title: Marco Storari

texts:
<mask> (born 7 January 1977) is an Italian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. After a lengthy spell in Italy's lower leagues, he arrived in Serie A aged 27. Steady performances for Messina prompted his signing by A.C. Milan in 2007; during his time at the Milanese club, Storari had loan spells with several other Italian sides, as well as Spanish club Levante. He later joined Juventus in 2010, where he mainly served as a back-up to Gianluigi Buffon, winning four consecutive Serie A titles with the club as well as the Coppa Italia. He later returned to Cagliari, where he spent a season and a half, helping the team win the 2015–16 Serie B title and earn promotion to Serie A. He returned to Milan in January 2017, where he spent another season and a half as the club's reserve goalkeeper before retiring in the summer of 2018. Club career

Early years / Messina

Born in Pisa, Storari finished his football formation at Perugia Calcio and Montevarchi Calcio Aquila 1902 (six months), making his professional debuts with A.C. Ancona, in the third division.With the latter, he helped to promotion to Serie B in 2000. After two seasons, Storari left for S.S.C. Napoli which was also then in the second level, in a joint-ownership deal. He continued to play in that category subsequently, joining F.C. Messina Peloro on loan in January 2002 in exchange for Emanuele Manitta, with the deal being made permanent in summer 2003; Messina promoted at the end of the 2003–04 campaign, with him as an undisputed starter. <mask> made his Serie A debut on 12 September 2004 in a 0–0 away draw against Parma FC, as the newcomer club went on to finish in seventh place. In the following seasons he remained the starter, as Messina nearly relegated in 2005–06 after only being reinstated after the outcome of the 2006 Italian football scandal, but eventually dropping down a level the following year, as last.Milan
On 17 January 2007, Storari was acquired by A.C. Milan for €1.2 million, signing a -year contract as an emergency signing as both Dida and backup Željko Kalac were out of action due to injury. In three league appearances, against A.S. Livorno Calcio, A.C. Siena and Udinese Calcio, he conceded seven goals. On 3 July 2007, reports surfaced that Milan were close to sending Storari to La Liga side Real Betis, on a one-year loan. The deal was increased to two years and the player, along with his manager, traveled to Seville. Although having stayed in the city for three days, Betis president Manuel Ruiz de Lopera failed to meet with the player and Storari returned to Italy as the transfer failed to materialize; on 12 August he was eventually loaned to another club in Spain, Levante UD, on a two-year contract. However, the loan deal ended after only six months, as the Valencian team was immerse in a deep financial crisis; on 5 January 2008 Storari returned to Italy, with Cagliari Calcio due to Levante's inability to pay his salary. "[The] club was in financial difficulty and couldn’t pay me...there are some wonderful people here who were honest with us, but working without pay is a difficult situation to be in".Storari signed a loan contract for ACF Fiorentina in July 2008. His output consisted of a Coppa Italia match and another in the league, barred by longtime first-choice Sébastien Frey. Due to injury to starter Christian Abbiati, Storari began 2009–10 as first-choice, over Dida. On 22 August 2009, two years and three months after his last official match for the club, he was between the posts for the 2–1 win at Siena; additionally, in October, he signed a new contract, adding two extra years to his link, but suffered an injury afterwards, losing his place to the Brazilian. After the recovery of Abbiati, Storari faced additional competition for a regular starting berth. Thus, on 15 January 2010, he went on loan to U.C. Sampdoria, replacing injured Luca Castellazzi; he played his first game two days later, in a 1–1 home draw against Calcio Catania.Juventus
After Sampdoria failed to agree a deal with Milan to sign him outright, after losing Castellazzi to Inter Milan on a free transfer, Storari was sold to Juventus F.C. from Milan for a fee of €4.5 million on 23 June 2010, becoming the second signing of head coach Luigi Delneri and sports director Giuseppe Marotta, with whom he already had worked at Sampdoria. He signed a three-year contract effective on 1 July, providing cover for Gianluigi Buffon who sustained a back injury at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and competed for a starting spot with Alex Manninger; Milan signed <mask> on loan from Genoa C.F.C. on the same day, to act as his replacement. After the recovery of Buffon, Storari became second-choice again. Despite the backup role he did not leave the Vecchia Signora in the summer of 2011 to play more often, and instead extended his contract until 30 June 2014 in November. On 16 May 2015, as Juventus had already been crowned league champions for the fourth straight time, Storari started against Inter in order to rest Buffon for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final.In the last five minutes of play, he made a double save on Rodrigo Palacio first and then Mauro Icardi to keep his team's 2–1 lead and secure the away win. Additionally, he appeared in five matches in the Italian Cup, including the 2–1 final win over S.S. Lazio. Return to Cagliari
On 3 July 2015, Storari signed with Cagliari on a two-year contract, returning to the club after a seven-year absence. In his first season in his second spell he only missed one league in 42, helping to obtain top flight promotion after one year. Return to Milan
On 10 January 2017, 40-year-old Storari re-joined his former team Milan on an initial six-month deal. In June, he extended his contract until the end of 2017–18 season. After his contract with the club expired at the end of the season, Storari became a free agent in the summer of 2018, after which he subsequently retired from professional football.International career
<mask> was never capped for Italy, although he was selected as third-choice by national boss Marcello Lippi for a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovenia in October 2005. Style of play
Storari was known to be an extremely reliable goalkeeper and a consistent shot-stopper, who was gifted with good reactions and who inspired a sense of confidence in his back-line; he was also adept at stopping penalties. Personal life
<mask> and his wife Veronica had two sons, Tommaso (b. 2010) and Piergiorgo (2011). Club statistics

Honours
Juventus
Serie A: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
Supercoppa Italiana: 2012, 2013; Runner-up 2014
Coppa Italia: 2014–15; Runner-up 2011–12
UEFA Champions League: Runner-up 2014–15

Cagliari
Serie B: 2015–16

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pisa
Italian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
A.C. Perugia Calcio players
A.C. Ancona players
S.S.C. Napoli players
A.C.R. Messina players
A.C. Milan players
Cagliari Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
U.C.Sampdoria players
Juventus F.C. players
La Liga players
Levante UD footballers
Italian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
UEFA Champions League winning players

masks:
Marco Storari
Storari
Marco Amelia
Storari
Storari


title: Ludwig Speidel

type: original

texts:
<mask> (11 April 1830 – 3 February 1906) was a German writer, which in the second half of the 19th century was the leading music, theater and literary critic in Vienna. Life
Born in Ulm, Speidel received first musical lessons from his father, singer and composer <mask> (born 16 September 1804 in Söflingen bei Ulm; died 6 January 1880 in Ulm; married to Anna Steiner) and attended the Gymnasium in Ulm. From 1850 until 1853, he studied different subjects only as a guest student at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München due to lack of financial means. Besides, he gave piano lessons and from 1852 he wrote reviews for the Augsburger Allgemeine; his first ('Musikalisches aus München') was published on October 28th. Among his circle of acquaintances in Munich were Friedrich Kaulbach, Ernst Förster, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Justus von Liebig,  and Adolf Bayersdorfer. In 1853, Speidel came to Vienna, allegedly to report on the marriage of Empress Elisabeth of Austria to Franz Joseph I. He became friends with Carl Rahl and remained in Vienna, where he subsequently worked for numerous newspapers and magazines, including Pester Lloyd (1854), the Danube (1855-1863), the Österreichische Zeitung (1855-1858), the Jagdzeitung and the Morgenpost (1858), the Neuste Nachrichten (1859) and the Wiener Zeitung (1858/59).He wrote about many topics: Theatre, music, art, chats, humoresques, travel letters, genre pictures among others 1860-1864 he worked for the newspaper Vaterlan. With the foundation of Neuen Freie Presse in 1864, Speidel became its first feature editor for four decades. Around the same time, he was also the music critic of the . While he wrote for the Presse rather in a chosen language, he used a very popular way of expression in the Fremden-Blatt, which could remind one of joke magazines. He only drew his articles with his full name in very special cases, otherwise only with the soon known abbreviation "L. Sp. ", in the Fremden-Blatt.In addition, he used numerous other ciphers: "§" (also as art consultant of the Neue Freie Presse) in the (Wiener Zeitung), "-l", "□", "X", "*" among others. Speidel became the most important Viennese critic and feature writer of his time and was known and befriended with many of the greats of Viennese music and theatre life of his time, among others Josef Bayer, <mask>er, Johann von Herbeck, Martin Greif, <mask>, Max Kalbeck, Martin Gustav Nottebohm, <mask>, Johann Vesque von Püttlingen and . He was one of the first to recognise the importance of Johann Nestroy, Adalbert Stifter and Anton Bruckner and paid tribute to the operettas of Johann Strauss II. He had a very negative attitude towards the works of Richard Wagner, which often brought him into sharp contrast with his admirers. Speidel was highly regarded as a theatre critic, in 1887 he was even offered the direction of the Burgtheater, but he refused. About his own work, he once said: "I have never proofread a work and never looked at a printed feuilleton again." His wife Leontine (née Ziegelmayer; † 6 January 1903) collected the newspaper clippings which later formed the basis of his collected works published in 1910.His brother was the composer  (1826-1899)

Speidel died in Vienna at the age of 75. He is buried in a grave dedicated to him in the . Quotes
The source of these quotations is <mask>' article <mask>l, Writer in Biographischen Jahrbuch und deutscher Nekrolog (1906). "Das Feuilleton ist die Unsterblichkeit eines Tages.“
 A propos <mask>ruber: "As long as Anzengruber wrote, no other German poet has put more solid content into dramatic forms." A propos Johannes Brahms: "An excellent composer, one of the brightest lights of contemporary German music ...", but also "... a far too worldly-wise, ironic nature, which looks far too deeply into people to care about their current applause." Speaking of Anton Bruckner: "Mesner figure with the emperor's skull"
 A propos Grillparzer's : "One of the poets seems so fairy-tale like an enchanted Habsburg prince, condemned by day to be the archives director of the Court Chamber and at night writing down memories of his glorious past". A propos Hans Makart: "Where this youthful talent is headed, the gods know.It is to be feared, unfortunately, that it will lose itself in empty virtuosity. A propos Carl Rahl: "For the first time since Schubert, Vienna has again produced a great creative artist, but one treats him as if the geniuses in this country were like thistles' heads." A propos Ferdinand Raimund: "If there was a poet in Vienna, it was Raimund." A propos Franz Schubert: "The greatest symphonist after Beethoven". A propos Richard Wagner: "Wagner's music, on the other hand, is thoroughly external, sensual in the bad sense of the word, homely, briefly un-German ...""Wagner is artistically not the expression of the German spirit, but only a distortion of it [...] he is an inwardly unproductive, an artificial, hollow, reflected nature ..." Later, Speidel's attitude to Wagner softened and he wrote"Apart from the values or unvalues of Wagner's music, it has one positive characteristic. The positive thing about it is that it arouses enthusiasm". A propos Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller: "Waldmüller's artistic heyday was short, hardly filling a decade.His best works fall into the 1940s and, just as he had not really wanted to succeed until then, his career rapidly went downhill from 1848 onwards." Work
 Independent publications during his lifetime
 Rahl’s athenischer Fries. Erläutert von <mask>l. Österreichischer Kunstverein, Vienna 1867. Bilder aus der Schillerzeit. Mit ungedruckten Briefen an Schiller. Edited by <mask> and Hugo Wittmann.Spemann, Berlin 1884. Das Wiener Theater. In Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild (volume 3). K.-k. Hof- u. Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1887. Theater. In Wien 1848–1888. Denkschrift zum 2.December 1888. Edited by the City Council of Vienna, 1888. Auf der Höhe. Zur Erinnerung an Wilhelm Schenner. O. V., o. O 1891. Kleine Schriften von . With a foreword by <mask>.Edlinger, Innsbruck 1893. <mask>: Adolf von Sonnenthal. Eine Künstlerlaufbahn als Beitrag zur modernen Burgtheater-Geschichte. With a foreword by <mask>l. . E. Pierson, Dresden 1896. Posthume Buchveröffentlichungen
 <mask>ls Schriften. Vol. 1: Persönlichkeiten.Biographisch-literarische Essays. Meyer & Jessen, Berlin 1910.Online
 Vol 2: Wiener Frauen und anderes Wienerische. Meyer & Jessen, Berlin 1910. Vol 3. Heilige Zeiten. Weihnachtsblätter. Meyer & Jessen, Berlin 1911.Online
 Vol 4.Schauspieler. Meyer & Jessen, Berlin 1910.Online
 Melodie der Landschaft. Essays. Selected and introduced by Eduard Frank. Volk- und Reich-Verlag, Prag/Wien 1943. Kritische Schriften. Selected, introduced and explained by Julius Rütsch.Artemis, Zürich 1963. Fanny Elßlers Fuß. Wiener Feuilletons. Edited by Joachim Schreck. Böhlau, Vienna 1989,  (Österreichische Bibliothek; vol. 11) und Volk und Welt, Berlin 1989, . References

Further reading
 Felix Salten: <mask>l.In Maximilian Harden (ed. ): Die Zukunft Vol. 54, 1906, . <mask>i: <mask>l. Eine literarisch-biographische Würdigung. Meyer & Jessen, Berlin 1910. Hermann Bahr: <mask>l (Zum siebzigsten Geburtstag.)10 April 1900. In Bildung. Essays. Insel, Leipzig 1910, .
 : Lebensform und Dichtungsform. Essays. Georg Müller, Munich 1914. Wilhelm Bründl: <mask>l.Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Feuilletons. Dissertation Universität Vienna, 1931. Charlotte Pinter: <mask>l als Musikkritiker. Dissertation Universität Wien, 1949.
 : Von der Unsterblichkeit eines Tages. Der Kritiker <mask>l. In Julius Kainz (ed. ): Ein Stück Österreich.150 Jahre 'Die Presse. Holzhausen, Vienna 1998, , pp.168ff.Entries in reference works
 Constantin von Wurzbach: Speidel, <mask>. In Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. 36th part. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wienna 1878, pp. 133 f Numerized
 <mask>i: <mask>, Schriftsteller. In Anton Bettelheim (ed.): Biographisches Jahrbuch und deutscher Nekrolog. Volume 11, 1906 (Reimer, Berlin 1908), . Felix Czeike (ed. ): Historisches Lexikon Vienna. Vol 5, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1997, , . Christian Fastl: Speidel, <mask>, in the Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon. Vol.5. Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2006, . Press articles by and about <mask>'''
  (Zum 70. Geburtstag. Mit Beiträgen von Julius Bauer, Oscar Blumenthal, , , Martin Greif, Theodor Herzl, <mask>, Hans Hopfen, Ferdinand von Saar, Julius Stettenheim etc.) (Das Fest zu seinem 70. Geburtstag.)(Das von Ludwig Hevesi als "Meisterwerk" bezeichnete Molière-Feuilleton.) (See Der Misanthrop and Tartuffe'')

External links

 <mask>

 <mask>, <mask> on BMLO

19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German theatre critics
German music critics
German literary critics
1830 births
1906 deaths
People from Ulm

masks:
Ludwig Speidel
Konrad Speidel
Ludwig Bödorf
Ludwig Hevesi
Ludwig Porges
Ludwig Hevesis
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Anzeng
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speidel
Ludwig Speidel
Ludwig Eisenberg
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Heves
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig Speide
Ludwig
Ludwig Heves
Ludwig Speidel
Ludwig
Ludwig Speidel
Ludwig Hevesi
Ludwig SpeideO
Speidel
Ludwig


title: Dean Godson, Baron Godson

texts:
<mask>, <mask> is the Director of the London-based think tank Policy Exchange. In 2016, the Evening Standard named <mask> one of London's most influential people, saying: "Fiercely bright Godson, formerly chief leader writer at the Daily Telegraph, has been described as Britain's acknowledged expert on the problem of social cohesion." Commentator Iain Dale also named <mask> as one of the 100 most influential people on the right of British politics, in his annual rankings in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Dale also described Policy Exchange, in a February 2020 article, as "the pre-eminent think tank in the Westminster village". <mask> is the younger of the two sons of Joseph ("Joe") <mask> (1913–1986), a Polish-born Jewish-American diplomat who gained a law degree at New York University in 1940, and had been a Marxist in his early years later joining the Lovestoneites (adherents of Jay Lovestone) "that brave group of Americans who continued to search for a workable, democratic form of Marxism until the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 made them dissolve their organization in despair". Joe subsequently served as labour attaché at the American Embassy in Ottawa (to 1952) and in London (1953–59), where he became a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell, leader of the Labour Party 1955–63, whom he assisted in his battle against the left-wing tendency of the party. Joe was also a friend of the prominent Labour Party and trade union figures Harold Wilson, George Brown, Arthur Deakin and Frank Chapple.Joe then served as a first secretary in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1959–61), as consul general in Zagreb (to 1964) and in Edinburgh (1968–71). <mask> also served as Foreign Service Officer and European Co-ordinator of the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. In 1976, during his retirement spent in London, Joe established the Labour Committee for Transatlantic Understanding, funded by NATO, now the Trade Union Committee for European and Transatlantic Understanding (TUCETU), a "direct expression of American influence within the wider British labour movement" which influenced many in Tony Blair's largely pro-American New Labour circle. Godson was suspected by many in the UK Labour movement to be a CIA operative, and "although there were rumours in London during the 1950s that a CIA officer was operating under cover as a Labour attaché, Hugh Wilford concludes there is no evidence that Godson was a CIA officer". The British trade union leader Eric Hammond considered <mask> "a shadowy and influential figure between the British and American trade unions and probably some kind of a spook". Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsay refer to Joe as "an American spook" in their biography of Harold Wilson. <mask>'s mother (his father's second wife) is Ruth Perlman, of Israel.<mask>'s elder half-brother is <mask> (born 1942), professor emeritus at Georgetown University and a specialist in international politics and national security, who married Christine Watson, daughter of Sam Watson General Secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (Durham Area) in 1947 and Chairman of the Labour Party in 1949–50, the principal union ally of Hugh Gaitskell, <mask>'s close friend. Education

Godson was educated at three independent schools for boys, including Sussex House School in Cadogan Square in Chelsea, London and St Paul's School in Barnes, London, followed by Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Life and career
During the 1980s, Godson was Research Assistant to Sir Ray Whitney, MP for Wycombe. He also held the position of Assistant to Hon John Lehman, US Secretary of the Navy, Washington DC, and was a Research Fellow at both Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Cambridge, Massachusetts and the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies. From 1990 to 1992, Godson worked as Librarian to Sir James Goldsmith. From 1992 to 1995, he worked for The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph as an obituary writer, leader writer and feature writer. From 1995 to 2004, he was Chief Leader Writer of The Daily Telegraph, writing largely about mainland domestic politics and Northern Ireland.From 1997 to 2004, he also worked as Associate Editor of The Spectator under Boris Johnson’s editorship (before the latter became Mayor for London), was a Contributing Editor for Prospect magazine and a Consultant Editor on the New York Sun. In his political career, <mask> stood as candidate in Great Grimsby in 1997 and served as first Deputy Chairman of Kensington and Chelsea Conservative Association from 1995–98. <mask> is author of Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism (Harper Collins, 2004) which was short listed for the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize. Andrew Marr called it "a great act of political reporting – instant history, if you like – about the drama of Northern Ireland's search for peace". He was a visiting professor at the University of Ulster. On 22 December 2020 it was announced that he was to become a Conservative life peer. In the afternoon of Monday 25 January 2021 he was created Baron <mask>, of Thorney Island in the City of Westminster.Work at Policy Exchange

<mask> joined Policy Exchange in 2005 and initially headed up its research into security policy, before becoming its Director in 2013. In 2005, <mask> edited Replacing the Routemaster: how to undo Ken Livingstone's destruction of London's best ever bus. The study, which featured contributions from Colin Cramphorn, Simon Jenkins, Andrew Gilligan and many others, was the first major critique of Ken Livingstone's policy of scrapping the Routemaster bus. The report heavily influenced Boris Johnson's subsequent 'New Routemaster' policy in the 2008 London Mayoral elections. and was attacked by outgoing Labour mayor Ken Livingstone in his memoirs. <mask> founded the Colin Cramphorn Memorial Lecture, to celebrate the life of the late Chief Constable of West Yorkshire. The inaugural lecture was delivered by Peter Clarke, then head of the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command.In 2009, the lecture was delivered by Charles Farr, Director General of the Office of Security and Counter Terrorism in the Home Office. In September 2009, it was delivered by General David Petraeus, then Commander, United States Central Command. In 2011, Gen James N. Mattis, then head of CENTCOM, gave the sixth Colin Cramphorn Memorial Lecture. As head of Policy Exchange's security unit, <mask> produced a number of reports examining the views of British Muslims. This included, in 2009, "Choosing Our Friends Wisely: Criteria for Engagement with Muslim Groups" by the ex Hizb ut-Tahrir radical Shiraz Maher and Dr Martyn Frampton of Peterhouse, Cambridge. The report was praised by Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank, former Chief of the Defence Staff, as "remarkable". In June 2011, columnist Matthew D’Ancona wrote in the Evening Standard that the Government's review of its counter-terrorist strategy was “a tribute to an intellectual battle fought over the years by the modernising think tank, Policy Exchange... and, specifically, the head of its foreign policy and security unit, <mask>”.In October 2007, Policy Exchange published a report entitled The Hijacking of British Islam: How extremist literature is subverting mosques in the UK. Godson became embroiled in controversy when Newsnight put out a broadcast on 12 December 2007 that suggested some of the receipts purporting to prove the sale of extremist material had been forged, and that some of the material had come from bookshops purportedly unconnected to the mosques named in the report. Policy Exchange's rebuttal maintained that the receipts were not mentioned in the report, and that the report's findings were not dependent on them. On 15 August 2008, The Independent reported that two mosques mentioned in the report, the Al-Manar Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre and the North London Central Mosque, were preparing to take legal action against Policy Exchange. Subsequently, the Al Manaar Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre, following a clarification but no apology from Policy Exchange, withdrew its threatened legal complaint. Godson's work on combating extremism was praised in a speech in 2014 by the then UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, calling it “incredibly important” and stating it "has had a huge influence". In April 2017, <mask> published a lengthy article on the ConservativeHome website, setting out Policy Exchange's call for evidence on the contingency plans needed in the event that the UK is unable to secure a deal with the EU when it leaves the bloc.ConservativeHome's editor, Paul Goodman,  called this “a thought-provoking list of questions... Policy Exchange is early out of the traps seeking answers”. In February 2020, the Conservative broadcaster Iain Dale described Policy Exchange as "the pre-eminent think tank in the Westminster village" in an article on ConservativeHome, noting that, "<mask>, who has been the Director of Policy Exchange since 2013, has skilfully led Policy Exchange through three different Conservative administrations in a way that other think tanks can only marvel at. The softly-spoken Godson is often thought of as an ideological right winger, yet his pragmatism has enabled Policy Exchange to reach new heights of influence, with dozens of its alumni now sitting on the Conservative benches in Parliament." In November 2020, Godson awarded the inaugural Grotius Prize – named after the founding father of international law – to the Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, "in recognition of his work in support of the international rules based order", in a live online event. References

Bibliography

External links
 Policy Exchange Profile
 <mask> of Policy Exchange grilled by Jeremy Paxman on Newsnight

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British male journalists
British magazine editors
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

masks:
Dean Aaron Godson
Baron Godson
Godson
Godson
Origins Godson
Godson
Joseph Godson
Joe Godson
Dean
Dean
Roy Godson
Joe Godson
Godson
Godson
Godson
Godson
Godson
Godson
Godson
Dean Godson
Godson
Dean Godson
Dean Godson


title: John of Gaunt

texts:
<mask>, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was an English royal prince, military leader, and statesman. He was the third son of King Edward III of England, and the father of King Henry IV. Due to <mask>'s royal origin, advantageous marriages, and some generous land grants, he was one of the richest men of his era, and was an influential figure during the reigns of both his father and his nephew, Richard II. As Duke of Lancaster, he is the founder of the royal House of Lancaster, whose members would ascend the throne after his death. His birthplace, Ghent, corrupted into English as Gaunt, was the origin for his name. When he became unpopular later in life, a scurrilous rumour circulated, along with lampoons, claiming that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher. This rumour, which infuriated him, may have been inspired by the fact that Edward III had not been present at his birth.<mask>'s early career was spent in France and Spain fighting in the Hundred Years' War. He made an abortive attempt to enforce a claim to the Crown of Castile that came through his second wife, Constance of Castile, and for a time styled himself as King of Castile. When Edward the Black Prince, <mask>'s elder brother and heir to the ageing Edward III, became incapacitated due to poor health, <mask> assumed control of many government functions, and rose to become one of the most powerful political figures in England. He was faced with military difficulties abroad and political divisions at home, and disagreements as to how to deal with these crises led to tensions among <mask>, the English Parliament, and the ruling class, making him an extremely unpopular figure for a time. <mask> exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of King Richard II (Edward the Black Prince's son) and the ensuing periods of political strife. He mediated between the king and a group of rebellious nobles, which included <mask>'s own son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke. Following <mask>'s death in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the Crown, and his son Henry, now disinherited, was branded a traitor and exiled.Henry returned from exile shortly after to reclaim his inheritance, and deposed Richard. He reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of <mask> <mask> to hold the English throne. All English monarchs beginning with Henry IV are descended from <mask> <mask>. His direct male line, the House <mask> Lancaster, would rule England from 1399 until the time of the Wars of the Roses. <mask> is also generally considered to have fathered five children outside marriage: one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother; the others, surnamed Beaufort, by Katherine Swynford, his long-term mistress and third wife. They were later legitimised by royal and papal decrees, but this did not affect Henry IV's bar to their having a place in the line of succession. Through his daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, he was an ancestor of the Yorkist kings Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III.Through his great-granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort he was also an ancestor of Henry VII, who married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York, and all subsequent monarchs are descendants of their marriage. Two of <mask>'s daughters married into continental royal houses (those of Portugal and Castile). Through them, many royal families of Europe can trace lineage to him. Early life

<mask> was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England. His first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, was also his third cousin; both were great-great-grandchildren of King Henry III. They married in 1359 at Reading Abbey as a part of the efforts of Edward III to arrange matches for his sons with wealthy heiresses. Upon the death of his father-in-law, the 1st Duke of Lancaster, in 1361, <mask> received half his lands, the title "Earl of Lancaster", and distinction as the greatest landowner in Northern England as heir of the Palatinate of Lancaster.He also became the 14th Baron of Halton and 11th Lord of Bowland. <mask> inherited the rest of the Lancaster property when Blanche's sister Maud, Countess of Leicester (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died without issue on 10 April 1362. <mask> received the title "Duke of Lancaster" from his father on 13 November 1362. By then well established, he owned at least thirty castles and estates across England and France and maintained a household comparable in scale and organisation to that of a monarch. He owned land in almost every county in England, a patrimony that produced a net income of between £8,000 and £10,000 a year. Military commander
Because of his rank, <mask> <mask> was one of England's principal military commanders in the 1370s and 1380s, though his enterprises were never rewarded with the kind of dazzling success that had made his elder brother Edward the Black Prince such a charismatic war leader. War in France
On the resumption of war with France in 1369, <mask> was sent to Calais with Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and a small English army with which he raided into northern France.On 23 August, he was confronted by a much larger French army under Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Exercising his first command, <mask> dared not attack such a superior force and the two armies faced each other across a marsh for several weeks until the English were reinforced by the Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, at which the French withdrew without offering battle. <mask> and Warwick then decided to strike Harfleur, the base of the French fleet on the Seine. Further reinforced by German mercenaries, they marched on Harfleur, but were delayed by French guerilla operations while the town prepared for a siege. <mask> invested the town for four days in October, but he was losing so many men to dysentery and bubonic plague that he decided to abandon the siege and return to Calais. During this retreat, the army had to fight its way across the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque against a French army led by Hugh de Châtillon, who was captured and sold to Edward III. By the middle of November, the survivors of the sickly army returned to Calais, where the Earl of Warwick died of plague.Though it seemed an inglorious conclusion to the campaign, <mask> had forced the French king, Charles V, to abandon his plans to invade England that autumn. In the summer of 1370, <mask> was sent with a small army to Aquitaine to reinforce his ailing elder brother, the Black Prince, and his younger brother Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, Earl of Cambridge. With them, he participated in the Siege of Limoges (September 1370). He took charge of the siege operations and at one point engaging in hand-to-hand fighting in the undermining tunnels. After this event, the Black Prince gave <mask> the lieutenancy of Aquitaine and sailed for England, leaving <mask> in charge. Though he attempted to defend the duchy against French encroachment for nearly a year, lack of resources and money meant he could do little but husband what small territory the English still controlled, and he resigned the command in September 1371 and returned to England. Just before leaving Aquitaine, he married the Infanta Constance of Castile in September 1371 at Roquefort, near Bordeaux, Guyenne.The following year he took part with his father, Edward III, in an abortive attempt to invade France with a large army, which was frustrated by three months of unfavourable winds. Probably <mask>'s most notable feat of arms occurred in August–December 1373, when he attempted to relieve Aquitaine by the landward route, leading an army of some 9,000 mounted men from Calais on a great chevauchée from north-eastern to south-western France on a 900-kilometre raid. This four-month ride through enemy territory, evading French armies on the way, was a bold stroke that impressed contemporaries but achieved virtually nothing. Beset on all sides by French ambushes and plagued by disease and starvation, <mask> <mask> and his raiders battled their way through Champagne, east of Paris, into Burgundy, across the Massif Central, and finally down into Dordogne. Unable to attack any strongly fortified forts and cities, the raiders plundered the countryside, which weakened the French infrastructure, but the military value of the damage was only temporary. Marching in winter across the Limousin plateau, with stragglers being picked off by the French, huge numbers of the army, and even larger numbers of horses, died of cold, disease or starvation. The army reached English-occupied Bordeaux on 24 December 1373, severely weakened in numbers with the loss of least one-third of their force in action and another third to disease.Upon arrival in Bordeaux, many more succumbed to the bubonic plague that was raging in the city. Sick, demoralised and mutinous, the army was in no shape to defend Aquitaine, and soldiers began to desert. <mask> had no funds with which to pay them, and despite his entreaties, none were sent from England, so in April 1374, he abandoned the enterprise and sailed for home. <mask>'s final campaign in France took place in 1378. He planned a 'great expedition' of mounted men in a large armada of ships to land at Brest and take control of Brittany. Not enough ships could be found to transport the horses, and the expedition was tasked with the more limited objective of capturing St. Malo. The English destroyed the shipping in St. Malo harbour and began to assault the town by land on 14 August, but <mask> was soon hampered by the size of his army, which was unable to forage because French armies under Olivier de Clisson and Bertrand du Guesclin occupied the surrounding countryside, harrying the edges of his force.In September, the siege was simply abandoned and the army returned ingloriously to England. <mask> <mask> received most of the blame for the debâcle. Partly as a result of these failures, and those of other English commanders at this period, <mask> was one of the first important figures in England to conclude that the war with France was unwinnable because of France's greater resources of wealth and manpower. He began to advocate peace negotiations; indeed, as early as 1373, during his great raid through France, he made contact with Guillaume Roger, brother and political adviser of Pope Gregory XI, to let the pope know he would be interested in a diplomatic conference under papal auspices. This approach led indirectly to the Anglo-French Congress of Bruges in 1374–77, which resulted in the short-lived Truce of Bruges between the two sides. <mask> was himself a delegate to the various conferences that eventually resulted in the Truce of Leulinghem in 1389. The fact that he became identified with the attempts to make peace added to his unpopularity at a period when the majority of Englishmen believed victory would be in their grasp if only the French could be defeated decisively as they had been in the 1350s.Another motive was <mask>'s conviction that it was only by making peace with France would it be possible to release sufficient manpower to enforce his claim to the throne of Castile. Succession to the throne

After the death in 1376 of his older brother Edward of Woodstock (also known as the "Black Prince"), <mask> of <mask> contrived to protect the religious reformer <mask>, possibly to counteract the growing secular power of the church. However, <mask>'s ascendancy to political power coincided with widespread resentment of his influence. At a time when English forces encountered setbacks in the Hundred Years' War against France, and Edward III's rule was becoming unpopular due to high taxation and his affair with Alice Perrers, political opinion closely associated the Duke of Lancaster with the failing government of the 1370s. Furthermore, while King Edward and the Prince of Wales were popular heroes due to their successes on the battlefield, <mask> of <mask> had not won equivalent military renown that could have bolstered his reputation. Although he fought in the Battle of Nájera (1367), for example, his later military projects proved unsuccessful. When Edward III died in 1377 and <mask>'s ten-year-old nephew succeeded as Richard II of England, <mask>'s influence strengthened.However, mistrust remained, and some suspected him of wanting to seize the throne himself. <mask> took pains to ensure that he never became associated with the opposition to Richard's kingship. As de facto ruler during Richard's minority, he made unwise decisions on taxation that led to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, when the rebels destroyed his home in London, the Savoy Palace. Unlike some of Richard's unpopular advisors, <mask> was away from London at the time of the uprising and thus avoided the direct wrath of the rebels. In 1386 <mask> left England to seek the throne of Castile, claimed in jure uxoris by right of his second wife, Constance of Castile, whom he had married in 1371. However, crisis ensued almost immediately in his absence, and in 1387 King Richard's misrule brought England to the brink of civil war. <mask> had to give up on his ambitions in Spain and hurry back to England in 1389.Only <mask>'s intervention in the political crisis succeeded in persuading the Lords Appellant and King Richard to compromise to usher in a period of relative stability. During the 1390s, <mask>'s reputation of devotion to the well-being of the kingdom was largely restored. Marriages and family
During his second marriage, <mask> of <mask> had entered into an extra-marital love affair with Katherine Swynford, the daughter of an ordinary knight, which would produce four children for the couple. All of them were born out of wedlock, but legitimised upon their parents' eventual marriage. The adulterous relationship endured until 1381, when it was broken out of political necessity. On 13 January 1396, two years after the death of Constance of Castile, Katherine and <mask> of Gaunt married in Lincoln Cathedral. The children bore the surname "Beaufort" after a former French possession of the duke.The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after <mask> and Katherine married. A later proviso that they were specifically barred from inheriting the throne—the phrase  ("except royal status")—was inserted with dubious authority by their half-brother Henry IV. Death
<mask> died of natural causes on 3 February 1399

masks:
John of Gaunt
Gaunt
John
Gaunt
Gaunt
Gaunt
John
Gaunt
Gaunt
John of
Gaunt
John of
Gaunt
of
Gaunt
John
John
John
John
John
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John
John
Gaunt
John Wycliffe
John
John
Gaunt
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
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John
John
John


title: John of Gaunt

texts:
 at Leicester Castle, with his third wife Katherine by his side. Regent

Head of government
On his return from France in 1374, <mask> took a more decisive and persistent role in the direction of English foreign policy. From then until 1377, he was effectively the head of the English government due to the illness of his father and elder brother, who were unable to exercise authority. His vast estates made him the richest man in England, and his great wealth, ostentatious display of it, autocratic manner and attitudes, enormous London mansion (the Savoy Palace on the Strand) and association with the failed peace process at Bruges combined to make him the most visible target of social resentments. His time at the head of government was marked by the so-called Good Parliament of 1376 and the Bad Parliament of 1377.The first, called to grant massive war taxation to the Crown, turned into a parliamentary revolution, with the Commons (supported to some extent by the Lords) venting their grievances at decades of crippling taxation, misgovernment, and suspected endemic corruption among the ruling classes. <mask> was left isolated (even the Black Prince supported the need for reform) and the Commons refused to grant money for the war unless most of the great officers of state were dismissed and the king's mistress Alice Perrers, another focus of popular resentment, was barred from any further association with him. But even after the government acceded to virtually all their demands, the Commons then refused to authorise any funds for the war, losing the sympathy of the Lords as a result. The death of the Black Prince on 8 June 1376 and the onset of Edward III's last illness at the closing of Parliament on 10 July left <mask> with all the reins of power. He immediately had the ailing king grant pardons to all the officials impeached by the Parliament; Alice Perrers too was reinstated at the heart of the king's household. <mask> impeached William of Wykeham and other leaders of the reform movement, and secured their conviction on old or trumped-up charges. The parliament of 1377 was <mask>'s counter-coup: crucially, the Lords no longer supported the Commons and <mask> was able to have most of the acts of 1376 annulled.He also succeeded in forcing the Commons to agree to the imposition of the first poll tax in English history—a viciously regressive measure that bore hardest on the poorest members of society. There was organised opposition to his measures and rioting in London; <mask> <mask>'s arms were reversed or defaced wherever they were displayed, and protestors pasted up lampoons on his supposedly dubious birth. At one point he was forced to take refuge across the Thames, while his Savoy Palace only just escaped looting. It was rumoured (and believed by many people in England and France) that he intended to seize the throne for himself and supplant the rightful heir, his nephew Richard, the son of the Black Prince, but there seems to have been no truth in this and on the death of Edward III and the accession of the child Richard II, <mask> sought no position of regency for himself and withdrew to his estates. <mask>'s personal unpopularity persisted, however, and the failure of his expedition to Saint-Malo in 1378 did nothing for his reputation. By this time, too, some of his possessions were taken from him by the Crown. For example, his ship, the Dieulagarde, was seized and bundled with other royal ships to be sold to pay off the debts of Sir Robert de Crull, who during the latter part of King Edward III's reign had been the Clerk of the King's Ships, and had advanced monies to pay for the king's ships.During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, <mask> of <mask> was far from the centre of events, on the March of Scotland, but he was among those named by the rebels as a traitor to be beheaded as soon as he could be found. The Savoy Palace was systematically destroyed by the mob and burned to the ground. Nominally friendly lords and even his own fortresses closed their gates to him, and <mask> was forced to flee into Scotland with a handful of retainers and throw himself on the charity of King Robert II of Scotland until the crisis was over. King of Castile
Upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371, <mask> assumed (officially from 29 January 1372) the title of King of Castile and León in right of his wife, and insisted his fellow English nobles henceforth address him as "my lord of Spain". He impaled his arms with those of the Spanish kingdom. From 1372, <mask> gathered around himself a small court of refugee Castilian knights and ladies and set up a Castilian chancery that prepared documents in his name according to the style of Peter of Castile, dated by the Castilian era and signed by himself with the Spanish formula "Yo El Rey" ("I, the King"). He hatched several schemes to make good his claim with an army, but for many years these were still-born due to lack of finance or the conflicting claims of war in France or with Scotland.It was only in 1386, after Portugal under its new King <mask> had entered into full alliance with England, that he was actually able to land with an army in Spain and mount a campaign for the throne of Castile (that ultimately failed). <mask> sailed from England on 9 July 1386 with a huge Anglo-Portuguese fleet carrying an army of about 5,000 men plus an extensive "royal" household and his wife and daughters. Pausing on the journey to use his army to drive off the French forces who were then besieging Brest, he landed at Corunna in northern Spain on 29 July. The Castilian king, <mask> of Trastámara, had expected <mask> would land in Portugal and had concentrated his forces on the Portuguese border. He was wrong-footed by <mask>'s decision to invade Galicia, the most distant and disaffected of Castile's kingdoms. From August to October, <mask> of <mask> set up a rudimentary court and chancery at Ourense and received the submission of the Galician nobility and most of the towns of Galicia, though they made their homage to him conditional on his being recognised as king by the rest of Castile. While <mask> of Gaunt had gambled on an early decisive battle, the Castilians were in no hurry to join battle, and he began to experience difficulties keeping his army together and paying it.In November, he met King <mask> of Portugal at Ponte do Mouro on the south side of the Minho river and concluded an agreement with him to make a joint Anglo-Portuguese invasion of central Castile early in 1387. The treaty was sealed by the marriage of <mask>'s eldest daughter Philippa to the Portuguese king. A large part of <mask>'s army had succumbed to sickness, however, and when the invasion was mounted, they were far outnumbered by their Portuguese allies. The campaign of April–June 1387 was an ignominious failure. The Castilians refused to offer battle and the Galician-Anglo-Portuguese troops, apart from time-wasting sieges of fortified towns, were reduced to foraging for food in the arid Spanish landscape. They were harried mainly by French mercenaries of the Castilian king. Many hundreds of English, including close friends and retainers of <mask> of Gaunt, died of disease or exhaustion.Many deserted or abandoned the army to ride north under French safe-conducts. Shortly after the army returned to Portugal, <mask> <mask> concluded a secret treaty with <mask> of Trastámara under which he and his wife renounced all claim to the Castilian throne in return for a large annual payment and the marriage of their daughter Catherine to <mask> of Trastámara's son Henry. Duke of Aquitaine
<mask> left Portugal for Aquitaine, and he remained in that province until he returned to England in November 1389. This effectively kept him off the scene while England endured the major political crisis of the conflict between Richard II and the Lords Appellant, who were led by <mask> of <mask>'s younger brother Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. Only four months after his return to England, in March 1390, Richard II formally invested <mask> with the Duchy of Aquitaine, thus providing him with the overseas territory he had long desired. However he did not immediately return to the province, but remained in England and mainly ruled through seneschals as an absentee duke. His administration of the province was a disappointment, and his appointment as duke was much resented by the Gascons, since Aquitaine had previously always been held directly by the king of England or his heir; it was not felt to be a fief that a king could bestow on a subordinate.In 1394–95, he was forced to spend nearly a year in Gascony to shore up his position in the face of threats of secession by the Gascon nobles. He was one of England's principal negotiators in the diplomatic exchanges with France that led to the Truce of Leulinghem in 1396, and he initially agreed to join the French-led Crusade that ended in the disastrous Battle of Nicopolis, but withdrew due to ill-health and the political problems in Gascony and England. For the remainder of his life, <mask> <mask> occupied the role of valued counsellor of the king and loyal supporter of the Crown. He did not even protest, it seems, when his younger brother Thomas was murdered at Richard's behest. It may be that he felt he had to maintain this posture of loyalty to protect his son Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV), who had also been one of the Lords Appellant, from Richard's wrath; but in 1398 Richard had Bolingbroke exiled, and on <mask> of <mask>'s death the next year he disinherited Bolingbroke completely, seizing <mask>'s vast estates for the Crown. Relationship with <mask>r
<mask> <mask> was a patron and close friend of the poet <mask>, best known for his work The Canterbury Tales. Near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law.Chaucer married Philippa (Pan) de Roet in 1366, and Lancaster took his mistress of nearly 30 years, Katherine Swynford (de Roet), who was Philippa Chaucer's sister, as his third wife in 1396. Although Philippa died c. 1387, the men were bound as brothers and Lancaster's children by <mask>, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufort—were Chaucer's nephews and niece. Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess, also known as the Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse, was written in commemoration of Blanche of Lancaster, <mask> of Gaunt's first wife. The poem refers to <mask> and Blanche in allegory as the narrator relates the tale of "A long castel with walles white/Be Seynt Johan, on a ryche hil" (1318–1319) who is mourning grievously after the death of his love, "And goode faire White she het/That was my lady name ryght" (948–949). The phrase "long castel" is a reference to Lancaster (also called "Loncastel" and "Longcastell"), "walles white" is thought to likely be an oblique reference to Blanche, "Seynt Johan" was <mask> of Gaunt's name-saint, and "ryche hil" is a reference to Richmond; these thinly veiled references reveal the identity of the grieving black knight of the poem as <mask> of <mask>, Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Richmond. "White" is the English translation of the French word "blanche", implying that the white lady was Blanche of Lancaster. Believed to have been written in the 1390s, Chaucer's short poem Fortune, is also inferred to directly reference Lancaster."Chaucer as narrator" openly defies Fortune, proclaiming he has learned who his enemies are through her tyranny and deceit, and declares "my suffisaunce" (15) and that "over himself hath the maystrye" (14). Fortune, in turn, does not understand Chaucer's harsh words to her for she believes she has been kind to him, claims that he does not know what she has in store for him in the future, but most importantly, "And eek thou hast thy beste frend alyve" (32, 40, 48). Chaucer retorts that "My frend maystow nat reven, blind goddesse" (50) and orders her to take away those who merely pretend to be his friends. Fortune turns her attention to three princes whom she implores to relieve Chaucer of his pain and "Preyeth his beste frend of his noblesse/That to som beter estat he may atteyne" (78–79). The three princes are believed to represent the dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester, and a portion of line 76, "as three of you or tweyne," to refer to the ordinance of 1390 which specified that no royal gift could be authorised without the consent of at least two of the three dukes. Most conspicuous in this short poem is the number of references to Chaucer's "beste frend". Fortune states three times in her response to the plaintiff, "And also, you still have your best friend alive" (32, 40, 48); she also references his "beste frend" in the envoy when appealing to his "noblesse" to help Chaucer to a higher estate.A fifth reference is made by "Chaucer as narrator" who rails at Fortune that she shall not take his friend from him. While the envoy playfully hints to Lancaster that Chaucer would certainly appreciate a boost to his status or income, the poem Fortune distinctively shows his deep appreciation and affection for <mask> of <mask>. Family

Ancestry

Marriages

 On 19 May 1359 at Reading Abbey, <mask> married his third cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, younger of the two daughters of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. Both shared a common descent from King Henry III. The wealth she brought to the marriage was the foundation of <mask>'s fortune. Blanche died on 12 September 1368 at Tutbury Castle, while her husband was overseas. Their son Henry Bolingbroke became Henry IV of England, having deposed King Richard II, who had seized the duchy of Lancaster upon <mask>'s death while Henry was in exile.Their daughter Philippa of Lancaster became Queen of Portugal by marrying King <mask> of Portugal in 1387. All subsequent kings of Portugal were thus descended from <mask> of <mask>. In 1371, <mask> married Infanta Constance of Castile, daughter of King Peter of Castile, thus giving him a claim to the Crown of Castile, which he would pursue. Though <mask> was never able to make good his claim, his daughter by Constance, Catherine of Lancaster, became Queen of Castile by marrying Henry III of Castile. Catherine of Aragon is descended from this line. Constance died in 1394. During his marriage to Constance, <mask> of <mask> fathered four children by a mistress, the widow Katherine Swynford (whose sister Philippa de Roet was married to Chaucer).Prior to her widowhood, Katherine had borne at least two, possibly

masks:
John
John
John
John
John
John
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John
Gaunt
John
John
John
John I
John
John
John
John
John
Gaunt
John
John I
John
John
John
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John
John
Gaunt
Gaunt
John of
Gaunt
John
Gaunt
John
Geoffrey Chauce
John of
Gaunt
Geoffrey Chaucer
Katherine John
John
John
John
John
Gaunt
John
Gaunt
John
John
John
John I
John
Gaunt
John
John
John
Gaunt


title: John of Gaunt

texts:
 three, children to Lancastrian knight Sir Hugh Ottes Swynford (from the manor of Kettlethorpe in Lincolnshire). The known names of these children are Blanche and Thomas. (There may have been a second Swynford daughter.) <mask> <mask> was Blanche Swynford's godfather. <mask> married Katherine in 1396, and their children, the Beauforts, were legitimised by King Richard II and the Church, but barred from inheriting the throne. From the eldest son, <mask>, descended a granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, whose son, later King Henry VII of England, would nevertheless claim the throne. Children

 By Blanche of Lancaster:
 Philippa (1360–1415) married King <mask> of Portugal (1357–1433).<mask> (1362–1365) was the first-born son of <mask> and Blanche of Lancaster and lived possibly at least until after the birth of his brother Edward of Lancaster in 1365 and died before his second brother another short lived boy called <mask> in 1366. He was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester (the church founded by his grandfather Henry, Duke of Lancaster). Elizabeth (1364–1426), married (1) in 1380 <mask>, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1372–1389), annulled 1383; married (2) in 1386 <mask>, 1st Duke of Exeter (1350–1400); (3) Sir <mask>, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke (died 1443)
 Edward (1365) died within a year of his birth and was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester. <mask> (1366–1367) most likely died after the birth of his younger brother Henry, the future Henry IV of England; he was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester. Henry IV of England (1367–1413) married (1) Mary de Bohun (1369–1394); (2) Joanna of Navarre (1368–1437)
Isabel (1368–1368). By Constance of Castile:
 Catherine (1373–1418), married King Henry III of Castile (1379–1406)
 <mask> (1374–1375)
 By Katherine Swynford (née de Roet/Roelt), mistress and later wife (children legitimised 1397):
<mask>, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373–1410), married Margaret Holland. His great-grandson was Henry VII of England.Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester (1375–1447)
 Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (1377–1427), married Margaret Neville, daughter of Sir Thomas de Neville of Hornby by an unknown wife
 Joan Beaufort (1379–1440); married first Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem, and second Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
 By mistress Marie de St. Hilaire of Hainaut, a lady-in-waiting to <mask>'s mother, Queen Philippa:
 Blanche (1359–1388/1389), who married Sir Thomas Morieux (1355–1387) in 1381 and had no children. Morieux held several important posts, including Constable of the Tower the year he was married, and Master of Horse to King Richard II two years later. Burial

<mask> Gaunt was buried beside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, adjacent to the high altar. Their magnificent tomb had been designed and executed between 1374 and 1380 by Henry Yevele with the assistance of Thomas Wrek, at a total cost of £592. The two alabaster effigies were notable for having their right hands joined. An adjacent chantry chapel was added between 1399 and 1403. The monument was severely damaged, and perhaps destroyed, during the period of the Interregnum (1649–1660); and anything that survived was lost (with the rest of the cathedral) in the Great Fire of London of 1666.A wall memorial in the crypt of the present cathedral lists <mask>'s as among the important lost monuments. Titles and arms

Titles and styles
Earl of Richmond: granted as an infant in September 1342, surrendered to the crown in June 1372. Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby: inherited jure uxoris in November 1362 following the death of his wife's father Henry of Grosmont. Duke of Lancaster: granted as a new creation on 13 November 1362 following the death of the prior Duke, Henry of Grosmont. King of Galicia, King of Castile, King of León: claimed in January 1372 by his second marriage to the heiress to these thrones, unrecognised except for a brief period when he was able to capture Galicia from 1386 to 1387; claim surrendered 1388. Duke of Aquitaine (2 March 1390 – 3 February 1399): granted for life in March 1390 by his nephew, King Richard II of England

Arms

As a son of the sovereign, <mask> bore the royal arms of the kingdom (Quarterly, France Ancient and England), differenced by a label of three points ermine. As claimant to the throne of Castile and León from 1372, he impaled the arms of that kingdom (Gules, a castle or, quartering Argent, a lion rampant purpure) with his own.The arms of Castile and León appeared on the dexter side of the shield (the left hand side as viewed), and the differenced English royal arms on the sinister; but in 1388, when he surrendered his claim, he reversed this marshalling, placing his own arms on the dexter, and those of Castile and León on the sinister. He thus continued to signal his alliance with the Castilian royal house, while abandoning any claim to the throne. There is, however, evidence that he may occasionally have used this second marshalling at earlier dates. In addition to his royal arms, <mask> bore an alternative coat of Sable, three ostrich feathers ermine. This was the counterpart to his brother, the Black Prince's, "shield for peace" (on which the ostrich feathers were white), and may have been used in jousting. The ostrich feather arms appeared in stained glass above <mask>'s chantry chapel in St Paul's Cathedral. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> is a character in William Shakespeare's play Richard II.Shortly before he dies, he makes a speech that includes the lines "This royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars ... This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England". He is also referred to by Falstaff in Henry IV Part I.

Hungerford in Berkshire has ancient links to the Duchy, the manor becoming part of <mask> Gaunt's estate in 1362 before James I passed ownership to two local men in 1612 (which subsequently became Town & Manor of Hungerford Charity). The links are visible today in the Town & Manor-owned John O'Gaunt Inn on Bridge Street, the John O'Gaunt School on Priory Road, as well as various street names. It is customary for the Loyal Toast to be given by residents as "The Queen, the Duke of Lancaster". The John of Gaunt School on Wingfield Road in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, is built upon land that he once owned. References

Further reading

External links

 Sir Jean Froissart: <mask> <mask> in Portugal, 1385
 The Katherine Swynford Society website

1340 births
1399 deaths
14th-century English nobility
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Dukes of Lancaster
Earls of Derby
6th Earl of Leicester
Earls of Richmond
Children of Edward III of England
English people of French descent
English people of Scottish descent
English people of Spanish descent
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
<mask> of Gaunt
House of Plantagenet
Knights of the Garter
Lord High Stewards
Male Shakespearean characters
Nobility from Ghent
Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of Castile
Peers created by Edward III
Sons of kings
Barons of

masks:
John of
Gaunt
John
John
John I
John
John
John
John Hastings
John Holland
John Cornwall
John
John
John Beaufort
John
John of
Gaunt
John
Gaunt
Gaunt
John of
Gaunt
John of
John of
Gaunt
John


title: Colbie Caillat

texts:
<mask> (; born May 28, 1985) is an American singer-songwriter. <mask> rose to fame through social networking website Myspace. At that time, she was the number one unsigned artist of her genre. After signing with Universal Republic Records, she released her debut album, Coco, in July 2007. The album included the hit singles "Bubbly" and "Realize", and has sold 2,060,000 copies in the US, and is certified 2x Platinum. In 2008, she recorded a duet with Jason Mraz, "Lucky", which won a Grammy Award. In August 2009 she released Breakthrough, her second album, which became her first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200.It has been certified gold by the RIAA. Breakthrough was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. She was also part of the group that won Album of the Year at the 2010 Grammy Awards for her featured vocals and writing on Taylor Swift's Fearless album. In July 2011, she released her third studio album, All of You. In October 2012 she released her first Christmas album, Christmas in the Sand. From 2018 to 2020, she was a member of the country music group Gone West. Caillat has sold over six million albums worldwide and over 10 million singles.In 2009 she was named Billboard magazine's 94th-best-selling music artist of the 2000s. Life and career

1985–2006: Early life

<mask> was born in Malibu, California, and grew up in Newbury Park, California. Her father, <mask>, co-produced Fleetwood Mac's Rumours (1977), Tusk (1979), and Mirage (1982) albums. When she was an infant, her parents gave her the nickname "Coco", which she would later name her debut album. <mask> took piano lessons as a child, but lacked significant inspiration until she turned 11 years old, when she became enthralled with Lauryn Hill's performance in Sister Act 2. She realized that she wanted to be a singer, and began taking vocal lessons, performing onstage for the first time in sixth grade. Since then she has covered the Roberta Flack song "Killing Me Softly", which had previously been covered by Lauryn Hill, and Hill's own "Tell Him".<mask> soon met producer Mikal Blue, who hired her to sing on techno songs used at fashion shows. <mask> began playing the acoustic guitar at age 19, and Blue helped her record her first song. She auditioned for American Idol but was rejected at the pre-audition stage and was unable to sing for the judges. The second time she auditioned for the show, she sang her own original song, "Bubbly", and was rejected once again. However, <mask> expressed gratitude at the judges' decision, saying "I was shy. I was nervous. I didn't look the greatest.I wasn't ready for it yet. I was glad, when I auditioned, that they said no." The popularity of <mask>'s MySpace profile led her to become the number-one unsigned singer in her genre for four consecutive months. 2007–2008: Coco

<mask>'s debut album, Coco, was released on July 10, 2007, in Australia and Asia and a week later in North America. Its deluxe edition was released on September 3, 2008, in Japan and November 11, 2008, worldwide. The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA with shipments to U.S. retailers of 2,000,000 units. The album's first single, "Bubbly", peaked at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Pop 100.It also topped the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks charts for 19 and 14 weeks, respectively. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 13, 2007, with sales of more than 2.6 million downloads in the US. On November, 20, she released the Christmas song "Mistletoe" and peaked at number 75 at Billboard Hot 100. The song was the most downloaded holiday song of 2007. It was also featured in the film Baby Mama. The second single from Coco, "Realize", was released on January 23, 2008, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming her second Top 20 hit in the United States. "The Little Things", was released as the third single in Germany on March 7, 2008, and in United States in October 2008.The single did not chart well in the US, and was her weakest charting single from the album, peaking at number seven on US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100. She also recorded a French translated version of this song. The original music video was released only in Europe and was shot in San Francisco. Another music video for the song was shot in Hawaii and was a prequel to "Bubbly". The fourth and final single from the album in the United States was, "Somethin' Special (Beijing Olympic Mix)", released on July 29, 2008. The song was included only in the deluxe edition. It was released to give support to the American athletes participating in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, in China, and also was included on the AT&T Team USA Soundtrack.<mask> also sings on "You" by Schiller and appears in the music video. She has been involved in the soundtrack of the movie Imagine That; she and Mikal Blue cover the Beatles song "Here Comes the Sun". She is also featured in Colombian singer Juanes' album La vida... es un ratico (en vivo) in the song "Hoy Me Voy". In October, the song "Midnight Bottle" was included in the soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Três Irmãs. She also played herself in this soap opera and performed the song. <mask> provided background vocals for and co-wrote Taylor Swift's song "Breathe", on her album, Fearless. 2009–2012: Breakthrough and All of You

On January 13, 2009, <mask> also released a duet with Jason Mraz, called "Lucky", on his album, We Sing, We Dance, We Steal Things.<mask>'s second album, Breakthrough, was released in August 2009. Most of the album was co-written by Jason Reeves and features guitarist David Becker on two tracks. Becker has worked with <mask>'s father Ken. <mask> had writer's block during the recording sessions, so she enlisted her friends Kara DioGuardi and Jason Reeves, and they went to Hawaii for three weeks, rented a beach house and wrote songs. Breakthrough debuted at number-one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 106,000 copies, becoming her first album to debut at the top and an improvement of the first week sales of her debut album Coco (2007), which started at number five with only 51,000 copies. It was also Universal Music Group's sixth consecutive number-one album to debut at the top. It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).The first single, "Fallin' for You", was released on June 29, 2009. The "lilting" mid-tempo ballad "features an instantly catchy chorus and toe tapping melody," as defined by Melinda Newman of HitFix. It achieved chart success in the United States, reaching number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100, her second highest charting single and her highest debut with 118,000 first-week downloads, spending fourteen weeks at number two on the Adult Pop Songs and topping the Adult Contemporary chart. Elsewhere, it reached the top-twenty in four other countries and top-forty in the remaining territories. Initially "Begin Again" and "You Got Me" were under consideration to be the album's second single, however "I Never Told You" was released instead on February 16, 2010. It reached number forty-eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was more successful on the Adult Pop Songs, where it peaked at number three, and on the Adult Contemporary, reaching number eleven. <mask> was recognized as BMI's songwriter of the year.In July 2010, <mask> performed "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch at the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In September 2010, <mask> performed the national anthem in the season opener game of the National Football League in New Orleans and a Monday Night Football game in Chicago. In December 2010, <mask> performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. In 2010, <mask> visited the Watkins Glen, New York shelter of Farm Sanctuary, an organization she supports. <mask>'s third album, All of You, was released on July 6, 2011. The set, largely produced by Greg Wells, features one guest appearance by rapper/actor Common, who graces "Favorite Song", while her songwriting collaborators include Ryan Tedder, Toby Gad, Jason Reeves and Rick Nowels. All of You debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with first week sales of 70,000 copies.However, it managed to top the Digital Albums Chart. As of June 2014 the album has sold 331,000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album's lead single, "I Do", was released on February 7, 2011, and was a success, debuting at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song gathered positive reviews from music critics. The second single "Brighter Than the Sun" was released on May 17, 2011, and reached number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. <mask> promoted the album on Today on July 12, 2011, and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 14, 2011. The song "What If" debuted at number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100, due to strong digital downloads on the week of the album release.Potential singles cited in the future include "Shadow" and "Before I Let You Go". According to her website, fans will choose the next single of the album. The song "Favorite Song" won the poll and was released as the third single on May 8, 2012. It has been played on many American radio stations and has peaked at number 21 on the Hot Adult Pop Songs chart. <mask> appeared in the third episode of the cancelled NBC television series The Playboy Club as 1960s singer Lesley Gore. In the episode broadcast on October 3, 2011, <mask> sang Gore's 1963 hit, "It's My Party".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/entertainment/2011/09/its-her-party-colbie-caillat-her-latest-record-portraying-leslie-gore-and-huma|title=The Washington Examiner – <mask> <mask> on NBC's The Playboy Club|work=Washington Examiner|access-date=October 1, 2014}}</ref> Cast for the part in August 2011, Caillat taped her portion of the episode in Chicago. 2012–2015: Christmas in the Sand and Gypsy Heart

Caillat completed a Christmas album titled Christmas in the Sand that was released on October 23, 2012.The album features collaborations with Brad Paisley, Gavin DeGraw, Justin Young and Jason Reeves. She also began working on her fourth album, set to be released after her Christmas album. In mid-2012, it was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct; all other artists including <mask> moved from the label to Republic Records, thus reviving that label. <mask> and Gavin DeGraw wrote the song "We Both Know" together for the soundtrack of the 2013 film Safe Haven. The song was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2014 Grammys. <mask> sang the national anthem at the 3rd game of the 2013 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and the St. Louis Cardinals on October 26, 2013. <mask>'s new single, "Hold On" was released to digital retailers on November 19, 2013.The song would be released as the lead single from the new album, but for uncertain reasons wasn't included in the domestic version, including only in international release. In United States the song was a non-album single. "Try" was released as the album's second single worldwide and lead single in United States on June 9, 2014, and a lyric video was released the following day featuring fans, as well as female celebrities such as Hoda Kotb, Miranda Lambert, Sara Bareilles, Katharine McPhee and the members of Fifth Harmony without makeup. The official video shows <mask> along with other women with makeup, which they remove later on in the video. On July 2 she released a lyric-video for "Live It Up". The official lyric-video for "Never Gonna Let You Down" was released on October 25. The fourth album, Gypsy Heart, was released only on September 30, and was produced by American record producer Babyface.It features songwriting collaborations with past co-writer, Jason Reeves, as well as new co-writers and producers Max Martin, Julian Bunetta, and Johan Carlsson. The album debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 for chart dated October 18, 2014, with 16,000 copies sold in the first week. The album has sold 91,000 copies in the United States as of October 2016. <mask> co-wrote "Chasing the Sun" along with Jason Reeves and Toby Gad for Hilary Duff. The song was released as the first single for Duff's fifth album. <mask> penned a song for The Walking Dead: Songs of Survival Vol.2 called "The Way I Was" which was included exclusively for the Walmart version of the soundtrack album. On June 9, 2014, Republic Records released "Try", written by <mask>, Babyface and Jason Reeves and was produced by Babyface. The song was released as her lead single on her fifth studio album, Gypsy Heart. <mask> says about "Try", "It's this song I've had in my head my entire life about personal insecurities, imperfections, self-confidence issue." The song hit number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August of that year and later went on platinum in USA. 2016: The Malibu Sessions
During the fall of 2016, <mask> undertook an acoustic tour for her new album, The Malibu Sessions. On July 22, 2016, the first single from the album, "Goldmine", was released.2018–2020: Gone West
During 2018, <mask> formed a band called Gone West with her fiancé Justin Young, longtime collaborator Jason Reeves, and his wife Nelly Joy. The group debuted at the Grand Ole Opry on October 26, 2018. Gone West signed with label Grayscale Entertainment. On August 12, 2020, she announced on Instagram the band had broken up. Personal life
<mask> was in a relationship with singer Justin Young from 2009 to 2020. The two were engaged in May 2015. They announced that they had ended their engagement in April 2020.In 2010, <mask> posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine - alongside Emmanuelle Chriqui, Regina Hall, Kara DioGuardi, and Jessica Capshaw. Caillat supports various charities including Farm Sanctuary, United Service Organizations, Wish Upon A Hero, MusiCares, Earth's Call Fund, the Humane Society of the United States, and WE Charity. DiscographyCoco (2007)Breakthrough (2009)All of You (2011)Christmas in the Sand (2012)Gypsy Heart (2014)The Malibu Sessions'' (2016)

Filmography

Tours

Headlining
 Coco Summer Tour (2007)
 Coco World Tour (2008)
 Breakthrough World Tour (2009–10)
 All of You Summer Tour (2011–12)
 Gypsy Heart Tour (2014)
 The Malibu Sessions Tour (2016–17)

Co-headlining
 Girls Night Out, Boys Can Come Too  (2015)

Fixed special guest
 Summer Tour  (2008)
 Summer Tour  (2012)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Universal Republic

1985 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
American child singers
American acoustic guitarists
American women guitarists
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American folk guitarists
American folk singers
American Idol participants
21st-century American pianists
American expatriates in New Zealand
American pop guitarists
American pop rock singers
American women pianists
Ballad musicians
Grammy Award winners
People from Malibu, California
People from Newbury Park, California
Singer-songwriters from California
Guitarists from California
Republic Records artists
21st-century American women singers

masks:
Colbie Marie Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Ken Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
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Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Colbie
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Caillat
Colbie
Caillat


title: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

texts:
<mask> Nettesheim (; ; 14 September 1486 – 18 February 1535) was a German polymath, physician, legal scholar, soldier, theologian, and occult writer. <mask>'s Three Books of Occult Philosophy published in 1533 drew heavily upon Kabbalah, Hermeticism, and neo-Platonism. His book was widely influential among occultists of the early modern period, and was condemned as heretical by the inquisitor of Cologne. <mask> was born in Nettesheim, near Cologne on 14 September 1486 to a family of middle nobility. Many members of his family had been in the service of the House of Habsburg. <mask> studied at the University of Cologne from 1499 to 1502, (age 13–16) when he received the degree of magister artium. The University of Cologne was one of the centers of Thomism, and the faculty of arts was split between the dominant Thomists and the Albertists.It is likely that Agrippa's interest in the occult came from this Albertist influence.<ref name="twet55">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, The Western Esoteric Traditions', 2008, , p. 55</ref> Agrippa himself named Albert’s Speculum as one of his first occult study texts. He later studied in Paris, where he apparently took part in a secret society involved in the occult. In 1508 Agrippa traveled to Spain to work as a mercenary. He continued his travels by way of Valencia, the Baleares, Sardinia, Naples, Avignon, and Lyon. He served as a captain in the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who awarded him the title of Ritter or knight. Agrippa's academic career began in 1509, receiving the patronage Margaret of Austria, governor of Franche-Comté, and Antoine de Vergy, archbishop of Besançon and chancellor of the University of Dole. He was given the opportunity to lecture a course at the University on Hebrew scholar Johann Reuchlin's De verbo mirifico.At Dôle, <mask> wrote De nobilitate et praecellentia foeminae sexus (On the Nobility and Excellence of the Feminine Sex), a work that aimed at proving the superiority of women using cabalistic ideas. The book was probably intended to impress Margaret. <mask>’s lectures received attention, and he was given a doctorate in theology because of them. He was, however, denounced by the Franciscan prior Jean Catilinet as a "Judaizing heretic", and was forced to leave Dôle in 1510. In the winter of 1509-1510 Agrippa returned to Germany and studied with Humanist Johannes Trithemius at Würzburg. On 8 April 1510 he dedicated the then unpublished first draft of De occulta philosophia ("On the Occult Philosophy") to Trithemius, who recommended that Agrippa keep his occult studies secret. Proceeding to the Netherlands he took service again with Maximilian.In 1510 the king sent <mask> on a diplomatic mission to England, where he was the guest of the Humanist and Platonist John Colet, dean of St Paul's Cathedral, and where he replied to the accusations brought against him by Catilinet (Expostulatio super Expositione sua in librum De verbo mirifico). In the reply he argued that his Christian faith was not incompatible with his appreciation for Jewish thought, writing "I am a Christian, but I do not dislike Jewish Rabbis". Agrippa then returned to Cologne and gave disputations at the university's faculty of theology. Agrippa followed Maximilian to Italy in 1511, and as a theologian attended the schismatic council of Pisa (1512), which was called by some cardinals in opposition to a council called by Pope Julius II. He remained in Italy for seven years, partly in the service of William IX, Marquess of Montferrat, and partly in that of Charles III, Duke of Savoy, probably occupied in teaching theology and practicing medicine. During his time in northern Italy Agrippa came into contact with Agostino Ricci and perhaps Paolo Ricci, and studied the works of philosophers Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and the kabbalah. In 1515 he lectured at the University of Pavia on the Pimander of Hermes Trismegistus, but these lectures were abruptly terminated owing to the victories of Francis I, King of France.In 1518 the efforts of one or other of his patrons secured for <mask> the position of town advocate and orator, or syndic, at Metz. Here, as at Dôle, his opinions soon brought him into collision with the monks, and his defense of a woman accused of witchcraft involved him in a dispute with the inquisitor, Nicholas Savin. The consequence of this was that in 1520 he resigned his office and returned to Cologne, where he stayed about two years. He then practiced for a short time as a physician at Geneva and Freiburg, but in 1524 went to Lyons on being appointed physician to Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. In 1528 he gave up this position, and about this time was invited to take part in the dispute over the legality of the divorce of Catherine of Aragon by Henry VIII; but he preferred an offer made by Margaret, duchess of Savoy and regent of the Netherlands, and became archivist and historiographer to the emperor Charles V.

Margaret's death in 1530 weakened his position, and the publication of some of his writings about the same time aroused anew the hatred of his enemies; but after suffering a short imprisonment for debt at Brussels he lived at Cologne and Bonn, under the protection of Hermann of Wied, archbishop of Cologne. By publishing his works he brought himself into antagonism with the Inquisition, which sought to stop the printing of De occulta philosophia. He then went to France, where he was arrested by order of Francis I for some disparaging words about the queen-mother; but he was soon released, and on 18 February 1535 died at Grenoble.He was married three times and had a large family. During his wandering life in Germany, France, and Italy, <mask> worked as a theologian, physician, legal expert, and soldier. <mask> was for some time in the service of Maximilian I, probably as a soldier in Italy, but devoted his time mainly to the study of the occult sciences and to problematic theological legal questions, which exposed him to various persecutions through life, usually in the mode described above: He would be privately denounced for one sort of heresy or another. He would only reply with venom considerably later (Nauert demonstrates this pattern effectively). No evidence exists that <mask> was seriously accused, much less persecuted, for his interest in or practice of magical or occult arts during his lifetime, although it was known he argued against the persecution of witches. It is impossible, of course, to cite negatively, but Nauert, the best bio-bibliographical study to date, shows no indication of such persecution, and Van der Poel's careful examination of the various attacks suggest that they were founded on quite other theological grounds. According to some scholarship: "As early as 1525 and again as late as 1533 (two years before his death) Agrippa clearly and unequivocally rejected magic in its totality, from its sources in imagined antiquity to contemporary practice."Some aspects remain unclear, but some believe this renunciation was sincere (not out of fear, as a parody, or otherwise). Recent scholarship (see Further Reading below, in Lehrich, Nauert, and Van der Poel) generally agrees that this rejection or repudiation of magic is not what it seems: <mask> never rejected magic in its totality, but he did retract his early manuscript of the Occult Philosophy – to be replaced by the later form. In the Third Book of Occult Philosophy, Agrippa concludes with:

According to his student Johann Weyer, in the 1563 book De praestigiis daemonum, Agrippa died in Grenoble, in 1535. Augustin Calmet wrote that Agrippa had a dog that jumped into the Rhone as his master neared death causing many to believe it was a demon. Works

<mask> is perhaps best known for his books. An incomplete list:De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum atque artium declamatio invectiva (Declamation Attacking the Uncertainty and Vanity of the Sciences and the Arts, 1526; printed in Cologne 1527), a skeptical satire of the sad state of science. This book, a significant production of the revival of Pyrrhonic skepticism in its fideist mode, was to have a significant influence on such thinkers and writers as Montaigne, Descartes and Goethe.Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus (Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex, 1529), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.Edition with English translation, London 1670De occulta philosophia libri tres (Three Books Concerning Occult Philosophy, Book 1 printed Paris 1531; Books 2–3 in Cologne 1533). This summa of occult and  magical thought, Agrippa's most important work in a number of respects, sought a solution to the skepticism proposed in De vanitate. In short, Agrippa argued for a synthetic vision of magic whereby the natural world combined with the celestial and the divine through Neoplatonic participation, such that ordinarily licit natural magic was in fact validated by a kind of demonic magic sourced ultimately from God. By this means Agrippa proposed a magic that could resolve all epistemological problems raised by skepticism in a total validation of Christian faith. One example of the text, not especially indicative of its broader contents, is Agrippa's analysis of herbal treatments for malaria in numeric terms:

Rabanus also, a famous Doctor, composed an excellent book of the vertues of numbers: But now how great vertues numbers have in nature, is manifest in the hearb which is called Cinquefoil, i.e. five leaved Grass; for this resists poysons by vertue of the number of five; also drives away divells, conduceth to expiation; and one leafe of it taken twice in a day in wine, cures the Feaver of one day: three the tertian Feaver: foure the quartane. In like manner four grains of the seed of Turnisole being drunk, cures the quartane, but three the tertian.In like manner Vervin is said to cure Feavers, being drunk in wine, if in tertians it be cut from the third joynt, in quartans from the fourth. The book was a major influence on such later magical thinkers as Giordano Bruno and John Dee, but was ill-understood after the decline of the Occult Renaissance concomitant with the scientific revolution. The book (whose early draft, quite different from the final form, circulated in manuscript long before it was published) is often cited in discussions of Albrecht Dürer's famous engraving Melencolia I (1514). (Note that Philosophy of Natural Magic: Complete Work on Natural Magic, White & Black Magic, 1569, , is simply book 1 of De occulta philosophia libri tres.) A spurious Fourth book of occult philosophy, sometimes called Of Magical Ceremonies, has also been attributed to him; this book first appeared in Marburg in 1559 and is not believed to have been written by Agrippa. (A semi-complete collection of his writings were also printed in Lyon in 1550; arguably more complete editions followed, but none is without serious textual problems.) Recently Sylvain Matton attributed, with caution, to Agrippa an anonymous De Arte Chimica first printed in 1572 by Pietro Perna in the Auriferæ artis, quam chemiam vocant, antiquissimi authores.Modern editionsDe occulta philosophia libri tres. Ed. Vittoria Perrone Compagni. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1992: .The Philosophy of Natural Magic, Translated by James Freake, Edited by L. W. de Laurence (1913). (Only book one)The Philosophy of Natural Magic, Translated by James Freake, Edited by Leslie Shepherd (1974). University Books. (, Only book one; reprint of the Laurence edition)Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Translated by James Freake, Annotated by Donald Tyson (2005).Llewelyn Worldwide. ()Three Books of Occult Philosophy Book One: A Modern Translation, Translated by Eric Purdue (2012). Renaissance Astrology Press. ()Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex. Translated by Albert Rabil, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996: Female Preeminence: An Ingenius Discourse. Translated by H.C., Edited by Tarl Warwick (2016). ()Of the Vanitie and Vncertaintie of Artes and Sciences.Edited by Catherine M. Dunn. Northridge, CA: California State University Foundation, 1974. ASIN: B0006CM0SWDe Arte Chimica (attributable to) Henry <mask>grippa; a critical edition of the Latin text with a seventeenth-century English translation by Sylvain Matton, Paris: SÉHA; Milan: Archè, 2014De Occvlta Philosophia — Four Books. Translated and edited by Paul Summers Young, 2020. Black Letter Press, Germany

See also
Celestial Alphabet
Neoplatonism
Paracelsus
Pentagram
Renaissance

Notes and references

Further reading
Lehrich, Christopher I. The Language of Demons and Angels. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003: .The only in-depth scholarly study of <mask>'s occult thought. Morley, Henry. "<mask>pa: The Life of <mask> <mask> von Nettesheim" Vol. I, London: Chapman & Hall, 1856. Nauert, Charles G<mask> and the Crisis of Renaissance Thought. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965: ASIN B000BANHI6. The first serious bio-bibliographical study.van der Poel, Marc<mask> <mask>, the Humanist Theologian and His Declamations. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1997: . Detailed examination of Agrippa's minor orations and the De vanitate by a Neo-Latin philologist. Yates, Frances A. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition. University of Chicago Press, 1964: . Provides a scholarly summary of <mask>'s occult thoughts in the context of Hermeticism.McDonald, Grantley. ‘<mask>’s School of Love: Teaching Plato’s Symposium in the Renaissance’, in Practices of Gender in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. Peter Sherlock and Megan Cassidy-Welch (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), pp. 151–75. An examination of one of <mask>'s university orations, on the subject of love, from a Neoplatonic and Cabalistic perspective. External links

  Website devoted to Agrippa's Life
Writings of Agrippa
Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Agrippa in .jpg and .tiff format. Magische Werke – From the Harry Houdini Collection at the Library of Congress
De occulta philosophia – From the Collections at the Library of Congress
De occulta philosophia.Book 4 – From the Collections at the Library of Congress
 Querelle | <mask> Agrippa von Nettesheim Querelle.ca is a website devoted to the works of authors contributing to the pro-woman side of the querelle des femmes''. 1486 births
1535 deaths
16th-century German physicians
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
16th-century Latin-language writers
16th-century alchemists
German alchemists
German astrologers
16th-century astrologers
German occult writers
German occultists
German Renaissance humanists
Creators of writing systems
16th-century occultists
Physicians from Cologne
German male non-fiction writers
16th-century jurists

masks:
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von
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Life Agrippa
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Cornelius A
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Henry Cornelius
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. Agrippa
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Cornelius Agrippa
Agrippa
Heinrich Cornelius