title: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

texts:
<mask> (, trans. Vasily Yakovlevich <mask>; 15 April 1793 – ) was a Baltic German astronomer and geodesist from the famous Struve family. He is best known for studying double stars and for initiating a triangulation survey later named Struve Geodetic Arc in his honor. Life

He was born at Altona, Duchy of Holstein (then a part of the Denmark–Norway kingdoms), the son of <mask> (1755–1841). <mask>'s father moved the family away from the French occupation to Dorpat (nowadays Tartu) in Imperial Russia to avoid military service, equipped with Danish passports. In 1808 he entered the Imperial University of Dorpat, where he first studied philology, but soon turned his attention to astronomy. From 1813 to 1820, he taught at the university and collected data at the Dorpat Observatory, and in 1820 became a full professor and director of the observatory.His teachings have had a strong effect that is still felt at the university. Struve was occupied with research on double stars and geodesy in Dorpat until 1839, when he founded and became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory near St Petersburg. Among other honors, he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1826. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1827 and was awarded their Royal Medal the same year. <mask> was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1833, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834. In 1843 he formally adopted Russian nationality. He retired in 1862 due to failing health.The asteroid 768 Struveana was named jointly in his honour and that of <mask> and Karl Hermann Struve and a lunar crater was named for another 3 astronomers of the Struve family: <mask> <mask>, <mask> and Otto. Works

Struve's name is best known for his observations of double stars, which he carried on for many years. Although double stars had been studied earlier by William Herschel and John Herschel and Sir James South, Struve outdid any previous efforts. He discovered a very large number of double stars and in 1827 published his double star catalogue Catalogus novus stellarum duplicium. Stars of his catalogue are sometimes indicated by the Greek letter sigma, Σ. Thus, 61 Cygni is also designated as Σ2758. Since most double stars are true binary stars rather than mere optical doubles (as William Herschel had been the first to discover), they orbit around their common barycenter and slowly change position over the years.Thus Struve made micrometric measurements of 2714 double stars from 1824 to 1837 and published these in his work Stellarum duplicium et multiplicium mensurae micrometricae. Struve carefully measured the "constant of aberration" in 1843. He was also the first to measure the parallax of the star Vega, although <mask> had been the first to measure the parallax of a star (61 Cygni). In an 1847 work, Etudes d'Astronomie Stellaire: Sur la voie lactee et sur la distance des etoiles fixes, Struve was one of the first astronomers to identify the effects of interstellar extinction (though he provided no mechanism to explain the effect). His estimate of the average rate of visual extinction, 1 mag per kpc, is remarkably close to modern estimates (0.7–1.0 mag per kpc). He was also interested in geodetic surveying, and in 1831 published Beschreibung der Breitengradmessung in den Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. He initiated the Struve Geodetic Arc, which was a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km, to establish the exact size and shape of the earth.UNESCO listed the chain on its List of World Heritage Sites in Europe in 2005. In 1853, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. Family
Struve was the second of a dynasty of astronomers through five generations. He was the great-grandfather of <mask> and the father of <mask> <mask>. He was also the grandfather of <mask> <mask>, who was <mask>'s uncle. In 1815 he married Emilie Wall (1796–1834) in Altona, who bore 12 children, 8 of which survived early childhood. In addition to <mask> <mask>ve, other children were <mask> <mask>  <mask> (1822–1908), a prominent chemist, and  (1827–1889), who served as a government official in Siberia and later as governor of Astrakhan and Perm.After his first wife died, he remarried to Johanna Henriette Francisca Bartels (1807–1867), a daughter of the mathematician Martin Bartels, who bore him six more children. The most well-known was Karl de <mask> (1835–1907), who served successively as Russian ambassador to Japan, the United States, and the Netherlands. Bernhard's son Pyotr Berngardovich <mask> (1870–1944) is probably the best known member of the family in mainland Russia (his other descendants mainly resided in the Baltic region and subsequently Germany). He was one of the first Russian marxists and penned the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party upon its creation in 1898. Even before the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, <mask> left it for the Constitutional Democratic party, which promoted ideas of liberalism. He represented this party at all the pre-revolutionary State Dumas. After the Russian Revolution, he published several striking articles on its causes and joined the White movement.In the governments of Pyotr Wrangel and Denikin he was one of the ministers. During the following three decades, Pyotr lived in Paris, while his children were prominent in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. See also
 List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists

References

External links

 Portraits of <mask> <mask>ruve from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
Estonian souvenir sheet and first day cover dedicated to Struve and Struve Geodetic Arc (2011)

1793 births
1864 deaths
People from Altona, Hamburg
19th-century German astronomers
Astronomers of the Russian Empire
Scientists of the Russian Empire
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
University of Tartu alumni
University of Tartu faculty
Royal Medal winners
Russian people of German descent
Baltic-German people
<mask> <mask>
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Founding members of the Russian Geographical Society
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
German geodesists
Geodesists of the Russian Empire

masks:
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Struve
Jacob Struve
Struve
Struve
Otto Wilhelm
Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm
Otto Wilhelm
Friedrich Bessel
Otto Struve
Otto Wilhelm
von Struve
Hermann von
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Otto Struve
Otto Wilhelm
von Stru
Heinrich Wilhelm
von
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Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm St
Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm


title: Pat Meehan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born October 20, 1955) is a former American politician and federal prosecutor who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives, who represented . He was first elected in 2010 and resigned his seat in 2018. The district includes parts of Delaware County, Chester, Montgomery County, Berks, and Lancaster. He succeeded Democrat Joe Sestak, who ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate. A graduate of Bowdoin College and Temple University, <mask> previously served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2001–2008) and as district attorney of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (1996–2001). In January 2018, following the revelation that he used taxpayers' money to settle a sexual harassment claim brought by a female staff member, <mask> announced that he would retire from Congress at the end of his current term, and not seek re-election in 2018. On April 27, 2018, <mask> resigned and said he would pay back the taxpayer funds used for the settlement.Democrat Mary Gay Scanlon won both a special and general election on the day of that year's midterms in November to succeed him. Early life
Born and raised in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania by his parents Leo and Julia, <mask> is one of four siblings. He attended Bowdoin College in Maine, graduating in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. While at Bowdoin, <mask> was a standout hockey player and went on to work as a National Hockey League referee from 1979 to 1982. <mask> attended Temple Law School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and graduated in 1986 with his Juris Doctor degree. <mask>'s career in public service and politics began in 1979 when he worked with Republican candidate David Marston on his Philadelphia mayoral campaign. A year later, he worked on Roy Zimmerman's campaign for Pennsylvania Attorney General.<mask> went on to serve as Special Counsel to U.S. Senator Arlen Specter. He was a campaign manager for U.S. Senator Rick Santorum, Philadelphia D.A. Ron Castille, and State Attorney General Ernie Preate. After graduating from law school in 1986, <mask> went to work as an associate at the law firm Dilworth Paxson LLP. District Attorney (1996–2001)
In 1995 and 1999, <mask> was elected the District Attorney of Delaware County as a Republican.During <mask>'s tenure, his staff prosecuted several high-profile cases, including the Du Pont Murder Trial, (a case involving the murder of Olympic wrestler David Schultz by his millionaire benefactor John Eleuthère du Pont) and the 1996 murder of a 22-year-old college student named Aimee Willard (who was abducted from Route 476 and found in an abandoned lot in North Philadelphia). While serving as District Attorney, <mask> set up the Special Victims Unit for Domestic Violence in Delaware County, offering victims protection from their alleged abusers by allowing the prosecution to occur without the victims testifying in open court. As D.A., he also focused on protecting youth by expanding the Youth Aid Panel program for first time offenders and creating a truancy project to limit youth-related crime during the day. <mask> established the United States Department of Justice's Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force (ICAC) in Pennsylvania. The ICAC is a special unit of detectives who investigate online predators on the web and bring them to justice; it has become a model across the country. U.S. Attorney (2001–2008)
<mask> became the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on September 17, 2001, six days after the September 11, 2001 attacks. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and confirmed by the United States Senate.<mask> headed an office of over 200 lawyers and staff backed up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service Office. As U.S. Attorney, <mask> made terrorism, gang-related crime, child internet safety, and public corruption priorities for his criminal division. Public corruption in Philadelphia in particular was brought to the spotlight in 2003 when a FBI electronic listening device was found in the Philadelphia Mayor's office. In light of the September 11 terrorist attacks, <mask> formed the Anti-Terrorism Task Force (ATTF), later renamed the Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council (ATAC) in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania to evaluate and prevent future terrorist attacks. This initiative was done in partnership with local, state and federal law enforcement and emergency responders. The ATAC has led large-scale exercises on biological attacks and the poisoning of the food supply in partnership with Saint Joseph's University in order to help Eastern Pennsylvania prepare for terrorist attacks.Recognizing the expansion of gang-related activity in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, <mask> sought a $2.5 million Department of Justice grant to fight and prevent gang violence for the region. The unique "Route 222 Corridor Anti-Gang Initiative" brought together elected officials and law enforcement personnel with community groups to fight gangs in a rural area unfamiliar with big-city gang violence. The money was divided among enforcement, prevention and rehabilitation. The program aimed not only to increase arrests, but also to fund school programs and community centers to educate youth about alternatives to gang life. Continuing the work he began while he was Delaware County D.A., <mask> made child safety on the internet a priority, sponsoring internet safety training seminars with Web Wise Kids and visiting local schools. <mask>'s office prosecuted substandard nursing homes and elder care facilities, and nefarious lenders who offered ill-advised loans to disadvantaged homeowners. The U.S. Attorney's Office under <mask> was nationally recognized for its work in the field of health-care fraud.The office won more than half a billion dollars in settlements against some of the largest pharmaceutical companies and pharmacy benefit managers, ensuring better self-policing and oversight by the industry. He announced on July 16, 2008, that he was joining the Philadelphia law firm of Conrad O'Brien Gellman & Rohn. Public corruption cases
Though he has been active in a wide variety of areas, it has been several high-profile public corruption cases that have put <mask> in the headlines. <mask> has said, "Pay to play cannot be standard operating procedure in city government." This was brought to national attention on October 7, 2003, when Philadelphia Police conducted a sweep of Mayor John F. Street's office and found an electronic listening device. It was later discovered that the "bug" had been planted by the FBI as part of a city corruption investigation. Street was never charged in the investigation.Philadelphia officials and the mayor were outraged, especially with the timing coinciding with the Philadelphia mayoral election on November 4, 2003. Street's campaign spokesman accused the federal government of attempting to influence the election (which Street ended up winning anyway). <mask> was applauded in the press and in the city for his handling of the situation, which resulted in twelve indictments including that of Street confidant Ronald White (who died before he could stand trial) and city treasurer Corey Kemp, who was convicted and sentenced to ten years in federal prison. Other city officials prosecuted by <mask>'s office included former city councilman Rick Mariano (who was sentenced to six and a half years in federal prison for accepting bribes and attempting to influence city contracts), the President of the Independence Seaport Museum John S. Carter (who was sentenced to 15 years for cheating the museum out of $1.5 million), Montgomery County accountant Denis Shusterman (for embezzling $10 million, he received a 14-year sentence), and State Senator Vincent Fumo (who was convicted on a 139-count indictment including fraud, conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges carrying a ten-year sentence). <mask> was appointed to the United States House Committee on Ethics during the 113th Congress, summarily removed January 2018 by the Speaker of the House from the U.S. House Ethics Committee, and directed to repay to taxpayers the full cost of his secret sexual harassment settlement. U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2018)

Elections
2010

<mask> began his campaign for Pennsylvania governor in 2008. On August 7, 2009, however, he announced that he was ending his exploratory bid and would instead run for Congress.Reports indicated that another candidate, Pennsylvania Attorney General Tom Corbett, was too far ahead of <mask> in fundraising and endorsements. <mask> ran in Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district election, vacated by Joe Sestak, who defeated U.S. Senator Arlen Specter in 2010 in the Democratic Party primary, but lost to Republican <mask> in the general election. <mask> ran unopposed for the Republican Party nomination in the May 18, 2010, Republican primary. To appear on the primary election ballot a candidate for Congress in Pennsylvania is required to collect valid signatures of 1,000 registered voters in the congressional district. When evidence of fraud in some of <mask>'s petitions was discovered by the <mask> campaign, <mask> alerted the Delaware County District Attorney. Michael Green, the District Attorney and <mask> supporter, turned over the matter to the office of the Pennsylvania Attorney General.Because the Attorney General, Tom Corbett, is the Republican candidate for governor, Lentz requested that the United States Department of Justice take over the investigation. Paul Summers, a Republican campaign operative and volunteer, was charged with seven counts of forgery and seven counts of making false signatures. He was convicted on seven of the charges after pleading guilty as part of a plea-bargain deal. <mask> defeated Democratic State Representative Bryan Lentz 55%–44%. 2012

<mask> won re-election to a second term with 60% of the vote over Democrat George Badey. 2014

<mask> won re-election in 2014, defeating Democrat Mary Ellen Balchunis with 62% of the vote. 2016

<mask> ran for re-election in 2016.He defeated Stan Casacio in the Republican primary. He defeated Democrat Mary Ellen Balchunis in the general election with 60% of the vote. The general election was held on November 8, 2016. As the election concluded, <mask> easily won another term with 219,314 votes, which was 59.7%. <mask> won all the counties in the 7th Congressional District that include Delaware, Montgomery, Chester, Berks, and Lancaster counties. This is <mask>'s fourth term in the 7th Congressional District. This election was a rematch of the election between <mask> and Balchinis in 2014.The difference between this election and the one in 2014 is that this election occurred during a Presidential election year. <mask>'s 7th district had been considered the poster child for egregious gerrymandering and its shape compared to an alien character from the classic arcade game Space Invaders. In January 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled the boundaries of the 7th and other Pennsylvania districts as unconstitutional. On April 27, 2018, <mask> resigned from Congress amid sexual misconduct allegations. Tenure
<mask> was sworn in on January 5, 2011. He was appointed to serve as one of  three freshman members on the House Republican Steering Committee and became one of the few House freshmen to chair a subcommittee. <mask> was ranked as the 35th most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress (and the second most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy.<mask> supported reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act. In February 2017, while serving on the Ways and Means Committee, he voted against a measure that would have led to a request of the Treasury Department for President Donald Trump's tax returns. The measure failed 23–15 on a party-line, with all 23 Republicans voting against the measure. Committee assignments
 Committee on Homeland Security
 Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence
 Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies (Chairman)
 Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
 Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs
 Subcommittee on Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and Procurement Reform
 United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
 United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials
 United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Aviation
 United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management
 United States House Committee on Ethics

Political positions

Economy
As far as fiscal policy, he voted for the Budget Control Act of 2011, Cut, Cap and Balance Act, and voted to defund NPR. Among bills that became law, he voted for the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act and to extend the Patriot Act. <mask> has introduced the Jump Start for Job Creators Act, legislation that would encourage entrepreneurs to create jobs by increasing the maximum tax deduction for small business start-up expenses. <mask> has led the effort to preserve funding for the V-22 Osprey, an advanced military aircraft manufactured in <mask>'s district.In June, <mask> announced that six Chester County fire companies in Pennsylvania will receive $430,000 in federal grants to purchase new radios and rescue equipment. In November 2015, <mask>'s H.R. 1314, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, was enacted into law, avoiding a government shutdown. Healthcare
<mask> has voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Although he voted the bill out of Ways and Means Committee, <mask> opposed his own party and voted against the American Health Care Act of 2017, arguing that the bill's economic effects were insufficiently known and that the replacement did not adequately fund insurance for sick people. Homeland security
On November 14, 2013, <mask> introduced the Preclearance Authorization Act of 2014 (H.R. 3488; 113th Congress), a bill that would authorize the United States Secretary of Homeland Security (DHS) to establish preclearance facilities, conduct preclearance operations, or provide customs services outside of the United States of America to prevent terrorists, terrorist instruments, and other national security threats from gaining access to the United States.On February 6, 2014, <mask> introduced the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards Program Authorization and Accountability Act of 2014 (H.R. 4007; 113th Congress), a bill that would make permanent the United States Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) authority to regulate security at certain chemical facilities in the United States. Under the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) program, DHS collects and reviews information from chemical facilities in the United States to determine which facilities present security risks and then requires them to write and enact security plans. As a member of the House Committee on Homeland Security, <mask> chairs the Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence. <mask> has held hearings to investigate issues such as Iran's ties to terrorism and the risks posed by extremists in Pakistan. Other
<mask> introduced legislation, titled the 'Critical Infrastructure Research and Development Advancement Act of 2013' (CIRDA), that passed the subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies in 2013. The bill aims to make key improvements in security for important infrastructure.The measure calls for expansion in research and development for security technology as well as implementing a new strategy in dealing with cyber threats that the Department of Homeland Security faces. This bill would also streamline sharing of these technologies to many other branches of government, thus making them more secure as a whole. In 2013, <mask> introduced a bill called the Critical Infrastructure Research and Development Advancement Act of 2013 (H.R. 2952; 113th Congress). If signed into law, the bill would require more oversight of the Department of Homeland Security's cybersecurity goals, according to Ripon Advance. The bill would require DHS to transmit to the Congress a strategic plan for research and development efforts addressing the protection of critical infrastructure and a report on departmental use of public-private consortiums to develop technology to protect such infrastructure. On January 16, 2014, the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies passed the bill, and in February the full Homeland Security Committee approved the bill.On July 28, 2014, the House voted to pass the bill in a voice vote. Sexual harassment settlement
The New York Times revealed in January 2018 that <mask> used taxpayers' money to settle a sexual harassment claim brought by a female staff member. After the alleged victim rejected his advances, <mask> allegedly grew hostile. The staff member began to work from home to avoid <mask>'s advances and ultimately left the job. Following the report, <mask> denied the allegations against him. He was removed from the U.S. House Ethics Committee. A few days later in an interview with the Philadelphia Inquirer, <mask> denied harassment and said he was not sexually interested in the staffer, though explained she was his "soul mate" and he had reacted poorly to learning she had a new boyfriend.Another two days later, on January 25, 2018, <mask> announced that he would retire from Congress at the end of his current term, and not seek re-election in 2018. He said he would repay the taxpayer money if the Ethics Committee determines he committed sexual harassment. He also responded regarding his prior use of the term "soul mate". On April 27, 2018, he abruptly resigned, saying that his intent is to repay the $39,000 settlement funds within 30 days of his resignation because "I did not want to leave with any question of violating the trust of taxpayers." Post-political career
Following his resignation from Congress, <mask> worked as a consultant, forming the firm Harvey Run Strategies, and registered as a lobbyist. Personal life
<mask>, his wife Carolyn and their three sons live in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, – in Chadds Ford as of 2017 and formerly Drexel Hill. References

External links

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1955 births
21st-century American politicians
American prosecutors
Bowdoin College alumni
Chestnut Hill Academy alumni
County district attorneys in Pennsylvania
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Cheltenham, Pennsylvania
People from Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

masks:
Patrick Leo Meehan
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title: Krystyna Skarbek

texts:
<mask>,  (; 1 May 1908  – 15 June 1952), also known as Christine Granville, was a Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. She became celebrated for her daring exploits in intelligence and irregular-warfare missions in Nazi-occupied Poland and France. Journalist Alistair Horne, who described himself in 2012 as one of the few people still alive who had known <mask>, called her the "bravest of the brave." Spymaster Vera Atkins of the SOE described <mask> as "very brave, very attractive, but a loner and a law unto herself." She became a British agent months before the SOE was founded in July 1940. She was the first female agent of the British to serve in the field and the longest-serving of all Britain's wartime women agents. Her resourcefulness and success have been credited with influencing the organisation's decision to recruit more women as agents in Nazi-occupied countries.In 1941 she began using the alias Christine Granville, a name she legally adopted upon naturalisation as a British subject in December 1946. <mask>'s most famous exploit was securing the release of SOE agents Francis Cammaerts and Xan Fielding from a German prison hours before they were to be executed. She did so by meeting (at great personal risk) with the Gestapo commander in Digne-les-Bains, France, telling him she was a British agent, and persuading him with threats, lies, and a two million franc bribe to release the SOE agents. The event is fictionalized in the last episode of the British television show Wish Me Luck. <mask> is often characterized in terms such as Britain's "most glamorous spy." She was stabbed to death in 1952 in London by an obsessed and spurned suitor who was subsequently hanged. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in 1908 in Warsaw, to Count Jerzy <mask>, a Roman Catholic, and Stefania (née Goldfeder), the daughter of a wealthy assimilated Jewish family.Marrying Stefania in late December 1899, Jerzy <mask> used his wife's dowry (her father was a banker) to pay his debts and continue his lavish lifestyle. Notable relations included  Fryderyk <mask>, prison reformer, and Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski, United States Union general. <mask> was distantly related to the Hungarian regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, as a cousin from the Lwów side of the family had married a relative of Horthy. The couple's first child, Andrzej (Andrew), took after the mother's side of the family. <mask>, their second child, took after her father and his liking for riding horses, which she sat astride rather than side-saddle as was usual for women. She also became an expert skier during visits to Zakopane in the Tatra mountains of southern Poland. From the start, there was a complete rapport between father and daughter, who needed little encouragement to become a tomboy.At the family stables <mask> met Andrzej Kowerski, whose father had brought him over to play with ten-year-old <mask> while he and her father discussed agricultural matters. The 1920s left the family in straitened financial circumstances, and they had to give up their country estate and move to Warsaw. In 1930, when <mask> was 22, Count Jerzy died. The Goldfeder financial empire had almost completely collapsed, and there was barely enough money to support the widowed Countess Stefania. Krystyna, not wishing to be a burden to her mother, worked at a Fiat car dealership, but soon became ill from automobile fumes and had to give up the job. At first she was thought, on the basis of shadows on her chest x-rays, to be suffering from tuberculosis, which had killed her father. She received compensation from her employer's insurance company and took her physicians' advice to lead as much of an open-air life as she could.She began spending a great deal of time hiking and skiing the Tatra Mountains. In 1930, <mask> was a runner up in the Miss Poland beauty contest. On 21 April 1930, <mask> married a young businessman, Gustaw Gettlich at the Spiritual Seminary Church in Warsaw. They proved incompatible, and the marriage soon ended without rancour. A subsequent love affair came to naught when the young man's mother refused to consider the penniless divorcée as a potential daughter-in-law. One day, on a Zakopane ski slope, Krystyna lost control and was saved by a giant of a man who stepped into her path and stopped her descent. Her rescuer was Jerzy Giżycki, a brilliant, moody, irascible eccentric, who came from a wealthy family in Kamieniec Podolski (formerly Poland, at the time the Soviet Union).At fourteen, he had quarrelled with his father, run away from home, and worked in the United States as a cowboy and gold prospector. He eventually became an author and travelled the world in search of material for his books and articles. He knew Africa well and hoped one day to return there. On 2 November 1938, <mask> and Giżycki married at the Evangelical Reformed Church in Warsaw. Soon after he accepted a diplomatic posting to Ethiopia, where he served as Poland's consul general until September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. <mask> later said of Giżycki: "He was my Svengali for so many years that he would never believe that I could ever leave him for good." World War II

London

Upon the outbreak of World War II, the couple sailed for London arriving 6 October 1939, where <mask> sought to offer her services in the struggle against the common enemy.The British authorities showed little interest but were eventually convinced by <mask>'s acquaintances, including journalist Frederick Augustus Voigt, who introduced her to the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). The first SIS mention of her was in December 1939. She was described as a "flaming Polish patriot, expert skier, and great adventuress" and "absolutely fearless." Hungary and Poland
From London <mask>, now a British agent, journeyed to Budapest, Hungary, arriving on 21 December 1939. Hungary was not yet a participant in World War II, but was leaning toward Nazi Germany. <mask>'s cover story for her presence in Hungary was that she was a journalist. She persuaded Polish Olympic skier Jan Marusarz, brother of Nordic skier Stanisław Marusarz, to escort her across the snow-covered Tatra Mountains into Nazi-occupied Poland.Arriving in Warsaw, she pleaded vainly with her mother to leave Poland. Stefania <mask> refused; she was determined to stay in Warsaw to continue teaching French to small children. In January 1942, Stefania was arrested by the Germans as a Jew and disappeared into Warsaw's Pawiak prison. The prison had been designed in the mid-19th century by <mask>'s great-great-uncle Fryderyk <mask>, a prison reformer and Frédéric Chopin's godfather, who had been tutored in the French language by Chopin's father. An incident that probably dates to <mask>'s first visit back to Poland in February 1940 illustrates the hazards she faced while working in her occupied homeland. At a Warsaw café, she was hailed by a woman acquaintance: "Krystyna! Krystyna <mask>!What are you doing here? We heard that you'd gone abroad!" When <mask> denied that her name was <mask> <mask>, the lady answered that she would have sworn she was <mask> <mask>; the resemblance was positively uncanny! After the woman left, <mask>, to minimise suspicion, tarried a while before leaving the café. In Hungary, <mask> encountered Andrzej Kowerski (1912–1988), now a Polish army officer, who later used the British nom de guerre "Andrew Kennedy". <mask> had first met him as a child and briefly encountered him again before the war at Zakopane. Kowerski, who had lost part of his leg in a pre-war hunting accident, was now exfiltrating Polish and other Allied military personnel and collecting intelligence.<mask> helped organise a system of Polish couriers who brought intelligence reports from Warsaw to Budapest. Kowerski (Kennedy)'s cousin, Ludwik Popiel, managed to smuggle out a unique Polish anti-tank rifle, model 35, with the stock and barrel sawn off for easier transport. <mask>, for a time, concealed it in her Budapest apartment. However, it never saw wartime service with the Allies, as the designs and specifications had deliberately been destroyed upon the outbreak of war and there was no time for reverse engineering. Captured stocks of the rifle were, however, used by the Germans and the Italians. At the request of MI6, she and Kowerski organised surveillance of all the rail, road and river traffic on the borders with Romania and Germany. She is credited with providing intelligence on oil transports to Germany from Romania's Ploiesti oilfields.<mask> spent 1940 travelling back and forth between Poland and Hungary. In Budapest, in January 1941, she showed her penchant for stratagem when she and Kowerski were arrested by the Hungarian police and imprisoned and questioned by the Gestapo. She feigned symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis by biting her tongue until it bled and a doctor diagnosed her (incorrectly) with terminal tuberculosis. The Germans released them, but the couple was followed by the police afterwards and they decided to flee Hungary, a German ally. Car journey
The British Ambassador in Hungary, Owen O'Malley and his wife the novelist Ann Bridge, undertook to help <mask> and Kowerski escape Hungary. O'Malley issued British passports to them. Kowerski became "Anthony Kennedy", and <mask> became "Christine Granville", a name she used for the rest of her life.She also shaved seven years off her age. Her passport gave her birth date as 1915. A British Embassy driver smuggled <mask> out of Hungary and into Yugoslavia in the trunk of O'Malley's Chrysler. Kowerski, a.k.a. Kennedy, drove his Opel across the border. The couple reunited in Yugoslavia and O'Malley joined them later in Belgrade, where they enjoyed a few days of "drinking champagne in Belgrade's nightclubs and belly-dancing bars." In late February, <mask> and Kowerski continued their journey in the Opel, first to Sofia, Bulgaria.Sofia's best hotel "was full of Nazis". <mask> and Kowerski called at the British Legation, meeting with air attaché Aidan Crawley. The couple gave Crawley rolls of microfilm which they had received from a Polish intelligence organisation called the "Musketeers". The microfilm contained photos of a German military buildup near the border with the Soviet Union, indicating that a German invasion of the Soviet Union was being planned. The microfilm was sent to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in London, who could scarcely believe it; but by March, with information from other sources, the Prime Minister was persuaded that <mask> and Kowerski's intelligence was accurate. The Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Leaving Bulgaria, Kowerski and <mask> continued on to Turkey.In Istanbul, the couple met with exiled Poles and <mask> tried to ensure that the courier routes from Istanbul to Poland remained functional. <mask>'s husband, the intimidating Jerzy Giżycki, met them in Istanbul on 17 March 1941. Apparently no fireworks ensued when the husband met Kowerski, and they persuaded Giżycki to go to Budapest to take over <mask>'s previous role as the contact point for the British with the Polish resistance. The couple's next destinations in the Opel were Syria and Lebanon, which were under the control of Vichy France. <mask> obtained visas from reluctant Vichy officials and they continued their journey. They then entered Mandatory Palestine and proceeded onward to Cairo, Egypt, arriving in May 1941. <mask> and Kowerski "had driven fairly blithely across hundreds of miles of Nazi-sympathizing territory, often carrying incriminating letters and sometimes microfilm and just weeks or at times days ahead of the Nazi advance."Cairo

Upon their arrival at SOE offices in Cairo, Kowerski and <mask> learned they were under suspicion because of <mask>'s contacts with the Polish intelligence organisation, the Musketeers. This group had been formed in October 1939 by engineer-inventor Stefan Witkowski Another source of suspicion was the ease with which she had obtained transit visas through French-mandated Syria and Lebanon from the pro-Vichy French consul in Istanbul. Only German spies, some Polish intelligence officers believed, could have obtained the visas. There were also specific suspicions about Kowerski. These were addressed in London by General Colin Gubbinsto be, from September 1943, head of SOEin a letter of 17 June 1941 to Polish Commander-in-Chief and the Prime Minister of Poland Władysław Sikorski:

In June 1941, Peter Wilkinson of SOE came to Cairo and officially dismissed <mask> and Kowerski, although keeping them on the SOE payroll with a  small retainer that forced them to live in near poverty. Kowerski, who was under less suspicion than <mask>, eventually cleared up any misunderstandings with General Kopański and was able to resume intelligence work. When <mask>'s husband, Jerzy Giżycki, was informed that <mask> and Kowerski's services were being dispensed with, he took umbrage and abruptly bowed out of his own career as a British intelligence agent.When <mask> told her husband that she loved Kowerski, Giżycki left for London, eventually emigrating to Canada. (The couple were formally divorced at the Polish consulate in Berlin on 1 August 1946.) A week after the dismissal of Skarbek and Kowerski, on 22 June 1941 Germany began its Operation Barbarossa invasion of the Soviet Union,  predicted by the intelligence the couple had passed along to the British from the Musketeers. It is now known that advance information about Operation Barbarossa had also been provided by a number of other sources, including Ultra. During the remainder of 1941, 1942, and 1943, <mask> was given several small tasks by SOE, such as intelligence gathering in Syria and Cairo, including passing along information to the British on Polish intelligence and resistance agencies. She turned down offers of office work and continued to be sidelined from the kind of dangerous and difficult work she desired. Both she and Kowerski continued to be under suspicion by the British and resented by the Polish government-in-exile because they worked for Britain.Training
<mask>'s route back to active service with SOE began with her joining the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), an all-woman charity organization with military-style uniforms, that was used as a cover for many women in the SOE. The SOE officer who recruited her, Patrick Howarth, would later say jokingly that "the most useful thing I did in World War II was to reinstate Christine Granville." Her briefing officer in FANY, Gwendolin Lees, was so impressed by <mask> (now more commonly known as Granville) that she later named a daughter after her. Despite <mask>'s experience in clandestine work, she was given SOE training for prospective agents. She proved to be a less than apt student at wireless transmitting (at which she was hopeless) and firearms (which she hated), but she loved parachuting. SOE's original plan to parachute <mask> into Hungary was cancelled because the mission was deemed "little short of homicide." The continued suspicions about her by the Polish government-in-exile precluded a return to Poland.Thus, SOE decided to infiltrate her into southern France. Her French was good and she took a course to improve her English. She moved to Algeria in preparation for a mission to France, but she was not immediately dispatched because SOE believed she was "too flamboyant to work undercover effectively." France

The SOE had several branches working in France. Though most of the women in France answered to  F Section in London, <mask>'s mission was launched from Algiers, the base of AMF Section. AMF Section was only set up in the wake of Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa, partly with staff from London (F Section) and partly with staff from Cairo (MO.4). AMF Section served three purposes: (1) it was simpler and safer to run the resupply operations from Allied North Africa than from London, across German-occupied France; (2) The South of France was to be liberated by separate Allied landings there (Operation Dragoon), SOE units in the area needed be supplied by their headquarters in Algiers, not by London; and, (3) AMF Section tapped into the skills of the French living in North Africa.With the two invasions in Normandy and southern France in summer 1944, these distinctions became irrelevant, and almost all the SOE Sections in France were united with the Maquis into the Forces Francaises de l'Interieur (FFI). (There was one exception: The EU/P Section, which was formed by Poles in France and remained part of the trans-European Polish Resistance movement, under Polish command.) <mask>, now more commonly known as Christine Granville, parachuted into France on the night of 6/7 July 1944. She became part of the Jockey network headed by Francis Cammaerts, Belgian-British in nationality and a former pacifist. The job of Cammaerts and his team was to organize the French resistance fighters, the maquis, in southeastern France to weaken the German occupiers prior to the Allied invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon, which would take place on 15 August. <mask> was Cammaerts' courier, replacing Cecily Lefort who had been captured by the Germans and would be executed. She also had been given the task of attempting to subvert the Polish conscripts in the German army who were stationed along the Franco-Italian border.Vercors Plateau. Cammaerts was based in the hamlet of Saint-Julien-en-Vercors on the remote Vercors Plateau. <mask> arrived in the midst of a large operation headed by British major Desmond Longe of supplying by parachute the local maquis with

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title: Krystyna Skarbek

texts:
 arms and supplies. She was out every night when the moon was bright organizing a reception committee to collect the canisters dropped by Allied airplanes on the plateau. On the morning of 14 July came a daylight drop of light arms and supplies from 72 American B-17s, the largest single-day airdrop to the maquis during World War II. Encouraged by a speech from the head of the provisional government, Charles de Gaulle, (but discouraged by Cammaerts who opposed large-scale guerrilla operations and pleaded unsuccessfully for artillery and anti-tank weapons for the maquis), a full-scale rebellion against the German occupiers broke out. The rebellion was premature and quickly crushed by German troops.On 22 July and under fire, Cammaerts and <mask> escaped from the plateau, setting up a new base at Seyne-les-Alpes. In the Alps. After the flight from the Vercors, <mask> embarked on a journey of three weeks, mostly by foot (she disliked bicycles), through the Alps. She carried a rucksack filled with food and hand grenades. She made contact with two prominent leaders of the French Resistance, Gilbert Galletti and Paul Hérault (soon to be killed by the Germans), and greeted the arrival of an "Operation Toplink" team which included her friends John Roper, Paddy O'Regan, and Harvard Gunn. Their job was to organize and supply both the French and Italian resistance along the border. On 13 August, she subverted some of the Polish soldiers among the German units in the Alps.After a two-day hike to the Col de Larche, a prominent mountain pass on the Franco-Italian border, she approached a formidable fortress, manned by 150 soldiers, at the head of the pass. Speaking in Polish and revealing her identity, she talked to the 63 Polish soldiers among the defenders, and told them, when the order was given by resistance forces, to desert and destroy the fortress, giving them specific instructions on how that was to be done. Six days later a small force of maquis and two Operation Toplink officers, John Roper and John Halsey, approached the garrison and the German commander surrendered the fortress and his mutinous soldiers. The Poles in the garrison joined the French resistance as <mask> had told them to do. Rescuing Cammaerts. On 13 August 1944, at Digne, two days before the Allied Operation Dragoon landings in southern France, Cammaerts, Xan Fieldinganother SOE agent, who had previously operated in Creteand a French officer, Christian Sorensen, were arrested at a roadblock by the Gestapo. <mask> rushed back from the Col de Larche, halting briefly along the way to meet a recently arrived 10-man allied military mission.She told them that, in Cammaerts' absence, she was in charge and arranged transportation for them. She also tried without success to persuade French resistance leaders to storm the prison in Digne and rescue Cammaerts and the others. She then put aside her aversion to bicycles, and cycled  to Digne. In Digne on 15 August, <mask> circled the walls of the prison humming "Frankie and Johnny", a favourite tune of hers and Cammaerts. He responded in kind, confirming that he was within. <mask> managed to meet with Captain Albert Schenck, an Alsatian who acted as liaison officer between the local French prefecture and the Gestapo. She introduced herself as Cammaerts' wife and a niece of British General Bernard Montgomery and threatened Schenck with terrible retribution if harm came to the prisoners.She reinforced the threat with a mercenary appeal – an offer of two million francs for the men's release. <mask> informed SOE in London and two million francs were air-dropped to her. On 17 August she was back in Schenck's office, money in hand. The Allied invasion of southern France had occurred on 15 August, and Allied soldiers were  distant and advancing rapidly toward Digne, a fact that was apparent to the Germans and their French collaborators. Schenck introduced her to a Gestapo officer, Max Waem, a Belgian, with the authority to order the release of the SOE agents. She met him in Schenck's apartment at four in the afternoon. That evening, Cammaerts, Fielding, and Sorensen were marched out of the prison by Waem, dressed in his SS uniform.They anticipated they were on the way to their execution, but instead Waem led them to an automobile and they were driven to the outskirts of Digne where <mask> was waiting for them. She got into the automobile without a nod of recognition and they thought that she too was a prisoner. They drove to the bank of a river where Fielding helped Waem bury his SS tunic. It was only then that he realized that they were being released, not executed. After Cammaerts and the other two men were released, Schenck was advised to leave Digne. He did not and was subsequently murdered by a person or persons unknown. His wife kept the bribe money and, after the war, attempted to exchange it for new francs.She was arrested but was released after the authorities investigated her story. She was able to exchange the money for only a tiny portion of its value. Cammaerts and <mask> helped her return to her home. <mask> had promised Waem he would not be arrested by the British, and battled with SOE leaders with some success to protect him. He survived the war and returned to Belgium. The story of <mask>s's bribe is fictionalized in the last episode of the television series, Wish Me Luck. Operation Dragoon.Digne was liberated by the American army two days after <mask> rescued Cammaerts, Fielding, and Sorensen. The maquis had cleared the way for the Americans and there was little opposition. Cammaerts and <mask> met the American commander, Brigadier General Frederic B. Butler, at Sisteron on 20 August. They offered their help but he dismissed them as "bandits." No respecter of rank, <mask> was furious and had to be calmed down by an aide to the general. Leaving the American army behind, the two proceeded to Gap where the maquis had captured the German garrison. Several hundred Poles, conscripted soldiers in the German army, were among the captured Germans.<mask> addressed the Poles with a megaphone and secured their agreement to join the Allied forces, provided that they shed their German uniforms. The Poles stripped off their uniforms. General Butler arrived and disapproved of the proceedings, threatening <mask> and Cammaerts with arrest and court martial if they did not leave. Later, they had a better reception from Butler's superior officer, General Alexander Patch, who appointed them as the liaison for the Americans with the maquis. The couple continued northward to Lyon and Paris. In September <mask> took a military flight to London. Dénouement

When the SOE teams returned from France (or in some cases, were given 24 hours to depart by de Gaulle) in autumn 1944, some of the British women sought new missions in the Pacific War, where the war with the Empire of Japan continued; but <mask>, as a Pole, was ideally placed to serve as a courier for missions to her homeland.As the Red Army advanced across Poland, the British government and Polish government-in-exile worked together to leave a network in place that would report on events in the People's Republic of Poland. Kowerski and <mask> were now fully reconciled with the Polish forces and were preparing to be dropped into Poland in early 1945. However, the mission, called Operation Freston, was cancelled because the first party to enter Poland were captured by the Red Army (they were released in February 1945). The women of SOE were all given military rank, with honorary commissions in either the Women's Transport Service, the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), officially part of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) though a very elite and autonomous part, or the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). In preparation for her service in France, she had been a member of the FANY. On her return, she transferred to the WAAF as a flight officer until the end of the war in Europe: 21 November 1944 to 14 May 1945. Honours and awards
<mask>'s exploits were recognised with award of the George Medal.Several years after the Digne incident, in London, she told another Pole and fellow World War II veteran that, during her negotiations with the Gestapo, she had been unaware of any danger to herself. Only after she and her comrades had made good their escape did it hit home: "What have I done! They could have shot me as well." For her work in conjunction with the British authorities, in May 1947 she was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), an award normally associated with officers of the equivalent military rank of lieutenant colonel, and a level above the most usual award of Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) given to other women agents of SOE. Despite her problems with the Poles during the war, in 1945 when <mask> visited Polish military headquarters in her British WAAF uniform, she was treated by the Polish military chiefs with the highest respect. French recognition of <mask>'s contribution to the liberation of France came with the award of the Croix de Guerre. Post-war life
After the war, <mask> was left without financial reserves or a native country to return to.Xan Fielding, whom she had saved from execution by the Gestapo, wrote in his 1954 book, Hide and Seek, dedicated "To the memory of Christine Granville":

One of the other SOE agents <mask> had rescued, Francis Cammaerts, named his daughter Christine (born 1948) after her. Unable to find work, <mask> went to Nairobi, Kenya Colony to join Michael Dunford, an old lover, but the British colonial government turned down her application for a work permit. She returned to London where she became in turn a telephone operator, a salesperson, a waitress, and a cabin steward on ocean liners. On one of the passenger ships, the Ruahine, the crew, including <mask>, were required to wear any medals they had been awarded during the war. <mask>'s "impressive line of ribbons, enough to flatter a general, made her an immediate favourite with the passengers, and an obvious target for resentment among the crew... [S]he was soon the victim of a campaign of abuse for being a foreigner, a woman and a suspected liar..."  A fellow steward, Dennis Muldowney, defended her, and the two probably were lovers. Muldowney became obsessed with her, and she broke off with him, saying he was "obstinate and terrifying." Death and legacy
Christine Granville was stabbed to death in the Shelbourne Hotel, Earls Court, in London, on 15 June 1952.She had begun work as steward some six weeks earlier with the Union-Castle Line and had booked into the hotel on 14 June, having returned from a working voyage out of Durban, South Africa, on Winchester Castle. Her body was identified by her cousin, Andrzej <mask>. When her death was recorded at the Royal Borough of Kensington's register office, her age was given as 37, the age she claimed on her British passport. Her assailant was Dennis George Muldowney, the obsessed man who had worked with <mask> as a steward and was at the time of her murder a Reform Club porter. After being convicted of her murder, Muldowney was hanged at HMP Pentonville on 30 September 1952. Granville was interred in St Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, northwest London. In 2013, a ceremony marked the renovation of her grave by the Polish Heritage Society.Following Granville's death, Andrzej Kowerski (Andrew Kennedy) led a group of men, especially Cammaerts, Roper, and Patrick Howarth, dedicated to ensuring that her name not be "sullied and succeeded in stopping several press reports and two books." Author Madeleine Masson said that 'twelve men who all loved Christine...banded together to make sure that no-one wrote rubbish about her," the "rubbish" apparently being stories of her active and diverse sex life. Masson eventually received the support of the group to publish a "scrubbed" version of Granville's life. Kowerski/Kennedy died of cancer in Munich, Germany in December 1988. His ashes were flown to London and interred at the foot of <mask>'s grave. In 1971, the Shelbourne Hotel was bought by a Polish group; in a storeroom, they found her trunk, containing her clothes, papers, and SOE issue dagger. This dagger, her medals, and some of her papers are now held in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum at 20 Prince's Gate, Kensington, London.In May 2017, a bronze bust, by Ian Wolter, was unveiled at the Polish Hearth Club (Ognisko Polskie) in Kensington, London. In 2020, English Heritage announced that it would place a blue plaque honouring <mask> at the site of the former Shelbourne Hotel. The plaque was unveiled in September 2020, six years after Granville's biographer Clare Mulley had proposed the plaque to English Heritage. Popular culture

Author William F. Nolan claimed that Ian Fleming, in his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953), modelled Vesper Lynd on Christine Granville. According to Nolan, Fleming also based Tatiana Romanova, in his 1957 novel From Russia, with Love, on Skarbek. Skarbek biographer Clare Mulley, however, wrote that, "if Christine was immortalized as the carelessly beautiful double agent Vesper Lynd, Fleming is more likely to have been inspired by the stories he heard than the woman in person.... [H]e never claimed to have met her, even in passing." As her life became so wildly reported, Kowerski/Kennedy asked their mutual friend, W. Stanley Moss, to write something definitive; a series of four illustrated articles by Moss were published in Picture Post in 1952.In 1999, Polish writer Maria Nurowska published a novel, Miłośnica (The Lover) – an account of a fictional female journalist's attempt to probe <mask>'s story. There have been four published biographies of <mask>:
 Madeleine Masson, Christine: a Search for Christine Granville, OBE, GM, Croix de Guerre, 1975; republished 2005,
 Jan Larecki, <mask> <mask>, Agentka o wielu twarzach (<mask> <mask>, Agent of Many Faces), 2008, . Ronald Nowicki, The Elusive Madame G, 2013,

On 3 May 2016 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an episode of Great Lives in which <mask> <mask>'s life was proposed by Lt General Sir Graeme Lamb, with Clare Mulley as the expert witness. Unveiled in 2017 at Ognisko Polskie (the Polish Hearth Club), in London, was a bronze bust of <mask> commissioned of sculptor Ian Wolter. 2018: Michael Morpurgo's book In the Mouth of the Wolf centres on <mask>'s World War II Resistance work with Morpurgo's uncle, Francis Cammaerts. In 2020 Clare Mulley unveiled an English Heritage Blue Plaque commemorating <mask> <mask>, at her last London address, now 1 Lexham Gardens Hotel, South Kensington. On 16 March 2021 author Dana Schwartz released a podcast episode about the life of <mask> <mask>, "From Poland With Love".See also

 Kazimierz Leski (an intelligence officer with the "Musketeers" and the Home Army)

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Marcus Binney, The Women Who Lived for Danger:  The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002, . (A fifth of the book is devoted to <mask> <mask>; includes a few more recently available documents, but largely draws on Madeleine Masson's work.) Xan Fielding, Hide and Seek:  The Story of a War-Time Agent, London, Secker & Warburg, 1954. (Dedicated to <mask> <mask>; includes the Digne incident.) Christopher Kasparek, "<mask> <mask>:  Re-viewing Britain's Legendary Polish Agent", The Polish Review, vol. XLIX, no. 3 (2004), pp.945–953. Christopher Kasparek, letter to the editor (corrigenda to Kasparek's article in vol. XLIX, no. 3, 2004, and response to Ronald Nowicki's letter in vol. L, no. 1, 2005), The Polish Review, vol. L, no.2 (2005), pp. 253–255. Jan Larecki, <mask> <mask>:  agentka o wielu twarzach (<mask> <mask>:  Agent with Many Faces), Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 2008, . Madeleine Masson, Christine:  A Search for Christine Granville, G.M., O.B.E., Croix de Guerre, with a Foreword by Francis Cammaerts, D.S.O., Légion d'Honneur, Croix de Guerre, US Medal of Freedom, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975. (Republished by Virago, 2005.) Ronald Nowicki, "Krystyna Skarbek: a Letter", The Polish Review, vol. L, no.1 (2005), pp. 93–101. External links
 Biography of Christine Granville, nigelperrin.com; accessed 27 June 2014
 Online Biography, notablebiographies.com; accessed 27 June 2014
 Clare Heal, "Glamorous Wartime Spy Who Loved Life... and Dashing Men", Express.co.uk, Home of the Daily and Sunday Express, 8 July 2012. "Glamorous wartime spy who loved life...and dashing men", The Spy Who Loved, by Clare Mulley: review by Nigel Jones, The Telegraph, Saturday, 14 July 2012. "Michael Morpurgo remembers his heroic uncle, Francis Cammaerts", by Michael Morpurgo, The Telegraph, Friday, 30 May 2019;  accessed 6 June 2019

1908 births
1952 deaths
1952 murders in the United Kingdom
1950s crimes in London
People from Warsaw
20th-century Polish people
20th-century Polish women
Clan Abdank
Polish people of Jewish descent
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Female wartime spies
Polish spies
Secret Intelligence Service personnel
Special Operations Executive personnel
Polish people of World War II
Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers
Polish women in war
Recipients of the George Medal
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Women in World War II
Women in European warfare
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Polish people murdered abroad
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
People murdered in London
Deaths by stabbing in London
Burials at St Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Violence against women in London
Female murder

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title: Franklin Dyall

texts:
<mask> (3 February 1870– 8 May 1950), professionally known as <mask>, was an English actor. In his early years he was a member of the companies of the actor-managers George Alexander, Ben Greet, John Martin-Harvey and Johnston Forbes-Robertson. During a 50-year stage career he played a wide range of parts in plays from Shakespeare to modern comedy, grand guignol, swashbuckling costume drama and the works of Ibsen. He broadcast on radio and television and made more than 20 films. He was the father of the actor <mask>. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Liverpool on 3 February 1870, the youngest of four sons of <mask>, first curator of the Walker Art Gallery, and his wife Margaret Oliphant née Robertson. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute High School for Boys.He made his professional stage debut in April 1894 in George Alexander's company at the St James's Theatre, London, in The Masqueraders by Henry Arthur Jones. In his early career he appeared under his real name, and as <mask> he played a servant in Alexander's production of Henry James's Guy Domville in January 1895 and created the role of Merriman in The Importance of Being Earnest the following month. Dyall's first Shakespearean roles were Claudius in Hamlet, and the Duke in The Merchant of Venice in Ben Greet's company at the Olympic Theatre in May 1897. Claudius was a role to which he returned during his career, playing it to the Hamlet of John Martin-Harvey in 1911 and John Gielgud in 1935. He joined Johnston Forbes-Robertson at the Lyceum later in that year, playing Guildenstern in Hamlet and Second Witch in Macbeth the following year ("satisfactory, though we should prefer female witches", said The Era). He appeared at the Prince of Wales’s Theatre in June 1898 as the Doctor in Mrs Patrick Campbell's production of Pelléas and Mélisande. Early 20th century

In the early years of the 20th century Dyall appeared in Lewis Waller's company, and played a variety of roles, both Shakespearean and modern.In 1905–06 he toured the US in E. S. Willard's company. After returning to England, he married the actress Mary Phyllis Logan, known professionally as Concordia Merrel. They had one child, Valentine, who followed his parents into the acting profession. At about the same time <mask> changed his stage name from <mask> to <mask>, He acted in a wide range of roles, including several Ibsen parts, playing the title role in John Gabriel Borkman (1910), Dr Rank in A Doll's House and  Judge Brack in Hedda Gabler (both 1911). Of the first of these the reviewer of The Illustrated London News called Dyall's performance "splendid ... the actor has done nothing half so good heretofore and his was ... the best performance we have ever had in London of his role". In 1914 <mask> returned to North America, touring Canada and the US with Marie Tempest's company, playing roles including Richard Whichello in Mary Goes First and James Crane in  At the Barn. The New York Tribune found his performances "easy, natural and enjoyable".<ref>"Marie Tempest in 'At the Barn'", The New York Tribune, 1 December 1914, p. 9</ref> He remained in the US in early 1915, playing the paterfamilias in a new comedy, The Younger Generation, by Stanley Houghton.After returning to London he appeared with Martin-Harvey at His Majesty's in 1916, as Laertes in  Hamlet, Lucentio in The Taming of the Shrew, Richmond in Richard III, and the Duke of Exeter in Henry V. In 1918, in partnership with the actress Mary Merrall, he ran the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, for the summer season. Inter-war years
In his middle years Dyall had many successes playing what The Times called "saturnine villains in modern melodramas":

Between 1918 and 1939 Dyall played five Shakespearean roles: Friar Lawrence in Romeo and Juliet (1919), Pistol in Henry V,  Cassius in Julius Caesar, Shylock in The Merchant of Venice (all 1934), and Claudius with Gielgud (1935). Between these his appearances ranged from grand guignol (1922), to another Ibsen lead (Solness in The Master Builder (1931) as well as swashbuckling roles such as Duke Michael in The Prisoner of Zenda and Captain Hook in Peter Pan (both 1923). In 1928 he and his first wife were divorced, and the following year he married Mary Merrall, with whom he had been living for several years. Last years
At the Shaftesbury Theatre in 1940 Dyall played Andrew Bevan in Behind the Scenes. The following year he played Sir Valentine in The Devil's Sanctuary, and for ENSA he toured for five months as Weston in White Cargo. He toured in 1943, in The Strange Case of Margaret Wishart, and was back in the West End later that year as Vasin in The Russians at the Playhouse, and, in the Christmas season, the Caterpillar and the King of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland at the Scala.His final stage appearances were on tour in 1944 and 1945,
in The Case of the Frightened Lady, The Frog, and The Ringer, and finally as Svengali in Trilby. Dyall died at his home in High Salvington, Worthing, Sussex on 8 May 1950 at the age of 80. Radio and television
<mask> was an early broadcaster in both radio and television. For 2LO, London, he and Forbes-Robertson gave a Shakespearean recital in May 1925, and in August 1939 he headed the cast in two live television transmissions of The Ringer. Other than these, he made few broadcasts until the 1940s, when he appeared frequently in the series Appointment with Fear. When television resumed after wartime suspension Dyall once again made two live broadcasts in The Ringer, and in the late 1940s he played a wide range of parts on radio, including John Gabriel Borkman, the Dream Chronicler in A Yank at the Court of King Arthur, Joseph Haydn in Papa Haydn, Anselm in The Miser, Jaggers in Great Expectations, Don Fernando in Henry de Montherlant's The Master of Santiago and, his final role, Gardiner, the Lord Chancellor, in Tyrone Guthrie's adaptation of Tennyson's Queen Mary'', broadcast in July 1950 after his death. Films

Dyall appeared in, produced or directed 26 films between 1916 and 1948.Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1870 births
1950 deaths
Male actors from Liverpool
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
20th-century English male actors
people educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys

masks:
Frank Poole Dyall
Franklin Dyall
Valentine Dyall
Dyall
Charles Dyall
Frank Dyall
Dyall
Frank Dyall
Franklin Dyall
Dyall
Dyall


title: Valdet Rama

texts:
<mask> (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for German club Wuppertaler SV. He also holds German citizenship. Early life
<mask> is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004. Club career

Early career
<mask> made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.Hannover 96
After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract. Örebro
In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that <mask> was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer.<mask> however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated. Valladolid
After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 <mask> moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson. His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, <mask> became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football. <mask> finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored. His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute.Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute. On 11 July 2014, <mask> left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015. 1860 Munich
On 27 August 2014, <mask> had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with <mask> joining on a two-year contract. He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt.<mask>'s first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue. He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with Die Löwen by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times. In the 2015–16 season, <mask> declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, <mask>'s contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Yanbian Funde
Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun Yatai

Kukësi
On 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, <mask> joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses. He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media. SV Meppen
On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of <mask> on a two-year deal with an option for a third year. Having made three substitute appearances in the 2021–22 season he agreed the termination of his contract in January 2022. Wuppertaler SV
On 3 January 2022, <mask> joined Wuppertaler SV in the fourth-tier Regionalliga West.International career
As soon as <mask> moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania. He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where <mask> played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals. In August 2016, <mask> opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team.However, in an interview in September 2017, <mask> didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Albania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mitrovica, Kosovo
Kosovo Albanians
Kosovan emigrants to Germany
Albanian footballers
Albania international footballers
Kosovan footballers
German footballers
Association football midfielders
VfL Wolfsburg players
FC Ingolstadt 04 players
Hannover 96 players
Örebro SK players
Real Valladolid players
TSV 1860 Munich players
Würzburger Kickers players
Yanbian Funde F.C. players
FK Kukësi players
SV Meppen players
Wuppertaler SV players
Allsvenskan players
La Liga players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Chinese Super League players
Albanian Superliga players
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in China
Albanian expatriate footballers
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in China

masks:
Valdet Sknder Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama
Rama


title: John Davis Long

texts:
<mask> (October 27, 1838 – August 28, 1915) was an American lawyer, politician, and writer from Massachusetts. He was the 32nd Governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1880 to 1883. He later served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1902, a period that included the primarily naval Spanish–American War. Born in Buckfield, Maine, <mask> was educated as a lawyer at Harvard University, later settling in Hingham, Massachusetts. He became active in Republican Party politics in the 1870s, winning election for the state legislature in 1874. He rose rapidly in prominence, and was elected lieutenant governor in 1879 and governor in 1880. He advocated modest reforms during his three years as governor, which were relatively uneventful.After returning to private practice he was offered a cabinet post by his friend, President William McKinley, in 1896. He chose to become Secretary of the Navy despite lacking detailed knowledge of naval matters. He clashed with his Under-Secretary, Theodore Roosevelt, over expansion of the Navy when the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. He resigned the post after Roosevelt became president, and resumed his law practice. He died at his home in 1915; his publications include a lifelong journal, a history of the Spanish–American War, and a verse translation of Virgil's Aeneid. Early years

<mask> <mask> was born in Buckfield, Maine on October 27, 1838, to Zadoc <mask> and Julia Temple (<mask><mask>. He was named for Massachusetts Governor <mask>, a cousin of his maternal grandfather.He received his primary education at Hebron Academy until attending Harvard University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1857. At Harvard he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity's Alpha chapter. <mask> wrote both prose and verse for a student magazine, and was chosen to write an ode for his class's graduation. He also began a private journal some time before his arrival at Harvard, which he maintained throughout his life. After two years as headmaster of Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts, <mask> began attending Harvard Law School, becoming a member of the Massachusetts bar in 1861. He practiced law, first without success in Buckfield, and then in Boston, and was active in the state militia during the American Civil War. He moved to Hingham, Massachusetts in 1869, and the following year married Mary Woodford Glover of Hingham.The couple had two daughters (and one stillborn birth) before her death in 1882. Massachusetts politics
<mask> began his involvement in politics at the local level in Hingham in 1870. Temperance was a major issue which dominated his political beliefs. His early politics was somewhat independent: he supported the reformist Republican Benjamin Butler for governor in 1871, but received an unsolicited Democratic nomination later that year for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He did not campaign, and lost the election. Nominated by both Democrats and reformist Republicans in 1872, he lost again. He thereafter became more of a Republican stalwart, convinced that reform would be best accomplished from within the party organization.In 1874 <mask> chaired the state Republican convention, and finally won election to the state legislature. He formed a close relationship with Speaker <mask>. Sanford, and in what historian James Hess describes as a probable move of political calculation, supported the successful gubernatorial candidate in 1875, Alexander H. Rice, even though Rice supported liberal legislation on alcohol sales that <mask> opposed. He was able to parlay this support into his own election to the speakership in 1876. He widened his reform views to the national stage by supporting Benjamin Bristow in his unsuccessful bid for the Republican presidential nomination. Lietuentant Governor (1879–80)
In 1877, <mask> unsuccessfully challenged the incumbent Rice for the gubernatorial nomination. When Rice announced his retirement the following year, <mask> again sought the nomination. It went to former Lieutenant Governor Thomas Talbot, but <mask> won the lieutenant governor nomination by acclamation.The Democratic opposition was divided by Benjamin Butler's return to that party, and the Republican ticket won the general election. <mask> capitalized on Talbot's avoidance of public ceremonies to maintain a high profile despite his post's relative unimportance. Governor (1880–83)
In 1879, <mask> was easily nominated for governor when Talbot announced he would not run for reelection, despite a lack of support from the party leadership. The election was highly divisive, pitting <mask> against Butler and the divided Democrats. <mask> was criticized for his lack of Civil War service and attacked for his diversions from the party line, but won a comfortable victory. He was reelected by comfortable margins the two following years. <mask>'s time as governor was described by historian P.A.M. Tayler as relatively uneventful.He proposed a number of modest reforms, including a measured expansion of women's voting rights (then restricted to voting for school committees), and allowing women to sit on state boards. Most of these reforms were not implemented during his tenure, although some were later enacted into law by his successors. He kept a busy schedule, attending all manner of civic events across the state. In one of his last acts as governor, he appointed Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The lame duck appointment was occasioned by the sudden resignation of Otis Lord, a Republican who may have resigned in order to deny the appointment opportunity to the incoming Democratic Governor, Benjamin Butler. The appointment was made on December 8, 1882, the last day of <mask>'s term when the Governor's Council (which had to approve the appointment) was scheduled to meet. U.S. Representative (1883–89)
<mask> was elected to the United States Congress in the 1882 election, and served until 1889, declining to run for reelection in the 1888 election.In 1886, he was encouraged to stand for the Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge, although Lodge's support was apparently part of a ruse to test the strength of the state party leadership. Lodge withdrew his support at the last minute, throwing it instead to the incumbent Henry L. Dawes, and the legislature reelected Dawes to the seat. The incident cooled relations between Lodge and <mask>. In the wheeling and dealing that preceded the Senate election, <mask> was offered Democratic support by Butler, but refused, believing that such votes would be seen as tainted by an unsavory political deal. <mask>'s tenure in Congress was uneventful, since the Congress was under Democratic Party control for the six years he served. In addition to lobbying the administration for patronage appointments, he sat on a joint committee examining interests of shipbuilding and shipowners, as well as on conference committees dealing with pensions and Navy financing. In 1886 <mask> married again, to Agnes Pierce, a teacher and daughter of a Universalist minister; they had one son, born in 1887.Return to private practice
<mask> decided in 1888 not to run for another term in Congress, and spent the next eight years in private practice. His clients were typically corporate interests, and he appeared on their behalf in court as well as in legislative committee hearings. He was sought after as a public speaker, something he engaged in for many years. He remained somewhat active in Republican Party circles, supporting Roger Wolcott's Young Men's Republican Club, which sought to bring new blood into the party. When offered the opportunity to challenge longtime Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar, he refused. In 1889 he was appointed to the committee overseeing the enlargement of the Massachusetts State House, a post he held until 1897. Secretary of the Navy
As a Congressman, <mask> had become a close friend of William McKinley, who was elected President in 1896.McKinley offered <mask> his choice of several cabinet posts; he chose Secretary of the Navy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 2, 1897. The appointment brought on a storm of criticism from Henry Cabot Lodge. Lodge had been elected to the Senate, dominated the Republican Party in Massachusetts, and had expected to have a say in choosing a cabinet nominee in return for his support of McKinley. One of Lodge's supporters complained that <mask> was in poor health, and that he would not give the administration "back-bone and vigor". (<mask> had back from his law practice after a nervous breakdown.) Lodge compensated for the setback by helping secure the position of Assistant Secretary for Theodore Roosevelt, a brash and aggressive New Yorker.<mask> and Roosevelt did not get along: in addition to personality differences, Roosevelt pushed a view to aggressively modernize and expand the Navy against <mask>'s more studied and conservative approach. He preferred to expand the Navy gradually. As the nation's global interests grew, <mask> committed himself to the nation's peaceful growth in line with McKinley's policies. As a result of his disagreements with Roosevelt, <mask> took steps to control his subordinate. Roosevelt, on the other hand, sought ways to spur <mask> into action, writing "I only wish that I could poison his mind so as to make him a shade more truculent in international matters". He also chafed against <mask>'s policy of deferring much of the department's work to its permanent bureau chiefs, which resulted in constraints on the flow of information the administration received. <mask> was somewhat proud of the fact that he knew little of the detail of naval affairs, commenting that he was "a civilian who does not know the stem from the stern of a ship".<mask> believed that ongoing tensions between Spain were unlikely to lead to war, and should it, that the war would be easily won. He consequently did not take significant steps to prepare the Navy for that contingency. In January 1898, he ordered the USS Maine to Havana, Cuba, as a matter of "customary relations". He and McKinley were concerned for the safety of Americans in Cuba due to the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. By early February 1898, tensions had reached crisis proportions, and <mask> was compelled to begin drawing up plans for war. The explosion and sinking of the Maine at Havana on February 15 was the spark that ignited the Spanish–American War. The administration was opposed to war, but the public outcry over the sinking could not be ignored.Ten days after the sinking, <mask> took a day off, and Roosevelt used his authority in <mask>'s absence to issue a number of orders designed to increase the Navy's readiness for war, including famously ordering Commodore George Dewey into an aggressive offensive posture in the Spanish Philippines. <mask> countermanded some of Roosevelt's orders afterward, but began stepping up naval war preparations. The loss of the Maine highlighted to the administration the nation's shortage of modern warships, setting off a scramble for the acquisition of more ships. One significant order given by <mask> was to transfer the USS Oregon (one of the Navy's most powerful ships) from the west coast to the Caribbean; the ship made the journey around Cape Horn from San Francisco to Key West, Florida, in 66 days. War was declared in April 1898. Roosevelt resigned his post the next month, a move <mask> thought foolhardy but later acknowledged was significant in advancing Roosevelt's career. <mask> directed the Navy's activities throughout the war, significantly increasing its size in the process.He ordered Dewey to neutralize the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, ordered the seizure of Spanish Guam, and worked to support a blockade and offensive operations against Cuba. He also directed naval resources into threatening postures against mainland Spain to encourage the Spanish recall of a fleet destined for the Philippines. In response to increasing pressure from Navy leaders, <mask> created a permanent advisory staff after the war. The board, created in March 1900, was designed to unify the work of the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Naval War College, and the fleet leadership for the production of war plans and the proper preparation, planning, and deployment of naval resources in pursuit of objectives defined in those plans. After the war, <mask> pushed forward plans to establish a naval base in the Philippines, however, the funding for plans was held up in Congress, which repeatedly sought review of potential base locations in the islands. The matter was also caught up in branch rivalry with the War Department, which objected to the Navy's establishment of a permanent base there that was not under its authority. Construction of the Subic Bay Naval Base did not begin until after <mask> left office.<mask> was promoted as a potential vice presidential candidate by the Massachusetts delegation to the 1900 Republican National Convention, and was a personal favorite of McKinley's for the position. However, party leaders objected to him on geographic grounds, and Lodge (with whom <mask> continued to feud) disingenuously wore a <mask> banner, even though he supported Roosevelt, who easily won the nomination. The McKinley–Roosevelt ticket won the election, and <mask> decided to stay on for McKinley's second term. Later years
After McKinley was assassinated in September 1901, <mask> had a change of heart, and tendered his resignation to President Roosevelt on May 1, 1902. The exact reasons for this are unclear, but several factors probably contributed. First, Roosevelt had a close relationship with <mask>'s political rival Lodge, was known to disagree with <mask> on naval matters, and was not welcoming of his presence at the White House. Second, an inquiry into the actions of Admiral Winfield Scott Schley around the July 1898 Battle of Santiago de Cuba had resulted in a significant amount of criticism of <mask>'s role in the war.Third, one of his daughters died in October 1901, less than a month after McKinley's assassination. These matters drove <mask> into a depression, and the situation was further exacerbated when Roosevelt squabbled with him over the beginning of the war, and then made newsworthy overrides of some of his decisions. Historian Wendell Garrett notes that Roosevelt took a great personal interest in the Navy, and had difficulty working with subsequent secretaries. <mask> returned to Massachusetts, where he resumed his law practice and remained interested in party politics. He sat on a few corporate boards and served as president of the Puritan Trust Company. He continued to advocate for women's suffrage, and served on the boards of several private schools, include his alma mater, Hebron Academy. He regularly spent time in Maine (having in 1882 repurchased the family home in Buckfield), and fell ill there in August 1915.He returned home to Hingham, where he died on August 28. Writings and legacy
In addition to <mask>'s extensive journal, he wrote on a variety of other subjects. During his unsuccessful attempt to start a law practice in Buckfield he produced a paper on Congressional power and slavery. While in Boston in the early 1860s he had a play produced locally. In 1878 he produced a verse translation of Virgil's Aeneid. In 1903 he published The New American Navy, a history of the Spanish–American War and the development of the Navy during that time. Among <mask>'s charitable works was funding the establishment of a public library in Buckfield in 1900, which is now known as the Zadoc Long Free Library.<mask> (DD-209) was named in his honor. Publications
 As author

 As editor

See also
 1875 Massachusetts legislature
 1876 Massachusetts legislature
 1877 Massachusetts legislature
 1878 Massachusetts legislature

Citations

General references

  No page numbers; photograph only. External links

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Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Governors of Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
United States Secretaries of the Navy
People from Buckfield, Maine
1838 births
1915 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Theodore Roosevelt administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
McKinley administration cabinet members
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Massachusetts Republican Party chairs
Half-Breeds (Republican Party)

masks:
John Davis Long
Long
John Davis
Long
Long
Davis
) Long
John Davis
Long
Long
Long
Long
John E
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
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Long
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Long
USS Long


title: Flora Klickmann

texts:
<mask> (26 January 1867 – 20 November 1958) was an English journalist, author and editor. She was the second editor of the Girl's Own Paper, but became best known for her Flower-Patch series of books of anecdotes, autobiography and nature description. Life
<mask> was born on 26 January 1867 in Brixton, London, one of six children of German-born <mask> and his wife, Fanny Warne. The family moved to Sydenham in south London when <mask> was in her teens. She aspired to be a concert pianist, and studied at Trinity College of Music and at the Royal College of Organists. However, she was found to be suffering from arrhythmia, and was advised to rest. She travelled to the small Gloucestershire village of Brockweir in the Wye valley, where her mother's family lived, before returning to London.The illness she suffered from was quinsy, a complication of tonsillitis. At the age of 21 she began writing on musical subjects for Sylvia's Home Journal and other magazines aimed at women, and by 1895 had started contributing articles and interviews with musicians to The Windsor Magazine, one of the best-known story periodicals of the time. Her mother died in 1903, when they were living at Ondine Road, East Dulwich, and her Prussian-born father, <mask>, remarried in 1908 and went to live in Battersea with his new wife – a Russian emigre. <mask> stayed in the house in Dulwich until her marriage. In 1904, she became the editor of The Foreign Field, a magazine published by the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. By this time, she had also begun writing and editing books on crafts and etiquette, aimed at young girls. Four years later, in 1908, she was appointed editor of the Girl's Own Paper, in succession to its first editor, Charles Peters.This was a highly successful periodical aimed at girls and young women, published by the Religious Tract Society (RTS). The magazine moved from a weekly to monthly format, and she introduced new themes such as careers advice for girls, advice on style and dress, photography competitions and crafts. Long serials became less common, and their place was taken by a larger number of shorter stories, often from distant parts of the world. In 1912 she suffered a breakdown through overwork and stress. While remaining as editor, she spent a period of convalescence at a rented cottage close to Brockweir. In June 1913, she married a widower, Ebenezer Henderson Smith (1851–1937), one of the executives at the RTS; her married name was <mask> Henderson Smith. The wedding was at St John the Evangelist, on Goose Green, East Dulwich.Their marital home was 'Hillthorpe' on Sydenham Hill; it was pulled down in the 1950s. The couple also purchased a second house at Brockweir, Sylvan View (now Sylvan House). In May 1916 she published the first of a series of books of written sketches of life in her country cottage at Brockweir, known in her books as "Rosemary Cottage", with its idyllic cottage garden and spectacular views over the River Wye and Tintern Abbey. The book, The Flower-Patch Among the Hills, was based on articles which she had originally written for the Girl's Own Paper, and was highly successful; a reprint was needed after two weeks. She acquired a succession of cottages in the area over the years. In later years the stories grew to involve her household and the local people, combining nature description, anecdote, autobiography, religion, and humour. In all, seven Flower Patch books were published, over 32 years.Her writing has been described as "humorous, elegant and beautifully observed, revealing a genuine love and concern for the natural world". A keen environmentalist, she wrote of the virtues of gardening without artificial chemicals and the value of natural fertilisers long before they became fashionable, and decried the taking of wild flower bulbs. She also published novels, advice books, children's stories and non-fiction on many topics including gardening, cooking, and needlework techniques, some of which have been republished in recent years. She remained editor of the Girl's Own Paper until 1931, when she and her husband retired permanently to Brockweir. However, she continued to write Flower Patch books until 1948. She lived an increasingly reclusive life after her husband's death in 1937. She died in 1958, and was buried in the graveyard of the Moravian Church at Brockweir.

masks:
Emily Flora Klickmann
Flora Klickmann
Rudolf Klickmann
Flora
Rudolph Klickmann
Flora
Emily Flora