title: Nadim Karam

texts:
<mask> (); (born 1957) is a multidisciplinary Lebanese artist and architect who fuses his artistic output with his background in architecture to create large-scale urban art projects in different cities of the world. He uses his vocabulary of forms in urban settings to narrate stories and evoke collective memory with a very particular whimsical, often absurdist approach; seeking to 'create moments of dreams' in different cities of the world. Early life and education

<mask> grew up in Beirut. He received a Bachelor of Architecture from the American University of Beirut in 1982, at the height of the Lebanese civil war, and left the same year to study in Japan on a Monbusho scholarship. At the University of Tokyo he developed an interest in Japanese philosophy of space, which he studied under Hiroshi Hara, and was also taught by Fumihiko Maki and Tadao Ando. He created several solo art performances and exhibitions in Tokyo while completing master and doctorate degrees in architecture. Teaching

<mask> taught at the Shibaura Institute of Technology in Tokyo in 1992 with Riichi Miyake and then returned to Beirut to create his experimental group, Atelier Hapsitus.The name, derived from the combination of Hap (happenings) and Situs (situations), comes from <mask>'s enjoyment of the fact that the encounter of these two factors often gives rise to the unexpected. He taught architectural design at the American University of Beirut (1993-5, 2003–4), and was Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Art and Design at Notre Dame University in Lebanon from 2000–2003. He co-chaired in 2002 the UN/New York University conference in London for the reconstruction of Kabul and was selected as the curator for Lebanon by the first Rotterdam Biennale. From 2006–7 he served on the Moutamarat Design Board for Dubai and regularly gives lectures at universities and conferences worldwide. Urban art projects

With Atelier Hapsitus, the pluri-disciplinary company he founded in Beirut, he created large-scale urban art projects in different cities including Beirut, Prague, London, Tokyo, Nara and Melbourne. His project for Prague's Manes Bridge in the spring of 1997 was both a commemoration of the city's post-communist liberalization and an echo of its history, with the placement of his works in parallel to the baroque sculptures on the Charles Bridge. The post-civil war 1997–2000 itinerant urban art project he created for central Beirut was one of five worldwide selected by the Van Alen Institute in New York in 2002 to highlight the role they played in the rejuvenation of city life and morale after a disaster.In Japan, 'The Three flowers of Jitchu' realized at Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara in 2004, was a temporary installation commemorating the achievements of a Middle Eastern monk, Jitchu, whose performance is still enacted yearly since the year 752 in the temple he designed for it. <mask>'s project took 20 years to gain acceptance from the Tōdai-ji Temple authorities. His 2006 Victoria State commission'The Travellers' a permanent art installation of ten sculptures which travel across Melbourne's Sandridge Bridge three times daily, tells the story of Australian immigrants and creates an urban clock in the city. Selected public art installations

2020 On Parade: Desert X, AlUla
2020 Politics of Dialogue: The Merry-Go-Round, United World College Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
2017		Trio Elephants- Lovers’ Park, Yerevan, Armenia
2017		Wheels of Innovation- Nissan Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
2016		Stretching Thoughts: Shepherd and Thinker- UWC Atlantic College, Wales, UK
2014	Wishing Flower- Zaha Hadid's D’Leedon residential project, Leedon Heights, Singapore

Architectural work

<mask> <mask> is mainly known for his conceptual work, like 'Hilarious Beirut', the 1993 post-war anti-establishment project for the reconstruction of Beirut city centre, and 'The Cloud', a huge public garden resembling a raincloud that stands at 250m above ground. Inspired by the city of Dubai, it proposes a visual and social alternative to the exclusivity of the skyscrapers in Gulf cities. <mask>'s signature un-built projects include the 'Net Bridge' a pedestrian bridge conceived as a gateway to Beirut city centre from the marina with five lanes that playfully intersect and interweave. Similarly, his winning design of a competition for the BLC Bank headquarters for Beirut features the new headquarters straddling the old.<mask> collaborates closely with Arup Engineers in London, who give structural and technical reality to his most unusual ideas. Ongoing projects

The Dialogue of the Hills is an urban art project conceived to invigorate the historic core of Amman through a series of public gardens and sculpture for each hill community. The sculptures are designed to create a dialogue with the others on the surrounding hills of the city, physically and visually linking diverse socio-economic communities. The Wheels of Chicago is a project inspired by the city where the Ferris wheel was invented. 1996: Venice Biennale of Architecture, South Korean Pavilion
1996: Erotisches Museum Berlin, Aedes Gallery, Berlin
1995: Kwangju Biennale of Art, Korea

Awards

10th FEA Distinguished Alumnus Award
ASI steel Award 2008
Urban Design Award 2006
Melbourne Prize 2007

Publications

2013	: ‘Stretching Thoughts’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London
2007: ‘The Cloud, the Desert and the Arabian Breeze’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London
2006: ‘Urban Toys’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London, with introduction by Paul Virilio
2000: VOYAGE, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London

Further reading

Arkimeet 2013 "ARCHITECTS MEET in ISTANBUL"
“Shooting the cloud”
Interview with Ricardo Karam Domus
Curve Magazine
Pearl Elephant
Urban Design

References

External links

American University of Beirut alumni
Lebanese painters
Lebanese sculptors
Lebanese architects
1957 births
Living people
Lebanese emigrants to Senegal
Lebanese contemporary artists

masks:
Nadim Karam
Nadim Karam
Nadim Karam
Karam
Karam
Nadim
Karam
Karam
Karam


title: James Welch (writer)

type: original

texts:
<mask>. (November 18, 1940 – August 4, 2003), who grew up within the Blackfeet and A'aninin cultures of his parents, was a Native American novelist and poet, considered a founding author of the Native American Renaissance. His novel Fools Crow (1986) received several national literary awards, and his debut novel Winter in the Blood (1974) was adapted as a film by the same name, released in 2013. In 1997 <mask> received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas. Early life
<mask> was born in Browning, Montana on November 18, 1940. His father, <mask>. (June 3, 1914 – May 23, 2006), a welder and rancher, was a member of the Blackfeet tribe. His mother, Rosella Marie (née O'Bryan) <mask> (December 14, 1914 – July 3, 2003), a stenographer for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was a member of the Gros Ventre (A'aninin). Both also had Irish ancestry but had grown up within Native American cultures.As a child, <mask> attended schools on the Blackfeet and Fort Belknap reservations. Because <mask> was raised in an American Indian setting, the traditions and religion, specifically from the Blackfoot history, were the sources of his writing. Education
In 1958, <mask> graduated from Washburn High School in Minneapolis. Post high school he worked as a firefighter for the U.S Forest Service, as a laborer and as an Upward Bound counselor. Eventually, <mask> began a master of fine arts degree program at  the University of Montana. It was there that he studied under the poet Richard Hugo, who told him that "his poetry needed roots, so he should write what he knew about. Write about Indians and Indian culture.Write about home" he said. He graduated in 1965 with a B.A. in liberal arts. Shortly after, <mask> published his first poem in the "Montana poet" issue of Visions International in 1967. He also briefly attended Northern Montana College. Career
He began his writing career  publishing poetry and fiction. His novels established his place in the Native American Renaissance literary movement.<mask> also taught at the university. He also received Honorary Doctorates from Rocky Mountain College (1993) and the University of Montana (1997). <mask> was an internationally acclaimed writer and had a faithful following in Europe. In 1995, <mask> was given the Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French Cultural Ministry. His novels were translated into nine foreign languages. <mask>'s work was collected in Nothing but the Truth, an Anthology of Native American Literature. He is one of the early authors of what became called the Native American literary renaissance.He wanted to explore Native American life in his writing, both its good and bad aspects as people struggled with modern United States culture. He based his rich landscape imagery on lands he knew in Montana. In his writing, the landscape was featured as a character. <mask> had a unique style of writing from "'an outside observer with an insider's understanding' of Native American experience." Although he was raised on the reservation as a young boy, he lived most of his life off of it. He said that he felt a lack of close connection with the tribal community. In 1968, <mask> married Lois Monk, a comparative literature professor at the University of Montana.She was head of the English Department there until her retirement. During her sabbaticals, they traveled internationally and lived in France, Greece, Italy, and Mexico. <mask> often used these periods to help finish his novels, taking advantage of the relative isolation. The couple donated regularly to the Piegan Institute's language immersion program, dedicated to restoring use of the native Blackfeet language. <mask> briefly attended Northern Montana College. In her introduction to the 2007 reprint of Winter in the Blood, fellow writer Louise Erdrich said: "It is a central and inspiring text to a generation of western regional and Native American writers, including me." In addition to his novels, <mask> co-wrote with Paul Stekler the screenplay for Last Stand at Little Bighorn, the Emmy Award-winning documentary that was part of the American Experience, shown on PBS.<mask> served on the Board of Directors of the D'Arcy McNickle Center of the Newberry Library in Chicago. Death
<mask> died at the age of sixty-two in Missoula, Montana, on Monday, August 4, 2003. His death was preceded by a struggle with lung cancer. Poetry and Novels
When he began his writing, Indian authors were unknown. "Kind of growing up around the reservations, I just kept my eyes open and my ears open, listened to a lot of stories. You might say my senses were really brought alive by that culture. I learned more about it than I knew I did.It was only after I began writing about it that I realize that I had learned. I knew quite a bit, in certain ways, about the Blackfeet and Gros Ventre ways of life." (<mask>)

His poems are alert, sorrowful, and true. His only collection of poetry,  Riding the Earthboy 40 (1971), is deeply ingrained in the steppe of Montana. Shortened but expressive, the poems arrive in an instant of thought or experience that handles seasons, animals, and the stories that reservation Native Americans tell. After writing poetry "exclusively for seven or eight years," <mask> turned his attention towards fiction and his first novel, Winter in the Blood, a severe narrative about a nameless character from northern Montana who drank too much and cared too little. Winter in the Blood (1974) attracted immediate critical interest, in result to a seminar on that novel in 1977 at the Modern Language Association Convention happened.The notes from the session were released a year after the seminar in a special symposium issue of American Indian Quarterly, edited by Peter G Beidler. <mask>'s promise was understood in his first novel, Winter in the Blood, the story of an Indian American youth living on a reservation in Montana. The narrator that is without a name is, just like <mask>, a mix of Blackfoot and Gros Ventre Indian. He calls himself a "servant to a memory of death." (<mask>) Both his father and brother are dead; in the midst of the novel, his deeply loved grandmother also dies. In Winter in the Blood (1974), <mask> presents a nameless protagonist who feels displaced, caught between two worlds, helpless in a world of stalking white men, but unaccepted by Indians—a stranger to both. Similarly, in The Death of Jim Loney (1979), <mask> portrays a half-blood who is unable to find a place in either world

Unlike <mask>'s first two novels, Fools Crow (1986) is a bygone novel set in the 1870s which depicts Fools Crow, strive to live a classic Blackfoot life in the background of the white settlement and the U.S. government's war against Plains Indians.<mask> writes part of his own family's history into his third novel, Fools Crow. Critics frequently write about how to describe <mask>. Whether to describe him as a Native American storyteller or an American author. The truth is that <mask>'s work exceeds such categorization; he joins Native American traditions and concepts with Western literary conventions to form compelling narratives. Much of <mask>'s fiction pivots on the interaction between the American Indian and white America. Adaptations
Winter in the Blood (1974) was adapted as a 2012 feature film by the same name by filmmakers Alex and Andrew Smith, who knew <mask> growing up in Montana. Native American writer Sherman Alexie helped produce the film.Accolades
 American Book Award, Los Angeles Times Book Prize and the Pacific Northwest Book Award. Fools Crow (1986)
 Emmy Award. Last Stand at Little Bighorn. Documentary. 3rd Annual Native American Literature Prize (1991)
 Spur Award from Western Writers of America for Best Television Documentary Script (1992)
 John Dos Passos Prize for Literature (1994)
 Western Literature Association's Distinguished Achievement Award (1994)
 Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French Cultural Ministry (1995)
 Native Writers' Circle of the Americas Lifetime Achievement Award (1997)
 Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters medal by the FBI
 Montana Governor's Humanities Award

Tribute
On November 18, 2016, Google celebrated his 76th birthday with a Google Doodle. Publications

Novels
 Winter in the Blood (1974)
 The Death of Jim Loney (1979)
 Fools Crow (1986)
 The Indian Lawyer (1990)
 The Heartsong of Charging Elk (2000)

Nonfiction
 Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians (1994)

Poetry
 Riding the Earthboy 40 (1971 rpt. 1975)
 Last Stand at Little Bighorn
 Christmas Comes to Moccasin Flat
 Surviving
 Snow Country Weavers
 Thanksgiving at Snake Butte
 Dreaming Winter
 Harlem, Montana: Just off the Reservation

See also
 List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
 Native American Studies

References

Further reading
 Wild, Peter (1983).<mask>. Boise, Idaho: Boise State University "Western Writers Series" (#57). pp. 49. External links
 Bibliographical essay on <mask>, Dancing Badger
Western American Literature Journal: <mask>
James <mask> Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1940 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American poets
American people of Irish descent
Blackfoot people
Gros Ventre people
Native American novelists
Native American poets
University of Montana alumni
Writers from Montana
21st-century American poets
American male poets
People from Browning, Montana
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age

masks:
James Phillip Welch Jr
Welch
James Welch
James Phillip Welch Sr
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch


title: Bradley Skaught

texts:
<mask> is the principal songwriter, guitarist, and lead vocalist for The Bye Bye Blackbirds, an Oakland, California-based indie rock and power pop band. Skaught's vocals have been called "distinctive and lovely," "a unique drawl reminiscent of Tom Petty", and likened to John Lennon. The San Francisco Chronicle described his band's work as "British Invasion guitar-pop with a twinge of country and roots," in which "disparate rock influences – '60s rock, '70s power pop, '80s college radio and indie rock – come together for catchy, harmony-laden songs." Musical career

Early years
<mask> is originally from Tacoma, Washington. He began taking drum lessons while in second grade, and took up guitar in sixth grade. Later, he moved to Oakland, California, where his musical career included a stint as drummer for Yuji Oniki. Belle Da Gama
<mask> became better known as a guitarist and vocalist when he founded the Oakland-based band Belle Da Gama, which included Ian Robertson.The name Belle Da Gama was taken from the Salman Rushdie novel The Moor's Last Sigh. Belle Da Gama recorded one album, Garden Abstract, released in 2001 on 125 Records. In 2005, Skaught and Robertson disbanded Belle Da Gama and formed The Bye Bye Blackbirds. The Bye Bye Blackbirds

Skaught and Robertson, both guitarists, named the new group after the 1926 jazz standard Bye Bye Blackbird. They recruited drummer Lenny Gill and bass player William Duke online. In forming the new band, Skaught and Robertson decided on a "back-to-basics approach" based on "fundamental things we loved as listeners – songwriting, harmony, cool guitar parts and sounds." The group's debut recording, an EP called Honeymoon, was released in 2006.Skaught later referred to Honeymoon as "a bit embarrassing to me, although I like a couple songs and I love the sound... It works to me as a kind of statement of intent, but it makes me squirm to hear it." In 2008, the group released their first full-length album, Houses and Homes, on the American Dust label in 2008. Rock critic Richie Unterberger likened Houses and Homes to British Invasion bands, with "tunes and [Skaught's] upper-register vocals [that] often echo some of the poppier Beatlesque groups of yore," praising the album's sensitive lyrics and "upbeat guitar-oriented pop/rock with a tinge of the bittersweet." Skaught called Houses and Homes "satisfyingly better than Honeymoon to me.... We experimented a lot – goofy stuff with tape echoes and lots of layers." The bluegrass-tinged song "The Ghosts Are All Right" was featured in the book Music: What Happened?, which named it as a favorite for that year, describing the song as "a Byrds-worthy meditation on history and responsibility in a local community." Apology Accepted, a download-only EP released in 2008, included "Monster Eyes," a song that was co-written by Skaught with novelist Jonathan Lethem.Based upon "lyrical fragments" of Lethem's novel You Don't Love Me Yet, the song was performed by the band, with Lethem, at a reading from the book. The title track of Apology Accepted was a cover of a song by The Go-Betweens. Before recording 2011's Fixed Hearts, bass player William Duke, who had previously shared songwriting responsibilities with Skaught, left the band. Skaught stated that writing all of the songs on Fixed Hearts was "liberating" and that the album benefited from his resulting confidence, and from the contributions of new bass player Aaron Rubin and producer Paul Tyler. The title was a reference to drummer Lenny Gill's then-recent heart surgery, as well as to the protagonists of the songs, who emerge from heartbreak with their own hearts repaired. Reviewing Fixed Hearts, AllMusic's Jack Rabid wrote that the album had the "brightly ringing, polished/unthreatening, anodyne" 1960s pop vibe of a "groovy guitar pop party" where "nice guys finish first and get the girl in the finale." The review cited Skaught's "easy sincerity and the group's harmonic gifts," embracing a "Panglossian panoply of this period from when they were pups, cutting in country-pop, folk, and—heck yeah—a horns-laden opener with bits of Memphis soul."A review in The Aquarian Weekly cited the "general giddiness of the album," moving from a "nostalgic and swinging vibe" through songs with a "country-pop sound" and "pulsing drums," to the "peaceful" final tracks. In 2013, the group released We Need the Rain, which was named one of the "Top 20 Releases of 2013" by Goldmine. Critic John M. Borack cited Skaught's contributions on guitar that "jangle, strum and get muscular when they need to." Skaught dedicated We Need the Rain to Scott Miller, his "musical mentor." Miller was not involved with the album, but Skaught told the San Francisco Chronicle that Miller's death in April 2013 was "the most painful and devastating blow," leading Skaught to consider the album "a kind of anchor, something to channel all that chaos through ... It's the first record we've made that we couldn't take to him and get that final vote of confidence on." The San Francisco Chronicle described the album as having "sweetly melancholy jingle-jangle and satisfyingly gutsy guitar and bass parts" with "soulful crunch."Reviewer Bill Kopp wrote in Musoscribe that "chiming guitars, ear candy hooks, punchy guitar riffage, tight vocal harmonies" provide the emotional and "visceral punch" of power pop. In Dirty Impound, Dennis Cook wrote, "Every tune practically shimmies out of the speakers, cool small details etched into ceaselessly ear-snagging melodies as sweet, gently yearning voices sing about love and the weather in ways that make both seem brand new." According to Tris McCall of the Newark Star-Ledger, the album took a new and "more aggressive approach" in which "guitars still twinkle and shimmer, on occasion, but this time around, they growl, twist, stutter and snap, too." McCall wrote, "Although Skaught's essential optimism is always visible," this "isn't always a happy album," with songs "both more direct and more discontented" than Skaught's prior work. "Yet it is the deepest, gutsiest and most rewarding set in the band's discography, and it points the way forward for a project that once felt like a formal exercise in songcraft." Other projects
Skaught received a production credit for his assistance on the Omnivore Recordings 2014 reissue of Game Theory's 1984 album Dead Center. He appeared as a featured artist on Big Cinnamon (2013) by the Agony Aunts, and played acoustic guitar on Alison Faith Levy's solo CD World of Wonder (2012).Discography

With Belle Da Gama
 Garden Abstract (2001)

With The Bye Bye Blackbirds
Albums & EPs:
 Honeymoon (2006)
 Apology Accepted (EP, 2008)
 Houses and Homes (2008)
 Fixed Hearts (2011)
 We Need The Rain (2013)
 Take Out the Poison (2017)

Singles:
 "Let Your Hair Fall Down" b/w "These Blues" (2015)
 "Even Hitler Had A Girlfriend" b/w "Population: Us"  (7" single, 2014) (as Dr. Frank & The Bye Bye Blackbirds)

Various artist compilations:
 Crayon Angel: A Tribute to the Music of Judee Sill (2009)

Notes

External links

 The Bye Bye Blackbirds (official site)

Musicians from Oakland, California
American pop guitarists
American indie rock musicians
American indie pop musicians
American male singer-songwriters
American male pop singers
Singer-songwriters from California
1976 births
Living people
Guitarists from California
American male guitarists
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Bradley Skaught
Skaught
Skaught


title: Frank Finnigan

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1901 – December 25, 1991), nicknamed "The Shawville Express", was a Canadian ice hockey professional forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1923 to 1937. During this time, he played for the Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, and St. Louis Eagles, and was nicknamed the "Shawville Express." His younger brother <mask> also played in the NHL. His daughter <mask> became a published writer. He was the last surviving member of the 1927 Stanley Cup champion Senators. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1901 in Clarendon, Quebec, but grew up in Shawville, Quebec, a primarily anglophone town in the province of Quebec, located northwest of Ottawa along the Ottawa River. He retained a home in Shawville after becoming a professional hockey player.He married Maye Horner (1901–1992) and the couple had four children, Joan (1925–2007), <mask>., Norma and Ross. <mask> suffered a heart attack on December 18, 1991 and he died on Christmas Day in 1991 in Shawville Hospital. He was survived by his wife and children and several grandchildren. Playing career
<mask> learned at an early age that there was money to be made in hockey. He received his first fee for playing hockey when he was 13, playing for Quyon against Fitzroy Harbour, for which he received $10. <mask> first played senior-level hockey for the University of Ottawa in the Ottawa City Hockey League (OCHL) in nearby Ottawa in 1921–22. According to <mask>, he was paid to play for the University and did not have to submit any assignments.As he had to take the train from Shawville to Ottawa, he picked up the nickname "Shawville Express." He played two more seasons for teams in the OCHL, with Ottawa Collegiate and Ottawa Montagnards before joining the Ottawa Senators in the 1923–24 season. <mask> was an integral member of the 1927 Stanley Cup champion Senators team, playing on a line with Hec Kilrea and <mask>. He later served as the Senators captain from 1930–1933, and scored a high of 21 goals in the 1929–30 season. When the Senators suspended operations for the 1931–32 NHL season, <mask> played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, winning the Stanley Cup for a second time, returning to the Senators the following season. <mask> scored the final Senators goal in the final season that the NHL Senators played in Ottawa. He scored an unassisted goal at the 1 minute, 7 second mark of the second period on March 15, 1934.The following season, he moved with the other Senators players to play for the transferred franchise in St. Louis, Missouri known as the St. Louis Eagles in the 1934-35 season. He was sold by the Eagles to the Maple Leafs before the season's end in February 1935 and he finished his career with several seasons with the Maple Leafs as a "defensive specialist." Retirement
In 1937, <mask> retired from the NHL. He returned to Ottawa and played ice hockey for various amateur teams, including the Ottawa RCAF Flyers while he was in the Air Force. After retiring from professional hockey, <mask> went into private business in the Ottawa area. He managed the Olde Colonial Hotel at the corner of O'Connor and Queen Streets in Ottawa. <mask> sold his shares of the hotel and became head of sales for Brading's Brewery.It was while working at Brading's that <mask> developed alcoholism and lost his job. He found a job in the federal government through <mask>, former owner of the Senators, and later Member of Parliament in Ottawa. During World War II, <mask> joined the Canadian Air Force, and was a member for seven years. <mask> then owned and managed the Merrickville Hotel in Merrickville, Ontario. <mask> moved to Shawville and bought the Clarendon Hotel. <mask> eventually overcame his problems with alcohol and sold the hotel and retired, remaining in the Shawville area. The 'Bring Back The Senators' campaign
When the NHL planned to expand in 1989, the consortium to obtain a franchise for Ottawa signed Finnigan to be part of the 'Bring Back The Senators' campaign team.<mask> along with his son <mask>., made public appearances on behalf of the campaign. <mask> was also part of the presentation team to the NHL expansion committee in December 1990. The group was successful and the new Ottawa Senators team began play in the 1992–93 NHL season. <mask> died before the new team played its first game in 1992, for which he was scheduled to drop the puck for the ceremonial face-off. Instead, on opening night the honour went to his son, <mask>. to drop the puck. On that night, the team honoured him by retiring his #8 jersey, making him one of three players in NHL history to have his uniform retired by a team for which he never actually played. <mask>'s number was retired 55 years after he finished his NHL career - the longest wait for a player to have his number retired.The street in front of the main entrance to the Ottawa Senators' arena, Canadian Tire Centre, is named <mask> Way in his honour. A banner honouring his retired number hangs from the rafters with Daniel Alfredsson's number 11 and Chris Phillips’ number 4. At the time of his death, <mask> was the last surviving member of the Senators Stanley Cup-winning team from the 1926–27 season, the final season of the original Ottawa Senators (1919–1927) dynasty and one of only a handful of players still alive from the NHL Senators' days. He was also the oldest living NHL player and appeared at various NHL functions. Career statistics

Awards
1927 Stanley Cup Champion

1932 Stanley Cup Champion
 Played in NHL All-Star Game (1934). This was the NHL's first all-star game, held as a benefit for Toronto player Ace Bailey. The first official NHL All-Star Game was held in 1947.References

External links

 Legends Of Hockey page
 Sports Encyclopedia

1901 births
1991 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian people of Irish descent
Ice hockey people from Quebec
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Ottawa Senators (1917) players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
People from Outaouais
St. Louis Eagles players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players

masks:
Francis Arthur Clarence Finnigan
Eddie Finnigan
Joan Finnigan
Frank Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Nighbor
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Ahearn
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Frank Finnigan
Finnigan


title: Fraser Kershaw

texts:
<mask>. is an activist in the clean water movement throughout the United States and Latin America. He made his television debut acting as multiple characters in the 2016 televised international feature film Behind the Water. He was a figure in the new industry of filmmaking for the U.S. Virgin Islands. On 26 January 2021, <mask> was announced as the head coach of the men's soccer program at the Pennsylvania State University, Altoona in the United States. Early life and Fútbol
From an early age <mask> grew up playing under premiere youth teams. <mask> grew up with the game playing internationally. Throughout his career playing in the United States, The Virgin Islands, Europe and Latin America.April 16, 2021 Nuno Gomes of the Portugal national football team is seen congratulating <mask> and the Penn State team members. <mask> spent his late teens on the island of St. John, Virgin Islands. On the island, <mask> would carry a five-gallon tank of drinking water for several blocks up a steep hill in 100-degree heat to his home. His mother worked as a medical missionary in natural disasters in Latin America. In 2006, <mask> relocated to the city of Morelia, in the country of Mexico. His father was a landscaper and artist. <mask>'s father from the Caribbean died on May 27, 2007 in State College, Pennsylvania.Biography

2014–2019: Breakthrough
On 19 July 2014 The Sacramento Observer announced <mask> and National Geographic's Doug Clevenger in the capital of California to showcase a televised portion of a new film about water. When <mask> appeared on AT&T he stated the global water problem could be solved one town at a time. Premiering on earth day 2016 Caribbean Entertainment Magazine stated <mask>'s film, Behind the Water, reached every territory in the Caribbean, Canada, the UK and the northeast United States. He hosted the 2016 televised feature film Behind the Water. <mask> and musician Brent Kutzle from OneRepublic collaborate on the musical score for the film. Film Score Monthly, magazine showcased the score to incorporate a blend of strings and bass. The Jamaican diaspora states Kershaw helps the Caribbean people with life giving efforts that spark change .<mask> can be seen in television commercials that are noted as earth friendly. <mask> is seen in Movie Maker Magazine collaborating with Greg Mellott and Francis Ford Coppola on a new art form called live cinema. Modern Traveler Magazine showcased <mask> filming in never before documented areas of Latin America. Travel Magazine stated <mask> has slept in huts without electricity to luxurious accommodations and these experiences reinforced his opinion that no matter the environment everybody deserves the right to drink clean water. The Toronto Yogi Times recorded <mask> voicing his concern for possible solutions in Los Angeles . On 7 April 2019 he was recognized as an influencer for the United States Virgin Islands film industry. The VI Consortium claimed the first film festival to be a success.<mask>, with a group from the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Tourism, USVI Council on the Arts, Crucian Gold, Cape Air, CBS, ABC, and the Economic Development Authority (EDA) formed the first Caribbean Film and Artistic Cinematic Festival. Public speaking and activism
<mask> can be seen presenting at public university film forums. <mask> has contributed his experiences to public universities. While performing in the theater he's known to become emotional and challenge the audience. At the University of Oklahoma <mask> performed and challenged the student body to pursue their purpose with life changing ideas. <mask> addressed the country of El Salvador on national news across 7 million homes bringing together congressional leaders and administration officials in hopes to furnish clean water to communities. The Caribbean's Drive Time Radio Show publicized <mask>'s clean water campaign and recorded him speaking out against the lack of sanitation in rural communities and he said, "If everybody stops going to the bathroom right now then we can save lives, but that’s never going to happen."<mask> was called 'He No Faking Jamaican' for his activism in the Caribbean. In 2014, <mask> documented and explored the communities of Port-au-Prince with overwhelming obstacles. In November 2014 he publicly spoke with community leaders in the capital of Haiti about launching health campaigns for community leaders to provide clean water. He was recorded saying, "I know the Haitian people because I am the Haitian people, we are both human, one and the same, we thirst together and we drink together, we want water that heals instead of steals." He received the nickname 'The Prince of Hope' for his efforts to provide clean water in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. <mask> and Dr. Jennifer Hetzner of California appeared on ABC presenting the impact of dirty water. On 22 January 2015 The Nevada Today reported <mask> at the Wells Fargo Auditorium performing at the University of Nevada, Reno and the student body became energized from <mask>'s performance by winning their hearts and minds with his ability to inspire through his work.Filmmaker Kari Barber reported Kershaw turning their world upside down. On 24 February 2015 <mask> presented at the International Law Society speaker series at the Maurer School of Law in Indiana University where he presented his international experiences working with pillars of rural cinema. On 28 March 2015 he helped start a film festival for the student body at the University of Cincinnati where he encouraged the filmmakers to be fearless and compared the event to a sweaty gym full of boxers ready to spar. Cincinnati.com reported the film festival an important piece of history for Cincinnati, and native Steven Spielberg will be proud to see the film industry grow within the city. In Lawrence, Kansas on Earth Day 2015, <mask> performed in a full theater at the University of Kansas and during the event <mask> said, "This Earth Day, we are far beyond a debate about the importance of water." He added, "We're focused on taking action, preparing communities here locally on leading an international effort for action." The University of Kansas Department of Film and Media studies stated "Kershaw inspired and energized, entertained their thoughts about helping while still remaining very personable and humble."<mask> has said while performing he hopes people will continue to chase after life-changing ideas and passions. Charity work and other interests
<mask> started an initiative called Water Works and said its focus is to provide clean and safe drinking water to people in developing nations. He has said in Vitamin Retailer Magazine that Water Works started the day he saw people weeping over water-related deaths. The Fort Lauderdale Daily News boasted <mask> using its airport as his launch pad to give people clean water. The Lodi news said while <mask> was in Indonesia he lost ten pounds from a water borne illness and a doctor traveled to document <mask>'s condition. Green Clean Magazine declared <mask> as one of the "People We Love" stating he believes the new generation is done with people who spew facts, figures, and formulas for fun and there must be a call to action. Modern Latina Magazine showed <mask> studying sugar samples from tree leaves as a way to pinpoint a drought to assess solutions with its data.Luxury Travel Magazine featured <mask> testing out prototype luggage designed by the Swedish brand Thule Group. <mask> created an international soccer tournament in Virginia which brought support to orphans and widows. <mask> has stated in an interview that every person dreams of being loved and accepted and along the way many lose faith in humanity and his team's goal is to inspire everyone on the planet who loves fellow humans to empower another Spirit, engage with the world, and make a difference. <mask> has worked in rural areas assisting people with clean water and Mother Earth News compared the process to a wild ride. Personal life
<mask> lives in Los Angeles, California. He is a brother of film producer Stanley Preschutti. He mentioned when he travels he gains clarity about important decisions versus when he is inside his own bubble at home.<mask> said in Carib Entertainment Magazine that he likes when failure is possible because it makes him feel alive and that failure excites him as it mimics life and drives his projects. It has been recorded that he throws away his cell phone while doing creative work. <mask> has talked about eliminating things in his life which gives him time to reach big goals. He claims his most difficult challenge while helping others is his ego and himself and has never accepted a dime for his efforts. <mask> has said he will dance around anyone blocking the basic human right of clean drinking water. References

External links

Behind the Water official site

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male film actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Male actors from Pennsylvania
Male actors from California
Activists from California
California Baptist University alumni
American soccer coaches

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title: Bart Willoughby

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1960) is an Indigenous Australian musician, noted for his pioneering fusion of reggae with Indigenous Australian musical influences, and for his contribution to growth of Indigenous music in Australia. A Pitjantjatjara man of the Mirning dreaming, his totem is the whale. He is Kokatha through his father and Mirning through his mother. He grew up at Koonibba Aboriginal Mission near Ceduna on the South Australian edge of the Nullarbor Plain on the Great Australian Bight. At 14 years of age, after spending some time in a boys' facility, Willoughby found his way to the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide, where he was introduced to music including drumming, singing and guitar playing. Career

Bands
Willoughby's musical career commenced in 1978, and in this period he developed as a distinctive Indigenous Australian musician notable for his pioneering fusion of reggae music with Indigenous Australian influences. He formed his first band, also Australia's first Indigenous rock band, No Fixed Address, in 1978, though he also played with Jimmy Chi's newly formed band Kuckles throughout 1978 and 1979.In 1979, No Fixed Address played its first large concert at the National Aboriginal Day event held in Taperoo, South Australia, and over the years has played at numerous concerts for Aboriginal causes, including Rock Against Racism, The Artists Newsletter Association, the Campaign Against Racial Exploitation and the National Aboriginal Country Music Festival. At the end of 1981, No Fixed Address were the support band for Ian Dury and the Blockheads on their one and only Australia tour. In 1982, <mask> and his band toured Australia in support of Peter Tosh, and a documentary of this tour was screened by SBS TV entitled Peter Tosh in Concert, featuring Willoughby and No Fixed Address. During 1982, Willoughby also played drums with Shane Howard and Goanna. After the success of the Peter Tosh tour, Willoughby and his band became the first Aboriginal band to travel overseas, becoming cultural ambassadors for their people while touring Great Britain in 1984, playing at nine cities including London, Bristol, Leeds, Plymouth and Manchester. They played at "The Elephant Fayre" rock festival and appeared at a concert for striking miners. A documentary of this tour No Fixed Address in London was produced and screened on SBS TV.Returning to Australia, <mask> joined his cousin Bunna Lawrie, and his band Coloured Stone, founded in 1977. He played drums for them between 1985 and 1986, including on their Scottish tour where they appeared with k.d. lang at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival. Coloured Stone then returned to Australia, where Coloured Stone were awarded Best Indigenous Album at the 1986 Australian Music Awards for their debut album Human Love. <mask> reformed No Fixed Address in 1987, and in 1988, the band toured Europe, including Eastern Bloc countries where Willoughby made his wry comment about "being hungry in Hungary" while appearing at the 1987 East Berlin Music Festival. Late in 1988, Willoughby was asked to join the newly formed Yothu Yindi as drummer on their Diesel & Dust tour, visiting 73 cities throughout the US on a tour that Willoughby found very strenuous. In 1989, Willoughby left Yothu Yindi to form a new band Mixed Relations, now known as <mask>by Band, although he has reformed No Fixed Address on occasion.From its inception, Mixed Relations toured extensively throughout the Aboriginal communities, Australian cities, Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Hawaii, and were was chosen as the closing act for the 1989 inaugural Invasion (aka Survival) Day Concerts at La Perouse, Sydney and then every Invasion Day concert until its final date at La Perouse in 1994. Following work in Alice Springs, Northern Territory and Surfers Paradise, Queensland on the film Until the end of the World, <mask> was invited to tour Australia with Shane Howard and The Big Heart Band before returning to his work with Mixed Relations, opening the inaugural 1991 Stompen' Ground Concert in Broome, Western Australia and representing Australia at the 1990 and 1992 South Pacific Music Festival and the 1990 and 1992 Asian Music Festival. All of these festivals have been documented by ABC Television and SBS TV and screened by these stations in the year that the festivals were held and have had repeat screenings over the years. In 1993, International Year of Indigenous People, Willoughby and Mixed Relations were invited to attend the Los Angeles Indigenous Arts Festival, the London Indigenous Festival, England and the Wanchai Music Festival, Hong Kong. Film and television

In 1980, Willoughby starred with another indigenous band Us Mob in non-indigenous director Ned Lander's movie about Aboriginal musicians Wrong Side of the Road. This film was a semi-biographical drama concerning the racism levelled against Aboriginal musicians trying to get gigs in country pubs and won the Australian Film Commission-funded Australian Film Institute's (AFI) 1981 Jury Award for its director Lander. Interestingly it has been reported that during the 13 years that ABC Countdown ran from 1974 <mask> did not appear on the popular national TV show in spite of written requests to Molly Meldrum which remained unanswered.After his 1988 European tour, <mask> directed, composed and recorded the music track using his band for Always Was - Always Will Be, produced, directed and written by Indigenous filmmaker Madelaine McGrady and screened on SBS TV in the same year. In 1989, Into the Mainstream (1989) directed by Ned Lander and covering the 1988 Yothu Yindi Diesel & Dust Tour screened on SBS-TV and also screened internationally through its distributor Ronin Films. In 1990, <mask> was cast as "Ned the Computer Expert" in German director Wim Wenders' Until the end of the World starring William Hurt, Sam Neill and Indigenous actor Ernie Dingo as well as Aboriginal icons actor David Gulpilil and Aboriginal Australia's first gold record singer and Yorta Yorta elder, Jimmy Little. In 1992, Willoughby was invited by Australia's first Indigenous feature film director Brian Syron to become the first Aboriginal to compose, play and direct the music track of a feature film Jindalee Lady. The film was invited to the International First Nations Art and Film Festival, "Dreamspeakers", in Edmonton, Canada in 1992 where it was acknowledge as the first feature film to be directed by a First Nation's director, Syron, and to have a music track composed and directed by a First Nations composer, Willoughby. Following this festival, both Syron and Willoughby were invited to attend the 1992 Hawaii International Film Festival where Jindalee Lady was nominated for the East West Award - Best Feature Film and in 1993 Jindalee Lady was then invited to screen at the Tinker Theatre, Woodstock, New York as part of the Woodstock Tribute to the International Year of Indigenous People. In 1994, <mask> with his eldest son Woonun <mask> appeared in the docudrama La Perouse for the Museum of Sydney & Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales directed by Michael Riley and narrated by Justine Saunders AM.Willoughby has made many appearances on ABC Television, Channel 9, SBS TV, Channel 10 and Channel 7. Teaching

During 1995 Willoughby took time out to work with his Pitjantjantjara community as Music Instructor to secondary school students at Yalata Anangu School, Yalata, South Australia where he taught drums, guitar and songwriting. Awards

Willoughby received the 1993 Inaugural Indigenous ARIA Australian Music Lifetime Achievement Award for his Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia. The award was presented by Will Smith and screened on Channel 10. Sol Bellear, Commissioner of the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC – Acting) in presenting the award to Willoughby said : "Indigenous music has certainly come a long way in recent times. From 10 years ago out back of Australia, in outback hotels to internationally through Yothu Yindi, through Kev Carmody, through Archie Roach and many, many more. Let me tell you that the recipient of this very first Indigenous trophy has stood out clearly as an innovator for those people.He notched up a list of firsts that paved the way for a lot of Indigenous artists. He was the first to perform on Countdown, his was the first Aboriginal band to make a documentary, the first Aboriginal band to sign a record deal and the first, the very first, to tour overseas and Willoughby was the first, the very first to score, play and direct the music track of a feature film itself the first to be directed by an indigenous director. <mask>'s contribution to Aboriginal music in Australia is prodigious in book, film and record." Bellear, Channel 10,

In 1997 Willoughby was selected and represented at Nygaramang Bayumi an exhibition about Indigenous Australian music and Dance at the Powerhouse Museum, Darling Harbour, Sydney. He was nominated for Best Indigenous Album at the 1998 APRA Music Awards for Pathways

In 2004, 2005, 2006 he was nominated for the Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award at the Indigenous Deadly's for his contribution to Indigenous music in Australia. <mask> is regarded as one of Australia's leading Aboriginal rock composers and performers and is widely known, loved and respected by Aboriginals for his work which includes Aboriginal classics such as "We Have Survived", "Aboriginal Woman" and "My Father is an Aboriginal Man". Won
1986 Australian Music Award for Best Indigenous Album – Coloured Stone - "Human Love".1993 Indigenous ARIA Australian Music Award <mask> for Outstanding Contribution to Indigenous Music in Australia. Nominated
1998 APRA (Australian Performing Rights Association) Best Indigenous Album for Pathways. 2004, 2005, 2006The Deadly's - Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award for Willoughby's contribution to Indigenous music in Australia. 2013 Melbourne Music Prize

Discography

Film soundtracks
Special Treatment - Locking up Aboriginal Children, Dir. Margaret Smith, Music <mask> – documentary
Always Was, Always Will Be, Producer Australian Broadcasting Commission ABC-TV, Music <mask> – documentary
Jindalee Lady (1992) Dir. Brian Syron, Music <mask> – feature film

Records / cassettes / CDs
Wrong Side of the Road, film sound track, EMI
Rock Against Racism, Vol. 1, Sound track from concert – ABC Records
National Aboriginal Music Festival, Soundtrack from concert – ABC Records
Stompem' Ground ABC Records
From My Eyes EMI
Take It or Leave It, Polygram
Aboriginal Woman.Polygram
Love', Polygram
Jindalee Lady, Donobri International
Pathways'' Polygram
Proud
We Still Live On
Resonance

References

Bibliography
Media Ethics, An Aboriginal Film and the Australian Film Commission, Thomas G. Donovan / Brody T. Lorraine,
Kicking Down the Doors, A History of Indigenous Filmmakers from 1968–1993, Brian Syron / briann kearney,
Our Place, Our Music, ed. Marcus Breen,
<mask>, Woonun <mask> / Researchers briann kearney, Selwyn Burns  (2012)

External links
VIBE Australia biography

1960 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian musicians
Pitjantjatjara
Musicians from South Australia
Reggae rock musicians

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title: Barjawan

texts:
Abū'l-Futūh Barjawān al-Ustādh (عبد الفتوح برجوان الأستاذ)  (died 25/26 March 1000) was a Shia Muslim eunuch palace official who became the prime minister (wāsiṭa) and de facto regent of the Fatimid Caliphate in October 997, and held the position until his assassination. Of obscure origin, Barjawan became the tutor of heir-apparent al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who became caliph in 996 with the death of al-Aziz Billah. On al-Hakim's coronation, power was seized by some Shia  soldiers, who tried to monopolize government and clashed with their rivals, the Circassian Turkic slave-soldiers. Allied with disaffected the Shia Muslim soldiers, Barjawan was able to seize the reins of government for himself in 997. His tenure was marked by a successful balancing act between the Berbers and the Turks, as well as the rise of men of diverse backgrounds, promoted under his patronage. Militarily, Barjawan was successful in restoring order to the Fatimids' restive Levantine and Libyan provinces, and set the stage for an enduring truce with the Byzantine Empire. The concentration of power in his hands and his overbearing attitude alienated al-Hakim, however, who ordered him assassinated and thereafter assumed the governance of the caliphate himself.Biography

Origin and rise to power
<mask>'s origin is the son of jawhar the sicilian : in his biographical dictionary, Ibn Khallikan records him as a Black African (aswad al-lawn), whereas the historians Ibn al-Qalanisi and al-Maqrizi assert that he was white (abyaḍ al-lawn), with al-Maqrizi further specifying that he was either a Sicilian (Siqillī) or a Slav (Saqlabī), as both versions appear in the manuscripts of his work. A eunuch, he was brought up as a slave in the court of Caliph al-Aziz Billah (r. 975–996), under whom he became court intendant. Already before the death of al-Aziz, Barjawan was appointed tutor of the Caliph's son and heir Mansur, the future al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, whence he is also mentioned with the title of ustādh, "master", often borne by eunuch preceptors of princes. In 996, Bajarwan accompanied his charge to Bilbays, where al-Aziz, in the midst of preparing an expedition against the Byzantine Empire, had fallen ill and was approaching death. According to the chroniclers, upon al-Aziz's death, Bajarwan rushed to find his pupil. Finding him playing in a tree, he placed a jewelled turban on his head, and kissed the ground before him while saluting him as "Commander of the Faithful". After al-Aziz died, the Shia Muslim soldiers, who had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies but had begun to be eclipsed by other groups—chiefly the Turkish and Daylamite mercenaries from the Islamic East or Mashāriqa ("Easterners")—used the opportunity presented by the accession of the underage al-Hakim to demand they be given control of the government.Al-Aziz's Christian vizier Isa ibn Nasturus was dismissed (and executed shortly after) and replaced by the veteran commander al-Hasan ibn Ammar, with the title of wāsiṭa ("intermediary") rather than full vizier (wazīr). Ibn Ammar immediately began staffing the government with the Shias, who engaged in a virtual pillaging of the state coffers. The Shias' attempts to exclude the other interest groups from power—not only the Turkic and the other many ethnic contingents of the army, but also the civilian bureaucracy, whose salary was cut—alienated not only the Mashāriqa, but alarmed <mask>, who furthermore nurtured ambitions of his own. Barjawan contacted the Fatimid governor of Damascus, the Turk Manjutakin, and invited him to march onto Egypt and depose Ibn Ammar. Manjutakin accepted, but was defeated by Ibn Ammar's troops under Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Falah at Ascalon and taken prisoner. Barjawan however soon found a new ally, in the person of the Kutama leader Jaysh ibn al-Samsama, governor of Tripoli, whom Ibn Falah dismissed and replaced with his own brother. Jaysh and Barjawan gathered a following of other dissatisfied Shia soldoers, and launched an uprising in Cairo.Ibn Ammar was forced to flee, and <mask> replaced him as wāsiṭa on 4 October 997. Government of Egypt and death

During his ascendancy, Barjawan tried to balance the two factions and restore the equilibrium that had existed under al-Aziz. Thus he reversed the blatant partisanship of Ibn Ammar and fulfilled the demands of the Mashāriqa for positions and patronage, while taking care to placate the Kutama as well. In this vein, he pardoned Ibn Ammar and restored him his monthly salary of 500 gold dinars, and appointed Jaysh ibn al-Samsama to the governorship of Damascus. Nevertheless, his rise to power marked the definitive decline of Kutama power in the Fatimid state. At the same time, Barjawan chose fellow palace eunuchs to fill many of the highest positions in the capital and the provinces, and created a considerable network of patronage by promoting people from various origins to office. As his chief administrator, he selected a Christian, Fahd ibn Ibrahim.At the time of <mask>'s rise to power, the Levantine provinces were in a state of unrest. Tyre had risen in revolt under the sailor Allaqa, the Bedouin chieftain Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah tried to capture Ramlah, and there was an ongoing conflict with the Byzantine Empire over control of the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo in northern Syria. Led by Jaysh ibn al-Samsama, the Fatimids were successful in suppressing the rebellion at Tyre in June 998, although the inhabitants had called upon the Byzantine fleet for help, and subduing Mufarrij and his Bedouin. Jaysh then marched to the relief of Apamea, which was being besieged by the Byzantine doux of Antioch, Damian Dalassenos. In the ensuing battle, the Fatimids secured a major victory, and Dalassenos fell. Dalassenos' defeat forced Emperor Basil II to personally lead a campaign to Syria the following year, pillaging the region of Homs, Beirut, and Tripoli, although he failed to capture the latter. Both empires were not interested in pursuing warfare in the region further, however, and through the mediation of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, a truce was concluded in 1001 that confirmed the status quo and ushered a long period of peaceful, if not always untroubled, relations between the two major powers of the Eastern Mediterranean.Bajarwan was also successful in quelling unrest in Barqa and restoring Fatimid control over Tripoli (in modern Libya). Barjawan installed eunuch governors over both cities, but the capture of Tripoli proved short-lived and had unintended consequences, as the Fatimid troops confronted the Sanhaja Berbers over its control. This strained relations with the Zirids, who had been entrusted with the Fatimids' old heartland of Ifriqiya and the Maghreb when the caliphs moved to Egypt, and contributed to the Zirids' gradual drift away from the Fatimid allegiance. Barjawan made the mistake of continuing to think of al-Hakim as his pupil, treating him in a high-handed manner and even daring to restrict his riding and the gifts he distributed. The troubled relationship was not helped when al-Hakim, as al-Nuwayri reports, learned that Barjawan referred to him as "the lizard". As a result, al-Hakim developed a fierce hatred of his over-powerful minister, encouraged by another court eunuch, Abu'l-Fadl Raydan al-Saqlabi, who pointed out the danger of <mask> becoming a second Kafur, the slave who had become the de facto ruler of Ikhshidid Egypt after the death of the dynasty's founder, Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid. Thus on the night of 16/17 Rabi' II 390 AH (25 March 1000 in the Gregorian calendar), Raydan stabbed <mask> in the belly with a knife at al-Hakim's orders.The murder provoked unease among the elites and the populace alike, who feared that the equilibrium established by Barjawan would be upset. Al-Hakim however was able to quiet their fears and consolidate his authority by appearing before the armed crowds above the gates of the palace, justifying his action as being well within his rights as caliph and denouncing Barjawan as plotting against him, while appealing to the people to assist him in his youth and inexperience. Al-Hakim now assumed the reins of government himself, although he took care to ensure continuity by keeping on Fahd ibn Ibrahim as head of the bureaucracy. Nevertheless, throughout his reign, the Caliph sought to limit the power of his viziers, and changed them frequently; he furthermore did not hesitate to launch purges of the high officialdom, to which several important officials fell victim. As Farhad Daftary writes, Barjawan was merely the first in a "long list of wazīrs, wāsiṭas, commanders and other dignitaries" who lost their lives at al-Hakim's orders. <mask> was known as "a man of taste and a lover of the pleasures of this world" (B. Lewis)—on his death, according to Ibn Khallikan, his wardrobe "contained one thousand Dabiq trousers, one thousand silk tikkas [waistbands], and an immense quantity of clothes, furniture, musical instruments, books and curiosities". He was a patron of musicians and poets, who frequented his home.A street in Cairo was named after him and still bore it in the 13th century. References

Sources

1000 deaths
Shia Muslims
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title: Syed Mujtaba Ali

texts:
<mask> (; 13 September 1904 – 11 February 1974) was a Bengali author, journalist, travel enthusiast, academic, scholar and linguist. He lived in India, Bangladesh, Germany, Afghanistan and Egypt. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Karimganj in the District of Sylhet of Assam Province. His father, <mask>, was a sub-registrar. He traced his paternal descent from Shah Ahmed Mutawakkil, a local holy man and a <mask> of Taraf, though apparently unrelated to Taraf's ruling <mask> dynasty. <mask>'s mother, Amtul Mannan Khatun, was a Chowdhury of Bahadurpur, an Islamised branch of the Pal family of Panchakhanda. <mask> was the youngest of three brothers, one of whom being the writer <mask>.<mask> <mask> passed the matriculation exam from Sylhet Government Pilot High School though was said to have not passed his intermediate exam from MC College. In 1919 when Rabindranath Tagore was visiting Sylhet, <mask> <mask> met Tagore who had great influence on <mask> <mask>'s writings. Later, in 1921 <mask> joined the Indian freedom struggle and left his school in Sylhet. In the same year 1921, he went to Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan and graduated in 1926 with B.A. degree. He was among the first graduates of the Visva-Bharati. He studied for a brief period in Aligarh Muslim University.Later, he moved to Kabul to work in the education department (1927–1929) as a professor. From 1929 to 1932 he went to Germany with Wilhelm Humboldt scholarship and studied at the universities in Berlin and later in Bonn. He earned his PhD from the University of Bonn with a dissertation on comparative religious studies on Khojas in 1932. Career
<mask> then studied at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo during 1934–1935. He taught at colleges in Baroda (1936–1944) and Bogra (1949). He briefly lived in East Pakistan before moving back to India in 1949. After a brief stint at Calcutta University in 1950, he became Secretary of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and editor of its Arabic journal Thaqafatul Hind.From 1952 to 1956 he worked for All India Radio at New Delhi, Cuttack and Patna. He then joined the faculty of Visva-Bharati University (1956–1964) as professor of German language and later of Islamic Culture. He lived in Calcutta till early 1972. Following the Liberation of Bangladesh, he moved with his family to Dhaka and lived there till his death in 1974. Language activism
After the Partition of India into India and Pakistan in 1947, <mask> went from India to the then East Pakistan. He was one of the first to call for Bangla as East Pakistan's state language on 30 November 1947, at the Sylhet Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Samsad. He was a prominent activist and supporter of Bengali as the national language of East Pakistan.In 1948, being the principal of Azizul Huq College, Bogra, he wrote an essay, 'The State Language of East Pakistan', which was printed in Chaturanga of Kolkata. During that time, the West Pakistan Rulers tried to impose Urdu as the only state language of East Pakistan while Bengali was spoken by most of the people. The government of Pakistan demanded an explanation. But <mask> resigned and moved to India. Linguistic abilities and literary works
<mask>'s mother tongue Bengali, but he could speak 14 languages – English, French, German, Italian, Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi, Gujarati, Pashtu and Greek. Alongside Natya Guru Nurul Momen and Jajabar (Binay Mukhopadhyay), <mask> was one of the trail-blazers of a unique category of Bengali writing. 'Ramya Rachana' in the Bengali language, an anecdotal story-telling – often based on real-life experiences – became immensely popular, mostly because of the attractive writing style of <mask>.Deshe Bideshe, the story of his journey to and experiences in Kabul during his brief stint as professor in a college there is one of <mask>'s best works. Panchatantra is a collection of thoughts and short stories (some already published in 'Desh' magazine) of his days in Europe, Cairo and Baroda. Bibliography
 Deshe Bideshe (1949)
 Panchatantra (1952)
 Abishwasya (1955)
 Chacha Kahini (1955)
 Mayurkanthi (1957)
 Jale Dangay (1957)
 Dhupchhaya (1958)
 Shabnam (1960)
 Chaturanga (1960)
 Shreshtha Galpa (1962)
 Parash Pathar (1962)
 Bahubichitra (1962)
 Bhabaghure O Anyanya (1962)
 Shreshtha Ramya Rachana (1962)
 Tunimem (1964)
 Duhara (1966)
 Pachandashai (1967)
 Shahriyar (1969)
 Hitler (1970)
 Kato Na Ashrujal (1971)
 Musafir (1971)
 Prem
 Dwandwa Madhur
 Tulanahina
 Raja Ujir
 Chalak Hobar Pahela Kitab

Death and legacy
In 1949, he was awarded the Narsinghadas Prize and in 1961 he was awarded the Ananda Puraskar. In 1972, after the liberation of the country, <mask> returned to Bangladesh. He died on 11 February 1974. Extracts from his literary works are included in the curriculum of school level, secondary, higher secondary and graduation level Bengali Literature in both Bangladesh and India, particularly in the states of West Bengal and Tripura. He was awarded Ekushey Padak, the second highest civilian award in Bangladesh in 2005 by the Government of Bangladesh.Awards
Narsinghadas Prize (1949)
Ananda Puraskar (1961) awarded by Anandabazar Group
Ekushey Padak (2005) by the Government of Bangladesh

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Further reading
 Saiyad <mask> <mask>li (complete works), edited by Gajendrakumar Mitra, Sumathanath Ghosh, Sabitendranath Ray and Manish Chakrabarty, eleven volumes published by Mitra O Ghosh (Kolkata) 1974–1983. Saiyad <mask> <mask>: Jibankatha, by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Dhaka) 1990. Mujtaba Sahityer Rupbaichitrya o Rachanashaili, by Nurur Rahman Khan, published by Bangla Academy (Dhaka) 1990. Prasanga: Mujtaba <mask>, edited by Bijanbihari Purakayastha, published by Nabapatra Prakashan (Kalikata) 1998 (first published as Mujtaba Prasanga in Sylhet in 1977). <mask> <mask>: Proshongo Oproshongo by Golam Mostakim, who was close with <mask> <mask> from 1971 to 1974, till <mask> <mask>'s death. The book illustrates <mask> <mask> as a person rather than a personality. Published by Student Ways, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1995.1904 births
1974 deaths
20th-century Indian novelists
Bengali Muslims
Bengali-language writers
Bengali novelists
Bangladeshi male novelists
Visva-Bharati University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Bonn alumni
Alumni of the University of London
University of Paris alumni
Al-Azhar University alumni
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
University of Calcutta faculty
Visva-Bharati University faculty
Recipients of the Ananda Purashkar
People from Moulvibazar District
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Novelists from Assam
People from Karimganj district
20th-century Bengalis
Indian expatriates in Egypt
Indian expatriates in France
Indian expatriates in Afghanistan
Indian expatriates in Germany

masks:
Syed Mujtaba Ali
Ali
Khan Bahadur Syed Sikander Ali
Syed
Syed
Ali
Mujtaba
Syed Murtaza Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Mujtaba
Ali Rachanaba
Mujtaba
Ali
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali
Syed Mujtaba
Ali


title: Milton P. Webster

texts:
<mask> (April 23, 1887February 24, 1965) was an American trade unionist, best remembered as the first vice president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and leader of its Chicago division. As the union's lead negotiator, <mask> was influential in securing a collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Companythe first national contract won by any black-led American trade union. During the years of World War II, <mask> was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a member of the Fair Employment Practice Committee and its successor commission, working to end racial discrimination in the defense industry. Their work helped open access to jobs for black workers, desegregating the work forces in industries with federal contracts that supplied the war effort. <mask> also later served as a member of the International Board of the American Federation of Labor. Early years

<mask> was born on April 23, 1887, in Clarksville, Tennessee. His father, Willis, was a barber who owned land in Clarksville with a small farm.His mother, Mary, was the daughter of freed black Tennesseans (Julia (Donaldson) and Robert Fogg). Both of Mary's parents attended a fledgling Fisk University at its inception, and her father fought for the Union Army in the Civil War. The <mask>s moved to the booming metropolis of Chicago when <mask> was a young child. The move was forced by Southern nationalist backlash against freedmen and women after Reconstruction, with threats and actions that induced financial hardship, beatings, and lynchings for many Black residents across the South. The <mask> family was not immune to these threats and attacks. The family was of humble beginnings, but very close. His mother Mary and father Willis, along with his maternal grandmother Julia Donaldson Fogg and his siblings, moved to a segregated South Side of Chicago.It was a large close family of which <mask> was the third youngest of 11 children. One of <mask>'s earliest memories was of his witnessing of the Pullman Strike in 1894 first hand from his parents tenement apartment window, as white railroad strikers where beaten and shot by US Marshals and US Army Troops. This affected <mask> immensely. In later years he would lament that if US troops would treat white union organizers so heinously, he could only imagine what they would do to black union men. Although <mask> was an excellent student and a voracious reader, with a desire to pursue the study of law, the family did not have the resources to send him to the University. He had may odd jobs, eventually obtaining work as a Pullman porter, a job which he held for nearly 18 years. He left the job in April 1924 following a dispute with an official of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, for which he worked.This passion for law would serve him well in his vocation as a labor organizer. As a porter <mask> appreciated first hand the injustices levied upon the worker, the excessive work days on the rail, poor pay, burdensome tolls and fees, undue and uneven disciplinary actions against porters and maids, the weeks and months of being on the rail with no time off, the unsafe work conditions, the lack of any workers rights or advocacy, and the overt racism faced day in and day out by fellow porters and maids. While still employed as a porter, <mask> decided that a Labor Union was what was needed for black workers and he, with a few others, began organizing. The Pullman company got wind of his actions and began citing him for disciplinary actions, while trying to force him to disband his efforts, quit, or be fired. <mask> quit, but continued organizing porters to form a union to advocate for workers rights for Pullman porters and maids. After leaving the railroad, <mask> took a job as an assistant bailiff at the Chicago Municipal Court, later working for the Republican Party as a political functionary in that same city. He married Louie Elizabeth Harris of Cassopolis, Michigan, and they had three children, <mask> II (JD), Rebecca Estelle (Kingslow), and Jean.Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters official

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was founded in 1925. <mask> was recruited by the union's first president, A<mask> Randolph, to serve as general organizer in Chicago. As the location of Pullman's headquarters and the largest population of maids and porters, Chicago was an important city to the fledgling union, and <mask>'s experience as an influential member of the city's Republican Party made him well-situated for the role. In the months after the union's formation, <mask> worked to recruit more members. He was opposed by the Pullman Company, which had invested heavily in Chicago's Black community, engaged in anti-union practices, and recruited informants ("stool pigeons") to report any labor organization activity. As First Vice President of the BSCP and Chair of the International Executive Board, <mask> handled most of the routine work of the union, while Randolph served as the public face. Civil rights work

On June 25, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry and establishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC).Roosevelt was pushed into action by head of the BSCP, A<mask> Randolph, who had been instrumental in organizing the March on Washington Movement (MOWM), which had planned to demonstrate in the nation's capital later in 1941 unless action to end racial discrimination was taken. <mask>, a key organizer of the March on Washington Movement [MOWM] leading its powerful Chicago headquarter, helped MOWM emerge as a national mass movement for jobs and justice for black Americans during World War II. The National Committee of the March on Washington Movement, expecting that the FEPC would be largely involved with trade union affairs and thus needed an effective and experienced negotiator, selected <mask> as their nominee and he was duly appointed to the committee. In the context of relatively weak traditional political power,  MOWM was in the vanguard of a  wartime trend in which the number of African Americans in defense industries rose from  8.4  percent to  12.5  percent. Randolph and Webster recognized that E.O. 8802  and FEPC were far from adequate implements to annihilate racial inequality,  but it was understood that this was the most Roosevelt was prepared to offer. The FEPC would hold a series of public hearings on racial discrimination in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City, and Birmingham, Alabama but suffered from a lack of support from the White House for perceived overreach in attempting to end racial discrimination across all government agencies.In an effort to dodge potential racial conflict and its political ramifications, in July Roosevelt moved the FEPC from independent status under Presidential supervision to the direction of the War Manpower Commission, headed by <mask>. McNutt. Only through the concerted pressure of black leaders would Roosevelt be forced to return the committee to the Executive office from the War Department. Roosevelt's signing of Executive Order 9346 in May 1943 restructured the FEPC as the President's Committee on Fair Employment (remembered to historians as the "Second President's Committee"). <mask>'s talent and worth in the position was recognized as he was the only person from the original FEPC retained on the 7-member committee following its 1943 reorganization. Death and legacy
<mask> died unexpectedly on February 24, 1965, at the Americana Hotel in Bar Harbour, Florida while attending an AFL-CIO convention with A<mask> Randolph. He was survived by his wife of over 40 years Louie Elizabeth (Harris<mask> formerly of Cassopolis, Michigan, and three children <mask> (Jean Young), Rebecca (Harry Kingslow, MD), and Jean; and 7 grandchildren <mask>(III), <mask>, Margot <mask>(JD), Marcia Kingslow, <mask>, Harry Kingslow(II), and Leslie Kingslow(MD). References

Further reading

1881 births
1965 deaths
People from Clarksville, Tennessee
Activists from Chicago
Leaders of American trade unions
African-American trade unionists
American people in rail transportation
Trade unionists from Illinois
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Milton Price Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Milton Price Webster
Webster
Milton
Webster
Milton
Milton
Milton
Milton
Webster
Webster
Milton
Webster
Milton Price
Webster
. Philip
Webster
Webster
Webster
. Philip
Webster
Milton Webster
Paul V
Webster
Milton Webster
. Philip
) Webster
Milton II
Milton Webster
Steven Webster
Webster Jones
Janet Webster


title: Malcolm Smith (American politician)

texts:
<mask> (born August 9, 1956) is an American politician from New York who was convicted of public corruption. A Democrat, <mask> was a member of the State Senate, representing   the 10th district in the New York State Senate from 2000 to 2002 and Senate District 14 from 2003 to 2014. <mask> served as New York State Senate Majority Leader in 2009 and served as Temporary President of the New York State Senate from 2009 to 2010; he is the first African-American to hold those leadership positions. On April 2, 2013, <mask> was arrested by the FBI on federal corruption charges. The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York and the Federal Bureau of Investigation alleged that <mask> attempted to secure a spot on the Republican ballot in the 2013 New York City mayoral election through bribery of New York City Councilman Dan Halloran and two other Republican officials. In September 2014, <mask>'s Democratic primary challenger, former New York City Councilman Leroy Comrie, defeated <mask> in a landslide. The following year, <mask> was convicted of all charges against him and sentenced to seven years in federal prison.Early life
A Queens native, <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from Fordham University and went on to earn an MBA from Adelphi University. At Adelphi, he was inducted into Delta Mu Delta, an honor society for business administration. He has also completed certificate programs from Harvard Law School and Wharton Business School. Prior to his political career, <mask> worked in real estate development. In 1985, he was named president of Neighborhood Housing Services of Jamaica. In 1991, he founded Smith Development Corporation, and subsequently built over 100 housing units in southeastern Queens, Far Rockaway and Brooklyn. He was also responsible for several notable commercial projects such as the Pathmark Plaza-Springfield Gardens, the interior of the Federal Aviation Administration building, and the baseball fields at Roy Wilkins Park in Jamaica.Political career
<mask> began his political career as a senior aide and political protégé to Congressman Floyd H. Flake from 1986 to 1991. <mask> also served as a chief aide to City Councilman Archie Spigner, who was an assistant to Mayor Ed Koch, and a member of the advance staff for vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984. <mask> was first elected to the New York State Senate in a 2000 special election. He was elected minority leader in January 2007, succeeding David Paterson. After the 2008 state elections, Democrats gained a majority of seats in the State Senate for the first time in 40 years, and <mask> was subsequently chosen as Majority Leader and Temporary President of the body in January 2009. He was the first African American to hold this position. However, on June 8 of that year, Sens.Pedro Espada Jr. and Hiram Monserrate joined with the thirty Republicans in voting to replace <mask> as Senate Majority Leader, triggering the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis. The crisis concluded the following month when Espada and Monserrate abandoned their alliance with the Republicans and rejoined the Senate Democratic Conference. As a compromise, <mask> retained only the title of Temporary President of the Senate, with the title of Majority Leader going to Espada. <mask>'s legislative achievements included securing funding for a health clinic in Hollis, a toxic waste cleanup project in Jamaica, and a three-bill package to combat child sexual abuse. He also helped launch a series of forums statewide for prevention of foreclosure. <mask> also sought to curb gun violence. In the wake of the Sean Bell shooting incident, <mask> created and chaired the Tri-Level Legislative Task Force, which released a report on increasing public confidence in law enforcement and the criminal justice system.Some of its recommendations were passed by the state legislature. <mask> was re-elected to his State Senate seat without opposition in 2012. Following his reelection, he joined forces with the Independent Democratic Conference to form a "bipartisan governing coalition" with Senate Republicans. He expressed interest in running for mayor of New York City as a Republican in the 2013 mayoral election. He would have needed a Wilson Pakula certification in order to do so. His attempts to obtain that certification led to his April 2, 2013 arrest by the FBI for allegedly attempting to bribe Republican leaders whose permission he needed to run for mayor on the Republican ticket despite being a registered Democrat. Following <mask>'s arrest, he was expelled from the Independent Democratic Conference.In September 2014, <mask>'s Democratic primary challenger, former New York City Councilman Leroy Comrie, defeated him in a landslide. Controversies
In August 2008, <mask> held a golf-outing fundraiser for a group of 75 lobbyists, who each paid up to $75,000 to attend. One lobbyist who attended told the New York Post that <mask> told the assembled group that giving him campaign contributions was akin to an IPO, in that they "should get in early because then it doesn't cost as much. The longer you wait to get in... the more it will cost you and if you don't get in at all, then it will be painful." The lobbyist said that, after these remarks, "people were looking around the room in disbelief." In 2010, a federal grand jury investigated <mask>'s involvement in various nonprofit groups. In 2010, <mask> stated that if the Democrats retained control of the State Senate in the 2010 elections, he would direct his caucus to use gerrymandering and "draw the lines so that Republicans will be in oblivion for the next twenty years."The Democrats lost control of the chamber in that election and his threat would not be fulfilled. Criminal trial and conviction
On April 2, 2013, <mask> was arrested by the FBI on federal corruption charges. <mask>'s trial, along with the trial of co-defendants Dan Halloran, Joseph J. Savino, Vincent Tabone, and Joseph Desmaret, began in the Federal Court in White Plains, New York, on June 1, 2014. Shortly after the trial started, it became known that some conversations that had been secretly recorded and could be used as evidence were in Yiddish, and that prosecutors had not given those recordings to the defense. Because the Yiddish amounted to more than 28 hours on the recordings, which would have taken weeks to translate and transcribe, <mask> and some of the defendants were granted a mistrial on June 17, 2014. Halloran did not request a mistrial, and was convicted of the charges against him. At <mask>'s second trial, he was convicted on February 5, 2015 of all the corruption charges he faced.Those charges included conspiracy, wire fraud, travel act bribery, and extortion. The jury deliberated only briefly before returning with the guilty verdict. On July 1, 2015, Judge Kenneth M. Karas sentenced <mask> to seven years in prison. As of July 2019, <mask> was incarcerated at the federal penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Personal life
<mask> is a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He is married to Michele Lisby-<mask>. They have three children, Tracey, Julian and Amanda.In 2006, a former aide of <mask>'s filed a paternity suit against him, and he eventually acknowledged paternity of the aide's child and began paying child support. Further reading
Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." New York, New York, 2020

References

External links
Official website
<mask> at Project Vote Smart

1956 births
2008 United States presidential electors
Adelphi University alumni
Fordham University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Living people
Majority leaders of the New York State Senate
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) state senators
People from Queens, New York
People of the African Methodist Episcopal church
Politicians convicted of corruption in New York (state)
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
African-American state legislators in New York (state)
21st-century American politicians
Independent Democratic Conference

masks:
Malcolm Anthony Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Malcolm Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Malcolm Smith


title: Arnold Gohr

texts:
<mask> (12 October 1896 – 23 January 1983) was a German clerical worker who became a trades unionist and activist. After 1945 he entered mainstream politics in East Berlin. As the Soviet occupation zone evolved into a Soviet sponsored one-party dictatorship, he never joined the ruling party, remaining instead a leading "collaborationist" member of the eastern version of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU party). He became a party chairman and served between 1948 and 1958 as "deputy lord mayor" ("stellvertretender Oberbürgermeister") of Berlin, a period during which the increasingly divided city's constitutional status and future were contentious and ambiguous on a number of different levels. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Wottnogge (as Otnoga was known before) 1945), a small village at one end of the "Jassener See" (small lake) and alongside the little Lupow river, a short distance inland to the west of Danzig. His father was a small-scale farmer. Gohr attended the village school in nearby Saviat and then went on to secondary schools, first in Lauenburg and subsequently in Schlawe.School was followed by a commercial apprenticeship which he completed, and which provided a sound basis for office employment. He then worked, between 1914 and 1916, as a dispatch clerk and as a bookkeeper. Conscripted for military service in 1916, he was captured and held as a prisoner of war till 1920. "Weimar" years
Between 1920 and 1933 <mask> was a member of the Gewerkschaftsbund der Angestellten (GWB), a clerical workers' trades union that was at the liberal end of the political spectrum. He was also a member of an association of war wounded ex-servicemen and, from 1920 till 1933, of the centre-left Democratic Party ("Deutsche Demokratische Partei" / DDP) and of its short-lived more nationalistic successor organisation, the National Party (" Deutsche Staatspartei" / DStP). For some years, till 1945, he worked as a "prokurist" (loosely, "administrator / representative") and head of department for the Berlin-based National Nitrogen Syndicate ("Deutsches Stickstoff-Syndikat" / DSS), an internationally powerful (at least during its early decades) cartel association dominated by IG Farben and other (for the most part German) multi-national businesses operating in the chemicals and pharmaceuticals sectors. Soviet occupation zone and the CDU
In 1945 Gohr was a co-founder of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU party) branch for Berlin-Köpenick.The new party was intended to represent a broad range of centre-right political opinion and to reduce the risk of another take-over by anti-democratic forces being facilitated by political divisions among political moderates. <mask> worked for the "Deutsche Düngerzentrale" (which until its dissolution in 1949 was a national body involved with fertiliser) and became a member of the FDGB ("Freier Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund" / "Free German Trade Union Federation") which was emerging in the Soviet occupation zone (but not in the other three occupation zones to the south and west) as the national monopoly trades union organisation. 1949 was also the year during which the area administered since May 1945 as the Soviet occupation zone, formally in October of that year, as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Between April 1948 and June 1949 <mask> served as deputy party regional chairman for the East Berlin region. He then took over from Helmut Brandt as regional CDU party leader for the eastern half of the city, serving in this post till August 1952. In 1952 the East German government, keen to centralise political power more effectively, abolished a regional tier of government: changes were naturally made to party administrative structures that reflected this. It turned out that <mask> had been the last chairman of the CDU for East Berlin.In terms of its administrative structure, however, as in many other respects, Berlin remained something a "special case". Between 1952 and 1954 <mask> served as a member of the party regional executive ("Bezirksvorstand") for Berlin. He was already, between 1948 and 1964 a member of the CDU (East Germany) party executive committee ("Hauptvorstand"). City government
In 1946 <mask> was elected a Berlin city councillor. He then served, between 1948 and 1958, as "deputy lord mayor" ("stellvertretender Oberbürgermeister"). National "parliament"
During 1948/49 <mask> was a member of the so-called People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat"), a consultative assembly in the Soviet occupation zone which from an Anglo-American perspective could be presented as the precursor to a western-style parliament. Its principal function was to draw up and endorse a new constitution, based on a draft presented back in 1946 by the newly created Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED).With the 1948 currency reforms, which expressly excluded the Soviet zone and the ensuing drama of the eleven-month Berlin Blockade, it became clear that perpetuating occupied Germany's postwar status quo was no longer an option. After a constitution for a "democratic German Republic" had been endorsed by the People's Council at the start of June 1949, on 7 October 1949 the council's membership formed the basis for a Provisional People's Chamber ("Provisorische Volkskammer"). The event also marked the formal launch of the so-called German Democratic Republic. <mask> was a member. As before, his appointment as one of 66 "Berlin representatives" ("Berliner Vertreter") placed him in a constitutionally distinctive category from that filled by the 400 members representing parties and interest groups from other parts of the occupation zone / East Germany. As before he represented not the ruling SED party but the CDU, which by this stage had become a relatively quiescent component in the "National Front", a structural alliance of political parties and approved mass organisations controlled by the ruling party. Volkskammer seats were allocated not on the basis of election results, but according to a predetermined quota.These arrangements had been imposed in the face of opposition from several prominent CDU founding leaders in the east  such as Jakob Kaiser Ernst Lemmer, Walther Schreiber and Andreas Hermes. It turned out that such men had no political future in East Germany, and most soon moved across to the west. Other members of the CDU leadership team turned out to be more pragmatic and accommodating. These men's political careers survived in East Germany. <mask> was one of them. He remained a CDU member of the Volkskammer, representing (east) Berlin, till 1963. Other appointments
Under the highly centralised power Leninist constitutional structure applied in Soviet dominated central Europe after 1945, political power was concentrated in the ruling party, and within the ruling party on the party central committee.That left very little power in the hands of the Volkskammer. The position was complicated, by the fact that Volkskammer membership was frequently combined with other more time-consuming appointments and memberships which carried greater political weight and influence. Between 1950 and 1954 <mask> was a member of the National Council ("Nationalrat") controlling the constitutionally important National Front. He also joined, in 1953, the Vereinigung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe ("Farmers' Mutual Aid Association" / VdgB), a government approved mass organization for those involved in agriculture. In 1957 he became a member of the Association of German Cities ("Deutscher Städtetag"). In 1957 he became a member of the Greater Berlin regional executive of the Society for German–Soviet Friendship. In 1958 he became secretary to the German-French Society, joining the organisation's presidium in 1962.Recognition (selection)

Notes

References

1896 births
1983 deaths
People from the Province of Pomerania
People from East Berlin
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) politicians
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold

masks:
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr
Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr
Gohr