title: Andrew Gower

texts:
<mask> (born 8 November 1989) is an English actor. A staple in British television and theatre, he is best known for his recurring role as Cutler  in Being Human and his turn as Prince Charles Stuart in Outlander. <mask> won the Spotlight Prize for Best Actor in 2010. Life and career
<mask> was born in Aintree, Merseyside, near Liverpool in North West England. His early schooling included Davenhill Primary School in Aintree and Great Sankey High School in Warrington, Cheshire. It was during Year Nine of his studies that Gower began acting, appearing in school plays and musical productions. He enrolled in Barrow Hall College, Great Sankey High School's sixth form college, in 2007, while studying for his A levels, he joined a local amateur drama group.<mask>, an Oxford School of Drama graduate, was awarded the prestigious Spotlight Prize for Best Actor in July 2010. In March 2011, <mask> made his debut in British television on the ITV's medical drama Monroe, in the role of Dr <mask>, a heart surgeon in training. To research the role, Gower watched two coronary artery bypass surgeries while standing next to actual surgeons. <mask> appeared in both series, reprising his role as the newly promoted General Registrar, under Head of Clinical Services Alistair Gillespie (Neil Pearson), in the second series. That same year, <mask> appeared in the television broadcast of the musical Frankenstein's Wedding... Live in Leeds, a modern adaptation of Mary Shelley's gothic novel Frankenstein. Instead of being pre-recorded as a traditional television musical, it was broadcast live, with an audience of 12,000 in attendance at Kirkstall Abbey, on BBC Three. In 2012, <mask> joined the cast of BBC Three's Being Human, as vampire solicitor Nick Cutler, in series 4 of the hit television series.Filming for the series began in Barry, Wales in late July 2011 and was broadcast in 2012. <mask> was the recipient of critical praise for his work on the series. This year also saw a guest role in series 4 of E4's science-fiction comedy Misfits and a run as Seiffert in Manfred Karge's surreal play The Conquest of the South Pole at the Arcola Theatre. In his first radio performance, <mask> played Lupin in the BBC Radio 4's comedy Diary of a Nobody, adapted by <mask> from George and Weedon Grossmith's Victorian novel. <mask> returned to episodic television in 2013. He appeared as Sherlock Holmes in series 6 of CBC's Victorian drama Murdoch Mysteries and would later reprise his role in series 7. After a cameo in Showtime's The Borgias, <mask> appeared as Lord Strange in several episodes of the BBC's mini-series The White Queen.In 2014, <mask> was featured in Jon Stewart's film directorial debut, Rosewater, as Jimmy the Avid Editor. That same year, he appeared in series 2 of the BBC's drama The Village as Gilbert Hankin and in series 2 of ITV's crime drama Endeavour as Nicholas Myers. The next year (2015) <mask> was cast in the role of Caligula in NBC's drama A.D. The Bible Continues and he played Mark, an ambitious young banker, in the Emmy awarded three-part BBC series Capital, based on John Lanchester's novel of the same name later that year. In 2016, <mask> made his West End debut as Winston Smith in a theatrical adaptation of George Orwell's 1984, a dystopian look at life in the future, at the Playhouse Theatre in London. He also appeared as Prince Charles Stuart in series 2 and 3 of the Starz historical dramatic series Outlander, based upon Diana Gabaldon's best-selling book series. Returning to the dystopian roots he explored in 1984, <mask> played Rob in series four of the award-winning Netflix drama Black Mirror.The episode, entitled "Crocodile", was helmed by Australian director John Hillcoat and centres on the idea of a device that can access personal memories. It was announced in December 2017 that <mask> will portray Ezra Spurnrose, the young heir of a wealthy family, in Amazon's eight-episode fantasy-noir drama Carnival Row. The series from executive producers Travis Beacham and Rene Echevarria was released on Amazon Prime on 30 August 2019. Ahead of its premiere, the series was renewed for a second season by Amazon Prime in July 2019. <mask> is set to reprise his role as Ezra Spurnrose. Another upcoming project for <mask> is Running Naked, a full-feature length film written and directed by Victor Buhler. In 2019, <mask> also re-visited 19th century crime solving as he joined the cast of the upcoming period drama Miss Scarlet and The Duke which follows Eliza Scarlet (played by British actress Kate Phillips), the first female detective in the Victorian era.In 2020, <mask> finished his first short film Humpty Fu*king Dumpty as an executive producer, an in-depth look at Merseybeat musician Tommy Quickly (played by <mask>), which was written and directed by Stephen Walters. The project was funded through Kickstarter, a widely used crowdfunding platform. The film was released on 8 May 2020 on the official website HumptyFilm.com. Music career
In June 2005, <mask> formed the Manchester-based rock band Emerson with his friends Michael Collins and James Webster. <mask> acted as the band's lead vocalist, Collins as keyboard and Webster as guitar player. From the beginning the two of them wrote their own songs inspired by their favourite artists. In 2006, Todd Ryan (drums) and Alasdair Ramsey (bass) joined the band.They played gigs in North West England, several times at The Cavern Club (the Liverpool club where The Beatles were discovered). When <mask> left to attend the Oxford School of Drama the following year, he had to put his music career on hold, with every intention on getting the band back together at a later point. However, this never happened and Emerson eventually dissolved. In 2015, <mask> became involved in the music project The Gustaffsons who have recorded four of their songs (cover songs and original materials) and published them on SoundCloud. He's also worked on original songs for the short film Humpty Fu*king Dumpty together with Stephen Walters. <mask> is a self-described "obsessed" Beatles fan. Filmography

Radio

Theatre

References

External links

1989 births
People from Warrington
English male television actors
Alumni of the Oxford School of Drama
Living people
People educated at Great Sankey High School
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
People from Aintree
Male actors from Merseyside

masks:
Andrew Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Andrew Mullery
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Andrew Lynch
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Andrew Gower
Andrew Gower
Gower
Gower
Gower
Andrew Gower
Gower
Gower
Andrew Gower
Gower


title: Steven Greenberg (rabbi)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born June 19, 1956) is an American rabbi with a rabbinic ordination from the Orthodox rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University (RIETS). He is described as the first openly gay Orthodox-ordained Jewish rabbi, since he publicly disclosed he is gay in an article in the Israeli newspaper Maariv in 1999 and participated in a 2001 documentary film about gay men and women raised in the Orthodox Jewish world. <mask> is a Senior Teaching Fellow and Director of Diversity Project at CLAL – the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership, and the author of the book Wrestling with God and Men: Homosexuality in the Jewish Tradition which received the Koret Jewish Book Award for Philosophy and Thought in 2005. In 2011, <mask> performed a same-sex commitment ceremony, but he believes that formal kiddushin for same-sex couples is against Jewish law. He was listed number 44 in the 2012 The Daily Beast and Newsweek list of "America's Top 50 Rabbis for 2012". Life and career

Early life and education
<mask>, the son of Conservative Jewish parents, was raised in Columbus, Ohio. When he was about 15, he began studying with a rabbi.He attended Yeshiva University in New York as an undergraduate and then as a rabbinical student. When he was 20, he went to study at Yeshivat Har Etzion, a hesder yeshiva in Alon Shvut in Gush Etzion near Jerusalem. He received his BA in philosophy from Yeshiva University, and his rabbinic ordination from the rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University (RIETS) in 1983. While at Yeshivat Har Etzion, he was attracted to a fellow student and concluded that he was bisexual. He went to consult with Rabbi Yosef Sholom Eliashiv, an eminent rabbi in Jerusalem, telling him: "Harav, I am attracted to both men and women. What shall I do?" And the rabbi replied according to <mask>: "My dear one, my friend, then you have twice the power of love.Use it carefully." <mask> remembers that he left with the trust that it would all work out. However, he realised that the rabbi wasn't permitting him to have sex with men, but was telling him that his desire was not ugly in and of itself. <mask> did not acknowledge he was gay until he was 28, and even afterwards continued to date women for another seven years. In 1993, he wrote the article "Gayness and God", admitting that he is gay, and published it under the pseudonym "Yaakov Levado" (meaning Jacob alone) in Tikkun magazine, but only came out six years later in an article titled "In the name of partnership" published in the Israeli daily newspaper Maariv on  March 5, 1999. Career
Early in his career, <mask> held an Orthodox pulpit on Roosevelt Island in New York City. Since 1985, he has been a Senior Teaching Fellow and Director of the Diversity Project at CLAL – the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership, an interdenominational Jewish think tank, leadership training institute, and resource center.He is a co-founder and director of Eshel, a support, education and advocacy organization for orthodox LGBT Jews that saves lives and families. He is also on the faculty of the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America, a project of the Shalom Hartman Institute. From 1996 to 1998 he spent two years as a Jerusalem Fellow with the Mandel Institute, studying educational policy issues and researching rabbinic attitudes toward homosexuality. <mask> participated in the critically acclaimed 2001 documentary film Trembling Before G-d, featured at the Sundance Festival. The film about gay men and women raised in the orthodox Jewish world helped break the silence around homosexuality in religious Jewish circles. On November 10, 2011, <mask> officiated a civil marriage according to the laws of the District of Columbia in Washington, D.C. It was widely misreported <mask> performed a religious ceremony; <mask> has repeatedly agreed that same gender kiddushin (Jewish marriage) is incompatible with Jewish law.2011 same-sex commitment ceremony

<mask> officiating at a civil marriage between two men in the United States, first reported by +972 Magazine on November 11, 2011, attracted controversy and was misunderstood and rejected by many within the Jewish community. Many were confused and thought that he had performed the rites of a Jewish wedding (kiddushin). <mask> described the wedding as a "same-sex commitment ceremony", commenting that "while it was a wedding according to the laws of the District of Columbia, it was not a kiddushin," adding "my position was and still is that kiddushin is not appropriate for same-sex couples." Two weeks later, he wrote in an article in the Jewish Week, "I did not conduct a 'gay wedding'. I officiated at a ceremony that celebrated the decision of two men to commit to each other in love and to do so in binding fashion before family and friends. Though it was a legal marriage according to the laws of the District of Columbia, as far as Orthodox Jewish law (halacha) is concerned, there was no kiddushin (Jewish wedding ceremony) performed." On December 5, 2011, in response to the ceremony, more than 100 rabbis signed a statement calling gay marriage a "desecration of Torah values", saying: "We, as rabbis from a broad spectrum of the communities around the world, wish to correct the false impression that an Orthodox-approved same-gender wedding took place.By definition, a union that is not sanctioned by Torah law is not an wedding, and by definition a person who conducts such a ceremony is not an Orthodox rabbi." Personal life
<mask> currently lives in Boston with his family. Publications
<mask> has been a frequent commentator for the media and has published several articles on Jewish law and church and state issues. In a 2001 article "Between Intermarriage and Conversion: Finding a Middle Way" published in CLAL, <mask> proposes using the rabbinic concept of ger toshav, (resident alien), to provide an accepted place for non-Jewish partners of intermarried couples, allowing them to experience "the joys of living in a Jewish home without insisting on conversion". As a marriage of a Jew and a ger toshav would not be legitimate under halachic law, <mask> suggests using "cultural creativity" to find "new rituals that partake of Jewish resources and speak honestly about what is actually happening", the same as for gay couples, where in his opinion "kiddushin, the traditional ritual for the Jewish wedding, simply doesn't apply". In 2004 <mask>'s book, Wrestling with God and Men: Homosexuality in the Jewish Tradition was published, meeting with critical acclaim. In particular it addressed permitted and forbidden sexual behaviour: "While the common understanding of the verse 'Thou shall not lie with a male as one lies with a woman' [] has been taken to refer to both active and passive partners ... it would appear that the verse directly refers only to the active partner engulfing his penis in the body of another man.According to this analysis the verse prohibits one, and only one, sexual practice between men, namely, anal intercourse, and speaks specifically to the active partner. There is no mention of any other behavior that this verse would prohibit." In <mask>'s reading "the verse prohibits the kind of sex between men that is designed to effect the power and mastery of the penetrator. Sex for the conquest, for shoring up the ego, for selfaggrandizement, or worse, for the perverse pleasure of demeaning another man is prohibited," and he adds that reading Leviticus 18:22 "as a law against sexual domination and appropriation ... offers gay people a way to reconnect to God, Torah, and the Jewish people". <mask> says that he interprets the passage in this way "because it offers me a way of coming back to Judaism. It's a radical reading, but if you believe that God hates what you are, why would you go to such a temple?" In addition to it, <mask>'s interpretation of Leviticus 18:22, "the very verse that was for centuries read as requiring the ongoing demotion of women through the marking of intercourse as humiliation and thus femininity as degraded could be read as a full-fledged critique of the maledominated social hierarchy!The only way to redeem intercourse from its inevitable dominations is to press for gender equality on the deepest of emotional planes, to work formally toward ending the gender hierarchy, and to heal the ugly misogyny at its foundation". Wrestling with God and Men received the 2005 Koret Jewish Book Award for Philosophy and Thought, considered one of the highest honors for authors writing prose on Jewish themes, and was a finalist for the 17th Annual Lambda Literary Awards. Reception
Some orthodox Jews have criticized <mask> and questioned his orthodox credentials. After <mask> came out, Rabbi Moshe Tendler, Rosh Yeshiva at Yeshiva University stated: "Being an Orthodox Rabbi and actively gay is an oxymoron ... [It is] the exact same as if he said, 'I'm an Orthodox rabbi and I eat ham sandwiches on Yom Kippur'. In Tendler's opinion "it is very sad that an individual who attended our yeshiva sunk to the depths of what we consider a depraved society" and called <mask> "a Reform rabbi". Commenting on <mask>'s role in "Trembling before God", Rabbi Avi Shafran, a public relations professional for Agudath Israel of America who scolded the movie for not showing Orthodox Jews who have undergone conversion therapy to change their sexual inclinations, wrote: "Rabbi <mask>, billed as 'the first openly gay rabbi'[, a]ddressing the Torah's strong prohibition of male homosexual acts, ... suggests to the camera, without elaboration: 'There are other ways of reading the Torah'. What Rabbi <mask> apparently believes is that elements of the Jewish religious tradition are negotiable, that the Torah, like a Hollywood script, can be sent back for a rewrite.That approach can be called many things, but 'Orthodox' is not among them." In his review of Wrestling with God and Men for the Edah Journal, Rabbi Asher Lopatin affirmed <mask>'s "importance as a voice within the Orthodox community", and calls him "a brilliant, thoughtful and courageous rabbi" and his book "a brilliant work of creativity and research", he writes that "Wrestling with God and Man [sic], and <mask>'s voice in this book fall outside the bounds of Orthodoxy" for three reasons: Because <mask> "is not committing himself fully to Orthodoxy", because he "does not follow Orthodox methodology", and because he "is not sufficiently halakhically creative", not having "combined — in a novel way to be sure — [his] commitment to his homosexual identity and way of life with the binding nature of halakhah". At the same time, Lopatin is confident, that "<mask> can write the Orthodox book that will show us that he is committed to staying the long and difficult course of persuasion that Orthodoxy demands". See also

 Judaism and homosexuality

Further reading

References

External links

Living people
LGBT rabbis
LGBT people from Ohio
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
American gay writers
American Orthodox rabbis
American Jewish theologians
LGBT theologians
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary semikhah recipients
1956 births
LGBT Orthodox Jews
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis
Yeshivat Har Etzion

masks:
Steven Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Rabbi Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Steve Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Rabbi Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg


title: Toby Graham

texts:
Dominick Stuart "<mask>" <mask>,  (24 July 1920 – 8 March 2013) was a British Army officer, cross-country Olympic skier and  university professor. He is best known for his collaboration with British military historian Shelford Bidwell. A wartime graduate of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, <mask> served in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War. He was wounded twice, spent time as a prisoner of war in Italy, and was awarded the Military Cross in 1945. After the war he served with the British Army of the Rhine, and represented Great Britain in cross-country skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. After leaving the army in 1958, <mask> moved to Canada, where he taught high school maths in Saint John, New Brunswick. He earned his Master's degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1965, and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of London in 1969.He taught military history at the University of New Brunswick until his 1986 retirement, at which point he was named professor emeritus, and returned to England. Early life
Dominick <mask> was born in Yeovil, England, on 24 July 1920, the son of Colonel Fergus Reginald Winsford <mask> and Egeria Marion Spottiswood Baker. His father was a soldier who had served in Northern Ireland, the Middle East and China. His family nicknamed him "<mask>" because when he was a baby they thought he looked like <mask> the Dog in Punch and Judy. He was educated at Bradfield College, and entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in January 1939. Military career
<mask>'s training was shortened by the outbreak of the Second World War. He graduated from Woolwich on 4 November 1939, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the  Royal Artillery.In 1940 he was sent to Narvik during the Norwegian campaign to command an anti-aircraft battery, and was wounded during an air raid. He was promoted to lieutenant on 4 May 1941. In July 1942, <mask> was serving as a Forward Observer (FOO) near Tobruk, Libya, during the Western Desert campaign, when his vehicle was hit, and he was taken prisoner by the Germans, and sent to a prisoner of war camp in Italy. His first escape attempt was through a sewer near Chieti, but was unsuccessful. He was then taken to a camp at Fontanellato, from which he again escaped. This time he made it as far as the railway station before he was recaptured. He was freed after the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, and made his way back to Allied lines through Italy, evading German patrols, and eventually reaching a village near Ortona, where he was discovered by a Canadian patrol.<mask> returned home to the School of Gunnery to bring his skills up to date, and then served in the North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45 as a battery commander in the Guards Armoured Division, reaching the temporary rank of major. On 16 February 1945, while serving as a FOO, he was again wounded during a German counterattack, but refused to be evacuated until the attack was repelled. For this he was mentioned in despatches on 22 March 1945, and awarded the Military Cross on 19 April 1945. After the war <mask> served as instructor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and then as a staff officer with the 6th Armoured Division in the British Army of the Rhine. He commanded the British Army's first missile-equipped artillery battery. He was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 1 July 1946, and major on 4 November 1952. He married Valerie Mary Greig on 18 October 1947; they had two daughters, Anita Caroline and Patricia Robin.He retired from the British Army on 20 December 1958. Skiing career
<mask> represented Great Britain in cross-country skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics at Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy, where he finished 29th of 33 competitors in the men's 50 kilometres. Academic career
After leaving the army, <mask> moved to Canada, where he taught high school mathematics in Saint John, New Brunswick. He earned his master's degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1965, writing his master's thesis on "British intervention in defence of the American colonies, 1748–1756", and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of London on the same topic in 1969. <mask> taught military history at the University of New Brunswick until 1986, when his marriage broke up and he decided to retire and return to England. He received the news of his appointment as emeritus while climbing K2 in the Himalayas. He married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Hawson in 1991, and they settled in Yorkshire, where he worked on her family estate and gardens.After she died he travelled by container ship to visit his daughter in New Zealand. The only other passenger aboard the ship was Ursula Behringer, and they were married in 2002. <mask> is best known for his collaboration with British military historian Shelford Bidwell, a fellow military historian and former Royal Artillery officer, whom he first met at a bar near Sandhurst after a seminar on the use of artillery on the Western Front of the First World War. The two had a long and close collaboration despite living on different sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Their first book, Fire-Power (1982) was about the development of artillery in the two world wars. Their second, Tug of War (1986), was about the Italian campaign during the Second World War. Finally, they wrote Coalitions, Politicians and Generals (1993), in which they wrote about the command and staff systems in the British, French and German armies in the two world wars.<mask> also wrote an autobiography, The Escapes and Evasions of 'An Obstinate Bastard (2000). <mask> died on 8 March 2013 at the age of 92. Bibliography

Notes

1920 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
British Army personnel of World War II
British military historians
Cross-country skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Olympic cross-country skiers of Great Britain
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Artillery officers
University of New Brunswick alumni
University of New Brunswick faculty
English male cross-country skiers
People educated at Bradfield College
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
English escapees
Escapees from Italian detention
Operation Overlord people
Academics of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Military personnel from Somerset
British expatriates in Germany

masks:
Toby
Graham
Graham
Graham
Stuart Graham
Graham
Toby
Toby
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


title: Mae Street Kidd

texts:
<mask> (February 8, 1904 – October 20, 1999) was an American businesswoman, civic leader, and a skilled politician during a time when both her gender and her inter-racial background made such accomplishments more difficult than they would be today. She had a distinguished career in public relations, served in the Red Cross during World War II, and was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1968 to 1984, representing Louisville's 41st state legislative district. During her tenure in elective office, she was known for her sponsorship of landmark legislation. House Bill No. 27 which became law in 1972 created the Kentucky Housing Corporation (KHC) which promotes and finances low-income housing in the state. In 1974, this particular bill was officially designated as the "Mae Street Kidd Act." Representative <mask> also led the campaign for Kentucky to ratify the United States Constitution's 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery), 14th Amendment (defining citizenship) and 15th Amendment (granting all men the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude).Known collectively as the "Reconstruction Amendments," all three of those constitutional amendments had become law shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War when a sufficient number of lawmakers in other states had ratified them. Representative Kidd offered and secured adoption of a resolution in 1976 to post-ratify the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. Biography

Born on February 8, 1904, in Millersburg, Kentucky to Anna Belle Leer (1883–1984) who worked for a well-to-do white family with a large farm in central Kentucky. Kidd's father, Charles Robert Jones (February 6, 1875 - March 15, 1972), was the son of her mother's employers; and, she was their second child together. Her older brother was George William Jones (July 18, 1901 - July 6, 1986). As a girl she was called Minne <mask>. She attended Springfield Institute from 1948 to 1950, University of Louisville, and American University, 1966–67.Kidd spent her early years in Millersburg, a town in Bourbon County. When she was two, her mother married a tobacco farmer, James W. (Willie) Taylor (1881–1959), who later became a chicken breeder. Kidd's mother, meanwhile, had a thriving catering business and often served as a local midwife. Kidd knew that her real father had married and began a family of his own, "and they and their mother used to come visit my mother, who was very friendly with his white family," she recalled in an oral history interview with Wade Hall. "But I never wanted anything to do with them. I was hurt that he couldn't--or wouldn't--acknowledge me openly as his daughter. It was a painful part of my childhood, but I got over it."Millersburg's blacks lived in a section of the town called Shippsville, and Kidd went to school there until the eighth grade. As a youngster, she realized that her light skin made it possible for her to skirt the Jim Crow laws that were a feature of life in the American South at the time: under these acts, blacks were restricted to certain schools, seating areas of public transportation, and even drinking fountains and rest rooms. She recalled that she liked to go into the Millersburg millinery shops and try on hats as a little girl, and pointed out that all in the town knew that she was of mixed heritage. Kidd's mother eventually moved the family to Millersburg proper after asking her cousin, who was white, to purchase the house and have the deed transferred to her. Both Kidd's mother and stepfather worked hard to provide a solid home for the children, which included two more of their own: Kidd's half brother Webster Demetrius Taylor, and a half sister, Mary Evelyn Taylor. As a teenager, Kidd wanted to contribute to the household herself, but her mother refused to let her work for white families, telling her, "<mask>, I have to serve other people because I don't have a choice. I want you to have a choice when you grow up."Since her school only went up to the eighth grade, it was decided that she would be sent away to the Lincoln Institute in Simpsonville, created to provide a better educational opportunity in the Jim Crow era. She was 15 years old when she left home in 1919, and spent two years there before her family's financial circumstances forced her to return home. Kidd found a part-time job selling insurance as an independent sales agent for the Mammoth Life and Accident Insurance Company, a thriving, black-owned company based in Louisville. At the time, black-owned insurance companies were an important part of the African-American economy and some of the largest black-owned businesses of their era. Like black-owned banks, they served a community that was often discriminated against by mainstream American institutions. From 1921 to 1925 Kidd sold policies for Mammoth and collected premiums; to do so she walked all over the black neighborhoods in both Millersburg and a nearby city. "I never had any bad experiences anywhere because everybody knew my parents in Millersburg, and in Carlisle I soon became known and the older people began watching over me," she recalled in an oral history interview, noting that she sometimes collected a hundred dollars in a day.After four years as a salesperson, Kidd was offered a job at the Mammoth headquarters in Louisville as a file clerk. She shared an apartment in the Mammoth building with a friend, a young woman whose father was a board member of the insurance company. Kidd was thrilled to be supporting herself and living in a relatively large city, which was still a relative rarity for a single woman of any color in 1925. Louisville was still part of the South, however, and it did have unspoken boundaries. "I couldn't use the main public library," Kidd recalled. "I couldn't go to the first-run movie shows on Fourth Street." After a time, Kidd was promoted to assistant bookkeeper, and then moved to the policy-issue office.In 1935 she became supervisor of policy issues, a job she held for eight years which entailed reviewing all applications for insurance that arrived at headquarters. By then Kidd had married <mask>, a top Mammoth executive thirteen years her senior. Though much had changed in the years since her girlhood in Kentucky, Kidd still trod a fine line because of the color of her skin, even in the 1940s. Her husband refused to let her travel with him when Mammoth business took him to cities farther South, fearing an incident on the train or the refusal to be rented a hotel room, since Kidd was often mistaken for white. <mask> died of heart disease in 1942. Kidd joined the American Red Cross in 1943 and was sent to England during World War II. There she served as assistant director of a service club for black American soldiers in Southampton.According to Wade Hall in his biography of Kidd, while traveling by train in her Red Cross uniform with her darker-complected brother in his Army uniform during World War II, Kidd was asked to move from the "colored" section of the train to the "white" section. Kidd repeatedly refused—and also refused to explain herself, later saying:  "I was a grown woman. I was wearing my Red Cross uniform. My brother was a grown man, wearing his Army uniform. We were a brother and sister going to see our parents before we shipped overseas. We were both American citizens serving our country. We didn't owe anybody an explanation."After the end of the war and her Red Cross duties in England, Kidd took a job in Portland, Maine, running its United Seaman's Service Club, a social gathering spot for merchant seamen. Though she was eager to return to Mammoth, she was uninterested in her former job in the policy office, and instead had gained valuable experience in both Maine and England in the relatively new field of public relations. Kidd studied on her own and designed a program for Mammoth. She made her proposal before the board, who voted to accept it, and was given her own office and a secretary. As the public relations counselor from 1946 to 1956, Kidd supervised all company communications and began a number of programs to create goodwill between policyholders and with the communities the company served. Her plan was so successful that she was hired by the National Negro Insurance Association to create a public-relations plan for all of its member companies. In 1948, Kidd also organized the first Louisville Urban League Guild and served as President of the Lincoln Foundation.She married an American army officer, <mask>—whom she met while overseas—and moved to Detroit, where he lived. For a time, she worked for a door-to-door cosmetics company, Fuller Projects, in both Detroit and Chicago. Kidd trained agents and sold the line herself, and quit after a time to run a campaign for a candidate running for a seat on the Detroit City Council. It was her first exposure to politics, and she drew heavily on her public-relations experience to help make the campaign a successful one. When Kidd did return to Louisville, she was not given her former job as Mammoth's public-relations person. Instead she was forced to return to the ranks of company sales agents. Her boss, she recalled in an interview with Hall, "wanted to embarrass me by sending me back to selling ordinary insurance, but I embarrassed him by selling more insurance than anyone in the history of the company."She  retired from the company in 1966, at the age of 62. Much had changed since she began with Mammoth in the early 1920s, when it was one of several dozen such insurance companies that served the African-American community. "Unfortunately, with integration in the 1950s and 1960s, the white companies began opening up their policies to blacks, and blacks deserted their own companies in droves.... It's sad but true that this desertion by blacks of black insurance companies is just a part of a larger problem in the black community: we just don't have enough confidence in our own people to patronize each other." Public office

Two years later, at the dawn of a new civil rights era with federal laws barring racial discrimination in all forms, Kidd was invited by a number of Louisville Democrats to run for a seat in the House of Representatives in Kentucky General Assembly. She declined several times, but her husband thought it would be a good opportunity for her talents. So Kidd agreed, and won her first election after campaigning with a carload of neighborhood children, who helped her pass out flyers nightly in different sections of her Louisville district."Their youth and energy boosted me when I was exhausted," she recalled. "They liked riding in my car and meeting people and being part of an important project." Elected that fall, Kidd went to Frankfort and took her seat in Kentucky's General Assembly. She was one of just three African-Americans in the legislature at the time. The first bill she sponsored prohibited racial discrimination in housing. After several of Kentucky's cities passed their own local open-housing legislation in 1966 and 1967, Kidd worked with Senator Georgia Davis Powers and Representative Hughes McGill to introduce the Kentucky Fair Housing Act to the Kentucky General Assembly. Kidd's bill passed in 1968, making Kentucky the first Southern state to enact such laws on its own.In the early 1970s, she sponsored a low-income housing bill that created a state agency to provide low-interest mortgages to first-time home buyers. Kidd struggled for some time to get this bill passed, and only with the election of a new governor in 1972 did she finally succeed in seeing it signed into law. She also sponsored a proposal to make the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. an official state holiday. In her career in Kentucky's General Assembly, Representative Kidd's "firsts" also included being the first female on the Rules Committee. Re-elected until 1984, when she lost after her district was gerrymandered several times, Kidd made civil rights her focus. In the mid-1970s she learned that Kentucky had voted against the 13th amendment in 1865 and never ratified the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These abolished slavery and gave U.S. citizenship and the vote to African Americans.It was a symbolic oversight, and Kidd was determined to correct it. She launched a campaign in 1976 to have the amendments officially ratified, and it passed unanimously. "It was especially important to me because I am a proud Kentuckian, and I didn't want that blot to remain on our history," she wrote in her memoir. Kidd also introduced a bill to make Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday an official state holiday. For a number of years, Kidd was a frequent presence in civil-rights marches and events in her state. She was also known for speaking her mind. Mervin Aubespin, associate editor of Louisville's Courier-Journal, told a reporter for the paper that early in her political career Kidd never hesitated to call the paper over its political coverage, especially when a reporter's article included quotes only from white males."She would call up and say 'I was there and nobody asked me.' She raised holy sin.... She figured that people who voted for her needed to know what her position was on a number of issues that came through the legislature." End of career

Kidd was active in a number of charitable organizations throughout her life, including the Lincoln Foundation, which helped disadvantaged children at the facility that had once schooled her. Toward the end of her life, she lost her eyesight. She died in Louisville on October 20, 1999. Her biography, based on nearly 40 oral history interviews by Wade Hall, appeared two years before her death, and its title, Passing for Black, reflected her mixed heritage and the conflicts she often experienced because of it. "Most of us, whether white or black, are mixtures of many races and nationalities," she pointed out."We all have tangled roots." She noted that though times had changed considerably, her childhood was particularly difficult. She likened it to "living in a no-man's-land where I belonged to neither race. Because I was neither completely white nor completely black, I've been stigmatized and penalized by both races." Awards

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People presented to her its Unsung Heroine Award at a National NAACP Women's Conference, and she received a Louisville Mayor's Citation for Outstanding Community Service. She also received a Top Ten Outstanding Kentuckians Award; and the Humanitarian Service Award from the United Cerebral Palsy Association. See also
 Georgia Davis Powers
 Bert T. Combs

References

Bibliography

 Notable Black American Women, Book 1, Gale, 1991.Further reading

1904 births
1999 deaths
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
American civil rights activists
People from Millersburg, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
20th-century American politicians

masks:
Mae Jones Street Kidd
Kidd
Mae Jones
Mae
Horace Street
Street
James Kidd


title: Sania Nishtar

texts:
<mask> () (Born: 16 February 1963); SI), is a Pakistani physician, cardiologist, senator, author and activist who is the current Special Assistant on Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, with the status of Federal Minister, and BISP Chairperson. She was elected to the Senate of Pakistan in the 2021 Senate election from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Previously she served in the interim federal cabinet in 2013 overseeing public health, education and science. <mask> co-chaired WHO’s High-Level Commission on Non-communicable diseases along with the Presidents of Uruguay, Finland and Sri Lanka. She is a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on the future of healthcare and co-chairs the U.S National Academy of Sciences Global Study on the Quality of Healthcare in low and middle-income countries. In addition, she also chairs the United Nations International Institute for Global Health's International Advisory Board and a member of the International Advisory Board on Global Health of the German Federal Government. Born in Peshawar, <mask> went to medical school at Khyber Medical College and graduated top of her class in 1986.She was inducted into the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Pakistan in 1991 after completing her residency at Khyber Teaching Hospital. She joined the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences as a cardiologist in 1994 and worked with the institute until 2007. She left the institute on sabbatical twice, first in 1996 to at the Guy's Hospital in London, and again in 1999 to pursue her Ph.D in Medicine from the King's College London, which she received in 2002. She became a fellow of Royal College of Physicians in 2005. In 2019, Kings College London awarded her a Doctorate in Science, Honoris Causa. In 1998, <mask> founded Heartfile, an Islamabad-based health policy think tank. Since 2014, <mask> has been a Co-Chair of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity and also serves on the board of United Nations University's Institute for Global Health.<mask> was a leading candidate for Director-General of the World Health Organization, to be elected in May 2017. She was amongst the shortlisted three nominees in the election held in January 2017, but was not successful in the final election held in 23 May 2017. Dr. <mask> <mask>'s late father, Dr. Syed Hamid, was a much respected doctor hailing from a very well-reputed syed family. Dr. <mask> <mask> is the wife of Mr. Ghalib <mask>, the grandson of Sardar Abdur Rab <mask>, a leading figure in the Pakistan movement. Education
<mask> graduated from Khyber Medical College with her Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1986 and was Best Graduate of the Year. She holds a Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and a PhD from King's College London. In 2019, Kings College London awarded her a Doctorate in Science, Honoris Causa.Career

Medicine
After several years as a Cardiologist at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, <mask> <mask> founded Heartfile in 1999, which has grown from a health information-focused NGO to a health policy think tank, focused on health systems issues. In 2007, <mask> founded Heartfile Health Financing, a program to protect poor patients from medical impoverishment. The program is a 2008, 2012, and 2013
 Commitment of the Clinton Global Initiative. She also founded Pakistan's Health Policy Forum, a civil society policy platform for health experts that has garnered contributions from prominent global health advocates including Seth Berkley, Sir George Alleyne, Mark Dybul, and Naresh Trehan, in addition to many others. Politics
In May 2019, <mask> was appointed Special Assistant on Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Nets for Prime Minister Imran Khan. In this role, she is leading the roll-out of Ehsaas, a pioneering multisectoral poverty alleviation and welfare programme for Pakistan which encompasses over 130 policies. Previously, Nishtar served as Federal Minister in the Government of Pakistan of Prime Minister Mir Hazar Khan Khoso during the 2013 caretaker government, in charge of Science and Technology, Education and Trainings and Information Technology and Telcom.She also had responsibility as focal person for health. During her term, <mask> was instrumental in establishing Pakistan's Ministry of Health, which she had been advocating for. At the conclusion of her term she published Handover Papers, She also refused pay and perks and left an unusual gift for government functionaries. Her policies remained focused on promoting development; in the education sector linking academia with entrepreneurs, industry and the national priorities, and in the Ministry of IT by using the telecom sector for development. During her term in office as minister, she prevailed upon the Prime Minister to reverse the decision to dismantle the Prime Minister's Polio cell, and saved the government from what could have been an e-voting embarrassment. In 2015, <mask> was the Government of Pakistan's candidate to succeed António Guterres as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; the post eventually went to Filippo Grandi of Italy. <mask> has been Pakistan's candidate to succeed Margaret Chan as Director-General of WHO.In April 2016, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which has 57 member states and aims to serve as the collective voice for Muslims, "welcomed" <mask>'s candidacy. <mask> <mask> was one of the two favorite candidates in the shortlisting election in January 2017, where she secured 28 out of 34 votes. She qualified to be one of the three official nominees by WHO. Her candidature received broad-based support from within Pakistan, from the government, civil society and women's groups. Many high-profile Pakistanis came in support of her, such as Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, Pakistan's Oscar Winner filmmaker. International experts highlighted her merits shown in this Lancet (journal) letter. She was strongly supported by humanitarians including Sir George Alleyne, Princess Dina Mired of Jordan, and Musimbi Kanyoro.Various aspects of her professional life were highlighted. Robert and Ruth Bonita explained why she was the suitable candidate outlining her NCDs and health systems credentials. Voices from Latin America supported her civil society background. Others supported her because of her reform credentials and mix of civil society, ministerial and multilateral experience, and others emphasized her accountability credentials. Other views supported the three candidates to varying extents. <mask> <mask> emphasized on the need for transparency and accountability during her election campaign, and was referred to as the ‘changemaker’. <mask> <mask> was defeated by Tedros Adanhom Ghebreusus in the final election in May 2017.Her defeat disappointed Pakistanis but her ethical conduct during the election and the prestige it brought for Pakistan was widely hailed. Peace-building activities
<mask> was the Chair of the Health Committee of the Aman ki Asha initiative, a campaign for peace between India and Pakistan, for which she has convened several meetings and negotiated declarations. As a member of the Pakistan Chapter of the Partners for a New Beginning, Aspen Institute, and a member of the Global Advisory Council of the Pakistan American Foundation and the US-Muslim Engagement Initiative she has been advocating for broader US-Pakistan engagement, towards improving social outcomes. Advocacy
<mask>'s domestic focus is on health sector governance. This was illustrated recently in the case of her stance on a spurious drug scandal, abolition of the Ministry of Health, which was part of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, and the country's inability to eradicate polio. She also contributes time as a volunteer to health systems strengthening in her country and has signed two MoUs with Pakistan's Ministry of Health, committing her time pro bono. She authored Pakistan's first compendium of health statistics, and the country's first national public health plan for non-communicable diseases.<mask>'s book Choked Pipes, an analysis of Pakistan's health systems, became the blue print for the country's health policy. She is a member of many health initiatives in Pakistan. Through her writings she has become a proponent of governance reforms in Pakistan, and is a member of many national and international boards and initiatives, which aim to improve governance in the country, including the Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency. She was a member of the Asia Society Task Force on Pakistan 2020, and was formerly a director of IESCO. She also serves on Pakistan's Economic Advisory Council, and is the Chair of the Steering Committee for Pakistan's National Vision for Surgical Care. <mask> has been involved with many international agencies in various capacities. She has served as temporary advisor to the World Health Organization,.In addition, <mask> continues to hold several board positions, including the following:

 WHO Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR), Member of the Board
 WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, Co-Chairwoman
 Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Member of the Editorial Board
 EAT Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board
 World Economic Forum, Member of the Global Agenda Council
 Health Global Challenge initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Clinton Global Initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Scaling Up Nutrition Movement, Member of the Lead Group (since 2016, appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon)
 The Lancet, Member of the International Advisory Board on Global Health
 Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Member of the Editorial Board

<mask> is also a member of the Lancet and Rockefeller Foundation Commission on Planetary Health  and the Lancet and Harvard Commission on Pain and Palliative Care. She is a member of the Steering Committee of the Emerging Markets Symposium, which is an initiative of the Green Templeton College, Oxford University. She is also a member of the Board of the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health. <mask> also previously served on several boards, including:
 Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Member of the Board (2015–2016), previously Chairwoman of the Evaluation Advisory Committee
 International Union for Health Promotion, Member of the Board
 World Heart Federation (WHF), Member of the Board
  WHF Foundation, Chairwoman of the Advisory Board (2003–2006)

<mask> chaired the World Heart Day campaign in its founding years, the 'Go Red for Women' campaign in 2004, and the Expert Panel on Women and Heart Disease 2007 onwards. She also previously served as member of the Ministerial Leadership Initiative for Global Health, and was a member of the Working Group on Private Sector in Health Systems set up by Results for Development and the Rockefeller Foundation. Nishtar has been involved in several global health declarations. She was a member of the drafting committee of the Moscow Declaration on NCDs in 2011.She chaired the drafting committee of WHO's Venice Statement on Global Health Initiatives and Health Systems in 2009. She was also a member of the International Advisory Boards of the Osaka Declaration and Victoria Declaration on Cardiovascular Diseases. <mask> is a regular plenary speaker or keynote speaker at international meetings, and speaks at forums such as Davos. She has also been invited as a thought leader at UN agencies. She has also been on the organising committees of many international conferences. Publications
<mask>'s book Choked Pipes was published by the Oxford University Press in 2010. The book received reviews in The Lancet, the WHO Bulletin and other periodicals, and was released in several cities.She has also authored the book Chapters, and is a regular op-ed contributor to The News International and the Huffington Post. She has also contributed in the Wall Street Journal and Project Syndicate. She was also editor of the Pakistan Lancet Series, released in 2013. Books and book chapters

Nishtar S. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in South Asia. Heartfile and SAARC Cardiac Society. . Islamabad, Pakistan. Nishtar S. Public-Private Partnerships in the health sector – a call to action. The Commonwealth Health Ministers Book; 2007.Awards
<mask> is the recipient of Pakistan's Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award (awarded by the President of Pakistan), the European Societies Population Science Award, and the First Global Innovation Award by the Rockefeller Foundation. She was admitted to the Medical Mission Hall of Fame in Toledo, Ohio in 2011. In the beginning of 2014, she was mentioned in the Top-20 List of 'Most Influential Women in Science in the Islamic World' by the Muslim Scientists List in recognition of her policy advocacy contributions. In 2019, her alma mater Kings College awarded her a Doctorate in Science, Honoris Causa. <mask> was on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020. References

External links

 NGO thinktank, Heartfile
 Heartfile Health Financing
 Articles and columns by <mask> <mask> on The News International
 Articles by <mask> <mask> on The Huffington Post
 Media coverage of <mask> Nishtar in Asian Scientist (magazine)
 Education minister’s noble precedent: refuses pay and perks
 Tremendous improvements in educational institutions
 Sania emphasises paradigm shift to market-based research
 <mask> lauds HEC’s efforts and accomplishments
 Research & development is imperative to determine our future line of action: <mask> Nishtar

|-

|-

|-

1963 births
Alumni of King's College London
Education Ministers of Pakistan
Federal ministers of Pakistan
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Khyber Medical College alumni
Living people
Pakistani medical researchers
Pakistani cardiologists
Pakistani medical writers
Pakistani women medical doctors
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
People from Peshawar
Women federal ministers of Pakistan
BBC 100 Women

masks:
Sania Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania
Nishtar
Sania


title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
<mask> (; October 27, 1919 – August 30, 1989) was a Romanian economist, jurist, journalist and diplomat. A supporter of fascism during his youth, he switched to communism by the end of World War II, and became an editor of the Communist Party daily organ, România Liberă. He taught at the University of Bucharest and worked for the Economic Research Institute. Having campaigned for multilateralism in world affairs as early as 1944, he helped to distance Romania from the Soviet Union after 1964, and later represented his country at the United Nations. He wrote extensively, publishing works on the effects of land reform and industrialization, on the history of economic thought, and on Romania's relations with the Comecon and the First World. An innovator among the Romanian communist intellectual and professional elite, <mask> spent his final decades questioning the assumptions of Marxian economics. At the Institute for World Economy, which later became a branch of the Romanian Academy, he trained a new generation of like-minded economists.Shortly before his death, he was involved in dissidence against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. Although he did not live long enough to witness the 1989 Revolution, he played an indirect part in shaping the economic policies to which the country turned in post-communism. The estranged son of Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, a convicted war criminal, <mask> <mask> was married to Ecaterina Oproiu, a Romanian writer and social commentator. He was survived by his nephew and disciple, historian Bogdan <mask>. Biography

Early life and fascist militancy
Born in Râmnicu Sărat, the future economist was the son of a Romanian Land Forces officer, Ion C<mask>. <mask> was originally interested in jurisprudence, and entered the law faculty of the University of Bucharest. His beginnings were as a literary critic, with an essay on the literary and artistic life of Balcic.It was picked up by the magazine Familia, and deemed "interesting, but insufficient" by chroniclers at Revista Fundațiilor Regale. Aged nineteen, <mask> wrote a historical work, about the trial of the Transylvanian Memorandum signatories. Around that time, he was also a staff writer for the Oradea literary newspaper, Noua Gazetă de Vest, where he conducted a questionnaire survey on the state of cultural life in the provinces of Greater Romania. During the first years of World War II, <mask> was a supporter of the fascist Iron Guard and, in his own definition, a theoretician of "totalitarian" politics. He began a collaboration with the newspaper Universul, where, as later recounted by his colleague Ștefan Baciu, he was one of the three staff writers who showed up for work wearing the Guard's green-colored shirts. Starting in August 1940, a full month before the Guard proclaimed its National Legionary regime, <mask> published a series of political musings in Universul. These were soon after collected as a brochure, Note pentru Statul Totalitar ("Notes on the Totalitarian State").The newspaper's literary chronicler, Constantin Fântâneru, presented <mask> as "that model of an author who will win people over to a doctrine simply by outlining clearly its ideas." The brochure quoted at length from the speeches of Benito Mussolini and Iron Guard leader Horia Sima. Envisaging the birth of a "new man", "strong, lively, and immaculate", it called for a non-violent "moral revolution" to bring Romania into the "New European Order". It sought to rebuild culture around the Guard's "Legionary spirit", and promised artistic freedom "only to ethnic Romanians." In his Universul chronicles, <mask> offered his praise to the Conducător, Ion Antonescu, as well as to the Guard's founding father, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Moreover, he penned warnings against the Guard's enemies: "those who have martyred this People—no mercy for them. They should expect a terrible punishment."He still had contributions as a literary critic, such as a short introduction to Japanese poetry. <mask> remained active in the press after the Guard fell from power in the violent purge of early 1941. With Antonescu as the uncontested dictator, Romania became involved in the anti-Soviet war as an ally of Nazi Germany. <mask> was drafted into the Romanian Land Forces, but continued to write (including an unpublished novel and war diary) and was allowed to pass his examinations at the university. With his journalistic work, he moved to the more mainstream review, Vremea, where he contributed analytical essays about the war effort. In one such piece, on October 25, 1942, just before the crushing of Romanian forces, he predicted that the Red Army was too exhausted and famished to mount an offensive. By 1943, his articles in Vremea and Revista Fundațiilor Regale were turning toward economics and economic history, citing Victor Slăvescu as a model and inspiration.<mask>'s father, Ion, had "strong pro-Nazi sympathies" and was a willing participant in Antonescu's war crimes. By September 1942, the elder <mask> was the commandant of Vapniarka, a concentration camp for Jewish deportees, ordering them to be fed on grass pea, which caused an outbreak of lathyrism and resulted in several deaths and many more crippling infirmities. Communist turn and România Liberă
As noted by historian Lucian Boia, <mask> <mask> had renounced his "juvenile totalitarian illusions" by January 1944, with Romania facing the possibility of a Soviet invasion. Contacting the anti-fascist circles, and finding himself in open conflict with his own father, <mask> became a contributor to Ecoul, the semi-legal newspaper. It published his essays against Antonescu's economic policies and the New Order, which argued, with a noted "dialectical" tinge, in favor of multilateralism and an "international division of labor". His Vremea articles, arranged for print by the antifascist editor George Ivașcu, looked forward to a new era of peace, shaped by international cooperation. According to Boia, he may have been encouraged to explore the subject by the Propaganda Ministry, which was sending out signals that some dignitaries were willing to sue for peace.During or immediately after the August 23 Coup which toppled Antonescu, <mask> involved himself with left-wing political circles, including the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Following the country's change of orientation, Lt-Col. <mask> was arrested. He was initially sentenced to death, and some authors believe that he was executed. However, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment with hard labor on June 1, 1945. Passing through the notorious Aiud prison, he may have still been alive during the mid 1950s. As a display of his loyalty to the new regime, <mask> volunteered for war against the Nazis, fought in Northern Transylvania, and was badly wounded. From 1944 to 1952, that is to say during the early stages of the Romanian communist regime, <mask> was editor of the PCR's România Liberă newspaper.In this capacity, he helped organize its bureau of national and international correspondents, as well as its agitprop section. He contributed various articles on national affairs and international relations, praising the 1945 visit to Moscow of the PCR Minister of Transport Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej as "a momentous start" in Soviet–Romanian relations. He was also a prominent contributor to the communist literary magazine, Contemporanul, where he praised the party for its "consolidation of democracy". Around 1950, <mask> married Ecaterina Oproiu, a fellow România Liberă journalist who went on to establish the official film magazine, Cinema. She later achieved fame in her own right, as Romania's first-ever television critic and a promoter of socialist feminism. Economic Research Institute
Expelled from România Liberă following an inquiry into his social origins, <mask> focused entirely on his work in economics. From 1953 to 1956, he was a scientific researcher in the political economy department of the University of Bucharest.He later joined the team of economists and statisticians at the Bucharest Economic Research Institute (ICE), which was headed by Gogu Rădulescu, a disgraced and sidelined PCR activist. Rădulescu appointed him head of the National Economy Section, and deputy ICE Director. <mask> was assigned to work on an economic overview of the 1945 land reform, which he published in 1956 at Editura Academiei. Writing at the time, Marxist philosopher Ernő Gáll suggested that <mask>'s tract offered "rich and convincing material" about the pauperization of Romania's peasant class before and during World War II. As noted in 2009 by scholars Dorin Dobrincu and Constantin Iordachi, the study, written "during the Stalinist years", has "limited analytical value", but still stands out as the only land reform monograph in "domestic historical writing" under communism. By the end of the 1950s, with a slight relaxation of communist censorship, <mask> tried to promote a reevaluation of interwar Romanian sociology, and organized at the ICE work-groups that were basing themselves on Dimitrie Gusti's sociological research teams. These rural expeditions, recounted by <mask>'s articles in Contemporanul (August 1957), allowed for a discussion of collectivization, which they presented as a relevant success (particularly so in the model regions of Constanța and Hunedoara).Also in Contemporanul, <mask> published an essay that sought to rehabilitate Gusti, but his effort was smothered by the Communist Party in 1959. Nevertheless, according to fellow economist Egon Balas, <mask> was also

masks:
Costin Ion Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Costin
Murgescu
Murgescu
. Murgescu
Young Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Costin
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Costin
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu


title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
 able to use political censorship for his own gains, "manufacturing a conflict" with Miron Constantinescu, the ICE researcher and dissident communist, and obtaining his ousting. As a result of this intrigue, <mask> became sole editor of the ICE academic journal, Revista Economică, in 1958. Making occasional returns to the field of Marxist economic history, <mask> wrote propaganda works, accusing the deposed Romanian royal family, and in particular Carol II, of having organized a "plunder" of Romanian assets. In 1960, the anticommunist Romanian diaspora stood accused by the communists of covering up for fascism. In reply, the Paris-based magazine La Nation Roumaine published ample revelations about the fascist past of <mask>, Mihai Ralea, Mihu Dragomir, and various other figures of the new regime. Also in 1960, <mask> and N. N. Constantinescu were editors of a major economic history tract, Contribuții la istoria capitalului străin în Romînia ("Contributions to the History of Foreign Capital in Romania").This work, also put out by Editura Academiei, was revisited some 20 years later by historian Vasile Bogza, who noted that, despite some flawed interpretations, it remained one of the "thorough studies" in the field. A University of Bucharest professor, <mask> was received as a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1963, earning a doctorate in economics from the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies in 1964. He also served the Institute of South-East European Studies as an academic supervisor for its Revue des Études Sud-est Européenes. National communism
By 1963, <mask> was called upon by the regime to inform the world about Romania's economic ideology, which was increasingly different from Soviet policies. That year, he denounced the Comecon's "pseudo-theories" on industrialization, which seemed to offer Romania a subservient economic position within the common market. In 1964, the PCR leadership called upon <mask> to publish an even more virulent official reply against the Soviets and the Comecon. By advancing a "Valev Plan", the Soviets had suggested that Romania become an agricultural hinterland for the more industrialized socialist countries.<mask>'s critiques of this proposal announced a new political stage, of national communism. His articles called for a reform of the Comecon, and, defying the Sino-Soviet split, suggested the accession of China. With the inauguration of Nicolae Ceaușescu as Party Secretary, and later President of Romania, <mask> had more opportunities to expand on his economic theories. Serving as ICE director from 1965 to 1968, <mask> continued to edit Revista Economică to 1968, then Revista Română de Relații Internaționale (from 1968 to 1970). From June 1969, he had a Tuesday evening show on Radio Romania, as part of the series Tableta de Seară, which also featured, among others, actor Radu Beligan, mathematician Grigore Moisil, writer Marin Sorescu, and literary scholar Edgar Papu. He moved from ICE to the Institute for World Economy (IEM), where he worked from 1970 until his death, and was for a while its director. In 1976, he was elected Vice President of the International Marketing Federation.The Romanian position regarding the Comecon was given expression in a 1969 tract România socialistă și cooperarea internațională ("Socialist Romania and International Cooperation"), which came out at Editura Politică with <mask>, Mircea Malița and Gheorghe Surpat as the three authors. In 1974, he published, at Editura Meridiane, the French-language introduction L'economie socialiste en Roumanie ("Romania's Socialist Economy"). It explained the regime's policy of cooperating with the West in industrial development and scientific research, noting that socialist economies had to catch up with capitalism before the latter could experience a final crisis. According to Canadian economist Jeanne Kirk Laux, <mask> was trying to reconcile Romania's relations with multinational corporations with Ceaușescu's "national sovereignty obsession". Indirectly, the book documents the regime's efforts to compensate for the high price of Western technology by proposing various methods of counter trade (methods which, Kirk Laux notes, <mask> claimed as original Romanian contributions to the theory of international trade). <mask> was particularly interested in Romanian economic history in relation to the global economy, and a pioneer of interdisciplinarity. In 1967, he returned to sociology by contributing to a collective study on "the effects of industrialization on social mobility".With Damian Hurezeanu, <mask> was a guest of the 15th International Congress of Historical Sciences (Bucharest, 1980), where they presented a new synthesis of land reform policies in interwar Romania. He followed up with several studies, including his signature work, Mersul ideilor economice la români ("The Development of Economic Ideas among the Romanians", 1987 (vol. I), 1990 (vol. II)). Dissidence, death, and legacy
A Romanian Ambassador to the United Nations in the early 1980s, <mask> also served for a while as ECOSOC President. He published his notes on the New International Economic Order in Partners in East-West Economic Relations, a collection of studies edited by Zoltán Fallenbüchl and C. H. McMillan for Pergamon Press. They outlined Romania's support for the New International Economic Order and her critique of the Soviet Union.As <mask> argued, the Soviet economy was to be taxed the same as a capitalist developed country when contributing to the United Nations Development Programme. <mask> spent the last stage of his life as a dissident, in latent conflict with Ceaușescu. At the IEM, he helped organize debates about politics and economics, introduced Romanian students to the core notions of supply-side economics, and made hints about the need for profound change. Reportedly, <mask>'s 1982 work on the Japanese economic miracle was a Romanian best-seller. Allegedly, <mask> had come to believe that the Valev Plan was a consistent form of economic integration, and that national communism was essentially flawed. Foreign Minister Ștefan Andrei shielded <mask> from Ceaușescu's anger, and allowed him to maintain a link with the West through contacts with Reuters. Another inner-PCR dissident and former diplomat, Silviu Brucan, indicated <mask> as one of his main sources for critical reports which were sent to foreign ambassadors in Romania.<mask> died a few months before the anti-communist Revolution. Mersul ideilor, reissued by the National Bank of Romania presses in 1994, was complemented by the posthumous Drumurile unității românești ("The Paths of Romanian Unity", 1996). As a learning institution, the IEM was the alma mater of economists who rose to political prominence after 1989, among them Eugen Dijmărescu, Mugur Isărescu, Napoleon Pop, and Victor Babiuc. In 1990, it was renamed the "Costin Murgescu Institute of World Economy", becoming part of the Romanian Academy network. According to Isărescu: "At the Institute for World Economy, professor <mask> <mask> was able to fulfill his calling on many levels. Constantly preoccupied with establishing a Romanian school of economic research, he turned [the IEM] into a veritable creative workshop." As noted in 2010 by sociologist Zoltán Rostás, <mask>'s "sinuous youth" was "hardly mentioned", "but [he] was nearly sanctified by the elite of economists who are now in their sixties."<mask> was survived by his wife, Ecaterina Oproiu, who went on to serve as a Presidential appointee on a visual media regulatory agency, the National Audiovisual Council, between 1992 and 2000. <mask>'s nephew, Bogdan <mask>, also trained in economic history, and achieved notoriety for his analysis of economic backwardness. He credits <mask> <mask> as an early influence on his own work. Notes

References
Egon Balas, Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey through Fascism and Communism, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2000,
Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012,
Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, Unity and Conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1967,
Mugur Isărescu, Reflecții economice. Piețe, bani, bănci, Centrul Român de Economie Comparată și Consens, Bucharest, 2006,
Jeanne Kirk Laux, "La Roumanie et les multinationales", in Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest, Vol.12, Issue 4, 1981, pp. 61–89
Geza Kornis, "Fragmente din Memorii (Din viaṭa mea și vremurile mele)", in Smaranda Vultur, Adrian Onică (eds. ), Memoria salvată II, West University of Timișoara, 2009, , pp. 213–238

1919 births
1989 deaths
20th-century economists
20th-century essayists
20th-century Romanian novelists
20th-century Romanian historians
Romanian economists
Romanian jurists
Romanian sociologists
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian magazine editors
Academic journal editors
Romanian essayists
Romanian diarists
Male essayists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian literary critics
Romanian writers in French
People from Râmnicu Sărat
University of Bucharest alumni
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies alumni
University of Bucharest faculty
Corresponding members of the Romanian Academy
Members of the Iron Guard
20th-century Romanian politicians
Romanian communists
Marxist journalists
Romanian propagandists
Romanian radio personalities
Romanian Marxist historians
Romanian Land Forces personnel
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Permanent Representatives of Romania to the United Nations
Romanian dissidents
20th-century

masks: Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Costin Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Costin Murgescu


title: Armando Peraza

texts:
<mask> (May 30, 1924 – April 14, 2014) was a Latin jazz percussionist and a member of the rock band Santana. Peraza played congas, bongos, and timbales. Biography

Early life
Born in Lawton Batista, Havana, Cuba in 1924 (although the birth year is uncertain), he was orphaned by age 7 and lived on the streets. When he was twelve, he supported himself by selling vegetables, coaching boxing, playing semi-pro baseball, and becoming a loan shark. His music career began at seventeen when he heard at a baseball game that bandleader Alberto Ruiz was looking for a conga player. Ruiz's brother was on the same baseball team as Peraza. Despite the absence of experience in music, he practiced and won the audition.Moving to New York
He left Cuba for Mexico in 1948 to tend to his sick friend, conga drummer Mongo Santamaría. They arrived in New York City in 1949. After playing in Machito's big band, <mask> was invited by Charlie Parker to participate in a recording session that included Buddy Rich. He recorded with Slim Gaillard in New York in November 1949 in a session that produced "Bongo City". He toured the U.S. with Gaillard's band until they reached San Francisco, where Gaillard owned the nightclub Bop City. After a period in Mexico, where he recorded with Perez Prado and did some soundtracks for the Mexican movie industry, he returned to the U.S. and settled in San Francisco. While on the West Coast, he worked with Dizzy Gillespie, toured extensively with Charles Mingus and Dexter Gordon, and played in California for Mexican farm workers with Puerto Rican actor and musician Tony Martinez (who played "Pepino" on the TV show The Real McCoys).<mask> also led an Afro-Cuban dance review at the Cable Car Village club in San Francisco, attracting a clientele from Hollywood that included Errol Flynn, Marlon Brando, and Rita Hayworth. Working with Shearing and Tjader
In 1954, while in San Francisco with pianist Dave Brubeck, <mask> met Cal Tjader, Brubeck's drummer at the time. Jazz critic Leonard Feather recommended Peraza to Fantasy Records to record an Afro-Cuban album with Tjader. The result was Ritmo Caliente, which combined Afro-Cuban rhythms with a jazz sensibility. He was introduced to British pianist George Shearing by bassist Al McKibbon. He spent the next twelve years with Shearing, a collaboration that put <mask> at the front of Afro-Cuban music. He emerged as a composer, writing and recording twenty-one songs for Shearing, such as "Mambo in Chimes", "Mambo in Miami", "Ritmo Africano", "Armando's Hideaway", "This is Africa", and "Estampa Cubana".These recordings were during the mambo craze in the U.S. and the world. <mask>'s technique and power as a hand drummer became a feature of Shearing's performances. He toured all over the world with Shearing, but it was in America that he experienced persistent and institutionalized racism. In Miami during dates with Shearing and Peggy Lee in 1959, <mask> and black members of the band were prohibited from staying at the same hotel as the white musicians. Shearing and Lee resolved the situation by threatening to quit the performance unless <mask> and the others were allowed to stay at their hotel. Shearing's was one of the first racially integrated jazz groups. While with Shearing, Peraza had opportunity to play with the classical symphonies of Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Oklahoma City.In 1959, <mask> joined Mongo Santamaría for the Mongo album with conga drummer Francisco Aguabella, another contemporary and friend of Peraza. "Afro-Blue" became a jazz standard after John Coltrane recorded it. The album combined with Yambo in the compilation Afro Roots in 1972. In the 1960s, <mask> was a member of Cal Tjader's band for six years. He was encouraged to perform and record in southern California by jazz drummer Shelly Manne. Peraza performed throughout the area at such venues as Shelly's Manne-Hole (owned Manne) and The Lighthouse in Hermosa Beach. A highlight was performing with the Stan Kenton Band at the Hollywood Bowl.Through his friendship with Manne, he was introduced to Judy Garland, who hired Peraza to play in her orchestra for The Judy Garland Show, a television series that ran from 1963 to 1964. In the fall of 1964, he recorded the album Soul Sauce with Tjader. The single "Guachi Guaro" won a Grammy Award in 1965. Although <mask> preferred being a featured performer to leading, he did record one solo album, Wild Thing (1968), for Skye, a label owned by Tjader, Gary McFarland, and Gábor Szabó. The album featured performances by pianist Chick Corea, saxophonist Sadao Watanabe, and flautist Johnny Pacheco. When rock music became popular in the 1960s, <mask> was the first Afro-Cuban percussionist to add conga drums to a rock track, notably on Harvey Mandel's Cristo Redentor album in 1968. Joining Santana

In January 1972, at the age of 47, <mask> joined the rock band Santana and influenced the band in melding Afro-Cuban, jazz, rock, and blues.<mask> remained with Carlos Santana for nearly twenty years and played to millions of people around the world, partnering with percussionists José Areas, Mingo Lewis, Raul Rekow, and Orestes Vilató. He wrote or co-wrote sixteen songs recorded by Santana, such as "Gitano" from the album Amigos (1976) for which Peraza sang the lyrics. <mask> retired from Santana in 1990 at the age of 66, although traveled to Santiago de Chile for a 1992 concert with Santana in front of a crowd of over 100,000 people. In 2005 he appeared on a recording by John Santos, 20th Anniversary, which included "El Changüí de Peraza" with Peraza on bongos. In 2002, he returned to his native Cuba, his first trip there in over fifty years. In July 2006, <mask>, at 82 years of age, made a rare appearance with Santana for a three show performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland. This was the first of a number of summer live appearances.Later he appeared at the San José Jazz Festival in California with the Julius Melendez Latin Jazz Ensemble. He taught drum clinics in California with Raul Rekow and Karl Perazzo, both members of Santana. He recorded with pianist Rebeca Mauleon on Descarga en California (Universal/Pimienta) and co-wrote a song on Cepeda Forever in honor of his friend, baseball player Orlando Cepeda. In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Voices of Latin Rock. The tribute show was held at Bimbo's nightclub in San Francisco and was attended by Carlos Santana, who presented Peraza with an award. Also attending and performing were members of the band Malo and a reunion of the original Santana band with José Areas, Mike Carabello, Gregg Rolie, and Michael Shrieve. Every January, the Voices of Latin Rock present the Armando Peraza Award for achievement in the San Francisco Bay Area.Peraza died of pneumonia on April 14, 2014 at the age of 89. Discography

As leader
 Wild Thing (Skye, 1968)

As sideman
With Gato Barbieri
 Tropico (A&M, 1978)

With Victor Feldman
 Latinsville! (Contemporary, 1960)

With John Lee Hooker
 The Healer (Chameleon, 1989)

With Mongo Santamaria
 Mongo (Fantasy, 1959)
 Afro Roots (Prestige, 1989)

With Santana
 Caravanserai (1972)
 Love Devotion Surrender (1972)
 Welcome (1973)
 Borboletta (1974)
 Lotus (1974)
 Illuminations (Columbia, 1974)
 Amigos (1976)
 Inner Secrets (1978)
 Marathon (1979)
 The Swing of Delight (Columbia, 1980)
 Zebop (1981)
 Shangó (1982)
 Beyond Appearances (1985)
 Blues for Salvador (Columbia, 1986)
 Freedom (1987)
 Viva Santana! (1988)
 Spirits Dancing in the Flesh (1990)

With Patti Austin
 Patti Austin (Qwest Records, 1984)

With George Shearing
 Shearing in Hi-Fi (MGM, 1955)
 George Shearing Caravan (MGM, 1955)
 An Evening with George Shearing (MGM, 1955)
 The Shearing Spell (Capitol, 1955)
 Velvet Carpet (Capitol, 1956)
 Latin Escapade (Capitol, 1956)
 Black Satin (Capitol, 1957)
 In the Night, George Shearing and Dakota Staton (Capitol, 1958)
 Burnished Brass (Capitol, 1958)
 Blue Chiffon (Capitol, 1958)
 Latin Lace (Capitol, 1958)
 George Shearing On Stage (Capitol, 1959)
 Latin Affair (Capitol, 1959)
 Beauty and the Beat! George Shearing and Peggy Lee (Capitol, 1959)
 On the Sunny Side of the Strip (Capitol, 1959)
 Satin Affair (Capitol, 1959)
 White Satin (Capitol, 1960)
 The Swingin's Mutual! George Shearing and Nancy Wilson (Capitol, 1961)
 Mood Latino (Capitol, 1962)
 San Francisco Scene (Capitol, 1962)
 Love Walked In George Shearing and The Montgomery Brothers (Jazzland, 1962)
 Rare Form! (Capitol, 1965)
 Latin Rendezvous (Capitol, 1965)

With Albert Hammond
 Albert Hammond (Mums Records, 1974)

With Linda Ronstadt
 Frenesí (Rhino Records, 1992)

With Cal Tjader
 Ritmo Caliente!(Fantasy, 1955)
 Mas Ritmo Caliente (Fantasy, 1957)
 In a Latin Bag (Verve, 1961)
 Soul Sauce (Verve, 1965)
 Soul Bird: Whiffenpoof (Verve, 1965)
 Along Comes Cal (Verve, 1967)
 Latin + Jazz = Cal Tjader (DCC Jazz, 1990 - Recorded 1968)
 Cal Tjader Plugs In (Skye, 1969)

With Randy Weston
 Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, 1960)

References

External links

 Armando Peraza LP Artist page
 West Coast Drums article
 All About Jazz article

1924 births
2014 deaths
Cuban jazz musicians
Santana (band) members
Conga players
People from Havana
Jazz percussionists
Cuban jazz composers
Skye Records artists
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Cuban emigrants to the United States

masks:
Armando Peraza
Peraza
Armando
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza
Peraza


title: Ali Wardhana

texts:
<mask> (6 May 1928 – 14 September 2015), more colloquially known as <mask>, was an Indonesian professor and economist, who served as the 3rd Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia, from 1983 until 1988, and the 21st Minister  of Finance of Indonesia, from 1968 until 1983. He was one of Indonesia's most senior economic policy-makers during the New Order regime of president Suharto, being a member of the influential Berkeley Mafia, a group of American educated Indonesian economists who shaped the Indonesian economy during the New Order. He was the longest serving Minister of Finance, as well as the fifth longest serving minister in Indonesian history. He was born on 6 May 1928, in the city of Surakarta. He studied economics at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (UI) in 1958. Subsequently earned a Master of Arts in 1961 and doctorate in economics from the University of California, Berkeley. He returned to Indonesia in 1967, and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of UI, replacing Widjojo Nitisastro.Less than one year later, he became Minister of Finance in the First Development Cabinet of Indonesian president Suharto. As finance minister, he tackled rising inflation, reducing it to 10% in 1969, from a high 650% in 1966. He also liked to conduct unannounced inspections and managed to apprehend corrupt officials and smugglers. Under his leadership, there were two devaluations of the Rupiah, which occurred in 1977 and 1978. In 1983, he was transferred to the position of Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia in the Fourth Development Cabinet, replacing Radius Prawiro, who took over as finance minister. After leaving government in 1988, <mask> continued to advise the government on its economic and financial policies. <mask> died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015.Before he died, <mask> had been hospitalized for three weeks. His body was interred at the Tanah Kusir Public Cemetery, instead of the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 6 May 1928, in the city of Surakarta, more commonly known as Solo. His mother died when he was almost five years old. His father, <mask>, would remarry to a woman named Bulik, <mask>'s aunt. <mask>'s childhood was mainly spent in Surakarta. <mask> moved around several times.Around this time, he reportedly resided in the house of his uncle, <mask>, an Indonesian nationalist and statesman, who would go on to become Prime Minister of Indonesia. His childhood home has now become a shop. Growing up, <mask> did not receive a formal education. Instead, he was homeschooled by his stepmother, Bulik. Though, he eventually entered formal schooling in 1930, and was immediately placed in the fifth grade of the People's School (now the equivalent of elementary school). He went to the University of Indonesia (UI), and initially studied medicine for a year. However, he withdrew from the faculty, after being cut off by his parents.He continued to study at UI, but changed faculties. Choosing the Faculty of Economics, as it provided scholarships. Despite receiving a scholarship, he worked a couple odd jobs on the side, working at a travel service provider's office. During his time in UI, he was taught by foreign lecturers from the Netherlands about economics, as the only native economist with a economics doctorate, was Sumitro Djojohadikusumo. However, as tensions grew between Indonesia and the Dutch Government over the West New Guinea dispute, Dutch lecturers began to leave the country. Resulting in UI turning to the Ford Foundation for assistance. The Ford Foundation then began a process where students from UI were chosen to undertake overseas studies at the University of California, Berkeley.After finishing his studies at UI in 1958, and having a short stint as a lecturer at UI, where he was known to be an expert in the fields of macroeconomics and monetary policy, and was able to explain the material briefly and clearly, he  was then sent abroad to continue his studies at the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> continued his master's education at the University of California, Berkeley, United States. With the costs of his education being fully funded through the scholarship he received from the Ford Foundation. While in the United States, <mask> was particularly interested in fiscal and monetary studies. He managed to complete not only his master's program, but also his doctoral program and Master of Arts degree, while in Berkeley. A year later, <mask> received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1962, with the dissertation title "Monetary Policy in an Underdeveloped Economy with Special Reference to Indonesia" (1962). During his time in Berkeley, he was supported by a number of friends, including J.B. Sumarlin and Emil Salim, both fellow future ministers in the New Order.Finance minister

Appointment

He returned to Indonesia in 1967, and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia, replacing Widjojo Nitisastro. Less than one year later, <mask> became Minister of Finance in the First Development cabinet of Indonesian president Suharto. Becoming the youngest finance minister in Indonesian history. This has resulted the media even pinning him the title "menteri ingusan" which roughly translates to "don't know anything minister." In an English-language book entitled "A Tribute to <mask>, Indonesia's Longest Serving Finance Minister: From His Writing and His Colleagues" published by Kompas, which was released to commemorate <mask>'s 87th Anniversary, there is one story when President Suharto summoned <mask> and asked him to become finance minister. "When Suharto's first cabinet was formed, Pak Harto called me to become Minister of Finance. I immediately came to see him and said that I couldn't become Minister of Finance.Pak Harto looked at me and said "You think I want to be president? I've never been president. You have never been the Minister of Finance. So don't worry, we learn together," said <mask>. Tenure
Early on after his appointment, he was tasked with tackling the high inflation rate, which reportedly caused stress and caused him to not sleep well. At the time, inflation had reached a high of 650% in 1966. He was successful at tackling high inflation, with inflation falling from 650% in 1966, to 112% in 1967, to 85% in 1968, to 10% in 1969 under his tenure.As finance minister, he began a crusade against illegal levies and extortion, together Minister of State Control of State Apparatus (currently Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform) J.B. Sumarli. At the time illegal levies occurred in State Treasurer's Office. J.B. Sumarlin even disguised himself as a staff a work unit named Ahmad Sidik to discover the practice of extortion. After that incident, nobody else dared to collect illegal levies. Death and legacy
<mask> died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015, at 15:30 WIB. Before he died, <mask> was treated for three weeks. Work with government

A brief summary of <mask>'s career is as follows:

 1966: Member of the team of economics experts advising the acting president of Indonesia.1968: Minister of Finance in the First Development Cabinet. 1969: Chair, Monetary Council. 1973: Minister of Finance in the Second Development Cabinet. 1975: Deputy Chair, Board of Governors of the Islamic Development Bank. 1978: Minister of Finance in the Third Development Cabinet. 1983: Coordinating Minister of Economics, Finance, Industry and Development Supervision in the Fourth Development Cabinet. 1988: retired as a senior government minister and remained active as a senior economist in numerous positions.Personal life
<mask> married a woman named Rendasih (d. 2000), nicknamed Renny, who was a school teacher from Bandung. Together they had four children, Isyana Ika <mask>, Mahendra <mask>, Pradjnawita <mask>, and Pradjanamita <mask>. Writings

 Monetary Budget: A Tool for Stabilization or Inflation
 Economic and Social Institutions (1966)
 Economic Development and the Availability of Special Funds
 Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1969)
 Concessional Loans and Technical Assistance
 Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1970). Further reading
 Mari Pangestu (editor), 2015. A tribute to <mask>, Indonesia's longest serving finance minister: From his writings and his colleagues, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta. Marzuki Usman, 2017. Prof. Dr. <mask>: Pembaharu Kebijakan Moneter dan Fiskal di Indonesia [Prof. Dr <mask>: Reformer of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Indonesia], PP ISEI, Jakarta.Notes

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Finance Ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian economists
Government ministers of Indonesia
Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia
People from Surakarta

masks:
Ali Wardhana
Bung Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Wardhana
Aliman
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Sastroamidjojo
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana