title: Rabih az-Zubayr

texts:
<mask>-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah or <mask> (), usually known as Rabah in French (c. 1842 – April 22, 1900), was a Sudanese warlord and slave trader who established a powerful empire east of Lake Chad, in today's Chad. Born around 1842 to an arabized Nubian family in Halfaya Al-Muluk, a suburb of Khartoum, he first served with the irregular Egyptian cavalry in the Ethiopian campaign, during which he was wounded. When Rabih left the army in 1860s, he became the principal lieutenant of the Sudanese slaveholder Sebehr Rahma. Lieutenant of al-Zubayr (1870–1879)

In the 19th century, Khartoum had become a very important Arab slave market, supplied through companies of Khartumi established in the region of Bahr el Ghazal, where they resided in zarības (), thornbush-fortified bases kept by bāzinqirs (firearm-equipped slave soldiers). The warlord and slaveholder al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur assumed control of the region's zaribas, and was nominated in 1872 pasha and governor of Bahr el Ghazal for the khedive Isma'il, ruler of Egypt. <mask>, who was possibly a relative of al-Zubayr, was the chief lieutenant of the pasha. In 1874, al-Zubayr conquered the Sultanate of Darfur.In 1876, he went to Cairo to request the khedive to officially sanction his position in Darfur, but was instead imprisoned. This caused in 1878 the revolt of al-Zubayr's son, Suleyman, and of his lieutenants, like <mask>. In reaction the governor-general of Sudan, Charles George Gordon, made Romolo Gessi governor of Bahr el Ghazal, and sent him to suppress the rebellion; Suleyman surrendered July 15, 1879, and was executed. <mask> instead is said to have left Suleyman the day before he surrendered, but Gessi reports instead that he had retreated already in June, after having suffered heavy losses. Warlord (1879–1890)
To escape from Egypt, Rabih left the Bahr el Ghazal, heading south with 700–800 bazingiris and 400 rifles. Using the tactics of the Khartumi, in the 1880s he carved out a kingdom between the basins of the Nile and the Ubangi, in the country of Kreich and Dar Benda, south of Ouaddai, a region he utterly devastated. In 1885, he attempted to return in Sudan following the invitation of the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, who had taken Khartoum from Egypt.The Mahdi had sent as ambassadors Zin el-Abeddin and Jabar, and Rabih followed them back to Darfur, proposing to meet the Mahdi at Omdurman; but when he learned of a plot to kill him, he changed his mind and returned to Chad. In 1887, <mask>'s forces invaded Darfur, recruited bazingirs, and settled down in Dar Kouti; however, his campaign against the aguid Salamat Cherif ed-Din, commander of the sultan of Ouaddai's troops, failed. In 1890, he attacked the Muslim chief Kobur in the north of Oubangui-Chari, deposed him and established in his place his nephew Mahdi al-Senoussi, on whom he imposed his suzerainty. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of Khadija, daughter of Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi, with Rabih's son Fadlallah. Together Mohammed and Rabih attacked Dar Runga, Kreich, Goula and then Banda Ngao. First confrontations with France (1891–1893)
Mohammed al-Senoussi's alliance with Rabih worried the colonial powers, especially France that was considering taking control of central Africa. Mohammed al-Senoussi remained faithful to Rabih and in 1891 killed the French Paul Crampel in Dar Banda.Rabih recovered the expedition's weapons. In the south-east of Lake Chad, he attacked the Baguirmi Kingdom in 1892, blaming the Mbang (king) Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga for having signed a protectorate with the French. Gwaranga was besieged for three to five months in Manjaffa, and was later forced to leave his capital, which was completely destroyed in March 1893. Conquest of Borno (1893)

In 1893, <mask> also turned his attentions to the Borno Empire of Shehu (king) Ashimi of Borno. Borno was a Sahelian Kingdom that  had existed for several centuries. That year, the empire consisted of 80,000 soldiers, mostly slaves commanded by slaves, and was in full decline. On the road to Borno, Rabih made prisoner the sultan of Karnak Logone, whose capital promptly opened its doors to his host.Shehu Ashimi of Borno sent 15,000 men to confront Rabih; the latter routed them in May or September 1893 first at Am Hobbio (south of Dekoa) and then at Legaroua with only 2,000 horse. Ashimi fled north of the Komadougou Yobe from where he may have tried to negotiate with Rabih; but he was assassinated at the instigation of his nephew Kyari, who then became shehu and decided to fight Rabih. <mask> met Kyari at Gashegar, a two days' walk from Kukawa, the capital of Borno; Kiyari defeated Rabih and captured his camp. The following day <mask> gathered his forces, and ordered 100 lashes be given to all his bannermen, including his own favored son Fadlallah. Only Boubakar, who had fought bravely, was spared. Then he ordered a victorious counter-offensive; Kyari, who had refused to flee, was captured and beheaded. As for the capital city, Kukawa, it was plundered and razed to the ground.<mask>wa his capital, and there built a palace which was to win later the admiration of the French governor Émile Gentil. Local legend says that during construction there was a shortage of water, and blood was substituted to mix with sand for its walls. Borno's Lord (1893–1900)

Wanting to modernize his army, Rabih attempted in 1895 to make an accord with Royal Niger Company in Yola and Ibi so to obtain gunpowder and ammunition, but without success. He started confronting the Company in 1896 and the following year even started marching on Kano, while his vassal Muhammad al-Senussi in Dar al Kuti founded a fortified capital, Ndele, between Bahr Aouk and the Ubangi River, which the Senussites held until 1911. For seven years Rabih was shehu of the Borno Empire, and spent much effort to reinvigorate a decadent empire that had until then maintained the same feudal structures it had in the 16th century. Rabih kept the vassal sultans in place, but subjected them to his lieutenants, who were mostly Arab Sudanese like he was. He promulgated a legal code based on sharia, rationalized taxation through the creation of a budget, imposed on Borno a military dictatorship, which aroused the attention of the colonial powers.Émile Gentil was to speak of <mask>'s reforms in Borno with a certain degree of interest; they would later inspire him in organizing the territory of Chad. Much is told about his brutality (for example, he once had one of his concubines executed because she kept a talisman designed to obtain Rabih's love, and with her the marabout who had deciphered the talisman); or about the evenings he passed listening to Ali, the poet who sang his exploits. More importantly, Rabih launched a regular series of razzias to plunder and capture slaves; this was a return to the traditional activity of the sultans of Borno, which had been described in 1526 by Leo Africanus. It is estimated that 1,500–2,000 slaves were exported every year by his vassal Mahdi as-Senoussi, excluding the deaths, casualties, and other losses he inflicted. The totals for Rabah must have been much higher. Direct conflict with the French (1899–1900)

In 1899 Rabah had at his disposal 10,000 men among infantry and cavalry, all provided with rifles (mostly obsolete, except for 400 rifles of newer make), plus a great number of auxiliaries equipped with spears or bows. He kept garrisons at Baggara and Karnak Logone.In 1899, Rabih received in Dekoa the French explorer Ferdinand de Béhagle. The discussions between them degenerated, and Béhagle was arrested. On July 17, Lieutenant Bretonnet, who had been sent by France against Rabih, was killed with most of his men at the battle of Togbao, at the edge of the Chari River, in present-day Sarh. <mask> gained three cannons from this victory (which the French recaptured at Kousséri) and ordered his son Fadlallah, whom he had left in Dikoa, to hang Béhagle. In response, a French Army column, proceeding from Gabon and led by Émile Gentil, supported by the steamboat Leon Blot, confronted Rabih at Kouno at the end of the year. Even if the French were repulsed with losses, this did not prevent them from continuing and taking Kousséri. Here, they combined with the Lamy column, which had arrived from Algeria, and the Joalland-Meynier column, which had marched from Niger.Lamy assumed command of the combined forces. The final showdown between Rabih and the French took place on April 22, 1900. The French forces consisted of 700 men, plus the 600 riflemen and 200 cavalry provided by the allied Baguirmi people. Leaving Kousséri in three columns, the French attacked Rabih's camp. Although the commander Lamy was killed in the ensuing battle, <mask>'s forces were overwhelmed and, while fleeing across the Chari River, <mask> was killed. With <mask>'s defeat, his empire rapidly disintegrated. A year later his son Fadlallah was defeated and killed.All Rabih's territories fell into French hands, except for Borno which went to Britain. References
 This article draws heavily on the Rabah article in the French-language Wikipedia. Gaston Dujarric, La vie du sultan Rabah, Paris, 1902
 Von Oppenheim, Rabeh und das Tsadseegebiet, Berlin, 1902
 A. Babikir, L'Empire du Rabih, Paris, 1954
 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Rabih az-Zubayr", (2000)

 Amegboh, Joseph, and Cécile Clairval, Rabah : Conquérant Des Pays Tchadiens, Grandes Figures Africaines (Paris: Dakar ; Abidjan : [Afrique Biblio Club] ; [Nouvelles Éditions Africaines], 1976). Horowitz, Michael, ‘Ba Karim: An Account of Rabeh’s Wars’, African Historical Studies, 3 (1970), 391–402. Mohammed, Kyari, Borno in the Rabih Years, 1893-1901 : the Rise and Crash of a Predatory State (Maiduguri Nigeria: University of Maiduguri, 2006). Specific

External links

Sudanese people of Nubian descent
History of Chad
History of Nigeria
People of French West Africa
1840s births
1900 deaths
African slave traders
19th-century African businesspeople

masks:
Rabih az
Rabih Fadlallah
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title: Émiland Gauthey

type: original

texts:
<mask> ( in Chalon-sur-Saône –  in Paris) was a French mathematician, civil engineer and architect. As an engineer for the Estates of Burgundy (), he was the creator of a great deal of the region's civil infrastructure, such as the Canal du Centre between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône (1784–1793), bridges including those at Navilly (1782–1790) and Gueugnon (1784–1787), and buildings such as the  ("Church of St Peter and St Paul") at Givry (1772 – 1791) and the theatre at Chalon-sur-Saône. <mask> became Chief Engineer of the États de Bourgogne in 1782, on the death of his predecessor and close collaborator, Thomas Dumorey. After the French Revolution, he held several important posts in the  ("High Commission for Bridges and [High]ways") in Paris. He was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1804 on its creation by Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1805 until his death, he was the highest-ranked engineer in France. Biography
<mask> was born at Chalon-sur-Saône on 3 December 1732 into a provincial petty bourgeois family.His father, <mask>, was the local doctor: and his mother, Louise (or Louyse) née was born at Chagny on 27 August 1700 as the dauter of Emiland Lafouge, a company lawyer and Official Receiver for the salt store in Toulon-sur-Arroux. From 1740 to 1748, he studied with brilliance at the Jesuit college in Chalon. At the age of sixteen, after his father died, he continued his studies at Versailles under the auspices of an uncle who was Professor of Mathematics at the École des pages du roi (). He continued his education under the architect Gabriel Dumont before entering the  (which became the École nationale des ponts et chaussées, literally "National School of Bridges and [High]Ways"), which had been newly created and was under the direction of the notable engineer Jean-Rodolphe Perronet. He met with the Dumont architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot, and started a lifelong friendship. He consulted Soufflot on the construction of the dome of Sainte-Geneviève, which became the Panthéon. Graduating in 1758, he was awarded the post of deputy engineer at Chalon-sur-Saône, under Thomas Dumorey.He would wait twenty-four years, until Dumorey's death in 1782, to become the Chief Engineer of the États de Bourgogne (States of Burgundy) and to makeDijon his home. Shortly after, he was named Director.General of Burgundy Canals () in 1783. A brilliant technician, he was an exponent of the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment and of the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ("Encyclopaedia or Rational Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts"), as evidenced by his investigative Essay on Philosophical Language () of 1774 – in which he envisages a kind of language of universal graphical signs like stenography –; and in his use of scientific advances in the building trade. His monumental works on building,  ("On the application of mechanical principles in the construction of vaults and domes") and  ("On Navigation Canals") posthumously published by his nephew, became standard reference works. His civil engineering works, such as the bridges of Gueugnon, Navilly and Chalon-sur-Saône, helped to transform transportation methods and accelerated the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Burgundy. It was in this forward-looking spirit that he participated in improving river navigation and building canals. He collaborated in the project to build a canal in Burgundy between the rivers Yonne and Saône (completed much later, in 1832) and he puis se consacre au canal de Franche-Comté de Saint-Jean-de-Losne/Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône à Dole (also known as the ): this part of the project to connect the Rhine with the Rhône, built between 1783 and 1803, is also known as the  because it was opened by Louis V Joseph de Bourbon-Condé, lately Prince and Governor of Burgundy.But his master work, "The greatest public work of the 18th Century", was the Canal du Centre (or "Canal du Charolais"), (built 1783–1793) between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône. Over  with 62 locks, it connected the Loire to the Saône, thus creating the primary route for boats from the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea (the Loire having been connected to the Seine by the Canal de Briare). <mask> remained interested in development in Chalon-sur-Saône, his home town, where he rebuilt the quayside and built a theatre. These constructions are among many examples of neoclassical style in the area, including the dome of the pharmacy in the town, the churches at Givry and Louhans, the town hall at Tournus and the Château de Clermont-Montoison at Chagny. Changes after the French Revolution brought <mask> <mask> honours and high office: he was named the first  in 1791. At the age of 60 he moved to Paris, married his cousin and adopted his nephew Claude-Louis Navier, one of the most brilliant mathematicians and engineers of the early 19th century. in 1801 he became a member of the Conseil général des ponts et chaussées en 1801 and in 1805 its vice-president.He worked on Somme-Escaut link and several developments in Paris, such as a new water supply which would become the Canal de l'Ourcq), and projects on the Seine bridges and the Passerelle des Arts, built by Jacques Dillon. The French Consulate awarded him the civil Légion d'honneur on its first issue on 1804, and he was to be promoted to Commander but died suddenly, in Paris, on . Perhaps surprisingly, his place of death is unknown, but it is likely to be in a Parisian cemetery. Works

Bridges

 ("Cravant Bridge") (1760) in the Yonne department. long over 3 arched spans. or  ("Gauthey Bridge" or "Thalie Bridge") at Chatenoy-le-Royal, Saône-et-Loire (1770), Gauthey's first sole project. over 2 arched spans.("Stone Bridge") (1781–1787) over the Baulches Stream carrying Rue Nationale 6, in Yonne: road bridge of . ("Bridge over the Bourbince") (1786–1789) at Blanzy, Saône-et-Loire
 ("Bridge over the Guyotte") (1786–1789) at Navilly, Saône-et-Loire: one arch with a span of
Bellevesvre Bridge (1787), Saône-et-Loire: arched road bridge over the Brenne with a total length of
Gueugnon Bridge (1787), Saône-et-Loire (71): arched bridge  long and  wide, with a rise of  and a tallest arche of . Navilly Bridge (1782–1790), Saône-et-Loire: arched bridge over the river Doubs,  over 5 spans
 at Chalon-sur-Saône, the Chavannes (or "Echavannes") Bridge which connects it to Saint-Marcel (road bridge of seven spans completed in 1790), including widening the bed of the river Saône with a  ("relief channel").) and renovation of the Pont Saint-Laurent (enlargement of the mediaeval bridge and decoration of the 7 arches of  with obelisks, completed in 1791). More-or-less destroyed in 1944 and rebuilt from scratch in 1950. Buildings
Tournus Town Hall (1771)
Givry (Saône-et-Loire) Church (1772–1791)
Rebuilding of one wing of the Palais des ducs et des États de Bourgogne de Dijon (1776)
 The Obélisque de Dijon (1786)
Chalon-sur-Saône Theatre (1778)
The churches of Saint-Germain-du-Plain and Barizey (1778)
Restoration of the Château de Chagny (Saône-et-Loire) (1780)
Bourbon-Lancy Town Hall (1782)

Canals
 Canal de Franche-Comté from Saint-Jean-de-Losne/Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône to Dole (also known as ) (1783–1803)
 Canal du Centre (also known as the Canal du Charolais), built 1783–1793 between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône, connecting the Loire and the Saône

Legacy
 In 1808 a bust of him was carved by Guillaume Boichot, also from Chalon-sur-Saône, and exhibited at the Musée Vivant-Denon in the town. Since 1864, the Rue Gauthey in the 17th arrondissement of Paris has borne his name.A school in Chalon-sur-Saône bears his name. Sources

References

External links

18th-century French mathematicians
French civil engineers
18th-century French architects
1732 births
1806 deaths
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Corps des ponts
People from Chalon-sur-Saône
French bridge engineers

masks:
Émiland Marie Gauthey
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Émiland Marie Gauthey
Pierre Gauthey
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title: Avi Loeb

texts:
Abraham "<mask>" <mask> (; born February 26, 1962) is an Israeli-American theoretical physicist who works on astrophysics and cosmology. <mask> is the Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University. He had been the longest serving chair of Harvard's Department of Astronomy (2011–2020), founding director of Harvard's Black Hole Initiative (since 2016) and director of the Institute for Theory and Computation (since 2007) within the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <mask> is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the International Academy of Astronautics. In July 2018, he was appointed as chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA) of the National Academies, which is the Academies' forum for issues connected with the fields of physics and astronomy, including oversight of their decadal surveys. In June 2020, <mask> was sworn in as a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) at the White House.In December 2012, Time magazine selected <mask> as one of the 25 most influential people in space. In 2015, <mask> was appointed as the science theory director for the Breakthrough Initiatives of the Breakthrough Prize Foundation. In 2018, he attracted media attention for suggesting that alien space craft may be in our solar system, using the anomalous behavior of ʻOumuamua as an example. In 2019, and together with his Harvard undergraduate student, Amir Siraj, <mask> reported discovering a meteor that potentially originated outside the Solar System. <mask> was born in Beit Hanan, Israel in 1962. He took part in the national Talpiot program before receiving a PhD in plasma physics, at age 24, from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, in 1986. From 1983 to 1988, he led the first international project supported by the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative.Between 1988 and 1993, <mask> was a long-term member at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, where he started to work in theoretical astrophysics. In 1993, he moved to Harvard University as an assistant professor in the department of astronomy, where he was tenured three years later. <mask> has written eight books and authored or co-authored about 800 papers on a broad range of research areas in astrophysics and cosmology, including the first stars, the epoch of reionization, the formation and evolution of massive black holes, the search for extraterrestrial life, gravitational lensing by planets, gamma-ray bursts at high redshifts, 21-cm cosmology, the use of the Lyman-alpha forest to measure the acceleration/deceleration of the universe in real time (the so-called "Sandage–Loeb test"), the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, the future state of extragalactic astronomy, astrophysical implications of black hole recoil in galaxy mergers, tidal disruption of stars, and imaging black hole silhouettes. In 2010, he wrote a textbook entitled How Did the First Stars and Galaxies Form? In 1992, <mask> suggested, with Andy Gould, that exoplanets could be detected through gravitational microlensing. In 1993, he proposed the use of the C+ fine-structure line to discover galaxies at high redshifts. In 2005, he predicted, in a series of papers with his postdoc at the time, Avery Broderick, how a hot spot in orbit around a black hole would appear; their predictions were confirmed in 2018 by the GRAVITY instrument on the Very Large Telescope which observed a circular motion of the centroid of light of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*.In 2009, Broderick and Loeb predicted the shadow of the black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, which was imaged in 2019 by the Event Horizon Telescope. In 2013, a report was published on the discovery of the "Einstein Planet" Kepler-76b, the first Jupiter size exoplanet identified through the detection of relativistic beaming of its parent star, based on a technique proposed by <mask> and Gaudi in 2003. In addition, a pulsar was discovered around the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, following a prediction by Pfahl and <mask> in 2004. Also, a hypervelocity star candidate from the Andromeda galaxy was discovered, as predicted by Sherwin, <mask>, and O'Leary in 2008. Together with his postdoc, James Guillochon, <mask> predicted the existence of a new population of stars moving near the speed of light throughout the universe. Together with his postdoc John Forbes and Howard Chen of Northwestern University, <mask> made another prediction that sub-Neptune sized exoplanets have been transformed into rocky super-Earths by the activity of Milky Way's central supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. Together with Paolo Pani, <mask> showed in 2013 that primordial black holes in the range between the masses of the Moon and the Sun cannot make up the dark matter.<mask> led a team that reported tentative evidence for the birth of a black hole in the young nearby supernova SN 1979C. In collaboration with Dan Maoz, <mask> demonstrated in 2013 that biomarkers, such as molecular oxygen (), can be detected by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in the atmosphere of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of white dwarfs. Early universe

In a series of papers with his students and postdocs, <mask> addressed how and when the first stars and black holes formed and what effects they had on the young universe. Together with his former student Steve Furlanetto, <mask> published a textbook, The First Galaxies in the Universe. In 2013, <mask> introduced the new concept of "The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe", and mentored Harvard undergraduate, Henry Lin, in the study of industrial pollution on exoplanets as a new method to search for extraterrestrial civilizations. In April 2021, <mask> presented an updated summary of his ideas of life in the early universe. Panspermia
In 2020, <mask> published a research paper about the possibility that life can propagate from one planet to another, followed by the opinion piece "Noah’s Spaceship" about directed panspermia.ʻOumuamua

In December 2017, <mask> cited ʻOumuamua's unusually elongated shape as one of the reasons why the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia should listen for radio emissions from it to see if there were any unexpected signs that it might be of artificial origin, although earlier limited observations by other radio telescopes such as the SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array had produced no such results. On December 13, 2017, the Green Bank Telescope observed the asteroid for six hours. No radio signals from ʻOumuamua have been detected. On October 26, 2018, <mask> and his postdoctoral student Shmuel Bialy submitted a paper exploring the possibility of the interstellar object ʻOumuamua being an artificial thin solar sail accelerated by solar radiation pressure in an effort to help explain the object's non-gravitational acceleration. Other scientists have stated that the available evidence is insufficient to consider such a premise, and that a tumbling solar sail would not be able to accelerate. In response, <mask> wrote an article detailing six anomalous properties of ʻOumuamua that make it unusual, unlike any comets or asteroids seen before. On November 27, 2018, <mask> and Amir Siraj, an undergraduate student at Harvard College, proposed a search for ʻOumuamua-like objects which might be trapped in the Solar System as a result of losing orbital energy through a close encounter with Jupiter.They identified four candidates (2011 SP25, 2017 RR2, 2017 SV13, and 2018 TL6) for trapped interstellar objects which could be visited by dedicated missions. The authors pointed out that future sky surveys, such as with Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, could find many more. In public interviews and private communications with reporters and academic colleagues, <mask> has become more vocal regarding the prospects of proving the existence of alien life. On April 16, 2019, <mask> and Siraj reported the discovery of the first meteor of interstellar origin. Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth, a popular science account concerning ʻOumuamua, written by <mask>, was published in 2021. The Galileo Project

In July 2021, <mask> became head of the new project: "The Galileo Project: "Daring to Look Through New Telescopes"". The project was inspired by the detection of ʻOumuamua and by release of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).As stated on the project's web-site, the aim is:

The three main avenues of research are:
 Obtaining high-resolution images of UAPs and discovering their nature

 Search for and research of ʻOumuamua-like interstellar objects
 Search for potential ETC satellites

The project was covered by many independent publishers, among them Nature, Science, New York Post, Scientific American, The Guardian, etc. To the allegations that studies of UFO is pseudo-science, <mask> answers that the aim of the project is not to study UFO based on previous data, but to study Unidentified Aerial Phenomena "using the standard scientific method based on a transparent analysis of open scientific data to be collected using optimized instruments." Media appearances

In 2006, <mask> was featured in a Time magazine cover story on the first stars, and in a Scientific American article on the Dark Ages of the universe. In 2008, he was featured in a Smithsonian magazine cover story on black holes, and in two Astronomy magazine cover stories, one on the collision between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy and the second on the future state of our universe. In 2009, <mask> reviewed in a Scientific American article a new technique for imaging black hole silhouettes. <mask> received considerable media attention after proposing in 2011 (with E.L. Turner) a new technique for detecting artificially-illuminated objects in the Solar System and beyond, and showing in 2012 (with I. Ginsburg) that planets may transit hypervelocity stars or get kicked to a fraction of the speed of light near the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Science magazine published an article about <mask>'s career in April 2013, and Discover reviewed his research on the first stars in April 2014.The New York Times published a science profile of <mask> in December 2014. In May 2015, Astronomy posted a podcast of an hour-long interview with <mask> in its series entitled "Superstars of Astronomy". In April 2016, Stephen Hawking visited <mask>'s home and attended the inaugurations of the Starshot and Black Hole Initiatives that <mask> leads. <mask>'s eBook on Kindle details his career path from childhood on a farm with interests in philosophy to chairing the Harvard astronomy department and directing the ITC, and includes opinion essays on the importance of taking risks in research and promoting diversity. <mask> writes opinion essays on science and policy. On January 14, 2021, <mask> appeared on the Lex Fridman Podcast (#154), on January 16, 2021, on the Joe Rogan Experience podcast (#1596). 1962 births
Living people
Israeli physicists
Harvard University faculty
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century American astronomers
American cosmologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Jewish physicists
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics people

masks:
Avi
Loeb
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Career Loeb
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title: Fidelio F. Finke

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (22 October 1891 in Josefsthal, Austria-Hungary (now Josefův Důl, Czech Republic) – 12 June 1968 in Dresden, East Germany) was a Bohemian-German composer. Life
<mask> was born the son of a teacher in 1891 in the north-Bohemian village of Josefstal (modern-day Josefův Důl, Czech Republic). From 1906 to 1908, he attended a teacher's seminar in Reichenberg (now Liberec). He received organ, piano and violin lessons, and from 1908 to 1911, studied at the Prague Conservatory, where he studied piano and composition. From 1911 onward, he worked as a private music teacher and from 1915 as a teacher of musical theory at the Prague Conservatory. In 1920, he moved to the German Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Prague, where he worked as a teacher of musical theory and composition. He became a professor in 1926, and worked as the rector from 1927 to 1945.During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, he composed works expressing sympathy for the Nazis, most notably the hymn O Herzland Böhmen (1942). His opportunistic application for membership within the Nazi party expired in 1942 because of his political unreliability. After imprisonment and expropriation as a result of the Beneš decrees as well as a suicide attempt in 1945, <mask> was brought to Dresden by the Soviet occupation forces via Moscow. There, he founded the State Academy of Music and Dresden Theatre, and was, until 1951, its rector. Until 1958, he was a professor of sound recordings at the Leipzig Academy of Music. His total works comprise about 170 compositions. <mask> was a member of the SED from 1946 until his death in 1968 in Dresden.He was buried in Heidenfriedhof Cemetery. His signature graces his gravestone. <mask>'s estate is preserved by the Academy of Arts in Berlin. 2 (1947)
 Suite No. 3 (1949)
 Suite No. 4 for 16 wind instruments and percussion (1953)
 Suite No. 5 Musik für elf Bläser (Music for 11 Winds) (1955)
 Suite No.6 (1956)
 Symphonische Märsche (Symphonic Marches), Suite No. 7 (1960)
 Suite No. 8 for wind quintet, 2 pianos and string orchestra (1961)
 Divertimento for chamber orchestra (1964)
 Festmusik (1964)

Concertante
 Concerto for piano and small orchestra (1930)
 Capriccio über ein polnisches Volkslied (Capriccio on a Polish Folk Song) for piano and orchestra (1953)

Chamber music
 String Quartet No. 1 (1914); dedicated to Arnold Schoenberg
 Piano Trio (1923)
 8 Musiken for 2 violins and viola (1923)
 Sonata for violin and piano (1924)
 String Quartet No. 2 „Der zerstörte Tasso“ (with soprano solo) (1925)
 Ciacona nach Vitali for violin and piano (1925)
 String Quartet No. 3 (1926, lost)
 Sonata for cello (1926, lost)
 Sonata for flute and piano (1927)
 100 Stücke (100 Pieces) for recorder solo (1936)
 Sonatina for harp (1945)
 Sonata for horn and piano (1946)
 Sonata for clarinet and piano (1949)
 Sonata for viola and piano (1954)
 Wind Quintet (1955)
 Toccata for accordion (1955)
 String Quartet No. 5 (1963–1964)
 … ismen und … ionen for flute, viola, cello, double bass, piano and harp (1968); movement IV completed by Heinrich Simbriger

Piano
 Polka groteska
 Sonata in E minor (1903, lost)
 Thema con Variazioni, Op.9 (before 1908)
 Fantasia auf der Fahrt (Fantasia on the Ride), Op. 12 (1908)
 Intermezzo (1909)
 4 Klavierstücke (4 Piano Pieces) (1910-11)
 Eine Reiter-Burleske, Symphonic Poem for piano (1913)
 Romantische Suite (Romantic Suite) (1916)
 Gesichten (Visions), 7 Piano Pieces (1921)
 Klaviermusiken für Kinder (Piano Music for Children) (1921)
 19 kleine Klavierstücke (19 Little Piano Pieces) (1921)
 Marionetten-Musiken, 6 Piano Pieces (1921)
 10 Kinderstücke (10 Pieces for Children) (1926)
 Suite No. Habilitationsschrift, masch. vervielf. Leipzig 1970. Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main U.70.3699
 <mask>. Prieberg: Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945, CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, . Wilhelm Hübner: <mask> F. <mask>ke – Gedanken über meinen Lehrer, in: Dresden und die avancierte Musik im 20.Jahrhundert. Teil II: 1933-1966, edited by Matthias Herrmann and Hanns-Werner Heister, Laaber 2002,  (Musik in Dresden 5),

See also
 List of classical composers in the GDR

References

External links

 Fidelio-F.-Finke's Archive at the archive of the Academy of Arts, Berlin

1891 births
1968 deaths
People from Jablonec nad Nisou District
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
German Bohemian people
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
German opera composers
Male opera composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig faculty
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
20th-century German male musicians

masks:
Fidelio Friedrich
Fritz
Finke
Finke
Finke
Finke
Finke
Fred K
Fiio
Fin


title: Wayne Garrett

texts:
<mask> (born December 3, 1947) is a former Major League Baseball third baseman. Braves organization
<mask> followed his brothers Adrian and <mask> in the Milwaukee Braves organization when he was their sixth round selection in the 1965 Major League Baseball draft. Hailing from Brooksville, Florida, <mask> was a fan favorite on the Florida Rookie League Braves, who played in nearby Sarasota. Originally a shortstop when he was signed, <mask> was a good fielder, but only managed a .222 batting average in the Braves' farm system. On December 2, , he was selected by the New York Mets in the Rule 5 draft. New York Mets

Amazin' Mets
<mask> made his major league debut at second base, and played most of his first month in the majors there. Shortly afterwards, the 21 year-old lefty hitter settled into a lefty-righty platoon with Ed Charles at third base.He batted just .218 with one home run his rookie season, however, he would match that home run total in the 1969 National League Championship Series against his former franchise. With the Atlanta Braves leading 4–3 in the fifth inning of game three, <mask> hit a go-ahead two run home run to seal the three-game sweep for the Mets. For the NLCS, <mask> batted .385 with three runs batted in and three runs scored. He struck out in his only official at-bat in the World Series. Continued search for a third baseman
Ed Charles retired after the World Series. On December 3,  the Mets sent Amos Otis and Bob Johnson to the Kansas City Royals for third baseman Joe Foy. While shifted into more of a utility infielder role, making 34 starts at second base, <mask> put up better numbers than Foy, who was gone after just one season in New York.Following the  season, <mask> went into the military with the Bayside National Guard, and the Mets acquired Bob Aspromonte from the Braves for Ron Herbel. After completing his military obligation and a brief stop at triple A Tidewater, <mask> rejoined his team midway through the  season. He hit the ground running, going 3-for-5 with two RBIs and three runs scored in his first game back, and 2-for-3 with two walks and an RBI in his second, but he soon cooled off. An 0-for-29 skid at the end of the season saw his batting average drop to .213. Following the season, the Mets sent a package of young prospects that included Nolan Ryan to the California Angels for perennial All-Star third baseman Jim Fregosi. <mask> and Fregosi produced identical .232 batting averages in , and combined for seven home runs and 61 RBIs platooning at third. Fregosi's tenure in New York lasted until midway through the  season before his contract was sold to the Texas Rangers.Ya Gotta Believe! At the time of the deal, <mask> was batting .233 with six home runs and 27 RBIs. He batted .270 with thirteen home runs and 47 RBIs over the remainder of the season. He led off the Mets' September 7 contest with the Montreal Expos with a solo home run that turned out to be the only run of the game. On September 13, his extra innings pinch hit single drove in the winning run against the Philadelphia Phillies. From September 17 to September 21, the Mets played a crucial five game stretch against the Pittsburgh Pirates that would determine the National League East. The Mets won four of those five games, and went from 3.5 games back to first place by half a game.<mask> went 8-for-22 during that stretch with a home run, two RBIs and five runs scored. He was also at the center of one of the most famous plays in Mets folklore. Their September 20 match up at Shea Stadium went into extra innings. The Pirates had Richie Zisk on first base when Dave Augustine hit what appeared to be a two-run home run to left. Instead, the ball hit the top of the wall, and caromed directly into left fielder Cleon Jones' glove. Jones fired a strike to <mask> as the cut off man, who in turn, fired a strike to catcher Ron Hodges to nail Zisk at the plate. The Mets went on to win the game in the bottom of the inning.<mask> went just 2-for-24 in the 1973 National League Championship Series against Cincinnati's "Big Red Machine," however, one of those hits sparked the series winning rally. With the score tied at two in the fifth and decisive game, <mask> led off the fifth inning with a double. The following batter, Félix Millán, laid down a sacrifice bunt. Rather than take the sure out at first base, Reds pitcher Jack Billingham threw to third, attempting to get the lead runner. Reds third baseman Dan Driessen tagged the base, not the runner, forgetting that there was no force on the play. Thereby, allowing both runners to be safe. The following batter, Cleon Jones, doubled to drive in <mask> with the lead run.<mask> hit two home runs in the 1973 World Series against the Oakland Athletics. The first coming in the Mets' 10–7 game two victory, and the second came leading off game three. Aside from these two home runs, he did not have much success, however. He batted just .167, and tied Eddie Mathews' 1958 World Series record by striking out eleven times. He also made the final out of the Series. Representing the tying run, he popped out to shortstop Bert Campaneris to end the game. 1974-1976
After a career year in 1973, <mask> was finally handed the starting job at third for .He appeared in a career high 151 games, and made a career high 619 plate appearances, but batted just .224 with thirteen home runs. After the season, the Mets acquired former National League MVP Joe Torre from the St. Louis Cardinals for Tommy Moore and Ray Sadecki. In , <mask> batted .266 platooning with Torre at third. For , Torre was shifted to first, and the third base job was split between <mask> and rookie Roy Staiger until midway through the season, when <mask> was dealt to the Montreal Expos with Del Unser for Pepe Mangual and Jim Dwyer. Montreal Expos
With the Expos, <mask> was shifted to second base. On September 29, <mask> hit his first career grand slam against the Mets at Shea. His career at second base was cut short when the Expos signed free agent second baseman Dave Cash after the season.He spent the remainder of his Expos career backing up Larry Parrish at third. On July 21, , two years from the date that he was acquired from the Mets, the Expos sent <mask> to the St. Louis Cardinals for cash considerations. His one home run with the Cards was a pinch hit grand slam. Unable to come to an agreement on a contract for the  season, <mask> decided to head to Japan, where his brother, Adrian, had been playing since . Career statistics

<mask> played two seasons for the Chunichi Dragons. His first season in Nippon Professional Baseball, he hit a career-high twenty home runs and drove in a career high 71 runs. He also played for the Bradenton Explorers of the Senior Professional Baseball Association in its  inaugural season.<mask> played 711 games at third base for the Mets. It is the third highest total, behind David Wright and Howard Johnson. Joe Foy, Bob Aspromonte, Jim Fregosi and Joe Torre combine for 384. <mask>'s home run in game three of the 1973 World Series is one of three lead off home runs in New York Mets World Series history. Tommie Agee hit one in the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles; Lenny Dykstra hit his in the 1986 World Series against the Boston Red Sox. Coincidentally, their lead off home runs, like <mask>'s, also occurred in game three. <mask>'s nephew Jason (Adrian's son), was drafted by and played four years in the Florida Marlins organization, reaching High-A in the minor leagues.References

External links
, or The Ultimate Mets Database
SABR BioProject

1947 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Arizona Instructional League Braves players
Baseball players from Florida
Bradenton Explorers players
Chunichi Dragons players
Florida Rookie League Braves players
Kinston Eagles players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Montreal Expos players
New York Mets players
Nippon Professional Baseball second basemen
Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen
People from Brooksville, Florida
Sarasota High School alumni
Sportspeople from Sarasota, Florida
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tidewater Tides players
West Palm Beach Braves players

masks:
Ronald Wayne Garrett
Wayne
James Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett


title: Addison C. Harris

texts:
<mask> (October 1, 1840 – September 2, 1916) was a lawyer and civic leader in Indianapolis, Indiana, who served as a Republican member of the Indiana Senate (1876 to 1880) and a U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Austria-Hungary (1899 to 1901). The Wayne County, Indiana, native graduated from Northwestern Christian University (present-day Butler University) in 1862 and was admitted to the bar in 1865, the same year he established a law partnership with John T. Dye in Indianapolis. <mask> was a founding member (1878) and president (1883 and 1890) of the Indianapolis Bar Association; a founder and president (1899 to 1904) of the Indiana Law School, which was a forerunner to the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis; a presidential elector in 1896; president of the Indiana State Bar Association (1904); a member (1905–1916) and president (1909 to 1916) of Purdue University's board of trustees; and a member of the Indiana Historical Society and the Columbia Club. Early life and education
<mask> was born on October 1, 1840, in rural Wayne County, Indiana, and was one of Martha (Young) and <mask>'s two sons. <mask>, a Wayne County farmer, also served in three sessions of the Indiana House of Representatives (1853, 1875, and 1877). <mask>'s ancestors came to North America from Cornwall, United Kingdom; his father moved the family of Quakers from North Carolina to settle in Indiana.<mask> received his early education in local Quaker schools near his Wayne County home. He enrolled at North Western Christian University (present-day Butler University) in 1860, and graduated two years later in 1862. After college he read law for three years at the Indianapolis firm of Barbour and Howland and studied under Indiana Supreme Court Justice Samuel E. Perkins. Marriage and family
<mask> met his wife, <mask> (1848–1948) of Connersville, Indiana, when she came to Indianapolis to attend North Western Christian University. <mask> and <mask> were married on May 14, 1868. <mask> was active in the Art Association of Indianapolis, the forerunner to the Indianapolis Museum of Art and Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis's Herron School of Art and Design. She served on its board of trustees, which including leadership roles as recording secretary (1893–1899) and as its fifth president (1904–1907).The couple had no children. <mask> and India <mask>'s primary residence was located on North Meridian Street in Indianapolis. In addition to their Indianapolis home, <mask> acquired property in rural Hamilton County, Indiana, in 1880 and later had the home on the site remodeled and enlarged to use as a summer residence. The West-Harris House in Hamilton County was later nicknamed Ambassador House in reference to his diplomatic service as a U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Austria-Hungary from 1899 to 1901. <mask> was admitted to the bar in 1865 and established a law partnership with John T. Dye in Indianapolis, Indiana. They dissolved their fourteen-year partnership in 1879.<mask>, who specialized in corporate law, continued to practice law on his own, becoming one of the state's prominent lawyers in the late nineteenth century. <mask> was also a member of the Republican Party and active in state politics. He served in the Indiana Senate from 1876 to 1880, but was unsuccessful in his bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1889. <mask> used his political connections with <mask>. Fairbanks, who was serving as U.S. Senator from Indiana at that time, to secure an appointment in 1899 as U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Austria-Hungary. <mask> resigned his diplomatic post and was recalled to the United States in 1901.He resumed his law career in Indianapolis and in his later years served as president of the Indiana State Bar Association and as a member of Purdue University's board of trustees, among other civic activities. Lawyer
<mask> spent a year teaching before establishing a law practice in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was admitted to the bar in 1865, the same year he formed a law partnership with John T. Dye. On November 30, 1878, a gathering of forty local attorneys that included the future U.S. President <mask> and future U.S. Vice President <mask>. Fairbanks met in the law offices of Dye and <mask> to establish the Indianapolis Bar Association. <mask> served as president of the association in 1883 and in 1890. <mask> and Dye maintained their law practice for fourteen years, but dissolved the partnership in 1879, when Dye went to work for the Big Four Railroad. Afterwards, <mask> practiced law alone, mainly focusing on constitutional law and corporate law, his specialty.<mask> became one of the state's most prominent lawyers in the late nineteenth century and first decade of the twentieth century. He supported the concept of workers' compensation and favored the use of arbitration boards to settle labor disputes. <mask> also authored Modern Views of Compensation for Personal Injuries (Indianapolis, 1909). In addition, he delivered lectures at Purdue University regarding railroads and railroad management that were later published. Indiana politician
<mask>, a member of the Republican Party, was elected to Indiana Senate representing Marion County, Indiana, in 1876. He served in two sessions of the Indiana General Assembly (1877 and 1879) before his term ended in 1880. <mask> favored progressive legislation.He became a member of the Senate's judicial committee and a leader of the Republicans on the Senate floor at a time when the state had a Democratic majority. While <mask> was serving in his first session of the state senate in 1877, his father, Branson <mask>, was serving in the Indiana House of Representatives. In 1889 <mask> was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives. He served as a presidential elector for Indiana in 1896. Diplomat
<mask> used his connections in the state's Republican Party and his friendship with <mask>, a U.S. senator from Indiana at that time, to secure an appointment on January 10, 1899, from President William McKinley to serve as U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria-Hungary. <mask> replaced <mask> Tower Jr., who was appointed U.S. ambassador to Russia.<mask> served in Vienna, Austria, until he resigned and was recalled to the United States in 1901. <mask> and his wife returned to Indianapolis, where he resumed a private law practice. Community service
<mask> was active in civic affairs, especially in the areas of law and higher education. He helped found the Indiana Law School (1893), in addition to serving on its board of directors, as an early instructor, and as the school's president (1899 to 1904). The private law school was a forerunner to the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis. In addition his leadership at the law school, <mask> was president of the Indiana State Bar Association (1904), and served on the University of Indianapolis's board of trustees (1899 to 1904). He joined Purdue University's board of trustees on March 29, 1905, and served as its president from 1909 until his death in 1916.<mask> was also a member of the Indiana Historical Society and the Columbia Club in Indianapolis. Death and legacy
<mask> suffered a stroke and died in Indianapolis on September 2, 1916. He is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana. <mask>'s legacy includes his contributions to the state’s legal profession, most notably the formation of the Indianapolis Bar Association, which has grown from its original 40 members to a more than 5,100, and the Indiana State Bar Association, which also continues to serve the state's legal community. To save it from demolition the Town (present-day City) of Fishers, Indiana, supervised the move of <mask>'s summer home in Hamilton County from its original location at 96th Street and Allisonville Road to 106th Street and Eller Road (present-day Heritage Park at White River) in 1996. The West-Harris House (also known as Ambassador House) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The restored home is operated as a local history museum and a site for community events and private rentals.Honors and tributes
At India <mask> <mask>'s bequest, a trust in honor of her husband was established in 1948 to fund a public lecture series. The <mask><mask> Memorial Lecture brings prominent legal scholars to Indiana to lecture at Indiana University Bloomington's Maurer School of Law. The first lectures in the series were delivered in 1949. More recently, Professor Jack Balkin, Yale Law School, delivered, "The Recent Unpleasantness: Understanding the Cycles of Constitutional Time," on September 13, 2017. Notes

References

1840 births
1916 deaths
People from Wayne County, Indiana
People from Indianapolis
Indiana lawyers
Indiana Republicans
20th-century American diplomats
Indiana state senators
Indiana Historical Society
Butler University alumni
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
Addison Clay Harris
Harris
Addison Clay Harris
Branson Lewis Harris
Branson Harris
Branson Harris
Addison Harris
Harris
India Crago
Harris
Crago
India Harris
Addison
Harris
Harris
Career Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Charles W
Harris
Harris
Benjamin Harrison
Charles W
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Charles Fairbanks
Harris
Charlemagne
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Crago
Harris
Addison C
. Harris


title: Sam DeStefano

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (September 13, 1909 − April 14, 1973) was an Italian-American gangster who became one of the Chicago Outfit's most notorious loan sharks and sociopathic killers. Chicago-based Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, such as William F. Roemer, Jr., considered DeStefano to be the worst torture-murderer in the history of the United States. The Outfit used the mentally unstable and sadistic DeStefano for the torture-murders of Leo Foreman and Arthur Adler, the murder of <mask>'s younger brother, <mask> (an Outfit enforcer), and many others. However, due to <mask>'s deranged mental state, the Outfit never let him become a made man. At least one Outfit insider, Charles Crimaldi, claimed DeStefano was a devil worshipper. Early years
<mask>, Jr. was born in Streator, Illinois, into the Italian-American family of <mask>, Sr., and <mask> (née Brasco), both of whom had been born in Italy and had immigrated to the United States in 1903. Destefano, Sr., was a laborer and, later on in life, a grocer and real estate salesman who died of natural causes in 1942, at age 77.Rosalie was a housewife, who throughout her life was supported by the contributions of her children. She died in October 1960. In all, the DeStefanos had seven children, three sons and four daughters. Not long after his birth, <mask> and his family moved to Herrin, Illinois, where his father worked in the local coal mine. After the labor-related turmoil surrounding the Herrin Massacre, the <mask> family moved north to Chicago's Little Italy. One of the earliest reports on DeStefano is from September 12, 1926, when he was arrested in Chicago and turned over to the Niles Police Department as a fugitive for breaking out of jail. On July 1, 1927, several hundred Westside gang members showed up threatening violence against a police sergeant for arresting DeStefano and shooting <mask>'s associate Harry Casgrovi.In November 1927, <mask> and fellow gang member Ralph Orlando were in court on charges of assaulting a 17-year-old girl. The prosecution claimed that on August 19, 1927, the girl was forced into an automobile and driven to a garage where she was sexually assaulted by seven men. Orlando and DeStefano were both found guilty of rape; Orlando was sentenced to ten years while DeStefano was sentenced to three. In 1930, DeStefano joined the Forty-Two Gang, an infamous Chicago street gang led by future Outfit boss, Salvatore "<mask>" Giancana. DeStefano soon became involved in bootlegging and gambling. In 1932, he was wounded by a policeman during a grocery store robbery. In August of that year, DeStefano appeared at a hospital on Chicago's West Side with bullet wounds, which he refused to explain.In 1933, <mask> was convicted of a bank robbery in New Lisbon, Wisconsin and sentenced to 40 years in prison. His sentence was commuted by Governor Julius Heil in December 1942 and he was released in December 1944. DeStefano returned to prison in June 1947 for possessing counterfeit sugar ration stamps. While in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in the 1940s DeStefano met Outfit members Paul Ricca and Louis Campagna. Later in 1947, <mask> was released and obtained a civil service job in Chicago as a garbage dump foreman. In 1952, city officials discovered <mask> had omitted his criminal record from his Civil Service application; however, they chose not to prosecute him. Crimes

Political fixing
During the early 1950s, DeStefano became one of the most prominent loan shark operators in Chicago.Using stolen money from his days as a bank robber, DeStefano began investing in Chicago real estate. He bought a 24-suite apartment building and used the rent money as legitimate income to bribe local aldermen and other politicians. By the mid-1950s, DeStefano's influence extended to city officials, prominent judges, and law enforcement officers. DeStefano would brag "there wasn't any case he couldn't 'fix,'" and began offering his services accordingly. His fees ranged from $800 for fixing a robbery case to $1,500 for an assault case. DeStefano allegedly fixed a first-degree murder case for $20,000. DeStefano's arrangements became so routine, corrupt police officers would escort suspects to DeStefano's house.After DeStefano paid off the cops, the suspects would be "put on the juice" to DeStefano in exchange for his assistance. Loan sharking
By the early 1960s, DeStefano was a leading loan shark for the Outfit. DeStefano's loan shark victims included politicians, lawyers and small-time criminals; by the end of the decade, DeStefano was charging 20% to 25% a week in interest. DeStefano would accept very high-risk debtors, such as drug addicts or business men who had already defaulted on previous debts. The reason was simple: DeStefano enjoyed when debtors did not pay on time, since he could then bring them to the sound-proof torture chamber he'd built in his basement. Other gangsters said the sadistic DeStefano would actually foam at the mouth while torturing his victims. From time to time, DeStefano would also kill debtors who owed him small sums just to scare other debtors into paying their bigger debts.DeStefano would give his loan shark victims presents, such as a gold watch with his name engraved on the back, so that if he had to kill his victim and the police accused him he could use the watch as proof of how close he was to the victim and why he could never have killed him. He wore thick black rimmed glasses, making people believe he couldn't see without them, when in truth he could see everything that was going on and would take mental notes on how people operated. Under normal circumstances, the Outfit would have distanced itself from DeStefano due to his sadistic, irrational behavior. However, the bosses tolerated DeStefano because he earned them a great deal of money. DeStefano was such a successful earner, Giancana and Tony Accardo invested some of their own money in DeStefano's loansharking operations. Following a negative report in the Chicago Tribune by reporter William Doherty, DeStefano assaulted Doherty, chased him with a gun, threatened his family and finally broke the windows on Doherty's nearby parked car. Acts of violence
In November 1963, DeStefano had a violent argument with Leo Foreman, a real estate agent and one of DeStefano's "juice-loan" collectors, in Foreman's office.<mask> was physically ejected by Foreman from his office, and then he went into hiding. Later on, DeStefano underlings Tony Spilotro and Chuck Crimaldi contacted Foreman and said DeStefano wanted to let "bygones be bygones". Foreman was lured to <mask>'s brother's house and was murdered soon after. In another incident, Peter Cappelletti, a collector for DeStefano, fled Chicago with $25,000 from a loan shark victim. <mask>'s men located Cappelletti in Wisconsin and brought him back to Chicago. DeStefano chained Cappelletti to a radiator and tortured him for three days. While a banquet was going on, Cappelletti was secretly being tortured in the back of the restaurant."Kill me man, please, I'm on fire!" Cappelletti implored, to which DeStefano replied "Then we need to put the fire out" before having his men drag the severely burned Cappelletti into the dining area and forcing the man's family to urinate on him in unison. Following the banquet, the family quickly paid back the stolen money. Behavior
In January 1950, DeStefano bought a new car, in which police later spotted him driving around with a sign on it, reading "This is a lemon". To make sure everyone would notice it, he also festooned the car with grapefruits, because he felt he bought a bad car and wanted the world to know it. In 1962, DeStefano was arrested after he tried to represent Vito Zaccagonini in a forgery trial in Rockford, Illinois. He later demanded the names of all employees in the state's attorney's and sheriff's offices so that they could be called as witnesses at his subsequent trial.During another court date in Rockford, when he was serving as his own lawyer as was his practice, he confused everyone in the courtroom when he approached the jury and asked, "Have you ever seen an elephant?" Moments later, DeStefano suddenly changed his plea to guilty, telling the jury, "something had come to light that I had not known before." The jury found him guilty and fined him $100 for disorderly conduct. He would say it was his dream in life to own a pig farm so he could feed his victims to the pigs. He even drove to pig farms just to watch them for hours. According to hitman-turned-informant Charles Crimaldi, DeStefano once forced his wife Anita to take his gun and put the end of the barrel in her mouth, then demanded that she pull the trigger. When she pulled the trigger and the gun didn't go off, DeStefano began to laugh and told her he had removed the bullets.He would tell this story repeatedly to his mob associates for amusement. FBI Agent William F. Roemer wrote of going to <mask>'s house to question him about mob business, saying that several times, DeStefano would walk down the stairs in his pajamas, exposing himself. Often <mask>'s wife would serve the agents coffee and the agents would comment that the coffee had a unique taste to it. DeStefano would claim that the coffee was made from special Italian coffee beans that his wife brewed. Months later Roemer found out DeStefano had been urinating in the coffee before serving it to the agents. Roemer wrote that he could never drink coffee again. <mask>'s partner in the drug dealing business was rogue cop Tommy Dorso.Dorso said he once saw DeStefano roll on the floor, with spit running from his mouth, begging Satan to show him mercy and screaming over and over again, "I'm your servant; command me." Once, while riding in his car, DeStefano saw a man walking down a Chicago street. He forced the man into his car at gunpoint, took the man to his house and forced the man and his own wife to have sex with each other, all for some real or imagined grievance that DeStefano had with his wife. Afterward, the man was so mortified that he would be accused of rape, he went to the nearest police station and reported the incident. One informant who was close to DeStefano described him as a highly emotional, temperamental individual, extremely egotistical and concerned with his personal appearance. The walls of his home were lined with mirrors and as DeStefano talked to people, he constantly watched his reflection in the mirrors as he walked across the room. He was described as being of such a temperament that he could be crying at one moment and laughing the very next.<mask> would often state that if he had not been framed for rape at age 17, he would have become President of the United States. Later life
In 1965, <mask> was convicted of conspiracy and sentenced to three to five years in prison. On February 22, 1972, <mask> was sentenced to three and one half years in prison for threatening the life of a witness, mobster turned informant Charles Crimaldi, an accomplice in the Foreman murder. <mask> had encountered Crimaldi in the elevator of the Chicago Dirksen Federal Building and threatened him. Later in 1972, <mask> was indicted on federal charges for illegal possession of firearms by a felon. <mask> and his associates were eventually indicted for the Foreman murder. As in his previous trials, DeStefano had raised a large amount of public interest with his bizarre behavior.He made demands to represent himself, dressed in pajamas, shouted through bullhorns, and rambled incoherently. <mask> then started displaying similar behavior in the Foreman trial. The Outfit bosses began to worry DeStefano was not only jeopardizing his own defense, but also the defenses of his other crew members. In a secret meeting, the boss of the Chicago Outfit, Tony Accardo, gave <mask>'s crew permission to kill him. On April 14, 1973, it was presumed that <mask> was to have met with his brother, Mario Anthony <mask>, and associate Tony Spilotro in the garage of his Galewood neighborhood home, in the 1600 block of North Sayre Avenue. Before the meeting began, Spilotro allegedly entered the lot and shot DeStefano twice with a shotgun, hitting him in the chest and tearing his left arm off at the elbow, instantly killing him. The murderer was never brought to trial.<mask> was buried at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois. References

Bibliography
Devito, Carlo. Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. Sifakis, Carl.The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. Dark, Tony. A Mob of His Own: <mask> <mask> and the Chicago Mob's Juice Rackets, H.H. Productions, Chicago, 2008. McCluskie, Norma. "Decade of Fear", Lulu.com, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2010.Further reading
A Report on Chicago Crime Chicago: Chicago Crime Commission Reports, 1954-1968. Chiocca, Olindo Romeo. Mobsters and Thugs: Quotes from the Underworld. Toronto: Guernica Editions, 2000. External links
"<mask>" DeStefano: The Mob's Marquis de Sade (Part 1) by Allan May
The Free Information Society - <mask> Biography by Jonathan Dunder
FindAGrave.com - <mask> "<mask>" DeStefano
Mad Sam by John William Tuohy

1909 births
1973 deaths
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Deaths by firearm in Illinois
Fratricides
Mafia hitmen
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People from Herrin, Illinois
People from Streator, Illinois
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
People murdered in Illinois
Torture in the United States

masks:
Samuel
Mad Sam
DeStefano
DeStefano
Michael DeStefano
DeStefano
Samuel DeStefano
Samuel DeStefano
Rosalie DeStefano
Sam DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
Sam
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
DeStefano
Samuel Mad
Sam DeStefano
Mad Sam
Sam DeStefano
Sam
Mad Sam


title: Kamelia

texts:
Kameliya Vladimirova Veskova (; born 10 January 1971), better known mononymously as <mask>, is a Bulgarian singer, actress and TV presenter. Early years

Kamelia was born on 10 January 1971 in the town of Chiprovtsi. Her musical debut was at the age of 11, as a soloist in the school choir with which she performed a Russian song. She appeared in public for the first time, becoming the winner of the Miss Chiprovtsi and Miss Montana beauty pageants organized around that time. At the same time, Kamelia took her first steps as a singer. She started singing at weddings and baptisms in Northwestern Bulgaria as a soloist in a band led by Plamen Velinov. In the spring of 1996, Kamelia was noticed by the conductor of the Vidin Orchestra, Veni Petkov, and became part of the orchestra.Musical career

1997–1999

<mask> was seriously involved in singing from the start of 1997. In August of that year, she signed a contract with the music company Payner in Dimitrovgrad. Her popularity was growing significantly, and performances in clubs and discos were becoming an integral part of her daily life. In 1998, preparation for her debut album was completed and in September the album Fire Girl was released on the music market. She made videos for the songs "Fire Girl", "Is This a Sin", "I Won't Please You", "Understand Me, Darling", "Only Tonight" and "Why I Believed". The hit "Why I Believed" from this album was a great success. This song was declared #1 by Payner and New Folk magazine in 1999.The album Fire Girl reached a circulation of 90,000 copies. These professional successes motivated Kamelia to make an even better album. On 7 December 1999, the album Goldfish appeared on the music market. The first song was "No Joke", better known as 'Yahabibi'. The song occupied the top places in all charts. The album sold in record numbers. 2000–2004

At the beginning of 2000, videos promoted some of the biggest hits of her career, "Crazy about you" and "You are" (the first black-and-white video in pop-folk).On her birthday, the singer was promoting her latest album, Goldfish, which took place in the Prikazkite complex near Harmanli. In April 2000, Payner and the Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP) declared the album Goldfish gold for sales. Its total circulation reached 200,000 copies. 30,000 of them are on CD and this makes it the best-selling for the year in the country, and at the end of the year, it even reached platinum circulation. <mask> recorded the song "Where Are You", which appeared on the music market in the summer of 2001 and became a hit. It was also the first music video to be broadcast on Planeta. At the end of the year, the singer also participated in the 3-year-old Mustang festival in Varna.She won three awards for the song "Where Are You". The singer also presented herself in the competition for a singer with the first recorded song for her upcoming album: the ballad "You're Gone". On 21 April 2002, Kamelia's third album, Something Hot, was massively promoted by Payner. The album has a record speed of sales: in the first week alone more than 10,000 copies sold. The success of the album's first hit was overshadowed by another song; "Sunset and Dawn" came out as a second song from Something Hot. The hit became a folk emblem for 2002, remaining for a long time atop all music charts. Kamelia said, "I'm really proud of 'Sunset and Dawn' because this song turned out to be the biggest hit of the year."The album's third hit was the duet ballad "You Want to Come Back", in which Kamelia sings in Greek with Greek singer Sakis Kukos. The song "You want me to come back" stayed in first place in the viewers' chart of Planeta TV for six weeks. While filming the video for the song in Thessaloniki, a Greek TV journalist called Kamelia the 'Bulgarian Anna Visi'. On 17 November, Kamelia sang in the Oval Hall, London. She turned out to be the most popular singer in a survey conducted among Bulgarian emigrants in the British capital. So many people wanted to see Kamelia live that about 400 people remained outside the hall. 2002 was the most successful in Kamelia's career.In it end, it was clear that Something Hot was the best-selling music product in Bulgaria for the year, regardless of style or company. On 14 February 2004, the album Recharge appeared on the music market. On 10 February, <mask> was a guest on a Planeta TV show, where she appeared with her red hair. There, she repeatedly hinted that she had participated in a swimsuit photoshoot for Playboy and thus reinforced rumours that she would appear in the next issue of the magazine. For the first time in Bulgaria a national tour with the participation of pop-folk performers has been launched. 2005–2012

On 29 June 2005, after a long wait, Kamelia's fourth solo album Ima lyubov was released. It includes the folk song "Three Years".Advertising for the album started on the day of its release. Short excerpts from the songs "Like a living wound", "There is love", "Crazy party to spin" and "Come on it" indicated the potential of the songs on the album. The pilot clip is 'Come on'. At the beginning of the summer, the video for the song "You are in my heart" appeared. Following this was a video of the song "There is Love", which appeared on Planeta TV on 19 January 2006. In February 2007, Kamelia recorded the song and video "Forbidden Zone". At the annual awards of Planeta TV in February she appeared in a dress in the colors of the Bulgarian tricolor.In August, the singer presented the video 'I still love you' and starred in a TV commercial for Polar Bear vodka. At the end of 2007, she traveled to the United States where she toured for two months, mostly in cities with a large concentration of Bulgarian immigrants. In the summer of 2008, Kamelia was part of the 5th national tour Planeta Derby 2008, and in September she became the first Bulgarian artist with a virtual album, created by her fans. At the beginning of October, the video for the song "Fake Skin" was aired on Planeta TV. She marked the end of 2008 with a music tour in Northern Macedonia, where she made several club appearances. In February 2009, the video for the song "Orgasm" was shot. Shortly thereafter she received an offer to become the host of fun-humor show Big mouth, on "Nova TV" which is similar to the reality TV show Big brother.On 23 June 2009, Planeta TV promoted Kamelia's video for the song "Black Blood", and on 30 October promoted the video for the song "You Leave Spots". In early February 2010, Kamelia made the video for the song "How to forget you". In early August 2010 Slava magazine named Kamelia the 'Sexiest Bulgarian Star' in its poll. There followed a video for the song "Sexy", a sort of sequel to "Orgasm". On 28 September of the same year, the song "Drink Me All" was released. In October, the singer took part in BNT's Christmas campaign in support of the children of fallen employees of the Ministry of Interior, where she is the face of the campaign along with TV presenters Spas Kyosev, Tsvetanka Rizova and Konstantin Lungov, as well as an actor Vladimir Karamazov. In early 2011 the video for the song "Erotica" was broadcast on Kamelia's birthday.In February 2011, readers of Bliasak magazine described Kamelia as 'The Sexiest Blonde in Pop-folk'. Apart from Payner, the television operator Bulsatcom promoted a separate 50,000th edition of the 'Project 13' album on its distribution network for two months. After the album there came a video of Kamelia performing song "Monastery". 2012–present

In March 2012, at the annual music awards on Planeta Kamelia TV, Kamelia received a special award for '15 years of musical career' from the company and presented the song "You're doing bad to me". In March 2012 she took part in the comedy series Rakia Sunrise, which is part of the Show of Fame on bTV. In the same year, she became the host of the Miss Bulgaria contest together with the actor Kiril Efremov. In the autumn of 2013, Kamelia was again in the role of a TV presenter.The show she hosted was called Mars and Venus and was broadcast on Nova TV. On 31 March 2014, Kamelia's video for the song "It's Criminal" premiered. This was followed by the duet song "Just for a Minute" by Galin and Kamelia, which premiered on 5 September 2014. On 27 October 2014, the singer left Payner for good. Since then, Kamelia has been presenting herself through her own music company: Kams Production OOD. The first song with a video that she presented in 2015 was "Unique". On 17 September her song "Give It Double" appeared.On Christmas day 2015, Kamelia presented her third song of the year, called "Welcome", for which a video had been made. On 5 August 2016, Kamelia released the song "Minute of Life", which became one of the most successful pop-folk songs in the summer of 2016 with over one million views on video-sharing sites. On 23 November 2016, it was announced that Kamelia would be a mentor in the new season of the Voice of Bulgaria in the spring of 2017. Following the success of the Bigmouth, Kamelia received an offer from the production company No Frame media to host her own social talk show on national television TV7. On 8 February 2017, Kamelia's song titled "Teddy Bear" was released, with Alec. It was presented with a slideshow. On 18 July 2017, Kamelia's song titled "Tease Me" was released, which is a duet with Gamza and became one of the hits of the year.On 7 December 2017, the song "Dolls" was released. Almost a year later, on 23 September 2018, her duet with Sasho Roman "Your Name" was released, and became a hit that has about 10 million views. Six months later she remixed the song. On 28 September, the sequel to "Your Name" is about to be released, again with Sasho Roman, named "Hotel of Sin". Advertisements

In September 2005 she appeared in a TV commercial for the diet coffee 'Vita gold'. In September 2006, she was in a TV commercial for the energy drink Tantra. Discography

Studio albums
Fire Girl (1998)
Goldfish (1999)
Something Hot (2002)
There is love (2005)
Erotica (2010)

Compilations
Kiss Me + Best Collection (2006)
Project 13 (2010)
The Golden Hits of Payner 3 - Kamellia (2012)

Singles
"Where Are You" (2001)
"Recharge" (2004)

Video albums
Kamelia Best Video Selection (2005)

Notes

1971 births
Living people
Bulgarian folk-pop singers
Bulgarian television presenters
Bulgarian women television presenters

masks: Kamelia Kamelia Kamelia Kamelia


title: Sergio Galoyan

texts:
<mask> (, born 25 December 1981) is an ASCAP/PRS Award–winning songwriter/producer and DJ, born in Moscow. He is more commonly known as <mask> and is of Armenian descent. One of the creators of the band t.A.T.u., he wrote and produced their first four singles All the Things She Said, Not Gonna Get Us, 30 Minutes, and Show Me Love. He also wrote and produced many other tracks for their first, second and third albums. <mask> has also worked with Keith Flint (The Prodigy), Marilyn Manson, Jennifer Lopez, Valeriya, Clea Halsey and Alsou (on 19). He married t.A.T.u. 's PR manager, Sasha Tityanko, after working on t.A.T.u.'s second album, but they divorced soon after. <mask> is currently concentrating on his solo DJ project under the name of <mask>, which features various vocalists and songwriters from around the world. Discography

As an artist

Singles
 2010: Everything - <mask> (feat. Nire' Alldai)
 2011: Knowing You - <mask> (feat. Tamra Keenan)
 2011: Break The Night In Two - <mask> (feat. Antonio)
 2011: Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish - <mask>
 2012: Paradise - <mask> (feat. Lena Katina)

As a composer/producer
 2001: Ya Soshla S Uma (Я Сошла С Ума) (I've Lost My Mind) - t.A.T.u.2001: Nas Ne Dogonyat (Нас Не Догонят) (Not Gonna Get Us) - t.A.T.u. 2001: 30 Minut (30 Минут) (30 Minutes) (also called Polchasa) - t.A.T.u. 2001: Ya Tvoya Ne Pervaya (Я Твоя Не Первая) (I Am Not Your First) (also called Pokazhi Mne Lyubov) - t.A.T.u. 2001: Mal'chik-Gey (Mальчик-Гей) (Gay Boy) - t.A.T.u. 2002: Not Gonna Get Us - t.A.T.u. 2002: All the Things She Said - t.A.T.u. 2002: Show Me Love - t.A.T.u.2002: 30 Minutes - t.A.T.u. 2002: Malchik Gay - t.A.T.u. 2002: Ya Soshla S Uma - t.A.T.u. 2002: Nas Ne Dogonyat - t.A.T.u. 2005: Cosmos (Outer Space) – t.A.T.u. 2005: Sacrifice – t.A.T.u. 2005: Perfect Enemy – t.A.T.u.2005: Vsya Moya Lyubov (Вся Моя Любовь) – t.A.T.u. 2008: Marsianskie Glaza (Марсианские Глаза) (Martian Eyes) – t.A.T.u. 2008: Wild - Valeriya
 2008: Break it All - Valeriya
 2008: I Know - Valeriya
 2008: Out of Control - Valeriya
 2008: Love Sick - Valeriya
 2008: Here I Am - Valeriya
 2008: No One - Valeriya
 2008: There I’ll Be - Valeriya
 2008: Where Are You? - Valeriya
 2008: Romantic - Valeriya
 2013: Paradise — Lena Katina
 2013: Kosmos — Vintage
 2019: Nightmare — Halsey

Remixes
 2001: Ya Soshla S Uma (Sergio Galoyan Mix) - t.A.T.u. 2002: Dozhd (<mask>yan Mix) - Alsou
 2003: I'm Glad (<mask>yan Mix) - Jennifer Lopez
 2004: Download It (<mask> Dance Edit) - Clea (band)
 2005: This Is the New *hit (<mask>yan Mix) - Marilyn Manson
 2006: No Numbers (<mask>yan Version) - Keith Flint
 2010: Love Dealer (<mask>yan Mix) - Justin Timberlake Feat. Song "Wild" was awarded 21st Place in the American Chart "Billboard" and 11th Place in the British Chart "Music Week"
	2008	Russia/ Release of Single Song "Break It All" performed by Valeria  Top 5 songs in Russia
	2008	Russia/Release of Single Song "I Know" performed by Valeria Top Ten Songs in Russia
	2008	Viva Channel Germany #3 For "All the Things She Said" in The biggest hits ever
	2009	 Received Medal "Talent and Calling" by "International Alliance  Peacemaker" Organization
	2010	Russia/Produced a Single Song "Noch" performed by Jasmin Top Ten Songs in Russia on TV and Radio
	2011	Eastern Europe/Single Song "Sergio Galayan feat. Nire Alldai – "Everything" Top Five on Radio and TV in Russia, Ukraine and Eastern Europe
	2011	Received Medal 2nd Degree for "Talent and Calling" by "International Alliance Peacemaker" Organization
	2011	Received Medal from "Emperor Society of Russia" Organization as a Recognition of Artistic Talent
	2012	United States/Release of Song "Sergio Galayan feat.Tamra  Keenan – Knowing You" in the United States and Rotating on the several radio channels in the United States
	2014 	Olympic Committee of Russian Federation Selected Song "Nas Ne Dogonyat" as Anthem of Russian Olympic Team. Song was played during Opening of Olympic Games in Sochi and During Introduction of the Russian Olympic Team

The same song was selected as an anthem for Russian Olympic Team during the Paralympic Games in Sochi. The same song was selected as an anthem for Russian Hockey Team during International Championships. References

External links

 <mask>'s Official Site
 <mask>'s Official Twitter
 <mask>'s Recordproduction.com video interview
 <mask>'s Resolution magazine interview
 Сергей Галоян - начало творческой карьеры...

1981 births
Living people
Russian record producers
Russian people of Armenian descent
T.A.T.u. Musicians from Moscow
Russian male composers

masks:
Sergey Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Galoyan
Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galo
Sergio Galo
Sergio
Sergio Galo
Sergio Galo
Sergio Galo
Sergio Galoyan
Sergio Galoyan
Galoyan
Galoyan


title: John Carmack

texts:
<mask><mask> II (born August 20, 1970) is an American computer programmer and video game developer. He co-founded the video game company id Software and was the lead programmer of its 1990s games Commander Keen, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, and their sequels. Carmack made innovations in 3D computer graphics, such as his Carmack's Reverse algorithm for shadow volumes. In 2013, he resigned from id to work full-time at Oculus VR, where he served as CTO and later Consulting CTO in 2019. Biography

Early life
Carmack was born in Shawnee Mission, Kansas, the son of local television news reporter <mask>. He grew up in the Kansas City metropolitan area, where he became interested in computers at an early age. He attended Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas and Raytown South High School in nearby Raytown, Missouri.<mask> was introduced to video games with the 1978 shoot 'em up game Space Invaders in the arcades during a summer vacation as a child. The 1980 maze chase arcade game Pac-Man also left a strong impression on him. He cited Nintendo designer Shigeru Miyamoto as the game developer he most admired. As reported in David Kushner's Masters of Doom, when Carmack was 14, he broke into a school to help a group of children steal Apple II computers. To gain entry to the building, Carmack concocted a sticky substance of thermite mixed with Vaseline that melted through the windows. However, an overweight accomplice struggled to get through the hole and instead opened the window, setting off a silent alarm and alerting police. Carmack was arrested and sent for psychiatric evaluation.He was sentenced to a year in a juvenile home. He attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City for two semesters before withdrawing to work as a freelance programmer. Career
Softdisk, a computer company in Shreveport, Louisiana, hired Carmack to work on Softdisk G-S (an Apple IIGS publication), introducing him to <mask> and other future key members of id Software such as <mask> (not related). Later, Softdisk would place this team in charge of a new, but short-lived, bi-monthly game subscription product called  Gamer's Edge for the IBM PC (DOS) platform. In 1990, while still at Softdisk, <mask>, Romero, and others created the first of the Commander Keen games, a series that was published by Apogee Software, under the shareware distribution model, from 1991 onwards. Afterwards, Carmack left Softdisk to co-found id Software. Carmack has pioneered or popularized the use of many techniques in computer graphics, including "adaptive tile refresh" for Commander Keen, ray casting for Hovertank 3D, Catacomb 3-D, and Wolfenstein 3D, binary space partitioning which Doom became the first game to use, surface caching which he invented for Quake, Carmack's Reverse (formally known as z-fail stencil shadows) which he devised for Doom 3, and MegaTexture technology, first used in Enemy Territory: Quake Wars.Quake 3 popularized the fast inverse square root algorithm. Carmack's engines have also been licensed for use in other influential first-person shooters such as Half-Life, Call of Duty and Medal of Honor. In 2007, when Carmack was on vacation with his wife, he ended up playing some games on his cellphone, and decided he was going to make a "good" mobile game. On August 7, 2013, <mask> joined Oculus VR as their CTO. On November 22, 2013, he resigned from id Software to work full-time at Oculus VR. <mask>'s reason for leaving was that id's parent company ZeniMax Media did not want to support Oculus Rift. <mask>'s role at both companies later became central to a ZeniMax lawsuit against Oculus' parent company, Facebook, claiming that Oculus stole ZeniMax's virtual reality intellectual property.The trial jury absolved <mask>ck stated that he and ZeniMax reached an agreement and that "Zenimax has fully satisfied their obligations to me", ending the suit. On November 13, 2019, <mask> announced that he was stepping down from the Oculus CTO role to become a "Consulting CTO" in order to allocate more time to his work on artificial general intelligence (AGI). Armadillo Aerospace

Around 2000, Carmack became interested in rocketry, a hobby of his youth. Reviewing how much money he was spending on customizing Ferraris, He began by giving financial support to a few local amateur engineers. Carmack funded the company, called Armadillo Aerospace, out of his own pocket, for "something north of a million dollars a year."The company of hobbyists made steady progress toward their goals of suborbital space flight and eventual orbital vehicles. In October 2008, Armadillo Aerospace competed in a NASA contest known as the Lunar Lander Challenge, winning first place in the Level 1 competition along with $350,000. In September 2009, they completed Level 2 and were awarded $500,000. The company went into "hibernation mode" in 2013. Open-source software
Carmack is a well-known advocate of open-source software, and has repeatedly voiced his opposition to software patents, equating them to robbery. He has also contributed to open-source projects, such as starting the initial port of the X Window System to Mac OS X Server and working to improve the OpenGL drivers for Linux through the Utah GLX project. Carmack released the source code for Wolfenstein 3D in 1995 and the Doom source code in 1997.When the source code to Quake was leaked and circulated among the Quake community underground in 1996, a programmer unaffiliated with id Software used it to port Quake to Linux, and subsequently sent the patches to Carmack. Instead of pursuing legal action, id Software, at Carmack's behest, used the patches as the foundation for a company-sanctioned Linux port. id Software has since publicly released the source code to Quake, Quake 2, Quake 3 and lastly Doom 3 (and later the BFG Edition), all under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Doom source code was also re-released under the GPL in 1999. The id Tech 4 engine, more commonly known as the "Doom 3 engine", has also been released as open-source license under the GPL. The source code for Hovertank 3D and Catacomb 3D (as well as Carmack's earlier Catacomb) was released in June 2014 by Flat Rock Software with Carmack's blessing. On the other hand, Carmack has several times over the years voiced a skeptical opinion about Linux as a gaming platform; for instance in 2013 he argued for emulation as the "proper technical direction for gaming on Linux" and in 2014 he voiced the opinion that Linux might be the biggest problem for the success of the Steam Machine.Carmack contributes to charities and gaming communities. Some of the recipients of <mask>'s charitable contributions include his former high school, promoters of open-source software, opponents of software patents, and game enthusiasts. Personal life
Carmack was so successful at id that by mid-1994 he had purchased two Ferraris: a 328 and a Ferrari Testarossa. In 1997, he gave away one of his Ferraris (a 328 model) as a prize to Dennis Fong, the winner of the Quake tournament "Red Annihilation". He met his  [at-that-time] wife, Katherine Anna Kang, at the 1997 QuakeCon when she visited id's offices. As a bet, Kang challenged Carmack to sponsor the first All Female Quake Tournament if she was able to produce a significant number of participants. Carmack predicted a maximum of 25 participants, but there were 1,500.<mask> and Kang married on January 1, 2000, and planned a ceremony in Hawaii. Steve Jobs requested that they would postpone the ceremony so he could attend the MacWorld Expo on January 5, 2000. Carmack declined and suggested making a video instead. Carmack and his wife had a son in 2004. Carmack has a blog last updated in 2006 (previously a .plan), an active Twitter account, and also occasionally posts comments to Slashdot. Carmack changed his married status to divorced on December 30, 2021  He changed it to 'in a relationship' on February 24th, 2022. As a game developer, Carmack differed from many of his contemporaries by avoiding commitment to a final release date for any game he was developing.Instead, when asked for a release date on a new game, Carmack would usually reply that the game would be released "when it's done". In 2019, as a guest on the Joe Rogan podcast, Carmack stated that his beliefs have changed over time: "I largely recant from that now." On Rage 6-year development time he says: "I think we should have done whatever it would have taken to ship it 2 years earlier". Carmack also reflects on the internal development of Quake in this regard and describes it as "traumatic" and says id Software could have split the game into two parts and shipped it earlier. Employees at Apogee, in their past years the publishers of games by id Software, adopted this business practice as well. Carmack supported the 2012 presidential campaign of Libertarian Ron Paul. Carmack is an atheist.During a conversation with Joe Rogan, Carmack revealed that he had trained Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and Judo for several years as a hobby. During his time at id Software, a medium pepperoni pizza would arrive for Carmack from Domino's Pizza almost every day, carried by the same delivery person for more than 15 years. Carmack had been such a regular customer that they continued to charge him 1995 prices. On occasion he has commended the efforts of similarly focused programmers – first Ken Silverman, who wrote the Build engine for 3D Realms, and later with Tim Sweeney of Epic Games, who wrote the Unreal Engine. Recognition
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="10% | Date !! width="30%" class="unsortable" | Award !!width="60%" class="unsortable" | Description
|-
|
| Named among the most influential people in computer gaming of the year and of all time
| #1 and #2 in GameSpots lists. |-
|
|Named among the most influential people of all time
|#7 in Computer Gaming World list, for game design. |-
|
| Named among the 50 most influential people in technology
| #10 in Time'''s list. |-
|
| Award for community contribution for the Quake 3 engine
| Used in 12 games. Bestowed at 2001 Game Developer's Conference Award Ceremony. |-
|
| Inducted into Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences' Hall of Fame
| The fourth person to be inducted, an honor bestowed upon those who have made revolutionary and innovative achievements in the video and computer game industry. |-
|
| Named to the MIT Technology Review TR100
| Included as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.|-
|
| One subject of book Masters of Doom| Masters of Doom is a chronicle of id Software and its founders. |-
|
| Name in film
| The film Doom featured a character named Dr. Carmack, in recognition of Carmack who co-created the original game. |-
|
| Added to the Walk of Game
| Walk of Game is an event that recognizes the developers and games with the most impact on the industry. |-
|
| Awarded 2 Emmy Awards
| <mask> and id Software were awarded with two Emmy Awards. The first was Science, Engineering & Technology for Broadcast Television, which includes broadcast, cable and satellite distribution. The second was for Science, Engineering and Technology for Broadband and Personal Television, encompassing interactive television, gaming technology, and for the first time, the Internet, cell phones, private networks, and personal media players. id Software is the first independent game developer to be awarded an Emmy since the Academy began honoring technology innovation in 1948.|-
|
| Television appearance
| Appeared on Discovery Channel Canada Daily Planet featuring his rocket designs along with the Armadillo Aerospace team. |-
|
| Honored
| <mask> was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for Quake's pioneering role of user modifiability. He is the only game programmer ever honored twice by the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, having been given an Emmy Award in 2007 for his creation of the 3D technology that underlies modern shooter video games. Along with Don Daglow of Stormfront Studios and Mike Morhaime of Blizzard Entertainment, <mask>'s Armadillo Aerospace won the $350,000 Level One X-Prize Lunar Lander Challenge. |-
|
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| Was awarded the Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement award for his work. |-
|
|BAFTA Fellowship Award
|Honoured with the Academy's highest honour, the Fellowship for "work that has consistently been at the cutting edge of games and his technical expertise helping the future arrive that little bit faster".|-
|
|Honorary Doctorate
|Received a Doctor of Engineering Honoris Causa from the University of Missouri, Kansas City for "his work in cutting edge tech & comp sci". |}

Games

References

Further reading
 Kushner, David (2003). Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture'', New York: Random House.  . External links

1970 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century atheists
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century atheists
Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame inductees
American aerospace businesspeople
American aerospace designers
American aerospace engineers
American atheists
American computer businesspeople
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American software engineers
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
American video game designers
American video game programmers
Businesspeople from Kansas
Businesspeople from Texas
BAFTA fellows
Emmy Award winners
Facebook employees
Free software programmers
Id Software people
People from Heath, Texas
People from Johnson County, Kansas
Texas Libertarians
Virtual reality pioneers
Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award recipients

masks:
John D
. Carmack
Stan Carmack
Carmack
John Romero
Adrian Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmackmackma
Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmack
Carmackmack