title: Luís Vaz de Torres

texts:
<mask> (Galician and Portuguese), or <mask> in the Spanish spelling (born c. 1565; fl. 1607), was a 16th- and 17th-century maritime explorer of a Spanish expedition noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait that separates the Australian mainland from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name (Torres Strait). Origins and early life
Captain <mask> was recorded as being called a "Breton" by crewmen in reports of the 1606
–1608 voyage, which points to an origin in the northwest province of Spain, i. e., Galicia. Most contemporary historians accept this as evidence of his origins. The year and exact place of his birth are unknown; assuming him to have been in his late thirties or forties in 1606, a birth year of around 1565 is considered likely. <mask> has been presented by some writers as Portuguese, without any evidence other than his name. Galician spelling at the time was indistinguishable from Portuguese.Records never call <mask> Portuguese but note remarks made by crew members of the Portuguese origins of <mask> <mask>. <mask> entered the navy of the Spanish Crown at some point and found his way to its South American colonies. He first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to the Pacific proposed by the Portuguese born navigator <mask> <mask>, searching for Terra Australis. There is no known contemporary depiction of his face or person. The Queirós voyage
<mask> <mask> was a Portuguese-born navigator who commanded a party of three Spanish ships, San Pedro y San Pablo (60 tons), San Pedrico (40 tons) and the tender Los Tres Reyes Magos. The three ships left Callao in Spanish Peru, on 21 December 1605, with <mask> in command of the San Pedrico. In May 1606, they reached a group of islands that would later be known as the New Hebrides and  Vanuatu.Queirós named the group La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo: "Austrialia  of the Holy Spirit". A morphological derivation of Austria,  Queirós's neologism Austrialia was a reference to the Austrian origins of the House of Habsburg – to which the Spanish royal family belonged. The largest island in Vanuatu is still known officially by the abbreviated form, Espiritu Santo. Along with the ancient Latin name Terra Australis, Queirós's word Austrialia has often been regarded as one of the bases of the name of Australia. After six weeks, Queirós’ ships put to sea again to explore the coastline. On the night of 11 June 1606 Queirós in the San Pedro y San Pablo became separated from the other ships in bad weather and was unable (or so he later said) to return to safe anchorage at Espiritu Santo. In reality, the crew mutinied, with the unfavorable wind conditions just giving them an opportunity to do so.The captain on the San Pedro y San Pablo named Don Diego <mask>, aware of the crew's plans, had already transferred to <mask>' ship, and so did the expedition's surgeon. Queirós' ship, with Queirós being held in his cabin, then sailed to Acapulco in Mexico, where she arrived in November 1606. In the account by Prado, which is highly critical of Queirós, mutiny and poor leadership are given as the reason for Queirós’ disappearance. <mask>, in his account, says that whoever was in charge of San Pedro y San Pablo departed intentionally, saying "it was not possible for us to find them, for they did not sail on the proper course, nor with good intention". Later, although <mask>' crew was displeased with <mask>' decisions, a full-scale mutiny did not happen; <mask> says his "condition was different to that of Captain Queirós." <mask> assumes command
<mask> remained at Espiritu Santo for 15 days before opening sealed orders he had been given by the Viceroy of Peru. These contained instructions on what course to follow if the ships became separated and who would be in command in the event of the loss of Queirós.The orders appear to have listed Prado as successor to Queirós, as he was  (spare captain) on the voyage. However, there is overwhelming evidence <mask> remained in command, including Prado’s own account. The south coast of New Guinea and Torres Strait

On 26 June 1606 the San Pedrico and Los Tres Reyes Magos under <mask>’ command set sail for Manila. Contrary winds prevented the ships taking the more direct route along the north coast of New Guinea. Prado’s account notes that they sighted land on 14 July 1606, which was probably the island of Tagula in the Louisiade Archipelago, south east of New Guinea. The voyage continued over the next two months along the southeastern coast, and a number of landfalls were made to replenish the ships’ food and water. The expedition discovered Milne Bay including Basilaki Island which they named Tierra de San Buenaventura, taking possession of the land for Spain in July 1606.This brought the Spanish in close and sometimes violent contact with local indigenous people. Prado and Torres both record the capture of twenty people, including a woman who gave birth several weeks later. From these islands, <mask> sailed along the southern coast of New Guinea reaching Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo because he landed on 10 August, the feast of Saint Lawrence or San Lorenzo. The expedition then sailed to the Gulf of Papua, exploring and charting the coastline. Prado drew a number of sketch charts of anchorages in the Gulf of Papua, several of which survive. <mask> then took a route close to the New Guinea coast to navigate the  strait that now bears his name. In 1980 the Queensland master mariner Captain <mask> proposed that it was more likely that <mask> took a southerly route through the nearby channel now called Endeavour Strait, on 2–3 October 1606.From this position, he would certainly have seen Cape York, the northernmost extremity of Australia. According to 19th-century Australian writer George Collingridge, <mask> "had discovered Australia without being aware of the fact". However, Willem Janszoon had made several landfalls on the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula 7 to 8 months prior, while <mask> never claimed that he had sighted the southern continent. "Here there are very large islands, and more to the south" he wrote. <mask> followed the coastline of New Guinea, and claimed possession of the island in the name of the King of Spain on 18 October 1606. On 27 October he reached the western extremity of New Guinea and then made his way north of Ceram and Misool toward the Halmahera Sea. At the beginning of January 1607 he reached Ternate, part of the Spice Islands.He sailed on 1 May for Manila arriving on 22 May. The expedition proved that New Guinea was not part of the sought-after continent. Results of the voyage
<mask> intended to personally present the captives, weapons and a detailed account to the king on his return to Spain. His short written account of the voyage indicates this. However, it appears there was no interest in Manila in outfitting his voyage back to Spain, and he was told his ships and men were required locally for the King’s service. On 1st June 1607, two ships arrived in Manila from South America, one being Queirós former flagship San Pedro y San Pablo, now under another name, but with some of her former crewmen still aboard. Learning that Queirós had survived, <mask> immediately wrote a report of his voyage to Queirós.Although that account no longer survives, Queirós himself referred to it in some of his many memorials to the king, agitating for another voyage. The official account was written by <mask> Prado and signed by <mask> and other officials in Manila 6 June 1608. <mask>, his crew and his captives disappear entirely from the historical record at this point, and their subsequent fate is unknown. Prado returned to Spain, possibly taking one of the captive New Guineans with him. Most documents of <mask>'s discoveries were not published, but on reaching Spain, filed away in Spanish archives, including Prado’s lengthy account and the accompanying charts. Some time between 1762 and 1765, written accounts of the <mask> expedition were seen by British Admiralty Hydrographer <mask>. Dalrymple provided a sketch map which included the Queirós - <mask> voyages to Joseph Banks, who undoubtedly passed this information to James Cook.The original official manuscript account reappeared in the collections of Sir Thomas Phillips during the 19th century. At the sale of some of Phillipps' manuscripts by Sotheby's, London, on 26 June 1919 it was purchased by booksellers Henry Stevens, Son and Stiles who sold it to English collector Sir Leicester Harmsworth. The State Library of New South Wales in Australia acquired it from Harmsworth's collection in 1932. It went on public display for the first time in August 1997. Accounts of the voyage
There are a number of documents describing the Queirós – <mask> voyages still in existence. Most significant are
 Queirós’ many subsequent Memorials to the King Philip III regarding the voyage and further exploration,
 <mask> brief account to the king (written July 1607),
 Prado’s narrative Relacion Sumaria (first written in 1608) and 4 charts of New Guinea,
 Juan Luis Arias <mask>’s memorial to King Philip IV  (written about 1630 and based on discussions between Queirós and Loyola). 1617 may be the date of the first English translation of one of Queirós’ memorials, as Terra Australis Incognita, or A New Southerne Discoverie.A short account of Queirós’ voyage and discoveries was published in English by Samuel Purchas in 1625 in Haklvytvs posthumus, or, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, vol. iv, p. 1422-1432. This account also appears to be based on a letter by Queirós to the King in 1610, the eighth on the matter. See also
European maritime exploration of Australia

Notes

External links
Prado y Tobar - Relacion sumaria del del descubrimto. que enpeco pero fernandez de quiros...y le acabo El capan don diego de prado...con asistencia del capan luis baes de torres...1607, written ca. 1614-1615, catalogue record, contents description and digitised pages 1-32, State Library of New South Wales. Discovery of Australia by <mask> in the Year 1606 by Patrick F. Cardinal Moran, Archbishop of Sydney
Discoverer’s Website project
Hakluytus Posthumus - Purchas his Pilgrimes
 The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by George Collingridge, Chapter XI
 "New Light on the Discovery of Australia" edited by H Stevens, at Project Gutenberg Australia

1560s births
1600s deaths
People from Galicia (Spain)
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Explorers of Australia
T
17th-century Spanish people
17th-century explorers
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery

masks:
Luís Vaz de Torres
Luis Váez de Torres
Luis Váez de Torres
Torres
Torres
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Torres
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Torres
de Prado
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Brett Hilder
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Diego de
Torres
Torres
Torres
Torres
Alexander Dalrymple
Torres
Torres
Torres
de Loyola
de Queirós


title: Alexis Bachelot

type: original

texts:
<mask>, SS.CC., (born <mask>; 22 February 1796 – 5 December 1837) was a Catholic priest best known for his tenure as the first Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. In that role, he led the first permanent Catholic mission to the Kingdom of Hawaii. Bachelot was raised in France, where he attended the Irish College in Paris, and was ordained a priest in 1820. He led the first Catholic mission to Hawaii, arriving in 1827. Although he had expected the approval of then Hawaiian King Kamehameha II, he learned upon arrival that Kamehameha II had died and a new government that was hostile towards Catholic missionaries had been installed. Bachelot, however, was able to convert a small group of Hawaiians and quietly minister to them for four years before being deported in 1831 on the orders of Kaʻahumanu, the Kuhina Nui (a position similar to queen regent) of Hawaii. Bachelot then traveled to California, where he served as an assistant minister while pastoring and teaching.In 1837, having learned of Queen Kaʻahumanu's death and King Kamehameha III's willingness to allow Catholic priests on the island, Bachelot returned to Hawaii, intending to continue his missionary work. However, by Bachelot's arrival, Kamehameha III had again changed his mind and Bachelot was removed from the island and confined to a ship for several months. He was freed only after the French and British navies imposed a naval blockade on the Honolulu harbor. Although he was later able to secure passage on a ship to Micronesia, he died en route and was buried on an islet near Pohnpei. His treatment in Hawaii prompted the government of France to dispatch a frigate to the island; the resulting intervention is known as the French Incident and led to the emancipation of Catholics in Hawaii. Early life
Bachelot was born in Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière, Orne, France on 22 February 1796. In 1806, he left home for Paris, where he enrolled in the Preparatory Seminary of Picpus to pursue priesthood.In 1813, he professed at the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, taking the name <mask>. He studied at the Irish College in Paris before being ordained as a priest in 1820. As a priest, he initially served as the College's rector and later led the preparatory seminary at Tours. Hawaiian mission
In the early 1820s, Jean Baptiste Rives, a French adviser to the Hawaiian king Kamehameha II, traveled to Europe to attempt to convince European Catholics to organize a mission to Hawaii. Members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were receptive to his idea, and in 1825, Pope Leo XII assigned them the task of evangelizing Hawaii. Bachelot was appointed the Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, and in this role led the first permanent mission to Hawaii. The expedition was organized by the influential Monneron family and funded by the government of France.Bachelot was assisted in his new position by fellow priests Patrick Short and Abraham Armand, as well as several lay brothers. The mission sailed from Bordeaux on La Comète in November 1826. The missionaries were initially accompanied by a group that planned to explore commercial trading opportunities but returned to France after reaching Mexico. Unbeknownst to Bachelot, political changes occurred in Hawaii prior to the mission's arrival. King  died in 1824 and his younger brother  became king. Because  was young at the time of his ascension, Queen Kaʻahumanu (their stepmother) ruled as Kuhina Nui. On the advice of Hiram —a Protestant missionary who had converted the Hawaiian royalty four years previously—Queen Kaʻahumanu took a hard stance against Catholicism.Rives' influence on the Hawaiian government had faded, and he never returned to Hawaii. La Comète arrived in Honolulu on 7 July 1827. The priests were faced with a situation of dire poverty owing to the absence of Rives' patronage. Furthermore, they had promised La Comète's captain that Rives would pay for their passage after they arrived in Hawaii, but by the time of their arrival, Rives had already left. Queen Kaʻahumanu refused to allow the missionaries to stay, suspecting them to be covert agents of the government of France. She instructed La Comète's captain to take the mission with him when he departed. The captain, however, refused to do so because he did not receive payment for their passage, so the party was able to remain.The priests began their missionary work, but encountered suspicion from most chiefs. The members of the party had great difficulty defending themselves, as none of them was fluent in English or Hawaiian. But, the group were favorably received by the high chief Boki, the royal governor of Oahu, and his wife Kuini Liliha. (The couple were Catholic converts and rivals of Queen Kaʻahumanu.) Boki welcomed the party and gave its members permission to stay. For several months, <mask> and his fellow missionaries lived in three small rented structures, saying their first mass on the island in a grass hut. They later built a chapel on a small plot of land they purchased, where the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace was dedicated in 1843.After settling on the island, the group avoided drawing attention to themselves and studied the Hawaiian language. During their mission's first two years, the group converted 65 Hawaiians and ministered to Hawaiians who had already been converted. They often held surreptitious night-time meetings with converts who feared persecution. The priests' vestments and rituals made their evangelism efforts more effective because they reminded Hawaiians of native religious customs. Bachelot introduced two plant species to Hawaii: Prosopis humilis and Bougainvillea. Prosopis humilis trees later covered thousands of acres there. He had obtained the seeds, which were originally gathered by Catholic missionaries in California, from the Royal Conservatory in Paris.Bachelot translated a prayer book into Hawaiian (O Ke A'o Ana Kristiano, "Christian Doctrine", c. 1831), authored a catechism in Hawaiian (He Ōlelo Ho'ona'auao, "A Word of Instruction", 1831), and wrote an introduction to Hawaiian grammar in French (Notes Grammaticales, "Grammatical Notes", 1834). Persecution

By 1827, Protestant Christianity, and in particular Bingham's teachings, had become the de facto state religion of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Queen Kaʻahumanu persecuted Catholics from 1829 until her death in 1832, by, for example, forbidding Hawaiians from attending masses and instructing Bachelot not to proselytize. In December 1831, Bachelot and Short were deported and forced to leave on a ship, the Waverly, bound for North America. Though Queen Kaʻahumanu steadfastly opposed his work, Bachelot viewed her as a good person who had been deceived by Protestant missionaries. The news of Bachelot and Short's expulsion caused controversy in the United States, where it was viewed as a violation of the rights appertaining to foreigners in the 1826 treaty signed by Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones of the United States Navy and King . U.S. Navy Commodore John Downes protested the expulsions while in discussion with chiefs during his 1832 visit to the kingdom.California

The Waverly landed at a vacant area near San Pedro, Los Angeles, in January 1832. Bachelot and Short traveled to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, where they were welcomed by the Franciscans who staffed the mission. Bachelot later became the pastor of a church in Los Angeles, served as an assistant minister for the mission, and led the mission on an interim basis after its priest was reassigned in 1834. He also taught in Los Angeles schools during a teacher shortage. He ministered in California until 1837 and became popular with Angelenos. In 1833, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith reorganized the jurisdiction of Oceania. Hawaii became part of the newly created Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania, which was split into northern and southern divisions.Bachelot remained as the Prefect Apostolic for the northern division. Etienne Jerome Rouchouze served as the Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Oceania and oversaw Bachelot's assignment in Hawaii. In 1835 and 1836, two representatives of the Catholic Church traveled to Hawaii in an attempt to ascertain whether Bachelot could return. Queen Kaʻahumanu had died in 1832, and the following year King  began making radical changes to Hawaiian law. Columban Murphy, a Catholic lay brother from the United Kingdom, visited King  in 1835 and discussed the possibility of Bachelot's return. Finding King  amenable to the idea, Murphy traveled to California to relay the news. He was unable, however, to locate Bachelot, who was absent from the area at the time.After Bachelot received Murphy's message, Bachelot and Short decided to return to Hawaii. The Ayuntamiento in Los Angeles, a municipal council, attempted to dissuade Bachelot and asked the Catholic leadership in Santa Barbara to prevent him from leaving, but he insisted on departing and the Catholic leadership did not prevent him. Final years

When Bachelot and Short arrived in Honolulu in May 1837, they spent only 13 days on the island. Notwithstanding the agreement he had signed with French Naval Captain Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars that allowed French citizens to live on the island, King  sought to deport the priests. Bachelot and Short were confined to the ship on which they had arrived, the Clémentine, on . However, the Clémentine'''s captain, Jules Dudoit, refused to transport them from Hawaii. Dudoit, a British citizen of French descent, met with Charlton, the British consul, and they publicly protested the priests' confinement.Their efforts to secure freedom for the priests to live on the island were unsuccessful until the British naval vessel HMS Sulphur and the French frigate the La Vénus arrived in Honolulu on . The ships were commanded respectively by Edward Belcher and Dupetit Thouars, who each tried to convince the authorities to allow the priests to return to the island. After negotiations proved futile, they blockaded the harbor, boarded the Clémentine, and brought Bachelot and Short ashore. The La Vénus sent 300 sailors to escort them from the harbor to the French mission. King  agreed to allow the priests to stay in Honolulu until they could find a ship to transport them elsewhere, under the condition that they refrain from proselytizing. That year, Bachelot, who suffered from a form of rheumatism, became very sick. By November 1837, he had recovered sufficiently to leave Hawaii.He purchased a ship and sailed toward Micronesia, intending to work on a mission. Bachelot's health significantly worsened after leaving Hawaii and he died at sea on 5 December 1837. He was buried on an islet off the coast of Pohnpei. In 1838, a small chapel was built near his grave. Owing to the persecution of Bachelot and his fellow priests, the government of France sent the frigate L'Artémise'' to Hawaii in 1839. Its captain, Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace, had been instructed to force the government to stop persecuting Catholics. In response to this show of force, King  granted Catholics freedom of religion.References

Bibliography

1796 births
1837 deaths
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Apostolic prefects
Burials in the Federated States of Micronesia
Roman Catholic missionaries in Hawaii
Roman Catholic missionaries in Mexico
Hawaii Catholic priests
Irish College, Paris alumni
People from Orne
People who died at sea
Picpus Fathers
French Roman Catholic missionaries
French expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom
19th-century American Roman Catholic priests
French expatriates in Mexico

masks:
Alexis Bachelot
Jean Augustin Bachelot
Alexis
Bachelot


title: Betsy Warland

texts:
<mask> (born 1946) is one of Canada's leading feminist writers, and the author of a dozen books of poetry, creative nonfiction, and lyric prose. She is most widely known for her best-selling collection of essays, Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing (2010). Life
<mask> was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, in 1946. She studied at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, before immigrating to Canada in 1972. She became a significant figure in Canada's feminist writing scene after taking prominent roles in various literary events and organizations. She started the Toronto Women's Writing Collective (1973–1981), which hosted numerous events, including co-hosting (with the Toronto Women's Bookstore) Writers in Dialogue, featuring Adrienne Rich, Nicole Brossard, May Sarton, Audrey Thomas, Margaret Atwood, and Marge Piercy. She initiated and co-organized (with Victoria Freeman) the Women and Words/Les Femmes et les mots conference at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1983, which brought together, for the first and only time, 1,000 women working in all aspects of literature from across the country, and which was documented by the publication of the proceedings and of an anthology.From 1986 to 1987 <mask> was the executive director of the Federation of BC Writers, and she initiated Spring Rites, the annual competition for BC Writers. <mask> also sat on the Special Council Committee of the Arts for the Vancouver City Council. She co-founded the Creative Nonfiction Collective with Myrna Kostash in 2004 and served on its board. She also served on the National Council of the Writers' Union of Canada from 2009 to 2012. <mask> has worked with emerging writers for over 30 years as a teacher and editor. She has mentored writers such as Jónína Kirton. She designed the Writer's Studio program at Simon Fraser University in 2001 and served as its director until 2012, during which time she helped initiate the Thursdays Writing Collective in Vancouver's culturally rich but poverty-stricken Downtown Eastside.In 2007 she founded the Vancouver Manuscript Intensive program, for which she continues to serve as director. <mask> has led workshops in the UK at the Poetry School (London), the Poetry Library (London), and the Arvon Foundation (Devon) and in Canada at Sage Hill, Booming Ground (UBC), the Metchosin International School of the Arts, and Simon Fraser University, among others. Her focus on and support of writers of different cultures, races, countries of origin, educations, genders, and sexual identities has opened doors for numerous award-winning authors. An annual book award honouring Warland, The VMI Betsy Warland Between Genres Award, will be launched in 2021. Warland's personal documents, interviews, photographs, and manuscripts have been acquired by the literary archives at Library and Archives Canada. Writing
Much of <mask>'s literary output has been in the form of essays, memoirs, and poetry books relating to feminism, women's studies, and lesbian issues. Her work has appeared in Canadian and international journals and anthologies.<mask>'s first poem appeared in an issue of Waves in 1976, and she published her first volume of poetry, A Gathering Instinct, in 1981. Her books Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss (2000) and Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing (2010) are among her most popular titles. A forthcoming second edition of Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss (2021), will include a new, long essay by the author on the subject of craft. Her memoir, Oscar of Between: A Memoir of Identity and Ideas (2016), was one of two books chosen to launch the Caitlin Press imprint Dagger Editions, dedicated to books about and by queer women. Between 2012 and 2017 she curated a new online publishing template called Oscar's Salon, which featured excerpts from Oscar of Between combined with the work of guest writers, artists, and composers, as well as readers' comments. Selected works
 Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss. Second edition.Inanna Publications/York University, forthcoming
 Lost Lagoon/Lost in Thought. Caitlin Press, 2020
Oscar of Between: A Memoir of Identity and Ideas. Caitlin Press, 2016
 Oscar's Salon, an interactive online salon of excerpts from Oscar of Between in concert with guest writers, artists, and featured readers. BetsyWarland.com, 2012–2017
 Breathing the Page: Reading the Act of Writing. Cormorant Books, 2010
 Only This Blue: A Long Poem with an Essay. Mercury Press, 2005
 Bloodroot: Tracing the Untelling of Motherloss. Second Story Press, 2000
 What Holds Us Here.Buschek Books, 1998
 Two Women in a Birth (with Daphne Marlatt). Guernica Editions, 1994
 The Bat Had Blue Eyes. Women's Press, 1993
 InVersions: Writing by Dykes, Queers and Lesbians (editor). Press Gang, 1991
 Telling It: Women and Language across Cultures (co-editor with Daphne Marlatt, Lee Maracle, and Sky Lee). Press Gang, 1990
 Proper Deafinitions: Collected Theorograms. Press Gang, 1990
 serpent (w)rite: (a reader's gloss). Coach House, 1987
 Double Negative (with Daphne Marlatt).gynergy books/Ragweed Press, 1986
 open is broken. Longspoon Press, 1984
 A Gathering Instinct. Williams-Wallace, 1981

Awards
 The Vancouver Mayor's Arts Award for Literary Arts, October 2016
 Pandora's Literary Festival BC Writer Mentor Award, 2011

References

External links
 <mask>land
 Archives of <mask>land (<mask>land fonds, R11827) are held at Library and Archives Canada

1946 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
American feminist writers
American women poets
Canadian feminist writers
Canadian women poets
Canadian women essayists
Lesbian feminists
Canadian lesbian writers
LGBT writers from the United States
Luther College (Iowa) alumni
People from Fort Dodge, Iowa
Poets from Iowa
Canadian LGBT poets
American women essayists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
Canadian women non-fiction writers
LGBT people from Iowa
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Betsy Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Warland
Betsy War
Betsy War
Betsy War


title: Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet, KCMG, LLD, FRSE (15 July 1817 – 20 November 1898) was an English civil engineer specialising in the construction of railways and railway infrastructure. In the 1850s and 1860s, he was engineer for the world's first underground railway, London's Metropolitan Railway, built by the "cut-and-cover" method under city streets. In the 1880s, he was chief engineer for the Forth Bridge, which opened in 1890. Fowler's was a long and eminent career, spanning most of the 19th century's railway expansion, and he was engineer, adviser or consultant to many British and foreign railway companies and governments. He was the youngest president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, between 1865 and 1867, and his major works represent a lasting legacy of Victorian engineering. Early life
Fowler was born in Wadsley, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, to land surveyor <mask> and his wife Elizabeth (née Swann). He was educated privately at Whitley Hall near Ecclesfield.He trained under <mask> Leather, engineer of the Sheffield waterworks, and with Leather's uncle, George Leather, on the Aire and Calder Navigation and on railway surveys. From 1837 he worked for <mask> Rastrick on railway projects including the London and Brighton Railway and the unbuilt West Cumberland and Furness Railway. He then worked again for George Leather as resident engineer on the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway and was appointed engineer to the railway when it opened in 1841. Fowler initially established a practice as a consulting engineer in the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire area, but, a heavy workload led him to move to London in 1844. He became a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the year the Institution was founded, and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1849. On 2 July 1850 he married Elizabeth Broadbent (died 19 November 1901), daughter of J. Broadbent of Manchester. The couple had four sons.Railways

Fowler established a busy practice, working on many railway schemes across the country. He became chief engineer for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and was engineer of the East Lincolnshire Railway, the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway and the Severn Valley Railway. In 1853, he became chief engineer of the Metropolitan Railway in London, the world's first underground railway. Constructed in shallow "cut-and-cover" trenches beneath roads, the line opened between Paddington and Farringdon in 1863. Fowler was also engineer for the associated District Railway and the Hammersmith and City Railway. Today these railways form the majority of the London Underground's Circle line. For his work on the Metropolitan Railway Fowler was paid the great sum of £152,000 (£ today), with £157,000 (£ today), from the District Railway.Although some of this would have been passed on to staff and contractors, Sir Edward Watkin, chairman of the Metropolitan Railway from 1872, complained that "No engineer in the world was so highly paid." Other railways that Fowler consulted for were the London Tilbury and Southend Railway, the Great Northern Railway, the Highland Railway and the Cheshire Lines Railway. Following the death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1859, Fowler was retained by the Great Western Railway. His various appointments involved him in the design of Victoria station in London, Sheffield Victoria station, St Enoch station in Glasgow, Liverpool Central station and Manchester Central station. The latter station's  wide train shed roof was the second widest unsupported iron arch in Britain after the roof of St Pancras railway station. Fowler's consulting work extended beyond Britain including railway and engineering projects in Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Egypt, France, Germany, Portugal and the United States. He travelled to Egypt for the first time in 1869 and worked on a number of, mostly unrealised, schemes for the Khedive, including a railway to Khartoum in Sudan which was planned in 1875 but not completed until after his death.In 1870 he provided advice to an Indian Government inquiry on railway gauges where he recommended a narrow gauge of  for light railways. He visited Australia in 1886, where he made some remarks on the break of gauge difficulty. Later in his career, he was also a consultant with his partner Benjamin Baker and with James Henry Greathead on two of London's first tube railways, the City and South London Railway and the Central London Railway. Bridges

As part of his railway projects, Fowler designed numerous bridges. In the 1860s, he designed Grosvenor Bridge, the first railway bridge over the River Thames, and the 13-arch Dollis Brook Viaduct for the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway. He is credited with the design of the Victoria Bridge at Upper Arley, Worcestershire, constructed between 1859 and 1861, and the near identical Albert Edward Bridge at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire built from 1863 to 1864. Both remain in use today carrying railway lines across the River Severn.Following the collapse of Sir Thomas Bouch's Tay Bridge in 1879, Fowler, William Henry Barlow and Thomas Elliot Harrison were appointed in 1881 to a commission to review Bouch's design for the Forth Bridge. The commission recommended a steel cantilever bridge designed by Fowler and Benjamin Baker, which was constructed between 1883 and 1890. Locomotives

To avoid problems with smoke and steam overwhelming staff and passengers on the covered sections of the Metropolitan Railway, Fowler proposed a fireless locomotive. The locomotive was built by Robert Stephenson and Company and was a broad gauge 2-4-0 tender engine. The boiler had a normal firebox connected to a large combustion chamber containing fire bricks which were to act as a heat reservoir. The combustion chamber was linked to the smokebox through a set of very short firetubes. Exhaust steam was re-condensed instead of escaping and fed back to the boiler.The locomotive was intended to operate conventionally in the open, but in tunnels dampers would be closed and steam would be generated using the stored heat from the fire bricks. The first trial on the Great Western Railway in October 1861 was a failure. The condensing system leaked, causing the boiler to run dry and pressure to drop, risking a boiler explosion. A second trial on the Metropolitan Railway in 1862 was also a failure, and the fireless engine was abandoned, becoming known as "Fowler's Ghost". The locomotive was sold to Isaac Watt Boulton in 1865; he intended to convert it into a standard engine but it was eventually scrapped. On opening, the Metropolitan Railway's trains were provided by the Great Western Railway, but these were withdrawn in August 1863. After a period hiring trains from the Great Northern Railway, the Metropolitan Railway introduced its own, Fowler designed, 4-4-0 tank engines in 1864.The design, known as the A class and, with minor updates, the B class, was so successful that the Metropolitan and District Railways eventually had 120 of the engines in use and they remained in operation until electrification of the lines in the 1900s. Other activities and professional recognition

Fowler stood unsuccessfully for parliament as a Conservative candidate in 1880 and 1885. His standing within the engineering profession was very high, to the extent that he was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the period 1866–67, its youngest president. Through his position in the Institution and through his own practice, he led the development of training for engineers. In 1865/67, he purchased the adjacent estates of Braemore and Inverbroom, near Ullapool in Ross-shire, Scotland, comprising 44,000 acres and becoming one of the premier Deer Forests (sporting estates) of the Highlands. He built the substantial Braemore House (since demolished), where he entertained at the highest levels of politics and society. He developed a hydro-electric scheme, fed from the artificial Home Loch, planted extensive woodlands on the steep valley sides, and created 12 km of recreational walks through them, including suspension footbridges over the Corrieshalloch and Strone Gorges (the former now an NTS property).He also developed a network of stalkerpaths. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant of the county. Lady Fowler here became a noted botanist. He listed his recreations in Who's Who as yachting and deerstalking and was a member of the Carlton Club, St Stephen's Club, the Conservative Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron. He was also President of the Egyptian Exploration Fund. In 1885 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George as thanks from the government for allowing the use of maps of the Upper Nile valley he had had made when working on the Khedive's projects. They were the most accurate survey of the area and were used in the British Relief of Khartoum.In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Following the successful completion of the Forth Bridge in 1890, Fowler was created a baronet, taking the name of his Scottish estate as his territorial designation. Along with Benjamin Baker, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh in 1890 for his engineering of the bridge. In 1892, the Poncelet Prize was doubled and awarded jointly to Baker and Fowler. Fowler died in Bournemouth, Dorset, at the age of 81 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Sir <mask> Fowler, 2nd Baronet (died 25 March 1899). The baronetcy became extinct in 1933 on the death of Reverend Sir Montague Fowler, 4th Baronet, the first baronet's third son.See also
Fowler baronets

Notes

References

1817 births
1898 deaths
British railway pioneers
History of Sheffield
People from Wadsley
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
British bridge engineers
Engineers from Yorkshire
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
People associated with transport in London
Transport design in London
19th-century English people
19th-century British businesspeople

masks:
Sir John Fowler
John Fowler
John Towlerton
John Urpeth
John Arthur


title: Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe

texts:
Princess <mask> of Lippe (30 August 1895 – 25 December 1993) was a socialite and author who was active in Nazi Germany. As the wife of Hanno Konopath, a prominent Nazi official, <mask> was a well known and ardent supporter of the Nazi regime. She was instrumental in the Nordic Ring, a forum for the discussion of issues concerning race and eugenics. <mask> also served as an aide to Minister of Food and Agriculture Richard Walther Darré, and produced numerous works of fiction, poetry, translations, and other books. After the end of World War II, she published translations of prominent Holocaust-denying works, such as Paul Rassinier's Le Drame des Juifs européens (The Drama of European Jews) into German in 1964. Family
Countess <mask> was born the youngest child and only daughter of Count Rudolf of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1856-1931), later Prince Rudolf of Lippe and his wife Princess Luise von Ardeck (a morganatic granddaughter of Frederick William, Elector of Hesse). Her father, a son of Count Julius Peter of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1812-1884) and Countess <mask> zu Castell-Castell, was an uncle of Prince Leopold IV, who ruled the small principality of Lippe from 1905 until the 1918 collapse of the German Empire in World War I. <mask> was also a first cousin once-removed of Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911-2004) who, in 1937 became the prince consort of Juliana, future Queen of the Netherlands.<mask>'s family could be traced back to the twelfth century and were reigning monarchs until she was 23 years old. In 1905, her branch of the House of Lippe inherited one of the two thrones held by the family (the other was the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, also within the German Empire) and <mask>id became a princess of Lippe, dropping the suffix "Biesterfeld". When Germany's various kingdoms and principalities were abolished, the dynasty lost its throne and rank as royalty, but the republic allowed them to retain much of their property, as well as their princely title in the form of a surname. Marriages
At the age of 24, <mask> wed, in the castle in which she was born at Drogelwitz, Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss, J(unior) L(ine), a man seventeen years her senior, who was her cousin in the fourth degree (their shared ancestor being King Frederick William II of Prussia) and in the sixth degree (both being descendants of George II of Great Britain). He belonged to a dynasty which reigned over two German principalities (Reuss) until abdication in 1918 of the one reigning Prince over both principalities. By tradition, the princes of his house used "Reuss" as a surname without any nobiliary particle such as "von" (of) or "zu" (at), and all the males bore the sole given name of Henry (Heinrich), distinguished each from the other by Roman numerals. Heinrich XXXII was a son of Prince Heinrich VII Reuss J.L.(1825-1906) and his wife Princess <mask> of Saxe-Weimar, through whom he had, between 1894 and 1909, been near in the order of succession to the Dutch throne that was occupied by Queen Wilhelmina since 1890. Soon after the wedding on 19 May 1920 the marriage began to break down: <mask> would give birth to a son, Prince Heinrich V, on 26 May 1921 and, in order to marry the father before she delivered the child, she divorced Heinrich XXXII at Guben on 18 February and on 12 April married his younger brother, Heinrich XXXV Reuss J.L. (1887-1936) who, to be eligible for the elopement to Bremen, had divorced his wife of 10 years, Princess Maria of Saxe-Altenburg (1888-1947), on 4 March. When Heinrich V was two years old, on 23 June 1923, his parents obtained a divorce in Berlin. Thereafter, <mask> used the title Princess Reuss zur Lippe. <mask> married a third and final time to commoner Hanno Konopath (born surnamed "Konopacki"), a Nazi government official, on 24 February 1927. This marriage also ended in divorce nine years later in 1936, but not before it generated important contacts for her in the German regime.Issue
 Prince Heinrich V Reuss (b. 26 May 1921, d. 28 Oct 1980), married morganatically on 22 June 1961 with Ingrid Jobst. They had three children:
 <mask> Luise Hermine Dora Helene Reuss (b. 1 September 1963), married on 13 July 1985 to Eberhard, Count zu Erbach-Erbach. They had three children:
 Countess Felicitas Alexandra Magita Elena of Erbach-Erbach (b. 27 June 1987). Franz Georg Albrecht Wittekind Karl-Emich Raimund Kraft Carl, Hereditary Count of Erbach-Erbach (b.6 June 1989). Count Franz Konrad Ludwig Heinrich Gustav of Erbach-Erbach (b. 12 December 1991). Heinrich Ico Reuss (b. 18 October 1964), married on 17 July 1999 to Baroness Corinna von Elmendorff. They had one daughter:
 Henriette Josephine Viktoria Luise Reuss (b. 16 November 2000).<mask> Adelheid Freia Gabriele Elisabeth Reuss (b. 30 December 1968), married on 25 October 1995 to Sebastian Papst. A Nazi princess

Early years
Alarmed by the failure of their class to respond to the troubles occurring in Germany, many younger members of royal families joined the emerging Nazi Party and other radical right-wing groups. In the beginning, many of them were women. Like the Hesse family, the <mask> dynasty joined the Nazi Party in great numbers (ultimately eighteen members would eventually join). Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe, <mask>elheid's birthplace. As an ardent believer of the party's views, <mask> developed strong connections to the emerging Nazi regime, and became a leading socialite during that time.She embraced "blood and soil" notions with great enthusiasm, and belonged to the paganist sect of Nazism. In 1921, the same year of her divorce, <mask> published Gott in mir (God In Me) in Bremen. A small work of forty-one pages, its spacious layout and the exceptional quality of its paper is evidence that while Germany was suffering from an economic depression, the book was distributed in small quantities to a select, wealthy clientele. It is likely that soon after producing this work, <mask> was already moving in far-right circles or on the verge of becoming an ardent National Socialist; she became employed as an aide to the Nazi Minister of Food and Agriculture, Richard Walther Darré (a friend of her third husband's). Her cousin Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe (son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe) was also employed under Darré. As he was her mentor (and referred to her as "little sister"), <mask> devoted her writing talent to promoting National Socialist ideals, in particular those of Darré. These essays included Nordische Frau und Nordischer Glaube [Nordic Women and Nordic Religion] (1934), Deutscher Hausrat [Setting up the German Household] (1936), two edited collections of writings by Darre, and two novels, Mutter Erde [Mother Earth] (1935), and Die Overbroocks [The Overbroocks] (1942).Nordic Faith Movement
In the late 1920s, <mask> regularly attended meetings for the paganist Nordic Ring, which was a forum for the discussion of issues concerning race and eugenics. Her third husband was a leader of this group. Konopath was a member of the Race and Culture Division in the Reich Leadership Office. The group was a great proponent of the "Nordic idea", in which they believed that the Occidental and Germanic cultures were a creation of the Nordic race. To them, the Nordic race had been "losing ground rapidly" in the new industrial age due to an influx of "inferior" races to the enlarging cities; their goal was thus to reverse this trend before Germany followed France, Italy, and Spain in racial decline. Through these meetings, <mask> emerged as a leader of the Nordic Faith Movement. At one meeting she presided over in March 1935, she stated that children should be forbidden from reading the Old Testament and asserted that there was not much sense in reading the New Testament."In the Old Testament, the greatest and most sacred things are treated as a variety of sin. One should not, therefore, place in children's hands the sort of tales of which the Old Testament is made up. However, the new Testament is not much better. Throughout the Old Testament woman is treated as something shameful. We read there that a woman who has borne a child should make a sacrifice". In the same meeting, <mask> also called on other Nordic pagans to remember that "thousands of blond-haired, blue-eyed women" had been burned as witches during the Middle Ages, a fact, she declared, that meant they should be avenged by bringing back to life the old Nordic faith. The Nordic Faith professed by Konopath and <mask>id soon declined in importance.Wilhelm Kube, the leader of the Nazi Party in the Prussian parliament and a fervent Christian, soon discovered that Konopath belonged to "a school of thought that even the most radical of Kube's group could no longer consider Christian". Soon afterwards, Kube had Konopath ejected from his DC responsibilities; he was additionally deprived of all his party offices on "grounds of immorality". Fall of Darré
As the war caused unwelcome developments, Darré's romantic "blood and soil" views suffered as new and more efficient plans were produced by important Nazi officials Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring. As Darré's influence declined, so did that of <mask> and her cousin, as their family lacked a viable power base. While Darré retired to his hunting lodge outside Berlin, she and Ernst continued their activities under the Nazi regime until the end of the war. Post-World War II
After World War II ended, <mask> continued her extreme right-wing activities, working as an author and translator, as well as being active in various neo-Nazi organizations. She translated Paul Rassinier's Holocaust-denying work, Le Drame des Juifs européens (The Drama of European Jews), into German in 1964, and also published two more volumes of poetry.She gave financial support to Die Bauernschaft, a periodical launched by neo-Nazi Thies Christophersen in 1969. As a result of his publications, Christophersen was threatened with imprisonment for spreading Nazi propaganda, and finally had to leave Germany for Denmark. In 1971, <mask> assumed the editorship and continued to keep the "blood and soil" ideas that had been so cherished under her and Darré in circulation. Death
<mask> died on Christmas Day 25 December 1993 in Tangstedt, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, aged 98. List of works
<mask> produced and published many different works under the names <mask>id Prinzessin Reuss-zur Lippe and <mask> Konopath throughout her life. All of these original works contained right-wing propaganda, both during and after the fall of the Nazi regime. Novels
 Mutter Erde [Mother Earth] (1935)
 Die Overbroocks [The Overbroocks] (1942)

Poetry
 Gott in Mir [God in Me] (1921)
 Weltfrommigkeit (1960)
 Freundesgruss (1978)

Essays
 Das bist du [That is you] (1924)
 Deutscher Hausrat [Setting up the German Household] (1936)
 Nordische Frau und Nordischer Glaube [Nordic Women and Nordic Religion] (1934)
 Feiern im Jahresring (1968)
 Small contributions to the monthly magazine Odal.Monatsschrift für Blut und Boden (1932–1942)

Translations
As a speaker of French, English, and German, <mask> produced translations of various works after the end of World War II. Along with Paul Rassinier's Holocaust-denying work The Drama of the European Jews, <mask> also translated Lenora Mattingly Weber's work My True Love Waits from French into German and Harry Elmer Barnes' Perpetual War For Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt from English into German, among others. Ancestry

References

Sources

1895 births
1993 deaths
German Holocaust deniers
German Modern Pagans
German people of World War II
German political writers
German princesses
House of Lippe
House of Reuss
Modern Pagan novelists
Modern Pagan poets
Modern Pagan writers
Nazi Party members
People from Głogów County
People from the Province of Silesia
Princesses of Reuss
Royalty in the Nazi Party
Women in Nazi Germany

masks:
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Alexandra
Caroline Marie
Lippe
Marie Ad
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelhe
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid
Marie Adelheid


title: Albert S. Ruddy

texts:
<mask> (born March 28, 1930) is a Canadian-born film and television producer. Life and career
<mask><mask> was born to a Jewish family in Montreal and raised in New York City and in Miami Beach, Florida, by his mother, <mask>. Ruddy attended Brooklyn Technical High School before earning a scholarship to allow him to study chemical engineering at City College of New York. He graduated from the School of Architecture at the University of Southern California and then worked designing homes in the construction industry on the East Coast. After a short stint at Warner Brothers, brought about by a chance meeting with studio chief Jack L. Warner, Ruddy moved on to become a programmer trainee at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California. Returning to entertainment, Ruddy was a television writer at Universal Studios, but left when <mask>., father of the legendary actor, hired him to produce Wild Seed (1965). With this one film completed, Ruddy co-created Hogan's Heroes (CBS, 1965–1971), which was a critical success and ran for six seasons.As the sitcom wound down its run, Ruddy returned to films, producing two comedies: Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970), about two motorcycle racers, and Making It (1971), about a sexually triumphant high school student who beds the gerontophobic wife of his gym teacher. In 1972, he produced The Godfather and won his first of two Oscars for Best Picture. In 1974, Ruddy produced The Longest Yard, which has been described as "the first successful modern sports movie". The movie was very successful financially and was subsequently remade twice with Ruddy as executive producer (as Mean Machine (2001) and as The Longest Yard (2005)). The following year, Ruddy produced director and animator Ralph Bakshi's satirical film Coonskin (1975). The film was extremely controversial and initially received negative reviews, but it would eventually earn critical acclaim and develop a cult following with cinema devotees around the globe. It remains one of director Quentin Tarantino's favorite movies, which he regularly screens.In 1976, he produced a television western called The Machans, which was subsequently developed into the series How the West Was Won (1977–1979). Although hugely successful at the box office, The Cannonball Run (1981) received mixed reviews by critics. However today, this Burt Reynolds classic is a beloved film that enjoys regular reruns and a devoted following from followers of the famed Rat Pack. Ruddy next produced two action films, Death Hunt (1981) starring Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, and Megaforce (1982). Ruddy returned to produce Cannonball Run II (1984), which was another commercial success for the Rat Pack prominent cast, which featured a guest appearance by <mask>. For some time, Ruddy worked with writer-philosopher Ayn Rand to produce her epic novel Atlas Shrugged as a movie, the rights to which he purchased in the mid-1970s, but the movie never moved beyond the planning stages. Rand demanded unprecedented final script approval, which Ruddy agreed to.However, her friends pointed out that Ruddy could shoot the approved script but still leave all her speeches on the cutting room floor. Rand asked for final editing approval, which neither Ruddy nor the director had the power to give her, so she responded by withdrawing her support from the film and vowing to ensure that Ruddy was never involved in any adaptation of her novel. In 1985, he and Andre Morgan set up the Ruddy/Morgan Organization, after leaving Golden Harvest, which films are budgeted for the $8.5-16 million range, and arranged the financing and developing of "high-visibility" pictures the company is placing up. In the early 1990s, he helped create the successful series Walker, Texas Ranger. Also in 1992, he licensed the rights from Kevin McClory to make a James Bond television show, but EON Productions blocked it, and winning the suit, ended any hopes of a television show. In 2004, he produced Million Dollar Baby, which earned him his second Oscar for Best Picture. He shared the award with Clint Eastwood, who had presented Ruddy with the Best Picture Oscar for The Godfather over 30 years earlier.In late 2015, it was announced that he had acquired the rights to Rand's Atlas Shrugged and would be making a movie for worldwide release. Personal life
<mask> was originally married to and divorced from Francoise <mask>, who was also Jewish. This was prior to her name change  to Ma Prem Hasya as part of the Rajneeshpuram Commune in Central Oregon. Francoise saw him through the production of "The Godfather," even lending her name to the production company title. <mask> is currently married to Wanda McDaniel, the mother of his two children, <mask> and <mask>. Currently, she serves as the Executive Vice President for the Italian design legend Giorgio Armani. Filmography
He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.Film

As writer

Art director

Soundtrack

Thanks

Television

As writer

Miscellaneous crew

As an actor

Thanks

Awards
 Won: 1973 Academy Award for Best Picture: The Godfather
 Won: 1973 David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film: The Godfather
 Won: 1973 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama: The Godfather
 Won: 1975 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy: The Longest Yard
 Nomination: 1983 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture: Megaforce
 Nomination: 1984 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture: Cannonball Run II
 Nomination: 1985 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay: Cannonball Run II (with Hal Needham and Harvey Miller)
 Won: 2005 Academy Award for Best Picture: Million Dollar Baby

See also
 Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood

References

External links

 "The Godfather Wars" Vanity Fair
 Profile from Mass Hysteria Entertainment
  "Ruddy Morgan Organization"

1930 births
Living people
Canadian film producers
Jewish Canadian filmmakers
20th-century American Jews
People from New York City
People from Montreal
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
USC School of Architecture alumni
City College of New York alumni
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Albert Stotland Ruddy
Albert S
. Ruddy
Ruth Ruddy Hertz
Marlon Brando Sr
Frank Sinatra
Ruddy
Ruddy
Ruddy
John Ruddy
Alexandra Ruddy


title: Aaron Jackson (basketball)

texts:
<mask> (born May 6, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. Standing at , He plays at both the point guard and shooting guard positions, with point guard being his main position. He has played professionally in Europe and China, since finishing his collegiate career with Duquesne, earning plaudits for his play and achievements, most notably while with the Spanish club Bilbao Basket and the Russian club CSKA Moscow. High school
<mask> attended and played high school basketball at Northwest Catholic High School, in West Hartford, Connecticut, and at Worcester Academy, in Worcester, Massachusetts. He won two Connecticut state championships while at Northwest Catholic High School, and spent a year at Worcester Academy prep school, for his post-grad year. While playing under head coach Mo Cassara at the second, he was recruited by NCAA Division I program Duquesne, of the Atlantic 10 Conference, in April 2005. College career
At the time when <mask> started his college basketball career at Duquesne, the school's basketball program was in the midst of one of its worst stretches ever, reaching 10 wins just twice in 11 years, in repeating losing seasons.The 2005–06 season wouldn't reverse the trend, on the contrary as the 3–24 season was the worst in the school's 92 year history. Despite this, <mask> started 21 of 27 games, and had comparatively good stats for a freshman (second on the team in assists and steals, and third in assist-to-turnover ratio in the conference). The team's head coach, Danny Nee, was fired and replaced by Ron Everhart, and he would make sweeping changes to the roster, bringing in 10 new players, whilst only keeping two from the previous team, including <mask>, after a face to face meeting between the two. In a team shook by a campus shooting (see Duquesne shooting), <mask> was a leader for the team as a sophomore. Playing in all games – starting most – he was in the conference top-10 in assists (3.8 per game) and steals (1.4 per game), whilst adding 11 points and 5 rebounds on average, as part of a team with an improved collective 10–19 record. <mask>'s junior season followed that trend, though he earned less minutes of playing time, as per Everhart's rotation policy. He led his team in minutes and assists, while also scoring in double figures and, posting 5+ rebounds 13 games during the season.With averages of 9 points per game and 4 rebounds per game, for the season. The Dukes had their first winning season since 1994. Fittingly, he reached the pinnacle of his collegiate career in his last college season. Being the only senior in a team with seven freshmen, he started in every single game, as he led the team in scoring and assists (with a school record of 194), and was second on the team in rebounding and steals. His stats also ranked in the top 5 for the whole conference, in seven different statistical categories (of which included scoring, assists, steals, and minutes), which led to him being selected to the All-A 10 first team, and the NABC All-District 4 first team, also being awarded A-10 Most Improved Player. On a team level, it was also successful season, as the Dukes had a 21–13 record in the regular season, their best since 1971, which allowed them to enter the NIT tournament. <mask> played in his last Dukes game in the first round of the NIT, against Virginia Tech, which was a befitting farewell, as he scored 46 points in the game (tied for the fourth highest single-game point total for the school), in a double overtime loss.At the end of his Duquesne college career, <mask>'s name was inscribed into the university's record books, as his 194 assists in 2009, broke Norm Nixon's previous school record. Besides that, he was also tied for 1st place in games played (having played in all of his team's games, in every season), was in 3rd place in career assists (with 505), was in 6th place in steals (169), and in 7th place in field goal percentage. Professional career
With his collegiate career over, <mask> turned his sights to the professional game and the 2009 NBA Draft, first by playing in the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament then by attending workouts with a half-dozen NBA teams, despite this he was not predicted to be drafted though he did attract attention from the Indiana Pacers. He would go undrafted in the end but did rejoin the Pacers for the NBA Summer League where, in a de facto competition with A. J. Price for the third point guard spot on the roster, Price was signed over him. Not financially interested in D-League contract offers, <mask> planned a move abroad. Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2009–2010)
<mask> moved to Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi of the Turkish Basketball Super League in July 2009, penning his first professional contract.For his first experience abroad he suffered from culture shock but developed his game in what he described as a physical league with hard fought games and had a good season statistically with 15,2 points, 4,9 rebounds and 4 assists per game. Virtus Pallacanestro Bologna (2010)
Antalya finished in mid-table, missing the playoffs, but <mask>'s season wasn't over as he then signed for Italian LBA side Virtus Bologna in April 2010 as a replacement for the injured Petteri Koponen to play in the playoffs. He was an instant fit for the team, starting in all games of their first round playoff run, his good performances and statistics prompting the team to offer him an extension. Bilbao Basket (2010–2012)

2010–2011 season
It was to be in vain for Virtus as <mask> signed a contract with Spanish Liga ACB team Bilbao Basket, signing a two-year deal (the second year an option) with an NBA clause in June 2010, after a summer league appearance with the Cleveland Cavaliers yielded no contract he joined the team for good. He was brought in by coach Fotios Katsikaris to replace the club's legend, Javi Salgado, with a more athletic and dynamic play-maker, a decision that earned critics from fans and observers. A frosty reception awaited <mask> in Spain, having to adapt to the competition level, considered the best national domestic league in Europe, and his dual role as facilitator and crunch time scorer, he had ups and downs before becoming the focal point of his team, leading them to 6th in the league before having a decisive role in their run to the playoff final, beating powerhouse Real Madrid in the process. Though they would lose in the final to Barcelona, <mask> played the most minutes of any player in the playoffs, also breaking the top 10 for scoring, rebounding, assists and steals and the option on his second year was taken by the Basques, with the guard motivated by the prospect of playing in the EuroLeague, the continents' premier competition.2011–2012 season
His second season in Spain was as successful, being named the fifth best point guard in the Liga ACB as he led his team to another playoff appearance though this time they lost in the first round, <mask> top scoring for Bilbao in both games. Above all he discovered the EuroLeague, among the European elite he had seesaw performances, none so evident in two back-to-back games against Real Madrid, the first a shocker with only 2 points in 20 minutes in a loss, the second a Top 16 Week 4 MVP performance, scoring 15 points with 10 assists and only 1 turnover in a 93–69 victory that allowed Bilbao to finish above Madrid in their group and reach the Quarterfinals. In the playoffs, he upped his game against future finalist CSKA Moscow, leading Bilbao in points, assists and steals to rank fifth for the playoff phase in Performance Index Rating, despite this Bilbao was overpowered by the Russians and lost the series 3–1. <mask> was out of contract at the end of the 2011–12 season and turned down a contract extension offer from Bilbao, ending his tenure there following "two marvelous years". CSKA Moscow (2012–2017)
On June 19, 2012, <mask> joined former opponents CSKA Moscow, penning a 3-year deal with perennial Russian champions, hours after they announced the return of former coach Ettore Messina who coached Real Madrid in 2010–11. He chose to sign with them instead of having another go at the NBA summer league. 2012–13 season
Transforming from a star player to a role player at the European giants, <mask> found it hard to adapt to the perfectionist Messina's coaching style and struggled with form and confidence, more so when the club brought Theo Papaloukas at his position.Little by little he improved, later playing a part in CSKA's championship victories in the Russian League and the more competitive VTB United League, earning his first silverware, though they lost to Olympiacos in the EuroLeague semifinals, as the preceding year in the final. 2013–14 season
Despite offers from other EuroLeague teams of a starting place on their roster he stayed put and was also confirmed by CSKA who had an option to terminate his contract. At the beginning of the season <mask> found himself behind Miloš Teodosić and newly arrived Jeremy Pargo in the rotation, playing most of his minutes as a shooting guard, for instance in the October exhibition game against the Minnesota Timberwolves. When Teodosić got injured in March 2014, <mask> was chosen to replace him, playing nearly 31 minutes per game in the EuroLeague quarter-finals against Panathinaikos, though he finished with only 5.4 in PIR. Teodosić reclaimed his place after healing and <mask> barely featured in the semi-final meltdown loss to Maccabi Tel Aviv, he even picked up a knee injury late in the game, which kept him out of the Red Army club's consolation come from behind title in the VTB United League. Having again seen the club fail in their EuroLeague title quest, the management decided to change the team roster, replacing Messina with Dimitrios Itoudis and Nando de Colo was signed to be the team's new shooting guard, with Teodosić's contract extended. This left one of <mask> or Pargo as surplus to requirements, amidst interest from Valencia and due to the cost of Pargo's contract, coach Itoudis voted for <mask> and it was Pargo that was released.2014–15 season
<mask> repaid that faith with a strong start to the 2014–15 season, including a stretch in December that saw him nominated for the VTB United League Monthly Award. He also had a decisive contribution in the EuroLeague victory against Anadolu Efes Istanbul in January, scoring 21 points without missing a single shot along with 4 rebounds and 4 assists to finish behind teammate De Colo in the Top 16 Round 3 MVP rankings. In a rotation system with De Colo, Teodosić and Sonny Weems occupying either the point guard, shooting guard or small forward positions, <mask> was often a substitute, however he had important contributions when called upon, for example in another EuroLeague semi-final loss to Olympiacos, where his 7 steals broke the Final Four single game record, with 9 points, 3 assists for 1 turnover and 4 fouls drawn he was the third best rated player in that game. <mask> was credited as "one of CSKA's best players down the stretch" in the VTB United League playoffs, posting 8.7 points, 6.1 assists and 1.8 steals per game whilst playing more minutes (24.5) and being seen as more effective than fellow guards De Colo and Teodosić. The Moscow club finished unbeaten in the playoffs to win the 2014–15 VTB United League as <mask> contributed 12 points and 8 assists in the final series Game 3 against Khimki. On June 19, 2015, he signed a two-year extension with CSKA Moscow. Beijing Ducks (2017–2018)
On July 6, 2017, <mask> signed a two-year contract with the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association.Houston Rockets (2018)
Near the end of the 2017–18 NBA season, <mask> would sign a contract with the Houston Rockets, replacing the position previously held by Tim Quarterman. <mask> would make his NBA debut on April 11, 2018, scoring eight points with three rebounds and an assist in an 83–96 loss to the Sacramento Kings. However, in this debut game, his last name was missing on his team jersey. Later <mask> had his debut in NBA playoffs on April 18, 2018, in a 102–82 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On July 5, 2018, he was waived by the Rockets. Beijing Ducks (2018–2019)
Immediately after his departure from the Houston Rockets on July 5, 2018, <mask> returned to the Beijing Ducks. On November 2, 2018, <mask> recorded a triple-double after racking up 32 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 113-118 loss to the Shanghai Sharks.On December 16th <mask> terminated his contract with Beijing. Maccabi Tel Aviv (2019–2020)
On December 16, 2019, <mask> signed with Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League for the rest of the season, joining as an injury cover for John DiBartolomeo and Nate Wolters. He averaged 4.3 points and 1.7 assists per game. On June 14, 2020, <mask> parted ways with the team. Player profile
A big combo guard, <mask> is a high energy player with solid athleticism and an unselfish style. On offense he's a creative slasher, who is at his best while pushing the ball at a fast pace in transition, and using his excellent body control in the lane. With his great quickness and ball handling, he can create his own shot, and is adept at getting to the basket to finish around the rim, with either hand, and often in acrobatic fashion, even through contact.He can also "quarterback" his team's offense when called upon, using his good passing and high basketball IQ to great effect. On defense he's a dynamic perimeter defender, who isn't afraid to play aggressively. At CSKA, he was used for lock-down individual defense, to try to force a turnover from the opponent. He is athletic, competitive, and not afraid of contact. It was noted in 2009, that he could improve his decision making skills, ball-handling, mid-range jump shot, and defensive fundamentals, whilst highlighting his effort and potential. His work ethic and motivation, along with expert coaching helped him correct some of those shortcomings, as evidenced by his defensive progress, which was formerly a weakness. It improved so much that he was named one of the top 10 defenders in the VTB United League, in 2015.Concurrently, observers noted a significant improvement in his offensive game, with him having a better reading of the game, complemented by better technical skills, that add more options to his offensive repertoire; be it through team plays, such as running the Triangle offense, or an improved three pointer, which was added to his still potent explosive first step. It is derived from the similarly named Greek hero that inspired <mask> in a history class. One of his tattoos, on his arm, depicts the warrior. Duquesne shooting
On September 17, 2006, <mask> and four other Duquesne teammates Sam Ashaolu, Stuart Baldonado, Shawn James and Kojo Mensah were the victims of an unprovoked shooting on the university's Pittsburgh campus. Ashaolu was shot in the head and neck, Mensah in the shoulder and arm, Baldonado through his back into his elbow, James in his left foot whilst <mask> was only grazed on the wrist by a bullet. He later carried the injured Baldonado to his car and drove him to hospital. The two shooters, William B. Holmes II and Derek Lee pleaded guilty and were sentenced to respectively up to 40 years and up to 14 years in prison, for having helped them enter a student dance whilst armed, former university student Brittany Jones was sentenced to two years of probation.An altercation started during the dance after a female acquaintance of the shooters flirted with one of the Duquesne players, the players walked away but later re-encountered the two men, who started shooting at them. <mask> was able to play the next season, the only one of the four to do so, he was a roommate and friend of Ashaolu and helped him through his rehabilitation, even having to carry him to his car and drive him to hospital after a seizure. Though Ashaolu was never able to play basketball again, he graduated in 2009 along with <mask> who earned a psychology degree. References

External links

 <mask> at acb.com
 <mask> at cskabasket.com
 <mask> at eurobasket.com
 <mask> at euroleague.net
 <mask> at legabasket.it
 <mask> at realgm.com
 <mask> at tblstat.net

1986 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi players
Basketball players from Hartford, Connecticut
Beijing Ducks players
Bilbao Basket players
Duquesne Dukes men's basketball players
Houston Rockets players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Liga ACB players
Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
PBC CSKA Moscow players
Point guards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Virtus Bologna players

masks:
Aaron Lee Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
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Jackson
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Jackson
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Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson
Aaron Jackson


title: Dewey Redman

texts:
<mask> (May 17, 1931 – September 2, 2006) was an American saxophonist who performed free jazz as a bandleader and with Ornette Coleman and Keith Jarrett. <mask> mainly played tenor saxophone, though he occasionally also played alto, the Chinese suona (which he called a musette), and clarinet. His son is saxophonist <mask>. Biography
<mask> was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He attended I.M. Terrell High School, and played in the school band with Ornette Coleman, Prince Lasha, and Charles Moffett. After high school, he briefly enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama but became disillusioned with the program and returned home to Texas.In 1953, he earned a bachelor's degree in Industrial Arts from Prairie View Agricultural and Mechanical University. While at Prairie View, he switched from clarinet to alto saxophone, then to tenor. After graduating, he served for two years in the U. S. Army. After his discharge from the Army, <mask> began working on a master's degree in education at the University of North Texas. While working on his degree, he taught music to fifth graders in Bastrop, Texas and worked as a freelance saxophonist at night and weekends in Austin, Texas. In 1957, he graduated in Education with a minor in Industrial Arts. While at North Texas, he did not enroll in any music classes.In 1959, he moved to San Francisco, resulting in a collaboration with clarinetist Donald Garrett. <mask> was best known for his 1968-1972 collaboration with saxophonist Ornette Coleman, with whom he had performed in his Fort Worth high school marching band. He also played in pianist Keith Jarrett's American Quartet (1971–1976). Jarrett's The Survivors' Suite was voted Jazz Album of the Year by Melody Maker in 1978. In the 1970s <mask> formed the quartet Old and New Dreams with Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, and Ed Blackwell. They recorded four albums in the period to 1987. Redman recorded as a sideman with Paul Motian and Pat Metheny.In 1981 he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival for the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. He was the subject of the award-winning documentary film Dewey Time directed by Daniel Berman (2001). On February 19 and 21, 2004, he played tenor saxophone as a special guest with Jazz at Lincoln Center in a concert entitled "The Music of Ornette Coleman". Reviewing the performance, Howard Mandell wrote, "<mask>, a veteran of Coleman's bands, played on 'Ramblin' and 'Peace', demonstrating more originality, maturity and conviction than anyone else on the bandstand." <mask> died of liver failure in Brooklyn, New York, on September 2, 2006. He is buried at the Calverton National Cemetery in Calverton, Suffolk County, New York. 1 (Blue Note, 2006)

With Ornette Coleman
 New York Is Now!(OmniTone, 1997)
Don Cherry, Relativity Suite (JCOA, 1973)
Anthony Cox, Dark Metals (Polygram, 1991)
Mark Helias, Split Image (Enja, 1984)
Billy Hart, Enchance (Horizon, 1977)
Leroy Jenkins, For Players Only (JCOA, 1975)
Pat Metheny, 80/81 (ECM, 1980)
Roswell Rudd & The Jazz Composer's Orchestra, Numatik Swing Band (JCOA, 1973)
Clifford Thornton & The Jazz Composers Orchestra, The Gardens of Harlem (JCOA, 1975)
Randy Weston, The Spirits of Our Ancestors (Antilles, 1991)
Matt Wilson, As Wave Follows Wave (Palmetto, 1996)
Dane Belany, Motivations (Sahara, 1975)
John Menegon, Search Light (Maki Records 2003)

References
General references

 In Black and White. A guide to magazine articles, newspaper articles, and books concerning Black individuals and groups. Third edition, Supplement. Edited by Mary Mace Spradling. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985
 The Negro Almanac. A reference work on the Afro American. Third edition.Edited by Harry A. Ploski and Warren Marr, II. New York: Bellwether Co., 1976. Later editions published as The African-American Almanac
 The African-American Almanac. Sixth edition. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 The African American Almanac. Eighth edition.Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 The African American Almanac. Ninth edition. Detroit: Gale Group, 2003. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 All Music Guide to Jazz. The experts' guide to the best jazz recordings. Second edition.Edited by Michael Erlewine. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 1996
 All Music Guide to Jazz. The definitive guide to jazz music. Fourth edition. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra and Stephen Thomas Erlewine. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2002
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines.Volume 13: September 1982 – August 1984. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1984
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 18: September 1992 – August 1993 New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1993
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines.Volume 26: September 2000 – August 2001 New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 2001
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 29: September 2003 – August 2004. New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 2004
 Contemporary Musicians. Profiles of the people in music. Volume 32. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001
 The Encyclopedia of Popular Music.Third edition. Eight volumes. Edited by Colin Larkin. London: MUZE, 1998. Grove's Dictionaries, New York, 1998
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Jazz. By Brian Case and Stan Britt. New York: Harmony Books, 1978
 The Negro Almanac.A reference work on the Afro-American. Fourth edition. Compiled and edited by Harry A. Ploski and James Williams. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983
 The Negro Almanac. A reference work on the African American. Fifth edition. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989
 The New Grove Dictionary of American Music.Four volumes. Edited by H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Press, 1986
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. First edition. Two volumes. Edited by Barry Kernfeld. London: Macmillan Press, 1988
 The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music.Edited by Donald Clarke. New York: Viking Press, 1989
 Who's Who in America. 42nd edition, 1982–1983. Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who, 1982
 Who's Who in America. 43rd edition, 1984–1985. Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who, 1984
 Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Ninth edition.Edited by Laura Kuhn. New York: Schirmer Books, 2001
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Edited by Barry Kernfeld. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Second edition. Three volumes. Edited by Barry Kernfeld.London: Macmillan Publishers, 2002
 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary. Fourth edition. Compiled for the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers by Jaques Cattell Press. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1980
 Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. By Eileen Southern. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982
 Biographical Dictionary of Jazz.By Charles Eugene Claghorn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1982
 The Encyclopedia of Jazz in the Seventies. By Leonard Feather and Ira Gitler. New York: Horizon Press, 1976
 Who's Who in America. 59th edition, 2005. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who, 2004

Inline citations

External links

"<mask>: The Sound of a Giant", at All About Jazz
"<mask>man: an Enduring Original, 1931–2006", obituary in Jazz Police magazine, by Andrea Carter
obituary at The Bad Plus blog
<mask>man obituary from All About Jazz

1931 births
2006 deaths
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz alto saxophonists
American jazz clarinetists
African-American saxophonists
Free jazz saxophonists
Prairie View A&M University alumni
University of North Texas alumni
People from Fort Worth, Texas
ECM Records artists
Freedom Records artists
Impulse! Records artists
Enja Records artists
Palmetto Records artists
BYG Actuel artists
Galaxy Records artists
Avant-garde jazz saxophonists
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American musicians
20th-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Texas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Old and New Dreams members
African-American military personnel
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Walter Dewey Redman
Redman
Joshua Redman
Redman
Redman
Redman
Redman
Redman
Redman
Dewey Redman
Dewey Red
Dewey Red


title: Guy Anthony De Marco

texts:
<mask> (born 1963) is an American author, musician, programmer and teacher. Biography and work
<mask> writes speculative fiction, including the horror, science fiction, fantasy, steampunk and paranormal genres. He is best known for his short fiction. Stories of note include:
"My Muse is Dead", of which OG's Speculative Fiction said, "They say there is a very thin line between ordinary and creative. It’s just a matter of how you look at things. A great piece of writing." "Steaks", Every Day Fictions most-read story of January 2009, which led to an interview on their website His story is included in their anthology, Every Day Fiction Two."Sands", which won the Great E2 Fin de Siecle Fiction Challenge in Sept 2001. The judge noted, "What can I say? Great plot, great use of words, EVIL puns, appalling cheating. I laughed and I loved it." "Exploring", a dwarf-form poem, which was a finalist for the Science Fiction Poetry Association's 2012 annual contest

<mask> was awarded the Horror Writers Association's Silver Hammer Award for service to the organization in 2011. This was presented at the 2012 World Horror Convention in Salt Lake City, Utah. His graphic novel Behind These Eyes, co-written with Peter J. Wacks, was a finalist for the 2012 Bram Stoker Awards.<mask> co-wrote a cyberpunk novel based on the Interface Zero 2.0 game world with Peter J. Wacks and Josh Vogt called Solar Singularity, which was selected as a finalist for the juried International Association of Media Tie-in Writers annual Scribe award for 2018. <mask> had previously worked as one of the writers on the core rule book for Interface Zero 2.0: Full Metal Cyberpunk RPG game which was itself a finalist for the 2015 ENnie Award in the original interior art category. <mask> served in voluntary positions in the Horror Writers Association, including the Web Team, where he was in charge of setting up new users for the HWA's website, and spent two years as the HWA Chapters Chairman. <mask> attends multiple conventions every year, including the World Horror Convention, GalaxyFest, ArchonSTL, COSine, Starfest, Salt Lake Comic Con, and MileHiCon. He has participated on discussion panels with topics such as "Writing Strong Women in Speculative Fiction", "Zombies", "Are Zombies the New Black? ", "NaNoWriMo for Beginners", "The Horror of HP Lovecraft", "E-Books for Beginners", "Niche Writing", "What is SteamPunk? ", and "What Is Horror?".His current panel record for one convention (19) was set at AnomalyCon 2013 in Denver, Colorado. An avid drummer, he played in several New York bands including Prickley Heat and Raw Sewage, which received radio airtime on college radio stations in upstate New York. In 2020, <mask> was listed as an associate producer of the horror film Next Door on IMDb. <mask> is a member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers,  the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, the International Association of Media Tie-in Writers, Western Writers of America, the Horror Writers Association, the Science Fiction Poetry Association, the Missouri Writers Guild, the International Order of Horror Professionals, Rocky Mountain Fiction Writers, Northern Colorado Writers, and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. He currently resides in the midwestern United States with his wife, Tonya.

masks:
Guy Anthony De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco
De Marco


title: Emile Claus

texts:
<mask> (27 September 1849 – 14 June 1924) was a Belgian painter. Life

<mask> was born on 27 September 1849, in Sint-Eloois-Vijve, a village in West Flanders (Belgium), at the banks of the river Lys. Emile was the twelfth child in a family of thirteen. Father Alexander was a grocer-publican and for some time town councillor. Mother Celestine Verbauwhede came from a Brabant skipper’s family and had her hands full with her offspring. As a child, Emile already loved drawing and on Sunday went three kilometres on foot to the Academy of Waregem (the neighbouring town) to learn how to draw. He graduated from the Academy with a gold medal.Although father <mask> allowed him to take drawing classes, he did not fancy an artist's career for his son. Instead, he sent Emile as a baker’s apprentice to Lille (France). Emile learned French there but the job of a baker clearly did not appeal to him. He also worked for some time with the Belgian Railways and as a representative in the flax trade. Studies

The urge to paint did not let go of Emile and he wrote a letter for help to the famous composer and musician Peter Benoit, who lived in nearby Harelbeke and was an occasional visitor of the family. Only with some effort, Peter Benoit managed to convince father <mask> to allow his son to train at the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts. <mask> did have to pay for his studies himself though.After graduating, he stayed to live in Antwerp. In 1883 <mask> moved to cottage Zonneschijn ('Sunshine') in Astene, near Deinze (East Flanders, Belgium), where he stayed until his death. From his living room, he enjoyed a beautiful view across the river Lys. The space and light of the country house clearly inspired him. Artistically, <mask> soon prospered. As a celebrity, he became a friend of the family with amongst others the French sculptor Auguste Rodin and the naturalist Émile Zola, and with the Belgian novelists and poets Cyriel Buysse, <mask> Verhaeren, Pol de Mont and Maurice Maeterlinck. He travelled around the world to attend exhibitions of his work.An important person in the life of <mask> <mask> was the painter Jenny Montigny. She followed master classes at his workshop in Astene and for years travelled back and forth between Ghent and Astene. Although <mask> was 26 years older than she was, they began a relationship that would last until <mask>' death. Another of his private students was the Belgian artist Anna De Weert. She, and her husband , spent summers with him in the 1890s. The First World War interrupted <mask>' international success. He fled to London where he found a house and workshop at the banks of the river Thames.He returned in 1918. Career

From 1869 to 1874, <mask> trained at the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts with, amongst others, the landscape painter Jacob Jacobs. During his training, <mask> attracted the attention of and found favour with the local upper middle class. In 1882 <mask> had completed Cock Fight in Flanders, The realistic painting portrays the dignitaries of Waregem, collected around a small arena with two fighting roosters. One of the dignitaries was the Waregem notary Eduard Dufaux. At the notary's home, Emile got to know Eduard’s niece Charlotte Dufaux. They got married in 1886.Artistically and financially, <mask> soon prospered. The Antwerp Museum of Fine Arts purchased one of his works, and The Picknick (1887), his well-known painting showing a farmer’s family watching the Sunday outing of the urban bourgeoisie on the opposite bank of a small river (the Lys), was bought by the Belgian Royal Family. Under the influence of Claude Monet, he developed a style that has been characterized as luminism. In 1904, he started the artist group Vie et Lumière ('Life and Light'). In 1918, at his return from London after World War I and with the dawn of expressionism, <mask> found his fame diminished. In 1921, he was given a last survey exhibition in Brussels, where especially his London works (about the city and the river Thames) made a positive impression on the public. Art

During his years in Antwerp, <mask> mainly painted portraits and realistic, anecdotal genre pieces.Stimulated by his friend, the author Camille Lemonnier, and influenced by the French impressionists, like Claude Monet whose works he got to know during his trips to Paris in the 1890s, <mask> gradually shifted from naturalistic realism to a very personal style of impressionism called 'luminism', because of the luminous palette he used. His paintings The Beet Harvest (1890) and The Ice Birds (1891) represent important turning points in this evolution. The Beet Harvest shows farmers harvesting sugar beets, hacking them out of the frozen field. The painting is gigantic in size and hangs at the Museum of Deinze and de Leiestreek in Deinze, Belgium. <mask> never sold it and after his death, his widow donated it to the city of Deinze on the condition they built a museum to exhibit it. The painting can now indeed be found at the Museum van Deinze en de Leiestreek (museum of Deinze and the Lys area') in Deinze (Belgium). The Ice Birds (1891) shows an icy landscape with playing children.The painting was inspired by the novella of the same title by the Waregem novelist Léonce Ducatillon. The naturalistic story is set at the Keukelmeersen ('keukel meadows'), a swampy area with dips, drains, ditches and trenches near the centre of Waregem. Every winter, it got flooded and changed into a wide icy plain. At the end of the story, one of the poor hungry boys falls through the ice while trying to pull out a frozen fish, and drowns. The painting is now part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Ghent (Belgium). <mask> is considered to be the pioneer of Belgian luminism. In 1904, he founded the society Vie et Lumière ('life and light') and became known as the 'sun painter' and the 'painter of the Lys'.A magnificent example is his painting Cows crossing the Lys (1899), which shows a group of motley cows being herded across a small river, with sunlights reflecting off the moving water. The painting hangs in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels (Belgium). During the First World War, while in exile in London, he painted a series of views on the river Thames, known as "reflections on the Thames", in the style of Monet. They are his most traditional impressionist works. On 14 June 1924, <mask> died in Astene. His last words were: "Bloemen, bloemen, bloemen …” ('Flowers, flowers, flowers'). The day before his death, he had painted a pastel of a bouquet of flowers, sent to him by Queen Elisabeth of Belgium.<mask> is buried in his own garden in Astene and a street is named after him in Brussels. Honours
 1919 : Commander of the Order of Leopold. 1911: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. Works
Other well-known works by <mask> <mask> include:

In 2007, the paintings The Beet Harvest and The Ice Birds have been included in the cultural heritage list of the Flemish community. C. Lemonnier, <mask> <mask>, Brussels, 1908. A. Santon, <mask> <mask>, Un prince du luminisme ('A Prince of Luminism'), Brussels, 1946. F. Maret, <mask> <mask>, Antwerp, 1949.<mask> <mask>, exhibition catalogue, Ghent, Museum of Fine Arts, 1974. P. & V. Berko, "Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875", Knokke 1981, p. 98-101. Lexicon van Westvlaamse beeldende kunstenaars ('Lexicon of West Flemish Visual Artists'), 3, Kortrijk, 1994. Le dictionnaire des peintres belges du XIVe siècle à nos jours ('Dictionary of Belgian Painters from the 14th Century to Present Day'), Brussels, 1994. J. De Smet, <mask> <mask>, exhibition catalogue, Ostend, P.M.M.K. ('Provincial Museum of Modern Art'), 1997.M. Tahon-Vanroose, De Vrienden van Scribe. De Europese smaak van een Gents mecenas ('The Friends of Scribe. The European Taste of a Ghent Maecenas'), exhibition catalogue, Ghent-Antwerp, 1998. Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon ('General Art Lexicon'), 19, Munich-Leipzig, 1998. J. De Smet, Sint-Martens-Latem en de Kunst aan de Leie (St Martin's Latem and the Art at the River Leie'), Tielt, 2000. J.De Smet, 'Emile <mask>', in: Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek ('National Biographical Dictionary'), p. 16, Brussels, 2002. External links

1849 births
1924 deaths
19th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian painters
People from Waregem
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium

masks:
Emile Claus
Emile Claus
Claus
Claus
Claus
Claus
Claus
Emile
Emile
Claus
Claus
Claus
Claus
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Claus
Emile
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Claus
Emile
Claus
Claus