title: William I of Guelders and Jülich

texts:
<mask> (5 March 1364 – 16 February 1402, Arnhem) was Duke of Guelders, as <mask>, from 1377 and Duke of Jülich, as <mask> III, from 1393. <mask> was known for his military activities, participating in the Prussian crusade five times and battling with neighbors in France and Brabant throughout his rule. His allies included Holy Roman Emperors, <mask> and Wenceslaus, <mask> of England, and Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. During his reign the duchies of Guelders and Jülich were temporarily unified. Childhood and accession

<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> II, Duke of Jülich and Maria of Guelders, half-sister of Reginald III, Duke of Guelders and Edward, Duke of Guelders. The brothers Edward and Reginald disputed the Duchy, with Edward taking control in 1361, imprisoning his brother. In 1366, Edward violated a peace made with <mask>, Holy Roman Emperor and Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (who was Duke of Brabant by marriage to Joanna, Duchess of Brabant) by not protecting Brabant merchants in the land between the Rhine and the Meuse who were under threat by armed men involved in the English-French wars.Wenceslaus's army then invaded and engaged in the Battle of Baesweiler in August 1371. Duke Edward, who was about to marry Katherine of Bavaria, daughter of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, joined the battle and captured Duke Wenceslaus, but was wounded by an arrow and died. Reginald was immediately released, but died of ill health in three months, neither leaving heirs. This led to internal dissent over succession. Edward and Reginald were the only children of <mask>, Duke of Guelders and Eleanor of Woodstock, daughter of Edward II of England, and Reginald's only male heirs. <mask>'s first marriage was to Sophia Berthout, Lady of Mechelen, which led to four daughters. Two daughters, Maria and Mathilde, then made claim to the title.Mathilde's claim was based on her position as eldest daughter. Maria based her claim on <mask>, who was seven at the time, being the only male representative of the blood of Guelders. Mathilde quickly married John II, Count of Blois, and this grievance precipitated into the War of the Succession of Guelders. <mask>'s father, <mask> II, Duke of Jülich, was granted the right to administer the duchy by Emperor Charles IV during his son's minority. At this time a marriage was arranged between the young <mask> and Katherine of Bavaria, who had been betrothed to his uncle Edward. However, as part of the reconciliation between the houses of Blois and Jülich, some of Guelders remained under the control of Mathilde, and the upper district was under control of Jülich. In 1377, upon the boys majority, Emperor <mask> granted Guelders and Zutphen to <mask>, the son of <mask> II, but it took two more years to consolidate his authority over the entire duchy.He immediately received homage from Arnhem, Nijmegen, and the upper district. However, <mask> did not recognize all of the municipal privileges granted by his half-uncle, Duke Reginald. His rule was opposed by some areas, notably Betuwe and Veluwe, and by nobles led by Frederik van Heeckeren van der Eze, who had supported Mathilde (and Reginald) in comparison to nobles led by Gijsbert V van Bronckhorst, Heer van Bronckhorst who had supported Edward and Maria. <mask> consolidated control after besieging a number of castles of Hekeren nobles. His father accompanied him in a victory over the lord of Voorst near Gennep and Reginald van Brederede van Gennep, the chief leader of the Hekerens. With this, Mathilde and John of Blois renounced all claim to Guelders and Zutphen on 24 March 1379. That fall <mask> married Catherine.Wars and rule
<mask>'s rule is cited as an example of the chivalry of that time in France and the Netherlands. He put on many tournaments and sports at arms, and has been called an ideal knight. He participated in crusades against the Lithuanians in East Prussia in the territories of the Teutonic Order with <mask> of Holland, first in 1383, and later in 1388–89 and 1393. He was an ally of the English in the Hundred Years' War. And continuing the enmity from the War of the Succession of Guelders, he fought successfully in 1386–1388 with his father against the Duchy of Brabant, which was allied with France and Burgundy. <mask>'s army advanced far into Brabant, although his army was stalled in a battle near Grave, North Brabant in July 1388. His actions and alliance with England have been seen as reckless, and raised the ire of <mask> of France, who advanced on Guelders with an army of 100,000.<mask> narrowly escaped disaster with an apology, but his stand against the French made him famous throughout Europe. Capture in Pomerania

Shortly after his campaigns in Brabant, <mask> departed again for Prussia with a large army. He was quite successful in this crusade, but was taken prisoner near Stolpe in Pomerania, the land of Wartislaw <mask>, Duke of Pomerania. He was taken to the castle of Falkenburg, where he stayed for six months. Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein, the grand master of the Teutonic Order, won his freedom. <mask> demanded that his freedom be formally declared, but the Pomeranian was embarrassed by his defeat. In fear of the citizens, the Pomeranian nobleman hid in a tree on one side of a brook and shouted his declaration of <mask>'s freedom to <mask> and the Teutonic Knights who were on the other side.<mask> then returned to Guelders by way of Bohemia, where he visited his brother-in-law, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. Return to Europe
In the spring of 1390 <mask> went to England and was made a Knight of the Garter by Richard II of England - and was the first continental nobleman to be honored in this way. The next year he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and in the summer of 1391 he joined a French fleet to fight Moorish pirates of the coast of Barbary. He returned to the crusades in Prussia in the winter of 1392 and 1393, and inherited the Duchy of Jülich (as <mask> III) in 1393 upon the death of his father. This involved him in new difficulties with neighbors in Cologne, Berg, Cleves, and Mark. In 1399, further hostilities with Brabant resulted finally in cession of Grave to Guelders. He also participated in a fourth campaign against the Prussians in 1399, and then a fifth crusade.As part of his involvement in the Hundred Years' War, he played an important role as he was in control of the coronation road between Frankfurt and Aachen, which passed through his territory. He was thus able to prevent the coronation of Rupert of Germany in 1400. In the fall of 1401 <mask> was intending to prepare to join his brother in law, John van Arkel, in his war against Duke Albert in Holland. However, he took sick, and died 16 February 1402. Legacy
Had <mask> lived longer, it is likely that he would have continued to resist Burgundian influence in the Netherlands, and his legacy was heavily tied with his external wars. Although these wars came at a cost for the people of Guelders and Jülich, his activity did allow for his counties to thrive economically and to unite against an external enemy. As evidence the political parties of the Heeckeren and the Bronckhorstens were reconciled.After his death, his only brother Reginald IV succeeded him as duke of a united Jülich and Guelders-Zutphen. Reginald was less warlike, although tensions continued with Cleves over Lymers and Zevenaar, and the town of Emmerich was ceded to Cleves. Upon the death of Reginald, also without issue, the Duchy of Jülich went to Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg, son of <mask> of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg, and grandson of <mask> of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg, brother of <mask>'s father. The Duchy of Guelders-Zutphen went to Arnold of Egmond, son of Maria van Arkel, daughter of <mask>'s sister, Joanna, and Count <mask> of Arkel. Personal retinue

The court of Guelders at the end of the 14th century and beginning of the 15th century was quite celebrated, including numerous physicians, barbers, falconers and cooks. Among his retinue, <mask> kept head cooks Evarardus Bolte, Crumken, and Elbertus van Eijll (who continued as master cook for <mask>'s successor, <mask>). Elbertus may have been the grandson of Evarardus Bolte, and a genealogie of Elbertus' grandson in about 1440 claimed that Elbertus married a bastard daughter of Duke <mask> named Margaret.In 1396, during a visit to the English king, the cooks entered a cooking contest against their English counterparts led by then head cook, Crumken. <mask> kept many physicians. In 1388/89, three physicians are mentioned: Arnt van Auwel, Clais, and Peter, as well as a healer of wounds, Jan van Asperen. Later, Peter van Orten and Giesbert van Berg were separately brought into <mask>'s household after serving as professors of Medicine at the University of Cologne. Giesbert managed to work as a physician to Duchess Johanna and Antoine, Duke of Brabant, enemies of Guelders. When sick in 1401 and 1402, other doctors were called: Derich Distel, Volpart, Evert <mask> Eze, and an English physician, Thomas. <mask> had many assistants who administered his lands while he was on campaigns.In 1388 during campaigns in Prussia, <mask> left Henry of Steenbergen to administer Jülich and Guelders. In 1390 while visiting the King of England, he left Johann von der Velde called Honselaerr, who had fought with Duke <mask> against Brabant in Grave. His musicians included Claes Heynenzoon, called Herald Gelre, also famous for his Wapenboek Gelre, a book containing drawings of the coats of arms of many famous nobles, an artist called Middelen, and Henric the Bohemian. Wife and children
<mask> married in 1379 Catharina of Bavaria (1361 – 11 November 1400), daughter of <mask>, Duke of Bavaria, who had been betrothed to his uncle Edward, Duke of Guelders. The marriage remained childless, and Katherine died in Hattem on 11 November 1400. Upon his death in 1402, <mask> was buried next to his wife at Monnikhuizen monastery near Arnhem. <mask> had illegitimate children including:
 Margaret, aforementioned wife of Elbert van Eijll
 Johanna of Guelders-Jülich, married <mask> of Kuyk
 Johan of Guelders, son of Mechtild van Brackel, married Hadewig van Sinderen
 Maria of Jülich, married Johan van Buren, and had issue.References

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Dukes of Guelders
Dukes of Jülich
Christians of the Prussian Crusade
1364 births
1402 deaths
House of Jülich-Hengebach
Place of birth missing

masks:
William
William I
William
William
Charles IV
Richard II
William
William
Charles IV
Reginald II
Reginald II
William
William
William
William
Charles IV
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
Charles VI
William
William
VII
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William VII
Gerhard VI
William
William
John XII
William
William
Reginald IV
William
William
William
vander
William
William
William
William
Albert I
William
William
Johan VI


title: John Gaventa

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (born 1949) is currently the Director of Research at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, where he has been a Fellow since 1996. From 2011 to 2014, he served as
the director of the Coady International Institute and vice-president of International Development at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. Education and career
<mask> received his B.A. from Vanderbilt University in 1971, and was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford. He taught at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville from 1987 until 1996. He began to help lead a grassroots adult educational program at the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, Tennessee, in 1976, and was director from 1993 until 1996. He received a MacArthur Award in 1981 for his work with the Highlander Center.His first publication, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley, broke new theoretical and empirical ground in the study of social power, winning the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Book Award of the American Political Science Association, the V.O Key Book Award of the Southern Political Science Association, the Lillian Smith Book Award of the Southern Regiona Council, and the W.D Weatherford Book Award, and earned co-runnerup in the first annual Robert F. Kennedy Book Award competition. In February 2015, the journal Southern Spaces posted previously unpublished footage recorded by Helen Lewis, <mask>, and Richard Greatrex as part of their project to document the cultures of Appalachian and Welsh mining communities in the 1970s. <mask>'s papers are managed by the Belk Library at Appalachian State University. Research on community power
While studying at Oxford with Steven Lukes, author of Power: a Radical View (1974), Gaventa developed a theoretical and methodological approach to the study of community power that has radically transformed community power studies in political sociology and opened a path for the legitimization of participatory research in mainstream sociology and political science. The book Global Citizen Action, edited by Gaventa, is one such example. In an essay written for the book, <mask> writes, "Since the 1970s many activists have heard and been guided by the adage 'think globally, act locally.' These essays would suggest the reverse: Think locally about the impacts of global institutions and global forces."He used this skills to become an activist in and document series of national mining strikes across the United Kingdom, including the 1974 Wales miners' strike. Borrowing from Lukes, <mask> identifies three analytical dimensions that are the proper study of social power. Each subsequent dimension is increasingly difficult to empirically observe using traditional political science methodologies, forcing Gaventa to synthesize various understandings of socialization into a cogent articulation of observable processes through which symbolic production is channeled within identifiable networks and communities. The "one-dimensional" approach involves direct empirical observations of openly contested public issues. It involves defining and framing these issues in terms of identifiable winners and losers, and reflects the traditional pluralist approach to the study of community power. The "second dimension" involves the addition of what Gaventa calls the "mobilization of bias", through which cultural hegemony is both asserted and legitimized. This happens through the control of the agenda setting thanks to prior rules.Empirically, <mask>'s contribution is to develop a method for examining the various channels through which those in power transform concerns, claims, and potential challenges about inequitable outcomes into "non-decisions". The "third dimension" therefore adds the capacity to influence expectations about social outcomes by manipulating symbols and ideology so that inequities themselves become "non-issues." <mask>'s articulation and empirical demonstration of the "three-dimensional" approach to the study of power has informed many disciplines and scholars about the nuances of social power and the processes of its legitimization, while also lending support to scholars and social change advocates who would find the sources and the solutions of social problems not in the dictates or preconceived notions held by social scientists, theologians, and philosophers, but in the narratives of the affected alienated populations. Citizen Action and National Policy Reform opens: "How can ordinary citizens - and the organizations and movements which they engage - make changes in national policies which affect their lives, and the lives of others around them?" This question, which is arguably the central question with which Gaventa is concerned, is answered through the theory <mask> employs. In <mask>'s theory, methodological subjectivity allows the framing of a social problem, and a social solution, to arise from within the group, thereby empowering and better enabling the group to take collective action in the face of authorities' power to frame issues as non-issues in the public's mind. Because <mask>'s work draws so heavily upon Luke's "three-face" conception of power, his work has been critiqued by other sociologists and scholars of power.Abraham argues that Michel Foucault's analysis of power identifies a "fourth face" by which power acts, which postulates that, "postulates that power itself produces subjects, their interests, their prospects for resistance, and what they consider truth." Abraham writes,"had <mask>uldian notion of power, then he would perhaps have found even more insights into power’s operations." Selected publications
<mask>'s publications include:

Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley, (1980)
We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change,
Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South,
Global Citizen Action,

Awards and honors
<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for his services to Oxfam. References

1949 births
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Academics of the University of Sussex
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

masks:
John Gaventa
Gaventa
John Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventa
Gaventaca
Gaventa
Gaventa


title: Ken Filiano

texts:
<mask> (born 1952) is an American jazz and orchestral bassist based in Brooklyn, New York. Since the 1970s, Filiano has played or recorded with Anthony Braxton, Fred Ho, Nels Cline, Bill Dixon, Fay Victor, and others. Filiano is on the teaching roster at the New School in New York. He teaches master classes in bass and improvisation and has a private studio in Brooklyn. Music career

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Patchogue, New York. He began playing trumpet as a child and continued to play the instrument while attending Syracuse University and studying with Rudolf Nashan. Nearing the end of his undergraduate work, Filiano decided to switch to bass and study with V. Stewart Wheeler.He received a Bachelor of Music in Double Bass from Syracuse University in 1978. Filiano did graduate work at the University of Southern California in the late 1980s before eventually receiving a Master of Music in Double Bass from Rutgers University in 1997. While at Rutgers, he studied with bassists Carolyn Davis, John Feeney, and Larry Ridley, as well as with Ted Dunbar, <mask>, Ralph Bowen, and Daniel Goode. Performing and recording
Filiano began his professional career in 1974, working across the Northeastern United States from his home base in Syracuse, New York. From 1975-76 he was the principal bassist in the Syracuse University Orchestra. As the decade began, Filiano lived in Boston. From 1980-83 he was a member of the Search quartet, performing and giving master classes sponsored by the Performing Artist Association of New England.In 1983, Filiano relocated to Los Angeles, California. He began to work as a freelance bassist in classical recording studios and on the jazz scene. He formed a relationship with multi-instrumentalist Vinny Golia, with whom he toured North America and Europe throughout the 1980s. Filiano made his jazz album debut in 1985, appearing on recordings by Golia and Arni Cheatham. In the second half of the decade, he recorded with Richard Grossman, Steve Adams  and Kim Richmond. Filiano also performed in numerous classical concerts, both solo and in chamber ensembles, in the Los Angeles area, including performances of "'L'Histoire du Soldat' and the Dvorak Quintet, along with premieres of new works for contrabass by Yu-Chin Quo and <mask>. The 90s were a fertile recording period for Filiano, who appeared on more than 50 albums with Golia, Grossman, Adams, Tony Lujan, Anthony Coleman, Hafez Modirzadeh, Bill Perkins, Joelle Leandre and many others.Filiano performed around North America, Europe, and Japan, including at the Bergamo Jazz Festival (Italy), the Du Maurier Atlantic Jazz Festival (Canada), the Tampere International Jazz Festival (Finland), the Texaco New York Jazz Festival, and at the Blue Note in Fukuoka, Japan. He also performed classical and tango music, including touring Germany with the Giora Feidman Ensemble, performing duo concerts for cello and contrabass, playing with the New York/Buenos Aires Connection at the Hollywood Bowl, and premiering a solo bass work, 'Yauchzen', by composer Kitty Brazelton. As the 21st century began, Filiano increased his busy recording and touring schedule, appearing on more than 70 albums. In addition to his continuing relationships from the 90s, he added performances and recordings with Dom Minasi, Fred Hess, Roswell Rudd, Paul Smoker, Rodrigo Amado, Andrea Wolper, Jason Kao Hwang, Marco Cappelli, and many others. He continued to perform at many of the premier clubs and festivals around the world, including at the Knitting Factory, the Bell Atlantic Jazz Festival (New York), Merkin Concert Hall (New York), the JVC Jazz Festival (New York), the Jazz ao Centro Festival (Portugal), the Cape Verde International Jazz Festival, the Vancouver International Jazz Festival, and others. He played with several tango ensembles. His classical work included performances with the Manhattan Chamber Orchestra, the Princeton Chamber Orchestra, and the Sirius String Quartet.Filiano has appeared on more than a dozen recordings since the start of the new decade, including on trumpeter Bill Dixon’s final recording, 'Envoi', and on albums with Anthony Braxton, Connie Crothers, Taylor Ho Bynum, Nate Wooley and Anders Nilsson, among others. Filiano has performed at festivals and clubs around the world, including in the United States, Canada, Slovenia, Italy, Germany, France, and Russia. Teaching
Filiano has been teaching bass since 1980, both privately and at colleges and universities. He’s also taught at Mansfield University, Rutgers University, Hunter College and the University of Southern California. <mask>, Changeup (CIMP)
 Jim McCauley, The Ultimate Frog (Drip Audio)
 The Fred Hess Band, Single Moment (Alison)
 Jessica Jones Qt., Word
 Marco Cappelli, Italian Doc Remix (ITN)
 Richard Thompson, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

2007
 ESATrio: Bill Gagliardi, <mask>, Lou Grassi, kenbillou (CIMP)
 Fay Victor Quartet, Cartwheels Through the Cosmos
 M. Marucci & D. Webb Trio feat. Festival 1996 (KFW)
 Hafez Modirzadeh, The People's Blues (X DOT)
 Paul Smoker/Vinny Golia Quartet, Halloween '96 (CIMP)
 Steve Swell Quartet, Out and About (CIMP)
 Live Knitting Factory Recording, What is Jazz?

masks:
Ken Filiano
Filiano
Kenny Barron
John Kennedy
Ken Filiano
Ken Filiano


title: Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar

texts:
<mask> (Punjabi and ; born 18 August 1952) is a Pakistani and former British politician who currently serves as the 33rd Governor of Punjab, in office since 5 September 2018. He is affiliated with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party and was a member of the Senate of Pakistan from March 2018 until September 2018. From 1997 to 2010 <mask> was a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom, representing a constituency in Glasgow, Scotland. Born in Pirmahal, Punjab, <mask> moved to Scotland in 1976 and built up a chain of cash and carry stores. <mask> served as the Scottish Labour Member of Parliament for Glasgow Central from 1997 to 2010 and retired from UK politics in 2010. During his tenure at Westminster, <mask> served on the Scottish Affairs Select Committee, and his youngest son <mask> served as MP for the same constituency from 2010 to 2015. He was the country's first Muslim Member of Parliament.He relinquished UK citizenship in July 2013 and became Governor of the Punjab, representing the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He resigned from the position on 29 January 2015 after disagreeing with government foreign policy. He joined the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party (PTI) on 10 February 2015. He was elected to the Senate of Pakistan in March 2018 and appointed Governor of Punjab on 8 August 2018. Early and family life
<mask> <mask> was born to a Punjabi Arain family in Sain De Khuie, a village near Lyallpur (now Faisalabad), Pakistan. The Arain tribe is ancient and traces its roots back to Arabian tribes who arrived in the Indian subcontinent in the year 711AD-712AD with the invading army of ‘Muhammad bin Qasim’ hence Arain people are offspring of Arab soldiers. In 1976 Sarwar moved to Scotland.That year he married Perveen <mask>, with whom he has three sons and one daughter. In 1982 <mask> and his brother founded United Wholesale Grocers, a wholesale cash and carry business. In 2002 the brothers split the business, with <mask> renaming his part as United Wholesale (Scotland) while his brother retained the previous name. His eldest son was accused of an £850,000 missing trader fraud in United Wholesale (Scotland) while he was managing director in 2003. In 2011 the Court of Criminal Appeal overturned his earlier conviction in 2007 for the fraud. <mask> was a remunerated director of the company, but never accused of involvement in the alleged fraud. British political career

<mask> first stood as a Labour councillor for Pollokshields East at the 1987 Glasgow City Council election, almost overturning a large Conservative majority.In the 1992 election he won the ward. <mask> was elected as MP for Glasgow Govan at the 1997 general election, becoming the first Muslim MP in the United Kingdom and the first Asian MP elected to represent a Scottish constituency. He was the first MP to swear the Oath of Allegiance on the Qur'an, using the method laid out by the Oaths Act 1978. <mask> was suspended from holding office within the Labour Party in 1997 when he was charged with electoral offences, but he was acquitted in 1999 and the suspension was lifted. He was re-elected in Glasgow Govan at the 2001 general election. The 2005 general election saw boundary changes in Scotland, so he stood at and won the new constituency of Glasgow Central. He faced an opponent from the far-right British National Party, with whom he refused to share a platform, and he persuaded other candidates to do the same.The returning officer announced the result from a platform with no candidates, and <mask> later made a speech from the floor of the hall. <mask> became a member of the Scottish Affairs Select Committee from 2004, and was Chairman since 2005. In August 2006, he was a signatory to an open letter to then-Prime Minister Tony Blair criticising UK foreign policy. <mask> played a crucial role in bringing to justice the killers of fifteen-year-old Glasgow schoolboy, Kriss Donald. The killers fled to Pakistan, which has no extradition treaty with the UK. Through his political connections, <mask> was able to agree a one-off, no conditions attached, extradition treaty. They then faced trial and were convicted for the murder.On 21 June 2007, <mask> announced he would not stand for re-election at the 2010 general election. His son, Anas <mask>, succeeded him as Labour MP for the Glasgow Central seat until the election of 2015 when it was taken by Alison Thewliss for the SNP. In November 2008, <mask> was one of 18 MPs who signed a Commons motion backing a Team GB football team at the 2012 Olympic Games, saying football "should not be any different from other competing sports and our young talent should be allowed to show their skills on the world stage". The football governing bodies of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are all opposed to a Great Britain team, fearing it would stop them competing as individual nations in future tournaments. His nomination by outgoing Prime Minister, Gordon Brown for a life peerage in the 2010 Dissolution Honours was blocked by the House of Lords Appointments Commission on the advice of HM Revenue and Customs. Pakistani political career
He played an important role in campaigning and fundraising in Britain for the centre-right conservative party Pakistan Muslim League (N) during the 2013 General election in Pakistan. Soon after Pakistan Muslim League (N) chief Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as prime minister, he showed his intentions for becoming governor of Pakistan's most populous province Punjab.On 5 August 2013, he was sworn in as the 31st Governor of Punjab. As governor he criticised the government on a number of occasions. He fought the case of overseas Pakistanis whose houses and flats were confiscated by the land mafia in Pakistan but unable to redress their grievances successfully. On the occasion of Barack Obama's visit to India, he termed it as a failure of the government of Nawaz Sharif. These anti-government remarks led to his resignation. He resigned as governor of Punjab on 29 January 2015. On 8 February 2015, <mask> joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).On 3 March 2018, <mask> was elected to the Senate of Pakistan on a general seat from Punjab after receiving 44 first priority and two second priority votes in the senate elections of that year. On 5 September 2018 <mask> took oath as 33rd Governor of Punjab. <mask> established the charity Sarwar Foundation in 2000. Its focus is on provision of healthcare, clean water, education and women empowerment within Pakistan. In May 2021, shortly before the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, Scottish Pakistani voters received WhatsApp messages urging them to vote for Scottish Labour, whose leader is <mask>'s son, Anas <mask>. The message read: "Warm greetings to you and your family. As all of you know that 6th of May is the Scottish Parliament election where Anas <mask> is leading the Scottish Labour Party.For progress and unity, I request you to vote for Scottish Labour on BOTH BALLOTS. And as always thank you for your support. <mask>, Ex-MP Glasgow Central." A Labour source told The National newspaper that <mask> had messaged people personally on WhatsApp and that this may have been forwarded on by other people, but it was not part of an official campaign. Personal life
<mask> is a supporter of Glasgow football teams Celtic and Rangers. Notes

References

External links

<mask>war  TheyWorkForYou.com
MP to quit over race case death threats The Guardian, 22 June 2007

1952 births
Living people
Scottish Labour MPs
British politicians of Pakistani descent
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Pakistani emigrants to Scotland
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Faisalabad
Governors of Punjab, Pakistan
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians
Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians
Scottish emigrants to Pakistan
Scottish people of Punjabi descent
Scottish politicians
Pollokshields

masks:
Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Anas Sarwar
Chaudhry
Mohammad Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Mohammad Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Sarwar
Mohammad Sarwar
Mohammad Sarwar
Sarwar
Mohammad Sar


title: J. S. Tissainayagam

texts:
<mask>  (known as J. S<mask>, Tamil: ஜெயப்பிரகாஷ் சிற்றம்பலம் திசைநாயகம்) is a Sri Lankan journalist. He was detained by the Terrorism Investigation Division of the Sri Lanka Police on 7 March 2008. He was held without charge for almost 6 months. He was indicted on politically motivated charges under the draconian Prevention of Terrorism Act for intending to incite communal hatred through writing, and furthering terrorist acts through the collection of money for his publication. On 31 August 2009 he was convicted of the charges by the Colombo High Court and sentenced to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment. After an international outcry where US President Barack Obama called him one of the "emblematic examples" of journalist being harassed around the world <mask> was pardoned by Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa on 3 May 2010, World Press Freedom Day. Career
J. S<mask> has been a journalist for over 20 years.He worked for The Sunday Leader and the Sunday Times as well as many other newspapers before founding the North Eastern Herald. He was also a columnist for the Sunday Times. 2008 arrest and trial
<mask> was detained on 7 March 2008 by the Terrorism Investigation Division (TID) of the Sri Lanka Police. He was charged with intending to incite communal through writing, and furthering terrorists act through the collection of money for his magazine. Reporters Without Borders said that the magazine was actually funded by a German aid project. The magazine has since been closed down. During his trial, Tissanayagam claimed that he was harassed and threatened by the TID while under detention.He has also filed a Fundamental rights petition with the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The TID produced a confession signed by Tissanayagam as evidence against him. Tissanayagam claimed it was dictated to him, and he was pressured to write it. The only other pieces of evidence that the Government presented against <mask> was two paragraphs he had written;

"1. In a July 2006 editorial, under the headline, "Providing security to Tamils now will define northeastern politics of the future," <mask> wrote: "It is fairly obvious that the government is not going to offer them any protection. In fact it is the state security forces that are the main perpetrator of the killings." 2.A part of a November 2006 article on the military offensive in Vaharai, in the east, which said, "Such offensives against the civilians are accompanied by attempts to starve the population by refusing them food as well as medicines and fuel, with the hope of driving out the people of Vaharai and depopulating it. As this story is being written, Vaharai is being subject to intense shelling and aerial bombardment." On 31 August 2009, the High Court in Sri Lanka sentenced Tissainayagam to a total of 20 years rigorous imprisonment, for arousing "communal feelings" by writing and publishing articles that criticised the government's treatment of Sri Lankan Tamil civilians affected by the war, and for raising money to fund the magazine in which the articles were published in furtherance of terrorism. Reaction
In a statement to mark the World Press Freedom Day, US President Barack Obama said Tissainayagam and other journalists like him were "guilty of nothing more than a passion for truth and a tenacious belief that a free society depends on an informed citizenry." President Obama said : "In every corner of the globe, there are journalists in jail or being actively harassed … Emblematic examples of this distressing reality are figures like J.S<mask> in Sri Lanka, or <mask> and <mask>a in China." Amnesty International criticised the action taken upon J.S.Tissainayagam and expressed deep concerns for the journalist, naming him a prisoner of conscience. Bob Dietz, CPJ Asia Program Coordinator says "We condemn <mask>. Tissainayagam's long detention and harsh charges for publishing a magazine, which should not constitute an offence. This is the latest step by the Sri Lankan government to intimidate journalists who write about security issues." During his detention without charge, among the people who expressed concern and opposition to this, were Sri Lankan religious leaders such as Colombo's Anglican Bishop Reverend Duleep De Chickera and the Sinhala Buddhist monk Ven <mask> Thera. The Sri Lankan government defended his trial and conviction, with President Mahinda Rajapakse, saying the verdict was handed out by an independent judge and that the government can not interfere with the courts and that "attempts now being made to pooh-pooh the charges in the indictment filed against Tissanayagam, rather than seen as any part of a vibrant campaign for media freedom, can be seen as an attempt at interfering with the judiciary and judicial process of (Sri Lanka)". However international Governments and press freedom groups both in and out of Sri Lanka condemned the ruling.The Asian Human Rights Commission likened the trial to the "show trials" of the Stalinist era. Pardon
On 3 May 2010 the Sri Lankan government announced that <mask> would be pardoned by President Rajapaksa to mark the 2010 World Press Freedom Day. Awards
<mask> has been named the first winner of the Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism. "We are happy to reward J.S. Tissainayagam in 2009, a terrible year for Sri Lanka," said <mask> <mask>, secretary-general of the Paris-based press rights group Reporters Without Borders (RSF). "J.S<mask> is one of those and should never have been imprisoned," he said."Sri Lankans have the right to be informed about what is happening on their island.They have the right to read words written by men like J. S<mask>." <mask> also won the Committee to Protect Journalists' International Press Freedom Award in 2009, but could not go to receive it due to his imprisonment. In 2010, he was named Foreign Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards. In 2011, he was honoured with an Oxfam Novib/PEN Award. See also
Lasantha Wickrematunge
Black July
Sri Lankan Civil War

References

External links
Amnesty International
International Press Freedom Groups Call for Justice for Jailed Sri Lankan Journalist – RSF
PEN American Center appeal

Living people
Sri Lankan prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamil journalists
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Sri Lanka
Oxfam Novib/PEN Award winners
Recipients of Sri Lankan presidential pardons
Imprisoned journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Jayaprakash Sittampalam Tissainayagam
. Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam
. Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam
. Tissainayagam
Shi Tao
Hu Ji
J S
Samitha
Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam
Jean Francois
Julliard
. Tissainayagam
. Tissainayagam
Tissainayagam


title: Gordon Coventry

texts:
<mask> (25 September 1901 – 7 November 1968) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Accorded "Legend" status in the Australian Football Hall of Fame, <mask> was the first player to play 300 VFL games, the first to kick 100 goals in a VFL season, the only player ever to head the league's goal-kicking list in five consecutive seasons, and the first player to kick 1000 VFL goals, with his career total of 1299 VFL goals serving as a VFL/AFL competition record for over 60 seasons. "He is often considered by fans and journalists to be amongst the greatest forward-line players of all time." — AFL Legends.com. Education
<mask> and his brothers and sisters attended the Nillumbik State School (No.1003), at Diamond Creek. While still at school, he began working on his father's fruit orchard. Footballer
Although a very reliable right-foot kick, he was equally able to use his left foot accurately and effectively when needed — see, for example, his left-foot goal, under pressure, for Victoria, at the Sydney Cricket Ground, in the 7 August 1933 match against South Australia at the 1933 ANFC Carnival in Sydney in the recently recovered newsreel footage of the match.The "broad-backed and sticky-fingered" <mask>  did not possess the phenomenal skills of his predecessor at Collingwood, Dick Lee, or the aerial prowess of his successor, Ron Todd, but relied on tremendous strength and a vice-like grip when marking the ball, a combination that made him almost unstoppable once he had front position. "Once [<mask> "Nuts"] <mask> gets in front it seems that no defender can get round him.His bulky body and his awkward gait seem to brook no interruption, and he never seems to drop a mark." Diamond Creek (HDFL)
<mask> played his early football for Diamond Creek Football Club in the new Heidelberg District Football League (HDFL) (a competition which began after World War I), and had quickly established himself as a champion centre half-forward. In 1920, <mask> was invited to train at Collingwood. The three significant officials involved with that invitation, who were anticipating Collingwood's need to find a suitable replacement for the at-the-time injured Dick Lee, who was nearing the end of his career, were Ernest William Copeland (1868–1947), John James "Jack" Joyce (1860–1945), and John James "Jack" Peppard (1878–1940). Although Dick Lee had played in Collingwood's first eight matches in the 1920 season, he had only scored 17 goals; and, also, due  to an injury sustained in the 26 June 1920 match against South Melbourne, he missed the next seven matches, returning in the season's last home-and-away match on 4 September 1920 — in the interim, Collingwood tried various permutations of forward lines to cover for the loss of Lee, centred on the selection of Ern Utting (five matches), Tom Wraith (one match), and Tom Drummond (one match), at full-forward over that time. Collingwood (VFL)

Debut
<mask> Coventry played his first senior game for Collingwood at the age of 18 against St Kilda on 14 August 1920.He played on the half-forward flank, kicked one goal, and although "not particularly impressive … [he] showed that he can kick well". As one of Collingwood's four inexperienced players given a run that day (the others were Les Lobb, Len Ludbrooke, and Roy Outram), <mask> played his second match, again on the half-forward flank, which was also Dick Lee's return match, in the last home-and-away round of the season, against South Melbourne, on 4 September 1920. Then, just 18, and in his third match, <mask> played at centre half-forward in the Collingwood team (with Dick Lee at full-forward) that beat Fitzroy 4.17 (41) to 3.5 (23), at a muddy, rain-sodden MCG, in the 1920 Semi-Final on 11 September 1920. And then, once more at centre half-forward (with Harry Curtis replacing the injured Lee at full-forward), in the Collingwood team that beat Carlton 12.11 (83) to 8.11 (59) in the 1920 Preliminary Final on 25 September 1920, his nineteenth birthday. Then he played at centre half-forward, in the team (with Curtis at full-forward) that lost to Richmond 7.10 (52) to 5.5 (35) in the 1920 Grand Final on 2 October 1920 (<mask> kicked 3 goals). Half-forward flanker
In 1921, his second VFL season, he was selected in a representative VFL side to play against a combined Bendigo team on 6 August 1921, but did not play (due to influenza). He was unable to play in the last home-and-away rounds of the 1921 season due to his illness, although he was able to resume training.Unexpectedly, he was selected as a last minute replacement for Mal Seddon, who had declared himself unfit to play on the morning of the match, as a consequence of the injury to his thigh that he had sustained at the preceding Tuesday's training session in a collision with Percy Rowe. <mask> played at centre half-forward (kicking 3 goals) in the team that lost to Carlton 9.11 (65) to 7.10 (52) in the 1921 Semi-Final on 1 October 1921. He played the entire 1922 season playing on one half-forward flank, scoring 42 goals, with his brother, Syd, playing on the other. Full-Forward
In 1923, with Dick Lee having retired at the end of the 1922 season, <mask> (by this stage a 34-game veteran) moved to full-forward, and was the club's leading goal-kicker that season, with 36 goals. He soon became one of the league's most prolific an consistent goal-kickers. He was Collingwood's best and fairest player in 1933. He was Collingwood's leading goal-kicker for 16 consecutive years, and the league's leading goal-kicker on six occasions (five of which were in consecutive years, 1927–1931).He kicked Collingwod's only two goals in the lowest-scores-ever VFL Grand Final in 1927, with Collingwood, in atrocious conditions, defeating Richmond 2.13 (25) to 1.7 (13). He was the first player to kick 100 goals in a VFL season (which he did in 1929, 1930, 1933, and 1934), kicked a total of 1299 goals in VFL football, and 100 goals in VFL representative teams. His tallies included:
 9 goals in a Grand Final: against Richmond, in the Grand Final, on 29 September 1928. An unbeaten Grand Final record, only equalled on one occasion: by Gary Ablett Sr., against Hawthorn, in the Grand Final, on 30 September 1989. 10 goals in a match: against North Melbourne on 24 August 1929, and against Melbourne on 2 September 1933. 11 goals in a match: against Footscray on 19 June 1926, against Fitzroy on 28 May 1927, against St Kilda on 11 June 1927, against South Melbourne on 11 May 1929, and against St Kilda on 5 September 1931. 14 goals in a match: against Hawthorn on 18 August 1934.15 goals in a match: against Essendon on 8 July 1933. 16 goals in a match: against Hawthorn on 27 July 1929. This broke the previous league record of 14 goals, set by South Melbourne's Harold Robertson ten years earlier in the match against St Kilda on 26 July 1919. 17 goals in a match: against Fitzroy on 19 July 1930. A league record at the time, <mask>'s record score of 17 goals in a single match — 17.4 (106) — has only ever been broken once, by Melbourne's Fred Fanning, who kicked 18.1 (109) in his last-ever VFL match against St Kilda on 30 August 1947; and, also, has only ever been equalled once, by Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall, who kicked 17.5 (107) against Richmond on 2 May 1992. 97 goals in a season: 1927. 105 goals in a season: 1934.108 goals in a season: 1933. 118 goals in a season: 1930. 124 goals in a season: 1929. 1929 was the first time that any VFL player had scored 100 goals or more in a single season. Finals
<mask> played in 31 finals matches in his 18-year career — including the drawn Semi-Final match against Melbourne on 15 September 1928 (the first drawn finals match in VFL history), and 10 Grand Finals, five of which were won by Collingwood (1927-1930, and 1935). In the 1928 VFL Grand Final he kicked a league record 9 goals, in a match in which Collingwood beat Richmond 13.18 (96) to 9.9 (63), perhaps due to Collingwood's drawn Semi-Final with Malbourne, and the consequent full replay the following week, which meant that Richmond had a two-week break, rather than the originally scheduled one week. VFL Tribunal
<mask> missed Collingwood's 1936 VFL Grand Final victory due to disqualification.It was the only time he had been reported in his entire VFL career. He was found guilty of striking Richmond defender Joe Murdoch in the torrid match against Richmond on 1 August 1936. <mask> had a crop of painful boils on his neck; and, when Murdoch repeatedly struck his neck, Coventry retaliated. <mask> was suspended for eight matches, and Murdoch for four; and an appeal, by <mask>, against the severity of the penalty was unsuccessful. At the time, <mask> announced that he was retiring from VFL football. He later relented; and, having served the eighth and last match of his suspension in the first week of the 1937 season, he played in 19 matches, and kicked 72 goals in 1937, his final VFL season. Life member
<mask> was made a Life Member of the Collingwood Football Club in 1932.Records

<mask> retired after the 1937 season, the first player to play 300 VFL/AFL games, winning his sixth league leading goal-kicker award, and his 16th consecutive club leading goal-kicker award. <mask> also represented Victoria on 25 occasions for a total of 100 goals. He was the first player to kick 100 goals in a VFL season (which he did in 1929, 1930, 1933, and 1934), and he kicked a total of 1299 goals in VFL football: a record that stood for more than six decades until it was broken by Sydney Swans player Tony Lockett in the match against <mask>'s former club, Collingwood, on 6 June 1999. VAFA coach
After leaving Collingwood, <mask> coached Collegians in the VAFA for a number of years. Death
<mask> died on 7 November 1968 (of heart disease) at his property in Diamond Creek, survived by his wife and four children. Legacy
In 2009, The Australian nominated <mask> as one of the 25 greatest footballers never to win a Brownlow Medal. In 1996, <mask> was an inaugural inductee of the Australian Football Hall of Fame and was elevated to "Legend" status (as the fourteenth "Legend") two years later.In 1998, he was named at full-forward in Collingwood's "Team of the Century". On 24 November 1999, he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Family
The eighth of the ten children of <mask> (1862–1948) and Jane Henrietta <mask> (1863–1940), née Spencer, <mask> <mask>—known as "Nuts" to his family (said, by some, due to his having a disproportionately large head as a child)—was born on 25 September 1901 at Diamond Creek, Victoria. Marriage
He married Christabel Violet Lawrey (1902–1991) on 28 February 1925. They had four children: two sons, <mask> (b.1925) and Graham (b.1945), and two daughters, Betty Lois (b.1928), later Mrs. Alexander David Denney, and Margaret Shirley (1930–2006), later Mrs. Charles James Banks. Brothers

Jack, Oak, and Thomas
Three of his brothers served in the First AIF: John Thomas "Jack" <mask> (1893–1950), Hugh Norman "Oak" <mask> (1895–1916), who was (posthumously) mentioned in dispatches for "gallant devotion to duty as volunteer stretcher bearer, carrying the wounded" on 9 August 1916, and had been killed in action while serving with the First AIF in Pozieres, and <mask> (1897–1970), who was wounded in the arm and foot in action in France in 1916. Syd

Another older brother, Sydney Andrew <mask> (1899–1976), also played for Collingwood at the same time as <mask>.While working as a miner at Queenstown, Tasmania, and playing football for the Miners' Football Team (as its captain), in Gormanston, Tasmania, in 1920, Syd was approached by St Kilda and invited to play for them in 1921. Syd moved to Victoria, and influenced by <mask>, began training with Collingwood (rather than St Kilda) in the 1921 pre-season; however, in May 1921, "an application by S.A<mask> for transfer from Miners' (Tasmania) to Collingwood was refused [by the Victorian Football League Permit Committee]". Having served 12 months out of football, Syd was cleared "from Tasmania to Collingwood" on 26 April 1922. He went on play in 227 VFL games for Collingwood (1922–1934) and 27 representative games for the VFL (1922–1934), captain Collingwood for 144 games (1927–1934), win the Brownlow Medal in 1927, and serve for three years as the non-playing coach of Footscray (1935–1937) before returning to Collingwood as an administrator, serving as its vice-president for 11 years (1939–1949), its president for 13 years (1950–1962), and its patron from 1963 until his death in 1976. Remembrance
The <mask> Trophy is awarded to Collingwood's leading goalkicker each year. The southern end of the Docklands Stadium is named the "Coventry end". When the Southern Stand at the MCG was built, a gate/entrance was jointly named after <mask> and brother Syd.See also
 List of Australian rules football families
 1927 Melbourne Carnival
 Collingwood Team of the Century

Footnotes

References

General
 </ref>
 de Lacy, H.A., "Coventrys Tell of Premiership Battles", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 24 September 1938), p.5. de Lacy, H.A., "<mask> and . . . Brother Syd", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 5 July 1941), p.6. Rohan, J.M., "Greatest Goal-kicker of All Time", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 9 April 1938), p.8. Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.Trembath, Richard, "<mask>, <mask> (1901–1968)", in Cunneen, C. (ed. ), Australian Dictionary of Biography: Supplement 1580—1980, with a name index to the Australian Dictionary of Biography to 1980, Melbourne University Press, (Carlton), 2005. "<mask>: as told to J.M. Rohan"

 <mask>, Champion Goalkicker, tells when his Knees Knocked with Stage Fright!, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 16 April 1938), p.8. <mask> tells when he Scored Five Goals and Lost Five Teeth, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 23 April 1938), p.8. Backs That Bumped, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 30 April 1938), p.8.<mask> Names Jimmy Freake as the Greatest Forward, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 7 May 1938), p.8. <mask> Discloses Secret of Collingwood's Success, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 14 May 1938), p.8. <mask> Declares Gorringe was Best of Those Bust Rovers, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 21 May 1938), p.8. <mask> on Ruck Combinations, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 28 May 1938), p.8. <mask>'s Memoirs: Those Dear Old Boots of Mine, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 4 June 1938), p.5. <mask>'s Memoirs: A Game of Hard Bumps, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 11 June 1938), p.5. <mask> Discusses Great Centre Line Men, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 18 June 1938), p.5.<mask> Names Champion of His Time: Why Bunton is not Named in First Six Players, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 25 June 1938), p.5. <mask> tells how One Man Won a Premiership, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 2 July 1938), p.5. <mask> Discusses Star Half-Forwards, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 9 July 1938), p.5. <mask> tells of the Greatest Flare-Up Ever Seen, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 16 July 1938), p.5. (Wednesday is the clearer copy)
 <mask> tells of Happy Days at Collingwood, The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 23 July 1938), p.5. External links

 <mask>, at Boyles Football Photos. <mask>, at Collingwood Forever."10 things you might not know about <mask>", at Collingwood Forever. Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club Premiership players
1901 births
1968 deaths
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners
Copeland Trophy winners
Five-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
Deaths from heart disease

masks:
Gordon Richard James Coventry
Coventry
Gordon
Gordon Coventry
Gordon
Coventry
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon Coventry
Gordon
Gordon
Coventry
Gordon
Coventry
Coventry
Gordon
Coventry
Coventry
Coventry
Coventry
Coventry
Coventry
Coventry
Henry Coventry
Coventry
Gordon Richard
James Coventry
George Gordon
Coventry
Coventry
Thomas Coventry
Coventry
Gordon
Gordon
. Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Coventry
Gordon Richard
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry
Gordon Coventry


title: Pat Pimm

texts:
<mask> (born March 31, 1957) is a Canadian politician, who was elected as a BC Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2009 provincial election, and represented the riding of Peace River North. He has lived in Fort St. John, British Columbia and has a business background working at an instrumentation company that specializes in the oil and gas sector. He spent 12 years on the Fort St. John city council before his election to the Legislative Assembly. In the 39th Parliament of BC <mask> served on several committees and first became involved with the Executive Council in October 2010 when former B.C. Premier Gordon Campbell appointed <mask> as the Parliamentary Secretary for the Natural Gas Initiative under the Ministry of Energy. When Christy Clark became Premier of British Columbia in March 2011, she retained <mask> at the same position. <mask> was re-elected to his Peace River North riding in the 2013 provincial election and was appointed Minister of Agriculture on June 10, 2013, by Premier Clark.He previously served as Parliamentary Secretary for the Northeast and has served as chair of the Northern Caucus and two Select Standing Committees: Aboriginal Affairs and Finance and Government Services. <mask> has also served as a member of Treasury Board. A lifelong resident of the Peace River region, he served 12 years as councillor for the City of Fort St. John from 1993 to 2005. With 25 years experience in the oil and gas industry, he was co-chair of the BC Oil and Gas Conference in 2002 and 2005, bringing together industry stakeholders to identify further strategies and opportunities for economic development in British Columbia's northeast region. He has also served on a variety of other local community boards and committees. Background
<mask> was born and raised in Fort St. John. He married at the age of 21 and raised two daughters.In 2005 he remarried to another woman, Jody, who had two grown sons. He established a career at an instrumentation business, Alpha Controls Ltd., specializing in the oil and gas sector. He enjoys curling and golf and has been a volunteer coach for youth baseball and hockey. He spent 12 years on the Fort St. John city council, from 1993 to 2005. While on council he advocated for the regionalization of services and the creation of a regional municipality. During a 2001 municipal referendum concerning a Fort St. John boundary expansion around a proposed manufacturing plant (oriented strand board), <mask> threatened to resign his council seat if the referendum failed. While on council <mask> worked with the province and other municipalities in establishing the Fairshare grant program which redirected some oil and gas revenue to local governments in  northeastern BC for use on infrastructure projects.He also supported the BC Lottery Corporation locating a gaming centre (bingo, off-track betting, slots and other electronic games) in Fort St. John. Provincial politics
The appointment of MLA Richard Neufeld to the federal Senate of Canada in December 2008 by Prime Minister Stephen Harper created an opening in the BC provincial Peace River North riding. Such an opening was rare as Neufeld had represented the riding since 1991 and by Tony Brummet for the 12 years prior to Neufeld. There were five candidates in the race for the BC Liberal Party nomination: Chetwynd mayor Evan Saugstad, Fort St. John councillors Lori Ackerman and Dan Davies, School District trustee Linda Sewell, and <mask>. With 1,200 BC Liberal members eligible to vote, <mask> won in the third round of preferential voting in March. He was soon thrust into the provincial election where he faced Fort Nelson town councilor and NDP candidate Jackie Allen, former chief of the Fort Nelson First Nation and Green Party candidate Liz Logan, and others. <mask> oriented his campaign around economic issues stating "The economy is the number one issue and everything else falls around the economy.You have to have a strong economy to have good health care, good education...." <mask> won the Peace River North riding with 43% of the vote and his party formed a majority government. As the 39th Parliament of British Columbia began, <mask> was not selected for the Executive Council by Premier Gordon Campbell. In the first two sessions <mask> was assigned to three parliamentary committees: the Select Standing Committee on Crown Corporations (which did not meet), the Select Standing Committee on Parliamentary Reform, Ethical Conduct, Standing Orders and Private Bills (which met once), and the Select Standing Committee on Legislative Initiatives (which only met in September 2010 to deal with a petition against Harmonized Sales Tax). Once the Harmonized Sales Tax was introduced, <mask> became very supportive of it, arguing that it would make BC business more competitive with Alberta, and stating, "I personally think it's probably the strongest single thing for the economy of our area and the province in general." <mask> lobbied on behalf of the Peace River North to secure infrastructure grants for road construction and paving, recreation centre upgrades, and Fort St. John sewerage expansion. <mask> made headlines across the province in November 2009 when he criticized the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms during a speech in the Legislature. He questioned "who needs that Charter of Rights?"and stated "I just don’t think it’s a good document whatsoever myself." He called for a "Bill of Responsibilities" to be established. In 2010, as the petition to repeal the HST was very successful in his riding, <mask> became one of 24 MLAs targeted for recall by Bill Vander Zalm's FightHST group. However, several months later, his name was removed from the list as the group prioritized candidates for recall campaigns. In October, during Campbell's final cabinet shuffle before resigning, the post of Parliamentary Secretary for the Natural Gas Initiative was created for <mask> under the Ministry of Energy. In January 2011, with community opposition to a transfer move Oil and Gas Commission engineering jobs, from Fort St. John to Kelowna, <mask> intervened by arranging a public meeting with the Minister of Natural Resource Operations Steve Thomson, the CEO of the commission, as well as industry and public representatives, which resulted in several positions staying in Fort St. John. During the BC Liberal Party leadership electionto replace Campbell, <mask> endorsed Kevin Falcon in mid-December citing Falcon's performance as Minister of Transportation where he directed significant funding to improving oil and gas resource roads and the Alaska Highway.In March 2011, after Christy Clark won the leadership election and was named Premier, she kept <mask> as Parliamentary Secretary for Natural Gas to the Minister of Energy and Mines. On June 27, 2011, he resigned from his Parliamentary Secretary position and from the BC Liberal caucus following a domestic dispute involving his wife which resulted in the RCMP detaining him overnight. A special prosecutor was assigned to his case given his status as an elected official. On July 13, the special prosecutor announced they would not be pressing charges and the BC Liberal caucus allowed <mask> to re-join. <mask> returned to his role as Parliamentary Secretary for Natural Gas and spent the summer consulting with stakeholders for what would become BC's Natural Gas Strategy and BC's Liquefied Natural Gas Strategy. In September 2012, he was made deputy whip, replacing Eric Foster who became whip. In April 2013 at an all-candidates forum in Fort Nelson <mask> suggested that "grief" in the classroom caused by special needs children has caused public school enrolment to decline.He was quoted as saying "It's causing the teachers extra time and trouble and it's certainly, I think, is causing some students to move into other areas in the private sector as well,"

In November 2015, <mask> stated he would not run for reelection in the coming provincial election in 2017. On August 15, 2016, <mask> left his caucus and became an independent following his arrest. A special prosecutor has been appointed to the case to avoid a conflict of interest. An assault charge against B.C. MLA <mask> has been stayed following his appearance Monday in a Dawson Creek courtroom. <mask> agreed to be bound by a peace bond for eight months, said  Daniel McLaughlin, communications counsel for the Criminal Justice Branch. Electoral history

|-

|Independent
|Arthur Hadland
|align="right"|2,899
|align="right"|31.33
|align="right"|n/a
|align="right"|$17,962

|New Democrat
|Jackie Allen
|align="right"|1,293
|align="right"|13.98
|align="right"|n/a
|align="right"|$17,855

|- style="background:white;"
!style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Valid Votes
!align="right"|9,252
!align="right"|100.00
|- style="background:white;"
! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Rejected Ballots
!align="right"|52
!align="right"|0.6%
|- style="background:white;"
! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Turnout
!align="right"|9,304
!align="right"|40%
|}

References

External links
 British Columbia Liberal Party - <mask> (Peace River North)
 Legislative Assembly of British Columbia - <mask>

British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs
Living people
British Columbia municipal councillors
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
People from Fort St. John, British Columbia
1957 births
21st-century Canadian politicians

masks:
Pat Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pat Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pat Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pimm
Pat Pimm
Pimm
Pat Pimm
Pat Pimm


title: Allen Carr

texts:
<mask> (2 September 1934 – 29 November 2006) was a British author of books about stopping smoking and other psychological dependencies including alcohol addiction. Biography
Born in Putney, London, <mask> started smoking cigarettes while doing National Service aged 18. He qualified as an accountant in 1958. <mask> finally stopped smoking on 15 July 1983, aged 48, after a visit to a hypnotherapist. However, it wasn't the hypnotherapy itself that enabled him to stop – "I succeeded in spite of and not because of that visit" and "I lit up the moment I left the clinic and made my way home...". There were two key pieces of information that enabled <mask> to stop later that day. First, the hypnotherapist told him smoking was "just nicotine addiction", which <mask> had never perceived before that moment, i.e.that he was an addict. Second, his son John lent him a medical handbook which explained that the physical withdrawal from nicotine is just like an "empty, insecure feeling". He claims that these two realisations crystallised in his mind just how easy it was to stop and so then enabled him to follow an overwhelming desire to explain his method to as many smokers as possible. Philosophy

<mask> teaches that smokers do not receive a boost from smoking a cigarette, and that smoking only relieves the withdrawal symptoms from the previous cigarette, which in turn creates more withdrawal symptoms once it is finished. In this way the drug addiction perpetuates itself. He asserted that the "relief" smokers feel on lighting a cigarette, the feeling of being "back to normal", is the feeling experienced by non-smokers all the time. So that smokers, when they light a cigarette are really trying to achieve a state that non-smokers enjoy their whole lives.He further asserted that withdrawal symptoms are actually created by doubt and fear in the mind of the ex-smoker, and therefore that stopping smoking is not as traumatic as is commonly assumed, if that doubt and fear can be removed. At Allen Carr Clinics during stop-smoking sessions, smokers are allowed to continue smoking while their doubts and fears are removed, with the aim of encouraging and developing the mindset of a non-smoker before the final cigarette is extinguished. A further reason for allowing smokers to smoke while undergoing counselling is <mask>'s belief that it is more difficult to convince a smoker to stop until they understand the mechanism of "the nicotine trap". This is because their attention is diminished while they continue to believe it is traumatic and extremely difficult to quit and continue to maintain the belief that they are dependent on nicotine. Another assertion unique to <mask>'s method is that willpower is not required to stop smoking. His contention was that fear of "giving up" is what causes the majority of smokers to continue smoking, thereby necessitating the smoker's perpetuation of the illusion of genuine enjoyment as a moral justification of the inherent absurdity of smoking in the face of overwhelming medical and scientific evidence of its dangers. Instead, he encourages smokers to think of the act of quitting, not as giving up, but as "escaping".Easyway

<mask> left his accountancy job in 1983 and set up his first Easyway clinic. (He actually stopped smoking and modelled his program from a program called the Living Free Program for Smokers which was given by InControl International Inc. in hospitals across the U.S.) He wrote ten books which appeared as bestsellers on selected book ranking charts including his first book  The Easy Way to Stop Smoking (1985). The success of the original London clinic, through word-of-mouth and direct recommendation, has led to a worldwide network of 100 Easyway clinics in 35 countries plus the production of audio CDs and DVDs. <mask>'s Easyway is clinically proven through two randomised controlled trials. In 2020 a UK randomised clinical trial found <mask>'s Easyway as good as, if not better than, the Gold Standard NHS Programme which uses NRT & 1-1 psychological support  and in 2018 an Irish trial found that <mask>’s Easyway was almost twice as effective as other smoking cessation methods available on Health Service. Based on their full money-back guarantee (which requires two follow-up sessions without reimbursement of travel), Carr's clinics claim 90% success rate in aiding smokers to stop for three months, and 51% success rate in helping smokers stop for 12 months based on an independent study not connected with any health organisation. Celebrity endorsements include Richard Branson, Anthony Hopkins, Ashton Kutcher, Ellen DeGeneres, Nikki Glaser, Chrissie Hynde, Michael McIntyre, Pink, Jason Mraz, Charlotte Church and Hrithik Roshan which aids the organisation's efforts to expand commercially.<mask>'s Clinics are run by therapists/facilitators who were once smokers and have used <mask>'s method to stop smoking. All therapists/facilitators are members of an association created by <mask>'s Easyway organisation, Members of the Association of Allen Carr Therapists International (MAACTI), and membership indicates that the therapist/facilitator has completed the rigorous recruitment, and the comprehensive training & development process required before anyone can practise as an <mask>'s Easyway therapist/facilitator. They can only do so under license with <mask>'s Easyway (International) Ltd or Allen Carr's Easyway (US) Ltd. .
<mask> also wrote a number of other how-to books on subjects such as losing weight , stopping alcohol consumption, & fear of flying, and along with his close friends, protégés, & co-authors Robin Hayley (Chairman, Allen <mask>'s Easyway) & John C. Dicey (Global CEO & Senior <mask>'s Easyway Therapist) wrote books dealing with gambling, debt/junk-spending, sugar addiction, emotional eating, mindfulness, tech/smart phone addiction, caffeine addiction, vaping/JUUL with Online Video Programmes handling smoking, vaping/JUUL, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, sugar & carb addiction, emotional eating, gambling, caffeine addiction, debt/junk-spending, fear of flying, & mindfulness. In 2020 it was estimated that <mask>'s Easyway method had helped more than 50 million people worldwide. In 2021, <mask>'s Easyway assisted the World Health Organisation's year-long global campaign for World No Tobacco Day 2021. Personal life
In late July 2006, it was revealed that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer at the age of 71. The following month he revealed that it was terminal and his life expectancy was about nine months.<mask> said: "Since I smoked my final cigarette, 23 years ago, I have been the happiest man in the world. I still feel the same way today.” <mask> wrote to Tony Blair, urging the UK Government and NHS to accept his method, saying that the "powerful influence" of lobbyists working for nicotine replacement firms had turned them against him. <mask> died on 29 November 2006 at the age of 72, as a result of his lung cancer. He died at his home in Benalmádena, west of Málaga, Spain. <mask> worked closely with and passed responsibility for continuing his work, developing the method to cover as many addictions and issues as possible, to his close friends and long-time collaborators Robin Hayley & John C. Dicey (Chairman & Global CEO of Allen Carr's Easyway respectively). On the insistence of international publishers John C. Dicey reluctantly allows himself to be described as co-author of <mask> books but makes it very clear, "I take great pleasure in deflecting any praise for the books (quite rightly so) to <mask>. I was extremely lucky to have worked so closely with him since 1998 and was honoured that he asked me to carry on his work".

masks:
Allen John Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
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Allen Carr
Allen Carr
Allen Carr
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Allen Carr


title: Curt Wittig

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<mask>  <mask> is a Professor of Chemistry and the holder of the Paul A. Miller Chair in the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences at the University of Southern California (USC). Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, <mask> received his B.S. and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1970. Post-doctoral work (EE at USC, Chemistry at Cambridge (UK) and UC Berkeley) was followed by a faculty appointment in 1973 at USC in the EE Department. After becoming a professor in 1979, his interests changed, and he moved to the Chemistry and Physics Departments in 1981, settling eventually in the Chemistry Department, where he has specialized in physical chemistry (chemical physics) ever since. <mask> and his wife, Michele, live in Santa Monica, California. Research focus
His earliest contributions were technological: invention of the continuous carbon monoxide chemical laser in 1969, and development and demonstration of the so-called infrared process of laser isotope separation in the late 1970s.Interests then evolved to more fundamental studies. In the 1980s and 1990s his main contributions were in the areas of unimolecular reactions of polyatomic molecules, and photoinitiated reactions in weakly bound complexes. The latter was acknowledged in 1993 with the Herbert P. Broida Prize in Atomic, Molecular, and Chemical Physics (given by the American Physical Society); together they were acknowledged through the Bourke Lectures and Medal in 2000 (given by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK). Recent research (including ongoing) addresses issues in amorphous solid water, photophysics in doped superfluid helium nanodroplets, complex photochemistry and photophysics of polyatomic molecules, and theories of particle statistics and geometric phases. Publications

Book chapters

 Gas trapping in ice and its release upon warming; A. Bar-Nun, D. Laufer, O. Rebolledo-Mayoral, S. Malyk, H. Reisler, C<mask>; Solar System Ices, M. Gudipati, editor (World Scientific, Singapore, 2010). Fundamental Aspects of Molecular Photochemistry; C. Wittig; Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Third Edition, (Academic Press, 2001). Dynamics of ground state bimolecular reactions; C<mask> and A.H. Zewail; Atomic and Molecular Clusters, E. Bernstein, editor (Oxford Press, 1996).Regioselective photochemistry in weakly bonded complexes; S.K. Shin, Y. Chen, E. Böhmer and C<mask>; The Dye Laser: 20 Years (Springer-Verlag, 1992) 57-76. State resolved simple bond fission reactions: experiment and theory; H. Reisler and C. <mask>; Advances in Kinetics and Dynamics, Vol. 1, J.R. Barker, editor (JAI Press, Greenwich, 1992) 139-185. Photoinitiated reactions in weakly bonded complexes: entrance channel specificity; Y. Chen, G. Hoffmann, S.K. Shin, D. Oh, S. Sharpe, Y.P. Zeng, R.A. Beaudet and C<mask>; Advances in Molecular Vibrations and Collision Dynamics, Vol.1, Part B, J.M. Bowman, editor (JAI Press, Greenwich, 1992) 187-229. NO(X2Π) product state distributions in molecule-surface dissociative scattering: n,i-C3F7NO from MgO(100); E. Kolodney, P.S. Powers, L. Hodgson, H. Reisler and C<mask>; Mode Selective Chemistry, J. Jortner et al., editors (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1991) 443-455. Photoinitiated reactions in weakly bonded complexes; S.K. Shin, Y. Chen, S. Nickolaisen, S.W. Sharpe, R.A. Beaudet and C<mask>; Advances in Photochemistry, Vol.16, D. Volman, G. Hammond and D. Neckers, editors (Wiley, 1991) 249-363. Photodissociation processes in NO-containing molecules; H. Reisler, M. Noble and C. <mask>; Molecular Photodissociation Dynamics, J. Baggott and M.N.R. Ashfold, editors (Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987) 139-176. Multiphoton ionization of molecules; H. Reisler and C. <mask>; Advances in Chemical Physics LX, K.P. Lawley, editor (1985) 1-30. Selected articles

 C<mask>, The Landau-Zener formula, J. Phys. Chem.B 109, 8428 (2005).' J. Underwood, D. Chastaing, S. Lee, and C<mask>, Heavy hydrides: H2Te ultraviolet photochemistry, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 84312 (2005).' E. Polyakova, D. Stolyarov, and C<mask>, Multiple photon excitation and ionization of NO in and on helium droplets, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 214308 (2006).'G. Kumi, S. Malyk, S. Hawkins, H. Reisler, and C<mask>, Amorphous solid water films: Transport and host–guest interactions with CO2 and N2O dopants, J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 2097–2105 (2006).' C. <mask> and I. Bezel, Effective Hamiltonian models and unimolecular decomposition, J. Phys. Chem. B 100, 19850–19860 (2006).' S. Malyk, G. Kumi, H. Reisler, and C. <mask>, Trapping and Release of CO2 guest molecules in amorphous ice, J. Phys.Chem. A 111, 13365–13370 (2008).' C<mask>, Statistics of indistinguishable particles, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 7244–7252, Benny Gerber Festschrift (2009).' L. A. Smith-Freeman, W. H. Schroeder, and C<mask>, AsH2 ultraviolet photochemistry, J. Phys. Chem.A 113, 2158–2164 (2009).' A. Bar-Nun, D. Laufer, O. Rebolledo-Mayoral, S. Malyk, H. Reisler, C<mask>, Gas trapping in ice and its release upon warming, Solar System Ices, M. Gudipati, Editor (World Scientific, Singapore, 2010). C<mask>, Photon and electron spins, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 15320–15327, Vincenzo Aquilanti Festschrift (2010). Awards and honors
 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science   (2005);
 Eminent Scholar Lecturer, University of Arizona (2005);
 Raubenheimer Outstanding Faculty Award: Teaching, Research and Service (2003);
 Bourke Lecturer (plus Bourke medal), Royal Society of Chemistry: University of Birmingham, University of Edinburgh, and University of Leeds (2000)
 American Physical Society's Herbert P. Broida Prize Recipient  (1993)

References

External links
  Dr. Wittig's Official Website
  Dr. Wittig's  Faculty page at USC Department of Chemistry
  Dr. Wittig's Faculty page at USC

Living people
University of Southern California faculty
University of Illinois alumni
American physical chemists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Curt Franklin
Wittig
Curt Wittig
Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
Wittig
Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig
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. Wittig
. Wittig
. Wittig


title: Mike Conaway

texts:
<mask> (born June 11, 1948) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for  from 2005 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. The district <mask> represented is located in West Texas and includes Midland, Odessa, San Angelo, Brownwood, and Granbury. <mask> led the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (with assistance from Trey Gowdy and Tom Rooney) after the Intelligence Committee chair, Devin Nunes, recused himself. Aside from serving as the chair of the House Ethics Committee, he served as the chair of the House Agriculture Committee, and later its ranking member. <mask> indicated in July 2019 that he would not be seeking reelection. <mask> was succeeded by fellow Republican August Pfluger.<mask> was born in Borger in the Texas Panhandle northeast of Amarillo, the son of Helen Jean (McCormick) and Louis Denton <mask>. He graduated in 1966 from Permian High School in Odessa in Ector County, where he was a standout player for the Permian Panthers and a member of the first Permian State Championship team in 1965. After High School, he attended Ranger College on a football scholarship before attending Texas A&M University-Commerce (then named East Texas State University), lettering in Football for the Lions from 1966 to 1969 and was a member of two Lone Star Conference championship teams. He majored in Accounting, graduating in 1970. Career

Military
<mask> served in the United States Army from 1970 to 1972. Private sector
<mask> was an accountant and became a Certified Public Accountant in 1974, chief financial officer at a bank, and from 1981 to 1986 was the chief financial officer of Arbusto Energy Inc, an oil and gas exploration firm operated by George W. Bush. Texas government
Soon after Bush was elected governor of Texas, he appointed <mask> to the Texas State Board of Public Accountancy, which regulates accountancy in Texas.He served on the board as a volunteer for seven years, the last five as chairman. U.S. House of Representatives
Committee assignments (116th Congress)
 Committee on Agriculture (Ranking Member)
 Committee on Armed Services
 Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities
 Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces
 Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Caucus memberships
 CPA Caucus (Founder)
 International Conservation Caucus
 Reliable Energy Caucus
 Sportsmen's Caucus
Congressional Constitution Caucus
Congressional Western Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus

Tenure
<mask> endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney for president in 2008. On May 13, 2016, <mask> endorsed the Republican presumptive nominee Donald Trump for president in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. In 2006, <mask> voted against extending the Voting Rights Act of 1965. <mask> served on committees of the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC), the campaign arm of the House Republican caucus. In January 2007, <mask> began chairing the three-member audit committee for the NRCC. By January 28, 2008, <mask> had uncovered a fraud, where hundreds of thousands of dollars were missing from NRCC bank accounts, and supposed annual audits on the NRCC books had actually not been performed since 2001.<mask> introduced legislation to extend and reform the federal tax credit to support wide scale commercial deployment of carbon capture and storage. Speaker Paul Ryan announced <mask>'s new role as leader of the House Intelligence Committee in April 2017 after chairman Devin Nunes temporarily recused himself from investigations into Russian interference in the U.S. 2016 election. In February 2018, <mask> prevented efforts by the Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee to investigate financial links between Trump, his businesses, his family and Russian actors. <mask> prevented subpoenas for related bank records, Trump's tax returns and witnesses. Democrats on the committee had, for example, asked for subpoenas to Deutsche Bank, which the Trump Organization and Jared Kushner (Trump's son-in-law and senior White House advisor) have borrowed extensively from. In March 2018, <mask> laid out the findings of a report by the Republican members of the House Intelligence Committee. One of the findings was that the committee had found no evidence of collusion between Russia and the Trump campaign in the 2016 election; Democrats on the committee said that they had come to no such conclusion.A few days later, <mask> walked back that finding, saying "Our committee was not charged with answering the collusion idea". Asked why the committee drew a conclusion if it had not investigated the matter, <mask> denied that the committee had drawn a conclusion, "What we said is we found no evidence of it. That’s a different statement. We found no evidence of collusion." In December 2020, <mask> was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state. Political campaigns
<mask> first ran for elective office in 2003, when he ran in a special election for the 19th Congressional District, which came open after 18-year Republican incumbent Larry Combest stepped down shortly after winning a 10th term.<mask> lost by 587 votes to fellow Republican Randy Neugebauer. A few months later, the Texas Legislature redrew the state's districts in an effort engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay. Three brand-new districts were created, one of them being the 11th, which was based in Midland. Previously, Midland had been part of the Lubbock-based 19th District. DeLay was particularly keen to draw a district based in Midland, Odessa and the oil-rich Permian Basin in part because Texas House Speaker Tom Craddick was from that area. This district is heavily Republican – by some accounts, it was the most Republican district in Texas at the time. Republicans had dominated every level of government since the 1980s, and usually garner 70 percent or more of the vote in this area (Glasscock County had voted 93 percent for Bush in 2000, the highest percentage of any county in the nation).The race was essentially over when <mask> announced his candidacy. He won in November with 77 percent of the vote, one of the largest percentages by anyone facing major-party opposition. <mask> was reelected six times with no substantive opposition. The district is so heavily Republican that the Democrats only fielded a challenger against him three times in 2010, 2012 and 2018. Each time, he won at least 75 percent of the vote. He was reelected unopposed in 2006 and faced only minor party opposition in 2008, 2014, and 2016, all three of which times he won with roughly 90% of the vote. <mask> won re-nomination to a sixth term in the U.S. House in the Republican primary held on March 4, 2014.He polled 53,107 votes (74 percent); his challenger, Wade Brown, received 18,979 votes (26 percent). <mask> won re-election in the general election held on November 4, 2014. He polled 107,752 votes (90 percent); his challenger, Libertarian Ryan T. Lange, received 11,607 (10 percent). <mask> announced in July 2019 that he would not be running for reelection. Committee assignments
116th Congress
Committee on Agriculture (Ranking Member)
Committee on Armed Services
Committee on Intelligence

Personal life

<mask> served on the Midland Independent School District Board from 1985 to 1988. <mask> is married to Suzanne Kidwell <mask> and their family includes two sons, two daughters, and seven grandchildren. See also
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)

References

External links

 Profile at the Texas Tribune
 <mask>: Lessons Learned in High School - Odessa Permian five-part series

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1948 births
21st-century American politicians
Baptists from Texas
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Military personnel from Texas
People from Borger, Texas
People from Midland, Texas
People from Odessa, Texas
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
School board members in Texas
Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni
Texas Republicans

masks:
Kenneth Michael Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Background Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
Conaway
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Mike Conaway


title: Salahuddin of Selangor

texts:
<mask>-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj (Jawi: ; 8 March 1926 – 21 November 2001) was the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and eighth Sultan of Selangor. Early life
Born on at 3:30 pm. Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah on Monday 8 March 1926 at Istana Bandar Temasha, Jugra, Kuala Langat, he is the eldest son of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah by his royal consort and wife, Tengku Ampuan Raja Jemaah binti Al-Marhum Raja Ahmad. He received his early education at the Pengkalan Batu Malay School in Klang in 1934. In 1936, he furthered his studies at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar until 1941 when World War II began. After World War II, he went to England in 1947 and studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London for two years. Upon his return from the United Kingdom, he served with the Civil Service Department as a Trainee Officer with the Selangor Survey Department.He later served as an Inspector of Schools for eight years. In 1952, he attended a short-term course at the Malay Military Troop in Port Dickson for six months and was commissioned with the Queen Commission in the rank of captain. Thereafter, he was promoted to the rank of major. Sultan of Selangor

<mask> Abdul Aziz Shah was appointed as the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor on 1 August 1946 and as the Raja Muda (Crown Prince) of Selangor on 13 May 1950. On the demise of his father, Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah became the eighth Sultan of Selangor with the title <mask> Abdul Aziz Shah on 3 September 1960 and was installed as the 28th Sultan on 28 June 1961. On 26 April 1984, <mask> Abdul Aziz Shah was appointed as Captain-in-Chief of the Royal Navy by the Malaysian Armed Forces in place of the position of Colonel-in-Chief of the Malaysian Royal Air Force which he held since 1966. <mask> was the Sultan who signed the cession of Kuala Lumpur from Selangor to the Federal Government to form a Federal Territory on 1 February 1974.The Sultan cried after the signing as he was very fond and proud of the city, but he did it for the greater good of Malaysia. The Kota Darul Ehsan arch was erected along the Federal Highway at the border of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor to commemorate the event in 1981. <mask> was a founder of Shah Alam, the new Selangor state capital in 1978. He said that for Selangor to become a modern state, it would need a new state capital as Kuala Lumpur had become a Federal Territory. At that time Klang was the state capital after the cession of Kuala Lumpur when the Sultan founded Shah Alam. Many buildings and roads in Shah Alam are named after him. Salahuddin held the rank of Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Field Marshal of the Malaysian Army and Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy as per constitutional provisions making him as the second royal military officer to become supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces.Yang di-Pertuan Agong
He was the second oldest ruler to be elected as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 26 April 1999 and installed on 11 September 1999. The cession of Putrajaya, which was formerly Selangor territory, to the Federal Government in 2001 to become a Federal Territory occurred during his reign as Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Persiaran <mask> Abdul Aziz Shah in Putrajaya was named after him. However, after reigning for two years and 6 months, he died in office on 21 November 2001 at the Gleneagles Intan Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur. He underwent a heart operation to put a pacemaker two months prior to his death, which he did not fully recover from. He was buried in the Royal Mausoleum near Sultan Sulaiman Mosque in Klang. Personal life
<mask> Abdul Aziz Shah married at least four wives.His first wife and cousin, HRH Paduka Bonda Raja Raja Nur Saidatul Ihsan binti Al Marhum Raja Bendahara Tengku Badar Shah, whom he later divorced, bore:
 Tengku Nor Halija
 Tengku Idris Shah, later Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah
 Tengku Puteri <mask> (died 8 June 2017)
 Tengku Laksamana Tengku Sulaiman Shah
 Tengku Puteri Zahariah (Ku Yah)
 Tengku Fatimah
 Tengku Panglima Besar Tengku Abdul Samad
 Tengku Puteri Arafiah
 Tengku Puteri Aishah (died 30 July 2012)

Che Maheram binti Muhammad Rais, his second wife, bore him:
 Tengku Panglima Raja Tengku Ahmad Shah

His royal consort, Tengku Ampuan Rahimah binti Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah of the Langkat royal family in Sumatra died in 1993 before his election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong. She was the mother of:
 Tengku Puteri Nor Marina
 Tengku Puteri Nor Zehan

His last wife, commoner Tuanku Siti Aishah binti Abdul Rahman, served as his Raja Permaisuri Agong. Being fifty years younger than him, she was also the youngest ever occupant of that office – only 29 at her succession to the throne. Hobbies and interests
Sultan <mask> Abdul Aziz Shah was a keen sportsman. His interest in golf is well-known within and outside the country. The Sultan also loved sailing, collecting antique cars, rearing animals and planting orchids. He also likes visiting foreign countries to widen his knowledge and experience.Bhd., 1998
 Martin, Frederick, Keltie, John Scott, Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson, Epstein, Mortimer, Paxton, John, Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry, The Statesman's Year-book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year ; 1978–1979, St. Martin's Press, 1978

External links
 Photo Album: Dalam Kenangan, Utusan Malaysia
 Photo Album: Agong sihat di Singapura, 15 October 2001, Utusan Malaysia

Monarchs of Malaysia
Sultans of Selangor
Salahuddin of Selangor
2001 deaths
Royal House of Selangor
People from Selangor
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Alumni of SOAS University of London

Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia

Federated Malay States people
People of British Malaya
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
First Classes of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang

masks:
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sultan Salahuddin
Sofiah
Salahuddin