title: Herman Bernstein

texts:
<mask> (, September 21, 1876 – August 31, 1935) was an American journalist, poet, novelist, playwright, translator, Jewish activist, and diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Albania and was the founder of Der Tog, the Jewish daily newspaper. Biography
<mask> was born in Vladislavov, Russian Empire (today in Lithuania). <mask>'s parents were David and <mask>. His brother was a writer, Hillel, or <mask>. He also had two older sisters named Helen and Flora. When he was 6 years old, his parents moved to Mohilev, on the Dnieper river in present-day Belarus.<mask> emigrated to the United States in 1893 first arriving in Chicago. His father, a Talmudic scholar, became sick with tuberculosis shortly after they arrived in the United States. This illness required <mask> and his siblings to work in sweatshops to support the family. He married Sophie Friedman in 1901. They had four children together, <mask> Willheim, <mask> Gitlin, <mask> Nash, and <mask>. In 1893, he emigrated with his family to the United States, where he completed his education. He married Sophie Friedman on December 31, 1901.They had three daughters, <mask> Gitlin, <mask> Nash, <mask> Willheim; and a son <mask>, who became a long-time newspaper editor in Binghamton, New York. <mask> covered the Russian Revolution in 1917 for the New York Herald, which led him to both Siberia and Japan with the American Expeditionary Forces. He covered the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 for the same newspaper. <mask> died in Sheffield, Massachusetts on August 31, 1935. He was survived by his wife Sophie, and his brother the writer Hillel <mask>. Legacy
Descendants include Peter Nash, a physician and poet; Joyce Gitlin (Sartwell) Abell, a teacher and farmer; Crispin Sartwell, a philosophy professor and journalist; Boaz Nash, a physicist; and Joan Weber, a visual artist. Journalism
<mask> was prolific as a journalist throughout his life, with his first stories published in 1900.He contributed, among others, to the New York Evening Post, The Nation, The Independent, and Ainslee's Magazine. He was the founder and editor of The Day and an editor of The Jewish Tribune and of the Jewish Daily Bulletin. As a correspondent of the New York Times, <mask> regularly travelled to Europe. In 1915, he went to Europe to document the situation of Jews in the war zones. Victoria Woeste writes:
<mask>, a novelist and poet of some repute, won acclaim for his accomplishments in investigative journalism in the 1910s. He was driven 'to lay bare the operations of Russian totalitarianism, whether Czarist or Bolshevist, especially in so far as it affected the fate of Russian Jews.' His reporting revealed 'the involvement of the Russian secret police in the case of Mendel Beilis, the Jew wrongfully accused of the ritual murder of a gentile boy' in 1911, and he also documented social and political conditions in Russia before and after the Communist Revolution.<mask> later translated Beilis's Story of My Sufferings (see translations, below). In the 1920s <mask> wrote for the New York American and the Brooklyn Eagle, often reporting from Europe and writing frequently about Russia. Secret correspondence between the Kaiser and the Tsar
In 1918, <mask> revealed a secret correspondence  between Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II and published it in a book, The Willy-Nicky Correspondence, published by Knopf with a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt. <mask> summarized the contents as follows:

During my recent stay in Russia I learned that shortly after the Tsar had been deposed, a series of intimate, secret telegrams were discovered in the secret archives of Nicholas Romanoff at Tsarskoye Selo. . . The complete correspondence, consisting of sixty-five telegrams exchanged between the Emperors during the years 1904, 1905, 1906 and 1907, forms an amazing picture of international diplomacy of duplicity and violence, painted by the men responsible for the greatest war in the world's history. The documents, not intended for the eyes of even the Secretaries of State of the two Emperors, constitute the most remarkable indictment of the system of governments headed by these imperial correspondents.He remarked that "the Kaiser is exposed as a master intriguer and Mephistophelian plotter for German domination of the world. The former Tsar is revealed as a capricious weakling, a characterless, colourless nonentity." The two, <mask> wrote, "both talked for peace and plotted against it." In 1915, <mask> published a book, La Rekta Gibulo, in the so-called universal language Esperanto. It is a translation of the story "The Straight Hunchback" which comes from <mask>'s In the Gates of Israel. Interviews
<mask> interviewed many of the most eminent people of his time, including Leo Tolstoy, Bernard Shaw, Auguste Rodin, Henri Bergson, Pope Benedict XV, Peter Kropotkin, Arthur Schnitzler, Leon Trotsky, Chaim Weizmann, Havelock Ellis, Romain Rolland, Albert Einstein, and Woodrow Wilson. These interviews were gathered in several books, including With Master Minds: Interviews by <mask> and Celebrities of Our Times.Translations, poetry, plays, short stories
<mask> translated a number of important literary works, by figures such as Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreyev, Leo Tolstoy, and Ivan Turgenev, from Russian to English. His own plays The Mandarin and The Right to Kill, were presented on Broadway. In addition, he published poems (including those collected in The Flight of Time and Other Poems [1899]), short stories (including those collected in In the Gates of Israel: Stories of the Jews [1902]), and a novel (Contrite Hearts, 1903). Politics and diplomacy
In the early 1910s, <mask> advocated liberal immigration policies and was a member of the Democratic National Committee, working to elect Woodrow Wilson in 1912. <mask> met Herbert Hoover at the Paris Peace Conference and supported his bid for the presidency in 1928. Soon thereafter, <mask> published Herbert Hoover: The Man Who Brought America to The World. In 1930 Hoover appointed <mask> as the United States minister to Albania, a position he held until 1933.During this appointment, he helped put into place several treaties between the U.S. and Albania, and received an award from King Zog for his service to Albania, the Grand Cordon of the Order of Skanderbeg. Refutation of the Protocols and lawsuit against Henry Ford
In 1921, responding to Henry Ford's printing of 500,000 copies of the notorious anti-Semitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as well as a series of anti-Semitic articles under the title The International Jew in Ford's newspaper The Dearborn Independent, <mask> published the book History of a Lie, a demonstration of The Protocols' spurious origins. At the same time Ford was being lauded as an anti-Semite hero in Europe, he was confronted with another lawsuit in America. This one came from <mask>, the same man who had helped to expose The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a forgery. In the August 20, 1921 issue of the Independent, <mask> had been identified as the source . . . who revealed to Ford the supposed worldwide Jewish conspiracy. "He told me most of the things that I have printed," Ford claimed in the article, which labeled <mask> "the messenger boy of international Jewry."An outraged <mask> denied the allegations and, in 1923, sued Ford for $200,000. He told the press that he was doing a public service by allowing the American people to get a "true picture" of Ford's "diseased imagination." <mask> was represented by Samuel Untermyer. The suit languished because <mask> and his representatives were never able to serve Ford with a subpoena; Ford had many allies among the political and law enforcement officials of Michigan and elsewhere, as well as a large private security force. <mask> and Untermeyer did, however, succeed in getting New York state officials to agree to impound any copies of The Independent that entered the state. The extent to which this was enforced is not clear. Other libel suits against Ford were pursued by Louis Marshall and Aaron Sapiro, though there was tension among these figures over which suit was most viable.In response to the suits, as well as the fear that the negative publicity was hurting automobile sales, Ford issued an 'Apology to Jews,' the sincerity of which is a matter of controversy. These cases are significant in the history of the jurisprudence pertaining to group libel and hate speech. In 1935, the Nazi Party consolidated power in Germany and revived The Protocols yet again - and requiring all German schoolchildren to read it. <mask> published another and more elaborate refutation, The Truth About the 'Protocols of Zion' - A Complete Exposure. <mask> died later that year. Correspondence
<mask>'s correspondence, housed at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research at the Center for Jewish History in New York, includes letters to and from many of the most eminent people of that period in various walks of life, including Mark Twain Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Sholem Aleichem, Andrew Carnegie, Leo Tolstoy, William Howard Taft, George Bernard Shaw, Max Nordau, Louis Brandeis, John D. Rockefeller, Louis Marshall, Israel Zangwill, Henri Bergson, Arthur Brisbane, Mordecai Kaplan, Henry Morgenthau, Sr., Gifford Pinchot, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franz Oppenheimer, Felix Frankfurter, Warren G. Harding, William Randolph Hearst, Herbert Hoover, Constantin Stanislavski, Leon Trotsky, Arthur Balfour, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, Henry Ford, Arthur Goldberg, Adolph Ochs, Romain Rolland, Julius Rosenwald, Benjamin Cardozo,  Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and Franklin Roosevelt. Jewish activism
<mask> worked with organizations such as ORT, the Central Relief Committee, the American Jewish Relief Committee, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to improve conditions for Jews in Europe.He also served as secretary of the American Jewish Committee, and as an officer of the Zionist Organization of America. <mask> advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine and wrote about the politics of the Middle East and the settlement of Palestine. Bibliography
Books by <mask> -
 The Flight of Time and Other Poems (1899)
 In the Gates of Israel: Stories of the Jews (short stories) (New York: Taylor, 1902)
 Contrite Hearts (novel) (New York: A. Wessels Company, 1903)
 With Master Minds: Interviews by <mask> (New York: Universal Series Publishing, 1913)
 La rekta Gibulo (book in Esperanto), (Stanyan, Presanto [Montpelier, VT], 1915)
 The Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Tsar (reportage; with a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt) (New York: Knopf, 1918)
 Celebrities of Our Time (interviews) (New York: Joseph Lawren, 1924)
 History of a Lie (New York: Ogilvie, 1921)
 Twenty-Five Years (1925)
 The Road to Peace: Interviews With Famous Americans and Europeans (New York: Frank-Maurice, 1926)
 Herbert Hoover: The Man Who Brought America to the World (Herald-Nathan Press, 1928)
 Can We Abolish War? (New York: Broadview, 1935)
 The Truth About the 'Protocols of Zion' - A Complete Exposure (New York: Covici Friede, 1935)
 The League of Men (listed by WorldCat as '1930s')

Translations -
 Leonid Andreyev, The Seven Who Were Hanged  (J.G. Ogilvie, 1909)
 Leonid Andreyev, Anathema (Macmillan, 1910)
 Leonid Andreyev, The Crushed Flower and Other Stories (Knopf, 1916)
 Leonid Andreyev, The Waltz of the Dogs (J.G. Little and Ives, 1922)
 Leonid Andreyev, Samson in Chains (Brentano's, 1923)
 Leonid Andreyev, Katerina (Brentano's, 1922)
 Leonid Andreyev, Satan's Diary (Boni and Liveright, 1920)
 Leonid Andreyev, The Sorrows of Belgium (Macmillan, 1922)
 Mendel Beilis, The Story of My Sufferings (1926)
 Maxim Gorky, The Man Who Was Afraid (Foma Gordayev) (Bee De Pub. Co., 1928)
 Fritz Gotwald, Salto mortale : A play in three acts (1929)
 N N Evreinov, The Chief Thing; a Comedy for Some, a Drama for Others (Pub.for the Theatre guild by Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926)
 Georg Kaiser, The Phantom Lover (Brentano's, 1928)
 Ludwig Thoma, Morality: a Comedy in Three Acts (1905)
 Leo Tolstoy, The Forged Coupon and Other Stories (J.S. Ogilvie, 1912)
 Lev Urvantsov, Vera, a Drama in Four Acts (1922)
 Nikolai Nikolayevich Yevreinov, The Radio kiss; A Comedy of Tomorrow in Three Acts (no date)

References

External links

 Note: two personalities were evidently interconnected in IBDb. This <mask> is related only to the records about stagings in 1911 – 1929. Books authored and translated by <mask> at Google Play
 <mask> at Jewish Enclyclopedia website
 More about Neustadt-Schirwindt where <mask> was born
 Papers at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

1876 births
1935 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Albania
American newspaper editors
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American reporters and correspondents
American translators
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Jewish American writers
Lithuanian Jews
People from Kudirkos Naumiestis
People from Suwałki Governorate
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Russian–English translators
State Political Directorate
Zionist activists
Yiddish-language writers
20th-century American diplomats

masks:
Herman Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Herman
Marie Elsohn Bernstein
Harry Bernstein
Herman
Herman
Violet Bernstein
Hilda Bernstein
Dorothy Bernstein
David Bernstein
Hilda Bernstein
Dorothy Bernstein
Violet Bernstein
David Bernstein
Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Herman Bernstein
Hermann Bernstein
Bernstein


title: Hamilton Fish III

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> and also known as <mask>.; December 7, 1888 – January 18, 1991) was a soldier and Republican politician from New York State. Born into a family long active in the state, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1920 to 1945 and during that time was a prominent opponent of United States intervention in foreign affairs and was a critic of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. When <mask> celebrated his 102nd birthday in 1990, he was the oldest living American who had served in Congress. Family and early life

<mask> was born in Garrison, New York, to the former Republican U.S. Representative <mask> and the former Emily Mann. His paternal grandfather, <mask>, was United States Secretary of State under the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. The father of the first <mask>, <mask> (born 1758), was an officer in the Continental Army and was later appointed adjutant general of New York by Governor George Clinton. The wife of <mask> was Elizabeth Stuyvesant, a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, who was the Dutch colonial governor of New York.Through his mother, Emily Mann, <mask> <mask> was also a descendant of Thomas Hooker, who settled Hartford, Connecticut, in 1636. <mask>'s uncle Elias Mann was a judge and three-term mayor of Troy, New York. <mask>'s great-grandmother, Susan Livingston, married Count Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz in 1800 after the death of her husband, John Kean (who had been a delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina.) A soldier and statesman, Niemcewicz was credited with writing the Polish Constitution of 1791. John Kean and Susan Livingston's great-grandson, and thus a relative of <mask>, was Thomas Kean, who was elected governor of New Jersey in 1982. A cousin of <mask> <mask> (also named <mask>) was a sergeant in Company L of Theodore Roosevelt's "Rough Riders", and the first American soldier killed in action during the Spanish–American War. <mask> II had his ten-year-old son's name legally changed from <mask> <mask> to just <mask> to honor his fallen cousin (he and <mask> <mask> never met).<mask> was married in 1921 to Grace Chapin Rogers (1885–1960), daughter of onetime Brooklyn Mayor Alfred C. Chapin (1848–1936). Their son, <mask> IV, was a thirteen-term U.S. Representative from New York, holding office from 1969 to 1995. The <mask>es' daughter Lillian Veronica <mask> married David Whitmire Hearst, son of William Randolph Hearst. Education
During his childhood, <mask> attended Chateau de Lancy, a Swiss school near Geneva, which his father also attended in 1860; there, the younger <mask> learned French and played soccer. He spent summers with his family in Bavaria. He began his U.S. boarding school education at Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts, and he later attended St. Mark's School, a preparatory school also in Southborough. <mask> later described himself as a "B student" but successful in several different sports.Graduating from St. Mark's in 1906, <mask> went on to attend Harvard College, class of 1910. There, he played on Harvard's football team as a tackle and was a member of the Porcellian Club. Standing  and weighing , "Ham" <mask> was highly successful as a football player; he was twice an All-America and in 1954 was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He was the only Harvard man on Yale graduate Walter Camp's "All time" "All America" team. After graduating from Harvard, <mask> continued his involvement in football. He donated $5000 for several awards to Harvard football players; and organized the Harvard Law School football team, which played exhibition games with other colleges around the country. In 1909, at 20, <mask> graduated early from Harvard with a cum laude degree in history and government.He declined an offer to teach history at Harvard and instead attended Harvard Law School. He left law school before graduating, and took a job in a New York City insurance office. <mask> was a Progressive member of the New York State Assembly (Putnam Co.) in 1914, 1915 and 1916. Military service

Prior to the United States entering the First World War, <mask> was captain of Company K, 15th New York Infantry. When the 15th was mobilized for Federal service, <mask> accepted an offer from Col. William Hayward to retain his position in the 369th Infantry (as the 15th New York was re-designated following mobilization). The 369th was a unit of African American enlisted men with white officers (and a few African American officers at the start of the war) which came to be known as the "Harlem Hellfighters." The 369th Infantry was assigned to the 93d Division.The summer after President Wilson's declaration of war against Germany (in April 1917), <mask> and about two thousand soldiers began training at Camp Whitman (in New York). In October 1917, the unit was ordered to Camp Wadsworth (in South Carolina) for further training. In November 1917, the regiment boarded the USS Pocahontas, destined for France, although shortly thereafter the ship returned to shore due to engine problems. After another aborted departure, the ship left on December 13, 1917. Despite colliding with another ship and not having a destroyer escort to protect against German submarines, the regiment reached France. (<mask> complained to Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt about the lack of an escort.) <mask> and his unit landed in Brest, France on December 26; the 369th Infantry was placed under the control of the French army by U.S. General John J. Pershing.Altogether, the 369th Infantry spent 191 days on the front lines, which was the longest of any American regiment. It was also the first Allied regiment to reach the Rhine River. <mask> received the Silver Star and the French War Cross 1914–1918. In addition, <mask> and his sister Janet, who had been a nurse near the front lines, were both later inducted into the French Legion of Honor for their wartime service. <mask> was promoted to major on March 13, 1919, and returned to the United States on April 25 of the same year. He was discharged from the Army on May 14, 1919. He continued as a member of the Officers' Reserve Corps until the 1940s, and attained the rank of colonel.Service in the U.S. Congress

First elected to fill the vacancy caused by Edmund Platt's resignation, <mask> was a member of the US House of Representatives from November 2, 1920, to January 3, 1945, having been defeated for re-election in 1944. In nearly 25 years as a US Representative, <mask> would become known as a strong anticommunist and an acerbic critic of Franklin Roosevelt, which raised his profile and made him an ally of the anti-Roosevelt members of Congress. He was opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal. A non-interventionist until after the attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> was also responsible for a number of legislative and diplomatic moves aimed at helping Jews out of Adolf Hitler's Germany. On December 8, 1941, he made the first speech in Congress asking for a declaration of war against Japan, but later said he never would have asked for it had he been aware of what Roosevelt did to provoke Japan into the attack. His unapologetic opposition to the New Deal provoked Roosevelt into including him with two other Capitol Hill opponents in a rollicking taunt that became a staple of Roosevelt's 1940 re-election campaign: "Martin, Barton and <mask>." Finally, in part under the influence of New York Governor Thomas Dewey, <mask>'s congressional career ended when he won the Republican Party primary in his district but lost the general election in 1944.Upon his 1944 defeat, after 26 years in Congress, <mask> stated, "I particularly wanted to be elected to serve as chairman of the rules committee to stop the march toward communism and totalitarianism in America. I have no regrets whatever, as I waged the strongest possible fight that I knew how." In 1936 <mask> succeeded his father as an hereditary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. Unknown Soldier of World War I and Tomb of the Unknowns
On December 21, 1920, <mask> introduced Resolution 67 of the 66th Congress, which provided for the return to the United States the remains of an unknown American soldier killed in France during World War I and for interment of his remains in a hallowed tomb to be constructed outside the Memorial Amphitheater in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from the nation's capital. Congress approved the resolution on March 4, 1921. On October 23, 1921, at Châlons-sur-Marne, France, about 90 miles from Paris, remains of an unknown soldier were selected from among four caskets containing remains of unknown American soldiers killed in France. The selected remains were returned to the United States and interred at the tomb site in Arlington on November 11, 1921, in solemn ceremony following a state funeral procession from the US Capitol building, where the World War I Unknown had lain in state.The tomb, completed in 1937, came to be known as the Tomb of the Unknowns (Soldiers), which is today guarded around the clock daily by elite sentries of the US Army's historic ceremonial but combat-ready 3rd Infantry Regiment—"The Old Guard." The tomb and the unknown soldiers of three US wars interred there today is thought to be the most hallowed military site in the United States and may well be <mask>'s greatest legacy to the nation. Lodge-Fish Resolution
In June 1922, he introduced the Lodge-Fish Resolution to illustrate American support for the British policy in Palestine per the 1917 Balfour Declaration. Fish Committee
<mask> was a fervent anticommunist; in a 1931 article, he described communism as "the most important, the most vital, the most far-reaching, and the most dangerous issue in the world" and believed that there was extensive communist influence in the United States. On May 5, 1930, he introduced House Resolution 180, which proposed to establish a committee to investigate communist activities in the United States; the resulting committee, commonly known as the Fish Committee, undertook extensive investigations of people and organizations suspected of being involved with or supporting communist activities in the United States. Among the committee's targets were the American Civil Liberties Union and Communist Party presidential candidate William Z. Foster.The committee recommended granting the US Department of Justice more authority to investigate communists and the strengthening of immigration and deportation laws to keep communists out of the United States. In 1933, <mask> was on a committee that sponsored the publication in the United States of a translation of a Nazi book called Communism in Germany, by Adolf Ehrt. In the prefatory note, the committee said it they did not publish it as a defense of anti-Semitism or the Nazi regime but because it believed that the struggle between Nazis and communists in Germany provided a lesson about using "effective measures" to defend against communism. The book claimed that Jews were responsible for communism in Germany and that only Adolf Hitler could stop it. Under

masks:
Hamilton Fish III
Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish
Hamilton Fish Jr
Fish
Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish
Hamilton Fish II
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
Nicholas Fish
Nicholas Fish
Hamilton Fish
III
Fish
Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
III
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Stuyant
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
III
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Fish


title: Hamilton Fish III

texts:
 pressure from American Jewish and liberal groups, <mask> and the other committee members disavowed the book. <mask> also distributed the long-debunked Protocols of the Elders of Zion from his congressional office. Isolationism
<mask> was touted by the Germans as a friendly American ally.Time magazine once termed him "the Nation's No. 1 isolationist." On August 14, 1939, <mask>, president of the US delegation to the Interparliamentary Union Congress conference in Oslo, Norway, met with Joachim Ribbentrop. <mask> flew to Oslo in Ribbentrop's private plane. <mask>, a staunch opponent of Roosevelt, advocated better relations with Nazi Germany and hoped to solve the "Danzig question" during the conference in Norway. "Stepping out of Joachim von Ribbentrop's plane in 1939, <mask> opined that Germany's claims were 'just. <mask> and his faction of the Republican Party received material support from the Germans to promote isolationism and non-interventionism in the United States, particularly at the 1940 Republican National Convention

In 1940, just after the presidential election, <mask> sent a telegram to Roosevelt which read: "Congratulations.I pledge my support for national defense ... and to keep America out of foreign wars." In 1941, a judiciary panel investigating the activities of Nazi agents in the US, sent officers to the Washington headquarters of an anti-British organization, the Islands for War Debts Committee, to seize eight bags of franked congressional mail containing speeches by isolationist members of Congress. George Hill, <mask>'s chief of staff, had the mail taken to <mask>'s office storeroom just prior to their arrival. A grand jury was convened and summoned Hill to explain why he had been so solicitous about the Islands for War Debts Committee's mail and his close association with George Sylvester Viereck, a Nazi propaganda agent. (Viereck would later be convicted of violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act and for having subsidized the Islands for War Debts Committee.) Hill said that he had not sent for the mail and did not know Viereck. The jury promptly indicted Hill for perjury.Shortly after the indictment, <mask> defended Hill claiming, "George Hill is 100% O.K., and I'll back George Hill to the limit on anything." During the trial, Hill had explained that Viereck visited Capitol Hill in 1940 and arranged for wholesale distribution of congressional speeches attacking the administration's foreign policy. After hearing that a jury had reached its verdict and anticipating a conviction, <mask> issued a statement: "I am very sorry to learn that George Hill, a disabled, decorated veteran of the World War and a clerk in my office, has been convicted of perjury.... Mr. Hill is of English ancestry.... He had an obsession against our involvement in war." Twenty hours later, the jury convicted Hill. Less than two weeks before the 1942 midterm congressional election, columnist Drew Pearson's nationally syndicated column (Washington Merry-Go-Round) described in detail how in 1939, <mask> had received over $3,100 in cash from a source with German ties. Civil rights
<mask> continued to argue for civil rights of African Americans, particularly in the military.Three times (1922, 1937, and 1940), <mask> joined with other Republicans and northern Democrats to pass anti-lynching bills. Each time, the bills passed the House, but Southern Democrats in the Senate blocked their passage and prevented them from becoming law. In 1940, he succeeded in adding an amendment to the Military Appropriations Bill of 1941. The law included funding for increased manpower, equipment, and training as the United States prepared for possible entry into World War II. <mask>'s amendment banned racial discrimination in the selection and training of military personnel and was later seen as an important step leading to desegregation of the military. Roosevelt articulated the Four Freedoms in his 1941 State of the Union speech. In 1944, <mask> recalled his own World War I experiences and Roosevelt's Four Freedoms remarks in advocating for equal treatment of African Americans in the military: "Fourteen millions of loyal Americans have the right to expect that in a war for the advancement of the 'Four Freedoms' their sons be given the same right as any other American to train, to serve, and to fight in combat units in defense of the United States in this greatest war in its history."Britain's campaign to defeat <mask>
The British Security Coordination (BSC) focused a great deal of effort attempting to influence US Representatives through front groups, campaigning, and agents of influence. In 1940, BSC agents ran the Nonpartisan Committee to Defeat <mask> to "put the fear of God into every isolationist senator and congressman." The committee raised substantial sums of money for <mask>'s opponent, co-ordinated several media attacks, created false charges of wrongdoing just before elections, and helped to distribute books that charged <mask> with disloyalty. The committee as much as possible tried to make attacks on <mask> appear to originate from his district, but historical documents indicate that most attacks originated outside of his district. <mask> survived the attack in 1940 but won his election with less than half the margin of victory that he had earned two years earlier. Wartime elections
In the 1942 election, <mask>, like other former isolationists, was considered vulnerable. The Orange and Putnam district, which <mask> represented, had begun to turn against him.Polls predicted, incorrectly, that <mask> would not even win the Republican primary. For the first time in his 22 years of political campaigning, he opened campaign headquarters. Soon thereafter, he was repudiated by the popular Republican gubernatorial candidate, Thomas Dewey. However, the November 1942 election occurred when voters were impatient for the battlefield victories that would later come, and <mask> defeated his Democratic opponent by 4,000 votes. However, reapportionment, which took effect in 1944, fragmented what had been his 26th District. That year, he ran in the 29th District, which no longer included his home county of Putnam but included one county (Orange) from his previous district and three new counties. Augustus W. Bennet defeated <mask> by approximately 5,000 votes.As Time magazine reported, "In New York, to the nation's delight, down went rabid anti-Roosevelt isolationist <mask>, after 24 years in Congress. His successor: liberal Augustus W. Bennet, Newburgh lawyer." About his exit from Congress, <mask> said in his election-night concession speech that "my defeat should be largely credited to Communistic and Red forces from New York City backed by a large slush fund probably exceeding $250,000." In a farewell speech before the house on December 11, 1944, he stated, "It took most of the New Deal Administration, half of Moscow, $400,000, and Governor Dewey to defeat me." Embittered by his defeat, <mask> promptly sued Robert F. Cutler, the executive secretary of the group Good Government Committee for libel, seeking $250,000 in damages for advertisements depicting <mask> as a Nazi sympathizer. The ads also depicted <mask> associating with the "American Führer," Fritz Kuhn. He would later discontinue the lawsuit without a settlement.Later life
Although he pledged in Congress on December 8, 1941, that he would volunteer to serve in the Army, "preferably with colored troops," to avenge the attack on Pearl Harbor,

<mask> was one of the witnesses who appeared in the 1981 Warren Beatty film Reds, which depicts the life of journalist John Reed and his experiences during Russia's 1917 October Revolution, which led to the creation of a communist state in Russia and the Soviet Union. As part of producing the film, the crew interviewed in the 1970s several individuals who had witnessed the events of 1917. The interviews were used throughout the film to describe places and events and to bridge transitions between the scenes. Death and burial
<mask> died in Cold Spring, New York, on January 18, 1991. He was buried at Saint Philip's Church Cemetery in Garrison, New York. Ancestors and descendants
Although he was the third <mask> in direct line in his family, like his father and his son, he was known as <mask> Jr. during his time in Congress. His grandson has also been known as <mask> <mask>, and was publisher of the liberal magazine The Nation before making his own unsuccessful run for Congress as "<mask> Jr." in 1994.This grandson is also referred to as <mask> V. <mask> <mask> married his fourth and last wife, Lydia Ambrogio <mask> on September 9, 1988, and they remained married until his death. She died in Port Jervis on January 12, 2015. Works
Books
 George Washington in the Highlands, or Some Unwritten History. Newburgh, NY: Newburgh News, 1932. The Red Plotters. New York: Domestic and Foreign Affairs Publishers, 1947. The Challenge of World Communism.Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1946. FDR: The Other Side of the Coin: How We Were Tricked Into World War II. New York: Vantage Press, 1976. .
 Lafayette in America During and After the Revolutionary War and Other Essays on Franco-American Relations. New York: Vantage Press, 1976. / . New York State: The Battleground of the Revolutionary War. New York: Vantage Press, 1976./ . Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II. Old Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1983. / . <mask>: Memoir of an American Patriot. Chicago: Regnery Publishing, 1991. / .Public addresses
 "The Republican Party Keeps Faith With Lincoln." February 13, 1928. Address at Lincoln Club of St. Paul, Minnesota. Further reading
 <mask>, Stuyvesant. Ancestors of <mask> and Julia Ursin Niemcewicz Kean, his wife. New York: The Evening Post, 1929. See also
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)

References

External links

Interview for The Great Depression, 1990.Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection. |-

1888 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Activists for African-American civil rights
All-American college football players
American anti-war activists
American centenarians
American football tackles
United States Army personnel of World War I
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Fay School alumni
<mask> III
Founders of lineage societies
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Crimson football players
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the New York State Assembly
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Men centenarians
Military personnel from New York (state)
New York (state) Progressives (1912)
New York (state) Republicans
Non-interventionism
Old Right (United States)
Politicians from Putnam County, New York
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army

masks:
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
III
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish
III
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Fish
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton


title: Low Kiok Chiang

texts:
<mask> (1843 – 12 March 1911), also known as Jacob to his contemporaries, was a successful businessman and prominent Roman Catholic Church philanthropist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Singapore, Thailand (then called Siam) and China. He played a major role in financing the construction of major Roman Catholic infrastructure in Singapore, Bangkok and China, which is still in use today. Life

<mask> was born in the South Chinese Guangdong province coastal town of Shantou (formerly Swatow) in 1843 in a Teochew family. Due to financial difficulties his family sent 2 sons to Singapore in search of work. <mask>, arriving in Singapore as a 16-year-old in 1859, had originally worked as a cook, and later as a clerical assistant at the French Roman Catholic religious order Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP) headquarters in Oxley Road, Singapore, from the 1850s. It was during his employ as a young man that the residing parish priest Fr Patria recognised promise in <mask> and advised the young man to relocate to Bangkok in Siam to start up a business venture. According to family sources the Roman Catholic Church extended a generous loan to <mask> in order for him to see the plan through.By 1872, <mask> established the retail/import-export firm  Kiam Hoa Heng  along the east bank of the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok. He did so with a childhood friend and now business partner Mr. Joseph Chan Teck Hee (1845–1930). It was from their import-export business based in Bangkok,  Kiam Hoa Heng  and in 1883  Buan Hoa Seng  in Singapore were set up. The Singapore side of this operation was overseen by Mr. John Goh Ah Seng (1851–1916). In the 1880s, Kiam Hoa Heng received royal Siamese patronage from King Chulalongkorn himself. The story goes that one day a man walked into his shop with an entourage of people. No one knew who he was but one employee did recognise this person as the King.<mask> was at the local church for his daily afternoon prays and so missed this visit. After the visit the owner was invited to the royal palace to receive a plaque signifying royal patronage. According to the Miramar shipping index website, <mask> commissioned a 1,100 ton powered ship, the 'Ban Hong Liong' in 1906. The ship was later sold and played a prominent role as a transport and logistics ship for British forces during the second World War. <mask> <mask> died on 12 March 1911 from complications arising from blood poisoning due to an infection. His body was transported via steam ship from Bangkok to Singapore for burial. He was buried in a cemetery behind Singapore's Presidential Istana (Palace) which was exhumed in 1970 to make way for a park.His marble tombstone and body are now interred at the Choa Chu Kang Cemetery in Singapore. By the second decade of the 20th century, the <mask> family network began linking up with other prominent Roman Catholic Chinese philanthropist families such as the Wee (Ng) family, headed by David Wee Cheng Soon (1875–1944), who contributed heavily to the construction of the Church of St Theresa in 1929 (Singapore), the St Anthony's Church in 1927 (Singapore) and other Roman Catholic infrastructure such as the school hall of St Joseph's Institution in 1911 (see photo). Wee ran a large construction company based in Stamford Road, Singapore city. Wee's company also constructed the Majestic Hotel (1932) now the National Art Gallery in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Singapore's first airport runway at the former Kallang Airport. Immediate descendants live in Singapore, Thailand, the Netherlands, Spain, Australia, Italy and the UK. Contributing to Roman Catholic expansion in Singapore, Bangkok and China

After having attained financial success, Jacobe <mask> donated large amounts of capital needed for the construction of local Chinese parishes and mission schools in Singapore, Bangkok and in Swatow China, especially between the mid-1890s to 1910. There is, however, no evidence to show if the Roman Catholic Church had a direct say in the use of Mr. <mask>'s business profits.From interviews with descendants in the 1970s and 1980s, it appears the reasons for doing so were totally personal. This wealthy patronage did not go unnoticed by some in the rival Protestant churches. Rev. J. A. Bethune Cook accused the Roman Catholic Church in 1907 of conducting 'ordinary business houses in the name of Chinese traders and others.' Much of <mask>'s contributions were directed to the Catholic Church and its various instruments. In the late 19th century, <mask> single-handedly paid for restoration of damaged roofs at the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus in the Singapore city precinct.His family and firm contributed several thousand dollars to Singapore's St Joseph's Institution. Kiam Hoa Heng also paid for refurbishments in the form of three large stained glass windows behind the altar, at the St Peter and Pauls Church in Queen Street, Singapore. In addition to this he gave large tracts of land and city-based properties to the Catholic Church in Bangkok. Around 1902, he paid for the construction of a church in his birthplace Shantou (formerly Swatow), in China, and during the Churches recent centennial celebrations, descendants of the <mask> family from London, Singapore and Bangkok were invited to the celebration there. The largest project funded by <mask> was the grand French Romanesque-revivalist Bangkok Roman Catholic Assumption Cathedral which still stands today. According to his daughter <mask> (b. April 1888 d. 4 Jan 1976), he was the primary financial sponsor to this Church, to a point where members of the <mask> family took on large cuts to their financial allowances. The cathedral was completed in 1909.His last project was the modest Church of the Sacred Heart in Tank Road, Singapore completed in 1910, one year before his death. References

Chinese Roman Catholics
Low Kiok Chiang
Low Kiok Chiang
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
Chinese emigrants to Singapore
Low Kiok Chiang
People from Shantou
Catholic Church in China
Catholic Church in Singapore
Catholic Church in Thailand
1911 deaths
1843 births

masks:
Low Kiok Chiang
Jacob Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low Kiok
Chiang
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Veronica Low
Low


title: Julian Simon

texts:
<mask> (February 12, 1932 – February 8, 1998) was an American professor of business administration at the University of Maryland and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute at the time of his death, after previously serving as a longtime economics and business professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. <mask> wrote many books and articles, mostly on economic subjects. He is best known for his work on population, natural resources, and immigration. <mask> is sometimes associated with cornucopian views, but he denied the label. Rather than focus on the abundance of nature, <mask> focused lasting economic benefits from continuous population growth, even despite limited or finite physical resources, empowered primarily by human ingenuity which would create substitutes, and technological progress. He is also known for the famous <mask>hrlich wager, a bet he made with ecologist Paul R. Ehrlich. Ehrlich bet that the prices for five metals would increase over a decade, while <mask> took the opposite stance.<mask> won the bet, as the prices for the metals sharply declined during that decade. <mask>'s 1981 book The Ultimate Resource is a criticism of what was then the conventional wisdom on resource scarcity, published within the context of the cultural background created by the best-selling and highly influential book The Population Bomb in 1968 by Paul R. Ehrlich and The Limits to Growth analysis published in 1972. The Ultimate Resource challenged the conventional wisdom on population growth, raw-material scarcity and resource consumption. <mask> argues that our notions of increasing resource-scarcity ignore the long-term declines in wage-adjusted raw material prices. Viewed economically, he argues, increasing wealth and technology make more resources available; although supplies may be limited physically they may be regarded as economically indefinite as old resources are recycled and new alternatives are assumed to be developed by the market. <mask> challenged the notion of an impending Malthusian catastrophe—that an increase in population has negative economic consequences; that population is a drain on natural resources; and that we stand at risk of running out of resources through over-consumption. <mask> argues that population is the solution to resource scarcities and environmental problems, since people and markets innovate.His ideas were praised by Nobel Laureate economists Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, the latter in a 1998 foreword to The Ultimate Resource II, but they have also attracted critics such as Paul R. Ehrlich, Albert Allen Bartlett and Herman Daly. <mask> examined different raw materials, especially metals and their prices in historical times. He assumed that besides temporary shortfalls, in the long run prices for raw materials remain at similar levels or even decrease. E.g. aluminium was never as expensive as before 1886 and steel used for medieval armor carried a much higher price tag in current dollars than any modern parallel. A recent discussion of commodity index long-term trends supported his positions. His 1984 book The Resourceful Earth (co-edited by Herman Kahn), is a similar criticism of the conventional wisdom on population growth and resource consumption and a direct response to the Global 2000 report.For example, it predicted that "There is no compelling reason to believe that world oil prices will rise in the coming decades. In fact, prices may well fall below current levels". Indeed, oil prices trended downward for nearly the next 2 decades, before rising above 1984 levels in about 2003 or 2004. Oil prices have subsequently risen and fallen, and risen again. In 2008, the price of crude oil reached $100 per barrel, a level last attained in the 1860s (inflation adjusted). Later in 2008, the price again sharply fell, to a low of about $40, before rising again to a high around $125. Since mid-2011, prices were slowly trending downward until the middle of 2014, but falling dramatically until the end of 2015 to ca.$30. Since then prices were relatively stable (below $50). <mask> was skeptical, in 1994, of claims that human activity caused global environmental damage, notably in relation to CFCs, ozone depletion and climate change, the latter primarily because of the perceived rapid switch from fears of global cooling and a new ice age (in the mid-1970s) to the later fears of global warming. <mask> also listed numerous claims about alleged environmental damage and health dangers from pollution as "definitely disproved". These included claims about lead pollution & IQ, DDT, PCBs, malathion, Agent Orange, asbestos, and the chemical contamination at Love Canal. He dismissed such concerns as a mere "value judgement." Influence
<mask> was one of the founders of free-market environmentalism.An article entitled "The Doomslayer" profiling <mask> in Wired magazine inspired Danish Bjørn Lomborg to write the book The Skeptical Environmentalist. <mask> was also the first to suggest that airlines should provide incentives for travelers to give up their seats on overbooked flights, rather than arbitrarily taking random passengers off the plane (a practice known as "bumping"). Although the airline industry initially rejected it, his plan was later implemented with resounding success, as recounted by Milton Friedman in the foreword to The Ultimate Resource II. Economist James Heins said in 2009 that the practice had added $100 billion to the United States economy in the last 30 years. <mask> gave away his idea to federal de-regulators and never received any personal profit from his solution. Although not all of <mask>'s arguments were universally accepted, they contributed to a shift in opinion in the literature on demographic economics from a strongly Malthusian negative view of population growth to a more neutral view. More recent theoretical developments, based on the ideas of the demographic dividend and demographic window, have contributed to another shift, this time away from the debate viewing population growth as either good or bad.<mask> wrote a memoir, A Life Against the Grain, which was published by his wife after his death. Wagers with rivals

Paul R. Ehrlich – first wager

<mask> challenged Paul R. Ehrlich to a wager in 1980 over the price of metals a decade later; <mask> had been challenging environmental scientists to the bet for some time. Ehrlich, John Harte, and John Holdren selected a basket of five metals that they thought would rise in price with increasing scarcity and depletion. <mask> won the bet, with all five metals dropping in price. Supporters of Ehrlich's position suggest that much of this price drop came because of an oil spike driving prices up in 1980 and a recession driving prices down in 1990, pointing out that the price of the basket of metals actually rose from 1950 to 1975. They also suggest that Ehrlich did not consider the prices of these metals to be critical indicators, and that Ehrlich took the bet with great reluctance. On the other hand, Ehrlich selected the metals to be used himself, and at the time of the bet called it an "astonishing offer" that he was accepting "before other greedy people jump in."The total supply in three of these metals (chromium, copper and nickel) increased during this time. Prices also declined for reasons specific to each of the five:
 The price of tin went down because of an increased use of aluminium, a much more abundant, useful and inexpensive material. Better mining technologies allowed for the discovery of vast nickel lodes, which ended the near monopoly that was enjoyed on the market. Tungsten fell due to the rise of the use of ceramics in cookware. The price of chromium fell due to better smelting techniques. The price of copper began to fall due to the invention of fiber optic cable (which is derived from sand), which serves a number of the functions once reserved only for copper wire. In all of these cases, better technology allowed for either more efficient use of existing resources, or substitution with a more abundant and less expensive resource, as <mask> predicted.Paul R. Ehrlich – proposed second wager
In 1995, <mask> issued a challenge for a second bet. Ehrlich declined, and proposed instead that they bet on a metric for human welfare. Ehrlich offered <mask> a set of 15 metrics over 10 years, victor to be determined by scientists chosen by the president of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005. There was no meeting of minds, because <mask> felt that too many of the metric's measured attributes of the world were not directly related to human welfare, e.g. the amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. For such indirect, supposedly bad indicators to be considered "bad", they would ultimately have to have some measurable detrimental effect on actual human welfare. Ehrlich refused to leave out measures considered by <mask> to be immaterial.<mask> summarized the bet with the following analogy:

David South
The same year as his second challenge to Ehrlich, <mask> also began a wager with David South, professor of the Auburn University School of Forestry. The Simon / South wager concerned timber prices. Consistent with his cornucopian analysis of this issue in The Ultimate Resource, <mask> wagered that at the end of a five-year term the consumer price of pine timber would have decreased; South wagered that it would increase. Before five years had elapsed, <mask> saw that market and extra-market forces were driving up the price of timber, and he paid Professor South $1,000. <mask> died before the agreed-upon date of the end of the bet, by which time timber prices had risen further. <mask>'s reasoning for his early exit out of the bet was due to "the far-reaching quantity and price effects of logging restrictions in the Pacific-northwest." He believed this counted as interference from the U.S. government, which rendered the bet worthless according to his economic principles.<mask>'s bet only considered the possibility of prices being driven up by Alabama's government; he did not believe anything worthwhile was shown when U.S. logging restrictions drove the prices up. Main statements and criticism
Jared Diamond in his book Collapse, Albert Bartlett and Garrett Hardin describe <mask> as being too optimistic and some of his assumptions being not in line with natural limitations. Diamond claims that a continued stable growth rate of earth's population would result in extreme over-population long before the suggested time limit. Regarding the attributed population predictions <mask> did not specify that he was assuming a fixed growth rate as Diamond, Bartlett and Hardin have done. <mask> argued that people do not become poorer as the population expands; increasing numbers produce what they needed to support themselves, and have and will prosper while food prices sink. Diamond believes, and finds absurd, <mask> implies it would be possible to produce metals, e.g. copper, from other elements.For <mask>, human resource needs are comparably small compared to the wealth of nature. He therefore argued physical limitations play a minor role and shortages of raw materials tend to be local and temporary. The main scarcity pointed out by <mask> is the amount of human brain power (i.e. "The Ultimate Resource") which allows for the perpetuation of human activities for practically unlimited time. For example, before copper ore became scarce and prices soared due to global increasing demand for copper wires and cablings, the global data and telecommunication networks have switched to glass fiber backbone networks. This and other quotations in Wired are supposed to be the reason for Bjørn Lomborg's The Skeptical Environmentalist. Lomborg has stated that he began his research as an attempt to counter what he saw as <mask>s' anti-ecological arguments but changed his mind after starting to analyze the data.Legacy
The Institute for the Study of Labor established the annual <mask><mask> Lecture to honor <mask>'s work in population economics. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign held a symposium discussing <mask>'s work on April 24, 2002. The university also established the Julian <mask> Memorial Faculty Scholar Endowment to fund an associate faculty member in the business school. India's Liberty Institute also holds a <mask> Memorial Lecture. The Competitive Enterprise Institute gives the <mask> Memorial Award annually to an economist in the vein of <mask>; the first recipient was Stephen Moore, who had served as a research fellow under <mask> in the 1980s. Personal life
<mask> was married to Rita James <mask>, who was also a longtime member of the faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and later became a public affairs professor at American University. <mask> suffered for a long time from depression, which allowed him to work only a few productive hours in a day.He also studied psychology of depression and wrote a book on overcoming it. <mask> was Jewish. He died of a heart attack at his home in Chevy Chase in 1998 at age 65. Education
 BA, Harvard University, experimental psychology, 1953
 Approximately four graduate courses in experimental psychology, Harvard, 1953
 MBA, University of Chicago, 1959
 PhD, University of Chicago, business economics, 1961

Honors
 Doctor honoris causa, University of Navarra, (Spain), Economics, 1998

Works

 The Resourceful Earth: A Response to "Global 2000" (1984), , <mask> & Herman Kahn, eds
 The Economic Consequences of Immigration into the United States
 Effort, Opportunity, and Wealth: Some Economics of the Human Spirit
 Good Mood: The New Psychology of Overcoming Depression  (Forewords by Albert Ellis and Kenneth Colby)
 The Hoodwinking of a Nation  (hard),  (soft)
 A Life Against the Grain: The Autobiography of an Unconventional Economist
 Scarcity or Abundance? A Debate on the Environment (1994), (with Norman Myers),
 The Philosophy and Practice of Resampling Statistics
 Basic research methods in social sciences: The art of empirical investigation,
 Resampling: A Better Way to Teach (and Do) Statistics (with Peter C. Bruce)
 The Science and Art of Thinking Well in Science, Business, the Arts, and Love
 Economics of Population: Key Modern Writings,
 The State of Humanity,
 It's Getting Better All the Time : 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years by Stephen Moore, <mask> <mask>  manuscript finished posthumously by Stephen Moore

References

 <mask><mask> & Herman Kahn eds. (1984) "The Resourceful Earth – A Response to Global 2000" Blackwell
 Albert A. Bartlett. Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment (revised version).Further reading
 Desrochers, Pierre and Vincent Geloso, "Snatching the Wrong Conclusions from the Jaws of Defeat: A Historical/Resourceship Perspective on Paul Sabin's The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, <mask>, and Our Gamble over Earth's Future (Yale University Press, 2013), Part 2: The Wager: Protagonists and Lessons." New Perspectives on Political Economy, vol. 12, no. 1-2 (2016), pp. 42–64. Desrochers, Pierre and Vincent Geloso, "Snatching the Wrong Conclusions from the Jaws of Defeat: A Historical/Resourceship Perspective on Paul Sabin's The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, <mask>, and Our Gamble over Earth's Future (Yale University Press, 2013). Part 1: The Missing History of Thought: Depletionism vs Resourceship."New Perspectives on Political Economy, vol. 12, no. 1-2 (2016), pp. 5–41. External links

 <mask> papers at the University of Maryland libraries
 Writings by <mask><mask>
 Liberty Institute First Annual <mask><mask> Memorial Lecture
 <mask>'s Bet With Paul Ehrlich
 <mask>'s bet with David South
 "<mask> Remembered: It's A Wonderful Life"
 FMN and Heartland: "Remembering <mask>"
 Reason Magazine: "David Foreman vs. the Cornucopians"

 MIT Technology Review: Environmental Heresies
 The <mask><mask> Memorial Award
 MercatorNet: Population
 <mask><mask> papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center

1932 births
1998 deaths
American libertarians
20th-century American Jews
American non-fiction environmental writers
Environmental economists
Harvard University alumni
Libertarian economists
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century economists

masks:
Julian Lincoln Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon E
Simon
Simon
Theory Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Julian Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Julian L
. Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Lincoln
Simon
Julian L
. Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Julian L
. Simon
Julian L
. Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Julian Simon
Julian L
. Simon
Julian L
. Simon


title: Thomas J. Fogarty

texts:
Dr. <mask>. "Tom" Fogarty (born February 25, 1934 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American surgeon and medical device inventor. He is best known for the invention of the embolectomy catheter (or balloon catheter), which revolutionized the treatment of blood clots (embolus). In 2008, Fogarty was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for invention of the balloon catheter and devices that have revolutionized vascular surgery, and for creating companies to commercialize these inventions. Early life and education
Fogarty was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on February 25, 1934. His father worked as a railroad engineer, but died when Fogarty was eight years old. Fogarty cites his father's absence as being influential in his own creative nature as an inventor.He fixed things that needed to be fixed for his mother, and he worked with soapbox derby cars and model airplanes. "I just had a natural inclination and inquisitive nature about building things. I looked at things and just naturally thought, 'Okay, how can I make this better?'" His business side was evident in childhood as well. The model airplanes that he built were sold to neighborhood kids. When he became frustrated with motor scooter gears, he built and sold a centrifugal clutch. Fogarty was not a good student, and his original career goal was to be a boxer.“I wasn’t a very good kid. They sent me to a camp to keep me out of trouble. One of the routine activities was boxing." To help his family get by in the late 1940s, Fogarty started working at Good Samaritan Hospital, beginning with cleaning medical equipment while he was in the eighth grade at school. He continued working during his high school summer vacations and was soon promoted to scrub technician, a person who handed medical instruments to surgeons – he witnessed his first surgery at a young age. It was during this time that he first met Dr. <mask>, who would have a major influence on Fogarty's future career. During his last year of high school, Fogarty discovered that he wanted to be a doctor.At the age of 17, he quit his boxing career after he broke his nose in a match that ended in a draw. A family priest gave him a recommendation, and because of his awful grades, he was admitted to Cincinnati's Xavier University on probation. <mask>, one of the most prominent vascular surgeons in the United States became his mentor. Speaking of Cranley, Fogarty later stated: “I had a mentor who encouraged me and helped to persuade me to go to college… He had 10 kids and I became the 11th. He always told me, ‘You are smarter than you think.’”

Fogarty graduated from Xavier University with a bachelor’s degree in biology in 1956 and went on to attend the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1960. From 1960 to 1961, he interned at the University of Oregon Medical School in Portland, Oregon, and he completed his surgical residency at the same school in 1965. Invention of the embolectomy catheter

During Fogarty’s years at Good Samaritan Hospital, he witnessed the deaths of many patients who died from complications in blood clot surgeries in their limbs.“Fifty percent of the patients died. I thought there must be a better way.” Before Fogarty's invention, surgeons had to use forceps to remove the blood clots only after a huge part of an artery had been cut open, and the patient would be under general anesthesia for hours. Blood flow is usually interrupted in the procedure, increasing the risk of the patient losing a limb. At home, the ideas that went through Fogarty's head concerned different ways of making the procedure better, and he especially concentrated on avoiding the risky incisions. He tinkered with a urethral catheter and a balloon in his attic. Because a catheter only required a small incision, it would be able to get to the clot without much trauma to the patient. The urethral catheter is also flexible yet strong enough to be pushed through a blood clot.As for the balloon, he basically cut off the tip of the pinky finger of a size 5 surgical latex glove and attempted to incorporate it onto the end of the catheter. The resulting balloon could be inflated with saline using a syringe, and once it expands to the size of the artery, it is then retracted, withdrawing the clot through the artery and out the incision. The main problem in building this device was the way the balloon could be attached to the catheter. Glue that could hold vinyl, the material making up a catheter, and latex, the type of glove used, was not available. Fogarty's own take on the catheter came about because of fishing techniques he learned as a child. Precise hand-tying was needed in fishing, and with these techniques, he tied the balloon to the catheter. "I'd always tied flies and made lures so it was just a natural thing."His experimental balloon catheter, however, always seemed to burst when it was over inflated. It even broke when he dragged it through glass tubes filled with Jell-o, a model he thought simulated a clot within an artery. After some time, he figured out the type and thickness of rubber that was firm enough when inflated to extract a clot and still flexible enough to move through without breaking. The device, made before Fogarty even received his MD from University of Cincinnati in 1960, became the first minimally invasive surgical device. Fogarty, however, came across difficulties in getting a manufacturer to produce it. From 1959 to 1961, nobody was willing to help. "Companies thought I was some stooge fooling around.I didn't have any credibility." Dr. Cranley continued to encourage him, and soon, during his fellowship training at the University of Cincinnati in 1961 and 1962, Fogarty started to make the catheter system by hand for himself and for other vascular surgeons. At the University of Oregon, while Fogarty was completing his residency in surgery, Dr. Al Starr, head of the cardiothoracic division, used Fogarty's balloon catheters. After he was informed that no company was willing to manufacture Fogarty's device, he asked one of his acquaintances, Lowell Edwards, an electrical engineer and president of his own company, to give the device consideration in producing it. In 1969, Fogarty patented his device, and Edwards Life Sciences from Irvine, California, was assigned the patent to begin manufacturing the Fogarty embolectomy catheter. Because of the decreased risk associated with the device, Fogarty's balloon catheter became the industry standard and remains the most widely used catheter for blood-clot removal. Before his invention the success rate for removing an embolus, or blood clot, was forty to fifty percent.The balloon catheter is now used in over three hundred thousand procedures every year all over the world, and is estimated to have saved the lives and limbs of approximately twenty million patients. Other inventions

Numerous sequel applications of Fogarty's catheter came about. The first balloon angioplasty, for example, was performed with a Fogarty catheter in 1965, and has led to over six hundred fifty thousand such operations per year. Fogarty has also modified his catheter to less invasive biopsy techniques. After completing his residency and becoming a cardiovascular surgeon, Fogarty continued to invent new medical devices. One of his most successful products is the Stent-Graft, which dealt with the difficult problem of abdominal aortic aneurysms (a term referring to a weakened blood vessel). The old method was to remove the bad part of a weakened blood vessel, but Fogarty's idea was to support it with an implant.He used a stent, a thin polyester tube that grabs onto the blood vessels. A catheter transports the stent to the weakened blood vessel, and once the balloon is inflated, the stent expands to the size of the blood vessel, and blood flows normally. Fogarty's other inventions include Fogarty surgical clips and clamps, which are used by cardiac and vascular surgeons to temporarily occlude vessels during surgery. Working with Warren Hancock, he is co-inventor of the Hancock tissue heart valve – the world's first porcine valve. Fogarty's own inventions and the many others that resulted from his original embolectomy catheter heavily influenced the way surgery was performed. Considered one of the pioneers of minimally-invasive surgery, Fogarty has said: "I had no concept that [non-invasive surgery] would reach the magnitude that it has." As a result of the embolectomy catheter and other inventions, Dr. Fogarty has won many prizes, including the National Medal for Technology and Innovation in 2012, and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Advanced Medical Technology Association (AdvaMed) in 2015.He has published around 180 scientific articles and textbook chapters in the fields of general and cardiovascular surgery. He served as President of the Society for Vascular Surgery from 1995-1996. Innovation and entrepreneurship

Fogarty founded Fogarty Engineering, Inc. in 1980, to promote ideas for new medical devices, and has founded/co-founded and chaired the board for many business and research companies based on devices developed at the company. In 1993, with Mark Wan and Wilfred <mask>, he founded Three Arch Partners, a venture capital fund to invest in new technology and medical devices. As a pioneer and supporter of innovation in medical technology, Fogarty has acquired over 160 patents for his medical work. He is associated with numerous medical technology companies and was appointed as an independent director to the Board of Pulse Biosciences in 2017. He is managing director of early-stage life science accelerator Emergent Medical Partners.Fogarty Institute for Innovation
Fogarty left Stanford Medical School after about fourteen years as a professor and practicing cardiovascular surgeon. In September 2007, at Mountain View, California, he founded the Thomas Fogarty Institute for Innovation. It occupies forty-five hundred square feet of offices and engineering labs on the campus of El Camino Hospital. The educational, non-profit organization mentors and trains medical innovators. The idea for the institution dates back to <mask>'s early life when he received encouragement from Dr. <mask>. “We are teaching people (doctors and engineers) how to get their concepts and products into use. Very few have gone through the process of coming up with a concept and getting it funded.That does not come naturally. It comes through experience. We will teach how to address these challenges.” Physician innovators, including Fogarty, serve as the faculty of the Institute and make use of their networks and experiences in the private industry to help those with projects that are ready for commercialization. Thomas Fogarty Winery and Vineyards

In 1969, when he began teaching surgery at the Stanford University Medical Center, Fogarty was first introduced to wine. He helped out at a Stanford colleague's small winery. Later on, he purchased land in the Santa Cruz Mountains. He established a cellar there and began making wine with grapes bought from nearby growers.With help from founding winemaker Michael Martella, he planted his first vines in 1978 and set up a commercial winery, Thomas Fogarty Winery and Vineyards, in 1981, largely in order to share a business with his family. The estate now has thirty acres under vine, which are farmed organically. The winery is run today by <mask><mask> and the Fogarty family with production overseen by Winegrower Nathan Kandler. It has become well known as a top producer of single-vineyard Pinot Noir and Chardonnay wines. Thomas Fogarty Winery was named by Wine and Spirits magazine as one of its top 100 wineries in 2014.

masks:
Thomas J
Jack Cranley
Jack Cranley
Jaeger
Fogarty
Jack Cranley
Tom Fogarty
, Jr


title: Christian Campbell

texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1972) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles as Gabriel in the film Trick, Greg Ivey in the television series Big Love and on stage as Jimmy Harper in the musical Reefer Madness. Early life

<mask> was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. <mask>'s mother, Marnie (née Neve), is a yoga instructor and psychologist from Amsterdam, Netherlands, who also ran a theatre in Guelph, Ontario. His father, <mask>, a Scottish immigrant to Canada from the East End of Glasgow, Scotland, taught high school drama classes in Mississauga, Ontario — first at Westwood Secondary School (now Lincoln M. Alexander Secondary School), later at Lorne Park Secondary School, and now at Erindale Secondary School. <mask>'s maternal grandparents ran a theatre company in the Netherlands and his paternal grandparents were also performers. On his mother's side, <mask> descends from Sephardi Jews who immigrated to the Netherlands and converted to Catholicism.<mask>'s parents divorced when he was three years old. His siblings are actress Neve <mask>, actor <mask>, and Damian McDonald. He and his sister, Neve, resided largely with their father (who received custody of the two), with regular periods at their mother's home. Born into an acting family (his maternal grandparents having been actors in Amsterdam) and his father an acting teacher, <mask> began training at an early age. He was acting professionally by the age of fourteen and attended Claude Watson School for the Arts in Toronto, Ontario. Film

<mask> starred in the gay-themed romantic comedy Trick in 1999. The feature film was a Sundance Grand Jury Prize nominated film.It grossed the most per-screen average for a gay-themed film at the time. In celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the picture, <mask> spoke of the social climate at the time and how he, a straight actor, had taken on a gay role. "Having been in that movie... opened up a community," he said. "The gay community was incredibly supportive of me." In 2001, <mask> teamed up with Trick co-star John Paul Pitoc in the feature-film Thank You, Good Night, co-starring with Mark Hamill and Sally Kirkland. He then starred in the 2004 short film Pretty Dead Girl. In 2009, <mask> starred in the feature film Neighbor along with America Olivo, who would later become his wife.He played conservative American political activist Ralph Reed in the 2010 movie Casino Jack. <mask> starred along with Amy Smart in director Russell Friedenberg's 2014 feature film Among Ravens. Television

At the age of 16, <mask> made his television debut on the Canadian television series Degrassi High. <mask>'s first starring role was in the television movie City Boy, in which he starred alongside James Brolin and Sarah Chalke. <mask> then starred in the 1995 ABC telefilm Picture Perfect. He moved to the United States in 1995 where he was soon cast as Teddy Delacourt in producer Aaron Spelling's primetime teen drama/soap opera Malibu Shores. <mask> joined the cast of The $treet in 2000 as Tim Sherman.He then starred in the science fiction-action animated series Max Steel from 2000 to 2002, providing the voice of the protagonist, Josh McGrath, a 19-year-old fictional extreme sports star. <mask> joined All My Children as the recast Bobby Warner from 2004 to 2005, replacing Brian Gaskill for the role after a seven-year absence for the character. Along with Shannon Elizabeth, he starred in the 2008 made-for-TV movie You Belong To Me. Before its abrupt cancellation, he had a starring role in the NBC drama The Book of Daniel. In May 2010, <mask> had a guest-starring role as victim Ben Rooney in CSI: Miami season 8, episode 21, "Meltdown". In 2013, <mask> joined the cast of the Lifetime original movie An Amish Murder, in which he played the brother of Kate Burkholder, who was played by his real life younger sister, Neve <mask>. <mask> has a recurring role in the second season of HBO's True Detective.He can also be seen playing the villain Pierce Peters in the 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie Bad Hair Day. Theatre

<mask>'s theatre training began early and was extensive due to his father being an acting teacher and his mother's acting background. His earliest acting roles were on the stage for his father's panto productions for the Association for Scottish Traditions and Arts in Etobicoke, Ontario. <mask> said of his early work with his father that "Dad was always throwing Neve and me on the stage. The pantos are comedies, sort of fantasies-sometimes fairy tales like Jack and the Beanstalk. In these shows there's a lot of humor, and always a cross-dresser. That's part of the genre."His first starring role on the stage was as the role of Nick in A Thousand Clowns, which was held at his mother's dinner theatre. He then toured Europe in the early 1990s, acting in stage plays such as Der Ritter Von Mirakel and A Clockwork Orange at the Schaulspielhaus, Nürnberg. Shortly after his move to Los Angeles in 1995, <mask> co-founded the theatre company Blue Sphere Alliance. He began producing stage plays while working as an actor. <mask> made his directorial debut with Reach, a one-act play that starred Matthew Lillard and Sandra Thigpen. In 2000, <mask> produced his first off-Broadway play, Trust, in New York City. <mask> starred in Reefer Madness in 2001.He then joined ill-fated Rent playwright Jonathan Larson's tick... tick... BOOM! in 2002, in which he performed on a national tour of the United States and in London at the Menier Chocolate Factory (July – September 2005). <mask> went on to work on Great Expectations with Kathleen Chalfant in 2004. In July 2015 it was announced that <mask> would lead the cast of Harold Chapin's The New Morality at the Mint Theater. Other work

<mask> has been a photographer for the last two decades and showcases his work on his personal website. He currently sits on the board of directors of the Players Club in New York City. He served as producer and director of the documentary concert series Live from Gramercy Park and is the producer and director of the Broadway Dreams documentary series.Both series are produced by <mask> and wife America Olivo's production company EsoteriCam Productions. Personal life

<mask> married Erin Matthews in 2001, divorcing in 2003. He was in a long term relationship with actress Nikki Snelson, from 2005 to 2007. <mask> met his second wife, actress America Olivo, in 2009 on the set of the horror film Neighbor. They were engaged after two weeks and married five months later, in a ceremony on Lake Como in Lombardy, Italy. Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2012, but died three days later due to the genetic condition Edwards syndrome. After facing infertility issues of their own, <mask> and his wife America Olivo decided to become spokespeople for the BabyQuest Foundation, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that is "dedicated to helping couples and/or individuals build families through advanced fertility treatments".<mask> became a U.S. citizen in 2008 and holds passports for Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Awards

 Ovation Award for Lead Performance in Reefer Madness
 Ovation Nomination for Best Actor in Nagasaki Dust

Filmography
Degrassi High (1990) – Todd (1 episode)
Clarence (1990; TV) (as <mask>) – Larry
3x3 eyes (Manga Entertainment Version) (1991; V) – Yakumo Fujii (voice: English version)
School's Out (1992; TV) – Todd
City Boy (1992; TV) – Nick
Born to Run (1993; TV) – Jamie
Matrix (1993) – Tony Lusano (1 episode)
TekWar (1995–1996) – Danny Cardigan (4 episodes)
Picture Perfect (1995; TV) – Alan Walters
Side Effects (1995) – Drew Armstrong (1 episode)
7th Heaven (1996) – Terry Daniels (1 episode)
Malibu Shores (1996) – Teddy Delacourt (10 episodes)
Seduced by Madness: The Diane Borchardt Story (1996) – Doug Vest (2 episodes)
Hairshirt (1998) – Adam Lipton
I've Been Waiting for You (1998; TV) – Eric Garrett
Next Time (1998) – Matt
Cruel Justice (TV) (1999) – Dean Joiner
Trick (1999) – Gabriel
Cold Hearts (1999) – John Luke
Max Steel (2000–2002) – Max Steel (voice) (33 episodes)
Angels! (2000) – Joe Bogsley
Plead (2001) – Alan
The Good Things (2001) – Rob Fambrough
The $treet (2000–2001) – Tim Sherman (12 episodes)
Thank You, Good Night (2001) – Lee
Who Is A.B.? Music of the Vampire (2012) – Bram
Sworn to Silence (2012) – Jacob
Haven (2013) – Ben Harker Jr. (2 episodes)
Supernatural (2013) – James Frampton
Darkroom (2013) – Larry
Among Ravens (2014) – Will Deville
True Detective (2015) – Richard Brune
Bad Hair Day (2015) – Pierce
Her Composition (2016) – Client #1

References

External links

 Pretty Dead Girl
 BroadwayWorld.com interview with <mask> Campbell, June 17, 2007

1972 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of Dutch-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Jewish Canadian male actors
Male actors from Toronto

masks:
Christian Bethune Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Gerry Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Alex Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Chris Campbell
Christian


title: Patrick Mimran

texts:
<mask> (born 1956 in Paris, France) is a contemporary French multimedia artist, composer, and the former CEO of Lamborghini. He is most widely known for Lamborghini's turn-around in the early 1980s and his art exhibit, "The Billboard Project". Biography

Business

Lamborghini: 1978-1987
Before becoming an artist, <mask> was the owner and CEO of Lamborghini. In 1981, at the age of 24, <mask> and his brother, Jean Claude, purchased the company's failing assets for US$3 million. The brothers had purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and began investing heavily in the company's expansion, developing a comprehensive restructuring program. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 off-road vehicle. <mask> served as CEO until 1987 when he sold the company to Chrysler.Art

Multimedia artist: 1990-present
After years as a successful businessman, Mimran turned to art. Mimran's artwork has ranged through media including painting, photography, video art, sculpture, and installations. Mimran's work has been exhibited in museums including the Leonardo da Vinci Museum for Science and Technology, Palazzo Venezia and Kunstpalais Erlangen, as well as festivals including the Venice Architecture Biennale, Art Cologne, Art Paris and Art Karlsruhe. Musical composition
He also works in electronic music, composing the score for Maurice Béjart’s ballet Kurozuka[3] (performed at the Bunkan Kalkan Theatre, Tokyo)[4] and collaborating with Peter Greenaway. Mimran composed scores for Greenaway projects including the multidisciplinary film and art installation "Stairs 1 Geneva", the 1996 film, The Pillow Book, the 1996 public art event "La Cosmologia di Piazza del Popolo Roma", and the art installation, "In the Dark", which was featured in the 1996 exhibition, "Spellbound: Art and Film" at the Hayward Gallery of London. In addition to musical scores, Mimran has released four albums. Novels For The Moons (1981), his first album, was heavily influenced by German electronic pioneers and released on the imprint Lamborghini Records.He subsequently released Back to Earth (1983), Honni Soit – Qui Mal Y Pense (1987) with vocalist James Bowman, and Service Entrance (2017), a collection of soft piano music. Sculpture
<mask>'s "Jet Set Giraffe" sculpture, standing at 7.5 meters, is considered the tallest giraffe sculpture in the world. It was installed in the Monte Carlo's Grand Casino Garden from 2009 to 2013, when it was moved to its permanent home at the Colchester Zoo in Essex, England. The giraffe, made of glass fiber and steel, appears to be solid metallic silver but transforms into a silhouette lit by 214 colorful lights at night. The Billboard Project: 2000-2012
<mask> is best known in the United States for his Billboard Project, a comprehensive series of billboards which he initiated in 2000 in London and later expanded to New York, Miami, Venice, and Tokyo. For the project, Mimran used advertisement billboards as a platform for short aphorisms that provided commentary about art and the relationships between artists, critics, curators and art dealers. The billboards attracted a fan base.Wearable art
In 2015, Mimran turned 25 of his paintings into wearable art by developing the cashmere scarf line, Allezzou Fashion. Digital art
<mask> recently developed the Aphos App, a digital rendition of his "Billboard Project" which allows users anywhere in the world to create their own boards with quotes, aphorisms, and comments about art, politics, news, fashion, music, or any subject related to their daily lives and interests. Exhibits
 2013
 L'art prend la ville !, DeFacto Gallery, La defense, Paris, France
 Billboard Project, Istituto degli Innocenti, Mudi, Piazza SS Annunziata 12, Florence, Italy
 GHOSTS, Recent paintings, Palazzo Malipiero, Ramo Malipiero, Venice, Italy
 IN THE MIROR OF REALITY, La galleria, Venice, Italy
 2012
 iRonic, Bietigheim-Bissingen
 Trash Can Project, Campo san manuele, Venice, Italy
 After, New Photographs, Palazzo Malipiero, Venice, Italy
 2011
 Ironic. Paul Ardenne, Babel/TV, Editions du Regard, 2001. Urban Samples/Prélèvements urbains (photographies), Editions Monografik, 2008. Beate Reifenscheid and Dorothea van der Koelen; Arte in Movimento – Kunst in Bewegung, Dokumente unserer Zeit XXXIV; Chorus-Verlag; Mainz 2011;

References

External links

 <mask> sur actuphoto.com

1956 births
Living people
French artists
French businesspeople
Lamborghini people

masks:
Patrick Mimran
Patrick Mimran
Mimran
Patrick
Mimran
Patrick Mimran
Mimran
Patrick Mimran


title: Helmut Walcha

texts:
<mask> (27 October 1907 – 11 August 1991) was a German organist, harpsichordist, music teacher and composer who specialized in the works of the Dutch and German baroque masters. Blind since his teenage years, he is known for his recordings of the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, entirely played by memory. Biography

Born in Leipzig, <mask> was blinded at age 19 after vaccination for smallpox. Despite his disability, he entered the Leipzig Conservatory and became an assistant at the Thomaskirche to Günther Ramin, who was professor of organ at the conservatory and cantor at St. Thomas (a position held by Bach himself). Some two decades later, Ramin would teach to another renowned Bach interpreter and organist at St Thomas, Karl Richter. In 1929, <mask> accepted a position in Frankfurt am Main at the Friedenskirche and remained in Frankfurt for the rest of his life. From 1933 to 1938 he taught at the Hoch Conservatory.In 1938 he was appointed professor of organ at the Musikhochschule in Frankfurt and organist of the Dreikönigskirche in 1946. He retired from public performance in 1981 and died in Frankfurt. <mask> recorded Bach's complete solo keyboard works twice, once in mono (1947–52), and again in stereo from 1956 to 1971. The former (mono) cycle has been digitally re-mastered and re-issued as a 10-CD boxed set. This latter stereo cycle (released 10/09/2001), has been remastered, and repackaged in a 12-CD box. This edition also contains the recording of his own conclusion of the last fugue of The Art of Fugue - previously unreleased. <mask>'s completion of the last fugue of The Art of Fugue was also recorded by his former pupil George Ritchie as part of Ritchie's recording of The Art of Fugue, released in 2010.<mask> also composed for the organ. He published four volumes of original chorale preludes (published by C. F. Peters and recorded in part by, for example, Renate Meierjürgen) as well as arrangements for organ of orchestral works written by others. He lectured on organ music and composition (illustrated by his own playing) at the Hoch Conservatory and the Frankfurt Musikhochschule. One other contribution to music scholarship is his attempted completion of the final (unfinished) fugue of The Art of Fugue. Walcha taught many significant American organists of the twentieth century who travelled to Germany as Fulbright scholars: these include Robert Anderson, David Boe, Margaret Leupold Dickinson, Melvin Dickinson, Delbert Disselhorst, Betty Louise Lumby, Paul Jordan, David Mulbury, Fenner Douglass, Jane Douglass, Ray P. Ferguson, Grigg and Helen Fountain, Barbara Harbach, Charles Krigbaum, J. Reilly Lewis, George Ritchie, Russell Saunders - all of whom became major teachers and performers after their studies abroad. A section of the documentary film Desert Fugue is about <mask>, and explains how he memorised music part by part, and passed on this method of learning counterpoint to his pupils. Selected works

Recordings

Works by others
<mask>'s opus magnum is the recording of the entire organ works by Johann Sebastian Bach, which he recorded both in mono (1947–52) and stereo (1956–71) for Archiv Produktion (a subsidiary of Deutsche Grammophon).The original mono cycle was Archiv's first release and included an improvisation by <mask> at the Organ of St. Peter and Paul in Cappel, built by Arp Schnitger in 1680; <mask> also used the Stellwagen Organ in St Jacob Church in Lübeck (built in 1636–37 by Friederich Stellwagen by extending the previous ca. 1480 organ, one of Stellwagen's most appreciated works). The stereo cycle was the first stereo recording made by Deutsche Grammophon and was reissued including <mask>'s recording of The Art of Fugue, comprehensive of <mask>'s own completion of the last fugue. Bach: Organ Works. Performed by <mask>. 12-CD set. Archiv Produktion (Deutsche Grammophon), Catalog No.463712 ("<mask>'s Bach holds a similar place in the annals of recording to Fischer-Dieskau's Schubert, Toscanini's Verdi, and Gieseking's Debussy." -- )
 Bach: Great Organ Works. Performed by <mask>. 2-CD set. Deutsche Grammophon, Double Catalog No. 453064 (one disc with <mask> playing the organ of St. Laurenskerk in Alkmaar and the other with him playing the organ of Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune in Strasbourg). Orgelmeister vor Bach • The Early German organ School • Les Maitres de l'Orgue avant Bach.4-LP set. Archiv Produktion (DGG), 1977, Catalog No. 2723 055. <mask> at the Arp Schnitger organ in Cappel. Works of Georg Böhm, Nicolaus Bruhns, Dietrich Buxtehude, Vincent Lübeck, Johann Pachelbel, Samuel Scheidt, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, and Franz Tunder. <mask> has also recorded most of Bach's harpsichord works (the English and French Suites, the Goldberg Variations, Partitas, the Italian Concerto, 15 Inventions and 15 Sinfonias, the Well-Tempered Clavier) for EMI. These recordings are still available from EMI-Toshiba (Japan) as well as from Warner.The Well-Tempered Clavier and the Goldberg Variations are also available in Europe in a 5-CD set. He also recorded The Well-Tempered Clavier for Deutsche Grammophon, using a Ruckers cembalo for the first book and a Hemsch for the second book. This recording is only available in the Far East (Korea, Japan). <mask>'s selection from the organ works of Dietrich Buxtehude was later reissued in a single CD release:

 Dietrich Buxtehude: Orgelwerke • Organ Works. CD. Archiv Produktion, 1989, Catalog No. 427 133-2.Includes BuxWV 157, 159, 140 to 142, 145, 146, 149, 159 to 161 (the latter being Buxtehude's most famous work Passacaglia in D minor). All <mask>'s recordings, including other recordings of Bach works for Archiv, Deutsche Grammophon and Philips Records (harpsichord works, etc. ), were reissued in 2021 by Deutsche Grammophon to mark the 30th anniversary of <mask>'s death. <mask>: The Complete Recordings on Archiv Produktion. 32-CD set. Deutsche Grammophon, 2021, Catalog No. 483 9949.CD 1–13: J. S. Bach: Complete Works for Organ. The Stereo Cycle (1956–1971). CD 14–23: J. S. Bach: Complete Works for Organ. The Mono Cycle (1947–1952). CD 24–27: J. S. Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Bks. I & II (BWV 846–893). CD 28–29: J. S. Bach: Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord (BWV 1014–1019).<mask>, harpsichord / Henryk Szeryng, violin. CD 30–32: Organ Masters Before Bach. Reprint of the aforementioned 4-LP set "The Early German Organ School". Works by <mask>
<mask>'s original chorales and organ works have been recorded twice. Firstly, a selection performed by Renate Meierjürgen; and then, the full 88 chorale preludes, by Wolfgang Rübsam and Delbert Disselhorst. <mask>: Choralvorspiele. Renate Meierjürgen an der Orgel der Dreikönigskirche, Frankfurt.Motette Ursina, 1980 (CD digital remastering 2011), Catalog No. M 1039 (LP) & MOT 10391 (CD). <mask>: Chorale Preludes, vol. 1. Wolfgang Rübsam at the John Brombaug Organ Opus 35, First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois. 2-CD set. Naxos (series The Organ Encyclopedia), 2012, Catalog No.8.572910. <mask>: Chorale Preludes, vol. 2. Wolfgang Rübsam at the John Brombaug Organ Opus 35, First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois. 2-CD set. Naxos (series The Organ Encyclopedia), 2012, Catalog No. 8.572911.<mask>: Chorale Preludes, vol. 3. Delbert Disselhorst at the John Brombaug Organ Opus 35, First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois. 2-CD set. Naxos (series The Organ Encyclopedia), 2013, Catalog No. 8.572912. <mask>: Chorale Preludes, vol.4. Delbert Disselhorst at the John Brombaug Organ Opus 35, First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois. 2-CD set. Naxos (series The Organ Encyclopedia), 2013, Catalog No. 8.572913. Finally, <mask>'s completion of "Contrapunctus 18 (Fuga a 4 Soggetti)", i.e. the last fugue of Bach's The Art of Fugue, was recorded by <mask> himself for his stereo cycle of Bach's complete organ works, and again by his former pupil George Ritchie:

 J. S. Bach: The Organ Works.CD 6, track 11: The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080: Contrapunctus 18 in D minor. Archiv Produktion, 2000, Catalog No. 463712. Performed by <mask> at the Van Hagerbeer/Schnitger organ of the Grote or Sint-Laurenskerk, Alkmaar, The Netherlands. J. S. Bach: The Art of Fugue. CD 2: Contrapunctus 18 (Fuga a 4 Soggetti). In: Desert Fugue, by Will Fraser – George Ritchie.2 CD + 1 DVD. Raven CD – Fugue State Films, 2010, Catalog No. FSF-0001. Performed by George Ritchie at the Richard, Fowkes & Co. organ, Pinnacle Presbyterian Church, Scottsdale, Arizona. Scores for transcriptions and original works
<mask>'s editions of Händel's organ concertos opp. 4 & 7, as well as his organ transcriptions of Bach's "Ricercare a 6 voci" from the Musical Offering and the complete transcription for organ of the Art of Fugue (including the final fugue completed by <mask>), have been published by Schott Music and Edition Peters. Bach's "Ricercare a 6 voci" edition also includes an analysis.G. F. Händel: Orgelkonzerte op. 4, Nos. 1–6. B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz, 1940. G. F. Händel: Orgelkonzerte op. 7, Nos. 1–6.B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz, 1943. J. S. Bach: „Ricercare à 6 voci“ aus dem „Musikalischen Opfer“. Übertragung für Orgel (mit ausführlicher Analyse). Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1964, Catalog No. EP4835. J. S. Bach: „Die Kunst der Fuge“. BWV 1080.Übertragung für Orgel mit Weiterführung und Beendigung der Schlussfuge. Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1967, Catalog No. EP8000. The latter editor also published the scores of <mask>'s 88 original chorale preludes, in four volumes:

 <mask>: Choralvorspiele, Bd. 1. Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1954, Catalog No. EP4850.25 chorale preludes for organ; prelude no. 11, Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort (Maintain us, Lord, in Thy word), uses the same Lutheran melody used by Bach in cantatas BWV 6 and BWV 126 (1725). <mask>: Choralvorspiele, Bd. 2. Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1963, Catalog No. EP4871. 20 chorale preludes for organ.<mask>: Choralvorspiele, Bd. 3. Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1966, Catalog No. EP5999. 24 chorale preludes for organ. <mask>: Choralvorspiele, Bd. 4.Edition Peters, Frankfurt a. M., 1978, Catalog No. EP8413. 19 chorale preludes for organ + a postludium. Sources

Further reading

 Jordan, Paul, The Diapason, October, November and December 2007, 3 articles: In celebration of the 100th birthday of <mask>, artist-teacher. Jordan, Paul, "<mask>-Artist-Teacher," College Music Symposium Vol. 22, No. 2 (Fall, 1982), pp.148–154
 Joy, Jeremy, "The Truth of What We Hear: Thoughts about <mask> and His Art," The Musical Times, Vol. 133, No. 1789 (March 1992), pp. 145–147

External links
 An essay about <mask>'s approach to learning and playing counterpoint, and his completion of the Art of Fugue. 1907 births
1991 deaths
Musicians from Leipzig
German classical organists
German male organists
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni
Blind classical musicians
German harpsichordists
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century German musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century German male musicians

masks:
Arthur Emil Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Helmut Walcha
Walcha