title: Stephen MacKenna

texts:
<mask> (15 January 1872 – 8 March 1934) was a journalist, linguist and writer of Irish descent. He is perhaps most well known for his important English translation of the Greek-speaking philosopher Plotinus ( 204/5 – 270), introducing Neoplatonic philosophy to a new generation of readers. MacKenna's prose style was widely admired and he influenced many of his contemporaries, including W. B. Yeats, W. B. Stanford and J. M. Synge. Life

Early years

MacKenna was born 15 January 1872 in Liverpool, England to an Irish father and an Anglo-Irish mother. His father, Captain <mask>, served in the 28th Infantry in India and under Garibaldi in Italy. Returning to England, he wrote children's adventure stories and began to have a family. Growing up, MacKenna had seven brothers and two sisters.He and his brothers were educated at Ratcliffe in Leicestershire. It was there that he first acquired a knowledge of Classical Greek. MacKenna impressed with his literary talents, particularly in his personal translations of Virgil's Georgics and Sophocles' Antigone. He passed the Matriculation, but despite his talents he failed to pass the Intermediate: the university entrance examination. After a brief period as a novice in a religious order he became a clerk in the Munster & Leinster Bank. He then obtained a job as a reporter for a London newspaper, and in 1896 progressed to a post as Paris correspondent for a Catholic journal. It was in Paris in 1897 around the Hotel Corneille where he met Maud Gonne, Arthur Lynch and J. M. Synge.Synge considered <mask> his closest friend, and Lynch later wrote,

In London he collected books, joined the Irish Literary Society and became a member of Young Ireland, a revolutionary group. Culture and language interests
With the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, <mask> rushed to join the Greek forces as a volunteer. This enabled him to acquire a command of colloquial Greek. It was here that his love for Greek, both ancient and modern, became active. Years later, he would write,

His service was brief, and he returned first to Paris, then to London, and afterwards went on to Dublin. After a brief stay in New York, where he lived in poverty, he returned to Paris. He then obtained a job as European foreign correspondent with Joseph Pulitzer, reporting from as far afield as Russia and Hungary.Around 1907 or 1908 he married Marie Bray (1878–1923), an American born pianist educated in France. They shared similar cultural and political interests. In the early 1900s <mask> began to revise the Greek he had learned at school and to perfect his command of it. By 1905, he expressed an interest in translating the works of the Greek philosopher Plotinus, whose concept of a transcendent “One,” prior to all other realities, he found fascinating. He resigned from his job as a correspondent for Pulitzer, but continued to write for the Freeman's Journal, an Irish nationalist paper. In the meantime he published a translation of the first volume of Plotinus, Ennead 1. <mask> had already begun to acquire the rudiments of the Irish language.He and Marie had attended Gaelic League classes in London. In Dublin he did administrative work for the League and was keen to expand its activities. His house in Dublin was a centre of League activity, with enthusiasts meeting there once a week. His friend Piaras Béaslaí later testified that MacKenna learned to speak the language with reasonable fluency. <mask> had a high opinion of the capabilities of the language, saying "A man could do anything in Irish, say and express anything, and do it with an exquisite beauty of sound." Poet Austin Clarke expressed awe regarding <mask>'s ability to use the Irish language:

MacKenna regretted that he had come to the language too late to use it as a medium of written expression, writing "I consider it the flaw and sin of my life that I didn't twenty years ago give myself body and soul to the Gaelic [i.e. Irish] to become a writer in it..."

Irish nationalism
<mask> was an ardent Irish nationalist and member of the Gaelic League.He imagined a future where Ireland would be completely emancipated from all things English:

This vision of Ireland's future is why he opposed the Treaty. He saw the outbreak of war in 1914 as disastrous for all sides and was deeply saddened by the violence. The Easter Rebellion of 1916 by militant Irish nationalists in Dublin took him by surprise, as it did for many in Ireland. He particularly mourned for his friend and neighbour, Michael O'Rahilly, who was wounded by machine gun fire in Moore Street and left to die over two days. Later years and death
Both he and Marie suffered from failing health. Marie died in 1923, and MacKenna moved to England to increase his chances of recovery. He continued to translate and publish the work of Plotinus, with B.S.Page being a collaborator on the last volume. By this time he had privately rejected Catholicism. His investigation of other philosophies and religious traditions drew him back to Plotinus and the intuitive perception of the visible world as an expression of something other than itself, the result of a "divine mind at work (or at play) in the universe." His income was greatly reduced and his last years were spent in a small cottage in Cornwall. Realizing that his death was approaching, he expressed he had no wish to live longer and had no fear of dying alone, instead preferring the prospect. By being alone, he would avoid the "black crows" who he expected would pester him with services once they found he was on his death bed. He both hoped and expected that there was nothing after death.In November of 1933, <mask> entered a hospital for operations to help with his failing health. He was initially expected to recover, but eventually lost the endurance to live. He was true to his word and kept his whereabouts a secret from friends, planning to die alone. Only a few days before his death, however, Margaret Nunn discovered his address from his landlord at Reskadinnick and obtained permission to visit him. He died at Royal Northern Hospital in London on 8 March 1934, aged 62. Translation of Plotinus

<mask>'s translation of Plotinus' Enneads was effectively his life's work, beginning in 1905 and finally finishing in 1930. Throughout his life, Plotinus remained a significant influence.The deep connection he felt with the philosophy was expressed in a 1907 journal entry:

Discovery and beginnings
Around 1905, while on a trip to St. Petersburg, MacKenna encountered Georg Friedrich Creuzer's Oxford text of Plotinus. Returning to Paris, he encountered the French translation by Didot. He became enamored with Neoplatonic philosophy and desired to translate the Enneads in full. In 1908, MacKenna released an initial rendering of the essay on Beauty (Ennead 1.6) which drew considerable respect from scholars. Among the impressed was Dean Inge, who praised it for its clear and vigorous wording. By 1912, this initial translation had garnered the attention of English businessman E. R. Debenham who subsequently provided MacKenna with material support for the completion of the work. Method
With the first version of the First Ennead, MacKenna declared his purpose and method for the translation:

He based his translation on Richard Volkmann's 1883 text (published by Teubner), occasionally adopting a reading from Friedrich Creuzer's 1835 Oxford text.He also compared his version to other language translations, including:

 The Latin of Ficino (in Creuzer's edition)
 The French of M. N. Bouillet (three vols., Paris, 1875, &c.)
 The German of Hermann Friedrich Mueller (2 vols., Berlin: Weidmann, 1878–80)
 The German of Otto Kiefer (2 vols., Diederichs: Jena and Leipzig, 1905)

When B.S. Page made revisions on the fourth edition of <mask>'s translation, he utilized the Henry-Schwyzer critical edition, the Beutler-Theiler revision of Harder's German translation, and the first three volumes of A. H. Armstrong's Loeb translation. MacKenna rewrote sections of the translation, sometimes as many as three or four times. While contemporary translations (including Armstrong's) have been more true to the original on a literal level, <mask>'s translation has been praised for its "stylistic qualities and beauty characteristics." It has been suggested that the influence of Plotinus can be seen in MacKenna's translation style, being drawn in particular from the essay concerning Beauty where Plotinus discusses the preparation of the soul for its ascent to the world of Nous and God (Ennead 1.6.9). In Plotinus, the main interest of philosophy and religion "is the ascent of the soul to the realm of Nous." <mask> translated "Nous" here as "Intellectual Principle," while Dean Inge instead translated it as "Spirit."Recognition and criticism
In 1924, Yeats announced at the Tailteann Games that the Royal Irish Academy had awarded a medal to MacKenna for the translation. <mask> declined the award because of his distaste for connecting the English and Irish, declining membership to the Royal Irish Academy for similar reasons. He explained his reasoning in a 1924 letter:

E.R. Dodds praised <mask>'s translation, ultimately concluding that "[It] is one of the few great translations of our day... a noble monument to an Irishman's courage, an Englishman's generosity (Debenham's), and the idealism of both." Sir John Squire similarly praised the translation, writing "I do not think that any living man has written nobler prose than Mr. MacKenna." A reviewer in The Journal of Hellenic Studies wrote that "In the matter of accuracy, Mr. <mask>'s translation, which in English at least is pioneer work, is not likely to be final, but for beauty it will never be surpassed.<mask>'s translation of Plotinus was discovered by Irish poet W. B. Yeats, whose own writing would subsequently be influenced greatly by the translation:

The Plato Centre at Trinity College Dublin holds the "<mask>enna Lecture" annually in honour of MacKenna. The lecture series stated goal is "to bring distinguished contemporary scholars working in the area of Plato and the Platonic tradition to Dublin to deliver a lecture aimed at a wide and general audience." Literature
<mask>'s prose style was widely admired and he influenced many of his contemporaries, including W. B. Yeats, W. B. Stanford and J. M. Synge. James Joyce paid tribute to him in chapter 11 of his novel Ulysses, with the librarian Richard Best saying,

Writings
 trans., Plotinus [...] with Porphyry's Life of Plotinus, and the Preller-Ritter extracts, forming a conspectus of the Plotinian system, 5 vols. (Library of Philosophical Translations). London & Boston: The Medici Society Ltd., 1917–30. Journals and Letters (1936) ed.E. R. Dodds, with a memoir by Dodds (pp.1–89) and a preface by Padraic Colum (pp.xi-xvii). London: Constable; NY: W. Morrow. 330pp. References

Notes

Sources

Plotinus. The Six Enneads. Translated by <mask> and B. S. Page: The Internet Classics Archive. 1872 births
1934 deaths
English people of Irish descent
English translators
Irish nationalists
20th-century Irish translators
Translators from Greek
Writers from Liverpool

masks:
Stephen MacKenna
Stephen Joseph MacKna
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title: H. Rider Haggard

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (; 22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure fiction romances set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a pioneer of the lost world literary genre. He was also involved in land reform throughout the British Empire. His stories, situated at the lighter end of Victorian literature, continue to be popular and influential. Life and career

Early years
<mask>, generally known as H<mask> or <mask>, was born at Bradenham, Norfolk, the eighth of ten children, to <mask>, a barrister, and Ella Doveton, an author and poet. His father was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1817 to British parents. <mask>ard was initially sent to Garsington Rectory in Oxfordshire to study under Reverend H. J. Graham, but, unlike his elder brothers, who graduated from various private schools, he attended Ipswich Grammar School. This was because his father, who perhaps regarded him as somebody who was not going to amount to much, could no longer afford to maintain his expensive private education.After failing his army entrance exam, he was sent to a private crammer in London to prepare for the entrance exam for the British Foreign Office, which he never sat. During his two years in London he came into contact with people interested in the study of psychic phenomena. South Africa, 1875–1882
In 1875, <mask>ard's father sent him to what is now South Africa to take up an unpaid position as assistant to the secretary to Sir <mask>, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Natal. In 1876 he was transferred to the staff of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, Special Commissioner for the Transvaal. It was in this role that <mask> was present in Pretoria in April 1877 for the official announcement of the British annexation of the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. Indeed, <mask>ard raised the Union flag and read out much of the proclamation following the loss of voice of the official originally entrusted with the duty. At about that time, <mask>ard fell in love with Mary Elizabeth "Lilly" Jackson, whom he intended to marry once he obtained paid employment in Africa.In 1878 he became Registrar of the High Court in the Transvaal, and wrote to his father informing him that he intended to return to England and marry her. His father forbade it until <mask>ard had made a career for himself, and by 1879 Jackson had married Frank Archer, a well-to-do banker. When <mask>ard eventually returned to England, he married a friend of his sister, Marianna Louisa Margitson (1859–1943) in 1880, and the couple travelled to Africa together. They had a son named Jack (born 1881, died of measles at age 10) and three daughters, Angela (b.1883), Dorothy (b.1884) and Lilias (b.1892). Lilias <mask> became an author, edited The Rabbit Skin Cap and I Walked By Night, and wrote a biography of her father entitled The Cloak That I Left (published in 1951). In England, 1882–1925

Moving back to England in 1882, the couple settled in Ditchingham, Norfolk, Louisa Margitson's ancestral home. Later they lived in Kessingland and had connections with the church in Bungay, Suffolk.<mask>ard turned to the study of law and was called to the bar in 1884. His practice of law was desultory and much of his time was taken up by the writing of novels, which he saw as being more profitable. <mask>ard lived at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, from mid-1885 to circa April 1888. It was at this Hammersmith address that he completed King Solomon's Mines (published September 1885). <mask>ard was heavily influenced by the larger-than-life adventurers whom he met in colonial Africa, most notably Frederick Selous and Frederick Russell Burnham. He created his Allan Quatermain adventures under their influence, during a time when great mineral wealth was being discovered in Africa, as well as the ruins of ancient lost civilisations of the continent such as Great Zimbabwe. Three of his books, The Wizard (1896), Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu Idyll (1896), and Elissa; the Doom of Zimbabwe (1898), are dedicated to Burnham's daughter Nada, the first white child born in Bulawayo; she had been named after <mask>ggard's 1892 book Nada the Lily.<mask>ggard belonged to the Athenaeum, Savile, and Authors' clubs. Aid for Lilly Archer

Years later, when <mask>ard was a successful novelist, he was contacted by his former love, Lilly Archer, née Jackson. She had been deserted by her husband, who had embezzled funds entrusted to him and had fled bankrupt to Africa. <mask>ard installed her and her sons in a house and saw to the children's education. Lilly eventually followed her husband to Africa, where he infected her with syphilis before dying of it himself. Lilly returned to England in late 1907, where <mask>ggard again supported her until her death on 22 April 1909. These details were not generally known until the publication of <mask>ard's 1981 biography by <mask>.Writing career
After returning to England in 1882, <mask> published a book on the political situation in South Africa, as well as a handful of unsuccessful novels,  before writing the book for which he is most famous, King Solomon's Mines. He accepted a 10 percent royalty rather than £100 for the copyright. A sequel soon followed entitled Allan Quatermain, followed by She and its sequel Ayesha, swashbuckling adventure novels set in the context of the Scramble for Africa (although the action of Ayesha happens in Tibet). The hugely popular King Solomon's Mines is sometimes considered the first of the Lost World genre. She is generally considered to be one of the classics of imaginative literature, and with 83 million copies sold by 1965, it is one of the best-selling books of all time. He is also remembered for Nada the Lily (a tale of adventure among the Zulus) and the epic Viking romance, Eric Brighteyes. His novels portray many of the stereotypes associated with colonialism, yet they are unusual for the degree of sympathy with which the native populations are portrayed.Africans often play heroic roles in the novels, although the protagonists are typically European (though not invariably). Notable examples are the heroic Zulu warrior Umslopogaas, and Ignosi, the rightful king of Kukuanaland, in King Solomon's Mines. Having developed an intense mutual friendship with the three Englishmen who help him regain his throne, he accepts their advice and abolishes witch-hunts and arbitrary capital punishment. Three of <mask>'s novels were written in collaboration with his friend Andrew Lang, who shared his interest in the spiritual realm and paranormal phenomena. <mask> also wrote about agricultural and social reform, in part inspired by his experiences in Africa, but also based on what he saw in Europe. At the end of his life, he was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a position that he shared with his friend Rudyard Kipling. The two had bonded upon Kipling's arrival at London in 1889, largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and remained lifelong friends.Public affairs
<mask> was involved in reforming agriculture and was a member of many commissions on land use and related affairs, work that involved several trips to the Colonies and Dominions. It eventually led to the passage of the 1909 Development Bill. He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative candidate for the Eastern division of Norfolk in the 1895 summer election, losing by 197 votes. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1912 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours. Death
<mask> died on 14 May 1925 in Marylebone, London, aged 68. His ashes were buried at St Mary's Church, Ditchingham. His papers are held at the Norfolk Record Office.His descendants include the writer <mask> (great-nephew), the director Piers <mask> (great-great-nephew), and the actress <mask> (great-great-great niece). Legacy

Influence
Psychoanalyst Carl Jung considered Ayesha, the female protagonist of She, to be a manifestation of the anima. Her epithet "She Who Must Be Obeyed" is used by British author John Mortimer in his Rumpole of the Bailey series as the private name which the lead character uses for his wife, <mask>, before whom he trembles at home (despite the fact that he is a barrister with some skill in court). <mask>ard's Lost World genre influenced popular American pulp writers such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E<mask>, Talbot Mundy, Philip José Farmer, and Abraham Merritt. Allan Quatermain, the adventure hero of King Solomon's Mines and its sequel Allan Quatermain, was a template for the American character Indiana Jones. Quatermain has gained recent popularity thanks to being a main character in the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Graham Greene, in an essay about <mask>ard, stated, "Enchantment is just what this writer exercised; he fixed pictures in our minds that thirty years have been unable to wear away."<mask> was praised in 1965 by Roger Lancelyn Green, one of the Oxford Inklings, as a writer of a consistently high level of "literary skill and sheer imaginative power" and a co-originator with Robert Louis Stevenson of the Age of the Story Tellers. On race
<mask>'s works have been criticised for their depictions of non-Europeans. In his non-fiction book Decolonising the Mind, Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o refers to <mask>ard, who he says was one of the canonical authors in primary and secondary school, as one of the "geniuses of racism." Author and academic Micere Mugo wrote in 1973 that reading the description of "an old African woman in <mask>'s King Solomon's Mines had for a long time made her feel mortal terror whenever she encountered old African women." Influence on children's literature in the 19th century
During the 19th century, <mask>ard was one of many individuals who contributed to children's literature. Morton N. Cohen described King Solomon's Mines as a story that has "universal interest, for grown-ups as well as youngsters". <mask> himself wanted to write the book for boys, but it ultimately had an influence on children and adults around the world.Cohen explained, "King Solomon’s Mines was being read in the public schools [and] aloud in class-rooms". General influence and legacy
The first chapter of <mask>ard's book People of the Mist is credited with inspiring the motto of the Royal Air Force (formerly the Royal Flying Corps), Per ardua ad astra. In 1925, his daughter Lilias commissioned a memorial window for Ditchingham Church, in his honour, from James Powell and Sons. The design features the Pyramids, his farm in Africa, and Bungay as seen from the Vineyard Hills near his home. The Rider Haggard Society was founded in 1985. It publishes the Haggard Journal three times a year. Works

Films based on <mask>ard's works
<mask>ard's writings have been turned into films many times including:
 King Solomon's Mines
This novel has been adapted at least six times.The first version, King Solomon's Mines, directed by Robert Stevenson, premiered in 1937. The best known version premiered in 1950: King Solomon's Mines, directed by Compton Bennett and Andrew Marton, was followed in 1959 by a sequel, Watusi. In 1979 a low-budget version directed by Alvin Rakoff, King Solomon's Treasure, combined both King Solomon's Mines and Allan Quatermain in one story. The 1985 film King Solomon's Mines was a tongue-in-cheek comedy, with a 1987 sequel in the same vein, Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold. Around the same time an Australian animated TV film came out, King Solomon's Mines. In 2004 an American TV mini-series, King Solomon's Mines starred Patrick Swayze. In 2008 a direct-to-video adaptation, Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls, was released by Mark Atkins; it bore more resemblance to Indiana Jones than the novel.She
She: A History of Adventure has been adapted for film at least ten times, and was one of the earliest movies to be made:
In 1899, as La Colonne de feu (The Pillar of Fire), by Georges Méliès. An American 1911 version starred Marguerite Snow. A British-produced version appeared in 1916, and in 1917 Valeska Suratt appeared in a production for Fox which is lost. In 1925 a silent film of She, starring Betty Blythe, was produced with the active participation of <mask>, who wrote the intertitles. This film combines elements from all the books in the series. The 1935 version, filmed a decade later, featured <mask>, Randolph Scott, <mask>, and Nigel Bruce. The lost city of Kôr is set in the Arctic, rather than Africa, and depicts the ancient civilisation in an Art Deco style.The music is by Max Steiner. The screenplay combines elements from all the books in the series, including Wisdom's Daughter. In 2006, Legend Films and <mask> restored and colorized the film for DVD release, as it was originally intended. The 1965 film She was produced by Hammer Film Productions; it starred Ursula Andress as Ayesha and John Richardson as her reincarnated love, with Peter Cushing and Bernard Cribbins as other members of the expedition. The 1984 adaptation of She took place in a post-apocalyptic setting, attempting to capitalize on the fame of Mad Max. In 2001, another adaptation was released direct-to-video with Ian Duncan as Leo Vincey, Ophélie Winter as Ayesha and Marie Bäumer as Roxane. Dawn
The film Dawn was released in 1917, starring <mask> and Annie Esmond.Jess
This book was filmed in 1912, featuring Marguerite Snow, Florence La Badie and James Cruze, in 1914 with Constance Crawley and Arthur Maude, and in 1917 as Heart and Soul, starring Theda Bara in the title role. Beatrice
The book was adapted into a 1921 Italian silent drama film called The Stronger Passion, directed by <mask> and starring Marie Doro and Sandro Salvini. Swallow
The novel was adapted into a 1922 South African film. Stella Fregelius
The book was adapted into a 1921 British film, Stella. Moon of Israel
This novel was the basis of a script by Ladislaus Vajda, for film-director Michael Curtiz in his 1924 Austrian  epic known as Die Sklavenkönigin (Queen of the Slaves). Honours
The locality of Rider, British Columbia, was named after him. <mask> Lane in Kessingland, Suffolk, is located at his former home.See also

 Jules Verne (1825–1905), like Boussenard, his French contemporary, also wrote of fantastic worlds, though some of these are considered to be more science fiction in some of his works than others. Journey to the Center of the Earth and The Mysterious Island are novels that are similar in structure to the novels of Boussenard and <mask>ard. <mask> Boussenard (1847–1911), French author of adventure novels, dubbed the French <mask>ggard during his lifetime. Pierre Benoit (1886–1962), French author whose novel L'Atlantide is similar to She. Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), Italian author of adventure novels and founder of the adventure genre in Italy. Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870), French author of historical novels of high adventure. <mask> (1863–1933), English author of adventure novels such as The Prisoner of Zenda.P. C. Wren (1875–1941), British writer of adventure fiction. He is remembered best for Beau Geste, a much-filmed book of 1924 involving the French Foreign Legion in North Africa, and its sequels, Beau Sabreur and Beau Ideal. Mythopoeia
 Theosophical fiction

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Klein, Darius M. Survivals and Origins in H<mask> <mask>'s She: A History of Adventure--A bibliography online source of bibliography

External links

 Works by H. R<mask>ard at Project Gutenberg Australia
 Works by H. R<mask> at One More Library
 The Mahatma and the Hare : a Dream Story illustrated by William Thomas <mask> (1911)
 Umslopogaas, She, & Allan Quatermain Full Series (1927)

 H. Rider Haggard's She, Escape, CBS radio, 1948
 H. Rider Haggard Quotation Collection
 The Books of H. Rider <mask>ggard: A Chronological Survey
 Rider Haggard Society

 In and Out of Africa : The Adventures of H. <mask>ard The Lilly Library, Bloomington, IN
 Camera Interviews - <mask> <mask>ard (1923), by Pathé
 Finding aid to H. <mask>ggard papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1856 births
1925 deaths
Fabulists
English fantasy writers
English historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
Mythopoeic writers
Legion of Frontiersmen members
Knights Bachelor
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Ipswich School
People from Breckland District
Victorian novelists
19th-century British novelists
20th-century English novelists
19th-century British short story writers
People from Ditchingham
Writers of Gothic fiction
English male novelists

masks:
Sir Henry Rider Haggard
Henry Rider Haggard
. Rider Haggard
Rider Haggard
William Meybohm Rider Haggard
Hagg
Hagg
Henry Bulwer
Haggard
Hagg
Hagg
Hagg
Hagg
Rider Haggard
Hagg
Hagg
Hagg
Ha
Ha
Hagg
Hagg
Ha
Hagg
Sydney Higgins
Haggard
Haggard
Haggard
Haggard
Haggard
Stephen Haggard
Haggard
Daisy Haggard
Hilda
Hagg
. Howard
Hagg
Haggard
Rider Haggard
Hagg
Rider Haggard
Hagg
Haggard
Hagg
Hagg
Hagg
Rider Haggard
Helen Gahagan
Helen Mack
Ray Harryhausen
Hubert Carter
Herbert Brenon
Rider Haggard
Hagg
Louis Henri
Rider Ha
Anthony Hope
. Rider
Haggard
. Hagg
. Haggard
Horton
Ha
Rider Hagg
Sir Rider
Hagg
Rider Ha


title: Charlie Fowler

texts:
<mask> (February 18, 1954 -November 14, 2006) was an American mountain climber, writer, and photographer. He was one of North America's most experienced mountain climbers, and successfully climbed many of the world's highest peaks. Along with his climbing partner, Christine Boskoff, he went missing in southwestern China sometime between November 11 and November 14, 2006. His body was found on a Ge'nyen Mountain on December 27, 2006, and was officially identified a day later. Biography

Early life and accomplishments
<mask> was born in North Carolina and grew up in Virginia, where he graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in environmental science in 1975. He spent the next 12 years in Boulder, Colorado, before moving to Telluride, Colorado, in 1987 and settling in Norwood, Colorado, in 1992. In 1977 he gained fame after free soloing the Direct North Buttress route on Middle Cathedral Rock in Yosemite National Park, followed by the first free solo ascent of the Diamond on Colorado's Longs Peak in 1978.The route he chose, initially called the Integral Route, was renamed the Casual Route after <mask>'s bold climb. He became a member of the American Mountain Guides Association in 1986, and was a certified guide who taught courses and evaluated other students who wanted to become certified mountain guides. He often guided expeditions for Mountain Madness, an adventure travel company owned by Christine Boskoff. <mask> claimed to have been climbing mountains since 1968, having successfully climbed the 8,000 meter peaks of Mount Everest, Cho Oyu, and Shishapangma, as well as Aconcagua, one of the Seven Summits. He attempted to ascend K2, but had to turn back before reaching the summit due to poor conditions. In recent years, he explored unnamed peaks in Tibet and remote areas of China. In recognition of his climbing accomplishments, he was awarded the Robert and Miriam Underhill Award for outstanding mountaineering achievement by the American Alpine Club in 2004.Other career achievements
<mask>'s nature photographs and articles have been published in various books, magazines, journals, and catalogs, and he published three local climbing guidebooks. <mask> had the honor of appearing on the cover of Climbing Magazine on different occasions as both cover subject and cover photographer. He also worked as a guide and rigger for Ice Climb, a National Geographic film; participated in two American Adventure Productions films; appeared in several episodes of the Outdoor Life Network's High Country Climber series; and appeared in and helped film the award-winning John Catto documentary La Escoba de Dios. Along with his friend Damon Johnston, <mask> founded the publishing company Mountain World Media LLC in 2005. <mask> and Johnston also co-authored a guidebook to sandstone climbs in southwest Colorado titled The Wild Wild West. <mask> also started the Telluride Mountain Club and the Horizon Program. Additionally, he was a board member of Mountainfilm in Telluride for almost 10 years, and served on their Advisory Board.Disappearance and death
In October 2006, <mask> left the United States for China with his climbing partner, Christine Boskoff, for a two-month-long trip to attempt several peaks that had never been climbed. According to a post on <mask>'s website, it was his fifth trip to the region. Last known contacts
From the time of their departure until November 8, 2006, <mask> and Boskoff were in frequent contact with friends and other mountain climbers via email. One of Boskoff's final emails said that the pair would be "back in Internet contact in two weeks." On November 7, <mask> made his last known contact with the outside world in an email sent to Alpinist from Litang, China:

We're in the town of Litang for a few days, getting ready for one more trip into the hills. We just got back from attempting a peak I tried in '96 doing a film. Didn't make it that time due to complications with the film crew.This time the peak was a lot less icy (global warming?). We got near the top but backed off due to scary conditions --- thin snow over rock slabs. Had a blast climbing as far as we did though. Now off to one more different area to try a 6,000-meter peak and a smaller one, then traveling back doing the tourist thing. Search efforts
<mask> and Boskoff were officially declared missing when they were not present on a scheduled return flight to the United States booked for December 4. Search efforts by Chinese authorities and an independent search party retained by friends and mountaineers continued through most of December 2006. The two peaks <mask> referred to in his final email were unnamed, which initially complicated search and rescue efforts launched by local authorities in Litang.Furthermore, locals in Litang and Buddhist monks living at a monastery near the base of Mount Genyen told investigators they had not seen any foreigners in the area for the previous month. The authorities also found no evidence of the pair in the vicinities of other peaks they had talked about climbing in previous e-mails. But, on December 25 (about three weeks after the pair was declared missing), authorities began to make progress in the search when they discovered a local man who said he had driven <mask> and Boskoff to a remote town not far from the Tibetan border. According to the driver, <mask> and Boskoff said they planned to climb 6,204-meter (20,354-foot) Mount Genyen. They left their luggage with the man when he dropped them off on November 11, and said they would retrieve it when they returned on November 24, which they never did. With this new lead, the authorities began to focus their efforts on the slopes of Mount Genyen. Bodies found
On December 27, searchers found a body, mostly buried in snow, at the 5,300-meter level of Mount Genyen, though darkness prevented them from making an immediate identification.They returned on December 28 and confirmed that the body was <mask>'s. The initial investigation revealed that <mask> was likely killed in an avalanche. The body of Christine Boskoff was found and identified on July 8, 2007. It was to be retrieved from the mountain in August 2007 (when more favorable weather conditions were predicted for recovery team). Notable ascents
 1981 Pale Fire IV 5.12, Moses, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FFA of North Face Route (Bjornstad, Beckey, Galvin, Nephew, Markov 1972) with Chip Chace, May 1981
 1982 In Search of Suds III 5.10+, Washer Woman Arch, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FA with Glenn Randall, November 1982
 1988 The Promised Land (V 5.10+ A3+), Moses, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FA with Sue Wint
 1992 East Face, La Catedral, Paine Group, Patagonia (VI 5.10 A4+ 1000m). FA of route (2nd of peak) with John Catto, Peter Gallagher and Max Kendall. Summit reached January 26, 1992.See also
 Christine Boskoff (climbing partner)
 Mountaineering
 Mount Genyen
 Forensic pathology
 Mountain Madness (Mountaineering company)

References

External links
 "<mask>: A Climber's Life" appreciation of <mask> at Climbing Magazine
 <mask>'s autobiographical statement at Mountain Madness
 "Rescuers Search for American Climbers Missing in China," The New York Times, 15 December 2006
 "Chinese official says survival hopes dim for missing U.S. climbers," The Associated Press, 19 December 2006
 "U.S. climbers in China missing 1 month," The Associated Press, 25 December 2006
 "Dead mountain climber is American photographer," The Associated Press, 28 December 2006
 Alpinist Magazine's article on <mask>'s disappearance
 Blog created for discussion on <mask>'s disappearance
 Mountainfilm in Telluride

1954 births
2006 deaths
People from North Carolina
People from Virginia
American mountain climbers
University of Virginia alumni
American summiters of Mount Everest
People from Telluride, Colorado

masks:
Charlie Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
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Charlie Fowler
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title: Yolanda González

texts:
<mask> (born 1964) is an American multimedia artist based in Los Angeles. She primarily works in ceramics, drawing, painting, and printmaking. Biography
<mask> was born in 1964 in San Gabriel Valley after her parents came from Mexico. Gonzalez is descended from a family of artists, whose early work can be dated to 1877. At seven years old, Gonzalez received a painting set from her grandmother which started her interest in the arts. Gonzalez works was first presented to a public audience in 1988 at the First Annual Nuevo Chicano Los Angeles Art Exhibition at Plaza de la Raza. She did not develop her current art style of bright, vivid colors with Chicano influence until she worked at Self-Help Graphics & Art and experimented with printmaking.Gonzalez has lived as an artist-in-residence in Madrid, Spain, Ginza, Japan, Assisi, Italy, and part of the Ratkovitch Company's The Alhambra. At the age of twenty-nine the death of friend made her change the way she viewed the world and influenced her art. She returned to the U.S from Japan in 1993 where she worked on her series Metamorphosis I. She has lived in Alhambra, California for over 20 years, where her art residency and studio is also located for the past 10 years, called Ma Art Gallery. She has taught art for other organizations such as Inner City Arts, Para Los Niños, Plaza De La Raza, Crenshaw Christian Center, and MOCA. Gonzalez is a mother to five children and a grandmother to three. Education
Gonzalez attended San Gabriel Mission High School, where an art teacher first discovered her talents.Gonzalez was entered in an art contest by her art teacher and she placed 1st. At eighteen years old, Gonzalez attended the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. Gonzalez got a scholarship to the college from winning a painting competition. Gonzalez has a BA in liberal studies. Artworks

Style and influence
Gonzalez is stylistically known for her incorporation of bright, vivid colors that are heavily influenced by her cultural background of being Chicana, as well as incorporating some inspiration from 20th century German expressionism. Her favorite mediums isacrylic on canvas. Gonzalez enjoys working with ceramics and wooden panels as well.In the 1990s Gonzalez experimented with a new darker, monochromatic style with her series Metamorphosis I that reflected her feeling and life at that time. Gonzalez enjoys traveling in order to find a form of influence and inspiration for her artwork. Gonzalez's experiences and the people she meets during her travels are reflected in her works. Commissioned work
Gonzalez has been commissioned by Para Los Niños, The White Memorial Medical Center, and Greyhound Lines Inc. to paint murals. Another commissioned work was for the Los Angeles Cultural Affairs calendar. Sueño de Familia/Dream of Family
This exhibit showcases a retrospective of artwork produced by Gonzalez and her family in the past 150 years. Family members' artwork included in the exhibit consists of Gonzalez’s mother, grandmother, grandfather, and her niece.Starting from the 1870s to now, artworks presented are drawings, paintings, ceramics, and printmaking. Gonzalez' series Sueños /Dreams (2000–Present), was included in the exhibit. Metamorphosis I & II
Metamorphosis shows a transition in style from bright vivid colors to an only monochromatic color palette. Metamorphosis I represents Gonzalez’s past life experiences to how the world is now. She started the series 1994-1997 after returning to the U.S. from her residency in Japan in 1993. Around that time she lost a close friend which caused a change in how she viewed her morality, spirituality, and how she approached making art. In 2020, Gonzalez worked on Metamorphosis II.Metamorphosis II reflects on Gonzalez’s loss of her mother and the impact of Covid-19. Metamorphosis I was influenced by Japanese styles and zen concepts. Metamorphosis II fuses Japanese styles with her Chicana background. Metamorphosis consists of 30 artworks for the series. Solo exhibitions
 Nov 17, 2015 - Feb 29, 2016, Faces of The Community, AARP
 Nov 14, 2020 - Jan 16, 2021 - Metamorphosis, Bermudez Projects

Group exhibitions
Nov 16, 2019 - March 15, 2020 - Sueño de Familia / Five Generations of Artists, Vincent Price Museum

Published works
 Gonzalez, Yolanda. <mask> Gonzalez: Metamorphosis . Art Works Fine Art Publishing, n.d. ISBN 9781732561274

Awards
Gonzalez received an award from the Los Angeles County Commission for Women's Thirty-third Annual Women of the Year Arts award in 2018.Two other awards are the KCET Unsung Hero Award/Latin Heritage Month and the Angel Award/Artist of the Year. Bibliography

 Alfaro, Luis, Tomas Benitez, Kristine Kim, and Leonard Simon. 1996. Finding family stories: Judy Chan, Charles Dickson, <mask> Gonzalez, Kori Newkirk, Miguel Angel Reyes, David Alan Yamamoto.The California State Senate Contemporary California Art Collection. United States: California State Senate, 2003. ART HOUR WITH AVENUE 50: Artist Talk with <mask> Gonzalez. YouTube.YouTube, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyrA9QFHNgQ&ab_channel=Avenue50StudioInc. ArtQuench. “Velia La Garda Produces a Tribute to the Late-Great Lupe Ontiveros.” Be Inspired! ...and Get ArtQuenched!, October 25, 2013. https://artquenchmagazine.com/2013/10/23/velia-la-garda-produces-a-tribute-to-the-late-great-lupe-ontiveros/. Centeno, Jimmy. “The Millennial Practice in Yolanda Gonzalez's and YOLA's Ceramics.” Fabrik Magazine, January 16, 2018. https://fabrikmagazine.com/the-millennial-practice-in-yolanda-gonzalezs-and-yolas-ceramics/. Cigainero, Jake.“Celebrating a Partnership of Two West Coasts.” The New York Times. The New York Times, September 9, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/arts/international/mexican-american-street-art-from-los-angeles-comes-to-bordeaux.html. Davalos, Karen Mary. Chicana-o Remix: Art and Errata since the Sixties. New York: New York University press, 2017. “Gallery Exhibitions.” Gallery Exhibitions | Pacific Standard Time. http://www.pacificstandardtime.org/lala/en/gallery-exhibitions/index.html.The California State Senate Contemporary California Art Collection.the University of California, 2003. Discover Los Angeles. “The Best Is Yet to Come: Horse Art Pop-Up Celebrates the 2016 Breeders' Cup.” Discover Los Angeles, March 14, 2019. https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-best-is-yet-to-come-horse-art-pop-up-celebrates-the-2016-breeders-cup.Garcia, Sam. “Santa Fe Springs Art Fest 2019.” El Paisano, May 8, 2019. https://elpaisanoonline.com/news/2019/05/08/santa-fe-springs-art-fest-2019/. Interview with Yolanda Gonzalez. YouTube. YouTube, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbU_HcQ0x6c&ab_channel=Inner-CityArts.Latina Art & Culture | <mask> Gonzalez + More | Talks at Google. YouTube. YouTube, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vckNcYpZVCM&ab_channel=TalksatGoogle. Tompkins Rivera, Pilar, and Karen Mary Davalos. <mask> Gonzalez: Sueño De Familia / Dream of Family. Vincent Price Art Museum, 2019. ISBN 9780578574462
“VALLEY WEEKEND: Archetype of Nude Reveals New Meanings: <mask> Gonzalez Explores the Theme of Self-Examination in Her Painting Series, 'Metamorphosis.'.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, December 14, 1995. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-12-14-ca-14129-story.html. Ventura. “Recycled Recollections.” Ventura County Star. Ventura, October 7, 2016. https://www.vcstar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2016/10/07/recycled-recollections/91134514/. <mask> <mask>. YouTube.YouTube, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgavtH8P3o4&ab_channel=LAPlazadeCulturayArtes. References

External links

1964 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
American artists of Mexican descent
American ceramists
American women ceramists
American multimedia artists
American printmakers
American women printmakers
American women painters
Art Center College of Design alumni
Painters from California
People from Alhambra, California

masks:
Yolanda González
Yolanda Gonzalez
Yolanda
Yolanda
Yolanda
Yolanda
Yolanda
Yolanda
Yolanda
González


title: Gary Ballance

texts:
<mask> (born 22 November 1989) is a Zimbabwean-born British cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a leg break bowler, who currently plays for Yorkshire County Cricket Club and England. He was born in Harare, Zimbabwe. <mask> first played in the Second XI Championship in 2006, having made five appearances for Zimbabwe in the 2006 Under-19 World Cup, in which the team finished in sixth place. In the final match for the team, <mask> scored a half-century, gaining notice from Derbyshire and earned the chance to sign for the team in 2006. He played his first limited overs match two weeks later, having performed in the Derbyshire Second XI. At the end of the 2007 season, <mask> left Derbyshire to sign academy terms with Yorkshire.He made his first-class debut for Yorkshire against Kent at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury, in July 2008. In the first-class match against Durham MCC University in April 2011, <mask> scored 72 and 73 not out. He made his England debut on 3 September 2013 in an ODI against Ireland. On 25 April 2015 <mask> became the third fastest England Test cricketer to reach 1,000 runs, in the second Test against West Indies. <mask> was named a Cricketer of the Year in the 2015 edition of the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. Following an investigation into racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club, <mask> released a statement admitting that he was one of the players who had used racial slurs against fellow player Azeem Rafiq. Following this announcement, he was suspended from selection by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB).Early and personal life
<mask> was born and raised in Zimbabwe, where his parents were tobacco farmers. He attended Springvale House and Peterhouse Boys' School. After representing Zimbabwe in cricket at various age levels, he moved to England in 2006. He attended Harrow School for 2 years, where he was in the same team as Sam Northeast. Playing for Harrow, he scored a century against Eton College at Lord's. <mask> is related to former Zimbabwean cricket captain David Houghton through his father, who is a cousin of David's wife. <mask> married his wife Alex in December 2018.<mask> is colour blind and consequently struggles to see a pink ball when batting. Domestic career
<mask> signed for Derbyshire for the 2006 season, playing exclusively in their second XI. At the end of that season it was noted in Wisden that he was seen as a "real prospect". His 2007 season was also entirely spent in the Derbyshire second XI, with <mask> finishing as the side's leading runscorer with 390 in 6 innings, including two centuries. <mask> missed the entire 2020 domestic season, after its belated post-pandemic commencement, because of a series of reasons, including suffering from anxiety early in the season, followed by his wife testing positive for Covid-19. He subsequently missed the start of the 2021 season after a concussion in nets practice. International career

Debut
Following impressive performances for Yorkshire and the England Lions, <mask> debuted for England against Ireland, in Dublin, on 3 September 2013 but failed to impress with the bat after getting caught behind without having scored a run.2013–14 Ashes series
<mask> was selected for the England squad for the 2013-14 Ashes series. He was selected to play in the 5th Test ahead of fellow Yorkshire team mate Joe Root. He became the 659th player to play for England and was handed his cap by captain Alastair Cook. He was one of three players, the others being Scott Borthwick and Boyd Rankin, to make their debuts in the 5th Test. In the first innings he made 18 runs after coming in with the score at 17/4 and helped England to 155 all out. Test Match Special commentator Geoffrey Boycott acknowledged that <mask> was incredibly unlucky to be dismissed, receiving a corker that pitched in the footmarks. In the second innings he made 7 runs finishing the series with 25 runs.<mask>'s next call-up was against Australia during the England tour of Australia. In the 1st ODI, at the MCG, <mask> top scored for England, making 79 runs off 96 balls. However this was not enough to help England win as Australia cruised to a 6 wicket win. <mask> kept his place for the 2nd ODI however he managed only 9 runs off 19 balls before being stumped by Brad Haddin. In the 3rd ODI <mask> batted at number 4 and made 26 runs off 42 balls. He retained his place for the 4th ODI and made 18 runs off 30 balls before being caught. <mask> was left out of the 5th ODI and was replaced by Joe Root.2014 Sri Lanka series
<mask> featured in the 1st ODI against Sri Lanka, he top scored with 64 runs in England's win. In the 2nd ODI he only made 5 runs in England's 99 run innings. He played in the 3rd ODI however he was not needed in England's 10 wicket win. <mask> was included in the squad for both of the test matches against Sri Lanka, batting at number three as a replacement for Jonathan Trott who had stepped away from cricket during the 2013–14 Ashes. In the first test at Lord's, he made 27 runs in the first innings before reaching his maiden Test hundred in just his second Test match in the second innings, ending not out on 104. He was one of 4 centurions in the series for England, the others being Moeen Ali, Sam Robson and Joe Root, who made a double hundred. <mask> had mixed fortunes in the second test, scoring 74 in the first innings before being dismissed for a golden duck in the second, finishing the series with 205 runs.2014 India series
In the first test against India, <mask> continued his good form with the bat by making 71 in the first innings as the match ended in a draw. <mask> hit his second Test hundred on 18 July 2014 against India. He scored 110 before being caught behind off Bhuvneshwar Kumar, bringing England back into the match after struggling on 113/4. <mask> became only the third England player to score hundreds in his first two Lord's Tests, after Andrew Strauss and Jonathan Trott. <mask> scored an impressive 156 in the first innings of the third test but was unfortunate to be given out through a poor decision by the umpire. He was again unlucky when, on 38 in the second innings, he was given out caught when the ball only touched his trouser. In the fourth match of the series he was only required to bat once, making 37 as England won to go 2-1 up in the series.He made 64 in the final test to help England win the game and the series 3-1. Overall, <mask> made 503 runs at an average of 71.85 to set up the test series for England. In the one day series against India <mask> played only in the fourth ODI where he made seven runs. 2015 World Cup

After recovering from injury <mask> played in England's opening game of the World Cup against Australia, where he was dismissed for ten. He was out for ten again as England slumped to an eight wicket defeat against New Zealand. He again only made ten against Scotland, leading to suggestions he would be dropped from the side for the next game against Sri Lanka. However, he kept his place and was dismissed for six as England lost their third game of the tournament.<mask> was then dropped from the side and played no further part in the tournament as England were eliminated at the Group stage. He, along with James Anderson, Stuart Broad, Moeen Ali, Chris Woakes and James Tredwell were dropped to focus on test cricket. 2015 West Indies and New Zealand
<mask> continued in his role as No.3 batsman during England's tour of the West Indies. In the first Test of the three-Test series, he made ten runs in the first innings and then a century in the second innings. In addition to scoring the winning runs in the second Test, he became the third fastest England cricketer to reach 1,000 runs for his career, behind Herbert Sutcliffe and Len Hutton. In the third Test he was less prolific, making scores of 18 and 23 as England suffered two batting collapses to lose the game by five wickets and draw the series 1-1. <mask> endured a difficult series against New Zealand.He made one in England first innings of the first Test and was then dismissed for a duck in the second innings. Despite this, England went on to win the game by 124 runs. His problems continued in the next Test as he was dismissed for 29 in England's first innings. In the second innings he was dismissed for six as England lost the game by 199 runs to draw the series 1-1. 2015 Ashes series
In the first Ashes Test, <mask> scored 60 in the first innings, but scored a duck in the second innings, as England secured a comfortable opening win by 169 runs. In the second Test, <mask> was out for 23 in England's first innings as they were dismissed for 312. In England's second innings he was dismissed for just 14 as England were bowled out for just 103 and suffered a humiliating 405 run defeat.Following the game, <mask> was dropped in favour of Jonny Bairstow and played no further part in the series. England went on to win the series 3-2. 2016 and 2017
<mask> was recalled due to Nick Compton's poor form, and James Taylor being forced into retirement. <mask> returned to the side for the Test series against Pakistan and made six in England first innings. He made 43 in their second innings as England lost the opening match by 75 runs. In the second Test he only batted once, making 23 as England went on to secure a 330 run victory to level the series at 1-1. He made 70 in the first innings of the third Test, and made 23 in the second innings as England turned around the match to win 141 runs after a strong bowling display in the second innings.<mask> made eight in England’s first innings of the final Test, as England were dismissed for 328. England went on to lose the game by 10 wickets and draw the series 1-1, with <mask> making 17 in England’s second innings. In the first Test against Bangladesh, <mask> could only manage scores of 1 and 9, although England did enough to win the game by 21 runs. In the second Test, Balance managed just 9 in England’s total of 244, and again failed in the second innings, this time making 5 as England lost the match by 108 runs and drew the series 1-1. On 6 July 2017 <mask> was recalled to play in the first test against South Africa at Lord's after his form recovered for Yorkshire, and was selected under Joe Root's recommendation. <mask> played the first two tests before a broken thumb ruled him out of the next two matches. Controversy
Following an investigation into racism at Yorkshire Cricket Club, it was announced on 3 November 2021 that <mask> was the cricketer who repeatedly made racial slurs to fellow player Azeem Rafiq.Following this announcement, he was suspended from selection to play for England. <mask> issued a statement in explanation. References

External links

 <mask>'s profile page on Wisden

1989 births
Living people
English cricket captains
Yorkshire cricket captains
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Mid West Rhinos cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Alumni of Peterhouse Boys' School
People educated at Harrow School
Zimbabwean people of British descent
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Zimbabwean emigrants to the United Kingdom

masks:
Gary Ballance
Ballance
Ballance
Ballance
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Gary Ballance
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Gary Ballance


title: Numerian

texts:
Numerian (; died November 284) was Roman emperor from 283 to 284 with his older brother Carinus. They were sons of Carus, a general raised to the office of praetorian prefect under Emperor Probus in 282. Early life and Carus' reign
Numerian was the younger son of Carus. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube in Raetia and Noricum proclaimed as emperor Numerian's father, the praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Carus, after a mutiny against the emperor Probus, in which the latter was killed. By one account, Carus had himself rebelled against the emperor, and Probus' army, stationed in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), decided they did not wish to fight Carus and assassinated their emperor instead. According to the Historia Augusta and the view accepted by Gibbon, whose opinion is primarily dependent on the Historia Augustaas a source, Carus was not responsible for Probus's death, and inflicted severe punishment upon the murderers. Carus, already sixty, wished to establish a dynasty and immediately elevated Carinus and Numerian to the rank of Caesar.In 283, Carus left Carinus in charge of the West and moved with <mask> and his praetorian prefect Arrius Aper to the East to wage war against the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanids had been embroiled in a succession dispute since the death of Shapur and were in no position to oppose Carus' advance. According to Zonaras, Eutropius, and Festus, Carus won a major victory against the Persians, taking Seleucia and the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon (near modern Al-Mada'in, Iraq), cities on opposite banks of the Tigris. In celebration, Numerian, Carus, and Carinus all took the title Persici maximi. Carus died in July or early August of 283, allegedly due to a strike of lightning. Numerian and Carinus as Augusti
The death of Carus left Numerian and Carinus as the new Augusti. Carinus quickly made his way to Rome from Gaul, arriving in January 284, while Numerian lingered in the East.The Roman retreat from Persia was orderly and unopposed, for the Persian King, Bahram II, was still struggling to establish his authority. By March 284, Numerian had only reached Emesa (Homs) in Syria; by November, only Asia Minor. In Emesa he was apparently still alive and in good health, as he issued the only extant rescript in his name there. Coins were issued in his name in Cyzicus at some time before the end of 284, but it is impossible to know whether he was still in the public eye by that point. After Emesa, Numerian's staff, including the prefect Aper, reported that Numerian suffered from an inflammation of the eyes and had to travel in a closed coach. When the army reached Bithynia, or Thrace, some of Numerian's soldiers smelled an odor reminiscent of a decaying corpse emanating from the coach. They opened its curtains and found Numerian dead.Gibbon, however, dismisses with derision the report of the stench of Numerian's decay: "Could no aromatics be found in the Imperial household?" After Numerian's death
Aper officially broke the news of Numerian's death in Nicomedia (İzmit) in November 284, though Gibbon represents the occurrence of this event at Heraclea, in Thrace, and the discovery, which the prefect attempted to conceal, as due to the forwardness of the soldiery, who forced open the Imperial tent to investigate for themselves the situation of their invisible monarch. Numerian's generals and tribunes called a council for the succession, which met at Chalcedon across the Bosphorus, where they chose as emperor Diocletian, commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard, despite Aper's attempts to garner support. The army of the east unanimously saluted their new Augustus. Diocletian accepted the purple imperial vestments and raised his sword to the light of the sun, swearing an oath denying responsibility for Numerian's death. He asserted that Aper had killed Numerian and concealed the deed. In full view of the army, Diocletian then turned and killed Aper, who had been hauled bound before the assembly.Character
According to the Historia Augusta, Numerian was a man of considerable literary attainments, remarkably amiable, and known as a great orator and poet. Allegedly, the senate raised him a statue, inscribed To the most powerful of orators. Family tree

Citations

References

Primary sources

 Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus
 Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita
 Historia Augusta, Life of Carus, Carinus and Numerian
 Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284

Secondary sources

 Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981. Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982. Bowman, Alan K. "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy."In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 67–89. Cambridge University Press, 2005. Leadbetter, William. "Carus (282–283 A.D.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2001a). Accessed 16 February 2008. Leadbetter, William."Numerianus (283–284 A.D.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2001b). Accessed 16 February 2008. Leadbetter, William. "Carinus (283–285 A.D.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2001c). Accessed 16 February 2008.Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 A.D.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed 16 February 2008. Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover  Paperback
 Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine.New York: Routledge, 2001. Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. External links

 Leadbetter, William, "Numerianus (283–284 A.D.)", DIR (2001)

284 deaths
3rd-century Roman emperors
3rd-century murdered monarchs
Imperial Roman consuls
Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard
Crisis of the Third Century
Deified Roman emperors
Year of birth missing
Aurelii
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Sons of Roman emperors


title: Luther Standing Bear

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<mask> (Óta Kté or "Plenty Kill," also known as Matȟó Nážiŋ or "<mask>") was a Sicangu and Oglala Lakota chief notable in American history as a Native American author, educator, philosopher, and actor of the twentieth century. <mask> fought to preserve Lakota heritage and sovereignty; he was at the forefront of a Progressive movement to change government policy toward Native Americans. <mask> was one of a small group of Lakota leaders of his generation who was born and raised in the oral traditions of their culture, educated in white culture, and wrote significant historical accounts in English of their people and history. <mask>'s discussions of his early life, years at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill, and life on government reservations presented a Native American viewpoint during the Progressive Era in American history. <mask>'s commentaries on Native American culture and wisdom educated the American public, deepened public awareness, and created popular support to change government policies toward Native American peoples. <mask> helped create the popular twentieth-century image that Native American culture is holistic and respectful of nature. His commentaries have become part of college-level reading lists in anthropology, literature, history, and philosophy.They constitute a legacy and treasury of Native American wisdom. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in December 1868 on the Spotted Tail Agency, Rosebud, Dakota Territory, the first son of <mask> <mask> and Pretty Face. <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>, was a Sicangu (Brulé Lakota) chief. The boy was raised by his mother's people as a traditional hunter and warrior. In 1873, <mask> <mask> saw the Sioux warriors return from the large-scale attack on a big hunting group of Pawnee in Massacre Canyon, Nebraska. Later he would write about it. He was one of the few to give a Sioux eyewitness account of the attack on the hunters, and of his father's role in the battle.In the late 1870s, <mask> <mask> built a general store, the first Native American-run business on the Spotted Tail agency. In 1879, young <mask> began attending the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s father was aware of white people's great numbers and influence, and he believed that education was the path Indians must follow in order to survive in the "white world". Carlisle Industrial School for Indians

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was one of the earliest Native American boarding schools, whose goal was cultural assimilation of Native Americans. <mask> was one of the first students to arrive when Carlisle opened its doors in 1879. Once there, he was asked to choose a name from a list on the wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall and named himself <mask>.<mask> soon became Captain Richard Henry Pratt's model Carlisle student. Like many other Carlisle students, <mask> had high personal regard for Captain Pratt. <mask> interpreted and recruited students for Pratt at Pine Ridge, South Dakota; led the Carlisle Indian Band across the Brooklyn Bridge upon its opening ceremony on May 24, 1883; and served as a student intern for John Wanamaker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Back on the reservation
In 1884, following his final term at Carlisle, <mask>, armed with a recommendation by Captain Pratt, returned home to the Rosebud Agency, Rosebud, Dakota Territory, where he was hired as an assistant at the reservation's school at the salary of three hundred dollars a year. In 1890, some time after Wounded Knee, <mask> moved from Rosebud and followed his father and brother, <mask> <mask>, to Pine Ridge, South Dakota. Pine Ridge provided a series of varying employment and family ventures. In 1891, <mask> became principal of a reservation day school.<mask> also worked in his uncle's little general store. <mask> wrote to John Wanamaker to inquire about establishing a post office on the reservation, but was told that Native Americans were not legally permitted to serve as postmaster. The post office was set up in the name of a white missionary but run by <mask>. Later, <mask> and his brother Ellis opened a dry goods store at Pass Creek and started a small ranch raising horses and cattle. <mask> organized public meetings at his dry goods store in Pine Ridge to discuss treaties and current events. Marriages and children
<mask> married Nellie DeCrory in 1886, and they had six children: <mask> <mask>; <mask> <mask>; Paul Francis <mask>; <mask> <mask>; <mask> <mask>; and Alexandra Birmingham <mask> <mask>. Around 1899, <mask> married Laura Cloud Shield, and the couple had one additional child, Eugene George <mask>.Train wreck
In 1903, <mask> signed up for another tour with Buffalo Bill. However, the touring season was cut short on April 7, 1903, by a terrible accident in Maywood, Illinois, when the rear cars of <mask>'s train were struck by another train. Three young Indians were killed, and 27 performers badly injured. <mask> was seriously injured and almost died. He suffered a dislocation of both hips, a left broken leg below the knee, a left broken arm, two broken ribs, a broken collar bone, a broken nose, and deep gashes on head. As a result, <mask> and his family could not return to Buffalo Bill's Wild West. Leaving the reservation

After returning to Pine Ridge, <mask> was chosen as a chief of the Oglala Lakota on July 4, 1905, but he decided to leave later that year.He was no longer willing to endure existence under the control of an overseer. <mask> sold his land allotment and bought a house in Sioux City, Iowa, where he worked as a clerk in a wholesale firm. After a brief job doing rodeo performances with Miller Brothers 101 Ranch in Oklahoma, he moved to California to seek full-time employment in the motion picture industry. Hollywood and the movies
In 1912, <mask> moved to California and was recruited as a consultant by motion picture director Thomas H. Ince because of his experience as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West. <mask> made his screen debut in Ramona in 1916. From 1912 to the 1930s, he was employed in the motion picture industry, working alongside Tom Mix, Douglas Fairbanks and William S. Hart on early Hollywood Westerns. <mask> <mask> appeared in a dozen or more films (sources disagree a bit), playing both Indian and non-Indian roles.Selected filmography

 Ramona (1916)
 Bolshevism on Trial (1919)
 White Oak (1921)
 The Santa Fe Trail (1930)
 The Conquering Horde (1931)
 Texas Pioneers (1932)
 Massacre (1934) (uncredited)
 Laughing Boy (1934) (uncredited)
 Murder in the Private Car (1934) (uncredited)
 Cyclone of the Saddle (1935)
 The Miracle Rider (1935 serial)
 Fighting Pioneers (1935)
 Circle of Death (1935)
 Fighting Pioneers (1935)
 Union Pacific (1939)

Indian actors' guilds
<mask> was a member of the Screen Actors Guild of Hollywood. <mask> was critical of Hollywood's portrayals of Native Americans, and wanted only Native Americans to play Native Americans and appear on the screen in leading and meaningful roles. In 1926, along with other Indian actors in Hollywood, he created the "War Paint Club." Ten years later, <mask> joined Jim Thorpe in creating the Indian Actors Association to protect rights and characters of Native American actors from defamation or ridicule. <mask> <mask>'s commentaries

Protecting Native American heritage and sovereignty
Between 1928 and 1936, <mask> wrote four books and a series of articles about protecting Lakota culture and in opposition to government regulation of Native Americans. <mask>'s commentaries challenged government policies regarding education, assimilation, freedom of religion, tribal sovereignty, return of lands and efforts to convert the Lakota into sedentary farmers. <mask> opposed the Dawes Act's policy of privatization of communal holdings of Native American tribes, and was critical of government support of missionaries who undermined Sioux religion, as did the prohibition against the Sun Dance, the most important religious and social event in the yearly cycle of Sioux life.Books, articles and forums

Between 1928 and 1934, Progressives organized and launched a national education campaign to change government policies towards Native Americans. The campaign began in 1928 with the publication of <mask>'s book My People the Sioux and the release of John Collier's Meriam Report. During this period, <mask> Bear published four books and numerous articles to educate the public about Lakota culture, and toured the forums of the American lecture circuit building critical support for an Indian New Deal. <mask> was at the forefront of the Progressive movement and his commentaries educated the American public, deepened awareness and created popular support to change government policies toward Native American peoples. At the time, Native American authors were a rarity, and <mask>'s books were considered culturally significant and reviewed by The New York Times. In 1931, <mask> published My Indian Boyhood, a classic memoir of life, experience and education of a Lakota child in the late 1800s. That year, after an absence of 20 years, he visited Pine Ridge, South Dakota.He was so distressed by the desperate plight of his people that he wrote "The Tragedy of the Sioux" in American Mercury condemning federal Indian policy for the continued destruction of the Lakota. Land of the Spotted Eagle, published in 1933, is an ethnographic description of traditional Lakota life and customs, criticizing whites' efforts to "make over" the Indian into the likeness of the white race. In 1933, <mask> also published What the Indian Means to America. In 1934, he published a collection of Lakota tales and legends in Stories of the Sioux. <mask> and the Indian New Deal
<mask> was at the forefront of the Progressive movement, and he joined with advocate John Collier, the Indian Rights Association, and others to protect Native American religion and sovereignty. His commentaries on Native American culture and wisdom educated the American public, deepened public awareness, and created popular support to change in government policies toward Native American peoples. In 1928, <mask>'s My People the Sioux and the Meriam Report were published, launching an organized campaign to challenge government policies limiting Native American religion and sovereignty.Between 1928 and 1934, <mask> <mask> published four books and numerous articles to educate the public about Lakota culture, and toured the forums of the American lecture circuit building critical support for an Indian New Deal. In 1933, Collier was appointed commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, and <mask> wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Congress should legislate that the history and culture of Native Americans be made part of the curriculum of public schools. The next year, Collier introduced what became known as the Indian New Deal with Congress' passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, legislation reversing 50 years of assimilation policies by emphasizing Indian self-determination and the Dawes Act's policy of privatization of communal holdings of Native American tribes. <mask>'s essay "The Tragedy of the Sioux" and his book Land of Spotted Eagle were published near the end of the Progressive campaign and had wide impact influencing Collier's Indian New Deal policies and fighting to restore tribal culture and sovereignty. Death
On February 20, 1939, <mask> <mask> died in Huntington Beach, California, at age of 79 of the flu while on the set of the film Union Pacific. He was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles, far from his Lakota homeland, with his sacred pipe. See also

I Remain Alive: the Sioux Literary Renaissance

Notes

External links

<mask> <mask> at the Literary Encyclopedia.<mask> <mask> at the Native American Authors Project. , which lists two credits not listed under Chief <mask>

1868 births
1939 deaths
Lakota people
Native American male actors
Carlisle Indian Industrial School alumni
People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Philosophers from South Dakota
Native American activists
Native Americans' rights activists
Native American autobiographers
American autobiographers
Members of the Society of American Indians
Progressive Era in the United States
Deaths from influenza

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title: Martin Bashir

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<mask> (born 19 January 1963) is a British journalist. He was a presenter on British and American television and for the BBC's Panorama programme and gained an interview with Diana, Princess of Wales for the programme in 1995. Much heralded at the time, it was later determined that he used forgery and deception to gain the interview. Bashir worked for the BBC from 1986 until 1999 on programmes including Panorama before joining ITV. He presented the 2003 ITV documentary about Michael Jackson. From 2004 to 2016, he worked in New York, first as an anchor for ABC's Nightline and then as a political commentator for MSNBC, hosting his own programme, <mask>, and a correspondent for NBC's Dateline NBC. He resigned from his position at MSNBC in December 2013 after making "ill-judged" comments about the former Governor of Alaska and Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin.In 2016, he returned to the BBC as religious affairs correspondent. In 2020, the BBC's director general Tim Davie apologised to the brother of the princess, Earl Spencer, for Bashir's use of faked bank statements to secure his 1995 Panorama interview with the Princess of Wales, Spencer's sister. Former Justice of the Supreme Court Lord Dyson conducted an independent inquiry into the issue. Lord Dyson's inquiry concluded Bashir had commissioned fake statements to deceive Earl Spencer in order to gain access to Diana and in so doing had "acted inappropriately and in serious breach of the 1993 edition of the Producers’ Guidelines on straight dealing." <mask> resigned from the BBC in May 2021, citing health reasons. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Wandsworth, London, to liberal Muslim parents from Pakistan. His father had served in the Royal Navy during World War II.Bashir was educated at the boys' state comprehensive Wandsworth School, King Alfred's College of Higher Education, Winchester, studying English and History from 1982–1985 (at the time degrees at King Alfred's were approved by the Council for National Academic Awards), and at King's College London, where he completed a master's degree in theology. Bashir was one of five children, one of whom suffered from muscular dystrophy and died in 1991. Bashir dedicated his decisions in life to his late brother, including his appearance on The X Factor: Celebrity. Bashir said in 2019, "Every time I have faced a challenge I have heard him whispering saying, 'What excuse do you have? You have no excuse.'" Career

BBC and ITV
Bashir worked as a freelance sports journalist before joining the BBC in 1986. He worked for the BBC until 1999, on programmes including Songs of Praise, Public Eye and Panorama.For Panorama, Bashir  interviewed Diana, Princess of Wales in a 1995 edition. In 1999, he joined ITV, working on special documentary programmes and features for Tonight with Trevor McDonald. ABC and NBC
In 2004 Bashir moved to New York, where he worked for ABC, co-anchoring their current affairs show Nightline; along with Cynthia McFadden and Terry Moran, he took over Nightline from Ted Koppel in 2005. In 2008, while working as a reporter for Nightline, Bashir was suspended from ABC News after making remarks described as "crude and sexist" during a dinner speech at the Asian American Journalists Association convention in Chicago. During the speech, he stated, "I'm happy to be in the midst of so many Asian babes. I'm happy that the podium covers me from the waist down." He continued and said that a speech should be "like a dress on a beautiful woman – long enough to cover the important parts and short enough to keep your interest – like my colleague Juju's", referring to his ABC News colleague Juju Chang, a reporter for 20/20.ABC News suspended him. He wrote an apology to the journalists association which stated, "Upon reflection, it was a tasteless remark that I now bitterly regret. I … hope that the continuing work of the organization will not be harmed or undermined by my moment of stupidity." In August 2010, Bashir left ABC for MSNBC, where he served as a political commentator and occasional substitute host for Lawrence O'Donnell, hosted his own programme, <mask>r, and was a correspondent for NBC's Dateline NBC. On 15 November 2013, Bashir criticised Sarah Palin for comments that she made comparing the Federal debt to slavery. Bashir attempted to counter Palin's comparison by referencing the punishment of slaves described by slave overseer Thomas Thistlewood, specifically a punishment called "Derby's dose", which involved forcing slaves to defecate or urinate into the mouth of another slave as punishment, and concluded by saying "if anyone truly qualified for a dose of discipline from Thomas Thistlewood, she would be the outstanding candidate". On 18 November he apologised, stating among other things: "My words were wholly unacceptable.They were neither accurate, nor fair. They were unworthy of anyone who would claim to have an interest in politics." On 2 December, Bashir was suspended by the network; he resigned two days later, issuing a statement saying: "I deeply regret what was said, will endeavour to work hard at making constructive contributions in the future and will always have a deep appreciation for our viewers." BBC religious affairs correspondent
In late 2016 Bashir returned to BBC News as religious affairs correspondent, succeeding Caroline Wyatt in the post. He left the BBC on 14 May 2021 after a period of ill health and shortly before the publication of a report from an inquiry into his 1995 interview with Diana, Princess of Wales. Interviews

Princess of Wales interview

In November 1995, Bashir interviewed Diana, Princess of Wales about her failed marriage to the Prince of Wales for the BBC's Panorama programme. The programme was watched by nearly 23 million viewers in the UK.At the time, the BBC hailed it as the scoop of a generation. In November 2020, 25 years later, the BBC director general Tim Davie apologised to The Earl Spencer, the brother of the princess, for the use of fake bank statements falsely indicating people close to her had been paid for spying. The fake bank statements had been created by one of the corporation's freelance graphic designers, Matt Wiessler. However a 1996 internal BBC investigation concluded that the fake documents were not used to secure the interview and cleared Bashir of any wrongdoing. The inquiry, following a Mail on Sunday account of the falsified documents, was headed by Tony Hall, who later became BBC director-general and was succeeded by Tim Davie in 2020. Hall acknowledged having never interviewed Matt Wiessler for the 1996 internal inquiry. Wiessler said in 2020 that work dried up for him after the 1996 inquiry cleared Bashir, and said he had been made the scapegoat.The Earl Spencer, another individual who was not interviewed in 1996, rejected the apology and demanded an inquiry. Spencer told Davie he possessed records of all his contacts with Bashir which apparently imply the journalist told the princess false information to gain her trust. He said that Bashir had made false and defamatory claims about senior members of the royal family and, without the faked documents, he would not have introduced Bashir to his sister. Davie announced on 9 November the corporation was in the process of commissioning an independent inquiry. Michael Grade, a former chairman of the BBC, said that the allegations left "a very dark cloud hanging over BBC journalism". At the time of the revelations about his interview with the princess, Bashir was seriously ill, which the BBC said had required postponing full investigation of the controversy. On 13 November 2020, it was reported that the BBC had found the note from the Princess of Wales which cleared Bashir of pressuring her to give the interview.The former BBC royal correspondent Jennie Bond wrote in The Sunday Times the princess told Bond she did not regret the broadcast in a private meeting in late 1996. Diana said she feared a gagging order in her imminent divorce settlement, meaning it might be her only chance to give an interview. On 18 November 2020, the BBC announced an independent investigation into how the interview was obtained, to be headed by former Supreme Court judge John Dyson. After the conclusion of the inquiry, with which the BBC said that Bashir had co-operated fully, a broadcast of Panorama dedicated to the interview and the inquiry was scheduled for 17 May 2021, but was postponed after Bashir resigned. On 4 March 2021, the Metropolitan Police announced that they would not begin a criminal investigation into the allegations after a "detailed assessment" and consultation with the Metropolitan police lawyers, independent counsel and the Crown Prosecution Service. Later that month Bashir told the BBC inquiry that he was not responsible for spreading smears about the royal family to convince the princess to sit for the interview, and it was probably Diana herself who was the source of those claims. Among the smears were allegations of Prince Edward being treated for AIDS, the Queen suffering from cardiac problems and her intention to abdicate, and that the Prince of Wales was having an affair with his children's nanny Tiggy Legge-Bourke.Bashir argued that bringing up such allegations in front of Diana would have exposed him as a "complete fantasist" and narrowed down the chance of doing any interviews with her. Bashir added that Diana had revealed to him that she spoke with mystics and clairvoyants, who could have been the source of the false information given to her. In May 2021, Dyson's inquiry found Bashir guilty of using "deceitful methods" and breaching BBC editorial conduct to obtain the interview. The Dyson report maintained that Bashir was "unreliable", "devious" and "dishonest". The Metropolitan Police stated, "Following the publication of Lord Dyson's report we will assess its contents to ensure there is no significant new evidence." In September 2021, they announced that they would not be launching a criminal investigation into the interview. Michael Jackson interviews
In 2003, while working at ITV, Bashir conducted a series of interviews with American singer Michael Jackson, for the documentary Living with Michael Jackson, part of the Tonight with Trevor McDonald series for ITV, which Jackson's friend, Uri Geller, arranged.Bashir followed the singer for eight months. However, Bashir's colleagues have claimed that he only landed the Jackson interview after promising him they would plan a trip for Jackson to Africa to visit children with AIDS, accompanied by Kofi Annan, the then UN Secretary-General; when this was put to Bashir, while under oath in a California court, he refused to answer. Following the broadcast, viewed by 14 million in the UK and 38 million in the US, Jackson complained to the Independent Television Commission and the Broadcasting Standards Commission, accusing Bashir of yellow journalism. In response, Jackson and his personal cameraman released a rebuttal interview, which showed Bashir complimenting Jackson for the "spiritual" quality of the Neverland Ranch. After Jackson's death in 2009, Dieter Wiesner, the pop star's manager from 1996 to 2003, said of Jackson's response to Bashir's documentary:

Bashir later said during ABC's coverage of Jackson's death:

Other interviews and programmes
In 2003, Bashir presented a documentary titled Major Fraud detailing the story of British Army major Charles Ingram, who attempted to cheat his way to the prize money in an unbroadcast episode of Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?. The original programme featuring Ingram, recorded in September 2001, was withheld from broadcast because the production team quickly became suspicious. The documentary had a larger audience than Bashir's interview with Michael Jackson.In December 2004, Bashir interviewed Victor Conte, the controversial founder of BALCO on ABC's 20/20 program, in which Conte admitted to running doping programs, which have broken Olympic records, as well as revealing that: "The whole history of the games is just full of corruption, cover-up, performance-enhancing drug use." Bashir also conducted interviews with, among others, Louise Woodward, the five suspects in the Stephen Lawrence case, Michael Barrymore, Jeffrey Archer, Joanne Lees, and George Best. Honours
Bashir and producer Mike Robinson were the recipients of the BAFTA Award for Best Talk Show at the 1996 British Academy Television Awards for their work on the interview with Diana for Panorama. Bashir also won the Factual or Science Based Programme of the Year from the Television and Radio Industries Club, TV Journalist of the Year from the Broadcasting Press Guild, and Journalist of the Year from the Royal Television Society for the Diana interview. In May 2021, after the conclusion of the Dyson inquiry that found Bashir guilty of deceit in obtaining the interview with Diana, the BBC decided to give the BAFTA Award back. Other activities
Bashir had a role as himself in the 2001 satirical comedy film Mike Bassett: England Manager. He plays the bass guitar.He released a reggae album, Bass Lion, on 26 October 2010. Personal life
Bashir is fluent in English and Urdu. He converted from Islam to Christianity in his late teens after attending a church in south London, and identifies as a committed Christian, having been interested in Christianity as a child. While in New York he was sometimes seen visiting Redeemer Presbyterian Church. He and his wife, Deborah, have three children. He has been diagnosed with a brain tumour affecting his pituitary gland, was reported to be "seriously unwell" with the coronavirus in October 2020, and underwent quadruple heart bypass surgery in late 2020 and further surgical procedures in spring 2021. References

External links

Profile and <mask>r show at MSNBC

1963 births
Living people
ABC News personalities
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Winchester
BAFTA winners (people)
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English Christians
English bass guitarists
English expatriates in the United States
English people of Pakistani descent
English reggae musicians
English reporters and correspondents
English television journalists
ITN newsreaders and journalists
MSNBC people
Panorama (British TV programme)
People from Wandsworth
Religion journalists
ITV people
Converts to Christianity from Islam

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