title: Anne Sharp

texts:
<mask> (24 October 1916 – 25 August 2011) was a Scottish coloratura soprano particularly associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten. Background and education
<mask> was born in Motherwell, Lanarkshire, the eighth and youngest child in a family of keen amateur musicians. Her father was an engineer in the steel industry, and also an amateur singer and choirmaster. She attended Glencairn Primary School and Dalziel High School in Motherwell. After leaving school she worked as a secretary while taking private singing lessons, and in 1941 she began studying at the Scottish National Academy of Music in Glasgow, winning the Jean Highgate singing scholarship in 1943. During her years of study, which coincided with the Second World War, she also sang in the choir of Glasgow Cathedral. She gained the Performer's Diploma in Solo Singing from what was by then the Royal Scottish Academy of Music in 1944, and similar diplomas awarded by Trinity College London and The Royal Academy of Music in 1946.In the summer of 1946 the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, was re-establishing itself after the Second World War, and to this end a series of auditions was held in various centres around the country to recruit singers for the opera chorus. <mask>, who attended the Glasgow audition, was one of seven Scots who were successful. A contemporary newspaper article reported:

London career
At the Royal Opera House, <mask> sang in the chorus in the first post-war production, Purcell's The Fairy Queen, then in the 1947 productions of Bizet's Carmen, Massenet's Manon and Mozart's The Magic Flute. In March 1947 she became a founder member of Benjamin Britten's English Opera Group, singing Britten roles at Glyndebourne, Sadler's Wells, Lucerne, Scheveningen, Oslo and Copenhagen as well as the company's home base at Aldeburgh. Able to pass as a teenager even in her thirties, she sang the role of "tiresome village child" Emmie Spatchett in Albert Herring, the centrepiece of the first Aldeburgh Festival in June 1948. She created the roles of (13-year-old) Cis Woodger in Albert Herring and Molly Brazen in Britten's 1948 adaptation of The Beggar's Opera, as well as Juliet Brook in The Little Sweep, a part written for her by Britten. In the play Let's Make an Opera!which precedes The Little Sweep, in which the characters were named for the original cast members, "Annie Dougall" (a bank clerk) who takes the part of the 14-year-old Juliet was originally played as a Scots girl, with the original libretto containing a number of Scots expressions for that character. Britten initially conceived the role of Polly Peachum in The Beggar's Opera for <mask>, but while composing the opera changed his concept of the character to a mezzo-soprano role. The part was eventually created by Nancy Evans. Between 1948 and 1950 she appeared in live radio broadcasts of Albert Herring, Let's Make an Opera! and The Beggar's Opera on the BBC Third Programme and the BBC Home Service. In February 1950 Let's Make an Opera! was broadcast live on BBC television, one of the earliest televised operas.Other performances during this period included the soprano solo parts in Bach's Mass in B minor, Handel's Messiah and A German Requiem by Brahms, and solo recitals for the BBC Third Programme including Handel's Lusinghe piu care and "Ständchen" by Richard Straus. Operatic roles included the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Micaëla in a concert performance of Bizet's Carmen. She created the title role in Lawrance Collingwood's little-known opera The Death of Tintagiles, at its only performance in April 1950. Vocal quality
Elisabeth Parry, a contemporary in the English Opera Group, described <mask> as having "... a lovely natural very high soprano voice, which never seemed to give her any problem. In our digs we used to tease her because she could get out of bed in the morning and lie in the bath singing up to E in alt." In 1950 the Totnes Times described "a charming presentation of the Queen of the Night." In 1957 the North Star reviewed her performance in Messiah as follows:

Marriage and later life
In December 1950, <mask> married Rev.James Lyon Kerr, a Church of Scotland minister. She continued her operatic career in London intermittently after her marriage, but after the birth of their daughter in 1953 concentrated on oratorio roles in Scotland. In the last four years of her life, <mask> lived with her daughter in West Linton, Peeblesshire. She died in Edinburgh on 25 August 2011, aged 94. Recordings
 Molly Brazen, in the 1948 BBC radio original cast performance of The Beggar's Opera, issued by Pearl in April 2005. Emmie Spatchett, in a 1949 performance of Albert Herring recorded live at the Theatre Royal, Copenhagen, issued by Nimbus in September 2008. The 1949 BBC archive recording of Let's Make an Opera!with <mask> in the dual role of <mask> and Juliet Brook is not commercially available. References

External links
 Britten-Pears Foundation article on The Little Sweep
 Nimbus recording of 1949 performance of Albert Herring
 Guide to Musical Theatre article on The Beggar's Opera
 Pearl original cast recording of The Beggar's Opera
<mask> in the original 1949 production of Let's Make an Opera! Let's Make an Opera! play, rehearsing the audience (extreme left) (Getty Images)
 Let's Make an Opera! play, rehearsing the audience in the "Night Song" (second from left) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 1, freeing Sammy from the chimney (left, standing) (This picture is wrongly dated, being from the 1949 production not the 1951 revival.) (Boosey & Hawkes)
 The Little Sweep beginning of scene 2, Sammy's bath (extreme right) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, trying to lift the trunk (centre, rear) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, final tableau (extreme right) (Boosey & Hawkes / ArenaPAL : Performing Arts Image Library)

People from Motherwell
Scottish operatic sopranos
People educated at Dalziel High School
1916 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Scottish women opera singers

masks:
Anne Sharp
Anne Smellie Graham Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Anne Sharp
Anne Dougall
Anne Sharp


title: Christine Nixon

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (born 11 June 1953) is an Australian former police officer who was the chief commissioner of Victoria Police from 23 April 2001 to 27 February 2009, being the first female chief commissioner in any Australian state police force. After leaving Victoria Police, she was appointed as chair of the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority in February 2009 until she stood down from the position in July 2010. Education
<mask> attended Macquarie University before attaining a Master of Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Police career
The daughter of <mask>, an assistant commissioner with the New South Wales Police Force, <mask> began her policing career with the same police force in 1972, also rising to the rank of Assistant Commissioner. She was appointed Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police in April 2001 by the Bracks Labor government. Having initially set a retirement date of late March 2009, <mask> departed earlier at the request of the Victorian Government to take on responsibility for the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority. She was succeeded as Chief Commissioner by Simon Overland.Pride March

As Chief Commissioner, <mask> marched in uniform during Melbourne's gay and lesbian 'Pride March', run as part of the Midsumma Festival. <mask> is heterosexual but marched to express her support for gay and lesbian causes, stating "What I'm doing is supporting decent and reasonable people who want to get on with their lives, and they have been treated appallingly previously by the Police, and I'm prepared to do something about it. And if it's a small symbol of marching with them, then that would be a reasonable thing to do." Criticism
<mask> was criticised when she joined her husband, John Becquet, a former Qantas senior executive of crew operations, on the October 2008 inaugural international flight of Qantas' Airbus A380 airliner from Melbourne to Los Angeles, as guests of Qantas in an all-expenses-paid, three-day trip. Ms <mask> called the trip "reasonable" and commented that she was accompanying her husband, and that she had not had a holiday in about 12 months. Mr Becquet defended the trip by saying they were invited to LA after a chance meeting with a Qantas executive. "I am normally her handbag but on this she's my handbag."The couple celebrated their 16th wedding anniversary during this week. The head of the Office of Police Integrity, Michael Strong, sought information on the matter from Ms <mask> at a time of calls for her to reimburse the airline for the cost of the trip. Royal commission
<mask> was called to appear before the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission concerning her actions as chief commissioner during the Black Saturday bushfires on 7 February 2009. Counsel assisting the commission, Rachel Doyle SC, questioned <mask> on issues such as a morning hairdressing appointment, a lunchtime meeting with her biographer and an evening dinner at a restaurant, all during the worst day of the bushfires. <mask> defended her actions, stating, "It was not my job to swoop in and take control. When you have good people who are more skilled in emergency management than I am, you let those people do the job." Bushfire authority
In February 2009 <mask> assumed responsibility for the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority, the agency tasked with rebuilding areas affected by the Black Saturday bushfires of February 2009.She stood down from the position on 17 July 2010, and announced she would take on a voluntary advisory role with the authority. Chair of RACGP
In October 2019 <mask> was selected as the chair of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) board. This was the first time in the college's 61-year history that a non-GP was chosen for the role. She had been on the RACGP council since 2017. RACGP president Harry Nespolon praised her prior skills in leading large organisations and said of the appointment, "Ideally we would have a GP chairing the RACGP as a member-based organisation, but at the moment, <mask> is the right person." Other positions
<mask> was a non-executive director of Foster's Group from 1 April 2010 to 31 August 2010. She also serves as Patron or Advisor to the Alannah and Madeline Foundation, Onside Victoria, Operation Newstart Victoria and The Phoenix Club Inc. She has been appointed as the Deputy Chancellor of Monash University.Awards
<mask> has been awarded the Australian Police Medal, the National Medal, the Centenary Medal, the New South Wales Police Medal and clasps for Ethical and Diligent Service and the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Citation. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for "law enforcement, to women in policing, and to tertiary education" in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours. Health
On 18 July 2010 <mask> was taken to hospital. She subsequently underwent gall bladder surgery. Memoirs
In 2011 <mask> published her memoirs in the book Fair Cop (), which she wrote with Jo Chandler. The book was launched by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard. It was criticised by the Police Association Victoria for what the association claims is a biased recollection of events, and by the Herald Sun.See also
 Crime in Melbourne
 Women in law enforcement

References

External links
 <mask> official website
 About <mask> from the Victoria Police website
 <mask> featured on Australian Story
 <mask> interviewed on Radio National
 Trust us, says police chief
 Honorary doctorate for <mask>
 <mask>, <mask> (1953–) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1953 births
Living people
Chief Commissioners of Victoria Police
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
People from Sydney
Police officers from Melbourne
Officers of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Police Medal
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Women police officers

masks:
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Ross Nixon
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Christine
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Christine


title: Ruth Shipley

texts:
<mask> (April 20, 1885 – November 3, 1966) was an American government employee who served as the head of the Passport Division of the United States Department of State for 27 years, from 1928 to 1955. Her decisions to refuse passports were widely seen as  undemocratic, dictatorial, whimsical and often personal. Early life and education

<mask> was born <mask> on April 20, 1885 in Montgomery County, Maryland, the daughter of a Methodist minister. She attended high school in Washington, D.C. and took the civil service examination after graduating. Career
<mask> first worked for the United States Patent and Trademark Office beginning in 1908. She joined the State Department on August 25, 1914. In 1924, she became assistant chief of the Office of Coordination and Review.Passport Division

She became head of the Passport Division in 1928, the first woman to hold the position, after twice declining the appointment. She succeeded foreign service officer Parker Wilson Buhrman and initially headed a staff of more than 70. In 1930, she joined the United States delegation to the Hague conference on the codification of international law. Three years later, she led a successful campaign over the objections of some at the State Department, to prevent a magazine's advertising campaign from using the word "passport" to identify its promotional literature. She believed it "cheapened...the high plane to which a passport had been raised." In 1937, she altered the Passport Division's policies and began issuing passports in a married woman's maiden name alone if she requested it, no longer followed by the phrase "wife of". She noted that the passports of married men never carried "husband of" as further identification.The Neutrality Act of 1939 restricted travel by American citizens to certain areas and forbade transport on the ships of nations involved in hostilities. Shipley reviewed every application personally and the number of passports issued fell from 75,000 monthly in 1930 to 2,000. She also oversaw the issuance of new passports to all citizens abroad and the incorporation of new anti-counterfeiting measures into their design. In 1945, Fortune called her "redoubtable" and in 1951 Time described her as "the most invulnerable, most unfirable, most feared and most admired career woman in Government." That same year Reader's Digest wrote that: "No American can go abroad without her authorization. She decides whether the applicant is entitled to a passport and also whether he would be a hazard to Uncle Sam's security or create prejudice against the United States by unbecoming conduct." In 1942, she was criticized for issuing a passport to a Polish-American Catholic priest who visited Joseph Stalin to plead for a democratic post-war Poland.Her decision was defended by President Roosevelt. By the end of World War II, her staff included more than 200 employees. Because of her personal role in issuing passports, many important figures corresponded with and met with her to document their reasons for travel abroad, including W. E. B. Du Bois, playwright Lillian Hellman, and Manhattan project physicist Martin David Kamen. Upon her retirement, an editorial in the New York Times attributed her reputation for "arbitrary" decision to the fact that she had to enforce newly restrictive government policies. Despite the conflict between individual freedom and government policies, it said, "there was never any doubt that Mrs. Shipley did her duty as she saw it." She retired on April 30, 1955, when she reached the mandatory retirement age of 70.She said that she chose her successor, Frances G. Knight, herself. The State Department awarded her its Distinguished Service Medal upon retirement. Her decisions to withhold issuance of great numbers of passports were seen as arbitrary, and her actions presented unwarranted difficulties impeding the travel of many U.S. citizens. Controversies
Her authority was widely acknowledged and rarely challenged with success. Decisions of the Passport Division were not subject to judicial review during her years of service and her authority was described as "limitless discretion." Bill Donovan of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) first tried to win favor with <mask> by hiring her brother. When she nevertheless insisted on identifying OSS agents by noting "on Official Business" on their passports, Donovan had to get President Roosevelt to reverse her.Her efforts to deny travel privileges to the children of U.S. diplomats were similarly overridden in the years following World War II. In the 1950s, she became the object of controversy when critics accused her of denying passports without due process on the basis of politics, while critics defended her actions as attempts to support the fight against Communism. Senator Wayne Morse called her decisions "tyrannical and capricious" for failure to disclose the reasons for the denial of passport applications. Her supporters included Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Senator Pat McCarran. Such decisions were made necessary by Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of a communist organization to use or obtain a passport. This provision was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1964 decision in the case of Aptheker v. Secretary of State.) In September 1952, Secretary of State Dean Acheson called his relations with Shipley's "Queendom of Passports" "a hard struggle" and said that passport, travel and visa issues were "the most distasteful part of this job."In 1953, she refused Linus Pauling a passport for travel to travel to accept the Nobel Prize in Chemistry because, using the standard language of her office, it "would not be in the best interests of the United States," but was overruled. Personal life
She married to Frederick W. van Dorn <mask> in 1909. She left government service for several years while the couple lived in the Panama Canal Zone, where he worked in government administration until his poor health forced their return to the United States. They had a son born in 1911. Her husband died in 1919. The American Jewish League Against Communism gave her an award for "a lifetime of service to the American people." She died in Washington, D.C., on November 3, 1966.She is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Family
<mask>'s grandfather Alexander Bielaski died fighting for the Union at the Battle of Belmont and her uncle Oscar Bielaski was a professional baseball player. Her brother A. Bruce Bielaski headed the Bureau of Investigation, later the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in the Department of Justice during World War I.

Footnotes

Further reading

"<mask>: The State Department's Watchdog," Reader's Digest, vol. 59, July 1951. People from Montgomery County, Maryland
American civil servants
McCarthyism
People from Washington, D.C.
1885 births
1966 deaths
American people of Polish descent

masks:
Ruth Bielaski Shipley
Shipley
Ruth Bielaski
Shipley
Shipley
Shipley
Shipley
Ruth Shipley


title: Etta Place

texts:
<mask> ( ,  ?) was a companion of the American outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker, alias Butch Cassidy and Harry Alonzo Longabaugh, alias Sundance Kid. The three were members of the outlaw gang known as Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch. She was principally the companion of Longabaugh. Little is known about her; both her origin and her fate remain unknown. The Pinkerton Detective Agency described her, in 1906, as having, "classic good looks, 27 or 28 years old, 5'4" to 5'5" [163–165 cm] in height, weighing between , with a medium build and brown hair." Life with Sundance Kid
According to a memorandum from the Pinkerton Detective Agency, dated July 29, 1902, she was "said ... to be from Texas", and in another Pinkerton document dated 1906, she is described as being, "27 to 28 years old", placing her birth in 1878 or 1879.A hospital staff record from Denver, where she received treatment in May 1900, reports her age as "22 or 23", putting her birth year at 1877 or 1878. Like <mask> <mask>’s history, her name is somewhat ambiguous. "<mask>" was the maiden surname of Longabaugh's mother (<mask>), and she is recorded in various sources as Mrs. Harry Longabaugh or Mrs. Harry A<mask>. In the one instance where she is known to have signed her name, she did so as "Mrs. <mask>". The Pinkertons called her "Ethel", "Ethal", "Eva", and "Rita" before finally settling on "<mask>" for its wanted posters. Her name may have become "<mask>" after she moved to South America, where Spanish speakers had trouble pronouncing "Ethel".In February 1901, <mask> <mask> accompanied Longabaugh to New York City, where at Tiffany's jewelers they purchased a lapel watch and stickpin, and posed for the now-famous DeYoung portrait at a studio in Union Square on Broadway. It is one of only two known images of her. On February 20, 1901, she sailed with Longabaugh and Parker (who was now posing as "James Ryan," her fictional brother), aboard the British ship Herminius for Buenos Aires. There, she settled with the two outlaws on a ranch  they had purchased near Cholila in the Chubut Province of southwest Argentina, living in a four-room log cabin on the east bank of the Blanco River. Under a new 1884 law, they were granted 15,000 acres (61 km²) of adjacent land to develop, 2,500 of which belonged to <mask>, who has the distinction of being the first woman in Argentina to acquire land under the new act, as land ownership had previously been denied to women. On March 3, 1902,  Longabaugh and she returned to New York City on the SS Soldier Prince, probably to visit family and friends in the United States. On April 2, they registered at a Mrs. Thompson's rooming house in New York City.They toured Coney Island and visited his family (originally from Mont Clare, Pennsylvania, but by then living in Atlantic City, New Jersey). They also possibly traveled to a Dr. Pierce's Invalid Hotel in Buffalo, New York, for unspecified medical treatment. They then traveled west, where again they sought medical treatment, this time in Denver, Colorado. They returned to Buenos Aires from New York on July 10, 1902, aboard the steamer Honorius, posing as stewards. On August 9, she was with Longabaugh at the Hotel Europa in Buenos Aires, and on the 15th, she sailed with him aboard the steamer SS Chubut to return to their ranch. In the summer of 1904, she made another visit with Longabaugh to the United States, where the Pinkerton Detective Agency traced them to Fort Worth, Texas, and to the St. Louis World Fair, but failed to arrest them before they returned to Argentina. In early 1905, the trio sold the Cholila ranch, as once again the law was beginning to catch up with them.The Pinkerton Agency had known their precise address for months, but the rainy season prevented their assigned agent, Frank Dimaio, from traveling there and making an arrest. Governor Julio Lezana issued an arrest warrant, but before it could be executed, Sheriff Edward Humphreys, a Welsh Argentinian who was friendly with Parker and enamored of <mask>, tipped them off. The trio fled north to San Carlos de Bariloche, where they embarked on the steamer Condor across Lake Nahuel Huapi and into Chile. By the end of that year, however, they were back in Argentina. On December 19, 1904, <mask> took part, along with Longabaugh, Parker, and an unknown male, in the robbery of the Banco de la Nacion in Villa Mercedes, 400 miles west of Buenos Aires. Pursued by armed lawmen, they crossed the Pampas and the Andes and again into Chile. <mask> had long been tired of life on the run, and deeply lamented the loss of their ranch.At her request, on June 30, 1906, Longabaugh accompanied her from Valparaiso, Chile, to San Francisco, where she apparently remained while he returned permanently to South America. After this parting, no evidence shows that Longabaugh and <mask> ever saw one another again. Mysteries
Those who had met <mask> claimed the first thing they noticed about her was that she was strikingly pretty, with a very nice smile, and that she was cordial, articulate, refined in speech and manners, and an excellent shot with a rifle. She was said to have spoken in an educated manner, and she indicated she was originally from the East Coast, although she never revealed an exact location. Years later, eyewitnesses said that <mask> was one of only five women known to have been allowed into the Wild Bunch hideout at Robbers Roost in southern Utah, the other four having been Will Carver's girlfriend Josie Bassett, who also was involved with Parker for a time; Josie's sister and Parker's longtime girlfriend Ann Bassett; Elzy Lay's girlfriend Maude Davis; and gang member Laura Bullion. <mask> was believed to have once been married to a schoolteacher, and at least one person claimed <mask> herself was a teacher who abandoned her husband and two children to be with Longabaugh. It has also been speculated that she met the gang while working as a prostitute and was originally Parker's lover, and became involved with Longabaugh later, but no direct evidence of this has been found.She may have met Parker and/or Longabaugh in the brothel of Madame Fannie Porter in San Antonio, which was frequented by members of the Wild Bunch gang. Several gang members met girlfriends at Madame Porter's, who later traveled with them, including Kid Curry and Della Moore, a prostitute, and Will Carver and Lillie Davis. Wild Bunch female gang member Laura Bullion is believed to have worked at the brothel from time to time. Identity theories

Ethel Bishop
<mask>'s real name has been suggested to be Ethel Bishop. Such a woman lived at another brothel, at 212 Concho Street, around the corner from Madame Porter's. On the 1900 census, Bishop's occupation was given as "unemployed music teacher". Born in West Virginia in September 1876, she was 23 at the time.The Ethel Bishop hypothesis combines the claim that she was a schoolteacher with the one that she was a prostitute. Ann Bassett
Another conjecture is that she was a cattle rustler named Ann Bassett (1878–1956), who knew and ran with the Wild Bunch at the turn of the 20th century. Both Bassett and <mask> were attractive women, with similar facial features, body frame, and hair color. Bassett was born in 1878, the same year <mask> was thought to have been born. Dr. Thomas G. Kyle of the Computer Research Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory, who performed many photographic comparisons for government intelligence agencies, conducted a series of tests on photographs of <mask> <mask> and Ann Bassett. Both had the same scar or cowlick at the top of their forehead. Dr. Kyle concluded that there could be no reasonable doubt they were the same person.Historian Doris Karren Burton also investigated the lives of both women and published a book in 1992 claiming they were one and the same. However, Bassett and <mask>'s chronologies do not align. Several documents prove that Bassett was in Wyoming during much of the time when <mask> was in South America. Bassett was arrested and briefly incarcerated in Utah for rustling cattle in 1903, while <mask> was in South America with Longabaugh and Parker. Bassett also married her first husband in Utah that year, so could not have been in South America during that time. Eunice Gray
A once-popular theory held that she was Eunice Gray, who for many years operated a brothel in Fort Worth,  and later ran the Waco Hotel there until she died in a fire in January 1962. Gray once told Delbert Willis of the Fort Worth Press, "I've lived in Fort Worth since 1901.That is except for the time I had to high-tail it out of town. Went to South America for a few years ... until things settled down." Willis conceded that Gray never claimed to be <mask> <mask>; he merely made that connection on his own, given the similarities in their ages, and the period in which Gray said she was in South America coinciding with <mask>'s time there. Gray was described as a beautiful woman, and Willis believed that <mask> and Gray held a striking resemblance to one another, but no photographs of Gray from that period are available to compare with <mask>'s. In 2007, amateur genealogist Donna Donnell found Eunice Gray on a 1911 passenger list from Panama. Following that lead, she tracked down Gray's niece, who had two photographs of her; one was taken at her high-school graduation circa 1896, and another from sometime in the 1920s. Comparing those photos to <mask>'s, both agreed that Eunice Gray was definitely not <mask> <mask>.Madaline Wilson
Yet another theory suggests that <mask> was actually Madaline Wilson, another woman in Fannie Porter's brothel. Sleuth Tony Hays notes that of the five women in Fannie's "boarding house", all were born around 1878–80. One woman, 22-year-old Wilson, appeared in the 1900 census records of Bexar County, Texas, immediately beneath Madame Porter's name. Like Porter, Wilson was listed as being of English birth, immigrating to the United States in 1884 at the age of six. Hays theorizes that Wilson changed her name, and that her British accent, tempered by 16 years in America, might be described as "refined". All traces of Wilson disappeared after the 1900 census after <mask> and Longabaugh left town. Life after Longabaugh
Considerable debate still remains over when <mask>'s relationship with Longabaugh ended.Some claims indicate that <mask> ended her relationship with Longabaugh and returned to the United States before his death. Others believe that the two remained romantically involved, and that she simply tired of life in South America. By 1907, she was known to have been living in San Francisco, but after that, she vanished without a trace. In 1909, a woman matching <mask>'s description asked Frank Aller (US vice consul in Antofagasta, Chile) for assistance in obtaining a death certificate for Longabaugh. No such certificate was issued, and the woman's identity was never ascertained. Author Richard Llewellyn claimed that while in Argentina, he found indications that <mask> had moved to Paraguay following the death of Longabaugh, and that she had married a wealthy man. Also, rumors arose that <mask> <mask> was in fact Edith Mae, wife of famous boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who retired to a ranch in Paraguay shortly after promoting the famous fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in 1910.A Pinkerton report states that a woman matching <mask>'s description was killed in a shootout resulting from a domestic dispute with a man named Mateo Gebhart in Chubut, Argentina, in March 1922. Another report claims she committed suicide in 1924 in Argentina, and yet another states that she died of natural causes in 1966. Various additional claims have been made about her life after the death of Longabaugh. Some believe that she returned to New York City, while other theories suggest she moved back to Texas and started a new life there. One claim is that she returned to her life as a schoolteacher, living the remainder of her life in Denver, Colorado, and another story says she lived the remainder of her life teaching in Marion, Oregon. Also various claims contend that she returned to prostitution, living the remainder of her life in Texas, California, or New York, but these claims are mere speculation, without any supporting evidence. Researcher Larry Pointer, author of the 1977 book In Search of Butch Cassidy, wrote that <mask>'s identity and fate are "one of the most intriguing riddles in western history.Leads develop only to dissolve into ambiguity." Fact timelines generally accepted by historians
 1899–1900: <mask> was living in Texas and being courted by Harry A. Longabaugh, also known as the Sundance Kid. Some stories claim <mask> was a housekeeper or possibly a prostitute in Fannie Porter's sporting house during this time. December 1900: <mask> and Longabaugh reportedly marry, he using the alias Harry A<mask>, shortly after he is photographed in the famous Fort Worth Five photo. No record of the marriage is known to exist. January 1901: Longabaugh and <mask> visit his family in Mont Clare, Pennsylvania.February 1901: Longabaugh and <mask> visit New York City and Tiffany's Jewelers. February 20, 1901: Longabaugh and Place board the RMS Herminius bound for Buenos Aires. March 3, 1902: Longabaugh and Place sail on the ship S.S. Soldier Prince from Argentina to New York City. Pinkerton detectives find evidence that <mask> was homesick and wanting to visit her family, but were unable to identify who her family was. April 2, 1902: Longabaugh and Place register at Mrs. Thompson's Boarding House in New York City, and visit members of his family in Atlantic City, New Jersey, then visit Coney Island. July 10, 1902: <mask> and Longabaugh pose as stewards and sail on the steamer Honorius back to Argentina.August 9, 1902: <mask> registers them at the Hotel Europa in Buenos Aires. Early to late 1903: Parker's former lover Ann Bassett marries a rancher by the name of Henry Bernard, and shortly thereafter is arrested for rustling. Summer 1904: <mask> and Longabaugh sail again to New York City to visit her family. Once again Pinkerton detectives discover she is homesick, but cannot discover the identity of her family. May 1, 1905: <mask>, Longabaugh, and Parker decide to sell their ranch in Cholila, Argentina, and leave South America to avoid the law there. Longabaugh and <mask> sail to San Francisco, where she remains, and he returns to South America. 1907: <mask> is living alone in San Francisco, and there is no evidence she has seen Longabaugh since his departure two years prior.July 31, 1909: A woman matching <mask>'s description attempts to obtain a death certificate following Longabaugh's death in Bolivia so that she can settle his estate. She disappears from all historical records after that. With Longabaugh dead, Pinkerton's interest in her location wanes, and her trail goes cold. Media depictions
 In the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, <mask> <mask> is depicted as a schoolteacher. Screenwriter William Goldman was suspicious of claims that <mask> was a prostitute; he believed she was too attractive and vibrant to have worked as a prostitute, a profession that tended to age women prematurely and tax their health. <mask> was portrayed in the film by Katharine Ross. Elizabeth Montgomery portrayed <mask> <mask> in Mrs. Sundance, a highly fictionalized 1974 television movie.Katharine Ross reprised her role as <mask> <mask> in Wanted: The Sundance Woman, a fictionalized 1976 made-for-television movie. In the 1994 TV movie The Gambler V: Playing for Keeps, <mask> <mask> is played by Mariska Hargitay. In the 2004 TV movie The Legend of Butch & Sundance, Rachelle Lefevre portrays <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> was played by Dominique McElligott in the 2011 film Blackthorn. <mask> <mask> was the central character in Etta: A Novel by Gerald Kolpan, published in 2009 by Ballantine Books. See also
 Outlaws
 American Old West

References

Further reading
 Answer Man: Mysterious Etta Place by Chuck Parsons

External links
 Etta Place at Sundance Kid and Henry Long

1870s births
American emigrants to Argentina
Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch
People from Texas
Year of death unknown

masks:
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title: Ralph Heimans

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<mask> (born 1970), , is an Australian-British contemporary portrait painter based in London, England. He is considered to be "one of today's leading portrait artists". He is best known for his large-scale Royal portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, Prince of Wales, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, along with portraits of leading contemporary cultural figures. In 2014, Heimans was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia for Services to Portraiture. Royal portraits
Heimans was selected to paint the official Diamond Jubilee portrait of The Queen in 2012, The Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II. It forms part of the Collection of Westminster Abbey and is on permanent display in the newly opened Triforium Gallery. In 2017, Heimans produced a portrait of The Duke of Edinburgh to mark his retirement from public duties and highlight his family history and Danish roots.Facilitated by Buckingham Palace and Frederiksborg Castle, the Danish Museum of National History, the portrait is in the Royal Collection and on display in St James's Palace. In 2018, his portrait of The Prince of Wales was unveiled at Australia House in London to mark the Prince's 70th birthday. The work, set in Dumfries House, focuses on the Prince's commitment to environmental protection and sustainability, architectural preservation and the notions of harmony between the natural world and the built environment. The portrait is part of the Royal Collection and will be on display in Dumfries House. Heimans was commissioned by Frederiksborg Castle to paint Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, who unveiled his portrait in May 2018 to mark his 50th birthday. The portrait is a companion piece to Heimans’ 2006 critically acclaimed portrait of Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark. Her first official portrait, which was unveiled in Frederiksborg Castle in 2006 was praised for its multi-layered narrative and sophisticated treatment of the young princess..."a symphony of shadows."Portraits of cultural icons
Other notable works by Heimans include, culturally significant figures such as actors Dame Judi Dench and Sir Ben Kingsley. His portrait of pianist and conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy was produced in collaboration with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and is now in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery of Australia. Well known Australian public figures include Michael Kirby (judge) (NPG Canberra) and Dame Quentin Bryce (Parliament House). His Shakespeare400 series of celebrated authors, including Margaret Atwood, Howard Jacobson, Anne Tyler, Gillian Flynn, Tracy Chevalier and Jo Nesbo was exhibited at Globe Theatre in 2016. Exhibitions and public collections
In May 2018, a major retrospective at Frederiksborg Castle, the Museum of National History, opened by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, saw many of Heimans most celebrated portraits displayed. The Director of the Museum, Mette Skougaard said the exhibition gave viewers "a rare opportunity to appreciate the range and depth of one of today's leading portrait artists". "Heimans's luminous work is built on a foundation of traditional techniques through a mastery of complex composition his subjects are woven into their surroundings to create a multi-layered narrative environment…building a landscape of the soul".In 2016, Heimans painted a series of portraits of six authors who were reinterpreting Shakespeare's plays to celebrate the playwright's 400th birthday, Shakespeare400. Margaret Atwood, Anne Tyler, Tracy Chevalier, Gillian Flynn, Jo Nesbo and Howard Jacobson sat for him, and the paintings were exhibited at the Globe. Of his portrait, Jacobson said; "It's my soul. He's painted my soul". Author Anne Tyler said of Heimans's painting of her "I felt when I saw my finished portrait that I truly recognised myself, in a way that I have never recognised my photographs." Heimans's works are held in major international collections around the world, including The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, The Royal Collection, The Danish Museum of National History Frederiksborg Castle, The National Portrait Gallery of Australia, Westminster Abbey, Australia's Parliament House and the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. Heimans's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II was exhibited in The Coronation Anniversary exhibition at the Chapter House in Westminster Abbey 2013, and at the National Portrait Gallery of Australia in 2012 as the centre piece of the exhibition "Glorious", which brought record numbers of visitors to the Gallery.Controversy
During the Coronation Exhibition at Westminster Abbey in 2013, Heimans's Diamond Jubilee portrait of The Queen was attacked. It was defaced by a campaigner, from Fathers4Justice, who spray-painted 'help!' across the portrait. As a premeditated act of vandalism of art it is one of many works of art which has been damaged while on public display. A court case ensued and the offender was jailed for a 6-month term. After 5 weeks of intensive work by the Conservation Department at Westminster Abbey it was restored. The portrait is now back on display in the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Gallery in the Triforium of Westminster Abbey.Personal life
Heimans was born in Sydney in 1970, to documentary film maker, Frank and Josette Heimans. His brother <mask>, an author and activist, is the CEO of Purpose and co-founded GetUp and avaaz.org. His family is of Dutch Jewish descent. Heimans went to Mosman High Public School and at 17 won the Australian National Art Award, (1987). He studied architecture and then fine art and pure mathematics completing a BA at Sydney University in 1991. He continued to study drawing at the Julian Ashton Art School. <mask> now lives in London with his wife and two daughters.References

External links
Official website

1970 births
Living people
Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Australian painters
Australian people of Dutch-Jewish descent
University of Sydney alumni
Portrait painters
Julian Ashton Art School alumni

masks:
Ralph Heimans
Jeremy Heimans
Ralph Heimans


title: Lloyd Blankfein

texts:
<mask> (born September 20, 1954) is an American investment banker who has served as senior chairman of Goldman Sachs since 2019, and chairman and chief executive from 2006 until the end of 2018. Previous to leading Goldman Sachs, he was the company's president and chief operating officer (COO) from 2004 to 2006, serving under then-CEO Henry Paulson. Born and raised in New York City, Blankfein attended Harvard University for his undergraduate and law school studies before briefly entering private law practice. In 1982, he became a precious metals salesman at J. Aron & Co., a small commodities trading firm which was acquired by Goldman in 1981. After leading Goldman's currency and commodities divisions from 1994 to 1997 he was named heir apparent despite ranking third in the corporate hierarchy. He served as the president and chief operating officer from 2004 to his ascension to chief executive. Almost immediately after Blankfein assumed the head of the company, the financial crisis of 2007–08 hit the banking industry.His role and handling of the crisis was widely praised and criticized by media outlets, making him a public figure. After the Federal Reserve implemented dovish monetary policies and the U.S. Treasury bailed out the company, Blankfein took advantage of low interest rates to undercut competition from other investment banks and established Goldman Sachs as the second largest investment bank in the U.S. as others either went bankrupt or fell to acquisition. Blankfein was twice named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine and won the Financial Times Person of the Year award in 2009. According to Bloomberg News, his net worth is estimated to be US$1.1 billion as of July 2015. His salary at Goldman Sachs in 2018 was estimated to be $24 million. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was born in The Bronx borough of New York City to a low-income, Jewish family on September 20, 1954. His father, <mask>, was a clerk with the U.S.Postal Service branch in the Manhattan borough of New York City and his mother was a receptionist. He was raised in the Linden Houses, a housing project in the East New York section of Brooklyn. He received primary and secondary education in New York City's public schools graduating valedictorian at Thomas Jefferson High School in 1971. He went on to attend Harvard College where he lived in Winthrop House and graduated with an A.B. in history in 1975. After graduating college, he attended Harvard Law School where he received a J.D. degree in 1978.Blankfein first worked for the law firms Proskauer Rose and then Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine. In 1982, he joined the commodities trading firm J. Aron & Co. as a precious metals salesman in its London office, after J. Aron was acquired by the investment bank, Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs

Blankfein joined  J. Aron & Co. in 1982, after it had been acquired by Goldman Sachs in 1981. When then chairman Stephen Friedman appointed Henry Paulson as his successor, Blankfein was soon tasked with managing or co-managing the company's currency and commodities divisions from 1994 to 1997. After Paulson consolidated control of Goldman, he identified Blankfein as his heir apparent, despite Blankfein ranking third in the corporate hierarchy behind two co-presidents. In 2004, Blankfein was promoted to president and chief operating officer, a position he served in until June 2006. As president, he oversaw the 2000s commodities boom and positioned Goldman to take advantage of rising commodity prices.On May 30, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Paulson to serve as the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury which prompted Paulson to establish a succession plan. Shortly after Paulson was sworn in, Blankfein was asked to serve as chairman and chief executive officer in July 2006. 2007–08 financial crisis
During the 2007–08 financial crisis, many financial institutions that had dealings in subprime mortgages received a high level of public attention. Goldman Sachs served as a market maker that dealt with financial products that held subprime mortgages. During late 2008, the crisis led the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates and the U.S. Treasury to increase public spending in private banks. Following the collapse of Lehman Brothers, and the government bailout of Goldman, Blankfein used the low interest rates and government assistance to undercut competition from other investment banks and established Goldman Sachs as the second largest investment bank in the U.S. as others either went bankrupt or fell to acquisition. In 2009, he was named Financial Times Person of the Year.His citation noted that "his bank stuck to its strengths, unashamedly [took] advantage of the low interest rates and diminished competition resulting from the crisis to make big trading profits." On January 13, 2010, Blankfein voluntarily testified before the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission that he considered Goldman Sachs's role as primarily market maker, not a creator of the product (i.e., subprime mortgage-related securities). Blankfein testified once more before Congress in April 2010 at a hearing of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He said that Goldman Sachs had no moral or legal obligation to inform their clients they were betting against the products they were selling to them because it was not acting in a fiduciary role. Senator Carl Levin accused Blankfein of misleading Congress; however, no perjury charges were brought against Blankfein. Nevertheless, as a precaution Blankfein hired Reid Weingarten, a high-profile defense lawyer who represented former WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers and former Enron accounting officer Richard Causey. Two months later, after the publicity of the testimony increased his public status, he was listed as #43 on Forbes Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People in November 2011.Firm employment
On March 14, 2012, Greg Smith, a former Goldman executive, wrote a widely circulated op-ed for The New York Times titled "Why I Am Leaving Goldman Sachs", in which he heavily criticized the firm's top leadership and Blankfein in particular for sidelining the interests of the client. Smith claimed that employees were promoted for unloading less profitable products on clients, for trading products that maximized Goldman Sachs' profits, not their clients, and trading illiquid, opaque products. Smith's op-ed was criticized by many, particularly because he worked at Goldman for 12 years before deciding to quit because of moral objections. In February 2018, to counter low sales and trading profits, Blankfein instituted new hiring priorities. He instructed human resource managers at the firm to focus on employment candidates who were "strategists" or "strats," i.e., highly quantitative and technologically proficient. On March 15, 2018, Blankfein issued an internal memo advocating for complete gender parity among its workforce. He stated: "At Goldman Sachs we pay women and men in similar roles with similar performance equally.However, the real issue for our firm and many corporations is the under-representation of women and diverse professionals both in magnitude and levels of seniority. We have made some progress, but we have significant work to do, and we, as leaders of our firm, are committed to doing this critical work." Leadership style
Research published at the University of Oxford characterizes Blankfein's leadership style as paradigmatic of "founder centrism" – which is a founder's mindset, an ethical disposition towards the shareholder collective, and an intense focus on exponential value creation. Compensation
Blankfein's compensation at Goldman Sachs has been at the center of controversy and interest to financial reporters and the general public. He was paid a base salary of $600,000 with a total compensation package of $54.4 million in 2006 as the highest-paid executive on Wall Street. His bonus reflected the performance of Goldman Sachs, which reported record net earnings of $9.5 billion. The compensation included a cash bonus of $27.3 million, with the rest paid in stock and options.A year later, he received total compensation of $53.9 million, which included a base salary of $600,000, a cash bonus of $26.9 million, stocks granted of $15.5 million and options granted of $10.4 million. On April 7, 2009, he recommended guidelines to overhaul executive compensation. According to The New York Times, he said that lessons from the global financial crisis included the need to "apply basic standards to how we compensate people in our industry". He received US$23 million in salary and bonuses in 2015, which was slightly down from the US$24 million he earned in 2014 from Goldman Sachs. According to the Financial Times, Blankfein earned an estimated $22.3 million in 2016. Succession
On March 9, 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Blankfein would step down from leading Goldman Sachs by the end of the year. Later that day, Blankfein tweeted "It's the @WSJ's announcement...not mine.I feel like Huck Finn listening to his own eulogy." On March 12, Goldman announced that Harvey Schwartz, the company's co-chief operating officer and president would be resigning, leaving David Solomon as the second-in-command. Hours after the announcement, media outlets–both domestic and international–informally designated Solomon as Blankfein's heir apparent. It was announced in July 2018 that Solomon would become CEO on October 1, 2018 and chairman by the end of 2018. Political positions
Blankfein has self-identified as "a registered Democrat, and a Rockefeller Republican ... conservative on fiscal issues and more liberal on social issues". Blankfein contributes to mostly Democratic party candidates. He donated $4,600 to Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton in 2007, and to the Senate re-election campaigns for the Republicans Rob Portman and Roy Blunt in 2015.During the Obama administration, he visited the White House a total of 14 times. On July 18, 2012 after meeting with Barack Obama's chief of staff, Jack Lew, he was asked whether he had any aspiration to go into government like predecessors Hank Paulson and Robert Rubin. "I have aspirations to be desired," he replied. During the 2016 presidential election, presidential candidate Bernie Sanders named Blankfein as an example of corporate greed in January 2016. Blankfein responded that Sanders' campaign had "the potential to be a dangerous moment." Blankfein endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Social issues
He is a supporter of gay marriage and has been a spokesman for the Human Rights Campaign, an advocacy group for LGBTQ civil rights.British libor rates
At the start of 2012, an international inquiry into the average of interest rates of London known as the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor), found that there was systemic manipulation by various bulge bracket banks for profit. The ensuing July 2012 Libor scandal prompted Blankfein to note that the general distrust of the financial world was worsened: "There was this huge hole to dig out of in terms of getting trust back and now it's just that much deeper." Environment
On June 1, 2017, Blankfein posted his first ever tweet, despite joining Twitter in 2011. He condemned President Donald Trump's withdrawal from the Paris Accord, saying "Today's decision is a setback for the environment and for the U.S.'s leadership position in the world. #ParisAgreement". Coronavirus pandemic
During the coronavirus pandemic, Blankfein consistently and repeatedly called for loosening coronavirus response measures and reopening the economy. In March 2020, he said “extreme measures to flatten the virus ‘curve’” were sensible “for a time” but that they could crush the economy.He said, “Within a very few weeks let those with a lower risk to the disease return to work.” In May 2020, amid reopenings of the economy, Blankfein said that the U.S. would have to suffer through a spike in coronavirus cases because the U.S. could not provide additional coronavirus-related stimulus. At the time, he wrote, "Is the public health benefit from broad lockdowns at this point worth such extreme damage to livelihoods?" CBS News described Blankfein as "a leading spokesperson" for the "reopen the economy" movement. Wealth tax
Blankfein opposes a wealth tax on billionaires. In 2019, while criticizing Elizabeth Warren's wealth tax, he alluded to her claimed Native American heritage, saying "Maybe tribalism is just in her DNA." Under her wealth tax proposal, Blankfein would have owed more than $30 million per year in taxes on his estimated $1.1 billion wealth. Blankfein who earned $24 million from Goldman Sachs in 2018 criticized the notion that CEOs are overpaid.In 2019, he said he felt a "lack of appreciation" in society for Wall Streeters. Philanthropy
Blankfein's total compensation from 2000 to 2009 was estimated to be around $240 million. During this time period he personally donated $11 million (4.58% of his total compensation) to charitable organizations. His joint charity foundation, the Lloyd and Laura Blankfein Foundation, donated $620,000 to Harvard Law School, $500,000 to the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, $50,000 to Barnard College, $46,500 to the Robin Hood Foundation, and $10,000 to Carnegie Hall in fiscal year 2010. He serves on the board of directors of the Partnership for New York City, and on the board of overseers of the Weill Cornell Medical College. Personal life
Blankfein is married to Laura Jacobs, an attorney and the daughter of Norman S. Jacobs, the editor-in-chief of the Foreign Policy Association publications. The couple have two sons, Alexander and Jonathan, and a daughter, Rachel.On September 22, 2015, Blankfein was diagnosed with a form of lymphoma. He received multiple rounds of treatment of chemotherapy and by October 2016 was in remission. See also
 List of employees of Goldman Sachs
 List of Harvard University people

References

External links
Profile at Goldman Sachs
Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek

<mask>in collected news and commentary at International Business Times

Goldman Runs Risks, Reaps Rewards, The New York Times, June 10, 2007
The Man Goldman Is Banking On 2004 profile from BusinessWeek magazine
Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations

1954 births
Living people
People from the Bronx
People from the Upper West Side
People from Bridgehampton, New York
Harvard Law School alumni
American agnostics
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives of financial services companies
American political fundraisers
Businesspeople from New York City
Chairmen of Goldman Sachs
Chief Executive Officers of Goldman Sachs
Directors of Goldman Sachs
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
New York (state) lawyers
Philanthropists from New York (state)
People from Sagaponack, New York
Proskauer Rose people
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
People from East New York, Brooklyn
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Lloyd Craig Blankfein
Lloyd Craig
Blankfein
Seymour Blankfein
Lloydfe


title: Sigrid Kaag

texts:
<mask> (; born 2 November 1961) is a Dutch diplomat and politician, serving as Minister of Finance and First Deputy Prime Minister in the Fourth Rutte cabinet. She previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 25 May 2021 until 17 September 2021 and Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation from 26 October 2017 until 10 August 2021 in the Third Rutte cabinet. A diplomat by occupation, Kaag worked as a civil servant for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1990 until 1993 when she became a United Nations official for the UNRWA in Jerusalem from 1994 until 1997. Kaag worked as an administrator at the International Organization for Migration in Geneva from 1998 until 2004 when she became a senior advisor of the United Nations for Khartoum and Nairobi until 2005 when she became a senior official at UNICEF. Kaag served as Regional Director for Middle East and North Africa for UNICEF in Amman from 2007 until May 2010 when she was appointed Assistant Secretary-General and Director of the Bureau of External Relations of the UNDP in New York. She oversaw UNDP's strategic external engagement, organization-wide communication and advocacy, as well as resource mobilization. From January 2015 until October 2017 she served as the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon (UNSCOL).Prior to that she served as Under Secretary-General and Special Coordinator of the United Nations – Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (UN-OPCW) Joint Mission to eliminate the declared chemical weapons programme of the Syrian Arab Republic between October 2013 and September 2014. Until her mission in Syria she was employed as Assistant Secretary-General and Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of External Relations and Advocacy of the United Nations Development Programme. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Rijswijk as the daughter of a classical pianist. She grew up in Zeist and initially studied Arabic at Utrecht University, but later switched to The American University in Cairo where she obtained a B.A. degree in Middle East Studies in 1985. She subsequently obtained an M.Phil. degree in International Relations from St Antony's College (University of Oxford) in 1987 and an M.A.degree in Middle East Studies from the University of Exeter in 1988. She also received foreign relations training at the Clingendael Institute in The Hague, and studied at the French École nationale d'administration (ENA). Career

Early career
After her studies, Kaag worked as analyst for Royal Dutch Shell in London, United Kingdom. Later, she worked for the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Deputy Head of the UN Political Affairs Department. During her time in the diplomatic service, she lived and worked in Beirut, Vienna, and Khartoum. 1994–2013: Career at the United Nations
<mask> started working for the United Nations in 1994 and first served as Senior United Nations Adviser in the Office of the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Khartoum, Sudan. From 1998 to 2004 she was Chief of Donor Relations for the International Organization for Migration and Senior Programme Manager with the External Relations Office of UNRWA in Jerusalem.Working in the Middle East she was responsible for areas as the occupied Palestinian territories, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. From 2007 to May 2010, <mask> was Regional Director for Middle East and North Africa for UNICEF in Amman. In May 2010 she was appointed Assistant Secretary-General and Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of External Relations and Advocacy of the United Nations Development Programme in New York. In this capacity, she was the deputy to Helen Clark and oversaw UNDP's  strategic external engagement, organization-wide communication and advocacy, as well as resource mobilization. 2013–2014: Head of the OPCW-UN Joint Mission in Syria
On 13 October 2013, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon nominated <mask> to lead the OPCW-UN Joint Mission for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons. The United Nations Security Council was set to vote on her nomination three days later, on 16 October. She was then officially confirmed for the position.<mask> led a team of one hundred experts who were responsible for ensuring the elimination of Syria's chemical weapon stockpiles before 30 June 2014. 2014–2017: United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon
By the end of her term in September 2014, news media reported that <mask> was rumored to succeed Lakhdar Brahimi as UN Special Envoy to Syria. On 1 December 2014, the UN Secretary General Ban announced that <mask> would become the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon (UNSCOL), succeeding Sir Derek Plumbly. In early 2017, <mask> was considered by international media to be one of the candidates to succeed Helen Clark as Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and head of the United Nations Development Group; the post eventually went to Achim Steiner. 2017–present: Minister and party leader

Since 26 October 2017, <mask> had been serving as the Dutch Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation in the third government of Prime Minister Mark Rutte. After the resignation of Foreign Affairs Minister Halbe Zijlstra (VVD) on 13 February 2018, she was appointed ad interim to succeed him while conserving her other cabinet position. <mask> <mask> was consequently the first female Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.She was replaced by Stef Blok as Foreign Affairs Minister on 7 March 2018. Since 2018, <mask> has been serving on the joint World Bank/WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB), co-chaired by Elhadj As Sy and Gro Harlem Brundtland. In 2019, she joined the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing, co-chaired by Børge Brende, Kristalina Georgieva and Peter Maurer. On 21 June 2020, <mask> announced her candidacy for lijsttrekkerschap of the Democrats 66 party for the 2021 Dutch general election, with the ambition of becoming the Netherlands' first female Prime Minister. She was elected as Party Leader on 4 September 2020, making her the second female party leader of D66 after Els Borst in 1998. In this capacity, she led the party into the 2021 Dutch general election. Shortly after, in April 2021, she joined forces with Wopke Hoekstra in putting forward a motion of censure to voice their disapproval of VVD-leader Rutte.Honours and awards
 2015 – Honorary LL.D. Her husband, Anis al-Qaq, is a dentist and a Palestinian national from Jerusalem who served as a deputy minister under Yasser Arafat in the 1990s and as the Palestinian representative to Switzerland. Kaag is a noted polyglot and speaks six languages: Dutch, English, French, Spanish, German and Arabic. She is a practicing Catholic. She was the first Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General featured in the Dutch edition of Vogue fashion and lifestyle magazine. References

External links

S.A.M. (Sigrid) Kaag MA, MPhil on Parlement.com

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1961 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch diplomats
21st-century Dutch civil servants
21st-century Dutch diplomats
21st-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch women politicians
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Democrats 66 politicians
Dutch expatriates in England
Dutch expatriates in Israel
Dutch expatriates in Lebanon
Dutch expatriates in Switzerland
Dutch expatriates in Syria
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch officials of the United Nations
Dutch Roman Catholics
Dutch women diplomats
Female foreign ministers
Leaders of the Democrats 66
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Ministers for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
People from Rijswijk
People from Zeist
The American University in Cairo alumni
UNICEF people
United Nations Development Programme officials
UNRWA officials
Women government ministers of the Netherlands
Commissioners of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace

masks:
Sigrid Agnes Maria Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag
Sigrid
Kaag
Kaag
Kaag


title: Will Herberg

texts:
<mask> (June 30, 1901 – March 26, 1977) was an American writer, intellectual and scholar. A communist political activist during his early years, Herberg gained wider public recognition as a social philosopher and sociologist of religion, as well as a Jewish theologian. He was a leading conservative thinker during 1950s and an important contributor to the National Review magazine. Biography

Early years

<mask>, commonly known as "<mask>," was born on June 30, 1901 to a Jewish family in the shtetl of Lyakhavichy, Belarus, located near the city of Minsk in what was then part of the Russian Empire. His father, <mask> (1874-1938) and mother, the former Sarah Wolkow (1872-1942) were themselves born in the same provincial village. Although no records remain to document the family's financial status, <mask>'s biographer indicates that the family was not impoverished, with his father the recipient of a gymnasium education and successful enough as an electrical contractor to pay for the family's emigration from the anti-semitic Tsarist regime to a new life in America in 1904. Arriving in New York City, the <mask> family took up residence in an poor Jewish neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York.The family's economic position deteriorated in America, however, and <mask>'s parents were divorced about ten years after arriving in the United States, with <mask> and his younger brother raised by his mother, who earned money as a housekeeper and small-scale manufacturer of knit fabric belts. The boys aided the family income by helping with belt-making, although a very high priority was placed by his mother on education, and great financial sacrifices were made to ensure that the two boys stayed on an academically-oriented path. <mask> attended public school in Brooklyn, entering the prestigious Boys' High School in February 1915. During his high school years, Herberg demonstrated great capacity as a student, studying mathematics, physics, German, Hebrew, and French, while writing poetry in his spare time. Herberg graduated from Boys' High School in June 1918 and entered the tuition-free City College that same fall. While at City College, Herberg studied mathematics, English literature, and various physical sciences, developing a keen interest in psychology and the writings of Sigmund Freud. While his grades in these subjects were above average, he had difficulty with requirements in physical education and exhibited an antipathy to required courses in military science.<mask> would be suspended from City College in the fall of 1920 due to frequent absences from military science class, accentuated by an altercation by the officer in charge of the course. <mask> would finish his career at City College having completed 94 of the 131.5 credits needed for graduation. Although he never graduated from the Baccalaureate program at City College, Herberg would later falsely claim to have degrees from Columbia University, including a PhD in 1932. However, he later received three honorary doctorates, the first in 1956. Political radicalism

The exact timetable of <mask>'s radicalization is unclear; according to his brother, <mask>, <mask>'s difficulty with the military science officer, his subsequent dismissal from college, and the troubled financial situation of his family led him to the ideas of revolutionary socialism. Be that as it may, by 1925 <mask> was a prominent member of the Young Workers League (YWL) — youth section of the Workers (Communist) Party — and a contributor to the group's weekly newspaper, The Young Worker. In the fall of 1925, <mask> was elected a delegate by YWL District 2 (New York City) to the organization's 3rd National Convention, held in Chicago.The 3rd Convention of the YWL elected Herberg to the governing National Executive Committee, as part of which he served as director of "Agitprop" (Agitation and Propaganda). <mask> was also named a member of a four-member editorial committee for The Young Worker, taking over as chief editor of that publication for acting editor Max Shachtman effective with the issue of November 7, 1925. In 1925, Herberg married a YWL comrade, the former Anna Thompson, a resident of Brownsville, Brooklyn. The couple would become intellectually compatible throughout <mask>'s long ideological journey from communist youth journalist to conservative political writer and prominent Jewish theologian. The couple did not have children. Following the split of party leader Jay Lovestone and his cothinkers in 1929, <mask> remained loyal to them, a decision earning his expulsion from the party on September 10, 1929. Thereafter <mask> joined the so-called Lovestoneites, remaining with that organization until its termination at the end of 1940, serving as editor of the group's weekly newspaper, Workers Age.Protestant, Catholic, Jew

He later turned away from Marxism and became a religious conservative, founding the quarterly Judaism with Robert Gordis and Milton R. Konvitz. During the 1960s, he was the religion editor of the conservative journal National Review, and he also taught at Drew University. <mask>'s 1955 book Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology created a sociological framework for the study of religion in the United States. Herberg demonstrated how immigration and American ethnic culture were reflected in religious movements and institutions. It has been described as "one of the most influential books ever written about American religion." During the 1950s, that book and the 1951 essay Judaism and Modern Man set out influential positions on Judaism and on the American religious tradition in general. <mask> also wrote that anti-Catholicism is the antisemitism of secular Jewish intellectuals."Cut flower culture"

<mask> is credited with coining the phrase "cut flower culture" to describe the spiritual rootlessness of modern European and American societies. The epithet is typically taken to imply that these societies cannot long survive without being regrafted onto their Judeo-Christian roots. In Judaism and Modern Man, Herberg wrote:
The attempt made in recent decades by secularist thinkers to disengage the moral principles of western civilization from their scripturally based religious context, in the assurance that they could live a life of their own as "humanistic" ethics, has resulted in our "cut flower culture." Cut flowers retain their original beauty and fragrance, but only so long as they retain the vitality that they have drawn from their now-severed roots; after that is exhausted, they wither and die. So with freedom, brotherhood, justice, and personal dignity — the values that form the moral foundation of our civilization. Without the life-giving power of the faith out of which they have sprung, they possess neither meaning nor vitality. Opposition to Civil Rights Movement

In his September 7, 1965 National Review article, "'Civil Rights' and Violence: Who Are the Guilty Ones?", Herberg wrote of his opposition or skepticism towards the Civil Rights Movement, feeling, like many of his colleagues at National Review at the time, that the civil rights campaign was moving too quickly and broke up the fabric of American society in an overly socially disruptive manner, not friendly to proper social cohesion. They supported what is often termed the Booker T. Washington position of "gradual reform." Final years, death, and legacy

<mask>'s final published work saw print in the middle of 1973. From that time his health deteriorated steadily, culminating with the discovery of an inoperable brain tumor. <mask> died on March 26, 1977; he was 75 years old at the time of his death. <mask>'s memorial service was held in the Great Hall of Drew University in Madison, New Jersey, and was attended by a throng of rabbis, professors, and former students and political associates. <mask> was buried in Morris Plains, New Jersey, next to the grave of his previously departed wife, Anna.<mask> is remembered as a prominent traditionalist conservative and contributor to traditionalist publications such as Russell Kirk's Modern Age and to <mask>. Buckley, Jr.'s leading conservative magazine National Review, which published a special issue in August 1977 in <mask>'s honor. Footnotes

Works

 American Revolutionary Traditions. New York: New Workers School, 1932. The Heritage of the Civil War. New York : Workers Age Publishing Association, 1932. Dialectical Materialism. New York: New Workers School, 1933.Historical Materialism. New York: New Workers School, 1933. The NRA and American Labor. New York : Workers Age Publishing Association, 1933. Theoretical System of Leninism. New York: New Workers School, 1934. Outline for the Study of Dialectical Materialism and the Life of Man.New York: New Workers School, 1935. Foundations of Marxism: Study Outline. New York: New Workers School, 1936. Marxism and Modern Political Thought. New York: New Workers School, 1936. Marxism and Political Thought. New York: New Workers School, 1930s.Which Program for Revolutionists? New York: New Workers School, 1930s. The CIO, Labor's New Challenge. New York: Workers Age Publishing Association, 1937. Rivera Murals: Permanent Exhibition. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1943. Bureaucracy and Democracy in Labor Unions.New York: Great Island Conference, 1947. The Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr. New York: Frontier Fellowship, 1950. Judaism and Modern Man: An Interpretation of Jewish Religion. New York, Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951. "Jewish Labor Movement in the United States: Early Years to World War I," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 5, no.4 (July 1952), pp. 501–523. In JSTOR. Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955. Jewish Labor in the US: Its History and Contributions to American Life. New York: Jewish Labor Committee, Atran Center for Jewish Culture, 1955.The Writings Of Martin Buber. (Editor.) New York: Meridian Books, 1956. Four Existentialist Theologians: A Reader from the Works of Jacques Maritain, Nicholas Berdyaev, Martin Buber, and Paul Tillich. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. Athens and Jerusalem: Confrontation and Dialogue Durham: University of New Hampshire, 1965. Challenge to Morality: A Symposium.(Contributor.) Tallahassee, FL:  Florida State University, 1966. Dimensions Symposium: Human Values in a Technological Society. (Contributor.) New York: UAHC, 1971. On Academic Freedom. (Contributor.)Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1971. Martin Buber: Personalist Philosopher in an Age of Depersonalization. West Hartford, CT: Saint Joseph College, 1972. The State of the Churches in the USA 1973 as Shown in their Own Official Yearbooks: A Study Research. Sun City, AZ: Ecumenism Research Agency, 1973. Faith Enacted As History: Essays in Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976.From Marxism to Judaism: The Collected Essays of <mask>. (David G. Dalin, ed.) New York: Marcus Wiener Publishing Co., 1989. Jewish Perspectives on Christianity: Leo Baeck, Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig, <mask>, and Abraham J. Heschel. (Contributor.) New York: Crossroad, 1990. Further reading

 Robert J. Alexander, The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981, . Harry J. Ausmus, <mask>: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986, . Harry J. Ausmus, <mask>: From Right to Right. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. .
 K. Healan Gaston, "The Cold War Romance of Religious Authenticity: <mask>, <mask>. Buckley Jr., and the Rise of the New Right," Journal of American History, vol. 99, no. 4 (Dec. 2013), pp.1133–1158. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas588
 Paul LeBlanc and Tim Davenport (eds. ), The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929-1940. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2015, . External links
The author of Herberg's entry in American National Biography and an old student of his writes about him

1901 births
1977 deaths
American sociologists
Jewish sociologists
Jewish American writers
Drew University faculty
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American Jewish theologians
Philosophers of Judaism
Jewish philosophers
American communists
American Marxists
Right Opposition
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni

masks:
William Herberg
William Herberg
Will
Hyman Louis Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Will
Will
Will
Herberg
Herberg
Will Herberg
Ted Herberg
Will
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
Herberg
William F
Herberg
Will Herberg
Will Herberg
Will Herberg
Will Herberg
Will Herberg
William F


title: Jårg Geismar

texts:
<mask> (born 19 January 1958 in Burgsvik, Gotland, Sweden), († February 26, 2019, Essen, Germany) was a German artist. He lived and worked in Düsseldorf. Life
Geismar studied from 1979 to 1980 at the Justus-Liebig Universität in Giessen and at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum. He was interested in the topics of animation, drawing, psychology and sociology. From 1980 to 1986 he studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf at Fritz Schwegler and Irmin Kamp. In the following years 1986 to 1988 he studied at the New School of Social Research and at the Parsons School of Design in New York City. His teachers were, inter alia, Richard van Buren and Ronald Bladen.His main areas in New York were fine arts, art history and architecture with the conclusion MFA (Master of Fine Arts). As early as 1985 he founded A.T.W. - Around the world (30) - a global forum for interdisciplinary exchange. Since then he has worked internationally on numerous projects and symposia together with authors, scientists, artists, dancers and musicians. Since 1995 he has been a lecturer and visiting professor at various colleges and art schools in Europe, Asia and the United States. Work
The work of <mask> Geismar reaches out from the painting, on installations, video art and collaborative projects with artists from different sectors. For him, all materials and objects are used to turn them into art."There is a very down to-earth, do-it-yourself aesthetics at play in the works of Geismar, an elegant performance refreshing in a world dominated by the values of money, bling and all of the materialistic accoutrements of our time. These works could be so fleeting that nothing more than a strong gust of wind could completely dispere with an institution's worth of art. The efforts of Geismar are very much of the ilk inherent in the sentiment of Jasper Johns: to take an object, do something else. The context of Geismar's efforts are less to be seen in galleries than in public spaces, as this is a very open and generous art form, to be embraced from the mind and heart instead from the wallet alone." Kenny Schachter in "The Red Line".. (1a)

Awards (selection)
 1986 DAAD scholarship to New York City
 1987 Artist Space, Grant, New York, United States
 1990 Arts Fund, Bonn e.V., Germany
 1990 Merit of Excellence, Kansai Science City, Japan (along with Holger Drees)
 1993 Cartier Foundation  for Contemporary Art in Jouy-en-Josas Scholarship, Paris, France
 1996 Foundation Artist Schöppingen, Germany
 1997–98 IASPIS scholarship, Stockholm, Sweden (36)
 2000 AIAV scholarship Akiyoshidai, Japan (6)
 2001 Atelier d 'Artists Fellowship, Marseille, France
 2010 Vrije Academy Scholarship The Hague, Netherlands

Solo exhibitions (selection)
 2015 "Piccolo Cinema", Martin Leyer-Pritzkow exhibitions, Düsseldorf
 2015 Galleri Fagerstedt, Stockholm, Sweden
 2014 "feeling my own blood", Jiri Svestka Gallery Berlin
 2014 "once upon a dream", TZR Galerie Kai Brückner, Düsseldorf, Germany. with Marcel Broodthaers, Jeff Cornelis, Daniel Dewale, Jef Gey, Felix Gmelin, Pablo Lafuente, Gianni Motti, Erwin Wurm, inter alia, in the video DVD interviews with Harun Farocki, Jan Debbaut, Christian Heise, Ben Borthwick, Iwona Blazwick, Hans-Ulrich Obrist, Julie Espeel, Ugo Dossi. (15) (c)
 2007 "Attitude 2007", CAMK Contemporary Art Museum Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan; Curator Hiroshi Minamishima; et al.with Nobuyoshi Araki, Boris Mikhailov, Leonid Sokov, Rasa Todosijevic, Judy Chicago, Miwa Yanagi, Zbigniew Liberia. (16) (c)
 2007 "The Art of Collecting", Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf (c)
 2006 "Class Kamp 1974-2006", Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, including Christoph Büchel, Luka Fineisen, Maik and Dirk Löbbert, Dieter Lennartz, Heike Pallanca, Takashi Kuibayashi, Birgit Werres, Axel Lieber et al. (17) (c)
 2005 "flipbook", Kunsthalle Düsseldorf and Fotomuseum Provincie Antwerpen, Belgium
 (2006)  Curator: Daniel Gethmann / Christoph Schulz; with 110 international artists, (18) (c)
 2004 "Conceptual Clothing", Musashino Library Museum and Kirishima Open Air Museum, Japan * (2005), curator:. Kazuko Koike, inter alia, with Yayoi Kusama, Issey Miyake, Yasumasa Morimura, Lucy Orta, Kosuke Tsumura (c) (19)
 2002 "Transfer" Photo Museum Umeå, Sweden, curator Jan-Erik Lundström, including with Batholomeo Togue, Annee Olofsson, Ingrid Falk & Gustavo Aguerre. 2001 '. with Arni Gudmundson, Sadachiko Odashima, Cecilia Parsberg, Tom Phillips, Colin Self, Ben Vautier, Darrel Viner and Peter Greenaway, curator: Robert Connolly (c)
 1996 'Dialogues "Atatürk Kültüt Merkezi and Museum Kunst Palast Düsseldorf, artists, among others with Erdag Aksel, Ezra Bergersen, Eberhard Bosslet, Felix and Irmel Droese, Ernst Hesse, Julia Lohmann, Osman, Thomas Schütte, Yuji Takeoka, Iskender Yediler, Adem Yilmaz, Paul Pozozza Museum, Curator: Beral Madra and Ernst Hesse (c)
 1997 'Arctic - Antarctic "Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, (c) (24) curator Stephan Andreae, Arved Fuchs, Sven Lundström,
 1994 "love stories", House of World Cultures, Berlin; u.a.mit Collette, Dirk summer, Mercedes Barros. (c) (29)
 1989 'Les Trois I "piece dyeing Basel, Switzerland, among others Mario Merz, Ulrich back Riehm, Dieter Roth, Vittorio Messina, DSR, Corsin Fontana, Franka Hörnschemeyer, Sander Dörbecker, Min Tanaka, Frank Kölges (c) Curators: Klaus Littmann and Gabriele Rivet
 1989 'special exhibition Art Basel "Art Basel 1989 with Reiner Ruth Beck, Franka Hörnschemeyer, Jim Whiting, Vittorio Messina; Curators: Klaus Littmann and Gabriele Rivet
 1989 'Color and / or Monochrome ", The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Japan; Curators: Ichikawa, Masanori / Matsumoto, Tohru; et al.Katharina Fritsch, Leiko Ikemura, Wolfgang Laib, Mark Tansey, Noriyuki Haraguchi. (c)
 1988 '200-1' Shakespeare Köln, Adem Yilmaz curator; Guillaume Bijl, Michael Buthe, Bernh. Joh. Flower, Sigmar Polke, Magdalene Jetolova, Adem Yilmaz, Christian Sery, Theo Lambertin, Wolfgang Luy, Peter Mönig, Mic Enneper, Georg Herold, Cologne (31)
 1988 "Sunrise Highway" John Gibbson Gallery, New York, USA; et al. with Cady Noland, Matthew McCaslin, Tom Ward
 1986 'location Düsseldorf ", Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, curators: Jürgen Harten, Marie Luise Syring and Hans-Werner Schmidt; et al with Gereon Lepper, Wilhelm Mundt, Chris Reinecke, Klaus Ritter Busch and Thomas Struth (c) (33)
 1986 'unbalanced', Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne; curated by Ingo cumin; et al Elisabeth Jappe, Kasper König, Herbert Olderings, Karl Ruhrberg, Manfred worm burgers and Dietmar Schneider with Julius, Guillaume Bijl, Al Hansen, Frank Kölges, Graubner. (c) (34)
 1985 "Class Kamp", Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf (c)
 1983 'The latest craze "Hetjens Museum / Art Museum Düsseldorf, curator Stefan Wiese; et al with Joseph Beuys, Abraham David Christian, Bertram Jesdinsky, Meuser, Reiner Ruth Beck, Halina Jaworski. (c) (35)

Works in public collections (selection)
 MAC Contemporary Art Museum Marseille, France
 Uppsala Konstmuseum, UppsalaSchweden
 The Yamaguchi Prefectural Museum of Art, Yamaguchi, Japan
 CAMK Contemporary Art Museum Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
 The Library Museum Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
 Konstmuseum Uppsala, Sweden
 JDZB, Japanese-German Center Berlin, Berlin
 Hetjens Museum, Düsseldorf
 Bagel, Düsseldorf
 Artists Museum Lodz, Poland

Literature (selection)
 The red line.<mask> Geismar. Hatje Cantz, Stuttgart 2013, . (1a)
 Uppsala Konstmuseum (eds. ): The collector. Uppsala Konstmuseum, 2012 . Nepredvidljivo. Koroško galerija LIKOVNIH umetnosti, Slovenj Gradec 2010 .Cosimo Ricatto (ed. ): <mask> Geismar: essence. C & H artspace, Amsterdam 2011 . Coup de ville: Sint-Niklaas 11/09/2010 - 24/10/2010. Lannoo, Tielt 2010 . Ivan Hartmann et al (eds.). International Triennale of Contemporary Art Kant Verlag, 2008, .Itemization (selection)
 1988 Schmidt, Hans-Werner. "Geismar Made in USA", APEX, Cologne, Germany
 1989 Raap, Jurgen. "Jårg Geismar" Art Forum International, Cologne, Germany
 1991 plug, Raimund. "To chased the earth (ATW)," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurt
 1994 Goodrow, Gerard. "Jårg Geismar: Public and Private" Art News, New York
 1995 Dziewior, Yilmaz. "To whom it may concern, Jårg Geismar ... Texte zur Kunst, Cologne
 1995 Jocks, Heinz-Norbert. "Short Cuts a city" West German newspaper, Düsseldorf
 1996 Milkers, Anne."Rivet te maken met 'Jeannine,'" De Morgen, Brussels, Belgium
 1997 Krajewski, Michael. "Jårg Geismar at the Kunsthalle," Art Bulletin, Schweitz
 1997 Rubin, Brigitta, "Const Ulvskog om", Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, Sweden
 1998 Rönnau, Jens. "I'm trying the energy of the society in the art with reinzubringen" Art Forum International, Volume 139, Cologne
 1998 Type of test, Catarina. "Communication cable for" Göteborgsposten, Gothenburg, Sweden
 1998 Birnbaum, Daniel. "Interview at Artnode" Artnode, Stockholm, Sweden
 1999 Teeratada, Pratarn. "Jårg Geismar," art4d, Bangkok, Thailand
 2000 Kobayashi, Kiyoto. "Duality of the cable," Yomiuri Shinbun, Fukuoka 15.3.2000
 2001 Neumaier, Otto."Querweltein" frame, Vienna, Austria
 2003 Olofsson, Anders. "Jårg Geismar The Optimists ..." Konstperspektiv, Stockholm
 2003 Raap, Jurgen. "Jårg Geismar" Art Forum International Band 165, Bonn
 2003 Paolo Bianchi. "Garbage Cans" Art Forum International Band 167, Bonn
 2005 bird Sabiene. "daydreaming" Artforum International, New York
 2006 Thor Lund, Åsa. "Betraktarpositioner och det teatralika" text about the position of the viewer and the theatrical production as performative in artworks by Rafael Lozano Hemmer, Jårg <mask> and Yoko Ono, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 2006 Neumaier, Otto."Communication with non-Communic ...", frame no. 18, 19, Vienna
 2007 Marko Golub "Jarg Geismar u Galeriji proširenih medija" Likovnost, Zagreb, Croatia
 2008 Galloway, David. "Jårg Geismar" ARTnews, New York,
 2008 Larking, Matthew. "Jårg Geismar," The Japanese Times, Tokyo
 2012 Rönnau, Jens. "The Flowers of strangers" Art Forum tape 216, Germany
 2013 Haase, amines. "Focus on France" Art Forum International Band 223, Bonn
 2013 Kesenne, Joannes. "Jårg Geismar, 'THE RED LINE' hard '117, Belgium
 2014 Nitulescu, Mary."Interview with Jårg Geismar" Positive in Berlin, Berlin
 2015 Müller, Bertram. " In Düsseldorf is alles ein bisschen zu brav ( Düsseldorf is a little to well-behaved), Rheinische Post,p. C3, 02.19.2015, (40)

References

External links
 Literature by and about <mask> Geismar in the German National Library
 Literature of <mask> Geismar in the Ney York Libraries
 Jårg Geismar: essence in the Dutch National Library
 Blog of the artist Jårg Geismar
 Works from <mask> Geismar at Martin Leyer-Pritzkow

German contemporary artists
German conceptual artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Artists from Düsseldorf
1958 births
2019 deaths

masks:
Jårg Geismar
Jårg
Jårg
Jårg
Geismar
Jårg
Jårg
Jårg


title: Vladimir Herzog

texts:
<mask> (27 June 1937 – 25 October 1975), nicknamed Vlado (that is a usual Croatian abbreviation for the name <mask>) by his family and friends, was a Brazilian journalist, university professor and playwright of Croatian Jewish origin. He also developed a taste for photography, because of his film projects. Herzog was a member of the Brazilian Communist Party and was active in the civil resistance movement against the Brazilian military government. In October 1975, <mask>, then editor in chief of TV Cultura, was tortured to death by the political police of the military dictatorship, which later staged his suicide. It took 37 years before his death certificate was revised to say that he had in fact died as a result of torture by the army at DOI-CODI. His death had a great impact on the Brazilian society, marking the beginning of a wave of action towards the redemocratization process of the country. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Osijek, Kingdom of Yugoslavia province of Sava Banovina (currently Croatia) on 27 June 1937, to Zigmund and Zora Herzog, a Croatian Jewish family who emigrated to Brazil in the early 1940s, to escape Nazi and Ustashe persecution.Education and career
<mask> received a bachelor's degree in Philosophy from the University of São Paulo in 1959. After his graduation, he worked as a journalist in the major media outlets in Brazil, notably in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo. During that period he decided to use "<mask>" instead of "Vlado" as his first name, because he felt that his real name sounded extremely exotic in Brazil. Following the 1965 right wing coup d'état <mask> together with his wife Clarice Ribeiro Chaves, moved to Britain, where for three years he worked in London for the BBC. They returned to Brazil in late 1968. In the 1970s Herzog became the editor-in-chief of TV Cultura, a public TV station managed by the São Paulo State government. He also became a journalism professor at the University of São Paulo School of Communication and Arts and at Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado's Journalism course.Alongside this, he developed a career as a playwright, mixing with the artistic and theater Intelligentsia of Brazil. Later in his life, Herzog became active in the civil resistance movement against the military dictatorship in Brazil, as a member of the Brazilian Communist Party (). As a news director at the TV station, Herzog advocated the responsibility of journalists to society and reported on the first decade of the Brazilian military dictatorship. Military intelligence spies working inside the TV station reported to their handlers that Herzog is "a problem for the military regime." Arrest and death

On 24 October 1975 – when Herzog was already editor-in-chief of TV Cultura – Brazilian Army agents summoned him to testify about his connections with the then outlawed PCB Party. The following day, Herzog went to the DOI-CODI in order to comply with the summons. This meeting however, was actually a ruse to conduct an interrogation of Herzog, wherein he was detained, beaten and tortured.He was arrested with other two journalists, Jorge Duque Estrada Benigno and Rodolfo Konder, who later confirmed the treatment he received. On 25 October, Herzog's body was found hanging in his prison cell. Before revision, his death certificate stated "suicide by hanging". According to opposition, the DOI-CODI officers would have placed his body in the position it was found in order to inform the press that he had committed suicide. Aftermath
<mask> was married to advertising agent Clarice <mask>, with whom he had two young children. Three years later, she was able to legally blame the state for the death of her husband. Still unable to cope with Herzog's death, she has said that "Vlado would contribute more to society if he were alive".The death of <mask> boosted the movement against the military dictatorship in Brazil. Generating a wave of protests from the international press, and initiating a process in defense of human rights in Latin America,

The autopsy was inconclusive, but at the time forensic pathologists were members of the police and systematically produced false autopsy reports in cases of death by torture. Public opinion, however, never accepted this version and his murder generated national indignation. The president of the Republic at the time, General Ernesto Geisel was also upset by these and other actions by what he called the "criminals" of the largely parallel power of military-directed violent political repression. As a result, he ordered a clean-up and reduction in these activities, firing the main ultra-right wing general behind it, Ednardo D'Ávila Melo. According to Henry Sobel, the chief rabbi of the main synagogue of São Paulo at the time, the murder of Herzog changed the country. "It was the catalyst of the eventual restoration of democracy.His death will always be a painful memory of a shady period of repression, a perpetual echo of the voice of freedom, which will never be kept silent". After finding out that Herzog's body bore the marks of torture, Rabbi Sobel decided that he should be buried in the center of the cemetery rather than in a corner, as Jewish tradition demands in cases of suicide. This was made public and completely destroyed the official version of suicide. Officially, the first irrefutable proof that Herzog's death was not a suicide was reported in Fernando Pacheco Jordão's Dossier Herzog - Prisão, Tortura e Morte no Brasil. The author points out that the picture provided by the military as proof of Herzog's suicide portrayed the prisoner hanging by his prison belt tied in his cell's bars with his feet touching the floor and his knees notably bent. By the time of <mask>'s death, Brazil was in extreme tension. The military had been in power for over ten years and the Brazilian population was constantly in fear.<mask> was the thirty-eighth person to "commit suicide" after being arrested by the military. The first thirty-seven however, were not as renowned as Herzog was. Precisely because he was a public figure his death attracted public and governmental attention to the case. His death is seen today as the beginning of the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship. Herzog has become a symbol of the fight for democracy in Brazil and has been honoured in many ways, such as by attributing it to the street where the TV Cultura is located in São Paulo. In addition, a public prize for journalism devoted to amnesty and human rights has been established with his name (Prêmio de Jornalismo <mask>zog de Anistia e Direitos Humanos). Litigation and investigation
Later, in a civil lawsuit filed by his widow against the government, a federal tribunal recognized his wrongful death and granted monetary damages to Herzog's family.A documentary by director João Batista de Andrade, titled Herzog - 30 anos, was filmed in 2005. In the same year, new photographs of a still-living and fully naked Herzog in the prison cell were released on the Internet, authorized by a high-ranking military officer in president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's office. At the request of several religious and human rights groups, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, an independent arm of the Organization of American States, investigated the conflicting circumstances surrounding the death of Vladmir Herzog, and found that the Brazilian junta arrested, tortured and murdered Herzog because of his activities as a journalist. A new death certificate was issued 37 years after Herzog's death to indicate that he died "due to physical torture at the facilities of DOI-Codi in the 2nd Army in São Paulo." His previous certificate indicated a possible suicide. Ivo <mask>, son of <mask>, delivered petitions for José Maria Marin's removal from the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and from the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Ivo cited the speeches Marin delivered as congressional representative that praised Sérgio Fleury, who was head of the Department of Political and Social Order (Departamento de Ordem Politica e Social) during Brazil's military dictatorship, and for criticizing Herzog in speeches from 1975.Legacy
In 2009, over 30 years after <mask>'s death, the Vladimir Herzog Institute was founded. Its aims are to archive material about Herzog, to promote debate about the role of journalists and new media, and to award the Vladimir Herzog Prize for Amnesty and Human Rights to journalists and human rights activists. See also
List of unsolved murders

References

External links
 Testimonials of witnesses (in Portuguese)
 Press clippings at the time of his death (in Portuguese). Photos bring up past for Brazilians. The military's response to the publishing of photos of a journalist who died in army custody decades ago has revived anger over military abuses. NY Times News Service, Rio de Janeiro, Monday, October 25, 2004. Amnesty International: Brazil: Healing the scars

1937 births
1975 deaths
Assassinated Brazilian journalists
Assassinated Jews
Brazilian communists
Brazilian expatriates in Croatia
Brazilian Jews
Brazilian people of Jewish descent
Brazilian torture victims
Croatian Jews
Jewish refugees
Dead and missing in the fight against the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)
Jewish socialists
Journalists who died while in prison
Male murder victims
People murdered by law enforcement officers
People murdered in Brazil
University of São Paulo alumni
Unsolved murders in Brazil
Yugoslav emigrants to Brazil

masks:
Vladimir Herzog
Vladimir
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Vladimir
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Herzog
Vladimir Her
Herzog
Vladimir Herzog
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