title: Wendy Maruyama

texts:
<mask> (born 1952) is an artist, furniture maker, and educator from California. She was born in La Junta, Colorado. <mask> was influential in the early period of post-modern artistic furniture. She challenges the masculine environments within the field of woodworking. Her work uses humor, social commentary, sculptural forms, and color to challenge the accepted notions of furniture. Conceptually her work deals with social practices such as her Japanese-American heritage, feminism, and wildlife endangerment in Africa. <mask> served as the head of the Furniture Design department at San Diego State University for 25 years.Background
<mask> is a third generation Japanese-American living in San Diego. She was born deaf in both ears and has worn a hearing aid since nine years old. She studied woodworking at San Diego State University, where she received her BA in 1975. She then studied woodworking at the Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. She transferred to Boston University's Program in Artistry from 1976 to 1978, where she studied under Alphonse Mattia and Jere Osgood. In 1980, she was one of the first women, and the first deaf student to complete an MFA at the Rochester Institute of Technology's School for American Crafts in New York. Career

Educator
<mask> taught at the Appalachian Center for Crafts in Smithville, Tennessee, from 1980 to 1985, and served as head of the woodworking and furniture design program from 1982 to 1985.She then went on to work as the head of woodworking and furniture design at California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland, California, from 1985 to 1989. After that she was the head of woodworking and furniture design at San Diego State University from 1989 to 2014. Early in her career, <mask> taught at the California State University in Northridge, California, in 1970. From 1970 up to present day, she has taught workshops at craft schools including Penland School of Crafts in Penland, North Carolina, and Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Snowmass Village, Colorado. Although she has officially retired, <mask> continues to serve as a mentor for her former students, and is set to teach a workshop at Anderson Ranch Arts Center in the summer of 2017. Artist
Her earliest works in the 1970s were very typical of the style of that time, in which she used visible cabinetmaking skills, compound bent lamination, celebration of complex wood grains and types. Along with Rosanne Somerson and Gail Fredell, <mask> was one of the first women to break into the field of studio furniture.These women responded to the marginalization felt by a male-dominated field by making work that used complex joinery, bent lamination, and technical processes. <mask> felt restricted by this type of highly technical furniture, and set out to make more expressive works during her time studying at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Believing in the art of furniture making, <mask> stated "I see furniture as a archetypal object that can also be expressive of the times. Furniture is capable of setting a certain mood and reflecting common ideals in our lives." In her early career she produced 15-20 pieces of furniture a year. She continued to produce about 6-8 pieces every year while of teaching full-time and maintaining other responsibilities. The 1980s was an era of experimentation with forms and aesthetics, using colored surfaces, angular forms, and several mediums.Later in the 1980s, <mask> entered what she describes as a "white period", of "post-nuclear primitive", as an opposition to nuclear testing. These works consisted of pale, white furniture that she imaged would exist after a nuclear holocaust. Her 1982 piece, Mickey Mackintosh Chair, humorously pays homage to the cartoon character Mickey Mouse, but also speaks to the renown Scottish designers Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh. <mask>'s chair visually alludes to the iconic tall-backed Mackintosh Chair by the twentieth-century duo. Her work is included in permanent collections at the Victoria and Albert Museum; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Dallas Museum of Art, Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Australia; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Museum of Arts and Design, New York; Mint Museum of Art, North Carolina; Fuller Craft Museum, Massachusetts; Mingei International Museum, California; and the Oakland Museum of Art, California. <mask> had held a studio space in the Glashaus in Barrio Logan in San Diego for many years, until 2017 when the building was sold and renovated. <mask> has served as a member of the advisory of the Furniture Society.In 2009, she was inducted into the American Craft Council's College of Fellows for outstanding artistic achievement over her career. WildLife Project

<mask>'s series titled "WildLife Project" was inspired by a trip to Kenya where she met with wildlife advocates to learn more about the dangers of poaching animals. This work draws attention to the wrongful slaughter of elephants and rhinoceroses for the harvest of their tusks for the $10 billion annual ivory industry. <mask> places special interest on the unique social nature of elephants and their similarities to humans. The series was started while <mask> was a resident artist at the Pilchuck Glass School in Stanwood, Washington in 2013. During this time she created blown-glass tusks became part of the 2015 artwork Sarcophagus. WildLife consists of six life-sized elephant heads made from segments of painted wood stitched together.Each elephant reaches up to twelve feet tall, and resembles a hunting trophy. The show also includes a Buddhist-style Bell Shrine with burning incense and a bronze bell. The bell sounds every fifteen minutes to represent how often an elephant is killed for its tusks. This work has been traveling the United States since 2015 and has been exhibited at The Chrysler Museum of Art, the San Francisco Museum of Craft and Design, the Center for Art in Wood, Penland School of Crafts, and the Oceanside Museum of Art. The exhibition is organized by the Houston Center for Contemporary Craft and is curated by Elizabeth Kozolowski. It was made possible through contributions from the Windgate Charitable Foundation. Executive Order 9066
<mask>: Executive Order 9066 is a series of works by <mask> examining Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1942 Executive Order number 9066 which authorized the internment of 120,000 American citizens of Japanese ancestry.<mask>'s maternal relatives were among those imprisoned during this era. These works include Executive Order 9066, the Tag Project, and a selection of historical artifacts. They have been exhibited at the Museum of Craft and Design in San Francisco, The University Art Gallery at San Diego State University, and the Richard and Dolly Maas Gallery at SUNY Purchase. These works have been said to continue to be of importance during current times of political turmoil. Executive Order 9066 is a series of wall-mounted cabinets alluding to themes common within these internment camps. These pieces include documentary photographs of Dorothy Lange and Tōyō Miyatake alongside barbed wire, tar paper, and domestic objects. These pieces also display actual objects owned or made by the internees in the camps, including suitcases used by families during their relocation and items made from materials available in the camps.The Tag Project consists of 120,000 replicas of the paper tags Japanese internees were forced to wear during relocation. The tags were grouped into bundles representing each one of the camps and suspended from the ceiling. Their purpose is to display the sheer mass of those displaced as well as to evoke a sense of humiliation endured by the Japanese internees. The making of this project involved the help of hundreds of community members to hand-write all of the names of the Japanese prisoners on the tags. Awards and distinctions
 Several National Endowment for the Arts grants for visual artists
 California Civil Liberties Public Education grant, 2010
 Japan/US fellowship
 Fulbright Research grant to work in the UK

Exhibitions
<mask> has held solo exhibitions in New York City; San Francisco; Scottsdale, Arizona; Indianapolis, Indiana; Savannah Georgia; and Easthampton, New York. She has also exhibited in Tokyo, Seoul and London. Her exhibitions include:
 1984 "Material Evidence"
 1989 "Craft Today USA"
 1990 - Solo Exhibition, Snyderman Gallery, New York, NY.1995 - "<mask>: Simple Pleasures and Indulgences", Peter Joseph Gallery, New York, NY. 1997 - "Hako", NUNO Inc., Japan. 1998 - "<mask>: New Work", Joanne Rapp Gallery, Scottsdale, AZ. 1999 - Solo Exhibition, John Elder Gallery, New York, NY. 2000 - "In the Eye of the Beholder", Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA.
 2002 - "The Inside Story", Herron School of Art, Indianapolis, IN. 2003 - "Turning Japanese", Pritam and Eames Gallery, East Hampton, NY. 2005 - "Men in Kimonos", Pritam and Eames Gallery, East Hampton, NY.2009 - "Executive Order 9066", Richard and Dolly Maas Gallery, SUNY Purchase, NY. 2012 - "Mirror, Mirror", Velvet Da Vinci Gallery
 2012 - "<mask>: Executive Order 9066", The Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, MA. 2013 - "<mask>: Executive Order 9066", Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR
 2014 - "Executive Order 9066", The San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA
 2016 - "Executive Order 9066 and The Tag Project", Boise Art Museum, Boise, ID
 2016 - "Instructions to All Persons: Reflections on Executive Order 9066", Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, CA
 2016 - "<mask>: The WildLIFE Project", Penland School of Crafts Gallery, Penland, NC
 2017 - "<mask>: The WildLIFE Project", Oceanside Museum of Art, Oceanside, CA
 2018 - "<mask>: Executive Order 9066", Riverside Art Museum, Riverside, CA

References

Further reading
 Craft in America -<mask>
 Design Sponge - <mask>ama
 TedX - <mask> on the TAG Project
 Knight Foundation - <mask>

External links

Furniture makers
American furniture designers
Artists from California
1952 births
Living people
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
San Diego State University faculty
Women carpenters
Women woodworkers
American sculptors
American woodworkers
American art educators
Deaf people
ArtAndFeminism 2020
Fellows of the American Craft Council

masks:
Wendy Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Maruyama
Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruy
Wendy Maruyama
Wendy Maruyama


title: Ryan Star

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born January 7, 1978) is an American rock singer-songwriter from Long Island, New York, currently signed on Island Records. His first major label record 11:59, released via Atlantic in 2010, reached No. 31 on Billboard 200 and No. 10 on Billboard Rock albums chart. <mask> became known to a wider audience as contestant on the CBS reality TV show Rock Star: Supernova in 2006. His songs have featured on several TV shows and promotion. His song Brand New Day, featured as the main theme to Fox TV series Lie to Me, earned him a BMI TV Music Award in May 2009.His first single for Island Records, "Stay Awhile" reached No. 28 on Billboard Adult Pop Songs, and its music video has logged over 1 million views on YouTube to date. "Stay Awhile" was released on iTunes August 14, 2012. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington, New York on Long Island, and grew up in nearby Dix Hills. He was 14 years old when he formed his first band called Stage. They released four EPs – "Black" in 1997, "Blue" in 1999, "White" in 2000 and "The Final" in 2004, and in 1995 studio album "Historical Underdosing" and a self-titled album on Maverick Records in 2003. While still in high school, the band played CBGB's and the Mercury Lounge.When the band parted ways, <mask> became the solo artist R.<mask> and released his independently produced debut solo album Songs from the Eye of an Elephant on Stone Crow Records in 2005, some songs of Stage was re-recorded for the album (Perfect, Perfect Time Of Night (Back Of Your Car), "O", Sink Or Swim). <mask> was a contestant on the second season of CBS' reality show Rock Star where Tommy Lee's band Supernova was looking for a lead singer to front the supergroup. On the show, <mask> consistently showed his diverse style from melodic and moving piano to rocking, and was nicknamed <mask> "The Darkhorse" <mask> by show commentator Dave Navarro. He was eventually eliminated, and days later, Mark Burnett, the show's producer, set up <mask> and the show's House Band to record a live album, to help <mask> jump start his career. He returned to the show on week 11 with the help of his fans through SMS voting, to perform an encore performance of "Back of Your Car", and was awarded a Honda CR-V.

<mask> appeared on the Rachael Ray show and performed "Breathe" and "Start a Fire" (aired October 6, 2010). <mask> appeared on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno and performed "Stay Awhile" (aired August 14, 2012)

<mask> and band performed "Stay Awhile" on VH1 Big Morning Buzz (aired September 7, 2012)

Career
Atlantic Records released Last Train Home EP on June 16, 2009, of four songs to appear on <mask>'s album. The music video for "Breathe", premiered on CNN.com October 21, 2009, highlighted 18 unemployed people in various occupations and the website <mask> established breathe4jobs.com to allow potential employers to contact those appearing in the video.VH-1 interviewed <mask> on its VH-1 Top 20 show where he spoke of the positive effects of the video for his song "Breathe." One of the people in the video successfully found a job because of the video. <mask>'s first major label studio album, titled 11:59, was released on August 3, 2010, with a sold-out performance that night at New York City's famed Irving Plaza. The album debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard Rock Albums chart, and at No. 31 on Billboard.com. <mask> released a free EP to his fans in January 2012, titled The America EP via Twitter and Facebook.The songs "Orphans" and "Somebody's Son" were initially meant to be released on 11:59. The EP is dedicated to <mask>'s grandfather who fought in World War II. As Atlantic showed no interest to support his new song, <mask> recorded and self-released a music video for "Stay Awhile" in February 2012, getting attention from MTV Buzzworthy as a breakthrough hit. The video has reached over 1 million views on YouTube as of August 2012. The song also charted on Hot AC and Adult Pop Songs charts based on radioplay. Eventually, on August 6, 2012, <mask> and his management announced via Twitter that he had signed on with a new record label Island Records. <mask> said that he made his decision after consulting with Jon Bon Jovi, whose band has been on Island for 30 years.The label's reaction to his song meant a lot to him as well. His single "Stay Awhile" was released via Island Records August 14, 2012. <mask> and his band made their late night television debut on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on the same day. <mask> will release a 5-song EP Animals, recorded with his touring band in Rhinebeck, New York, on August 5, 2013. The single from the EP, "Impossible" is currently streaming exclusively at Billboard.com. Touring
<mask> has been on the road in support of "Stay Awhile". Recently opening for Andy Grammer, <mask> has previously toured with Parlotones, Bon Jovi, Train, The Script, Rob Thomas, Collective Soul, O.A.R.and David Cook. <mask> opened for Bon Jovi on three dates of their Bon Jovi Live tour in March 2011, and for the Goo Goo Dolls during the October–November 2011 stretch of their Something for the Rest of Us Tour. Songwriting
"Last Train Home" was featured on the soundtrack for the movie P.S. I Love You (premiered December 21, 2007)
"This Could Be The Year" was featured on the WWE Survivor Series (aired November 23, 2008)
"Losing Your Memory" was featured on the episode 2x13 "Daddy Issues" of the Vampire Diaries (aired February 3, 2011)
"Brand New Day" was the theme song for the TV series Lie to Me (aired January 21, 2009 – January 31, 2011)
Besides his own music, <mask> has songwriting credits on other artists' releases, such as:
 We are Unbreakable – Hedley
 My Oh My – Tristan Prettyman
 Screaming – James Durbin
 Don't Stop – Electric Touch
 Right Here With You – David Cook
 A Perfect World – Takida

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Singles

Music videos

Other appearances
These songs have been released on albums that were not a studio album released by Star. On December 3, 2010, <mask> performed for the 101.9 FM Miracle on State Street in Chicago Illinois, along with Ingrid Michaelson, and Maroon 5. Songs in other media

References

External links

Living people
American rock musicians
Singers from New York (state)
People from Huntington, New York
Rockstar: Supernova contestants
Island Records artists
People from Dix Hills, New York
1978 births
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

masks:
Ryan Stahr Kulchinsky
Star
Star
Star
Star
Television Star
Ryan
Ryan
Star
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan Star
Ryan Star
Ryan Star
Star
Ryan Star
Ryan Star
Star
Ryan Star
Star
Ryan Star
Star
Ryan Star
Ryan
Star
Ryan
Ryan
Star
Ryan Star
Ryan Star


title: Rudolf Spanner

texts:
<mask> (born 17 April 1895 in Metternich bei Koblenz; died 31 August 1960) was Director of the Danzig Anatomical Institute during World War II and Nazi party member (party membership ID 2733605). During the Second World War <mask> used human corpses in the creation of anatomical models for the institute, which after a soap-like byproduct from the model-creation process was presented in the Nuremberg trials as soap made from victims of the Holocaust, has led to numerous accusations against Spanner of crimes against humanity. Production of human soap

Historian Joachim Neander states that the rumors which allege that the Nazis produced soap from the bodies of Jews who they murdered in their concentration camps, long-since thoroughly debunked, are still widely believed, and exploited by holocaust deniers. He however goes on to say that even scholars who reject the aforementioned claims that the Germans made soap from human fat and mass-produced it are sometimes still convinced that the Germans attempted "experimental" soap production on a smaller scale in Danzig and that this claim is still repeated as if a firm fact in several remembrance contexts. He, and the Polish historians Monika Tomkiewicz, who works in the investigative department of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in Gdańsk, and Piotr Semków, formerly also an employee of the IPN, later a lecturer at the Naval Academy in Gdynia, have thoroughly investigated the claims around the Danzig Anatomical Institute by Spanner and have all concluded the Holocaust-related soap-making claims surrounding it to also be myths, particularly cemented into Polish consciousness by Zofia Nałkowska's 1946 book Medaliony, which was mandatory reading in Poland until 1990, was widely distributed in the Eastern Bloc, and is still popular today. They all alleged that such secondary sources have played a far larger role of spreading information about the claim than scholarly research. According to both Neander, and Tomkiewicz and Semków, "soap", made from human cadavers, did indeed come into existence at the Danzig institute, but that this was not related to the alleged Holocaust-related crimes of "harvesting" Jews or Poles for soap-making purposes, since the connection between "the Holocaust" on the one side and the "Danzig soap" on the other exists only by way of the confirmed false rumors of "concentration camp soap" which circulated during the war.The idea that the Danzig Anatomical Institute, and Dr. Spanners work therein, was related to the Holocaust originally stemmed from the findings of bodies and bone maceration processes in the creation of anatomical models in a small brick building on the premise of the anatomical institute. This, and the soapy grease created for injection into the models' flexible joints, was used by the Soviets and the newly established Polish Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation as proof of human soap production in Nazi concentration camps. The latter claims had been presented as fact and had become a stock phrase in Soviet propaganda, but of which no evidence could be found in the liberated camps. The "human soap" from the bone maceration found in Danzig was conflated with the separate rumors regarding the Nazi concentration camps and were presented together during the Nuremberg trials. Semków states that the presence of human fat tissue has indeed been confirmed in the samples of the soap from Danzig presented during the trial through surface analysis performed by the IPN and Gdańsk University of Technologyand in 2011 and 2006, respectively, but his and Tomkiewicz research concluded but that the soapy grease presented at the trials (claimed to be "unfinished soap") was a by-product stemming from Spanner's work in bone maceration. <mask>, a well-respected physician who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939, would also not have been "experimenting" with soap production (which was widely understood and not something which needed experimentation) instead of teaching his students. The IPN also maintained that at least 10 kg of soap from human fat was produced, sourced from the Stutthof concentration camp, based on the aforementioned testimonies delivered in 1945 and the presence of kaolin in the samples indicated its possible use as a cleaning soap due to its abrasive qualities, but discontinued the criminal investigation of this due to lacking grounds to claim that Spanner had incited killings in order to obtain corpses for the Institute.Regarding the presence of kaolin, the abrasiveness of which has also been criticized as being unsuitable for flexible model-joints, it was noted by Tomkiewicz and Semków that Spanner had previously done research on kaolin injections into cadavers, meaning that the kaolin found in the soap could have come from the cadaver itself, rather than as later additive. Neander also points out that the 1945 testimonies was contradictory and unrealistic, with a testimony from 12 May 1945 which claimed that 75 kg of fat were produced 8 kg of soap were produced from the first boiling, a testimony from 28 May 1945 which claimed that 70–80 kg of fat were produced from 40 bodies and 25 kg of soap were produced from both boilings, and a testimony from 7 June 1945 which claimed that 40 bodies produced 40 kg of soap from both boilings. These inconsistencies were even pointed out before the Chief Commission. Further testimonies were also noted and described as being "contradictory and inconclusive" in a 1990's report which was compiled by the newly established Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C., which holds a cautious stance with regard to the Danzig Soap issue. Tomkiewicz and Semków write that when Zofia Nałkowska, Vice-Chairperson of the Chief Commission, was already writing her short-story "Professor Spanner" (which would be published in Medaliony), Spanner was again working as a medical doctor, under his own name, in Schleswig-Holstein in September 1945, unaware that he was being linked to any possible crimes. He was arrested in May 1947, but was released after three days, later being arrested again, but he was once again released after explaining how he had conducted the maceration and injection process. Spanner would "repeat my statement given at the police and add: At the Danzig Anatomic Institute soap was manufactured to a limited extent from human fat.This soap was only used for the manufacturing of joint preparations". After being dismissed by intervention from the British occupation authorities he was declared "clean" by the denazification program in 1948, officially exonerated, and resumed his academic career, becoming director of the Institute of Anatomy in Cologne in 1957 and editor of the esteemed Werner Spalteholz anatomical atlas, before dying in 1960. Neander concludes that no research or experiments on soap-making were conducted in Danzig, that corpses which were delivered to be boiled and turned into anatomical models were all the corpses of Germans who had not been killed in order to "harvest" their bodies and that the only soap created was a byproduct of this. He also concludes that what the IPN called the "chemical substance which was essentially soap", obtained by human fat, was used for laboratory cleaning purposes towards the end of the war, with <mask>, as head of the institute, bearing responsibility for this, but that such handling of dead bodies amounted to a misdemeanor as opposed to any criminal behavior, let alone a crime against humanity or involvement in any genocidal activities, something which is today officially acknowledged in Poland. Notes

Physicians in the Nazi Party
Year of birth unknown
1960 deaths
1895 births

masks:
Rudolf Spanner
Spanner
Spanner
Spanner


title: William Edgar Easton

texts:
<mask> (March 19, 1861January 10, 1936) was an American playwright, journalist, and political activist. He wrote two plays about the Haitian Revolution and its aftermath: Dessalines (1893), a historical drama about Jean-Jacques Dessalines; and Christophe (1911), a drama about Henri Christophe, King of Haiti following the Revolution. Life

Early years (1861–1883)
<mask> was born on March 19, 1861, in New York City, to <mask> and Charles F<mask>. His mother was a native French speaker whose family had immigrated to New Orleans from France; the <mask>s spoke both English and French at home. <mask> was descended from a participant in the Haitian Revolution. On his father's side, he was a descendant of <mask>, the brother of <mask>. James was a veteran of the Revolutionary War—he planned the fortification of Dorchester Heights—and a prominent figure in the Black community of Massachusetts in the early Republic.Although born in New York, <mask> grew up mainly in New Bedford, Massachusetts. His mother died when he was 13 years old. Following her death, he came under the care of his godmother, whom Beasley calls the "Baroness de Hoffman". The Baroness, in turn, put <mask> under the care of an unnamed Catholic priest. Thereafter, <mask> attended school at a number of Catholic institutions: a seminary in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, likely the Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières; La Salle Academy in Providence, Rhode Island; and in a "college of the Congregation of St Croix". Beasley does not record which college this was, but the use of the French term Sainte Croix for "Holy Cross" suggests that <mask> attended one of the several schools in Quebec organized by the Congregation. Another source claims he attended "St. Caesar's College, Canada".This appears to be a reference to Collège Saint-Césaire, in Saint-Césaire, Quebec, which founded in 1869 by a member of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Texas (1883–1901)
<mask> moved to Texas at age 22. Price notes that was a momentous and somewhat unusual decision for <mask> to have made, given that he was "a young man just out of a Canadian Catholic seminary". He married Mary Elizabeth <mask> in 1888 in Austin. He worked as a teacher from roughly 1882 to 1885. While in Texas, <mask> edited at least three newspapers: the Citizen, the Blade, and the Globe. He later served as the inaugural president of the Colored State Press Association.He also held a number of positions with the state Republican Party, beginning an activist career that would last long after he departed Texas. California (1901–1936)
<mask> appears to have moved to California sometime in 1901: in July 1924, he recorded in a biographical sketch he completed for the California State Library that he been in California for 23 years. At the time he completed that profile, he lived at 1764 West 35th Street, Los Angeles and had three daughters and one son. While in California, he held various positions in journalism and politics. Among many other jobs, he worked for a time as a speechwriter for the Republican and Progressive parties. In 1911, he published an editorial in the Los Angeles Herald, denouncing the assault of Booker T. Washington that year in New York City. He wrote: "[t]he ruthless murder of Dr. Washington (call it by its proper name, for that was what was intended) would not only have been the crowning misfortune of the colored race, but a dreadful menace to the state—to the whole nation, the nation that is at this time so seriously endeavoring to solve a most  problem".During World War I, he was picked by Emmett Jay Scott to serve as a member of the Speakers Bureau of the Department of War. After the war ended, he was "designated by the California Historical Survey Commission as chairman of a sub-committee of the California War History Committee to gather and preserve material and information regarding the activities of the colored race in California in connection with their part in helping to win the war". <mask> died on January 10, 1936, at his home in Los Angeles. He was buried at Calvary Cemetery. Religious views
<mask> was Catholic until "sometime after … 1893", when he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He had previously been active in the Colored Catholic Congress, founded in the late 1880s by Daniel Rudd. In 1893, he delivered a lecture on "The Catholic Church and the Negro Race" at St. Joseph's Hall in New Orleans.Works

<mask> wrote two plays that received wide notice at the time, both about prominent figures in the Haitian Revolution: Dessalines (1893) and Christophe (1911). Henrietta Vinton Davis produced and starred in both. He also wrote two other short plays, Is She a Lady in the Underworld? and Misery in Bohemia, which do not seem to have been staged. Dessalines
Hill and Hatch describe Dessalines as a "romantic melodrama written in blank verse". The titular character and male lead of Dessalines is Jean-Jacques Dessalines, a key figure in Haiti's early military and political history. The plot concerns Dessalines's exploits and his relationship with Clarisse, a (probably) mythical figure who converts him to Christianity.Byrd and Twa note that the play glosses over Dessalines's "massacres" and "despotism" in favor of a focus on religious and romantic themes. Byrd argues that Dessalines should be interpreted in light of late 19th-century views of Black masculinity in America. The ideology of white supremacy painted Black people—and in, particular, Black men—as weak, uncivilized, and incapable of running their own affairs. In the view of a number of contemporary Black intellectuals, the example of Haiti and its revolution provided a counterpoint to this ideological fiction: Haiti was an independent republic, like the United States, which had expelled its colonial governors and created a new nation. In his preface to Dessalines, <mask> lamented what he saw as a failure to properly memorialize the heroic deeds of Black people:The Negro alone fails to immortalize his distinguished dead, and leaves to the prejudiced pen of other races, the office, which, by a proper conception of duty to posterity, very properly becomes his duty. …
… the author of this work hopes to see a happier era inaugurated by the constant production of legitimate drama, written exclusively for Negro players and meeting, he hopes, with the full endorsement of the brother in white. For the reasons, as above enumerated, has the author presumed to lay on the altar of race pride the dramatic tale of the heroic Dessalines.The Chicago premiere of Dessalines was at Freiburg's Opera House, on 22nd Street, in September 1893.It featured "a complete cast of colored characters". Henrietta Vinton Davis played Clarisse. The premiere was scheduled to coincide with the 1893 World's Columbian Exhibition, but was not billed officially as part of the Exhibition program. Rather, Twa observes that it was staged in "protest against the Exposition's exclusion of African Americans in its planning and the rejection of many proposals for exhibits to display the accomplishments of African Americans". Hill and Hatch count two other runs of Dessalines: one in Pittsburgh in 1909, which Davis directed and starred in; and one in Boston in 1930, in a company led by Maud Cuney Hare. The play was reviewed in the Indianapolis Freeman in April 1893. The reviewer expressed some displeasure that <mask> had not chosen a subject from American history, writing:… we sincerely hope … the splendid inspiring example set by Mr. <mask> being emulated, will yet give us from the pen of some one of our many brilliant and growing crop of race writers, a drama purely American …The Freeman later offered its readers a copy of Dessalines as part of a holiday promotion.Albion W. Tourgée reportedly stated at the time that Dessalines was "the highest evidence of literary culture thus far produced by an American negro". Christophe
Christophe, reportedly written for Davis, was staged in New York and Los Angeles in spring 1912. In New York, it opened at the Lenox Casino in Harlem, at 102 West 116th Street and Lenox Avenue (now known as Malcolm X Boulevard). Besides Davis, cast members included R. Henri Strange, Lawrence Chenault, Frederick Douglass Hogan, Otis Sherman, and Blanche DeForrest. Proceeds from the New York staging went to a provisional Black regiment of the New York National Guard commanded by Charles W. Fillmore. Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links

1861 births
1936 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
African-American dramatists and playwrights
People from New Bedford, Massachusetts
Writers from Los Angeles
20th-century African-American writers
African-American Catholics

masks:
William Edgar Easton
Easton
Marie Antoinette Leggett Easton
. Easton
Easton
Marie Antoinette Leggett Easton
Moses Easton
James Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton
Easton


title: Hans Habe

texts:
<mask> (born János Békessy; 12 February 1911, Budapest – 29 September 1977, Locarno) was a Hungarian and American writer and newspaper publisher. From 1941, he held United States citizenship. He was also known by such pseudonyms as Antonio Corte, Frank Richard, Frederick Gert, John Richler, <mask>, and Alexander Holmes. Life

Early years

<mask> was born as János Békessy in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents, Imre Békessy and Bianca Marton, were of Jewish origin but converted to the Christian (Protestant) faith. After World War I the family moved to Vienna where his father published one of the first daily tabloids, Die Stunde (The Hour), from 1923 to 1926. János was educated at the Franz-Joseph-Gymnasium between 1921 and 1929.Afterwards he started to study Law and German Literature at Heidelberg, but returned soon to Vienna due to the rapidly growing extreme anti-Semitism in Germany. Newspaperman

In 1930 he began to work as a reporter for the Wiener Sonn- und Montagspost (Vienna Sunday and Monday Post). In the following year he became Editor of the Österreichische Abendzeitung (Austrian Evening News), one of the youngest newspaper editors ever, at age 20. Around this time he married his first wife, Margit Bloch. Early in 1934 he moved to the Wiener Morgen (Vienna Morning News). From 1935 to 1939 he was a Foreign Correspondent for the Prager Tagblatt (Prague Daily News), stationed mostly at Geneva, covering the League of Nations and was present at the Évian Conference in 1938. Habe described the course of the Conference in his novel The Mission (1965).The focal point of the novel is the infamous offer made by the German government, and transmitted to the Conference by Neumann von Héthárs, to sell the Austrian Jews to foreign countries at a price of $250 per capita, and the Conference delegates' refusal to accept. At this time <mask> was married to his second wife, Erika Levy, heiress of the Tungsram light bulb company. Soldier in World War II

After the Anschluss, <mask> was expatriated and his books forbidden by the new Nazi government. He went into exile in France and joined the French Foreign Legion. In 1940 he was captured and interned in the Dieuze transit camp. From there he managed to escape with the help of French friends (to Lisbon) and immigrated to the United States. He became a US citizen by naturalization in 1941.Habe married his third wife, Eleanor Post Hutton, heiress of General Foods, in 1942. They had a son, Anthony Niklas <mask>. In 1942 he was drafted into the US Army and trained in psychological warfare at the Military Intelligence Training Center at Camp Ritchie, Maryland. Then he joined the 1st Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company and went in March 1943 to North Africa to participate in Operation Avalanche, the landing in Italy. In 1944 he became an instructor of psychological warfare at Camp Sharpe, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In autumn 1944 he selected a group of German writers and newspaper editors to prepare for the publishing of new newspapers after the war in Germany. Newspaperman in Germany

In 1945, <mask> returned to Germany in the wake of the occupying US Army.By November 1945 he had created 18 newspapers in the American Occupation Zone. Then he became Editor of the Neue Zeitung in Munich. At this time he was married for a short time to actress Ali Ghito. In 1949 he moved to the Münchner Illustrierte (Munich Illustrated), and, in 1951, to the Echo der Woche (Echo of the Week). From 1952 to 1953 he wrote the column Outside America for the Los Angeles Daily News. When the Echo der Woche ceased to appear in 1953, he settled in Ascona, Switzerland, and wrote mostly novels. Murder of daughter
In 1948, he married his fifth wife, American actress Eloise Hardt (17 September 1917 – 25 June 2017); the couple had one child, Marina Elizabeth <mask> (23 February 1951 – 30 December 1968), who was murdered at age 17.She was a student at the University of Hawaii home on vacation when she was murdered in Los Angeles. According to the autopsy report, <mask>'s body was found fully clothed, with the exception of one shoe lying nearby. Her throat had been slashed and she had received numerous knife wounds to the chest. She suffered multiple contusions to the face and throat, and had been garrotted. No alcohol or barbiturates were found in her blood. There was no evidence of rape. <mask> was abducted outside the home of her mother in West Hollywood, 8962 Cynthia Avenue.The neighborhood had been the location of a number of rapes in the weeks prior to her murder. A former Manson Family associate claimed members of the Family had known Habe and it was conjectured she had been one of their victims. Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi recorded that the teenager bled to death. Survived by both parents, <mask> was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City following a requiem mass at Good Shepherd Roman Catholic Church in Beverly Hills. <mask>'s sixth and last wife was Hungarian actress and singer Licci Balla; they wed in 1954. Prizes
1942 Jerusalem Medaille
1945 Luxembourg War Cross
1972 Theodor-Herzl-Preis
1976 Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz
1977 Konrad-Adenauer-Preis

Works
Drei über die Grenze (1936)
Eine Welt bricht zusammen (1937)
Tödlicher Friede (1939), also published as Zu spät? (1939) and in American edition as Sixteen Days
Kathrin oder der verlorene Frühling (1943)
Wohin wir gehören (1946)
Ob Tausend fallen (1941, A Thousand Shall Fall, about his war experiences in the French Foreign Legion)
Walk in Darkness (1948)
The Black Earth (1952)
Ich stelle mich (1954, autobiography)
Off limits (1955); Off limits, English translation by Ewald Osers published in Great Britain by Harrap, London, 1956 with dust-wrapper by George Adamson
Im Namen des Teufels (1956) (filmed in 1962 as The Devil's Agent).Die Rote Sichel (1959)
Ilona (1960)
Die Tarnowska (1962; Countess Tarnovska)
Tod in Texas (1964)
Die Mission (1965, The Mission (first published in Great Britain by George G. Harrap & Co. Limited, London, 1966)
Christoph und sein Vater (1966)
Im Jahre Null (1966)
Das Netz (1969)
Wien, so wie es war (1969)
Erfahrungen (1973)
Palazzo (1975)
Leben für den Journalismus (München : Droemer Knaur, 1976. )

masks:
Hans Habe
Hans Wolfgang
Habe
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Habe
Habe
Habe
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Marina Habe
Habe


title: Enoch Powell

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<mask>  (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician, classical scholar, author, linguist, soldier, philologist, and poet. He served as a Conservative Member of Parliament (1950–1974), then Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) MP (1974–1987), and was Minister of Health (1960–1963). Before entering politics, <mask> was a classical scholar. During World War II, he served in both staff and intelligence positions, reaching the rank of brigadier. He also wrote poetry, and many books on classical and political subjects. <mask> attracted widespread attention for his "Rivers of Blood" speech, delivered in April 1968 to the General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre. In it, <mask> criticised the rates of immigration into the UK, especially from the New Commonwealth, and opposed the anti-discrimination legislation Race Relations Bill.The speech drew sharp criticism from <mask>'s own party members and the press, and Conservative Party leader Edward Heath removed <mask> from his position as Shadow Defence Secretary. In the aftermath of the speech, several polls suggested that 67 to 82 per cent of the UK population agreed with <mask>'s opinions. His supporters claimed that the large public following that <mask> attracted helped the Conservatives to win the 1970 general election, and perhaps cost them the February 1974 general election, when <mask> turned his back on the Conservatives by endorsing a vote for Labour, which returned as a minority government. <mask> was returned to the House of Commons in October 1974 as the Ulster Unionist Party MP for the Northern Ireland constituency of South Down. He represented the constituency until he was defeated at the 1987 general election. Early years
<mask> <mask> was born in Stechford, Worcestershire, within the city of Birmingham, on 16 June 1912, and was baptized at Newport, Shropshire, in the church where his parents had married in 1909. He was the only child of <mask> <mask> (1872–1956), a primary school headmaster, and his wife, Ellen Mary (1886–1953).Ellen was the daughter of Henry Breese, a Liverpool policeman, and his wife Eliza, who had been a teacher. His mother did not like his name, and as a child he was known as "Jack". At the age of three, <mask> was nicknamed "the Professor" because he used to stand on a chair and describe the stuffed birds his grandfather had shot, which were displayed in his parents' home. In 1918, the family moved to Kings Norton, Birmingham, where <mask> remained until 1930. The <mask>s were of Welsh descent and from Radnorshire (a Welsh border county), having moved to the developing Black Country during the early 19th century. His great-grandfather was a coal miner, and his grandfather had been in the iron trade. <mask> was "almost certainly the best-known Welsh-speaking politician of the last 50 years."<mask> read avidly from a young age; as early as three he could "read reasonably well". Though not wealthy, the <mask>s were financially comfortable, and their home included a library. <mask> was heavily influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche; he came to agree with Nietzsche's assertion that God is dead but returned to Christian belief and practice later in life. <mask> was a pupil at King's Norton Grammar School for Boys before moving to King Edward's School, Birmingham, where he studied classics, and was one of the few pupils in the school's history to attain 100 per cent in an end-of-year English examination. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1930 to 1933, during which time he fell under the influence of the poet A.E. Housman, then Professor of Latin at the university. He also began to study German as many prominent classics scholars were German.He took no part in politics at university. While studying at Cambridge, <mask> became aware that there was another classicist who signed his name as "John U<mask>". <mask> decided to use his middle name and from that moment referred to himself as "<mask> <mask>". While at university, in one Greek prose examination lasting three hours, he was asked to translate a passage into Greek. <mask> walked out after one and a half hours, having produced translations in the styles of Plato and Thucydides. For his efforts, he was awarded a double starred first in Latin and Greek, this grade being the best possible and extremely rare. As well as his education at Cambridge, <mask> took a course in Urdu at the School of Oriental Studies, now the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, because he felt that his long-cherished ambition of becoming Viceroy of India would be unattainable without knowledge of an Indian language.Later, during his political career he would speak to his Indian-born constituents in Urdu. <mask> went on to learn other languages, including Welsh (in which he edited jointly with Stephen J. Williams Cyfreithiau Hywel Dda yn ôl Llyfr Blegywryd, a text on Cyfraith Hywel, the medieval Welsh law), modern Greek, and Portuguese. Academic career

After graduating from Cambridge with a double first, and having won several classics prizes, including the Porson Prize and the Browne Medal, <mask> stayed on at Trinity College as a fellow, spending much of his time studying ancient manuscripts in Latin and producing academic works in Greek and Welsh. In 1937, he was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney aged 25 (failing in his aim of beating Nietzsche's record of becoming a professor at 24). Among his students was future Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam, who described his lectures as 'dry as dust'. He revised Stuart-Jones's edition of Thucydides' Historiae for the Oxford University Press in 1938, and his most lasting contribution to classical scholarship was his Lexicon to Herodotus, published the same year. Soon after arrival in Australia, he was appointed Curator of the Nicholson Museum at the University of Sydney.He stunned the vice-chancellor by informing him that war would soon begin in Europe and that when it did, he would be heading home to enlist in the army. By the time <mask> had left King Edward's School in 1930, he had confirmed his instinctive belief that peace was merely temporary and that the UK would be at war with Germany again. During his time in Australia as a professor, he grew increasingly angry at the appeasement of Germany and what he saw as a betrayal of the UK's national interests. After Neville Chamberlain's first visit to Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden, <mask> wrote in a letter to his parents of 18 September 1938:

In another letter to his parents in June 1939, before the beginning of war, <mask> wrote: "It is the English, not their Government; for if they were not blind cowards, they would lynch Chamberlain and Halifax and all the other smarmy traitors". At the outbreak of war, <mask> immediately returned to the UK, but not before buying a Russian dictionary, since he thought "Russia would hold the key to our survival and victory, as it had in 1812 and 1916". Military service

During October 1939, almost a month after returning home from Australia, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. Rather than waiting to be called up, he claimed to be Australian, as Australians, many of whom had travelled to Britain at great expense to join up, were allowed to enlist straight away.In a poem, he wrote of men joining the army like "bridegrooms going to meet their brides", but his biographer points out that it is unlikely that many other men shared his joy, particularly not those who were leaving actual brides behind. In later years, <mask> recorded his promotion from private to lance-corporal in his Who's Who entry, on other occasions describing it as a greater promotion than entering the Cabinet. Early in 1940, he was trained for a commission after, while working in a kitchen, answering the question of an inspecting brigadier with a Greek proverb; on several occasions, he told colleagues that he expected to be at least a major-general by the end of the war. He passed out top from his officer training. <mask> was commissioned on the General List in 1940 but almost immediately transferred to the Intelligence Corps. He was soon promoted to captain and posted as GSO3 (Intelligence) to the 1st (later 9th) Armoured Division. During this time he taught himself the Portuguese language to read the poet Camões in the original; as insufficient Russian-speaking officers were available at the War Office, his knowledge of the Russian language and textual analysis skills were used to translate a Russian parachute training manual—a task he completed after 11 pm in addition to his normal duties, deducing the meaning of many technical terms from the context; he was convinced that the Soviet Union must eventually enter the war on the Allied side.On one occasion, he was arrested as a suspected German spy for singing the Horst-Wessel-Lied. He was sent to the Staff College, Camberley. In October 1941, <mask> was posted to Cairo and transferred back to the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. As secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee, Middle East, he was soon doing work that would normally have been done by a more senior officer and was (May 1942, backdated to December 1941) promoted to major. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in August 1942, telling his parents that he was doing the work of three people and expected to be a brigadier within a year or two, and in that role helped plan the Second Battle of El Alamein, having previously helped plan the attack on Rommel's supply lines. <mask> and his team began work at 0400 each day to digest radio intercepts and other intelligence data (such as estimating how many tanks Rommel currently had and what his likely plans were) ready to present to the chiefs of staff at 0900. The following year, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his military service.It was in Algiers that the beginning of <mask>'s distrust of the United States began. After socially mixing with senior American officers that he met and exploring their cultural views of the world, he became convinced that one of America's war aims was to destroy the British Empire. Writing home on 16 February 1943, <mask> stated: "I see growing on the horizon the greater peril than Germany or Japan ever were... our terrible enemy, America". <mask>'s suspicion of the anti-British Empire demeanor of the U.S. Government's foreign policy continued for the remainder of the war and into his subsequent post-war political career. He cut out and retained an article from the New Statesman magazine published on 13 November 1943 in which the American writer and diplomat Clare Boothe Luce said in a speech that Indian independence from the British Empire would mean that the "USA will really have won the greatest war in the world for democracy". After the Axis defeat at the Second Battle of El Alamein, <mask>'s attention increasingly moved to the Far East theatre, and he wanted to go there to take part in the campaign against the Japanese Imperial Army because: "the war in Europe was won now", and he wanted to see the Union Flag back in Singapore before, <mask> feared, the Americans beat the British Empire to it and secured an imperial domination of their own over the region. He had at this time an ambition to be assigned to the Chindits units operating in Burma, and secured an interview with their Commander Orde Wingate to this end while the latter was on a temporary stop-over in Cairo, but <mask>'s duties and rank precluded the assignment.Having declined two posts carrying the rank of full colonel (in Algiers and Cairo, which would have left him in the now moribund North African theatre "indefinitely"), and despite expecting to have to accept a reduction in rank to major in order to get the transfer, he secured a posting to the British Imperial Indian Army in Delhi as a lieutenant-colonel in military intelligence in August 1943. Within a few days of arriving in India, <mask> bought as many books as he could about India and read them avidly. On one occasion, he wrote to his parents in a letter "I soaked up India like a sponge soaks up water." <mask> was appointed Secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee for India and Louis Mountbatten's South East Asia Command, involved in planning an amphibious offensive against Akyab, an island off the coast of Burma. Orde Wingate, also involved in planning that operation, had taken such a dislike to <mask> that he asked a colleague to restrain him if he was tempted to "beat his brains in". On one occasion, <mask>'s yellow skin (he was recovering from jaundice), over-formal dress and strange manner caused him to be mistaken for a Japanese spy. During this period, he declined to meet a Cambridge academic colleague, Glyn Daniel, for a drink or dinner as he was devoting his limited leisure time to studying the poet John Donne.<mask> had continued to learn Urdu, consistent with his ambition of becoming Viceroy of India, and when Mountbatten transferred his staff to Kandy, Ceylon, <mask> chose to remain in Delhi. He was promoted to full colonel at the end of March 1944, as assistant director of military intelligence in India, giving intelligence support to the Burma campaign of William Slim. Having begun the war as the youngest professor in the Commonwealth, <mask> ended it as a brigadier. He was given the promotion to serve on a committee of generals and brigadiers to plan the postwar defence of India: the resulting 470-page report was almost entirely written by <mask>. For a few weeks he was the youngest brigadier in the British Army, and he was one of only two men in the entire war to rise from private to brigadier (the other being Fitzroy Maclean). He was offered a regular commission as a brigadier in the Indian Army, and the post of assistant commandant of an Indian officers' training academy, which he declined. He told a colleague that he expected to be head of all military intelligence in "the next war".<mask> never experienced combat and felt guilty for having survived, writing that soldiers who did so carried "a sort of shame with them to the grave" and referring to the Second Battle of El Alamein as a "separating flame" between the living and the dead. When once asked how he would like to be remembered, he at first answered, "Others will remember me as they will remember me", but when pressed he replied, "I should like to have been killed in the war". Entry into politics

Joining the Conservative Party
Though he voted for the Labour Party in their 1945 landslide victory, because he wanted to punish the Conservative Party for the Munich agreement, after the war he joined the Conservatives and worked for the Conservative Research Department under Rab Butler, where his colleagues included Iain Macleod and Reginald Maudling. <mask>'s ambition to be Viceroy of India crumbled in February 1947, when Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that Indian independence was imminent. <mask> was so shocked by the change of policy that he spent the whole night after it was announced walking the streets of London. He came to terms with it by becoming fiercely anti-imperialist, believing that once India had gone the whole empire should follow it. This logical absolutism explained his later indifference to the Suez crisis, his contempt for the Commonwealth and his urging that the UK should end any remaining pretence that it was a world power.Election to Parliament
After unsuccessfully contesting the Labour Party's safe seat of Normanton at a by-election in 1947 (when the Labour majority was 62 per cent), he was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton South West at the 1950 general election. First years as a backbencher
On 16 March 1950, <mask> made his maiden speech, speaking on a White Paper on Defence and beginning by saying, "There is no need for me to pretend those feelings of awe and hesitation which assail any honourable Member who rises to address this House for the first time." On 3 March 1953, <mask> spoke against the Royal Titles Bill in the House of Commons. He said he found three major changes to the style of the United Kingdom, "all of which seem to me to be evil". The first one was "that in this title, for the first time, will be recognised a principle hitherto never admitted in this country, namely, the divisibility of the crown." <mask> said that the unity of the realm had evolved over centuries and included the British Empire: "It was a unit because it had one Sovereign. There was one Sovereign: one realm."He feared that by "recognising the division of the realm into separate realms, are we not opening the way for that other remaining unity—the last unity of all—that of the person, to go the way of the rest?" The second change he objected to was "the suppression of the word 'British', both from before the words 'Realms and Territories' where it is replaced by the words 'her other' and from before the word 'Commonwealth', which, in the Statute of Westminster, is described as the 'British Commonwealth of Nations:

<mask> claimed that the answer was that because the British Nationality Act 1948 had removed allegiance to the crown as the basis of citizenship and replaced that with nine separate citizenships combined together by statute. Therefore, if any of these nine countries became republics the law would not change, as happened with India when it became a republic. Furthermore, <mask> went on, the essence of unity was "that all the parts recognise they would sacrifice themselves to the interests of the whole." He denied that there was in India that "recognition of belonging to a greater whole which involves the ultimate consequence in certain circumstances of self-sacrifice in the interests of the whole." Therefore, the title 'Head of the Commonwealth', the third major change, was "essentially a sham. They are essentially something which we have invented to blind ourselves to the reality of the position."These changes were "greatly repugnant" to <mask>:

For the rest of his life, <mask> regarded this speech as the finest he ever delivered (rather than the much more well-known 1968 anti-immigration speech). In mid-November 1953, <mask> secured a place on the 1922 Committee's executive at the third attempt. Rab Butler also invited him onto the committee that reviewed party policy for the general election, which he attended until 1955. <mask> was a member of the Suez Group of MPs who were against the removal of British troops from the Suez Canal, because such a move would demonstrate, <mask> argued, that the UK could no longer maintain a position there, and that any claim to the Suez Canal would therefore be illogical. However, after the troops had left in June 1956 and the Egyptians nationalised the Canal a month later, <mask> opposed the attempt to retake the canal in the Suez Crisis because he thought the British no longer had the resources to be a world power. In and out of office

Junior Housing Minister
On 21 December 1955, <mask> was appointed parliamentary secretary to Duncan Sandys at the Ministry of Housing. He called it "the best ever Christmas box".In early 1956, he spoke for the Housing Subsidies Bill in the Commons and argued for the rejection of an amendment that would have hindered slum clearances. He also spoke in support of the Slum Clearances Bill,

masks:
John Enoch Powell
Powell
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John Enoch
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Albert Enoch
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title: Enoch Powell

texts:
 which provided entitlement for full compensation for those who purchased a house after August 1939 and still occupied it in December 1955 if this property would be compulsorily purchased by the government if it was deemed unfit for human habitation. In early 1956, <mask> attended a subcommittee on immigration control as a housing minister and advocated immigration controls. In August, he gave a speech at a meeting of the Institute of Personnel Management and was asked a question about immigration. He answered that limiting immigration would require a change in the law: "There might be circumstances in which such a change of the law might be the lesser of two evils". But he added, "There would be very few people who would say the time had yet come when it was essential that so great a change should be made". <mask> later told Paul Foot that the statement was made "out of loyalty to the Government line".<mask> also spoke for the Rent Bill, which ended wartime rent controls when existing tenants moved out, thereby phasing out regulation. Financial Secretary to the Treasury
At a meeting of the 1922 Committee on 22 November 1956, Rab Butler made a speech appealing for party unity in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. His speech did not go down well and Harold Macmillan, whom Butler had taken along for moral support, addressed them and was a great success. In <mask>'s view this was "one of the most horrible things that I remember in politics ... seeing the way in which Harold Macmillan, with all the skill of the old actor-manager, succeeded in false-footing Rab. The sheer devilry of it verged upon the disgusting". After Macmillan's death in 1986 <mask> said "Macmillan was a Whig, not a Tory ... he had no use for the Conservative loyalties and affections; they interfered too much with the Whig's true vocation of detecting trends in events and riding them skilfully so as to preserve the privileges, property and interests of his class". However, when Macmillan replaced Eden as Prime Minister, <mask> was offered the office of Financial Secretary to the Treasury on 14 January 1957.This office was the Chancellor of the Exchequer's deputy and the most important job outside the Cabinet. In January 1958 he resigned, along with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Peter Thorneycroft and his Treasury colleague Nigel Birch, in protest at government plans for increased expenditure; he was a staunch advocate of disinflation, or, in modern terms, a monetarist, and a believer in market forces. <mask> was also a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. The by-product of this expenditure was the printing of extra money to pay for it all, which <mask> believed to be the cause of inflation, and in effect a form of taxation, as the holders of money find their money is worth less. Inflation rose to 2.5 per cent, a high figure for the era, especially in peacetime. During the late 1950s, <mask> promoted control of the money supply to prevent inflation and, during the 1960s, was an advocate of free market policies, which at the time were seen as extreme, unworkable and unpopular. <mask> advocated the privatisation of the Post Office and the telephone network as early as 1964, over 20 years before the latter actually took place; and 47 years before the former occurred.He both scorned the idea of "consensus politics" and wanted the Conservative Party to become a modern business-like party, freed from its old aristocratic and "old boy network" associations. In his 1958 resignation over public spending and what he saw as an inflationary economic policy, he anticipated almost exactly the views that during the 1980s came to be described as "monetarism". Hola Massacre speech
On 27 July 1959, <mask> delivered a speech on the Hola Camp of Kenya, where eleven Mau Mau were killed after refusing work in the camp. <mask> noted that some MPs had described the eleven as "sub-human", but <mask> responded by saying: "In general, I would say that it is a fearful doctrine, which must recoil upon the heads of those who pronounce it, to stand in judgement on a fellow human being and to say, 'Because he was such-and-such, therefore the consequences which would otherwise flow from his death shall not flow'." <mask> also disagreed with the notion that because it was in Africa, different methods were acceptable:

Denis Healey, a member of parliament from 1952 to 1992, later said this speech was "the greatest parliamentary speech I ever heard ... it had all the moral passion and rhetorical force of Demosthenes". The Daily Telegraph report of the speech said that "as Mr <mask> sat down, he put his hand across his eyes. His emotion was justified, for he had made a great and sincere speech".Minister of Health
<mask> returned to the government in July 1960, when he was appointed Health minister, although he did not become a member of the Cabinet until 1962. During a meeting with parents of babies that had been born with deformities caused by the drug thalidomide, he was unsympathetic to the victims, refusing to meet any babies affected by the drug. <mask> also refused to launch a public inquiry, and resisted calls to issue a warning against any left-over thalidomide pills that might remain in people's medicine cabinets (as US President John F. Kennedy had done). In this job, he developed the 1962 Hospital Plan. He began a debate on the neglect of the huge psychiatric institutions, calling for them to be replaced by wards in general hospitals. In his famous 1961 "Water Tower" speech, he said:

The speech catalysed a debate that was one of several strands leading to the Care in the Community initiative of the 1980s. In 1993, however, <mask> claimed that his policy could have worked.He claimed the criminally insane should have never been released and that the problem was one of funding. He said the new way of caring for the mentally ill would cost more, not less, than the old way because community care was decentralised and intimate as well as being "more human". His successors had not, <mask> claimed, provided the money for local authorities to spend on mental health care and therefore institutional care had been neglected while at the same time there was not any investment in community care. After his speech on immigration in 1968, <mask>'s political opponents sometimes alleged that he had, when Minister of Health, recruited immigrants from the Commonwealth into the National Health Service (NHS). However, the Minister of Health was not responsible for recruitment (this was left to health authorities) and Sir George Godber, Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty's Government in England from 1960 to 1973, stated that the allegation was "bunk ... absolute rubbish. There was no such policy". <mask>'s biographer Simon Heffer also stated that the claim "is a complete untruth.As <mask>'s biographer I have been thoroughly through the Ministry of Health papers at the Public Record Office and have found no evidence to support this assertion". During the early 1960s, <mask> was asked about the recruitment of immigrant workers for the NHS. He replied by saying "recruitment was in the hands of the hospital authorities, but this was something that happened of its own accord given that there was no bar upon entry and employment in the United Kingdom to those from the West Indies or anywhere else [in the Commonwealth or colonies]." <mask> did welcome immigrant nurses and doctors, under the condition that they were to be temporary workers training in the UK and would then return to their native countries as qualified doctors or nurses. Shortly after becoming Minister of Health, <mask> asked R.A. Butler (the Home Secretary), if he could be appointed to a ministerial committee which monitored immigration and was about to be re-constituted. <mask> was worried about the strain by NHS immigrants, and papers show that he wanted a stronger restriction on Commonwealth immigration than what was passed in 1961. 1960s

Leadership elections
In October 1963, along with Iain Macleod, Reginald Maudling and Lord Hailsham, <mask> tried in vain to persuade Rab Butler not to serve under Alec Douglas-Home, in the belief that the latter would be unable to form a government.<mask> commented that they had given Butler a revolver, which he had refused to use in case it made a noise or hurt anyone. Macleod and <mask> refused to serve in Home's Cabinet. This refusal is not usually attributed to personal antipathy to Douglas-Home but rather to anger at what Macleod and <mask> saw as Macmillan's underhand manipulation of colleagues during the process of choosing a new leader. However, at the meeting at his house on the evening of 17 October, <mask>, who still enjoyed a liberal reputation on racial issues after his Hola Massacre Speech, reportedly said of Home: "How can I serve under a man whose views on Africa are positively Portuguese?" During the 1964 general election, <mask> said in his election address, "it was essential, for the sake not only of our own people but of the immigrants themselves, to introduce control over the numbers allowed in. I am convinced that strict control must continue if we are to avoid the evils of a 'colour question' in this country, for ourselves and for our children". Norman Fowler, then a reporter for The Times, interviewed <mask> during the election and asked him what the biggest issue was: "I expected to be told something about the cost of living but not a bit of it.'Immigration,' replied <mask>. I duly phoned in my piece but it was never used. After all, who in 1964 had ever heard of a former Conservative cabinet minister thinking that immigration was an important political issue?" Following the Conservatives' defeat in the election, he agreed to return to the front bench as Transport Spokesman. In July 1965, he stood in the first-ever party leadership election but came a distant third to Edward Heath, obtaining only 15 votes, just below the result Hugh Fraser would gain in the 1975 contest. Heath appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Defence. <mask> said that he had "left his visiting card", i.e.demonstrated himself to be a potential future leader, but the immediate effect was to demonstrate his limited support in the Parliamentary Party, enabling Heath to feel more comfortable calling his bluff. Shadow Defence Secretary
In his first speech to the Conservative Party conference as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence on 14 October 1965, <mask> outlined a fresh defence policy, jettisoning what he saw as outdated global military commitments left over from the UK's imperial past and stressing that the UK was a European power and therefore an alliance with Western European states from possible attack from the East was central to the UK's safety. He defended the UK's nuclear weapons and argued that it was "the merest casuistry to argue that if the weapon and the means of using it are purchased in part, or even altogether, from another nation, therefore the independent right to use it has no reality. With a weapon so catastrophic, it is possession and the right to use which count". Also, <mask> called into question Western military commitments East of Suez:

The Daily Telegraph journalist David Howell remarked to Andrew Alexander that <mask> had "just withdrawn us from East of Suez, and received an enormous ovation because no-one understood what he was talking about". However, the Americans were worried by <mask>'s speech as they wanted British military commitments in South-East Asia as they were still fighting in Vietnam. A transcript of the speech was sent to Washington and the American embassy requested to talk to Heath about the "<mask> doctrine".The New York Times said <mask>'s speech was "a potential declaration of independence from American policy". During the election campaign of 1966, <mask> claimed that the British government had contingency plans to send at least a token British force to Vietnam and that, under Labour, "Britain has behaved perfectly clearly and perfectly recognisably as an American satellite". Lyndon B. Johnson had indeed asked Wilson for some British forces for Vietnam, and when it was later suggested to <mask> that Washington understood that the public reaction to <mask>'s allegations had made Wilson realise he would not have favourable public opinion and so could not go through with it, <mask> responded: "The greatest service I have performed for my country, if that is so". Labour was returned with a large majority, and <mask> was retained by Heath as Shadow Defence Secretary as he believed <mask> "was too dangerous to leave out". In a controversial speech on 26 May 1967, <mask> criticised the UK's post-war world role:

In 1967, <mask> spoke of his opposition to the immigration of Kenyan Asians to the United Kingdom after the African country's leader Jomo Kenyatta's discriminatory policies led to the flight of Asians from that country. The biggest argument <mask> and Heath had during <mask>'s time in the Shadow Cabinet was over a dispute over the role of Black Rod, who would go to the Commons to summon them to the Lords to hear the Royal Assent of Bills. In November 1967, Black Rod arrived during a debate on the EEC and was met with cries of "Shame" to Op it".At the next Shadow Cabinet meeting Heath said this "nonsense" must be stopped. <mask> suggested that Heath did not mean it should be ended. He asked whether Heath realised that the words Black Rod used went back to the 1307 Parliament of Carlisle and were ancient even then. Heath reacted furiously, saying that the British people "were tired of this nonsense and ceremonial and mummery. He would not stand for the perpetuation of this ridiculous business etc". National figure

'Rivers of Blood' speech

The Birmingham-based television company ATV saw an advance copy of the speech on the Saturday morning, and its news editor ordered a television crew to go to the venue, where they filmed sections of the speech. Earlier in the week, <mask> said to his friend Clement 'Clem' Jones, a journalist and then editor at the Wolverhampton Express & Star, "I'm going to make a speech at the weekend and it's going to go up 'fizz' like a rocket; but whereas all rockets fall to the earth, this one is going to stay up."<mask> was renowned for his oratorical skills and his maverick nature. On 20 April 1968, he gave a speech in Birmingham in which he warned his audience of what he believed would be the consequences of continued unchecked mass immigration from the Commonwealth to the UK. Above all, it is an allusion to the Roman poet Virgil towards the end of the speech which has been remembered, giving the speech its colloquial name:

The Times declared it "an evil speech", stating, "This is the first time that a serious British politician has appealed to racial hatred in this direct way in our postwar history." The main political issue addressed by the speech was not immigration as such, however. It was the introduction of the Race Relations Act 1968 (by the Labour Government at the time), which <mask> found offensive and immoral. The Act would prohibit discrimination on the grounds of race in certain areas of British life, particularly housing, where many local authorities had been refusing to provide houses for immigrant families until they had lived in the country for a certain number of years. One feature of his speech was the extensive quotation of a letter he received detailing the experiences of one of his constituents in Wolverhampton.The writer described the fate of an elderly woman who was supposedly the last White person living in her street. She had repeatedly refused applications from non-Whites requiring rooms-to-let, which resulted in her being called a "racialist" outside her home and receiving "excreta" through her letterbox. When Heath telephoned Margaret Thatcher to tell her that he was going to sack <mask>, she responded: "I really thought that it was better to let things cool down for the present rather than heighten the crisis". Heath sacked <mask> from his Shadow cabinet the day after the speech and he never held another senior political post again. <mask> received almost 120,000 (predominantly positive) letters and a Gallup poll at the end of April showed that 74 per cent of those asked agreed with his speech and only 15 per cent disagreed, with 11 per cent unsure. One poll concluded that between 61 and 73 per cent disagreed with Heath sacking <mask>. According to George L. Bernstein, many British people felt that <mask> "was the first British politician who was actually listening to them".After The Sunday Times branded his speeches "racialist", <mask> sued it for libel, but withdrew when he was required to provide the letters he had quoted from because he had promised anonymity for the writer, who refused to waive it. <mask> had also expressed his opposition to the Race Relations legislation being put into place by the Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson at the time. Following the "Rivers of Blood" speech, <mask> was transformed into a national public figure and won huge support across the UK. Three days after the speech, on 23 April, as the Race Relations Bill was being debated in the House of Commons, 1,000 dockers marched on Westminster protesting against the "victimisation" of <mask>, with slogans such as "we want <mask> <mask>!" and "<mask> here, <mask> there, we want <mask> everywhere". The next day, 400 meat porters from Smithfield market handed in a 92-page petition in support of <mask>, amidst other mass demonstrations of working-class support, much of it from trade unionists, in London and Wolverhampton. Conservative politician Michael Heseltine stated that in the aftermath of the "Rivers of blood" speech, if <mask> <mask> had stood for leadership of the Conservative party he would have won "by a landslide" and if he had stood to be Prime Minister he would have won by a "national landslide".'Morecambe Budget'
<mask> made a speech in Morecambe on 11 October 1968 on the economy, setting out alternative, radical free-market policies that would later be called the 'Morecambe Budget'. <mask> used the financial year of 1968–69 to show how income tax could be halved from 8s 3d to 4s 3d in the pound (basic rate cut from 41 to 21 per cent) and how capital gains tax and Selective Employment Tax could be abolished without reducing expenditure on defence or the social services. These tax reductions required a saving of £2,855,000,000 and this would be funded by eradicating losses in the nationalised industries and privatising the profit-making state concerns; ending all housing subsidies except for those who could not afford their own housing; ending all foreign aid; ending all grants and subsidies in agriculture; ending all assistance to development areas; ending all investment grants; and abolishing the National Economic Development Council and the Prices and Incomes Board. The cuts in taxation would also allow the state to borrow from the public to spend on capital projects such as hospitals and roads and spend on "the firm and humane treatment of criminals". House of Lords reform
In mid-1968, <mask>'s book The House of Lords in the Middle Ages was published after twenty years' work. At the press conference for its publication, <mask> said if the government introduced a Bill to reform the Lords he would be its "resolute enemy". Later in 1968, when the

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