title: Filippo Colarossi

texts:
<mask> was an Italian artist's model and sculptor who founded the Académie Colarossi, Paris, in 1879–1880. He was born on 21 April 1841 in Picinisco, Italy and is claimed to have died on 25 August 1906 in Paris. However, Duval states that Colarossi died poor and alone in August 1906 in a little town near Naples. Émile-Bayard writing in 1927, tells that Colarossi and his wife (unidentified/unconfirmed second wife, the first  died in 1896), having profited from the sale of a building plot in 1916, retired to Piscinisco, his natal village, where they presumably stayed until their deaths. Fuss Amoré and des Ombiaux, also maintain that Colarossi returned to Italy. Writing in 1924, they say that Colarossi had recently returned to Picinisco, having sold some works by the artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834– 1903). No female companion is mentioned in this latter source.Biography

Leaving Italy
Born to poor parents, farm labourer (It. : contadino) Fiori <mask> (1779–1853) and his wife Anna (née Ferri, b. 1811), <mask> <mask> grew up in Piscinisco a small, hilltop village, south east of Rome, Frosinone province in the then Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (KTS). During the Unification of Italy, the KTS fell to the nationalist, anti-papal, general Giuseppe Garibaldi's (1807–1882) troops, whereupon it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy and asset stripped. As a Catholic and loyal KTS royal marine, this was an unwelcome outcome to <mask>'s elder brother Angelo (1836 -1916), so, in late 1860 or in 1861, they made their way, mostly by steam boat (Naples-Marseilles, then Avignon-Lyon), to Paris, France, to escape widespread poverty and obligatory military conscription. It seems another brother, Antonio (b. 1837), was waiting there to welcome and help them.Paris and modelling
The <mask> brothers left a life in rural Italy to start afresh in a foreign, capital city. Challenges such as the language, accommodation and paid work would have to be addressed. By chance, or perhaps by design, they had also arrived in Paris at an exciting and tumultuous time in the city's history. In the 1860s, the city was in rapid growth in terms of population, geographical boundaries, industry, commerce and cultural activity. Starting in 1853, Napoléon III (1808 – 1873) and his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann (1809 – 1891), had initiated an extensive series of public works projects to clean up, rebuild and modernise the capital. Old blocks of buildings were demolished. High-rise apartment houses with classical facades, wide boulevards, new sewers and more were built.Like Antonio before them, both brothers soon found employment as models for artists. This was hard work as poses had to be inspiring and held for long periods of time. Nudity also conflicted with societal norms of modesty and propriety. Nonetheless, <mask> chose to remain a model in Paris, which was fast becoming the Mecca of the Fine Arts, while Angelo left for London, England, in 1864, where he continued his newfound occupation and started a family. His son  <mask> Jnr., was also a model in London and posed for the sculptor Alfred Gilbert amongst others. <mask> became a very ambitious and successful model, not least at the École Impériale des Beaux-Arts on the Left Bank where he drew an annual, retaining fee of 500 francs. Here, he soon acquired the titles of questeur des modèles and later chef des modèles.He was also a favourite model of the great classicist painter, Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (1815-1891), who he met when staying at Saint-Germain-en-Laye to escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

In what must have been a fraught and arduous life, <mask> also found time to marry and start a family of his own. On 21 July 1866, he married Ascenza Margiota (1847–1896), herself a model and native of Piscinisco. In April of the same year, their first child, Ernest Flore <mask> (1866-1960) had been born. They later had two girls, Maria (1868-1913) and Malia (1871-1897), who both married artists. Colarossi's Academy - setting out
Ever ambitious, Filippo wanted to establish his own school where he could provide an art education for the many students, male and female, that were flocking to Paris. Henri Duval writes that Colarossi had through 'economy and right living' saved the funds necessary to set up a school. He may also have had financial help as The Artist - An Illustrated Monthly Record of Arts, Crafts and Industries asserts that the wealthy Meissonier helped Colarossi to get started in an art school, perhaps by giving him an advance.So, Colarossi purchased the then renowned Académie Suisse. This academy was established by the model and painter of miniatures Martin François Suisse (1781-1859) at 4, Quai des Orfèvres on the Île de la Cité, Paris in 1817. In 1858, Suisse had retired and left his academy to a nephew, while remaining an honorary professor. However, it was the artist Etiènne Prosper Crébassol (1806-1883) that soon took on the ownership, certainly the running, of the academy, renaming it l'Academie Suisse-Crébassol. Suisse died in 1859 at his home, 78 years old. Passe writes that in 1876, that the Ateliers de Dessin et de Peinture, were more-or-less limited to Julian's Academy in the Passage des Panoramas (see Crombie) and Crébassol's insufficient, little course in rue Gît-le-Cœur. He makes no mention of l'Académie Colarossi (see below), the renowned art school, so it is doubtful it had been established.Indeed, advertisements for the school did not appear in newspapers until 1882 and 1883. Furthermore, an article in Le Petit Journal, 1882, refers to "la nouvelle académie libre" Assertions of an earlier purchase date sometime around 1870, are made further implausible by the disruptions of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the Paris Commune (1871). It would seem that Crébassol had moved the school to No. 12, rue Gît-le-Cœur, 6th arrondisement, over the river from the Quai des Orfèvres. Passe further states that two years later in 1879 the aged Crébassol sold his studio to the Italian model and sculptor <mask> <mask> (1841-1906) for the sum of 500 fr. Crébassol was by this time 73 years old and was presumably no longer able and/or willing to maintain his academy any longer. He died at home in 1883.Colarossi first renamed his acquisition Academy of the Rose, later renaming it Académie Colarossi. In 1881, he transferred its premises to 10 rue de la Grande Chaumiere in Montparnasse (6th  arrondisement). where he had added six studios to his newly acquired rear courtyard premises behind a certain Miss Bonnefoy's grocery-store. He was also to establish annexes, for example, at  96 Rue Blanche (9th arrondissement), 13 Rue Washington (8th arrondissement), and, most prominently, at 43 Avenue Victor Hugo (16th  arrondissement). Colarossi Academy is up and running
Colarossi wanted his academy to be a progressive school where one could get training that was not available at the more conservative École. Women and men could share classes, and women were also allowed to draw and paint nude models, both male and female. Colarossi was from the start a firm believer in mixed classes as it was an advantage to both men and women to be able to watch, compare and discuss each other's work.There was no entrance exam, but there were fees to be paid. Here, equality between the sexes was less apparent. Most schools demanded higher fees of their female students, than their male counterparts. For example, to study at the Colarossi Academy, Rue de la Grande Chaumière the following fees applied in 1887:

 for men, one month, day 16 fr., evening 15 fr. for women, one month, day 20 fr., evening 20 fr

The usual explanation for the difference was that the attendance of women could not be relied upon. Women often remained for a month or two, but men tended to stay for years, many having the intention of seeking entry to the École des Beaux Arts. Most women were not studying professionally, so their luxury was set at a higher price.It must be remembered that only in 1897, after a long and heated campaign by activists, were women finally allowed to sit the L'École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris entrance exam and perhaps be one of the few to study there for free, albeit with some restrictions. In 1900 female students were admitted on a more-or-less equal footing with male students, though they were not allowed to enter the competition for the prestigious Prix de Rome until 1903.

Notable students of the academy included Paul Gauguin (1848–1903), Claude-Émile Schuffenecker (1851–1934), Helene

masks:
Filippo Colarossi
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Angelo Colarossi
Filippo
Filippo
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi


title: Filippo Colarossi

type: original

texts:
 Schjerfbeck (1862–1946), Camille Claudel (1864–1943), Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939), Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876–1907) and others. Colarossi's considerable experience and status as a leading model allowed him to recruit the best of models, many from his native Abruzze region in Italy. Penelope Little states that Colarossi actively enticed his impoverished countrymen to Paris where they could provide a constant and plentiful supply of affordable modelos. In 1880, a list of models in Paris recorded that of 671 models, 230 were Italian, the rest being of various nationalities. Italian models were not just admired for their looks, but also their tractability, ability to hold the pose for long periods and dedication. Their willingness to accept lower fees was also exploited.Colarossi's compatriots became very popular models for thirty or so years before their fortunes slowly began to wane due to the move from classicism to realism in art. Every Monday for many years there was a picturesque queue or throng of such models outside No. 10 known as Le Marché aux Modèles that extended from the academy's courtyard, through the passageway and well out into the street. Men, women and children sporting a variety of attire from mundane city rags to traditional costumes waited and hoped to find employment for the week knowing that they could receive more pay than in other schools. Colarossi also employed some of the best artists to teach at his academy. In the 1880s and 90s  for example, they included painters Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848–1884), Gustave-Claude-Etienne Courtois (1852–1923), Raphaël Collin (1850–1916), Louis-Auguste Girardot (1856–1933), René-Paul Schützenberger (1860–1916), Jean-André Rixens (1846–1925) and Édouard Debat-Ponsan (1847–1913). His sculptors included Alexandre Falguière (1831–1900), Jean Antoine Injalbert (1845–1933) and Alfred Boucher (1850–1934).These artists were academically trained, but did not impose any academic orthodoxy. They would visit twice a week to give their criticism on the work of each student. All students were taught by a number of teachers, and allowed to nurture any personal character or originality they might have. Colarossi did everything he could to ensure his own personal happiness and success. He believed that his academy was blessed from on high and was destined for glory. Since its first incarnation as Académie Suisse, many of its students, like Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) and the Impressionists, had become great artists. These, he believed, kept a protective eye on the academy from heaven.On Earth, he was proud of the fact that he had the pick of the best Italian models and talented teachers who took great pride in doing their utmost for the school. Thus, the living would also assure his academy's good fortune. Writing in 1889, French's view is more down-to-earth:   "The heads of the private schools, …, are not distinguished artists at all, but rather business men, managers of tact and address. <mask> is an Italian and was formerly a model in the art schools. He is a cordial, business-like man, and does some modelling in clay. His evening classes are much frequented." In reality, though <mask>'s academy became a great success, it was not all plain sailing.Writing in 1890, Harrison asserts that the academy was reduced to half its former size by the draining influence of its great rival, the Académie Jullien [recte Académie Julian], whose paid professors dominated the Salon and favoured Julian's 600-800 students. An artist in his own right
As hinted above, Colarossi also became an artist; no doubt availing himself of the excellent teachers at his own academy. Under the name of Philippe, or <mask>, <mask>, he exhibited sculptures at:

 The Salon of French Artists in Paris from 1882-89. Société des Amis des Arts du Département de Seine-et-Oise, 35e Exposition Versaillaise de 1888, Versailles
 Exposition Universelle de 1889, Paris. The Royal Academy Exhibitions of 1884 and 1888, London. The Grovesnor Gallery, London in 1884 and 1885

So, not only could he advise on posing the academy's models, he could now help to nurture his students' artistic talents. In 1889, a Miss B.-M. Ross who studied in Paris and exhibited at the Salon of 1889 says of Colarossi: "Our critics were among the best artists of France.Monsieur Callarossi [sic], at the head of the school, is a sculptor of some little note in Paris. His works appear year upon year at  the Salon. He rose from a model and has made himself universally beloved by the students by his sympathy with their work and his way of dealing. …" In 1884, Colarossi became a member of L'Association des Artistes, a non-profit foundation launched by Baron Isidore Taylor (1789–1879) in 1844 for the protection and assistance of artists. The association was one of the most prestigious bastions of the Beaux Arts and membership was a way of obtaining affirmation of one's artistic credentials and finding new contacts to further one's ambitions. Colarossi takes to two wheels
Colarossi's life was demanding, however he did find time for recreation. In the early 1890s, he developed a passion for cycling which was experiencing a boom resulting from several significant technical developments in bicycle design.In 1893, he and some of his students organised a 40 km, summer, bicycle race for painters, sculptors and architects under the patronage of Le Vélo and La Bicyclette newspapers. It came to be known as "La Course des Trois Arts". <mask> was the organising committee's treasurer, while artists Carolus Duran (1837–1917), Courtois and Alfred Philippe Roll (1846–1919)  were honorable presidents. The races were primarily for amateurs, but some professionals like Henri Farman (1874-1958) and G. Lambert also participated. Prizes such as medals, journal subscriptions and tyres could be won. In 1895, Colarossi offered a term at his academy as a prize. Though in his early fifties, in 1893 and 94, Colarossi paid the 5 francs entry and took part in the race.His finishing times are not recorded. He also took part, along with others, in a twelve hour, endurance match against the noted journalist and cycle racer Edouard de Perrodil (1860–1931)

For Colarossi, the bicycle may have had its quotidian uses in getting around Paris, as in 1895, he was spotted riding a bicycle through the Bois de Boulogne, not far from the his academy's premises on Avenue Victor Hugo. Not one to miss a celebration, Colarossi also attended the festive, post-race banquets that were held for participants and organisers after each race. His son, Ernest Flore, engraver and pupil of Paul-Edme Le Rat, was present in 1896. Colarossi and his academy continued to play an active, organisational role until the last Course des Trois Arts in 1898. The good life and decline
Inevitably, success changed Colarossi and he became something of a bohemian or bonvivant who cultivated the appearance of an aristocrat. The robust, hard-working model and renowned, art-school proprietor, began to stroll the boulevards, to frequent chic cafés and develop a penchant for English clothing.He indulged in those pleasures that Paris could offer those with money to spare and an easy conscience. Despite the fact that his academy was as popular and remunerative as ever, the high life of women and drink began to take its toll. But, it was Colarossi's betting on horses, with disastrous results, that forced him to close the academy's doors in the winter of 1901-1902. Duval reports that, "At the time of his death, the academy was and still is being run for the benefit of his creditors, according to the French law." On 19 March 1910, the financially embarrassed academy, was advertised as being for sale on 18 April for the sum of 10,000 francs. Seemingly, Colarossi's son Ernest found the necessary capital, as he is recorded as succeeding his father in Le Courrier, a daily journal of judicial and legal notices, also on 18 April. The academy certainly avoided closure as there were classes in November 1911, and Ernest is recorded as being very much in control of the academy in 1912.Various online sources state that <mask> (his second (?) wife) burned the academy's priceless archives in retaliation for her husband's philandering and that the academy subsequently closed in the 1920s or 30s. The first claim regarding the archive is entirely anecdotal reiteration and is not supported by any references. The dating of the academy's closure is simply incorrect. It was still open and very active in the 1940s and 50s. Notes

References

Italian sculptors
Italian artists'

masks:
Colarossi
Colarossi
Filippo
Colarossi
Colarossi
Madame Colarossi


title: Helene Rother

texts:
<mask> (1908–1999) was the first woman to work as an automotive designer when she joined the interior styling staff of General Motors in Detroit in 1943. She specialized in designs for automotive interiors, as well as furniture, jewellery, fashion accessories, and stained glass windows. She was posthumously inducted to the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2020. Early life
A native of Leipzig, Germany, <mask> studied art at the Kunstgewerbeschule (a school of applied arts) in Hamburg. It is also claimed that she studied at the Bauhaus, although the details of when this occurred remain unclear. No dates are available and some sources say she went to the Weimar Bauhaus (open 1919-1925) and some say Dessau, (open 1926-1932). Rother would move to Paris , where she designed both high fashion jewelry and popular miniature animal pins worn by women on hats and dresses prior to World War II.In 1932, Rother gave birth to her daughter, Ina <mask>, whose father would later be active in the French Resistance and on the run for years. <mask> fled from Nazi-occupied France together with her seven-year-old daughter Ina, to a refugee camp in northern Africa where they stayed for four months before finding passage on a ship and arrived in New York City on 11 August 1941. Career
<mask>'s first employment in New York was as an illustrator for Marvel Comics. In 1943, she moved to Detroit, Michigan, to work for General Motors. She joined the interior styling staff and was responsible for upholstery colors and fabrics, lighting, door hardware, and seat construction. Although she was Detroit's first woman automotive designer, it was downplayed at the time and her salary as reported in a newspaper was US$600 a month. At this time the average wage was $200 for a man."She was one of the few women to succeed in a man's job during an era when the vast majority of women couldn't even see a glass ceiling-it was hidden behind steel doors." In 1947, Rother established her own design studio in the Fisher Building, where she specialized in designs for automotive interiors, furniture, and stained glass windows. Her business was named Helene Rother Associates. In 1948 she published a technical paper with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) asking "Are we doing a good job in our car interiors" She participated in SAE conferences describing that much can be and should be done in improving automobile interior design and the materials used at that time, summarizing what determines quality in textiles "You get exactly what you pay for." Her presentation at the annual conference also marked the first time that a woman addressed the SAE. In 1949, The SAE Journal reported on Rother's work and her activities advocating women in the industry. They described her "efforts have encompassed items ranging from jewelry and accessories to several of today's automobiles, and quoted her that "even the Army is ahead of industry in employing the talents of women."Nash Motors

She was soon contracted by Nash Motors and styled the elegant interiors of most of the cars from 1948 to 1956. Even the economical Nash Rambler models were prominently promoted as "irresistible glamour" on wheels. The innovative  wheelbase Rambler was conceived initially as a well-appointed convertible with its interior designed with the aid of Rother as a consultant. Nash used a strategy to give the new Rambler a positive public image by avoiding it being seen by the public as a "cheap little car." It was "well-equipped and stylish" with no "stripped-down" versions. The focus on design and quality features helped establish a new segment in the automobile market, as the Rambler is widely acknowledged to be the first successful modern American compact car. <mask> designed the Rambler's interiors to appeal to the feminine eye knew because she knew what women looked for in a car and her designs featured elegant, stylish, and expensive fabrics that coordinated in colors and trim.The new 1951 Rambler models were also "given the custom touch" with fabrics and colors selected by Rother that "equaled the best of interiors in American luxury cars of the period." She toured the 1951 Paris Auto Salon, and was the first woman to address the Society of Automotive Engineers in Detroit. In 1953, Nash was awarded the Jackson Medal, "...since 1898, one of America's most sought-after awards," according to an advertisement, for excellence of design. Many Nash sales brochures and Rambler advertisements of the time featured the copy stating: "Styling by Pinin Farina and interiors by Madame <mask> <mask> of Paris" as proof of the European influence on company's automobile styling. She conferred with Pinin Farina, who styled the exterior of the 1953 Nash Airflytes, to coordinate with the interiors and new custom fabrics. In 1954, the Nash Ambassadors had a big feature: the completely new interior by Rother. That year, Nash merged with Hudson to create American Motors Corporation (AMC), but her influence on interior fashion in automobiles continued.Other work
Rother purchased a home on Chicago Boulevard in Detroit, with living quarters upstairs and a studio downstairs, where she continued other independent consulting work. Her clients included several tire manufacturing companies, as well as non-automotive firms. She was also responsible for designing the interiors of ambulances and hearses for Miller-Meteor. A sterling flatware pattern called "Skylark" was designed by <mask> for Samuel Kirk & Son, silver craftsmen firm since 1815, that the company issued from 1954 into the late-1980s. The Skylark brand and logo expired in 1997. Rother decided she wanted to begin producing art again so she went for a visit to Europe where she saw the struggle to restore or rebuild war-damaged churches and cathedrals. She also designed stained glass for churches in the US and had installations in the mid-1960s, mainly in Michigan.Examples include the Beverly Hills United Methodist Church in Beverly Hills, and the St. Lazarus Serbian Orthodox Cathedral in northeast Detroit with all thick "chunk" faceted glass, that was fabricated in France. In 1962, the St. James United Church of Christ in Dearborn, was dedicated featuring windows and the reredos designed by Rother. She also designed stained glass windows for a modern cathedral, Our Lady Queen of Peace, in Harper Woods, Michigan. She used  thick pieces of glass, which consisted of twelve elongated triangular frames that merged at the top of the circle. The glass was selected and fabricated into small pieces by a family group of craftsmen in Buche, a suburb of Paris, before being shipped from France for final assembly during the construction. Rother remains relatively unknown in the world of stained glass as women who designed stained glass, either independently or under a major studio name, were for the most part unrecognized at the time. In her later years, Rother also spent time on her horse farm near Metamora, Michigan.Legacy
In 1953, Tide, a magazine covering the sales and advertising industry and trends, wrote: "a most attractive woman, whom I have thus encountered along the periphery of advertising is Madam <mask> Rother — pretty and vivacious enough to serve as a prototype of Parisian women. She is an industrial designer with an impressive record." According to automotive historian Patrick Foster, Rother is one of the important people in the automotive industry who have been overlooked or forgotten. She was not the first woman to work in styling; however, "she was an early pioneer and one of the best." Rother has been identified as the "patron saint" of the Las Vegas Concours d'Elegance and a bust inspired the design of the award trophies. In 2020, her contributions were recognized by the Automotive Hall of Fame for "her influence on the styling and design of vehicle interiors." Notes

References

American automobile designers
General Motors designers
American Motors people
American women in business
American automotive pioneers
German emigrants to the United States
Artists from Leipzig
Nash Motors people
Industrial designers
Bauhaus alumni
1908 births
1999 deaths
People from Lapeer County, Michigan
Glass artists
General Motors people
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American people

masks:
Helene Rother
Rother
Ann Rother
Rother
Rother
Rother
Helene
Rother
Rother
Helene


title: Eddie Tolan

texts:
Thomas Edward "<mask><mask> (September 29, 1908 – January 30/31, 1967), nicknamed the "Midnight Express", was an American track and field athlete who competed in sprints. He set world records in the 100-yard dash and 100 meters event and Olympic records in the 100 meters and 200 meters events. He was the first non-Euro-American to receive the title of the "world's fastest human" after winning gold medals in the 100 and 200 meters events at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In March 1935, <mask> won the 75, 100 and 220-yard events at the World Professional Sprint Championships in Melbourne to become the first man to win both the amateur and professional world sprint championships. In his full career as a sprinter, Tolan won 300 races and lost only 7. Early years
<mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, one of four children. Tolan's father was <mask>.The family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah when <mask> was young, and moved again to Detroit, Michigan in 1924, when <mask> was 15 years old. <mask> later recalled, "My father read about better opportunities for Negroes here, so he packed up Mom and the four kids and we came here." Cass Tech High School
<mask> attended Cass Technical High School in Detroit where he was an outstanding football player and sprinter. While at Cass Tech, Tolan set state records in the 100 and 220-yard dashes. While still in high school, Tolan ran the 100-yard dash in 9.8 seconds and the 220-yard dash in 21.5 seconds. At age of 16, <mask> was a member of a two-man team from Cass Tech that won the 1925 National Interscholastic indoor meet in Chicago. He won his first sprint double at the state meet as a sophomore, and in 1927 he won the 100 and 220-yard dashes at the National Interscholastic Championship at Soldier Field in Chicago.Despite his accomplishments as a sprinter, <mask>'s first love was football, and he often said "the six touchdowns he scored in one game as a 131-pound quarterback at Detroit's Cass Tech High School was his greatest thrill, rather than his double win in the Olympics." University of Michigan

Football
Tolan was recruited by several major universities as a football player, but he chose the University of Michigan. There are differing accounts as to why <mask> never played on the varsity football team at Michigan. According to a published account in The Detroit News in 2002, Tolan joined the freshman football team as a freshman in 1927. At that time, no African-American had played on Michigan's varsity football team since George Jewett in the 1890s. Tolan was initially allowed to play, but on the third day of practice, the freshman football coach told him, "Some of the coaches are disagreeing on your chances. Some of them think that you shouldn't be allowed to play football.I'd be tickled to have you but I'm afraid I'm going to be outvoted." The Detroit News noted, that the freshman coach was outvoted: "They took away <mask>'s football uniform and handed him a track suit in exchange." Other accounts indicate, it was an injury that prevented Tolan from playing football at Michigan. An Associated Press story on Tolan in 1958 stated: "He would have been a football great as a quarterback, had a knee injury in his junior year in high school not forced him to channel all his energies to track." In his obituary, the Associated Press reported that the coaches at Michigan "talked the pint-sized speedster into going out for track." <mask> was also quoted as saying, "The track team did a lot more traveling then, so I saw the opportunity to travel on a Pullman and see the country." Big Ten and world sprint champion

At Michigan, Tolan ran track under the mentorship of two of the great sprinters of their generations.Michigan's head coach, Steve Farrell, was considered "the greatest professional footracer this country has ever known" in the 1880s and 1890s. And Michigan's assistant coach Charles B. Hoyt, who took over from Farrell in 1930, was rated "America's best sprinter" in 1913, but lost his opportunity to compete in the 1916 Olympics due to World War I. Coaches at Michigan weren't supportive in the face of racism <mask> faced while traveling, and even told him he'd be the last black athlete on the team if he complained. As a sophomore in May 1929, <mask> broke the Big Ten Conference record and tied the world's record for the 100 yard dash with a time of 9.6. Press coverage starting with this world record run, and throughout his career, focused on three features – Tolan's race, his eyeglasses, and his short stocky build. <mask> was one of the first African-Americans to have success in sprinting, and he raced with eyeglasses taped to his head. Various accounts put his height anywhere from 5 feet, 4 inches, to 5 feet, 7 inches.One writer noted that <mask> "looks like a church deacon." Another writer described <mask>'s appearance this way:

<mask>, known as the 'Midnight Express,' was  tall and weighed . He smiled often, raced while chewing gum, and could be easily identified by a bandage around his left knee to protect an old football injury. In addition he wore horn-rimmed glasses held in place with adhesive tape. <mask>'s gum-chewing became part of his routine. He chewed gum before a race to relieve stress. After accidentally running with the gum in his mouth, Tolan found that he was chewing in sync with his stride.<mask> later began chewing gum as part of his routine, chewing the gum faster when he needed to accelerate his leg movements. At the Big Ten championships in May 1930, <mask> broke the world's record in the 100-yard dash with a time of 9.5. <mask>'s performance was accepted by the International Amateur Athletic Federation as the new official world's record. Seven weeks after breaking the world's record in the 100-yard dash, <mask> also broke the world's record in the 100 meters race. Competing in Vancouver, British Columbia, <mask> shaved two-tenths of a second off the record with a time of 10-1/5 seconds. Track officials in Vancouver announced after the race, that Tolan's record-setting performance was "all the more remarkable in the fact that he ran uphill, the finish mark being thirty inches higher than the starting point." <mask>'s world-record performances in 1930 brought him international fame, as he became known as the "Midnight Express."In May 1931, <mask> again broke the world's record in the 100 meters event with a time of 10.3 seconds in Vancouver. Southern California sprinter Frank Wykoff jumped to a slight lead, but <mask> came from behind to pass Wykoff at the 100-yard mark. <mask> graduated from the University of Michigan in 1931. Double gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics

Lead-up to the Olympics

After graduating from Michigan, <mask> enrolled at West Virginia State College, where he did "graduate work preparatory to teaching and coaching at a Negro institution." Early in 1932, <mask> was not running at his prior level. Despite the slow start, Dean Cromwell, Chairman of the All American Board of Track and Field, predicted great things for Tolan in his column on 1932's "Olympic Prospects." Cromwell wrote of Tolan:

Just as spring warms into summer Tolan slides from the class of mediocre sprinters to that of the champions.He is a slow starter, but when the weather gets warm so does <mask>, and off he goes. While press reports regularly referred to <mask> as "stocky," Cromwell took issue with that characterization:

<mask> is now 24 years of age, five feet six inches tall and weights about 130 pounds. Although he has always been termed 'stocky' by the press, a comparison of his weight and height will show that he cannot properly be so styled. He is well muscled, though, and in action gives the impression of great running power, with his arms and legs working smoothly and strongly in a machine piston-like manner. The Olympic trials were held at Stanford University, and Ralph Metcalfe won both the 100 and 200 meters finals, with <mask> finishing second to Metcalfe in each case. The results meant that the top two American sprinters in the 1932 Olympics would for the first time be African-Americans. As a result, much of the press attention focused on race.Los Angeles Times sports columnist Braven Dyer wrote: "Metcalfe and <mask> make the ace of spades look positively pale by comparison … But how these boys can run … And they figure to do even better here than they did at Palo Alto because it's warmer now and they enjoy the heat." 100 meters race
The 100 meters contest at the 1932 Olympics was one of the closest races in Olympic history. <mask> broke the Olympic record in the first heat of the second round with a time of 10.4 seconds, but Metcalfe remained the favorite. In the finals, Japanese sprinter Takayoshi Yoshioka jumped out to a four-yard lead after 40 meters. <mask> passed Yoshioka at the 60 meter mark and had a two-yard lead over Metcalfe at the 100-yard mark. But Metcalfe passed Tolan at the tape and appeared to the crowd to be the winner. Sports writer Maxwell Stiles described the last strides as follows:

His powerful legs churning wildly, Metcalfe swept down upon little Tolan like an avenging angel full of fury.<mask>, his left knee in an elastic bandage and his glasses taped to his head near his ears, dug in for one last desperate stride in his effort to hold the lead. Just at the tape, Metcalfe rushed past <mask> and was well ahead a yard beyond the finish. Almost everyone thought Metcalfe had won. It was hours later, after review of films taken with a "Kirby two-eyed camera," that officials were able to declare <mask> the winner with a time of 10.3 seconds. The films showed that <mask> and Metcalfe hit the finish line in a dead heat, but <mask> was declared the winner, because he had his entire torso past the line on the ground before Metcalfe. 200 meters race

The 200 meters race was held on the fourth day of competition, and this time the race was not close, as <mask> beat Metcalfe easily with an Olympic record time of 21.2 seconds – four-tenths of a second better than the prior record of 21.6 seconds. <mask> stumbled slightly with three yards to go, but righted himself and finished with a four-foot lead.With double wins in the 100 and 200 meters contests, <mask> was dubbed the "world's fastest human." <mask> was the first African-American to have that distinction, and press coverage of his Olympic wins focused on his race. The Associated Press called him the "spectacled little American Negro" and "the dusky little thunderbolt." Braven Dyer referred to him as "the stubby colored boy," and noted that "the chunky Detroit Negro" had defeated Arthur Jonath of Germany, "the white-skinned Teuton." Another writer described how the "little black man with horn-rimmed glasses" crossed the finish line, being chased by "a white man of America, George Simpson," and "a brother black, Ralph Metcalfe." Commentators also noted, that the only other two sprinters to win double gold in the 100 and 200 meters races were also University of Michigan athletes, Ralph Craig and Archie Hahn. Reaction to Tolan's Accomplishments
After the sprint competition concluded, a reporter interviewed <mask> and Metcalfe in their shared room at the Olympic Village.When Metcalfe teased <mask> for being lucky, <mask> replied, "Yeah, I had it all right – but it's 'bout time, Ralph; first little ol' luck I had in eight years!" Still in bed at noon wearing pajamas and with a stocking cap on his head, Tolan said he was "in the best condition of my life when the 200 meters final started," and he vowed to give his gold medals to his mother. Back in Detroit, Mayor Frank Murphy appointed a reception committee to meet Tolan at the train station, and Michigan Governor Wilber M. Brucker declared September 6, 1932 as "Eddie Tolan Day" throughout the state. The governor issued a proclamation stating that Tolan had "brought honor to our commonwealth" and encouraging communities throughout the state to arrange ceremonies "as an expression of Michigan's pride in his achievement." <mask>'s mother noted, that she was proud of her son's accomplishments. She noted that, though she had worked hard as the sole provider for the family, it was worth it. She added, "If my menfolk could only find jobs I could ease up a bit and a mighty big worry would be off <mask>'s mind."In April 1936, <mask>, along with many other sports champions and stand outs, were honored at a banquet in Detroit, MI. This Banquet was the first celebration of Champions Day. Vaudeville and hard times

Less than six months after winning Olympic gold medals and the title of the "world's fastest human," Tolan garnered national press when he fell on hard times. Syndicated columnist William H. Beatty wrote that "the heady wine of victory has turned overnight to vinegar" for Tolan. <mask> noted that, when he was met at the train station by a welcoming committee, his half-brother was collecting waste paper in the grass of the park in front of the train station. Tolan noted that his half-brother was "luckier than I am," because he had a job. His parents had both been unemployed for many months, and it was not until January 1933 that Tolan was able to get a low-paying job as a filing clerk in a county office.<mask>'s lifetime dream of becoming a physician was waning, as he had been "unable to make enough to support himself and his parents." Desperate to earn a living, <mask> "walked the streets of many cities, seeking work," and even briefly appeared in vaudeville in 1932 with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. They made a good team; <mask> had set world records for running forwards, and Robinson had set world's records for running backwards: 50 yards backward sprint (6 seconds), 75 yards backwards sprint (8.2 seconds), and 100 yards backwards sprint (13.2 seconds). Because of his brief appearance in vaudeville, the Michigan Amateur Athletic Association stripped Tolan of his amateur status in June 1933. And in April 1934, <mask>'s bad luck continued as an automobile he was driving struck and seriously injured an 80-year-old pedestrian. Professional sprinting career
In November 1934, <mask> took a leave of absence from his job as assistant county registrar of deeds to compete in the Australian sprint program, a series of five professional races, including the Stawell Gift handicap. <mask> returned in April 1935 after having set new Australian records of 21.5 seconds in the 220-yard dash on a full curve track and 7.5 seconds for the 75-yard dash.He won the 75, 100, and 220-yard events at the World Professional Sprint Championships in March 1935 in Melbourne, and became the first man to win both the amateur and professional world sprint championships. In his full career as a sprinter, <mask> won 300 races and lost only 7. Throughout his career as a sprinter, Tolan worked by a simple creed: "Start fast, run easily, stay in your lane and finish strong." Civil service and teaching career
After returning from Australia, <mask> returned to his job in Detroit as a clerk to the Register of Deeds. Tolan worked at a variety of jobs in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1956, <mask> became a school teacher in physical and health education. He taught at the Irving Elementary School on Detroit's West Side for several years.Death and family
<mask> never married. In 1965, <mask>'s kidneys failed, and he was required to undergo weekly dialysis treatments for the rest of his life. In 1967, <mask> died from heart failure at age 58 at Detroit's Mt. Carmel Hospital, while undergoing one of his weekly treatments. At the time of his death, Jesse Owens paid him tribute in Jet magazine:

When I was in high school, <mask> and Ralph (Metcalfe) were my idols. <mask> and I later became close friends. I used to live in Detroit and every time I'd go back <mask> was one of the first ones I'd look up.<mask> was survived by his sisters, June Brown and Martha Lombard, and a brother, Hart H<mask>. Though the two never met, <mask> was also a cousin of former Major League Baseball player <mask>. <mask> is interred at United Memorial Gardens in Plymouth, Michigan. Honors and awards
In 1958, <mask> was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. He was one of the first 18 persons inducted. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1980. Only 17 individuals were inducted into the Hall before Tolan.<mask> was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. <mask> was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1982. See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor

References

1908 births
1967 deaths
African-American male track and field athletes
American male sprinters
Cass Technical High School alumni
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Vaudeville performers
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Track and field athletes from Salt Lake City
Track and field athletes from Denver
Track and field athletes from Detroit
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
West Virginia State University alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Eddie
" Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Thomas Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Eddie Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Eddie
Tolan
Eddie
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
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Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
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Eddie
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Eddie
Eddie
Eddie
Tolan
. Tolan
Tolan
Bobby Tolan
Eddie Tolan
Tolan
Tolan
Eddie Tolan


title: Linda Medalen

texts:
<mask> (born 17 June 1965) is a former Norwegian footballer. She is one of Norway's most celebrated former footballers, finishing her international career with 152 caps, scoring 64 goals. She was on the Norway team that won the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup. She played most of her career in Norway with Asker Fotball, and retired in 2006, at 41 years old. She also spent seven seasons in Japan with Nikko. She started her career as a striker, but as her career progressed, she moved further back on the field, and was playing toward the end of her career in central defence. Apart from playing football, <mask> worked as a police officer.In 2007, she was elected to serve as a local politician in Asker municipality council for the Conservative Party. Medalen is openly lesbian, coming out in a Se og Hør article in June 1999. On 16 June 2012, Medalen married Trude Flan. She stands at . Club career
In August 2000 Medalen revealed that she was considering an approach from the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), following contact from the nascent American professional league's vice president of playing personnel Lauren Gregg. Medalen was sent-off at half-time in the 2001 Norwegian Women's Cup final, for slapping away Gøril Kringen's hand during a disagreement. The disappointment from Asker's 3–2 defeat was compounded as the final was intended to be <mask>'s farewell appearance before her retirement from football.In the 2003 Toppserien Medalen returned to Asker as a player-coach. In 2006 41-year-old <mask> made another playing comeback and was selected for Asker's 3–2 Norwegian Women's Cup final defeat by Røa IL. International career
Medalen made her debut for the Norway women's national football team on 7 October 1987, in a 1–0 1989 European Competition for Women's Football qualifying defeat by Denmark women's national football team at the Ullevaal Stadion. At the 1988 FIFA Women's Invitation Tournament, Medalen scored her first two national team goals in her fourth appearance; Norway's opening 4–0 win over Thailand in Jiangmen. She scored again in a 3–0 win over Australia, then scored the only goal in the final win over Sweden at the Tianhe Stadium in Guangzhou. Medalen was named to the tournament All-Star team. Norway rebounded from their qualifying defeat by Denmark to qualify for the 1989 European Competition for Women's Football tournament.<mask>'s first-minute goal in the 2–1 semi-final win over Sweden helped set up a final meeting with the West German hosts in Osnabrück, but reigning European champions Norway were beaten 4–1. At UEFA Women's Euro 1991, <mask>'s Norway reached the final again but were beaten by Germany, this time 3–1 after extra-time. This placing secured qualification for the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China. <mask> scored six goals, including two in the semi-final win over Sweden and an equaliser in the 2–1 final defeat by the United States. She was awarded FIFA's "Bronze Ball" as the tournament's third best player. In Norway's opening UEFA Women's Euro 1993 qualifying fixture, <mask> scored four times in a 10–0 win over Switzerland. At the UEFA Women's Euro 1993 final tournament Norway recaptured their European title, beating hosts Italy 1–0 in the final.In UEFA Women's Euro 1995 Norway missed out on a fifth successive final appearance, being eliminated in the semi-finals by Sweden, 7–5 on aggregate, despite <mask>'s second-leg goal in Jönköping. <mask> was an important player in the Norway team which won the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup in Sweden. At the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States, <mask> was Norway's captain. She also had a new role as a central defender, having struggled to adapt to incoming coach Per-Mathias Høgmo's possession-based tactics for his forwards. Medalen felt she had sufficiently recovered from a ligament injury to participate at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was disappointed when Høgmo disagreed and left her out. She was also disappointed at the withdrawal of her Norwegian Football Federation central contract worth 3500kr per month: "it was like getting a knife in the back".Personal life
Medalen came out as a lesbian in an interview with the Se og Hør gossip magazine in 1999, declaring: "I love a girl, it's not worse". She brought her partner Kristin Bitnes to that year's FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States, but the couple separated after eight years together in 2006. Medalen was part of an exceptionally strong Norwegian women's football selection at the 2002 Gay Games in Sydney. Medalen met dance instructor Trude Flan in 2010 and the two were married two years later. Medalen announced their separation in January 2022. In 1997 Medalen posed with a carefully-positioned football for semi-nude photographs in Se og Hør. It has been reported as evidence of sexism that Medalen earned 70000kr for the photographs but stood to earn only 27500kr if she had won that year's UEFA Women's Championship with Norway.Her cousin Rune <mask> played football for Tippeligaen clubs Bryne FK and Viking FK. In 2020 Medalen participated in the "Mesternes mester" () reality television programme, screened on NRK. In 2011 she had appeared in another reality television series, 71 Degrees North. TVNorge apologised to Medalen after broadcasting images of her topless without her consent. During her football career, Medalen was relatively outspoken. She enjoyed Norway's rivalry with the United States team, frequently exchanging "trash-talk" with her friend Michelle Akers. While her habit of scoring important goals against neighbours Sweden saw Medalen ruefully nicknamed "Svenskdöderskan" () in Sweden.

masks:
Linda Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen
Medalen


title: Kurt Fiebig

texts:
<mask> (29 February 1908 – 12 October 1988) was a German composer, church musician and professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. Life and career
Fiebig was born in Berlin as the son of a military musician. His parents, whose father was an oboist in the 2nd Guards Regiment on Foot, brought him into contact with music at an early age. From the age of six he received piano lessons and accompanied his father to the violin. He attended the traditional Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster up to the Abitur. Fiebig gained important musical impressions as a choirboy in the  under Hugo Rüdel. He returned from a concert tour of this choir in Switzerland with the decision to learn to play the organ and to become a church musician.In the church of St. Bartholomew in Berlin, he received lessons in music theory, harmony and counterpoint from the church musician Rudolf Fischer for which he was well known. Fiebig taught himself how to play the organ and soon performed large parts of the organist's duties. From 1925 onwards, Fiebig received instruction in artistic organ playing from Fischer's friend, church music director Arnold Dreyer. Johann Sebastian Bach, and became Dreyer's assistant at the church of St. Georgen near Alexanderplatz. From 1923 to 1929, i.e. from the age of fifteen, Fiebig worked part-time as organist in the Berlin-Moabit cell prison. In 1925, after consulting Georg Schünemann, Fiebig took private lessons in counterpoint and harmony with Karol Rathaus, a Franz Schreker student, in order to prepare himself for composition studies at the university.Rathaus attested him in a report from November 1927 "musical and theoretical abilities that go far beyond the ordinary and give rise to the best hopes". He had "especially [...] made progress in counterpoint." Fiebig's church music influence was obvious; Rathaus writes:

"He grew up in the church, and it speaks for the genuineness of his personality that his stylistic changes, which mark his young path, are all borne by this childhood experience and – in a higher sense – are likely to give direction to Fiebig's further development. " Rathaus suggested to Fiebig that he study with Karl Straube at the Leipzig Conservatory (today University of Music and Theatre Leipzig), a centre of church music. However, Fiebig decided to attend the Berlin Berlin University of the Arts and to study with Franz Schreker, who was particularly respected in Fiebig's eyes as a composer and teacher. Fiebig initially belonged to the Schreker class at the Hochschule, but still studied in 1932/33 in the master class for composition led by Schreker at the Prussian Academy of Arts. Fiebig attended the college from October 1926 to July 1927 and from October 1928 to July 1931; his teachers also included Curt Sachs (instrumental studies), Max Seiffert (early music) and George Szell (score playing).The interruption arose because <mask> was seeking a church music degree alongside his university studies. He only partially passed the examination for organists and choral conductors in January 1928 before an examination board chaired by Hans Joachim Moser and Wolfgang Reimann, with a weak point seen precisely in subjects in which he excelled at college: In theory and composition. At the Hochschule, <mask>hn Prize for composition. He had submitted two chamber works: a trio for flute, violin and harpsichord and a sonata for viola and piano (the Duo for piano and viola). Schreker issued a handwritten certificate to his pupil in December 1932, probably at the conclusion of the studies:

"Highly recommend my student <mask>. He is a quite excellent musician, highly gifted as a composer, a very good organist and piano player, conscientious and diligent.He will fully fill his place in any position in the field of his ability. Schreker." In fact, Schreker trusted Fiebig's abilities, even on his own account. He entrusted him with the preparation of the piano reduction for his opera Der Schmied von Gent, which was published by Universal Edition in Vienna. Around 1930, Fiebig achieved his first public successes as a composer. In 1931, for example, his music for orchestra was presented at an event of the Internationale Gesellschaft für Neue Musik (IGNM) in Bad Pyrmont. He received commissions for stage music from the Konzerthaus Berlin and established contacts with radio stations.He composed commissioned radio play music, cantatas and organ pieces. Works of chamber music were heard in the programme Musik von heute. Work for radio continued until 1938, but was hampered by the latent suspicion of musical Bolshevism after the National Socialist seizure of power. There is a retrospective statement about Fiebig's relationship with his teacher Schreker, which was reproduced in a Hamburg district newspaper in 1954:

"The four to six students who made up his Schreker's class were as different from each other as possible. Schreker never made the slightest attempt to impose a particular compositional style on us. With admirable objectivity, he directed each one in the way that suited his idiosyncrasy.". Such respectful remarks are made by a pupil whose pre-study imprint was by no means Schreker's and who, during his studies, was seized by the church-musical spirit of optimism that can hardly be associated with Schreker's personality and œuvre.Fiebig's rootedness in Protestant Christianity, influenced by the contemporary currents of the twenties, led to a decided turning away from Art for art's sake. "I have never liked composing without a commission. [ ... ] We no longer believe that art should be pursued 'for its own sake'," he later explained. With the turn away from the late Romantic, the turn towards liturgy and modal tonality, a renewal of church music began around 1930, for which Fiebig was enthusiastic. Like other representatives of this movement, he looked to Paul Hindemith as a role model. Hindemith had held a composition class alongside Schreker at the Berlin Hochschule since May 1927. Fiebig would have liked to switch to Hindemith in 1928 – or thereafter.Feelings of loyalty to Schreker, however, kept him away. He considered it such a great honour to be allowed to study with Schreker that he could not have expressed his wish openly at the time. With a fellow student under Schreker, Fiebig formed a singing circle that rehearsed the compositions written under Schreker – motets, choral movements, Lieder and canons – and certainly judged them from a different perspective than Schreker. From 1933 to 1936, Fiebig, who married in 1934 and became the father of three sons, was cantor and organist at St. Elisabeth in Berlin. In 1936, he followed a call to Quedlinburg as cathedral organist and at the same time became a lecturer at the church music school in Aschersleben, which was moved to Halle/Saale in 1938. In 1937, compositions by Fiebig, who belonged to the German Christians, were performed at the Festival of German Church Music in Berlin. In 1941, Fiebig took over the direction of the Evangelische Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Halle, which he retained after the end of the war.During this time, he wrote numerous choral and organ works for use in church services, as well as larger cantatas such as the Hallische Kantate vom Wort Gottes, which was premiered with the choir of the church music school in Halle in 1939. Tired of organisational tasks, Fiebig left the GDR in 1951 and went to Hamburg. There, he worked as a church musician at the Gnadenkirche in St. Pauli (1951–1968) and at the church of St. Ansgar in Langenhorn (1969–1974). From 1960 to 1980, he was a lecturer and professor of composition and ear training at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. During the time of his move from Halle to Hamburg, he composed one of his major works, the St Mark Passion for two choirs a cappella and soloists. In Hamburg, Fiebig composed further church music: the Easter Oratorio, the Advent Oratorio (Annunciation), the choral cantata Wie nach einer Wasserquelle, the Messe Media Vita, the song cycle Jahrkreis der Liebe and the cantata Et unam sanctam, to name only the most important. Even during his last ten years in retirement, Fiebig did what he had done almost every Sunday since his youth: he took over organ substitutions and accompanied oratorio performances on the harpsichord."<mask>, a pupil of Schreker, does not shy away from seeing himself as a successor to Paul Hindemith," reads a tribute to his 75th birthday; Fiebig himself described Hindemith as the "greatest living composer" of the 1920s and even placed him above Béla Bartók, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schönberg..

<mask>'s older sister  was a well-known actress, his sister , who was married to the National Socialist mayor of Cologne , was a journalist and writer whose poems Fiebig set to music. Fiebig died in Jenfeld at the age of 80. Work
 1930: Duo für Klavier und Bratsche. Dedicated to Rudolph Schmidt
 1939: Hallische Kantate vom Wort Gottes. For solos, mixed choir, orchestra and organ. 1950: St Mark Passion. For soli and mixed choir a cappella
 1954: Easter Oratorio.Based on the last chapter of the Gospel of Luke, for 3 soloists (evangelist [baritone], tenor and bass) and 3 choirs a cappella. 1954/55: Jahrkreis der Liebe song cycle after poems by Ricarda Huch
 1955: Wie nach einer Wasserquelle. Choral cantata for soprano, alto and baritone solo, mixed choir, flute, oboe, bassoon, string orchestra and organ. 1957: Advent Oratorio (The Annunciation). Based on the 1st chapter of the Gospel of Luke (verse 5–80), for solos, mixed choir and organ. 1957: Et unam sanctam. Cantata for soprano, tenor and baritone solo, 4- to 6-part mixed choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 trumpets, trombone, timpani, string orchestra and organ.1965: Du meine Seele, singe. Paul Gerhardt Cantata for soli, choir, orchestra and organ. 1966: Gib dich zufrieden und sei stille. Paul Gerhardt Cantata for soprano, alto and baritone solo, mixed choir, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, 2 trumpets, timpani, string orchestra and organ. References

Further reading
 Selbstbildnisse schaffender Kirchenmusiker IV, in Musik und Kirche, 1948, p. 11 Oft. Herbert Glossner: Gedenkblatt für <mask>ig, in Musik und Kirche, 1/1998 (January/February)
 Hans Joachim Moser: Die evangelische Kirchenmusik in Deutschland, Berlin, Darmstadt 1954, pp. 292ff.Johannes Piersig: Zum Schaffen von <mask>, in Musica XI, 1957, pp. 701ff. Sources
This article by Angelika <mask>-Dreyer is courtesy of the Berlin University of the Arts, taken from Franz Schrekers Schüler in Berlin, Biographical contributions and documents; writings from the UdK archive, vol. 8, 2005, . The entire estate of <mask>ig is in the archive of the UdK Berlin. External links

 <mask>ig-Werke-Verzeichnis (wird fortgesetzt)
 Rainer Noll: Zum 75. Geburtstag von <mask>ig

German composers
20th-century hymnwriters
1908 births
1988 deaths
Musicians from Berlin

masks:
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Fiebigsso
Kurt Fiebig
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fiebig
Fiebig
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fieb
Kurt Fieb


title: Earl Old Person

texts:
<mask> (Blackfeet names , "Cold Wind", and , "Charging Home"; April 13, 1929 – October 13, 2021) was an American Indian political leader and the honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfeet Nation () in Montana, United States. Early years
Born on  April 13, 1929, on his family's land, known as Grease Wood, near Starr School, Montana on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, <mask> was a full-blooded member of the Blackfeet tribe, the son of Juniper and <mask>. He was raised along with many siblings. He went to elementary school in the community of Starr School, Montana, and graduated in 1947 from Browning High School in Browning, Montana. He credited his success in life to his parents, who continually encouraged him to try hard and to excel in school. He was raised in a traditional manner, of the last generation to speak the Blackfoot language as his first language, only learning English when he reached elementary school. He learned many traditional Blackfeet stories, songs, and dances, his memory helping preserve the Blackfeet culture decades later."He had this, kind of, genius-type ability to hear Indian music and store that in his mind, and just hear it once." His family said that each day his parents greeted their children with the words "IItahmiskinatoonii niipowaht iikakiima", meaning "good morning, get up, try hard",  or "Jump up! Try!" His childhood home lacked central heat and indoor plumbing,  but he lived within what remained of the horse culture of the Blackfeet people. "I grew up on horseback; always bareback, I never used a saddle. I spent a lot of time around livestock." His musical skill and dancing ability led to public performances.In 1936, when he was only seven years old, the Browning High School basketball team earned its first trip to the state tournament in Great Falls and <mask> performed at halftime. At age nine, he traveled to Cleveland and New York City for six weeks, where he performed traditional Blackfeet song and dance at schools, colleges and civic organizations as part of an effort to raise funds to build a new church on the reservation. As a teenager, he played basketball for Browning High School, keeping his long braids in spite of pushback from his coaches and harassment from opposing players. He said of the experience, "I had fun over it." A highlight of his teen years was a 1947 trip to Moisson, France, to attend the 6th World Scout Jamboree, where out of over 24,000 participants, he was the only Native American in attendance. He brought his father's tepee and set it up as his campsite. Leadership career

In 1950, <mask> got a job in the tribe's land office, where one of his jobs was to be an interpreter for Blackfeet people who did not understand or speak English.At the time, only about one-fifth of the Blackfeet tribal members were considered full-blooded, and the tribe, like many others, was viewed as a candidate for termination. <mask> was encouraged by tribal elders to enter politics, and was elected in 1954 to his first term as a member of his tribe's governing body, the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council, as the youngest person ever elected to the post. He was first elected tribal chairman in 1964 and served as chair for 16 of the subsequent 22 two-year terms between 1964 and 2008. He continued as a member of the tribal council until he retired in 2016, serving in elected office longer than any other elected official in Montana history. He was also the longest-serving elected tribal official in America. In July 1978, <mask> was appointed honorary lifetime Chief of the Blackfeet Nation. He considered this the greatest honor ever bestowed upon him.The last principal chief of the Blackfeet Nation, White Calf, had died in Washington, D.C., in 1903. His son, James White Calf, born about 1858, succeeded to the title and lived to be well over 100, dying in 1970. Several years later, the family of James White Calf formally bestowed the tribal chieftainship upon <mask>. He also was inducted into the 40-member honorary Kainai Chieftainship in Canada. The Siksika Nation noted in a 2021 press release that <mask> had been inducted into the chieftainship "several decades ago" for "his work and dedication towards the indigenous people of North America." <mask>’s advocacy included promoting legislation that included the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, which protected access to traditional Native sites and religious freedom. He was president of the National Congress of American Indians from 1969 to 1971.The organization formed in 1944 in part to combat the U.S. government's termination and assimilation policies of the time. Among his accomplishments, he served on a committee that founded the nation's first tribally owned bank. He also was a member of a significant number of civic and governmental organizations, including president of the Affiliated Tribes of the Northwest and was named Outstanding Indian of the Year in 1977 by the Chicago Indian Council. Though he was not identified with either US political party, he was asked to speak at the 1988 Republican National Convention. In 1993, <mask> delivered the first-ever State of the Indian Nation address to the Montana Legislature. In the course of his career, he met every U.S. president from Harry Truman to Barack Obama. He was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to attend the 1978 Commonwealth Games, where he met members of the British royal family and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.He also traveled to Tehran in 1971 as part of a celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire. There, he inadvertently broke a 1,000-year tradition that the Shah of Iran was never to stand at the request of someone else when <mask> gave a speech and asked Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to join him. Though he never attended college, <mask> promoted higher education and, in 1991, the University of Montana endowed a scholarship in his name for Blackfeet students. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1994 from the University of Montana in Humane Letters. In 1998, he was awarded the Jeannette Rankin Civil Liberties Award by the American Civil Liberties Union of Montana. In 1999, he was the first person awarded the University of Lethbridge's Christine Miller Memorial Award for Excellence in Native American Studies. In 2007, he was inducted into the Montana Indian Hall of Fame.In retirement, <mask> began an Archives Project to preserve Blackfeet Tribal Governmental documents. He also worked to preserve Blackfeet History and Culture to teach young members about their ancestors through his leadership of the Charging Home Society for Pikuni Education and Cultural Preservation Program. Recognizing the importance of the knowledge he had absorbed over his lifetime, he made a point to record as many songs and stories as he could for future generations. <mask> worked to preserve the culture and language of the Blackfeet nation. He personally could remember many traditional stories and songs that had otherwise been forgotten. John Murray, the Blackfeet Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, explained, "<mask> stayed close to it and he's been an advocate for promoting the language and was able to retain them songs. So when the culture started coming back, they would go to him... he was a repository for that type of music."Death and legacy
On October 13, 2021, <mask> died from cancer in Browning at the age of 92. Following a four-hour funeral, he was buried in his family plot at Grease Wood. Just as the White Calf family made the decision to pass the title of chief on to <mask> <mask>, but after several years had passed, in turn the <mask> family will decide if, when, and who might be appointed as the next chief. Until that decision is made, the Blackfeet Nation will not have a chief. US Senator Jon Tester stated, "Chief <mask> was a fierce advocate for the Blackfeet Nation and all of Indian Country for his entire life, and the world is a better place because he was in it." Montana Governor Greg Gianforte ordered flags in the state to be flown at half staff in <mask>'s honor. At the University of Montana's fall 2021 commencement ceremony, a moment of silence was held for <mask>, and the Rawhide Orchestra played a warrior society song to honor <mask>, who for more than 25 years had performed a traditional honor song at UM commencements to recognize graduates.A $300,000 endowment established in November 2021 to support the annual Kyiyo Pow Wow at the University of Montana is named after <mask>, as is a scholarship at Blackfeet Community College. References

External links
Interview of <mask> <mask> by Norma Ashby

1929 births
2021 deaths
People from Glacier County, Montana
Native American leaders
Blackfoot people

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title: Beryl Bainbridge

texts:
Dame <mask>  (21 November 1932 – 2 July 2010) was an English writer from Liverpool. She was primarily known for her works of psychological fiction, often macabre tales set among the English working class. <mask> won the Whitbread Awards prize for best novel in 1977 and 1996; she was nominated five times for the Booker Prize. She was described in 2007 by Charlotte Higgins as "a national treasure". In 2008, The Times named <mask> on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Allerton, Liverpool and brought up in nearby Formby. Her parents were <mask> and Winifred Baines.Although she gave her date of birth in Who's Who and elsewhere as 21 November 1934, she was born in 1932 and her birth was registered in the first quarter of 1933. When German former prisoner of war Harry Arno Franz wrote to her in November 1947, he mentioned her 15th birthday. She enjoyed writing, and by the age of 10 she was keeping a diary. She had elocution lessons and, when she was 11, appeared on the Northern Children's Hour radio show, alongside Billie Whitelaw and Judith Chalmers. <mask> was expelled from Merchant Taylors' Girls' School (Crosby) because she was caught with a "dirty rhyme" (as she later described it), written by someone else, in her gymslip pocket. She then went on to study at Cone-Ripman School, Tring, Hertfordshire (now Tring Park School for the Performing Arts), where she found she was good at history, English and art. The summer she left school, she fell in love with a former German POW who was waiting to be repatriated.For the next six years, the couple corresponded and tried to get permission for the German man to return to Britain so that they could marry. But permission was denied and the relationship ended in 1953. Subsequent years
In the following year (1954), Bainbridge married artist Austin Davies. In 1958, she attempted suicide by putting her head in a gas oven. The two divorced soon after, leaving Bainbridge a single mother of two children. Bainbridge spent her early years working as an actress, and she appeared in one 1961 episode of the soap opera Coronation Street playing an anti-nuclear protester. She later had a third child by Alan Sharp, the actress Rudi Davies (born 1965).Sharp, a Scotsman, was at the start of his career as novelist and screenwriter; <mask> would later let it be thought that he was her second husband; in truth, they never married but the relationship encouraged her on her way to fiction. To help fill her time, Bainbridge began to write, primarily based on incidents from her childhood. Her first novel, Harriet Said..., was rejected by several publishers, one of whom found the central characters "repulsive almost beyond belief". It was eventually published in 1972, four years after her third novel (Another Part of the Wood). Her second and third novels were published (1967/68) and were received well by critics although they failed to earn much money. She wrote and published seven more novels during the 1970s, of which the fifth, Injury Time, was awarded the Whitbread prize for best novel in 1977. In the late 1970s, she wrote a screenplay based on her novel Sweet William.The resulting film, starring Sam Waterston, was released in 1980. From 1980 onwards, eight more novels appeared. The 1989 novel, An Awfully Big Adventure, was adapted into a film in 1995, starring Alan Rickman and Hugh Grant. In the 1990s, Bainbridge turned to historical fiction. These novels continued to be popular with critics, but this time, were also commercially successful. Among her historical fiction novels are Every Man for Himself, about the 1912 Titanic disaster, for which <mask> won the 1996 Whitbread Awards prize for best novel, and Master Georgie, set during the Crimean War, for which she won the 1998 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Her final novel, According to Queeney, is a fictionalized account of the last years of the life of Samuel Johnson as seen through the eyes of Queeney Thrale, eldest daughter of Henry and Hester Thrale.The Observer referred to it as a "...highly intelligent, sophisticated and entertaining novel". From the 1990s, <mask> also served as a theatre critic for the monthly magazine The Oldie. Her reviews rarely contained negative content, and were usually published after the play had closed. Final years
In 2003, <mask>'s grandson Charlie Russell began filming a documentary, <mask>'s Last Year, about her life. The documentary detailed her upbringing and her attempts to write a novel, Dear Brutus (which later became The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress); it was broadcast in the United Kingdom on 2 June 2007 on BBC Four. In 2009, <mask> donated the short story Goodnight Children, Everywhere to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Her story was published in the "Air" collection.<mask> was the patron of the People's Book Prize. <mask> was still working on The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress at the time of her death. The novel, which was based on a real-life journey <mask> made across America in 1968, is about the mystery girl reputed to have been involved in the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The novel, which was published in May 2011 by Little, Brown, was edited for publication by Brendan King, whose biography <mask> <mask>: Love by All Sorts of Means was published in September 2016. Death

<mask> died on 2 July 2010, aged 77, in a London hospital after her cancer recurred. Confusion over her birth year resulted in some reports giving her age at death as 75. She is buried in Highgate Cemetery.Honours and awards
In 2000, <mask> was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). In June 2001, she was awarded an honorary degree by the Open University as Doctor of the University. In 2003, she was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature together with Thom Gunn. In 2005, the British Library acquired many of <mask>'s private letters and diaries. In 2011, she was posthumously awarded a special honour by the Booker Prize committee. Mark Knopfler included a song titled "Beryl" dedicated to her and her posthumous award on his 2015 album Tracker. In 2016, a Blue Plaque was unveiled at the house she resided in while growing up in Formby.Bibliography

Novels
A Weekend with Claude (1967)
Another Part of the Wood (1968)
Harriet Said... (1972)
The Dressmaker (US title The Secret Glass) (1973) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Bottle Factory Outing (1974) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, won the Guardian Fiction Prize
Sweet William (1975)
A Quiet Life (1976)
Injury Time (1977) - winner, Whitbread Prize
Young Adolf (1978)
Another Part of the Wood (revised edn) (1979)
Winter Garden (1980)
A Weekend with Claude (revised edn) (1981)
Watson's Apology (1984)
Filthy Lucre (written as a teenager in 1946 but published 1986)
An Awfully Big Adventure (1989) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Birthday Boys (1991)
Every Man for Himself (1996) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, winner of the Whitbread Prize
Master Georgie (1998) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
According to Queeney (2001)
The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress (2011)

Short story collections
Mum and Mr Armitage (1985)
Collected Stories (1994)
Northern Stories Vol. 5 (co-editor with David Pownall)  (1994)

Non-fiction
English Journey, or The Road to Milton Keynes (1984)
Forever England: North and South (1987)
Something Happened Yesterday (1993)
Front Row: Evenings at the Theatre (2005)

References

External links

 Guardian interview
 "Author page" at The Guardian
 <mask> <mask> Criticism (Vol. 131)
 <mask> <mask> biography

 The Oldie Magazine
 "<mask> <mask>, Mordant Novelist, Is Dead at 77", The New York Times, 2 July 2010
 <mask> <mask>: 1932 – 2010, Thought Catalog
 The Man Booker Prize: Special Prize for Beryl Bainbridge
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography audio podcast  –- issued in January 2014 (find under literary listings)

1932 births
2010 deaths
British Book Award winners
Deaths from cancer in England
Costa Book Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
David Cohen Prize recipients
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Novelists from Liverpool
People educated at Merchant Taylors' Girls' School
People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
People from Formby
Writers from Liverpool
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English women writers
English women novelists
Burials at Highgate Cemetery

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Beryl Margaret Bainbridge
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title: Kavus Torabi

texts:
<mask> (born 5 December 1971 in Tehran, Iran) is a British Iranian musician and composer, record label owner and broadcaster. A multi-instrumentalist, he is known for his work in the psychedelic, avant-garde rock field (primarily as a guitarist). <mask> was one of the founding members of The Monsoon Bassoon (as singer, guitarist and one of the two primary composers), was a member of cult psychedelic rock group Cardiacs, and fronts and plays guitar for the current lineup of legendary psychedelic band Gong. <mask> also leads his own group Knifeworld and is a member of Guapo, The Holy Family and The Utopia Strong. He sometimes tours and records with Mediæval Bæbes and Rob Crow, and frequently collaborates with other notable artists working in left-field music. Musical style

<mask> is reluctant to be pegged as a particular stylist, and his music has always drawn on a wide variety of influences. These have included indie and alternative rock (Pixies, Shudder to Think, XTC), British and American art/progressive rock (Cardiacs, Henry Cow, Yes, Hatfield and the North, Don Caballero), folk music, minimalist music, various forms of hard rock and heavy metal (Voivod, Melvins) and many others.His compositions are often typically dense, polyrhythmic and based in the lydian mode. History and main musical projects

<mask> was born in Iran to an Iranian father and an English mother. His family moved to Plymouth, UK, when he was eighteen months old; originally planning to return once his father had made sufficient money, but ending up settling permanently following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran. "Most" of <mask>'s relatives remain in Iran, but he himself has never returned. <mask> remembers that his family were not particularly musical (although his mother knew a few guitar chords) but that he himself was interested in music from an early age (in particular the music from TV shows). <mask> taught himself music by inventing his own form of notation and using it to score out the theme from CHIPS. When he was seven, his family bought a piano and he used it as a compositional tool – already writing songs of his own, he showed little interest in learning those of others.From 1980, he became interested in pop music (initially becoming inspired by Brian Setzer and the Stray Cats) and began teaching himself how to play guitar. Eight years later, aged sixteen, he discovered his main musical touchstone in the form of Cardiacs, although in the interim he had taught himself more about music by sequential obsessions with various other bands and music forms. One of Torabi's most cherished memories is of being given a satchel by BBC broadcaster and newsreader Fiona Bruce. Die Laughing (1988–1993)

Torabi's first significant band was Die Laughing, formed in 1988. This was a psychedelic/thrash metal group formed in Torabi's native Plymouth in which he played guitar and in which he first met his close friend and collaborator, Dan Chudley. (Chudley – a fellow guitarist and singer – has been part of Torabi's life for most of his musical career, and the two are noted for their interlocking, highly complex guitar style.) Die Laughing released three demos before they eventually split in 1993.The Monsoon Bassoon (1994–2001)

In 1994, Torabi reunited with Chudley, who had been playing in a band called Squid Squad since the previous year. The two formed a new band called The Monsoon Bassoon, in which they were joined by bass player Laurie Osbourne and two more Squid Squad members (singing clarinet/flute/sax player Sarah Measures and drummer Jamie Keddie). Their musical – an energetic and tuneful form of psychedelic math rock – was built around <mask> and Chudley's singular compositions. The group soon relocated from Plymouth to Leyton, East London and began to gain underground attention, releasing recordings on their own Weird Neighbourhood Records label. Despite scoring several Single of the Week awards in New Musical Express, the Monsoon Bassoon failed to get signed to a larger label or make a significant commercial breakthrough, although they did receive critical acclaim and a cult following for their unorthodox approach and sound. The band released a lone, well-regarded studio album (I Dig Your Voodoo) and five singles, and split up in 2001 following the exit of Keddie. Many of the band's recordings remain unreleased.Cardiacs (2003–2020)

Since the mid-1990s <mask> had had a close working relationship with Tim Smith (lead singer and songwriter for Cardiacs), who produced the majority of The Monsoon Bassoon's recordings. Having been Cardiacs' guitar technician since around 1995, <mask> joined the band as second guitarist in 2003 (replacing Jon Poole). His first appearance with Cardiacs was at their now legendary three-date Garage concerts (at which they played only archive material from their first two cassette releases, although he was not publicly revealed as a full member until the next round of concerts. <mask> featured on the two songs released on Cardiacs' 2007 single, Ditzy Scene (for which he also wrote the lyrics). He also contributed to recordings for a subsequent album tentatively titled LSD (which remains unreleased). Cardiacs suspended activities in 2008 following the hospitalisation of Tim Smith, and the line-up remained on hold during his period of illness. Cardiacs finally split up following the death of Smith in July 2020.Knifeworld (circa 2002–present)

Knifeworld is Torabi's current main band. Originally a solo project, it has since become a full band . Knifeworld originated from around the time of the Monsoon Bassoon's breakup, but only released its first material eight years later following a long recording period. Knifeworld is currently Torabi's main compositional vehicle, in many ways continuing ideas and approaches to polyrhythmic songwriting and arrangements that were germinated in The Monsoon Bassoon. Guapo/The Holy Family

<mask> joined the instrumental avant-psychedelic/progressive rock band Guapo as permanent guitarist in 2006. He has toured extensively with the band, and has co-written all albums since 2013. In 2021 the band (while retaining the same lineup) took on a new identity as The Holy Family, releasing an eponymous debut album in July of that year.Mediæval Bæbes

<mask> regularly plays guitar and cuatro as a recording and touring musician and occasionally writes with the Mediæval Bæbes. Believers Roast

<mask> started the label Believers Roast in 2009, initially as a platform to release his own music, however since the release of 2010's The Leader Of The Starry Skies it has released music Torabi feels particularly strongly about, including The Gasman, Thumpermonkey and Redbus Noface. Collaborations with Steve Davis (The Interesting Alternative Show, The Utopia Strong, DJ work)

Between 2010 and 2018 Torabi co-presented "The Interesting Alternative Show" with former snooker player Steve Davis on Brentwood radio station Phoenix FM. The show focussed largely on experimental, avant-progressive, psychedelic, electronic, folk and rock music with an emphasis on new releases. Guests included Daevid Allen, Chris Cutler, Charles Hayward, Bob Drake, Sanguine Hum and Stars In Battledress. During, and subsequent to, the broadcast of The Interesting Alternative Show, <mask> and Davis worked together presenting live public DJ sets, including an appearance at the 2016 Glastonbury Festival. <mask> and Davis subsequently formed an electronic music band called The Utopia Strong (in which Torabi plays guitar and harmonium, Davis plays modular analog synthesizer and Coil associate/Holy Family member Michael J. York plays pipes, drones, synthesizers and electronics) Their first album "The Utopia Strong" was released on 13th September 2019 and has been followed by a series of three live recordings available as digital downloads and limited edition vinyl issues.Other musical projects

Further work with Dan Chudley (Miss Helsinki, Authority, Hatchjaw & Bassett)

Since the breakup of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> has maintained an ongoing (if interrupted) musical relationship with Dan Chudley, resulting in several other projects. The first of these was Miss Helsinki, a more straightforward rock band which recorded a couple of tracks and played a few acoustic gigs in 2002. The band failed to find a steady lineup (despite assistance from Richard Larcombe from Stars In Battledress and from Monsoon Bassoon drummer Jamie Keddie) and consequently folded. <mask>, Chudley and Keddie worked together again when they formed another rock band, Authority, in 2005 (the lineup was completed by Craig Fortnam of North Sea Radio Orchestra on bass). Authority recorded several songs and played live over the next two years, but never released anything beyond a couple of MySpace uploads. The band split in 2007 due to the various members' other commitments and Chudley's move to Cornwall. <mask> and Chudley have worked on another project together – the instrumental Hatchjaw & Bassett, which Chudley has described as "acoustic spiritual music".This project has not released any records, although a video featuring the duo and their music has appeared on YouTube. Work with Spider Stacy (2001–2003)

Before the split of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> toured as guitarist with former Pogues member Spider Stacy's group, Wisemen (which also featured other ex-Pogues). After line-up changes, the group became The Vendettas. <mask> co-wrote and produced an album with Spider in 2003, but the project was shelved in the wake of the Pogues' reunion that year. <mask> has subsequently expressed an interest in releasing the album on his own Believer's Roast label. Admirals Hard

<mask> is a member of Admirals Hard, an occasional "sea-shanty supergroup" made up of members of London math-rock bands and avant-garde folk groups (Stars in Battledress, Tunng, Max Tundra, Foe and The Monsoon Bassoon) and fronted by singer Andy Carne. <mask> plays mandolin and guitar (and sings backing vocals) for the group.Chrome Hoof

He played guitar with Chrome Hoof between 2009 and 2010 (contributing to the 2010 album Crush Depth). Discography

Studio albums
Hip to the Jag (2020)

Extended plays
Solar Divination  (2018)

References

External links

Iranian guitarists
People from Tehran
1971 births
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Plymouth College
Gong (band) members
21st-century guitarists

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title: Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Earl of Liverpool,  (7 June 1770 – 4 December 1828) was a British Tory statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827. He held many important cabinet offices such as Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. He was also a member of the House of Lords and served as leader. As prime minister, Liverpool called for repressive measures at domestic level to maintain order after the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. He dealt smoothly with the Prince Regent when King George III was incapacitated. He also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars. He favoured commercial and manufacturing interests as well as the landed interest.He sought a compromise of the heated issue of Catholic emancipation. The revival of the economy strengthened his political position. By the 1820s he was the leader of a reform faction of "Liberal Tories" who lowered the tariff, abolished the death penalty for many offences, and reformed the criminal law. By the time of his death, however, the Tory party, which had dominated the House of Commons for over 40 years, was ripping itself apart. Derry says he was:

Important events during his tenure as prime minister included the War of 1812 with the United States, the Sixth and Seventh Coalitions against the French Empire, the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, the Peterloo Massacre, the Trinitarian Act 1812 and the emerging issue of Catholic emancipation. Scholars rank him highly among all British prime ministers, but he was also called "the Arch-mediocrity" by a later Conservative prime minister the Earl of Beaconsfield (Benjamin Disraeli). Early life
Jenkinson was baptised on 29 June 1770 at St. Margaret's, Westminster, the son of George III's close adviser Charles Jenkinson, later the first Earl of Liverpool, and his first wife, Amelia Watts.Jenkinson's 19-year-old mother, who was the daughter of a senior East India Company official, William Watts, and of his wife Begum Johnson, died from the effects of childbirth one month after his birth. Through his mother's grandmother, Isabella Beizor, Jenkinson was descended from Portuguese settlers in India; he may also have been one-sixteenth Indian in ancestry. Jenkinson was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford. In the summer of 1789, Jenkinson spent four months in Paris to perfect his French and enlarge his social experience. He returned to Oxford for three months to complete his terms of residence, and in May 1790 was created Master of Arts. In 1797, the then Lord Hawkesbury was the cavalry commander of the Cinque Ports Light Dragoons who ran amok following a protest against the Militia Act at Tranent in East Lothian; twelve civilians were killed. Author James Miller wrote in 1844 that "His lordship was blamed for remaining at Haddington, as his presence might have prevented the outrages of the soldiery."Jenkinson was appointed a Colonel of militia in 1810. Early Career (1790-1812)

Member of Parliament
He won election to the House of Commons in 1790 for Rye, a seat he would hold until 1803; at the time, however, he was below the age of assent to Parliament, so he refrained from taking his seat and spent the following winter and early spring in an extended tour of the continent. This tour took in the Netherlands and Italy; at its conclusion he was old enough to take his seat in Parliament. It is not clear exactly when he entered the Commons, but as his twenty-first birthday was not reached until almost the end of the 1791 session, it is possible that he waited until the following year. House of Commons
With the help of his father's influence and his political talent, he rose relatively fast in the Tory government. In February 1792, he gave the reply to Samuel Whitbread's critical motion on the government's Russian policy. He delivered several other speeches during the session, including one against the abolition of the slave trade, which reflected his father's strong opposition to William Wilberforce's campaign.He served as a member of the Board of Control for India from 1793 to 1796. In the defence movement that followed the outbreak of hostilities with France, Jenkinson, was one of the first of the ministers of the government to enlist in the militia. He became a Colonel in the Cinque Ports Fencibles in 1794, and his military duties led to frequent absences from the Commons. His regiment was sent to Scotland in 1796, and he was quartered for a time in Dumfries. His parliamentary attendance also suffered from his reaction when his father angrily opposed his projected marriage with Lady Louisa Hervey, daughter of the Earl of Bristol. After Pitt and the King had intervened on his behalf, the wedding finally took place at Wimbledon on 25 March 1795. In May 1796, when his father was created Earl of Liverpool, he took the courtesy title of Lord Hawkesbury and remained in the Commons.He became Baron Hawkesbury in his own right and was elevated to the House of Lords in November 1803, as recognition of his work as Foreign Secretary. He also served as Master of the Mint (1799–1801). Cabinet

Foreign Secretary
In Henry Addington's government, he entered the cabinet in 1801 as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in which capacity he negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with France. Most of his time as Foreign secretary was spent dealing with the nations of France and the United States. He continued to serve in the cabinet as Home Secretary in Pitt the Younger's second government. While Pitt was seriously ill, <mask> was in charge of the cabinet and drew up the King's Speech for the official opening of Parliament. When William Pitt died in 1806, the King asked <mask> to accept the post of Prime Minister, but he refused, as he believed he lacked a governing majority.He was then made leader of the Opposition during Lord Grenville's ministry (the only time that <mask> did not hold government office between 1793 and after his retirement). In 1807, he resumed office as Home Secretary in the Duke of Portland's ministry. War Secretary
Lord <mask> (as Hawkesbury had now become by the death of his father in December 1808) accepted the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in Spencer Perceval's government in 1809. Liverpool's first step on taking up his new post was to elicit from General Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington) a strong enough statement of his ability to resist a French attack to persuade the cabinet to commit themselves to the maintenance of his small force in Portugal. Prime Minister (1812-1827)

When Perceval was assassinated in May 1812, George, the Prince Regent, successively tried to appoint four men to succeed him, but they were unable to form ministries; <mask>, the Prince Regent's fifth choice for the post, reluctantly accepted office on 8 June 1812. The cabinet proposed <mask> as his successor with Lord Castlereagh as leader in the Commons but after an adverse vote in the Lower House, they subsequently gave both their resignations. The Prince Regent, however, found it impossible to form a different coalition and confirmed <mask> as prime minister on 8 June.Liverpool's government contained some of the future great leaders of Britain, such as Lord Castlereagh, George Canning, the Duke of Wellington, <mask>, and William Huskisson. Liverpool is considered a skilled politician, and held together the liberal and reactionary wings of the Tory party, which his successors, Canning, Goderich and Wellington, had great difficulty with. War

Congress of Vienna

Liverpool's ministry was a long and eventful one. The War of 1812 with the United States and the final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars were fought during <mask>'s premiership. It was during his ministry that the Peninsular Campaigns were fought by the Duke of Wellington. France was defeated in the Napoleonic Wars, and Liverpool was appointed to the Order of the Garter. At the peace negotiations that followed, Liverpool's main concern was to obtain a European settlement that would ensure the independence of the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal, and confine France inside its pre-war frontiers without damaging its national integrity.To achieve this, he was ready to return all British colonial conquests. Within this broad framework, he gave Castlereagh a discretion at the Congress of Vienna, the next most important event of his ministry. At the congress, he gave prompt approval for Castlereagh's bold initiative in making the defensive alliance with Austria and France in January 1815. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon - who had briefly escaped exile and returned to rule France - at Waterloo in June that year, many years of peace followed. The Corn Laws

Home trouble
Inevitably taxes rose to compensate for borrowing and to pay off the national debt, which led to widespread disturbance between 1812 and 1822. Around this time, the group known as Luddites began industrial action, by smashing industrial machines developed for use in the textile industries of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. Throughout the period 1811–1816, there were a series of incidents of machine-breaking and many of those convicted faced execution.Agriculture remained a problem because good harvests between 1819 and 1822 had brought down prices and evoked a cry for greater protection. When the powerful agricultural lobby in Parliament demanded protection in the aftermath, Liverpool gave in to political necessity. Under governmental supervision the notorious Corn Laws of 1815 were passed prohibiting the import of foreign wheat until the domestic price reached a minimum accepted level. Liverpool, however, was in principle a free-trader, but had to accept the bill as a temporary measure to ease

masks:
Robert Banks Jenkinson
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Robert Peel
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