title: Roberto Matta

texts:
<mask> (; November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002), better known as <mask>, was one of Chile's best-known painters and a seminal figure in 20th century abstract expressionist and surrealist art. Biography
<mask> was of Spanish, Basque and French descent. Born in Santiago, he studied architecture and interior design at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago, and graduated in 1935. That spring, he journeyed from Peru to Panama and completed surreal drawings of many of the geographical features he witnessed. He first encountered Europe while serving in the Merchant Marine after graduating. His travels in Europe and the USA led him to meet artists such as Arshile Gorky, René Magritte, Salvador Dalí, André Breton, and Le Corbusier. It was Breton who provided the major spur to the Chilean's direction in art, encouraging his work and introducing him to the leading members of the Paris Surrealist movement.<mask> produced illustrations and articles for Surrealist journals such as Minotaure. During this period he was introduced to the work of many prominent contemporary European artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp. The first true flowering of <mask>'s own art came in 1938, when he moved from drawing to the oil painting for which he is best known. This period coincided with his emigration to the United States, where he lived until 1948. His early paintings, such as Invasion of the Night, give an indication of the work he would continue, with diffuse light patterns and bold lines on a featureless background. This is also the period of the "inscape" series, and the closely related "psychological morphologies". Prof. Claude Cernuschi (see Boston College Matta exhibition external link below) writes, "Matta's key ambition to represent and evoke the human psyche in visual form was filtered through the writings of Freud and the psychoanalytic view of the mind as a three-dimensional space: the 'inscape'."According to the essay on Matta in Crosscurrents of Modernism (see references below), the inscapes' evocative forms "are visual analogies for the artist's psyche" (p. 241). During the 1940s and 1950s, the disturbing state of world politics found reflection in <mask>'s work, with the canvases becoming busy with images of electrical machinery and distressed figures. The addition of clay to <mask>'s paintings in the early 1960s lent an added dimension to the distortions. In his art <mask> creates new dimensions in a blend of organic and cosmic lifeforms (see biomorphism). He was one of the first artists to take this abstract leap. <mask>'s connections with Breton's surrealist movement were severed following a private disagreement concerning Arshile Gorky and his family. <mask> was accused of indirectly causing Gorky's suicide (in response to Matta's relationship with the Armenian-American painter's wife).This led to his expulsion from the group, but by this time <mask>'s own name was becoming widely known. He divided his life between Europe and South America during the 1950s and 1960s, successfully combining the political and the semi-abstract in epic surreal canvases. <mask> believed that art and poetry can change lives, and was very involved in the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He was a strong supporter of the socialist government of president Salvador Allende in Chile. A 4x24 meter mural of his entitled The First Goal of the Chilean People, was painted over with 16 coats of paint by the military regime of Augusto Pinochet following their violent overthrow of Salvador Allende in 1973. In 2005 the mural was discovered by local officials. In 2008 the mural was completely restored at a cost of $43,000, and it is displayed today in Santiago at the La Granja city hall.Throughout his life, Matta worked with many different types of media, including ceramic, photography, and video production. <mask> died in Civitavecchia, Italy on 23 November 2002, eleven days after his 91st birthday. <mask> was married twice: his first wife was <mask> Echaurren (née O'Connell), an American (who later married Pierre Matisse), and his second wife was Germana Ferrari. He is the father of six children. Two died prematurely, leaving his creative legacy to artists <mask>-Clark and his twin brother Sebastian, Ramuntcho <mask>, Federica <mask>, designer Alisée and writer Pablo Echaurren, whose surname was wrongly recorded at birth. Selected list of works

 Sick Flesh (ca. 1932-1933)
 The Clown (1934)
 Untitled (Payasa) (1935)
 Panama and Wet Sheets (1936)
 La Forêt, Snail’s Trace, Composición Azul, Scénario No.The Concise Encyclopedia of Surrealism. Trans. J. Griffiths. Ware, UK: Omega Books. .
Fletcher, Valerie J; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Crosscurrents of modernism : four Latin American pioneers : Diego Rivera, Joaquín Torres-García, Wifredo Lam, Matta = Intercambios del modernismo : cuatro precursores latinoamericanos : Diego Rivera, Joaquín Torres-García, Wifredo Lam, <mask> (Washington, D.C. : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in association with the Smithsonian Institution Press, ©1992), ;
Fabrice Flahutez, Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu 1941 - 1965. Dijon France: Les presses du réel, 2007 [French].Fabrice Flahutez, « Biologie cellulaire et fonctions mathématiques dans l’œuvre de <mask> », Art Présence, n° 51, septembre 2004, p. 32-37. [French]
Fabrice Flahutez, « La peinture de <mask>a entre cellule eucaryote et singularité de Schwarzschild», in Mélusine, n° XXVII (le surréalisme et la science), Cahiers du Centre de Recherche sur le Surréalisme (Paris 3 Sorbonne-Nouvelle), sous la dir. d’Henri Béhar, Lausanne, Éditions L’Age d’Homme, mars 2007, p. 145-153. [French]
Fabrice Flahutez, "Lecture labyrinthe et espaces spiralés: la revue Instead", in Les revues d'art, dir. R. Froissart Pezone et Y. Chevrefils-Desbioles, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2011, p. 155-165. [French]
<mask> Fiktionen, ❲cat.Exhibition Bucerius Kunst forum, Hambourg September 22, 2012 – January 6, 2013❳, Texts by Fabrice Flahutez, Alyce Mahon, Julia Drost, Werner Hofmann, Gavin Parkinson, Marga Paz, Evelyn Pechinger-Theuerkauf, Hrsg. Ortrud Westheider und Michael Philipp Sofort lieferbar, München, Hirmer Verlag GmbH, 2012. [German]

External links

 The Art of Matta
 The Pace Gallery
 Exhibitions, galleries and museums
 Art museum of the Americas (Washington DC) bio page on Matta
 Boston College, McMullen Museum of Art: material on 2004 Matta exhibition and catalogue, including discussion of his "inscapes"
 Google about <mask> Echaurren

1911 births
2002 deaths
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean people of French descent
Chilean people of Spanish descent
Chilean surrealist artists
Expressionist painters
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
People from Santiago
Chilean sculptors
Male sculptors
Surrealist artists
20th-century sculptors
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
20th-century Chilean painters
Chilean male artists
20th-century male artists
Chilean male painters
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Male painters

masks: Roberto Sebastián Antonio Matta Echaurren


title: Johannes Evert Hendrik Akkeringa

type: original

texts:
<mask> (17 January 1861 – 12 April 1942) was part of the second generation of the Hague School painters. Akkeringa is primarily known for his paintings and watercolours of women and playing children at the beach, women mending nets and intimate tea-time conversations. Youth
<mask> was born in Blinjoe in the Dutch East Indies. He was the second child of <mask> (1829–1863), an engineer in the tin mines of the Billiton-Company at Bangka, and later at Buitenzorg. His mother, Sariedje (born in 1842), was of mixed Chinese and Javanese ethnic origin. Following the death of his father in 1864 from typhus, <mask> moved with his brother and sister to The Hague, where they grew up in the household of his aunt. Academy
In the spring of 1878, at the age of seventeen, Akkeringa enrolled at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague.He quickly befriended fellow student Willem de Zwart (1862–1931) and other artists studying at the academy, including Floris Verster (1861–1927) and Marius Bauer (1867–1932). It is likely that during this period Akkeringa met and became close to the artist Isaac Israëls (1865–1934). At the academy the courses Akkeringa took focussed on anatomical drawing, drawing from models, as well as studying the arts of perspective and composition. After class Akkeringa, like many of his fellow students, left the city to explore and practice the art of drawing nature, discovering that he was most inspired by the landscape around The Hague. In the spring of 1883 Akkeringa received his degree, though he continued to take classes at the academy until 1885. From August 1886 until the end of 1887 Akkeringa took a course at the Rotterdam Academy. In the same year he participated for the first time in the ‘Living Masters Exhibition’ at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague.Art societies
Late in 1887, Akkeringa moved to The Hague. Several months later, he moved again to Loosduinen to focus entirely on his painting. During this period, the so-called ‘Loosduinse painters colony’, or ‘The Hague Barbizon’, began. Artists involved in this movement besides Akkeringa included Willem de Zwart (1862–1931), who was a great influence on Akkringas style, <mask> Breitner (1857–1923), Jan Toorop (1858–1928), Theo van Hoytema (1863–1917), <mask> Otto van Thol (1859–1902), Marius Bauer (1867–1932) and several others. The artists of the Hague School were attracted to Loosduinen and the surrounding dunes, because the area was viewed as one of the last remaining authentic natural landscapes in the region. In October 1889, Akkeringa became a member of The Hague art society, Pulchri Studio. Among others, Akkeringa and Théophile de Brock established a board for The Hague Art Circle.Unlike the Pulchri Studio, The Hague Art Circle included art forms other than painting. On 26 June 1892, <mask> Haverman proposed Akkeringa as a friend of the art society 'Arti et Amicitiae'. On 25 February 1897 <mask> along with his friend Floris Arntzenius (1864–1925), was adopted as a member of the 'Hollandsche Teekenmaatschappij', of which he was a board member from 1912 to 1917. In February 1892, <mask>, Jan Toorop, Marius Bauer and Willem de Zwart were commissioned to illustrate a collection of fairy tales published by the Amsterdam publishing house Elsevier. The book, by Louse Ahn-De Jongh, was titled A Book of Imagination, Fairy Tales and Stories and was published in 1893. From November 1892 to October 1896 Akkeringa continued to work as an illustrator for Elsevier's 'Geïllustreerd Maandschrift' (the 'Illustrated Monthly'), to earn extra money. Family life
On 15 September 1892 <mask> married his niece Willemina Suzanna (Mien) Reedijk (1866–1909), and the young couple moved to a house on the outskirts of The Hague.Shortly afterwards two sons were born, <mask> (Leo) (1893–1959) and <mask> (Jan) (1894–1983). During their marriage the couple regularly moved around the growing city of The Hague and the nearby village of Scheveningen. <mask> preferred to live in homes on the outskirts of the city; not only did the landscapes of where he lived inspire him, but often his sons and their friends became the subjects of his paintings. In April 1903 the family, including his mother-in-law, moved to the village of Heeze in the province of North Brabant. Their home was known as 'Villa Erica'. The landscape of Heeze is the subject of many of Akkeringa's paintings. In 1905 the family went to live in Scheveningen, where Akkeringa's wife Mien died on 12 December 1909.On 20 April 1917, when Akkeringa was sixty-five, he married the thirty-two-year-old Elsje Wilhelmine Enter (1895–1969). On 27 August 1921 his third son, <mask> <mask> <mask>, was born. In 1932 Akkeringa visited his oldest son Leo, who lived in Paris; it would be the only foreign trip Akkeringa would ever make. <mask> died at the age of eighty-one. He was buried on 15 April 1942 at Rusthof cemetery in Amersfoort. In May that year an exhibition was held by members of the Pulchri Studio to commemorate his life and work. On 23 March 1943 the contents of Akkeringa's studio were auctioned off by the Amsterdam auction house Frederik Muller & Cie.

Works and exhibitions
In 1903, Akkringa was offered a contract by the Amsterdam-based art dealer E.J.van Wisselingh. His work was not only exhibited in Amsterdam, but also at the London branch of the company. He participated in several international exhibitions in Hamburg (1902), Budapest (1908), Berlin (1908), Pittsburgh (1904, 1907 and 1909), Buenos Aires (1910), Brussels (1910) and the Canadian city of Winnipeg (1913). From 1903 to 1914 Van Wisselingh organized a yearly exhibition at the Pulchri Studio where the work of Akkeringa was regularly shown with, in April 1904, a joint exhibition of the works of Akkeringa and fellow Dutch Indo Jan Toorop. In mid-1909 Akkeringa built a studio in the dunes at Meijendel, between The Hague and Wassenaar. The studio was financed by Van Wisselingh and served as a classroom in which Akkeringa taught his students. In 1914 Akkeringa participated in the Venice Biennale, and the exposition ‘Tentoonstelling van werk van Nederlandsche, in Indië geboren schilders’ at the Dutch art-circle at Batavia.In 1918, Akkringa passed his secondary vocational-course at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague, and he was appointed teacher for hand-drawing. In December 1921 <mask> had his first retrospective exhibition in the rooms of the Pulchri Studio. The exhibition was organized by the art dealer Van Wisselingh. In early 1924 <mask>'s contract with Van Wisseling, which included a monthly allowance, ended. A jubilee exhibition was organized at Pulchri Studio in January 1932 on <mask>'s seventy-first birthday. On 17 January 1932 an anniversary celebration was organized at Pulchri Studio, at which <mask> received a portfolio by his friends and admirers. In May 1942 the last retrospective exhibition of <mask>'s work opened in commemoration of the painter.After this exhibition <mask>, and mostly his work, was largely forgotten by the public. In mid-2005, the painter and his work were brought to the attention of the public again by an exhibition, organized by auction house Christie's Amsterdam, called: 'J.E.H. Akkeringa; schilders van tuin en duin'. His work is regularly sold at auction today. Prizes
 A first official token of recognition came on 28 February 1887, when <mask> won the Royal subsidy for the year 1887, by the commission of the Royal Subsidies of Arti et Amicitiae. In January 1890, <mask> won the Willink van Collen-competition with his watercolour Een Wandeling in het duin. In February 1894, he won the prize for a second time.In 1900 Akkeringa won a gold medal at the World's Fair in Paris. In 1905 Akkeringa received a silver medal from Queen Mother Emmaeen, for his work at the exhibition Gemeentelijkse Tentoonstellingen van Kunstwerken van Levende Meesters in Arnhem (derde Vierjaarlijksche). In 1909 Akkeringa again received a gold medal on the exhibition in Arnhem, and received a second gold medal in June on the exhibition X-Internationale Kunst Ausstellung in Munich. In May 1910 Akkeringa won a bronze medal with a beach view at the Exposición Internacional del Centenario in Buenos Aires. References
 Sarah de Clercq, <mask>t Hendrik <mask>, schilder van het onbezorgde leven, Schiedam 2010. External links

 His second marriage
 His death certificate
 Biography
 Wikipedia Commons
 <mask> Akkeringa artworks (paintings, watercolours, drawings), biography, pictures, images, information and signatures

1861 births
1942 deaths
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Realism (art movement)
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
People from the Bangka Belitung Islands
Hague School
20th-century Dutch painters
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni

masks:
Johannes Evert Hendrik Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Johannes Evert Akkeringa
Akkeringa
George Hendrik
Hendrik
Hendrik
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Leonard Johannes
Johannes Evert
Akkeringa
Evert
Hendrik
Jan Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Johannes Ever
Akkeringa
Johannes Evert


title: Alan B. Miller

texts:
<mask><mask> (born August 17, 1937) is an American businessman who is the founder of Universal Health Services, and currently serves as the company's chairman and chief executive officer (CEO). <mask> founded the company in 1979 and it has grown to become a large provider of hospital and healthcare services in the United states. His company has annual revenues of more than $11.37 billion. In September 2020, UHS announced that consistent with the company's long-standing succession plan, <mask><mask> would step down as CEO. Early years
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York on August 17, 1937. His father owned a dry cleaner store and his mother worked for a millinery company. As a youth, <mask> enjoyed playing sports and worked for a delivery clerk for a grocery store.He also worked for Western Union. <mask> played basketball in high school. At 6 feet and five inches, he has a height advantage, and his team won a New York City championship in 1954. He received a full scholarship to the University of Utah. He initially started studying in the University of Utah. Ultimately,  he graduated from the College of William and Mary. He earned his MBA from The Wharton School.While  in college, <mask> joined the U.S. Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), and was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Army and served in the 77th Infantry Division after he completed his education. Career
<mask> began his career in the advertising industry at Young & Rubicam in New York, one of the industry's largest advertising agencies. As the agency's youngest vice president, <mask> learned about entrepreneurship and risk-taking as he worked with his clients. For example, while he was at Y&R, <mask> was instrumental in developing one of the first nationally syndicated television programs, a show called “Cooking With Graham Kerr.”

When his former Wharton roommate came to him in 1969 with an idea for a business, <mask> decided to leave the advertising industry for a new venture. His new company, called American Medicorp, would build privately owned hospitals in high growth areas—such as California, Nevada, Texas and Florida—that had few hospitals. Four years later, in 1973, the company was in financial trouble and <mask>'s partner had left the company. <mask> took over as CEO of American Medicorp and engineered a turnaround that brought attention within the healthcare industry.American Medicorp became the target of a hostile takeover by Humana in 1978. Faced with losing the company, <mask> fought Humana's takeover bid. While he was ultimately not able to thwart the takeover, he did force Humana to raise the price it paid for American Medicorp, and generated additional money for all company shareholders. The day after he lost American Medicorp to a hostile takeover, <mask><mask> started a new company in the same industry. The new company was called Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS). Following the same formula for success that had helped him rebuild American Medicorp, <mask> has transformed Universal Health Services, Inc. from a start-up company that had six employees and zero revenue in 1979 into a Fortune 500 company that is one of the nation's largest healthcare corporations. The company currently owns more than 400 acute care hospitals, behavioral health facilities and ambulatory units, has more than 90,000 employees and generates annual revenues of more than $11.4 billion.In addition to his work with UHS, <mask> has served on the boards of directors of The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company and Broadlane. In September 2020, consistent with the company's long-standing succession plan, UHS announced that <mask><mask> would step down as CEO. Awards
In April 1999, <mask> received the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the Federation of American Hospitals in recognition of his work. <mask> also received the FAHS Award for leadership in 1978. He was named Master Entrepreneur of the Year in 1991, an award sponsored by Ernst & Young and Merrill Lynch. In 1992, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Carolina, and was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of his "exceptional humanitarian efforts and outstanding contributions to the country" through healthcare. He is a past recipient of the Americanism Award from the Anti-Defamation League.In 1999, he received the William & Mary Medallion, the highest award presented to alumni. In October 2007, the college awarded him the T.C. and Elizabeth Clarke Business medallion, the school's highest honor for business achievement. <mask> received the George Washington University President's Medal in 2002. He also received the Chairman's Award from the United Negro College Fund. In 2010, <mask> Award from the Horatio Alger Association. In 2019, <mask> was presented with the Distinguished Citizen Award from the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pa. for his commitment to healthcare, serving others, and his civic leadership.In 2019, <mask><mask> received the Distinguished Civilian Award from the Ben Franklin Global Forum in recognition of his leadership and accomplishments in providing behavioral healthcare to active duty military, veterans and their families. <mask> has been the list of Modern Healthcare magazine's "100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare" for 17 consecutive years since 2003. CEO
Financial World magazine listed <mask> among the Outstanding 1000 CEOs in 1995 and 1996. In October 2014, <mask> was awarded the Innovator Award, Healthcare CEO of the Year by Philadelphia Business Journal. In May 2015, <mask> was named to Wall Street Journal's "America's Longest-Serving CEO's." In 2015, <mask> was also named among CR Magazine's 2015 Responsible CEOs of the Year. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Forbes "America's Most Innovative Leaders" ranking (#95).The ranking is created by the Forbes editorial team. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Philadelphia Business Journal 2019 Most Admired CEOs list. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Fox Business list of 10 military veterans who became CEOs of Fortune 500 companies. In 2020, <mask><mask> was highlighted in Wall Street Journal article: New Thinking Emerges on Optimal Tenure for a CEO. In 2020, <mask><mask> was named to the longest living CEOs globally in the S&P 500 by International Business Times. References

External links
 Universal Health Services, Inc. website

Living people
Businesspeople from New York City
1937 births
People from Brooklyn
University of Utah alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
American health care chief executives

masks:
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Millerger
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller


title: James Foster (ironmaster)

texts:
<mask> (9 May 1786 – 12 April 1853) was a prominent Worcestershire ironmaster, coalmaster and senior partner in the important iron company of John Bradley & Co, Stourbridge, which was founded by his elder half-brother but greatly enlarged under his direction. As well as the Stourbridge ironworks, the business owned a number of coal and ironstone mines, furnaces, forges and other works in the Black Country and near Ironbridge. The business continued long after <mask>'s death, ultimately being incorporated as John Bradley (Stourbridge) Ltd in the early 20th century. In the late 19th century, the company was a member of the Marked Bar Association, whose members were the makers of the highest quality bar iron of the time. <mask> was also a partner in other companies including the engineering firm Foster, Rastrick and Company, which built the first steam locomotive to run on rails in the USA. He was also a banker and landowner as well as being elected Member of Parliament and appointed as Improvement Commissioner for Stourbridge, and High Sheriff of Worcestershire. Biography

<mask> was the son of Henry and <mask> (née Haden).He was born on 9 May 1786 and baptised on 11 May 1786. The family house, which still exists, was in an area of Stourbridge then called Digbeth, now numbered 7 and 8 Lower High Street. Mary's first husband, Gabriel Bradley from Stourbridge, had left her his iron business on his death in 1771. John Bradley, Mary's son by her first husband, founded the company John Bradley & Co., in 1800 taking a lease on land near the canal at Stourbridge with the aim of developing an ironworks. The deed of partnership for the company was drawn up in 1802 which granted a share in the company to Bradley's six half-brothers and sisters (which included <mask>). By 1813 only John Bradley and <mask> had shares in the company and on Bradley's death in 1816, <mask> took control of the enterprise, which included the Stourbridge Iron Works. In 1818, <mask> leased mines at Wombridge, Shropshire with an agreement to build blast furnaces there within 18 months.Foster formed a subsidiary partnership with John Urpeth Rastrick in Stourbridge which traded as Foster, Rastrick and Company. The company was in existence from 1819 to 1831, and at the leading edge of iron technology; producing a wide range of products such as blast furnaces and rolling mill equipment, sugar mills for export to the West Indies, iron 'bearers' (beams) for important buildings of the age, wrought iron rails, and four early steam locomotives. Of these 'The Agenoria' worked on the Kingswinford Railway, near Stourbridge and is now in the National Railway Museum, York. The other three were ordered by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company and exported to the United States. The 'Stourbridge Lion' became the first steam locomotive to run on a commercial railway at Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Unfortunately it proved too heavy for the wooden track and after a few trial runs was removed. A few components remain in the Smithsonian Museum, Washington D.C.The 'New Foundry' built in 1821, with a magnificent iron roof structure spanning , produced components for the company and continued working as a foundry until early in the 21st century. For many years standing semi-derelict, the building has now been intelligently restored and is in use again as a medical centre for Stourbridge people. <mask> formed a partnership with Thomas Jukes Collier (Thomas Jukes Collier & Co), which carried out mining in the Hadley area from around 1820. On 20 February 1821, <mask> obtained a patent for "certain improvements in the manufacture of wrought malleable iron". In 1820s, <mask> entered into a partnership with George Jones and John Barker, both of Wolverhampton, to construct the Chillington Ironworks. The three partners patented an improved method of producing malleable iron in 1832. They invented a method of conveying the molten iron produced in a blast furnace into the puddling furnace without the intermediate stage of producing solid pig iron.<mask>'s first entry into politics was in 1825 when he was appointed an Improvement Commissioner for the town of Stourbridge. He lobbied for a new Improvement Act, passed in 1825, which enabled the Commissioners to construct a market hall for the town. <mask> later became a member of parliament, as a Whig, for Bridgnorth (1831–1832), although he rarely took part in debates. He served as High Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1840. In 1828, <mask> acquired the Madeley Court estate. Here he commenced mining operations, sinking 17 pits in total. Later (in 1843), <mask> had blast furnaces constructed nearby.In 1833, <mask> acquired a lease of Stourton Castle for £10,000. He subsequently modernised and added to the building, employing the architect Sir Robert Smirke to provide the designs. In 1834 <mask> met with a number of industrialists to found the Stourbridge and Kidderminster Banking Co. <mask> became the Chairman of the bank, an office he held until 1850. The first branch of the bank was sited at Park House just off Stourbridge High Street, which had been <mask>'s previous home. IN 1844, <mask> was listed as being on the Committee of Management of the company that proposed to build the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway. A brief profile of <mask> in Griffiths' Guide to the Iron Trade of Great Britain, describes him as: "a most able and far seeing man, divested entirely of consequential airs and assumed superiority, endowed in a very remarkable degree with common sense; being afflicted with deafness, his manner sometimes appeared brusque, owing to his prompt and decisive answers. He was a decided Liberal in politics, and a truly good, kind-hearted gentleman".After his death, aged 66, which occurred on 12 April 1853, it was reported that one thousand of his workers paraded after the funeral cortege. He was interred in the family vault at St Mary's, Oldswinford. He was unmarried, and his iron business and estates were inherited by his nephew, William Orme <mask>. Businesses of James Foster
 John Bradley & Co. Founded by his half brother, John Bradley, <mask> was a partner from 1807 and sole owner from 1836. Foster, Rastrick & Co. The partnership with John Urpeth Rastrick was formed in 1819 and dissolved in 1831 with assets being absorbed by John Bradley & Co.
Thomas Jukes Collier & Co. Partnership formed in 1818 and lasted until 1837.Madley Court. Bought by <mask> in 1828 who developed mines and furnaces on the site. Chillington Coal & Iron Co. Partnership formed in 1825 with George Jones, who was the active partner. Stourbridge and Kidderminster Banking Co. <mask> was Chairman from 1834 until 1850. References

Sources
Senate House Library, University of London, John Bradley & Co (Stourbridge) Ltd., Ironfounders. Retrieved 22 April 2005. Collins, Paul (ed.); (1989) Stourbridge and its Historic Locomotives, Dudley, Dudley Leisure Services. Mutton, Norman, 'The Foster Family: a study of a Midland industrial dynasty 1786–1899' (thesis 1973: copy in Dudley Archives and Local History Centre). External links

1786 births
1853 deaths
People from Stourbridge
English ironmasters
British businesspeople in the coal industry
High Sheriffs of Worcestershire
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
British people in rail transport
UK MPs 1831–1832
19th-century British businesspeople

masks:
James Foster
James Foster
Foster
James Foster
Mary Foster
James Foster
James Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster


title: Larysa Hienijuš

texts:
<mask> (Belarusian: Ларыса Геніюш; August 9, 1910 - April 7, 1983) was a Belarusian poet, writer and active participant of the national movement. Biography

Childhood and youth
She was born <mask>ič in the estate Žlobaǔcy (now Vaǔkavysk raion, Grodno Region) into the family of a wealthy land-owner. She had many siblings. Hienijuš went to a Polish school, in 1928 she successfully completed Vaǔkavysk Polish Gymnasium. At that time, she got acquainted with the world literature - the Polish, Scandinavian and English classics. She also started writing poetry. Life in Prague
On 3 February she married a medical student, <mask>, who at that time was studying at Charles University, Prague.In 1937, after the birth of their son Jurka,  she joined her husband in Prague. There, one of Hienijušs' neighbors was Alexandra Kosach-Shimanovskaya, sister of Lesya Ukrainka - the author whose work has greatly influenced the Belarusian poet. Hienijuš's first published poems appeared in "Раніца", a Berlin newspaper of Belarusian emigrants in 1939. In July 1941, as a member of the Belarusian Self-Help Committee, Hienijuš issued a document to the Jewish family Wolfsohn, which they passed off as Orthodox Belarusians, although all committee members were aware that they were Jews. Because of this, the Wolfsohn family was able to survive the Second World War. In 1942, her first collection of poetry, «Ад родных ніў» was published. It was filled with nostalgia and thoughts about the fate of her homeland.When in 1939 the Red Army took over western Belarus, the poet's father, Anton Miklaševič, was shot dead and his mother and two sisters were deported to Kazakhstan. According to the will of the then President of the Belarusian People's Republic (BNR) Vasil Zacharka, <mask> <mask> was appointed Secretary General of the Government of BNR in exile in March 1943. She preserved and organised the BNR archive, took care of Belarusian immigrants, political refugees and prisoners of war. She hid the most valuable part of the archive in the location out of the reach of the NKVD and the MGB. Later, the Soviet security service tortured the poet to get hold of the archive. Arrest and conviction
After the Second World War, <mask> Hienijuš with her husband and son lived in Vimperk near Prague. 5 March 1948, they were arrested by the MGB.Both <mask> and Janka Hienijuš were kept in the prisons in Czechoslovakia and Lviv, Ukraine. In October 1948 they were transferred to a prison in Minsk. Here <mask> Hienijuš was interrogated and tortured by the BSSR Minister of State Security Lavrentiy Tsanava. On 7 February 1949, both Hienijušes were sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment. The poet served her term in the camps of the Komi ASSR. She showed an example of a phenomenal spiritual strength by bringing together Belarusians and prisoners of other nationalities, and continued writing poetry. Prisoners called her Mother and her poems - glucose, memorising them by heart and reading as a prayer.After eight years, <mask> <mask> was released in 1956. The tragic fate befell other members of Miklaševič family: the poet's mother and two sisters died in Kazakhstan in 1945; her brother, Arkadź, soldier in the Anders' Army, died on 27 July 1944 in the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy, and another brother, Raścislaǔ, soldier in the Polish Army, died on 26 (28?) April 1945 near Berlin. Zelva years
After her release, the poet settled in her husband's home in Zelva. Both Hienijušes refused to accept the Soviet citizenship and the rest of their lives lived with a note "Stateless" in their passports. On several occasions they requested rehabilitation, but every time received a reply: “Sentenced lawfully”. KGB followed the poet everywhere, read the letters sent to her from all around the world, installed spying devices in her house.Janka <mask> was allowed to work as a doctor in the local clinic, and her wife - not for long - as a cleaner. In 1979, Janka died and the poet was allocated a meager pension. The authorities denied the poet a quiet old age; only once she was allowed to visit her son Jurka, who lived in Białystok, Poland. For nearly ten years, the poet's works were totally banned. Only in 1963, her post-imprisonment poems were published in Belarusian magazines for the first time. Thanks to the then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR, Maksim Tank, <mask> <mask>'s first in Belarus collection of works, «Невадам зь Нёмана» was published in 1967. It was edited by Uladzimir Karatkievič pro bono.It included most of the poems from «Ад родных ніў» without some excerpts removed by censors, as well as new poems of the Zelva period. Then, for years she was allowed to publish only children’s poetry. Death and rehabilitation refusal
<mask> Hienijuš died in 1983. Thousands of people came to her burial. In 1999, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee appealed to the General Prosecutor's Office to annul an unjust sentence against both Hienijušs. The Office forwarded the appeal to the Supreme Court which refused the annulment as the poet "has no grounds for rehabilitation." However, the reasons for refusal were unknown as, according to the Court's letter, "they may only be given to the repressed person".Bibliography

Poetry
 Ад родных ніў (Prague, 1942; reprinted: Slonim, 1995)
 Невадам з Нёмана (Minsk, 1967)
 На чабары настоена.

masks:
Larysa Hienijuš
Larysa Miklašev
Janka Hienijuš
Larysa
Hienijuš
Larysa
Larysa
Larysa
Larysa
Hienijuš
Hienijuš
Larysa
Hienijuš
Larysa


title: Dino Dvornik

texts:
<mask> (; 20 August 1964 – 7 September 2008) was a Croatian singer-songwriter, music producer, actor and reality television star known as "the Croatian king of funk". Biography

Early life
A son of renowned actor <mask> and mother <mask> (née Tomić), <mask> was born in Split, at that time within Yugoslav republic of Croatia. He and his elder brother Dean would play alongside their father in mainstream 1970s movies and TV shows in Yugoslavia. These included Naše malo misto (1970–1971), Mater (1976),  Hajdučka vremena (1977), Priko sinjeg mora (1979), as well as the TV show Ljubav je hleb s devet kora (1990) and A Wonderful Night in Split (2004) by director Arsen A. Ostojić, a movie which achieved many honors at various film festivals. In August 1989 <mask> married his wife Danijela Kuljiš, with whom he had a daughter Ella who is today a singer. Career
Dvornik was best known to the public as a musician more so than an actor as he only took sporadic forays into acting over the years. His music had originally made him famous, earning him wide popularity across the regions of the former Yugoslavia.In the early 1980s <mask> and his brother Dean founded Kineski Zid, a pop band named after the building in which the Dvornik family lived at that time in Split. It was the first domestic funk record released in Yugoslavia. He had been a perfectionist by reputation who would lock himself in the studio for months. However, differences between the interests of the band members and the public led the band to an early breakup. Dvornik's influences included James Brown, Stevie Wonder and other funk artists. His unique style of music earned him the monikers "King of Funk" and "Funk Daddy". <mask> was also known for his changing haircuts and his taste for stylish and trendy clothes.He was a born entertainer who would keep his fans amused during and in between songs, making sure nobody would leave his shows unhappy. Wider success and personal feedback
Dvornik had been emerging on the Yugoslav music scene when the war broke out. Privately, he had been praised by many for his honesty and friendship in the true sense of the word and he also had fans all over the world, particularly amongst people originating from the former Yugoslavia. Dvornik would play shows all over Europe and in the United States. His biggest hit amongst many, arguably, is "Afrika" (taken from the 1997 album Enfant terrible). His down-to-earth, endearing attitude was much appreciated by his fans. Dvornik was described as being friendly to all, often walking and living his life in full public view; never turning away from the attention of fans, and even joining them socially in the bars and cafés.His popularity was built on a combination of intelligent song lyrics and energetic, wild stage performances. In this early stage of his career he chose his haircut and outfit to resemble Morrissey from The Smiths. At 1988 Zagreb Fest, Dvornik first made a name for himself when he received the award for best debutant for his song "Tebi pripadam" (I Belong To You). The very same year he released his first solo album, self-titled <mask>nik followed by Kreativni nered in 1989. Both became huge hits and made him a superstar in short time. After two other good albums, a studio and a live album which went unnoticed because of the war in his country, Dvornik finally switched from funk to house music in the mid 1990s. His best-known song from that period is an ode to his hometown Split, "Ništa kontra Splita", which he performed at the prestigious Split Music Festival in 1995 and eventually he won the main award for it.<mask> released Enfant terrible in 1997, his best selling and most awarded album to date. He has won several Porins, the most famous Croatian music award. Although he loved his hometown Split, he was living mainly in the Croatian capital of Zagreb for professional reasons. Dvornik was a supporter of Croatian football powerhouse Hajduk Split. Dvornik frequently expressed that the breakup of Yugoslavia had consequences on his album sales, since the market decreased and people focused on other music styles and different artists in their new originated countries during and after the war. He stood his ground on a smaller market against people who thought he was too unpredictable. The quality of his music always managed to prevail obstacles like these during his career.He would rearrange parts on his tracks until everything was the way he thought was well enough to be shared with his fans. <mask> was always anxious for his albums to be produced in high standard quality, something he was famous for ever since his early days in music. His most notable collaborations with other music artists in his country include those with Croatian music diva Josipa Lisac and his Montenegrin counterpart and close friend Rambo Amadeus. In his last years Dvornik would often get behind the turntables and deejay in various clubs. Later years
Over the years, he became the subject of the media spotlight for allegedly struggling with substance abuse. He made several attempts at drug withdrawal and even though he succeeded each time, he admitted that the drugs had ruined his health and made his life a mess. Although he was a caring husband and loving father, he would still attend parties.Dvornik tended to create a warm atmosphere wherever he went, putting people instantly in a good mood. There have been many rumors about Dvornik, mostly about his substance abuse and other shocking incidents such as apparently urinating on jury members from a gallery at an award show in the late 1990s as he did not approve with their selection of artists to be honored. At a similar public event he was spotted running around in underwear to state his disgust towards the hypocrisy and petty bourgeoisie of some people attending the show. In 2004, he starred in the movie A Wonderful Night in Split portraying a Split drug lord. The same year he became one of the first Croatian celebrities to start writing his own blog. He was later joined by his wife and his modelling daughter in doing so. In 2006, he and his family became the stars of a Croatian reality show, Dvornikovi, an entertaining show in the manner of The Osbournes.In 2008 <mask> was working on his forthcoming album, Pandorina kutija. The album was nearing completion. He had already released the first single for the summer, "Hipnotiziran". The album is due for release in October 2008. Death
On 7 September 2008, just 18 days following the celebration of his 44th birthday, <mask> died in his bed. He had been severely depressed and overdosed on antidepressants, many of which the police found in his home during the on-site investigation. His wife Danijela found him dead in bed in their apartment at 11:00 AM.Three days later Dvornik was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery in Zagreb. Discography
 <mask> (1989)
 Kreativni nered (1990)
 Priroda i društvo (1993)
 Live in Munich (1994)
 Enfant terrible (1997)
 The Best of: Vidi ove pisme (1998)
 Big Mamma (1999)
 2002 godine u Splitu! (2001)
 Svicky (2002)
 Pandorina kutija (2008)
 <mask>nik The Ultimate Collection (2009)
 Pandorina kutija (Special Edition) + 3 new tracks + DVD (2010)

References

External links

 <mask>nik discography

1964 births
2008 suicides
20th-century Croatian male singers
Croatian pop singers
Croatian songwriters
Musicians from Split, Croatia
Yugoslav musicians
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Yugoslav male singers
Indexi Award winners

masks:
Dino Dvornik
Boris Dvornik
Diana Dvornik
Dino
Dvornik
Dino
Dino
Dino Dvor
Dino
Dvornik
Dvornik
Dvornik
Dino Dvornik
Dino Dvor
Dino Dvor


title: Miguna Miguna

texts:
<mask> is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. He is also a Canadian attorney, a barrister and solicitor in Toronto, Canada. Miguna served as a senior adviser to former Kenyan Prime Minister Raila Odinga from 2009 to 2011. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1962 in Magina, Kenya. He attended Apondo Primary School in Magina Village-Nyando before proceeding to the prestigious Njiiri School in Murang'a for his High School and then the University of Nairobi, where he became a student leader in 1986 and 1987. He was detained by the Moi regime and expelled from the university in 1987 for championing multi-party democracy in Kenya. Upon his release, he fled to the neighbouring Tanzania on foot where he was granted asylum by the UNHCR, staying there briefly before being granted asylum in the Kingdom of Swaziland.Subsequently, he was granted permanent political asylum in Canada in 1988, where he continued to pursue his higher education. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in political science and philosophy from the University of Toronto in 1990 and thereafter studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University in Toronto, obtaining a Juris Doctorate degree in 1993. He was admitted to the Ontario Bar in 1995. He obtained a Masters of Laws (LLM) from the Osgoode Hall Law School of York University in 2001. Miguna served as the Coordinator for the Committee for Democracy in Kenya (CDK) from 1988 to 1994. He articled at the civil rights law firm of Charles Roach (Roach, Schwartz and Associates) in Toronto setting up his law practice where he stayed until 2007 when he returned to Kenya. He was admitted to the Kenyan Bar in 2008.Political career
Upon his return to Kenya, he contested in the primaries of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)'s nomination for Nyando Constituency, but lost to Frederick Outa Otieno. He was part of the ODM's campaign team during the 2007 general election. In March 2009, he was appointed as Prime Minister Raila Odinga's senior adviser on coalition affairs and concurrently served alongside Kivutha Kibwana as the Joint-secretary to the Permanent Committee on the Management of the Grand Coalition Affairs. In August 2011, he was accused of gross misconduct and was thereby suspended without pay. The suspension was lifted on 29 December 2011 but Miguna rejected his reinstatement. In 2010, some members from the Party of National Unity side of the coalition accused him of being a foreigner for holding a Canadian passport, as Kenyan law didn't recognise dual citizenship at the time he acquired Canadian citizenship, although the Kenyan constitution was changed in 2010 to allow for it. They wrote, "While Mr. <mask> <mask> was born in Kenya, he has since become a citizen of Canada.Like all other expatriates working in the country, our laws require that Mr Miguna apply for and obtain the relevant permits to live and work in Kenya." Miguna responded that he was a Kenyan citizen by birth and that he had never renounced his citizenship. However, he did acquire Canadian citizenship at some point while in exile. <mask> justified his actions by saying at the time, "When fleeing a dictatorial regime, one uses any means and even Mr. Odinga once used a Tanzanian passport." On 14 July 2012, he launched his first memoir titled Peeling Back the Mask: A Quest for Justice in Kenya. The book was very critical of Raila Odinga and purported to expose him as a charlatan. It sparked protests from Odinga's supporters in Ahero who burned Miguna's effigy and mock coffin and thereafter sprinkled its ashes into River Nyando.He was attacked whilst promoting his book at a hotel in Mombasa and had to be rescued by the police. In September 2012, he terminated his life membership from ODM and announced his candidacy for Governor of Nairobi County in the 2013 gubernatorial election as an independent candidate. He later on cancelled his candidacy. He launched a sequel to his memoir in February 2013 titled Kidneys for the King: Deforming the Status Quo in Kenya. Odinga, on his part, has declined to answer to the claims made in <mask>'s books and did not sue Miguna for defamation, although since Odinga has been widely viewed in Kenya as a leading proponent of political reforms, his image could be badly sullied if the claims made in <mask>'s book were accepted as true. In an act of rejection of his former political boss, <mask> endorsed Uhuru Kenyatta, Odinga's rival, in the 2013 presidential election. Kenyatta went on to win the poll, albeit amid accusations made by Odinga that the election was marred by poll fraud.In March 2016, <mask> declared that he would be vying for the position of Governor for Nairobi as an independent candidate. He unveiled a manifesto in August 2016. The manifesto promised visionary leadership based on integrity, clear and progressive transformative policies, programs and a commitment for service delivery, job creation and infrastructure development. Although he came in fourth in the 2017 Nairobi gubernatorial elections held on 8 August 2017, <mask> refused to concede defeat. In the August 2017 presidential election, Odinga and his supporters alleged that Kenyatta's election victory was a fraud. The Supreme Court of Kenya nullified the declaration of Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as validly elected president and Deputy President, respectively. The Supreme Court also held that the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) had committed numerous illegalities and irregularities and failed to conduct the 8 August 2017 presidential election in strict adherence to the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and other applicable statues.The Court ordered the election repeated within sixty days. But it also ordered the IEBC to open its servers and KIEMS kits for a forensic audit before the repeat election. High Court of Kenya ruled that the election was not procedurally valid, and another election was held in October. Mr. Odinga boycotted that election, saying it would not be conducted fairly and credibly. Kenyatta was declared the winner with 98% of the vote, although the election was marred by irregularities, and people in some areas were not allowed to vote. In a dramatic reversal of stance, <mask> became one of Odinga's most outspoken advocates after the 2017 presidential election; he also emerged to become one of the sternest critics of the Kenyatta administration, accusing it of despotism and rigging itself into power. Miguna is the leader of the National Resistance Movement, an opposition group for civil disobedience activities that supported Odinga.On 30 January 2018, the Kenyan government declared the National Resistance Movement to be an organised crime group. On 30 January 2018, in a mock swearing in ceremony, Miguna administered an oath of office to Raila Odinga, where Odinga proclaimed himself "the people's president". The government reacted by shutting down all television and radio broadcasts and arresting Miguna and another lawyer (T J Kajwang') who had witnessed the ceremony (but did not arrest Odinga, since that would further inflame his supporters). Miguna was taken to court and charged with "being present and consenting to the administration of an oath to commit a capital offence, namely treason". The High Court ordered that Miguna be released on bail and that television broadcasts be permitted, but the government disobeyed the orders. Chief justice David Maraga criticised the actions of the officials, saying: "Disobeying court orders is inimical to the rule of law." <mask>'s Kenyan passport was seized and he was forced out of the country.Interior Cabinet Secretary Fred Matiang'i said that the reason his passport had been seized is that it had been issued irregularly and fraudulently. Government officials said that Miguna did not disclose his Canadian citizenship when he applied for a Kenyan passport in 2009, so his application was not valid. Miguna countered that "The constitution is crystal clear: no one can invalidate or purport to cancel the citizenship of a Kenyan born citizen." The government also declared the National Resistance Movement to be organised crime group. On 26 March 2018, Miguna tried to return to Kenya. He arrived at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi on a flight from Dubai, and when he demanded to be granted entry pursuant to multiple valid court orders, agents of the Uhuru Kenyatta regime refused to allow him into the country, insisting that he should enter as a "tourist" or "visitor," which he refused to do. Miguna argued, rightly, that if he entered as a visitor or tourist, he would have surrendered his rights and the regime could arrest him when he participated in political activities.He also argued that because the courts had ruled his removal illegal and ordered the state to facilitate his return and return unconditionally, the conditions being demanded were further contempt of court order. On the day he arrived, state security agents physically assaulted him, tore his clothes and tried to force him into a KLM flight to Amsterdam that was preparing to depart, but he loudly resisted. The heavily armed security agents tore Miguna's clothes and detained him at the airport despite further orders directing his unconditional release. Video footage of the incident was circulated widely on the internet. He was detained at the airport incommunicado for 2–3 days, tortured, and was forcibly returned to Dubai. He had smuggled his Canadian passport out of the airport in order to thwart his second illegal and forceful removal and presented only his Kenyan national ID card when requesting entry to the country, which was refused as an improper document for use when entering the country from Dubai. He did not have a Kenyan passport because it had been seized by government officials when he was expelled from the country the previous month.He said his refusal to provide the Canadian document was "because I arrived in Kenya on March 26 as a Kenyan born citizen". One of his attorneys said in an affidavit that <mask>'s Canadian passport had been seized by Kenyan officials, but Miguna and the Kenyan authorities both later contradicted that statement, and once Miguna was returned to Dubai he was able to proceed to Canada from there – presumably by producing the Canadian passport. During his incommunicado detention, several court order were issued directing the Kenyan authorities to release him, not to remove him from the jurisdiction of the court and when the government officials refused, The Honourable Justice George Odinga of the High Court in Nairobi convicted the Minister for Interior, Fred Matiang'i, the Principal Secretary for Immigration, Gordon Kihalangwa, the Director General of Police, Boinett and the head of the CID, George Kinoti for contempt of court and fined them. In defiance of court orders, the Kenyan authorities had insisted that Miguna must complete forms to "regularise" his Kenyan citizenship, but he refused to fill out the forms and tore them up, saying that he was a citizen by birth who never lost and could not lose his citizenship and should not need to apply for restoration of his citizenship. On 28 March 2018, Human Rights Watch issued a statement calling for Miguna's release. Otsieno Namwaya of Human Rights watch said "Kenyan authorities should urgently obey the numerous court orders to either release or produce Miguna in court. Holding him at the airport without any form of judicial review, in violation of court orders, is a blatant example of arbitrary detention."On 28 March, just hours before Miguna was forcefully removed from the country by the despotic regime of Uhuru Kenyatta in violation of his constitutional and birth rights, High Court judge George Odunga declared the interior minister, the national police chief, and the head of immigration to be in contempt of court for their actions in defying a court order to release Miguna, and fined them US$2000 (UK£1,400) each. Miguna said that he had been physically assaulted, tortured and forcibly drugged with an intravenous sedative before being put on the plane back to Dubai, and was unconscious on the journey. He released a photograph of an injury to his hand that he said had been inflicted by the injection of the sedative. A number of journalists covering the story said they had been assaulted by government officials. In a Facebook post, Miguna said "I was dragged, assaulted, drugged and forcefully flown to Dubai" and "I'm sick. My ribs and body is hurting all over. This is a travesty of justice."On 29 March, Irungu Houghton, the executive director of Amnesty International for Kenya, released a statement calling for authorities to allow Miguna to enter the country to participate in judicial proceedings, saying "The way Miguna was treated showed blatant disregard for his human rights, after the High Court ordered that he be allowed to re-enter the country. The Kenyan government must also respect and protect the right to freedom of expression and allow journalists to freely report on the case without harassment, intimidation or attacks." Amnesty said "The continuous disregard for court orders and attacks on the media is steadily eroding the rule of law and weakening human rights safeguards in the country," and requested to "also launch a thorough, independent and impartial investigation into the unlawful use of force by the police to prevent journalists from doing their job". On 12 April 2018, former Kenyan Chief Justice Dr Willy Mutunga is reported to have called Miguna's treatment inhumane and unconstitutional in an interview with John Githongo, He is quoted as stating that "It is nauseating. It is very painful." On 14 December 2018, the High court of Kenya released a landmark judgment in which it strongly indicted the state for having grossly violated Miguna's constitutional and fundamental rights such as his right to citizenship by birth which it ruled he did not lose and the state could not terminate. The Court also held that Miguna was a citizen entitled to a Kenyan Passport and ordered the State to issue him with a new and valid passport.The Court held that the destruction of Miguna's house, his arrest, incommunicado detention and forceful removal from Kenya were illegal and inhumane; that they constituted physical, emotional and psychological torture. Justice Enoch Chacha Mwita awarded Dr <mask> Miguna Sh7 million as damages for the violation of his rights during his rights and Kshs. 270,000 as special damages for the destruction of his house in  Runda by the state. The court ordered the state officers who had been sued to pay the damages personally. In December 2019, <mask> Miguna made public his intention to return to Kenya through his Twitter account in what would be his third attempt. Citing protection from a court order issued in December 2018 to allow his return, he stated that his flight  would land in Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport on the morning of 11 January 2020. However, his return aborted when both Lufthansa and Air France airlines denied him admission to their flights citing red alerts that had been issued by the Kenyan government over his intended trip

On 6 January 2020, Kenyan high court Judge Justice Weldon Korir ordered the government to facilitate the entry of Dr Miguna back to the country, and that the registrar should release Miguna's Kenyan passport which was currently under custody.Kenyan Justice John Mativo summoned the Kenyan Attorney General Mr Paul Kihara Kariuki to appear in court on 13 January 2020, to explain why orders allowing lawyer <mask> <mask>'s return to Kenya had not been obeyed. The Attorney General did not appear in court and instead sent a team of lawyers to appear in court on his behalf, prompting protest from <mask> <mask>'s lawyers, who said that the state was treating the matter casually. Works

References

External links

Miguna's Column on the Star

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Kenyan lawyers
Kenyan writers
Kenyan columnists
Kenyan Luo people
University of Toronto alumni
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
Kenyan Luo politicians
Kenyan pan-Africanists
Kenyan expatriates in Canada
People from Kisumu County

masks:
Miguna Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna
Miguna


title: Renzo Novatore

texts:
Abele Rizieri Ferrari (May 12, 1890 – November 29, 1922), better known by the pen name <mask>, was an Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, now mostly known for his posthumously published book Toward the Creative Nothing (Verso il nulla creatore) and associated with ultra-modernist trends of futurism. His thought was influenced by Max Stirner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Palante, Oscar Wilde, Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Schopenhauer and Charles Baudelaire. Biography

Background
Abele Ricieri Ferrari was born in Arcola, Liguria, Italy on May 12, 1890 in a poor peasant family. He did not adjust to school discipline and quit in the first year never coming back after that. While he worked in his father's farm, he self-educated himself with an emphasis in poetry and philosophy. Around his town, he was surrounded by a vibrant anarchist scene which he started to come close to. Writing and action
He discovered Max Stirner, Errico Malatesta, Peter Kropotkin, Henrik Ibsen, and  Friedrich Nietzsche, whom <mask> often quoted.From 1908 on he embraced individualist anarchism. In 1910, he was charged with the burning of a local church and spent three months in prison, but his participation in the fire was never proven. A year later, he went on the lam for several months because the police wanted him for theft and robbery. On September 30, 1911, the police arrested him for vandalism. He justified refusal of work and he thought, in his personal philosophy of life, that he has the right to expropriate from the rich people what he needed for his daily survival, and using force wasn't a problem for him. In 1914, he began to write for anarchist papers. He was drafted in 1912 but quickly discharged for unknown causes.As the Great War approached he deserted his regiment on April 26, 1918 and was sentenced to death by a military tribunal for desertion and high treason on October 31. He left his village and fled, propagating the desertion from the Army and the armed uprising against the state. <mask> was married with two children at the time and when his younger son died in the last months of 1918, <mask> came back to his home, risking the arrest only to give him a last goodbye. He was involved in an anarcho-futurist collective in La Spezia which he led (along with Auro d'Arcola) to be active in the militant anti-fascist Arditi del Popolo. He was close friends with Enzo Martucci and Bruno Filippi. <mask> <mask> wrote for many anarchist papers (Cronaca Libertaria, Il Libertario, Iconoclastal, Gli Scamiciati, Nichilismo, Pagine Libere) where he debated with other anarchists (among them Camillo Berneri). He published a magazine, Vertice, which has unfortunately been lost apart from few articles.<mask> collaborated in the individualist anarchist journal Iconoclasta! alongside the young stirnerist illegalist Bruno Filippi. Death
In May 1919, the city of La Spezia fell under control of a self-proclaimed Revolutionary Committee and he fought alongside it. On June 30, 1919, <mask> was hidden in a hut in the countries near the city of Sarzana. A farmer told the police about him and he was sentenced to ten years in prison, but was released in a general amnesty a few months later. By the early 1920s Italy was about to be taken over by Fascism. He decided to go underground and in 1922 he joined the gang of the famous robber of anarchist inspiration: .He was killed in an ambush by carabinieri in Teglia, near Genoa, on November 29, 1922 while being with Pollastro but Pollastro managed to escape. On <mask>'s body the detectives found some false documents, a Browning gun with two full magazines, one hand grenade and a ring with a secret container filled with a lethal dose of cyanide. Worldview

<mask> talked of the "heroic beauty of the anti-collectivist and creative I" which is beyond both bourgeois and proletarian manners and morality. He spoke of his individual situation as living "In the Reign of the Phantoms" recalling Stirner. He summarizes his view of his situation as existing among social conformism saying "The world is one pestulant church covetous and slimy where all have an idol to fetishistically adore and an altar on which to sacrifice themself." In this way he speaks of religion saying "if you will patiently await the desolate calvary to then nail yourself on the cross, becoming the image of ME that is the ManGod, you will be the perfect human creature worthy of sitting at the right of my father who is in the kingdom of heaven.". As far as democracy and the legacy of the Enlightenment he says "the French Revolution says to you: I have proclaimed the rights of man.If you will enter devoutly in the symbolic cloister of human social justice to sublimate and humanize through the moral canon of social life, you will be a citizen and I will give you the rights I proclaimed to man." "Progress (?) and Civilization (? ), Religion (?) and the Ideal (? ), have closed life in a mortal circle where the phantoms most grim have erected their viscid reign. Time to end it!We must break the circle violently and exit". As an exit of this situation he proclaims "revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth. Because we-violent celebralists and passional sentimentalists at the same time-understand and know that revolution is a necessity of the silent sorrow that suffers at the bottom and a need of the free spirits who suffer in the heights."He summarizes the three options in life as "The stream of slavery, the stream of tyranny, the stream of freedom! With revolution, the last of these streams needs to burst upon the other two and overwhelm them. It needs to create spiritual beauty, teach the poor the shame of their poverty, and the rich the shame of their wealth." Nevertheless, <mask> had an individualist permanent conception of revolution which he believed could at some point come into conflict with the masses. He wrote, "You are waiting for the revolution! Very well! My own began a long time ago!When you are ready – God, what an endless wait! – it won’t nauseate me to go along the road awhile with you! But when you stop, I will continue on my mad and triumphant march toward the great and sublime conquest of Nothing!". Alongside this, he manifests an insurrectionary point of view such as when he manifests that "Every society you build will have its fringes, and on the fringes of every society, heroic and restless vagabonds will wander, with their wild and virgin thoughts, only able to live by preparing ever new and terrible outbreaks of rebellion!". He says he views "Only ethical and spiritual wealth" as "invulnerable. This is the true property of individuals. The rest no!The rest is vulnerable! And all that is vulnerable will be violated!" <mask> sees thoses similar to him as "anarchists. And individualists, and nihilists, and aristocrats." and as "the lovers of every miracle, the promoters of every prodigy, the creators of every wonder! "; "the enemies of all material domination and all spiritual leveling." He adheres to nihilism but denies "christian nihilism" as he sees it denies life.He says instead "Since the only serious people are those who know how to be actively engaged laughing." and so the individualists must go "Forward, for the destruction of the lie and of the phantoms! Forward, for the complete conquest of individuality and of Life!". <mask> described himself as an anarchist and defined that term as follows;

<mask> is critical of the individualism of Herbert Spencer which he thinks "it is true that he fights against the state, but he fights against it only because the state as it is doesn’t function as he would like". He also sees that Spencer "does not penetrate or understand the mysterious, aristocratic, vagabond, rebel individual!". And so he is critical of thinkers such as "Darwin, Comte, Spencer and Marx" which he sees as sociologists who will tend to not being "able to understand the varied, the particular,... sacrifices the one or the other on the altar of the universal." Instead he takes sides with authors who are for him "the giants of Art and Thought like Nietzsche, Stirner, Ibsen, Wilde, Zola, Huysmans, Verlaine, Mallarmé...".Influence
The notorious Italo-Argentinian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni dedicated a poem to <mask> shortly after knowing about his death. Later he will establish the "Anarcho-individualist Group Renzo Novatore" which enters the “Italian Anti-fascist Alliance” in Argentina. <mask> <mask> has received attention recently in post-left anarchy and insurrectionary anarchism as can be seen in the writings of Wolfi Landstreicher. In his introduction to "Towards the Creative nothing" by <mask> <mask>, Landstreicher writes "It is difficult to find anarchist works in English that are at the same time "individualist" and explicitly revolutionary, that emphasize the centrality of the aim of individual self-determination to a revolution that will "communalize material wealth" as it will "individualize spiritual wealth". For this and other reasons I chose to translate Toward the Creative Nothing by <mask> <mask> and publish several of his shorter pieces." In an article called "Whither now? Some thoughts on creating anarchy" Wolfi Landstreicher writing as Feral Faun says "Then we can cease to be merely on the margins of society and will each, as unique wild beings, become the center of an insurrectionary project that may destroy civilization and create a world in which we freely live, relate and create as our unique desires move us.We will become – to quote <mask> <mask> again – "a shadow eclipsing any form of society which can exist under the sun." Bibliography
  (The Anarchist Library)

See also
Individualist anarchism in Europe
Anarchism in Italy
Bruno Filippi
Biennio rosso
Illegalism
Post-left anarchism
Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche

References

Sources

External links

  NovAtore.it Sito dedicato alla memoria di <mask> <mask> mostly in Italian with a small section in English and includes many of <mask>'s works in English
Archive of <mask> Novatore´s writings in english at the Anarchist Library
"Twilight Dance" by <mask> <mask> a long poem
"The expropiator" by <mask> <mask> an essay in praise of illegalism and individual reclamation

1890 births
1922 deaths
20th-century Italian philosophers
Anti–World War I activists
Critics of work and the work ethic
Egoist anarchists
Futurist writers
Illegalists
Individualist anarchists
Insurrectionary anarchists
Italian anarchists
Italian atheists
Italian anti-fascists
Italian male poets
People from the Province of La Spezia
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century Italian male writers

masks:
Renzo Novatore
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title: Howard Rushmore

texts:
<mask> (July 2, 1913 – January 3, 1958) was an American journalist, nationally known for investigative reporting. As a communist, he reported for The Daily Worker; later, he became anti-communist and wrote for publications including the New York Journal-American and Confidential magazine. Rushmore killed himself and his wife in a murder-suicide in 1958. Background
<mask> was born in Mitchell, South Dakota, the only child to <mask> (1877–1947) and <mask> (née Palmer; 1882–1955). He was a tenth-generation American whose father's New England ancestors fought in the Revolutionary War. His mother's ancestors "came to the dark and bloody ground" of the Great Plains "with Daniel Boone from the East." Ancestors of both parents were among the first American settlers of Missouri Territory.One of <mask>'s grandfathers fought for the Confederate Army. Rushmore described his own inauspicious beginnings: "When I was eight, my father lost his job in the railroad yards of Sheridan, Wyoming and took advantage of the government homestead offers to 'prove up' a 320-acre claim. We had no irrigation, no modern machinery; a flat-bed wagon was our only means of transportation." He worked from dusk to dawn, seven days a week, while his mother milked the cows and slopped the hogs and tended a large garden. His father, now "a fifteen-hour-a-day farmer pitted two hundred pounds of muscle and bone against the black gumbo (local soil) finally lost." Rushmore's parents worked hard for very little in return. "They grew old before my eyes," he would write.<mask> and his parents returned to his mother's hometown of Mexico, Missouri, sometime during the mid-1920s, where they settled temporarily at her nearby family's house. <mask>'s father found work as a brickyard worker but the family was hit hard economically by the Great Depression, which started Rushmore's lifelong interest in politics. He grew up in poverty in Mexico, and his family moved constantly from house to house. A defeated man, <mask>'s father was apolitical, but his wife was an optimistic Democrat and strong supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt, which influenced her son's early political outlook. In appearance, <mask> was usually described as an gangly, 6'5" teenager. Political columnist and friend George Sokolsky would later describe Rushmore as "at heart a hillbilly, proud of his colonial ancestry ... he himself was an enormous disappointment to himself ... a sad mountain boy, morose, looking for something he could never find." As a result of his appearance and manner, he was held in ridicule by his peers in high school.Rushmore wanted to make his mark as a progressive journalist and at the age of 16 wrote for two newspapers—the Mexico High School Yellow Yap and The Mexico Ledger. During his junior year of high school, he was expelled for publishing several exposés in the Ledger that the school administration regarded as defamatory about themselves and the teaching staff. Rushmore's parents then enrolled him in St. Brendan's Catholic School, despite the family being Methodists. There Rushmore was even further ostracized, resulting in his quitting school altogether. Career

Communist publications
Rushmore continued as a reporter for the Mexico Intelligencer. On January 12, 1931, he witnessed the lynching of Raymond Gunn, in which the African-American suspect was seized from the local sheriff, doused with gasoline atop a roof and set aflame while several thousands watched. The event made an indelible mark on the 17-year-old <mask>, who, even at the height of his anti-communist career, would maintain Gunn's complete innocence.In the 1940s, when the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in Kansas City organized an anti-lynching committee led by Harlem-based party organizer Abner Berry, <mask> was impressed by the bravery and anti-racist stance of the communists. Through the committee, <mask> met Jack Conroy, editor of The Anvil, a communist literary magazine. Conroy encouraged Rushmore's literary ambitions by suggesting he submit short stories. By April 1935 <mask> had become an associate editor of the magazine. Later that year, <mask> joined the Young Communist League USA (YCLUSA) in St. Louis despite having neither a technical knowledge of Marxist philosophy nor its history. This lifelong ignorance would hamper his authority as a professional communist and anti-communist as critics would question his qualifications on the subject. As a member of the YCLUSA, Rushmore organized farmers in the Dakotas and Iowa.Conroy then sent <mask> to New York City in May 1935, where he attended the American Writers Congress. There he was asked to join the editorial staff of the Young Worker, the organ of the YCLUSA. Taking advantage of his perceived all-American background, the CPUSA rapidly promoted Rushmore. All staff members of the Young Worker were assigned to a political unit of the YCLUSA; Rushmore belonged to the Harlem unit, where he met Ruby Bates, a recent recruit to the youth league. Bates was one of the two plaintiffs of the Scottsboro Boys case, who later tried to recant her original testimony during the Patterson trial. <mask> graduated to The Daily Worker as "a $25-a-week writer." After a series of girlfriends, he began dating Ruth Garvin, who wrote the women's column for the Sunday Worker Progressive Weekly.They married on October 12, 1936, when <mask> was aged 23. <mask> rose to become the paper's official film critic by 1939, but in December he was fired for giving an ambivalent review of Gone with the Wind; despite describing the film as a "magnificent bore" "the Daily Worker regarded Charles Chaplin and Edward G. Robinson as what we call in the newspaper business 'sacred cows,' people you trust favorably. I don't know whether or not [Robinson] is a Communist, but for ten years he has been joining front organizations and is still doing it." However, unknown to the public at large, since 1943 the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service was decrypting Soviet intelligence traffic through the Venona project, which revealed that most Soviet agents operated in the eastern U.S. While Soviet agents like Otto Katz operated propaganda fronts like the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League in the 1930s, Venona failed to reveal any Soviet agent working in Hollywood directly involved with espionage or sabotage, though many film industry figures associated with the CPUSA would be blacklisted by the major studios. The public's unawareness of Venona enabled <mask> to exaggerate the threat of communists in Hollywood. But at the HUAC hearings, <mask> did correctly identify Gerhart Eisler as the probable Soviet leader of the CPUSA.The opening of the Soviet archives decades later showed that Eisler, a Comintern agent, used his political authority to make Earl Browder the American "leader" of the CPUSA during a mid-1930s leadership dispute. As a professional anti-communist, even unknowns were targeted by <mask> beyond the HUAC hearings. At least two suicides resulted from his exposés, including Minnie Gutride, a 40-year-old elementary school teacher and Russian-American widow, who killed herself by putting her head inside a gas oven in her Manhattan apartment after being fired by William Jansen, the NYC school superintendent. The United Federation of Teachers complained that Jansen was influenced by allegations from the Journal-American, which said that Gutride was a secret communist organizer for the longshoremen unions. Rushmore would later boast about causing Gutride's suicide, much to the consternation of his friends. His fame and notoriety increased by such incidents, <mask> would eventually be seen dining with William F. Buckley at the Stork Club  and even inside the club's inner sanctum, the Cub Room  with "his wife (Frances), Roy Cohn and his girl-friend." McCarthy
On November 27, 1949, <mask> published in the Journal-American allegations of communist infiltration of U.S. naval vessels.Though the facts of the article were invented by <mask>, by coincidence the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was conducting its own investigation on the same matter. Initially, J. Edgar Hoover thought that <mask> had access to genuine intelligence and ordered his telephone tapped. Later, in Olympia, Washington, <mask> testified before the Canwell Committee, a state committee to investigate subversive activities at the University of Washington. There he switched the subject to Washington, D.C., waving a piece of paper that he claimed was an FBI report that named 150 federal employees as members of a Soviet spy ring. When FBI agents intercepted him in a hotel lobby and asked about the document, he showed them a four-page letter that he typed himself. Then, in the spring of 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy asked Hoover about Rushmore's bonafides. The FBI's reply warned against relying on <mask>'s veracity: "[His] writings have proved unreliable, due to his tendency to sensationalize and blow up fragments of information."Though the FBI regarded <mask> as a publicity seeker, McCarthy hired <mask> anyway. During the late 1940s–early 1950s, a group of State Department employees complained about "left-wingers" and "pro-Reds" working at the
Voice of America (VOA) facilities at 57th Street, New York City. They managed to get the interest of Senator McCarthy, who assumed chairmanship of the Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953. After clearing the VOA hearings with Republican senate leaders, McCarthy hired <mask> as director of research that spring. The 1953 televised hearings would be held in New York City. Chief counsel Roy Cohn set up headquarters at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, where witnesses would be questioned and evidence collected. During the hearings, McCarthy himself would repeat the Rushmorean flourish of waving a suspect list.Before the hearings were over, however, <mask> resigned from the subcommittee for a brief return at the Journal-American. As director of research, he channeled all pre-hearing testimony through his office, which he would use as raw material for sensational newspaper articles. The public would read about the subcommittee's plan of attack before it could be presented at the hearings, thus sabotaging the entire purpose of the proceedings. As chief counsel, Cohn could have fired <mask> and initiated felony charges against him for leaking evidence, but Cohn instructed the staff not to release information to <mask> unless it was cleared with him. Despite Cohn's restraint, <mask> quit in outrage. After criticizing his estranged friend in print, <mask> was fired from the Journal-American. Then his old mentor, Walter Winchell, got him a new editorial job.Confidential

Harrison
Under Winchell's sponsorship, <mask> became the chief editor of a New York scandal magazine, Confidential. Its publisher, Robert Harrison, began as an office boy and later writer for Bernarr McFadden's New York Graphic during the 1920s, an ancestor of the supermarket tabloids that would emerge in the 1960s. It was at the Graphic where the young Harrison first met Winchell. As an adult Harrison was on the editorial staff of the Motion Picture Herald, a trade publication whose conservative Catholic owner, Martin Quigley, Sr., had close ties to the Hays Office. Having learned from Quigley what he could get away with legally, Harrison struck out on his own with a series of non-pornographic "cheesecake" magazines. Supposedly inspired by the Kefauver Committee hearings, Harrison later launched a tabloid-style gossip magazine focused on the substance abuse habits, criminal records and hidden political and sexual preferences of celebrities. Film historian Mary Desjardins described Confidentials editorial style as using "research methods and writing techniques that recycled old stories or created 'composite' facts as the basis of new ones."Harrison himself described it thus: "Once we establish the star in the hay and that's documented, we can say anything we want and I think we make them a hell of a lot more interesting than they really are.

masks:
Howard Clifford Rushmore
Howard Rushmore
Clifford Glen Rushmore
Rosa Lee Rushmore
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title: Howard Rushmore

texts:
 What's a guy gonna do, sue us and admit he was in the hay with the dame, but claim he didn't do all the other things we dress the story with?" Before <mask>'s tenure at Confidential, Harrison published stories like "Is It True What They Say About Johnnie Ray?" and "Why Joe DiMaggio Is Striking Out with Marilyn Monroe!" With "Winchell Was Right About Josephine Baker! ", Harrison came out in support of his childhood mentor at the Graphic during the Stork Club controversy. Though Harrison would publish non-show business stories involving "racketeering, consumer scams and politicians' peccadilloes," "exposés of star secrets" became Confidential'''s prime focus.From his headquarters in New York City, Harrison developed a Hollywood network of informants—prostitutes, hotel employees, down-on-their-luck actors and vengeful celebrities—working with local detective agencies like the Fred Otash Detective Bureau and H. L. Von Wittenburg's Hollywood Detective Agency. Among the informants were minor actresses like Francesca De Scaffa (ex-wife of Bruce Cabot) and Ronnie Quillan (ex-wife of screenwriter Joseph Quillan). According to Harrison, Barbara Payton would stop by Confidentials Hollywood office and sell a story whenever she was short of cash. However, the informants could rise to the level of prominent Hollywood columnists like Florabel Muir and in some cases, all the way up to a producer like Mike Todd or even a studio head like Harry Cohn. Money, publicity, revenge or blackmail was the lure. Editorship
<mask>, having earned the enmity of McCarthyite papers like those of the Hearst chain, found himself cut off from his usual employment. He hoped to use Confidential as a new venue to expose communists, though he often had to settle for suspected Hollywood "fellow travellers", who, he implied in his stories, were sexual "deviates."Kenneth G. McLain (July 1955), "The Untold Story of Marlene Dietrich," Confidential (New York City, New York), pp. 22–25, 56, 58 While his anti-communist hit pieces appeared under his own name, Rushmore used a host of pseudonyms for Hollywood exposés such as "Juan Morales" for "The Lavender Skeletons in TV's Closet" and "Hollywood—Where Men Are Men, and Women, Too! ", or "Brooks Martin" for the Zsa Zsa Gabor story "Don't Be Fooled by the Glamour Pusses." Beside Rushmore-authored pieces unmasking communists and homosexuals in Washington and Hollywood, he also wrote how-to articles on divorce and conducting extramarital affairs, echoing his past relationships with his two wives. Rushmore did spare his mentor from Missouri, Jack Conroy, from the pages of Confidential. In January 1955, Rushmore flew to Los Angeles to confer with old Harrison informants like De Scaffa and Quillan. He also recruited new ones like Mike Connolly of The Hollywood Reporter and Agnes Underwood of the Los Angeles Herald Express.One of <mask>'s most prolific discoveries was United Press columnist Aline Mosby. Despite his high salary, <mask> was repelled by the informants and Harrison. <mask> considered his employer a "pornographer," even though he himself was a collector of erotica. Contrary to the popular legend that Confidential double-checked its facts before publishing its articles, as well as being vetted by the magazine's lawyers as "suit-proof", proposed stories were either immediately printed without vetting or, more typically, Marjorie Meade  Harrison's 26-year-old niece and the head of Confidentials intelligence-gathering front, Hollywood Research Inc.  would either personally visit a subject or dispatch an agent to present a copy of a future issue as a "buy-back" proposal, agreeing to hold the story back for in exchange for information on other celebrities. In this capacity, Meade played a key role in the Harrison enterprise's evolution into a "quasi-blackmail operation." However, in 1955 actors Lizabeth Scott and Robert Mitchum decided to sue the magazine rather than give in their demands. Their attorney was Jerry Geisler.On July 8, 1955, during an appearance on The Tom Duggan Show in Chicago, <mask> claimed on air that he was on a secret mission to uncover the communist assassins of former Secretary of Defense James Forrestal, and appealed to viewers to help him locate the leader of the "Chicago Communist Party," whose name was given as "Lazarovich." <mask> later disappeared from his hotel room, leading to a nationwide manhunt by the FBI. As the nation speculated that <mask> was either kidnapped or murdered by communists, he was discovered hiding under the name "H. Roberts" at the Hotel Finlen in Butte, Montana. Meanwhile, news reporters found "Lazarovich" living in Manhattan under his real name of William Lazar. Lazar said, "It's a simple fact that I live quite normally in Manhattan and that any green cub reporter would not have the slightest difficulty in locating me if he honestly wanted to." Associate Director of the FBI, Clyde Tolson, wrote in the margin of a report on the disappearance: "Rushmore must be a 'nut.' We should have nothing to do with him."J. Edgar Hoover added: "I certainly agree." 1957 mistrial
Meanwhile, <mask>'s second marriage was deteriorating. In addition to his amphetamine abuse, <mask> had become an alcoholic, as had his wife Frances. On Monday, September 5, 1955, Frances jumped into the East River in a suicide attempt but was rescued by an air terminal worker. After admitting to the police that she jumped into the water on her own volition, she was taken to Bellevue for observation. Having quit the Journal-American after eleven years, Frances became an account executive for Klingman & Spencer, a prominent Manhattan public relations firm. Meanwhile, <mask> tried to get Harrison to publish a story about former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt having an alleged affair with her African-American chauffeur.When Harrison refused, <mask> quit. By early February 1956, he was reportedly an editor at the National Police Gazette. The next spring, despite Giesler's reassurances to the press, Scott's legal effort against Confidential would go nowhere; since the magazine was domiciled in New York State, and the plaintiffs were California residents who initiated the suits in their own state, the suits were quashed. Despite this setback, in addition to Scott's suit, "Giesler said he also would refile in New York a $2 million suit by actor Robert Mitchum against the magazine if it also is quashed here." Though Giesler's initial attack failed, lawsuits from other actors continued to pile up. Back in New York, <mask> used his severance pay from Confidential to buy a plane ticket to California, where he contacted Giesler's office and offered to become a witness in exchange for a job in Hollywood; Giesler refused. <mask> then became a witness for California Attorney General Edmund "Pat" Brown.Since Confidential was ensconced in New York State, and New York refused to let Brown extradite Harrison to California, Brown instead put Meade and Hollywood Research Inc. on trial. On August 7, 1957, The People of the State of California v. Robert Harrison et al. trial began.INS (Wednesday, August 7, 1957), "Lawyer Opens Trial Of Two Magazines," Anderson Daily Bulletin (Anderson, Indiana), p. 3 It would eventually involve over 200 actors, most of whom fled California to avoid defense subpoenas. <mask>, now the state's star witness, testified that Confidential knowingly published unverified allegations despite the magazine's reputation for double-checking facts: "Some of the stories are true and some have nothing to back them up at all. Harrison many times overruled his libel attorneys and went ahead on something." According to Rushmore, Harrison told the attorneys, "I'd go out of business if I printed the kind of stuff you guys want." Rushmore even fingered Aline Mosby, who was in the press galleries covering the trial for United Press, revealing that she had written upward to twenty-four stories for Confidential; United Press was forced to replace Mosby with another reporter.James P. O'Connell (September 26, 1958; accessed December 14, 2015), "Subject: Mosby, Aline," Federal Bureau of Investigation, Security Support Division. FBI memo notes that United Press fired Mosby for the Confidential leaks. Despite the testimony, the case ended in a mistrial on October 1, 1957, when the jury could not agree on a verdict after two weeks of deliberations. Brown preempted Confidentials win by calling for a retrial, rattling Harrison. To spare his niece another ordeal, Harrison promised Brown to publish only positive stories in his magazine from that point forward. Death
Though Rushmore thought himself a hero for exposing Confidential, he became a pariah in the publishing world. He was no longer an editor at the Police Gazette, though he would stop by to scrounge up work.By 1957, he was reduced to writing occasional articles on hunting for outdoors magazines. <mask>'s last known assignments were for True War'' magazine. In December 1957, <mask> chased his wife and teenaged step-daughter Lynn out of their Manhattan home with a shotgun. Two days before Christmas, Frances and her daughter left their home on the advice of her psychiatrist and stayed with Frances' eldest daughter, 20-year-old Jean Dobbins of Greenwich Village. Frances and Lynn later took over a friend's apartment. While Frances was under psychiatric care since the East River incident, <mask> himself was now under psychiatric care. On January 3, 1958, at 6:15 pm, a few days before Frances was scheduled to lead a group of editors on a trip to Brazil, the Rushmores met inside the lobby of their apartment building in a final attempt at reconciliation.Frances was due to have dinner at the Dobbins' at 8 pm. When an argument broke out between the couple, Frances left to hail a taxi. Taxi driver Edward Pearlman picked her up at Madison Avenue and 97th Street. Simultaneously, <mask> entered the cab. As the two continued arguing, Pearlman ordered him out of the cab to which he replied, "I'm her husband, don't worry about it." "Where do you want to go?" Pearlman asked."Take me to a police station," Frances said. As the cab raced to the 23rd Precinct at Third and 104th, <mask> shot Frances in the right side of the head and neck, then put the pistol to his temple and shot himself. At the police station, an unregistered .32 caliber Colt revolver was found in <mask>'s hand and a seven-inch commando knife inside the waistband of his trousers. Jean Dobbins speculated that her mother's refusal to take <mask> to Brazil might have started the argument that ended in the shooting. Contrary to general expectations, Dobbins said her parents quarreled "over personal things, not Rushmore's controversial public life ... 'He was very possessive, very jealous, and wanted to go everywhere with her." Frances' father, Louis Everitt, the owner of a women's shoe store in Charlotte, brought his daughter's body back to North Carolina. A police search of the Rushmore apartment at 16 East 93rd Street revealed "a valuable gun collection ... along with an extensive collection of pornographic pictures."Dobbins was initially hesitant to claim her stepfather's body, though willing to do so if no blood-relation was willing; she did not want him to be buried in New York City's "potter's field." After <mask>'s body lay unclaimed at Bellevue for five days, his first wife Ruth, now a secretary, took custody. She held a private service at an undisclosed location, had the body cremated and sent the ashes back to be buried in Mexico, Missouri, "back to the 'dark and bloody ground.'" References

1913 births
1958 suicides
American communists
American families of English ancestry
American film critics
American Methodists
American investigative journalists
Deaths by firearm in Manhattan
Journalists from New York City
Murder–suicides in New York
New York (state) Republicans
People from Mexico, Missouri
People from Mitchell, South Dakota
Suicides by firearm in New York City
20th-century American writers
American

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