title: Simon Forman

texts:
<mask> (31 December 1552 – 5 or 12 September 1611) was an Elizabethan astrologer, occultist and herbalist active in London during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth I and James I of England. His reputation, however, was severely tarnished after his death when he was implicated in the plot to kill Sir Thomas Overbury. Astrologers continued to revere him, while writers from Ben Jonson to Nathaniel Hawthorne came to characterize him as either a fool or an evil magician in league with the Devil. Life

<mask> was born in Quidhampton, Fugglestone St Peter, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, on 31 December 1552. At the age of nine he went to a free school in the Salisbury area but was forced to leave after two years following the death of his father on 31 December 1563. For the next ten years of his life he was apprenticed to Matthew Commin, a local merchant. Commin traded in cloth, salt and herbal medicines, and it was during his time as a young apprentice that Forman started to learn about herbal remedies.After arguments with Mrs Commin, <mask> found his apprenticeship terminated, and he eventually went to study at Oxford as a poor scholar. He then spent a year and a half at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he may have become interested in medicine and astrology. Through the 1570s and 1580s Forman worked as a teacher while studying the occult arts. In the early 1590s he moved to London starting up a practice as a physician in Philpot Lane. Having survived an outbreak of the plague in 1592 his medical reputation began to spread. In 1597 a Buckinghamshire clergyman named Richard Napier (1559 – 1634) became his protégé. In the 1590s <mask> began to develop a more serious interest in the occult eventually setting up a thriving practice as an astrologer physician, documented in his detailed casebooks of his clients' questions about illness, pregnancy, stolen goods, career opportunities and marriage prospects.His success and his methods attracted the attention of the College of Physicians (now the Royal College of Physicians) who attempted to ban him from medical practice. He eventually obtained a license to practice from the University of Cambridge in 1603. With a notable sexual appetite, Forman pursued numerous women. He wrote of his conquests in his diaries, showing as little regard for the background of his inamoratas as for the location of consummation. Many of his clients provided brief affairs. He wrote of having his first sex with his "beloved" on "15/12/1593, 5:00 PM, London." Then writing after "She died 13/6/1597."On 22 July 1599, Forman wed seventeen-year-old Jane Baker. Having never been content with just one woman, the marriage sadly, "did not make much difference to (his) way of life, except that he had an inexperienced girl now as mistress of the house; he continued to be master". In 1611, he accurately predicted his own death on the River Thames. Another astrologer, William Lilly, reports that one warm Sunday afternoon in September of that year, Forman told his wife that he would die the following Thursday night (12 September). And, sure enough:

Monday came, all was well. Tuesday came, he not sick. Wednesday came, and still he was well; with which his impertinent wife did much twit him in his teeth.Thursday came, and dinner was ended, he very well: he went down to the water-side, and took a pair of oars to go to some buildings he was in hand with in Puddle-dock. Being in the middle of the Thames, he presently fell down, only saying, 'An impost, an impost,' and so died. A most sad storm of wind immediately following. Five years after his death he was implicated in the murder of Thomas Overbury when two of his patients, Lady Frances Howard and Mrs Anne Turner, were found guilty of the crime. During the testimony of Howard's trial, lawyers hurled accusations at Forman, claiming that he had given Lady Essex the potion with which she plotted to kill Overbury. During the trial he was described by Sir Edward Coke, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench as the "Devil Forman"; the result being that his reputation was severely tarnished. Work

Forman's papers have proven to be a treasure trove of rare, odd, unusual data on one of the most studied periods of cultural history.They include autobiographies, guides to astrology, plague tracts, alchemical commonplace books and notes on biblical and historical subjects. They also contain his disputes with the College of Physicians and his largely unsuccessful magical experiments. At one time he possessed the copy of the Picatrix currently in the British Library. Forman left behind a large body of manuscripts dealing with his patients and with all the subjects that interested him, from astronomy and astrology to medicine, mathematics, and magic. His Casebooks are the most famous of these resources. They, like his diaries and autobiographies, contain extensive details of his life. His only printed work was a pamphlet advertising a bogus method for divining longitude while at sea.His intimate knowledge of Shakespeare's circle makes him especially attractive to literary historians. Modern scholars—A. L. Rowse is one prominent example, and others have followed his lead—have exploited <mask>'s manuscripts for the manifold lights they throw on the less-exposed private lives of Elizabethan and Jacobean men and women. One of <mask>'s patients was the poet Emilia Lanier, Rowse's candidate to have been Shakespeare's Dark Lady; another patient was Mrs Mountjoy, Shakespeare's landlady. Sixty-four volumes of his manuscripts were collected by Elias Ashmole in the seventeenth century, and are now held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. His records have been digitised by a team led by Professor Lauren Kassell of the University of Cambridge. The "Book of Plays"

Among <mask>'s manuscripts is a section titled the "Bocke of Plaies," which records Forman's descriptions of four plays he saw in 1610-11 and the morals he drew from them.The document is noteworthy for the listing of three Shakespearean performances: Macbeth at the Globe Theatre on 20 April 1610; The Winter's Tale at the Globe on 15 May 1611; and Cymbeline, date and theatre not specified. The fourth play described by Forman is a Richard II acted at the Globe on 30 April 1611; but from the description it is clearly not Shakespeare's Richard II. The manuscript was first described by John Payne Collier in 1836, and in the 20th century it was suspected as one of his forgeries. Most modern scholars now accept the section as authentic, but some still suspect it could be a forgery. References in fiction
<mask> is the protagonist of the Elizabethan mystery series by Judith Cook, The Casebook of Dr <mask>—Elizabethan doctor and solver of mysteries. The novels are based on the original casebook manuscripts, and contain a mix of historical and fictional characters. Dr Moth, a role loosely based on Forman, is played by Antony Sher in the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love.<mask>'s life and work form the basis of the 2019 video game Astrologaster. Notes

References
Judith Cook, Blood on the Borders: The Casebook of Dr. <mask>–Elizabethan Doctor and Solver of Mysteries, London, Headline, 1999. Judith Cook, Dr. <mask>: A Most Notorious Physician, London, Chatto & Windus, 2001. Lauren Kassell, Medicine and Magic in Elizabethan London: <mask>, Astrologer, Alchemist, and Physician, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005. Barbara Howard Traister, The Notorious Astrological Physician of London: Works and Days of <mask>, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 2001. External links

 Extracts from Forman's Metrical Autobiography with other notes (published 1853). Lauren Kassell, Michael Hawkins, Robert Ralley, John Young, Joanne Edge, Janet Yvonne Martin-Portugues and Natalie Kaoukji (eds.), The casebooks of <mask> and Richard Napier, 1596–1634: a digital edition. 1552 births
1611 deaths
English astrologers
16th-century astrologers
17th-century astrologers
English occultists
People from Salisbury
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
16th-century English medical doctors
17th-century English medical doctors

masks:
Simon Forman
Forman
Simon
Forman
Forman
Forman
Forman
Simon Forman
Simon Forman
Forman
Simon Forman
Simon Forman
Simon Forman
Simon Forman
Simon Forman


title: Joseph S. Skerrett

type: original

texts:
Rear Admiral <mask> (18 January 1833 – 1 January 1897) was an officer in the United States Navy. He participated in one of the most successful actions of the African Slave Trade Patrol, fought in the American Civil War, twice played a prominent role in the history of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and served as commander of the Pacific and Asiatic Squadrons. He had the reputation of being the best navigator in the U.S. Navy in his day. Naval career

<mask>t was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, on 18 January 1833. As a child, he was a schoolmate of Lucy Webb, who later would become First Lady of the United States as the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes, and the two were lifelong friends. Early career

<mask>t was appointed as a midshipman on 12 October 1848. At the time, the United States Naval Academy curriculum required more years spent at sea than on shore at the school itself, and he went to sea immediately.During his midshipman years <mask>t was attached to the frigate  in the Mediterranean Squadron from 1848 to 1852 and to the sloop-of-war  off the west coast of Africa from 1852 to 1854, serving as navigator and officer of the watch on the two ships. He graduated from the academy in 1853 at the head of his class, being promoted to passed midshipman on 15 June 1854. He then served at the Naval Academy until 1855, and was promoted to master on 15 September 1855 and to lieutenant the following day. <mask>t served aboard the flagship of the Home Squadron, the frigate , from 1855 to 1856, then aboard the sloop-of-war  in the Brazil Squadron from 1856 to 1859. Later in 1859, he was on the bark , serving as a stores ship in the North Atlantic Squadron. African Slave Trade Patrol

From 1860 to 1862, <mask>t was assigned to the sloop-of-war  off the coast of Africa, and participated in the African Slave Trade Patrol. During his tour, Saratoga seized the slave ship Nightingale at the mouth of the Congo River at Cabinda on the night of 20–21 April 1861, freeing 961 African slaves.He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 16 July 1862. American Civil War

While <mask>t was aboard Saratoga, the American Civil War broke out in April 1861. Eager to see action in the conflict, <mask>t requested a transfer that would allow him to see combat. United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, however, suspected that the sympathies of <mask>t's wife, the former Margaret Love Taylor (18 April 1838–28 November 1905), might lie with the Confederate States of America, and so he refused to place <mask>t in a combat position. <mask>t transferred to the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., in 1862 to serve as ordnance officer, but was so eager to get into action that he asked to be allowed to resign from the Navy and join a battery of artillery from Ohio. Welles threatened him with imprisonment at Fort Mifflin if he did not withdraw his resignation, and <mask>t remained on duty at the navy yard. In 1863, Welles relented and allowed <mask>t to be assigned to the screw sloop , which participated in the Union blockade of Wilmington, North Carolina, and in hunting Confederate States Navy ships raiding merchant shipping in the West Indies.He then transferred to the gunboat  in the Western Gulf Squadron, which was enforcing the Union blockade of Confederate ports in Texas. Aboard Aroostook, he finally saw action on 27 June 1864 during combat against Confederate forts at the mouth of the Brazos River in Texas. He served aboard Aroostook in Texas waters through the end of the war in 1865. Apprenticeship system
After leaving Aroostook, <mask>t did much to establish a system of apprenticeship in the U.S. Navy. He was assigned to the Naval Rendezvous in Washington, D.C., from 1866 to 1867 and was promoted to commander on 9 June 1867. He then was the commanding officer of the sloop-of-war , operating as an apprentice ship, from 1867 to 1868 before serving as head of the department of seamanship  at the U.S. Naval Academy from 1868 to 1872.While at the academy, he commanded the sloops-of-war  and USS Saratoga on two practice cruises. Surveying the Pacific
From 1872 to 1875, <mask>t commanded USS Portsmouth on a lengthy surveying voyage in the Pacific Ocean, which Portsmouth reached by steaming around Cape Horn, during which she encountered one of the worst storms ever experienced there, enduring 27 days of severe weather and drifting so far south that some of her men suffered frostbite. In the Pacific, Portsmouth operated as far north as the Territory of Alaska – where <mask>t rendered assistance to an Inuit settlement – and made the first accurate surveys of many parts of the Pacific for which accurate charts had been lacking, and the voyage was regarded at the time as one of the most conspicuous and successful in U.S. Navy history. <mask>t suffered problems with his eyesight during the voyage, and never fully regained his vision. During her long Pacific surveying voyage, Portsmouth arrived at Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1874, joining the sloop-of-war  and the Royal Navy corvette  there. <mask>t impressed other ship captains by bringing Portsmouth safely to her mooring without the help of a trained pilot, a feat previously thought impossible in Honolulu Harbor. An Imperial Russian Navy admiral who witnessed the exploit sent <mask>t a letter complimenting him on the achievement.Hawaii's King Lunalilo had died on 3 February 1874, and when the Hawaiian legislature met on 12 February to elect a new monarch, supporters of Queen Emma rioted when King Kalakaua was elected. The U.S. minister to Hawaii, H. A. Pierce, had anticipated trouble and established a pre-arranged signal for <mask> and the commanding officer of Tuscarora, Commander George Belknap, to put United States Marines ashore to quell any disturbance. After the Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles Reed Bishop, requested assistance in putting down the riot, 150 Marines from Portsmouth and Tuscarora joined a landing party of 70 men from Tenedos in dispersing the rioters and securing government buildings without bloodshed, and Kalakaua ascended the throne without further violence. Hayes administration

Portsmouth returned from the Pacific voyage by again rounding Cape Horn and proceeding to New York City, arriving there in 1875. <mask>t then served a second tour at the Washington Navy Yard from 1875 to 1878, was promoted to captain on 5 June 1878, and was a lighthouse inspector in the First District in Maine from 1878 to 1881. His friendship with Lucy Webb Hayes made him a welcome visitor at the White House throughout the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (4 March 1877–4 March 1881), and at one point President Hayes offered to make him a bureau chief in the United States Department of the Navy.With what was described as characteristic modesty, <mask>t declined on the grounds that he was too junior in rank for the position. Asiatic Squadron and Samoa

<mask>t returned to sea in 1881 as commanding officer of the flagship of the Asiatic Squadron, the steam sloop-of-war . Assuming command of Richmond at the Isthmus of Panama, he took her under orders of the Department of the Navy to Apia, Samoa, where he settled troubles the United States Consul was experiencing and began negotiations for the establishment of a coaling station at Pago Pago. He succeeded to command of the Asiatic Squadron in October 1883, and played a conspicuous role in protecting American interests in Indochina during the Sino-French War. Naval Asylum and navy yard duty

Relinquishing command of the Asiatic Squadron in 1884, <mask>t moved on to a tour at the Philadelphia Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1884 to 1888, serving as its governor from 1886 to 1888. He then was a member of the Naval Advisory Board during 1889 and was promoted to commodore on 4 August 1889. He then went on to be commandant of the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, from 1889 to 1890 and of the Washington Navy Yard from September 1890 to December 1892.Pacific and Asiatic Squadrons

<mask>'s next assignment was command of the Pacific Squadron in Honolulu, where he immediately became involved in unrest in the Kingdom of Hawaii again when revolutionaries overthrew Hawaii's last reigning monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, on 17 January 1893, with the assistance of the U.S. minister to Hawaii, John L<mask>, and a landing party from the protected cruiser . The raising of the United States flag in Honolulu to establish American protection of the islands spurred international opposition and the British and Japanese each sent a warship to Honolulu. Over the next several weeks, the new Provisional Government of Hawaii, consisting mostly of American residents of the islands, sought annexation by the United States, but shortly after assuming office on 4 March 1893, President Grover Cleveland, who disapproved of the overthrow, dispatched James H. Blount as a special envoy to Hawaii with authority to act on Cleveland's behalf. Blount ordered <mask>t to have the American flag hauled down on 1 April 1893 and directed that the provisional government receive no further U.S. government support. <mask>t wrote favorably about the new government on 25 July 1894, but was reminded not to favor it over others contending to govern the islands. Perhaps because he favored the provisional government, <mask>t suddenly and unexpectedly was relieved of command of the Pacific Squadron by John Irwin and replaced Irwin in command of the Asiatic Squadron, which <mask>t assumed on 30 October 1883. <mask>t was promoted to rear admiral on 16 April 1894.His mandatory retirement from the Navy upon reaching the age of 62 was scheduled for 18 January 1895, but he voluntarily requested an earlier retirement based on time in service in order to make room for Commodore <mask>. Fyffe to be promoted to rear admiral before Fyffe's mandatory retirement at age 62 on 26 July 1894. <mask>t thus was placed on the retired list early, on 9 July 1894, allowing Fyffe to be promoted to rear admiral shortly before his own mandatory retirement. Retirement and death

In retirement, <mask>t resided in Washington, D.C., where he died of what was diagnosed as "paralysis" at midnight on 1 January 1897. He is buried with his wife and daughter, Edith W<mask> (8 November 1879–4 November 1956), at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Gallery

See also

Notes

References
Naval History and Heritage Command: Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900. Anonymous, "Named To Be Rear Admiral: Eventful and Varied Career of 'Sailor Joe' <mask>t," The New York Times, April 19, 1894. Anonymous, "A Ladder to Flag Rank," The New York Times, September 10, 1894.Anonymous. "<mask>t Dead: The Distinguished Naval Officer Passes Away in Washington." The New York Times, January 2, 1897. Alexander, William deWitt. History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy...and the Revolution of 1893. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1896. Hamersly, Lewis Randolph.The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Fifth Edition, Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1894. 1833 births
1897 deaths
People from Chillicothe, Ohio
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Academy faculty
Union Navy officers
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

masks:
Joseph Salathiel Skerrett
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerrett
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerrett
. Stevens
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Skerret
Joseph P
Skerret
Skerret
. Skerrett
Skerret
Admiral Skerret


title: Ed Hochuli

texts:
<mask><mask> (; born December 25, 1950) is an American attorney and retired American football official. He has served as an attorney at Jones, Skelton & Hochuli, P.L.C. since 1983, and was an official in the National Football League (NFL) from 1990 to 2017; his uniform number was 85. Prior to his officiating career, he played college football for four seasons at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Hochuli worked numerous playoff games, including two Super Bowls. He is best known for his athletic/muscular physique (height: ; weight: ), and for explaining on-field rulings in a manner that is comprehensive yet also clear and concise. In a poll conducted by ESPN in 2008, Hochuli tied fellow referee Mike Carey for "best referee" votes (eight each) among NFL head coaches.In his 28th season in the league and 26th as a referee (crew chief) with the 2017 NFL season, <mask>'s officiating crew consisted of umpire Shawn Smith, down judge Greg Bradley, line judge Rusty Baynes, field judge Dale Shaw, side judge Alex Kemp, and back judge Scott Helverson. After the retirements of Gerald Austin and Larry Nemmers following the 2007 season, <mask> became the NFL's longest-tenured referee for the next decade. He announced his own retirement in March 2018. The following year, his son <mask> — previously a referee in the Arena Football League and a back judge in the NFL — was promoted to referee. Personal life

Early life
<mask> was born on December 25, 1950, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and lived there until age eight before his family moved to Tucson, Arizona. He was the second child of six. He attended and later graduated from Canyon del Oro High School in the Tucson suburb of Oro Valley, Arizona in 1969.During his high school years, he participated in football (earning all-state honors twice), basketball, wrestling, and track. He attributes his competitive nature to having an older brother, Chip Hochuli. <mask> told Referee in a 2004 interview, "I was somebody who wanted to be good and I wanted my brother to be proud of me, and I wanted my parents to be proud of me." Following high school, he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree with honors from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1972. While at UTEP, Hochuli played linebacker on the school's football team from 1969 to 1972. As a football player, he earned All-Western Athletic Conference academic honors in 1972. His father, <mask>, was involved with law as a wills and estate planner, which influenced <mask>li to pursue a career in law.He earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Arizona Law School in 1976. While in law school, Hochuli served as a law clerk for two years under United States District Judge Carl Muecke. Upon completion of his education, <mask> was admitted to the State Bar of Arizona. <mask> resides in the Phoenix metropolitan area with his wife Cathie. They have six children and 10 grandchildren. Of the six, Shawn Hochuli played college football at Pitzer College and is following his father's profession as an official, working his first NFL season in 2014 as a side judge, Arena Football League, and arenafootball2 games. On August 13, 2011, a day after his father refereed a preseason game between the New England Patriots and Jacksonville Jaguars, Shawn was head referee for ArenaBowl XXIV between the Jacksonville Sharks and Arizona Rattlers.<mask> owns Hochuli Design & Remodeling Team., a company that specializes in residential design and construction in the Phoenix area. He is married to Lorrie <mask> and has two daughters: Devan and Ryann. His brother, <mask>, is the town attorney for Sahuarita, Arizona, and his brother <mask> is a judge at the Pima County Juvenile Court in Tucson, Arizona. Attorney

<mask> is a trial lawyer and a partner in the Arizona law firm of Jones, Skelton and Hochuli, P.L.C. since it was founded in 1983. The firm started with five partners and seven associates, and has expanded to over 80 attorneys. Hochuli specializes in civil litigation in the areas of Bad Faith and Extra-Contractual Liability, Complex Litigation, Insurance Coverage and Fraud, Legal Malpractice and Professional Liability, Product Liability Defense, Trucking and Transportation Industry Defense, and Wrongful Death and Personal Injury Defense, and claims to be involved in 200 cases at any time.Hochuli finds interest in trying cases, calling it an "adrenaline rush" and adding, "You love that challenge – the competition, if you will – of it. It's a game. It's obviously a very important game to people, and I don't mean to diminish the importance of it. ... You have to follow these rules, and there's a win-or-lose outcome. You're on a stage." He is admitted to practice in Arizona state and federal courts and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. His recognition as an attorney includes being named Best Lawyers in America since 2003 and Southwest Super Lawyers in 2007.Super Lawyers includes only the top five percent of lawyers in a state based on point totals, as chosen by peers and through independent research by Law & Politics. Comparing his law and officiating professions, he says "A trial is nothing, pressure-wise, compared to the NFL. … I have that long [snaps his fingers] to make a decision with a million people watching and second-guessing (by video) in slow-motion. You've got to be right or wrong. I love the satisfaction when you are right — and the agony when you are wrong." Hochuli finds similarities between the football field and courtroom saying, "On the football field, people like that I'm in charge and know what I'm doing, but a lot of the time, it's just appearance. I'm going to sell you on my decision.It's the same in the courtroom. You don't stand in front of a jury and say, 'I think my client is innocent.' You say, 'We're right!'" Officiating career

Early years
Hochuli began officiating Pop Warner football games as a law student to earn additional income, which was suggested by one of his former high school coaches as "a way to stay in touch with the game". His interest in officiating carried over into baseball, where he was a Little League Baseball umpire from 1970 to 1973. Progressing to the high school level in 1973, he focused on football, and officiated games in the Tucson area until 1985. In addition to high school officiating, he worked college football games for the Big Sky Conference and Pacific-10 Conference as a line judge during the 1980s.NFL career
<mask> was hired by the NFL in 1990 as a back judge after applying to the league before the 1989 NFL season. His first game in the league was on August 11, 1990, at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. During his first two years in the league, he was assigned to the officiating crew headed by referee Howard Roe. To gain additional experience as a back judge and eventually a referee, <mask> participated in the NFL's partnership with the World League of American Football (WLAF), a spring developmental league, in 1991 and 1992. Using his experience in the WLAF, as well as the organization, precision, and analytical skills he learned while working under Roe's guidance, <mask> desired to become a crew chief in the NFL. He was promoted to referee in 1992 when longtime referee Stan Kemp was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease and forced to retire. Hochuli had worked a pre-season game that year in Tokyo, Japan, as a back judge when he received a telephone call following the game from then-Senior Director of Officiating, Jerry Seeman.Seeman asked <mask> to work as referee for the first time when the Denver Broncos hosted the Cincinnati Bengals in a pre-season game. Since becoming a referee, <mask> headed the officiating crews for Super Bowl XXXII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, and he was selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XXXI, Super Bowl XXXVII, and Super Bowl XXXIX. In addition to working two Super Bowls, he has officiated five conference championship games as of the start of the 2007 NFL season. Every officiating game performance is graded by the league each week. These grades determine which officials are assigned playoff games, as well as the Super Bowl. <mask> credits his mentor, Jerry Markbreit, a four-time Super Bowl referee, as the greatest influence on his career. In his second year as referee, he worked the 1993 Thanksgiving Day game between the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins in Irving, Texas.During the final moments of the game, Miami placekicker Pete Stoyanovich had a field goal attempt blocked. The Cowboys' Leon Lett inadvertently touched the loose ball before the Dolphins' Jeff Dellenbach pounced on it. At the time, <mask> had "no idea" what happened during the play and had to confer with three other officials to piece together the sequence of events. With the information gathered from the officials, he ruled that Miami retained possession of the football. Stoyanovich booted the ensuing winning field goal for the Miami win. <mask> was referee for the 1999 AFC Divisional Playoff between the Miami Dolphins and Jacksonville Jaguars; it was the final game in the careers of Dan Marino and Jimmy Johnson as the Jaguars won 62–7. <mask> was referee in the 2003 Divisional Playoffs between the Packers and the Eagles.On October 2, 2005, he officiated the first regular-season NFL game played outside the United States when the Arizona Cardinals played the San Francisco 49ers in Mexico City, Mexico as part of the league's "Fútbol Americano" marketing campaign. On the first penalty announcement of the game, Hochuli gave the explanation in Spanish to pay respect to the host city and country. Jeff Bergman joined Hochuli for the wild card bout between the San Diego Chargers and New York Jets on January 8, 2005. Hochuli officiated the first regular season game at University of Phoenix Stadium on September 10, 2006, when the Cardinals hosted the 49ers. He was the referee for the game between the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, played December 17, 2006, that included Green Bay quarterback Brett Favre becoming the all-time leader for pass completions among quarterbacks in the NFL. Favre was unaware that his 4,968 pass completions were a record until he was informed during the game by Hochuli. <mask> was the referee again for another Favre record-breaking moment when Favre threw his 421st touchdown pass of his career on September 30, 2007 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota to break the record previously held by Dan Marino.He also reffed the Week 17 game in 2008 in which the Lions became the first of two NFL teams so far to go 0–16 in a season, with the other being the 2017 Browns. One of <mask>'s notable explanations came during a 2007 regular season game between the San Diego Chargers and New England Patriots. While nullifying a holding infraction, he announced through his microphone, "There was no foul on the play. It was not a hold. The defender was just overpowered." On September 14, 2008, <mask> officiated a game between the San Diego Chargers and the Denver Broncos. He made an incorrect call with 1:17 left in the game, while Denver was in possession of the ball at the San Diego one-yard line and they were trailing the Chargers by seven points.On a second-down play, Denver quarterback Jay Cutler fumbled the ball, and it was recovered by San Diego linebacker Tim Dobbins. <mask> blew his whistle during the play, signaling that the play was dead and ruling an incomplete pass. Hochuli later wrote, "Affecting the outcome of a game is a devastating feeling. Officials strive for perfection – I failed miserably." The NFL passed a rule the following offseason allowing such plays to be reviewable under the instant replay rule for the 2009 NFL season. Speaking to Referee in November 2009, Hochuli told the magazine, "It was really an easy play. I’ve thought many times why I did what I did.The best explanation is it was almost like dyslexia. I realized it was a fumble and did the wrong thing. I realized I was wrong but there was nothing I could do about it." 2001 officials' strike
Hochuli has served as the head of the NFL Referees Association, the union which represents NFL game officials. The union was responsible for negotiating a new contract for the officials prior to the 2001 NFL season. At the time, salaries ranged from a first-year official earning US$1,431 a game to a veteran official with twenty years of experience making $4,330 a game. Officials were looking for a 400 percent increase in salary while the league was offering just 40 percent.During the negotiations, <mask> believed the issue in finding a resolution was to convince the league that officials are full-time employees. At the start of the season, officials had rejected a league offer of a 60 percent immediate increase in salary, followed by an 85 percent salary increase in 2002, and a 100 percent increase in 2003. For the first time in league history, replacement officials were used during the regular season. Hochuli had distributed an e-mail to 1,200 potential replacement officials warning them that "Working as a scab will actually hurt and likely kill any chances you would have of ever getting into the NFL." He later regretted sending the letter to college football officials across the United States. The stalemate between the union and the league ended on September 19, 2001, when officials agreed to a six-year deal from the league with an immediate increase in salary of 50 percent with a raise each year. Officials had been locked out since the final week of pre-season games that year and returned to work on September 23, 2001, when the league resumed games following the September 11, 2001 attacks.Celebrity
<mask>'s presence on the football field had created a cult following. His rise in popularity is believed to have been started by Phil Simms, a former NFL quarterback and current color commentator for the NFL on CBS, who made reference to the size of Hochuli's arms during a telecast. On the Internet, websites that sell Hochuli merchandise as well as blogs with his namesake exist. He is often affectionately referred to as "Hochules", a portmanteau of his last name and "Hercules", in homage to his large biceps. While he is aware of his celebrity status, Hochuli does not understand it. He said in a USA Today interview, "I get a kick out of the notoriety, because I'm just a referee. I'm not the players.The players are the game. They're what this is all about. I get notoriety because I explain things, and I get notoriety because I have a decent physique, which is funny because I'm a shrimp, a peewee compared to those players. Neither one of those things has anything to do with whether I'm a good referee." His recognition extends to the streets, in airports, and in the courtroom. He has been approached by notable athletes such as former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Charles Barkley at the airport. "It never ceases to amaze me," <mask> told the Arizona Daily Star."The number of people that will just come up to me and recognize me." He appreciates the attention, saying, "I enjoy the fact that there are people who like me as a referee. I hear from a lot of people and I enjoy that. Like anybody, I like praise. Probably because of my personality, I thrive on that more than other people." <mask>'s career as an NFL official has been chronicled on the NFL Network's Six Days to Sunday in 2005. The half-hour television program detailed the game preparations that Hochuli goes through from Monday to Saturday during the season.This preparation work includes fifteen hours of video tape game review, a "couple hours" completing administrative tasks for the NFL, reading the rulebook, taking a weekly written exam on rules, and communicating with league supervisors. <mask>'s celebrity status off the field includes being mentioned on the "Top Ten List" during the edition of January 29, 2002 of the Late Show with David Letterman. His likeness appears in the Madden NFL video game franchise starting with Madden NFL 06. <mask> appeared on the cover of the October 8, 2012 issue of Sports Illustrated. In 2015, he became the subject of "Fallacy Ref", a series of Internet memes about logical fallacies. References

Further reading

1950 births
Living people
College football officials
National Football League officials
UTEP Miners football players
Arizona lawyers
James E. Rogers College of Law alumni
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Sportspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Players of American football from Arizona
University of Texas at El Paso alumni

masks:
Edward G
. Hochuli
Hochuli
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Shawn Hochuli
Hochuli
Ed Hochuli
Walter Hochuli
Ed Hochu
Hochuli
Family Hochuli
Scott Hochuli
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Daniel Hochuli
Peter Hochuli
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title: Michael Harrington

texts:
<mask>. (February 24, 1928 – July 31, 1989) was an American democratic socialist. As a writer, he was perhaps best known as the author of The Other America. <mask> was a political activist, theorist, professor of political science, and a radio commentator. <mask> was a founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America, and its most influential early leader. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 24, 1928, to an Irish-American family. He attended Roch Catholic School and St. Louis University High School, where he was a classmate (class of 1944) of Thomas Anthony Dooley III. He later attended the College of the Holy Cross, the University of Chicago (MA in English Literature), and Yale Law School.As a young man, he was interested in both leftist politics and Catholicism. He joined Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker Movement, a communal movement that stressed social justice and nonviolence. <mask> enjoyed arguing about culture and politics, and his Jesuit education had made him a good debater and rhetorician. <mask> was an editor of the newspaper Catholic Worker from 1951 to 1953. However, he soon became disillusioned with religion. Although he would always retain a certain affection for Catholic culture, he ultimately became an atheist. Career

His estrangement from religion was accompanied by an increasing interest in Marxism and secular socialism.After leaving The Catholic Worker, <mask> became a member of the Independent Socialist League (ISL), a small organization associated with the former Trotskyist activist Max Shachtman. <mask> and Shachtman believed that socialism, which in their opinion implied a just and fully democratic society, could not be realized by authoritarian communism, and they were both fiercely critical of the "bureaucratic collectivist" states in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. In 1955, <mask> was placed on the FBI Index, whose master list contained more than 10 million names in 1939. From the 1950s through to the 1970s, Hoover added an untold number of names of U.S. liberation activists he considered "dangerous characters", to be placed in detention camps in case of a national emergency. Later he was added to the master list of Nixon political opponents. After Norman Thomas's Socialist Party absorbed Shachtman's ISL in 1957, <mask> endorsed the Shachtman strategy of working as part of the Democratic Party rather than sponsoring candidates as Socialists. Although <mask> identified personally with the socialism of Thomas and Eugene Debs, the most consistent thread running through his life and his work was a "left wing of the possible within the Democratic Party."<mask> served as the first editor of New America, the official weekly newspaper of the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation, founded in October 1960. In 1962 he published The Other America: Poverty in the United States, a book that has been credited with sparking John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty. For "The Other America," <mask> was awarded one of the George Polk Awards and The Sidney Award. He went on to become a widely read intellectual and political writer, in 1972 publishing a second bestseller, Socialism. His voluminous writings included 14 other books and scores of articles, published in such journals as Commonweal, Partisan Review, The New Republic, Commentary (magazine), and The Nation. He would frequently debate noted opponent, classical liberals/libertarians like Milton Friedman and conservatives like William F. Buckley, Jr. He would also debate a younger generation of left-wing radicals.<mask> was present in June 1962 at the founding conference of Students for a Democratic Society. In clashes with Tom Hayden and Alan Haber he argued that their Port Huron Statement was not sufficiently explicit in excluding communists from their vision of a New Left. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. referred to <mask> as the "only responsible radical" in America. Ted Kennedy said, "I see <mask> as delivering the Sermon on the Mount to America," and "among veterans in the War on Poverty, no one has been a more loyal ally when the night was darkest." By the early 1970s, the governing faction of the Socialist Party continued to endorse a negotiated peace to end the Vietnam War, an opinion that <mask> came to believe was no longer viable. The majority changed the organization's name to Social Democrats, USA. After losing at the convention, <mask> resigned and, with his former caucus, he formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.(A smaller faction, associated with peace activist David McReynolds, formed the Socialist Party USA.) <mask> was appointed a professor of political science at Queens College in Flushing, New York City, in 1972. He wrote 16 books and was named a distinguished professor of political science in 1988. <mask> is also credited with coining the term neoconservatism in 1973. <mask> stated that socialists would need to go through the Democratic Party to enact their policies reasoning that the socialist vote had declined from a peak of approximately one million in the years around World War I to a few thousand by the 1950s. He considered running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1980 against President Jimmy Carter, but decided against it after Senator Ted Kennedy announced his campaign. He later endorsed Kennedy and stated that "if Kennedy loses or is driven out of this campaign, it will be a loss for the left".In 1982, the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee merged with the New American Movement, an organization of New Left activists, forming the Democratic Socialists of America. It had been the principal U.S. affiliate of the Socialist International, which includes socialist parties as diverse as the Swedish and German Social Democrats, Nicaragua's FSLN, and the British Labour Party. until it voted to leave in 2017. <mask> remained the chairman of DSA from its inception to his death. During the 1980s he contributed commentaries to National Public Radio. Death
<mask> died from esophageal cancer in Larchmont, New York on July 31, 1989. Political views
<mask> embraced a democratic interpretation of the writings of Karl Marx while rejecting the "actually existing" systems of the Soviet Union, China and the Eastern Bloc.In the 1980s, <mask> said: Put it this way. Marx was a democrat with a small "d". The Democratic Socialists envision a humane social order based on popular control of resources and production, economic planning [...] and racial equality. I share an immediate program with liberals in this country because the best liberalism leads toward socialism. [...] I want to be on the left wing of the possible. <mask> made it clear that even if the traditional Marxist vision of a marketless, stateless society was not possible, he did not understand why this needed to "result in the social consequence of some people eating while others starve". Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the DSA voiced opposition to that nation's bureaucratically managed economy and control over its satellite states.The DSA welcomed Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. Sociologist Bogdan Denitch wrote in the DSA's Democratic Left (quoted in 1989): The aim of democrats and socialists should be [...] to help the chances of successful reform in the Soviet bloc. [...] While supporting liberalization and economic reforms from above, socialists should be particularly active in contacting and encouraging the tender shoots of democracy from below. <mask> voiced admiration for German Social Democratic Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, which sought to reduce antagonism between Western Europe and Soviet states. Personal life
From May 30, 1963, until his death, <mask> was married to Stephanie Gervis <mask>, a freelance writer and staff writer for the Village Voice. During her life, Stephanie Gervis <mask> published articles in The New Yorker, New York Magazine, The Nation, The New York Times Magazine, Harper's, The New Republic, The Village Voice, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Newsday and other publications. After <mask>'s death, she raised their two children and continued her work as a writer.Gervis <mask> died on November 8, 2008 at age 71. Religion
In 1978, the periodical Christian Century quoted <mask>: "I am a pious apostate, an atheist shocked by the faithlessness of the believers, a fellow traveler of moderate Catholicism who has been out of the church for 20 years." <mask> observed of himself and his high school classmate, Tom Dooley, that "each of us was motivated, in part at least, by the Jesuit inspiration of our adolescence that insisted so strenuously that a man must live his philosophy." In his 1983 Wilson Quarterly article "The Politics at God's Funeral", <mask> expressed his belief that religion was passing into oblivion, but he worried that the passing of the legitimizing religious authority made Western societies lose a moral basis to inspire virtue or define common values. He proposed that democratic socialism should assume the job of helping to create a moral basis; the goal was to salvage the values of progressive Judaism and Christianity "but not in religious form." In 1988, he wrote that:"The politics of international economic and social solidarity must be presented as a practical solution to immediate problems as well as a recognition of that oneness of humankind celebrated in the Biblical account of the common parents of all human beings." Legacy
The City University of New York has established "The <mask> Center for Democratic Values and Social Change" at Queens College in his honor.Media appearances
 <mask> was a guest speaker on the television series Free to Choose and argued against some of Milton Friedman's theories of the free market. In 1966 he appeared on William F. Buckley, Jr.'s television program Firing Line. He explained his opinions on poverty and debated Buckley regarding government attempts to address poverty and its consequences. Works
 The Other America: Poverty in the United States. New York: Macmillan, 1962. The Retail Clerks. New York: John Wiley, 1962.The Accidental Century. New York: Macmillan, 1965. "The Politics of Poverty," in Irving Howe (ed. ), The Radical Papers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1966; pp. 122–143. The Social-Industrial Complex.New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1968. Toward a Democratic Left: A Radical Program for a New Majority. New York: Macmillan, 1968; Baltimore: Penguin, 1969 paperback edition, with new afterword. Fragments of the Century: A Social Autobiography. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1973. Twilight of Capitalism. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977.The Vast Majority. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977. Tax Policy and the Economy: A Debate between <mask> and Representative Jack Kemp, April 25, 1979., with Jack Kemp, New York: Institute for Democratic Socialism, 1979. James H. Cone, "The Black Church and Marxism: what do they have to say to each other", with comments by <mask>, New York: Institute for Democratic Socialism, 1980. Decade of Decision: The Crisis of the American System. New York: Touchstone, 1981. The Next America: The Decline and Rise of the United States.New York: Touchstone, 1981. The Politics at God's Funeral: The Spiritual Crisis of Western Civilization. New York: Henry Holt, 1983. The New American Poverty. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1984. Taking Sides: The Education of a Militant Mind. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1985.The Next Left: The History of a Future. New York: Henry Holt, 1986. The Long Distance Runner: An Autobiography. New York: Henry Holt, 1988. Socialism: Past & Future, New York: Arcade Publishing, 1989

Biography
Isserman, Maurice The Other American: The Life of <mask>. New York: Perseus Books 2001

See also
 Bernt Carlsson
 Democratic Socialists of America
 New American Movement
 Socialist Youth League

References

Further reading
 Maurice Isserman, The Other American : The Untold Life of <mask>. New York: HarperCollins/Public Affairs, 2000.George Novack, "The Politics of <mask>," International Socialist Review, vol. 34, no. 1 (Jan. 1973), pp. 18–25. External links

<mask> Harrington Center at Queens College, NYC
<mask> Archive at marxists.org
Tribute to <mask>, C-SPAN  (November 10, 1989)
<mask> Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University
 Fathom Journal - Democratic Socialism, Israel and the Jews: An Interview with <mask> (1975), with new preface by Mitchell Cohen (2020)

1928 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century atheists
Activists from New York (state)
Activists from St. Louis
American anti-communists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American atheists
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Irish descent
American political activists
American political party founders
American political philosophers
American political writers
American social democrats
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Former Roman Catholics
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
Members of the Socialist Party of America
New York (state) socialists
People from Larchmont, New York
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from St. Louis
Yale Law School alumni

masks:
Edward Michael Harrington Jr
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Michael Harrington
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Michael Harrington
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Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington
Michael Harrington


title: Tom Tully (writer)

texts:
<mask> (died 2013) was a noted British comic writer mostly of sports and action-adventure stories. He was the longest-running writer of the popular football-themed strip Roy of the Rovers, which he wrote for much of Roy Race's playing career until the weekly comic closed in 1993. Other notable strips penned by Tully included The Steel Claw, The House of Dolmann, The Incredible Adventures of Janus Stark, The Leopard from Lime Street, The Robo Machines, and Harlem Heroes. During his three-decade career, <mask> wrote exclusively for what became known as the IPC line of publishers: Amalgamated Press/Odhams/Longacre Press/Fleetway/IPC Magazines. Biography
<mask> was born in Glasgow, but grew up in Reading, Berkshire (where he became a supporter of Newcastle United). He worked as a telephone operator for the Royal Air Force as part of his national service. After a series of civil service jobs and earning a diploma in writing for children, he embarked on a freelance writing career.His first sale was at age 25 — a Buck Rogers story. From 1963 to 1970, <mask> was the principal writer on The Steel Claw for Valiant with artist Jesús Blasco, taking over for the fourth serial from Ken Bulmer, and later returning from 1971 to 1973 for the sequel strip, Return of the Claw. In the early 1960s, he wrote Heros the Spartan with art by Frank Bellamy for Eagle. Another one of his most notable strips for Valiant was The Wild Wonders, drawn by Mike Western, about a pair of wild boys, brought up by animals, who turn out to be fantastic athletes. He also worked on Kelly's Eye and Janus Stark (both with Francisco Solano López) in the 1960s. <mask> wrote his first scripts for Roy of the Rovers in 1969, and wrote the comic sporadically until 1974 when he was given the permanent job as lead writer, a position he held for nearly 20 years. During that time, the strip moved from Tiger to its own self-titled comic.In the 1970s and '80s, <mask> worked on Johnny Red for Battle Picture Weekly. He worked on many 2000 AD projects including Dan Dare, and the sports-related Harlem Heroes and Mean Arena. He also created The Mind of Wolfie Smith for Tornado, which later transferred to 2000 AD. <mask> wrote the Roy of the Rovers strip until the main comic's demise in 1993, with the final incident of Roy's playing career coming when he lost control of his helicopter and crashed into a field. After the closure of Roy of the Rovers, <mask> had very few comics credits. He retired to Wiltshire in the West Country. He died in Autumn 2013.Bibliography
Comics work includes:

Action/adventure strips
 1962–1971 Kelly's Eye:
 in Knockout (with artist Francisco Solano López, 1962–1963)
 in Valiant (1963–1971)
 1962–1964 Heros the Spartan (with art by Frank Bellamy, in Eagle)
  1962 The Guinea Pig (in Eagle)
 1963–1973 The Steel Claw (with art by Jesús Blasco, in Valiant)
 Return of The Steel Claw (in Valiant, 1971–1973)
 1963–1964 Pike Mason (in Boys' World)
 1964– 1969 Mytek the Mighty: (with Bill Lacey and Eric Bradbury, in Valiant, first appearance September 26th, 1964)
 1966–1970 The House of Dolmann (with art by Eric Bradbury, in Valiant)
 1969–1971 The Incredible Adventures of Janus Stark (with art by Francisco Solano López, in Smash!) 1987 The Avenger (with art by Mike Western, in Eagle)

Sporting strips
 1968–1979 Football Family Robinson (with art by Joe Colquhoun):
 in Jag (1968–1969)
 in Tiger (1969–1976)
 in Roy of the Rovers (1976–1979)
 1968–1973 The Wild Wonders (with art by Mike Western, in Valiant)
 1969–1993 Roy of the Rovers (from 1969; continuously 1974–1993)
 in Tiger (1969–1976)
 in Roy of the Rovers (1976–1993)
 1969–1971 Master of the Marsh (with art by Francisco Solano López, in Smash!)

masks:
Tom Tully
Tully
Tom Tully
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title: David Belyavskiy

texts:
<mask> (; born 23 February 1992) is a Russian artistic gymnast and three-time Olympian, representing Russia in 2012 and 2016 and ROC in 2020. He was part of the teams who won gold at the 2020 Olympic Games and 2019 World Championships and silver at the 2016 Olympic Games and 2018 World Championships. Individually Belyavskiy won an Olympic bronze medal on parallel bars in 2016 and a World silver and bronze medal on pommel horse and parallel bars, respectively, in 2017. Additionally he is the 2019 European Games champion, a five-time European Games medalist, seven-time European champion, and 18-time European medalist. Personal life
<mask> was born in Votkinsk, Udmurtia. His parents died early in his life and he was raised by his grandparents, growing up in a boarding school. He attended Ural State University.He married his fiancée, Maria, on October 30, 2016, in Santorini, Greece. In September 2017 their daughter, Alyssia Belyavskaya, was born. Career
Belyavskiy competed in his first world championships in 2010, and finished 6th in all-around at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. 2012
In 2012 Belyavskiy became the national champion on parallel bars. Belyavskiy won the Russian Cup all-around in 2012. He was part of the Russian team that competed at the 2012 Europeans where they won the silver medal behind Great Britain. Belyavskiy then competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing 5th in the all-around finals and 7th in the pommel horse final.He won bronze in the all-around at the 2012 Stuttgart World Cup. 2013
Belyavskiy began his 2013 season by winning the Russian National all-around title and defending his parallel bars title. Later, he became the 2013 European individual all-around champion with an overall score of  89.799 points edging out British gymnast Max Whitlock for the gold. He won bronze in the parallel bars final with a score of 15.533 and placed 5th on floor with a score of 14.4. Belyavskiy, alongside the Russian team (Nikolai Kuksenkov, Emin Garibov, Denis Ablyazin and Nikita Ignatyev) won the team gold at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan. He won the all-around bronze medal (tied with Ukrainian gymnast Oleg Verniaiev). At the event finals, he won a bronze medal on floor, and a silver medal on parallel bars behind compatriot Emin Garibov.Roughly a week before the 2013 World Championships Belyavskiy sustained an ankle injury. He went on to compete at the World Championships however only qualified to the all around final in 14th place, coming 12th in the final with a score of 86.274. 2014
In 2014 Belyavskiy won his 2nd consecutive national all around title and his 3rd consecutive national parallel bars title. On May 19–25, at the 2014 European Championships in Sofia Belyavskiy contributed scores of 15.466 (floor), 13.200 (pommel horse), 15.166 (vault), 15.266 (parallel bar) and 14.600 (horizontal bar) for Russia and along with teammates (Denis Ablyazin, Aleksandr Balandin, Nikita Ignatyev, Nikolai Kuksenkov) won Russia the team event gold medal with a total score of 267.959, over 2 points ahead of defending champions Great Britain. In event finals, he won silver on parallel bars with a score of 15.566 behind Ukrainian Oleg Verniaiev. He also placed 8th in the floor final with a score of 14.866. At the World Championships in Nanning, China, Belyavskiy qualified 2nd into the all around final, as well as qualifying to the high bar final and team final.Belyavskiy competed on floor, pommel horse, vault, parallel bars and high bar to help the Russian team of Belyavskiy, Denis Ablyazin, Nikita Ignatyev, Nikolai Kuksenkov, Daniil Kazachkov and Ivan Stretovich to a 5th-place finish in the team final. He also placed 5th in the all around final, scoring 89.765, and 5th in the high bar final, scoring 14.733. 2015
In 2015 Belyavskiy won his 3rd consecutive national all-around title and his 4th consecutive national parallel bars title. At the 2015 European Championships in Montpellier, France, Belyavskiy had a rough time in the qualifications round, qualifying 6th to the all around final and 3rd to the floor final, but did not make any other finals. In the all around final, he suffered a fall on pommel horse in the second rotation, but made a comeback to win the silver medal with 88.131, behind Oleg Verniaiev. Belyavskiy also won silver in the floor final behind Great Britain's Kristian Thomas with a score of 15.066. In June, Belyavskiy competed in the 2015 European Games, winning gold in the team competition.Due to a wrist injury he did not compete in the all around, but he qualified to the floor, pommel horse and parallel bars finals. He won the bronze medal in the floor final with a score of 15.000, placed fourth in the pommel horse final with a score of 13.900, and won the silver medal in the parallel bars final with a score of 15.700, only 0.033 points behind gold medalist Oleg Stepko. At the 2015 World Championships in Glasgow Belyavskiy competed on all six events in the team final to help the Russian team to finish in 4th place. In the all around final he placed 11th with a score of 88.031 after a fall on vault. 2016
At the 2016 Russian National Championships Belyavskiy won a gold medal with his team. After the first day he was leading the all around competition with a score of 90.367 however on the second day he suffered multiple falls and mistakes to place 4th score 86.266, giving him a total of 176.633 to win the bronze medal behind Nikolai Kuksenkov and Nikita Nagornyy. He defended his national title on the parallel bars, winning for the 5th consecutive year.In May, Belyavskiy competed at the 2016 European Championships. In qualifying he competed on every event except rings to help Russia qualify in first place to the team final, as well as qualifying himself to four event finals: floor, pommel horse, parallel bars and high bar. In the team final, Belyavskiy again competed on every event except rings, scoring a 15.166 on floor, a 15.433 on pommel horse, 15.233 on vault, 15.933 on parallel bars and 14.733 on high bar, helping Russia to win team gold with a score of 271.378, nearly 3 points ahead of Great Britain. In event finals he became European champion on parallel bars with a score of 16.033, ahead of 2014 world champion Oleg Verniaiev. He also won bronze on high bar (14.941), silver on pommel horse (15.233) and placed 4th on floor (15.200), making him the most decorated gymnast at the European Championships. He was also awarded the Longines Prize for Elegance. On August 6–16, Belyavskiy then competed with the Russian team (together with Ivan Stretovich, Denis Ablyazin, Nikolai Kuksenkov and Nikita Nagornyy) at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.The Russian team qualified in 3rd place to the team final, with Belyavskiy also qualifying in 3rd place to the all around, 8th place to the pommel horse final and 2nd place to the parallel bars final. In the team final he contributed scores of 14.666 on floor, 15.500 on pommel horse, 15.033 on vault, 15.800 on parallel bars and 14.958 on horizontal bar towards the Russian team's silver medal- the first Olympic team medal for Russia since 2000, and the first team medal for Russia since the 2006 World Championships. They won silver with a score of 271.452 points, 0.331 points ahead of China, who were the defending Olympic champions. In the all around final Belyavskiy finished in 4th place with a score of 90.498, only 0.143 behind bronze medalist Max Whitlock. In the pommel horse final he finished in 5th place with a score of 15.400, and in the parallel bars final he won the bronze medal with a score of 15.783, behind former world champions Oleg Verniaiev and Danell Leyva. 2017
Belyavskiy was not initially planning to compete in the 2017 Russian National Championships due to kidney stone problems, however he decided to compete anyway. He did not compete in the all around competition, showing routines on every event except rings in the qualification round.Balyavskiy was unable to defend his nation title on parallel bars as he did not qualify for the event final, however he did win his first national titles on pommel horse, with a score of 14.3, and high bar, with a score of 13.8. He also placed 5th in the floor final with a score of 13.5. Belyavskiy was then named to the team for the 2017 European Championships. At these championships, Belavskiy performed well, winning gold on the pommel horse, getting bronze on the horizontal bar, and placing fourth on the parallel bars. 2018
Belyavskiy competed in the 2018 Russian National Championships, winning individual gold on pommel horse, silver on the all-around, still rings and high bar, and bronze on the team event. He also placed fourth on the individual floor exercise event. He also competed at the 2018 European Championships, securing the team bronze medal as part of the Russian squad while capturing individual the silver medal on parallel bars and placing fourth on pommel horse.Lastly, at the 2018 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Doha, Qatar, Belyavskiy took the team silver medal as part of the Russian squad, and finished in seventh place on the individual pommel horse event. 2019
In June, Belyavskiy competed at the European Games in Minsk, Belarus. He placed first all-around, eighth on floor exercise, fifth on high bar, fourth on parallel bars, first on pommel horse, and eighth on rings. In October, Belyavskiy was part of the Russian gold-medal-winning squad who won the all-around team event gold medal at the 2019 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. He also placed eighth in the individual pommel horse event final. 2021
Belyavskiy competed at the Russian Championships where he finished third in the all-around behind Aleksandr Kartsev and Artur Dalaloyan. He was selected to compete at the upcoming European Championships.He qualified to the all-around, pommel horse, parallel bars, and horizontal bar event finals. During the all-around final he finished second behind compatriot Nikita Nagornyy. During event finals he won gold on horizontal bar, silver on parallel bars behind Ferhat Arıcan, and placed sixth on pommel horse. Belyavskiy next competed at the Russian Cup where he won gold on pommel horse and parallel bars. Afterwards he was selected to represent the Russian Olympic Committee at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Denis Ablyazin, Artur Dalaloyan, and Nikita Nagornyy. At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo Belyavskiy helped the team qualify to the team final in third place and individually qualified to the pommel horse and parallel bars event finals; he finished tenth in the all-around qualification but did not advance to the final due to Nagornyy and Dalaloyan placing higher. During the team final Belyavskiy competed on three events and helped the team finish first with a combined score of 262.500; this was the first team Olympic gold medal for Russian athletes in 25 years.On 11 September, he along with his Olympic Team were awarded with Order of Friendship by President Vladimir Putin. Competitive history

See also
List of Olympic male artistic gymnasts for Russia

References

External links

 <mask>y at sportgymrus.ru

1992 births
Living people
Russian male artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts of Russia
Gymnasts at the 2015 European Games
European Games medalists in gymnastics
European Games gold medalists for Russia
European Games silver medalists for Russia
European Games bronze medalists for Russia
People from Votkinsk
Olympic gold medalists for the Russian Olympic Committee athletes
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Ural State University alumni
Universiade gold medalists for Russia
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Universiade bronze medalists for Russia
Gymnasts at the 2019 European Games
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
European champions in gymnastics

masks:
David Sagitovich Belyavskiy
Belyavskiy
David Belyavski


title: Nathan Watts

texts:
<mask> (born March 25, 1954 in Detroit, Michigan, United States) is an American session bassist, best known for his work with Stevie Wonder from the 1970s to the present. He has served as Stevie Wonder's musical director since 1994. Biography
Born in Detroit, <mask> started playing the trumpet while he was still in elementary school, inspired by Lee Morgan. <mask> was part of a trio that featured other future prominent session musicians Ray Parker Jr. on clarinet and drummer Ollie Brown and frequented Motown's Hitsville Studios to attend rehearsals and recordings of The Funk Brothers, the base-band of the label. When Parker abandoned the clarinet in favor of the guitar, he convinced <mask> to switch to bass, which was the first thing that he did after graduating from high school in 1972. With his first instrument, a National Bass, <mask> learned "Cold Sweat" by James Brown, and soon began to study the lines of other great bassists such as James Jamerson, Chuck Rainey, and Bob Babbitt. When Ray Parker Jr. joined Marvin Gaye's band, <mask> joined a local group called the Final Decision, with the intention of studying accounting, if his career as a musician failed.In August 1974, <mask> received a call to work with Stevie Wonder, in replacement of Reggie McBride, who had joined Rare Earth. At the time, <mask> had only been playing bass for two years. After being selected as the official bassist of the band, <mask> took part in the Japanese tour of 1975, and then began recording the album Songs in the Key of Life. <mask> says throughout his career with Wonder that he recorded bass tracks on many demos that Wonder replaced with his own keyboard bass for the final versions. This method was employed for “Knocks Me Off My Feet″ and ″Isn't She Lovely″. From that moment on, <mask>'s career has continued to develop, both alongside Stevie Wonder and with many other artists. Style and valuation
<mask> grew up listening to the Funk Brothers as well as other musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Deep Purple, Rare Earth, Mahogany Rush, and Steppenwolf.In terms of his three main influences as a bassist, <mask> lists James Jamerson, Chuck Rainey and Joseph "Lucky" Scott, bassist of Curtis Mayfield. Technically, his style is characterized by the use of three fingers of the right hand, the strong attack that prints the notes, as well as the frequent use of techniques of palm mute, hammer on, trills and slides. The musician has developed an important career along with Stevie Wonder, with whom he has recorded some songs that would become classics for lovers: "I Wish", "As", "I Ain't Gonna Stand for It" and "Do I Do" are among <mask> top favorite bass lines. More than 36 years in the service of Stevie Wonder – along with being the musical director of the band for 12 years – he earned in 2010 the International Bassist Award from the Winter NAMM Show, an award that recognizes the achievements of the musician throughout his career. Gear
<mask> has used his 1974 Fender Precision Bass and his 1979 Music Man StingRay as main instruments throughout his career. He has also used a Fender Jazz Bass and Yamaha, Aria, and B.C. Rich (four and five string) bass and Roland G-88.On the road he currently switches between Bossa 4 and 5 string basses for a modern tone. In the studio he uses Alleva-Coppolo basses (a LG-5 Classic Crewes of five strings with and without frets). He also uses Elixir Nanowebs, and Hartke Hydrive amplifiers and LH1000 heads. Before he became an endorser for Hartke, he had previously used a National amplifier and SWR amplifiers. 1 – Diana Ross
 1980 – Let's Get Serious – Jermaine Jackson
 1980 – 10½ – The Dramatics
 1980 – Eight for the Eighties – Webster Lewis
 1980 – From the Gitgo – Donnie Elbert
 1980 – Jose Feliciano – José Feliciano
 1980 – La Toya Jackson – LaToya Jackson
 1980 – The Longest Road – Seals & Crofts
 1980 – Motown Superstar Series, Vol. 13 – Gladys Knight
 1980 – Special Things – The Pointer Sisters
 1980 – Triumph – The Jacksons
 1981 – Black & White - The Pointer Sisters
 1981 – Give Me Your Love – Sylvia Striplin
 1981 – Motown Superstar Series, Vol. 11 – Martha & the Vandellas
 1981 – The Way I Am – Billy Preston
 1982 – Diana's Duets – Diana Ross
 1982 – Lionel Richie – Lionel Richie
 1982 – Love Conquers All – Michael Wycoff
 1982 – Reunion – The Temptations
 1982 – So Excited – The Pointer Sisters
 1982 – Silk Electric – Diana Ross
 1983 – Baby Sister – June Pointer
 1983 – Best of Reggae Sunsplash, Vol.2 – VVAA
 1983 – Bet Cha Say That to All the Girls – Sister Sledge
 1983 – Bossa Nova Hotel – Michael Sembello
 1983 – Break Out (Pointer Sisters album) – The Pointer Sisters
 1983 – Robbery – Teena Marie
 1983 – Standing on the One – Jon Gibson
 1983 – Pipes of Peace – Paul McCartney
 1984 – Mwana – Grady Harrell
 1986 – Brasil 88 – Sergio Mendes
 1989 – Come Play with Me – Grady Harrell
 1989 – True Spirit – Ronnie Laws
 1989 – Working Girl – Original Soundtrack
 1990 – Brasil 88: The Sound, The Music – VVAA
 1991 – Force Behind the Power – Diana Ross
 1991 – Live in the Stuffenbau – Bobby Byrd
 1992 – All for Love – Timmy T
 1992 – Do I Ever Cross Your Mind? – George Howard
 1992 – Too Much, Too Little, Too Late – Johnny Mathis
 1993 – Contemporary Sounds of Nicholas, Vol. 1 – Nicholas
 1993 – The Storyteller – Vinx
 1994 – D2: The Mighty Ducks – Original Soundtrack
 1994 – On & On: The Hits of Stephen Bishop – Stephen Bishop
 1994 – A Tribute to Curtis Mayfield [Warner Bros.] – VVAA
 1994 – Corrina Corrina Original Soundtrack
 1994 – Emperors of Soul – The Temptations
 1995 – Faith – Lords of the Underground

References

External links
Official website
<mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2019)

1954 births
Living people
American male bass guitarists
American session musicians
American rhythm and blues bass guitarists
African-American guitarists
American funk bass guitarists
American rock bass guitarists
Guitarists from Detroit
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Nathan Lamar Watts
Nathan Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Nathan Watts
Nathan Watts
Watts
Watts
Nathan Watts
Nate Watts


title: Michael Hudson (political scientist)

texts:
<mask> (June 2, 1938 – May 25, 2021) was an American political scientist, the director of the Middle East Institute and professor of political science at the National University of Singapore. He was also professor emeritus at Georgetown University, where he was professor of international relations since 1979 and Saif Ghobash Professor of Arab Studies since 1980 in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. While at Georgetown, <mask> served as director of the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies intermittently for over twenty years, most recently from 2007 to 2010. Education
<mask><mask> received his Bachelor of Arts from Swarthmore College in 1959 and his Master of Arts and Ph.D. in political science from Yale University in 1960 and 1964, respectively. In 1961, he received a Certificate in Arabic from Princeton University. While studying for his PhD at Yale, <mask> specialized in comparative politics and international relations with his advisor, the renowned political scientist Karl W. Deutsch. His dissertation was entitled "Political Change in Lebanon: 1943-1963," which would be the basis for his first book The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon.Career
While conducting fieldwork in Lebanon for his doctoral dissertation, <mask> taught history at the American Community School in Beirut from 1962-1963. Also while completing his doctoral degree, he served as an instructor at Swarthmore College, from 1963-1964. Upon completing his studies at Yale University, <mask> became Assistant Professor at Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, from 1964-1968, and then an Associate Professor (tenured), from 1968-1970. In 1970, he became Associate Professor in the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at the Johns Hopkins University. He remained at SAIS until 1975, when he co-founded the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies (CCAS) at Georgetown University with a distinguished group of academics, including Hisham Sharabi, John Ruedy, Ibrahim Oweiss, Ambassador Clovis Maksoud, and Dean Peter F. Krogh. <mask> served as the director of CCAS from 1976-1989, and directed it again in 2000, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010. In 2010, <mask> became the director of the Middle East Institute (MEI) and professor of political science at the National University of Singapore (NUS).<mask> was the first director of MEI, which was founded in 2007 as an autonomous research institute within NUS. He continued to direct MEI. <mask> was also professor emeritus at Georgetown University. In January 2015, he was appointed the Kuwait Foundation Visiting Scholar at Harvard Kennedy School's Middle East Initiative. He was leading a study group at the Kennedy School on "Rethinking the Arab State: The Collapse of Legitimacy in Arab Politics." During the course of his career, <mask> served on numerous boards and committees related to the fields of political science and Middle East studies. He was a founding member of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, and served as president of the association from 1986 to 1987.He served on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Middle East Studies, the Journal of Arab Affairs, and Cambridge University Press's Middle East Library series. He also served as a manuscript evaluator for over a dozen academic journals. He was a member of the advisory board of the National Council on US-Arab Relations and the board of trustees of the American Institute for Pakistan Studies. Furthermore, he served as an external evaluator for Middle East studies programs at the University of Utah, the University of Virginia, and Kuwait University. He also served on committees within the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies. Academic work
In addition to his distinguished record of establishing and directing premier centers for Middle East studies (CCAS and MEI), <mask>  was an authoritative scholar of contemporary Middle East politics. His most notable contributions are on the problem of political legitimacy in the Arab world, as set out in his seminal work Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy.He identified and explored the legitimacy 'deficits' of various Arab governments, focusing on cultural, institutional, and leadership sources of legitimacy. He argued that the question of participation is key to legitimacy, an issue borne out by the Arab uprisings beginning in 2011. Further, new information technologies and social media have invigorated civil societies in these countries. <mask> also contributed to the scholarship on politics in divided societies, U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, and regional integration and conflict in the Middle East. On politics in divided societies, he took Lebanon as an ongoing case study (see his book The Precarious Republic), critiquing the theory of consociationalism and advocating the deconstruction rather than the institutionalization of sectarianism in Lebanon and elsewhere in the region, despite the recent apparent resurgence of sectarian polarization. On U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, <mask> contends that a Pax Americana for the Middle East is illusory, owing to the U.S.'s unbalanced approach to the Palestine-Israel conflict, the negative consequences of military interventions, and the failure to maintain soft power and capitalize on a legacy of goodwill. He asserts that "Imperial America" has been driven by dysfunctional domestic pressures and poor decision-making, and suggested that the so-called "American decline" in the Middle East might not be a bad thing for all concerned.Dealing with questions of regional integration and conflict in the greater Middle East, <mask> explored the interplay between 'rationalist' classical international relations theory approaches and 'sociological' approaches that focus on the domestic decision-making arena. Influenced in his academic training by Kenneth Waltz on the one hand and Karl W. Deutsch on the other, <mask> argued against theoretical stovepiping; understanding integrative and conflict tendencies requires acknowledgement of Waltz's 'third image' approach as well as Deutsch's 'social mobilization approach.' As a professor at Georgetown University and elsewhere, <mask> taught courses on comparative politics, international politics, comparative politics of the Middle East, Middle East international politics, Lebanese politics, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict, an introduction to social science, networked cultures and networked politics, Yemeni politics, U.S. policy in the Middle East, and politics in divided societies. <mask> was frequently consulted by news organizations for interviews and guest appearances to discuss political developments in the Middle East. Furthermore, he regularly contributed to the media through opinion editorials and short essays. Some of these outlets include Al-Jazeera English, Jadaliyya, Foreign Policy, Singapore's Middle East Insights, The Washington Post, Lebanon's The Daily Star and Al-Mustaqbal, the International Herald Tribune, and others. Much of <mask>'s academic work was supported by competitive grants and fellowships.These included the Robert R. McCormick Fellowship from Yale University (1959–62), American Philosophical Society grants (1965 and 1968), the Harvard Center for International Affairs Fellowship (1965–66), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1975–76), and a Fulbright Senior Fellowship to Yemen in 1994. He was also the recipient of various honors and awards for his academic and administrative contributions to Middle East studies, including the "Jere L. Bacharach Service Award" from the Middle East Studies Association in 2011. Publications
Books

 Middle East Dilemma: The Politics and Economics of Arab Integration. Editor and Contributor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. The Palestinians: New Directions. Editor and Contributor.Washington: Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1990. Alternative Approaches to the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Editor and Contributor. Washington: Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1984. The American Media and the Arabs. Co-editor and Contributor. Washington: Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1980.The Arab Future: Critical Issues. Editor and Contributor. Washington: Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1978. Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, 2nd. ed.Co-author. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972. The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon. New York: Random House, 1968; a publication of the Harvard Center for International Affairs; reissued with new preface in 1985 by Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Scholarly Articles and Chapters

Hudson published chapters in over thirty academic books, and written around sixty articles and thirty book reviews for academic journals and trade publications. These publications include Middle East Policy, PS: Political Science and Politics, 'Comparative Politics, The Yale Law Journal, Middle East Insight, Middle East Journal, Arab Studies Quarterly, Journal of Refugee Studies, International Negotiation, Contention, Current History, Arab Studies Journal, Third World Quarterly, Journal of International Affairs, Journal of Palestine Studies, and various Arabic-language publications, among others. References

External links

American political scientists
Middle Eastern studies scholars
1938 births
2021 deaths
National University of Singapore faculty
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
Yale University alumni
Brooklyn College faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty

masks:
Michael Craig Hudson
Hudson
Michael C
. Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson


title: Leona Mitchell

texts:
<mask> (born October 13, 1949, Enid, Oklahoma) is an American operatic soprano and an Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame inductee. She is also a Grammy Award-winning soprano who sang for 18 seasons as a leading spinto soprano at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In her home state of Oklahoma, Ms <mask> has been awarded many honors. These include the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame, the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame and the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame. Her home town of Enid has a street named after her called <mask> Boulevard, as well as a Museum named in her honor called "The Leona <mask> Southern Heights Heritage Center and Museum". Governor Brad Henry of Oklahoma made her Oklahoma's State Cultural Ambassador. In late 2014, Miss <mask> was inducted into the Oklahoma African-American Hall of Fame.Early life and education
<mask> started singing at an early age in the choir of the Antioch Church of God in Christ in Enid, where her father, Reverend Dr. Hulon <mask>, was the Minister along with her mother, Dr. <mask>, who was the pianist. Leona is the tenth child of Hulon and <mask>; there were 15 children born to this union. Leona's mother went back to school, with her last two sons in high school, and became a Practical Nurse. Her brother Hulon Jr. was better known as Yahweh ben Yahweh, leader of the Nation of Yahweh cult. <mask> received a BA in music from Oklahoma City University and went on to graduate studies at The Juilliard School of Music in New York. Professional career
In 1973, she made her debut as Micaela in Georges Bizet's 1875 opera Carmen with the San Francisco Opera, subsequently she made her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York City on December 15, 1975 in the same role. She sang the role of Bess in the first complete recording of George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess from which she received a Grammy for "Best Opera Recording."Miss <mask> has contributed to several recordings, had many television appearances, and served as honorary chair for Black Heritage Month to the Oklahoma legislature. In 1988, <mask> <mask> performed the role of Liù from Turandot, directed by Italy's acclaimed movie producer Franco Zeffirelli, at the Metropolitan Opera. <mask> <mask> has collaborated with many great conductors, including Zubin Mehta, Lorin Maazel, James Levine, and Seiji Ozawa. She has had a long and illustrious career having sung at most of the world's best-known opera houses, including those in Paris, Sydney, Buenos Aires, London (Covent Garden), Vienna, Verona, Parma, Geneva, Bordeaux, Madrid, Marseilles, Toronto, Rio, San Francisco, Berlin, Hamburg, Chile, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Stuttgart, Chicago, Winnipeg, Rome (the Caracalla Baths), Giza in Egypt and at the Orange Festival in France. While singing in Paris, she was referred to by critics as "The Toast of Paris." <mask> was a leading soprano with the Metropolitan Opera of New York for 18 seasons. She essayed in many new productions: Ernani, Turandot, and Aida.Some other roles at the Met were: Micaela, Manon from Manon Lescaut, Leonora from La forza del destino and Il trovatore, Amelia from Un ballo in maschera, Delilah from Handel's Samson, Pamina, Madama Butterfly, Mimi and Musetta from La bohème, Lauretta, and Madame Lidoine in French and English. She has also appeared with major symphony orchestras including those in London, Japan, New York, Los Angeles, Israel, Chicago, Monte Carlo, Philadelphia, Edinburgh, Florence, Pittsburg and Cleveland. <mask> has performed recitals in Hong Kong, Australia, Japan, Spain, Canada,  Sardinia, Korea and all across the United States. <mask> also toured Japan with the Florence Opera and Zubin Mehta and Covent Garden. <mask> has performed for four U.S. Presidents: Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and Vice President George Bush along with many dignitaries which include Prince Charles, Princess Anne, The Honourable Sandra Day O'Connor, and Bishop Desmond Tutu. On July 5, 1986, she performed in the New York Philharmonic tribute to the 100th Anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, which was televised live from Central Park on ABC Television. She sang the aria 'Un bel dì vedremo' from Puccini's Madama Butterfly and the American spiritual He's Got the Whole World in His Hands.<mask> has appeared in a production with each one of the Three Tenors: Ernani with Luciano Pavarotti, Turandot with Plácido Domingo, and Carmen with José Carreras, each of which has been recorded on DVD. In addition, She has appeared on many televised broadcasts, including The Merv Griffin Show," The Dick Cavett Show, The Jerry Lewis Telethon, Good Morning America, CBS Night watch, The Charlie Rhodes Show, Public Television along with many PBS "Live from Lincoln Center Broadcasts","Live from the Met series" and The Kennedy Center Honors.She has received honorary doctorates from Oklahoma City University and the University of Oklahoma. In 1983, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame. Videography
 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009

References
Notes

Sources
Leona Mitchell Southern Heights Indian Museum website home page; information retrieved 20 September 2011. Pittman, Kitty, "<mask>, <mask> Pearl", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture'', Oklahoma Historical Society. Shepherd, Kenneth R., Contemporary Black Biography: <mask> <mask>. The Gale Group, 2006.External links
Metropolitan Opera Archives Database
Leona <mask> Southern Heights Heritage Center and Museum. 1949 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American women opera singers
African-American women opera singers
American operatic sopranos
Baptists from Oklahoma
Chickasaw people
Enid High School alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from Enid, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City University alumni
Singers from Oklahoma
Classical musicians from Oklahoma
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women

masks:
Leona Mitchell
Mitchell
Leona Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Pearl Mitchell
Pearl Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Leona
Mitchell
Leona
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Leona
Leona
Mitchell
Mitchell


title: Katja Kankaanpää

texts:
<mask> (; born June 30, 1981)  is a Finnish former mixed martial artist who competed in the strawweight division. She is currently signed with Invicta FC. Kankaanpää started martial arts training at her teens when she was 15 years old with Goju-ryu karate. Later she had interest about combat sports by training submission wrestling and other combat arts. <mask> leads the Nordic (all Skandinavia) strawweight rankings and Finnish women, all weight classes MMA rankings. On January 2, 2015 she was awarded 'Nordic Female Fighter of the Year'. The same month, Finnish sports journalists honored her as 'Sportswoman of 2014', category MMA.In addition to her career in MMA, the BJJ purple belt competes in submission wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu tournaments. As of September 13, 2015 she retired from MMA. Mixed martial arts career
Her debut fight against Paulina Suska at Oulu Fight 2, was won by unanimous decision. In her next three fights versus Dalia Grakulskyte, Niina Aaltonen and Ekaterina Tarnavskaja Kankaanpää was able to achieve an untimely victory by submission or TKO. The next five fights went the whole distance with four unanimous decision wins against Karla Benitez, Mei Yamaguchi, Aisling Daly and Juliana Carneiro Lima. Only against Simona Soukupova she fought to a split draw. On May 17, 2014 Katja returned to the cage at Lappeenranta Fight Night 10 in Finland where she defeated Ukrainian Alyona Rassohyna via submission in round 2.This fight took place outside her InvictaFC contract. Invicta Fighting Championships
According to her manager, Kankaanpää took the fight against Daly in Cage Warriors to get Invicta's attention. Kankaanpää was offered a contract with Invicta Fighting Championships immediately after she emerged victorious from the fight with Daly. Invicta initially wanted longer deal, but eventually agreed with Kankaanpää and closed a three-fight contract in early 2013. She made her first fight for the organisation at Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson where she defeated Brazilian Juliana Carneiro Lima by unanimous decision. The first defeat of her career Kankaanpää suffered at Invicta FC 7 on December 7, 2013. In a close decision (29:28, 29:28, 29:28), she was defeated by Joanne Calderwood.On September 6, 2014 Kankaanpää fought for the vacant strawweight title against Stephanie Eggink at Invicta FC 8. She defeated Eggink via submission in round 5 and became the second InvictaFC strawweight Champion. The bout was named "Fight of the Night". On January 17, 2015 Invicta FC announced the prolonging of the contract for 3 more fights. <mask>'s first title defense took place at Invicta FC 12: Kankaanpää vs. Souza on April 24, 2015 in Kansas City, Missouri. After dominating the first three rounds, she got caught by Brazilian Lívia Renata Souza in the fourth in a  Triangle choke  and had to tap out. Kankaanpää fought DeAnna Bennett in Kansas City on September 12 in the co-main event of Invicta FC 14.Kankaanpää lost the fight via controversial unanimous decision and subsequently announced her retirement from MMA the following day. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Invicta Fighting Championships
Strawweight Champion (One time)
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Stephanie Eggink
Awards
Nordic Female Fighter of the Year 2014
Sportswoman of 2014, category MMA

Personal life
<mask> is married; her maiden name was <mask> Kalliokoski. She studied electronic business and is currently working as a media person in charge.

masks:
Katja Kankaanpää
Katja
Katja
Katja
Katja