title: Petre Andrei

texts:
<mask> (June 29, 1891 – October 4, 1940) was a Romanian sociologist, philosopher and politician. Biography

Origins and work
Born in Brăila into a family of low-ranking civil servants, <mask> attended Nicolae Bălcescu High School from 1902 to 1910. He then moved to Iași, where he enrolled in the literature and philosophy faculty of Iași University, graduating in 1913. While a student, his mentor was Ion Petrovici. He continued his education in Berlin, where he audited a seminar on logic and history of philosophy, and in Leipzig. Returning home when the war broke out, he volunteered for service, in spite of being exempt due to the fact that his father was deceased. He was assigned to an infantry regiment in March 1915, and from July to September 1916, during which time Romania entered the war, he attended the reserve officers' school in Târgoviște.He was sent to another regiment, effective November, and distinguished himself in the battles at Oituz, Slănic and the Cașin valley. For his acts of bravery, he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the Order of the Crown and War Cross with Bars. In 1918, he defended his thesis, Filosofia valorii, at Iași, receiving the title of doctor in philosophy. Initially a high school teacher, he was on the faculty of several Iași institutions: the National College, the Military High School and the Orthodox High School for Girls. He was then a substitute professor of history of philosophy in the sociology department of Iași University, becoming a full professor in 1922. The appointment to this post, left vacant upon the departure of Dimitrie Gusti, prompted a fierce battle within the faculty that drew the attention of the contemporary press. One wing, led by Ion Găvănescul, pushed for Garabet Aslan; another, which Petrovici headed, wanted <mask>.The latter faction was joined by Garabet Ibrăileanu when Petrovici promised to support Mihai Ralea's appointment after the latter's return from France; and by the new dean, Traian Bratu, a bitter adversary of Găvănescul and his ally Oreste Tafrali. From 1927 to 1930, <mask> headed the local magazine Minerva, dedicated to cultural synthesis. His sociological ideas, which <mask> promoted both within and outside the department, are encapsulated in a series of studies and articles, among them: Sociologia revoluției, 1921; Problema fericirii; Fundamentul etic sociologic, 1921: Fascismul, 1927; Probleme de metode în sociologie, 1927; Probleme de sociologie, 1927; Sociologie generală, 1936; Manual de sociologie, 1938. He was among those professors who opposed the university's politicization. In 1924, as a member of the faculty senate, he condemned not only Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's assassination of Constantin Manciu, but also A. C. Cuza for using his department to spread nationalist ideas, calling him the "true moral assassin". Politics
Attracted by its promise of deepening bourgeois democracy, <mask> joined the new National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) in 1928, becoming president of its Vaslui County chapter. He sat in the Assembly of Deputies while the PNȚ was in power from 1929 to 1933, making frequent speeches before the body.He spoke memorably of the role of parliament in the nation's political life, and worked to pass modern legislation, particularly in the fields of education and administration. In particular, he pushed for a law late in 1929 that brought about administrative decentralization, commenting that it would allow for a genuine exercise of national sovereignty. He was undersecretary of state at the Agriculture and Domains Department (1930) and the Public Instruction, Religious Affairs and Arts Ministry (1932–1933). <mask> was conflicted when King Carol II established an authoritarian National Renaissance Front (FRN) regime in 1938. On the one hand, his character and civic impulses recoiled at the idea of dictatorship; nevertheless, he joined forces with what he saw as the only viable means of preserving domestic order, maintaining the country's traditional pro-French foreign policy and crushing the Iron Guard. <mask>'s hesitation can be seen in the diary he kept, where he opines that the law and not political assassination, which he utterly rejected, should decide serious national questions. Under the FRN regime cabinets of Miron Cristea, Armand Călinescu, Gheorghe Argeșanu, Constantin Argetoianu and Gheorghe Tătărescu, he served as Education Minister from December 1938 to July 1940.His term witnessed the adoption of a law on the organization of professional, lower and middle education; and one on industrial boys' education. In addition, the foundations were laid for a law on higher education. On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum, demanding that Romania cede Bessarabia. During the Crown Council deliberations the next day, <mask> first voted to reject the ultimatum, but on the second, decisive ballot, he voted with the majority to accept it. The subsequent Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina sent Romania into a deep political crisis. Downfall and legacy
Carol's abdication and the establishment of a National Legionary State in September 1940 had dramatic consequences for <mask>. The incoming Education Minister, Traian Brăileanu, ordered his dismissal from higher education, while the new dictator Ion Antonescu had him put under investigation.In early October, after Iron Guard members searched his home and due to be arrested, he committed suicide, swallowing potassium cyanide. His political testament is contained in two letters: one to his wife, the other to his four sons. He is buried at Eternitatea Cemetery in Iași. After World War II, the authorities of the new communist regime arrested his son Petru for having taken part in student anti-communist demonstrations; he was imprisoned from 1949 to 1952. Initially banned, the work of <mask> <mask> was censored, with all passages referring to communist concepts, doctrine and practice excised, even from an authoritative edition published in the 1970s. Nevertheless, a rehabilitation of sorts began in 1970, when one of his most famous books, Sociologie generală, appeared at Editura Academiei in 1970. A further four volumes, under the heading Opere sociologice, came out between 1973 and 1983.In 1974, a treatise on sociological thought relegated <mask> to a "departmental sociologist", prompting a vigorous response from his son. Later in the decade and into the 1980s, Ovidiu Bădina and Romanian Communist Party ideologue Ștefan Voicu engaged in a polemic on the value of <mask>'s work. This could only be appreciated in full after the Romanian Revolution, when Petru <mask> made it his mission to preserve and publish his father's writings. In 1990, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death, the private Petre Andrei University of Iași was founded. In January 1991, he was elected a titular post-mortem member of the Romanian Academy. His diary was published at Iași in 1993. Notes

1891 births
1940 suicides
People from Brăila
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University faculty
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian sociologists
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian textbook writers
Romanian schoolteachers
National Peasants' Party politicians
National Renaissance Front politicians
20th-century Romanian politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Ministers of Education
Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Drug-related suicides in Romania
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously
20th-century Romanian philosophers
Burials at Eternitatea cemetery

masks:
Petre Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Petre
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei


title: Gustave-Henri Jossot

type: original

texts:
Gustave-<mask>, also known as <mask> (Dijon, France, 16 April 1866 – Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia, 7 April 1951), was a French caricaturist, illustrator, poster designer, Orientalist painter, writer and thinker. Life and career
Jossot started his career under the guidance of Jean Paul Laurens and Eugène Carrière. His style as a cartoonist is immediately recognizable for its expressive reference to the Cloisonnism introduced by Émile Bernard. He travelled in Brittany and may have been influenced by the Pont-Aven school. He is mainly remembered for the mark he left on several special issues of Paris journals, most notably l'Assiette au beurre, contributors to which included Kees van Dongen, Félix Vallotton, František Kupka, Steinlen, Adolphe Willette, and Jacques Villon. Much of his work lampooned the bourgeoisie, as can be seen from the titles of the illustrated books he produced: Artistes et Bourgeois (Paris: Louis Michaud 1896); Jockey-Club Sardines (1897); Minces de trognes (Paris: Hazard, 1896); Viande de Bourgeois (Paris: Louis Michaud, 1906). His work was shown at several major collective exhibitions in Paris: Salon des Cent (1894, 1895) Salon de la Société Nationale de Beaux Arts (1895); Salon d'Automne (1908, 1909, 1911); Salon des Indépendants (1894, 1896, 1910, 1911, 1921).His big exhibition in the Rudolphinum Muséum established his international stature in 1908, then in the Salon Tunisien of 1912. Although <mask> often said he had stopped all his artistics activities, he was still sending his works to the Salon Tunisien the day of his death. At public auction in New York (12 June 1980) a painting of <mask>'s was sold with the remarkable title "Anti Nabis" (ref: Bénézit 1999). This work, dated 1894, refers to Les Nabis, an important influence at the time. Convictions and conversion

<mask> was branded an anarchist, which he denied. Although he was never a militant, he was certainly an acid critic of the social and political systems of his time. Following journeys to Tunisia in 1896 and 1904, he moved definitively to Sidi Bou Said in 1911.In 1913, Jossot converted to Islam, taking the Muslim name Abdul Karim. Around ten years later, he followed the well-known Algerian Sufi shaykh Ahmad al-Alawi. Jossot was not the only French painter of his time to convert to Islam and Sufism: others included Ivan Aguéli and Étienne Dinet. Writing in the Dépêche tunisienne (10 February 1913), Jossot contrasted the falseness of Western civilisation with the simplicity of Islam, and praised Islam for having "no mysteries, no dogmas, no priests, almost no ceremonies," and for being "the most rational religion in the world." Jossot wrote several booklets, titled Ma Conversion, Le Sentier d'Allah and Le Foetus récalcitrant where he tried to compile and resume more than hundred articles scattered in French and Tunisian newspapers. There we can read  his individualistic philosophy close to Georges Darien, Georges Palante, or even Jiddu Krishnamurti, his metaphysical convictions, his anticlericalism and pacifist engagement during the two world wars, his fight against abuses of colonisation. Jossot continued to draw caricature and to paint in the Orientalist style, and died in Sidi Bou Said in 1951.He received a simple civil burial. Just before his death Jossot confided in an unpublished memoirs titled Goutte à goutte :
" au fond du trou-terminus, nous roupillerons profondément, sans faire de cauchemars et nous ne nous réveillerons jamais. " Pour ma part, si j'avais la liberté de choisir, ce serait cette dernière hypothèse qui aurait ma préférence : cesser d'être, ne plus rien voir, ne plus entendre, ne plus rien sentir ! Les hommes me foutant enfin la Paix avec le Repos Eternel par dessus le marché ! C'est la grâce que je me souhaite !" References

Sources
 E.Bénézit: "Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres,  Sculpteurs,  Dessinateurs et Graveurs -nouvelle édition:Jaques Busse" Paris, Gründ 1999. Marie Bouchard: « Henri Gustave Jossot » in: "Bulletin du Club Français de la Médaille" no 70-71 Paris, 1er trimestre, 1981
 Michel Dixmier, « Jossot », Cahier de l'art mineur, n° 23, Paris, Vent du Ch'min et Limage, 1980.Henri Viltard, « Jossot, Caricaturiste malgré lui », Actes du colloque de Brest 13-15 mai 2004, « Peinture et Caricature », Ridiculosa, n° 11, 2004. Henri Viltard, « Jossot (1866-1951), Un caricaturiste libre-penseur et musulman », Recherches en Histoire de l’Art, n° 5, 2006. Henri Viltard, « Abdou-‘l-Karim Jossot : polémiques d’un renégat en Tunisie », Revue de l’Institut des belles-lettres arabes (IBLA), n° 201, 2008. Henri Viltard, « Gros méchant : Jossot et l’image discriminante » in CSERGO (Julia) dir., Trop gros ? L'obésité et ses représentations, édition Autrement, 2009. Henri Viltard, « Jossot : portraits d'un roumi chez les « Néo-civilisés » », dans A. M. Granet-Abisset, D. Rigaux, Image de soi, image de l'autre.

masks:
Henri Jossot
Abdul Karim Jossot
Jossot
Jossot
Jossot


title: Alex Seton

texts:
<mask> (born 1977) is an Australian artist, known for his contemporary use of marble carving. He also works in sculpture, photography, video and installation. He has been a two-time finalist in the Wynne Prize, won the Woollahra Small Sculpture Prize, and been named as the Art Gallery of NSW Director’s Choice Winner at Sculpture by the Sea three times. In 2015, <mask> was awarded a Grand Jury prize at the Fondation François Schneider ‘Contemporary Talents’ competition. He was the Inaugural Nancy Fairfax Artist in Residence, Margaret Olley Art Centre, Tweed River Art Gallery, Murwillumbah, in 2014; and in 2012 participated in the Omi International Arts Center residency program in New York. <mask> lives and works in Newtown, an inner suburb of Sydney, Australia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sydney, Australia.He is one of four brothers, one of whom, <mask>, is an actor. He was raised in Sydney and attended the exclusive school St. Ignatius Riverview. His family's rural property is at Wombeyan Caves located in the Southern Highlands (New South Wales). This rural upbringing saw him raised near the Wombeyan Caves Marble Quarry, which operated continuously from 1915 – 1997 before being closed due to decreasing demand and environmental concerns. <mask> has credited this early exposure to marble with his interest in the medium. His mother left Cairo in the 1960s after it had become a socialist republic under Gamal Abdel Nasser's government to settle in Australia. Growing up listening to stories of displacement fostered a strong interest in migration and his mother's relocation to Australia, something he continues to explore through his art works.<mask> honed his craft through internships and residencies with Italian carving studios, an experience that continues to influence his work. He graduated in Art History and Theory from the College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales, in 1998. Career
<mask> is known for his use of marble and traditional carving techniques in contemporary ways, which has positioned him as one of Australia’s foremost living sculptors. He frequently works directly with contemporary political issues, such as Australia’s treatment of asylum seekers, and questions of conflict and nationhood. In 2017, his work Refuge was included in the Kochi-Muziris Biennale (India) following exhibition in Paris in 2016 as part of The Journey at Galerie Paris Beijing. 2017 also saw a survey exhibition of <mask>’s works about asylum seekers at Newcastle Art Gallery, called The Island. In 2014 he participated in the Adelaide Biennial: Dark Heart, producing the large sculptural installation Someone died trying to have a life like mine, twenty-eight life inflatable jackets made in marble.The installation referenced an event of May 2013, in which 28 life jackets were found washed ashore the Cocos Islands, a known departure point for refugees attempting to reach Australia by boat. The work garnered critical and popular acclaim, and was acquired by the Art Gallery of South Australia. In 2011 the Australian War Memorial acquired and commissioned the ongoing work As of today (2011–14), which is composed of one folded marble flag for every Australian casualty in Operation Slipper in Afghanistan. This work reflects <mask>’s interest in Australian politics, ideas of patriotism and nationalism and the symbols attributed to them. <mask> has also regularly shown at art fairs both in Australia and internationally. He has exhibited in the last five Hong Kong and Art HK fairs, as well as participated in Sydney Contemporary, Art International Istanbul, Art Stage Singapore, Art Paris, and Art Stage Jakarta. In 2012 <mask> showed his solo exhibition Elegy on Resistance at Art HK, featuring as its centerpiece Soloist (2012), a lone hooded figure sitting cross-legged.Soloist garnered Seton considerable mainstream appeal, having been shared extensively on sites like Reddit. References

External links
 <mask>on artist website
 Sullivan + Strumpf artist page

1977 births
Living people
Australian sculptors
Australian photographers
21st-century Australian sculptors
21st-century photographers

masks:
Alex Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Ben Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Seton
Alex Set


title: Moisei Ginzburg

texts:
<mask> (, ; , Minsk – 7 January 1946, Moscow) was a Soviet constructivist architect, best known for his 1929 Narkomfin Building in Moscow. Biography

<mask> was born in Minsk into a Jewish architect's family. He graduated from Milano Academy (1914) and Riga Polytechnical Institute (1917). During Russian Civil War he lived in the Crimea, relocating to Moscow in 1921. There, he joined the faculty of VKhUTEMAS and the Institute of Civil Engineers (which eventually merged with Moscow State Technical University). Ideologist of Constructivism

The founder of the OSA Group (Organisation of Contemporary Architects), which had links with Vladimir Mayakovsky and Osip Brik's LEF Group, he published the book Style and Epoch in 1924, an influential work of architectural theory with similarities to Le Corbusier's Vers une architecture. It was effectively the manifesto of Constructivist Architecture, a style which combined an interest in advanced technology and engineering with socialist ideals.The OSA experimented with forms of Communal apartments to provide for the new Communist way of life. Its magazine SA (Sovremennaya Arkhitektura, or Contemporary Architecture) featured discussions of city planning and communal living, as well as the futuristic projects of Ivan Leonidov. The group was dissolved in the early 1930s into an 'All-Union Association of Architects', along with the competing Modernist group ASNOVA, led by Nikolai Ladovsky, and the proto-Stalinist VOPRA. Communal houses

The first of these was the Gosstrakh apartments (Malaya Bronnaya Street, Moscow), designed in 1926, one of which was rented by Sergei Tretyakov: these flats were the first employment of Le Corbusier's 'Five Points of Modern Architecture' in the USSR. A similar structure was built to Ginzburg's 1928 design in Sverdlovsk (21, Malysheva Street, completed 1932). This was followed three years later by the Narkomfin Building, a 'social condenser' which tried to embody socialist and principles in its structure. The apartment blocks were built for employees of the Commissariat of Finance (or 'Narkomfin'), and featured collective facilities, roof gardens and a parkland setting.The Narkomfin building was acknowledged by Le Corbusier as an influence on his Unité d'Habitation, while the layout of its duplex apartments have been copied by Moshe Safdie in his Expo 67 flats, as well as by Denys Lasdun in his luxury flats at St James', London. In 1928, Ginzburg also designed the Government Building in Alma-Ata (now, University of Alma-Ata), completed in 1931. In the early 1930s, he concentrated more on urban planning projects, from utilitarian (Ufa city plan) to utopian ("Green City" contest entry, for a large residential area on the outskirts of Moscow). He was also a Soviet delegate to the CIAM from 1928 to 1932. Career in 1930s

Like other avant-garde artists with limited practical experience, Ginzburg fell out of favor in 1932, when the state took control of architectural profession and steered it in favor of eclectic, revivalist stalinist architecture. Actual demotion of Ginzburg and other constructivists became a gradual process that extended until the end of the 1930s. He never returned to Moscow or Leningrad practice, but left a contribution in Crimea and Central Asia and retained his own architectural workshop until his death.His new books on Home (Жилище) and Industrializing housing construction (Индустриализация жилищного строительства) were printed in 1934 and 1937; since 1934, Ginzburg was the editor of an encyclopedic History of Architecture. In the early 1930s, Ginzburg was involved in planning of Crimean Coast, designed a number of resort hotels and sanatoriums; only one of them was built in Kislovodsk (1935-1937). Ginzburg's workshop was also employed by the Ministry of Railways and designed a whole range of model stations for Central Asian and Siberian railroads. Their projects, publicized in the late 1930s, are not as bold as the 1920s avant-garde but are definitely modernist in appearance. In the 1940s, Ginzburg produced the reconstruction plan for post-war Sevastopol (never materialized) and designed two resort buildings that were completed in Kislovodsk and Oreanda after his death. Legacy

His most famous work, the Narkomfin Building, is in a dilapidated state, having been without maintenance for decades, and is on UNESCO's endangered buildings list. Previous drafts to rebuild Dom Narkomfin into a hotel (designed by Ginzburg's grandson) was barred by legal uncertainty over the status of the site.As for 2019, Dom Narkomfin is under careful restoration to become once again a dwelling complex. The goal is to restore the building as close to its original state as possible; construction is supposed to end in 2020. Narkomfin has been the subject of Victor Buchli's study of Soviet material culture, Archaeology of Socialism (Berg, 2000), which traces the building's history from early Utopianism to the harshness of the Stalinist era, up to its current ruined state. See also
Constructivist architecture
Le Corbusier
Joseph Karakis
El Lissitzky
Konstantin Melnikov
Hannes Meyer
Vladimir Tatlin
Bruno Taut
Alexander Vesnin

References

Sources
 Ginés Garrido: Moisei Gínzburg. Escritos 1923-1930.

masks:
Moisei Yakovlevich Ginzburg
Education Ginzburg


title: Alexander Schallenberg

texts:
<mask> (born 20 June 1969) is an Austrian diplomat, jurist and politician who has served as foreign minister since 6 December 2021. A member of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), he had previously served as foreign minister in the second government of Sebastian Kurz before serving as Chancellor of Austria from 11 October to 6 December 2021. A member of the <mask> family and a graduate of the College of Europe, <mask> was a career diplomat who became a mentor to Kurz when the latter became foreign minister. Kurz appointed him director of strategic foreign policy planning and head of the European department. <mask> joined the cabinet as foreign minister in 2019. After Kurz announced his pending resignation on 9 October 2021, <mask> was proposed by the ÖVP to replace him as Chancellor of Austria. ; he was sworn in on 11 October 2021.<mask> announced his pending resignation on 2 December 2021, after less than two months in office. Background and family

A member of the comital branch of the Austro-Hungarian <mask> family, <mask> was born in 1969 in Bern, Switzerland, where his father Wolfgang was Austrian ambassador to Switzerland. His mother is a native of Switzerland, and the daughter of Swiss banker and president of UBS Alfred Schaefer. <mask> was raised in India, Spain and France where his father served as ambassador; his father eventually became Secretary-General of the Foreign Ministry. <mask> speaks German, French, English and Spanish fluently, and has basic knowledge of Russian. The Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels lists his given names as <mask> Nicolas Christoph Wolfgang Tassilo, though <mask> has disputed this and listed <mask> Nicolas as his given names. His paternal grandfather, Herbert, Count of Schallenberg (1901–1974), was Austrian consul general in Prague, while his paternal grandmother was the daughter of politician Walter Koch, the Saxon and later German ambassador in Prague.He is a 2nd great-grandson of Austro-Hungarian general Karl Kostersitz von Marenhorst. <mask> has mainly Swiss ancestry on his mother's side and Austrian, Bohemian, Moravian, Hungarian and Saxon ancestry on his father's side. <mask>'s traditional title is Count, the hereditary title his family was conferred in 1666 within the Habsburg Hereditary Lands. He is the first chancellor since Kurt Schuschnigg and Prince Starhemberg to belong to a noble family. Marriage and children
<mask> married French–Belgian European civil servant and fellow graduate of the College of Europe Marie-Isabelle Hénin (born 1969 in Uccle) in Saint-Pierre, France in 1995. She is the daughter of Erik Hénin and noted equestrian and 1960s Parisian socialite Isabelle Le Maresquier, and a granddaughter of the prominent French architect Noël Le Maresquier and Spanish noblewoman Conchita López de Tejada; Isabelle Le Maresquier was a niece of French prime minister Michel Debré. Her family was discussed as an example of French "state nobility" by Pierre Bourdieu.<mask> and Marie-Isabelle <mask> have four children, they later divorced. Education and early career
From 1989 to 1994, he studied law at the University of Vienna and the University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas. From 1995 to 1996 he earned an LL.M. in European law at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, an institution that aims "to train an elite of young executives for Europe" and whose graduates are said to form a close-knit "Bruges Mafia." <mask> was a graduate of the "Walter Hallstein promotion." In 1997, <mask> joined the Austrian diplomatic service. From 2000 to 2005, he worked at the permanent representation of Austria to the European Union in Brussels, where he headed the legal department.In 2006, he became a press spokesman to Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik, a fellow College of Europe graduate. When Sebastian Kurz became foreign minister, <mask> was appointed as director of strategic foreign policy planning in 2013. Originally he was scheduled to become ambassador to India in 2014, but he chose to remain at the foreign ministry to work with the new foreign minister. <mask> was widely seen as a mentor to the inexperienced Kurz who knew little of foreign policy, who in turn promoted him to senior posts. In 2016 <mask> became head of the European department of the foreign ministry. Political career

On 3 June 2019, <mask> succeeded Karin Kneissl as foreign minister of Austria. He maintained his position as part of the second Kurz cabinet, which was sworn in on 7 January 2020.He stepped down when he became chancellor. After attending an EU summit at the Europa building in Luxembourg on 12 and 13 October 2020 with Sophie Wilmès, <mask> tested positive for coronavirus. Chancellor

After Kurz announced his pending resignation on 9 October 2021 as a result of the Kurz corruption probe, <mask> was proposed by the ÖVP to replace him as Chancellor of Austria. <mask> was sworn in as chancellor on 11 October 2021 by President <mask> der Bellen. In his first official act, he nominated career diplomat and ambassador to France Michael Linhart to succeed him as foreign minister. In November 2021, <mask> announced that COVID-19 vaccine would be mandatory in Austria from February 2022. It became the first European country to mandate the vaccine.<mask> announced his resignation on 2 December 2021 following Kurz's announcement that he was leaving politics just a few hours prior. As his reason for stepping down, he cited his belief that the chancellor and party leader should be the same person. Honours
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein (2019)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2020)

Other activities
Since 2020, <mask>enberg family
University of Vienna alumni

masks:
Alexander Georg Nicolas Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Alexander Georg
Schallenberg
Alexander Georg
Schallenberg
Alexander Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Alexander
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Alexander Van
Schallenberg
Schallenberg
Schallenberghall


title: Bill Lynch

texts:
<mask> (born June 12, 1954) is a former American football coach. He was most recently the head football coach at DePauw University, a position he held in 2004 and re-assumed in December 2012 until his retirement after the 2019 season. <mask> also served as the head football coach at Butler University (1985–1989), Ball State University (1995–2002), and Indiana University Bloomington (2007–2010). He was inducted into the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 2005. High school and college
<mask> graduated from Bishop Chatard High School in Indianapolis in 1972. He moved on to Butler University where was a four-year letterwinner as the quarterback for the football squad and a captain of the basketball team. He quarterbacked the football team to a 28–12 record, led the nation in pass percentage in 1975, and often jokes that he "held" Larry Bird to 42 points in his final college basketball game.Early coaching career
After graduating from Butler, <mask> spent seven seasons as an assistant there, where his positions included wide receivers coach, quarterbacks coach, recruiting coordinator, and offensive coordinator. He then moved on to Northern Illinois University to assist former Indiana University coach Lee Corso for the 1984 season as the quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator. During the winter of 1984, <mask> followed Corso and coached quarterbacks for the Orlando Renegades of the short-lived USFL. In 1985, <mask> returned to Butler for five seasons as head coach. In four of those five years, his teams finished in the Top 20 Division II Poll. <mask> was then hired at Ball State University and worked from 1990 to 1992 as the quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator before heading to Bloomington for the 1993 and 1994 seasons as quarterbacks coach for <mask>'s Indiana Hoosiers football team. In 1995, <mask> returned to Ball State as head coach.His most successful year in Muncie came in 1996 when <mask>'s Cardinals went 8–4, won the Mid-American Conference title, and played in the Las Vegas Bowl. <mask> was let go as head coach after the 2002 season. After a year off, <mask> was hired as the head coach at DePauw University. He led the Tigers football team to an 8–2 record and was named co-Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference Coach of the Year in his only season as head coach. Indiana University
Following his 2004 campaign at DePauw, <mask> resigned his duties as head coach to join long-time friend Terry Hoeppner, who had been hired as head coach at Indiana. There <mask> assumed the positions of assistant head coach, offensive coordinator, and tight ends coach. Under <mask> in 2006, the Hoosiers offense scored their most points since 2001 and quarterback Kellen Lewis enjoyed one of the best freshman seasons in school history.In the spring of 2007, when Hoeppner took a leave of absence to attend to his health, <mask> took over spring practices and the daily work of head coach indefinitely. As Hoeppner 's illness became worse, <mask> was named interim head coach for the 2007 season. Four days after this announcement, on June 19, Hoeppner died from complications of brain cancer. In his first season as head coach, <mask> led the 2007 Hoosiers to a 7–6 record, the best for any Hoosier head coach in his first year since 1905 and the best record for an Indiana football team since 1993. The Hoosiers also earned their first bowl berth since 1993 with an invitation to the Insight Bowl to play Oklahoma State. After much speculation, <mask> signed a contract extension to coach the Hoosiers through 2012. The 2008 Indiana team was hampered by a number of injuries.Against Wisconsin, the Hoosiers were forced to play three quarterbacks and four centers. 13 starters in total were injured during the year. Still, <mask> was able to pull in the one the strongest recruiting classes in recent history. 2009 showed marked improvement on the field, although the record ledger failed to show it as the team took 4th quarter leads into three Big Ten road games before falling short. During <mask>'s tenure, the players established a Player's Leadership Council, which elect weekly game captains and select the community service organizations the team volunteers with. The Boys and Girls Club of Bloomington and Riley Children's Hospital of Indianapolis are two favorite causes of the team. On November 28, 2010, it was announced that <mask> would not return for the 2011 season.Later coaching career
After being let go by Indiana, <mask> became the associate athletic director at his alma mater, Butler University in Indianapolis. He held this position for nearly two years before being hired as the head football coach at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. <mask> previously held this position for the 2004 season, leading the Tigers to an 8–2 record. <mask> replaced interim head coach Scott Srnka, who was promoted after Robby Long was fired mid-season. The 2013 Tigers opened with four losses but won four of their final six games, finishing 4–6. DePauw improved to 7–3 in 2014, finishing third in the NCAC, then took a second place conference finish in 2015 with an 8–2 mark, repeating that in 2016 and 2017. He retired after the 2019 season with a final coaching record of 145–122–3.<mask> and his wife, Linda, have four children. His son, <mask>, is an assistant coach at Delta High School (Muncie, Indiana). Another son, Joey, is the quarterbacks coach and passing game coordinator for Vanderbilt University. His youngest son Kevin is the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Ball State University. All three played college football. They also have a daughter, Kelly, and thirteen grandchildren. Head coaching record

References

Additional sources
 NYTimes – Out of Uncertainty, A Coach Brings Success

External links
 DePauw profile
 Butler profile

1954 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Ball State Cardinals football coaches
Butler Bulldogs football coaches
Butler Bulldogs football players
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball players
DePauw Tigers football coaches
Indiana Hoosiers football coaches
Northern Illinois Huskies football coaches
United States Football League coaches
Coaches of American football from Indiana
Players of American football from Indianapolis
Basketball players from Indianapolis

masks:
Bill Lynch
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Bill Mallory
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title: Audrey Truschke

texts:
<mask> is a historian of South Asia and an associate professor at Rutgers University. Her work focuses on Hindu–Muslim relations in South Asia, especially during the Mughal Empire. She has been a frequent target of harassment by right-wing Hindu nationalists, who accuse her of having prejudiced views on Hinduism, and making offensive statements; scholars reject the charges. Education and career
<mask> received her bachelor's in religious studies from University of Chicago (2004). She graduated from Columbia University (2007) in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies before going on to receive a M.Phil. (2008) in the same discipline. She received her PhD from Columbia University in 2012, and was a postdoctoral fellow at University of Cambridge (2012-2013) and Stanford University (2013-2016).In 2015, she joined Rutgers University as an assistant professor of South Asian History and in 2020, she was promoted to associate professorship. She is also the current director of the Asian Studies program. Publications and reception

Monographs

Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court
In 2016, Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court, was published by Columbia University Press. It dwelt upon the literary, social, and political roles of Sanskrit in the Mughal courts from 1560 to 1650, and was reviewed in multiple journals. Aria Fani, in the Journal of Iranian Studies found the work to be an invaluable contribution to South Asian studies. Edmond Smith of the University of Kent, for the Reviews in History, found the work to be "evocative, [and] expertly researched", where Truschke used her "exceptional linguistic talents" to pose and answer provoking questions about the Mughal Empire while inspiring other scholars to re-examine their approaches to studying religions. Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
In 2017, she published Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King about the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, with Stanford University Press.<mask>, in her reading of sources, suggest that Aurangzeb was not the anti-Hindu tyrant as he has been made out to be in popular scholarship; there was no "systematic" attack on Hindus and his sporadic destruction of temples or imposition of jizya must be interpreted from within a political and economical milieu. Munis D. Faruqui, a historian of Mughal India, found the work to be an excellent work aimed at non-specialists, and praised Truschke's willingness to tackle the topic despite being aware about the inevitability of "vicious personal attacks from mostly nonacademic critics". However, Faruqui cautioned that the book "[did] not fill unexplored gaps in the historiography." Sara Mondini, a scholar of Indo-Islamic art and architecture, commended Truschke for having penned a "precise and exhaustive" volume on the subject with due regard to sources; it was far "rich and complex" than the "stereotypical nationalist" ones prevailing in scholarship, and was "pivotal" to the understanding of Hindu-Muslim encounters in premodern. Patrick Madigan, writing for The Heythrop Journal, admired Truschke for having rescued "Aurangzeb from contemporary Hindu nationalists." The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule
Her third monograph The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule, was published in January 2021 by Columbia University Press. Sheldon Pollock, Romila Thapar, Cynthia Talbot, and Richard M. Eaton blurbed it.Edited volumes
In May 2021, she co-edited "The Ramayana of Hamida Banu Begum, Queen Mother of Mughal India" which was published by Silvana Editoriale and Museum of Islamic Art, Doha. Honors
In 2017, she was conferred with the John F. Richards Prize in South Asian History by American Historical Association for Culture of Encounters being the "most distinguished work of scholarship on South Asian history" in the previous year . Activism
<mask> has been a prominent critic of Hindutva and its exclusionary ideology. In 2021, Truschke along with a group of other scholars formed a collective to combat increasing harassment of South Asian scholars by people affiliated with Hindutva. They launched the "Hindutva Harassment Field Manual," offering "resources" against "Hindu Rights assault." Targeting by the Hindu right
Truschke has become a target of the Hindu right, due to her historical works and her choice of language. She has been a frequent recipient of hate mails.Aurangzeb
After publishing her monograph on Aurangzeb, <mask> was alleged of whitewashing his genocidal atrocities on Hindus and trolled by Hindu right. Wendy Doniger noted these to be ad-hominem attacks infused with islamophobia and misogyny. Ramayana translation
In one of her tweets, she referred to an episode in Ramayana where Sita apparently admonished Rama as a "misogynist pig": a critical translation of the Valmiki Ramayana by Robert P. Goldman was cited in support. Goldman however denied that he ever used such language and deemed her choice of words to be "highly inappropriate". Truschke responded by stating that such disagreements are routine aspects of scholarly discourse and she had only offered a "loose translation" using contemporary language. According to <mask>, Goldman himself had used words like "pimp" in describing Sita's criticism of Rama and further, she was not endorsing Sita's criticism. Srinivas Reddy, a professor of religious studies at Brown University supported Truschke's critical interpretation of Rama's character and found subsequent attacks on her by the Hindu Right to be misogynistic in essence, and deplorable.But, he also urged Truschke to adopt a less polarizing voice in her analysis and respect the text, if not revere. Writer Purushottam Agrawal found the tweet to be inflammatory, disrespectful and poor; it reduced the layered and complex character of Rama to a "caricature in a contemporary American comic strip," noting that "'Prakrita' [is] a common word, which essentially means 'ordinary' or 'uncivilised', or 'raw' as opposed to refined." Cultural critic Pushpesh Pant found the translation to be poor, as well. Student petition
In 2021, a group of Hindu students of Rutgers University circulated a petition that called for Rutgers University to terminate Truschke's teaching assignments on Hinduism, condemn her views, and create “a safe space for diaspora Hindus". Among the many alleged reasons were Truschke's claiming Bhagavad Gita to rationalize mass slaughter, whitewashing a "Hindu genocide" by Aurangzeb, and linking Hindus with the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. The University, while defending academic freedom and calling for an immediate end to hate speech directed at her, said that it was initiating a dialogue with the Hindu community to understand their concerns. Days later, faculty members of Rutgers from varied faith backgrounds (including Hinduism) drafted an open letter which affirmed faith in Truschke's scholarship, rejected the levelled charges of "Hinduphobia", and applauded Rutgers' affirmation of academic liberty whilst upholding commitment to diversity; among the signatories who expressed solidarity with those academics were Romila Thapar, Rajmohan Gandhi, Sheldon Pollock, Partha Chatterjee, and Suketu Mehta.Litigation
In May 2021, Hindu American Foundation filed a libel suit on her and several other organizations. A diverse group of intellectuals and academics — Akeel Bilgrami, Amitav Ghosh, Anita Desai, Cornel West,  Martha Nussbaum, Nandini Sundar, Noam Chomsky, Romila Thapar, Sudipta Kaviraj, Sheldon Pollock, and Wendy Doniger among others — condemned HAF's tactics as a Strategic lawsuit against public participation, or an attempt to use litigation to silence critics, and a tool of pushing forward Hindutva. Personal life
Truschke has three children. Notes

References

See also
 Anti-Hindu sentiment
 Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

External links
 Hindutva Harassment Field Manual
 The Hindu Right cannot debate me because it rejects critical thought: <mask>ke

Historians of South Asia
Rutgers University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hindutva harassment of scholars
American women historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers
American women academics
University of Chicago alumni
Columbia University alumni
Stanford University fellows

masks:
Audrey Truschke
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Audrey Trusch


title: Lloy Ball

texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1972, in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American volleyball player, a member of American national team in 1993–2008, a participant of the Olympic Games (Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens 2004) and gold medalist of Olympics Beijing 2008, gold medalist of the NORCECA Championship 2007 and World League 2008, silver medalist of the Pan American 1995, bronze medalist of the World Championship 1994 and 2015 inductee to the International Hall of Game. When not on the court actively playing the game, <mask> operates Team Pineapple, a volleyball clinic that also features his father, <mask>. Personal life
<mask> grew up in Woodburn, Indiana, where he attended Woodlan High School. Because <mask> grew up in a state that did not sanction varsity competition in boys' volleyball, he only played competitively during the summer. He made his first breakthrough at age 15 by getting an automatic position on the 1987 Olympic Festival. <mask> also played basketball. As a Junior, <mask>’s team lost in the Sectional finals to a stellar Bishop Dwenger Saint’s Basketball team.It was a crushing loss for <mask> and was a huge factor in driving him towards his future success. This Dwenger team consisted of stars like TJ Steele, David Lion, John Sullivan, Tim Burns and Brian Finley. <mask> was recruited by Bobby Knight to play the game at Indiana University. <mask>
<mask> attended Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) from 1991–1995 and played volleyball there for his father, Arnie <mask>. In his freshman season, he was named Volleyball Magazine National Freshman of the Year as he recorded 1,421 assists to go along with 171 digs, 113 blocks and 164 kills on the year. In his sophomore season, he was an American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) Second Team All-American and also broke the school record for single season assists (2,047).In his junior year, he was repeated as a Second Team All-American and was the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA) Player of the Year and recorded a career high 106 assists vs. Ball State. He ranked among the top 20 in the nation in hitting percentage and aces per game. In 1994, he was a First Team All-American and repeated as the MIVA Player of the Year. He led IPFW to the NCAA Men's Volleyball Championship semifinals, before suffering a broken hand prior to the match. In 2006, <mask> was inducted into the IPFW Athletics Hall of Fame alongside his father as part of the inaugural class. Following the 2018 dissolution of IPFW and the transfer of its athletic program to the newly created Purdue University Fort Wayne, the institution is now known as the Purdue Fort Wayne Athletics Hall of Fame. National team

International
Ball competed at the 1991 (silver) and 1993 World University Games.He was also on the national team that won the silver medal at the 1995 Pan American Games. <mask> was selected for the USA national team in May 1994 after concluding a stellar collegiate career at IPFW. <mask> represented the U.S. men's volleyball team at the 2007 FIVB Men's World Cup, helping the team to finish fourth. At the 2008 FIVB World League, <mask> led the U.S. men to its first ever World League title, by defeating Serbia in the final. <mask> was named the "Best Setter" and Most Valuable Player of the tournament. Olympics
<mask> made his Olympic debut at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, where Team USA finished in ninth place tie with South Korea, after having claimed the bronze medal two years earlier at the World Championships. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, <mask> started but the USA had a disappointing tournament, not winning a match and finishing with an 11th place tie with Egypt.At the 2004 Athens Olympics, <mask> led Team USA to the semifinals, where they lost to eventual gold medalist Brazil. They earned their way to the bronze medal match, but were swept by Russia to come down to a fourth-place finish. Despite not getting a medal, it was the best Olympic finish for the men since they won the bronze medal in 1992. With his selection to the 2008 Olympic squad, <mask> became the first male volleyball player from the United States to compete in four Olympics. After leading Team USA past Russia in 5 sets at the 2008 Summer Olympics semifinals in Beijing, China, <mask> led Team USA to the gold medal by defeating World No. 1 Brazil in four sets. During the tournament, the U.S. never lost a match, going undefeated at 8–0.Professional
With the professional club Iraklis Thessaloniki, he won two silver medals at the 2004–05 and 2005–06 CEV Champions League. In 2004-05 he was also awarded "Best Setter". With the professional club VC Zenit Kazan he won a gold medal at the 2007–08 CEV Champions League and a third silver medal at the 2010–11 CEV Champions League, along with a second "Best Setter" award. On April 11, 2011, <mask> announced he would be retiring at the end of VC Zenit Kazan's season during an interview on The Net Live radio talkshow. Awards

Individuals
 2010–11 CEV Champions League "Best Setter"
 2008 FIVB World League "Best Setter"'''
 2008 FIVB World League "Most Valuable Player"' 2007 NORCECA Championship "Best Setter" 2007 NORCECA Championship "Most Valuable Player" Inducted into IPFW Athletics Hall of Fame (2006, the inaugural class) 2004–05 CEV Champions League "Best Setter" 2003 NORCECA Championship "Best Setter" 1999 FIVB World Cup "Best Setter"''

Footnotes

References

External links

 Bio at NBC Olympics

1972 births
Living people
American men's volleyball players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in volleyball
Volleyball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Setters (volleyball)
Sportspeople from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons men's volleyball players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
People from Allen County, Indiana
People from Angola, Indiana
Iraklis V.C. players
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in volleyball
Volleyball players from Indiana
Ural Ufa volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games

masks:
Lloy James Ball
Ball
Arnie Ball
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BallW
Ball
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title: R. F. Delderfield

texts:
<mask> (12 February 1912 – 24 June 1972) was an English novelist and dramatist, some of whose works have been adapted for television and film. Biography

Childhood in London and Surrey
<mask> was born in Bermondsey, London, in 1912 to Alice and <mask> (c. 1873–1956). His father worked for a meat wholesaler in Smithfield Market, and was the first Liberal to be elected to Bermondsey Council. William supported women's suffrage and the Boer cause in the Boer War. He was a firm supporter of the temperance movement, and of David Lloyd George until the latter allied himself in government with the Conservative Party. From 1918 to 1923, the family lived at 22 Ashburton Avenue, Addiscombe, near Croydon, Surrey. The Avenue novels were  based on <mask>'s life in Addiscombe and Shirley Park.Delderfield attended an infant school in Bermondsey, then a "seedy and pretentious" small private school — "seventy boys and four underpaid ushers, presided over by a jovial gentleman who wore blue serge". He then went to a council school, which he hated, but which provided him with the prototype for Mr. Short in The Avenue. This experience was followed by a grammar school whose dedicated teachers inspired several of his characters. Once the family moved to Devon, Delderfield first attended a co-educational grammar school and, finally, West Buckland School. In his autobiography For My Own Amusement, <mask> joked that West Buckland could be likened to schools in The Spring Madness of Mr Sermon, The Avenue and A Horseman Riding By, and that it had earned its fees three times over. Again, in For My Own Amusement, Delderfield divided the nation into city and suburb dwellers, rural dwellers, and those who lived in coastal towns. On a family holiday in Swanage when he was young, Delderfield caught scarlet fever and had to spend three months in an isolation hospital.Residence in East Devon
In 1923, <mask>'s father and a neighbour in Bermondsey bought the Exmouth Chronicle, a local newspaper in Exmouth, and William became the editor. In 1929, <mask> joined the staff of the paper and later succeeded his father as editor. In For My Own Amusement, he describes his work—attending Magistrates' Courts and Council meetings, covering amateur dramatics and other events, visiting the bereaved to write local obituaries, even cycling after the fire engine to see if there was a story, as well as relying on a large number of local correspondents. His experiences during this period were clearly mirrored in the romantic novel Diana. In 1926 he had a house, 'Dove Cottage' (now 'Gazebo'), built on Peak Hill in Sidmouth. <mask>'s first published play was produced at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1936; the Birmingham Post wrote "more please, Mr <mask>". One of his plays, Worm's Eye View, had a run at the Whitehall Theatre in London, and was filmed in 1951 with Diana Dors.Following service in the RAF during World War II, he resumed his literary career, while also running an antiques business near Budleigh Salterton, Devon. Having begun with drama, <mask> decided to switch to writing novels in the 1950s. His first novel, Seven Men of Gascony, a tale of French soldiers in the Napoleonic Wars, was published in 1949 by Werner Laurie. In 1950 he featured in a BBC Newsreel clip of the short-lived The Axminster and Lyme Regis Clarion in Lyme Regis. Autobiography
In For My Own Amusement (1972), <mask> discusses the inspiration for the storylines and tells in anecdotes the origin of several of his characters. He believed that authors draw inspiration from the scenes of their youth, pointing out that Charles Dickens' characters nearly always used the stagecoach, when he was writing in the age of the train. <mask> calls his sources "character farms", the main ones being his time in Addiscombe, schooldays, and his time at the Exmouth Chronicle.Of The Avenue and A Horseman Riding By he said, "I set out to tell a straightforward story of a group of undistinguished British people—the only kind of people I really know." <mask> pointed out in this autobiography that he had been criticized for his very conventional views of women's social roles. Death
<mask> died at his home in Sidmouth, then called Dove Cottage, of lung cancer, survived by his widow, the former May Evans, whom he married in 1936. They had a son and a daughter. A brother, Eric (1909–95) survived him and wrote several books on the history of England's West Country. Early 20th century social history as a subject of his writing
Several of Delderfield's historical novels and series involve young men who return from war and take up careers in peacetime that allow the author to delve deeply into social history from the Edwardian era to the early 1960s. Examples
 David Powlett-Jones of To Serve Them All My Days is from a Welsh working-class background and begins his teaching of history at a rural public school shortly after being released from a shell-shock ward in 1918.That novel examines the changes in private education and the development of the Labour political movement between the world wars. Adam Swann of the God is an Englishman series is a veteran of the British Army in India who forms a transport business in the mid-19th century. The series explores the economic history of the United Kingdom from the 1860s to the outbreak of the First World War. In the A Horseman Riding By trilogy, Paul Craddock, also an ex-soldier, becomes a rural landlord in Delderfield's own Devon in the early 20th century. The two-volume work The Avenue, which follows the residents of a middle-class suburban road over a few decades, begins shortly after the end of World War I with the return of one resident, who finds that his wife has died in the Spanish flu epidemic and left him with several children to care for. Other works
Delderfield also published non-fiction books on Napoleonic history, historical novels involving the Napoleonic Wars, and some isolated novels set in more contemporary periods. His prose style tends to be straightforward and readable, lacking in any influence from post-modernist fiction, and his social attitudes are fairly traditional, though his politics, as expressed via his characters, are a mixture of progressive and free market.In general, Delderfield's novels celebrate English history, humanity, and liberalism while demonstrating little patience with entrenched class differences and snobbery yet also sometimes advocating individualism, self-reliance, and other traditional Victorian values. Delderfield wrote The Adventures of Ben Gunn (1956) which follows Ben Gunn from sexton's son to pirate and is narrated by Jim Hawkins in Gunn's words. It describes the life of Ben Gunn from the events which led him to leave Devon, and eventually to his presence on Treasure Island and involvement in the story told by Stevenson, and follows up with a brief summary of Ben Gunn's life afterwards. 1970–1973: God is an Englishman, Theirs was the Kingdom, and Give Us This Day belong to the "Swann saga"

Adaptations
British TV has made five series based on Delderfield's books. Nigel Havers played Paul Craddock in BBC TV's A Horseman Riding By (1978), adapted from the eponymous novel. John Duttine played David Powlett-Jones in BBC TV's To Serve Them All My Days (1980), adapted by Andrew Davies from the eponymous novel and Archie Carver in London Weekend Television's  People Like Us (1977), adapted from the Avenue novels. Diana was adapted in 1984 into a BBC miniseries starring Jenny Seagrove in the title role and Patsy Kensit as her younger self.Come Home Charlie, and Face Them was adapted as a mini-series by London Weekend Television in 1990. The first Carry On film, Carry On Sergeant (1958), was based on Delderfield's play The Bull Boys. A 1961 film On the Fiddle starring Sean Connery was based on <mask>'s novel Stop at a Winner. His play Worm's Eye View was filmed with Diana Dors under its original title. The 1956 film Now and Forever was based on his play The Orchard Walls. References

External links

1912 births
1972 deaths
English autobiographers
People from Bermondsey
People educated at West Buckland School
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
British male dramatists and playwrights
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers

masks:
Ronald Frederick Delderfield
Ronald Frederick Delderfield
William James Delderfield
Ronald
Delderfield
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Delderfield
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title: Shaun Greenhalgh

texts:
<mask> (born 1961) is a British artist and former art forger. Over a seventeen-year period, between 1989 and 2006, he produced a large number of forgeries. Teaming up with his brother and elderly parents, who fronted the sales side of the operation, he successfully sold his fakes internationally to museums, auction houses, and private buyers, accruing nearly £1 million. The family have been described by Scotland Yard as "possibly the most diverse forgery team in the world, ever". However, when they attempted to sell three Assyrian reliefs using the same provenance as they had previously, suspicions were raised. Apprehended, <mask>gh was sentenced to prison for four years and eight months in November 2007. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London held an exhibition of Greenhalgh's works from 23 January to 7 February 2010.The Metropolitan Police's Art and Antiques Unit built a replica model of the shed where the works were created and labelled Greenhalgh "the most diverse art forger known in history". Many of his fakes, including the Amarna Princess, a version of the Roman Risley Park Lanx, and works supposedly by Barbara Hepworth and Thomas Moran, were displayed. Family roles
Greenhalgh's family was involved in "the garden shed gang". They established an elaborate cottage industry at his parents' house in The Crescent, Bromley Cross, South Turton, which is about  north of Bolton town centre. His parents, George and Olive, approached clients, while his older brother, George Jr., managed the money. Other members of the family were invoked to help establish the legitimacy of the various items. These included Olive's father who owned an art gallery, a great-grandfather who it seemed had had the foresight to buy well at auctions, and an ancestor who had apparently worked for the Mayor of Bolton as a cleaner and was given a Moran painting.<mask>gh left school at 16 with no qualifications. A self-taught artist, undoubtedly influenced by his job as an antiques dealer, he worked up his forgeries from sketches, photographs, art books and catalogues. He attempted a wide range of crafts, from painting in pastels and watercolours, to sketches, and sculpture, both modern and ancient, busts and statues, to bas-relief and metalwork. He invested in a vast range of different materials – silver, stone, marble, rare stone, replica metal, and glass. He also did meticulous research to authenticate his items with histories and provenance (for instance, faking letters from the supposed artists) in order to demonstrate his ownership. Completed items were then stored about the house and garden shed. The latter probably served as a workshop as well.A quote from an amazed Scotland Yard detective who searched the house gives a sense of Greenhalgh's industry:

A next-door neighbour recalled: "I was finding bits of pottery and coins around the edges of the garden over 20 years back – [things like] bits of metal with old kings on." While this sounds as though materials were openly displayed, it was perhaps not quite that obvious. Angela Thomas, a curator from the Bolton Museum, actually visited the family at home prior to the purchase of the Amarna Princess and reported nothing untoward. Yet for all his daring – he once boasted that he could knock up a Moran watercolour in half an hour and claimed to have completed an Amarna statue in three weeks – <mask>gh needed the help of his parents. At the trial it was said by the lawyer, Brian McKenna, that Greenhalgh's mother, Olive (1925-2016), made the telephone calls "because he was shy and did not like to use the telephone." Olive may have been a peripheral figure, but <mask>'s father, George (1923-2014), was more involved. He was the frontman, who met face-to-face with potential buyers."He looks honest, he's elderly and he shows up in a wheelchair." On one occasion, trying to interest the Bolton Museum in an Amarna princess, an ancient Egyptian statuette about the size of a gnome, George Sr. told them he was "thinking about using it as a garden ornament". The parents were perhaps most important because they helped establish a logical explanation for why the Greenhalghs had possession of such items in the first place, namely as family heirlooms. It allowed them to offload items when they were discovered as fakes, such as the "Eadred Reliquary", and an L. S. Lowry painting, The Meeting House. The "Amarna Princess"

In 1999 the Greenhalghs began their most ambitious project. They bought an 1892 catalogue which listed the contents of an auction in Silverton Park, Devon, the home of the 4th Earl of Egremont. Among the items listed were "eight Egyptian figures."Using the leeway this vague description allowed, Greenhalgh manufactured what became called the "Amarna Princess," a 20-inch statue, apparently made of a "stunning translucent alabaster, it later emerged within a Panorama documentary that he had bought the tools to produce this "masterpiece" from B&Q." Done in the Egyptian "Amarna period" style of 1350 BC, the statue represents one of the daughters of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. At the time, as Greenhalgh had researched, only two other similar statuettes were known to exist in the world. He "knocked up" his copy in his shed in three weeks out of calcite, "using basic DIY tools and making it look old by coating it in a mixture of tea and clay". George then approached Bolton Museum in 2002, claiming the Amarna was from his grandfather's "forgotten collection", bought at the Silverton Park auction. He pretended to be ignorant about its true worth or value, but was careful to provide the letters <mask> had also faked, showing how the artifact had been in the family for "a hundred years". In 2003, after consulting experts at the British Museum and Christie's, the Bolton Museum bought the Amarna Princess for £439,767.It remained on display until February 2006. It has been subsequently re-displayed, since September 2018, as part of Bolton Museum's 'Bolton's Egypt' Gallery as an example of fake Egyptian artifacts in the 'Obsessions' section . How they were caught
Perhaps buoyed up by the fact that they had so successfully duped the experts, the Greenhalghs tried again using the same Silverton Park provenance. They produced what were purportedly three Assyrian reliefs of soldier and horses, from the Palace of Sennacherib in 600 BC. The British Museum examined them in November 2005, concluded that they were genuine, and expressed an interest in buying one of them, which seemed to match a drawing by A. H. Layard in its collection. However, when two of the reliefs were submitted to Bonhams auction house, its antiquities consultant Richard Falkiner spotted "an obvious fake". Bonhams consulted with the British Museum about various suspicious aspects, and the Museum then spotted several unlikely anomalies.The horses' reins were "not consistent" or "atypical" with respect to other Assyrian reliefs; and the cuneiform inscription contained a spelling mistake, an absent diacritical mark, which was considered extremely unlikely in a piece "destined for the eyes of the king". These concerns became full blown suspicion when George seemed too willing to part with the items at a low price. The Museum contacted the Arts and Antiquities Unit of Scotland Yard, and eighteen months later the family was arrested. Money involved
Had the Greenhalghs managed to sell all 120 artworks they had offered it is estimated that they could have earned as much as £10m. This would have made the average value of each piece more than £83,000, although money received varied between £100 (for the Eadred Reliquary) and £440,000 (for the Amarna Princess). The Greenhalghs did not manage to offload most of their works. Many which they dd sell, such as the Eadred Reliquary, purportedly were undersold, garnering only minimal amounts.Others, such as the Lowry painting The Meeting House, only gained in value from their repeated resale, which would not have benefited the Greenhalghs. As time went on, more ambitious, expensive pieces of work were produced, some of which did sell, like the Risley Park Lanx. However, these were subject to more scrutiny and indeed it was one of these, the Assyrian reliefs, which led to their exposure and arrests, which suggests that the longevity of their scam was concentrated on the passing off of lower level items. Balanced against this must be the success of sales to private individuals. They are unlikely to have had the same level of expertise at their disposal as institutions, and are probably less willing to advertise their losses once the forgeries were detected. Certainly they have not had the same exposure as the debacle surrounding the Bolton Museum, for example. Two individual buyers, "wealthy Americans" have been noticed, but only after they donated their purchase to the British Museum.Another piece sold to an unnamed private buyer came to light when the Art Institute of Chicago announced that The Faun, a ceramic sculpture on display since 1997 as the work of the 19th-century French master Paul Gauguin, was also a forgery by <mask>gh. The museum purchased the sculpture from a private dealer in London, who had bought it at a Sotheby's auction in 1994. In addition, the bank records of the Greenhalghs only went back six years, so in the final analysis the exact amount of monies involved over the seventeen-year scam has not been determined. What is known is that "two Halifax accounts... one containing £55,173 and the other £303,646" were frozen, pending a confiscation hearing in January 2008, and <mask>gh was convicted for "conspiracy to conceal and transfer £410,392." Estimates of the amount of money the Greenhalghs actually made vary from £850,000 to £1.5 million. Motivations
The Greenhalgh family did not appear to make much use of the money they gained. They lived a "far from lavish life" in a "shabby" council house; among their possessions were "an old TV, battered sofa, and a Ford Focus", but not a computer.According to Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley, from the Met's Art and Antiques Unit, the conditions were "relatively frugal" even "abject poverty". Olive Greenhalgh claimed that she had "not even travelled outside of Bolton." As they did not display wealth, explanations other than desire for money have been proposed. Police suggested that <mask>gh was motivated less by profit than by resentment at his own lack of recognition as an artist. This "general hatred" became a need to "shame the art world" and "show them up", but this was denied by Greenhalgh in his autobiography, A Forger's Tale. The defence lawyer Andrew Nutall characterized <mask>gh as a shy, introverted person, obsessed with "one outlook and that was his garden shed". The forgeries were an attempt to "perfect the love he had for such arts".By implication, the forgeries were a mere unintended, if unfortunate, consequence. Known forgeries

44 forgeries were discussed during the trial, and 120 were known to have been presented to various institutions. However, given the family's bank records only extended back for a third of the period they were operating, and <mask>gh's high level of productivity, there are probably many more. On raiding the Greenhalgh home police discovered many raw materials and "scores of sculptures, paintings and artifacts, hidden in wardrobes, under their bed and in the garden shed." In fact, "there can be little doubt that there are a number of forgeries still circulating within the art market." A description of known forgeries includes the following:
 1989. Eadred Reliquary.A small 10th century silver vessel, containing a relic of the true cross of Jerusalem. <mask> turned up "dripping wet" at Manchester University, claiming he'd found it in a river terrace, at Preston.

masks:
Shaun Greenhalgh
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun
Shaun
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhal
George Greenhalgh


title: Shaun Greenhalgh

texts:
 University determined vessel was a fake; but unsure about the wood. Purchased it for £100. The subject of an academic thesis. 1990. Samuel Peploe still life painting, purportedly inherited from Olive's grandfather, sold for £20,000.However, paint began to flake off and the buyer cancelled the cheque. Scotland Yard failed to make an arrest at the time due to "organisational restraints." 1992. The Risley Park Lanx. A Roman silver plate bought for £100,000 by private buyers and donated to the British Museum, who displayed it as a genuine replica. 1993–1994. Thomas Moran sketch and watercolour acquired by Bolton Museum."The former was a gift given by the Greenhalghs; the latter was purchased for £10,000." 1994. The Faun. A ceramic sculpture by Paul Gauguin. Authenticated by the Wildenstein Institute, sold at Sothebys auction in 1994 for £20,700 to private London dealers, Howie & Pillar. Bought by the Art Institute of Chicago in 1997 for $125,000. On display until October 2007.1995. Anglo-Saxon ring. Tried to sell it through Phillips Auctioneers; determined by British Museum to be a fake. 1995. 24 sketches by Thomas Moran sold in New York. Police believe up to 40, worth up to £10,000, were created by Greenhalgh, six or seven of which are unaccounted for. He claimed each one only took him thirty minutes to forge, and that a former mayor of Bolton had given them to an ancestor of his who worked for the mayor as a cleaner.L. S. Lowry. The Meeting House (a pastel, one of a "clutch of paintings"). The Greenhalghs claimed it was a 21st birthday present by Olive's gallery owner father, and even that some were given by Lowry himself. They had copied letters from the artist, inserting their names in to make it look like they were great friends. For example, this letter dated 16 June 1946:Dear George, Thank you very much for your recent letter and cheque for the paintings. I have about finished the [illegible] but I will hold onto it  I am(?) ready.I will slip round to the yard on Wed. L S Lowry. Received 45.0.0 for paintings One of the Lowrys, perhaps the one mentioned above, sold as a replica, for somewhere between "several hundred pounds" and £5,000. Eventually put up for auction by new owners in Kent as genuine item, for £70,000. 1999. Two gold Roman ornaments. <mask> withdrew them from Christie's when the auction house wanted to do a scientific analysis on them. Barbara Hepworth goose sculpture.Only a photograph known to exist, before item lost in the late 1920s. The Greenhalghs claimed it was given to the family "by the curator of a museum in Leeds" in the 1950s. Worth approximately £200,000 it was later sold to the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds for £3,000. Work by Otto Dix. Stolen from Dresden in 1939. Apparently recovered by the Greenhalghs then presented to the Tate Gallery . Work by Man Ray.Another Paul Gauguin, a vase. An ancient Celtic fibula (or brooch)
Horatio Greenough. Bust of Thomas Jefferson, sold at Sotheby's for £48,000. And/or Thomas Chatterton
Henry Moore. A carved stone head by Henry Moore, which Greenhalgh Snr tried to convince the Tate Modern, London to buy, claiming to have got it via his grandmother. 2003 Amarna Princess, a statuette. In the family for "a hundred years."Authenticated by the British Museum and Sothebys, bought by Bolton Museum for £440,000, it was on display for three years. A police raid on the Greenhalgh home discovered two more copies. 2005. Three Assyrian marble reliefs from Nineveh, including one of an eagle-headed genie and another of soldiers and horses. They were dated by the British Museum at around 681BC, supposedly from the Palace of Sennacherib, and thought to be worth around £250,000 to £300,000. But alerted by Bonhams, their discrepancies were revealed, and the forgery exposed. Reactions
In the end, Greenhalgh's artistic ability was downplayed.Detective Sgt Rapley of the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit said  "Looking at them now I'm not sure the items would fool anyone, it was the credibility of the provenances that went with them." Despite this claim the list of experts and institutions who were fooled is long, and includes the Tate Modern, the British Museum, the Henry Moore Institute, and auction houses Bonhams, Christie's, Sotheby's and other experts from "Leeds to Vienna." The Faun was displayed at the van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; while the Amarna Princess went on display at the South Bank Hayward Art Gallery, in an exhibition opened by the Queen. Other unnamed galleries, and various private collectors were fooled as well. In fact, institutions proclaimed the works and their achievement in obtaining them. The Art Institute of Chicago described The Faun sculpture as a "major rediscovery" and included it in their "definitive" exhibition on Gauguin. Bolton Museum hailed their purchase of the Amarna Princess as "a coup," calling George Greenhalgh "a nice old man who had no idea of the significance of what he owned."After the trial, Bolton Museum scrambled to distance itself and described itself as "blameless" insisting that it had followed established procedure. The presiding judge, William Morris, exonerated the institution and any Council staff involved, preferring to focus on what he saw as "misapplied" talent and an "ambitious conspiracy;" while the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit would only admit that Greenhalgh had succeeded "to a degree". However, the general public was notably more cynical in its reaction, being unimpressed by what they perceived as the experts' incompetence, and the law's heavy-handedness. Richard Falkiner, the antiquities expert from Bonhams said, "I took one look at the relief and said 'don't make me laugh'...It was an obvious fake. It was far too freshly cut, was made of the wrong stone and was stylistically wrong for the period." Dramatisation
On 4 January 2009, BBC2 broadcast a dramatisation of the Greenhalgh story called The Antiques Rogue Show, a play on the title of the popular BBC series Antiques Road Show, already used by headline writers. In a letter from prison to the Bolton News, <mask>gh made a number of complaints about the depiction of himself and his family, calling the drama "character assassination".Career after release
Following <mask>'s release early in 2010, he launched a website selling his artworks. These comprise works the website describes as "examples of my old style of work...'fakes'," signed and sold as works by him, as well as sculptures in his own style. A member of the Metropolitan Police Art and Antique Squad stated "If a work is not copyrighted, it is not illegal to copy that work and sell that copy, as long as it is made very clear the work is not an original." Autobiography
His autobiography A Forger's Tale: Confessions of the Bolton Forger was originally published in a limited edition in 2015 by ZCZ Editions. The first full edition was published on 1 June 2017 with an Introduction by Waldemar Januszczak. It won the Observer's Best Art Book of the Year, 2018. La Bella Principessa claim

In November 2015 as part of the publicity for the upcoming A Forger's Tale, an article in The Sunday Times put forward Greenhalgh's claim that he was the creator of La Bella Principessa attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.A December 2015 article in The New York Times also promoted <mask>'s claimed authorship of the work, which it said he had made in the late 1970s, around the age of 20, using vellum recycled from a 16th-century land deed and the face of a supermarket check-out girl named "Alison" who worked in Bolton. Greenhalgh repeated his claim to be the creator in a May 2017 interview with Simon Parkin in the Guardian, noting that he had studied the work again when it was exhibited at the Villa Reale di Monza in 2015. The Postscript chapter in <mask>'s 2017 autobiography provided further details about his claim, identifying the sitter as "Bossy Sally from the Co-Op" (p. 356). Art historian Martin Kemp said he found the claim hilarious and ridiculous. Television work
<mask>gh appeared in and is credited as "Craftsman" in the 2012 BBC documentary The Dark Ages: An Age of Light. In October 2019 he appeared in Handmade in Bolton on BBC2, a short documentary series fronted by Janina Ramirez, directed and narrated by Waldemar Januszczak, in which he remade four objects from the past using traditional materials and methods. References

Sources
 Artner, Alan."Art Institute of Chicago discloses Gauguin sculpture in fact a forgery", Chicago Tribune, 12 December 2007; accessed 13 December 2007. Bolton Museum, (no byline). "Amarna Princess statement", Bolton Museum, 29 November 2007; accessed 15 December 2007. Bailey, Martin. "Revealed: Art Institute of Chicago Gaugain sculpture is fake", The Art Newspaper, 12 December 2007; accessed 13 December 2007. Bunyan, Nigel. "Downfall of council house art fakers", Telegraph, 18 November 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, 17 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007. Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show: update 3", The Bolton News, 17 November 2007; accessed 30 November 2007. Chadwick, Edward. "Con artist set to appeal", The Bolton News, 21 November 2007; accessed 30 November 2007. Fenton, James."Fakes and counterfeits", The Guardian, 24 November 2007; accessed 30 November 2007. Flynn, Tom. "Faking It", Art Quarterly, Summer 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.
International Herald Tribune (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", International Herald Tribune, 16 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007. Grove, Sophie. "Fake It Till You Make It", Newsweek, 15 December 2007; accessed 17 December 2007. Kelly, James."Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, 16 November 2007; accessed 17 November 2007. Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, 16 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007. Lovell, Jeremy. "Octogenarian British art forger sentenced", New Zealand Herald, 17 November 2007; accessed 20 November 2007. Macquisten, Ivan. "It was Bonhams and ATG columnist who first raised alarm over Greenhalgh fakes", Antiques Trade Gazette, 3 December 2007; accessed 17 December 2007.Malvern, Jack. "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)", Times Online, 27 March 2006; accessed 4 December 2007. Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fool art world with beautifully crafted fakes", New Zealand Herald, 19 November 2007; accessed 20 November 2007. Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fooled art world with array of finely crafted", Independent, 17 November 2007; accessed 13 December 2007. Smith, Amanda."£1m fake statue: family charged", The Bolton News, 21 April 2007; accessed 30 November 2007. Stokes, Paul. " Family sells fake Egyptian statue for £400,000", Telegraph, 1 August 2007. Accessed 30 November 2007. This Is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", This Is London, 16 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007. Times Online, (no byline)."The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Times Online, 17 November 2007; accessed 17 November 2007. Times Online, (no byline). "Octogenarian art-forgers bought to justice", Times Online, 16 November 2007; accessed 22 November 2007. Thompson, Clive. "How to make a fake", New York Magazine, 24 May 2004; accessed 26 December 2007. Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, 17 November 2007; accessed 17 November 2007.External links
 Art Institute's Statement Regarding Paul Gauguin's The Faun

1961 births
Living people
English art forgers
English criminals
People from Turton

Date of birth missing (living people)
Art

masks:
George Greenhalgh
Shaun Greenhal
Shaun Greenhalgh
Greenhalgh
Greenhalgh
Shaun Greenhal