title: Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach

texts:
<mask> (14 November 177529 May 1833) was a German legal scholar. His major achievement was a reform of the Bavarian penal code which led to the abolition of torture and became a model for several other countries. He is also well-known for his work on Kaspar Hauser. Biography
He was born in Hainichen, near Jena. He received his early education at Frankfurt on Main, where his family had moved soon after his birth. At the age of sixteen, however, he ran away from home, and, going to Jena, was helped by relations there to study at the university. In spite of poor health and the most desperate poverty, he made rapid progress.He attended the lectures of Karl Leonhard Reinhold and Gottlieb Hufeland, and soon published some literary essays of more than ordinary merit. In 1795 he took the degree of doctor of philosophy, and in the same year, though possessing little money, he married. It was this step which led him to success and fame, by forcing him to turn from his favourite studies of philosophy and history to that of law, which was repugnant to him, but which offered a prospect of more rapid advancement. At 23 he came into prominence by a vigorous criticism of Thomas Hobbes' theory on civil power. Soon afterwards, in lectures on criminal jurisprudence he set forth his famous theory, that in administering justice judges should be strictly limited in their decisions by the penal code. This new doctrine gave rise to a party called Rigorists, who supported his theory. <mask> was the originator of the famous maxim nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali: "There is no crime and hence there shall not be punishment if at the time no penal law existed".In 1801 <mask> was appointed extraordinary professor of law without salary, at the University of Jena, and in the following year accepted a chair at Kiel, where he remained two years. His chief work was the framing of a penal code for Bavaria. In 1804, he had moved from the University of Kiel to the University of Landshut, but, on being commanded by King Maximilian Joseph to draft a penal code for Bavaria (Strafgesetzbuch für das Königreich Bayern), in 1805 he moved to Munich where he was given a high appointment in the Ministry of Justice and was ennobled in 1808. The practical reform of penal legislation in Bavaria was begun under his influence in 1806 by the abolition of torture. Out of his practical experience in the Ministry of Justice with evaluating death penalties by Bavarian courts for royal pardon he published the most notable cases 1808/11 in Merkwürdige Criminalfälle and 1828/29 a much enlarged collection Aktenmäßige Darstellung merkwürdiger Verbrechen (Notable crimes presented according to the court records). With this legal handbook of criminal cases in the tradition of the famous "Causes Célèbres" of the French lawyer Gayot de Pitaval (1673–1743) <mask> intend to establish a modern criminal psychology ("Seelenkunde") for crime investigation, criminal judges, etc. In the course of time, his work has been misinterpreted merely as a literary collection of fictional sensational crimes and many of his court cases have been edited and published as trivial popular crime stories.However, Gerold Schmidt has newly researched that <mask> has recorded true historical events at true localities and persons with their real names etc. and that, therefore, his work is a rich historical source for Bavarian local and social history, mentality, biography etc. In his Betrachtungen über das Geschworenengericht of 1811, <mask> declared against trial by jury, maintaining that the verdict of a jury was not adequate legal proof of a crime. Much controversy was aroused on the subject, and the author's view was subsequently to some extent modified. The result of his labours on the Bavarian penal code was promulgated in 1813. The influence of this code, the embodiment of <mask>'s enlightened views, was immense. It was at once made the basis for new codes in Württemberg and Saxe-Weimar; it was adopted in its entirety in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg; and it was translated into Swedish by order of the king.Several of the Swiss cantons reformed their codes in conformity with it. <mask> had also undertaken to prepare a civil code for Bavaria, to be founded on the Code Napoléon. This was afterwards set aside, and the Codex Maximilianus adopted as a basis. But the project did not become law. During the war of liberation (1813–1814), <mask> showed himself an ardent patriot, and published several political brochures. In 1814 <mask> was appointed second president of the court of appeal at Bamberg, and three years later he became first president of the court of appeal at Ansbach. In 1821 he was deputed by the government to visit France, Belgium, and the Rhine provinces for the purpose of investigating their juridical institutions.As the fruit of this visit, he published his treatises Betrachtungen über Öffentlichkeit und Mündigkeit der Gerechtigkeitspflege (1821) and Über die Gerichtsverfassung und das gerichtliche Verfahren Frankreichs (1825). In these he pleaded unconditionally for publicity in all legal proceedings. In his later years, he took a deep interest in the fate of the strange foundling Kaspar Hauser who had excited much attention in Europe. He was the first to publish a critical summary of the ascertained facts, under the title Kaspar Hauser, ein Beispiel eines Verbrechens am Seelenleben (1832). <mask> died on 29 May 1833 in Frankfurt. There is some controversy over the cause and circumstances of his death which remain largely unclear - his family as well as he himself shortly before his death believed that he had been poisoned due to his protection of and research work on Kaspar Hauser, who himself died later the same year under suspicious circumstances. Family
Feuerbach had five sons, and three daughters: <mask> <mask> (1798–1851), Karl Wilhelm <mask> (1800–1834), Eduard August <mask> (1803-1843), Ludwig Andreas <mask> (1804–1872), Heinrich Friedrich <mask> (1806–1880), Rebecca Magdalena (1808–1891), Leonore <mask> (1809-1885), and <mask> (1813–1883).Writings
<mask>, <mask> <mask>, <mask>: The Wild Child The unsolved mystery of Kaspar Hauser. Translated from the German with an Introduction by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson/ NY Free Press 1997 1st ppb ptg
<mask> Anselm von Feuerbach/Gerold Schmidt, "Alltag im Alten Bayern", Norderstedt (Books On Demand GmbH) 2006, 357 pages (with local register and index of names)

See also
List of unsolved deaths

References

Sources

Gustav Radbruch <mask> <mask> <mask> - ein Juristenleben, Springer, Vienna (1934)

External links

1775 births
1833 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German philosophers
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
Jurists from Thuringia
People from Saale-Holzland-Kreis
People from Saxe-Weimar
Philosophers of law
Scholars of criminal law
University of Jena alumni
University of Jena faculty
University of Kiel faculty
Unsolved deaths
Kaspar Hauser

masks:
Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach
Von Feuerbach
Feuerbach
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Joseph Anselm
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Elise Feuerbach
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Paul Johann
Anselm
Ritter von
Paul Johann
Paul Johann
Anselm
Feuerbach


title: Hunter Mahan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 17, 1982) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He is a winner of two World Golf Championship events, the 2010 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2012 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. <mask> has spent 19 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He reached a career-high world ranking of No. 4 on April 1, 2012, becoming the highest ranked American golfer at the time. Amateur career
<mask> was born in Orange, California. He had a successful amateur career, winning the 1999 5A Texas State High School Golf Championship while attending McKinney High School and the 1999 U.S.Junior Amateur. After high school, <mask> enrolled at the University of Southern California, where he was named Pacific-10 Conference Freshman of the Year. <mask> only played one year at USC before he transferred to Oklahoma State University, where he was a two-time Big 12 Conference Player of the Year and a two-time first-team All American. <mask> was the runner-up at the U.S. Amateur in 2002, in which he was defeated by Ricky Barnes 2 & 1. In 2003 he won the Haskins Award for outstanding collegiate golfer and was co-winner of the Ben Hogan Award. Professional career
<mask> turned professional in 2003 and made it through qualifying school to earn a PGA Tour card for the 2004 season.His first PGA Tour victory, which came at the 2007 Travelers Championship, lifted Mahan into the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings. In August 2007 <mask> entered the top 50 in the world rankings, and in that year finished 15th in the FedEx Cup. His performances in 2007 saw U.S. Presidents Cup captain Jack Nicklaus choose <mask> as one of two captain's picks for the U.S. team. By March 2008 he had reached the top 30. On February 28, 2010, <mask> won his second PGA Tour event, beating Rickie Fowler by one stroke at the Waste Management Phoenix Open. On August 8, 2010, <mask> won his third PGA Tour title at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He beat Ryan Palmer by 2 strokes.<mask> won his second WGC tournament in February 2012 at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. He defeated Rory McIlroy, 2 and 1, in the final. <mask> recorded his fifth career PGA Tour victory in April at the Shell Houston Open and moved to fourth in the Official World Golf Ranking, making him the highest-ranked American for the first time. In defense of his title he won in 2012, <mask> reached the final of the 2013 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship but was beaten 2&1 by Matt Kuchar. In August 2014, <mask> won the first of the year's four FedEx Cup playoff events, The Barclays. He won by two strokes from Stuart Appleby, Jason Day and Cameron Tringale during a final round that saw six different players share the lead at some point. He birdied three of his last four holes to pull clear of the field.This was <mask>'s first ever playoff victory and his sixth overall title on the PGA Tour. <mask> was selected by Tom Watson as one of his three captain's picks for the 2014 Ryder Cup team, finishing with a record of 1–2–1 in the four matches he participated in. This included a halved match against Justin Rose in the singles competition. <mask> began struggling with his golf game as of the 2015–16 PGA Tour season, during the next four years, Mahan finished 183rd, 130th, 159th and 184th in the season-long FedEx Cup rankings and had to compete in the Korn Ferry Tour Finals on multiple occasions to try to keep his full tour card. Between 2015–16 and 2020-21, Mahan had only one top-10 finish on the PGA Tour and 69 missed cuts. As of April 1st 2021, Mahan had fallen to 1738th in the Official World Golf Ranking. Endorsements
Mahan's sponsors include Under Armour, Titleist, Ping, BioSteel Sports Supplements Inc., NetJets, FootJoy, Clubface Golf, RBC Golf Pigeon, and Ace Hardware.Personal life
<mask> is one of four golfers in the PGA Tour boy band "Golf Boys" (with Rickie Fowler, Ben Crane, and Bubba Watson). The Golf Boys have a popular YouTube video for the song "Oh Oh Oh". Farmers Insurance donates $1,000 for every 100,000 views of the video. The charitable proceeds support both Farmers and Ben Crane charitable initiatives. <mask> married Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader and Dallas Mavericks dancer Kandi Harris in 2011. On July 27, 2013, <mask> withdrew from the RBC Canadian Open before the third round after getting news that his wife had gone into labor. Mahan was the 36-hole leader at that point, taking a two-stroke advantage into the third round.A daughter, Zoe, was born early the next morning. PING (one of his sponsors) created two gold-plated putters to celebrate her birth (the putters have her name, birthday, and vital statistics inscribed on them). Amateur wins (2)
1999 U.S. Junior Amateur, Western Junior

Professional wins (9)

PGA Tour wins (6)

PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)

Other wins (3)

Other playoff record (1–0)

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (twice)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (three times)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place

World Golf Championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2015. QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Junior Ryder Cup: 1999
Eisenhower Trophy: 2002 (winners)
Palmer Cup: 2002 (winners)

Professional
Presidents Cup: 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners)
Ryder Cup: 2008 (winners), 2010, 2014

See also
2003 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2005 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2018 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

References

External links

American male golfers
Oklahoma State Cowboys golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from California
Golfers from Texas
Sportspeople from Orange, California
People from Colleyville, Texas
1982 births
Living people

masks:
Hunter Myles Mahan
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title: Frank Stella

texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. <mask> lives and works in New York City. Biography
<mask> was born in Malden, Massachusetts, to parents of Italian descent. His father was a gynecologist, and his mother was a housewife and artist who attended fashion school and later took up landscape painting. After attending high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he learned about abstract modernists Josef Albers and Hans Hofmann, he attended Princeton University, where he majored in history and met Darby Bannard and Michael Fried. Early visits to New York art galleries fostered his artistic development, and his work was influenced by the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline. <mask> moved to New York in 1958, after his graduation.He is heralded for creating abstract paintings that bear no pictorial illusions or psychological or metaphysical references in twentieth-century painting. In the 1970s he moved into NoHo in Manhattan in New York City. As of 2015, <mask> lived in Greenwich Village and kept an office there but commuted on weekdays to his studio in Rock Tavern, New York. Work

Late 1950s and early 1960s
Upon moving to New York City, he reacted against the expressive use of paint by most painters of the abstract expressionist movement, instead finding himself drawn towards the "flatter" surfaces of Barnett Newman's work and the "target" paintings of Jasper Johns. He began to produce works which emphasized the picture-as-object, rather than the picture as a representation of something, be it something in the physical world, or something in the artist's emotional world. <mask> married Barbara Rose, later a well-known art critic, in 1961. Around this time he said that a picture was "a flat surface with paint on it – nothing more".This was a departure from the technique of creating a painting by first making a sketch. Many of the works are created by simply using the path of the brush stroke, very often using common house paint. This new aesthetic found expression in a series of new paintings, the Black Paintings (1959) in which regular bands of black paint were separated by very thin pinstripes of unpainted canvas. Die Fahne Hoch! (1959) is one such painting. It takes its name ("The Raised Banner" in English) from the first line of the Horst-Wessel-Lied, the anthem of the National Socialist German Workers Party, and <mask> pointed out that it is in the same proportions as banners used by that organization. It has been suggested that the title has a double meaning, referring also to Jasper Johns' paintings of flags.In any case, its emotional coolness belies the contentiousness its title might suggest, reflecting this new direction in <mask>'s work. <mask>'s art was recognized for its innovations before he was twenty-five. In 1959, several of his paintings were included in "Three Young Americans" at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, as well as in "Sixteen Americans" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (60). From 1960 <mask> began to produce paintings in aluminium and copper paint which, in their presentation of regular lines of color separated by pinstripes, are similar to his black paintings. However they use a wider range of colors, and are his first works using shaped canvases (canvases in a shape other than the traditional rectangle or square), often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed into more elaborate designs, in the Irregular Polygon series (67), for example. Also in the 1960s, <mask> began to use a wider range of colors, typically arranged in straight or curved lines.Later he began his Protractor Series (71) of paintings, in which arcs, sometimes overlapping, within square borders are arranged side by side to produce full and half circles painted in rings of concentric color. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s. The Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas. Late 1960s and early 1970s

<mask> began his extended engagement with printmaking in the mid-1960s, working first with master printer Kenneth Tyler at Gemini G.E.L. <mask> produced a series of prints during the late 1960s starting with a print called Quathlamba I in 1968. <mask>'s abstract prints used lithography, screenprinting, etching and offset lithography. In 1967, he designed the set and costumes for Scramble, a dance piece by Merce Cunningham.The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of <mask>'s work in 1970, making him the youngest artist to receive one. During the following decade, <mask> introduced relief into his art, which he came to call "maximalist" painting for its sculptural qualities. The shaped canvases took on even less regular forms in the Eccentric Polygon series, and elements of collage were introduced, pieces of canvas being pasted onto plywood, for example. His work also became more three-dimensional to the point where he started producing large, free-standing metal pieces, which, although they are painted upon, might well be considered sculpture. After introducing wood and other materials in the Polish Village series (73), created in high relief, he began to use aluminum as the primary support for his paintings. As the 1970s and 1980s progressed, these became more elaborate and exuberant. Indeed, his earlier Minimalism [more] became baroque, marked by curving forms, Day-Glo colors, and scrawled brushstrokes.Similarly, his prints of these decades combined various printmaking and drawing techniques. In 1973, he had a print studio installed in his New York house. In 1976, <mask> was commissioned by BMW to paint a BMW 3.0 CSL for the second installment in the BMW Art Car Project. He has said of this project, "The starting point for the art cars was racing livery. In the old days there used to be a tradition of identifying a car with its country by color. Now they get a number and they get advertising. It's a paint job, one way or another.The idea for mine was that it's from a drawing on graph paper. The graph paper is what it is, a graph, but when it's morphed over the car's forms it becomes interesting, and adapting the drawing to the racing car's forms is interesting. Theoretically it's like painting on a shaped canvas." In 1969, <mask> was commissioned to create a logo for the Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial. Medals incorporating the design were struck to mark the occasion. 1980s and afterward

From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, <mask> created a large body of work that responded in a general way to Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. During this time, the increasingly deep relief of <mask>'s paintings gave way to full three-dimensionality, with sculptural forms derived from cones, pillars, French curves, waves, and decorative architectural elements.To create these works, the artist used collages or maquettes that were then enlarged and re-created with the aids of assistants, industrial metal cutters, and digital technologies. La scienza della pigrizia (The Science of Laziness), from 1984, is an example of <mask>'s transition from two-dimensionality to three-dimensionality. It is fabricated from oil paint, enamel paint, and alkyd paint on canvas, etched magnesium, aluminum and fiberglass. In the 1990s, <mask> began making free-standing sculpture for public spaces and developing architectural projects. In 1993, for example, he created the entire decorative scheme for Toronto’s Princess of Wales Theatre, which includes a 10,000-square-foot mural. His 1993 proposal for a Kunsthalle and garden in Dresden did not come to fruition. In 1997, he painted and oversaw the installation of the 5,000-square-foot "Stella Project" which serves as the centerpiece of the theater and lobby of the Moores Opera House located at the Rebecca and John J. Moores School of Music on the campus of the University of Houston, in Houston, TX.His aluminum bandshell, inspired by a folding hat from Brazil, was built in downtown Miami in 2001; a monumental <mask> sculpture was installed outside the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

<mask>'s wall-hung Scarlatti K Series was triggered by the harpsichord sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and the writings of the U.S. 20th-century harpsichord virtuoso and musicologist Ralph Kirkpatrick, who made the sonatas widely known. (The title's "K" refers to Kirkpatrick's chronology numbers.) Scarlatti wrote more than 500 keyboard sonatas; <mask>'s series today includes about 150 works. From 1978 to 2005, <mask> owned the Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart building in Manhattan's East Village and used it as his studio. His nearly 30-year stewardship of the building resulted in the facade being cleaned and restored. After a six-year campaign by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, in 2012 the historic building was designated a New York City Landmark. After 2005, <mask> split his time between his West Village apartment and his Newburgh, New York studio.By the turn of the 2010s, <mask> started using the computer as a painterly tool to produce stand-alone stars-shaped sculptures. The resulting stars are often monochrome, black or beige or naturally metallic, and their points can take the form of solid planes, spindly lines or wire-mesh circuits. His Jasper’s Split Star (2017), a sculpture constructed out of six small geometric grids that rest on an aluminum base, was installed at 7 World Trade Center in 2021. Artists' rights
<mask> had been an advocate of strong copyright protection for artists such as himself. On June 6, 2008, <mask> (with Artists Rights Society president Theodore Feder; <mask> is a member artist of the Artists Rights Society) published an Op-Ed for The Art Newspaper decrying a proposed U.S. Orphan Works law which "remove[s] the penalty for copyright infringement if the creator of a work, after a diligent search, cannot be located". In the Op-Ed, <mask> wrote,

Gallery of works

Exhibitions
<mask>'s work was included in several exhibitions in the 1960s, among them the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum’s The Shaped Canvas (1965) and Systemic Painting (1966). The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of <mask>'s work in 1970.His art has since been the subject of several retrospectives in the United States, Europe, and Japan. In 2012, a retrospective of <mask>'s career was shown at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. Selected solo exhibitions

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, "The Shaped Canvas," New York, NY, December 9–January 3, 1964
Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>," New York, NY, March 26–May 31, 1970
Phillips Collection, "<mask>," Washington, D.C., November 3–December 2, 1973
Baltimore Museum of Art, "<mask>: The Black Paintings," Baltimore, MD, November 23, 1976 – January 23, 1977
Fort Worth Art Museum, "Stella Since 1970," Fort Worth, TX, March 19–April 30, 1978
The Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>: The Indian Bird Maquettes," New York, NY, March 12–May 1, 1979
Jewish Museum (Manhattan), "<mask>. Polish Wooden Synagogues –Constructions from the 1970s," New York, NY, February 9–May 1, 1983
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, "Resource / Response / Reservoir. Stella Survey 1959-1982," San Francisco, CA, March 10–May 1, 1983
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museum, "<mask> Stella: Selected Works," Cambridge, MA, December 7, 1983 – January 26, 1984
The Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>: 1970-1987," New York, NY, October 10, 1987 – January 5, 1988
Waddington Galleries, "<mask>," London, UK, March 29–April 20, 2000
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, "What You See Is What You See: <mask> and the Anderson Collection at SFMOMA," San Francisco, CA, June 11–September 6, 2004
Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard Art Museums, "Frank Stella 1958," Cambridge, MA, February 4–May 7, 2006
Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Frank Stella: Painting into Architecture," New York, NY, May 1–July 19, 2007
Neue Nationalgalerie, "Stella & Calatrava. The Michael Kohlhass Curtain," Berlin, Germany, April 15–August 14, 2011
The Phillips Collection, "Stella Sounds: The Scarlatti K Series," Washington, D.C., June 11 –September 4, 2011
Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, "Frank Stella. The Retrospective.Works 1958-2012," Wolfsburg, Germany, September 8, 2012 – January 20, 2013
Royal Academy of Arts, Annenberg Courtyard, "Inflated Star and Wood Star," London, UK, February 18–May 17, 2015
Whitney Museum of American Art, "<mask>: A Retrospective," New York, NY, October 30, 2015 – February 7, 2016
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, "<mask> and the Synagogues of Old Poland," Warsaw, Poland, February 18–June 20, 2016
NSU Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale, "<mask>: Experiment and Change," Fort Lauderdale, FL, November 11, 2017 – July 29, 2018
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, "<mask>: Selection from the Permanent Collection," Los Angeles, CA, May 5–September 2, 2019
Marianne Boesky Gallery, "<mask>: Recent Work," New York, NY, April 25–May 31, 2019

Collections
In 2014, <mask> gave his sculpture Adjoeman (2004) as a long-term loan to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. The Menil Collection, Houston; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; National Gallery of Art; the Toledo Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Portland Art Museum, Oregon; and many others. Recognition
Among the many honors he has received was an invitation from Harvard University to give the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures in 1984. Calling for a rejuvenation of abstraction by achieving the depth of baroque painting, these six talks were published by Harvard University Press in 1986 under the title Working Space. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Contemporary Sculpture by the International Sculpture Center. In 1996 he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Jena in Jena, (Germany), where his large sculptures of the "Hudson River Valley Series" are on permanent display, becoming the second artist to receive this honorary degree after Auguste Rodin in 1906.Art market
Since 2014, <mask> has been represented represented worldwide in an exclusive arrangement shared by Dominique Lévy and Marianne Boesky. In May 2019, Christie's set an auction record for <mask>'s Point of Pines, which sold for $28 million. In April 2021, his Scramble: Ascending Spectrum/ascending Green Values (1977) was sold for £2.4 million ($3.2 million with premium)in London. The painting was bought for $1.9 million in 2006 from the collection of Belgian art patrons Roger and Josette Vanthournout at Sotheby’s. Personal life
From 1961-1969 <mask> was married to art historian Barbara Rose; they had two children, Rachel and Michael. In 1978 he married pediatrician Harriet McGurk. Selected bibliography
 Julia M. Busch: A decade of sculpture: the 1960s, Associated University Presses, Plainsboro, 1974;
 <mask> and Siri Engberg: <mask> at Tyler Graphics, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1997;
 <mask> and Franz-Joachim Verspohl: The Writings of <mask>.Die Schriften Frank Stellas, Verlag der Buchhandlung König, Cologne, 2001; ,  (bilingual)
 <mask> and Franz-Joachim Verspohl: Heinrich von Kleist by <mask>, Verlag der Buchhandlung König, Cologne, 2001; ,  (bilingual)
 Andrianna Campbell, Kate Nesin, Lucas Blalock, Terry Richardson: <mask>, Phaidon, London, 2017;

References

External links
<mask> works at the National Gallery of Art
Unbounded Doctrine: Encountering the Art-Making Career of <mask> ArtsEditor.com, December 29, 2015. <mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
Word Symbol Space An exhibition featuring work by <mask> at The Jewish Museum, NY. <mask> interviewed by Robert Ayers, March 2009
Works of art, auction & sale results, exhibitions, and artist information for <mask> on artnet
Guggenheim Museum online Biography of <mask>
<mask>'s work in the Guggenheim Collection
Stella mural installation, Princess of Wales Theatre, Toronto
<mask>: An Illustrated Biography by Sidney Guberman
<mask> Papers at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art
<mask>: Scarlatti and Bali Sculpture Series / Paracelsus Building, St. Moritz. Video at VernissageTV. <mask> 1958 poet William Corbett writes about the exhibition titled <mask> 1958 at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts February 4 – May 7, 2006
Laying the Tracks Others Followed; Early Work at L&M Arts; The New York Times; Roberta Smith; April 26, 2012
<mask> in the Guggenheim collection

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century male artists
American male sculptors
American abstract artists
American contemporary painters
American muralists
Minimalist artists
Abstract painters
Modern painters

1936 births
Living people
Artists from New York City
Painters from Massachusetts
People from Greenwich Village
Art Students League of New York people
Phillips Academy alumni
Princeton University alumni
American people of Italian descent
People from Malden, Massachusetts
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
20th-century American printmakers
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Sculptors from New York (state)
Sculptors from Massachusetts

masks:
Frank Philip Stella
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Frank Stella
Frank Stella
Frank Stella
Frank Stella
Frank Stella
Frank Stella


title: Subramaniam Sinniah

texts:
Subramaniam s/o <mask> (; born 26 October 1944), or S<mask> as he is known to his supporters, is a Malaysian politician of Indian origin who was deputy president of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), a major component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN), from 1979 to 2006. He was also Member of Parliament for Segamat and served as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs. Political history

When V. Manickavasagam became president of the Malaysian Indian Congress, he decided to introduce new faces to the party in leadership positions. This was the time when <mask>, K. Pathmanaban, a Harvard MBA holder, and several others entered the political arena to infuse new blood into MIC, and Manickavasagam gave them preference. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience. This made Samy Vellu bitter as he was one of the five leaders who dared defy former president V.T. Sambanthan and propel Manickavasagam to the presidency of the party.<mask>, then the Secretary General of MIC, was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to succeed him; however, Samy Vellu fought back, literally, and in 1977 party elections edged over Subramaniam by a mere 26 votes to become the Deputy President of MIC. When Manickavasagam died suddenly on 12 October 1979, Samy Vellu became the Acting President. But it was a divided party that Samy Vellu took over, with the rank and file on his side, and much of the Indian intelligentsia backing Subramaniam. In the ensuing years, Samy Vellu worked hard to remake MIC in his image. In 1981, Samy Vellu almost moved to sack Subramaniam, but following a 20-minute private talk with the latter, both came to some form of understanding, and peace prevailed in the party for the next five years. Bad blood with Samy Vellu
Subramaniam is known for not to be in good terms with  MIC's president, Dato' Seri S. Samy Vellu as Subramaniam was dropped as a candidate for the 11th general election by Samy Vellu - three days before nomination day. According to Samy Vellu, Subramaniam has enjoyed his time as a Member of Parliament, parliamentary secretary, and deputy minister, citing "now it was the turn of others to taste such fame."Subramaniam stood to defend his deputy president post in the 2006 party elections, but Samy Vellu went around campaigning that a vote for Subramaniam was a vote against Samy and that he endorsed Dato' G. Palanivel. In the 2006 party elections , Samy Vellu was eventually returned as president uncontested and Dato' G. Palanivel trumped Subramaniam for the deputy president's post. Samy Vellu's image started to tarnish and he lost ethnic Indian support after Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF) organised a rally on 25 November 2007 in Kuala Lumpur demanding 18 points to prevent further discrimination against ethnic Indians, who had been marginalised for 50 years since the country's independence. As a result of this, Samy Vellu lost the Sungai Siput parliamentary seat. Only 3 out of 9 MIC candidates for the 12th general election were selected. This was the worst defeat for MIC since the party was formed. However, Samy Vellu claimed that he was not responsible for MIC's lost.According to Australian political analyst, the Indian community did not reject Malaysian Indian congress but only Samy Vellu and his cronies . Many branch members agreed that the next man who can save the party is Dato Subra but the problem arose when the present president is not vacating the post. Many tricky methods and pressure were implied to corrupt Dato Subra's image because this is the only way for Samy Vellu to remain in the post. However, the new generation are educated and broad minded. All the foolish attempt against Dato Subra has been reflected. It is also predicted that the Samy Vellu could destroy MIC and lead the Indians into his slavery. According to some political analyst a shift of power will take place soon and Dato Subra will bring a fresh air for Indians.Resignation of MIC youth chief S.A. Vickneswaran is another blow for Samy Vellu. Dato Subra stated a blog to communicate with all Indians from all background. The blog can be found on https://web.archive.org/web/20090817134714/http://datosubra.com/. For 2009 MIC deputy presidency election likely to be held on 12 September and it is a three corner fight between Dato' Subra, Palanivelu and Sothinathan. Some political analyst believe that Sothinathan was planted by Samy Velu to split Dato Subra vote and gain easy win for Palanivel. Dato Palanivel won the deputy post for the second time with a narrow majority. Maika controversy
Officials said about 900 shareholders including Subramaniam, Samy Vellu and Democratic Action Party member of Parliament M. Kulasegaran attended the Maika (MIC's debt-ridden investment arm) annual general meeting, the first time that such a huge number had turned up in the company's history.Abdul Rashid, the CEO of Maika had a tough time controlling the crowd. One faction aligned with MIC president Samy Vellu and the other with Subramaniam, shouting at each other. Despite the heated exchanges, the meeting went on smoothly, with Abdul Rashid replying to the questions put forward by the various shareholders including DAP's Ipoh Barat MP M. Kulasegaran. At about 1pm, the shareholders were asked to vote on the various resolutions including one calling for the sale of the insurance company Oriental Capital Assurance Berhad (OCAB) for RM129.8 million. Maika's management claimed that the sale of OCAB would enable the company to clear its outstanding debts and repay the shareholders who wanted to withdraw their investments. Speaking to reporters later, Subramaniam said he was pushed when he tried to put forward a suggestion at the meeting. He said he was not opposed to the sale of OCAB but wanted Maika should give the first option to an Indian community-linked company or cooperative so that its majority stake would remain in the community's hands.Subramaniam then lodged a police report. Election results

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Medal of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PPN) (1981)
  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2012)
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) – Dato' (1989)
  :
  Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS) – Dato' (1985)

References

Living people
Malaysian Hindus
Malaysian people of Indian descent
Malaysian politicians of Tamil descent
1944 births
Malaysian Indian Congress politicians
Members of the Dewan Negara
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Medallists of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia

masks:
Sinniah
. Subramaniam
Subramaniam
Subramaniam


title: George Cruikshank

texts:
<mask> (27 September 1792 – 1 February 1878) was a British caricaturist and book illustrator, praised as the "modern Hogarth" during his life. His book illustrations for his friend Charles Dickens, and many other authors, reached an international audience. Early life
<mask> was born in London. His father, Edinburgh-born <mask>, was one of the leading caricaturists of the late 1790s and Cruikshank started his career as his father's apprentice and assistant. His older brother, Isaac Robert, also followed in the family business as a caricaturist and illustrator. Cruikshank's early work was caricature; but in 1823, at the age of 31, he started to focus on book illustration. He illustrated the first, 1823 English translation (by Edgar Taylor and David Jardine) of Grimms' Fairy Tales, published in two volumes as German Popular Stories.On 16 October 1827, he married Mary Ann Walker (1807–1849). Two years after her death, on 7 March 1851, he married Eliza Widdison. The two lived at 263 Hampstead Road, North London. Cruikshank had fathered 11 illegitimate children with a mistress named Adelaide Attree, his former servant, who lived close to where he lived with his wife. Adelaide was ostensibly married and had taken the married surname 'Archibold'. Sociopolitical caricatures and illustrations

Cruikshank's early career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications. He achieved early success collaborating with William Hone in his political satire The Political House That Jack Built (1819).In the same year he produced the now-infamous anti-abolitionist piece The New Union Club. It satirised a dinner party organised by abolitionists with black guests. While this piece was praised as “the finest of G.C.’s caricatures” during the 19th century, it is now viewed as one of the most racist prints of its era. His 1819 print, The Belle Alliance, or the Female Reformers of Blackburn!! !, criticised the role of women in the reform movement, portraying them as unfeminine and grotesque.His first major work was Pierce Egan's Life in London (1821) in which the characters Tom and Jerry, two 'men about town' visit various London locations and taverns to enjoy themselves and carouse. This was followed by The Comic Almanack (1835–1853) and Omnibus (1842). Cruikshank gained notoriety with his political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians.In 1820 he received a royal bribe of £100 for a pledge "not to caricature His Majesty" (<mask> of the United Kingdom) "in any immoral situation". His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. Cruikshank replaced one of his major influences, James Gillray, as England's most popular satirist. For a generation he delineated Tories, Whigs and Radicals impartially. Satirical material came to him from every public event – wars abroad, the enemies of Britain (he was highly patriotic), the frolic, among other qualities, such as the weird and terrible, in which he excelled. His hostility to enemies of Britain and a crude racism is evident in his illustrations commissioned to accompany William Maxwell's History of the Irish rebellion in 1798 (1845) where his lurid depictions of incidents in the rebellion were characterised by the simian-like portrayal of Irish rebels. Among the other racially engaged works of Cruikshank there were caricatures about the "legal barbarities" of the Chinese, the subject given by his friend, Dr. W. Gourley, a participant in the ideological battle around the Arrow War, 1856–60.Charles Dickens

For Charles Dickens, Cruikshank illustrated Sketches by Boz (1836), The Mudfog Papers (1837–38) and Oliver Twist (1838). He also illustrated Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi (1838), which Dickens edited under his regular , "Boz". Cruikshank even acted in Dickens's amateur theatrical company. On 30 December 1871 Cruikshank published a letter in The Times which claimed credit for much of the plot of Oliver Twist. The letter launched a fierce controversy around who created the work. <mask> was not the first Dickens illustrator to make such a claim. Robert Seymour who illustrated the Pickwick Papers suggested that the idea for that novel was originally his; however, in his preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens strenuously denied any specific input.The friendship between <mask> and Dickens soured further when Cruikshank became a fanatical teetotaler in opposition to Dickens's views of moderation. In Somerset Maugham's short story "Miss King", Cruickshank's influence is referenced

Temperance and the Volunteers
In the late 1840s, <mask>'s focus shifted from book illustration to an emphasis on alcohol temperance and anti-smoking. Formerly a heavy drinker, he now supported, lectured to, and supplied illustrations for the National Temperance Society and the Total Abstinence Society, among others. The best known of these are The Bottle, 8 plates (1847), with its sequel, The Drunkard's Children, 8 plates (1848), with the ambitious work, The Worship of Bacchus, published by subscription after the artist's oil painting, now in the Tate Gallery, London. For his efforts he was made vice president of the National Temperance League in 1856. When the invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Movement, Cruikshank was one of those who organised Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). At first his unit was the 24th Surrey RVC, which recruited from working men who were total abstainers and was named 'Havelock's Own' in honour of Major-General Sir Henry Havelock, a hero of the Indian Mutiny and pioneer of Temperance Clubs in the army.However, Cruikshank received little encouragement from the Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, and was rebuked for crossing into Kent to recruit. Disgusted, he disbanded his unit in 1862 and began anew in Middlesex, organising the 48th Middlesex RVC (Havelock's Temperance Volunteers). The unit ran into financial difficulties and when Cruikshank was forced to retire due to age, he was replaced as commanding officer by Lt-Col Cuthbert Vickers, a wealthy shipowner. However, the Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette of 3 September 1868 reported that Cruikshank had resigned as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Volunteers "in consequence, it is said, of the reinstatement in the service of certain officers of his corps who some time since had a difference with their Lieutenant-Colonel and were cashiered". The 48th Middlesex merged with the 2nd City of London RVC, also a working-men's unit, composed mainly of printers from the Fleet Street area, and the combined unit had a long history as the City of London Rifles. Later years

After he developed palsy in later life, <mask>'s health and work began to decline in quality. He died on 1 February 1878 and was originally buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.In November 1878 his remains were exhumed and reburied in St. Paul's Cathedral. Punch magazine, which presumably did not know of his large illegitimate family, said in its obituary: "There never was a purer, simpler, more straightforward or altogether more blameless man. His nature had something childlike in its transparency." In his lifetime he created nearly 10,000 prints, illustrations, and plates. There are collections of his works in the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque commemorates <mask> at 293 Hampstead Road in Camden Town. Samples of his work
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman

Others

References

Further reading
 Evans, Hilary and Mary.The Man Who Drew the Drunkard's Daughter: Life and Art of <mask>, 1792-1878. (London: Frederick Muller, 1978). <mask>, <mask>. Graphic Works of <mask> (New York: Dover Publications, 1980)
 <mask>, Mary Dorothy. Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, vol. VI (1938), vol. VII (1942), vol.VIII (1947), vol. IX (1949). Bryant and Heneage. Dictionary of British Cartoonists and caricaturists 1730–1980 (Scolar Press, 1994). Buchanan-Brown, John. The Book Illustrations of <mask>k  Charles Tuttle 1980
 Cohn, Albert M. "<mask>k: A Catalogue Raisonne of the Work Executed During the Years 1896–1977", Bookmans journal (London, 1924). Bates, William.<mask>: The Artist, the Humourist, and the Man, with Some Account of his Brother Robert. A Critico-bibliographical Essay (Amsterdam: Emmering, 1972)
 Price, Chris. "'Pictorially Speaking, so Ludicrous': <mask> IV on the Dance Floor", Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography XLIII/1-2 (2018), 49–65. External links

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tale Illustrations of <mask>k
 <mask>k cartoons at CartoonStock (Commercial site)
 Online Gallery of Illustrations by <mask>k
 <mask>k letters, 1845 and 1868 from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University
 Patten Research Material on <mask>k from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University

 Works by <mask>k on Flickr Commons
 <mask> at Comiclopedia
Guide to the George Cruikshank Etchings. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. 1792 births
1878 deaths
English people of Scottish descent
19th-century engravers
British engravers
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Charles Dickens
English caricaturists
English cartoonists
English illustrators
English satirists
Artists from London

masks:
George Cruikshank
Cruikshank
Isaac Cruikshank
George IV
Cruikshank
Cruikshank
Cruikshank
Cruikshank
Cruikshank
George Cruikshank
Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshan
George Crushan
George Cruikshan
George Crushan
George Crushan
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshank


title: Bosco Ntaganda

texts:
<mask> (born 5 November 1973) is a convicted war criminal and the former military chief of staff of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), an armed militia group operating in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He is a former member of the Rwandan Patriotic Army and allegedly a former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots. Until March 2013, he was wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the war crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities. Prior to his surrender, <mask> had been allegedly involved in the rebel group March 23 Movement, a military group based in eastern areas of the DRC. On 18 March 2013, <mask> voluntarily handed himself into the U.S. Embassy in Rwanda, asking to be transferred to the ICC. On 22 March, he was taken into custody by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC convicted him of war crimes.He was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes against humanity. Early life
<mask> was born in the small town of Kinigi, situated in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga mountain range in the Musanze District. When he was a teenager, <mask> fled to Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC after attacks on his fellow ethnic Tutsis started taking place in Rwanda. He attended secondary school there but did not graduate; at the age of 17 he joined Rwandan Patriotic Front rebels in southern Uganda. At some point he acquired Congolese citizenship. Rwandan and Congolese military career
<mask> fought with the Rwandan Patriotic Army in the early 1990s and participated in the overthrow of the Hutu-led Rwandan government in 1994 following the Rwandan genocide. He subsequently joined the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC), and became its chief of military operations.During this time, he is alleged to have been involved in numerous massacres and other serious human rights abuses. When <mask> was in charge of the UPC, he told child soldiers; "When you're a soldier, you get a woman for free. Everything is free." In January 2005, <mask> was offered a position as a general in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo as part of a peace process, but he refused the offer. On 1 November 2005, a United Nations Security Council committee imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on him for violating an arms embargo. In 2006, following conflicts within the UPC, he returned to North Kivu, his home province, and joined Laurent Nkunda's National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). As of April 2008, he was believed to be living in the Masisi district of North Kivu, serving as the CNDP's chief of staff.The CNDP has since been incorporated into the regular Congolese armed forces and <mask> was acting as a General in the army, despite being wanted by the ICC. In 2012, he was living openly in the city of Goma in the DRC, on Avenue des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border. According to DRC authorities, General <mask> <mask> had "crossed from Goma to the town of Gisenyi, Rwanda, twice in 2011, in March and again in September, despite the travel ban imposed on him. Congolese authorities reported that on both occasions <mask> had gone there to attend a burial, having sought official authorization to do so from his military hierarchy and from immigration authorities. Rwandan officials said that they have no objections to <mask> crossing the border. They claim that his status as a sanctioned individual "is not a Rwandan problem, but a Democratic Republic of the Congo problem", adding that "Bosco contributes to peace and security to the region, which converges with Rwanda's aims". A United Nations group of experts reported in late 2011 that Ntaganda controlled the Mungwe and Fungamwaka mines, near Numbi, through the Great Lakes Mining Company, managed by Edson Musabarura.Ntaganda also derived profits from mineral exploitation at Nyabibwe, through his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large revenues from taxation levied by "parallel" mine police. <mask> ordered his troops to intervene on behalf of Krall Metal Congo at Lueshe. On 4 April 2012, it was reported that Ntaganda and 300 loyal troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government forces in the Rutshuru region north of Goma. On 11 April 2012, president Joseph Kabila called for Ntaganda's arrest. On 16 March 2013,  Sultani Makenga's forces "seized control ... of the town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda and an estimated 200 fighters fled into the forest while hundreds of others crossed the border into Rwanda," including "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels loyal to Ntaganda." Indictment by the International Criminal Court
On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that <mask> bore individual criminal responsibility for war crimes committed by the FPLC between July 2002 and December 2003, and issued a warrant for his arrest.He was charged with the war crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities. The arrest warrant was originally issued under seal because the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings in this case might result in <mask> <mask> hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings of the Court". In April 2008, the court ruled that circumstances had changed and unsealed the warrant. On 18 March 2013, <mask> handed himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the International Criminal Court in The Hague. Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently militarily forced a faction around Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly connected to <mask>, to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the Rome Statute, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC. He made his first appearance before the ICC on 26 March. At his first appearance before the ICC in the Hague on 26 March 2013, <mask> denied his guilt. Trial
<mask>'s trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015. He pleaded not guilty to eighteen charges brought against him, including rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. The trial was expected to last many months with the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, thirteen of them expert and the rest victims. Three of the witnesses were former child soldiers in <mask>'s  Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC).On 8 July 2019 he was convicted on all 18 counts and on 7 November 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, the longest sentence ever handed down by the ICC. He is the first person to be convicted of sexual slavery by the ICC. On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda′s victims should be compensated with USD $30 million, the highest amount ever rewarded. Since Ntaganda does not have the money to pay, the Court will use its own funds to compensate victims. <mask> subsequently appealed his conviction. On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Chamber rejected his appeal and confirmed the conviction. See also
 Bertrand Bisimwa
 Sultani Makenga
 Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
 Ratko Mladic

References

External links
Case The Prosecutor v <mask> Ntaganda — ICC records relating to the Ntaganda case

Living people
1973 births
People detained by the International Criminal Court
Democratic Republic of the Congo military personnel
Rwandan rebels
Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
Tutsi people
Rwandan emigrants to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
People of the M23 rebellion
African warlords
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

masks:
Bosco Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Bosco
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Bosco
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Bosco


title: Willie McRae

texts:
<mask> (18 May 1923 – 7 April 1985) was a Scottish lawyer, orator, naval officer, politician and anti-nuclear campaigner. In the Second World War he served in the British Army and then the Royal Indian Navy. He supported the Indian independence movement and for much of his life was active in the Scottish National Party (SNP). <mask> is remembered for his mysterious death, in which his car crashed in a remote part of the Scottish Highlands and he was found shot in the head with a revolver. The official verdict was undetermined. <mask> was born in Carron, Falkirk, where his father was an electrician. <mask> edited a local newspaper in Grangemouth at the same time as reading history at the University of Glasgow, from which he gained a first-class degree.In the Second World War he was commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders but transferred to the Royal Indian Navy, in which he became a lieutenant commander and aide-de-camp to Admiral Lord Mountbatten. He supported the Indian independence movement. After the war <mask> returned to the University of Glasgow and graduated again, this time in law. He authored the maritime law of Israel and was an emeritus professor of the University of Haifa. After his death a forest of 3,000 trees was planted in Israel in his memory. <mask> became a solicitor and an SNP activist. In both of the 1974 General Elections and in the 1979 General Election he stood for Parliament as the SNP candidate for Ross and Cromarty.In October 1974 he only lost to the Conservative Hamish Gray by 633 votes, but in 1979 Gray's majority increased to 4,735. In the latter year he also contested the SNP leadership, coming third in a three-way contest with 52 votes to Stephen Maxwell's 117 votes and winner Gordon Wilson's 530 votes. <mask> was a vocal critic of the British nuclear lobby. Early in the 1980s he was a key figure in a campaign against the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority plans to dispose of nuclear waste in the Mullwharchar area of the Galloway Hills. Representing the SNP in a public inquiry, McRae asked difficult questions of the UKAEA and famously declared at one meeting that "nuclear waste should be stored where Guy Fawkes put his gunpowder." The authority's plans were rejected, and <mask> was credited with "single-handedly" preventing the area from becoming a nuclear waste dump. Death

On 5 April 1985 <mask> left his Glasgow flat at 18:30 to spend the weekend at his cottage at Ardelve near Dornie, Ross-shire.He was not seen again until the next morning around 10:00, when two Australian tourists saw his maroon Volvo saloon car on a moor a short distance from the junction of the A887 and A87 roads Bun Loyne, Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. The car was straddling a burn about  from the road. The tourists flagged down the next car to pass, whose driver turned out to be a doctor, Dorothy Messer, accompanied by her fiancé as well as David Coutts, an SNP Dundee councillor who knew <mask>. It was discovered that <mask> was in the car. His hands were "folded on his lap", his head was "slumped on his right shoulder", and there was a "considerable amount of blood on his temple". He was not wearing a seat belt. Another car was sent to call the emergency services.Dr Messer examined <mask> and found that he was still alive and breathing. She noted that one of his pupils was dilated, indicating the possibility of brain damage, and estimated that he had been in that state for 10 hours. <mask> was removed by ambulance to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, accompanied by Dr Messer. After admission it was decided to transfer him to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. At Aberdeen it was realised that the incident was more than a road accident; six hours after he had been found, a nurse washing his head discovered what appeared to be the entry wound of a gunshot. An X-ray confirmed that <mask> had been shot above his right ear and a bullet was detected in his head. His brain was severely damaged and his vital functions very weak.The next day, Sunday 7 April, after consultation with his next of kin, <mask>'s life-support machine was switched off. Investigation
The investigation was headed by Chief Superintendent Andrew Lister of Northern Constabulary CID. Despite no weapon having yet been found, <mask>'s car was moved at 12:00 on 7 April. It later transpired that the police had kept no record of the precise location where the car had been found, and the position stated by them was later found to be  in error, and was corrected by a witness who had been present at the scene. A weapon was found the next day, in the burn over which the car had been discovered,  from the vehicle. It was a Smith & Wesson .22 calibre revolver containing two spent cartridges and five remaining rounds. Controversy
Although it was ruled at the time by authorities that <mask>'s death was undetermined, aspects of the investigation remain disputed, some claiming that the distance from <mask>'s car at which the gun was found and the lack of fingerprints on it rendered a suicide not credible.At the time of his death, <mask> had been working to counter plans to dump nuclear waste from the Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment into the sea. Due to his house being burgled on repeated occasions prior to his death, he had taken to carrying a copy of the documents relating to his Dounreay work with him at all times. They were not found following his death, and the sole other copy which was kept in his office was stolen when it was burgled, no other items being taken. Neither <mask>'s medical reports nor the post-mortem data have been released to the public and there was no fatal accident inquiry. Aftermath
Winnie Ewing – then President of the SNP and herself an accomplished lawyer – was directed by the SNP's National Executive Committee (NEC) to conduct an internal investigation for the party to come to a conclusion as to whether Ewing "was satisfied or dissatisfied with the official version that he committed suicide". Having been refused access to police records of the investigation and rebuffed by both the Lord Advocate and the Procurator Fiscal in her attempts to conduct private, confidential meetings with them, Ewing, as she later wrote, came "up against a brick wall". Ewing reported to the SNP NEC that she was not satisfied with the official account of suicide: "I do not know what happened, but I think it is important that the truth emerges, despite the time that has passed.Why the State refuses to let the truth be known is a pertinent question." In 1991 Channel 4 broadcast a "Scottish Eye" documentary investigating the mysterious circumstances of <mask>'s death. It found evidence to suggest that <mask> had been under surveillance by UK intelligence services and that his death had likely involved foul play. In 2005 Winnie Ewing's son Fergus, by then an MSP, requested a meeting with Elish Angiolini, Solicitor General for Scotland, to discuss allegations that have persisted that <mask> was under surveillance at the time of his death. The request was rebuffed, with Angiolini claiming that he had not been under surveillance and that she was satisfied that a thorough investigation into the case had been carried out. In July 2006 a retired police officer, Iain Fraser, who was working as a private investigator at the time of <mask>'s death, claimed that he had been anonymously employed to keep <mask> under surveillance only weeks before he died. In November 2006 an episode of the Scottish Television show Unsolved examined the circumstances of <mask>'s death.In November 2010 John Finnie, then SNP group leader on Highland Council and a former police officer, wrote to the Lord Advocate urging her to reinvestigate <mask>'s death and release any details so far withheld. Finnie's request was prompted by the release the previous month of further details concerning the death of David Kelly. In January 2011 the Crown Office requested the files on the case from Northern Constabulary. Also in November 2010 Donald Morrison, a former Strathclyde Police officer, alleged that <mask> had been "under surveillance" by both Special Branch and MI5. Morrison had collaborated with former colleague Iain Fraser to discover more about <mask>'s death. Morrison called for an enquiry into <mask>'s death and promised that he would give it a sworn affidavit that MI5 was involved. In July 2014 two unconnected plays by George Gunn and Andy Paterson about <mask>'s life and death, both coincidentally titled 3,000 Trees, were staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.One of the plays explored his anti-nuclear campaigning, links with nationalist radicals and allegations that Special Branch and MI5 were surveilling him. In November 2014 a Scottish Sunday Express front-page article alleged that <mask> had uncovered evidence of the alleged paedophile ring in Westminster during the 1980s. The article suggests he may have been murdered and that the evidence he possessed was stolen at the time of his death. In April 2015 there was a campaign to have a Fatal Accident Inquiry (FAI) on <mask>'s death. It attracted 6,500 signatures in 5 days. The petition eventually collected over 13,000 signatures and was handed in, in June 2015. The Crown Office rejected the proposal to hold a Fatal Accident Inquiry.On the Easter weekend of April 2015, the 30th anniversary of <mask>'s death, Scotland on Sunday ran a story claiming that <mask>'s Volvo was moved back to the crash site by Northern Constabulary in an attempt to hide that the car had been moved before the bullet had been found – accounting for the discrepancies relating to the gun's distance from the car. On the same day, one of the journalists involved started crowdfunding for a book on the case titled '30 Years of Silence'. Following the rejection of the petition for a Fatal Accident Inquiry by the Crown Office, a "Justice For Willie" Campaign group was set up by Mark MacNicol. The campaign decided to launch their own investigation since no official inquiry was forthcoming. They hired two private investigators to re-interview original witnesses from the time of <mask>'s death. The results were published in November 2016, and the campaign were unable to find any new evidence to undermine the official suicide verdict. In October 2018, fresh doubt on the official verdict was raised again by a nurse who claims to have treated <mask> at Forrester Hill Hospital Aberdeen.Katharine Mcgonigal disputed that the bullet wound was to the right temple, as the post-mortem claimed, and said it was instead to the back of the neck. References

Further reading
 A fictionalised account of events leading up to <mask>'s death and its aftermath. External links
  official Northern Constabulary files and photographs

1923 births
1985 deaths
British anti–nuclear weapons activists
Deaths by firearm in Scotland
Indian independence activists
Scottish National Party parliamentary candidates
Scottish National Party politicians
Scottish solicitors
University of Haifa faculty
British Army personnel of World War II
Seaforth Highlanders officers
Indian military personnel of World War II
Royal Indian Navy officers
Conspiracy theories in the United Kingdom

masks:
Willie McRae
McRae
Life McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
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Willie McRae
Willie McRae
McRae


title: Steph Davies

texts:
<mask> (born 21 October 1987) is a former international cricketer who represented England in four One Day Internationals (ODIs) as well as Somerset in county cricket. She was a right-arm medium-fast bowler and right-handed batter. After making her county debut for Somerset at the age of 13, <mask> quickly progressed into the England development and youth sides. She toured Australia with England Under-19s aged 15 and after two successful European tournaments, she captained the England Under-21s to victory in the 2006 Under-21 European Championships. After more matches for the development squad, and a number of tour matches for England, she made her ODI debut during the 2007–08 tour of Australia and New Zealand, playing the fifth and final one-day match against Australia, and three of the five matches against New Zealand. Following this, she continued to be involved in the England Academy, but did not make any further ODI appearances. In 2009, she took on the captaincy of Somerset.Career

Early years
After watching cricket with her father, <mask> began playing Kwik cricket, and then played age-group cricket for local boys' teams, including Mountain Ash and Mid Glamorgan. At the age of 13, she took part in a women's trial match, and was selected to play with the older women cricketers in the South West of England. At this time, she began to play women's cricket for Somerset Wanderers as well as her boys' matches. She soon progressed into the Somerset county side, making her debut that same year, aged 13 against Lancashire. She played four of Somerset's five Women's County Championship matches in 2001, and claimed her first wicket for the side in the third of these, trapping Derbyshire's Jane Morris leg before wicket during an economical spell in which she conceded only five runs off four overs. <mask> progressed quickly into the England development squad, representing them in a 2002 match against British Universities Sports Association. She also played a match for Wales, helping her native country defeat Scotland by seven wickets.Although she did not appear for Somerset in the County Championship during the season, she did help Somerset Wanderers reach the semi-final of the ECB Women's National Knockout. In 2002, she made her first appearance in the Super Fours—a competition in which the England selectors place the 48 leading players into four teams—playing one match for the Knight Riders. England Under-19 debut
She was chosen as part of the England Under-19s squad to tour Australia during the English winter of 2002–03, in which the England side took part in the Women's Australian Under-19 Championships. <mask> had little impact in the competition, claiming two wickets from her nine overs, and scoring eleven runs during her two innings. She also played in one of the two matches against the Australia Under-19s side, bowling six overs in which she claimed one wicket. In 2003, <mask> was again selected for the Super Fours competition, appearing in three matches for the Braves without standing out. She played five County Championship matches for Somerset, moving up the batting order; after batting at number four in her first match of the season, she was promoted to open the innings for the remainder of the season.The move proved profitable, she passed her previous highest total during her first match in the new position, scoring 35 against Middlesex, and after a couple of lower totals, she made her highest score in women's List A cricket when she scored 70 against Hampshire. Despite this move she remained in the lower order on her next international appearance, a 50-over contest for the England development squad which served as a warm-up for the touring South Africa national women's cricket team. She claimed three wickets during her seven overs as the English side won by seven wickets. Twenty20 cricket was introduced into the English women's domestic game for the first time in 2004 as part of the Super Fours competition. Playing her first match of this format, <mask> took four wickets for Braves, helping them to a 12 run victory in the semi-final of the competition. <mask> had some success in the 50-over tournament; although she only claimed two wickets in her four matches, she boasted the third lowest economy rate. She continued to open the batting for Somerset, but did not pass 50 runs in a match during her four matches for the county.Upon the conclusion of the English domestic season, <mask> travelled to Ireland as part of the England squad to compete in the 2004 Women's European Under-21 Championships. <mask> played two different roles for England during the tournament; in the first match she was used purely as an opening batsman, scoring 25 runs off 27 balls to help chase down a small Scotland total of 57 in under 10 overs. In the subsequent two matches, she batted as part of the middle order, and bowled at least five overs in each match. Against the Netherlands, she bowled very economically, finishing with figures of 1/5 off her 5.3 overs. England won all three of their matches to win the competition. During 2005, <mask> passed 50 twice, making 65 against Nottinghamshire and 51 against Berkshire in the second half of the season. Due to her improved performances with the bat in the previous season, <mask> was promoted to bat slightly higher in the order for the Braves, playing two matches at number five and two at number three.At the close of the season, she played for England A women in a match against the senior England side, scoring 8 runs after opening the batting. She was then selected as part of the England Development Squad to compete in the 2005 Women's European Championship in Wales. As with her appearances in the Under-21 European Championship, her role altered from match to match. On the two occasions on which she was asked to bat, she scored 23 at number three against Ireland, and 31 opening the innings against Netherlands. She finished the tournament as the leading bowler in terms of wickets, bowling average and economy. In total she claimed nine wickets in her four matches, coming at an average of 5.88. The highlight of her bowling came in the match against Scotland, when <mask> collected four wickets in 6.2 overs, conceding just five runs during this time.<mask> had a reasonably quiet 2006 domestic season with both bat and ball. In four 50-over matches for Somerset she scored 34 runs at an average of 8.50, and took four wickets at an average of 33.75, taking a wicket in each match. <mask> was again selected for the Super Fours, this time playing for the Emeralds. She made 74 runs at 14.80 in five matches with a highest score of 29, but was ineffective with the ball, taking 2 wickets at 74.00. <mask> performed well for England A during a match against the touring Indian side, restricting the visitors to just fifteen runs off her ten overs, taking two wickets as she did so. Opening both the batting and bowling for England in this match, she then added an unbeaten 27, albeit off 77 balls, to help England A secure victory via the Duckworth–Lewis method. She was named as captain of the England Under-21 side for the 2006 Women's European Under-21 Championships, and led her side to three large victories to retain the competition title.She finished the tournament near the top of both the batting and bowling averages charts, boosted by her performance against Ireland, in which she took three wickets for just six runs conceded in her bowling duties, and followed it up with a score of 31 as her side chased a low Irish total of 69 to win. Full international debut
In June 2007, <mask> made her first appearance for the senior England side, albeit in a non-international match against an England Cricket Board Invitational XI. She was not required to bat or bowl in the match, which England won by five wickets. As the English summer continued, she played three matches for the England development squad, making scores of 34 and 18 in matches against South Africa, and 15 against England. In November 2007, she was named as part of the England squad which travelled to Australia and New Zealand, her first tour as a member of the senior England side. She was selected to play in two of the three warm-up matches on the tour, but did not make her ODI debut until the fifth and final match of the series. Coming on to bowl as the first change, <mask> claimed four wickets in her first international innings, trapping Lisa Sthalekar, Kate Blackwell and Leonie Coleman leg before wicket, and having Kirsten Pike stumped off the last ball of the innings.Despite her performance, Australia won the match by 41 runs. After playing the only warm-up match in New Zealand, in which she scored 25 from the lower order, <mask> missed the first ODI, returning for the second. She bowled six wicket-less overs in this match, and was not required to bat as England chased down the hosts total for the loss of only one wicket. Her bowling was used slightly more in the next match, claiming the wicket of Amy Satterthwaite during her nine overs. As with the previous match, her batting was not required as England reached the required target with six wickets remaining. She added one more wicket the fourth ODI, but there was no result as the match was washed out, leaving <mask> without a batting innings during the series. In September 2007, <mask> started studying Sport and Physical Education at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, meaning that she had to juggle her cricket career with her academic studies in 2008.She represented England sides twice, both in early August, playing for the academy against Ireland and for the development squad the following day against the senior England side. As an MCC Young Cricketer, she was also selected to play in an MCC side against India later in the same month. She played five Somerset's six County Championship matches, her best performance of the season coming against Warwickshire, when she claimed a wicket and scored 25 runs to help her county to victory. She also made one appearance in the Super Fours for Rubies. Somerset captain
<mask> was named Somerset captain for the 2009 season, taking over from Hannah Lloyd, who continued to play for the side. In her first match as captain—against Surrey on 10 May 2009—she scored a half-century, and shared a 128-run partnership with fellow opener Sophie Le Marchand, helping her side to a 21 run victory. That score remained her best of the season, and in a rebuilding season for the county, she finished as the leading run-scorer, with 217.She also finished the season as Somerset's most economical bowler, and her seven wickets meant that she trailed only Izzy Westbury among wicket-takers. She continued to play for both England Academy and MCC Young Cricketers, and represented the academy in two Twenty20 matches against Pakistan prior to the 2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20. She continued as captain in 2010, and in Somerset's opening fixture of the season, against Berkshire, she claimed her fourth List A four-wicket haul. She played her last match for Somerset in 2011 against Cheshire. References

External links

1987 births
England women One Day International cricketers
Living people
Somerset women cricket captains
Somerset women cricketers
Sportspeople from Aberdare
Welsh women cricketers

masks:
Stephanie Ann Davies
Davies
Davies
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title: Jonathan Spence

texts:
<mask>  (11 August 1936 – 25 December 2021) was an English-born American historian, sinologist, and writer specialising in Chinese history. He was Sterling Professor of History at Yale University from 1993 to 2008. His most widely read book is The Search for Modern China, a survey of the last several hundred years of Chinese history based on his popular course at Yale. A prolific author, reviewer, and essayist, he published more than a dozen books on China. <mask>'s major interest was modern China, especially the Qing dynasty, and relations between China and the West. <mask> frequently used biographies to examine cultural and political history. Another common theme is the efforts of both Westerners and Chinese "to change China", and how such efforts were frustrated.Early life
<mask> was born on 11 August 1936 to Muriel ( Crailsham) and Dermot <mask> in Surrey in England. His mother was a French researcher while his father worked at an art gallery and a publishing house. <mask> was educated at Winchester College and at Clare College, Cambridge and graduated in 1954. He spent two years in the military after graduating and was deployed in Germany during this period. He received his BA in history from Cambridge in 1959, studying at Clare College, Cambridge. During this time he was the editor of the campus magazine and was also the co-editor of British literary magazine Granta. He went to Yale University on a Clare-Mellon Fellowship to study the history and culture of China, receiving an MA and then a PhD in 1965, when he won the John Addison Porter Prize.As part of his graduate training, he spent a year in Australia to study under Fang Chao-ying and Tu Lien-che, scholars of the Qing dynasty. Career
<mask> taught a popular undergraduate class at Yale University on the history of modern China, which formed the basis for his book The Search for Modern China (1989). He taught for more than 40 years at the university. During this time he wrote many books on China that furthered the understanding of the country and its culture with western audiences. Some of his books during this period included The Search for Modern China (1990), which was published on the back of the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, and God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996). <mask> was president of the American Historical Association between 2004 and 2005. While his primary focus was on Qing dynasty China, he also wrote a biography of Mao Zedong and The Gate of Heavenly Peace, a study of twentieth-century intellectuals and their relation to revolution.He retired from Yale in 2008. His book The Search for Modern China was a New York Times best seller and documented the evolution of China starting from the decline of the Ming dynasty in the early 1600s to the pro-democracy movement of 1989, while his book Treason by the Book (2001) documented the story of a scholar who took on the third Manchu Emperor in the 1700s. <mask> received eight honorary degrees in the United States as well as from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and (in 2003) from Oxford University. He was invited to become a visiting professor at Peking University and an honorary professor at Nanjing University. He was named Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2001, and in 2006, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. He received the William C. DeVane Medal of the Yale Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa (1952); a Guggenheim Fellowship (1979); the Los Angeles Times History Prize (1982), and the Vursel Prize of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1983). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985), named a MacArthur Fellow (1988), appointed to the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress (1988), elected a member of the American Philosophical Society (1993), and named a corresponding fellow of the British Academy (1997).In May and June 2008, he gave the 60th anniversary Reith Lectures, which were broadcast on BBC Radio 4. In 2010, <mask> was appointed to deliver the annual Jefferson Lecture at the Library of Congress, the US federal government's highest honour for achievement in the humanities. Personal life
<mask>'s name in Chinese,  (pinyin: Shǐ Jǐngqiān), was given to him by Fang Chao-ying to reflect his love of history and admiration for the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian. He chose the surname 史 (Shǐ; literally "history") and personal name  (Jǐngqiān), where  (jǐng) means admire (as in ) and  (qiān) was taken from the personal name of Sima Qian (). <mask> became an American citizen in 2000. <mask>'s wife Annping Chin was a senior lecturer in history at Yale with a PhD in Chinese thought from Columbia. He had two sons from a previous marriage (1962–1993) to Helen Alexander, Colin and <mask>, two stepchildren, Yar Woo and Mei Chin, a grandchild as well as two step-grandchildren.<mask> died from complications of Parkinson's disease on 25 December 2021, at the age of 85 at his residence in West Haven, Connecticut. Bibliography

Books
The Search for Modern China (1990; 2nd edition, 1999; 3rd edition 2013)
Tsʻao Yin and the Kʻang-hsi Emperor: bondservant and master (1966)
 To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 1620–1960 (Boston, Little Brown, 1969). Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-Hsi (1974)
The Death of Woman Wang (1978). Story situated in 17th century Tancheng. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984)
The Question of Hu (New York: Knopf, 1987 ). Biography of John Hu 胡若望, 18th-century Chinese who went to France with Jean-François Foucquet. Chinese Roundabout: Essays on History and Culture
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895–1980 (1982)
The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds
God's Chinese Son (New York: Norton, 1996 ).Biography of Hong Xiuchuan, leader of Taiping Rebellion. Treason by the Book (2001)
Return to Dragon Mountain: Memories of a Late Ming Man (2007) Viking, 332 pages. Book reviews
"The Dream of Catholic China" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (28 June 2007) : 22–24 [reviews Liam Matthew Brockey, Journey to the East: the Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724]

References

Citations

Sources

 Bruce Mazlish, "The Question of the Question of Hu", History and Theory 11 (1992): 141–152
 Mirsky, <mask>. Review of Chinese Roundabout The New York Review of Books, Volume 39, Issue No. 17 (5 November 1992): 51–55. Nathan, Andrew J. "A Culture of Cruelty: Review of The Search for Modern China" pages 30–34 from The New Republic, Volume 203 (30 July 1990): 50–54.Roberts, Priscilla. "<mask>, <mask>.", The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, (London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. ): 1136–1137. External links
<mask> archive from The New York Review of Books

1936 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
British historians
British sinologists
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
English emigrants to the United States
Historians of China
MacArthur Fellows
Microhistorians
People educated at Winchester College
People from Surrey (before 1965)
People with acquired American citizenship
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Yale Sterling Professors
Yale University faculty
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Connecticut

masks:
Jonathan Dermot Spence
Spence
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Honors Spence
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Ian Spence
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Jonathan
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Spence


title: Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar

texts:
<mask> (1925–1966) () was an Egyptian painter. He occupies a unique position among the artists of his generation. His membership in the Contemporary Art Group elevated his status as an artist through his utilization of social commentary in addition to the group's focus on traditional, Egyptian identity. This commentary is most widely recognized in his painting, The High Dam, in which he comments on the effects of modernization by the Egyptian government on society and their way of life. Since his death, his work has not ceased to challenge artists, intellectuals and critics both in Egypt and abroad. Life and career
<mask><mask> was born on March 14, 1925, in the Akkabri district in Alexandria; he was son of a Sheikh, a religious scholar. In 1940, his family moved to Cairo and settled in the district of Sayyida Zaynab.At Helmiyya Secondary School, <mask>r attended courses at the 'artistic club’ organized by  Hussein Youssef Amin, the founder of The Group of Contemporary Art, in 1944; this group constituted one  of the major early attempts to ground Egyptian arts in its own culture. The artists embarked on a search for Egyptian traditions and applied folk symbols mixed with popular philosophy in order to rid Egypt's art of romantic and unrealistic traces left by the earlier Western Orientalist painters. In many ways the group drew upon their predecessor, the Art and Freedom Group—as with the continuation of the use of surrealism and abstraction. However, the Art and Freedom Group focused on the breakdown of Egyptian identity, which is where they differed. <mask>r was a member of this group, which included other Egyptian important artists such as Hamed Nada and Samir Rafi'. In 1950, <mask>r graduated from the Cairo School of Fine Arts, where he subsequently worked as an assistant professor. He had his first personal exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Egyptian Art in Cairo during the period December 17–24, 1951.<mask>r obtained two scholarships in Rome, Italy, in 1954 and in 1957. He obtained a diploma from the School of Art and Restoration of Rome. He visited schools of Fine Arts in England, France and Italy. In his early years, <mask>r's choice of medium was crayon or ink on paper, before moving to painting in his later years. From 1958 to 1965, <mask>r participated in many national and international exhibitions, winning several medals and prizes. At one Contemporary Art Group exhibition, he and his mentor, Hussein Youssef Amin, got arrested for the political commentary in their works. In 1965, shortly before his death, he participated for the second time in the Alexandria Biennial.He died in 1966 of a heart condition. Exhibitions
Some of the most important private and collective exhibitions:

 1946, Contemporary Art Group Exhibition, Paris, France. 1946, Contemporary Art Group Exhibition, Bab Al Louk Licee’. Cairo, Egypt. 1951, Modern Art Museum of Cairo, Egypt. 1953, Fine Arts Museum, Alexandria, Egypt. 1957, São Paulo Biennial, Brazil.1957, Spring Exhibition, Cairo, Egypt. 1958, “Art in Fifty Years” International Exhibition, Brooklyn, USA. 1960, Venice Biennial, Italy. 1961, Alvolka Gallery, Rome, Italy. 1962, “The Revolution, Ten Years After” Art Competition, Cairo, Egypt. 1962, Fine Fans Society Exhibition, Cairo, Egypt. 1964, Cairo Saloon Exhibition, Egypt.1965, Alexandria Biennial, Egypt. 1972, Contemporary Egyptian Art, Moscow, Russia. 1985, Mashrabiya Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. 1991, Portrait Art Exhibition, Cairo Opera Hall, Egypt. 1995, 70th Anniversary of Gazzar’s Birthday, Modern Art Museum of Cairo, Egypt. 2001, Safar Khan Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. 2003, Picasso Gallery, Cairo, Egypt.2004, Creativity Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. Awards
 1942: 1st Prize for Painting, Helmiyya Secondary School, Cairo, Egypt. 1945: 1st Prize for Photography, in the National Contest for Art Products Exhibition, Denshway, Egypt. 1957: Bronze Medal Award, São Paulo Biennial, Br
 1958: 1st Prize for Mural Painting Design, Cairo Court Complex, Egypt. .1958: Silver Medal Award from the Italian city of Bari, Italy. 1958: Henry Moore Statue Prize, the International Exhibition "Fifty years of Arts",Brussels, Belgium. 1958: Silver Medal Award from the Italian city of Palermo, Italy.1962: 1st Prize for his painting "The Charter", in the competition " The Revolution , Ten Years After ", Cairo, Egypt. 1963: 1st Prize, the 40th Cairo Salon, Egypt. 1964: Golden Medal Award, the 41st Cairo Salon, Egypt. 1964: Medal of Arts & Science and State Incentive Award for his painting "The High Dam". Egypt. 1964/1965: State Incentive Award in Photography, Cairo, Egypt. 1965: Full-time Grant Art, Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, Cairo, Egypt.1966: 2nd Prize for Photography, Alexandria Biennial, Egypt. 1998: Medal Award by the Second Scientific Conference, Fine Arts Faculty, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. 2006: The Golden Feather by the 4th Honorary Exhibition for Artists, Cairo, Egypt. Writings
Folk Poems. Many Articles for "the Islamic Post Magazine". Two stories:
"Barber's Shop"
"Soul's Departure"

Collections
 State Collections

 Museum of the Modern Egyptian Art. Cairo, Egypt.Museum of Faculty of Fine Arts. Cairo, Egypt. Museum of Faculty of Fine Arts. Alexandria, Egypt. Port Said Museum. Egypt. Banha Museum.Egypt. The Arab Museum of Paris, France. Museum of New Delhi, India. Private Collections

 Art Lovers Association. Cairo, Egypt. Bibliography
 Sobhy <mask> :"<mask> <mask> <mask>r: The Strangers",  Copyright Dr. Sobhy <mask>. 1961.Sobhy <mask>: "<mask> <mask> <mask> the Artist of the Legend and Space World", National Publication House. 1966. Badr El Din Abu Ghazi: "Generations of Pioneers", Publications of Fine Arts Fans Society. 1975. Ezz El Din Naguib: "Modern Egyptian Art Dawn", Beirut, Arab Future House. 1982. Samia Mehrez: "<mask> <mask> al-Gazzar: an Egyptian Painter", translation from Arabic to English of the poetry by and about the Egyptian painter <mask> in a collective, trilingual volume on his life and work.Dar al Mustaqbal al Arabi. 1990. pp. 28–45. <mask> and Chritine Rosion: " Egyptian Painter <mask> <mask> <mask>r", Arab Future Publication House. 1990. Samir Gharib: "Surrealism in Egypt", General Egyptian Book Authority. 1996.Sherifa Zuhur: "Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance , Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East", AUC Press. 1998. (Modern Painting in the Mashriq, Hussein, 1989, p. 37). Sabri Mansour: "Plastic Studies: Series of Plastic and Prospects", General Authority of Cultural Palaces. 2000. Liliane Karnouk: "Modern Egyptian Art 1910-2003",AUC Press, 2003. Venetia Porter: "Arab artists' appropriation of modernity", British Museum Press.2006. Sobhy <mask>-Sharouny, Abdel <mask> <mask>-<mask>, Cairo, 2007 (illustrated in colour, p. 89). References

 The Institut at 20, Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No. 875, December 2007
 Abd al-<mask> El-<mask>, artnet
 Not quite a sylvan scene, Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No.515, January 2001

External links

1925 births
People from Alexandria
1966 deaths
Folk art
Surrealist artists
20th-century Egyptian painters

masks:
Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar
Abdel Hady Mohammad El
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Al Gazza
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Al Sharouny
Abdel
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