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<mask> (born <mask>; November 9, 1935October 2, 2020) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1959–1975). Nicknamed "Gibby" and "Hoot" (after actor <mask>), <mask> tallied 251 wins, 3,117 strikeouts, and a 2.91 earned run average (ERA) during his career. A nine-time All-Star and two-time World Series champion, he won two Cy Young Awards and the 1968 National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. Known for a fiercely competitive nature and for intimidating opposing batters, he was elected in 1981 to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. The Cardinals retired his uniform number 45 in September 1975 and inducted him into the team Hall of Fame in 2014. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, <mask> overcame childhood illness to excel in youth sports, particularly basketball and baseball. After briefly playing under contract to both the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team and the St. Louis Cardinals organization, <mask> decided to continue playing only baseball professionally.He became a full-time starting pitcher in July 1961 and earned his first All-Star appearance in 1962. <mask> won 2 of 3 games he pitched in the 1964 World Series, then won 20 games in a season for the first time in 1965. <mask> also pitched three complete game victories in the 1967 World Series. The pinnacle of <mask>'s career was 1968, when he posted a 1.12 ERA for the season and then recorded 17 strikeouts in Game 1 of the 1968 World Series. <mask> threw a no-hitter in 1971 but began experiencing swelling in his knee in subsequent seasons. At the time of his retirement in 1975, <mask> ranked second only to Walter Johnson among major-league pitchers in career strikeouts. After retiring as a player in 1975, <mask> later served as pitching coach for his former teammate Joe Torre.At one time a special instructor coach for the St. Louis Cardinals, <mask> was later selected for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. <mask> was the author of the memoir Pitch by Pitch, with Lonnie Wheeler. <mask> died of pancreatic cancer on October 2, 2020, exactly 52 years after his memorable 1968 World Series Game 1 performance in which he struck out 17 Detroit Tigers. Early life
<mask> was born in Omaha, the last of Pack and <mask>'s seven children (five boys and two girls). <mask>'s father died of tuberculosis three months prior to <mask>'s birth, and <mask> was named Pack Robert <mask> in his father's honor. While he revered his father's legacy, <mask> disliked the name Pack, and later changed his first name to Robert. Despite a childhood that included health problems like rickets, and a serious case of either asthma or pneumonia when he was three, <mask> was active in sports in both informal and organized settings, particularly baseball and basketball.<mask>'s brother Josh (no relation to the Negro leagues star player), who was 15 years his senior, had a profound effect on his early life, serving as a mentor to him. <mask> played on a number of youth basketball and baseball teams his brother coached, many of which were organized through the local YMCA. <mask> attended Omaha Technical High School, where he participated on the track, basketball, and baseball teams. Health issues resurfaced for <mask>, though, and he needed a doctor's permission to compete in high school sports because of a heart murmur that occurred in tandem with a rapid growth spurt. <mask> was named to the All-State basketball team during his senior year of high school by a newspaper in Lincoln, Nebraska, and soon after won a full athletic scholarship for basketball from Creighton University. Indiana University had rejected him after stating their Negro athlete quota had already been filled. While at Creighton, <mask> majored in sociology, and continued to experience success playing basketball.At the end of <mask>'s junior basketball season, he averaged 22 points per game, and made third team Jesuit All-American. As his graduation from Creighton approached, the spring of 1957 proved to be a busy time for <mask>. Aside from getting married, <mask> had garnered the interest of the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team and the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team. In 1957, <mask> received a $3,000
bonus (a notable sum at that time) to sign with the Cardinals. He delayed his start with the organization for a year, playing basketball with the Globetrotters. However, he gave up as a travelling member due to long travels and many double-headers. Baseball career
<mask> was assigned to the Cardinals' big league roster for the start of the 1959 season, recording his Major League debut on April 15 as a relief pitcher.Reassigned to the Cardinals minor league affiliate the Omaha Cardinals soon after, <mask> returned to the Major Leagues on July 30 as a starting pitcher, earning his first Major League win that day. <mask>'s experience in 1960 was similar, pitching nine innings for the Cardinals before shuffling between the Cardinals and their Rochester affiliate until mid-June. After posting a 3–6 record with a 5.61 ERA, <mask> traveled to Venezuela to participate in winter baseball at the conclusion of the 1960 season. Cardinals manager Solly Hemus shuffled <mask> between the bullpen and the starting pitching rotation for the first half of the 1961 season. In a 2011 documentary, <mask> indicated that Hemus's racial prejudice played a major role in his misuse of <mask>, as well as of teammate Curt Flood, both of whom were told by Hemus that they would not make it as major leaguers and should try something else. Hemus was replaced as Cardinals manager in July 1961 by Johnny Keane, who had been <mask>'s manager on the Omaha minor league affiliate several years prior. Keane and <mask> shared a positive professional relationship, and Keane immediately moved <mask> into the starting pitching rotation full-time.<mask> proceeded to compile an 11–6 record the remainder of the year, and posted a 3.24 ERA for the full season. Off the field, Bill White, Curt Flood, and <mask> started a civil rights movement to make all players live in the same clubhouse and hotel rooms, and led the St. Louis Cardinals to become the first sports team to end segregation, three years before President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the "Great Society" legislation in 1964. 1962–1967

In late May of the 1962 season <mask> pitched  consecutive scoreless innings on his way to being named to his first National League All-Star team. Because of an additional All-Star Game played each season from 1959 to 1962, <mask> was named to the second 1962 N.L. All-Star game as well, where he pitched two innings. After suffering a fractured ankle late in the season, <mask>, sometimes referred to by the nickname "Hoot" (a reference to western film star Hoot <mask>), still finished 1962 with his first 200 plus strikeout season. The rehabilitation of <mask>'s ankle was a slow process, and by May 19 of the 1963 season he had recorded only one win.<mask> then turned to rely on his slider and two different fastball pitches to reel off six straight wins prior to late July. <mask> and all other National League pitchers benefited from a rule change that expanded the strike zone above the belt buckle. Adding to his pitching performances was <mask>'s offensive production, with his 20 RBIs outmatching the combined RBI output of entire pitching staffs on other National League teams. Even with <mask>'s 18 wins and the extra motivation of teammate Stan Musial's impending retirement, the Cardinals finished six games out of first place. Building on their late-season pennant run in 1963, the 1964 Cardinals developed a strong camaraderie that was noted for being free of the racial tension that predominated in the United States at that time. Part of this atmosphere stemmed from the integration of the team's spring training hotel in 1960, and <mask> and teammate Bill White worked to confront and stop use of racial slurs within the team. On August 23, the Cardinals were 11 games behind the Philadelphia Phillies and remained six-and-a-half games behind on September 21.The combination of a nine-game Cardinals winning streak and a ten-game Phillies losing streak then brought the season down to the final game. The Cardinals faced the New York Mets, and <mask> entered the game as a relief pitcher in the fifth inning. Aware that the Phillies were ahead of the Cincinnati Reds 4–0 at the time he entered the game, <mask> proceeded to pitch four innings of two-hit relief, while his teammates scored 11 runs of support to earn the victory. They next faced the New York Yankees in the 1964 World Series. <mask> was matched against Yankees starting pitcher Mel Stottlemyre for three of the Series' seven games, with <mask> losing Game 2, then winning Game 5. In Game 7, <mask>, who only had 2 days rest, pitched into the ninth inning, where he allowed home runs to Phil Linz and Clete Boyer, making the score 7–5 Cardinals. With Ray Sadecki and Barney Schultz warming up in the Cardinal bullpen, <mask> retired <mask> for the final out, giving the Cardinals their first World Championship since 1946.Along with his two victories, <mask> set a new World Series record by striking out 31 batters. <mask> made the All-Star team again in the 1965 season, and when the Cardinals were well out of the pennant race by August, attention turned on <mask> to see if he could win 20 games for the first time. <mask> was still looking for win number 20 on the last day of the season, a game where new Cardinals manager Red Schoendienst rested many of the regular players. <mask> still prevailed against the Houston Astros by a score of 5–2. The 1966 season marked the opening of Busch Memorial Stadium for the Cardinals, and <mask> was selected to play in the All-Star Game in front of the hometown crowd that year as well. The Cardinals built a -game lead prior to the 1967 season All-Star break, and <mask> pitched the seventh and eighth innings of the 1967 All-Star game. <mask> then faced the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 15, when Roberto Clemente hit a line drive off <mask>'s right leg.Unaware his leg had been fractured, <mask> faced three more batters before his right fibula bone snapped above the ankle. After <mask> returned on September 7, the Cardinals secured the National League pennant on September 18,  games ahead of the San Francisco Giants. In the 1967 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, <mask> allowed only three earned runs and 14 hits over three complete-game victories in Games 1, 4 (five-hit shutout), and 7, the latter two marks tying Christy Mathewson's 1905 World Series record. Just as he had in 1964, <mask> pitched a complete-game victory in Game 7, against Cy Young winner Jim Lonborg, who pitched a 1-hitter in Game 2. <mask> also contributed offensively in Game 7 by hitting a home run that made the game 3–0. <mask> became the only pitcher to be on the mound for the final out of Game 7 of a World Series multiple times. Unlike his last win as World Series MVP, he finally got the men's suit endorsement that eluded him in 1964.He also gained endorsement and sponsorship for his asthma medication, namely Primateme mist inhaler and tablets. 1968—Year of the Pitcher
The 1968 season became known as "The Year of the Pitcher", and <mask> was at the forefront of pitching dominance. His earned run average was 1.12, a live-ball era record, as well as the major league record in 300 or more innings pitched. It was the lowest major league ERA since Dutch Leonard's 0.96 mark 54 years earlier. <mask> threw 13 shutouts, three fewer than fellow Nebraskan Grover Alexander's 1916 major league record of 16. He won all 12 starts in June and July, pitching a complete game every time, (eight of which were shutouts), and allowed only six earned runs in 108 innings pitched (a 0.50 ERA). <mask> pitched 47 consecutive scoreless innings during this stretch, at the time the third-longest scoreless streak in major league history.He also struck out 91 batters, and he won two-consecutive NL Player of the Month awards. <mask> finished the season with 28 complete games out of 34 games started. Of the games he didn't complete, he was pinch-hit for, meaning <mask> was not removed from the mound for

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title: Bob Gibson

type: original

texts:
 another pitcher for the entire season. He also only conceded a total of 38 earned runs. <mask> won the National League MVP Award. Not until Clayton Kershaw in 2014 would another National League pitcher do so. With Denny McLain winning the American League's Most Valuable Player award, 1968 remains, to date, the only year both MVP Awards went to pitchers with McLain compiling a 31–6 record for the Detroit Tigers.For the 1968 season, opposing batters only had a batting average of .184, an on-base percentage of .233, and a slugging percentage of .236. <mask> lost nine games against 22 wins, despite his record-setting low 1.12 ERA as the anemic batting throughout baseball included his own Cardinal team. The 1968 Cardinals had one .300 hitter, while the team-leading home run and RBI totals were just 16 and 79, respectively. <mask> lost two 1–0 games, one of which against San Francisco Giants pitcher Gaylord Perry's no-hitter on September 17. The Giants' run in that game came on a first-inning home run by light-hitting Ron Hunt—the second of two he would hit the entire season and one of only 11 that <mask> allowed in  innings. The year also was notable for Don Drysdale pitching a record six consecutive shutouts and  consecutive scoreless innings. In Game 1 of the 1968 World Series, <mask> struck out 17 Detroit Tigers to set a World Series record for strikeouts in one game, which still stands today (breaking Sandy Koufax's record of 15 in Game 1 of the 1963 World Series).He also joined Ed Walsh as the only pitchers to strike out at least one batter in each inning of a World Series game, Walsh having done so in Game Three of the 1906 World Series. After allowing a leadoff single to Mickey Stanley in the ninth inning, <mask> finished the game by striking out Tiger sluggers Al Kaline, Norm Cash, and Willie Horton in succession. Recalling the performance, Tigers outfielder Jim Northrup remarked: "We were fastball hitters, but he blew the ball right by us. And he had a nasty slider that was jumping all over the place." <mask> next pitched in Game 4 of the 1968 World Series, defeating the Tigers' ace pitcher Denny McLain 10–1. The teams continued to battle each other, setting the stage for another winner-take-all Game 7 in St. Louis on October 10, 1968. In this game <mask> was matched against Tigers pitcher Mickey Lolich and the two proceeded to hold their opponents scoreless for the first six innings.In the top of the seventh, <mask> retired the first two batters before allowing two consecutive singles. Detroit batter Jim Northrup then hit a two-run triple over the head of center fielder Curt Flood, leading to Detroit's Series win. The overall pitching statistics in MLB's 1968 season, led by <mask> and McLain's record-setting performances, are often cited as one of the reasons for Major League Baseball's decision to alter pitching-related rules. Sometimes known as the "Gibson rules", MLB lowered the pitcher's mound in 1969 from  to  and reduced the height of the strike zone from the batter's armpits to the jersey letters. 1969–1975
Aside from the rule changes set to take effect in 1969, cultural and monetary influences increasingly began impacting baseball, as evidenced by nine players from the Cardinals' 1968 roster who had not reported by the first week of spring training due to the status of their contracts. On February 4, 1969, <mask> appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and said the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) had suggested players consider striking before the upcoming season began. However, <mask> himself had no immediate contract worries, as the $125,000 salary <mask> requested for 1969 was agreed to by team owner Gussie Busch and the Cardinals, setting a new franchise record for the highest single-season salary.Despite the significant rule changes, <mask>'s status as one of the league's best pitchers was not immediately affected. In 1969 he went 20–13 with a 2.18 ERA, 4 shutouts, and 28 complete games. On May 12, 1969, <mask> struck out three batters on nine pitches in the seventh inning of a 6–2 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. <mask> became the ninth National League pitcher and the 15th pitcher in Major League history to throw an "immaculate inning". After pitching into the tenth inning of the July 4 game against the Cubs, <mask> was removed from a game without finishing an inning for the first time in more than 60 consecutive starts, a streak spanning two years. After participating in the 1969 All-Star Game (his seventh selection), <mask> set another mark on August 16 when he became the third pitcher in Major League history to reach the 200-strikeout plateau in seven different seasons. <mask> experienced an up-and-down 1970 season, marked at the low point by a July slump where he resorted to experimenting with a knuckleball for the first time in his career.Just as quickly, <mask> returned to form, starting a streak of seven wins on July 28, and pitching all 14 innings of a 5–4 win against the San Diego Padres on August 12. He would go on to win his fourth and final NL Player of the Month award for August (6–0, 2.31 ERA, 55 SO). <mask> won 23 games in 1970, and was once again named the NL Cy Young Award winner. <mask> was sometimes used by the Cardinals as a pinch-hitter, and in 1970 he hit .303 for the season in 109 at-bats, which was over 100 points higher than teammate Dal Maxvill. For his career, he batted .206 (274 for 1,328) with 44 doubles, 5 triples, 24 home runs (plus two more in the World Series), and 144 RBIs, stealing 13 bases and walking 63 times. <mask> achieved two highlights in August 1971. On the 4th, he defeated the Giants 7–2 at Busch Memorial Stadium for his 200th career victory.Ten days later, he no-hit the eventual World Champion Pittsburgh Pirates 11–0 at Three Rivers Stadium. Three of his 10 strikeouts in the game were to Willie Stargell, including the game's final out. The no-hitter was the first in Pittsburgh since Nick Maddox at Exposition Park in 1907; none had been pitched in the 62-year (mid-1909-to-mid-1970) history of Three Rivers Stadium's predecessor, Forbes Field. He was the second pitcher in Major League Baseball history, after Walter Johnson, to strike out more than 3,000 batters and the first to do so in the National League. He accomplished this at home at Busch Stadium on July 17, 1974; the victim was César Gerónimo of the Cincinnati Reds. <mask> began the 1972 season by going 0–5 but broke Jesse Haines's club record for victories on June 21 and finished the year with 19 wins. During the summer of 1974, <mask> felt hopeful he could put together a winning streak, but he continually encountered swelling in his knee.In January 1975, <mask> announced he would retire at the end of the 1975 season, admittedly using baseball to help cope with his recent divorce from his former wife, Charline. During the 1975 season, he went 3–10 with a 5.04 ERA. In the eight seasons from 1963 to 1970, <mask> posted a win–loss record of 156–81, for a .658 winning percentage. He won nine Gold Glove Awards, was awarded the World Series MVP Award in 1964 and 1967, and won Cy Young Awards in 1968 and 1970. Don't mess with "Hoot"

<mask> was a fierce competitor who rarely smiled and was known to throw brushback pitches to establish dominance over the strike-zone and intimidate the batter, similar to his contemporary and fellow Hall of Famer Don Drysdale. Even so, <mask> had good control and hit only 102 batters in his career (fewer than Drysdale's 154). <mask> was surly and brusque even with his teammates.When his catcher Tim McCarver went to the mound for a conference, <mask> brushed him off, saying "The only thing you know about pitching is that it's hard to hit." <mask> casually disregarded his reputation for intimidation, though, saying that he made no concerted effort to seem intimidating. However, there is an interview in which he admits that if a batter homered off one of his best pitches, he would hit that batter in his next at bat. He joked in an interview with a St. Louis public radio station that the only reason he made faces while pitching was because he needed glasses and could not see the catcher's signals. Post-playing career
Before <mask> returned to his home in Omaha at the end of the 1975 season, Cardinals general manager Bing Devine offered him an undefined job that was contingent on approval from higher-ranking club officials. Unsure of his future career path, <mask> declined and used the motor home the Cardinals had given him as a retirement gift to travel across the western United States during the 1975 offseason. Returning to Omaha, <mask> continued to serve on the board of a local bank, was at one point the principal investor in radio station KOWH, and started "Gibson's Spirits and Sustenance" restaurant, sometimes working twelve-hour days as owner/operator.<mask> returned to baseball in 1981 after accepting a coaching job with Joe Torre, who was then manager of the New York Mets. Torre termed <mask>'s position "attitude coach", the first such title in Major League history. After Torre and his coaching staff were let go at the end of the 1981 season, Torre moved on to manage the Atlanta Braves in 1982, hiring <mask> as a pitching coach. The Braves proceeded to challenge for the National League pennant for the first time since 1969, ultimately losing to the Cardinals in the 1982 National League Championship Series. <mask> remained with Torre on the Braves' coaching staff until the end of the 1984 season. <mask> then took to hosting a pre- and postgame show for Cardinals baseball games on radio station KMOX from 1985 until 1989. <mask> also served as color commentator for baseball games on ESPN in 1990 but declined an option to continue the position over concerns he would have to spend too much time away from his family.In 1995, <mask> again served as pitching coach on a Torre-led staff, this time returning to the Cardinals. Personal life
<mask> was a father to three children: two with his first wife, Charline, and one with his second wife, Wendy. <mask>'s interests included playing guitar. In 1968 he performed on The Ed Sullivan Show along with his 1968 World Series opponent Denny McLain, an accomplished organist. In July 2019, <mask>'s longtime agent Dick Zitzmann announced that <mask> had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer several weeks earlier and was due to begin chemotherapy. <mask> died on October 2, 2020, at age 84, under hospice care after fighting pancreatic cancer for more than a year. Honors

<mask>'s jersey number 45 was retired by the St. Louis Cardinals on September 1, 1975.In 1981 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall Of Fame. In 1999 he ranked Number 31 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. He has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. A bronze statue of <mask> by Harry Weber is located in front of Busch Stadium, commemorating <mask> along with other St. Louis Cardinals greats. Another statue of <mask> was unveiled outside of Werner Park in <mask>'s home city, Omaha, Nebraska, in 2013. The street on the north side of Rosenblatt Stadium, former home of the College World Series in his hometown of Omaha, is named <mask> Boulevard. In January 2014, the Cardinals announced <mask> among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.At the time of his death, <mask> still led the  Cardinals franchise's pitching records in wins (251), games started (482), complete games (255), shutouts (56), innings pitched (3,884.1) and strikeouts (3,117) along with a 2.91 ERA. Career MLB statistics
Pitching

Records held

 National League Shutout Championships in Live-Ball Era: Led or tied four times in 1962 (5), 1966 (5), 1968 (13), and 1971 (5). Record shared with Warren Spahn. Pete Alexander was a six-time shutout champion from 1911 to 1921. Gold Gloves for Pitchers: Nine consecutive Gold Gloves (1965–1973) is third all-time among pitchers. Single-Season Earned Run Average: 1.12 ERA during 1968 is the lowest in live-ball era and third-best all-time. Most Strikeouts During a World Series Game': 17 strikeouts during Game 1 of 1968 World

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title: Susana Malcorra

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<mask> (born 18 November 1954) is an Argentine electrical engineer who served as foreign minister of Argentina from 2015 to 2017. She was announced for the position by President Mauricio Macri on 24 November 2015. Prior to that she was Chef de Cabinet to the Executive Office at the United Nations, appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in March 2012. Upon learning of <mask>'s appointment as Minister in Argentina, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated her, adding that: "Ms. Malcorra has served the United Nations with great distinction. [...] I know from my conversations with world leaders and civil society that Ms. Malcorra is well-respected across the world." On May 29, 2017 <mask> announced her resignation from the position as foreign minister to move to Madrid to be closer to her family and was succeeded by Jorge Faurie, the Argentine ambassador to France, on June 12. <mask> is currently Dean of the IE School of Global and Public Affairs at IE University in Madrid.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe. She graduated as an electrical engineer from the University of Rosario. Between 1979 and 1993 she worked at IBM, and in 1993 she joined Telecom Argentina. Career

Malcorra served as the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Field Support. She was appointed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in March 2008, succeeding Jane Holl Lute. Prior to that, she had been chief operating officer and deputy executive director of the World Food Programme, where she oversaw emergency and humanitarian operations in more than 80 countries. During the tsunami emergency in December 2004, she led the first phase of the operational response and mustered human resources, budget, finance, information, technology, telecommunications, administration and security to deal with the disaster.She had more than 25 years of experience in the private sector before joining the WFP. She started her career at IBM Argentina in 1979. During her fourteen years in the company, she held several different positions, the last one being Branch Manager for Public Sector and Services. She was assigned to the headquarters in 1986 as part of the Management Development Programme. She left IBM Argentina in January 1993 to join Telecom Argentina. During her tenure at Telecom Argentina she again held various responsibilities, from Regional Manager and Head of the Mass Market Unit to chief operating officer. In 2001 she was appointed CEO of the company.In November 2015, Argentine President-Elect Macri announced her as future foreign minister. Since her first day in charge, she has been changing Argentina's foreign policy, making a distance from Bolivarian axes, and returning to a very close relationship with the United States and the European countries. Minister of Foreign Relations
As Minister of Foreign Relations, and with the support of President Mauricio Macri, she revitalized bilateral relations with the United States and Europe, reviewed the fundamentals of Mercosur, evaluated alternatives that involve more free trade and the country returned to a single exchange rate, which It allowed the reactivation of commodity exports and attracted foreign direct investment. United Nations Secretary-General selection

Minister <mask> was a candidate to replace Ban Ki-moon as secretary general of the UN starting in January 2017. She has been asked several questions about accountability for harms caused by UN Peacekeeper troops. On 8 June, in response to a question by the Ambassador of Lichtenstein regarding accountability for the cholera outbreak in Haiti started by a deployment of UN Peacekeepers, Malcorra replied, "It is now in legal process, I'm not privy to it so it's hard for me to fully answer the question without getting into an arena that I'm not fully in. It's clear the UN is invested a lot to build up the infrastructure of Haiti based on the cholera experience/chain reaction so that is something that the UN needs to do more.The trust established was not fully filled so there is an element of working with the Haitians to handle cholera. On the specifics, I'd rather wait to be better informed." Most of the candidates for secretary general, all of whom have less extensive UN experience have taken a position in favor of stronger UN accountability, including compensation to the victims. In terms of UN accountability for sexual assault and exploitation by UN troops, she stated, ""The Organization's efforts to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse in all manifestations and, where it does occur, to support victims and hold accountable those responsible, requires our utmost priority in order to fulfill the obligations incumbent upon us. This must be done with the political will that can only be derived from a full partnership with Member States." Responding the U.S. on the same subject, she emphasized, "I think we have to go beyond what we have today and that's why I've proposed this question of the code of conduct." Other activities
 IE University, Dean, School of Global and Public Affairs
 International Crisis Group (ICG), Board of Trustees (since 2019)
 IE Business School, Transatlantic Relations Initiative Distinguished Fellow
 Inter-American Dialogue, Member of the Board of Directors
 World Economic Forum (WEF), Member of the Global Future Council on Geopolitics (2018-2019)

Honors and awards
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes

Personal life
She is married and has one son.She describes herself as an atheist. See also

List of female foreign ministers
List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Worship
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of foreign ministers in 2016
List of foreign ministers in 2015
Foreign relations of Argentina

References

External links

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1954 births
Argentine engineers
Chief operating officers
Electrical engineers
Female foreign ministers
Foreign ministers of Argentina
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Living people
Argentine atheists
National University of Rosario alumni
People from Rosario, Santa Fe
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
World Food Programme people
Women government ministers of Argentina
Argentine officials of the United Nations
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue

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title: Thomas C. Jerdon

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<mask> (12 October 1811 – 12 June 1872) was a British physician, zoologist and botanist. He was a pioneering ornithologist who described numerous species of birds in India. Several species of plants (including the genus Jerdonia) and birds including <mask>'s baza, <mask>'s leafbird, <mask>'s bushlark, <mask>'s nightjar, Jerdon's courser, <mask>'s babbler and <mask>'s bush chat are named after him. Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> of Bonjedward, near Jedburgh, and was born at Biddick House in County Durham. His early education was at Bishopton Grove near Ripon and later at Bawtry near Doncaster. His father influenced an interest in natural history and although not a well-known naturalist, he was a careful observer and while <mask> took an interest mainly in zoology, his younger brother became an active botanist. <mask> joined Edinburgh University in 1828 as a literary student but attended classes in natural history by Professor Robert Jameson.He joined the Plinian Society, an association of naturalists (another member of which was <mask>), on 23 June 1829. He graduated as a medical student in 1829-1830 and continued medical studies before obtaining an assistant surgeonship in the East India Company's service. He was appointed on 11 September 1835 and he arrived at Madras on 21 February 1836. India

His initial work in India was in dealing with fever and dysentery that affected the troops posted in the Ganjam district. During this posting, he described the birds of the Eastern Ghats. On 1 March 1837 he moved to the 2nd Light Cavalry and was posted at Trichinopoly and moved with the regiment to Jalnah in central India. He remained in the Deccan region for the next four years.In 1841 he visited the Nilgiri Hills on leave and in July of the same year he married Flora Alexandrina Matilda Macleod, niece of General Lewis Wentworth Watson. Flora had an interest in botanical art and took an interest in orchids. She was also an excellent guitarist. Around 1845 the Jerdon's lived in their Ooty home Woodside, (Woodside originally belonged to General Watson) and their children were baptised at the local St. Stephens church. Six months later he was appointed Civil Surgeon of Nellore. At Nellore, he interacted with the Yanadi tribes and obtained information on local names of birds and studied the natural history of the area. On 25 October 1844 he was transferred to Fort St. George as Garrison Assistant-Surgeon.During this time he took an interest in the fishes of the Bay of Bengal. On 12 February 1847 he was appointed Civil Surgeon of Tellicherry. This position led him to describe many species from the Malabar region including ants such as the distinctive Harpegnathos saltator. He resigned from civil charge on 3 June 1851 and was promoted as Surgeon with the 4th Light Cavalry in Sagar on 29 February 1852. After peace regained following the 1857 revolts, he was made Surgeon Major on 1 October 1858. He subsequently went to Darjeeling on sick leave and studied the Himalayan fauna before joining back into the 11th Native Infantry regiment in Burma and making use of that opportunity to study the region. Around 1861 a mission to Tibet was to be conducted by Captain E. Smythe and <mask> was to accompany the group (which included Dr Stewart of the Saharanpur botanical garden; Capt.Bassevi, meteorologist; and Medlicott, geologist) as botanist but failure to obtain passports from Pekin led to the mission being cancelled. Around the same time Lord <mask> enabled him to take special duty that would allow him to work on the publication of a series of books on the vertebrates of India. This began with his works on the Birds of India, followed by works on the mammals, reptiles and fish. On 28 February 1868 he retired from service and he was given the honorary position of Deputy Inspector-General of hospitals in Madras on 28 October 1868. While still in Gauhati, Assam he suffered a severe attack of fever and moved to Calcutta to convalesce but his condition deteriorated leading to his return to England in June 1870. In 1871 he became a member of the Berwickshire Natural History Society and joined them on walks. His health however continued to decline and he died at Aubyns Road, Upper Norwood on 12 June 1872, and was buried in West Norwood Cemetery.He discussed the birds of India with his neighbourhood friend and ornithologist Dresser just hours before his death. Flora died at her home in 40 Marina on 24 August 1910 and was buried at the Hastings Borough Cemetery. Natural history
<mask> started collecting birds almost immediately on arrival in India on 21 February 1836. He sent his collections of birds collected during his early travels to William Jardine for identification, but by the time they arrived at Jardine's house in Scotland they had become infested by moths. <mask> trusted his own identifications from then on, publishing A Catalogue of the Birds of the Indian Peninsula for the Madras Journal of Literature and Science (1839–40). This included 420 species, almost doubling the list produced earlier by Colonel W. H. Sykes. The want of brief, but comprehensive Manual of the Natural History of India has been long felt by all interested in such inquiries.At the present, it is necessary to search through voluminous transactions of learned Societies, and scientific Journals, to obtain any general acquaintance with what has been already ascertained regarding the Fauna of India, and, excepting to a few more favorably placed, even these are inaccessible. The issue of a Manual, which should comprise all available information in sufficient detail for the discrimination and identification of such objects of Natural History as might be met with, without being rendered cumbrous by minutiae of synonymy or of history, has therefore long been considered a desideratum. To meet this want it is proposed to publish a series of such Manuals for all the Vertebrated Animals of India, containing characters of all the classes, orders, families, and genera, and descriptions of all the species of all Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, found in India. Prospectus in his Birds of India regarding the proposed The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. <mask>'s most important publication was The Birds of India (1862–64), which included over 1008 species in two volumes with the second volume in two parts. This work was dedicated to Lord <mask> and Lord Elgin who supported the venture. This work was not without its critics.A reviewer pointed out that <mask> seemed unaware of the significance of geographic distributions in evolutionary relatedness. <mask> was an admirer of the Quinarian classification of Swainson. <mask>'s opinion on Darwin's theory was that it "perhaps, lays too much stress on external and fortuitous circumstances as producing varieties, and not enough on the inherent power of change." The reviewer also pointed out problems in his usage of George Gray's arrangement of the bird classes and states: "In thus following the phantasies of Kaup, and the mad vagaries of Bonaparte (in his latest writings), we cannot believe that Dr. <mask> has acted well for his own reputation, nor wisely as regards the class of readers for whom his volumes are specially intended." <mask> documented the local names of many birds although he did not follow a consistent spelling for Hindi and Urdu words. <mask>'s other major work was the Illustrations of Indian Ornithology in 1844, which included illustration made by Indian artists (some from Trichinopoly), about which  he wrote in his later works:

Other works included The Game Birds and Wildfowl of India (1864) and Mammals of India (1874). He had a wide interest in natural history and his studies include descriptions of plants, ants, amphibians, reptiles, birds as well as mammals.<mask> was instrumental in the birth of The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma series. The need for a work on the Indian fauna was felt and it was finally approved by the Secretary of state and was placed under the editorship of W. T. Blanford. R. A. Sterndale mentions a note from <mask> on an otter that he kept as a pet (probably at Tellicherry)

His work on the reptiles of India was not completed and it was only after his death that the proofs were sent to his home. In 1874 several volumes with his original drawings of reptiles were auctioned by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge. Some of these illustrations were purchased by Lord Lilford. Apart from zoology, he also took an interest in botany, although he did not publish on the topic and instead communicated notes to botanists such as Robert Wight. Wight notes that:

In his personal matters he was said to be careless and forgetful.He often had trouble with his creditors and during the time of his death he was found to be insolvent. <mask> has also been noted as being rash. On one occasion, he tried catching a cobra by the tail and got bitten on the tip of finger which he slashed with a pocket knife. He was also nearly strangled by a pet python that he kept. Eponyms
<mask> is honored in the specific names of three species of lizards (Calotes jerdoni, Cnemaspis jerdonii, Ophisops jerdonii ) and three species of snakes (Hydrophis jerdonii, Protobothrops jerdonii, Indotyphlops jerdoni ). Francis Day named Hypselobarbus jerdoni and Amblypharyngodon jerdoni after <mask>, the latter however is a junior synonym. Writings

(1840) Cuculus himalayanus sp.n. Madras J. Literature and Science 11: 12-13. (1842) Cuculus venustus sp. n. Madras J. Literature and Science 13: 140. (1843–1847) Illustrations of Indian ornithology. American Mission Press, Madras.(1849) On the fresh water fishes of southern India . Madras Journal of Literature and Science 15:139-149,302-346. (1851) A catalogue of the species of ants found in southern India. Madras J. Lit. Sci. 17:103-127 (reprinted  in 1854 as A catalogue of the species of ants found in southern India. Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist. (2)13:45-56, 100-110.) (1853) Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India. J. Asiat. Soc.153. (1863) The Birds of India. Volume I 1857 (30 May 1863)
(1864) The Birds of India. Volume II, Part I 1895 (20 February 1864)
(1864) The Birds of India. Volume III 1931 (29 October 1864)
(1870) Notes on Indian Herpetology. P. Asiatic Soc. Bengal March 1870: 66-85.(1874) The mammals of India: natural history. John Wheldon, London. See also
:Category:Taxa named by <mask><mask>'s ant publications
 Dates of publications of <mask>'s catalogue
 Mammals of India
Birds of India Vol 1 Vol 2 part 1 Vol 3
The Game birds and Wild fowl of India (1864)
 Illustrations of Indian ornithology (1847)

1811 births
1872 deaths
People from Jedburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
English zoologists
English entomologists
Myrmecologists
British ornithologists
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
British East India Company people

masks:
Thomas Caverhill Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Thomas
Archibald Jerdon
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Darwin
Jerdon
Canning
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Canning
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Jerdon
Thomas C
. Jerdonrdon
Jerdon


title: Manuel Mijares

texts:
<mask> () (born <mask>, 7 February 1958 in Mexico City) is an adult-contemporary pop singer who is billed simply as "Mijares". He began his career at age 23 and achieved high popularity from the mid-80s to mid 90s in Hispanic-America and Japan mainly. From 1997 to 2011 he was married to Mexican singer/actress Lucero, with whom he has two children. Biography
He was born in Hospital Español in Mexico City. His mother was a dance teacher and he names her as an artistic influence. As a child, he was part of the elementary school chorus. He later formed musical groups with friends.As an adult, he received a degree in business administration in the Intercontinental University (Universidad Intercontinental México). On March 4, 2011, after 14 years of marriage, he and Lucero announced to the media that they had separated. 1981 to 1989
He made his professional debut in 1981 in a local festival called Valores Juveniles. After living in Japan, where he performed in a nightclub, Mijares worked as a background singer for Latin pop star Emmanuel. In 1985, he represented Mexico in the OTI Festival, earning "Revelation of the Festival". In 1986, he started his solo career after signing with EMI, issuing a self-titled album that featured his first international hits: "Bella" ("Beautiful woman"), "Soñador"  ("Dreamer"), "Poco a poco" ("Little by little") and "Siempre" ("Always"), the latter composed by the Nicaraguan songwriter Hernaldo Zúñiga. His debut album was originally credited to "<mask>es", but the disc was later reissued with the billing changed to simply "Mijares."All subsequent recordings were billed under the name "<mask>." He made his debut as an actor in the 1987 movie Escápate Conmigo. The film was a hit, but his acting career has been limited to cameos, however it was on that shoot he met his wife. The album Amor y Rock And Roll was released the same year, achieving more success through the single "No se murió el amor" ("The love did not die"), it was his breakout release around the world, it became a number one hit in Mexico and top ten in Japan in the summer of 1987. The album's second single "Un montón de verano" ("A heap of summer"), is also a Hernaldo Zúñiga's composition. <mask> earned the gold medal at the  Yamaha Music Festival, something that few Latin singers have achieved. Both Uno Entre Mil (1988) and Un Hombre Discreto (1989) continued his winning streak, achieving gold and platinum certification.Singles included "Soldado del amor" ("Soldier of love"), "Uno entre mil" ("One among a thousand"),  "Baño de Mujeres" ("Ladies Room") and "Para Amarnos Más" ("To love each other more"), it was the biggest hit from the album, the single reached the top position in Mexico, Argentina and Spain; it also peaked at number three on the U.S Hot Latin Tracks chart. He also performed on the Spanish-language soundtrack of Walt Disney Pictures's Oliver & Company. The 1990s
In 1990, <mask> released a one-off album recorded in Italian, Nuda liberta. He then followed with Que Nada Nos Separe, which became one of the biggest-selling discs in his career. In 1992, he released Maria Bonita, a collection of boleros with the title track serving as a tribute to actress María Félix. Bebu Silvetti produced the album, which became <mask>' biggest-selling album to date. The disc was named album of the year by El Heraldo.The same year, he performed the Spanish-language version of the title track to the movie Beauty and the Beast along with Rocío Banquells. In 1993, he performed the theme of the telenovela Corazón salvaje, a major hit single. The song was included on the disc Encadenado. In 1996, technology allowed <mask> to sing with the deceased Pedro Infante on the well-received Querido Amigo. On January 18, 1997, he married Lucero. The news of their marriage would become an international event and Televisa earned the rights to televise it, gaining more than 40 million viewers. In 1998, El Privilegio de Amar achieved platinum status in Mexico, powered by the title track, which featured Lucero on backing vocals.2000 - present
In 2000, DreamWorks selected him to perform three songs by Elton John in Spanish for The Road to El Dorado. This same year he released Historias de un Amor, in which he co-wrote some of the songs. <mask>' 2004 album, Cappuccino, was highlighted by a duet with Canadian singer-songwriter Gino Vannelli. In 2005, Mijares released Honor a Quien Honor Merece, a tribute to Mexican star José José, whom he considers one of his main influences. The album received gold and platinum certification in Mexico. Also successful was Acompañame, a duet album with Yuri that achieved platinum certification in 2006. His 2008 album Hablemos de Amor performed well on the charts, powered by the hit "Te ha robado" ("He has stolen you"), which was the theme from the telenovela Querida Enemiga.The following year, <mask> moved to Warner Music Latina for the album Vivir Así. The disc reached No. 2 on the official Amprofon lists and spent more than two months in the top 10. It was certified Gold during its eighth week of release and received platinum certification a few weeks later. A sequel, Vivir Así Volumen II, was released on April 13, 2010; the album reached the top 10 and earned Gold certification. In 2011, he celebrated the 25th anniversary of his music career with two sold-out concerts at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City. A CD/DVD set capturing the show was issued in September as Mijares 25: Zona Preferente.The release debuted at No. 2 on the official Amprofon chart during its first week of release. It was certified gold a week later. His 2013 release Canto Por Ti debuted at No. 1 in Mexico, ultimately spending five non-consecutive weeks in the top spot.

masks:
Manuel Mijares
José Manuel Mijares Morán
Manuel Mijar
Mijares
Mijares
Mijares
Mijares
Mijares
Mijares
Mijares


title: Donald Crisp

texts:
<mask> (27 July 188225 May 1974) was an English film actor as well as an early producer, director and screenwriter. His career lasted from the early silent film era into the 1960s. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1942 for his performance in How Green Was My Valley. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Bow, London, in a family home on 27 July 1882. He was the youngest of ten children (four boys and six girls) born to Elizabeth (née Christy) and <mask>, a labourer. He was educated locally and in 1901 was living with his parents and working as a driver of a horse-drawn vehicle. Crisp made a number of claims about his early life that were eventually proven false decades after his death.He claimed that he was born in 1880 in Aberfeldy in Perthshire, Scotland, and even went so far as to maintain a Scottish accent throughout his life in Hollywood. In fact, he had no connections to Scotland, but in 1996, a plaque commemorating him was unveiled by Scottish comedian Jimmy Logan in Crisp's supposed hometown of Aberfeldy. He claimed on alternative occasions that his father was a cattle farmer, a country doctor or a royal physician to King Edward VII. He also claimed that he was educated at Eton and Oxford, and that he served as a trooper in the 10th Hussars in the Boer War. Early career

While travelling on the SS Carmania to the United States in July 1906, <mask>'s singing talents during a ship's concert caught the attention of opera impresario John C. Fisher, who immediately offered him a job with his company. Crisp spent his first year in New York City in the Grand Opera, and the following year as a stage director. It was while touring with the company in the United States and Cuba that Crisp first became interested in the theatre.By 1910, <mask>, now using the name <mask> (he retained George as a middle name), was working as a stage manager for the renowned entertainer, composer, playwright and director George M. Cohan. It was during this time he met and befriended film director D.W. Griffith. When Griffith ventured west, to seek his fortune in Hollywood in 1912, <mask> accompanied him. From 1908 to 1930, <mask>, in addition to directing dozens of films, also appeared in nearly 100 silent films, though many in bit or small parts. One notable exception was his casting by Griffith as General Ulysses S. Grant in Griffith's landmark film The Birth of a Nation in 1915. Another was his role in Griffith's 1919 film Broken Blossoms as "Battling Burrows", the brutal and abusive father of the film's heroine, Lucy Burrows (played by Lillian Gish; the actress was only 11 years his junior). Director
<mask> worked as an assistant to Griffith for several years and learned much during this time from Griffith, an early master of film story telling who was influential in advancing a number of early techniques, such as cross cutting in editing his films.This experience fostered a similar passion in <mask> to become a director in his own right. His first directing credit was Little Country Mouse, made in 1914. Many directors (and actors) would find themselves turning out a dozen or more films in a single year at this time. Over the next fifteen years, <mask> directed some 70 films in all, most notably The Navigator (1924) with Buster Keaton and Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925) with Douglas Fairbanks. When asked later by an interviewer why he eventually gave up directing and returned full-time to acting, <mask> commented that directing had become extremely wearisome because he was so often called upon, if not forced, to do favours for studio chiefs by agreeing to employ their relatives in his films. His final directorial effort was the film The Runaway Bride (1930). Military career
Between working for Griffith and other producers, along with his many acting roles, <mask> managed to return to Britain, where he served in army intelligence during the First World War (1914–1918).During the Second World War (1939–1945), <mask> answered the call to duty at a time when his acting career was at its peak. This time, he served in United States Army Reserve, where he rose to the rank of colonel. Return to acting

With the advent of "talkies", <mask> abandoned directing and devoted himself entirely to acting after 1930. He became a much sought after character actor. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, he appeared in a wide range of roles alongside some of the era's biggest stars, including Katharine Hepburn in The Little Minister (1934) and A Woman Rebels (1936), Charles Laughton and Clark Gable in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), Bette Davis and Henry Fonda in That Certain Woman (1937) and Jezebel (1938), Laurence Olivier in Wuthering Heights (1939), Errol Flynn in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) and The Sea Hawk (1940) and Gregory Peck in The Valley of Decision (1945). A versatile supporting actor, <mask> could be equally good in lovable or sinister roles. During the same period he was playing loving father figures  or charming old codgers in classic films like National Velvet and Lassie Come Home, he also turned in a well-received performance as Commander Beach, the tormented presumptive grandfather in Lewis Allen's The Uninvited (1944).Undoubtedly, however, <mask>'s most memorable role was as the taciturn but loving father in How Green Was My Valley (1941) directed by John Ford. The film received ten Oscar nominations, winning five, including Best Picture, with <mask> winning the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in 1942. Hollywood power broker
<mask> was an active and important liaison between the film industry and outside business interests. His extensive experience in business, the military and entertainment, including being a production and studio executive, lent itself well to this task. He became a highly valued adviser whose clear-headed forward thinking proved invaluable to the Bank of America, which was one of the leading sources of working capital for the film industry for many years (an industry whose life blood was loans). <mask> served on the bank's advisory board for several decades, including a stint as its chairman. In this role, he had the ear of its   board of directors, and many of the films eventually financed by the bank during the 1930s and 1940s got their most important approval from Crisp.Later years and legacy
<mask> eventually became one of the more wealthy members of the film industry. His "banker's sobriety", extensive contacts and clarity of thought allowed him to make good investments, particularly in the real estate market. He continued to appear in films throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s. During more than half a century as an actor, he appeared in as many as 400 two-reel and feature-length productions, perhaps a great deal more. John Carradine, who counted over 500 films to his own credit (the Internet Movie Database records over 300), told his son Keith, who repeated the story during a 2018 Gilbert Gottfried podcast, that only <mask> had appeared in more movies. <mask>'s final screen role was as Grandpa Spencer alongside former film co-stars Henry Fonda and Maureen O'Hara in the 1963 film Spencer's Mountain. This film, adapted from the novel by Earl Hamner, Jr., was the basis for the 1970s television series The Waltons.<mask> was in his eighties by the time he quit acting entirely, continuing to work long after it was financially necessary simply because he enjoyed it. He was married three times. In 1912, he married actress Helen Pease, and they remained together until her death the following year. In 1917, he married Marie Stark, whom he divorced in 1920; she went on to act in silent films as <mask>. In 1932, he married film screenwriter Jane Murfin, whom he divorced in 1944. He died in 1974, a few months short of his 92nd birthday, due to complications from a series of strokes. In addition to being one of the premier character actors of his era, he left behind an extensive list of contributions to the film industry he worked to promote for more than fifty years.He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. He was a staunch Republican who campaigned for Thomas Dewey in 1944. On February 8, 1960, <mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry at 1628 Vine Street. Partial filmography

As actor

The French Maid (1908, Short)
Through the Breakers (1909, Short) as At the Club
Sunshine Sue (1910, Short) as Head of Sweatshop
A Plain Song (1910, Short) as at station
A Child's Stratagem (1910, Short) as policeman
The Golden Supper (1910, Short) as courtier (uncredited)
Winning Back His Love (1910, Short) as at stage door
The Two Paths (1911, Short) as footman
Heart Beats of Long Ago (1911, Short) as courtier
What Shall We Do with Our Old? Snyder
Red Dust (1932) as Guidon, overseer
Broadway Bad (1933) as Darrall
The Crime Doctor (1934) as D.A. Mr. Anthony
The Key (1934) as Peadar Conlan
The Life of Vergie Winters (1934) as Mike Davey
British Agent (1934) as Marshall O'Reilly (scenes cut)
What Every Woman Knows (1934) as David Wylie
The Little Minister (1934) as Doctor McQueen
Vanessa: Her Love Story (1935) as George, the Inn Keeper
Laddie (1935) as Mr. Pryor
Oil for the Lamps of China (1935) as J.T. McCarter
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) as Burkitt
 The White Angel (1936) as Doctor Hunt
Mary of Scotland (1936) as Huntly
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) as Col. Campbell
A Woman Rebels (1936) as Judge Byron Thisthlewaite
Beloved Enemy (1936) as Liam Burke
The Great O'Malley (1937) as Captain Cromwell
Parnell (1937) as Davitt
The Life of Emile Zola (1937) as Maitre Labori
Confession (1937) as Presiding Judge
That Certain Woman (1937) as Jack Merrick, Sr.Sergeant Murphy (1938) as Col. Todd Carruthers
Jezebel (1938) as Dr. Livingstone
The Beloved Brat (1938) as John Morgan
The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) as Police Inspector Lewis Lane
Valley of the Giants (1938) as Andy Stone
The Sisters (1938) as Tim Hazelton
Comet Over Broadway (1938) as Joe Grant
The Dawn Patrol (1938) as Phipps
The Oklahoma Kid (1939) as Judge Hardwick
Wuthering Heights (1939) as Dr. Kenneth
Juarez (1939) as General Marechal Achille Bazaine
Sons of Liberty (1939, Short) as Alexander MacDongall
Daughters Courageous (1939) as Samuel 'Sam' Sloane
The Old Maid (1939) as Dr. Lanshell
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) as Francis Bacon
Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940) as Minister Althoff
Brother Orchid (1940) as Brother Superior
The Sea Hawk (1940) as Sir John Burleson
City for Conquest (1940) as Scotty MacPherson
Knute Rockne, All American (1940) as Father John Callahan
Shining Victory (1941) as Dr. Drewitt
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) as Sir Charles Emery
How Green Was My Valley (1941) as Gwilym Morgan
The Gay Sisters (1942) as Ralph Pedloch
Forever and a Day (1943) as Capt.

masks:
Donald William Crisp
Donald Crisp
George William Crisp
James Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Donald
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Donald Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Marie Crisp
Crisp


title: Alberto Segismundo Cruz

texts:
<mask> (21 November 1901 – 8 October 1989) was a Filipino poet, short story writer and novelist. Three of his novels have been published by Ateneo de Manila Press. Soledad S. Reyes wrote: "The interconnectedness between the past and the present was a theme familiar to many Filipino writers who, in a variety of ways, argued the need to remember the past. Francisco Laksamana, Faustino Aguilar, Lazaro Francisco, <mask>, Macario Pineda, and even Fausto Galauran, among others, constructed narratives enjoining the readers not to be dazzled by the present, but to remember the heroic and noble past of their forefathers." Birthplace
He was born on November 21, 1901, in Tondo, Manila, Philippines to <mask>mundo of Tondo, Manila. His father was the manager of a hat establishment in Binondo, Manila. He was married to <mask> of Tondo and Naic, Cavite, a hometown beauty queen when they met.He wrote for Bulaklak, Liwayway, Silahis, Kislap, Tagumpay - the country's leading weekly magazines during his time. He was poet laureate of the Republic of the Philippines in 1945 and won the Commonwealth literary awards in the 1940s and the Rizal Centennial Literary Awards in 1961. His contemporaries were Amado V. Hernandez, Fausto Galauran, Simeon Mercado, Nemesio Caravana and Liwayway Arceo, among others. He was one of the best 50 writers of the Philippines. Education
He began his early education at a kindergarten school ran by Maestra Enchang on Folgueras St., Tondo and Colegio La Juventud ran by Prof. Perfecto del Rosario. He also went to the Tondo Primary School and the Meisic Elementary School. He finished high school at the Manila North High School, now Arellano High School, in Santa Cruz, Manila.He was in the same class (1922) as Lorenzo Sumulong, a Philippine senator. He went to the University of the Philippines and National University, where he obtained his A.A. degree. He finished his law studies at the Philippine Law School and became a member of the Philippine Bar in 1939. As a student he was given these various honors: Sobresaliente, Lectura Castella, Colegio La Juventud Honor Student, Tondo Primary School Model Student, Meisic Primary School Distinguished Student and Declaimer, Tondo Interrmediate School Class Poet, Manila North High School Orator, Philippine Law School (PLS) Senator, PLS Junior Philippine Senate Editor, The National, student organ of the National University

As a newsman and writer, he was a member of the pre-war TVT Publication (Taliba-La Vanguardia-Tribune). He covered Malacanang, the Senate and Congress. He contributed countless articles, features, short stories to the newspapers and magazines of his time. He was one of the few who was a prolific writer in both English and Filipino.Literary honors
Holder of the Literary Award Record in short story and poetry in the pre-war Taliba and Liwayway
Winner, Commonwealth Literary Contest (1940)
Novelist of the Republic for his novel "Muling Pagsilang" (1942), adjudged by a juror headed by the illustrious senator and writer, Claro M. Recto
Poet Laureate of the Republic (1947), with Simeon Mercado
Winner, book-essay, Rizal National Centennial Commission (1961), with Leopoldo Yabes
Winner, poetry, Rizal National Centennial Commission (1961)
1975 Palanca Awards - "Sino ang Bulag at Iba Pang Tula" by <mask><mask> 1975 Palanca Awards

Public and government service
As a lawyer, he was associated with Atty. M. V. Roxas and F. Soc Rodrigo. He was a first grade civil service eligible and writer-translator, an attorney under Republic Act No. 1080, and attorney-claim investigator under the Judge Advocate General Office (1947). He was in the Press Relations Division and also the Legal Division of the Office of the President of the Commonwealth from February 10, 1939 till December 31, 1941. He was corrector of style and professor in Filipino and translation technique at the National Assembly (1942). He was Inspector General of the National Land Settlement Administration from March 24, 1948 to December 31, 1949.From February 5, 1949 to December 31, 1950 he was an assistant at the Department of Foreign Affairs. He was appointed Justice of the Peace for Indang-Inopacan, Leyte on August 16, 1951, but did not serve due to his commitments in the country's capital, Manila. He was special attorney and legislative researcher at the Philippine Senate from March 1, 1951, until he retired from government service in 1961. He is remembered, first, as a novelist, short story writer and poet. His works graced the pages of the prime entertainment sources of his time - the newspapers and weekly magazines, such as, Liwayway, Bulaklak, Silahis, Kislap Graphic and, then later, Tagumpay. His short story "Rosa Malaya" was featured in the high school textbook Diwang Ginto. He was included in the top 100 short story writers of his time in a book edited by Pedrito Reyes, "50 Kuwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kuwentista".His novels "Ang Bungo", "Lakandula" and "Halimuyak" had been published as college textbook by Ateneo University. As the first accredited vernacular newsman in Malacanang, he was the first newspaperman welcomed by President Manuel L. Quezon to write and translate his speeches, addresses and pronouncements into the National Language, making it possible to bring the message of the Chief Executive and make it better understood by the people. To-be-president Diosdado Macapagal was in the same press relations office in Malacanang, at that time. As lawyer of the Tondo Foreshore Residents' Association, he was instrumental in the preparation of a bill that granted the right to thousands of poor bonafide occupants of the Tondo foreshore area to purchase the lots they had occupied since liberation on an installment plan basis. He argued for them in the hearings until the bill became Republic Act 559, benefiting thousands of families in the Tondo foreshore area. Inspired by the late Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel, he initiated together with Jose Villa Panganiban, who became Director of the Institute of National Language, the project to translate into Filipino all acts and resolutions of the Congress of the Philippines in order that the people may understand better their rights and obligations as citizens. Final years
<mask> immigrated to the United States in the mid-1960s to be with his children and grandchildren.His last work was Sariling Parnaso, a collection of poems. He had ten children, who all ended up living in the United States. He came back to the Philippines and spent the rest of his years at the house he and wife, Patrocinio, built in Project 8, Quezon City. He died in 1989 at the age of 88. His friend and contemporary National Artist Amado V. Hernandez who also grew up in Tondo had the highest respect for <mask>. "Siya'y isa kong iginagalang na makata at manunulat." "Sa ilang nobela ni <mask> <mask> ay makikita ang pagsasanib ng tradisyonal na tema ng protesta at ilang elemento ng modernismo.Bagama't karaniwang ipinalalagay na kasabay nina Fausto Galauran at Narcisco Asistio, higit na makatwirang ibilang si Cruz sa henerasyon ng mga manunulat na naging kilala matapos ang digmaan. "Sa kanyang mga nobela ay ipinahayag ni Cruz ang kanyang pagkabahala sa masasamang epekto ng pagpasok ng kaunlaran o sibilisasyon sa Pilipinas. Sa "Halimuyak" at "Lakandula", inilarawan ni <mask> ang isang bayang tahimik at matulain bago ito sinalanta ng sibilisasyon o kaunlaran. Ang ganitong tema ng pagkawasak ng likas na katahimikan at kagandahan ay inilangkap ni Cruz sa kuwento ng pag-ibig." "Filipino poets and writers have been using the form of letters and their epistolaric qualities to render their literary works: the likes of <mask> Balmaceda, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed Regado, Amado V. Hernandez, Emilio A. Bunag, Florentino T. Collantes, Ildefonso Santos, Alejandro G. Abadilla, Manuel Principe Bautista and <mask> <mask>. (Añonuevo, 274)." References

1901 births
1987 deaths
People from Tondo, Manila
Filipino writers
University of the Philippines alumni
Philippine Law School alumni
National University (Philippines) alumni

masks:
Alberto Segismundo Cruz
Alberto Segismundo Cruz
Bartolome Cruzgis
Patrocinio Lopez Cruz
Alberto S
. Cruz
Alberto
Alberto
Alberto Semundo
Cruz
Cruz
Julian Cruz
Alberto Segismundo
Cruz


title: Theodore Dalrymple

texts:
Anthony Malcolm Daniels (born 11 October 1949), also known by the pen name <mask> (), is an English cultural critic, prison physician and psychiatrist. He worked in a number of Sub-Saharan African countries as well as in the East End of London. Before his retirement in 2005, he worked in City Hospital, Birmingham and Winson Green Prison in inner-city Birmingham, England. Daniels is a contributing editor to City Journal, published by the Manhattan Institute, where he is the Dietrich Weismann Fellow. In addition to City Journal, his work has appeared in The British Medical Journal, The Times, New Statesman, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Salisbury Review, National Review, New English Review, The Wall Street Journal, and Axess magasin. He is the author of a number of books, including Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass; Our Culture, What's Left of It; and Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. In his writing, Daniels frequently argues that the socially liberal and progressive views prevalent within Western intellectual circles minimise the responsibility of individuals for their own actions and undermine traditional mores, contributing to the formation within prosperous countries of an underclass afflicted by endemic violence, criminality, sexually transmitted diseases, welfare dependency, and drug abuse.Much of <mask>'s writing is based on his experience of working with criminals and the mentally ill. In 2011, <mask> was awarded the Prize for Liberty by the Flemish classical-liberal think tank Libera!. Life
Daniels was born in Kensington, London. His father was a Communist businessman of Russian ancestry, while his Jewish mother was born in Germany. She came to England as a refugee from the Nazi regime. His grandfather had served as a major in the German Army during WW1. His work as a physician took him to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Tanzania, South Africa, and the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati).He returned to the United Kingdom in 1990, where he worked in London and Birmingham. In 1991, he made an extended appearance on British television under the name <mask>. On 23 February, he took part in an After Dark discussion called "Prisons: No Way Out" alongside former gangster Tony Lambrianou, Greek journalist and writer Taki Theodoracopulos, and others. In 2005 he retired early as a consultant psychiatrist. He has a house in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, and also a house in France. Regarding his pseudonym "<mask>", he wrote that he "chose a name that sounded suitably dyspeptic, that of a gouty old man looking out of the window of his London club, port in hand, lamenting the degenerating state of the world". He is an atheist, but has criticised anti-theism and says that "To regret religion is, in fact, to regret our civilization and its monuments, its achievements, and its legacy".Raised in a non-religious Jewish home, he began doubting the existence of a God at age nine. He became an atheist in response to a moment in a school assembly. Daniels has also used other pen names. As "Edward Theberton", he has written articles for The Spectator from countries in Africa, including Mozambique. He used the name "Thursday Msigwa" when he wrote Filosofa's Republic, a satire of Tanzania under Julius Nyerere. He may also have used another pen name, in addition to his bona fide name. Writing
Daniels began sending unsolicited articles to The Spectator in the early 1980s; his first published work, entitled A Bit of a Myth appeared in the magazine in August 1983 under the name A.M. Daniels.Charles Moore wrote in 2004 that "<mask>, then writing under a different pseudonym, is the only writer I have ever chosen to publish on the basis of unsolicited articles". Between 1984 and 1991 Daniels published articles in The Spectator under the pseudonym Edward Theberton. Daniels has written extensively on culture, art, politics, education, and medicine – often drawing on his experiences as a doctor and psychiatrist in Africa and the United Kingdom. His writing has been described as simplistic and addicted to cliches by the journalist Christopher Hitchens. The historian Noel Malcolm has described Daniels's written accounts of his experiences working at a prison and a public hospital in Birmingham as "journalistic gold", and Moore observed that "it was only when he returned to Britain that he found what he considered to be true barbarism – the cheerless, self-pitying hedonism and brutality of the dependency culture. Now he is its unmatched chronicler." Daniel Hannan wrote in 2011 that <mask> "writes about Koestler's essays and Ethiopian religious art and Nietzschean eternal recurrence – subjects which, in Britain, are generally reserved for the reliably Left-of-Centre figures who appear on Start the Week and Newsnight Review.It is <mask>'s misfortune to occupy a place beyond the mental co-ordinates of most commissioning editors." Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass, a collection of essays was published in book form in 2001. The essays, which the Manhattan Institute had first begun publishing in City Journal in 1994, deal with themes such as personal responsibility, the mentality of society as a whole, and the troubles of the underclass. As part of his research for the book, <mask> interviewed over 10,000 people who had attempted suicide. Our Culture, What's Left of It: The Mandarins and the Masses, published in 2005, is another collection of essays in which he contends that the middle class's abandonment of traditional cultural and behavioural aspirations has, by example, fostered routine incivility and militant ignorance among the poor. He examines diverse themes and figures in the book including Shakespeare, Marx, Virginia Woolf, food deserts and volitional underclass malnutrition, recreational vulgarity, and the legalisation of drugs. One of the essays in the book, "When Islam Breaks Down", was named one of the most important essays of 2004 by David Brooks in the New York Times.In 2009, <mask>'s British publisher Monday Books published two books of his. The first, Not With a Bang But A Whimper, appeared in August 2009. It is different from the United States book of the same name, though some of the author's essays appear in both books. In October 2009, Monday Books published Second Opinion, a further collection of <mask> essays, this time dealing exclusively with his work in a British hospital and prison. With Gibson Square <mask> then published his most successful book Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (2010), which analyses how sentimentality has become culturally entrenched in British society with seriously harmful effects. In 2011, he published Litter: What Remains of Our Culture, followed by The Pleasure of Thinking (2012), Threats of Pain and Ruin (2014), and others. <mask> was a judge for the 2013 Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine.He currently writes a weekly commentary column for the online Taki's Magazine. Themes
Daniels's writing has some recurring themes. The cause of much contemporary misery in Western countries – criminality, domestic violence, drug addiction, aggressive youths, hooliganism, broken families – is the nihilistic, decadent and/or self-destructive behaviour of people who do not know how to live. Both the smoothing over of this behaviour, and the medicalisation of the problems that emerge as a corollary of this behaviour, are forms of indifference. Someone has to tell those people, patiently and with understanding for the particulars of the case, that they have to live differently. Poverty does not explain aggressive, criminal and self-destructive behaviour. In an African slum you will find among the very poor, living in dreadful circumstances, dignity and decency in abundance, which are painfully lacking in an average English suburb, although its inhabitants are much wealthier.An attitude characterised by gratefulness and having obligations towards others has been replaced – with awful consequences – by an awareness of "rights" and a sense of entitlement, without responsibilities. This leads to resentment as the rights become violated by parents, authorities, bureaucracies and others in general. One of the things that make Islam attractive to young westernised Muslim men is the opportunity it gives them to dominate women. Technocratic or bureaucratic solutions to the problems of mankind produce disasters in cases where the nature of man is the root cause of those problems. It is a myth, when going "cold turkey" from an opiate such as heroin, that the withdrawal symptoms are virtually unbearable; they are in fact hardly worse than flu. Criminality is much more often the cause of drug addiction than its consequence. Sentimentality, which is becoming entrenched in British society, is "the progenitor, the godparent, the midwife of brutality".High culture and refined aesthetic tastes are worth defending, and despite the protestations of non-judgmentalists who say all expression is equal, they are superior to popular culture. The ideology of the Welfare State is used to diminish personal responsibility. Erosion of personal responsibility makes people dependent on institutions and favours the existence of a threatening and vulnerable underclass. Moral relativism can easily be a trick of an egotistical mind to silence the voice of conscience. Multiculturalism and cultural relativism are at odds with common sense. The decline of civilised behaviour – self-restraint, modesty, zeal, humility, irony, detachment – ruins social and personal life. The root cause of our contemporary cultural poverty is intellectual dishonesty.First, the intellectuals (more specifically, left-wing ones) have destroyed the foundation of culture, and second, they refuse to acknowledge it by resorting to the caves of political correctness. Bibliography

 Coups and Cocaine: Two Journeys in South America (1986)
 Fool or Physician: The Memoirs of a Sceptical Doctor (1987)
 Zanzibar to Timbuktu (1988)
 Filosofa's Republic (1989) (published under the pen name Thursday Msigwa)
 Sweet Waist of America: Journeys around Guatemala (1990)
 The Wilder Shores of Marx: Journeys in a Vanishing World (1991)  (published in the U.S. as Utopias Elsewhere)
 Monrovia Mon Amour: A Visit to Liberia (1992)
 If Symptoms Persist: Anecdotes from a Doctor (1994)
 So Little Done: The Testament of a Serial Killer (1996)
 If Symptoms Still Persist (1996)
 Mass Listeria: The Meaning of Health Scares (1998)
 An Intelligent Person's Guide to Medicine (2001)
 Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass (2001)
 Violence, Disorder and Incivility in British Hospitals: The Case For Zero Tolerance (book published by the Social Affairs Unit, 2002)
 Our Culture, What's Left of It: The Mandarins and the Masses (2005)
 Romancing Opiates: Pharmacological Lies and the Addiction Bureaucracy (2006)  (published in the U.K. as Junk Medicine: Doctors, Lies and the Addiction Bureaucracy )
 Making Bad Decisions. About the Way we Think of Social Problems (2006) (Dr. J. Tans Lecture 2006; published by Studium Generale Maastricht, The Netherlands. Lecture read on Wednesday 15 November 2006. ) In Praise of Prejudice: The Necessity of Preconceived Ideas (2007)
 Not With a Bang But a Whimper: The Politics and Culture of Decline (US edition) (2008)
 Second Opinion. A Doctor's Notes from the Inner City (2009)
 Not With a Bang But a Whimper: The Politics and Culture of Decline (UK edition; contains three essays that are not in the US edition) (2009)
 The Examined Life (2010a)
 The New Vichy Syndrome. Why European Intellectuals Surrender to Barbarism (2010b)

 Vrijheid en oprechtheid (Freedom and integrity), Pelckmans (2011), together with Bart De Wever
 Mr Clarke's Modest Proposal: Supportive Evidence from Yeovil (2011).Social Affairs Unit. Anything Goes (2011). New English Review Press. Litter: How Other People's Rubbish Shapes Our Life (2011). Gibson Square Books. Farewell Fear (2012). New English Review Press.The Pleasure of Thinking: A Journey through the Sideways Leaps of Ideas (2012). Gibson Square Books. Threats of Pain and Ruin (2014). New English Review Press. Admirable Evasions: How Psychology Undermines Morality (2015). Encounter Books. Out into the Beautiful World (2015).New English Review Press. Migration, Multiculturalism and its Metaphors: Selected Essays (2016). Connor Court. The Proper Procedure and Other Stories (2017). New English Review Press. The Knife Went In: Real-Life Murderers and Our Culture (2018). Gibson Square.The Terror of Existence: From Ecclesiastes to Theatre of the Absurd (2018). New English Review Press. False Positive: A Year of Error, Omission, and Political Correctness in the New England Journal of Medicine (2019). In Praise of Folly: The Blind-spots of Our Mind (2019). Gibson Square. Embargo and Other Stories (2020). Mirabeau Press.Around the World in the Cinemas of Paris (2020). Mirabeau Press. Saving the Planet and Other Stories (2021). Mirabeau Press. References

External links

 Manhattan Institute Scholar – <mask>mple
 Anthony Daniels articles in Quadrant

1949 births
Living people
British political writers
Conservatism in the United Kingdom
English atheists
English psychiatrists
English male journalists
English travel writers
English people of Russian descent
English people of German-Jewish descent
English Jews
Jewish atheists
Jewish psychiatrists
Pseudonymous writers
Quadrant (magazine) people
Prison physicians
Physicians-in-Ordinary
Writers on addiction
People from Kensington
Critics of Marxism
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research

masks:
Theodore Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Theodore Dalrymple
Theodore Dalrymple
Theodore Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Theodore
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Theodore Dalry


title: William of Wrotham

texts:
<mask> of Wrotham or <mask> (died ) was a medieval English royal administrator and clergyman. Although a late 13th-century source says that <mask> held a royal office under King Henry II of England (reigned 1154–1189), the first contemporary reference to <mask> is in 1197, when he became responsible for, among other things, the royal tin mines. He also held ecclesiastical office, eventually becoming Archdeacon of Taunton, and served King John of England as an administrator of ecclesiastical lands and a collector of taxes. <mask>'s main administrative work was naval. He was in charge of the royal fleet in the south of England in 1205, and was one of those responsible for the development of Portsmouth as a naval dockyard. He continued to be involved in naval matters until 1214 or later, but by 1215 he had joined the First Barons' War against John. After John's death in 1216, <mask> returned to the royalist cause.He probably died in late 1217. Known to a contemporary chronicler as one of John's "evil advisers", <mask> is said by modern historians to have had a "special responsibility for ports, customs, and the navy", and was "keeper of ports", a forerunner of the office of First Lord of the Admiralty. Early life

Little is known of <mask>'s background or family, except that his father Godwin held land in Shipbourne, near Wrotham in Kent, perhaps as a vassal of the Archbishops of Canterbury. <mask>'s brother Richard was named as <mask>'s deputy in 1207. According to late 13th-century documents, the Hundred Rolls, King Henry II gave <mask> the office of steward of Exmoor, and lands at North Petherton, Somerset. <mask> was the prebend of St Decumans in the cathedral chapter of Bath Cathedral by 9 May 1204. He claimed to have held the office since 1194 during a later dispute with Savaric fitzGeldewin, the Bishop of Bath and another canon of the cathedral, Roger Porretanus, who claimed the prebend.By 23 December 1205, <mask> had secured a papal judgement against Roger. <mask> may have owed his advancement in royal service to <mask>, a royal judge. In 1197 he granted <mask> a manor at Sutton-at-Hone, Kent, which later was supposed to become a hospital, but instead eventually became a preceptory for the Knights Hospitaller. From 1197 <mask> was responsible for the collection of revenues from <mask>'s lands at Lydford, Devon, and held the office of chief forester of Somerset; it is unclear to whom he owed that position. Royal service

In 1197, Hubert Walter, who was Archbishop of Canterbury and Justiciar, appointed <mask> to the administration of the royal stannaries, or tin mines, and in 1198 <mask> was placed in charge of tin production, an office later known as the Lord Warden of the Stannaries. Under his control the mines became much more lucrative for the king, and accounted for a total of £1100 in <mask>'s first year of administration. As part of his administrative work he became the first warden of Lydford Castle after it was constructed in the 1190s.In 1199 he was involved in a dispute over the stannaries with another official, Hugh Bardulf, temporarily losing control of them – along with his office as sheriff – in 1200. The reason for the loss of these offices is uncertain. After restoration to office, he remained as Lord Warden of the Stannaries until 1215. In 1198 and 1199, <mask> was Sheriff of Devon and Sheriff of Cornwall, along with another royal servant, and served as a royal justice. In 1200 he was recorded as a receiver of the carucage, a tax on land, in the Pipe roll; whether this meant that he was a local or a national collector of the tax is unclear. By 12 September 1204, <mask> was Archdeacon of Taunton in the Diocese of Bath, and he witnessed the election of Jocelin of Wells as the new bishop of the diocese. He was jointly placed in charge of the mints of London and Canterbury in 1205, along with Reginald de Cornhill, with whom he also shared the collection of the tax of a fifteenth on merchants, a post the two had held since 1202.In May 1205 <mask>, along with de Cornhill, was given custody of one of three dies for the mint at Chichester; in July the king gave <mask>'s custody to Simon of Wells, the Bishop of Chichester. <mask> was one of the officials in charge of the collection of a tax of a thirteenth in 1207. <mask> was also placed in charge of vacant ecclesiastical offices, collecting their revenues for the king. He performed this office for the Diocese of Worcester around 1200, the Diocese of Winchester in 1204, for Glastonbury Abbey in 1205, and for Whitby Abbey in 1206 and 1209. From his actions it can be assumed that <mask> was a member of the royal household, probably working in the wardrobe. Naval administration

<mask>'s main administrative work concerned the navy. In 1204 he, de Cornhill, and <mask> of Furnell were placed in charge of granting wool export licences.<mask> of Wrotham was also one of the officials charged with supervising the ships dispatched to the coasts in 1204, after the loss of Normandy exposed England to invasion by the French. In 1205 he was again one of the keepers of the royal fleet along the south coast. <mask> was in charge of the 17 ships based in Romney, Rye, Shoreham, Southampton, Winchelsea, and Exeter, while the rest of the fleet came under Cornhill's control. In the same year, he was also in charge of naval spending for the attempted invasion of France, which in June alone totalled over 470 pounds. <mask> surrendered custody of Taunton Castle to Peter de Taraton in July and was in charge of purchasing the royal wine in August. No further naval duties are recorded until November, when along with Cornhill he was responsible for assessing the ports. In 1206 <mask> was in charge of the naval forces in the Cinque Ports and commanded the fleet that invaded Poitou.Whether he accompanied the fleet or stayed in England after it sailed is unclear; according to two historians – F. W. Brooks and R. W. Powell – it is more likely he stayed. From 1206 until 1215 he was effectively commander of King John's navy, and helped to develop Portsmouth as a royal dockyard. In 1208 <mask> was put in charge of ensuring that no ships sailed without royal permission. That year he also oversaw the naval preparations made by the Cinque Ports. The purpose of these preparations is unknown; the Annals of Dunstable ascribe to John a desire to oppress the Cinque Ports. During May 1208 a royal order was issued that <mask>'s deputies in all the seaports should seize any ships in the ports that were from foreign countries, excluding Denmark, Norway and other countries that did not oppose John's diplomatic efforts. A gap in the governmental records does not allow a detailed view of <mask>'s activities for the next years, until 1212, when <mask> is shown performing many of the same duties as earlier.He was in charge of repair of some ships and the construction of a large new ship, named the Deulabenit, owned by the king. <mask> was also responsible for impressing privately owned merchant ships into royal service. These ships were used in the naval action of the Battle of Damme at Zwyn in 1213, when a fleet under <mask>, the Earl of Salisbury, destroyed a substantial French naval force and sacked the town of Damme. In late 1213 <mask> was directing the efforts of the seaports of south-western England and the Cinque Ports in naval affairs. He was also responsible for the setting up of a supply depot for the navy in June 1213, for which he received supplies from the diocese of Chichester. In 1214 <mask> had custody of some royal prisoners. The same year, the king ordered him to return a merchant ship if he had indeed seized it from its owner, Joscelin de Hampton.Also in 1214, <mask> co-founded the hospital of Domus Dei in Portsmouth with Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester. The foundation was confirmed by the king in October 1214. John rewarded <mask> for his service with churches in Sheppey and East Malling, which were granted in 1207, and the right to oversee the royal forests in Cornwall and Devon. Other grants included lands in Dartford and Sutton-at-Hone that had escheated to the crown, lands in Westminster and a prebend in the royal ecclesiastical foundation at Hastings. Later years and legacy

During John's reign, Pope Innocent III placed an interdict on England, forbidding public celebration of sacred rites in English churches. <mask> supported John, and remained in England. The medieval chronicler Roger of Wendover named <mask> as one of John's "evil advisers", or "most wicked counsellors".Modern historians argue that Roger's account of John's reign, while containing some truth, was written to defame men who were prominent in the early years of King Henry III, John's son who had succeeded his father in October 1216. According to Nicholas Vincent, while Roger's account of the exactions and crimes of the members of his list of evil advisers certainly had a strong basis of truth, it was also greatly exaggerated. W. L. Warren agrees and points out that many of the details of Roger's accounts that can be checked with other records are wrong, making the other parts of his stories suspect. In 1215 <mask> joined the baronial rebellion against John, and lost his naval offices, the royal forester's office for Somerset, and custody of Lydford Castle. In May 1216 the king offered <mask> a safe conduct, which noted that <mask> had fled overseas. The letters were witnessed by Peter des Roches. In mid-1217, he rejoined the royalist cause, returning to the side of Henry III.This action regained him some of his lost lands. <mask> last appeared in documents on 25 July 1217 and was dead by 16 February 1218, probably before 2 December 1217, when someone else is mentioned as archdeacon. On 16 February 1218, John Marshall became the guardian of Richard, <mask>'s nephew and heir, who was the son of <mask>'s brother Richard. <mask> has been described as having a "special responsibility for ports, customs, and the navy" by the historian Robert Bartlett. He is usually given the title of "keeper of ports" or "keeper of galleys", which Ralph Turner equates with being First Lord of the Admiralty in later history. Sometimes this would be given as "custos portum maris" in Latin, or "keeper of the seaports". At other times he was titled "keeper of the king's ships".Bartlett also called <mask> "one of the king's most important administrators". Charles Young said that <mask>'s service to King John was a "distinguished administrative career", and J. E. A. Joliffe called <mask> one of the "greatest of the king's clerks". Notes

Citations

References

13th-century English Roman Catholic priests
13th-century English Navy personnel
High Sheriffs of Cornwall
High Sheriffs of Devon
English judges
1210s deaths
Archdeacons of Taunton
Year of birth unknown
12th-century English Roman Catholic priests
People from Sutton-at-Hone

masks:
William
William de Wam
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
GeoffreyPeter
William
William
Geoffrey
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
Wrotham
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William Longespee
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William