title: Charles Willeford

texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1919 – March 27, 1988) was an American writer. An author of fiction, poetry, autobiography, and literary criticism, <mask> is best known for his series of novels featuring hardboiled detective Hoke Moseley. Willeford published steadily from the 1940s, but vaulted to wider attention with the first Hoke Moseley book, Miami Blues (1984), which is considered one of its era's most influential works of crime fiction. Film adaptations have been made of four of <mask>'s novels: Cockfighter, Miami Blues, The Woman Chaser, and The Burnt Orange Heresy. Early life
<mask> was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 2, 1919. Following the death of his father from tuberculosis in 1922, <mask> and his mother moved to the Los Angeles area. After his mother's death in 1927, also from TB, he lived with his grandmother Mattie Lowey on Figueroa Street near Exposition Park until 1932.At the age of thirteen, in the midst of the Great Depression, he boarded a freight train in Los Angeles, assumed a false identity, and—passing as a seventeen-year-old—traveled by rail along the Mexican border for a year. Career

In March 1935, he signed up with the California National Guard; a few months later, he enlisted in the regular United States Army. He spent two years stationed in the Philippines serving as a fire truck driver, a gas truck driver, and briefly as a cook. At the end of 1938, he was discharged from the Army, though he re-enlisted in March 1939, joining the U.S. Cavalry stationed at the Presidio of Monterey, California. In the Cavalry, he learned to ride and care for horses and spent several months learning the art of horseshoeing. He also served as a "horseholder" in a machine gun troop and earned a marksman qualification. In 1942, Willeford married Lara Bell Fridley before being stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, for infantry school.He was assigned to Company C, 11th Tank Battalion, 10th Armored Division and sent to Europe as a tank commander. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge and earned the Silver Star, the Bronze Star for outstanding bravery, the Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster, and the Luxembourg War Cross. After V-E Day, he studied at Biarritz American University until he was shipped back to the United States. Willeford enlisted again in 1945 for a term of three years. As a member of the 24th Infantry Division, he was stationed in Kyushu, Japan, from 1947 to 1949. He ran the army radio station WLKH and was promoted to master sergeant. His first book of poetry, Proletarian Laughter, was published in 1948.In May 1949, he and his wife, Lara, divorced. In July of the same year, he left the army, leaving a mailing address of General Delivery, Dallas, Texas. He enrolled in the Universitarias de Belles Artes in Lima, Peru, studying art and art history in the graduate program. He was dismissed from the university when officials learned that he had neither an undergraduate degree nor a high school diploma. He lived in New York City for a month at the end of 1949 before re-enlisting in the air force. Willeford was stationed at Hamilton Air Force Base in California through April 1952. He married Mary Jo Norton in July of that year, and lived for a while in Birmingham, Alabama.In 1953, <mask>'s first novel, High Priest of California, was published. Bound as a double volume with another writer's novel, it sold 55,000 copies, about a third of its print run. In January 1954, he re-enlisted once again; he was stationed this time at Palm Beach Air Force Base, while living in West Palm Beach. In 1955, he was reassigned to Harmon Air Force Base in Newfoundland. <mask> finally left active duty in November 1956. By that time, two more novels of his had been published. Later life
After retiring from the Air Force in 1956, Willeford held jobs as a professional boxer, actor, horse trainer, and radio announcer.He studied painting in France for a time, returning to the United States to attend Palm Beach Junior College. After receiving an associate degree in 1960, he studied English literature at the University of Miami, attaining a bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in 1964. During this period he also worked as an associate editor with Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and began a long tenure as a book reviewer for the Miami Herald. <mask> had been very productive as a novelist after leaving the military, but after 1962's Cockfighter, he would not have another novel published for nine years. Upon receiving his M.A., Willeford taught humanities classes at the University of Miami through 1967, then moved to Miami-Dade Community College where he became an associate professor, teaching English and philosophy through 1985. In 1971, The Burnt Orange Heresy, often identified as Willeford's best noir novel, and The Hombre from Sonora appeared (the latter under a pseudonym). Though he would continue to write fiction, there would again be an extended hiatus—thirteen years—before another novel of his came out.He wrote the screenplay for the 1974 film adaptation of Cockfighter, in which he also acted. In 1976, he and his second wife were divorced. The following year he appeared in a small role in the film Thunder and Lightning, produced by Roger Corman. <mask> married his third wife, Betsy Poller, in 1981. Three years later came the publication of Miami Blues, the first of the Hoke Moseley novels and their twisted take on the hardboiled tradition for which <mask> would become best known. The "series was almost nipped in the bud," notes Lawrence Block. In <mask>'s first, unpublished sequel, "he had his unlikely hero commit an unforgivable crime, and ended the book with Hoke contentedly anticipating a life of solitary confinement."As it turned out, the popularity of Miami Blues and its first two published sequels led to the largest financial windfall of the author's life: a $225,000 advance for the fourth Hoke Moseley book, The Way We Die Now. Released in early 1988, it would be his last novel. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack at 69 years, in Miami, Florida, on March 27, 1988, and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Literary style
Steve Erickson suggests that <mask>'s crime novels are the "genre's equivalent of Philip K. Dick's best science fiction novels. They don't really fit into the genre." Marshall Jon Fisher describes the "true earmark" of Willeford's writing, particularly his early paperbacks, as "humor—a distinctively crotchety, sometimes, raunchy, often genre-satirizing humor." "Quirky is the word that always comes to mind," according to crime novelist Lawrence Block."<mask> wrote quirky books about quirky characters, and seems to have done so with a magnificent disregard for what anyone else thought." In Erickson's description, "The camera's not really focused on the middle of the scene. It's a little bit off. They're not plot driven or language driven, which makes them really different from most major crime novels. They're character driven and cunning in a very eccentric way." Lou Stathis argues that it is <mask>'s "complete lack of sentimentality and melodrama that sets him apart from the pack of so-called 'tough-guy' writers.... <mask>'s prose is as flat-toned and evenly cadenced—as emotionally neutral—as the blank visages of his feigned-human socio/psychopaths...the careful accretion of detail adding up to an incontrovertible truth of insight." Woody Haut suggests that <mask>'s second novel, Pick-Up (1955), "combines David Goodis's romanticism, Horace McCoy's portrayal of alienated outcasts and <mask>'s depiction of life as a 'lost weekend.'"The Woman Chaser (1960), he writes, features a "structural self-consciousness [that] prefigures subsequent post-modernist texts." Lee Horsley describes how Willeford—along with his contemporaries Jim Thompson and <mask>—"structured entire narratives around the satiric presentation of the male point of view...subverting male stereotypes and creating a space within which the strong, independent woman could get and even sometimes keep the upper hand." David Cochran suggests that while his protagonists are not quite as psychotic as Thompson's, "they are in some ways even more disturbing because of their appearance of normality." Most, he points out, "have adjusted successfully to postwar American society, which given the[ir] psychotic nature...serves as a damning indictment of the dominant culture." Willeford's wide-ranging interests were reflected in his work: High Priest of California references T. S. Eliot, James Joyce's Ulysses, and composer Béla Bartók. The Burnt Orange Heresy cracks jokes about Samuel Beckett amidst contemplations of the sources of Dada and Surrealist painting. In Block's words, "it is at once a solid crime novel and a fierce send-up of modern art while constituting perhaps the longest shaggy dog story ever told."Willeford sometimes addressed more serious topics in explicit fashion: The Black Mass of Brother Springer (1958) is one of the first novels to depict the civil rights revolution that followed the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. But even without such overt topicality, there was an ideological edge to his work. Cochran writes of the author's 1950s and 1960s novels,

Willeford created a world in which the predatory cannibalism of American capitalism provides the model for all human relations, in which the American success ethic mercilessly casts aside all who are unable or unwilling to compete, and in which the innate human appreciation of artistic beauty is cruelly distorted by the exigencies of mass culture. In Haut's words, Willeford "creates characters who search for autonomy but settle for survival.... [He] never abandons his class perspective." Describing the Hoke Moseley novels, Horsley similarly writes that Willeford "uses both his transgressors and his investigator...as commentators on the injustices of class and on a system that seems preoccupied with owning and controlling human life." According to Willeford's wife, Betsy, he had a credo that also served as a caution for aspiring writers: "Just tell the truth, and they'll accuse you of writing black humor." Notability and influence
"Nobody writes a better crime novel," Elmore Leonard said of Willeford.Sean McCann credits Willeford—along with Jim Thompson and David Goodis—as one of the writers responsible for bringing the "hard-boiled crime story to a new stage in its development during the 'paperback revolution' of the 50s." Centered around criminal protagonists rather than private eyes and "focused on those features of the genre that seemed most grotesque or cruel or uncanny and, extending them to new extremes, [they] remade the hard-boiled story into a drama of psychopathology." According to bookseller Mitch Kaplan, an expert on the South Florida literary scene, "Miami Blues launched the modern era of Miami crime fiction. There's a direct line from [Willeford] through just about everyone writing crime fiction in Miami today." Fellow writer James Lee Burke has acknowledged a "great debt" to Willeford: "If someone wanted advice about writing, about how to pull it off, make it work, punch it up...<mask> could tell you how to do it." Daniel Woodrell is among the other crime novelists he is identified as influencing. Willeford's characteristic juxtaposition of humor and violence was apparently one of director Quentin Tarantino's inspirations.Discussing Pulp Fiction, Tarantino has said that the film "is not noir. I don't do neo-noir. I see Pulp Fiction as closer to modern-day crime fiction, a little closer to <mask>." Writing in 2004, Jonathan Yardley of The Washington Post called him "one of our most skilled, interesting, accomplished and productive writers of what the literary establishment insists on pigeonholing as 'genre' fiction." Four of <mask>'s books have been adapted for the screen: Cockfighter (1974; starring Warren Oates and directed by Monte Hellman), for which Willeford wrote the screenplay; Miami Blues (1990; starring Alec Baldwin and directed by George Armitage, also featuring Fred Ward as Hoke Mosley); The Woman Chaser (1999; starring Patrick Warburton and directed by Robinson Devor); and The Burnt Orange Heresy (2019; starring Claes Bang and directed by Giuseppe Capotondi). Willeford adapted his first novel, High Priest of California, into a play. A 1988 production in New York City at The Vortex Theatre apparently represents its first full staging.A subsequent production was staged in 2003. Works
The bibliography below lists all original publications of <mask>ey series

  The first of the crime novels featuring Hoke Moseley. Willeford's original title was Kiss Your Ass Good-Bye. Trade paperback reprint. Includes an introduction by Elmore Leonard. Miami Blues was made into a 1990 American black comedy

masks:
Charles Ray Willeford III
Willeford
Willeford
Charles Ray Willeford III
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Charles Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Charles Jackson
Charles Williams
Charles
Charles Willeford
Willeford
Willefordkesel


title: Charles Willeford

type: original

texts:
 crime film directed by George Armitage.New Hope for the Dead. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. Hardcover. The second Hoke Moseley novel. New Hope for the Dead. New York: Vintage Crime/Black Lizard, 2004. Trade paperback reprint.Includes an introduction by James Lee Burke. Sideswipe. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Hardcover. The third Hoke Moseley novel. Sideswipe. New York: Vintage Crime/Black Lizard, 2005.Trade paperback reprint. Includes an introduction by Lawrence Block. The Way We Die Now. New York: Random House, 1988. Hardcover. The fourth Hoke Moseley novel. The Way We Die Now.New York: Vintage Crime/Black Lizard, 2005. Trade paperback reprint. Includes an introduction by Donald E. Westlake. Grimhaven (unpublished). Photocopy of typescript maintained in the Charles Willeford Archive at the Broward County Library, Florida; 212 leaves, no date: "NOTE: as per Betsy Willeford [widow of the author]: 'Ms. of the "black Hoke Mosely" , never published, sold to a small but ruthless group of collectors in the form of Xerox copies. May not be copied in the library by patrons who'll wholesale it on the Internet.'"Originally intended as the second Hoke Moseley novel. Other novels
 High Priest of California/[Full Moon]. New York: Royal Books, 1953. Paperback original. Willeford's first published novel, bound with novel by Talbot Mundy. Cover blurbs for High Priest: "A roaring saga of the male animal on the prowl"/"The world was his oyster—and women his pearls!" 151,000-copy press run.Pick-Up. New York: Beacon Books, 1955. Paperback original. His second published novel. Willeford's original title was Until I Am Dead. Cover blurb: "He holed up with a helpless lush." Crime Novels, American Noir of the 1950s.New York: The Library of America, 1997, contains Pick-Up. High Priest of California/Wild Wives. New York: Beacon Books, 1956. Paperback original. <mask> would later mistakenly recall that Until I Am Dead was the original title for Wild Wives. Bound with his earlier novel, High Priest, which is blessed with another turgid blurb: "No woman could resist his strange cult of lechery!" High Priest of California/Wild Wives.San Francisco: Re/Search Publications, 1987. Trade paperback reprint. Includes an introduction by Lou Stathis, an afterword by V. Vale and Andrea Juno, biographical notes, and a bibliography. Honey Gal. New York: Beacon Books, 1958. Paperback original. Willeford's original title was The Black Mass of Brother Springer.The publisher rejected it and asked for another; <mask> proposed Nigger Lover, which was also rejected. The cover blurbs indicate Beacon's high intentions: "He was white, she was beautiful—and bad"/"A starkly naked novel of sin and segregation." The Black Mass of Brother Springer. Berkeley, California: Black Lizard Books, 1989. Paperback reprint, with <mask>'s title restored. The Black Mass of Brother Springer. New Albany, Indiana: Wit's End Publishing, 2004.Trade paperback reprint, with Willeford's title restored. Includes a foreword by James Sallis. Lust Is a Woman. New York: Beacon Books, 1958. Paperback original. Willeford's original title was Made in Miami. Cover blurbs: "She was a pawn in an evil game"/"The story of Maria who wanted—desperately—to become a movie star!"Made In Miami. Point Blank, 2008. Trade paperback reprint, with <mask>'s title restored. The Woman Chaser. Chicago: Newsstand Library, 1960. Paperback original. <mask>'s original title was The Director.The title of the protagonist's would-be cinematic magnum opus is The Man Who Got Away. The Whip Hand. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications, 1961 Paperback original. Published under the sole byline of W. Franklin Sanders, though documentary evidence and stylistic analysis indicate it is largely, perhaps almost completely, the work of Willeford. A manuscript of the novel, written around 1952, found in his files indicates that Willeford's original title was Deliver Me from Dallas! Deliver Me from Dallas! Tucson, Arizona: Dennis McMillan Publications, 2001.Hardcover of <mask>'s original manuscript version, with his name and title restored. Includes an introduction by Jesse Sublett. Understudy for Love. Chicago: Newsstand Library, 1961. Paperback original. Willeford's original title was The Understudy: A Novel of Men and Women. Cover blurb: "When it came to love he was just an understudy...but he was learning in a hurry!"Newsstand's covers advised that both this and <mask>'s next novel were "Adult Reading." Understudy for Death. London: Titan Books, 2018. First Hard Case Crime edition, July 2018. Cover blurb: "First publication in nearly 60 years!" No Experience Necessary. Chicago: Newsstand Library, 1962.Paperback original. <mask>'s original title was Nothing Under the Sun. Cover blurb: 'You like it?' she whispered. 'I like it,' he clenched his teeth, 'I like it, I like it!'" The in-house editor rewrote parts of this novel in a more conventional "pulp erotica" style without Willeford's advance knowledge or subsequent approval. Willeford disclaimed this book.He salvaged the work later by using it, with only slight rewriting, as the Pop Sinkiewicz half of Sideswipe. Cockfighter. Chicago: Chicago Paperback House, 1962. Paperback original. Cover blurb: "The dedicated obsession of a fanatical sport. As in the bullring—to the death. Legal in Florida—illegal in the forty-nine other states.The iron will of a man, whose entire life was channeled into one supreme ambition!" Cockfighter. New York: Crown Publishers, 1972. Hardcover. A slightly rewritten second edition of the novel. The Burnt Orange Heresy. New York: Crown Publishers, 1971.<mask>'s first hardcover original. The Hombre from Sonora. New York: Lenox Hill Press, 1971. His second hardcover original. Published under the pseudonym "<mask>." Willeford's original title was The Difference. The Difference.Tucson, Arizona: Dennis McMillan Publications, 1999. Hardcover reprint, with <mask>'s original title restored. Kiss Your Ass Good-Bye. Miami Beach, Florida: Dennis McMillan Publications, 1987. Hardcover. A self-contained fragment from Willeford's novel The Shark-Infested Custard, finished by early 1975, but rejected by everyone who saw it as "too depressing" to publish. Four hundred–copy press run.A Charles Willeford Omnibus. London: MacDonald and Co, 1991. Hardcover. Collects Pick-Up, The Burnt Orange Heresy, and Cockfighter. The Shark-Infested Custard. Novato, California: Underwood-Miller Books, 1993. Hardcover.The novel deemed "too depressing" to publish when offered around in the mid-seventies, in print at last. As an in-joke, the novel's four protagonists discuss Monte Hellman's Two-Lane Blacktop and its star, Warren Oates, in the first chapter. Oates collaborated with Hellman on the film adaptation of Cockfighter. The Shark-Infested Custard. New York: Dell, 1996. Paperback reprint. Includes an introduction by Lawrence Block.Poetry
 The Outcast Poets. Yonkers, New York: Alicat Bookshop Press, 1947. No. 8 in the Alicat Bookshop Press "Outcast" chapbook series. Collects poems by Willeford and four other writers. Proletarian Laughter. Yonkers, New York: Alicat Bookshop Press, 1948.No. 12 in the "Outcast" chapbook series. Contains a preface by the author and seven prose "Schematics" interlaced with the poems. One thousand–copy press run. Poontang and Other Poems. Crescent City, Florida: New Athenaeum Press, 1967. Self-published saddle-stapled chapbook of poetry.Five hundred–copy press run. Short stories and nonfiction
 The Machine in Ward Eleven. New York: Belmont Books, 1963. Paperback original. Short story collection. Willeford stated, "I had a hunch that madness was a predominant theme and a normal condition for Americans living in the second half of this century. The publication of The Machine in Ward Eleven (1963) and its reception by readers confirmed what I had only heretofore suspected."A Guide for the Undehemorrhoided. Kendall, Florida: self-published, 1977. Hardcover. A short account of Willeford's hemorrhoid operation. One thousand–copy press run. Off the Wall. Montclair, New Jersey: Pegasus Rex Press, 1980.Hardcover. Nonfiction. An account of the Son of Sam case, telling the story of Craig Glassman, the deputy sheriff who captured David Berkowitz. Something About a Soldier. New York: Random House, 1986. Hardcover. Autobiography, covering Willeford's first hitches in the peacetime Army and Air Force in the Philippines and California, from age sixteen to age twenty.New Forms of Ugly: The Immobilized Hero in Modern Fiction. Miami Beach, Florida: Dennis McMillan Publications, 1987. Hardcover. Subtitle per online McMillan bibliography; <mask>'s New York Times obituary gives it as The Immobilized Man in Modern Literature. A revised version of The Immobilized Man: A New Hero In Modern Fiction, <mask>'s University of Miami master's thesis. A survey of the literature of angst, covering writers from Fyodor Dostoevsky, through Franz Kafka and Samuel Beckett, to Chester Himes and Saul Bellow. 350-copy press run.Everybody's Metamorphosis. Missoula, Montana: Dennis McMillan Publications, 1988. Hardcover and limited-edition goatskin. Collection of short stories and essays. Includes annotated bibliography by Don Herron. 374-copy hardcover and 26-copy goatskin press run. I Was Looking for a Street.Woodstock, Vermont: Countryman Press, 1988. Hardcover. Autobiography, covering <mask>'s childhood and the period when he went on the road as a teenager during the Depression, before joining the army. Collected Memoirs of <mask>. Sarasota, Florida: Disc-Us Books, 1988. Paperback. Collects Something About a Soldier and I Was Looking for a Street.Cockfighter Journal: The Story of a Shooting. Santa Barbara, California: Neville Publishing, 1989. Hardcover. Autobiography, covering the filming of the Roger Corman production of Cockfighter (for which <mask> both wrote the screenplay and acted the role of Ed Middleton), taken from a diary he kept during the shoot. Writing and Other Blood Sports. Tucson, Arizona: Dennis McMillan Publications, 2000. Hardcover.Collection of essays on writing, writers, and related facts of life. Includes New Forms of Ugly. One thousand–copy press run. The Second Half of the Double Feature. New Albany, Indiana: Wit's End Publishing, 2003. Hardcover and trade paperback. Collection of short stories, vignettes, and autobiographical sketches.The hardcover also includes <mask>'s complete poetry. This bibliography is adapted from literary historian Don Herron's Willeford (1997), courtesy of Dennis McMillan Publications. See also
 List of people from Little Rock, Arkansas

Footnotes

References

 Block, Lawrence (1996). "Introduction to The Shark-Infested Custard," in The Shark-Infested Custard (New York: Dell), pp. 1–3. Cochran, David (2000). America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era (Washington, D.C., and London: Smithsonian Institution Press).Haut, Woody (1995). Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War (London: Serpent's Tail). Haut, Woody (1999). Neon Noir: Contemporary American Crime Fiction (London: Serpent's Tail). Herron, Don (1997). Willeford (Tucson, Ariz.: Dennis McMillan). Horsley, Lee (2005).Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press). McCann, Sean (2000). Gumshoe America: Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction and the Rise and Fall of New Deal Liberalism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press). Stathis, Lou (1987). "Introduction: <mask>ord: New Hope for the Living," in High Priest of California/Wild Wives (San Francisco: Re/Search), pp. 5–13. Steinberg, Sybil (1987)."<mask>: An Interview," in The Big Book of Noir, ed. Ed Gorman, Lee Server, and Martin H. Greenberg (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998), 313–316. External links

 Charles Willeford Paperback Covers part of the Vintage Paperbacks website
 Nothing is Inchoate, or, "When Did You Get Interested In Abused Children, Helen?" An overview of his works by Ethan Iverson
 The Shark-Infested Custard excerpt from the novel: chapter 1 and part of chapter 2; part of the Random House website
 Willeford Archive inventory of archive at the Broward County LibraryBienes Center for the Literary Arts, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 <mask> Willeford at ArlingtonCemetery•net, an unofficial website

1919 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
United States Army personnel of World War II
American literary critics
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American male poets
American mystery writers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Little Rock, Arkansas
Novelists from Florida
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Air Force airmen
United States Army soldiers
Writers from Little Rock,

masks:
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Will Charles
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Charles Willeford
Willeford
Willeford
Charles Willef
Charles Willeford
Charles Ray


title: Peter Crill

texts:
Sir <mask>  (1 February 1925 – 3 October 2005) was Bailiff of Jersey from 1986 to 1991. Early years
<mask> attended Victoria College, Jersey between 1932 and 1943. He started work, during the German occupation of Jersey, for the law firm Crill and Benest, where his father was a partner. As a young man, he was one of the few people who successfully escaped from German-occupied Jersey during the Second World War. With two friends he retrieved the family’s  dinghy from store, hiding it while it was made seaworthy. They set out at 8.15pm at the end of the first week in November 1944, choosing a place where they knew the nearest German guard was at least  away (there were some 13,000 German troops garrisoning 26,000 islanders). The danger was that if they failed to get far enough out to sea, they would simply be carried round the island by the tide and spotted at daylight.Rowing out through a heavy swell till they could safely start the engine, they soon had to stop, to go to the aid of a second boat behind them. When the engine would not restart, they put up a small sail, but lost the compass in a squall an hour later. With the sea too rough to sail, they allowed the boat to drift, feeling thoroughly seasick after years ashore. Soon after dawn, the tide began to carry them away from land. Finally, they restarted the motor and landed safely at Agon-Coutainville near Coutances. From France, <mask> crossed to England. He later wrote of the escape 'With hindsight we achieved very little except to confirm through the memorandum of the then Bailiff, Mr A.M. Coutanche, the state of the Island as regards food and heating.Coutanche had prepared a memorandum about the problems facing the Island and had handed it to the German authorities. It contained courageously a hint that if they failed to fulfil their obligations under the Geneva Convention that might be something to be levelled against them after the war'. He read modern history at Exeter College, Oxford and in 1949 was called to the bar in Jersey. Politics
At the age of 26, he was elected to the  States of Jersey as a Deputy for St Clement from 1951 to 1958. During this period he was President of the Legislation Committee and was responsible for introducing examinations for candidates seeking to become Jersey advocates and solicitors. In 1960, he was elected as a Senator. Career as a Crown Officer
In 1962, <mask> resigned from elected office to take up the post of HM Solicitor General.He became HM Attorney General in 1969, and led the prosecution of Edward Paisnel. He was appointed Deputy Bailiff in 1974 and then succeed Sir Frank Ereaut as Bailiff of Jersey in January 1986. Among the trials he presided over in the Royal Court was that of the murders of Nicholas and Elizabeth Newell. As Bailiff of Jersey, he was ex officio a member of the Guernsey Court of Appeal. As a judge of that court in 1996, his comment that 'A conscientious mason will, if anything, bring to the office of jurat another degree of probity that will enhance not detract from that office' was reported in the national press. He was said to have 'enjoyed the theatricality of the part of bailiff—the elaborate costumes, the steely gaze—and was often seen as a little grandiose and distant'. A senior Jersey politician said 'He was always very dignified in office, a great traditionalist'.Another that 'A man who appeared to have a tough exterior, Sir <mask> also had a great capacity to be hurt as he was on several occasions during his time as Bailiff'. The Tomes affair
In the early 1990s, <mask> faced one of the toughest challenges of his career in handling 'the Tomes affair', which ultimately led to the United Kingdom Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke removing the Deputy Bailiff Vernon Tomes from office in 1992. Sir <mask> received complaints from lawyers and the Jersey Law Society about Tomes' delays in producing reserved judgments. Prior to their appointments as Crown Officers, Crill and Tomes had been partners in the same legal practice. In 1990, the then Home Secretary David Waddington gave Mr Tomes six months to clear a backlog in judgment writing and in October 1991, Kenneth Baker gave him a further three months to rectify the delays. In March 1992, a senior home office official gave Tomes seven days to resign, prompting a delegation of Jersey politicians to travel to the Home Office to protest and a reversal of that ultimatum. In May 1992, however, Tomes was finally told he would be removed from office with effect on 1 July 1992, provoking a demonstration of 1,000 people in his support.Tomes was reported as saying that 'Sir <mask> has been the sole instigator behind this. I have warned him he will have no rest while he remains in office because I am determined now to enter the States and change the constitution'. Sir <mask> "called for the people of Jersey to consider the situation calmly". In 1993, Tomes successfully stood for elected office as a Senator in the States of Jersey but failed to bring about any constitutional reforms. Social conservatism
Sir <mask>'s outlook was socially conservative. While serving as Bailiff, he wrote letters in a personal capacity to The Times expressing disquiet about aspects of the changing world, including the campaign to admit women members to the Oxford and Cambridge Club in London and proposals to give degree-awarding powers to polytechnics. As Bailiff, Sir <mask>, with the assistance of an advisory panel, exercised powers to license public entertainment in the island.He refused permission for a visiting amateur theatre group to perform Howard Brenton's play Christie in Love and required changes to the staging of a production of Shakespeare's Coriolanus by the Tricycle Theatre Company to prevent an actor's naked buttocks being visible to the audience. On several occasions, however, 'he suggested that the role of chief censor should not lie with him, but should be at taken on by the elected members of the States'. Honours
<mask> was knighted in 1987 and made KBE in 1995. In 1994, the refurbished wing of the former nurses' home in Gloucester Street, St Helier was renamed 'Peter Crill House'. In 1997, he was awarded an honorary LLD degree by the University of Buckingham. Private life
<mask> married Gail Dodd, a doctor, in 1953. They had three daughters.His pastimes included amateur dramatics, yachting and supporting Jersey's draghunt. Following his retirement in 1995, he was active in organizations promoting the culture of Jersey, including the Société Jersiaise and the Jersey Arts Centre. A practising Christian, from 1957 he sang in St Helier Church Chior and later Trinity Church. He was received into the Catholic Church in July 1995. His activities in latter years were curtailed by the onset of motor neurone disease. An autobiography  entitled A Little Brief Authority: A Memoir was privately published shortly after his death, causing some controversy. References

External links
 'Tributes to former Bailiff' in Jersey Evening Post
 Obituary in The Guardian
 Obituary in The Times

1925 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in the United Kingdom
Bailiffs of Jersey
Knights Bachelor
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
Jersey lawyers
20th-century lawyers

masks:
Peter Leslie Crill
Crill
Crill
Crill
Peter
Crill
Peter
Peter Crill
Peter
Peter
Peter
Crill
Crill


title: Walter Samuel Hunter

texts:
<mask> (March 22, 1889 – August 3, 1954) contributed to psychology by leading an effort to develop psychology as a science. <mask> was one of the first scholars of the time to focus not on the study of subjective mental processes but rather on the observation of animal behavior. In 1912, <mask> completed his doctoral dissertation on Delayed Reaction in Animals and Children. He was a pioneer in the effort of scientific documentation, having created Psychological Abstracts in 1927, which contained documents from psychologists in the U.S. and abroad. Biography
<mask> was born in Decatur, Illinois, on March 22, 1889. His mother died when he was 12 years old. After his mother's death, his father, <mask>, moved him and his brother to Fort Worth, Texas.In January 1913, <mask> married his first wife, Katherine Pratt. The couple had a daughter named Thayer. Katherine Pratt died at the age of 27, shortly after the birth of their daughter. <mask> married his second wife, Alda Grace Barber, in 1917. His second daughter, Helen Barbara, was born in 1920. <mask> had a full career studying psychology before he died suddenly in 1954 from a coronary occlusion. Education
<mask> attended the Preparatory School of the Polytechnic College in 1905 where he was introduced to psychology by his roommate.He then attended the University of Texas, from which he graduated with a concentration in psychology in 1908. After graduation, he began graduate work at the University of Chicago, where he received a PhD. in psychology. <mask> returned to the University of Texas in 1912 as an instructor. In 1916, <mask> accepted a professorship of psychology at the University of Kansas. In 1925, <mask> accepted the position to become the first G. Stanley Hall Professor of Genetic Psychology at Clark University. In 1936, <mask> became the chairman of the Department of Psychology at Brown University.Accomplishments
During his time at the University of Kansas in 1919, he produced his first textbook, entitled General Psychology. While at Clark University, <mask> was the editor of the Psychological Index. He also wrote a second textbook entitled Human Behavior, established Psychological Abstracts, and served as president of the American Psychological Association from 1930 to 1931. During his time at Clark he also published 21 experimental papers, five theoretical studies, and four book chapters. While he was American Psychological Association President, he delivered an address on the Psychological Study of Behavior. In 1933, <mask> was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1935, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1936, <mask> became the chairman of the Department of Psychology at Brown University.Psychology and the military
<mask> served in the military for sixteen months during World War I. He was the chief psychological examiner in three army camps. During that time he compiled bar graphs with E.S. Jones that showed the predictive value of group psychological tests. His work persuaded government officials to continue the testing program, which ultimately led military officials to order the recording of data on the national origins of the troops tested. The data collected was used in a way that <mask> did not approve; combining the psychological test scores with the location of where the individual grew up supported the notion of Nordic superiority, which was not his intention. <mask> served as chairman of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology of the National Research Council from 1936 to 1938.During this time <mask>'s influence contributed to the utilization of psychology by the government and the military during World War II. From 1943 to 1945, he served as a chairman of the Applied Psychology Panel of the National Defense Research Committee. In 1943, he was unofficially drafted to direct and coordinate research for the military. Little has been publicly documented as to exactly what <mask> did during World War II. However, it was enough for President Truman to award <mask> the President's Medal for Merit in 1948, for “having recognized that research on the psychological and physiological capacities of man in relation to the new instruments of warfare could contribute materially to the more effective utilization of both military personnel and instruments”. Research
<mask> was interested in studying delayed reaction in animals. Through his research, he developed the idea of symbolic process.According to <mask>, this is the process by which specific animals can change their orientation to a stimulus during a delay and afterward still be able to remember where the stimulus was originally. <mask> believed that his work on the aftereffect of visual motion was some of his best. He was so interested in delayed reaction that he expanded his work to include children after the birth of his first daughter. <mask> observed his daughter between the time she was thirteen months old and sixteen months old. <mask> found that young children could demonstrate the appropriate delayed reaction even when their body orientation changed during the delayed period. <mask> agreed with the behaviorist point of view, however he continued to see consciousness and voluntary actions as problems that still needed to be explained. <mask> did not like the term psychology—he preferred to use the term "anthroponomy" to replace psychology.<mask> wanted to avoid misunderstandings that arise when the term psychology is used to describe his work. The term was not widely accepted and <mask> was mocked for his suggestion. Notes

References
Hunt, J. (1956). <mask> <mask>. Psychological Review, 63(4), 213–214. Graham,Clarence H.(1959) "WALTER SAMUEL HUNTER."Biographical Memoirs 31,127. Mitchell, Martha. "Encyclopedia Brunoniana | <mask>, <mask>." Encyclopedia Brunoniana | <mask>, Walter S. Brown University, n.d. <http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0350>
The psychological study of behavior. <mask>, W. S. Psychological Review, Vol 39(1), Jan 1932, 1-24. "APA Presidential Addresses." http://www.apa.org. American Psychological Association, n.d. <http://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/address.aspx>
"<mask><mask>: Pioneer Objectivist in Psychology."Science, 17 Sept. 1954. External links

Clark University faculty
1889 births
1954 deaths
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Members of the American Philosophical Society
20th-century psychologists
Brown University faculty

masks:
Walter Samuel Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Walter Samuel Hunter
George Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
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Hunter
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Hunter
Hunter
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Hunter
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Hunter
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Walter Samuel
Hunter
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Walter S
Hunter
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Walter S
. Hunter


title: Brandon Bochenski

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<mask> (born April 4, 1982) is an American former professional ice hockey player and politician. He played 156 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for several teams before serving as captain of Barys Astana in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Internationally Bochenski represented both the United States and Kazakhstan, playing in several World Championships. In June 2020, Bochenski was elected mayor of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Playing career

Early years
Bochenski went to Blaine High School where he graduated in 2000. Bochenski was a part of the Blaine Bengals when they defeated the Duluth East Greyhounds 6–0 in the 2000 class AA championship. Also in the Minnesota State High School League tournament, Bochenski and the Bengals defeated Rochester Mayo, Hastings and finished the tournament leading the AA in scoring with 7 points.The St. Paul Pioneer Press named <mask> along with teammates Matt Hendricks and Matt Moore to the second team of the All-State Boys hockey team. Amateur
With the Lincoln Stars of the USHL in 2000–01, Bochenski led the league in goals with 47 and was the single highest goal total in the league over the past 15 years. Playing in 55 games that year, Bochenski had 80 points and was named the USHL's Rookie of the Year. His standout performances were noticed by the Ottawa Senators and he was subsequently drafted in the seventh round, 223rd overall, in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. <mask> would then leave the USHL to pursue a collegiate career. <mask> was heavily recruited to play college hockey in the NCAA, finally choosing the University of North Dakota. Bochenski went on to spend three seasons with UND in the WCHA.As a freshman at UND, <mask> led his team with five game-winning goals and was third in total points. While North Dakota failed to make the NCAA tournament in 2001–02, <mask> would not fail again leading UND to two NCAA tournaments in his final two years at UND. In each of his final two years at UND, Bochenski led his team in goals, points and power play goals. After the 2003–04 season, <mask> would sign with the Ottawa Senators where he would make his professional hockey debut with the Binghamton Senators of the AHL. Professional

During his first season in the AHL with the Binghamton Senators, <mask> racked up 34 goals and 36 assists for 70 points in just 75 games. The following year, he only saw action in 33 games, but scored 22 goals and had 24 assists. It would be the 2005–06 season when <mask> would make his NHL debut with the Ottawa Senators.After being called up from the Senators, <mask> would debut on October 5, 2005, and go on to play in twenty games. His first NHL point was an assist versus the Buffalo Sabres on October 8, 2005. Just one week later on October 15, 2005, <mask> would have his first career goal scoring against the Boston Bruins. In a game against the Florida Panthers on December 15, 2005, <mask> scored his first career hat trick. <mask> would then be traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, leaving the Ottawa Senators scoring six goals and assisting on seven others. On March 9, 2006, he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with a second round pick in exchange for Tyler Arnason. <mask> would record his first point for the Blackhawks on March 19, 2006, and his first goal on April 1, 2006.<mask> would go on to play for the Blackhawks in twenty games before helping the Norfolk Admirals in which he tallied two points in three playoff games. In his twenty appearances in 2005–06, <mask> would record four points. In 2006–07, <mask> spent the majority of the year with the Admirals. With Norfolk, <mask> had a phenomenal year scoring at a torrid pace, 33 goals with 33 assists in just 35 games. After an early January 2007 injury to Martin Havlát, <mask> was recalled and found more playing time. But on February 3, 2007, the Blackhawks traded him to the Boston Bruins for Kris Versteeg and a conditional pick. On February 6, 2007, soon after joining to the Bruins, <mask> scored his first Bruin goal at the five-minute mark of the second period.The game ended in a 3–2 victory after a shootout against the Washington Capitals. On June 18, 2007, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Boston Bruins for the 2007–08 season. However seldom used as a reserve forward after 20 games with the Bruins on January 2, 2008, the Bruins traded <mask> to the Anaheim Ducks for Shane Hnidy and a 6th round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He played in 12 games with the Ducks with 4 points before he was traded to his third team within the season, the Nashville Predators, for future considerations on February 26, 2008. On July 8, 2008, <mask> joined his sixth NHL team when he signed as a free agent to a two-year contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning. Prior to the 2008–09 season on September 25, 2008, the Lightning placed <mask> on waivers for the purpose of sending him to American Hockey League affiliate team, the Norfolk Admirals. Returning to Norfolk for a second stint, who were formerly affiliates with the Blackhawks, <mask> was among scoring leaders of the Admirals and often the Lightnings first recall in cases of injury.After two seasons within the Lightning organization, <mask> became the Admirals record goal scoring leader, passing Casey Hankinson 76 goals to finish with 81 as well as hold the record for most game-winning goals (15) and power play goals (34). On May 5, 2010, <mask> left North America and signed a one-year contract with Kazakh Kontinental Hockey League team, Barys Astana. Bochenski was amongst the league's top scorers over the following seven seasons with Barys Astana. On May 29, 2017, despite pleas from Astana to continue with the club, <mask> opted to retire from professional hockey to concentrate on his family. He left as the top scoring foreign player to compete in the KHL with 397 points in 399 total games. On July 9, 2018, <mask> announced his comeback when he signed a one-year deal to return to Barys Astana. In the 2018–19 season, Bochenski continued to produce with Barys, contributing with 15 goals and 34 points in 44 games.Post-playing career
At the conclusion of his one-year contract, <mask> announced his retirement for the second and final time, accepting a position within Berkshire Hathaway Home Services in Grand Forks, North Dakota on July 15, 2019. He turned to politics, and on June 9, 2020, was elected the mayor of Grand Forks, North Dakota, defeating the 20 year incumbent by nearly 18%. International play
On March 24, 2016, the IIHF announced it had approved a request to allow <mask>, Nigel Dawes and Dustin Boyd to play for Kazakhstan at the 2016 IIHF World Championship. His last international tournament was the 2019 Division IA World Championship. Captaining Kazakhstan he helped the team win the tournament and earn promotion to the top level for the 2020 World Championship. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Anaheim Ducks players
Barys Astana captains
Barys Nur-Sultan players
Binghamton Senators players
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Lincoln Stars players
Nashville Predators players
Norfolk Admirals players
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
People from Blaine, Minnesota
Providence Bruins players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans

masks:
Brandon Louis Bochenski
Bochenski
Bochenski
Bochenski
Bochenski
Bochenski
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title: Neil W. Chamberlain

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<mask> (May 18, 1915 – September 14, 2006) was an American economist who was the Armand G. Erpf Professor of Modern Corporations of the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University. Before that he was a professor in the Department of Economics at Yale University. His scholarly efforts concerned industrial relations and labor economics, the economies of corporations and corporate planning, national planning, and social values and corporate social responsibility. He was the author of nineteen books, editor of six more, published numerous articles in academic journals, and wrote an intellectual memoir as well. His range of research and writing was unusually wide, but his biggest contribution to the field of economics was in the study of industrial relations and especially in his analysis of bargaining power. Early life, education, and writing
<mask> was born on May 18, 1915, in Charlotte, North Carolina, as the son of <mask> and the former <mask>on. When he was two years old the family moved to Ohio and he grew up in Lakewood, Ohio.From the time of junior high school on, he was interested in creative writing, working on poems, short stories, and an incomplete novel. While at Lakewood High School, which he began as the Great Depression was starting, he took third prize in national Scholastic Art & Writing Awards with a short story called "Hunger". Another short story, "A Millionaire's Debut", was published in the Cleveland News. During vacations when he was 17 and 18, <mask> traveled around the country by hitchhiking and freighthopping. A San Francisco newspaper recounted his  wandering journey with another 18-year-old friend from Cleveland to there, in which they started with only $3.77, washing dishes for funds while staying in hobo jungles and sometimes encountering long waits for cars to pick them up. By the age of 19, he said he had traveled some  and seen 41 states. He offered to give 15-minute talks, titled "The Category of Dreamers" and concerning the state of youth, in the Lakewood area.He attended Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, having been granted a scholarship, and initially majored in history. He was elected Phi Beta Kappa as a senior. He was also a poet there, winning first prize as a junior and second prize as a senior in the Rupert Hughes Prizes in Poetry. In 1937, he graduated with an A.B. degree magna cum laude. <mask> was initially primarily interested in writing as a career possibility. While a freshman he was also working as editor of the People's Penny Weekly, a magazine intended to provide local coverage of Lakewood.During his senior year in college he worked part-time at the Cleveland bureau of the International News Service. There he covered many significant developments in labor relations during the mid-1930s. These included the Fisher Body sit-down strike against General Motors. By his account he then tried two other writing and editing jobs before, after a year's lapse, returning to his education to give himself an understanding of the forces at play in these labor disputes. At the Graduate School at Western Reserve University, he earned an M.A. degree in economics in 1939. At the same time he wrote a play about the Chrysler Auto Strike of 1939, From Now to Hallelujah, which he later said was accepted for production at a local theater group but never put on due to a scheduling conflict.He also later recalled functioning as executive secretary of a successful campaign to amend the Cleveland city charter to bring most civil service employees under the merit system. <mask> then obtained a Ph.D. in economics from Ohio State University in 1942. The topic of his dissertation was "The Nature and Practice of Collective Bargaining". By now his practice of other forms of writing was being replaced by his interest in economic research. During the latter portion of this time he was a research fellow at the Brookings Institution. <mask> married the former Mariam Kenosian in 1942. During the World War II period, he was in the United States Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946, where he began as an ensign and finished as a lieutenant.There he did work related to cryptography. Meanwhile, his wife worked as an analyst for the Office of Strategic Services during the war and then earned a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1950. Early career
Following his service, <mask> was given a Social Science Research Council demobilization fellowship and in 1946 found a position as research director at the Yale Labor and Management Center, which had shortly before been founded by E<mask> Bakke. By 1947 he was also an assistant professor of economics at Yale. His first major book, The Union Challenge to Management Control , was published in 1948. In 1949 he became assistant director of the Labor and Management Center. That same year, he became an associate professor.<mask>'s early work at Yale and the center and his books published during this time focused on exploring matters related to bargaining in the context of labor-management conflicts, the social impact of strikes, and the idea of managerial discretion and how unions challenged it. His insights into industrial relations theory as a whole became a substantial addition to scholarly knowledge. His definition of bargaining power, which is based upon the notion of the "inducement to agree", became widely used. Examining the history of many labor-management actions and conflicts as case studies, he analyzed their tactics with his framework of how each sought to influence relative bargaining power. His analysis of bargaining power and its effects went beyond concepts introduced by others earlier and provided a springboard for the examination of behavioral aspects of the bargaining process as well as bargaining power as a dynamic entity. Influencing several generations of scholars, <mask>'s work on bargaining power would become his most significant contribution to the field. His 1951 textbook Collective Bargaining presented some of these ideas and was twice later republished in revised editions.His work on strikes, which was published in two books, Social Responsibility and Strikes (1953) and The Impact of Strikes: Their Social and Economic Costs (1954), was done in collaboration with Jane Metzger Schilling, an assistant in research at the center and a doctoral student in the Department of Economics at Yale who was working on research into invention and innovation and into the scope of bargaining units. Their work devised a quantitative framework for analyzing the effect of strikes on the various parties involved as well as on the general public, making use of reliable figures when available and forming imprecise judgments when not, then sought to evaluate seventeen recent strikes in the coal, rail, and steel industries in these terms. They also made public policy recommendations regarding when government intervention should be undertaken, saying that such action must take into effect the loss of income for producers as well as the loss of goods and services for consumers. The second of these books became one of <mask>'s works to be translated into other languages, in this case Japanese. While <mask> self-identified as an industrial relations specialist, he nonetheless next wrote A General Theory of Economic Process, an attempt to define the overall economic environment in ways that provided entrée for the insights of his labor analyses. It was the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. In its preface he wrote, "Such an effort may appear pretentious when made by one who lays no claim to being a general theoretician ...I feel (almost apologetically) a need to explain the existence of this work." In it he used bargaining as the central element for economic analysis. Middle career
<mask> moved to Columbia University, where he was a professor of economics in its Graduate School of Business from 1954–59. There he replaced the retiring Paul Frederick Brissenden as head of the school's program in Labor and Industrial Relations. This was part of a wave of hirings as the business school sought to improve its intellectual standing by strengthening its research program and instituting a Ph.D. program separate from that of the Department of Economics. During this time, <mask> was recruited by Thomas H. Carroll of the Ford Foundation, who was starting an effort for the improvement of business school education. <mask> thus became director of the Program in Economic Development and Administration at the foundation from 1957 to 1960,  where he also focused a research program on business decision making.<mask> subsequently returned to Yale as a professor of economics for the period 1959–1967. In the 1960s, <mask>'s research began to focus on theory of the firm and industrial organization, as exemplified by his 1962 book The Firm: Micro-Economic Planning and Action. In particular he examined corporate planning and public planning. These works adopted some of the approaches of institutional economics and were less quantitative and more philosophical than some of the author's previous efforts. He then branched out even further afield, writing about nuclear disarmament in 1963 and population economics in 1970. In the first, he argued that "if what everyone says [they want] (peace and disarmament) is eventually achieved, the consequences are almost certain to be the end of 500 years of Western world supremacy." <mask> was prominent in the Industrial Relations Research Association, serving on its executive board during 1955–58 and its president in 1967.<mask> served on the board of editors of The American Economic Review from 1957–59, the board of directors of the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies for 1957–78, the editorial council of Management International during 1960–70, and two stints on the board of trustees of the Columbia Journal of World Business (1969–72, 1975–80). He and his wife Mariam <mask> divorced in 1967. She joined the Ford Foundation and became the director of its higher education program; the grants she dispensed during the 1970s would become instrumental in establishing the place of women's studies at colleges in the United States. Meanwhile, he married Harriet Feigenbaum in 1968. She is a sculptor most known for a 1990 installation in New York City, Memorial to Victims of the Injustice of the Holocaust. <mask> returned to Columbia's Graduate School of Business again to stay for good in 1967, heading a new program in Corporate Relations and Public Policy. He was named the Armand G. Erpf Professor of Modern Corporations in 1969.In the wake of the Columbia University protests of 1968, <mask> was on the side of those who prized the restoration of order in American and European academies, signing on to a 1969 statement by hundreds of faculty members proclaiming that, "Academic freedom and the sanctuary of the university campus extend to all who share these aims and responsibilities. They cannot be invoked by those who would subordinate intellectual freedom to political ends, or who violate the norms of conduct established to protect that freedom. Against such offenders the university has the right, and indeed the obligation, to defend itself." Later career
During the latter part of his career, <mask> took on the analysis of the role of corporation management in society. In a series of books from 1973 on he became known as an economist who found insights in the relationship of business power to social power. He also became involved in community-related projects such as a 1972 plan to help decentralize city services in nearby Washington Heights, Manhattan. Tackling the issue of corporate responsibility, his 1973 book The Limits of Corporate Responsibility <mask> said that businesses could do "remarkably little" about urban problems, environmental degradation, product safety, or worker dissatisfaction, because the values of the business culture are incompatible with such goals and economic forces will constrain businesses to only actions which result in growth and profit.Writing for The New York Times Book Review, Stephen B. Shepard said that <mask> made a strong case for business not being able to solve urban woes, but that elsewhere he overstated his thesis and underestimated the chances that businesses could be part of environmental improvement solutions. <mask> retired in 1980, after which he became the Armand G. Erpf Professor Emeritus at Columbia. His last academic book, Social Strategy and Corporate Structure, was published in 1982. Over the course of his career, <mask> became more pessimistic in his conclusions, believing that notions about union-management collaboration would have scant impact on the corporation's ability to react to external events. He also grew dissatisfied with the development of economic analysis, believing it too formal and beholden to quantitative methods and lacking a value-based look at how corporate management behaved. Indeed, <mask> became skeptical about his discipline as a whole. In the context of a 1980 New York Times piece about the hazards of poorly conducted social science research, he was quoted as saying, "We know very little about what we profess to know.We have claimed too much as a profession." He came to have philosophical doubts about the entire study of economics, believing that purposeful action, unforeseen trends, and random occurrences combine to give economic theories that are based upon the observation of what has taken place in the past little predictive ability or policy-making usefulness in terms of what will take place in the future. <mask> thus abandoned economic work altogether after 1982, deciding that he wanted to return to writing fiction. He worked on at least two novels during this period, although nothing was published, and he painted as well. He published a memoir of sorts, Intellectual Odyssey: An Economist's Ideological Journey, in 1996. It traced the development of his interests and summarized the work and conclusions of many of his books. The last chapter of the memoir includes lengthy excerpts from one of the novels, whose protagonist is a disillusioned economics professor considering whether to retire and struggling with philosophical questions.<mask> died at age 91 on September 14, 2006. Legacy
Writing in the Journal of Economic Issues in 1996, Charles J<mask>n said that "<mask>'s career in economics has been extraordinary." In a 1983 retrospective of <mask>'s career written shortly after his retirement and published in the British Journal of Industrial Relations, three business professors at Columbia University – James W. Kuhn, David Lewin, and Paul J. McNulty – analyzed where his work had had the greatest scholarly influence and where it had been less so. Their conclusion was that despite a fair amount of the latter, "<mask> stands ... as an intellectual giant and a major intellectual force, whose legacy will endure." <mask>'s definition of bargaining power is still taught and used, such as in its presentation in the 2012 textbook Fundamentals of Labor Economics by Thomas Hyclak, Geraint Johnes, and Robert Thornton and in the 2004 fifth edition of the popular International City/County Management Association "Green Book" Management Policies in Local Government Finance. In terms of the labor history discipline, <mask> came to be seen as part of the mainstream, along with scholars such as Sumner Slichter and Richard Lester, who focused on institutions and laws, as opposed to "new labor history" and its adherents, such as David Brody and Nelson Lichtenstein, who focused more on demographics and social history. Like two other scholarly pioneers in industrial relations and labor research, Robert F. Hoxie and John R. Commons, <mask> was dissatisfied with neoclassical economics-based theory and sought to provide new and different explanations for the economic process.This foray into general theory, like those of the other two, generally found few followers in the field. <mask> was given a lifetime achievement award by the Industrial Relations Research Association for 2002, handed out during its 2003 meeting. He was one of the first members of that association to be so honored. Following his death, Dean of the Columbia Business School Glenn Hubbard said <mask> that "produced work of great importance to the greater business community, always with an active and curious mind." David B. Lipsky, former Dean of the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, characterized <mask> as "one of the greatest of all industrial relations scholars" and said that, "For scholars of my generation, <mask> was a giant – through the rigor and originality of his research he inspired us to believe that a career devoted to industrial relations research could be a noble undertaking."

masks:
Neil Cornelius Wolverton Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Henry Bryan Chamberlain
Elizabeth Wvert
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
. Wight
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
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Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
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Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
. Whale
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Neil


title: Mohan Lal Sukhadia

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<mask> (31 July 1916 – 2 February 1982) was an Indian politician, who served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan state for 17 years (1954–1971). He became chief minister at the age of 38 and was responsible for bringing major reforms and developments in Rajasthan. For this, he is still widely revered as the "founder of modern Rajasthan". Later in his career, <mask> also served as the Governor of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Early life
<mask> was born in a Jain family of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. His father,ram lal <mask>, was a well known cricketer of the Bombay and Saurashtra teams. After completing primary education in Nathdwara and Udaipur, <mask> went to Mumbai for a diploma in electrical engineering from VJTI.There, he was elected General Secretary of the student body. Mr. Berley, the British principal of the college, wanted to invite governor of Bombay in a college ceremony. <mask>, along with other students, vehemently opposed the idea and asserted to invite then Chief Minister of Bombay B. G. Kher instead. Finally, college authorities had to bow down against the demands of students. <mask> had successfully led his first revolt against British Rule exemplifying his uncanny leadership abilities and managerial skills. In college, he came in contact with prominent national leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Yusuf Meherally and Ashok Mehta. <mask> regularly attended meetings of Congress workers and volunteers headed by Patel in Mumbai.When he came back to Nathdwara, he started a small Electrical workshop. This shop was essentially a meeting place where <mask> and his friends would discuss about the ubiquitous autocracies of British rule and socio-economic reforms in the region. Various education and social awareness programs were schemed and executed in the region by <mask> and his fellow workers. He married Indubala on 1 June 1938 in Beawar. This inter-caste marriage was not an ordinary event in those days. Expecting a stiff backlash in Nathdwara and Udaipur, <mask> decided to perform the ceremony in Beawar adhering to customs of the Arya Samaj. When he returned to Nathdwara with Indubala, he was hailed by a large number of his supporters.Young overjoyed supporters thronged the streets of Nathwara, steered a huge rally across the town and greeted him with slogans, "<mask>ya Jindabad". This remained to be one of the most memorable and inspiring moments of his life. <mask> himself acknowledged this fact to one of his protagonists a few days before his death. Contribution in freedom struggle
On account of excessive taxes and autocratic rule of princes and jagirdars, Praja Mandals were formed in different states of Rajputana. These mandals provided wider base to the agitation and direction to the civil right movement and administrative reforms in various princely states. In Udaipur state, Mewar Praja Mandal was founded in 1938 having renowned social activist and freedom fighter Manikya <mask> as its president. After one year of foundation, Mandal received a dose of fresh vigor with promising youth Mohal <mask> joining it.Freedom struggle in Rajasthan was facing twofold and threefold resistance in form of British raj, princely states and local zamindars. Sukhadia along with other activists traveled across remote tribal areas and villages of the region, established direct contact with local peasants and tribesmen, edified them about their constitutional rights and encouraged to espouse the national movement. Fearing the torment of their zamindars, most of the locals were reluctant to shelter national activists in their houses. Public workers were not allowed to enter Bhil villages as zamindars considered contact of activists with simple-minded peasants undesirable. Often they were beaten and arrested by police for entering Bhil villages. In 1946, Praja Mandals of various states merged to form a statewide organization and named it Rajputana Prantiya Sabha. <mask> was inducted in Executive Committee of this newly formed organization.Party meetings were held in one of the Rajputana provinces in every two-three months where representatives of different provinces discussed and debated on common problems of the states. <mask>'s matter-of-fact and efficient problem solving tactics were valued highly in these meetings that earned him recognition of top leaders in the state. Responding to Mahatma Gandhi's call of "Quit India" in 1942, entire Rajasthan plunged into Quit India Movement with leaders like Manikya <mask>, Heera <mask>, Gokulbhai Bhatt, Jai Narayan Vyas and <mask> <mask> playing instrumental role in channelizing it. Seeing the situation go beyond control, British Government decided to contain top leadership by incarcerating them. <mask> stayed in jail for one and half years at the age of 25. Intense torrential rainfall of 1943 devastated Bhilwara and nearby areas causing huge destruction of property and life. <mask> mobilized relief workers and arranged food supply, medicines and clothing for the people.Independence and participation in government
On 15 August 1947,  22 princely states of Rajasthan (erstwhile Rajputana) agreed to join the Union of India. Their merger and unification took place in a phased manner over a period of 2 years. In the first phase,  four Princely States of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli formed the Matsya Union. On 25 March 1948, Union of Rajasthan was formed comprising Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Pratapgarh, Shahapura, Tonk, and Kota. Three days after formation of Union of Rajasthan, Maharana of Udaipur decided to join Union of Rajasthan on 28 March 1948. It was formally inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 18 April 1948 and cabinet was formed under the leadership of Manikya <mask>.<mask> <mask> joined the cabinet as Irrigation and Labor Minister. In the fourth phase, states of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jodhpur merged with Union of Rajasthan. Sardar Patel inaugurated unified Rajasthan on 30 March 1949 and  Heera <mask> formed the cabinet to become first Chief Minister of Rajasthan. On 15 May 1949, Matsya Union also merged with Rajasthan. After Heera <mask> resigned from the post on 26 March 1951, Jai Narayan Vyas took over his post. <mask> was appointed as minister in newly created cabinet. First state Legislative elections of Rajasthan were held in 1952.Tika Ram Paliwal became Chief Minister on 3 March 1952 for a brief period of time. Jai Narayan Vyas replaced him on 1 November 1952. <mask> handled Revenue, Irrigation, Agriculture and other significant portfolios during this period. After elections in 1952, 22 members of Ram Rajya Parishad joined Congress Party on persuasion of Jai Narayan Vyas. However, congress workers objected to his decision as most of the Ram Rajya Parishad members were former zamindars and believed this would affect ongoing land reforms in the state. Amidst growing resentment against Jai Narayan Vyas, Congress High command directed him to seek Vote of Confidence of Congress legislative members. Veteran Jai Narayan Vyas was directly pitched against the 38-year-old Revenue Minister of his own cabinet, Shri <mask> <mask>.First time in history of Democratic India, two people were openly contesting for post of Chief Minister. <mask> defeated him by 8 votes to become youngest Chief Minister of India. He continued on this post for record making 17 years(13 Nov 1954 – 8 July 1971). His record of longest-serving Chief Minister in Indian political history was untouched until Jyoti Basu surpassed it in 1994. Sukhadia era of Rajasthan politics

Founding and development of Rajasthan Congress
Formation of Rajasthan Congress started in 1946 when Praja Mandals of various states merged into the Rajputana Prantiya Sabha to form a common decision making and organization framework. <mask> <mask> was one of the fifteen members of Executive Committee of Prantiya Sabha that consisted of prominent political elites of Rajasthan. <mask> along with other members of this committee played the crucial role of formulating and publicizing the policies and resolutions of the party.Desire for the inclusion of party in Indian National Congress was finally realized in April 1948 at the Bombay session of All-India Congress organization, when Rajputana Prantiya Sabha was declared as one of the provincial units of Indian national Congress. Initial years were impaired by instability within the party, which witnessed four chief ministers in less than first six years (1948–1954), until <mask> was given the responsibility of leading the government. Major credit for deploying stability and institutionalization in Congress party goes to leadership abilities and political skills of <mask> <mask>. Serving on the post of Chief Minister for almost two decades clearly denotes the kind of support, affection and honor Sukahdia enjoyed from his party members and public. Land reforms in the state
Zamindari system, which had prevailed in Rajasthan for centuries, percolated deeply in socio-economic system of the state by the time of independence. Poor peasants were subjected to atrocities of their zamindars, had no right on the land they tilled and often had to pay very high land revenues. Congress government under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru passed a law to abolish the zamindari system.Impact of law was very limited in beginning years as zamindars approached the Supreme Court challenging the orders. To come up with the backdrop, the Congress Government passed the Rajasthan Jagir Abolition Act in 1952. With this Act,  Jagirdari system in the state was abolished and the power of judicial review over these legislations was taken away from the courts and the fundamental right to the property was amended. <mask> was given the challenging post of Revenue Minister in the cabinet, reckoning that land reforms would not be easy without establishing an efficient or uniform system of revenue administration. When <mask> took over as Chief Minister in 1954, the challenging task of implementing the reforms lay ahead of him. <mask>'s government passed Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act in 1959 that transferred the title of land to the tenants, doing away with centuries-old zamindari system in Rajasthan. Factors like political influence of jagirdars and jamindars, confusing varieties of land system in the different princely states and lack of reliable land records made the implementation immensely difficult.<mask> confronted all these hindrances and led land reforms in the state successfully. Development in health and education sector
In his famous tryst with destiny speech, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared the eradication of ‘ignorance and disease’ as one of the most crucial tasks that the country faced. Challenge to eradicate ‘ignorance and disease’ was even bigger in Rajasthan as this was one of the least developed states in India at the end of British rule. During the early decades of the twentieth century Rajasthan had one of the lowest levels of education and highest levels of mortality of all provinces in India. Sukhadia Era in Rajasthan witnessed a dramatic reversal of the colonial policy of almost complete neglect of the education and health sectors. Sukhadia government's commitment to the social sector is brought out by the fact that despite facing a very precarious budgetary situation, it steadily increased its expenditure on social service. One of the clearest signals of this was decision of <mask> to retain the Education portfolio even after becoming the Chief Minister of the state.Results were evident by the end of 1970. Rajasthan's outlays on health  and education were significantly higher than all other North-Central Indian states and all-India average. By 1969 Rajasthan's education spending as a proportion of total SDP (3.2%) was double that of UP (1.5%). Similarly, in the health sector, Rajasthan's expenditure grew to Rs.8.23 per capita in 1970–71 whereas UP spent only Rs.3.2

References

Bibliography

External links

 His Excellency <mask> <mask> with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her visit to Raj Bhavan
 His Excellency <mask> Sukhadia taking oath of Governorship from Chief Justice
 <mask> <mask> visiting Wool Research Laboratories in Australia in 1963
 Link of Rajasthan Assembly

1916 births
1982 deaths
Chief Ministers of Rajasthan
Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Governors of Karnataka
Governors of Tamil Nadu
7th Lok Sabha members
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962
Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967
Rajasthan MLAs 1967–1972

masks:
Mohan Lal Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Bhai
Sukhadia
Lal Verma
Lal Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Lal Verma
Lal Shastri
Mohanlal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Lal Vma
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Lal Shastri
Lal Shasrti
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohanlal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Mohanlal
Sukhadia


title: Tomas Óg mac Brian Mág Samhradháin

texts:
Tomás Óg Mág Samhradháin (anglicised Thomas McGovern Junior) was chief of the McGovern Clan and Baron or Lord of Tullyhaw barony, County Cavan from 1584 until his death at the end of the 16th century. Ancestry
His ancestry was Tomás Óg son of <mask> son of Tomás (d. 1532) son of Maghnus (d. 1497) son of Tomás Óg (d. 1494) son of Tomás na Feasoige (d. 1458) son of Fearghal (d. 1393) son of Tomás (d. 1343) son of <mask> ‘Breaghach’ Mág Samhradháin (d. 1298). He was the second eldest son and had two brothers who both were chiefs of the clan, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin and Feidhlimidh Mág Samhradháin, together with a third brother Emonn of Lissanover. Chieftainship
On the death of the McGovern chief, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin in 1584, Tomás took the chieftaincy and moved to the chief's residence in Ballymagauran. Coffey Magaurans
A sub-sept of the McGoverns known as the Coffey Magaurans, centered on the northern part of Tullyhaw called Largay (now the town of Blacklion) seemed to be exercising a degree of independence from the main chieftaincy at Ballymagauran as, in an Indenture dated 1585 between the Lord Deputy of Ireland John Perrot and, inter alia, Turlough McGovern of Largay, the said Turlough claimed to be chief of the McGoverns. The indenture reads-

Turlough McGovern's genealogy was Turlough son of Cobhthach (the Coffey after whom the Coffey McGoverns are named) son of Aodh son of Tomás Maol son of Feidhlimidh son of Donnchadh Ballach (d. 1445) son of Fearghal Mág Samhradháin, chief of the McGovern Clan from 1359 until his death in 1393. The Annals of the Four Masters for 1593 state-

A warlike dissension arose in the month of May in this year between Sir George Bingham of Ballymote and Brian-na-Samhthach, i.e.<mask>, the son of <mask>, son of <mask>, son of Owen O'Rourke. The cause of this dissension was, that a part of the Queen's rent had not been received out of Breifny on that festival, <mask>'Rourke asserting that all the rents not paid were those demanded for lands that were waste, and that he Bingham ought not to demand rent for waste lands until they should be inhabited. Sir George sent soldiers into Breifny to take a prey in lieu of the rent; and the soldiers seized on O'Rourkes own milch cows. <mask> went to demand a restoration of them, but this he did not at all receive. He then returned home, and sent for mercenaries and hireling troops to Tyrone, Tirconnell, and Fermanagh; and after they had come to him, he set out, and he made no delay by day or by night until he arrived at Ballymote. On his arrival in the neighbourhood of the town, he dispersed marauding parties through the two cantreds of the Mac Donoughs, namely, Corann and Tirerrill; and there was not much of that country which he did not plunder on the excursion. He also burned on that day thirteen villages on every side of Ballymote; and he ravaged Ballymote itself more than he did any other town.Their losses were of little account, except the son of Coffey Roe Magauran, on the side of <mask>; Gilbert Grayne, a gentleman of Sir George's people, who was slain on the other side. The son of O'Rourke then returned back to his own territory loaded with great preys and spoils. This was done in the first month of summer. Turlough's territory was an escape route after the Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits. The Annals of the Four Masters for 1594 state-

O'Donnell, as we have stated, was encamped, laying siege to Enniskillen, from the middle of June to the month of August, until the warders of the castle had consumed almost all their provisions. Messengers came to O'Donnell from the Scots, whom he had before invited over, to inform him that they had arrived at Derry. And those who had come thither were Donnell Gorm Mac Donnell, and Mac Leod of Ara.O'Donnell then set out with a small number of his forces to hire them; and he left another large party of them with Maguire to assist him, and he ordered them to remain blockading the castle. When the Lord Justice, Sir William Fitzwilliam, had received intelligence that the warders of Enniskillen were in want of stores and provisions, he ordered a great number of the men of Meath, and of the gentlemen of the Reillys and the Binghams of Connaught, under the conduct of George Oge Bingham, to convey provisions to Enniskillen. These chieftains, having afterwards met together, went to Cavan, O'Reilly's town, for provisions; and they proceeded through Fermanagh, keeping Lough Erne on the right, until they arrived within about four miles of the town. When Maguire (Hugh) received intelligence that these forces were marching towards the town with the aforesaid provisions, he set out with his own forces and the forces left him by O'Donnell, together with Cormac, the son of the Baron, i.e. the brother of the Earl O'Neill; and they halted at a certain narrow pass, to which they thought they the enemy would come to them. The ambuscade was successful, for they came on, without noticing any thing, until they fell in with Maguire's people at the mouth of a certain ford. A fierce and vehement conflict, and a spirited and hard-contested battle, was fought between both parties, till at length Maguire and his forces routed the others by dint of fighting, and a strages of heads was left to him; and the rout was followed up a great way from that place.A countless number of nobles and plebeians fell in this conflict. Many steeds, weapons, and other spoils, were left behind in that place by the defeated, besides the steeds and horses that were loaded with provisions, on their way to Enniskillen. A few fugitives of Meath and of the Reillys escaped from this conflict, and never stopped until they arrived in Breifny O'Reilly. The route taken by George Oge Bingham and the few who escaped with him from the field was through the Largan, the territory of the Clann-Coffey Magauran, through Breifny O'Rourke, and from thence to Sligo. The name of the ford at which this great victory was gained was changed to Bel-atha-na-mBriosgadh, from the number of biscuits and small cakes left there to the victors on that day. When the warders of the castle heard of the defeat of the army, they surrendered the castle to Maguire; and he gave them pardon and protection. Elizabethan Wars
Tomás is mentioned in the Fiants of 19 January 1586 when Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a pardon to Tho.oge m'Brien m'Tho. Magawran, of Magawranstowne, for fighting against the Queen's forces. Tomás paid little heed to the terms of the pardon as he then joined in a rebellion in Connacht but the rebellion was defeated at the end of July 1586. The costs of the rebellion to the English government were covered by cattle seizures and fines. The Governor of Connacht, Sir Richard Bingham (soldier) wrote about Tomás to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir John Perrot on 19 August 1586 to as follows-

From whence I will also go to M'Gawran, lying between O'Rourke and Maguire, and cause him to submit himself, and yield composition for his land, or else I will give him a wipe of a thousand cows, wherein your Lordship shall not, I hope, mislike my doings. Death
John O'Hart in his book Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation, p. 414, mentions a Baron MacGauran in an incident that occurred at Kilnavert Church c.1590. The Baron was probably Tomás Óg.Family
Tomás had four children, a daughter Wony or Una and three sons, of whom the eldest was Cormac Mág Samhradháin. In the Plantation of Ulster the lands of Garrerishmore, one poll; Dufferagh, one poll; Killanaigy, one poll and half the poll of Meligg; in all, 175 acres at an annual rent of £1-17s-4d., were granted to the four children jointly. References

Irish lords
16th-century deaths
People from County Cavan
16th-century Irish people

masks:
Brian
Brian
Brian Ó
Brian Ó
Brian Oge
Brian
Brian
Brian O
Brian
Brian


title: Ali Maow Maalin

texts:
<mask> (Somali: Cali Macow Macallin; also Mao Moallim and Mao' Mo'allim; 1954 – 22 July 2013) was a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox. He was diagnosed with the disease in October 1977 and made a full recovery. Although he had many contacts, none of them developed the disease, and an aggressive containment campaign was successful in preventing an outbreak. Smallpox was declared to have been eradicated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) two years later. Maalin was subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013. Smallpox eradication in Africa
Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by two strains of virus, Variola major and V. minor. V. minor is the rarer of the two strains, and causes a much less severe disease (sometimes called alastrim), with a fatality rate of around 1%.No treatment is available, and the only protection is vaccination. The virus is usually transmitted by prolonged face-to-face contact with a person showing symptoms. The incubation period averages 12–14 days. One of the most feared diseases of human history, smallpox was still causing an estimated 2 million deaths every year as late as 1967. The global effort to eradicate smallpox from endemic areas such as Africa began in 1959 with a mass vaccination campaign. This approach met with little success, and a more effective targeted approach was developed in the late 1960s. This involved active surveillance by case hunting, combined with rapid containment of infection in areas reporting outbreaks by intensive vaccination.The majority of African countries were free from smallpox by 1972. By the end of 1975, the virus had been eradicated worldwide except in Ethiopia and Somalia in the Horn of Africa, and their neighbour Kenya. The nomadic people of the Ogaden Desert retained endemic smallpox with an unusually mild form of the disease, which facilitated persistence in the population. From 1975, WHO efforts were concentrated on this region. Ethiopia saw its last case in August 1976 and Kenya in February 1977. Somalia proved particularly challenging because much of its population of 3.5 million was nomadic. A mass vaccination campaign in the country in 1969 had failed because many nomadic people in the region had cultural objections to vaccination, and either refused or avoided it.Elimination efforts relied on an intensive reporting system. A severe drought in 1975 exacerbated the difficulties by increasing movement across the border with Ethiopia, and frequent outbreaks continued. In March 1977, surveillance efforts found over 3000 cases in the south of the country. The Somali government declared a state of emergency and successfully appealed to the United Nations for assistance. By June, when the outbreak peaked, 3,000 Somali health workers supervised by 23 international advisers were involved in the eradication efforts. Eradication work was hampered in July when the Ogaden War broke out, limiting access to the desert. <mask>'s case

Maalin worked as a cook at the hospital in the port-town of Merca in southern Somalia, as well as an occasional vaccinator for a WHO smallpox eradication team.He had not been successfully vaccinated, even though smallpox vaccination was obligatory for hospital employees. According to CDC epidemiologist Jason Weisfeld, one of the people who led the later containment effort in Merca, Maalin had received the smallpox vaccine but it had failed to take, and he had not been protected. Other sources state that he had not been vaccinated. In an interview in 2007, Maalin said that he had not been vaccinated, explaining: "I was scared of being vaccinated then. It looked like the shot hurt." In August 1977, an outbreak developed in a Somalian nomadic group of twenty families; eight children developed symptoms in August to October. On 12 October 1977, two children with smallpox symptoms were discovered at an encampment near the small inland settlement of Kurtunawarey, around 90 km (60 miles) from Merca.Local officials drove the children to Merca, where there was a nearby isolation camp. Maalin, then aged 23, served as a guide to the party taking them in a closed Land Cruiser from the hospital where he worked either to the home of a surveillance supervisor or directly to the isolation camp. He is believed to have been infected during the journey, which lasted no more than 5–15 minutes. One of the children, a six-year-old girl named Habiba Nur <mask>, died two days later. She was the last person to die from naturally acquired smallpox. The outbreak among the nomadic group was successfully contained by WHO workers by 18 October, but – critically – investigators failed to identify Maalin as a contact. On 22 October, Maalin fell ill with fever and headache, and received malaria treatment in hospital.After four days a rash appeared. Perhaps working on the assumption that he had been successfully vaccinated against smallpox, Maalin was then believed to have chickenpox and was discharged from hospital. Over the next few days, his symptoms developed to indicate smallpox as the cause. Not wishing to be put into isolation, Maalin failed to report himself. On 30 October, a male nurse colleague reported him, possibly for the reward of 200 Somali shillings (around $35), and Maalin was transferred to the isolation camp. He was diagnosed with an infection of the Variola minor strain of smallpox, based on his symptoms and later confirmed by laboratory tests. The date of diagnosis is sometimes stated as 26 October 1977.Maalin did not experience complications, and subsequently recovered fully and was discharged in late November. Donald Henderson, who directed the WHO eradication programme from 1967 until 1976, describes Maalin's case as "a classic one in depicting omissions and mistakes in program operations." Maalin, described by Henderson as "a popular man," had been visited by many relations and friends during his illness before he entered isolation. While hospitalised with fever, he had walked freely around the hospital, interacting with multiple patients. Containing the potential outbreak
Multiple measures were used to contain the potential outbreak in the town of Merca. The response was coordinated by Weisfeld and Karl Markvart. Maalin's contacts were all traced by the WHO eradication team.A total of 161 contacts were identified, 41 of whom had not been vaccinated. There were 91 people who had been in face-to-face contact with Maalin, 12 of whom were unvaccinated. Some of his contacts lived up to 120 km (75 miles) outside the town. All contacts were kept under surveillance for six weeks. His face-to-face contacts and their families were vaccinated, but none showed any sign of having been infected. Merca Hospital was closed to new patients, all its medical staff were vaccinated and existing patients were quarantined in situ. The residents of the fifty houses neighbouring Maalin's lodgings were vaccinated, and vaccinations were later extended to the ward of the town in which Maalin lived.House-to-house searches throughout the entire town looked for cases. Police checkpoints on all exits to the town, including footpaths, were established to vaccinate anyone passing who had not been recently immunised. A total of 54,777 people were vaccinated in the two weeks following Maalin's isolation. The response later broadened, with monthly house-to-house searches across the region widening to a search throughout Somalia, completed in December 1977. The containment efforts proved effective and, on 17 April 1978, WHO's Nairobi office sent a telegram stating: "Search complete. No cases discovered. <mask> Maalin is the world's last known smallpox case."Although there was one further smallpox outbreak in 1978 acquired from a laboratory in Birmingham, UK, Maalin remains the last case of naturally acquired smallpox in the world. On 26 October 1979, two years after the day when Maalin's rash appeared, WHO declared that smallpox had been eradicated globally. Later life and involvement in polio eradication campaign
Maalin remained in the Merca area, where he was employed in a range of roles. In the mid-1990s, he was selling medicines in a nearby small town. Maalin was among the 10,000 volunteers who participated in the effort to eradicate poliomyelitis from Somalia, which succeeded in 2008. He explained his motivation for volunteering: "Somalia was the last country with smallpox. I wanted to help ensure that we would not be the last place with polio too."Maalin worked for WHO as a local coordinator with responsibility for social mobilisation, and spent several years travelling across Somalia, vaccinating children and educating communities. The Boston Globe described him as one of the "most valuable" local coordinators for WHO. He encouraged people to be vaccinated by sharing his experiences with smallpox: "Now when I meet parents who refuse to give their children the polio vaccine, I tell them my story. I tell them how important these vaccines are. I tell them not to do something foolish like me." He continued to work as a regional coordinator for the vaccination drive, and was hailed as one of the "true heroes" of the campaign. After the 2013 reintroduction of poliovirus into Somalia, Maalin was again carrying out vaccinations in the Merca district when he developed a fever, and died days later, on 22 July 2013, of malaria.See also
 Rahima Banu: The last person to contract smallpox from naturally occurring Variola major
 Janet Parker: The last person to die from smallpox, which occurred after she acquired the virus from a laboratory source in Birmingham, UK
 List of unusual deaths

References

Sources
Barrett, Scott. Why Cooperate? : The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods (Oxford University Press; 2007) ()
Behbehani, Abbas M. (1983) The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease. Microbiological Reviews 47: 455–509 (pdf)
Fenner, Frank, Henderson, Donald A, Arita, Isao et al. Smallpox and its Eradication (World Health Organization; 1988) () (pdf)
Porter, Roy, ed. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (Cambridge University Press; 1996) ()
Tucker, Jonathan B. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox (Grove Press; 2002) ()

Further reading
Donald A Henderson. Smallpox: The Death of a Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer (Prometheus Books; 2009) ()

1954 births
2013 deaths
Ethnic Somali people
Smallpox eradication
Deaths from malaria
Polio

masks:
Ali Maow Maalin
Maalin
Ali
Ali Maow