of works as well as biography. External links

B<mask> at Artnet
Pieces by <mask> in the Royal Collection
Head of Medusa, Cameo (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Portraits by <mask> (National Portrait Gallery, London)
  <mask> <mask>, in: World of coins
Museo della Zecca di Roma page with some of <mask>'s coin and medal models (in Italian)

1783 births
1855 deaths
19th-century engravers
British engravers
Italian medallists
Artists from Rome
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
19th-century sculptors
Coin

masks:
Pistrucci
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title: Hippolyte Blanc

texts:
<mask> (18 August 1844 – 17 March 1917) was a Scottish architect. Best known for his church buildings in the Gothic revival style, <mask> was also a keen antiquarian who oversaw meticulously researched restoration projects. Early life
<mask> was born at 37 North Frederick Street in Edinburgh, third son of four children, to French parents, who ran a business on George Street importing and manufacturing ladies shoes. His father, <mask>, was from Privas in the Ardèche area of France. He met Hippolyte's mother, Sarah or  Sartia Bauress, whilst living in Dublin and moved to Edinburgh around 1840. Their firm "Madame Blanc et Fils" was at 68 George Street immediately opposite a house they moved to later in Hippolyte's life at 69 George Street. <mask> attended George Heriot's School, winning the dux medal in 1859, and was then articled to the architect David Rhind.While working for Rhind, he attended classes at the School of Art and Design, where he met Thomas Ross, and became interested in medieval architecture. In 1864, after completing his articles, he joined the Government Office of Works under Robert Matheson, where he became a senior draughtsman in 1869. He married Elizabeth Shield on 21 August 1873, and they moved to 12 St Vincent Street. They later moved to the Grange area in south Edinburgh: first to 2 Thirlestane Road and finally to 17 Strathearn Place. Architectural career
For much of his career <mask>'s office was at 40 Frederick Street, extremely close to his parental home and their shop. In 1901 the office moved to 1 Rutland Square. From the early 1870s, <mask> began to undertake private commissions.In 1875, he won his first architectural competition, for Christ Church, Morningside, and the following year won a second, for Mayfield Free Church. He left the Office of Works in 1878 to concentrate on his increasing workload, and by 1887 he had taken on a partner, James Gordon. <mask> executed numerous church buildings, including Kirkliston Free Church (1880), St Luke's, Broughty Ferry (1884), Coats Memorial Baptist Church, Paisley (1885), St Matthew's Parish Church (now Morningside Parish Church) (1888, opened 1890) and Morningside Free Church, Edinburgh (1892), now the Church Hill Theatre. He carried out restoration work to Edinburgh Castle (1886), John Knox House (1886), St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh (1892), and St Duthac's Church, Tain (1896). Secular work includes Mayville Gardens in Trinity, Edinburgh, a pleasant and quirky Victorian cul-de-sac with a low terrace of ornate houses on each side (1881). Other major commissions included houses at Eriska, Argyll, and Ferguslie Park, Paisley (1888–91), since demolished. Bangour Village Hospital, West Lothian, was a competition win in 1898, and he designed the former Bernard's Brewery buildings in Gorgie (1887).<mask> also designed several monuments. In 1912 he took his son, Frank Edward Belcombe <mask>, into partnership, and from 1913 his own architectural work drew to a close. His son continued to practice under the name Hippolyte J. Blanc & Son, until around 1950. From 1893 to 1898 his nephew, Louis David <mask> (1877-1944), also trained under him (working largely on the Coats Memorial Church in Paisley). Louis went on to specialise in department store design, being employed by Harrods as their in-house architect from around 1928. <mask>'s eldest son, <mask> <mask>, chose to be a dentist rather than an architect. Sir Frank Mears trained under Hippolyte from 1896 to 1901.Alexander Lorne Campbell trained under him in 1897. Other activities

In 1871 <mask> was elected president of the Edinburgh Architectural Association for the first of three times. He became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1879, a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1901, and was elected to the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) in 1896. In addition, he was an active member of several other learned societies. He wrote and lectured extensively, largely on the subject of medieval church architecture. <mask> served as president and treasurer of the RSA from 1907–17, and was president of the Edinburgh Photographic Society from 1888 until 1892, and honorary president from 1896 until his death. In 1910 he was appointed to a Royal Commission which oversaw British involvement in International Exhibitions held in Brussels (1910), Rome (1911) and Turin (1911).He was active in encouraging the careers of younger architects, and acted as assessor on several architectural competitions. From 1913 to 1916 he served on the ruling council of the prominent Edinburgh conservationist group the Cockburn Association. Death

<mask> died from pneumonia at his home at 17 Strathearn Place, Morningside, and was buried in Warriston Cemetery in its lower section, just south of the vaults, SE of the monument to James Young Simpson.

masks:
Hippolyte Jean Blanc
Blanc
Hippolyte Blanc
Victor Jacques Blanc
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Victor Hippolyte
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title: Chris Chocola

texts:
<mask> (born February 24, 1962) is an American businessman, lawyer, and former politician. A member of the Republican Party, <mask> served in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007, representing Indiana's 2nd congressional district. In 2002, <mask> ran for the U.S. House, defeating former Democratic congresswoman Jill Long Thompson. <mask> was a member of the Agriculture, Small Business, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Ways and Means committees. In 2004, he defeated lawyer and then-Mishawaka Marian School Board President Joe Donnelly, later losing in a rematch against Donnelly in 2006. After leaving Congress, <mask> served as president of the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative 501(c)4 organization, from 2009 through the end of 2014. Early life, education, and career
<mask> was born in Jackson, Michigan.He grew up in Michigan, graduating from Williamston High School in 1980. He graduated in 1984 from Hillsdale College, in Hillsdale, Michigan, with a double major in business administration and political economy. While at Hillsdale College he joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. After graduation, he went to work at Society National Bank, now known as KeyBank, which had recruited him into its management program in Cleveland. At the time when he left to go to law school, he was employed as a foreign exchange trader for the bank. <mask> attended law school classes at night at Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, in Lansing, Michigan, while working as a credit manager for his family's business, Chocola Cleaning Materials. He graduated in 1988.In 1988, <mask> was hired as corporate counsel by CTB International in Milford, Indiana, a manufacturer of products for the poultry, egg, swine, and grain production industries, which his grandfather, Howard Brembeck, had founded. He initially managed all the legal aspects of the business as corporate counsel. He then held various management positions until he was named CEO in 1994. In April 1999, he left the CEO position to become chairman of the board. In August 2002, CTB International was sold to Berkshire Hathaway, the investment firm of billionaire Warren Buffett. The <mask> family received 55% of the $140 million paid to shareholders of the company. Congressional elections

2000
In the 2000 election, <mask> made an unsuccessful bid for Congress in what was then , losing to incumbent Democrat Timothy J. Roemer by a 52–47% margin.In that campaign, <mask> spent more than $1 million, including $465,000 of his own money. In the October 8, 2000, edition of the Elkhart Truth, an Elkhart, Indiana newspaper, <mask> was quoted as saying that "Bush's plan of individual investment of 2 percent of the money is a start. Eventually, I'd like to see the entire Social Security system privatized. It's not a 'risky scheme'." In late October, after Roemer had featured that statement in political ads, <mask> said, "There is no one proposing, including me, a plan of total privatization." The newspaper, saying <mask> had made his statement in meeting its editorial board, refused to retract the story. Roemer refused to stop running the ad despite <mask>'s contention that the quotation was taken out of context.2002
Roemer retired after his 2001–2003 term. In 2002, <mask> ran again for the open seat, which had been renumbered as the 2nd District after redistricting. In November, he defeated former Congresswoman Jill Long Thompson by a 51-46 margin with 188,446 votes cast, in a race that included campaign appearances by President Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, and other top Republicans, to assist his bid. 2004
In 2004, <mask> defeated Democrat Joe Donnelly by a 54–45% margin with 259,355 votes cast, in an election where Bush received 56 percent of the district's vote. In that race, <mask> outspent Donnelly $1.4 million to $700,000. <mask> was assisted by a fundraising visit from Vice President Dick Cheney during the campaign. 2006

<mask> defeated Tony Zirkle, an attorney, Navy veteran, and frequent candidate, in the Republican primary on May 2, 2006 by 70% to 30%.In the November general election, <mask> lost to Democratic candidate Joe Donnelly, whom he had defeated in 2004, by a 54–46% margin with 191,861 votes cast. House of Representatives (2003–2007)

According to a profile by the Associated Press, "<mask> is a strong supporter of President Bush". The two do differ on some positions, such as illegal immigration. <mask> has supported (against the President's position) the "tough enforcement first" House version of changes in immigration law, in opposition to the President's calls for a guest worker program. In January 2006, <mask> said that great strides were being made in transitioning Iraq from military coalition to police control. He said it was too early to predict when the job will be done. Social issues
 <mask> was a cosponsor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in 2003 and voted for that Amendment when it came to the floor in 2004.He again was a cosponsor of the Marriage Protection Amendment in 2006 (H.J. Res. 88) and voted for the amendment on July 18, 2006. He voted in 2005 for an amendment to the Constitution preventing the desecration of the American flag. Voted for the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act in July 2006, which restricts credit card companies from processing payment towards Internet gambling companies. Voted for the Pledge Protection Act in mid-July 2006, which would prevent federal courts from ruling on cases involving the Pledge of Allegiance. Voted against overriding President George W. Bush's veto of the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act in July 2006.The bill would have modified restrictions on embryonic stem cell research and allowed for federal funding of the research. Fiscal and economic issues
 Introduced a bill that would place currency manipulation tariffs on China. He later denounced this bill when he became president of the Club for Growth. Voted against increasing the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program by $1 billion in March 2006. Voted for the Tax Relief Extension Reconciliation Act in May 2006, which extended tax cuts set to expire over the next seven (7) years. Voted for the Permanent Estate Tax Relief Act in June 2006. The bill permanently exempted personal estates of less than $5 million per spouse from estate taxes, and lowered the tax rate on larger estates.In the summer of 2006, voted for a bill that would allow private companies to drill for oil in ANWR. One of two cosponsors of HELPS Retirees Act (H.R. 2177), also known as the Healthcare Enhancement for Local Public Safety Retirees Act of 2005, which enables retired public safety officers to designate up to $5,000 per year from governmental pension or deferred compensation funds for health care premiums on a pre-tax basis. This earned <mask> an endorsement from the International Association of Fire Fighters, one of his only endorsements from organized labor. References

External links

 Collected news and commentary at The Christian Science Monitor
 Collected news and commentary at Politico
 Collected news and commentary at The Washington Times
 <mask>, 100 People to Watch This Fall, The Hill, August 7, 2013
 Campaign finance at Influence Explorer
 Column archive at Redstate.com

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Jackson, Michigan
American Presbyterians
Indiana Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
21st-century American businesspeople
People from Bristol, Indiana
People from Milford, Indiana
21st-century American politicians
Hillsdale College alumni
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana

masks:
Joseph Christopher Chocola
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