title: Edwin Barclay

texts:
<mask> (5 January 1882 – 6 November 1955) was a Liberian politician, poet, and musician who served as the 18th President of the country from 1930 until 1944. He was a member of the True Whig political party, which dominated the political governance of the country for decades. Under <mask>'s leadership, Liberia was an ally of the United States during World War II. Early life
<mask>'s paternal grandparents moved from Barbados to Liberia with their children in 1865. They were among a minority of immigrants from the Caribbean but shared with the Americo-Liberians a culture with an English base, considerable mixed-race ancestry, and a shared history. <mask>'s father, <mask>, and uncle, <mask>, became important politicians in Liberia. In 1901, at the age of 19, <mask> wrote a Liberian patriotic song, "The Lone Star Forever."<mask> and his wife Euphemia had three children. In addition, they fostered future Liberian Ambassador to the U.S., George Arthur Padmore (1915-2005). Children:
<mask> Dumbar, Siata <mask>, Earnest <mask>

Career
<mask>, a member of the True Whig Party which ruled at that time, served as secretary of state of Liberia in the government of Charles D.B. King from 1920 until 1930. He became President of Liberia in 1930 when President King and Vice President Allen Yancy resigned because of a scandal. He was elected in his own right for the first time in 1931. Presidency (1930-44)
<mask> was selected to complete King's term as president.One of his first official decisions was to repeal the famous Port of Entry Law of 1864 that had restricted the economic activities of foreigners in the country. Subsequently, in the early 1930s concession agreements were signed between the Liberian Government and Dutch, Danish, German and Polish investors. <mask> is credited with helping the country survive some of Liberia's greatest threats to its sovereignty in that country's history. These included threats by the League of Nations led by the German, British and American governments to occupy the country unless reforms were made, aggressive diplomatic intrigues by France and a coup attempt by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company which owned much of Liberia's land. Renegotiation of loan payments
In 1926, the Liberian government had granted a major rubber concession to the Firestone Tire and Rubber company and undertook to borrow $5 million from a Firestone subsidiary. The Great Depression of the 1930s brought Liberia to the verge of bankruptcy. As the global economy collapsed, so too did prices of all commodities, including those for rubber.By 1932, rubber prices had fallen to a low of 3¢ a pound. Although the trees planted by the Firestone Company in 1926 and 1927 were reaching tapping age, the market price of rubber would cover only a small fraction of the cost of tapping, processing and transportation to market. Firestone did not bother to harvest and produce the rubber. Without this revenue, government revenues fell steadily to a low of $321,000 in 1933. By 1931, it became apparent to the Liberian administration that the revenue shortfall made continued loan repayments impossible. The government asked the lending bank and Firestone for forbearance on the loan payments but to no avail. Harvey Firestone attempted to persuade the United States government to employ "gunboat diplomacy" to compel compliance with the loan agreement.U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to interfere in Liberian internal affairs, writing in a memorandum to the State Department that, "At all times we should remember that (Harvey) Firestone went to Liberia at his own financial risk, and it is not the business of the State Department to pull his financial chestnut out of the fire except as a friend of the Liberian people." In 1932, the Liberian Legislature passed the Moratorium Act suspending payment of the Firestone loan until terms could be negotiated that were more in line with Liberia's ability to pay. The US suspended diplomatic relations but did not take further action. When <mask> appealed to the League of Nations for help, the Council of the League of Nations established a commission of inquiry. The report of the commission recommended providing financial aid to Liberia with certain conditions that reflected concerns that the government of Liberia would not be able to pay a renegotiated loan without some level of monitoring. Some European powers in the League of Nations had advocated mandate status for Liberia, a move which would have abrogated the independence of the republic. <mask> and other members of his cabinet objected to the proposed conditions on the grounds that they would infringe upon the sovereignty of Liberia.For example, one of the conditions would have required that the League's delegates be placed in key positions within the Liberian government. After <mask> implemented some of the measures that had been proposed by the League of Nations, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt restored diplomatic relations with Liberia in 1934. After three years of negotiation, an agreement was reached along lines suggested by the League. Two key League officials were placed in positions to advise the government, but with limitations set forth by the Liberian government. With this assistance program in place, Liberia was able to resume making loan payments. World War II

In 1937 President <mask>, under pressure from the United States, withdrew the concession agreement with the German investors, who were accused of sympathies with the Nazi regime in their home country. Until 3 January 1944, <mask> was Liberian President, to be succeeded by William Tubman.Strategic importance of Liberia
After the fall of Malaysia and Singapore to the Japanese during World War II, Liberia became very strategically important as its rubber plantation was the only source of natural latex rubber available to the Allies, apart from plantations in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Among many other uses, natural rubber was needed to build tires for war planes, military jeeps, aircraft guns, and sensitive radar equipment. As a result of the simultaneous sharp increase in demand and drastic reduction in supply, prices soared for natural rubber in the United States and measures were taken to reduce demand. Writing in his memoirs, former U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull wrote, "With Japan's occupation of the Rubber producing areas in the Far East, Liberia became of greatly increased importance to us as one of the few remaining available sources of natural rubber." President <mask> assured the Americans that Liberia would supply all the natural rubber that the United States and its allies needed for the war effort. Defense Pact with the United States (1942)

In 1942 Liberia signed a Defense Pact with the United States. This commenced a period of strategic development, including the construction of roads, airports and other infrastructure projects.Robertsfield Airport was built with runways long enough for B-47 Stratojet bombers to land for refueling, giving Liberia the longest runway in Africa to this day. Provision of war supplies to the North African theater

The provision of war supplies to the North African theater was difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. German U-boats had taken complete control of the North Atlantic Ocean routes, making shipping in the North Atlantic Ocean hazardous to American warships and merchant vessels. In order to transport American soldiers and war supplies to North Africa, the United States needed to open up a South American-Liberian air corridor. Because of its proximity to South America, Liberia became the first major West African bridgehead for the South Atlantic air ferry route. For this reason, the Liberian Government also granted to the United States use of its territory to store war supplies and to construct military bases in Montserrado County and Grand Cape Mount County at Fisherman's Lake. United States military supplies were collected in Florida, transported through South America to Brazil, then flown from Brazil to the military depot at Roberts Field.There 5,000 United States African-American troops stored and maintained the inventory. From Roberts Field, the war supplies were flown to their final destinations in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Franklin Roosevelt's visit to Liberia (1943)

Liberia's strategic importance to the Allied war effort was evidenced by the fact that, in January 1943, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt traveled to Liberia after participating in the Casablanca Conference in order to secure Liberia's support. Roosevelt's objectives were to negotiate the establishment of U.S. military bases in Liberia, secure Liberia's commitment to continue supplying the U.S. with natural rubber, urge the Liberian government to expel German citizens and persuade it to abandon its neutrality and declare war on the Axis powers. In May 1943, <mask> visited the United States. He was the first black man to be officially introduced from the rostrum of the United States Congress as a guest of honor. Retirement
<mask> retired in 1944 and was replaced by William Tubman.He ran against Tubman in the 1955 presidential election, but received only about 1100 votes. He died a few months later. See also

 History of Liberia
 Americo-Liberians
 President of Liberia

References

Americo-Liberian people
1882 births
1955 deaths
Liberian people of Barbadian descent
Foreign Ministers of Liberia
Presidents of Liberia
World War II political leaders
True Whig Party politicians
20th-century Liberian politicians

masks:
Edwin James Barclay
Barclay
Edwin Barclay
Edwin
Ernest Barclay
Arthur Barclay
Edwin
Barclay
Mary Barclay
Isabel Barclay
Barclay
Edwin Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Barclay
Edwin Barclay
Barclay


title: Josef Newgarden

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born December 22, 1990) is an American race car driver that competes in the IndyCar Series full-time for Team Penske. He is the 2017 and 2019 IndyCar Series Champion and 2011 Indy Lights champion. Career

Karting
Newgarden's first race vehicle was a Motorized scooter purchased at a skate shop in Hendersonville, Tennessee. In 2001, Newgarden competed in events across the country. After a year of this, his father purchased a kart. When he was 13, he and his family ventured far outside of Tennessee to find a competitive kart racing environment. This led Newgarden to a kart racing facility in New Castle, Indiana that had recently been launched by IndyCar driver Mark Dismore.In an order to stay efficient with funding, Newgarden would focus on local and regional championships rather than competing nationally. In just his first year of karting (2005), Newgarden would finish 2nd and 3rd in the Kart Racers of America (KRA) Junior Can Championship. He would also compete in the TAG world championships that year in the junior division, securing the title. In 2006, he would have his most successful year in karting, securing two championships in the KRA Junior Can division and repeating as the TAG World Champion in the junior division. He would go on to compete in junior car racing in 2007 but would return to karting several times down the road, racing in the highly competitive Robo-Pong 200 at New Castle Motorsports Park several times over the next few years. He would win the 200-mile endurance race twice with both successes coming with members of the Dismore family as his teammates (Mark Dismore Sr in 2011 and Mark Dismore Jr in 2013). Early formula car racing

Skip Barber
<mask> started his open-wheel car career in the Skip Barber Racing School series in 2006.He finished as runner-up in the Southern Regional Series with three wins and another seven podium places. He next competed in the 2007 BFGoodrich / Skip Barber National Presented by Mazda championship, finishing sixth with two wins. Newgarden remained in the series for 2008 and improved to second place, with three wins. Formula Ford

After the 2008 season, Newgarden was selected for the Team USA scholarship to compete at the Formula Ford Festival and Walter Hayes Trophy. He would secure the Formula Ford Festival title, becoming the only American to ever do so. At the Walter Hayes Trophy event, Newgarden would win all of the qualifying races leading to the main event. He would also start the event from the pole position.Unfortunately, mid-way through a rain-stricken race, Newgarden crashed from the lead, finishing 6th place. In 2009, he would move to England to compete in the British Formula Ford Championship and start his European career. He would finish runner-up in 2009, leading the series in total race wins and amassing 550 points. Formula Palmer Audi
Newgarden competed in the opening round of the 2009 Formula Palmer Audi season at Brands Hatch, taking two wins and a fourth in the third race. GP3 Series

In 2010, Newgarden competed in the newly formed 2010 GP3 Series with Carlin Motorsport. 2010 would end in <mask>'s most disappointing championship position of his young career, finishing 18th in the points. The season was highlighted by a pole position at Hockenheimring and a best finish of fifth at the season finale at Monza.Indy Lights

At the start of 2011, Newgarden would return home to the United States to compete in the Indy Lights Series with Sam Schmidt Motorsports. He won his first Indy Lights race in the season opener on the Streets of St. Petersburg. He followed his opening win in St. Petersburg with four more wins and ten podium finishes out of thirteen races in 2011, clinching him the points championship with one race to go. In New Hampshire, the 11th race of 2011, Newgarden lapped the entire field and went on to win. He was the first Indy Lights driver to do this since Thiago Medeiros in March 2004. <mask>, as a rookie, would also lead the series with the most number of wins for the 2011 season. IndyCar

2012–2014: Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing
On December 7, 2011, <mask> was announced as the driver for Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing.It is quite rare in IndyCar for a rookie driver to be offered a multi-year contract but Fisher and her team saw promise in Newgarden; SFH was viewed as the smallest outfit in the series and Newgarden was certainly headed for a significant challenge in his first entry into professional motorsport. He competed in IndyCar from 2012 to 2014 with Fisher's team, steadily progressing and improving with each weekend. He would earn his first podium at the 2013 race in Baltimore. 2014 would be his standout year with SFHR, he would very nearly secure wins at both Long Beach and Mid-Ohio, and would stand on his second career podium at Iowa Speedway. 2015: CFH Racing
During his fourth full season in IndyCar, Newgarden raced under the merged team of Sarah Fisher and Ed Carpenter. Under this new team banner Newgarden started 2015 strong, finishing in 12th position at St. Petersburg and improving his position with each race. During the fourth race weekend in the 2015 season at Barber Motorsports Park, Newgarden earned his first Indycar Series victory at the 2015 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama, moving from 5th to 2nd on the first lap of the race, and leading the most laps on the way to a 2.2-second win.Proving that his win wasn't luck he would win again later in the season at the 2015 Honda Indy Toronto and finished the 2015 season 7th in the standings with 431 points, a personal best in IndyCar. 2016: Ed Carpenter Racing
Sarah Fisher ended her participation in IndyCar after the 2015 season, leaving Newgarden to drive for the reformed Ed Carpenter Racing. Newgarden started the 2016 season strong with a podium at the 2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama at Barber Motorsports Park. He barely missed pole position during qualifying for the 2016 Indy 500 and started in the middle of the front row. He finished the 100th running of the Indy 500 in a strong 3rd. At the 2016 Firestone 600 at Texas Motor Speedway Newgarden crashed hard into the wall, breaking both his hand and clavicle. Remarkably, he returned to the car two weeks later, working his way to a top 10 spot at the 2016 Kohler Grand Prix at Road America.Only 28 days after his crash at Texas, Newgarden won the 2016 Iowa Corn 300 in dominating fashion, leading 282 of 300 laps. A remarkable achievement with a broken hand and shoulder. At IndyCar's return to Watkins Glen International, the 2016 Grand Prix at the Glen, Newgarden claimed another podium, finishing 2nd. After a 6th-place finish at the 2016 GoPro Grand Prix of Sonoma, he finished the season in fourth place overall in the season standings. In a testament to their hard work and success, Newgarden and ECR would finish the season as the highest non-Team Penske car in the series, a considerable feat for a small team. 2017–present: Team Penske

On September 29, 2016, ECR owner Ed Carpenter confirmed that Newgarden would not be back with the team in 2017. Newgarden moved to Team Penske for the 2017 season, with the team making an official announcement on October 5.Newgarden won his first race with Team Penske during round 3 of the 2017 season at Barber Motorsports Park; clinching the victory after a duel with Scott Dixon in the final laps. Newgarden moved into the IndyCar points lead following back to back victories at Toronto and Mid Ohio. At Gateway, Newgarden held off his teammates and Scott Dixon to clinch his fourth series victory of the season but not without controversy as late in the race, Newgarden went under teammate Simon Pagenaud very late going into Turn 1. After bumping tires, both continued but, as Pagenaud nearly hit the wall, he was not pleased with his teammate's move. The following week at Watkins Glen, Newgarden had a sizable cushion in the points over second-place Dixon. Coming back onto the track after a pit stop under green on cold tires, he lost control of the car as Sébastien Bourdais made contact with him damaging the suspension. Newgarden ended up leaving the Glen with a three-point lead, later a four-point lead as he won the pole for Sonoma, setting a track record.Newgarden needed to finish 4th or higher regardless of Pagenaud's result and he finished 2nd to clinch his first title. Newgarden became the first American born driver to win the Astor Cup since Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2012. Newgarden won the opening race of the 2019 season at St. Petersburg and followed that up with wins at Detroit, Texas and Iowa. He led the points standings after every race except the Indy 500 where Team Penske teammate Simon Pagenaud led from the pole position. Newgarden won his second IndyCar title at Laguna Seca by only 25 points. Newgarden started his second title defense slowly in 2020, a season shorted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although he finished third at the opener in Texas he found himself in an early-season slump that put him in a hole to rival Scott Dixon.By mid-season and toward the final stretch he produced a series of wins and podium finishes that set him up for a title-deciding showdown with Dixon at the final round in St. Petersburg. Newgarden could only win the championship if he won the race and Dixon either retired or finished no better than ninth. During the race, Newgarden overtook Pato O'Ward in the closing laps after a restart and held onto the lead for his second consecutive win in St. Petersburg but ultimately failed to defend his title when Dixon finished third. 2021 would be an up-and-down year for Newgarden and Team Penske. Despite earning a season leading four pole positions, he would not pick up a win until the tenth round of the season at Mid Ohio. The win was Newgarden's nineteenth in IndyCar, making him the most successful American driver currently active in the series. Newgarden picked up a second win at Gateway.Heading into the final race of the season at Long Beach, Newgarden was one of only three drivers mathematically in contention for the title alongside Alex Palou and Pato O'Ward. Newgarden finished second in the race, giving him a second-place finish in the championship for the second consecutive year. Personal life
Newgarden was born in Nashville, Tennessee to Joey and <mask>, who had moved from New York in the 1980s with the family photography business. <mask> is half Danish via his mother. He credits watching racing on TV at an early age with his father, who was an avid fan of NASCAR, IndyCar and Formula 1, as what got him into the sport. Newgarden grew up in Hendersonville, Tennessee and attended Pope John Paul II High School, where he was friends with and a former classmate of NFL Pro Bowl wide receiver Golden Tate. Additionally, he was a former classmate of NASCAR driver Josh Berry in the 7th and 8th grades.Before starting racing, Newgarden played baseball, football and basketball. On October 7, 2018, Newgarden announced that he and his longtime girlfriend, Ashley Welch, had got engaged while on a trip to Japan. <mask> and Ashley were married in the fall of 2019 in Nashville, TN. Media appearances
Along with fellow racers Tony Kanaan and Helio Castroneves, he competed in the Indianapolis round of season 8 of American Ninja Warrior in 2016. Newgarden is the driver ambassador for the SeriousFun Children's Network, a charity started by actor and race team owner Paul Newman. Newgarden is also a talented ping-pong player. He hosts an annual celebrity tournament during May that raises funds for the Serious Fun Children's Network.In 2019, the tournament raised over $100,000 for the charity. Newgarden is an avid gamer and is currently a Brand Ambassador for the Microsoft title Forza Motorsport. His voice is featured in the game and he is frequently featured in Forza content. He was featured on several episodes of CMT's Nashville Squares during the fall of 2019. Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP3 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

American open–wheel racing results
(key)

Indy Lights

IndyCar Series

Indianapolis 500

References

External links

 IndyCar 36: <mask> - 2012 IndyCar documentary
 IndyCar 36: <mask> - 2013 IndyCar documentary

1990 births
American Ninja Warrior contestants
American people of Danish descent
Formula Ford drivers
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
GP3 Series drivers from the United States
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indy Lights champions
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series champions
IndyCar Series drivers
Living people
Racing drivers from Tennessee
Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
Carlin racing drivers
Arrow McLaren SP drivers
Sarah Fisher Racing drivers
Ed Carpenter Racing drivers
Team Penske drivers

masks:
Josef Newgarden
Newgarden
Josef
Josef
Newgarden
Tina Newgarden
Josef
Josef
Josef Newgarden
Josef Newgarden


title: David Onley

texts:
<mask>,  (born June 12, 1950) is a Canadian former journalist who served as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 2007 until 2014. Prior to his viceregal appointment, <mask> was a television journalist. He worked primarily for Citytv as a weather reporter, before moving on to cover science and technology stories. Later on, he worked with the 24-hour news station CablePulse 24 as a news anchor and host of a weekly technology series, Home Page. A published author, he was founding president of the Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada. His seven-year term makes him the longest serving Lieutenant Governor of Ontario since Albert Edward Matthews (1937–1946) and the province's second longest serving viceroy since Confederation. Early life
<mask> was born in Midland, Ontario, and raised in West Hill on Orchard Park Drive in Scarborough, now part of Toronto.He was educated at the University of Toronto Scarborough, served as student council president, and graduated with a degree in political science. Beginning at the age of three, Onley battled with polio, resulting in partial paralysis. However, as a result of extensive physical therapy, he regained the use of his hands and arms, and partial use of his legs. Onley is able to walk using leg braces and canes or crutches, but he generally prefers to get around using his electric scooter. He is able to drive a car using hand controls for acceleration and braking. Career
<mask> began his career in radio, hosting a weekly science show for Toronto radio station CFRB, subsequently joining the CKO network in 1983. He then joined Citytv in 1984 as weather specialist, a position he held until 1989.In a 2004 interview with Link Up, a Toronto employment agency for people with disabilities, <mask> stated that

From 1989 to 1995, he was the first news anchor on the then-new Breakfast Television, Citytv's morning show. He served as education specialist for Citytv and CablePulse 24 from 1994 to 1999. Onley became an anchor on CP24, when the station launched in 1999, and both hosted and produced Home Page on CP24. He was one of Canada's first on-air television personalities with a visible disability; he uses a mobility device due to his paralysis. Camera shots began with only upper body shots, but Onley demanded that the shot include him in his mobility device. In honour of his contributions to the advancement of disability issues in Canada, he has received awards from the Terry Fox Hall of Fame in 1997, and the Clarke Institute's Courage to Come Back award. He was appointed Chair of the Accessibility Standards Advisory Council to the Minister of Community and Social Services in 2005.He was most recently inducted into the Scarborough Walk of Fame in 2006. <mask> wrote Shuttle: A Shattering Novel of Disaster in Space, a bestselling novel about space travel, published in 1981. It was nominated by the Periodical Distributors of Canada as book of the year. He was founding president of the Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada. <mask> returned to his acting roots, with a cameo appearance in the sixth season of the Canadian TV series Murdoch Mysteries. The episode, "The Ghost of Queens Park" aired in Canada on February 25, 2013. In it he played the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Sir Oliver Mowat.As Lieutenant Governor

<mask>'s appointment as Lieutenant Governor was announced on July 10, 2007; he was privately informed of this after a July 4, 2007, taping of Home Page: "I just had reached the top of the Don Valley Parkway... and there was no place to pull over. And when the Prime Minister of your country calls, all you can try to do is stay in the same lane, avoid any fender-benders and have a meaningful conversation, which I did." He was sworn in on September 5, 2007, at Queen's Park in Toronto. As the province's first Lieutenant Governor with a disability, <mask> said he would use his vice-regal position to help remove physical barriers to Ontario's 1.5 million people with disabilities, as well as focus on other issues affecting the disabled, including obstacles to employment and housing. <mask> also stated, in his installation speech, that he would expand on his immediate predecessor James Bartleman's First Nations literacy initiatives, his aim being to see computers on every student's desk in northern schools. For his installation, Onley approached the legislature on his electric scooter, however he ascended the Throne on foot, using leg braces and canes. <mask> also travelled to China to represent the Queen and Canada at the 2008 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.<mask> delivered his last speech from the throne to the Ontario Legislative Assembly on July 3, 2014; his last full day in office was September 22, 2014 with his successor sworn in the following afternoon. <mask> and his wife resided in their Scarborough home during his vice-regal tenure, as Ontario is one of three provinces that does not have an official vice-regal residence. During <mask>'s mandate, he participated in 2550 engagements, during which he spoke to an estimated audience of over one million people. Post-viceregal life
<mask> was appointed as senior lecturer in the Department of Political Sciences at University of Toronto Scarborough, his alma mater. His appointment began on October 1, 2014. He also served as the University's Special Ambassador for the 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games. Personal life
He is married to Ruth Ann <mask>, a Christian music performer.They have three sons, Jonathan, Robert and Michael. In late 2019, <mask> was rushed to emergency after a brain scan revealed that he had a tumour the size of an orange at the front of his brain, which was successfully removed. Honours and awards

Ribbon bar

Other distinctions
He served as Colonel of the Regiment of The Queen's York Rangers in his capacity of Lieutenant Governor. He is the Honorary Colonel of 25 Field Ambulance in a personal capacity. Midland has a <mask> Park, dedicated on his 63rd birthday (June 12, 2013). Bibliography
 Shuttle: A Shattering Novel of Disaster in Space (1981)  (book),  (audio edition)

See also
 Monarchy in Canada
 Monarchy in Ontario

References

External links
 Biography of <mask> – The Canadian Encyclopedia
 <mask>'s End of Mandate Report (PDF file)
 Lieutenant Governor of Ontario

Living people
1950 births
Canadian Protestants
Canadian science fiction writers
Canadian television journalists
Journalists from Ontario
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Lieutenant Governors of Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Writers from Ontario
People from Midland, Ontario
Canadian Disability Hall of Fame
University of Toronto alumni
People with polio
Canadian politicians with physical disabilities
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian politicians
Members of the Order of Canada

masks:
David Charles Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
Onley
David Onley
David Onley
David Onley


title: Vincent Kosuga

texts:
<mask><mask> (January 17, 1915 – January 19, 2001) was an American onion farmer and commodity trader best known for manipulating the onion futures market. Public outcry over his practices led to the passing of the Onion Futures Act, which banned the trading of futures contracts on onions. Personal life
The son of a Russian Jew who converted to Catholicism, <mask> was a devout Catholic. He donated a significant amount of his fortune to the church, and was rewarded with private audiences with three popes. Kosuga carried a .38 caliber pistol and a billy club with him at all times. He drove stock cars in his spare time and was a licensed pilot. He once survived a plane crash near Oswego, New York when the plane he was flying ran out of fuel mid-flight.He was left in a body cast after the crash, but made a quick recovery. Farming
Born and raised in Pine Island, New York, Kosuga owned a  black dirt farm where he grew onions, celery, and lettuce. His customers included the U.S. Army and Campbell's soup. He also began trading wheat futures. After an unsuccessful stint trading in which he was brought to the brink of bankruptcy, Kosuga withdrew from commodity trading and at his wife's insistence focused on farming full-time. Commodity trading
Kosuga was unable to leave trading behind permanently, however, and returned to the commodity market where he began trading onion futures. At the time, onions futures contracts were the most traded product on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, accounting for 20% of its trades in 1955.He soon began splitting his time between New York and Chicago, where he traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange several days a week. In Chicago, he was a very successful trader. He lavished expensive gifts upon his brokers, buying them each a new Buick one year. One of his brokers eventually rose to the position of Chairman of the exchange. Kosuga sometimes used deceptive practices to manipulate the futures market. He once bribed a weather bureau to issue a frost warning in order to inflate the price of futures contracts that he owned. The weather bureau did issue the warning, though the temperature never fell below .Cornering the onion market
With his partner Sam Seigel, a fellow onion trader and owner of a local produce company, Kosuga embarked upon a scheme to corner the onion futures market. In the fall of 1955, Seigel and Kosuga bought enough onions and onion futures so that they controlled 98 percent of the available onions in Chicago. Millions of pounds of onions were shipped to Chicago to cover their purchases. By late 1955, they had stored  of onions in Chicago. They soon changed course and convinced onion growers to begin purchasing their inventory by threatening to flood the market with onions if they did not. Seigel and Kosuga told the growers that they would hold the rest of their inventory in order to support the price of onions. As the growers began buying onions, Seigel and Kosuga purchased short positions on a large amount of onion contracts.They also arranged to have their stores of onions reconditioned because they had begun to spoil. They shipped them outside of Chicago to have them cleaned and then repackaged and re-shipped back to Chicago. The new shipments of onions caused many futures traders to think that there was an excess of onions and further drove down onion prices in Chicago. By the end of the onion season in March 1956, Seigel and Kosuga had flooded the markets with their onions and driven the price of  of onions down to 10 cents a bag. In August 1955, the same quantity of onions had been priced at $2.75 a bag. So many onions were shipped to Chicago in order to depress prices that there were onion shortages in other parts of the United States. Seigel and Kosuga made millions of dollars on the transaction due to their short position on onion futures.At one point,  of onions were selling in Chicago for less than the bags that held them. This drove many onion farmers into bankruptcy. A public outcry ensued among onion farmers who were left with large amounts of worthless inventory. Many of the farmers had to pay to dispose of the large amounts of onions that they had purchased and grown. Regulatory action
In the aftermath of the crash, many commentators characterized <mask>'s actions as unprincipled gambling. <mask> was defiant, replying to his critics: "If it's against the law to make money... then I'm guilty". The abrupt change in prices gained the attention of the Commodity Exchange Authority.Soon they launched an investigation and the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture and House Committee on Agriculture held hearings on the matter. <mask> testified before Congress, and defended his practices under questioning from members of the committee. During the hearings, the Commodity Exchange Authority stated that it was the perishable nature of onions which made them vulnerable to price swings. Then-congressman Gerald Ford of Michigan sponsored a bill, known as the Onion Futures Act, which banned futures trading on onions. The bill was unpopular among traders, some of whom argued that onion shortages were not a crucial issue since they were used as a condiment rather than a staple food. The president of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, E. B. Harris, lobbied hard against the bill. Harris described it as "burning down the barn to find a suspected rat".The measure was passed, however, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill in August 1958. After the ban was passed, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange filed a lawsuit in federal court alleging that the ban unfairly restricted trade. After a federal judge ruled against them, they declined to appeal to the Supreme Court and the ban stood. Later life
After the futures market was reformed, <mask> returned to New York full-time and focused on his local business interests and philanthropy. <mask> opened a restaurant next to his farm called The Jolly Onion Inn, where he served as a chef. The Jolly Onion Inn (later known as Ye Jolly Onion Inn) became one of the most popular restaurants in Orange County. He became well respected for his philanthropy, and in 1987 was named Pine Island Citizen of the Year by the Pine Island Chamber of Commerce.After <mask> died, his widow, <mask> (1915–2009), continued his philanthropy. References

Bibliography

External links
Text of the Onion Futures Act
Planet Money episode on NPR, "The Tale of the Onion King"

1915 births
2001 deaths
American commodities traders
Farmers from New York (state)
American financiers
American investors
American Roman Catholics
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from Orange County, New York
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Vincent W
. Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Polly Kosuga


title: Luis Castillo (second baseman)

texts:
<mask> (born September 12, 1975) is a Dominican professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins, New York Mets, and Minnesota Twins from 1996 through 2010. <mask> is a three-time All-Star, three-time Gold Glove winner, and won the World Series with the Marlins in 1997 and 2003. He is also the only player who played for the Marlins in both of their World Series winning seasons who did not get traded in between the two seasons. Professional career

Early career
On August 19, 1992, <mask> was signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Florida Marlins. In 1994, he played his first year of baseball in the Gulf Coast League, playing for the Gulf Coast Marlins. He also set a Marlins short-season record in stolen bases, with 31.In 1995, he was called up to the Kane County Cougars in the Class-A Midwest League, and was selected to the All-Star team. He injured his shoulder in July, causing him to miss the rest of the season. That year, he led the entire Marlins organization in batting average with .326, as well as being second in stolen bases. <mask> spent most of the 1996 season in the Eastern League, but was called up to the Marlins mid-season and made his major league debut on August 8. His first major league hit came in a game against the New York Mets, where he knocked in the game-winning run in the 10th inning. He was named to the Eastern League All-Star team and post-season All-Star team. Florida Marlins

1997–99
<mask> started playing full-time for the Marlins at second base during the 1997 season.Both at age 21, he and Édgar Rentería were the youngest middle infield combination in the history of the National League. He bruised his left heel mid-season, and missed the entire month of May with the injury. He was optioned to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights on July 28 and did not come back to the major leagues until the next season. Due to this, he did not play for the Marlins during the 1997 World Series. <mask> remained with the Charlotte Knights until being recalled to the Marlins on August 4, 1998. While in Charlotte, he had a streak of 32 consecutive games reaching base safely. With the Marlins, his highest hit streak was eight games, between August 14 and 19.By the end of the season, he was third among Marlins minor leaguers in stolen bases, and a .203 batting average, 3 stolen bases and 10 RBIs. <mask> improved in 1999, with many short hitting streaks. These streaks included six games from May 10 to 17, and six games from August 1 to 7. He also had a 22-game hitting streak in a stretch between August 9 and September 3. He finished fourth in the league in stolen bases, and was fourth among leadoff hitters in on-base percentage at .385. He was named the Marlins Most Valuable Player by the South Florida Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. 2000–02
<mask> started the 2000 season with a seven-game hitting streak from April 5 to 12, though he was placed on the disabled list with a strained back shortly afterwards.A week after coming back, he set a single-game team record with four stolen bases on May 17. He had three in the next game, falling short of the National League record of 8 in two games, set by Walt Wilmot in 1894. In 2000, he also became the Marlins all-time stolen base leader by stealing his 116th career base on June 20 while playing the Milwaukee Brewers. He finished the season with 62 stolen bases, leading the entire major leagues. In 2001, <mask> had two hitting streaks, eight games from May 6 to 13 and 14 games from June 29 to July 22. He finished fifth in the league in stolen bases with 33. He also had a .263 batting average, 45 RBIs, and 10 triples, a career high.In 2002, <mask> had a 35-game hitting streak, which is the longest ever by a second baseman (since matched by fellow second baseman Chase Utley of the Philadelphia Phillies in 2006). This was the sixth-longest streak in the history of the National League, and also the 10th longest in the history of Major League Baseball. <mask> played second base in the 2002 All-Star Game, the first All-Star selection of his career. In 2002, he hit .305 with 39 RBIs and 48 stolen bases, leading the league in stolen bases for the second time in his career. He was again named the Marlins Most Valuable Player by the South Florida Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. 2003–05

<mask> was a member of the National League All-Star team in 2003, his second career All-Star selection. He also led the Marlins in hitting and won his first career Gold Glove Award.<mask> was a central figure in the NLCS Game 6 comeback by the Marlins against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field after a foul ball that he hit was knocked away from the Cubs' Moisés Alou by fan Steve Bartman. The Marlins went on to win that game, as well as Game 7, to get to the 2003 World Series, in which the Marlins defeated the heavily favored New York Yankees. This was the second World Series of <mask>'s career, but the first in which he actually played. In 2004, <mask> had a .291 batting average with 47 RBIs, a career best. He also had two home runs and seven triples. He was second only to Juan Pierre on the Marlins with a .373 on-base percentage and set a Marlins record with his 425th career walk, passing Gary Sheffield's previous mark of 424. <mask> won his second straight Gold Glove and posted the National League's second-best fielding percentage at second base (.991), behind Philadelphia's Plácido Polanco.In his final season with the Marlins, <mask> won his third Gold Glove award in a row. He led the majors in batting versus left-handed pitchers with a .423 average. <mask> was also a member of the 2005 National League All-Star team, and replaced Jeff Kent of the Los Angeles Dodgers at second base in the second inning. He was traded to the Minnesota Twins on December 2, 2005, in exchange for two minor leaguers, Scott Tyler and Travis Bowyer. The Marlins replaced <mask> at second base with Dan Uggla, a Rule 5 selection from the Arizona Diamondbacks. Minnesota Twins

In 2006, <mask> began his only full season playing for the Minnesota Twins. He had an impressive first month of hitting, batting .432 with 19 hits.Over that stretch, <mask> drove in runs in five straight games from April 13 to 19. <mask> had three four-hit games for the Twins this season, on April 15, August 5, and August 9. He had a six-game hitting streak from May 6 to 13, and recorded his 300th career stolen base while facing the Chicago White Sox on August 26. In the 2007 season, <mask> set a new Major League Baseball record, going 143 games at second base without an error. He also recorded his 1,500th career hit on May 29 while facing the Chicago White Sox. <mask> was traded by the Twins to the New York Mets on July 30, 2007 for two minor league players, catcher Drew Butera and outfielder Dustin Martin. He finished the season with a .301 batting average with one home run, 38 RBIs and 19 stolen bases.On November 18, the Mets re-signed him to a four-year contract worth a reported $25 million. New York Mets
<mask> had a strong finish to the 2007 season after being traded. He reached base safely in 40 of his last 46 games, and scored 34 runs in his last 42 games. In 50 games as a Met, <mask> batted .296 with 20 RBIs and 10 stolen bases. In 2008, a year plagued with injuries and several bench stints, <mask> hit .245 in 87 games, but still managed to steal 17 bases in 19 attempts. In 2009 spring training, <mask> led all major league players in walks, with 17 from 56 official at-bats. On March 16, 2009, <mask> was presented the opportunity to bat right-handed instead of being a switch hitter.He declined, and continued to be a switch hitter throughout the rest of his career. Although the Mets struggled as a team, <mask> enjoyed a bounce-back year in '09, hitting .302 with 77 runs scored and a .387 on-base percentage. However, on June 12, with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning and runners on first and second base, <mask> dropped an easy pop fly hit by Alex Rodriguez for a two-run game-ending error at Yankee Stadium, earning him a measure of infamy in the Mets–Yankees rivalry and a place in Mets' history. On June 4, 2010, the Mets put <mask> on the disabled list because of problems in both his feet. He was replaced by Rubén Tejada who played at second base in the Mets' 5–4 win against the Florida Marlins at Citi Field. He was criticized, along with Carlos Beltrán and Óliver Pérez, for not going to the hospital that had soldiers who had amputated arms and legs; he claimed that he did not want to be horrified by the experience. <mask> commented on not being happy with his playing time and "has to work something out this offseason".During spring training of 2010, he was booed by the home fans at Digital Domain Park where the Mets play their spring training games. He was released from the Mets spring training roster on March 18, 2011. Philadelphia Phillies
On March 21, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. On March 22, he reported to Phillies training camp. <mask> was released shortly thereafter on March 30, 2011. He appeared on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 2016 election and earned zero votes. Career statistics
In 1,720 games over 15 seasons, <mask> posted a .290 batting average (1,889-for-6,510) with 1,001 runs, 194 doubles, 59 triples, 28 home runs, 443 RBI, 370 stolen bases, 800 bases on balls, .368 on-base percentage and .351 slugging percentage.He finished his career with a .984 fielding percentage playing every inning of his major league career at second base. In 20 postseason games, he hit .220 (18-for-82) with 6 runs, 4 doubles, 4 RBI, 3 stolen bases and 11 walks. Personal life
<mask> graduated from the class of 1991 at Colegio San Benito Abad in the Dominican Republic. He is married and has two children—<mask>., born on October 12, 2001, and Adonai, born on July 30, 2009. In August 2019, <mask> was cited on charges related to a drug trafficking and money laundering operation, while Octavio Dotel was arrested on related charges. In late August 2019, <mask> was cleared of money laundering charges, and it was determined that there was no evidence to link <mask> to any money laundering activity. See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Miami Marlins team records

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Binghamton Mets players
Calgary Cannons players
Charlotte Knights players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Florida Marlins players
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Kane County Cougars players

Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
Minnesota Twins players
National League All-Stars
National League stolen base champions
New York Mets players
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Portland Sea Dogs players
St. Lucie Mets players

masks:
Luis Antonio Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Luis Jr
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo


title: Menachem Youlus

texts:
<mask> is a Baltimore rabbi and Torah scribe who falsely claimed he had rescued Holocaust-era Torah scrolls from Eastern Europe, selling the scrolls at inflated prices. On August 24, 2011, he was arrested on charges of mail fraud and wire fraud, and he pleaded guilty on February 2, 2012. False claims

<mask> claimed he had personally traveled to Eastern Europe and beyond to recover Torah scrolls lost or hidden during the Holocaust, including some from the sites of concentration camps at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. He said that during his travels he had been beaten and imprisoned, and called himself the "Jewish Indiana Jones" during a Torah dedication in 2004. In court, he admitted that from 2004 to 2010 he had made up the stories of his travels; he had never been to the places he had claimed. The Torahs he sold did not have the claimed provenance. Save a Torah foundation

Youlus created the non-profit foundation "Save a Torah," purportedly to finance his travels and the restoration of the rescued Torah scrolls, dedicated to rescuing and restoring Torah scrolls hidden, lost or stolen during the Holocaust and other world upheavals and placing them in Jewish congregations.Instead he sold Torah scrolls he had obtained by other means, partly at inflated prices. According to prosecutors, he defrauded the charity and its donors of $862,000. Congregations that have acquired Torah scrolls from Save a Torah include New York's Central Synagogue and Congregation Kol Ami of Frederick. In January 2010, the Washington Post reported that many Torahs purportedly rescued from Holocaust sites in Eastern Europe appeared to be old Torah scrolls mostly acquired when American congregations closed, and resold at high prices because of <mask>'s unsubstantiated assertion that they were rescued from Holocaust-related sites. Similar questions were reported in an April 14, 2010 New York Times article concerning a Torah at New York's Central Synagogue. On August 24, 2011, <mask> was arrested and charged with fraud. According to prosecutors, he made up the stories about the Torahs' origins.<mask> was also accused of taking more than $340,000 of the $1.2 million raised by Save a Torah, including $145,000 or more for his personal use. Through an attorney, <mask> initially denied the allegations. He later pleaded guilty to fraud, having used money from the fraud to cover his personal expenses. He was convicted of two counts of mail and wire fraud in a Manhattan federal court on October 11, 2012. On December 17, 2012, <mask> began serving a 51-month prison sentence at the federal correctional institution in Otisville, New York. <mask> was incarcerated until August 26, 2016. Complaint

<mask> was arrested in Manhattan on fraud charges on August 24, 2011, for claiming to have toured Europe in search of lost or hidden Torah scrolls – the holy Jewish texts containing Hebrew scripture.He distributed the scrolls among American synagogues and communities, sometimes at inflated rates, and diverted almost one third of $1.2 million into his accounts for personal use. <mask> embezzled more than a million dollars from Save a Torah. He had that money transferred to a Jewish bookstore he owned in Wheaton, Maryland, on a pretext of payment for restoring old and damaged scrolls. He was charged for writing $344,000 in checks to himself from the bookstore account, $200,000 in personal expenses, and for using $90,000 to pay private school tuition fee for his kith and kin. He was also charged for $145,000, which donors had meant for saving a Torah and was instead diverted to his personal bank account. Investigation

David M. Rubenstein, one of the founders of Carlyle Group, who had bought a Torah and donated it to Central Synagogue, sought the authenticity of scrolls by hiring Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust historian and former director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Research Institute. Berenbaum said, "What I found is the claim for the origin of the Torah could not be verified."<mask> Z. Rosensaft, an adjunct professor of law at Cornell University, vice president of the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants, and general counsel of the World Jewish Congress, was skeptical about <mask>'s claim of discovering an old Torah at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, as his parents were liberated from that camp and the camp was burned down by British Army during World War II. On complaint lodged by Rosensaft, the state of Maryland began investigating Save a Torah. State officials found that <mask>' stories "may be misleading." Michael P. Schlein, investigator for the Office of the Secretary of State of Maryland, said that "we could probably or reasonably assume they could not be wholly accurate." Additionally, despite <mask>'s claims that he traveled through Europe "rescuing" Torah strolls, his passport records show that he never traveled to Europe. Confession

<mask> offered this confession on Feb 2, 2012, to Manhattan Federal District Court judge Colleen McMahon:

He also pleaded guilty to mail fraud and wire fraud, admitting that he had used the United States Postal Service and email to further a scheme to solicit donations and siphon money claiming for restoration and preservation of Torah scrolls. Plea deal

As part of his plea agreement, he will repay his victims $1.2 million.<mask> was freed on $100,000 bond until he was sentenced on October 10, 2012 by Judge Colleen McMahon to just over four years in prison. He was released from federal prison on August 26, 2016. Awards

He received the Peacemaker award for 2005 from the Olender Foundation. Further reading

References

External links
 Local Torah buyer debates scroll’s authenticity
 PBS's Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly - Video from August 1, 2008 on Save a Torah
 Two Torahs, Two Holocaust Stories and One Big Question
 Auschwitz Torah - A synagogue honors a Torah saved from the Holocaust. Saving the Torah

American Orthodox rabbis
American people convicted of fraud
American members of the clergy convicted of crimes
Jewish American writers
Living people
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Menachem Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Menachem
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus


title: Bernhard Crusell

texts:
<mask> (15 October 1775 – 28 July 1838) was a Swedish-Finnish clarinetist, composer and translator, "the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composer and indeed, — the outstanding Finnish composer before Sibelius". Early life and training
<mask> was born in Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad), Finland, into a poor family of bookbinders. His grandfather, <mask> had learned the trade of bookbinding in Turku and Stockholm, then settled in Pori where he fathered nine children, including <mask>'s father Jakob, who also became a bookbinder. In 1765, after Jakob completed his apprenticeship, he moved to Uusikaupunki and married Helena Ylander, but she died about one year later. In 1769 he married Margaretha Messman. The couple had four children, but <mask> was the only one who lived to become an adult. Later in life <mask> described this period of his life, writing in the third person:
In his little town of birth there was only one person who had an active interest in music: a shop assistant  who could be heard in the evenings playing the flute for his own amusement.One night, the four-year-old Berndt was sitting in the street, leaning against a wall, on top of the world with admiration for the sweet melodies. His parents, who had been looking for their son for a long time, scolded him severely, but this could not stop the boy from returning to his favourite spot the next evening. This time he got a beating for his disobedience, but as it was to no avail, they left him  to his "craze", confident that he would come back home as soon as the flute went silent... When <mask> was eight, the family moved to Perttula, the rural village of Nurmijärvi about 23 miles north of Helsinki. His innate interest in music continued, and he learned to play a friend's clarinet by ear. He soon began to receive training from a member of the Nyland regimental band. In 1788, when he was thirteen, another family friend, aware of the young man's natural ability, took him to see Major O. Wallenstjerna at Sveaborg ().Sveaborg was a Swedish fortress built on six islands just off the coast of Helsinki. The educated officers of the fort had significant influence on the culture and politics of the city. Wallenstjerna, impressed with <mask>'s playing, recruited him as a volunteer member of the Sveaborg military band and gave him a place to live with his own family. <mask> received an education at Sveaborg and excelled in music and languages. In 1791 Wallenstjerna transferred to Stockholm and <mask> went with him. Although <mask> spent most of the rest of his life in Sweden, he always considered himself a Finn. In his final years in a letter to Runeberg he called himself a "finsk landsman" (a fellow Finn; note that "Finn" at the time did not refer to the language).He maintained his travel diaries in Swedish. Career as a clarinetist
In Stockholm, <mask> continued his studies and established himself as a clarinet soloist. In 1792, at age sixteen, he received an appointment as the director of the regimental band, and in 1793 became principal clarinet with the Hovkapellet (Royal Court Orchestra), which was directed by his composition teacher, the German composer Abbé Vogler. In 1798 he received financial assistance which enabled him to live in Berlin for a few months and study with the well-known German clarinetist Franz Tausch (1762–1817). Tausch had founded the German school of clarinet playing which emphasized beauty of tone over technique. <mask>'s  progress was swift, and he performed at concerts in Berlin and Hamburg before returning to Sweden. The review of the Hamburg concert in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung was positive.<mask> lived in Sweden for the rest of his life, going back to Finland only once. After a trip to St. Petersburg, on his return trip to Sweden, he performed in Helsinki on 7 July 1801, with the pianist Fredrik Lithander as his accompanist, and in Turku on 30 July, in a concert organized by the orchestra of the Turku Society of Music. In Stockholm <mask> had become acquainted with the French ambassador to Sweden. This friendship encouraged and enabled him to undertake a trip to Paris in 1803. There he performed and also studied clarinet with Jean-Xavier Lefèvre at the newly formed Conservatoire. On 2 June, with the encouragement of Lefèvre, he purchased a new mouthpiece made by Michel Amlingue (1741–1816) and on 14 September a six-key C clarinet made by Jean Jacques Baumann. Before about 1800 Crusell had been playing with the reed turned up, but later turned it down, the modern practice and a position more compatible with cantabile playing.Exactly when he did this is not well established, but he may have favored the reed-above position because of a lack of evenness in his teeth. Around this time the Théâtre-Italien de Paris offered <mask> a position as first clarinetist. Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, anxious to keep Crusell in the royal orchestra, denied a petition for an extension of leave and as a positive inducement made him chief conductor of the bodyguard regiment bands. After <mask> returned to Stockholm he remained with the Royal Court Orchestra until 1833. In June 1811 <mask> made another trip to see Tausch in Berlin, and the two men discussed clarinets. Later that month he visited a benefactor in Leipzig, and in July he purchased a new instrument from Heinrich Grenser in Dresden. His Grenser clarinet was an advanced design for the time, with eleven keys.(A picture of <mask>'s Grenser clarinet can be found here.) Later, in 1822, he again went to Dresden and purchased additional clarinets from the Grenser shop's successor, Grenser & Wiesner, and from another maker by the name of Bormann. The Stockholm Music Museum possesses five clarinets made by Grenser & Wiesner in 1822 or later, four with eleven, and one with ten keys. During his career <mask> became increasingly well known as a clarinet soloist, not only in Sweden but also in Germany, and even in England. He played compositions by Beethoven, Jadin, Krommer, Lebrun, Mozart, and Peter Winter, among others. Of more than 50 known concert reviews (most of which appeared in the German Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung), not even one had any negative comment. Carl Abraham Mankell (1802–1868), music critic of Svenska Tidningen (Swedish News), admired <mask>'s playing for the roundness of his tone and its evenness in quality throughout the range of the instrument.<mask> was also greatly admired for his pianissimo playing. "It is indicative of his reputation that he was for many years the best-paid musician in the court orchestra." Career as a composer
Between 1791 and 1799 Crusell studied music theory and composition with Abbé Vogler and another German teacher, Daniel Böritz, when Böritz was resident in Stockholm. In 1803 while in Paris <mask> studied composition at the Conservatoire with Gossec and Berton. He composed pieces, including concertos and chamber works, not only for his own use, but also for other wind players in the court orchestra. In 1811 he travelled to Leipzig where he established a relationship with the music publisher Bureau de Musique, which became part of C. F. Peters in 1814. From 1818 to 1837 during the summers he conducted military bands in Linköping, providing them with arrangements of marches and overtures by Rossini, Spohr, and Weber and composing pieces for male choir.In 1822 he published three volumes of songs to texts by the Swedish poet Tegnér and others, and in 1826 another volume, Frithiofs saga, with ten songs to texts by Tegnér. An opera, Lilla slavinnan (The Little Slave Girl), was first performed in Stockholm in 1824 and was repeated 34 times in the following 14 years. Other accomplishments and awards
<mask> was a skillful linguist, translating the important Italian, French, and German operas for performances in Sweden. His translation of Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, first performed in 1821, resulted in his induction into the Geatish Society, an association of literary academics in Sweden. In 1837 he was awarded a Gold Medal by the Swedish Academy and was inducted into the Order of Vasa, for service to the state and society. The National Library of Sweden holds two manuscript autobiographies. Crusell Music Festival
Since 1982 a Crusell Week has been held each summer in Uusikaupunki, Finland (<mask>'s place of birth).The festival is dedicated to music for woodwind instruments. Crusell Week’s Artistic Director is Jussi Särkkä. List of musical works
Dates of composition and first publication and other information are from Asiado,  Dahlström, and WorldCat (OCLC), unless otherwise noted. Soloist with orchestra
 Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major, Op. 1
 Movements: Allegro – Adagio – Rondo. Allegretto
 Completed in 1808? or 1810; published Leipzig, A. Kühnel, 1811, plate no.907 (after 1814 reprinted by C. F. Peters). Duration: ca. 22 minutes. Other publications:
 Edition by Fabian Dahlström with assistance of Margareta Rörby. Stockholm: Edition Reimers, 1995, full score (xxi, 158 pages; includes prefatory notes in English and Swedish and "Critical commentary", pp. 153–158) . Edition for clarinet and piano by Brent Coppenbarger.Wiesbaden [etc. ]: Breitkopf & Härtel, 2000 (copyright 1990, Monteux: Musica Rara), score (45 pages) and part . Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1990, score (30 pages) and part (11 pages) ; reprint 2004, , . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer. Munich: Henle, 2016, cat. no.HN 1208, score (31

masks:
Bernhard Henrik Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Kruselius
Crusell
Bernhard
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Crusell


title: Bernhard Crusell

texts:
 pages) and part (11 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1208-3. Clarinet Concerto in F minor, Op. 5 ("Grand")
 Movements: Allegro – Andante pastorale – Rondo. Allegretto
 First performed 1815; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1817, plate no. 1335. Duration: ca. 24 minutes.Other publications:
 Edition for clarinet and piano, with cadenza, by Jost Michaels. Hamburg: Sikorski, ca.1962, plate H.S.549, cat. no. 549,  score (35 pages) and part  . Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1991, score (29 pages) and part (11 pages) . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer.Munich: Henle, 2015, cat. no. HN 1209, score (31 pages) and part (11 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1209-0. Clarinet Concerto in B-flat major, Op. 11
 Movements: Allegro risoluto – Andante moderato – Alla polacca
 Composed ca. 1807?, later revised and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1829, plate no. 2077.Duration: ca. 25 minutes. Other publications:
 Edited by Mayer. New York: Edition Peters. Edition for clarinet and piano by Bieger/ Foerster. New York: Edition Peters. Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston.Vienna: Universal Edition, 1988, cat. no. 18267, score (36 pages) and part (12 pages) . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer. Munich: Henle, 2015, cat. no. HN 1210, score (32 pages) and part (12 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1210-6.Sinfonia concertante in B-flat major, for clarinet, horn, bassoon and orchestra, Op. 3
 Movements: Allegro – Andante sostenuto – Allegro ma non tanto
 First performed 1804; revised and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1830. Other publications:
 Amsterdam: KW-Verlag, 1961, score (68 pages) and 22 parts . Piano reduction. Amsterdam: KaWe, 1981; plate KW50a, score (18 pages); plate K.51W, 3 solo parts ; reprint 1985 . Concertino in B-flat major, for bassoon and orchestra
 Completed and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1829. Other publications:
 Arrangement for bassoon and piano by Harri Ahmas.Helsinki: Musiikki Fazer Musik, 1984, FM 06658-9, score (33 pages) and part (8 pages) ; reprint [Helsinki? ]: Warner/Chappell Music Finland, 1995, , . Helsinki, Fennica Gehrman Oy, 2015: score (87 pages) and parts, ISMN 979-0-55011-250-6. Introduction et Air suedois, for clarinet and orchestra, Op. 12
 Alternate title: Introduction and Variations for Clarinet and Orchestra, Op. 12
 Based on a popular song "Supvisa" by Olof Åhlström
 First performed in 1804 as Variationer på visan: Goda gosse, glaset töm (Variations on the song: "Dear boy, empty the glass")
Revised and published Leipzig, 1830. Other publications:
 Hamburg: Musikverlag Hans Sikorski, 1983, plate H.S.1263 K, score (23 pages) and part (7 pages) . Winterthur: Amadeus, 1992, score (15 pages) part (7 pages) ; reprint 2006 . Airs suedois for bassoon and orchestra (1814)
 This work is often confused with Introduction et Air suedois for clarinet and orchestra above. It is an entirely different piece. Airs suedois for bassoon has remained relatively obscure because of the loss of the full score. It is nevertheless a fine and interesting work. Orchestrated by Graham Sheen [score available from the editor].London: Park Publications, 1985, score (35 pages) and part (10 pages) . Solo bassoon part and composer's piano reduction published by Emerson Edition, edited by Graham Sheen
 Recorded by Graham Sheen and Elizabeth Burley on SFZ Music CD "Goodbye, Mr Galliard" SFZM0109
 Recorded by Knut Sonstevold and Stefan Lindgren on Daphne CD "Fagottissimo"
 Also: [London]: British Double Reed Society, ca. 1993, score (21 pages) and part . Chamber music
 Quartet in E-flat major for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 2
 Composed 1807? ; published Leipzig, A. Kühnel, 1811. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat.no. EKB 019. After the edition by <mask>. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2006, score (15 pages) and 4 parts . Arrangement for 3 clarinets and bass clarinet by Béla Kovács. Leverkusen: Edition Darok, ca. 1996, score (20 pages) and 4 parts .Quartet in C minor for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 4
 Composed 1804? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1817. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EKB 039. After the edition by <mask>r.Winterthur: Amadeus, 2006, score (16 pages) + 4 parts . Manuscript edition by Lyle T. Barkhymer (Indiana University), 1975, score (pp. 53–91) and 4 parts . Quartet in D major for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 7
 Composed 1821? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823, cat. nos.1723 and 1783B. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EKB 040. Transcription for oboe in C major by Kurt Meier. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2002, score (16 pages) and 4 parts
 Quartet in D major for flute, violin, viola and cello, Op. 8 (Edition Peters EKB 056)
 Arrangement of Op.7
 Composed 1821? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823. Other publications:
 Helsinki: Suomalaisen Musiikin Tiedotuskeskus, 1991, score (25 pages) and 3 parts . Edition by Kurt Meier. Winterthur: Amadeus/<mask> Päuler, 2002, miniature score (16 pages) and 4 parts . Arrangement ("Sonata") for flute and piano by Timo Hongisto. Espoo: Fazer Music, 1990, score (44 pages) and part .Three clarinet duets: No. 1 in F major, No. 2 in D minor (score), No. 3 in C major
Published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1821. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EP 7780.Three progressive clarinet duets, London: Hinrichsen Edition, 1960, score (3 volumes score and 3 parts) . Concert Trio (Potpourri) for clarinet, horn, and bassoon
Edition by <mask>r. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2005, score (8 pages) and 3 parts ; . Arrangement by Stig Rybrant. Lidingö: Busch, 2007, score (12 pages) and parts . Divertimento in C major for oboe, two violins, viola and cello, Op. 9
Free score at IMSLP.Dates: published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823, cat. no. 1728. Other publications:
 Edition by <mask>. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2003, score (15 pages) and 5 parts . Vocal works
 Sångstycken ("Songs")
 Texts by Esaias Tegnér and others
Published Stockholm, 1822, 3 volumes. Vol 1 .Frithiofs saga (10 songs), for voice and piano
 Texts by Esaias Tegnér
 Published Stockholm, 1826; enlarged 1827. Other publications:
 Zwölf Gesänge aus der Frithiof's Saga (Twelve Songs from the Frithiof's Saga), translated from Swedish by Gottlieb Mohnike. Leipzig :  C.F. Peters, [1827], score (28 pages) . Tolf sånger ur Frithiofs saga, Stockholm: Elkan & Schildknecht, [186-? ], score (35 pages) . Lund: Gleerup; Copenhagen: Lose & Olsen, no date, score (28 pages) ."From Ganges' beauteous strands"  for voice, clarinet & piano
From incidental music to Den lilla slafvinnan (The little bondswoman). Originally for soprano and chamber orchestra. Published Ampleforth, Yorkshire: Emerson Edition, 1980, score (22 pages) and 2 parts . "Oi terve Pohjola!" for vocal quartet
 Swedish title: "Hell dig, du höga Nord!" ("Hail, O Northland!") Also arranged for chorus.Probably <mask>'s most famous composition in Finland. Music for stage
 Lilla slavinnan (The Little Slave Girl), opera in 3 acts
 Libretto by René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt; translated by Ulrik Emanuel Mannerhjerta and G. Lagerbjelke. First performed in Stockholm on 18 February 1824. Excerpts published Stockholm,1824. Held at Stockholm's Kungliga Teaterns Bibliotek. Other publications:
 Piano reduction by Ludwig Anton Edvard Passy. Stockholm: Westerberg, [ca.1825], score (52 pages, "obl. fol.") . Libretto, Stockholm, 1824 . Motive from "Tusen och en natt". Helsingfors, 1909, score (4 pages) . Citations and references

Cited sources
Asiado, Tel (2004). "<mask> <mask> (1775-1838).Swedish-Finnish clarinetist, composer and translator." at Mozart Forum. Hillila, Ruth-Esther and Barbara Blanchard Hong (1997). Historical dictionary of the music and musicians of Finland. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. .
 Rice, Albert R. (2003). The clarinet in the classical period. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. .
Sadie, Stanley, ed. ; John Tyrell; exec. ed. (2001). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, 2nd ed. London: Macmillan. (hardcover).(eBook). Winter, Helmer (1925). Berndt Henric <mask>n 150-vuotismuisto [Berndt Henric <mask>'s 150th (birthday) anniversary]. Uusikaupunki: the author. .

Other sources

 Dahlströhm, Fabian (1976). <mask> <mask>: klarinettisten och hans större instrumentalverk. Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. Language: Swedish.. .
 Kallio, Ilmari (1994). <mask> <mask> (1775–1838). Uusikaupunki: Crusell-Society. Language: Finnish. .
 Spicknall, John Payne (1974). The solo clarinet works of Bernard Henrik <mask> (1775–1838). Thesis—University of Maryland. .
 Wilson, Sven (1977). <mask>: tonsättare, klarinettvirtuos''.Stockholm: Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien (Royal Swedish Academy of Music). Language: Swedish. . . Note: Includes extracts from <mask>'s diaries of journeys abroad in 1803, 1811 and 1822. . External links

 Biography at Mozart-Forum. Biography at the Finnish Crusell Society website. History of the genesis of the concertos Opus 5 and Opus 11
 Naxos recording of the clarinet concertos with Karl Leister.Crusell Music Festival - Uusikaupunki. 1775 births
1838 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Finnish classical clarinetists
Finnish classical composers
Finnish male classical composers
Finnish people of Swedish descent
Pupils of Georg Joseph Vogler
Recipients of the Order of Vasa
Romantic composers
Swedish autobiographers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish-speaking

masks:
Bernhard Päuler
Bernhard Päule
Bernhard
Bernhard Päule
Bernhard Päuler
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Cruselli
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Crusell
Crusell


title: Dorothy Kenyon

texts:
<mask> (February 17, 1888 – February 12, 1972) was a New York attorney, judge, feminist and political activist in support of civil liberties. During the era of McCarthyite persecution, she was accused of being affiliated with 28 communist front organizations. <mask> was a charismatic speaker, and she regularly travelled throughout the U.S. lecturing about civil liberties, the law, and women's equality. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, to Maria Wellington (Stanwood) and <mask>, a patent attorney. She grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, with a family summer home in Lakeville, Connecticut. She graduated from Horace Mann School in 1904. She studied economics and history at Smith College, graduating in 1908.While at Smith she participated in field hockey and tennis, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. <mask> felt that she "misspent" the years 1908 to 1913 as a "social butterfly." After spending a year in Mexico and observing poverty and injustice at a close range, she decided to focus on social activism. She graduated from New York University School of Law in 1917 and was admitted to the New York Bar in the same year. Career
<mask> began her legal career in 1917 as a law clerk in the New York firm Gwinn and Deming. Later that year, she began work as a research specialist among the group of lawyers advising delegates to the Paris Peace Conference. As a research specialist, she studied wartime labor patterns and collected economic data for the conference.From 1919 to 1925, <mask> worked for the firm of Pitkin, Rosenson, and Henderson in New York City. For most of her career, <mask> devoted a great deal of her energy to advocating for social justice and a variety of liberal and progressive causes such as the New Deal, women's rights, the labor movement, and consumer cooperatives. In 1930, <mask> established the law firm of Straus and Kenyon with <mask>, with whom she worked in partnership to campaign for women's advancement until 1939, when she became a justice of the municipal court. <mask> was appointed as a member of the New York City Comptroller's council on taxes for the relief of the unemployed in 1934. In 1936 she chaired a committee to study procedure in women's courts where she called for more sympathetic treatment of sex workers and stronger prosecution of their clients and pimps. <mask> gained national prominence as a feminist activist in 1938 when she was named the U.S. representative to the League of Nations Committee for the Study of the Status of Women, a group of seven lawyers charged with studying women's legal status internationally. World War II interrupted the committee's work and it was never completed.<mask> resumed her commitment to improving women's status around the world through her work as the U.S. delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women from 1946 to 1950. Already well-known in academic, legal, and political circles, in 1950 <mask> made national news when Senator Joseph R. McCarthy named her as the first person to be investigated by the Tydings Committee. McCarthy alleged that <mask> had been a member of 29 Communist front organizations. Two "reliable former members of the Communist party" reportedly told McCarthy that "she had one job and one job only and that was to attach herself to a prominent individual... high in public life and try to influence the writings of that individual." <mask> responded aggressively to McCarthy's accusations by declaring: "He's a lowdown worm and although it ought to be beneath my dignity to answer him, I'm mad enough to say that he's a liar and he can go to hell." Of her involvement with communist organizations, she said "I am not, and never have been, a supporter of, a member of, or a sympathizer with any organization known to me to be, or suspected by me, of being controlled or dominated by Communists." In the wake of her confrontation with McCarthy, <mask> received widespread support from the press and from respected public figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt.Although the Senate subcommittee cleared the charges against her on July 17, McCarthy's accusations ended <mask>'s career in public service. During the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> prepared briefs for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and worked for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She continued to push the ACLU to take a stand against sexist policies and institutions, and was the sole woman on the board of the ACLU for many years. She worked with African-American activist and attorney, Pauli Murray, on preparing briefs for cases that challenged sex discrimination in the 1940s and 1950s. She joined the pro Equal Rights Amendment forces, and also teamed with much younger feminists in the emerging women's liberation movement where she participated in the 1971 Women's Strike for Equality and in the burgeoning movement to legalize abortion. In 1966, Murray and <mask> successfully argued White v. Crook, a case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that women have an equal right to serve on juries. When attorney and future Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote her brief for Reed v. Reed—a 1971 Supreme Court case that for the first time extended the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause to women—she added Murray and <mask> as coauthors in recognition of her debt to their work.Personal life
<mask> had lengthy and intense romantic relationships with various men throughout her adult life, including Walcott Pitkin, Elihu Root Jr., and L. V. Pulsifer. Fiercely independent, she made a conscious decision not to marry. Death
<mask> participated in various aspects of President Johnson's War on Poverty and at age 80, she worked tirelessly and almost single-handedly to establish legal services for the poor on the Lower West Side of Manhattan. When <mask> was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1969, she concealed the severity of her illness from most people and refused to suspend or even curtail her legal or political work. She was an active advocate for social justice until her death on February 12, 1972, 5 days before her 84th birthday. Popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by Kathy Bates in the 2018 film On the Basis of Sex, which is about the life and career of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. References

Further reading

External links
<mask> papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections

1888 births
1972 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American activists
American feminists
20th-century American lawyers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Cooperative organizers
Deaths from stomach cancer
Victims of McCarthyism
Smith College alumni
20th-century American women lawyers

masks:
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
William Houston Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Straus
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon


title: Werner Spitz

texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1926) is a German-American forensic pathologist who has worked on a number of high-profile cases, including the investigations of the assassinations of president John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. He also testified at the trials of Casey Anthony and Phil Spector, the 1996 civil trial against O. J. Simpson, and consulted on the investigation of JonBenét Ramsey's 1996 death. He wrote and with his son Daniel co-edited the book Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. Biography
<mask> was born in 1926 to a Jewish family in Stargard, Germany (now Poland); his parents, Siegfried and <mask>, were both physicians. Given the growing antisemitism in Germany, his family fled to Mandatory Palestine when he was a child. <mask>'s father got <mask> as a youth a job working in a medical examiner's office, where he was charged with cleaning and other small duties. Spitz eventually began assisting with the autopsies.He recalls assisting with the autopsy of Morris Meyerson in 1951; he was the husband of Golda Meir, the future Israeli politician and Prime Minister. <mask> returned to Europe for medical school, where he started studies at Geneva University in Switzerland. After he had been four years in Geneva, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem established the university's Medical School and <mask> transferred there. He received his medical doctorate after an additional three years of studies and clinical work. He graduated at the age of 27. <mask> immigrated to America in 1959. His decision to leave his native Israel was partly inspired by the lack of regional need for his chosen career path."In seven years in Israel, there was only one murder." He said. "It just wasn't the right place for a forensic pathologist." <mask> later served as Deputy Chief Medical Examiner in Baltimore, Maryland, and Chief Medical Examiner for Wayne County, Michigan (Wayne County includes the city of Detroit). There he made many controversial changes, and in 1976 he was charged with taking parts from bodies without getting permission from the next of kin, privately charging for his services, and improperly conducting ballistic experiments on dead bodies. Although <mask> admitted some of the charges, the Wayne County Prosecutor declined to prosecute him, saying that "He was just being a doctor." Work as a forensic pathologist
In 1969, <mask> testified on behalf of Joseph and Gwen Kopechne, the parents of Mary Jo Kopechne, who died following a car accident in the vehicle of Ted Kennedy at Chappaquiddick Island.Kopechne was presumed to have died from drowning after Kennedy's car swerved off a small bridge and plunged into the water. Kopechne's parents were seeking to prevent her body from being exhumed and autopsied. <mask> testified that the autopsy was unnecessary, and the available evidence was sufficient to conclude that Kopechne died from drowning. The judge sided with Kopechne's parents and denied the request for exhumation. In 1970, while <mask> was the deputy chief medical examiner for Maryland, he determined that Sister Cathy Cesnik, a 26-year-old Catholic nun who disappeared in November 1969, had been murdered by a blow to the head. In 1994, a witness came forward and said a priest took her as a young teen, to see Cesnik's body shortly after she had gone missing. She said that he was threatening her not to say anything about the sexual abuse that was allegedly occurring at her Catholic school.The witness told police she remembered maggots on Cesnik's corpse, but was not believed. The police said that maggots were unlikely in November. However, in 2016, when <mask>'s original autopsy was made public, it had documented that there were maggots present. <mask> confirmed this when interviewed for the 2017 Netflix series The Keepers, about Cesnik's murder. In 1975, <mask> was asked to work as an advisor to both the Rockefeller Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations. He reviewed the autopsy performed 12 years earlier on president John F. Kennedy by military pathologists. "They botched that autopsy," <mask> said."They had absolutely no experience in forensic pathology." He attributed the flaws in the investigation to the fact that at that time in the United States, forensic pathology was in its infancy. Despite his conclusion that the original investigation was flawed, he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting. In 1979, <mask> consulted with the same committees on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. The committee determined that King was killed by one rifle shot by James Earl Ray. In 2011, <mask> testified for the defense in the trial of Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter, Caylee. He disagreed with the prosecution's medical examiner Jan Garavaglia, who had said that the death could be ruled as a homicide based on the autopsy, and described her work as "shoddy".Garavaglia acknowledged that the cause of death could not be ascertained by the autopsy she performed, but ruled the death a homicide based on the circumstances. Spitz criticized her for failing to open the skull and test sediment found in the skull; he believed that was proof that Caylee had decomposed while lying on her side, rather than the position in which she was found. He disagreed with the state's theory that duct tape found next to Caylee's body was used as a murder weapon, saying it is much more likely that the duct tape was placed after her death to hold the mandible in place when moving the body. He also believes that the placement of Caylee's hair was staged by someone before being photographed. In a CBS Detroit interview on September 2016 and in the documentary series The Case of: JonBenét Ramsey (2016), <mask> accused Burke Ramsey of killing his sister, although the pathologist had not performed an autopsy of the girl. On October 6, 2016, Burke filed a defamation lawsuit against <mask>, seeking a total of $150 million in damages since Burke had never been considered a suspect by the Boulder police. In 2003, DNA evidence found from an unidentified male appeared to have cleared each family member from suspicion, as their DNA was excluded from matching.New testing in 2016 revealed there was DNA from two persons other than JonBenét Ramsey. <mask> is a professor of pathology at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan and an adjunct professor of pathology at the University of Windsor in Canada. He has written a book entitled: Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. List of notable cases

Personal life
<mask> is the father of <mask>, who is also a pathologist, and <mask>, a surgeon. He has a sister, Karni Frank, who also lives in Michigan. References

External links

1926 births
Living people
American people of German-Jewish descent
American forensic pathologists
JonBenét Ramsey
Medical examiners
O. J. Simpson murder case
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli emigrants to the United States
People from Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
Jewish American Scientists

masks:
Werner Uri Spitz
Werner Spitz
Anna Spitz
Spitz
Werner
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Werner
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Daniel Spitz
Jonathan Spitz


title: Toño Rosario

texts:
<mask> (born November 3, 1955),  known as <mask>, is a Dominican singer, songwriter, arranger and Grammy-award nominee musician, best known for his role of bandleader of Merengue music act Los Hermanos Rosario. In 1990, his started his successful solo carrer receiving gold and platinum certifications. <mask> is one of the best selling and most popular merengue artist and had received nonimations to the Latin Grammy Awards, Latin Billborad Music Awards and Grammy Awards. Is well known by the hits "Kulikitaca", "Resistire", "Seguire", "Jenny" and "Viborar del Mar". <mask> was the first solo merengue act to ever sell out Madison Square Garden, United Palace, Altos de Chavón, la Plaza del toro in Madrid and Cuervana Stadium, México. <mask> is a minority owner/limited partner of the Miami Dolphins NFL team. Musical career
<mask> is best known for his Merengue numbers.As a member of Los Hermanos Rosario, <mask> has been a key figure in popularizing Merengue music, with hits reaching the top of the Billboard Latin charts and the top of charts in Europe. <mask> is the top selling Merengue artist of all time. The three-time Grammy nominee has sold more than 100 million albums worldwide. He is best known for his Romantic Merengue renditions. <mask> <mask> and his brothers were always interested in music. From young, they recall finding whatever instruments they could in household items since they were born in poverty and could not afford real musical instruments. The group in which <mask> started his musical career was formed in 1978 and its name is "Los Hermanos Rosario": it consisted of himself, his brothers Pepe and Rafa (as the lead singers) and brothers Luis, Tony, and Francis (as the instrument players).They used to play in their neighbors houses and this is how they eventually got to be known and discovered. After the death of their brother Pepe, <mask> and Rafa took the lead in the band with <mask> as the main singer due to his unique and highly recognized voice. In the late 1980s, after 12 years of being with his brothers, <mask> was removed from the group and began his own solo career. He debuted on April 14, 1990, in the "Roberto Clemente" Coliseum of Puerto Rico. He went on to become the most popular merengue singer with some of his albums reaching diamond status. His Debut Album, "Y mas...", receive critical aclaim. With his second album, "Atado a ti" sold more than the expectations of the label and stayed at the Billboard Charts for more than 30 weeks.In 1992, his third studio album "Retorno a mis raises", went Platinum. The Single "La Gozadera" peaked at the number 7 in dominican airplay. In 1993, his fourth studio album "Amor Jollao" went Gold. In 1994, he signed with WEA Latina, followed by the release of the albums "Me olvide de vivir" (1994) and Quiero Volver a Empezar (1995). The subsequents, "Seguire" (1997) and "Exclusivo" (1998) become his highest charted albums in the United States. La Magia del Cuco, released in 1999, become his first album to be certified platinum by the RIAA, with sales over 200,000 copies. In that same year, Toño peformed at The Merengue Festival in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.In 2000, Toño 10th Studio Album "Yo soy Toño" become his best selling album to date. It was certified platinum (Latin Field) by the RIAA and sold over 250,000 copies. Also, it was nominated for Best Merengue Album at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards and Best Merengue/Bachata Album at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Toño en America, dropped on 2002, was moderated success and debut at  in Dominican Republic Best Selling Albums Charts. The single "Yo kuli, Yo kula" better known as "Kulikitaca" become a massive success across Latin America

in 2004, <mask> <mask> signed a multi-album contract with Universal Latino. Also, peformed a sold out show at Altos the Chavon with Tego Calderon. In the same year, On december 7th, he released 12th studio album "Resistire", met positive reviews and it was nominated for Best Merengue/Bachata Album at the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards.The title track was nominated as "Tropical Airplay Song of the Year" at the 2006 Latin Billboard Music Awards. In 2006, his live album "En Vivo: El original" peaked at 5 on US Tropical Albums Chart. "A tu gusto" was released on 2007 and enter at the top 10 of Billboard Tropical Charts. In 2009, his compilation album Don't Worry Be Happy: The Best of Toño <mask> debut at 16 on Billboard Tropical Albums. In 2018, his song "Kulikitaka" became an internet sensation in the southern Indian Member State of Kerala. It became very famous and was used in numerous stage shows, video albums and even in the most famous Malayalam web series Karikku's Thera Para . In Kerala it  became famous as an African song and not as a Latin song because of a video that circulated in Whatsapp.Even small restaurants started getting named after the song in Kerala. Tono <mask> married Marilyn Brenes in 1983, at Marriage Palace, in New York City. Discography

With Los Hermanos Rosario

Studio albums
1980: ¡Vienen Acabando! 1983: Vol. 1

1984: Vol. 2

1985: Vol. 3

1987: Acabando!1988: Otra Vez! 1990: Fuera de Serie

Compilation albums
1988: Lo Mejor de los Hermanos Rosario

1989: Lo Mejor de los Hermanos Rosario Vol. 2

1993: 14 Éxitos Impressionantes

1994: Juntos Con Sus Éxitos

1997: El Disco de Oro

1998: La Historia Musical Rosario

2001: 20 Aniversario

2003: Grandes Éxitos

2005: Grandes Éxitos Vol.

masks:
Máximo Antonio del Rosario
Toño Rosario
Toño Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Maximo Antonio del Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Toño
Rosario
Toño
Toño
Toño
Toño
Toño
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario