title: Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke

texts:
<mask>, 4th Earl of Pembroke and 1st Earl of Montgomery,  (10 October 158423 January 1650) was an English courtier, nobleman, and politician active during the reigns of James I and Charles I. <mask> and his older brother William were the 'incomparable pair of brethren' to whom the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected works was dedicated in 1623. Early life, 1584–1603
Born at Wilton House, he was the son of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and his third wife, Mary Sidney, sister of Sir <mask> the poet, after whom he was named. In 1593, at age 9, <mask> was sent to study at New College, Oxford, but left after a few months. Favourite of James I, 1603–1625
In 1600 the 16-year-old <mask> made his first appearance at court. On the accession of James I in 1603 he soon caught the king's eye. According to Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, and John Aubrey, <mask>'s major interests at the time were hunting and hawking and it was in these fields that he first drew the king's attention. In May 1603, James made <mask> a gentleman of the privy chamber and a Knight of the Bath in July of the same year.<mask>, and his brother William, performed in The Masque of Indian and China Knights at Hampton Court on 1 January 1604. On 27 December 1604, with James I's enthusiastic urging (he played a prominent role in the ceremony and provided generous financial gifts for the bride), <mask> married Susan de Vere, daughter of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. That same year he was elected Member of Parliament for Glamorgan. James continued bestowing favours throughout 1605, first making <mask> a gentleman of the bedchamber and then creating him Baron Herbert of Shurland and Earl of Montgomery. In addition, James had Montgomery created MA during a visit of Oxford. In addition to hunting and hawking, Montgomery regularly participated in this period in tournaments and court masques. He also took an interest in gambling and amassed large debts, which James paid off for him in 1606/1607.In 1608, James made him a Knight of the Garter. He had him appointed high steward of Oxford in 1615. When Montgomery had a noted quarrel with Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, after a game of tennis between the two in 1610, James stepped in to effect a reconciliation. Montgomery had a second violent quarrel, this time with Lord Howard de Walden, in 1617. He was to become notorious for his violent assaults, which were usually unprovoked, but he was invariably forgiven by the King. Montgomery took a keen interest in English colonial ventures, which were just taking off at this time, and was involved with several joint stock companies: he became a member of the council of the Virginia Company in 1612; was one of the original incorporators of the Northwest Passage Company in 1612; and became a member of the Honourable East India Company in 1614. Honours continued throughout the remainder of James' reign: Montgomery became keeper of the Palace of Westminster and St. James's Park in 1617; Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1624; and finally, in December 1624, a member of the privy council.Continued favour under Charles I
After Charles I's accession to the throne in 1625, Montgomery continued to receive royal favour. He was appointed to the embassy which accompanied Henrietta Maria from Paris to England and went on to hold the spurs at Charles' coronation in 1626, before succeeding his older brother as Lord Chamberlain. He was made Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire in 1628. (Montgomery was a friend of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, serving as godfather of Buckingham's son Lord Charles Herbert, and in 1626 agreeing to a betrothal between his 4-year-old daughter and Lord Charles Herbert.) Montgomery continued to be interested in colonial ventures under Charles I. He was an incorporator of the Guiana Company in 1626. In 1628, he received a grant of the islands of Trinidad, Tobago and Barbados.Montgomery's first wife died in early 1629, and in 1630 he remarried, to Lady Anne Clifford, daughter of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and widow of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset. Montgomery's older brother died in 1630, and he succeeded to the title of Earl of Pembroke and to several of his brother's other titles, including Lord Lieutenant of Somerset and Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall. He was soon appointed to his brother's former positions of high steward of the Duchy of Cornwall and Lord Warden of the Stannaries. <mask> maintained a large household of 80 at his home in London, and an even larger staff of over 150 at Wilton House, his family's ancestral seat in Wiltshire. Through the 1630s, <mask> entertained Charles I at Wilton House for a hunting expedition every year. He encouraged <mask> to rebuild Wilton House in the Palladian style, recommending Inigo Jones for the job (Salomon de Caus performed the work when Jones proved to be unavailable, while his brother, Isaac de Caus, designed a variety of formal and informal gardens for the property). Patron of culture
<mask> was a fan of painting and a member of the Whitehall group.He amassed a large art collection and was patron of Anthony van Dyck. This love of painting was shared with Charles I: in 1637, when Pope Urban VIII sent Charles a large shipment of paintings, <mask> was one of a select group invited by Charles to join him in opening the cases (the group also included Henrietta Maria, Inigo Jones, and Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland). <mask> promoted the artistic career of his page, Richard Gibson, who became a successful portrait miniaturist. <mask> was an active patron of literature, receiving the dedication of over forty books during his lifetime, beginning with the dedication of the English edition of Amadis de Gaula in 1619. His most famous dedication was that of Shakespeare's first folio, which was dedicated to <mask> and his elder brother. <mask> was also notably the patron of <mask> and of <mask>'s relative George Herbert (in 1630 he intervened with Charles to have George Herbert appointed to a rectory in Wiltshire). Break with Charles I, 1639–1642

Although <mask> and Charles bonded over their shared interest in art and architecture, they did not agree on the question of religion.<mask> was inclined to favour "godly Protestantism" and sympathetic to Puritanism. This led him into conflict with Charles' queen, Henrietta Maria, who was a Roman Catholic. <mask> was also opposed to the ascent of William Laud, who was narrowly elected to <mask>'s older brother's old office of Chancellor of the University of Oxford in 1630 and became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. Given his religious inclination, <mask> was sympathetic to the Covenanters during the Bishops' Wars and strongly favoured peace. <mask> served as Charles' commissioner during the negotiations with the Scots at Berwick and Ripon, where several of the Scots, notably the Earl of Rothes, believed that <mask> was secretly in favour of the Scottish position. <mask>, however, continued to profess his loyalty to Charles, though, along with Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland and William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, he urged the king to accept the Scots' terms. The king, however, ordered <mask> to return to London to begin raising funds for further war with the Scots.<mask>'s extensive land holdings gained him much influence during the elections to the Short and Long Parliaments, with approximately a dozen members of the House of Commons owing their elections to his patronage. These men did not seem to constitute a <mask> faction in the Commons, though there signs that he patronized men known to be opponents of Charles' policy of Thorough. In 1641, <mask> voted in favour of the bill of attainder against Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford. During this period, Charles became especially angry when <mask> gave encouraging words to an anti-Strafford crowd. Upon the queen's urging, Charles determined to remove <mask> from his post as Lord Chamberlain. The pretext came when <mask> had yet another of his violent altercations, this time striking Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers with a cane during a committee meeting of the House of Lords. Charles demanded <mask>'s resignation, replacing him with Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex.This marked <mask>'s final break with Charles. Role in the English Civil War, 1642–1648

With the coming of the First English Civil War, <mask> sided with the parliamentarians, although he was always one of the most moderate of them. Parliament regularly employed <mask> and the <mask> of Holland during its negotiations with Charles. Initially, <mask> maintained contacts with Edward Hyde and professed continued loyalty to Charles. However, he became one of five peers to sit on the English Committee of Safety, established in July 1642, and in August 1642 accepted the office of Governor of the Isle of Wight from Parliament. In 1645, Parliament named <mask> Lord Lieutenant of Somerset and voted to raise him to the status of duke. <mask> represented Parliament during the negotiations with the king at Oxford in January 1643, and was present during the Treaty of Uxbridge in 1645.As a supporter of the godly cause, <mask> was appointed to the Westminster Assembly in 1643 as a lay assessor. <mask> supported the moderate episcopalian faction in the Assembly (most associated with James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh), and remained fiercely opposed to the presbyterian and Independent parties in the Assembly. George Morley, future Bishop of Winchester served as <mask>'s domestic chaplain, and <mask> was a member of St Martin-in-the-Fields, where he worshipped regularly. As such, in the House of Lords, <mask> voted in favour of the bill of attainder against Archbishop Laud in 1645, but in 1646 voted to reject a petition in favour of presbyterianism submitted by the City of London. During the politics of the 1640s, <mask> was initially linked with the group of lords headed by William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele and Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, which supported the Self-denying Ordinance and the creation of the New Model Army in 1645. By mid-1646, however, <mask> was distancing himself from the group and became one of the outspoken opponents of the New Model Army, favouring its immediate disbandment. After anti-New Model Army riots in London in July 1647, <mask> refused to join the Saye-Northumberland group, who left the capital and joined the army at this time.<mask> quickly changed his tune in August, however, when the New Model Army marched into London: he then claimed that he had previously been acting under duress and that he had always been a supporter of the New Model Army. After Laud's arrest in 1641, the University of Oxford elected <mask> to replace him as chancellor. (<mask>, who was at the time allied with Saye, nominated Saye to replace him as high steward when he left the post to take up the chancellorship.) When royalist forces took Oxford, they removed <mask>, installing the marquess of Hertford in his place, but, after Parliament took Oxford, it had <mask> re-installed as chancellor in 1647 and ordered him to reform the university. The visitors of the university began this work under the direction of a committee of both houses chaired by <mask>. They ordered all university officers to take the Solemn League and Covenant, and when the heads of houses complained, <mask> summoned them to the committee and berated them. In February 1648, he installed a new vice-chancellor and replaced many heads of houses.Then in March, Parliament ordered him to take up office in person. So he travelled to Oxford and presided over the Convocation, putting an end to resistance to the reforms. Yet <mask>, though a patron of literature, was far from a man of letters himself and became the subject of bitter satires written by royalists during the period. Role in the crisis of 1648–1649
<mask> believed the king was crucial to any settlement of hostilities between king and Parliament. He vehemently opposed the Vote of No Addresses in 1647–1648, refusing to leave Wilton House (where he was attending to rebuilding in the wake of a 1647 fire) to attend the debate in the House of Lords. In July 1648, <mask> voted that James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton be declared a traitor for leading Scottish forces into England and sought to have royalists who aided Hamilton declared traitors. In July 1648, <mask> again negotiated with the king, this time pursuant to the Treaty of Newport.These negotiations ended abruptly with Pride's Purge of December 1648, after which <mask> and several of other parliamentary commissioners negotiating at Newport sent a deputation to Thomas Fairfax, assuring him they continued to support the army. However, they continued to seek a deal with the king. In late December 1648, <mask> joined a deputation led by Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, putting to the Army Council to accept a deal whereby Charles would lose his negative voice and agree to not attempt to restore episcopal lands which had been alienated by Parliament. The Army Council rejected the proposal but wished to continue to have good relations with <mask>. It soon agreed to let the Rump Parliament name <mask> Constable of Windsor Castle (the House of Lords had been trying to appoint <mask> to the position since July but had not yet received the support of the House of Commons), making him essentially the king's jailer. <mask> appointed Bulstrode Whitelocke as his deputy. In January 1649, <mask> was appointed to the High Court of Justice established by the Rump Parliament to try Charles I on charges of high treason.<mask> refused to take part, though he agreed not to speak out against executing the king. In February, after the execution of the king, the Rump appointed <mask> to the English Council of State. Since the House of Lords had been abolished in the wake of Charles' execution, <mask> had to stand for election to Parliament: he was returned as member for Berkshire in April 1649. Death
In May 1649, <mask> fell ill and spent the rest of 1649 bedridden. He died in his chambers in Whitehall, Westminster on 23 January 1650. <mask>'s body was embalmed and transported to Salisbury to be buried in Salisbury Cathedral. The English Council of State ordered all members of Barebone's Parliament to accompany his cortège for two or three miles on its journey out of London.Issue
Herbert married first Lady Susan de Vere (26 May 1587–1628/1629), daughter of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. They had seven sons and three daughters, including:
Hon. Walter Herbert (3 October 16171688) married Bridget Barnes (1616 – 9 March 1682) in 1640 and had issue. Lady Anne Sophia Herbert married Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, and had issue. Sir Charles Herbert, Lord Herbert of Shurland (c. 1619–1635), married Lady Mary Villiers, daughter of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and had no issue. <mask>, 5th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1621–1669)
Hon. James Herbert (c. 1623–1677), of Kingsey, Buckinghamshire
Hon.Henry Herbert (died young)

<mask> married secondly Lady Anne Clifford, de jure Baroness de Clifford (30 January 1590 – 22 March 1676), daughter of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland and widow of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, on 1 June 1630. They had no issue. His grandson <mask>, 7th Earl of Pembroke, was a homicidal maniac; it has been suggested that his mental instability was inherited from his grandfather, who was also prone to making sudden and violent assaults. Frances Nelson, wife of Horatio Nelson was a descendant of Herbert. References

External links

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1584 births
1650 deaths
Herbert family
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of England
4
Philip
Lord-Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Cornwall
Lord-Lieutenants of Kent
Lord-Lieutenants of Somerset
Lord-Lieutenants of Wiltshire
Herbert, <mask> members of the Westminster Assembly
Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of England for Berkshire
British East India Company people
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1648–1653

masks:
Philip Herbert
Philip
Philip Sidney
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip Herbert
Philip
Philip
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Philip
Pembroke
Philip Massinger
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Earl
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Pembroke
Philip Herbert
Philip Herbert
Philip Herbert
Philip Lay


title: Andrei Kotsur

type: original

texts:
<mask> "White Cat" <mask> (born 11 September 1982) is a Belarusian Muay Thai welterweight kickboxer fighting out of the Gym "Kick Fighter in Minsk, Belarus where is trained by Evgeni Kotelnikov. He is a four time pro world and three time European (two pro, one amateur) Muay Thai champion. Career/Biography

<mask> started his kickboxing career at the Gym "Kick Fighter" in Minsk under the tutelage of Evgeni Kotelnikov in 1999. As a member of the strongest Muay Thai gym in Belarus and possibly Europe, he gained experience from training alongside champions such as <mask>, Dmitry Shakuta, Dmitry Valent, Vasily Shish and Aliaksei Pekarchyk. He first gave notice of his rising talent by taking part in two title fights (albeit unsuccessful) for the World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N) European and world titles in 2001 and 2002 respectively. <mask> also competed in amateur competition, picking up a silver medal at the amateur European championships held in Cyprus in 2002 as well as winning gold two years later at the W.A.K.O. European championships in Budva.In 2003 <mask> Pichitchai to claim the I.M.T.F. World Profi Cup. More titles followed the next year as <mask> won first the W.K.N. European title, giving him a shot against world champion Dan Rawlings, who he promptly defeated by decision when the United States team came to Belarus. The following year <mask> gained revenge against a previous opponent who had defeated him, knocking out nine time world champion Osman Yigin in the second round of their match to hold on to his W.K.N. world title.Another successful defence followed as <mask> headed to Turin, Italy where he finished the Italian challenger via a brutal flurry of elbows in the third round. In 2006 <mask> headed to England where he faced WAKO-Pro world champion Kieran Keddle in a bout for the vacant W.P.K.L. world title. <mask> was unsuccessful after five rounds as the English fighter dominated him but despite the loss would take part in a number of cards across the country over the next couple of years, defeating the likes of Richard Cadden and Nico Verresen but losing to Luke Turner in what was quite an upset as Luke was an upcoming fighter who was standing in for Kostur's original opponent multiple world champion Liam Harrison. Sandwiched between the matches in England was a loss against legendary Full-Contact champion Samir Mohammed in Paris and a victory over a Thai opponent to claim the W.P.K.A. world title, both in 2009. <mask> returned to England in 2010, winning an eight-man tournament in Birmingham where he defeated three local fighters in one night to be crowned champion.He also faced and lost to a Thai fighter Prathet Sor Thannikel at a Muay Thai show in Crawley. He is currently looking to take part in the W.K.N. Big-8 Grand Prix, to be held in Trinidad and Tobago involving some of the best Muay Thai fighters in the world around the 67-69 kg (147.4-151.8 lbs) mark. Titles

Professional
2010 Fight Sport "Champions Trophy" tournament champion -67 kg
2009 W.P.K.A. world champion
2005 W.K.N. Muay Thai super welterweight world champion -62.1 kg (2nd defence)
2005 W.K.N. Muay Thai world champion -62.1 kg (1st defence)
2004 W.K.N.Muay Thai world champion -62.1 kg
2004 W.K.N. Muay Thai super welterweight European champion -62.1 kg
2003 I.M.T.F. World Profi Cup champion
2003 W.I.P.U. "King of the Ring" Europe Grand Prix tournament champion -65 kg

Amateur
2004 W.A.K.O. European Championships in Budva, Serbia & Montenegro  -63 kg (Thai-boxing)
2002 I.A.M.T.F. European Championships in Cyprus

Professional Kickboxing Record

|-
|-  bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 2010-11-07 || Loss ||align=left| Prathet Sor Thannikel || Muaythai Warriors XVIII || Crawley, England, UK || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Thomas McCormick || Fight Sport Champions Trophy, Final || Birmingham, England, UK || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Dave Copestake || Fight Sport Champions Trophy, Semi Final  || Birmingham, England, UK || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Tim Thomas || Fight Sport Champions Trophy, Quarter Final || Birmingham, England, UK || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 2010-05-15 || Loss ||align=left| Luke Turner || Rumble at the Reebok II || Bolton, England, UK || TKO (Cut/Elbows) || 2 ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-11-24 || Win ||align=left| Surchit || || Yakutsk, Russia || || ||
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2005-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Filippo Cinti || || Turin, Italy || KO (Elbows) || 3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2005-09-30 || Win ||align=left| Osman Yigin || Kings of Muaythai: Belarus vs Europe || Minsk, Belarus || KO || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2004-07-01 || Win ||align=left| Dan Rawlings || Kings of Muaythai: Team USA vs. Team Belarus || Minsk, Belarus || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2004-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Baker Barakat || || Germany || KO || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2003-05-17 || Win ||align=left| Rhino Pichitchai || Burswood Muaythai World Super Cup || Perth, Australia || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2002-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Maxim Dubov || Belarus vs Ukraine || Minsk, Belarus ||  ||  ||
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|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2002-00-00 || Loss ||align=left| Osman Yigin || || Belgium || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2001-06-09 || Loss ||align=left| Dennis Koebke || K-1 World GP '01 Prelim. Scandinavia || Copenhagen, Denmark || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

Amateur Kickboxing Record

|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2004-11-24 || Win ||align=left| Philip Billides || W.A.K.O. European Championships '04, Final || Budva, Serbia and Montenegro || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2004-11-00 || Win ||align=left| József Vulics || W.A.K.O. European Championships '04, Semi Final || Budva, Serbia and Montenegro || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
List of male kickboxers

References

External links
 Gym "Kick Fighter" Official Website

1982 births
Living people
Belarusian male kickboxers
Belarusian Muay Thai practitioners
Welterweight kickboxers
Lightweight kickboxers
Featherweight kickboxers

masks:
Andrei
Kotsur
Andrei
Andrei Kulebin
Andrei
Andreihino
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei
Andrei


title: Kate Spade

texts:
<mask> (born Katherine Noel Brosnahan; December 24, 1962 – June 5, 2018) was an American fashion designer and entrepreneur. She was the founder and former co-owner of the designer brand Kate Spade New York. Early life
Spade was born Katherine Noel Brosnahan in Kansas City, Missouri, the daughter of June (Mullen) and Francis (Frank) Brosnahan, who owned a road-construction company. She was of mostly Irish descent. After graduating from St. Teresa's Academy, an all-female Catholic high school, Spade attended the University of Kansas. She later transferred to Arizona State University. She joined the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and graduated with a journalism degree in 1985, thinking she would go into television production.While in college, she worked in sales at Carter's Men Shop, a men's clothing store in Phoenix; her co-worker was <mask>,  who later became her husband and business partner. Career

Mademoiselle
By 1986, the couple had moved to Manhattan. <mask> worked in the accessories department at Mademoiselle magazine. She left Mademoiselle in 1991, achieving the rank of Senior Fashion Editor/Head of Accessories. While working for Mademoiselle, she had noticed that the market lacked stylish, affordable and sensible handbags and decided to create her own. <mask>de New York

<mask> and Andy founded Kate Spade New York in January 1993. Spade was initially undecided on the brand's name, because she and Andy had not yet married, and "<mask>nahan" seemed a cumbersome name for a fashion label.She considered a number of names, but agreed when Andy suggested "<mask>de", as she would take the name Spade after their marriage. Spade made six prototypes with Scotch Tape and paper, and found a manufacturer in East New York willing to work with a startup to produce the bags. To finance the company, Andy, who had worked as a copywriter, withdrew his 401(k) pension plan and sometimes paid employees with personal checks. The couple spent their shipping season living at friends' apartments since their own was filled with boxed handbags. After an early show at the Javits Center at which the department-store chain Barneys ordered a few bags, Spade decided to put the bag's labels on the outside, a change that took her all night to alter but established the brand. The bags, priced in the $150 to $450 (USD) range, quickly became popular, particularly in New York. That was "a real shift" in fashion, said Fern Mallis, director of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) during the 1990s."Everybody had <mask>de bags. You could afford them, and happily buy more than one." Young American women at the time also liked the bags' sophisticated look. One woman recalled that the <mask>de bags looked 'mature, without being too adult for a teenager,' unlike higher-priced brands such as Burberry or Louis Vuitton. "At the turn of the last century, her bag came to encapsulate a decidedly Manhattan moment in time," a moment when Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour recalled that it was impossible to walk a block in the city without seeing one. The company exclusively sold handbags at first, but soon expanded to clothing, jewelry, shoes, stationery, eyewear, baby items, fragrances, and gifts. In 1996, the Kate Spade brand opened its first boutique, a  shop in Manhattan's trendy SoHo district, and moved its headquarters into a  space in West 25th Street.<mask>de also had two brand extensions called Kate Spade Saturday and Jack Spade. Kate Spade Saturday carried more casual handbags and apparel, but had heavy promotions and eventually closed in 2015. Jack Spade was a menswear line created by <mask> which offered men's leather goods and accessories, but that also closed in 2015. In 1999, Spade sold a 56% stake in her business to Neiman Marcus Group, helping to expand the brand worldwide. In 2004, "Kate Spade at home" was launched as a home collection brand. It featured bedding, bath items, china, wallpaper, table decor, flatware, and various decoration items. A Kate Spade store was opened in Aoyama, Tokyo, Japan.Spade also published three books on the respective subjects of etiquette, entertainment, and fashion: Manners, Occasions, and Style. By 2006, Spade had sold her remaining 44% shares to Neiman Marcus Group. The Group sold the label in 2006 to Liz Claiborne Inc., for $124 million; it was later renamed Fifth & Pacific. The company was later purchased by Coach, Inc. in May 2017; both Coach and Kate Spade are now part of Tapestry, Inc.

Frances Valentine
After selling the remaining portion of her ownership in her brand, Spade took several years off to focus on her newborn daughter. In 2016, she launched a new collection of luxury footwear and handbags under the brand name Frances Valentine. The name stemmed from a hybrid of family names; Frances is a family name on Spade's paternal side. "Valentine" was Spade's maternal grandfather's middle name, having been born on Valentine's Day.Spade later legally added Valentine to her full name. After Spade's death, the brand released a collection of designs called "Love Katy" in her memory. Spade had several years' worth of designs and inspirations for the brand, and the company plans to launch them. Personal life
Spade married <mask>, the brother of actor/comedian <mask>, in 1994. They were both born on December 24, 1962. While not legally separated, the couple had begun living apart a few months before her death. The couple had one child born in 2005.Actress Rachel Brosnahan is <mask>'s niece. Death
A housekeeper found <mask> dead in her Manhattan apartment on June 5, 2018. Her death was ruled a suicide. Police reported she had left a note addressed to her daughter. The day after his wife's death, <mask> released a statement: <mask> suffered from depression and anxiety for many years. She was actively seeking help and working closely with doctors to treat her disease, one that takes far too many lives. We were in touch with her the night before and she sounded happy.There was no indication and no warning that she would do this. It was a complete shock. And it clearly wasn't her. There were personal demons she was battling.Within a week of her death, the flagship Kate Spade New York store in Manhattan (and soon other stores nationwide) displayed a sign in its front window reading: <mask>, the visionary founder of our brand, has passed. Our thoughts are with her family at this incredibly heartbreaking time. We honor all the beauty she brought into this world. Awards
In 1996, the CFDA awarded Spade "America's New Fashion Talent in Accessories" for her classic designs.In 1998, the organization again honored her for "Best Accessory Designer of the Year". Her home collection won her three design awards in 2004, including, House Beautiful's "Giants of Design Award for Tastemaker", Bon Appétits "American Food and Entertaining Award for Designer of the Year", and Elle Decors "Elle Decor International Design Award for Bedding". In 2017, she was inducted into the Entrepreneur Hall of Fame at the Henry W. Bloch School of Management at the University of Missouri, Kansas City. Also in 2017, she was named one of the Most Creative People in Business by Fast Company. References

External links
 Frances Valentine

1962 births
2018 deaths
American fashion businesspeople
American fashion designers
American people of Irish descent
Artists from Kansas City, Missouri
Arizona State University alumni
Businesspeople from Kansas
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
2018 suicides
Suicides by hanging in New York (state)
University of Kansas alumni
Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni
20th-century American businesspeople

masks: Katherine Noel Valentine Brosnahan Spade


title: Rafayel Israyelian

texts:
<mask>Rafo<mask> (; 8 September 1973) was an Armenian architect. Seen as a follower of Alexander Tamanian, <mask> designed some of Soviet Armenia's most prominent structures, including the Sardarapat Memorial, the Yerevan Wine Factory and several churches, both in Armenia and abroad, most notably St. Sargis in Yerevan and St. Vartan in New York. <mask> was born in Tiflis (modern-day Tbilisi, capital of Georgia), then part of the Russian Empire, on  to Armenian parents. His father, Sargis, was a philologist and folklorist born in Shusha (Shushi), Karabakh, while his mother, Mariam (née Hakhnazarian) was a teacher, originally from Nakhichevan. He attended an Armenian school in Tiflis and continued his education at the State Academy of Arts of Georgia, from which he graduated in 1928 as an architect. He later moved to Leningrad, where he studied at the Leningrad Institute of Communal Building from 1929 to 1932. He thereafter continued his education at the Ilya Repin Leningrad Institute for Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (formerly the Imperial Academy of Arts) until 1936.Israyelian moved to Yerevan, Soviet Armenia in 1936 and worked at different state-run architectural organizations. He taught at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute from 1941 to 1963. During World War II, he served in an anti-aircraft defense unit based in Yerevan. He received the title of a kandidat nauk from the Repin Leningrad Institute for Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1952. Israyelian closely worked with the Armenian Apostolic Church, under Catholicos Vazgen I and was part of the architectural committee of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin from 1956 to 1972. He died on September 8, 1973, aged 65, at his Yerevan home, after a long illness. Family
Israyelian married Sofia Muradyan in 1934.They had two sons and three daughters. His first son, Vahagn (b. 1937), is a geologist and second son, Areg (1939–2001), was an architect, who completed some of his father's unfinished works. Works
Israyelian was inspired by traditional Armenian architecture, especially church architecture. He utilized many traditional designs in his projects. His work combined traditional and modern architecture. In this aspect, he is seen as a follower of the neoclassical architect Alexander Tamanian.He also borrowed from the architecture of Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria). He extensively studied khachkars and his studies were published in Etchmiadzin magazine posthumously in 1977. Memorials
Israyelian created two memorials dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, when its 50th anniversary was commemorated in 1965. The better known monument is located at Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and was inaugurated on April 24, 1965. It features several crosses inspired by traditional khachkars and a sword and shield, symbolizing Armenian self-defense efforts during the genocide. The second memorial is located Yerevan's Erebuni District. The latter was sculpted by Ara Harutyunyan.<mask>'s best-known memorial is the Sardarapat Memorial, near Araks, Armavir, completed in 1968 and inaugurated on May 25 of that year. It is dedicated to the 1918 Battle of Sardarabad, in which the Armenian forces stopped the advantage of Turkish forces towards Yerevan. He also designed memorials dedicated to self-defenses during the Armenian Genocide. The monument to 1915 Defense of Hachn, was erected in Nor Hachn in 1974 and the memorial of Musa Dagh in Musaler in 1976. The latter was sculpted by Ara Harutyunyan. The memorial of the 1918 Battle of Bash-Aparan was erected in Aparan in 1979. In 1967 a memorial designed by <mask> was erected in the Armenian-populated village of Banants (Bayan) in Azerbaijan dedicated to the villagers killed in World War II.The memorial was demolished around 1990 during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Religious
Israyelian designed two altars for Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia's mother church: the Main Altar (1958) and the Altar of Descent (1962). In 1972 the summer residence of the Catholicos of All Armenians, known as "Haykashen", was built in Byurakan according to <mask>'s design. Israyelian designed several Armenian churches both in Armenia and abroad. In Yerevan he designed reconstructions of two churches: St. Sargis and Saint John the Baptist. Both were completed after <mask>'s death. St. Sargis, which was entirely reconstructed, was completed in 1976.Architect Artsrun Galikyan further contributed to the design after <mask>'s death. The reconstruction of Saint John the Baptist church, designed by Israyelian, was completed in the 1980s. The reconstruction works were further developed by Baghdasar Arzoumanian and engineer Avetik Teknejian. Israyelian designed and co-designed three churches in the Armenian diaspora: Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Milan, Italy (1958), St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral in New York City (1968), and Surp Nerses Shnorhali Cathedral in Montevideo, Uruguay (1968). The church in Milan was co-designed with Armenian-American architect Zareh Sourian, while the church in Montevideo with Varazdat Harutyunyan. St. Vartan is the first Armenian cathedral built in the US. It is based on classical Armenian church architecture, namely Saint Hripsime Church in Ejmiatsin.According to some sources, it was designed by Walker O. Cain, however, the Armenian church publication indicates Israyelian as its architect. Varazdat Harutyunyan noted that <mask>'s design was only modified slightly. According to the website dedicated to <mask>, it was designed by Israyelian, but because he could not travel to the US, its construction was supervised by Édouard Utudjian. Monuments
Israyelian designed two structures at Victory Park in Yerevan. The first is the pedestal for the statue of Stalin, which has served as a museum of "Great Patriotic War" (World War II). It was completed in 1950. It is now also the pedestal of the monument Mother Armenia.The second is the main entrance to the same park, completed a decade after his death, in 1982. <mask> designed several popular monuments near prominent landmarks of Armenia. In 1957 "Eagle of Zvartnots", created with Yervand Kochar, near the 7th century Zvartnots Cathedral. In the same year, on a small hill on the road to the temple of Garni, a monument known as the "Arch of Charents" was erected. It offers a panoramic view of Mount Ararat. It is often referred to as the "Arch of Ararat". Lines from a Yeghishe Charents poem glorifying the mountain are inscribed into the monument.The "Lion of Geghard" was erected near the monastery of Geghard in 1958. It was sculpted by Ara Harutyunyan. The monument is inspired by the coat of arms of the Proshian noble family found inside Geghard. In 1960 a monument conventionally known as the "Western Entrance of Yerevan" was erected in the outskirts of Yerevan, facing those entering the capital from the direction of Vagharshapat (Ejmiatsin). Other buildings
<mask> designed a number of structures and buildings for civic use. They include the Ararat Wine Factory in Yerevan (1937–1961); the Kheres Wine Factory in Oshakan (1950s); the Hrazdan Gorge Aqueduct in Yerevan (1950), with engineer G. Yeghoyan; Government House #2 in Yerevan's Republic Square (1955, with Samvel Safaryan and Varazdat Arevshatyan), the building of the Union of Artists of Armenia in Yerevan (1955-56); the Ethnographic Museum of Armenia near the Sardarapat Memorial (1977–78). His design for Kevork Chavoush Museum in Ashnak village was completed in the 1980s.He also designed restaurants in Yerevan ("Aragil", 1957/1960), Hrazdan ("Tsovinar", 1960), and Vanadzor ("Kars", 1965). Israyelian designed decorative drinking fountains at the courtyards of St. Hripsime (1958), Geghard (1958/59), Etchmiadzin Cathedral (1967), St. Gayane (1972), and in numerous villages and towns around Armenia (1943–46), including Parakar, Karbi, Stepanavan, Sisian, Byurakan, Artik, Goris, Ashtarak, Alaverdi, and Taperakan. He also designed some of the buildings of the Kanaker Aluminium Plant (KanAZ) in 1948–50, a campus of the Yerevan Physics Institute on the slopes of Mount Aragats (1960), a large hotel (pansionat) in Sochi, Russia (1977), several residential buildings in Yerevan and other structures. Legacy
Martiros Saryan and Artashes Hovsepyan created portraits of Israyelian. Grigor Khanjyan depicted him in the mural Revived Armenia (1999-2000). A street in Yerevan was named after him. In mid-2000s <mask>'s son Vahagn proposed to turn the second floor of Israyelian's house at 9 Saryan St. in Yerevan into a house-museum.The house, designed and built by himself, was demolished in October 2011 to make way for a hotel. The Municipality of Yerevan stated that Israyelian's son, Vahagn, had sold the house earlier and gave formal permission to demolish it. Awards
Israyelian was awarded:
USSR State Prize (1951)
Honored Artist of Armenian SSR (1961)
Honored Architect of Armenian SSR (1968)
People's Architect of the USSR (1970)

Military awards
Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Publications about <mask>
Dolukhanyan's 2008 book on Israyelian

1908 births
1973 deaths
Architects from Tbilisi
Georgian people of Armenian descent
20th-century Armenian architects
Soviet Armenians
Soviet architects
Mount Ararat

masks:
Rafayel "
" Israyelian
Israyelian
Life Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian
Israyelian


title: Brandon Bass

texts:
<mask> (born April 30, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent. Early life
<mask> was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the oldest of three siblings; he has a brother, Chris, and sister, Dashia. <mask> is the son of Charles Joseph and <mask>. <mask> was raised by his mother until her death. When he was 10 years old, he witnessed his mother die from a heart attack. <mask> and his siblings subsequently moved in with their father but due to not feeling comfortable at their father's home, <mask> and his siblings moved in with their aunt, Estelle. While at his aunt's house, <mask> was living with his siblings and five of his aunt's children.It wasn't until he was 13 years old that <mask> began playing basketball competitively. High school career
<mask> attended Capitol High School in Baton Rouge where he began gaining recognition for his play. By his senior year in 2002–03, he was ranked the seventh best power forward in the nation, the 11th best overall player in the nation, and the third best player in the Southeast by Rivals.com. While in high school, <mask> had a GPA of 2.7 with an ACT score of 17. He graduated as a part of the class of 2003. He received interest from Connecticut, LSU, Mississippi St., Cincinnati, Kentucky, Miami (FL), and USC to join their basketball programs. Of those schools, <mask> received offers from Connecticut, LSU, Mississippi St, and USC, ultimately deciding on attending LSU.<mask> also received many honors while in high school, being named a part of the Parade All-American team, EA Sports Roundball Classic Roster, and the McDonald's All-America Game. <mask> finished the McDonald's All-America Game with 14 points and 3 assists. While on the McDonald's All-American Team, <mask> played alongside the likes of future NBA superstars such as LeBron James and Chris Paul. College career
<mask> joined the Louisiana State Fighting Tigers basketball team in 2003 and played for them until 2005. In his first year at LSU, <mask> played 29 games, starting in all of them. As a freshman, <mask> averaged 12.8 points, 7.4 rebounds, 1.9 blocks, in 34.9 minutes per game. In his second season, <mask> played and started in 30 games, averaging 17.3 points, 9.1 rebounds, 1.6 blocks, and 33.6 minutes per game.<mask> received numerous honors while playing at LSU. In 2004, he was named a part of the SEC All-Freshman Team and was also named the SEC Freshman of the Year. In 2005, <mask> was named a part of the SEC All-Tournament Team, First Team All-SEC (Coaches), SEC Player of the Year (Associated Press), and the SEC Player of the Year (Coaches). <mask>' career-high in points in college was 30 points in a game against Louisiana-Lafayette on November 21, 2004. He achieved his college career-high in rebounds with 17 against Mississippi State on February 16, 2005. He achieved his career-high in blocks with six on two separate occasions with his last one being in Houston on December 21, 2004. His career-high in minutes was 45, which came against Ohio State on January 15, 2005.<mask> left LSU after his sophomore year, choosing instead to declare for the 2005 NBA draft. He ended his college career with career averages of 15.1 points, 8.3 rebounds, 1.8 blocks, and 34.3 minutes per game. He started and played in a total of 59 games. Professional career

New Orleans Hornets (2005–2007)
<mask> was drafted in the 2005 NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets, being taken with the 33rd overall pick. On August 24, 2005, <mask> signed a multi-year contract with the Hornets. In his first season in the league, the Hornets twice assigned <mask> to their NBA Development League affiliate, Tulsa 66ers. He ended up only playing one game in the D-League, scoring 16 points, along with 5 rebounds and 2 blocks.In his time with the New Orleans Hornets, <mask> averaged 2.2 points, 2.2 rebounds, 0.2 blocks, and 8.6 minutes per game. He played a total of 50 games, having started in 4 of them. Dallas Mavericks (2007–2009)
On July 26, 2007, <mask> signed a two-year deal with the Dallas Mavericks. On March 1, 2009, <mask> made a turnaround jumper to give Jason Kidd his 10,000th career assist. In two seasons for Mavericks, he averaged 8.4 points and 4.5 rebounds in 160 games. Orlando Magic (2009–2011)
On July 10, 2009, <mask> signed a four-year deal with the Orlando Magic. In two seasons for the Magic, he averaged 9.1 points and 4.4 rebounds in 126 games.Boston Celtics (2011–2015)

On December 12, 2011, <mask> was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Glen Davis and Von Wafer. In his first regular season game for the Celtics on December 25, 2011, he recorded 20 points and 11 rebounds in a 104–106 loss to the New York Knicks. On May 21, 2012, <mask> tallied a playoff career-high 27 points to help the Celtics gain a 3–2 series lead over the Philadelphia 76ers. The Celtics won that series, but were eliminated in the next round by the Miami Heat. In the 2011–12 season, <mask> established his career-high points average to 12.5 and his rebounds to 6.2 that increased the Celtics' offense and defense. On July 14, 2012, <mask> re-signed with the Celtics. In January 2015, <mask> re-gained his starting spot and finished the season averaging 10.6 points and 4.9 rebounds per game.Los Angeles Lakers (2015–2016)
On July 9, 2015, <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. He made his debut for the Lakers in the team's season opener against the Minnesota Timberwolves on October 28, recording 2 points and 6 rebounds in a 112–111 loss. On January 20, 2016, he scored a season-high 18 points in a loss to the Sacramento Kings. Los Angeles Clippers (2016–2017)
On July 19, 2016, <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. For the season he appeared in 52 games, averaging 5.6 points in 11.1 minutes per game. Liaoning Flying Leopards (2017–2020)
In August 2017, <mask> signed with the Liaoning Flying Leopards. Due to restrictions on international travel, <mask> along with teammate Lance Stephenson were unable to return to China in June 2020 to finish the 2019–20 season with the team.National team career
In February 2021, <mask> was selected to the 14-player roster for the final round of the 2022 FIBA AmeriCup qualification. On 19 February he scored 12 points in a 93–77 victory over Bahamas. Personal life
<mask>' younger brother, Chris, played college basketball for Louisiana State as well. An avid hip-hop fan, <mask> has been writing rap songs since he was 11 and recording them since he was 16. The main topic he chooses to address in his music is his upbringing and overall life. <mask> is married to  Melissa Prejean. The couple has one son, <mask>., and one daughter, Bella.

masks:
Brandon Samuel Bass
Bass
Bass
Aretha Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Brandon Jr


title: F. Rahardi

texts:
<mask> (born 10 June 1950) is a poet and a journalist. Biography
He also writes articles, columns, critiques on literature, short stories and novels. He dropped out of senior high school in grade 11, but passed a special examination to become a teacher in 1969. After that he became an elementary teacher and a head master in a school in Kendal Regency, Central Java. In 1974 he went to Jakarta and changed his profession into a journalist, an editor and wrote articles and columnist in various media. He first wrote poetry at the end of the 1960s and was published in Semangat Magazine, Basis Magazine (Jogjakarta), and Horison magazine (Jakarta). He then wrote articles, critiques on literature, short stories, and novels.Works
His works among others are: poetry anthology Soempah WTS (The Prostitutes Pledge) (1983), Catatan Harian Sang Koruptor (The Diary of a Corruptor, 1985), Silsilah Garong (Tree Family Tree of a Robber, 1990), Tuyul (The Small Bald Ghost, 1990) and Pidato Akhir Tahun Seorang Germo (New Year's Eve Speech of a Pimp, 1997). Short stories anthology Kentrung Itelile (1993). Article anthology Petani Berdasi(The Farmer who Wears A Tie, 1994). Anthology of reflections Menggugat Tuhan (Blaspheming God, 2000). Lyrical prose Migrasi Para Kampret (The Migration of Bats, 1993), and Negeri Badak (The Rhinoceros Country, 2007). Agriculture technical books Cerdas Beragrobisnis (Smart Agrobusiness, 2003), Agar Tanaman Cepat Berbuah (Tips for Accelerating Plants to Bear Fruits, 2007), and Bercocok Tanam dalam Pot (The Pot Plant, 2009). Other books Panduan Lengkap Menulis Artikel, Feature dan Esai (The Complete Guide to Write Articles, Features, and Essay, 2006), and Menguak Rahasia Bisnis Gereja (Uncovering The Secret of Church Business, 2007).Novels Lembata (2008), Ritual Gunung Kemukus (The Ritual of Kemukus Hill, 2008), and Para Calon Presiden (The Presidency Candidates, 2009). In 1984 he was banned by the Jakarta Board of Arts when he intended to bring prostitutes in his poetry reading event from his book Soempah WTS (1984) in Taman Ismail Marzuki Jakarta. In 1986 he was banned by the police when he wanted to read his poems from the book The Diary of A Corruptor (Catatan Harian Sang Koruptor), also at TIM, Jakarta. On 30 December 1997 he launched his book titled New Year's Eve Speech of a Pimp (Pidato Akhir Tahun Seorang Germo), at the home that belongs to Soeharto, one of the pimp in a red district called Silir, Surakarta, Central Java. When he became Editor in Chief Trubus more writing at home. Office is used for managerial affairs. Recent activities
He currently involved in several public organisation, among them are Indonesian Orchids Society (PAI), The Agribusiness Working Forum (FKA), The Indonesian Catholic Graduates and Intellectuals Affairs (ISKA), and Indonesian Experiential Learning Association (AELI).He was a Vice Director/Editor in Chief/Board of Advisor in Majalah Trubus. Currently he's acted as a Guest Editor Flona Magazine, Hidup Magazine, Obor Publisher, and a coloumnist at Kontan Tabloid and Business News Bulletin. He has lived in Kampung Tipar, Village Mekarsari, Cimanggis, Depok, West Java, Indonesia. he lives and works at home. He is married with three children. Awards
First award, in 1995 his poetry anthology titled Tuyul received an award Hadiah Sastra :id:Ide Peluang Usaha Kecil untuk Pemula. Second award, The SEA Write Award 2009 (Southeast Asian Writer Award) in Bangkok together with seven other recipients of the countries Malaysia, Laos, Brunei, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam, and he himself represented Indonesia.A prestigious literary award in Southeast Asia. Award the SEA Write Award conducted since 1979 and given to the literary achievement in Southeast Asia. He received a plaque and some money. F<mask> received a prestigious gift by his The Rhinoceros Country (Negeri Badak), a lyric prose, a literary work which is not much cultivated by other writers. Before The Rhinoceros Country (Negeri Badak), F<mask> had written the lyrics to the title prose The Migration of The Bats (Migrasi Para Kampret). Third award, F.<mask> also won for the best Prose category with a work titled Lembata in the ninth Khatulistiwa Literary Award held at Plaza Senayan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10 November 2009. For him the award is a recognition of this form of literature.List of publications
A list of publications is as follows

I. The Poetry Anthologies:
(1.) Soempah WTS (The Prostitute’s Oath) Published by Puisi Indonesia Foundations 1983
(2.) Catatan Harian Sang Koruptor (The Corruptor Diary) Published by PustakaSastra Foundations 1985
(3.) Silsilah Garong (The Robber Family Tree) Published by Pustaka Sastra Foundation 1990
(4.) Tuyul Published by Pustaka Sastra Foundation 1990 5. Pidato Akhir Tahun Seorang Germo (The Last Years Speech of The Pimp) Published by Puspa Swara 1997

II.The Short Story Anthologies:
(1.) Kentrung Itelile Published by Puspa Swara 1993

III. The Lyrical Prose:
(1.) Migrasi Para Kampret (The Migration of The Bats) Published by Puspa Swara 1993
(2.) Negeri Badak (The Rhinoceros Country) Published by Visi Media 2007

IV. Novel:
(1.) Lembata Published by Lamalera 2008
(2.)Ritual Gunung Kemukus (The Kemukus Hills Ritual) Published by Lamalera 2008
(3.) Para Calon Presiden (The President Candidates) Published by Lamalera 2009

V. Other Kinds Of Books:
(1.) Cerdas Beragrobisnis (The Best Idea of Agribusiness), Published by Kawan Pustaka 2003
(2.) Agar Tanaman Cepat Berbuah (The Handling of Fruits Crops), Publishing By Agromedia Pustaka 2007
(3.) Bercocoktanam Dalam Pot (The Containers Gardening), Publishing by Flona Magazine 2009
(4.) Panduan Lengkap Menulis Artikel, Feature, dan Esai (The Complete Tools Writing an Article, Feature, and Esay) Published by Kawan Pustaka 2006
(5.) Menguak Rahasia Bisnis Gereja (Opening in a Secret Church Business) Published by Visi Media 2007
(6.)Menggugat Tuhan (The God Accuse) Published by Kanisius 2000, etc. VI. An Article:
More Than 700 article publish at Kompas, Suara Pembaruan, The Jakarta Post, Tempo Magazine, Trubus Magazine, Hidup Magazine, The Business News, Kontan, etc. References

1950 births
Living people
20th-century Indonesian poets
20th-century male writers
Indonesian journalists
Indonesian male poets
People from Semarang Regency

masks:
Floribertus Rahardi
. Rahardi
. Rahardi
Rahardi


title: Daniel Wells (footballer)

texts:
<mask> (born 3 February 1985) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne and Collingwood in the Australian Football League (AFL). AFL career

<mask> was selected by  with the number two overall pick in the 2002 AFL draft and made his debut in 2003 playing 18 games and averaging 12 disposals per game. He rose to prominence in 2004 when, against Fremantle, he kicked the AFL Goal of the Year, jumping and taking the ball from ruck contest in the goal square and kicking the goal before he landed. <mask> Medal. In 2008, <mask> enjoyed a good season averaging 21 disposals and having a big impact in matches in the second half of the season during North Melbourne's winning period. He was rewarded with selection in the Australian side that lost to Ireland in that year's International Rules Series.2009 was a disappointing year for <mask> when injuries restricted him to just 7 games. In 2011 <mask> produced a brilliant and consistent season when he won his first Syd Barker Medal which he shared with Andrew Swallow. He would also be named in the 40 man All Australian squad but would miss out on being part of the final 22. Following the 2013 season, the two-time best and fairest was chosen to represent Australia in the International Rules Series as captain of the exclusively Indigenous team, a rare and memorable honour. At the conclusion of the 2016 season, <mask> announced his intentions to leave North Melbourne as a free agent and he signed with Collingwood as an unrestricted free agent in October. On 24 May 2017, it was announced that he would wear number 67 on his guernsey, rather than his usual 3, for the round 10 Sir Doug Nicholls Indigenous Round game against . This was to commemorate the 1967 referendum (which allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted with the general population in the census).<mask> retired in September 2019. Statistics
 Statistics are correct to the end of the 2019 season

|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 18 || 10 || 7 || 149 || 67 || 216 || 64 || 39 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 8.3 || 3.7 || 12.0 || 3.6 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 22 || 13 || 8 || 239 || 114 || 353 || 89 || 49 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 10.9 || 5.2 || 16.0 || 4.0 || 2.2
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 22 || 12 || 10 || 246 || 148 || 394 || 86 || 43 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 11.2 || 6.7 || 17.9 || 3.9 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 22 || 11 || 7 || 227 || 180 || 407 || 81 || 53 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 10.3 || 8.2 || 18.5 || 3.7 || 2.4
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 18 || 14 || 18 || 193 || 139 || 332 || 70 || 44 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 10.7 || 7.7 || 18.4 || 3.9 || 2.4
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 21 || 6 || 11 || 271 || 173 || 444 || 92 || 59 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 12.9 || 8.2 || 21.1 || 4.4 || 2.8
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 7 || 4 || 1 || 94 || 41 || 135 || 30 || 13 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 13.4 || 5.9 || 19.3 || 4.3 || 1.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 19 || 15 || 11 || 246 || 150 || 396 || 90 || 43 || 0.8 || 0.6 || 12.9 || 7.9 || 20.8 || 4.7 || 2.3
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 21 || 17 || 15 || 312 || 180 || 492 || 80 || 80 || 0.8 || 0.7 || 14.9 || 8.6 || 23.4 || 3.8 || 3.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 20 || 14 || 16 || 290 || 149 || 439 || 72 || 59 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 7.5 || 22.0 || 3.6 || 3.0
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 22 || 25 || 10 || 291 || 177 || 468 || 80 || 52 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 13.2 || 8.0 || 21.3 || 3.6 || 2.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 100 || 87 || 187 || 39 || 25 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 10.0 || 8.7 || 18.7 || 3.9 || 2.5
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 16 || 22 || 1 || 6 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 8.0 || 11.0 || 0.5 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 8 || 19 || 5 || 5 || 224 || 215 || 439 || 67 || 82 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 11.8 || 11.3 || 23.1 || 3.5 || 4.3
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 3/67 || 10 || 11 || 5 || 101 || 84 || 185 || 47 || 22 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 10.1 || 8.4 || 18.5 || 4.7 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 3 || 4 || 2 || 4 || 32 || 18 || 50 || 14 || 10 || 0.5 || 1.0 || 8.0 || 4.5 || 12.5 || 3.5 || 2.5
|- style="background-color: #eaeaea"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 3 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 6 || 5 || 11 || 4 || 2 || 3.0 || 0.0 || 6.0 || 5.0 || 11.0 || 4.0 || 2.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 258
!166
! 132
! 3027
! 1943
! 4970
! 1006
! 681
!0.6
! 0.5
! 11.7
! 7.5
! 19.3
! 3.9
! 2.6
|}

Health scare
At the end of the 2011 season <mask> had shoulder surgery during which it was discovered that he had a large blood clot on his lungs.The clot was successfully removed and <mask> returned to full health and resumed playing. Media profile and personal life
In 2007, <mask> appeared in a television advertisement for AFL on the Gold Coast and in 2009 and he featured in the official advertisement for the AFL, playing Australian Rules on an Association Football ground. He is a devout Roman Catholic. On 14 October 2006 <mask> married school teacher Mariangela Laudato. They have a daughter, Laudate Angelus. References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
North Melbourne Football Club players
Peel Thunder Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Australian Roman Catholics
People from Mandurah
Syd Barker Medal winners
North Ballarat Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Australia international rules football team players

masks:
Daniel Wells
Wells
Wellsyd Barker
Wells
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Wells


title: Jerry Cooke (photographer)

texts:
<mask> (Russian: Yuri Kutschuk),  (October 18, 1921 – October 27, 2005) was an American photojournalist from the 1940s-1990s. Early life and work

<mask> was born as Yuri Kutschuk in Odessa into a Jewish family. Newborn <mask>, with his father, Gregory Kutschuk, and his mother, Assia Azrilenko, and the rest of the family emigrated to Milan, Italy and then to Berlin, Germany in 1923. While in Berlin, Gregory sold photographs to European publications. Yuri's aunt, Cecile Kutschuk, worked at the Associated Press with Wilson Hicks, who later became Executive Editor in charge of photography for Life. In 1936, after Adolf Hitler's rise to power, the family fled back to Italy, where they then had to flee from Benito Mussolini's regime to Bombay, India. In Bombay they lived in the Outram Private Hotel owned by his uncle, George Azrilenko.In 1939, the family emigrated to United States, arriving to Seattle from  Japan on the "Hiye Mare" and taking a train to New York. Once in the U.S., his name was anglicized to <mask>. Cecile Kutschuk, who had studied photojournalism at the Rhine University, emigrated to the United States in 1935 and started a photo agency in New York City called Pix Publishing. She gave <mask> his first camera, a Rolleiflex. Cecile put him to work in the Pix darkroom, where he was assistant to photographers Alfred Eisenstaedt, George Karger, and others. In 1945, on V-J Day in Times Square, <mask> was with Eisenstaedt when the latter photographed the iconic image of the nurse and sailor kissing. His first wife, Elly Feuer, died in 1951.Shortly before his death in 2005, he married Mary Delaney. Career

<mask>'s career in photojournalism began working for newspapers and magazines, including Life Magazine, Collier's, Ladies Home Journal, and others. In 1948, <mask>, Robert Capa, and Tim Gidal traveled to Israel to photograph the new state for the book, This Is Israel, written by I.F. Stone. One of <mask>'s first assignments for Fortune was Nabisco, the Dough is Rising, 1948. Walker Evans described the lead photograph, "The picture is quiet and true. Since I am writing about photography let me point out that this picture is a better part of the story at hand than either a drawing or a painting would be.There is a profitable and well-run cracker firm in a sweaty part of the town, there is a knot of men talking on the pavement about anything but crackers, amidst the irrelevant trucks. This is where Mal-o-Mars are cooked and this is where last week's newspaper meets the gutter too. And the Strand Hotel becomes famous for flavour. My point is Fortune photographs should take a long look at a subject, get into it, and without shouting, tell a lot about it." In 1950, Fortune'''s Art Director Leo Lionni hired <mask> to document Milwaukee factories. <mask> spent the entire summer visiting and photographing 26 factories. <mask> considered this essay an "epic effort,"  photographing in both color and black & white.The article, "Made in Milwaukee," appeared in November 1950. A founding member of the American Society of Media Photographers, <mask> served as president from 1951- 1952. <mask>'s portrait was photographed by Arnold Newman and used for the society's magazine. During his presidency, ASMP News became a magazine and was licensed by the State of New York to act as a labor union. <mask>'s award-winning photograph, "Ohio Insane Asylum", and others were selected for the international exhibition, The Family of Man, 1955 curated by Edward Steichen for the Museum of Modern Art. This photograph appeared in Life's essay, BEDLAM 1946: Most U.S. Mental Hospitals are a Shame and a Disgrace by Albert Q. Maisel.<mask> returned to Russia in the summer of 1957 to cover Russia and Physical Fitness for Sports Illustrated. He was one of the first westerners permitted to photograph in post-Stalin Russia. In 1958, while on assignment, <mask> decided to visit Boris Pasternak in Peredelkino, just outside Moscow. He found Pasternak working in his garden. <mask> gave Pasternak his copy of Doctor Zhivago. He travelled by bus in disguise, because photography was not permitted without the government's approval. He stayed for the day and took many photos of the writer, his wife and his dog.Soon after, Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize, and <mask>'s photographs appeared in a Life essay, October 27, 1958. <mask> travelled extensively to Russia throughout his career, up until the mid 1990s. Bradley Smith and <mask> founded the picture agency, Animals Animals in 1969. The agency was sold in the late 1970s and renamed Animals Animals Earth Scenes. During the late 1980s, <mask> traveled to major over crowded cities to photograph the condition of the population. His photographs were published in The Exploding City  in 1989 by the United Nations. <mask> spoke several languages, visited five continents and well over a hundred countries.His archive is housed at the Briscoe Center for American History. Sports photography

In 1953, after seeing his photographs of a football game for a Life essay, <mask> was recruited by Gerald Astor to photograph for a new magazine, Sports Illustrated. This launched <mask>'s career in sports photography. <mask> worked for over 40 years, shooting 47 covers for Sports Illustrated, including many from the early days starting in October 1954. In the 1973 World Series, <mask> captured Willie Mays arguing with umpire Augie Donatelli in one of the ten greatest World Series photographs. <mask> was named Director of Photography for Sports Illustrated in 1974. He photographed 16 Olympics and 42 Kentucky Derbies, including three Triple Crown winners:  Secretariat (horse), Seattle Slew, and Affirmed.Many of his derby photographs were published in The Kentucky Derby'', by Joe Hirsch and Jim Bolus, 1988. Neil Leifer said, "<mask> was the closest thing to James Bond that the photography world has ever seen.... He was a gentleman photographer." References

1921 births
2005 deaths
Odessa Jews
Sports Illustrated photojournalists
Life (magazine) photojournalists
American photojournalists
Soviet emigrants to the United States

masks:
Jerry Cooke
Jerry Cooke
Jerry
Jerry Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
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Jerry


title: Bernard Romans

texts:
<mask> (c. 1720–1784) was a Dutch-born navigator, surveyor, cartographer, naturalist, engineer, soldier, promoter, and writer who worked in the British American colonies and the United States. His best known work, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, published in 1775, is a valuable source of information about the Floridas during the period of British control. His maps and charts are considered better than any produced before, and also for many years after, their publication. Biography
<mask> was born <mask> in Delft, son of <mask> and Margareta van der Linden. He was raised and educated there, but emigrated to Great Britain as a youth or young man, and then to British North America around 1757, during the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in British North America. On March 3, 1761, <mask> married Maria Wendel (born 1739) at the Dutch Reformed Church in colonial Albany, New York. A son, <mask>, was born in Albany on January 16, 1762, who would marry in 1785 in Albany and have ten children.There is no further record of Maria Wendel <mask>, who may have died young. Romans remarried in 1779. By his own account, in about 1761 <mask> entered into the King's service as a commodore, "sometimes at the head of a large body of men in the woods, and at the worst of times ... master of a merchantman, fitted out in a warlike manner." After the war ended, <mask> continued to go to sea. He sailed widely, both as a privateer during the war and as a merchant, reaching points as far north as Labrador, and as far south as Curaçao, Cartagena, and Panama. In 1774, <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Travels in the Floridas
In 1766-67, he commanded the sloop Mary.On his first voyage, the ship went aground on the Dry Tortugas, but he was able to get the ship off and reach port. On his second voyage, the ship was lost near Cape Florida (Key Biscayne). Having lost much of his personal wealth with the wreck of the Mary, <mask> turned to surveying. He obtained employment as deputy surveyor of Georgia. He also accepted private commissions to survey land grants in East Florida, which had come under British control at the end of the French and Indian War. In 1768, <mask> became principal deputy surveyor for the Southern District (the British Colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida). Starting in 1769, <mask> surveyed the coastal waters of East Florida.Later that year, his boat sank in the Manatee River near Tampa Bay. Romans walked overland from there to St. Augustine. Well aware of the historical significance of where he walked, he later wrote that he had been "on Ferdinando Soto's tract". He outfitted another boat, at his own expense, and resumed surveying the coast in September 1770. He reached Pensacola, Florida in August 1771, having recorded depth soundings, good harbors, and sources of fresh water, and drafted coastal charts, for much of the East Florida coast. Upon reaching Pensacola, Romans was hired to survey the western part of West Florida and the lands of the Choctaws and Chickasaws. The survey was not without its dangers; the Choctaws and the Creeks were at war.Rumors even reached Mobile that Romans and his party had been killed by Creeks. Roman's survey work in West Florida continued into 1772. In Pensacola, a John Lorimer recruited Romans to explore for new plant specimens. Romans soon discovered what he believed to be true jalap, which was much in demand in Europe as a cathartic. Jalap had previously been available only from New Spain, and the prospect of a supply under British control pleased many in West Florida. It was later realized that Roman's jalap was not the Mexican jalap, but a relative in the family Convolvulaceae, probably Solanum jamesii. This "wild jalap" or "wild potato" was in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1820 until 1863.Romans pursued his botanizing enthusiastically, collecting many plant specimens and seeds, and began seeking support for a plan to establish a botanical garden in West Florida. Publishing A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida
In early 1773, Romans left West Florida to travel to the northern colonies. He wanted to publish his nautical charts and navigational instructions, along with material on the natural history of the Floridas that he had gathered in his surveys. He also took rare seeds and plant specimens he had collected. His ship was "over-set at sea", and the seeds and plant specimens were lost or ruined. His navigational charts and the manuscript of the book he was writing on the natural history of the Floridas were saved. Romans was now planning an ambitious book of some 300 pages with copper plate engravings and two large maps of the Floridas and the Caribbean.He needed to find financial backers and sign up subscribers to meet the costs of publishing the book. This effort led him into many new contacts. In August 1773, <mask> was admitted into the Marine Society of the City of New York. In January 1774, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. A paper by Romans on an improved sea compass was published in the society's Transactions, and he presented descriptions of new plants he found in Florida to the society. Although no longer resident in West Florida, <mask> had also been appointed botanist for West Florida. During this time, <mask> proposed to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, Secretary of State for the Colonies and President of the Board of Trade and Foreign Plantations, an expedition to the northeastern parts of Asia.Romans gave more details of his scheme to Hugh Williamson, a fellow member of the American Philosophical Society. To Williamson, Romans expounded his plan for an expedition to explore the Mississippi River basin and the Great Lakes, then moving westward to the Pacific coast. From there, the expedition would cross the Pacific Ocean to Asia, and travel through Russia, eventually reaching Great Britain. This was thirty years before President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and almost twenty years before Alexander MacKenzie's crossing of the Canadian Arctic. Romans continued to work to get his book published. Romans had originally conceived his book as a guide to mariners, and one-quarter of his subscribers were involved in shipping. But Romans also was receiving questions from people who were interested in moving to the Floridas, and Romans expanded his book to accommodate them.From the originally planned 300 pages, the book grew to about 800 pages, and it had to be split into two volumes. <mask> promised his subscribers that the second volume would be forwarded to them at no additional charge (the first volume had to be printed and sent off before the presses could be set up for the second volume). Romans placed ads in many newspapers, and traveled extensively seeking subscribers to the book. <mask> had selected James Rivington, publisher of Rivington's New-York Gazetteer, to be his printer, and engaged Paul Revere to engrave most of the plates for the book. <mask> also collaborated with Paul Revere on other projects, including the map that accompanied Rivington's printing of John Hawkesworth's book on the voyages of James Cook. The first volume of A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida was finally ready for delivery in late April 1775. <mask> announced in Rivington's New-York Gazetteer that his subscribers should tell him where to deliver the books.<mask>'s announcement was published eight days after the Battles of Lexington and Concord. A second printing of the volume was required in 1776 to fulfill all subscriptions. Revolutionary War activities
<mask>' sympathies with the Revolution had developed before his book was published. He had appeared before the Boston Marine Society on December 1, 1773, and was in the city when the Boston Tea Party occurred. In his book, Romans described tea as a despicable weed, and of late attempted to be made a dirty conduit, to lead a stream of oppressions into these happy regions. In early April 1775, <mask> was appointed a captain by the Connecticut Committee of Safety, with a charge to take Fort Ticonderoga and nearby British fortifications. He was given £100 with which to raise troops.Within a few days, Romans had over 200 men with him. While Benedict Arnold and Nathanael Greene took command of the large body of troops headed for Fort Ticonderoga, Romans' company was sent to capture Fort George on Lake George, a neglected post which surrendered without a fight. Romans went on to Ticonderoga, where he helped assess the ammunition that had been captured. Benedict Arnold reported favorably on Romans as an engineer after this service. Romans soon returned to Connecticut. It is not known if Romans was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill, but he published an illustration of it, An Exact View of the Late Battle at Charlestown, June 17, 1775. Romans also published a map of the area around Boston, The Seat of Civil War in America, and dedicated it to John Hancock.Romans' earlier work was also used by the British in their maps, particularly in A General Map of the Southern British Colonies, which was included in the American Military Pocket Atlas, intended for the use of mounted British officers. In New York, James Rivington had proved to be too neutral in his coverage of the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain, and, in November 1775, a mob of patriots destroyed his print shop. The second volume of Romans' book was in production at the time and was lost. Later, in 1775, the Continental Congress recommended Romans to the New York Commissioners for Fortifications in the Highlands to oversee the construction of a fort at Martelaer's Rock, across the Hudson River from West Point. Romans set to work surveying the river and designing fortifications. When the commissioners inspected the site, they were unhappy both with Romans' plans and with the site, which was exposed to the superior positions available across the river on West Point. Romans went to New York City and presented his plans to the Committee of Safety without mentioning the doubts expressed by the Commissioners.the Committee of Safety forwarded <mask>' plan and expenses to the Continental Congress and, according to Romans, promised him that he would be appointed principal engineer for New York with the rank and pay of a Colonel. A struggle ensued for control of the project between Romans and the Commissioners for Fortifications in the Highlands. Romans proceeded with much of the work, but eventually went to Philadelphia to report and seek support. While Romans appeared to win approval from the congress, it was generally recognized that his work had not been very fruitful. In George Washington's words, <mask>'s fortifications were "very neat" and "very picturesque" but "upon the whole, Mr. <mask> has displayed his genius at a very great expense and to very little publick advantage." <mask> was next given a commission of captain of the First Pennsylvania Company of Artillery, which soon joined the campaign against Quebec. After the Americans were defeated in Quebec, <mask>'s company was reassigned, in July 1776, to Fort Ticonderoga.Shortly after, General Horatio Gates sent Romans to investigate the preparations being made under the direction of Major General Philip Schuyler to defend Lake Champlain against the expected British invasion. Romans was shocked by the sight of the vessels being prepared for the lake fleet, but was unable to do anything. This fleet was soon defeated at the Battle of Valcour Island. Fortunately for the Americans, the battle had also been costly for the British, and they delayed their invasion southwards. In November 1776, the Pennsylvania Council of Safety appointed Romans Engineer and ordered that he be furnished with the means to conduct an experiment in "destroying distant objects by fire." Unfortunately, there is no further record of this experiment. Romans also continued to produce maps, including two of Connecticut, one centered on Philadelphia, including most of New Jersey and Delaware, and portions of Maryland and Pennsylvania, showing the location of the Grand American Winter Camp 1778 at Valley Forge, and a map of the Northern Department of North America.<mask> resigned his commission on June 1, 1778. He continued working on a history of the oppression of the Netherlands by the British. By the end of 1778, he had finished the two-volume Annals of the Troubles in the Netherlands, and the first volume was in the bookstores in January 1779. The second volume did not appear until 1782. On January 28, 1779, <mask> married Elizabeth Whiting of Wethersfield, Connecticut, who was just 19 years old. A son, Hubertus <mask>, was born on October 23, 1779. Romans joined the Southern Campaign in 1780.It is not clear what Romans's assignment was to be, but an application for a pension filed by <mask> in 1848 states that Romans "was ordered to go to the State of South Carolina, there to join the Southern Army". The ship on which Romans was traveling from New London, Connecticut, to Charleston, South Carolina, was captured by the Royal Navy. <mask> was held prisoner until the war ended. He died aboard ship while returning home. Both his widow, Elizabeth Whiting,  and at least one early historian believed that Romans had been murdered on the voyage. References

Bibliography
 Bonar, William, and <mask>. 1757.A draught of the upper Creek nation, taken in May 1757. Shows upper Creek villages near Fort Toulouse, particularly along the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. Gives number of fighting men and towns. Similar to "A draught of the Creek nation by William Bonar, May 1757" in the British Colonial Office. Map possibly drawn by <mask>. Guthorn, Peter J. 1966.American Maps and Map Makers of the Revolution. Monmouth Beach, NJ: Philip Freneau Press. External links
<mask> article, Encyclopedia of Alabama

18th-century American scientists
18th-century American writers
1741 births
1784 deaths
American botanists
American cartographers
American explorers
American geographers
American non-fiction writers
American sailors
Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania
Dutch emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Engineers from Florida
Explorers of Florida
People from Delft
Scientists from Florida
Writers from Florida
Members of the American Philosophical Society

masks:
Bernard Romans
Romans
Barend Romans
Pieter Barendsz Romans
Romans
Peter Milo Romans
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Bernard Romans
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Elizabeth Romans
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Bernard Romans
Bernard Romans
Bernard Romans


title: Charles Dumont (politician)

texts:
<mask> (31 August 1867 – 22 April 1939) was a left-leaning French politician who was Minister of Public Works in 1911 and Minister of Finance in 1913. The "Dumont Resolution" passed by the Chamber of Deputies in 1917 called for security after World War I (1914–18) to be based on the armed forces of France and her allies, and also for the establishment of a society of nations. <mask> was again Minister of Finance in 1930, and was Minister of the Navy in 1931–32. He initiated construction of the battleship Dunkerque as part of a naval expansion program. <mask> came from a family of peasant winemakers from the Jura, and did much to promote development of that region as president of the Jura Departmental Council from 1921 to 1939. Life

Early years

<mask> was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on 31 August 1867. His family came from Jura, and had been peasant winemakers in Brainans, near Poligny, for three centuries.His father worked in the Posts department and had been assigned to a position in Ajaccio. <mask> was well educated. He completed his secondary education at the Lycée Henri-IV, then went to the Sorbonne where he earned a Bachelor of Science and then a degree in Law. He became involved in politics as a student, and became general secretary of an anti-Boulangist committee. In 1891 he began to teach secondary school, first at the lycée of Puy, then of Bourges and finally at Lons-le-Saunier. He wrote two books in this period, one on the Bulgarian issue and one on the fight against anarchist and pacifist propaganda. He became a Freemason.Deputy

<mask> was elected deputy for the district of Poligny, Jura, on 22 May 1898 and joined the Radical group. He was reelected in April–May 1902 and 6–20 May 1906. He took a socialist position in favor of the strikes of 1904 and 1909, and in support of workers' pensions. Article four of the proposed 1905 law for the separation of church and state allowed for creation of associations culturelles, mainly composed of lay Catholics, which would inherit properties such as churches and presbyteries. In April 1905 <mask> and Maurice Allard, who was also from the Left, objected to article four since they wanted to sever any connections between the Church of Rome and the associations culturelles. <mask> was interested in fiscal matters throughout his political career. He was general rapporteur for the 1910 budget.He was reelected in April–May 1910, and on 2 March 1911 was appointed Minister of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs in the cabinet of Ernest Monis, holding office until 27 June 1911. <mask> was made Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Louis Barthou formed on 22 March 1913. In October–November 1913 <mask>, Barthou, Foreign Affairs minister Stéphen Pichon and General Joseph Joffre were involved in finalizing an agreement with the Russian premier Count Vladimir Kokovtsov for a railway loan. At the last moment the negotiations stalled when Joffre said the protocol must have a supplement that said the railways would be built to the plan agreed by the Chiefs of the General Staffs of France and Russia, which the Tsar had approved at the start of September. Kokovtsov did not know of this plan, and was unable to agree. With a looming threat of war, <mask> lost office on 2 December 1913 over a dispute about whether pensions should be immune when a loan to the Treasury was required in the event of an emergency. <mask> retained his seat in the general elections of April–May 1914.During World War I (1914–18) he was the delegate of the Budget Committee for verification of war material. In this role he undertook numerous missions to the front lines. His influential but confidential reports were not published until after the war. During a debate in June 1917 over France's post-war goals, <mask> came up with a resolution that reasserted France's claim to Alsace-Lorraine and the requirement for German reparations, then defined a compromise position between those who looked to international organizations for peacekeeping and those who preferred more traditional means. The resolution said,

The "Dumont Resolution" passed by 467 votes to 52, with 39 socialists voting in favor and 47 against. Despite the government commitment to the Dumont Resolution, the SFIO (socialist) deputies continued to agitate for establishment of a society of nations. <mask> was reelected deputy for Poligny on the Republican Union list in the general elections of 16 November 1919.In April 1920 he was again general rapporteur of the budget bill. Provincial politics

<mask> was elected councilor for Jura in 1913. He was president of the General Council of Jura from 1921 to 1939. He tried to improve the organization of tourism in the region, and to make it more accessible through a major highway through Poligny and the col de la Faucille. On 9 March 1914 he was named administrator of the Central Society of provincial banks (Société centrale des banques de province, SCBP), and on 19 March 1914 President of the SCBP, holding this position until 23 March 1922, when he and eight administrators resigned. Senator

<mask> was elected Senator on 6 January 1924 to replace Stéphen Pichon, who had retired. He sat with the Democratic Left in the Senate, and twice was general rapporteur of the budget.He was appointed Minister of Finance in the first cabinet of Camille Chautemps from 21 February to 2 March 1930. He was Minister of the Navy in three successive cabinets of Pierre Laval from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932. He presided over a naval expansion, and initiated construction of the battleship Dunkerque. At one time <mask> was president of the Franco-Japanese bank. <mask>o
Corsican politicians
Independent Radical politicians
Democratic Republican Alliance politicians
French Ministers of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs
French Ministers of Finance
French Naval Ministers
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French Senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Jura (department)

masks:
Charles Emile Etienne Dumont
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Charles Dumont
Charles Dumont
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Dumont
Charles Dumontcci