title: Park Geun-hye

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 newly launched Park Geun-hye Administration for governing state affairs was to open "a new era of hope and happiness for all the people". <mask> avowed that South Korea would break away from its long-pursued development model that centered around the nation, and shift the focus of government administration from the state to individual citizens. Through this process the structure of co-prosperity would be created, in which citizens became happy and national development occurred as a result. <mask>'s administrative vision and basic principles for governing the nation were concretely outlined in her policy plans for the economy, society, welfare, diplomacy, and unification.The administration's keywords in managing state affairs were "people", "happiness", "trust", "co-prosperity" and "principle". Government restructuring
Right after taking office, <mask> restructured the Blue House and government organization to carry out her administrative vision. The Office of National Security at the Blue House, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries were newly launched, and the seat of Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs was revived. The Chief of the National Security Office would act as a "control tower" for diplomatic, security, and national defense issues, and the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs for economic, social, and welfare issues. Foreign policy

United States

After taking office, <mask> met with John Kerry and U.S. President Barack Obama. <mask>'s trip to the United States in May 2013 was her first foreign trip after taking office. Like many of her predecessors, <mask> maintained a close relationship with the U.S., which has over 20,000 soldiers stationed in South Korea.During her visit to the U.S., she addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress, where she called for a united front against any North Korean provocations. <mask> also called for a strong global relationship between South Korea and the United States. <mask> assessed the security situation on the Korean Peninsula and emphasized that deterrence capabilities were the most important factor for security. Thus, <mask> considered the American–South Korean alliance as the most successful one in the world. She hoped the American–South Korean relationship can be upgraded from a comprehensive strategic alliance to a global partnership. <mask> visited the United States on her first overseas trip as president. She traveled to Washington, D.C., New York City, and Los Angeles on 5–9 May 2013.During summit talks in May at the White House, Presidents <mask> and Obama adopted a joint declaration for the American-South Korean alliance and discussed ways to further develop the bilateral relations in a future-forward manner. Also, two leaders discussed ways to promote cooperation in building peace in the Northeast Asian region and strength the partnership between Seoul and Washington. The two leaders of South Korea and the United States agreed to adopt a joint statement on comprehensive energy cooperation to build a foundation for a future growth engine and establish a policy cooperation committee on information and communication technology. In addition, <mask> urged her U.S. counterpart to expand the annual U.S. visa quota for South Korean professionals in order to promote co-development of both economies. In particular, the "Joint declaration in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Alliance between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America" adopted by South Korea and the United States will become a meaningful document looking back at the past six decades of the alliance and spelling out a new direction for the development of bilateral relations over the coming decade. North Korea
North Korea had engaged in provocations such as violating a UN Security Council resolution and firing a long-range missile on 12 December 2012, just before 19 December presidential election. After <mask> was elected, North Korea conducted its third nuclear test 12 February 2013, nullified the non-aggression agreements between the two countries on 8 March and withdrew North Korean workers from the Kaesong Industrial Complex on 8 April.<mask> maintained her stance that South Korea will not succumb to the North's provocations and threats, and will endeavor to elicit policy coordination towards North Korea with major powers such as the United States, China and the UN. Her response to North Korean issues gained the support of many South Koreans and also the United States, China, and Russia, and played a significant role in the unanimous adoption by the UN Security Council of Resolution 2094 regarding North Korea on 7 March 2013. Due to <mask>'s response and the international community's actions, on 6 June North Korea ceased provocations and threats towards the South and suggested holding discussions on reopening the Kaesong Industrial Complex. <mask> said that peace and unification on the Korean peninsula is the wish of all 70 million Koreans and that as president she will do her utmost to meet such a goal. As well, "the ultimate objective of reunification efforts is to improve the quality of life of people in both Koreas, to further expand freedom and human rights, and [from there] build a prosperous Korean Peninsula." She later stated, "to open a new era of peace and hope on the peninsula, North Korea needs to accept her administration's trust-building policy initiative". <mask>'s policy vision and initiative on issues concerning North Korea and unification are reflected in her Korean Peninsula Trust-building Process.The Ministry of Unification has announced a new vision statement "realizing a new unified Korea that ensures everyone's happiness". The administrative tasks for this cause include normalizing inter-Korean relations through a trust-building process, embarking on small-scale unification projects that will lead to a complete integration of the two Koreas, and taking practical measures to prepare for unification by strengthening unification capabilities. According to <mask>, peaceful unification will be achieved in a three-stage unification initiative: starting from securing peace, going through economic integration, and finally reaching political integration. To achieve sustainable peace by the initiative, the new administration will offer humanitarian assistance for the people in North Korea, inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in economic, social, and cultural areas, and will apply 'Vision Korea project' for establishing a single economic community in the Korean Peninsula, conditioned on sufficient mutual trust and progress in denuclearizing North Korea. China

On 27–30 June 2013, <mask> visited China with a South Korean delegation, where she met with Xi Jinping, the Chinese president. During the meetings, <mask> explained the government's stance on North Korea and gained his support. Russia
On 13 November 2013, <mask> held an extended meeting with President Vladimir Putin, whose visit to South Korea was the first among leaders of four major powers including the United States, China, and Japan.During the meeting, <mask> and Putin had a comprehensive and productive dialogue with a focus on improving economic relations such as logistics cooperation projects (through Russia and North Korea), expanding people-to-people exchanges, and strengthening political ties between South Korea and Russia. <mask>, especially, emphasized on making preparations to produce an outcome that corresponds to common interests by combining Korea's Eurasian Initiative and Russia's Asia-Pacific Policy. After the summit, both presidents issued a joint communique and held a joint press conference. Earlier, <mask> attended the G-20 Summit in September 2013 at St. Petersburg, where she met Putin for a separate dialogue discussing economic cooperation and seeking support on North Korean issues. It marked the first Korea–Russia summit talk since <mask>'s inauguration. When <mask> met with Russian Minister for the Development of Russian Far East Viktor Ishaev, who headed the Russian delegation to <mask>'s inaugural ceremony, she stated that Russia is one of Korea's key strategic partners, and the successful launch of the Naro rocket is the outcome of mutually beneficial relations and demonstrates that relations will grow stronger in the future. She also noted that Russia's active participation in the six-party talks will contribute to alleviating tension on the Korean Peninsula.Economic policy

<mask> announced her plan to build a "Creative Economy" on 5 June 2013, representing her vision for economic revival and job creation. In April, <mask> said "Timing is very important for our economic policy, jobs and livelihood mainly ordinary people should organize a supplementary budget in a timely manner." On 8 April 2014, <mask> signed the Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement with Australia's Prime Minister Tony Abbott. Social policy
<mask> proposed the eradication of "Four Major Social Evils" (사 대회악:
"sa dae hwe ak") – sexual violence, domestic violence, school violence, and unsafe food. Statistics show that sexual violence and domestic violence are increasing in these years. Without referring to statistical data, aggravating school violence or food safety is a public concern in South Korea. She also launched the National Unity Committee on 17 June with the purpose to advise the president in the process of resolving various conflicts in South Korean society and establishing a culture of co-existence and co-prosperity.Former Democratic United Party Advisor Han Kwang -ok was named as the head. National
On 18 May 2013, <mask> attended the 33rd anniversary of the Gwangju massacre, and expressed sorrow for the victims' family members. Second year (February 2014 – February 2015)

Foreign policy

North Korea
<mask> proposed three steps to North Korea to help move toward the reunification of the Korean Peninsula, on 28 March in Dresden during her state visit to Germany. She stated that "Starting with jointly managing rivers and forests running through the two Koreas, we need to expand joint projects that benefit both sides. In that respect, I hope North Korea will attend the UN Convention on Biological Diversity conference to be held in South Korean city of Pyeongchang in October." In May 2014, <mask> warned that a new nuclear test by North Korea could lead to "a nuclear domino effect", that might provide its neighbors with a pretext to arm themselves with nuclear weapons. Government restructuring
On 18 May 2014, <mask> announced South Korea's "plans to break up its coastguard" after failing to respond well during the MV Sewol ferry disaster.According to <mask>, "investigation and information roles would be transferred to the South Korea National Police while the rescue and salvage operation and ocean security roles would be transferred to the Department for National Safety, not to be confused with the Korean Ministry of Security and Public Administration, which will be newly established". On 19 November 2014, the Korea Coast Guard and National Emergency Management Agency ceased control as the Ministry of Public Safety and Security was founded at the same day. Third year (February 2015 – February 2016)

Foreign policy

China
On 26 May 2015, <mask> urged the head of the Asian Development Bank to cooperate with South Korea and the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank after South Korea had officially applied to join the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in late March 2015. Fourth and final year (February 2016 – March 2017)

Foreign policy

Iran

On 1 May 2016, <mask> became the first South Korean president to visit Iran. She was at the head of a 236-member delegation of businessmen and entrepreneurs during a three-day visit to Tehran to discuss bilateral trade and other matters of mutual interest. She met Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and held talks with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. The two countries also signed 19 basic agreements to expand mutual cooperation over a variety of areas.Earlier, Iran's President Rouhani emphasized that Iran and South Korea are set to boost their trade volume from the current $6 billion to $18 billion. 2016 general elections
<mask> suffered a serious setback in the 2016 general elections on 13 April 2016, as the Saenuri Party lost both its majority and its status as first party in the National Assembly. <mask> had been criticized for her involvement in the elections and the party's nomination process, and other Saenuri members blamed the pro-<mask> faction in the party for the defeat. <mask> loyalists fared badly in constituency elections. The result was seen to hinder the chances of <mask>'s passing her proposed economic reforms, and in the aftermath of the results the conservative The Chosun Ilbo stated that <mask>'s "lame duck period has started earlier than any other administration in the past". Approval ratings

In July 2013, public support for <mask>'s method of governing state affairs reached up to 63 percent, higher than the percentage of the votes she had won in the presidential election, which was 52 percent. The Korean media suggested that such a high level of support came from <mask>'s principled North Korea policy, constructive outcomes from visits to the United States and China, and distancing from internal political disputes.By January 2015, <mask>'s approval rating had fallen to 30 percent, partly due to the sinking of MV Sewol and disputes with North Korea. By September 2015, <mask>'s approval had increased to 54 percent due to her diplomacy that defused a military standoff with North Korea, but in the aftermath of her party's 2016 election loss, her ratings fell to 31.5 percent, plunging 8.1 percentage points compared to the week before the election. On 4 November 2016, <mask>'s ratings fell to 4–5% as details of her relationship with Choi Soon-sil were investigated and exposed in what became the 2016 South Korean political scandal. Arrest, detention, and pardon
<mask> was arrested on 31 March 2017, and held in pre-trial detention at the Seoul Detention Center in Uiwang, Gyeonggi Province. On 17 April 2017, <mask> was formally charged with abuse of power, bribery, coercion and leaking government secrets. <mask> denied the charges during five rounds of interrogation while in prison. Trial
Prosecutors sought a 30-year prison term for <mask>, along with a fine of ₩188.5 billion ().On 6 April 2018, a three-judge panel of the Central District Court in Seoul sentenced <mask> to 24 years in prison and a fine of ₩18 billion (), finding her guilty of 16 out of 18 charges brought before her. In June 2018, three former NIS directors (Lee Byung-kee, Lee Byung-ho, and Nam Jae-joon) who served in the <mask> administration were found guilty of bribing, related to the 2016 <mask>n-hye scandals. They illegally transferred money from the NIS

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title: Park Geun-hye

type: original

texts:
 budget to <mask>'s presidential office. This illegally obtained money was used by <mask> and her associates for private use and to pay bribes. On 24 August 2018, <mask>'s sentence was increased to 25 years in prison. Retrial and reduced sentence
In July 2020, an appellate court slashed <mask>'s prison sentence to 20 years after a retrial, taking into account that she "received little personal benefit" from her offences, and <mask> was also cleared of charges of alleged extortion from conglomerates paying donations to foundations of Choi Soon-sil. In January 2021, South Korea's top court upheld the 20-year prison sentence, bringing an end to the legal process.Pardon and release from prison
On 24 December 2021, it was announced that <mask> would receive a pardon from South Korean President Moon Jae-in. In his pardon, President Moon cited <mask>'s deteriorating health and the needs to “overcome unfortunate past history and promote national unity” as reasons for the pardon. On 31 December she was released from prison. Controversies

Parentage controversy
<mask> had been often criticized for being the "daughter of a dictator" (<mask>-hee) and for not actively supporting the Lee administration by supporters of Lee Myung-bak. A national-level poll conducted in July 2012 by a conservative newspaper reported that 59% of participants responded they did not believe <mask> was a "daughter of a dictator" while 36% agreed with the characterization. <mask>-Hee's status as a dictator became a contested topic after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. GNP party elites saw this as their chance to revitalize <mask>-Hee's image, focusing on South Korea's economic growth during his administration, thus steadily changing his public perception.During a 2012 interview with the Cheongju broadcast station CJB, <mask> commented regarding her stance that her father's May 16 coup was a "revolution to save the country" by stating, "I don't think it's the place of politicians to be fighting over whether [the events of 1961] were a 'coup d'etat' or a 'revolution'." In a July 2012 survey, 50% of respondents answered that they disagreed with <mask>'s assessment that her father's 1961 coup was "unavoidable, the best possible choice, and an advisable decision", as opposed to 37% that agreed. From another survey conducted in July 2012, 42% of respondents agreed with her opinion that her father's 1961 coup was "unavoidable", while 46% disagreed. Because <mask> inherited strong regional and generational support from her father, as well as the legacy of his economic success, <mask>'s opponents used her father as criticism against her. Bu-il foundation accusations
<mask> has faced much scrutiny over an educational foundation, Jeongsoo Scholarship Foundation, formerly known as Buil (in reference to the stock it controls in the newspaper "Busan Ilbo"), which her father, and later she, headed. Its original owners claimed in court they were forced to turn it over to her father. Party criticism
Liberty Korea Party assemblyman Nam Kyung-pil criticized the Park-centered nature of the party, regarding its preparation for the 2012 presidential election, and stated, "If we keep seeing the same situation where <mask>n-hye gives a press conference before a general meeting of lawmakers is held, and what she says then gets decided on as the party's position, then the public is going to think democracy has disappeared from the party."Furthermore, some have said <mask>'s behavior in the lead-up to 2012 presidential election was a mixture of trend-following and corner-cutting—a stark contrast with the vehement insistence on the principle that she showed when she opposed a revision of the plan for a multifunctional administrative city in Sejong City. For instance, Yim Tae-hee, another presidential candidate of the party, pointed to <mask>'s voting down of a motion to arrest Chung Doo-un, a lawmaker implicated with bribery related to saving banks. Another candidate, Ahn Sang-soo, accused <mask> of "saying one thing yesterday and another today". Spokesman scandal

<mask> fired Yoon Chang-jung, a Blue House spokesman who was alleged by Washington police to have committed sexual assault against a young woman hired as an intern at the South Korean Embassy in Washington during <mask>'s first visit to the United States. <mask> has been criticized for picking the wrong people for senior government posts. Election-meddling scandal

Just a week before the presidential election date, the opposing party alleged that the public servants from National Intelligence Service (NIS) have organized to promote <mask>'s election campaign by way of posting online articles favorable to <mask> and slanderous to the opposing candidates. This political behavior by public servants is strictly prohibited by Korean Constitution.To prove their allegation, the opposing Democratic Party, along with the police and Central Election Assistance Commission, swooped in the house where the alleged agent of NIS has resided. From there, the 29-year-old female agent, later known as Ha-Young Kim, who was running an illegal online election campaign operation such as spreading slanderous postings about the opposing candidate had locked herself in. The police could not force to enter the house and the standoff lasted for three days, provoking a tense political standoff. The opposition accused the intelligence service of blocking an investigation. <mask> and her party accused the opposition of harassing the woman. <mask> even said the standoff of the self-lock-in was a violation of a female right in the presidential candidate debate that took place three days before the election. Later that night of the presidential debate, Kim Yong-pan, then the chief of Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, publicly announced there was no evidence of illegal online postings from the collected laptop of the female agent.This announcement, which took place three days before the election, was believed to have significantly affected the outcome of the presidential election according to the opposing party. After months of probes into the alleged election meddling, the prosecution concluded in mid-June 2013 that Won Sei-hoon, then NIS chief who headed the intelligence agency for around four years under former President Lee Myung-bak, ordered agents to conduct an online smear campaign against opposition presidential candidates. The special investigation drew a conclusion that the agents systemically intervened in domestic politics by writing thousands of postings on politics in cyberspace through hundreds of different user IDs. Kim Yong-pan, then chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (SMPA), was prosecuted without physical detention on charges of abusing his authority to hamper police investigation into the case. CCTV conversation between the computer analysts who were analyzing the laptop at police revealed that the police already knew there were illegal online postings against the opposing party's candidates, but the chief of SMPA publicly announced otherwise, an announcement that indicates intentional meddling into the presidential election. The investigation and the trial at court are on-going, and <mask> faces a political blow. However, the leading Saenuri party along with government leaders has attempted to dodge its political fall-out.Their effort has involved tipping a rumor to a major conservative media, Chosun Ilbo, about an extramarital child of the Chae Dong-wook, former Prosecutor General, who has approved the prosecution of Won Se-hoon and Kim Yong-pan, which eventually led to his resignation. Yoon Suk-ryul, the director of the special investigation team, which was leading the probe into the election meddling, was fired and returned to his original position, head of Yeoju branch Supreme Prosecutors Office. The investigation of his team has further revealed that the NIS is suspected of having posted 55,689 messages on Twitter for three months until the presidential election. Whether or not the election meddling of the NIS by way of online posts has actually affected the outcome of the presidential election is controversial. However, the false announcement by Kim Yong-pan, then chief of the SMPA, has appeared to do so. Had the police announced honestly, 14% of the electorate who voted for <mask> said they would have voted for Moon Jae-In, the first runner-up of the election. Lack of communication
<mask> has been criticized for holding press conferences with questions and answers submitted in advance.By 11 January 2015, she had held four press conferences since taking office in February 2013. Among the four press conferences, three of them were public speeches without questions and answers. Even in the remaining press conference, the questions were submitted in advance and she read prepared answers. Her opponents labeled her as "No communication" (불통, Bultong). November 2015 protests
On 15 November 2015, around 80,000 anti-government protesters clashed with government forces on the streets of Seoul, demanding that <mask> step down, with many of the protesters chanting "<mask>n-hye, step down". The rally was triggered by <mask>'s adopting business-friendly labour policies and a decision to require middle and high schools to use only state-issued history textbooks in classes starting in 2017, combined with plans to make labour markets more flexible by giving employers more leeway in dismissing workers. Security forces fired tear gas and sprayed water cannons into the crowd when protesters attempted to break through police barricades.Censorship
In the wake of the April 2014 capsizing of the Sewol ferry, public outcry arose over the government's handling of the situation. In response, the <mask> administration established a commission to monitor and prosecute social media critics of <mask>. Tatsuya Kato, Japanese journalist who was a Seoul Bureau chief of South Korea at Sankei Shimbun was indicted on charges of defamation for reporting the relationship between <mask> and Choi Soon-sil's husband, Chung Yoon-hoi,  by the Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea after the MV Sewol sank. Public Official Election Act
On 25 June 2015, <mask> said that "Betrayal which breaks the trust shouldn't be accepted in politics and this should be punished by election with people's own hands". This mention was aimed to Yu Seungmin who was a member of Saenuri Party. Her statement was criticized by professor Jo Guk and politician Moon Jae-in because it was intended to affect Yu's election, which is forbidden by the Public Official Election Act. However, the National Election Commission decided not to treat <mask>'s mention as a violation of the Act.Comfort Women agreement
In 2015, <mask> reached an agreement with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe regarding the Comfort women issue. Japan apologized to former comfort women and provided 1 billion yen ($8.8 million) towards an assistance fund as terms of the agreement. The two governments agreed that the issue would be “irreversibly resolved”. However, in 2017, <mask>'s successor, President Moon Jae-in, stated that the deal was seriously flawed and unilaterally terminated it. Choi Soon-sil scandal and impeachment

In late October 2016, investigations into <mask>'s relationship with Choi Soon-sil, daughter of the late Church of Eternal Life cult leader and <mask>'s mentor Choi Tae-min, began. Several news media including JTBC and the Hankyoreh reported that Choi, who has no official government position, had access to confidential documents and information for the president, and acted as a close confidant for the president. Choi and <mask>'s senior staff including both Ahn Jong-bum and Jeong Ho-sung used their influence to extort ₩77.4 billion (approximately $75 million) from Korean chaebols—family-owned large business conglomerates—and set up two culture and sports-related foundations, Mir and K-sports foundations.Choi is also accused of having influenced Ewha Womans University to change their admission criteria in order for her daughter Chung Yoo-ra to be given a place there. Ahn Jong-bum and Jeong Ho-sung, top presidential aides, were arrested for abuse of power and helping Choi; they denied wrongdoing and claimed that they were simply following President <mask>'s orders. On 25 October 2016, <mask> publicly acknowledged her close ties with Choi. On 28 October, <mask> dismissed key members of her top office staff while her approval ratings fell to 4%. Her approval rating ranged from 1 to 3% for Korean citizens under 60 years of age, while it remained higher, at 13%, for the over-60 age group. It was the worst ever approval rate in Korean history and is worse than the 6% approval rating of former President Kim Young-sam, who was widely blamed for forcing the Korean economy into the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The controversy led to mass protests and rallies in October and November 2016 calling for her resignation.On 12 November, more than 1 million citizens participated in the protests at Gwanghwamun Square close to the presidential residence demanding <mask>'s resignation or impeachment. On 19 November, another 1 million people participated in the national protest after <mask> refused to help in the investigation. <mask> then fired a number of her cabinet members and the prime minister. In particular, the sacking of the prime minister, Hwang Kyo-ahn, resulted in controversy, due to the claim that his firing was carried out via a text message. The Supreme Prosecutors' Office of Korea (SPO), in laying charges against Choi and two former presidential aides, alleged that <mask> colluded with the three in certain criminal activities. The president would be questioned by prosecutors, the first time this has occurred with a serving South Korean president. Following the scandal, there was a series of massive demonstrations that started in the first week of November 2016.On 29 November 2016, <mask> offered to resign as president, and invited the National Assembly to arrange a transfer of power. The opposition parties rejected the offer, accusing <mask> of attempting to avoid the process of impeachment. The National Assembly instead filed a motion for impeachment, which was put to a vote on 9 December 2016 and passed with 234 supporters. Due to the ratification of her impeachment proposal, her presidential powers and duties were suspended, and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn assumed those powers and duties as acting president. <mask> was finally ousted from office by the Constitutional Court on 10 March 2017. The decision was unanimous, 8–0 in favour of the impeachment, as announced shortly thereafter. On 26 March 2017, South Korean prosecutors announced they were seeking an arrest warrant against <mask>.This warrant was granted by the Seoul Central District Court on 31 March 2017 and <mask> was arrested later that day, and was later sentenced to 25 years in

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title: Luis Piedrabuena

texts:
<mask> (; 24 August 1833 - 10 August 1883) was an Argentine sailor whose actions in southern Argentina consolidated national sovereignty at a time when these lands were virtually uninhabited and were not protected by the state. His biographers consider him one of the most important heroes of Patagonia. Piedrabuena reached the naval rank of Naval Lieutenant Colonel, equivalent to Commander. Today he is commonly called <mask>. Childhood

<mask> was born in the port of Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires Province, on 24 August 1833. He was born in a large colonial house with large bricks, window grilles and a Spanish-style tile roof. It was located at the foot of the ravine that was crowned by a fort in those days, and today by the parish church.From a very early age he was attracted by the sea. His childhood relationship with three seamen helped him to follow a life at sea. The first was Captain Lemon, an American whaler who sailed, while very young, between Patagones and Buenos Aires. The second was an old friend of his father, the captain and former privateer James Harris who put <mask> up at his home in Buenos Aires, where he enrolled in a primary school and later attend a high school specializing in nautical subjects. Returning to Patagones, five years later, he continued to pilot boats and managed to build his own cutter. In 1847 another American whaler, John E. Davison, touched at Patagones. He was under Captain W. Smiley, who was leading an expedition in the South Atlantic.<mask>'s father entrusted him at the age of 15 to this sailor for seafaring instruction. He sailed with the whaler from Patagones on 23 July 1847, heading for the Antarctic. On that voyage he reached the latitude of 68° South, so Piedrabuena can be considered the first Argentine to have entered the Antarctic. The hardship of ocean voyaging in the cold and rough seas prepared him for the large enterprises in which he would participate in the future. Chronology of his life at sea

Piedrabuena accompanied Captain W. Smiley's whaling and sealing expedition in 1848, picking up knowledge of sealing,
and learning the geography of the straits and how to navigate in them. In 1848, with his own schooner, Piedrabuena touched at the Falkland Islands to load groceries and then continued to Cape Horn, reaching the Antarctic continent whaling grounds, and then returned to his hometown Carmen de Patagones. In 1849 Piedrabuena sailed from the port  of Montevideo to Tierra del Fuego as an officer to supply the English missionaries.Offshore from Isla de los Estados (Staten Island) he rescued fourteen shipwrecked sailors. Piedrabuena displayed characteristic solidarity and courage as a seaman in the rescue. In 1850 he was first officer of the schooner "Zerabia", taking sheep and cattle to the Falkland Islands. He reached Antarctica again. He explored the Fuegian channels where he met Tehuelche people, in whom he tried to instill a sense of the Fatherland. In 1854 Piedrabuena again helped 24 sailors shipwrecked by a storm. In 1855, in command of the schooner "Manuelita" provided by Smiley, in Punta Ninfas he rescued the crew of the American whaling boat "Dolphin" from death.In 1859 he explored the Santa Cruz River and reached an island that he called Isla Pavón, where he was assigned by the government to install a trading post. He also set up a  post in Puerto Cook, Isla de los Estados, offshore from Tierra del Fuego. In 1860 he armed his own ship, the schooner "Nancy", to defend the territory and the southern coasts of Patagonia, while still saving lives. In 1862 he established a small shelter, San Juan de Salvamento, on the Isla de los Estados, as a refuge for shipwrecked sailors and to establish Argentine sovereignty. In 1863 he arrived in the Bay of San Gregorio in the Strait of Magellan, and befriended chief Biguá. He took him to Buenos Aires and got the authorities to designate him "Chief of San Gregorio". On 2 December 1864 the National Government gave him the title of "unpaid honorary captain" to defend Argentine sovereignty in Patagonia.Over the years Piedrabuena continued his work, sometimes abandoning his business to help castaways, and teaching the Aboriginals that they are children of Argentina whose sovereignty they must defend. He made many voyages on the coasts of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Falklands. In 1868 the government awarded the first grants of land in the South, giving Pavón and Los Estados Islands to Piedrabuena. That year he married Julia Dufour, who was to accompany him on several of his voyages. In 1873 a 650-ton Chilean corvette, the Abtao, arrived at the tiny settlement on Pavón and tried to intimidate the settlers into leaving. Piedrabuena refused to yield. In March 1873, traveling with the schooner "Spore" to Isla de los Estados he was surprised by a terrible storm that drove the ship onto the rocks and wrecked it.From the remains of the ship with much difficulty he built the small cutter "Luisito", sailing it to Punta Arenas. From here he returned to Staten Island, saving the shipwrecked vessels "Eagle" and "Dr. Hanson". Germany recognized the act of courage and sent a magnificent telescope to Piedrabuena in a case whose plaque read: "We, William, by the Grace of God Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia: We consider this case a memento of gratitude to Captain D<mask> Piedrabuena of the Argentine ship "Luisito", for services rendered in the rescue of the crew of Dr. Hanson wrecked in October 1874." On 17 April 1878 the government gives him the title of sergeant with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1882, he participated with the "Cape Horn" in the scientific expedition to southern Patagonia of the Italian sailor Giacomo Bove. The journey lasted eight months, and used the isla de los Estados, which the government had granted to Piedrabuena, as the main observation center. On 8 November 1882 Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentine, gave him the effective rank of lieutenant colonel in the Navy.Personal life

On 2 August 1868 he married Julia Dufour, who accompanied him on several of his voyages. She was the daughter of a Frenchman who served in the Rio de la Plata. That same year, in October, they both departed on a long voyage to the Patagonian seas, during which they visited Isla de los Estados where they landed in the shelter that the Commander had built in 1862 for those who were shipwrecked in those lonely shores. A few days later they arrived at the Pavón island, at the time owned by Piedrabuena. The couple had five children: <mask>, Ana, Maria Celestina and Julia Elvira and another son also named <mask>, born after the death of his brother of the same name and of Julia Elvira. Julia Dufour died on 6 August 1878 in Buenos Aires, while her husband was at sea. She had helped him and shared his ideals, and was the first white woman to land in Santa Cruz Province.The settlement of Julia Dufour in Santa Cruz province is named in her honor. Commander <mask> died on 10 August 1883 at 2045 hours in 50 Tucumán Street in Buenos Aires. According to Admiral Laurio Destefani "wordless pain hit the men of the Navy: the greatest sailor of all sailors was gone." Bartolomé Mitre writing in La Nación said: "The passion of his life was to guarantee the country's vast territories of southern Argentina ... for a long time it was defended only by his small ship." <mask> is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires. The town of Comandante Luis Piedrabuena is named in his honor. An avenue and a housing complex in the impoverished neighborhood of Villa Lugano in the Capital District of Buenos Aires were also named after him.Some of the streets within the housing complex were named after the ships he commanded. As an ambassador 'sui generis' he was given only verbal instructions, and was paid by honors and awards that cost nothing. His name appears in only four official decrees. He wrote several reports submitted to the National Government, and established friendly relations with the tribes of Patagonia, in whom he tried in various ways to instill the feeling of nationality. In many forays into the South Seas he saved hundreds of shipwrecks for which he was the subject of honors and awards by the European Government. The Government of his country prized his meritorious services, awarded him the rank of Captain and later Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of the Navy,
and put him in command of the Corvette "Cabo de Hornos". Ships he commanded

 Goleta Manuelita
 Bergantín Nancy (later renamed Espora)
 Cúter Luisito (named after his second son, who died very young)
 Goleta Santa Cruz
 Goleta Cabo de Hornos

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

"D. <mask>, Su vida y su obra" Publicación N° 10 Edición 1, 1983.Comisión Nacional del Homenaje al Tte Coronel de Marina Don Luis Piedrabuena en en Centenario de su fallecimiento. Ley 22.386. Comité Ejecutivo, Decreto N° 1573/83
Hebe Boyer "Un Marino Inmortal", Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales, Buenos Aires. 1833 births
1883 deaths
Argentine Navy personnel
People from Buenos Aires Province
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery

masks:
Luis Piedrabuena
Commander Piedrabuena
Luis Piedrabuena
Luis
Luis
. Luis
Luis
Luis
Luis Piedrabuena
Luis Piedrabuena
Luis Piedrabuena


title: Darrin Jackson

texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1963) is the current radio color analyst  for the Chicago White Sox and also a former center fielder in Major League Baseball who played 12 years for the Chicago Cubs (1985–1989), San Diego Padres (1989–1992), Toronto Blue Jays (1993), New York Mets (1993), Chicago White Sox (1994, 1999), Minnesota Twins (1997) and Milwaukee Brewers (1997–1998). He also played for the Seibu Lions in Japan (1995–1996). Playing career

1981
Selected by the Chicago Cubs in second round of 1981 free agent draft, but would never appear in a game for the team during this stint. 1985
<mask> was 22 years old when he broke into the big leagues. <mask> made his major league debut on June 16, 1985. Spent five games with the Cubs before returning to Pittsfield. 1986
Spent the season with the Chicago Cubs AA affiliate Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and was named to the Eastern League's all-star team.1987
Recalled from Iowa, the Chicago Cubs AAA affiliate, September 4 but underwent surgery September 21 to remove a small tumor from his groin area and missed the rest of the season. Batted .800 (4-for-5) with one double for the Cubs. 1988
Played in 100 games for Chicago but had only 188 at-bats ... Became the third player in Cubs history (joining Dale Long and Carmen Fanzone) to homer in consecutive pinch-hit at-bats, going deep against St. Louis' Ken Dayley Aug. 14 and Cincinnati's Tom Browning Aug. 16 ... Had first two-homer game of his career September 17 against St. Louis. 1989
Spent time at Iowa (AAA) and with the Cubs before being traded to the San Diego Padres Aug. 31 ... Made 23 starts for the Padres. 1990
Darrin split time between San Diego and Class AAA Las Vegas ... Hit the Padres' first pinch-hit homer of the season April 27 against Pittsburgh ... Had his first career four-hit game Oct. 3 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 1991
Hit a career-high 21 homers in 122 games after entering the season with a career total of 13.Ranked fourth in the NL with one homer every 17 at-bats. Seven of his 11 hits in 19 games June 9-July 12 were homers ... Hit first career grand slam Aug. 25 off Chicago Cubs' Bob Scanlan ... Made his only career pitching appearance with two innings at Houston May 26. In 1991, in a game that the San Diego Padres, Darrin's team at the time, were down 11-4, DJ was put into the game as a relief pitcher. This would mark his only pitching appearance in the MLB. Darrin pitched the last two innings of the game, allowing 3 hits, walking 2 batters, and allowing two earned runs. Darrin had this to say about his pitching performance "We were losing like 11-4 in Houston (6) and my manager, Greg Riddoch, knew I'd been messing around in the bullpen. The pitching part wasn't the most difficult thing.It was after. I could barely move and my butt was killing me from stretching out the glutes and hamstring. It took me five days not to feel sore. I was throwing 86-87 m.p.h. I didn't throw a curveball because I was scared to hit somebody." 1992
Set career highs in games (155), RBI (70), hits (146) and stolen bases (14) ... Tied his career high with four hits in two games, July 7 against St. Louis and July 19 at Montreal ... Had his fourth career two-homer game April 28 against Philadelphia, the second homer leading off the bottom of the ninth and giving the Padres a 7-6 victory ... Had three game-winning homers on the season ... Tied for second among National League outfielders with a .996 fielding percentage, a San Diego club record ... Led the majors with 18 outfield assists.1993
Was with San Diego for spring training, and was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays, where he played until June 11, before once again being traded and played for the New York Mets for the rest of the season ... His solo homer in the eighth inning off Chicago's Alex Fernández April 25 was the difference in a 1-0 Toronto victory ... Had a tough year at the plate, batting .216 for the Blue Jays and .195 for New York ... Did not commit an error in 23 outfield starts with the Mets, handling 55 chances and making four assists ... Spent July 19-September 1 on the disabled list with hyperthyroidism. 1994
Strung together two 8-game hit streaks (May 13–20 and June 18–24). 1995
Signed with Seibu Lions of Japanese Pacific League ... Ranked 7th in league with .289 average ... Collected 20 home runs and 68 RBI. 1996
Played with Seibu Lions of Japanese Pacific League. Hit .266 with 19 home runs and 64 RBI in 126 games.<mask> became the television color analyst for the White Sox in 2000, alongside play-by-play man Ken "Hawk" Harrelson. On Friday, September 12, 2008, he was informed by the White Sox that he would be replaced on television broadcasts in 2009 by Steve Stone. On December 13, 2008, the Chicago Tribune reported that <mask> had elected to stay with the White Sox and become the radio color analyst position alongside Ed Farmer. "This has been my home", <mask> told the Tribune Saturday. "Farmio (play-by-play announcer Ed Farmer) is a friend of mine, and we're going to have fun." <mask> had interviewed with numerous media outlets including ESPN and the new Major League Baseball channel. Personal life
He grew up in Culver City, California, where he played baseball in Culver City National Little League and Culver City Babe Ruth League, and was in the 1978 Babe Ruth World Series where his team took second place.He attended Culver City High School and played for its baseball team as well. External links

1963 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from Chicago
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Chicago White Sox players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Sportspeople from Chicago
San Diego Padres players
Seibu Lions players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Gulf Coast Cubs players
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Midland Cubs players
Pittsfield Cubs players
Quad Cities Cubs players
Salinas Spurs players
Salt Lake Buzz players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Darrin Jay Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson


title: Maximilian Liebenwein

texts:
<mask> (11 April 1869 – 17 July 1926) was an Austrian-German painter, graphic artist and book illustrator, in the Impressionist and Art Nouveau styles. He spent significant time in Vienna, Munich and Burghausen, Altötting, and took an active part in the artistic community in all three places. He was an important member of the Vienna Secession, becoming its vice-president, and exhibiting with the group many times. Life

Early life, education and training

Liebenwein was born in Vienna, the second son of <mask> (1835-1906) and Magdalena (née Kundrat). His father was a merchant, running a laundry and selling clothes in Vienna and in Lilienfeld. As a boy, Liebenwein spent time in both cities. His mother was the daughter of , the personal valet of and a huntsman and forester for Emperor Franz Joseph, and his uncle was the pathologist and coroner Hans Kundrat.His grandfather kept a large library and a natural science collection, and helped fuel young Liebenwein's interest in poetry, legends and nature. Liebenwein studied at the  in Vienna. Liebenwein's father initially did not support his artistic ambitions, but his uncle helped smooth his path. In 1887 he entered the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, but he did not enjoy his studies there; he was keener to study animals at the  and cadavers under his uncle's supervision. Julius Victor Berger, Liebenwein's teacher, showed compassion to him, but he left the Academy in 1891. He spent 1891-92 with the 13th Dragoon Regiment, Prince Eugene of Savoy, then in autumn 1892 attended the  (Special School for Historical Painting) under Matthias von Trenkwald. In 1893, he was appointed lieutenant of Reserve Dragoon Regiment Kaiser Franz I. Liebenwein's father broke his leg and needed help with the family business, and so Liebenwein could not attend classes regularly; this was a point of contention between von Trenkwald and Liebenwein, and he left the Special School in March 1893, spending several months as a "rider and hunter" on the Lilienfeld estate.In 1894, he followed his friend Ferdinand Andri to Karlsruhe and enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe and attended Caspar Ritter's painting classes. Still unhappy with his environs, he met Heinrich von Zügel in early 1895 and began attending his classes on animal painting. Liebenwein took to Zügel as a teacher, and, with him, moved to Munich in November. Liebenwein spent four semesters at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, matriculating on 12 November 1895 and staying there until 1897. His matriculation records list him as a Roman Catholic. Independent painter in Munich and Burghausen

From 1897, Liebenwein lived as an independent painter in Munich, and also ran painting classes. During a visit with his draftsman/etcher friend Walter Ziegler, they saw Burghausen and the medieval Burghausen Castle.The medieval town of Burghausen and its castle impressed them as an appropriate conceptual setting for the romantic-chivalric themes of many of  Liebenwein's works. The location had been suggested by Liebenwein's friend Ignatius Taschner, whom he had met in the . During the summers of 1897 and 1898 Liebenwein stayed at the castle. In 1899, Liebenwein established his residence and studio in the castle's largest tower, which he reworked as a  (total artwork) together with his friend Paul Horst-Schulze. Within three days in 1899, Horst-Schulze and Liebenwein painted a frieze inside the tower, so that Liebenwein's bride-to-be would see it on her first visit. The artwork covers three sides of a room and reflects medieval themes, including imagery of Walther von der Vogelweide and Parzival. It was in this period that Liebenwein discovered his affinity for Art Nouveau; in 1896, some of his illustrations had appeared in the Art Nouveau magazine .He contributed to the Bosnian magazine , from its founding in 1895 until its last issue in 1903. It was an initiative of Béni Kállay. Liebwein, the magazine's main illustrator Ewald Arndt Čeplin, his brother Leo and its other regular artist Ivana Kobilca formed the obscure 'Sarajevo Painter's Club'. He visited the country in 1900 and 1901. In 1900, he won a competition held by  for designs for a trading card album for the Stollwerck company. Other winners included Fritz Helmuth Ehmcke from Berlin; ,  and  from Munich; and  from Hamburg. The judges were Emil Doepler, Woldemar Friedrich, Bruno Schmitz and Franz Skarbina from Berlin, in addition to a Stollwerck partner.Liebenwein's theme was Kater Murr. With the Vienna Secession and other groups

Liebenwein exhibited with the Vienna Secession in spring 1900. His works shown included Percival (1899) and several animal studies. Following the exhibition, he became a full member of the group, and became its vice-president by 1912. He was an active member until his death. Still living in the 'Liebenwein tower' of Burghausen Castle, he married Anna Essigmann (born 1879), from Vienna, in May 1901, with his first son Hans Georg born in 1902 (died 1977). The family were friends with Koloman Moser, who had been on the committee that invited Liebenwein to exhibit with the Vienna Secession.Extracts from his travel diaries from his 1900 trip to Bosnia, together with his own illustrations, were published in Ver Sacrum in 1902. Liebenwein did not follow Gustav Klimt in seceding from the Secession in 1905, even though he was invited to join. Liebenwein joined the Deutscher Künstlerbund in Weimar in 1904. After his father's death in 1906, he spent some time in Vienna, and in the same year made trips to Brussels and London. He joined the  in Munich in 1907; he exhibited in the Glass Palace between 1902 and 1912. During 1907–08, he created the  (Liebenwein Frieze) in the . In 1909 received the  in Graz for his fairy tale cycle King Thrushbeard (1905/06).Back in Vienna, World War I and afterwards
Liebenwein returned to Vienna in 1908-09, and ran a painting school for men and women until 1913, though he still spent summers in Burghausen. In 1910 he adorned a hall of the First International Hunting Exhibition in Vienna with monumental paintings; he was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph I at the exhibition. His second son, Wolfgang Ferdinand, was born in 1911. Liebenwein volunteered for military service in 1914 and he was called up in June 1915; his wife Anna died from breast cancer in that year, in a sanatorium in Gmunden, while he was at the eastern front. Liebenwein served as an ordnance officer for XVII Corps. He was with the army in Poland, Russia, Isonzo and Bukovina, and produced many drawings in 54 sketchbooks. He suffered a stroke in December 1917, and left the army in December 1918.Post-war Vienna did not offer many opportunities for artists, and Liebenwein moved back to Burghausen. In 1919–1925, he created a long cycle depicting the life of the Virgin Mary in the convent of the . In 1923, he was a founding member of the . In 1924, Liebenwein received the Silver Medal of the city of Salzburg for the paintings "" (1908), "Christ and the Adulteress" (1914) and "Rider Troop in Ambush" (lost). In February 1926, Liebenwein suffered another stroke in Burghausen, and died in July 1926 in Munich. He was buried in Burghausen. Style

Liebenwein worked mostly in oil and tempera.He painted many fairy tale and legend cycles, particularly Greek mythology and mediaeval stories of chivalric romance, as well as religious images, including Marian pictures and the lives of the saints. His teacher Zügel was famous for his animal motifs and his Impressionism; Liebenwein took in this influence and transcended it, moving from Impressionistic oil paintings to mainly tempera after exhibiting with the Vienna Secession, as well as maintaining his interest in graphic art. Still, he painted and drew many animals, showing a particular fondness for cats and horses. Liebenwein created a number of bookplate designs, and was cited as being, with Emil Orlik, the most important Austrian artists in this particular niche. He kept humour in his work, as well as excellent technical ability and a deep knowledge of his subject matter. <mask>n: Ein Maler zwischen Impressionismus und Jugendstil. Kataloge des Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums, N. S. 48, Linz 2006, .External links

1869 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century male artists
19th-century war artists
20th-century Austrian painters
20th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Artists from Vienna
Art Nouveau illustrators
Art Nouveau painters
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Austrian illustrators
Austrian Impressionist painters
Austrian graphic designers
Austrian male painters
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian war artists
German war artists
Members of the Vienna Secession
World War I artists

masks:
Maximilian Albert Josef Liebenwein
Joseph Calasanz Liebenwein
Maximilian Liebenwei


title: Niklas Kronwall

texts:
<mask> (; born 12 January 1981) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman, who currently serves as an advisor to the general manager of the Detroit Red Wings. He previously played for the Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is one of the 28 members in the Triple Gold Club. <mask> started his career in Järfälla HC in Sweden, and has played internationally for Sweden. In the NHL, <mask> gained notoriety for being an open ice hitter, and the phrase "being Kronwalled" was coined to describe his signature back-pedaling hits. In 2008, he won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings. Playing career

<mask> was selected in the first round, 29th overall, in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings.He continued to play for Djurgårdens IF until he came to North America in 2003. He played 20 games for Detroit in the 2003–04 season, scoring one goal and four assists for five points, to go along with 16 penalty minutes. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, <mask> played a complete season for the Grand Rapids Griffins, the Red Wings' top affiliate in the American Hockey League (AHL). He notched 13 goals and 40 assists in 76 games while also playing a solid defense. For his efforts, <mask> was awarded the Eddie Shore Award as the top defenceman in the AHL. <mask> was injured in an exhibition game against the Colorado Avalanche in September 2005 and missed more than half of the 2005–06 season with a serious knee injury. <mask> won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings in 2008, making him a member of the Triple Gold Club.He also led all defencemen in scoring with 15 points in the 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs. <mask> scored six goals to go with 45 assists during the 2008–09 season, and followed it up with two goals and seven assists during the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs as the Red Wings came within a game of repeating as Stanley Cup champions. The Red Wings lost Game 7 at home by a score of 2-1, with <mask> hitting the crossbar with 2:15 remaining in the third period, which would've tied the game. On 27 December 2010, <mask> helped teammate and goaltender Chris Osgood get his 400th win by scoring the game-winning goal and lifting the Red Wings to a 4–3 overtime win over the Colorado Avalanche. On 31 October 2011, <mask> and Detroit agreed to a seven-year contract. Playing in all 82 regular season games during the 2011–12 season, <mask> recorded a career high 15 goals for the Red Wings. Upon the retirement of veteran defenseman Nicklas Lidström in 2012, <mask> became Detroit's number one defenseman.During the lockout shortened 2012–13 season, <mask> appeared in all 48 regular season games, usually paired with fellow Swede Jonathan Ericsson. Kronwall finished the regular season scoring five goals along with 24 assists as the Red Wings clinched their 22nd consecutive playoff berth. During the 2013–14 season, <mask> recorded eight goals and 41 assists in 79 games for the Red Wings. He became the fifth defensemen to lead the Red Wings in assists in a single season, joining Reed Larson, Brad Park, Paul Coffey and Nicklas Lidström. On 3 December 2015, <mask> played in his 700th career NHL game with the Red Wings, becoming the sixth defenceman in franchise history to reach the plateau, following Nicklas Lidström, Marcel Pronovost, Red Kelly, Reed Larson and Gary Bergman. On 19 January 2016, <mask> underwent arthroscopic knee surgery, and was out for two to four weeks. During the 2015–16 season, <mask> recorded three goals and 14 assists in 45 games this season.<mask> missed the beginning of training camp for the 2016–17 NHL season due to him recovering from an injury endured in the offseason. <mask> made his season debut on 4 November 2016 in a 5–3 loss to the Winnipeg Jets. He ended the season with his fewest points totals since the 2005-06 season. During the 2017–18 season <mask> hit many personal milestones. He played in his 800th career NHL game against the Washington Capitals on 20 October 2017 and recorded his 400th point in a 5–2 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins on 27 March 2018. On 3 September 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from ice hockey. He finished his career ranked third all-time in games played by a defenseman and fourth in points in franchise history, trailing only Nicklas Lidström, Reed Larson and Red Kelly.Post-playing career
Following his retirement, <mask> was named an advisor to the general manager for the Red Wings. International play

In late 2005, <mask> was named member of the Swedish Olympic Team but dropped out in early 2006 because of his injured knee. When Mattias Öhlund was injured against Switzerland, <mask> was called in to replace him. <mask> represented Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, where he recorded one goal and one assist in two games, and won a gold medal. That same year, <mask> represented Sweden at the 2006 IIHF World Championship, where he was the leading scorer for Sweden, recording two goals and eight assists in eight games and won a gold medal. Sweden became the first team in hockey history to win the Olympic gold and the World Championship in the same year. With the 2008 Stanley Cup championship, <mask> became a member of the Triple Gold Club.The term is used for an exclusive group of ice hockey players who have won Olympic gold, World Championship gold and the Stanley Cup. <mask>, along with teammates and fellow Swedes Mikael Samuelsson and Henrik Zetterberg, are the fastest to accomplish this feat, requiring only two years, three months and ten days. <mask> represented Sweden at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where he recorded two assists in six games, and won a silver medal. "Kronwalled"
<mask> has developed a reputation for his signature back-pedaling hits. Fans refer to the frequently devastating, often open-ice, hits as being "Kronwalled." Victims of <mask>'s checking include Anders Lee, Dany Heatley, Auston Matthews, Aleš Hemský, Artturi Lehkonen, Reilly Smith, Ryan Kesler, Martin Havlát, Jakub Voráček and Kaspars Saulietis. On-ice officials sometimes deemed these hits illegal; of these individuals, the hits on Matthews, Hemský, and Havlát resulted in penalties.The hit on Havlát in particular resulted in <mask> being ejected. On 27 April 2015, during Game 6 of a first round playoff, <mask> "Kronwalled" Tampa Bay Lightning forward Nikita Kucherov. The following day, the NHL Department of Player Safety suspended <mask> for the final game of the series, which the Red Wings lost 2-0. Personal life
His younger brother Staffan also played professionally in the NHL before ending his career in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In April 2014, <mask>'s girlfriend gave birth to their first child.

masks:
Hans Niklas Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall
Kronwall


title: Nadine Burke Harris

texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Canadian-American pediatrician who has been the Surgeon General of California since 2019; she is the first person appointed to that position. She is known for linking adverse childhood experiences and toxic stress with harmful effects to health later in life. Hailed as a pioneer in the treatment of toxic stress, she is an advisory council member for the Clinton Foundation's "Too Small to Fail" campaign, and the founder and former chief executive officer of the Center for Youth Wellness. Her work was also featured in Paul Tough's book How Children Succeed. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1975 in Vancouver, British Columbia. She is of Jamaican heritage and lived briefly in Jamaica before the family moved to the United States when she was 4 years old. Her father is a biochemist and her mother is a nurse.She received her bachelor's degree in integrative biology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1996 and her medical degree from the University of California, Davis. She completed her residency in pediatrics at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, within Stanford University School of Medicine. After earning her master's degree in public health from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, she went on to serve a residency at Stanford in pediatrics. Her graduate studies were supported by The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans. Early career
In 2005, <mask> joined the California Pacific Medical Center (CPMC) staff, where she was tasked with the goal of developing programs to end health disparities in San Francisco. While at Harvard, <mask> identified access to health care as a key component of health disparities in San Francisco.In 2007, with support from CPMC, she became the founding physician of the Bayview Child Health Center and medical director of the new clinic. Career
In 2008, after reading "The Relationship of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Health: Turning Gold Into Lead," by Vincent J. Felitti, <mask> realized that her patients' traumatic experiences were having a negative impact on their present and future health. In 2011, she was appointed by the American Academy of Pediatrics to the Project Advisory Committee for the Resilience Project. From 2010 to 2012, <mask> co-founded the Adverse Childhood Experiences project in the Bayview Hunters Point neighborhood in San Francisco, with colleagues Daniel Lurie from Tipping Point Foundation, Kamala <mask>, Victor G. Carrion, Lenore Anderson, Lisa Pritzker, and Katie Albright. From this effort, the Center for Youth Wellness was created in 2012 to create a clinical model that recognizes the impact of adverse experiences on health and effectively treats toxic stress in children. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on preventing and undoing the chemical, physiological and neurodevelopmental results of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). The Center integrates primary health care, mental health and wellness, research, policy, education, and community and family support services to children and families.In 2014, she spoke at a TED event titled TEDMED in San Francisco. Her talk, "How Childhood Trauma Affects Health Across a Lifetime," had reached over 7.2 million viewers on TED.com as of June 2020. In 2018, <mask> released her first book The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity, published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. On January 21, 2019, California Governor Gavin Newsom appointed her as the state's first surgeon general. She was sworn in on February 11, 2019. On February 1, 2022, she announced she would resign to focus on her family, effective February 11, 2022. The Center for Youth Wellness
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are defined as preventable and traumatic early experiences; they can range from exposure to violence, poverty and neglect, to physical, emotional and sexual abuse.As a result, it may increase the likelihood for "risky health behaviors, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and early death" in adulthood. Exposure to ACEs may lead to toxic stress, which varies from typical stress in that it is chronic and excessive, and results in antagonistic physiological responses that can lead to poor health outcomes in life. The Center for Youth Wellness (CYW) aims to improve child and adolescent health by targeting the effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences. A main goal of the CYW is that "every pediatrician in the United States will screen for Adverse Childhood Experiences by 2028." More specifically, they target ACEs in San Francisco's Bayview/Hunter's Point neighborhood, a generally underserved area that had a poverty rate of 39% in 2010. The CYW identified that exposure to ACEs, along with high violence, increases the likelihood for detrimental health outcomes in this neighborhood. They use a combination of ACEs risk screening (via questionnaire), care coordination, and multidisciplinary treatment (primary care, psychotherapy, psychiatry and biofeedback).Personal
Dr. <mask> <mask> married Arno Lockheart <mask> in 2011 at Dawn Ranch Lodge in Guerneville, California. She is the mother of four boys. Her mother was hospitalized in the ICU, at Stanford University Medical Center, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an illness other than COVID, and due to COVID restrictions she was unable to visit her. She resigned from her position in February 2022 to care for herself and her family. Committee appointments
 2002–2003, Graduate Medical Education Committee, Stanford University Medical Center
 2003–2004, Post-Doctoral Education Committee, Stanford University Medical Center
 2004–2005, Liaison Committee on Medical Education Task Force, Stanford University School of Medicine
 2004–2007, board of directors, San Francisco Urban Service Project
 2005–2009, Citizen's Committee for Community Development (Appt by: Mayor Gavin Newsom)
 2008–2013, Asthma Resource Council, board of directors
 2011–present, American Academy of Pediatrics' The Resilience Project
 2012–present, California Health and Human Services Agency' Jerry Brown' Let's Get Healthy California Task Force, Expert Advisor

Awards
 1999, The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
 2013, Humanism in Medicine award, Gold Humanism Honor Society
 2014, Leadership award, James Irvine Foundation
 2016, 21st Annual Heinz Award in Human Condition

Selected works
 2002 "Shaping America's Health Care Professions: The Dramatic Rise of Multiculturalism". Western Journal of Medicine, 2002 176: 62–64. 2011 "The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on an Urban Pediatric Population".Child Abuse and Neglect 35(2011) 408–413
 2013 "The Chronic Stress of Poverty: Toxic to Children". The Shriver Report, 2013 210–213
 2013 Scott, B, <mask>, N, Hellman, J, Carrión, V, Weems, C. "The Interrelation of Adverse Childhood Experiences within an At-Risk Pediatric Sample". Routledge, 2013 217–229
 2013 Renschler, T, Lieberman, A, Dimmler, M, <mask>, N. Trauma-Focused Child-Parent Psychotherapy in a Community Pediatric Clinic: A Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration. Springer Science + Business Media New York. 2018 <mask>, N. The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. References

External links

 Center for Youth Wellness

1975 births
Living people
American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
University of California, Davis alumni
American health and wellness writers
American women non-fiction writers
Physicians from California
Harvard School of Public Health alumni
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Writers from Vancouver
Writers from San Francisco
African-American women physicians
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian women physicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Black Canadian women
Black Canadian businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American physicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Nadine Burke Harris
Nadine Burke Harris
Burke Harris
Burke Harris
Burke Harris
Burke Harris
Harris
Burke Harris
Nadine
Burke Harris
Harris
Burke
Burke Harris
Burke Harris


title: Kaviyoor Ponnamma

texts:
<mask> is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam films and television. She began her career performing in theatre dramas before foraying into cinema. She has also acted in TV serials and commercials and has playback singing credits in few films. <mask> is a four-time Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress winner. Her sister <mask> was also an actress. Often called as the Mother to all actors, she has acted as mother of almost all actors in her career panning over decades. At the age of 20, she played the mother of Sathyan and Madhu in the 1965 movie Thommente Makkal.She gained critical acclaim for acting as the mother of the actor Mohanlal. Life and career

As a five-year-old, she learned music and used to sing in stage shows. She started acting in dramas when she was 14 years old, starting off with Mooladhanam of Thoppil Bhasi. After five years, came her first movie Kudumbini, in which she did the title role of the mother of two kids. Personal life

She was born to T. P. Damodharan and Gauri, as the eldest of seven children, on 10 September 1945 in Kaviyoor, Thiruvalla. She has six siblings in which Kaviyoor Renuka (d. 2004), her younger sister, was also an actress. <mask> was married to film producer Maniswami in 1969.The couple has a daughter Bindhu who is married and settled at United States. <mask>'s  husband Maniswami died in 2011.

masks:
Kaviyoor Ponnamma
Ponnamma
Kaviyoor Renuka
Ponnamma
Ponnamma


title: Cornelius van Steenoven

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>n; died April 3, 1725 in Leiden) was a Dutch Roman Catholic priest who later served as the seventh Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht from 1724 to 1725. Consecrated without the permission of the pope, Steenoven was at the center of the 18th-century controversy between national churches and what many considered to be the overreaching powers of the papacy. Education and early ministry

Steenoven was educated in Louvain, then in Rome, where he received his Doctor of Theology. He was ordained a priest in 1689. Steenoven served as a pastor in Amersfoort from 1692 to 1719. Beginning in 1700, Steenoven served as a canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Utrecht, which was suspended by Rome in 1700 after a conflict during the time of Petrus Codde, the former Archbishop of Utrecht, whom Steenoven came to know in Rome. Like Van der Croon, a later Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht, <mask>n was one of 300 priests in six diocese who had previously signed a protest in support of Archbishop Petrus Codde in 1700 or 1701.In 1719, Steenoven was elected vicar general of the Chapter of Utrecht and served in this capacity together with Gisbert Van Dyck under the Chapter's dean, John Christian Van Erkel. Election as Archbishop of Utrecht

The Chapter of Utrecht convened at The Hague on April 27, 1723. All eight canons were present: John Christian Van Erkel (dean), Steenoven and Gilbert Van Dyck (vicars general), Daellenoort, Oosterling, Van der Croon, Kemp, and Broedersen. In addition to the canons, other priests were present, including Jacob Krys and Van Haen. After the Mass of the Holy Ghost, the canons prepared to advance the rights of the Catholic episcopate over the papacy by electing their own archbishop. They adopted a measure to proceed with an election by scrutiny; Jacob Krys served as protonotary of the election, and two non-canon priests served as witnesses. Steenoven received the majority of votes and was named Archbishop-elect of Utrecht.Requests for consecration

The Chapter of Utrecht and the archbishop-elect asked Pope Innocent XIII to permit the consecration of Steenoven, but they received no response. The election of Steenoven as Archbishop-elect of Utrecht became the conversation of the European Roman Catholic Church, with various voices wondering whether Rome would allow the election, whether the canons would persevere in advocating for their right to elect their own archbishop, whether three bishops could be found to consecrate the archbishop-elect, and whether a single bishop would dare to perform the consecration alone. French Bishop and Jansenist theologian Pierre de Langle (of the Diocese of Boulogne in Northern France), wrote: "I can think of nothing except the present state of the glorious church of Utrecht.”

On August 4, 1723, the Chapter of Utrecht sent a second letter to the pope. Having received no response to their previous two communications, they sent a third letter to the pope on December 29, 1723. In the meantime, <mask>el kept the conversation alive on the rights of national churches to elect their own prelates. Ultramontane voices favoring the power of the papacy penned responses, including a dialogue between Warmond and Regthart, and a letter from a doctor in Louvain to a friend in Holland on the supposed rights of "the so-called Chapter of Utrecht." On March 9, 1724, the Chapter of Utrecht sent a letter to all Roman Catholic bishops on the sufferings of the Church of Utrecht, then received news of the death of Pope Innocent XIII on March 7.Pope Innocent XIII did not confirm Steenoven's election, but neither did he condemn it; the hope was had that his successor might more kindly look upon the plight of the Church of Utrecht. Steenoven and Van Dyck, in their capacity as vicars general of the Chapter, published a pastoral letter asking for the prayers of the faithful for the deceased pope. The next day, on April 8, 1724, the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church met in conclave and issued a letter in which they reproached the Chapter of Utrecht. The Internuncio also denounced the work of the Chapter of Utrecht in a widely-disbursed pamphlet addressed to all Roman Catholics in Holland. The Chapter responded with a firm reply to the Internuncio. The Chapter also issued a letter to all Catholic deans and chapters, urging them to stand against the papacy's invasion of local church rights; they also wrote to the universities of Louvain, Douai, Paris, Rheims, Nantes, Caen, Poictiers, Cologne, Vienna, Prague, and Strasbourg. On the dearth of replies to the communications of the Chapter of Utrecht, Kemp wrote: "Verily, they were all dumb dogs—they could not bark!Let them all, let bishops, canons, universities, be silent! Such a silence, noble clergy and illustrious Chapter [of Utrecht], is a clear proof that your Archbishop has been well and validly elected, and that you may proceed with full assurance to his consecration.”

On May 29, 1724, Cardinal Orsini was elected to the vacant see as Pope Benedict XIII. Having appealed to him and received no response, the Chapter of Utrecht asked neighboring bishops to come to their aid and consecrate Steenoven. The well-known French bishop and Jansenist Charles De Caylus is said to have replied: "If I were in the country, I wouldn't have the slightest difficulty in imposing my hands [on the archbishop-elect]." The bishops of Bishops of Antwerp, Arras, and Saint-Omer (or Audomar) expressed sympathy for the plight of the Church of Utrecht. On July 30, the Bishop of Antwerp consecrated his brother as titular bishop of Rhodes, presumably with papal approval, but made the shrewd move of doing so alone, without the assistance of any other bishop, as if to encourage another bishop to act alone in assisting the Church of Utrecht. Dom Thierry de Viaixnvs seems to have inquired into the thoughts of French bishops on the matter.In a letter to the Chapter of Utrecht dated September 10, 1724, he shared that the Bishops of Montpelier, Senez and Auxerre were in favor of Steenoven's consecration, and that, as far as he could tell, the bishops of Bayeux, Pamiers, Macon, Rhodez, Angoulerne, Metz, Troyes, and the ex-bishop of Tourney were of the same opinion. Eighteen months after the election of the archbishop-elect, on October 13, 1724, the Chapter of Utrecht wrote to Dominique Marie Varlet, former Bishop of Babylon, who now resided in Amsterdam. They restated their case, saying: "We are as sheep that have no shepherd who may be Christ’s vicar in our Church: by [God], then, Who is the Shepherd and Bishop of our souls, we beseech, entreat, and conjure you to give us the desire of our hearts. What will be your praise in the Catholic Church, if you raise up again a Church that has almost fallen...that when [God] shall renew His signs, and shall do wondrously, it may minister to the execution of His counsels?” Varlet consented to consecrate Steenoven as Archbishop of Utrecht. Consecration as Archbishop of Utrecht

Two days later, on Sunday, October 15, 1724, in the presence of the Chapter of Utrecht, Steenoven was consecrated by Varlet in the bishop's private chapel in Amsterdam. The consecration took place at 6:00 a.m., to accommodate parish priests (viz., Jacob Krys, Luke Ahuys, and Theodore Doncker) who celebrated Sunday services in their parishes later in the morning. Varlet was assisted during the ceremony by Van Erkel and Daellenoort.Letters of congratulations were penned by several Roman Catholic bishops, including Charles-Joachim Colbert de Croissy of Montpellier, Charles de Caylus of Auxerre, De Lorraine of Bayeux, De Tilladet, of Mâcon, [257] De Verthamon, of Pamiers; Soanen, of Senez. Tourourre, of Rhodez; Dreuillet, of Bayonne; D’Arbreuve, of Dax; De Corslin, of Tarbes; Meaupon, of Lombez; Beaujen, of Castres; De Verthamon, of Lugon. Through the consecration of Steenoven without papal approval, it was a definite break with from the Roman Catholic Church. Censure by the Roman Catholic Church

After his consecration, Archbishop Steenoven wrote to Pope Benedict XIII and other chief Roman Catholic bishops to inform them of his consecration. He wrote a manifesto explaining the principles on which he and his clergy had acted, appealing to a future General Council of the church. On February 21, 1725, Pope Benedict XIII issued a brief declaring the election of Steenoven null and void, calling his consecration "illicit and execrable," and censuring Bishop Varlet. The "Utrecht Schism" resulted in the birth of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, which was also known as the "Jansenistenkerk."Death

By the time the papal brief reached The Netherlands, <mask> was seriously ill. He died on April 3, 1725, less than six months after his consecration as Archbishop of Utrecht. He was buried in the Reform Church of Warmond. Citations

References

18th-century Dutch clergy
Canons (priests)
Year of birth missing
1725 deaths
Dutch Old Catholic bishops
Former Roman Catholics

masks:
Cornelis van Steenoven
Cornelius Steenove
van Steenove
van Erk
Steenoven


title: Rajendra Singh

texts:
<mask> (born 6 August 1959) is an Indian water conservationist and environmentalist from Alwar district, Rajasthan in India. Also known as "waterman of India", he won the Magsaysay Award in 2001 and Stockholm Water Prize in 2015. He runs an NGO called 'Tarun Bharat Sangh' (TBS), which was founded in 1975. The NGO based in village hori-Bhikampura in Thanagazi tehsil, near Sariska Tiger Reserve, has been instrumental in fighting the slow bureaucracy, mining lobby and has helped villagers take charge of water management in their semi-arid area as it lies close to Thar Desert, through the use of johad, rainwater storage tanks, check dams and other time-tested as well as path-breaking techniques. Starting from a single village in 1985, over the years TBS helped build over 8,600 johads and other water conservation structures to collect rainwater for the dry seasons, has brought water back to over 1,000 villages and revived five rivers in Rajasthan, Arvari, Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani and Jahajwali. He is one of the members of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was set up in 2009, by the Government of India as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganges (Ganga), in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. In the UK he is a founder member of an NGO called the Flow Partnership .which aims to counter the negative effects of soil erosion and flooding. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born at village Daula in Bagpat district in Uttar Pradesh near Meerut. He was the eldest of seven siblings. His father was an agriculturist and looked over their 60 acres of land in the village and where <mask> did his early schooling. An important event in his life came in 1974, when still in high school, Ramesh Sharma, a member of Gandhi Peace Foundation visited their family home in Meerut, this opened up young <mask>'s mind, to issues of village improvement, as Sharma went about cleaning the village, opened a vachnalaya (library) and even got involved in settling local conflicts; soon he involved <mask> in an alcoholism eradication program. Another important influence was an English language teacher in school, Pratap <mask> Narayan (Magsaysay Award, 1965), though after Jaiprakash fell ill, the internal power politics disillusioned him. Dr. <mask> is a BAMS doctor by education. Career
After completing his studies, he joined government service in 1980, and started his career as a National Service Volunteer for education in Jaipur, from where he was appointed to oversee adult education schools in Dausa district in Rajasthan. Meanwhile, he joined Tarun Bharat Sangha (Young India Association) or TBS, an organization formed by officer and students of Jaipur University to aid victims of a campus fire. Subsequently, after three years when he became General Secretary of the organisation, he questioned the organisation, which had been dabbling with various issues, for its inadequacy in having a substantial impact.Finally in 1984 the entire board resigned leaving the organization to him. One of the first tasks he took up was working with a group of nomad blacksmiths, who though traveled from village to village had little support from anyone. This exposure inspired him to work closely with people. However back at work, he was feeling increasingly frustrated by the apathy of his superiors towards developmental issues and his own inability to have a larger impact, he left his job in 1984. He sold all his household goods for Rs 23,000 and took a bus ticket for the last stop, on boarded bus going into interior of Rajasthan, along with him were four friends from Tarun Bharat Sangha. The last stop turned out to be  Kishori village in Thanagazi tehsil in Alwar district, and the day was 2 October 1985. After initial skepticism, the villagers of neighboring village Bhikampura accepted him, and here they found a place to stay.Soon, he started a small Ayurvedic medicine practice in nearby village Gopalpura, while his colleagues went out about promoting education in the villages. Alwar district, which once had a grain market, was at the time largely dry and barren, as years of deforestation and mining had led to a dwindling water table, minimal rainfall followed by floods. Another reason was the slow abandoning of traditional water conservation techniques, like building check dams, or johad, instead villagers started relying on "modern" bore wells, which simply sucked the groundwater up. But consistent use meant that these bored wells had to be dug deeper and deeper within a few years, pushing underground water table further down each time, till they went dry in ecologically fragile Aravalis. At this point he met a village elder, Mangu Lal Meena, who argued "water was a bigger issue to address in rural Rajasthan than education". He chided him to work with his hands rather than behaving like "educated" city folks who came, studied and then went back; later encouraged him to work on a johad, earthen check dams, which have been traditionally used to store rainwater and recharge groundwater, a technique which had been abandoned in previous decades. As a result, the area had no ground water since previous five years and was officially declared a "dark zone".Though <mask> wanted to learn the traditional techniques from local farmers about water conservation, his other city friends were reluctant to work manually and parted ways. Eventually with the help of a few local youths he started desilting the Gopalpura johad, lying neglected after years of disuse. When the monsoon arrived that year, the johad filled up and soon wells which had been dry for years had water. Villagers pitched in and in the next  three years, it made it 15 feet deep. These facilitated a rise in the groundwater levels and helped turn the area into a "white zone". So much so that the Forest Department invited the NGO to take an active part in the park's management. Tarun Ashram in Kishori-Bhikampura in Thanagazi tehsil bordering the Sariska sanctuary, became the headquarters of Tarun Bharat Sangha.He started on his first padayatra (walkathon) through the villages of the area in 1986, educating to rebuild villages' old check dams. Yet their bigger success was yet to come, as inspired by the walkathon and success at Gopalpura, 20 km away, in 1986, people of Bhanota-Kolyala village with through shramdaan (voluntary labour) and with the help of TBS volunteers, constructed a johad at the source of a dried Arvari River, following this villages that lay in its catchment area, and along it also built tiny earthen dams, with largest being a 244-meter-long and 7-meter-high concrete dam in the Aravalli hills; eventually when the number of dams reached 375, the river started to flow again in 1990, after remaining dry for over 60 years. Yet the battle was far from over, even after constructing johads, the water level in the ponds and lakes around Sariska didn't go up as expected, that it went they discovered that missing water got evaporated from mining pits left unfilled by the miners after their operations in the area. A legal battle ensued, they filed public interest petition in the Supreme Court, which in 1991 banned mining in the Aravallis. Then in May 1992, Ministry of Environment and Forests notification banned mining in the Aravalli hill system all together, and 470 mines operating within the Sariska sanctuary buffer area and periphery were closed. Gradually TBS built 115 earthen and concrete structures within the sanctuary and 600 other structures in the buffer and peripheral zones. The efforts soon paid off, by 1995 Aravri became a perennial river.The river was awarded the `International River Prize', and in  March 2000, then President, K. R. Narayanan visited the area to present the "Down to Earth — Joseph. C. John Award" to the villagers. In the coming years, rivers like Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani and Jahajwali were revived after remaining dry for decades. Abandoned villages in the areas got populated and farming activities could be resumed once again, in hundreds of drought-prone villages in neighbouring districts of Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur and Karauli, where work of TBS gradually spread. By 2001, TBS had spread over an area of 6,500 km2, also  including  parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. It had built 4,500 earthen check dams, or johads, to collect rainwater in 850 villages in 11 districts of Rajasthan, and he was awarded the Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in the same year. Reforestation has been taken up by numerous village communities, and Gram sabha have been set up especially to look after community resources.A notable example is the Bhairondev Lok Vanyajeev Abhyaranya (people's sanctuary), spread over 12 km2 near Bhanota-Kolyala village at the head of Arvari. He has also been organizing Pani Pachayat or Water Parliament in distant villages in Rajasthan to make people aware of the traditional water conservation wisdom, the urgency of groundwater recharge for maintaining underground aquifers and advocating community control over natural resources. In 2005, he was awarded the Jamnalal Bajaj Award. He also played a pivotal role in stopping the controversial Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project over river Bhagirathi, the headstream of the Ganges River in 2006, even as G. D. Agrawal, environmentalist from IIT Kanpur went on a hunger strike. In 2009, he led a pada yatra (walkathon), a march of a group of environmentalists and NGOs, through Mumbai city along the endangered Mithi river. On Jan 2014, he did a parikrama along the banks of Godavari river, from Trimbakeshwar to Paithan to urge people to make the river pollution free. Recently he gave lecture on water and its conservation and values of water at Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai.The struggle for the life and devoted water conservation efforts of <mask> <mask> is being produced by the film producer and director Ravindra Chauhan under the name of the documentary Jal Purush Ki Kahani. Awards and honours
 In 2001, Ramon Magsaysay Award for community leadership in 2001 for his  pioneering work in community-based efforts in water harvesting and water management. In 2005, Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development. In 2008, The Guardian named him amongst its list of "50 people who could save the planet". In 2015, he won the Stockholm Water Prize, an award known as "the Nobel Prize for water". In 2016, he was bestowed with Ahimsa Award by Institute of Jainology based in UK. References

External links

 <mask> <mask>-singh-waterman-of-india
Interviews
 Why "Gandhi of Water" <mask> <mask> Is Traveling the Length of the Ganges River at TreeHugger
 An Interview with <mask> <mask>
 Hindi-language 15-minute video interview with <mask> <mask> on the Ganga Action Plan: part 1, part 2

Indian environmentalists
Activists from Rajasthan
Rajasthani people
1959 births
Living people
People from Bagpat district
University of Allahabad alumni
Indian conservationists
Water conservation in India
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
People from Alwar district
Educators from Rajasthan
20th-century Indian educational theorists
21st-century Indian educational theorists

masks:
Rajendra Singh
Rajendra
Singh
Singh
Rajendra
Rajendra
Singhh
Singh
Rajendra
Rajendra
Singh
Rajendra
Singhendra
Rajendra
Singh
Rajendra
Singh
Rajendra
Singh