title: Alvin York

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<mask> (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), also known as <mask>,  was one of the most decorated  United States Army soldiers of World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, gathered 35 machine guns, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132 prisoners. <mask>'s Medal of Honor action occurred during the United States-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was intended to breach the Hindenburg line and force the Germans to surrender. He earned decorations from several allied countries during WWI, including France, Italy and Montenegro. <mask> was born in rural Tennessee, in what is now the community of Pall Mall in Fentress County. His parents farmed, and his father worked as a blacksmith. The eleven <mask> children had minimal schooling because they helped provide for the family, including hunting, fishing, and working as laborers.After the death of his father, <mask> assisted in caring for his younger siblings and found work as a blacksmith. Despite being a regular churchgoer, <mask> also drank heavily and was prone to fistfights. After a 1914 conversion experience, he vowed to improve and became even more devoted to the Church of Christ in Christian Union. <mask> was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence. Persuaded that his religion was not incompatible with military service, <mask> joined the 82nd Division as an infantry private and went to France in 1918. In October 1918, Private First Class (Acting Corporal) <mask> was one of a group of seventeen soldiers assigned to infiltrate German lines and silence a machine gun position. After the American patrol had captured a large group of enemy soldiers, German small arms fire killed six Americans and wounded three.Several of the Americans returned fire while others guarded the prisoners. <mask> and the other Americans attacked the machine gun position, killing several German soldiers. The German officer responsible for the machine gun position had emptied his pistol while firing at <mask> but failed to hit him. This officer then offered to surrender and <mask> accepted. <mask> and his men marched back to their unit's command post with more than 130 prisoners. <mask> was later promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. An investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor.<mask>'s feat made him a national hero and international celebrity among allied nations. After Armistice Day, a group of Tennessee businessmen purchased a farm for <mask>, his new wife, and their growing family. He later formed a charitable foundation to improve educational opportunities for children in rural Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, <mask> worked as a project superintendent for the Civilian Conservation Corps and managed construction of the Byrd Lake reservoir at Cumberland Mountain State Park, after which he served for several years as park superintendent. A 1941 film about his World War I exploits, <mask>, was that year's highest-grossing film; Gary Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask>, and the film was credited with enhancing American morale as the US mobilized for action in World War II. In his later years, <mask> was confined to bed by health problems. He died in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964 and was buried at Wolf River Cemetery in his hometown of Pall Mall, Tennessee.Early life and ancestry
<mask> <mask> was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee. He was the third child born to William Uriah <mask> and Mary Elizabeth (Brooks<mask>. William Uriah <mask> was born in Jamestown, Tennessee, to Uriah <mask> and Eliza Jane Livingston, who had moved to Tennessee from Buncombe County, North Carolina. Mary Elizabeth <mask> was born in Pall Mall to William Brooks, who took his mother's maiden name as an alias of William H. Harrington after deserting from Company A of the 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment during the American Civil War, and Nancy Pyle, and was the great-granddaughter of Conrad "Coonrod" Pyle, an English settler who settled Pall Mall, Tennessee. <mask> and Mary Brooks married on December 25, 1881, and had eleven children: Henry Singleton, Joseph Marion, <mask>, Samuel John, Albert, Hattie, George Alexander, James Preston, Lillian Mae, Robert Daniel, and Lucy Erma. The <mask> family is mainly of English ancestry, with Scots-Irish ancestry as well. The family resided in the Indian Creek area of Fentress County.The family was impoverished, with <mask> working as a blacksmith to supplement the family's income. The men of the <mask> family farmed and harvested their own food, while the mother made all of the family's clothing. The <mask> sons attended school for only nine months and withdrew from education because <mask> needed them to help work on the family farm, hunt, and fish to help feed the family. When <mask> died in November 1911, his son <mask> helped his mother raise his younger siblings. <mask> was the oldest sibling still residing in the county, since his two older brothers had married and relocated. To supplement the family's income, <mask> worked in Harriman, Tennessee, first in railroad construction and then as a logger. By all accounts, he was a skilled laborer who was devoted to the welfare of his family, and a crack shot.<mask> was also a violent alcoholic prone to fighting in saloons. In one of the saloon fights his best friend was killed. <mask> also accumulated several arrests within the area. His mother, a member of a pacifist Protestant denomination, tried to persuade <mask> to change his ways. World War I

Despite his history of drinking and fighting, <mask> attended church regularly and often led the hymn singing. A revival meeting at the end of 1914 led him to a conversion experience on January 1, 1915. His congregation was the Church of Christ in Christian Union, a Protestant denomination that shunned secular politics and disputes between Christian denominations.This church had no specific doctrine of pacifism but it had been formed in reaction to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South's support of slavery, including armed conflict during the American Civil War, and it opposed all forms of violence. In a lecture later in life, <mask> reported his reaction to the outbreak of World War I: "I was worried clean through. I didn't want to go and kill. I believed in my Bible." On June 5, 1917, at the age of 29, <mask> registered for the draft as all men between 21 and 30 years of age were required to do as a result of the Selective Service Act. When he registered for the draft, he answered the question "Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?" by writing "Yes.Don't Want To Fight." When his initial claim for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed. During World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt the objector from military duty. Such individuals could still be drafted and were given assignments that did not conflict with their anti-war principles. In November 1917, while <mask>'s application was considered, he was drafted and began his army service at Camp Gordon, Georgia. From the day he registered for the draft until he returned from the war on May 29, 1919, <mask> kept a diary of his activities. In his diary, <mask> wrote that he refused to sign documents provided by his pastor seeking a discharge from the Army on religious grounds and similar documents provided by his mother asserting a claim of exemption as the sole support of his mother and siblings.Despite his initial, signed request for an exemption, he later disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector. Entry into service
<mask> served in Company G, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division. Deeply troubled by the conflict between his pacifism and his training for war, he spoke at length with his company commander, Captain Edward Courtney Bullock Danforth Jr. (1894–1974) of Augusta, Georgia, and his battalion commander, Major G. Edward Buxton of Providence, Rhode Island, a devout Christian himself. Biblical passages about violence ("He that hath no sword, let him sell his cloak and buy one." "Render unto Caesar ..." "... if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight.") cited by Danforth persuaded York to reconsider the morality of his participation in the war. Granted a 10-day leave to visit home, he returned convinced that God meant for him to fight and would keep him safe, as committed to his new mission as he had been to pacifism.He served with his division in the St. Mihiel Offensive. Medal of Honor action

In an October 8, 1918, attack that occurred during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, York's battalion aimed to capture German positions near Hill 223 () along the Decauville railroad north of Chatel-Chéhéry, France. His actions that day earned him the Medal of Honor. He later recalled:
The Germans got us, and they got us right smart. They just stopped us dead in our tracks. Their machine guns were up there on the heights overlooking us and well hidden, and we couldn't tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from ... And I'm telling you they were shooting straight. Our boys just went down like the long grass before the mowing machine at home.Our attack just faded out ... And there we were, lying down, about halfway across [the valley] and those German machine guns and big shells getting us hard. Under the command of Cpl. (Acting Sergeant) Bernard Early, four non-commissioned officers, including Acting Corporal <mask>, and thirteen privates were ordered to infiltrate the German lines to take out the machine guns. The group worked their way behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a German unit, capturing a large group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops. Early's men were contending with the prisoners when German machine gun fire suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans and wounding three others. Several of the Americans returned fire while others guarded the prisoners. From his advantageous position, <mask> fought the Germans.York recalled:
And those machine guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. I didn't have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush ... As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them. There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was touch the Germans off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting ... All the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I didn't want to kill any more than I had to.But it was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had. During the assault, a German officer led several Germans to the scene of the fighting and ran into <mask> who shot several of them with his pistol. Imperial German Army First Lieutenant Paul Jürgen Vollmer, commanding the 120th Reserve Infantry Regiment's 1st Battalion, emptied his pistol trying to kill York while he was contending with the machine guns. Failing to injure <mask>, and seeing his mounting losses, he offered in English to surrender the unit to <mask> who accepted. At the end of the engagement, <mask> and his seven men marched their German prisoners back to the American lines. Upon returning to his unit, York reported to his brigade commander, Brigadier General Julian Robert Lindsey, who remarked: "Well <mask>, I hear you have captured the whole German army."<mask> replied: "No sir. I got only 132." <mask>'s actions silenced the German machine guns and were responsible for enabling the 328th Infantry to renew its attack to capture the Decauville Railroad. Post-battle

<mask> was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross. A few months later, an investigation by <mask>'s chain of command resulted in an upgrade of his Distinguished Service Cross to the Medal of Honor, which was presented by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing. The French Republic awarded him the Croix de Guerre, Medaille Militaire and Legion of Honor. In addition to his French medals, Italy awarded <mask> the Croce al Merito di Guerra and Montenegro decorated him with its War Medal.He eventually received nearly 50 decorations. York's Medal of Honor citation reads:

In attempting to explain his actions during the 1919 investigation that resulted in the Medal of Honor, <mask> told General Lindsey "A higher power than man guided and watched over me and told me what to do." Lindsey replied "<mask>, you are right." Biographer David D. Lee (2000) wrote:

Homecoming and fame
Before leaving France, <mask> was his division's noncommissioned officer delegate to the caucus which created the American Legion, of which <mask> was a charter member. <mask>'s heroism went unnoticed in the United States press, even in Tennessee, until the publication of the April 26, 1919, issue of the Saturday Evening Post, which had a circulation in excess of 2 million. In an article titled "The Second Elder Gives Battle", journalist George Pattullo, who had learned of <mask>'s story while touring battlefields earlier in the year, laid out the themes that have dominated York's story ever since: the mountaineer, his religious faith and skill with firearms, patriotic, plainspoken and unsophisticated, an uneducated man who "seems to do everything correctly by intuition." In response, the Tennessee Society, a group of Tennesseans living in New York City, arranged celebrations to greet <mask> upon his return to the United States, including a 5-day furlough to allow for visits to New York City and Washington, D.C. York arrived in Hoboken, New Jersey, on May 22, stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, and attended a formal banquet in his honor.He toured the subway system in a special car before continuing to Washington, where the House of Representatives gave him a standing ovation and he met Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and the President's secretary Joe Tumulty, as President Wilson was still in Paris. <mask> proceeded to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he was discharged from the service, and then to Tennessee for more celebrations. He had been home for barely a week when, on June 7, 1919, <mask> and Gracie Loretta Williams were married by Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts in Pall Mall. More celebrations followed the wedding, including a week-long trip to Nashville where York accepted a special medal awarded by the state. <mask> refused many offers to profit from his fame, including thousands of dollars offered for appearances, product endorsements, newspaper articles, and movie rights to his life story. Instead, he lent his name to various charitable and civic causes. To support economic development, he campaigned for the Tennessee government to build a road to service his native region, succeeding when a highway through the mountains was completed in the mid-1920s and named Alvin C. York Highway.The Nashville Rotary organized the purchase, by public subscription, of a  farm, the one gift that York accepted. However, it was not the fully equipped farm he was promised, requiring York to borrow money to stock it. He subsequently lost money in the farming depression that followed the war. Then the Rotary was unable to continue the installment payments on the property, leaving York to pay them himself. In 1921, he had no option but to seek public help, resulting in an extended discussion of his finances in the press, some of it sharply critical. Debt in itself was a trial: "I could get used to most any kind of hardship, but I'm not fitted for the hardship of owing money." Only an appeal to Rotary Clubs nationwide and an account of York's plight in the New York World brought in the required contributions by Christmas 1921.After the war
In the 1920s, <mask> formed the Alvin C. York Foundation with the mission of increasing educational opportunities in his region of Tennessee. Board members included the area's congressman, Cordell Hull, who later became Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo, who was President Wilson's son-in-law, and Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts. Plans called for a non-sectarian institution providing vocational training to be called the York Agricultural Institute. York concentrated on fund-raising, though he disappointed audiences who wanted to hear about the Argonne when he instead explained that "I occupied one space in a fifty mile front. I saw so little it hardly seems worthwhile discussing it. I'm trying to forget the war in the interest of the mountain boys and girls that I grew up among." He fought first to win financial support from the state and county, then battled local leaders about the school's location.Refusing to compromise, he resigned and developed plans for a rival York Industrial School. After a series of lawsuits he

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title: Alvin York

type: original

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 gained control of the original institution and was its president when it opened in December 1929. As the Great Depression deepened, the state government failed to provide promised funds, and <mask> mortgaged his farm to fund bus transportation for students. Even after he was ousted as president in 1936 by political and bureaucratic rivals, he continued to donate money. In 1935 <mask>, sensing the end of his time with the institute, began to work as a project superintendent with the Civilian Conservation Corps overseeing the creation of Cumberland Mountain State Park's Byrd Lake, one of the largest masonry projects the program ever undertook. <mask> served as the park's superintendent until 1940. In the second half of 1930s and early 1940s, in the run-up to the America's entry in World War II, <mask> was a forceful and public advocate for interventionism, calling for U.S. involvement in the war against Germany, Italy and Japan.At the time, U.S. public opinion was overwhelmingly in favor of the isolationist and non-interventionist approach, and <mask>'s unpopular views led to accusations that he was engaged in war-mongering. York became a relatively rare high-profile public voice for intervention. In a speech at  the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in May 1941, York said: "We must fight again! The time is not now ripe, nor will it ever be, to compromise with Hitler, or the things he stands for." <mask>'s speeches attracted the attention of President Roosevelt, who frequently quoted York, particularly a passage from York's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier speech:

By our victory in the last war, we won a lease on liberty, not a deed to it. Now after 23 years, Adolf Hitler tells us that lease is expiring, and after the manner of all leases, we have the privilege of renewing it, or letting it go by default ... . We are standing at the crossroads of history. The important capitals of the world in a few years will either be Berlin and Moscow, or Washington and London.I, for one, prefer Congress and Parliament to Hitler's Reichstag and Stalin's Kremlin. And because we were for a time, side by side, I know this Unknown Soldier does too. We owe it to him to renew that lease of liberty he helped us to get. During World War II, <mask> attempted to re-enlist in the Army. However, at fifty-four years of age, overweight, near-diabetic, and with evidence of arthritis, he was denied enlistment as a combat soldier. Instead, he was commissioned as a major in the Army Signal Corps and he toured training camps and participated in bond drives in support of the war effort, usually paying his own travel expenses. Gen. Matthew Ridgway later recalled that York "created in the minds of farm boys and clerks ... the conviction that an aggressive soldier, well-trained and well-armed, can fight his way out of any situation."He also raised funds for war-related charities, including the Red Cross. He served on his county draft board and, when literacy requirements forced the rejection of large numbers of Fentress County men, he offered to lead a battalion of illiterates himself, saying they were "crack shots". Although <mask> served during the war as a Signal Corps major and as a colonel with the 7th Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard, newspapers continued to refer to him as "Sergeant <mask>". Legacy and film story
Biographer David Lee explored the reason Americans responded so favorably to his story:

<mask> cooperated with journalists in telling his life story twice in the 1920s. He allowed Nashville-born freelance journalist Sam Cowan to see his diary and submitted to interviews. The resulting 1922 biography focused on <mask>'s Appalachian background, describing his upbringing among the "purest Anglo-Saxons to be found today", emphasizing popular stereotypes without bringing the man to life. A few years later, <mask> contacted a publisher about an edition of his war diary, but the publisher wanted additional material to flesh out the story.Then Tom Skeyhill, an Australian-born veteran of the Gallipoli campaign, visited York in Tennessee and the two became friends. On York's behalf, Skeyhill wrote an "autobiography" in the first person and was credited as the editor of <mask>: His Own Life Story and War Diary. With a preface by Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War in World War I, it presented a one-dimensional York supplemented with tales of life in the Tennessee mountains. Reviews noted that York only promoted his life story in the interest of funding educational programs: "Perhaps <mask>'s bearing after his famous exploit in the Argonne best reveals his native greatness. ... He will not exploit himself except for his own people. All of which gives his book an appeal beyond its contents."The mountaineer persona Cowan and Skeyhill promoted reflected <mask>'s own beliefs. In a speech at the 1939 New York World's Fair, he said:

We, the descendants of the pioneer long hunters of the mountains, have been called Scotch-Irish and pure Anglo-Saxon, and that is complimentary, I reckon. But we want the world to know that we are Americans. The spiritual environment and our religious life in the mountains have made our spirit wholly American, and that true pioneer American spirit still exists in the Tennessee mountains. Even today, I want you all to know, with all the clamor of the world and its evil attractions, you still find in the little humble log cabins in the Tennessee mountains that old-fashioned family altar of prayer—the same that they used to have in grandma's and grandpa's day—which is the true spirit of the long hunters. We in the Tennessee mountains are not transplanted Europeans; every fiber in our body and every emotion in our hearts is American. For many years, York employed a secretary, Arthur S. Bushing, who wrote the lectures and speeches York delivered.Bushing prepared <mask>'s correspondence as well. Like the works of Cowan and Skeyhill, words commonly ascribed to <mask>, though doubtless representing his thinking, were often composed by professional writers. <mask> had refused several times to authorize a film version of his life story. Finally, in 1940, as <mask> was looking to finance an interdenominational Bible school, he yielded to a persistent Hollywood producer and negotiated the contract himself. In 1941 the movie <mask>, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action. The screenplay included much fictitious material though it was based on <mask>'s Diary. The marketing of the film included a visit by York to the White House where FDR praised the film.Some of the response to the film divided along political lines, with advocates of preparedness and aid to Great Britain enthusiastic ("Hollywood's first solid contribution to the national defense", said Time) and isolationists calling it "propaganda" for the administration. It received 11 Oscar nominations and won two, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for Cooper. It was the highest-grossing picture of 1941. <mask>'s earnings from the film, about $150,000 in the first two years as well as later royalties, resulted in a decade-long battle with the Internal Revenue Service. <mask> eventually built part of his planned Bible school, which hosted 100 students until the late 1950s. Political views
<mask> originally believed in the morality of America's intervention in World War I. By the mid-1930s, he looked back more critically: "I can't see that we did any good.There's as much trouble now as there was when we were over there. I think the slogan 'A war to end war' is all wrong." He fully endorsed American preparedness, but showed sympathy for isolationism by saying that he would fight only if war came to America. A consistent Democrat – "I'm a Democrat first, last, and all the time", he said – in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Great Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year he attacked isolationists and said that veterans understood that "liberty and freedom are so very precious that you do not fight and win them once and stop." They are "prizes awarded only to those peoples who fight to win them and then keep fighting eternally to hold them!" At times he was blunt: "I think any man who talks against the interests of his own country ought to be arrested and put in jail, not excepting senators and colonels." Everyone knew that the colonel in question was Charles Lindbergh.In the late 1940s he called for toughness in dealing with the Soviet Union and did not hesitate to recommend using the atomic bomb in a first strike: "If they can't find anyone else to push the button, I will." He questioned the failure of United Nations forces to use the atomic bomb in Korea. In the 1960s he criticized Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's plans to reduce the ranks of the National Guard and reserves: "Nothing would please Khrushchev better." Personal life and death

<mask> and his wife Grace had ten children, seven sons and three daughters, most named after American historical figures: Infant son (1920, died at 4 days), <mask>, Jr. (1921–1983), George Edward Buxton (1923–2018), Woodrow Wilson (1925–1998), Samuel Huston (1928–1929), Andrew Jackson (born 1930), Betsy Ross (born 1933), Mary Alice (1935–1991), Thomas Jefferson (1938–1972), and Infant daughter (1940, died same day). His son, Thomas Jefferson was killed in the line of duty on May 7, 1972, while serving as a Constable in Fentress County, Tennessee. <mask> suffered from health problems throughout his life. He had gallbladder surgery in the late 1920s and suffered from pneumonia in 1942.Described in 1919 as a "red-haired giant with the ruddy complexion of the outdoors" and "standing more than 6 feet ... and tipping the scale at more than 200 pounds", by 1945 he weighed 250 pounds and in 1948 he had a stroke. More strokes and another case of pneumonia followed, and he was confined to bed from 1954, further handicapped by failing eyesight. He was hospitalized several times during his last two years. <mask> died at the Veterans Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 2, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 76. After a funeral service in his Jamestown church, with Gen. Matthew Ridgway representing President Lyndon Johnson, <mask> was buried at the Wolf River Cemetery in Pall Mall. His funeral sermon was delivered by Richard G. Humble, General Superintendent of the Churches of Christ in Christian Union. Humble also preached Mrs. <mask>'s funeral sermon in 1984.Awards and decorations

Legacy

Controversy
Beginning soon after York's return to the United States at the end of the war, doubt and controversy periodically surfaced over whether the events detailed in his Medal of Honor documents had taken place as officially described, and whether other soldiers in York's unit should also have been recognized for their heroism. Otis Merrithew (William Cutting) and Bernard Early were among those who argued against the official version. Of the 17 American soldiers who were involved in York's Medal of Honor action, six were killed. <mask> received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, three of the others who lived through that day's fighting also received valor awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929, and the Silver Star for Merrithew in 1965. Discovery of 'lost' battlefield

In October 2006, United States Army Colonel Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), conducted research to locate the York battle site. Among the Mastriano expedition's finds were 46 American rifle rounds. In addition, his research located pieces of German ammunition and weaponry.Without the official support of the French government, Mastriano excavated the site and bulldozed the area in order to build two monuments and a historic trail. However, another team lead by Dr. Tom Nolan, head of the Sergeant York Project and a geographer at the R.O. Fullerton Laboratory for Spatial Technology at Middle Tennessee State University, placed the site 600 meters south of the location identified by Mastriano. Nolan's research relied on contemporary army graves registration Forms, the 82nd Division's wartime history, and maps drawn by G.E. Buxton and Captain E.C.B. Danforth, both of whom walked the ground with <mask> during the Medal of Honor investigation. Monuments and memorials
Many places and monuments throughout the world have been named in honor of <mask>, most notably his farm in Pall Mall, which is now open to visitors as the Sgt.Alvin C. York State Historic Park. Several government buildings have been named for York, including the Alvin C. York Veterans Hospital located in Murfreesboro. The Alvin C. York Institute was founded in 1926 as a agricultural high school by York and residents of Fentress County and continues to serve as Jamestown's high school. York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City was named for York in 1928. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Penn Warren used York as the model for characters in two of his novels, both explorations of the burden of fame faced by battlefield heroes in peacetime. In At Heaven's Gate (1943), a Tennessee mountaineer who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War I returns from combat, becomes a state legislator, and then a bank president. Others exploit his decency and fame for their own selfish ends as the novel explores the real-life experience of an old-fashioned hero in a cynical world.In The Cave (1959), a similar hero from a similar background has aged and become an invalid. He struggles to maintain his identity as his real self diverges from the robust legend of his youth. A monumental statue of <mask> by sculptor Felix de Weldon was placed on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol in 1968. In the 1980s, the United States Army named its DIVAD weapon system "Sergeant York"; the project was cancelled because of technical problems and cost overruns. In 1993, <mask> was among 35 Medal of Honor recipients whose portraits were painted and biographies included in a boxed set of "Congressional Medal of Honor Trading Cards," issued by Eclipse Enterprises under license from the Medal of Honor Society. The text is by Kent DeLong, the paintings by Tom Simonton, and the set edited by Catherine Yronwode. On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the "Distinguished Soldiers" stamps, one of which honored <mask>.The riderless horse in the 2004 funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant <mask>. Laura Cantrell's 2005 song "Old Downtown" talks about York in depth. In 2007, the 82nd Airborne Division's movie theater at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, was named York Theater. The traveling American football trophy between UT Martin, Austin Peay, Tennessee State, and Tennessee Tech is called the Alvin C. <mask> trophy. The U.S. Army ROTC's Sergeant <mask> Award is presented to cadets who excel in the program and devote additional time and effort to maintaining and expanding it. A memorial to graduates of the East Tennessee State University ROTC program who have given their lives for their country carries a quotation from York. The Third Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard is named for York.The Association of the United States Army published a digital graphic novel about <mask> in 2018. Swedish power metal band Sabaton's 2019 album The Great War contained a track titled "82nd All the Way", a tribute to York's Medal of Honor action. See also
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of people from Tennessee
 List of people on stamps of the United States

Notes

References

 Lee, David D. (2000)( "<mask>, <mask>ullum" American National Biography (online 2000) online

Further reading
  online free

 Skeyhill, Thomas. <mask>: Last of the Long Hunters (1930);
 Yockelson, Mitchell. Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I. New York: NAL, Caliber, 2016. . External links

 Official

 Alvin C. <mask> Institute
 Sgt.Alvin C. York State Historic Park
Find A Grave

 General information

 <mask> <mask> (1887–1964) at Medal of Honor Recipients Portrayed On Film (lylefrancispadilla.com)

 Sergeant York Project
 The Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE)

1887 births
1964 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
American community activists
American conscientious objectors
American diarists
American people of English descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American Protestants
Burials in Tennessee
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Civilian Conservation Corps
Military personnel from Tennessee
Organization founders
People from Harriman, Tennessee
People from Pall Mall, Tennessee
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)

Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
Tennessee Democrats
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage
American

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title: Aaron Pryor

texts:
<mask> (October 20, 1955 – October 9, 2016) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1990. He was a two-time light welterweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 1980 to 1983, and the IBF title from 1984 to 1985. Additionally, he held the  Ring magazine title from 1980 to 1983, and the lineal title from 1983 to 1986. In 1982, the Boxing Writers Association of America named Pryor as their Fighter of the Year. Pryor was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1996, and in 1999 was voted by the Associated Press as the world's best light welterweight of the 20th century. In 2002, he was ranked as the 35th greatest boxer of the past 80 years by The Ring. Amateur career
Pryor, nicknamed The Hawk, had a record of 204 wins and 16 losses as an amateur.He won the National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Lightweight Championship in 1973. In 1975, Pryor again won the National AAU Lightweight Championship and a silver medal at the Pan American Games, losing in the final to Canadian Chris Clarke. Pryor beat future champion Thomas Hearns in the lightweight finals of the 1976 National Golden Gloves, but lost to Howard Davis Jr. controversially at the 1976 Olympic Trials. Pryor participated as an alternate in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Pryor finished his amateur career having 220 fights under his belt, with a record of 204 wins, 16 losses. Professional career
Pryor turned professional on November 11, 1976, with a second-round knockout of Larry Smith, for which he made $400. A few days later, Pryor signed a managerial contract with Buddy LaRosa, owner of LaRosa's Pizzeria.He was also trained by Raymond Cartier. Pryor fought eight times in 1977, winning all but two by knockout. The only two fighters who lasted the entire fight with Pryor that year were Jose Resto and Johnny Summerhayes, each losing by an eight-round unanimous decision. After the fight with Summerhayes, Pryor won 26 fights in a row by knockout. It was one of the longest knockout streaks in the history of boxing. In his last fight of 1979, Pryor was pitted for the first time ever in his professional career against a former or future world champion when he faced former WBA light welterweight champion Alfonso "Peppermint" Frazer of Panama. Pryor knocked out Frazer in the fifth round, advancing his fight record to 20-0 with 18 knockouts.After defeating Fraser, Pryor entered the World Boxing Association rankings. On August 2, 1980, Pryor faced two-time world champion Antonio Cervantes of Colombia for the WBA light-welterweight championship. His purse was $50,000. The fight took place in Pryor's hometown of Cincinnati and was nationally televised by the CBS network. Pryor was knocked down in round one, but he rose and knocked out Cervantes in round four to become champion. He made his first title defense on November 22, 1980, knocking out Gaetan Hart in the sixth round. Pryor made $100,000 for the fight.In December 1980, Pryor rejected an offer of $500,000 to fight Sugar Ray Leonard for the WBC welterweight championship because he wanted more money. When the WBC raised the offer to $750,000, he rejected that as well. Pryor signed to fight WBC light-welterweight champion Saoul Mamby in a unification bout for $1 million. The bout was tentatively scheduled for February 7, 1981. However, the fight fell apart when the promoter, Harold Smith, disappeared amid allegations that he was involved in a $21.3 million fraud against Wells Fargo National Bank. Smith, whose real name was Ross Fields, was later sentenced to ten years in prison after he was convicted of 29 counts of fraud and embezzlement. Pryor was then offered $750,000 to fight Roberto Durán in April 1981, but Pryor turned it down because his new attorney told him not to sign anything until he worked out a new contract with manager Buddy LaRosa.By the time they worked out a new agreement, the chance to fight Durán was gone. On June 27, 1981, Pryor knocked out Lennox Blackmore in the second round. He then defended the title against undefeated Dujuan Johnson on November 14, 1981. Johnson knocked down Pryor in round one, but Pryor came back to stop Johnson in the seventh round. Pryor knocked out Miguel Montilla in the twelfth round on March 21, 1982. His next title defense was against the undefeated Akio Kameda of Japan. The fight took place on July 4, 1982.Once again, Pryor was knocked down in the first round but came back to score a sixth-round knockout. Pryor signed to face Sugar Ray Leonard for the undisputed welterweight championship in the fall of 1982 for $750,000. But before fighting Pryor, Leonard first had to defend his title against Roger Stafford in Buffalo, New York, on May 14, 1982. The Sunday before that bout, Pryor was driving to Buffalo from his Cincinnati home to taunt Leonard and hype their planned bout. Pryor heard on his car radio the news that Leonard had suffered a detached retina in his left eye and the fight was off. "I pulled off to the side of the road and I cried," Pryor said. Leonard retired six months later.Bouts with Alexis Arguello

On November 12, 1982, Pryor defended his title with a fourteenth-round TKO of Alexis Arguello before a crowd of 23,800 at Miami's Orange Bowl and a live HBO audience. The fight dubbed The Battle of The Champions by promoter Bob Arum, was eventually named the Fight of the Decade by The Ring. Pryor made $1.6 million while Arguello was paid $1.5 million. Arguello, a 12-5 favorite, was attempting to become the first boxer to win world titles in four weight divisions. The end of the fight was controversial. Arguello landed a punch in the thirteenth round that seemed to stun Pryor, and despite trailing on two of three scorecards, Arguello had things tilting in his direction. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth rounds, HBO's microphones caught Pryor's trainer, Panama Lewis, telling cutman Artie Curley, "Give me the other bottle, the one I mixed."It seemed to revive Pryor. Coming out quickly for the fourteenth round, Pryor landed a barrage of unanswered blows before referee Stanley Christodoulou stopped it. Arguello collapsed to the canvas near the ropes, where he lay for several minutes. On April 2, 1983, Pryor knocked out former WBC super lightweight champion Sang-Hyun Kim in the third round. Pryor had a rematch with Arguello at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 9, 1983. Pryor made a career-high $2.25 million and Arguello made $1.75 million. Panama Lewis had his license revoked after he removed the padding from the gloves of Luis Resto before his fight with Billy Collins Jr. on June 16, 1983.Pryor hired Richie Giachetti to train him, but they had a falling-out. Two weeks before the Arguello rematch, Pryor brought in Emanuel Steward as his trainer. The rematch was not as competitive as their first one. Pryor was badly staggered towards the end of round two by an Arguello uppercut, but he dropped Arguello with a right cross in the first round and again with a left hook in the fourth. Pryor put Arguello down for the count in the tenth round. After the fight, both Arguello and Pryor announced that they were retiring from boxing. Short-lived retirement and return
Pryor's retirement didn't last very long.In March 1984, he announced that he was going to fight again. "I never really retired. I just rested," Pryor said. "I vacated the title because the WBA insisted I defend it every six months." The newly formed IBF immediately recognized him as their world champion. Shortly before Pryor made his comeback, his proposed multimillion-dollar fight with WBA lightweight champion Ray Mancini fell through when Mancini was knocked out by Livingstone Bramble on June 1, 1984. "<mask>r actually cried," Said Bob Arum."I saw the tears." On June 22, 1984, Pryor defended his IBF title against Nick Furlano in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Pryor knocked down Furlano twice in the first round but was unable to finish him. Pryor won by a lopsided fifteen-round unanimous decision. Furlano became the first boxer in 27 fights to last the entire fight with Pryor. Pryor defended his title against future IBF light-welterweight champion Gary Hinton on March 2, 1985. Pryor won by a fifteen-round split decision.He got off to a sluggish start but came on strong in the second half, winning five of the last seven rounds on the cards of judges Frank Cairo (who voted for Hinton) and Phil Newman and all seven on the card of judge Lawrence Wallace. Pryor dropped Hinton early in the 14th round with a right to the chin. Drug abuse and comeback
By the mid-1980s, Pryor's life had become consumed by drugs. In December 1985, Pryor was stripped of the IBF title for failure to defend. " After 29 months out of the ring, Pryor, insisting he was now clean from drugs, attempted a comeback. He fought welterweight journeyman Bobby Joe Young in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on August 8, 1987. Pryor was a shell of his former self and was knocked out in the seventh round.On December 15, 1988, Pryor scored a third-round knockout of club fighter Hermino Morales in Rochester, New York. In April 1990, Pryor was ordered to undergo two years of treatment for drug abuse. Pryor entered a no-contest plea to a charge of possessing illegal drug paraphernalia, a pipe used for smoking cocaine, which was found in his car after he was stopped by the police in Cincinnati in September 1989. Pryor next fought Darryl Jones on May 16, 1990, in Madison, Wisconsin. Jones, who had a record of 13-13, was knocked out in the third round. Before the Jones fight, Pryor had surgery to remove a cataract and repair a detached retina. After the surgery, Pryor was denied a license to fight by the states of California, New York and Nevada.The Nevada state medical report declared Pryor to be legally blind in his left eye. His vision in his left eye was 20/400. With corrective lenses, the vision improved to 20/70. The State of Wisconsin gave him a license after he agreed to sign a waiver releasing the state from liability for any damage he may suffer in the fight. Pryor's last fight was on December 4, 1990, in Norman, Oklahoma. He knocked out unheralded Roger Choate in the seventh round. Pryor's career ended with a record of 39–1 with 35 knockouts.Pryor finally kicked his drug habit in 1993 and remained drug free until his death in 2016. Pryor was inducted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in 1996. <mask> "The Hawk" Pryor was voted as the Greatest Light Welterweight in boxing history by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2014. The HBHOF is a voting body composed entirely of current and former fighters. Professional boxing record

Death
Pryor died on October 9, 2016, after suffering from heart disease. References

External links

findagrave.com

1955 births
2016 deaths
Boxers from Cincinnati
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Light-welterweight boxers
World boxing champions
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Federation champions
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
Boxers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
American male boxers
African-American boxers
The Ring (magazine) champions
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Lightweight boxers
National Golden Gloves champions
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Aaron Pryor
Aaron Pryo
Aaron


title: Cao Ren

texts:
<mask> () (168 – 6 May 223), courtesy name Zixiao, was a military general serving during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China under the warlord <mask>, who was also his older second cousin. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei – founded by <mask>'s son and successor, <mask> – during the Three Kingdoms period. He played a significant part in assisting <mask> in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han dynasty. He was appointed as the Grand Marshal (大司馬) when <mask> ascended the throne, and was also credited by the latter for the establishment of Wei. However, <mask> was also once derided as a mediocre commander by Zhu Huan, a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu. Early life
<mask> was a younger second cousin of <mask>. His grandfather <mask> (曹襃) and father <mask> (曹熾) served in the government of the Eastern Han dynasty.He had a younger full brother, <mask>. As their father died when they were still young, <mask> and <mask> lived with another family. They inherited their family fortune when they became older. They were known for being wealthy and having hundreds of servants and retainers. As a youth, <mask> was fond of horse-riding, archery and hunting. When chaos broke out in China towards the end of the Han dynasty, <mask> rallied a militia of over 1,000 men and they wandered around the region near the Huai and Si rivers. <mask> and his followers eventually joined <mask> around 190 when the latter was raising an army to join the campaign against Dong Zhuo.<mask> held the rank of a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) under <mask> but he was actually an acting Sharp Edge Colonel (厲鋒校尉). Campaigns in central China

Throughout the 190s, <mask> followed <mask> on various campaigns against rival warlords in central China. He made great contributions in the campaign against Yuan Shu between 197 and 199. When <mask> invaded Xu Province from 193–194 to attack the provincial governor Tao Qian, <mask> was in charge of the cavalry and he led the vanguard. He defeated Tao Qian's general Lü You (呂由) and led his force to rendezvous with <mask>'s main army at Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), where they scored a major victory over Tao Qian's forces. <mask> and his cavalry later defeated Tao Qian's subordinates in various battles at the counties in Xu Province. During the conflict between <mask> Bu, <mask> attacked Lü Bu's subordinate Liu He (劉何) at Gouyang (勾陽) and captured the enemy commander alive.After <mask> had defeated the Yellow Turban rebels, he received Emperor Xian (who had escaped from the clutches of Li Jue and Guo Si) and set up the new capital at Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) in 196. <mask> was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Guangyang Commandery (廣陽郡) for his achievements. However, <mask> never exercised governorship over his jurisdiction because <mask> appreciated his military skills and kept him by his side in Xu. <mask> was still in charge of the cavalry even though he held the position of a civil official as a Consultant (議郎). The following year, <mask> followed <mask> on a campaign against the warlord Zhang Xiu, and was authorised to lead a separate force to raid the counties around Zhang Xiu's base in Wan (宛; or Wancheng, present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) and he captured over 3,000 civilians. Zhang Xiu surrendered to <mask> initially, but rebelled later and launched a surprise attack, which led to the Battle of Wancheng. <mask> was defeated and he retreated after his forces succeeded in repelling further attacks by Zhang Xiu.However, as they were withdrawing, Zhang Xiu attacked again and <mask>'s men were unable to drive the enemy away. The morale of <mask>'s army started falling but <mask> helped to raise the soldiers' spirits by encouraging and inspiring them. <mask> was very impressed with <mask>, and he managed to defeat Zhang Xiu later in a counterattack. Campaign against Yuan Shao

In 200, when the forces of <mask> and Yuan Shao were locked in a stalemate at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan sent Liu Bei with an army to support the rebellions against <mask> in Yinjiang (氵隱疆; southwest of present-day Xuchang, Henan), roughly 8.3 km south of the capital. <mask> became worried about such developments in the territories under his control, so he sent <mask> to suppress the uprisings. <mask> observed that the rebels dared to create trouble because they had Liu Bei's support, but the men under Liu were newly recruited and inexperienced, so it was not difficult to defeat them. <mask> targeted the rebel chief Liu Pi and killed him in battle, and subsequently defeated Liu Bei as well.Yuan Shao attempted to cut off <mask>'s route to the west by sending Han Meng (韓猛) southwest. <mask> responded to the threat by defeating Han Meng at Jiluo Hill (雞洛山; located 50 li northeast of present-day Xinmi, Henan). Yuan Shao became afraid and did not dare to send out his troops. <mask> and Shi Huan (史渙) later led a force to attack a convoy transporting supplies to Yuan Shao's camp and destroyed the food supplies. After <mask>'s victory at Guandu, <mask> continued to join <mask> in his campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs in the early 3rd century. During one battle near Hu Pass (壺關; present-day Huguan County, Shanxi), <mask> gave orders that all the enemy troops would be buried alive after the city fell. However, after several days of siege, <mask>'s forces were unable to capture the city.<mask> then told <mask>, "When we besiege a city, we must leave the defenders with a final option of surrendering. Now, as you've already said that the defenders would be slaughtered after the city is taken, all of them would definitely put up fierce resistance. Besides, the city's fortifications are strong and the defenders have much supplies, so our forces would suffer heavy casualties if we attack, and we will be held up here if we switch to a defensive stance. It's not a wise choice to besiege a city whose defenders are willing to fight to the death." <mask> heeded <mask>'s advice, and the enemy surrendered later. After the campaign, <mask> received the title of a "Marquis of a Chief Village" (都亭侯) for his contributions. Battle of Jiangling, and campaigns in northwest China

In 208, after losing to Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs, <mask> retreated north and left <mask> and Xu Huang to defend the strategic Jiangling Commandery (江陵郡; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) from the advances of Sun Quan's forces, which were led by Zhou Yu.<mask> was serving as acting General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) then. Zhou Yu despatched a several thousand-strong vanguard to challenge <mask>'s forces at Jiangling. <mask> was aware that his army's morale was low, since they were recently defeated at Red Cliffs, so he ordered his subordinate Niu Jin to lead 300 volunteer soldiers into battle, in the hope that they would display bravery and boost his men's morale. Niu Jin and his men were heavily outnumbered and surrounded by the enemy. <mask> Ren's Chief Clerk (長史), Chen Jiao (陳矯), turned pale when he saw the situation from the top of the city walls. However, unlike what everyone thought, Niu Jin managed to create havoc around the Wu's army with just 100 men left by then. <mask> experienced a surge of fury and courage after watching how Niu Jin with so little men could make the entire Wu army three times the strength get so tired battling just 300 of his own men, so he ordered every troop in the city to be prepared to go into battle.Chen Jiao and the others attempted to dissuade him from braving danger, but <mask> ignored them and every soldiers in his command was ordered to charged into the enemy formation. <mask> successfully rescued Niu Jin and his surviving men and even turned back to save his remaining soldiers who were still trapped in the enemy formation. Sun Quan's forces retreated. When <mask> returned, his subordinates exclaimed, "General, you're truly a man from Heaven!" The troops were awed by <mask>'s bravery, and <mask> was very impressed when he heard about this incident. <mask>'s marquis title was changed to "Marquis of Anping Village" (安平亭侯). Around 211, <mask> participated in <mask>'s campaigns against a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, which led to the Battle of Tong Pass.<mask> held the appointment of acting General Who Stabilises the West (安西將軍) and commanded the defence at Tong Pass (潼關; present-day Tongguan County, Weinan, Shaanxi) before <mask> reached the frontline. When Su Bo (蘇伯) and Tian Yin (田銀) rebelled in 212, <mask> was appointed acting General of Valiant Cavalry (驍騎將軍) and he led seven armies to attack the rebels and defeated them. Battle of Fancheng

<mask> was reappointed acting General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) was ordered to garrison at Fan (樊; also called Fancheng, in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangfan, Hubei) and oversee <mask>'s forces in Jing Province. After suppressing a rebellion by Hou Yin (侯音) in Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) between late 218 and early 219, <mask> was officially commissioned as General Who Attacks the South and he continued to garrison at Fan. In the autumn of 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of Liu's territories in southern Jing Province, led an army north to attack Fan. <mask> sent the general Yu Jin to lead seven armies to resist Guan Yu, but the armies were destroyed in a flood when the Han River overflowed due to heavy rains. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan.<mask> was left with a few thousand troops to defend Fan. Guan Yu and his forces sailed towards Fan on boats and besieged the fortress. By then, <mask> and his troops had been completely isolated inside Fan as they had lost contact with outside, while their supplies were running out and there were no reinforcements in sight. <mask> encouraged his men to fight to the death and they were very inspired by his words. By the time reinforcements led by Xu Huang arrived, the water level had subsided slightly. While Xu Huang was attacking Guan Yu, <mask> seized the opportunity to counterattack and break the siege. Guan Yu failed to conquer Fan so he retreated.Service under <mask>

Although <mask> behaved brashly and had no regard for laws when he was young, after he joined the military when he grew up, he started following rules and regulations strictly and he went by the book in everything he did. Once, when <mask>'s son <mask> was on away on a campaign against the Wuhuan, his brother <mask> wrote to him, "Shouldn't you follow rules and regulations in the same way <mask> does?" <mask> died in 220 and was succeeded by <mask>. Later that year, <mask> forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, ended the Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei. <mask> was appointed as General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and was placed in charge of military affairs in Jing, Yang and Yi provinces. He also received the title "Marquis of Chen" (陳侯) and was given 2,000 more taxable households in his marquisate, making it a total of 3,500 households. <mask> moved to Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) in northern Jing Province and garrisoned there.Later, when Sun Quan sent Chen Shao (陳邵) to attack Xiangyang, <mask> ordered <mask> to lead an army to Xiangyang to resist Sun Quan's forces. <mask> and Xu Huang defeated Chen Shao and their forces entered Xiangyang. <mask> had the general Gao Qian (高遷) oversee the relocation of civilians from the southern bank of the Han River to the north. <mask> appointed <mask> as General-in-Chief (大將軍). Later, <mask> ordered <mask> to move to Linying (臨潁) and promoted him to Grand Marshal (大司馬). <mask> was placed in charge of the armies along the Wu River (烏江) and he garrisoned at Hefei. In 222, <mask> led several tens of thousands men to assail Sun Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須; north of present-day Wuwei County, Anhui), where the defending general, Zhu Huan, had only 5,000 troops remaining inside the city walls.However, <mask> was deemed only as an inferior commander by Zhu Huan and his colleagues, so the defenders put up a staunch defence. Even though <mask> had a complete numerical advantage, the battle concluded with Zhu Huan as the victor – <mask> lost not only over 1,000 men, but also two of his subordinates, Chang Diao (常雕) and Wang Shuang. Death
<mask> died on 6 May 223 at the age of 56 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was posthumously granted the title "Marquis Zhong" (忠侯), which literally means "loyal marquis". He was best remembered for his bravery and courage, which placed him above Zhang Liao among all of <mask>'s generals. Family
<mask>'s grandfather <mask> (曹褒) served as the Administrator (太守) of Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡) in the Eastern Han dynasty. <mask>'s father <mask> (曹熾) also served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Changshui Colonel (長水校尉) in the Eastern Han dynasty, and was posthumously awarded the title "Marquis Mu of Chen" (陳穆侯) by <mask>.<mask>'s younger brother <mask> was also a general under <mask>. <mask>'s titles were inherited by his son <mask> (曹泰), who served as General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍) and later had his marquis title changed to "Marquis of Ningling" (寗陵侯). <mask> was succeeded by his son <mask> (曹初). <mask>'s other sons (<mask>'s younger brothers) <mask> (曹楷) and <mask> (曹範) also received marquis titles. In popular culture

<mask> is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "<mask>, Wei Commander" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century).Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 168 births
223 deaths
Generals under <mask>
<mask> Wei generals

masks:
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Bao
Cao Chi
Cao Chun
Cao Ren
Cao Chun
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Caoü
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Zhang
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Bao
Cao Ren
Cao Chi
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Chun
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Tai
Cao Tai
Cao Chu
Cao Ren
Cao Tai
Cao Kai
Cao Fan
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao


title: Eddie & JoBo

texts:
Ed Volkman and Joe "Bohannan" Colborn or more commonly known by their on-air names <mask>, are radio personalities in Chicago, Illinois. The duo are best known for their 26-year run at WBBM-FM, known on-air as B96, for 24 years from 1984 to 2008. They were fired from B96 in 2008 and were hired by WLS-AM as Saturday night talk show hosts in 2010. On March 10, 2011, it was announced that the duo would be returning to the CBS Radio Chicago cluster as the morning show on the new 104.3 K-HITS starting March 14, 2011. It was announced on December 6, 2012 <mask> & <mask> had their last day on 104.3 KHiTs. Subsequently, the two enjoyed a brief stint at WLS-AM as weekend hosts, but have not worked together on-air since 2012. <mask> currently serves as the afternoon drive host on WSSR while JoBo has since retired from radio.History

Joe Bohannon first signed on at WBBM-FM, known on-air as B96, in 1984 hosting an evening show as "JoBo In Chicago". Ed Volkman started at B96 in 1986 hosting the morning show along with Karen Hand and Mike Elston. Elston left B96 in 1988 and Bohannon was moved to mornings along with Volkman and Hand; the creation of "Eddie & JoBo". The duo enjoyed success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They invited their listeners, who they dubbed "The Worlds Most Dangerous Audience", to assist in pranks such as cold water wake-up calls, the daily Twinkie check, and mattress attacks. Eddie & JoBo rode a wave of success, but on May 10, 1994, they were fired in the aftermath of a multimillion-dollar defamation lawsuit filed against them by former WMAQ-TV News anchor Joan Esposito. Esposito sued Eddie & JoBo in 1993 after JoBo falsely aired a statement that she had been impregnated by a member of the Chicago Bulls.Esposito eventually won a public apology and $1 million. It was then that B96 decided to move the morning drive in a new direction, asking the listeners to “choose” the new morning drive in what was known as “The B96 Morning Show Open Auditions” which ran through the summer of 1994. Terry Jacobs and Bill Cody were chosen by the listeners to be the successors of Eddie & JoBo. However, very few people warmed up to “T.J. & Wild Bill” and the number of listeners dropped when compared to <mask> & JoBo's show. Caving in to pressure from a campaign led by former co-workers and former on-air host Karen Hand, plus many phone calls and letters sent by Eddie & JoBo loyalists,  B96 announced on December 12, 1996, that <mask> & JoBo had been re-hired, and would be returning to host the morning drive along with Frankie “Hollywood” Rodriguez starting January 13, 1997, from 5–8 am. B96 began to see significant improvements in their morning drive ratings as the combo “Eddie & JoBo And Frankie” show and “Private Lives” slowly crept its way up the ratings.Afraid of another possible lawsuit, station management stepped in to exert more control over the show. They made on-air staff changes and imposed a taped delay, at times as long as 20 minutes. Every word spoken by the duo was closely monitored and had to be approved by a member of management prior to airing. In addition, a member of management had to be in the studio with Eddie & JoBo at all times or they could not broadcast. Eddie & JoBo adapted to the changes, and ratings continued to climb back to their former glory. Private Lives was dropped from morning drive in 1999 and Eddie & JoBo hosted from 5–10am under tight restrictions until May 29, 2002. Rival station WKSC-FM 103.5 made an offer to them to do morning drive unrestricted on their station.B96 pulled the show as a negotiation tactic in the hopes of keeping the show. Negotiations continued until July when B96 announced that <mask> & JoBo signed on with the station in a 7-year, $21 million deal that began immediately. Also, B96 agreed to drop all restrictions on the show. Eddie & JoBo resumed a live show on July 22, 2002. However, the show began to see a marked decline in ratings. Many attributed this to the station's overall severe decline in ratings ever since dropping its heavy dance music format for an all hip-hop & rap format in the late 1990s. Ever since abandoning dance music, B96 witnessed a steady decline from #1 in 1998, all the way down to #9, and even lower in recent years.On November 21, 2008, <mask>, <mask> and Erica were relieved of their morning show duties. Following <mask> and <mask>'s yearlong stint at WJMK-FM in Chicago, following the station's revamped "K-HITS" branding, the two's career remained dormant for several years before a possible resurgence in 2014. In June 2014, it was announced that a deal at WLS-FM for the two DJs was in the works, with the final stages of the contract being laid out and possibilities being up in the air. However, at the last minute, <mask> opted out of the contract, resulting in the station not wanting just <mask> to hold the position and the offer was terminated. The two assured the split was amicable and both remained friends. Both <mask> and JoBo served as the spokesmen for United Auto Insurance, a Chicago-based insurance company and have yet to reunite on the air in any form. As of 2019, <mask> currently hosts the afternoon drive on WSSR, and hosted the morning show on WFXF from 2018 to 2019, while <mask> has since retired from radio and currently resides in Freeport, IL.Career at WLS AM
After being fired in November 2008, Facebook groups were made petitioning for <mask> & <mask> to be put back on the air. B96 still aired the United Auto Insurance radio commercials until their contract expired. Months later, they served as fill-in personalities on the WLS-AM weekday talk show The Roe Conn Show. This led to their hiring by WLS as Saturday night hosts. Their show aired every Saturday night from 7-9pm, occasionally 9:30pm-Midnight. The show was dubbed "<mask> and Jobo's Saturday Night Talk Party," but was cancelled in 2012. CDs
B96 has released CDs from its many DJs and "mixmasters", the most notable being Too Kool Kris.Eddie, JoBo, and B96 released 2 CDs titled Eddie & JoBo Funny Songs Vol. 1 and Eddie & JoBo  Funny Songs Vol. 2. However, these CDs did not contain just songs, regardless of the fact that Eddie & JoBo had made enough songs to do so. Funny Songs Vol. 1 came out in 2001, in the Chicago area stores. It was released by MCA Records and sold at area stores.It was an enhanced computer CD and included parodies of songs by Backstreet Boys, Enrique Iglesias,  The Outhere Brothers, Ohio Players, Reality and others. Funny Songs Vol. 1 Track Listing
 Intro
 Sammy Sosa
 Psycho Shower
 Jazz Boys
 Mrs.  Pillafuff's Answering Machine Message
 Boom Boom Valpo
 Mrs. Pillafuff Searches For NSYNC Tickets
 Another Bite
 Marge  McDouche's Answering Machine Message
 Tonya
 Marge McDouche's Crab Love Test! Buy More Clothes
 Quit Blowing Fumes From Cigars
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 1)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 2)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 3)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 4)
 Eddie & JoBo's Christmas Song

Other songs by Eddie & JoBo
"Ken Doll" (parody of "Barbie Girl" by Aqua), "Dumber Girls" (parody of "Summer Girls" by LFO) and
"Man, I Feel Like a Man!" (parody of "Man, I feel like a Woman" by Shania Twain). References

Radio in Chicago
American talk radio hosts
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Eddie & JoBo
Eddie
JoBo
Eddie
Eddie
Eddie
Eddie
Eddie
JoBo
Eddie
JoBo
JoBo
Eddie
Eddie
Eddie
JoBo
Eddie
JoBo
Eddie


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts:
<mask> ( 1773-1775 – 23 November 1817) was an American politician, best known as the first non-colonial governor of Louisiana. He also has the distinction of possibly being the youngest member of the United States Congress in U.S. history, although reliable sources differ about his age. <mask> supervised the transfer of Louisiana to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, governing the "Territory of Orleans" from 1804 to 1812, the year in which Louisiana became a state. He won the first election for Louisiana's state Governor and served through 1816, for a total of thirteen years as Louisiana's executive administrator. New Orleans served as the capital city during both the colonial period and the early statehood period. Early life and career
<mask>.C<mask> was born in Sussex County, Virginia sometime between 1773~1775.His parents were Colonel <mask> and Mary Leigh <mask>. He was a descendant of Colonel <mask> (1600–1677), an English pioneer who was born in Crayford, Kent, England, and settled in the Colony of Virginia. <mask>borne studied at the College of William and Mary, then Richmond Academy. At age 16 he moved to New York City, which was then the seat of U.S. Congress, where he worked as a clerk under John Beckley, the clerk of the United States House of Representatives. He moved to Philadelphia with the Federal Government. <mask> then began to study law. Congressman from Tennessee
In 1794 <mask> moved to Tennessee to start a law practice.Governor John Sevier appointed <mask> to the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1796. In 1797, he resigned his appointment to the court and ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He won, and succeeded Andrew Jackson, though he apparently was not yet twenty-five years of age as required by the United States Constitution. Earlier in 1797, he described his age to George Washington in vague terms: "Born, Sir, at a period, when every American Breast palpitated for freedom, I became early attached to civil Liberty. ..."

<mask> took his seat in the House on November 23, 1797. State records apparently indicate that, when he took his seat, he was 24. Other sources speculate he was 22.His gravestone says he was 23. <mask> served in the House through 1801. The United States presidential election of 1800 was decided in the House of Representatives, due to a tie in the Electoral College, by which time <mask> had already turned 25 years old. Service in Mississippi Territory
<mask> was appointed governor and superintendent of Indian affairs in the Mississippi Territory, from 1801 to 1803. Although he favored acquiring some land from the Choctaw and Chickasaw, <mask> was generally sympathetic and conciliatory toward Indians. He worked long and patiently to iron out differences that arose, and to improve the material well-being of the Indians. <mask> was also partly successful in promoting the establishment of law and order in the region.From 1803 to 1804, he offered a two-thousand dollar reward to eliminate, once and for all, a gang of outlaws headed by the notorious Samuel Mason. Though he looked out for his constituents, his positions on issues indicated a national rather than regional focus. <mask> expressed the philosophy of the Republican Party and helped that party defeat the Federalists. When a smallpox epidemic broke out in the spring of 1802, <mask>'s actions resulted in the first recorded mass vaccination in the territory and saved Natchez from the disease. Louisiana territorial period
<mask> moved to New Orleans and oversaw the transfer of Louisiana to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Local French and Spanish inhabitants saw it for what it was, i.e., a military occupation which they resented, quoting in their remonstrances and meetings that they were no more than conquered subjects who had not been consulted. He governed what would become the state of Louisiana, then termed the "Territory of Orleans", during its period as a United States territory from 1804 until 1812.Relations with Louisiana's Créole population were initially rather strained: <mask> was young, inexperienced, and unsure of himself, and at the time of his arrival spoke no French. The white elite were initially alarmed when <mask> retained the services of free people of color in the militia, who had served with considerable distinction during the preceding forty-year Spanish rule. <mask> bestowed a ceremonial flag and 'colors' on the battalion, an act which would enmesh him in a duel three years later. The duel was held in then-Spanish territory, near the current Houmas House plantation, with his arch-enemy <mask>. On June 8, 1807, the Governor was shot through one thigh, with the bullet lodging in the other leg. <mask>borne gradually gained the confidence of the French elite and oversaw the taking in of Francophone refugees from the Haitian Revolution. An event which is now said to have been the largest slave revolt in U.S. history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, occurred while <mask> was the territorial Governor.However, the American government, over which he presided, had little participation in its suppression. The parish courts, dominated by wealthy planters, imposed quick convictions and sentencing of those black slaves who survived the fighting. Federal military forces arrived too late to either capture the slave rebels or prevent what amounted to their slaughter at the hands of the local militia: The powerful white planters along the Mississippi River. <mask> himself wrote at least twice to parish officials requesting that they refer cases to him for executive pardon or clemency, rather than accept the wholesale death sentences which were being handed out in Orleans Parish, as well as in St. Charles Parish and St. John the Baptist Parish. The only known beneficiaries of his pardon were two men named Theodore and Henry; however, no records exist of <mask> refusing any other pardon requests related to the rebellion. After the Republic of West Florida won a short-lived period of independence (from Spain) in 1810, <mask>borne annexed the area to the Orleans Territory on the orders of President James Madison, who determined to consider it as part of the Louisiana Purchase. After Louisiana statehood
<mask> was the first elected governor after Louisiana became a U.S. state, winning the election of 1812 against Jacques Villeré, and serving from 1812 through 1816.On the eve of the War of 1812 he sent interpreter Simon Favre to the Choctaws to attempt to keep them out of the war. <mask> raised militia companies and negotiated the aid of Jean Lafitte to defend New Orleans from British attack late in 1814. After his term as governor, <mask> was elected to the United States Senate, serving from March 4, 1817, until his death on November 23, 1817, which was 20 years to the day after his first day in Congress. Death and legacy
<mask> died on November 23, 1817. The Louisiana Courier attributed <mask>'s demise to a "liver ailment". <mask> was buried at the St. Louis Cemetery Number 1, in New Orleans, then the most prestigious of the city's cemeteries. This was a controversial honor, as it is a Roman Catholic cemetery, while <mask>borne was Protestant.He was later re-interred at the Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, was named in his honor as were two U.S. counties: Claiborne County, Mississippi; and Claiborne County, Tennessee. The longest street in New Orleans was named in his honor: Claiborne Avenue. The Supreme Court case <mask> v. Police Jury established the three distinct governing structures of the U.S. in Louisiana. The decision was only made after <mask>'s death. The World War II Camp <mask> was named for him in 1939. This installation is still used today for training the Louisiana Army National Guard, particularly by the 256th Infantry Brigade for road marches and land navigation.The Claiborne Building is located in downtown Baton Rouge and serves as an administrative center for the Louisiana state government. In 1993, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. He was among the first thirteen inductees into the Hall of Fame. Family life and descendants
<mask>borne's first two wives, Eliza Wilson Lewis and <mask> Duralde, died of yellow fever in New Orleans, within five years of each other. The child of the first marriage, a little girl named <mask> <mask>, died the same day as her mother. The second marriage produced a son, <mask>.C<mask>, Jr.In 1812, Governor <mask> married a third time, to Suzette Bosque, daughter of Don Bartólome Bosque, a Spanish colonial official. Their child was Sophronië (or Sophronia) <mask>, who married Antoine James de Marigny, son of Bernard de Marigny. <mask> was the great-great-great-grandfather of fashion designer <mask>. <mask> was related to numerous individuals who served in Congress over several generations. He was the brother of Nathaniel Herbert <mask>, nephew of <mask>, uncle of John Francis Hamtramck <mask>, granduncle of James Robert <mask>, great-great-great granduncle of Lindy Boggs, and great-great-great granduncle of <mask> Pell. See also

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links

1770s births
1817 deaths
People from Sussex County, Virginia
Claiborne family
American people of English descent
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Louisiana
Governors of Mississippi Territory
Governors of the Territory of Orleans
Governors of Louisiana
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Louisiana Democratic-Republicans
Tennessee Democratic-Republicans
Territory of Orleans
Justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court
College of William & Mary alumni
Year of birth uncertain
American duellists
American shooting survivors
Burials at Metairie Cemetery
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee

masks:
William Charles Cole Claiborne
Claiborne
William C
. Claiborne
William Claiborne
Claiborne
William Claiborne
Clai
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Daniel Clark
Clai
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Clai
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Clai
Cborne
Claiborne
Cborne
Claiborne
Clai
Marie Clarisse
Cornelia
Tennessee Claiborne
William C
. Claiborne
Claiborne
Louise Claiborne
William Claiborne
Liz Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Thomas Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne


title: James Williams (musician)

texts:
<mask> (March 8, 1951 – July 20, 2004) was an American jazz pianist. Early life
<mask> was born March 8, 1951, in Memphis, Tennessee. He began his formal piano studies at age 13, and was subsequently an organist at Eastern Star Baptist Church in Memphis, a position he held for six years. He earned a B.S. in Music Education at Memphis State University, where he also formed solid friendships with fellow Memphis pianists Mulgrew Miller and Donald Brown. A devotee of the late Memphis pianist Phineas Newborn, Jr., <mask> took time to delve into his hometown's jazz heritage, associating with pianist Harold Mabern, bassist Jamil Nasser, and saxophonists George Coleman and Frank Strozier, among others. Later life and career
At 22, <mask> moved to Boston to accept a teaching position at the Berklee College of Music.A year later, he joined drummer Alan Dawson's group, which provided support in the Boston area for touring artists including Art Farmer, Milt Jackson, Sonny Stitt, Pat Martino, Jean Carn, Red Norvo, and Arnett Cobb. In 1977, <mask> recorded his first album as a leader, played his first concert featuring his original compositions, and first met Art Blakey. That encounter ultimately led to <mask>'s resigning from the Berklee faculty for a four-year, 10-album tenure with the Jazz Messengers, as part of a lineup which included Wynton Marsalis, Bobby Watson, Bill Pierce and Charles Fambrough. After leaving the Messengers in 1981, <mask> remained in Boston, re-joining Alan Dawson and also playing independently with such artists as Thad Jones, Joe Henderson, Clark Terry, Chet Baker and Benny Carter. In 1984, <mask> moved to New York, residing in Brooklyn and becoming deeply involved in the city's musical activities, omnipresent in jazz clubs not only as a performer but also as a devoted listener. He played, toured and recorded with such artists as Dizzy Gillespie, Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Art Farmer, Kenny Burrell, Elvin Jones, Freddie Hubbard and <mask>. As a leader, <mask>'s recordings include traditional piano–bass–drums trios; larger ensembles with several horns; jazz trio with the Boys Choir of Harlem and guest Dianne Reeves; a four-piano format with rhythm section; a sextet with a front line featuring three saxophonists; a classic setting for Clark Terry; a solo piano recital in the Maybeck series; and his last group, "Intensive Care Unit", a jazz-gospel ensemble featuring two vocalists, saxophone and rhythm section.After self-producing his own album Alter Ego for Sunnyside Records in 1984, he produced albums for several other musicians, including Phineas Newborn, Jr., Harold Mabern, Donald Brown, Billy Pierce, Bill Easley, Tony Reedus and Geoff Keezer. In 1993, <mask> focused his production activities under the umbrella of his company, Finas Sound Productions, Inc. The name is a phonetic tribute to Phineas Newborn, Jr., who pronounced his name "Fine'-us". Finas Sound produced numerous concerts and recordings, including its highly acclaimed "Musical Tributes" and "The Key Players" series, both held at Merkin Concert Hall in Manhattan. <mask> was a prolific composer. His pieces like "Arioso", "Black Scholars" and "Alter Ego" embody memorable melodies and snappy rhythmic construction. Second Floor Music publishes a folio of solo piano arrangements by <mask> for 13 of his original compositions.Several of his tunes appear on other artists’ albums, including those of Art Farmer, Kenny Barron, Victor Lewis, Gary Burton and Roy Hargrove. <mask> was a longtime educator. As early as 1975, in addition to his responsibilities at Berklee, he was a faculty member of the National Combo Camp. He also held a teaching position at the Hartt School of Music during the 1984–85 academic year, was a regular contributor to the International Association of Jazz Educators, and was artist-in-residence and presented clinics, demonstration-lectures and workshops at numerous institutions. He was a charter member of the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra under the direction of David Baker and Gunther Schuller. In 1999, he became Director of Jazz Studies at William Paterson University, succeeding Rufus Reid and Thad Jones in that position. He taught a full-time load of ensembles and lessons, hosted dozens of pre-concert interviews and performed on the campus's Jazz Room Series as well as with members of the classical faculty until his unexpected death of liver cancer in New York City in 2004.The <mask> Archive is now part of the Living Jazz Archives on the William Paterson campus, containing his LP collection, original manuscripts, hundreds of performance tapes, photos and awards. Blues band Lady Dottie and the Diamonds dedicated their debut album Livin' It Up (2007) to the memory of <mask>. Discography

As leader/co-leader
 1979: Everything I Love, The <mask> Quartet (Concord Jazz)
 1982: The Arioso Touch, The <mask> Trio (Concord Jazz)
 1984: Alter Ego (Sunnyside)
 1985: Progress Report (Sunnyside)
 1987: The Magical Trio 1 with Ray Brown, Art Blakey (Emarcy)
 1987: The Magical Trio 2  with Ray Brown, Elvin Jones (Emarcy)
 1989: Meet the Magical Trio (Emarcy)
 1990: Four Play (DIW) with Clifford Jordan, Richard Davis and Ronnie Burrage
 1991: Up to the Minute Blues with Joe Henderson (DIW)
 1991: <mask> Meets the Saxophone Masters with Joe Henderson, George Coleman, Bill Pierce (DIW)
 1994: Truth Justice & Blues, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 1995: <mask> at Maybeck Vol. 42 (Concord)
 1997: Awesome! with Ray Brown Elvin Jones (DIW)
 1998: We've Got What You Need, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 2003: Jazz Dialogues: Vol. 1 Willpower, Vol. 2 Focus, Vol.3 Out of Nowhere, Vol. 4 Music for a While

As sideman
With Karrin Allyson
 Ballads – Remembering John Coltrane (Concord Jazz, 2001)
With Art Blakey
 In My Prime Vol. 1 (Timeless, 1977)
 In My Prime Vol.

masks:
James Williams
James Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
James
James
Williams
Tony Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams


title: Hassan Khaled

texts:
<mask>  (Arabic:حسن خالد ;born in 1921 – 16 May 1989) was the leader of Lebanon's Sunni Muslim community. As a grand mufti, he presided over Islamic courts in Lebanon for 23 years, and served as Head of the Islamic Coalition, a body which included past and present prime ministers, Sunni parliamentary figures, and Sunni members of Lebanon's government. He was considered a moderate, and upon his assassination was named as the "father of moderation," as he worked throughout his career to bring unity to the warring factions of the Lebanese Civil War. <mask>'s assassination in 1989 was widely believed to be the work of Syria. <mask> was born in Beirut, French Lebanon, in 1921. He attended his primary school at Al Makkased Islamic schools in Beirut, continued his study of intermediate and secondary education at the Institute of Azhar Lebanon in Beirut, and pursued his university education at Al-Azhar University. at the Faculty of Theology in Cairo, where he obtained the bachelor's degree (BA) in 1946.He started his public life after graduating from legitimacy School in Beirut as a professor of Logic and Tawhid (Monotheism). In 1954 he was appointed as Deputy Chief Judge of Beirut, then in 1957 he was appointed as a judicial Judge in the province of Akkar in North Lebanon. Khaled then transferred in 1960 to the Mount Lebanon Legitimacy (sharia) Court district. He also headed the Higher Judicial Legitimacy Council in Lebanon, and presided over the Islamic Gathering, which was a weekly meeting that included the present and past Lebanese prime ministers, present and past Lebanese ministers, Muslim Parliamentary figures. He was also The Chairman of the higher Muslim Legitimacy Council in Lebanon, and the Vice-President of the founding Council of the Muslim World League in Mecca, and Vice-President of the International Islamic charity association in Kuwait, and a member of the Theology Council Association in Muslim world League in Makkah, a member of the Theology Assembly of the Organization of Islamic countries in Jeddah, and a member of Islamic Research Assembly in Egypt. He was unanimously elected by Islamic scholars, political leaders and opinion leaders in Lebanon as the Grand Mufti of Lebanon on 21 December 1966. His writings
Khaled wrote on many issues of Islam, including:
 Islam and its social and material interdependence in society.Inheritance in the Islamic Sharia (Legitimacy). Personal Status provisions of the Islamic Sharia(Legitimacy). Tales of Ramadan. course of the Islamic call in Lebanon during the 14th century AH. marriage to non-Muslims. definition Letter of Islam. Islam's position on paganism, Christianity and Judaism.views and positions. Madinah society before and after migration. Muslims in Lebanon and the civil war. Torah, the Bible and the Koran and science (A translation of Maurice Bokay's famous Book). martyr in Islam. Islam and its vision to after life. <mask> had a national role through chairing for many years the “Islamic Gathering,” a weekly political meeting that was held at Dar Alfatwa that gave its views on Lebanese politics during the civil war in Lebanon.He was personally involved as a representative of Lebanon in many Islamic and Arab conferences, or sent representatives to different Arab and world countries. Career

 Preaching and teaching in mosques in Beirut. Preaching and teaching in Makkawi and Majidiyah, and the Imam Ali mosques in the heart of Beirut for more than twenty years. He taught the subjects of logic and uniformity in Azhar- Lebanon-Beirut. Assistant prosecution Judge in the Islamic Courts in Beirut. Deputy Chief Judge in Beirut. Judge of Akkar province in northern Lebanon.President of the Courts of legitimacy in the province of Mount Lebanon. Assuming the post of Mufti of the Lebanese Republic on 11/12/1966 after unanimity scholars and Muslim leaders on his election in the lobby of the Dar Al-Fatwa. Chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council legitimate in Lebanon. Chairman of the Islamic Gathering. (weekly meeting of heads of governments, ministers, MPs). President of the Supreme Islamic Council in Lebanon. Deputy Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of the Association of the Islamic world league in Mecca.Deputy head of the Islamic Charity Organization in Kuwait. Academy member jurist in the Muslim World League / Mecca. Academy member in the Organization of Islamic States / Jeddah. A member of the Islamic Research Academy in Egypt. Participated personally as a representative of Lebanon in many Arab and Islamic conferences or sent representatives in each of: Saudi Arabia / Egypt / Sudan / Morocco / Libya / Algeria / Tunisia / Arab Emirates / Qatar / Kuwait / Syria / Iraq / Yemen / Iran / Indonesia / Australia / China / France / Britain / Rome / Afghanistan / Ghana / Niger / Mali / Chad / Somalia / Uganda / Poland / Romania / Bulgaria / Soviet Union /and the United States of America. Honors
 National Medal of Cedar-Lebanon-16 May 1989. Grand Collar of the renaissance of the Jordanian-highest first-class medal in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan-1967.High medal from the president-the Republic of Chad. Decoration from the Soviet Union on the research of the cessation of nuclear armament on 14 August 1974. Islam Decoration (Girdanov) – Poland. Received several medals from the United States of America. Valuations
 Honorary doctorate in Cairo, after a lecture he delivered at Al-Azhar in the Hall of Imam Mohammed Abdo, during a dinner invitation from the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Honorary doctorate from the University Jin Ji, China. Family
Mufti <mask> was married to Salwa Balhawan and had nine children.Their names from oldest to youngest: Bahiyya, Saadeddine, Ammar, Mohammad, Hala, Hani, Hisham, Mazen, and Layla. Death
On 16 May 1989, a 300-pound (136 kg) car bomb was detonated next to <mask>'s car as he drove through Beirut. <mask> and 21 others were killed. Syrian intelligence is widely believed to be behind the assassination; <mask> had been a critic of Syrian intervention in Lebanon. As Khaled had been killed while returning from a meeting with anti-Syrian general Michel Aoun, his killing was believed to be a warning to all those who cooperated with Aoun. See also
 List of assassinated Lebanese people
 Sunni Muslim

References

External links
 <mask>d Foundations (in Arabic)

1921 births
1989 deaths
Assassinated Lebanese politicians
Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon
Lebanese Sunni Muslims
Lebanese imams
Lebanese judges
Sharia judges
Terrorism deaths in Lebanon
Lebanese terrorism victims
People murdered in Lebanon
Al-Azhar University alumni
Grand Muftis of Lebanon

masks:
Hassan Khaled
Khaled
Life Hassan Khaled
Khaled
Hasan Khaled
Khaled
Khaled
Khaled
Hassan Khale