title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 form allows him to hit shots with heavy topspin – more so than many of his contemporaries. San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell used a high-speed video camera and special software to count the average number of revolutions of a tennis ball hit full force by <mask>. Yandell concluded:

While <mask>'s shots tend to land short of the baseline, the characteristically high bounces his forehands achieve tend to mitigate the advantage an opponent would normally gain from capitalizing on a short ball. Although his forehand is based on heavy topspin, he can hit the ball deep and flat with a more orthodox follow through for clean winners. <mask>'s serve was initially considered a weak point in his game, although his improvements in both first-serve points won and break points saved since 2005 have allowed him to consistently compete for and win major titles on faster surfaces. <mask> relies on the consistency of his serve to gain a strategic advantage in points, rather than going for service winners.However, before the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arriving in the trophy pose earlier and pulling the racket lower during the trophy pose. Before the 2010 U.S. Open, <mask> modified his service grip to a more continental one. These two changes in his serve increased his average speed by around 10 mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing out at 135 mph (217 km/h), allowing him to win more free points on his serve. Since the 2010 US Open, <mask>'s serve speed dropped to previous levels and was again cited as in need of improvement. From 2019 onwards, several analysts praised <mask>'s improvement on the serve, noting the speed of his serve had increased. After signing his new coach Carlos Moyá in December 2016, <mask>'s game style acquired a more offensive approach. Under the direction of Moyá, <mask> improved his serve, and incorporated serve-and-volley as a surprise tactic in some of his matches.<mask> is a clay court specialist, in the sense that he has been extremely successful on that surface. He has won 13 times at the French Open, 12 times at Barcelona, 11 at Monte Carlo, and 10 at Rome. However, <mask> has shed that label owing to his success on other surfaces, including holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament titles on grass, hard courts, and clay on two separate occasions, winning ten Masters titles on hard court, and winning an Olympic gold medal on hardcourt. Despite praise for <mask>'s talent and skill, in the past, some had questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his build and playing style as conducive to injury. <mask> himself has admitted to the physical toll hard courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluated tour schedule featuring fewer hard court tournaments. This "longevity" narrative has proven inaccurate, and pundits today admire his resilience. <mask> has had three coaches during his career.<mask>, his uncle, coached him from 1990 to 2017. He is currently coached by Francisco Roig (2005–) and Carlos Moyá (2016–). In an interview in CBS's 60 Minutes in May 2021, <mask> said he has never broken a racket with anger in a match. He added that his family does not approve of it and breaking a racket means he is not in control of his emotions. <mask> is known for a host of on court rituals including specific bodily movements and the positioning of items courtside. <mask> himself has rejected that such rituals stem from an obsessive–compulsive disorder complex or are based on superstition. Nadal's extensive time taken between points has received criticism from other players including Roger Federer and Denis Shapovalov.Public image

Equipment and endorsements
<mask> has been sponsored by Kia Motors since 2006. He has appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In May 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featuring <mask> in a tennis match with an alien. In May 2015, <mask> extended his partnership with Kia for another five years. Nike serves as <mask>'s clothing and shoe sponsor. <mask>'s signature on-court attire entailed a variety of sleeveless shirts paired with 3/4 length capri pants. For the 2009 season, <mask> adopted more-traditional on-court apparel.Nike encouraged <mask> to update his look in order to reflect his new status as the sport's top player at that time and associate <mask> with a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" look, would be more widely emulated by consumers. At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi and Doha, <mask> played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him by Nike, paired with shorts cut above the knee. <mask>'s new, more conventional style carried over to the 2009 Australian Open, where he was outfitted with Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee and Nadal Long Check Shorts. <mask> wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shoes, bearing various customizations throughout the season, including his nickname "Rafa" on the right shoe and a stylized bull logo on the left. He became the face of Lanvin's L'Homme Sport cologne in April 2009. <mask> uses an AeroPro Drive racquet with a 4-inch L2 grip. , Nadal's racquets are painted to resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive with Cortex GT racquet in order to market a current model which Babolat sells.<mask> uses no replacement grip, and instead wraps two overgrips around the handle. He used Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 season, when he switched to Babolat's new, black-colored, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are always strung at , regardless of which surface or conditions he is playing on. , <mask> is the international ambassador for Quely, a company from his native Mallorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery and chocolate-coated products; he has consumed their products ever since he was a young child. In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille announced that he had developed an ultra-light wristwatch in collaboration with <mask> called the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch. The watch is made of titanium and lithium and is valued at US$525,000; Nadal was involved in the design and testing of the watch on the tennis court. During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker.<mask> replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This was the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008. Armani said that he selected <mask> as his latest male underwear model because "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters". In June 2012, <mask> joined the group of sports endorsers of the PokerStars online poker cardroom. <mask> won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player Ronaldo in 2014. Court name and tributes
In April 2017, the centre court of the Barcelona Open was named Pista Rafa Nadal. In 2021, prior to the start of tournament, Roland-Garros paid tribute to <mask> with the installation of a 3-meters tall steel statue at Stade Roland Garros.It was created by Jordi Díez Fernández, one of Spain's most renowned sculptors. In popular culture
In February 2010, <mask> was featured in the music video of Shakira's "Gypsy". and part of her album release She Wolf. In explaining why she chose <mask> for the video, Shakira was quoted as saying in an interview with the Latin American Herald Tribune: "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And <mask> is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe." Asteroid
128036 <mask>nadal is a main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca and named after <mask>.The decision to name the asteroid after Nadal was made by the International Astronomical Union in response to a request by the observatory. The asteroid is four kilometers in diameter and travels through space at a speed of 20 km per second. Off the court

Rafa Nadal Sports Centre
<mask> owns and trains at the Rafa Nadal Sports Centre () in his hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. The centre houses the Rafa Nadal Tennis Academy, where the American International School of Mallorca is located. Also located in the centre is a sports residence, a <mask>
<mask> took part in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on a visit to Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to be part of this project", said <mask>. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."Fundación Rafa Nadal
The creation of the Fundación Rafa Nadal took place in November 2007, and its official presentation was in February 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social work and development aid particularly on childhood and youth. On deciding why to start a foundation, <mask> said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in Chennai, in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." <mask> was inspired by the Red Cross benefit match against malaria with Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas, recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." <mask>'s mother, Ana María Parera, chairs the charitable organization and father Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach and uncle <mask> and his agent, former tennis player Carlos Costa, are also involved.Roger Federer has given <mask> advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in India struck him particularly hard, <mask> wants to start by helping "people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad". On 16 October 2010, <mask> traveled to India for the first time to visit his tennis academy for underprivileged children at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation has also worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation. Floods in Majorca
<mask> opened his tennis academy centre to Majorca flood victims in October 2018. By that time he was recovering at home in Majorca, shortly after having to leave the US Open due to injury and one day after the flood he worked personally with some friends to help the victims. Later, <mask> donated  €1 million for rebuilding Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, the most affected town by the floods in the island.<mask> also organized other charitable activities to help repair the damage of the disaster, such as the Olazábal & Nadal charity golf tournament  and a charity tennis match in which he was going to participate and that had to be suspended because he had to have an operation on an ankle injury. Other charities
Nadal supports or has supported other charities, such as City Harvest, Elton John AIDS Foundation, Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and Small Steps Project

Involvement in football
<mask> is an avid fan of association football club Real Madrid. On 8 July 2010, it was reported that he had become a shareholder of RCD Mallorca, his local club by birth, in an attempt to assist the club from debt. <mask> reportedly owns 10 percent and was offered the role of vice president, which he rejected. His uncle Miguel Ángel <mask> became assistant coach under Michael Laudrup. <mask> remains a passionate Real Madrid supporter; ESPN.com writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as Merengue as [Real Madrid icons] Raúl, Iker Casillas and Alfredo Di Stéfano." Shortly after acquiring his interest in Mallorca, <mask> called out UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club from the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying through a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."He is a fervent supporter of the Spanish national team, and he was one of six people not affiliated with the team or the national federation allowed to enter the team's locker room following Spain's victory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Personal life
<mask> lived with his parents and younger sister María Isabel in a five-storey apartment building in their hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. In June 2009, Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia, and then The New York Times, reported that his parents, Ana María and Sebastián, had separated. This news came after weeks of speculation in Internet posts and message boards over <mask>'s personal issues as the cause of his setback. <mask> is an agnostic atheist. As a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, Dragon Ball. CNN released an article about <mask>'s childhood inspiration, and called him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" owing to his unorthodox style "from another planet".<mask> speaks Spanish, Balearic Catalan and English. In addition to tennis and football, <mask> enjoys playing golf and poker. In April 2014, he played the world's No. 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker game in Monaco. In October 2020, <mask> competed in the professional-level Balearic Golf Championship, obtaining a World Amateur Golf Ranking in the process. <mask>'s autobiography, Rafa (Hyperion, 2012, ), written with assistance from John Carlin, was published in August 2011. <mask> has been in a relationship with María Francisca (Mery) Perelló Pascual (often mistakenly referred to as Xisca in the press) since 2005, and their engagement was reported in January 2019.The couple married in October 2019. Despite being left-handed while playing tennis, <mask> is known for being right-handed while doing things in everyday life such as writing and playing golf. Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Current through the 2022 Australian Open. Year–End Championships performance timeline

Olympic gold medal matches

Records

All-time tournament records

Open Era records
 These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis. Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements. Records in italics are currently active streaks. ^ Denotes consecutive streak.Professional awards
 ITF World Champion: 2008, 2010, 2017, 2019
 ATP Player of the Year: 2008, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019

See also
 All-time tennis records – men's singles
 ATP Tour records (since 1990)
 List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players (since 1973)
 List of career achievements by <mask>
 List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
 Open Era tennis records – men's singles (since 1968)
 Sport in Spain
 Tennis Masters Series records and statistics
 Tennis tournament records and statistics
 World number 1 ranked male tennis players (all time, based on recognized tennis authorities)

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Profiles

1986 births
Australian Open (tennis) champions
French Open champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Living people
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in tennis
Olympic tennis players of Spain
Spanish agnostics
Spanish football chairmen and investors
Spanish male models
Spanish male tennis players
Sports world record holders
Sportspeople from Manacor
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Tennis players from the Balearic Islands
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1

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title: Maurizio Ferraris

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 7 February 1956, in Turin) is an Italian continental philosopher and scholar, whose name is associated especially with the philosophical current named "new realism" -- Ferraris wrote the Manifesto of New Realism in 2012, which was published by SUNY Press in 2014) -- which shares significant similarities with speculative realism and object oriented ontology. A pupil of Gianni Vattimo, and influenced by Jacques Derrida, Ferraris began as a theorist of hermeneutics before turning his attention to analytic philosophy. Over the years he has been able to create an effective synthesis between the two approaches, creating a new ontological realism that rejects Kant's schematism in the domain of cognition. Since 1995, <mask> has been Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Literature and Philosophy at the University of Turin, where he also runs the LabOnt (Laboratory for Ontology). He studied in Turin, Paris and Heidelberg and has taught at major European Universities. He is the editor of the Rivista di Estetica and is a member of the editorial board of Critique and aut aut. From 1989 to 2010 Ferraris contributed regularly to the cultural supplement of the Italian newspaper Il Sole 24 ORE.Since 2010 he has been writing for the cultural section of La Repubblica. His main areas of expertise are hermeneutics, aesthetics and ontology. Biography
Ferraris graduated from philosophy at the University of Turin in 1979, under the guidance of Gianni Vattimo. In the early years of his career he divided his time between teaching, research and cultural journalism. From 1979 to 1988 he has been an editor, and then co-director, of Alfabeta, whose directive committee includes, among others, Antonio Porta, Nanni Balestrini, Maria Corti, Umberto Eco, Francesco Leonetti, Pier Aldo Rovatti and Paolo Volponi. In the early eighties he began his relationship with Derrida, who deeply marked his philosophical training. On the academic level, in 1984, after two years of teaching in Macerata (1982–83), he began to teach in Trieste, interspersing his didactic activities with a series of stays in Heidelberg.Here, after getting in contact with Gadamer, he started his studies in hermeneutics. In 1995, Ferraris was called in Turin, as a full Professor of Aesthetics, and later began teaching Metaphysics (Filosofia teoretica) in 1999. While working as a director of program (i.e. teacher) at the Collège international de philosophie from 1998 to 2004, in 1999 he founded the Laboratory for Ontology (LabOnt) and the Inter-University Centre for Theoretical and Applied Ontology (CTAO). Currently <mask> is full Professor of Philosophy at the University of Turin, where he is also the President of the LabOnt (Laboratory for Ontology) and of the Centre for Theoretical and Applied Ontology (CTAO). He is a Fellow of Käte Hamburger Kolleg “Recht als Kultur” (Bonn) and a Honorary Fellow of the Center for Advanced Studies of South East Europe (Rijeka). Ferraris has been Fellow of the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America and of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.He has also been Directeur d’études of the Collège International de Philosophie and a Visiting Professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris) as well as other European and American Universities. Ferraris is a columnist for ‘La Repubblica’, the Director of ‘Rivista di Estetica’, and the Co-director of ‘Critique’ and the ‘Revue francophone d’esthétique’. He wrote more than fifty books that have been translated into several languages. The books that have appeared in English are: History of Hermeneutics (Humanities Press, 1996), Documentality or Why it is Necessary to Leave Traces (Fordham UP, 2012), Goodbye Kant! (SUNY UP, 2013); Where Are You? An Ontology of the Cell Phone (Fordham UP, 2015) and Manifesto of New Realism (SUNY UP, 2015). <mask> <mask> has worked in the field of aesthetics, hermeneutics and social ontology, attaching his name to the theory of documentality, and contemporary new realism.Thought
Ferraris’ early interests lay in French post-structuralist philosophy, with special attention to authors such as Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze. A special role in the formation of his thought was undoubtedly played by Jacques Derrida, with whom Ferraris has maintained a relationship of research, later turned into a friendship, since 1981. Evidence of this phase of his thought can be found in his early works: Differenze (1981), Tracce (1983) and La svolta testuale (1984). Ferraris has specifically dedicated to Derrida: Postille a Derrida (1990), Honoris causa a Derrida (1998), Introduzione a Derrida (2003), Il gusto del segreto (1997) [A Taste for the Secret, Blackwell 2001] and, finally, Jackie Derrida. Ritratto a memoria (2006). While working with Gadamer, starting in the early eighties, Ferraris then turned to hermeneutics, writing: Aspetti dell’ermeneutica del Novecento (1986), Ermeneutica di Proust (1987), Nietzsche e la filosofia del Novecento (1989) and especially Storia dell’ermeneutica (1988) History of Hermeneutics, Humanities Press, 1996

The turning point
At the end of the eighties, Ferraris developed an articulated critique of Heidegger and Gadamer's tradition (see, in particular, Cronistoria di una svolta, the 1990 afterword to Heidegger's conference “The Turn”), which makes use of post-structuralism to challenge the romantic and idealistic legacy affecting such tradition. The conclusion of this critical path led the philosopher to the reconsideration of the relationship between the spirit and the letter as well as to a reversal of their traditional opposition.Oftentimes, both philosophers and ordinary people despise the letter (the rules and constraints instituted through documents and inscriptions of various kinds) and set the spirit (i.e. thought and will) above it, recognizing the creative freedom of the latter as opposed to the former. For Ferraris, it is the letter that precedes and founds the spirit. Thus occurred the transition to the second phase of the thought of the Italian philosopher. Ferraris abandoned hermeneutic relativism and Derridean deconstruction to embrace a form of realistic objectivism according to which "objectivity and reality, considered by radical hermeneutics as principles of violence and abuse, are in fact – and precisely because of the contraposition between spirit and letter mentioned above – the only protection against arbitrariness". This principle, which applies to morals, is based on the acknowledgement of a sphere of reality that is independent of interpretations (see, in particular, L’ermeneutica, 1998). The external world, recognized as unamendable, and the relationship between conceptual schemes and sensory experience (aesthetics, restored to its etymological meaning of "science of sensory perception", acquires a primary significance – see, in particular, Analogon rationis (1994 ), Estetica (1996, with other authors), L’immaginazione (1996), Experimentelle Ästhetik (2001) and Estetica razionale (1997)) are the dominant themes of the second phase of Ferraris’ thought, which involves a re-reading of Kant through the naive physics of the perceptologist Paolo Bozzi (see Il mondo esterno (2001) and Goodbye Kant!(2004, forthcoming for SUNY Press)). Ferraris’ "critical ontology" recognizes the world of everyday life as largely impenetrable compared to conceptual schemes. The failure to acknowledge this principle traces back to the confusion between ontology (the sphere of being) and epistemology (the sphere of knowledge); such confusion is critically thematised by Ferraris starting from the character of unamendability that is typical of being as opposed to knowledge (see in particular: Ontologia (2003) and Storia dell’ontologia (2008, with other authors)). His reflection on realism led, in 2011, to the elaboration of the Manifesto of New Realism. From social ontology to documentality
The natural outcome of critical ontology is the twofold acknowledgement of the external world as unamendable and of the domain of objects which Kantian transcendental philosophy rightly applies to: that of social objects. This new phase of Ferraris’ thought was ideally inaugurated with the publication of Dove sei? Ontologia del telefonino (2005) [Where are you?Ontology of the Cell Phone, forthcoming for Fordham UP] and went on with Babbo Natale, Gesù adulto (2006), Sans Papier (2007), La fidanzata automatica (2007) and Il tunnel delle multe (2008). The basic thesis is that the distinction between ontology and epistemology, combined with the acknowledgment of the ontological autonomy of the sphere of social objects (regulated by the constitutive law "object = inscribed act"), allows for the correction of Derrida's thesis that "there is nothing outside the text "(literally, and asemantically,"there is no outside text") so as to theorize, against Searle, that “there is nothing social outside the text." This leads to the mature stage of Ferraris’ thought, fully exposed and systematized in what may be considered his summa: Documentalità. Perché è necessario lasciar tracce (2009) [Documentality. Why It Is

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title: Maurizio Ferraris

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 Necessary to Leave Traces, Fordham UP, 2010] - and a monographic issue of the ‚“Monist“  (Edited by <mask> <mask> and Leonardo Caffo). Documentality
The most influential ontology of social reality, formulated by the American philosopher John Searle (1995), is based on collective intentionality, which allegedly ensures that certain physical objects (e.g. a piece of paper) are transformed into social objects (e.g.a banknote). As noted by Barry Smith (2003), this perspective has difficulty in accounting for both negative entities – such as debts, which apparently do not have a physical counterpart – and the new, seemingly intangible, social objects generated by the Web. The theory of documentality proposed by <mask> <mask> (2005) aims to solve these problems by arguing that social objects are always recordings of social acts. This accounts for both negative entities and the virtual entities of the web, which consist precisely of recordings just like any other social object. For the theory of documentality, the constitutive rule of social reality is "Object = Inscribed Act", where “inscribed” is equal to “recorded”. That is: a social object is the result of a social act (such as to involve at least two people), which is characterized by its being recorded on some support, including the minds of the people involved in the act (in the case of informal social acts such as promises). Articulated by Ferraris (2009) in a complete ontological theory and by Smith ( 2012) in a theory of document acts, documentality has three main reasons of interest.First, it has been able to account for the substantial growth of documents and recording devices in the Web world, which is very well explained by the proposed constitutive law of social reality. Secondly, it has been able to explain why social reality, while requiring the presence of subjects for the enactment of acts, may develop independently from them and even without their knowledge (an economic recession can be taking place even if no human subject is aware of it). Third, instead of making social reality depend on the action of collective intentionality – with an increasing social constructivism (Searle 2010) – documentality is capable of substantiating a "new realism" (Ferraris, 2012) that helps continental philosophy come out of the impasses of postmodernism and reconnect with analytic philosophy. [Source of this description of documentality: L. Caffo, "From Documentality to New Realism", in The Monist, 97:2 April 2014]. New realism

The realist turn carried out by <mask> Ferraris starting from the formulation of aesthetics not as philosophy of art, but as ontology of perception and sensory experience (Estetica razionale 1997 new edition 2011), finds a further declination in the Manifesto del nuovo realismo (2012) [Manifesto of new realism, SUNY Press, 2014]. New Realism – the principles of which were anticipated by Ferraris in an article published in La Repubblica on 8 August 2011 and which then started a massive debate – is primarily a consideration of some historical, cultural and political phenomena (i.e. the analysis of postmodernism up to its deteriorating into media populism).From these reflections follows the urge to shed light over the outcomes produced by the derivations of postmodernism within contemporary thought (i.e. the interpretation of philosophical realisms and "theories of truth" that developed starting from the end of last century in response to a deviation of the relationship between the individual and reality). This, in turn, leads to the proposal of an antidote to the degeneration of postmodernist ideology and the degraded and mendacious relationship with the world that it has caused: New Realism, in fact, identifies itself with the synergistic action of three key words, Ontology, Critique and Enlightenment. New Realism has been the subject of several debates and national and international conferences and has called for a series of publications that involve the concept of reality as a paradigm even in non-philosophical areas. In fact, the debate on new realism, for number of contributions and media response, has no equivalent in the recent cultural history, to the point of being chosen as 'case study' for the analysis of the sociology of communication and linguistics. In the international arena, the Manifesto of new realism can be found in several translations: English (SUNYI Press), French (Hermann), German (Klostermann), Spanish (Biblioteca Nueva) ecc. New realism was discussed in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and the Süddeutsche Zeitung.A monographic issue of the ‚“Monist“  (Edited by <mask> <mask> and Mario De Caro) will also shortly appear. Furthermore, the topic was re-elaborated both in Warum es die Welt nicht gibt by Markus Gabriel (Berlin, Ullstein Verlag 2013) and in Manifiesto del nuevo realismo analógico (Buenos Aires, Circulo Herméneutico 2013) by Mauricio Beuchot (México-UNAM) and José Luis Jerez (Argentina-UNCo). History:
In the frame of hermeneutics, as a reaction against its constructivist or nihilistic outcomes, <mask> <mask> has proposed the so-called "New Realism" (Manifesto del nuovo realismo, 2012), a philosophical orientation shared by both analytic philosophers – such as Mario De Caro (see Bentornata Realtà, ed by De Caro and Ferraris, 2012), and continental philosophers, such as Mauricio Beuchot (Manifesto del realismo analogico, 2013), and Markus Gabriel (Fields of Sense: A New Realist Ontology, 2014). New Realism also garnered the support of great thinkers such as Umberto Eco, Hilary Putnam and John Searle, intersecting with other realistic movements that arose independently but responding to similar needs, such as the "speculative realism" defended by the French philosopher Quentin Meillassoux and the American philosopher Graham Harman. For New Realism, the fact that it is becoming increasingly clear that science is not systematically the ultimate measure of truth and reality does not mean that we should say goodbye to reality, truth or objectivity, as was posited by much twentieth century philosophy. Rather, it means that philosophy, as well as jurisprudence, linguistics or history, has something important and true to say about the world. In this context, New Realism presents itself primarily as a negative realism: the resistance that the outside world opposes to our conceptual schemes should not be seen as a failure, but as a resource – a proof of the existence of an independent world.If this is the case, however, this negative realism turns into a positive realism: in resisting us reality does not merely set a limit we cannot trespass, but it also offers opportunities and resources. This explains how, in the natural world, different life-forms can interact in the same environment without sharing any conceptual scheme and how, in the social world, human intentions and behaviors are made possible by a reality that is first given, and that only at a later time may be interpreted and, if necessary, transformed. Now that the season of postmodernism has died out, New Realism expresses the widespread need for renewal in extra-disciplinary areas such as architecture, literature, pedagogy and medicine. Prizes
2018 "Elio Matassi" philosophical award
2017 "Humboldt Forschung" award, University of München
2012 "Capalbio" philosophical award
2008 "Viaggio a Siracusa" philosophical award
2007 "Ringrose Prize", Berkeley University
2006 "Castiglioncello" philosophical award
2005 "Valitutti" philosophical award
1990 "Claretta" philosophical award

Works
Translated into English
(2015) Where are you? An Ontology of the Cell Phone with a foreword of Umberto Eco
(2015) Positive Realism
(2015) Introduction to New Realism
(2014) Manifesto of New Realism
(2013) Goodbye, Kant! (2013) Documentality
(1988) History of hermeneutics
(1997) A Taste for the Secret, with Jacques Derrida, Giacomo Donis and David Webb

Translated into French
(2014) Âme et iPad

Latest works in Italian
(2018) Intorno agli unicorni. Supercazzole, ornitorinchi, ircocervi, Bologna, il Mulino, pp.144
(2018) Il denaro e i suoi inganni, with John R. Searle, Torino: Einaudi, pp. 136
(2017) Postverità e altri enigmi, Bologna: il Mulino, pg. 181
(2017) Filosofia teoretica with E. Terrone, Bologna: il Mulino, pg. 333
(2016) L'imbecillità è una cosa seria, Bologna: il Mulino, pg. 129
(2016) Emergenza, Turin: Einaudi, pg. 118
(2016) I modi dell’amicizia, with A. Varzi, Napoli-Salerno: Orthotes Editrice, pp. 60
(2015) Mobilitazione Totale, Rome: Laterza, pg.113
(2014) Spettri di Nietzsche, Parma: Guanda, 2014, pp. 256
(2013) Realismo Positivo, Turin: Rosenberg e Sellier, pg. 120
(2013) Realismo positivo Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, pp. 112
(2013) Filosofia Globalizzata, Milan: Mimesis, pg. 136
(2012) Lasciar tracce: documentalità e architettura''', Milan: Mimesis, pg. 96
(2012) Bentornata Realtà. Il nuovo realismo in discussione'' (eds.), with Mario De Caro, Turin: Einaudi, pg. 230

References

20th-century Italian philosophers
21st-century Italian philosophers
University of Turin faculty
1956 births
Living people
University of Turin

masks: Maurizio Ferraris Maurizio Ferraris Maurizio Maurizio Ferraris Maurizio Ferraris


title: Jorge Majfud

texts:
<mask> (born 1969) is a Uruguayan American writer. Life
He was born in Tacuarembó, Uruguay. He received a professional degree in Architecture in 1996 from the University of the Republic in Montevideo and studied at Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes. He traveled extensively to gather material that would later become part of his novels and essays and was a professor at the Universidad Hispanoamericana of Costa Rica and at Escuela Técnica del Uruguay, where he taught art and mathematics. In 2003 he entered the University of Georgia, where he obtained a Masters and a Ph.D. in the Department of Romance Languages. He is a member of the scientific committee of the Araucaria review of Spain, The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, and a Professional Member of PEN American Center. He taught at the University of Georgia and was a professor at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania.Currently, he is a professor at Jacksonville University. Dr. Majfud has won many research awards including the Excellence in Research Award in Humanities and Letters 2006, Casa de las Américas prize 2001, Juan Rulfo Award finalist 2011, and Faculty Award for Excellence in Scholarship and Professional Activities, Jacksonville University, 2013. His novels and essays are under study in different universities in Europe, the U.S., and Latin America. "He is one of the most important writers of a new generation of Latino intellectuals". In 2012, readers of the American magazine Foreign Policy (now EsGlobal in Spanish) recognized him as "The Most Influential Latin American Intellectual"
He delivered public lectures at many universities and events around the world

Works
His publications include:
Hacia qué patrias del silencio / memorias de un desaparecido (novel, 1996)
Crítica de la pasión pura (essays, 1998)
La reina de América (novel, 2001)
El tiempo que me tocó vivir (essays, 2004)
La narración de lo invisible / Significados ideológicos de América Latina (essays, 2006)
Perdona nuestros pecados (short stories, 2007)
La ciudad de la Luna (novel, 2009)
Crisis (novel, 2012)
Cyborgs (essays, 2012)
 El eterno retorno de Quetzalcoátl, 2012. Cuentos, audiobook, 2014
 Cine político latinoamericano, essays, 2014
 Herrmenéutica, essays, 2014
 El pasado siempre vuelve, short stories, 2014
 Algo salió mal, short stories, 2015
 El mar estaba sereno, novel, 2017
 USA. ¿Confía Dios en nosotros?, essays, 2017
 Neomedievalism.Reflections on the Post-Enlightenment Era, essays, 2018
 Tequila, novel, 2018
 El mismo fuego, novel, 2019
 Perros sí, negros no, essays, 2020
 Silicona 5.0, novel, 2020
 La frontera salvaje: 200 años de fanatismo anglosajón en América latina, history essay, 2021
 La privatización de la verdad. La continuidad de la ideología esclavista en Estados Unidos, essay, 2021

As contributor or editor

 2020, Crónicas del coronavirus (Editorial Irreverentes)
 2020, Diccionario de autobiografías intelectuales (Universidad Nacional de Lanus)
 2019, Unwanted People (University of Valencia Press, PUV) by Aviva Chomsky. 2018, Cinco entrevistas a Noam Chomsky (Le Monde Diplomatique / Editorial Aun Creemos en los Sueños) by Michel Foucault, Ignacio Ramonet, Daniel Mermet, <mask>d y Federico Kukso. 2018, "Vsa teža zakona" (Zgodbe iz Urugvaja. Antologija sodobne urugvajske kratke proze/Anthology of contemporary Uruguayan short prose). Translated by Yuri Kunaver. 2017, The Routledge History of Latin American Culture (Edited by Carlos Manuel Salomon)  Routledge Histories.2017, Pertenencia. Narradores sudamericanos en Estados Unidos. Antología. (Melanie Márquez Adams, Hemil García Linares, editores). Ars Communis Editorial, Publisher. .
 2016, Ruido Blanco. Antología de cuentos de ciencia ficción uruguaya. (Mónica Marchesky, coordinador)  M Ed.2013, De la indignación a la rebeldía (con Eduardo Galeano, Carlos Taibo y Slavoj Zizek). . Ediciones Irreverentes. 2012. Ilusionistas. , by Noam Chomsky. Edition, translation, and introduction. .  Ediciones Irreverentes. 2012, Antología de Nueva York. . Ediciones Irreverentes. 2012, Antología de ciencia ficción, 2099. . Ediciones Irreverentes.2011, Microantología del Microrrelato III. .
 2011, Truman, Hiroshima. (con Eduardo Galeano) Ediciones Irreverentes. 2010, El libro del voyeur. . Ediciones del viento. 2010, Microantología del Microrrelato II. .
 2010, Entre Orientales y Atlantes. Antología de relatos uruguayo-canaria. . Editorial Baile del Sol. 2007, Las palabras pueden. . (con Ernesto Sábato, Mario Vargas Llosa, José Saramago y otros ) United Nations Children's Fund (New York: UNICEF-UN). 2008, Los testimonios, de Roque Dalton. . Baile del Sol.2008, Diccionario alternativo. . (con Hugo Biagini y Arturo Andrés Roig). Aguilar/Alfaguara. 2007, América Latina hacia su segunda independencia. (con Hugo Biagini y Arturo Andrés Roig. Aguilar / Alfaguara. 1999, Entre siglos/Entre séculos. .

His stories and articles have been published in daily newspapers, magazines, and readers, such as El País of Madrid, El País and La República  of Montevideo, Courrier International of Paris , Rebellion, Hispanic Culture Review of George Mason University, Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana of Dartmouth College, Pegaso of the University of Oklahoma, Texas State University, Washington University Political Review, Chasqui of Arizona State University, Hispamerica of University of Maryland, United Nations Chronicle, UNICEF, Araucaria of Spain, etc. He has been the founder and editor of the magazine SigloXXI – reflexiones sobre nuestro tiempo.He is a contributor to El Pais, La República of Montevideo, La Vanguardia of Barcelona, Tiempos del Mundo of Washington, Monthly Review of New York, The Huffington Post, Milenio of Mexico, Jornada of La Paz, Panama America, El Nuevo Herald of Miami, Página/12 of Buenos Aires, Cambio16 of Spain, Centro Cervantes of Madrid, The Humanist of the American Humanist Association, Radio Uruguay, Radio Nacional de Argentina , Radio Exterior de España], Radio Popolare Roma, NTN 24 TV , Russia TV (RT), and many other daily and weekly newspapers. He is a member of the International Scientific Committee of the magazine Araucaria  in Spain. His essays and articles have been translated into Portuguese, French, English, German, Italian, Basque, Greek, and many others. He is also the editor and translator of Ilusionistas, the latest book of Noam Chomsky in Spanish (Madrid, 2012). He has published many books with authors like Slavoj Zizek, Eduardo Galeano, Ray Bradbury, José Saramago, Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, and Ernesto Sábato. In November 2019, after the coup d'état in Bolivia, <mask>d called on OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro to resign from his post. The letter went viral and was supported by millions of Latin Americans.Awards
He has distinguished himself in different international contests, for example:
Mention at Premio Casa de las Américas, in Habana, Cuba in 2001, for the novel La Reina de América, "because it stands out as an intense writing regarding the established powers by the use of parody and irony," according to the panel of judges composed of Belén Gopegui (Spain), Andrés Rivera (Argentina), Mayra Santos Febres (Puerto Rico) and others
Excellence in Research Award, University of Georgia, 2006
Faculty Award for Excellence in Scholarship and Professional Activities, Jacksonville University, 2013. 2014 International Latino Book Awards Finalist
2019 Premio Letterario Internazionale Indipendente 2019 Settima edizione Award

Further reading
 Ferrer Herrero, Raúl. El otro en <mask>, Leonor. De un infierno a otro: El migrante latino en Crisis de <mask>fud Rio: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Press, 2018
 Taiano, Leonor. Finisterre: en el últimolugar del mundo. "Huyendo hacia la paradoja del tío Sam: Consideraciones sobre Crisis de <mask>fud" (123-148)
 Gianni, Silvia M. "Identidad de la ausencia", University of Milan.(117-122)

References

External links

 "Los 10 autores hispanos del momento", Impacto Latin News, New York, 2013. Twitter
 "La escritura sin anestesias de un uruguayo universal: Entrevista a <mask>fud" Revista Mito, by Leonor Taiano. June 8, 2016. Books in WorldCat
 Editorial Baile del Sol
 Ediciones Irreverentes
 The Age of Barbaria
 "Crossing borders and more: A professor profile on Dr. <mask>d"
 Introducción a la literatura
 Tendencias
 La Republica's Critique and Book Review
 La ciudad de la Luna, a Spanish National Radio Interview
 An Interview
 La ciudad de la Luna
 Narrativa uruguaya de principios de siglo. Amazon.com
 Radio Exterior de España
 Línea Abierta. Texas-California edition. Entrevista de Samuel Schmidt (Audio)
 Nuevos escritores uruguayos: Centro Virtual Cervantes
 Pensamiento Latinoamericano
 Books at Biblioteca Miguel de Cervantes
 Cambio16
 Interview of María Luisa Pedrós

1969 births
Living people
People from Tacuarembó
Psychological fiction writers
Uruguayan people of Lebanese descent
Uruguayan male writers
Hispanic and Latino American writers
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
American Spanish-language writers
Latin Americanists
Uruguayan architects
University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni
University of Georgia alumni
Jacksonville University faculty
Uruguayan emigrants to the United States
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Florida

masks:
Jorge Majfud
Jorge Majfu
Jorge Majfu
Jorge Majano
Jorge Maj
Jorge Maj
Jorge Maj
Jorge Majfu


title: Zhu Youqian

texts:
<mask>an () (died March 9, 926), né <mask> (), known as Li Jilin () from 923 to 926, courtesy name Deguang (), formally the Prince of Xiping (), was a warlord of the late Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and the first two dynasties of the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Later Liang and Later Tang, ruling Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) during most of that time. Both he and his family were extremely honored by Emperor <mask> of Later Tang, but later, he was falsely accused of plotting a rebellion, and Emperor <mask> put him and his entire family to death. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. His family was from Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang, Henan), and both his grandfather <mask> () and father <mask> () were minor military officers at Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered at Xu Prefecture). During Huang Chao's rebellion, <mask> left his home area and became a subordinate of Bo Kui () the defender of Mianchi Base (澠池鎮, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan). At some point, he left that army post and became a bandit, but yet later again an army officer under Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia). Wang was impatient and harsh, and his subordinates had no love for him.Even the officer Li Fan (), whom Wang favored and often depended on, could not escape severe caning for minor faults. As a result, Li secretly resented Wang. Further, Wang had engaged a lengthy struggle with his cousin Wang Ke the military governor of Huguo Circuit to try to take over Huguo, but was repeatedly defeated, and the army morale was low. In 899, Li started a mutiny and killed Wang Gong, and the soldiers supported him to be acting military governor. Several months later, <mask> further overthrew Li and claimed the title of acting military governor, and became a vassal of the powerful warlord <mask> the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). (The main traditional historical sources differ as to Li's fate, with <mask>'s biographies in both the History of the Five Dynasties and the New History of the Five Dynasties indicating that Li fled to <mask>zhong's capital Bian Prefecture () (with the New History of the Five Dynasties further stating that <mask> was involved in Li's mutiny against Wang Gong) while the Zizhi Tongjian stated that <mask> killed Li.) Rule of Baoyi Circuit
In 900, under <mask>zhong's support, <mask>an was commissioned to be acting military governor, and then full military governor of Baoyi, by then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.After Emperor Zhaozong was forcibly taken by the powerful eunuchs to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), which was then ruled by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen, in 901, <mask>, who was allied with the chancellor Cui Yin and was trying to take Emperor Zhaozong back from the eunuchs' and Li Maozhen's control, was frequently traveling through Baoyi Circuit to deal with the campaign and was treated with respect by <mask>an. As a result, after a subsequent siege by <mask> on Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality forced Li Maozhen to slaughter the eunuchs and surrender Emperor Zhaozong to <mask>zhong, <mask>hong had <mask>an given the honorary chancellor designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). When <mask>hong subsequently forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang in 904, the forced move of the imperial court was so rushed that not even the imperial officials accompanying Emperor Zhaozong had proper clothes to wear. <mask>an prepared 100 sets and had them given to the officials when the imperial train travelled through Baoyi Circuit. Subsequently, after Emperor Zhaozong's arrival in Luoyang, <mask>an was given the greater honorary chancellor title of acting Shizhong (). As <mask> shared a family name with <mask>hong, he thereafter sent a petition to <mask>, stating:

<mask>hong greatly appreciated this request, so he changed <mask>'s name to <mask>an ("You" being the generational character in the personal names of all of <mask>'s sons and nephews), and added <mask> to his family roll, treating <mask>qian as a son. Thereafter, <mask> served him faithfully and contributed to his campaigns.Rule of Huguo Circuit

Under Emperor Taizu of Later Liang
In 907, <mask> forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Emperor Taizu moved <mask>an to the more prosperous Huguo Circuit as military governor and also gave him the title of acting Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies). He was eventually also given the greater honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling () and created the Prince of Ji. He was known to have received the former Tang official Su Xun () and Su Xun's son Su Kai () as his guests as of 907, when Emperor Taizu, while having received input from Su Xun on preparations of taking the throne but having looked down on Su for what he considered to be selling out the Tang imperial house, forced Su to retire. In 910, believing that two prefectures of Huguo, Jin (晉州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng), were too close to Later Liang's borders with its archenemy Jin and therefore was strategically important in Later Liang's campaign against Jin, <mask>an offered to have them carved out of his circuit so that a general can be dedicated to their defense. Emperor Taizu agreed, and carved those two prefectures out of Huguo and making them, in addition to Qin Prefecture (沁州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), into a new Dingchang Circuit (), making Hua Wenqi () the prefect of Jin its military governor (to reward Hua for his having earlier been successful in repelling a Jin attack). Vacillation between Later Liang and Jin
In 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated by his son <mask> the Prince of Ying, who, after blaming the assassination on his adoptive brother <mask>wen the Prince of Bo and executing <mask>, took the throne himself.However, rumors quickly spread that <mask>i was the killer, and, despite <mask>i's attempts to placate them with promotions and gifts, many of the senior generals were angry with him. <mask>an was particularly vocal, and when <mask>i's emissary announcing Emperor Taizu's death arrived at Huguo, <mask>an wept and stated to the emissary:

<mask>i tried to placate <mask>an by bestowing him dual chancellor titles of Shizhong and Zhongshu Ling, and wrote an edict to defend himself against rumors of patricide. He also summoned <mask>an to Luoyang for a meeting. <mask>an refused, stating:

<mask>i, knowing that <mask>an would not follow his orders, commissioned the general Han Qing () to attack <mask>an. <mask>an therefore surrendered Huguo Circuit to Jin's prince Li Cunxu, seeking for Jin aid. <mask>i therefore sent the general Kang Huaizhen () the military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) against <mask>an, with Han serving as Kang's deputy. Kang and Niu Cunjie () the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Weinan as well) subsequently launched an intense siege on Huguo's capital Hezhong Municipality ().Li Cunxu sent his adoptive brothers Li Cunshen, Li Sigong (), and Li Si'en () to aid <mask>an, and he himself then personally headed to Huguo to intercept Kang. Li Cunxu defeated Kang at Jie County (解縣, in modern Yuncheng), forcing Kang to withdraw back to Shan Prefecture (陝州, the capital of Baoyi, now named Zhenguo ()). In gratitude, <mask>an personally went to Li Cunxu's camp with only unarmed guards to thank him. He honored Li Cunxu as if Li Cunxu were a maternal uncle and bowed to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu held a feast for <mask>, kept <mask> at his tent overnight, and held another feast for <mask> the next day, before <mask> departed. It was said that as <mask> slept, Li Cunxu looked at him and commented, "The Prince of Ji truly has an honored physique, except for his arms being short." In 913, Emperor Taizu's nephew Yuan Xiangxian launched a countercoup against <mask>i at Luoyang, and <mask>i, surrounded, committed suicide.Yuan supported <mask>i's younger brother <mask> the Prince of Jun as the new emperor, and <mask> thereafter claimed the throne, moving the capital to Daliang (the old capital of Xuanwu Circuit), where he was at the time. (He also changed his name to <mask>.) He wrote <mask>an to urge <mask>an to return to the Later Liang fold, and <mask>an did so, recognizing him as emperor and used the Later Liang era name to show submission. However, <mask>an did not cut off relations with Jin altogether. (Despite this continued relationship, however, Huguo troops (along with troops from Zhenguo, Ganhua, and Zhongwu Circuits) participated in a surprise attack that the Later Liang general Wang Tan () launched on the Jin capital Taiyuan in 916 while the main Jin strength under Li Cunxu was battling Later Liang forces under Liu Xun to the east, which nearly captured  Taiyuan before being repelled.) In 920, <mask> launched a surprise attack on Zhongwu Circuit's capital Tong Prefecture (), expelling its military governor Cheng Quanhui (). He then made his son <mask>wu's acting military governor and submitted a petition to <mask>, requesting that <mask> be made full military governor.<mask> was angered and initially refused, but later, fearful that <mask>an would resent him, issued an edict making <mask>an military governor of Zhongwu as well. However, by the time that he issued the edict, <mask>an had resubmitted his own circuit to Jin, and Li Cunxu issued an edict in the name of the Tang emperor (as Jin had been existing under the theory that Li Cunxu was exercising powers for the Tang emperor in hopes of Tang's reestablishment) making <mask> military governor of Zhongwu. <mask> reacted by ordering Liu Xun, assisted by other generals Yin Hao (), Wen Zhaotu (), and Duan Ning, to attack Tong Prefecture. <mask>an sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Li Cunshen, his cousin Li Sizhao, as well as Li Jianji () and another adoptive brother, Li Cunxian (), to aid <mask>an. They fought the Later Liang forces under Liu to an initial stalemate, and then eventually tired Liu's troops out such that Liu withdrew. The Jin forces then attacked Liu's forces as they withdrew, inflicting great losses. However, during the stalemate, as a result of the warfare, food supplies in Huguo dwindled.<mask>an's sons tried to persuade him to resubmit to Later Liang. <mask>an, however, responded:

As one of Liu Xun's children was married to one of <mask>an's children, Liu did not attack quickly initially, sending letters to <mask>an to try to persuade him to return to the Later Liang fold before attacking. Therefore, after the defeat, Yin and Duan made accusations to <mask> that Liu was intending to make sure that <mask>an would receive Jin aid. As a result, <mask> had Liu poisoned to death. Meanwhile, as Li Cunxu was at that time considering claiming imperial title himself and was seeking past Tang officials to help him reestablish an imperial government, <mask>an sent Su Xun to him. Li Cunxu, meanwhile, created <mask>an the Prince of Xiping and gave him the title of acting Taiwei. Under Emperor <mask> of Later Tang
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor, establishing Later Tang as its Emperor <mask>zong.Later that year, he launched a surprise attack on Daliang (which was defenseless with the main Later Liang strength under Duan Ning preparing a major attack on Later Tang north of the Yellow River). <mask>, caught by surprise and believing that defeat was inevitable, committed suicide, ending Later Liang. The Later Liang regional governors all submitted to Later Tang, and <mask>an went to Daliang to congratulate him. It was said that Emperor <mask> feasted with him and bestowed on him many gifts. He also changed <mask>an's name to Li Jilin, and had his oldest son Li Jiji honor Li Jilin as an older brother. He stated to Li Jilin, "My great accomplishment is due to your contribution, Lord." Li Jilin subsequently requested that Ci () and Xi (隰州, both in modern Linfen, Shanxi), which had previously belonged to Huguo, be returned to him.Emperor <mask>zong declined, but did give him Jiang Prefecture. Also, at Li Jilin's request, in 924, Emperor <mask> allowed him to restart salt production at Anyi (安邑, one of the counties making up Hezhong) and Jie County and put him in charge of the operation, sending revenues to the imperial government on a quarterly basis. Later in the year, Emperor <mask> also granted Li Jilin an iron certificate — a guarantee that he would not be put to death even if he committed death-punishable crimes — and made both <mask> and another son, <mask> (), military governors; further, all of Li Jilin's sons, as long as they were old enough to wear official uniforms, were given official titles. It was said that no other household was more honored than Li Jilin's. Death
Meanwhile, as the years went by in Emperor <mask>'s reign, his favorite performers and eunuchs became powerful figures at court. They repeatedly demanded gifts from regional governors, including Li Jilin, and Li Jilin eventually was fed up with their requests and stopped giving them gifts. During Later Tang's 925 campaign against Former Shu (which resulted in Former Shu's destruction), titularly commanded by Li Jiji but with <mask>zong's chief of staff Guo Chongtao as the actual commander, Li Jilin held a ceremonial examination of the Huguo troops before sending <mask>de with his troops to follow Li Jiji and Guo.Emperor <mask>zong's favorite performer Jing Jin () and the eunuchs used the opportunity to falsely accuse Li Jilin of preparing to rise against Emperor <mask> and being in league with Guo (whom the performers and eunuchs were also falsely accusing of treason and planning to secede with the Former Shu territory). Li Jilin decided that the way to end the rumors was to go Luoyang to personally meet with <mask>, and he went to Luoyang in spring 926, despite his close associates' attempts to persuade him not to, under the belief that his going to Luoyang might allow him not only to save himself but also Guo. As Li Jilin was heading to Luoyang, however, <mask>'s wife Empress Liu, who firmly believed in rumors of Guo's being treasonous, had already, without his approval, issued an order for Li Jiji to kill Guo. Li Jiji therefore had his servant Li Huan () assassinate Guo with a hammer and also killed his sons Guo Tinghui () and Guo Tingxin (). <mask>, receiving news of Guo's death, also killed Guo Chongtao's other sons. Further, when he received news that his brother Li Cun'ai () the Prince of Mu, who was a son-in-law of Guo's, was angry about Guo's death, he also had Li Cun'ai killed. Jing then accused Li Jilin of being in league with Guo and Li Cun'ai.Emperor <mask> therefore issued an order moving Li Jilin from Huguo to Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), but that night, had his guard commander <mask>n surround Li Jilin at his mansion, chase him out of Hui'an Gate () and kill him outside the gate. He ordered Li Jilin's name posthumously changed back to <mask>an, and also ordered <mask> and <mask> killed at their circuits. Then, he sent Li Shaoqi () the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan) to Hezhong to slaughter <mask>an's family. Knowing that she could not escape, <mask>an's wife Lady Zhang met Li Shaoqi with 200 members of her household, and stated to him that while the <mask> household should be killed, the household servants should not, so at her request Li Shaoqi spared them, saving some 100 lives. Before she and her family members were to be killed, she also showed the iron certificate that <mask> had bestowed on <mask>an, stating sarcastically, "This was what the Emperor had given. I am an illiterate woman, and I do not know what it says." Li Shaoqi felt ashamed, but still carried out the orders and executed her and the other <mask> family members.Seven of <mask>'s subordinates who served as prefectural prefects were also killed along with their families. After Emperor <mask> was shortly later killed in a mutiny at Luoyang and succeeded by Li Siyuan (as Emperor Mingzong), Emperor Mingzong posthumously restored <mask>an's titles and ordered that the properties of his family be given to any family members who survived the massacre. (However, it is not clear that any actually did.) Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 63. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 45.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274. 9th-century births
926 deaths
Politicians from Xuchang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Baoyi Circuit
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Huguo Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Huguo Circuit
Later Tang jiedushi of Huguo Circuit
Later Tang jiedushi of Yicheng Circuit
People executed by Later Tang
Executed Later Tang people
Chinese princes
Mayors of Yuncheng
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
Executed people from Henan
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people born during Tang
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
Tang dynasty politicians from Henan
10th-century Chinese adoptees
9th-century Chinese adoptees

masks:
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Jian
Zhuangzong
Zhuangzong
Zhu Jian
Zhu Yan
Zhu Cong
Zhu Jian
Zhu
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu
Zhu Quan
Zhu Jian
Zhu
Zhu Quan
Zhu Ji
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Ji
Zhu
Zhu Quan
Zhu Quanz
Zhu Ji
Zhu Quanz
Zhu Ji
Zhu Ji
Zhu Jian
Zhu Quanz
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Quanz
Zhu Jian
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Youan
Zhu You
Zhu Youan
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youi
Zhu You
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqian
Zhu Linghong
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Lingde
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Lingde
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhuangzong
Zhuang
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhuangzong
Zhu Youqi
Zhuang
Zhuangzong
Zhuangzong
Zhu Lingde
Zhu Lingxi
Zhuangzong
Emperor Zhuang
Zhu Ling
Zhuang
Zhuangzong
Emperor Zhuangzong
Emperor Zhuangzong
Emperor Zhuangzong
Zhuangzong
Zhu Shouyi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Lingde
Zhu Lingxi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu
Emperor Zhuangzong
Zhu Youqi
Zhu
Zhu
Zhuangzong
Zhu Youqi


title: Heiðar Helguson

texts:
<mask> (born 22 August 1977) is an Icelandic former professional footballer who played as a striker. Heiðar started his career in the Icelandic league system, with UMFS Dalvík and Þróttur. Following a one-season spell in Norway with Lillestrøm SK, Heiðar moved to England to play for Watford in 1999, with Lillestrøm receiving a transfer fee of £1.5 million. The English media anglicised his name to Heidar when he joined Watford – it is by this given name that he is commonly known in England. Although Watford were relegated from the Premier League during his first season at the club, <mask> was a prolific goalscorer, finishing as the team's top scorer in the 1999–2000, 2002–03 and 2004–05 seasons, before being sold to Fulham in 2005. He played Premier League for them between 2005 and 2007, and Bolton until 2009, before transferring to Championship side QPR in 2009. After a return to Watford on loan in the 2009–10 season, <mask> played regularly for QPR in 2010–11, as they secured promotion to the Premier League as champions.In QPR's first Premier League season since 1995–96, Heiðar finished as the team's top scorer, helping them to secure Premier League survival on the last day of the 2011–12 season. He subsequently joined Cardiff City. Heiðar played and scored for his country at under-19 and under-21 levels, before making his debut for the senior team in 1999. He earned 55 caps for Iceland, scoring 13 goals, before retiring from international football in 2011. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Akureyri, Northeast. He joined his first club, UMFS Dalvík, at the age of eight in 1985. He spent a further eight years in the club's development squads, progressing through the different youth team age brackets (Under-10s, Under-12s, Under-15s etc.)and debuting for the club's reserves whilst he was still only 13. He was handed his first team debut in 1993 when he was 15 years old. He scored five goals in 11 league appearances before his performances earned him a transfer to Þróttur in 1994, aged 16. In three seasons, Heiðar scored 31 goals in 54 league appearances for Þróttur, his performances generating interest from several European clubs. Lillestrøm
<mask> arrived at Lillestrøm in the autumn of 1998. He made his first team debut in October, curiously wearing number 1 on his shirt. The next season Heiðar became one of the great surprises in Norwegian football when he scored sixteen league goals (in his debut season for Lillestrøm he'd managed only two).Heiðar was a very popular player, and even had his own fan-club named "The Helgusonsons". Watford

Heiðar was signed by Watford manager Graham Taylor midway through the 1999–2000 season for a club record £1.5m. Brought in to boost the struggling club's striking department, Heiðar had a good debut at home to Liverpool, where he played well. Heiðar scored in his first game. He later picked up the display of the season award for this goal-scoring debut. He scored five more times that season. His goals were not enough to keep Watford up, and the Hertfordshire club were relegated after only one year in the Premier League.Back in the First Division, Heiðar was part of a Watford team that was undefeated for the first 15 games of the season, topping the league. However, when the team's form slumped in late 2000, Heiðar suffered a crisis of confidence – one of several during his first few years at Watford – and was well below his best for a large amount of that campaign. At the end of the season Taylor retired and was replaced by Gianluca Vialli, who used Heiðar as a wing back. With Ray Lewington in charge for the 2002–03 season, Heiðar showed a marked improvement. Although still prone to injury (he did not start the season until late September), he finished the season Watford's top goal scorer with 13, including goals in Watford's run to the FA Cup semi-Finals. In 2003–04 injury kept Heiðar out of most of the first half of the season. On his return he put in some notable performances, the most notable being his leading of the line against Chelsea in the FA Cup.2004–05 was <mask>'s best season in a Watford shirt. Relatively free of injury, he scored 20 goals and picked up the "Goal of the Season," "Display of the Season" and "Player of the Season" awards at the end of season awards ceremony. Inevitably, his goal tally brought about interest from Premier League clubs and with Watford needing money, the offer from Fulham was accepted. Fulham
Heiðar signed for Fulham on 27 June 2005 and was largely confined to the bench at the beginning of the campaign. He scored his first goal for Fulham in the 5–4 League Cup victory over Lincoln. The front pair of Heiðar and Brian McBride caused trouble to the best defences in the Premier League. Heiðar scored against Chelsea (penalty), Aston Villa (penalty), West Ham (open play – left foot) and Manchester United (open play – header), a double in a 6–1 win over West Brom, Bolton Wanderers (header as a result of a free kick) and against Middlesbrough (penalty).For the start of the 2006–07 season he was moved from No. 10 to No. 9 at Fulham. Bolton Wanderers
On 20 July 2007 it was announced that Heiðar was leaving Fulham to join Bolton Wanderers for an undisclosed fee, as part of manager Sammy Lee's squad restructuring. Heiðar reportedly signed a three-year contract with the Trotters, having been forced to consider his options following the signings of David Healy and Diomansy Kamara. He made his Bolton debut as a substitute for the injured Kevin Davies on 11 August 2007 with Wanderers already trailing to Newcastle United. Four days later he returned to Fulham for the first time since leaving and got on the scoresheet in a 2–1 Bolton defeat.It was the end of January 2008 by the time Heiðar got any more playing time, but his return was welcome with Bolton desperately short of firepower having sold Nicolas Anelka to Chelsea earlier on that month. His first appearance back in the team was a goalless draw against old club Fulham where he came off the substitutes bench for the last eight minutes of the game. He scored his first goal for Bolton since coming back from injury four days later against Reading in a 2–0 win. Bolton confirmed in May 2008 that they had sent Heiðar over to Belgium for more surgery in order to have him back for pre-season training. Queens Park Rangers

On 20 November, it was announced that Heiðar had joined Queens Park Rangers on an emergency loan until the end of January 2009. However, the loan did not go through until the following Friday. After failing to score on his debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers and in his second match against Sheffield Wednesday, Heiðar scored once against Plymouth Argyle and braces against both Preston North End and Blackpool to bag himself five goals in his first ten games.On 2 January, the deal was made permanent for an undisclosed fee. After spending a nearly a season out on loan to Watford, Heiðar returned to QPR. After regaining his place in the starting XI, scoring 13 goals as Rangers won the Championship in the 2010–11 season including a late winner against London rivals Crystal Palace at Loftus Road. Heiðar featured regularly under Neil Warnock for QPR in the Premier League, Heiðar became a Rangers legend by scoring the winning goal from a penalty in a 1–0 victory against arch rivals Chelsea. This was QPR's first win over Chelsea in over 15 years. He then went on to score two goals against Stoke in a 3–2 victory away from home. He headed in a sublime goal, whilst the other goal was a tap in.On 3 December 2011, he managed to equal the Queens Park Rangers record for most goals at home in a row. He scored with a header in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion. Despite missing most of the second half of the season with a groin injury, Heiðar finished as QPR's top goalscorer for the 2011–12 season with nine goals in all competitions. These goals proved crucial at Rangers avoided relegation on the final day of the season despite a 3–2 defeat away to Champions Manchester City. Return to Watford
On 15 September 2009, Watford successfully acquired the services of Heiðar, on a three-month loan from Queens Park Rangers, meaning the player returned to the club who he played for between 2000 and 2005. He made an immediate impact on his return, assisting one and scoring a brace during his substitute appearance against Leicester City, before being substituted due to injury. He made his fourth appearance of his loan spell at Vicarage Road against Scunthorpe United, scoring his fourth and fifth goal.Whilst the original loan spell ended on 28 December, there was constant speculation about the player resigning for the club on loan. On 11 January, both clubs confirmed that the loan deal was to be extended until the end of the season. Cardiff City
On 2 August 2012, Heiðar signed for Cardiff City on a one-year deal for an undisclosed fee and was given the number 22 shirt. Heiðar scored his first goal for Cardiff in a pre-season friendly against Bournemouth and his second came from the spot against Northampton Town in the League Cup on 14 August. He scored his first league goal in a Cardiff shirt in the Severnside derby on 25 August in a 4–2 loss. He then went on to score a brace against Ipswich Town, which kept Cardiff top of the table. Heiðar collected further goals for City at both Nottingham Forest and Charlton Athletic and at home against Hull City.Despite helping Cardiff secure promotion to the Premier League, <mask> left the club when his contract expired at the end of the season. Skautafélag Reykjavíkur
In May 2015, Heiðar signed with Skautafélag Reykjavíkur. He appeared in two games for SR, netting one goal. International career
Heiðar made his debut for Iceland in an April 1999 friendly match against Malta, coming on as a substitute for Ríkharður Daðason, and as of October 2010 has earned 52 caps, scoring 12 goals. He was top scorer in the 2004 FA Summer Tournament with 3 goals. After playing in a friendly against Spain in August 2006, a long spell outside the national team followed during which Heiðar announced his retirement from international football, in June 2007. On 28 August 2008, <mask> announced his return to international football and was immediately selected in the Icelandic team to face Norway and Scotland a few days later.He scored a goal against Norway in the world cup qualifier as the match ended 2–2. Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship: 2010–11

Cardiff City
Football League Championship: 2012–13

References

External links

Blind, Stupid and Desperate article

1977 births
Living people
People from Akureyri
Heidar Helguson
Association football forwards
Heidar Helguson
Heidar Helguson
Heidar Helguson
Lillestrøm SK players
Watford F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Eliteserien players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Heidar Helguson
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Heidar Helguson
Heidar Helguson
Dalvík/Reynir players

masks:
Heiðar Helguson
Heiðar
Heiðar
Heiðar
Heiðar
Heiðar
Heiðar
Heiðar


title: Roberta S. Jacobson

texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 14, 1960) is an American diplomat who was the United States Ambassador to Mexico from June 2016 to May 2018. She previously served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs from March 30, 2012, to May 5, 2016. The United States Senate approved her nomination as U.S. Ambassador to Mexico on April 28, 2016. In March 2018, Jacobson announced her resignation effective May 5. Foreign Policy reported on January 18, 2021 that <mask> would be in charge of Mexico–United States border affairs at the National Security Council under President Joe Biden. Early life and education
Born <mask>, she was raised in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Her father, Julian, was an electrical engineer who was the vice president of Mid-Island Electric Supply in Plainview, New York and her mother, Gloria, was a teacher and the supervisor of family and neighborhood counseling for the Bergen County Department of Health Services. Her parents were both active in the local community, with her mother serving on the board of education as its president and her father appointed to serve on the municipality's board of adjustment. She graduated from Dwight Morrow High School. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree at Brown University, then spent 1982 through 1984 at the United Nations Center for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs. She earned her Master of Arts degree in law and diplomacy at Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1986. Career

Early career

In 1988, she worked at the United States National Security Council. The next year, she joined the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs in the United States Department of State as special assistant to the assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs, becoming executive assistant to the assistant secretary in 1992.She also served as coordinator for Cuban affairs. From 1996 to 2000, she was director of the Office of Policy Planning and Coordination at the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, covering issues such as civil-military relations, human rights, foreign assistance, and counter-narcotics throughout the hemisphere. From 2000 to 2002, she was deputy chief of mission in the United States Embassy in Peru. The American Foreign Service Association, which represents the interests of career diplomats, objected to her appointment because the post is normally reserved for a foreign service officer and she was a civil service employee. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright overrode the recommendation of a State Department grievance board that recommended Jacobson be reassigned. The U.S. ambassador to Peru, John Hamilton, had chosen Jacobson over several career diplomats. He defended her selection in November 2000 saying: "She is the best manager I've come across in my 31 years in the Foreign Service".<mask> was director of the State Department's Office of Mexican Affairs from December 2002 to June 2007. At that point, she became deputy assistant secretary for Canada, Mexico and NAFTA issues in the Bureau. She was Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Western Hemisphere Affairs from December 2010 until July 2011, with responsibility for regional political and economic issues, management and personnel, and regional security issues. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
When Arturo Valenzuela left the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, she became acting assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs. U.S. President Barack Obama named her assistant secretary of state and she was sworn into office on March 30, 2012. <mask> led a U.S. delegation to Havana for historic talks with the government of Cuba in January 2015. According to advance media reports, she was expected to press Cuba to drop travel restrictions on American diplomats and propose that Cuba and the United States establish an embassy in Washington and Havana respectively.U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
On November 10, 2015, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved Obama's nomination of <mask> as the U.S. ambassador to Mexico by a vote of 12–7. Opposition to her appointment came primarily from the Republicans on the committee, notably presidential candidate Senator Marco Rubio. He and six other Republican senators, along with Democratic Senator Robert Menendez, raised concerns about her position on normalisation of relations between Cuba and the U.S., human rights issues, and the failed extradition of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, who had escaped Mexico's highest security prison in July 2015. The United States Senate approved her appointment to be U.S. Ambassador to Mexico on April 28, 2016. She presented her credentials to Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto on June 20, 2016.On March 1, 2018, <mask> filed her notice of resignation, effective May 5, 2018. In November 2020, <mask> was named a volunteer member of the Joe Biden presidential transition Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the United States Department of State. Biden administration
After Joe Biden assumed office as president, Jacobson was selected to manage the administrations's response to a growing number of migrants attempting to enter the country at the Mexico–United States border. <mask> was scheduled to remain in her role for Biden's first 100 days in office, but announced her resignation on April 9, 2021. Personal life
<mask> is married to <mask>. They live with their two sons in Potomac, Maryland. She is Jewish.See also

List of ambassadors of the United States
Presidency of Donald Trump

References

External links

|-

Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
1960 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
Brown University alumni
Dwight Morrow High School alumni
People from Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Politicians from New York City
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American Jews
American women ambassadors
Ambassadors of the United States
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue

masks:
Roberta S
. Jacobson
Jacobson
Roberta Ann Steinfeld
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jacobson
Jonathan Jacobson


title: Moheb Ullah Borekzai

texts:
Muhibullah or <mask> is a citizen of Afghanistan who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 546. American intelligence analysts estimate that Muhibullah was born in 1982, in Shah Wali Koot, Afghanistan. He was captured in Afghanistan in November 2001, transferred to Guantanamo on
May 5, 2002, and was transferred to Afghanistan on July 19, 2005. US Intelligence analysts have asserted that Muhibullah was a recidivist, who, after his transfer, "engaged in terrorism or militant activity" and had "re-engaged in terrorism". When <mask> and fellow Afghan captive Habir Russol were repatriated in July 2005, they provided the first account of a widespread hunger strike. <mask> also offered accounts of Quran abuse.Conflicting accounts of his real name

Guantanamo contained at least two captives with very similar names. Guantanamo captive 974 was listed as Mohe Bullar on the official lists released on April 20, 2006, and May 15, 2006. He was listed as Mohib <mask>ah on the Summary of Evidence memos drafted for his 2004 and 2005 OARDEC status reviews, and on the official lists of captives first published in 2006. However, in the Associated Press interview he gave upon his repatriation his name was listed as <mask> <mask> Borezkai. Official status reviews

Initially the Bush administration asserted that they could withhold all the protections of the Geneva Conventions to captives from the war on terror. However, in 2004, in
Rasul v. Bush
the
United States Supreme Court
ruled that the captives had to be informed of the justifications for their detention, and had to be given an opportunity to try to refute those allegations.Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

In response to the Supreme Court ruling in Rasul v. Bush the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants, which conducted annual reviews of the captives status. <mask> had reviews scheduled in 2004, and he chose to attend both of them. According to Andy Worthington, the author of
The Guantanamo Files <mask> had been a Taliban conscript, who was taken captive by post-Taliban forces, handed over the powerful militia leader Ismael Khan, who, in turn, sold him the US forces. Worthington noted with skepticism that American analysts accepted the claim that 19-year-old conscript <mask> was the "acting governor of Sheberghan". Addressing the claim of American analysts that he "was part of a tribal militia that supported the Taliban for three and a half years since 1998″ Worthington pointed out that "he was 15 or 16 years old, and was therefore not responsible for his actions, which, presumably, were dictated by his family.″

Muhibullah chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal. Allegations
The allegations Muhibullah faced, during his Tribunal, were:

Response to the allegations
Muhibullah confirmed that he worked as a guard to Syed Sha Agha, but he disputed that he did so for a year and a half. Rather he was forcibly conscripted twice.Both times for periods of two or three months. Muhibullah repeatedly stated that he did not understand the European date system. Muhibullah stated that, in addition to guard duty his responsibilities including kitchen and other household chores. Muhibullah confirmed his presence at a dinner where Commandant Kamal was present. But he did not know Kamal. He wasn't invited by Kamal. He was present merely to perform guard duty.Muhibullah denied knowing anyone named Abdul Ghafar. Administrative Review Board hearing
Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual Administrative Review Board hearings. The Administrative Review Boards were not authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they were not authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant". They were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat—or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free. The factors for and against continuing to detain Muhibullah were among the 121 that the Department of Defense released on March 3, 2006. The following primary factors favor continued detention

The following primary factors favor release or transfer

Transcript
Muhibullah chose to participate in his Administrative Review Board hearing. Repatriation

On November 26, 2008 the Department of Defense published a list of when captives left Guantanamo.According to that list Mohibullah was repatriated on July 19, 2005. Reporters interviewed <mask>, and Habir Russol, another Afghan who was released at the same time, on July 20, 2005, the day they arrived home. In this interview they revealed that Camp Delta was in the midst of a widespread hunger strike. <mask> and Russol estimated that over 180 detainees were participating in the hunger strike, and that it had been going on for over two weeks. Initially DoD spokesman Flex Plexico denied any knowledge of a hunger strike. In her book Democracy Detained: Secret Unconstitutional Practices in the U.S. War on Terror Barbara Olshansky,
a senior lawyer with the Center for Constitutional Rights, attributed the first public news of the hunger strike to <mask> and Russol. She noted that DoD press officers initially denied there was a hunger strike, but that "over the course of the week following Russol and Borezkai's public announcement, the Defense Department was forced to admit that yet another strike was ongoing."On July 21, 2005, three days after their departure, Plexico claimed that only a small number of detainees had been refusing food, and that they had only been doing so for three days. The lawyers of Guantanamo details later corroborated the details of the Afghans claims, saying that they had been aware of the hunger strike as early as June 23, 2005, but had not been able to say anything because of a DoD gag place on them. <mask> told the Associated Press the detainees were protesting because "some of these people say they were mistreated during interrogation. Some say they are innocent." The two Afghans said they had been accused of being members of the former Taliban regime, but both said they were innocent. <mask> said that camp authorities had announced over the camp public address system that guards would stop showing disrespect to Quran, and that he was not aware of any recent incidents. Pentagon claim he had "returned to the fight"

On May 20, 2009, the New York Times, citing an unreleased Pentagon document, reported that Department of Defense officials claimed
Mohibullah
was one of 74 former Guantanatmo captives who "are engaged in terrorism or militant activity."On May 27, 2009, the Defense Intelligence Agency published a "fact sheet" listing Guantanamo captives who had "re-engaged in terrorism". It stated that Mohibullah was suspected of "association with the Taliban". References

Afghan extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
1982 births

masks:
Moheb Ullah Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Ullahbull
Moheb
Ullah
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai
Borekzai


title: Nina Franoszek

texts:
<mask> (born March 16, 1963 in Berlin) is a German-American actress and film and theater director. <mask> was awarded an Adolf Grimme Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series" for her performance in the TV Mini-Series Sardsch (1998). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Berlin, West Germany to the fine artists Sabine Franek and <mask>, who was also a professor at the Berlin University of the Arts. She graduated from high school (Abitur) in 1981. Franoszek began working as a dancer, and also posed as a life model for German neo-expressionist painters Rainer Fetting, G.L. Gabriel and Salomé. In 1982 she played roles in two films, Domino (1982) by Thomas Brasch and  (English title: Be Gentle Penguin) (1982) by .Franoszek studied mime  and dance in summer seminars at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna and enrolled at the Free University of Berlin for Japanese Studies  and Ethnology. In 1984 she was an exchange student with the Moscow Art Theater School and the Theater Academy Wachtangow  in Leningrad, now: Saint Petersburg State Theatre Arts Academy. <mask> earned a master's degree in Performing Arts (BFA & MFA) from the Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover (HMTMH) in 1986, and began to work in regional and national theatre. She was a working finalist of the Actors Studio West in Los Angeles. Acting career

Film and television

Franoszek played a range of roles from tragedy to comedy in over 100 feature films, television movies and series. She played a role in Buster's Bedroom, a comedy directed by Rebecca Horn which earned a German Film Award (1992). She also performed in The Pianist by Roman Polanski, had a leading role in the feature film Martha, and guest starred as Greta in the TV series Mad Men.Franoszek starred opposite Jiří Menzel in Joint Venture, and also performed in The Party-Nature Morte and in Murderous Decision. Kevin Spacey cast her as Patty Duke in Beyond the Sea and she plays the leading role in Visioner directed by  Elodie Keene. She is the first person narrator of Marlene Dietrich in Marlene Dietrich: Her Own Song, a documentary directed by Dietrich's grandson, J. David Riva. Franoszek played a spy in the action-adventure series Berlin Break, for Columbia/Sony Pictures and RTL Germany. In the Twentieth Century Fox TV series The Loop Franoszek guest starred in her first role in Icelandic-language. She plays the director of the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial in 12 Means I Love You (German title: 12 Heisst Ich Liebe Dich), a sequel to The Lives of Others, which premiered at the Hof International Film Festival 2007. In 2008 <mask> made several guest appearances as Greta in Mad Men and in Illeana Douglas's web series Easy to Assemble, and appeared in an episode of the TV series Children's Hospital.Franoszek plays a recurring role in the second season of the award-winning German TV series The Weissensee Saga. In 2014, Franoszek played the role of Frau Engel in the video game Wolfenstein: The New Order. She once again performed this role in the 2017 sequel, Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus. <mask> is a member of Deutsche Filmakademie, Germany's Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, member of the German Directors Guild (BVR), Co–initiator and member of the German Screen Actors Guild (BFFS), member of SAG-AFTRA, member of Villa Aurora  Foundation for European American Relation and served as a juror for the International Emmy Awards from 2007-2013. Theater

Franoszek is an experienced classical actress. She made her stage debut at the Niedersächsisches Staatstheater Hannover, the national theatre in Hanover, Germany in 1985. She performed a range of roles at various national theaters, including Allisen in Look Back in Anger, Honey in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Dunjascha in The Cherry Orchard, to Eve in The Broken Jug by Heinrich von Kleist and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth.She also played the lead role in the Russian plays, Time for Love, by Valentin Kataev and The Sarcophagus by Vladimir Gubarev, a play about the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl. As a member of the Berlin-based English Theater Group Berlin Play Actors she played Estelle in the existentialist play No Exit by French writer Jean Paul Sartre. Directing career

In 1999 <mask> made her debut as a theater director at the Pacific Resident Theatre, Los Angeles with two Strindberg plays starring, among others, Orson Bean, Alley Mills and Paula Malcomson
In 2006 she directed her first movie, the courtroom drama "Der große Videoschwindel" (a.k.a. "Spin Doctor"), starring Karoline Eichhorn, Nikki von Tempelhof and Justus von Dohnányi, which premiered in May 2007 and was invited to the International Cannes Film Festival (2007), German Film section.

masks:
Nina Franoszek
Franoszek
Franoszek
Eduard Franoszek
Franoszek
Franoszek
Franoszek
Franoszek


title: Rusty Cooley

texts:
<mask> (born April 27, 1970) is an American guitarist, known for his highly refined guitar technique. He is regarded as one of the fastest guitarists in the United States and a master of the shredding technique of guitar. Guitar Player magazine called him "the leading light of the post-Malmsteen shred-volution." Early life
Cooley received his first equipment (a Peavey T27 guitar and a Peavey Decade amp) on his fifteenth birthday. From that day on he immersed himself in music, practicing upwards of four hours a day. He took guitar lessons for a while but became dissatisfied with local guitar instructors and decided to become self-taught. He relied on instructional books and videos like Doug Marks's Metal Method, Ted Greene's Chord Chemistry and Modern Chord Progressions books, REH instructional videos, and Robben Ford's instructional DVDs.His early musical influences were guitarists Randy Rhoads, Yngwie Malmsteen, Steve Vai, Paul Gilbert, Vinnie Moore and Tony MacAlpine. After only three years of playing, he became a guitar teacher at the music store where he had purchased his first guitar. After high school Cooley went to the local college and studied music theory. Solo work
<mask> was unsatisfied with local musicians and began to work on solo music in early 1996. He began playing seven-string guitars exclusively at this time. His debut solo album was the self-titled <mask>ey, released in 2003 by Lion Music. It consists of 12 tracks, one of which, "Under the Influence", was released as a video as well.The album featured <mask> on guitar, Brent Marches on bass, Eric Sands on fretless bass, and Bobby Williamson on keyboards. Music was by <mask>, Marches, and Kelly Carpenter; Carpenter also wrote the lyrics for, and handled the vocals on, the vocal versions of "Dominion" and "The Machine". Programming was done by <mask> and Williamson, while guitar engineering was done by Sands. <mask> also was in charge of production. Track listing

Currently
<mask> has collaborated with ProTone Pedals, testing their new Jason Becker Perpetual Burn Signature distortion pedal, as Becker himself has suffered from ALS since 1990, and as such, is no longer able to play guitar. ProTone Pedals has posted several videos of <mask> testing prototype versions of the pedal on YouTube . One of these video features a comment from <mask> himself, citing Becker as one of his biggest influences and stating that working on the pedal was something he considered an honor.ProTone has more recently been working on a <mask>ey Signature pedal. <mask> has collaborated with Dean Guitars to produce a signature seven-string model, of which several versions exist. <mask>rzenegger-themed parody metal band Austrian Death Machine's second album, Double Brutal. <mask> is currently working with a new band, Day of Reckoning. Teaching
<mask> has been a guitar instructor since his third year of playing. He has released five instructional products, done lessons for magazines (such as his "Metal Guru" column) and posted many lessons on sites such as Shredaholic. He has taught for the National Guitar Workshop three times (1996, 1997, 1998) and given many clinics.Cooley has many successful students, such as Chris Storey/Cris Osuna (ex-All Shall Perish) and Mica Roth, former member of Hybreed. Endorsements
Currently <mask> endorses Ormsby Guitars, EMG Pickups, Morley Pedals, GHS strings, VHT, Rocktron, Eventide, Maxon and more recently Randall Amplification. He previously endorsed Jackson Guitars, Ibanez Guitars and Dean Guitars. His signature Dean model was released at NAMM in early 2007. It features a super-strat style body with a deeply sculpted lower horn (in order to perform the widest stretches when playing in high positions), EMG 707 pickups, volume control and a three-way switch. In 2011 Dean Guitars released an eight-string version as well. Nicknamed the "Dean RC-8", it has the same features of the seven string version but with the implementation of a fanned fretting system and EMG 808 pickups.

masks:
Rusty Cooley
Cooley
Rusty Cool
Cooley
Cooley
Cooley
Cooley
Cooley
Cooley
Cooley
Rusty Cool
Cooley
Cooleyhwa
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