title: Dwarkanath Kotnis

texts:
<mask>  (Marathi:द्वारकानाथ शांताराम कोटणीस ; 10 October 1910 in India – 9 December 1942 in China), also known by his Chinese name Ke Dihua (), was one of the five Indian physicians dispatched to China to provide medical assistance during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938. Known for his dedication and perseverance, he has been regarded as an example for Sino-Indian friendship and collaboration. Along with the Canadian Dr. Norman Bethune, he continues to be revered every year by the Chinese people during the Qingming Festival, a day used by the Chinese to commemorate the martyrs. Origins
<mask> was born to a middle class Marathi Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin family in Solapur, Maharashtra, he had two brothers and five sisters. He studied medicine at the Seth G.S. Medical College of the University of Bombay. Indian medical mission

In 1938, after the Japanese invasion of China, the communist General Zhu De requested Jawaharlal Nehru to send some physicians to China.Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, the President of the Indian National Congress, made an appeal to the people through a press statement on 30 June 1938. He arranged to send a team of volunteer doctors and an ambulance by collecting a fund of Rs 22,000 on the All-Indian China Day and China Fund days on 7–9 July. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose also wrote an article in Modern Review on Japan's role in the Far East and denounced the assault on China. The key aspect of this mission was that it was a helping hand from a nation itself struggling for freedom, to another nation also struggling for its freedom. The mission was reinforced with Nehru's visit to China in 1939. <mask> <mask>, born in a middle class Maharashtrian family from Solapur on 10 October 1910, had then graduated from the Seth G S Medical College, Bombay and was preparing for post-graduation. He asked permission of his family to volunteer for service abroad.<mask>'s younger sister Manorama recalls that her brother wanted to travel around the world and practice medicine at different places. She said "most members of the family knew little about China at that time. We only knew that people used to come and sell Chinese silk,"  While his father Shantaram encouraged young <mask> to venture out, his mother was very sad because he was going that far and worse, in a war zone. A medical team of five doctors (Drs. M. Atal from Allahabad (who was also the leader of the mission), M. Cholkar from Nagpore, D<mask> from Sholapur, B.K. Basu and Debesh Mukherjee from Calcutta) was dispatched as the Indian Medical Mission Team in September 1938. All, except Dr. <mask>, returned to India safely.The team first arrived in China at the port of Hankou, Wuhan. They were then sent to Yan'an, the revolutionary base at the time in 1939, where they were warmly welcomed by Mao Zedong, Zhu De and other top leaders of the Communist Party, as they were the first medical team to come from another Asian country. The 28-year-old Doctor came as a part of the five member team and stayed in China for almost 5 years working in mobile clinics to treat wounded soldiers. In 1939, Dr. <mask> joined the Eighth Route Army (led by Mao Zedong) at the Jin-Cha-Ji border near the Wutai Mountain Area, after his efforts all across the northern China region. His job as a battlefront doctor was stressful, where there was always an acute shortage of medicines. In one long-drawn out battle against Japanese troops in 1940, Dr. <mask> performed operations for up to 72 hours, without getting any sleep. He treated more than 800 wounded soldiers during the battle.He was eventually appointed as the Director of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital named after the famous Canadian surgeon Norman Bethune. In 1940, Dr<mask> met Guo Qinglan, a nurse at the Bethune Hospital. They first met at the inauguration of Dr. Norman Bethune's tomb and Guo was immediately attracted to the Indian doctor. <mask> could write and speak Chinese, which amazed her. The couple got married in December 1941. They had a son on 23 August 1942, who was named Yinhua – meaning India (Yin) and China (Hua), at the suggestion of Nie Rongzhen. Dr. <mask> wrote letters to his family regularly."He sounded very happy in the letters. People used to come to thank him for his help. He was telling the good part," says Manorama. Every place he went in China, he described it in detail in his letters home. The whole family found them to be great fun because what he described was so different from the life in India. The hardship of the stressful job as a front-line doctor finally started to take its toll on him and severely affected his health. Only three months after the birth of Yinhua, epilepsy struck Dr.<mask>.A series of epileptic seizures killed him on 9 December 1942, leaving behind his widow Guo Qinglan, and the baby son. Dr. <mask> was buried in the Heroes Courtyard in Nanquan Village. At that time, Mao Zedong mourned his death by observing that "The army has lost a helping hand, the nation has lost a friend. Let us always bear in mind his internationalist spirit." It is said that he joined the Communist Party of China on 7 July 1942, just before his death, but could not be verified. During his mission, he was also a lecturer at the Dr. Bethune Hygiene School of the Jinchaji (晉察冀) Military Command, and the first director of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital, Yan'an. Tribute

Upon his death in 1942, Mao Zedong mourned his death by observing that:

Madame Sun Yat-sen said, concerning his role in the revolution, that "His memory belongs not only to your people and ours, but to the noble roll-call of fighters for the freedom and progress of all mankind.The future will honor him even more than the present, because it was for the future that he struggled." The Martyr's Memorial park in Shijiazhuang city of the Northern Chinese province of Hebei is a famous attraction point. The north and south sides of the park are dedicated to the veterans of the Korean and the Japanese wars. The west side is dedicated to Dr. Norman Bethune, who fought for the Chinese, and the South side to Dr <mask>. There is a great statue in his honour. A small museum there has a handbook of vocabulary that <mask> wrote on his passage from India to China; some of the instruments that the surgeons used in their medical fight for life, and various photos of the doctors, some with the Communist Party of China's most influential figures, including Mao. Memorial in Solapur, Maharashtra

A memorial of <mask> Shantaram <mask> is installed in his birthplace in Solapur on 1 January 2012.The memorial, at his old residence, has been built by Solapur Municipal Corporation with efforts of Sushilkumar Shinde, who was Union Power Minister during the installation ceremony. Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan was present at the function. Family

In November 1941, about a year before his death, <mask> married Guo Qinglan, (, born 15 September 1916 in Fenyang County, Shanxi Province) a nurse at the Bethune International Peace Hospital. <mask> and Guo had a son on 23 August 1942. At the suggestion of Nie Rongzhen they named the boy "Yinhua" combining the Chinese characters for "Yin" () for India and "Hua" () for China. Yinhua died aged 24 in 1967 shortly before he was to graduate from medical college. His death has been attributed to medical negligence.In 1949, Guo remarried to a Chinese man with whom she had a son and a daughter. Guo Qinglan has been an honoured guest at many high-level diplomatic functions between China and India, such as the banquet Dalian Mayor Bo Xilai hosted for then Indian President K.R. Narayanan in June 2000 and during the visit of then Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee to Beijing in June 2003. In November 2006, she accompanied Chinese President Hu Jintao on a state visit to India. She died on 28 June 2012 at the age of 96 in Dalian, in Northeastern China. In film

 The story of his life was the subject of a Hindi film with the title Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani (1946, English: The Immortal Story of Dr<mask>), scripted by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and directed by V. Shantaram, who also portrayed <mask> in the film. His life was also the subject of a Chinese film Kē Dì Huá Dài Fū (1982, Dr. D.S.<mask>), with a screenplay by Huang Zongjiang. Honours

Both China (1982 and 1992) and India (1993) have honoured him with stamps. The Chinese government continues to honour his relatives in India during every high-level official trip. His relatives (primarily sisters) were visited in Mumbai by:

 the then Premier Zhou En-lai in 1950
 the then President Jiang Zemin visited India in 1996, he sent flowers to the <mask> family. the then Premier Li Peng in 2001
 the then Premier Zhu Rongji in 2002
 the then President Hu Jintao in 2006
 the then Premier Li Keqiang in 2013
 The current President Xi Jinping – who also holds the positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him China's paramount leader – met Dr <mask>' sister Manorama during Sept 2014. <mask> <mask> is commemorated together with Dr. Bethune, and Scottish missionary and athlete, Eric Liddell in the Martyrs' Memorial Park (Lieshi Lingyuan) in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China. The entire south side of the memorial is dedicated to Dr. <mask>, where there is a great statue in his honour.A small museum there contains a handbook of vocabulary that <mask> wrote on his passage from India to China, some of the instruments that the surgeons were forced to use in their medical fight for life, and various photos of the doctors, some with the Communist Party of China's most influential figures, including Mao. In 2017, China presented University of Mumbai a restored handwritten condolence note written by Mao Zedong to Dr. <mask>' family in 1950 upon his death. References

Further reading

 Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad. And One Did not Come Back! The Story of the Congress Medical Mission to China. Bombay: Sound Magazine, 1944. Basu, Dr. B. K., Light on China: Call of Yanan – Story of the Indian Medical Mission to China 1938–1943, Edited by Manjeet H. Singh.Sketches by David Olivant. Foreign Languages Press Beijing, 2003, Hardback 420pp 235 x 155mm,
 Gao Liang: Dr. <mask>. A Short Biography. New Book Centre, Kalkutta 1983. <mask> Mangesh Shantaram: The bridge for ever. A biography of Dr. <mask>. Somaiya, Bombay / New Delhi / Madras 1982.Guo Qinglan: My Life with <mask>. Manak, New Delhi 2006. Sheng Xiangong, Jin Hede: Dr<mask> in China. Dolphin Books, Beijing 1987. Sheng Xiangong et al. "An Indian Freedom fighter in China: A Tribute to Dr. D. S<mask>", Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1983, p. 174. Hán Hǎishān 韩海山 (Ed.): Kē Dìhuá zài Táng Xiàn 《柯棣华在唐县》. Héběi rénmín chūbǎnshè 河北人民出版社, Shijiazhuang 1992. External links

 Indiatime Article
 People's Daily Story on <mask>' wife
 Indian Doctor's Selfless Service Remembered,article from China.org
 Bethune International Peace Hospital

<mask>, <mask> S<mask>, Dwarkanath S.
Indian military medical officers
<mask>, Dwaraknath
<mask>, Dwaraknath
<mask>, Dwaraknath
University of Mumbai alumni
People from Solapur
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Maharashtra
Eighth Route Army surgeons

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Dwarakanath Shantaram Kotnis
Dwarakanath Kotnis
Dwarkanath
Kotnis
Dwarkanath
Dwarkanath
. Kotnis
Kotnis
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. Kotnis
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title: Memphis Depay

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; born 13 February 1994), also known simply as <mask>, is a Dutch professional footballer  who plays as a forward for La Liga club Barcelona and the Netherlands national team. <mask> began his professional career with PSV Eindhoven, where, under the influence of manager Phillip Cocu, he became an integral part of the team, scoring 50 goals in 124 games across all competitions. During the 2014–15 season, he was the Eredivisie's top scorer with 22 goals in 30 games, and helped the team win the Eredivisie title for the first time since 2008. He also won the Dutch Footballer of the Year for his performances during the season. His performances also led him to be named the "Best Young Player" in the world in 2015 by France Football. <mask> joined English side Manchester United in June 2015 for a reported fee of £25 million. After a disappointing spell there, he joined French club Lyon in January 2017.After four seasons there, he joined Barcelona in 2021 on a free transfer. A product of the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) institution, <mask> has represented the national team at every professional level from early developmental stages under the tutelage of iconic Dutch coaches and players alike. He was part of the Netherlands under-17 team which won the 2011 European Championship. He made his senior debut in 2013 and the following year was part of their squad that came third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he made his breakthrough performances on the international stage. He also took part in UEFA Euro 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in the small South Holland village of Moordrecht to a Ghanaian father, <mask>, and a Dutch mother, Cora Schensema. It was not long, however, before the relationship between the two parents began to fall apart and when <mask> was four, his father walked out on the family.Since 2012, <mask> has dropped his last name to sever ties with his father: as he has remarked earlier, "Do not call me Depay, call me Memphis." Club career

PSV Eindhoven
Memphis impressed football scouts from Sparta Rotterdam at the age of eight on the fields of his boyhood club Moordrecht. It took only three seasons before scouts from Sparta snatched Memphis from his local club. Club chairman Ton Redegeld said, "Memphis was as a young player already complete. He was two-footed and strong. If we won 7–0, he scored five times and would assist two times". When he turned 12, Memphis caught the eye of clubs such as Ajax, PSV Eindhoven and Feyenoord.His grandfather, despite being an Ajax fan himself, advised Memphis to move to PSV. 2011–13: Beginnings

In 2011, <mask> was on trial for PSV's first team while playing for Jong PSV, the club's reserve team. He made his official debut on 21 September 2011 in a KNVB Cup second round match against amateur side VVSB, opening an 8–0 away win. His first Eredivisie match was 26 February 2012, when PSV beat rivals Feyenoord 3–2 at the Philips Stadion, coming on in added time for Zakaria Labyad. On 18 March, six minutes after replacing Dries Mertens, he scored his first league goal to confirm a 5–1 win over Heerenveen. He made a total of eight league appearances in his first season, all as a substitute, scoring three goals. Memphis featured in the 2012 KNVB Cup Final on 8 April, playing the final four minutes of the 3–0 win over Heracles in place of Mertens at De Kuip in Rotterdam under interim coach Phillip Cocu.On 29 June, Memphis signed his first professional contract with PSV, tying himself to the Boeren until 2017. On 5 August, Memphis featured in the 2012 Johan Cruyff Shield at the Amsterdam Arena, replacing Luciano Narsingh for the final six minutes as PSV defeated league champions Ajax 4–2. He made 20 Eredivisie appearances in his second season, scoring twice, including two starts. The first of these was on 2 March 2013 in a 2–0 home win over VVV-Venlo, scoring after three minutes after being set up by fellow teenager Jürgen Locadia. PSV again reached the cup final, losing 1–2 to AZ Alkmaar on 9 May, with Memphis playing five minutes in place of Mertens. 2013–14: Breakthrough season
Memphis scored his first goal in European football on 30 July 2013, when he drifted in from the left and then smashed the ball into the top corner past goalkeeper Sammy Bossut as PSV defeated Zulte Waregem 2–0 in the first leg of their UEFA Champions League third qualifying round tie. PSV failed to qualify for the group stage of the Champions League, but in its second group stage match in the Europa League, Memphis scored again in a 2–0 win against Chornomorets Odesa on 3 October.Memphis provided the assist for Tim Matavž's goal against Roda JC on 27 October, but picked up two second-half yellow cards and was sent off for the first time in his professional career as PSV lost 2–1. On 15 December, Memphis helped PSV to just their second win in 13 matches, scoring twice in a 5–1 win over Utrecht. Memphis helped PSV rack up their eighth win a row on 23 March 2014, a 3–1 win over Roda JC, having a hand in Bryan Ruiz's game-winning goal despite wearing a protective mask to cover a bruised eye socket suffered in a challenge with Renato Ibarra of Vitesse on 15 March. Memphis helped PSV secure a place in European competition for the 41st consecutive year, edging the ball past goalkeeper Jelle ten Rouwelaar to score their first in a 2–0 win against Breda; the final day win ensured that the club would finish fourth in the Eredivisie table. 2014–15: Top scorer and league title
After a successful showing at the 2014 World Cup, <mask> was linked to a number of clubs, including Chelsea, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur. Amid the speculation surrounding his future, he started the season for PSV in impressive fashion. <mask> came off the bench to score one goal and assist another in the return game of the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round tie between PSV and St. Pölten on 7 August, as his team progressed to the play-off round after a 3–2 away win, giving them a 4–2 aggregate win over the Austrians.In the opening game of the Eredivisie season three days later, Memphis played a major part in PSV's 3–1 away win against promoted side Willem II by scoring two goals. He improved on this performance in the following game, scoring two free-kicks and delivering the assist for Georginio Wijnaldum's goal in a 6–1 home win against Breda. On 28 August, in the Europa League play-off second leg away in Belarus, he scored two late goals against Shakhtyor Soligorsk as PSV won 3–0 on aggregate to reach the group stage. Memphis then suffered a groin injury during PSV's 1–3 defeat at Zwolle on 13 September and he was substituted in the 18th minute. On 18 April 2015, Memphis scored PSV's second goal with a free-kick from 35 yards out in a 4–1 home win over Heerenveen to give PSV its 22nd Eredivisie title, its first since 2008. Later that month, the club confirmed that they had received interest from others wishing to sign him, including Manchester United. He scored his last home goal for PSV in a 2–0 win against Heracles on 10 May.As he was substituted off he received a standing ovation as well as congratulations from his teammates. He finished the season as the league's top scorer with 22 goals, two ahead of runner-up and teammate Luuk de Jong. Manchester United

On 7 May 2015, PSV confirmed that they had agreed a deal with Manchester United over Memphis' transfer, subject to a medical. United manager Louis van Gaal said that he was "forced" into signing him early, due to interest from Paris Saint-Germain. Though Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers said that he had never been after Memphis, PSV director Marcel Brands stated that he had conversations with Liverpool over a possible transfer. On 12 June, United confirmed the signing of Memphis, for a reported fee of £25 million on a four-year contract with the option to extend for a further year. He was unveiled as a United player at a press conference on 10 July.This made him the fourth player to join United from PSV after Jaap Stam, Park Ji-sung and Ruud van Nistelrooy. Memphis made his debut in a pre-season friendly against Club América in Seattle on 17 July, contesting the first half as United fielded a different 11 players for each 45 minutes. He scored his first goal for the club four days later during a 3–1 win over the San Jose Earthquakes. At his own request, Memphis was given the iconic number 7 shirt – previously worn by club legends such as George Best, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona, David Beckham and Cristiano Ronaldo – after the departure of Ángel Di María. Memphis made his Premier League debut on 8 August as the season opened with a 1–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur at Old Trafford. He was substituted after 68 minutes for Ander Herrera, and Van Gaal said after the match that <mask> was playing in too eager a manner. On 18 August, Memphis scored his first two goals for Manchester United, and assisted Maroune Fellaini's final goal, in a 3–1 home victory over Club Brugge in the first leg of the Champions League play-offs.In the second leg, Memphis provided the assist for the first of Wayne Rooney's three goals. He scored again on 15 September in the first game of the competition's group stage, in an eventual 2–1 loss at his former team PSV. Memphis scored his first league goal on 26 September, opening a 3–0 home win over Sunderland, a victory that put United on top of the league for the first time in 110 weeks. Following his early struggles in the Premier League, Memphis told Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf, "There are a lot of games in Manchester. There are very few rest days and on training days you are mainly concerned with recovering. It's heavy, two games a week, always at a high level, and my body has to get used to that". These claims were dismissed by assistant manager and former United player Ryan Giggs, who blamed Memphis' flashy lifestyle for his poor form.Regarding his form, Van Gaal warned Memphis of not emulating Di María, who suffered a similar setback after joining United, and left prior to Memphis' arrival. Memphis was later dropped to the bench, along with countryman Daley Blind, during United's 3–0 win over Everton on 17 October, following the Netherlands' failure to qualify for UEFA Euro 2016. Despite this, <mask> was named in the 59-man longlist for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, but did not make the shortlist. After being dropped in four consecutive matches, Memphis got his first start as a second striker due to Anthony Martial and Rooney's unavailability, and seized the opportunity with his second league goal in a 2–1 away win over Watford at Vicarage Road. His performance earned praise from van Gaal, as well as his first Premier League Man of the Match honour. In February, Memphis scored in each of United's two Europa League matches against Midtjylland as they win 6–3 on aggregate; Memphis was lauded for his performance in the home leg, where he not only scored but also set up the first goal, earned his side two penalties and delivered a cross that led to an own goal. Van Gaal hailed the match as a "turning point" for Memphis.<mask> made only four appearances (all of them as a substitute) and had a total playing time of just 20 minutes in the Premier League during the 2016–17 season. He only started one match in the season – the EFL Cup third round 3–1 away win over League One club Northampton Town on 21 September 2016 – and was substituted after playing 55 minutes of that match. Following this, he played only 46 minutes, and his last match for the club was

masks:
Memphis Depay
Memphis
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Dennis Depay
Memphis
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title: Memphis Depay

texts:
 on 24 November, when he played the final eight minutes of a 4–0 Europa League home victory against Feyenoord. Lyon

On 20 January 2017, Memphis signed a four-and-a-half-year deal with French club Lyon which would tie him to the French club until the summer of 2021. The initial transfer fee was estimated to be £16–17 million, potentially rising to £22 million with the add-ons including Lyon qualifying for the UEFA Champions League and Memphis earning a new contract. The terms of the deal also included buy-back and sell-on clauses for United. Two days later, he made his debut for Lyon, coming on as substitute for Mathieu Valbuena in the 79th minute in a home Ligue 1 match against Marseille, which Lyon won 3–1.On 28 January, he made his first start for Lyon in a 2–1 league defeat to Lille, and was substituted in the 68th minute by Maxwel Cornet. On 12 March in a game against Toulouse, Memphis scored a goal from close to the halfway line. He later said it was "the goal of my life", although he also distanced himself from comparisons to David Beckham's famous halfway line goal against Wimbledon in 1996. On the final day of the 2017–18 season, Memphis scored a hat-trick against Nice as Lyon won 3–2 and qualified for the Champions League. On 5 November 2019, <mask> scored his fourth goal in as many games for Lyon against Benfica in a 3–1 win in the 2019–20 Champions League. On 10 December, he scored an equaliser against RB Leipzig in a 2–2 draw to help Lyon to qualify to the knockout phase, hence he scored in five consecutive matches in the competition. On 15 December, Memphis tore his anterior cruciate ligament while playing against Rennes in Ligue 1, ending a successful season during which he had scored nine goals in 12 league starts for Lyon.He returned from his injury to start for Lyon in their 5–6 penalty shootout loss in the French league cup final against Paris Saint-Germain on 31 July 2020. On 7 August, Memphis scored in his sixth consecutive Champions League match, converting a penalty in a 2–1 loss to Juventus in the second leg of their round of 16 tie; he is only the second Dutch player to score in six straight Champions League games, following former Manchester United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy. The tie finished 2–2 on aggregate, but Lyon progressed on the away goals rule. Lyon eventually reached the semi-finals for the second time in their history since 2010 after defeating Manchester City. On 28 August 2020, Memphis scored a hat-trick in a 4–1 win against Dijon, in the first match of the 2020–21 season. Barcelona
On 19 June 2021, La Liga club Barcelona announced the free transfer of <mask> on a two-year contract. According to his grandmother, since the age of four, he had been aspiring to be a player for Barcelona.On 15 August, <mask> made his Barcelona debut in a 4–2 league victory against Real Sociedad at the Camp Nou. Six days later, he scored his first goal for the club in his second match when he scored the equalizer against Athletic Bilbao in a 1–1 draw. International career

Youth
Memphis was a member of the Netherlands under-17 team which won the 2011 European Championship in Serbia. In the final against Germany in Novi Sad, he scored the goal which put the Netherlands ahead as they came from behind to defeat their rivals 5–2. Later that year, he participated in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Mexico. Senior
<mask> made his international debut on 15 October 2013, coming on for Jeremain Lens in the last minute of a 2–0 away win against Turkey at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in World Cup qualification. <mask> was selected by Netherlands manager Louis van Gaal in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.He came on as a substitute before the half-time whistle in the second group match against Australia to replace defender Bruno Martins Indi, who had sustained a head injury, and in the 68th minute he scored the winning goal, a swerving effort from outside the box. He also set up Robin van Persie's equaliser. He became the youngest Dutchman to score a goal at the World Cup, at the age of 20 years and four months. He came on as a substitute again in the final group match against Chile on 23 June in São Paulo and scored the second goal for the Dutch, tapping in an Arjen Robben cross, as they clinched first place with a 2–0 victory. On 11 July, Memphis was named on the three-man shortlist for the tournament's Best Young Player award, together with Frenchmen Paul Pogba and Raphaël Varane, but lost out to Pogba. Memphis' first goal since the World Cup came in a friendly at the Amsterdam Arena on 5 June 2015, deflecting Klaas-Jan Huntelaar's shot to put the Netherlands 3–1 up against the United States, although the team eventually lost 4–3. In October of that year, he was involved in a fight with teammate Robin van Persie at an international training camp; manager Danny Blind stated to the media, "There are sometimes situations in training where players think different.Then you talk about it. That's what happened and then it's over." The following month, both Memphis and Van Persie were dropped from the Dutch squad for friendlies against Wales and Germany, with Blind stating of Depay, "In football you must function in a team. He doesn't always do that. That's something he has to learn." Memphis was among the final 26 players selected by coach Frank de Boer to represent Netherlands in Euro 2020. He scored twice in four matches as Netherlands were eliminated in the round of 16 stage by Czech Republic.On 7 September 2021, Memphis scored his first international hat-trick in a 2022 World Cup qualification 6–1 win over Turkey, reaching 33 goals and equaling Johan Cruyff's and Abe Lenstra's goalscoring tallies for the Netherlands. Style of play

Early in his career, a PSV coach noted Memphis as "very angry", and he now uses a life coach to aid his mentality. In April 2015, The Daily Telegraph described Memphis as "a fearsome striker of the ball with his right foot but is usually used as an inverted left winger who cuts onto his right foot. A pacey and tricky player, his direct running makes him a difficult opponent for defenders". However, they criticised him as "a ball-hog", pointing out his high rate of shots in comparison to a low rate of assists. Memphis is also known for his free-kick ability. During the 2014–15 season, he was statistically the best set-piece taker in the whole of Europe, as he scored 7 times in 33 attempts, the most in all European leagues and the second-best accuracy.Former Dutch international and Dutch national team manager Ronald Koeman regards Memphis as "a great talent", but says that he must continue his personal development due to the physicality and mental strength needed in the Premier League. Former Wigan Athletic and Portsmouth defender Arjan de Zeeuw stated about <mask>, "People regard him as a little bit arrogant, a little bit cocky, but I think he is a very good player, a very promising player, a very strong, very quick player and he's got some skill." Memphis has been compared to former Manchester United player Cristiano Ronaldo and fellow international Arjen Robben. Thijs Slegers said about the comparisons, "Memphis is a little bit like Cristiano; they have similar qualities, although there are of course areas where <mask> is inferior. However, his determination to be the best is where I see the real similarity with Cristiano." Like Ronaldo, Depay combines technical expertise with pure physical strength. Musical career

Memphis began pursuing a hip-hop career in June 2017 when he released his Los Angeles-inspired freestyle, "LA Vibes".The music video featured Quincy Promes, Memphis' teammate at the Netherlands national team. The song's music video earned around 150,000 views within hours of being uploaded to YouTube. In December 2017, Memphis released his freestyle track "Kings & Queens". On 3 October 2018, he collaborated with musical artists Winne and Nana Fofie and producer Rass King for his Ghana-inspired single, "AKWAABA", and also released his third freestyle, "Porto Cervo (Interlude)", with Winne. Memphis released his fourth freestyle, "5-mill" in response to his Instagram account reaching 5 million followers. Critics of the freestyle claimed that Memphis' public image was hampered through his cigar-smoking and his careless attitude. In December 2018, he released his second single, "No Love", over his cancelled engagement with model Lori Harvey.The song is multilingual, switching back and forth between English and Dutch. In July 2019, Memphis released "Fall Back". On 1 November 2019, Broederliefde released an album, Broeders, which featured Memphis on the song "Lange Jas". <mask> recently announced his new song "For a Week" on his Instagram. On 17 April 2020, Memphis released "Dubai Freestyle". In September 2020, Memphis released his new song "2 Corinthians 5:7". On 27 November 2020, Memphis released his debut album Heavy Stepper.Discography

Personal life
<mask> has numerous tattoos, including one on his left arm that is a tribute to his grandfather, who died on the day before he turned 15. When he scored against Australia at the 2014 World Cup, he kissed this tattoo and pointed to the sky, dedicating his goal to his late grandfather a moment which he then in 2016 commemorated with a tattoo on his left torso depicting Christ the Redeemer and the date 18.06.14, referring to his first international goal for the Netherlands. He also has a tattoo on the inside of his lip stating succesvol (which is Dutch for 'successful') and also has the words 'dream chaser' emblazoned on his upper torso. In June 2017, it was announced on social media that <mask> was engaged to Lori Harvey, the youngest daughter of American television personality Steve Harvey. Since then, they have ended their engagement and relationship. In April 2020, <mask> was criticised by several animal rights organisations for posting pictures of himself with a liger cub while on vacation in Dubai. Memphis responded by stating that "ligers are not even wild animals".Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 13 November 2021. Netherlands score listed first, score column indicates score after each Depay goal. Honours
PSV Eindhoven
Eredivisie: 2014–15
KNVB Cup: 2011–12
Johan Cruyff Shield: 2012

Netherlands U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2011

Netherlands
FIFA World Cup third place: 2014

Individual
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: April 2018
Eredivisie top scorer: 2014–15
Johan Cruyff Trophy: 2014–15
France Football Best Young Player: 2015
Ligue 1 Goal of the Year: 2016–17
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2020–21

References

External links

Profile at the FC Barcelona website

Premier League profile
Memphis Depay Goalsreplay.com goals highlights

1994 births
Living people
People from Zuidplas
Dutch sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
Dutch footballers
Association football forwards
Association football wingers
PSV Eindhoven players
Manchester United F.C. players
Olympique Lyonnais players
FC Barcelona players
Eredivisie players
Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Netherlands youth international footballers
Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Netherlands international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
Dutch expatriate footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in France
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in

masks: Memphis Memphis Memphis Memphis Memphis Memphis Memphis Depay Memphis Memphis Memphis


title: Vanessa Beecroft

texts:
<mask> (born April 25, 1969) is an Italian-born American contemporary performance artist; she also works with photography, video art, sculpture, and painting. Many of her works have made use of professional models, sometimes in large numbers and sometimes naked or nearly so, to stage tableaux vivants. She works in the United States, and is based in Los Angeles . Her early work was focused on gender and appeared to be autobiographical; her later work is focused on race. Starting in 2008 she began working with Kanye West on collaborations and commercial projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born April 25, 1969 in Genoa, Italy and raised in Santa Margherita Ligure and Malcesine near Lake Garda. Both of her parents were teachers; she was born to an Italian mother, Maria Luisa and a British father, <mask>.After she was born, her family briefly moved to Holland Park, west London. Her parents divorced when she was three years old and she did not see her father or her younger brother again until she was 15 years old. Her mother raised <mask> alone in a village in Italy in a strict vegan household with no cars, no television, and no phone. In childhood, she was hospitalized for overeating specific foods she thought would cleanse her system, and she struggled with an eating disorder. From 1988 to 1993 she attended Brera Academy in Milan, Italy. Her first art exhibition VB01 (1993) was in a gallery in Milan and featured a performance with other female students from Brera Academy wearing <mask>'s clothing, and sharing <mask>'s "Book of Food", a diary documenting her food consumption from 1985 and 1993. The "Book of Food" documented <mask>'s bulimic eating habits and was referenced again in her later work, but it was separate from the performances.She moved to the United States in 1996, at the invitation of art dealer Jeffrey Deitch, settling in New York City. Art
Some common themes in the work include self discipline (of the models), voyeurism, and power relationships. <mask>'s artwork is often performance or installation-based with live human figures, but she also documents the performances with photography and video; this work is in many public museum and art collections including the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Van Abbemuseum, amongst others. VB performances (1993–present)
Many of the VB performances were documented in the Dave Hickey book VB 08-36: <mask> Performances (2000), and in Emily L. Newman's book Female Body Image in Contemporary Art: Dieting, Eating Disorders, Self-Harm, and Fatness (2018). The performances were titled sequentially. Strict rules were imposed on the models' behavior during the performances; they were instructed not to engage with the audience. Models were uniformed, nude, or barely clothed and were required to stand for hours, often in tall high heels without movement or eye contact.<mask> always used tall, thin, young models who she referred to as "girls", regardless of their age. In later work, <mask> would use designer accessories or shoes as props for the models. VB02, VB03, VB04, and VB08 took place in 1994 and featured live girl models all dressed in bright red wigs (an exaggerated representation of <mask>'s own hair color) and white underwear. VB08 (1994) performance took place at MoMA PS1 in Long Island City, New York, using live female models, pantyhose, and bright red wigs. VB25 (1996) performance took place at Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, Netherlands, with seven identical-looking young women wearing fake eyelashes and red nail polish, each dressed in a polo-neck pullover, white underwear, tights, and high heels. VB35: Show (1998) took place at the Guggenheim Museum in New York; twenty women stood in the museum for two hours in a circular arrangement in order to mirror the architecture. Fifteen of the women wore rhinestone-decorated bikinis designed by Tom Ford, and five of the women were nude.This was a larger event than some of her prior work and made international news. Casting was done by Jennifer Starr, and the production was done by Yvonne Force Villareal, and Doreen Remen. VB45 (2004) took place at Terminal 5 of the John F. Kennedy Airport with 36 young women standing in formation in the sunken waiting area, wearing only Afro wigs, black body paint, and silver shackles on their ankles. VB51 (2002) was her first filmed performance, it took place in Schloss Vinsebeck, Stenheim, Germany. It featured older models in their 60s, including <mask>'s mother, mother-in-law, stepsister, and the actresses Irm Hermann and Hanna Schygulla (both actresses from films by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, <mask>'s favorite director). VB53 (2004) at the Tepidarium in Giardino dell’Orticultura, Florence, Italy, women were staged in a mound of dirt, as if they were plants. VB55 (2005) featured one hundred women standing still in Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie for three hours, each woman oiled from the waist up and wearing nothing but a pair of pantyhose.VB61, Still Death! Darfur Still Deaf? (2007), one of <mask>'s most politically-engaged performances, was presented the 52nd Venice Biennale. It involved "approximately 30 Sudanese women with their skin painted, lying face-down on a white canvas on the ground, simulating dead bodies piled on top of one another", representing the genocide in Darfur, Sudan. VB65 (March 2009) performance at Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea (PAC) in Milan, Italy, featured a "Last Supper" of twenty African immigrant men, dressed formally in suits (some without shoes), drinking water, eating chicken and brown bread without cutlery. VB66 (2010) took place at  (the fish market), Naples, Italy with fifty living models, staged on a platform amongst a group of cast body sculptures and body parts, all painted black. It highlighted the relationships among body, sculpture, and an iconographical reference to the nearby ruins of Pompeii.VB67 (2010) performance took place at Studio Nicoli in Carrara, Italy, and again a similar reenactment in a year later, VB70: Marmi (2011) at Lia Rumma gallery in Milan. The models were staged near marble sculpture statues and the stone was in various states including polished, rough, and in blocks and slabs. Other work
In October 2005, <mask> staged a three-hour performance on the occasion of the opening of the Louis Vuitton store, "Espace Louis Vuitton" on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. For the same event, <mask> placed models both black and white on the shelves next to Louis Vuitton bags in a "human alphabet". In 2007 the Louis Vuitton company apologized to Dutch graphic designer Anthon Beeke for mimicking his "Naked Ladies Alphabet" design without his consent. In 2018, <mask> and Kim Kardashian collaborated on a series of nude photos of Kardashian that were displayed on social media for the release of Kardashian's perfume, which had a "Kardashian body-shaped bottle". Collaborations with Kanye West
Since 2008, <mask> has been collaborating on work with artist Kanye West.They began working together with a listening party at Ace Gallery, Los Angeles for West's music albums 808s and Heartbreaks. In 2010, <mask> was named creative lead for the Runaway music video. On the Kanye West music tour, the Yeezus Tour (October 2013 – September 2014), <mask> designed the sets and choreography. <mask> worked on West's Spike Jonze directed music video for the 2014 song “Only One”. In 2014, <mask> assembled and built the wedding ceremony of Kim Kardashian and Kanye West . In February 2015, West embarked on a fashion design career with Yeezy Season 1, under the Adidas label and <mask> directed the performance presentation. <mask> went on to work on Yeezy Season 2 (September 2015), Yeezy Season 3 (February 2016), and Yeezy Season 4 (September 2016).<mask> alleged she was a full-time employee for West until 2016, when her role changed and she became a part-time contractor. In 2019, she collaborated with West on two opera-based performances, Nebuchadnezzar and Mary. Controversies
Her performance work about gender was often critiqued for being a "post-feminist statement about fashion or pandering to a corrupted way of seeing". Photographer Collier Schorr noted, "<mask> is interested in the aesthetics of how women look when they are looked at, and her body-conscious projects encourage alienation between model, artist, and audience." <mask>'s work with live female nude models in performances often uses a specific type of model, one with an Westernized "idealization" of the female body, all of the models appearing uniformly thin, tall, and young. These choices have been criticized as harmful, distorted, and conforming to gender stereotypes. <mask> has been quoted in an interview in 2016, “I have divided my personality.There is <mask> as a European white female, and then there is <mask> as Kanye, an African-American male.” Her later work deals with race, and she has made a series of racially insensitive remarks in interviews. <mask>’s failed attempt to adopt Sudanese twins was the topic of the documentary The Art Star and the Sudanese Twins (2008) by Pietra Brettkelly, which was included in the Sundance Film Festival's World Cinema Documentary Competition. The film presents <mask> as a "hypocritically self-aware, colossally colonial pomo narcissist" and chronicles her "damaging quotes and appalling behavior" as she attempts to adopt the orphans for use in an art exhibit. Personal life
<mask> was previously married to marketer Greg Durkin. They lived in Cold Spring Harbor, New York together for many years. The marriage ended in divorce. Durkin and <mask> had two sons together (born in 2001 and 2004).She is currently married to photographer Federico Spadoni. <mask> and Spadoni have one daughter and one son together (born 2009 and 2012). Bibliography

Biography

Exhibition catalogues
A select list of exhibition catalogues by <mask>, listed in ascending order by publication year. (English, French, Italian). See also
Blackface in contemporary art

References

External links
 Slideshow: The Very Best of <mask> (May 2016) in The New York Times

Living people
1969 births
20th-century Italian women artists
20th-century women photographers
21st-century Italian women artists
21st-century women photographers
Italian conceptual artists
Women conceptual artists
Italian performance artists
Artists from Genoa
Italian photographers
Italian women photographers
Italian multimedia artists
Postmodern artists
Italian contemporary artists
Italian women painters
Brera Academy alumni
Nude photography
21st-century_Italian_artists

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title: Zoran Hristić

texts:
<mask> (; 30 July 1938 — 12 November 2019) was a Serbian composer. He had a freelance artist status for a long time. At the initiative of Dušan Radović in 1979, he was nominated an editor, director and founder of the Concert Studio B. from 1982 to 1989, he was the chief music editor of Radio Belgrade, and then moved on RTVB, later RTS where he was editor in chief of the editorial board of Music programme until 1995. He was the artistic director of BEMUS and "Mokranjac days" festivals as well as a selector. He improved the Trumpet Festival in Guča. Biography

<mask> was born and died in Belgrade. His musical education began at his early age.He played piano, and the first song he wrote was a Play for the piano (1949). At age 15, he wrote Toccata for piano and won the student competition, after which he enrolled in composition classes at the Conservatory Giuseppe Verdi in Milan, with professor Niccolò Castiglioni. He continued to study at the Music Academy of Belgrade with Dr Stanojlo Rajičić, graduating in 1963. He received the prestigious Stevan Hristić Award for the best thesis Titles for the chorus and orchestra. <mask>'s work includes solo and chamber works, vocal and instrumental works, ballets, radiophonic works, music for theater, film and television. His compositions have been performed by prominent national and international performers. "I have never accepted that it is important to write music just for oneself and I think one is deceived by the artist who says he does not care about communication and influence.Art means to influence". Awards
Stevan Hristić Award (1963) for a thesis Titles for the choir and orchestra
Yugoslav Broadcasting Award for Chamber Music (1967) for piano trio 4 for E
Golden Arena (1967), for the music in the film Hasanaginica
Golden Arena (1969) for the music in the films Crows and Horoscope
Stage Music Award - Meetings of Puppet Theatre (1972, 1973)
4th July prize(1974) for the Darinka’s Gift ballet
Stage Music Award - Meetings of Vojvodina Puppet Theatres (1974),
Golden Harp Award - Television Festival in the City of Galaway, Ireland (1984) for the  radiophonic work Battle
Stage Music Award for the play Balkan Myths in the 24th Festival of Puppet Theaters in Zrenjanin, Serbia (1991)
Stage Music Award at 38th Sterijino pozorje (1993) for the music for the play Koštana
Stage Music Award at 47th Sterijino pozorje (2002) for the music for the play Siege of St. Saviour temple. Golden Ring Award for Lifetime Achievement (2012). Style

<mask> belongs to a generation of composers who entered into Serbian musical constellation in the early 1970s. Other representatives of this generation are Petar Bergamo and Rajko Maksimović. This avant-garde five was characterized by an effort to achieve a new expression and not to stand side of the current trends, which successfully compensated and overcame the time lag of our musical avant-garde in comparison to analogous phenomena in European music. They connected avant-garde level of Serbian and European music on the basis of their specific relationship to the past.<mask> met with the European avant-garde in the late fifties, when his composition professor in Milan, Castiglioni acquainted him with contemporary Italian music and Schoenberg dodecaphony. In <mask> thesis Titles for the chorus and symphony orchestra (1963) he, for the first time achieved the use of the elements of the Polish music school (primarily Penderecki) in the Serbian music. It’s not about the principles of Penderecki’s aleatoricism, although <mask> is strongly connected to Penderecki by the treatment of the twelve chromatic scales often distributed in clusters of "short" seconds, complete lack of thematic material, and particularly the use of instruments and choral that achieve the sound effects that are close to noise. After the impact of the new Polish music, <mask> evolved towards distinctive tonal language, in which sporadic elements of serial structures were in service of creating almost bizarre tonal composing. His art has developed into a line that runs from the lower chamber of interest to the broad forms of intervention in the field of theatre, vocal and instrumental music. Although close to a generation of Bergamo, Ozgijanu, Radovanović and Maksimović, <mask> <mask>’s style, in his own words, is closer to Croat composers Detoni, Kuljerić and Foretić while he recognizes the local influence only from Vladan Radovanović. List of works

The student works

Bach, Schoenberg Bi-bap, variations for piano (premiere Ljubljana 1961) Recording: Radio Belgrade, Nada Vujičić.Visa Sonata for clarinet and piano (premiere Ljubljana 1961) Recording: RTB, Ernest and Oliver Ačkun Đurđević. Titles, music for chorus and orchestra, graduate work. Written on lyrics of B. Miljković and T. Mladenović (premiered at the panel Yugoslav musical creativity in Opatija, 1965, Chorus and Orchestra of the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra)

Individual works

Moments at 12, for bassoon and strings (1963) Recording: Radio Belgrade, and Turšič soloist, conductor Oskar Danon
Tales XX, piano, children piano and violin. (Premiered 1968) Recording: Radio Belgrade and RTB, Simonuti-Đurđević
4 for E, Piano Trio (premiere BEMUS 1969) Recording: RTB, Belgrade trio
Kardiogrami, for chamber string orchestra (1968) Recording: Radio Belgrade, conductor: Z. Hristić
Empty strings for the full-figured, for chamber string orchestra. (Premiered in 1968, at a concert of the newly founded Belgrade Chamber Orchestra, for which the work was written. Piece was performed at the Youth Festival in Paris (1969), and it was on the Zagreb Soloists ensemble program on tour in the U.S.)
La-gis, for 14 instruments and two singers. (Premiered 1969) Written for New Music Ensemble, conductor D. Skovran
Kepadam, written for the new instrument -  iglatura from architect P. Ristić, (premiered at the Music Biennale Zagreb in 1971), Video: RTB
Reality, string quartet, written for Serbian String Quartet (premiered 1973) Publicly performed and recorded for French radio
Situations, for piano trio, Recording: Radio Belgrade, Academic trio, solo O. Milošević.Calm, the bass solo, (1975), written for Lj. Samardžinski, Recording RTB and PGP RTB LP
Within 8, for string chamber orchestra. (premiered in 1977, at the Music Biennale Zagreb by Belgrade Chamber Orchestra conductor U. Lajovic. Remained in the repertoire of the Vienna Chamber Orchestra and Swedish radio Chamber orekstra). Recording by RTB
Anticoncert, for violin, synthesizers and symphony orchestra. (Premiered in 1983, at the opening of XII International Festival of Contemporary Music, Zagreb) Soloists: J. Kolundžija, S. Marković, Zagreb Symphony Orchestra, conductor U. Lajovic. 15 per Stevan handle, for wind quintet (premiered 2009, at the festival Mokranjac days) by Belgrade Philharmonic Brass Quintet
Poem for voice solo and flute choir (premiered at RTS show on Sunday night, 2012), sung by Ana Sofrenović and the ensemble Flautino classic

Vocal and instrumental works

Creation of world - the Flood, for the chorus and orchestra (premiered 1964), ordered by Radio Belgrade 3rd Programme, literary sketch by L. Da Vinci.Recording: Radio Belgrade, Chorus and Orchestra of the RTB, the author conducts
Moratorium for four reciters, mixed choir, children's choir and symphony orchestra (premiered 1971), ordered for the opening of the new Memorial Park in Kraljevo 1971st
Genealogy, on verse poem of peasant-poet Srboljub Mitić, for 5 groups of 5 singers, a rattle, gusle and chamber orchestra. (Premiered in 1972, on Marble and Sounds Festival, Aranđelovac, Collegium Musicum Choir, conductor Darinka Matić-Marović), BEMUS 1972nd That same year, when Genealogy was created, the Collegium Musicum Choir was founded to which this composition was dedicated. The work was later visualized – directed by Novaković. The Warning, oratorio on the Yugoslav poets verses, for solo soprano, solo bass, two mixed choirs, children's choir and a symphony orchestra - Orders (premiere 1974) JNA Contractors artistic ensemble and

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title: Zoran Hristić

texts:
 children's choir RTB, conductor A. Šurev
Fires of July (premiere 1975), cantata for brass orchestra, chorus and ballet
The world is in sight, oratorio for the three soloists, female chorus, bass chorus, children's choir, a marching band, percussion ensemble and nine minstrels., (Premiere 1976, at Vuk Parliament), conductor F. Klinar
Mira words, the cantata in May on verses of D. Brajkovic, premiered in 1977). The work was specially written and performed in the traditional May Day Eve concert in front of the National Assembly in Belgrade. The participants were all amateur choirs from Belgrade, the ensemble of the House Guard, baritone solo and ballet ensemble. In the name of the truth, an essay for soprano, bass solo, mixed choir two, children's choir and a symphony orchestra, the verses by B. Miljković and D. Brajković (premiered in 1978).Snapshot: RTB, mixed and children's choir RTB, mixed choir anambla JNA RTB Symphony Orchestra, soloists R. Smiljanić and M. Čangalović, conductor O. Danon. Songs of Freedom, the children's choir, mixed choir, two vocal soloists, two reciters, large brass orchestra (premiered 1980), conductor M. Petras. The order to open the Memorial Complex in Čačak. TV transmission network for the entire TSA. Step, choreo-oratorio on the verses by B. Miljković for five vocal soloists, children's choir, two mixed choirs, a symphony orchestra, folk and electronic instruments, 18 soloists, ballet and folk dance ensemble. Direction and choreography M. Mišković, sets and costumes M. Tabački. Premiere in October 1980, at the Great Hall of Sava Center in honor of the twenty-first General Conference of UNESCO, as well as the opening of the XII BEMUS.conductor A. Šurev. Snapshot: Radio Belgrade, RTB, RTB LP
The flower of freedom, on the verses by Đ. Radišić, for a brass band, children's choir and mixed (premiere 1984), orders for Big school lesson in Kragujevac. It took a large brass orchestra and mixed choir, children's choir, composed of 1500 students from Kragujevac. Snapshot: PGP RTB LP
Jugoslavika, big game for symphony orchestra (premiered 1984), the order for the opening of the Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. Legacy, the cow horn, viola and orchestra. (Premiered 1988), BEMUS women soloists. Grujic and V. Savic.RTB Symphony Orchestra, conductor A. Baltas. Ballets

Chameleon, TV ballet choreography and libretto by A. Radošević, the main role of L. Pilipenko (premiered in 1972). This is the first stage of <mask> <mask> work, but also the first televised ballet. This ballet is an example of the composer's "escape" from a classical orchestra composition (soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, trumpet, harpsichord, "Hammond" organ, Hawaiian guitar, electric guitar, bass guitar, gong, lazy, Jew's harp, rattle, stones, bells, timpani, vibraphone, harp, string quartet, quartet singing, audiotape). Darinka's gift, book B. Božović choreographer V. Kostić (premiere in 1974, the opening parade of Marble and Sounds, Aranđelovac). Title role L. Pilipenko, ballet ensemble of the National Theatre in Belgrade. That same year, the Belgrade premiere opened BEMUS.Professor Ben Arnold (Ben Arnold) from the University of Kentucky (University of Kentucky, USA) in his doctoral dissertation included <mask>'s ballet in five major anti-war achievements made in the twentieth century. Narcissus, TV ballet libretto by V. Krnjević (premiered 1976). Produced and recorded in the Music studio called Puzzle, a study performed in Modern dance studio from Zagreb and choreographed by I. Šerbedžija. Adam and Eve, according to legend by Miroslav Krleza (premiered 1981), ordered by Sarajevo Ballet. The first ballet in this region composed exclusively for electronic instruments, it’s the experiment with six different electronic instruments transferred to tape. Music belongs to the communication avantgarde, and combines contemporary sound experience and a wide range of colors, short tracks and improvisation. Ballet performed at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival and the BEMUS year later.Tašana, (1992), on the initiative of the National Theatre in Belgrade. The author is a ballet devoted sister. Tin Drum, based and produced in association with the Nobel Prize winner the German writer Günter Grass, direction and choreography by Isidora Stanišić (premiere May 2002). Performers: ballet ensemble and orchestra of the National Theatre in Belgrade. Radiophonic works

Battle (premiere 1989), the first radiophonic work by <mask> <mask>, ordered regarding 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. Battle is visualized by S. Novaković, first broadcast Ohrid January 1989. Colors of illusion, (premiere April 1990, the SCC).Setting N. Antonović with the dance group Mimart. Color appearance use parts from earlier <mask>'s compositions
Ratcatcher, (premiere November 1990, in Bitef theater). This ballet is a play based on scetches by B. Kršić, who addressed the topic of the art of medieval legend and myth of Ratcatcher. This is the first choreography of S. Pervan, while worked for Belgrade theatres. Boat of the mad, radiophonic work inspired by allegorical paintings of  Hieronymus Bosch which is a shortened version of Ratcatcher. Spiritual music

The Cross Force, the text of prayers to Saint Simeon Theodosius from Hilandar of the thirteenth century, for mixed choir (premiere 1988, Kolarac), ordered by the Serbian Orthodox Church to celebrate eight centuries of the Hilandar monastery. Ten speaking of Threehanded Virgin from Hilandar for two choirs, soloists and four keyboards (premiere 2007, Kolarac).Music for the theatre
<mask> composed the music for all of Belgrade's theaters as well as theaters in Novi Sad, Zagreb, Sarajevo, Titograd, Skopje, Mostar, Rijeka, Banja Luka, Subotica Vrsac, Šabac, Zaječar, Niš, Leskovac and Kragujevac. First music for the theater he wrote in 1958 for performances in Red and Blue in rainbow and Little box that plays for Youth Theatre in Belgrade. Bebler, Neda: The notion of musical sound, thesis, Belgrade, 1971. Bosnić, A: New ballet work Darinka gift of <mask> and Bozovic, Politika, 08.04.1974. Damjanović, Milan: Art as an experiment, Treći program, Spring, 1969. Despić, Dejan, two pillars of the new Kosovo, Zvuk/Sound, II, 1989. Detoni, D.: Panopticum Musicum, Selected Writings, Zagreb, Riječ i glazba, 1981.Dujmić, Dunja, Communication of meta-theater, Zvuk/Sound, I, 1975. Đuric-Klein, Stana: Evening of national ballet, Politika, 11 10.1974. Gojer Gradimir: Visual expression of a ballet, Ослобођење, 09.04.1981. Gostuški Dragutin: Bemus has started, НИН, 13.10.1974. Gostuški Dragutin: Dance in the face of death, НИН, 12. 04. 1981.Gostuški Dragutin: Umetnost u nedostatku dokaza/The art in the lack of evidence, Belgrade, Serbian literary union, 1977. Grlić, Janko: Radio and contemporary music, Zvuk/Sound, 73, 1967. <mask>, <mask> : Working on Darinka’s gift, Политика, 01. 10. 1974. <mask>, <mask>: Stage music and direction, Zvuk/Sound, II, 1985. <mask>, <mask>: Notes on creation of Darinka’s gift, Belgrade, 15.10.1977. (handwriting)
Kabiljo, Vesna: Electronic music in Serbia, Zvuk/Sound II, 1983. Kelemen, Milko: Labyrinth of sounds, Zvuk/Sound I – II - III 1980. Kelemen, Milko: Music scene, opera and multimedia opera, Zvuk/Sound, 120,1971. Kovač, Marija: Music and its clones – BITEF ’90, Zvuk/Sound, V, 1990. Kršić Bogdan: Graphics and theater, Politika, 17.11.1990. Luck, Rudolpg: New sounds on new instruments, Zvuk/Sound, 91, 1969.Peričić Vlastimir: Muzički stvaraoci u Srbiji/Music creators in Serbia, Belgrade, Prosveta, 1969. Radovanović, Vladan: Between electronics and music theatre, Treći program, Spring, 1981. Skovran, Dušan: Sound and image, Zvuk/Sound, 56, 1963. Trišić, Ivana: Elements of music theatre or theatralization of the music, Treći program, Spring, 1979. Veselinović, Mirjana: Novelties in Serbian music of the 70ties, Zvuk/Sound, IV, 1983. Veselinović, Mirjana: Creative presence of European avantgarde in Serbia, Belgrade, University of Arts

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Musicians from Belgrade
Serbian composers
Yugoslav

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title: Dmytro Yavornytsky

texts:
<mask> (), or Dmitry Ivanovich Yavornitsky (also known as Dmitry Evarnitsky, ; November 6, 1855, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire – August 5, 1940, Dnipropetrovsk, Soviet Union) was a Russian Imperial and Ukrainian Soviet academician, historian, archeologist, ethnographer, folklorist, and lexicographer. <mask> was a member of  (from 1885), of All-Russian Archaeological Society (from 1886) and an academician of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (from 1929). He was recognised as one of the most prominent researchers of the Zaporozhian Cossacks from the time of the Cossack Hetmanate, and the author of their first general history. In recognition of his many contributions to the preservation of Zaporozhian Host history and culture, he is widely known in historiography as "the father of the Zaporozhians". Education and career
Yavornitsky was born as Dmitry Evarnitsky. His father Ivan Yakimovich Evarnitsky (1827–1885) belonged to Russian Imperial nobility. Dmitry was educated at Kharkov University, Kazan, and Warsaw universities but his academic career was repeatedly interrupted for political reasons.Both as a student and later as a teacher, he was wrongly accused of "Ukrainian separatism" and dismissed from his position. In the 1890s, he was compelled to go to Russian Turkestan in order to find employment. In 1897, the Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky helped him to obtain a position as lecturer on the Zaporozhian Cossacks at Moscow University. In 1902, when he was offered a position as Director of the Yekaterinoslav Historical Museum in modern-day central Ukraine, he gladly accepted and remained there to the end of his life. Historian

As a historian, <mask> displayed a romantic-antiquarian approach to his subject and was a conscious follower of his predecessor Nikolay Kostomarov. He was an enthusiast who avidly sought out documents and material artifacts, as well as stories and the songs of the elderly, concerning the Zaporozhian Cossacks, and he wrote his histories on the basis of this material. He was a pioneer of Zaporozhian history and was the first to compile an extensive archive of materials on their entire history — from their origins, to their demise.He published much of this material in various collections, often at his own expense. <mask>'s major work was the History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks which was published in Russian in three volumes between 1892 and 1897. He planned, but never completed, a fourth volume. In this and in his other works, he portrayed the Zaporozhians as representatives of Ukrainian liberty. Later Ukrainian historians criticized him as being uncritical and unsystematic in his collection of source materials (Mykhailo Hrushevsky) and lacking an appreciation for Ukrainian statehood (<mask> Doroshenko), but <mask> wrote at a time when political circumstances and the Imperial Russian censors were extremely oppressive and any synthesis of Ukrainian history which displayed an enthusiasm for the subject, let alone political independence, was highly suspect. His History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was a pioneering work which did display such an enthusiasm. Other scholarly interests
<mask> was a pioneer in the fields of ethnography, folkloristics, and lexicography.He made numerous contributions to the historical geography of the Zaporozhian lands, and mapped in detail the Dnieper River rapids with the locations of the various Zaporozhian Siches, or fortified headquarters. He published a large collection of Ukrainian folksongs (1906; partly reprinted, 1990) as soon as the censor would permit it, contributed to Borys Hrinchenko's great Ukrainian dictionary, and after the Russian Revolution began publication of one of his own (1920). He increased the holdings of the Yekaterinoslav Museum from 5,000 to 80,000 items. <mask> commissioned the best Ukrainian and Russian artists of his time (Opanas Slastion, Serhii Vasylkivsky, Nikolai Samokish, and Ilya Repin) to illustrate his various books, which were sometimes works of art in themselves. Especially notable in this regard is his From Ukrainian Antiquity (1900; reprinted in Ukrainian translation, 1991) which was lavishly illustrated in full colour and contained parallel texts in Russian and French so that it could be read abroad. Legacy
During the repressions of the 1930s under Joseph Stalin, <mask> was prevented from publishing and had to keep a very low profile. During the Holodomor (the Ukrainian famine of 1932–33), he felt compelled to give away artifacts from his collections to obtain food for starving local peasants and others.His death passed unnoticed both in the USSR and in the wider world. The Yekaterinoslav Museum was eventually renamed in his honour, as the Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro. He was partially rehabilitated during the Nikita Khrushchev and Petro Shelest eras. Materials about him began to appear, and in the early 1970s a four volume collection of his works was prepared for publication, supported by museum director Horpyna Vatchenko. Political circumstances again prevented this from happening, but with the advent of the Perestroika reforms in the late 1980s, new materials began to appear and his major works were republished. At that time, his History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was reprinted both in Russian and in Ukrainian (1990–91). The Ukrainian edition contains numerous additional illustrations.In 2004, the first volume of his Collected Works in Twenty Volumes was published. The first ten volumes of this collection will be dedicated to his historical, geographical, and archaeological works, while the second ten volumes will contain his works on folklore, ethnography, and language. Today, <mask> is still widely revered as "the father of the Zaporozhians". In order to comply with decommunization laws the city of Dnipropetrovsk renamed its main street from Karl Marx Avenue to Yavornytskyi Avenue in February 2016. <mask> is portrayed on the painting of Ilya Repin's "The Satirical Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey" as the secretary penning the letter to the Sultan. Repin consulted <mask> during his work on the painting and made use of several artifacts from the historian's collection to use as accurate models. References

Literature
 <mask> Doroshenko, "Survey of Ukrainian Historiography," Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US, V-VI (1957), 242–4.Thomas M. Prymak, "<mask> <mask> and the Romance of Cossack History," Forum: A Ukrainian Review, no. 82 (Summer–Fall 1990), 17–23. This article is richly illustrated. External links
 Artworks by Dmitry Yavornitsky
 Bibliography Dmitry Yavornitsky
 Dnipro National Historic Museum named D.I. Yavornitsky
 Yavornytsky, <mask>. Biography. Історія запорізьких козаків History of Zaporizhian Cossacks by <mask> <mask> .Interactive biography of <mask> <mask> (ukr.) 1855 births
1940 deaths
Ukrainian historians
People from Kharkiv Raion
People from Kharkov Governorate
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Ukrainian Cossacks
Ukrainian ethnographers
Ukrainian lexicographers
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire

masks:
Dmytro Ivanovych Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Dmytro
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Yavornytsky
Dmytro
Dmytro
Yavornytsky
Dmytro
Dmytro
Yavornytsky
Dmytro
Yavornytsky


title: Jared Carter (Latter Day Saints)

texts:
<mask> (June 14, 1801 – July 6, 1849) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He joined the Church of Christ in 1831 and soon after served a mission in the northeastern United States. He was mentioned by name in section 79 of the Doctrine and Covenants; the passage encouraged him to continue his work as a missionary. He has been described as "one of the Church's great missionaries" of the 1830s. In 1834, <mask> was chosen as a member of the first Presiding High Council of Kirtland, Ohio, and then became the council's president in 1837. After being disfellowshipped from the LDS Church and briefly joining the Strangite church, <mask> re-joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while living in Chicago. He died in DeKalb County, Illinois.Early life
<mask> was born on June 14, 1801 in Killingworth, Connecticut to <mask> and Johanna Sims, the fifth of six children. His siblings included Simeon, Prudence, John S., Gideon H., and Susanna <mask>. By the time <mask> was nine years old, the family had moved to Benson, Vermont. He married Lydia Ames on September 20, 1823 in Benson and had nine children: five sons and four daughters. By 1831, he was living in Chenango, New York, working as a tanner. In January 1831, while on a business trip to Lisle, New York, <mask> was introduced to the Book of Mormon by John Peck. After reading passages in the book, <mask> recorded: "I became immediately convinced that it was a revelation of God and it had such an influence on my mind that I had no mind to pursue my business."On February 20, 1831, <mask> was baptized into the Church of Christ by Hyrum Smith in Colesville, New York. He was reportedly "so warmed by the spirit of God that he didn't feel the cold of the water on him at that winter season during the half-mile walk to shelter and a change of clothing." <mask> then travelled with the Colesville Branch of the church to Thompson, Ohio in May of 1831, and thereafter moved to Kirtland, Ohio. Involvement in the Latter Day Saint movement
In June 1831, <mask> was made a priest in the church after a revelation given in Doctrine and Covenants 52:38 urged him to be ordained to this calling. That same month, <mask> was present at the fourth general conference of the church, where he discovered that his brother Simeon had been baptized into the church around the same time that he himself had joined the faith. That September, <mask> was made an elder. He recorded witnessing healing miracles throughout his early years in the church, and these experiences apparently strengthened his faith.After Newel Knight challenged <mask> on the validity of these healing miracles, <mask> left the Colesville body of Latter Day Saints and moved to Lorain County, Ohio, where his brother Simeon lived. Missionary work
"Since I left home and was ordained to preach the gospel and was preaching from place to place now, I thought that I had great reason to thank and praise the Lord for what he had done for me and my brothers and sisters of my father's family. ... I can say that God has blessed me according to the prophecy of Brother Joseph [Smith], before I went from Ohio. He has blessed me with sheaves and with health and blessed be his name." —<mask>, journal recording of his first missionShortly after being ordained an elder, <mask> was appointed to be a missionary in the eastern United States, leaving Ohio on September 22, 1831. He and Ebenezer Page traveled back to <mask>'s hometown of Benson, Vermont, planning to share the message of the faith with <mask>'s family and friends.Twenty-seven people in the area chose to join the church, and their chapel, which had been a part of the Free Will Baptist denomination, "soon became a Latter-day Saint meeting place." On this mission, <mask> also reportedly healed the leg of John Tanner, one of the primary financial benefactors of the early church, leading to Tanner's conversion to the LDS Church. <mask> also baptized Zera Pulsipher, who became a leader in the church. He returned to Kirtland in February 1831, after five months of missionary service. He was encouraged by a revelation given in Doctrine and Covenants 79 to continue preaching and proselyting. Between 1831 and 1834, <mask> served missions in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Michigan Territory, and Upper Canada. He founded "the first Latter-day Saint branch of converts in Michigan."<mask> introduced Mormonism to his brother John, who also became a leader in the church. Gideon, another of <mask>'s brothers, and his sisters Prudence and Susanna also joined the faith. <mask> and his brothers baptized approximately half of the converts from New England and eastern New York at the time. These converts included members who later made significant contributions to Mormon history. According to records, the <mask>s baptized between 138 and 170 people, as well as an estimated 185 more whose names were not recorded. Presiding High Council of Kirtland, Ohio
In May 1833, <mask> became a high priest and was tasked, alongside Hyrum Smith and Reynolds Cahoon, with accumulating building supplies for a school in Kirtland. In August of that year, he was chosen as a member of the building committee of the Kirtland Temple.He worked on constructing the temple and also participated in the Kirtland Safety Society. When the organization of Latter Day Saints known as Zion's Camp left for Missouri, <mask> stayed behind to oversee the Kirtland Temple building committee's efforts. On February 17, 1834, <mask> became one of the inaugural members of the first presiding high council of the church in Kirtland, Ohio. As a member of the Presiding High Council of Kirtland, <mask> fielded complaints from the community when the Kirtland Safety Society—a bank established by the Latter Day Saints—failed. <mask> became the president of the Presiding High Council of Kirtland on September 9, 1837, and continued as a member of it when church headquarters were moved to Far West, Missouri. In this capacity, he testified in favor of the accused in the excommunication trials of Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Lyman E. Johnson. <mask> is mentioned in a number of the revelations of Smith which make up the Doctrine and Covenants; one section, section 79, is addressed directly to <mask>.Death and later years
Upon the death of Joseph Smith, <mask> supported the succession claims of James Strang. He was subsequently disfellowshipped from the LDS Church. <mask> joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) in 1846, but was excommunicated within months of joining. After his excommunication, <mask> joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Chicago. By January 1847, he was "returned to full fellowship" in the church as a member of the Yoree Branch in Chicago. He moved to DeKalb County, Illinois, where he died on July 6, 1849. Evidence suggests that some of his children remained in the LDS Church.Notes

References
Susan Easton Black, "<mask>", Who's Who in the Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, 1997) p. 53. External links
"<mask>", Joseph Smith Papers
Jared Carter Journal, 1831–33, Brigham Young University

1801 births
1849 deaths
American Latter Day Saint missionaries
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) members
Danites
Doctrine and Covenants people
Latter Day Saint missionaries in Canada
Latter Day Saint missionaries in the United States
Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
People from Benson, Vermont
People from Broome County, New York
People from Killingworth, Connecticut
Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles

masks:
Jared Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Gideon Carter
Carter
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Carter
Carter
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Jared Carter
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Jared Carter


title: James A. Baker (government attorney)

texts:
<mask> is a former American government official at the Department of Justice who served as general counsel for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). A graduate of the University of Notre Dame and the University of Michigan Law School, he joined the Department of Justice in 1990. In December, 2017 he was replaced as general counsel and reassigned to a different position within the FBI. It was revealed on April 19, 2018 that he was a recipient of at least one Comey memo. On May 4, 2018, <mask> resigned from the FBI and joined the Brookings Institution as a fellow, writing  for the justice-focused blog, Lawfare. In January 2019, <mask> left Brookings to become the director of national security and cybersecurity at the R Street Institute, a conservative think-tank in Washington, D.C. He also teaches at Harvard Law School.Education
<mask> is a graduate of the University of Notre Dame and received a J.D. and M.A. from the University of Michigan in 1988. Mr. <mask> has taught national security law at Harvard Law School since 2009. Government service
<mask> joined the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice through the Attorney General's Honors Program in 1990 and went on to work as a federal prosecutor with the division's fraud section. In 1996 he joined Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (OIPR). This government agency handles all Justice Department requests for surveillance authorizations under the terms of the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, advises the Attorney General and all major intelligence-gathering agencies on legal issues relating to national security and surveillance, and "coordinates" the views of the intelligence community regarding intelligence legislation.<mask> has often testified before Congress on behalf of Clinton and Bush administration intelligence policies, including defending The Patriot Act before the House Judiciary Committee. Regarding <mask>'s 2007 appearance on the PBS Frontline episode, "Spying on the Home Front", the show's producer, in a Washington Post online chat, referred to <mask> as, "Mr. FISA himself". In 1998, <mask> was promoted to deputy counsel for intelligence operations. From May 2001 he served as acting counsel, and in January 2002 was appointed counsel. In January 2014, he was appointed general counsel of the FBI. As of December 2017, newly appointed director Christopher A. Wray was reassigning him from this role with his new duties unclear. Private sector
<mask>'s government service was interrupted twice by stints in the private sector.<mask> was assistant general counsel for national security at Verizon Business from 2008 to 2009. He was associate general counsel with Bridgewater Associates, LP from 2012 to 2014. Controversy
In 2004, according to The Washington Post, <mask> was responsible for the discovery that "the government's failure to share information" regarding the NSA electronic surveillance program had "rendered useless a federal screening system" insisted upon by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to prevent "tainted information"—in U.S. case law, "fruit of the poisonous tree"—from being used before the court. <mask> was reported to have informed presiding federal judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly of the FISC, whose complaints to the Justice Department led to the temporary suspension of the NSA program. In 2007, according to The Washington Post, <mask> revealed that he had informed Attorney General <mask> "about mistakes the FBI has made or problems or violations or compliance incidents" prior to Gonzales' April 2005 testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee that "[t]here has not been one verified case of civil liberties abuse" after 2001. In 2017, Sinclair-owned Circa reported that <mask> was under a Department of Justice criminal investigation for allegedly leaking classified national security information concerning the Trump administration to the media. The probe, described as "a strange interagency dispute that ... attracted the attention of senior lawmakers", reportedly "ended with a decision not to charge anyone," per The Washington Post.2016 presidential election investigation

On May 10, 2019, <mask> was interviewed for a taped Lawfare podcast, a justice-focused blog, during which he discussed his role in the FBI investigation of events during the 2016 presidential election that would be taken over by Robert S. Mueller III. Previously <mask> had refrained from making public comment. He stated that he felt compelled to speak publicly now that the report is public and being characterized adversely by Trump and some members of his administration. In September 2021, Special Counsel John Durham indicted Michael Sussmann, a partner for the law firm Perkins Coie, alleging he falsely told <mask> during a September 2016 meeting that he was not representing a client for their discussion. Durham alleged Sussman was actually representing "a U.S. Technology Industry Executive, a U.S. Internet Company and the Hillary Clinton Presidential Campaign." Sussmann focuses on privacy and cybersecurity law and had approached <mask> to discuss what then appeared to be suspicious communications between computer servers at the Russian Alfa-Bank and the Trump Organization. Sussmann had represented the Democratic National Committee regarding the Russian hacking of its computer network.Sussmann's attorneys denied he was representing the Clinton campaign and he pleaded not guilty to the charge. Views on encryption
<mask> had long supported legislation requiring encryption systems to include a means to allow access by law enforcement with a proper warrant. <mask> has argued that the cybersecurity threat has become so severe that law enforcement should embrace strong encryption and adapt to the lack of easy access to plaintext messages in a published essay and in a press interview. See also
Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia

References

External links

 House Judiciary Committee testimony - short biography entered into the record
 USDOJ report - minor bio details in notes
 Spying on the Home Front - 2007 PBS Frontline interview with <mask> regarding Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (photograph)
 R St Institute - bio

 Harvard Law School profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United States Department of Justice lawyers
University of Notre Dame alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni

masks:
James Andrew Baker
Baker
Baker
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Baker
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Baker
Baker
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Alberto Gonzales
Baker
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Baker
Baker


title: Dinker Belle Rai

texts:
<mask> is a Board Certified Indian American vascular surgeon who serves as the Chairman of the Department of Surgery and as the Chief of the Department of Vascular Surgery / Vascular Laboratory at the Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York. He is a visiting Clinical Professor at the Health & Science Center of the State University of New York in Brooklyn and a visiting professor at the Rajiv Gandhi University in Bangalore, India. <mask> is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a Fellow of the Royal Canadian College of Surgeons. He is credited with developing the first ever method for retrograde catheterization of the venous tree. This invention was given a United States patent in 1988. Based on this patent, a company called The Ideas For Medicine, Inc. (now part of Horizon Medical Products, Inc.) manufactured and still distributes out a series of catheters, known as <mask>’s Catheters for use in performing descending phlebographic tests and for venous embolectomies. He is also credited with the discovery of the motion of venous valves in human beings.His original research on histopathological specimens of patients with saphenofemoral – incompetency resulted in a paradigm shift in management of varicose veins. He performed the first ever vein transplantation below the knee. The discovery of right atrial mechanical function is a pivotal discovery in his medical research work. He is an editor for the International Journal of Angiology. <mask> has been featured in the book "Jewels of India" for his contributions in the medicine, art, sports and cultural arenas. Early  and personal life

<mask> was born in Puttur, Karnataka, India on 28 April 1947 to Kedambady Narayana <mask>, a famous criminal lawyer practicing in Mangalore and <mask>vi <mask>. He spent his early childhood in Mangalore and studied at St. Aloysius School and College.During his school days, he represented Mysore State in school cricket games. A portrait he painted of the then US President John F Kennedy during his school days is displayed at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, MA. He currently lives in Old Westbury, Long Island, New York with his wife Shakila <mask>. They have three children - Seema, Arjun and Rahul. Education
<mask> did his schooling at St. Aloysius School Mangalore from 1952 to 1963. He completed his pre-university degree from St. Aloysius College Mangalore in 1964. After finishing pre-university, he attended the Bangalore Medical College.He graduated from Bangalore Medical College with a distinction in Pathology and as captain of an All Indian Regional University Cricket team (South Zone). He was awarded the "Best Outgoing Sportsman and Student of the Year" award for the academic year 1969–70. After completing his M.B.B.S (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) from Bangalore Medical College India, he was a rotating Intern at Victoria Hospital Bangalore, India from 1970 to 1971. Career
He did his surgical training in the General Surgery Residency training program at the Brooklyn Jewish Hospital and Medical Center of New York from 1974 to 1977, Chief Residency in Surgery in 1977 to 1978 and Fellowship in Vascular Surgery specializing in venous diseases at Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York in 1979. He served as the Director of the Phlebology Society of America in 1989. He participated in the first ever historical strike by the resident doctors of New York to reform the working conditions of New York while under training. The historical strike changed the Medical Residency working conditions throughout the nation.He has received the following certifications:

 Certified by the Canadian Board of Surgery (1980). Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons Canada (1980). Certified by the American Board of Surgery (1981). Recertified (1991, 2002). Fellow of American College of Surgeons (1983). Fellow of the Phlebology Society of America (1986). Field Liaison Fellow of American Cancer Society (1986).Fellow of the International College of Surgeons (1987). Fellow of the American Venous Forum (1991). Fellow of the International College of Angiology (1991). He has been a member of:

 The Brooklyn/Long Island Chapter of American College of Surgeons (1981). The Brooklyn Surgical Society (1986). He has held the following positions at the Jewish Medical Center now known as Interfaith Medical Center:

 Chairman of the Cancer Committee (1983). Member of the Infectious Disease Committee (1984–present).Member of the Medical Executive Committee (1985–present). Treasurer of the Medical Executive Committee (1989-1993). Member of the Operative Committee (1990–present). Member of the Cancer Committee (1992–present). The President of the  Medical Staff (1993-1997). Member of the Quality Assurance Committee (1993–present). Member of the Pharmacy Committee (1993–present).Chairman of the QA Committee, Department of Surgery. In addition to this, he serves on the Interdisciplinary Advisory Board for the Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. He is an Editorial Board Member of the International College of Angiology Journal and Tracks Journal and is on the Board of Directors of the Phlebology Society of America. He has authored the “Manual of Sclerotherapy and Phlebectomy of Varicose Veins and Telangiectasias for New Practitioners” published by Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists and Leprologists, Bangalore Chapter in 2006. He has contributed the following two chapters to the "Textbook of Angiology", published by Springer Verlag, 2000

 Chronic Venous Insufficiency Disease: Etiology and Treatment. Descending Phlebography. Surgical techniques and inventions

 <mask> is a pioneer in chronic venous disease research.He implemented new techniques for descending phlebography to diagnose venous disease. He devised a surgical procedure for vein valve transplantation and a surgical procedure for venous embolectomy. He also invented a diagnostic test for venous hemodynamics. He created a surgical technique for small vessel anastomosis in arterial surgery and vein patch arterioplasty. Earl U. Bell of the national news channel CBS interviewed him about vein valve transplant surgery and his invention, the Rai’s Catheter. Invention of Catheters: <mask> is credited with creating the following catheters
- The Rai’s catheter for percutaneous extremity approach
- The Rai’s three lumen balloon catheter – for groin approach
- The Rai’s “J” tip catheter – for groin approach
- The Rai’s antegrade venous embolectomy catheter
- The Rai’s retrograde venous embolectomy catheter

NOTE: Catheters a, b and c are used in the diagnosis of venous disease to perform descending phlebography.He displayed his Venogram Catheter at the 5th European American meeting for venous disease, Vienna, 1990, American College of Surgeons, San Francisco, 1990, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, New York City, 1989 and the American College of Surgery, Atlanta, 1989. <mask>'s videotapes on these surgical procedures is available in the American College of Surgeon Education Library: Infragenicular Arterial Reconstruction (15 minutes). He also has videotapes on Vein Valve transplantation - A New Technique (15 minutes), Descending Phlebography – Pericarpal Subcutaneous Approach (15 minutes), Venous Embolectomy – A New Technique (15 minutes). New discoveries
<mask> discovered the motion of venous valves in human beings i.e. its rhythmical opening and closing during each cardiac beat. This new information on venous valves comes almost 500 years after discovery by Fabricus Acquapedente of Padua University that venous valves are one way doors allowing blood to go towards the heart. He discovered that venous blood flow is pulsatile which, prior to <mask>'s discovery, was described only as linear flow.He is best known for his discovery of the mechanical function of atrial chambers of the heart. With experimental evidence on the canine heart, he discovered that atrial diastole is the key force that creates a negative pressure that brings blood back to the heart. Diastole is an - active expansion of the muscle on which the cardiac return depends. This is an addition to Starling’s law of muscle contraction that muscle not only actively contracts but expands as well. This significant historic discovery was made approximately 500 years after Sir William Harvey's discovery of the mechanical function of Ventricular Systole. This discovery has opened doors for new understanding / treatment of heart failure, atrial fibrillation and in improving the design and functioning of prosthetic hearts. Sports career

<mask> captained the Bangalore University cricket team that won the South Zone finals and that, for the first time, went all way to the All India finals in 1969.He captained the Combined Universities Cricket team of the South Zone of India and Sri Lanka in 1969. He was selected for the Karnataka Ranji Trophy team in 1970. In lieu of his contribution to cricket, his name is on the Honor Roll at the Chinnaswamy Stadium Cricket Museum in Bangalore. He is an avid golfer and his interest in the sport led him to promote a project to build a PGA standard 18 hole golf course through his company, Indus International Golf Resorts and Estates in Bangalore, India. The project is currently in progress. The architects of the golf course are Ronald Fream and Kevin Ramsay of Golf Plan and the construction is being managed by an American construction company, Heritage Incorporation. Artistic work

Under the guidance of Indian artist B. Gulam Mahammad, <mask> learnt the "India Ink Wash work" technique using a brush.The portrait he made of then US President John F. Kennedy was based on a photograph by Yousef Karsh. Cultural work

<mask> has also served on the Board and as the Chairman of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan United States. He has contributed various articles to the Bhavans Journal - A Travellers Experience, Goddess Kali, Mystery of Om, Gita The Gospel of Krishna, Lingering Feelings, Conversations with Swami Bua, Masters of all Masters, salutations to Sage Kapila, Patanjali’s Ashtanga Yoga. Under his chairmanship, the Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan (US) conducted conferences on Ayurveda, Vedic Astrology conference, and Bhagavad Gita. He is a founding member of American Academy of Ayurvedic Medicine, Inc. (AAAM). Recognition and awards

 Interfaith Spirit Award for Excellence in patient Care, 2001
 Certificate of Recognition, New York State Assembly, Darryl C. Towns
 Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition, June, 2001
 City Council Citation, Annette M. Robinson, Council Member
 City Council Citation, Gray, L. B. Council Member
 Certificate of Recognition, New York State Senator, Mary Markowitz
 New York State Assembly Certificate of Merit, A. Vann, Member of Assembly
 Certificate of Recognition, New York State Senator, V. Montgomery
 Certificate of Appreciation, Interfaith Medical Center Auxiliary, June 7, 2001

References

American medical researchers
American vascular surgeons
Mangaloreans
1947 births
Living people
American people of Indian descent in health professions
American people of Kannada descent

masks:
Dinker Belle Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Belle Sanji
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
Rai
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