title: Richard M. Myers

texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 24, 1954) is an American geneticist and biochemist known for his work on the Human Genome Project (HGP). The National Human Genome Research Institute says the HGP “[gave] the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes.”  <mask>' genome center, in collaboration with the Joint Genome Institute, contributed more than 10 percent of the data in the project. <mask> is President and Science Director of the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, a non-profit research institute. He was previously the chair of the department of genetics at Stanford University and director of the Stanford Human Genome Center. His research focuses on the human genome with the goal of understanding how allelic variation and gene expression changes contribute to human traits, including diseases, behaviors and other phenotypes. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Selma, Alabama in 1954 and moved to Tuscaloosa, Alabama at age 10. He attended college at the University of Alabama where he earned his bachelor's degree in biochemistry.He then went to graduate school at the University of California at Berkeley, earning his Ph.D.  in 1982 in the laboratory of Dr. Robert Tjian. After that, <mask> spent almost four years as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Dr. <mask> at Harvard University, where he studied human gene regulation. Some new technologies he developed in <mask>'s lab exposed him to the field of human genetics, and much of his work since then has involved developing and using genomics and genetic tools to understand basic human biology and disease. Origins of the Human Genome Project
On behalf of <mask>, <mask> attended a conference sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. 19 researchers, including <mask>, met at an Alta, Utah ski resort In December 1984 with a challenge in mind. The group explored how scientists might determine whether the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II increased the rate of mutations in the sperm or eggs of survivors. Scientists believed the high doses of radiation could have increased the germline mutation rate, but they would need methods to measure mutations in the children of survivors.Those methods would allow them to compare the number of mutations in offspring compared to exposed survivors of the bomb blasts. <mask> recalls a conference attendee saying, “The rate is so low that we would have to sequence the entire human genome to know the answer.”  Not long after, the Department of Energy proposed the basis for the Human Genome Project, which began in earnest in 1990. Early Genetic Research
In 1985, <mask> set up a lab at the University of California in San Francisco. His team sought to understand globin gene expression, studying both cis- and trans-acting components that regulate transcription of the gene. His team also worked on finding the mutated gene present in people with Huntington disease. <mask> teamed up with Dr. David Cox, a medical geneticist with a Ph.D. in yeast and human genetics. Their laboratories worked together for 15 years, on multiple technologies for gene hunting, including radiation hybrid mapping, a method that uses high-energy x-rays to fragment human chromosomes that were recovered in somatic cell hybrids and then used to determine the locations of DNA markers in the human genome.In 1990 they established a human genome center, which they moved to Stanford University in early 1993. The pair continued working on inherited human diseases. They found the genes for an inherited form of childhood progressive epilepsy (EPM1), a gene important for a key step in development of the cerebellum (the “weaver” gene), and others. Over the course of those years, the <mask> lab created and worked with mouse models for Huntington disease and EPM1. Human Genome Project Contributions
Cox and <mask> in their work at the Stanford Human Genome Center collaborated with the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in Walnut Creek to sequence the first human genome. That collaboration led to maps of the entire genome, which played a key role in piecing the entire sequence together for the Human Genome Project (HGP). The Stanford group generated genome-wide maps as well as finishing of sequences of three human chromosomes, and their collaboration with JGI contributed 11% of the finished human genome.The HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology
Biotech visionaries Jim Hudson and Lonnie <mask> founded the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology in 2008, recruiting <mask> to lead the Institute as president and science director. The Myers Lab at HudsonAlpha studies the human genome, with a focus on allelic variation and how gene expression changes contribute to human traits, including disease. His group utilizes a number of high-throughput genomic methods, including DNA sequencing, genotyping, chromatin immunoprecipitation, mRNA expression profiling, transcriptional promoter and DNA methylation measurements. The lab also uses computational and statistical tools for identifying, characterizing and understanding how functional elements of the genome work together at the molecular level. Researchers in the Myers Lab use these and other state-of-the-art methods to explore how genomes are involved in brain disorders, ALS, cancer, children born with developmental disorders, autoimmune diseases and other traits. Honors and awards
 1975: Phi Beta Kappa, University of Alabama
 1977-1978: Abraham Rosenberg and Kaiser Fellowships, UC Berkeley
 1979-1980: Regents Fellowship, UC Berkeley
 1980-1981: Honors Students’ Society, UC Berkeley
 1982-1984: Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Cancer Fund Fellowship, UC Berkeley
 1984-1985: Leukemia Society of America Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship, Harvard
 1988: Basil O’Connor Starter Scholar Research Award, UCSF
 1987-1990: Searle Scholar, UCSF
 1986-2003: Wills Foundation Award, UCSF/Stanford
 2002: Darden Lecture Award, University of Alabama
 2002: Pritzker Foundation Award, University of Washington
 2003: Blount Initiative Award, University of Alabama
 2005: Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters, University of Alabama
 2009: Leadership Alabama Induee, Class 20
 2011: AAAS Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2020: Wright A. Gardner Award, Alabama Academy of Science

References

External links
Profile at HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology

Living people
Human Genome Project scientists
American geneticists
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
1954 births

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title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

type: original

texts:
Princess Delphine of Belgium (Delphine Michèle Anne Marie Ghislaine de Saxe-Cobourg; born 22 February 1968), known previously as Jonkvrouw <mask>, is a Belgian artist and member of the Belgian royal family. She is the daughter of King Albert II of Belgium with Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps, and the half-sister of King Philippe of Belgium. On 1 October 2020, she was lawfully recognised as Princess of Belgium with the style "Her Royal Highness". Earlier, she had belonged to the Belgian titled nobility and was legally Jonkvrouw Boël. Early life and career
Princess Delphine is the daughter of Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps, whose first husband was a Belgian nobleman and industrialist Jonkheer Jacques Boël. They divorced in 1978. Her biological father is King Albert II of Belgium.Delphine attended boarding school in England and Switzerland, and studied at the Chelsea School of Art and Design in London, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in fine arts (with honours) in 1990. She has been a guest lecturer at the Higher Institute for Fine Arts (HISK), Antwerp, and the Maastricht Art School. She is the founding patron of the Princess Delphine of Saxe-Coburg Fund based at Ghent University Hospital, promoting the use of art in health care. The Belgian brewery Struise produced a "Cuvée Delphine" beer for which she designed the artwork for the bottle label. Her sculpture Ageless Love is in the Gerdapark, Sint-Niklaas. In 2021, she designed the decoration of the Lamborghini Art Car. Personal life
James (Jim) O'Hare, an American of Irish descent, has been Delphine's partner since 2000.The couple has two children, Princess Joséphine of Belgium (born 17 October 2003) and Prince Oscar of Belgium (born 28 April 2008). Paternity case
On 19 October 1999, an 18-year-old Flemish schoolboy, Mario Danneels, published his unauthorized biography of Queen Paola, Paola, van 'la dolce vita' tot koningin (Paola, from 'la dolce vita' to Queen). The book contained a statement referring to the existence of a daughter born out of wedlock to King Albert. The Belgian press investigated, and traced Delphine. At first, both Boël and her mother refused to comment on the matter, and the palace dismissed Danneels' book as gossip and rumor. The Belgian press interpreted a short passage the king's 1999 Christmas speech as acknowledgement that <mask> Boël was, in fact, his natural daughter:

Christmas is a time for each of us to think of our family, of the happy periods but also the difficult times. The Queen and I remember very happy times, but also the crisis that we experienced more than 30 years ago.Together we could, over a long time, overcome those difficulties and recover a deep understanding and love for each other. This period was recalled to us recently. We don't wish to dwell on that subject which belongs to our private lives. But, if those who encounter similar difficulties today could get some encouragement from our own experiences, we would be very happy. The press interpret this to refer to the king's 18-year-long relationship with Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps. Boël gave an interview on 15 May 2005, to the France 3 presenter Marc-Olivier Fogiel in the broadcast "On ne peut pas plaire à tout le monde" (You Can't Please Everyone) in which she alleged for the first time that she was King Albert's daughter. She claimed that when she and her mother moved to England, when she was 9, Albert (not yet king) wished to divorce his wife and join them.Her mother apparently opposed this because of the political consequences for Albert. She said her mother told her the truth about her parentage when she became 17. In her upcoming interviews, Boël said she made a telephone call to Albert when she was 33 years old asking for help. According to her statement, he replied "Never call me again. You are not my daughter," which she said was hurtful. Boël added that her efforts to contact her father via telephone and sending letters or through friends and politicians failed. In June 2013, when King Albert lost his immunity to prosecution, Boël summoned him and his children Prince Philippe and Princess Astrid to appear in court.She hoped to use DNA tests to prove that she was the king's daughter. As king, Albert was immune under the law, and <mask> decided to summon her half-siblings too. When the king abdicated on 21 July 2013 immunity ceased, and Boël relaunched proceedings against him. In March 2017, the court ruled that her claim was unfounded, and her lawyers said she would take the claim to appeal. On 5 November 2018, a court ruling was published which instructed Albert to submit to a DNA test to determine whether he was Boël's biological father. DNA testing is not obligatory in Belgium, but not submitting to it is considered evidence of paternity. In January 2019, Albert appealed in cassation against the verdict, but on 16 May of the same year, the Brussels's Court of Appeals ordered the former king to pay a fine of 5000 Euros a day to Boël for every day he refused to take a DNA-test.On 27 January 2020, the DNA tests showed that King Albert II was the father of <mask> Boël. In October 2020, she and her children were granted princely titles by the Belgian court of appeals. As she was born out of wedlock, Princess <mask> and her descendants are not in the line of succession to the Belgian throne. Although court costs totalling €3.4m were awarded her on a substantial indemnity basis, she was not granted a royal endowment. She and her half-brother, King Philippe of Belgium, met on 9 October 2020 at the Palace of Laeken. The next day, King Albert II reacted in a press release, rejoicing over the meeting and stating "My wife and I are very happy by the initiative of the King, presage of happier days for all and in particular for Delphine. "<ref> Le Soir and La Libre Belgique"", 16th octobre 2020.</ref>

On 25 October 2020, she was received at Belvédère Castle by her father and his wife, Queen Paola. At the occasion of the Belgian National Day on 21 July 2021 she and her partner joined the royal family at the military parade for the first time. Titles and styles

<mask> and her children have been granted the titles of prince and princess of Belgium with the style of Royal Highness following a court decision of 1 October 2020. Earlier she had been styled as Jonkvrouw'' Delphine Boël. Arms

Notable published works

References

External links

 Fogiel's interview  reported on 19 May 2005 by Michel Bouffioux. Interview with Sybille de Selys Longchamps  by Michel Bouffioux, June 2005. 1968 births
Living people
20th-century Belgian women artists
21st-century Belgian women artists
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
Belgian princesses
Belgian nobility
Belgian women sculptors
Illegitimate children of monarchs
House of Belgium

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title: Sandu Tudor

texts:
<mask> (; born Alexandru Al. Teodorescu, known in church records as Brother Agathon, later Daniil Teodorescu, <mask>, Daniil de la Rarău; December 22 or December 24, 1896 – November 17, 1962) was a Romanian poet, journalist, theologian and Orthodox monk. Having had an adventurous youth, he first became known in the late 1920s, when he contributed to the modern Orthodox revival, rallying with the journal Gândirea. Although a traditionalist and a critic of materialism, he was closely associated with the modernist scene, and generally supported left-wing causes. <mask> was also a scandal-prone journalist and newspaper owner, who faced accusations of slander and was avoided by his peers. From 1927, when he wrote his first akathist, <mask> made overtures toward Orthodox monasticism. Demanding universal penance, seeking to revive medieval hesychasm, he joined other mystics and writers in creating the "Burning Pyre" religious movement, and took orders in 1948.He was soon branded an enemy of the Romanian communist regime, and twice arrested for supposed political crimes. <mask> died at Aiud prison, a victim of torture and criminal neglect. His body was never recovered. <mask> <mask> is generally considered an unaccomplished writer, although his fusion of modernism and traditionalism has drawn critical interest. He enjoys a sizable following in the field of Orthodox theology, and, after the fall of communism, has been considered for canonization. Biography

Early life and career
The future <mask> <mask> was born Alexandru Teodorescu in the Romanian capital, Bucharest. His birthday, as recorded in reference works, is December 24, 1896, even though he himself gave it as December 22, 1896 (1886 in some sources).He had many siblings, including a brother who became a painter. Their father, also Alexandru, was a judge, who earned a modest income. Their mother was a Sofia Teodorescu. <mask> had a troubled and adventurous youth. He graduated high school in Ploiești city, where his history teacher gave him his first lessons in Christian philosophy. In 1916, as he was about to complete his secondary education, Romania entered World War I. <mask> was drafted into the Romanian Land Forces, fought in the defensive war of 1917, and reached the rank of Sub-Officer; he was eventually demobilized in 1921. An aspiring painter, <mask> made his way back to Bucharest, and enlisted at the Academy of Arts.He lacked the means to support himself, interrupted his studies, and traveled to the Black Sea port of Constanța, to live with his family. He then qualified as a seafaring officer, employed by the Romanian Merchant Fleet between 1922 and 1924. <mask> alternated these assignments with work in education, and was a substitute teacher at the high school in Pogoanele town. Once he decided to begin a fifth career, in journalism, <mask> returned to Bucharest. He had acquired a passion for book collecting: he is said to have gathered over 8,000 volumes in one place, making his one of the largest collections in Bucharest. He married and divorced three times, but did not have any children. The Christian Futurist
<mask>'s literary work and worldview were already assuming a Christian Orthodox and neo-traditionalist ethos.He soon rallied with the mystical Orthodox ("Orthodoxist") circles, whose informal leader was poet-theologian Nichifor Crainic. Beginning 1924, <mask> was among the writers affiliated with Gândirea literary magazine, helping Crainic to divert that publication from its modernist and secular agenda. After moving back to Bucharest, <mask> headed the Welfare department of the Association of Christian Students, publishing his first poetry collection, Comornic ("Cellar", or "Cellar-Keeper"), in 1925. It received a poor review from critic George Călinescu, who described <mask>'s style as "baroque" and "superficial". According to Călinescu, <mask> imitated the art of pre-Orthodoxists D. Teleor and Mateiu Caragiale, without blossoming into a "real writer." <mask>'s other contributions as a poet and literary theorist were in the extreme of Romanian modernism, and hosted by the avant-garde journal Contimporanul. They include the February 1927 essay Logica absurdului ("The Logic of the Absurd").According to literary historian Adrian Marino, it should be read as a "nihilistic" text, echoing the irrationalism of Dada and Futurism. In March, he contributed the Contimporanul editorial, a polemical text about the impact of cultural modernity. Researcher Paul Cernat sees in it a sample of "rather Futurist" Orthodoxism, noting its attack on the "supersexual" content and "gallantry" of minor modernism, as well as its praise of purity in high modernism. Taking its references from the modern spirituality espoused by Sâr Péladan, John Ruskin and Jean Cocteau, the article postulated an essential conflict in modern art, between the "Sons of suicide" and "the warrior Art of immortality". <mask>'s other contributions at Contimporanul were short poems, heavily influenced by Futurism and Expressionism, but structured around apocalyptic Orthodoxist visions. As Cernat notes, <mask> the poet surprised critics with his "organic" assimilation of modern "purism", while his Gândirea roots were still on display. With his synthesis of literary nihilism and Orthodox devotion, <mask> found himself at odds with the modernists' hero, poet-journalist <mask>.In Contimporanul, <mask> had hinted that Arghezi's "pseudo-avant-garde" poetry was vulgar and hedonistic. Arghezi, a defrocked monk, wrote to inform <mask> that he could see no profound link between Orthodoxy and the Romanian psyche. As Arghezi had it, modernized Orthodoxism was only kidding itself by assuming the contrary. <mask>'s comments in Contimporanul showed that the magazine staff was withdrawing from the revolutionary wing of Romanian modernism. Its conservative stance alarmed the radicals at unu magazine. They soon nominated <mask> as one of the authors who were sabotaging the whole modernist school. Around 1928, <mask> was in contact with the young religious scholar Mircea Eliade, who was becoming an exponent of experimental neo-traditionalism in Romanian philosophy.Both were influenced by Nae Ionescu, the theologian and logician, theorist of an eclectic ideology known as Trăirism. Looking back on that period in his 1980s memoirs, Eliade wrote: "I met often with Stelian Mateescu, Paul Sterian, Mircea Vulcănescu, and <mask> <mask>. Together we planned a journal of religious philosophy, for which <mask> had found a title: Duh și Slovă (Spirit and Letter)." The magazine, described by Eliade as a would-be successor of Ionescu's mystical journal Logos, never saw print. Dissident Orthodoxism
For his part, <mask> still defied classification. According to Cernat, he should be read as more of a "church-goer", facade, writer than a "religious" poet. In a November 1928 interview for the journal Tiparnița Literară, <mask> was very critical of the militant Orthodoxist circles.In <mask>'s view, Romania's Orthodox literati could find themselves duped by "a spirituality of the Dark one, very similar to that of Christ". He proposed that the religious revival needed to focus on "vigorous and harsh penance", with "the signs of a true confession". With Vulcănescu and Gheorghe Racoveanu, <mask> wrote the polemical tract Infailibilitatea Bisericii și failibilitatea sinodală ("Church Infallibility and Synodal Fallibility"), published on the front pages of Nae Ionescu's daily, Cuvântul (January 22, 1929). It presented arguments in favor of raising sacred tradition over the Romanian Synod's authority, and therefore in support of Ionescu's dissident stance on the computation of Easter (which the Synod affixed to March 31). In later articles for the same paper, <mask> challenged Church politics to the point of arguing that the Synod was schismatic. Reportedly, <mask> <mask> never managed to earn respect the principal Trăirist figures. According to the Trăirist writer Mihail Sebastian, Nae Ionescu regarded <mask> as an amusement; moreover, others in the press simply felt that <mask> was a "cretinous journalist".An even more virulent critic was the maverick Gândirea editor and left-leaning Trăirist Petre Pandrea, who contends that <mask> was notorious as a blackmailer. Pandrea and <mask> first clashed around 1928, shortly after Pandrea published his White Lily Manifesto of the revolutionary youth. <mask> criticized the document in his articles for Contimporanul. In 1932, however, the young art critic and political thinker Petru Comarnescu wrote that <mask>, Sterian, Vulcănescu and Petru Manoliu were four of the leading Orthodoxist Trăirists (or, as he called them, "Experiencialists"). For his part, Vulcănescu recognized such a categorization, but noted that Gândireas Orthodoxism was rather antiquated by the standards of "our generation". In his view, <mask> was one of the few men who could fit in with both Crainic's old Orthodoxists and the Nae Ionescu faction. In this context, Crainic co-opted <mask> and Eliade on his Gândirea editorial staff.The other new arrivals, reinforcing the magazine's traditionalist editorial policy, were Pandrea, Zaharia Stancu, G. Breazul, Dragoș Protopopescu, Vintilă Ciocâlteu and Sorin Pavel. While this reshuffling took place, <mask> consolidated his reputation as a mystic. His passion for the Orthodox tradition was voiced in his first religious hymn (or akathist), honoring Saint Dimitrie Basarabov, published by Gândirea in 1927, and collected in a 1940 volume. Described as a "superb" piece by theologian Marius Vasileanu, it earned <mask> blessings from the Synod. Sterian, who announced that, thanks in part to <mask>, Romanian poetry had entered its age of "religious glory", was directly inspired to write his own Akathist to the Venerable Mother Parascheva the New. Literary critics were less impressed. The immediate reactions to the reinvention of akathist verse ranged from the positive (literary columnist Perpessicius) to the derisive (author Alexandru Sahia).According to comparatist Geo Vasile, <mask> <mask>'s hymn is typical of "minor, mimetic, illustrative poetry", strictly in the vein of Gândirea traditionalism. Philologist Elivira Sorohan summarizes critical consensus: <mask> <mask> was a "sub-mediocre poet". Athonite pilgrimage and Floarea de Foc
Shortly after receiving the Synod's accolades, <mask> left on pilgrimage to Mount Athos, the Orthodox sacred site. In effect, his journey had a mundane subtext: the Romanian writer wanted to testify on the negative aspects of Athonite monasticism. For some eight months, he was allowed to follow around, and imitate, a whirling monk who was held in high esteem by the Athonite clergy. Vasileanu suggests that <mask> "was in a position to witness the true face of Orthodox Christianity and uncover secret bits from the prayer of the heart." <mask> detailed his experience in travel notes that were published by Gândirea.As <mask> writes (to Călinescu's amusement), his was a serendipitous or divinely-inspired journey, with tiny miracles occurring throughout. In early 1930, <mask> was involved in a debate about modernist theater, part of a "defense team" for the Expressionist Vilna Troupe. With fellow writer Ilarie Voronca and artist M. H. Maxy, he supported the Vilna actors and their mentor, Yankev Shternberg, for having broken up with old-school drama, even when their "lugubrious" productions had scandalized the Romanian public. <mask>'s own journalistic venture was the political and literary magazine Floarea de Foc ("Fire Flower"), published sporadically (1932, 1933, 1936), and having for collaborators some of the leading Trăirists, modernists or political radicals: Eliade, Manoliu, Sterian, Emil Cioran, Eugène Ionesco, Arșavir Acterian, Haig Acterian, Dan Botta, Ovidiu Papadima, Camil Petrescu, Henri H. Stahl, Horia Stamatu and Octav Șuluțiu. The art manifesto, signed by <mask> himself, proclaimed the need for a "nurturing word", "clean thinking", and obedience to "the Redeemer". As Sorohan argues, the text covered its "lack of ideas" with "exultation", with <mask> displaying his "bewilderingly impoverished vocabulary." Sorohan divides Floarea de Foc into quality articles (those by Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco, Stahl etc.)and <mask>'s "Prolegomenos" column, an "insufferable rigmarole". Another controversial aspect is Floarea de Focs opposition to the established school of cultural criticism: a Manoliu essay (called "ridiculous" by Sorohan) posthumously attacked literary theorist Titu Maiorescu as a manipulator of the reading public. Maiorescu's modernist disciple, Eugen Lovinescu, was also scolded by Floarea de Foc, in what Sorohan calls a "disgusting" piece, written by one whose name "is forever buried in the pages of that magazine". More famously, Ionesco used the magazine for his polemical pieces targeting the contemporary literary scene and the mainstream of modernism, with a stern defense of authenticity—short essays which were collected in his volume No!. <mask>, meanwhile, was attacking the backbone of Romanian modernism. His art chronicles chided modernist artists Marcel Janco and Olga Greceanu. According to <mask>, contemporary artworks were "inhuman", and modernism itself looked doomed.This critique had less to do with Orthodox conservatism, and more with left-wing anti-capitalism—as noted by art critic Mihai Rădulescu, <mask> was going through a "leftist drift". In 1932, Floarea de Foc acted as a platform for young communists to explain their revolutionary ideals. By 1933, <mask> was also putting out a political newspaper, Credința ("The Faith"). Eliade was again in contact with him, but was critical of <mask>'s shadier dealings: Credința, he writes, was secretly funded by an anonymous magnate, surviving on "political circumstances" and on "scandals", with <mask>'s own columns being "aggressively moralistic". Eliade claims that he himself only agreed to work with <mask> after the latter insisted; he published his subsequent articles under a pseudonym, Ion Plăeșu, explaining that he was thus bypassing the exclusivity rights of Ionescu's Cuvântul. Although declaring itself neutral in the ideological debate, <mask>'s newspaper soon acquired a left-leaning staff: Manoliu, Zaharia Stancu, Eugen Jebeleanu. According to Eliade, they were only employed by <mask> when he realized that Cuvântul men would not join him on the "cheap tabloid".The collaboration between <mask> and his leftist friends was also taken to the field of literature. In 1934, Stancu hosted samples of <mask>'s poetry in his Antologia poeților tineri ("Young Poets Anthology"). Cartoonist Neagu Rădulescu, who joined the group at this time, recalls that <mask>, striking the figure of a "Church martyr", was a literary sponsor of the "writing republic". Anti-fascism

During that interval, Nae Ionescu and his Cuvântul were moving to the far right, aligning themselves with the fascist Iron Guard. Enlisted in 1932 with the more moderate National Agrarian Party, <mask> criticized the Trăirists sympathy for radical solutions, either fascist or communist, defending Romania's young democracy. In a December 1933 issue of Credința, he reacted: "We say that democracy is not the good thing for us, yet we have never even truly implemented it". Writing from a Christian perspective, <mask> accused Romania's revolutionary youth of "monkeying" foreign

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title: Sandu Tudor

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 experiments in totalitarianism, describing Adolf Hitler as the Antichrist, and equating all revolutionary ideologies with the triumph of "animality".<mask> and Eliade were among the 31 Christian and Jewish Romanian intellectuals to have signed a protest against antisemitism in general and against Nazism in particular. Their appeal to ventilate Romania's "medieval atmosphere" was hotly condemned by the pro-Nazi Axa magazine. Also in December 1933, Credința hosted a plea in favor of anti-fascist political activism. Signed by Stahl, the opinion piece proposed that political involvement was a civic duty, citing fascism as the enemy of freedom, and also implying that "Bolshevik" communism was "left-wing fascism". Eliade supported that stance, in the name of non-racial "Romanianism", noting that both political extremes advanced "a dictatorship of the brute, of the imbecile, of the incompetent." Also in Credința, philosopher Constantin Noica spoke out against the advocates of cultural isolation and nativism. His articles of 1933 and 1934 noted that Romanian culture was eminently parochial, and openly criticized Gândirea traditionalism.Noica also rejected the political ambitions of his generation colleagues. During the 1933 election, he recommended passive resistance and abstention, rather than ideological combat, as methods of raising awareness at the top. Four years before his own conversion to fascism, Noica's Credința texts described Romanian youths as being "diseased with politics". Floarea de Foc was less categorical in its defense of the democratic state. According to cultural historian Zigu Ornea, who wrote an overview of Trăirism (published 1995), <mask>'s other publication remained an "ideologically unaffiliated" magazine, and as such open to all sorts of political opinions. For Paul Costin Deleanu, the Orthodoxist columnist at Floarea de Foc, the legacy of Romanian liberalism was suspect, and Orthodox Romania existed outside the Western world. Deleanu's Floarea de Foc articles described modernization and secularism as a "betrayal" of "the Eastern cross."Eliade's contributions backed up such claims from an antihumanist point of view. He was suggesting that Romanian liberalism, an "abstract defense of Man", was a "dead, barren, inefficient formula", stifling "our nation's creative forces". Writing for Credința in February 1934, "Plăeșu" explained that he did not mean to defend either fascism, "Hitlerism", or "ridiculous" Marxism, since they trampled on religious freedoms; Eliade idealized direct action in support of "civic pride", "social justice" and "the courage to defend liberty". Early in 1934, after the Guard managed to assassinate Premier Ion G. Duca, the authorities shut down Cuvântul and prosecuted its editor, whereas Credința continued to appear. Young fascists took their revenge, attacking the editorial offices of left-wing periodicals. In December 1934, an unknown man surprised <mask> at his Credința office, and gave him a severe beating. However, in February 1935, <mask> <mask> was making his peace with Nae Ionescu, describing his teaching as the "nourishing bread", and Ionescu himself as an "awakener of consciences", "one of the greatest journalists alive."Credința also published an homage piece by a Glicon Monahul, who depicted Ionescu as a guardian of "The True Faith". Criterion scandal
Soon after that episode, <mask> and Eliade found themselves in opposite camps. It happened once Eliade's literary and art club, Criterion, opened its doors to several of <mask>'s ideological enemies. Credința seized on an opportunity for scandal, accusing several Criterion people (Comarnescu, Vulcănescu, Alexandru Christian Tell, and dancer Gabriel Negri) of promoting "pederasty". Researcher Ruxandra Cesereanu describes <mask>'s allegations as a diversion: "The scandal had erupted for political and cultural reasons, and reflected a series of backstage arrangements that had exploded in dishonorable manner." According to historian Lucian Boia, the decisive factor was Stancu, already infamous as a blackmailer; the main victim was Comarnescu, who suffered a nervous breakdown. Art historian Barbu Brezianu, who witnessed the incidents as a Criterion admirer, calls the Credința articles "horrible calumnies aimed at Comarnescu."The campaign was aggravated when Vulcănescu showed up at the Credința offices and pummeled Stancu, and degenerated further when <mask> himself participated in a brawl at Corso Coffeehouse. Brezianu recalls that Vulcănescu "grabbed <mask> <mask> by the collar", then slapped him. The incidents disgraced both sides. Stancu's gossip column introduced the infamous homophobic taunt cavaleri de Curlanda ("Knights of Courland", with a pun on the word cur, "ass"). With Comarnescu and Negri in mind, <mask> himself wrote: "Only now do we get to see all the pestilent buggery in their unfulfilled, masturbating, inverted souls. I shout for all to hear, I address this thirty-year-some non-generation: avast! thou tricksters, though barren and vicious ones, thou that are rotten to the core, mediocre and neurotic".According to Ornea: "The strange fact is that <mask> <mask>, a religious poet and trained theologian [...], could stoop down to the level of such inurbane attacks". Credința took its battle to court, in a trial still that was still ongoing during the troubled autumn of 1935. Brezianu recalls that <mask> was the plaintiff, citing Vulcănescu for assault and injury. Criterions Mihail Sebastian, a practicing attorney, represented Comarnescu and Vulcănescu in court, seconded by Ionel Jianu (better known as an art critic). Sebastian's Journal, discovered and published in the 1990s, documents the hidden aspects of the affair: the Jewish Sebastian writes that, at the time, the Credința journalists and some members of Criterion were more or less openly antisemitic; Eliade surprised him as an "extreme and categorical" supporter of fascism. He was also upset that, while he stood by his friends and refused to even shake <mask>'s hand, Comarnescu made "peace overtures to Credința". In his entry for November 27, 1935, Sebastian concludes: "I am waiting for the day when [Criterion members] make their peace with <mask> <mask> [...] and discover that the Jews are alone responsible for the quarrel—especially myself, who has aroused discord among the Christian fraternity.It sounds like a joke, but it's plausible enough." Almost a year later, when Credința focused its attack on Sebastian, the latter noted: "The only thing that surprises me is that the attack came so late." <mask> and Stancu were defeated in court, and were obliged to formally recant. Ornea, who writes that Credința only published the verdict with much reluctance and discretion ("somewhere deep in the pages of one issue"), concludes that the scandal was a decisive blow for Criterion, causing Eliade's club to dissolve itself. However, while some former members of Criterion were attracted into the Iron Guard, the Credința writers were still critical of totalitarianism. Before a fascist government was formed by the minor National Christian Party, Credința hosted contributions from Alexandru Mironescu, the physicist and center-nationalist author. These documented the encroachment of liberal democracy in Europe, defended political freedoms, and honored Romanian peacemaker Nicolae Titulescu.Although situated to the left, Credința and Floarea de Foc were largely anti-communistic, and <mask>'s own news digests took a highly critical view of the Soviet Union. In one such piece, he expressed alarm about the outcome of the Moscow Trials. However, according to files kept by the Siguranța Statului police force, <mask> still intended to collaborate with communist agent Scarlat Callimachi on the anti-fascist review Munca ("The Labor"). Kulygin and the Burning Pyre
As noted by Neagu Rădulescu, Credința came to an abrupt "sad end", which <mask> took shame in recounting. An focused on his new passion, aviation, and bragged about having survived a plane crash. He maintained his religious focus during World War II. The Ion Antonescu dictatorship joined in Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union.Romania's war on the Eastern Front gave an impetus to Romanian monastic life, by restoring the Romanian church's direct contacts with Russian Orthodoxy. The country witnessed the arrival of Russian monks, including one trained at the prestigious Optina Monastery. He was Ivan Kulygin (known to Romanians as Ivan Kulîghin, Ivan Kulâghin, or Ivan Străinul, lit. "Ivan the Foreigner"), a victim of the Soviet regime, who took refuge to Romania after the Battle of Stalingrad. At around that time, <mask> and his friends organized a pilgrimage to Cernăuți, in newly reattached Bukovina. There, he began writing about the possibility of more regular "spiritual retreats", and adopted the Transfiguration of Jesus as his spiritual symbol. He was soon joined in Bukovina by other figures of the Orthodoxist revival: Fathers Benedict Ghiuș and Nicolae M. Popescu, philosophers Noica and Anton Dumitriu, journalist colleagues Manoliu, Mironescu and Sterian.<mask> and Andrei Scrima (later a major figure in Orthodox monasticism) first met Kulygin at Cernica Monastery, and were taken aback with his charisma. Kulygin instructed them about performing the "prayer of the heart", and <mask>, an avid student, was soon able to proselytize. His target audience included many of those who had joined him on the 1943 retreat, leading some of his biographers to suggest that Kulygin addressed a fully formed community of believers. An additional connection is noted by historiographers of Romanian hesychasm: the "prayer of the heart" was already practiced at Cernica, directly based on the instructions of 18th-century elder Paisius Velichkovsky; Kulygin's Romanian disciples were adding intellectualist interpretations to this regular practice. In August 1944, King Michael's Coup ended Romania's alliance with Germany, and inaugurated a brief period of political liberalism, with communism looming on the horizon. <mask>gin-inspired Romanians joined together in the "Burning Pyre" (Rugul Aprins), a prayer group which sought to register as a citizens' association. The authorities rejected their first application, in 1944, but <mask> persisted: the Burning Pyre received its legal recognition in 1945 or 1946.The association's stated purpose was to educate theology students about the moral and spiritual requirements of monastic life. The Burning Pyre cell also offered a form of Orthodoxist resistance against the growth of communism in Romania. According to Scrima, it had "resurrected liberty". At Antim

The Burning Pyre met daily, usually at the Antim Monastery Library, Bucharest. Other than <mask> (Kulygin's trustee), Dumitriu, Mironescu, and Scrima, the group had among its members some high-profile intellectuals of various backgrounds. They include the avant-garde author Marcel Avramescu and critic Vladimir Streinu, poet-scientist Ion Barbu, mathematicians Valentin Poénaru and Octav Onicescu, novelist Ion Marin Sadoveanu, poet-physician Vasile Voiculescu etc. Together with historian Virgil Cândea came a cell of social scientists and classical scholars, among them Alexandru Duțu.They were joined by high-profile Orthodox clergymen: Ghiuș, Dumitru Stăniloae, Sofian Boghiu and Arsenie Papacioc. Another occasional guest was Bartolomeu Anania, the outspoken anti-communist priest. The Rugul Aprins title was perhaps inherited from Floarea de Foc, or could be referencing the biblical burning bush, a manifestation of God. Scrima understood the meetings as "an Eucharist of God, brought to us by the angels", noting that the sessions were free, regulated only by "trust". <mask> <mask> would also explain that the incessant prayer is the very "heavenly prayer" of (sinless) Adam, revived by Virgin Mary "when she was taken to the Holy of Holies, where she lived in uninterrupted prayer [...] for 14 years". Patristic scholar Ioan I. Ică Jr. sees <mask>'s neo-hesychasm as a throwback to Paisius, with echoes from Gregory Palamas. However, according to religious anthropologist Radu Drăgan, hesychasm itself is a "prudent" form of Esoteric Christianity, and <mask>'s movement a Gnostic revival "in the bosom of Orthodox spirituality", "the only one of its kind."Drăgan also notes that, among the affiliates, Avramescu, Dumitriu, and possibly Scrima, were esotericists of the "Guénonian" variety. In his interpretation, the Burning Pyre blended a Guénonian traditionalism into Kulygin's teachings and "Desert Fathers" monasticism, to the point of resembling a "new religious movement". A particularity of <mask>'s movement was its critique of materialism. Opposed to Marxist doctrines and to the atheists, <mask> preached classical Creationism. Soviet occupation troops arrested Kulygin in March 1946, and deported him back to Russia in early 1947. The missionary managed to send <mask> a series of farewell letters, appointing him his successor in Romania, the beneficiary of his will, and the representative of Optina rules. In his other briefs, Kulygin protests against being branded a "counter-revolutionary" under Soviet law, writing that his captors "understand nothing of things spiritual in nature", warning his disciples that they should hide all written records of their conversations.Records about what eventually happened to Kulygin are few and disputed. According to an unverified account, he died in the prison of Odessa, while others propose that he was transported to the Gulag. In 1948, when the Burning Pyre association was dissolved by government decree, <mask> abandoned his public career and became a monk at Antim, with the monastic name Agathon. That monastery received his entire estate, including his massive book collection. He also began writing his new religious poem: Imn-Acatist la Rugul Aprins al Născătoarei de Dumnezeu ("Hymn-Akathist to the Burning Pyre of the Theotokos"), with the refrain: Bucură-Te, Mireasă urzitoare de nesfârșită rugăciune! ("Rejoice, Thou Bride, Thou weaver of the eternal prayer!"). The proclamation of a Romanian communist state that year introduced a wave of repression against Orthodox devotees in general, and mystics in particular.<mask> left Bucharest altogether, moving between Crasna and Govora monasteries. His new project, to establish a monastery home for world-weary intellectuals, was supported by the local bishops. He was arrested in 1948 or 1949, and the Antim meetings, closely supervised by the Securitate secret police, ceased altogether in 1950. Fathers Ghiuș, Boghiu and Papacioc were moved far away from Bucharest, forced to reside at Neamț Monastery. Final activities

When he reemerged from prison, in 1952, Brother Agathon decided to enter the priesthood as a hieromonk, and became Father Daniil. He was originally assigned to Crasna, then moved to more remotes sketes. After a stint at Sihăstria Monastery, he moved high up in the Rarău Mountains, Bukovina.With the help of Ilie Cleopa, the influential Orthodox preacher at Sihăstria, Daniil was appointed Starets. In this new capacity, he resumed the spreading of Kulygin's ideas, forming a prayer group with about a dozen followers, and outlined a new plan for a monastery of the intellectual elite. According to his visitors at Rarău, Daniil was living an exemplary austere life, but was prioritizing the internal

masks: Tudor Tudor Tudor Sandu Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Sandu Tudor Tudor Sandu Tudor Tudor Tudor Sandu Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudorly Tudor Tudor Sandu Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor Tudor


title: Sandu Tudor

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 prayer over all exterior ritual, and would spend half a working day submerged in meditation. He did provide the occasional sermon, and earned much respect from the Bukovinian peasants he addressed, especially because he would freely express his emotions in front of them. The communist regime caught eye of <mask>'s frequent returns to Bucharest, where he contacted the other Burning Pyre people, and continued to preach about the "prayer of the heart". <mask>'s work was again becoming a kind of religious resistance and, as Drăgan writes, intolerable for the communists. Such activities were evading "the more readily controllable ecclesiastic milieu".The Securitate branded <mask> and Voiculescu as authors of "mystical, enemy-like" poetry, collecting testimonies about how <mask>'s prayer group cultivated free speech. It is possible that the Burning Pyre unwittingly antagonized the communists after its ideas were publicized outside the Eastern Bloc. In 1957, inspired by the self-exiled Scrima, theologian Olivier Clément wrote an essay about "Brother Agathon", which saw print in a Swiss Reformed newsletter. However, according to Daniil's accuser Petre Pandrea, the Burning Pyre lobby was not entirely adverse to collaborating with the communists. In his memoirs, Pandrea claims that Scrima and "the ex-sailor" <mask> were together responsible for slandering the anti-communist and religiously innovative nuns of Vladimirești, eventually rounded up by the Securitate with the tacit approval of Orthodox prelates. The Securitate tried to persuade Scrima to work as an informant on the Burning Pyre, but came to the conclusion that "he presents no trust in what concerns our activity." On the eve of June 14, 1958, Securitate forces descended on the Burning Pyre.The group had officially been branded a danger to "the social order" of Communist Romania, reflecting the Securitate's fears about the country's monastic revival. The communist apparatus had ordered a full clampdown on the Orthodox Church, masterminded by Securitate chief Alexandru Drăghici. <mask> <mask> was arrested in the home of his disciple Alexandru Mironescu, and kept in a cell together with a Securitate informant. According to the latter's taps, the Rarău hieromonk resented Scrima and Clément for having blown his cover—neither were aware that the Securitate had for long been intercepting all of Scrima's letters to his Burning Pyre colleagues. Subjected to interrogations, <mask> refused to nominate any of his student followers, and was apathetic during the interrogations of supposed witnesses. As noted by researcher Ioana Diaconescu, <mask>'s unyielding stance may have even served to inspire the Securitate spy in his cell, whose notes indicate a growing admiration and a shared Orthodox faith. Kangaroo trial
With an August 4 raid, the Securitate apprehended most of <mask>'s disciples.In the end, the Burning Pyre was made subject to a kangaroo trial for high treason, officially defined as "crime of conspiracy against the social order and crime of intense activity against the working class and the revolutionary movement." According to one of the co-defendants, the accusation was incoherent and misleading. It claimed that the prayer group intended to have government members burned at the stake, and that the 4th-century theologians honored at Antim were anti-communists. The sentences, Drăgan notes, "were known in advance". Cherry-picking the defendants' political files, prosecution determined that the Burning Pyre was a neo-fascist cell and a front for the Iron Guard. In doing so, they silenced evidence about <mask>'s left-wing anti-fascism, and focused on Arsenie Papacioc's history of contacts with the Guard. <mask> cared little about the past activities of his Burning Pyre colleagues, but, even in 1947, he had denounced the Iron Guard as an anti-Christian enterprise.As records of the prosecution show, the authorities were on the verge of admitting that the hieromonk had no criminal connections, and decided instead to focus on his activities as a 1930s anti-communist. They recovered <mask>'s Credința columns, which, they claimed, read as "intense anti-communist propaganda, slandering and defiling the Soviet Union and eulogizing the capitalist order." According to their tendentious interpretation, <mask> had been at once "a faithful defender of the bourgeois-landowning order and a fiery propagator of the fascist ideology." The defense team was also asked to debunk the prosecution's allegations about the fascist nature of <mask>'s Creationism. According to one Burning Pyre attorney, "that some students were informed about Creationism is, if anything, a matter to be addressed by education, not by punitive measures". At the height of the anti-religious campaigns, in 1959, the Rarău skete was one of the establishments that were temporarily shut down by the Securitate. Father Daniil, identified as the ringleader "Teodorescu Alexandru", was sentenced to "25 years in strict confinement and 10 years disfranchisement" for "conspiracy against the social order", and "15 years in rigorous confinement" for "intense activity against the working class."He was originally held at Jilava prison, where he began serving his sentence on January 31, 1959. The Securitate was on the search for his belongings. <mask> proudly indicated that he never carried any personal items. His other belongings, hosted by the monastery, became state property. They include some 600 books, a fountain pen, a lens, and a compass. Death
As historians would discover decades later, Daniil <mask> <mask> spent the last part of his life in the infamous Aiud prison. He was held there together with other Burning Pyre group members, but also reunited with his old rival, Petre Pandrea.Pandrea mentions <mask>'s name on his humorous list, the "Writers' Union of Aiud"—an unwitting alternative to the official, communized, Writers' Union of Romania. At Aiud, <mask> became a victim of repeated torture, and, according to various commentators, suffered a martyr's death. Burning Pyre inmate Roman Braga attesteded that: "Father Daniil died in the Aiud Hole following four months of tortures and beatings, one of the few prisoners to have worn shackles throughout their detention". Also held in Aiud, Bartolomeu Anania later attested that both he and <mask> went through the process of "reeducation", a communist form of coercive persuasion. As a former sympathizer of the Iron Guard, Anania clashed with the hieromonk, who reportedly supported the use of reeducation methods against obdurate fascists. Officially, Daniil died at 1 AM on November 17, 1962 (1960 in some sources), at Aiud prison hospital, having suffered a stroke that left him comatose—afflictions which, in themselves, seem to suggest that he had been severely beaten in confinement. Prison records have it that, since 1959, he had been under medical supervision for hypertonia.However, it is unlikely that he was ever administered the medicine specified in his chart, which appears to have been forged and backdated. The hieromonk's body is said to have been dumped at the nearby Trei Plopi burial site, an iron spike driven through his heart by prison guards who meant to certify <mask>'s death. Legacy

Censorship and recovery
According to Diaconescu: "With <mask> <mask>'s death, the world of the spirit and of the faith was extinguished, violently and savagely crushed, at least in its worldly form." However, Orthodoxist philosopher Petre Țuțea implies, the incarceration had the unexpected effect of strengthening hesychasm, since the Cernica school and the Kulygin school could still communicate behind the prison doors. Vasileanu also writes that, from among Father Daniil's disciples at Rarău, "most would, strangely enough, become Starestses". One of them, Antonie Plămădeală, was even enthroned as an Orthodox Church dignitary. According to Plămădeală, "The pyre of the heart never was extinguished".Already in the period after <mask>'s death, the Aiud collective had begun referring to him as "Saint Daniil". Bartolomeu Anania was among the last people to be sentenced in connection with the Burning Pyre movement. Tried separately, and probably drugged on scopolamine, he agreed to become a Securitate informant. Vasile Voiculescu was the first of <mask>'s spiritual followers to be granted a reprieve, in 1962. He was severely weakened by repeated torture, terminally ill with Pott disease, and only survived into 1963. The other Burning Pyre affiliates were all released from prison in 1964, when the communist regime enforced a set of liberalization measures. <mask> <mask>'s literary work was banned by communist censors.His Burning Pyre manuscripts were confiscated by the Securitate, and presumably destroyed or lost. Using his contacts abroad, Father Scrima typed and salvaged some of <mask> and Voiculescu's last known texts, including an akathist to the Theotokos. He took them to India, where he began a second career in Sanskritology, or, in Securitate parlance, "placed himself in the service of imperialists." The Romanian Revolution of 1989, which brought down Romanian communism, also signified a recovery of <mask> <mask>'s work. Andrei Scrima played a significant part in Burning Pyre revivalism, publishing several new introductions to Father Daniil's preachings, including the 1991 Timpul Rugului Aprins ("Age of the Burning Pyre"). In 1999, a neo-Orthodoxist publishing house (Editura Anastasia) issued <mask> <mask>'s autobiography and other selected works: Ieromonahul Daniil <mask> <mask>. Another such venture (Editura Christiana) began putting out installments of his complete works.<mask>'s exact date of death was still a mystery: various post-revolutionary sources have it that he most likely died in 1960, and specify that his place of burial was unknown. Other working theories located that event in 1962 or 1963. The matter was partly solved ca. 2006, when scholars were given clearance for selectively researching Securitate archives. In keeping with his renunciation of earthly possessions, <mask> left behind only a handful of personal belongings: a fufaika jacket, a pair of sandals, a brown shirt and a beret. All were marked as "3rd-class quality" goods. Although the general location of his burial is known, Daniil's grave was never rediscovered.According to one account, Aiud prisoners working on a ditch in the 1960s dug up a shackle-wearing skeleton, and were convinced that it belonged to their spiritual leader. The bodily remains are still judged irretrievable, and he is commemorated together with other prisoners with whom he presumably shares an improvised grave in Aiud. Enduring controversy
Several theologians and priests came to suggest that Daniil <mask> <mask> is worthy of canonization. This proposal is endorsed by Marius Vasileanu (who otherwise notes that "nonsense and inexactitudes" about the hieromonk still exist in his official biographies) and by <mask>'s pupil, Antonie Plămădeală. In December 2006, speaking before Parliament and outlining his resolution to condemn communism, President Traian Băsescu paid homage to <mask> <mask> as a "martyr of the Church". <mask>'s other activities, particularly his polemical stances of the 1930s, created enduring controversies, beyond Pandrea's allegations. Published shortly after the Duca assassination, Eliade's novel Întoarcerea din rai ("Return from Paradise") constructed the character Eleazar by fusing together Comarnescu's "words" and <mask>'s "ticks".<mask>'s attacks on Criterion, and the homophobic vocabulary he introduced, have been cited as possible influences for România Mare, a modern-day far-right weekly directed by Corneliu Vadim <mask>. According to Barbu Brezianu, Vadim <mask> resembles the <mask> <mask> of 1934, and, like him, is an "aggressive extremist." After Pandrea, critics have continued to scrutinize some aspects of <mask>'s monastic life. Bartolomeu Anania first publicized his claim about Father Daniil's alleged support of communist "reeducation" in his Memoirs (Polirom, 2008). Historian Cristian Vasile nuances this verdict, suggesting that Anania was "embittered" by his political background: <mask> <mask> was no Guardsman, not even a Guard sympathizer; in the 1930s he was rather the leftist, criticizing the far right. Therefore, he defined himself as anti-Guard even in his freedom years [...]; he probably thought, in 1935 like in 1962, that Guardsmen ought 'to be dusting off their conscience of the crimes they committed in the name of the Cross'. Notes

References
 Radu Bercea, "Essai sur l'herméneutique 'en acte' d'André Scrima", in New Europe College Yearbook 1998-1999, New Europe College, Bucharest, 2001, pp.15–40. Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012. George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1986
Paul Cernat, Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 2007. Radu Drăgan, "Une figure du christianisme oriental au XXe siècle: Jean l'Étranger", in Politica Hermetica No. 20: L'Esoterisme au feminin, L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 2006, pp. 124–142.Mircea Eliade, Autobiography: 1907-1937, Journey East, Journey West, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1990. George Enache, "Represiunea religioasă în România comunistă. Studiu de caz: 'Rugul aprins' ", in the University of Galați Anale. Seria Istorie, Vol. III, 2004, pp. 135–153
Constantin Mihai, "Elita intelectuală interbelică și Ecclesia. Campania de presă în jurul Pascaliei (1928–1929)", in Raduț Bîlbîie, Mihaela Teodor (eds.), Elita culturală și presa (Congresul Național de istorie a presei, ediția a VI-a), Editura Militară, Bucharest, 2013, pp. 162–172. Neagu Rădulescu, Turnul Babel, Cugetarea-Georgescu Delafras, Bucharest, 1944
Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995. Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935–1944, Random House, London, 2003. Petre Țuțea, "Short History of Hesychasm in Romania" (with notes by Alexandru Daniel Popescu), in Alexandru Daniel Popescu, Petre Țuțea: Between Sacrifice and Suicide, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot & Burlington, 2004, pp. 279–284.1896 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
20th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
20th-century Christian mystics
20th-century Romanian poets
Censorship in Romania
Christian creationists
Christian poets
Christian socialist theologians
Contimporanul writers
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox socialists
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Expressionist poets
Futurist writers
Gândirea
Hesychasm
Inmates of Aiud prison
Male essayists
Mystic poets
Clergy from Bucharest
Prisoners who died in Romanian detention
Romanian art critics
Romanian book and manuscript collectors
Romanian Christian socialists
Romanian columnists
Romanian esotericists
Romanian essayists
Romanian Land Forces personnel
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian male poets
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian newspaper founders
Romanian Orthodox monks
Romanian Orthodox priests
Romanian people who died in prison custody
Romanian sailors
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian theologians
Romanian torture victims
Romanian

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title: John Semer Farnsworth

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<mask> (August 13, 1893 – November 10, 1952) was a United States Navy officer who was convicted of spying for Japan during the 1930s. He was identified as Agent K in radio messages intercepted by the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Naval career and court-martial
<mask>, who was born in Chicago, Illinois to <mask> and Anna M<mask>, was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1911 on the recommendation of then-Representative Nicholas Longworth. He became notorious for his drinking escapades, earning him the nickname "Dodo" (among others). The Naval Academy yearbook described him as "daring and reckless", further stating that if <mask> lived in the days of the old navy,  he "would have been famous for his desperate deeds and hairbreadth escapes". Nevertheless, he was also recognized for his sterling abilities as a future naval officer.Upon graduation four years later, he was assigned to the US Asiatic Fleet, mainly onboard destroyers. He returned to the United States in 1917 with the temporary rank of lieutenant. In 1920, he took flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola. He received ratings on seaplanes and airships when he completed training in 1922. He then returned to Annapolis, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and finally a college in New York for his post-graduate studies. He eventually attained the rank of lieutenant commander. After marrying a society woman, <mask> went heavily into debt, and borrowed money from an enlisted man, which he refused to repay.Because of this, <mask>, once considered to be one of the brightest young officers of the Navy, was brought to a court-martial in 1927. On 12 November 1927, for conduct "tending to impair the morale of the service" and "scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morale", he was found guilty and was given a dishonorable discharge from the service. A career in spying
Disgruntled and in need of money, he began spying for Japan, which had been attempting to recruit many Americans for espionage in the 1920s and 1930s. He passed his information to his handlers, Commander Yoshiyuki Ichimiya, assistant Naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy from October 1932 to December 1934, and Lt. Commander Arika Yamaki, who succeeded Ichimiya until November 1935. <mask> later claimed that he was paid $100 a week plus expenses for his spying. Despite his disgraceful exit from Naval service, <mask> still had enough social grace to make him acceptable in the best Washington society.He got most of his information by contacting former associates to solicit documents, who were unaware of the true reason for his requests, saying that he needed the information for "magazine articles". He also picked up small bits of Navy information from wives of high-ranking officers and shrewdly pieced them together. Once, feigning drunkenness and pretending that he was a commander, he boarded a destroyer at Annapolis, tricked an ensign into giving him maneuver data, rushed back to the Japanese Embassy, had them photostatted, and returned them the next day. It was actually easy for him to obtain this information, as Navy security at that time was relatively lax. However, when <mask> stole a confidential Navy manual, The Service of Information and Security, which contained plans for battle information and tactics that were gathered from field maneuvers and tested by high-ranking naval officers, alarm bells were raised, and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) was called upon to investigate its disappearance. It was learned later that he had photostatted the manual and sold it to the Japanese on May 15, 1935. During the investigation, ONI officers heard that <mask> had been flashing large sums of money around naval officers who knew him, despite the fact that he was believed to be destitute.Further investigation revealed that he had borrowed code and signal books and had been asking questions about tactics, new ship designs, and weapons. Finally, the wife of a high-ranking officer living in Annapolis complained to the ONI that <mask> was pushing her to allow him to read official documents. He was placed under joint surveillance by the ONI and the FBI. Meetings with a journalist
When Commander Yamaki was replaced by Commander Bunjiro Yamaguchi in November 1935, the latter decided to pay <mask> on a piecemeal, rather than retainer, basis. Faced with a sudden drop in income, and somehow having got wind that investigators were closing in on him, he approached  Fulton Lewis Jr., the Washington correspondent for the Hearst newspapers, in early 1936. He proposed to Lewis that he would write a series of articles entitled: "How I was a Spy in the American Navy for the Japanese Government" for $20,000 in an apparent effort to convince him that he was a double agent. He also made it a condition that he  be given a head start to catch the zeppelin Hindenburg for Germany.Lewis promptly informed Capt. William D. Puleston, the Director of ONI, of the encounter. The next time Farnsworth and Lewis met, the latter demanded proof of the former's relations with the Japanese. <mask> then called up Commander Yamaguchi in Lewis's presence and demanded money from the officer. A meeting was arranged, and <mask> tried to convince Lewis to accompany him, posing as a cabdriver. Lewis refused, but so anxious was <mask> to prove his bona fides that he took Lewis to the office where he had the confidential manual photostatted and also provided other corroborating evidence to his story. Arrest, trial and conviction
Faced with this evidence, Lewis told Puleston again, who arranged for <mask>'s arrest on July 14, 1936.<mask> was charged with selling confidential information to the Japanese. He was held on $10,000 bond until his preliminary hearing. The case was given to a grand jury. During the grand jury testimony, it was revealed that <mask> had telephoned the Japanese Embassy twice on the day before his arrest. Lt. Commander Leslie G. Genhres testified that <mask> took the confidential study from his desk in the Navy Department on August 1, 1934. An employee of the navy photostat plant, Mrs. Grace Jamieson, said that <mask> made frequent visits to the plant to copy military documents.Based on this, the grand jury indicted <mask> on the charge of selling to the Japanese the confidential manual, as well as conspiracy to do the same; in the indictment, the grand jury also included Lt. Commanders Ichimiya and Yamaki, who promptly left for Japan. If found guilty, <mask> would face a maximum sentence of 20 years. Although <mask> indicated that he would base his defence on an aircraft accident he had when he took courses in NAS Pensacola, making him "irresponsible", the Navy shot down that argument, saying that no record of such an accident existed. His lawyer, in turn, asked the court-martial commission to have Ichimiya and Yamaki testify in <mask>'s defence through the American Consul General in Tokyo. However, Japan refused the request, citing Japanese law prohibiting military officers from being compelled to answer questions in a foreign country. On February 15, 1937, <mask> changed his not-guilty plea to nolo contendere, dispensing with a jury trial and leaving the judge to decide on the case; if the trial had proceeded, the prosecution would have been ready to prove its case by presenting a parade of witnesses and other evidence.When the judge heard the no-contest plea, he indicated that he would review the aspects of the case before he pronounced sentence. However, a few days later, <mask> again changed his plea to not guilty. He reasoned that he made his plea without prior counsel, and it was based on the notoriety that resulted from his case. The judge said that <mask> was within his rights to change his plea before sentencing and that he would hear his motion. This was, in fact, the first of <mask>'s attempts to have his case dismissed. His defence team withdrew, and he informed the judge that he would conduct his defence pro se. His next move was to file a writ of habeas corpus to obtain his release.He argued that the facts alleged in the indictment, under which he was convicted, did not constitute a crime. He further argued that he did not know that nolo contendere was tantamount to a guilty plea and wanted to withdraw the plea, but was met with rejection. The court was not in any way convinced of these arguments and denied his writ. Sentencing and appeal
On February 27, 1937, <mask> <mask> was sentenced to four to twelve years in prison for conspiring "to communicate and transmit to a foreign government—to wit Japan—writings, code books, photographs and plans relating to the national defense with the intent that they should be used to the injury of the United States". Details of the Farnsworth case appeared in Alan Hynd's 1943 book Betrayal from the East: The Inside Story of the Japanese Spies in America and in Captain Ellis M. Zacharias' 1946 book Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer. In January 1938, he appealed the judge's decision in his petition for the writ of habeas corpus by arguing that the court erred in ruling that a petitioner could not be released "from unlawful imprisonment" by habeas corpus proceedings; further, that the court did not have jurisdiction in the first place and had no power to pronounce an indeterminate sentence. Despite his efforts, his appeal was rejected and his sentence upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.He served an eleven-year prison term. He died in Manhattan at age 59. References

1893 births
1952 deaths
People from Chicago
American people convicted of spying for Japan
Interwar-period spies
Military personnel from Illinois
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel who were court-martialed

masks:
John Semer Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Frederick Wilkinson Farnsworth
. Semer
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
Farnsworth
John Semer
Farnsworth


title: Ángel Correa

texts:
<mask> (born 9 March 1995), known as <mask> (), is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and winger for Spanish club Atlético Madrid and the Argentina national team. <mask> began his professional career at the age of 18 with Argentine club San Lorenzo, winning the Torneo Inicial in 2013 and the Copa Libertadores in 2014. In 2015, he signed with Atlético Madrid of La Liga. <mask> captained the Argentina under-20 team to victory at the 2015 South American U-20 Championship, where he was named the player of the tournament. Since 2015, he has been a regular selection for the Argentina senior squad, and represented the side at the 2021 Copa América. Club career

San Lorenzo
Born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, <mask> joined San Lorenzo's youth setup in 2007, aged 12, after a trial period. In the summer of 2012, he was due to join Portuguese club Benfica on a free transfer, but the deal later collapsed.<mask> signed a four-year professional deal with the Ciclón on 23 September 2012, and was promoted to the first-team in January 2013. On 31 March he played his first match as a professional, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–1 loss at Newell's Old Boys. On 11 May, <mask> scored his first professional goal, netting the last of a 3–0 home success against Boca Juniors. He finished the campaign with 13 appearances (eight starts, 747 minutes of action), scoring four goals. Atlético Madrid

On 27 May 2014, after scoring six goals in 2013–14, <mask> had agreed a deal with La Liga holders Atlético Madrid for a reported fee of €7.5 million. He signed a five-year contract with the Madrid side, joining the club after the 2014 Copa Libertadores. In June 2014, however, <mask> was sidelined for six months due to a heart tumour.After undergoing surgery on 18 June in New York, he started a light training in August, and officially joined the club on 13 December. On 22 August 2015, <mask> finally made his Atleti debut, replacing Óliver Torres in a 1–0 home league match win against Las Palmas. He scored his first goal for the club on 19 September, netting the first in a 2–0 away win against Eibar; he also assisted Fernando Torres in the second goal. On 6 November 2019, <mask> marked his 200th appearance for Atlético, starting in a 1–2 away loss against Bayer Leverkusen. On 10 August, Atlético announced that <mask> and teammate Šime Vrsaljko were both positive for COVID-19, ruling them out of the team's quarter-final fixture against RB Leipzig. On 22 May 2021, <mask> scored in Atlético's 2–1 win over Real Valladolid on the final day of the 2020–21 La Liga season to win the league title for the first time since 2014. <mask> started his 2021–22 La Liga season on the right foot, as he scored in consecutive matches against Celta Vigo and Elche to hand Atlético back-to-back wins.International career

South American U-20 Championship selection
On 6 January 2015, Humberto Grondona, Under-20 Argentina Selection Technical Director, submitted a list of 32 Argentine players including <mask>, invited to train to make the final roster for the South American Under-20s Championship. After four days of training Grondona announced the final 23-man roster that featured <mask> as the captain of the Under-20 Argentine side. On 14 January, <mask> made his debut for Argentina U20 national football team against Ecuador in the first game of the group stage. He scored a goal and twice assisted to Giovanni Simeone for a 5–2 win. On 18 January, <mask> scored a goal during a 6–2 win against Peru, helping Argentina advance out of the group stage. On 26 January, Argentina once again facing Peru in the playoff elimination stage of the tournament, <mask> scored again during this matchup, helping Argentina advance to the final with a 2–0 win. On 7 February, Argentina played against tournament host Uruguay in the U-20 South America Cup final.Throughout the game was a stalemate at 1–1, until <mask> scored at the 81st minute to put Argentina up for 2–1 win for the U-20 South America Championship, and <mask> earning honors for the Best Player of the Tournament. U-20 World Cup selection
On 13 May 2015, Humberto Grondona confirmed the list of 21 football players including Correa to represent Argentina in the U-20 World Cup hosted by New Zealand. On 25 May, in the team's second last friendly before the U-20 World Cup competition, <mask> scored a header from a corner set for a 3–1 loss against Tahiti. On 30 May, during Argentina's opening match for the U-20 World Cup group stage against Panama, <mask> scored both goals for Argentina for a 2–2 draw. Argentina only earned two points in the group stage meaning they failed to advance into the knockout round. Senior team

On 4 September 2015, <mask> made his full squad debut, coming on as a late substitute for Ezequiel Lavezzi in a friendly match against Bolivia, which ended in 7-0 victory. He scored the last goal of the match.Style of play
<mask> has been compared to compatriot Sergio Agüero, due to his similar height. However, his playing style is more similar to Carlos Tevez, in a more attacking positional role. He holds good skill, pace and low centre of gravity, aside from a good technique and first touch. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first. Honours
San Lorenzo
Argentine Primera División: 2013 Inicial
Copa Libertadores: 2014

Atlético Madrid
La Liga: 2020–21
UEFA Europa League: 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup: 2018
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2015–16

Argentina U20
South American U-20 Championship: 2015

Argentina
Copa América: 2021

Individual
La Liga Player of the Month: January 2022

References

External links

 <mask> at ESPN Deportes

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine footballers
Association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
2015 South American Youth Football Championship players
Argentina under-20 international footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Argentina
2021 Copa América players
Copa América-winning players

masks:
Ángel Martín Correa Martínez
Ángel Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
Correa
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Ángel Correa


title: Pierluigi Casiraghi

texts:
<mask> (; born 4 March 1969) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who played as a striker. <mask> began his playing career in Italy in 1985, with Monza. He later played for Juventus, and Lazio, before ending his career with Chelsea in the Premier League. He retired after failing to recover from a cruciate ligament injury sustained in 1998. <mask> was a member of the Italy national football team that reached the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, and was also a member of Italy's UEFA Euro 1996 squad. After retiring, he began his managerial career in 2002, first with the Monza youth side, later also coaching Legnano, and the Italy U-21 side. In 2014, he worked as an assistant manager for Cagliari.<mask> was Gianfranco Zola's assistant manager at Birmingham City until Zola's resignation in 2017. Club career

Italy
<mask> was born in Monza, Lombardy, and began his career with his hometown side, AC Monza, in 1985. The side were relegated to Serie C in his first season, but he helped them achieve promotion back to Serie B in 1988. He moved to Serie A giants Juventus in 1989, having scored 28 goals in 94 games for Monza. His goalscoring record in Turin was modest, achieving a best tally of 8 goals in 24 appearances in the 1990–91 season and a total of 20 in 98 games for the club. While at Juventus, he helped the side win two UEFA Cups (in 1990 and 1993) and one Italian Cup, also in 1990. He scored in the first leg of the 1990 UEFA Cup Final to help the Turin club defeat rivals Fiorentina.He earned his first international cap for Italy during his spell with Juventus. He signed for Lazio in 1993 and scored 41 goals in a five-year spell. His most successful season was in 1996–97, when he scored 14 goals in 28 Serie A games. With Lazio, he won another Italian Cup, in 1998. He found his opportunities limited in his final season, with manager Sven-Göran Eriksson preferring Alen Bokšić and Roberto Mancini in attack and sought a move away. Chelsea
Casiraghi joined English side Chelsea in May 1998 for £5.4 million. His time in west London proved luckless, and ultimately only scored one competitive goal for the club in ten appearances, which came against Liverpool in a 1–1 draw at Anfield.His Chelsea career was cut short by a cruciate ligament injury sustained during a collision with West Ham goalkeeper Shaka Hislop in November 1998. Despite going through ten operations, he was unable to make a comeback and his contract with the club was terminated in July 2000, with Chelsea receiving an insurance payout. Casiraghi criticised the club for not helping him, and in August 2000 Casiraghi explored legal action against Chelsea for unpaid wages after his contract was terminated early. International career
As an Italian international, Casiraghi won 7 caps, scoring 1 goal, for the Italy national under-21 football team between 1988 and 1990, and 44 caps, scoring 13 goals, for the Italy senior side between 1991 and 1998. He made his senior international debut on 13 February 1991, in a 1–0 win against Belgium, scoring his first goal for Italy in a 4–0 win over San Marino on 19 February 1992. He was a member of the Italy squad that reached the final of USA 94 under manager Arrigo Sacchi, playing in the group games against Norway and Mexico and the semi-final against Bulgaria. He was also a member of the Italy side at Euro 96, scoring both goals in a 2–1 win against Russia, but was guilty of missing a late chance against the Czech Republic that could have proved vital to the group standings, and as such the side was knocked out in the first round.Despite sealing Italy's qualification for the 1998 World Cup with the only goal in the second leg play-off against Russia to advance 2–1 on aggregate on 15 November 1997, he failed to make the squad for the final tournament under Cesare Maldini. Style of play
Although he was primarily deployed as a centre-forward, Casiraghi was an athletic player, who was also capable of playing anywhere along the front line, due to his versatility. Throughout his career, he became renowned for his ability in the air, and for having a penchant for scoring acrobatic goals as a striker. Although he was not particularly skilful from a technical standpoint, he was a strong, hardworking, and prolific forward, with good movement off the ball, who often utilised his physical strength to hold up the ball with his back to goal in order to open up defences, and was also capable of creating space for his teammates with his attacking runs, which in turn enabled him to provide them with assists. Managerial career
Casiraghi became manager of Italian Serie C2 side A.C. Legnano in May 2003. On 24 July 2006, he was appointed joint coach of the Italian Under-21 national team alongside former Chelsea teammate Gianfranco Zola, succeeding Claudio Gentile. In his coaching tenure, Casiraghi led the Azzurrini into the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, ending in fifth place after having eliminated Spain U-21 in the qualifying phase.He was successively confirmed for the 2008 Olympic Games campaign, which ended in the quarter-finals with a 3–2 loss to Belgium. He also helped the Italian youth side to win the 2008 Toulon tournament. In the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, his side, having lost several key players through injury and suspension, narrowly lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-finals. In December 2016, he joined EFL Championship club Birmingham City, again reuniting with Gianfranco Zola, as he done at Al-Arabi in Qatar. Career statistics

Club

1 Including 1 match in 1990 Supercoppa Italiana. 2 Including 1 match in 1998 UEFA Super Cup. International
Source:

Honours

Club
Monza
Coppa Italia Serie C: 1987–88

Juventus
Coppa Italia: 1989–90
UEFA Cup: 1989–90, 1992–93
Supercoppa Italiana runner-up: 1990

Lazio
Coppa Italia: 1997–98

Chelsea
UEFA Super Cup: 1998

International
Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1994 (runners-up)

References

External links
FIGC Profile

1969 births
Living people
People from Brianza
Sportspeople from Monza
Association football forwards
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italian football managers
A.C. Monza players
Chelsea F.C.players
Juventus F.C. players
S.S. Lazio players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Premier League players
A.C. Legnano managers
1994 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
Italian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Birmingham City F.C. non-playing staff
UEFA Cup winning players
Footballers from Lombardy

masks:
Pierluigi Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi
Casiraghi


title: Buzz Busby

texts:
Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as <mask>, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the "Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass". Early life
<mask> was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday nights listening to WSM's Grand Ole Opry and playing for dances with other area musicians. It was likely <mask>'s first experience with the mandolin came when his neighbor, Allen Crowell, would bring his mandolin over to play during his early childhood. However, he had never heard the mandolin played in the style that Bill Monroe played it.<mask> recalled:"Back in those days Monroe played pretty fast; the hottest mandolin playing I ever heard, and I haven't heard it since. His mandolin playing was heavily influenced by a jazz mandolin player named Paul Buskirk, and I haven't heard him play like that again- or maybe I was just easily impressed then." <mask> picked up the guitar first, learning chords and simple runs from his brothers, Wayne and Lemoyne, who were playing guitar-fiddle duets and singing Monroe Brothers harmonies around their community. <mask> would eventually settle on the mandolin, and his complex style was born. In the late 1940s, Busby started a band with high school friend and guitarist Rot Fuller. Busby honed his mandolin and vocal skills by performing the music of Bill Monroe around the West Monroe, Louisiana area. Busby graduated from Eros High School in 1951.Because he was valedictorian of his class, Busby was recruited by the FBI, which was seeking gifted young people at that time. In June 1951 Busby moved to the Washington DC area to begin his career with the FBI. Professional career
Shortly after his arrival in Washington while still working his day job at the FBI, Busby met Scotty Stoneman. The two started a friendship that would last all the way to Stoneman's death in 1973. Their friendship was marked by boyish bickering and spats, as well as their unspoken closeness and closeness. It was through Stoneman that <mask> met Jack Clement, who was then in the military and stationed in the Washington area, and they formed the Tennessee Troupers, named for Clement's home state. Roy Clark joined the group for a while on banjo.The group had no trouble finding jobs in 1951 and 1952, <mask> recalled playing four to five nights a week during this time. <mask>, Clement and Scotty Stoneman played locally at first, then did stints at WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia and WCOP in Boston. Clement returned home to Tennessee after their shows in Boston ended. In the early 1950's Bill Carrol managed <mask> and booked his shows. In 1953, <mask> and his new partner Pete Pike (guitar) began playing at Pine Tavern, a DC night club. Simultaneously, they performed every weekend on radio station WGAY in Silver Spring, Maryland. Busby and Pike added Donnie Bryant on banjo and became <mask> & Pete and the Bayou Boys.The radio show featured lightning-fast renditions of popular bluegrass and country songs, usually performed in a key or two higher than the original. The comedy act "Ham & Scram," alter-egos of Pike and <mask>, was also featured weekly. In the summer of 1954, <mask>, Pike and the band entered the National Country Music Championship in Warrenton, Virginia. <mask> and Pike, Along with Donnie Bryant, Scotty Stoneman and Lee Cole on bass won first place in the contest. Shortly after the contest, WRC-TV in Washington hired the band for a daily afternoon television show. Bryant and Stoneman left the band and were replaced by Don Stover on banjo and John Hall on fiddle. The show was immensely popular, employing newly developed video special effects to add to the appeal of the program.The program aired from September 1954 to March 1955. When the television show was cancelled, <mask> auditioned for and was hired by the Louisiana Hayride at KWKH in Shreveport, Louisiana. He and the band, which consisted of Charlie Waller  (guitar), Lee Cole (bass) and Don Stover (banjo) performed every Saturday night on the Hayride and toured the South during the week. Stover left in December, 1955 to Join the Lilly Brothers in Boston and was replaced by Vance Trull. <mask> and the Bayou Boys performed on the Hayride until May 1956. <mask>, Waller and Trull returned to Washington where they played club dates until July 1957. On July 4, 1957, <mask>, Trull and Eddie Adcock were involved in a serious automobile accident while traveling from North Beach, Maryland back to Washington.<mask>'s subsequent hospitalization and recuperation left him unable to perform for an extended period. In order to fill the scheduled club dates that <mask> and Trull were unable to play, Charlie Waller recruited John Duffey and Bill Emerson. This band became the original Country Gentlemen. Following his recovery from the accident, <mask> continued to play locally in the Washington / Baltimore area  until the early 1990s. <mask>'s release of Talking Banjo in 1958 was the beginning of the boom of record releases from D.C. based bluegrass artists. He also made several attempts to make it in Nashville with a major label. To <mask>'s demise though, every time he was met with a sob story and heartache.<mask> even enjoyed a short stint with Jimmy Martin, though after one show he realized playing with Martin was not for him. Martin was "too domineering", <mask> says, "he was nice to me and decent and took me to his house for two weeks to take care of me. He was really good for me." During this period he formed partnerships of varying lengths  with Bill Harrell, Jack Fincham, and Leon Morris, Band members included his brother Wayne Busbice, Dudley Connell, Richard Underwood and Eddie Stubbs. Also during this period, Rhonda Strickland published a biographical article in the bluegrass publication, Bluegrass Unlimited in November 1986, chronicling <mask>'s life as a pioneer of the D.C. Bluegrass scene. Busby is now remembered for giving greats such as Dudley Connell, Charlie Waller, John Duffey and many more their start in the music, though he gave his life to bluegrass music as well. When listening to <mask>'s recordings one will likely hear the hair-raising, pain-filled, hard-core lonesome bluegrass sound that mirrored his own difficult life.<mask>'s later career was marred by alcohol and drug abuse. Recordings
Busby had recordings on many labels. His early recordings mainly resided on Starday, or Mercury-Starday. He would also record on Webco, Mount Vernon, and many others. Mercury-Starday was a label for the more well known or successful artists on Starday. <mask> was perhaps able to be a part of the Mercury-Starday group because his music, though keeping many traditional bluegrass sounds, was atypical of the popular sounds in Nashville at this time. Starday began releasing old recordings of <mask>'s music, even as late as the early 2000's, almost 50 years after they were recorded.In 1965 Rebel Records released Mandolin Twist featuring <mask>, Charlie Waller and Tom Gray. <mask>'s song Lost was released in 1957 on Carol Records. <mask>'s classic recordings for the Starday label have been reissued on CD. Recorded between 1956 and 1959, the recordings show <mask> in the meat of his career, as he was performing more at this point than any other in his career. Studio musicians include Pete Pike, Charlie Waller, Scotty Stoneman, Don Stover, Carl Nelson and Bill Emerson. <mask> continued to record throughout the 1960s into the 1980s. The recordings listed below are some of his most notable releases with Starday and WEBCO RECORDS.Selected discography
 Going Home (2003) - Released posthumously as a compilation of songs and tunes that Busby recorded for Starday Records from 1957 through 1959. Yesterday and Today (1982)
 A Pioneer of Traditional Bluegrass ( 1981)

Later life and death
Busby was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1997. Shortly thereafter, he was moved to a nursing facility in Maryland. <mask> died of heart failure on January 5, 2003, in Catonsville, Maryland. References

Flores, Christopher,  2000, "End Note", December 8, 2000 ed. of The Washington City Paper http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/20883/end-note
Strickland, Rhonda 1986 "<mask>by: A Lonesome Road"  Bluegrass Unlimited Magazine Vol. 21, No.5, November, 1986
Mindte, Tom and Grant, Dick 2011 Buzz Busby Session Discography http://www.pxrec.com/BuzzBusby/buzz_busby_discography.pdf
<mask>, <mask> 1985-1987, Personal Interviews by Tom Mindte
Rosenburg, Neil V., 1985, "Bluegrass A History", Page 138-142. Pennell, C. (1996, January 1). Discography of blue grass sound recordings, 1942. Retrieved September 23, 2020, from http://www.ibiblio.org/hillwilliam/BGdiscography/?keyword=buz+busby
Lornell, K. (2020). Capital bluegrass: Hillbilly music meets Washington D.C. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. External links
 The <mask>by Discography
 <mask> biography on allmusic.com
 DC Bluegrass Union

1933 births
2003 deaths
American bluegrass mandolinists
American country singer-songwriters
American tenors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American male singer-songwriters

masks:
Buzz Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Buzz
Buzz
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz
Buzz
Busby
Buzz
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Busby
Buzz Bus
Busby
Buzz
Buzz Bus
Buzz Busby