title: John Horse

texts:
 little guilty for having been instrumental in the treachery that took Osceola off the field and led to that chief's death. However he could not overcome political resistance in Washington where pressure was growing to reverse his grant of freedom to the blacks who came in voluntarily. Perhaps in response to <mask>'s advocacy, Jesup traveled to Indian Territory himself (he was now Quartermaster General for the entire U.S. Army) to arrange for the construction of new facilities at Fort Gibson, the army's headquarters in the Territory.While there he compiled a list of all those who had surrendered under his order and validated it. He also offered them work on the grounds of Fort Gibson on a construction project he had initiated. As a result, large numbers of Seminole blacks left the two Seminole settlements, Deep Fork and Little River, to re-settle outside the fort's walls under army protection. Once the work was done, however, the blacks chose to remain because of the ongoing predations of Creek, Cherokee and so-called half breed slave catchers, creating yet another flash point of contention with the army and the slaver gangs. <mask>, himself, was attacked by unknown assailants at one point, thought to have been members of the pro-Creek Seminole faction and came close to death from the bullet he took, but the would-be assassins were never located. After the incident, the officer in charge at Fort Gibson invited <mask> and his family to take up residence inside the fort, which he did, giving up the claim he had staked out in the Indian area. The tensions extended to the Seminole Indian sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, an Alabamian with land holdings back east and connections in Washington.His brother, William Duval, was also a connected attorney at nearby Fort Smith in Arkansas. The Seminole sub-agent hoped to profit with the restoration of the Seminole blacks' slave status and angled incessantly to bring it about. He also began objecting to what he deemed the army's unauthorized protection of the Seminole blacks, including allowing them to remain in their makeshift settlement under Fort Gibson's walls. Slavery again...? Some time after <mask>'s return from his second mission to Washington, and Jesup's own visit and subsequent return east, <mask>. Mason, US Attorney-General at the time, was designated by President James K. Polk to rule on the legitimacy of Jesup's emancipation of the former Seminole slaves. The demand for such a ruling was being pushed by Duval and his allies and urged by his brother, the attorney William Duval, who had been retained by the Seminole tribal council, at the sub-agent's urging, to reclaim their rights to their former slaves. <mask>, a southerner, ruled that, since most of the Black Seminoles were descendants of fugitive slaves and thus legally still considered born into slavery, Jesup's decree had illegally deprived their Seminole owners of their legal property and could not be endorsed by the government.Thus the very reason many of the blacks had agreed to come in peacefully, and which had so seriously undermined the Seminoles' fight to remain in Florida, was suddenly and retroactively revoked. Seminole practice in Florida had acknowledged slavery, though not on the chattel slavery model then common in the American south. It was, in fact, more like feudal dependency since slaves of the Seminole generally lived in their own communities, carried weapons and hunted and fought beside the Seminole they were nominally owned by. In fact, except for the obligation of the blacks to join in hunting and war parties, and to supply an annual tribute of crops to the tribal chief for the general welfare of the tribe, there was little effective difference between how the Seminole lived and the lives of their nominal slaves. This changed in the course of the Second Seminole War when the old tribal system broke down under the pressure of the fighting and the Seminole resolved themselves into loose war bands living off the land with no distinction between tribal members and their so-called slaves. But this changed yet again in the new territory when the Seminole were obliged to settle on fixed lots of land and take up settled agriculture. At that point the chattel slave model adopted by their Creek cousins and other displaced tribes in the region took on more attraction for many of the Seminole.Their increasing poverty, due to the poor land they had been given and their own farming inexperience also made regaining a source of slave labor attractive to them (since the blacks were generally better farmers and craftsmen than their "owners"). The Seminole sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, became a tireless advocate for restoration of alleged Seminole property rights over their former allies in the field, a restoration he apparently hoped to turn to his own benefit as much as to the Indians'. With Mason's reversal of Jesup's wartime decree, those who had been freed by Jesup now suddenly found their status reversed, as Duval and the pro-Creek Seminole demanded their return to Seminole service, only now as chattel slaves. A new open season by the raiders from nearby groups and towns was about to commence as more than 280 Black Seminoles, including <mask>'s own family, were now at risk again. Duval, who had slave interests of his own, then effectively procured a decision from Washington that would force the blacks living under the army's protection at Fort Gibson to return to the settlements of those Indians who were now deemed their legal owners. The Indian sub-agent had, in fact, already worked out an agreement with the pro-Creek faction within the Seminole tribal council to provide a large number of the re-enslaved blacks to his lawyer brother in payment for legal services rendered on their behalf in Washington in pursuit of their property rights over the Seminole blacks. He and his brother apparently hoped to turn a profit by claiming so many of the new slaves, either to work on their family holdings back in Alabama or for sale on the open market.The stage was thus set for a major crisis as the army received orders to evict the blacks then sheltering under Fort Gibson's walls and force their return to enslavement under the Seminole, now headed up by the pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery as practiced back east. <mask>, with all his options exhausted and even the government and its army turned against him, faced a decision. Migration
Although the army generals were friendly to <mask> and his interests, they were bound by their duty. The War Department, from whom the army took its direction, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs were now arrayed against the interests of the Seminole blacks. <mask> soon found himself allied with Coacoochee again as the two fought a rear guard action to halt the rise of the pro-Creek leadership among the Seminole and the loss of freedom for the Seminole blacks. The two men wrangled with the various generals who quickly succeeded one another while the generals, themselves, played a delaying game with their Washington superiors. Eventually, however, Micaonopy's death ended the stalemate and the army could no longer delay evicting the ad hoc black settlement around the fort and sending its people back to certain enslavement.<mask> took charge of the exodus from Fort Gibson but, instead of taking his people to the site Duval the Indian agent had selected for them close by his agency, <mask> and another ally, the black scout Toney Barnet, settled them at a place on the Little River he named Wewoka farther from the Creek and the Seminole agency than Duval had counted on. Settling in, they set up defenses against the gangs of slavers who quickly flocked around the black settlement. <mask> and Barnet settled on a plan which involved getting Marcellus Duval out of the way by inducing him to head off to Florida on a temporary mission which he thought would redound to his interest. To facilitate his agreement to make the trip, Barnet, also affiliated with the Seminole, offered to serve as scout and translator. (Barnet had reasons of his own for remaining behind since he was working to free his son who had been enslaved by two Cherokee brothers on Cherokee land within Indian Territory.) While Duval was gone with Barnet, <mask> speedily concluded a pact with his old friend Coacoochee (disaffected because of his failure to be selected to replace Micanopy) and the two of them led an exodus from Wewoka, and Indian Territory in general, in the dead of night. They led over a hundred blacks including men, women and children, and at least as many fleeing Seminole, out of the lands they had been placed on by the government, heading south across the Red River into Texas.There they began a dash across that vast state which would take them nearly a year, eventually incurring pursuit by Duval's slavers (dispatched after he had returned and discovered their flight) and the Texas Rangers who had been authorized by the Texas governor to recapture and return them to their Seminole owners (and to Duval who had placed a bounty on each man, woman and child). From October 1849 until the summer of 1850, <mask> and Coacoochee led the migration south, picking up a troop of disgruntled Kickapoo Indians along the way, and facing the war arrows of the Comanche who considered Coacoochee's presence in their territory an affront. The Comanche may have known of an agreement Coacoochee had concluded with representatives of the Mexican government to gain land on which to live once in Mexico in exchange for his service on the border repelling Texan and Comanche raiders. Racing to the border
After a pitched battle with the Comanche, the fleeing party had to cross a desert region, meeting up with an old adversary, Major <mask>. Sprague, at the springs of Las Moras just north of the Mexican border. That encounter is described in Sprague's own journals which he compiled to document an expedition of supply wagons he led across southern Texas to resupply the outpost at today's El Paso (then the town of Franklin). Sprague had been a young captain back in Florida and had known both <mask> and Wild Cat there, having been involved in the latter's initial and then his final surrender. The three men sat into the night reminiscing and drinking from a bottle of liquor Sprague had supplied.But some time in the early morning hours the Indians learned that someone from the army camp had secretly gone to a nearby town to alert the Texas Rangers of their presence. Whether Sprague, himself, was implicated remains unknown. In the pre-dawn hours <mask> and Coacoochee woke their people and secretly departed the camp at Las Moras to make a last desperate dash to the Rio Grande. There they built makeshift rafts to ferry their people across. They were still hard at it, only midway across the river, when the Rangers and their allies abruptly arrived. But it was too late and the Seminole and their black allies, with the Kickapoo who had joined them, got across and made contact with officials in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There, in return for a pledge to fight all invaders and raiding parties from Texas, they were given land for their people and captaincies in the Mexican army on or about  July 12, 1850.Older life
<mask> liked to drink and at one point after crossing back into Texas he allowed himself to get too drunk and was taken captive by some local whites who may have known him or had a grudge against him. They offered to ransom him back to his people and Coacoochee collected the gold they demanded and sent it to them for <mask>'s life. When they opened the bag they found the gold soaked with blood. It was Coacoochee's message to them and they fled. For several years <mask> and Coacoochee rode side by side in fulfillment of their contract with the Mexican government but Coacoochee soon died from smallpox and most of the Seminole and Kickapoo who had followed him drifted away. <mask> remained with his people and became the settlement's de facto leader. After the American Civil War and United States emancipation of slaves, the US Army recruited many of the Black Seminoles from Mexico to serve in the border states as scouts.<mask> was getting too old for that kind of active service although he remained titular leader of his people, still captaining their fights against the various raiding parties which descended on Mexico from the north. In one famous incident he returned with his men to find that a large Indian raiding party had attacked his settlement and captured many of his people in retaliation for his actions against them in his capacity of providing border security. Leading all the able bodied men he could find (about forty, including teenage boys) he took off after the Indians. The raiders tried to draw the Seminole blacks into a canyon but <mask>, sensing the trick, ordered a halt and dismounted his men. He had been a wily commander back in Florida and still possessed a well-developed perceptive faculty for this sort of thing. When the Indians lying in wait within the canyon saw that the blacks were not deceived by their ruse, they made a head-on frontal assault against the black force. <mask>'s men had only single load rifles, mostly of vintage type, and when they had discharged their first volley it failed to turn the Indians who just kept coming at them.As the men scrambled to reload their weapons, <mask> stepped out in front of his men and leveled his own empty weapon at the oncoming chief, taking deliberate and careful aim. He had always been a crack shot and the Indians knew it. When the chief saw <mask>'s rifle directed straight at him he lost his nerve and swerved his horse, all those behind following him, thus breaking the charge and giving <mask>'s men and boys time to complete their reload. In the end, the Indians fled and <mask>'s Seminole blacks retrieved their people. As <mask> aged, though, many of his people migrated back across the Texas border to work for the U.S. Army as scouts. These men and their families settled near Fort Clarke in what is now Brackettville. Death
In his seventies, <mask> faced another crisis when local land owners tried to take the land the Mexican government had originally given to the Seminole settlers.<mask>gos, still reside in Coahuila today. See also
Gaspar Yanga

Notes

References

Further reading
 Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001)
 Katz, William Loren, "Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage" (New York City, New York: Atheneum, 1986)
 Turso, Betty, "<mask>: Florida's First Freedom Fighter", (Charleston, SC: CreateSpace,2014),

External links
 "<mask>", BlackPast.org
 <mask> website

Native Americans of the Seminole Wars
Black Seminoles
People from Micanopy, Florida
People of Spanish Florida
People from Kinney County, Texas
1812 births
1882 deaths
African-American military personnel
Native American military personnel
Fugitive American

masks:
John
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Y
John Mason
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
John Horse
John Horse
Horse
John T
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse
John Horsesco
John Horse
John Horse
John Horse


title: Miya Masaoka

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1958, Washington, DC) is an American composer, musician, and sound artist active in the field of contemporary classical music and experimental music. Her work encompasses contemporary classical composition, improvisation, electroacoustic music, inter-disciplinary sound art, sound installation, traditional Japanese instruments, and performance art. She is based in New York City. <mask> often performs on a 21-string Japanese koto (musical instrument), which she extends with software processing, string preparations, and bowing. She has created performance works and installations incorporating plants, live insects, and sensor technology. Her full-length ballet was performed at the Venice Biennale 2004. She has been awarded the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (2021), the Doris Duke Award (2013) and the Herb Alpert Award (2004), and a Fulbright Fellowship for advanced research for Noh, gagaku and the ichi gen kin.She is an associate professor in the MFA Visual Arts Department at Columbia University, and the director of the MFA Sound Art Program. Early life and education
<mask> began studying classical music at 8 years old. In her early twenties, she moved to Paris, France, and upon returning to the US, she enrolled at San Francisco State University, and received her BA in Music, magna cum laude, where she studied with Wayne Peterson and Eric Moe. She holds an MA from Mills College where she received the Faculty Award in Music Composition. Her teachers included Alvin Curran, Maryanne Amacher and David Tudor. Biography

<mask>'s work spans many genres and media. She has created works for voice, orchestra, installations, electronics and film shorts.She has sewn and soldered handmade responsive garments (LED KIMONO) and mapped the movement of insects and response of plants and brain activity to sound (Pieces For Plants, The Sound of Naked Men, Thinking Sounds)

Her works have been commissioned and premiered by Bang on a Can, So Percussion, Either/Or, Kathleen Supove, Joan Jeanrenaud, SF Sound, Volti, Rova Saxophone Quartet, Alonzo King’s Ballet, The Del Sol String Quartet and others. Her orchestral work “Other Mountain” was selected for a reading by JCOI Earshot for the La Jolla Symphony 2013. She founded and directed the San Francisco Gagaku Society (1989-1996) under the tutelage of Master Suenobu Togi, a former Japanese Imperial Court musician who traced his gagaku lineage more than 1000 years to the Tang Dynasty. Her love of nature and resonant outdoor space led her to record the migrating birds in the deep and naturally resonant canyons near the San Diego Airport, resulting in the work “For Birds, Planes and Cello,” written for Joan Jeanrenaud, formerly of Kronos Quartet. “While I Was Walking, I Heard a Sound” is scored for 120 singers, spatialized in balconies of the concert hall. During one movement, three choirs and 9 opera singers are making bird calls and environmental sounds. As a kotoist, she remains active in improvisation and has performed and recorded with Pharoah Sanders, Pauline Oliveros, Gerry Hemingway, Jon Rose, Fred Frith, Larry Ochs and Maybe Monday, Steve Coleman, Anthony Braxton, Reggie Workman, Dr. L. Subramaniam, Andrew Cyrille, George E. Lewis, Jin Hi Kim, Susie Ibarra, Vijay Iyer, Myra Melford, Zeena Parkins, Toshiko Akiyoshi, William Parker, Robert Dick, Lukas Ligeti, Earl Howard, Henry Brant and many others.<mask> describes herself, saying, “I am deeply moved by the sounds and kinetic energy of the natural world. People, history, memory, this geography and soundscape of nature and culture --from our human heart beat to the rhythms of the moon and oceans-- how infinitely complex yet so fundamental.”

She initiated and founded the San Francisco Electronic Music Festival in 1999. In 2004, <mask> received an Alpert Award in the Arts, and she previously was given a National Endowment for the Arts and a Wallace Alexander Gerbode Award. The New York Times describes her solo performances as “exploring the extremes of her instrument,”  and The Wire describes her own compositions as “magnificent…virtuosic…essential music…”

She has been a faculty member at the Milton Avery Graduate Program at Bard College in Music/Sound since 2002, and has taught music composition at NYU. She received the Doris Duke Performing Artist Award in 2013, and a Fulbright Scholarship for Japan, 2016. Works

Symphony orchestra
Other Mountain (2013)
Creative Orchestra
What is the Difference Between Stripping and Playing the Violin? (2 vlns, elec.bass, acoustic bass, elec. gtr, Asian instruments, turntable, electronics, saxophones, 2 drummers) (1997)
Off a Craggy Cliff, 2 large telematic ensembles (non-specific instrumentation) (2009)
Jagged Pyramid, large ensemble (non-specific instrumentation) (2009)
Choral works
While I Was Walking, I Heard a Sound…” 3 a cappella choirs, 9 soloists (2003)
Large ensemble: 7 or more players
Twenty Four Thousand Years is Forever, chamber orchestra and tape; 2 shengs, 2 saxophones, clarinet, percussion, 2 violins, cello, bass, koto (1997)
Dark Passages, a multi media oratorio, readers, string quartet, Buddhist chanters, actors, projected slides, video (1998)
It Creeps Along, clarinet, cello, guitar, percussion, bass, piano, Laser Koto (gestural controller) (2000)
What is the Sound of Naked Asian Men?, 8 musicians and streaming brain wave data, video projection (2001)
Chironomy, 5 players in 2 groups. clarinet, vocalist, synthesizer in group 1, 2 computers in Group 2, streaming audio and projected video of children's hands gesturing (2006)
Pieces for Plants, plants, EEG sensors, computer, (plant with sensors on leaves; data response is interpreted through sound (2007)
The Long Road, string quartet, percussion, koto, analog modular synthesis (2013)
Works for 2-6 players
Spirit of Goze, taiko, piano, koto (1990)
Ancient Art, tabla, flute, cello, 13 str koto (1991)
For Sho, Bassoon and Koto (1994)
The Wanderer and the Firefly; five hichi ricki and snare drum (1994)
Butterfly Logic, 4 percussionists, amplified metal percussion (2008)
LED Kimono, electronics, reader, dancer, custom designed and built responsive wearable electronics (2009)
Swimming Through Madness, duo 13 str. kotos (2010)
Warsaw, violin, cello, 2 vocalists, video projections, koto (2011)
Stemming, 1-4 players. Tuning forks, multi channel speakers (2011)
The Dust and the Noise, piano, percussion, violin, cello (2013)
Survival, string quartet (2013)
The Clattering of Life, string quartet and improvising trio (2013)
Tilt, string quartet #2 (2015)
Solo
Topaz Refractions, 21 str koto (1990)
Unearthed/Unbound, 21 str koto (1992)
Tripped, clarinet (1994)
Ritual for Giant Hissing Madagascar Cockroaches, performer, laser beams, interactive software, cockroaches. Farbe. Melodie (2004, 482 Music) (as a quartet with Biggi Vinkeloe, George Cremaschi, Gino Robair)
Fly, Fly, Fly (2004, Intakt Records) (as a trio with Larry Ochs, Joan Jeanrenaud)
Unsquare (Intakt 2008) Maybe Monday: Fred Frith, Larry Ochs, Carla Kihlstedt, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori and Gerry Hemingway
Duets with Accordion and Koto (2008, Deep Listening) (duets with Pauline Oliveros)
Spiller Alley (2008, RogueArt) (as a trio with Larry Ochs, Peggy Lee)
Masaoka, Audrey Chen, Kenta Nagai, Hans Grusel(2009, Resipiscent)
Humeurs (2013, RogueArt) (As the quartet East West Collective with Didier Petit, Sylvain Kasaap, Larry Ochs, Xu Fengxia)

As a performer

With Steve Coleman
Myths, Modes and Means, Mystic Rhythm Society (BMG/RCA 1996)

With Lisle Ellis
What We Live (Black Saint 1996)

With Toshiko Akiyoshi
Suite for Koto and Jazz Orchestra (BMG, 1997.The work was composed for <mask> <mask>)

With Ben Goldberg
Twelve Minor (Avant 1998)

With Dr. L. Subramaniam
Global Fusion (Erato 1999)

With John Ingle, Dan Joseph
Trancepatterns (Dendroica Music 2000)

With Christian Wolff
Burdocks (Tzadik 2001)

With Glen Horiuchi
Legends and Legacies (Asian Improv Records 2005)

With Alex Cline
Cloud Plate (Cryptogramophone 2005)

With George Lewis
Sequel (for Lester Bowie) (Intakt), 2006)

With David Toop
Sound Body (samadhisound 2007)

With Earl Howard, Granular Modality (2012, New World Records)"

In compilation

Tom Djll; Tribute to Sun Ra, Rastascan 1995
Radim Zenkl; Strings and Wings, Shanachie 1996
Sounds Like1996: Music By Asian American Artists, Innocent Eyes + Lenses. 1996
Halleluia Anyway: Tribute to Tom Cora. Tzadik 1999
Azadi! RAWA, Fire Museum + Electro Motive Records 2000
President’s Breakfast III C. Disc Lexia Records 2001
soundCd no. 1, San Pedro Schindler House. Curated by Cindy Bernard, SASSAS 2001
Music Overheard. Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Curated by Bhob Rainey and Kenneth Goldsmith.Excerpt of “Ritual,” 2006

With Fred Frith and Maybe Monday
Digital Wildlife (Winter & Winter, 2002)
Unsquare (Intakt, 2008)

Films
1999 – L. Subramaniam: Violin From the Heart. Directed by Jean Henri Meunier. (Includes a scene with <mask> performing with L. Subramaniam.) 2010 – “The Reach of Resonance”. Directed by Steve Elkins. See also
Asian American jazz
Koto

References

Zorn, John, ed.(2000). Arcana: Musicians on Music. New York: Granary Books/Hips Road. .
Garrett, Charles Hiroshi, ed. (2013). The Grove Dictionary of American Music (<mask> Masaoka). Oxford University Press. .
Buzzarte, Monique, ed., Bickley, Tom, ed (2012). Anthology of Essays on Deep Listening.Deep Listening Institute. , . p 65
 Sewell, Stacey, (2009). Making My Skin Crawl: Representations and Mediations of the Body in <mask> <mask>’s Ritual, Interspecies Collaboration with Giant Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches. Radical Musicology, Vol. 4. ISSN 1751-7788
 Oteri, Frank J., (June 1, 2014).<mask> <mask>: Social and Sonic Relationships. NewMusicBox (a publication of New Music USA)

External links
Official site
<mask> <mask> biography from the Other Minds festival
<mask> <mask> Masaoka page on The Bay Improviser (incl. sound samples)
Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with <mask> <mask>." eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.Composers of electroacoustic music. Living people
20th-century classical composers
Contemporary classical music performers
So players
American classical musicians of Japanese descent
1958 births
American women in electronic music
American women classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American electronic musicians
Women in classical music
American sound artists
Women sound artists
American contemporary classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
Music & Arts artists
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
Intakt Records artists
RogueArt artists
Columbia University faculty

masks:
Miya Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Masaoka
Miya
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaoka
Miya
Masaokaya
Miya
Masaoka


title: Peter Paul Fuchs

texts:
<mask> (October 30, 1916 – March 26, 2007) was an Austrian-born conductor and composer, best known for his conducting appointments with American orchestras and for his teaching. He was also a prolific composer although little of his music survives in performance. His writings include two influential music text books. Early life

<mask> was born on October 30, 1916 in Vienna, Austria, son of Dr. <mask>, a well known heart specialist, and Marianne Ruzicka, a piano teacher. His grandfather was Alois Ruzicka, a prominent Viennese lawyer, originally from the same hometown as Gustav Mahler, and who had encouraged Mahler's father to further young Gustav's musical studies. After his academic studies in the "gymnasium", he graduated in 1935 from the Vienna Academy of Music where his mentors were Felix Weingartner and Joseph Krips in conducting, and Karl Weigl in composition. In 1936 <mask> was engaged as conductor and repetiteur for the German Theater in Brno, Czechoslovakia.The volatile politics of the period and the imminent Nazi invasion meant he was forced to leave Brno. Without a valid passport or job he spent two years living in exile in Switzerland and Italy until he received a US visa. Exile in America

 In 1938 he sailed for America with a letter of recommendation from Felix Weingartner, a tooth brush, $5.00, and a basic change of clothes. When he arrived in the US he supported himself by accompanying singers and instrumentalists, and playing for ballet classes. He toured with a small Ballet company in 1939-40 and in October 1940 he was hired as accompanist for the Ballet at the Metropolitan Opera. <mask> arranged for his parents to leave Nazi occupied Austria in 1940, and brought them to America; two years later he was inducted into the army and automatically became an American citizen. Following the end of hostilities in 1945, he returned to the Metropolitan Opera as a full-time staff conductor until 1950 working with Bruno Walter, George Szell, Fritz Reiner, Erich Leinsdorf, Ettore Panizza, and others.He also conducted at the San Francisco Opera, the Cincinnati Opera, the Central City Opera, and the Tanglewood Music Festival where he was assistant conductor to Leonard Bernstein. Post-Met years

He left the Met in 1950 to become professor of music and opera at Louisiana State University, first as conductor and teacher, then as head of the opera department in 1952. His responsibilities grew later in the decade when he became the conductor of the Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra, an appointment he held for the next 16 years, and also conductor of the Birmingham Opera in Alabama and of the Beaumont Opera in Beaumont, Texas. In Beaumont he was conductor and stage director for 13 years. He also developed an international career and guest conducted in the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Romania, Portugal, and in his native Austria, appearing with such orchestras the Tonkünstler Orchestra, the Aachen, the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Romanian National Opera, Bucharest. Louisiana State University awarded <mask> <mask> an honorary Doctorate when he retired in 1976, and he then became Music Director and Conductor of the Greensboro Symphony Orchestra where he remained until 1988 and was also Artistic Director and Conductor of the Greensboro Opera Company from 1981 to 1992. He died in Greensboro on March 26, 2007.Personal life

<mask> and his first wife Anna Louise <mask> (nee Granichstädten) have two sons, Roy Edward <mask> and John Robert <mask>. He was later remarried to Elissa Minet <mask> and they had a daughter, Deborah Porazzi. Writings

<mask> translated several operas from several languages into English for American editors, notably Verdi's A Masked Ball for the Metropolitan Opera. His writing included two notable books, The Musical Theater of Walter Felsenstein (W. W. Norton) and The Psychology of Conducting (MCA), which has become required reading in many universities. Compositions

He had been composing chamber music, symphonies and opera since he was a teenager in Vienna. In Baton Rouge in the 1960s he conducted his opera "Serenade at Noon" at Louisiana State University. Then, in the late 80s and early 90s, excerpts from his opera "White Agony" were produced at the Komische Oper in Berlin (where Felsenstein had directed).In 1992, the Greensboro Opera produced a staged version of "White Agony" staged by his wife, Elissa Minet <mask>, former ballerina of Ballet Russe and the Metropolitan Opera. As well as his three operas (Serenade at Noon, The White Agony, and The Heretic), his other compositions include a symphony, a Concertino for Piano and Orchestra, Inventions for Wind Instruments, string quartets, a violin sonata, works for piano, and many songs. (See this note by John McLaughlin Williams on <mask>' music). He directed many opera workshops notably at the Manhattan School of Music where, in 1962, he conducted the premier of Jan Meyerowitz's "Godfather Death". Both his daughter Debora Porazzi and son in law Arturo Porazzi work production roles on Broadway. Students

His conducting students included:
 Bill Conti, composer and conductor mostly active in Hollywood and television. Milton Crotts, former professor of music at Davidson College and the University of Guam and currently Music Director for the Blue Ridge Orchestra  and Music Director for the Upper School at Carolina Day School.Janet Galván, professor of music and conductor at Ithaca College, New York. Adrian McDonnell, conductor of the Orchestre de la Cité Internationale in Paris and professor of conducting at the Conservatoire Frederic Chopin. Associate Conductors

<mask> (conductor), the Gretchen B. Kimball Director of Orchestral Studies at Stanford University, was his Associate Conductor at the Greensboro Symphony Orchestra from 1984-86. Recordings

 Podcast of a private recording of <mask> <mask>' Five Miniatures for chamber ensemble. Sources

 Unpublished biographical notes by Elissa Minet <mask>

1916 births
2007 deaths
Austrian male composers
Austrian composers
Male conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian expatriates in the United States

masks:
Peter Paul Fuchs
Peter Paul Fuchs
Adolf Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Peter Paul
Fuchs
Peter
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Paul Phillips
Peter Paul
Fuchs
Fuchs


title: J. R. Clynes

texts:
<mask> (27 March 1869 – 23 October 1949) was a British trade unionist and Labour politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and as Leader of the Labour Party (1921–1922), led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election. He was the first Englishman to serve as leader of the Labour Party. Early life
The son of an Irish labourer named <mask>, he was born in Oldham, Lancashire, and began working in a local cotton mill when he was ten years old. Aged sixteen, he wrote a series of articles about child labour in the textile industry, and the following year; he helped form the Piercers' Union. He was mainly self-educated, although he went to night school after his day's work in the mill. His first book was a dictionary and then, by careful saving of coppers, he bought a Bible, Shakespeare's plays, and Bacon's essays.Later in life, he would amaze colleagues in meetings and in parliamentary debates by quoting verbatim from the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton and <mask>in. He married Mary Elizabeth Harper, a mill worker, in 1893. Trade union and political involvement
In 1892, Clynes became an organiser for the Lancashire Gasworkers' Union and came in contact with the Fabian Society. Having joined the Independent Labour Party, he attended the 1900 conference where the Labour Representation Committee was formed; this committee soon afterwards became the Labour Party. Clynes stood for the new party in the 1906 general election and was elected to Parliament for Manchester North East, becoming one of Labour's bright stars. In 1910, he became the party's deputy chairman. Parliamentary career
During the First World War, Clynes was a supporter of British military involvement (in which he differed from <mask>), and, in 1917, became Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food Control in the Lloyd George coalition government.The next year, he was appointed Minister of Food Control and, at the 1918 general election, he was returned to Parliament for the Manchester Platting constituency. <mask> became leader of the party in 1921 and led it through its major breakthrough in the 1922 general election. Before that election, Labour only had fifty-two seats in Parliament but, as a result of the election, Labour's total number of seats rose to 142. He was held in considerable respect and affection in the Labour Party and, although lacking the charisma of MacDonald, was a wily operator who believed all resources available should be used to advance the material of the working classes. MacDonald had resigned as Labour leader in 1914, due to his wartime pacifism, and at the 1918 general election, he lost his seat. He did not return to the House of Commons for another four years. By that stage, MacDonald's pacifism had been forgiven.When the occupant of the Labour leadership had to be decided on through a vote of Labour parliamentarians, MacDonald narrowly defeated Clynes. Clynes was a critic of government policy towards the Irish population in the years after 1918, and attacked 'a recurring system of coercion' which had left Ireland “more angry and embittered . . . than ever’

Governmental office
When MacDonald became Prime Minister he made <mask> the party's leader in the Commons until the government was defeated in 1924. During the second MacDonald government of 1929–1931, Clynes served as Home Secretary. In that role, Clynes gained literary prominence when he explained in the Commons his refusal to grant a visa
to the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, then living in exile in Turkey, who had been invited by the Independent Labour Party to give a lecture in Britain. Clynes had then been immortalised by the scathing criticism of his concept of the right to asylum, voiced by Trotsky in the last chapter of his autobiography "My Life" entitled "The planet without visa". In 1931, Clynes sided with Arthur Henderson and George Lansbury, against MacDonald's support for austerity measures to deal with the Great Depression.Clynes split with MacDonald when the latter left Labour to form a National Government. In the 1931 election, Clynes was one of the casualties, losing his Manchester Platting seat. Nevertheless, he regained this constituency in 1935, and then remained in the House of Commons until his retirement ten years later, at the 1945 general election. Retirement and death
After retiring, Clynes was living in very straitened circumstances, with no other income than trade union pension of £6 per week. This pension debarred him from the Commons Ex-Members Fund. Doctors' and nursing fees in respect of his invalid wife had hit him heavily. MPs opened a fund to help and raised about £1,000.Thus, after a lifetime spent in advancing the material conditions of the people, he died in relative poverty in October 1949. His wife died a month later. Honours
 He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1918, giving him the Honorific Title "The Right Honourable" for Life. He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Oldham on 9 January 1946. He received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from the University of Durham and the University of Oxford. <mask> Court, a social housing development in Putney, south west London, is named after him. Notes

References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. Memoirs (1937)
 Edward, George From Mill Boy to Minister (1918)
 <mask>, Tony.J.R. Clynes: A Political Life (2016)

External links

1869 births
1949 deaths
People from Oldham
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Independent Labour Party MPs
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
GMB (trade union)-sponsored MPs
Presidents of the GMB (trade union)
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1935–1945
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Chatham House people

masks:
John Robert Clynes
Patrick Clynes
Rusk
Ramsay MacDonald
Clynes
Clynes
John Ces
Clynes
J R
Judge


title: Daniel Thioune

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1974) is a German professional football manager and former player who currently manages Fortuna Düsseldorf. Thioune spent most of his playing career at VfL Osnabrück, where he established himself as a prolific scorer from midfield. Upon retiring in 2010 after playing for multiple lower league sides, he began coaching different teams in the VfL Osnabrück academy before being appointed as the first team coach in 2017. He was hired as Hamburger SV head coach in 2020. Playing career
<mask> started playing for local club Raspo Osnabrück at the age of six, living across their home ground and training facilities. As a junior player, he would also play for Osnabrücker SC and Post SV Osnabrück. After two years of senior football playing for Post SV Osnabrück, Thioune moved to Sportfreunde Oesede in 1994, who were playing in the fifth-tier Oberliga Niedersachsen at the time.Prior to the 1996–97 season he was signed by third tier Regionalliga club VfL Osnabrück, with whom he won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in 2000. There, he made his professional debut in the 2000–01 season and scored 10 goals in 22 appearances. After the club's relegation in 2001, Thioune initially stayed with the club, but moved to 2. Bundesliga side VfB Lübeck in 2002, for whom he played 47 league games in two years and scored eight goals. In the 2003–04 season, he reached the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal with Lübeck under head coach Dieter Hecking, in which the team was eliminated after leading twice in extra time against the eventual Double winners from Werder Bremen. Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Thioune moved to 2.Bundesliga side LR Ahlen (Rot Weiss Ahlen from 2006). With the club he suffered relegation to the Regionalliga for the second time in his career, in 2006. As team captain, however, he won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in the 2007–08 season after being down for two years. After a serious injury, Thioune stepped down as captain in January 2010 and retired from professional football on 15 April 2010. Thioune made 126-second-tier and 192 third-tier appearances during his career, in which he scored 24 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and 60 goals in the Regionalliga.After finishing his professional career, he would play alongside former German international Ronald Maul at Eintracht Osnabrück for a while. Managerial career

Beginnings
<mask> started out in management in the 2010–11 season, where he functioned as Arie van Lent's assistant at 3. Liga club Rot Weiss Ahlen, but was released from his duties after the club faced bankruptcy in June 2011. In the 2011–12 season, he moved to a position as scout for Rot-Weiß Erfurt. From the 2013–14 season, Thioune coached the B1 Jugend (U17) of VfL Osnabrück and led them to promotion to the B-Junioren Bundesliga (Under 17 Bundesliga) from the North/Northeast group in 2015. When Joe Enochs succeeded Maik Walpurgis as head coach of the VfL Osnabrück senior team in 2015, <mask> took over Enochs' position as the head of the youth academy and became head coach of the A-Junioren (U19). Under his leadership, the U19 managed to get promoted from the A-Jugend-Regionalliga Nord to the A-Junioren Bundesliga (Under 19 Bundesliga) from the North/Northeast group in 2016.In March 2016, Thioune received his coaching license, after taking courses at the Hennes-Weisweiler Academy together with the likes of Julian Nagelsmann, Alexander Nouri and Domenico Tedesco. VfL Osnabrück
After a poor start to the 2017–18 season, Joe Enochs was relieved of his duties as head coach of the VfL Osnabrück senior team competing in the 3. Liga, in early October 2017. <mask> initially took over as an caretaker manager, but in early November 2017, he was appointed the permanent head coach. Thioune managed to turn around the team and eventually reach the 17th place in the league standings with 6 points down to the relegations spots. In the 2018–19 season, he led VfL Osnabrück to the 3. Liga championship and thus to promotion to the 2.Bundesliga. In September 2019, his contract with the club was extended to June 2021. In the 2019–20 season, <mask>'s side held 5th place in the league table after the first half of the season with 26 points; only four points behind a direct promotion spot. In the second half of the season, the team from Osnabrück finished as the worst team of the league with a mere 14 points, which in the end resulted in a relegation battle. Another season in the 2. Bundesliga was only secured on the 33rd matchday, and VfL finished the season as the best promotee with 40 points and a 13th place finish. Hamburger SV
For the 2020–21 season, Thioune took over the 2.Bundesliga side of Hamburger SV, which had previously missed out on promotion to the Bundesliga for two years in a row in fourth place. He succeeded Dieter Hecking, whose contract had expired and under whom he had played at VfB Lübeck. Thioune triggered a release clause in his contract at VfL Osnabrück to sign a two-year contract in Hamburg. <mask> was sacked on 3 May 2021, three matchdays before the end of the season. Fortuna Düsseldorf
On 8 February 2022, <mask> was hired by Fortuna Düsseldorf, replacing Christian Preußer. He signed a contract until 2023. Personal life
<mask> was born in Germany to a Senegalese father and German mother, and holds dual citizenship.He is the first black professional football manager in Germany. As a youngster he attended the Graf-Stauffenberg High School in Osnabrück. <mask> studied Sports and Pedagogy at the University of Vechta and graduated in 2019 with a Bachelor's degree. He is married and has a daughter and a son. Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
VfL Osnabrück
Regionalliga Nord: 1999–2000

Rot Weiss Ahlen
Regionalliga Nord: 2007–08

Manager
VfL Osnabrück
3. Liga: 2018–19

Individual
 3. Liga Manager of the Season: 2018–19

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Georgsmarienhütte
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Lower Saxony
German footballers
Senegalese footballers
German football managers
German people of Senegalese descent
Senegalese people of German descent
2.Bundesliga players
VfL Osnabrück players
VfB Lübeck players
Rot Weiss Ahlen players
VfL Osnabrück managers
Hamburger SV managers
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
2. Bundesliga managers
3. Liga managers

masks:
Daniel Moustapha Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune
Thioune


title: Igor Tudor

texts:
<mask> (born 16 April 1978) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is currently the head coach of Serie A club Hellas Verona. <mask> spent most of his playing career at Juventus, winning several trophies during that time. He was a part of the Croatia national team at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup, but missed the 2002 World Cup due to injury. <mask> announced his retirement on 22 July 2008 at age 30 after problems with his right ankle reappeared. He spent his final season playing for his youth club, Hajduk Split. As manager, he took charge of Hajduk Split from 2013 to 2015, and spent eight months with PAOK in the 2015–16 season. In Turkey, he managed Karabükspor from 2016 to 2017, and Galatasaray in 2017.From April to June 2018, <mask> managed Serie A side Udinese and in that time, saved the club from relegation to Serie B. In March 2019, he came back to Udinese. After he returned to Hajduk in January 2020, Andrea Pirlo invited <mask> to join his coaching staff at Juventus in August 2020, which offer <mask> accepted. Club career

Early years
<mask> started his professional career at Hajduk Split in 1995 scoring 5 goals in 58 matches, being considered a revelation for his technique and ball control above the average of a defender. Juventus
After three personally successful seasons at Hajduk, he was noticed and acquired by Italian giants Juventus in 1998. During his time with Juventus, he won the Croatian Player of the Year award in 2002. During his eight-year spell with the club, <mask> was in excellent form, despite injuries, and formed impressive defensive partnerships with the likes of Paolo Montero, Mark Iuliano, Gianluca Pessotto, Lilian Thuram, Ciro Ferrara, Alessandro Birindelli, Nicola Legrottaglie, Gianluca Zambrotta, Jonathan Zebina, Giorgio Chiellini and Fabio Cannavaro.During the 2000–01 season under Carlo Ancelotti, <mask> had a prolific year, scoring six goals. The following season, with the return of his former Juventus coach Marcello Lippi, he was occasionally deployed as a midfielder, scoring four crucial goals (one against Torino in the Turin derby, two goals in Juventus' comebacks against Chievo and Hellas Verona and one during the match against title contenders Internazionale) in Juventus's successful Serie A title campaign. The following season, he also scored a notable goal against Deportivo de La Coruña in the last minute of a second round match of the 2002–03 Champions League, allowing the club to progress to the quarter finals of the competition, en route to the final, in which they were defeated by Italian rivals Milan on penalties. During this period, Juventus had one of the strongest teams in the world, and <mask> contributed well, with over 150 total appearances for the club, scoring nearly 20 goals, as a centreback. After a major injury in 2004, however, <mask> was loaned out to Siena in January 2005 after seven seasons with Juve. Following the revocation of Juventus' 2004–05 and 2005–06 Serie A titles due to their involvement in the Calciopoli scandal, as well as the expiration of his loan contract with Siena, <mask> returned to Juventus, staying with the club despite their relegation to Serie B, but injuries kept him off the pitch for the whole season. His contract expired on 30 June 2007.During his time at the club, <mask> won two Serie A titles, two Italian Supercups, a Serie B title and a UEFA Intertoto Cup, also reaching the final of the 2001–02 Coppa Italia and 2002–03 Champions League. Return to Hajduk
Constantly struggling with injuries and mysterious bacterial infection of his ankle, <mask> was almost forced to end his career in 2007, but in June 2007 he decided to join his former club Hajduk Split after not renewing his contract with Juventus. After a highly cautious rehabilitation process his comeback was in the match against Zadar on 20 October 2007. This was his first official match in over 16 months. However, he was unable to reach his previous form and his ankle injury problems continued. On 22 July 2008, at the age of 30, he announced his early retirement due to his recurring ankle injury problems. International career
<mask> played for the Croatia national team between 1997 and 2006.He also won several international caps for the Croatian under-17, under-19 and under-21 national teams between 1993 and 2000. <mask> made his debut in Croatia's final match of the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifying, a 1–1 draw at Ukraine on 15 November 1997, coming on as a substitute for Aljoša Asanović in the 89th minute. He was subsequently part of the Croatian squad that finished third at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. At the tournament, he made three appearances as a substitute in the closing stages of Croatia's games against Japan, Romania and the Netherlands. After the 1998 World Cup, he made four appearances in the Croatian national team's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2000, being in the starting line-up on all four occasions. He also appeared in six matches during Croatia's qualifying campaign for the 2002 World Cup, but missed the final tournament in South Korea and Japan due to an injury. He returned to the national team during the qualifying stages for Euro 2004, appearing in seven qualifying matches.At the finals in Portugal, he appeared in two of Croatia's three group matches. In his first appearance at the tournament, a 2–2 draw against France, he scored an own goal to put the French side 1–0 up midway through the first half. His second appearance at the tournament came in Croatia's final group match against England, where he scored Croatia's second goal to keep their hopes alive after they found themselves 3–1 down in the second half. Frank Lampard, however, soon netted England's fourth goal and Croatia were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage. <mask> was also included in Croatia's 23-man squad for the 2006 World Cup finals in Germany, having appeared in eight qualifying matches for the tournament, scoring two goals. He recorded his first goal of the qualifying when he scored Croatia's final goal in their 3–0 win at home to Malta on 30 March 2005. His second goal of the competition came in Croatia's 3–1 win at Bulgaria on 4 June 2005, when he put Croatia 2–0 up just over half an hour from time.At the 2006 World Cup finals, he started all of Croatia's three group matches and played the full 90 minutes in two of them. Croatia, however, were eliminated from the tournament after a 2–2 draw against Australia in their final group match, with <mask> receiving his second yellow card of the tournament for complaining about the penalty kick from which Australia scored a 1–1 equaliser. He made no further appearances for the national team following the tournament. Style of play
<mask> was considered one of Croatia's best defenders in the period between the late 1990s and mid-2000s. <mask> was a large, hard-working, strong and imposing defender who excelled in the air, making him a dangerous goal threat during set pieces. He was also a tight man-marker and a hard tackling defender, with great tactical intelligence. Although primarily a central defender, he was capable of playing anywhere along the back line and even as a defensive midfielder, which was made possible due to his tactical versatility, stamina, and his surprisingly capable technical skills, ball control and distribution for such a large and physical player.Despite his talent, he was also prone to injuries, which is often thought to have affected his playing career. Managerial career

Hajduk Split
<mask> was hired by Hajduk Split in August 2009 to be the assistant manager to Edoardo Reja who then took charge of the Croatian giant. <mask> dramatically increased his managerial knowledge during the seven months he spent watching and learning from Reja. In February 2010, Reja took charge of Lazio and because of that <mask> was fired from Hajduk; he did not join Reja in Italy. In December 2012, <mask> was appointed by Hajduk's sporting director Sergije Krešić as the new Hajduk U-17 manager. After taking charge of the U-17 squad, he went to spend some time at the Juventus Center in order to improve his managerial skills with Antonio Conte. During his time with the U-17 squad, he managed to teach them how to play modern style football using the 3–5–2 formation.They managed to qualify for the U-17 Croatian Cup 2013 final. In April 2013 he was hired as the new Hajduk Split manager. He lost his first away match against RNK Split, but in the 2012–13 Croatian Cup final first leg he defeated Lokomotiva 2–1 on Poljud. He achieved his first league victory against Osijek on 17 May 2013. He won the 2012–13 Croatian Cup after a 5–4 aggregate win against Lokomotiva in the final. On 4 February 2015, <mask> resigned from Hajduk Split after managing the club for more than year and nine months. PAOK
On 18 June 2015, <mask> was hired as the new manager of PAOK, signing a three-year contract.He lost 2–1 to Lokomotiva in his debut with PAOK for the second qualifying round of UEFA Europa League. He was dismissed on 9 March 2016 because of "unsuccessful results and disparaging comments about the quality of the team". Karabükspor
On 18 June 2016, <mask> was hired as the new manager of Karabükspor, signing a one-year contract. After making fantastic results with Karabükspor, <mask> left the club in February 2017 to become the new manager of Galatasaray. Galatasaray
On 15 February 2017, <mask> was hired as the new manager of Turkish side Galatasaray, signing a one and a half-year contract with the club. On 18 December, he was sacked by the club. Udinese
On 24 April 2018, <mask> became the new manager of Italian team Udinese.His first win with Udinese came on 13 May 2018, in a 1–0 win over Verona. After saving Udinese from relegation to Serie B, on 7 June 2018, <mask> left the club after not making a new deal with the club's management. Return to Udinese
On 20 March 2019, he became for a second time, the manager of Italian team Udinese. His first win as Udinese's manager came on 30 March 2019, a 2–0 home win against Genoa. Following a string of poor results, on 1 November 2019, <mask> was relieved of his managerial duties. Return to Hajduk Split
On 23 December 2019, Hajduk announced that <mask> has been selected as new manager. On 2 January 2020, he officially took his role.On 2 February, <mask> led his first match with Hajduk after three and a half years, that The Whites won 3–0 against Varaždin. Juventus
On 23 August 2020, <mask> resigned from Hajduk Split, accepting Andrea Pirlo's offer to be his assistant at Serie A side Juventus. He and Pirlo were sacked at the end of the season following Inter Milan's reclaiming of the Serie A title. Verona

On 14 September 2021, <mask> was appointed at the helm of Serie A club Verona in place of Eusebio Di Francesco. Career statistics
Source:

1 Including 1 match in 1998 Supercoppa Italiana and 2 matches in season 1998–99 UEFA Cup qualification. International

Managerial

Honours

Player
Juventus
Serie A: 2001–02, 2002–03
Supercoppa Italiana: 2002, 2003
Serie B: 2006–07
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
Coppa Italia runner-up: 2001–02, 2003–04
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2002–03

Croatia
FIFA World Cup third place: 1998

Individual
Croatian Footballer of the Year: 2001

Manager
Hajduk Split
Croatian Cup: 2012–13

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Croatia youth international footballers
Croatia under-21 international footballers
Croatia international footballers
HNK Hajduk Split players
HNK Trogir players
Juventus F.C. players
A.C.N.Siena 1904 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Croatian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Split, Croatia
Croatian First Football League players
Croatian football managers
HNK Hajduk Split managers
PAOK FC managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Croatian expatriate football managers
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Kardemir Karabükspor managers
Süper Lig managers
Expatriate football managers in Turkey
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Udinese Calcio managers
Hellas Verona F.C. managers
Association football coaches
Juventus F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Igor Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor
Tudor


title: Dave Franco

texts:
<mask> (born June 12, 1985) is an American actor, voice actor, and filmmaker. He began his career with small roles in films such as Superbad (2007) and Charlie St. Cloud (2010). Following a starring role in the ninth season of the comedy series Scrubs, <mask> had his film breakthrough as a supporting role in the buddy comedy film 21 Jump Street (2012). <mask> has also starred in Fright Night (2011), Now You See Me (2013) and its sequel Now You See Me 2 (2016), Neighbors (2014), Nerve (2016), and The Disaster Artist (2017). In 2020, he made his directorial debut with The Rental, which starred his wife Alison Brie. Early life
<mask> was born in Palo Alto, California, to Betsy Lou (née Verne), a poet, children's book author, and editor, and <mask> (1948–2011), who ran a nonprofit agency and a business; the two met as students at Stanford University.<mask>'s father was of Portuguese (from Madeira) and Swedish descent. <mask>'s mother is Jewish (of Russian Jewish descent); her parents had changed the surname from "Verovitz" to "Verne". <mask> has stated that he is "proud" to be Jewish. <mask>'s paternal grandmother, Marjorie (Peterson) <mask>, is a published author of young adult books. <mask>'s maternal grandmother, Mitzie (Levine) Verne, owned the Verne Art Gallery, a prominent art gallery in Cleveland, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. <mask> grew up in California with his two older brothers, James and Tom. He studied at the University of Southern California, and originally envisioned himself as a high school teacher teaching creative writing, until his brother <mask>'s manager guided him to a theater class when he was a sophomore, where he started learning acting skills.Career
In 2006, <mask> made his acting debut on The CW drama television series 7th Heaven. He appeared in television shows such as Do Not Disturb and Young Justice. <mask> has also had noticeable roles in films such as Superbad, Charlie St. Cloud, 21 Jump Street, Warm Bodies, The Shortcut and Now You See Me. In May 2008, he was cast in The CW teen drama television series Privileged. The series centered on a live-in tutor for two spoiled heiresses in Palm Beach. <mask> was cast in an initial major recurring role.The series premiered on September 9, 2008, to 3.1 million viewers. Ratings continued to slip each week, with the series sixth episode reaching 1.837 million viewers. The CW did not renew the series for a second season due to low ratings. In August 2009, Variety announced <mask> was cast in a regular role for the ninth season of the ABC sitcom series Scrubs. <mask> portrayed the role of medical student Cole Aaronson, whose family paid a large sum of money to Sacred Heart Hospital so that he would receive an internship. <mask> went on to appear in all thirteen episodes of the ninth season and received praise from critics for his performance; however, the ninth was the final season of the series. MTV Networks' NextMovie.com named him one of its "Breakout Stars to Watch For" in 2011.In August 2011, <mask> starred in the 3D horror comedy film Fright Night alongside Colin Farrell and Toni Collette. The film is a remake of the 1985 film of the same name and follows a teenage boy who finds out his neighbor is a vampire. <mask> played the role of popular high school student Mark. The film received positive reviews from critics and went on to make over $41 million worldwide. In April 2012, Shalom Life ranked him and his brother James at number 2 on its list of "the 50 most talented, intelligent, funny, and gorgeous Jewish men in the world". In March 2012, <mask> starred in the Columbia Pictures action comedy film 21 Jump Street as Eric, a high school student and the lead drug dealer. The film was based on the 1987 television series of the same name.In 2013, he co-starred in the zombie romance film Warm Bodies, as Perry Kelvin. The film, an adaptation of the best-selling novel Warm Bodies, followed a romance between a zombie and a human during a zombie apocalypse. The same year, <mask> appeared in the ensemble crime thriller film Now You See Me. To promote the film, he was interviewed on the Bob Rivers Show, based in Seattle. Rivers persuaded <mask> to show the card-throwing abilities he had learned and <mask> expertly sliced half a banana into a further half with his hotel card. <mask>'s 2014 roles included the Seth Rogen comedy Neighbors and a cameo appearance in 22 Jump Street. In 2015, he co-starred with Vince Vaughn and Tom Wilkinson in the comedy Unfinished Business.In 2016, he reprised his roles in the sequels Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising, as Pete, and Now You See Me 2, as Jack Wilder. In 2017, <mask> appeared in the well-received comedy The Little Hours, and the acclaimed biographical comedy-drama, The Disaster Artist, which was directed by his brother, James. In the latter film, he portrays Greg Sestero, a young actor who befriends the eccentric Tommy Wiseau, and ultimately stars in Wiseau's film, The Room. In 2018, <mask> starred in the addiction drama 6 Balloons opposite Abbi Jacobson, for Netflix. <mask> then had a small role in If Beale Street Could Talk, directed by Barry Jenkins. In 2019, <mask> starred in Zeroville, directed by his brother, James, which was originally shot in 2014, portraying the role of actor Montgomery Clift. He next starred in the action-thriller 6 Underground, directed by Michael Bay.In 2020, <mask> made his directorial debut on the horror-thriller The Rental, from a screenplay he wrote alongside Joe Swanberg, which stars Alison Brie, Dan Stevens, Jeremy Allen White, and Sheila Vand. It was released on July 24, 2020. Personal life
<mask> started dating actress Alison Brie in 2012. In August 2015, the couple became engaged. On March 13, 2017, representatives for the couple confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony. In an interview with Larry King in 2017, Brie revealed she did not want to have children. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Web

Advertising

References

External links

1985 births
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Portuguese descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Swedish descent
Jewish American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Palo Alto, California
People of Madeiran descent
University of Southern California alumni
American male screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Film directors from California
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David John Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Douglas Eugene Franco
Franco
Franco
Dave
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
James Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco


title: David Sneddon

texts:
<mask> (born 15 September 1978) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and music producer of contemporary pop music. He began his career performing on stage and television, singing lead roles in stage musicals in Glasgow. In 2002, he won the first series of BBC One music competition Fame Academy. He released his first single "Stop Living the Lie" in 2003 which was a UK number one hit single selling over 250,000 copies, making it Britain's twelfth-highest selling single of 2003. <mask>'s debut album Seven Years – Ten Weeks was released in April 2003 and reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart. He achieved three more UK Singles Chart singles – "Don't Let Go", "Best of Order", and "Baby Get Higher". His song "Baby Get Higher" was a hit on the dance floor for Almighty Records and a chart hit for VanVelzen in 2006, and also for Emin Agalarov.In October 2003, he moved to working primarily as a songwriter. In 2009 Sneddon signed to Sony/ATV Music Publishing as a songwriter and described his music as "melody-driven indie pop". Sneddon's songs include Nate James ("The Message"). VanVelzen ("Baby Get Higher") Hurts ("Illuminated", "Blood, Tears & Gold, and "Silver Lining"), Matt Cardle ("Slowly", "Letters"), Lana Del Rey
("National Anthem"), Newton Faulkner ("Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon"), Charlie Brown ("Dependency"), Greyson Chance ("Sunshine City Lights"), <mask> ("Don't Run Away"), Shane Filan ("Everytime",  "Today's Not Yesterday") and Jessica Mauboy ("This Ain't Love"). Sneddon works with James Bauer-Mein as The Nexus, a songwriting and music production partnership. They have written for – synthpop duo Hurts 2010 global multi platinum debut album Happiness – the songs "Illuminated" and "Blood, Tears & Gold" which were singles for Hurts in 2011. For 2010 The X Factor (UK) winner Matt Cardle's album Letters and "Keep the Sun Away" for Morten Harket's album Out of My Hands 2012.The song "National Anthem" was written by Lana Del Rey and The Nexus for her number one selling UK Albums Chart 2012 album Born to Die. Newton Faulkner's Write It on Your Skin contained three Nexus songs – "Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon" and "Feel" – made No.1 in 2012 UK Albums Chart. In April 2013 The Nexus became part of 365 Artists. They have built strong reputations as songwriters and they have worked and released with artists such as Hurts, Lana Del Rey, Newton Faulkner, Morten Harket, Will Young, Nicole Scherzinger, Olly Murs, Pixie Lott and Kristina Train. Shane Filan, formerly lead singer with Westlife released EP "Everything to Me" August 2013 which included, "Everytime" and "Today's Not Yesterday", produced by The Nexus. Origins
<mask> was born and grew up in Paisley, Scotland, with mother Anne, father <mask>. and younger sister Pauline. He studied music at school, won several talent competitions and played lead roles in musicals both at school and at PACE Youth Theatre.When his parents bought him a piano he discovered he had a talent for writing songs and taught himself to play. Sneddon was inspired by his father's record collection of The Beatles, Frank Sinatra, Van Morrison and in particular by Elton John –  "The person who has inspired me the most is Elton John. I love the Beatles, but as I was growing up, I always wanted to play the piano like him. I've never had any lessons, so he has been my only teacher.".........?" He also drew inspirations for his music from Scottish eighties artists such as Del Amitri, Deacon Blue and Simple Minds. Sneddon enjoyed performing in musicals from a young age. At Primary school a teacher suggested a Youth drama group called PACE and it proved one of the best experiences.He attended PACE for twelve years from the age of eight. After attending The University of Paisley for a year Sneddon decided to pursue a career in music. He performed in musicals and sang with bands in Scotland for several years, while he continued working on his songwriting and sending off demos. He was offered a role in a musical in London, and a part in a young boyband called Arena. He presented Inside Out, a children's show on Scottish TV. While acting in Romeo and Juliet he met John Kielty (<mask> was Romeo and John played Juliet's father). After performing some acoustic nights together at the Tron theatre in Glasgow in 2001, they decided to start a band and called themselves The Martians.The Martians busked and did shows during the Edinburgh Festival. <mask> was performing with The Martians in 2002 when he decided to enter the BBC's first series of Fame Academy. After <mask> won the show he brought Kielty down to London to co-write his debut album and go on tour with him. Sneddon also played in the indie-rock band The Sham with John Kielty in 2004 and 2005. Since then The Martians won the Highland Quest for a new musical in 2006 – The Sundowe was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and toured the Scottish Highlands in early 2007. Music career

Fame Academy
Sneddon became known when he won the BBC's first series of a reality TV music competition called Fame Academy in December 2002. He was not selected for the first show, but was drafted in as a replacement when one contestant withdrew from the TV show due to illness.<mask>, with his high tenor voice and easy going, personable charm, went on to become a favourite with both the audience and his fellow contestants. He won the final of the show winning the voters attention for his memorable versions of "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" by Elton John, "I Don't Want to Talk About It" by Danny Whitten, and his own composition "Stop Living the Lie" and won the public vote with 3.5m votes. <mask> signed a record contract with Mercury Records and was given a luxury penthouse, Audi car and more as part of his prize. He shot his music video for his first single at Abbey Road Studios. His first single "Stop Living the Lie", was no. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in January 2003, and in the UK Top 40 for a full nine weeks. <mask> is the only artist from a reality TV show to have a number one hit single with his own composition.He had three other UK Singles Chart hits with his compositions – "Don't Let Go" No. 3, "Best of Order" No. 19 and "Baby Get Higher" No. 38. "Baby Get Higher" has since been a hit on the dance floor for Almighty Records and a singles chart hit for Dutch singer VanVelzen. Seven Years - Ten Weeks Sneddon's album, was released in April 2003, four months after he won the show, and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5.The album contains all original compositions written by <mask>, two co-writes with Scott MacAlister and four songs co-written with Martians' member Kielty. Sneddon wrote songs about his seven years after leaving university when he performed with bands, and on stage in Scotland – and about his ten weeks singing live on the BBC television series. It contains his three chart singles "Stop Living the Lie", "Don't Let Go" and "Best of Order". The album was produced by Hugh Padgham, and was recorded with Elton John's band. There was a Scottish album launch for the release on 27 April, when Sneddon performed seven gigs in ten hours all over Scotland. Sneddon was given three months to write, rehearse and record original material for his debut album. After the show he toured with a band that included James Bauer-Mein.<mask> has continued working with Mein as a songwriting and music production partnership in London since 2003. Throughout 2003, <mask> and his band played a university tour, the Box Live and Summer XS tours, and headlined at the 'Pop on the Rock' music festival in the Channel Islands. Highlights of the year were supporting Bryan Adams in Bristol and his musical hero, Elton John, in Hull. Sneddon also performed on TV many times, including the BBC's chart music program Top of the Pops. <mask> was also a guest presenter on The Saturday Show (BBC TV series) and the BBC Scotland Children in Need Appeal, and he took part in Avid Merrion's comedy show 'Bo Selecta' on Channel 4 In 2003 Sneddon and the show drew negative press from the UK tabloid media such as The Sun. Sneddon then took the step of moving from being a popstar to working as a songwriter for other singers. He signed an exclusive publishing deal as a songwriter with Universal Music Group in October 2003.Sneddon's main focus has always been his songwriting. He said "I've loved all the music side of it, it's everything I hoped it would be – the recording, the studio, writing, but the other stuff..........?" Acoustic songs
In 2004, Sneddon was songwriting in London when he formed a rock band called The Sham with John Kielty. They played gigs in London, Scotland and the North of England and headlined at the Hogmanay Celebrations in Aberdeen. The Sham included Jay Mein (bass), Ed Carlile (drums), Si Jones (guitar), Jake Gosling

masks:
David Sneddon
Sneddon
David Archuleta
David Sneddon
David Sr
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Sneddon
David
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
David
Sneddon
David


title: David Sneddon

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 (keyboards) and John Kielty (guitar). In 2006, Sneddon started writing and recording for a new solo album. In July he showcased his songs in a series of acoustic gigs with Kielty on guitar in London, Essex and Scotland.In an interview for FPR Radio in October 2006, he said "It's not what people are expecting, I'm trying something a bit different. The feedback, from people who know me from the show, on the new songs has been incredible." From July 2006 to October 2007, he performed occasional gigs mostly in London – at the Bedford, the Regal Room, The Cobden and the Troubadour venues. When Kielty moved to America in late 2006, Sneddon brought in <mask> as his backing guitarist. He also presented a radio sports show "Keep Off the Grass" on BBC Radio Scotland in June 2007. Sneddon performed a few gigs in Scotland over this time at the Oran Mor, Dunstaffstage, the Jazz Bar and the Kilsyth festival. Sneddon released a five-track acoustic EP, White Noise, in January 2007, his first recorded work for several years.It was recorded in 'one live acoustic take' and included the songs "White Noise", "Time", "Lady Lullaby", "One Old Soul" and "Wish You Well". He played gigs and festivals (with Mullins) across England and Scotland in 2007. In August 2007, he performed three sold-out gigs at the Jazz Bar Edinburgh Festival to good reviews. <mask>'s songs Insomnia, Anticipation, One Old Soul and Scars proved popular with his fans. Sneddon's 2007 EP sold well and re-entered the top of the Indiestore chart in 2008 where it has stayed into 2010. In 2008, Sneddon played several gigs in London, while he continued with his songwriting work alongside guitarist James Bauer Mein. He describes his music as 'melody driven pop'.Songwriting
In October 2003, <mask>'s song "Baby Get Higher" had reached No.39 in the UK Singles Chart, and the song achieved further chart successes in November 2003 when the dance label Almighty Records produced an exclusive promo remix which was a dance hit. The label then recorded a version featuring Belle Lawrence, which was included on several dance compilation albums. In November 2006, the song was also a singles chart hit for Dutch singer VanVelzen. In 2012, the singer Emin Agalarov from Azerbaijan also released "Baby Get Higher" as his first UK single from his After The Thunder album. and the song has received BBC Radio 2 A List airplay. In 2005, <mask> wrote the international hit "The Message" for UK soul singer Nate James, which was released as a single in the UK, and was on James's debut album, Set The Tone. It charted in Italy and Japan in 2006.In 2009, Sneddon signed a new deal with music publisher Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Sneddon stated in the Paisley Daily Express, "This deal has been in the pipeline for a year and we wanted to wait for the right deal. I don't think there has been another reality TV winner who took a back step to this side of the industry but I like being able to get on with my work. We had to prove ourselves...and so that's why we did a lot of development work." In 2008, Sneddon focused on his songwriting career while he also performed a few occasional gigs in London over this time. He signed in 2009 with new management Three Six Zero Group, which is now part of Roc Nation with offices in London, New York and Los Angeles, and to Sony/ATV Music Publishing in July 2009 as a songwriter. The Nexus
In 2003, Sneddon worked with producer and guitarist James Bauer-Mein when touring and recording his debut album.Since then, <mask> and Mein have formed a partnership, working together in a London recording studio discovering, producing and writing with new talent in both the US and the UK. Sneddon and Mein have built up strong reputations as songwriters, having written music chart songs for other artists such as Hurts, Morten Harket of A-ha, X Factor winner Matt Cardle, Newton Faulkner and number one selling American singer Lana Del Rey. In 2009 they decided to call themselves "The Nexus". Sneddon and Mein have co-written the songs "Letters" and "Slowly" (co-written with Cardle and Eg White) for Matt Cardle's debut album, Letters, which was released in October 2011, and charted at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart. In 2012, The Nexus were listed as the writers for the song "Keep the Sun Away" for Morten Harket, best known as the singer of the Norwegian synthpop/rock band A-ha, on his solo album Out of My Hands released April 2012. It was revealed in January 2012 that Sneddon, as half of The Nexus, had co-written the song "National Anthem" for Lana Del Rey's debut album Born to Die released in January 2012 and which made No.1 in the UK Albums Chart.They also co-wrote the song "Driving in Cars With Boys" with Del Rey. "National Anthem" was confirmed in May 2012 as Del Rey's fifth single from her album and was released on 9 July 2012. The music video for the song premiered 27 June 2012 and depicted Del Rey as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and A$AP Rocky as John F. Kennedy. Del Rey said the video was "definitely the most beautiful thing" she had done and the video has received 19 million views on YouTube as of February 2013. Del Rey won International Female Solo Artist at the 2013 BRIT Awards. "National Anthem" also appeared on Del Rey's international multi platinum hit album Paradise which has had record sales of over four million and made No.1 in eleven countries. Newton Faulkner's third studio album Write It on Your Skin, which contained two Nexus songs – "Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon" and "Feel" – was released in July 2012 and reached No.1 UK Albums Chart.As well as developing their own artists in 2012, Sneddon and Mein worked with Greyson Chance, Eliza Doolittle, and Dionne Bromfield. He is one of the more successful graduates from a reality TV show and has built a long career in the music business. Sneddon's songs – Nate James ("The Message"). VanVelzen ("Baby Get Higher") Hurts ("Illuminated", "Blood, Tears & Gold, and "Silver Lining"), Matt Cardle ("Slowly", "Letters"), Lana Del Rey
("National Anthem"), Newton Faulkner ("Pick Up Your Broken Heart", "Soon", "Feel"), Charlie Brown ("Dependency"), Greyson Chance ("Sunshine City Lights"), <mask> ("Don't Run Away"), Shane Filan ("Everytime",  "Today's Not Yesterday"). 2013 Nexus Song Releases – Charlie Brown's single "Dependency" released December 2012 was produced by Mushtaq and co-written with <mask>neddon (Lana Del Rey, Hurts) with a mix by the mighty Sticky. The track features street star Yungen and vocalist Ms D known for her part on Wiley's recent No.1, Heatwave. Brown's album "Dreamstate" is due for release in 2013.American pop singer Greyson Chance's single "Sunshine and City Lights" (on his "Truth Be Told Part 1" EP), was co-written with The Nexus during a late session. American Idol runner-up finalist <mask>'s single release "Don't Run Away" was produced by The Nexus and serviced to the AC Radio format. Archuleta is due to release his studio album "No Matter How Far" in 2013. In April 2013, The Nexus joined the roster of music producers and writers at 365 Artists. The Nexus have worked and released with artists such as Hurts, Lana Del Rey, Newton Faulkner, Morten Harket, Will Young, Nicole Scherzinger, Olly Murs, Pixie Lott and Kristina Train. Shane Filan, formerly lead singer with Westlife released his first solo EP "Everything to Me" in August 2013 which included two songs co-written and produced with <mask> and James Bauer-Mein (The Nexus) – "Everytime" and "Today's Not Yesterday." Filan released his solo album, You and Me in November 2013, which contained the two Nexus songs and he is doing a UK tour in 2014.Sneddon co-wrote Lewis Capaldi's song "Lost on You", which was the second single from his debut EP, Bloom. Personal life
In 2011, Sneddon became engaged to his longtime girlfriend, who works in television, and they married on 25 May 2013 in London. Sneddon supports Rangers F.C. Awards
Winner BBC Fame Academy 2002
Awards – Nordoff Robbins Award for Contribution to music 2003
Radio Forth (Forth One) Best Newcomer award 2003

Discography

Albums

Singles
"Stop Living the Lie" (2003) No. 1 UK
"Don't Let Go" (2003) No. 3 UK
"Best of Order" (2003) No. 19 UK
"Baby Get Higher" (2003) No.38 UK

EPs
White Noise (released through Indiestore, January 2007)
"White Noise" (2007)
"Time" (2007)
"Lady Lullaby" (2007)
"One Old Soul" (2007)
"Wish You Well" (2007)

References

External links
 <mask>don MySpace – <mask> blog, photos, gigs, news
 The Nexus 365 Artists – The Nexus 365 Artists
 <mask> YouTube – <mask> YouTube
 Edinburgh Guide review

1978 births
Living people
Participants in British reality television series
Musicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Star Academy winners
21st-century Scottish male singers
Scottish pop singers
Mercury Records artists
Scottish male

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David Mullins
David
Sneddon
Sneddon
Sneddon
David Archuleta
David S
David Archuleta
David Sneddon
David Sned
David Sneddon
David Sneddon
David Sneddon


title: Didier Raoult

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<mask> (; born 13 March 1952) is a French physician and microbiologist specialising in infectious diseases. He taught about infectious diseases at the Faculty of Medicine of Aix-Marseille University (AMU), and in 1984, created the Rickettsia Unit of the university. Since 2008, Raoult has been the director of the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes. He gained significant worldwide attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for vocally promoting hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for the disease, despite the lack of good evidence for its effectiveness and the consequent NIH and WHO's opposition to its use for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Personal life
Raoult was born on 13 March 1952 in Dakar, French West Africa (present-day Senegal). Raoult's father, who came from Brittany, was serving there as a military doctor; his mother, originally from Marseille, was a nurse. His family returned to France in 1961, and settled in Marseille.For a time, he was schooled in Nice, then he attended a boarding school in Briançon. Not being a good student, Raoult repeated a year at high school, then dropped out in the second year to join the French merchant marine, on a boat called Renaissance, and spent the next two years at sea. In 1972, he sat his baccalauréat in literature as an independent candidate, and was accepted by the medical faculty in Marseille. Believing in a family tradition in medicine, <mask> senior refused to pay for his studies in any other subject. Raoult had wanted to become an obstetrician after qualifying, but his grade in his internship examination was too low for that choice. He specialised instead in infectious diseases, in the footsteps of his great-grandfather Paul Legendre (1854–1936). In 1982, Raoult married psychiatrist and novelist Natacha Caïn (born 1960).They have two children together. Raoult also has a daughter from a previous marriage, angiologist Magali Carcopino-Tusoli. Career
Since 2008, Raoult has been the director of the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, (URMITE; in English, Infectious and Tropical Emergent Diseases Research Unit), which employs more than 200 people. He is slated to leave this post before September 1st 2022, after being allowed to stay on for at most one year after retiring from his professor position on August 31, 2021. <mask> <mask> initiated the construction of a new building to host the Institut hospitalo-universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection. The IHU Mediterranée Infection, which opened in early 2017, is dedicated to the management and study of infectious diseases and combines diagnostic, care, research and teaching activities in one location. Raoult was awarded the Grand prix de l'Inserm in 2010  and shared the €450,000 prize of the Grand Prix scientifique de la Fondation Louis D. of the Institut de France in 2015 with biologist Chris Bowler from the Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris.The bacteria genus <mask>la was named in his honor. Citations
Raoult has more than 2,300 indexed publications. As of 2008, he was "classified among the ten leading French researchers by the journal Nature, for the number of his publications (more than two thousand) and for his citation number". According to ISI Web of Knowledge, he was the most cited microbiologist in Europe in 2014, and the seventh worldwide. According to the Thomson Reuters source "Highly Cited Researchers List", Raoult is among the most influential researchers in his field and his publications are among the 1% most consulted in academic journals. He is one of the 99 most cited microbiologists in the world and one of the 73 most highly cited French scientists. He is a world reference for Q fever and Whipple's disease.As of January 2022, he had over 194,000 citations and an h-index of 197. He is also on the list of the 400 most cited authors in the biomedical world. Raoult's extremely high publication rate results from his "attaching his name to nearly every paper that comes out of his institute", a practice that has been called "grossly unethical" by Steven Salzberg. Since 2013 he has been one of the overseas scientists co-affiliated with the King Abdulaziz University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, known to "offer highly cited researchers lucrative adjunct professorships, with minimal requirements for them to be physically present, in return for being listed by them as a secondary affiliation", and so increase its own institutional citation index. 230 of the 1,836 articles published by Raoult between 1995 and 2020 (amounting to over 120 a year, or approximately one article every three days) were published in two journals edited by Michel Drancourt, who is his right-hand man at the IHU and has been his close collaborator for over 35 years. Members of his staff have editorial functions at almost half of the journals that have published his work. The funding of French health institutes according to their number of publications has been suggested to be at the root of his large number of publications.Controversies

American Society for Microbiology publishing ban
In 2006, Raoult and four co-authors were banned for one year from publishing in the journals of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), after a reviewer for Infection and Immunity discovered that four figures from the revised manuscript of a paper about a mouse model for typhus were identical to figures from the originally submitted manuscript, even though they were supposed to represent a different experiment. In response, Raoult "resigned from the editorial board of two other ASM journals, canceled his membership in the American Academy of Microbiology, ASM's honorific leadership group, and banned his lab from submitting to ASM journals". In response to Science covering the story in 2012, he stated that, "I did not manage the paper and did not even check the last version". The paper was subsequently published in a different journal. COVID-19

On 17 March 2020, Raoult announced in an online video that a trial involving 24 patients from southeast France supported the claim that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were effective in treating for COVID-19. On 20 March, he published a preliminary report of his study online in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. The French Health Minister, Olivier Véran, was reported as announcing that "new tests will now go ahead in order to evaluate the results by Professor Raoult, in an attempt to independently replicate the trials and ensure the findings are scientifically robust enough, before any possible decision might be made to roll any treatment out to the wider public".Véran refused to endorse the study conducted by Raoult and the possible health ramifications,  on the basis of a single study conducted on 24 people. The French media also reported that the French pharmaceutical company Sanofi had offered French authorities millions of doses of the drug for use against COVID-19. On 3 April, the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, which publishes the journal, issued a statement that the report on the non-blind, non-randomized study "does not meet the Society's expected standard, especially relating to the lack of better explanations of the inclusion criteria and the triage of patients to ensure patient safety." <mask> was one of 11 prominent scientists named on 11 March to a committee to advise on scientific matters pertaining to the epidemic in France. He did not attend any of the meetings and resigned from the committee on 24 March saying that he refused to participate. He denounced the "absence of anything scientifically sound", and criticised its members for "not having a clue". He defended chloroquine as a benchmark drug for lung diseases, saying that it had suddenly been declared dangerous after having been safely used for 80 years.Following reports and a complaint filed in July by the French-speaking Society of Infectious Pathology (Spilf), the departmental council of the French Order of Physicians opened a formal case against <mask> <mask>. Accusations of falsified images, and legal threats
On May 5, 2021, Elisabeth Bik (who specializes in identifying manipulated images in scientific papers) raised concerns about dozens of Raoult's papers—including ethical, procedural, and methodological problems in a March 2020 paper reporting success in a small hydroxychloroquine trial. Raoult's lawyer subsequently announced that Raoult was accusing and suing the scientific integrity consultant of harassment and blackmail. The French non-profit association Citizen4Science, formed by scientists and citizens, published a press release and a petition that day, denouncing the harassment of scientists and defenders of science integrity, specifically defending Bik and calling on French authorities to intervene and for journalists to look into the matter. Several French newspapers immediately reported Citizen4Science's initiative. The petition was signed by thousands of scientists and others throughout the world. By May 22, 2021 Raoult had begun legal proceedings against Bik.There followed various articles in international mainstream media supporting Bik, and an article in Science updated on June 4, 2021 in issue 6546, reporting over 3,000 signatures for the Citizen4Science petition. On May 18, 2021, Lonni Besançon, a French postdoctoral research fellow at Monash University, wrote an open letter supporting Elisabeth Bik. The letter  was co-signed by more than 2200 scientists and 30 scholarly societies. On June 1, 2021, CNRS published a press release denouncing the "judiciarization of controversy and scientific debates", condemning Raoult's legal proceedings against Elisabeth Bik. On June 10, 2021 French Senator Bernard Jomier carried the Citizen4Science press release and petition to the French Senate through a written question to  French Minister of Health Olivier Véran, requiring action to protect bearers of science integrity. Tuberculosis
In October 2021, the Mediapart online investigative journal brought to light an illegal clinical trial by Raoult and IHU of a treatment against tuberculosis, which they had been conducting since 2017. They started the trial without seeking the mandatory approval of the French clinical trial regulator, and continued it despite its strenuous objections to its protocol when they eventually sought permission.Many of their patients were minors, homeless, or illegal residents, and therefore could not legally consent to the trial. Several suffered severe side effects such as kidney failure from the known toxicity of one of the four antibiotics combined in the trial, and at least one patient contaminated several family members because the treatment was simultaneously ineffective and poorly monitored by IHU.

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Didier Raoult
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Didier
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