title: Gerald Weaver

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<mask> II (born June 15, 1958) is an American author and former lawyer and lobbyist. He was the youngest chief of staff in Congress in 1983, aged 26. His novel, Gospel Prism, came to light when the American-born British journalist, Marie Colvin died whilst covering the Siege of Homs in Syria, February 22, 2012. Her backpack, when recovered, was found to contain basic supplies: a change of clothes, two satellite phones and <mask>'s manuscript. Early years
<mask> was born in Western Pennsylvania in 1958, where he grew up with three sisters. His father was a lawyer and his mother worked until he was five before she became a homemaker. He spoke the Sicilian language with his grandmother who was also his nanny until he was five.<mask> went on to attend Yale University and the Columbus School of Law. Education and career
<mask> has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University, where he studied Fiction Writing under Gordon Lish, who was the fiction editor at Esquire magazine and Raymond Carver's editor. <mask> studied Literature at Yale under the literary critic Harold Bloom. <mask> also has a Juris Doctor degree from the Columbus School of Law. <mask> managed his first Congressional campaign in 1982 when Congressman Joseph Kolter appointed <mask> as his chief of staff, a position he held until May 1987. In 1992, <mask> testified before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks. <mask> was appointed Vice President of Government Affairs at satellite carrier United Video in 1990.United Video was the distributor of Chicago independent television channel WGN, a company which aired games of the Chicago Cubs and the White Sox. During his appointment, he represented the company in a high-profile battle against the professional sports leagues attempting to revoke a copyright provision known as the compulsory license. Cable World magazine reported that during their campaign <mask> carried a baseball bat to the mark-up of H.R. 4511, the cable compulsory license bill, as a gift for Rep. William J. Hughes (D-NJ). <mask> went on to send each member of the House Judiciary Committee a Monopoly game with a letter stating there was only one Major League Baseball. The compulsory licence was ultimately retained by <mask> for United Video and remains in place. <mask> ran his own lobbying firm, representing Gundle Inc, First Lithotripsy Group, Duquesne Light Company (DQE) and Zambelli Fireworks, the largest and oldest fireworks display company in the United States.He practiced law in Pennsylvania until 1994 when he was disbarred due to his criminal conviction. Political life
<mask> has called politics, "Socialising with a consequence." In 1983, at the age of 26, he was the youngest ever chief of staff in Congress. <mask> was an aide to U.S. Rep. Joseph P. Kolter from January 1982 – May 1987. Criminal indictment
In 1992 <mask> was indicted on 22 counts, all but one arising from his involvement in the Congressional Post Office scandal. On March 31, 1993 <mask> pleaded guilty, pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, to one count each of obstruction of justice, conspiracy to distribute cocaine and distribution of cocaine. <mask>'s 24-month sentence was reduced to "time served" or 16 months, when he filed a motion to change counsel and the judge received notice of Mundy's conflict of interest.<mask> had contended his guilty plea should be set aside because it was "tainted" by the conflict of interest created by his former lawyer, R. Kenneth Mundy's simultaneous representation of both <mask> and Rostenkowski. <mask> filed a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. s 2255 seeking to have his guilty plea set aside on the ground that his former lawyer, R. Kenneth Mundy, had had a conflict of interest. The district court concluded that, while Mundy's simultaneous representation of <mask> and of then U.S. Rep. Daniel D. Rostenkowski, against whom <mask> was a potential witness, created a conflict, <mask> had not shown the necessary prejudice to establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Rostenkowski was indicted on May 31, 1994 and on July 5,
. <mask> was given a two-year prison sentence for conspiracy to distribute cocaine on the Hill. He later said that, "In prison, you have to avoid three things: violence, boredom and dissipation.".'Relationship with Marie Colvin
Marie Colvin is widely acknowledged as the leading war correspondent of her generation for her work across the Middle East and in Sri Lanka, East Timor, Chechnya and Kosovo. The relationship between <mask> and Colvin was first reported in 2012  and reported again in 2015   when <mask> spoke out about the reasons for publishing his novel, Gospel Prism. The pair met at Yale University in 1975. He describes Colvin as his, 'childhood sweetheart'. Colvin was killed in the besieged Baba Amr district of the Syrian city of Homs and for a short time was buried in a garden close to the building in which she and the French photographer Rémi Ochlik died. On learning of Colvin's death, <mask> is reported to have said he, ‘drank for five straight days’. When Colvin's body was exhumed for repatriation to her native Oyster Bay, New York, her personal possessions came with her.This included a backpack containing basic supplies: a change of clothes, two satellite phones and a weighty black box with a 387-page manuscript inside. Colvin's sister, Cathleen 'Cat' Colvin set about looking for the author, a man Marie first met at a Yale University party 37 years earlier. On finding him and along with Sean Ryan, then Editor of The Sunday Times, she helped <mask> to find a publisher. ‘Gospel Prism’ is published by London Wall Publishing. Jane Graham, The Big Issue, called it "a rollicking good read." 22 June 2015. Gospel Prism
According to <mask>, Gospel Prism draws on literary classics such as Dante's Inferno and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice to tell the story of a man in prison.The world of Gospel Prism is multi-layered. On its surface it is a humorous, graphic, informative and entertaining story of one man's mission to make the most out of a short term in prison and it seamlessly becomes a spiritual detective mystery. It contains within its pages a love story, a heroic last stand, a droll and loving friendship, a beautiful mixed race messiah, a search for lost time, a trip to Hell, some negotiating between a fallen rabbi and the mafia and several other adventures. The novel's protagonist is tasked to discover twelve life lessons from each adventure, or they may even be spiritual verities. And it is possible that these principles may be found in or may refer to works by Shakespeare, Cervantes, Milton, Tolstoy and others. <mask> said, "Readers, and particularly deep readers, may be a dwindling species or even become something not unlike a religious cult. The relationship between religious faith and the written word is a part of the world of Gospel Prism as much as it is a fact of life.William Blake has said that we may have been choosing forms of worship from poetic tales, and if this is the case then it may be time to look closely at all poetic tales." The First First Gentleman
<mask>'s second novel, The First First Gentleman, London Wall, August 2016, "is a timely story of the first female President of the United States, an iconoclastic woman who challenges what we know about cultural and political orthodoxies and who may also have to breastfeed during her term" of office. <mask> has said, "when I began to write The First First Gentleman more than three years ago, some American voters have been ready for some time for a politician who is willing to tear down the old icons." The novel was mostly drawn from <mask>'s thirteen years in national politics and on Capitol Hill, and from the rest of a lifetime of observing national politics from a front row seat. "The elephant in the room, of course, is misogyny and we don’t talk about it," <mask> has said. The novel is a love story, a political and social satire, and a tribute to the novels of Charles Dickens. This Dickensian quality was noted in at least one review, <mask>'s writing is incredibly sharp – it doesn’t lose focus anywhere."I quickly found myself quite strongly attached to both Melinda and Garth, hoping that they would come out on top, and groaning when things started not to go their way . . ." "One day, women will be in charge," <mask> told BBC London. <mask> says that his purpose was not to tell a story that corresponds with Clinton herself but to hasten the arrival of what he sees as a tipping point of more females coming into power. Family life
<mask> married Katherine Brewer in 1981. They had two children, Harriet  and Simon and in 1992 they moved from Capitol Hill to Wexford, Pennsylvania following <mask>'s release from prison. <mask> became a full-time stay-at-home dad. <mask> and Brewer divorced in 2003.<mask> lives in Bethesda, MD with his second wife, Lily. <mask> is a member of the Yale Football Association, the Society of Authors (UK), and he and his wife are patron members of the Yale University Art Gallery, and of the Freer/Sackler Smithsonian Museum of Asian Art. References

Living people
1958 births
American male novelists
Yale University alumni
Political chiefs of staff
United States congressional aides
American political consultants
American lobbyists
Columbus School of Law alumni
Novelists from Pennsylvania
21st-century American novelists
Maryland Democrats
Pennsylvania Democrats
21st-century American male writers

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Gerald Willard Weaver
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title: Jeffrey Boam

type: original

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<mask> (November 30, 1946 – January 24, 2000) was an American screenwriter and film producer. He is known for writing the screenplays for The Dead Zone, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Innerspace, The Lost Boys, and Lethal Weapon 2 and 3. <mask>'s films had a cumulative gross of over US$1 billion. He was educated at Sacramento State College and UCLA. <mask> died of heart failure on January 24, 2000 at age 53. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Rochester, New York. He grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, and his family moved to Sacramento, California when he was 11.His father was an aeronautical engineer. He developed a taste for action films by watching World War II film on television as a child. As a teenager, he saw the film Tom Jones, which he said "made the greatest impression" on him, ultimately making him "want to be in movies." He attended Sacramento State College, earning a B.A. in art in 1969. While interested in the film industry, he initially thought that his art training would lead him to a career in art direction or production design. Not wanting to "serve in the ranks", he decided that directing would be most satisfying.He entered graduate school at UCLA film school, hoping to start a career in directing. He couldn't afford to pay for his own film, processing, and equipment. But he did own a typewriter, so he took a writing course and prepared to study screenwriting instead of directing. At UCLA, he took classes under Richard Walter. <mask> took an advanced screenwriting class taught by William Froug. He decided to "target" Froug, hoping to impress the writing teacher into accepting him to be a directed studies student. <mask> was impressed by Froug's success, and wanted one-on-one help.He said, "I just knew that Bill could help me, but I needed more than the slightly impersonal, two-hour-a-week instruction of the class." He gave Froug two screenplays for review, but the writing teacher wasn't impressed with either of them. This didn't deter <mask>, who persisted. <mask> told Froug, "Well, I'll just have to write better." Froug relented and started mentoring him, and said that over the semesters <mask> got "better and better, but ... was still struggling." The two collaborated on a screenplay called Johnny, about the bank robber John Dillinger. On the day the screenplay was finished, they learned that director John Milius was starting production on Dillinger, destroying their hopes of selling their script as a feature.However, their script was bought under a one-year option for $10,000 by producer Edward Lewis, who sold it to NBC as a possible television movie. In the end, the screenplay was never produced. <mask> graduated from UCLA in 1973, with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He got a job as a film booker for Paramount Pictures, where he kept track of film prints and made sure the movies were distributed to the correct theaters. All the while, he was writing scripts, trying to land a screenwriting job. Of the work at Paramount, <mask> said, "I was ... in the worst kind of Siberia in Hollywood." He switched from Paramount to the film distribution office at 20th Century Fox, where he earned $200 a week.In 1976, Froug helped him get an agent, and some of his scripts were shopped around Hollywood. He got a flurry of meetings with film studio executives and producers, eventually meeting producer Tony Bill. Bill offered to pay Boam the same $200 per week he was making at Fox, but instead write screenplays. Bill's stipulation was that he get a free option on whatever was written. Before <mask> entered into that arrangement, one of his scripts was optioned by director-producer Ulu Grosbard. This became <mask>'s first Hollywood writing job. Career

Straight Time
Ulu Grosbard took on the directing job of the film Straight Time, after its original director, actor Dustin Hoffman, dropped out to focus on starring in the lead role.The film, based on the novel No Beast So Fierce by Edward Bunker, is about a thief who is released from prison and tries to live a straight life. <mask> was asked to rewrite the script, and he quit his job at Fox to work with Grosbard. He received writing credit for the film, along with Bunker and Alvin Sargent. The Dead Zone
As a film adaptation of Stephen King's 1979 novel The Dead Zone was being developed by Lorimar, producer Carol Baum gave the book to <mask>, and asked him to write a screenplay. "I saw it had great possibilities and agreed to do it," <mask> said. <mask> developed a script with director Stanley Donen, who left the project before the film reached production at Lorimar. The company eventually closed its film division after a series of box office failures, and soon after, producer Dino de Laurentiis bought the rights to the novel.He initially disliked <mask>'s screenplay and asked King to adapt his own novel. De Laurentiis reportedly then rejected King's script as "involved and convoluted"; however, David Cronenberg, who ultimately directed the film, said that he was the one who decided not to use the script, finding it "needlessly brutal". De Laurentiis rejected a second script by Andrei Konchalovsky, eventually returning to Boam. The film was finally on track to be made when de Laurentiis hired a producer, Debra Hill, to work with Cronenberg and <mask>. <mask> abandoned King's parallel story structure for The Dead Zone'''s screenplay, turning the plot into separate episodes. <mask> told writer Tim Lucas in 1983, "King's book is longer than it needed to be. The novel sprawls and it's episodic.What I did was use that episodic quality, because I saw The Dead Zone as a triptych." His script was revised and condensed four times by Cronenberg, who eliminated large portions of the novel's story, including plot points about Johnny Smith having a brain tumor. Cronenberg, <mask>, and Hill had script meetings to revise the screenplay page by page. <mask>'s "triptych" in the screenplay surrounds three acts: the introduction of Johnny Smith before his car accident and after he awakes from a coma, a story about Smith assisting a sheriff to track down the Castle Rock Killer, and finally Johnny deciding to confront the politician Stillson. <mask> said that he enjoyed writing character development for Smith, having him struggle with the responsibility of his psychic abilities, and ultimately give up his life for the greater good. "It was this theme that made me like the book, and I particularly enjoyed discovering it in what was essentially a genre piece, a work of exploitation," he said. In <mask>'s first draft of the screenplay, Johnny does not die at the end, but rather has a vision about the Castle Rock Killer, who is still alive and escaped from prison.Cronenberg insisted that this "trick ending" be revised. <mask> submitted the final draft of the screenplay on November 8, 1982. King is reported to have told Cronenberg that changes the director and <mask> made to the story "improved and intensified the power of the narrative." In an interview with film critic Christopher Hicks, <mask> said that the success of the film is generally credited to Cronenberg, and that King would not give <mask> credit for writing a good script. He said, "It's hard for him to admit that he's not the one who could crack that book. But I think that movie holds together as a real movie. It's not just some kind of weird concoction of Stephen King's."Writing for Warner Bros. Pleased with <mask>'s early work on Straight Time and a script called The Good Guys, Warner Bros. signed him to an exclusive contract as a staff writer. He was frequently asked to rewrite and polish scripts for "high concept" films with commercial potential. His contract with Warner Bros. was for $3 million, over three years, and had a great deal of flexibility built into it. He was able to pick and choose the projects he wanted to work on, and was able to decide on the rewrite he was offered. His contract also allowed for the possibility of producing and directing projects. His first producing project was for a science-fiction comedy called Space Case, about a Los Angeles detective who specializes in locating people abducted by aliens.The screenplay for Space Case was developed by <mask> and screenwriter Richard Outten, and written by Outten. Despite skepticism by Warner Bros. executives, <mask> encouraged Outten to finish the screenplay. However, they were beaten to production by another film with a similar story, Men in Black, and Space Case was never made. Innerspace
When producer Peter Guber was developing Innerspace, a film about an explorer who is miniaturized and sent into another man's body, he hired a young writer named Chip Proser to write a script for the story. Director Joe Dante thought the story was too much like Fantastic Voyage, and didn't want to direct it. Guber later took the story to Warner Bros. with executive Bruce Berman. Director John Carpenter was briefly attached to the project.Warner Bros. asked <mask> to rewrite the script, but he initially refused. "I balked at it," <mask> said, "I didn't even think the premise had much merit." Carpenter convinced <mask> there was a good story to tell, and <mask> wrote a draft. He said, "I took the premise and basically invented everything else." Eventually Carpenter left the project to direct Big Trouble in Little China, and Dante joined as director. Dante said that <mask>'s screenplay was "a wonderful script ... completely the opposite of the first. It was ... imaginative, funny, clever ..." Dante was pleased that the new script was not a "rip off" of Fantastic Voyage.He said that although both <mask> and Proser share writing credit for the film, it was <mask> "who really wrote the picture." The script was given to Steven Spielberg, who liked it so much, he agreed to produce the film. The Lost Boys
The original screenplay for The Lost Boys, written by James Jeremias and Janice Fischer, was a more innocent vision involving children in a Peter Pan-like plot. Its producer Richard Donner wanted to increase the appeal to teenagers. <mask> was requested by director Joel Schumacher to rewrite the screenplay, hoping to "sex up the plot and up the ante on laughs and the violent disposal of vamps". Funny Farm
In 1986, actor Chevy Chase bought the rights to Jay Cronley's novel Funny Farm. The story is a comedy about a couple from New York City that move to a small New England town, and the quirky troubles and encounters they have.Chase and his business partner Bruce Bodner hired <mask> to adapt the book for film. The three spent several weeks developing the script. The screenplay was originally episodic, mirroring the structure of the novel. When George Roy Hill was hired as director, he insisted a new script be written, with a more definitive plot. <mask>, Chase, and Bodner then spent the remainder of the year rewriting the screenplay. Lethal Weapon filmsLethal Weapon was written by Shane Black, and was released in the spring of 1987. A buddy-cop story, it starred Mel Gibson as

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title: Jeffrey Boam

texts:
 Martin Riggs, a suicidal detective who uses crazed antics to deal with criminals.He is paired with Roger Murtaugh (played by Danny Glover), a veteran detective with a traditional home-life. <mask> was hired to make some changes on the script, after the producers found parts of it too grim. Though he contributed some scenes, he is uncredited on the screenplay. For the sequel, Lethal Weapon 2, Black submitted a script, but it was rejected by the film's producers as "too dark and violent". In Black's original script, the Martin Riggs character dies. <mask>ana Jones and the Last Crusade, the third film in the popular Indiana Jones series, went through a flimsy scripting process before <mask> was hired to write a draft. As early as 1984, George Lucas was playing with the concept of having the fictional archeologist-adventurer encounter the fabled Holy Grail, the cup said to have been used by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper. Director Steven Spielberg rejected Lucas's script outlines, disliking the Grail idea. Screenwriter Diane Thomas wrote a haunted house story for Indiana Jones, but Spielberg said that after producing Poltergeist, he didn't want to do a similar film. Lucas hired Chris Columbus to write a draft for the film, and he submitted Indiana Jones and the Lost City of Sun Wu Kung, a story with evil spirits, ghosts, and demons. Again, Spielberg rejected the story as not believable enough. Lucas convinced him to go back to the Holy Grail idea, and Menno Meyjes was hired to develop another screenplay.The new script focused on the Arthurian legend aspect of the Holy Grail. Although the script was not to the liking of Lucas and Spielberg, it had elements that eventually became part of the finished film: the Holy Grail, and the introduction of Indiana Jones' father, Henry Jones Sr.

Spielberg suggested that <mask> write the next draft, and Lucas agreed to it. <mask> felt some nervousness going into the process. He joked that "the battlefield was littered with writers before I came on to the scene. There were four or five before me. Each writer had their script next to them covered with blood." <mask> said that when Spielberg called to offer him the job, Spielberg said "something like, 'You wanna get real rich?'and I said, 'Yeah, why?' and he said, 'I think you should do the next Indiana Jones movie.'" <mask> is reported to have replied to Spielberg's offer by saying, "I just don't know why you didn't come to me before." <mask> spent two weeks filled with eight-hour days working with Lucas to develop the story. The two blocked out all other commitments to create the story, building it "beat by beat". Lucas already knew many of the set pieces that were to be in the movie. During the two-week story conference, Boam worked to incorporate it all into the new narrative."Jeff was very collaborative," Lucas said, adding, "He'd try to include both Steven's ideas and my ideas, and tried to get what we wanted done." Spielberg liked the story outline presented by Lucas and <mask>, but wanted a first draft before making a decision to move forward. He was planning direct the film Rain Man, but an Indiana Jones project would take precedence. <mask> signed a contract on April 14, 1987. He wrote his first draft that summer, and turned it in on September 15, with another revision on September 30. It was at that time that Spielberg made a commitment to direct the Indiana Jones film over Rain Man, based on reading one of <mask>'s unfinished drafts. Spielberg said, "We licked it with <mask>".Spielberg brought actor Sean Connery in to portray Henry Jones Sr., and Connery provided substantial input into the character, who Lucas originally conceived as an eccentric professor—"an Obi-Wan Kenobi type." <mask> wanted to expand the father character, making him more central to the plot. He said that in Meyjes' original script, "the father was sort of a MacGuffin ... they didn't find the father until the very end. I said to George, 'It doesn't make sense to find the father at the end. Why don't they find him in the middle?'" He wanted the father-son relationship to be the main point, rather than the Grail. With the input of Spielberg and Connery, <mask> altered the senior Jones from "a somewhat crotchety old character" to a man with more "vitality".Connery wanted the father to have a prior sexual relationship to the same female archeologist that Indiana Jones sleeps with. <mask> incorporated this into the script, with Indiana's reaction to learning that he and his father slept with the same woman defused through humor. <mask> said, "He's a bit humbled and surprised that his dad would be able to attract this young attractive woman ... but he isn't appalled by it." <mask>, who was raised Catholic, used many religious themes and metaphors in his script for the film. In preparing the story, he studied grail literature, but ultimately invented new mythology. He made the grail a symbol for faith. He said, "I guess the major given of faith is that it can't be proved otherwise you don't need faith.So that is why I created the idea that the grail can't be removed (from its hiding place). You can find the grail, but you can't really prove that you found it." When Indiana Jones finally discovers the grail hidden among decoys, its knight guardian tells him that he will die if he drinks from the wrong cup. <mask> said that this scene is a metaphor for "the one true God vs. false gods". He worried that the film's religious themes would face criticism from the general audience, as well as religious scholars. He was relieved when the criticism didn't appear, saying, "Nobody working on this movie was a religious scholar ... I was wondering if the numerous allusions to Christ in Indiana Jones were going to put people off.I was afraid the kids in the audience would think it was not a very hip subject matter. "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was a hit film, earning over $474 million worldwide. Television
Boam met writer Carlton Cuse through producer Bernard Schwartz. According to Cuse, <mask> approached him after his work on the television series Crime Story and asked that the two form a writing partnership. The two had plans to write original films together, but they eventually developed the stories and scripts for Lethal Weapon 2, Lethal Weapon 3, and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. They formed a production company, Boam/Cuse Productions, and produced a television pilot based on The Witches of Eastwick. NBC requested the pilot in 1992, and it starred Catherine Mary Stewart and Julia Campbell.They also planned a comedy series called Cat Canyon. With Cuse, <mask> co-created and produced the series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. featuring Bruce Campbell, which premiered on the Fox Network in 1993. It was the only series <mask> wrote that made it on to television. <mask> wrote and directed a 1993 episode of HBO's Tales From the Crypt, entitled "Creep Course", based on the EC comic Haunt of Fear number 23–1. The episode's story involves an archeology professor who enlists the aid of a jock in his class to trick an unsuspecting female student into becoming a human sacrifice to a mummy. In the end, she turns the tables on them, and they become victims of the mummy instead. <mask> told EON Magazine in 1996 that he did not enjoy the directing experience, finding the work days too long and labor-intensive.The Phantom and late scripts
Paramount hired <mask> in 1992 to write a script for The Phantom, based on Lee Falk's comic strip character, with Joe Dante to direct. The box office failure of The Shadow, a similarly-themed period adventure, put the film on hold for several years. <mask>'s original script was intended to be a funny spoof of The Phantom. The studio restarted the film with Simon Wincer as director, who had <mask> make changes to the original script, including a decision to keep the screenplay close in style and tone to the source material. Dante said that "nobody seemed to notice it was written to be funny, so it was—disastrously—played straight." <mask> worked on screenplay drafts for a feature-length movie based on the DC Comics World War II hero Sgt. Rock, which was not produced.Writing style
<mask>'s action film scripts are character-driven and mixed with humor. He told The New York Times that he had no problem writing a contrived plot in service of character interactions. "Plot tries to engage intellectually, but that's not how an audience responds," he said, adding, "I want emotional reaction, not intellectual engagement. An audience wants to be wound up because it enjoys the pop at the end when it's liberated." Writing in Scr(i)pt magazine, Ray Morton said that <mask>'s scripts "showed a strong feel for genre and story construction as well as a solid aptitude for creating robust, well-developed characters, and clever, witty dialogue." He rarely outlined a script, preferring to finish a story in his head, and then write the draft. Boam said, "I don't have any kind of routine, where I do notes or outlines or character sketches.I just try and live with it in my head, until it's ready to be spat out." He wrote every weekday, from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm, without taking breaks. Personal life
<mask> lived in the San Fernando Valley with his wife, Paula, a photographer and daughter of a Paramount Pictures vice president. They had three children, Tessa, Mia, and Dashiell. USA Today described <mask> as "low-key", and The New York Times called him "a polite, soft-spoken family man without a trace of the frenzied energy of his films." Film critic Christopher Hicks said that <mask> could be unusually candid, but that "<mask> is simply <mask>—a reclusive writer rather than a celebrity worried about his image. And what you see is what you get, if perhaps a bit outspoken and opinionated."He died on January 24, 2000 due to a heart failure from a rare lung disease. Filmography
 Straight Time (with Edward Bunker) (1978)
 The Dead Zone (1983)
 Innerspace (with Chip Proser, 1987)
 The Lost Boys (with Janice Fischer and James Jeremias, 1987)
 Funny Farm (1988)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 Lethal Weapon 2 (1989)
 Lethal Weapon 3 (with Robert Mark Kamen, 1992)The Witches of Eastwick  (with Michael Cristofer and Carlton Cuse, 1992, TV)
 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (also co-creator and executive producer, with Carlton Cuse, 1993, TV)
 Tales from the Crypt, episode No. 61, "Creep Course" (1993) (TV, also director)
 The Phantom'' (1996, also co-producer)

References

External links

1946 births
2000 deaths
American male screenwriters
Film producers from New York (state)
People from Fair Lawn, New Jersey
UCLA Film School alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Rochester, New York
Writers from Rochester, New York
California State University, Sacramento alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Film producers from New Jersey
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American

masks: Boam Boamndi Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam


title: Austin S. Miller

texts:
<mask> (born May 15, 1961) is a retired four-star general in the United States Army and former Delta Force commander who served as the final commander of NATO's Resolute Support Mission and United States Forces - Afghanistan from September 2, 2018 to July 12, 2021. He previously served as the commander of Joint Special Operations Command from March 30, 2016 to August 2018. He participated in numerous combat operations, such as the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, and, since 2001, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He retired from the Army in December after relinquishing command in July. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on May 15, 1961. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1983 and was commissioned as an infantry officer in the United States Army. Military career

<mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1983 after graduation from United States Military Academy at West Point.After completing Ranger School, he was assigned a platoon in 3rd Battalion, 325th Infantry (Airborne), 82nd Airborne Division. Afterward, he was a platoon leader with A Company, 2nd Ranger Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment from January 1986 to May 1987. He completed Infantry Officer Advanced Course in June 1989. He was assigned to South Korea as a Company Commander with 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry (Mechanized), 2nd Infantry Division, Eighth United States Army. Later, he was an instructor at the Special Operations Division School of the Americas at Fort Benning, Georgia from April 1991 to April 1992. In 1992, <mask> completed a specialized selection course and operator training course for assignment to 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment – Delta (1st SFOD-D), or Delta Force at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he held numerous leadership positions including squadron operations officer, troop commander, operational support troop commander, selection and training commander, A Squadron commander, as well as deputy commander and unit commanding officer from 2005 to 2007. He participated in numerous combat operations during Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia, Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.In October 1993, <mask> was the ground force commander during the Battle of Mogadishu while Lieutenant Colonel Gary L. Harrell held operational command of C Squadron, 1st SFOD-D. <mask> graduated from United States Army Command and General Staff College in June 1997. He is a graduate of the United States Marine Corps War College, 2003 and Joint and Combined Warfighting School. As a Colonel, <mask> received an assignment as Director of the Interagency Task Force, United States Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida from August 2007 to June 2008. He was assigned Deputy Director for Special Operations, J-37, The Joint Staff, Washington, D.C. till 2009. From September 2011 through August 2012, <mask> was special assistant to the Director of the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization in Arlington, Virginia. He was a special assistant to the deputy commanding general, United States Special Operations Command in Washington D.C. from August 2012 through June 2013. From June 2013 to June 2014, <mask> was commanding general of the Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command in Afghanistan, or CFSOCC-A, responsible for employment and coordination of special operations forces and assets to achieve NATO and US military objectives.In 2014, he became commanding general of the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning. From 2016 to 2018, <mask> served as the commanding general of the Joint Special Operations Command. Commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan

In 2018, he assumed command of United States Forces — Afghanistan and the Resolute Support mission, after a successful June 2018 visit to the Senate Armed Services Committee. On October 18, 2018, <mask> was in the room at the governor's compound in southern Kandahar when a Taliban gunman shot provincial police chief Abdul Raziq. <mask> was not harmed, but drew his sidearm during the shooting, waited until the wounded were attended, and flew out with the casualties afterwards which included Brigadier General <mask>, who was wounded in the attack. On July 1, 2021, <mask> gave an exclusive on-camera interview to ABC, with a helicopter flyover of the Bagram Air Base to emphasize its emptiness. <mask> officially furled the mission flag and marked the symbolic end to Operation Resolute Support on July 12, 2021.After Bagram, the largest U.S. base in Afghanistan, was vacated, parts of the base were looted as the Americans did not inform the Afghani district administrator Darwaish Raufi of their departure. <mask> was quoted as saying, "A civil war is certainly a path that can be visualized if this continues on the trajectory it's on right now, that should be of concern to the world." In a short farewell ceremony attended by many senior Afghan officials, <mask> pledged that “the people of Afghanistan will be in my heart, and on my mind, for the rest of my life.” On July 14, 2021, he met with President Joe Biden who thanked him for his service and his “extraordinary service in Afghanistan.”

<mask> testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee on September 15, 2021 on the Biden administration's decision to withdraw from Afghanistan, asserting that he had recommended that not all U.S. forces be immediately withdrawn. His retirement in the grade of general was officially approved by Congress on December 8, 2021. Dates of rank

Awards and decorations

{|
| Defense Distinguished Service Medal
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| Army Distinguished Service Medal
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| Silver Star

See also
Boris Gromov

References

|-

1961 births
Living people
Marine Corps War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Military personnel from Hawaii
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Army Rangers
United States Military Academy alumni
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
Delta Force

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Austin Scott Miller
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title: Christine Guldbrandsen

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<mask> (born 19 March 1985 in Bergen, Norway) is a singer who is best known internationally for being the Norwegian entrant in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. She has released three albums in Scandinavia: Surfing in the Air, Moments, and <mask>. A new album, Colors, was released on 8 April 2011. She sings mainly in Norwegian, Danish and English. Biography

Early life
<mask> began singing in the local church choir at age three; at age 13 she was discovered by Kjetil Fluge. At 15 in 2000, she sang "Kulturbyåpningen" in Bergen; in the audience was Sony Music Entertainment, who gave <mask> her first record deal after the performance. The contract was a result of long-dedicated time and work with Kjetil Fluge, Atle Halstensen, and Erlend Fauske in the Bergen studio Sounds Familiar.In 2001, 16-year-old <mask> wrote her first song, "Fly Away," a tribute to her father who had just died. 2003
<mask>'s debut album, Surfing in the Air, became a success in Norway and was subsequently released in Finland. The album sold 30,000 copies and she received a Gold record. The song "Surfing in the Air" became a radio hit supported by a music video. After this release she received the Karoline-Prisen, an award given to a young artist who combines school with a musical career. Other songs from her debut album included "The Far End", which entered the Norsktoppen top 40 at number 22, and "Fly Away", which entered the International Songwriting Competition (ISC) and finished in the semi-final with 350 other songs out of 11,000 songs from the world over. In January 2004, <mask> and her team started working on her second album; Moments was released that December.It entered the official Norwegian album chart VG-lista Topp 40; the song "Because of You" entered the Norsktoppen Top 40 at Number 26. 2006
In 2006 <mask> represented her country at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest in Athens, Greece after winning the Melodi Grand Prix 2006. The Norwegian selection  was a Nordic folk song, "Alvedansen" (The dance of elves) - the only one of 18 entries with Norwegian lyrics. Thea Tunås Bratteng accompanied her on stage, playing the typical Norwegian fiddle instrument hardingfele. <mask> was placed 14th of 24 finalists. She also sang in the Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix 2007 in Oslo Spektrum with a medley of Dansekjolen (5th place on the Norwegian Radio Stations chart) and the new version of Alvedansen. The special thing about this performance was that <mask> came flying onto the stage and had six dancers on stage with her.On 9 January 2008, <mask>'s hit "Alvedansen" was finally released in an English version, "Elf Dance", translated by Andrew Boyle. 2007
On 5 February 2007, she released her third studio album, simply entitled <mask>, her most personal album and the first she co-produced. She co-wrote all 10 of the songs except for one traditional Norwegian folk tune; a new, improved version of "Alvedansen" was also included. The songs' styles ranged from low-key ballads with choir and piano to richly coloured soundscapes. The Norwegian media responded well to this released; most magazines gave it four- and even five-star ratings. 2008
In September 2008, <mask> portrayed Cosette in Les Miserables in 100 performances in Bergen, Norway. 35.000 tickets were sold before the premiere.Only three weeks after the opening night, this musical experienced a huge success. All tickets for the musical were sold out, and <mask> and the rest of the ensemble also performed on New Year's Eve. Now more than 42000 people have seen Les Misérables on Den Nationale Scene (The National Scene) in Bergen. The reviews were extremely positive and the newspapers gave the musical good reviews (6/6 in BA, 5/6 in VG and 5/6 in Dagbladet). This musical was <mask>'s first acting performance. <mask> also joined the Icelandic company NAVIA. The song "We Can Fly" is a project from Navia and is sung by <mask> (Norway), Jippu (Finland), Julie Berthelsen (Denmark), Lisa Werlinder (Sweden), Disella Làrusdòttir (Iceland), and the African singer Youssou N'Dour.They are sent out on a mission to make a difference through the power of music. Representing different music genres, they perform individually and together within the NAVIA project. They share a dedication to making a difference, in the NAVIA spirit that has created a bond of friendship between them. On 27 December 2008, <mask> performed at a concert called Tribute to Madonna, dedicated to one of the world's biggest stars, Madonna. <mask> teamed up with other popular artists like Elisabeth Moberg, Tine Taule and Torhild Sivertsen. 2009
In May, <mask> took part in Mostraspelet on Bomlo (located on the west coast of Norway). She had the leading female role as Vigdis.The leading male role was played by the actor and singer Sigurd Sele. Mostraspelet is a yearly event which shows some Norwegian history. 100 actors and an orchestra of 40 musicians helped <mask> in the role as Vigdis. She also shared the venue with Alexander Rybak, the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest winner from Norway. <mask> sang as a guest artist on Håvard Lothe's Dorian Gray on the pop ballad "When We Fly." The album was released on 31 August in stores and for download. On 18 October 2009, <mask> first performed with the Norwegian group Nightingales.This is a project she initiated with three other well-known young singers in Norway: Karianne Kjærnes, Helene Bøksle, and Heidi Ruud Ellingsen. The concert took place in Hareid (near the city of Ålesund) on the northwestern part of Norway. <mask> toured southwestern Norway on 4–12 December 2009; she and Sigurd Sele performed some of the best-known Christmas carols as well as lesser-known material. The concerts happened in five different churches in Norway with musicians including Vidar Eldholm (piano), Thomas Dahl (guitars), and Kjetil Fluge (bass) and 2009 Eurovision winner 2009 Alexander Rybak. In December, <mask> returned from her trip to Afghanistan, where she performed for the Norwegian, German, Swedish and American soldiers stationed in the northern part of the country. She performed with musicians from the Norwegian forces (Forsvarets Musikkorps Vestlandet). 2010
<mask> performed at various gatherings initiated by Den Norske Sjomannskirken.She mainly performed in Millenium Place, situated in the Olympic city Whistler under the Vancouver/Olympic Winter Games of 2010. From September 2010 to January 2011, <mask> played Maria in Norway's The Sound of Music. Espen Hana played the male role, George von Trapp. <mask> was featured as one of many artists on the album Bergensbølgene - Et Dykk I Bergens Pop- og Rockhistorie where she sings the song "Telefonen" by the famous Norwegian singer/songwriter Jan Eggum. Several of Bergen's most distinguished artists participated in the album. In December 2010, <mask> held several Christmas concerts with the tenor Mads Belden and Sigurd Sele. 2011
Gulbrandsen released the album Color in April 2011.The ten songs on the album were composed and had lyrics by several people, including Gulbrandsen, Kjetil Fluge, Hans Petter Aaserud and Eivind Buene. Albums, singles and charts

Albums

Singles

See also
 Melodi Grand Prix 2006
 Eurovision Song Contest 2006

References

External links

 Official website
 Guldbrandsen's official fansite
 Listen to clips from <mask>brandsens English fan page

1985 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Norway
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
Melodi Grand Prix contestants
Melodi Grand Prix winners
Nordic folk musicians
Musicians from Bergen
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian women singers

masks:
Christine Guldbrandsen
Christine
Guldbrandsen
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title: Caeleb Dressel

texts:
<mask>  (born August 16, 1996) is an American professional swimmer who specializes in freestyle, butterfly, and individual medley events. He swims representing the Cali Condors as part of the International Swimming League. He won a record seven gold medals at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, nine medals, six of which were gold, at the 2018 World Swimming Championships in Hangzhou, and eight medals, including six gold, at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju. <mask> is a seven-time Olympic gold medalist and holds world records in the 100 meter butterfly (long course and short course), 50 meter freestyle (short course), and 100 meter individual medley (short course). At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, <mask> won five gold medals, which made him the fifth American to win five gold medals in a single Olympic Games after 1970. Mark Spitz, Michael Phelps, Eric Heiden, and Matt Biondi were the other four. He also became the first swimmer in the history of swimming at the modern Olympic Games, since 1896, to win gold medals in the 50 meter freestyle, the 100 meter freestyle, and the 100 meter butterfly at the same Olympics.<mask> holds American records in the 50 meter and 100 meter freestyle, 50 meter and 100 meter butterfly (all long course meters). He also holds American records in the 50 yard and 100 yard freestyle events, the 100 yard butterfly, and the 200 yard individual medley, and formerly held a national record in the 100 yard breaststroke. Early life
<mask> was born on August 16, 1996, in Green Cove Springs, Florida, the son of Christina and <mask>. His father is a veterinarian specializing in urgent care for cats and dogs. Dressel is the third of four children; his three siblings, one brother and two sisters, plus his father were all competitive swimmers setting records and earning honors across the high school and university levels. He and his siblings learned to swim at a young age, for him when he was 4 years old, and by the time Dressel was 8 years old he had committed to competitive year-round swimming. Dressel attended Clay High School in Green Cove Springs, Florida, and trained with the Bolles School Sharks in Jacksonville where he met his then training partner and now wife, Meghan Haila.He was a collegiate swimmer at the University of Florida starting in 2014, and he graduated in 2018. Career

2012
He led off the 200-yard free relay in 19.82, where he became the first swimmer under 16 years old to break 20 seconds. 2012 US Olympic Trials
At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, Dressel was the youngest male swimmer at 15 years of age and ranked 100th in the 200 meter individual medley in a time of 2:08.08, 121st in the 100 meter butterfly at 57.21 seconds, 121st with a time of 1:55.17 in the 200 meter freestyle, tied for 145th in the 50 meter freestyle with a time of 23.87 seconds, and tied for 152nd in the 100 meter freestyle with his time of 52.21 seconds. After not making the 2012 US Olympic Team, Dressel refocused and set his sights on the 2016 Summer Olympics. 2013

2013 World Junior Championships

When Dressel was 17 years old, he won six medals, including a gold medal in the 100 meter freestyle in which he broke the Championships record with his time of 48.97 seconds, at the 2013 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in August 2013. His time also broke the National Age Group record set by Michael Phelps in the 100 meter freestyle in 2004 for the 17–18 year old age group by eight hundredths of a second. His other medals were in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay and the mixed 4x100 meter freestyle relay, where he won a silver medal in each event, and in the 50 meter freestyle, 4x200 meter freestyle relay, and the mixed 4x100 meter medley relay in which he won a bronze medal in each.In addition to the events Dressel medaled in, he competed in the 200 meter freestyle where he finished sixth with a time of 1:49.29 and swam in the final of the 4x100 meter medley relay which did not place as it was disqualified. In total, his medal breakdown was one gold medal, two silver medals, and three bronze medals. 2013 US Junior National Championships
At the 2013 Speedo Winter Junior National Championships (the USA Swimming sanctioned national championship meet for 18 and under swimmers), <mask> became the youngest swimmer in history to break the 19 second barrier in the 50 yard freestyle, swimming an 18.94 to lead off his club team's relay. 2015

2015 NCAA Championships
During his freshman year at the University of Florida, <mask> won the 2015 NCAA title in the 50 yard freestyle when he was 18 years old with a time of 18.67 seconds, which was his first NCAA title, the first NCAA title for the Florida Gators in the men's 50 yard freestyle, and set a new 17—18 national age group record in the event. With his performance, Dressel also became the fastest freshman in the 50 yard freestyle in the history of the NCAA and the second-fastest American in the event, only behind Nathan Adrian. 2015 National Championships
At the senior 2015 National Championships (long course) in San Antonio, Texas, he won two individual titles, in the 50 meter and the 100 meter freestyle. His winning time of 21.53 in the 50 meter freestyle ranked 4th in the world for 2015.2016

2016 NCAA Championships
At the 2016 Men's NCAA Division I Championships, he broke the American and US Open records in the 50-yard freestyle with a time of 18.20 and the 100-yard freestyle with 40.46. 2016 US Olympic Trials
At the 2016 US Olympic Trials, <mask> made the 2016 US Olympic Team in the 100 meter freestyle by finishing second with a time of 48.23 seconds, he also placed 4th in the 50 meter freestyle, 7th in the 100 meter butterfly, 32nd in the 200 meter freestyle, and was disqualified in the 200 meter individual medley for a false start. In addition to the five events he raced, <mask> had entered to compete in the 100 meter breaststroke with his best time of 1:02.26 and the 100 meter backstroke, and decided not to race the events. Dressel's performances leading up to and at the 2016 US Olympic Trials earned him recognition as America's best young sprinter by Sports Illustrated and CBS News. Overall, Dressel and coach Gregg Troy chose a forwards mentality to Dressel's training, with Troy expressing Dressel's best could still be four, eight, or more years down the road. 2016 Summer Olympics

At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, <mask> won his first Olympic medal, a gold medal, in the 4×100 meter freestyle relay. In the final, he swam the first leg in 48.10 seconds, which was the second-fastest lead-off relay leg in the finals heat, and was followed by relay teammates Michael Phelps, Ryan Held, and Nathan Adrian in that order.The American team recorded a time of 3:09.92. Of the 13 medals won by Florida Gators at the 2020 Summer Olympics, <mask> became the first athlete to win a medal from the University's sports teams with this gold medal. <mask> and his finals relay teammates earned USA Swimming's Golden Goggle Award for best relay performance of the year in 2016 for their efforts. <mask> and his teammates shared tears in the medal ceremony and while doing a victory lap around the pool after they received their medals, their tearful reactions were highlighted by local news outlet The Florida Times-Union. The relay was also highlighted by SwimSwam as one of their five unforgettable moments of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In the 100 meter freestyle, Dressel finished sixth in the final in a time of 48.02 seconds with fellow United States swimmer Nathan Adrian taking the bronze medal and Kyle Chalmers of Australia winning the gold medal. <mask> also swam freestyle in the heats of the 4×100 meter medley relay, and won his second gold medal of the 2016 Olympic Games when the finals relay of Ryan Murphy (backstroke), Cody Miller (breaststroke), Michael Phelps (butterfly), and Nathan Adrian (freestyle) placed first in Olympic record time.He swam a time of 47.74 seconds for the freestyle leg of the prelims relay consisting of him, David Plummer (backstroke), Kevin Cordes (breaststroke), and Tom Shields (butterfly). 2017

2017 NCAA Championships
His junior year of collegiate swimming and leading up to the 2013 NCAA Championships, <mask> became the second person to split under 18.00 seconds for 50 yards of freestyle on a relay, splitting a 17.90 on the 4×50 yard medley relay at the 2017 Southeastern Conference Championships, which was just 0.04 seconds off the fastest split time of 17.86 seconds swam by Vladimir Morozov his junior year in 2013. At the 2017 NCAA Division I Championships, he broke the American and US Open records in the 100-yard butterfly and the 100-yard freestyle with times of 43.58 and 40.00, respectively. He also tied his 50 freestyle record with an 18.20, the same as the preceding year. 2017 World Championships

At the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, <mask> won seven gold medals and set numerous American records. <mask> was named the male swimmer of the meet. He also became the second swimmer to win seven gold medals at a single World Championships, after Michael Phelps in 2007.On the first day of competition, July 23, <mask> set the American record in the 50 meter butterfly with a time of 22.76, topping the semifinals. Later that evening in the 4×100 meter freestyle relay, <mask> set the American record in the 100 meter freestyle with a time of 47.26 in the leadoff leg. Combined with Townley Haas, Blake Pieroni, and Nathan Adrian, the American team won gold with a time of 3:10.06, earning him his first gold of the Championships. On day two, <mask> finished fourth in the 50 meter butterfly final with a time of 22.89, missing a medal by 0.05 seconds. On day four, <mask> took part in the 4×100 meter mixed medley relay, swimming the butterfly leg and splitting a 49.92. Along with teammates Matt Grevers, Lilly King, and Simone Manuel, the American team won gold in a new world-record time of 3:38.56. That time broke the record set earlier in the day by Ryan Murphy, Kevin Cordes, Kelsi Worrell, and Mallory Comerford.On day five, <mask> re-set the 100-meter freestyle American record with a 47.17 in the 100 meter freestyle final, en route to winning gold by a margin of 0.70 seconds over silver medalist and teammate Nathan Adrian. On day seven, <mask> became the first swimmer ever to win three gold medals on a single day. He won the 50 meter freestyle in 21.15, a new world textile best time. Half an hour later he won the 100 meter butterfly in 49.86, again a new world textile best and 0.04 seconds above the world record held by Michael Phelps. The third gold medal came in the 4×100 meter mixed freestyle relay, where he led off in 47.22. <mask> and teammates Adrian, Comerford, and Manuel broke the world record for this relay with a time of 3:19.60. On the eighth and last day of competition, <mask> won his 7th gold in the 4×100-meter medley relay.Swimming the butterfly leg, <mask> recorded a time of 49.76 and the American team of Matt Grevers, Kevin Cordes, and Nathan Adrian won with a time of 3:27.91. 2018

2018 SEC Championships
At the 2018 Southeastern Conference, SEC, Swimming and Diving Championships in College Station, Texas in February, Dressel lowered his best time in the 100 yard breaststroke from a 51.88 to a 50.03, which broke the former American, US Open, and NCAA records set by Kevin Cordes in 2014 at 50.04 by one hundredth of a second. Earlier in the Championships, <mask> also set a new American record in the 200 yard individual medley with his time of 1:38.13, lowering the record set by David Nolan in 2015 by 0.25 seconds. <mask>'s 100 yard breaststroke record garnered the attention of 2016 Olympic bronze medalist in breaststroke, Cody Miller, who produced a perspective piece on the American record and posted it to his, Miller's, YouTube channel less than two weeks after Dressel broke the record. Later on, in August 2020, Dressel provided his analysis of the record in a video and put it on his own YouTube channel. 2018 NCAA Championships

At the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships in March, Dressel won all three of his individual races, and won his first relay national title. On day 2 of the competition, March 22, 2018, Dressel broke the American and US Open records in the 50 yard freestyle thrice.He first swam an 18.11 in the individual preliminaries race in the morning session. He later improved upon that record in the evening leading off The University of Florida's national championship winning relay with a 17.81 split, and finalized his record with a 17.63 in the 50 yard freestyle final. The next day, he broke the American and US open records in the 100 yard butterfly, swimming a 42.80. On the final day of competition, <mask> won the 100 yard freestyle by more than a second in a time of 39.90, completing his sweep of individual events for a second time. This secured him CSCAA Swimmer of the Meet honors for the third year in a row, as he became the first swimmer ever to break the 18 second 50 free barrier, the 40 second 100 free barrier, and the 43 second 100 fly barrier in the history of yards swimming. His split of 17.30 on the 4×50 yard medley relay marked the fastest 50 yard freestyle split time in the history of the NCAA. 2018 National Championships
In advance of the 2018 National Championships, <mask> was highlighted by NBC Sports as one of ten swimmers to watch at the meet with his entries in the 50 meter freestyle, 50 meter breaststroke, 50 meter butterfly, 100 meter freestyle, 100 meter breaststroke, 100 meter butterfly, 200 meter freestyle, and 200 meter individual medley.At the 2018 US National Championships held in July 2018 in Irvine, California, Dressel won the 100 meter butterfly with a time of 50.50 seconds after finishing second in the 50 meter butterfly and sixth in the 100 meter freestyle. <mask>'s win in the 100 meter butterfly secured him a spot on the Pan Pacific Championships team, where he could also compete in the 100 meter freestyle even though he finished sixth because qualified athletes were allowed to compete in any event at the meet. He also placed second in the 50 meter freestyle with a time of 21.67, just 0.18 seconds behind Michael Andrew, and decided not to swim the 50 meter breaststroke, 100 meter breaststroke, 200 meter freestyle, and 200 meter individual medley. 2018 Pan Pacific Championships

In August 2018 at the 2018 Pan Pacific Championships in Tokyo, Japan, <mask> won the 100 meter butterfly after tying for second place in the 100 meter freestyle. His winning time of 50.75 seconds in the 100 meter butterfly set a new Championships record in the event. He won the silver medal in the 50 meter freestyle with a time of 21.93, finishing only behind fellow American Michael Andrew, and won a gold medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay alongside Ryan Murphy who swam backstroke, Andrew Wilson who swam breaststroke, and Nathan Adrian who swam freestyle. In the mixed 4x100 meter medley relay, <mask> swam the butterfly leg of the relay with a split time of 50.50 seconds, helping the relay consisting of him, Kathleen Baker, Michael Andrew, and Simone Manuel, finish third and win the bronze medal with a final time of 3:41.74.For the 4x100 meter freestyle relay, <mask> and his relay teammates Nathan Adrian, Zach Apple, and Blake Pieroni were disqualified for not swimming in the order they had submitted to the officials. 2018 World Short Course Championships

At the 2018 World Short Course Championships in Hangzhou, China in December 2018, Dressel tied Kelsi Dahlia for the most number of medals won at the World Championships meet with nine medals, he won six gold medals to Dahlia's seven. He swam on the same finals relay as Olivia Smoliga in the mixed 4x50 meter medley relay, both helping set a new swimming world record in the event and win the gold medal. <mask>'s efforts contributed to Smoliga's winning eight gold medals at the Championships and breaking <mask>'s former Guinness World Record for "most number of gold medals won at a single FINA World Championships (individual)", which he held from 2017 when he won seven gold medals. <mask> won the silver medal in the 100 meter butterfly with a time of 48.71 seconds, twenty-one hundredths of a second behind gold medalist Chad le Clos of South Africa. In the 4x50 meter freestyle relay, Dressel swam in the final, helped the relay earn the gold medal and set a world record in the event, and split a 20.43 on the first leg of the relay, setting a new American record in the 50 meter freestyle. For the 50 meter freestyle individual race, <mask> won the silver medal with

masks:
Caeleb Remel Dressel
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Michael Dressel
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title: Caeleb Dressel

texts:
 a time of 20.54 seconds.In the 100 meter freestyle, <mask> won the gold medal in an American record time of 45.62 seconds. Along with Blake Pieroni, Michael Chadwick, and Ryan Held in the final of the 4x100 meter freestyle relay, <mask> won a gold medal with the relay finishing in a world record time of 3:03:03. He also won a gold medal in the mixed 4x50 meter freestyle relay in world record time, a gold medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay in Americas record and Championships record time, the silver medal in the 4x50 meter medley relay in American record time, and entered as one of two male American swimmers in the 50 meter butterfly, though decided not to swim in the event at the Championships. 2019
On May 17, 2019, <mask> edged out Chase Kalisz in the 100 meter breaststroke at the 2019 Atlanta Classic in Atlanta with a time of 1:01.22 in the final, dropping over a second from his best time of 1:02.26 heading into the 2016 Olympic Trials, and qualifying for the 2020 US Olympic Trials in the event. 2019 World Championships

At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea, he first won a gold as part of the team in men's 4×100 meter freestyle relay. He then won gold in the 50 meter butterfly, an event he failed to win in 2017. He is the first American man to win that event, and he set a new national and championship record time of 22.35 seconds for the event.This is followed by a national record and the third fastest time in history (46.96) in the 100 meter freestyle. In the 100 meter butterfly event, <mask> broke Michael Phelps' ten-year-old record by 0.32 second in the semi-final, setting a new world-record time of 49.50 seconds. He won gold in the final the following day. That same day within two hours, <mask> won two more gold medals – in the 50 meter freestyle in a Championships record time, and as part of the team in the mixed 4×100 meter freestyle relay, which was won in a world-record time of 3 minutes, 19.40 seconds. This was a repeat of his achievement in Hungary in 2017, and it was also the first time anyone won three gold medals in one day at the Championships two times. In the final day of the Championships, <mask> helped win a silver medal in the men's 4×100 meter medley relay. The medal was the eighth that Dressel won at the Championships, and the most medals of any type that a person had won at a single long course Championships.FINA named Dressel male swimmer of the meet, which he also won in 2017.

International Swimming League
In 2019 he was a member of the inaugural International Swimming League representing the Cali Condors, who finished third place in the final match in Las Vegas, Nevada in December. Dressel won the Most Valuable Player of the match honor in all 3 matches he participated in as well as winning the skins race each time. <mask> swam the 50 meter freestyle in Las Vegas and beat Florent Manaudou's world record of 20.26 from 2014 by going a 20.24. He also won the 100 meter freestyle, 100 meter butterfly, and 50 meter butterfly. 2020

International Swimming League
Continuing to represent the Cali Condors, Dressel broke four world records in the 100-meter butterfly (at 47.78 seconds) and the 50-meter freestyle world record, which he already held (to 20.16 seconds). He is the first person to swim the 100-meter butterfly in less than 48 seconds. He also broke his own 100 IM record twice, dropping it to 49.88 the first time, and 49.28 the second time.These two record breaks occurred one weekend after he was the first swimmer to ever do the  100-meter individual medley in under 50 seconds. 2021

2020 US Olympic Trials
In total, <mask> qualified to compete in seven events at the Olympic Trials: the 50 meter freestyle, 100 meter freestyle, 200 meter freestyle, 100 meter butterfly, 200 meter butterfly, 100 meter breaststroke, and 200 meter individual medley. On day two of the 2020 USA Swimming Olympic Trials (held in June 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic), June 14, 2021, <mask> competed in the 200 meter freestyle prelims in the morning, swimming a 1:46.63 and ranking 2nd overall for the heats. <mask>'s swim moved him up in rankings to the all-time 20th fastest American in the event. Following his morning swim, Dressel decided not to swim in the event's semifinals. On day four of competition, Wednesday June 16, 2021, <mask> ranked 5th out of all prelims heats in the 100 meter freestyle swimming a 48.25 and advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinals in the evening of the same day, <mask> ranked first with a time of 47.77 and advanced to the final.On day five, June 17, 2021, <mask> won the 100 m freestyle with a time of 47.39 and qualifying him for the US Olympic Swimming team in the 100 m freestyle and the 4×100 m freestyle relay for the 2020 Summer Olympics. He tied the US Open record and Championships record for the 100 meter freestyle with his swim. This marked the second Olympic Games Dressel qualified to compete at. On day six, <mask> won the prelims heats of the 100 meter butterfly with a 50.17 breaking the US Open record and Championships record. On the same day in the semifinals, he improved further on his US Open record dropping it to a 49.76, earning <mask> the top 3 times in history in the event. In the morning of day seven, <mask> swam a 21.29 in the prelims heats of the 50 meter freestyle, taking first, breaking the Championships record, and advancing to the semifinals. In the evening of day seven, Dressel swam in the final of the 100 meter butterfly and the semifinals of the 50 meter freestyle.In the final of the 100 meter butterfly, <mask> swam a 49.87, winning the final and swimming under 50 seconds for the fifth time. His swim qualified him to represent the United States in the 100 meter butterfly at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In the semifinals of the 50 meter freestyle, Dressel posted a 21.51, advancing as the fastest seed to the final. On the final day, <mask> qualified to swim the 50 meter freestyle at the 2020 Olympic Games by winning the final with a time of 21.04. <mask>'s swim also tied his personal best time and set a new US Open record. <mask>'s engagement with fans, including a look-alike, and embracing being a role model for swimmers across America during the Olympic Trials led Swimming World to herald Dressel as "the face of USA Swimming's men's team". 2020 Summer Olympics

<mask> was selected as one of two male USA swimming captains for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan along with Ryan Murphy.On day three of competition, <mask> won his first medal at the 2020 Olympics swimming in the finals of the 4x100 meter freestyle relay. He helped the relay win the gold medal, swimming the relay's lead-off leg and splitting the second fastest time among his relay teammates Blake Pieroni, Bowe Becker, and Zach Apple with a 47.26. On day four, Dressel ranked second overall in the prelims heats of the 100 meter freestyle with a time of 47.73 and advanced to the semifinals. The following morning of competition, he swam a 47.23 in his semifinal heat and advanced to the final ranking second for both semifinal heats. <mask> won his first individual Olympic gold medal in the final of the 100 meter freestyle with a time of 47.02, a new Olympic record. <mask> finished six hundredths of a second ahead of Australian Kyle Chalmers, which was a changing of Olympic champion from the 2016 Summer Olympics where Chalmers won the gold medal and Dressel finished sixth in the 100 meter freestyle. People and Parade magazines highlighted <mask> and his wife, Meghan, for their tearful reaction to him winning the 100 meter freestyle in Olympic record time, with his wife's eruption of emotion leading People to dub Meghan as their pick for the "Olympic gold medal for most celebratory spouse watching from halfway around the world in a pandemic".People not only recognized his wife, they also recognized <mask> <mask> for his physique, naming him as their "Sexiest Olympian" for the 2020 Olympic Games. In the evening of day six, <mask> tied the Olympic record in the 100 meter butterfly with a time of 50.39 in the prelims heats. This first Olympic record in the 100 meter butterfly Dressel set less than nine hours after setting the Olympic record in the 100 meter freestyle. In the second semifinal heat of the 100 meter butterfly on day seven, Dressel swam a 49.71 and broke the Olympic record of 50.31 Kristóf Milák set in the first semifinal heat. Later on day seven, <mask> swam three hundredths of a second off from setting a new Olympic record in the prelims of the 50 meter freestyle with his time of 21.32 and advanced to the semifinals ranked first. On day eight, <mask> won the final of the 100 meter butterfly in a world record time of 49.45. In his second race, Dressel ranked first overall in the semifinals of the 50 meter freestyle with a time of 21.42 and advanced to the final.In his last race of the day, the final of the 4x100 meter mixed medley relay, <mask> finished in fifth place with his relay teammates Ryan Murphy, Lydia Jacoby, and Torri Huske. His world record and gold medal win in the 100 meter butterfly was chosen by Olympics.com as their number three moment in swimming at the 2020 Olympic Games. On the final day, Dressel won the gold medal in 50 meter freestyle with an Olympic record time of 21.07. Later in the same session, <mask> won the gold medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay and set a new world record for the event of 3:26.78 in the final with his relay teammates Ryan Murphy, Michael Andrew, and Zach Apple. By winning gold in five events at a single Olympic Games, Dressel became the fifth swimmer to achieve this feat. For the addition of the world record in the 4x100 meter medley relay to Dressel's list, he was awarded the Guinness World Record for "Most FINA world records held by an individual (current)" on August 11, 2021 for his then current 9 FINA world records. His gold medal winning performances at the 2020 Olympic Games also earned him the 2021 James E. Sullivan Award.International Swimming League
In the 2021 International Swimming League, Dressel was selected early on in the draft process as a protected swimmer to compete for the Cali Condors again. For the fourth match of the regular season, Dressel earned match Most Valuable Player, MVP, honors with a total of 112.5 MVP points, which was over 50 points ahead of the next-highest scorer Kelsi Dahlia also of the Cali Condors. In match six, Dressel swam a personal best time of 1:51.14 in the 200 meter individual medley, finishing second only behind Daiya Seto of the Tokyo Frog Kings. His swim also registered Dressel as the second fastest American swimmer in the event, a slim second and a half slower than American Ryan Lochte who set the world record in the event at 1:49.63 in 2012. Partway through the regular season, in mid-September 2021, Dressel and team general manager Jason Lezak decided Dressel would withdraw from competing for the remainder of the regular season and return for the playoffs. For the first match of the playoffs season, Dressel joined fellow Cali Condors teammate and Olympian Hali Flickinger in not partaking in match competition. For the fourth match of the playoffs season, Dressel was entered on the start lists for a number of events including the 50 meter freestyle where he entered to compete against Kyle Chalmers of London Roar.Come race time, <mask> placed third the 50 meter freestyle with a time of 21.04, finishing seven-hundredths of a second behind first-place finisher Kyle Chalmers and earning 6.0 points for his team. He swam the anchor leg of the 4x100 meter freestyle relay for his next race, splitting a 47.26 and helping the relay place third. In the 4x100 meter medley relay <mask> got his first win of the match, splitting the second fastest time, a 49.60, for the butterfly leg of the relay, faster than the third-fastest split of 50.03 by Kyle Chalmers and slower than the split of 48.83 by Tom Shields of LA Current. On the second and final day of match competition, <mask> won his first individual event of the playoffs season in the 100 meter individual medley with a time of 51.67 seconds that earned his team 10.0 points. In his final race of the match, the 4x100 meter mixed medley relay, Dressel helped his relay place fifth and earn 8.0 points for the Cali Condors. Following his playoffs match four performances, Cali Condors team manager Jason Lezak made the executive decision to have <mask> sit out of the final playoffs match so Dressel could conserve energy for the final match. On the first day of the final match, Dressel helped set new Americas and American records in the 4×100 meter medley relay with Coleman Stewart (backstroke), Nic Fink (breaststroke), and Justin Ress (freestyle), splitting a time of 49.01 seconds for the butterfly leg of the relay to help achieve a time of 3:19.64.<mask> also won the 100 meter individual medley in a time of 50.74 seconds, earning 9 points for his team, and won the 50 meter butterfly skins competition with a time of 23.05 seconds in the final head-to-head competition against Tom Shields. Results in major championships

 Dressel swam only in the heats. Personal bests

 <mask> swam one of the fastest relay splits in history in the mixed 4x50 medley relay in 20.09. The only sub-20 splits ever were done in the same relay, when Frédérick Bousquet (19.87) and Amaury Leveaux (19.93) did so for France at the 2008 European Championships. World Records

Long Course Meters

Short Course Meters

National Records

Long Course Meters

Short Course Meters

National/US Open Records Short Course Yards

Guinness world records
 "Most FINA world records held by an individual (current)", August 11, 2021: 9 FINA world records in swimming. In the first video, he analyzed one of his swims where he set a new world record in the 100-meter butterfly. He has also shared critique of his past races and swims with SwimSwam.Stewart, Mel (April 8, 2021)."<mask> Dressel Plays Swim Nerd Analyst On The ISCA International Cup". SwimSwam. Retrieved June 26, 2021. Leading up to the 2020 Summer Olympics, he ventured into analyses of swimming in pop culture. Dressel provided his perspective to GQ on swimming scenes from various movies including scenes featuring survival swimming (such as in Cast Away and Kingsman: The Secret Service) and competitive swimming (as in Pride). Sponsorships and collaborations
On July 19, 2018, Dressel turned professional by signing a sponsorship deal with swimwear brand Speedo. In September 2020, SPIRE Institute and Academy announced collaborations with Dressel for providing support to students of SPIRE through various avenues such as curriculum development, training, and facilities design.Leading up to the 2020 Summer Olympics, one of Dressel's sponsors, Toyota, specially designed a vehicle inspired by his tattoos. Marriage
In 2013, <mask> started a romantic relationship with his wife, Meghan, a child counselor and former breaststroker who competed collegiately for Florida State University, and in 2019 they got engaged. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, planning the wedding was one way Dressel stayed busy during quarantine, as was hiking a 60-mile portion of the Appalachian Trail.Zaccardi, Nick (December 21, 2020). "Bone Dry: What <mask> Dressel took away from hiking the Appalachian Trail". NBC Sports. Retrieved July 3, 2021. They got married Valentine's Day weekend,  on February 13, 2021, in their shared home state of Florida.Religion
He was raised Christian in his youth and his faith grew while in college. His large eagle tattoo was inspired by the Bible verse Isaiah 40:31, which he shared with Sports Illustrated'' in 2016 is his favorite Bible verse. During his senior year of high school, Dressel gave up swimming for a time because of his struggle with "mental demons", speaking about that period in his life Dressel said:

See also

 List of world records in swimming
 World record progression 100 metres butterfly
 World record progression 50 metres freestyle
 World record progression 100 metres individual medley
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of people from Florida
 Dressel

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
American male freestyle swimmers
Bolles School alumni
Florida Gators men's swimmers
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
People from Green Cove Springs, Florida
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record holders in swimming
American YouTubers
Male

masks: Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Caeleb Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Dressel Caeleb Dressel Caeleb


title: Sherley Anne Williams

texts:
<mask> (August 25, 1944 – July 6, 1999) was an American poet, novelist, professor, vocalist, Jazz poet, playwright and social critic. Many of her works tell stories about her life in the African-American community. Biography
<mask> was born in Bakersfield, California, to Lena Leila Marie Siler and <mask>, who were migrant farm workers. She was raised in the projects on the east side of Bakersfield and picked cotton and fruit with her parents and three sisters in the fields and orchards of Fresno, California. <mask> was eight when her father died of tuberculosis and was 16 years old when her mother died from a heart attack. <mask> graduated from Thomas Alva Edison High School in Fresno, in 1962. In 1966 she earned her bachelor's degree in English at what is now California State University, Fresno, and she received her master's degree at Brown University in 1972.The following year (1973), <mask> became a professor of African-American Literature at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD). Over the course of her career at UCSD, <mask> served as chair of the literature department from 1977 to 1980, traveled to Ghana as a senior Fulbright scholar in 1984, and a served as a visiting professor at USC, Stanford, and Sweet Briar College. In 1987, <mask> was the Distinguished Professor of the Year by the UCSD Alumni Association. In 1998, <mask> was awarded the African American Literature and Culture Society’s Stephen Henderson Award for Outstanding Achievement in Literature and Poetry. <mask> published two collections of poetry: The Peacock Poems (1975), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award, and Some One Sweet Angel Chile (1982), also nominated for a National Book Award. She won an Emmy Award for her television performance of poems from this collection. Her novel Dessa Rose (1986) was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, received two laudatory reviews in The New York Times in 1986, was translated into several languages, and was adapted into a musical that premiered in 2005.Dessa Rose was also excerpted in the anthology Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby. <mask>' one-woman play, Letters from a New England Negro (1992), was performed at the National Black Theater Festival in 1991 and at the Chicago International Theater Festival in 1992. <mask> wrote two picture books, Working Cotton (1992), which won the Caldecott Award of the American Library Association and a Coretta Scott King book award, and Girls Together (1997). For television, <mask> wrote the programs Ours to Make (1973) and The Sherley Williams Special (1977). <mask>  published the groundbreaking critical study of African-American writing Give Birth to Brightness: A Thematic Study of Neo-Black Literature in 1972. She was also selected to write the introduction for Zora Neale Hurston's 1991 edition of Their Eyes Were Watching God. <mask> was also known for her music, which mainly consisted of blues and jazz poetry.In 1982 <mask> wrote, recorded, and self-published her debut single titled "Some One Sweet Angel Chile", which was re-released by Blues Economique Records in 1984. The music for "Some One Sweet Angel Chile" was composed by Bertram Turetzky. In the early 1990s <mask> reconnected with Bertram Turetzky for some recording sessions for his album Compositions And Improvisations, which also featured various jazz and blues artists including Vinny Golia, Jerome Rothenberg, Quincy Troupe, and Nancy Turetzky. <mask> is credited as a vocalist for her contributions to Turetzky's album. Three of the songs featured on the album were previously-written poems by <mask> recorded in musical format: "One-Sided Bed Blues", "Big Red And His Brother", and "The Wishon Line". The album was recorded at Studio 101 in Solana Beach, California, during the summer of 1992, and released by Nine Winds Records in 1993. <mask> <mask> died of cancer on July 6, 1999, in San Diego, at the age of 54.Bibliography

Fiction
 Dessa Rose (1986)
 Working Cotton (1992)
 Girls Together (1999)
Letters from a New England Negro (1992)

Poetry
 The Peacock Poems (1975)
 Some One Sweet Angel Chile (1982)

Non-fiction
 Giving Birth to Brightness: A Thematic Study in Neo-Black Literature (1972)
"Meditations on History." In Mary Helen Washington, ed, Midnight Birds: Stories by Contemporary Black women Writers. New York: Anchor Books, 1980, 195–248. "Two Words on Music: Black Community." In Gina Dent, ed, Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace. Seattle, WA: Bay Press, 1992, 164–72. "The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry."In Dexter Fisher and Robert B. Stepto, eds, Afro-American Literature: The Reconstruction of Instruction. New York: Modern Language Association, 1978, 72–87. "Cultural and Interpersonal Aspects of Black Male/Female Relationships: Comment on the Curb." Black Scholar, 10, 1979: 49–57. "The Lion's History: The Ghetto Writes B(l)ack." Soundings 76. 2–3 (1993): 248."Some Implications of Womanist Theory." In Angelyn Mitchell, ed, Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994: 515–521. Further reading
 Davis, Mary Kemp. "Everybody Knows Her Name: The Recovery of the Past in <mask> <mask>'s Dessa Rose", Callaloo 12.3 (Summer 1989), pp. 544–558. Draper, James P. "Sherley <mask>", Black Literature Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Most Significant Works of Black Authors Over the Past 200 Years, Vol.3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992, pp. 1950–1961. Nagel, Carol De Kane. "Sherley <mask> Williams", African American Biography. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994, pp. 787–789.Tate, Claudia. “<mask> <mask>.” In Black Women Writers at Work. New York: Continuum, 1983, pp. 205–213. References

External links
Biography, bibliography and a photo
Sherley <mask> Papers MSS 493. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
" Compositions and Improvisations" album by Bertram Turetzky.1944 births
1999 deaths
African-American poets
American women poets
20th-century American poets
California State University, Fresno alumni
Brown University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
Social critics
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Bakersfield, California
Poets from California
20th-century American novelists
African-American women writers
People from Bakersfield, California
Novelists from California
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
African-American novelists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers

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