title: Walter Pilliet

texts:
<mask> JP (8 February 1840 – 7 November 1885) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Christchurch, New Zealand. He worked initially as a surveyor and was then resident magistrate in several places. He was a newspaper editor and was represented in Parliament for one term. Early life

He was born in Lyon on 8 February 1840 to an English mother and French father. His mother, Anna (née Coyney), was the daughter of <mask>. His mother's sister, Mary, was the mother of Charles Clifford. His father, <mask> (1793–1881), was an army officer who distinguished himself at Waterloo.Professional life

His mother's family was Catholic, and English Catholic relatives had preceded <mask> in the colony – the Cliffords, the Vavasours, Frederick Weld. These connections assisted him in finding his first position, working as a clerk in the Lands Office in Wellington, upon his arrival, and he was soon transferred to Napier to work in the Hawke's Bay Provincial Survey Department. It was here that he met Sir Donald McLean, then Superintendent of Hawke's Bay Province. Back in Wellington in 1864, he met his acquaintance Coutts Crawford, who suggested he accompany him to Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, where gold had recently been discovered. Crawford was resident magistrate there and quickly appointed Pilliet warden of the burgeoning gold fields; by 1865 the 25-year-old Pilliet was himself resident magistrate. He was made a justice of the peace in 1866. He met Mary Ann Johnston of Nelson and married her in that city in 1865.In 1867 he joined the Marine Survey to chart the Marlborough coastline as assistant surveyor under surveyor Lieutenant Woods. The Government steamer St Kilda left Wellington on 15 December 1867 under Captain Fox, but the ship struck rocks at Kaikoura the following day in calm weather. Woods and <mask> were soon back in the area, this time on the ketch Sea Bird from Lyttelton. On 2 and 3 February 1868, there was heavy rain and a severe gale in the area, causing floods "greater than have ever been known by the oldest settlers". The Sea Bird foundered on 3 February at Amuri Bluff, some 20 km south of Kaikoura. Pilliet received a serious injury to his ankle and the survey gear was lost, but all on board survived. In December of that year he became Resident Magistrate at Kaikoura.That position was disestablished the following year and he became private secretary to Sir Donald Mclean, based in Auckland, handling his correspondence and keeping him informed of political news. McLean proved an awkward man to work for, and when the Resident Magistracy of Akaroa became vacant in 1870, he applied for and was granted the position. Pilliet had two enjoyable years on the Peninsula, where he was popular with both the English and French settler families due to his knowledge of languages. During that time, he pursued negotiations over land with local Māori. This was brought to an abrupt end in May 1872 when his wife Mary Ann died. Pilliet married again to a daughter of Ebenezer and Agnes Hay, a very well known Banks Peninsula family, but happiness was once more short-lived. Pilliet's temper again had been his undoing; he was dismissed from the Magistracy, after a conviction for assault was upheld in the Lyttelton Magistrate's Court.On 23 May 1873, he had punched the Christchurch architect Samuel Farr during an altercation on the Lyttelton wharf at Dampier's Bay. Justin Aylmer succeeded him as Resident Magistrate in Akaroa. He then pursued a newspaper career, editing and purchasing at least one Canterbury title (The Sun). During this time, he had his political career, both on local and national level. Political career

<mask> was elected for Bays in the Canterbury Provincial Council. He served on the seventh (and last) Council and represented his electorate from 11 April 1874 until the dissolution on 31 October 1876. Following the resignation of Robert Heaton Rhodes from his Akaroa seat in the New Zealand parliament, William Montgomery and Pilliet contested the 20 April 1874 by-election.The results were 168 and 76 votes, respectively, i.e. a margin of 92 for Montgomery, who thus entered parliament. In July 1874, a select committee declared Montgomery's election to be "null and void" on a technicality. The select committee accepted that the breach was inadvertent and Montgomery stood for re-election in the 10 August 1874 by-election. <mask> chose not to stand for election this time, neither did anybody else, and Montgomery was thus returned unopposed. Montgomery and <mask> contested the 1875 general election, which was held on 29 December. Once again, Montgomery had the upper hand, with 205 versus 159 votes recorded in his favour.<mask>'s problem was that their political views were quite similar, and the voters were satisfied with Montgomery's performance. <mask> did not stand for the 1879 general election in any of the electorates. In the 1881 general election, the Stanmore electorate was contested by <mask>, William Patten Cowlishaw (a partner of Francis James Garrick) and William Flesher (father of James Flesher). They received 383, 362 and 303 votes, respectively. <mask> was declared elected with a majority of 21 votes. Following a petition, the 1881 election was declared invalid with effect of 20 February 1882. The resulting 12 July 1882 by-election was contested by <mask>, Edward Richardson and Cowlishaw.They received 469, 345 and 244 votes, respectively. <mask> was declared elected with a majority of 124 votes. There were rumours in July 1883 that Pillet was sick and would void the seat in favour of Richardson, but this did not eventuate. The 1884 general election was contested by five candidates. The incumbent, through his political conduct, had become deeply unpopular in his electorate and came a distant fourth place. Dan Reese, George Ruddenklau, Dorney, <mask> and Wansey received 524, 435, 142, 43 and 19 votes, respectively. The majority for Reese was 89 votes.There was some protest about the election, but this came to nothing and the result stood as declared. Family and death

Pilliet married twice. His first marriage was in 1865 at Nelson to Mary Ann Johnston. They had two sons and three daughters. His wife died on 31 May 1872, aged 26 years. This was after complications following the birth of her fifth child, Caroline, on 22 May 1872. In 1872, he married Agnes Hay of Pigeon Bay on Banks Peninsula.There were no further children from the second marriage. It was after his 1884 parliamentary defeat that he moved again into political reporting for the daily press, and made arrangements to bring his young family to resettle them in Wellington. They had yet to leave Christchurch, however, before news came that he had taken ill and died at his home on 7 November 1885. He is buried at Mount Street Catholic Cemetery in that city. His second wife, Agnes Hay, left the colony after a few years for the United Kingdom, leaving her step children with relatives in New Zealand. She remarried to a Scottish shipping magnate, and never saw the children again. Of <mask>'s five children, only the youngest, Caroline, was to marry and have children.She married William Pringle in Nelson in 1897. <mask>'s father had fought for the French army in his youth, and died in Dunkerque in 1881, and his mother also died there in 1893. His sister, Ann Mary, died unmarried in the same town in 1920. The Pilliet name does not live on in New Zealand today but is found in some parts of France. References

1840 births
1885 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Members of the Canterbury Provincial Council
People from Akaroa
New Zealand surveyors
New Zealand editors
French emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
District Court of New Zealand judges
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1875–1876 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1884 New Zealand general election
Colony of New Zealand judges
19th-century New Zealand politicians
19th-century New Zealand judges

masks:
Walter Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Hill Coyney
Chevalier Jean Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet


title: Jule Gregory Charney

type: original

texts:
<mask> (January 1, 1917 – June 16, 1981) was an American meteorologist who played an important role in developing numerical weather prediction and increasing understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere by devising a series of increasingly sophisticated mathematical models of the atmosphere. His work was the driving force behind many national and international weather initiatives and programs. Considered the father of modern dynamical meteorology, Charney is credited with having "guided the postwar evolution of modern meteorology more than any other living figure." <mask>'s work also influenced that of his close colleague Edward Lorenz, who explored the limitations of predictability and was a pioneer of the field of chaos theory. Biography
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, on January 1, 1917, to Russian immigrants <mask> and Stella Littman, tailors in the garment industry. Charney spent most of his early life in California. After a 20-month battle with cancer, he died  in Boston at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute at the age of 64.Education
Charney earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at UCLA, culminating in a Ph.D. in physics in 1946. His Ph.D. dissertation, titled “The Dynamics of Long Waves in a Baroclinic Westerly Current” comprised the entire October 1947 issue of the Journal of Meteorology. The paper was influential because it emphasized the influence of “long waves” in the upper atmosphere on the behavior of the entire atmosphere rather than the more traditional emphasis on the polar front and also provided a way of analyzing perturbations along these waves that was both physically insightful and mathematically rigorous. Career and legacy

<mask> began his career at his alma mater, UCLA, as an instructor in physics and meteorology from 1941 to 1946. In 1946, Charney became a research associate at the University of Chicago under Carl-Gustav Rossby, a Swedish-born American meteorologist whose theories of large-scale air movements helped revolutionize meteorology. From 1947 to 1948, Charney held a National Research Council postgraduate fellowship at the University of Oslo in Norway. During this year, he developed a technique known as the “quasi-geostrophic approximation” for calculating the large-scale motions of planetary-scale waves.<mask>'s quasi-geostrophic vorticity equations allowed for concise mathematical description of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulations, enabling future numerical weather prediction work. Numerical weather prediction

In 1948, Charney joined the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, to explore the feasibility of applying digital computers to weather prediction as head of the Meteorological Research Group. Together with noted mathematician John von Neumann, Charney helped pioneer the use of computers and numerical techniques to improve weather forecasting, and played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. This collective work paved the way for the founding of NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. In 1954, Charney helped create the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, a collaboration between the U.S. Weather Bureau, Air Force, and Navy. Charney would later serve as a member of the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences and as chairman of the academy's Committee on International Meteorological Cooperation.In those roles, he conceived and helped organize the Global Atmospheric Research Program, considered the most ambitious international effort in weather research ever undertaken. Dynamic meteorology and oceanography

In 1956, <mask> left IAS to become a professor of meteorology and director of the Atmospheric and Ocean Dynamics Project at MIT, where for 25 years he contributed major contributions in dynamic meteorology and oceanography research, including large-scale atmospheric turbulence, feedback interactions between the oceans and atmosphere, the persistence of certain abnormal flow patterns in the atmosphere, and the relationship of such phenomena to droughts. Among his many fundamental contributions to the field, Charney identified “baroclinic instability,” the first convincing physical explanation for the development of mid-latitude cyclones. Charney identified the mechanism that explains the size, structure, and growth rate of mid-latitude weather systems, and is a ubiquitous phenomenon in rotating, stratified fluids like our oceans and atmosphere. From 1974 to 1977, <mask> headed the meteorology department at MIT. In addition to his revolutionizing research, <mask> is remembered as a charismatic and optimistic professor among former students from MIT, where he remained until his death in 1981. Students describe falling into “orbit around the Charney sun.” There is a library named in Charney's honor in the building that holds the MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheres and Planetary Sciences.Charney Report
In 1979, Charney chaired an "ad hoc study group on carbon dioxide and climate" for the National Research Council. The resulting 22-page report, "Carbon dioxide and climate: A scientific assessment," is one of the earliest modern scientific assessments about global warming. Its main conclusion can be found on page 2: "We estimate the most probable global warming for a doubling of CO2 to be near 3°C with a probable error of ± 1.5°C." This estimate of climate sensitivity has been essentially unchanged for over four decades, e.g., the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007) says that "equilibrium climate sensitivity is likely to be in the range 2°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate value of about 3°C. It is very unlikely to be less than 1.5°C. Values substantially higher than 4.5°C cannot be excluded, but agreement with observations is not as good for those values." In 2019 climate scientists celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Charney report said "In retrospect, the Charney report seems like the scientific equivalent of the handwriting on the wall...Their warning was accurate and remains more relevant than ever."Centenary celebration
In February 2018, MIT held a symposium, named MIT on Chaos and Climate, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of <mask> and Edward Lorenz. The two-day event featured presentations from world-renowned experts on the many scientific contributions that the two pioneers made on the fields of numerical weather prediction, physical oceanography, atmospheric dynamics, and experimental fluid dynamics, as well as the personal legacy they left behind of integrity, optimism, and collaboration. In one presentation, Joseph Pedlosky, scientist emeritus at the Woods Hole Oceanography Institute and world leader in physical oceanography, said this of his friend and mentor <mask>:

"It's fair to say that <mask> Charney turned the mystery of the erratic behavior of the atmosphere into a recognizable–although very, very difficult–problem in fluid physics. I would like, however, to talk today about Jule's more personal and I think equally vital contribution to our field, in terms of the inspiring generosity of spirit he showed that advanced the atmosphere of collaborative collegiality in our field. He set a standard for personal and scientific integrity that I think is often overlooked but of exceptional importance." A video produced for the event highlights the indelible mark made by <mask> and Lorenz on MIT and the field of meteorology as a whole. Honors and awards
1937 Elected to Phi Beta Kappa.1961 Awarded the Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 1964 Awarded the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal of the American Meteorological Society, for research that "led to a more fundamental understanding of the atmosphere's general circulation, hydrodynamical instability, the structure of hurricanes, the dynamics of ocean currents, the propagation of wave energy and many other aspects of geophysical fluid mechanics." 1966 Appointed the first Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at MIT. 1969 Awarded the Hodgkins Medal of the Smithsonian Institution. 1971 Awarded the prestigious International Meteorological Organization Prize by the World Meteorological Organization. 1976 Awarded the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union. The American Meteorological Society presents an award named "The Jule G. Charney Award".The award is granted to individuals "in recognition of highly significant research or development achievement in the atmospheric or hydrologic sciences". See also
Richard Lindzen
Edward Norton Lorenz
Quasi-geostrophic equations
Geostrophic wind
Eric Eady

References

External links
Guide to the Papers of Jule G. Charney

American meteorologists
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients
1917 births
1981 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

masks:
Jule Gregory Charney
Charney
Charney
Ely Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Jules Charney
Jule
Charney


title: Jan Sviták

texts:
<mask> (23 December 1898 – 11 May 1945) was a Czech actor and film director. He was an important exponent of Czechoslovak film in the interwar period and during World War II. Sviták was murdered shortly after the liberation of Prague in 1945. Biography

Early life

Sviták was born in Plzeň, where his father worked as a clerk for the Škoda Plzeň company. During World War I, he studied at the Naval School in Pula and joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He was a crewman on the battleship SMS Wien, which was sunk on 10 December 1917. Sviták was not physically harmed in the catastrophe, and soon after, he was awarded the Bravery Medal but the sinking was a traumatic experience.It permanently marked his life, particularly his underlying attitudes and mental state. With the end of the War and the establishment of the Czechoslovak State, he devoted himself to the theatre. He was engaged as an actor by travelling theatre companies and went on perform in the theatres in Olomouc, Ostrava, and Bratislava (as an ensemble member of the Slovak National Theatre), and at the National Theatre in Prague. His performances drew positive responses. Several Austrian critics remarked his acting talents during his engagement in Vienna. In the 1930s, he was engaged by the theatre owned by the interwar Czechoslovak film and theatre star, Vlasta Burian. Sviták took his first film parts in the late 1920s.His first roles in this silent era were in Podskalák, Plukovník Švec, and Hříšná krev. These early roles were minor and rather stereotypical – army officers, adventurers, and smooth intriguers. He took his first directorial steps in 1932/33, under Josef Rovenský's supervision, and soon became a prominent filmmaker in Czechoslovakia. In 1939, Sviták became director of the Foja film studios, in the Prague district Radice, and took increasing responsibility for the administrative and organizational aspects of film-making. Activities in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
In 1939, after the invasion of German troops, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist and split into two countries. Nazi Germany established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the central part of the Czech Lands, and Slovakia became a nominally independent state. In the Nazi-administered Protectorate, Sviták continued his activities in the film industry.Up to 1941, he directed 15 films, the most popular of which was (and still is) Přednosta Stanice, starring Vlasta Burian and Jaroslav Marvan. He was given the directorship of the Filmprüfstelle, a German institute controlling the film production and censorship in the Protectorate. It was an important post. As a director, Sviták had to negotiate with German representatives, and his decisions were subordinated to their authority. This led to speculation that he was a Nazi collaborator. According to some testimonies, he used his position and influence to obtain the release of certain Czech political prisoners: after the War, the Czech actress and writer Jarmila Svatá testified that she escaped arrest by the Nazis, mainly thanks to Sviták's intervention. Sviták remained a close friend of the passionate anti-Nazi activist, reporter, and journalist František Kocourek.On several occasions, he warned Kocourek to be more discreet; he also managed to stop two investigations into Kocourek's activities. Despite this, Kocourek later was murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Sviták also tried to warn the prominent Czech singer and actor Karel Hašler, who was later murdered in Nazi concentration camp Mauthausen. Sviták's situation during World War II was complicated. While he used his office to mitigate some of the worst effects of the Nazi occupation within his circle, he worked and negotiated with Nazism's representatives in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. His wartime role was therefore assessed negatively by the Czech public. Death

On 10 May 1945, in the first days after the liberation of Prague, a group led by one of Sviták's closest collaborators in office broke into Sviták's flat and took him for interrogation at the police station in Bartolomějská Street.He was detained there overnight but was released the following morning, only to fall into the hands of a "fanatical mob" bent on revenge. He was dragged to the front of the Church of St. Martin in the Wall. Half-naked and scared, Sviták faced the attacks of the crowd, among them some of his erstwhile colleagues. A passing Soviet soldier noticed the lynching and asked what was going on. People shouted that Sviták deserved death as a traitor and Nazi informer who had denounced Hašler and others. The soldier shot Sviták in the head. After several hours, Sviták's wife found his dead body lying on the street.He was buried in Plzeň. Later, the Czech journalist Stanislav Motl attempted to gather the facts about Sviták's war activities and death in the book Mraky nad Barrandovem. However, the circumstances of his death and his alleged collaboration with Nazis were never properly investigated. The Czech director Otakar Vávra later commented: "It was a lynching. It was a time when people started to seek revenge for the whole period of occupation. And they revenged on anything that came to hand. No justice.No trials. That was out of the question. The first time [after the war] was like this."


title: Miguel Obando y Bravo

texts:
<mask>, SDB (2 February 1926 – 3 June 2018) was a Nicaraguan prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Managua from 1970 to 2005. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 1985. Life

<mask> was born in La Libertad in the department of Chontales. He was appointed Titular Bishop of Puzia di Bizacena and appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Matagalpa on 18 January 1968. He was consecrated on 31 March 1968 by <mask>, Bishop of Granada, assisted by <mask>, Bishop of Estelí, and Julián Luis Barni Spotti, O.F.M., Prelate of Juigalpa. His episcopal motto was Omnibus omnia factus.He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Managua on 16 February 1970 by Pope Paul VI. He was elected as president of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, 1971–1974; and 1979–1983. He was also elected as president of the Episcopal Secretariat of Central America and Panamá serving from 1976–1980. <mask> was created Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni Evangelista a Spinaceto on 25 May 1985, becoming the first Nicaraguan cardinal. He participated in the 2005 papal conclave which elected Pope Benedict XVI. <mask> was president of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua from December 1999 to November 2005. Pope John Paul accepted <mask>'s resignation as Archbishop of Managua on 1 April 2005.On 14 March 2007 <mask> announced at a press conference held at Unica Catholic University that he had accepted a request made in January by Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega to preside over the Peace and Reconciliation Commission, which is charged with ensuring the implementation of signed agreements with Nicaraguans who were affected by the civil war of the 1980s. He said it was not a partisan or government position. When asked if the Holy See approved, he said that Pope Benedict in a recent audience had told him to "work for the reconciliation of the Nicaraguan family". <mask> died in Managua on 3 June 2018 at the age of 92. Honors
In 1979 Obando received the Bruno Kreisky Award for peace and freedom, Vienna, Austria, the Plaque for Peace and Freedom of the Nicaraguan People, San Francisco, United States of America, 1980; the Letter of Brotherhood of the Piarist Society, Managua, 1980; the Venezuelan Order of Francisco Miranda, 1981; the Distinction of Loyalty to the Pope, the Church and the Nicaraguan People, Central of Nicaraguan Workers (CTN), 1982. In 1986 Universidad Francisco Marroquín honored Obando with an honorary doctoral degree. Views

Somoza regime
Obando became a vocal opponent of the corruption of the Anastasio Somoza regime in the late 1970s by expressing criticism in his pastoral letters as well as through the columns he wrote for the Boletín de la Arquidiócesis de Managua.He was critical of the corruption of the regime as it manifested itself through the government's mismanagement of relief funds after the 1972 Managua earthquake, and became an outspoken critic of the human rights abuses carried out by the National Guard. He helped to delegitimize the regime by refusing to accept the Mercedes automobile Somoza gave him and rejecting invitations to attend official state ceremonies. Sandinistas in opposition
Obando served as an intermediary between the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and the Somoza government on two occasions during Sandinista staged hostage-taking incidents. In a pastoral letter written in June 1979 he spoke in favor of the Sandinistas' use of armed force to overthrow the Somoza regime and encouraged Nicaraguans not to fear socialism. As a result of his criticism of the Somoza regime, government officials sometimes referred to him in private as "Comandante <mask>", as if he were a Sandinista leader. Sandinistas in power
<mask>'s relationship with the Sandinistas altered dramatically by the early 1980s; he ultimately became one of the most vocal domestic opponents of the revolutionary government. He opposed the "people's church" (radical clergy who supported liberation theology) and banned the Misa Campesina Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan peasants' mass).He insisted that clergy adhere to canon law and refuse to undertake the exercise of civil power. Obando opposed what he called the "godless communism" of the Sandinistas. He criticized many of their policies, including military conscription and restrictions of press freedoms, and accused the Sandinistas of human rights violations. The Sandinistas, in turn, complained that he should have attacked United States aid to the Contras. Initially, Obando had promised to the public that if human rights abuses on the part of the Contras were verifiably reported, he would denounce them. When many such abuses were reported by organizations (including Human Rights Watch and several human rights groups established by clergy of the Catholic Church itself), however, he did not denounce them as he had pledged to. Instead, he travelled to the United States in January 1986 and declared his support for the Contras, thereby encouraging the U.S. Congress to provide them with military aid.This set the stage for a sharp confrontation between <mask> and the Sandinista government. The Sandinistas, who already in July 1984 had expelled ten foreign priests (who had expressed solidarity with another religious figure who had been accused of being a contrarevolutionary), responded by rebuking Obando repeatedly in public forums. Despite the popular support the Sandinistas enjoyed at the time, this episode certainly damaged that support, as Obando was (as reported by journalist Stephen Kinzer) enduringly popular among Christian Nicaraguans. Volte-face and Support for Daniel Ortega
In 2004 Obando suddenly and unexpectedly announced reconciliation with Daniel Ortega in a deal which offered support for the FSLN in return for Ortega's acquiescence to extending the ban on abortion to all cases, as the then government subsequently legislated, and for not pushing for corruption charges against Obando's protege Roberto Rivas (who was subsequently appointed head of the Supreme Electoral Council). Obando continued to support Ortega in the 2006 and 2011 presidential elections, despite increasing claims by opposition figures that Ortega had manipulated the electoral system (with the help of Rivas). Obando also presided over the 2005 marriage of Ortega and Rosario Murillo

See also
 The Catholic Church and the Nicaraguan Revolution

References

Additional sources

External links

 Catholic-hierarchy.org

1926 births
2018 deaths
People from Chontales Department
Nicaraguan cardinals
Salesian cardinals
Salesians of Don Bosco
Nicaraguan anti-communists
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Roman Catholic bishops of Matagalpa
Roman Catholic archbishops of Managua
Nicaraguan Roman Catholic bishops

masks:
Miguel Obando y Bravo
Obando
Marco Antonio García y Suárez
Clemente Carranza y López
Obando
Obando
Obando
Obando
Obando
Miguel
Obando
Obando


title: Ludwig Göransson

texts:
<mask> (; ; born September 1, 1984) is a Swedish composer, conductor, and record producer. He has scored films such as Fruitvale Station, the Rocky franchise entries Creed and Creed II, Venom, and Tenet. He also composed the new fanfare for Warner Bros. Pictures, as well as the fanfare for the Star Wars brand logo. For his work on the 2018 superhero film Black Panther, he won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media and the Academy Award for Best Original Score, and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. <mask> is also known for his work on American TV series like Community, Happy Endings, New Girl, Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj, and The Mandalorian, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for the both Chapter 8: Redemption in Season 1 and Chapter 16: The Rescue in Season 2. As a producer, he has frequently collaborated with Childish Gambino, producing his studio albums Camp, Because the Internet and "Awaken, My Love!" among others.<mask>'s producing work on Gambino's single "This Is America" was met with acclaim and accolades. The song earned him two Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Overall, his work with Gambino earned him six Grammy Award nominations. He has also produced for other recording artists such as Adele, Haim, Chance the Rapper, Alicia Keys, and Travis Scott. Early life

<mask> was born and raised in Linköping, Sweden. His mother, Maria, a florist, is from Warsaw, Poland and his father Tomas, a guitar teacher, is Swedish. He has an older sister named Jessika.He is named after <mask> Beethoven. He began music lessons at a young age and went on to graduate from the Stockholm Royal College of Music. In 2007, he moved to Los Angeles to study at the University of Southern California Scoring for Motion Picture and Television program. It was at that university that <mask> met Ryan Coogler, for whom <mask> composed the score for the award-winning short film Fig in 2011 (written by Alex George Pickering), which Coogler directed while at USC. The pair would then work together on Fruitvale Station, Creed and Black Panther. Soon after graduating USC he began work assisting Theodore Shapiro, a composer known for films such as Along Came Polly, The Devil Wears Prada, Idiocracy, and Tropic Thunder. <mask>'s first break came in 2009 as the composer for the comedy Community.Film and TV composer
In 2013, <mask>'s first feature film came from fellow former USC graduate Ryan Coogler. <mask> composed the score to Coogler's critically acclaimed drama Fruitvale Station, based on the fatal shooting of 22-year-old Oscar Grant on 1 January 2009. The film won the Grand Jury Prize and Audience awards in the Dramatic category at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, also taking home the Avenir Prize and Un Certain Regard awards at the Cannes Film Festival. In August 2013, <mask> signed a management deal as a composer for Jay-Z's label, Roc Nation. That year he also composed the music for the movie We're the Millers. In 2015, Coogler and <mask> again worked together this time on the critically acclaimed Rocky franchise film Creed. By 2016-17, he was scoring True Memoirs of an International Assassin, Central Intelligence and Everything, Everything.In 2018, <mask> and Coogler came together for their third collaboration, Black Panther. <mask> set out to create a score that would sit somewhere between traditional African instrumentation and a traditional superhero score. In order to do this he travelled to Senegal to research traditional African music and instruments. There he met musician Baaba Maal whose voice is featured in the score who sings in his native Fula language. He later traveled to the International Library of African Music in South Africa, founded by Hugh Tracey, where he listened to recordings of traditional musicians to ensure the score had a culturally traditional sound. In 2019, <mask>'s score for Black Panther won the Academy Award for Best Original Score. On 22 May 2019, it was announced that because Nolan’s frequent collaborator Hans Zimmer was already booked to score Denis Villeneuve's Dune, <mask> composed the film score for Christopher Nolan's Tenet.He worked on original songs and music with Justin Timberlake for the 2020 film Trolls World Tour. Since 2019, <mask> has composed the score for the Disney+ television series The Mandalorian, which is set in the Star Wars universe, as well as the fanfare for the franchises' brand logo. In 2021, he started scoring sessions for The Mandalorian'''s spinoff series, The Book of Boba Fett, which premiered on December 29, 2021. In 2021, he was chosen to be the composer of the new fanfare for Warner Bros. Pictures over Billy Mallery's work and four other composers, which debuted on April 21, 2021 in Italy with Non Mi Uccidere (the television counterpart debuted before its movie counterpart on March 4, 2021 with Young Sheldon Season 4 Episode 10, entitled "Cowboy Aerobics and 473 Grease-Free Bolts"). While the fanfare is in essence the same as the previous one that debuted in 1998 for the opening theme to Warner Bros. movies and was introduced to the closing logos of its TV shows in 2003 (albeit in a different key), it now has a more powerful buildup, and the first notes are played on a guitar and flute as opposed to a piano. He was tapped to score the upcoming Pixar film, Turning Red. Record producer
In 2010, when Donald Glover first approached <mask> about his side project, Childish Gambino, the two were working on the set of Community.Since then they have released four albums: Camp, Because the Internet, "Awaken, My Love! ", and 3.15.20. <mask> served as producer and writer for every song on the album "Awaken, My Love! ", inspired by Parliament-Funkadelic and black power music of the ‘70s. In November, they earned four Grammy nominations for their work, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Redbone". In 2012, <mask> produced HAIM's debut EP and helped establish the band with a brand new sound on the song "Forever". He also produced two songs on HAIM's debut album Days Are Gone''.On 5 May 2018, "This Is America" was released. Produced by Gambino and <mask>, the song features a gospel-style choir and background contributions from various American rappers Young Thug, Slim Jxmmi, BlocBoy JB, 21 Savage, Quavo and Offset. "This Is America" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart's history. The song won in all four of its nominated categories at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Rap/Sung Performance, and Best Music Video. Personal life
<mask> is married to American violinist Serena McKinney. They were married in 2018, and their son Apollo was born in 2019. Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1984 births
Animation composers
Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Hollywood Records artists
Interscope Records artists
Living people
Male film score composers
Male television composers
People from Linköping
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Swedish expatriates in the United States
Swedish film score composers
Swedish television composers
Swedish people of Polish descent
University of Southern California alumni

masks:
Ludwig Emil Tomas Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Ludwig van
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Ludwig Göransson
Göransson


title: Hamza ibn Ali

texts:
<mask>Alī ibn Aḥmad (; 985 – c. 1021) was an 11th-century Ismaili missionary and founding leader of the Druze. He was born in Zozan in Greater Khorasan in Samanid-ruled Persia (modern Khaf, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran), and preached his heterodox strand of Isma'ilism in Cairo during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. According to <mask>, al-Hakim was God made manifest. Despite opposition from the established Isma'ili clergy, <mask> persisted, apparently being tolerated or even patronized by al-Hakim himself, and set up a parallel hierarchy of missionaries in Egypt and Syria. Following al-Hakim's disappearance—or, most likely, assassination—in February 1021, <mask> and his followers were persecuted by the new regime. <mask> himself announced his retirement in his final epistle to his followers, in which he also promised that al-Hakim would soon return and usher the end times. <mask> disappeared thereafter, although one contemporary source claims that he fled to Mecca, where he was recognized and executed.His disciple Baha al-Din al-Muqtana resumed <mask>'s missionary effort in 1027–1042, finalizing the doctrines of the Druze faith. Life

Origin
The life of <mask> <mask> and his exact role in the birth of the Druze movement are not entirely clear, as the chief sources about him—the contemporary Christian chronicler Yahya of Antioch, the Muslim historian Ibn Zafir, and <mask>'s own epistles—are often contradictory. According to Ibn Zafir, <mask> <mask> was born in Zozan in Khurasan, and was originally a felt-maker. He emigrated to Fatimid Egypt, and does not appear to have been active before 1017/18, although he may have been present in Cairo already in 1013, as he describes the events surrounding the appointment of Abd al-Rahim <mask> as heir-apparent () by the Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (). Background: the Isma'ili daʿwa under al-Hakim
At that time, the Isma'ili movement (), the state religion of the Fatimid Caliphate, was in turmoil due to the emergence of heterodox beliefs. These were propagated by al-Hasan <mask> al-Farghani al-Akhram, an Isma'ili from the Farghana Valley. His teachings are only indirectly known, from the polemic writings refuting them by the Isma'ili , Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani.According to al-Kirmani, al-Akhram preached the imminence of the end times, when formal religion and religious law (the ) would be abolished and replaced with the pure, original paradisical worship of God. Such antinomian and millennialist concepts had been a core component of early Isma'ilism. However, as the Fatimid regime consolidated itself and the early Isma'ili messianic promise was relegated into the far future, the official doctrine of the Fatimid imam–caliphs had firmly rejected these potentially revolutionary tenets. The most explosive of al-Akhram's views, however, was that the line of the imams was at an end, and that God was made manifest in the person of Caliph al-Hakim, who accordingly was the expected messiah, the . This too, was not new: several Shi'a groups, known as the "extremists" () had tended to deify their imams, starting already with <mask> ibn Abi Talib. The fact that Fatimid theologians such as Qadi al-Nu'man continued to condemn such views as heresy in the late 10th century shows their continued currency. Although entirely heretical according to official Fatimid doctrine,  al-Hakim not only appears to have tolerated the propagation of such concepts, but reportedly also counted al-Akhram among his close associates, leading to widespread speculation among contemporaries that al-Akhram's heretical ideas were not only approved of, but even originated by, the Caliph.Al-Akhram also tried to win over officials to his cause by sending them letters to that effect. Al-Akhram was murdered in January/February 1018 (or 1019, according to Halm), while accompanying the Caliph on a horseback ride. Al-Hakim's reaction to the event—the murderer was swiftly executed, and the victim buried in rich clothes brought from the palace—only served to deepen suspicion that he sympathized with al-Akhram's views. However, in the aftermath of the murder, al-Hakim cut off contact with al-Akhram's followers, and the movement he had started became dormant for a while. Start of <mask>'s mission
<mask> also followed similar teachings: he established himself at a mosque on the Raydan Canal, outside the city gate of Bab al-Nasr, and there expounded the view that in al-Hakim, God had become incarnate. He adopted the title of "leader of the adepts" (), and his following quickly grew. According to the medieval chroniclers, he too enjoyed signs of favour from al-Hakim: when he complained to the Caliph that his life was in danger, he was given weapons, which he demonstratively hung on every entrance to the Raydan Mosque.It is unclear when exactly <mask> began his mission. The earliest of his epistles to contain a date comes from July 1017. In the previous, undated fifth epistle, <mask> had declared a new oath () to his followers, who were for the first time referred to as "The People of Monotheism" (). In it, they pledged to abandon every previous allegiance and swear obedience to "our Lord al-Hakim, the One, the Unique, the Sole One" and to place themselves at his disposal body and soul, including all their possessions and even their children. Al-Hakim is generally portrayed in the historical sources to have been favourably disposed towards <mask>'s movement. Modern historians are more skeptical about claims—mostly transmitted by hostile Sunni historians—that the Caliph actually instigated the new doctrine himself. The historian David R. W. Bryer writes that "al-Hakim played no active part in building up what was to be the Druze , nor, astute politician that he was, did he hesitate to withdraw all visible support from the movement in times of real difficulty", and that he "did not wish to be seen to be involved in the movement that was forming until he saw how the majority of the people reacted to it".Indeed, due to the disturbances provoked by the new doctrine, the Caliph forced <mask> to suspend his mission during the following year (409 AH, 1018/19 CE), which is thus not counted in the Druze calendar (which starts with the year 408 AH). It is only from May 1019 (in 410 AH), that <mask> resumed his activity, presumably with the Caliph's permission. <mask> and al-Darzi
Although <mask> was the real founder of the Druze religion, it received its name by another like-minded propagandist—and soon to become rival—the Turk Anushtegin, better known by his sobriquet, al-Darzi (probably derived from the Persian word for tailor). From him, the followers of Hamza became known as the "Darzites" () and "Druzes" (from the broken plural form ). The exact relation between <mask> and al-Darzi is unclear. Yahya of Antioch presents him as a disciple of <mask>, but Ibn Zafir has it the other way round. The modern historian Marshall Hodgson attempted to discern doctrinal differences between the two, positing that al-Darzi was still within the limits of Isma'ilism, while <mask>'s teachings about al-Hakim's divinity effectively put his doctrine outside the boundaries not only of Isma'ilism, but of Islam in general.This thesis was rejected by Bryer, and al-Darzi is now considered by historians as a particularly zealous adherent of al-Hakim's divinity, writing letters to senior Fatimid officials and commanders urging them to join him. Indeed, in his epistles, <mask> is critical of his colleague, both for al-Darzi's disputing <mask>'s role as the leader of their movement, as well as for his followers' over-zealous, extremist and provocative actions, which revealed the movement's ideas prematurely and placed it under danger of attack. The Day of
According to Yahya of Antioch, the chief opponent of the doctrines propagated by <mask> and al-Darzi was the leader of the established Isma'ili , the Turkish chief missionary (), Qut Tegin. Indeed, the Turkish  (slave soldiers) of the Fatimid army appear to have been generally opposed to the new teachings. During this time, the followers of the rival leaders engaged in regular brawls in the streets of Cairo, cursing one another as infidels. The conflict between the two parties came to a head at the Mosque of Amr at Fustat (Old Cairo) on 19 June 1019 (12 Ṣafar 410 AH), known in Druze tradition as the "Day of ", a name whose meaning is unknown. On that day, some of <mask>'s followers entered the Mosque of Amr, loudly proclaiming their beliefs, but encountered the opposition of the locals, who began streaming to the mosque.When the Sunni chief judge () learned of events, he went to the mosque, where <mask>'s men tried to have him read out a statement affirming the divinity of al-Hakim. The  demurred, and the assembled multitude became incensed, so that they lynched <mask>'s followers, dragging their corpses through the city's streets. On the same day, al-Hakim dismissed the police prefects of the capital, and punished the instigators of the lynchings. This only served to provoke the populace and the troops: on 29 June, the Turkish soldiers surrounded al-Darzi's house and, after a brief battle with his followers who had barricaded themselves there, stormed it. Some forty of al-Darzi's supporters were killed, but al-Darzi himself managed to escape and found refuge in the caliphal palace. The Turks then assembled before the palace gates, demanding that he be delivered to them for punishment; the historical sources are silent on al-Darzi's fate, but <mask>'s epistles report that he was executed by al-Hakim. Robbed of their original target, the Turkish troops turned on <mask> and his followers, attacking the Raydan Mosque and setting its gate on fire.<mask> himself reports in two of his epistles (10 and 19) how, with only twelve followers, of whom five were either too old or too young to fight, he managed to hold back the attacks of his enemies for a whole day, before a 'miraculous' appearance of al-Hakim forced their attackers to withdraw. <mask> places this miracle on the day of the Islamic new year (1 Muharram 410 AH/9 May 1019 CE), which thus marked the resumption of the Druze's missionary activity (the "divine call"). The riots spread, the discipline of the soldiers collapsed, and order was restored only after much of Cairo had been burned down. Chroniclers hostile to al-Hakim, like Yahya of Antioch or later Sunni historians, saw in this a deliberate attempt by the Caliph to punish the Cairenes for opposing the Druze teachings. Final years
The  doctrines current during the later years of al-Hakim's reign were apparently propagated simultaneously and

masks:
Hamza ibn ‘
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
ibn Ali
Hamza
Hamza
ibn Ali
ibn Ilyas
ibn Haydara
Ali
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza


title: Hamza ibn Ali

texts:
 independently by a number of missionaries. Their roles and their mutual relationships are unclear. Al-Akhram for example is assigned a major role by later Sunni historians, but is passed over in silence by Hamza.Nevertheless, <mask> does appear to have played a leading role: even if al-Darzi had his own followers, the sources do suggest that he acknowledged <mask>'s leadership on some matters. In any event, with the death of al-Darzi, by 1019 <mask> was the almost undisputed leader of the new movement. More importantly, it was <mask>'ili , by appointing his own  in Egypt and Syria. He furthermore selected some of his senior disciples and established them in a hierarchy of "ranks", headed by himself (see below). Al-Hakim's disappearance and <mask>'s death
On the night of 13 February 1021, Caliph al-Hakim disappeared during one of his usual nightly rides, likely the victim of a palace conspiracy. Power was seized by his sister, Sitt al-Mulk, as regent for al-Hakim's son, al-Zahir (). The new regime quickly reversed many of al-Hakim's controversial policies, instituting a return to Isma'ili orthodoxy.As part of this Isma'ili reaction, the Fatimid authorities launched a severe persecution against the Druze movement, with the result that the seven Islamic years that followed (411–418 AH) are a period of silence in the Druze sources. A few months after al-Hakim's disappearance, <mask> wrote a farewell epistle (), in which he announced his retirement and al-Hakim's concealment (). In it, <mask> urged his followers to keep the faith, as the period of trials would soon pass, and the end times would arrive. According to the contemporary Baghdadi chronicler al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, <mask> fled the persecution to Mecca, where he was placed under the protection of the local ruler, the Sharif of Mecca. However, he was soon recognized by Egyptian Hajj pilgrims, who demanded his execution. The Sharif hesitated—according to Heinz Halm, likely waiting to see whether the new regime in Egypt would last—but after a series of supposed signs of divine displeasure, he had <mask> and one of his slaves beheaded in front of one of the gates of the Kaaba. The corpses were crucified, and stoned by passers-by; their remains were later burned.Aftermath
The leadership of the Druze movement, now scattered and decimated, was taken over by one of <mask>'s chief disciples, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana, who from 1027 tried to reconstitute the movement by sending his own epistles to the various Druze communities. Al-Muqtana remained the head of the Druze missionary movement until 1042, when he issued his own farewell epistle, announcing his retirement into concealment. In this final epistle, he again reiterated the imminent coming of the end times and the Last Judgment under al-Hakim, where truth would be made manifest, so that his own activity was no longer necessary. Until then, he ordered his followers to hide their true allegiance and even denounce him by name, if necessary to preserve their cover. This marked the end of the Druze "divine call", i.e., its active missionary phase. From then to the present day, the Druze have been a closed community, in which neither conversion nor apostasy is allowed. The 71 epistles of al-Muqtana, together with those of <mask> and another disciple, Isma'il ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi, that al-Muqtana compiled, form the scripture of the Druze faith, the Epistles of Wisdom () or Exalted Wisdom ().Of its six books, the first two contain the work of <mask> and others, while the remaining four encompass al-Muqtana's writings. Thirty of the 113 Epistles of Wisdom (numbers 6 to 35) are attributed to <mask>. Teachings

The doctrine propagated by <mask> in his epistles reflects ideas current among Iranian Isma'ilis in the 10th century, particularly in the work of Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani. Both <mask> and his assistant, Isma'il al-Tamimi, ascribed to and elaborated on Neo-Platonic ideas on the world soul and the universal intellect that had been absorbed by Isma'ili doctrine. Bryer terms the Druze a  sect of Isma'ilism, but stresses that the ideas espoused by <mask> "are but a logical if extreme development of Isma'ili ideas over the previous century and a half". According to Bryer, the core of <mask>'s motivation was the divinity of al-Hakim, and an increasingly pronounced hatred to organized religion, as expressed in both the Isma'ili  and the traditional Sunni religious establishment. As a result, while the terminology and cosmology of his new religion betray their Isma'ili origins, his approach to Isma'ili tenets was highly eclectic: "Like some juggler, Hamza threw up the whole Isma'ili system into the air, catching and reshaping those aspects he liked, throwing out those he did not".Cosmology
Early Isma'ilism regarded history as a sequence of cycles, each inaugurated by a prophetic figure like Noah or Muhammad, followed by seven imams and culminating in the appearance of a messiah (the  or ) who would usher in a golden age or the last judgment. Hamza adapted this concept by asserting that in each historical cycle, God is made manifest by assuming corporeal form. As a result, during this cycle, the immediate presence of God meant that no revealed religion or law was necessary. In addition, God the Creator emanated a series of lower creations, from the Universal Intellect on downwards. As the Universal Intellect in its pride considered itself to be God, the Creator also juxtaposed an adversary () to it and to each of the lower creations. Like God, each of these pairs is incarnated in each historical cycle. During the Biblical Creation, God was incarnated as al-Bar (from an Arabic or Persian word meaning "Creator" or "God"), while the Universal Intellect was incarnated as Adam, and its adversary as the Devil (named Harith ibn Murra).The Devil managed to seduce Adam, Eve, and their offspring, to rebel against al-Bar. God disappeared from the world, inaugurating a cycle of occultation (). Since God was no longer manifest in the world, he instead sent prophets—Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and finally Muhammad—to create religious law () in order to punish mankind. In a sharp break with both Sunni and Shi'a doctrine, Hamza considered Muhammad as the incarnation of the Devil, whereas the incarnation of the Universal Intellect at the time was Salman the Persian. All four Rashidun caliphs, including <mask> Abi Talib, are likewise ranked among the adversaries. Hamza continued to accept the fundamental Isma'ili dogma that the  had both an outer meaning (), corresponding to a literal interpretation of the Quranic revelation (), as well as a hidden inner truth () accessible only to a few select initiates through allegorical () interpretation. Al-Hakim and the new religion
According to Hamza, the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate inaugurated a new cycle, in which God secretly took human form () again, in the persons of the Fatimid imam–caliphs.Notably, <mask> does not count the first Fatimid caliph, al-Mahdi Billah (), among these incarnations, but starts only with his successor, al-Qa'im (); according to the historian Heinz Halm, this is probably an echo of the doubts about his legitimacy. This process culminated in the public proclamation of al-Hakim's divinity in 1017/18, the start of <mask>'s mission. This event effectively closed the cycle begun by Muhammad, and Muhammad's revelation (the Quran) and law (the Sharia) were thus abrogated both in their outward and inner senses. <mask> denied the existence of both paradise and hell, and promised the imminence of the day when al-Hakim, sword in hand, would judge the world. On that day, all non-believers would be punished, and even the Muslims who did not accept the new creed would be reduced to the status of ; <mask> writes in detail about the distinctive dress and ornaments that would signify their inferior status. Instead of the previous religious law, Hamza now preached a new "spiritual law" () founded on seven moral principles. As the historian Daniel De Smet points out, these were simple injunctions "that had no esoteric dimension at all and were thus not subject to interpretation".The aim of the Druze movement was thus to restore the conditions prior to the fall of Adam; <mask> saw himself as a "new Adam", with the task of "wielding the sword of Our Lord" to achieve the return to the lost paradisiac conditions. However, again the Devil and his minions interfered with the divine cause, taking the form of the leaders of the Fatimid , who incited the people and the army against al-Hakim. Corresponding to his concept of pairs of emanations of God and their adversaries, Hamza established a hierarchy of five cosmic ranks () corresponding to the emanations of the Creator-God (al-Hakim), and assigned to each of them a leading figure of the Fatimid establishment as their adversary: <mask> himself was the incarnation of the Universal Intellect, and opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as caliph, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas; next in line was Isma'il al-Tamimi, the incarnation of the World Soul, opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as imam, al-Abbas ibn Shu'aib; then the Word, a certain Muhammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashi, opposed by the , Qut Tegin; then the Right Wing, <mask> ibn Ahmad ibn al-Daif, opposed by the deputy , Ja'far al-Darir; and finally the Left Wing, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana (Hamza's eventual successor), opposed by the , Ahmad ibn Abi'l-Awamm. The continued opposition by the establishment would finally lead to God shedding his earthly vessel (al-Hakim) on the night of his disappearance. Druze perspectives on Hamza ibn <mask>
Druze believe that Hamza ibn <mask> was a reincarnation of Jesus, and that Hamza ibn <mask> is the true Messiah, who directed the deeds of the messiah Jesus "the Joseph and Mary", but when Jesus "the son of Joseph and Mary" strayed from the path of the true Messiah, Hamza filled the hearts of the Jews with hatred for him - and for that reason, they crucified him, according to the Druze manuscripts. Despite this, Hamza ibn <mask> took him down from the cross and allowed him to return to his family, in order to prepare men for the preaching of his religion. Druze also regards Jesus and Hamza ibn Ali as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system.References

Sources

985 births
1021 deaths
11th-century Arabic writers
11th-century Iranian people
11th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate
Druze religious leaders
Founders of religions
Iranian Ismailis
Medieval letter writers
People executed by decapitation
People from Razavi Khorasan Province
11th-century

masks:
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamzama
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Ali ibn
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali


title: Min Razagyi

texts:
<mask> (, , Arakanese pronunciation: ; c. 1557–1612), also known as Salim Shah, was king of Arakan from 1593 to 1612. His early reign marked the continued ascent of the coastal kingdom, which reached full flight in 1599 by defeating its nemesis Toungoo Dynasty, and temporarily controlling the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans to the Gulf of Martaban until 1603. But the second half of his reign saw the limits of his power: he lost the Lower Burmese coastline in 1603 and a large part of Bengal coastline in 1609 due to insurrections by Portuguese mercenaries. He died in 1612 while struggling to deal with Portuguese raids on the Arakan coast itself. Early life
The future king was born to Princess Saw Mi Taw (စောမိတော်,  and Prince Phalaung, governor of Sittantin, in 1557/1558. His parents were half-siblings, both children of King <mask>. He was likely born in Sittantin where his father was governor from early 1550s to 1572.In 1572, Phalaung succeeded King Sekkya, and made his eldest son <mask>, only 15, heir-apparent with the style of Thado Dhamma Raza. At the coronation ceremony, Razagyi was married off to Princess Nan Htet Phwa (နန်းထက်ဖွား, ), daughter of Sekkya and his first cousin, once removed. Heir-apparent
Razagyi loyally served his father for the duration of his father's 21-year reign. His most prominent contribution during this period recorded in the Arakanese chronicles came in 1575 when he led a well armed naval and land forces in an expedition to Tripura. The expedition was a success. The Arakanese forces, aided by Portuguese mercenaries and firearms, easily captured the Tripuri capital, after which Tripura agreed to pay tribute. In the later years, however, Phalaung began relying on his middle son Thado <mask>w, who became the commander-in-chief, for military expeditions, and appointed him king of Bengal.Thado <mask>w, now based out of Chittagong, became Razagyi's main rival to succeed the throne. Reign

Consolidation
On , King Phalaung died, and Razagyi succeeded without any opposition. The 35-year-old new king took the reign name of Raza in the honor of his great-great-grandfather King Raza I (r. 1502–1513), and also took the Persian title of Salim Shah as sultan of Bengal. All the vassals of the kingdom, including Thado <mask>w, came to the court, and pledged allegiance to the new king. For his part, he re-appointed Thado <mask>w as king of Bengal, essentially the viceroy of northern territories, which included Chittagong, Noakhali and Tippera. The peace between the brothers did not last. In 1595, Thado <mask>w at Chittagong revolted with support from chiefs of Tripura and other northern districts.But the rest of the country, and the majority of Portuguese mercenaries, remained loyal to Razagyi. (A major component of Arakan's powerful military since the 1530s had been its many Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms.) When Razagyi marched to Chittagong with a massive force after the rainy season, Thado <mask>w lost nerve and submitted without a fight. Razagyi's armies followed up onto northern districts and Tripura, and by February 1596 (Tabodwe 957 ME), had reestablished control. Victory over Toungoo Empire

Razagyi was now the undisputed leader of a prosperous and militarily powerful kingdom that stretched from the Sundarbans in the northwest to Cape Negrais in the south. The kingdom's relative power greatly improved in the following year, when its nemesis Toungoo Empire, which had tried to conquer the coastal kingdom in (1545–1547) and (1580–1581), was teetering on collapse. King Nanda at Pegu (Bago) now controlled only parts of Lower Burma, and faced rebellions everywhere, including the city of Toungoo, the ancestral home of the Dynasty.Sensing the weakness, Razagyi readily agreed to an alliance with one of the rebel leaders, <mask> Thihathu of Toungoo city in 1597. They agreed to a joint attack on whatever remained of the empire. This was a major departure from the policy of previous Arakanese kings, who since the 1550s had carefully avoided interfering in mainland affairs. He ordered a massive mobilization drive across the entire kingdom, from the Ganges delta and Tripura in the north to Thandwe in the south. By late 1598, he had assembled a massive land and naval invasion force, whose combined strength may have been as high as 30,000 troops. On  (Tuesday, 11th waxing of Tazaungmon 960 ME), the combined invasion force left Mrauk-U. The king himself led the army while he appointed his eldest son and heir-apparent Prince Khamaung to lead the naval fleet consisted of 300 war boats.Under Khamaung were Portuguese mercenaries led by Filipe de Brito e Nicote. At Thandwe, the invasion forces parted. The army crossed the Rakhine Yoma range through the passes toward Pegu while the navy went around Cape Negrais toward the key port of Syriam (Thanlyin), which it seized in March 1599 (Tabaung 960 ME). In April, Arakanese forces marched to Pegu, and effected a junction with rebel Toungoo forces. The combined forces now laid siege to the city. The siege lasted until December when Nanda surrendered. The victors took over the city, and divided the enormous wealth of Pegu, accumulated over the past 60 years as the capital of Toungoo Empire.The gold, silver and precious stones were equally divided. The Arakanese share also included several brazen cannon, 30 Khmer bronze statues, and a white elephant. (Razagyi also raised Princess Khin Ma Hnaung, a daughter of Nanda, as his queen.) Rebel Toungoo forces returned with their share of the loot to Toungoo on 15 February 1600 (2nd waxing of Tabaung 961 ME), leaving the Arakanese in charge of the city. The Arakanese forces remained in Pegu for another month. Razagyi did not have the manpower to hold all of Lower Burma but he nonetheless wanted to make sure that it remained weak for a long time. His plan was to destroy the infrastructure and deplete the manpower of interior Lower Burma as much as possible, and hold key strategic ports of Lower Burma.As such, he deported 3,000 households to Arakan, and burned down the entire city, including the Grand Palace of King Bayinnaung. He then moved down to the port of Syriam, which he planned to hold with a garrison. Siamese invasion
In March, as the main portion of the Arakanese forces at Syriam were about to return home, the Siamese forces led by King Naresuan arrived at Pegu, only to find that the city had been looted and burned down. Naresuan hastily followed up to Toungoo, laying siege to the city in April 1600. As an ally of Toungoo city, <mask> ordered his troops to attack Siamese supply lines by land and sea. The Arakanese navy intercepted Siamese supply ships while the army cut the remaining supply lines. On , Naresuan hastily retreated back but the Siamese forces suffered heavy losses from Arakanese ambushes in retreat.Only a small portion finally reached Martaban. It proved to be the last invasion of mainland Burma by Siam. At Syriam, Razagyi assigned De Brito, the leader of Portuguese mercenaries in his navy, to lead the garrison, and returned home by sea. The Chief Minister Maha Pyinnya Kyaw, the trusted minister of the king, died on the return trip, and was cremated and buried at the Hmawdin Pagoda near Negrais. The 3,000 households brought from Pegu were settled at Urittaung and along the Mayu river and at Thandwe. Mrauk-U Empire and Portuguese insurrections

Between 1600 and 1603, the Kingdom of Mrauk-U with its powerful navy controlled over 1600 km (1000 miles) of the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans in West Bengal to the Gulf of Martaban. However, the navy was heavily dependent on Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms.Though the loyalty of the mercenaries was always suspect, <mask> needed them to hold his maritime empire. He made De Brito governor of Syriam in June 1600. But De Brito revolted in March 1603 with support from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa. In late 1603, Razagyi sent the navy led by the crown prince Khamaung to Syriam but the navy was ambushed by four Portuguese ships awaiting by the Hainggyi island near Negrais. Khamaung himself was captured. <mask> himself followed up with another 300-boat navy, and with the Toungoo forces jointly laid siege to the city. But Syriam defenses held.In the following negotiations, in 1604, Razagyi agreed to a ransom of 50,000 ducats for the release of the crown prince, and to Syriam's status as a Portuguese colony. After the setback, Razagyi began to fear the loyalty of other Portuguese in his service. Concerned that De Brito would take over the strategic island of Dianga opposite Chittagong, he had 600 Portuguese settlers there killed. Only a few Portuguese escaped. In 1608, the king offered to let the Dutch East India Company trade and build fortifications in return for their help in driving out the Portuguese but the Dutch did not accept the offer because of their heavy commitments elsewhere. In 1609, one of the escapees of Dianga, Sebastian Gonzales Tibao came back with 400 well-armed Portuguese and seized the Sandwip island, wiping out over 3000 Afghan pirates there. It was a major loss as the island was a strategic port and trade center that commanded the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers.Moreover, the governor of Chittagong, the king's younger brother, after a quarrel with the king, fled and joined Gonzales, marrying his daughter off to Tibao, who promptly baptized her. The refugee governor died suddenly, probably from poison, and Tibao seized all of his treasure. Razagyi was furious but he faced an even more urgent threat. Hearing that the Moghul governor of Bengal was planning an attack on Noakhali at the mouth of the Ganges, he agreed to an alliance with Tibao. To secure the rear, he sent an embassy to the court of King Anaukpetlun in December 1609. In 1610, he sent the navy to fight the Moghul transgressions. At Sandwip, Tibao brazenly broke the alliance, and seized the entire fleet by "the simple expedient of murdering its captains at a council".Tibao and his crew then began raiding the Arakanese coast, once reaching all the way up the Lemro river and taking away the king's gold and ivory barge. Religious affairs
The king enlarged the Andaw-thein Ordination Hall in order to house a tooth relic of the Buddha he brought back from his pilgrimage to Ceylon, either in 1596 or 1606–1607. He also dedicated a new ordination hall at the Mahamuni Temple on 7 January 1609. Death
The king never solved the problem of Portuguese raids. He died on , and was succeeded by his eldest son Khamaung. Notes

References

Bibliography

Razagyi
1550s births
1612 deaths
Razagyi
Razagyi
Razagyi
Razagyi

masks:
Min Razagyi
Min Bin
Razagyi
Minsa
Minsa
Minsa
Minsa
Minsa
Minsa
Minye
Razagyi
Razagyi
Razagyi


title: Matt Maguire

texts:
<mask> (born 30 May 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played with the St Kilda Football Club and the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). AFL career

St Kilda Football Club
Maguire played in St Kilda's 2004 Wizard Home Loans Cup winning side, the club's second pre-season cup win. In 2006 a serious leg injury halted his season. During the final moments of the St Kilda vs West Coast Eagles game in Round 18, Maguire collided with Tyson Stenglein causing a break to both his tibia and fibula. His injury was likened to that of Richmond's Nathan Brown, but it was soon revealed to be less severe. In the days following the incident, Maguire had a rod inserted into his leg and the club was optimistic he could make his comeback (without any complications) as soon as Round 1, 2007. But soon after Maguire was diagnosed with Compartment syndrome and required a further eight operations to relieve him of the pain and swelling.He suffered complications with compartment syndrome in his calf and spent 21 days in hospital. Doctors had to cut into his calf numerous times to clear the build-up of blood, with ever-increasing difficulty in repairing the wound. <mask> made his return to the AFL in Round 1 of the 2007 season only to be further sidelined with stress fractures in his foot. He returned once again in the Saints' Round 14 loss against Collingwood and although he played out the remainder of the year it was clear that he was a shadow of his former self. At the end of the 2007 season it was revealed that after experiencing soreness during training he had once again suffered stress fractures in his foot, preventing him from participating in the majority of the Saint's pre-season. After finally returning in Round 4 in 2008, Maguire suffered another injury in Round 7 in a St Kilda vs Richmond game. Once again he injured his left foot and this effectively sidelined him until the end of the 2008 AFL season.He had surgery to repair a fracture to the fourth metatarsal, one of the long bones that connects the middle of the foot to the base of the toes. The St Kilda football manager, <mask>, said that although Maguire most likely would not return in 2009 this may be the best chance of him getting everything right without the pressure of playing and may turn out to be the best thing for him in the long run. Maguire spent most of the 2009 season playing for St Kilda's VFL affiliate the Sandringham Zebras. As of the end of the 2009 season Maguire had played in four AFL finals and one pre-season cup final. Maguire was delisted from the St Kilda playing list on 29 October 2009. Brisbane Lions
On 26 November 2009 the Brisbane Lions selected <mask> in the draft at pick number 91. He was given jumper number 36 which was previously worn by Daniel Bradshaw.Maguire played his 100th AFL game in Round 1 of the 2010 season for the Brisbane Lions against the West Coast Eagles. Maguire retired on 23 June 2015 after ongoing effects of a concussion he suffered in a NEAFL game two months prior. Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 12 || 2 || 1 || 56 || 20 || 76 || 29 || 12 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 4.7 || 1.7 || 6.3 || 2.4 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 17 || 6 || 6 || 90 || 44 || 134 || 46 || 40 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 5.3 || 2.6 || 7.9 || 2.7 || 2.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 17 || 1 || 0 || 136 || 60 || 196 || 71 || 30 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 8.0 || 3.5 || 11.5 || 4.2 || 1.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 21 || 6 || 6 || 188 || 88 || 276 || 99 || 22 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 9.0 || 4.2 || 13.1 || 4.7 || 1.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 18 || 4 || 3 || 166 || 79 || 245 || 92 || 45 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 9.2 || 4.4 || 13.6 || 5.1 || 2.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 10 || 0 || 1 || 63 || 45 || 108 || 39 || 18 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 6.3 || 4.5 || 10.8 || 3.9 || 1.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 19 || 15 || 34 || 10 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.8 || 3.8 || 8.5 || 2.5 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 14 || 0 || 1 || 137 || 85 || 222 || 86 || 40 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 9.8 || 6.1 || 15.9 || 6.1 || 2.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 15 || 0 || 2 || 94 || 76 || 170 || 59 || 32 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 6.3 || 5.1 || 11.3 || 3.9 || 2.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 16 || 0 || 0 || 147 || 59 || 206 || 81 || 34 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.2 || 3.7 || 12.9 || 5.1 || 2.1
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 11 || 1 || 2 || 114 || 46 || 160 || 71 || 18 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 10.4 || 4.2 || 14.6 || 6.5 || 1.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 13 || 1 || 1 || 121 || 59 || 180 || 65 || 21 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.9 || 5.0 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 5 || 17 || 4 || 7 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 6.0 || 2.5 || 8.5 || 2.0 || 3.5
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 170
! 21
! 23
!1343
! 681
! 2024
! 752
! 323
! 0.1
! 0.1
!7.9
! 4.0
! 11.9
! 4.4
! 1.9
|}

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
St Kilda Football Club players
Brisbane Lions players
People from Warrnambool
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Geelong Falcons players
St Joseph's Football Club players
South Warrnambool Football Club players

masks:
Matthew John Maguire
Maguire
Matthew Drain
Maguire


title: Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)

texts:
<mask>  (; born 18 April 1959) is an English nephrologist and current principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. Previously, he served as the vice-chancellor and president of the University of Hong Kong (HKU). He was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Bristol before he assumed office at the HKU in April 2014, and was previously director of studies at Christ's College, Cambridge. Biography
<mask> went to school in Penzance, Cornwall. He studied medicine at London Hospital Medical College and earned Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery with first class honours awarded from University of London in 1983. After junior posts in and around the West End of London, he went to Christ's College, Cambridge as a Medical Research Council (MRC) training fellow, studying for a PhD which was awarded in 1992. His thesis was titled "Role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune responses".While studying for his PhD, Mathieson also taught at Cambridge and was named 'Teacher of the Year' in 1992 by the university's medical students. Mathieson was awarded a second MRC fellowship during which he worked on complement/immunology with Douglas Fearon and <mask>. He was also Director of Studies for Clinical Medicine at Christ's College, Cambridge. Career

University of Bristol
Mathieson joined the University of Bristol in 1995 as the foundation professor of renal medicine. He was also honorary consultant nephrologist with the North Bristol NHS Trust. In 1999 he was elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom. While at the University of Bristol, Mathieson ran 'The cellular basis of albuminuria' research project, with £585,000 funding from the MRC from 2005 to 2008.The project aimed to 'develop ways of detecting and treating early kidney and heart disease'. In 2007 he was elected as the youngest ever president of the Renal Association and also became head of the University Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol. He was also appointed as director of research & development for the North Bristol NHS Trust. Between 2003 and 2007 he chaired the Research Grants Committee of Kidney Research UK [formerly National Kidney Research Fund]. He was a member of the Renal Association Clinical Trials committee from 1996 to 2007 and its chairman between 2000 and 2003. In 2008 he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Bristol. He was appointed Dean of the university's Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry in 2008.Foundation doctors at University Hospitals Bristol voted Mathieson as 'Top Teacher' for 2011–12. A further MRC-funded research project on treatment of patients with membranous nephropathy (a type of kidney disease) found a treatment which mitigated against deterioration; the results were published in The Lancet. University of Hong Kong
In October 2013, Mathieson was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Hong Kong, replacing Lap-Chee Tsui. His appointment was controversial as some staff felt that Mathieson lacked management experience and familiarity with Chinese society. Leong Che-hung, who headed the committee that appointed Mathieson noted that he had experience running a faculty at the University of Bristol, while Mathieson himself suggested his unfamiliarity with China gave the opportunity for a fresh start. His tenure at HKU was described to be full of "tension and clashes between the university's governing body and students". Five months into his vice-chancellorship, a students-led class boycott, protesting against Beijing authorities' decision of Hong Kong's suffrage, evolved into a 79-day occupy protest.During the crisis, he stated that independence was not a realistic political option for Hong Kong, but defended the rights of students to protest in favour of Hong Kong's democratic values. In 2015, Mathieson was elected as an honorary fellow of Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. That year, a University of Hong Kong panel led by Mathieson selected Johannes Chan as pro-vice-chancellor, however the appointment was blocked by the university's governing council. Chan is pro-democracy, supports human rights, and had supported the student occupy protest in 2014, and was unpopular with the government. The episode was viewed as an incident in which the university's academic freedom was under threat, and Mathieson's authority suffered as a result; in a staff survey, 78% of people did not feel Mathieson had "effectively protected academic freedom". Addressing the results of the survey, Mathieson acknowledged the unpopularity of some of his actions and questioned the survey's methodology. On 2 February 2017, two years before the original expiry of his contract, Mathieson resigned from the post of HKU.Mathieson claimed that he was squeezed out of the position by HKU's Chairman of the Governing Council, Arthur Li. The Chairman of the Staff Association, William Cheung, stated "you may now appreciate why we thank you [University of Edinburgh] so many times for taking Professor Mathieson on board" after claims that Mathieson failed to uphold academic freedom, discouraged debate on campus, and did not understand the needs of students emerged from a staff survey. Addressing the results of the survey, Mathieson described the survey as flawed in its methodology. University of Edinburgh
Mathieson became Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh in February 2018. He will be the highest paid figure in Scottish Higher Education with a benefits package exceeding £400,000. While the university said the salary was set in relation to vice chancellor pay at similar sized universities, it was criticised by the University and College Union during the UK-wide dispute between university staff and management over pensions. The £342,000 salary is less than Mathieson was paid at HKU.He has lectured to undergraduate medical students on his specialism in kidney disease at Edinburgh. Research
According to <mask>'s profile on the University of Bristol website:

References

External links

 Professor <mask> – School of Clinical Sciences
 Professor <mask> – President and Vice-Chancellor – Officers of the University – About HKU – HKU
 Professor <mask> Mathieson – CV

1959 births
Living people
Hong Kong scientists
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the London Hospital Medical College
Heads of universities in Hong Kong
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Hong Kong
Principals of the University of Edinburgh
Place of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Peter William Mathieson
Mathieson
Peter Lachmann
Mathieson
Peter Mathieson
Peter Mathieson
Peter William


title: Yasmine Mahmoudieh

texts:
<mask> is a designer. Life and career
Born in Germany, of mixed Persian-German parentage, Mahmoudieh studied Art History in Florence, Architecture at the École d'Interieur in Geneva and at UCLA in the United States, and Interior Design at the College of Nôtre Dame in Belmont. After graduating from UCLA she opened her first studio in Los Angeles and today has her headquarters in London. She has worked on projects worldwide. She has also worked as a specifier for Ligne-Roset group. In 2013, Mahmoudieh launched a tech start-up called myKidsy, its main office is based on Campus London sponsored by Google. myKidsy is the first online marketplace for parents to book activities for their kids (after school, holidays and weekend activities).Work
Mahmoudieh has worked in a variety of architectural fields, ranging from aircraft interior design on the Airbus A380 to the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art. She has designed office buildings and interiors, such as the German headquarters of Aon, and has worked on buildings and interiors for Radisson, Kempinski and InterContinental. She has also created a specialised hotel for the disabled. She has acted as a judge on various architecture and design awards, including the Red Dot Awards, Interzum Awards and the Boutique & Lifestyle Hospitality Awards. Mahmoudieh has won several awards herself, including the EuroShop 2011 award, World Travel Award 2007 for the InterContinental Berchtesgaden, European Hotel Design Award 2004 for the Radisson SAS Berlin, Hotel Design Award 2003 for Haus Rheinsberg, European Hotel Design Award 2003 in the Innovation category, and the Core Design Award 2002 for Haus Rheinsberg. Hotel of the Future by <mask> <mask>. British Satellite News on <mask> Mahmoudieh.References

External links
 Mahmoudieh Design website
Style Park website
www.mykidsy.com

Iranian architects
German people of Iranian descent
Notre Dame de Namur University alumni
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni
Living people
German expatriates in Switzerland
German expatriates in the United States
German expatriates in Italy
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women chief executives

masks:
Yasmine Mahmoudieh
Yasmine
Mahmoudieh
Yasmine


title: Erica Schultz

texts:
<mask> is an American comic book writer, letterer, and editor. She is best known for writing the 2018 Daredevil Annual for comic book publisher Marvel, her urban fantasy series Forgotten Home with ComiXology Originals, participation in DC Comics' first Writers Workshop, and her creator-owned crime series, M3. Career
<mask> worked as an art director at an advertising agency in New York City, and then started working at Neal Adams' Continuity Studios. Originally she was an animator on Marvel's Astonishing X-Men motion comic, but continued doing art and design work, including inking and coloring on books such as Batman: Odyssey, The First X-Men, The Coming of the Supermen, and Blood. In 2010/2011, <mask> co-created the Vices Press crime series M3, with Vicente Alcázar. It won the 2012 award for Best Comic Book at the Burbank International Film Festival. In 2014, <mask> scripted Revenge: The Secret Origin of Emily Thorne, Marvel's Original Graphic Novel based on ABC's Revenge, in collaboration with TV series writer Ted Sullivan.In 2015, <mask> was chosen by Gail Simone as one of the many female writers to be involved with Dynamite Entertainment's Swords of Sorrow crossover series. <mask> wrote the Swords of Sorrow: Black Sparrow & Lady Zorro One-Shot and also co-wrote the Swords of Sorrow: Masquerade & Kato One-Shot with G. Willow Wilson. <mask> also wrote a story titled "Pop Goes the World" for the Vertigo Comics anthology Vertigo Quarterly: SFX #1. In 2016, <mask> participated in the first DC Writers Workshop class taught by Scott Snyder. She was also published in DC Comics' New Talent Showcase #1 for her Hawkgirl story with artist Sonny Liew. In December 2016, Dynamite Entertainment announced <mask>, along with artist Maria Sanapo, would be relaunching the Charmed  comic book series, based on the television show that ran from 1998 to 2006. In addition to the release of <mask>'s Charmed: A Thousand Deaths in 2017, she was also announced as editor of Tee Franklin's Bingo Love graphic novel  published by Image Comics  and as a contributing writer to Space Between Entertainment's Destiny, NY Volume 2.In March 2018, <mask> was announced as a contributor to Image Comics' Where We Live Las Vegas Shooting Benefit Anthology, and in April, Action Lab Comics announced that <mask>'s Twelve Devils Dancing comic series with artist Dave Acosta would premiere under their Action Lab/Danger Zone imprint. In May 2018, <mask> was announced as the new writer for Dynamite Entertainment's Xena: Warrior Princess beginning with issue #6 and as the writer for Marvel's 2018 Daredevil Annual. In April 2019, <mask> was announced as lettering instructor for Comics Experience, and in August, <mask> was announced as a writing and storytelling teacher for the Kubert School. <mask>'s story, "Future Shocks: The Switch" was included in 2000 AD Prog 2145, published in August 2019. In October, ComiXology announced <mask>'s mini-series Forgotten Home would be exclusive to the platform's ComiXology Originals digital comic books. Forgotten Home has since gone on to be nominated for five 2020 Ringo Awards including Best Writer (<mask>), Best Inker (Marika Cresta), Best Cover Artist (Natasha Alterici), Best Letterer (Cardinal Rae), and Best Series. In February 2020, <mask> was announced as an editor for Mad Cave Studios.In May 2021, <mask> launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund an original graphic novel titled The Deadliest Bouquet. Near the end of 2021, Aftershock Comics announced a new series for 2022 titled Bylines in Blood co-written by <mask> and Van Jensen. Then in December 2021, Marvel provided a free digital comic book in collaboration with Citizen titled The Power of Light written by <mask>. <mask> has also served as a letterer on multiple comic books, including Neal Adams' "Batman Zombie" in DC's Batman: Black and White #1, Alan Moore's "Big Nemo" and Garth Ennis' "Red Horse" for Electricomics, and she lettered the entire Swords of Sorrow series. <mask> lettered Dynamite's Red Sonja, Dejah Thoris, and Vampirella titles in 2016. Bibliography (Writing Credits)
M3 (#1-#12) (Vices Press, 2011) - M3 #1 won Best Comic for the 2012 Burbank International Film Festival -
Odyssey Presents: Valkyrie vs. Venus #1 (TidalWave Productions, 2012)
Revenge: The Secret Origin of Emily Thorne (Marvel, 2014) - Co-writer with Ted Sullivan
The Unauthorized Biography of Winston Churchill: A Documentary (Vices Press, 2014)
Rise #2 "Brothers In Arms" (Northwest Press, 2015)
Vertigo Quarterly: SFX #1 "Pop Goes The World" (Vertigo/DC, 2015)
Swords of Sorrow: Masquerade & Kato (Dynamite Entertainment, 2015) - Co-writer with G. Willow Wilson
Swords of Sorrow: Black Sparrow & Lady Zorro (Dynamite Entertainment, 2015)
Cheese: A Love Story (Vices Press, 2015)
The 27 Club: A Comics Anthology "A Seminal Vintage" (Action Lab Entertainment and Red Stylo Media, 2015) - Nominated for a 2016 Harvey Award for Best Anthology
Swords of Sorrow: The Complete Saga TPB (Dynamite Entertainment, 2016)
Aw Yeah Comic! #12 "Boss Appreciation Day" (Aw Yeah Comics!2016)
New Talent Showcase #1 "Hawkgirl: Weapons of War" (DC Comics, 2016)
Charmed: A Thousand Deaths (#1-#5 & TPB) (Dynamite Entertainment, 2017)
Where We Live: A Benefit for the Survivors in Las Vegas "Daddy's Little Girl" (Image Comics, 2018) - Winner for the 2019 Ringo Award for Best Anthology
Oneshi Press Quarterly Anthology #4 "Heartbreaker" (Oneshi Press, 2018)
Oneshi Press Quarterly Anthology #5 "Gabrielle" (Oneshi Press, 2018)
Twelve Devils Dancing (#1-#6) (Action Lab Danger Zone, 2018)
Xena: Warrior Princess Vol. 2 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2018)
Daredevil Annual (Marvel, 2018)
Corpus: A Comic Anthology of Bodily Ailments "This is How it Feels" (Corpus, 2018)
Destiny, NY Vol. 2 "Sister, Sister" (Space Between Entertainment, 2018)
This Nightmare Kills Fascists "Bishop Takes Rook; Knight Takes Pawn" (A Wave Blue World, 2018)
Twelve Devils Dancing TPB (Action Lab Danger Zone, 2019)
The Good Fight "Long Overdue" (Adam Ferris Productions, 2019)
Marvel Universe: Time and Again TPB (Marvel, 2019)
2000 AD Prog 2145 "Future Shock: The Switch" (2000 AD, 2019)
Bettie Page Halloween Special "War of the Worlds" (Dynamite Entertainment, 2019)
Strange Tails (Vices Press, 2019) - Nominated for a 2020 Ringo Award for Best Anthology
Forgotten Home (Vices Press, comiXology Originals, 2019) - Nominated for five 2020 Ringo Awards for Best Writer, Best Inker, Best Cover Artist, Best Letterer, and Best Series
The Silver Spurs of Oz (Capstone Publishing, 2020)
Aw Yeah Comics! #14 "All The World's A Stage" (Aw Yeah Comics! 2020)
Maybe Someday "Ghost in the Apartment" (A Wave Blue World 2020) - Nominated for a 2021 Ringo Award for Best Anthology
Legacy of Mandrake (Red 5 Comics, Stonebot Comics, King Features, 2020)
The Deadliest Bouquet (Vices Press, 2021)
The Power of Light  (Marvel, 2021)
Bylines In Blood  (AfterShock, 2022) - Co-writer with Van Jensen

References

External links
Official Site
Erica Schultz at Comic Vine
Erica Schultz at comiXology
Erica Schultz Twitter
Interview with Erica Schultz on Marvel's "The Watcher"
San Diego Comic-Con 2014 Women of Marvel panel podcast. PREVIEWSworld "Women In Comics" month interview from March 2015
7 Reasons We Need More HAWKGIRL by Erica Schultz and Sonny Liew

Female comics writers
American comics writers
Living people
1977 births

masks:
Erica Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz
Schultz


title: Naive John

texts:
<mask> (born Ian Wylie; 18 October 1962) is a British artist and figurative painter. His work shows attention to detail with subjects that combine elements from popular culture alongside the mythic and mundane. He has also in the past been involved in the Stuckism art movement. Art

Naive <mask> is a self-taught artist. Early work like The Blue Man (1988) with its use of flattened space and cartoon imagery predates Lowbrow art and Pop Surrealism and is indicative of the artist's maverick approach to art production. His current paintings combine mythological, surreal and popular images juxtaposed with Liverpool's urban setting. They often refer to concerns for the environment with a humorous element.The painting Sefton Park – Genetically Modified is a good example of the issues the artist has explored. In other paintings figures are shown in isolation and appear pensive and alienated from the rest of society. The relationship between the difficulty facing ordinary human beings making moral choices when they have to face hostile environmental factors is portrayed in Toxteth Cherub. A new commission The Chav-ant Garde sees the artist returning to his pop culture roots. The painting is at once a depiction of the artist's dysfunctional family and a satire on media manipulated public outrage based around the stereotype of the chav. The family members are derived from the popular children's television series Teletubbies and In The Night Garden. Naive <mask> works very slowly, late at night, producing an average of three paintings a year.He uses water-based oil paints and his paintings are built up in layers using a variety of techniques: old master's Flemish methods, digital manipulation, sgraffito, rubbing with fingers, wiping paint off with a kitchen towel and other innovative methods. His work is represented in private and public collections, including the Hunterian Museum, Scotland and the David Roberts Collection. Life
Naive <mask> was born Ian Wylie in Poole, Dorset, his family moving to Glasgow when he was two years of age. He attended Cumbernauld High School, Glasgow 1973–79. During the period 1979–83 he took part in a youth training scheme, where amongst other things he played cards. In 1983 he was accepted without academic qualifications as an exceptional student at Greys School of Art, Aberdeen, but was later expelled. Within two years he had sold a painting Yellow Envy to Edwin Morgan, Scotland's Poet Laureate and won an award for his short experimental animation film Phobia.In 1998 he fled to Liverpool after a homophobic knife attack. Intensive psychotherapy followed during 1998 in an attempt to come to terms with his past traumatic experiences. He has since been diagnosed as suffering from dysthymia. Throughout his periods of illness he continued to produce drawings and paintings albeit in limited numbers. Ex-Vaselines front woman Frances McKee commissioned the artist to create several CD covers for her band Suckle. In 2003 he started a BA (Hons) Art History course at Liverpool John Moores University, where he won the Susan Cotton Travel Scholarship. He adopted the name Naive <mask> in 2004 and founded the Liverpool Stuckist group.He adopted the pseudonym <mask> <mask> as a means of distancing himself from mainstream artistic concerns of being "relevant", "fashionable" and "cutting edge". In 2004 his work was included in The Stuckists Punk Victorian show at the Walker Art Gallery during the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. This exhibition was a definitive showing of the Stuckist oeuvre at a national gallery and marked a key point in the development of the art movement. In October 2006 he curated and exhibited in Triumph of Stuckism. His painting  The Other  was the central image featured on promotional literature and attracted the attention of influential collector David Roberts. In 2007 <mask> <mask> was invited to exhibit his work as part of the Fellow Travellers touring group exhibition at Salford Museum alongside <mask> and BP Portrait Award winner
Sadie Lee. Salford Museum commissioned the artist in 2008 to produce public art to display on billboard spaces in Salford as part of Walkabout; a joint project with The Lowry.He exhibited in the Fellow Travellers show which took place in Korpfulstadir, Reykjavík, Iceland July 2008. Triumph of Stuckism
At the invitation of Professor Colin Fallows, Chair of Research at Liverpool School of Art and Design, <mask> <mask> led The Triumph of Stuckism, an international symposium on Stuckism announced for October 2006 at the Liverpool John Moores University during the Liverpool Biennial, along with an accompanying exhibition in the 68 Hope Gallery at Liverpool School of Art and Design (John Moores University Gallery). The title of the symposium is a reference to the Triumph of Painting shows staged in 2005 by Charles Saatchi, and according to The Independent newspaper, "Charles Saatchi is about to become the latest victim of a critical mauling from the people of Liverpool", whose "finest academics are meeting to slag off the secretive collector." It marks a new step for the artists: "The Stuckists have gained some academic credibility after being dismissed as a media freak-show." <mask> <mask> chaired the symposium, which was announced as a day of illustrated lectures, presented by leading Stuckist artists and independent art historians. Booked speakers included: Guy Denning, Paul Harvey, Jacqueline Jones, Bill Lewis, Charles Thomson and Odysseus Yakoumakis. <mask> also curated the exhibition of Stuckist paintings.The event was part of the programme of the 2006 Liverpool Biennial, and followed the Stuckist show at the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. Artists exhibiting in the 2006 show included Philip Absolon, Godfrey Blow, <mask>, Jaime Braz, Guy Denning, <mask>, Ella Guru, Paul Harvey, <mask> <mask>, Jacqueline Jones, Peter Klint, Bill Lewis, Mike Mayhew, Jesse Richards, Kim Richardson, Mary Von Stockhausen, Charles Thomson and Odysseus Yakoumakis. See also
The Stuckists Punk Victorian
Stuckist demonstrations
Lowbrow art
Pop Surrealism

References
Milner, Frank ed. (2004), "The Stuckists Punk Victorian" National Museums Liverpool,

Footnotes

External links
Naive John official site
Fellow Travellers official site
Interview on MyArtSpace
Naive John on the Walker Art Gallery site
Naive John on Hunterian Museum's site
Naive John on Art in Liverpool

1962 births
20th-century British painters
British male painters
21st-century British painters
Stuckism
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
Living people
English contemporary artists
People with mood disorders

masks:
Naive John
John
John
John
John
Naive
John
Naive
John
Holly Johnson
Naive
John
Naive
John
John
John Bourne
John Geggie
Naive
John