title: Stanisław August Poniatowski

texts:
 a threat to their Golden Freedoms.This faction was supported by the Czartoryski family, but not by <mask>, who proved to be quite adept at making the Council follow his wishes. This marked the formation of new anti-royal and pro-royal factions in Polish politics. The royal faction was made up primarily of people indebted to the King, who planned to build their careers on service to him. Few were privy to his plans for reforms, which were kept hidden from the conservative opposition and Russia. <mask> scored a political victory during the Sejm of 1776, which further strengthened the council. Chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski was tasked with the codification of the Polish law, a project that became known as the Zamoyski Code. Russia supported some, but not all, of the 1776 reforms, and to prevent <mask> from growing too powerful, it supported the opposition during the Sejm of 1778.This marked the end of <mask>'s reforms, as he found himself without sufficient support to carry them through. The Great Sejm and the Constitution of 3 May 1791
In the 1780s, Catherine appeared to favour Poniatowski marginally over the opposition, but she did not support any of his plans for significant reform. Despite repeated attempts, <mask> failed to confederate the sejms, which would have made them immune to the liberum veto. Thus, although he had a majority in the Sejms, Poniatowski was unable to pass even the smallest reform. The Zamoyski Code was rejected by the Sejm of 1780, and opposition attacks on the King dominated the Sejms of 1782 and 1786. Reforms became possible again in the late 1780s. In the context of the wars being waged against the Ottoman Empire by both the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire, Poniatowski tried to draw Poland into the Austro-Russian alliance, seeing a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth.Catherine gave permission for the next Sejm to be called, as she considered some form of limited military alliance with Poland against the Ottomans might be useful. The Polish-Russian alliance was not implemented, as in the end the only acceptable compromise proved unattractive to both sides. However, in the ensuing Four-Year Sejm of 1788–92 (known as the Great Sejm), <mask> threw his lot in with the reformers associated with the Patriotic Party of <mask> Małachowski, Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj, and co-authored the Constitution of 3 May 1791. The Constitution introduced sweeping reforms. According to Jacek Jędruch, the Constitution, despite its liberal provisions, "fell somewhere below the French, above the Canadian, and left the General State Laws for the Prussian States (in German: Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten) far behind", but was "no match for the American Constitution". George Sanford notes that the Constitution gave Poland "a constitutional monarchy close to the English model of the time." According to a contemporary account, <mask> himself described it, as "founded principally on those of England and the United States of America, but avoiding the faults and errors of both, and adapted as much as possible to the local and particular circumstances of the country."The Constitution of 3 May remained to the end a work in progress. A new civil and criminal code (provisionally called the "Stanisław Augustus Code") was among the proposals. Poniatowski also planned a reform to improve the situation of Polish Jews. In foreign policy, spurned by Russia, Poland turned to another potential ally, the Triple Alliance, represented on the Polish diplomatic scene primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, which led to the formation of the ultimately futile Polish–Prussian alliance. The pro-Prussian shift was not supported by <mask>, who nevertheless acceded to the decision of the majority of Sejm deputies. The passing of the Constitution of 3 May, although officially applauded by Frederick William II of Prussia, who sent a congratulatory note to Warsaw, caused further worry in Prussia. The contacts of Polish reformers with the revolutionary French National Assembly were seen by Poland's neighbours as evidence of a conspiracy and a threat to their absolute monarchies.Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting in a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition; a similar sentiment was later expressed by Prussian Foreign Minister, Count Friedrich Wilhelm von der Schulenburg-Kehnert. Russia's wars with the Ottomans and Sweden having ended, Catherine was furious over the adoption of the Constitution, which threatened Russian influence in Poland. One of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, upon learning of the Constitution, commented that "the worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign." War in Defence of the Constitution and fall of the Commonwealth

Shortly thereafter, conservative Polish nobility formed the Targowica Confederation to overthrow the Constitution, which they saw as a threat to the traditional freedoms and privileges they enjoyed. The confederates aligned themselves with Russia's Catherine the Great, and the Russian army entered Poland, marking the start of the Polish–Russian War of 1792, also known as the War in Defence of the Constitution. The Sejm voted to increase the Polish Army to 100,000 men, but due to insufficient time and funds this number was never achieved. Poniatowski and the reformers could field only a 37,000-man army, many of them untested recruits.This army, under the command of the King's nephew Józef <mask> and Tadeusz Kościuszko, managed to defeat the Russians or fight them to a draw on several occasions. Following the victorious Battle of Zieleńce, in which Polish forces were commanded by his nephew, the King founded a new order, the Order of Virtuti Militari, to reward Poles for exceptional military leadership and courage in combat. Despite Polish requests, Prussia refused to honour its alliance obligations. In the end, the numerical superiority of the Russians was too great, and defeat looked inevitable. <mask>'s attempts at negotiations with Russia proved futile. In July 1792, when Warsaw was threatened with siege by the Russians, the king came to believe that surrender was the only alternative to total defeat. Having received assurances from Russian ambassador Yakov Bulgakov that no territorial changes would occur, a cabinet of ministers called the Guard of Laws (or Guardians of Law, ) voted eight to four in favor of surrender.On 24 July 1792, Poniatowski joined the Targowica Confederation. The Polish Army disintegrated. Many reform leaders, believing their cause lost, went into self-exile, although they hoped that Poniatowski would be able to negotiate an acceptable compromise with the Russians, as he had done in the past. Poniatowski had not saved the Commonwealth, however. He and the reformers had lost much of their influence, both within the country and with Catherine. Neither were the Targowica Confederates victorious. To their surprise, there ensued the Second Partition of Poland.With the new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, the Grodno Sejm took place. On 23 November 1793, it annulled all acts of the Great Sejm, including the Constitution. Faced with his powerlessness, Poniatowski once again considered abdication; in the meantime he tried to salvage whatever reforms he could. Final years

<mask>'s plans had been ruined by the Kościuszko Uprising. The King had not encouraged it, but once it began he supported it, seeing no other honourable option. Its defeat marked the end of the Commonwealth. Poniatowski tried to govern the country in the brief period after the fall of the Uprising, but on 2 December 1794, Catherine demanded he leave Warsaw, a request to which he acceded on 7 January 1795, leaving the capital under Russian military escort and settling briefly in Grodno.On 24 October 1795, the Act of the final, Third Partition of Poland was signed. One month and one day later, on 25 November, <mask> signed his abdication. Reportedly, his sister, Ludwika Maria Zamoyska and her daughter also his favourite niece, Urszula Zamoyska, who had been threatened with confiscation of their property, had contributed to persuading him to sign the abdication: they feared that his refusal would lead to a Russian confiscation of their properties and their ruin. Catherine died on 17 November 1796, succeeded by her son, Paul I of Russia. On 15 February 1797, <mask> left for Saint Petersburg. He had hoped to be allowed to travel abroad, but was unable to secure permission to do so. A virtual prisoner in St. Petersburg's Marble Palace, he subsisted on a pension granted to him by Catherine.Despite financial troubles, he still supported some of his former allies, and continued to try to represent the Polish cause at the Russian court. He also worked on his memoirs. <mask> died of a stroke on 12 February 1798. Paul I sponsored a royal state funeral, and on 3 March he was buried at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg. In 1938, when the Soviet Union planned to demolish the Church, his remains were transferred to the Second Polish Republic and interred in a church at Wołczyn, his birthplace. This was done in secret and caused controversy in Poland when the matter became known. In 1990, due to the poor state of the Wołczyn church (then in the Byelorussian SSR), his body was once more exhumed and was brought to Poland, to St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw, where on 3 May 1791 he had celebrated the adoption of the Constitution that he had coauthored.A third funeral ceremony was held on 14 February 1995. Legacy

Patron of culture

<mask> <mask> has been called the Polish Enlightenment's most important patron of the arts. His cultural projects were attuned to his socio-political aims of overthrowing the myth of the Golden Freedoms and the traditional ideology of Sarmatism. His weekly "Thursday Dinners" were considered the most scintillating social functions in the Polish capital. He founded Warsaw's National Theatre, Poland's first public theatre, and sponsored an associated Ballet schoolsballet school. He remodeled Ujazdów Palace and the Royal Castle in Warsaw, and erected the elegant Łazienki (Royal Baths) Palace in Warsaw's Łazienki, Park. He involved himself deeply in the detail of his architectural projects, and his eclectic style has been dubbed the "Stanisław August style" by Polish art historian Władysław Tatarkiewicz.His chief architects included Domenico Merlini and Jan Kammsetzer. He was also patron to numerous painters. They included Poles such as his protégée, Anna Rajecka and Franciszek Smuglewicz, Jan Bogumił Plersch, son of Jan Jerzy Plersch, Józef Wall, and Zygmunt Vogel, as well as foreign painters including, Marcello Bacciarelli, Bernardo Bellotto, Jean Pillement, Ludwik Marteau, and Per Krafft the Elder. His retinue of sculptors, headed by André-Jean Lebrun, included Giacomo Monaldi, Franz Pinck, and Tommaso Righi. Jan Filip Holzhaeusser was his court engraver and the designer of many commemorative medals. According to a 1795 inventory, <mask> <mask>'s art collection, spread among numerous buildings, contained 2,889 pieces, including works by Rembrandt, Rubens, and van Dyck. His plan to create a large gallery of paintings in Warsaw was disrupted by the dismemberment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Most of the paintings that he had ordered for it can now be seen in London's Dulwich Picture Gallery. <mask> also planned to found an Academy of Fine Arts, but this finally came about only after his abdication and departure from Warsaw. Poniatowski accomplished much in the realm of education and literature. He established the School of Chivalry, also called the "Cadet Corps", which functioned from 1765 to 1794 and whose alumni included Tadeusz Kościuszko. He supported the creation of the Commission of National Education, considered to be the world's first Ministry of Education. In 1765 he helped found the Monitor, one of the first Polish newspapers and the leading periodical of the Polish Enlightenment. He sponsored many articles that appeared in the Monitor.Writers and poets who received his patronage included, <mask> Trembecki, Franciszek Salezy Jezierski, Franciszek Bohomolec and Franciszek Zabłocki. He also supported publishers including, Piotr Świtkowski, and library owners such as Józef Lex. He supported the development of the sciences, particularly cartography; he hired a personal cartographer, Karol de Perthees, even before he was elected king. A plan he initiated to map the entire territory of the Commonwealth, however, was never finished. At the Royal Castle in Warsaw, he organized an astronomical observatory and supported astronomers Jan Śniadecki and Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt. He also sponsored historical studies, including the collection, cataloging and copying of historical manuscripts. He encouraged publications of biographies of famous Polish historical figures, and sponsored paintings and sculptures of them.For his contributions to the arts and sciences, <mask> was awarded in 1766 a royal Fellowship of the Royal Society, where he became the first royal Fellow outside British royalty. In 1778 he was awarded fellowship of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1791 of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He also supported the development of industry and manufacturing, areas in which the Commonwealth lagged behind most of Western Europe. Among the endeavours in which he invested were the manufacture of cannons and firearms and the mining industry. Poniatowski himself left several literary works: his memoirs, some political brochures and recorded speeches from the Sejm. He was considered a great orator and a skilled conversationalist. Conflicting assessments
King <mask> <mask> remains a controversial figure.In Polish historiography and in popular works, he has been criticized or marginalized by authors such as, Szymon Askenazy, Joachim Lelewel, Jerzy Łojek whom Andrzej Zahorski describes as <mask>'s most vocal critic among modern historians, Tadeusz Korzon, Karol Zyszewski and Krystyna Zienkowska; whereas more neutral

masks:
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Stanisław
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Poniatowski
Stanisław
August Poniatowski
Stanisław
August
Poniatowski
Stanisław
Poniatowski
Stanisław
Augustus
Poniatowski


title: Stanisław August Poniatowski

type: original

texts:
 or positive views have been expressed by Paweł Jasienica, Walerian Kalinka, Władysław Konopczyński, <mask> Mackiewicz, Emanuel Rostworowski and <mask> Wasylewski. When elected to the throne, he was seen by many as simply an "instrument for displacing the somnolent Saxons from the throne of Poland", yet as the British historian, Norman Davies notes, "he turned out to be an ardent patriot, and a convinced reformer." Still, according to many, his reforms did not go far enough, leading to accusations that he was being overly cautious, even indecisive, a fault to which he himself admitted. His decision to rely on Russia has been often criticized. Poniatowski saw Russia as a "lesser evil" – willing to support the notional "independence" of a weak Poland within the Russian sphere of influence. However, in the event Russia imposed the Partitions of Poland rather than choose to support internal reform. He was accused by others of weakness and subservience, even of treason, especially in the years following the Second Partition.During the Kościuszko Uprising, there were rumours that Polish Jacobins had been planning a coup d'état and <mask>'s assassination. Another line of criticism alleged poor financial management on his part. Poniatowski actually had little personal wealth. Most of his income came from Crown Estates and monopolies. His lavish patronage of the arts and sciences was a major drain on the royal treasury. He also supported numerous public initiatives, and attempted to use the royal treasury to cover the state's expenses when tax revenues were insufficient. The Sejm promised several times to compensate his treasury to little practical effect.Nonetheless contemporary critics frequently accused him of being a spendthrift. Andrzej Zahorski dedicated a book to a discussion of Poniatowski, The Dispute over Stanisław August (Spór o Stanisława Augusta, Warsaw, 1988). He notes that the discourse concerning Poniatowski is significantly coloured by the fact that he was the last King of Poland – the King who failed to save the country. This failure, and his prominent position, rendered him a convenient scapegoat for many. Zahorski argues that Poniatowski made the error of joining the Targowica Confederation. Although he wanted to preserve the integrity of the Polish state, it was far too late for that – he succeeded instead in cementing the damage to his own reputation for succeeding centuries. Remembrance

Poniatowski has been the subject of numerous biographies and many works of art.Voltaire, who saw Poniatowski as a model reformist, based his character, King Teucer in the play Les Lois de Minos (1772) on Poniatowski. At least 58 contemporary poems were dedicated to him or praised him. Since then, he has been a major character in many works of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, in the Rok 1794 trilogy by Władysław <mask> Reymont, in the novels of Tadeusz Łopalewski, and in the dramas of Ignacy Grabowski, Tadeusz Miciński, Roman Brandstaetter and Bogdan Śmigielski. He is discussed in Luise Mühlbach's novel Joseph II and His Court, and appears in Jane Porter's 1803 novel, Thaddeus of Warsaw. On screen he has been played by Wieńczysław Gliński in the 1976 3 Maja directed by Grzegorz Królikiewicz. He appears in a Russian TV series. Poniatowski is depicted in numerous portraits, medals and coins.He is prominent in Jan Matejko's work, especially in the 1891 painting, Constitution of 3 May 1791 and in another large canvas, Rejtan, and in his series of portraits of Polish monarchs. A bust of Poniatowski was unveiled in Łazienki Palace in 1992. A number of cities in Poland have streets named after him, including Kraków and Warsaw. Family
Poniatowski never married. In his youth, he had loved his cousin Elżbieta Czartoryska, but her father <mask> Czartoryski disapproved because he did not think him influential or rich enough. When this was no longer an issue, she was already married. His pacta conventa specified that he should marry a Polish noblewoman, although he himself always hoped to marry into some royal family.Upon his accession to the throne, he had hopes of marrying Catherine II, writing to her on 2 November 1763 in a moment of doubt, "If I desired the throne, it was because I saw you on it." When she made it clear through his envoy Rzewuski that she would not marry him, there were hopes of an Austrian archduchess, Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808). A marriage to Princess Sophia Albertina of Sweden was suggested despite the religious differences, but this match was opposed by his sisters, Ludwika Maria Poniatowska and Izabella Poniatowska, and nothing came of it. The ceremonial role of queen and hostess of his court was played by his favourite niece, Urszula Zamoyska. A few historians believe that he later contracted a secret marriage with Elżbieta Szydłowska. However, according to Wirydianna Fiszerowa, a contemporary who knew them both, this rumour only spread after the death of Poniatowski, was generally disbelieved, and moreover, was circulated by Elżbieta herself, so the marriage is considered by most to be unlikely. He had several notable lovers, including Elżbieta Branicka, who acted as his political adviser and financier,  and had children with two of them.With Magdalena Agnieszka Sapieżyna (1739–1780), he became the father of Konstancja Żwanowa (1768–1810) and Michał Cichocki (1770–1828). With Elżbieta Szydłowska (1748–1810), he became the father of <mask> Konopnicy-Grabowski (1780–1845), Michał Grabowski (1773–1812), Kazimierz Grabowski (1770-? ), Konstancja Grabowska and Izabela Grabowska (1776–1858). Issue

Titles, honours and arms

The English translation of the Polish text of the 1791 Constitution gives his title as Stanisław August, by the grace of God and the will of the people, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Duke of Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlasie, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernihiv. National
 : Order of the White Eagle (1756)
 : Order of Saint Stanislaus (1765)
 : Order of Virtuti Militari (1792)

Foreign
  Prussia: Order of the Black Eagle (5 April 1764)
 : Order of Saint Andrew (1764)
 : Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky (1797)

See also
 History of Poland (1569–1795)
 Poles in the United Kingdom
 Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning

Notes

a  Sources vary as to whether Konstancja Grabowska and Kazimierz Grabowski were <mask>'s children. They are listed as such by several sources, including Jerzy Michalski's article on <mask> <mask> in the Polish Biographical Dictionary. However, Marek Jerzy Minakowski's website on descendants of Great Sejm participants lists neither Kazimierz Grabowski nor Konstancja Grabowska as Poniatowski's children; and for Elżbieta Szydłowska, it lists only Kazimierz Grabowski as Jan Jerzy Grabowski's child.References

Further reading

Bibliography
 Marek Żukow-Karczewski, <mask> <mask> w Petersburgu (Stanisław August in Saint Petersburg), "Życie Literackie", No. 43, 1987, p. 1, 6. External links

 Biography at www.lazienki-krolewskie.pl (Official page of the Royal Łazienki Museum in Warsaw)
 <mask>, in: The Historical Geography of the Ciołek clan AD

masks:
Stanisław
Stanisław
Poniatowski
Stanisław
August Aleksander
Stanisław
Poniatowski
Stanisław
August Poniatowski
Stanisław
August
Poniatowski


title: Memphis Pal Moore

texts:
Memphis Pal <mask>, born <mask>, was an American boxer from Memphis, who claimed the World Bantamweight Championship in 1918 defeating championship claimant Johnny Ertle in Baltimore. He was rated as the seventeenth best bantamweight of all time by boxing.com, and was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2010. Managed by Tommy Walsh, <mask> fought over 200 fights. He fought over thirty bouts with fifteen world champions, of which he impressively won nineteen. Boxing record

Early boxing career
<mask> was born on July 28, 1894, in Kenton, Tennessee. Beginning in 1913 in the Memphis area, he was undefeated in his first 10 fights. On March 25, 1915, <mask> defeated Italian boxer Young Zulu Kid in a ten-round points decision in New Orleans, Louisiana.He would defeat the talented Zulu Kid two more times, on January 13, 1916, in an eight-round points decision in his hometown of Memphis and on August 5, 1916, in a ten-round newspaper decision in Brooklyn. On October 28, 1915, <mask> defeated gifted boxer Kid Williams decisively in a non-title, eight-round newspaper decision of The Washington Post. Williams was down twice in the bout. Williams had taken the World Bantamweight Championship in June 1914 and held it through 1917. As early as 1915, <mask> had clearly identified himself as a top bantamweight and a serious contender for the World Bantamweight Championship, but he would be granted precious few shots at the title. Defeating future bantamweight champion Pete Herman in early career

On November 15, 1915, <mask> defeated Pete Herman for the first time in an eight-round points decision in Memphis, Tennessee. On March 24, 1919, <mask> likely defeated Herman again according to the eight-round newspaper decision of the Memphis Commercial Appeal on March 24, 1919, at the New Lyric Theatre in Memphis.The bout was not recorded as a title match, but the title may have changed hands if <mask> had knocked out Herman. Herman held the World Bantamweight Championship almost continuously from January 1917 through September 1921 excluding the first seven months of 1921. Surprisingly, <mask> never had the opportunity to challenge Herman again for the World Bantamweight Title. On February 20, 1917, <mask> first met Jack "Kid" Wolfe, losing in a fourth-round technical knockout in Cleveland, Ohio. <mask> claimed he had broken his arm in the bout. Four months later, after healing, on June 18 of that year <mask> defeated Wolfe in an eight-round points decision in his home of Memphis. On May 3, 1920, <mask> would defeat Wolfe again in an eighth round points decision at the Southern Athletic Club in Memphis.In his career, Wolfe would take a version of the Jr. Featherweight Championship in September 1922 against Joe Lynch, thought the NYSAC did not recognize the title. <mask> fought Frankie Burns in Boston to a draw on July 24, 1917, and in a loss by decision on August 2, 1918, in Jersey City, New Jersey. Burns was a top-ranked bantamweight and would contend four times for the World Bantamweight Championship between 1912 and 1917. First bouts with Joe Lynch 1917-8
On October 27, 1917, <mask> first met Joe Lynch, drawing with him in ten rounds at the Fairmont Athletic Club in the Bronx. On December 21, 1917, he lost to Lynch at Thornton, Rhode Island in a twelve-round points decision. On January 11, 1918, he legitimately defeated Lynch in a twelve-round points decision in Providence. Boxing and serving with the US Navy at Great Lakes Station around WWI
He honed his boxing skills while serving as a sailor in the United States Navy.He served as a boxing instructor while in the Navy. He was selected as a boxing representative and sent to England for a tournament of the Allied nations after the end of World War I. He served at the historic Great Lakes Naval Station outside Chicago, and completed his service shortly after 1919. Claiming the World Bantamweight Championship, Johnny Ertle, April 1918
<mask> fought Johnny Ertle claimant of the World Bantamweight championship in Baltimore on April 10, 1918, defeating Ertle by decision. The Indianapolis News wrote that <mask> had taken the decision with "great ease". <mask> claimed the World Bantamweight Championship as a result of this win, but was not universally recognized to have held the title and is not recognized today. <mask> had first defeated Ertle in a controversial eight-round decision on April 5, 1916, in Memphis.ISBA Allied Forces King's Trophy Bantamweight Competition

<mask> fought Jimmy Wilde on July 17, 1919, in London, while still in the Navy. The bout was part of the Finals for the ISBA King's Trophy Bantamweight Competition. <mask> won by decision and took the King's Bantamweight Trophy by some American accounts, but officially lost the decision according to the British referee and judges present at the bout. Wilde was the Welsh-born World Flyweight Champion impressively for seven years from 1916-1923, and held the title at the time of his bout with <mask>. Match with French champion Eugene Criqui, December 1919
On December 26, 1919, while still serving in the US Navy, <mask> defeated the great French boxer Eugene Criqui at the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington, London in a fourteenth-round technical knockout. According to the Scranton Republican, Criqui was "severely trounced" and the blow that ended the battle was a right hook to the stomach, which the referee did not call as a low blow. The audience contained a number of Americans, including <mask>'s fellow navy companions.Criqui would hold the French Featherweight Title in 1921, the European Featherweight Title in 1922, and the World Featherweight Title in 1923. On March 19, 1920, he defeated Johnny Buff in an eighth-round newspaper decision of the Wilkes-Barre Times Leader. Buff would take the World Bantamweight Championship on September 23, 1921. In another meeting, on December 15, 1921, <mask> defeated Buff in a ten-round newspaper decision of the Milwaukee Journal in Milwaukee. Bouts with 1920-21 World Bantamweight Champion Joe Lynch, most frequent opponent
Joe Lynch was <mask>'s most frequent opponent, meeting him ten times. Fortunately for Lynch, he never fought a title bout with <mask> based on points during Lynch's reign as bantamweight champion, but this was common during boxing's "no decision" era. On May 24, 1920, <mask> lost to Joe Lynch in the decision of The Jersey Journal in twelve rounds at Jersey City, New Jersey.The Journal wrote that <mask> slapped with his gloves, a tactic that sometimes lost him points in his fights, but that Lynch landed clean punches, giving him nine of the twelve rounds. Nonetheless, <mask> was observed as having put up a game fight, pressing the issue throughout the bout. Other sources considered the bout slightly closer. On October 26, 1920, <mask> drew with Lynch according to the newspapers in St. Louis. <mask>'s holding cost him the decision as he carried the fight to his opponent in nearly every round. On May 6, 1921, <mask> defeated Lynch in twelve by decision of the Courier Journal in Louisville, Kentucky. Other newspapers considered the bout too close to call, as in the twelfth round Lynch, reigning champion, tried hard to knockout <mask>, and effectively used his left jab throughout.Many spectators considered the bout the best between <mask> and Lynch. On September 4, 1922, the newspapers gave a twelve-round decision to Lynch in Indiana before a significant crowd of 8,000. In this instance, Lynch had a decisive victory, knocking <mask> to the canvas twice in the seventh round, for counts of six and four. Jack Dempsey fought an exhibition in the first match before the crowded house. On November 27, 1923, <mask> defeated Lynch by a ten-round newspaper decision in St. Louis, though the match was considered close and dull by most newspaper accounts. Lynch may have dealt a few blows which connected, but <mask>'s boxing and scientific defense did not seem as stellar as in his earlier career. On February 24, 1926, <mask> drew with Lynch in a ten-round points decision in Ft. Lauderdale, though a few newspapers gave <mask> the edge.On March 4, 1926, the Miami Daily News gave the decision to <mask> in Miami. Many in the crowd jeered the boxers. <mask> fought Johnny Gannon  who was the bantamweight champion of the U.S. Army on March 16, 1921, to a ten-round draw in Rockford, Illinois. <mask> fought Kid Pancho in Memphis, winning by decision. Bouts with champion Sammy Mandell, 1921-2

On August 26, 1921, <mask> first met Sammy Mandell in Aurora Illinois, losing in a ten-round newspaper decision of the Aurora Daily Star. The bout was the main event of the evening. The Logansport Pharos Tribune believed Mandell may have had the edge in the fairly close bout but noted that "<mask> displayed the greater cleverness and landed the most blows", but "Mandell's hitting was more effective".Mandell's strong display in the bout gained him notice a number of boxing reporters. He drew with Mandell in a newspaper decision in Memphis on July 4, 1922. In the fast bout, Mandell had a slight weight advantage and was considered the better puncher which forced <mask> to use his speed and science to outbox his opponent. The bout was described as exciting with "The men...on their toes and slugging from the beginning until the end of the bout." The referee present said if he had called the decision, he would have ruled for a draw. Mandell took the World Lightweight Championship on July 3, 1926, and held it for four years. Bouts with Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor June 1922-January 1923
<mask> fought Bud Taylor, holder of the NBA World Bantamweight Championship 1927-8, in four career bouts.<mask> was diagnosed with pneumonia around February 9, 1922, and three weeks rest was recommended. <mask>'s first match with Taylor was a newspaper win by the Aurora Daily Star in Illinois in ten rounds on June 23, 1922. As was not unusual in this stage of <mask>'s career, he was described as having performed a shade better in his boxing technique, but Taylor was described as landing more solid blows, though the bout was close. The second, <mask> won by ten-round newspaper decision of the Chicago Tribune on the USS Commodore (IX-7) off Chicago on December 22, 1922. The third was a ten-round draw by newspaper decision in Indiana on January 15, 1923. Shortly after this bout, <mask> expressed his intention to go after the World Flyweight Championship and perhaps face Pancho Villa, but a World Flyweight Championship Match never materialized for <mask>. <mask> drew in their fourth meeting on February 13, 1923, in Indianapolis by  a ten-round newspaper decision of two Indianapolis papers.Once again, one source described Taylor as having connected with more blows in the close bout. The bout was described as a "whale of a battle from start to finish", with each boxer exchanging the lead, though Taylor was described as landing more blows by several newspapers. <mask> also fought Frankie Genaro on April 23, 1923, in Chicago but lost in a sixth-round DQ. The New York Times said the foul was an accidental upper cut to the groin. The foul seemed unintentional as one account wrote that Genaro had jumped six inches off the floor into the punch. According to the El Paso Herald, <mask>'s loss by foul was his first in eleven years of fighting. Genaro would take the NBA World Flyweight Championship on February 6, 1926, and hold it almost continuously until October 1931.On December 9, 1924, <mask> met the incomparable boxer Jimmy McLarnin before a packed house in Vernon, California, drawing in a four-round points decision. The "wild" bout was described as having abundant action and each boxer was given two rounds. <mask> was said to confuse his opponent with his "jumping jack" tactics, but had trouble landing solid blows. <mask> was known to prance and sometimes jump from the floor in his bouts. The Los Angeles Times wrote that <mask> introduced his own variation of the "kangaroo leap", and that he delivered frequent open gloved slaps to the back of McLarnin's neck, but was adept at keeping out of reach at long range in the close bout. McLarnin would hold multiple weight division world titles in his career. On July 12, 1927, <mask> lost to reigning World Flyweight Champion Fidel LaBarba before a crowd of 18,000, at Wrigley Field, in Chicago, Illinois in a ten-round points decision.A few newspapers said LaBarba had a clear victory, or that he landed cleaner, stiffer punches, against <mask> who threw punches from every angle. There were no knockdowns in the bout, nor obvious injuries. Retirement from boxing, death and honors
<mask> retired from boxing in 1930 after his last bout with Leroy Dougan in Memphis. He died on March 15, 1953, reportedly from a stomach ulcer and a severe asthmatic condition that may have forced him from his ring career. He received twelve decisions over champions in his weight class, but each match was a no-decision bout, and received only newspaper decisions, rather than a points decision for a title. <mask> defeated Kid Williams, Joe Lynch, Pete Herman, and Johhny Buff by newspaper decision, and each held the Bantamweight Championship in their career. In 2010, <mask> <mask> was selected to join the International Boxing Hall of Fame.Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated. Official record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. References

External links
 http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php?title=Human:12311
 http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=12311&cat=boxer
 http://www.boxingscene.com/?m=show&id=21812 Top 25 Bantamweights of All Time

1894 births
1953 deaths
Boxers from Tennessee
Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
People from Kenton, Tennessee
American male boxers
Bantamweight boxers

masks:
Moore
Thomas Wilson Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Pal
Moore


title: Jan Davis

texts:
<mask> (; born November 1, 1953) is a former American astronaut. A veteran of three space flights, <mask> logged over 673 hours in space. She is now retired from NASA. Early life
<mask> was born in Cocoa Beach, Florida, but considers Huntsville, Alabama, to be her hometown. The former spouse of astronaut Mark C. Lee, she is currently married to Judge Schuyler Richardson. Education
She graduated from Huntsville High School in 1971, received a Bachelor of Science degree in applied biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1975 and another in mechanical engineering from Auburn University in 1977. She received a Master of Science degree in 1983 and a doctorate in 1985, both in mechanical engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.Awards
She has been awarded the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal in 1998, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1995 and 2002, and the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1992, 1994, and 1997, the NASA Fellowship for Full-Time Study in 1983, the ASME National Old Guard Prize in 1978, the ASME Ralph Coates Roe Medal in 2001. She has been inducted to the Alabama Aviation Hall of Fame, the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame, and the Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive. Engineering career
After graduating from Auburn University in 1977, <mask> joined Texaco in Bellaire, Texas, working as a petroleum engineer in tertiary oil recovery. She left there in 1979 to work for NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center as an aerospace engineer. In 1986, she was named as team leader in the Structural Analysis Division, and her team was responsible for the structural analysis and verification of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the HST maintenance mission, and the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility. In 1987, she was also assigned to be the lead engineer for the redesign of the solid rocket booster external tank attach ring. <mask> did her graduate research at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, studying the long-term strength of pressure vessels due to the viscoelastic characteristics of filament-wound composites.She holds one patent, has authored several technical papers, and is a Registered Professional Engineer. Astronaut career
<mask> became an astronaut in June 1987. Her first assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for Space Shuttle payloads. Following this, <mask> was a CAPCOM in Mission Control, responsible for communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, <mask> served as the Astronaut Office representative for the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and International Space Station payloads. A veteran of three space flights, <mask> has logged over 673 hours in space.She flew as a mission specialist on STS-47 in 1992 and STS-60 in 1994, and was the payload commander on STS-85 in 1997. STS-47
STS-47, Spacelab-J, was the 50th Space Shuttle mission. Launched on September 12, 1992, this cooperative venture between the United States and Japan conducted 43 experiments in life sciences and materials processing. During the eight-day mission, she was responsible for operating Spacelab and its subsystems and performing a variety of experiments. <mask>'s then-husband Mark C. Lee was payload commander on STS-47. After completing 126 orbits of the Earth, STS-47  landed at Kennedy Space Center on September 20, 1992. STS-60
STS-60 was the second flight of Spacehab (Space Habitation Module) and the first flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF).Launched on February 3, 1994, this flight was the first Space Shuttle flight on which a Russian cosmonaut was a crew member. During the eight-day mission, her prime responsibility was to maneuver the WSF on the RMS, to conduct thin film crystal growth and she was also responsible for performing scientific experiments in the Spacehab. The STS-60  landed at Kennedy Space Center on February 11, 1994, after completing 130 orbits of the Earth. STS-85
<mask> was the payload commander for STS-85, which was launched on Discovery on August 7, 1997. During this 12-day mission, <mask> deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS payload, and operated the Japanese Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) robotic arm. The mission also included several other scientific payloads for the conduct of research on astronomy, Earth sciences, life sciences, and materials science. The mission was accomplished in 189 Earth orbits, traveling 4.7 million miles.The STS-85 Discovery landed at Kennedy Space Center on August 19, 1997. Later NASA career
After her flight on STS-85, <mask> was assigned to NASA Headquarters as the Director of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS), Independent Assurance Office for the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. In that position, <mask> managed and directed independent assessments for the programs and projects assigned to the HEDS enterprise. In July 1999, she transferred to the Marshall Space Flight Center as Director of the Flight Projects Directorate, which was responsible for the International Space Station (ISS) Payload Operations Center, ISS hardware and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Program. After the  accident, she was named head of Safety and Mission Assurance at Marshall, where she assured the safe return to flight of the Space Shuttle. <mask> retired from NASA in 2005 and worked for Jacobs Engineering Group as a Vice President and Deputy General Manager. She currently works for Bastion Technologies, Inc. as the Safety and Mission Assurance Support Contract Program Manager at the Marshall Space Flight Center.References

External links

1953 births
Living people
Women astronauts
Auburn University alumni
University of Alabama in Huntsville alumni
People from Cocoa Beach, Florida
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Georgia Tech alumni
American women engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
21st-century American women

masks:
Nancy Jan Davis
Davis
Nancy Jan Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


title: Anish Giri

texts:
<mask> (; ; born June 28, 1994) is a Dutch chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, he completed the requirements for the title Grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 7 months and 2 days. FIDE awarded him the title in 2009. <mask> is a four-time Dutch champion (2009, 2011, 2012, and 2015) and won the Corus Chess B Group in 2010. He has represented the Netherlands at five Chess Olympiads (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018). He also won major international tournaments, including the 2012 Reggio Emilia tournament, 2017 Reykjavik Open and shared 1st place in the 2015 London Chess Classic and 2018 Wijk aan Zee. In 2019 he won clear first at the Third Edition of the Shenzhen Masters, deemed by some to be his first supertournament victory and supported by Dutch Chess Federation (KNSB).<mask> <mask> is the No. 1 ranked player in the Netherlands, having switched from Russia in 2009. In 2021 Wijk aan Zee, <mask> tied for first place with fellow Dutch GM Jorden van Foreest, but lost to him in the armageddon round after the two blitz games in the playoff ended in a draw. Early life
<mask> was born in Saint Petersburg on 28 June 1994 to a Russian mother, <mask>, and Nepali father, Sanjay <mask>. In 2002, he moved to Sapporo, Japan, with his parents and lived there until 2008. Since February 2008, <mask> and his family have lived in the Dutch town of Rijswijk, where his father worked at a research and consulting foundation. In June 2013, <mask> graduated from Grotius College high school in Delft.Chess career
<mask> began playing chess with his mother at the age of six. By the age of 11, he was rated above 2100 and continued to grow stronger. <mask>'s first club was a local youth sport club 'DYUSH-2' in Saint Petersburg. His trainers in this club were Asya Kovalyova and Andrei Praslov. He was a member of the Japan Chess Association and the Sapporo Chess Club during his stay in Japan. In 2004, he won the Sapporo Chess Championship. <mask> developed quickly as a junior, his rating increasing rapidly between April 2006 and July 2010 from 2114 to 2672.<mask> worked with trainer Vladimir Chuchelov between 2009–2012 and resumed the collaboration in 2017. <mask> also worked with Vladimir Tukmakov between 2013 and 2016. 2007–2008
<mask> shared first place in the Russian Higher League Under-14s Boys Championship scoring 6½/9, winning the Saint Petersburg Boys Under 16s and coming third in the Under 18s event in 2007. The next year saw him share first at the Blokadny Saint Petersburg Open and win the Petrograd Winter Open scoring 8½/9. He followed with his first Grandmaster norm, achieved at the Intomart GfK Open sharing first with 7/9 in April 2008, sharing second at Kunsthalle GM Open and reaching his second Grandmaster norm at Groningen by sharing fourth place with 6½/9. 2009
<mask>'s first appearance at a major tournament came in his shared second place at Corus Chess Group C in January 2009 giving him his third GM norm, his Grandmaster status being confirmed in June. He also shared second at the Dutch Open, won the Dutch Championship and shared second at the Unive tournament.2010
His performance in the previous year's Corus Chess Group C earned him a spot in Group B in 2010. He won the tournament with a score of 9/13, half a point ahead of Arkadij Naiditsch. Despite a disappointing result in the European Individual Championships, he drew a match with Nigel Short and won the Sigeman & Co tournament scoring 4½/5, coming second in the Dutch Championships behind Erwin L'Ami and was one of the best scorers for the Rising Stars team during the NH tournament against the Experienced team, but was unable to qualify for the Melody Amber tournament, losing on tiebreaks against Hikaru Nakamura. It was revealed in May 2010 that <mask> had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. 2011
At his debut appearance at Tata Steel in 2011 he scored 6½/13 (+2–2=9) and defeated Magnus Carlsen with Black in 22 moves. He also became Dutch champion for the second time and shared first place at Sigeman & Co with Wesley So and Hans Tikkanen.2012–2013
Despite being the lowest ranked player, <mask> won the 2012 Reggio Emilia chess tournament, claimed his third Dutch championship and shared third place at the strong Biel Chess Festival. His solid improvement continued with fourth place at the Reykjavik Open and a match victory against Vassily Ivanchuk at Leon in 2013. <mask> took part in the 2012/13 FIDE Grand Prix cycle, but failed to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. 2014–2015
In 2014 <mask> shared second place at the Tata Steel tournament, won individual bronze for his first board performance at the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromso and finished second at the strong Qatar Masters Open. In February 2015, <mask> briefly crossed the 2800 mark in the live FIDE ratings by beating Peter Svidler at the FIDE Grand Prix in Tbilisi, but did not maintain the ranking level until the end of the month to appear in the official ratings. <mask> participated in the 2014/15 FIDE Grand Prix cycle, but again failed to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. 2016
In March 2016, <mask> participated in the Candidates Tournament 2016 in Moscow after qualifying (for the first time) as one of the two players with the highest average ratings for 2015.At the tournament, he drew all 14 games. He went to the tournament with his wife Sopiko Guramishvili and his coach Vladimir Tukmakov. As of 2016, <mask> has been sponsored by the proprietary trading firm Optiver. 2017
<mask> finished sixth in Norway Chess with a score of 4.5/9, scoring wins against Maxime-Vachier Lagrave and Anand but lost a "crash and burn" game in 17 moves versus Vladimir Kramnik. In April 2017, <mask> won the Reykjavik Open with a score of 8½/10 (+7–0=3). He placed fourth in Your Next Move (Rapid and Blitz), Leuven, winning €15,000, his only appearance on the Grand Chess Tour of that year. In the FIDE Grand Prix, he placed ninth in Moscow, fifth in Geneva and thirteenth in La Palma, ending up twelfth overall.He reached the fourth round Section 3 of the Chess World Cup, losing to Vassily Ivanchuk in a tie-break. He won the European Club Cup as part of team Globus, alongside, among others, Kramnik, Alexander Grischuk and Sergey Karjakin. 2018
<mask> started off 2018 by placing joint-first with Carlsen on a score of 9/13 (+5–0=8) at the 80th Tata Steel Masters. He was defeated in the blitz tie-break by Carlsen 1½–½. In April 2018, he participated in the fifth edition of Shamkir Chess, finishing sixth with a score of 4½/9 (+1–1=7). In July 2018, he competed in the 46th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, placing second with a score of 4/7 (+2–1=4). In November 2018, he shared first in the 2nd Dute Cup in Shenzhen, together with Vachier-Lagrave and Ding Liren and took second place on tie-break.2019
<mask> competed in the 81st Tata Steel Masters in January 2019, placing clear second with 8½/13 (+5−1=7), losing to Ian Nepomniachtchi in the first round. In March 2019, <mask> won the 3rd edition of the Shenzhen Masters (Dute Cup), placing clear first with 6½/10 (+3−0=7). In May, <mask> participated in the Moscow FIDE Grand Prix tournament, which is part of the qualification cycle for the 2020 World Chess Championship. The tournament was a 16-player event, and he was eliminated from the tournament after an upset loss to the lowest ranked player, GM Daniil Dubov in the first round. In December, 2019, <mask> qualified for the Candidates Tournament 2020 as a player with the highest FIDE rating for the 12 months period
(January — December, 2019). In the rating list, <mask> led Vachier-Lagrave by an average of 6 points. 2020–2021
<mask> played in the Candidates Tournament 2020 which was suspended at the halfway point due to the COVID-19 pandemic.At the time he was on shared third place, with 3½/7, one point behind the two leaders. His second during the event was Erwin l'Ami. At the continuation of the Candidates Tournament in April 2021, he finished shared on third place with 7.5/14, together with Fabiano Caruana. From 12 to 14 June 2020, <mask> participated in the MrDodgy Invitational. He managed to win first place in this event, beating GM David Navara 7-2 in the finals. At the 83rd Tata Steel Masters held in January, <mask> shared first place with Jorden van Foreest on a score of 8½/13 (+4-0=9). The tie-break involved two blitz games, followed by an armageddon game if scores were level after blitz.They drew both blitz tie-breaks and <mask> lost the armageddon game when he ran out of time, despite van Foreest blundering a pawn and then a bishop in the frantic time scramble. <mask> finished as the runner-up of the tournament. <mask> won the 2021 Magnus Carlsen Invitational, a non-FIDE-rated online tournament, after defeating Ian Nepomniachtchi in the finals in tie-breaks. From 12 to 16 May 2021, <mask> participated in the second edition of the MrDodgy Invitational, a blitz tournament. The top-seeded <mask> defeated Baadur Jobava in the finals to clinch first place for the second time in a row. At the Chess World Cup 2021, the 4th seeded <mask> was defeated in an upset by 68th seed Nodirbek Abdusattorov. In September 2021, <mask> <mask> won the Tolstoy Cup tournament organized by the State Leo Tolstoy Museum-Estate 'Yasnaya Polyana' and the Chess Federation of Russia.Team chess

Chess Olympiads
<mask> has represented the Netherlands at five Chess Olympiads earning three individual bronze medals and scoring a total of 28,5 points from 40 games(+19-2=19). Other team results

<mask> has also competed in a World Team Championship, two European Team Championships and a World Cities Championship, earning a team gold medal in the World Cities Championship:

<mask> has played for numerous clubs in team tournaments including SK Turm Emsdetten since 2008 in the Chess Bundesliga, HSG (Hilversum Chess Society), the Delftsche SchaakClub (Delft Chess Club), HMC Calder and En Passant. He used to play in Spanish league for chess club Sestao Naturgas Energia. He used to play in the French league (TOP-16) for l'Echiquier Châlonnais and Russian league for SHSM-64 (Moscow). He has participated and won the prestigious European Club Cup with Azeri SOCAR and Russian Siberia. Playing style
<mask>'s playstyle has been described as "solid and conservative" in chess terms. This makes him very difficult to defeat, but also leads to him often losing the chance to convert an advantage into a victory.Nonetheless his peers acknowledge his strengths as a player, with Grandmaster Arkadij Naiditsch opining that beating world champion Magnus Carlsen is easier than beating <mask>. Notable games
<mask> vs Magnus Carlsen, TATA Steel (2011). Neo-Grünfeld defense: Exchange Variation. <mask> wins in 22 moves and was quoted later as saying "Carlsen will probably not lose like this again in the next ten years". <mask> vs Ding Liren, Xinqiao Cup (2017). Giuoco Piano. <mask> sacrifices a rook in a decisive kingside attack.<mask> vs Ding Liren, Candidates, Yekaterinburg Russia (2021). Ruy Lopez. <mask> sacrifices a bishop to win in a deferred-exchange variation Ruy Lopez. <mask> moved into second place in the tournament after the win, a half-point behind Nepomniachtchi. <mask> eventually dropped to third place in the tournament. Personal life
<mask> is fluent in Russian, English, and Dutch and moderately proficient in Japanese, Nepali and German. He is married to fellow chess player and international master Sopiko Guramishvili; the couple was married on 18 July 2015.They have two sons. He annotated a number of top games for the popular chess site ChessBase, and has written several articles, including analyses of his own games for chess magazines, such as New in Chess, 64 (chess magazine), and Schach Magazin 64. He used to be a columnist for the magazine ChessVibes Training. <mask> has created two Chessable courses, featuring the Sicilian Najdorf and French Defence openings, which has led to some banter among other GMs. In 2014, <mask> published his first book, My Junior Years In 20 Games. <mask> also has a YouTube channel, which has over 163,000 subscribers as of January 2022. References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Russian chess players
Dutch chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Dutch people of Russian descent
Dutch people of Nepalese descent
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian emigrants to the Netherlands
Russian people of Nepalese descent

masks:
Anish Kumar Giri
Giri
Anish
Giri
Giri
Giri
Olga Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Anish
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Giri
Anish


title: Stiliyan Petrov

texts:
<mask> (Bulgarian: Стилиян Альошев Петров, born 5 July 1979) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. <mask> joined Celtic from CSKA Sofia in 1999, and won ten trophies in his time at Celtic Park, including four Scottish Premier League titles. In 2006, he moved to Aston Villa in the Premier League, along with his former manager Martin O'Neill. <mask> became club captain at Villa Park, and was an inductee to the Aston Villa Hall of Fame in 2013 having made 219 competitive appearances for the club. In addition he is Bulgaria's all-time most-capped player with 105 appearances for the side. In March 2012, <mask> was diagnosed with acute leukaemia, suspending his football career to undergo treatment which was ultimately successful. He announced his retirement from the game in May 2013.Following spells as both a youth team and first team coach at Aston Villa in 2013 and 2015, <mask> returned to training in 2016, initially with the under-21 side, and later the seniors. He played during pre-season matches but was not offered a playing contract by manager Roberto Di Matteo. Club career

Early career
Born in Montana, <mask> started to play football in the local team FC Montana. At the age of 18 he was spotted by scout and coach Dimitar Penev and signed with CSKA Sofia for fee of €30,000. With his new club, he won the Bulgarian Championship in 1997 and the national cup in 1997 and 1999. Celtic
Petrov was signed in the summer of 1999 by John Barnes for a fee of £2.8 million. The teenager featured prominently in a season where he won the League Cup with Celtic, his second major honour and the first of many with Celtic.Despite the happy end to the season <mask> had a very hard time starting with the club. He was homesick and lonely at the start, and could not speak English. This was made worse by the manager playing him out of position at right back. Eventually, he improved his English by working in a friend's burger van. This hard work and determination to fit in showed in his performances for the club. After a good first season with Celtic he enjoyed a brilliant second season under Martin O'Neill's treble winning side, becoming a regular scorer netting 7 league goals in 28 appearances, one of which was in Celtic's 6–2 victory over Rangers. He also became the first foreign player to win the SPFA Young Player of the Year award.However he missed the end of the season after breaking his leg in a league game against St Johnstone and missed both the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup finals as a result. The following season, 2001–02, <mask> made his return from injury against Dunfermline Athletic in September, and then really came into form for Celtic, being described as a dynamic, hardworking box-to-box midfielder, and winning his second SPL medal. In his fourth season with Celtic, <mask> continued his good form and was being linked to some of the top clubs in Europe but after protracted contract talks he eventually agreed a new deal with Celtic. This was his highest ever goalscoring season, netting 14 in 50 appearances. He also got to the only European final of his career, getting a runner's up medal in the Uefa Cup. In his next two seasons for Celtic he continued to be an essential player making 105 appearances and scoring 19 goals. He won the Scottish Cup twice in this time (scoring in the 2004 final) along with his third SPL medal.The 2004–05 season was Martin O'Neill's last at Celtic, although <mask> <mask> would later join him at Aston Villa. The 04/05 season also saw <mask> becoming the third player to win the Celtic Player of The Year award. The 2005–06 season was a time of great change for Celtic. Martin O'Neill, the club's most successful manager in 20 years, left and new manager Gordon Strachan came in. Things started badly for Celtic as they lost 5–0 to Slovakian minnows Artmedia Bratislava in Strachan's first match. Celtic then managed to throw away a 3–1 lead over Motherwell to draw Strachan's first league match 4–4, although <mask> later helped Celtic exact revenge over the Fir Park side by scoring his first hat-trick in a 5–0 demolition in October that year. Celtic overcame their bad start to the campaign to win the SPL and League Cup double.The 2005–06 season proved to be his last at Celtic as he re-united with former manager Martin O'Neill at Aston Villa for a fee of £6.5 million rising to £8 million after clauses. This was after a long transfer saga in which <mask> <mask> was linked to almost every mid-table side in England. He only made 3 appearances for Celtic before leaving in the summer transfer window. In all, <mask> made 312 appearances for Celtic over seven years, scoring 55 goals. He won the SPL four times and also won both the Scottish and Scottish League Cup 3 times each. He was the tenth most prolific goalscorer in the SPL (55 goals) when he left Celtic. Aston Villa

In April 2006, Celtic rejected a written transfer request submitted by <mask>.He was subsequently linked with a transfer to move to Aston Villa who were managed by former Celtic boss Martin O'Neill. On 30 August 2006, <mask> completed his move to Villa Park on a four-year deal worth £6.5 million, becoming O'Neill's first signing for Villa. His debut was against West Ham United on 10 September. The game finished 1–1. In 2007, <mask> changed his shirt number from 11 to 19. <mask> scored his first Villa goal in a 2–2 draw against Sheffield United on 11 December 2006, but suffered patchy form throughout his first two seasons at the club. He scored a volley from near the halfway line against already relegated Derby County on 12 April 2008.This was his first goal of the season and Villa won 6–0. This goal was marked as a possible candidate for "goal of the season". It was also confirmed to be the furthest out recorded goal by an Aston Villa player since the club was formed. The 2008–09 season saw <mask>'s form improved considerably as he became a first team regular, starting Villa's six Premier League games in a row. He was named captain for the first time in the UEFA Cup game against the Bulgarian Litex Lovech on 2 October 2008 and also scored one of the goals in the game. In May 2009, <mask> was named both Aston Villa's supporters' "Player of the Year" and "Players' Player of the Year" for the 2008–09 season, after his notable consistency in midfield throughout the season. On 20 May 2009 he signed a new four-year deal that is set to keep him at the club until 2013.Following the retirement of captain Martin Laursen, <mask> stated that leading a "great club with a long tradition and history" would be "a great honour". <mask> became Villa captain in the summer of 2009 and led the team to sixth place in the Premier league, the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the League Cup in his first season holding the armband. <mask> continued to retain the Villa captaincy after the appointment of Gérard Houllier as manager of the club. On 23 October 2010, he sustained a knee injury in the 1–0 away loss against Sunderland at the Stadium of Light. On 26 December 2010, <mask> returned to first team action, coming on as a second-half substitute for Jonathan Hogg in the 2–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at Villa Park. On 26 February 2011, <mask> made his 150th premier league appearance for Aston Villa at Villa Park, when he came on as a second-half substitute in the 76th minute for Robert Pires in the 4–1 win over Blackburn Rovers. On 10 September 2011, <mask> scored his first goal of the season away at Everton.On 29 October 2011, <mask> made his 200th appearance for Aston Villa in the Premier League clash with Sunderland, and scored the opening goal in a 2–2 draw. Career break due to leukaemia
<mask> announced his retirement from football on 9 May 2013, due to his leukaemia. On 26 May 2013, footballers who had represented the Bulgaria national side (including Hristo Stoichkov, Dimitar Berbatov and Nasko Sirakov) won 4–2 against a selection that featured Aston Villa veterans like Mark Kinsella and Bryan Small in an exhibition game that took place at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia and had been organised to honour <mask>'s achievements. In October 2014, <mask> began playing again for his local Sunday League Over-35s side Wychall Wanderers who were managed by former Coventry City player David Busst. In March 2015, he rejoined Aston Villa in a coaching role. In April 2016 <mask> revealed he was training with Villa's Under-21 side with a view to returning to the professional game. In June it was announced that he would be training with the first team during their pre-season tour of Austria, on a non-contractual basis.On 9 July 2016 <mask> played his first game with the Aston Villa first team since his illness, taking part in an 8–0 friendly victory over local Austrian team GAK. International career

Stilyan <mask> made his debut as a 52nd minute substitute for Bulgaria on 24 December 1998 in a friendly match against Morocco. The match was played in Agadir, Morocco and finished with a 4–1 win for the North Africans. He scored his first goal (80th minute) for the national side in another friendly match against Belarus (4–1) on 29 March 2000. In 2003, he won the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year award, when he was playing for Celtic and he captained the national team at Euro 2004 where he was sent off during a match against Denmark. On 12 October 2006 <mask>, then captain of Bulgaria, announced his decision to retire from international football at the age of 27 as long as Hristo Stoichkov manages the Bulgaria national team. However, on 20 March 2007 he made amends with Hristo Stoichkov and made himself available for selection again.However, he did not recover his position as national captain because it was decided that Dimitar Berbatov would retain the captain's armband. On 14 January 2010, it was announced that <mask> had come second in Bulgaria's Player of the Year. <mask> was renamed captain of the Bulgarian side again following the retirement of Berbatov from international football in 2010. On 26 March 2011, <mask> earned his 100th cap for Bulgaria in the 0–0 home draw with Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier. He received a flower bouquet from Borislav Mikhailov and was applauded by the spectators prior to the start of the match. During his career <mask> was chosen as Bulgarian Footballer of the Year in 2003. He placed second in 2000, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2011, and third in 2002 and 2006.Personal life
In 2005, <mask> wrote his autobiography with the assistance of Sunday Mail sports journalist Mark Guidi entitled You Can Call Me Stan, in reference to his nickname "Stan", a shortened form of his given name. In the book, he describes how "Stiliyan" is the correct spelling, rather than "Stilian", as it is sometimes spelled in the press. <mask> is married to his wife Paulina and they have 2 sons, Kristiyan and <mask> Jr.

Leukaemia
On 30 March 2012, <mask> was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The condition was diagnosed following tests after <mask> developed a fever following Aston Villa's 3–0 defeat to Arsenal. Because of this, <mask> told Bulgarian press that he planned to retire from club and international football; his agent later denied any reports of retirement: "It is not true that Stiliyan has said he is retiring from football. What he did say was that he was fighting for his life and that he will fight to recover." He visited Villa Park for the match against Chelsea and in the 19th minute, the number of his shirt, the crowd gave him an ovation.The tribute caught the imagination of fans, and home and away fans repeated the ovation at every Villa game that season. On 10 June 2012, Aston Villa manager Paul Lambert announced that <mask> would remain Aston Villa's club captain for the 2012–13 season. In his absence the team captaincy was taken over by Dutch defender Ron Vlaar. On his 33rd birthday, <mask> visited his teammates on the first day of their pre season training, and was presented with a cake by the players, who sang happy birthday to him and gave him a round of applause. On 2 August 2012, it was announced that <mask>'s leukaemia was in remission. <mask> announced his retirement from football on 9 May 2013, and led his family out on the Villa Park pitch for a lap of honour, to applaud the Villa fans who supported him during his illness, on the final day of the 2012–13 season. Coaching
On 22 May 2013, shortly after announcing his retirement from playing, Aston Villa announced that <mask> would take on a new role at the club as assistant of the Youth Development squad, working alongside Gordon Cowans.Talking about his new role <mask> said ″I'm very excited by this new challenge and I wish to thank the Club and the manager, Paul Lambert, for giving me the opportunity to continue my association with Villa, which I have always regarded as a privilege. I will study for my coaching badges over the coming months and I am looking forward very much to working with Gordon Cowans, someone I know and respect, a true Villa legend.″

As of August 2013, <mask> was no longer part of the Villa coaching team. The Club announced his resignation and explained that he had requested time off as he felt he had to be fully devoted to his family. <mask> expressed gratitude to the club for the opportunity. On 5 March 2015, Aston Villa Manager Tim Sherwood announced that <mask> would return to the Aston Villa backroom team and will help coach the First Team. <mask> has completed his UEFA pro coaching licence, as well as a master's degree in Sports Management through UEFA, as of 2020. He is currently the director of a business venture, Player 4 Player, to support players to transition into retirement, alongside other former players including Gareth Farrelly, Emile Heskey and Gaizka Mendieta.Television
On 11 December 2014, <mask> appeared as a special guest on the eighth episode of the ninth series of Russell Howard's Good News. Career statistics

Club

International goals
Scores and results list Bulgaria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Petrov goal. Honours
CSKA Sofia
Bulgarian Championship: 1996–97
Bulgarian Cup: 1996–97, 1998–99

Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06
Scottish Cup: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05
Scottish League Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2005–06
UEFA Cup runner-up: 2002–03

Wychall Wanderers
Central Warwickshire Over-35s Premier Division One Cup

Individual
SPFA Young Player of the Year: 2000–01
Celtic Player of The Year: 2004–05
Aston Villa Players' Player of the Year: 2008–09, 2011–12
Aston Villa Supporters' Player of the Year: 2008–09
Inductee in Aston Villa Hall of Fame: 2013
Bulgaria's Player of the year: 2002–03

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

Aston Villa Official Website Profile
FootballDatabase provides Stilian <mask>'s profile and stats

1979 births
Living people
People from Montana, Bulgaria
Association football midfielders
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgaria international footballers
Bulgarian expatriate footballers
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in England
FC Montana players
PFC CSKA Sofia players
Celtic F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. non-playing staff
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Scottish Premier League players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
FIFA Century Club

masks:
Stiliyan Alyoshev Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Stiliyan
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Stiliyan
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Stiliyan
Stiliyan
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov
Petrov


title: Abraham Fleming

texts:
<mask> (Flemyng, c. 1552–1607) was an English clergyman. He was a prolific writer and translator, who contributed to others' texts. He was also an editor and poet. Life
Most likely to have been born in Holborn, London, between 1548 and 1552, <mask> matriculated at Peterhouse, Cambridge as a sizar (a poor student performing duties in return for his tuition) in November 1570, and graduated with a B.A. in 1582. It is likely that <mask> interspersed his studies at Cambridge with extended visits in London to write and translate popular texts on a range of themes, some of which remain in print today. He began his career in spectacular style, becoming the first person to translate a complete Virgilian text (the "Bucoliks" or Eclogues) into English in 1575.He followed this the same year with another complete translation of "Bucoliks", this time in verse. Later in his career <mask> was called upon by other authors to write recommendations for their books and worked alongside notable authors such as George Whetston, Barnabe Googe and Reginald Scot; many of Elizabethan London's leading printers called on <mask> to edit or embellish pre-production texts and he established a network of contacts. He is best known for his once disputed but now acknowledged role as chief editor of and major contributor to the second edition of Holinshed's Chronicles (1587). Throughout his life <mask> was a godly Protestant. He took holy orders in August 1588 and was ordained deacon and priest by Dr Richard Fletcher at Peterborough Cathedral. Almost as soon as he was ordained <mask> became chaplain to Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral of England, and not chaplain to Catherine Countess of Nottingham as previously thought, although among his papers were prayers said to the Howard family when they were together; in the 1590s <mask> was called as a witness in a court case and stated his occupation as chaplain to Lord Howard. Another error in previous articles about <mask> was that he was an antiquary; he was never a member of the Society of Antiquaries and while he did amass a collection of manuscripts, his motivation for collecting them was not consistent with those of an antiquary.As well as performing the duties of a private chaplain, <mask> was a curate at St Nicholas's Church, Deptford assisting Reverend Thomas Macander (who buried Christopher Marlowe on 1 June 1593, and possibly <mask> assisted with this burial). Between 1589 and 1606 he preached eight times at St Paul's Cross, further evidence that he was a trusted "establishment man"; the sermons are now lost. On 19 October 1593 he was collated by Archbishop John Whitgift to the rectory of St Pancras, Soper Lane, London. He took his work as a rector as seriously as he did his writing; <mask> saw his parish through at least two plagues. <mask> died at Bottesford, Leicestershire, on 18 September 1607, while on a visit to his brother Samuel, the rector of that parish, and was buried under the chancel inside the church. Despite <mask>'s humble origins, his coffin was interred with those of the earls of Rutland. A memorial plaque bearing an epitaph poem written by <mask> marks the approximate site.He was survived by his brother Reverend Samuel <mask> and his sister Hester. Perhaps <mask>'s greatest legacy is the fifty known books that he wrote, translated or contributed to. Selected works

Most of his manuscript collections were in 1732 in the possession of Francis Peck, who intended to print them in the second volume of his Desiderata Curiosa. They cannot now be traced. Fifty-nine titles are listed in Cooper's 'Athenae Cantabrigienses', including:

' 1589. ',' London, 1575. ',' London, 1576; a translation from the Latin.',' from the Greek of Aelianus, London, 1576. ',' from the Latin of John Caius, London, 1576. ',' London, 1577; reprinted, London, 1826. ',' from the Latin of Frederick Nause, bishop of Vienna, London, 1577. ',' written by Musaeus. Translation, published about 1577. 'Jerom of Ferrara his meditations, on the 51 & 31 Psalms; translated and augmented,' London, n. d., and 1588.Licensed in 1578. ', ' London, 1579. The tale of Hermetes is, with a few verbal changes, that which George Gascoigne presented to Queen Elizabeth. ',' translated, London, 1580. The translator has added a history of earthquakes in England from the time of William the Conqueror to the last earthquake on 6 April 1580. ',' London, 1580. ',' London, 1581, reprinted in 'The Diamond of Deuotion,' 1586.',' newly Englished, London, 1582. 'Verborvm Latinorvm cvm Graecis Anglicisqve conivnctorvm locupletissimi Commentary,' London, 1583. Poetical translations for Reginald Scot's 'Discoverie of Witchcraft,' 1584. 'A Shorte Dictionarie in Latine and English,' London, 1586 and 1594. 'The Diamond of Deuotion; cut and squared into sixe severall pointes: namelie (1) The Footpath of Felicitie; (2) A Guide to Godlines; (3) The Schoole of Skill; (4) A Swarme of Bees; (5) A Plant of Pleasure; (6) A Grove of Graces. Full of manie fruitfull lessons auailable vnto the leading of a godlie and reformed life,' London, 1586. '.'In the first volume of Holinshed's 'Chronicles,' 1587. The third volume of the same edition was enlarged by <mask> with interpolations from the collections of Francis Thynne, the abridgment of R. Grafton, and the summary of John Stow. ',' London, 1589, dedicated to Archbishop John Whitgift. This version of the 'Bucolics' is not the same as that published by <mask> in 1575. Historical and miscellaneous articles in manuscript enumerated in Peck's Desiderata Curiosa. Notes

References

Painting-Stubbs, Clare, "<mask>: writer, cleric and preacher in Jacobethan London", (2010, unpublished). Painting-Stubbs, Clare, "<mask>" entry in the "Blackwell Encyclopedia of Renaissance Literature".External links

1552 births
1607 deaths
16th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English poets
17th-century English male writers
English antiquarians
Latin–English translators
16th-century English translators
People from Holborn
16th-century English poets
17th-century translators
English male poets
English male non-fiction writers

masks:
Abraham Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Fleming
Abraham Fleming
Abraham Fleming


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (; born <mask>; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was an American historian, social critic, and public intellectual. The son of the influential historian <mask><mask>. and a specialist in American history, much of Schlesinger's work explored the history of 20th-century American liberalism. In particular, his work focused on leaders such as Harry S. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. In the 1952 and 1956 presidential campaigns, he was a primary speechwriter and adviser to the Democratic presidential nominee, Adlai Stevenson II. Schlesinger served as special assistant and "court historian" to President Kennedy from 1961 to 1963. He wrote a detailed account of the Kennedy administration, from the 1960 presidential campaign to the president's state funeral, titled A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, which won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the presidential campaign of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, which ended with Kennedy's assassination in Los Angeles.<mask> wrote a popular biography, Robert Kennedy and His Times, several years later. He later popularized the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration in his 1973 book of the same name. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Elizabeth Harriet (née Bancroft) and <mask><mask> (1888–1965), who was an influential social historian at Ohio State University and Harvard University, where he directed many PhD dissertations in American history. His paternal grandfather was a Prussian Jew who converted to Protestantism and then married an Austrian Catholic. His mother, a Mayflower descendant, was of German and New England ancestry, as well as a relative of historian George Bancroft, according to family tradition. His family practiced Unitarianism. Schlesinger attended the Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, and received his first degree at the age of 20 from Harvard College, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1938.After spending the 1938–1939 academic year at Peterhouse, Cambridge as a Henry Fellow, he was appointed to a three-year Junior Fellowship in the Harvard Society of Fellows in the fall of 1939. At the time, Fellows were not allowed to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; as such, Schlesinger would never earn a doctorate. His fellowship was interrupted by the United States entering World War II. After failing his military medical examination, Schlesinger joined the Office of War Information. From 1943 to 1945, he served as an intelligence analyst in the Office of Strategic Services, a precursor to the CIA. <mask>'s service in the OSS allowed him time to complete his first Pulitzer Prize–winning book, The Age of Jackson, in 1945. From 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1954.Political activities before 1960
In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Minneapolis mayor and future Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey, economist and longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith, and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, founded Americans for Democratic Action. Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 to 1954. After President Harry S. Truman announced he would not run for a second full term in the 1952 presidential election, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter for and an ardent supporter of Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. In the 1956 election, Schlesinger, along with 30-year-old Robert F. Kennedy, again worked on Stevenson's campaign staff. Schlesinger supported the nomination of Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate, but at the Democratic convention, Kennedy came second in the vice-presidential balloting, losing to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Schlesinger had known John F. Kennedy since attending Harvard and increasingly socialized with Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline in the 1950s. In 1954, The Boston Post publisher John Fox Jr. planned a series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Schlesinger, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened on Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in A Thousand Days.During the 1960 campaign, <mask> supported Kennedy, causing much consternation to Stevenson loyalists. At the time, however, Kennedy was an active candidate while Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted at the convention. After Kennedy won the nomination, Schlesinger helped the campaign as a (sometime) speechwriter, speaker, and member of the ADA. He also wrote the book Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference? in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities and scorned Vice President Richard M. Nixon as having "no ideas, only methods.... He cares about winning." Kennedy administration
After the election, the president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations before Robert Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger serve as a "sort of roving reporter and troubleshooter."Schlesinger quickly accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Harvard and was appointed Special Assistant to the President. He worked primarily on Latin American affairs and as a speechwriter during his tenure in the White House. In February 1961, Schlesinger was first told of the "Cuba operation," which would eventually become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He opposed the plan in a memorandum to the president: "at one stroke you would dissipate all the extraordinary good will which has been rising toward the new Administration through the world. It would fix a malevolent image of the new Administration in the minds of millions." He, however, suggested,

During the Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank into a chair at the far end of the table and listened in silence" as the Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for an invasion. Along with his friend, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger sent several memos to the president opposing the strike; however, during the meetings, he held back his opinion, reluctant to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision.Following the overt failure of the invasion, <mask> later lamented, "In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room. ... I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion." After the furor died down, Kennedy joked that Schlesinger "wrote me a memorandum that will look pretty good when he gets around to writing his book on my administration. Only he better not publish that memorandum while I'm still alive!" During the Cuban Missile Crisis, <mask> was not a member of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) but helped UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson draft his presentation of the crisis to the UN Security Council. In October 1962, <mask> became afraid of "a tremendous advantage", which "all-out Soviet commitment to cybernetics" would provide the Soviets.<mask> further warned that "by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing self-teaching computers". The cause was a pre-vision of an algorithmic governance of economy by an internet-like computer network authored by Soviet scientists, particularly Alexander Kharkevich. After President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, <mask> resigned his position in January 1964. He wrote a memoir/history of the Kennedy administration, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, which won him his second Pulitzer Prize in 1965. Later career

<mask> returned to teaching in 1966 as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at the CUNY Graduate Center. After his retirement from teaching in 1994, he remained an active member of the Graduate Center community as an emeritus professor until his death. Later politics
After his service for the Kennedy administration, he continued to be a Kennedy loyalist for the rest of his life, campaigning for Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential campaign in 1968 and for Senator Edward M. Kennedy in 1980.Upon the request of Robert Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, he wrote the biography Robert Kennedy and His Times, which was published in 1978. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he greatly criticized Richard Nixon as both a candidate and president. His prominent status as a liberal Democrat and outspoken disdain of Nixon led to his placement on the master list of Nixon's political opponents. Ironically, Nixon would become his next-door neighbor in the years following the Watergate scandal. After he retired from teaching, he remained involved in politics for the rest of his life through his books and public speaking tours. Schlesinger was a critic of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of his "Vital Center" concept in an article for Slate in 1997. Schlesinger was also a critic of the 2003 Iraq War and called it a misadventure.He put much blame on the media for not covering a reasoned case against the war. Personal life
<mask>'s name at birth was <mask> Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he had instead used the signature <mask><mask> Jr. He had five children, four from his first marriage to author and artist <mask> Schlesinger and a son and stepson from his second marriage, to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist. <mask> (b. 1942), a notable author of books on foreign affairs and former director of the World Policy Institute
Katharine Kinderman (1942–2004), an author and producer, who was married to Gibbs Kinderman and later Thomas Tiffany
<mask> (b. 1946), a prominent artist and muralist
<mask>, writer and

masks:
Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr
Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger
Arthur M
. Schlesinger Sr
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Arthur Bancroft
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Marian Cannon
Stephen Schlesinger
Christina Schlesinger
Andrew Schlesinger


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

texts:
 editor
<mask>, writer and editor

As a prominent Democrat and historian, Schlesinger maintained a very active social life. His wide circle of friends and associates included politicians, actors, writers, and artists, spanning several decades.Among his friends and associates were President John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy, Adlai E. Stevenson, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, John Kenneth Galbraith, W. Averell and Pamela Harriman, Steve and Jean Kennedy Smith, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, Ted Sorensen, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Hubert Humphrey, Henry Kissinger, <mask> Peabody Tree, Ben Bradlee, Joseph Alsop, Evangeline Bruce, William vanden Heuvel, Kurt Vonnegut, <mask>, Philip and Katharine Graham, Leonard Bernstein, Walter Lippmann, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Nelson Rockefeller, Lauren Bacall, <mask> Dietrich, <mask>overn, <mask>ra, <mask>eorge Bundy, Jack Valenti, <mask>, Richard Goodwin, Al Gore, President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. Career

Education
1933 Phillips Exeter Academy
1938 A.B. summa cum laude, Harvard University
1938–1939 Henry Fellow, Peterhouse, Cambridge
1939–1942 Society of Fellows, Harvard University

World War II service
1942–1943 Office of War Information
1943–1945 Office of Strategic Services

Educator
1946–1954 Associate Professor of History, Harvard University
1954–1962 Professor of History, Harvard University
1966 Visiting Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
1966–1994 Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities, CUNY Graduate Center (Emeritus, 1994-2007)

Democratic Party activist
Among the founders of Americans for Democratic Action
Speechwriter for Adlai Stevenson's two presidential campaigns in 1952 and 1956
Speechwriter for John F. Kennedy's campaign in 1960
1961–1964 Special Assistant to the President for Latin American affairs and speechwriting
Speechwriter for Robert F. Kennedy's campaign in 1968
Speechwriter for George McGovern's campaign in 1972
Active in the presidential campaign of Ted Kennedy in 1980

Death
On February 28, 2007, Schlesinger had a heart attack while dining with family at a steakhouse in Manhattan. He was taken to New York Downton Hospital, where he died at the age of 89. His New York Times obituary described him as a "historian of power." He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Works
He won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1946 for his book The Age of Jackson, covering the intellectual environment of Jacksonian democracy.His 1949 book The Vital Center made a case for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry A. Wallace who advocated coexistence with communism. In his book The Politics of Hope (1962), Schlesinger terms conservatives the "party of the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division between both parties. He won a second Pulitzer in the Biography category in 1966 for A Thousand Days. His 1986 book The Cycles of American History, a collection of essays and articles, contains "The Cycles of American Politics," an early work on the topic; it was influenced by his father's work on cycles. He became a leading opponent of multiculturalism in the 1980s and articulated this stance in his book The Disuniting of America (1991). Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952–2000 is the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries on a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and <mask>. Selected bibliography
This is a partial listing of <mask>’s published works:

Articles
 "The Future of Socialism".Partisan Review, May/June 1947. "The Many Faces of Communism, Part 1: The Theological Society". Harper’s Magazine, January 1960. "Origins of the Cold War". Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 1, October 1967."Against Academic Apartheid". The Social Contract, Vol. 1, No. 1, Inaugural Issue, Fall 1990. Books
1939 Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress
1945 The Age of Jackson
1949 The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
1950 What About Communism? 1951 The General and the President, and the Future of American Foreign Policy
1957 The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. I)
1958 The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol.II)
1960 The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III)
1960 Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference? 1962 The Politics of Hope
1963 Paths of American Thought (ed. with <mask>)
1965 A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
1965 The MacArthur Controversy and American Foreign Policy
1967 The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941–1966
1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in Modern Times
1968 Violence: America in the Sixties
1969 The Crisis of Confidence: Ideas, Power, and Violence in America
1970 The Origins of the Cold War
1973 The Imperial Presidency – reissued in 1989 (with epilogue) and 2004
1978 Robert Kennedy and His Times – adapted into a 1985 TV miniseries
1983 Creativity in Statecraft
1983 The Almanac of American History – revised edition, 2004
1986 The Cycles of American History
1988 JFK Remembered
1988 War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt
1988 Cleopatra, New York: Chelsea House, ( Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas; introductory essay "On leadership" by <mask><mask> Jr. )
1990 Is the Cold War Over? 1991 The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society
2000 20th Century Day by Day: 100 Years Of News From January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999
2000 A Life in the 20th Century, Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950
2004 War and the American Presidency
2007 Journals 1952–2000
2011 Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life With John F Kennedy (Mrs. Kennedy's interview shortly after her husband's assassination)

Besides writing biographies he also wrote a foreword to a book on Vladimir Putin which came out in 2003 under the same name and was published by Chelsea House Publishers. Schlesinger's papers will be available at the New York Public Library. Awards
1946 Pulitzer Prize for History – The Age of Jackson
1958 Bancroft Prize – The Crisis of the Old Order
1958 Francis Parkman Prize – The Crisis of the Old Order
1966 National Book Award in History and Biography – A Thousand Days
1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography – A Thousand Days
1978 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
1979 National Book Award in Biography – Robert Kennedy and His Times
1998 National Humanities Medal
2003 Four Freedoms Award
2006 Paul Peck Award
2006 Niebuhr Medal Awarded by Elmhurst College to an individual who exemplifies the ideals of Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr.Schlesinger was greatly influenced by Reinhold Niebuhr. Footnotes

Further reading
 Aldous, Richard. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian (W.W. Norton, 2017) online book review
Diggins, John Patrick, ed. The Liberal Persuasion: <mask> Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past, Princeton UP, 1997. online free
Feller, Daniel, "<mask><mask> Jr.," in Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000 U of Missouri Press, 2000; pp. 156–169. <mask>, John Bartlow.Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. New York: Doubleday. 1976. <mask>, "The Hagiography Factory" (review of Richard Aldous, Schlesinger:  The Imperial Historian, Norton, 486 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 3 (8 February 2018), pp. 13–15."Aldous has chosen an apt subtitle for his biography:  Schlesinger was an 'imperial' historian in his willingness to take up the burden of the American empire's PR, though 'The Imperious Publicist' would have served just as well." (p. 14)
Sue Saunders, <mask><mask> Jr. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, February 15, 2006. Wilentz, Sean, "The High Table Liberal" (review of Richard Aldous, Schlesinger:  The Imperial Historian, Norton, 486 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 31–33."[T]he subtitle of Richard Aldous's otherwise solid biography is... erroneous. <mask> Jr. was in no way an 'imperial' historian; he was an anti-imperial historian." (p. 31)

Primary sources
<mask>, <mask>. Jr. A Thousand days: John F Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1965. <mask>, <mask>. Jr. A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950. (2000), autobiography, vol 1. <mask>, <mask>. Jr. Journals: 1952–2000 (2007)

External links

<mask><mask> Jr. papers 1922–2007, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library

In Depth interview with Schlesinger, December 3, 2000
 Eisler, Kim."<mask>nger Dishes Dirt", Washingtonian, March 6, 2008. An incredible writer and a proud Liberal all his life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and "court philosopher" of the Kennedy administration was 89 when he died. The Washington Post obituary

1917 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American cultural critics
American people of Austrian descent
American people of English descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
American Unitarians
Cold War historians
Critics of multiculturalism
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Historians of the United States
Kennedy administration personnel
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Book Award winners
National Humanities Medal recipients
New York (state) Democrats
People of the Office of Strategic Services
People of the United States Office of War Information
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Bancroft Prize winners
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Fellows
Harvard University faculty
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Social critics
World War II spies for the United States
The Century Foundation
20th-century American male writers
Presidents of the American Academy of Arts

masks:
Robert Schlesinger
Marietta
Norman Mailer
Marlene
George MG
Robert McNama
McG
Bill Moyers
Stephen Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Morton White
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Arthur Schlesinger
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Martin
Thomas Meaney
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Arthur Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Arthur M
Schlesinger
Arthur M
Schlesinger
Arthur M
Arthur M
. Schlesinger
Arthur Schlesi