title: David G. Hebert

texts:
<mask><mask> (; born 1972) is a musicologist and comparative educationist, employed as Professor of Music at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (Bergen, Norway), where he leads the Grieg Academy Music Education (GAME) research group. He has contributed to the fields of music education, ethnomusicology, sociomusicology, comparative education, and East Asian Studies. Since 2018, he has been manager of the Nordic Network for Music Education, a multinational state-funded organization that sponsors intensive Master courses and exchange of university music lecturers and students across Northern Europe. He is also a visiting professor in Sweden with the Malmo Academy of Music at Lund University, and an honorary professor with the Education University of Hong Kong. He has previously been sponsored by East Asian governments as a visiting research scholar with Nichibunken in Kyoto, Japan, and the Central Conservatory of Music, in Beijing, China. Education and career
<mask> has worked for universities on five continents: Sibelius Academy, Boston University College of Fine Arts, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Te Wananga o Aotearoa, University of Southern Mississippi, Tokyo Gakugei University and the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. From 2012, he has also frequently lectured in Beijing for postgraduate seminars at China Conservatory, and in 2015 was a visiting professor in Brazil with the music PhD program at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.Across recent years <mask> has given keynote speeches for music conferences worldwide: Poland, Estonia, Sweden, Norway, China, Tanzania, and Uzbekistan. <mask> also serves on editorial boards of several scholarly journals, led the Historical Ethnomusicology group of the Society for Ethnomusicology (of which he is a Life member) in 2009–2011, and was editor of the 25th anniversary proceedings of the Nordic Association for Japanese and Korean Studies. He has also been active in development of innovative postgraduate programs: In northern Europe he collaborated in development of the Master of Global Music program, in China he has contributed to development of the Open Global Music Academy, and from 2021 he is in a project funded by Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation to develop PhD programs in Uganda. <mask> teaches intensive courses in the fields of arts policy and international higher education for an international PhD summer school in Norway and arts policy in Beijing for law students at China University of Political Science and Law. He also teaches a PhD course in Non-Western Educational Philosophy. He holds the PhD and MA degrees from University of Washington, and a BA degree from Pacific University. Research interests

<mask>'s research is published in several scholarly books and 35 different professional journals.Music competition in Japan
In 2012, <mask> published Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools, a book that identified the world's largest music competition and documented the experiences of its participants. With more than 14,000 competing wind bands and widely admired performances, Japan is an especially important nation for instrumental music education, and <mask>'s ethnographic and historical monograph has been described in the journal Music Education Research as "the most comprehensive information about concert (wind) band participation in any country." According to a review in the British Journal of Music Education, "<mask> delved deep under the surface of the seemingly everyday where he discovered anomalies and cultural specifics that are unlike anything found in the West ... His book performs the remarkable: a call to explore new ways of doing high school band programmes differently." A sociologist with Tokyo Metropolitan University has said that this book "can serve as an important reference and inform the decisions of those attempting to advance changes to the educational system." The book also describes Japanese composers, and has been used for concert program notes by prominent conductors, such as Eugene Corporon, and Timothy Reynish (who describes it as "compulsory reading for anyone interested in Japanese music") This book helps to explain why music competitions are a global phenomenon. Music globalization, transculturation and hybridity
According to Roberta Pike, <mask> asserts that "research is needed to explore the role of culture in music education." From a global perspective, <mask> has examined how musical practices, technologies, and genres are adopted into new contexts, including educational and religious traditions within institutions.In addition to research on Japanese composers, he has studied brass bands among Tongans and New Zealand Maori, jazz and popular music in the United States, Christmas music in Finland, multicultural and indigenous music education in Guyana, the learning of Indian music outside of Asia, and some cross-cultural music exchange projects in New Zealand and Ghana. <mask> has written of inherent tensions between originality and institutionalization, and contends that musical hybrid projects should be "recognized as the potential wellsprings of new musical traditions." In 2008 at Boston University, he taught a course on the topic of "Music Transculturation and Hybridity". <mask>'s research on this topic builds on the scholarship of Bruno Nettl, Margaret Kartomi, Mark Slobin, Timothy Taylor, and Tina Ramnarine. He twice served as keynote speaker for conferences on Music and Globalization in Poland, and the resulting book Music Glocalization has been described as "highly original" and "the first comprehensive account of how the notion of ‘glocalization’ may be useful in rethinking nationality in music and the use of local musical traditions that serve as a means for global strategies." In the book, <mask> collaborated with Polish musicologist Mikolaj Rykowski to introduce theoretical models and the term ‘glocklization’, which combines the glocal concept with a Glock pistol, to indicate unbalanced forms of glocalization perceived as destructive to cultural heritage. Pluralism and music institutions
<mask>'s work has also addressed the challenges of representing cultural diversity and embracing pluralism in music education, claiming for music a unique role in intercultural communication.He has advocated for popular music pedagogy and world music pedagogy as innovative approaches for reaching a wider population of students. Teacher educators have noted that <mask> "guides the reader toward a sociological understanding" of diversity, and offers "suggestions for 'empowering music teachers to respond appropriately to the complexity of ethnic differences'." Extending in directions pioneered by his PhD mentor Patricia Shehan Campbell, <mask> has also written of "the challenges of multicultural teaching in music" and "the central role that ethnic identity plays in musical meaning and engagement." His research in this area has often been in collaboration with Nordic scholars, including Eva Saether and Marja Heimonen. Along with William Coppola and Patricia Shehan Campbell, he co-authored Teaching World Music in Higher Education as vol.7 of the Routledge World Music Pedagogy series. Nationalism in music education
<mask> co-edited with Alexandra Kertz-Welzel (professor and chair, University of Munich), the 2012 book Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education. This book includes contributions by music education researchers from several continents, and according to History of Education, discusses "how music contributes to the creation of an emotional climate in schools, and its function in fostering the formation of particular loyalties, identities and dispositions."Music psychologist John Sloboda described this book as "a 'must read' resource for anyone interested in this topic." According to a review in Fontes Artis Musicae, <mask> and Kertz-Welzel pose "challenging questions about the role of music teachers in propagating and inculcating patriotic sentiments", and the book is relevant beyond the sociology of music, to any "scholars engaged in researching comparative and political educational issues." Elsewhere, <mask> has argued that "intercultural music transmission" enables national boundaries to be positively transcended via music participation. Historical ethnomusicology
<mask>'s interests in global music historiography developed as he explored such topics as how European music was adopted in Japan, and how the American genres of jazz and rock music ironically struggled to gain acceptance in American schools. In 2014 he produced a book with Jonathan McCollum (Washington College) entitled Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology. Through use of "a broad spectrum of geocultural examples, the volume includes several engaging strategies for using and writing about history in order to understand the world's musics". Ethnomusicologists Keith Howard, Daniel M. Neuman and Judah Cohen contributed chapters.<mask> now edits a book series in this field with Jonathan McCollum for Rowman and Littlefield press,  The Lexington Series in Historical Ethnomusicology: Deep Soundings. Music technology, virtuality, and online music education
<mask> has also been active in researching the application of new technologies in online music education and research. Prior to becoming interested in "big data", he authored an article examining the challenges of educating music teachers in a fully online doctoral program (at Boston University). This sparked some debate – with Kenneth H. Phillips, among others – that led to further publications on projects in Europe and Africa that made use of the Internet to support intercultural music exchange. <mask>'s interests in music technology brought him to collaborations with Alex Ruthmann, and projects on music and virtuality  as well as digital humanities and "big data" approaches with Danish computer scientist and computational musicologist Kristoffer Jensen. East Asian studies
<mask> has researched music in Japan, where he lived for about 5 years, and he often lectures for leading universities and conservatories in China. He has published several articles and book chapters on western music in Japan (and Korea), and developed International Perspectives on Translation, Education, and Innovation in Japanese and Korean Societies (Springer), the 25th anniversary proceedings of the Nordic Association for Japanese and Korean Studies.The journal Korean Studies notes that this book's "chapters echo the broader theme that language and translation are a font of innovation in East Asian society. This is a provocative idea, and the book does identify some tantalizing evidence." <mask> has also drawn attention to East Asian arts through the International Sociological Association. Philosophical orientation
<mask> claims that postmodernist discourse no longer offers an adequate explanation for contemporary musical practices, and that most music philosophy suffers from an ethnocentric orientation. Rather, he advocates a global-historical perspective: that humanity has recently exited a period of "digital prehistory" to enter a phase of "data saturation" through ubiquitous mass surveillance, causing conditions he describes as "glocalimbodied," meaning that local and global forces converge to "stamp" the identities of individual actors suspended within a social structure shaped by participatory media. <mask> also argues that music, now most commonly consumed in digital form, may be understood as "content" in a "selfie-stick society". In his view, this new context results in music creation and consumption increasingly transcending earlier connections to space and time, engendering both a blurring and reactionary institutionalization of local genres and historical styles.Consequently, <mask> contends that music education policies and practices should be re-envisioned to emphasize individual originality and empowerment via a musicianship of "flexibility", with inclusion of marginalized traditions, cultivation of both acoustic and digital competencies, and rejection of any ties to "aesthetic fundamentalism", techno-utopianism, militarism and nationalism. Music scholars have noted that <mask> "believes music education will become more relevant and effective when it attends more completely to 'creative agency via technology and musical hybridity'," and that "Music learned in school should have some connection to the music the student engages with outside of school and that musicianship should be understood as an ‘embodied practice situated in sociocultural contexts’." An advocate for increased contemporary music, music technology, and popular music in schools, <mask> nevertheless warns that these should not be seen as panacea for poor teaching or inadequate funding and facilities, and that historical traditions – including the heritage of "classical" art music – still legitimately require ample space in school education. He also developed an Ensemble Ethos Model to explain how conductors and ensemble directors can nurture a culture of musical achievement. Overall, <mask>'s work especially promotes the value of internationalism in teacher education, and emphasizes the importance of an international-comparative perspective for envisioning improvements to educational policies and practices. Criticism. While largely accepted, some of <mask>'s conclusions have faced opposition from other scholars.His research in Japan controversially suggests that some important aspects of music history are inaccurately "remembered", and he has argued that similar issues may be found in common music history textbooks in the US and elsewhere. <mask> asserts that music contests can have not only positive, but also negative consequences for participants and the musical traditions they display, and require careful design for desirable outcomes. Some music educators defend traditional pedagogies that <mask> and others claim need to be redeveloped or supplemented with new approaches. Robert Walker and Roger Scruton would disagree with <mask>'s position regarding the value of popular music pedagogy. Vincent Bates has argued that a "cosmopolitan" perspective may already receive excessive emphasis in the field of music education, while Thomas Adam Regelski has suggested that "culture" – a concept emphasized in much of <mask>'s writings – is too imprecise to be useful to music teachers. Musical activities
Primarily employed as a professor, <mask> continues to perform as a professional musician in various genres, and teaches a course in songwriting. A jazz trumpeter and classical bass baritone singer, in 2013–2015 he had occasional work as a professional chorus member (Edvard Grieg Kor) with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, Bergen National Opera, and Berlin Philharmonic.In the 1990s, <mask> performed as singer-songwriter with Portland, Oregon-based alternative rock band Post Impression, which shared stages with The Posies, Heatmiser and Everclear. He later played as a member of Zimbabwean band Maichi Maraire and Kubatana, Seattle-based Cuban salsa band Son de Cinco a Siete, and his own jazz groups. Moving to Tokyo, he performed as trumpeter and vocalist in the duo Jazz de Iitomo with Johnny Todd, jazz pianist/arranger and former bandleader for Don Ho. Together with Todd, he recorded an album for vocalist Midori Takamura and had a few appearances with Mika Todd from hit J-Pop group Minimoni. In 2003, he also developed an original opera in Japan in collaboration with Belgian artist Eric Van Hove and electronic musician Kenji Williams. In New Zealand, he performed as a trumpeter with Auckland Symphony Orchestra and Manukau Symphony Orchestra, and in Russia he recorded with the experimental free improvisation group Moscow Conservatory Pan-Asian Ensemble. Books

References

Music educators
American music educators
Ethnomusicologists
Educators from Seattle
American non-fiction writers
Musicologists
American musicologists
American writers about music
Living people
1972 births
University of Washington alumni
Pacific University alumni
American expatriates in Norway
Sociomusicologists
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences faculty

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title: H. R. McMaster

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born July 24, 1962) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as the 26th United States National Security Advisor from 2017 to 2018. He is also known for his roles in the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Born in Philadelphia, <mask> graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1984, and later earned a Ph.D. in American history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His Ph.D. thesis was critical of American strategy and military leadership during the Vietnam War and served as the basis for his book Dereliction of Duty, which is widely read in the United States military. During the Gulf War, <mask> served as a captain in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, taking part in the Battle of 73 Easting. After the Gulf War, <mask> was a military history professor at the United States Military Academy from 1994 to 1996, became a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a Consulting Senior Fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). He held a series of staff positions in the United States Central Command.In 2004, he took command of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment and fought the Iraqi insurgency in Tal Afar. He became a top counterinsurgency advisor to General David Petraeus before serving as the Director of the Army Capabilities Integration Center. He also served as the Deputy to the Commander for Planning of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and, in 2014, became Deputy Commanding General of the Army Training and Doctrine Command. In February 2017, <mask> succeeded Michael Flynn as President Donald Trump's National Security Advisor. He remained on active duty as a lieutenant general while serving as National Security Advisor, and retired in May 2018. <mask> resigned as National Security Advisor on March 22, 2018, effective April 9, and accepted an academic appointment to Stanford University in 2018. McMaster is the Fouad and Michelle Ajami Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, the Bernard and Susan Liautaud Visiting Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a lecturer in management at the Stanford Graduate School of Business.Early life
<mask> was born in Philadelphia on July 24, 1962. His father, <mask> Sr. was a veteran of the Korean War who retired from the Army as a lieutenant colonel of Infantry. His mother, Marie C. "Mimi" <mask> (née Curcio), was a school teacher and administrator. He has a younger sister, Letitia. He attended Norwood Fontbonne Academy, graduating in 1976; and high school at Valley Forge Military Academy, graduating in 1980. He earned a commission as a second lieutenant upon graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1984. McMaster earned a Master of Arts and Ph.D. in American history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC).His thesis was critical of American strategy in the Vietnam War, which was further detailed in his book Dereliction of Duty (1997). The book explores the military's role in the policies of the Vietnam War. It harshly criticized high-ranking officers of the era, arguing that they inadequately challenged Secretary of Defense <mask>ra and President Lyndon B. Johnson on their Vietnam strategy. The book examines McNamara and Johnson's staff alongside the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other high-ranking military officers, and their failure to provide a successful plan of action either to pacify a Viet Cong insurgency or to decisively defeat the North Vietnamese Army. <mask> also details why military actions intended to indicate "resolve" or to "communicate" ultimately failed when trying to accomplish sparsely detailed, confusing, and conflicting military objectives. The book was reportedly much read in Pentagon circles and included in military reading lists. Military career

<mask>'s first assignment after commissioning was to the 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood, where he served in a variety of platoon and company-level leadership assignments with 1st Battalion 66th Armor Regiment.In 1989, he was assigned to the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment at Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany, where he served until 1992, including deployment to Operation Desert Storm. During the Gulf War in 1991 <mask> was a captain commanding Eagle Troop of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of 73 Easting. During that battle, though significantly outnumbered and encountering the enemy by surprise as McMaster's lead tank crested a dip in the terrain, the nine tanks of his troop destroyed 28 Iraqi Republican Guard tanks without loss in 23 minutes. McMaster was awarded the Silver Star. The now famous battle is featured in several books about Operation Desert Storm and is widely referred to in US Army training exercises. It was also discussed in Tom Clancy's 1994 popular nonfiction book Armored Cav. McMaster served as a military history professor at West Point from 1994 to 1996, teaching among other things the battles in which he fought.He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1999. <mask> commanded 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment from 1999 to 2002, and then took a series of staff positions at U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM), including planning and operations roles in Iraq. In his next job, as lieutenant colonel and later colonel, <mask> worked on the staff of USCENTCOM as executive officer to Deputy Commander Lieutenant General John Abizaid. When Abizaid received four-star rank and became Central Command's head, <mask> served as Director, Commander's Advisory Group (CAG), described as the command's brain trust. In 2003 <mask> completed an Army War College research fellowship at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. In 2004, he was assigned to command the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3rd ACR). Shortly after <mask> took command the regiment deployed for its second tour in Iraq and was assigned the mission of securing the city of Tal Afar.That mission culminated in September with Operation Restoring Rights and the defeat of the city's insurgent strongholds. President George W. Bush praised this success, and the PBS show Frontline broadcast a documentary in February 2006 featuring interviews with <mask>. CBS's 60 Minutes produced a similar segment in July, and the operation was the subject of an article in the April 10, 2006, issue of The New Yorker. Author <mask> has written that the pioneering tactics employed by 3rd ACR led to the first success in overcoming the Iraqi insurgency. Before 2005, tactics included staying out of dangerous urban areas except on patrols, with US forces returning to their bases each night. These patrols had little success in turning back the insurgency because local Iraqis who feared retaliation would very rarely assist in identifying them to US forces. <mask> deployed his soldiers into Tal Afar on a permanent basis, and once the local population grew confident that they weren't going to withdraw nightly, the citizens began providing information on the insurgents, enabling US forces to target and defeat them.After hearing of <mask>'s counterinsurgency success in Tal Afar, Vice President Dick Cheney invited <mask> to personally brief him on the situation in Iraq and give an assessment on what changes needed to be made to American strategy. <mask> passed command of the 3rd ACR on June 29, 2006, and joined the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, as a Senior Research Associate tasked to "conduct research to identify opportunities for improved multi-national cooperation and political-military integration in the areas of counterinsurgency, counter-terrorism, and state building", and to devise "better tactics to battle terrorism." From August 2007 to August 2008, <mask> was part of an "elite team of officers advising U.S. commander" General David Petraeus on counterinsurgency operations while Petraeus directed revision of the Army's Counterinsurgency Field Manual during his command of the Combined Arms Center. Petraeus and most of his team were stationed in Fort Leavenworth at the time but <mask> collaborated remotely, according to senior team member John Nagl. Based on his date of rank as a colonel, <mask> was considered for promotion to brigadier general by annual Department of the Army selection boards in 2006 and 2007 but was not selected, despite his reputation as one of "the most celebrated soldiers of the Iraq War." Though the Army's rationale for whether a given officer is selected is not made public, <mask>'s initial non-selection attracted considerable media attention. In late 2007, Secretary of the Army Pete Geren requested that Petraeus return from Iraq to take charge of the promotion board as a way to ensure that the best performers in combat received every consideration for advancement, resulting in <mask>'s selection along with other colonels who had been identified as innovative thinkers.In August 2008, <mask> assumed duties as Director, Concept Development and Experimentation (later renamed Concept Development and Learning), in the Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC) at Fort Monroe, Virginia, part of U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. In this position he was involved in preparing doctrine to guide the Army over the next 10 to 20 years. He was promoted on June 29, 2009. Of the 978 members of the West Point Class of 1984 commissioned into the U.S. Army, <mask> was the second promoted to General Officer. In July 2010 he was selected to be the J-5, Deputy to the Commander for Planning, at ISAF (International Security Assistance Forces) Headquarters in Kabul, Afghanistan. <mask> was nominated for major general on January 23, 2012, and selected to be the commander of the Army's Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning. In February 2014, Defense Secretary <mask> nominated <mask> for lieutenant general and in July 2014, McMaster pinned on his third star when he began his duties as Deputy Commanding General of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command and Director of TRADOC's Army Capabilities Integration Center.Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey remarked in 2011 that <mask> was "probably our best Brigadier General." <mask> made Times list of the 100 most influential people in the world in April 2014. He was hailed as "the architect of the future U.S. Army" in the accompanying piece written by retired Lt. Gen. David Barno, who commanded U.S. and allied forces in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005. "Major General <mask> <mask> might be the 21st century Army's pre-eminent warrior-thinker," Barno wrote, commenting on <mask>'s "impressive command and unconventional exploits in the second Iraq war." Barno also wrote, "Recently tapped for his third star, <mask>. is also the rarest of soldiers—one who has repeatedly bucked the system and survived to join its senior ranks." In 2014, retired Army Gen. Jack Keane, a former Army vice chief, commented, "It is heartening to see the Army reward such an extraordinary general officer who is a thought leader and innovator while also demonstrating sheer brilliance as a wartime brigade commander."<mask> requested his retirement from the Army following his March 22, 2018 resignation as President Trump's National Security Adviser, asking that he leave the service "this summer." National Security Advisor
On February 20, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump nominated <mask> for National Security Advisor following the resignation of Michael T. Flynn on February 13. McMaster said at the time that he intended "to remain on active duty while he serves as national security advisor." Because <mask> intended to remain on active duty, his official assumption of the National Security Advisor's duties and responsibilities required a United States Senate vote; lieutenant generals and generals require Senate confirmation of their rank and assignments. On March 6, 2017, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted 23–2 to recommend to the full Senate that <mask> be confirmed for reappointment at his lieutenant general rank during his service as the National Security Advisor. The committee recommendation was referred to the Senate on March 7, and the full Senate confirmed McMaster by a vote of 86–10 on March 15, 2017. In early August, <mask> was targeted by what some deemed a "smear campaign" after he fired several National Security Council staff members.White House officials and journalists suspected Steve Bannon of leading these attacks. Attorney Mike Cernovich, radio host Alex Jones and Breitbart News were among the foremost promoters of the anti-McMaster campaign; Cernovich's website for the campaign also included a cartoon depicting <mask>, which the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) labeled antisemitic. In addition, the Center for Security Policy criticized <mask> for being insufficiently conservative and for not supporting Trump's agenda. The anti-<mask> campaign prompted dismissive responses by administration officials, and a statement from Trump affirming his confidence in <mask>. According to reports, <mask> had called Trump a "dope" in July 2017, which a spokesman for the National Security Council denied saying "Actual participants in the dinner deny that General <mask> made any of the comments attributed to him by anonymous sources. Those false comments represent the diametric opposite of General <mask>'s actual views". In February 2018, <mask> said that it was "incontrovertible" that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election.<mask>, who spoke a day after a federal grand jury indicted more than a dozen Russians in connection with the interference, was addressing an international audience at the Munich Security Conference, including several Russian officials. Dismissal
On March 15, 2018, it was reported that Trump had decided to dismiss <mask> from his position at a later, unspecified date. White House Press Secretary <mask> Sanders denied the reports in a tweet, claiming nothing had changed at the National Security Council. On March 22, 2018, <mask> resigned as National Security Advisor after conflicts with Trump, and disagreements with him on key foreign policy strategies, including the administration's approach to Iran, Russia, and North Korea. He said in a statement that he planned to retire from the military sometime in the next few months. According to reports, the military was resistant to promoting <mask> and granting him a follow-on assignment, while McMaster was not inclined to accept the positions that were offered. Trump announced John Bolton, former U.S.Ambassador to the United Nations, as <mask>'s replacement. <mask>'s ousting closely followed the departures of several other high-ranking officials in the administration, including Trump's longtime assistant and communications director <mask>, national economic advisor Gary Cohn, and Secretary of State <mask>." As with Tillerson's dismissal, Trump first announced <mask>'s departure from the administration via a public tweet. <mask>'s retirement ceremony was held on May 18, 2018. It took place at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, and was presided over by General Mark A. Milley, the Army Chief of Staff. Among the decorations and honors <mask> received was a third award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal. Post-military career
HarperCollins published <mask>'s memoir, Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World in September 2020.Positive reviews of the book included Cliff May, Founder and President of Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD), who said of the book "...with H.R.’s thoughtful, substantive, and intellectual approach. Battlegrounds lives up to this expectation, and then some. As a historian, as well as a soldier and strategist, General <mask> explores the development of the complex challenges facing America in the 21st Century. ", and Steve Cohen, an attorney at Pollock Cohen LLP in New York and a former member of the U.S. Naval Institute Board of Directors, who said it was "...a sober, thoughtful, intelligent volume that deserves shelf space for anyone serious about U.S. foreign policy in the first part of the 21st century." Negative reviews included Spencer Ackerman, who said the book "is disinterested in shedding any significant light on the Trump administration...The geopolitical perspective <mask> offers in Battlegrounds, in keeping with his year as national security adviser, pretends that Trump hasn't happened. ", and Gregory A. Daddis, who wrote of the book, "The entire treatise is an advertisement for coercive diplomacy, yet offers little exploration of the potential consequences of constant coercion of others, and of the increased risk of war that follows."In September 2018, <mask> began work as a Bernard and Susan Liautaud Visiting Fellow at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. He was appointed to the Fouad and Michelle Ajami Senior Fellowship at the Hoover Institution and serves as a lecturer in management at the University's Graduate School of Business, effective September 1, 2018, as that institution had announced on July 2 that year. <mask> is a member of the Atlantic Council's Board of Directors, and in 2019 became an Advisory Board Member of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization that supports deployed US personnel. In 2020, <mask> became a board member of Zoom Video Communications , and advisor to  Mischler Financial Group Inc. He is Chairman of Ergo's Flashpoints Forum, a consultancy firm. In September 2021, <mask> joined the advisory board of the geospatial-intelligence corporation Edgybees. At the end of 2021, he joined the advisory board of the artificial intelligence corporation C3 AI.In January 2022, he joined the advisory board of Strider Technologies, a software firm focused on economic statecraft risk vis-à-vis strategic competition with China. Decorations and badges

See also

References

Further reading
 Fred Kaplan, The Insurgents: David Petraeus and the Plot to Change the American Way of War, 2013, Simon & Schuster,

External links

 "H.R. McMaster: The Warrior's-Eye View of Afghanistan", Wall Street Journal interview May 11, 2012
 Online Video of Frontline program The Insurgency, see part 4. Nov 2003 Crack in the Foundation: Defense Transformation and the Underlying Assumption of Dominant Knowledge in Future War, <mask>. McMaster (PDF)
 Lieutenant General <mask>. <mask>: Visiting Fellow Biography, at the Hoover Institution

1962 births
American politicians of Italian descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American male non-fiction writers
American military historians
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Living people
Military personnel from Philadelphia
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
Tank personnel
Trump administration personnel
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States National Security Advisors
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Valley Forge Military Academy and College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
American academics
Historians from Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Humanitarian Service Medal
Foreign Policy Research Institute

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title: Tyler Higbee

texts:
<mask> (born January 1, 1993) is an American football tight end for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Western Kentucky University and was drafted by the Rams in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL Draft. Early years
<mask> was born in Clearwater, Florida. He attended East Lake High School in Tarpon Springs, Florida, where he was a two-sport athlete, in football and baseball. A standout in football, he was named MVP of his team, playing as a wide receiver for the Eagles. College career
Considered a two-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> attended Western Kentucky University to play college football for the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers. He caught 15 passes for 230 yards and four touchdowns his junior year.He caught 38 passes for 563 yards and eight touchdowns his senior year. He was considered one of the best tight ends prospects in college football. Collegiate statistics

Professional career

On December 14, 2015, it was announced that <mask> had accepted his invitation to play in the 2016 Senior Bowl. On January 23, 2016, <mask>'s representatives from Select Sports Group announced they had pulled <mask> from the Senior Bowl due to the knee sprain he suffered during the season. <mask> was one of 15 collegiate tight ends to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was unable to perform any drills due to his knee injury, but met with teams and had measurements taken. On March 29, 2016, <mask> attended Western Kentucky's pro day, along with Brandon Doughty, Prince Charles Iworah, George Fant, and 11 other prospects.Although he was unable to physically perform, <mask> met with scouts and team representatives and scouts, including St. Louis Rams' General Manager Les Snead. During the draft process, he had private meeting with the Denver Broncos and New Orleans Saints. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a fourth or fifth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the fourth best tight end prospect in the draft by Sports Illustrated and the fifth best tight end by NFLDraftScout.com. <mask> was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the fourth round (110th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. He was the 27th player selected in the NFL Draft in Western Kentucky's school history and the highest selection since Joseph Jefferson in 2002. He also was the first player selected from Western Kentucky in 2016 and along with Brandon Doughty, and Prince Charles Iworah, made up the largest draft class in the school's history.2016 season: Rookie year
On June 9, 2016, the Rams signed him to a four-year, $2.92 million rookie contract that includes a signing bonus of $580,860. Throughout training camp, he competed for the job as starting tight end against Lance Kendricks, Cory Harkey, Justice Cunningham, and Temarrick Hemingway. Head coach Jeff Fisher named <mask> the third tight end on the Rams' depth chart, behind veterans Lance Kendricks and Cory Harkey. <mask> made his first NFL start and NFL debut in the Rams' season-opener at the San Francisco 49ers and caught one pass for two yards during their 28–0 loss. His first NFL reception came on the first pass of the game of a two-yard throw by quarterback Case Keenum, before he was tackled by Tank Carradine and Eric Reid. In Week 9, <mask> caught one pass for a season-high 31-yards during a 13–10 loss to the Carolina Panthers. On December 24, 2016, he caught two passes for five yards and a touchdown as the Rams lost 22–21 to the 49ers.His first NFL touchdown came on a two-yard pass by rookie quarterback Jared Goff in the fourth quarter to put the Rams up 21–7. <mask> completed his rookie season with 11 receptions for 85 receiving yards and a touchdown in 16 games, with seven starts. 2017 season
<mask> entered training camp competing for the starting tight end job left vacant by the departure of Lance Kendricks to the Green Bay Packers in free agency. He competed against rookie second round pick Gerald Everett, Cory Harkey, and Temarrick Hemingway. New head coach Sean McVay named him the starting tight end to begin the 2017 season. <mask> started in the Rams' season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts and made two receptions for 17 yards during a 46–9 victory. On October 8, 2017, he caught a season-high four passes for 98-yards in a 16–10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks.During a Week 9 matchup at the New York Giants, <mask> caught an 8-yard touchdown as the Rams won 51–17. In his first season under McVay, <mask> caught 25 receptions for 298 yards and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. The Rams finished the 2017 season atop the NFC West with an 11–5 record and received a playoff berth. On January 6, 2018, <mask> started his first NFL playoff game and had an 11-yard reception as the Rams lost to the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 26–13. 2018 season
<mask> again started all 16 games for the Rams and his receptions (24) and receiving yards (292) came close to matching his 2017 totals, while he had a career-high two touchdown receptions. He caught touchdown passes from Jared Goff in the Rams' victories over the Arizona Cardinals (34–0) and Seattle Seahawks (36–31), and he had a career-high six receptions (for 63 yards) in the Rams' 54–51 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. The Rams repeated as NFC West champions and hosted the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Divisional playoff.<mask> had two receptions for 30 yards in the win, which advanced Los Angeles to the NFC Championship Game. Against the New Orleans Saints, he caught four passes for 25 yards, including a one-yard touchdown from Goff in the third quarter that narrowed the score to 20–17. In overtime, <mask> had two catches for 18 yards on the Rams' game-winning drive, which ended in Greg Zuerlein's 57-yard field goal to send the Rams to Super Bowl LIII. In a defensive struggle against the New England Patriots, <mask> was held without a reception in the Rams' 13–3 loss. 2019 season
On September 5, 2019, <mask> signed a four-year, $31 million ($15.5 million guaranteed) contract extension that will keep him with the Rams through the 2023 season. During Week 13 against the Arizona Cardinals, <mask> finished with seven catches for 107 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Rams won 34–7. During Sunday Night Football against the Seattle Seahawks in Week 14, <mask> finished with 116 receiving yards as the Rams won 28–12.In Week 15 against the Dallas Cowboys, <mask> caught 12 passes for 111 yards as the Rams lost 21–44. During Saturday Night Football against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 16, <mask> finished with 104 receiving yards as the Rams lost 31–34 and were eliminated from playoff contention. Overall, <mask> finished the 2019 season with 69 receptions for 734 receiving yards (both career highs) and three receiving touchdowns. 2020 season
In Week 2 of the 2020 season, <mask> recorded five receptions for 54 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns in the 37–19 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. <mask> would finish the season with 44 receptions for 521 yards and a career-high five touchdowns. 2021 season
Playing in all but one game, <mask> totaled 61 receptions for 560 yards and equaled his five touchdown catches from a year earlier. During the season, <mask> became the Los Angeles Rams' all-time leader in receptions (234) and receiving yards (2,487) by a tight end, surpassing marks set previously by Lance Kendricks and Billy Truax, respectively.His 17 career TD receptions is tied with Kendricks for second-most in team history behind Damone Johnson. In the playoffs, <mask> set new postseason highs for receptions (nine) and yardage (115). However, in the NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> suffered a knee injury in the first quarter after catching two passes for 18 yards and missed the rest of the game. <mask> was later placed on injured reserve on February 12, 2022, the day before Super Bowl LVI. Without <mask>, the Rams won Super Bowl LVI against the Cincinnati Bengals 23-20. NFL statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Legal issues
On April 20, 2016, <mask> was charged with second-degree assault, alcohol intoxication in a public place and evading police, following an incident on April 10, which he brutally assaulted a man of Middle Eastern descent outside of Tidball's night club in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He was identified and arrested after fleeing the scene.According to the report, <mask> stated he encountered Nawaf Alsaleh multiple times. The first encounter happened outside of Dublin's Pub, where <mask> stated Alsaleh kept rubbing his head on his and his girlfriend's face multiple times and ignored persisted warnings to stop. <mask> also stated Alsaleh was calling his friends telling them to come to their location to fight <mask>." He was asked by an officer how he understood what Alsaleh said since he spoke a language he did not understand, and <mask> responded that he "just knew." Once at the jail, <mask> stated to the arresting officer "that Alsaleh never tried to fight him or come after him as if he was going to harm him." <mask> just said that, "Alsaleh got into his and (his girlfriend's) personal space so he hit Alsaleh," according to the report. Multiple witnesses said Alsaleh had his hands down and two white males were seen arguing with him and yelling ethnic slurs before hitting him once.Following the assault, <mask> was quoted as saying "ISIS these [expletive],” and “[expletive] you, go back to your country.” The victim, Nawaf Alsaleh, was found unconscious and unresponsive in the parking lot of the bar and was hospitalized with a brain hemorrhage and concussion. On July 24, 2017, <mask> pleaded guilty to assault under extreme emotional disturbance in Warren Circuit Court. Judge Steve Wilson accepted a plea agreement where <mask> must complete a pre-trial diversion program, serve 250 hours of community service, and pay restitution to the victim. Alsaleh returned to Saudi Arabia, but was able to meet with <mask> in person, where <mask> apologized and shook his hand. References

External links
 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers profile
  Los Angeles Rams profile

1993 births
Living people
American football tight ends
American football wide receivers
Los Angeles Rams players
Sportspeople from Clearwater, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football players

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title: Makoto Tamada

texts:
(born November 4, 1976 in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan) is a former Japanese professional motorcycle racer currently working as a rider instructor in Suzuka Racing School. He is one of the few riders to win races in both MotoGP and Superbike World Championship. Career

Early career
After a junior career in minibikes, he won a regional 250cc championship in 1994. He then spent 4 years in the main Japanese 250cc series, finishing 4th on a private bike in 1998. He entered the MFJ Superbike championship in 1999. He finished in the championship top 5 for the next 4 years, but came to international fame as a wild card in the Superbike World Championship round at Sugo, upsetting the regulars to win both races in 2001, and a further race in 2002, being the only rider other than Colin Edwards or Troy Bayliss to have won a race during the 2002 season. MotoGP World Championship
This helped earn him a call up to MotoGP in 2003, for Pramac Honda.The first season was a learning year, peaking with a 3rd place at Rio and two front row starts, finishing 11th overall. He joined Sito Pons' Camel Honda a year later. 2004 was his strongest MotoGP season to date, with wins at Rio and Motegi and 6th overall. He was the only Honda rider to use Bridgestone tyres, which appear to suit his style. The Konica Minolta Honda team was formed in late 2004 with him in mind, and he spent 2 years there using Michelin rubber. Unfortunately a broken wrist sustained early in the season prevented him from reaching the championship top 10, although he did finish 3rd at his home race. He was also short of top results in 2006.At the Sachsenring he ran 3rd early on, and was still in the top 6 when he went out wide to avoid Kenny Roberts, Jr. crashing, only to be hit by the American's riderless bike. In 2007 he joined the Tech 3 Yamaha team in MotoGP using Dunlop tyres, alongside French rider Sylvain Guintoli. He was generally outpaced by his rookie teammate and finished the season 18th. Superbike World Championship
He was left with no options in MotoGP so for  he turned his focus on the Superbike World Championship. Kawasaki expressed their desire to hire him, quoting: "<mask> has been a target for Kawasaki for some time and his signing consolidates the PSG-1 team and Kawasaki’s mutual commitment to gain success in the forthcoming season." He joins the Italian factory supported Kawasaki team, PSG-1 Kawasaki Corse, where he will pilot the all-new 2008 Kawasaki ZX-10R along with Frenchman Regis Laconi who rode for them in both  and . For 2009 he remained a factory Kawasaki rider, as they switched their support to the English Paul Bird Motorsport team, alongside Australian Broc Parkes.On October 6, 2009, Kawasaki announced that <mask> would not be offered a contract for 2010. His place will be taken by former MotoGP rider Chris Vermeulen. 2010
In 2010 <mask> returned to WSBK in a one-off outing for the Reitwagen BMW team at Portimao in Portugal. He retired from the first race and finished 19th in the second race. 2011
On July 31, 2011 <mask> competed in the Suzuka 8 Hour race for the Musashi RT Harc-Pro team. He rode alongside former 500cc racer Tadayuki Okada and Takumi Takahashi. The team eventually took third position in the race, roughly one and a half minutes after the winning team finished.In late August it was announced that <mask> will race in the Nurburgring round of the 2011 World Superbike Championship for the Castrol Honda team. He will replace Spaniard Ruben Xaus who is sitting out the race due to a back injury. 2012
<mask> was appointed official trainer of the inaugural Asia Dream Cup season by Honda in 2012. The Asia Dream Cup races with Honda CBR250R. Two riders from each Asian country is selected. <mask> was appointed to train the young riders to one day become a World Championship rider. In July, <mask> competed in the Suzuka 8 Hours with Honda Team Asia.Teammates were Malaysian rider, Azlan Shah Kamaruzaman and Japanese veteran, Chojun Kameya. They qualified 10th. Early mechanical problems forced them to a 25th finish. 2013
Honda and <mask>'s agency, Speed of Japan both announced <mask>'s full time ride in the Asia Road Racing Championship in the Supersports 600 class with MUSASHi Boon Siew Honda Racing, the factory team for Honda in the series. He is replacing in Ryuichi Kiyonari, who won the title in 2012 and has gone back to BSB in 2013. <mask>, stating that it took him more time to get used to a 600cc machine at the beginning of the season, actually made it fast. He got his first podium finish at Race 2 of Round 1 in Sepang.He then got his first win at Race 1 at Round 3, and went on winning Race 2. However, he suffered the later half of the season from injuries he got from a crash during the Suzuka 8 Hours practice. Fractures of the left clavicle and scapula, as well as fractures on the left ankle were found. Furthermore, a minor amputation of the left middle finger was found. This made <mask> pull out of the Suzuka 8 Hours race, as well as, Round 4 and 5 of the Asia Road Racing Championship.

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title: Pushkar Sohoni

texts:
<mask> is an architect,  an architectural and cultural historian. He is an Associate Professor and the Chair of the department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. He is also a faculty member of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences (CAIDS) at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune. Education

<mask> attended Loyola High School (Pune). After graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degree from the University of Pune in 1999, he attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Design (then known as the Graduate School of Fine Arts) to get a Master of Science (M.S.) in Historic Preservation.In 2002, he wrote a Master's Thesis under the guidance of Prof. Frank Matero on preservation policy for the city walls of Cairo. From 2002, he was in the Department of History of Art of the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences while being a Graduate Advisor in Fisher-Hassenfeld College House. In 2010, he received his doctoral degree (Ph.D.) from the University of Pennsylvania for his dissertation on the architecture of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. He worked under the supervision of Prof. Michael W. Meister and Prof. Renata Holod. <mask> Sohoni was the post-doctoral fellow for Indo-Persian Studies in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia in 2010-2011, where he was a resident of Green College. Experience
In October 2016, <mask> <mask> joined the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune as an Assistant Professor, and became an Associate Professor in 2019. Before that, he worked as the South Asia Bibliographer and Librarian at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries, and a lecturer in the Department of South Asian Studies from 2011 to 2016.In this period, <mask> <mask> was in charge of the South Asia Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries, and wrote a "widely circulated blog post" on collecting practices for libraries. He was on the advisory board of the Title VI South Asia Center. <mask> <mask> Shahs has been cited in several popular and scholarly articles and essays. He has also written about language, scripts, numismatics, and material culture. <mask> <mask> often speaks at public events, and has led heritage walks.He often speaks on the local history of Pune. Dr. <mask> has lectured extensively on the architecture of the Deccan. He has lectured on several occasions at Jnanapravaha in Mumbai. He has also appeared in a documentary film Tales of Ahmednagar on historic Ahmednagar produced by Live History India, a portal for which he was one of the earliest contributors. He has also featured in other films on the kings of Ahmadnagar, such as The Mad King Murtaza. In January 2020, he was on a panel at the Kerala Literature Festival to discuss Tony Joseph's book Early Indians. He has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), the University of British Columbia, and Comenius University in Bratislava, in addition to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune.He has been a visiting critic at KRVIA. <mask> <mask> worked on conservation projects in Mesa Verde National Park and in the Saint Louis Cemetery in New Orleans, as part of the Centre for Architectural Conservation (then known as the Architectural Conservation Laboratory) at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the archaeological expedition to Iran in 2004, to excavate sites of the Jiroft culture. In 2005, he worked for the Architectural Heritage division of INTACH, New Delhi, working on the documentation of Durbar Hall in Qila Mubarak, Patiala. Since 2015, he is an Associate Editor of South Asian Studies (Journal of the British Association for South Asian Studies (BASAS)). <mask> <mask> is on the Board of Studies for Architecture (Department of Science and Technology), Savitribai Phule Pune University since 2018 and the Board of Studies for Architecture at Vishwakarma University since 2019. Awards

The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) awarded <mask> <mask> a Junior Research Fellowship in 2007-08.He was a member of the project Art Space and Mobility in the Early Ages of Globalization, organized by the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz. While in residence at Green College, University of British Columbia, <mask> <mask> served on the executive board of the Dining Committee, Residents' Council, and the Membership Committee. Along with Lisa Mitchell and Raili Roy, he won a Penn Global Engagement Fund Award for the academic year 2013-14, for undergraduate research and cultural immersion experiences in India for students. In 2013, he was a sub-reviewer for projects that had received the Aga Khan Architectural Award. He is interested in numismatics, and has lent coins to exhibitions, including the show Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. In 2016-17, he and C. Ryan Perkins won an award from the American Institute of Pakistan Studies (AIPS) to conduct workshops for the cataloging and preservation of the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu library in Karachi. <mask> <mask> was a non-residential visiting scholar of the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania in the year 2016-17.He has received research grants from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, and the Indian Council of Historical Research. Publications
In 2015, he authored a book, Aurangabad, with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar, focused on the sultanate architecture in the region. The book was quoted in a Bombay High Court order in 2018. In 2017, he co-authored with Kenneth X. Robbins, a book on the Jewish heritage in the western Deccan, titled Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan and Pune. In 2018, his book on the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar and their architectural legacy in 2018, called The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India was published. In 2021, he co-edited a book (with Torsten Tschacher) on the practices of Muharram across the world among South Asian communities. He has written extensively on the history of architecture, the Deccan sultanates, numismatics, socio-linguistics, and aspects of material culture.In 2017-2018, he wrote a fortnightly column called 'By the Wayside' for the Pune Mirror. He has been a consultant for the Sahapedia project on culturally mapping the city of Pune. Research Bibliography

Books
 (edited with Torsten Tschacher) Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora Beyond Mourning (New York: Routledge, 2021). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (London: I.B. Tauris, 2018). (with Kenneth X. Robbins) Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan, Pune (Mumbai: Jaico; Deccan Heritage Foundation, 2017). Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, Ahmadnagar (Mumbai: Jaico; Deccan Heritage Foundation, 2015).Research Essays and Articles
(with Torsten Tschacher) ‘Introduction’ in <mask> <mask> and Torsten Tschacher (eds. ), Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora: Beyond Mourning (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 1-11. ‘Visual language of piety and power: Ta’ziahs and temples in the Western Deccan’ in <mask> <mask> and Torsten Tschacher (eds. ), Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora: Beyond Mourning (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 41-52. (with John Mathew), ‘Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay’ in Ku-ming Chang and Alan J. Rocke (eds.), A Global History of Research Education: Disciplines, Institutions, and Nations, 1840-1950 History of Universities Series, vol. XXXIV no. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. 269-291. 'Postal Project: Rocket mail and the creation of the aero-philatelic market in India' in Culture, Continuity and Tradition: Disquisitions in Honour of Prof. Vasant Shinde (New Delhi: B.R. Publications, 2020), pp. 815-823, plates 934-938.'The Fort of Janjira' in African Rulers and Generals in India (Afro-South Asia in the Global African Diaspora, vol. 1) (Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center, 2020) pp. 167-183. 'Memorials of Sovereignty: Funerary Architecture of the Siddis of Janjira at

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Sohonizam
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title: Paul Kosok

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<mask> (21 April 1896 – 1959), was an American professor in history and government, who is credited as the first serious researcher of the Nazca Lines in Peru. His work on the lines started in 1939, when he was doing field study related to the irrigation systems of ancient cultures. By the 1950s, he had completed extensive mapping of more than 300 ancient canals in Peru, in collaboration with archeologist Richard P. Schaedel. Kosok demonstrated the culture's sophisticated management of water to support their settlements. Observing the Nazca Lines, he recognized that some patterns represented living creatures, and some lines related to astronomical events. His study of archeo-astronomy aspects contributed to the recognition of the lines as an important archeological resource, which Peru has protected. The Nazca Lines were designated in 1994 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Long Island City, New York, the son of August and <mask>, immigrants from Germany. He attended public schools before going to college. He earned a doctorate in history. Academic career
<mask> began as an assistant professor of history at Long Island University (LIU) in Brooklyn, where he taught several courses in history. His work, Modern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties, (1933), was written before the Nazis came to power and published by the University of Chicago Press as part of its "Studies of the Making of Citizens". One reviewer describe this as a "series on civic training in various countries and systems". Kosok's book was used by the State Department and others in training and preparing individuals for foreign service.It was reprinted in 1969. As part of his education, Kosok studied and traveled in Europe in 1928 and in 1937. His early teaching at LIU included classes in the history of science. In the 1930s, Kosok became interested in irrigation systems of ancient cultures, and their relation to patterns of settlement.<ref name="Murra">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1966.68.5.02a00590/pdf John V. Murra, "Review: 'Life, Land and Water in Ancient Peru, by <mask>k"], American Anthropologist, Volume 68, Issue 5, accessed 28 January 2012</ref>  He devoted most of the next twenty years of research to that topic, during which he collaborated with the archeologist Richard P. Schaedel. For instance, together they identified and mapped more than 300 ancient canals of prehistoric Peru, and found that the people had built highly sophisticated systems for shifting water from one valley to another. Kosok did field studies in Peru in 1940-1941 and 1948-1949, becoming more involved in anthropology as a result of this direction of research. He went to Peru to study the ancient canal systems, "reconstruct the maximum areas of pre-Columbian cultivation, and assess the relation of irrigation to settlement patterns".He soon realized that the Nazca Lines were too shallow to have acted as part of the irrigation system. On a flight over them, Kosok realized that one pattern represented a bird. He also noticed that some of the lines converged on that date of the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. This inspired his study of the lines to assess if they were related to astronomy, as he knew that solar events were closely followed by ancient agricultural societies for their planting cycles. Following his field studies on the irrigation systems, Kosok planned two volumes: one of general interest and one more technical. He was working on the general interest book on the irrigation of ancient cultures when he died in 1959; it was published posthumously in 1965 with the support of Schaedel. His manuscript for a scholarly text needed work that was to be undertaken by the University of Texas.<mask>'s book included extensive mapping of canals through numerous valleys and innovative use of aerial photography. His work was praised posthumously as a "program of research about the significance of irrigation on the North Coast of Peru to both Andean and cross-cultural studies, a source-book of ideas and hypotheses for generations of field workers". Beginning in 1940, Kosok was aided in Peru by Maria Reiche, a German translator and mathematician from Lima. She spoke five languages and aided in mapping the lines, as well as assessing how the massive figures might have been scaled up from smaller drawings or patterns. After <mask> left Peru in 1949, Reiche continued to study the Nazca Lines, soon mapping 18 more figures. She worked for the rest of her life to preserve the Nazca Lines and have them recognized until her own death in 1998 in Peru. In 1994 they were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.A musician, <mask> also conducted the Brooklyn Philharmonic at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Inspired by his travels in Peru, he composed The Andean Rhapsody. He conducted its premiere by the Brooklyn Philharmonic. Dr. <mask> became chairman of the Department of History and Government at Long Island University, located in Brooklyn, New York. He was a respected scholar in history, anthropology, music and mathematics. Marriage and family
<mask> married Rose Wyler. She traveled and worked with him in Peru in 1941 when he was doing field studies there.Of their children, their son Michael accompanied his parents to Peru in 1948–49. WorksModern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties, University of Chicago Pres, 1933; reprint, Russell & Russell, 1969
"El Valle de Lambayeque" (Segundo Congreso de Hislmia del Perz2, tom0 1, 1959Life, Land, and Water in Ancient Peru'' (1965), Long Island University Press (includes photographs by Kosok)

References

External links
"The Nazca Lines", Peru Cultural Society

1959 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American anthropologists
People from Long Island City, Queens
1896 births
Historians from New York (state)
Long Island University faculty
20th-century anthropologists
American male non-fiction writers

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Maria Kosok
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title: Cody Pearcy

texts:
<mask> (born October 4, 1989) is an American football coach and former player. He currently serves at the strength and conditioning coordinator and wide receivers coach for the Birmingham-Southern Panthers, an NCAA Division III program located in Birmingham, Alabama. He has served in that capacity since 2017. Prior to working as Birmingham-Southern's strength and conditioning coordinator, he was on the staff as the wide receivers coach since 2016. He previously was a graduate assistant at his alma mater, Huntingdon College, in Montgomery, Alabama, from 2014 to 2015. Before coaching college football he played wide receiver at the college level for the Huntingdon Hawks (2008-2011) also of the NCAA Division III. After graduating from Huntingdon College during the spring of 2012 he went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft.Shortly after he signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He was cut by the Falcons in August 2012 before the start of the 2012 NFL season. After he failed to sign with another National Football League team he signed and played for the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League for the 2013 season. He was cut following the season. He then signed with the Columbus Lions who were at the time a part of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) in November 2013. He played for the Lions for the 2014 season. He was cut by the Lions in July 2014, ending his professional playing career and returning to Huntingdon College that same month as a graduate assistant.Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Phenix City, Alabama. He was the middle child and son of Mike and <mask>. He has an older brother, Clint, and a younger sister, Casey. <mask> attended Glenwood School where he lettered in football, golf, soccer, and basketball. He was member of back-to-back AISA State Championships in basketball his junior and senior years. His senior year he also helped lead the Glenwood men's soccer team to the 2008 AISA State Championship Game, while also earning Most Valuable Player honors on his soccer team his senior year. He also was named an honorable mention from the Alabama Sports Writer's Association for all-state honors in football his senior year and was by his team and coaches as the Best Defensive Player on his football team.College career
<mask> attended and played college football at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. He played wide receiver and wore No. 1 for the Hawks' football program under head coach Mike Turk. In his freshman season in 2008, he saw action in seven varsity games and two junior varsity games. He caught two receptions for 19 yards and returned back five punts for 65 yards. In his sophomore season in 2009, he played in 11 games and started nine of them. He led the team with 48 receptions for 769 yards and five touchdowns.He returned 10 punts for 104 yards and 15 kickoffs for 354 yards. As a junior in 2010, <mask> played in 10 games, starting nine of them, and caught 51 passes for 1,078 yards with 12 touchdowns. He also had three rushing attempts for nine yards and returned three punts for 23 yards and nine kick returns for 121 yards. <mask> played in and started all 10 games of his senior season in 2011. He recorded 46 receptions for 766 yards and eight touchdowns receiving. He had two rushing attempts for -1 yards and one rushing touchdown. He also had five punt returns for 28 yards and seven kick returns for 135 yards.He ended his collegiate playing career as Huntingdon's all-time leading receiver. He was named as both Preseason All-American and All-Region in 2010 for his junior year. His senior year he was named a team captain and was named Male Athlete of the Year. College statistics

Professional career

Pre-draft
Huntindgon College did not host a pro day, so Pearcy attended the pro day hosted by Alabama State, a FCS University located less than one mile away in Montgomery, Alabama. He recorded a 4.31-second 40 yard dash time. He also recorded a 44-inch vertical jump and a 6.67-second time in the three-cone drill as well as a 3.76-second time in the short shuttle. Atlanta Falcons
Pearcy went undrafted at the 2012 NFL Draft but was immediately signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons.He was released before the start of the 2012 NFL season. Cleveland Gladiators
<mask> signed with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League in 2013. During the 2013 AFL season, <mask> played as a wide receiver as well as playing some defense. During the season he had nine receptions for 83 yards and three touchdowns as well as returning three kickoffs for 29 yards. On the defensive side of the ball, he recorded 7.5 tackles (seven solo and one assisted) and one fumble recovery. Following the end of the season which saw the Gladiators finish with a disappointing 4-14 record, <mask> signed with the Columbus Lions of the Professional Indoor Football League.He was cut following the 2014 PIFL season thus ending his playing career. Coaching career

Huntingdon Hawks
Following being released by the Columbus Lions and retiring from professional football, <mask> returned to Huntingdon College as a graduate assistant. He served in this role for two seasons. The 2015 season saw Huntingdon win a USA South Conference Championship and receive a playoff appearance (for just the second time in school history). Birmingham-Southern Panthers
In 2016, <mask> was hired to become the wide receivers coach at Birmingham-Southern. In 2017, he was promoted to strength and conditioning coordinator, while also retaining the position as their wide receivers coach. References

External links

Living people
1989 births
People from Phenix City, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
American football wide receivers
Huntingdon Hawks athletes
Atlanta Falcons players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Columbus Lions players
Huntingdon Hawks football coaches
Birmingham–Southern College faculty

masks:
Cody Michael Pearcy
Cody Pearcy
Cynthia Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcyearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy


title: Roberto Carifi

texts:
<mask> (born 1948 in Pistoia), is an Italian poet, philosopher, and translator, supported since the beginning from Piero Bigongiari, one of the major exponents of Florentine Hermeticism. Considered one of the most important poet and intellectual of his generation he has been influenced by having a very difficult illness to cope with. Biography
Since his university years Carifi was attracted by French and German philosophy, in his mature age he also crossed paths with Buddhist, getting influenced for instance in his collections, such as Tibet and The Secret.. Alongside philosophical studies, there are those of psychoanalysis, first carried out at L'École Freudienne in Paris, as an auditor at the lectures held by Jacques Lacan, and continued in Milan. Carifi poetic has been deeply influenced by the lyrical voices of Rainer Maria Rilke and Georg Trakl, on which he also practiced as a translator. In addition of being a poet, he plays the 'activity as a literary critic, attracted since his university years by French and German philosophy. In 2004 he got a stroke which affected and slow down his creativity. In 2019 he was awarded with the Cilento Poetry Prize at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera.Works

Poetry collections
Infanzia (Società di Poesia, Milan 1984 - rist. Raffaelli, Rimini 2012);
L’obbedienza (Crocetti, Milan 1986);
Occidente (Crocetti, Milan 1990);
Amore e destino (Crocetti, Milan 1993);
Poesie (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1993);
Casa nell’ombra (Almanacco Mondadori, Milan 1993);
Il Figlio (Jaca Book, Milan 1985);
Amore d’autunno (Guanda, Parma-Milan 1998);
Europa (Jaca Book, Milan 1999). Il gelo e la luce (Le Lettere, Firenze 2003);
La pietà e la memoria (Edizioni ETS, Pisa 2003) ISBN 88-467-0782-6;
D'improvviso e altre poesie scelte (Via del Vento edizioni 2006);
Nel ferro dei balocchi (Crocetti, Milano 2008);
Tibet (Le Lettere, Firenze 2011);
Madre (Le Lettere, Firenze 2014);
Il Segreto (Le Lettere, Firenze 2015);

Essays
Il gesto di Callicle (Società di Poesia, Milano 1982);
Il segreto e il dono (EGEA, Milano 1994);
Le parole del pensiero (Le Lettere, Firenze 1995);
Il male e la luce (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1997);
L’essere e l’abbandono (Il Ramo d’Oro, Firenze 1997);
Nomi del Novecento (Le Lettere, Firenze 2000);
Nome di donna (Raffaelli, Rimini 2010). Iacuzzi, Morte di madre. S. Ramat, Roberto Carifi nel nome della madre, "Il Giornale", 01 settembre 2007;

References

External links
Roberto Carifi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani
An interview in Italian
Roberto Carifi: Tre poesia (with brief biography) (in Italian)

20th-century Italian poets
Italian male poets
Italian philosophers
Living people
1948 births
20th-century Italian male writers


title: T. E. Lawrence

texts:
Colonel <mask>  (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer, who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as <mask> Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities. He was born out of wedlock in August 1888 to Sarah Junner (1861–1959), a governess, and Sir <mask>, 7th Baronet (1846–1919), an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Chapman left his wife and family in Ireland to cohabit with Junner. Chapman and Junner called themselves Mr and Mrs <mask>, using the surname of Sarah's likely father; her mother had been employed as a servant for a <mask> family when she became pregnant with Sarah. In 1896, the <mask>s moved to Oxford, where <mask> attended the High School and then studied history at Jesus College, Oxford from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist for the British Museum, chiefly at Carchemish in Ottoman Syria.Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 he volunteered for the British Army and was stationed at the Arab Bureau (established in 1916) intelligence unit in Egypt. In 1916, he travelled to Mesopotamia and to Arabia on intelligence missions and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt as a liaison to the Arab forces, along with other British officers, supporting the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz's independence war against its former overlord, the Ottoman Empire. He worked closely with <mask> Faisal, a leader of the revolt, and he participated, sometimes as leader, in military actions against the Ottoman armed forces, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918. After the First World War, <mask> joined the British Foreign Office, working with the British government and with Faisal. In 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force (RAF), with a brief period in the Army. During this time, he published his best-known work Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926), an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. He also translated books into English, and wrote The Mint, which detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman.He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats. <mask>'s public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist <mask>, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales, in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father <mask> had left his wife <mask> after he had a first son with Sarah Junner who had been governess to his daughters. Sarah had herself been an illegitimate child, having been born in Sunderland as the daughter of <mask>, a servant employed by a family named <mask>; she was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, and identified Sarah's father as "John Junner, Shipwright journeyman".<mask>'s parents did not marry but lived together under the pseudonym <mask>. In 1914, his father inherited the Chapman baronetcy based at Killua Castle, the ancestral family home in County Westmeath, Ireland. The couple had five sons, <mask> (called "Ned" by his immediate family) being the second eldest. From Wales, the family moved to Kirkcudbright, Galloway, in southwestern Scotland, then to Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. The family lived at Langley Lodge (now demolished) from 1894 to 1896, set in private woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. The residence was isolated, and young <mask> had many opportunities for outdoor activities and waterfront visits. Victorian-Edwardian Britain was a very conservative society, where the majority of people were Christians who considered premarital and extramarital sex to be shameful, and children born out of wedlock were born in disgrace.<mask> was always something of an outsider, a bastard who could never hope to achieve the same level of social acceptance and success that others could expect who were born legitimate, and no girl from a respectable family would ever marry a bastard. In the summer of 1896, the family moved to 2, Polstead Road in Oxford, where they lived until 1921. <mask> attended the City of Oxford High School for Boys from 1896 until 1907, where one of the four houses was later named "<mask>" in his honour; the school closed in 1966. <mask> and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the Church Lads' Brigade at St Aldate's Church. <mask> claimed that he ran away from home around 1905 and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall, from which he was bought out. However, no evidence of this appears in army records. Travels, antiquities, and archaeology

At age 15, <mask> and his schoolfriend Cyril Beeson cycled around Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, visiting almost every village's parish church, studying their monuments and antiquities, and making rubbings of their monumental brasses.<mask> and Beeson monitored building sites in Oxford and presented the Ashmolean Museum with anything that they found. The Ashmolean's Annual Report for 1906 said that the two teenage boys "by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found." In the summers of 1906 and 1907, <mask> toured France by bicycle, sometimes with Beeson, collecting photographs, drawings, and measurements of medieval castles. In August 1907, <mask> wrote home: "The Chaignons & the Lamballe people complimented me on my wonderful French: I have been asked twice since I arrived what part of France I came from". From 1907 to 1910, <mask> read history at Jesus College, Oxford. In July and August 1908 he cycled 2,200 miles (3,500 km) solo through France to the Mediterranean and back researching French castles. In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria, during which he travelled  on foot.While at Jesus he was a keen member of the University Officers' Training Corps (OTC). He graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis titled The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century, partly based on his field research with Beeson in France, and his solo research in France and the Middle East. <mask> was fascinated by the Middle Ages; his brother Arnold wrote in 1937 that "medieval researches" were a "dream way of escape from bourgeois England". In 1910, <mask> was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist at Carchemish, in the expedition that D. G. Hogarth was setting up on behalf of the British Museum. Hogarth arranged a "Senior Demyship" (a form of scholarship) for <mask> at Magdalen College, Oxford, to fund his work at £100 a year. He sailed for Beirut in December 1910 and went to Byblos, where he studied Arabic. He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near Jerablus in northern Syria, where he worked under Hogarth, R. Campbell <mask> of the British Museum, and Leonard Woolley until 1914.He later stated that everything which he had accomplished he owed to Hogarth. <mask> met Gertrude Bell while excavating at Carchemish. He worked briefly with Flinders Petrie in 1912 at Kafr Ammar in Egypt. At Carchemish, <mask> was frequently involved in a high-tension relationship with a German-led team working nearby on the Baghdad Railway at Jerablus. While there was never open combat, there was regular conflict over access to land and treatment of the local workforce; <mask> gained experience in Middle Eastern leadership practices and conflict resolution. Military intelligence

In January 1914, Woolley and <mask> were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the Negev Desert. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the Wilderness of Zin, and they made an archaeological survey of the Negev Desert along the way.The Negev was strategically important, as an Ottoman army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Woolley and <mask> subsequently published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings, but a more important result was updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. <mask> also visited Aqaba and Shobek, not far from Petra. Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, <mask> did not immediately enlist in the British Army. He held back until October on the advice of S. F. Newcombe, when he was commissioned on the General List. Before the end of the year, he was summoned by renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr. David Hogarth, his mentor at Carchemish, to the new Arab Bureau intelligence unit in Cairo, and he arrived in Cairo on 15 December 1914.The Bureau's chief was General Gilbert Clayton who reported to Egyptian High Commissioner Henry McMahon. The situation was complex during 1915. There was a growing Arab-nationalist movement within the Arabic-speaking Ottoman territories, including many Arabs serving in the Ottoman armed forces. They were in contact with Sharif Hussein, Emir of Mecca, who was negotiating with the British and offering to lead an Arab uprising against the Ottomans. In exchange, he wanted a British guarantee of an independent Arab state including the Hejaz, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Such an uprising would have been very helpful to Britain in its war against the Ottomans, greatly lessening the threat against the Suez Canal. However, there was resistance from French diplomats who insisted that Syria's future was as a French colony, not an independent Arab state.There were also strong objections from the Government of India, which was nominally part of the British government but acted independently. Its vision was of Mesopotamia under British control serving as a granary for India; furthermore, it wanted to hold on to its Arabian outpost in Aden. At the Arab Bureau, <mask> supervised the preparation of maps, produced a daily bulletin for the British generals operating in the theatre, and interviewed prisoners. He was an advocate of a British landing at Alexandretta which never came to pass. He was also a consistent advocate of an independent Arab Syria. The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans. This would create a credible Pan-Islamic message that could have been very dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the Gallipoli Campaign.The British replied with a letter from High Commissioner McMahon that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and Holy Land. In the spring of 1916, <mask> was dispatched to Mesopotamia to assist in relieving the Siege of Kut by some combination of starting an Arab uprising and bribing Ottoman officials. This mission produced no useful result. Meanwhile, the Sykes–Picot Agreement was being negotiated in London without the knowledge of British officials in Cairo, which awarded a large proportion of Syria to France. Further, it implied that the Arabs would have to conquer Syria's four great cities if they were to have any sort of state there: Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. It is unclear at what point <mask> became aware of the treaty's contents. Arab Revolt

The Arab Revolt began in June 1916, but it bogged down after a few successes, with a real risk that the Ottoman forces would advance along the coast of the Red Sea and recapture Mecca.On 16 October 1916, <mask> was sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by Ronald Storrs. He interviewed Sharif Hussein's sons Ali, Abdullah, and Faisal, and he concluded that Faisal was the best candidate to lead the Revolt. In November, S. F. Newcombe was assigned to lead a permanent British liaison to Faisal's staff. Newcombe had not yet arrived in the area and the matter was of some urgency, so <mask> was sent in his place. In late December 1916, Faisal and <mask> worked out a plan for repositioning the Arab forces to prevent the Ottoman forces around Medina from threatening Arab positions and putting the railway from Syria under threat. Newcombe arrived and <mask> was preparing to leave Arabia, but Faisal intervened urgently, asking that <mask>'s assignment become permanent. <mask>'s most important contributions to the Arab Revolt were in the area of strategy and liaison with British armed forces, but he also participated personally in several military engagements:

 3 January 1917: Attack on an Ottoman outpost in the Hejaz
 26 March 1917: Attack on the railway at Aba el Naam
 11 June 1917: Attack on a bridge at Ras Baalbek
 2 July 1917: Defeat of the Ottoman forces at Aba el Lissan, an outpost of Aqaba
 18 September 1917: Attack on the railway near Mudawara
 27 September 1917: Attack on the railway, destroyed an engine
 7 November 1917: Following a failed attack on the Yarmuk bridges, blew up a train on the railway between Dera'a and Amman, suffering several wounds in the explosion and ensuing combat
 23 January 1918: The battle of Tafileh, a region southeast of the Dead Sea, with Arab regulars under the command of Jafar Pasha al-Askari; the battle was a defensive engagement that turned into an offensive rout and was described in the official history of the war as a "brilliant feat of arms".<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership at Tafileh and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. March 1918: Attack on the railway near Aqaba
 19 April 1918: Attack using British armoured cars on Tell Shahm
 16 September 1918: Destruction of railway bridge between Amman and Dera'a
 26 September 1918: Attack on retreating Ottomans and Germans near the village of Tafas. The Ottoman forces massacred the villagers and then Arab forces in return massacred their prisoners with <mask>'s encouragement. <mask> made a 300-mile personal journey northward in June 1917, on the way to Aqaba, visiting Ras Baalbek, the outskirts of Damascus, and Azraq, Jordan. He met Arab nationalists, counselling them to avoid revolt until the arrival of Faisal's forces, and he attacked a bridge to create the impression of guerrilla activity. His findings were regarded by the British as extremely valuable and there was serious consideration of awarding him a Victoria Cross; in the end, he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and promoted to Major. <mask> travelled regularly between British headquarters and Faisal, co-ordinating military action.But by early 1918, Faisal's chief British liaison was Colonel Pierce Charles Joyce, and <mask>'s time was chiefly devoted to raiding and intelligence-gathering. Strategy
The chief elements of the Arab strategy which Faisal and <mask> developed were to avoid capturing Medina, and to extend northwards through Maan and Dera'a to Damascus and beyond. Faisal wanted to lead regular attacks against the Ottomans, but <mask> persuaded him to drop that tactic. <mask> wrote about the Bedouin as a fighting force:
The value of the tribes is defensive only and their real sphere is guerilla warfare. They are intelligent, and very lively, almost reckless, but too individualistic to endure commands, or fight in line, or to help each other. It would, I think, be possible to make an organized force out of them.… The Hejaz war is one of dervishes against regular forces—and we are on the side of the dervishes. Our text-books do not apply to its conditions at all.Medina was an attractive target for the revolt as Islam's second holiest site, and because its Ottoman garrison was weakened by disease and isolation. It became clear that it was advantageous to leave it there rather than try to capture it, while continually attacking the Hejaz railway south from Damascus without permanently destroying it. This prevented the Ottomans from making effective use of their troops at Medina, and forced them to dedicate many resources to defending and repairing the railway line. It is not known when <mask> learned the details of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, nor if or when he briefed Faisal on what he knew, However, there is good reason to think that both these things happened, and earlier rather than later. In particular, the Arab strategy of northward extension makes perfect sense given the Sykes-Picot language that spoke of an independent Arab entity in Syria, which would only be granted if the Arabs liberated the territory themselves. The French, and some of their British Liaison officers, were specifically uncomfortable about the northward movement, as it would weaken French colonial claims. Capture of Aqaba

In 1917, <mask> proposed a joint action with the Arab irregulars

masks:
Thomas Edward Lawrence
Lawrence of
Thomas Chapman
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Emir
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas Edward
Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Edith
Elizabeth Junner
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thompson
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence