title: Imre E. Quastler

texts:
<mask><mask> (born December 26, 1940) is an American historical transportation geographer and an authority on aspects of regional transportation systems in the United States. He is Emeritus Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at San Diego State University. He writes professionally under the name I. E<mask>. Early life

In mid-1939 <mask>'s parents and sister moved from Germany to Japan, taking one of the last passenger ships that left an Italian port for East Asia before World War II broke out. They were among those fleeing Germany as non-Aryans were being forced out of their jobs and some were being sent off to concentration camps. Before departing Germany, <mask>'s father had found a job with a German engineering company in Japan. <mask> was born in Tokyo on December 26, 1940.As the Allies advanced on Japan in 1944, <mask> and his mother and sister were relocated to the mountain village of Karuizawa, about 80 miles west of Tokyo, which served as a detention area for foreigners. His father, employed in the war industry, remained in Tokyo. After the war, <mask>'s father worked for the American occupation administration. The family relocated to the United States in 1951, eventually settling in Detroit where <mask>'s father began a new career with Excello Corporation and eventually with General Motors. Education and career

Quastler obtained a B.A. degree from Wayne State University in Detroit in 1962. He earned an M.A.degree from Northwestern University in 1964, where he studied under William Garrison, a transportation geographer and a leader of the "quantitative revolution" that swept geography and other fields in the mid-twentieth century. While at Northwestern, he began specializing in transportation geography, but of the non-quantitative variety. In 1971, he received his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Kansas, writing a dissertation on an historical geography topic. While in the doctoral program at the University of Kansas, Quastler found that the history of railroad networks was under-studied, leaving an important part of the nation's economy poorly understood in terms of operations, equipment, and network expansion and contraction. Research eventually led to publication of The Railroads of Lawrence, Kansas, 1854-1900 in 1979, followed by eight other books on railroad historical geography. <mask> joined the faculty of San Diego State University in 1968, remaining there until his retirement in 2002. Over the course of his academic career, he developed undergraduate and graduate level courses in transportation, urban and historical geography.His research interests included the history and development of both regional railroads and commuter (regional) airlines. Since his retirement he has continued writing and publishing on those subjects. <mask> was a popular teacher who mentored many students over the course of his career. He received the Outstanding Teacher Award at San Diego State University in 1987, and he was twice selected as Exemplary Academic Advisor at the university. Contribution to historical transportation geography

Quastler is one of the few academic geographers to extensively study the historical development of railroad and airline transportation networks. Much of the work in the field has been accomplished by non-academic writers and railroad or airline aficionados. Quastler's career has centered on documentation of the development and operation of regional transportation systems, an area generally without rigorous academic work.Besides writing about those forms of transportation, he also photographed them for historical purposes, starting in the late 1950s. He has photographed hundreds of railroads and airlines, producing one of the largest collection of images of this type from the late 1960s to the present. Additionally, he has mapped the networks of the railroads and airlines he has studied, illustrating and explaining their changes over time. In 2010 San Diego Aerospace Museum scanned 355 images from among of his extensive collection of airliner slides, making them available to the public through Flicker. <mask>'s study of regional transportation systems expanded to include commuter and regional airlines in 1968, shortly after he arrived at San Diego State College (later San Diego State University). His first book documented the rise of Swift Aire Lines, which at the time served such cities as San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Sacramento. This was the first in depth study of such airlines.During the 1970s and 1980s, Quastler documented the rise of several other commuter and regional airline networks, including Air Midwest and Scheduled Skyways. Quastler is currently conducting research for a book about the history and historical geography of Pacific Southwest Airlines, the California firm that was one of the most successful intrastate airlines in the history of the industry. In 1994, Quastler completed Commuter Airlines of the United States, co-authored with R. E. G. Davies (1921-2011), a well-known writer of airline history. The book was sponsored and published by the Smithsonian Institution, and it remains the only comprehensive history written on the commuter airline industry. Publications

<mask> E<mask> has published seventeen books and monographs and he has written twenty professional articles, reviews, and book chapters. Among his articles, he feels that those published by the journal Kansas History are his most important. Quastler's latest book is Unusual Airlines and Airliners: A Photo Journal.The author describes the book as consisting “primarily of more than 200 unusual airline and airliner photos taken by the author since 1969. The subjects range from commuter airliners, often photographed at unusual locations, to jumbo jets. They also range from airlines and services that lasted only a matter of months, to those of longer standing but which are probably unfamiliar to the average reader, whether in the United States, Canada, or elsewhere. Short essays describe the content and setting of each photograph.”

Unusual Airlines and Airliners: A Photo Journal. San Diego, CA,: R&I Publishing, 2017. The Town that Loved Katy: Parsons, Kansas, and the M-K-T Railroad, with James J. Reisdorff. David City, NE: South Platte Press, 2012.Remembering the Grand Trunk Western: A Photographic Look At Its Last Decades, with C. P. Whipp. San Diego, CA,: R&I Publishing, 2010. Grand Trunk Western Railroad: An Illustrated History. San Diego, CA, R&I Publishing, 2009. Rock Island Lines in Focus: The Railroad Photographs (1898-1925) of Jules A. Bourquin. Dallas, Texas, DeGolyer Library and San Diego, CA: R&I Publishing, 2007. Where the Rails Cross: A Railroad History of Durand, Michigan.San Diego:  R&I Press, 2005. Prairie Railroad Town: The Rock Island Railroad Shops at Horton, Kansas. David City, NE:  South Platte Press, 2003. Editor (with Arthur and Judy Getis). The United States and Canada: The Land and the People, 2nd edition. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Union Pacific West from Leavenworth.David City, NE:  South Platte Press, 1999. Kansas Central Narrow Gauge. David City, NE:  South Platte Press, 1999. Missouri Pacific Northwest: A History of the Kansas City Northwestern Railroad. David  City, NE: South Platte Press, 1994. Commuter Airlines of the United States, with R.E.G. Davies Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.Air Midwest:  The First Twenty Years. San Diego; Airline Press of California, 1985. Pioneer of the Third Level:  A History of Air Midwest. (San Diego: Commuter Airlines Press, 1980. Swift Aire Lines, 1969-1979: The History of an American Commuter Airline. San Diego: Commuter Airlines Press, 1979. The Railroads of Lawrence, Kansas, 1854-1900: A Case Study in the Causes and Consequences of an Unsuccessful American Urban Railroad Program.Lawrence: Coronado Press, 1979. Editor, Geographic Perspectives in the Future of American Railroads. San Diego: Department of Geography, Occasional Publications No. 1, 1973. Papers by Harold M. Mayer, William Wallace, Ronald Hatchett and Richard Francaviglia. References

External links
 Flicker (Quastler)
 Kansas History journal

American geographers
Wayne State University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
University of Kansas alumni
San Diego State University faculty
1940 births
Living people
Historical geographers

masks:
Imre E
. Quastler
. Quastler
Quastler
Quastler
Quastler
Quastler
Quastler
Quastler
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Quastler
Quastler
Imre
. Quastler


title: Isaac Nathan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (15 January 1864) was an English composer, musicologist, journalist and self-publicist, who has been called the "father of Australian music". Early success
<mask> was born around 1791 in the English city of Canterbury to a hazzan (Jewish cantor) born in Poland, Menahem Monash "Polack" (the Pole), and his English Jewish wife, Mary (Lewis) Goldsmid (1779–1842). He was initially destined for his father's career and went to the school of Solomon Lyon in Cambridge. Showing an enthusiasm for music, he was apprenticed to the London music publisher Domenico Corri. He also claimed to have had five years of voice lessons with Corri, who had studied with Nicola Porpora. In 1813 he conceived the idea of publishing settings of tunes from synagogue usage and persuaded Lord Byron to provide the words for these. The result was the poet's famous Hebrew Melodies.<mask>'s setting of these remained in print for most of the century. The Hebrew Melodies used, for the most part, melodies from the synagogue service, though few if any of these were in fact handed down from the ancient service of the Temple in Jerusalem, as <mask> claimed. Many were European folk-tunes that had become absorbed into the synagogue service over the centuries with new texts (contrafacta). However they were the first attempt to set out the traditional music of the synagogue, with which <mask> was well acquainted through his upbringing, before the general public. To assist sales, <mask> recruited the famous Jewish singer John Braham to place his name on the title page, in return for a share of profits, although Braham in fact took no part in the creation of the Melodies. The success of the Melodies gave <mask> some fame and notoriety. <mask> was later to claim that he had been appointed as singing teacher to the Princess Royal, Princess Charlotte, and music librarian to the Prince Regent, later George IV.There is no evidence for this, although his edition of the Hebrew Melodies was dedicated to the Princess by royal permission. Decline

In 1816, Byron left England, never to return (nor to communicate further with <mask>). In 1817 <mask>'s royal pupil Princess Charlotte died in childbirth. He thus lost his two major . <mask> undertook a runaway marriage with a music pupil, and another after his first wife's early death. Both spouses were Christian; however for both, <mask> also undertook and arranged synagogue marriages after the church ceremony. His hot temper probably accounts for a duel he fought over the honor of Lady Caroline Lamb, and his assault on an Irish nobleman who he thought had impugned one of his female pupils.The latter saw <mask> prosecuted, although he was acquitted. <mask> felt a special attachment for Lady Caroline; she was godmother to one of his children and he wrote her an appreciative poem in Hebrew, which he reprints in his Recollections of Lord Byron. Gambling on prize-fights was one cause of his financial problems. He may have spent at least some months in debtors' prisons. He wrote frequently for the popular press in London on boxing and music. He wrote comic operas for the London stage, and four of these were produced between 1823 and 1833. His copyright for Hebrew Melodies ought to have brought him income – at one point he sold it to his married sister, presumably to avoid it being lost in bankruptcy – but it became involved in complex legal disputes.He attempted a publishing business in partnership with his brother <mask>, who later became proprietor of Rosherville Gardens. <mask> published a history of music (1823), dedicated by permission to King George IV, which shows in its treatment of Jewish music a great deal of understanding of the Bible and of Jewish traditions. <mask> also attracted some renown as a singing teacher. One of his pupils was another great English poet, the very young Robert Browning, who 60 years later recalled: 'As for singing, the best master of four I have, more or less, practiced with was <mask>, Author of the Hebrew Melodies; he retained certain traditional Jewish methods of developing the voice'. Australian resurgence

<mask> claimed to have undertaken some mysterious services for the Royal Family, but the Whig government under Lord Melbourne, Lady Caroline Lamb's husband, refused payment to him, leading to his financial embarrassment. He emigrated to Australia with his children, arriving in April 1841. There he became a leader of local musical life, acting as music adviser both to the synagogue and to the Roman Catholic cathedral in Sydney.He gave first or early performances in Australia of many of the works of Mozart and Beethoven. On 3 May 1847, his Don John of Austria, the first opera to be written, composed and produced in Australia, was performed at the Royal Victoria Theatre, Sydney. He was the first to research and transcribe indigenous Australian music, and also set lyrics by the poet Eliza Hamilton Dunlop. Death and descendants

The London Jewish Chronicle of 25 March 1864 reported from Sydney:

Mr. <mask> was a passenger by No. 2 tramway car […] [he] alighted from the car at the southern end, but before he got clear of the rails the car moved onwards […] he was thus whirled round by the sudden motion of the carriage and his body was brought under the front wheel. The horse-drawn tram was the first in Sydney: <mask> was Australia's (indeed the southern hemisphere's) first tram fatality. He was buried in Sydney; his tomb is at Camperdown Cemetery.Many of <mask>'s descendants became leading Australian citizens. Later descendants include three brothers – the conductor Sir Charles Mackerras; the psephologist Malcolm Mackerras; the headmaster of Sydney Grammar School Alastair Mackerras – and their nephew, the conductor Alexander Briger. Summary

<mask>'s Hebrew Melodies was in print in England at least until the 1850s and was known across Europe. Moreover, <mask> can claim some credit as inspiring Byron's texts. These not only in themselves diffused a spirit of philosemitism in cultured circles (indeed they became perhaps Byron's most genuinely popular work); but they were used as the basis for settings by many other composers in the nineteenth century, both Jewish (Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn, Joachim) and gentile (Schumann, Loewe, Mussorgsky, Balakirev, and others). <mask>'s writings on music had little direct influence, small sales, and received no serious reviews in the press. In isolation, he struck upon and highlighted a theme which was at the time a major concern of the Jewish intellectual movement in Germany; the delineation and promotion of a genuine Jewish culture.The same spirit seems to have motivated his pioneering work with the music of the indigenous Australians. Finally, <mask>'s indomitable refusal to admit defeat in life in exile – he undoubtedly paralleled himself with his hero Byron – has enabled him, from his concertising and writings on Aboriginal music, to be justly remembered by antipodean musicologists as "the father of Australian music". Tribute
Peter Sculthorpe wrote an orchestral piece in 1988 called "At the Grave of <mask>". Portrait
Portrait of <mask> held by the National Library of Australia. References

Bibliography

 Conway, David (2012) Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1836) Musurgia vocalis : an essay on the history and theory of music and on the qualities, capabilities, and management of the human voice. London: Fentum, 1836.Slonimsky, N (ed,) Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, New York: G. Schirmer, 1958. Young, Percy M. (1990) Review of Burwick & Douglass,  in Music & Letters, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Feb. 1990), pp. 148–150

External links

Interpretations

, Nyssa Milligan, soprano; Katrina Faulds, piano
, James Doig, tenor; Katrina Faulds, piano
Resources on <mask> in MusicAustralia
Lord Byron's Matzos
<mask> and Lady Caroline Lamb

The Late Mr. <mask> The Sydney Morning Herald 21 January 1864

1790s births
1864 deaths
19th-century British composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century English people
19th-century British male musicians
Australian opera composers
British music educators
English classical composers
English emigrants to Australia
English gamblers
English Jews
English male classical composers
English opera composers
English sportswriters
Ethnomusicologists
Jewish classical composers
Jewish classical musicians
Jewish opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Kent
People from Canterbury
Road incident deaths in New South Wales

masks:
Isaac Nathan
Isaac Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Barnett Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Nathan
Isaac Nathan
Isaac Nathan
Nathan
Isaac
Isaac Nathan
Isaac Nathan
Isaac Nathan


title: Ragan Smith

texts:
<mask> (born August 8, 2000) is an American collegiate gymnast. She is a five-time member of the US National Team (2014–2019). She is the 2017 United States national all-around champion and was an alternate for the 2016 Olympic team. Personal life
<mask> was born in Snellville, Georgia, to Michael and <mask>. She has two younger brothers. Her mother was a gymnastics coach. <mask> began gymnastics in 2004.<mask> lived in Lewisville, Texas for six years, and she currently lives in Norman, Oklahoma. Junior career

2013
<mask> qualified for Junior International Elite status in 2013 and advanced to the 2013 Secret U.S. Classic in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. She placed 23rd in the all-around and advanced to U.S. Nationals later in the month, where she finished 17th all-around. 2014
<mask> attended her first international assignment in March 2014, after her addition to the U.S. National Team, at the 2014 City of Jesolo Trophy in Venice, Italy. She contributed an all-around score of 52.650. In August 2014, <mask> competed at the 2014 Secret U.S. Classic and scored 54.450, finishing thirteenth in the all-around and first on floor, advancing to the U.S. Nationals, where she placed seventh in the all-around with a two-day combined total of 110.750 and second on beam and floor with scores of 29.000 and 29.150, respectively. 2015
In March, <mask> once again attended the City of Jesolo Trophy.In qualifications, which also served as an all-around/team final, <mask> placed 5th with a score of 56.100 and made both the vault and floor finals. She scored a 14.350 on vault, earning a third-place finish, and 14.250 on floor, placing second. <mask> competed in the Secret U.S. Classic, placing 1st on the floor exercise, as well as 2nd in the all-around and 3rd on vault. In August, <mask> attended the 2015 US Nationals. She came in 3rd all-around with a two-day combined score of 116.450 and won both balance beam and floor. On December 19, 2015, <mask> committed to the University of Oklahoma and the Sooners program. Senior career

2016
<mask>'s senior debut came at the 2016 City of Jesolo Trophy in March, where she finished second on beam, floor, and the all-around.In April, she competed at the Pacific Rim Championships, winning balance beam with a score of 15.225. At the Secret U.S. Classic, <mask> finished fifth on beam and tied for sixth on bars. At the U.S. Olympic Trials in San Jose on July 10, 2016, she scored 15.3 on the balance beam and finished second on the event. On July 10, <mask> was named as an alternate to the 2016 Olympic team, alongside Ashton Locklear and MyKayla Skinner. 2017
On March 4, <mask> won the gold medal ahead of Japanese Olympian Asuka Teramoto at the American Cup in Newark, New Jersey. In July <mask> competed at the U.S. Classic on uneven bars and balance beam only. She took first place on both events.On August 20, <mask> won the 2017 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships all-around title with a two-day combined score of 115.250, over three points ahead of silver medalist Jordan Chiles. She also placed first on floor exercise ahead of Jade Carey and Trinity Thomas, first on balance beam ahead of Riley McCusker and Thomas, and third on uneven bars behind McCusker and Locklear. She was named to the national team for the fourth consecutive year. On September 20, <mask> was selected to represent the United States at the 2017 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Montreal alongside Carey, Locklear, and Morgan Hurd. During qualifications <mask> qualified to the all-around final in second place behind Mai Murakami of Japan despite an uncharacteristic fall on the balance beam. <mask> also qualified to the floor exercise final in first with a score of 14.433, ahead of Murakami and teammate Carey. She was arguably the favorite to win the all-around title, but minutes before her first rotation on vault she injured her ankle during warmups and withdrew from the all-around final.This was only one of many injuries sustained by major contenders over the course of the championships, with Kohei Uchimura of Japan, Rebeca Andrade of Brazil and Larisa Iordache of Romania all withdrawing from the competition due to injury. Oksana Chusovitina of Uzbekistan, the athlete representative,  mentioned that the new podium training format only allowed the gymnasts a few minutes on each piece, not giving the gymnasts a sufficient amount of time to get used to the equipment, and suggested this as a reason for a much larger number of mistakes and injuries than usual. <mask>'s injury also forced her to withdraw from the floor exercise event final. <mask>'s recovery included extensive physical therapy and rehab as she chose to avoid the risks of surgery. 2018
In her comeback meet, <mask> competed at the City of Jesolo Trophy in April. The US did not field a team, but <mask> and club teammate Emma Malabuyo competed as individuals. <mask> won silver in the all-around, balance beam, and uneven bars.She competed at the 2018 U.S. Classic in late July. She only competed on vault, balance beam, and uneven bars. She finished third on balance beam. Marred by lingering torn ligaments in her ankle, broken toes, and mental struggles at the 2018 U.S Championships in August, <mask> finished 10th in the all-around, 8th on vault, 8th on beam, tied for 11th on bars, and 11th on floor over the cumulative two day competition. She was not selected for the eight member national team for 2018. In October <mask> participated in the Worlds Team Selection Camp. During the competition she placed fifth in the all-around, third on balance beam behind Kara Eaker and Riley McCusker, fourth on vault and floor exercise, and eighth on uneven bars.The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2018 World Championships alongside Biles, Morgan Hurd, McCusker, Grace McCallum, and Eaker. As a result of making the World Championship team, <mask> was added back onto the National Team. While in Doha she was chosen as the alternate. Although she did not compete at the World Championships, she still earned a gold medal alongside her teammates. In December <mask> officially signed with the Oklahoma Sooners women's gymnastics program, starting in the 2020–21 season. 2019
In 2019, <mask> attended the U.S. Women's National Team camps in January, February, and May but was noticeably absent from the June camp, despite all other National Team members being in attendance, sparking rumors that she was going to attend the University of Oklahoma in the fall. In July, <mask> confirmed on Instagram that she had decided to join the Oklahoma Sooners for the 2019–2020 season, presumably ending her elite career as she was not on the roster to compete at the upcoming U.S. Classic.NCAA career

2019–2020 season
In July, <mask> announced that she would be joining the Oklahoma Sooners women's gymnastics team for the 2019–2020 season, instead of deferring for a year like she had originally planned. She made her NCAA debut at the Collegiate Challenge where she competed the all-around and helped Oklahoma finish first, recording the highest score on balance beam for her team. 2021–2022 season
<mask> competed on January 9 in a meet against Alabama. She competed on uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise, helping Oklahoma win the meet. On February 6, in a meet against Texas Women's University, <mask> earned her first collegiate perfect ten on the balance beam. Career perfect 10.0

Selected competitive skills

Competitive history

Junior

Senior

NCAA

References

External links

2000 births
American female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts from Texas
Living people
Oklahoma Sooners women's gymnasts
People from Snellville, Georgia
U.S. women's national team gymnasts
NCAA gymnasts who have scored a perfect 10
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area

masks:
Ragan Elizabeth Smith
Smith
Kerry Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
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title: Abbot Kinney

texts:
<mask> (November 16, 1850 in New Brunswick, New Jersey – November 4, 1920 in Santa Monica, California) was an American developer, conservationist, water supply expert and tree expert. <mask> is best known for his "Venice of America" development in Los Angeles. Early life
<mask>'s family moved to Washington, D.C., and became known in politics. His aunt's husband was Senator James Dixon of Connecticut. At the age of 16, the  <mask> went to Europe, where he studied in Heidelberg, Paris and Zürich and became fluent in six languages. A walking tour of Italy took him to Venice and the Italian Riviera. Returning to Washington in 1869 he joined the Maryland National Guard and in 1873 was able to join a U.S. Geological Survey team to map the Sioux reservations of the Dakotas.He traveled to Salt Lake City and Oregon and rejoined the survey team in the Yosemite Valley. In 1874, <mask> joined the tobacco business run by his older brother, Francis S<mask>, with offices in New York. The Kinney Brothers Tobacco Company did much of its purchasing in the Southern states and then took an interest in imported tobaccos. In 1876, <mask> traveled to Egypt and Ottoman Macedonia. Kinneloa

Instead of returning home, <mask> took an extended vacation through Europe, India, Ceylon, New Guinea, Australia and Hawaii. After his arrival in San Francisco in January 1880, his plans to travel east by train were delayed by snow. So <mask>, an asthmatic, improvised with a side trip to a Southern California health resort, the Sierra Madre Villa Hotel.After showing up without a reservation, he slept on a billiard table in the parlor, where he awoke in the morning free of asthma symptoms. This positive experience inspired him to purchase  of nearby property, which he named "Kinneloa". Conservationist
<mask> was appointed to a three-year position as chairman of the California Board of Forestry. There he developed an agency to protect the forests of the San Gabriel Mountains, where ranchers typically set fires to clear land for livestock grazing, but then, as a result, subsequent rainfalls led to flooding in the valleys. On his own property, he developed land management techniques for raising livestock alongside cultivated forests. Aided by his friend naturalist John Muir, <mask> established the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve in December 1892, forerunner to the Angeles National Forest. In 1883, <mask> and Helen Hunt Jackson co-wrote a report for the U.S. Department of the Interior on the condition of California Mission Indians.This report and others led to the Mission Indian Act of 1891, which created a commission to seek to establish or confirm reservations in Southern California. In 1887, <mask> established the nation's first forestry station in Rustic Canyon on  of land donated by Santa Monica co-founder John P. Jones (also a U.S. Senator from Nevada), and Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker. One of the station's projects was a study of the newly introduced eucalyptus trees. Real estate developments

Santa Monica
Kinneloa did not suit <mask>'s first wife <mask> in the summer months, and in 1886 they built a summer home in Santa Monica. <mask> formed the Santa Monica Improvement Company in 1887 and built a lawn tennis club. In 1887 <mask> purchased  of land on the bluffs north of Santa Monica Canyon to be developed as "Santa Monica Heights", but economic conditions forced <mask> to abandon the project.Collis P. Huntington of the Southern Pacific Railroad bought the property in 1891 and renamed it "Huntington Palisades." <mask> shifted his attention to the coastal area south of Santa Monica. Ocean Park
In 1891, <mask> and his partner, Francis Ryan, bought a controlling interest in Pacific Ocean Casino and a tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long  and  wide along the Santa Monica beach. <mask> and Ryan built a pier, golf course, horse-racing track, boardwalk and other resort amenities. <mask> convinced the Santa Fe Railroad to extend its Inglewood line north to his resort. Ryan died in 1898, and his widow's new husband, Thomas Dudley, sold their half interest to a group of men (Fraser, Gage and Merritt Jones) not to <mask>'s liking. With a flip of a coin, which <mask> won, he took the marshy southern half to build his Venice of America.<mask> Boulevard is named for him. The Venice of America

The Venice recreation area opened on July 4, 1905. Venice came to be known as the "Coney Island of the Pacific." By mid-January 1906, an area was built along the edge of the Grand Lagoon patterned after the amusement thoroughfares of the great 19th and 20th century expositions. It featured foreign exhibits, amusements, and freak shows. Trolley service was available from Downtown Los Angeles and nearby Santa Monica. Around the entire park, a miniature steam railroad ran on a  track.The park included a system of canals complete with gondolas and gondoliers brought in from Venice, Italy. There were ornate Venetian-style businesses and a full-sized amusement pier with an ocean aquarium featuring a seal and marine life. <mask> and some of the nearby residents were aghast at some of the low-class shows that Venice began to offer, but it was considered the best collection of amusement devices on the Pacific Coast, and made a significant profit. Eventually, <mask> gained control of city politics and had the name changed from "Ocean Park" to "Venice" in 1911. <mask> was also allowed to build a  long breakwater to protect his facilities from storm tides. Kinney Heights
Around 1900 Kinney developed a suburban tract at what was then the western edge of the city of Los Angeles. Named Kinney Heights, the development attracted mostly upper-middle-class families who built large Craftsman homes, many of which still stand.The area is now part of the West Adams Terrace Historic Preservation Overlay Zone (HPOZ). Published works
1890: Australian Ballot System, Evening Express Co., 31 pages
1893: The Conquest of Death, 259 pages
1893: Task By Twilight, B.R. Baumgardt & Co, 211 pages
1895: Eucalyptus, B.R. Baumgardt & Co., (Read Books, ,  334 pages, 2008)
1900: Forest and Water, The Post Pub. Co.

Family life
In his travels to the California State Legislature in Sacramento, <mask> met Margaret Thornton, daughter of Associate California Supreme Court Justice James D. Thornton. They were married in November 1884 and had seven children, three of whom died during childhood. After Margaret died in June 1911, <mask> married Winifred Harwell in 1914, formally adopting her two children by him.<mask> died suddenly in November 1920. He is buried at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica. Legacy
The Venice Pier business was carried on by <mask>'s oldest son Thornton. In December 1920, however, the amusement pier was completely destroyed by fire, except for the new roller coaster and the bandstand tower. The operation was rebuilt and reopened in six months. The miniature railroad ran until 1924. Venice became part of the city of Los Angeles in October 1925.The Venice of America canals came under sharp scrutiny by the health department. The lack of water circulation through the system left the waters turbid and malodorous. The bulk of the canals were paved over in 1929 after a protracted three-year court battle. The remaining canal district stayed in poor condition until extensively renovated in 1992. The canals have since become an expensive residential section and many large, modern houses have been built. The Venice Canal Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. The Venice Pier's demise came in 1946 when the city did not renew the lease on the tidelands.<mask>'s adopted son, Thornton Parillo, left a government position and moved to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he wrote stories and books on his father's experience in Southern California. <mask>'s creative spirit continued on to his children and the next generation. Though most of <mask>'s work has been demolished, some of his buildings and Venetian-style arches remain, along with his breakwater. In fiction

In the urban fantasy / alternate history novel, California Bones (Tor Books, June 2014), by Greg van Eekhout, <mask>'s Venetian experiment grew to encompass all of Los Angeles, taking the place of what might otherwise have become L.A.'s metropolitan roads, becoming part of a hydraulic empire overseen by an immortal William Mulholland. References

External links

 KCET Departures: "Venice of America"
 Abbot Kinney Festival

American real estate businesspeople
American conservationists
Businesspeople from California
Land owners from California
American tobacco industry executives
Venice, Los Angeles
1850 births
1920 deaths
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Los Angeles
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
People from Santa Monica, California
People from the San Gabriel Valley
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica
19th century in Los Angeles
20th century in Los Angeles
Activists from California

masks:
Abbot Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
. Kinney
Abbot
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Margaret Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
Kinney
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title: Mike Groene

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Michael K<mask> ( ; born August 10, 1955) is a politician from the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. In 2014, he was elected to the Nebraska Legislature, representing a district in the southwestern part of the state, including the city of North Platte. <mask> is a member of the Republican Party. He resigned in 2022 after admitting to taking sexually inappropriate photographs of a legislative aide. Early life and education

<mask> was born August 20, 1955, and raised on a farm near Olean in northeastern Nebraska. He graduated from high school in Dodge in 1973. He attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, graduating in 1977 with a Bachelor of Science degree in agricultural economics.Career
<mask> began working for Brothers Equipment Company, a dealer in new and used agricultural implements based in Friend, Nebraska. In the course of this job, he moved to Holyoke, Colorado in 1990. In 1997, he returned to Nebraska, settling in the city of North Platte. In April 2018, he became widely known for his insulting emails towards persons out of his district. In Holyoke, <mask> involved himself in Republican Party politics. In 1995, he ran for the local school board. According to Groene, he paid little attention to taxes in Colorado.However, when he moved back to Nebraska in 1997, he said, he was struck by how much higher the taxes were. In particular, he described his house in Nebraska as comparable to the one he had occupied in Colorado, but with a property tax bill twice as high. In North Platte, <mask> co-founded the Western Nebraska Taxpayers Association, which he described as a nonpartisan group with no agenda apart from lowering taxes. In 2006, the group staged a petition drive to amend the Nebraska constitution; the proposed amendment would have limited the growth of state government spending to the rate of inflation and population growth. Enough signatures were secured to place the measure on the ballot; it was opposed by groups including the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), the National Education Association (NEA), the Nebraska Farm Bureau, the League of Nebraska Municipalities, the Nebraska and the Greater Omaha Chambers of Commerce, and the Associated General Contractors. By November 1, shortly before the election, the pro-limit campaign had raised about $1.7 million, most of it from two out-of-state organizations, Americans for Limited Government and the National Taxpayers Union; the opposition had raised $2.4 million, about half of which came from the AARP and the NEA. The measure failed by a margin of 30–70%.In 2006, <mask> also ran for a seat on the board of governors of Mid-Plains Community College. In the general election, he was defeated by a margin of 45–55%. In the course of the 2006 campaigns, <mask> met Pete Ricketts, who was then making an unsuccessful attempt to win one of Nebraska's U.S. Senate seats from incumbent Ben Nelson. Discussions between <mask> and Ricketts led to the establishment of the Platte Institute for Economic Research, which described itself as "Nebraska's first Free Market think tank". When the organization was launched in 2007, Ricketts held the title of director and president; <mask> was a member of the board. 2014 election

In 2014, <mask> announced that he would run for a seat in the Nebraska legislature, representing the 42nd District, which was coterminous with Lincoln County. Under Nebraska's term-limits law, the incumbent, Tom Hansen, was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term.2014 primary

<mask> faced two other candidates in the nonpartisan primary election. Scott Dulin, a member of the Democratic Party from North Platte, had grown up on a farm near Hershey, then worked for the Union Pacific Railroad for 19 years, then spent four years working as a rail accident investigator for a Minnesota law firm. While at Union Pacific, he had served for ten years as the local union chairman; for four years, he had served as the alternate legislative representative. Roric Paulman, like <mask> a Republican, was a farmer from Sutherland. He was president of the non-profit Nebraska Water Balance Alliance, and had served on state task forces dealing with water and agricultural issues. None of the candidates had previously held public office. All three candidates named taxes as an issue of concern, and expressed support for lowering property taxes.None of the three supported the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA); Dulin supported the proposed expansion of Medicaid in Nebraska under the ACA's provisions, while <mask> and Paulman opposed it. In the primary election, Paulman received 42.3% of the vote; <mask>, 37.6%; and Dulin, 20.0%. As the top two vote-getters, Paulman and Groene moved on to the general election. 2014 general election

In announcing his candidacy, <mask> had stated that he would not accept contributions from "special interest groups", and would only accept "help to run his campaign from individual citizens". Over the course of the entire campaign, he secured $37,000 in contributions and spent $35,000. Major contributors to the campaign included <mask> and his family, donating $8800; Providence Investments of North Platte, contributing $3500; and two individuals, one in Blair and one in Columbus, each contributing $2500. The Paulman campaign's total receipts amounted to $162,000; its total expenditures were $167,000.Paulman contributed $34,000 to his campaign, and loaned it another $54,000. Major contributions included $10,000 from the Nebraska Hospital Association, $4750 from the Nebraska Bankers State PAC, $4500 from the Nebraska Realtors, and $3300 from the Nebraska Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Paulman received endorsements from the Nebraska Farm Bureau and the Nebraska chapter of the AFL–CIO. His campaign website listed endorsements from nine members of the state legislature, including 42nd District incumbent Hansen. When the general election was held, <mask> received 5322 votes, or 51.5% of the total, to Paulman's 5008 votes, or 48.5%. <mask> described his victory as unexpected, and attributed it to extensive door-to-door campaigning, and to buying time every week on a local talk-radio show. Legislative tenure

2015 session

In the 2015 legislative session, <mask> was assigned to the Education Committee, the Government, Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, and the Nebraska Retirement Systems Committee.<mask> led two successful filibusters in the 2015 session. LB18 would have required Nebraska students to be vaccinated against meningitis. Supporters of the measure argued that mandatory vaccination was necessary as a public-health measure, and was supported by the general medical community; opponents maintained that the incidence of meningitis in Nebraska was low, and that the danger was not sufficient to justify the incursion on individual freedom. A second filibuster killed LB423, which would have made tax credits available for wind- or solar-energy production. Supporters argued that the bill would spur development of Nebraska's wind-power resources, and would boost the economy of rural areas; <mask> and other opponents contended that the unreliability of wind power would preclude using it to replace coal plants, and that the $75 million cost of the tax credits would ultimately be borne by ratepayers and taxpayers. Among the "most significant" actions taken by the Legislature in its 2015 session were three bills that passed over vetoes by governor Pete Ricketts. LB268 repealed the state's death penalty; LB623 reversed the state's previous policy of denying driver's licenses to people who were living illegally in the United States after being brought to the country as children, and who had been granted exemption from deportation under the Barack Obama administration's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program; and LB610 increased the tax on gasoline to pay for repairs to roads and bridges.<mask> voted against the death-penalty repeal, and to sustain Ricketts's veto of the measure; he voted against passage of LB623, and to sustain the gubernatorial veto; and he voted against passage of the gas-tax increase, and to sustain the veto. 2016 session

In its 2016 session, the Nebraska legislature passed three bills that Ricketts then vetoed. LB580 would have created an independent commission of citizens to draw new district maps following censuses; supporters described it as an attempt to de-politicize the redistricting process, while Ricketts maintained that the bill delegated the legislature's constitutional duty of redistricting to "an unelected and unaccountable board". In the bill's 29–15 passage, Groene voted against it, stating "Politicians are giving more and more authority to un-elected appointed commissions to avoid having to take a stand on issues." Sponsor John Murante opted not to seek an override of the governor's veto. A second vetoed bill, LB935, would have changed state audit procedures. The bill passed by a margin of 37–8, with 4 present and not voting; Groene was one of those voting against it, on the grounds that an amendment to the bill had made it more difficult for citizens to monitor spending by state employees and elected officials.The bill was withdrawn without an attempt to override the veto; the state auditor agreed to work with the governor on a new version for the next year's session. A third bill passed over Ricketts's veto. LB947 made DACA beneficiaries eligible for commercial and professional licenses in Nebraska. The bill passed the Legislature on a vote of 33–11–5, with <mask> among those voting against it; the veto override passed 31–13–5, with <mask> again casting a nay vote. <mask> stated that his opposition arose from the belief that illegal immigrants "cheat the system and jump the line", and should not be rewarded for this misconduct. The legislature failed to pass LB10, greatly desired by the Republican Party, which would have restored Nebraska to a winner-take-all scheme of allocating its electoral votes in U.S. presidential elections, rather than continuing its practice of awarding the electoral vote for each congressional district to the candidate who received the most votes in that district. Supporters were unable to break a filibuster; in the 32–17 cloture motion, <mask> was among those who voted in favor of the bill.Resignation

<mask> resigned his office in February 2022 after being accused of taking sexually inappropriate photographs of a female legislative aide. He also dropped out of a race for a seat on the University of Nebraska Board of Regents. <mask> denies that the photographs were sexual in nature. Controversy

Senator <mask> is known for unguarded remarks toward constituents and his colleagues in the Legislature, including insults and vulgar hand gestures. He has described this behavior as a "push against the wall tactic" he considers successful when an opponent has "lost it". Intentionally contracting COVID
Groene opposes measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and stated that he wanted to become infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. He successfully contracted COVID in October 2020.<mask> personally insulted his constituents who contacted him in disagreement with his response to the pandemic and his desire to become infected. Groene called constituents "stupid," "fanatic," and "pathetic" because of their opinion that the virus should be controlled. Because constituents were confused about where to complain about Groene's insults, the Lincoln Journal Star printed guidance on the topic. Religion useful to "keep people in line"

During a 2019 hearing about a bill mandating the phrase "In God We Trust" be displayed in every classroom in Nebraska, Groene stated that fear of Hell and fear of God are useful to "keep people in line." He felt that atheists should promote religion because, in his view, religion is useful to control people and to make children obedient. Atheists criticized Groene's statement, including blogger Hemant Mehta who called it a "startling admission" of the way conservative politicians use religion to manipulate people. Horse massage

Groene proposed a bill to change the regulations around massage therapy for horses and other equines in 2018.A woman contacted Groene criticizing him for spending time on the horse massage bill, which she considered frivolous, rather than a bill to place social workers in schools. Groene responded crudely to her, saying that "asses" are equines so the woman should seek an equine massage. A "social media firestorm" occurred in response to <mask>'s words, according to local media. Inappropriate photos
A staffer working for Groene discovered photos of herself on Groene's laptop in the course of her work. The staffer said that the invasive photos were emailed with captions of a sexual and demeaning nature. After speaking with governor Pete Ricketts, <mask> announced his resignation from the Legislature. Senator Megan Hunt requested an investigation into the possibility that the incident with the photos represents criminal wrongdoing.Senator Jen Day joined Hunt in her call for an investigation, and remarked that she was unsurprised by the allegations because of "the really deep misogyny that exists in the Nebraska Legislature towards female senators and female staff members." Personal life
<mask> married in 1985; he and his wife Barb have two children. References

External links
<mask>'s Nebraska Legislature website

1955 births
Nebraska state senators
Nebraska Republicans
Living people
People from North Platte, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from Phillips County, Colorado
21st-century American politicians
People from Colfax County, Nebraska

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title: Thomas Browne, 4th Viscount Kenmare

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<mask>, 6th Baronet & 4th Viscount <mask> (April 1726 – 11 September 1795) was an Irish landowner and politician. Family
<mask>'s father, Valentine Browne (1695–1736), 5th Baronet and 3rd Viscount Kenmare, was one of the few remaining Roman Catholic landowners in Ireland. His first wife, Honora Butler (?-1730) gave birth to four children, the second of whom was <mask>. The 3rd Viscount built Kenmare House, in Killarney, County Kerry in 1726. This site would become the main residence of the Browne family for the next three centuries. <mask> inherited the estate and the house upon the death of his father in 1736 but did not make the site his permanent place of residence until the mid 1750s. In 1750, he married Anne Cooke, daughter of <mask> of Painstown, County Carlow.The pair had two children; Valentine (b.1754) and Katherine(?). The family resided in Dublin between December 1753 and July 1954 but settled in Killarney following this brief absence. The Brownes were forced to migrate again in 1761. The Kenmare Manuscripts cite the children's education, Lady Kenmare's health and "an indignity which some envious characters under the sanction of the penal laws...mediated against (him)" as possible reasons for this move. The 1760s saw them travel Europe, visiting London, Paris and Lille and returning to Killarney periodically throughout the decade. By 1788, <mask> was in residence in Kenmare House once more. Education
Browne attended Westminster School until the death of his father in 1736.His older brother, Valentine, died in 1728 leaving the ten year old <mask> to inherit the title of Viscount and an estate of over 120,000 acres that stretched across Kerry, Cork and Limerick. Browne was placed under the care of his aunt Katherine, wife of Don Louis da Cunha, Portuguese ambassador in London. She enrolled him in the English seminary at Douai in 1736. He spent four years studying here before moving on to enrol at Oxford. There were many attempts to convert him to the Church of England faith throughout his studies. His refusal to accept Protestantism cost him a university matriculation at Oxford and a place in the English House of Commons. He finished his studies at the Academy of Turin and earned the respect of the King and the royal family of Sardinia.Politics

The Viscount Kenmare Title
The title Viscount <mask> was granted to the Browne family by James II in March 1689. This was an Irish peerage created after the removal of James II from the English throne, while he was still was de facto king of Ireland and prior to the conquest of William III. The first and second Viscounts fought for James II but were firm in their Catholicism seem never to have been formally attainted under William. Consequently, the peerage remained on the Irish patent roll in a constitutionally ambiguous position, but was not formally recognised by the Protestant political establishment. The 4th Viscount's Politics
<mask>'s aristocratic status and landownership naturally led him to play a prominent role in Catholic politics during the later eighteenth century. <mask> sought to show that Roman Catholics could be incorporated in the Protestant settlement of eighteenth-century Ireland. In the early 1760s, he proposed unsuccessfully the establishment of an Irish regiment, with Catholic officers as well as other ranks, formally in Portuguese service but in practice supporting Britain's effort during the Seven Years' War.At the same time, <mask>, and other heads of Catholic families, were suspected by some Protestants of organising the Whiteboy agrarian riots in Munster as part of a conspiracy to gain power in Ireland with French assistance. The desire of prominent Catholics to show that they did not wish forcibly to overthrow the constitutional settlement contributed to the development of the Catholic Committee, formed to argue for Catholic relief in Ireland. During the 1770s, with Arthur James Plunkett, seventh earl of Fingall, and Anthony Preston, eleventh Viscount Gormanston, as well as a number of senior bishops, <mask> formed a conservative party on the committee, arguing that Catholic relief was best obtained by producing declarations of loyalty and maintaining good relations with the Dublin and London administrations. This group became the dominant force on the committee. <mask>'s correspondence with Edmund Burke shows that he maintained communication with the British parliamentary opposition, but he principally regarded the economic and constitutional reform championed by the Rockingham whigs and their Irish allies as a distraction that conflicted with his wish to maintain close ties with the government. To this end, he supported the recruitment of soldiers in Ireland to fight for Britain in the American War of Independence during the 1770s. His pro-government policy began to pay dividends when the first important Relief Acts were passed in 1778 and 1782, though other factors, including the development of Irish patriotism, the decline of Jacobitism, and the changing imperial context, were undoubtedly important as well.The political ferment in Ireland following the recognition of legislative independence in 1782 threatened <mask>'s strategy. Demands for the widening of the parliamentary franchise among the volunteer and patriot movements raised the question of whether Catholics should be included in any measure of reform, but involvement in the campaign was opposed by <mask> and the conservatives on the committee, which never actually discussed the issue. On 11 November 1783, at the start of a discussion on Catholic relief at the national convention of volunteers in Dublin, George Ogle, a Wexford MP, announced that he had received "a letter from a Roman Catholic peer expressive of the sentiments of the Catholics in general … that they had relinquished the idea of making any claims further than the religious liberties they enjoyed." Ogle's intervention stopped debate on Catholic claims. Though purportedly written by <mask>, the letter was actually composed by his cousin, Sir Boyle Roche, who, as a Protestant, had represented <mask>'s views in the Commons. <mask> could therefore deny authorship, ensuring that no break with the administration occurred, and that division in the committee was avoided. Killarney

Improvements
Coming of age in 1747, Browne took over the Kenmare Estate and returned to Killarney.Upon arrival he noted that the area was "a large barren waste" and professed an interest in improving the district. In his efforts to revitalise Killarney he drained the bogs, built and mended roads and houses, he planted trees and divided the land into sectioned fields. Tenants were given long leases and were offered cheap rent in exchange for improving their own dwelling places. Almost all the physical work involved in these projects was done by Browne's tenants. This work was considered charitable at the time as people earned a substantial wage by completing seemingly trivial jobs. Eager to improve the town, he also invested the profit earned at his salmon fisheries into public works. The town grew with time however, the circumstances of his tenants declined.He had invested around £30,000 pounds in this venture and spent ten years living among them yet his efforts to help the people had not come to full fruition. Despite this, Browne's legacy in Killarney is a lasting one, largely due to the fact that he was among the first to suggest Killarney as a tourist destination. Tourism
Browne was quick to realise that the beauty of Killarney could be used to its advantage and began a campaign to promote Killarney as a tourist destination. He granted land to the Great Southern Railway in 1854, allowing for the construction of the first railway hotel. His infrastructure enterprises included the building of inns and lodges that would be able to house visitors during the summer months. The people of Killarney were encouraged to embrace the spirt of tourism. Private tour services were set up whereby a local would act as a guide and usher visitors around the town and the lakes.The boats organised to sail the lakes would often stop at Inisfallen island where the 7th century Abbey had been transformed into a dining hall at the request of the Viscount <mask>. Browne was aided by his family in this tourism venture. His sister travelled Europe and encouraged people to visit Killarney, lauding the town's beauty. Death and legacy
Lord <mask> died in Killarney on 11 September 1795, and was succeeded by his son Valentine Browne (1754–1812), who maintained his father's political stance, and was created earl of Kenmare in 1801. See also
Ireland 1691–1801

References

1726 births
1795 deaths
<mask> from County Kerry
Viscounts in the Jacobite peerage
Baronets in the Baronetage of Ireland
Irish Jacobites

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title: Johann Juncker

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<mask> (23 December 1679 in Londorf, Hesse – 25 October 1759 in Halle) was a German physician and chemist. <mask> was a leader in the Pietist reform movement as it applied to medicine. He directed the Francke Foundations and initiated approaches to medical practice, charitable treatment, and education at the University of Halle that influenced others internationally. He was a staunch proponent of Georg Ernst Stahl and helped to more clearly present Stahl's phlogiston theory of combustion. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 23 December 1679 to <mask>, a well-to-do tenant farmer in Londorf, near Giessen. Juncker went to school in Allendorf and Obernhof, before attending the Pädagogium in Giessen for four years. The head of the institution at that time, J. H. May, was a Pietist.A dissident evangelical reform movement, Pietism emphasized the practical application of theology and active charitable work. <mask> attended the University of Marburg, matriculating on 30 October 1696 with a degree in philosophy. His studies were briefly interrupted when he helped his parents relocate to Franconia in 1696, due to hostilities of the Nine Years' War. As of 2 November 1697,
Juncker moved to the newly founded University of Halle (or Fridericiana),
a center of Pietist theological reform
where he began studying theology. Philosophical lectures were given by Christoph Cellarius and  theological lectures by August Hermann Francke. <mask> also took classes in medicine with Friedrich Hoffmann and Georg Ernst Stahl while at Halle. Juncker received free meals and lodging as part of an initiative, backed by a royal order, that collected funds for the support of students.Like many of the poorer students, <mask> taught in the Pädagogium at Halle. Career
From 1701 to 1707 <mask> held a sequence of teaching positions, in Halle, Lemgo, Schaaken and Pyrmont. In 1707 he married Charlotte Sophie the Countess of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1667-1723). They lived in Schwarzenau, where he continued to study medicine. In 1716 <mask> returned to Halle at the request of Francke, to become medical supervisor of the school, orphanage and clinic that Francke had founded. The institutions were collectively known as the Franckesche Stiftungen or Francke Foundations. <mask> completed his medical studies under Michael Alberti and graduated on 27 January 1717 with a doctor of medicine.The Francke Foundations were shaped by the Pietist movement. As a pedagogical center, the institutions at Halle influenced educational systems both in Germany and internationally. <mask> was a leader of Pietist medicine, influential in establishing approaches to medical practice, charitable treatment, and education at Halle. Poor patients received both medical treatment and medicines for free. Charity patients and those able to pay received medicines of equal quality. <mask> supervised the laboratories where medicines were produced. They were exported to countries as far away as India and South Africa, and provided the institution with an important source of income.As director of the orphanage and its associated medical clinic, <mask> made the practice of volunteering at the clinic (previously an option for medical students) required as part of the medical curriculum. The addition of this Collegium clinicum or practical training to the curriculum led to the expansion of both the medical program and the clinic. Under <mask>'s direction, the clinic provided free medical care to thousands of poor patients each year. As a result of <mask>'s approach, Halle became an "internationally renowned centre of practical training". <mask>'s clinic at Halle has been described as "a second influential source of clinical teaching". It was preceded only by Herman Boerhaave's clinic, which was established in 1714, three years earlier. Although other institutions were slow to model themselves on it,
<mask>'s work at Halle inspired the establishment of clinics at Berlin, Göttingen, Jena, and Erfurt.<mask> wrote and published extensively. In 1721 he published Conspectus chirurgiae, an alphabetical listing describing surgical and obstetrical instruments, bandages, and other medical equipment such as a vaginal cannula for treatment of uterine prolapse. Between 1721 and 1757, 33 editions of Conspectus chirurgiae were published. It is considered one of his most important works, as is Conspectus formularum medicarum. <mask> was an energetic defender of the Halle physician Georg Ernst Stahl, who founded the phlogiston theory of combustion. <mask> published dissertations and books that developed Stahl's vitalist approach. His treatment of Stahl's work on chemical composition and reaction was "critical and coherent", making it easier to understand and reaching a greater audience.He also agreed with Stahl that the disciplines of chemistry and medicine should be treated as distinct. <mask>'s Conspectus chemiae theoretico-practicae (1730) systematically explored the work of Stahl and <mask> Becher, and influenced the reception of Stahl's work by eighteenth-century European thinkers including Guillaume-François Rouelle and Immanuel Kant. On 29 June 1729 <mask> was made a full professor with an appointment to the chair of  medicine at the University of Halle. Family
<mask> was married three times. His first marriage was in 1707 to Charlotte Sophie the Countess of Waldeck and Pyrmont (28 January 1667 – 6 September 1723 in Halle), the daughter of Count Christian Ludwig. His second marriage was in 1725 to <mask> Lichtenberg (1703-1726), the daughter of the <mask> Lichtenberg (1660–1739), administrator of Jägersburg. Of this marriage, one daughter, Philippine Louise, survived, marrying the physician Peter Nicolai Neugart in April 1743.<mask>'s third marriage was on 17 April 1727 to Christiane Eleonore von Bomsdorf (d. 1765), the daughter of the Saxon Oberst Phillip Wilhelm von Bamsdorff. The son of this marriage was the physician Friedrich Christian <mask> (13 May 1730, Copenhagen - 27 July 1770, Halle) who also became a Halle professor of medicine. <mask> held the position of professor of medicine at Halle from 29 June 1729 until his death on 25 October 1759. His grave is located in the Halle Stadtgottesacker cemetery complex. He was succeeded in his position as professor of medicine at Halle by his son, Friedrich Christian <mask>.

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title: Edmond Hall

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<mask> (May 15, 1901 – February 11, 1967) was an American jazz clarinetist and bandleader. Over his career, <mask> worked extensively with many leading performers as both a sideman and bandleader and is possibly best known for the 1941 chamber jazz song "Profoundly Blue". Biography

Early life
Born in Reserve, Louisiana, United States, about 40 miles west of New Orleans on the Mississippi River, <mask> and his siblings were born into a musical family. His father, <mask>, and mother, Caroline Duhe, had eight children, Priscilla (1893), Moretta (1895), Viola (1897), Robert (1899), <mask> (1901), Clarence (1903), Edward (1905) and Herbert (1907). His father, Edward, played the clarinet in the Onward Brass Band, joined by <mask>'s maternal uncles, Jules Duhe on trombone, Lawrence Duhe on clarinet, and <mask> on guitar. The <mask> brothers, Robert, <mask>, and Herbert, all became clarinetists, but <mask> was first taught guitar by his uncle <mask>. When <mask> picked up the clarinet, "he could play it within a week.He started Monday and played it Saturday," his brother Herb recalled in an interview with Manfred Selchow, who wrote a biography of <mask> titled Profoundly Blue (1988). <mask> worked as a farmhand, but by 1919 he had become tired of the hard work, and despite his parents' worries of him finding a decent job as a musician, he left for New Orleans. The first New Orleans band he played with was that of Bud Rousell (Bud Russell). He also played with Jack Carey (trombone) and blues cornetist Chris Kelley. Music career
In 1920, he went to a dance at Economy Hall in New Orleans where Buddy Petit was playing. Petit needed a replacement on clarinet, and he hired <mask>. After two years, he moved to Pensacola, Florida, and joined Lee Collins's band, followed by Mack Thomas, and the Pensacola Jazzers.He met trumpeter Cootie Williams and, with Williams, he joined the Alonzo Ross DeLuxe Syncopators. <mask> moved to New York City in 1928, and was a member of the Claude Hopkins orchestra until 1935. <mask> had been featured on alto and baritone saxophone since 1922. When he joined Billy Hicks's band, the Sizzling Six, he had a position as a full-time clarinetist. On June 15, 1937, he had his first recording session with Billie Holiday, accompanied by Lester Young on tenor saxophone. In 1940, Henry "Red" Allen arrived at the Café Society, and <mask> became the band's clarinetist. <mask> spent nine years at the Café Society, playing and recording in between jobs with many of his contemporaries, such as Sid Catlett, Charlie Christian, Ida Cox, Wild Bill Davison, Sidney De Paris, Vic Dickenson, Roy Eldridge, Bud Freeman, Coleman Hawkins, Eddie Heywood, J. C. Higginbotham, Meade Lux Lewis, Lucky Millinder, Hot Lips Page, Zutty Singleton, Joe Sullivan, Art Tatum, Jack Teagarden, Big Joe Turner, Helen Ward, and Josh White.He recorded for the first time as a leader in February 1941. Late in 1941, <mask> left Allen to join Teddy Wilson, who also played at the Café Society. Around this time <mask>'s style changed. His admiration for Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw caused him to work on his technique. <mask> tried a Boehm system clarinet, but that attempt was short-lived. He soon went back to his beloved Albert System clarinet, which he played until he died. During this period, he made many recordings as <mask>'s Blue Note Jazzmen, the Edmond Hall Sextet, the Edmond Hall Celeste Quartet, <mask>'s Star Quintet, <mask> and the Big City Jazzmen, and <mask>'s Swingtet.The recording sessions always took place between the work hours of the Café Society and included many of the musicians who performed there. <mask> was frequently invited to the Town Hall concerts led by Eddie Condon. In 1944, Teddy Wilson formed a trio, while the other band members remained at Café Society. <mask> became a bandleader after being asked by Barney Josephson, owner of Café Society. He recorded for Blue Note and Commodore. In an Esquire magazine poll, he was voted the second-best clarinet player, behind the clarinetist he admired most, Benny Goodman. With Louis Armstrong
In the mid-1940s, Barney Josephson sought new musicians to play Café Society.In June 1947, <mask> left the club. Early in 1947 Louis Armstrong's appearance at Carnegie Hall was announced. <mask> and his small combo were picked to accompany Armstrong during half of the program. As a result of this concert, Armstrong would abandon his big band and switch a small combo, the All Stars. In September 1947, <mask> joined the All-Star Stompers with Wild Bill Davison, Ralph Sutton and Baby Dodds. Meanwhile, Barney Josephson again asked <mask> to return to Uptown Café Society with a new band. Business worsened, however, and Josephson closed Uptown in December 1947.<mask> took his men back to Downtown Café Society but, in June 1948, <mask>'s band was replaced with the Dave Martin Trio. In late 1948, <mask> took a job at Boston's Savoy Cafe, playing with members of Bob Wilber's band. He also promoted a concert with George Wein. Steve Connolly of the Savoy Cafe asked <mask> to bring his own band and replace Bob Wilber. <mask>'s band, the Edmond Hall All-Stars, began playing the Savoy on April 4, 1949. <mask> left the Savoy in early March 1950 to return to New York. He played clubs and festivals, including one job in San Francisco.Eddie Condon called <mask> in San Francisco, asking him to join his band at Eddie Condon's. <mask> stayed with Condon, playing other jobs as well, mostly with members from Condon's band. An example was the Annual Steamboat Ball in June 1951 and the frequent sessions for the Dr. Jazz broadcasts during 1952. Condon's band recorded many sessions during <mask>'s engagement. In November 1952, <mask> participated in a special concert, "Hot Versus Cool,"  which pitted New Orleans-style jazz against bop. The New Orleans-style musicians were <mask>, Dick Cary, Vic Dickenson,  Jack Lesberg, Jimmy McPartland, and George Wettling. On the opposite side were Ray Abrams, Don Elliott, Dizzy Gillespie, Al McKibbon, and Max Roach.The album received a top rating of five stars in DownBeat magazine. During 1954, <mask> played with Ralph Sutton, Mel Powell, and Jack Teagarden. At the end of 1955, <mask> left Condon to appear as a guest musician on the Teddy Wilson show. He then replaced Barney Bigard in the Louis Armstrong band, which toured Europe and Sweden. Felix Blair of The New York Times wrote, "America's secret weapon is a blue note in a minor key. Right now its most effective ambassador is Louis Satchmo Armstrong." The quotation was used for the album Ambassador Satch.The band moved to Los Angeles to participate in the filming of High Society (1956) starring Grace Kelly and Bing Crosby. After tours in Australia and England, the band visited Ghana, Africa, where it played for its largest audience, 11,000 at the first concert. Back in the U.S., there was a performance with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein. The evening's grand finale was Bernstein conducting the stadium symphony orchestra in an Alfredo Antonini arrangement of "Saint Louis Blues". The event was held at Lewisohn Stadium in New York, which drew a crowd of 21,000 people. The event was filmed as part of the documentary Satchmo the Great, produced and narrated by Edward R. Murrow, with film clips of the tours in Europe and Ghana. The All Stars appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show before leaving for the midwest to play the Ravinia Festival near Chicago.They participated in a Norman Granz Benefit at Hollywood Bowl. In December 1956, they recorded the album Satchmo – A Musical Autobiography and supported it with a tour in the U.S. and South America. <mask> became an honorary member of the Hot Club De Buenos Aires. Tired of touring, <mask> left the All-Stars and took a vacation in California. After his vacation, he performed with old friends Eddie Condon, Ralph Sutton, Teddy Wilson, Red Allen, and J. C. Higginbotham. <mask> was invited to play with bands in Toronto, then returned to Chicago for an engagement at the Jazz, Ltd. club. At the end of 1958, he entered the studio to record Petit Fleur with his sextet, including friends from Cafe Society such as Vic Dickenson.<mask> returned to Ghana, having been impressed with its beauty, friendliness, and lack of racial prejudice. His goal was to settle there and start a music school. <mask> and Winnie left New York for an exploratory trip, and when they returned they had decided to move to Ghana. Before moving, <mask> was invited to the South Shore Jazz Festival in Milton, Massachusetts. He recorded Rumpus on Rampart Street with his orchestra, then left for Ghana. But his attempt at a music school failed. He was unable to get students to practice, and their lack of discipline and interest motivated his return to the U.S.

<mask> flew to Copenhagen in 1961 to perform as a guest with Papa Bue's Viking Jazz Band.Returning home, he assembled the Hall American Jazz Stars and played at Condon's in New York City. During the early 1960s, he worked often, touring with Yves Montand and Chris Barber, and recording with Leonard Gaskin, Marlowe Morris, and the Dukes of Dixieland. In 1964, <mask> and his wife settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Last years

George Wein assembled a package of bands, and <mask> was the featured star with the Dukes of Dixieland, who toured Japan in July 1964. He played at the Carnegie Hall Salute to Eddie Condon and appeared at jazz festivals, often with his friend Vic Dickenson. For a few months, he played regularly at the Monticello restaurant, often in front of little or no audience as jazz was less popular. <mask> would have played for as little as $50, but his wife did not let him unless the offer was at least $70–$75.By then <mask> was semi-retired and would show up unexpectedly at a nearby pub where the local band, Tomasso and His Jewels of Dixieland, would play. According to Tomasso, they never knew when <mask> would show up. <mask> did that for an about six months for free, without any contract, for the pleasure of playing. A break came in November 1966, when plans for a European tour were made. <mask> was to play with Alan Elsdon's band during the tour, which began in England and extended to Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. <mask> returned to Denmark to record for Storyville at the Rosenberg Studio in Copenhangen. These were his last recordings.<mask> was back home for Christmas. On January 1967, there was another important engagement, John Hammond's 30th Anniversary Concert – Spirituals to Swing at Carnegie Hall in New York. <mask> was invited as he belonged the Café Society Band, which was featured at the concert. The next important concert was the Second Annual Boston Globe Jazz Festival on January 21, 1967. On February 3, 1967, <mask> played at the Governor Dummer Academy with George Poor's band as a featured performer with Bobby Hackett. <mask> died on February 12, 1967 at the age of 65. Private life

In April 1922, while playing in Buddy Petit's Band, <mask> married 17-year-old girl Octavia Stewart.The marriage was prompted by the imminent arrival of their son, <mask> <mask>, who was born on July 20, 1922, but died as a child on December 3, 1934. On May 12, 1938, he married his second wife, Winnifred Henry from Cambridge Massachusetts. He met her while he was a member of the Hopkins Band three years earlier at Ruggles Hall in Boston. The couple had no children. <mask> was constantly practicing his clarinet even on his days off. Winnie sometimes was part of his travels. They had friends in England whom they visited frequently.Throughout his career into the mid-1950s, <mask> was confronted with race discrimination. In 1951, while playing at Condon's a film crew came in and wanted <mask> to play the background track, but he was  replaced with Pee Wee Russell for the actual shooting. <mask> refused and called his union. Condon and the other musicians supported him. Losing a large audience in the south, if displaying a black man in the band was the company's reasoning. They did make two versions but in the end, the version with <mask> was the only one released. <mask> also recalled being talked to by police frequently, about the way he had parked his car, while others in the group were not bothered.On one occasion he and his wife were refused a hotel room and were forced to spend the night in their car. In 1952, <mask>, Buzzy Drootin and Ralph Sutton appeared as the Ralph Sutton Trio in Saint Louis, where they played the "Encore Lounge" for several weeks. They were the first mixed trio there. X - No. 6 1979
 Alan Barrell, About Lee Collins, Vol. V - No. 4, 1974
 Walter Bruyninckx, 60 Years of Recorded Jazz 1917–1977, Mechelen Belgium
 Brian Case/Stan Britt, The illustrated Encyclopedia of Jazz, Salamander Books London 1978
 Samuel B.Charters, Jazz New Orleans 1885–1963
 John Chilton, Who's Who of Jazz, Chilton Book Company, Philadelphia, New York, London 1970
 John Chilton, Blues, Blues; quartet books, London 1977
 Mary Collins, John W. Miner, Jazz: From Lee Collins' Story, Evergreen Review 35, March 1965
 Stanley Dance, The World of Swing, New York 1974
 Stanley Dance, Jazz Era - The Forties, Jazz Book Club, London 1962
 Jempi de Donder, My Buddy, Vol. XIV, No. 3, February/March 1983
 Jorgen Grunnet Jepsen, Jazz Records 1942–1962, Emil Knudsen, Holte Denmark
 Max Jones, The Edmond Hall Story (3 parts), Melody Maker, April 1956
 Orrin Keepnews/Bill Grauer Jr., Pictorial History of Jazz, revised edition, Spring Books, The Hamlyn
 Publishing Group Ltd., Feltham Middlesex, England, 1968
 Horst H. Lange, Die Deutsche 78er Discographie der Hot-Dance und Jazz-Musik 1903–1958, 2. erweiterte Auflage, Kolloquium Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1978
 Peter Kunst, <mask>, Jazz Podium 5/Vl, Germany 1957
 Berry McRae, <mask>, Jazz Journal Vol. XXIII/No. 12, December 1970
 Herman Rosenberg/Eugene Williams, New Orleans Clarinets 2, <mask>, Jazz Information, No. 2, August 9, 1940
 Interviews with <mask> by William Russell and Richard B. Allen, April 11, 1957, and July 18, 1958; Courtesy R. B. Allen - Curator of William Ransom Hogan Jazz Archive, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
 Interviews with Kid Thomas Valentine by William Russell and Richard B. Allen, 1957,1962; Courtesy R. B. Allen - Curator of William Ransom Hogan Jazz Archive, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
 Brian Rust, Jazz Records 1897–1942, 4th edition, Arlington House Publishers, New York 1978
 James D. Shacter, Piano Man, Jaynar Press, Chicago 1975
 Nat Shapiro/Nat Hentoff, Hear Me Talkin' to Ya, Dover Publications, New York 1995
 Charles E. Smith, Ed Hall - Gentleman Traveler, Downbeat, 11, 24, 1960
 Anton Trular, New Orleans Musiker in Europa: Edmond Hall, Jazz Podium No. 9/lX - 1960
 C.K."Bozy" White, The Eddie Condon Town Hall Broadcasts 1944–1955, Shoestring Records, Oakland, CA, 1980
 Felix Blair, New York Times, 1955
 P. Scott of Globe and Mail, 5/5/1962
 Leonard Feather, New Yorker Post 8/2/1964

External links
[ All Music]
Interview with <mask>, undated. University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections. 1901 births
1967 deaths
American jazz clarinetists
Jazz clarinetists
Blue Note Records artists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Swing clarinetists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century clarinetists
People from Reserve, Louisiana

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