title: Feroze Mithiborwala

texts:
<mask> is an Indian activist who devotes his efforts principally to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and Western imperialism in Asia. He is best known for having led a humanitarian convoy that travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11. <mask> is one of the co-founders of the Global March to Jerusalem and heads the Indian branch. He is also the co-founder of the First Asian Convoy to Gaza. <mask> is also the Convener of several organisations: International Affairs Committee of the National Alliance of People’s Movements, the Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan, and Bharat Bachao Andolan (Movement to Save India). In his Twitter profile, he describes himself as being “Committed to the global struggle against Imperialism & Zionism & thus the freedom of Humanity." Activist background
<mask> reports being involved in the Palestinian question since 1987 — even before the First Intifada.He was one of the only Indians from his generation to be involved. He describes himself as being "from the Gandhian, Left, Phule-Ambedakarite (the struggle of the oppressed lower and untouchable castes) and the stream of Liberation Theology." An active supporter of Palestinian statehood, <mask> has described Gaza as "a Nazi-prison-cum-concentration camp." He supports the "Resistance axis" led by the governments of Iran, Syria, the Lebanese national Resistance led by the Hezbollah, as well as the Palestinian Resistance, saying they are amongst the few countries in the West Asian region and across the world that resists Zionist Israel. He told members of the Iranian parliament in December 2010 that the people of the world would join together against an Israeli attack on Iran. <mask> describes himself as a secular progressive activist committed to defend the  rights of Minorities & the oppressed castes & classes in India. He has also and co-founded an organisation called the Bharat Bachao Andolan & Muslim Intellectual Forum.He is the president of Awami Bharat, an organisation which calls for dialogue between Muslims and non-Muslims. On Jerusalem Day in Mumbai in 2010 he said that Indians needed to increase their solidarity with the Palestinians. He said that the Palestinian resistance was "the international avant garde" and the "Central geopolitical issue of our times" in the joint struggle against imperialism and Zionism." While in Beirut during the Second Lebanon War, <mask> wrote a column about what he called Lebanon's "victory". Gaza convoy
<mask> was a co-organizer of a convoy of 120 people who travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11, leaving India on 5 December 2010. Its stated purpose was to deliver humanitarian aid, with <mask> saying: “Since this is the first convoy from Asia to show solidarity with the Palestinian cause, our aim is only to get to Gaza and not confront the Israeli government.”  The group included over 50 Indians, and they planned on arriving in Gaza by 28 December. According to Salim Ghafouri, an Iranian citizen who claims to be the spokesman for the convoy, the participants in the convoy represented 137 organisations from 50 countries, including Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Britain, and Australia.Most, however, were Indians. Ghafouri said that the war with "the Zionists" is not only an “Islamic-Zionist war,” but the showdown between the “truth,” represented by “the freedom-loving people of the world,” and the “lie” of Israel and its supporters. <mask> said that he and his colleagues had four goals: “Liberation of Palestine, breaking the Gaza Siege, annihilation of the apartheid system of Israel and unity among the Asian nations, with the slogan, "One Asia United Asia".Thus an Asia free of US Imperialism & NATO bases. ”

The amount and significance of the aid delivered by the convoy has been the subject of debate. The Indian Express reported that the medical aid carried by the convoy was worth Rs 2.7 million, or about US$50,000. The convoy also donated two ambulances to Palestinian authorities. The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center said that the amount of aid delivered by the convoy was "negligible."The Milli Gazette, a Muslim newspaper, reported that the convoy took "medical equipment, food items, clothes and other aid worth $1 million, weighing 170 tons, for the people of Gaza who continue to suffer unspeakable hardship for nearly five years under the illegal blockade imposed by the Israeli-US regimes." During the convoy's sojourn in Iran many contributions were received from Iranians. To process these contributions, the convoy opened dozens of headquarters in larger Iranian cities. <mask>, in an address to the Iranian parliament, called the president of the US "an agent of Israel." In Syria, the convoy met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Meshal. Because Egyptian authorisation was delayed, the convoy arrived in Gaza on 2 January 2011, a few days later than originally planned. Upon arrival in El Arish, <mask> said that the purpose of the convoy was "to break the siege of the Gaza Strip, to bring about the establishment of an independent Palestinian state whose capital is Jerusalem, and [to cause] the economic and political boycott of Israel."In a retrospective interview, <mask> said that "we were not there to 'help' the Palestinians. Ours is a movement of 'solidarity' with the people's resistance for the liberation of Palestine....especially since 2008, we have been trying to organize a ship or a land caravan from India." He said that he planned to march until "Palestine is free. Today we have begun our march to Gaza, but tomorrow we will march to Jerusalem." He believes that when the Palestinians have won the battle for Jerusalem, humanity will be closer to God in a very universal & spiritual sense. Global March to Jerusalem
<mask> heads the Indian branch of Global March to Jerusalem (GMJ). He is also a member of both the co-founder of the GMJ International Executive Committee and its International Central Committee.The GMJ planned a number of large-scale anti-Israel demonstrations around the Arab world on 30 March 2012, which is Palestine Land Day. The idea was for the participants to gather in various places and then march to Jerusalem, or as far as they could get. <mask> was described as "the key organiser of the Indian leg" of the event. <mask> wrote that the event was not an attempt to delegitimise Israel, saying that "Rather, it is Israel's actions and policies that create its image as a practitioner of ethnic cleansing and an abuser of human rights." Asked why he and his fellow participants were marching to Jerusalem and not to the Gaza Strip, <mask> said that they were two different questions, citing the Gaza issue as a humanitarian crisis and Jerusalem as a political question as well as a "religious and anti-colonial issue." He went on to say that he considers Iran, Syria, Lebanon as anti-American powers, and South Asian anti-Imperialist parties among their allies. After returning to Delhi, <mask> said he wanted a unification of the Palestinian movement, and that he wanted Fatah and Hamas to be together.He went on to say that negotiations with Israelis would not solve anything, and that there needs to be a common programme of resistance. Anti-Brahmanism
<mask> is an anti-caste system activist, and in particular, opposes Manuwad or the supremacist hierarchical ideological system that relegats India's Shudras, Ati Shudras & Adivasis to second class status. He is an Ideologue has been inspired by Mahatma Gandhi & is also a Leftist & a Phule-Ambedkarite  described as "an ideologue" who has been a leftist and also part of the Sarvodaya Movement. In his view, noted an Outlook India profile, "Hindu is not the enemy; casteism is." After an Indian court upheld the demolition of a mosque, <mask> accused "Brahmanic" elite forces of trying to subjugate Muslim communities and called the verdict a mockery. He said it "stands in utter contempt of the Indian constitution" and "giv[es] precedence to belief or aastha over law." Conspiracy theories
<mask> has propounded a number of conspiracy theories.He has claimed that terrorists acts attributed to Muslim groups were in fact "false flag" attacks, "inside jobs" carried out by the Intelligence agencies of the US, Israeli, Indian, Pakistani and/or other governments to discredit Muslims. <mask> wrote that the Mumbai 26/11 attack was carried out by the CIA and Mossad, its objective being to establish a pro-US/Israeli consensus among Indians, allowing the US/Israeli political elite "to deploy our Military into the war theatre in Afghanistan." In June 2011 <mask> wrote that David Headley, who was involved with planning the 26/11 attack, was "a CIA-FBI operative whose task was to organize & expedite the Mumbai 26/11 terror attacks." He wrote that the attacks were the result of a CIA/Saudi Arabian/Mossad conspiracy, saying "The strategic period & the timing of the terror attacks are a pointer to the powers behind the perpetrators." <mask> believes that Osama bin Laden has been dead since the latter half of December 2001. He expressed his belief that the parties saying he was still alive were doing this because "The ghost of Bin Laden serves multiple purposes both at the Global and Indian context", mainly to generate fear for the Hindu community and to be a "false hero" for Muslims, falsely inspiring youth to follow the "flawed path of extremism and terror." When several small bombs were set off in Pune on 1 August 2012, <mask> and Kishore Jagtap called them a "Chitpawan Brahmanical-Manuwadi reaction to the restoration of the true Samadhi-Burial Shrine of Saibai, the first wife of Shivaji Maharaj," and thus "part of the ongoing caste war that has once again erupted all across Maharashtra."After the 21 February 2013 terrorist bombing in Hyderabad, <mask> charged the ruling Indian Congress Party with staging it to win conservative Hindu votes. He claimed the bombing would be blamed on fictitious "'Sleeper Cells' of disgruntled Muslim youth, who will begin to be picked up from the lanes of this city," and most of whom "will be police informers & petty criminals who will be entrapped into owning up for this terror attack." Both the Pune and Hyderabad bombings were believed to have been carried out by the Indian Mujahideen. Other activities and organisations
<mask> is president of Awami Bharat, an Indian political group that has described itself as being involved in an "international struggle against imperialism, Zionism, and Brahmanism." He is the founder-convenor of the Muslim Intellectual Forum of India and of the South Asian Solidarity Initiative>. He has also been the national vice-president of the Maharashtra-based political party Rashtriya Samaj Paksha (RSP). <mask> led protests against the India-US nuclear deal in 2008.<mask>, in his capacity as coordinator of a group called Forum against War and Terrorism, was involved in planning a 2006 event called "Mumbai in White", which he described as an attempt, after the terrorist acts in that city, "to do something to touch the lives of Mumbaikars in a subtle manner." <mask> was also part of "an international peace delegation" with members from India, the Philippines, Brazil, Norway, France, and Spain that paid a friendly visit to Hizbollah in Lebanon in 2006. It was reported that they "stressed that it would be wrong to call Hizbollah a 'militant' outfit" and should rather be called a 'socio-political resistance movement.'" <mask> was quoted as stating that "Even a child in Lebanon wants to be a part of Hizbollah." <mask> signed a letter opposing NATO military intervention in Libya. <mask> was also part of the international group of observers that monitored the national general election in Syria on 3 June 2014. The group that deemed the elections free and fair, where Bashar al Assad was re-elected as President.The Syrian people, he said, "had voted for a free, sovereign & unified Syria and was a vote against foreign intervention and wars". Detention in Mumbai
<mask> and his friend Kishor Jagtap were both preemptively detained before Secretary of State Clinton's visit to Mumbai in 2009. This action might have been in connection to his demand for an investigation into US Government cover ups in the Headley affair, where even the mainstream media has raised questions regarding the coverup. He described being picked up from his house on a Friday night without a specific reason given and then being brought into the MIDC police station. He spoke of the experience: “An official told us that we had been brought owing to an intelligence input and will be here till the next day. However, on Saturday, they told us that we would be allowed to leave only on Sunday. While Clinton's visit or security has not been mentioned to us as the reason for our detention, we sat there for very long without even knowing why.”.Further when they filed a case against the police in the Bombay High Court, the Judge Bilal Nazki passed comments against the police for their high handedness. References

External links
Global March to Jerusalem

Indian secularists
Living people
People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Indian humanitarians
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Feroze Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Feroze Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
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Mithiborwala
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Mithiborwala
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Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
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Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala


title: Cumberland Posey

type: original

texts:
<mask> "Cum<mask>. (June 20, 1890 – March 28, 1946) was an American baseball player, manager, and team owner in the Negro leagues, as well as a professional basketball player and team owner. Early life
<mask>. was born into Western Pennsylvania's Negro elite, the son of <mask>. and Angelina "Anna<mask> of Homestead, adjacent to Pittsburgh. <mask>. worked on riverboats and, in 1877, became probably the first African American licensed engineer in the United States, earning a chief engineer license and the title of, "Captain." "Cap" <mask> was a riverboat builder, general manager of the Dexter Coal Company, owner of the Diamond Coke and Coal Company, and industrial partner of Henry Clay Frick. He was president of the Loendi Social and Literary Club for three years and president of the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper for its first 14 years, to 1924. (Williams) The family lived in a palatial Italianate mansion on the heights. Despite his commanding wealth, Captain <mask> still had to deal with racial discrimination, according to historian William Serrin.In that crucible of race, his son began to excel as a young athlete. In football, <mask>. was a star player and manager for semi-pro sandlot teams in the Pittsburgh area prior to 1910, including the Delaney Rifles and the Collins Tigers. Basketball

<mask> was the best African American basketball player of his time, playing from the early 1900s (decade) through the mid-1920s. His peers and the sporting press considered him an "All-Time Immortal". "The mystic wand of <mask> ruled basketball with as much eclat as 'Rasputin' dominated the Queen of all the Russias", observed the Harlem Interstate Tattler in 1929. <mask> led Homestead High to the 1908 city championship, played basketball at Penn State for two years, moved to the University of Pittsburgh where he earned a pharmacy degree in 1915, and formed the famous Monticello Athletic Association team that won the Colored Basketball World's Championship in 1912. He later played varsity basketball for Duquesne University, under the name "Charles Cumbert", and led the Dukes in scoring for three seasons through 1919.Today he is enshrined in the Duquesne Sports Hall of Fame under his real name. During the mid-1910s, <mask> formed, operated, and played for the Loendi Big Five, which became the most dominant basketball team of the Black Fives Era through the mid-1920s, winning four straight Colored Basketball World Championship titles. He retired from basketball in the late 1920s to focus exclusively on the business of baseball and on his weekly sports column in the Pittsburgh Courier, "In The Sportive Realm." He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016. Homestead Grays
In baseball, <mask> played with the Homestead Grays in 1911, was manager by 1916, and became owner in the early 1920s. In a quarter-century running the team, he built it into one of the powerhouse franchises of black baseball, winning numerous pennants, including nine consecutively from 1937–1945. In 1910, a group of Homestead steelworkers was organized into one of baseball's greatest clubs by <mask>.This team, the Homestead Grays, played many locations such as Forbes Field and Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. The team won eight out of nine Negro National League titles. <mask>, the principal owner of the Homestead Grays, spent 35 years (1911–1946) in baseball as a player, manager, owner and club official. He built a strong barnstorming circuit that made the Grays a perennially powerful and profitable team, one of the best in the East. <mask> began playing baseball for the semi-pro Grays in 1911. He soon ended his playing career to become field and business manager. He took control of the Grays in 1920 and turned them into a highly successful regional enterprise as an independent team.The Grays' strong identity in Pennsylvania and surrounding states enabled them to survive the depths of the Great Depression. <mask>, an aggressive talent seeker with the Grays, at one time or another had over a dozen current Negro leagues Hall of Famers playing for him. He was often accused of raiding other clubs' rosters, enticing their best players to join his team. He suffered a heavy dose of the same in the early 1930s, when he lost several stars to the well-financed Pittsburgh Crawfords. The Grays rebounded and became a member of the second Negro National League in 1935, soon dominating the circuit. <mask>'s teams reeled in nine consecutive pennants from 1937–1945. <mask> unwisely attempted to start the East-West League in 1932, during the Depression, but it did not last the season.He later became an officer of the Negro National League, and was a major force at its meetings throughout the rest of his career. He also was a frequent critic of the league, both before and after joining it, in his regular sports columns for the Pittsburgh Courier, a leading black weekly newspaper. Courier sportswriter Wendell Smith once wrote of <mask>: "Some may say he crushed the weak as well as the strong on the way to the top of the ladder. But no matter what his critics say, they cannot deny that he was the smartest man in Negro baseball and certainly the most successful." He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. He was named to the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor for his "significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington, D.C" as part of the Homestead Grays on August 10, 2010. Death
On March 28, 1946, <mask> died of cancer in Pittsburgh at the age of 55.His hometown of Homestead declared a school holiday in his honor the day of his funeral. See also
 National Basketball Association
 Negro league baseball

References

(Riley.) <mask> "Cum" <mask>, Personal profiles at Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. – identical to Riley, except for notice of 2006 Hall of Fame induction (confirmed 2010-12-12)
Serrin, William (1993). Homestead. New York: Knopf Publishing. Williams, Rachel Jones (2010)."<mask> <mask> Sr.", Black History in Pennsylvania. Reprinted from Pennsylvania Heritage Spring 2010, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Confirmed 2010-12-11. External links

  Seamheads
  and Seamheads
 <mask> at the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame

1890 births
1946 deaths
African-American basketball players
African-American sports executives and administrators
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Baseball executives
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
Duquesne Dukes men's basketball players
Homestead Grays players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Negro league baseball executives
Negro league baseball managers
People from Homestead, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
University of Pittsburgh alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Cumberland Willis
" Posey Jr
Cumberland Jr
Cumberland Willis Posey Sr
" Stevens Posey
Posey Sr
Posey
Posey
Cumberland Jr
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Posey
Cumberland
Posey
Cumberland Willis
Posey
Cumberland Posey


title: C. H. "Sammy" Downs

texts:
<mask>, known as C. H. "Sammy<mask> (October 1, 1911 – May 14, 1985), was a lawyer and politician from Alexandria, Louisiana, who served as a Democratic member in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. He was a state senator during the final two terms of the Earl Kemp Long administration, 1948 to 1952 and 1956 to 1960. He was Long's senatorial floor leader and later a key player in the administration of another Long faction governor, John J. McKeithen. Background

Born in 1911, C. H<mask>, known as "Sammy", was one of seven children from the 1900 marriage of the former <mask> (died 1983) and U. T<mask>, a native of LaSalle Parish. <mask> was born in his mother's native community of Effie in Avoyelles Parish, south of Rapides Parish. He is named for his paternal great-grandfather, <mask>, originally from Mississippi. His maternal great-grandfather, Uriah Whatley, came to Louisiana about 1812 as a Methodist circuit preacher.U. T<mask>, a businessman, served two terms and a portion of a third as the mayor of Pineville, located on the eastern side of the Red River across from Alexandria. In 1924, <mask> was elected Sheriff of Rapides Parish, a post which he held for sixteen years. In the 1920s, Sheriff U. T<mask>, a Southern Baptist, had been a member of the Ku Klux Klan, which had enjoyed a revival after 1915. When the organization folded its Rapides Parish chapter after a national scandal, he joined a still functioning KKK unit in Atlanta, Georgia. C. H<mask> graduated in 1932 from the Southern Baptist-affiliated Louisiana College, a secondary school in Pineville; he was president of the senior class. In 1933, he graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Career
From 1933 to 1939, <mask> worked as a teacher and coach at Glenmora High School in Glenmora in south Rapides Parish.From 1939 to 1944, he served as principal at Cheneyville High School in Cheneyville, also in south Rapides Parish. In 1941, principal <mask> was elected president of the Louisiana Teachers Association. As long as people run for government office, you will have indictments, stealing, and the like. - said the educator-turned-lawyer, Democrat C. H. "Sammy<mask>

In November 1939, his father, U. T<mask>, and three of his deputies: W. C. Nash, N. G. Aymond, and Roy Yerby, were among nineteen persons named in sixty-six indictments by a Rapides Parish grand jury. The four men from the sheriff's department were charged with malfeasance in office. Other men faced charges for bribery, embezzlement, and income tax violations. Mayors V. V. Lamkin of Alexandria, an Earl Long supporter, was charged with bribery and malfeasance in office.Mayor Rollo C. Lawrence of Pineville and State Representative Richmond C<mask> were indicted for dual-officeholding, or being "deadheads" on the state payroll. Other indictments were issued against George C. Gray, the former Alexandria chief of police and a candidate to succeed <mask> as sheriff, and Alexandria police officers Allen E. Zachary and Joseph T. Ohman. <mask> entered state politics and was elected in 1944 as a Democratic state representative. While still serving, he completed his law degree, which he received in 1946 at the age of thirty-five from LSU's Paul M. Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge. <mask> was a member of the Masonic lodge, the Chamber of Commerce, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Like his parents, he belonged to the First Baptist Church of Pineville, Louisiana. Political career

<mask> was first elected in 1944 at the age of thirty-three to one of three at-large seats in the Louisiana House from Rapides Parish.In contrast to single-member districts, these seats required candidates to gain a majority of votes across the parish. <mask>' tenure coincided with the first administration of Governor Jimmie Davis, and he served alongside future Alexandria Mayor <mask><mask>. In 1948, <mask> moved up to the state Senate; also elected were Earl Long as governor, Bill Dodd as lieutenant governor, and Bolivar Edwards Kemp, Jr., as attorney general. After a four-year absence, <mask> returned to the Senate in 1956 for his second term by defeating fellow Democratic State Representative <mask>. Blair, an Alexandria businessman allied with the anti-Long faction of Louisiana politics. In 1959, however, with anti-Long sentiment running strongly statewide, Blair unseated <mask>. Blair held the seat until 1964, when he was defeated after one term.Blair was re-elected in 1965, and served after that in the state senate from 1966 to 1976. After <mask> left the state Senate, he joined the group working for Earl Long's election in 1960 for the vacant seat in Louisiana's 8th congressional district. (This has since been redistricted.) Others on the bandwagon were Bill Dodd, Sixty Rayburn, Long attorney Joseph A. Sims, and A. A. Fredericks, Long's former executive assistant and another former state senator from Natchitoches. While Long defeated the short-term incumbent, <mask>. McSween of Alexandria, for the Democratic nomination for the House, he died before he could take his seat. McSween won the ensuing special election for the term ending on January 3, 1963.In the spring of 1964, <mask> was the chairman of the Louisiana Democratic State Central Committee, in which capacity he largely allied himself with Leander Perez, the political boss of Plaquemines Parish and the leader of the forces opposed to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, then seeking  a full term in office. Perez at first pushed for Democratic electors pledged to George Wallace, the governor of Alabama,  but he later abandoned that approach and endorsed Republican Barry M. Goldwater. <mask> resigned from the Democratic party chairmanship in December 1966 and was succeeded by Edward M<mask>, a Lake Charles attorney backed by the loyalists who favored another term for President Johnson, who soon took himself out of contention for reelection. <mask>uche defeated, fifty-four to thirty-eight, the Perez-backed W. L. "Jack<mask>, the mayor of Monroe, who in 1964 had been among the list of Democratic defectors to Goldwater. <mask> joined the administration of John McKeithen in the spring of 1964. The two had served together in the legislature from 1948 to 1952; McKeithen, as a state representative from Caldwell Parish and Downs, as senator from Rapides Parish. <mask> was the master of ceremonies at the McKeithen inauguration.He left the administration in 1965 but remained an unpaid advisor to McKeithen. <mask> once remarked, rather nonchalantly, that political corruption is common in Louisiana and would likely remain so: "As long as people run for government office, you will have indictments, stealing, and the like." He made the statement in 1972 after appearing before a federal grand jury which investigated allegations of kickbacks in the Louisiana state insurance program. <mask> indicated that he had never taken insurance commissions. When Life Magazine reported the strong influence of organized crime on Louisiana state government, a defensive McKeithen named <mask>, another Alexandria lawyer, to head an investigation into the question. Gravel soon resigned in outrage when the investigation was stopped after <mask> became the target. <mask>' private telephone in the capitol, kept in a "locked box" and available only to him, allegedly kept the governor's office in contact with Mafia kingpins.Without Gravel, the investigation continued during 1966 under the supervision of Sargent Pitcher, then the district attorney of East Baton Rouge Parish. It was  revealed that <mask> had been in communication with the New Orleans crime family boss <mask> regarding a real estate transaction in Alexandria, but no allegation of wrongdoing came forth on the matter. Pitcher also found no link between Marcello and another former McKeithen aide, Aubrey W. Young, other than two telephone calls to which Young admitted, one of which concerned what became the Louisiana Superdome. Despite Pitcher's report, McKeithen still described <mask> as "the only Mafia link I know of  in my administration." In 1968, <mask> joined the presidential campaign of American Independent Party nominee George Wallace, who after having withdrawn from consideration in 1964,  hoped without success to deny Richard M. Nixon and <mask><mask> an electoral college majority. McKeithen, however, had supported <mask> at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Afterwards, <mask> returned to the McKeithen administration as executive counsel, the Mafia link apparently overlooked or discounted.In 1969, McKeithen named <mask> director of public works. <mask> was suspended by Governor McKeithen as the public works director early in 1972 after indictment by a federal grand jury for taking bribes from the Shoup Voting Machine Company Downs soon resigned from the administration, and the Shoup company was also indicted in the case. In the 1973 trial, the case against <mask> resulted in a hung jury. Family legacy

<mask> married the former Alice Daigre (1914-1994), a sister of the Alexandria consulting engineer Louis Jacob Daigre, Jr. They had a son, <mask> <mask>, known as <mask>, and two daughters together before their divorce. <mask> and six employees of the Louisiana State Department of Education were indicted on fraud charges brought forward after an investigation of the vocational rehabilitation department, which receives federal funding. The indictments against both <mask>es came from grand juries empaneled by U.S. Attorney Gerald J. Gallinghouse of New Orleans, an appointee of President Nixon.She was later interred at the Henderson James Cemetery in rural Hot Wells in Rapides Parish. <mask> <mask>, known as "Jam" <mask> (born October 1940), the son of Sammy and <mask> and also a graduate of the LSU Law Center, was from 2000 to 2014 the 9th Judicial District district attorney, based in Rapides Parish. He is retiring from the position in January 2015. Before his election as DA, <mask> had been an assistant district attorney. He is known for his interest in conservation, hunting, and enforcement of game laws. He was born in Cheneyville. He resides with his wife, the former Maureen Stewart, in a restored farmhouse near Lecompte.One of <mask>' older brothers, J. Earl <mask>, was the public safety commissioner in Shreveport. He served alongside Mayors James C. Gardner and <mask>, prior to 1962, when <mask> was unseated in the Democratic primary that summer by George W. D'Artois. He and his wife later moved to Franklin in Macon County, North Carolina, where he died in 1998 at the age of ninety-three. At the time of his death, <mask> was married to the former Laura Eskew (born 1923). She brought her two children to the marriage, Laurna E<mask> and John E<mask>. (<mask> was not related to the late <mask> <mask>, known as <mask>, a five-term member of the Alexandria City Council and the namesake of the Johnny Downs Sports Complex at 271 Vandenburg Drive in Alexandria.) References

1911 births
1985 deaths
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana state senators
Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
People from Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
Politicians from Alexandria, Louisiana
People from Cheneyville, Louisiana
Educators from Louisiana
American school principals
Louisiana lawyers
Louisiana Christian University alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Louisiana State University Law Center alumni
Baptists from Louisiana
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Baptists
Conservatism in the United States

masks:
Crawford Hugh Downs
" Downs
. Downs
Callie McCann
. Downs
Sammy Downs
Crawford Downs
. Downs
Downs
. Downs
. Downs
Downs
Downs
" Downs
. Downs
. Hathorn
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Carl B
. Close
Downs
Downs
Cecil R
Downs
Downs
Harold B
Downs
Downs
. Carmouche
Carmo
" Howard
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Camille Gravel
Downs
Downs
Downs
Carlos Marcello
Downs
Downs
Hubert H
. Humphrey
Humphrey
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
James Crawford
Downs
Jam Downs
Alice Downs
Downs
James Crawford
Downs
Downs
Alice Downs
Jam Downs
Downs
Downs
Clyde Fant
Downs
Downs
. Cornelison
. Campbell
Downs
John Harden
Barnett Downs
Johnny Downs


title: Ed Snider

texts:
<mask> (January 6, 1933 – April 11, 2016) was an American business executive. He was the chairman of Comcast Spectacor, a Philadelphia-based sports and entertainment company that owns the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League; the Wells Fargo Center; the regional sports network Comcast SportsNet; and Global Spectrum, an international facilities management company. He formerly owned the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, and was part-owner of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in the Washington, D.C. region, the son of a grocery-store chain owner. He attended the University of Maryland and earned his bachelor's degree in accounting. Business career
<mask> started a record company, Edge Ltd., with his friend Jerry Lilienfield in the 1960s, which was moderately successful. They eventually shut down the company, giving Snider the opportunity to join Jerry Wolman (builder) and <mask>'s brother-in-law Earl Foreman (attorney) as they purchased the Philadelphia Eagles in 1964.<mask> was given an option to purchase a 7% stake in the team and eventually served as vice president and treasurer, running the day-to-day operations of the Eagles. Upon learning that the NHL was planning to expand, <mask> and Wolman made plans for a new arena—the Spectrum—to house both a hockey team and the 76ers. On February 8, 1966, the NHL awarded Philadelphia a conditional franchise, one which would eventually be named the Philadelphia Flyers and start playing in 1967. In the summer of 1967, <mask> and Wolman ended their business partnership and exchanged some of their business assets. <mask> became the majority owner of the Flyers and Wolman became sole owner of the Spectrum. When Wolman placed the Spectrum in bankruptcy in 1971, Snider and Foreman took over the building, eventually paying off every creditor in full. In 1974 Snider created Spectacor as a holding company for the executives that ran the Flyers and the Spectrum.The Flyers became the first NHL expansion team to win the Stanley Cup in 1974, and to repeat as champions in 1975. <mask> would found or acquire several businesses during his career, most notably a regional premium cable channel, PRISM, and the first all-sports radio station, WIP. Amidst a lengthy battle with 76ers owner Harold Katz, the city of Philadelphia, and the city of Camden, New Jersey, <mask> privately-financed a new arena to keep the Flyers and 76ers in Philadelphia, what would become the CoreStates Center (now the Wells Fargo Center). Prior to the Wells Fargo Center's opening in 1996, he sold a 66% stake of all of his businesses, including Spectacor, to Philadelphia-based Comcast, creating Comcast Spectacor. However, <mask> remained chairman of the venture, retaining a 34% interest. Soon after, Comcast-Spectacor, along with the Philadelphia Phillies created Comcast SportsNet in 1996. The company also bought the 76ers, who had been Snider's tenants since 1971.Comcast Spectacor was also granted an expansion franchise in the AHL, the Phantoms. In a 1999 Philadelphia Daily News poll, <mask> was selected as the city's greatest sports mover and shaker, beating out legends such as Connie Mack, Sonny Hill, Bert Bell, and Roger Penske. In 2005, Snider became a prominent investor in a Foxwoods slots casino proposed for the waterfront in Philadelphia. In September 2008, facing massive opposition at the originally intended site, backers for the slots casino decided to seek a new location in the Center City area, next to Philadelphia's Chinatown community. Nonprofit organizations
In 1985, <mask> was one of the founding contributors of the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI), which was established by the philosopher Leonard Peikoff to promote Rand's philosophy of Objectivism. In 1990, after a dispute between ARI and philosopher David Kelley, Snider became a backer of Kelley's rival organization, the Institute for Objectivist Studies (now known as The Atlas Society). In 2003, Snider became a founding board member of the National Foundation for Celiac Awareness (now named Beyond Celiac.)He continued to support the organization until his death in 2016. In 2005, <mask> created the Ed Snider Youth Hockey Foundation to provide a means to reach inner-city children in the Philadelphia area and provide them with the opportunity to learn to play hockey. Honors and awards
In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1997, <mask> was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. In 2005, <mask> was inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame. In 2011, <mask> was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2012, the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association renamed its Humanitarian Award as the <mask>der Lifetime Distinguished Humanitarian Award, with <mask> as the first recipient of the newly named award.Personal life
<mask>'s children are Jay, Craig, Lindy, Tina, Sarena and Samuel. He had 15 grandchildren at the time of his death. <mask> served as president of the Philadelphia Flyers from 1983 to 1994, and president of Spectacor, Inc. from 1987 to 94. <mask> was married four times. His first marriage was to Myrna Gordon. They had four children and divorced in 1981. In 1983, he married model Martha McGeary with whom he had two children.They later divorced. In 2004, he married Belgian Christine Decroix (born 1957), a former singer for the Belgian girl-pop group the Lovelettes in the 1970s; they divorced in 2009. He married his fourth wife, Lin Spivak (born 1968), on February 14, 2013. <mask> was a brother of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. Death
In 2014, <mask> was treated for bladder cancer. Although he announced in September 2014 that he was "cancer free", the cancer subsequently returned. <mask> died on April 11, 2016, at his home in Montecito, California.The Flyers wore a patch in his memory on the right shoulder, a black circle with "EMS" in white, for their Stanley Cup Playoff series against the Washington Capitals. For the following season, they wore a patch on the same shoulder, this one having <mask>'s signature in a black circle, with a line and the Flyers logo under the signature. References

External links

 Ed Snider Youth Hockey Foundation

1933 births
2016 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from bladder cancer
National Basketball Association executives
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
Jewish American sportspeople
Objectivists
People from Washington, D.C.
Philadelphia 76ers owners
Philadelphia Flyers owners
Stanley Cup champions
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Ayn Rand Institute

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title: Yihya Yitzhak Halevi

texts:
<mask>, son of Moshe (Musa) <mask> ( also commonly known as Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak from the house of Yitzḥak Halevi) (1867 – 1932), was a Yemeni born rabbinical scholar who served as one of the last great scholars and chief jurists of the rabbinic court at Ṣan‘ā’, which post he held for nearly thirty years, a time interrupted only during the siege laid to the city (Dec. 1904—Jan. 1906) by loyal Yemeni forces under Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn (1904—1948) in their bid to oust the Ottoman Turks who then controlled the city. The Rabbi, meanwhile, had fled with his family to Dhamar. Early life

<mask> was born in Ṣan‘ā’, the eldest of ten children born unto Musa Yitzḥak, a tanner of hides by profession, and a descendant of one of the city's more illustrious Jewish families. Yiḥya Yitzḥak received his early education from his maternal grandfather, the Rabbi and kabbalist Shalom Mansura, and was already knowledgeable in the laws of ritual slaughtering at the early age of eleven. In 1880, at the age of thirteen, he began to study the Talmud and the legal writings of the poskim, with other boys his own age, in the house of his grandfather, the said Rabbi Mansura, until his grandfather's death in 1883. Afterwards, he studied under the prominent scholars in the famous Maharitz synagogue in Ṣan‘ā’.The synagogue served at that time as the city's chief seat of learning. In the evenings, he would continue his studies in the midrashic school belonging to the great teacher, Rabbi Ḥayim Qoraḥ (d. 1914), where they studied Ein Yaakov and the Shulchan Arukh and their respective commentaries. Around the age of seventeen he married his first wife, Saadah Khamri, who died after she had given birth to five children (two sons and three daughters), two of whom died in their youth. One of his two sons, Shalom Yitzḥak (Ishaq) <mask> (b. 1891), immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923 and became the Chief Rabbi of the Yemenite Jewish community in Tel Aviv-Yafo (1925 – 1961), serving also as the Av Beit-Din in a rabbinic court (1925 – 1956) in Tel Aviv, and was an active member of the Chief Rabbinate Council in Jerusalem for nearly forty years. Yiḥya, not willing to remain a widower, took in marriage a second wife, Rumiyyah, the daughter of Suleiman Hibshush, by whom he had other children. The Rabbi's youngest son, Hayyim Yitzḥak <mask> (born 1920), eventually immigrated to the Land of Israel in the airlift known as "Operation Magic Carpet," and served as the Chief Rabbi of Herzliya between the years 1972–2005.As most scholars of his generation, Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was trained in the laws of ritual slaughter of livestock such as prescribed in Jewish law and when later tasked with the public affairs and oversight of the community, he would ordain qualified ritual slaughterers of domesticated animals throughout the country, and periodically inspected them. He was the scion of a prominent rabbinic family, the Sasson Halevi family, who came to Yemen from Iraq prior to the time of Muhammad. Family origins
Although the family had lived in Yemen before the advent of Islam, the descendants of the illustrious Sasson Halevi of Iraq, the Bayt Yitzḥak Halevi family first rose to prominence during the return of the Jewish exiles from Mawza. In 1680, a certain man of this family, Rabbi Yeḥiya <mask>, was appointed governor over the affairs of the Jewish people. He begat a son, calling him by his own name, Yeḥiya, who in turn begat a son by the name of Shalom, who was the father of Abraham Al-Sheikh. He and his son, Shalom, became the first of their family to bear the name of Al-Sheikh, or "elder," owing to the king's great regard for this family. Rabbi Yiḥya  Yitzḥak Halevi and his family belonged to the Baladi-rite congregations of Yemen.Election and arrest
In 1902, at the young age of thirty-five, he was — on the basis of his scholarship and his counseling ability — one of the candidates for replacing the lately deceased Nasi and chief jurist of the rabbinic court at Sana'a, Rabbi Shelomo (Suleiman) Ṣaleh. The heads of the community in Sana'a came together at the synagogue known as Bayt Saleh, which served at that time as the general seat of learning and of halakhic determination, in order to select a replacement. After much deliberation as to how to proceed, it was decided that lots would be cast, the names of the candidates written upon pieces of paper and pooled together, from which only one name would be drawn. The eldest of their Rabbis, the honorable Mori Hayim b. Yosef Qorah, a man then aged eighty, was he that was to draw the lot. The names were placed within the ark bearing the scrolls of the Law (Torah) and the doors were then shut. Mori Hayim Qorah then proceeded to recite one of the Psalms, wherein are to be found the words, "Thou maintainest my lot" (Ps. 16).The entire congregation recited aloud along with him in perfect unison the entire Psalm, while standing upon their feet. Expectations were high and could be seen on the faces of all those gathered in that place. When the Psalm's recital had come to an end, a great silence fell over the congregation. Mori Hayim Qorah put forth his hand into the ark and, with a trembling hand, he withdrew one slip of paper. He then called out to those there gathered, saying: "God's elect is Mori <mask> <mask> Halevi." Some began to murmur that perhaps there had been a mistake. The lot was repeated twice, and, again, a third time, with the results showing the same thing.A murmur could then be heard and felt by the people, some saying: Me’eth A-donai  hoyǝtha zoth (This thing has come from the Lord). The lot had fallen to <mask>, son of Moshe <mask> Halevi. When he perceived what had happened, and that he was elected to head the post of President, he concealed his face within his mantle, refusing to show himself. He later objected adamantly before the assembly who had gathered there, eventually fleeing from their presence. The men who had gathered at that place quickly followed after him until they reached his house. Yet, their pleas and platitudes were of no avail. He would not return with them to take up the office of President of the Court.Neither would the assembly cast lots again, a fourth time, so there remained in the Court at Sana'a only one, a certain Rabbi Ibrahim, the son of R. Sāleh, to adjudicate as judge, seeing that he was singularly qualified to pass judgment by himself. Yet, in matters which required three judges, he was joined by Rabbi Shalom b. Yiḥya Hibshush, the author of Shoshannat Ha-Melekh, and by Rabbi Hayim Hacohen. It was not until after the death of Rabbi b. <mask> Hibshush in the famine of 1905 that Rabbi <mask> <mask> Halevi decided to assume the role of leader of Yemen's community. Only one year after Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak's election, in 1903, the Rabbi and his fellow judges were accused of usurping authority over the Muslim judge (Ar. al-qāḍi), and he was arrested and put in prison, while his feet were shackled in fetters of iron. He was released owing to his unrelenting protests and his patient endurance. When the siege was lifted in early 1906, Sana'a was decimated of more than half its population because of the famine within the city.Among the dead was the great Rabbi and scholar Shalom b. <mask> Hibshush, author of Shoshannat Ha-Melekh. In the spring of 1906, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was confirmed by the ruling monarch as one of four representatives of the Jewish community in Sana'a, along with Harun al-Cohen, Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ and Yiḥya al-Abyadh. The document outlined the obligations of the Jewish community toward the Muslim State and the Poll Tax (Ar. al-jizya) assessed against every male 13 years of age and older. Return of the Imam
Spurred on by the news that the Imam would be returning to Sana'a, one of the first things Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak did upon assuming the role of community leader was to appoint a new rabbinic court, whose former members had mostly perished in the famine of 1905. He appointed Amram Qaruḥ (Qoraḥ) and Hayim Mishreqi. The Rabbi, following the practice of the early courts of Jewish law, also appointed Rabbi Yiḥya Naḥum of al-Shaghadra (born 1875) to be his agent and inspector of the ritual slaughter of livestock throughout the provinces (since Jews were not permitted to eat of the slaughter made by non-Jews, and could only make-use of what was slaughtered by one who was adequately trained in such laws and who possessed a valid license), and to instruct those who were found negligent, and to confirm those who were adept in their ritual slaughter and in removing the suet; as also conduct controversies arising over bills of divorce and betrothals.Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak also bought a new house in the center of the Jewish Quarter so as to be nearer to his protégés. He would also attend the lessons conducted by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafih in the Bayt-Midrash on Saturday nights, and prayed there on Saturday mornings. When the Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn entered the city, he was greeted in full-force by the Jewish community who had purchased an ox from the monies donated to the public coffer and given it to the Imam as a welcoming present, which was duly slaughtered and eaten by his entourage. This act assured that the Jews would be protected by their Muslim patrons under the Imam. For the event, Rabbi <mask> Qafih prepared a welcoming address in Arabic, which he read before the king and his entourage. City recaptured by the Turks
When the Ottoman Turks returned to capture the city in 1907, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi remained in favor with the ruling power and concerned himself with public affairs during the day, and with making ritual slaughter on domesticated animals in the evening. The city prospered under the Turks.When the Turkish military commander, Ahmad Fawzi Bashi was replaced in 1909 by Muhammad Ali Bashi, he financed the building of a Jewish school and had once paid a visit to the school to make a test of their accomplishments. During this time, <mask> Halevi exchanged letters of communication with the chief rabbi of the Ottoman Empire, Rabbi Chaim Nahum Effendi. It was during the Turkish occupation of Sana'a that Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was conferred the honorary title of Ḥakham Bāshī (the Sage dignitary). Under the Imam, Jews were initially prohibited from building or establishing new synagogues, but during Ottoman rule three new synagogues

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title: Yihya Yitzhak Halevi

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 were opened in Sana'a, one of which in the house of Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi. When the Imam retook the city in 1911, he closed the three new synagogues, which remained closed for fifteen years. Notwithstanding, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi found favor in the eyes of the king, the king conferring upon him the governance over the Jewish people, with more extended powers to collect the annual Poll-Tax of the Protected persons of the State (Ar. al-dhimmiyūn) from the local Jewish administrators throughout the provinces, and to make use of the king's soldiers, if need be, to arrest offenders of orthodox Jewish law.The Chief Rabbi's first test came in 1920, one week before Passover, when he was called upon to intervene in the release of Jewish silversmiths who had conspired with the rebellious elder son of the king who had employed them in minting coins under his own name, in defiance of his father, and were all arrested. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi appealed to the king on their behalf, who permitted them to be released in time to observe the upcoming holiday with their families. During Carl Rathjens' visit with the chief rabbi (either in 1927 or 1931), he copied down the names of the towns and villages settled by Jews in Yemen from a list made available to him by the rabbi and taken from the tax rolls, for which he was accountable to the king. The total number of Jewish communities in Yemen he puts at 371. The jizyah (poll-tax) collected annually from every Jewish adult male by the Chief Rabbi amounted to one Maria Theresa thaler (riyal) for a poor man, two of the same coins in specie for the middle classes, and four or more thalers for the rich. As chief jurist in Sana'a, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was later joined by fellow judges, Mori Yiḥya b. Suleiman Qafiḥ and by Mori Avraham al-Kohen, and often by Mori Yehiya b. Salam Abyadh, who eventually succeeded Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak as chief jurist in 1932, following the death of the Chief Rabbi. In 1911, he and his fellow jurists answered some twenty-six questions posed to the court in Sana'a by the chief rabbi of Ottoman Palestine, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook.Many of the court documents and responsa originating from Sana'a during this period bear these men's signatures. Veiling of Jewish women
When the Imam returned to Sana'a, some of the Muslims had come to him complaining that Jewish wives customarily go forth in the public domain without an adequate covering over their heads, viz. their faces were uncovered, against that practice of married women of Islam who walk while covered from their heads to the soles of their feet, and their faces veiled. The Imām, being a defender of the Jews, requested from Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak to do what he could about the matter, in order to bring to silence those who railed on the Jewish custom. Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak called for a consultation about the matter, and laid out before them the complaint of the Muslims, and the request that had come to him from the king, Yahyā. During the consultation, it was agreed upon to make an edict that Jewish women would henceforth go out into the public domain while their faces veiled out of modesty. Formerly, Jewish women went with many coverings upon their heads; scarves covered by other scarves.By the time of the mass emigration from Yemen, most Jewish women did not go in the footsteps of their mothers, and would only wear two coverings upon their heads, but whenever they went out in public places (e.g. the marketplace) they would wear three coverings upon their heads. The first of these coverings was a white cloth worn over their hair, covered by two upper scarves. The new edict, however, did not set well with a certain man of the community, who instructed his wife not to heed the new ruling of going out in public places with a veil, and under his prodding convinced other men to have their wives ignore the same ruling. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi conducted an inquest into who they were that wantonly annulled the edict, and when it was learnt that they had done so by order of their husbands, he commanded to have them arrested as punishment for their annulment of the decree. Dispute over secular education in Jewish schools and over Kabbalah
Although the two leading Rabbis often prayed and studied together, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask> would eventually become the chief disputant in a case involving himself and Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ over reforms that Rabbi Qafiḥ and his son, David, introduced into the curriculum in the new Jewish school built in 1909. Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ, the headmaster, had pressed that Jewish students be taught arithmetic and the rudiments of the Arabic and Turkish languages and writing, and that the neo-kabbalistic books which espouse to Lurianic Kabbalah and the Zohar be diminished from the curriculum because of a concern that it inaccurately promotes pluralism/dualism in the godhead.This stance eventually caused a rift in the community, with the two leaders of the Jewish community and their protégés breaking off into dueling factions in 1912. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi coined the other faction by the name  darda'im, which group was led by anti-kabbalist, Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ, while he and his party were called "iqeshim". When they were unable to resolve their dispute, the matter was referred to the Third Shari'a Court of Sana'a in 1914 (anno Hijri 1332). It was the rule for litigants, if a case proved intractable before the Jewish court (bet din), to defer it to a Muslim court of law (qāḍi) or, in the case of villagers, to the local tribal authority, where it was decided according to the logic of customary law (taghut). The Muslim judge who ruled over this case was Muhammad b. Abbas al-Ḥūthī, whose verdict (Ar. fatwa) called out for the continuation of established Jewish customs and norms heretofore practised in Yemen, and that no party to the dispute is allowed to coerce others into changing his course of behavior or tradition. The judge's ruling was appended with a verdict from the king himself and affixed with the king's seal, in which he ruled: "What should be studied in their synagogues and seats of learning is that which Yiḥya Yitzḥak studies of that which is without innovation.(ghayr muḥdath)." The new school established by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ was, thereafter, closed. Ultimately, the Muslim verdict (fatwā) failed to resolve the dispute over the kabbalah, seeing that after the deaths of Rabbis Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask> (d. 1932) and Yiḥya Qafiḥ (d. 1931), the controversy over the kabbalah reemerged. Resolution of land ownership
At Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask>'s suggestion, the king of Yemen (Imam Yahya) settled a long-standing dispute between the Jewish community and the application of laws defined by the local Waqf, or mortmain property. Accordingly, the land upon which the new Jewish Quarter was built following their return from Mawza was land provided by the king, but as of 1872, the Jews were required to pay a monthly tenancy fee for the land although they claimed ownership of the land, and which money accrued to the Muslim Waqf; being usufruct State land of which the State revenues are assured to pious foundations, in this case, for the upkeep of Muslim places of worship. The Rabbi suggested to the king that the Jews be permitted to purchase the land whereon they had resided, rather than pay tenancy fees for such land. The king acquiesced.In the winter of 1918, the Imam Yahya ordered that those Jewish residents who were able to provide legal documents proving that they had purchased their property would be made exempt from re-purchasing such property, while all other Jewish residents were to pay for their land, half of which payment would be given to the Waqf (Islamic trust), and half of which to the Imam. Assessors were sent to the Jewish Quarter, and it was decided that the Jews would pay 8000 Riyals (crowns) for acquisition of the land. In the end, only 7500 Riyals (crowns) were paid, while the Imam forgave the remaining 500 Riyals (crowns) for the sake of the poor. A bill of sale was drawn up to that effect. Death and legacy
Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi died six months after the death of his disputant, Rabbi Yiḥyah Qafiḥ. He is remembered for being adamant in his efforts to preserve the community's unity, in the midst of rising contentions and disputes over the kabbalah, and not being willing to see his community broken-up by vying factions over ideology, especially with regard to practices heretofore observed by many of Yemen's elders. He was faced with daunting challenges, and was tasked with rebuilding a community that was devastated after the famine of 1905, a community which once numbered seven-thousand souls, and which had dwindled to a mere several hundred.His resolve and determination, and his nurturing of good ties with the ruling monarch, helped solidify his command and hegemony over the Jewish people throughout Yemen, and had been given the power to punish offenders by imprisonment. He was zealous over the preservation of Yemenite Jewish culture, and especially, the perpetuation of their peculiar manner of pronunciation of Hebrew, over the more popular Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew, and worked diligently to save Jewish orphans from falling into the hands of the government and who would, otherwise, be forced to convert to Islam. He was seen by his protégés as the right man for the situation, considering the immense challenges facing the Jews of Yemen. Because of his tireless efforts on their behalf, they gave to him the time-honored title, borrowed from a biblical verse, "The angel who has delivered me from all evil." (Gen. 48:16)

Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was succeeded by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Abyadh (the king's minter of coins) as Chief Rabbi of Yemen. Further reading
 Aharon Gaimani, <mask> <mask> and his Relations with the Imam Yahya, pub. in Journal: Middle Eastern Studies, vol.46, Issue 2, March 2010, pp. 235–250 ()
 Aviran <mask> <mask>, Ish Yemini (4 volumes), Benei Baraq 2011 (Hebrew) ()
 Tehuda - vol. 28 (ed. Paltiel Giat), Netanya 2012 (Hebrew)
 Yehiel Hibshush, Shenei Hame'orot (vol. 1-2), Tel Aviv 1987 / 1989 (Hebrew)
 Aharon Gaimani, תעודות חדשות למעמדו של הרב יחיא יצחק הלוי כמנהיג יהדות תימן, (Hebrew)

References

1867 births
1932 deaths
Yemenite rabbis
Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Orthodox rabbis
Jewish Yemeni history
Jews and Judaism in Yemen
Levites
Arabian

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title: Mian Ghulam Jilani

texts:
Major General <mask> (SQA, Imtiazi Sanad) (1 March 1913 – 1 March 2004) was a two-star general officer in the Pakistan Army who, as an Indian Army officer during the Second World War had survived a Japanese PoW camp at Singapore. He subsequently rose to help negotiate Pakistan's membership in the Baghdad Pact and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. An ethnic Pashtun, he retired from the Pakistan Army in 1962 and was jailed 1973 for his political beliefs. Amnesty International declared him a prisoner of conscience in 1974. He escaped from custody and took political asylum in the United States in 1975. Early life
<mask> was born in Sibi, in the Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan, when the British ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. He was educated at Forman Christian College in Lahore and later in Law at the Aligarh Muslim University, then in India.He completed his officer’s training at the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun in India and was commissioned as second lieutenant on to the Special List, Indian Land Forces on 1 February 1936 and attached to the 2nd battalion the Royal Scots Regiment on 24 February 1936 for a years experience before joining his Indian Army regiment. He was accepted for the Indian Army on 24 February 1937 and posted to the 4th battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment. His seniority as a second lieutenant was antedated to 3 February 1935 and he was promoted Lieutenant 3 May 1937. He was later appointed acting Captain and then appointed Adjutant of the 4/19th 1 October 1940. Captured at Singapore
During the Second World War the 4th battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment was sent to Singapore with the British Indian Army and he was captured and taken prisoner by the Japanese in 1942. He was a prisoner of war for nearly forty months. He was tortured and kept in solitary confinement for seven months during this period.Whilst a prisoner of war he was promoted Captain. He was mention in despatches in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Malaya in 1942. Shortly after World War II, the movement for independence from the British resulted in the creation of Pakistan in 1947. <mask> threw his energy and enthusiasm behind it. Pakistan and the Kashmir Operations
He joined the newly formed Pakistan Army and was the 42nd senior most officer (PA – 42), commanding a unit of the Frontier Force Regiment. A few weeks later he took a leave of absence from the army to volunteer as a fighter in Kashmir, allegedly fighting for its "independence" and "right to join Pakistan". In April 1948, he was appointed Commanding Officer at Gilgit where he remained until the ceasefire.His troops played a major role in establishing what became the line of control between India and Pakistan, which has become the de facto international border and is likely to be formalized as the permanent border in the times ahead. He fought a guerrilla war in northern Kashmir, engaged two divisions of the Indian Army and "conquered" the whole of Baltistan, when the government of Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire at the behest of the United Nations. Relations with the United States

In 1952, as a Brigadier, he went to Washington as Pakistan’s first Military Attaché to the US in Washington. He was also Military Attache for Canada and Mexico. He brought about the military aid treaty between the United States and Pakistan, for which in 1955 he was awarded the Legion of Merit by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Pakistan awarded him the Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam, or Star of the Quaid, named after the founder of Pakistan. Senior Commander
On promotion to Major General, he served as GOC East Pakistan commanding 14th Infantry Division (Dhaka), Commandant of the Command and Staff College (Quetta) (July 1957 – December 1958), Master General of Ordnance (GHQ) and GOC 15th Infantry Division (Sialkot).As GOC 15th Div he along with (then) Brig Rakhman Gul MC Inspector General Frontier Corps served under (then) Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC GOC 7th Infantry Division who was the Force Commander for the Dir-Bajaur operation of October 1960. After Nawab Sir Shah Jehan Khan and his son Khan Shahabud Din Khan of Jandol were captured on 28 October, Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC moved back to Peshawar and Maj Gen <mask> Gulam <mask> took over as Force Commander. Political struggle
After retiring from the army, he entered politics and became a member of the provincial assembly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP). He was an outspoken critic of the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. On retirement from the army, he was hired by Fakhrudin Valika as a General Manager with the Valika Group in Karachi, until his entry into politics. He joined the National Awami Party, and was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa from his home constituency in Swabi (now Mardan) in the General Elections of 1970. During his National Awami Party years, he was the head of the Zalmay Pakhtun, and was arrested by the Pakistan Peoples Party government on 15 February 1973.His wife Mrs. Nancy Habiba <mask> filed a writ petition against his detention, and the judgment of the Lahore High Court was authored by Nasim Hasan Shah, J. and is reported as: Mrs. Habiba <mask> V Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1974 Lahore 153)

A smear campaign was launched against him. In a crackdown on his party, <mask> was arrested in 1973. Bhutto then attempted to bribe <mask> with offers of high positions—all to no avail. He was frequently arrested, but all charges against him were repeatedly dismissed by the courts. Amnesty International adopted him as a "prisoner of conscience" in 1974. In jail, <mask> managed to escape from his guards during a hospital visit in 1975 and got political asylum in the United States. He became a US citizen in 1981, and died at his daughter's home in Fairfax, Virginia on 1 March 2004.Member Provincial Assembly (NWFP) 1970–77

Bibliography
Judgments on the Constitution, Rule of Law, and Martial Law in Pakistan by Chief Justice Dr Nasim Hassan Shah, edited by Prof Dr M A Mannan (OUP 1993)
Pakistan. Problems of Governance by Mushahid Hussain & Akmal Hussain (Vanguard Books 1993) (p. 30, 87 & 90)

References

1913 births
2004 deaths
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Pakistan
British Indian Army officers
Forman Christian College alumni
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Frontier Force Regiment officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Indian prisoners of war
People with acquired American citizenship
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Pakistani generals
People from Sibi District
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Pakistani escapees
Escapees from Pakistani detention
Pakistani torture victims
Indian Military Academy alumni

masks:
Mian Gulam Jilani
Jilani
Jilani
Mian
Jilani
Jilani
Jilani
Jilani
Jilani
Jilani


title: Jarrad Seng

texts:
<mask> (born 2 February 1988) is an Australian photographer and filmmaker. Based in Perth, his work often mixes with his interests in music, travel and volunteering. Seng frequently collaborates with English singer Passenger, serving as his tour photographer on seven tours between 2012 and 2015, as well as directing many of his music videos. Seng has also toured with American band Matchbox Twenty and Australian folk singer Stu Larsen. His personal photographic work has seen him traveling to both Tanzania and Iceland twice. Seng has held four solo exhibitions — Portraits of Tanzania (2011), Alltervatn (2013), Spirit of the Masaai (2014) and The Space Between (2015) — and a collaborative exhibition, Parallels (2016), with Perth-based artist Amok Island. Seng received international media coverage in December 2014 after a prank video, in which he walked around a music festival disguised as American DJ Steve Aoki, went viral.In 2013, Seng was a finalist in the Propel Youth Arts Award category at the 2013 WA Youth Awards. Seng competed in season four of Australian Survivor, which began airing in late July 2017. Early life
Seng was born in the rural Western Australian mining town of Newman. His father, Kim, is Malaysian and his mother, Alice, is a Christmas Islander of Chinese descent. The family moved to Mandurah when Seng was three years old. He attended primary and high school at Frederick Irwin Anglican School, graduating in 2005. After high school, Seng began studying law at the University of Western Australia (UWA) but found it did not fit his creative nature and soon switched to an arts and commerce degree.From 2008 to 2011, Seng worked in a range of roles at St George's College, the residential college he was living at, including Arts Representative on the College Club Committee, Student Director of Music and as an Arts Tutor in 2011. Career
Although Seng always had an interest in photography, he never had any formal photography education. Seng began his photography career in 2009 while he was the music editor and writer for Pelican, the UWA student newspaper. While filling in the media accreditation form for the West Coast Blues & Roots Festival, Seng surreptitiously ticked the box for a photographer's pass even though he was only supposed to be there as a writer. Seng borrowed a friend's camera and researched how to take photos on the Internet. The photos turned out decently, leading Seng to buy his own camera and continue pursuing photography. Seng soon found photography could further his interests in music, travel and volunteering.Seng says he "fell in love with the idea of capturing the beauty of the world on film" while volunteering at a school in Nepal in 2009. In 2009, Seng also started a marketing internship at the Perth International Arts Festival, allowing him to photograph events and begin to get his work noticed. Since 2012, Seng has served as a tour photographer for a number of musicians and bands. Seng has been the tour photographer for English singer Passenger on seven tours between 2012 and 2015. In 2013, Seng toured with American rock band Matchbox Twenty on their Australian tour. An ebook, Going North, was released featuring <mask>'s photographs and written accounts of the tour experience. He also toured with Australian folk singer Stu Larsen on his 2014 European tour.In addition to music photography, Seng has also directed many music videos for Passenger, as well as music videos for Emma Stevens, Stu Larsen and Patrick James. In October 2014, Seng's photo of an Amity Affliction concert in Perth won the 2014 Monster Children Photo Comp in the music category, winning him $5,000. In April 2015, a short film directed by Seng to promote North Queensland won a competition run by Tropical North Queensland Tourism, winning a $20,000 prize package. In 2013, Seng was a finalist in the Propel Youth Arts Award category at the 2013 WA Youth Awards. He placed 32nd in the 2017 Australia's Top 50 Influencer Awards. Seng was the subject of an episode of the ABC program On Assignment which was released on ABC iview in September 2015. He was also featured in a video released in March 2017 promoting the Microsoft Surface Book.Photography exhibitions
In 2011, Seng travelled to Tanzania to volunteer at a school and orphanage. On the weekends, Seng would visit various villages and photograph candid portraits of the Maasai people. The photographs formed his first solo exhibition, Portraits of Tanzania. Seng travelled to Iceland in 2012 to take aerial photographs of the country's volcanic river systems. He hired a two-seater plane and photographed out the plane's window. "Every time I wanted to open the window my body disagreed. Opening the window meant pain.It meant a rush of cold air coming in. […] So by the end I had to psych myself up and really pick my moments," Seng said of the experience. The photographs were showcased in 2013 at Seng's second solo exhibition, Alltervatn. In 2013, Seng returned to Tanzania to help film a short documentary about the orphanage and shoot more portraits, this time focusing on the Maasai children. The portraits were featured in 2014 at <mask>'s third solo exhibition, Spirit of the Maasai. The documentary, My African Home, won the award for Best Documentary Short at the 2015 Winter Los Angeles Movie Awards. While in Tanzania, Seng also tracked down the Maasai people he had photographed two years earlier and presented them with canvas prints of their earlier selves.Seng returned to Iceland in 2015 to take a series of self-portraits against the country's landscape. Seng said the portraits explore "the sense of feeling both significant and totally insignificant simultaneously in the presence of nature's grandeur." The series of 12 photos formed his fourth solo exhibition, The Space Between. In December 2016, together with Perth-based artist Amok Island, Seng held his first collaborative exhibition, Parallels. The exhibition featured Seng's aerial photographs of Rottnest Island's coastline, alongside Amok Island's interpretations of the photos as minimal, geometric paintings. Other projects

Since 2013, Seng has participated in the Perth Fashion Festival's annual Windows of the City competition which sees Perth creatives partnered with a local business to create a store window display. In 2013, Seng worked with artist Annabelle Gordon on a paper cut display for the Sneaky Monkey Cafe at Raine Square.For his 2014 window display for Telstra's Hay Street store, titled Perth24 — A Portrait of the City, Seng spent 24 hours taking 300 portraits of people on the streets of Perth. In 2015, Seng created a photo installation for The Flour Factory, a bar on Queen Street. In 2014, Seng created The Hidden Sound, a planned series of music gigs where the artist and venue remained secret until the last minute. Australian singer-songwriter Kate Miller-Heidke performed the first gig in August 2014. Seng received international media coverage in December 2014 after a prank video he uploaded to YouTube and  Facebook went viral. The video depicts Seng walking around the Stereosonic music festival in Perth disguised as American DJ Steve Aoki, whom Seng is occasionally mistaken for. Festivalgoers are seen calling out Aoki's name and taking photos with Seng and Seng is shown dancing in the crowd while the real Steve Aoki is performing on stage.Aoki saw the video and the following weekend, at the Melbourne Stereosonic, <mask> and Aoki conducted another prank, with Seng dressed up as Aoki and Aoki posing as his photographer. In May 2015, following earthquakes in Nepal, Seng raised $10,000 for the Australian Red Cross by fulfilling various requests from individuals and businesses over a 24-hour period including taking photos, giving a talk to photography students and streaking through Hay Street in the Perth CBD. Seng competed in season four of the reality game show Australian Survivor, which was filmed in Samoa and began airing on 30 July 2017. He was the 13th contestant voted out, making it to day 36 and becoming the first member of the jury. Describing his time on the show, Seng said "It was so surreal, to be involved as a player on this show that I've been watching for years and years. It was really great, but it was really brutal as well, and that's what I loved." Personal life
Since 2015, Seng has been dating Rebecca Williams, a former Miss Universe WA finalist.References

External links

1988 births
Photographers from Western Australia
Australian music video directors
Australian people of Chinese descent
Australian people of Malaysian descent
People from Perth, Western Australia
Rock music photographers
Travel photographers
Living people
University of Western Australia alumni
Australian Survivor contestants

masks:
Jarrad Seng
Seng
Seng
Seng


title: Pedro Bordaberry

texts:
<mask> (born 28 April 1960) is a Uruguayan political figure from the Colorado Party. He was Minister of Industry, Energy and Mining from 2002 to 2003, Minister of Tourism and Sports from 2003 to 2005, and senator from 2010 to 2020. <mask> is the son of <mask>, President of Uruguay from 1972 to 1976. Family and early life
<mask> was born in Montevideo in 1960, the son of <mask>, who would become President of Uruguay from 1972 to 1976, and former first lady Josefina Herrán. His father led a self-coup in 1973 and closed down the legislature, starting a civic-military dictatorship that lasted until 1985. <mask> is a grandson of former Senator and Ruralist leader <mask>, and a great-grandson of <mask> (Senior), a French national from the Basque Country. His brother is the Ruralist leader <mask>, based in Durazno Department, central Uruguay.<mask> was educated at The British Schools of Montevideo, gaining fluency in English. Also, he finished highschool at Instituto Preuniversitario Salesiano Juan XXIII. He later studied law. Political career

Early ministerial career
<mask> served in the government of President Jorge Batlle as Minister of Industry and Energy (2002–2003) and Minister of Tourism and Sports (2003–2005). In 2005 he participated in the mayoral elections for Montevideo, but lost to Ricardo Ehrlich of the Broad Front, winning 26.9% of the vote to Ehrlich's 60.9%. Formation of Vamos Uruguay
Shortly after the 2005 municipal elections in Montevideo, <mask> split from the Lista 15 faction, and in 2007, following a meeting of supporters in Trinidad, he formed a new group in the Colorado Party called Vamos Uruguay (translated variously as "Let's go Uruguay" or "Come on, Uruguay"). The group has built up a nationwide organization, with local chapters established in many departments of the country.2009 Uruguayan Presidential elections

In 2009, <mask> was selected as the Colorado Party's candidate for the Presidential election. On 21 March 2009, <mask> was formally accepted as Presidential candidate for Vamos Uruguay at a ceremony in a stadium in Montevideo attended by an estimated 7,000 supporters. In June 2009, <mask> paused his work for the legal practice at which he had been active to focus on the Presidential campaign. In June 2009, <mask> was publicly criticised by Colorado Party colleague Luis Antonio Hierro López, a previous ministerial colleague also running for President, due to his surname. In a muted response, <mask> noted that Hierro had previously campaigned for <mask> as colleagues in government, and had previously been silent about <mask>'s family background. In the Presidential vote on 26 October, <mask> won 17%, finishing behind the National Party and Broad Front candidates, but increasing the Colorado Party's share of the vote. He endorsed Luis Alberto Lacalle for the second round run-off vote that took place at the end of November 2009.Views on economy and trade
Following the inauguration of the Obama Administration in the U.S., <mask> said that Uruguayan business leaders seeking to export their goods to the U.S. would encounter a greater degree of protectionism from U.S. officials. In August 2009, in the context of continuing, difficult relations with Argentina over trade issues, <mask> expressed strong reservations about the Mercosur trade pact, arguing that the Chilean model of pursuing bilateral trade pacts would be preferable for Uruguay. Senate career
<mask> was elected to the Uruguayan Senate in 2009. In early 2010 <mask> called for the establishment of a new university in the interior city of Durazno, with a view to assisting disadvantaged potential students. <mask> stood again for President in the 2014 elections, hiring campaign advisers who had worked for Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. In 2017, <mask> said that he would not run again for President or Senator in 2019. After 2019 internal elections, when Ernesto Talvi had been confirmed as the Colorado Party presidential candidate, <mask> again explored the possibility of running again for Senator, but withdrew after much opposition from party authorities.Political image

<mask>'s decision to seek a political base in Montevideo contrasts with his father, dictator Juan Maria <mask>, who had a long association with rural affairs. Juan Maria <mask> was arrested in 2006 in connection with the 1976 assassination of two legislators, Senator Zelmar Michelini and House leader Héctor Gutiérrez, and <mask> has since then been vocal in his support. Despite his own family history of dictatorship, <mask> has at several occasions accused former President José Mujica of being, or striving to become a dictator. <mask> sometimes participates in outdoor public meetings on horseback, or in traditional "gaucho" horseriding attire. Literary criticism
<mask> has contributed to literary criticism of the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges. He has discussed Borges's theme of the complexity of memory. <mask> is a major figure in rugby union in Uruguay, and has been president of the Uruguayan Rugby Union.On 21 August 2018, FIFA appointed a normalisation committee for the Uruguayan Football Association (AUF). <mask> was put in charge, alongside politician Armando Castaingdebat, and former professional association football player Andrés Scotti. See also
 List of political families#Uruguay

References

External links
Photograph of <mask>'s motorcade, Carpinteria, Durazno, 20 September 2008

1960 births
Candidates for President of Uruguay
Children of presidents of Uruguay
Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians
Living people
Members of the Senate of Uruguay
Ministers of Industries, Energy and Mining of Uruguay
Ministers of Tourism and Sport of Uruguay
People from Montevideo
Rugby union in Uruguay
Uruguayan lawyers
Uruguayan people of Basque descent
Uruguayan male writers
People named in the Panama Papers
People educated at The British Schools of Montevideo

masks:
Juan Pedro Bordaberry Herrán
Bordaberry
Juan Maria Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Juan Maria Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Domingo Bordaberry
Santiago Bordaberry
Santiago Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Pedro Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Pedro Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Sports Bordaberry
Bordaberry
Pedro Bordaberry


title: Pamela Clemit

texts:
<mask>, FRHistS (born 15 April 1960) is a British scholar, critic, and writer. She specializes in British literature and culture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Her work intersects with the fields of history, philosophy, and politics, and she has particular expertise in the Godwin-Shelley family of writers. Biography
<mask> was born at Chathill Railway Station in Northumberland to <mask>, the stationmaster, and his wife Violet (née Rowlands). She was educated at Seahouses County Primary School and the Duchess's Grammar School, Alnwick. She took a first-class B.A. (Hons.)degree in English Language and Literature from Mansfield College, Oxford, from where she also holds an M. Phil. She took a D. Phil in English from St Hugh's College, Oxford. She taught at Durham University from 1989 to 2015, where she was awarded a Personal Chair in the Department of English in 2005 and held a Christopherson/Knott Foundation Fellowship in 2012-13. She is currently Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary University of London and a Supernumerary Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford. She was a member of the inaugural class of Fellows at the New York Public Library's Dorothy and Lewis B. Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers. She has held Visiting Fellowships at, among other places, All Souls College, Oxford; Mansfield College, Oxford; and Wadham College, Oxford. <mask>it works on the two generations of writers and thinkers influenced by the French Revolution in Britain, with a particular focus on the anarchist political philosopher and novelist William Godwin (1756-1836) and his associates.She has produced numerous scholarly and classroom editions of novels, life writing, and other works by Godwin, as well as by Elizabeth Inchbald, Charlotte Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. She is currently editing The Letters of William Godwin, which is being published in six volumes by Oxford University Press. Volume I: 1778-1797, for which she held a Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship, was published in 2011, and Volume II: 1798-1805 in 2014. In 2017 she led a collaborative project to digitize and make publicly available the sole surviving manuscripts of Godwin's principal works, Political Justice (1793) and Caleb Williams (1794), which are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Images of the manuscripts are available to view on The Shelley-Godwin Archive. She has written on letter writing as a social practice and on scholarly editing as a mode of historical enquiry. She is a regular reviewer for the Times Literary Supplement and a contributor to Tom Hodgkinson's Idler magazine.She received the Keats-Shelley Association of America Distinguished Scholar Award for 2016. She is a Fellow of the English Association (2011), and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (2019). Selected publications

‘Godwin’s Citations, 1783-2005: Highest Renown at the Pinnacle of Disfavour’ (with Avner Offer), in New Approaches to William Godwin: Forms, Fears, Futures, ed. Eliza O’Brien et al. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), 273-96. ‘Botanical Networking: Four Holograph Letters from Charlotte Smith to James Edward Smith’ (with Brad Scott), Romanticism, 26: 1 (2020), 1-12. ‘The Signal of Regard: William Godwin’s Correspondence Networks’, European Romantic Review, 30: 4 (Aug. 2019), 1-14.‘Letters and Journals’, in The Oxford Handbook of British Romanticism, ed. David Duff (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 418-33. The Letters of William Godwin, Volume II: 1798-1805 (2014), ed. <mask>, in The Letters of William Godwin, gen. ed. <mask>, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011-). The Letters of William Godwin, Volume I: 1778-1797 (2011), ed.<mask>, in The Letters of William Godwin, gen. ed. <mask>, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011-). The Cambridge Companion to British Literature of the French Revolution in the 1790s, ed. <mask> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 'Commerce of Luminaries: Eight Holograph Letters between William Godwin and Thomas Wedgwood', in Godwinian Moments: From the Enlightenment to Romanticism, ed. Robert M. Maniquis and Victoria Myers (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2011), 261-82.'Godwin's Political Justice', in The Cambridge Companion to British Literature of the French Revolution in the 1790s, ed. <mask> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 86-100. William Godwin, Caleb Williams, ed. <mask>, World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). ‘Readers Respond to Godwin: Romantic Republicanism in Letters’, European Romantic Review, 20: 5 (Dec. 2009), 699-707. 'William Godwin's Juvenile Library', Charles Lamb Bulletin, NS 147 (July 2009), 90-132. '"A Society of their Own": Four Letters from Laura Tighe Galloni d'Istria to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley', La Questione Romantica, NS 1: 1 (June 2009), 95-109.'Holding Proteus: William Godwin in his Letters', in Repossessing the Romantic Past, ed. Heather Glen and Paul Hamilton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006; paperback edn., 2010), 98-115. 'Charlotte Smith to William and Mary Jane Godwin: Five Holograph Letters', Keats-Shelley Journal, 55 (2006), 29-40. ‘Self-analysis as Social Critique: The Autobiographical Writings of Godwin and Rousseau’, Romanticism, 11: 2 (Autumn 2005), 161-80. ‘William Godwin and James Watt’s Copying Machine: Wet-Transfer Copies in the Abinger Papers’, Bodleian Library Record, 18: 5 (Apr. 2005), 532-60. ‘Frankenstein and Matilda: The Legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft’, in The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley, ed.Esther Schor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 26-44. ‘Life of William Godwin’, Poems, Translations, Uncollected Prose, ed. <mask> and A. A. Markley, Volume IV of Mary Shelley’s Literary Lives and Other Writings, gen. ed. Nora Crook, 4 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2002). William Godwin, Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. <mask> and Gina Luria Walker, Broadview Literary Texts (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2001).‘Two New Pamphlets by William Godwin: A Case of Computer-Assisted Authorship Attribution’ (with David Woolls), Studies in Bibliography, 54 (2001), 265-84. ‘From The Fields of Fancy to Matilda: Mary Shelley’s Changing Conception of her Novella’, Romanticism, 3: 2 (1997), 152-69. Matilda, Dramas, Reviews & Essays, Prefaces & Notes, ed. <mask>, Volume II of Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, gen. ed. Nora Crook with <mask>, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1996). Falkner: A Novel, ed. <mask>, Volume VII of Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, gen. ed.Nora Crook with <mask>, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1996). Elizabeth Inchbald, A Simple Story, ed. <mask>, Penguin Classics (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1996). William Godwin, St Leon: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century, ed. <mask>, World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). The Godwinian Novel: The Rational Fictions of Godwin, Brockden Brown, Mary Shelley, Oxford English Monograph Series (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, reprinted, 2001). Educational and Literary Writings, ed.<mask>, Volume V of Political and Philosophical Writings of William Godwin, gen. ed. Mark Philp, 7 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1993). Early Novels, ed. <mask>, Volume II of Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, gen. ed. Mark Philp, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1992). Things As They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, ed. <mask>, Volume III of Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, gen. ed.Mark Philp, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1992). St Leon: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century, ed. <mask>, Volume IV of Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, gen. ed. Mark Philp, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1992). Fleetwood; or, The New Man of Feeling, ed. <mask>, Volume V of Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, gen. ed. Mark Philp, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1992).Mandeville: A Tale of the Seventeenth Century, ed. <mask>, Volume VI of Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, gen. ed. Mark Philp, 8 vols., Pickering Masters Series (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1992). References

External links
Queen Mary University of London departmental profile
Wolfson College, Oxford profile
University of Oxford departmental profile

Living people
Alumni of Mansfield College, Oxford
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Fellows of the English Association
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
1960 births
Women scholars and academics

masks:
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Albert Edward Clemit
Pamela Clem
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit
Pamela Clemit


title: Eugenia Belin Sarmiento

texts:
<mask> (December 29, 1860, San Juan, Argentina -  August 2, 1952, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Argentinean painter and author. Her works were featured in various international shows, among them the first Exposición Anual de Pintura, Dibujo y Escultura (Annual Exhibition of Painting, Drawing, and Sculpture) for artists of South America in 1893. Critical response to her works has often focused attention on her portraits of her grandfather, <mask>, who was president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874. Eugenia completed many other works as well, including miniatures as well as full size portraits, paintings of flowers, birds, and still lives, and  sculptures. Early years
<mask> was born in 1860, one of six children of Jules Belín and . Jules Belín (1829-1863) was a French printer and publisher of the Santiago, Chile newspaper El Ferrocarril. <mask> met <mask> in France in 1848 and moved to Chile, where he published works written by <mask>, who was an Argentinian exile in Chile.Domingo Faustino <mask> went on to be an Argentine politician, writer, and educator, and the president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874. <mask>'s mother, Ana Faustina <mask>, was born on July 18, 1832, as a result of a romance between Domingo Faustino <mask> (then age 20) and one of his students, María Jesús del Canto (age 17). Sarmiento arranged for Ana Faustina to be cared for by her grandmother, Paula Albarracín <mask>, and recognized her publicly after her marriage to <mask> in 1850. <mask> died when Eugenia was only three, and Eugenia was educated at home by her mother and other relatives. Eugenia spent time as a student and disciple of her great-aunt, Procesa del Carmen <mask>, who was a renowned painter. She was also taught art by her grandmother. She later attended and completed her secondary education at the Escuela Superior de Niñas de San Juan (High School for Girls of San Juan), which her mother directed.When <mask>'s brother Augusto Belín <mask> was appointed the Argentine consul in Antwerp, Eugenia accompanied him to Belgium, and used the trip to be professionally trained by famous art masters of the time. In 1884, she returned to Buenos Aires permanently. Career

After returning to Buenos Aires, Belín <mask> studied art under José Agujari, a renowned painter who was also the first teacher of her contemporary, artist María Obligado. Eugenia focused primarily on portraits, a number of which depicted her grandfather, Domingo Faustino <mask>, an iconic figure. Among them are a smaller portrait taken in 1888, which she used as a basis for a larger work in 1889. The larger version of the portrait was reported to be in the Museo Historico Nacional, and another version in the provincial legislature of Buenos Aires, as of the 50th anniversary of Domingo Faustino <mask>'s death in 1938. On September 4, 1938, a full-page color reproduction was published in La Prensa (Buenos Aires).The same issue of La Prensa included a photograph of <mask> and her sister Elena. Another family portrait subject was <mask>'s adopted son , who died in battle against Paraguay. In addition, she painted classical portraits of notable figures of the time such as Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield,  and José María Estrada. As of 1885, she was contracted by the government of the province of San Juan to paint portraits of Salvador María del Carril, , and Francisco Narciso de Laprida. She also painted portraits of women, with her feminine subjects appearing very similar to the models used by the French painter Charles Joshua Chaplin. Starting in 1893, Belín <mask> sent samples of her works to different exhibitions such as those organized by the Progress Club (Club del Progreso) and at the Second Athenaeum Auditorium. She frequently exhibited works alongside contemporaries such as Julia Wernicke and Maria Obligado, and won her honorable mention awards in 1894, 1895, and 1898, along with a prize in the 1910  in Buenos Aires.In 1912, she was the first artist from San Juan to participate in the Salón Nacional (National Salon of Visual Arts) of Argentina. Throughout the history of the National Salon, only five women have received a grand prize for painting. During the 1940s, Julia Ottolenghi cataloged the extant works of Belín <mask>, many of which are privately owned and difficult to locate today. Her works can be found at exhibitions in Argentina at the  of Fine Arts and in the Sarmiento historic museum of Buenos Aires, Museo Marc de Rosario, Museo Casa Natal de Sarmiento, and abroad in museums such as the Musée Rodin in Paris. Responses
Historically, <mask> <mask>'s merit as a painter has often been defined only in terms of masculine influence on her artistry, such as that of her grandfather Domingo. For example, the art critic Eduardo Schiaffino focused almost exclusively on the artistic influence of Domingo on his granddaughter over the fact that Eugenia had been a student of her aunt Procesa <mask>, who was a notable painter in her own right. More recently, scholars have begun to revisit <mask> <mask>'s works from a modern, feminist viewpoint.In 1988, the works of both <mask> <mask> <mask> and Procesa del Carmen <mask> were included in the exhibition La mujer en la plástica argentina I (Women in the Argentinean Plastic Arts I) in the Malvinas Cultural Center (Centro Cultural Las Malvinas). The exhibition was part of a pioneering effort to uncover the hidden work of over 250 Argentinean female artists, historic and contemporary, in national, regional and private collections. Her works were included in a 2013 exhibit focusing on the feminine influence on Domingo Faustino <mask>, Los universos femeninos: Sarmiento agente de transformaciones (The Feminine Universe: Sarmiento as agent of transformation). In 2019, the Sarmiento historic museum hosted a posthumous exhibition titled Por ella misma - <mask> <mask> Sarmiento (By Her Own Hand - Eugenia <mask> Sarmiento). References

External links
<mask> <mask>'s grave in La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires

Argentine artists
Argentine women painters
Portrait artists
1860 births
1952 deaths

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