title: Fenella Fielding

texts:
<mask>, OBE (born <mask>; 17 November 1927 – 11 September 2018) was an English stage, film and television actress who rose to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, and was often referred to as "England's first lady of the double entendre". She was known for her seductive image and distinctively husky voice. <mask> appeared in two Carry On films, Carry On Regardless (1961) and Carry On Screaming! (1966). Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 November 1927 in Hackney, London, to a Romanian Jewish mother, Tilly ( Katz; 1902–1977), and a Lithuanian Jewish father, Philip Feldman. She was the younger sister of Basil, later Baron Feldman. She grew up in Lower Clapton and later Edgware where she attended North London Collegiate School.Her father at one time managed a cinema in Silvertown, east London. She later resided in Chiswick, west London. Her nephew is Nick Feldman, bassist in the band Wang Chung. Career
<mask> began her acting career in 1952, concentrating on stage productions. She was given her first break when she accompanied the then-unknown actor Ron Moody to an audition (they had met in an amateur production at the London School of Economics). Her performance in Sandy Wilson's musical version of Valmouth made her a star in 1958. By 1959 she was appearing with Kenneth Williams in the comedy revue Pieces of Eight, written by Harold Pinter and Peter Cook.<mask> also guested in the Hancock's Half Hour episode "The Poetry Society" broadcast in December 1959. <mask> starred in her own television programme Izeena (1966). She had occasional guest appearances in television programmes such as The Avengers (after being passed over as Patrick Macnee's regular partner in favour of Honor Blackman) and in Danger Man. She appeared in four episodes of Morecambe and Wise Show between 1969 and 1972. She was in two of the Carry On films, the second was her role as the vampish Valeria in Carry On Screaming ! (1966), and three of the Doctor films (including Doctor in Clover). She interspersed these with performances in plays by Ibsen, Shakespeare and Henry James, reputedly keeping an edition of Plato's writings by her bed.Other theatre credits around this time included Sheridan and Chekhov. In 1977 she appeared on BBC TV's long running show, The Good Old Days performing 'Only A Glass of Champagne' and 'How'd You Like to Spoon with Me?'. <mask> was the uncredited Village announcer in The Prisoner (1967–68), and co-starred with Tom Poston and Robert Morley in the remake of The Old Dark House (1963). In Dougal and the Blue Cat, based on The Magic Roundabout, she voiced the character of the Blue Voice, referred to as "Madam" by both Buxton (the blue cat of the title) and Dougal at various stages throughout the film. In the late 1960s, <mask> was approached by Federico Fellini to work on one of his films, but turned the work down because she was already booked to perform on stage at the Chichester Festival Theatre. <mask> also starred in the children's television series Uncle Jack from 1990-1993 as the notorious villainess, The Vixen. In 1999, <mask> starred in Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson's film Guest House Paradiso.She toured in a production of Lady Windermere's Fan the same year. In 2011, <mask> appeared at the Jermyn Street Theatre, London in an English Chamber Theatre presentation of Jane McCulloch's Dearest Nancy, Darling Evelyn, the dramatised letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh. From 2012, <mask> performed readings of English translations of Greek classics by David Stuttard. Her partners for this were Simon Russell Beale and later Stephen Greif. Her autobiography was published in both audio and book form in 2017 and led to a number of appearances on stage reading extracts from it in places all over the UK. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity. Voice work
<mask> voiced “The Blue Voice” in the 1972 English adaptation of the 1970 French film ‘Dougal And The Blue Cat’, 'MOOD', the quirky supercomputer in the video game Martian Gothic in a script written by science fiction author Stephen Marley.After 2000 she recorded with Savoy, a book publishing and recording company. Her work with them includes readings of Colette, J.G. Ballard's Crash and T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets. She made an album of cover songs including Robbie Williams's "Angels", Kylie Minogue's "Can't Get You Out of My Head", New Order's "Blue Monday" and the White Stripes' "Passive Manipulation". In 2006, she toured Ireland in The Vagina Monologues. She provided the voice to two tracks on the Graham Roos album Quest. In the following years, <mask> was a regular guest contributor on BBC Radio 4's PM and Broadcasting House.Critical reception
A 2007 article in The Independent remarked that it was "one of the mysteries of British life that <mask> <mask>, whose wit and distinctive stage presence captivated figures such as Kenneth Tynan, Noël Coward and Federico Fellini, should have drifted into obscurity rather than being celebrated", and the same article quotes The Times as saying that <mask>'s performance as Hedda Gabler was "one of the experiences of a lifetime". A 2017 article in The Guardian highlighted a career "renaissance in recent years" and describes <mask> as a phenomenal storyteller. "She reminds me of the great raconteur Quentin Crisp – the same love of language, mastery of its rhythms, perfectly formed sentences, and a joie de vivre even when relating her profound despair." <mask> is the subject of MetaFenella, a 2014 online artwork by artist Martin Firrell. Death
<mask> suffered a stroke on 25 August 2018 and died two weeks later at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, on 11 September 2018, aged 90. She never married or had children. Filmography

Film

References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s official website
Metafenella, interactive video portrait
<mask> <mask> at the British Film Institute

Savoy website
Independent article, 2008

1927 births
2018 deaths
Actresses from London
English film actresses
Jewish English actresses
English people of Romanian-Jewish descent
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at North London Collegiate School
People from the London Borough of Hackney
People from Lower Clapton
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

masks:
Fenella Fielding
Fenella Marion Feldman
Fielding
Fenella Marion Feldman
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fenella
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fenella
Fielding
Fenella
Fielding


title: Wang Tingcou

type: original

texts:
<mask>u (王廷湊 or 王庭湊; died 834), formally the Duke of Taiyuan (), was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who, in 821, during the reign of Emperor Muzong, took over control of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and thereafter ruled it in a de facto independent manner from the imperial government. He was said to be particularly cruel even for a warlord. After his death, his family held onto control of the circuit, even after the end of Tang Dynasty, until his great-great-grandson <mask> was overthrown in 921 – 100 years after <mask>u had initially taken over the circuit. Background
It is not known when <mask>u was born. His ancestors were of the Huigu Abusi () tribe, which had been submissive to the Tang Dynasty Protectorate General to Pacify the East. His great-grandfather Wugezhi () came to serve under Li Baochen the military governor (Jiedushi) of Chengde and Li Baochen's son Li Weiyue. After Li Weiyue's death, Li Weiyue's successor <mask>, because of Wugezhi's bravery in battle, adopted Wugezhi as a son, and thus Wugezhi took on the surname of <mask>.Both <mask>u's grandfather <mask>uo () and father <mask> () continued to serve under <mask>'s family as cavalry officers. <mask>u himself was said to be brave and quiet, but decisive. During Emperor Muzong's reign
When <mask>'s grandson <mask> died in 820, <mask>'s brother <mask> temporarily took over command of the circuit but requested to be transferred, fearing to be targeted as a warlord. At that time, <mask>u served as the commander of <mask>'s guards. Then-reigning Emperor Muzong transferred Tian Hongzheng the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) to Chengde and transferred <mask> to Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan). <mask> subsequently left Chengde and headed for Yicheng despite the attempts by some soldiers to detain him at Chengde. However, Tian, while at Weibo, had engaged in many campaigns against Chengde, and therefore was hated by the Chengde soldiers.He therefore took 2,000 Weibo soldiers to Chengde with him to protect him. He requested the imperial government to pay these soldiers' salaries. The director of finances, Cui Ling (), however, did not realize the seriousness of the situation and rejected Tian's request. Tian was forced to send the Weibo soldiers back to Weibo. Meanwhile, <mask>u had been inciting the soldiers against Tian, and as soon as Weibo soldiers left, in fall 821, he gathered the troops at Chengde's capital Zhen Prefecture () and attacked Tian's headquarters, killing Tian, his staff members, and their families — some 300 people. He forced the eunuch monitor of the army, Song Weicheng (), to submit a request on his behalf to be made military governor. Meanwhile, he had <mask> (), the prefect of another of Chengde's prefectures, Ji Prefecture (冀州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei) assassinated and took over Ji Prefecture.The prefect of another of Chengde's prefectures, Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui), Niu Yuanyi (), refused to follow <mask> and followed orders from the imperial general Li Su, who had succeeded Tian as the military governor of Weibo. Emperor Muzong named Niu the new military governor of Chengde. However, Li Su soon grew ill, and his command was instead given to Tian's son Tian Bu. When five Chengde officers, led by <mask> (), tried to assassinate <mask>u, <mask>u not only killed them but also the 3,000 soldiers under their command. He subsequently took his own soldiers and those of his ally Zhu Kerong (who had seized Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing)) and put Shen Prefecture under siege. The imperial troops soon tried to attack <mask>u from three directions — Pei Du the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) from the west, Tian Bu from the south, and Wu Chongyin the military governor of Henghai Circuit (橫海, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) from the east. (Wu was soon succeeded by Li Guangyan.)After the key outpost Gonggao (弓高, in modern Cangzhou) fell to Zhu's troops in spring 822, however, the imperial army's own supply routes, as well as the supply routes for Shen Prefecture, were cut off. With Shen Prefecture in dire straits, Emperor Muzong was forced to commission <mask>u the military governor of Chengde. <mask> accepted the commission, but refused to lift the siege on Shen Prefecture, even when the imperial official Han Yu was sent to urge him. Eventually, Niu fought his way out of the siege, and his subordinate Zang Ping () surrendered. <mask> rebuked Zang for defending the city for too long and executed Zang and 180 other officials in the city. When Emperor Muzong subsequently sent the eunuch messenger Yang Zaichang () to <mask> to order him to turn over Tian Hongzheng's body and Niu's family, <mask> responded that Tian's body could no longer be located and that he would soon release Niu's family — but he never actually did so, despite Niu's repeatedly sending <mask> gifts and requests to release his family, while Niu served as the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), until Niu's death in 823. During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns
Shortly after Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong, <mask>u heard of Niu Yuanyi's death and slaughtered Niu's family — leading the new emperor to lament that the chancellors were incompetent.As of 826, Emperor Jingzong was originally intent on visiting the eastern capital Luoyang and restoring the early Tang customs of the emperor spending time in both the main capital Chang'an and Luoyang. Both <mask> and Zhu Kerong sent arrogantly-worded offers to contribute troops to repair the long-ruined palaces and governmental offices at Luoyang, offers that Emperor Jingzong declined, and Emperor Jingzong subsequently abandoned the plan to visit Luoyang, at the urging of the senior chancellor Pei Du. Also in 826, after Li Quanlüe () the military governor of Henghai Circuit died, his son Li Tongjie took over the circuit without imperial sanction. The imperial government initially took no reaction against Li Tongjie. After Emperor Jingzong was assassinated in late 826 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, Li Tongjie hoped that the new regime would be willing to let him inherit the circuit, and in early 827 sent his secretary Cui Congzhang () and his brothers Li Tongzhi () and Li Tongsun () to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong, however, did not intend to let Li Tongjie take over the circuit, subsequently issued an edict transferring Wu Chongyin from Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) to Henghai and Li Tongjie to Yanhai Circuit (兗海, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong). As the imperial government was concerned that the other circuit governors would encourage Li Tongjie to resist, Emperor Wenzong bestowed various honorific titles on the military governors, including <mask>, around Henghai.<mask>, however, requested commission for Li Tongjie, and when his request was denied, mobilized his own troops to interfere with the operations by Weibo's military governor Shi Xiancheng against Henghai. He also tried to bribe the Shatuo chieftain Zhuxie Zhiyi (), trying to get Zhuxie to ally with him, but Zhuxie refused. Emperor Wenzong subsequently declared a general campaign against Li Tongjie, but with <mask> assisting Li Tongjie and supplying him with both troops and supplies in the other circuits' campaign against Li Tongjie, in fall 828, Emperor Wenzong declared <mask> a renegade but did not order a campaign against him, merely ordering the other circuits to treat him as a renegade and await for his repentance. Soon thereafter, however, he stripped <mask> and his sons of their titles and ordered a general campaign against him. Meanwhile, with the other circuits' armies making headway against Li Tongjie and <mask> unable to relieve him, in winter 828, <mask> persuaded the Weibo officer Qi Zhishao () to rebel and turn against Shi, attacking Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture (). Emperor Wenzong was forced to order the troops from Yicheng and Heyang (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang, Henan) to aid Weibo. In spring 829, after Shi Xiancheng's son Shi Tang () and the military governor of Yicheng, Li Ting (), defeated Qi, Qi fled to Chengde.After Li Tongjie soon surrendered but was killed by the imperial official Bo Qi () after he surrendered, Emperor Wenzong thereafter resumed the posture of declaring <mask> a renegade but not waging a campaign against him. <mask> soon sent a letter to Li Cheng the military governor of Hedong Circuit, offering to resubmit and surrender Henghai's Jing Prefecture (景州, in modern Cangzhou), which <mask> had seized during the campaign, and reporting that Qi had committed suicide. In fall 829, Emperor Wenzong pardoned <mask> and his subordinates and restored their titles. <mask>u was subsequently created the Duke of Taiyuan. In 834, he died. The soldiers supported his son <mask>i to succeed him, and Emperor Wenzong subsequently approved. <mask>u was given posthumous honors.<mask>u's biography in the Old Book of Tang commented:

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 142. New Book of Tang, vol. 211. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 241, 242, 243, 244, 245. 8th-century births
834 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Chengde Circuit
Uyghur people
Politicians from Shijiazhuang
Tang dynasty generals from Hebei
Tang dynasty politicians from Hebei

masks:
Wang Tingco
Wang Rong
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Wujun
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang Modah
Wang Shengchao
Wang Wujun
Wang Tingco
Wang Wujun
Wang Chengzong
Wang Chengzong
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Tingco
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Tingco
Wang Jinji
Wang
Wang Jian
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang Yuanku
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco


title: William Trousdale

texts:
<mask> (September 23, 1790March 27, 1872) was an American soldier and politician. He served as the 13th governor of Tennessee from 1849 to 1851, and was United States Minister to Brazil from 1853 to 1857. He fought under Andrew Jackson in the Creek War, the War of 1812 and the Second Seminole War, and commanded the U.S. Fourteenth Infantry in the Mexican–American War. His military exploits earned him the nickname, "War Horse of Sumner County." Early life
<mask> was born in Orange County, North Carolina, the son of James and <mask>. His father was of Scots-Irish descent, and had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father was given a land grant as payment for services in the Revolution, and used this grant to acquire several hundred acres in Sumner County, Tennessee.The family moved to this plot in 1796. In 1801, the family donated part of their land for the establishment of a new county seat for Sumner County, which was named Gallatin. <mask> attended public schools and studied under a tutor, the Reverend Gideon Blackburn. Military service and early political endeavors
<mask> joined Captain <mask>'s Mounted Riflemen in 1812. When this company was called into service during the Creek War the following year, <mask> was elected Lieutenant. The company saw action at the Battle of Tallushatchee and the Battle of Talladega before returning home. In the Summer of 1814, after <mask> had been at home for just a few months, he joined a militia company formed by Lieutenant-Colonel George Elliott.This company joined Jackson's invasion of Florida later that year. At the Battle of Pensacola in November 1814, <mask> took part in a charge that captured several cannons on the first day of fighting. He volunteered to be among the first wave of soldiers to assault Fort San Miguel, but the fort surrendered before the assault took place. Following the capture of Pensacola, <mask>'s unit hurried westward with Jackson's forces to defend New Orleans from an impending British invasion. They arrived in the city in December 1814, and <mask> took part in a series of firefights and night skirmishes against the British on December 23, December 27, and January 1. He fought in the decisive Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. After the war, <mask> returned home and studied law.He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and commenced practice in Sumner County. He ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1827 and 1829, and served on Gallatin's Board of Aldermen from 1831 to 1835. He was elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1835, and served until the following year. At the outbreak of the Second Seminole War in 1836, <mask> formed his own company, and was elected colonel of the Second Regiment, First Brigade. His regiment took part in several skirmishes, and helped defeat Seminole forces at the Battle of Wahoo Swamp in November 1836. In 1837, <mask> once again ran for Congress for the 6th District congressional seat, but lost to <mask>. Campbell, his former subordinate in the Seminole War and his future gubernatorial opponent. He ran again in 1839 and 1845, but being a Democrat in a primarily Whig district, he was never successful.<mask> campaigned for the unsuccessful Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, in 1840. During the Mexican–American War, <mask> joined the Army with the rank of Colonel, and commanded the 14th U.S. Infantry. This regiment landed at Veracruz on June 13, 1847, and was placed under General Gideon Pillow's 3rd Division. <mask>'s forces linked up with Winfield Scott's forces on July 8, and began the march inland to Mexico City. <mask> took part in the Battle of Contreras and the Battle of Churubusco on August 20, and was grazed in the shoulder while fighting in the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. <mask> commanded two regiments (the 14th and 11th) and an artillery battery at the Battle of Chapultepec on September 13. During this battle, his right arm was shattered by enemy fire, though he continued fighting, and managed to lead a charge that captured an enemy cannon.For his actions at Chapultepec, <mask> was brevetted to brigadier general by President James K. Polk on August 23, 1848. Governor and later political endeavors
In 1849, <mask> received the Democratic nomination for governor. His Whig opponent, Neill S. Brown, had been opposed to the Mexican–American War, and was struggling with divisions over the issue of slavery in the national Whig Party. <mask>, on the other hand, was riding a wave of popularity for his service in the war. As a result, <mask> edged Brown by 1,400 votes in the general election. In <mask>'s reelection campaign in 1851, his opponent was <mask>. Campbell, a fellow Mexican–American War hero who had served under <mask> in the Second Seminole War, and had defeated <mask> for the 6th District congressional seat in 1837 and 1839. Like Brown in 1849, <mask>'s campaign was damaged by the actions of his own party.At the Nashville Convention in 1850, which <mask> had endorsed, southern Democrats called for secession should the United States implement the Wilmot Proviso, banning slavery in territory acquired as a result of the Mexican–American War. Secession was unpopular in Tennessee at the time, and following a relatively dignified campaign, Campbell defeated <mask> by 1,500 votes. In 1853, <mask> was appointed "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary" to Brazil by President Franklin Pierce. He arrived in Rio de Janeiro in July 1853, and served until 1857. He spent much of his term advocating the opening of the Amazon River to international commerce. After returning to Sumner County, <mask> spent the remainder of his life practicing law. He was consistently stricken with rheumatism, creating physical difficulties that prevented him from taking part in public life, as well as from serving in the Civil War in the 1860s.He nevertheless supported the Confederacy, and refused to take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States, even when Union soldiers occupied his home. <mask> was married to Mary Ann Bugg in 1827. The couple had seven children. Death
<mask> died on March 27, 1872, and is interred at Gallatin City Cemetery in Gallatin, Tennessee. Legacy
Trousdale County, Tennessee is named in his honor. His family home, the Federal-style "Trousdale Place" located near the town square of Gallatin, has been a preserved historical site since 1900. See also
 List of governors of Tennessee

References

External links
 National Governors Association
 The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture

Governor <mask> Papers, 1849 - 1851, Tennessee State Library and Archives.1790 births
1872 deaths
Governors of Tennessee
Ambassadors of the United States to Brazil
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
People from Gallatin, Tennessee
People from Orange County, North Carolina
Tennessee Democrats
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of the Creek War
American militiamen in the War of 1812
American people of the Seminole Wars
United States Army generals
19th-century American diplomats
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Trousdale County, Tennessee
19th-century American politicians

masks:
William Trousdale
Trousdale
Elizabeth Dobbins Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William Edwards
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William B
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William B
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Family Trousdale
Trousdale
William Trousdale


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
<mask> (born 17 April 1976 in Barcelona) is a Spanish-Catalan composer. Since 2002 he lives in Paris. Life
<mask> completed his studies with Carles Guivoart, David Padrós and Maria Jesús Crespo at the Municipal Conservatory of Barcelona with an award in composition and a distinction in piano. After also graduating in choral conducting, he studied orchestra conducting with Arturo Tamayo at the University of Alcalá de Henares. He continued his composition studies with Michael Jarrell at the Geneva University of Music in 2005-2006, and with Jonathan Harvey, Brian Ferneyhough, Beat Furrer and Philippe Manoury at IRCAM, Royaumont fundation academy, Centre Acanthes (France) and Takefu (Japan). He was selected for studying composition and computer music at IRCAM (2002-2003) with Mikhail Malt and Philippe Leroux. He earned a master's degree in Sciences and Technology of Art from the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis under the supervision of Horacio Vaggione in 2005.Beside music, he studied painting and drawing at Francesco Miñarro's studio in Barcelona. Between 2005 and 2012 he was a professor of Electroacoustic composition at the Conservatory of Music of Aragon between 2013 and 2017 he was composition professor at IRCAM. He has also been member of several juries in international competitions such as Concours international de piano d'Orléans 2017 and Geneva International Music Competition 2019. His works have been performed internationally by ensembles like Ensemble Intercontemporain, the Arditti Quartet, ensemble recherche, musikfabrik, Klangforum Wien, Freiburger Barockorchester, Concerto Köln, SWR Symphonieorchester, Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, Orquesta Nacional de España, Barcelona Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Catalonia, the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège, Orchestre national d'Île-de-France, KNM Berlin or the ensemble mosaik as well as many soloists. He has received commissions from the French state, from the IRCAM-Centre Pompidou on seven occasions, from the Spanish ministry of culture, from the government of Catalonia, from the City Council of Munich for the Munich Biennale and from institutions such as Academy of Arts, Berlin, Musée du Louvre, WDR, SWR, Kölner Philharmonie, Auditori de Barcelona, Ensemble Intercontemporain, Klangforum Wien/Impuls academy Graz, Strasbourg Music Festival, Orchestre national d'Île-de-France, IVM (Valencia), Musica de Hoy (Xavier Güell), Schauspielhaus Salzburg, Caja Madrid or the Selmer Society (Paris). His music was performed at international festivals such as Lucerne Festival, Avignon Festival, Agora Festival of IRCAM (Paris), Royaumont, Centre Acanthes, Forum Neues Musiktheater of the Stuttgart Opera House, Novart de Bordeaux, ADK Berlin, Quincena Musical de San Sebastián, Nous Sons Barcelona, Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ (Amsterdam), Philharmonie Luxembourg, Warsaw Autumn, Wien Modern, Acht Brücken (Cologne), Donaueschingen Festival, Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival (he was the resident composer in 2013), ISCM-World Music Days 2015, Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik, Festival Présences de Radio France, Manifesto of IRCAM-Center Pompidou, Musikprotokoll / Steirischer Herbst, KLANG (Helsinki), Traiettorie Parma, Ars Musica (Brussels), Festival Archipel (Geneva), Granada International Festival, Quincena Musical de San Sebastián or the Rainy Days Festival. His pieces were part of programs in concert halls such as the Philharmonie de Paris, the Konzerthaus, Vienna, the Suntory Hall Tokyo, the Auditorio Nacional de Música Madrid, the L'Auditori Barcelona, Wigmore Hall, Palau de la Música Catalana (invited composer in 2015 and 2016), Nouveau Siècle Lille (where he was resident composer in 2017 and 2018) and opera houses such as Opera Vlaanderen, Berlin State Opera, the Theater Freiburg, Staatsoper Stuttgart and the Gran Teatre del Liceu.<mask>'s works are published by Durand/Universal Music Publishing Classical (Paris) and by Tritó Edicions S.L. (Barcelona) (works until 2010). Major influences and style
Three major fields of inspiration can be observed in Parra's work:
 Fine art, especially painting. Natural sciences, especially particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics and evolutionary biology. Literature, especially novels and plays from contemporary European writers with a critical and political view on society and history. Fine art
<mask> is a trained painter himself. His opulent handwritten scores show his graphic skills.His fascination for texture and color gradient, especially in the works of El Greco, Diego Velázquez and Paul Cézanne, led him to compositional strategies of transforming visual textures and their proportional relations into dynamic musical forms. Exemplary pieces for such transitions are Lumières Abyssales – Chroma I and Aracne – String Quartet Nº 3. Also Joan Miró was a major inspiration (Constellations, L’Étoile matinale and Chiffres et constellations amoureux d’une femme). But his interest also includes more contemporary artists such as sculptor Jaume Plensa (who contributed in the making of the choir piece Breathing with a piece of poetry), Matthew Ritchie (who Parra worked with for Hypermusic Prologue and Hypermusic Ascension, exhibited in New York's Guggenheim Museum), Antoni Tàpies (Cos de matèria), Gordon Matta-Clark or Gregor Schneider (Haus u r / Office Baroque, Wilde). Natural sciences
In 2006, <mask> <mask> theoretical physics, astronomy and evolutionary biology became a source of inspiration. He transferred theories from theoretical physicist Lisa Randall, astrophysicist Jean-Pierre Luminet or organic chemist and molecular biologist Graham Cairns-Smith into musical processes, leading him to small chamber pieces, orchestra pieces and eventually also to his opera Hypermusic Prologue based on a libretto by Lisa Randall. Further exemplary pieces referring to such theories are: Inscape, Early life, Stress Tensor, Mineral Life, Caressant l'horizon, InFALL, or ...limite les rêves au-delà.Literature
Around 2013 literature become a new major source of inspiration and material for <mask>. Several operas, adapting novels or plays into libretti, have been created since. The opera Das geopferte Leben with a libretto by Marie Ndiaye was premiered by the Freiburger Barockorchester and the ensemble recherche at the Munich Biennale in 2014. In the succeeding year the opera Wilde was premiered at the Schwetzingen Festival, with Calixto Bieito as director and a libretto by Händl Klaus. <mask>'s hitherto most ambitious project is the opera Les Bienveillantes, based on Jonathan Littell’s homonymous novel. Again with Calixto Bieito as director and a libretto by Händl Klaus. The opera was commissioned by the Vlaanderen Opera and premiered in Antwerpen and Gent in April and May 2019 and was extensively applauded by the public and praised by the international press.Works

Stage works
 Les Bienveillantes (2018/2019). Opera for soloist vocals, quartet vocal, choir and large orchestra. Libretto by Händl Klaus based on Jonathan Littell’s homonymous novel. Wilde (2014/2015). Opera for six soloist vocals and orchestra. Libretto by Händl Klaus. Das geopferte Leben (2013).Opera for four soloist vocals, baroque ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Marie NDiaye. Te craindre en ton absence (2012/2013). Monodrama for a single actress, ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Marie NDiaye. Hypermusic Prologue – A projective opera in seven planes. (2008/2009).Opera for two soloist vocals, ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Lisa Randall. Zangezi (2007). Musical theatre for soprano, actors and pre-recorded electronics. Based on Velimir Khlébnikov’s homonymous poem. Orchestra
 Wanderwelle (2019). Baritone and large orchestra.Libretto by Händl Klaus. Inscape (2017/2018). Instrumental soloist's ensemble, large orchestra and live electronics. Avant la fin... vers où? (2017). Large orchestra. Orgia – Irrisorio alito d’aria (2017).Ensemble and baroque orchestra. Three Shakespeare Sonnets (2016). Tenor and orchestra. Wilde Suite (2015). Orchestra. L’absència (2013). Orchestra.InFALL (2011/rev. 2012). Large orchestra. Caressant l’horizon (2011). Chamber orchestra. Fibrillian – Chamber Symphony Nº 2 (2007/2008). String orchestra.Karst – Chroma II (2006). Large orchestra. Lumières Abyssales – Chroma I (2004/2006). Large orchestra. Instrumental ensemble
 Un souffle en suspens (2016). Large ensemble. Moins qu’un souffle, à peine un movement de l’air (2012).Flute soloist and ensemble. Equinox (2010). Large ensemble. Sirrt die Sekunde (2008). Large ensemble. Chamber Symphony – Quasikristall (2005). Large ensemble.Chamber music

masks:
Hèctor Parra i Esteve
Hèctor Parra
Parra
Parra
Hèctor
Parra
Parra
Parra


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 Constellations (2020/2021). Actor and four hands piano. Cinq constellations pour piano a quatre mains (2020/2021). Chiffres et constellations amoureux d’une femme (2020/2021). Chamber ensemble. L’Étoile matinale (2020). Chamber ensemble.String Quartet Nº 4 ‘Un concertino di angeli contro le pareti del mio cranio’ (2020). Cell 2 (2016). Chamber ensemble. Aracne – String Quartet Nº 3 (2015)
 Catalunya Lliure (2015). Chamber ensemble. Sigma-Waves (2015). Saxophone quartet.Vers le blanc (2013). Violin and piano. Early Life (2010). Chamber ensemble. Stress Tensor (2009 rev. 2011). Chamber ensemble.String Quartet No. 2 – Fragments on Fragility (2009). String quartet and live electronics. An exploration of light (2008). Violoncello and percussion. Piano Trio Nº 1 – Knotted Fields (2007)
 String Quartet – Leaves of Reality (2007)
 String Trio (2006). String trio and electronica.Ona (2006). Flute and viola. Ciel Rouillé (2005). Chamber ensemble. Vestigios (2005). Two pianos and percussion. Piano Trio Nº 1 – Wortschatten (2004)
 Fragments Striés (2004).Saxophone quartet. Andante Sospeso (2003). Flute and piano. Stasis – Antigone I (2002). Strings quartet. Abîme – Antigone IV (2002). Chamber ensemble.Strata – Antigone II (2002). Chamber ensemble. Pulsions (2002). Chamber ensemble. Solo music
 Cinq fleurs pour contrebasse (2021). Quatre constellations pour piano (2020). ...limite les rêves au-delà (2017).Violoncello and live electronics. Au cœur de l'Oblique / Cinq études d'architecture, Nº 1 (2016-2017). Piano. Mineral life II (2016). Viola. Cell (Arch of Hysteria) (2016) / Cinq études d’art, Nº 4. Piano.Tres miradas (2016). Organ. Una pregunta (to Jaume Plensa) (2015) / Cinq études d'art, Nº 5. Piano. Haus u r / Office Baroque (2014) / Cinq études d'art, Nº 3. Piano. Carícies cap al blanc (2013) / Cinq études d'art, Nº 2.Piano. Cos de matèria (Antoni Tàpies in memoriam) (2012) / Cinq études d'art, Nº 1. Piano. Mineral Life (2010). Multipercussion. Piano Sonata (2010). Piano.La dona d’aigua (El Montseny) (2009). Piano. Quatre miniatures (2007). Piano. Tentatives de Réalité (2007). Violoncello and live electronics. L'Aube Assaillie (2004-2005).Violoncello and electronica. Impromptu (2005). Piano. Chymisch (2005). Baritone saxophone and electronica. Time Fields III (2004). Flute.Time Fields II (2004). Clarinet in B minor. Time Fields II (2002/rev.2006). Baritone saxophone. Tres Peces per a piano – Lichtzwang (1999). Piano. Vocal music
 Lent comme un rêve (2015).Chamber choir and piano. Poem by Jaume Plensa. Breathing (2015). Mixed choir in 12 voices. Poems by Jaume Plensa. Stimmen (2008). Soprano, violin and piano.Poem by Paul Celan. Arena (2006). Soprano and piano. Poem by Núria Casellas. Strette (2003). Soprano and live electronics. Poem by Paul Celan.Mort d’Antigone – Antigone III (2001). Mezzo-soprano and clarinet in B minor. Text by Sophocles. Pape moe (1999-2000). Soprano and electronica. Text by Paul Gauguin (Noa Noa). Semi-improvised music
 Life After Architecture - Love (2019).Piano for four hands. FREC 3 (2016-2017). Piano and three instruments. FREC 2 (2016). Piano and live electronics. FREC 1 (2012-2013). Amplified piano.Electroacoustic music
 “I have come like a butterfly into the hall of human life” (2009). 6 tracks. Awards and nominations
 2002: Composition Prize from the Colegio de España de París and the National Institute of Music of Spain-INAEM
 2005: Prize of the Tremplin Reading Committee of IRCAM and the Ensemble Intercontemporain
 2007: The Earplay Donald Aird Memorial Composers Competition in San Francisco
 2008: Prize of the Impuls Reading Committee of Klangforum Wien (Graz)
 2009: “Tendències al creador emergent” award by the Spanish newspaper El Mundo
 2011: Composition Prize of the Ernst von Siemens Foundation
 2014: Nomination from Opernwelt magazine for Das geopferte Leben as best premiere of the year
 2015: Selected by the ISCM - International Society for Contemporary Music to close the Annual Festival 2015 (Slovenia) with the orchestral work InFALL
 2017: National Culture Prize of Catalonia
 2018: Finalist in FEDORA – Generali Opera Prize
 2021: Residency at the Villa Médicis in Rome / Académie de France à Rome (2021-2022). Recordings
 Frec. Agustí Fernández, piano, 1 CD Sirulita, 2020. Early Life;  Stress Tensor; Caressant l’Horizon, ensemble recherche  Ensemble Intercontemporain, Emilio Pomárico, 1 CD Col legno, 2012. Hypermusic Prologue.A projective opera in seven planes. Libretto by Lisa Randall, Charlotte Ellett (soprano), James Bobby (baritone), Ensemble Intercontemporain, Clement Power (director), Thomas Goepfer (IRCAM’S music computing), 2 CDs Kairos (record label), col. Sirènes, coproduction Ircam-Centre Pompidou, Ensemble Intercontemporain, 2010. Piano Trio No.2 Knotted Fields; Impromptu; Piano Trio No.1 Wortschatten; L’Aube assaillie; Abîme – Antigone IV; String Trio, Ensemble Recherche, 1 CD Kairos (record label), 2008, n° 0012822KAI. “L’aube assaillie. Musique de chamber” : Ciel Rouillé; Time Fields III; Andante Sospeso; Impromptu; Fragments Striés; Tres Peces per a piano – Lichtzwang; Vestigios; L’Aube Assaillie, Ensemble Proxima Centauri, Utopia Ensemble, Quatuor Aker, Duo Nataraya, Imma Santacreu, Laura Capsir, Amandine Lefèvre and Hèctor <mask>. Producers : REMA 12 / Albert Mestres, 1 CD Ars Harmonica, Sabadell, 2006. Writings
 <mask>, Hèctor (2019).“From Creative Energy to the Conformation of a Sculptural Space-time: Musical Tension in the Work of Jaume Plensa.” Catalogue Jaume Plensa. Barcelona: MACBA 2019. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Compondre avui. Reflexions des de la praxi.” Revista Segell, nº 33, Barcelona. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Das geopferte Leben: ein Zwiegenspräch zwischen Barock und gegenwärtigem Schaffen.” The Freiburger Barockorchester GbR's 30th anniversary book.Translated into German by Judith Blank. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “David padrós, in memoriam.” Núvol. Barcelona, 2016. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Hypermusic Prologue – Òpera Projectiva en 7 plans.” En ressonància, 2008. <mask>, <mask> (2019).Encontre noves fronteres de la ciencia, l’art i el pensament, KRTU, Catalonia's Ministry of Culture. Article published in English in Sonograma (2013). <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Cap a una nova expressivitat”. Nexus, vol. 37. Barcelona: Caixa Catalunya, 2007.<mask>, <mask> (2019). “Strette”. In: Bresson, Jean, Carlos Agon and Gérard Assayag (Eds.). The OM Composer's book 1. Paris: IRCAM-Centre Pompidou, 2006. <mask>, <mask> (2019). Pour une approche créatrice des interrelations structurelles entre les espaces acoustiques et visuels.(Master's Thesis). Lead Supervisor: Horacio Vaggione. Université de Paris VIII. Inedit. References

Further reading
 Besada, José-Luis (2015). Composición y modelos exógenos: aplicación en la música contemporanea española / Composition et modèles exogènes : application à la musique contemporaine espagnole. La métamodélisation chez Alberto Posadas (1967) et chez <mask> <mask> (1976).PhD Thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis. Besada, José-Luis (2016). ‘Musique, science et crise : quel rapport?’ In: Luna, Antonia-Maria M. and Pedro Ordóñez-Eslava (Eds.). Les arts en (temps de) crise. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 113-129.Besada, José-Luis (2018). “INSCAPE d’<mask> <mask>. Extraits du journal de bord (d’un passager clandestin).” L’étincelle: Journal de la création à l’Ircam, vol 18, pp. 24-25. Besada, José-Luis (2018). ‘Enjeux cognitifs des métaphores physiques dans le processus créatif d’<mask> <mask>.’ In: Garric, Jean-Philippe. Les dimensions relationnelles de l’art: Processus créatifs, mise en valeur, action politique.Paris : Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 11-44. Besada, José-Luis (2019). “Different Trails: On the Multiple Genetic Roots Determining a Distributed Compositional Project.” Tempo, vol. 73, nº 290, pp. 56-72. Besada, José-Luis (2019).‘Corps et morphogenèse dans la musique contemporaine espagnole.’ In: Olive, Jean-Paul and Joseph Delaplace (Eds.). Le corps dans l’écriture musicale. Arras: Artois Presses Université, pp. 197-210. Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2019). “Gravitational Music. On my Collaboration with <mask> <mask>.” Contemporary Music Review, vol.38, no. 1-2, pp. 193–205. Makward, Christiane (2017). “Espaces Musicaux pour Marie NDiaye.” Critical Stages/Scènes Critiques,  nº 16. (https://www.critical-stages.org/16/espaces-musicaux-pour-marie-ndiaye/)

External links
 <mask> <mask> official website
 <mask> <mask> at IRCAM
 <mask> <mask> at Durand (publisher)
 <mask> <mask> at Tritó (publisher)
 SoundCloud of Hèctor Parra
 Contemporary Music Online
 CDMC

1976 births
Living people
Composers from Catalonia
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize

masks: Parra Parra Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra


title: Jim Karygiannis

texts:
<mask>,  () (; born May 2, 1955) is a Canadian former politician. He formerly served in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal MP from 1988 to 2014, and as member of the Toronto City Council from 2014 until 2020, when his seat was vacated due to campaign spending violations. Karygiannis served concurrently as the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development and Minister responsible for Democratic Renewal (2005) and was previously parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport (2003–2005). In opposition, Karygiannis attracted substantive attention from the media and various ethnic community groups as he took polemical stances on foreign policy issues and as part of his role as multiculturalism critic. On April 1, 2014, he resigned his seat as a Member of Parliament in order to stand in the Toronto municipal election for Toronto City Councillor in Ward 39, and subsequently was elected to that seat. In November 2019, Karygiannis was removed from office for exceeding election expenses in the 2018 municipal election. He was then reinstated and removed twice during the ensuing legal saga that resulted in his final removal from office on September 24, 2020.Personal life
Karygiannis was born in Athens, Greece. Before entering politics, Karygiannis was a businessman and industrial engineer. He immigrated to Canada in 1966, and has a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Toronto. He also holds a degree of Fellowship of Business Administration from the Canadian School of Management. He is married with four daughters. Politics
Karygiannis has been involved with politics as a Liberal since the late 1980s, first in provincial politics and later as a federal MP. He ran as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1987 provincial election.He lost to David Reville of the Ontario New Democratic Party by about 1,500 votes. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons the following year in the federal election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent W. Paul McCrossan by 858 votes in the newly created riding of Scarborough—Agincourt. Karygiannis was one of the more socially conservative members of the Liberal caucus, and is opposed to abortion and same-sex marriage. In June 2005, however, he strongly criticized other socially-conservative Liberals who had threatened to bring down the government on the marriage issue. In government
He won a landslide re-election in the 1993 federal election as the Liberals won a majority government, and was easily re-elected in subsequent federal elections. Karygiannis was a prominent Toronto organizer for Jean Chrétien in the Liberal Party's 1990 leadership contest, and was credited with delivering considerable support to Chrétien from the city's Greek community. In 2002, Karygiannis was voted "laziest MP" in a poll of Parliamentary staffers by The Hill Times.Known as a Chrétien loyalist throughout the 1990s, Karygiannis announced in 2002 that he would support Paul Martin in the next Liberal leadership contest. In making his decision, he told an interviewer that it was time for Chrétien to retire "with dignity", rather than risk a potentially divisive leadership review. When Martin became Liberal party leader on December 12, 2003, he appointed Karygiannis as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport. In April 2004, Karygiannis brought forward a private member's motion which recognized the death of 1.5 million Armenians between 1915 and 1923 as a genocide. The motion was approved by parliament 153 to 68, with support among Liberal backbench and opposition MPs, though Prime Minister Martin and his cabinet did not show up for the free vote and insisted that the motion is non-binding. Foreign Minister Bill Graham has defended the government's position that the event constituted a "tragedy" rather than the purposeful extermination of minority Armenians. In response to Martin's assertion that foreign policy rests with the cabinet, Karygiannis said that a clear majority of Parliament saw it differently and urged Martin to live up to his promise to give MPs real clout.The Turkish government was strongly critical of the motion and argued that Canadian MPs were rewriting history, while the Turkish Embassy suggested that relations between the two countries would be harmed as a result. Local press has also described his genocide recognition cause as one that "splits cultural communities". Karygiannis played a prominent role in organizing Toronto-area support for victims of the December 2004 earthquake in Southeast Asia. He called for cooperation between the city's Tamil and Sinhalese communities for the relief effort in Sri Lanka, and personally travelled to Sri Lanka to witness the tsunami devastation firsthand. He was later criticized by fellow Member of Parliament David Kilgour for traveling to an area of Sri Lanka dominated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers), as the faction was proscribed as a terrorist organisation by many countries. Karygiannis defended his decision, saying that his intent was to confirm that disaster aid was reaching the region. Despite Kilgour's concerns, Karygiannis's travels did not provoke a diplomatic incident with Sri Lanka.In March 2005, Karygiannis travelled to Guyana to witness the damage that recent floods had done in the country. He helped to secure CIDA aid for Guyana of over  million Canadian. When Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans in September 2005, Karygiannis was one of the first Canadian parliamentarians to organize a Canadian relief effort. In opposition
Karygiannis was the National Chairman for MP Joe Volpe's campaign to lead the Liberal Party of Canada, but he resigned on July 21, 2006, over disagreements with Volpe's pro-Israeli stance on the conflict in Lebanon. On July 26, 2006, Karygiannis said that he was considering a run for the Liberal leadership himself because he felt the other candidates were "lacking" on the issue of foreign policy. At the leadership convention, he supported Bob Rae, but then threw his support to Stéphane Dion when Rae was eliminated from the ballot. In September 2007, the Canadian government announced that it would recognize the country Macedonia as the "Republic of Macedonia" rather than by its previous designation as the "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia."This decision was criticized by the government of Greece, which claims the name Macedonia as its own. Karygiannis also opposed the government's decision and indicated that the Greek-Canadian community would mobilize against it. In February 2009, Immigration Minister Jason Kenney announced that he would review and possibly reduce or eliminate federal funding to the Canadian Arab Federation (CAF) after its president criticized Kenney's pro-Israel position in the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict. Karygiannis subsequently asked the parliamentary ethics commissioner, Mary Dawson, to investigate whether Kenney was abusing his position. During his term of services in the 40th Parliament between November 2008 and December 2010, Karygiannis voted 171 times out of a possible 311 possible votes. The Globe and Mail ranked him third in the list of politicians that missed votes. On February 22, 2011, <mask>is joined a protest rally of the Armenian Youth Federation by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa timed to the anniversary of the Nagorno-Karabakh separatist movement in Azerbaijan.During his four-minute speech, he called for the Azerbaijani ambassador Farid Shafiyev to be stripped of his diplomatic privileges and leave Canada. Shafiyev reacted by saying Karygiannis had "crossed the line of civility and decency and used the language of the level of street hooliganism." Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of <mask>nnis using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a "smear campaign against him." As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss issues they faced. The event was boycotted by the Jewish, Chinese, Turkish, and Macedonian communities.A spokesperson for B'nai Brith Canada said the Liberal Party should consider putting forth a better representative of the party to deal with multiculturalism matters, due to Karygiannis's being "divisive on some issues", instead of bringing communities together. The Council of Turkish Canadians released a statement where it explained its unwillingness to participate in the event by Karygiannis's "past attempts to promote ethnic division and intolerance against Canadians of different national origin", particularly Turks, Azeris and Macedonians. In mid-August 2011, Karygiannis's former Conservative opponent Harry Tsai, among others, signed a collective letter on behalf of the Taiwanese Canadian Association of Toronto, requesting that Bob Rae remove Karygiannis from his multicultural critic's post. The letter cited his poor attendance of the House of Commons and bad treatment of Canada's Turkish and Macedonian community as reasons to be considered unfit. According to Tsai, Karygiannis contacted him by telephone saying he did not care about what they had written and expressing content that the authors of the letter "had been able to write in English". In his public response, Karygiannis denied making such a comment and complained that the letter was signed in part by "Turks and Macedonians, who don't like it, because I am Greek, and they have problems with Greeks." As for Tsai's discontent, Karygiannis explained it by the Conservative candidate's feelings after having got "his butt kicked" during the election.In July 2012, Karygiannis travelled to the South Caucasus region of Nagorno-Karabakh, on the invitation of the Armenian National Committee of Canada, to observe its presidential election. The Azerbaijani ambassador to Canada Farid Shafiyev criticized Karygiannis for taking sides in the conflict and "pandering to radical elements within his constituency" in chase of "ethnic votes and disregarding international law." Shafiyev also claimed Karygiannis's entry to Nagorno-Karabakh was "illegal", as he had not obtained a visa or special permission from the Azerbaijani government to travel there, and that his stay on the disputed territory was paid for by the government of Armenia. In response, Karygiannis who had been aware of Azerbaijan's objections to his visit affirmed his decision and offered to be invited to Azerbaijan as an observer for the next election, which Shafiyev turned down as

masks:
James Karygiannis
Jim Karygiann
Jim Karygia


title: Jim Karygiannis

texts:
 unlikely, saying Karygiannis would be declared persona non grata and denied any future entry in Azerbaijan. On August 1, members of Toronto's Azeri community held a protest in front of the office of the Liberal Party about Karygiannis's visit to Nagorno-Karabakh. In February 2013, Karygiannis was accused of using his political position to intervene to facilitate the passage of five Greek musicians into Canada. He was reported to have misinformed the authorities about the purpose of their visit, stating they had intended to participate in his father's wake, when in fact they were coming to Canada to perform at a paid concert.Karygiannis did not comment other than confirming that he had intervened in the matter but "did not profit from it". City councillor
On December 1, 2014, Karygiannis joined the Toronto city council as the elected councillor for ward 39. He was re-elected in 2018 in the redistricted ward 22. Karygiannis was appointed to the Toronto licensing and standards committee – which deals with taxi regulations. He is a vocal opponent of Uber,  Karygiannis is a lifelong personal friend of Co-Op Cab company CEO Peter Zahakos. Zahakos has made donations to Karygiannis, and is a lobbyist on taxi licensing issues. An examination by The Globe and Mail found that Karygiannis has received at least $7600 in campaign donations in 2014 from people connected to the taxi industry, about 10% of his total fundraising, and further found that Karygiannis had received donations from 12 individuals with the same last name and address, a house owned by an official with Diamond Taxi.In February 2016, Karygiannis brought up the possibility of banning recording artist Beyoncé from Canada. The Super Bowl 50 halftime entertainer had a routine which paid tribute to the 50th anniversary of the Black Panthers. Karygiannis went public with his interpretation of the routine as "anti-policy" and "pro-gun culture". Karygiannis also said "All lives matter." In May 2016, Karygiannis put forward a motion to the Toronto City Council to recognize the Pontian Greek genocide. The motion said that "450,000–750,000 Pontian and Anatolian Greeks were executed". Removal from office
On November 6, 2019, Karygiannis was removed as a member of City Council for Ward 22 due to misspending on the supplementary financial statement of his 2018 election.The Municipal Elections Act permitted a maximum of 10 per cent of total funds ($6,120.80) to be spent for "parties and other expressions of appreciation" in Ward 22 after election day; Karygiannis exceeded this limit by $25,962.70. Karygiannis argued that the expense was an inadvertent clerical error, which represented a legitimate and legal expense that was simply miscategorized in the wrong line item. On November 25, Justice William Chalmers of the Ontario Superior Court ruled that Karygiannis's explanation was acceptable and that he could retake office immediately. Karygiannis returned to City Hall and resumed his work as a councillor the next day. On December 2, 2019, Toronto resident Adam Chaleff filed an appeal of the decision. On June 24, 2020, the Court of Appeal overturned the Superior Court's ruling stating that Karygiannis had "not clearly demonstrated to this court that this was a mere 'clerical error'" and he was removed from office for a second time. On August 5, 2020, a stay on the decision was granted by the Ontario Court of Appeal while Karygiannis appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada, thereby reinstating him as councillor.The Supreme Court declined to give Karygiannis leave to appeal on September 24, 2020; therefore the Court of Appeal decision was upheld and he was removed from office. Controversies
On February 22, 2011, <mask>is joined a protest rally of the Armenian Youth Federation by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa timed to the anniversary of the Nagorno-Karabakh separatist movement in Azerbaijan. During his four-minute speech, he called for the Azerbaijani ambassador Farid Shafiyev to be stripped of his diplomatic privileges and leave Canada. Shafiyev reacted by saying Karygiannis had "crossed the line of civility and decency and used the language of the level of street hooliganism." Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of <mask>is using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a "smear campaign against him."As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss issues they faced. The event was boycotted by the Jewish, Chinese, Turkish, and Macedonian communities. A spokesperson for B'nai Brith Canada said the Liberal Party should consider putting forth a better representative of the party to deal with multiculturalism matters, due to Karygiannis's being "divisive on some issues", instead of bringing communities together. The Council of Turkish Canadians released a statement where it explained its unwillingness to participate in the event by Karygiannis's "past attempts to promote ethnic division and intolerance against Canadians of different national origin", particularly Turks, Azeris and Macedonians. In mid-August 2011, Karygiannis's former Conservative opponent Harry Tsai, among others, signed a collective letter on behalf of the Taiwanese Canadian Association of Toronto, requesting that Bob Rae remove Karygiannis from his multicultural critic's post. The letter cited his poor attendance of the House of Commons and bad treatment of Canada's Turkish and Macedonian community as reasons to be considered unfit. According to Tsai, Karygiannis contacted him by telephone saying he did not care about what they had written and expressing content that the authors of the letter "had been able to write in English".In his public response, Karygiannis denied making such a comment and complained that the letter was signed in part by "Turks and Macedonians, who don't like it, because I am Greek, and they have problems with Greeks." As for Tsai's discontent, Karygiannis explained it by the Conservative candidate's feelings after having got "his butt kicked" during the election. In July 2012, Karygiannis caused a diplomatic scandal when he travelled to the South Caucasus region of Nagorno-Karabakh on the invitation of the Armenian National Committee of Canada, which paid for the trip. Universally recognized as an integral part of Azerbaijan, including by Canada, Nagorno-Karabakh unilaterally declared independence in 1991 followed by a violent ethnic conflict claiming over 30,000 lives on both sides, causing more than 600,000 ethnic Azeris to be displaced as a result of an ethnic cleansing and resulting in the Armenian military occupation of 16% of Azerbaijan's territory. Karygiannis's mission in Nagorno-Karabakh was to observe a local presidential election, though described as unconstitutional, illegitimate and counter-productive to conflict resolution by the European Union, NATO, and specifically the OSCE, which mediates the conflict. The Azerbaijani ambassador to Canada Farid Shafiyev criticized Karygiannis for taking sides in the conflict and "pandering to radical elements within his constituency" in chase of "ethnic votes and disregarding international law." Shafiyev also pointed to Karygiannis's illegal entry in Nagorno-Karabakh, as he had not obtained a visa or special permission from the Azerbaijani government that are required to travel there, but had instead entered through Armenia.In addition, his stay on the disputed Azerbaijani territory was paid for by the government of Armenia. In response, Karygiannis who had been aware of Azerbaijan's objections to his visit affirmed his decision and offered to be invited to Azerbaijan as an observer for the next election, which Shafiyev turned down as unlikely, saying Karygiannis would be declared persona non grata and denied any future entry in Azerbaijan. The Canadian embassy in Ankara, also accredited to Azerbaijan, issued a statement on July 19 saying Canada would not recognize the election and that it supports Azerbaijan's territorial integrity. On August 1, members of Toronto's Azeri community held a protest in front of the office of the Liberal Party, defying Karygiannis's unsanctioned visit to Nagorno-Karabakh. In February 2013, Karygiannis was accused of using his political position to intervene to facilitate the passage of five Greek musicians into Canada. He was reported to have misinformed the authorities about the purpose of their visit, stating they had intended to participate in his father's wake, when in fact they were coming to Canada to perform at a paid concert. Karygiannis did not comment other than confirming that he had intervened in the matter but "did not profit from it".In February 2016, Karygiannis brought up the possibility of banning recording artist Beyoncé from Canada. The Super Bowl 50 halftime entertainer had a routine which paid tribute to the 50th anniversary of the Black Panthers. Karygiannis went public with his interpretation of the routine as "anti-policy" and "pro-gun culture". Karygiannis also said "All lives matter." In May 2016, Karygiannis put forward a motion to the Toronto City Council to recognize a Greek genocide. The motion claimed that "450,000–750,000 Pontian and Anatolian Greeks were executed". The motion also claimed that the genocide was the first of the 20th century, which is false.The Herero and Namaqua genocide is widely considered as the first genocide of the 20th century. Awards
In 1999, Greek president Costis Stephanopoulos awarded him the decoration of the Officer's Gold Cross of the Order of Phoenix in recognition of his many public service contributions. On December 12. 2003, he was sworn in as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. This gave him the Honorific Title "The Honourable" for Life. In 2014, Karygiannis was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal from the Government of Armenia for his substantial input in international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. In 2014, he received the 25 Year of Karabakh Movement Gold Medal by the Government of The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic as the first Canadian to visit the Republic in 2012 to observe the Presidential Elections.References

External links

1955 births
Businesspeople from Athens
Businesspeople from Toronto
Gold Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Greek emigrants to Canada
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Toronto city councillors
University of Toronto alumni
Politicians from Athens
21st-century Canadian

masks:
Jim Karygiann
Jim Karygiann


title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts:
<mask> (born 1937) owns the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery, which started in 1963 in touring vehicles, after which it was run in buildings in London, Bradford and finally Austria. <mask> has promoted the Superhumanism art movement, which is defined as an art of urban living, conveyed in a vivid and accessible way. At times, his shows have evoked strong reactions for their provocative content. Since 2016 <mask> has lived and worked as a gallerist in Vienna's Wieden district. Life and career
<mask> was born in the United Kingdom. In 1963, he toured England with a double-decker bus and two furniture vans as mobile galleries, as "<mask> Treadwell's Mobile Art Gallery", based in Croydon. In 1968, he established the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery at 36 Chiltern Street, in the West End of London, and lived in one of the rooms in the basement.Against the contemporary trend of Hard-edge abstraction and Minimalism, the gallery focused on "the basic nature of the human condition", and quickly gained a controversial reputation. In 1971, Art and Artist magazine said of one show: "The place blisters with work of searing eroticism, high camp, coarse belly laughs and hideous vulgarity". In 1975, <mask> asked 29 artists to submit a new approach to what he termed the normal "academic and dull" portraits of Queen Elizabeth. The results showed her hand-in-hand with Henry VIII, rowing a boat and drinking from a Union Jack mug. <mask> said that business with tourists had been good, but he did not invite the Queen to the show, because "I see them as very affectionate portraits, but I don't know how she would see them". In 1978, he acquired Denne Hill, a mansion with 52 rooms, designed by George Devey and built in 1871–75, in Womenswold between Canterbury and Dover; restoration took two years but it was opened to the public in July 1980. Denne Hill provided studios for artists and accommodation for visitors; Treadwell ran it alongside the London gallery until 1984.The Chiltern Street gallery was key to the launch of the Superhumanism (or Super Humanism) movement, which is defined as "art about people, people living the life of an urban society", and about which <mask> wrote the first book in 1979. He published a second book on Superhumanism and promoted the movement through exhibitions in the United Kingdom and on the continent. Ben Moss, in his book Four Funerals and a Wedding, wrote:
The actual imagery of the superhumanists, while striking, and sometimes shocking, reflected the contemporary feelings of the Western experience. It was preoccupied with daily life, with the characters of the street, or characters of an obtuse nature, and with scenes depicting the emotions, stresses or potential perversions lying within each of us. The artists, while portraying their ideas in aesthetically different ways, shared a desire to convey the moving nature of their subject matter in an understandably vivid manner. A philosophical acceptance of human weakness was an important characteristic of superhumanist art, but humour, cynicism, pessimism and anger were also present, along with an almost sad observation of the human condition, emotions which were the driving forces behind some of the movement's most striking imagery. In 1981, <mask>'s stand at the FIAC (Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain) at the Grand Palais in Paris was deemed "deplorable and very popular" by Richard Shone in The Burlington Magazine.In 1984, <mask> left Chiltern Street, and in 1987 opened Treadwell's Art Mill for Superhumanist work in a three-storey former wool mill in Little Germany, Bradford. The Art Mill provided residency space for 14 artists, as well as a theatre, a cinema and a vegetarian cafe. Treadwell was particularly interested in supporting artists in their first few years out of college and did so with many now successful artists such as Tim Noble and Sue Webster who had a two-year residency at his 3000m2 Art Mill, when he felt it was important to encourage them not to compromise with their work. Treadwell opposed the "posh shop—where a few rich people help a few artists get rich." The Art Mill, erected in 1847, was visited by 25,000 people, but increasing debts forced Treadwell to put it up for sale by 1991. In the early 1990s Treadwell discovered a new wave of young talent emerging from British art schools, most notably two graduates working with extraordinarily disturbed figuration. Alun Jury hailed from Cheltenham College of Art.Paul Rosenbloom, his tutor at Cheltenham, phoned <mask> directly to advise him that he had a student who was perfect for the Treadwell Gallery. He was followed by a precocious and somewhat provocative young British painter Duncan Mosley from Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, who Treadwell went on to describe in the book  Kiss My Art  as  "a truly rare talent". By 1996, the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery was at 326 Old Street, London. His own home was described as "littered" with paintings and sculptures, some by an anorexic artist who had died the previous year—one of these showed a small body huddled inside a wardrobe, in the bottom drawer of which the artist had placed her adoption papers. Treadwell said her sculptures were "very depressing but they do give you insight into the illness." In 1998, John Windsor in The Independent said that the work of the Young British Artists seemed tame compared with that of the "shock art" of the 1970s, including "kinky outrages" at the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery, amongst which were a "hanging, anatomically detailed leather straitjacket, complete with genitals", titled Pink Crucifixion, by Mandy Havers. In January 2000, the Treadwell Gallery moved to Die Station, a set of buildings fronting a river near to the Bohemian Woods in Upper Austria.In 2004, The Guardian'''s art critic Adrian Searle reviewed Mike Kelley—The Uncanny at Tate Liverpool. In the show were "super-realist" sculptures from the 1960s and 70s, many of which were by artists represented by what Searle called "the peculiar <mask> Treadwell Gallery" and which he "had hoped never to see the first time, let alone again." Treadwell wrote a letter to The Guardian saying that Searle's "dismissive language in relation to major works by the visionary artists Robert Knight and Malcolm Poynter, for instance, is inexplicable". This was followed by a letter from John Keane, who said that galleries such as Treadwell's, outside an establishment coterie, were inevitably met with "a dismissive sneer" by critics who acted as a herd. In January 2005, Treadwell moved to the courthouse and prison buildings in the Mühlviertel village of Aigen, near the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic. After ten years in Aigen, Treadwell moved and reopened his gallery in September 2016 in an abandoned workshop at Große Neugasse 18 in Wieden, Vienna's 4th district. The inaugural exhibition at Treadwell's new gallery is dedicated to art of Hieronymus Bosch and features mostly recent works of 28 international artists.Work has been bought from Treadwell by John Entwistle, Paul McCartney and Malcolm Forbes. Notes

References

Further reading
<mask>, <mask>. (1980). Super Humanism: A British Art Movement. London: Nicholas Treadwell Books. Introduction by Michael Shepherd, edited by Paul Foster. The artists introduced are Roy Abernethy, Albert Alexander, Jane Anderson, Saskia de Boer, Jo Bondy, Chris Brown, John Buckley, Nick Cudworth, Graham Dean, Rod Dudley, Ian English, Mike Francis, David Giles, Guy Gladwell, Mike Gorman, Mandy Havers, Steve Hodges, Harry Holland, Graham Ibbeson, Robert Knight, Neil Moore, Mike Mycock, Malcolm Poynter, Paul Roberts, David Roft, Eric Scott, Ludmil Siskov, Nigel Thompson, Celestino Valenti, Andre Wallace.Treadwell, <mask>. (n.d., c.1981/1982) Superhumanism ... A Feeling for Our Times. London: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. (hard),  (paper). On the front cover: Superhumanism 2 (S-oohpaahhumanismmm): A Survey of a Current Art Movement.The artists introduced are Roy Abernethy, Jane Anderson, Saskia de Boer, Jo Bondy, Chris Brown, Jon Buck, John Buckley, Barry Burman, Nick Cudworth, Graham Dean, Ian English, Mike Francis, David Giles, Guy Gladwell, Mike Gorman, Gordon Govier, Mandy Havers, Harry Holland, Graham Ibbeson, Robert Knight, Neil Moore, Mike Mycock, Howard Pemberton, Malcolm Poynter, Paul Roberts, David Roft, Eric Scott, Ludmil Siskov, Celestino Valenti, Andre Wallace. Treadwell, <mask>, ed. (1984) Sex: Female, Occupation: Artist.Womenswold, Kent: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. .
<mask>, <mask>, ed. (1984) Malcolm Poynter: Sculpture and Theatre. Womenswold, Kent: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. .
<mask>, <mask> (2013): Kiss my Art.'' Aigen: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. . External links
Official website

British art dealers
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Contemporary art galleries in England
Year of birth uncertain
1937 births

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title: Fritz Weaver

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<mask> (January 19, 1926 − November 26, 2016) was an American actor in television, stage, and motion pictures. He portrayed Dr. Josef Weiss in the 1978 epic television drama, Holocaust for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. In cinema, he made his debut in the film Fail Safe (1964) and also appeared in Marathon Man (1976), Creepshow (1982) and The Thomas Crown Affair (1999). Among many television roles, he performed in the movie The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975). He also worked in science fiction and fantasy, especially in television series and movies like The Twilight Zone, 'Way Out, Night Gallery, The X-Files, The Martian Chronicles and Demon Seed. <mask> also narrated educational TV programs. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 19, 1926, the son of Elsa W. (née Stringaro) <mask> and <mask>.His mother was of Italian descent and his father was a social worker from Pittsburgh with deep American roots. His younger sister was art director Mary Dodson. <mask> attended the Fanny Edel Falk Laboratory School at the University of Pittsburgh as a child, followed by Peabody High School. He served in the Civilian Public Service as a conscientious objector during World War II. Career

Following the war, <mask> worked at various jobs before turning to acting in the early 1950s. His first acting role for television came in 1956 for an episode of The United States Steel Hour. <mask> continued to act in television during the next four decades.In 1969 he appeared as Hebron Grant, a Mormon married to two women, on The Big Valley in the episode "A Passage of Saints." He also appeared in several episodes of Mission Impossible. He also appeared in the made-for-TV movies The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) in which he played Andrew Borden; and Holocaust (1978). He earned an Emmy nomination for the latter; the award went to his co-star Michael Moriarty. <mask> won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance for the Broadway play Child's Play (1970). His other Broadway credits included The Chalk Garden (Tony nomination and Theatre World Award win), All American, Baker Street, Absurd Person Singular, Love Letters, and The Crucible. He appeared in the off-Broadway play Burnt Piano for the HB Playwrights Theatre, and with Uta Hagen in a television adaptation of Norman Corwin's play The World of Carl Sandburg.<mask> also acted in motion pictures, generally as a supporting player. He appeared in such movies as Fail-Safe (1964; as a jingoist and increasingly unstable U.S. Air Force colonel, ashamed of his foreign-born and alcoholic parents, whom he refers to as "those people"), Marathon Man (1976; as a professor advising the protagonist, a graduate student), Black Sunday (1977; as the lead FBI agent in an anti-terrorism effort), Creepshow (1982; as a scientist who discovers a monster in a crate), and John McTiernan's remake of The Thomas Crown Affair (1999). He also had roles in The Day of the Dolphin (1973), Demon Seed (1977), The Big Fix (1978), and Sidney Lumet's Power (1986). Beginning in 1995, <mask> worked primarily as a voice actor, providing narration for programs on the History Channel. After making his third guest appearance on Law & Order in 2005, <mask> made a "secret decision to retire". In 2010, <mask> was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Shortly thereafter, he came out of retirement to make an uncredited cameo in This Must Be the Place (2011), voicing the deceased father of Sean Penn's protagonist.He went on to give prominent supporting performances in the Emmy-nominated television film Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013) and the theatrically-released We'll Never Have Paris (2014), The Cobbler (2014) and The Congressman (2016). Personal life and death
<mask>'s second marriage was to actress Rochelle Oliver in 1997. His first marriage ended in divorce. He died at his home in Manhattan on November 26, 2016, at the age of 90. Select filmography

Film

To Trap a Spy (1964) – Andrew Vulcan (archive footage)
Fail Safe (1964) – Colonel Cascio
The Borgia Stick (1967) – Anderson
The Maltese Bippy (1969) – Mischa Ravenswood
A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970) – Roger Meredith
The Day of the Dolphin (1973) – Harold DeMilo
The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) – Andrew Borden
Marathon Man (1976) – Professor Biesenthal
Black Sunday (1977) – Corley
Demon Seed (1977) – Alex Harris
Captains Courageous (1977) – Harvey Cheyne Sr. The Big Fix (1978) – Oscar Procari Sr.
Martian Chronicles (1980) – Father Peregrine
Nightkill (1980) – Herbert Childs
Jaws of Satan (1981) – Father Tom Farrow
Creepshow (1982) – Dexter Stanley (segment "The Crate")
Power (1986) – Wallace Furman
The Thomas Crown Affair (1999) – John Reynolds
This Must Be the Place (2011) – Cheyenne's Father (voice)
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013) – Hugo Black
We'll Never Have Paris (2014) – Phillipe
The Cobbler (2014) – Mr. Solomon
The Congressman (2016) – Harlan Lantier (final film role)

Television

Beyond This Place (1957) – Charlie Castle
Way Out (1961, Episode: "William and Mary") – Dr. Landy
The Twilight Zone (1961, Episodes: "Third from the Sun" / "The Obsolete Man") – William Sturka / Chancellor
The Asphalt Jungle (1961) – Victor Vanda
Dr. Kildare (1963) – Arthur Hobler
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964) – Andrew Vulcan
Twelve O'Clock High (1964) – Col. Peter Raff
Rawhide (1964) – Jonathan Damon
The Fugitive (1966, Season 3 Episode 28 "A Taste Of Tomorrow") – Joe Tucker
Combat!(1966) – Major Chaplain Ernest Miller
Gunsmoke (1967) – Marshal Burl Masters
The Invaders (1967, Episode 30 "The Captive") – Deputy Ambassador Peter Borke
The Big Valley (1967–1969) – Hebron Grant / Burke Jordan
Cannon (1971) – "The Nowhere Man"
Night Gallery (1971) – Dr. Mazi (segment "A Question of Fear")
Mission: Impossible (1966–1971) – George Berlinger / Emil Skarbeck / Erik Hagar / Imre Rogosh
Mannix (1968–1973) – William Avery / Dr. Cameron McKenzie
Kung Fu (1974) – Hillquist
Great Performances (1974) – Creon (Antigone)
The New Land (1974, Episode: "The Word is: Giving" – unaired)
The Streets Of San Francisco (1975) – Ted Whitlock
The New Adventures of Wonder Woman (1977) – Dr. Solano
Holocaust (1978) – Dr. Josef Weiss
Hawaii Five-O (1979) – Dr. Harvey Danworth
The Martian Chronicles (1980) – Father Peregrine
Magnum, P.I.

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title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

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<mask> (29 April 1931, in The Bronx, New York City – 14 October 2008, in Potomac, Maryland) was an American meteorologist who pioneered the use of statistical methods in weather forecasting and the development of ensemble forecasting techniques. Education and early career
According to his obituary in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS), <mask>'s years in middle school and high school were marked by “illustrious academic achievements.” Graduating from the Bronx High School of Science in 1947, he applied at the age of 15 to Harvard, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, and was accepted to all three. He entered Harvard on a full scholarship at age 16. He graduated from Harvard in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science in Astronomy. He studied statistics at the Graduate School of Business Administration at Columbia University, and received an M.B.A. in 1953. During this period he participated in Columbia's Conservation of Human Resources Project. Career
BAMS describes <mask> as having been “assisted in his career choice by the U.S. government, which offered him the options of being drafted, entering Officer's Candidate School and becoming a naval supply officer, or attending Penn State as an air force officer and studying meteorology.” Until then, he had never heard of meteorology, but chose the latter because of his keen interest in science.He was in the Air Force from 1953 to 1957, and received a Master of Science degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1954. After attending the Officer's Basic Military Course at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas in 1954, he was assigned to do research under the auspices of the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. He then went to Flagstaff, Arizona, to determine the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone. According to BAMS, the paper that resulted, “A New Method for Determining the Vertical Distribution of Ozone from a Ground Station,” “established his reputation as a research scientist” and “led to his being invited by Penn State to pursue a doctorate in meteorology.” He received a Ph.D. in meteorology from that institution in 1960. In the late 1950s <mask> worked at Arizona State University and then at Penn State. During this time he published two papers in 1959 about the power spectrum analysis of ozone and about vertical velocities in the lower stratosphere. University of Michigan
From 1960 to 1973, <mask> was at the University of Michigan, first as a lecturer and research associate in meteorology; then as an assistant professor (1961–63), associate professor (1963–68), and full professor (1968–73).During his years at Michigan, the meteorology program, which was originally part of the Civil Engineering Department of the College of Engineering, grew by stages into the Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences. <mask> played a critical role in this development, and was named chairman of the department in 1971. As head of the department, <mask> broadened its scope to include studies of aeronomy and planetary atmospheres. He was also a member of the College Standing Committee and the University Research Policies Committee. From 1962 to 1964, <mask> was also a scientific consultant to the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, focusing on international meteorological programs. During his years at Michigan, <mask> published many papers on probability forecasting, quality control, and forecast utility, some of them written with Allan Murphy. In 1962 Epstein published a paper in the Journal of Applied Meteorology entitled “A Bayesian Approach to Decision Making in Applied Meteorology.” This was “the first formal treatment of Bayes's theorem in meteorology,” according to BAMS.Another paper that involved Bayes's theorem was “Quality Control for Probability Forecasts,” in which, as <mask> explained in the abstract, he used Bayes' theorem to develop “a method of quality control for probability forecasts.”

<mask>'s and Murphy's paper “A Note on Probability Forecasts and 'Hedging,'” published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology in 1967, “introduced the term 'proper' in connection with forecasts and scoring systems,” according to BAMS, which noted that new scoring systems “are almost always subjected to this 'properness' test.”

University of Stockholm
<mask> spent the 1968–69 academic year at the University of Stockholm as a visiting scientist. While there, he wrote a pathbreaking paper, “Stochastic Dynamic Prediction,” which appeared in the journal Tellus in 1969. The paper demonstrated, as he wrote in the abstract, “how the stochastic method can be used to assess the value of new or improved data by considering their influence on the decrease in the uncertainty of the forecast.” BAMS said that this paper was perhaps <mask>'s “most profound scientific achievement,” adding that <mask>'s “concept was so visionary that human and computer resources have not yet been able to capitalize fully on it.”

He continued to work on this topic after returning to Michigan, where he published several related papers in collaboration with two of his students, Rex Fleming and Eric Pitcher. During his time in Stockholm, he also developed a ranked probability score that came to be widely used in forecast verification. Another important 1969 paper was “The Role of Initial Uncertainties in Predictions,” published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology. In this paper, according to BAMS, Epstein “studied the ensemble of forecasts made from a set of predictive equations with slightly differing initial conditions. While not the first to study this problem and use the term 'ensemble' in regard to weather prediction,” Epstein “was instrumental in setting the course for the many ensemble systems operational today.” “A Scoring System for Probability Forecasts,” published in the same journal in the same year, is described by BAMS as “one of the cornerstones in evaluating probability forecasts of ordered variables.”

NOAA
In 1973 Epstein was appointed Associate Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, an agency of the Department of Commerce, in Washington, D.C.In announcing <mask>'s appointment, Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent said, “Dr. <mask>'s record of achievement in several major areas of science and administration is an impressive one, and I am pleased indeed at his acceptance of this position, one of considerable importance to the Department's environmental programs.” <mask> later served as the NOAA's Acting Assistant Administrator for Research and Development. During his years at the NOAA, according to BAMS, <mask> “was extremely supportive of the planning and execution of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Global Weather Experiment, including the development of numerical models and global observing systems.”

On November 3, 1978, in the wake of the passage of the National Climate Program Act of 1978, NOAA administrator Richard A. Frank announced the establishment of a National Climate Program, its purpose being “to assist the nation and the world to understand and respond to natural and man-induced climate processes and their implications.<mask>, who had “helped nurture the preparation” of the 1978 law, was named director of the National Climate Program Office. In that position, “he ensured that the fledgling Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in the National Weather Service would be given both research and operations missions, thus greatly enhancing its viability.”

On May 5, 1981, it was announced that <mask> had been appointed director of the NOAA's Climate and Earth Sciences Laboratory. Climate Analysis Center
In 1983 <mask> joined the National Weather Service's National Meteorological Center as chief scientist of the Climate Analysis Center, and it was there that he published his influential meteorological monograph "Statistical Inference and Prediction in Climatology: A Bayesian Approach." Another important work published during this period was a 162-page NOAA Technical Report entitled “A Precipitation Climatology of 5-Day Periods” (1988). Epstein's paper “A Spectral Climatology” appeared in the first issue of The Journal of Climate, which began to be published by the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1988.In October1988, The Journal of Climate published a paper written by <mask> and A.G. Barnston, “A Precipitation Climatology of Five-Day Periods,” in which the authors, according to the abstract, develop a “precipitation climatology...for the relative frequencies of zero, one, or two or mere days with measurable precipitation within 5-day periods. The purpose of the climatology is to provide background for the development and introduction of extended-range (6- to 10-day forecast period) precipitation forecasts in terms of the probabilities of the three categories.”

<mask> went on to publish several other papers in The Journal of Climate, including one about the optimum number of harmonics to represent normals and another about obtaining climatological values from monthly means. In 1988, <mask> also wrote a paper on long-range weather prediction for Weather and Forecasting. In 1989, <mask> and Murphy published an important paper in Monthly Weather Review entitled “Skill Scores and Correlation Coefficients in Model Verification.”

An article in the Christian Science Monitor on January 25, 1985, reported on the possibility that climate was changing, and cited <mask> along with two NOAA colleagues, Thomas R. Karl and Robert E. Livezey, as having determined “that the past decade has had an abnormally high frequency of extreme winters -- six years out of eight between 1975 and 1983.”

<mask> went on to publish a number of informal research papers which “appeared as NMC office notes, in proceedings of climate diagnostic workshops, and in preprints of AMS conferences.” The papers “focused on removing systematic errors in numerical models, making objective 6- to 10-day forecasts of temperature and precipitation in probability form, and developing new statistical techniques such as the imperfect prog method and the Kalman filter (which he discussed yesterday at 5IMSC).”

Retirement
After retiring from the NOAA in 1993, he joined Murphy in forming a company, Prediction and Evaluation Systems. In his later years, Epstein suffered from Parkinson's disease. Although it eventually became debilitating, he remained active despite the disease for several years. He died on October 14, 2008, Potomac, Maryland.Affiliations
<mask> was a Certified Consulting Meteorologist, a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, Editor of the Journal of Applied Meteorology (1971–73), Associate Editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Associate Editor of The Journal of Climate (1988–94), a trustee of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, and Chairman of its Budget and Program Committee. He served on committees of the National Science Foundation and the National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering. He was also a member of the American Geophysical Union, the American Statistical Association, and the Royal Meteorological Society. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1978. He was chair of the Meteorological Statistics Committee of the AMS from 1967 to 1969, and was an AMS councilor from 1974 to 1977. Honors and awards
Epstein won an award for outstanding achievement at the 1992 International Meeting on Statistical Climatology

Personal life and attributes
On presenting <mask> with the 1992 award, colleague William H. Klein called him “one of the world's leading experts on statistical meteorology and climatology...an original thinker and a man of few words.” He added that <mask> was “also a great human being – helpful, generous, honest, and unselfish.”

BAMS's obituary of <mask> noted that at CAC, he “treated his assistants as equals, wrote FORTRAN codes of startling economy and sophistication, applied them to projects of great practical value to CAC, and offered statistical advice and dryly humorous comments to all who asked. His combination of keenness and kindness are remembered affectionately by those who encountered him at CAC.”

<mask> and his wife, Alice, had four children, Debra, Harry, Nancy, and Bill, and eight grandchildren.Epstein Symposium
The American Meteorological Society held an Edward S. Epstein Symposium at its 2014 annual meeting. It was devoted to the “Contributions of Dr. <mask><mask> to Scientific Endeavor.” The theme of the annual meeting was “Extreme Weather—Climate and the Build Environment:  New Perspectives Opportunities, and Tools,” a topic that the AMS describes as being “most relevant to the NOAA goal and the National Weather Service vision for 'A Weather-Ready Nation – a society that is prepared for and responds to weather related events,' and to Dr. <mask>’s work as he was continually searching for better scientific understanding and better ways to harness science to improve our service to the nation.”

References

American meteorologists
1931 births
2008 deaths
Harvard College alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Columbia Business School alumni
Fellows of the American Meteorological Society

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