title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
<mask> (June 28, 1813 or June 25, 1815 – June 9, 1878) was a figure of the Wild West period of American history. A lawman in the Utah Territory, he was nicknamed Old Port and The Destroying Angel of Mormondom. Rockwell served as a bodyguard, and was a personal friend, of Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith. After Smith's death in 1844, <mask> became a bodyguard of his successor, Brigham Young, and traveled with him and members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to the Salt Lake Valley in the present-day U.S. state of Utah. Many people believed that <mask> was under divine protection. This, along with his reputation as a skilled marksman, resulted in the propagation of many legends and stories about him. Biography
<mask> was born in Belchertown, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, to Orin and <mask>, who were neighbors of the Smith family.He was a descendant of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. <mask> was eight years younger than Smith. While Smith was publishing the Book of Mormon, Rockwell picked berries at night and hauled wood into town to help pay for the publishing. In 1830, at 16-years old, <mask> was baptized into Smith's Church of Christ in Fayette, New York. Historically, the date of <mask>'s baptism is April 6, the day the church was organized, but original documents suggest a probable date of June 9. <mask> was the youngest member of the first group to be baptized into the church. On February 2, 1832, <mask> married Luana Beebe in Jackson County, Missouri, and was endowed in the Nauvoo Temple on January 5, 1846.<mask> killed many men as a gunfighter, a religious enforcer, and Deputy United States Marshal. According to legend, <mask> told a crowd listening to United States vice president Schuyler Colfax in 1869, "I never killed anyone who didn't need killing", a quote used by actor John Wayne in a movie decades later. Boggs attempted assassination accusation

On the evening of May 6, 1842, Lilburn Boggs was shot by an unknown party who fired at him through a window as he read a newspaper in his study. He was badly wounded but survived. Boggs was the governor of Missouri who had signed the Executive Order 44 on October 27, 1838 known as the "Extermination Order" evicting Mormons from Missouri by violent and deadly means. <mask> was accused of attempted murder but the grand jury was unable to find sufficient evidence to indict <mask>, convinced in part by his reputation as a deadly gunman and his statement he "never shot at anybody, if I shoot, they get shot! ..."

A disaffected Mormon, John C. Bennett, claimed that Smith had offered a cash reward for the elimination of Boggs, and that Smith admitted <mask> did the deed.He went on to say <mask> made a veiled threat against Bennett's life if he publicized the story. After investigators questioned Smith about these accusations and <mask>'s involvement, Smith denied it could be <mask>. Asked how he could be so confident. Smith allegedly replied, "He's still alive, isn't he?" Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating Boggs, while campaigning for state senate, was attacked by an election opponent. Mormon writer Monte B. McLaws, in the Missouri Historical Review, supported Smith, answered, while there was no clear finger pointing to anyone, Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and there was no particular reason to suspect <mask>. Utah years
Following Smith's death, <mask> followed Brigham Young and the LDS Church to the Salt Lake Valley.In 1849, <mask> was appointed as deputy marshal of Great Salt Lake City, and remained a peace officer until his death. He was well-known for his endurance, loyalty, and relentlessness. <mask> operated the Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery at the southern end of the Salt Lake Valley, in an area known as "Point of the Mountain". <mask>'s fame as a "mountain man" attracted the explorer, Richard Francis Burton. In 1860, on his trip across America to the west coast, Burton stopped to explore the Salt Lake City area. He stayed with Lysander Dayton in a village near the city, and Dayton invited <mask> to dinner. <mask> sent for a bottle of Valley Tan Whiskey, and he and Burton drank shot-for-shot into the night, with Rockwell outlining steps Burton should take for safety during his passage to Sacramento.<mask> advised Burton to carry a loaded double-barreled shotgun, sleep in a "dark camp" (unlit, miles from where supper was cooked), to never trust appearances, and to avoid the main trail, where "White Indians" (so-called because they were white robbers disguised as Indians to avert blame) preyed on travelers. <mask> died in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, of natural causes on June 9, 1878. He was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. At the time of his death, <mask> had been a baptized Latter-day Saint longer than anyone living. His epitaph reads:

He was brave and loyal to his faith. True to the Prophet Joseph Smith. A promise made him by the prophet.Through obedience, it was fulfilled. At <mask>'s funeral, apostle Joseph F. Smith, nephew of Joseph Smith and future church president, spoke the following about <mask>:

They say he was a murderer; if he was, he was the friend of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, and he was faithful to them, and to his covenants, and he has gone to Heaven and apostates can go to Hell ... <mask> was yesterday afternoon ushered into Heaven clothed with immortality and eternal life, and crowned with all glory which belongs to a departed saint. He has his little faults, but <mask>'s life on earth, taken altogether, was one worthy of example, and reflected honor upon the church. Through all his trials, he never once forgot his obligations to his brethren and his God. Legacy
Rockwell served as a loyal, personal bodyguard to both Smith and later to Young. Separating fact from legends, folklore, and myths concerning Rockwell is difficult for historians, in large part because Rockwell was only semi-literate and kept no personal diary. Rockwell had the distinction of being the subject of a direct prophecy by Smith.After spending eight months in jail on charges of attempting to assassinate Boggs, <mask> traveled to Nauvoo, appearing unannounced at a Christmas party at Smith's home. After his identity was confirmed, Smith was moved to say:

I prophesy, in the name of the Lord, you—Orrin <mask>—so long as ye shall remain loyal and true to thy faith, need fear no enemy. Cut not thy hair, and no bullet or blade can harm thee. The promise echoes one given by an angel to the parents of the biblical Samson. <mask>, at one time, cut his hair. After hearing of a balding widow with typhoid fever, he offered his famous long hair to make a wig. The recipient of the hair was Agnes Coolbrith Smith Pickett, widow of Smith's brother, Don Carlos, and mother of Ina Coolbrith.Cultural influence
<mask>'s legacy is said to have inspired other famous American frontiersmen, including Wild Bill Hickok and Buffalo Bill. <mask> has also been portrayed on screen by John Carradine in the 1940 film Brigham Young, by James Coburn in the 1995 television film The Avenging Angel, and by Gyll Huff in the 1995 Trent Harris film Plan 10 from Outer Space. He was also the main character in the 1969 Death Valley Days episode called the "Son of Thunder" (1969). <mask> is portrayed by Corbin Allred in a supporting role in the 2019 film Out of Liberty. <mask> was the primary subject of the independent 1994 Rockwell

In 2010, a documentary called Stories from the Life of <mask> was created by Issimo Productions, which includes historical re-creations of events from the life of <mask>, as well as interviews with scholars and historians, including John W<mask>, great-great-grandson of <mask>. Two statues of Rockwell exist: one near the old site of his Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery near the Utah State Penitentiary, the other in Lehi, Utah, off of Main Street behind the "Porter's Place" restaurant which exists to celebrate his memory. The restaurant has since moved to Eureka, Utah.See also

 Bear River Massacre
 Alexander William Doniphan
 Hawken rifle
 Ironport (beverage)
 Liberty Jail
 List of bodyguards
 List of Old West gunfighters
 List of Old West lawmen
 Mormon folklore
 Perry, Utah
 Pioneer Village (Utah): Gun Collection
 This is the Place Monument
 Lauritz Smith
 Lot Smith
 Utah War

Notes

References

External links

"Did Orrin <mask> Shoot Lilburn Boggs, Governor of Missouri? ", Mormonism Researched by Kerry A. Shirts

1813 births
1878 deaths
American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Bodyguards
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Converts to Mormonism
Danites
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Missouri
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Mormon pioneers
People of the Utah War
Religious leaders from Massachusetts
United States Marshals

masks:
Orrin Porter Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Sarah Rockwell
Rockwell
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. Rockwell
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Porter Rockwell


title: Isaiah Oggins

type: original

texts:
<mask> (also known as Ysai or Cy) (July 22, 1898 – 1947) was an American-born communist and spy for the Soviet secret police. After working in Europe and the Far East, <mask> was arrested, served eight years in the GULAG detention system, and was summarily executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin. Background

The third of four children, <mask> was born 1898 in the mill town of Willimantic, Connecticut, the son of Simon Melamdovich (who changed his name to "<mask>" in America) and his wife Rena, both Jewish immigrants from the Abolnik shtetl near Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania. <mask>'s parents arrived in New York in 1888. They had three other children. <mask> entered Columbia University in February 1917 under current Jewish quota policies. Classmates included publishers Bennet Cerf, Donald Klopfer, and Richard Simon; historian Matthew Josephson; novelist Louis Bromfield, critic Kenneth Burke, and author William Slater Brown.Professors included John Erskine, George Odell, Robert Livingston Schuyler, and Charles A. Beard. After receiving his B.A. in History, he began a doctorate in History while working at history reader there, then in a night school in the New York Public School system. Career

In 1923, <mask> became a Communist by joining the Workers Party of America. The same year, he changed jobs to work for Yale University Press as a researcher. Soviet underground espionage

As of August 26, 1926, when he applied for his U.S. passport, <mask> had joined the Soviet  underground and was readying for his first overseas assignment, probably in Germany and France.In April 1928, his wife Nerma applied for her first U.S. passport. The couple departed from New York on May 5, 1928, for a villa in the Zehlendorf district of Berlin, Germany. They reported to Ignace Reiss. Their job was to maintain a low profile and inhabit their residence, so that other Soviet agents could periodically use it as a safe house for various espionage related activities. To accomplish this mission, Cy and Nerma had to avoid any appearance of being interested in Communist politics; they had to avoid even reading Communist newspapers. Friend Sidney Hook spotted <mask> in the Gendarmenmarkt, as described in his autobiography Out of Step (1984). <mask> had to resist the temptation to have meetings with his old friend, although he did not always resist this temptation fully.<ref>
{{cite book
  | last = Hook
  | first = Sidney
  | title = Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century
  | url = https://archive.org/details/outofstepunquiet00hook/page/94
  | publisher = Harper and Row
  | year = 1984
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/outofstepunquiet00hook/page/94 94–101, Chapter 8, "Encounter with Espionage]
  | isbn = 0-06-015632-5
  }}</ref>

The <mask>es moved from Berlin to Paris in the Spring of 1930.In Neuilly-sur-Seine, they watched White Russians, Trotskyites including Trotsky's Paris-based son, Lev Sedov, and the family of Michael Feodorovich Romanov. After exposure of l'affaire Switz (1933–1934, involving Robert Gordon Switz, Lydia Stahl, and Arvid Jacobson), the <mask>es left Paris (September 1934) and returned to the States with their young son Robin (b. 1931). After a brief stint in New York, they left for San Francisco. Leaving his wife and child behind, <mask> set off for China in September 1935, where he served through 1937. In Shanghai, <mask> reported to Grace and Manny Granich (brother of Mike Gold). In 1936, he worked in Dairen during the Manchukuo and traveled to Harbin.He reported to Charles Emile Martin (AKA George Wilmer, Lorenz, Laurenz, Dubois—born Matus Steinberg of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky) and wife Elsa Marie Martin (AKA Joanna Wilmer, Lora, Laura). (Martin later served in the Red Orchestra, spying on Nazi Germany.) By October 1937, the Martins and <mask>es fled separately after Chiang Kai-shek attacked Manchuria in July. <mask> rejoined his wife and son in Paris in February 1938, only to leave again in May. Nerma Berman <mask> left Paris with their son in September 1939 and returned to New York. (The State Department believes he was stationed in France 1937-1938.) GULAG

On February 20, 1939, the Soviet NKVD arrested <mask> at the Hotel Moskva and took him to the Lubyanka, accusing him of being a traitor.His case received a hearing on January 5, 1940. Ten days later, he received a sentence of eight years. On the next day, <mask> shipped out to Norillag, where fellow inmates included Jacques Rossi. He became known there as "The Professor". Nerma Berman <mask> requested the U.S. Department of State to investigate her husband's disappearance. On April 15, 1942, the US Department of State indicated to the US embassy in Moscow "It is possible that he [<mask>] has been acting for years as an agent of a foreign power or of an international revolutionary organization. Nevertheless it is believed that in view of his American citizenship and of the Soviet agreement in 1933 to inform this Government of the arrest of American citizens, the failure to report his detention should not be ignored."On June 30, 1942, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull had the following telegram sent to the US ambassador in Moscow:     Washington, June 30, 1942—11 p.m.  327. Your 538, June 16, 1 p.m. Please take up this case informally with the Soviet authorities and since <mask> is an American citizen request permission for an American Foreign Service Officer to visit him as provided for in the 1933 agreement, or that <mask> be allowed to appear at the Embassy. Without at this time giving emphasis to the failure of the Soviet authorities, from the standpoint of commitments of the Soviet Government, to notify the Embassy of <mask>’ arrest, you may, however, express some surprise at such failure and may mention that your Government hopes that steps will be taken to prevent failures of a similar nature from taking place in the future. The Department is concerned as to the disposition made of <mask>’ passport. On December 8, 1942, <mask> received visits from American diplomats at the Butyrka prison in Moscow. By May 1943, the Soviets reneged on his release.During his time in the GULAG, <mask>' wife and son pled with US Secretary George C. Marshall to help gain his release. Death

In May 1947, it was decided to murder <mask> because the Soviets feared that if the spy were repatriated to the United States, as the US government had requested, he would defect and reveal Soviet secrets. By mid-summer, <mask> was taken to Laboratory Number One (the "Kamera"), where Grigory Mairanovsky injected him with the poison curare, which takes 10–15 minutes to kill. A death certificate claimed <mask> had died of "sclerosis" and had received burial in a Jewish cemetery in Penza. Aftermath

FBI investigation

An FBI investigation into the <mask> affair commenced in March 1943. After the defection of Igor Gouzenko, the name "<mask>" arose again in 1945–1946. On February 10, 1949, FBI investigators questioned Esther Shemitz, wife of Whittaker Chambers, about the <mask>es, as Esther Chambers and Nerma <mask> had both attended the Rand School and had worked at the ILGWU and The World Tomorrow magazine.Joint Russian–American investigation

In early 1992, the U.S. and Russia formed the U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs. Overseeing the investigation was Dmitri Volkogonov. On September 23, 1992, Boris Yeltsin handed an Oggins case dossier to American diplomat Malcolm Toon: <mask> had been liquidated on Stalin's orders. The Lost Spy

In 2008, Andrew Meier, formerly Moscow bureau chief for TIME magazine, published a biography of <mask> called The Lost Spy''. The book resulted from a decade of investigative research into the mysterious circumstances of <mask>' imprisonment and death. It included documentation from  Soviet, American, and Swiss archives

Requests to FSB

<mask>' son has continued to ask for information about his father's death from Soviet successor agencies like the Russian Federal Security Service (generally known by its Russian acronym "FSB"). Personal life

On April 23, 1924, he married Nerma Berman (1898–1995), a Rand School student and Communist activist, born in the Skapiskis shtetl (also near Kovno).She became secretary of the New York division of the National Defense Committee of the Rand School for Red Scare victims Scott Nearing and other professors. The Oggins had one son, Robin, born 1931. Nerma Berman <mask> drifted from job to job and lived in the New York City area. She retired in 1965 and lived for a time in the Lower East Side at the Henry Street Settlement. She later moved to Vestal, New York to be near her son. She died in Vestal on January 27, 1995. See also

 The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service
 Ignace Reiss
 Robert Gordon Switz
 Whittaker Chambers
 Sidney Hook

References

External links
 The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service

1898 births
1947 deaths
American communists
American communists of the Stalin era
American defectors to the Soviet Union
American people executed by the Soviet Union
American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American spies for the Soviet Union
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Foreign Gulag detainees
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Jewish socialists
Krasnoyarsk Krai
People from Willimantic, Connecticut
Executed people from Connecticut
20th-century executions of American people

masks:
Isaiah Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Cy Oggins
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title: Eugeniusz Bodo

texts:
<mask> (born Bohdan Eugène Junod; 28 December 1899 7 October 1943) was a film director, producer, and one of the most popular Polish actors and comedians of the interwar period. He starred in some of the most popular Polish film productions of the 1930s, including His Excellency, The Shop Assistant (Polish: Jego ekscelencja subiekt), Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?, and Pieśniarz Warszawy. A skilled singer, he became an icon of Polish musical comedy and a "symbol of Polish commercial cinema". In the late 1930s he also became a successful entrepreneur – co-owner of a successful film studio, café, and producers' company. Arrested by the Soviet NKVD in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, he perished in the Soviet Gulag. Biography
Bohdan Eugène Junod was born on 28 December 1899. His birthplace is uncertain; sources name Warsaw, Łódź, and Geneva, Switzerland.His mother was Jadwiga Anna Dorota née Dylewska. His father, Teodor Junod, was a Swiss citizen who moved to Russian-held Poland and in 1903 settled in Łódź. There he opened a revue-cinema, Urania – the first permanent cinema theatre in that city. It was there that <mask> made his stage debut at the age of six. In 1917 Junod moved to Poznań where he joined "Teatr Apollo". In 1919 (under a new stage name of <mask> <mask>, the surname created from the initials of his own first name Bohdan and his mother's – Dorota) he started acting in various Warsaw-based theatres, variétés and cabarets (Qui Pro Quo, Perskie Oko and Cyrulik Warszawski being the most famous). He also played major roles in Warsaw-based "Teatr Polski" and Wilno-based "Teatr Lutnia".He is best known for his film roles; he played in more than thirty films. His screen debut was a 1925 silent film Rywale. With the advent of sound film <mask> in a matter of years became one of the best-known Polish actors. Usually appearing in musical comedies, already in 1932 he was voted the King of Polish Actors by Film magazine's readers. His popularity rose following three mistaken identity comedies: 1933 His Excellency, The Shop Assistant, 1935 His Excellency, the Chauffeur (both directed by Michał Waszyński and co-starring Ina Benita) and 1934 Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna? (co-starring Jadwiga Smosarska). Always appearing well-dressed, in 1936 <mask> was awarded the title of King of Style by the readers of Film magazine.In 1931 <mask> became a co-founder of the B.W.B. film studio, and, in 1933, he opened a private producers' company "Urania", named after his fathers' cinema in Łódź. His best-known film was 1937 Piętro wyżej, which he wrote and produced himself. On 10 January 1939 <mask> with his business partner Zygmunt Woyciechowski opened a restaurant and a café – the "Café Bodo" – at Warsaw's prestigious Pierackiego street (modern Foksal). By that time his popularity reached far beyond the borders of Poland, to the extent that Yugoslavian press dubbed him Polish Maurice Chevalier. <mask> himself toured Germany promoting Polish-made feature films on that market. During the invasion of Poland he organized recitals for the Polish soldiers and civilians during the Siege of Warsaw.He then fled to Lwów, where he joined the Tea-Jazz band led by Henryk Wars. With that troupe he toured the Soviet Union in 1940, he also published a record containing Russian-language versions of his songs. Simultaneously he started efforts to leave the Soviet Union using his Swiss passport. However, shortly after the German invasion of the Soviet Union he was arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to 5 years of lager/labor camp as a result of NKVD Interrogation carried out by NKVD chief Pyotr Fedotov signed on 20 October 1942 (source: documents sent to Poland by the Russian Red Cross in 1992). Initially imprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow, he was not released following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement as the Soviet authorities argued that he was not a Pole but rather a Swiss citizen and hence the Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union did not apply to him. <mask> <mask> starved to death on his way to a remote Soviet gulag camp, in Kotlas. He was declared dead on 7 October 1943.His whereabouts remained unknown for another 50 years, before the collapse of communism in 1989 the Soviets gave the false version that <mask> had been murdered by the Germans in 1941. This version is repeated even in some modern publications. It was only in 1991 that the Soviet authorities revealed his fate. The tragic circumstances surrounding <mask>'s death became the subject of a documentary by Stanisław Janicki Eugeniusz <mask>: Za winy niepopełnione (For Crimes Not Committed). The title of the 1997 documentary refers to a 1938 film in which <mask> starred. In October 2011 in Kotlas, where he died, a cenotaph in his honor was unveiled at a local cemetery. Films

 Rywale (as Geniuś) (1925)
 Czerwony błazen (1926)
 Uśmiech losu (as the dancer in a cabaret) (1927)
 Człowiek o błękitnej duszy (as the sculptor) (1929)
 Policmajster Tagiejew (as Markovskiy) (1929)
 Kult ciała (as Franciszek, Czesław's helper) (1930)
 Na Sybir (as the worker) (1930)
 Niebezpieczny romans (the main villain) (1930)
 Uroda życia (1930) (as Roszow) (1930)
 Wiatr od morza (as Otto) (1930)
 Bezimienni bohaterowie (as the police captain Szczerbic) (1932)
 Głos pustyni (as sheik Abdullah) (1932)
 Jego ekscelencja subiekt (Jurek, the title role) (1933)
 Zabawka (Kuźma, son of the forest worker) (1933)
 Czarna perła (as Stefan) (1934)
 Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?

masks:
Eugeniusz Bodo
Bodo
Eugeniusz
Bodo
Bodo
Bodo
Bodo
Bodo
Bodo
Eugeniusz
Bodo
Bodo
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Bodo


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts:
<mask> is a businesswoman and philanthropist who has lived in the United States since 1969. She is a developer of and stockholder in the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe, California, and the owner of the Mustang Monument: Wild Horse Eco-Resort near Wells, Nevada and the founder of Saving America's Mustangs. She is also a thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder. She is the widow of American businessman <mask>. Paulson and former wife of multi-millionaire T<mask>. Background
<mask> was born <mask> on March 5, 1947 in Kirkuk, Kingdom of Iraq where her father, Bill Baker, was a British oil executive. He was also a golf course designer, who built a golf course in Kirkuk and cut down his golf clubs to teach the five-year old <mask> to play. After her family left Iraq, <mask> grew up in France and England, where Baker designed several courses.<mask> and her twin sister Christine, both British citizens, moved from England to the Bahamas in 1965. At some point she started using the name <mask>. <mask> modeled and worked as a flight attendant for Pan American Airlines in her twenties. She moved to Marina Del Rey, California in 1969 and went into business for herself, providing cabin service crews for corporate jets and special charter flights. In 1976, she was featured in an article in Black Belt magazine. She was married to Robert Richter, with whom she had a daughter, Dominique, in 1980. She met <mask>, the founder of Gulfstream Aerospace in 1983, and married him in 1988.In 1993 they bought the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe, California, where she drew upon her background to design and build the golf course. Upon Paulson's death in 2000, she and his children from his previous marriages disputed over the estate until 2003, at which time she was awarded in the settlement, among other assets, stock in the Country Club. In September 2015, the IRS filed suit against beneficiaries of Paulson's estate, including <mask>, for unpaid estate taxes. On September 10, 2018, a judge ruled <mask> was not liable for the taxes. In 2005, she married Texas oilman T. Boone <mask>. Not long after their marriage, the couple traveled to New Orleans to rescue pets stranded during the evacuation from Hurricane Katrina and flew them to California and Colorado on a chartered cargo jet. They divorced early in 2013.In 2007, <mask> paid $35 million for a home on the beach in Del Mar; in 2010 she sued the city for ordering her to prune plants that were obstructing her neighbors' view. <mask> has sponsored several events at the Del Mar Country Club benefiting military organizations. In July 2016, <mask>, Jenny Craig, and Doug Manchester co-chaired a fundraiser for Donald Trump at the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe. Equine interests

<mask> is said to be a lifelong equestrian. She developed an interest in thoroughbred flat racing and with <mask>, she owned several race horses, including U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Cigar. She traded Cigar to husband <mask> for the filly, Eliza, the 1992 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies winner and that year's Eclipse Award winner as American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly.<mask>' other horses included Fraise, who won the 1992 Breeders' Cup Turf;  Yokohama, winner of the 1997 Prix Foy at Longchamp Racecourse; and Rock Hard Ten, winner of the 2005 Santa Anita Handicap. <mask> and Jenny Craig owned Rock and Roll who won the 1998 Pennsylvania Derby and ran in the Kentucky Derby. <mask> also raced Miss Dominique, named for her daughter. After the settlement of Paulson's estate, <mask> no longer had colors to race, although she was still part owner of Rock Hard Ten and a few broodmares. She announced in June 2005 that, upon her marriage to T. Boone <mask>, her involvement with racing would be reduced. At the same time, she took up equine welfare causes when Old Friends Equine purchased Fraise and multiple Grade One winner Ogygian from their Japanese owners and she paid the $65,000 to bring them back to retirement at the Old Friends facility in Georgetown, Kentucky. About a year after their marriage, the couple led the fight to close the last horse slaughterhouse in the United States.The slaughterhouses were closed due to Congress's prohibiting funds to pay inspectors in the year appropriations bills, but the Pickens worked for a more permanent solution by lobbying Congress to pass the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act (AHSPA), which passed in the United States House of Representatives, but not in the Senate (in 2015, the AHSPA was folded into the proposed Safeguard American Food Exports Act). In recognition of their efforts, in 2007 <mask> and <mask> received the Equine Advocates' Safe Home Equine Protection Award. In the summer of 2008, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), was faced with a budget crisis in its free-roaming horse program due to the cost of maintaining 33,000 excess (unadopted) horses captured on public lands in holding facilities. The agency was considering implementing the options that Congress had provided for in amendments to the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, to either euthanize or sell the horses "without limitation" to any willing buyer. Since "any willing buyer" included those that would send the horses to slaughter in foreign countries, Pickens established "The National Wild Horse Foundation," to create a sanctuary for excess horses. On November 21, 2008, <mask> was named Person of the Week by ABC News due to her announcement that she would adopt and maintain, with private funds, all 33,000 horses at the sanctuary. However, shortly thereafter she stated that the recession forced many of the donors she hoped would help her pay for the venture backed out, and she requested the BLM pay her a yearly stipend of $500 per horse to maintain the horses.The BLM responded that it was not possible to enter into the contract she requested. In January 2010, <mask> hired three helicopters to view and photograph a BLM horse gather, and at one point they flew across the flight path of other helicopters being used to herd animals, leading to the accusation she had interfered with the gather. A year later, a $500,000 float she sponsored for the Tournament of Roses Parade depicted a Native American on a horse watching over several galloping horses. The day before the parade, the National Tribal Horse Coalition issued a news release objecting to the float for using "the symbolism of the North American Indians and horses to promote agendas in direct opposition to the tribes' position." Also in 2010, <mask> purchased property in Elko County in northeast Nevada; the 14,000 acre Spruce Ranch in the remote Goshute Valley for $2,570,000. Shortly afterwards, she purchased the Warm Creek Ranch which is located about 25 miles south of Wells, Nevada on Highway 93, adjacent to the northwest boundary of the 508,000 acre BLM Spruce Mountain grazing allotment. In March 2011, the BLM put out invitations for <mask> and others who wished to provide lands to maintain horses for the BLM in "Eco_Sanctuaries" to submit proposals for evaluation.Saving America's Mustangs, the formerly named National Wild Horse Foundation to which <mask> had transferred title to the Spruce Ranch, submitted a proposal to maintain horses, that the BLM agreed to evaluate in April 2012. In August 2012, the BLM published the proposal in the Federal Register but in June 2014 the evaluation stalled after scoping found issues that have yet to be resolved. Although she has purchased several hundred horses at risk of slaughter and maintains them on the private lands of the ranches, in 2014 Saving America's Mustangs leased the Spruce Allotment grazing permit to the Spruce Grazing Association that instead grazes cows. On December 21, 2017, the BLM announced it would be rounding up horses in the area of the Spruce allotment. On August 25, 2018, the BLM announced an emergency gather of 300 horses at Boone Spring within the allotment. Mustang Monument Eco-Resort

Initially, the Warm Creek Ranch headquarters was slated to be used as the "base of operations" for the eco-sanctuary. However, on September 11, 2012, <mask> made reference to plans for a luxury resort called the Mustang Monument: Wild Horse Eco-Resort.<mask> began converting the headquarters for the resort, and began renovating the old ranch house there to become a dining hall and kitchen. On April 3, 2013, the Elko County Commission approved a liquor license for the venture, and <mask> spent a million dollars on "Safari Tents" or Tee Pees for the guests. The eco-resort was open for business in the summer of 2014 and, among other things, offered horseback rides on BLM-administered public lands and using a road crossing BLM administered lands to the Spruce Ranch to take guests to see the horses kept there. <mask> states she was informed by the BLM in December of that year that she would need a permit to use the road and public lands for her commercial ventures and that she filed the application for the permit. <mask> claims that in October 2015 the BLM told her the paperwork had been misplaced, and her representative claims that the BLM requested trivial information to process the application. Also, Elko County officials determined that the food preparation facilities she planned did not meet the County health and safety codes, and required her to install a commercial kitchen. By February 2016 the BLM had not finished processing the permit application and the County's safety codes had not yet been met.The County required <mask> to, in case of fire, to put sprinkler systems in the lavishly furnished teepees, and because the town of Wells had, in 2008, suffered a major earthquake, she was required to modify the walk-in cooler in the kitchen to be earthquake-proof. <mask> issued a press release on February 10, 2016, stating the resort would not open for 2016, but although the Mustang Monument website stated she hoped to open in 2017 and having spent $25 million on the venture, she stated on September 1, 2016, she was "out of it" and would sell the Tee Pees. George Knapp, an investigative reporter for a Las Vegas television station, reported that <mask> said that she had made a bad decision and she would not spend more money on the venture. The webpage for Mustang Monument announced the facility was closed in 2016. In the beginning of 2019, Mustang Monument announced it has re-opened for the summer season. <mask> stated that her problems with acquiring the BLM permit are due to her being "a tall tree" that "catch(es) the wind." <mask>' representative suggested the real reasons for Elko County's safety requirements were due to local hostility to a wild horse sanctuary and because <mask> was from California, and Knapp, a Coast to Coast AM host that had Pickens' representative on as a guest in 2012, expanded upon that to imply that they were imposed because Pickens was "rich, blonde, female, and...from California."Adding to the conflicts in 2016, a lawsuit against Saving America's Mustangs and the Del Mar Country Club was filed for an alleged racially motivated hostile work environment at the Country Club and Mustang Monument in 2014. As of January 2017, that lawsuit was pending. Politics
Since 2010 Pickens has donated extensively to Republican political campaigns, including the Donald Trump presidential campaign and numerous state Republican parties. References

External links
 Mustang Monument's "Saving America's Mustangs" Webpage

1947 births
Living people
American female models
English emigrants to the United States
American racehorse owners and breeders
American women philanthropists
Businesspeople from California
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
American people of Lebanese descent
People from Kirkuk
Philanthropists from California
American women business executives
21st-century American businesspeople
Ranchers from Nevada
21st-century American businesswomen

masks:
Madeleine Anne Pickens
Allen E
. Boone Pickens
Madeleine Pickens
Madeleine Baker
Madeleine
Pickens
Pickens
Madeleine Farris
Pickens
Allen Paulson
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Allen Paulson
Allen
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Madeleine
Boone Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens


title: Stephen Barrett

texts:
<mask> (; born 1933) is an American retired psychiatrist, author, co-founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF), and the webmaster of Quackwatch. He runs a number of websites dealing with quackery and health fraud. He focuses on consumer protection, medical ethics, and scientific skepticism. Biography

<mask> is a 1957 graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and completed his psychiatry residency in 1961. In 1967 and 1968 he completed part of a correspondence course in American Law and Procedure at La Salle Extension University (Chicago). He was a practicing physician until retiring from active practice in 1993. , his medical license was listed as "Expired" in good standing: "No disciplinary actions were found for this license." A longtime resident of Allentown, Pennsylvania, <mask> now resides in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.In addition to webmastering his websites, <mask> was a co-founder, vice-president and a board member of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). He is a scientific advisor to the American Council on Science and Health, and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). From 1987 through 1989, he taught health education at Pennsylvania State University. <mask> was the consulting editor for the Consumer Health Library at Prometheus Books, and has been a peer-review panelist for  two medical journals. He has also served on the editorial board of Medscape and the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. According to his website, he "has written more than 2,000 articles and delivered more than 300 talks at colleges, universities, medical schools, and professional meetings. His media appearances include Dateline, Today, Good Morning America, Primetime, Donahue, CNN, National Public Radio, and more than 200 other radio and television talk show interviews."Quackwatch received the award of Best Physician-Authored Site by MD NetGuide, May 2003. In 1984, he received an FDA Commissioner's Special Citation Award for Public Service in fighting nutrition quackery. He was included in the list of outstanding skeptics of the 20th century by Skeptical Inquirer magazine. In 1986, he was awarded honorary membership in the American Dietetic Association. <mask> has been profiled in Biography Magazine (1998) and in Time (2001). The magazine Spiked included <mask> in a survey of 134 persons they termed "key thinkers in science, technology and medicine." When he was asked: "What inspired you to take up science?"he replied that his appreciation of medical science:

probably began when I took a college course in medical statistics, and learned what makes the difference between scientific thought and poor reasoning. Medical school brought me in touch with the rapid and amazing strides being made in the understanding and treatment of disease. My anti-quackery activities have intensified my interest and concern in distinguishing science from pseudoscience, quackery and fraud. Consumer information

The Quackwatch website is <mask>'s main platform for describing and exposing what he and other contributors consider to be quackery and health fraud. The website was part of Quackwatch, Inc., a nonprofit corporation founded by <mask> that aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct." The non-profit was dissolved in 2008. <mask>'s writing is supplemented with contributions from many scientific, technical, and lay volunteers and includes numerous references to published research articles.<mask> defines quackery as "anything involving overpromotion in the field of health," and reserves the word fraud "only for situations in which deliberate deception is involved." <mask> has become a "lightning rod" for controversy as a result of his criticisms of alternative medicine theories and practitioners. <mask> says he does not criticize conventional medicine because that would be "way outside [his] scope." He states he does not give equal time to some subjects, and has written on his web site that "Quackery and fraud don't involve legitimate controversy and are not balanced subjects. I don't believe it is helpful to publish 'balanced' articles about unbalanced subjects." <mask> is at the forefront of exposing questionable aspects of chiropractic. <mask> is a strong supporter of the HONcode and has made efforts to improve compliance with its rules and to expose those who abuse it.A number of practitioners and supporters of alternative medicine oppose <mask> and Quackwatch for its criticism of alternative medicine. Donna Ladd, a journalist with The Village Voice, says <mask> relies mostly on negative research to criticize alternative medicine, rejecting most positive case studies as unreliable due to methodological flaws. According to Ladd, <mask> insists that most alternative therapies "simply should be disregarded without further research. 'A lot of things don't need to be tested [because] they simply don't make any sense', he says, pointing to homeopathy, chiropractic, and acupuncture as examples of alternative treatments with no plausible mechanism of action." Both website reviews and various journal articles mention or use as references <mask>'s Quackwatch as a useful source for consumer information. However, other authors have critcised Quackwatch as being overly biased in its presentation. In February 2020, Quackwatch became part of the Center for Inquiry.CFI planned to maintain its various websites and to receive <mask>'s library later in the year. Selected publications

Articles for which <mask> was an author include:

 In 1985, <mask> was the author of the "Commercial hair analysis. Science or scam?" article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that exposed commercial laboratories performing multimineral hair analysis. He commented that in his opinion, "commercial use of hair analysis in this manner is unscientific, economically wasteful, and probably illegal." His report has been cited in later articles, including one which concluded that such testing was "unreliable." "A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch", Rosa L, Rosa E, Sarner L, <mask> SJ.(April 1, 1998). JAMA, Vol. 279, No. 13, pp 1005–1010. His (co)authored and (co)edited books include:

Consumer Health: A Guide to Intelligent Decisions, Barrett S, London William, Kroger M, Hall H, Baretz R (2013). (textbook, 9th ed.) McGraw-Hill,
Dubious Cancer Treatment, Barrett SJ & Cassileth BR, editors (2001).Florida Division of the American Cancer Society
Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth About Environmental Illness (Consumer Health Library), <mask>, SJ & Gots, Ronald E. (1998). Prometheus Books. The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America, <mask>J, Jarvis WT, eds. (1993). Prometheus Books,
Health Schemes, Scams, and Frauds, <mask> SJ (1991). Consumer Reports Books,
Reader's Guide to Alternative Health Methods, Zwicky JF, Hafner AW, <mask>, Jarvis WT (1993). American Medical Association,
The Vitamin Pushers: How the "Health Food" Industry Is Selling America a Bill of Goods, <mask>J, Herbert V (1991).Prometheus Books,
Vitamins and Minerals: Help or Harm?, Marshall CW (1983). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins  (edited by <mask>, won the American Medical Writers Association award for best book of 1983 for the general public, republished by Consumer Reports Books). Collections of articles:

 Paranormal Claims: A Critical Analysis, 2007, edited by Bryan Farha, University Press of America, . Three of the eighteen chapters are written by <mask>. See also

 <mask> v. Rosenthal
 Consumer protection
 Debunker
 Evidence-based medicine
 Pseudoscience

References

External links
 Quackwatch.org – <mask>

1933 births
American health activists
American psychiatrists
American science writers
American skeptics
Critics of alternative medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
La Salle Extension University alumni
Living people
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Writers from New York City

masks:
Stephen Joel Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Stephen Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett S
Barrett
Barrett S
Barrett S
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Stephen Barrett


title: Uğur Rıfat Karlova

texts:
<mask> (born August 2, 1980) is a Turkish-Taiwanese stand-up comedian, actor, TV host, showman and writer. Biography
Born in Izmit, <mask>'s family origins go back to the city of Karlová. He finished his primary school in his father's city of Hayrabolu / Tekirdag. Following that, his father sent him to Private Tekirdag College which was the first English private school in Tekirdag. After graduation, he continued his studies at the Tekirdag Tourism Profession High School. In 1998, he graduated from this school's Department of Accounting and Reception and in the same year he enrolled at the University of Mersin Anamur Vocational School in the Department of Hotel Management in German Language. <mask> got his degree in 2001 and in 2002 he entered Ankara University's Department of Chinese/Sinology, graduating in 2006.The same year he received a scholarship for studying in Taiwan. <mask> received his master's degree in the Department of Political Science at National Taiwan Normal University <mask> speaks fluent German, English (broken), Mandarin, Taiwanese (broken) and Turkish. He also completed script writing and acting courses from prestigious universities in Taiwan including Chinese Culture University and Taipei National University of Arts. <mask> is currently studying and developing his entertainment career in Taiwan. Television and stage career
<mask>'s television career started in Taiwan with a documentary movie named The History of Taiwan People in 2006. The producers saw him on the street and invited him for their film castings. <mask> was selected for the role of George Leslie Mackay, who was a dentist and missionary in 19th century Taiwan.FHM took <mask>'s pictures for Taiwan's FHM August 2008 issue in Eclipse commercial. The 22-episode TV series Faysal Agabey began in 2008 and <mask> did his first TV series appearance as good-hearted engineer Alaeddin who worked for survivors of the 1999 Golcuk earthquake in Turkey. This was the most expensive production of Taiwan's Buddhist channel 'Great Love TV' and nominated best drama in Seoul Drama Awards 2009. <mask> continued his commercial appearances in Te Quiero Diamond Watches, Taipei City Tourism Introduction, Nissan, Fubon Bank, Gigabyte and Ocean Spray TV advertisements. <mask> has appeared one of the most famous TV shows in Taiwan with many television celebrities such as Li Jing's Zhuang Shı Ye Zong Hui  talent show, Daxüe Sheng Le Mei the university talk show and with Taiwan television celebrities Aken, Nado and Taozı. <mask> is known for his Aaron Kwok and Stanley Huang imitations. These imitations were the first shows by a foreign entertainer in Taiwan.<mask> is using the stage name Wu Feng in Taiwan. He has taken  acting and script writing classes from Taipei University of Arts. <mask>'s another TV drama is for Hakka TV, The Pioneers. This is one of the biggest TV dramas of Hakka TV in Taiwan. In Hakka TV drama <mask> acts as a foreign researcher with another famous foreign actor and director Brook Hall. <mask>'s third TV drama role was a father in Taiwan's popular TV drama The Perfect Man which got high audience ratings and become Taiwan's one of the most popular drama in 2011. In this TV drama he was worked with famous artist such as Tian Xin and Yang Yi Zhan.The Perfect Man has helped <mask> to raise his popularity among Taiwan audience. <mask>'s first movie appearance is the movie Black and White as a foreign anchorman. <mask> also hosted a TV program for Taiwan's public television PTS. The name of the program is Jian Kang Suo Cha Dui, in this program <mask> has visited many hospitals and introduced many new developments on health technology. Since 2011 Rifat <mask> is hosting I-Walker travel show on Set TV. The show is the first foreign hosted prime time travel show in Taiwan's television history. In this show Rifat <mask> is traveling around Taiwan  and introduce different food, local people and Chinese culture.Nowadays I Walker show also started to send Rifat to other destinations such as Europe, Turkey and Hong Kong. Besides these TV shows, Rifat <mask> has hosted MTV Movie Chart TV show for over 80 episodes and became the first foreign TV host of MTV. He successfully interviewed Tom Cruise, Will Smith, Gore Verbinski, Jerry Bruckheimer etc. Hollywood stars. Rifat <mask> is still working hard to bring more creativity to entertainment industry in Asia and looking forward to grab new opportunities as a television and stage entertainer. 47th Golden Bell Award

Rifat <mask> is the first foreign artist who nominated and won the best travel host award in Golden Bell Awards history in Taiwan. The award went to Rifat <mask> in his first year of hosting I WALKER travel show on Set TV.9 of all judges voted for his performance in the show and praised his witty, unique style of hosting. During the ceremony he showed his red underwear to the press and the moment became the 3.popular news of that night in Yahoo Taiwan's page. He dedicated this award to co-workers, Mazu Goddess and his father. Stand up comedy
<mask> started his single stage performances at the Comedy Club Taipei which is the sole comedy club in Taiwan. He has performed more than 100 shows in the Mandarin Chinese language. He is one of the first foreigners to perform in the Chinese language in Taiwan and the world. He performs his live shows barefoot.He explains, "performing barefoot is amazing – it helps me to feel the wooden stage and I really can be part of it." He is currently performing at the Comedy Club and for special events. <mask> also performed in Hong Kong at Take Out Comedy Club and got the 2. title in 2010 Hong Kong International Stand Up Comedy Contest. TV and stage appearances
 The History of Taiwan People as George Leslie Mackay. 3M Table Light TV commercial as the green genie. Te Quiero diamond watches as a fashion designer. TV series- Faysal Agabey – as engineer Alaeddin (4 episodes).Nissan TV commercial as the green foreigner. Gigabyte  commercial as a young office worker. Daxue Sheng Le Mei – The university talk show. Zhuang Shı Ye Zong Hui – Talent show as Aaron Kwok imitation. Fell in Love with Taiwan- Travel program. Host (1 episode)
 Halin Teacher Hi – Entertainment show, as himself. Hayrabolu Sunflower Festival – Host.Oylum Talu ile Burası Haftasonu, live morning program, HaberTurk – Special Guest. Gümüş Hilal, culture and art program, TRT Turk – Special Guest. Momotai Shopping Channel PONPIE Popcorn Commercial as American guy. Microsoft BING Search Portal Commercial for USA, as Cook in the Japanese restaurant. Guo Min Da Hui- Talk show. As Himself- About Education in Taiwan and Turkey. Jiu Shı Ai Ba Mei-Guest.Niu Dan Kuai Pao- Donation Gameshow-Host. (1 episode)
 Jin Wan Nali You Wenti- Talk Show, as foreign artist and showman in Taiwan. TV Series- Yuan- The Pioneers  Hakka TV drama as foreign researcher Locke. Ocean Spray TV commercial as the young farmer. Fun Taiwan travel show, special guest. Martens Beer TV commercial as the barman. Yes Water TV commercial as referee.Jian Kang Suo Cha Dui. Host. Taiwan Quan Ji Lu. Host. Xia Yi Zhan Taiwan. Host.

masks:
Uğur Rıfat Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova


title: Ben Lee

texts:
<mask> (born 11 September 1978) is an Australian musician and actor. <mask> began his career as a musician at the age of 14 with the Sydney band Noise Addict, but he focused on his solo career when the band broke up in 1995. He appeared as the protagonist in the Australian film The Rage in Placid Lake (2003). He has released eleven solo studio albums. Career

Noise Addict
<mask>'s musical career began in 1993 with the band Noise Addict, who were signed to Steve Pavlovic's independent label Fellaheen Records, on the strength of a self-produced and distributed four-track demo recorded in <mask>'s bedroom. Pavlovic's connections brought the band to the attention of Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore and Beastie Boys' Mike D, both of whom released the band's material in the US. The group put out several releases on the Beasties' Grand Royal Records.These including the acoustic Young and Jaded EP in 1994, which contained <mask>'s Evan Dando tribute, "I Wish I Was Him". In 1995, Grand Royal released the band's only full-length album, the Brad Wood–produced Meet the Real You. Noise Addict made a music video for the song "16", toured with Sebadoh, but then broke up. <mask> was also briefly a member of the alternative act Gerling. In 2009, <mask> recorded a new Noise Addict album, It Was Never About the Audience, with a new lineup: Lou Barlow and Lara Meyerratken. Solo career
<mask>'s solo career started at the age of 16, while he was still in Noise Addict. He began recording his first solo album, Grandpaw Would, in both Sydney and Chicago with producer Brad Wood.This was followed by the 1997 album, Something to Remember Me By, also produced by Wood. An alternate version of his song "Burn to Shine", produced by T-Bone Burnett, played over the end credits of the film Best Men. <mask>ic's new label Modular, marked a new direction for <mask> as he introduced synthesisers and increased instrumentation into his sound. The album was a success in Australia, earning <mask> ARIA Award nominations for Best Male Artist and Album of the Year. The album's first single, "Cigarettes Will Kill You", was also nominated for Single of the Year and finished second in that year's Triple J Hottest 100. In 2001, <mask> contributed a track ("Sweet Is the Night") to a Jeff Lynne tribute album Lynne Me Your Ears.<mask>'s fourth album, hey you. yes you., was released in 2002. The first single from the album, "Something Borrowed, Something Blue", reached number 67 on the ARIA Charts and number 22 on the 2002's Triple J Hottest 100. The second single, "Running with Scissors", peaked at number 82 on the ARIA charts. In 2003, he also contributed several songs to the Evan Dando solo album Baby I'm Bored. In late 2004, <mask> left Steve Pavlovic's Modular Recordings and started his own record label, Ten Fingers. The first release on the label was the single, "Gamble Everything for Love", followed by the album, Awake Is the New Sleep in February 2005, which went double platinum in Australia.A defining release in his career, the album showcased a much brighter, positive side of <mask>'s personality, in contrast to his previous darker musings. Awake Is the New Sleep received several nominations for the 2005 Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) awards, and <mask> won Best Male Artist, Best Independent Release, and Single of the Year for "Catch My Disease", which <mask> wrote with Mcgowan Southworth. "Catch My Disease" also went to No. 2 on the 2005 Triple J Hottest 100. In addition, the song was featured on the soundtracks to the 2005 films Just Friends and Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, as well as the soundtracks to the television series, Grey's Anatomy, Hidden Palms and Scrubs. In 2006 it was used in a television commercial for Dell Computers. On 26 March 2006, <mask> performed "We're All in This Together" from Awake Is the New Sleep at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games.The single for "We're All in This Together" was released on 8 April 2006. The CD includes cover versions of the song by Pony Up, Holidays on Ice and Gelbison. "We're All in This Together" is being used in commercials for Kohl's (2008), Coca-Cola (Remixed Australian Summer Series Ads in 2007), the South Australian Government (2006), the Salvation Army Red Shield Appeal (2007) and Telus Mobility's "My Faves" (2007). <mask> released his sixth album, Ripe, on 18 September 2007 with <mask> Madden and Mandy Moore making appearances. Mandy Moore sung a light-hearted, '50s style duet with <mask> called "Birds and Bees". "Mandy was very sweet and did her best Olivia Newton-John for me. I'm really psyched about this recording," <mask> says.Madden helped out with some backing vocals, along with US band Rooney and Sara Watkins from the band Nickel Creek. "American Television" from the album was used in a VH1 advertisement for Flavor of Love 3 and the song "Ripe" appeared in an episode of One Tree Hill (Season 5, episode 2). In 2007, <mask> performed a cover of Crosby, Stills & Nash's "Our House" for Landmarks on The DL. In February 2009, <mask> released his seventh studio album, The Rebirth of Venus, which received mixed reviews. It featured guest performances from the likes of Missy Higgins and Patience Hodgson, and peaked at No.21 on the ARIA Charts. <mask>'s eighth studio album, Deeper into Dream, was released on 11 October 2011. It was <mask>'s first attempt at a concept album, basing the entire 12 tracks around the dream state.Despite not charting, it was received fairly favourably by critics. In April 2013, <mask> released his ninth and arguably his most experimental studio album entitled Ayahuasca: Welcome to the Work, with collaboration from Jessica Chapnik. The album is based upon his personal experience with the psychoactive South American drug known as Ayahuasca. <mask> featured as the mentor for Joel Madden's team on the 2013 season of The Voice Australia. In June 2015, <mask> released his 10th solo album, Love Is the Great Rebellion, his first on a major label, Warner Bros. Records. According to Radio National's Geoff Wood, <mask> invented the term "electro-yoga" to describe a new form of music dedicated to the practice of yoga. <mask> has since followed up this release with an acoustically-oriented album, entitled Freedom, Love and The Recuperation of the Human Mind, in 2016; as well as a children's album, called <mask> Sings Songs About Islam for the Whole Family, in 2017.Together with former How I Met Your Mother star Josh Radnor, <mask> formed an indie-folk duo called Radnor and <mask>, and released their debut self-titled album in November 2017. 2018 saw the release of B Is for Beer, a soundtrack to the musical based on the novel of the same name written by Tom Robbins. <mask> and Robbins had collaborated for ten years to develop the musical. Funding for the album's development came via crowd-sourcing at Kickstarter. <mask> released Quarter Century Classix in 2019, a collection of cover songs he was influenced by during his teenage years. In 2020, Radnor and <mask> released their second collaborative album, Golden State. In 2021, <mask> competed in the third season of the Australian version of The Masked Singer as "Professor".He finished tenth after being eliminated in the third episode. In September 2021, The Music Network confirmed <mask> had signed with Warner Music Australia, who will release I'M FUN! in June 2022, preceded by single "Born for This Bullshit". The deal includes rights to his 19-album back catalogue. Personal life
<mask> was born in Sydney and was raised in a Jewish household, but did not consider himself religious as a child. <mask> was educated at Moriah College located in Sydney's eastern suburbs. <mask> dated Claire Danes for several years, but their relationship ended in 2003.He married actress Ione Skye on 28 December 2008, in a Hindu wedding ceremony in India. They have one child. <mask> stated that he follows a pescatarian diet. Discography

Studio albums

Collaboration albums

Soundtrack albums

Mix Tapes

Extended plays

Singles

Notes:
A  The Australian peak for the "Into the Dark" EP is on the ARIA albums chart. Promotional singles

Other appearances
 "Make Your Move" (featuring Ione Skye) from Spider (2007)
 "Beautiful Flirt" (with Ione Skye and Jack Graddis) from Bear (2011)
 "We're All in This Together" (with Jack River and Lime Cordiale) from Music from the Home Front (2020)

Awards and nominations

Awards
2005 ARIA Music Awards, Single of the Year – "Catch My Disease"
2005 ARIA Music Awards, Best Male Artist for Awake Is the New Sleep
2005 ARIA Music Awards, Best Independent Release for Awake Is the New Sleep
2005 ARIA Music Awards, Best Cover Art for Awake Is the New Sleep
2006 APRA Music Awards, Song of the Year – "Catch My Disease"
2006 APRA Music Awards, Most Performed Australian Work – "Catch My Disease"

Nominations
1999 ARIA Music Awards, Album of the Year for Breathing Tornados
1999 ARIA Music Awards, Single of the Year for Cigarettes Will Kill You
1999 ARIA Music Awards, Best Male Artist for Breathing Tornados
2003 ARIA Music Awards, Best Male Artist for hey you. yes you. 2005 ARIA Music Awards, Album of the Year for Awake Is the New Sleep
2005 ARIA Music Awards, Best Pop Release for Awake Is the New Sleep
2005 Australian Music Prize, for Awake Is the New Sleep
2006 AIR Awards of 2006 Independent Artist of the Year
2006 AIR Awards of 2006, Best Performing Independent Album for Awake Is the New Sleep
2006 ARIA Music Awards, Best Male Artist for We're All in This Together
2006 ARIA Music Awards, Best Pop Release for Into the Dark
2006 ARIA Music Awards, Best Independent Release for We're All in This Together
2008 ARIA Music Awards, Best Independent Release for Ripe

References

External links

Artist page on Dangerbird Records

1978 births
Living people
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Australian child singers
Australian indie pop musicians
Australian indie rock musicians
Australian Jews
Australian male film actors
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Jewish Australian male actors
Jewish Australian musicians
Lojinx artists
Dew Process artists
Male actors from Sydney
New West Records artists
21st-century Australian male actors
People educated at Moriah College
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian male singers
The Bens members
Gerling members
Noise Addict members
Radnor and Lee members
Australian male singer-songwriters
Dangerbird Records artists
Modular Recordings artists

masks:
Benjamin Michael Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Leelov
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Benji
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Ben Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee


title: Celio Secondo Curione

texts:
<mask> (1 May 1503, in Cirié – 24 November 1569, in Basel) (usual Latin form Caelius Secundus Curio) was an Italian humanist, grammarian, editor and historian, who exercised a considerable influence upon the Italian Reformation. A teacher in Humanities, university professor and preceptor to the nobility, he had a lively and colourful career, moving frequently between states to avoid denunciation and imprisonment: he was successively at Turin, Milan, Pavia, Venice and Lucca, before becoming a religious exile in Switzerland, first at Lausanne and finally at Basel, where he settled. He was famous and admired as a publisher and editor of works of theology and history, also for his own writings and teachings, and for the wide sphere of his friendships and correspondence with many of the most interesting reformists, protestants and heretics of his time, though his energetic influence was at times disruptive. The imputation of antitrinitarianism is very doubtful. Curio published under the Latin form of his name, but scholarship has adopted the Italian form. His rebellious youth

<mask> was born on 1 May 1503 at Cirié, in Piedmont, not far from Turin, to <mask> and Charlotte de Montrotier (a lady in the court of Bianca of Savoy) who died giving birth to him. The twenty-third of the sons of Jacomino, who married into the feudal family of the Counts di Provana, his surname may derive from the Castello di Cuori, near Ciriè.He was brought up by his maternal aunt Maddalena at Moncalieri (in the Po valley under the Western Alps), a little town under the authority of Turin, where his father received public appointments and where his mother's family dwelt. His father died when he was nine, leaving him among other things a precious illuminated Bible. Around 1520 he began his studies at the University of Turin, where his masters were Giorgio Corona, Domenico Machaneo (commentator upon Suetonius) and Giovanni Bremio for Humanistic studies, and Francesco Sfondrati, future Cardinal, for Law. Some of the Turin Augustinians introduced him to some of the writings of Luther, the De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae and Resolutiones Disputationum de Indulgentiarum Virtute, and other works of the reformers north of the Alps, the De Falsa et Vera Religione of Zwingli and the Loci Communes of Melancthon. Curio and his friends Jacopo Cornello and Francesco Guarino (who became pastors at Geneva) were much enthused. Curio planned a journey into Germany, but instead found himself imprisoned for two months in the fortress of Caprano by order of the Bishop of Ivrea, Cardinal Bonifacio Ferrero. He was then sent to the Benedictine abbey of Fruttuaria at San Benigno Canavese, to be "purged" of heretical ideas through penitence and the study of orthodox texts.This was unsuccessful: Curio violated the reliquary of SS Agapeto and Tiburtius, substituting a Bible for the bones, with a message in Latin: "This is the Ark of the Covenant, from which true Gospels can be brought forth and in which are found the true relics of the Saints." The early chronology is unclear: his biographer states that, having fled to Milan, he distinguished himself by helping the citizens during an epidemic of the plague. There was one such at Milan in 1524, and another in 1528 in the province of Bergamo. To this period belong a journey to Padua and his enrolment in study, another journey to Rome and a later return to Milan, with (around 1530) his marriage to Margherita Bianca Isacchi (1509–1587) at Barzago (Brianza). A teacher in Italy

At Milan he lived by teaching Humanities, while continuing to study Law with Sfondrati. To avoid the constant warfare in the Duchy he accepted an invitation from Gian Giorgio, Marchese of Montferrat. He remained at the court of Casale Monferrato for a while after the Marchese's death on 3 April 1533: his first daughter, future wife of Girolamo Zanchi, was born at Ceva on 8 November, and his second son Orazio at Casale in 1534.Here he became acquainted with Fulvio Pellegrino Morato, professor at Vicenza, who was visiting Piedmont: they agreed in religious matters so much that Morato later said that Curio had been for him what Ananias had been for St Paul. His brethren having died of the plague Curio should have returned to Moncalieri to settle his inheritance with his only surviving sister, but, faced with being denounced for heresy, he renounced his rights. Having failed to respond to a summons to Casale from Federico Gonzaga, successor to the Marquessate, he took work as a teacher at Castiglione Torinese, where in a disputation with a Dominican preacher in 1535 he argued in defence of Luther. Denounced to the Suffragan of Turin he was imprisoned, but managed to escape by tricking the gaoler into shackling a false leg to the cell wall and escaping through the unbarred window. As the mystery of his escape gave rise to superstitious rumours, he later explained how it was managed in a Dialogue, Probus. He took refuge at Salò, where he was reunited with his family: two of his sons were born there, Leo in 1536 and Agostino in 1538. Pavia, Venezia and Ferrara

In 1536 he obtained a Chair in Humanistic Letters for three years at the University of Pavia: Andrea Alciati was his colleague there, and he wrote his first Orations and the first draft of the three books of Schola, sive De Perfecto Grammatico (not published until 1555).He described the perfect Grammaticus as an orator who takes the classical foundations of Cicero and Quintilian to inform a contemporary embodiment of the humanist professor, one who dignifies his profession through full responsibility towards his role as educator and cultural guide. His renown as professor was tied to his anti-Catholic stances: as a result Pope Paul III demanded his removal from the University. His admiring students accompanied him to his alternative lodgings in the city to defend him from possible attack. The Senate of Pavia, fearing a threat of excommunication from the Church, succumbed and in 1539 licensed Curio to leave the Duchy. He next went to Venice, where he attended the French Ambassador to the republic, the Bishop of Montpellier. To him he dedicated the Aranei Encomion, a short tract treating the fable of Arachne as an allegory of the Church and Holy Wisdom, published in Venice in 1540. In Lent he is likely to have heard the preaching of Bernardino Ochino.He became the companion of the Augustinian mendicant Giulio da Milano, a secret protestant convert. Giulio, who had preached justification by faith alone, was arrested in 1541, and Curio, identified as his close associate, departed abruptly for Ferrara. There his friend Pellegrino Morato, preceptor in the court of Este, recommended him to Duchess Renata, wife of Ercole II d'Este. He remained briefly, forming a friendship with Morato's young daughter Olympia Fulvia Morata, with whom he maintained a lifelong correspondence. Lucca

By October he was already in Lucca, employed as preceptor by the nobleman Niccolò di Silvestro Arnolfini. The Republic of Lucca was stirred up with religious and political reform movements. The Gonfaloniere, , hoped to end the dominion of Cosimo I de' Medici and the temporal power of the Church in that region, and to create a federation of free Tuscan cities.To this end he advocated to the Comune the formation of a special militia which he should lead. Burlamacchi himself was not Lutheran, but the various protestant groups in the city (reflecting its mercantile and intellectual exchange with Germany) might approve his project. When Curio arrived, there was already a large active colony of Italian internal religious exiles, including Paolo Lazise, Celso Martinengo, the jewish convert Emanuele Tremellio, Peter Martyr and Girolamo Zanchi. From June 1541 Peter Martyr was Prior of the Basilica of San Frediano, a position of considerable authority: he held a school for reading in the Gospels, the letters of St Paul, and Saint Augustine, and encouraged direct reading and understanding of the Bible. His lessons were attended by young students and learned elders such as Curio himself and the humanist Francesco Robortello alike. Cardinal Bartolomeo Guidiccioni, non-resident Bishop of Lucca newly appointed to the Roman Inquisition, in a letter to the Senate of Lucca dated 22 July 1542 denounced that Evangelic group and that "Cellio who dwells in the house of Master Niccolò Arnolfini". Burlamacchi's plan to subject the citizen power to his political and religious reforms was exposed.At the end of July Peter Martyr, the young disciple Giulio Terenziano, Lazise and Tremellius fled, while Curio took refuge at first in Pisa, where the Inquisition tried to catch up with him. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, on 26 August 1542, sent to Duke Cosimo from Rome the warrant for the arrest for that "wretched spirit called <mask> of Turin", who however had already taken the road to Switzerland and was received, at the recommendation of the theologian Heinrich Bullinger, in the Academy of Lausanne. In Switzerland
With letters of recommendation from Konrad Pellikan and Heinrich Bullinger, Curio went by Bern to Geneva. He had crossed the frontier in Valtellina in company with another heretic, the antitrinitarian Camillo Renato, whom he described to Bullinger as "very outstanding in letters and religion" and "good and learned among the best". Eventually he obtained a place as Praefectus studiorum in the Latin school at Lausanne. In 1544 his plainly anticlerical and antipapistical dialogue Pasquillus Extaticus et Marphorius made its first appearance in a collection of Pasquinades, Pasquillorum Tomi Duo, by various authors, which Curio introduced through the press of Giovanni Oporino at Basel. Pasquillus Extaticus acquired a great following throughout Europe, and rapidly appeared independently

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Celio Secondo
Jacomino Troterio Curione
Celio


title: Celio Secondo Curione

texts:
 of the collection in several different languages.Curio ventured back incognito into Italy to collect his wife and children from Lucca, and his movements were dogged by papal agents. While staying at an inn at Pescia, a senior bailiff came in looking for him. Curio was dining, and jumped up with a meat knife in his hand. The captain cowered in a corner, and Curio walked straight out past the guards outside, leapt on his horse and rode off. He was obliged to leave the youngest child Dorotea in care of the family of the humanist Aonio Paleario. He went on to Ferrara to deliver to Duchess Renata the Commentarii in Matthaeum which Bullinger had entrusted to him. Returning to Lausanne, where three more daughters were born to him, he maintained a diffident attitude towards the Calvinist theology prevalent there, but avoided open polemic or dissention.He revised his Aranei Encomion, publishing a second edition at Basel in 1544 under the title Araneus, seu De Providentia Dei, with which were included several shorter tracts including one on the Immortality of the Spirit, drawing overtly upon Pythagorean and Platonist concepts. He finished a new book, the Pro Vera et Antiqua Ecclesiae Christi Autoritate. In 1546 he had to leave Lausanne over an affair with a female student. In Basel, where he was reunited with his family, he held a teaching post at the University from 1547. Here he remained for the rest of his life as Professor of Rhetoric, as editor and translator. His circle of friends in Basel included theologian Martin Borrhaus, printers including Johannes Frobenius and Giovanni Oporino, and the academic jurist Bonifacius Amerbach. He maintained contact with other religious exiles, including Sebastian Castellio (who had left Geneva in 1544 having fallen out with Calvin), and with the Italian Lelio Sozzini.It is not agreed whether he was then in contact with the Netherlander David Joris, later sentenced as an heretic. From Basel he maintained a wide network of correspondence, principally with Bullinger, but also with Wolfgang Musculus, Johannes Sturm, Philipp Melanchthon and other theologians. Curio published part of his correspondence in 1553 (Selectarum Epistolarum). As Professor he gained high respect: he took on many students, some of whom lodged in his house, and had contact with the many Polish students who were then in Basel. Deeply interested in the English Reformation, Curio, who had prepared a Latin translation of a sermon of Bernardino Ochino published in 1544, made the most of Ochino's presence in Basel in 1547. When Ochino travelled into exile in England in that year he was carrying books and letters of introduction from Curio to Sir John Cheke, preceptor to King Edward VI. Publishing activities
Along with his Pasquino Curio at first published educational writings and books for students in Basel.In 1551 in the press of Johannes Hervagius he dedicated to Amerbach his richly augmented edition of the Ciceronian lexicon of Marius Nizolius. He also busied himself as a theological writer. He contributed a Preface to a Life of Francesco Spiera published by Matteo Gribaldi with Pietro Paolo Vergerio in 1550. When Castellio in 1554 strongly attacked the conviction of Michael Servetus in a published writing, Curio was suspected of being his co-author by John Calvin and Theodore Beza. He gained much attention with his work De Amplitudine Beati Regni Dei (1554), partly presented as a dialogue with . On account of the incendiary nature of the theological opinions expressed in it, he had it published not in Basel but in Poschiavo, to circumvent the Basel censor. This work was dedicated to the Polish King Sigismund.It was rejected by some of Curio's friends, and also by Bullinger. It was heavily attacked by Vergerio (like Curio a religious exile from Italy, whose Otto Difensioni Curio had published, introduced and defended) and Curio was denounced as an heretic before the Council at Basel: he was able to clear himself largely before the inquisition of the censors. Through these experiences Curio drew back from theological publication, but he remained in correspondence with the apostles of the Reformation. In 1554 Sir John Cheke met him in Strasbourg, soon after leaving England in voluntary exile following the accession of Queen Mary, by whom the English reforms were reversed. Cheke was carrying the seven letters which had passed between him and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, in 1544, when Gardiner had issued a severe prohibition against Cheke's reforms of ancient Greek pronunciation in the University of Cambridge. Gardiner's letters showed his unpleasant side. Cheke explained the significance of the letters to Curio and entrusted them to him.In the following year Curio had them published at Basel without Cheke's knowledge, and they attracted wide interest. Curio's preface is full of admiration for the teaching of Cheke and Sir Anthony Cooke, and elsewhere extols the learning of Sir Thomas Wroth (all intimates of Edward VI), with whom he dealt in their travels in exile. On the orders of King Philip Cheke was seized and intimidated into an involuntary formal recantation in 1556. Curio dedicated his second and later editions of the works of Olympia Fulvia Morata to Queen Elizabeth I of England. The last years
Curio now became more active as editor and as author of historical writings. Hervagius and Brand published his edition of Seneca's works in 1557. He communicated materials concerning the martyrs Galeazzo Trezio, Pomponio Algerio and Fra Goffredo Varaglia to the historian .He is particularly remembered for his editions of the works of the humanist poet Olympia Fulvia Morata, and his correspondence with her. As an historian he is still appreciated for his History of the Siege of Malta (1565). His editions and commentaries on classical works range from his Thesaurus Linguae Latinae to the Aristotelis Stagiritae Tripartitae Philosophiae Opera Omnia, from the Commentarii a Cicerone, Tacito, Plauto, Sallustio ed Emilio Probo, to the Quattro Libri dei Logices Elementorum of Aristotle. Particularly notable from his last years was his Latin translation of the History of Francesco Guicciardini, dedicated to Charles IX of France and printed by Pietro Perna in 1566, which placed a essential work of Italian historiography at the disposal of students throughout Europe. Three of Curio's daughters died of the plague in 1564, including Angela, who had helped him in his philological researches. His son Orazio, physician and philosopher (died 1564), and Agostino (died 1567) were, like their father, active in publishing, and died before their time. The humanist Agostino was the editor of Pietro Bembo (author of the Sarracenicae Historiae and the De Ratione Conseguendi Styli, seu De Imitatione), and was professor from 1564 in the University of Basel.Only Leone survived his father (1601): he left a manuscript Memoir of his father. A final twist was the death of his friend Giovanni Oporino in 1568, for whom he wrote his Mortis Ioannis Oporini Praesagia, published with the Oratio for Oporino by Andrea Jociscus: it was like a presage of his own death, which occurred at Basel on 24 November 1569. He was buried near his sons in Basel Cathedral, where his wife Margherita (who long survived him) was buried in 1587. His Panegyric was delivered at Basel in 1570 by Johann Nikolaus Stupanus, who succeeded him in the Chair of Rhetoric. The woodcut portrait of Curio is an illustration from Nikolaus Reusner's 1587 collection of images of men of letters. An example is held in the British Museum collections. Works (selection)

 Aranei Encomion.Venice, 1540. digitized
 Aranaeus, seu De Providentia Dei, with De Immortalitate Animorum and other shorter tracts. Basel, 1544. digitized
 Pasquillus Extaticus et Marphorius (the Latin original), in Pasquillorum Tomi Duo, II, pp. 426-529 digitized. Basel, 1544. Pasquillus Ecstaticus (separate publication), Geneva 1544, digitized
 (dt.) Der verzucket Pasquinus. Auss Welscher sprach inn das Teütsch gebracht.Augsburg 1543(?). digitized
 (it.) Pasqvino in Estasi, Nuouo, e molto più pieno, ch'el primo, insieme co'l viaggio de l'Inferno. Rome(?) 1545. digitized
 (fr.) Les Visions de Pasquille, with the Dialogue de Probus. Geneva, 1547. digitized
 (en.)Pasquine in a Traunce. London, 1566. Eebo transcript digitized 1566 edition, digitized 1584 edition
 Pro Vera et Antiqua Ecclesiae Christi Autoritate, Basel, 1547. digitized
 Selectarvm Epistolarum Libri duo, Basel, 1553. digitized
 De Amplitudine Beati Regni Dei, Basel, (Poschiavo?) 1554. digitized
 Schola, sive De Perfecto Grammatico, with De Liberis Honeste et Pie Educandis. Basel, 1555. digitized
 De Bello Melitensi Historia Nova. Basel 1567. digitized
 (dt.) Neuwe unnd warhafftige Historien, von dem erschröcklichen Krieg so der Türckisch Keyser Solyman wider die Ritter von Jerusalem, in der Inseln Malta kürtzlich gefüret hat.Basel, 1567. (it.) Nuova Storia della Guerra in Malta. Rome, 1927. (en.) A New History of the War in Malta. Rome, 1928.De Historia Legenda Sententia ad Basilium Amerbachium. Basel, 1576. References
This article incorporates material from the Italian and German Wikipedia articles on Caelius Secundus Curio. Sources
 UUA.org Curione
 K. Benrath, 'Curione, <mask> <mask>', Realencyclopaedie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (Leipzig, 1898), vol. 4, pp. 353–357. A. Biondi, 'Curione, <mask> <mask>', Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Roma 1981) vol.31, pp. 443–449. D. Cantimori (1902–1966), Eretici Italiani del Cinquecento: Ricerche storiche (3rd Edn) (Firenze 1978); Biblioteca di cultura storica (Einaudi, 1992). 'Curione, <mask> <mask> (1503–1569)', The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (2005). 1503 births
1569 deaths
Italian Renaissance humanists
People from

masks: Celio Secondo Celio Secondo Celio Secondo


title: Alexander Phimister Proctor

texts:
<mask> (September 27, 1860 – September 5, 1950) was an American sculptor with the contemporary reputation as one of the nation's foremost animaliers. Birth and early years
<mask> was born on September 27, 1860 in Bosanquet, Ontario, near the village of Arkona, Ontario, the son of Thirzah Smith (born 1832), herself daughter of a contractor on the Erie and Welland Canals, and <mask> (1822–alive 1904). The family left Canada in 1866 and moved to Iowa and then to Denver, Colorado, when <mask> was eleven. Growing up on the frontier, <mask> early developed into a skilled woodsman and hunter—interests that remained with him for the rest of his life. In his autobiography, Sculptor in Buckskin, he spends as much ink, and seems to be as excited about killing his first bear and elk as he is about obtaining his first major commission. Along with his gun, <mask> took pencils and a sketching pad with him on his trips through the Rocky Mountains. As a hunter he always was careful to measure, draw, and sometimes dissect the animals that had crossed his gun sights.These early studies helped propel him to the position of one of the most sought after and respected animaliers of his day. He was fortunate to find an art instructor in the still rough and tumble Colorado, where his early drawings included big horn sheep, elk, bears, and the lynching of outlaw L. H. Musgrove, which occurred in Denver in November 1868. Studies in New York and Paris

In 1885 <mask> sold a homestead that he had acquired in Colorado and used the proceeds to move to New York City with the intention of studying art. He enrolled first in the National Academy of Design where he studied drawing and painting, and later, at the Art Students League of New York, where his interest in sculpture came to the fore. His ability to capture animals in action, garnered in part from his days tracking them, coupled with his interest in all things Native American, opened a niche for <mask>, one that he parlayed into a long, successful career. As with many of his contemporaries, <mask>'s opportunity to work with some of the greatest sculptors of his day, coupled with the opportunity to create his own large, albeit temporary, pieces presented itself in the guise of the World Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. <mask> later was called upon to produce works of various Western themes, mostly figures of native animals, but also a cowboy and Indian that were to form the genesis of his later works, The Bucking Bronco and On the War Trail, both found in Denver.<mask> moved to Paris to continue his studies. During this period he assisted Augustus Saint Gaudens in the creating of the General John Logan Memorial, now in Chicago. In 1896 he won the Rinehart Scholarship which allowed him to work and study in Paris for four years under Jean Antoine Injalbert and others. By the time he returned to America in 1899 <mask> was well versed in the Beaux-Arts tradition. Settling in New York City
<mask>'s output after he moved to New York City was prolific; among his creations in this period was the sculpture of the horse underneath William Tecumseh Sherman in Grand Army Plaza, bordering Central Park. (Most of the 1903 equestrian statue was by Augustus Saint-Gaudens; the architect of the installation was Charles Follen McKim.) In September 1909, <mask> was commissioned to design four large bronze tigers for the 16th Street Bridge in Washington, D.C.He made minor adjustments in the models, and then cast two more tigers to flank the steps of Nassau Hall at Princeton University. He also designed and cast some animal heads for the Bronx Zoo. <mask> and Alden Sampson had McKim, Mead & White design a three-story double-studio for them on East 51st Street, off Third Avenue, in 1911. The building had a romantic brick facade with double-height rooms on the second and third floors, step-out balconies, and a projecting pent-eave roof. While the building no longer exists, it did represent an intriguing collaboration between the preeminent architecture firm and one of the leading sculptors of wildlife of the day. From this studio in 1922 <mask> completed a model of an equestrian statue of Theodore Roosevelt. The sculpture was commissioned by Henry Waldo Coe, a long-time friend of both Roosevelt and <mask>.Coe donated <mask>'s sculpture, Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider, to the city of Portland, Oregon. Two other versions of this sculpture were created for the cities of Mandan and Minot, North Dakota, and yet another sculpture cast from the same mold many years after <mask>'s death was dedicated in Oyster Bay, New York, on October 29, 2005. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Later years
In between commissions <mask> frequently returned to the West for rejuvenation and inspiration, seeking out members of various Native American tribes to pose for his works. On a hunting trip to Alaska in 1947 <mask> shot a bear, seventy years to the day after which he had bagged his first one. <mask> died in Palo Alto, California on September 5, 1950, where he was living with his daughter, just a few days before his ninetieth birthday. A sculptor of the "old school," <mask> resisted even the vestiges of modernism that many of his contemporaries adopted.Examples of his legacy are scattered from coast to coast throughout America. As one of the witnesses of the death of the old America (many other artists saw only the birth of the new one) <mask>'s works showing the animals and peoples of frontier America remain popular and as vital today as when he produced them. Address delivered at the unveiling of the monument, May 31, 1948, University of Texas, Austin. The Adams Publications, Austin, Texas, 1948. Craven, Wayne, Sculpture in America, Thomas Y. Crowell Co, NY, NY 1968

Hassrick, Peter H, Wildlife and Western Heroes: <mask> <mask>, Sculptor, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas 2003
<mask>, <mask>er, edited by Hester <mask>, <mask> <mask>, Sculptor in Buckskin: An Autobiography by <mask> <mask>, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK 1971
Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968
Taft, Lorado, History of American Sculpture, The MacMillan Company, NY, NY 1925

1860s births
1950 deaths
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
Artists from Ontario
Canadian emigrants to the United States
People from Lambton County
National Sculpture Society members
19th-century male artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions

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Alexander Phimister Proctor
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Alexander Phimister
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Alexander Phimist
Elizabeth Proctor
Alexander Phimister
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Alexander Phimister
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