title: Yvonne Ridley

texts:
 unsuccessfully for a seat on Westminster City Council.In the 2012 Rotherham by-election, held on 29 November, <mask> was the Respect Party candidate. Respect Yourself, a leaflet distributed during the campaign which accused the Labour Party of racism, was attributed by Labour to Respect. Labour reported the matter to the police and the returning officer. Respect put the incident down to "dirty tricks"; the leaflet was without the legally required notice identifying the source. In the final result, <mask> came fourth with 1,778 votes or just over 8% of the total votes cast. Views and opinions
<mask> has given vocal support for Muslim causes involving Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Chechnya, Xinjiang and Uzbekistan at anti-war demonstrations. She has been highly critical of Britain's foreign policy.In complaining of patriotic sentiments voiced by British Muslim pop star Sami Yusuf, and the enthusiasm for him shown by his Muslim fans, she has said:How can anyone be proud to be British? Britain is the third most hated country in the world. The Union Jack is drenched in the blood of our brothers and sisters across Iraq, Afghanistan, and Palestine. Our history is steeped in the blood of colonialism, rooted in slavery, brutality, torture, and oppression. During a February 2006 meeting at Imperial College London, <mask> described Israel as "that disgusting little watchdog of America that is festering in the Middle East" and said that Respect "is a Zionist-free party ... if there was any Zionism in the Respect Party they would be hunted down and kicked out. We have no time for Zionists," while both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats were "riddled with Zionists." She described the British politician David Miliband, then foreign secretary (and Jewish), on her blog in 2008 as being "a gutless little weasel who lost more than his foreskin when he was circumcised?"<mask> has compared the Israeli Government to the Nazis and has argued that the Israeli Parliament "is on the path of reviving the policies of Adolf Hitler" and that Israeli politicians are "promoting a Final Solution for Gaza". At the "Muslimer i Dialog" conference in Copenhagen in September 2005, <mask> was asked by Danish terror expert Lars Erslev Andersen if she saw it as a problem that militant Islamists distribute recruiting videos of Iraqi insurgents killing hostages. She replied that Muslims used the videos at home as an alternative form of news to what she perceived as the propaganda of Western media. At the same meeting, she compared British Prime Minister Tony Blair with Pol Pot. She returned to Copenhagen in May 2006 to take part in an Islam Channel conference on Islamophobia and was given a standing ovation after urging Muslims not to "kneel before their enemies" or "kiss the hand that slaps them." In a 2003 speech at IslamExpo, she protested the attention given honour killings and female genital mutilation by the media, which "have nothing to do with Islam". The idea that Islam oppresses women is the biggest obstacle to women accepting Islam, she argued.She herself had believed it, but in keeping her promise to her Taliban captors that she would read the Quran, she "realized I had been lied to", and converted. On the subject of compulsory hijab, she said: "I was in Iran last year. I know the hijab is a pain for them, but they will get no sympathy from me. It is clear that the hijab is an obligation, not a choice." <mask> complained later that she had been misquoted and said, while the hijab appeared to be an obligation it was up to individual women to make that choice. Among her controversial opinions is that the Chechen terrorist leader and architect of the Beslan school massacre, Shamil Basayev, was a 'shaheed' i.e. Islamic martyr.When the family of Al-Qaeda leader Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi denounced him, <mask> declared this "cowardly" and said she would "rather put up with a brother like Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi any day than have a traitor or a sell-out for a father, son or grandfather". In both articles she renounced violence and said later that critics had chosen to "cherrypick out of context to make mischief". At a meeting of Respect on 6 June 2006, following the Forest Gate raid, <mask> urged all Muslims in Britain to "boycott the police and refuse to co-operate with them in any way, shape or form until the boys are released", including "asking the community copper for directions to passing the time of day with a beat officer." Her comments were labelled as "sheer, undiluted madness" by Shadow Home Secretary David Davis, who added that "To not co-operate would be of no benefit to the Muslim community; no benefit to the police; and no benefit to the security of our country." Respect's only MP George Galloway quickly distanced himself from her comments, saying <mask> was wrong and, "Our policy is not that we should withdraw co-operation from the police". <mask> later claimed that she only wanted Muslim leaders to stop co-operating, not the whole community; this is not supported by her comment about not asking directions from the police. The two men were subsequently released without charge and an official apology was later issued to the family some years later by the Metropolitan Police.Initially, <mask> strongly opposed the Western intervention in the 2011 Libyan Civil War, and spoke in a rally opposing it held in Central London where she likened asking for Western support to making a pact with the Devil. However, she later travelled to rebel-held territory, where she became a wholehearted supporter of the Libyan rebels' cause and accepted that they had no choice but to ask for help from the West. In 2012, she expressed her strong support for the end of secret evidence used in the SIAC case against the Jordanian Islamist cleric, Abu Qatada, and her opposition to Home Secretary Theresa May's plans to deport him on the basis of the secret evidence from the UK. In February 2018, <mask> was invited to speak at the Oxford Union as part of a debate entitled "This House Believes We Cannot Thrive Without Religion". The invitation was criticised by the Oxford University Jewish Society who released a statement which claimed that "Ms. <mask> has a long and detailed history of making exactly the sort of comments that cause Jewish students to feel targeted and unsafe on campus". She has been widely criticised as an antisemite. The allegations were hotly disputed by <mask>, who in January 2019 spoke at Newcastle College
at the invitation of trade unions for Holocaust Memorial Day.Her talk highlighted what she described as "the heroic efforts" of Sir Nicholas George Winton MBE who was the British humanitarian who established an organisation to rescue children at risk from Nazi Germany. She also referenced her interfaith work and respect for the Jewish faith during the aforementioned Oxford Union debate she addressed in 2018. Denial of entry
In January 2013, she was scheduled to attend the Spring of Islam Conference organised by the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind in Hyderabad, India. She was given all necessary clearances by the external affairs ministry, but was denied a visa at the last minute because of the tense situation in Hyderabad following the arrest of controversial local legislator Akbaruddin Owaisi a few days before the event was scheduled to take place. However <mask>, through video conference, addressed three sessions of girls, women and journalists during the conference. Views on ISIL
<mask> said there is a clear difference between the ideologies of the Taliban and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also called ISIS and Daesh), arguing while the Taliban aims to form an Islamic state within the borders of Afghanistan, ISIL was working to create a border-less Islamic state and disregarded the sovereignty of other nations. She also claimed that ISIL recruited by promising financial supports and power, and the Taliban is largely run and supported by Afghan people.These were taken from her 2015 interview with Iranian newspaper Shargh. She wrote a damning chapter on the exploits of ISIL in her book The Rise of the Prophet Muhammad: Don't Shoot the Messenger. In 2013, <mask> offered to swap places with ISIL hostage David Haines according to reports published later. Personal life
<mask> has been married five times. She first married when she was 22; her second marriage, to a policeman, lasted seven years; her third husband was Daoud Zaaroura, the CEO of North of England Refugee Service and a former PLO head of intelligence, whom she met in Cyprus, where she was working on an assignment for the Newcastle-based Sunday Sun, and they have one daughter, <mask>, who was born in 1992; her fourth husband, to whom she was married until 1999, was an Israeli businessman, Ilan Hermosh; her fifth husband is an Algerian. During her time on the Sunday Sun newsdesk, she told colleagues she was an officer in the Territorial Army, based on Teesside, specialising in intelligence. She had also told the same to colleagues on The Northern Echo and repeated it in interviews.<mask> resides in Scotland, to where she moved in 2011, and was a Scottish National Party (SNP) member, largely in her newly-found desire to support and aid Scottish independence. She is also a feminist and a socialist. In 2021, <mask> confirmed that she had left the SNP and joined the Alba Party, primarily over her disagreement with SNP policy around gender recognition. In January 2014, <mask> was nominated for the Muslim Woman of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards. In October 2019 she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for her work with the non-governmental organisation Protect the Rohingya, when she helped a team of South African lawyers take statements of alleged war crimes from refugees who had fled Myanmar. She was also nominated for her work with Syrian women prisoners who were victims of torture and abuse while held by the Assad regime in Syria. She was portrayed by Hattie Morahan in the film Official Secrets.See also
List of solved missing person cases

References

Bibliography
 In the Hands of the Taliban by <mask> (2001).  . Ticket to Paradise by <mask> (2003). Torture - Does it Work? Interrogation issues and effectiveness in the Global War on Terror (2016)
 The Rise of the Prophet Muhammad: Don't Shoot the Messenger (2019)

External links
 <mask> video interview on Turntoislam.com

1958 births
Living people
English journalists
English Muslims
Converts to Islam from Protestantism
Respect Party parliamentary candidates
Muslim writers
British people taken hostage
British people imprisoned abroad
Press TV people
People from Stanley, County Durham
Kidnappings by Islamists
Foreign hostages in Afghanistan
Converts from Anglicanism
English feminists
Muslim socialists
Prisoners of the Taliban
Proponents of Islamic feminism
English socialist

masks:
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Daisy Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Ridley
Yvonne Ridley
Yvonne Ridley
Yvonne Ridley


title: Alan Doss

type: original

texts:
<mask> is a British international civil servant who has spent his entire professional life in the service of the United Nations, working on peacekeeping, development and humanitarian assignments in Africa, Asia and Europe as well as at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. Early life

<mask> grew up in Cardiff, Wales. He graduated from the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is married to <mask>. They have three daughters and four granddaughters. Career at the United Nations

<mask> began his UN career in 1966 in Kenya working for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the first of several assignments in Africa. Later appointments included posts as the UN Resident Coordinator and  UNDP Resident Representative in Benin and the Democratic Republic of the Congo coordinating UN operational activities in those countries.In 1977, he joined the Asia Bureau at UNDP headquarters and developed the first UNDP co-operation program for Vietnam. In 1979, he was appointed as Deputy Resident Representative of UNDP in China on the opening of the first international development co-operation programme and office in that country. <mask> then served as United Nations Resident Coordinator and Regional Representative of the UNDP in Bangkok, Thailand. At the same time, he was Director of the United Nations Border Relief Operation (UNBRO), in charge of United Nations assistance to hundreds of thousands of displaced Cambodians on the Thai-Cambodia border. During this period he was also the UN representative to the Mekong River Committee that manages South East Asia's greatest river network and was part of the negotiating team that restructured the institution into an inter-governmental commission with the re-admission of Cambodia to the group. He was then appointed Director of the UNDP European Office in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was charged with strengthening UNDP's outreach and fund raising work in Western Europe, focusing on advocacy for human development. He concurrently represented the UNDP at the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris where he was member of the group that drew up the DAC's landmark study on conflict, peace and development co-operation in 1997.<mask> subsequently held the position of Director of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG), which was set up by Secretary General Kofi Annan to strengthen co-ordination among the UN organisations dealing with development under the leadership of the Administrator of UNDP. He worked on the design and implementation of reforms aimed to improve the performance of UN operational activities around the world. During that period he coordinated the UNDG's work on the follow-up to the UN global conferences of the nineties, which led to the pioneer publication "A Better World for All" published jointly by the UN, World Bank, IMF and OECD and subsequently, at the end of the decade, to the UN's Millennium Development Goals. In late 2000, <mask> joined the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone, (UNAMSIL), as Deputy Special Representative of the UN Secretary General while serving concurrently as United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative, His appointment, following on the recommendations of the Brahimi Panel on UN peace operations in late 2000, was aimed at strengthening the effectiveness of such operations through better co-ordination of UN peace keeping, humanitarian and development activities in country. During this period he oversaw the reintegration of war affected populations, UN support for the disarmament program, the restoration of state authority, governance reform and the national recovery programme. In 2004 <mask> became the Principal Deputy UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Ivory Coast, where he coordinated the work of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission ONUCI in the areas of human rights, rule of law, civilian police and management. Following on his assignment to Cote d’Ivoire, <mask> was named as the Special Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations in Liberia (UNMIL) and head of the UN peace keeping mission with the rank of Under Secretary General.The UN mission provided extensive security and political support for the 2005 national elections in Liberia, which resulted in the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf as Africa's first female elected head of state. Following the elections <mask> worked very closely with the new Administration on national recovery and reconstruction including the groundbreaking governance and economic programme (GEMAP). During this time, he worked closely with the UN Special Court for Sierra Leone l to ensure that Charles Taylor, the former leader of Liberia was detained and transferred by to the Court's jurisdiction to face charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. On 24 October 2007, <mask> was appointed as Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) of the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Head of the UN peace keeping mission there (MONUC), again with the rank of Under Secretary General. MONUC (now MONUSCO), was the UN's largest peace operation at that time. The UN Mission was (and remains) supports the peace process in the Congo as it seeks to end armed conflict in the war ravaged eastern part of the country. The Mission is promoting human rights, the protection of women and children, reform of state institutions and the holding of democratic elections.Later career

Following his retirement from the United Nations in 2010, <mask> joined the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) as a Visiting and then Associate Fellow where he lectured and published on peacekeeping, peace building and leadership. <mask> was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the United Nations. He is a member of the Governing Board of Interpeace and the UN Institute for Training and Research’s I.Peace Advisory Board. The Kofi Annan Foundation

In October 2011, <mask> was appointed by Kofi Annan as Senior Political Advisor to set up a peace and security unit at his Foundation based in Geneva. The Foundation is an independent, not-for profit organisation that works to promote better global governance and strengthen the capacities of people and countries to achieve a fairer, more peaceful and resilient world. In September 2014, <mask> was appointed Executive Director of the Kofi Annan Foundation, where his "outstanding experience in peace operations, development cooperation and humanitarian action gives him a unique perspective that will serve the Foundation well". In March 2018, <mask> was appointed by Kofi Annan as President of the Foundation.<mask> stepped down from the executive leadership of the Kofi Annan Foundation in June 2020 and was succeeded by Corinne Momal-Vanian. He is now Senior Adviser to the Foundation. Publications
 Eyewitness: Crisis, Contention and Coherence - Reflections from the Field:  International Peacekeeping Vol 14, No 2 April 2007. Ending an endless Congo war: Washington Times July, 2008. The 2009 Nelson Mandela Africa lecture at the Royal United Services Institute. Peacebuilding in Practice: A Personal Perspective on Liberia and the DRC:  in Victory Among People: Lessons from Countering Insurgency and Stabilising Fragile States; ed: Greg Mills and David Richards, Royal United Services Institution and the Brenthurst Foundation, 2011. After the Fall: Leaders, Leadership, and the Challenges of Post–Conflict Peacebuilding: Geneva Centre for Security Policy Paper #17, June 2011.Great Expectations: UN Peacekeeping, Civilian Protection, and the Use of Force: Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Research Series, 2011. Peace Operations and the Humanitarian Space: How can the Military and Civilians Cooperate in Protecting Civilians? International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations, Geneva Centre for Security Policy and the Swiss Confederation, 2012. A Life in Trouble: A Personal Reflection on Managing Crises: Britain and the World, Edinburgh University Press, Volume 5, 2012. Foreword: A New Deal? Development and Security in a Changing World: Jeremy Allouche and Jeremy Lind, Institute of Development Studies, UK, 2013. Truth and Consequences: <mask> and David Tolbert, Project Syndicate,  July 11, 2014.In the Footsteps of Dr Bunche: The Congo, UN Peacekeeping and the Use of Force: Journal of Strategic Studies 37(5), July 2014. United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) and United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO):The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, October, 2014. Kofi Annan’s Unfinished Green Revolution: Project Syndicate September 5, 2018. “Reflections on the 100th anniversary of the armistice that ended WWI”, <mask> and Scott Weber, Le Monde, 9 November 2018. Mo Ibrahim and <mask>: “A Defeat for Democracy” -Guardian and Le Monde, February 2019. <mask> and Faizel Ismail: “Defending democracy: Nelson Mandela and Kofi Annan’s ideals under the spotlight” - The Daily Maverick, South Africa, 5 September 2019. “How can liberal democracies Best Manage China’s Re-emergence as a Great Power?” - The South China Morning Post, 4 November 2019.Preventing covid from killing democracy in Africa. <mask> and Mo Ibrahim. The Economist June 17th 2020. Safeguarding Democracy in West Africa. Africa Center for Strategic Studies,  September 2020. A Peacekeeper in Africa: Learning from UN Interventions in Other People's Wars. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2020.A Letter to the USA: Why Your Vote on Nov. 3 Matters for the World. PassBlue, New York, October 27, 2020. See also other <mask> articles on Peace, Conflict and Development in PassBlue. Episode 19: Book Talk - <mask> on A Peacekeeper in Africa: Learning from UN Interventions in Other People’s Wars. IPI Global Observatory: Reflections on UN Peacekeeping: Q&A with <mask>, 25 February 2020. <mask> on Diplomacy and Politics in United Nations Peacekeeping, International Peace Institute, February 10, 2020. References

Living people
1945 births
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British officials of the United Nations
People from Cardiff
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George

masks:
Alan Claude Doss
Doss
Soheir Doss
Alan Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss
Alan Doss


title: William Haines

texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1900 – December 26, 1973) was an American actor and interior designer. <mask> was discovered by a talent scout and signed with Goldwyn Pictures in 1922. His career gained momentum when he received favorable reviews for his role in The Midnight Express. He was cast in the 1926 film Brown of Harvard and his performance solidified his screen persona as a wisecracking, arrogant leading man. By the end of the 1920s, Haines had appeared in a string of successful films and was a popular box-office draw. <mask>' acting career was cut short by the studios in the 1930s due to his refusal to deny his homosexuality. He quit acting in 1935 and started a successful interior design business with his life partner Jimmie Shields, and his work was widely patronized by friends in Hollywood.Haines died of lung cancer in December 1973 at the age of 73. Early life
<mask> was born on January 2, 1900 (he claimed he was born on January 1) in Staunton, Virginia, the third child of George Adam <mask>, a cigar maker, and Laura Virginia <mask> (née Matthews). Two older siblings died in infancy. He had four younger siblings: Lillian, born in 1902; Ann, born in 1907; George, Jr., born in 1908; and Henry, born in 1917. He was baptized at the Trinity Episcopal Church in Staunton at the age of eight, where he later sang in the choir. He became fascinated with stage performance and motion pictures at an early age, spending hours watching early silent films in local theatres. Haines ran away from home at the age of 14, accompanied by an unidentified young man whom Haines referred to as his "boyfriend".The pair went first to Richmond and then to Hopewell, which had a reputation for immorality. They both got jobs working at the local DuPont factory, producing nitrocellulose for $50 a week. To supplement their income, they opened a dance hall, which may have also served as a brothel. <mask>' parents, frantic over his disappearance, tracked him through the police to Hopewell. Haines did not return home with them, remaining instead in Hopewell and sending money back home to help support the family. The couple remained in Hopewell until most of the town was destroyed by fire in 1915. <mask> moved to New York City.Whether his boyfriend accompanied him is unclear. Following the bankruptcy of the family business and the mental breakdown of George Sr., the family moved to Richmond in 1916. <mask> moved there in 1917 to help support them. With his father recovered and employed, <mask> returned to New York City in 1919, settling into the burgeoning gay community of Greenwich Village. He worked a variety of jobs and was for a time the kept man of an older woman before becoming a model. Talent scout Bijou Fernandez discovered <mask> as part of the Goldwyn Pictures' "New Faces of 1922" contest and the studio signed him to a $40-a-week contract. He traveled to Hollywood with fellow contest winner Eleanor Boardman in March of that year.Career

Acting
<mask>' career began slowly, as he appeared in extra and bit parts, mostly uncredited. His first significant role was in Three Wise Fools (1923). He attracted positive critical attention and the studio began building him up as a new star. However, he continued to play small, unimportant parts at Goldwyn. When his home studio lent him to Fox in 1923 for The Desert Outlaw, he got the opportunity to play a significant role. In 1924, MGM lent <mask> to Columbia Pictures for a five-picture deal. The first of these, The Midnight Express (1924), received excellent reviews, and Columbia offered to buy his contract.The offer was refused and <mask> continued in bit roles for Goldwyn. <mask> scored his first big personal success with Brown of Harvard (1926) opposite Jack Pickford and Mary Brian. It was in Brown that he crystallized his screen image, a young arrogant man who is humbled by the last reel. He returned repeatedly to that formula for the next several years. On a trip to New York in 1926, <mask> met James "Jimmie" Shields. <mask> convinced Shields to move to Los Angeles, promising to get him work as an extra. The pair soon began living together and viewed themselves as a committed couple., though newspapers did not mention their relationship.<mask> found box-office success with Little Annie Rooney (1925), costarring Mary Pickford, and Show People (1928), costarring Marion Davies. He was a top-five box-office star from 1928 to 1932. He made a successful transition into "talkies" in the part-talking film Alias Jimmy Valentine (1928). He was forced to take elocution lessons for the film; he compared the coming of sound to "the discovery of clap in a nunnery." His first all-talking film, Navy Blues, was released the following year. He starred in Way Out West in 1930. The 1930 Quigley Poll, a survey of film exhibitors, listed Haines as the top box-office attraction in the country.In 1933, <mask> was arrested in a YMCA with a sailor he had picked up in Los Angeles' Pershing Square. Louis B. Mayer, the studio head at MGM, delivered an ultimatum to Haines: choose between a sham lavender marriage, his relationship with Shields or his relationship with the sailor. Haines chose Shields and they remained together in a private relationship for 47 years. Mayer then fired Haines and terminated his contract. He made a few minor films at Poverty Row studios and soon retired from acting. His final films were made in 1934 with Mascot Pictures, Young and Beautiful and The Marines Are Coming. Haines continued to receive offers for film roles.During production of Sunset Boulevard (1950), he was offered a cameo role in the film, which he declined. He later said, "It's a rather pleasant feeling of being away from pictures and being part of them because all my friends are. I can see the nice side of them without seeing the ugly side of the studios." Interior design
<mask> and Shields began a successful dual career as interior designers and antique dealers. Among their early clients were friends such as Joan Crawford, Gloria Swanson, Carole Lombard, Marion Davies, and George Cukor. After a neighbor accused the two of propositioning his son, about 100 members of a white supremacist group called "The White Legion" dragged the two men from their El Porto, Manhattan Beach, home and beat them. The incident was widely reported at the time, but Manhattan Beach police never brought charges against the attackers.The child-molestation accusations against <mask> and Shields were unfounded and the case was dismissed due to a lack of evidence. In reality, the boy had been chasing Haines' dog on the beach and Haines paid the child six cents to go home; this was misinterpreted as a proposition. After Jack L. Warner bought his estate in 1937, he hired <mask> as interior decorator. The couple finally settled in the Hollywood community of Brentwood and their business prospered until their retirement in the early 1970s, except for a brief interruption when Haines served in World War II. Their clients included Betsy Bloomingdale and Ronald and Nancy Reagan when Reagan was governor of California. Maintaining a home in Palm Springs, California, <mask> and Ted Graber designed the interiors of Walter and Leonore Annenberg's "Sunnylands" estate in nearby Rancho Mirage. The Annenbergs also hired Haines to work on the redecoration of Winfield House in London, where Walter was serving as U.S.Ambassador. Final years and death
<mask> and Shields (1905-1974) remained together until <mask>' death. Joan Crawford described them as "the happiest married couple in Hollywood." On December 26, 1973, <mask> died from lung cancer in Santa Monica, California, at the age of 73. Soon afterward, on March 6, 1974, Shields took an overdose of sleeping pills. His suicide note read in part, "Goodbye to all of you who have tried so hard to comfort me in my loss of <mask>, whom I have been with since 1926. I now find it impossible to go it alone, I am much too lonely."They are interred side by side in Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery in Santa Monica. Legacy
For his contribution to the motion-picture industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7012 Hollywood Blvd. William Haines Designs remains in operation, with main offices in West Hollywood and an additional showroom in New York. Filmography

In popular culture
<mask>' story is told in the 1998 biography Wisecracker: The Life and Times of <mask>, Hollywood's First Openly Gay Star by <mask>. Mann. His designs are the subject of Peter Schifando and Haines associate Jean H. Mathison's 2005 book Class Act: <mask> Legendary Hollywood Decorator. World of Wonder produced Out of the Closet, Off the Screen: The Life of <mask>nes, which aired on American Movie Classics in 2001. In October 2015, Karina Longworth chronicled <mask> in the episode <mask> and Hollywood's First Openly Gay Marriage, which she included in her 15-part series of MGM stories for her podcast You Must Remember This.<mask> was voiced by actor Wil Wheaton. Playwright Claudio Macor created the biographical drama The Tailor-Made Man in the mid-1990s in London, telling the story of <mask>' discovery in a talent contest, his movie career, its curtailment by Louis B. Mayer, and <mask>' re-invention as an interior designer. The play tells the story of his 50-year relationship with Jimmie Shields. The play premiered at London's tiny Hen and Chickens theatre and quickly transferred to Battersea Arts Centre. Over the years the play has been produced at London's Cockpit Theatre, off-Broadway in New York, San Diego's Diversionary Theatre in California in 1995. It was revived in a successful anniversary production in 2017 at London's White Bear Theatre, directed by Bryan Hodgson. In 2013 a musical adaptation of The Tailor-Made Man opened at London's Arts Theatre in the West End with pop star Faye Tozer (Steps) as Marion Davies and Mike McShane as Mayer.In 1994 The Tailor-Made Man was chosen for a workshop TV production for Thames Television Masterpiece Pilot Showcase, directed by Golden Rose of Montreux winner Chris Bould. Bould returned to direct the UK radio adaptation of the play starring Judd Hirsch as Mayer. In 2017, to tie-in with the anniversary production, the definitive playscript was published by theatrical publisher Oberon Books. Notes

References
Citations

Works cited

External links

 Photographs of <mask>nes

1900 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Virginia
American male film actors
American interior designers
American male silent film actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
American gay actors
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Male actors from Palm Springs, California
People from Staunton, Virginia
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica
American designers
LGBT people from California
LGBT people from Virginia
American male comedy actors
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Charles William Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
William Haines
William Haines
Haines
William Haines
William J
William Haines
William Hai
Haines
William Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
William Hai


title: Geoff Connor

texts:
<mask> (born July 24, 1963) is an American public servant, attorney, historian, and businessman from the state of Texas. <mask> has been an aide or appointee of several Republican Governors of Texas, including William P. Clements, Jr., George W. Bush, and Rick Perry. Most notably, <mask> served as the 104th Secretary of State of Texas under Governor Perry. <mask>'s tenure in this position was especially noteworthy for his efforts to build strong diplomatic and trade relationships between Texas and foreign countries. Since leaving the Texas Secretary of State's Office, <mask> has been active as a consultant, lobbyist, academician, and attorney. His current public service includes positions with The William P. Clements Jr. Center for National Security, Alamo Board of the Texas General Land Office, and Texas State Guard. He remains active internationally and with the diplomatic community in the state of Texas.Background

<mask> was born and reared in Runnels County, a predominantly rural county near San Angelo, Texas. In 1985, <mask> received a B.A. from Texas State University (formerly Southwest Texas State University) in International Studies. <mask> also studied abroad at Birkbeck College, University of London. He later attended the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, from which he received his J.D. degree in 1988. He has been board certified in administrative law since 1995.He completed a graduate certificate course from the Texas A&M University Bush School of Public Service focused on Intelligence Studies. In 2016, <mask> received his PhD in history from the University of Texas at Austin with a focus on modern U.S. diplomatic and national security history. <mask> was a member of the Delta Epsilon chapter of Sigma Tau Gamma while attending Texas State University. <mask> lived in the United Kingdom in 1985. During this time, he served as an analyst for the British Government and was a top aide to the Chairman of the House of Lords Foreign Policy Committee (The Earl of Kimberley) and the Chairman of the Lords Defence Committee (Lord Chalfont). Early political career

<mask> began his career in American public service as Assistant General Counsel to Governor William Perry Clements, Jr., in 1988. By the time he departed the Governor's office in 1991, <mask> had advanced to Deputy General Counsel.In 1991, <mask> joined the Texas Department of Agriculture as assistant commissioner and general counsel under then Agriculture Commissioner Rick Perry. In 1995, he became general counsel for the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, a post he held until 1999. During the 1990s, <mask> also served as a member of the State Emergency Communications Commission (appointed by Governor Clements in 1990) and as a member of the Coastal Coordination Committee (appointed by Governor George W. Bush in 1995). After more than a decade in government, <mask> took a break from the public sector and accepted a position with the Austin office of the international law and lobby firm of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer and Feld (1999–2001). Texas Secretary of State’s Office

When Rick Perry became Governor of Texas in January 2001, he tapped <mask> to serve as the Deputy Secretary in the office of the Texas Secretary of State. This office, which evolved out of the Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas, has a diverse portfolio that includes supervising elections, serving as chief protocol officer for Texas, acting as the Governor's liaison on border and Mexico affairs, as well as maintaining a variety of corporate and commercial filings. With the departure of Secretary of State Henry Cuellar in October 2001, <mask> served four months as Acting Secretary of State until the swearing in of Gwyn Clarkston Shea as Secretary of State in January 2002.Following Shea's swearing-in, <mask> resumed his duties as Deputy Secretary of State. Upon Shea's resignation, Governor Perry appointed <mask> to be the 104th Secretary of State of Texas. <mask>'s swearing-in ceremony was held on September 26, 2003. His tenure was noteworthy as the first Texas Secretary of State in recent history to use the office to promote Texas business internationally. He made use of the Secretary's role as chief protocol officer for the state to encourage trade and foreign investment. During his time with the Secretary of State's office, <mask> led around a dozen trade missions to countries, including China, Mexico, Brazil, France, Trinidad and Tobago, Vietnam and Ethiopia. During <mask>'s time with the Secretary of State's office, Texas overtook California as America's largest exporting state.From 2001 to 2004, Texas exports grew by 23.4% to $117.2 billion. While there are multiple factors behind the state's increasing prominence in exports, the focused and active promotion of Texas exports by the state's chief international officer played a role. At the beginning of 2005, <mask> resigned from the Secretary of State's office to pursue a variety of private sector activities. Private Sector and Later Public Service

Shortly after returning to the private sector, <mask> cofounded Texas Global, an international strategic consulting firm that advises clients on government affairs, economic development, and corporate growth. <mask>'s partner in establishing Texas Global is Ambassador Sada Cumber, who served as the United States Special Envoy to the Organization of the Islamic Conference until January 2009. Simultaneously, <mask> returned to practicing law with the Texas-based law firm of Jackson Walker, LLP. <mask>'s time at Jackson Walker focused on business transactions law.The same year, <mask> also cofounded CACH Capital Management, a boutique investment advisory firm offering wealth management and investment advisory services. Since leaving the Texas Secretary of State's office, <mask> has maintained a strong international focus and his ties to a variety of international communities in Texas and the United States. He is frequently sought as a speaker on issues of international politics, the world economy, and cross-cultural cooperation. He also serves as a contact and advisor for foreign businesses and organizations seeking to achieve business or policy goals in the U.S., as well as by U.S. entities looking to enhance their performance or impact abroad. His continued work with international clients has taken him to Qatar, the UAE, Malta, New Zealand, Barbados, Pakistan and India. <mask> served as an international election monitor for presidential elections in Liberia in 2006, Georgia in 2008, and Ukraine in 2010. In 2011, <mask> was commissioned as an officer with the Texas State Guard.Currently holding the rank of Lt. Commander, he serves as JAG for the Texas Maritime Regiment (TMAR). <mask> serves as Director of Strategy for the William P. Clements Jr. Center for National Security at the University of Texas at Austin. His responsibilities include developing the institution as a training center for national security officials and scholars of national security as well as promoting awareness of the center in both public and private sectors. <mask> also oversees the compiling and curation of the defense and national security papers of Governor Bill Clements from his service to Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. In 2015, George P. Bush, Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office named <mask> as his special advisor to the Alamo Board. Overseeing the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, site of the Battle of the Alamo, is part of the Land Office's mandate.<mask> is active in a number of civic, educational, and professional organizations. He is a member of the International Affairs Committee of the National Association of Secretaries of State, on the Board of Directors for the Asia Society of Texas, the Texas Leadership Council of the World Congress on Information Technology 2006. He is a former member of the national Board of Trustees of Sigma Tau Gamma and the Board of Advisors of the International Center of Texas State University. <mask> is also a member of the Asia Society, British-American Business Council, the American Council of Young Political Leaders; Austin Council on Foreign Affairs, Freemasons, Knights Templar, Order of St. John, Scottish Rite, Dallas Safari Club, and Explorers Club of New York. References

External links
 Office of the Texas Secretary of State website
 Press Release: <mask> takes oath as 104th Secretary of State
 <mask> 2004 Press Releases
 <mask> 2003 Press Releases
 Texas Global Consulting website
 CACH Capital Management website
 Video: <mask> speaks during Texas trade mission to Ethiopia

Living people
1963 births
Secretaries of State of Texas
Texas lawyers
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Texas Republicans
People from Winters, Texas
People from Austin, Texas

masks:
Geoffrey Scott Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
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Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
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Connor
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Geoff Connor
Geoff Connor
Geoff Connor


title: June Lockhart

texts:
<mask> (born June 25, 1925) is an American actress, primarily in 1950s and 1960s television, and with performances on stage and in film. On two television series, Lassie and Lost in Space, she played mother roles. She also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS television sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968–70). She is a two-time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner. Early life

<mask> was born on June 25, 1925 in New York City. She is the daughter of Canadian-born actor <mask>, who came to prominence on Broadway in 1933 in Ah, Wilderness!, and English-born actress <mask>. Her grandfather was <mask>, "a concert-singer".Lockhart attended the Westlake School for Girls in Beverly Hills, California. Film
<mask> made her film debut opposite her parents in a film version of A Christmas Carol in 1938. She also played supporting parts in  Meet Me in St. Louis, Sergeant York, All This, and Heaven Too, and The Yearling. She starred in She-Wolf of London (1946). Stage
Lockhart debuted on stage at the age of 8, playing Mimsey in Peter Ibbetson, presented by the Metropolitan Opera. In 1947, her acting in For Love or Money brought her out of her parents' shadow and gained her notice as "a promising movie actress in her own right." One newspaper article began, "<mask> has burst on Broadway with the suddenness of an unpredicted comet."In 1951, <mask> starred in Lawrence Riley's biographical play Kin Hubbard  opposite Tom Ewell. Television
In 1955, <mask> appeared in an episode of CBS's Appointment with Adventure. About this time, she also made several appearances on NBC's legal drama Justice, based on case files of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In the late 1950s, <mask> guest-starred in several popular television Westerns, including Wagon Train (in the episode "The Ricky an Laura Bell Story") and Cimarron City (in the episode "Medicine Man" with Gary Merrill) on NBC, and Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, and Rawhide on CBS. In 1958, <mask> was the narrator for  Playhouse 90 's telecast of the George Balanchine version of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker, featuring Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, along with the New York City Ballet. <mask> is best known for her roles as TV mothers, first as Ruth Martin, the wife of Paul Martin (portrayed by Hugh Reilly) and the mother of Timmy Martin (played by Jon Provost) in the 1950s CBS series Lassie (a role that she played from 1958 to 1964). She replaced actress Cloris Leachman, who, in turn, had replaced Jan Clayton – who had played a similar character earlier in the series.Following her five-year run on Lassie, <mask> made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in "The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor". <mask> then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space, which ran from 1965 to 1968 on CBS, opposite veteran actors Guy Williams and Jonathan Harris. In 1965, <mask> played librarian Ina Coolbrith, first poet laureate of California, in the episode "Magic Locket" of the syndicated Western series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Ronald Reagan. In the storyline, Coolbrith develops a tenuous friendship with the teenaged Dorita Duncan (Kathy Garver), later the dancer Isadora Duncan. The two have matching portions of a broken locket. Sean McClory (who also played her husband in the Perry Mason episode) played the poet Joaquin Miller, author of Songs of the Sierras. <mask> then appeared as Dr. Janet Craig on the final two seasons of the CBS sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968–1970); her character was brought in to fill the void created after Bea Benaderet died during the run of the show.She was a regular in the ABC soap opera General Hospital during the 1980s and 1990s, and was also a voice actor, providing the voice of Martha Day, the lead character in the Hanna-Barbera animated series These Are the Days on ABC during the 1970s. <mask> appeared as a hostess on the Miss USA Pageant on CBS for six years, the Miss Universe Pageant on CBS for six years, the Tournament of Roses Parade on CBS for eight years, and the Thanksgiving Parade on CBS for five years. In 1986, <mask> appeared in the fantasy film, Troll. The younger version of her character in that film was played by her daughter, <mask>. They had previously played the same woman at two different ages in the "Lest We Forget" episode of the television series Magnum, P.I. (1981). In 1991, <mask> appeared as Miss Wiltrout, Michelle Tanner's kindergarten teacher on the TV sitcom Full House.She also had a cameo in the 1998 film Lost in Space, based on the television series in which she had starred 30 years earlier. In 2002, she appeared in two episodes of The Drew Carey Show as Lewis's mother, Misty Kiniski, alongside fellow TV mom Marion Ross, who played Drew's mother. In 2004, <mask> voiced the role of Grandma Emma Fowler in Focus on the Family's The Last Chance Detectives audio cases. <mask> starred as James Caan's mother in an episode of Las Vegas in 2004. <mask> has since guest-starred in episodes of Cold Case and Grey's Anatomy, in the 2007 ABC Family television film Holiday in Handcuffs, and in the 2007 feature film Wesley. In February 2013, <mask> began filming for Tesla Effect, a video game that combines live-action footage with three-dimensional graphics, which was released in May 2014. Recognition

In 1948, <mask> received a Special Tony Award for Outstanding Performance by a Newcomer (a category that no longer exists) for her role on Broadway in For Love or Money.She has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures (6323 Hollywood Boulevard) and one for television (6362 Hollywood Boulevard). Both were dedicated on February 8, 1960. In 2013, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration  awarded her the Exceptional Public Achievement Medal for inspiring the public about space exploration. Personal life
In 1951, <mask> married John F. Maloney. They had two daughters, Anne Kathleen Maloney (born 1953) and <mask> Maloney (born 1955). The couple divorced in 1959. She married architect John Lindsay that same year, but they divorced in October 1970, and she has not remarried.Politically active, Lockhart has been involved in the campaigns of Harry Truman, Adlai Stevenson, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Hubert Humphrey. Lockhart is a Roman Catholic. Filmography

Films

Television

References

Further reading
  (Includes an interview with <mask>)

External links

1925 births
Living people
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American people of English descent
American people of Canadian descent
Donaldson Award winners
Special Tony Award recipients
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Beauty pageant hosts
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
California Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
California Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Catholics from New York (state)

masks:
June Lockhart
June Lockhart
Gene Lockhart
Kathleen Lockhart
John Coates Lockhart
Lockhart
June Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Anne Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
June Elizabeth
June Lockhart


title: Liu Congjian

texts:
<mask> () (803–843), formally the Duke of Pei (), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Tang Dynasty who is most known for his term as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), during which he was viewed as a warlord who maintained a tight hold on the circuit but also as someone who served as a counterbalance to the eunuchs who controlled the imperial government. Background and early career
<mask> was born in 803, during the reign of Emperor Dezong. His father <mask> was then serving as an officer under Li Shigu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), who ruled the circuit in de facto independence from the imperial government. As of 819, Li Shigu's brother and successor Li Shidao was in a war against the imperial government, then under the rule of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, and the imperial forces were converging on Pinglu. He commissioned <mask> to command troops to resist the forces commanded by Tian Hongzheng, the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, in modern Handan, Hebei). To endear himself to <mask>, he had <mask>jian made a junior officer at his headquarters. However, <mask> was repeatedly losing battles to Tian, and Li became suspicious of <mask>'s intentions.At one point, Li decided to have <mask> executed, so he recalled <mask> from Yanggu (陽穀, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong), where his troops were stationed, under the guise of consultation, intending to execute <mask> when he got to the circuit capital Yun Prefecture (). Once <mask> arrived, however, Li, being counseled by some that executing <mask> without evidence of treachery so would destroy morale, changed his mind, and he sent <mask> back to Yanggu and gave <mask> much treasure. Meanwhile, <mask>jian, who spent much time with Li's servants, was able to learn what had happened, and informed all of it to his father. Soon thereafter, Li became resolved to kill <mask>. He sent two messengers to <mask>'s deputy Zhang Xian (), ordering Zhang to execute <mask> and take over the army. When the messengers informed Zhang, Zhang, who was friendly with <mask>, secretly informed <mask>, who immediately put the two messengers to death. <mask> then called a meeting with all of his officers, declaring that he was set to turn against Li Shidao and follow imperial orders.When some officers hesitated, he executed them, as well as a number of others that soldiers had resented. The other officers were intimidated into submission. At night, they launched a surprise attack on Yun Prefecture, and the Yun Prefecture defenders, believing that <mask> was returning on Li Shidao's orders, allowed them in. <mask> controlled the city and arrested Li and his two sons, putting them to death. He then sent messengers to surrender to Tian. To reward <mask> for his actions, Emperor Xianzong made <mask> the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan). <mask> was initially obedient to the imperial government, and continued to be after he was transferred to Zhaoyi Circuit in 820, by which time Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong was emperor.However, after an incident where the imperial eunuch monitor of the army, <mask>e (), conspired with <mask>'s subordinate Zhang Wen () to seize control of Zhangyi, <mask> killed Zhang and arrested <mask>e. While, under the counsel of his staffer Jia Zhiyan (), <mask> returned <mask>e to the imperial government, he subsequently began to rule Zhaoyi semi-independently from the imperial government. <mask> died suddenly in 825. <mask>an initially did not announce his death except to the 2,000 soldiers that <mask> had brought from Pinglu Circuit initially and, after consulting with the officer <mask> (), submitted a petition in <mask>'s name requesting that <mask>an be allowed to succeed him. Jia, however, rebuked <mask>an and pointed out that it was improper for him not to publicly mourn his father. <mask>an had no response, and so publicly declared <mask>'s death. When the imperial government, then ruled by Emperor Muzong's son Emperor Jingzong, received the petition in <mask>'s name, there was much debate among the imperial officials.The former chancellor Li Jiang advocated that the request be denied, and that <mask>an be placated by making him a prefect. However, the chancellor Li Fengji and the powerful eunuch Wang Shoucheng, who opined otherwise, prevailed, and Emperor Jingzong made <mask>an the acting military governor, and soon thereafter made him military governor. It was said that while <mask> was tedious and harsh, <mask>an was lenient and graceful toward the soldiers, and the soldiers supported him. As military governor
In 829, when Shi Xiancheng the military governor of Weibo, who had governed his circuit in de facto independence from the imperial government, offered to surrender control of Weibo, the imperial government commissioned Li Ting () as the new military governor of Weibo. However, Shi's soldiers opposed, and they mutinied, killing Shi. When Li Ting subsequently arrived, the Weibo soldiers, under the leadership of He Jintao, launched a surprise attack on him, inflicting much casualties and forcing him to flee. <mask>an launched an army and saved Li Ting.For this achievement, <mask> was created the Duke of Pei. It was said that <mask> had intended to be faithful to the imperial government, and in 832, he visited the capital Chang'an to pay homage to then-ruling Emperor Wenzong (Emperor Jingzong's younger brother), with the intent to request a transfer (i.e., to surrender control of Zhaoyi Circuit). However, when he got to the capital, he saw that the imperial government lacked direction, and many imperial officials made improper requests to him. He thus lost the respect he had for the imperial government, and never made the transfer request. Instead, in early 833, Emperor Wenzong conferred an honorific chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi () on him and allowed him to return to Zhaoyi. Later in 833, Yang Yuanqing () the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) fell ill, and the imperial government was determining a successor for him. The chancellor Li Deyu suggested that <mask> be transferred to Xuanwu, to end his family's hold on Zhaoyi.Emperor Wenzong did not find the timing appropriate, and declined the suggestion, instead making the former chancellor Li Cheng the military governor of Xuanwu. In 835, Emperor Wenzong, in an attempt to regain power from the powerful eunuchs, who commanded the imperial guards, conspired with the chancellor Li Xun and the general Zheng Zhu to have the eunuchs slaughtered. When the eunuchs discovered the plot, Li Xun, Zheng, and many other officials were slaughtered, including the other chancellors Wang Ya, Jia Su, and Shu Yuanyu, and effectively put Emperor Wenzong under house arrest. <mask>, who had been friendly with Wang, protected the slaughtered officials' family members who fled to Zhaoyi. He further submitted harshly-worded petitions to the imperial government, openly questioning whether the slaughtered officials committed any crimes at all. The eunuchs tried to placate <mask> by giving him the honorific title of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies), but <mask>'s petitions continued, and he eventually submitted four, continuing to call for the chancellors' posthumous rehabilitation. It was said that it was only after <mask>'s petitions that the powerful eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang, became apprehensive and allowed Emperor Wenzong, as well as the new chancellors Zheng Tan and Li Shi, to exercise some of their authorities.In 839, in the midst of a controversy as to which of two claimants, Xiao Ben () and Xiao Hong (), if either at all, was the true long-lost brother of Emperor Wenzong's mother Empress Dowager Xiao, after Xiao Ben was judged to be Empress Dowager Xiao's brother, Xiao Hong fled to Zhaoyi and requested help from <mask>. <mask> submitted a petition on Xiao Hong's behalf. Emperor Wenzong ordered a new investigation, which concluded that neither Xiao Ben nor Xiao Hong was Empress Dowager Xiao's brother; both were exiled. Meanwhile, <mask> continued to accuse Qiu of crimes, while Qiu accused <mask> of having designs against the imperial government. After Emperor Wenzong died in 840 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wuzong, <mask> offered a large horse to Emperor Wuzong, who declined the tribute. <mask> believed that Qiu was the one who persuaded Emperor Wenzong not to accept the tribute and, in anger, killed the horse, and this act drew further suspicions from the imperial government. It was further said that <mask> armed his circuit and conducted commerce to gather wealth such that the neighboring circuits were jealous of and suspicious of him.In 843, <mask> fell ill, and he commented to his wife Lady Pei:

<mask> thus wanted to have his nephew <mask> (whom he adopted as his son. According to <mask>'s biography in the New Book of Tang, <mask>an had some 20 sons, but they were all still children at the time of his death) succeed him. He planned with a number of staff members on how to induce the imperial government into allowing the succession, but before the preparations could be complete, <mask>an died. <mask>'s request to succeed him was subsequently denied, and Emperor Wuzong, under the advocacy of Li Deyu, ordered a general campaign against Zhaoyi, eventually defeating <mask> and slaughtering the <mask> family. <mask>'s body was disinterred, exposed in the street for three days, and then cut into pieces. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 161.New Book of Tang, vol. 214. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248. 803 births
843 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhaoyi Circuit

masks:
Liu Congjian
Liu Congjian
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Cong
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Cong
Liu Wu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Wu
Liu
Liu
Liu Wu
Liu Chengji
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Chengji
Liu Wu
Liu Chengji
Liu Wu
Liu Congji
Liu Wu
Liu Wude
Liu Wu
Liu Congji
Liu Congji
Liu Congji
Liu Wu
Liu Wu
Liu Congji
Liu Congji
Liu Wu
Liu Congji
Liu Congji
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Zhen
Liu Congjian
Liu Congji
Liu Congji
Liu Zhen
Liu Zhen
Liu
Liu Congjian


title: John Scotus Eriugena

texts:
<mask> or <mask> or <mask> ( – c. 877) was an Irish Catholic Neoplatonist philosopher, theologian and poet of the Early Middle Ages. Bertrand Russell dubbed him "the most astonishing person of the ninth century". The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy states he "is the most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period. He is generally recognized to be both the outstanding philosopher (in terms of originality) of the Carolingian era and of the whole period of Latin philosophy stretching from Boethius to Anselm." He wrote a number of works, but is best known today for having written De Divisione Naturae (The Division of Nature), or Periphyseon, which has been called the "final achievement" of ancient philosophy, a work which "synthesizes the philosophical accomplishments of fifteen centuries." The principal concern of De Divisione Naturae is to unfold from φύσις, which the Scot defines as "all things which are and which are not",  the entire integrated structure of reality. Eriugena achieves this through a dialectical method elaborated through exitus and reditus, that interweaves the structure of the human mind and reality as produced by the λόγος of God.Eriugena is generally classified as a Neoplatonist, though he was not influenced directly by such pagan philosophers as Plotinus or Iamblichus, Jean Trouillard stated that, although he was almost exclusively dependent on Christian theological texts and the Christian Canon, Eriugena, "reinvented the greater part of the theses of Neoplatonism." He succeeded Alcuin of York (c. 735–804) as head of the Palace School at Aachen. He also translated and made commentaries upon the work of Dionysius the Areopagite, and was one of the few Western European philosophers of his day who knew Greek, having studied in Byzantine Athens. A later medieval tradition recounts that Eriugena was stabbed to death by his students at Malmesbury with their pens, although this may rather be allegorical. Name
According to Jorge Luis Borges, <mask>'s byname may be construed as  the repetitious "Irish Irish". The form "Eriugena" is used by <mask> to describe himself in one manuscript. It means 'Ireland (Ériu)-born'.'Scottus' in the Middle Ages was the Latin term for "Irish or Gaelic", so his full name translates as "<mask>, the Irish-born Gael". "Scotti" was the late Latin term for the Irish people, with Ireland itself being Scotia or in the Medieval period Scotia Major (to distinguish it from Scotia Minor, i.e. modern Scotland). The spelling 'Scottus' has the authority of the early manuscripts until perhaps the 11th century. Occasionally he is also named 'Scottigena' ("Irish-born") in the manuscripts. He is not to be confused with the later, Scottish philosopher <mask> <mask>. Life
<mask> Eriugena was educated in Ireland.He moved to France (about 845) at the invitation of Carolingian King Charles the Bald. He succeeded Alcuin of York (735–804), the leading scholar of the Carolingian Renaissance, as head of the Palace School. The reputation of this school increased greatly under Eriugena's leadership, and he was treated with indulgence by the king. Whereas Alcuin was a schoolmaster rather than a philosopher, <mask> was a noted Greek scholar, a skill which, though rare at that time in Western Europe, was used in the learning tradition of Early and Medieval Ireland, as evidenced by the use of Greek script in medieval Irish manuscripts. He remained in France for at least thirty years, and it was almost certainly during this period that he wrote his various works. The latter part of his life is unclear. There is a story that in 882 he was invited to Oxford by Alfred the Great, labored there for many years, became abbot at Malmesbury, and was stabbed to death by his pupils with their styli.Whether this is to be taken literally or figuratively is not clear, and some scholars think it may refer to some other Johannes. William Turner says the tradition has no support in contemporary documents and may well have arisen from some confusion of names on the part of later historians. He probably never left France, and the date of his death is generally given as 877. From the evidence available, it is impossible to determine whether he was a cleric or a layman; the general conditions of the time make it likely that he was a cleric and perhaps a monk. Theology
Eriugena's work is largely based upon St. Augustine of Hippo, Dionysius the Areopagite, St. Maximus the Confessor, and the Cappadocian Fathers. Eriugena's overall view of reality, both human and divine, was strongly influenced by Neoplatonism. He viewed the totality of reality as a "graded hierarchy" cosmology of gradual declensions from the Godhead, similar to Proclus, and likewise saw in all things a dual movement of procession and reversion: that every effect remains in its cause or constitutive principle, proceeds from it, and returns to it.According to Deirdre Carabine, both "ways" must be understood as intrinsically entwined and are not separate movements or processes. "For the procession of the creatures and the return of the same are so intimately associated in the reason which considers them that they appear to be inseparable the one from the other, and it is impossible for anyone to give any worthy and valid account of either by itself without introducing the other, that is to say, of the procession without the return and collection and vice versa." <mask> Eriugena was also a devout Catholic. Pittenger argues that, too often, those who have written about him seem to have pictured <mask> as one who spent his life in the endeavor to dress up his own personal Neoplatonism in a thin Christian garb, but who never quite succeeded in disguising his real tendency. "This is untrue and unfair. Anyone who has taken the trouble to read Erigena, and not merely to read about him, and more particularly one who has studied the De Divisione Naturae sympathetically, cannot question the profound Christian faith and devotion of this Irish thinker nor doubt his deep love for Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son of God. In the middle of long and some what arid metaphysical discussions, one comes across occasional passages such as the following, surely the cry of a passionately Christian soul: O Domine Jesu, nullum aliud praemium, nullam aliam beatitudinem, nullum aliud gaudium a te postulo, nisi ut ad purum absque ullo errore fallacis theoriae verba tua, quae per tuum sanctum Spiritum inspirata sunt, intelligam (Migne ed., ioioB)."The Greek Fathers were Eriugena's favourites, especially Gregory the Theologian, and Basil the Great. Of the Latins he prized Augustine most highly. The influence of these was towards freedom and not towards restraint in theological speculation. This freedom he reconciled with his respect for the teaching authority of the Church as he understood it. On the Body and Blood of the Lord
The first of the works attributed to Eriugena during this period was a pseudo-graphical treatise on the Eucharist, On the Body and Blood of the Lord, which has not survived. In it he seems to have advanced the doctrine that the Eucharist was merely symbolical or commemorative, an opinion for which Berengar of Tours was at a later date censured and condemned at the Council of Vercelli in 1050. As a part of his penance, Berengarius is said to have been compelled to publicly burn this treatise.We now know this treatise was not written by Eriugena, but written by Ratramnus of Corbie. De Divina Praedestinatione
Eriugena was considered orthodox by his authorities and a few years later was selected by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, to defend the doctrine of liberty of will against the extreme predestinarianism of the monk Gottschalk (Gotteschalchus), whose view of predestination pre-figured the Calvinist position. The Catholic Church opposed Gottschalk's position because it denied the inherent value of good works and condemned him at the Council of Quiersy 835. The treatise De Divina Praedestinatione composed for this occasion has been preserved, and it was probably from its content that Eriugena's orthodoxy became suspect. Eriugena argues the question of predestination entirely on speculative grounds, and starts with the bold affirmation that philosophy and religion are fundamentally one and the same. Even more significant is his handling of authority and reason. Eriugena offered a brief proof that there can be predestination only to the good, for all folk are summoned to be saints.Augustine's view of predestination prefigured the debate as such: human beings cannot will what is good without the action of divine grace. Since they are dependent upon grace, it follows that human beings cannot save themselves; that means, some people are predestined to salvation. Eriugena's view, as he sets it out in this "rather hastily written treatise", is that because God is simple and unchangeable, there can be nothing at all that can be predestined. Eriugena explains God's predestination as God's knowledge of the primordial causes. Carabine outlines Eriugena's argument against double-predestination as follows: God cannot predestine the human will, and people are blessed or punished because of their own free will. Since the free will of human beings can be misused, sins must be the fault of individuals. Sin and evil, and the fact that some souls are damned, cannot imply a change in God or a defect in God's power; if we accept the view of Gottschalk, God is responsible for sin and evil.Eriugena's way out of this difficult position is based on the Neoplatonic idea that God as good is simply existence and, therefore, the opposite of non-being. Evil and sin are negations that do not, in fact, exist and cannot be caused by God. "In addition to the arguments based on the dialectical understanding of being and non-being and the unity of God's nature, Eriugena also invokes the principles of negative theology in his answer to Gottschalk's heresy. Foreknowledge and predestination imply temporal notions in God, who transcends time. Since God is simple and unchanging, ideas, signs, and language cannot properly signify the divine nature." Thus, God cannot predestine any soul to damnation; rather, human sinfulness creates its own hell. This was, in brief, the case Eriugena presented to Hincmar for scrutiny.On one hand, against Gottschalk, Eriugena had followed Augustine in that the faults of the wicked and their resulting damnation are their own responsibility. But since Eriugena had denied the possibility of the predestination of the elect to eternal bliss, he had contradicted Augustine; for this reason Hincmar ultimately rejected the treatise. The work was warmly assailed by Drepanius Florus, canon of Lyons, and Prudentius, and was condemned by two councils: that The Council of Valence III 855, and that of Langres in 859. By the former council his arguments were described as Pultes Scotorum ("Irish porridge") and  ("an invention of the devil"). Translation of the Corpus Areopagiticum
At some point in the centuries before Eriugena a legend had developed that Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and patron saint of the important Abbey of Saint-Denis, was the same person as both the Dionysius the Areopagite mentioned in Acts 17.34, and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a figure whose writings were not yet being circulated in the West in the ninth century. Accordingly, in the 820s ambassadors from the Byzantine emperor to the court of Louis the Pious donated Louis a Greek manuscript of the Dionysian corpus, which was immediately given to the Abbey of Saint Denis in the care of Abbot Hilduin. Hilduin proceeded to direct a translation of the Dionysian corpus from Greek into Latin, based on this single manuscript.Soon after, probably by the middle of the ninth century, Eriugena made a second Latin translation of the Dionysian corpus, and much later wrote a commentary on "The Celestial Hierarchy". This constitutes the first major Latin reception of the Areopagite. It is unclear why Eriugena made a new translation so soon after Hilduin's. It has often been suggested that Hilduin's translation was deficient; though this is a possibility, it was a serviceable translation. Another possibility is that Eriugena's creative energies and his inclination toward Greek theological subjects motivated him to make a new translation. Eriugena's next work was a Latin translation of Dionysius the Areopagite undertaken at the request of Charles the Bald. A translation of the Areopagite's writings was not likely to alter the opinion already formed as to Eriugena's orthodoxy.Pope Nicholas I was offended that the work had not been submitted for approval before being given to the world, and ordered Charles to send Eriugena to Rome, or at least to dismiss him from his court. There is no evidence, however, that this order was carried out. At the request of the Byzantine emperor Michael III (c. 858), <mask> undertook some translation into Latin of the works of Pseudo-Dionysius and added his own commentary. With this translation, he continued in the tradition of St. Augustine and Boethius in introducing the ideas of Neoplatonism from the Greek into the Western European intellectual tradition, where they were to have a strong influence on Christian theology. He also translated St. Gregory of Nyssa's De hominis opificio and St. Maximus Confessor's Ambigua ad Iohannem. De Divisione Naturae

Scope of the work
Eriugena's magnum opus, De Divisione Naturae (On the Division of Nature) or Periphyseon, is arranged in five books. It has been called the "final achievement" of ancient philosophy, a work which "synthesizes the philosophical accomplishments of fifteen centuries."The form of exposition is that of a catechetical dialogue between a theologian and his pupil, and the method of reasoning is the ancient syllogistic. Nature (Natura in Latin or physis [φύσις] in Greek) is the name of the most comprehensive of all unities, that which contains within itself the most primary division of all things, that which is (being) and that which is not (nonbeing). It is presented, like Alcuin's book, as a dialogue between Master and Pupil. Eriugena anticipates St. Thomas Aquinas, who said that one cannot know and believe a thing at the same time. Eriugena explains that reason is necessary to understand and interpret revelation. "Authority is the source of knowledge, but the reason of mankind is the norm by which all authority is judged." Sergei N. Shushkov has challenged the dominant strains of Eriugena scholarship in pointing out these key points regarding the approach to the structure, internal progression and purpose of the De Divisione Naturae:
 Rather than the specific divisions of Nature, the modes of interpreting being and non-being are to the true constitutive subject-matter of each book of the Periphyseon (hence, of the five parts of his system, yet four divisions).The fourfold division of Nature is to be interpreted not as a basic structure of the system offered by Eriugena, but as a means of introducing dialectic to the body of theology through discourse and negation of St. Augustine's specific metaphysical hierarchy, indicating the way of resolution of the cardinally theological contradiction (God does and does not create at the same time). Thus one should not associate Eriugena's work with exploration of the division of God's Nature but rather reinterpret it as an immense anti-division project to be understood as an important turn in the history of Christian thought entirely focused on the truth of God's unity and perfection, and the lived human life assenting to it. The fourfold divisions of nature

The Latin title refers to these four divisions of nature:

 Creating and not created. Created and creating. Created and not creating. Not creating and not created. The first is God as the ground or origin of all things; the second, Platonic ideas or forms as logoi, following St. Maximus and Augustinian exemplarism; the third, corporeal world of phenomena and formed matter world; and the last is God as the final end or goal of all things, and that into which the world of created things ultimately returns.The third division is the dialectical counterpart to the first, the fourth to the second. The inspiration of this division comes from Augustine's City of God, "The cause of things, therefore which makes but is not made, is God; but all other causes both make and are made." The first and fourth divisions are to be understood of God, regarded alternately as the efficient and sustaining cause of all as dependent upon Him, and the teleological end of all: Let us then make an “analytical” or regressive collection of each of the two pairs of the four forms we have mentioned so as to bring them into a unity. The first, then, [and] fourth are one since they are understood of God [alone]. For He is the Principle of all things which have been created by Him, and

masks:
John Scotus Eriugena
Johannes Scotus Erigena
John the Scot
John
John Scotus
John
John Duns
Scotus
Johannes Scotus
Eriugena
John Scotus
John
Eriugena


title: John Scotus Eriugena

texts:
 than knowledge". It is precisely this kicking away of discursive multiplicity which can only gesture towards but never fully capture God that accords better to God:For the human mind does know itself, and again does not know itself. For it knows that it is, but does not know what it is.And as we have taught in the earlier books it is this which reveals most clearly the Image of God to be in man. For just as God is comprehensible in the sense that it can be deduced from His creation that he is, and incomprehensible because it cannot be comprehended by any intellect whether human or angelic nor even by Himself what He is, seeing that He is not a thing but is superessential: so to the human mind it is given to know one thing only, that it is — but as to what it is, no sort of notion is permitted; and, a fact which is stranger still and, to those who study God and man, more fair to contemplate, the human mind is more honoured in its ignorance than in its knowledge; for the ignorance in it of what it is is more praiseworthy than the knowledge that it is, just as the negation of God accords better with the praise of His Nature than the affirmation, and it shows greater wisdom not to know than to know that Nature of Which ignorance is the true wisdom and Which is known all the better for not being known. Therefore the Divine Likeness in the human mind is most clearly discerned when it is only known that it is, and not known what it is; and, if I may so put it, what it is, is denied in it, and only that it is, is affirmed. Nor is this unreasonable. For if it were known to be something, then at once it would be limited by some definition, and thereby would cease to be a complete expression of the Image of its Creator, Who is absolutely unlimited and contained within no definition, because He is infinite, beyond all that may be said or comprehended, superessential. Alleged pantheism
De Divisione Naturae was condemned by a council at Sens by Honorius III (1225), for appearing to promote the identity of God and creation, and by Gregory XIII in 1585. According to Max Bernhard Weinstein, Eriugena argued on behalf of something like a panentheistic definition of nature.Lutheran theologian Otto Kirn severely criticised Weinstein, claiming sweeping generalisations and shallow assertions pertaining to Eriugena and other such Neoplatonic theologians. Eriugena maintained that for one to return to God, he must first go forth from Him and so Eriugena himself denied that he was a pantheist. Étienne Gilson also argued that Eriugena's alleged pantheism derived from a misunderstanding of the nature of "division" in the Periphyseon. Gilson writes that when we read Eriugena, "nature" is not meant as a totality of which God and creatures are parts; or as a genus of which God and creatures would be species. God is not all things, nor are all things God and Eriugena explicitly tells us that such a conception is a monstrosity. The division of nature signifies the act by which God expresses himself in hierarchical declension, and making himself known in a hierarchy of beings which are other than, and inferior to, him by being lesser grades of reality; "yet, in point of fact, Erigena only means that each and every creature is essentially a manifestation, under the form of being, of what is above being. The esse of a being is but a light radiated by the superesse, which is God."Historian of philosophy Frederick Copleston summarized the matter thus:
If one takes a particular set of isolated statements of <mask>us one would have to say that he was either a pantheist or a theist. For example, the statement that the distinction between the second and third stages of Nature is due only to the forms of human reasoning is in itself clearly pantheistic, while the statement that the substantial distinction between God and creatures is always preserved is clearly theistic. It might seem that we should opt for one or the other set in an unqualified manner, and it is this attitude which has given rise to the notion that <mask>us was a conscious pantheist who made verbal concessions to orthodoxy with his tongue in his cheek. But if one realises that he was a sincere Christian, who yet attempted to reconcile Christian teaching with a predominantly neo-Platonic philosophy or rather to express the Christian wisdom in the only framework of thought which was then at hand, which happened to be predominantly neo-Platonic one should also be able to realise that, in spite of the tensions involved and the tendency to rationalise Christian dogma, as far as the subjective standpoint of the philosopher [i.e., of <mask>us] was concerned a satisfactory reconciliation was effected. Apocatastasis
Eriugena is believed to have held to a form of apocatastasis or universal reconciliation, which maintains that the universe will eventually be restored under God's dominion. His form of apocatastasis however is fairly unique. It is not Christian Universalism, but rather part of a broader Neoplatonic eschatology.As the cosmos for Eriugena gradually unfolds the grades of reality from the Godhead, so too will the various grades enfold into each other in a cosmic return to God, of which the Incarnation of Christ is a necessary tool for such a reversion. After the resurrection, the division between the sexes shall be abolished and elevated man will be as the fall had never happened for the elect. The body of each person will return to the soul from which it was separated such that, "life will become sense; sense will become reason and reason will become pure thought. A fourth stage will return the human soul to its primary cause or Idea and, together with the soul, the body it has reabsorbed...The fifth and last moment of this universal "analysis" will bring the terrestrial sphere back to Paradise. As this movement will propagate itself from sphere to sphere, nature and all its causes will let themselves be progressively permeated by God as air is by light. From that time and on, there will be nought else but God." However for Eriugena, this deification does not result in annihilation, because he believes that things are more real in their primordial causes than in themselves, and as such he evades the Origenistic apocatastasis whereby the lower grades of reality are annihilated.So, while everything has indeed returned to God in Eriugena's account, material hell is a "pagan superstition", eternal punishment remains as "the supernatural distinction between the chosen and the condemned will remain whole and will persist eternally, but each one will be beatified or punished in his own conscience." Influence
Eriugena's work is distinguished by the freedom of his speculation, and the boldness with which he works out his logical or dialectical system of the universe. He marks a stage of transition from ancient philosophy to the later scholasticism. For him philosophy is not in the service of theology. His assertion that philosophy and religion are fundamentally one and the same is repeated almost word for word by many of the later scholastic writers, but its significance depends upon the selection of one or other term of the identity as fundamental or primary. For Eriugena, philosophy or reason is first or primitive; authority or religion is secondary, derived. Eriugena's influence was greater with mystics, especially Benedictines, than with logicians, but he was responsible for a revival of philosophical thought which had remained largely dormant in western Europe after the death of Boethius.Eriugena is generally classified as a neoplatonist, though was not influenced directly by such philosophers as Plotinus or Iamblichus. Jean Trouillard stated that, although he was almost exclusively dependent on Christian theological texts and the Christian Canon, Eriugena, "reinvented the greater part of the theses of Neoplatonism." St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Within the twelfth-century Cistercian Order, alongside William of Saint-Thierry, St. Bernard of Clairvaux's mystical theology was greatly influenced by the work of Eriugena. His influence came to Bernard through two principal texts;

 i) Eriugena's translation of St. Maximus the Confessor. ii) De Divisione Naturae itself. From both St. Maximus and Eriugena he borrows the Dionysian concept of excessus and a milder version of Eriugena's Neoplatonic reversion and procession but blending it further with the Johannine account of God as Love. "All things move towards God as towards the motionless Sovereign Good.The end of their movement, which is also their own proper good, is to attain this motionless Good. Natural things tend to Him in virtue of their very nature; intelligent beings by way of knowledge and love. Hence the ecstatic movement which bears them on towards Him... the effect of this excessus is to make him who loves fiat totum in toto amato (op. cit. , 1 202 A), in such a way that there now remains nothing for him to will of his own will. Circumscribed by God on all sides, he is as air flooded with light, or as iron liquefied in the fire." And like Eriugena, the liquefaction and fusion of the soul in ecstasy does not involve its annihilation, but rather keeps the soul's essence perfectly intact and perfects it further.St. Hildegard von Bingen

St. Hildegard's Ordo Viritutum and Scivias express much of an influence from Eriugena. Following in the Irish theologian's footsteps, Hildegard boldly admits the possibility of an individual who is raised above the angel, implying an intersubjective contact within the Godhead. In this unique medieval interpretation of the ontological scale, the Platonic mean serves not as a lower reflection but as a type of interface linking divine and sublunary worlds within the mind of its user. A common theme which she borrows from him also is the notion of cosmological, top-down hierarchies that both contain, and are transcended by, the human as Imago Dei. Hildegard also follows Eriugena on his account of intersubjectivity as well as his view of the soul's return through the cosmos to God. "The networked centricities in the Ordo allow distant tonalities to be drawn close, collapsing linear progressions into folded, synoptic structures. In this way, Eriugena’s intersubjective proximity through spherical absorption... becomes one of the organizing principles of the Ordo Virtutum as a whole, and its expression of what we might today call the phenomenological aspects of a spiritual pilgrimage, the soul’s navigatio through the chaos of the world, its re-ordering, and return to the One, i.e., the celestial city Ordo Virtutum 86 (celestem Ierusalem)."Nicholas of Cusa

As Catà argues, the philosophical relationship between <mask>a and Nicholas of Cusa, connecting directly two different thinkers through six centuries, is a fundamental moment in the history of Christian Neoplatonism. Cusanus is the most significant interpreter of Eriugena's thought, between Eckhart and the German Idealism. "The strong influence of the Irish philosopher on Cusanus’ work is decisive. The idea of God as the infinite One wherein all beings are contained; and the conception of the universe as a self-creation of God, elaborated by Eriugena, constitute the fulcrum of Cusanus’ metaphysical system." Modern philosophy

Leszek Kołakowski, a Polish Marx scholar, has mentioned Eriugena as one of the primary influences on Hegel's, and therefore Marx's, dialectical form. In particular, he called De Divisione Naturae a prototype of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Eriugena's systematic earned the reputation as the "Hegel of the ninth century," among German Hegelian scholars,

Legacy

Eriugena gives his name to the John Scottus School in Dublin.<mask> also appeared on the Series B £5 note, in use between 1976 and 1992. Bertrand Russell called him "the most astonishing person of the ninth century". The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy states he "is the most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period. He is generally recognized to be both the outstanding philosopher (in terms of originality) of the Carolingian era and of the whole period of Latin philosophy stretching from Boethius to Anselm". William of Malmesbury
William of Malmesbury's humorous anecdote illustrates both the character of Eriugena and the position he occupied at the French court. The king having asked,  (What separates a sot [drunkard] from an Irishman? ), Eriugena replied,  (Only a Table).William of Malmesbury is not considered a reliable source on <mask> Eriugena by modern scholars. For example, his reports that Eriugena is buried at Malmesbury  is doubted by scholars  who say that William confused <mask>a with a different monk named <mask>. William's report on the manner of Eriugena's death, killed by the pens of his students, also appears to be a legend. "It seems certain that this is due to confusion with another <mask> and that the manner of <mask>'s death is borrowed from the Acts of St. Cassian of Imola. Feast: (at Malmesbury), 28 January." Works

Translations
Johannis Scotti Eriugenae Periphyseon: (De Divisione Naturae), 3 vols, edited by I. P. Sheldon-Williams, (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968–1981) [the Latin and English text of Books 1–3 of De Divisione Naturae]
Periphyseon (The Division of Nature), tr. I. P. Sheldon-Williams and JJ O'Meara, (Montreal: Bellarmin, 1987) [The Latin text is published in É. Jeauneau, ed, CCCM 161–165.]The Voice of the Eagle. The Heart of Celtic Christianity: <mask> <mask>'s Homily on the Prologue to the Gospel of St. John, translated and introduced by Christopher Bamford, (Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne; Edinburgh: Floris, 1990) [reprinted Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne, 2000] [translation of Homilia in prologum Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem]
Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Periphyseon (De divisione naturae), edited by Édouard A. Jeauneau; translated into English by <mask>. O'Meara and I.P. Sheldon-Williams, (Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1995) [the Latin and English text of Book 4 of De divisione naturae]
Glossae divinae historiae: the Biblical glosses of <mask> Eriugena, edited by <mask>. Contreni and Pádraig P. Ó Néill, (Firenze: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1997)
Treatise on divine predestination, translated by Mary Brennan, (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998) [translation of De divina praedestinatione liber.] A Thirteenth-Century Textbook of Mystical Theology at the University of Paris: the Mystical Theology of Dionysius the Areopagite in <mask>'s Latin Translation, with the Scholia translated by Anastasius the Librarian, and Excerpts from Eriugena's Periphyseon, translated and introduced by L. Michael Harrington, Dallas medieval texts and translations 4, (Paris; Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2004)
Paul Rorem, Eriugena's Commentary on the Dionysian Celestial Hierarchy, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005). [The Latin text is published in Expositiones in Ierarchiam coelestem Iohannis Scoti Eriugenae, ed J. Barbet, CCCM 31, (1975).] Iohannis Scotti Erivgenae: Carmina, edited by Michael W. Herren, (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1993)

See also
 Apocatastasis
Augustinianism
 Berengarians
De Divisione Naturae
 Mystical Theology
Neoplatonism
 Neoplatonism and Christianity
Pseudo-Dionysius

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading
 . [This argues that Eriugena's knowledge of Greek was not completely thorough.]Paul Rorem. "The Early Latin Dionysius: Eriugena and Hugh of St Victor." Modern Theology 24:4, (2008). <mask>. "'The Harmony of All Things': Music, Soul, and Cosmos in the Writings of <mask>us Eriugena." PhD diss., Florida State University, 2014. Carabine, Deirdre (2000).<mask> <mask>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 1-4237-5969-9. OCLC 64712052. Carabine, Deirdre (1995). The Unknown God, Negative Theology in the Platonic Tradition: Plato to Eriugena.Louvain: Peeters Press. Moran, Dermot (1989). The Philosophy of <mask>us Eriugena; A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O'Meara, <mask> (2002). Eriugena. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Sushkov, Sergei N (2015). Being and creation in the Theology of <mask>us Eriugena: an approach to a new way of thinking. University of Glasgow. Gersh, Stephen (1978). From Iamblichus to Eriugena: An Investigation of the Prehistory and Evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysian Tradition. Leiden: Brill. External links

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800 births
877 deaths
9th-century Christian mystics
9th-century Christian theologians
9th-century Irish writers
9th-century Latin writers
9th-century philosophers
9th-century translators
Augustinian philosophers
<mask>us
Catholic philosophers
Greek–Latin translators
Irish biblical scholars
Irish expatriates in France
Irish Latinists
Irish male poets
Irish philosophers
Neoplatonists
Scholastic philosophers
Writers of the Carolingian

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John Scot
John Scot
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John Eriugen
John Scotus
John Scotus
John Eriugen
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Eriugena
John J
John Scottus
John J
Eriugena
John MacIis
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John Scottus
Eriugena
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