title: Sergey Kravkov (agronomist)

texts:
<mask> (in Russian: ) was a Russian soil scientist and agricultural chemist. Biography

<mask> was born 21 June 1873 in Ryazan in the family of a non-commissioned officer Pavel Alexeyevich Kravkov (1826-1910), who served as a senior clerk in the office of the Chief Enlistment Officer of the Ryazan Governorate. According to the family legend, the scientist's mother Evdokia (Avdotia) Ivanovna (1834-1891), before wedding a «Kaluga petty bourgeois», was an illegitimate daughter of Konstantin Kavelin (1818-1885), a famous Russian historian, jurist and sociologist, one of the ideologists of Russian liberalism at the age of the reforms of Alexander II. In 1882-1892 <mask> attended the First Ryazan Gymnasium. In 1892-1896 he went on to study at the Natural Science Department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Imperial Saint Petersburg University. The future scientist's graduation thesis “On the crop rotation” was awarded a gold medal. After the graduation <mask> remained at the Agronomy Chair of the Imperial Saint Petersburg University where he worked under the guidance of Professor Sovetov.In 1898 his first scientific work “” (On the effect of electrostatic charging of soil on the processes going on in it) was published. In 1898 <mask> carried on geobotanical researches in the Derkul steppe in Kharkov Governorate. Their results were published in the “” (Works of the Free Economic Society) and the “” (Agricultural newspaper). The years from 1898 to 1900 <mask> spent in practical trainings abroad (Germany, Switzerland, France, Great Britain). After that he had headed for two years a research farm of the Agricultural Institute of Nowa Aleksandria (now Puławy in Poland). In these years the scientist gained wide practical and agronomical experience. Since 1901 Kravkov prelected general agronomics at the Professor Stebut's Agricultural Courses for Women.The years from 1903 to 1904 <mask> also spent abroad. He worked in Munich under the guidance of Professor Ramann, studied the products of decomposition of organic substances. In 1904 <mask> returned to the Imperial Saint Petersburg University, passed master's exams and was elected a privatdocent to deliver lectures on chemical and biological processes in soil. Also in 1906-1909 Kravkov worked at the experimental forest district of Veliko-Anadol, studying the problem of drying up of forests in the steppe. In 1908 he became one of the founders of the Agricultural Institute at Kamenny Island in Saint Petersburg. In 1908 <mask> defended the master's thesis “” (Materials on the study of the processes of decomposition of vegetal remains in soil) at the Imperial Kazan University. In 1909 he was elected Associate Professor of Agronomy at the Imperial Saint Petersburg University.He was in charge of a compulsory course “Soil science and agrochemistry”. In 1912 <mask> defended the Doctor's thesis “” (Study on the role of dead plant remains in soil) at the Imperial Yuryev University (now the Tartu University in Estonia), examining in it the processes of transformation of organic substances. He became the fourth Doctor of Agronomy in Russia. At the same time Kravkov was elected the Head of the Agronomy Chair of the Imperial Saint Petersburg University and held this position till his death in 1938. Under Kravkov's guidance intensive experimental works on the problems of humus formation and soil chemistry were carried on. The problem of humus formation had remained the main theme of the scientist's investigations for his whole life. Kravkov was the first to pay attention to the fact that the soil is an element that is constantly gradually changing and is not in a state of fixed chemical balance.Developing the ideas of Vasily Dokuchaev, <mask> appealed to permanent systematic studies of soil horizons, qualifying the dynamics of soil processes as “the life of soil”. He organized observations of dynamics of soil processes. After the October revolution of 1917 <mask> joined the preparation of agronomy staff for the needs of the economy of a new state. In 1922 the scientist was one of those who took part in the foundation of an independent Chair of Experimental Soil Science at the Petrograd State University. In 1921-1925 Kravkov headed the Department of Applied Soil Science at the North-West Regional Agricultural Experimental Station. Since 1926 he took an active part in the work of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy. In 1927 <mask> was one of the members of the Soviet delegation that took part in the First International Congress of Soil Science in Washington, D.C.He also participated in the work of the Second International Congress of Soil Science that took place in Leningrad and Moscow in 1930. When in 1932 the Kirov Higher Communist School of Agriculture was founded in Leningrad <mask> was invited to head its Chair of General Agriculture and to deliver lectures on soil science. In 1934 <mask> was awarded a scientific rank of Doctor of Science in Geology. On 10 November 1934 the decision of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee gave him a title of Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR. <mask> <mask> died in Leningrad on 12 August 1938. He was buried at Smolenskoye Cemetery. Kravkov's research work extended and deepenedthe scientific insight on the soil formation processes, contributed to the wide spread of the idea of dynamism of all soil phenomena.His work was continued by a number of talented disciples – the Soviet soil scientists. Family

In 1909 <mask> married an artist Mariya Mikhailovna Buraya (1861-?). He educated a stepdaughter Mariya. The scientist's elder brothers were Vasily Kravkov (1859-1920), army medical officer of high rank, author of memories about Russo-Japanese War and World War I, and <mask> (1865-1924), a prominent pharmacologist. Memory

By the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in 1939 the Laboratory of Experimental Soil Science of the Leningrad State University was named after <mask> Kravkov. Selected bibliography (English, French, German)

 Kravkov S.  /S. Kravkoff.- St. Petersbourg, s.a.
 Kravkov S.  /S. Krawkow. – Sankt Petersburg, s.a.
 Kravkov S.  St. Petersbourg: impr. de M. M. Stasioulevitch, 1911
 Kravkov S. P. "Achievements of Russian science in the field of agricultural pedology." Leningrad, Office of the Academy of Sciences, of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Russian pedological investigaqtions. IX, 1927 – 27 p.
 Kravkov S. P. "Producing powers of soils in the USSR" // Proceedings and papers of the Second International Congress of Soil Science (Leningrad-Moscow, USSR, July 20–31, 1930).Vol. IV. State publishing house of agricultural, cooperative and collective farm literature (Selkolkhozgis), Moscow, 1932 – pp. 145–152
 The Earth's crust. (Editor S. P. Kravkoff) Leningrad-Moscou, , 1935 – 192 p.
 Kravkov S.P. "Materials for studying decomposition processes of plant remains in soil" // Bio- and agrochemistry of soil processes. Leningrad: Nauka, 1978 – pp.67–102
 Kravkov S.P. "Studying of the dead vegetation cover role in soil formation" // Bio- and agrochemistry of soil processes. Leningrad: Nauka, 1978 – pp. 103–127

References

1873 births
1938 deaths
People from Ryazan
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class

masks:
Sergey Pavlovich Krakov
Sergey Pavlovich Krakov
Sergey Krakov
Sergey Krakov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Krakov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Krakov
Sergey Kravkov
Sergey Pavlovich
Kravkov
Sergey Kravkov
Nikolai Kravkov
Sergey Pavlovich


title: Joseph E. LeDoux

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (born December 7, 1949) is an American neuroscientist whose research is primarily focused on survival circuits, including their impacts on emotions such as fear and anxiety. <mask> is the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science at New York University, and director of the Emotional Brain Institute, a collaboration between NYU and New York State with research sites at NYU and the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research in Orangeburg, New York. He is also the lead singer and songwriter in the band The Amygdaloids. Research and theories

Work on threat response, anxiety, and emotions
As explained in his 1996 book, The Emotional Brain, <mask> developed an interest in the topic of emotion through his doctoral work with Michael Gazzaniga on split-brain patients in the mid-1970s. Because techniques for studying the human brain were limited at the time, he turned to studies of rodents where the brain could be studied in detail. He chose to focus on a simple behavioral model, Pavlovian fear conditioning. This procedure allowed him to follow the flow of information about a stimulus through the brain as it comes to control behavioral responses by way of sensory pathways to the amygdala, and gave rise to the notion of two sensory roads to the amygdala, with the "low road" being a quick and dirty subcortical pathway for rapid activity behavioral responses to threats and the "high road" providing slower but highly processed cortical information.His work has shed light on how the brain detects and responds to threats, and how memories about such experiences are formed and stored through cellular, synaptic and molecular changes in the amygdala. A long-standing collaboration with NYU colleague <mask> has shown the validity of the rodent work for understanding threat processing in the human brain. <mask>'s work on amygdala processing of threats has helped understand exaggerated responses to threats in anxiety disorders in humans. For example, studies with Maria Morgan in the 1990s implicated the medial prefrontal cortex in the extinction of responses to threats and paved the way for understanding how exposure therapy reduces threat reactions in people with anxiety by way of interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Work conducted with Karim Nader and Glenn Schafe triggered a wave of interest in the topic of memory reconsolidation, a process by which memories become labile and subject to change after being retrieved. This led to the idea that trauma-related cues might be weakened in humans by blocking reconsolidation. Studies with Marie Mofils, Daniela Schiller and Phelps showed that extinction conducted shortly after triggering reconsolidation is considerably more effective in reducing the threat value of stimuli than conventional extinction, a finding that has proven useful in reducing drug relapse in humans.Difference between threat response and emotions
In 2012 <mask> emphasized the value, when discussing brain functions in animals, of using terms that are not derived from human subjective experience. The common practice of calling brain circuits that detect and respond to threats "fear circuits" implies that these circuits are responsible for feelings of fear. <mask> has argued that so-called Pavlovian fear conditioning should be renamed Pavlovian threat conditioning to avoid the implication that "fear" is being acquired in rats or humans. In 2015 he emphasised the notion of survival functions mediated by survival circuits, the purpose of which is to keep organisms alive (rather than to make emotions). For example, defensive survival circuits exist to detect and respond to threats, and can be present in all organisms. However, only organisms that can be conscious of their own brain's activities can feel fear. Fear is a conscious experience and occurs the same way as any other kind of conscious experience: via cortical circuits that allow attention to certain forms of brain activity.He argues the only differences between an emotional and non-emotion state of consciousness are the underlying neural ingredients that contribute to the state. These ideas and their implications for understanding the neural foundations of pathological fear and anxiety are explained in his 2015 book, Anxious. In this he says "Fear and anxiety are not biologically wired... They are the consequence of the cognitive processing of nonemotional ingredients." In 2018 he further said that the amygdala may release hormones due to a trigger (such as an innate reaction to seeing a snake), but "then we elaborate it through cognitive and conscious processes". He differentiated between the defence system, which has evolved over time, and emotions such as fear and anxiety. He points out that even simple organisms such as bacteria move in response to threats; "It's in the brain to allow an organism, whether it be a bacterium or a human, to detect and respond to danger.... It's not in the brain to create feelings like fear and anxiety." Lisa Feldman Barrett takes a similar view. Awards and professional recognition
<mask> has received a number of awards, including the Karl Spencer Lashley Award from the American Philosophical Society, the Fyssen International Prize in Cognitive Science, Jean Louis Signoret Prize of the IPSEN Foundation, the Santiago Grisolia Prize, the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and the American Psychological Association Donald O. Hebb Award. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a William James Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Books and other public outreach
In addition to numerous publications in scholarly journals, <mask> has written:
 The Integrated Mind (with Michael Gazzaniga, Plenum, 1978)
 The Emotional Brain (Simon and Schuster, 1998)
 Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (Viking, 2002)
 Anxious: Using the Brain to Understand and Treat Fear and Anxiety (Viking, 2015)
 The Deep History of Ourselves: The Four-Billion-Year Story of How We Got Conscious Brains (Viking, 2019)

He has also edited several volumes, including Mind and Brain: Dialogues in Cognitive Neuroscience (with William Hirst, Cambridge University Press, 1986), The Self: From Soul to Brain (with Jacek Debiec and Henry Moss, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 2003), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice (with Peter Shiromani and Terrence Keane, Humana Press, 2009). He has also contributed to The New York Times Opinionator column on anxiety and to the Huffington Post, and has conducted numerous television, radio, online, and print interviews.<mask> has also collaborated with filmmaker Alexis Gambis on a project called "My Mind's Eye" on the Scientific American website in which interviews with esteemed scientists and philosophers (including <mask>, Michael Gazzaniga, Ned Block) are framed within the context of his music (see  below). Early life and education

<mask> was born on December 7, 1949, in the Cajun Prairie town of Eunice, Louisiana, to <mask>. "Boo" <mask>, a traveling rodeo performer (bull rider) and butcher, and Priscilla Buller <mask>. He attended St. Edmund's Elementary School and Eunice High School, graduating in 1967. <mask> attended Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge where he majored in Business Administration and minored in Psychology. In 1972 he began work on a Masters of Science in Marketing from LSU. During this time, his interest in psychology grew and he volunteered in the laboratory of Robert Thompson, who introduced him to brain research. Academic and professional history

In the fall of 1974 <mask> began a PhD program at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and completed his degree in 1977.In 1978, <mask> joined the Department of Neurology at Cornell Medical School as a postdoctoral fellow and remained there through the rank of associate professor until 1989. During most of his time at Cornell, he worked in the Neurobiology Laboratory where he received technical training in state-of-the-art neuroscience techniques and began the research program on the brain mechanism of emotional memory that he has pursued ever since. In 1989 he joined the newly formed Center for Neural Science at NYU as an associate professor. In 1991 he was promoted to full professor, and in 1996 he became the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science. In 2005, he was named university professor, the highest honor for a faculty member at NYU. Personal life

In 1971 <mask> married LSU classmate Diana Steen. They divorced amicably in 1978.Since 1982 he has been married to art critic Nancy Princenthal. Currently they reside in the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn. They have two children, Jacob S<mask> (died 2005) and Milo E<mask>. Milo is a graduate of the University of Oxford, where he studied classics, and is now pursuing a career in law. Music

Cajun/zydeco, country, R&B, rock, and their fusion into "swamp pop", were influences in <mask>'s childhood. In high school, he was a disc jockey at the local radio station, KEUN, and the rhythm guitarist of two bands: the Deadbeats and the Countdowns. Although he remained an avid music fan in later life, he did not actively play guitar for many years.In 2004, <mask> and NYU Biology Professor Tyler Volk began performing as a cover band for small parties around NYU, and in 2006 they formed The Amygdaloids. The original band also included Daniela Schiller, (then an NYU postdoctoral fellow), and graduate student Nina Curley. The band's lyrics, mostly written by <mask>, are based on neuroscientific, psychological, and philosophical themes, and offer scholarly insights into the role of mind and brain in daily life. Their inaugural CD, Heavy Mental, was released in 2007. On their second CD, Theory of My Mind, LeDoux and Grammy winner Rosanne Cash sing "Crime of Passion" and "Mind over Matter", both written by <mask>. In 2012, the band released All in Our Minds, an EP in which all songs had "mind" in their title. Anxious, a companion to LeDoux's book with the same title, was released in 2015 and explores some of the same scientific themes as the book, but through song.The band's unique focus on original songs about mind and brain has landed them considerable press. They play regularly in New York City, and have also performed in Washington DC, San Antonio TX, Indianapolis IN, Lafayette LA, and Montreal. LeDoux and Amygdaloids' bassist Colin Dempsey perform as an acoustic duo called So We Are. References

External links
LeDouxlab — LeDoux Biography
 LeDoux Lab Website
NYU/NCS : Core Faculty : <mask>oux Lecture "What fearful rats can tell us about psychiatric treatment"
<mask> interviewed on NOUS the podcast 'On the 4 billion year journey to our conscious selves'

Living people
1949 births
Cognitive scientists
American neuroscientists
American psychologists
20th-century psychologists
21st-century psychologists
Stony Brook University alumni
New York University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Weill Medical College of Cornell University faculty

masks:
Joseph E
. LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
Elizabeth Phelps
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
Eric Kandel
Joseph LeDoux
Joseph E
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
. LeDoux
. LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
LeDoux
Joseph LeDouxD
Joseph LeDoux


title: Sha Fei

texts:
<mask>  (; May 5, 1912 – March 4, 1950) was a Chinese photojournalist and war photographer best known for his work with the Chinese Communist Party during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Born Situ Chuan (司徒传), he took the pseudonym <mask> (flying sand), that is, a grain of sand in the sky of his country. He has been called "one of the most admired Leftist photographers in China during the wartime years of 1937–1949", and "one of the most influential photographers of his generation". His "warm, dramatic, and ideologically-charged photographic presentations were emulated for decades thereafter". Early years

Situ Chuan (<mask>) was born in 1912 in Guangzhou (Canton), Guangdong Province. His father, Situ Junxun (司徒俊勋), was a small business owner. <mask>i felt he needed to learn a trade to support his family when his father's business went under in 1926, and studied at a radio school.In July 1926 he enlisted in the National Revolutionary Army and joined the Northern Expedition as a telegraph operator. He worked at a radio station in Shantou from 1932 to 1936, and became interested in photography, preferring a style more realistic than the international style he saw in magazines. In June 1935, he joined the Shanghai-based Black and White Photographic Society (). In 1936, he decided to become a professional photographer and quit his job in Shantou. He went to Shanghai, and in the fall entered the Department of Western Painting of the Shanghai Fine Arts Academy. He became well known for his photographs of blind beggars, poverty stricken children, and emaciated peasants. Shanghai was the base of most modern Chinese artists at the time, and he had the opportunities to meet famous people in the cultural circles such as Lu Xun.On 8 October 1936, he took the most famous photograph of Lu Xun's late life at the Second National Woodcut Exhibition. When Lu died 11 days later, he took some of Lu's last photos. These photos, as well as ones taken during Lu's funeral, were widely published in many magazines, including Liangyou (The Young Companion) and Shidai, establishing his reputation as a photojournalist. <mask> <mask>'s photo was later the template for the cover art on Lu Xun's collected works. Wartime activities

Soon after his Lu Xun images earned him national fame, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937 and <mask> <mask> joined the Communist resistance in northern China. He went to the battlefront and photographed the Battle of Pingxingguan in September. The following month he formally enlisted in the Eighth Route Army, which established a resistance base in the Jin-Cha-Ji (Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei) border region.In November, he was made head of the editorial department of the base's propaganda bureau. He was also appointed head of the Resistance Daily Press (), the predecessor of the People's Daily, and covered the battles of the Eighth Route Army. He founded the Jin-Cha-Ji Pictorial (), which first appeared on July 7, 1942. He took thousands of photographs of battle scenes, Japanese brutality, common people caught in hard circumstances, high communist leaders, and foreign visitors. More than 200 were published. He also ran classes to train a cohort of photojournalists. In 1938, Canadian doctor Norman Bethune went to Yan'an, the communist headquarters.<mask> <mask> befriended Bethune and took many photos of him. Bethune bequeathed his camera to <mask> <mask> when he died in 1939. After contracting tuberculosis, <mask> <mask> was sent to Shijiazhuang in May 1948 to be treated at the Norman Bethune Hospital. He was also suffering from mental illness after years of highly stressful work in the war zone. On December 15, 1949, he shot to death a Japanese doctor involved in his treatment. He was convicted of murder and executed two months later, at the age of 37. Because he was executed for murder, <mask> <mask>'s story was suppressed in China.In 1986, his family appealed the verdict and a military court reinstated his Party membership. Reputation and legacy

Scholar <mask> Brown wrote that <mask> <mask>'s "images of soldiers crouching on rooftops, peasant armies marching through plumes of dust, and laughing young enlistees, convey an intensity that was the result of close framing devices that plunge the viewer directly into the action". Brown saw in <mask> <mask>'s work both the "kinetic energy" of Cartier-Bresson's street photography and the "rawness" of Robert Capa's combat work, qualities that enable viewers today to "practically smell gunpowder and feel the grit of the battlefield under our feet". Brown also wrote that "although <mask> <mask>'s images eschew the rigidity of much contemporary Communist imagery—a surprising feat given the preponderance of Soviet influence on Chinese visual art from the 1930s onwards—they are still almost always political in nature. Narrating specific instances of military and government action while foregrounding Communist social ideals, they exude optimism and fortitude. Children laugh and smile, young soldiers keep their backs straight under fire, and even Japanese POWs break into song, grateful for the mercy of their Communist captors. The artistry required to make such tableaux appear spontaneous and natural marked <mask> Fei as a photographer and propagandist of extraordinary talent."<mask> <mask> was careful to preserve and catalog his negatives. He kept those of Lu Xun on himself, which were accidentally buried with him. Exhibitions of his work in the United States have been held at the Ohio State University (2009), and at the Fairbank Center, Harvard University (March–April 2016). In April 2016, the Fairbank Center held a conference,  "The Photographer Who Shaped Modern China: <mask> Fei and His World." <mask> <mask>'s student Gu Di (顾棣), who followed him for seven years, also became a celebrated photographer and won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the China Photographers Association in 2002. Gu credits <mask> Fei as the greatest influence in his life. Selected works

Notes

References

 <mask> Brown, "<mask> Fei, the Jin-Cha-Ji Pictorial and the Documentary Style of Chinese Wartime Photojournalism", in History in Images: Pictures and Public Space in Modern China (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2012).Eliza Ho, Art, Documentary, and Propaganda in Wartime China: The Photography of Sha <mask> (Columbus, OH: East Asian Studies Center, Ohio State University,  2009). 1912 births
1950 deaths
Chinese photojournalists
Artists from Guangzhou
War photographers
Chinese people of World War II
People executed for murder
People executed by China by firing squad
Eighth Route Army personnel
Executed people from Guangdong
Chinese people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by the People's Republic of China

masks:
Sha Fei
Sha Fei
Sha Fei
Sha Fe
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Shana
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Fei
Sha
Sha
Fei
Sha
Sha
Fei
Sha
Shana
Sha
Fei


title: Herb Baumeister

texts:
<mask> (April 7, 1947 – July 3, 1996) was an American businessman and a suspected serial killer. A resident of the Indianapolis suburb of Westfield, Indiana, Baumeister was under investigation for murdering over a dozen men in the early 1990s, most of whom were last seen at gay bars. Police found the remains of eleven people, eight identified, on Baumeister's property. Baumeister committed suicide after a warrant was issued for his arrest. He was later linked to a series of murders of at least nine men along Interstate 70, which occurred in the early to mid-1980s. Early life
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the oldest of four children born to <mask> and <mask>. His childhood was reportedly normal but he began exhibiting anti-social behavior by the onset of adolescence, playing with dead animals and urinating on a teacher's desk.In his teens, <mask> was diagnosed with schizophrenia but did not receive further psychiatric treatment. In 1965, Baumeister attended Indiana University for a semester before dropping out, but returned in 1967. In 1972, he attended a semester at Butler University. As an adult, Baumeister drifted through a series of jobs, marked by a strong work ethic but also by increasingly bizarre behavior. Baumeister married Juliana "Julie" Saiter in November 1971, a union that produced three children. Julie later said they had been sexually intimate only six times in over 25 years of marriage. In the 1970s, Baumeister was committed to a psychiatric hospital by his father; his wife said he was "hurting and needed help."<mask> founded the successful Sav-A-Lot thrift store chain (two stores total) in Indianapolis in 1988. Investigation
By the early 1990s, investigators with the Marion County Sheriff's Department and the Indianapolis Police Department began investigating the disappearances of gay men of similar age, height, and weight in the Indianapolis area. In 1992, they were contacted by a man named Tony Harris claiming that a gay bar patron calling himself "Brian Smart" had killed a friend of his, and had attempted to kill him with a pool hose during an erotic asphyxiation session. Harris eventually saw this man again in August 1995, following his car and noting his license plate number. From this data, police identified "Brian Smart" as <mask>. Investigators approached <mask>, told him he was a suspect in the disappearances, and asked to search his house. Both <mask> and his wife, Julie, refused to allow a search of their property.By June 1996, however, Julie had become sufficiently frightened by her husband's erratic behavior that, after filing for divorce, she consented to a search. The search of the  estate, Fox Hollow Farm, was conducted while Baumeister was on vacation. It turned up the remains of eleven men, eight of whom were identified. The eight identified victims were:
 John Lee Bayer, age 20
 Richard Douglas Hamilton, age 20
 Steven S. Hale, age 26
 Allen Wayne Broussard, age 28
 Jeffrey A Jones, age 31
 Manuel Resendez, age 31
 Roger Allen Goodlet, age 33
 Michael Frederick Kiern, age 46

With a warrant out for his arrest, Baumeister fled to Ontario, where he committed suicide at Pinery Provincial Park on Lake Huron by shooting himself in the head. In his suicide note, he described his failing marriage and business as his reason for killing himself. He did not confess to the murders of the men found in his backyard. Death and posthumous investigation
Baumeister would posthumously be suspected of killing nine other men, the bodies of whom were found in rural areas along the corridor of Interstate 70 between Indianapolis and Columbus, Ohio, during the early to mid 1980s.One eyewitness identified Baumeister as the man seen leaving a bar in 1983 with Michael Riley, who was later found dead. Like the other victims, Riley was strangled to death and deposited nude or semi-nude in a river. Media coverage
The A&E television series Investigative Reports aired an episode about Baumeister titled The Secret Life of a Serial Killer in 1997. History featured the case in their Perfect Crimes series. The case was also featured on The Investigators on TruTV in 2008, Behind Mansion Walls on Investigation Discovery (ID), Paranormal Witness on Syfy in 2012, and Ghost Adventures in May 2014. An independent documentary film titled The Haunting of Fox Hollow Farm also explores the crimes and the possibility of hauntings on the grounds of Baumeister's former estate. ID featured the case again on the series True Nightmares, in October 2015.The Crime Junkie podcast released an episode on Baumeister on March 4, 2018. The Monster Presents: Insomniac podcast released a two-part episode about the case on June 27, 2019. The All Things Comedy Mexican podcast Leyendas Legendarias released an episode where they talked about the case on October 14, 2020. Georgia Hardstark covered the case on the podcast, My Favorite Murder, in episode 67- Live at the Egyptian Room, during a live performance in Indianapolis, and is included on the List of My Favorite Murder episodes. See also
I-70 Strangler
List of serial killers in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Further reading
Fannie Weinstein; Melinda Wilson (September 15, 1998), Where the Bodies Are Buried, St. Martin's Press,

External links
 Crime Library: "HERB BAUMEISTER: SKELETONS BEYOND THE CLOSET" (story archived on December 13, 2007)
<mask>ister "The I-70 Strangler"

1947 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American serial killers
Businesspeople from Indiana
Crime in Indianapolis
Criminals from Indiana
LGBT people from Indiana
Male serial killers
Murder in Indiana
People from Westfield, Indiana
People with schizophrenia
Suicides by firearm in Ontario
Violence against men in North America
1996 suicides
20th-century LGBT people
Suspected serial killers

masks:
Herbert Richard Baumeister
Herbert Baumeister
Herbert
Elizabeth Baumeister
Baumeister
Baumeister
Herb Baumeister
Baumeister
Baumeister
Herb Baume


title: Ken Clay

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher. Following his brief major league career, <mask> had several run ins with the law. Most recently, he was sentenced to five years in jail for grand theft for creating a fake sales order at the Sarasota, Florida copy machine office in which he worked. Drafted by the New York Yankees in the second round of the 1972 Major League Baseball Draft, he soon emerged as one of the top pitching prospects in the Yankees' organization. However, he never lived up to his potential, and was eventually traded away by the Yankees after three seasons in which he went 6-14 with a 4.72 earned run average. <mask>'s lack of success at the major league level is often cited as the catalyst for Yankees owner George Steinbrenner's desire to build his team through free agency and trades rather than relying upon his own farm system. Minor leagues
<mask> was drafted in the second round of the  draft upon graduation from E. C. Glass High School in Lynchburg, Virginia.He put up respectable numbers in his first five seasons in the Yankees' farm system, going 46-40 with a 3.64 ERA, but was wild. In 726 innings pitched, <mask> walked 348 batters. He got it together in ; in ten starts with the International League's Syracuse Chiefs, <mask> went 5-1 with a 1.68 ERA. He was called up by the Yankees to relieve some of the burden on manager Billy Martin's overextended pitching staff. New York Yankees
He joined a team that was tied for first place in the American League East, and eventually won the division by 2.5 games over the Baltimore Orioles and Boston Red Sox. <mask> went 0-2 with a 7.73 as a starter, but was far more effective out of the bullpen. He was 2-1 with a 3.40 ERA and one save as a relief pitcher.Oddly, the one loss may have been his best pitching performance of the season. On June 17, Catfish Hunter gave up four first inning home runs against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. He handed the ball to <mask> down 4-0 with two outs in the first. <mask> held them scoreless through the fourth, allowing the Yankees to tie the score. The Red Sox scored a run in the fifth to hang the L on <mask>. After not making an appearance in the 1977 American League Championship Series, he made appearances in both games the Yankees lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series, pitching very effectively in game two. Heading into Spring training , <mask> was one of the top young pitching prospects in the Yankees' organization, along with Jim Beattie and Gil Patterson, hoping to earn a spot on the opening day roster.Each vocalized frustration with the organization when they acquired pitchers Rich Gossage, Andy Messersmith and Rawly Eastwick after the 1977 season believing that it hindered their chances of making the club. In return, <mask> received his fair share of criticism from some of the veteran pitchers with the Yankees. Hunter surmised that <mask> had a "great arm, great slider, bad brains," and felt that the advice he offered to the young pitcher often went unheeded. Likewise, Sparky Lyle, who won a Cy Young Award in relief, also offered advice to <mask> about his tendency to wear his arm out in practice, thus not being 100% for the day's game. George Steinbrenner simply described <mask> as a "morning glory," a horse racing term for a horse that performs best in the morning workouts prior to the actual race. Regardless, with the exception of a 21-day trip to the disabled list, <mask> remained on the major league roster the entire season. <mask> went 3-4 with a 4.28 ERA during the regular season, but his most memorable performance came in the post-season.The Yankees were leading 4-0 when <mask> was called into the first game of the 1978 American League Championship Series against the Kansas City Royals in the sixth inning with one out and the bases loaded. The Royals scored one run on a sacrifice fly by Hal McRae. <mask> then retired Al Cowens on a groundout to get out of the inning with just one run scored. He held the Royals hitless the rest of the way to earn the save. Unfortunately, his success did not carry into the  season. He went 1-7 with a 5.70 ERA, and was relegated to "mop-up duty" by the end of the season (26 of his 32 appearances were in losses). He began the  season assigned to the Yankees' triple A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers.On August 14, he was traded to the Texas Rangers for future Hall of Famer Gaylord Perry. Later career
<mask> stepped into Perry's spot in the Rangers' starting rotation, and went 2-3 with a 4.60 ERA his only season in Texas. He was part of a blockbuster deal during the Winter meetings when he, Richie Zisk, Brian Allard, Rick Auerbach, Jerry Gleaton and minor leaguer Steve Finch were sent to the Seattle Mariners for Larry Cox, Rick Honeycutt, Willie Horton, Mario Mendoza and Leon Roberts. <mask> began the  season in Seattle's starting rotation, but after going 0-3 with an ERA of 7.03, he was moved into the bullpen by Mariners manager Maury Wills. He remained in the bullpen through the first half of the strike shortened season, even after Wills was replaced by Rene Lachemann, but was moved back into the starting rotation when play resumed after the strike. He performed far better, going 2-3 with a 3.64 ERA in ten starts. He failed to make the club the following Spring, and retired rather than trying to latch on with a new team.In , he joined the Senior Professional Baseball Association as a member of the Gold Coast Suns, but never appeared in a game with the team. Legal issues
<mask>'s legal troubles began in . He faced up to twenty years in prison on four counts of grand larceny for stealing $30,000 from Jostens Inc., a school ring company for whom he worked. Campbell County, Virginia prosecutors cut a deal with his attorneys that kept him out of prison. Instead, he paid $15,000 restitution to Jostens plus $1,394.64 in court fees, got 1,000 hours of community service, five years supervised probation and a suspended sentence. In February , <mask> stole a car from the Bedford County, Virginia car dealership he worked for, and was sentenced to a year in jail. While serving his time, it was discovered that <mask> withheld information about three previous arrests from his probation officers (The grand larceny and two DUIs).An additional three years in the Campbell County jail was tacked onto his sentence. <mask> moved to Bradenton, Florida after his release and was accused in  of identity theft. He used his girlfriend's identity to falsify credit card applications, to lease and insure a  Nissan Pathfinder and to create a checking account from which he forged checks. He was charged with five counts of forgery, five counts of scheming to defraud, nine counts of uttering a forged instrument and four counts of grand theft, and could have been sentenced to more than twenty years in prison had he been convicted on all charges by a jury. <mask> agreed to pay back creditors, and Manatee County Circuit Judge Charles Williams sentenced him to fifteen years of probation. In , <mask> began working for the Copy Concept copy machine company. Having only made one sale a month and a half into his employment with the company, he falsified a sales order for a Toshiba e-Studio 3511 Copier that would have landed him a $7,500 commission.He forged the supposed buyer's signature on three documents. The jury convicted him of grand theft after a one-day trial. He had been offered a plea agreement that included six months in the county jail before the trial, however, did not accept it. Prosecutors recommended a prison sentence of three years, however, Circuit Judge Rick De Furia sentenced him to five years in prison citing his past criminal activity. He was released from prison on February 16,  and is back living in Lynchburg, where he was born and raised. References

External links

, or Baseball Almanac
Venezuelan Winter League

1954 births
Living people
Baseball players from Virginia
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Columbus Clippers players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Gold Coast Suns (baseball) players
Johnson City Yankees players
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
Sportspeople from Lynchburg, Virginia
Seattle Mariners players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Texas Rangers players
West Haven Yankees players
American people convicted of fraud
American people convicted of theft
People convicted of forgery
Prisoners and detainees of Virginia

masks:
Kenneth Earl Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay


title: Thanonchai Thanakorngym

texts:
<mask>m (ธนญชัย ธนกรยิมส์) is a Thai Muay Thai fighter. Biography

Thanonchai started training in Muay Thai with his father at 12 years old. He then went to train with the legend Sangtiennoi Sor Rungroj at his gym and fought under the nme Thanonchai tor Sangtiennoi. In 2015 Thanonchai changed gym to go train with Samart Payakaroon and fought under the name <mask>m. Thanonchai is a fan favorite of the stadiums because of his aggressive style and relentless pressure which he displayed 9 times against his rival and Muay Thai phenom Sangmanee Sor Tienpo. Some of these fights being particularly brutal and considered the best of their year. His fights against Saeksan Or.Kwanmuang are also vividly remembered by the fans as highlights of the year in Muay Thai. As of February 2016 he was ranked #1 in Rajadamnern Stadium at Super Featherweight according to Muaythai2000

In late 2016 <mask> underwent knee surgery and spent 8 months in rehabilitation. He made his comeback on the international scene fighting under kickboxing rules mainly in China. <mask> made his return to Muay thai in March 2019 after signing with a new sponsor, now fighting under the name <mask> Somwanggaiyang. In France at the Emperor Chok Dee event he won his fight by decision. He also became a boxing trainer during his time outside Muay Thai competition in Hong Kong and announced that he would come back to muay thai in Thailand in 2019. In June 2019 Thanonchai signed a contract with the ONE Championship organization.Titles and accomplishments

Rajadamnern Stadium
2015 Rajadamnern Stadium Fight of the Year (vs Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang on February 12)
2016 Rajadamnern Stadium Fight of the Year (vs Sangmanee Sor Tienpo)
Awards
 2015 Siam Sport Fighter of the Year

Fight record

|-  style="background:#;"
| 2022-01-16|| ||align=left| PhetUtong Or.Kwanmuang ||Rajadamnern Stadium||Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2021-11-26|| Win ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Muay Thai Moradok Kon Thai + Rajadamnern Super Fight || Buriram, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2021-09-25|| Loss ||align=left| PhetUtong Or.Kwanmuang || Kiatpetch, Lumpinee GoSport Studio || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2021-03-07|| Loss||align=left| Nuathoranee Samchaivisetsuk || Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5|| 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-12-08|| Loss||align=left| Siwakorn kiatjaroenchai || Lumpinee Birthday Show, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5|| 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-11-01 || Loss ||align=left| Thaksinlek Kiatniwat  || Channel 7 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-07-18|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Siam Omnoi Stadium || Samut Sakhon, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#FBB;"
| 2020-03-05|| Loss||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Right Elbow)|| 3 ||
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2020-01-31|| Loss ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Samui Festival|| Koh Samui, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-12-23|| Win ||align=left| Panpayak Sitjatik ||  Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Straight Left) || 3  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-11-19|| Win ||align=left| Phet Utong Or. Kwanmuang  ||  Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Left Cross) || 3  ||
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-10-14 || Loss ||align=left| Sangmanee Sor Tienpo  || Onesongchai Anniversary Show, Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-09-10|| Win ||align=left| Phet Utong Or. Kwanmuang  ||  Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-07-02|| Loss ||align=left|  Muangthai PKSaenchaimuaythaigym  || Tor.Chaiwat Fight, Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision|| 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 2015-06-04 || Draw ||align=left| Saeksan Or. Kwanmuang || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-03-30 || Win ||align=left| Thaksinlek Kiatniwat || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-02-12 || Win ||align=left| Saeksan Or. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-01-17 || Win ||align=left| Sirimongkol P.K.Muaythai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-12-03|| Loss ||align=left| Superlek Kiatmuu9  ||Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2013-11-06 || Win ||align=left|  Lamnammoon Sakchaichote || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-10-08|| Loss ||align=left| Superbank Mor Ratanabandit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

References

Thanonchai Thanakorngym
1993 births
Living people

masks:
Thanonchai Thanakorngy
Thanonchai Thanakorngy
Thanonchai
Thanonchai
Thanonchai


title: James Sallis

texts:
<mask> (born December 21, 1944 in Helena, Arkansas, United States) is an American crime writer, poet, critic, musicologist and musician, best known for his series of novels featuring the detective character Lew Griffin and set in New Orleans, and for his 2005 novel Drive, which was adapted into  a 2011 film of the same name. <mask> began writing science fiction for magazines in the late 1960s. Having sold several stories to Damon Knight for his Orbit series of anthologies, and a story to Michael Moorcock by the time he was in his mid-twenties, <mask> was then invited to go to London to help edit New Worlds just as it changed to its large format during its Michael Moorcock-directed New Wave SF phase; <mask> published his first sf story, "Kazoo" there in 1967 and was co-editor from April 1968 through Feb 1969. His clearly acknowledged models in the French avant-garde and the gnomic brevity of much of his work limited his appeal in the science fiction world, though he received some critical acclaim for A Few Last Words (collection, 1970). <mask> has been influenced by French New Novelists including Michel Butor and Robbe-Grillet. Camus’ L'Etranger is  mentioned in each of <mask>'s novels. Later short work (uncollected until Time's Hammers) appeared in the USA through the 1970s and 1980s.He is the brother of philosopher <mask>. Career and critical reception
<mask> has worked as a creative writing teacher, respiratory therapist, musician, music teacher, screenwriter, periodical editor, book reviewer, and translator, winning acclaim for his 1993 version of Raymond Queneau's Saint Glinglin. Trained as a respiratory therapist, <mask> worked in intensive care for both adults and newborns at many hospitals. In 2000 he appeared as himself in the UK Channel 4 project Asylum (2000)—a mix of both documentary and fiction, where in the future a group of people are looking back at the twentieth century after a virus has wiped out most of the culture—written and directed by Christopher Petit and Iain Sinclair. <mask> appeas alongside Michael Moorcock and Ed Dorn. In 2012 he played a small part as a detective in the film The Detective's Lover directed by Travis Mills. He taught writing classes at Otis College in Los Angeles and until September 2015 at Phoenix College in Arizona; he left his job rather than sign a state-mandated loyalty oath that he regards as unconstitutional.As a writer <mask> has surprised many by not often appearing in the critics’ top rank of American writers. In Lit Hub Lisa Levy considered his output significant and diverse and ranked him as perhaps alongside Don DeLillo (b.1936) and Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937). On noir <mask> argues it is an oppositional form, working not to reinforce American culture but to subvert it, “there is no moral order save which a man creates from himself. Like high art, these stories worked hard  to unfold the lies society tells us and the lies we tell ourselves". Awards
 Grand Prix de Littérature policière for 2012's The Killer is Dying
Bouchercon lifetime achievement award
Hammett Award for literary excellence in crime writing

Bibliography

Novels
Lew Griffin series

Lew Griffin is an African-American amateur detective,  functioning alcoholic, sometime teacher and novelist. In The Long-Legged Fly the narrative opens with Griffin committing a murder only obliquely referred to again, creating a pervasive sense of guilt which dogs Griffin throughout the subsequent three decades through several missing-person's cases and his own back story.Reprint: No Exit Press, 1996

 Reprints: No Exit Press, 1996; Walker & Co., 2003

 Reprints: No Exit Press, 1997; Walker & Co, 2003
 Eye of the Cricket (New York: Walker & Co, 1997 & 2000. Harpenden: No Exit Press, 1998)
 Bluebottle (New York: Walker & Co, 1999. Harpenden: No Exit Press, 1999)
 The Long-Legged Fly/Moth Omnibus Edition (Harpenden: No Exit Press, 2000)
 Ghost of a Flea (New York: Walker & Co, 2001 & 2000. Harpenden: No Exit Press, 2001)

John Turner series
 Cypress Grove (New York: Walker & Co, 2003. Harpenden: No Exit Press, 2003)
 Cripple Creek (New York: Walker & Co, 2006)
 Salt River (New York: Walker & Co, 2007)

The Driver series
 Drive (Scottsdale, AZ: Poisoned Pen Press, 2005)  Set mostly in Arizona and L.A., Drive is about a man who does stunt driving for movies by day and drives for criminals at night. Nicolas Winding Refn won the Best Director award at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival for his film version of Drive with Ryan Gosling. Driven (2012) Seven years after the events of “Drive” Driver is now living in Phoenix under the name Paul West, engaged to be married.When two goons attack him and his fiancée, leaving her dead, Driver seeks vengeance. Other novels
 Renderings (Seattle, Washington: Black Heron Press, 1995)
 Death Will Have Your Eyes (New York: St Martins Press, 1997. Harpenden: No Exit Press, 1997)
 The Killer Is Dying (New York: Walker & Co, 2011)
 Others of My Kind (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2013)
 Willnot (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2016)
 Sarah Jane (New York: Soho Press, 2019)

Short fiction
Collections
 A Few Last Words (New York: Macmillan, 1970). Limits of the Sensible World (Austin, Texas: Host Publications, 1994). Time's Hammers: Collected Stories (Edgbaston, Birmingham: Toxic, 2000). A City Equal to My Desire (Point Blank Press, 2004). The <mask> Reader (Rockville, MD: Wildside Press, 2005).Potato Tree (Host Publications, Inc., 2007). Stories

Anthologies
 The War Book (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1969/Panther, 1971) - includes his short story "And then the dark..."
 The Shores Beneath (New York: Avon Books, 1973). Poetry
Collections
 Sorrow's Kitchen (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000). Rain's Eagerness (Hemet, CA: The Aldrich Press, 2013). Black Night's Gonna Catch Me Here: New & Selected Poems (Moorhead, MN: New Rivers Press, 2015). Criticism, essays, and biographies
 Difficult Lives: Jim Thompson – David Goodis – Chester Himes (New York: Gryphon Books, 1993; rev. ed., 2000).Ash of Stars: On the Writings of Samuel R. Delany (Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1996), edited by <mask>. Gently into the Land of the Meateaters (Seattle, Washington: Black Heron Press, 2000). Chester Himes: A Life (Edinburgh: Payback Press, 2000. New York: Walker & Co, 2001). Book reviews

Musicology
 The Guitar Players: One Instrument and Its Masters in American Music (New York: William Morrow, 1982; Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: Bison Books/University of Nebraska Press, 1994, rev. ed.). Jazz Guitars: An Anthology (New York: William Morrow, 1984), edited by <mask>.The Guitar in Jazz (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), edited by <mask>. Translation work
 Saint Glinglin (Dalkey Archive Press, 1993; trade paperback 2000) by Raymond Queneau. My Tongue in Other Cheeks (Obscure Publications, 2003) — selected translations of poems from French, Spanish and Russian. Adaptations
Radio
Eye of the Cricket was adapted for BBC Radio 7 as part of the Readings to Die For series. It aired in 2007, 2008 and 2010. The main voice artist was Ray Shell. Film
In 2011, <mask>' novel Drive was adapted by director Nicolas Winding Refn into a film of the same name starring Ryan Gosling and Carey Mulligan.References

Select <mask> Bibliography

The <mask> Webpages

1944 births
Living people
American crime writers
Asimov's Science Fiction people
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction people
People from Helena, Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
American male novelists

masks:
James Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
John Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
Sallis
James Sallis
James Sallis
James Sallis
James Sallis
Sallis
James Sallis
James Sallis


title: Chawki Bazih

texts:
<mask> (Arabic:شوقي بزيغ) is a Lebanese contemporary poet born in southern Lebanon in 1951. He has dozens of books in poetry and prose, as well as critical, literary, cultural and intellectual articles. He won the Poet of the Year Award in 2010, and the Alowis Cultural Award in 2015. He was awarded the Order of Jumblatt in 2010, the Order of Palestine in 2017, and the Special Honor in the Mahmoud Darwish Award for Culture and Creativity on 13 March 2020. Beginnings
He was born on 20 January 1951 in Zabaqin. He completed primary school at the free village school of the Charitable Purpose Society and taught English, with primary, middle and secondary education in Tyre. In early 1968, he taught two months at the Alma al-Sha'b Frontier School, then went to the Faculty of Education of the Lebanese University, and obtained a certificate of proficiency in Arabic language and literature in 1973, for a critical study entitled: The Palestinian resistance felt in contemporary Arab criticism, and received the rank of First Honor.In his third year at the Faculty of Education (1970), he was awarded first prize in poetry. About this period, he says:"In these five years between 1968 and 1973, Beirut was experiencing its Golden Age, and Lebanon was boiling and blossoming with life, with the will to live and seek a better homeland, far from sectarian, sectarian, feudal, etc., under the roof of Marxism. We were looking for an alternative homeland, and we didn't know going out to the protests in the hundreds of thousands that we were establishing the civil war that was coming. When I came down from the village, I felt like I was exposing myself to dress and damage, just as the tree was being uprooted. "Adds:"I loved Beirut so much, I wrote it, and I felt it was a sanctuary after it was a deaf cement castle. But the root of the writing and its fountain for me is the countryside. " Works and Cultural activity
Chawki was affiliated with the Communist Labor Organization between 1968 and 1972, leaving it for reasons he says are "creative, the result of the Stalinist chauvinistic dimension of some Marxist organizations, and parties.Their model of poetry was Ahmed Fouad Najm and they only saw him. I was influenced by the poets of hadith Badonis, Badr Shakir al – Siab, Khalil Hawi, and Nazar Qabani... And they were shaking at what I was writing, and they just wanted slogans from me. Of course, I was writing slogans during protests like the famous slogan: Oh, freedom. " He taught at Tyre High School until 1982, and at Musaydoua High School in Beirut until 1988, and joined the Ministry of Information in 1988. He worked in the cultural press, headed the cultural section of Ambassador 1992 's newspaper. Prepared various radio programmes in a number of official and private Lebanese radio stations, such as Radio Voice of Arab Lebanon, through which he accompanied the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and contributed his poems to the resilience of the Israeli blockade of the Lebanese capital Beirut for almost three months. He recently announced his position in favour of the 17 December revolution in Lebanon:"In the Square of Martyrs/where the Lebanese rise to their dignity and, after 19 years of liberation of the land, fight their harshest and most important battle to free man from humiliation and want, to break the unjust circle of the united system of malaise and to write for themselves the most beautiful poem that the poets have been unable to write."He also produced cultural television programmes on Lebanon's official television. He has contributions to numerous newspapers and magazines, most notably: Ambassador, Al-Na'ar, Lebanese Literature Magazine, Qatari Banner, Al-Dabiyan Federation and Saudi Akkaz. Poetries
<mask> began publishing his poems in the early 1970s, in "Situations" with the group "Poets of the South." His book "Fast Titles of a Murdered Homeland" was published in 1978, and he opened his first published poems with death:"I now open my death and enter the season of fire. "He wrote poetry in vernacular and ephemeral, but he was much more proficient in vernacular. His poems have also been characterized by the use of Islamic and Christian heritage with a whiff of mysticism, and have been blended into his poetry, meaning, lyricism, poetry and adoration. Participated in many poetry festivals in Jarrah, Carthage, Latakia, France, Egypt, etc.In conversation, he says:

Most of Boakery's poetry has been deleted. I started writing in 1971 when I was a student at the University of Lebanon, and I was writing a poem in both parts by a group of adult critics and poets like Adonis, Yimni Al-Eid and Khalil Hawi, but most of the first writings I deleted from my collection, "First Titles of a Dead Country," and my experience has ranged from the limit of writing about hometown, resistance and homeland to writing about women." He explains that his poem was "fed from a place related to major issues. But I suddenly felt like I was at a crossroads, and I was silent for five whole years between 1985 and 1990, and when I went back to writing I wrote a poem that was detailed to me, "Dust Hereditary," which was later published together with other poems in an independent Diwan and was later awarded a Crutch Prize for Arabic poetry. " Some of his other collections have also formed basic stops in his poetry, such as: Yusuf Shirts and Mirab Al Muthani. Several studies, research and academic works have been written in his poetry, and his poetry has been misplaced, and poems have been translated into several languages, including: English, French, German, Persian. Some of his poems also turned into songs.Poets of the South
Chawki <mask> says about the experience of the "Poets of the South":

"The poet has only a script. He's the one who stays and he's the one who's gonna face time later. The experience of friendly poet Habib Sadiq has contributed to the nickname "Poets of the South" through the "Cultural Council of Southern Lebanon," launching the "Festival of Southern Poetry" since the early 1970s in some southern cities such as Nabatiyah and Tyre, and sometimes in Beirut. That may have contributed to the nomenclature crystallization, but it didn't last long. What's left in the end is the poet, so now you see that every Southern poet distinguishes, singles and takes an independent line. " Darwish Prize
Chawki Bazih has won numerous awards. including, most recently, the late Palestinian Poet Mahmoud Darwish Foundation's "Special Honor Award," and in detail.The Foundation awarded its 2020 Prize for Culture and Creativity to American Thinker Noam Chomsky, Moroccan poet and translator Abdullatif Al-Tabi, and Palestinian poet and scholar Zachariah Mohamed. The Executive Board of the Foundation awarded the Special Honor Award to Lebanese poet <mask> <mask>.The award is awarded on the anniversary of Darwish's birth on 13 March, National Culture Day. The Arbitration Commission's statement stated that it had awarded the Lebanese Poet <mask> <mask> Special Honor Award," whose experience offers a unique and profound creative model, in which the solid lyric structure based on a pure rhythmic structure, the modernist structure of the image and the open-ended martyrdom of the present, the courageous bias of his people in Lebanon and their aspirations. In turn, he commented on his Facebook account on the award: "The Mahmoud Darwish Prize for Culture and Creativity (Special Rank of Honour) is the most prestigious necklace in which Palestine has decorated my chest, burdened with poison loads and torments." It's said
The critic Zahida Darwish Jabbour wrote in the first volume of Chawki Bazih poetic work:"If we wanted to describe chawki Bazih creative experience in one word, we wouldn't find it better than the river, it's ever-regenerating and its water is one that doesn't change." Literature
He published his complete poetry in two parts on the Arab Foundation for Studies and Publication in Beirut in 2005. Quick headlines for a murdered homeland 1978.Departure to Sunbathing 1981. Love songs on the Litani River 1985. Remorse 1990. Dust Hereditary 1992. I was a stranger among women 1994. Yusuf shirts 1996. Early appetites 1998.Fredis the Beast 1999. Baroque Mountain 2002. Mirab al-Muthanna 2003. Remorse 2005. The Kingdom of Solitude 2006. Screaming Trees 2007. None of this 2007.It's all my fault I tried 2007. Butterflies for the Buddha smile 2013. Where are you taking me, poetry 2015. Life as never 2017. Prose Books

 Rear doors 2005. Word Migration 2008. Beirut in Poets 2010.References

Lebanese poets
1951 births
Living people

masks:
Chawki Bazih
Bazih
Bazih
Chawki
Bazih
Chawki
Bazih


title: Mason (musician)

texts:
<mask> is the stage name of Dutch music DJ & producer Iason Chronis (born 17 January 1980). He had a number one on the UK Dance Chart in 2007 with his track "Exceeder". Exceeder had originally been an instrumental and had received a vinyl-only release in the UK in 2006. The new version of the track, "Perfect (Exceeder)", was a mashup with American rapper Princess Superstar's song "Perfect" and reached number 3 on the national British chart in January 2007. The track was a big hit in many countries worldwide. He also had chart success in 2011 with his song "Runaway", which was a modern version of "Runaway" by Eruption, and "Boadicea", featuring Róisín Murphy,  in 2016 with "Fashion Killa" (feat Stefflon Don), and with many club releases since. <mask> is the owner of the record label Animal Language.<mask> has released music on numerous electronic music labels, such as Island Records, Defected, Skint, Toolroom, Great Stuff Recordings and Fool's Gold Records, and remixed artists such as Moby, Steve Aoki, Hadouken!, Don Diablo, Mat Zo, 2Unlimited, Mylo, Metronomy , Tommy Trash, Martin Solveig, Robyn and Gabriella Cilmi. <mask> plays live shows as well as DJ sets and has performed at festivals such as Sensation White, Dance Valley, Tomorrowland, Nature One, Creamfields, Global Gathering and clubs such as Fabric, Ministry of Sound, Green Valley, Space Ibiza, Zouk, Octagon, Air and many others in more than 50 countries around the world. <mask> is the organiser behind several parties throughout the Netherlands, including the Animal Language Kafe Rave and Avondwinkel at Club Nyx in Amsterdam. He is also on the members board of Buma/Stemra. Biography
Iason Chronis was born in Amsterdam to a Dutch actress Adrienne Kleiweg and Greek sculptor Jorgos Chronis. Both his sisters have been TV actresses too. Chronis began learning the violin at age 6.In 1987, he sang in the eighth version of the Kinderen voor Kinderen choir and would continue to do so until the twelfth edition in 1991. In 1995, he started doing DJ performances, initially in and around Amsterdam but later abroad. In 1999, he took a four-year course in Music Composition and Performance, which he graduated with honours and for which he received an award from the Dutch Royal Family. He used his violin skills during his DJ sets between 1999 and 2005. During his world tour with Tiësto in 2004, he played the violin during a live performance of "Lethal Industry", as well as being Tiesto's warm up DJ. In 2006, Coen Berrier (born 17 April 1979) joined <mask> in the studio and during live shows, but left <mask> in spring 2014. Berrier has had earlier UK chart success with "Husan" by Bhangra Knights.In 2008, <mask> launched his own label Animal Language. In 2011, he released his debut album They Are Among Us, which featured collaborations with Róisín Murphy, DMC, Sam Sparro, Kurtis Blow and Aqualung. In 2014 the second <mask> album ZOA was released, featuring Jocelyn Brown, Zoot Woman, Rouge Mary (Hercules & Love Affair) among other featured artists. In 2015, his single "Papapapa" on Loulou Records reached the number 1 position on the online DJ store Beatport. In the same year, <mask> released his Nite Rite series, a collection of numbered Nite Rites, released on each full moon. Nite Rite Ten featured Danielle Moore from the UK indie band Crazy P on vocals. He also collaborated on releases with German house acts Moonbootica and Sharam Jey and remixed fellow Dutch acts Kraak & Smaak, Janne Schra and Arling & Cameron that year.In 2016, <mask> signed to Island Records and began work on material with US hip hop artist Azealia Banks. However, after racial and homophobic comments by her on Twitter, he ceased the collaboration and started to work with UK grime artist Stefflon Don, which led to the "Fashion Killa" single release, that reached a number 4 position on the UK dance chart. This song was also used for television ads for Boohoo.com, Deezer and America's Next Top Model. The song was widely supported on BBC Radio 1 and other UK national radio stations. He also mixed and compiled the Toolroom Miami Poolside album this year, which was released on Toolroom Records. In 2017, <mask> got signed to house label Defected Records, which released his single "Rhino", which got chosen as "hottest record in the world" on BBC Radio 1. He also collaborated with UK tech house producer Betoko and has remixed Sting and James Hype.Since 2018 <mask> released 'Dance Shake Move' via Skint/BMG records. This record got used for TV ads for brands like Colgate and Vodafone. He has also collaborated with Alex Clare the UK/US top 10 vocalist on Spinnin Records, released his second single for Island records featuring UK grime act The Manor as well as a collaboration with UK vocalist Jem Cooke and Shingai Shoniwa from The Noisettes. In 2019 he released '<mask> Remixed', a collection of his work remixed by artists such as Mike Mago, Junior Sanchez and Rex The Dog. In 2020 <mask> released his third artist album 'Frisky Biscuits' on Toolroom Records. Moonbootica"       (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Two"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Three"     (Animal Language)
"Papapapa"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Four"     (Animal Language)
"Diatonic / I Knocked For Days"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Five"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Six"     (Animal Language)
"My Name Is feat. Sharam Jey "     (Bunny Tiger)
"Nite Rite Seven"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Eight"     (Animal Language)
"Nite Rite Nine"     (Animal Language)

2016
"Bubblebath feat.Loulou Players"     (Loulou Records)
"Nite Rite Ten feat. Danielle Moore"     (Animal Language)
"Dance Bodies (feat. Plus Instruments)"     (Club Sweat)
"Do The Do"     (Toolroom)
"Wurrkit"      (Loulou Records)
"My Ritual / Let It Go"   (Animal Language)
"Fashion Killa"     (Island Records) UK)
"<mask> & Yolanda Be Cool - Xylophobia"   (Sweat It Out)
"Body Rock"   (Loulou Records)
"This Ain't No Disco EP"   (Bunny Tiger)
"Jigsaw"   (Bunny Tiger)
"Bubblebath feat. Loulou Players remixes"     (Loulou Records)
"I Like It"   (Animal Language)
"Live On Dreams"     (Kittball Records)

2017
"Everybody EP"     (Sweat It Out)
"Toucan"     (Animal Language)
"Rhino"     (Defected)
"Freaky Girlsss"     (Loulou Records)
"Mason & Betoko - Rumble In The Jungle / Amalia"     (Bunny Tiger)
"Chronology EP"     (Animal Language)

2018
"Take A Chance"     (Toolroom)
"Dance, Shake Move"     (Skint/BMG UK)
"Stop Start Slow Fast feat. The Manor"     (Island Records UK)
"Disruptor"     (Loulou Records)
"Reminders Of You" (featuring Alex Clare)    (Spinnin' Deep)

2019
"Banzai"     (Animal Language)
"Bang Bang"     (Animal Language)
"Drowning In Your Love feat. Jem Cooke"     (Another Rhythm)
"Amphibia EP"     (Reptile Dysfunction)
"Rhythm In My Brain"     (Toolroom)
"Take It Down feat Slang"     (Another Rhythm)
"Do I Look Ridiculous / Sparta"     (Loulou Records)

2020
"Mind Goes Off EP with DJ Glen"     (Animal Language)
"Nightwalker"     (Skint)
"Loosen Up"     (Toolroom)
"The Get Down"     (Toolroom)
"Drowning In Your Love feat. – Do The Clap (Mason Remix) (Discotexas)
 Jack Garratt – Worry (Mason Remix) (Island Records)
 Mat Zo – Sinful (Mason Remix) (Mad Zoo)
 Keljet ft. Holychild – What's Your Sign (Mason's Capricorn Remix) (Universal)
 Vanilla Ace & Neari – Watch Out Now (Mason's Favela Remix) (Mix Feed)
 Mighty Mi ft. Gran Puba – Shake With Me (Mason Remix) (Toolroom)
 Endor feat.Feral is Kinky – Fever (<mask> Remix) (Warner Music)
 Cowgum - We Love Amy (<mask> Remix)
 Falco Benz - Like Today (<mask> Remix)  (Magnetron Music)

2017
 James Hype - More Than Friends (<mask> Remix) (Warner UK)
 1Click featuring Sting - Running Down Again (<mask> Remix)
 Boy 8 Bit – Want You (<mask> Remix) (Eton Messy)
 Jean Bacarezza & Loulou Records – Get Up (<mask> Remix) (Bunny Tiger)

2018
 Beau Battant - Dance Alone (<mask> & Joost van Bellen Remix) (Drive In)
 Sharam Jey feat. Little Boots (<mask> Remix) (Bunny Tiger)

2020
 Girl Ray - Friend Like That (<mask> Moshi)
 Gettoblaster - Break Em Off (<mask> Remix)

References
General

http://www.musicofmason.com
https://www.facebook.com/musicofmason
https://www.twitter.com/musicofmason
https://soundcloud.com/musicofmason
https://www.youtube.com/user/MasonAnimalLanguage
https://www.instagram.com/musicofmason
https://www.discogs.com/artist/303220-<mask>
http://www.bigfishlittlefishmusic.com (<mask>'s manager)
http://www.amsbookings.com (<mask>'s booker)

Specific

Living people
Dutch dance musicians
Dutch house musicians
Dutch DJs
DJs from Amsterdam
Musicians from Amsterdam
1980 births

masks: Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Masonshi Mason Mason Mason Mason


title: Carloman of Bavaria

texts:
<mask> (, ; c. 830 – 22 March 880) was a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty. He was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia, and Hemma, daughter of a Bavarian count. His father appointed him governor of Carantania in 856, and commander of southeastern frontier marches in 864. Upon his father's death in 876 he became King of Bavaria. He was appointed by King Louis II of Italy as his successor, but the Kingdom of Italy was taken by his uncle Charles the Bald in 875. Carloman only conquered it in 877. In 879 he was incapacitated, perhaps by a stroke, and abdicated his domains in favour of his younger brothers: Bavaria to Louis the Younger and Italy to Charles the Fat.Early life
Carloman's birth date is unknown, but was probably around 828 or 830. His naming can be connected to his father's push to rule Alemannia around the time of his father's assembly of Worms in 829. The first member of the Carolingian dynasty named Carloman had ruled Alemannia in 741–48, and subjugated it to the Franks. Carloman was old enough to participate in the civil war of 840–43, waged between his father and his uncles, Lothair and Charles the Bald. His first record public appearance is as the leader of an army of reinforcements from Bavaria and Alemannia which he brought to his father at Worms in 842. He subsequently led them in battle alongside his father and uncle (Charles the Bald) against his other uncle (Lothair). It was the beginning of a warlike career.Notker of Saint Gall, who bewailed the decline of the dynasty a generation later, called Carloman bellicosissimus (literally "most warlike", or in historian Eric Goldberg's words a "real ass-kicker"). In October 848, Carloman was present at his father's council in Regensburg, where the Slavic commander (dux) Pribina was rewarded for his service in defending the Bavarian frontier. In the charter confirming the grant, Carloman signed his name first among the secular magnates (after the ecclesiastics). In the 840s, Carloman had a liaison with Liutswind, daughter of the Bavarian count Ratolt and sister-in-law of Count Sigihard of the Kraichgau. This was Carloman's first politically independent action, and it confirms his close connexion to Bavaria. Around 850, Liutswind bore him a son, Arnulf. This name was chosen because it was distinctly dynastic (the founder of the Carolingian family was Bishop Arnulf of Metz), yet had never been used by a reigning king and was thus appropriate for an illegitimate eldest son.The choice of the name is the surest evidence that Liutswind and Carloman were not legally married. Around 860, Arnulf and his cousin, Hugh, the illegitimate son of Carloman's brother Louis, were both in Koblenz at the court of their grandfather, who was probably overseeing their military education and also holding them to ensure the good behaviour of their fathers. Guardian of the southeastern frontiers

In 856, Louis first associated Carloman with his rule by appointing him governor of Carantania. According to the Annales Fuldenses (863), he was given the title "prelate of the Carantanians" (). Since this was his first governorship, Louis did not give him rule over the entire March of Pannonia, with traditional seat of frontier governor (prefect) at Tulln. Instead, Carloman was given rule over the inner region (Carantania), in order do gain experience, and perhaps because his father wanted to keep him from trying to seize to much power. Gaining the first foothold of power in Carantania, Carloman moved to assume more prominent role in governorship over the frontier regions of his father's realm.Starting from 857, Carloman was occasional witnesses to his father's charters, and already in 858 he was appointed to lead a military expedition against the Great Moravia. In 861, Carloman came into conflict with several frontier commanders in southeastern regions, expelled them from their offices, and replaced them with his loyals. That move was made without his fathers consent, and by 862 an open conflict erupted, with Carloman siding with Rastislav of Moravia and taking control over all southeastern regions, advancing further into Bavaria, up to the river Inn. An attempted reconciliation and truce between father and son failed, and in 863 king Louis invaded his sons territory, forced Carloman into submission, and took him into custody. Replaced by count Gundachar, who was appointed governor of eastern marches by king Louis (863), prince Carloman remained in his father custody until 864, when he escaped and returned to Carantania. Welcomed by supporters, he assumed power in the province. At that time, king Louis was campaigning against Moravia, but ceased further operations and moved south, towards Carantania.Conflict was avoided by reconciliation. Father and son met and reached an agreement. Carloman submitted to his father and in return he was granted governorship over eastern marches. Carloman's letter to his father from 869 survives, describing conditions on the frontier. In 870, he succeeded in establishing Frankish domination over Great Moravia, through arrangement with Svatopluk, who captured his uncle Rastislav of Moravia, ruling prince of Moravia, and gave him over to Carloman. During the following Frankish invasion, Moravian archbishop Methodius was also captured and sent to Carloman. In 871, he managed to capture Svatopluk, thus establishing direct control over the entire principality, but soon decided to reinstall him, in order to pacify the country.That proved to be disastrous, since Svatopluk, as soon as reaching Moravia, turned against Carloman, inflicting severe losses on Frankish army. In 873, after several interventions of Pope John VIII, including those made to Carloman, a peace settlement was reached in Forchheim, between king Louis and envoys of Svatopluk, thus concluding the state of war on eastern borders. Division of Frankfurt
In order to prevent future dynastic conflicts, king Louis decided to regulate the position of his three sons within the government. In 865, an arrangement on the future succession was reached and promulgated in Frankfurt, thus becoming known as the Division of Frankfurt. Bavaria and southeastern marches were designated to Carloman, Saxony and Franconia to Louis the Younger, and Alamannia to Charles the Fat. Princes were to become rulers of designated domains only upon their father's death. None of them was given the title of a king during his father's lifetime, but their position within the state affairs was regulated in detail, with king Louis keeping all of the main prerogatives of royal power.At the same time, all of king's sons married into the local aristocracy of the regions marked out for them. Carloman married the daughter of a Bavarian military leader (dux) named Ernest, whom the Annales Bertiniani describe as "the greatest of all the king's great men". This marriage must have taken place before Ernest's disgrace and dismissal in 861, for Louis the German strongly disapproved of his second son's seeking a marriage with family that had likewise been disgraced in 858–59. By the 870s, according to the Annales Bertiniani, at the time being composed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, Carloman's mother, Emma, was encouraging her husband to favour Carloman over his brothers. This is the first recorded involvement of Emma in politics, and it may relate to Louis's illness during 869–70. On the other hand, historian Ernst Dümmler thought Carloman must have been a "mamma's boy" (Muttersöhnchen). Ruler of Italy

On 12 August 875, Louis II of Italy died and his kingdom was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald.Pope John VIII, dealing with the constant threat of raiders from Muslim Sicily, sided with Charles the Bald. Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of San Clemente a Casauria, one of Louis II's most favored houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor. According to the Annales Fuldenses, Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy. On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in Pavia. The lure of Italy was "the looting which was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps.Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a capitulary at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government. In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent missi dominici (royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to the new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty. His grant to Bishop Wibod of Parma of the districtio, or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop. By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition. In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in the duchies of Spoleto and Camerino. After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes, Lambert I and Guy III, who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope.In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at Olona. Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina is found in Carloman's charter. In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to <mask>, whom he had previously rejected. It was too late; by then <mask> was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the church of San Sisto, which had been founded by Queen Engelberga in Piacenza. In Italy, Carloman had denarii (pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore the inscription CARLOMAN REX, while those of Pavia bore HCARLEMANNVS RE.All had a stylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria. Ruler of Bavaria

In Bavaria, Carloman re-founded the palace and monastery at Ötting. He dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and "numerous other saints whose relics we were able to collect with God's help". He appointed his father's friend, the linguistic scholar Baldo, as his chancellor. In 878, he may have been the object of an assassination attempt. According to the Annales Iuvavenses, the king "was surrounded by Count Ermenpert and some of his soldiers" at Ergolding, but the count apparently fled to West Francia, where he was received by Louis the Stammerer.Carloman groomed his illegitimate son Arnulf for the succession in Bavaria. In a charter issued at Regensburg, he called him "regal son" (filius regalis), a term similar to "the king's son" (filius regis), which was the standard title of a legitimate royal son. This policy had supporters, like Abbot Regino of Prüm and the monks of Saint Gall, but also detractors, who appealed to Carloman's brother Louis. In early 879, Carloman was incapacitated by illness, perhaps a stroke. Louis came to Bavaria to receive the recognition of the aristocracy as future king. By Easter he had left, and Arnulf took control of the kingdom in his father's name. He dismissed some prominent counts, who appealed to Louis to restore them.Carloman tried to legitimise Arnulf's actions by adding his son's name to the prayer provisions of his charters, but in November Louis came to Bavaria to force a resolution of the succession. He restored the deposed counts and Carloman formally abdicated his Bavarian throne to his brother. He also placed Arnulf under Louis's protection. His brother Charles dated his reign in Italy from November 879, so presumably Carloman abdicated that kingdom at the same time as Bavaria. Illness and death
Regarding Carloman's condition, the Annales Fuldenses (879) record that he lost his voice, but was still able to communicate by writing. Regino of Prüm, writing in his chronicle for the year 880, recalls that he was "erudite in letters" (litteris eruditus), which meant he could write Latin. Regino's entire encomium on Carloman goes:
That most excellent king was learned in letters, devoted to the Christian religion, just, peaceful, and morally upright.The beauty of his body was exceptional, and his physical strength was a wonder to behold. He possessed a very warlike spirit. He waged numerous wars against the Slavic kingdoms with his father, and even more without him. He always returned the victor in triumph and expanded the borders of his empire with glorious iron. He was mild to his own men and a living terror to his enemies. He was charming in speech, humble, and endowed with great cleverness for managing the business of the realm. He was so skilled that he was the very embodiment of royal majesty.Most sources place <mask>'s death in March 880, but the Annales Iuvavenses place it on 21 September. He was buried in the chapel of his palace at Ötting. <mask> left one illegitimate son, Arnulf, who continued as margrave of Carinthia during the reigns of Carloman's brothers, but in 887 became king of East Francia and in 896 emperor. Notes

Sources

830 births
880 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
9th-century kings of Italy
9th-century kings of East Francia
9th-century dukes of Bavaria
Kings of Bavaria
Frankish warriors
Carolingian dynasty
Carantania

masks: Carloman Carloman Carloman Carloman Carloman


title: Eugenio Finardi

texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1952) is an Italian rock singer, songwriter, guitarist and keyboardist. Life
<mask> was born in Milan, Italy, on July 16, 1952, in a musical family: his father Enzo was an Italian music sound engineer and his mother Eloise an American opera singer; at age six Finardi made his first record, Palloncino Rosso Fuoco, a children song. Finardi became part of a thriving music scene in Milan in the late 1960s. Rooted in the blues, classic rock and roll and the hippy counter-culture, he was active in the left-wing youth movement of those years. In 1969 he formed his first rock band The Tiger. Soon he started playing with Alberto Camerini, a singer and guitarist born in Brazil, who a few years later would be instrumental in introducing American and British new wave and techno-pop to Italian pop music. Together they even emulated the US film Easy Rider by travelling on motorbikes from Milan to Amsterdam.The scene Finardi became part of included among others bands like Area and Stormy Six, Claudio Rocchi and female singer-songwriter Donatella Bardi. Finardi made a living by day teaching English, in which he was fluent because of his American mother, and as a musician by night, as singer, guitarist and piano-player. After forming the band Il Pacco with Camerini, Finardi recorded a single in English in 1973, Spacey Stacey/Hard Rock Honey for Numero Uno, the first Italian independent record label started by singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti and his writing partner Mogol, who had a long string of Italian and international hits under their belts, and who had introduced in Italian Pop music different styles from the US and the UK, from the Rock music of Bob Dylan, The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, to Blues and Soul. Finardi's single went largely unnoticed. Early career, the 1970s
Thanks to his friendship with the band Area and their singer Demetrio Stratos, in 1974 Finardi signed with the label Cramps, run by Gianni Sassi. 1975 saw the release of his first album Non Gettate Alcun Oggetto Dal Finestrino. The album was a mixture of the style of Italian singer-songwriters and Rock'n'Roll.Camerini on guitar, Lucio Fabbri on violin, Walter Calloni on drums were among the musicians who played on the record, which included a Rock version of traditional Italian protest folk-song Saluteremo Il Signor Padrone, and original songs by Finardi – one, Taking It Easy, in English – with social commentary about metropolitan alienation, against the compulsory national service in the Italian army, and political prisoners. The album was influenced by both progressive rock, which was extremely popular in Italy, and Hippie idealism. Finardi became known from playing at Milan's alternative Festival in Parco Lambro in 1976, introducing a Rock sound to the Italian genre of singer-songwriters who were often politically involved, and mostly somewhat derivative of Folk Rock, the early protest songs of Bob Dylan, and of the American West-Coast music of artists like Neil Young. Finardi looked to the more electric and up-tempo sound of Rock&Roll and The Rolling Stones, and his sound was also often influenced by Jazz Rock fusion, thanks to Area members Patrizio Fariselli and Ares Tavolazzi, and bass-player Hugh Bullen. Years of lead
<mask>'s sound and style became a success in 1976, with his second album  Sugo, and his third Diesel in 1977. The first included the counter-cultural youth anthem Musica Ribelle, and the hymn to pirate radio-stations La Radio; the second the love ballad Non e' Nel Cuore, which were all released as singles. <mask>, who had started performing live often on his own with an acoustic guitar and sitting down, was now touring with a four or five-piece Rock band.His introduction of Rock'n'Roll in the genre of socially and politically aware Italian singer-songwriters was what made Finardi stand out and endeared him to the counter-cultural youth of late 1970s Italy, which in 1976–78 was in the midst of political upheaval and almost civil war, with the occupations of factories, universities and high-schools, demonstrations which ended in pitched battles with the police – often with fatal casualties – and the rise of political movements like Autonomia, the Indiani Metropolitani and terrorist groups like the Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse). This eventful period of Italian contemporary history is known as the Anni di piombo (Years Of Lead) and also as the era of the Movimento '77, the youth movement for which 1977 was a pivotal year, somewhat an Italian equivalent of the Punk Rock upheaval in the US and Great Britain. The dramatic and eventful climate of the period was the result of the so-called Strategy of tension (Strategia della tensione): the confrontation between youth counter-culture and left-wing activists against an Italian government perceived as reactionary, repressive, corrupt, unstable, manoeuvred by the US, which disseminated disinformation and engaged in false-flag terror attacks blamed on the left to establish a more authoritarian regime. <mask> was a notable counter-cultural and musical protagonist of these years, with songs like "La C.I.A." about the American Secret Services' involvement in Italian politics, "Soldi" about consumerism, "Giai Phong" about the Vietnam War, "Scuola" about the education system, "Tutto Subito" about the confrontational street demos of Autonomia, and "Scimmia" which chronicled <mask>'s past heroin addiction and subsequent self-detoxification through 'cold turkey', a particularly relevant song for touching upon a subject that would become a growing social problem in Italy starting in the following decade, the 1980s. Songs like "Voglio" and "Oggi Ho Imparato A Volare" were optimistic hymns for the revolutionary youth of the Italian left, and "Diesel" celebrated both Finardi's life on the road as a musician and the life of everyday working-class Italians. Finardi started to make his transition from this turbulent period of Italian history and its cultural landscape with the album Blitz and single Extraterrestre in 1978, and Roccando Rollando (Rocking and Rolling) in 1979, which contained Legalizzatela, his song-manifesto for the legalization of cannabis.Other significant hits were Patrizia, and the bitter-sweet ballad Le Ragazze Di Osaka in 1981. From the 1980s to the present
Since then <mask> has lived periodically abroad, in London, UK, and in the United States. He has appeared at the Mecca of Italian commercial Pop music, the annual musical contest of the Sanremo Festival, which would have been unthinkable in the counter-cultural climate of the 1970s. Through many different collaborations, he has released regular albums: among them one made entirely of songs with English lyrics, Secret Streets in 1982; the live album  (1984), Dolce Italia (1987), the entirely acoustic  in 1993, for which he toured in the same 'unplugged' mode, the re-reading of songs from his back catalogue Cinquantanni in 2002, his exploration of spirituality Il Silenzio e Lo Spirito in 2003, and a return to his youthful love for the Blues with the album Anima Blues in 2005. <mask> <mask>'s most recent works have a large audience, as proven by the success of the album Un Uomo (2007), a compilation of a 30 years long career, celebrated also in the show Suono in Italian theatres – and released also on DVD – in which Finardi tells his story through a series of monologues. His last work Il Cantante Al Microfono saw him accompanied by a classical music sextet. <mask> <mask>'s albums from the 1970s are considered classics of Italian Rock, and he remains one of Italy's most successful and influential Rock singers and musicians.In 2012 he again entered the music competition of the Sanremo Music Festival with the song E tu lo chiami Dio. Discography

Albums
 Non gettate alcun oggetto dal finestrino (1975)
 Sugo (1976)
 Diesel (1977)
 Blitz (1978)
 Roccando rollando (1979)
 Finardi (1981)
 Secret streets (1982)
 Dal Blu (1983)
  (Live, 1984)
 Colpi di fulmine (1985)
 Dolce Italia (1987)
 Il vento di Elora (1989)
 La forza dell'amore (collection of remastered songs, plus 2 previously unreleased songs, 1990)
 Millennio (1991)
 Musica Desideria (1992)
  (1993)
 Occhi (1996)
 Accadueo (1998; re-released in 1999 with one 1 bonus track)
 La forza dell'amore 2 (2001)
 Cinquantanni (2002)
 Il silenzio e lo spirito (2003)
 Anima blues (2005)
 Un uomo (2007)
 Un Cantante Al Microfono (2008)
 Sessanta (2012)

Singles
 Spacey Stacey/Hard Rock Honey (1973)
 Soldi/Voglio (1975)
 Musica ribelle/La radio (1976)
 Non è nel cuore/Giai Phong (1977)
 E tu lo chiami Dio (2012)

References

External links
Official website

1952 births
Living people
Singers from Milan
Italian male singers
American people of Italian descent
Italian people of American descent

masks:
Eugenio Finardi
Eugenio Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Finardi
Eugenio
Finardi
Eugenio
Finardi