title: Peter Tork

texts:
<mask> (February 13, 1942 – February 21, 2019), known professionally as <mask>, was an American musician, composer, and actor who was best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees and a co-star of the TV series The Monkees (1966–1968). <mask> grew up in Connecticut and in the mid-1960s as part of the Greenwich Village folk scene in New York City, he befriended musician Stephen Stills. After moving to Los Angeles with Stills, he was recruited for the musical television sitcom The Monkees. The success of the show made him a teen idol from 1966 to 1968. He released one solo album, Stranger Things Have Happened (1994), and later toured with James Lee Stanley as well as his band, Shoe Suede Blues. Early life
<mask> was born at the former Doctors Hospital in Washington, D.C., in 1942, though many news articles incorrectly report him as having been born in 1944 in New York City—the date and location listed in early press releases for The Monkees television show. He was the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.His paternal grandfather was of Norwegian descent, while his mother was of half German Jewish and half Irish ancestry. <mask> began studying piano at the age of nine, showing an aptitude for music by learning to play several different instruments, including the banjo, acoustic bass, and guitar. He attended Windham High School in Willimantic, Connecticut, and was a member of the first graduating class at E. O. Smith High School in Storrs, Connecticut. He attended Carleton College before he moved to New York City, where he became part of the folk music scene in Greenwich Village during the first half of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians, such as Stephen Stills. The Monkees

Tork's band the Monkees was a pop band of the mid-1960s created for a television sitcom. <mask> was the oldest member of the band.Stills had auditioned but was rejected because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth were not photogenic. When Stills was asked if he knew of someone with a similar "open, Nordic look", Stills recommended <mask>. <mask> was a proficient musician before he joined the Monkees. Though other members of the band were not allowed to play their instruments on their first two albums, he played what he described as "third chair guitar" on Michael Nesmith's song "Papa Gene's Blues" on their first album. He subsequently played keyboard, bass guitar, banjo, harpsichord, and other instruments on the band's recordings. He co-wrote, along with Joey Richards, the closing theme song of the second season of The Monkees, "For Pete's Sake". On the show, he was relegated to acting as the "lovable dummy", a persona he had developed as a folk singer in Greenwich Village.The DVD release of the first season of the show contains commentary from various band members. In it, Nesmith states that <mask> was better at playing guitar than bass. <mask> commented that Davy Jones was a good drummer, and had the live performance lineups been based solely on playing ability, it should have been him on guitar, Nesmith on bass, and Jones on drums, with Micky Dolenz taking the fronting role (instead of Nesmith on guitar, <mask> on bass, and Dolenz on drums). Jones filled in briefly for <mask> on bass when he played keyboard. Recording and producing as a group was <mask>'s main interest, and he hoped that the four members would continue working together as a band on future recordings. However, the four did not have enough in common regarding their musical interests. In his commentary for the DVD release of the second season of the show, Tork said that Dolenz was "incapable of repeating a triumph".Dolenz felt that once he had accomplished something and became a success at it, there was no artistic sense in repeating a formula. In 1967, free from Don Kirshner's restrictions, Tork contributed instrumental flourishes, such as the piano introduction to "Daydream Believer" and the banjo part on "You Told Me", as well as exploring occasional songwriting with the likes of "For Pete's Sake" and "Lady's Baby". Tork was close to his maternal grandmother, Catherine McGuire Straus, staying with her sometimes during his Greenwich Village days and after he became a Monkee. "Grams" was one of his most ardent supporters and managed his fan club, often writing personal letters to members and visiting music stores to make sure they carried Monkees records. Six albums were produced with the original Monkees lineup, four of which reached No. 1 on the Billboard chart. This success was supplemented by two years of the television program, a series of successful concert tours across America and abroad, and a trippy psychedelic movie, Head, which is considered by some to have been ahead of its time.However, tensions, both musical and personal, were increasing within the group. The band finished a Far East tour in October 1968 (where <mask>'s copy of Naked Lunch was confiscated by Australian Customs) and then filmed an NBC television special, 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee, which rehashed many of the ideas from Head. No longer getting the group dynamic he wanted, and pleading "exhaustion" from the grueling schedule, Tork bought out the remaining four years of his contract for $160,000, leaving him with little income. In the DVD commentary for the 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee TV special – originally broadcast April 14, 1969 – Dolenz noted that Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going-away present, with the engraving "From the guys down at work." Jones noted at the time that "<mask>'s soul left us two and a half years ago. He was a banjo player from Greenwich Village who was made into an actor and finally decided that he didn't want to be a Marx Brother forever. His heart was back in the Village, that's all."Dolenz reflected on <mask>'s departure, saying, "Three of us more or less play ourselves in the series. The odd one out is <mask>. Offstage he's a real serious guy who thinks a lot about things like religion and problems in the world. But in the show, he throws off all that and becomes a dumb-but-likable character who is always doing the wrong thing at the wrong time. He kind of moons around with a lovesick expression on his face — not like the real <mask>k at all." Post-Monkees
During a trip to London in December 1967, <mask> contributed banjo to George Harrison's soundtrack to the 1968 film Wonderwall. His playing was featured in the movie, but not on the official Wonderwall Music soundtrack album released in November 1968.<mask>'s brief five-string banjo piece can be heard 16 minutes into the film, as Professor Collins is caught by his mother while spying on his neighbor Penny Lane. <mask> went solo with a group called Peter Tork And/Or Release with then-girlfriend Reine Stewart on drums (she had played drums on part of 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee), Riley "Wyldflower" Cummings (formerly of the Gentle Soul) on bass and – sometimes – singer/keyboard player Judy Mayhan. Tork said in April 1969, "We sometimes have four. We're thinking of having a rotating fourth. Right now, the fourth is that girl I'm promoting named Judy Mayhan." "We're like <mask>'s backup band", added Stewart, "except we happen to be a group instead of a backup band." Release hoped to have a record out immediately, and Tork said that they did record some demos that he may still have stored away somewhere.According to Stewart, the band was supposed to go to Muscle Shoals as the backing band for Mayhan's Atlantic Records solo album Moments (1970), but they were ultimately replaced. They mainly played parties for their "in" friends, and one of their songs was considered for the soundtrack to Easy Rider, but the producers – who had also produced Head – eventually decided not to include it. The Release could not secure a record contract, and by 1970, <mask> was once again a solo artist. As he later recalled, "I didn't know how to stick to it. I ran out of money and told the band members, 'I can't support us as a crew anymore, you'll just have to find your own way.'" Tork's record and movie production entity, the Breakthrough Influence Company (BRINCO), also failed to launch, despite such talent as future Little Feat guitarist Lowell George. He sold his house in 1970, and he and a pregnant Reine Stewart moved into the basement of David Crosby's home.<mask> was credited with co-arranging a Dolenz solo single on MGM Records in 1971 ("Easy on You" backed with "Oh Someone"). An arrest and conviction for possession of hashish resulted in three months in an Oklahoma penitentiary in 1972. He moved to Fairfax in Marin County, California, in the early 1970s, where he joined the 35-voice Fairfax Street Choir and played guitar for a shuffle blues band called Osceola. <mask> returned to southern California in the mid-1970s, where he married, had a son, and took a job teaching at Pacific Hills School in West Hollywood for a year and a half. He spent a total of three years as a teacher of music, social studies, math, French and history, and coached baseball at several schools. On July 4, 1976, <mask> joined Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart onstage at Disneyland for a guest appearance during their concert tour. Later that year, he reunited with Jones and Dolenz in the studio for the recording of the single "Christmas Is My Time of Year" backed with "White Christmas", which saw a limited release for fan club members that holiday season.Tork returned to the film world in 2017 in the horror movie I Filmed Your Death, written and directed by Sam Bahre. Sire Records

A chance meeting with Sire Records executive Pat Horgan at the Bottom Line in New York City led to Tork recording a six-song demo, his first recording in many years. Recorded in summer 1980, it featured <mask>, who sang and played rhythm guitar, keyboards, and banjo. He was backed by Southern rock band Cottonmouth, led by guitarist/singer/songwriter Johnny Pontiff, featuring Gerard Trahan on guitar, keyboards, and vocals, Gene Pyle on bass guitar and vocals, and Gary Hille on percussion. With George Dispigno as an engineer, Horgan produced the six tracks, which included two Monkees covers, "Shades of Gray"

masks:
Peter Halsten Thorkelson
Peter Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
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Peter
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Peter Tork
Peter Tor
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Peter
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Tork


title: Peter Tork

type: original

texts:
 and "Pleasant Valley Sunday". The four other tracks were "Good Looker", "Since You Went Away" (which appeared on the Monkees' 1987 album Pool It! ), "Higher and Higher", and "Hi Hi Babe".Also present at the sessions were Joan Jett, Chrissie Hynde, and Tommy Ramone. The tracks were recorded at Blue Horizon House at 165 West 74th Street, home of Sire Records, but Seymour Stein, president of Sire, rejected the demo, stating "there's nothing there". Tork recorded the second set of demos in New York City, but little is known about these recordings, other than one track was another version of "Pleasant Valley Sunday" featuring an unknown rock band and a violin solo. During this time, Tork appeared regularly on The Uncle Floyd Show, broadcast on U-68 out of New Jersey. He performed comedy bits and lip-synced the Sire recordings. Floyd claimed Tork was the "first real star" to appear on the show. (Later, Davy Jones, the Ramones, Shrapnel, and others would follow in his footsteps.)In 1981, Tork released the single "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (backed with "Higher and Higher") with the New Monks. He also did some club performances and live television appearances, including taking part in a "Win a Date With <mask> Tork" bit on Late Night with David Letterman in July 1982. Monkees reunions, other bands, and activities

In 1986, after a 1985 tour with Jones in Australia, <mask> rejoined fellow Monkees Jones and Dolenz for a highly successful 20th-anniversary reunion tour (Nesmith was not available for a reunion). <mask> and Dolenz recorded three new songs for a greatest hits release. The three Monkees recorded Pool It! the following year. A decade later, all four group members recorded Justus, the first studio album with the full group lineup since 1968; it would be another 19 years until that happened again, with the release of Good Times!.The quartet performed live in the United Kingdom in 1997, but for several years following, only the trio of <mask>, Dolenz, and Jones toured together. The trio of Monkees parted ways in 2001 following a public feud, then reunited in 2011 for a series of 45th-anniversary concerts in England and the United States. Since 1986, <mask> had intermittently toured with his former bandmates and also played with his bands, the Peter Tork Project and Shoe Suede Blues. In 1991, he formed a band called the Dashboard Saints and played at a pizza restaurant in Guerneville, California. In 1994, he released his first album-length solo project, Stranger Things Have Happened, which featured brief appearances by Dolenz and Nesmith. In 1996, he collaborated on an album called Two Man Band with James Lee Stanley. The duo followed up in 2001 with a second release, Once Again.In 2001, <mask> took time out from touring to appear in a leading role in the short film Mixed Signals, written and directed by John Graziano. In 2002, <mask> resumed working with his band Shoe Suede Blues. The band performed original blues music, Monkees' covers (including blues versions), covers of classic blues hits by greats such as Muddy Waters, and shared the stage with bands such as Captain Zig. The band toured extensively in 2006-2007 following the release of the album Cambria Hotel. <mask> also had a pair of appearances in the role of Topanga Lawrence's father Jedidiah Lawrence on the sitcom Boy Meets World. In his second appearance in 1995, he joined Jones and  Dolenz in Season 3, Episode 8 ("Rave On"), although they did not appear as the Monkees. <mask> was again cast as Jedidiah Lawrence, while Jones was Reginald Fairfield, and Dolenz's character was Gordy.At the program's climax, the three took the stage together to perform the Buddy Holly song "Not Fade Away" and the Temptations' "My Girl." As an inside joke, actor Dave Madden (best known as band manager Reuben Kincaid on The Partridge Family), cameoed as a manager who appeared, wanting to manage the "new" group, telling them that they "could be bigger than the Beatles." Purportedly, both Nesmith and Pattie Boyd (former wife of Beatle George Harrison) attended the taping. <mask> was also a guest character on 7th Heaven. In 1995, he appeared as himself on the show Wings, bidding against Crystal Bernard's character for the Monkeemobile. In 1999, he appeared as the leader of a wedding band in The King of Queens in Season 1, Episode 13 ("Best Man"). In early 2008, Tork wrote an online advice and info column called "Ask Peter Tork" for the webzine The Daily Panic.In 2011, he joined Dolenz and Jones for An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour in 2011. In 2012, <mask> joined Dolenz and Nesmith on a Monkees tour in honor of the 45th anniversary of their album Headquarters, as well as in tribute to the late Jones. The trio would tour again in 2013 and 2014. In 2016, <mask> toured with Dolenz as the Monkees, in what would be his final tour before his death in 2019. Nesmith also played at some of the concerts. Personal life
In later life, <mask> resided in Mansfield, Connecticut. He was married four times, with marriages to Jody Babb, Reine Stewart, and Barbara Iannoli, all ending in divorce.From 2014 until his death, he was married to Pamela Grapes. He had three children: a daughter, Hallie, with Stewart; a son, Ivan, with Iannoli; and another daughter, Erica, from a previous relationship with Tammy Sestak. Illness and death
On March 3, 2009, Tork reported on his website that he had been diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare, slow-growing form of head and neck cancer. A preliminary biopsy showed that cancer had not spread beyond the initial site. "It's a bad news / good news situation," explained Tork. "It's so rare a combination (on the tongue) that there isn't a lot of experience among the medical community about this particular combination. On the other hand, the type of cancer it is, never mind the location, is somewhat well known, and the prognosis, I'm told, is good."Tork underwent radiation therapy to prevent the cancer from returning. On March 4, 2009, Tork underwent surgery in New York City. On June 11, 2009, a spokesman for <mask> reported that his cancer had returned. Tork was reportedly "shaken but not stirred" by the news and said that the doctors had given him an 80% chance of containing and shrinking the new tumor. In July 2009, while undergoing radiation therapy, he was interviewed by The Washington Post: "I recovered very quickly after my surgery, and I've been hoping that my better-than-average constitution will keep the worst effects of radiation at bay. My voice and energy still seem to be in decent shape, so maybe I can pull these gigs off after all." He continued to tour and perform while receiving his treatments.<mask> documented his cancer experience on Facebook and encouraged his fans to support research efforts of the Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Research Foundation. His cancer returned in 2018, and he died at his home in Mansfield, Connecticut on February 21, 2019, a decade after his diagnosis. Nesmith made the following statement:

Nesmith later commented on his often difficult relationship with <mask>. "I never liked <mask>, he never liked me. So we had an uneasy truce between the two of us. As clear as I could tell, among his peers he was very well liked. But we rarely had a civil word to say to each other", Nesmith admitted.When he learned of Tork's death, "I broke into tears. What are you going to do?" Dolenz expressed his grief via Twitter, saying "There are no words right now...heartbroken over the loss of my Monkee brother, <mask>k." Filmography

Film

Television

Song list
Songs written or co-written by Tork include the following:

With the Monkees
 "Band 6" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith)
 "For Pete's Sake" (with Joey Richards)
 "Zilch" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith)
 "No Time" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith); credited to Hank Cicalo
 "<mask> Patterson's Pet Pig Porky"
 "Goin' Down" (with Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, Diane Hildebrand)
 "Can You Dig It?" "Long Title: Do I Have To Do This All Over Again?”
 "Lady's Baby"
 "Tear the Top Right Off My Head"
 "Gettin' In"
 "Merry Go Round" (with Diane Hildebrand)
 "Run Away From Life"
 "I Believe You"
 "Mister Bob" (Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, <mask>, Eric Van Den Brink), on the album Nick Vernier Band Sessions
 "Little Girl"

with James Lee Stanley
 "Hi Babe"
 "Easy Rider"

with Shoe Suede Blues
 "Ain't Your Fault"

Solo
 "Get What You Pay For"
 "Sea Change (Take Me Down)”
 "Miracle"
 "Tender Is"
 "God Given Grant" (with Tork's brother, Nick Thorkelson)

Discography
Solo:
 Stranger Things Have Happened (1994)

With the Monkees:

 The Monkees (1966)
 More of the Monkees (1967)
 Headquarters (1967)
 Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. (1967)
 The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees (1968)
 Head (1968)
 Pool It! (1987)
 Justus (1996)
 Good Times! (2016)
 Christmas Party (2018)

With James Lee Stanley:
 Two Man Band (1996)
 Once Again (2001)
 Live/Backstage at the Coffee Gallery (2006)

With Shoe Suede Blues:
 Saved by the Blues (2003)
 Cambria Hotel (2007)
 Step By Step (2013)
 Relax Your Mind: Honoring the Music of Lead Belly (2018)

References

External links

 Peter Tork interview from The Zone Magazine February 2008
 Ask Peter Tork
 Peter Tork Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2009)

1942 births
2019 deaths
American banjoists
American keyboardists
American male bass guitarists
American male film actors
American male guitarists
American male pianists
American male singer-songwriters
American multi-instrumentalists
American rock bass guitarists
American rock guitarists
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
American people convicted of drug offenses
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
American male television actors
Carleton College alumni
Deaths from adenoid cystic carcinoma
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.The Monkees members
People from Fairfax, California
People from Willimantic, Connecticut
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American pianists
Singer-songwriters from Connecticut
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.
Singer-songwriters from

masks:
Peter
Tork
Tork
Tork
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Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
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Tork
Tork
Tork
Tork
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Peter
Peter Tor
Peter Percival
Peter Tork


title: K. N. Govind

texts:
<mask>, OBE was a former Fiji Indian politician who was a judge of the High Court of Fiji. In his political career he was known as a fearless person who was never afraid to speak out on issues that he believed affected his electorate. After retiring from politics, he was made a judge of the Supreme Court (pre 1987 coup) of Fiji and during the tumultuous times between the coups of May and September 1987 he continued to deliver verdicts which maintained the independence of the judiciary. He was forced to leave Fiji in late 1987 but returned in 2001 to be reappointed a judge of the High Court, and in his decisions has shown himself to have taken into consideration the social impact before passing judgement. Early life
<mask> was born in Nausori but grew up in Ba where his father was a school teacher. He attended Lelean Memorial School, a Methodist Church run school in Nausori. After completing his secondary education, he went overseas to study law.He returned to Fiji, and after a short stint as a teacher, set up his law practice of Govind & Company in Ba town. Politician
In 1968, when by-elections were held to fill vacancies created by the boycott of the Legislature by members of the National Federation Party (NFP) from the Legislative Council, he contested the Ba Indian Communal Constituency for the Alliance Party against R. D. Patel of the NFP. Although he lost by a greater margin than his Alliance predecessor in the last two elections (James Shankar Singh), the election established him as a well known Ba identity and in 1969 he was elected the Mayor of Ba town. He was mayor for two terms. In the 1972 general election, he contested the North Central Indian National Seat (located in Ba) for the House of Representatives, and surprised his detractors by winning with a comfortable margin in a constituency with a large Indian population where the Indian dominated NFP was expected to do well. In Parliament he spoke out on issues affecting his constituents. He was the first Indian member of the House to make use of the privilege to speak in Hindi.(There was no interpreter and he translated his own speech into English). In 1975 when the leader of the Fijian Nationalist Party, Sakeasi Butadroka, moved a motion calling for the expulsion of the Indian community from Fiji, <mask> first seconded the motion (so that debate could take place) then moved an amendment which recognised the contribution of the Indian community towards the development of Fiji. He lost his seat in Parliament in the March 1977 elections and retired from politics. Judge of Supreme Court of Fiji
In the early 1980s he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Fiji and soon distinguished himself by handing out judgements which showed his understanding of the social and cultural background of the defendants. After the coup of May 1987, he fled Fiji because of harassment by the military government of Sitiveni Rabuka. Before he fled Fiji he continued to deliver judgements that were seen as fair and impartial and often critical of the government. When the second coup of 1987 took place on 25 September Govind, with another outspoken expatriate judge was imprisoned on what were later proven to be trumped up charges.He fled Fiji because he was forewarned that he was to be jailed for a longer period. In Australia
To escape political persecution, he left Fiji for Australia in late 1987. He practised law in Sydney for a while before joining the New South Wales Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. He was a junior in the ranks of the organisation. With a new constitution and fairer political climate in Fiji, he resigned his position on 31 January 2001 and returned to Fiji. Judge of High Court of Fiji
<mask> was re-appointed as a judge of the High Court of the Republic of Fiji and continued his unique style of delivering judgements. In November 2002 <mask> said that there is nothing revolutionary in offering discounts in sentencing to criminals who plead guilty.<mask> <mask> made headlines when he told lawyers that there could be up to 25 percent discount in sentencing if their clients pleaded guilty. He said guilty pleas have been attracting lesser sentences already but he thought he would spell it out and make it generally known. <mask> said that there are a number of reasons why he thought the discounting was a good move. “It saves a complainant or a victim in cases like violence or rape the trauma of going to trial to giving evidence. Secondly, it saves the state a lot of expense, calling witnesses, wastage of court time. So there are a lot of pluses attendant upon a plea of guilty and I think any person who pleads guilty should be rewarded for it." His rulings show liberal ideas of tackling drug problems.He criticised a magistrate for not granting a defendant, charged with possessing 59 grams of marijuana, bail and discharged on the condition that he not reoffend within 12 months because he was a single parent and looking after his six children, all of whom were in school. He said that "While many know the evil and social destruction the marijuana habits can do, the circumstances of this case invites the leniency of the court". <mask> gave him a last chance saying he must rehabilitate himself and educate others not to take marijuana. "Go back and tell others how dangerous marijuana was and discourage them from smoking." He said that smoking marijuana was not a way to relieve pressure, and also told him that he was not showing a good example to his children. In another case he also discharged a man found in possession of 50 grams of marijuana. He said that he was still young and had a long life ahead of him and his employer would not see the marijuana but a conviction next to his name.He said that a conviction was disproportionate to his mitigation, where he said that he was living with his elderly parents and was supporting them as well. "So I have wiped your slate clean because your employer will look at the convictions of drugs and not see the amount at all. I have given you a chance but don't abuse it and don't come back here. Go and educate your colleagues and friends of the evils of these drugs because it can destroy the whole country." Supporter of football
Govind was a passionate supporter of the Ba football team. He was a member of the executive of the Ba Football Association and his legacy to football in Ba is the naming of the home ground of the team after him i.e. Govind Park.Later life
He migrated to Australia and died in Sydney on 9 August 2020. References

Indian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
Alliance Party (Fiji) politicians
Fijian judges
Fijian Hindus
2020 deaths
People educated at Lelean Memorial School
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Supreme Court of Fiji justices
Politicians from Ba (town)
Year of birth missing

masks:
Kishore Nand Govind
Govind
Govind
Govind
Justice Govind
Justice Kishore
Govind
Justice Govind
Justice Govind


title: Artabazos I of Phrygia

texts:
Artabazos (; fl. 480 BC - 455 BC) was a Persian general in the army of Xerxes I, and later satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia (now northwest Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty, founder of the Pharnacid dynasty of satraps. He was the son of Pharnaces, who was the younger brother of Hystaspes, father of <mask>. Artabazos was therefore a first cousin of the great Achaemenid ruler <mask>. General in the Second Persian invasion of Greece

Artabazus was one of the generals of Xerxes in the 480 BC Second Persian invasion of Greece, in command of the Parthians and the Chorasmians in the Achaemenid army. He was particularly in charge of the reserve forces guarding the route back to Asia, and responsible for suppressing a revolt in Potidaea. The invasion ended the following year with the Commander in Chief Mardonius, ignoring advice from Artabazus and others, meeting the Greeks in pitched battle at  the Battle of Plataea and being defeated (479 BC). The Greeks followed up their victory by sailing to Ionia, where they destroyed the garrisoning forces under Tigranes at Mycale in the same year.Artabazus, however, had refrained from engaging his troops at the Battle of Plataea, and thus managed to lead the remnant portion of a greatly reduced Achaemenid army out of Greece and back to Ionia. According to Herodotus and Plutarch this force consisted of 40,000 men. Herodotus claims that in Thessaly he did not reveal the defeat as he would have been attacked, but claimed he needed to go to Thrace on a special mission. He was able to return to Persian territory despite losing men in attacks in Thrace. Satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia

As a reward, Artabazus was made satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. He was already preceded in this role by several Achaemenid satraps: the first Achaemenid ruler of Hellespontine Phrygia had been Mitrobates (ca. 525–522 BC), who was appointed by Cyrus the Great and continued under Cambises.He was killed and his territory absorbed by the satrap of neighbouring Lydia, Oroetes. Following the reorganization of Darius I, Mitrobates was succeeded by Oebares II (c.493), son of Megabazus. Artabazus was named satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia in 479 BC. He was the first official satrap of the Pharnacid dynasty, named after his illustrious father Pharnaces. This office was passed down to his descendants, down to the conquests of Alexander the Great. Egypt and Cyprus campaigns

Artabazos, together with Megabyzus, then satrap of Syria, had command of the Persian armies sent to put down the revolt of <mask>s in Egypt. They arrived in 456 BC, and within two years had put down the revolt, capturing <mask>s and various Athenians supporting him.They then turned their attention to Cyprus, which was under attack by the Athenians, led by Cimon. Shortly afterwards hostilities between Persia and Athens ceased, called the peace of Callias. Origin of the Egyptian campaign
When Xerxes I was assassinated in 465 BC, he was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes I, but several parts of the Achaemenid empire soon revolted, foremost of which were Bactria and Egypt. The Egyptian <mask>arus defeated the Persian satrap of Egypt Achaemenes, a brother of Artaxerxes, and took control of Lower Egypt. He contacted the Greeks, who were also officially still at war with Persia, and in 460 BC, Athens sent an expeditionary force of 200 ships and 6000 heavy infantry to support <mask>s. The Egyptian and Athenian troops defeated the local Persian troops of Egypt, and captured the city of Memphis, except for the Persian citadel which they besieged for several years. Siege of Memphis (459-455 BC)

The Athenians and Egyptians had settled down to besiege the local Persian troops in Egypt, at the White Castle.The siege evidently did not progress well, and probably lasted for at least four years, since Thucydides says that their whole expedition lasted 6 years, and of this time the final 18 months was occupied with the Siege of Prosoptis. According to Thucydides, at first Artaxerxes sent Megabazus to try and bribe the Spartans into invading Attica, to draw off the Athenian forces from Egypt. When this failed, he instead assembled a large army under Megabyzus, and dispatched it to Egypt. Diodorus has more or less the same story, with more detail; after the attempt at bribery failed, Artaxerxes put Megabyzus and Artabazus in charge of 300,000 men, with instructions to quell the revolt. They went first from Persia to Cilicia and gathered a fleet of 300 triremes from the Cilicians, Phoenicians and Cypriots, and spent a year training their men. Then they finally headed to Egypt. Modern estimates, however, place the number of Persian troops at the considerably lower figure of 25,000 men given that it would have been highly impractical to deprive the already strained satrapies of any more man power than that.Thucydides does not mention Artabazus, who is reported by Herodotus to have taken part in the second Persian invasion; Diodorus may be mistaken about his presence in this campaign. It is clearly possible that the Persian forces did spend some prolonged time in training, since it took four years for them to respond to the Egyptian victory at Papremis. Although neither author gives many details, it is clear that when Megabyzus finally arrived in Egypt, he was able to quickly lift the Siege of Memphis, defeating the Egyptians in battle, and driving the Athenians from Memphis. Siege of Prosopitis (455 BC)
The Athenians now fell back to the island of Prosopitis in the Nile delta, where their ships were moored. There, Megabyzus laid siege to them for 18 months, until finally he was able to drain the river from around the island by digging canals, thus "joining the island to the mainland". In Thucydides's account the Persians then crossed over to the former island, and captured it. Only a few of the Athenian force, marching through Libya to Cyrene survived to return to Athens.In Diodorus's version, however, the draining of the river prompted the Egyptians (whom Thucydides does not mention) to defect and surrender to the Persians. The Persians, not wanting to sustain heavy casualties in attacking the Athenians, instead allowed them to depart freely to Cyrene, whence they returned to Athens. Since the defeat of the Egyptian expedition caused a genuine panic in Athens, including the relocation of the Delian treasury to Athens, Thucydides's version is probably more likely to be correct. Succession
He was succeeded by his son, Pharnabazus <mask> (fl. 455 BC - 430 BC), of whom little is known, and then by his grandson Pharnaces <mask> of Phrygia (fl. 430 BC - 413 BC), who is known to have been satrap at the outset of the Peloponnesian War. Pharnaces was in turn succeeded by his son, Pharnabazus <mask> (fl.413 BC - 373 BC), who is well known for his rivalry with Tissaphernes and wars against the Spartans. See also
Pharnacid Dynasty

Notes

5th-century BC rulers
Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars
Ancient Chalcidice
Achaemenid satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia
Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire
Pharnacid dynasty
5th-century BC Iranian people

masks:
Darius I
Darius I
Inaru
Inaru
In
Inaru
I
II
II


title: Michael Guider

texts:
<mask> (born 20 October 1950) is an Australian paedophile, serial child molester and manslaughterer who was imprisoned on 60 charges of child sexual abuse in 1996. He received an additional sentence in 2002 for the manslaughter of 9 year-old Sydney girl Samantha Knight, who disappeared from Bondi, New South Wales in 1986. He was released from prison on 5 September, 2019, under strict conditions and an extended supervision order. Early life
<mask> was born in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He and his mother moved to Sydney in 1952. His mother had an unstable relationship with an army cook who was an alcoholic. A younger brother, Tim, was born in 1953.The two boys spent time at Melrose Boys Home because their mother was unstable and unable to look after them. Guider later told prison psychologists that he was sexually abused by his mother, and later at the boys' home. In the 1970s, Guider was charged with various offences after setting fire to a shop owned by a woman he had had a relationship with. Guider had worked as a gardener at the Royal North Shore Hospital, and over the years had developed a keen interest in Aboriginal culture and sites around Sydney. He had earned some respect as an amateur expert on the subject and his material had been used and acknowledged in at least one published book. Imprisonment
Guider was arrested in December 1995, after he had fondled two 7-year-old girls. One of the girls told her mother, who went to the police.In 1996, he was sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment with a non-parole period of 10 years on no less than sixty charges against eleven children. His usual modus operandi had been to babysit the children of women he knew and sedate them with the sleeping drug Temazepam. He would then molest and photograph them while they were asleep. He received a fixed term of six years and six months' imprisonment in 1999 for 11 further charges against two other children, with the judge ordering that six months of the sentence be served cumulatively. Guider was placed in conditions of strict protection in Goulburn prison. In spite of this, he was bashed savagely on two occasions. He was admitted to the prison hospital with fractures to his right leg and hand, plus numerous abrasions.One of his ears was almost torn off. Taking time served in pre-sentence custody into account, Guider was eligible for parole in June 2014. On that occasion, his request for parole was denied, with the result that he still had approximately five years to serve. Samantha Knight

Samantha Terese Knight was born Samantha Terese O'Meagher on the 25 March 1977. She lived at Manly with her parents, Tess Knight and Peter O'Meagher, but they divorced at an early stage. Knight then lived with her mother in Bronte. By 1986, they were living in a block of flats in Imperial Avenue, Bondi.She went missing on 19 August 1986. Despite an intensive campaign, in which posters of her were displayed all over New South Wales, she was never found. Guider eventually attracted the attention of police who were investigating the disappearance of Knight, partly because of pressure from Denise Hofman (co-author of Forever Nine), who had worked with Guider on Aboriginal sites around Sydney. Freelance journalist Di Michel, who had introduced Hofman to Guider, had told Hofman how Guider had talked about Knight in a way that had sounded odd and obsessive, arousing her suspicions. Michel, however, was reluctant to go to the police because she felt she would be informing on a friend. Hofman, therefore, decided she would have to go to the police herself with this information. She duly passed the information on to a detective at Castle Hill police station.Questioned by police, Guider initially told them that he had only met Knight a couple of times over the years, but it eventually turned out that he had molested her and two other girls at a house in Raglan Street, Manly, a number of times during 1984 and 1985. After a lengthy investigation, Guider was charged with Knight's murder on 22 February 2001. On 7 June 2001, he pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of Knight. He claimed that he had drugged her the way he had always drugged his victims, and claimed he had accidentally given her a fatal overdose, saying she regained consciousness and he then gave her a second dose because he did not want her to recognise him. On 28 August 2002, Guider was sentenced to 17 years' imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years for manslaughter, to be served cumulatively with his sentence for the child sex offences. Knight's body has never been found; Guider showed no remorse, and said he could not remember what he did with her body. Guider's statements about Knight over the years were contradictory.Initially he said he could remember nothing about what he did with her. Later he said he had buried her in Cooper Park, in the Sydney suburb of Bellevue Hill, but had dug her up later and put her in a skip at the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron, Kirribilli, where he had worked as a gardener at the time. In March 2003, he told police he had buried Knight in the grounds of the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron. On 15 May, a dig took place there but nothing was found, in spite of a police sniffer dog reacting positively to soil from the site. The dog's handler said the reaction was as positive as the dogs were capable of showing, and was surprised that nothing was found. He was as sure as he could be that a body had been there. Police believed that Guider had been telling the truth at last, but thought Knight's remains may have been removed accidentally during the construction of a car park eighteen months after Guider buried her at the site, or that Guider himself may have removed them when he heard the site was going to be dug up.Renee Aitken
Renee Aitken was abducted from her home at Narooma, on the south coast of New South Wales, in February 1984. She was five years old. The chief suspect was Brian James Fitzpatrick, who had done time in prison for indecent assault. Fitzpatrick died in a car crash just weeks before he was due to appear at an inquest into Aitken's death. By 2006, Hofman suspected that <mask> may have been involved in Aitken's disappearance. At the time, Guider was working just two hour's drive from Narooma, in a Canberra suburb. His mug shot was identified by a member of the Aitken family and an important witness in the case.He had clippings about Aitken in his scrapbook on missing children, and these clippings came from local papers in Narooma, which implied that he had been in the area. However, police considered that there was insufficient evidence to make it worth following up on Hofman's theory. Hofman drew the attention of police to a sketch by Guider, which depicted a girl with a strong resemblance to Aitken. Police viewed the sketch but there were no further developments. Authorship
While in prison, Guider continued to pursue his interest in Aboriginal culture and history, writing a number of booklets on the subject. These booklets were sent to various councils in Sydney and held in various local libraries, as well as the State Library of New South Wales. He produced something like sixteen booklets, varying in length from six pages to twenty-eight.He also commenced study of archeology and attained a degree in this field. Parole and release
Guider was eligible for parole in June 2014, when his minimum term of eighteen years and three months was up, but it was rejected by the State Parole Authority. There were several reasons for this, including "a need for structured post-release plans." Parole was reviewed in April 2017, but denied. He was then due for review in April 2018. In February 2019, it was reported that Guider was legally due for release in June 2019, but the Attorney General of New South Wales was trying to keep him behind bars. The Government had applied for Guider to be incarcerated for another year.Knight's mother, Tess Knight, said she wanted Guider to be imprisoned forever, adding that he was one of the most dangerous criminals in New South Wales. On May 27 2019, the government applied to the Supreme Court of New South Wales to have Guider kept in prison for the extra year, followed by a five-year extended supervision order. The court was due to rule on whether to place Guider on an interim detention order or an interim supervision order until a final hearing, expected to be held in August. Guider's lawyer said his client had been a model prisoner and had been allowed twenty day-leaves in the community, during which he was escorted by a chaplain. He said that if Guider were released into the community, he would stay in a halfway house attached to Long Bay Prison, and would abide by fifty-six conditions that would be "stricter than any parole." On June 4, the Supreme Court imposed an interim detention order that would keep Guider in prison for another twenty-eight days, during which time he would be seen by a psychiatrist and a psychologist. On 20 August, Justice Richard Button ruled that he would decide by 5 September whether Guider should be kept in prison.The Attorney-General, Mark Speakman, was seeking to keep Guider in prison for a further twelve months, with supervision for five years after his release. Guider's lawyer again argued that, if released, his client could stay in a halfway house near Long Bay Prison, with 56 conditions that would be stricter than parole. The court heard that Guider had completed fifty-five therapeutic maintenance programs while in prison. The Crown Prosecutor said Guider had declined to take drugs to reduce his sex drive because he thought they might interfere with his heart medication. On 3 September, the judge ruled that Guider could go free, subject to a large number of restrictions. The Attorney-General was seeking advice on whether it was possible to keep Guider in longer, but he was released on 5 September, subject to a five-year supervision order. His release received saturation media coverage.Before being released, he was fitted with a Buddi Insight Smart Tag. When released, Guider had a large tumour in his groin. He had refused to have it treated in prison because he did not trust the prison medical staff. He was expected to have the tumour examined after his release. He was also taking medication for a heart condition. While in prison, he had declined to take drugs to reduce his sex urge because he believed they would interfere with the heart medication. After release, he was kept for some time in the abovementioned halfway house near Long Bay, and was then moved to an undisclosed location.<mask>
<mask>'s younger brother, <mask>, was in Melrose Boys Home along with his brother until the latter left when he turned 15. After leaving Melrose himself, he had a checkered life that included a number of bank robberies and several years in prison. Later, he found success as a painter and sculptor, as well as having a son. In 2020, he published Good Brother Bad Brother, the story of the two brothers over the years, as well as the disappearance of Knight. In the book, he theorises that she was buried by his brother in a particular grave at Gore Hill Cemetery, in the Sydney suburb of St Leonards. He also analyses the circumstances around Knight's death, and concludes it could not have been accidental. He describes his conclusions in a podcast at findsamantha.com, along with a map of the cemetery showing where he believes she was buried.At the time of writing, his belief that she was buried at Gore Hill Cemetery had not been tested by examination of the gravesite. Gallery

Bibliography
 <mask>, Tim (2020). Good Brother Bad Brother. Tim Guider. News articles
 The Glebe, 13 July 1994
 Daily Telegraph, 29 Sep 1996
 Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct 1996
 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 Aug 1999
 Daily Telegraph, 22 Feb 2001
 Daily Telegraph, 23rd Feb 2001
 Sydney Morning Herald, 23 Feb 2001
 Daily Telegraph, 25 Feb 2001
 Daily Telegraph, 9 Apr 2002
 Daily Telegraph, 10 Apr 2002
 Daily Telegraph, 19 Apr 2002
 Daily Telegraph, 27 Apr 2002
 Sydney Morning Herald, 8 Jun 2002
 Daily Telegraph, 29 Aug 2002
 Sydney Morning Herald, 29 Aug 2002
 The Sun-Herald, 26 Nov 2006

See also
Timeline of major crimes in Australia

References

External links

 Samantha Knight at australianmissingpersonsregister.com
 Renee Aitken at australianmissingpersonsregister.com
 Tess Knight on <mask>r
 <mask>r Info and Photos
 Tim Guider page
 <mask> and Renee Aitken

1950 births
Living people
Criminals from Melbourne
Australian people convicted of manslaughter
Australian people convicted of child sexual abuse
Prisoners and detainees of New South Wales
Manslaughter trials

masks:
Michael Anthony Guider
Michael Guider
Guider
Tim Guider
Guider
Tim Guider
Guider
Michael Guide
Michael Guide
Michael Guider


title: Étienne Macdonald

texts:
<mask>-Joseph-<mask>, 1st Duke of Taranto (17 November 176525 September 1840), was a Marshal of the Empire and military leader during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Family background
<mask> was born in Sedan, Ardennes, France. His father, Neil MacEachen, later MacDonald, came from a Jacobite family from Howbeg in South Uist, in the West of Scotland. He was a close relative of Flora MacDonald, who played a key role in the escape of Prince Charles Edward Stuart after the failure of the 1745 Rising. Military life
In 1784, <mask> joined the Irish Legion, raised to support the revolutionary party in the Dutch Republic against the Kingdom of Prussia and was made lieutenant on 1 April 1785. After it was disbanded, he received a commission in Dillon's Regiment. At the start of the French Revolution, the regiment of Dillon remained loyal to the King, except for <mask>, who was in love with Mlle Jacob, whose father was an enthusiastic revolutionary.After his marriage on May 5, 1791, on 17 August 1792, he was promoted to captain, and on 29 August 1792 he was appointed aide-de-camp to General Charles François Dumouriez. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Jemappes, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 12 November 1792 and then colonel on 8 March 1793. He refused to desert to the Austrians with Dumouriez and as a reward was made général de brigade on 26 August 1793 and appointed to command the leading brigade in Pichegru's invasion of the Netherlands. His knowledge of the country proved useful, and he was instrumental in the capture of the Dutch fleet by French hussars in January 1795. In 1797, having been made général de division back in November 1794, he now served first in the Army of the Rhine and later in the Army of Italy as of 24 April 1798. When he reached Italy in 1798, the Treaty of Campo Formio had been signed on 18 October 1797, and Bonaparte had returned to France; but, under the direction of Berthier, <mask> occupied Rome in the 1798-1799 Roman Republic, of which he was made governor on 19 November 1798, and then in conjunction with Championnet he defeated General Mack at the Battle of Ferentino, the Battle of Otricoli, the 5 December 1798 Battle of Civita Castellana, and two military affairs, first at Calvi Risorta and then on 3 January 1799 at Capua, and then by 10 January 1799, he had resigned his Office due to disagreements with Championnet. However, despite any differences, the men managed to conquer the 1282-1799 Kingdom of Naples, which then became known as the Parthenopaean Republic.Russian General Suvorov invaded northern Italy in March 1799 with an Austro-Russian army, and was undoing the conquests of Bonaparte and defeated Moreau at Cassano and San Giuliano. In response <mask> moved northwards in command of the Armée de Naples. With 36,000 men, he attacked Suvorov's 22,000 men at the Trebbia. After three days' fighting, receiving no help from Moreau, he was utterly defeated and retreated to Genoa. Later, he was made governor of Versailles and acquiesced, even if he did not participate, in the events of the 18 Brumaire. In 1800, he received command of the army in the Helvetic Republic, maintaining communications between the armies of Germany and of Italy. He carried out his orders diligently, and in the winter of 1800–01, he was ordered to march over the Splügen Pass at the head of the Army of the Grisons.This achievement is described by Mathieu Dumas, his chief of staff. It is sometimes considered as noteworthy as Bonaparte's passage of the St Bernard before the Battle of Marengo, although <mask> did not fight a battle. On his return to Paris, <mask> married the widow of General Joubert, and was appointed French ambassador to Denmark. Returning in 1805, he was associated with Moreau and thus incurred the dislike of Napoleon, who did not include him in his first creation of marshals. It was for the same reason that Napoleon did not give him a military command between 1803 and 1809. Under Napoleon

He remained without employment until 1809, but then Napoleon made him military adviser to Prince Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy and the commander of the Army of Italy. After meeting an unexpected defeat at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon summoned Eugène's army north to join him, with <mask> in tow.On the second day of Wagram, amid great pressure along the entire front, Napoleon ordered <mask> to launch a desperate counterattack on the enemy centre. <mask> promptly organised a gigantic three-sided open-backed infantry square, covered by Nansouty's cavalry, and hurled it against the Austrian lines. Despite sustaining terrible casualties from the Austrian artillery, this bold attack broke the Austrian centre and won the day. After the battle, having rushed to find him on the corpse-strewn battlefield, Napoleon told <mask>, "You have behaved valiantly...On the battlefield of your glory, where I owe you so large a part of yesterday's success, I make you a Marshal of France. You have long deserved it." Additionally, Napoleon soon after ennobled him Duke of Taranto in the Kingdom of Naples. In 1810, <mask> served in Spain and in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Grande Armée for the invasion of Russia.He was sent to the north but did not succeed in occupying Riga. In 1813, after participating in the battles of Lützen and Bautzen, he was ordered to invade Silesia, where Blücher defeated him with great loss at Katzbach. At the Battle of Nations in 1813, his force was pushed out at  Liebertwolkwitz by Johann von Klenau's IV Corps (Austrian); on a counterattack, his troops took the village back. Later that day, Klenau foiled his attempt to flank the Austrian main army, commanded by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg. After the Battle of Leipzig, he was ordered to cover the evacuation of Leipzig with Prince Poniatowski. After the blowing up of the last bridge over the river, he managed to swim the Elster, but Poniatowski drowned. During the defensive campaign of 1814, <mask> again distinguished himself.He was one of the marshals sent by Napoleon to take the notice of his abdication to Paris. When all were deserting Napoleon, <mask> remained faithful. He was directed by Napoleon to give his adherence to the new régime, and was presented with the sabre of Murad Bey for his fidelity. Under the Bourbons

At the Restoration, he was made a peer of France and knight grand cross of the royal order of St. Louis; he remained faithful to the new order during the Hundred Days. In 1815, he became chancellor of the Legion of Honour, a post he held till 1831. In 1816, as major-general of the royal bodyguard, he took part in the debates of the Chamber of Peers, created under the Charter of 1814, voting consistently as a moderate Liberal. From 1830, he lived in retirement at his country home, the Chateau de Courcelles-le-Roy in Beaulieu-sur-Loire commune, Loiret, where he died on 25 September 1840, aged 74.Personal life
In 1791, he married Marie-Constance Soral de Montloisir (died 1797) and had 2 daughters:
 Anne-Charlotte (1792–1870)
 Adele-Elisabeth (1794–1822)

In 1802, he married Felicite-Francoise de Montholon (died 1804), the widow of General Joubert, and had a daughter:
 Alexandrine-Aimee (1803–1869)

In 1821, he married Ernestine-Therese de Bourgoing (1789–1825) and had a son:
 Louis-Marie (1824–1881)

Scottish legacy
On 30 April 2010, a plaque was unveiled to the memory of Marshal of France <mask> on the Outer Hebridean island of South Uist, the familial home of <mask>. <mask> had visited South Uist in 1825 in order to find out more about his family roots. Assessment
<mask> was assessed in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911, which argued:

<mask> had none of that military genius that distinguished Davout, Masséna and Lannes, nor of that military science conspicuous in Marmont and St Cyr, but nevertheless his campaign in Switzerland gives him a rank far superior to such mere generals of division as Oudinot and Dupont. This capacity for independent command made Napoleon, in spite of his defeats at the Trebia and the Battle of Katzbach, trust him with large commands till the end of his career. As a man, his character cannot be spoken of too highly; no stain of cruelty or faithlessness rests on him.Military historian Gunter E. Rothenberg wrote that although he overstated his own abilities, <mask> was an excellent commander. Richard Dunn-Pattison praised <mask> for his "keen military insight" while A. G. MacDonell called his career a string of defeats. John M. Keefe blamed his defeat at Katzbach on a general lack of staff officers in French armies not commanded by Napoleon, arguing that <mask> had fought successfully in the rest of his career.Notes

References
 Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Heraldica.org – Napoleonic heraldry
<mask> was especially fortunate to have accounts of his military exploits recorded by Mathieu Dumas and Ségur who were on his staff in Switzerland. M.Dumas, Evénements militaires
 Ségur's rare tract, Lecture sur la campagne du Général <mask> dans les Grisons en 1800 et 1801 (1802), and Eloge (1842). His memoirs were published in 1892 (Eng. trans., Recollections of <mask>), but are brief and wanting in balance.His diary of 1825 has been translated into English with a commentary ... The French <mask> : journey of a marshal of Napoléon in the Highlands and islands of Scotland ... : the 1825 travel diary of Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre <mask>, with commentaries by Jean-Didier Hache and Domhnall Uilleam Stiùbhart. [Port of Ness, Isle of Lewis]: The Islands Book Trust, 2007  209p. 1765 births
1840 deaths
French Freemasons
People from Sedan, Ardennes
Marshals of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dukes of Taranto
French people of Scottish descent
Grand Chanceliers of the Légion d'honneur
French generals
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Peers of France
State ministers of France
Roman Republic (18th century)
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

masks: Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald


title: Lenka Pichlíková-Burke

texts:
<mask> – Burke (born July 28, 1954 at Prague) is an American actress of Czech descent, the seventh generation of her family to appear onstage since the 18th century. Her great-uncle was the noted national actor, Ladislav Pešek. While in Czechoslovakia, she performed on stage in many theatres, played in twelve films, and created over 40 television roles, rising to the rank of Advanced Master Artist. In addition to performing as a speaking actress, she was also involved professionally in classic pantomime. Since the 1980s she has resided in the United States. In the United States, she has performed onstage in speaking roles as well as in pantomime productions for more than 25 years. Since 1988, she has been a member of the Actors' Equity Association, the union which represents professional actors.In 2006 she was named the "Best Mime" of Fairfield County, Connecticut. She teaches performing arts, dramatic literature, and cultural history, and translates plays. Biography and work

Czechoslovak period

In 1977, <mask> Pichlíková finished her studies at the Faculty of Theatre of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. She was a member of the Jiří Wolker Theatre company in Prague, where she had originally performed at the age of nine. She subsequently worked in the companies of the Theatre on the Balustrade, The Drama Club, and The Vinohrady Theatre in Prague, and performed as a guest artist in the National Theatre in Prague. Among her roles during this period was Petrunjela in Uncle Maroje by Marin Držić, and two roles in Insect Play by Karel and Josef Čapek (DISK Theatre – Faculty of Theatre), further Bianca in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (Jiří Wolker Theatre), Anna in Vladislav Vančura's Peevish Summer (The Vinohrady Theatre), Anička in Josef Tajovský's Women's Law (The Drama Club). In addition to acting onstage, she was a member of Ladislav Fialka's mime company at the Theatre on the Balustrade.She performed in a joint mime-acting production, Broom in Confusion, based on works by Molière (Milan Lukeš, Evald Schorm, and Ladislav Fialka, 1981). During her career in Czechoslovakia, <mask> Pichlíková created over 40 television roles and performed in 12 Czech and European co-production feature films. The most successful of these was The Trumpet's Song, directed by Ludvík Ráža, in which she played the main role. The film, originally produced for Czechoslovak Television, won first prize (The Golden Nymph award) at the Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo in 1981. She also played in films by Karel Kachyňa (Meeting in July, Counting Sheep, Time for a Check-up, Otakar Vávra (Dark Sun), Viktor Polesný (Birthday – a film that was suppressed by communist officials), and in Jiří Krejčík's and Evald Schorm's comedies. For German television, she appeared in the series directed by Franz Peter Wirth, A Square of Sky (Ein Stück Himmel), which was based on the experiences of Janina Dawidowicz from the Warsaw ghetto; in Die Schmuggler von Rajgrod, directed by Konrad Petzold; and in several segments of the series, The Invisible Sight (Das Unsichtbare Visier), directed by Peter Hagen. American period

Since coming to the United States in 1982, <mask> Pichlíková has acted in both university and professional theaters, including productions accredited by the Actors' Equity Association.Her roles include Masha in Chekhov's The Seagull (Theatre West, Fort Worth, Texas), Yelena in Uncle Vanya and Hilda in Ibsen's The Master Builder (University Theater, Richardson, Texas), Lea in Wendy Kesselman's My Sister in This House (Undermain Theater, Dallas, Texas), Joan in Bertolt Brecht's Saint Joan of the Stockyards (Dance Theater Workshop, New York City), Ophelia in Müller's Hamletmachine (Theater for the New City, New York City), and Tamara Sachs in Ronald Harwood's Taking Sides (Stamford Theatre Works, Connecticut). Other roles include Rosebud in Natalie Needs a Nightie and Christina in Drop Zone (Kweskin Theater, Stamford). Subsequently, <mask> Pichlíková studied with Marcel Marceau in the United States, and has performed as a mime in Mexico, France, Texas, New York, and throughout Connecticut. She was a member of the blacklight theatre company, Ta Fantastika, during their New York City period, 1982 – 1984 (the company is now located in Prague). In 1987, she performed as the lead narrator and mime in segments of The Magic Game, produced in Mexico and performed throughout the southwest United States. She has also created a character dance role, the Duchess, in the original ballet, Alice in Wonderland by Laurie Gage (East Coast Youth Ballet, Stamford). Her mimodrama, Medea, and her mime performance piece, Seven Deadly Sins and a Virtue (the latter inspired by the Baroque statues at the historical spa of Kuks, Czech Republic) have been presented in several states.Medea, for which she wrote, directed, and played the lead, was featured in Connecticut's International Festival of Arts and Ideas in 2001. In 2006, she wrote and performed in the one-person drama, Three Women of Faith, based on the lives of the Abbess Hildegard of Bingen, Queen Sofia of Bavaria (protector of the church reformer, Jan Hus), and Katharina von Bora Luther (Martin Luther's wife and co-worker). In 2006, she was named the Best Mime of Fairfield County, Connecticut by the area news media. In 2014 she performed in her own translation a play by Anna Hodkova, Gertrude, which is a one-woman show about queen Gertrude from Shakespeare's Hamlet. <mask> Pichlíková currently devotes herself to her own one-person shows, mimodramas, and schools performances, as well as to acting in independent films, teaching, directing, and coaching actors. Among her recent activities and performances are the following:
 One-woman shows such as Katharina Luther for diverse audiences. Hundreds of interactive schools performances and shows for young audiences, including
 Mother Goose (nursery rhymes and activities for preschool), recipient of grants for underserved communities;
 Time for Mime (a classic pantomime learning performance), recipient of grants for underserved communities,
 A Visit from Mrs. Claus (Holiday Storyteller – Christmas / Hanukkah);
 Kids Kanga-Rules (two-person schools performance on social interaction, manners, and preventing bullying), recipient of grants for underserved communities.Workshops, artist-in-residence projects, and arts enrichment programs under the sponsorship of the Connecticut Commission for Culture and Tourism, local schools and boards of education, and private foundations. Directing stage plays and musical theatre for adolescents, college students, and adults, including works such as CATS, The Boy Friend, and Pictures from the Insects' Life. Directing children's theatre in elementary schools and regional theatres, including works such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Featured roles in independent films, including Keep the Lights On (Ira Sachs), Chasing Lost Youth (Nicole Cobb), Apples (Brunella Steger), Butterfingers (Milan Roganovic) and Trophy Kids (Josh Sugarman). Television commercials and infomercials, including The Pearl, Diamond Radiance, Amgen Pharmaceuticals, and McNamara Skin Products. Translating plays, including Joyce Carol Oates's Tone Clusters and Eclipse, from In Darkest America. Scholarly investigations, such as Josef Čapek, Czech Modernist Innovator, for the New York Art Resources Consortium.<mask> Pichlíková teaches acting, other performing arts, dramatic literature, and cultural history in the Conservatory of Theatre Arts, State University of New York at Purchase, at Fairfield University in Connecticut, and at other colleges, as well as having taught in the former School of Performing Arts of Stamford Theatre Works, a professional acting company, also in Connecticut. References

This article is partially based on translation from Czech Wikipedia. Česká divadla 1977/78 – 1980/82; Divadelní ústav; Prague 1979 – 1983. Minor, E. Kyle: Seeing It from All Sides; in: The Advocate, Stamford, November 5, 1999. Minor, E. Kyle: The Might and Mystery of a Woman Scorned; in: The New York Times, New York City, June 18, 2000. Fountain, Christie: Miming Medea; in: The Advocate / Greenwich Times, Greenwich, July 28, 2000. Time for Mime – Lenka Pichlikova; in: The New York Times, New York City, February 11, 2001.The Best of the Gold Coast; in: Greenwich Magazine / Westport Magazine, Greenwich and Westport, August 2006. External links

 Filmography in Czech (Kinobox)
 Filmography in Czech (CSFD)
 Josef Čapek, Czech Modernist Innovator
 Personal site – Web site of <mask> Pichlíková – Burke. Czech stage actresses
Czech film actresses
Czech mimes
American mimes
American stage actresses
1954 births
Living people
Fairfield University faculty
Actresses from Prague
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Lenka Pichlíková
Lenka
Lenka
Lenka
Lenka
Lenka
Lenka
Lenka


title: Harry Hammond Hess

texts:
<mask> (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was an American geologist and a United States Navy officer in World War II who is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics. He is best known for his theories on sea floor spreading, specifically work on relationships between island arcs, seafloor gravity anomalies, and serpentinized peridotite, suggesting that the convection of the Earth's mantle was the driving force behind this process. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 24, 1906, in New York City to Julian S<mask>, a member of the New York Stock Exchange, and <mask>. He attended Asbury Park High School in Asbury Park, New Jersey. In 1923, he entered Yale University, where he intended to study electrical engineering but ended up graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in geology. He spent two years as an exploration geologist in Northern Rhodesia. In 1934 he married Annette Burns.Teaching career
<mask> taught for one year (1932–1933) at Rutgers University in New Jersey and spent a year as a research associate at the Geophysical Laboratory of Washington, D. C., before joining the faculty of Princeton University in 1934. <mask> remained at Princeton for the rest of his career and served as Geology Department Chairman from 1950 to 1966. He was a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town, South Africa (1949–1950), and the University of Cambridge, England (1965). The Navy-Princeton gravity expedition to the West Indies in 1932
<mask> accompanied Dr. Felix Vening Meinesz of Utrecht University on board the US Navy submarine USS S-48 to assist with the second U.S. expedition to obtain gravity measurements at sea. The expedition used a gravimeter, or gravity meter, designed by Meinesz. The submarine traveled a route from Guantanamo, Cuba, to Key West, Florida, and return to Guantanamo through the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos region from 5 February through 25 March 1932. The description of operations and results of the expedition were published by the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office in The Navy-Princeton gravity expedition to the West Indies in 1932.Military and war career
<mask> joined the United States Navy  during World War II, becoming captain of the USS Cape Johnson, an attack transport ship equipped with a new technology: sonar. This command would later prove to be key in <mask>'s development of his theory of sea floor spreading. <mask> carefully tracked his travel routes to Pacific Ocean landings on the Marianas, Philippines, and Iwo Jima, continuously using his ship's echo sounder. This unplanned wartime scientific surveying enabled <mask> to collect ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in the discovery of flat-topped submarine volcanoes, which he termed guyots, after the 19th-century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. After the war, he remained in the Naval Reserve, rising to the rank of rear admiral. Scientific discoveries
In 1960, <mask> made his single most important contribution, which is regarded as part of the major advance in geologic science of the 20th century. In a widely circulated report to the Office of Naval Research, he advanced the theory, now generally accepted, that the Earth's crust moved laterally away from long, volcanically active oceanic ridges.He only understood his ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean after Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen (1953,   Lamont Group) discovered the Great Global Rift, running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Seafloor spreading, as the process was later named, helped establish Alfred Wegener's earlier (but generally dismissed at the time) concept of continental drift as scientifically respectable. This triggered a revolution in the earth sciences. <mask>'s report was formally published in his History of Ocean Basins (1962), which for a time was the single most referenced work in solid-earth geophysics. <mask> was also involved in many other scientific endeavours, including the Mohole project (1957–1966), an investigation onto the feasibility and techniques of deep sea drilling. Accolades and affiliations
<mask> was president of The Geological Society of America in 1963 and received their Penrose Medal in 1966. Death

<mask> died from a heart attack in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on August 25, 1969, while chairing a meeting of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences.He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery and was posthumously awarded the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Distinguished Public Service Award. The <mask> H. <mask> Medal

The American Geophysical Union established the <mask>. <mask> medal in his memory in 1984 to "honor outstanding achievements in research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and sister planets." Past recipients
Source:

 1985	Gerald J. Wasserburg
 1987	Julian R. Goldsmith
 1989	A.G.W. Cameron
 1991	George W. Wetherill
 1993	Alfred E. Ringwood
 1995	Edward Anders
 1996	Thomas J. Ahrens
 1997	Stanley Robert Hart
 1998	David J. Stevenson
 1999	Ikuo Kushiro
 2001	Albrecht Hofmann
 2002	Gerald Schubert
 2003	David L. Kohlstedt
 2004	Adolphe Nicholas
 2005	Sean C. Solomon
 2006	Alexandra Navrotsky
 2007	Michael John O'Hara
 2008	H. Jay Melosh
 2009	Frank M. Richter
 2010  David Walker
 2011  Henry Dick
 2012  Maria T. Zuber
 2013  Bernard Wood
 2014	Donald J. DePaolo
 2015	Claude Jaupart
 2016	Alexander Halliday
 2017 Roberta Rudnick
 2018 Timothy L. Grove
 2019 Richard J. Walker
 2020 Donald B. Dingwell

Selected publications

Also in:

Also in:

References

Further reading

External links
<mask> (1906–1969) A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries
<mask> <mask> Biography taken from
AGU Harry H. <mask> Medal

American geophysicists
Asbury Park High School alumni
Tectonicists
Scientists from New York City
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
1906 births
1969 deaths
University of Cape Town academics
Yale University alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Penrose Medal winners
Princeton University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
Marine geophysicists

masks:
Harry Hammond Hess
Harry Hammond Hess
. Hess
Elizabeth Engel Hess
Harry Hess
Hess
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Hess
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Hess
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Harry
Hess
Harry H
Hess
Harry Hess
Harry Hammond
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Hess


title: Giles Deacon

texts:
<mask> (born 1969) is an English fashion designer, Creative Director and Founder of <mask> group, a fashion enterprise. <mask> joined the Paris Fashion Week in 2016. <mask> has been known to challenge the traditional ideas of womenswear and often uses wild prints and pop culture references in his designs. <mask> was employed by the fashion houses Bottega Veneta and Gucci, before founding his own label, GILES, in 2003. He launched his first collection for GILES at the 2004 London Fashion Week and was named "Best New Designer" at the British Fashion Awards. <mask>'s designs have been met with critical acclaim and have sparked a renewed interest in London fashion. Having become one of the fashion industry's most fêted figures, <mask> was named British Fashion Designer of the Year in 2006 and was awarded the French ANDAM Fashion Award's Grand Prix in 2009.The designer was appointed creative director of French fashion house Ungaro in April 2010. <mask> retained the position until September 2011, when he and Ungaro mutually decided to end their collaboration. <mask> launched his first couture collection in 2016 at Paris. Early life
<mask> was born in Darlington, County Durham, but grew up near Ullswater in the Lake District. <mask> is the youngest child of David, an agricultural salesman, and Judith, a housewife. He has one older sister. He attended Barnard Castle School in County Durham which he credits with instilling in him "the mindset of aesthetics".Alongside schoolmate and friend Glenn Hugill, now a major television executive, he pursued interests in music and film as "portal to other things that we didn't really know about" <mask> initially wanted to become a marine biologist, but he failed his chemistry A-level. He later joined Harrogate College of Arts, where he completed an art foundation course. After completing his course he went on to study at Central St Martins and was in the same class as fashion designers Alexander McQueen and Luella Bartley. He graduated in 1992 and began collaborating on the label 'Doran Deacon' with his friend, Fi Doran as well as contributing illustrations to Dazed & Confused. Career
<mask> chose to travel and gain experiences at fashion houses, before starting his own label. During his time in Paris, <mask> was hired to work with fashion designer Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, where he learned how to use a brand name commercially. During this time, <mask> met the owner of Italian luxury goods house, Bottega Veneta, and was hired to work for the company, becoming the head designer and debuting a much acclaimed collection in 2000.<mask> was dismissed in 2001 when the Gucci group bought the company and terminated his contract, so they could hire German designer, Tomas Maier. However, he was immediately hired by Tom Ford to assist with Gucci womenswear. <mask> was forced to leave Gucci after one season when he became ill from an infected salivary gland. Once he had recovered, <mask> decided to take out a loan to start his own label and he launched GILES in 2003. He launched his first collection at London Fashion Week in February 2004, styled by his friend Katie Grand, the show saw models Karen Elson, Lily Cole, Eva Herzigova and Linda Evangelista walking the catwalk. The collection received international acclaim and began a renewed interest in London fashion. <mask> regularly showed at London Fashion Week and the GILES collection is bought by over thirty retail stores including Barneys, Harvey Nichols and Selfridges.<mask> counted Thandie Newton, Princess Beatrice and Scarlett Johansson among his clients. Several actresses, including Cate Blanchett and Kerry Washington, have worn <mask>'s dresses at red carpet events. In 2009, <mask> stated that since he launched his label, he has seen the turnover double every year and sales increased during the recession. His studio is at the Truman Brewery in East London. In April 2010, it was announced that <mask> Archs. <mask> became the fifth designer to be hired by the house since it was sold to entrepreneur Asim Abdullah in 2005. On 19 September 2010, <mask> made a return to London Fashion Week, after spending two years showing his collection in Paris.<mask> showed his first collection for Ungaro in October 2010. Vogue previewed the new collection, which was designed by <mask>, styled by Grand and accessorised by Katie Hillier and Stephen Jones, on their website. Vogue reporter, Dolly Jones, described the collection as one of the "most hotly anticipated shows" of the week and she added "[<mask>] looks like he'll be credited with bringing the house of Ungaro back to life, at last." From June 2011, <mask> took part in the Channel 4 entertainment series, New Look Style the Nation. The designer joined New Look's creative director Barbara Horspool on a panel tasked with finding an "exceptional new fashion stylist" from contestants, who demonstrate good creativity and style. The winner was to be hired by New Look as a stylist. <mask> previously appeared on Britain's Next Top Model as a judge.On 15 September, it was announced Ungaro and <mask> had "mutually decided" to end their collaboration. In 2013, <mask> presented the first ever fashion exhibition at the William Morris Gallery in London. After deciding to put his ready-to-wear line on hiatus, <mask> launched his first haute couture collection in 2016. He told Steff Yotka of Vogue that he had always wanted to create more couture pieces, and that he chose to concentrate on high end fashion after realising that the pieces he and his team had produced were selling well. He designed the wedding dress of Pippa Middleton, sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, in May 2017. Style

<mask> has been known to challenge the traditional ideas of womenswear and often uses wild prints and pop culture references in his designs. He has described his designs for GILES as humorous, dark and sexy and has stated that he wants diversity in among them.He said, "My dresses should be worn by young, cool girls just as much as by 55 to 60-year-old women". <mask> often designs "structured big-entrance" dresses, which are aimed at women who want to be noticed. At the 2008 London Fashion Week, <mask> presented a collection with a futuristic theme based on the 1980s arcade game Pac-Man. The character was embellished on many of the dresses and the models wore oversized helmets in the shape of Pac-Man. The designer's New Look menswear collections have been described by GQ magazine as "straddling the line between quirky and wearable". Susannah Frankel of The Independent has said that <mask>'s collections are "a much-needed injection of grand-scale glamour". Frankel added that a playfulness and humour have also found their way into <mask>'s collections.In May 2011, <mask> said he does not design for wallflowers and that his collections would always be a "little bit sideways", "quirky" and "British in feel." The Scotsman'' said <mask>'s designs are not brash, but "they suit a woman who has the confidence to take centre-stage." Collaborations
<mask> has worked on many collaborations with companies including Sky, Converse and Evoke, with whom he created his first jewellery collection. In a two-season collaboration with British fashion company Mulberry, <mask> introduced a line of accessories called "Mulberry for Giles", which was both a commercial and critical success. <mask> was then appointed to design for the classic British tailoring label, Daks. He showed his first and second collections for the brand in 2007 and his third in 2008. <mask>'s best known collaboration has been with the High Street fashion chain New Look.The collection called Gold by <mask> began in March 2007. On choosing to collaborate with the clothing retailer, <mask> said: "I chose New Look as the high street store to work with, as we both have a sense of fun and believe in fashion for everyone."" Actress Drew Barrymore starred in the first ad campaigns for the collection, following a chance meeting between her and the designer in a lift. British model, Agyness Deyn took over and modelled the key pieces for <mask>'s 4th collection. A lover of chocolate, in 2013 <mask> collaborated with Cadbury’s Caramel Nibbles, creating a couture strapless white tulip Nibbles dress in a chocolate polka-dot print for the Caramel Bunny, complete with ruffle details and a striking pussy-bow neck tie to match. In addition to this, he created a limited edition scarf combining the Cadbury Caramel Bunny’s eyes with coloured chains and pink bows. In late 2015, <mask> designed a womenswear collection for Debenhams.The collection titled <mask> for Edition was modelled by Daisy Lowe and featured "beautiful dresses, bold prints and luxe outerwear". Recognition
In 2004, <mask> was named 'Best New Designer' at the British Fashion Awards and in the following year he was given the Young Designer Award at Elle magazine's Style Awards. 2006 saw <mask> win the British Fashion Council's Fashion Forward Award, as well as being named British Fashion Designer of the Year at the British Fashion Awards. He was named Best British Designer at the 2007 Elle Style Awards. Two years later, <mask> won the French ANDAM Fashion Award's Grand Prix, becoming the second consecutive British designer to win the award following Gareth Pugh's win in 2008. In the same year, he was named GQ magazine's Designer of the Year. Personal life
<mask> divides his time between his home in Islington, London, and his apartments in Paris and Italy.He has been in a relationship with actress Gwendoline Christie since early 2013. <mask>'s hobbies include swimming, hiking, macramé, and gardening. He counts Elsa Schiaparelli, Miuccia Prada, Coco Chanel, Mr J.M. Millet, and Yves Saint Laurent among his design and style inspirations. References

External links

English fashion designers
1969 births
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
Living people
People educated at Barnard Castle School
Fashion stylists
People from Barnard Castle

masks:
Giles Deacon
Giles Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deaconstrella
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Giles
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Giles Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon
Deacon


title: Earl Blumenauer

texts:
<mask> ( ; born August 16, 1948) is an American lawyer, author, and politician serving as the U.S. representative for  since 1996. The district includes most of Portland east of the Willamette River. A member of the Democratic Party, <mask> previously spent over 20 years as a public official in Portland, including serving on the Portland City Council from 1987 to 1996, when he succeeded Ron Wyden in the U.S. House of Representatives. Wyden was elected to the U.S. Senate after Bob Packwood resigned. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Portland on August 16, 1948. In 1966, he graduated from Centennial High School on Portland's east side and then enrolled at Lewis & Clark College. He majored in political science and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark in 1970.<mask> completed his education in 1976 when he earned a Juris Doctor degree from the school's Northwestern School of Law (now Lewis & Clark Law School). Before starting law school in 1970 and until 1977, he worked as an assistant to the president of Portland State University. Early political career
In 1969–70, <mask> organized and led Oregon's "Go 19" campaign, an effort to lower the state voting age (while then unsuccessful, it supported the national trend that soon resulted in the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which lowered the voting age to 18). In 1972, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, representing the 11th district in Multnomah County. He was reelected in 1974 and 1976, and continued representing Portland and Multnomah County until the 1979 legislative session. From 1975 to 1981 he served on the board of Portland Community College. After his time in the Oregon legislature, he served on the Multnomah County Commission from 1979 to 1986.He lost a race for Portland City Council to Margaret Strachan in 1981. He left the county commission in March 1986 to run again for city council. <mask> was elected to the Portland City Council in May 1986. His first term began in January 1987, and he remained on the council until 1996. From the start of his first term, he was named the city's Commissioner of Public Works, which made him the council member in charge of the Portland Bureau of Transportation (also known as the Transportation Commissioner). During his time on the council, <mask> was appointed by Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt to the state's commission on higher education, on which he served in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, <mask> was defeated by Vera Katz in an open race for mayor of Portland—to date, only the second time that <mask> has lost an election.At the time he was called "the man who probably knows the most about how Portland works", but he left local politics to run for Congress. After winning election to Congress, he resigned from the city council in May 1996. In 2010, <mask>
<mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1996 in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the election of then-U.S. Representative Ron Wyden to the U.S. Senate. He received 69% of the vote, defeating Republican Mark Brunelle. He was elected to a full term that November, and has been reelected 12 more times without serious difficulty in what has long been Oregon's most Democratic district, never with less than 66% of the vote. <mask> served as Oregon campaign chair for both John Kerry's and Barack Obama's presidential campaigns.In Congress, <mask> is noted for his advocacy for mass transit, such as Portland's MAX Light Rail and the Portland Streetcar, and, as a strong supporter of legislation that promotes bicycle commuting, cycles from his Washington residence to the Capitol and even to the White House for meetings. Among the bills <mask> has sponsored that have become law are the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 and the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. In addition, the Legal Timber Protection Act passed as part of the 2008 Farm Bill, while the Bicycle Commuter Act passed with the 2008 bailout bill. <mask> was active in pressuring the United States to take greater action during the Darfur conflict. In the political aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, <mask> noted that he was among those who had pointed out the vulnerability of New Orleans and encouraged Congress to help that city and the gulf coast get better prepared:
 September 15, 2004: Mr. Speaker, barely have we recovered from Hurricane Hugo and we are seeing Hurricane Ivan pose the threat that has long been feared by those in Louisiana, that this actually might represent the loss of the City of New Orleans. Located 15 feet below sea level, there is the potential of a 30-foot wall of water putting at risk $100 billion of infrastructure and industry and countless lives. January 26, 2005: Mr. Speaker, I recently had the opportunity to view the devastation in Southeast Asia as a result of the tsunami.As appalled as I was by what I saw, I must confess that occasionally my thoughts drifted back to the United States. What would have happened if last September, Hurricane Ivan had veered 40 miles to the west, devastating the city of New Orleans? One likely scenario would have had a tsunami-like 30-foot wall of water hitting the city, causing thousands of deaths and $100 billion in damage...The experience of Southeast Asia should convince us all of the urgent need for congressional action to prevent wide-scale loss of life and economic destruction at home and abroad. Prevention and planning will pay off. Maybe the devastation will encourage us to act before disaster strikes. <mask> supports the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has voted for "free trade" agreements with Peru, Australia, Singapore, Chile, Africa, and the Caribbean. His support for these agreements has angered progressives, environmental and labor activists.In 2004, he voted against the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). On September 24, 2007, four labor and human rights activists were arrested in <mask>'s office protesting his support for the Peru Free Trade Agreement. In February 2009, after a domesticated chimpanzee in Connecticut severely mauled a woman, gaining national attention, <mask> sponsored the Captive Primate Safety Act to bar the sale or purchase of non-human primates for personal possession between states and from outside the country. In June 2008, <mask> had sponsored legislation to ban interstate trafficking of great apes, which had passed in the House but been tabled by the Senate. <mask> received some media attention during the political debate over health care reform for sponsoring an amendment to the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 to change procedures to mandate that Medicare pay for end-of-life counseling. The amendment, as introduced, was based on an earlier proposal cosponsored by <mask> and Republican Representative Charles Boustany of Louisiana. The amendment generated controversy, with conservative figures, such as 2008 vice presidential nominee and former Alaska governor Sarah Palin, suggesting that the amendment, if made law, would be used as a cover for the federal government to set up "death panels" that would be used to determine which people received medical treatment.<mask> called the claim "mind-numbing" and an "all-time low." His rebuke was echoed by Republican Senator Johnny Isakson of Georgia, who called the "death panels" claim "nuts." On July 24, 2014, <mask> introduced the Emergency Afghan Allies Extension Act of 2014 (H.R. 5195; 113th Congress), a bill that would authorize an additional 1,000 emergency Special Immigrant Visas that the United States Department of State could issue to Afghan translators who served with U.S. troops during the War in Afghanistan. He argued that "a failure to provide these additional visas ensures the many brave translators the U.S. promised to protect in exchange for their services would be left in Afghanistan, hiding, their lives still threatened daily by the Taliban." <mask> skipped all of President Trump's State of the Union addresses, saying, "I refuse to be a witness to his continued antics." In 2019 he was one of the first lawmakers to come out in support of the Green New Deal.In July 2019, <mask> voted against a House resolution introduced by Representative Brad Schneider opposing efforts to boycott the State of Israel and the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel for its continued occupation of Palestine. The resolution passed 398-17. In November 2020, <mask> was named a candidate for Secretary of Transportation in the incoming Biden Administration. Pete Buttigieg was eventually chosen instead. Committee assignments
 Committee on Ways and Means
 Subcommittee on Health

Caucus memberships

Congressional Progressive Caucus
 Congressional Cannabis Caucus
 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus
 Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition
 National Guard and Reserve Component Caucus
 Animal Protection Caucus
 Historic Preservation Caucus
 International Conservation Caucus
 Coalition on Adoption
 Fitness Caucus
 Bosnia Caucus
 Korea Caucus
 Diabetes Caucus
 Congressional Bike Caucus
 Caucus to Control and Fight Methamphetamine
 Human Rights Commission
 House Oceans Caucus
 Internet Caucus
 Congressional Asian and Pacific American Caucus
 Dem Caucus Congressional Taskforce on Seniors
 Wild Salmon Caucus
 High Performance Building
 Congressional Human Trafficking Caucus
 Congressional Land Conservation Caucus
 Urban Caucus
 Wine Caucus
 Small Brewers Caucus
 Quality Care Caucus
 Congressional Arts Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
Climate Solutions Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus
Medicare for All Caucus

Political positions
In 1996, <mask>'s first year in Congress, he voted in support of the Defense of Marriage Act, which passed that year. The law was found unconstitutional in 2013 and repealed. Since then he has supported LGBTQ rights.On October 1, 2015, following the Umpqua Community College shooting, <mask> tweeted his report addressing the issue of gun violence in America, Enough is Enough: A Comprehensive Plan to Improve Gun Safety, which he had published earlier that year. <mask> has supported alternative energy sources, health care reform, and continuing federal support for education. He is also known as one of the most fervent advocates for the legalization of marijuana, co-founding the Congressional Cannabis Caucus. Personal life
<mask> has been married to Margaret Kirkpatrick since 2004. An avid cyclist, <mask> is the founder and co-chair of the Congressional Bike Caucus. Each year, in the weeks leading up to Christmas, <mask> bakes and delivers hundreds of fruitcakes to his colleagues on the Hill. Electoral history

Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1996, write-ins received 531 votes.In 2000, write-ins received 576 votes. In 2002, write-ins received 1094 votes. In 2014, write-ins received 1,089 votes. In 2018, write-ins received 514 votes. See also
 Blumenauer Bridge

References

External links

 Congressman <mask> official U.S. House website

 Oregon Secretary of State:
 May special election,
 November general election
 Willamette Week:
 November 1997: The Player
 November 2002: Fall Voter's Guide 2002, with a Blumenauer endorsement
 February 2004: The Earl of Trolleys

|-

1948 births
21st-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Lawyers from Portland, Oregon
Lewis & Clark Law School alumni
Living people
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon
Multnomah County Commissioners
Oregon Democrats
Portland City Council members (Oregon)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon

masks:
Earl Francis Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
Blumenauer
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Blumenauerure
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Earl Blumenauer