title: Charles Vance Millar

texts:
<mask> (June 28, 1854 – October 31, 1926) was a Canadian lawyer and financier. He was the president and part-owner of the Toronto brewery of O'Keefe Brewery. He also owned racehorses, including the 1915 King's Plate–winning horse Tartarean. However, he is now best known for his unusual will which touched off the Great Stork Derby. Early years
<mask> was born in Aylmer, Ontario, the only child of farmers Simon and <mask>. <mask> attended the University of Toronto and graduated with an average of 98% in all his subjects. He chose to study law, passed the bar examination at Osgoode Hall in 1884 and opened up his own law office in Toronto.Business career

The BC Express Company and the Millar Addition
In 1897, Millar purchased the BC Express Company from Stephen Tingley and took over the government mail delivery contracts for the Cariboo region in British Columbia. When it was announced that the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway would go through Fort George (later named Prince George) Millar expanded the company's services to Fort George and built two sternwheelers, the BX and the BC Express. <mask> also foresaw that Fort George would become a major centre in Northern British Columbia and he made arrangements to purchase the First Nations reserve at Fort George. However, the railway was already planning to purchase the property and they convinced the Department of Indian Affairs to cancel their negotiations with Millar. When Millar took the railway to court, the railway agreed to sell him  of the property, which became known as the Millar Addition. Horse racing
Millar owned racehorses, including  the 1915 King's Plate-winning horse Tartarean. At the time of his death, he owned seven horses, including Troutlet, which went on to win the 1927 King's Plate, under different ownership.By then the executors of his Millar estate had sold his horses including Troutlet. In the 1910s, <mask> had planned to build a racetrack in Kingston, Jamaica, where he holidayed, but abandoned the idea. In 1912, he had made arrangements with the builder of the Belmont Park racetrack, C. W. Leavitt to design the track. <mask> was an investor in Kenilworth Park Racetrack, built just outside Windsor, Ontario, in 1916. Death
<mask> died in his law office in the Crown Life Building at Yonge and Colborne Streets on October 31, 1926, of a stroke. He was discussing a case with <mask>, a law associate, when he collapsed. <mask> died before a doctor could arrive.<mask> was buried in the family plot in Aylmer. He had not married and had no descendants and his parents had both predeceased him. His funeral was held at his home on 75 Scarborough Road in the Beaches district of Toronto, attended by many other members of the legal profession. When his executors filed his will for probate, <mask>'s estate was estimated to be worth . His death coincided with the disappearance of several books of accounting of O'Keefe Brewery. At the time the government of Canada contended that O'Keefe was $175,000 in arrears on sales taxes. The claim had been made to O'Keefe earlier in October 1926.The Royal Customs Commission held an inquiry in March 1937 and evidence was given that Millar had sent for the books to be delivered to his office. However, a search of his office, home and the company did not turn up the books, according to his associate <mask>. O'Keefe was suspended from brewing "strong beer" during the dispute, until it provided the books to the commission. O'Keefe offered a reward for the return of the books and continued with its other activities. In May 1927, O'Keefe appealed for a reinstatement of its licence. F. H. Phippen, the president of the company testified that Millar, the president of O'Keefe in October 1926, did not want to give up the books to the commission and proposed an injunction. Phippen was in favour of giving up the books to the commission.Phippen described <mask> as "a lawyer and an honourable man", and that he had only thought that Millar had put them away for safekeeping. Character
Though highly successful in the law and in his investments, Millar was known for his love of jokes and pranks which played on people's greed. One favourite was to leave money on a sidewalk and watch from a hiding place as passers-by furtively pocketed it. As a law student, <mask> was jilted once by a girl of a prominent family and never had a serious relationship again. <mask> was known to sleep on the veranda outside his house in all weather, to "keep himself hard". In life, he was never known to have given to any charity. The only club <mask> was a member of was the Royal Canadian Yacht Club.Abe Orpen, when informed about his mention in <mask>'s will, discussed his working relationship with Millar over many transactions. According to Orpen, the two always made verbal agreements, never on paper. Orpen distrusted Millar, who would always look for some loophole in a contract, though never broke his word. <mask>'s final prank was his will, which says in part:

The will had several unusual bequests:
Three men who were known to despise each other (T. P. Galt, KC; J. D. Montgomery and James Haverson, KC) were granted joint lifetime tenancy in Millar's vacation home in Jamaica, on condition that they live in the property together. To each practicing Protestant minister in Toronto, and every Orange Lodge in Toronto, a share of O'Keefe Brewery stock, a Catholic business, if they participated in its management and drew on its dividends. Two anti-horse-racing advocates (Hon. William Raney, Reverend Samuel Chown) and a man who detested the Ontario Jockey Club (Abe Orpen) were to receive a share of Ontario Jockey Club stock, provided they are shareholders in three years.Raney's and Chown's share were eventually given to charity and Orpen accepted his share. Each duly ordained Christian minister in Walkerville, Sandwich, and Windsor, "except Spracklin, who shot a hotelkeeper" was to receive a share of the Kenilworth Park Racetrack, located just outside Windsor, Ontario. The home in Kingston, Jamaica, had already been sold by Millar. It was not in his estate when it was submitted for probate. The bequest to the Protestant ministers of O'Keefe stock was a problem to resolve. The corporate structure of O'Keefe was such that Millar's share of the company was not in shares, but in a share of a holding company that controlled O'Keefe. He only had one actual share in the O'Keefe Brewery Ltd.The 99 ministers and the 103 Orange Lodges who accepted the bequest, did so upon the sale of O'Keefe in 1928 for $1.35 million, in an agreement with the executors. The legatees each received $56.38. In October 1928, five pastors in Windsor claimed the bequest of the Kenilworth shares. The value of the shares was hard to judge, as the stock did not trade publicly. One estimation was that they were worth less than one cent each. The racetrack would close within a decade. The Great Stork Derby

The tenth and final clause of his will was the largest.It required that the balance of <mask>'s estate was to be converted to cash ten years after his death and given to the Toronto woman who gave birth to the most children in that time. In the event of a tie, the bequest would be divided equally. The resulting contest became known as the Great Stork Derby. The Supreme Court of Canada validated the will; Millar had prepared it with care. The will survived ten years of litigation, including attempts by <mask>'s distant relatives to have it declared invalid, and the Derby continued uninterrupted. Because of <mask>'s long-term investments, particularly one of land adjacent to the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel that turned a $2 investment into over $100,000, his estate increased drastically during the ten years, and was worth $568,106 when it was finally liquidated. Its value was enhanced as it accumulated during a deflationary economic period.Most of this prize was shared by four Toronto women who each had nine children, receiving $110,000 each, although three of the four had to pay back to the City of Toronto relief money they had collected. The estate also paid $12,500 each to two women with dubious claims to a share in the prize so as to end litigation. The childless <mask> ended up 'fathering' (albeit indirectly) 36 children. The contest inspired a Canadian made-for-television movie, The Stork Derby, which starred Megan Follows. It was speculated that <mask> prepared this clause in his will to discourage indiscriminate births  and discredit prohibitions against birth control. References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading
 Wilton, Elizabeth (1994). Bearing the Burden: The Great Toronto Stork Derby, 1926–1938.(Ottawa) National Library of Canada. . External links
<mask> <mask>'s will
"The Toronto 'Stork Derby' Baby Race" at Snopes

1853 births
1926 deaths
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian racehorse owners and breeders
Pranksters
History of British Columbia
Cariboo people
Wills and testaments by person

masks:
Charles Vance Millar
Charles Millar
Sarah Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Charles Kemp
Millar
Millar
Millar
Charles Kemp
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Will Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Charles Vance
Millar


title: Litto Nebbia

type: original

texts:
Félix Francisco "<mask>" <mask> (born 21 July 1948) is an Argentine singer-songwriter, musician and producer prominent in the development of Argentine rock. Life and work
<mask> was born in Rosario, Santa Fe to Martha and <mask> (two sons of Italian immigrants), in 1948. His parents were struggling musicians, though during his early teens, <mask> left secondary school to join a friend, keyboardist Ciro Fogliatta, in a band ("Wild Cats"). The duo moved to Buenos Aires in 1963, and lived hand-to-mouth in a Balvanera ward tenement. They appeared in a television show, Escala Musical, a number of times, and became regulars at a popular neighborhood recital hall, La Cueva. <mask> and Fogliatta formed "Los Gatos" in 1966. The group became known for their all-night performances, and composed most of their own songs, many in the well-known neighborhood café, "La Perla del Once" (facing Plaza Miserere).One such composition, La balsa (The Raft), was written at that location by <mask> and the ill-fated songwriter Tanguito on May 2, 1967, and following its release on the RCA Victor label on July 3, sold over 250,000 copies. The album, which also included Moris Birabent's Ayer nomás (Just Yesterday) was the first local rock production to outsell either American or British rock titles locally, and the milestone became known as the birth of Argentine rock. The Argentine edition of Rolling Stone Magazine, in a 2007 retrospective, named the melancholy La balsa number one in the list of the 100 best albums in Argentine rock. Commercially, the album rescued the struggling group. Invited to perform the hit on television following its release, the group could only see themselves when the show aired at the kindness of an appliance store owner, who tuned a window display set to the program at their request. Controversy ensued shortly after the hit's release however. A contentious debate soon arose as to whether <mask> or Tanguito had contributed more to the composition (particularly after the latter's tragic, 1972 death).<ref>[http://www.igooh.com.ar/Nota.aspx?IdNota=5828 Los 40 de «La balsa», Igooh] </ref> La balsa also aggravated officials in General Juan Carlos Onganía's conservative dictatorship, who stopped short of banning a song they believed encouraged escapism and drug abuse, but retaliated by shuttering La Cueva, whose stage had become the focal point for local rock groups (including Los Gatos).The band itself began losing cohesion, as well: guitarist Kay Galiffi relocated to Brazil, and <mask> left the group in 1969; by 1970, Los Gatos had dissolved. <mask> began a solo career with RCA Records, and his first album, Litto Nebbia, benefited from having a number of its tracks included in local filmmaker Julio Porter's El extraño de pelo largo (The Long Haired Stranger). His work drew from the folklorical Chacarera genre in 1971 and 1972, and in 1973, he founded the Litto Nebbia Trio, whose repertoire centered on jazz. <mask> produced folk rock duo Pastoral's En el hospicio (In the Hospice) in 1975, enjoying success in his first foray into record production. The advent of a new dictatorship in 1976, and his subsequent intimidation and detainment, forced <mask> to seek exile in Mexico, however. He remained creatively productive in exile, and released some of his most successful albums during this era, including Canciones para cada uno (Songs for Each of You) in 1978, and Sólo se trata de vivir (It's Only About Living), in 1981. Expecting a daughter, Miranda, and heartened by an improving civil liberties climate, <mask> returned to Argentina in 1982.His return was followed by the Rosariazo, a May 1983 concert in which he was joined by Silvina Garré, Juan Carlos Baglietto, and Fito Páez, among others; his 1986 release, Demasiadas maneras de no saber nada (Too Many Ways to Know Nothing), was his fiftieth. <mask>, his mother, had recently converted a former Villa Urquiza shoe store into her new residence, and invited her son to install a recording booth there. Reunited with Salvador Barresi, the recording engineer from his days with Los Gatos, they improved and equipped the ad hoc space, which was opened as a recording studio in 1988, and which Barresi named El Nuevo Mundo ("The New World"). El Nuevo Mundo Studios led to Nebbia's 1989 establishment of Melopea Records, which he named after both the Ancient Greek music theory, and his own, 1974 album of that name. Melopea Records became known for discovering and promoting new talent, as well as producing unreleased tango compositions from decades earlier. Some of these latter included works by consular figures in the genre, such as Juan Carlos Cobián, Enrique Cadícamo, and Roberto Goyeneche. <mask> was named Illustrious Citizen of Buenos Aires in 2002.Los Gatos, save for drummer Oscar Moro (who had died a year earlier), were reunited for a revival in 2007. Nebbia presented a nine disc anthology of Argentine rock in 2010, and hosted a gathering of fellow Argentine rock greats on 9th of July Avenue as part of official celebrations of the Argentina Bicentennial. Two of the most influential in the genre, Charly García and Luis Alberto Spinetta, acknowledged Nebbia and Los Gatos as inspirations for their own beginnings.Clarín: Somos hermanos de la vida (29 May 1998)

DiscographyLitto Nebbia, 1969Litto Nebbia, Vol. 2: Hijo de America, 1970Nebbia's Band, 1971Despertemos en America, 1972Muerte en La Catedral, 1973Melopea, 1974Fuera del Cielo, 1975Bazar de Los Milagros, 1976Cosas Que No Quieren Morir, 1976El Vendedor De Promesas. 1977Canciones Para Cada Uno, Vol. 1, 1978Canciones Para Cada Uno, Vol. 2, 1979Toda Cancion Sera Plegaria, 1979Creer, 19801981, 1981Solo Se Trata De Vivir.1981Solopiano, Vol. 1, 1981Tres Noches en la Trastienda, 1981Llegamos De Los Barcos, 1982Solopiano, Vol. 2, 1982Canciones Para Conocernos Mas, 1983La Guerra No Sabe, 19831992, 1984Con La Banda Sinfonica Nacional, 1984Para Que Se Encuentren Los Hombres, 1984En Brasil, Aqui Y Ahora, 1985Luna Caliente, 1985Demasiadas Maneras de No Saber Nada, 1986Musiquieros, 1987Buscando en el Bolsillo del Alma, 1988Nostalgias del Harlem Espanol, 1990Esperando El Milagro, 1992Argentino de America, 1992Seguro, 1992Paginas de Vida, Vol. 1-4  1994Evita: Quien Quiera Oir Que Oiga, 1996Homenaje a Gardel Y Le Pera, 1997Nebbia Canta Cadícamo, 1997El Hombre Que Amaba A Todas Las Mujeres, 1997Matar al abuelito, 1998Siempre bailan dos, 2000El jardín de la esquina, 2001Tributo a Brian Wilson, 2002Celebración, 2003La Noche del Colibri, 2004Tango & Nocturno, 2004Bazar de los milagros, 2006Danza del Corazon, with La Luz, 2007El Jardin de La Esquina, 2007Península Valdes, with Alfredo Lichter, 2007The Blues, 2007Bella Madrid, 2008Calamaro querido! '', 2009

References

1948 births
Living people
Singers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine bass guitarists
Argentine rock musicians
Argentine male singer-songwriters
Argentine record producers
Argentine multi-instrumentalists
Argentine singer-songwriters
Male bass guitarists

masks:
Litto
Nebbia Corbacho
Félix Francisco Nebbia Corbacho
Félix Nebbia
Litto
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Nebbia
Martha Nebbia
Nebbia


title: Michael Cooper

texts:
<mask> (born April 15, 1956) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the boys varsity coach at Culver City High School. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning five NBA championships with the Lakers during their Showtime era. He was an eight-time selection to the NBA All-Defensive Team, including five times on the first team. He was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year in 1987.

<mask>'s previous coaching jobs include leading the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) to two championships and the Albuquerque Thunderbirds to one NBA G League title. He has also coached in the NBA, WNBA, and the NBA Development League. Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles. When he was three years old, he cut one of his knees severely, requiring 100 stitches to close.At the time the doctor said that he would never be able to walk. College career
He attended Pasadena High School, graduating in 1974, then Pasadena City College before transferring to the University of New Mexico. He played for the New Mexico Lobos for two seasons, 1976–78, and was named first team All-Western Athletic Conference. In his senior season the Lobos won the WAC title, with <mask> averaging 16.3 points, 5.7 rebounds, and 4.2 assists per game. Professional career

Los Angeles Lakers (1978–1990)
Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the third round of the 1978 NBA draft with the 60th overall pick, <mask> became an integral part of their Showtime teams of the 1980s with his defensive skills. In a twelve-year career, he was named to the NBA All Defensive Team eight times, including five first-team selections. <mask> and Norm Van Lier have the most defensive selections of any player to not be inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.However, he did make the finalist list for the 2022 ballot. He won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1987. He, along with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Magic Johnson, was a member of five Lakers championship teams in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, and 1988. At 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m), 174 lb (77 kg), the rail-thin <mask> known for his knee-high socks, played shooting guard, small forward, and point guard, although his defensive assignment was usually the other team's best shooter at the 2 or 3 position. Larry Bird has said that <mask> was the best defender he faced. For his career, <mask> averaged 8.9 points, 4.2 assists, 3.2 rebounds, 1.2 steals, and 0.6 blocks per game. A popular player among Lakers fans, home crowds were known to chant, "Coooooooop" whenever he controlled the ball, and the Lakers sometimes ran an alley-oop play for him that was dubbed the "Coop-a-loop."Leaving the team after the 1989–90 season, he was ranked among the club's all-time top 10 in three-point field goals (428), games played (873), total minutes played (23,635), steals (1033), blocked shots (523), assists (3,666), defensive rebounds (2,028), offensive rebounds (741), and free throw percentage (.833). Pallacanestro Virtus Roma (1990–1991)
<mask> then played for the 1990–91 season in Italy for Pallacanestro Virtus Roma in the Italian Serie A, averaging 15.8 points, 6.1 rebounds, 1.9 steals, 1.8 assists, and 0.3 blocks per game. Coaching career

Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1997)
Following his playing career, he served as Special Assistant to Lakers' general manager Jerry West for three years before joining the Lakers' coaching staff in March 1994 under Magic Johnson, then with Del Harris from 1994–97. Los Angeles Sparks (1999–2004)
<mask> became an assistant coach of the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks in 1999, and helped the team reach the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, with a record of 20–12. He was named the Sparks' head coach in November 1999, and the Sparks' record quickly improved, as they finished 28–4 in their 2000 campaign. <mask> was named the WNBA Coach of the Year for his efforts. The Sparks followed with consecutive WNBA Championships in 2001 and 2002, but were denied a third straight WNBA title by losing to the Detroit Shock in 2003.Denver Nuggets (2004–2005)
After the Sacramento Monarchs ended the Sparks' run in the first round of the 2004 WNBA Playoffs, <mask> took a job as an assistant coach under Jeff Bzdelik with the Denver Nuggets. After 24 games, Bzedlik was fired, and <mask> was named the Nuggets' interim head coach. He remained interim head coach until George Karl was brought in to coach the team about a month later and served as a scout for the Nuggets the remainder of the season. Albuquerque Thunderbirds (2005–2007)
<mask> was the head coach of the Albuquerque Thunderbirds for three years (2005–07). In 2007, he left the Thunderbirds after coaching them to the National Basketball Association D-
League Championship in 2006. Return to Sparks (2007–2009)
<mask> then returned to coaching in the WNBA as head coach of the Los Angeles Sparks. USC Trojans' women's basketball team (2009–2013)
In May 2009, <mask> was named head coach of the University of Southern California's Women of Troy Basketball Team.He quit in 2013 after USC went 11–20 and finished seventh in the Pac-12 Conference with a 7–11 record. He was 72–57 overall at USC. Atlanta Dream (2014–2017)
In November 2013, <mask> was hired by the Atlanta Dream as head coach. His contract was not renewed by Atlanta after an 11–22 season in 2017. Chadwick (2019–2021)
In 2018, <mask> signed on to coach 3's Company of the Big3 League. In 2019, <mask> was named the boys varsity coach at Chadwick School in the Palos Verdes Peninsula of Los Angeles County. Culver City (2021–present)
<mask> became the head coach at Culver City High School on September 8, 2021.Head coaching record

NBA

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Denver
| style="text-align:left;"|
|14||4||10|||| align="center"|(interim)|||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan="2"|Career
|14||4||10|||| ||—||—||—||—||

WNBA

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| style="text-align:left;"|2000
|32||28||4|||| align="center"|1st in Western|||4||2||2||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conference Finals
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| style="text-align:left;"|2001
|32||28||4|||| align="center"|1st in Western|||7||6||1||
| style="text-align:center;"|Won WNBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Albuquerque
| style="text-align:left;"|2005–06
|48||26||22|||| align="center"|2nd|||2||2||0||
| style="text-align:center;"|Won D-League Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Albuquerque
| style="text-align:left;"|2006–07
|50||24||26|||| align="center"|3rd in Western|||1||0||1||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First Round
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan="2"|Career
|98||50||48|||| ||2||2||1||

College

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 3 ||  || 2.3 || .500 || ||  || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 2.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 ||  || 24.1 || .524 || .250 || .776 || 2.8 || 2.7 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 81 ||  || 32.4 || .491 || .211 || .785 || 4.1 || 4.1 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 9.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 76 || 14 || 28.9 || .517 || .118 || .813 || 3.5 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 0.8 || 11.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 82 || 3 || 26.2 || .535 || .238 || .785 || 3.3 || 3.8 || 1.4 || 0.6 || 7.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 9 || 29.1 || .497 || .314 || .838 || 3.2 || 5.9 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 9.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 20 || 26.7 || .465 || .285 || .865 || 3.1 || 5.2 || 1.1 || 0.6 || 8.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 15 || 27.7 || .452 || .387 || .865 || 3.0 || 5.7 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 9.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 82 || 2 || 27.5 || .438 || .385 || .851 || 3.1 || 4.5 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 10.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 61 || 8 || 29.4 || .392 || .320 || .858 || 3.7 || 4.7 || 1.1 || 0.4 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 80 || 13 || 24.3 || .431 || .381 || .871 || 2.4 || 3.9 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 80 || 10 || 23.1 || .387 || .318 || .883 || 2.8 || 2.7 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 6.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 873 || 94 || 27.1 || .469 || .340 || .833 || 3.2 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 0.6 || 8.9

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1980†
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|16|| ||29.0||.407||.000||.861||3.7||3.6||1.5||0.7||9.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1981
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|3|| ||34.0||.550||.000||.714||3.3||2.3||2.0||0.0||10.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1982†
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|14|| ||27.4||.565||.500||.735||4.4||4.4||1.7||0.8||11.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1983
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|15|| ||30.2||.465||.143||.829||3.9||2.9||1.7||0.4||9.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1984
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|21|| ||34.4||.461||.333||.806||3.9||5.7||1.1||1.0||11.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1985†
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|19|| ||26.4||.563||.308||.923||4.0||4.9||1.1||0.5||10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1986
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
|14|| ||30.1||.470||.463||.818||3.3||4.9||1.3||0.3||9.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1987†
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|18|| ||29.0||.484||.486||.852||3.3||5.0||1.4||0.8||13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1988†
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|24|| ||24.5||.412||.403||.741||2.4||2.8||0.8||0.4||6.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1989
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|15|| ||27.6||.416||.382||.833||2.7||4.7||0.6||0.5||7.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1990
|style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
|9|| ||19.2||.286||.250|| ||2.7||2.8||0.8||0.4||2.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 168 || 4 || 28.2 || .468 || .392 || .825 || 3.4 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 0.6 || 9.4

Personal life
In July 2014, Cooper was diagnosed with early-stage tongue cancer. He had surgery at Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University in Atlanta, and a full recovery was expected. See also

 List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders
 List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

 Coaching record at basketball-reference.com: NBA, WNBA

1956 births
Living people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
American women's basketball coaches
Atlanta Dream coaches
Basketball coaches from California
Basketball players from Los Angeles
Big3 coaches
Denver Nuggets assistant coaches
Denver Nuggets head coaches
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Los Angeles Lakers players
Los Angeles Sparks head coaches
New Mexico Lobos men's basketball players
Pallacanestro Virtus Roma players
Pasadena City Lancers men's basketball players
Pasadena High School (California) alumni
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Pasadena, California
USC Trojans women's basketball coaches
Women's National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches
People from View Park–Windsor Hills, California
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Basketball players from Pasadena, California

masks:
Michael Jerome Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper


title: Meghan Klingenberg

texts:
<mask> (born August 2, 1988) is an American soccer defender and FIFA Women's World Cup champion. She is a former member of the United States women's national soccer team and currently plays for Portland Thorns in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She previously played for 3 teams in the Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) league, Tyresö FF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan and the Houston Dash in the NWSL. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh and raised in the suburban north hills of Gibsonia, Pennsylvania. She has a younger brother named Drew who played college soccer at Penn State. She attended Pine-Richland High School from 2003 to 2007 and was the captain of the girls soccer team. In 2005, she helped lead Pine-Richland to the Pennsylvania state high school championship and was an NSCAA All-America selection.She was also named a Parade All-American. Klingenberg claims she enhanced her soccer skills by practicing Taekwondo, and that the martial art made her a more aggressive player. She is now a black belt. University of North Carolina
Klingenberg attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was a four-year starter for the Tar Heels. She scored 18 career goals with 24 assists. Klingenberg was a highly flexible player, playing on all three lines for UNC. As a freshman in 2007, she played in 24 games, starting 10, and earned Freshman All-ACC honors.She scored five goals with three assists and was a Soccer America First-Team All-Freshman selection. Klingenberg led UNC freshmen in all offensive categories and was an All-ACC Academic Team selection. As a sophomore in 2008, she played in 20 games, starting eight, and missed the last six games of the season playing for the US at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile. She tied for second on the team with nine assists and two goals. Klingenberg was named to the ACC All-Academic women's soccer team and the ACC Honor Roll. As a junior in 2009, she played in 26 games and played 1,668 minutes while scoring five goals with one assist. Klingenberg scored the game-winning goal in a 5–2 triumph over Wake Forest in the NCAA quarterfinals.As a senior in 2010, she was an NSCAA All-American while playing in all 24 games for the Tar Heels and was fourth on the team with 23 points. She had 11 assists (second on the team),  scored six goals and was named First-Team All-ACC. Club career

WPS, 2011
In 2011, Klingenberg was selected by the Washington Freedom in the first round of the WPS draft. After the team was moved to Florida and renamed magicJack, she was traded in early June to the Boston Breakers. Klingenberg played 10 matches for Boston, starting them all and totaling 961 minutes for the season. She ended the season with one goal and two assists. She also spent time at Western New York Flash where she won the 2012 Women's Premier Soccer League Elite.Tyresö FF, 2012–13
In 2012, <mask> signed with Swedish club, Tyresö. During her time with Tyresö she won the 2012 Damallsvenskan. NWSL, 2013
After the WPS folded, the National Women's Soccer League was created with support from the US, Canada, and Mexico. Houston Dash, 2014–2015
On January 10, 2014, it was announced that the Houston Dash had selected <mask> with the sixth pick in the 2014 NWSL Expansion Draft. She finished UEFA Women's Champions League with Tyresӧ FF, before joining the Dash mid-season. She left in October 2015 after making nineteen appearances for the club. Portland Thorns, 2016–
In October 2015, <mask> was part of a pingpong trade that had her join the Seattle Reign as she was traded by Houston Dash for Amber Brooks and a conditional selection in the 2017 NWSL College Draft, then traded to the NWSL 2016 expansion team Orlando, who then traded her to the Portland Thorns FC for Alex Morgan and other considerations.International career

<mask> has played for the United States women's national soccer team at the U-16, U-17, U-20 and U-23 levels. She received her first call-up to the senior squad for the 2011 Four Nations Tournament and earned her first two caps during the event. She was named an alternate for the 2012 Summer Olympics. In March 2013, she was named to the senior team roster by US WNT coach, Tom Sermanni for upcoming exhibition matches against Germany and the Netherlands. Klingenberg made her debut for senior team on January 23, 2011, at the Four Nations Tournament against Canada, coming in as a substitute at seventy-eighth minute. She also played in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The United States women's national soccer team won the tournament on July 5, 2015.<mask> started in every match of the tournament for the team. Despite seeing extensive playing time during the 2016 Summer Olympics, <mask> would receive sparse minutes throughout 2017 and has not been called up since January 2018.

International goals

Career statistics
. Honors
<mask> has won five trophies in her career so far. She has won the 2012 Damallsvenskan with Tyresö, the 2012 Women's Premier Soccer League Elite with Western New York Flash, and the 2017 National Women's Soccer League with Portland Thorns FC . She's also won the 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament, 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup and 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship with the United States women's national soccer team. Club
Western New York Flash
Women's Premier Soccer League Elite: 2012

Tyresö
Damallsvenskan: 2012

Portland Thorns FC
NWSL Shield: 2016, 2021
NWSL Champions: 2017
 NWSL Community Shield : 2020
 NWSL Challenge Cup: 2021
 International Champions Cup: 2021

Personal
NWSL Second XI: 2017

International
United States
CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2014
Algarve Cup: 2015
FIFA Women's World Cup: 2015
CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2016
SheBelieves Cup: 2016

Individual
 FIFPro: FIFA FIFPro World XI 2015

Off-field
While with the Houston Dash, <mask> and teammate Morgan Brian lived with the family of former Houston Rockets coach Jeff Van Gundy during the NWSL season, as part of the Dash's host family program. In 2019, <mask>, along with United States teammates Tobin Heath, Christen Press and Megan Rapinoe started Re-inc, a gender-neutral lifestyle brand.In popular culture
<mask> was featured with her national teammates in the EA Sports' FIFA video game series in FIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game. Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, <mask> and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City. Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio. In October of the same year, the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House. References

Match reports

External links

 US Soccer player profile
 North Carolina player profile
 2012 Summer Olympics alternate player profile
 Tyresö FF player profile
 Houston Dash player profile
 Portland Thorns FC player profile

1988 births
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
American expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
American people of German descent
Women's association football defenders
Women's association football fullbacks
Women's association football midfielders
Boston Breakers (WPS) players
Damallsvenskan players
Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden
Houston Dash players
Living people
MagicJack (WPS) players
National Women's Soccer League players
North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer players
Soccer players from Pittsburgh
Tyresö FF players
United States women's international soccer players
Washington Freedom players
Women's Premier Soccer League Elite players
Women's Professional Soccer players
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Pine-Richland High School alumni
American women's soccer players
Portland Thorns FC players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Women's Olympic soccer players of the United States
United States women's under-20 international soccer players

masks:
Meghan Elizabeth Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg
Klingenberg


title: Vernon Hartshorn

texts:
<mask> (16 March 1872 – 13 March 1931) was a Welsh trade unionist and Labour Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1918 until his death. <mask> was President of the South Wales Miners' Federation, and a member of the National Executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ogmore at the 1918 general election. He served as Postmaster-General in 1924, made a Privy Counsellor the same year, and became a member of the Simon Commission. In 1930, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, serving until his death on 13 March 1931. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 16 March 1872 in Pontywaun, Monmouthshire. He was the eldest son of Ellen and <mask>.At the time of his birth his father was a coal miner but later became a local draper/grocer. The family were Primitive Methodists, Theophilus <mask> was a Sunday School teacher and Trustee of Crosskeys Primitive Methodist Church. Various sources describe <mask> as a Sunday School teacher and lay preacher from early adulthood. It is likely he received his education through home, local board school, chapel, work, and local institutes. A childhood friend recalls him spending one term at Oliver's Mount, a Quaker School in Scarborough, Yorkshire where he "was good at arithmetic and could solve problems off hand which the masters found tricky". This innate mathematical ability was to prove invaluable in later years. Early career

The proving ground for many young men and boys in the South Wales valleys was work at the 'pit bottom' in the local colliery, and Hartshorn was no exception.He started underground, probably at the age of 14, and we have found a record of him working at the coal face of the Black Vein Seam of the Risca Colliery for about a year between 1892 and 1893. Ill-health resulted in <mask> moving to work above ground for Powell Duffryn Collieries in Aberaman from 1896. From there he transferred to the company offices in Cardiff Docks to work as a Junior Clerk. This enabled him to obtain an insight into commercial matters which was to stand him in good stead in later years. He was later elected Checkweighman at the Risca Collieries, a position rendered vacant by James Winstone, a prominent founder member and future president of the South Wales Miners' Federation. <mask> took an active part in promoting the South Wales Miners' Federation cause. He represented – with another prominent early leader, Alfred Onions – the Tredegar District of the South Wales Miners' Federation.At the point of his election as Miners' Agent in Maesteg in 1905 <mask> was regarded as one of the upcoming men of the Federation. He had shown that he had a good deal of perseverance, a keen insight into mining and political matters, and a determination to do what he considered to be right however heavy the odds against him. He was recommended for the post by the principal leaders of the South Wales Miners' Federation at the time, including William Abraham(Mabon), William Brace and James Winstone, all of them speaking of his "unblemished moral character, his keenness, tact and ability, his knowledge of economic problems, and his good executive abilities". He was going to require all of those characteristics and skills in the years to come. By 1912 he was being described, in the Pall Mall Gazette, as "the most prominent and capable of the Socialist leaders in the South Wales Coalfield". Early political career

<mask> sought selection as a Labour candidate in the General Election of January 1910 in the Mid-Glamorganshire constituency. On this occasion he failed to gain the support of the South Wales Miners' Federation and had to stand down.He stood again as a Labour candidate in the April 1910 by-election, and yet again in the December General Election of the same year. On both these occasions he was backed by the South Wales Miners' Federation, but he was not successful. Coal disputes
During the National Coal Strike of 1912 there are references to Hartshorn in the press as a militant, an extremist, a socialist, as pugnacious, uncompromising and out for trouble . That said, he was not one of the group of young socialists from the Rhondda who published the Syndicalist manifesto, 'The Miners Next Step', with its sustained critique of the style of union leadership shown by the likes of William Abraham. Nor was he an advocate of conciliation and compromise, of co-operation with the coal-owners at any cost. He believed that the 'strike weapon' could and should be used. The 1912 strike of almost 1 million miners was unprecedented.The Government, fearing widespread trouble on a much larger scale than the Tonypandy Riots of 1911, decided to intervene in the dispute. Within a month they had rushed a Minimum Wage Bill through Parliament. The resulting arrangements for miners' pay were, in operation, far from perfect, but the legislation did see the introduction of the first example of a national minimum wage. A key player in the negotiations that took place in London, <mask> was less than enthusiastic about the Wage Bill, and he made it clear that it could not be accepted as a final solution to the problem. He took the view that if the men should decide to return to work, that would not be surrender, but simply a decision to test what they had won. The strike ended on 6 April 1912. The first World War

The production of coal in Britain peaked in 1913, but the First World War brought new challenges within the industry.Throughout the War there was a constant struggle between the collieries and the army for manpower, and conscription did more than any other issue to divide the Labour movement. Also, with the War came inflation but the miner's pay failed to keep pace with the rising cost of living. It became difficult for the miners' leaders to balance the interests of the miners and the interests of the nation. In March 1915 the Miners Federation of Great Britain demanded a 20% pay increase. The coal-owners refused to discuss a national wage rise and negotiations reverted to the districts. Satisfactory agreements were reached in most areas except South Wales where the obdurate coal-owners refused to budge beyond 10%. On 15 July 1915 about 200,000 miners in Wales went on strike.Hartshorn, and other Federation leaders, had urged the miners to abandon their plans to strike, and to continue negotiating while working. He reasoned that there would be a lack of public support for a strike while the country was at war, and naval defence depended on coal. There were also risks to the credibility of the Federation in the longer term. Inevitably he was criticised by some for 'betraying' the miners. The Coal Strike of 1915 was divisive, some viewed the miners as unpatriotic whilst others criticised the mine owners. Either way, it was a serious event, and the Minister for Munitions, Lloyd George, invoked the Munitions of War Act, making the strike illegal. He also travelled to Cardiff to speak to the miners directly.They remained defiant and won many of their demands before returning to work. In November 1916 another strike over pay took place in Wales. This time the Government took control of the industry, and it was to remain under Government control for the next four years. During the War <mask> visited the Western Front with other miners' leaders, ostensibly to assess morale and conditions among the troops. He became a member of the Coal Mining Organisation Committee (CMOC) established in 1915, and later a member of the Advisory Board to the Controller of Mines. He was also one of the three Wales Commissioners on the 1917 Inquiry into Industrial Unrest, and a member of the Colliery Recruiting Court in South Wales. In January 1918 he was awarded the OBE in recognition of his service to the CMOC.Prior to, and throughout the War years, the campaign for women's suffrage continued, and it was a campaign that Hartshorn supported. References

1872 births
1931 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Miners' Federation of Great Britain-sponsored MPs
United Kingdom Postmasters General
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931

masks:
Vernon Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Vernon Hartshorn
Theolus Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Vernon Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Hartshorn
Hartshorn


title: W. J. Ghent

texts:
<mask> (1866–1942) was an American socialist journalist and writer. His main focus was on socialism and on the history of the Westward Expansion of the early United States. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on April 29, 1866 in Frankfort, Clinton County, Indiana the son of <mask> and Mary Elizabeth Palmer. <mask>'s ancestors had already been residents of America for a century, having settled in the state of North Carolina prior to the American Revolution. He attended public school and learned the printing trade as a young man, working as a compositor for a number of newspapers and magazines before moving into the field of journalism. Socialist activities

<mask> became interested in socialism in 1892, becoming active in a Bellamy Club, and initially espoused the English evolutionary socialist ideas of Fabianism. <mask> would go on to contribute to such publications as the New York-based magazine The American Fabian from 1897 to 1898.<mask>'s initial foray into politics came in the late 1890s, when he served as an aid to <mask> during his campaigns to become Mayor of Toledo, Ohio and Governor of Ohio. On March 6, 1903, the Collectivist Society of New York was organized. <mask> was a member of its executive committee. <mask> remained aloof from the organized socialist movement for more than a decade, finally joining the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1904. At the time of his entry into the SPA, <mask> was already well known among American socialists for his authorship of the widely read radical tome Our Benevolent Feudalism (1902). He soon followed this with another well recognized volume, 1904's Mass and Class. <mask> was recognized as an excellent writer but was shy and a poor public speaker.The disconnect between his literary eloquence and reluctance to speak in public caused many of those who came into casual contact with Ghent to think him aloof. In 1906 with funds provided by philanthropist Caroline A. Sherfey Rand, a socialist workers education facility was launched in New York City called the Rand School of Social Science. An April 1906 meeting of the Board of Directors determined that the hiring of a paid executive to run the school was required and Ghent was nominated for the post. Although he feared that this job would take away time necessary for writing, Ghent finally relented and took the position as Secretary. Ghent and the Rand School set up shop on the first two floors of a building located at 112 East 19th Street and the school officially opened in September of that same year. As an intellectual, the activities of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society (ISS) in bringing socialist ideas to college campuses held great appeal for Ghent and he became Secretary of that organization. In the summer of 1907 Ghent made the facility of the recently Rand School the headquarters of the ISS as well.Over time personal friction developed between Ghent and Algernon Lee, editor of The Worker, the main English-language Socialist weekly in New York City and Ghent was pushed into resigning as the school's chief in the fall of 1909. Ghent was effectively pushed upstairs, elected as President of the Board of Directors of the American Socialist Society, the legal entity behind the Rand School, and Algernon Lee was elected as the school's new Secretary. In 1911 <mask> left for Washington, DC, to work as a secretary to Socialist Congressman Victor L. Berger. Following his stint with Rep. Berger, Ghent returned to journalism, contributing to the Washington, DC socialist weekly The National Socialist before moving to the Southeastern Kansas town of Girard to join the editorial staff of the mass circulation Appeal to Reason. Break with radicalism

Ghent broke with the Socialist Party over that organization's staunch opposition to World War I despite of America's entry into that conflict in April 1917. Ghent became active in the pro-war arm of the labor movement, joining American Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers on the Executive Committee of the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy from 1917 through 1919. In the early 1920s Ghent emerged as an outspoken public opponent of the fledgling American Communist movement.In 1923 Princeton University Press gathered a modified set of his essays from such magazines as The Weekly Review and The Independent under hard covers as a book entitled The Reds Bring Reaction. <mask> argued in this book that the ongoing wave of conservatism and anti-union legislation which swept America in the years after World War I was in large measure a response to the "theatricism and charlantry" of the revolutionary left. <mask> wrote:

"The revolutionary Communist, for all his stage-play, is a fanatic and a firebrand. So long as society insists upon keeping on hand such stores of inflammable material in the form of large sections of the working class steeped in privation and misery, it must expect, from time to time, what follows from the touch of flame to tinder. But the chief danger lies in the fact that the tumult and shouting of the Left inevitably strengthens the Reaction of the Right. Despite this perspective and his continued separation from the Socialist Party, <mask> reaffirmed his commitment to the principles of social democracy, declaring that "the theory of the class struggle...seemed to be valid, when rightfully understood, as it still seems," despite the fact that "the abuse of that theory might well set the world in flames." <mask> gradually became estranged from the radical political movement, turning his attention to the history of the American West.He would be the author of three monographs on the topic. Although he never rejoined the Socialist Party of America, he did in 1936 join the Social Democratic Federation, which was established in a split by party moderates from the SPA. Death and legacy

W.J<mask> died on July 10, 1942 in Washington, DC. <mask>'s papers reside with the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress in Washington. Footnotes

Works
 Our Benevolent Feudalism. New York: Macmillan, 1902.Mass and Class: A Survey of Social Divisions. New York: Macmillan, 1904. Why Aren't You a Socialist? New York : Socialist Party, n.d. [190-?]. Socialism and Success: Some Uninvited Messages. New York: John Lane Co., 1910.To Skeptics and Doubters. New York: Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1911. Old Age Pension. Chicago : National Office of the Socialist Party, 1911. The National Socialist Handbook No. 2. Washington, DC: National Socialist, 1913.The Appeal Almanac and Arsenal of Facts for 1915. (Editor.) Girard, KS: Appeal to Reason, 1915. Appeal Socialist Classics. (Editor.) Girard, KS: Appeal to Reason, 1916. Democratic Defense: A Practical Program for Socialism.(Chief author.) Socialist Party Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 2 (March 1917), pg. 14. The Appeal Almanac and Arsenal of Facts for 1917. (Editor.)Girard, KS: Appeal to Reason, 1917. The New Appeal Almanac for 1918. (Editor.) Girard, KS: New Appeal, 1918. The Reds Bring Reaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923. "Daniel DeLeon," from Dictionary of American Biography.American Council of Learned Societies, 1928. The Road to Oregon: A Chronicle of the Great Emigrant Trail. New York, Longmans, Green and Co., 1929. Broken Hand: The Life Story of Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chief of the Mountain Men. With LeRoy R. Hafen. Denver: Old West Publishing Company, 1931. The Early Far West: A Narrative Outline, 1540-1850.New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1931. Further reading

 Harold S. Smith, <mask> <mask>: Reformer and Historian. PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1957. External links

 "William J. <mask> Papers, 1876-1942 finding aid," Washington, DC: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, 2012. 1866 births
1942 deaths
Members of the Socialist Party of America
American male writers
People from Frankfort, Indiana
People from Girard, Kansas
Writers from Indiana

masks:
William James Ghent
William James Ghent
Ira Keith Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Samuel Jones
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
Ghent
. Ghent
Ghent
William James
Ghent
Ghent


title: Empress Dowager Bo

texts:
Empress Dowager <mask> (薄太后) was an imperial concubine of Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang). She was also known as Consort <mask> (薄姬) during the life of the Emperor, and more formally as either Empress Dowager Xiaowen (孝文太后) or (rarer) Empress Gao (高皇后). Despite being a concubine of lower standing, her son, Liu Heng, became Emperor Wen of Han, cementing her place in history. The year of her birth is not known. She died in 155 BC. Empress Dowager <mask> is formally the first grand empress dowager in Chinese history, as Empress Dowager Lü, the only other empress dowager till then who lived to see her grandson become emperor, never claimed the title. Early years
The future Empress Dowager <mask>'s father, <mask> (薄翁), came from Wu County (吳縣, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu).He had an adulterous affair with a Lady Wei (魏媼), the daughter of a member of the Wei royal family. Empress Dowager <mask> was born of this union. According to Chinese historical works (with the exception the Book of Han, which tells a different version of her life), Lady <mask> was, when she was young, the prettiest concubine of Wei Bao, the Prince of Wei. Wei Bao allied himself with Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu's force, but later betrayed Liu Bang by defecting to Xiang Yu's camp. Unlike other defectors who switched sides again after Liu Bang's final victory, Wei Bao remained loyal to Xiang Yu to the end. After Han Xin conquered Wei, Wei Bao and his entire family were brought in front of Liu Bang to await execution. Wei Bao begged for mercy, but the emperor was unreceptive until he offered Lady <mask> as a gift to Liu Bang.Her beauty had captured the attention of the emperor, and she was taken as an imperial concubine. Her former husband was thus spared execution. Historical records did not provide the information on whether other members of Wei Bao's family were spared as well, but it was likely the case. Lady <mask> was not favored among the concubines, but she gave birth to a son, Liu Heng, who was made the Prince of Dai. The birth of her son elevated Lady <mask>'s status to Consort <mask>. Unlike many other concubines, she was not confined to the palace and was allowed to accompany her son to the remote Principality of Dai (modern northern Shanxi and northwestern Hebei) to be the princess dowager. Dai was not a rich domain, and the region was under constant threats and attacks from the Xiongnu.Although Consort <mask> could not live a luxurious lifestyle so far from the imperial palaces, she still managed to have a relatively comfortable life. Nonetheless, she had to work as a seamstress. Such rather difficult living conditions in comparison to other consorts had an unexpected benefit: unlike other consorts who became Empress Lü Zhi's victims due to her jealousy, Lü was very sympathetic to Consort <mask>. The empress never saw <mask> and her son as a threat to her quest of power, and thus, the two were spared from the politics that killed many other concubines and princes. The Book of Han tells a different story of how Lady <mask> came to become the emperor's concubine. It states that Liu Bang discovered Lady <mask> working as a seamstress in Dai and took her as his concubine there. Despite this difference in Lady <mask>'s origin, the Book of Han and other historical texts converge with Lady <mask> and her son, Liu Heng, in the Principality of Dai.Rise to the top
In 180 BC, after the death of her mistress, Emperor Gao's wife Empress Dowager Lü, and after the officials then slaughtered the Lü clan, they offered the throne to Prince Heng over his nephew Emperor Houshao -- whom they accused of not being imperial blood. Prince Heng consulted Princess Dowager <mask>, who could not decide either. It was later, after they dispatched Princess Dowager <mask>'s brother <mask> (薄昭) to the capital Chang'an to observe the situation and to ascertain the officials' good faith that Prince Heng chose to accept the throne. Later years

After Prince Heng took the throne as Emperor Wen, Princess Dowager <mask> was honored as empress dowager, even though she had not previously been an empress. She was largely unassuming as empress dowager, and did not exert anywhere close to the influence that Empress Dowager Lü asserted over Emperor Hui or even her daughter-in-law, Empress Dou, would later assert over her grandson Emperor Jing. The one major instance in which she asserted her influence was in 176 BC. At that time, <mask>, who had been instrumental in Emperor Wen's becoming emperor, had retired to his march when he was falsely accused of treason and arrested.Empress Dowager <mask>, believing in Zhou's innocence, famously threw her scarf at Emperor Wen, stating:

Before you became emperor, Zhou was in control of the imperial seal, and commanded the powerful northern guards. How ridiculous is it that he did not commit treason then, but now plans to use his small march as the base for a rebellion? It was at least partly due to her influence that Emperor Wen eventually released Zhou. She either did not try to intercede similarly (as appears most likely) or was ineffective in her intercession, when her brother <mask> killed an imperial messenger—a crime far more serious than ordinary murder—in 170 BC. Even though <mask> was the Empress Dowager's only sibling, Emperor Wen eventually pressed him into committing suicide. One of the final influences Empress Dowager <mask> had was when she arranged for the daughter of one of her relatives to marry her grandson, then-Crown Prince Qi, during her son's reign. After Emperor Wen died in 157 BC and Crown Prince Qi succeeded him as Emperor Jing, Empress Dowager <mask> became grand empress dowager.There was no recorded instance of her trying to assert political influence after that. She died just two years later in 155 BC. (This would prove disastrous for Emperor Jing's wife, Empress <mask>, as she would be soon deposed after losing her main support.) After she died, she was enshrined in a temple of her own rather than in her husband's temple, because only one empress could be enshrined in an emperor's temple, and Empress Lü was already enshrined in Emperor Gao's temple. Later, during Emperor Guangwu's reign, however, he effectively reversed the position of Empress Dowager <mask> and Empress Lü by enshrining Empress Dowager <mask> as "Empress Gao" and demoting Empress Dowager Lü to a separate temple. References

 Records of the Grand Historian, vol. 49.Book of Han, vol. 97, part 1. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 13, 14, 15. 155 BC deaths
Han dynasty empresses dowager
Han dynasty imperial consorts
3rd-century BC Chinese women
3rd-century BC Chinese people
2nd-century BC Chinese women
2nd-century BC Chinese people
Year of birth unknown
Chinese grand empresses dowager
Emperor Gaozu of Han
Chinese concubines
Remarried royal consorts

masks:
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Gentleman Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo Zhao
Bo
Zhou Bo
Bo
Bo Zhao
Bo Zhao
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo
Bo


title: David Bates Douglass

texts:
<mask> (March 21, 1790 – October 21, 1849) was a civil and military engineer, who worked on a broad set of projects throughout his career. For fifteen years he was a professor at the United States Military Academy, and after his resignation from the army he worked as a consulting engineer while holding academic appointments at various colleges and universities. He was the third president of Kenyon College (1841-1845), and when he died in 1849 he was the chair of the Mathematics Department at Hobart College. Early life and War of 1812

<mask> was born to Nathaniel and <mask> in Pompton Township, New Jersey, an iron mining region. His mother's brother was the notable civil engineer, <mask>. Although his early education was ordinary, being primarily taught by his mother, he developed a passion for technology under the influence of observation of the local industry. He graduated from Yale College in 1813.Shortly after graduation, he entered service in the War of 1812 and received a commission as Second Lieutenant in command of a corps of miners and sappers. He distinguished himself in the war, participating in the Battle of Lundy's Lane, and receiving a citation and field promotion to First Lieutenant for gallantry at the Siege of Fort Erie. West Point years

From 1815 until 1831, <mask> was a professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point. During this time, he also worked on a variety of other government-sponsored as well as private projects. He consulted on the western section of the Erie Canal, at the request of Governor DeWitt Clinton. In 1815 he married Ann Ellicott, the daughter of Andrew Ellicott, Professor of Mathematics at the academy. Lewis Cass expedition of 1820

In 1820, he was a member of the Lewis Cass expedition to explore the south shore of Lake Superior.His orders read:
You are assigned to accompany a party to be employed in exploring the Southern Coasts and Shores of Lake Superior in the course of the ensuing summer under the direction of Governor Cass of Michigan Territory....  You will join him at Detroit by the first of May at the farthest and when your services will be no longer required by him you will return to West Point, N.Y. and report by letter thence to this Department. Other members of the expedition included Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Charles C. Trowbridge and James Duane Doty. By most accounts, the expedition successfully completed and even exceeded its mission, particularly in regard to unexpected ethnological observations. Cass had also previously stated that an objective was to ascertain the feasibility of relocating the Iroquois Confederacy from New York, and many Oneida, Brothertown and Stockbridge Indians were removed from New York to Wisconsin (then Michigan Territory) in the succeeding years. <mask> was charged by Cass to lead the project to write, under joint authorship, the official account of the expedition. However, the death of his father-in-law and obligations to his new position as Chair of the Department of Mathematics (including teaching himself French in order to read the most current texts available on calculus) led to personal delays, and in what was an acrimonious split from his colleague, Schoolcraft scooped him and published his own account. Post-military career

Morris Canal

In 1831, <mask> submitted his resignation to the academy and it was accepted, as his outside projects were becoming more of a distraction.First and foremost was as a consulting engineer for the Morris Canal, in particular as the designer of the Montville inclined plane. As the Newark Eagle reported, the 1830 test of the device was a major success:
The machinery was set in motion under the direction of Major <mask>, the enterprising Engineer. The boat, with two hundred persons on board, rose majestically out of the water; in one minute it was upon the summit, which it passed apparently with all the ease that a ship would cross a wave of the sea. As the forward wheels of the car commenced their descent, the boat seemed gently to bow to the spectators and the town below, then glided quickly down the wooden way. In six minutes and thirty seconds it descended from the summit and re-entered the canal, thus passing a plane one thousand and forty feet long, with a descent of seventy feet, in six and one half minutes. These inclined planes became an internationally renowned tourist attraction. The Elbląg Canal, one of Seven Wonders of Poland, used the Morris Canal's technology as inspiration for its inclined planes; for that reason, the inclined planes on that canal strongly resemble those on the Morris canal.Green-Wood Cemetery

One of the Douglass's most significant lasting legacies is Green-Wood Cemetery in New York. It established a style of peaceful, natural setting known as a rural cemetery that was copied several times by Douglass himself as well as his admirers. President of Kenyon College

<mask> was the third president of Kenyon College, serving from 1841 to 1845. He wrote two monographs concerning the reasons for his departure. Other post-military projects

Other noteworthy projects that Douglass led or was a major contributor in included surveying the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad route, the design of a major water delivery system for New York City, and the design of two garden cemeteries based on his design of Green-Wood: Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York (1845–1846), and Mount Hermon Cemetery (1848), located on the outskirts of Quebec City. Douglass was also originally awarded the design of the High Bridge of the Croton Aqueduct system, but was later fired. Final years

In October 1848, <mask> was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Hobart College, then known as Geneva College.In October 1849, he died of a stroke. See also

Bishop Charles McIlvaine

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

1790 births
1849 deaths
American canal engineers
People from Passaic County, New Jersey
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Presidents of Kenyon College
Engineers from New Jersey
Yale College alumni

masks:
David Bates Douglass
Douglass
Sarah Douglass
David Stanhope Bates
Douglass
Douglass
Douglass
Douglass
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Douglass


title: Anil Moonesinghe

texts:
<mask> (15 February 1927 – 8 December 2002) was a Sri Lankan Trotskyist revolutionary politician and trade unionist. He became a member of parliament, a Cabinet Minister of Transport in 1964, the Deputy Speaker of Parliament from 1994 to 2000 and a diplomat. He authored several books and edited newspapers and magazines. He was chairman and general manager of a State corporation. He briefly held the honorary rank of Colonel. Background and education
<mask> was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon), on 15 February 1927. A member of the family of Anagarika Dharmapala (who named him '<mask>'), he was brought up with Buddhist and Sinhalese nationalist values, as well as an abhorrence of the colonial power, Britain.He went to school at Royal College, Colombo, an elite institution which produced many radicals as well as civil servants and bourgeois politicians, where he won his colours in athletics. During the Second World War he organised a brigade of boys to aid the Japanese if they landed on the island and earned himself the nickname 'Rommel' at school. Later he became influenced by communism (he wrote in praise of the Red Air Force). Together with Osmund Jayaratne and Dicky Attygala, he formed a communist group in Royal College. This group gradually moved to a specifically Trotskyist stance. <mask> went on to University College Ceylon (which later became University of Ceylon), where he excelled in athletics, representing his University at the All India Universities Athletic Meet, which was held regularly in those years, in Lahore in 1944. He taught briefly at Royal Primary School, which had been evacuated to Glendale Bungalow, Bandarawela.He won an exhibition to the University of London and went to Britain in 1945. He sailed on board a troopship; when the news of Churchill's defeat at the general election came through, all the soldiers on board threw their caps in the air and cheered, a fact which greatly encouraged him. Revolutionary Communist Party

At University College, London, he studied law. There he met his future wife, Jeanne Hoban – a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) whom he converted to Trotskyism – and Stan Newens, who was later to become a Labour & Co-op MP. They joined the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), in which they were associated with the group around Tony Cliff, the so-called 'State-Caps' after their characterisation of the USSR as 'State-Capitalist'. The group later became the Socialist Review Group (SRG), organised around the Socialist Review which evolved into the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). Both <mask> and Jeanne were present at the founding conference of the SRG.Through the group he got to know Max Shachtman, becoming familiar with his theory of 'bureaucratic revolution'. He was also familiar with Jock Haston and Ted Grant. Within the RCP he went by the Pseudonym '<mask> Kumaran'. Marriage
For a time he worked as an overhead crane operator at Southern Forge Ltd, Langley, Slough. He married Jeanne Hoban in 1948 and they moved into a houseboat called 'Red October', which they built together, on the Thames near Marlow. They both entered the Labour Party in Slough, on the heels of a group of the RCP, led by Jock Haston. <mask> was a speaker for the National Council of Labour Colleges; while Jeanne was elected to the Executive of the Labour Leagues of Youth, later being put on the list of Labour Parliamentary candidates.They were both associated with the MP for Slough Fenner Brockway and with George Padmore, the prophet of Black African Liberation. LSSP Days

His parents summoned <mask> back to Colombo urgently in 1952. He was called to the Bar and practised law all over the island. He and Jeanne joined the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) and worked in the Lanka Estate Workers' Union (LEWU), which organised labourers on the tea and rubber plantations. At the time the British were still very powerful on the island, in spite of Ceylon having obtained a form of independence in 1948. The British planters prevailed upon the government to deport Jeanne, but she went into hiding and the LSSP fought successfully to prevent the deportation. In 1954 the LEWU sent him to the Mohomediya Estate in Agalawatte, in the Pasdun Korale (county) to organise a strike there.He was so successful that the Agalawatte Local of the LSSP asked for him to be sent as the Party's parliamentary candidate for the constituency. At the time, the seat was held by the United National Party (UNP) with a comfortable majority (the plantation workers, who were a large minority of the electorate, were disenfranchised by the UNP Government in 1949). In 1956 he won the election for this seat in Parliament representing Agalawatte for 11 years. He worked hard for his constituency, building roads and schools through self-help and worked for the welfare of the poorest sections, particularly for the neglected so-called lower castes. He also successfully contested the working-class Dematagoda Ward of the Colombo Municipal Council, but found that working in Agalawatte took up too much time for him to devote any to his ward work. Together with Jeanne, he joined Sri Lanka's first co-operative housing scheme, the Gothatuwa Building Society, founded by Herbert Keuneman, Seneka Bibile, 'Bonnie' Fernando and other members of the radical intelligentsia. This led to the foundation of the Welikadawatte housing estate, which attained some fame as an island of intellectual creativity.He was elected to the Central Committee of the LSSP and then onto its Political Bureau (Politburo), a position he never lost until he left the party. In 1956 he spoke in Parliament condemning the Soviet invasion of Hungary. In 1960, Yugoslavia opened an embassy in Colombo, and he advised the new ambassador unofficially on how to operate in Sri Lanka. In 1963 he went to Yugoslavia for an Inter-Parliamentary Union conference. There he had an opportunity to view at close hand the operation of the Workers' Councils. He was deeply impressed by the level of open debate that he found at these councils, and this experience was to aid him in later years. Cabinet Minister
At the 1964 LSSP conference, he was aligned with Dr N.M. Perera on the question of whether or not to enter the Coalition Government of Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike.The Party did enter the Government and he became one of the first three Trotskyist cabinet ministers. He received the portfolio of Communications (Transport) and set to work to build up the country's transport resources. He established Employees' Councils to help run the Ceylon Government Railway and the Ceylon Transport Board (CTB). He obtained a large parcel of land in the centre of Colombo for establishing a Central Bus Station (CBS) in close proximity to the main Fort Railway Station. The construction of the new International Airport at Katunayake (a former RAF base which had been taken over in 1957) was also started by him. He negotiated an agreement with the FIAT company to build buses in Sri Lanka. However, the Government was defeated shortly thereafter and he was unable to complete his work – the next government did not sign the agreement with FIAT.Back in opposition
At the next general election, at which the coalition was defeated, he held his Parliamentary seat. However, in 1967 he lost it on an election petition, although the LSSP retained the Agalawatte seat at the subsequent by-election. He was editor of the daily Janadina newspaper for a short while around this time. In 1966, the police arrested several lower-ranking soldiers and civilians, implicated in an alleged attempted coup d'état, the so-called 'Lavatory Coup'. Several army officers, including the Army Commander Major General Richard Udugama, were dismissed or suspended. Moonesinghe was lawyer for the 9th accused, Mayadunne, in the subsequent trial. He visited Czechoslovakia during the 'Prague Spring' and was again impressed by the activities of the Workers' Councils there.He later wrote a book condemning the Soviet invasion which ousted Alexander Dubček. He succeeded Dr N.M. Perera as President of the redoubtable All Ceylon United Motor Workers' Union (ACUMWU). He also set about organising the United Corporations and Mercantile Union (UCMU) which brought together workers in government corporations, and of which he was general secretary. He went around the country from factory to factory and built up a union of several tens of thousands of members. One of his lieutenants in this task was Vasudeva Nanayakkara, who became an MP in 1970. At the 1970 General Election, the UCMU also sponsored the candidature of novice Mahinda Rajapakse, who was the Chairman of its Vidyodaya University branch and who was later to become Prime Minister and then President of Sri Lanka. CTB chairman
After the 1970 election, at which the United Front (UF) won a landslide victory, the workers at the CTB spontaneously established workers' committees and took over the running of the institution.They also asked for <mask> <mask> to be made chairman of the board. The new Government therefore appointed him chairman and general manager. Thus began the most successful years of the CTB as an institution. For the last two of the five years he was there, the CTB ran at a profit, while providing a service which was never previously or subsequently matched. In this he was aided by his Minister, Leslie Goonewardene. Senior citizens still nostalgically refer to the CTB under Moonesinghe, which provided an efficient and disciplined service to the public. He would dress in a bush shirt and trousers and operate as a one-man flying squad to catch errant bus crews in the act, lying in wait in his metallic blue Volkswagen Variant or his Citroën 2CV at places like Dematagoda Junction to prowl on them.Stories would abound (all untrue) of him being spotted disguised with a beard. To prove that eight buses could be serviced in a day, he once personally carried out eight vehicle services at the Central Workshops, Werahera. In addition to the role in management of the Employees' Councils (which the workers' committees were transformed into after being properly constituted, with democratic elections supervised by the Elections Commission), commuter organisations were included in an advisory role. The services were expanded and measures were taken to improve efficiency, including rationalising bus types. The CTB started buying buses from the Isuzu Company of Japan, to offset any cartelisation by Tata and Ashok Leyland, the main suppliers, and also purchased Ikarus buses from Hungary. Several new bus stands and bus depots were established. A modern, multi-storied bus station was planned at the CBS, complete with hotel and cinema, but this would never be completed.Moonesinghe also took measures to build up local industry and the CTB became well equipped with foundries and workshops: the Central Workshop at Werahera became the largest in South Asia. The local modification of ticket machines was started after employees pointed out many unsuitable features, and a new workshop was acquired for this. In 1974 he started the assembly of bus chassis and prototypes of a locally manufactured bus and a car rolled out of Werahera. In 1971, when the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) staged an insurrection, he formed a 2,000-strong paramilitary body, the Hansa Regiment (of which he was honorary Colonel), from among the employees of the CTB to guard bus depots, bus stops and workshops. He also created 'CANTAB', a secret intelligence organisation, the agents of whom were employees of the CTB, which provided accurate reports of the strength and distribution of JVP units. At this time he joined the editorial board of State, a theoretical journal of the LSSP, published in three languages. In 1975, Leslie Gunawardena and he were preparing the ground for a major shift in the management of the CTB, whereby Employees' Council representatives were to form half the board of directors.However, in September that year the UF broke up and the LSSP Ministers were removed, so <mask> Perera at that year's conference. In 1980, he was arrested for his part in the General Strike, but later released without any charges being made. At this time he wrote a book on the repression of the Solidarity union in Poland.About this time, he coined the term 'Casino Capitalism' to describe the economic set-up under the UNP regime. SLFP Days
He split from the LSSP in 1982 over its refusal to go into coalition with Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike's Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), forming the Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party (SLSSP) with other breakaways. He supported Hector Kobbekaduwa at the Presidential Election of that year. In 1983 the SLSSP dissolved itself and he joined the SLFP and contested the Matugama seat at a by-election and won. He represented Matugama until 1989 and then was one of the MPs – under proportional representation – for the Kalutara District until 2000. During the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, he intervened to save several people from death. During the 'White Terror' of 1988–90, he was active in saving hundreds of suspects from summary execution – at one point having to threaten an Army commandant with attack.In the early 1990s he was elected a vice-president of the SLFP and was part of a re-organisation drive led by Anura Bandaranaike, DM Jayaratne, Berty Premalal Dissanayake and Mahinda Rajapakse. In opposition, he was the spokesperson for Transport (he was also President of the Sri Lanka National Transport Workers' Union) and, being acknowledged as the best man to take care of the public transport sector, was expected to receive that portfolio in the event of the SLFP returning to power. However, after the victory in 1994 of the People's Alliance, the new Prime Minister, Chandrika Kumaratunga did not care to revive the CTB and did not make Moonesinghe a Minister. Instead, he became Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of Parliament. Soon after this, he was elected President of the Mahabodhi Society, a Buddhist Missionary organisation headquartered in Colombo. He was disoriented by the rather Byzantine internal politics of the SLFP. In the LSSP debate was out open and was democratic, with matters being finally settled with a vote.His habit of speaking his mind, which had only irritated others in the LSSP, proved to be a liability in his new political home. After becoming Deputy Speaker, he grew close to Mrs Bandaranaike, who had herself been deserted by many of her closest allies. Her death affected him deeply. Diplomat
In 2000 he was appointed Sri Lanka's Ambassador to Austria, the UN and accredited to the former Yugoslav republics, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. On 14 March 2002 he presented his credentials as the first Sri Lankan Ambassador to Croatia. He had a close relationship with Václav Havel, the President of the Czech Republic, due to his connections with the oppositional movement in Czechoslovakia since the Prague Spring. After the victory of the UNP at the general election of December 2001, he was recalled.He died on 8 December 2002 in Colombo. He left four children, Janaki, Vinod, Previn and Priyanka, the last two by a second marriage to Joan de Zilva. Publications
 Kumaran, <mask> (pseudonym). "The Indonesian Movement", Workers’ International News, January–February 1949. Moonasinghe, <mask>. "Accumulation in backward countries", Young Socialist,January-March 1962
 Moonesinghe, <mask>, Chekoslovækiyava, Janadina Publications, Colombo, 1968. Moonesinghe, <mask>, "The Nature of the State", State, Colombo, 1975, No 1.<mask>, <mask>, Polanthaya – 1980, Janadina Publications, Colombo, 1980. A leader par excellence
Scott Direckze, '<mask> K. Moonesinghe and the Citroen project', Daily News, 8 December 2009

1927 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of Royal Preparatory School
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the Ceylon University College
Alumni of University College London
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Austria
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Croatia
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Hungary
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Slovakia
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the Czech Republic
Communications ministers of Sri Lanka
Deputy speakers and chairmen of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Lanka Sama Samaja Party politicians
Members of the 3rd Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Permanent Representatives of Sri Lanka to the United Nations
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) members
Sri Lankan diplomats
Sinhalese lawyers
Sinhalese politicians
Sinhalese trade unionists
Sri Lankan socialists
Sri Lankan Trotskyists
Ceylonese advocates

masks:
Anil Moonesinghe
Moonesinghe
Anil Kumar
Moonesinghe
Anil
Anil
Anil
Anil
Anil
Moonesinghe
AnilM
Anil
Anil
Anil
Anil
Moonesinghe
Anil
Anil


title: Jacques Finet

texts:
<mask> is a former politician in the Canadian province of Quebec. He served as mayor of Longueuil from 1982 to 1987 as leader of the Parti municipal de Longueuil. Early life and city councillor
<mask> worked for Hydro-Québec prior to his election as Longueuil's mayor. He was first elected to the Longueuil City Council as a city councillor in the 1978 municipal election, representing the city's tenth ward. The overall result of this election was inconclusive: Marcel Robidas of the rival Parti civique de Longueuil was re-elected as mayor, but the Parti municipal won nine of seventeen seats and  held a functioning majority until one of its representatives was expelled from the party. Parti municipal leader Paul Viau resigned in 1981, and <mask> was chosen without opposition to become his successor. <mask> defeated Robidas by the narrow margin of eighty-two votes in the 1982 municipal election to become mayor of Longueuil, and the Parti municipal won a convincing majority on council.As mayor, Finet promoted a cleanup plan for the Saint Lawrence River and a related beautification project for Longueuil's waterfront. The original project proposal would have involved constructing a sewage interceptor pipe on the river's bed for three kilometers, and for this reason the plan was opposed by local environmental groups. The plan was rejected by the government of Quebec in late 1985, and Finet instead accepted a compromise to construct most of the pipe under Quebec Route 132. The waterfront beautification project began in September 1986. In March 1985, Finet signed a land-swap agreement with Pratt & Whitney Canada, a major employer in the region with which the city had previously had difficult relations. The new municipal lands were intended for housing development. Later in the same year, Finet ordered ten emergency dispatchers in Longueuil to take lessons in English, to ensure that the city would be able to provide emergency services in French and English at all hours.Finet was chosen as chair of the Montreal South Shore Transit Corp. in December 1985. He indicated that his priorities would be improving access to the Longueuil Metro Station and introducing a shuttle bus service for commuters to Montreal via the Champlain Bridge. The following year, he helped negotiate a settlement that ended a thirty-five-day strike among drivers. Finet introduced a cleanup program for Longueuil's Chambly Road in March 1986, as based on a previous effort on St-Charles Street. A five-million dollar refurbishing plan for the street was announced in July of the same year. Finet was easily re-elected as mayor in the 1986 municipal election, and the Parti municipal won all nineteen seats on council. Finet was confirmed to a second term as chair of the Montreal South Shore Transit Corp. shortly thereafter.Hydro-Québec executive
<mask> unexpectedly resigned as mayor on April 16, 1987, to accept a position with Hydro-Québec as executive vice-president for Quebec sales. He explained that he always planned to return to the company at some point, and that the job offer was a unique opportunity. Some criticized him for leaving politics so soon after his re-election. Finet launched an energy reduction campaign in April 1991, highlighted by a call for Hydro-Québec users to use energy-saving light bulbs, shower heads, and hot-water heaters. In August 1991, <mask> was appointed as Hydro-Québec's first vice-president for Europe. He indicated that his priority would be to foster a "high-quality image" for the corporation while fighting what he described as a "smear campaign" from environmental and indigenous groups over its involvement in the proposed Great Whale River project. His office was located in Brussels, Belgium.Shortly after his appointment, Finet defended Hydro-Québec's relations with Cree and Inuit communities affected by construction projects in northern Quebec. He argued that the corporation had paid $500 million in compensation for mining rights and that economic conditions and social services were improving in the affected communities. Critics charged that the construction projects created new health risks and contributed to a variety of social problems. Finet asked the International Water Tribunal to cancel a series of planned hearings on the Great Whale River project in 1992, charging that the hearings would become a media circus. Bill Namagoose, executive director of the Grand Council of the Crees, which requested the hearings, described Finet's request as spurious. Shortly thereafter, Finet charged that the Grand Council of Crees was using environmental arguments as a "facade" to push for full control of natural resources. Namagoose again dismissed Finet's statement, saying that the Cree were seeking shared control of natural resources in accordance with the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.The International Water Tribunal ultimately issued a non-binding ruling calling for the Great Whale project to be halted pending completion of an environmental review. <mask> was chosen as leader of the International Union for Electroheat (UIE) at the 12th World Congress on Electrotechnologies in June 1992. He was the first North American to lead the organization. Hydro-Québec wrapped up most of its European public relations activities in 1993, and <mask> announced his retirement from Hydro-Québec at the same time. In an interview with the Montreal Gazette, he said that Hydro had built up a network of supporters in Europe and that his presence was no longer needed. At its peak in 1992, Hydro-Québec's European office spent $920,000 on public relations. Attempted return to political life
<mask> sought to return as mayor of Longueuil in the 1994 municipal election as a candidate of the newly formed Alliance de Longueuil, which was created by a de facto merger of the Alliance démocratique de Longueuil and the Parti civique de Longueuil.He won the party leadership on May 1, 1994, defeating former Parti civique leader Sylvie Robidas by 601 votes to 122. His platform called for a municipal tax freeze, the creation of an economic development office, establishing an arts and cultural center to serve the South Shore, and quality-of-life committees for all the city's neighbourhoods. He also said that he would seek a merger of the Montreal Island, South Shore, and Laval transit systems, to be accompanied by a distance-based fare system. His opponents revived criticisms that he had resigned as mayor too soon after his re-election in 1986. Finet ultimately finished third against Claude Gladu of the Parti municipal. Finet stepped down as leader of the Alliance de Longueuil in November 1995. He has not sought a return to political life since this time.Electoral record

References

Living people
Mayors of Longueuil
Hydro-Québec
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Jacques Finet
Jacques Finet
Jacques Finet
Mayor Finet
Finet
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