title: Royce Waltman

texts:
<mask> (January 8, 1942 – April 7, 2014) was an American college basketball coach. He was the head coach at Indiana State University from 1997 to 2007; at the University of Indianapolis from 1992 to 1997 and the 2007–08 season and at DePauw University from 1988 to 1992. He won 100 or more games at each school and led all three to the NCAA National Tournament; in addition, he led them all to conference regular and tournament championships. His career collegiate record was: 337–263 (.562). He was the color commentator for Indiana basketball broadcasts on radio. <mask> died at the age of 72 in 2014 after a period of declining health. His influence and legacy is represented by the Waltman Coaching Tree consisting of Indiana State coach Greg Lansing, Clemson coach Brad Brownell, who played for him at DePauw; Southeast Missouri & former Mississippi State coach Rick Ray, who coached with Waltman at Indiana State; former UM-Kansas City coach Kareem Richardson, ISU-Evansville coach Stan Gouard and current University of Chicago coach Mike McGrath.His former assistant Todd Sturgeon succeeded him at UIndy, spending 10 years leading the Greyhounds. Long-time assistant Dick Bender is on Brownell's Clemson staff. Coaching career

Indiana State

It took just three seasons for <mask> to return the Sycamores to the spotlight, attracting national attention unlike that since the fabled 1978–79 team danced to the NCAA Championship game. He was named as the 1999–2000 Missouri Valley Conference Coach of The Year. As if an encore was needed, Waltman, in his fourth season at Indiana State, he directed the 2000–01 Sycamores to their first MVC Tournament Championship since the 1978–79 campaign - leading Indiana State to consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances. While Waltman will quickly deflect praise for what the 1999–2000 Sycamores accomplished as being due to the diligent efforts of his entire staff, the achievements which he and his program have attained certainly merit mention of the bold face, large type variety. Be it a mid-December, 63–60, victory at Indiana to claim the Indiana Classic Championship or defeating the Hoosiers again – this time in Terre Haute, recording the University's first 20-win season in 21 years, claiming outright possession of Indiana State's first MVC regular-season title over that same 21-year span or directing the Sycamores to consecutive NCAA Div I Tournament appearances for the first time in the school's history, Waltman's dedication, or to use one of his favorite terms – passion – for his program and the game of basketball are nothing short of amazing.During his ten seasons on the Sycamores’ sidelines, Waltman has produced 14 All-MVC
performers. In addition, 21 student-athletes have garnered MVC All-Academic plaudits. <mask>'s determination to produce a winning program became apparent in his initial two seasons as the Sycamores captured their first back-to-back winning seasons in 20 years. Entering year number three, his Sycamores were picked to make a run for the 1999–2000 Missouri Valley Conference Championship. And run they did, taking the outright MVC regular season title. Winning games and quickly reversing the fortunes of struggling basketball
programs is the hallmark of this veteran coach. Prior to his arrival at Indiana State, Waltman spent the past decade resurrecting basketball programs at the University of Indianapolis and DePauw University.Indianapolis
In his initial season at the helm of the Greyhounds, <mask>'s squad posted the first winning season since the 1988 campaign, the most wins since 1972 and the most conference wins in
school history. That season also saw <mask> lead Indianapolis to then-school records
of eight GLVC victories and the championship of the Peach Basket Classic. The following season his Greyhounds were nationally ranked for the first time in Division II, and he recorded back-to-back winning seasons for the first time in 23 years. In 1995–96 <mask>'s squad received the school's first-ever NCAA Division II Tournament bid after finishing 20–8 in the regular season. Indianapolis recorded a school-record 14 wins in the Great Lakes Valley Conference, and <mask> was selected as the GLVC Coach-of-the-Year. His team posted the school's first postseason win in 32 years in the first round of the NCAA Division II tournament. The Greyhounds were ranked 14th nationally at one point in the season.In 1996–97, <mask> elevated his program to one of the premier basketball teams at the NCAA Division II level. The Greyhounds earned an in-season number-one ranking, eventually finishing as the No. 3 ranked team in the nation. Indianapolis captured the GLVC title with a school-record 23–5 record. For the second year, <mask> was selected by his peers as the GLVC Coach-of-the-Year, winning 16 games in conference and posting the school record winning
streak (18). <mask>'s 1996–97 Greyhounds also established school records for best NCAA Division II season record (23–5) and best NCAA Division II season winning percentage (.821). Waltman's .645 winning percentage at Indianapolis ranks him as the second-winningest coach in the school's history.DePauw
Prior to his stint at Indianapolis, <mask> was the head coach at DePauw University in Greencastle, Ind. During his tenure at that Division III institution, he compiled a record of 100–36. His 1989–90 squad captured the Indiana Collegiate Athletic Conference championship and was national runners-up. His teams were ranked number-one in the nation during both the 1988–89 and 1990–91 seasons. He earned Indiana Collegiate Athletic Conference (ICAC) Coach of the Year honors in 1990 after leading the Tigers to the league championship. The 1991–92 team finished 20–7, making the school's third straight trip to the NCAA playoffs under his guidance. He led the Tigers to their first-ever NCAA Division III number-one ranking in January 1988, and his winning percentage of .730 is second in the school's history.The 1989–90 team was inducted into the DePauw Athletic Hall of Fame in 2003. High school
Prior to becoming a collegiate coach, <mask> spent 15 years as head coach at Bedford High School in Bedford, Pennsylvania. During that tenure, he amassed an overall record of 276–110 and captured 11 league titles and seven district championships. Coach <mask> returned to the high school ranks as an assistant coach; during the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, he was on staff at Indianapolis Roncalli High School. The Rebels were 31–13 during his stint, with one sectional title. Head coaching record

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American sports radio personalities
Basketball players from Maryland
Basketball coaches from Maryland
DePauw Tigers men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball coaches
Indianapolis Greyhounds men's basketball coaches
Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball coaches
People from Allegany County, Maryland
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball players
Slippery Rock men's basketball players

masks:
Royce Waltman
Waltman
Royce Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman
Waltman


title: Richard I of Normandy

type: original

texts:
<mask> (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as <mask> Fearless (French: <mask>s-Peur; Old Norse: Jarl Rikard), was the count of Rouen from 942 to 996. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom <mask> commissioned to write the "De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum" (Latin, "On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy"), called him a dux. However, this use of the word may have been in the context of <mask>'s renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility. <mask> either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure. Birth
<mask> was born to William Longsword, princeps (chieftain or ruler) of Normandy, and Sprota, a Breton concubine captured in war and bound to William by a more danico marriage. He was also the grandson of the famous Rollo.William was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other Viking rebels, but his existence was kept secret until a few years later when William Longsword first met his son <mask>. After kissing the boy and declaring him his heir, William sent <mask> to be raised in Bayeux. <mask> was about ten years old when his father was killed on 17 December 942. After William was killed, Sprota became the wife of Esperleng, a wealthy miller. Rodulf of Ivry was their son and <mask>'s half-brother. Life

With the death of <mask>'s father in 942, King <mask> of France installed the boy, <mask>, in his father's office. Under the influence of Arnulf <mask>, Count of Flanders, the king took him into Frankish territory and placing him in the custody of the count of Ponthieu before the king reneged and seized the lands of the Duchy of Normandy.He then split up the duchy, giving its lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. <mask> thereafter kept <mask> in close confinement at Lâon, Upon hearing that <mask> was being held in captivity, the boy's foster Osmond de Centville alongside Bernard the Dane had formed a mob of knights and peasants across town and marched to the King's palace where they threatened the king to return him. Louis had protested that he had kept <mask> in his domain to train him in courtliness. He subsequently addresses the mob by holding <mask> up in his arms into the crowd's view and returning him. Bernard de Senlis and <mask> de Bellèsme also assisted in <mask>'s release, along with pagan Norse forces led by Harald of Bayeux. In 946, at the age of 14, <mask> allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders in France and with men sent by King Harold of Denmark. A battle was fought after which <mask> was captured.Hostages were taken and held until King Louis recognised <mask> as Duke, returning Normandy to him. <mask> agreed to "commend" himself to Hugh, the Count of Paris, Hugh resolved to form a permanent alliance with <mask> and promised his daughter Emma, who was little more than a girl, as a bride; the marriage would take place in 960. Louis, working with Arnulf, persuaded <mask>, Holy Roman Emperor to attack <mask> and Hugh. The combined armies of Otto, Arnulf, and Louis were driven from the gates of Rouen, fleeing to Amiens and being decisively defeated in 947. A period of peace ensued, Louis dying in 954, 13 year old Lothair becoming king. The middle-aged Hugh appointed <mask> as guardian of his 15-year-old son, Hugh Capet in 955. In 962, Theobald <mask>, Count of Blois, attempted a renewed invasion of Rouen, <mask>'s stronghold, but his troops were summarily routed by Normans under <mask>'s command, and forced to retreat before ever having crossed the Seine river.Lothair, the king of the West Franks, was fearful that <mask>'s retaliation could destabilize a large part of West Francia so he stepped in to prevent any further war between the two. In 987, Hugh Capet became King of the Franks. For the last 30 years until his death in 996 in Fécamp, <mask> concentrated on Normandy itself, and participated less in Frankish politics and its petty wars. In lieu of building up the Norman Empire by expansion, he stabilized the realm and reunited the Normans, forging the reclaimed Duchy of his father and grandfather into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable principality. <mask> died of natural causes in Fecamp, France, on 20 November 996. It was reported that the remains in his grave were not his. Relationships with France, England and the Church
<mask> used marriage to build strong alliances.His marriage to Emma of Paris connected him directly to the House of Capet. His second wife, Gunnor, from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin, formed an alliance to that group, while her sisters formed the core group that were to provide loyal followers to him and his successors. His daughters forged valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts as well as to the king of England. Emma married firstly Æthelred the Unready and after his death in 1016, the invader, Cnut the Great. Her children included Edward the Confessor, Alfred Aetheling and with Cnut, Harthacnut, so completing a major link between the Duke of Normandy and the Crown of England that would add validity to the claim by William the Conqueror to the throne of England. <mask> also built on his relationship with the church, undertaking acts of piety, restoring their lands and ensuring the great monasteries flourished in Normandy. His further reign was marked by an extended period of peace and tranquility.Marriages and issue

<mask>'s first marriage in 960 was to Emma, daughter of Hugh the Great, and Hedwige of Saxony. They were betrothed when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, with no issue. According to Robert of Torigni, not long after Emma's death, Duke <mask> went out hunting and stopped at the house of a local forester. He became enamored with the forester's wife, Seinfreda, but she was a virtuous woman and suggested he court her unmarried sister, Gunnor, instead. Gunnor became his mistress and her family rose to prominence. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, may have been involved in a controversial heresy trial.Gunnor was, like <mask>, of Viking descent, being part Danish by blood. <mask> finally married her to legitimize their children:

 <mask> II "the Good", Duke of Normandy
 Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Evreux
 Mauger, Count of Corbeil
 Robert Danus, died between 985 and 989
 another son
 Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England. mother of two kings of England, and step-mother of another two kings of England
 Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II of Blois, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres
 Hawise of Normandy m. <mask>, Duke of Brittany

Illegitimate children
<mask> was known to have had several other mistresses and had children with many of them. Known children are:

 <mask>, Count of Eu
 William, Count of Eu (ca. 972 – 26 January 1057 or 58), m. Lasceline de Turqueville (d. 26 January 1057 or 1058). Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montivilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne (d.1030 (divorced)

Possible children
 Muriella, married Tancred de Hauteville
 Fressenda or Fredesenda (ca. 995-ca.1057), second wife of Tancred de Hauteville. Guimara (Wimarc(a)) (b. ca. 986), died Montivilliers Abbey, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, wife of Ansfred (Ansfroi) II "le Dane" le Goz, vicomte of Exmes and Falaise, mother of Robert FitzWimarc
 Papia

Notes

References

External links
The Henry Project: <mask> I of Normandy

932 births
996 deaths
10th-century Dukes of Normandy
Norman warriors
People from Fécamp
Dukes of Normandy
Medieval child rulers
10th-century rulers in Europe
10th-century Normans
House of Normandy

masks:
Richard I
Richard the
Richard San
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Louis IV
Richard
I
Louis IV
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Ivo
Richard
Richard
Louis IV
Richard
Richard
Richard
Otto I
Richard
Richard
I
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Geoffrey I
Richard
Geoffrey
Richard


title: Sergei Ogoltsov

texts:
<mask> (; 29 August 1900 – 30 December 1976) was a Soviet state security official who served as a Deputy Minister of State Security from 1946 to 1953. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 29 August 1900 in Kanino village in Sapozhkovsky Uyezd of Ryazan Governorate in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity. In 1916 he graduated from a two-class primary school and continued his training as an apprentice of a parish clerk in the villages of Ukolovo and Prigorod. In October 1917 he became secretary of the parish executive committee, a post he held until joining the state security system in May 1918. In 1919 he joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In 1925 he was sent to study in the Higher Border Guard School of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) that he graduated in 1927. Career in state security
Just 17 years old, he started his career in Cheka, working from May to October 1918 as a secretary of a bureau combating profiteering.In October 1918 he was promoted to an investigator and in March 1919 became the deputy head of a bureau combating counter-revolution. In June 1919 he was transferred from the Sapozhkovsky Uyezd office to the Ryazan Governorate office, where he advanced fast – from operative commissar of search and seizure to the head of weaponry bureau to the assistant of the Cheka plenipotentiary in Ranenburgsky Uyezd. He also participated in combat activities against the units of the Cossack general Konstantin Mamontov. Although Ogoltsov could barely read, he was apparently very effective in finding "counter-revolutionary literature" during his search and seizure operations and soon his name was brought to the attention of Cheka top executives. In April 1920 he was transferred to Moscow, where he served as a commissar of search and seizure under direct supervision of Felix Dzerzhinsky's first deputy Ivan Ksenofontov. In May he was part of the team of security officers who accompanied Dzerzhinsky to Ukraine, where Ogoltsov remained for the next five years. From June 1920 he held various security posts in Poltava Governorate, becoming by the end of the year deputy head of the department combating banditry.In January 1921 he was appointed the head of Cheka in Lokhvytsky Uyezd and in 1922, after Cheka had been renamed the State Political Directorate (GPU), one of the plenipotentiaries in Poltava Governorate. In 1923, <mask> became the Inspector for the Special Branch 14 Infantry Corps based in Kiev. His command was continually transferred in the 1930s to different units within Ukraine, including the 22nd Volochisskogo NKVD border unit, the 26th NKVD border detachment in Odessa, and the 27th NKVD border unit in Sevastopol. He was promoted to the commander officer of the 27th Crimean NKVD border group in 1936. After spending most of the 1930s in Ukraine among various NKVD border units, he joined the NKVD administration in Leningrad in 1939. For the next few years he spent time in Leningrad and Kuibyshev until he was made the Commissar of State Security of the Kazakh SSR in 1944. While at this position, Ogoltsov participated in the deportation of many Soviet peoples to the Kazakh SSR.From 1945 he served as the Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR (until 1946 Deputy People's Commissar of State Security). In 1951 <mask> was appointed the 1st Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR. Joseph Stalin then nominated <mask> for Minister of State Security after the removal of Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov, but he initially refused, citing a lack of knowledge and experience. In 1952 <mask> served as the Minister of Public Security in Uzbekistan and then became the Head of Main Intelligence Directorate of the MVD. His final position was as the First Deputy Minister of State Security. Coordinated operations

In early 1920s Ogoltsov coordinated the operations against Ukrainian nationalists and anarchists, including the units of Nestor Makhno, in Poltava Governorate. His strategy was simple: a number of people from villages supporting the counter-revolutionaries were taken hostage and if the villagers refused to reveal the locations of counter-revolutionary units, the hostages were executed.The discovered units were completely annihilated as <mask> had given a command not to take any prisoners in armed combat. As the head of NKVD in Kuybyshev Ogoltsov was in charge of execution of a Polish-Jewish social and political activist Victor Alter. Alter and his colleague Henryk Ehrlich had been arrested already in 1939 after the invasion of Poland and accused of activities against the Communist movement in Poland, but pardoned in August 1941. However, in December 1941 they were again detained with no reason given for their arrest. In December 1941 they were sentenced to death behind their back as traitors. Ehrlich managed to commit suicide in prison in May 1942 but Alter was executed in February 1943. An official report to the Deputy People's Commissar of the NKVD Vsevolod Merkulov on the execution of Alter, signed by Ogoltsov, has been preserved.As the Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR (1946–1951) <mask> was the ministry level coordinator of several mass deportations in the Soviet Union. In October 1947 he and the Ukrainian Minister of State Security <mask> coordinated operation West (in Russian Zapad), removing a large number of people (according to the official statistics 77,791 persons) accused of nationalism and banditry, along with their family members from Western Ukraine. In May 1948 he was the general coordinator for operation Spring (in Russian Vesna) in Lithuanian SSR, deporting, according to the official statistics, 39,482 people, along with their family members, accused of nationalism, banditry and being kulaks. In 1949 he was in charge of operation Breaking Wave (in Russian Priboy) directed against the three Baltic republics of the USSR – Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR and Lithuanian SSR. The deportations took place simultaneously in all three Soviet republics on 25 March 1949 and resulted in total of 94,775 people removed from these territories. In the same role he also coordinated the murder of Jewish actor and producer Solomon Mikhoels in 1948 in Minsk, Belarus. Robert Conquest, a British historian and author, wrote in his book Reflections on a Ravaged Century that Mikhoels "was clubbed to death at Belorussia's KGB dacha on January 1948 under the supervision of Stalin's Deputy Minister of State Security, <mask>."According to some sources <mask> was picked for the operation personally by Joseph Stalin. For successful execution of the operation he was awarded his third Order of the Red Banner. When Lavrenti Beria came to power in 1953 and revised the antisemitic policies of Stalin's last years, <mask> was arrested due to his involvement in Mikhoels' murder and stripped of the order awarded to him in 1948. Retirement

After Stalin's death, <mask> was removed from his position as the First Deputy Minister of State Security by Beria and arrested on 3 April 1953 for the murder of Solomon Mikhoels. Soon after Beria was removed from power <mask> was released on 6 August 1953 and appointed to the personnel department of the Ministry of State Security. However, already in January 1954 he was retired from active duty. On 14 February 1958 he was also excluded from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for fabricating cases against professors in Leningrad universities in 1940s.On 8 June 1959 he was stripped of his rank and all state decorations. He died on 30 December 1976 and was buried at the Vagankovo Cemetery in Moscow. Career and Destiny. He writes: "Of all the deputies Abakumov had, Ogoltsov left an impression being the most reasonable and businesslike. He also seemed less tainted by dirty affairs than the others until it became known what he had actually done. <mask> was the head of the operation to murder the artistic director of the State Jewish Theatre Solomon Mikhailovich Mikhoels in January 1948." Ogoltsov had at least one daughter, Nataliya (died in 1994).See also
 World War II crimes in Poland
 NKVD prisoner massacres
 Population transfer in the Soviet Union
 Stalin and antisemitism

References

1900 births
1976 deaths
People from Ryazan Governorate
Bolsheviks
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Commissars 3rd Class of State Security
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class

masks:
Sergei Ivanovich Ogoltsov
Sergei Ivanovich Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Sergei Savchenko
Sergei Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov
Ogoltsov


title: Lucius Caecilius Iucundus

texts:
<mask> (born c. 14 A.D., fl. 79 A.D.) was a banker who lived in the Roman town of Pompeii around 14 A.D.–79 A.D. His house still stands and can be seen in the ruins of the city of Pompeii which remain after being partially destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. This house is known for its beauty, along with some material found about bank book-keeping and wax tablets, which were receipts. He is well known for being a central character in the Cambridge Latin Course series. Life

The Pompeian banker Caecilius was born around the end of Augustus's reign (c. 15 AD) to a freedman named Felix, who was also a banker. By 58 AD he was well-established as a successful banker who dealt with a wide variety of Pompeians. Freedmen and slaves performed many small business tasks for Iucundus, such as signing receipts as witnesses and collecting payments from clients.Many names of elite Pompeian citizens occur frequently in his transaction records, suggesting that Caecilius also had dealings with the upper class of his town. In fact, he even traveled to nearby Nuceria to help the wealthy Praetorian Guard senior centurion Publius Alfenus Varus resell some slaves that he had purchased in an auction. He had at least two sons, Sextus Caecilius Iucundus Metellus and Quintus Caecilius Iucundus. Caecilius departed from the traditional naming system, giving each of his sons a name that implied a relationship with the illustrious family of the Caecilii Metella. The tablets that Caecilius left behind suggest that he died in the earthquake on 5 February 62, since his records stop a few days before that date. Banking in Pompeii
Caecilius was a type of banker called an argentarius, which meant that he acted as a middleman in auctions. The Pompeian argentarius would pay the vendor for the purchased item and then grant the buyer a time frame in which to repay him.According to the records of Caecilius, mostly dating from the 50s, the buyers had between a few months and a year to repay the loan to the argentarius. The argentarius would receive interest on the loan, as well as a commission known as a merces. Some argentarii, called coactores argentarii, collected debt money in addition to making arrangements in the auctions, while other argentarii were assisted by coactores who collected the debts for them. It is uncertain whether Caecilius was a coactor argentarius or simply an argentarius. Wax tablets
Caecilius kept many private records of his business transactions on wax tablets, many of which were found in his house in 1875. Of the 153 tablets discovered, sixteen document contracts between Caecilius and the city of Pompeii; the remaining 137 are receipts from auctions on behalf of third parties. Seventeen of these tablets record loans that he advanced to buyers of auction items.In addition to the transaction information, Caecilius' tablets record the names of vendors and witnesses to the arrangements. The lists of witnesses also give some insight into the social structure of Pompeii, since Caecilius had his witnesses sign in order of social status. The tablets include a reference to the freedman Marcus Venerius Secundio, whose tomb in the Porta Sarno Necropolis was excavated in 2021. The tablets themselves are triptychs, which means that they have three wooden leaves tied together to make six pages. Wax was put on the inner four pages, and the receipt was written on these surfaces. The tablet was then closed and wrapped with a string, over which the witnesses placed their wax seals. This prevented the document itself from being altered, and there was a brief description of the receipt written on the outside for identification purposes.Inscription from a tablet
The following is the translation of a 56 AD receipt for the proceeds of an auction sale. In this inscription, Caecilius was very exact in the details. He included the date and the list of witnesses, which were listed in descending order of social status. So by examining several of his tablets, it is possible to determine the relative social standings of clients with whom Caecilius arranged numerous transactions. House

Caecilius' house still stands on Stabiae Street (Reg V, Ins 1, 26) in Pompeii today, and it provides many interesting pieces of information both about Caecilius and Pompeii. Many fine and well-known frescoes were found here. Archaeologists also discovered wax tablets there.The Lararium, or shrine, in his house features a relief depicting the Temple of Jupiter during the 62 AD earthquake. The atrium was once decorated with paintings and the floor is decorated with a black and white mosaic and at the entrance a reclining dog is depicted. Several graffiti messages have been found on the walls of the house, including one that reads "May those who love prosper; let them perish who cannot love; let them perish twice over who veto love." The tablinum, or study, in Caecilius' house contains some beautiful wall paintings, and an amphora given by one of his sons to the other was also found in the house. Depictions in fiction

Book One of the Cambridge Latin Course is a fictional account of the life of Iucundus, who is referred to as Caecilius in the series. In the book he has a wife, Metella, whose name means "little basket of stones", and a son, Quintus, on whom books two and three in the series are based. He also has two slaves; a gardener named Clemens, and a cook named Grumio.It is also revealed that Caecilius once had another slave, Felix. However, after he saved Quintus from a kidnapping attempt, the banker released him. In the book, Caecilius dies in the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius. However, as stated earlier, it is now believed that he actually perished in the 62 AD earthquake that preceded the eruption, since the records of his negotiated contracts cease shortly before then. Caecilius, along with his banking profession, also has a minor role in Robert Harris's 2003 novel Pompeii. In a 2008 episode of television science-fiction series Doctor Who entitled "The Fires of Pompeii", Peter Capaldi portrays Lobus Caecilius, a marble merchant based on Caecilius. In this story, he and his family are saved from the eruption by the Doctor, who transports them to safety.References

External links

 Some pictures: House and wall painting
 Caecilius at Nova Roma
 German woodcut depicting the bas-relief from the house of <mask>cilius Jucundus
 Reconstruction of <mask> house in Pompeii by 3D technology

1st-century births
62 deaths
Roman archaeology
Roman-era inhabitants of Italy
Ancient Roman bankers
1st-century Romans
Iucundus, <mask>
People from Pompeii (ancient city)
Deaths in earthquakes

masks:
Lucius Caelius Iucus
Lucius Cae
Lucius
Lucius


title: Althea Garrison

texts:
<mask> (born October 7, 1940) is an independent American politician from Boston, Massachusetts, who has served on the Boston City Council as an at-large councilor. <mask> was elected as a Republican to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1992 and served one term from 1993 to 1995. Both before and after <mask>'s successful bid for office, she has run unsuccessfully in multiple elections for the state legislature and Boston City Council, as a Republican, Democrat, or independent, which has resulted in her being described in the media as a "perennial candidate". <mask> is also known as the first transgender person to be elected to a state legislature in the United States. She was outed against her will by the Boston Herald after her election in 1992. <mask> later served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council from January 2019 to January 2020 due to a vacancy left by Ayanna Pressley's election to the United States House of Representatives. Because <mask> was the next-place finisher in the 2017 Boston City Council election, she was eligible to take office per City Council rules.She was not re-elected in November 2019. Background
Born in Hahira, Georgia, as the youngest of seven children, <mask> attended Hahira High School there. <mask> moved to Boston to attend beauty school, but went on to enroll in Newbury Junior College and received an associate degree there. <mask> later received a B.S. degree in administration from Suffolk University, an M.S. degree in management from Lesley College, and a certificate in special studies in administration and management from Harvard University. According to records in the Suffolk County Probate Court, <mask> petitioned for a name change to <mask> <mask> in 1976.The petition stated that the name <mask> <mask> "is consistent with petitioner's appearance and medical condition and is the name by which he  will be known in the future." Besides her one term in the Massachusetts House, <mask> has worked as a clerk in human resources for the Massachusetts state comptroller's office, where she used her vacation time to run for office. She served for four years on the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Political career

Early years
In 1982 and 1986, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Democrat. She ran unsuccessfully for Boston City Council in 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1991. During the 1991 campaign, the Boston Herald noted that she had run for office nine times, although <mask> herself later described the race as her 10th or 11th bid for office. In the 1991 race, <mask> finished in third place in the District 7 preliminary election.Massachusetts House
In 1992, <mask> ran successfully for the 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House, representing the Dorchester and Roxbury areas of Boston. <mask>'s 1992 election to the legislature was made possible in part by the fact that she challenged some of the signatures that the then-incumbent representative, Nelson Merced, had submitted to qualify for the Democratic primary ballot. Her challenge was successful and meant that <mask> did not have to run against an incumbent in the general election. In the general election, <mask> defeated Democratic candidate Irene Roman, 2,451 votes to 2,014. The fact that <mask> had been formerly known as a male was not widely publicized until shortly after she was elected to the legislature. When the Boston Herald asked whether she was a man, <mask> denied it and ended the conversation when asked about her past, including her name change. In the Massachusetts House, <mask> consistently voted in favor of labor unions, resulting in her being endorsed for re-election by the Massachusetts AFL-CIO and eight unions.On many votes, she voted with the Democrats in the legislature rather than with the Republicans. However, she opposed same-sex marriage and abortion. <mask> was defeated in her 1994 bid for re-election by Democratic candidate Charlotte Golar Richie by a margin of 2,108 votes to 1,718. Unsuccessful bids for office
<mask> ran for office at least 32 times, all but one unsuccessfully, including:
 1982: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an Democratic candidate, finished third in the primary. 1985: at-large seat in the 1985 Boston City Council election
 1986: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an Democratic candidate, finished third in the primary. 1987: at-large seat in the 1987 Boston City Council election
 1988: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an independent candidate, losing 63.6% to 35.7% to Nelson Merced. 1989: at-large seat in the 1989 Boston City Council election
 1990: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as a Republican candidate, losing 55.3% to 31.2% to Nelson Merced.1991: District 7 seat in the 1991 Boston City Council election
 1995: District 7 seat in the 1995 Boston City Council election
 1996: special election in the 1st Suffolk district in the Massachusetts Senate as a Republican candidate, losing 50.1% to 48.7% to Dick Czubinski in the primary. 1998: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as a Republican candidate, losing 54.9% to 45.1% to Charlotte Golar Richie. 1997: District 7 seat in the 1997 Boston City Council election
 1998: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as a Democratic candidate, losing 58.5% to 41.5% to Charlotte Golar Richie in the primary. 1999: District 7 seat in the 1999 Boston City Council election
 1999: special election in the 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as a Democratic candidate, finishing third in the primary. 2000: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an "Independent Progressive" candidate
 2001: 2001 Boston mayoral election
 2002: special election for the 1st Suffolk district in the Massachusetts Senate as a Republican
 2002: 1st Suffolk district in the Massachusetts Senate as a Republican candidate, losing in the primary 68.9% to 31.0% to Walter R. Campbell. 2003: at-large seat in the 2003 Boston City Council election
 2005: at-large seat in the 2005 Boston City Council election
 2006: 5th Suffolk district in Massachusetts House as a Republican candidate
 2008: 1st Suffolk district in the Massachusetts Senate as an independent candidate, losing 79.0% to 25.0% to Jack Hart. 2009: District 7 seat in the 2009 Boston City Council election
 2010: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House, finishing third in the Democratic primary
 2011: special election to fill a vacancy on the Boston City Council, District 7, eliminated in February preliminary election
 2011: District 7 seat in the 2011 Boston City Council election
 2012: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an independent candidate, losing 77.6% to 21.7% to Carlos Henriquez.2013: at-large seat in the 2013 Boston City Council election
 2014: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as a Democratic candidate, losing in the primary 65.3% to 34.3% to Evandro Carvalho. 2015: District 7 seat in the 2015 Boston City Council election
 2016: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an independent candidate, losing 83.9% to 15.6% to Evandro Carvalho. 2017: at-large seat in the 2017 Boston City Council election (fifth place, top four elected)
 2018: 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House as an independent candidate, losing 88.7% to 11% to Liz Miranda. 2019: at-large seat in the 2019 Boston City Council election (seventh place, top four elected)
 2020: Register of Probate for Suffolk County, Massachusetts (third place)

Boston City Council
<mask> took the at-large seat of former councillor Ayanna Pressley on the Boston City Council, as Pressley left the City Council following her November 2018 election to Congress from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. City rules require that vacancies for the at-large council seats are filled by the next-placed candidate in the previous election, which was <mask> in November 2017. <mask> was sworn in on January 9, 2019. <mask> was a candidate for re-election in the November 2019 election, but finished seventh in the general election field of eight candidates.<mask> was noted as a strong supporter of then-president Donald Trump, and an ardent backer of the Boston Police Department. She was also noted as the only strong conservative on the Boston City Council. <mask> described herself as an "independent conservative". As a city councilor, <mask> supported reviving rent control in the city. Electoral history

Massachusetts House

Massachusetts Senate

Boston mayor

Boston City Council

 write-in votes

 write-in votes

 write-in votes

 write-in votes

Note: The primary result is uncertified

Suffolk County Register of Probate

Republican State Committee Woman

See also
 Stacie Laughton, first out transgender person to be elected to state legislature (but resigned before being sworn in)
 Danica Roem, first out transgender person to be elected and serve in a state legislature

References

Further reading

1940 births
Politicians from Boston
African-American state legislators in Massachusetts
African-American women in politics
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Democrats
Massachusetts Republicans
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Hahira, Georgia
Suffolk University alumni
Women state legislators in Massachusetts
LGBT state legislators in Massachusetts
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Transgender and transsexual politicians
Transgender and transsexual women
Lesley University alumni
Newbury College (United States) alumni
Boston City Council members
LGBT city councillors from the United States
Women city councillors in Massachusetts
African-American city council members in Massachusetts
LGBT African Americans
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century LGBT people
20th-century African-American women

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title: Mullá Husayn

texts:
<mask> (1813 – 2 February 1849) ( Mulláh Hossein Boshru'i), also known by the honorific Jináb-i Bábu'l-Báb ("Gate of the Gate"), was a Persian religious figure in 19th century Persia and the first Letter of the Living of the Bábí religion. He was the first person to profess belief in the Báb as the promised Mahdi of Islam and a Manifestation of God, founding a new independent religion. The title of Bábu'l-Báb was bestowed upon him by the Báb in recognition of his status as the first Bábí. As a young man <mask>n studied Usuli Shia theology, becoming an authorized member of the Shia clerical order at the age of 21. He later became a follower of the millenarian Shaykhi school, studying under its leader Siyyid Kazim Rashti and traveling to debate prominent Usuli clerics to gain support for Rashti's teachings. After Rashti's death, <mask>n led a group of Shaykhis who traveled in search of the Mahdi. On 22 May 1844, in Shiraz, <mask>n became the first person to profess belief in the Báb as the Mahdi, and the first follower of the Báb's religion, known as Bábism.He was appointed as the first of the Báb's apostles, called the Letters of the Living. The anniversary of his conversion is celebrated annually as a holy day in the Baháʼí Faith. As a Letter of the Living he served as a prominent Bábí evangelist and leader. His travels and public preaching were instrumental in spreading the religion throughout Persia, allowing him to come into contact with many prominent clerics and government officials, including Baháʼu'lláh and Mohammad Shah Qajar. He is often mentioned in Baháʼí literature as a paragon of courage and spiritual excellence. He led the Bábí combatants at the Battle of Fort Shaykh Tabarsi, and was killed in that battle on 2 February 1849. <mask> Husayn is regarded as a significant martyr in Bábism and the Baháʼí Faith and accorded a high spiritual station in both religions as the first to believe in the Báb and a prominent participant in the perceived fulfillment of many elements of Islamic eschatology.Biography

Early life and education (1813–1843)
<mask> <mask> was born in 1813 near Boshruyeh in the South Khorasan province of the Persian Empire to a wealthy and established family of the town. His name at birth was <mask>; the honorific <mask> became associated with him at a young age, perhaps in recognition for a leadership role he took on as a child. It is not part of his given name. His father Hajji <mask> Abdullah was a dyer; his mother was a poet known for her piety and knowledge. They had five children, of whom three would become significant Bábís. Like most young boys of the era he received a minimal grammar school education at the local maktab (school)  where he studied the Quran, reading, writing and basic arithmetic. Although he would later distinguish himself as a military leader, and traverse the entirety of Persia on foot multiple times, <mask> Husayn is reported to have been in poor health from a young age.Contemporary reports indicate that he received treatment for epilepsy and heart palpitations. A critic of the Bábí movement suggested that he received early training in swordsmanship, while childhood friends deny this, indicating he often had difficulty even with the physical exertion involved in lengthy writing sessions as a student and in his later work as a scribe and copyist. At the age of twelve he left school and pursued higher education in the madrasa (seminary) of Mashhad and Isfahan–which included lessons in Persian literature and the Qurʼan–while working to master the art of debate. Scholars have suggested that his family members practiced Ismaʻili Shiʻism, but in Mashhad and Isfahan he studied Muslim theology and jurisprudence under prominent teachers from the Usuli school. In Mashhad he studied at the madrasa of Mirzá Jaf'ar, which exists to this day as one college of the larger Razavi University of Islamic Sciences. By 21, he had been licensed as an Usuli mujtahid (cleric), granting him the publicly recognized right to preach in mosques, take on students of theology, and issue fatwas (authoritative legal opinion). During his studies in Mashhad he became attracted to the teachings of the Shaykhi school of Shia Islam, founded by Shaykh Ahmad Ahsá'í and led at the time by his successor, Siyyid Kázim Rashtí.His interest in Shayki teachings seems to have emerged in Mashhad, but the exact origin of his interest is unknown; an early mystical bent and a desire to fuse scholarship with "inner knowledge" may have attracted him to the intuitive hermeneutical techniques used by the Shaykis. On the completion of his studies he was offered a position of religious leadership in his hometown, but declined. After a brief period in Tehran, in 1835 he traveled to the Shia shrine city of Karbala in the Ottoman Empire to study directly under Siyyid Kázim. His father had passed away by this point, but all the surviving family members except one sister—already married—chose to move with him to Karbala. Siyyid Kázim taught his students to expect the fulfillment of the messianic expectations of Twelver Shiʻism in their lifetimes, particularly emphasizing that the Qa'im, or Mahdi, was already living. <mask> Husayn studied under Siyyid Kázim from 1835 until 1843, during which time he was often asked by his teacher to travel to Persia to debate publicly with orthodox Shia ulama to gain more widespread Persian support for Shaykism. During this period he wrote at least two books and gained a reputation as a significant student of Siyyid Kázim, being asked on occasion to answer questions on his teacher's behalf and gaining permission to supervise students of his own.He received a stipend from the school of Siyyid Kázim for work as a scribe and copyist. Baháʼí sources traditionally suggest that Siyyid Kázim entrusted <mask> Husayn with secret teachings which he did not share with the larger body of Shaykis—a claim which is evocative of his later role in Bábism, but difficult to verify. Near the end of his life, Siyyid Kázim repeatedly instructed his followers to disperse throughout Persia and surrounding lands in search of the Mahdi.Following Siyyid Kázim’s death on 31 December 1843 a significant number of Shaykis recognized <mask> Husayn as his only worthy successor, and he immediately set out in search of the promised Mahdi. Some of Siyyid Kázim’s followers expected that <mask> Husayn would declare himself to be the Mahdi, or at least take up leadership of the Shaykis, both suggestions which he forcefully refuted. Search for the Mahdi (1843–1844)
<mask> <mask>, accompanied by his brother Muhammad-Hasan and nephew Muhammad-Baqir, set off from Karbala to Najaf and spent forty days in the Great Mosque of Kufa sequestered in a state of prayer and fasting. The Mosque in Kufa was chosen as the site of their retreat due to its association with the martyrdom of the Imam Ali; Shakyis often engaged in prolonged retreats as a method for developing discernment. After a number of days they were joined by thirteen Shaykis, including <mask> Aliy-i-Bastami, who accompanied them in spiritual preparation for their journey.Near the end of the retreat, <mask> Husayn received a letter which appeared to have been written by Siyyid Kázim before his death; while his companions assumed that the letter contained an appointment from Siyyid Kázim naming <mask> <mask> as his successor, it contained only veiled instructions for the coming journey. <mask> Husayn is reported to have publicly burst into tears upon reading the posthumous instructions of Siyyid Kázim and realizing the enormity and uncertainty to his task. After celebrating the Muslim holiday of Mawlid, marking the completion of forty days spent at the Great Mosque of Kufa, <mask> <mask> and his companions visited the Tomb of the Imam Ali in Najaf and proceeded toward Búshihr, on the Persian Gulf. After some time there, at <mask> Husayn's urging, they continued to Shiraz in the Province of Fars. At this point they had traveled on foot for approximately 600 miles with no clear intended destination and no guide for their journey except Siyyid Kázim's dying advice to <mask> Husayn. Upon their arrival in Shiraz, <mask> Husayn instructed his companions to proceed to the Vakil Mosque where he would join them for evening prayers. Conversion to Bábism (1844)
In Shiraz, on 22 May 1844, he encountered Sayyed ʿAli Muhammad Shirāzi, the Báb, who invited <mask> Husayn to his home.On that night <mask> Husayn told him that he was searching for the Promised Mahdi and shared with him some of the characteristics expected of the Mahdi which he had learned from Siyyid Kázim. The Báb declared that he manifested all of the characteristics of the Mahdi. <mask> Husayn remained uncertain until the Báb had replied satisfactorily to all of <mask> Husayn's questions and had written in his presence, with extreme rapidity, a long commentary on the Surah of Joseph, which has come to be known as the Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ ("Maintainer of the Divine Names") and is considered the Báb's first revealed work. Siyyid Kázim had apparently—when requested by <mask> Husayn to do so himself—predicted that the Mahdi would reveal, unasked, a commentary on this Surah. Nabil's Narrative records <mask> Husayn's account of the signs he had been given by the dying Siyyid Kázim to recognize the Mahdi and indicates that <mask> Husayn was quickly convinced that the Báb satisfied these conditions. While the Báb had already revealed his religious mission to his wife, Khadíjih-Bagum and his household servant, Mubarak about a month previous, <mask> Husayn became the first person to independently recognize him as the Mahdi and the prophet-founder of a new religion, and was appointed as the first member of the Báb's "Letters of the Living" (Ḥurúfu'l-ḥayy in Arabic). The anniversary of this declaration is observed as a holy day by Baháʼí communities around the world and the beginning of the religions of Bábism and the Baháʼí Faith.Role as a Letter of the Living (1844–1849)
After his recognition of the Báb, <mask> Husayn was appointed as the first member of the Letters of the Living. The Báb forbade <mask> Husayn from actively spreading his newfound religion, and instead explained that seventeen others would have to independently recognize him as the Mahdi before he would allow the Bábi Religion to be openly spread. During his time in Shiraz, <mask> Husayn took up a teaching position in the Vakil mosque, where he gathered a large number of students which included notable clerics in Shiraz. During his lectures in Shiraz, he never directly referenced the Báb, but his regular meetings with the Báb inspired the content of his lectures. Within five months, seventeen other disciples of Siyyid Kázim had recognized the Báb as sent by God and joined <mask> Husayn among the ranks of the Letters of the Living. Among these first to convert to Bábism were <mask> <mask>'s companions on his journey from Karbala to Shiraz: Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í, Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í and <mask> ʻAlí Basṭámí. The Báb addressed an epistle to each of the Letters of the Living and tasked them with spreading his religion throughout the country and surrounding regions.When the Báb determined to leave Shiraz on pilgrimage to Mecca, he instructed <mask> Husayn to travel to Isfahan, Kashan, Qom, Tehran and Khorasan Province, spreading Bábism as he traveled. Nabil indicates that <mask> Husayn was displeased when Quddús, the 18th Letter of the Living, was chosen to accompany the Báb on his pilgrimage rather than himself. The Báb is recorded to have indicated that <mask> Husayn would discover an important secret in Tehran, and would be able to effectively defend Bábism against opposition in the other cities of his journey. Isfahan
In Isfahan, <mask> Husayn began teaching in the Nimavar school and used his authority as a mujtahid and his reputation as a disciple of Siyyid Kázim to spread the new teachings of Bábism. He preached his new religion publicly and was reported to have drawn significant public attention:

He was opposed by some Shaykis and orthodox Shias in the city, but won the tacit support of the most prominent Mullá in the city and was able to continue preaching for the duration of his stay. A number of residents accepted the message of the Báb and converted to Bábism as a result of <mask> Husayn's teaching. In the writings of the Báb as well as later Baháʼí hagiography, the example of the first Isfahani Bábí, a wheat sifter of modest means, is often used as an example of the diversity of those who accepted the Báb's teachings and the corruption of the Persian religious elites:

In addition to the wheat sifter, a few prominent Siyyids in Isfahan were converted by Mullá Husayn.Tehran
After his time in Isfahan, <mask> Husayn visited Kashan and Qom, spreading the teachings of the Báb in both cities. From Qom he continued on to Tehran, where he again made use of his mujtahid's license to take up residence in a local madrasa. As in Isfahan, he was opposed by members of the remaining Shayki community who

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title: Mullá Husayn

texts:
 felt he had abandoned his role as a leading follower of Siyyid Kázim to take up membership in a heretical sect. At the request of these Shaykis, he did not take up a formal teaching role in Tehran as he had in Isfahan, and spent little time in the madrasa itself during his stay. Gobineau reports that in spite of not preaching publicly in Tehran, <mask> Husayn was received by a number of prominent residents, including the king Mohammad Shah Qajar and his prime minister and shared the teachings and writings of the Báb with them in these private meetings. In Tehran he befriended <mask> Muhammad-i-Mu'allim, a student of one of <mask> <mask>'s leading opponents among the Shaykis in Tehran. Through <mask> Muhammad, he learned of the presence of Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí—the son of a prominent nobleman—in Tehran.At <mask> <mask>'s request, <mask> Muhammad delivered a scroll containing some of the writings of the Báb to the home of Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí. Both Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí and his brother Mírzá Músá converted to Bábism as a result of this exchange. Nineteen years after the declaration of the Báb to Mulla Husayn, Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí pronounced himself to be the prophet-successor to the Báb, took on the title Baháʼu'lláh, and founded the Baháʼí Faith. Baháʼís regard <mask> Husayn's exchange with Baháʼu'lláh to have been a fulfillment of the Báb's promise that <mask> Husayn would discover a secret of great importance in Tehran. After receiving news of Baháʼu'lláh's conversion, <mask> Husayn departed from Tehran for Mashhad, in his home province of Khorasan. Mashhad
As news of his preaching spread and the number of converts to Bábism continued to grow throughout the country, <mask> Husayn no longer arrived unexpected in new cities. In Mashhad, public debate about the religion of the Báb was already ongoing when he arrived, and the clergy had organized to debate and oppose him.He preached from the pulpit of the Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad and succeeded in converting a number of prominent ecclesiastical leaders of Mashhad through public debates and private audiences. From Mashhad, <mask> Husayn wrote to the Báb, sharing news of conversions in Isfahan, and Tehran, with particular emphasis on the conversion and subsequent evangelism efforts of Baháʼu'lláh. Shiraz
In the spring of 1845 <mask> Husayn received news that Bábís wishing to visit the Báb after his return from pilgrimage had been instructed to gather in Isfahan. <mask> <mask>, currently en route to Karbala, met with a group of pilgrims and in Isfahan. After only a few days, he received news that Quddús and another prominent Bábí had been arrested in Shiraz after their pilgrimage with the Báb and publicly tortured and banished, while the Báb was under house arrest in the home of his uncle Hajji Mirza Sayyid 'Ali. Along with his brother and nephew, <mask> Husayn made their way into Shiraz overnight in disguise. After making contact with that uncle of the Báb, the three of them were able to take up temporary residence in Shiraz and received permission to invite the Bábís gathered in Isfahan to gradually make their way into the city.As the number of Bábís in Shiraz grew, opposition to the Báb and <mask> Husayn increased, particularly when the Báb began to give public addresses and sermons, and was engaged in debates by local clerics. The Báb eventually dismissed all the Bábís resident in Shiraz, including <mask> <mask>, whom he directed to return to Khorasan. Maku
After being directed by the Báb to return to Khorasan, <mask> Husayn continued spreading Babism in Mashhad and throughout the province. During his time in Mashhad, a rebellion against the government of the Shah broke out in Khorasan, involving an alliance between local Kurdish tribes and the sheriff of Mashhad. <mask> Husayn learned that the leader of the rebellion hoped to secure his support as a representative of the growing Bábi community, and decided on leaving Mashhad to avoid entangling the local Bábís in the chaos expected to result when the forces of the Shah eventually arrived. About the same time news arrived that the Báb had been arrested and imprisoned in the mountain fortress of Maku near the Turkish border, following the increased controversy surrounding the Báb who was sent from Shiraz to Isfahan and then being ordered to Tehran by the Shah. In early 1848 <mask> Husayn embarked on foot from Mashhad—on the eastern edge of Persia–to Tehran, with the intention of continuing on to Maku—located in the far northwest.On his journey he was solely accompanied by a Bábí servant named Qambar-Ali. In Tehran he was received by Mírzá Músá, half-brother to Baháʼu'lláh, and a group of local Bábís and met briefly with Baháʼu'lláh in a private interview. No known record of that meeting survives. He arrived in Maku in March 1848, having walked over 2000 miles in no more than three months. In Maku, the Báb had originally been held under very strict guard, but after two weeks the government appointed frontier officer, ʻAlí Khán-i-Máh-Kúʼí, converted to Bábism. At the Bab's instruction ʻAlí Khán continued to carry out the Báb's imprisonment order, but allowed pilgrims to visit him and himself visited regularly. When <mask> Husayn arrived in Maku, he was welcomed by ʻAlí Khán, who reported having foreseen his arrival in a dream.On the first day of his time in Maku, the group of Bábís celebrated the holiday of Nowruz with the Báb. <mask> Husayn stayed in Maku with the Báb for nine days, during which accounts report that the two cherished each other's company in the relative peace of imprisonment in a remote province. <mask> Husayn slept in the Báb's quarters and received pilgrims alongside the Báb during the days. Eventually the Báb ordered <mask> Husayn to depart for Mazandaran Province, reportedly offering parting instructions to <mask> Husayn and Qambar-Ali. In his parting address the Báb praised Qambar-Ali, comparing him to the groom of the Imam Ali, and lauded <mask> Husayn's courage and heroism; Nabil reports that the Báb promised <mask> Husayn that in Mazandaran "God's hidden treasure" would be revealed to him and <mask> Husayn's most important task would become clear. <mask> <mask> and Qambar-Ali left Maku carrying copies of significant works of the Báb which had been written during his stay in Maku, which they shared with Bábís during their journey to Mazandaran. A few days after <mask> Husayn departed from Maku, he received news that by order of the Prime Minister the Báb was to be transferred to the castle of Chehriq.Mazandaran

On his way to Mazandaran, he stopped briefly in towns with resident Bábis, sharing news of the Báb and encouraging the Bábis, who were facing increasing public opposition. In Tehran he again had a chance to meet with Baháʼu'lláh, who encouraged him in turn. <mask> Husayn was received on his arrival in Barforush, Mazandaran, by Quddús, the 18th Letter of the Living. Although the two had met previously, they had never spent much time together and their last interaction had been tinged with <mask> Husayn's disappointment when Quddús was chosen to accompany the Báb on pilgrimage rather than himself. During his stay in Barforush he was a guest in the house of Quddús and was able to consort with the large number of converts and admirers Quddús had in that city. Nabil reports that <mask> Husayn shared with Quddús the Báb's promise that in Mazandaran he would find a "hidden treasure which shall be revealed to you, a treasure which will unveil to your eyes the character of the task you are destined to perform." After reading some of the writings of Quddús, <mask> Husayn became convinced that Quddús himself was the hidden treasure that the Báb had referred to.Previously many of the Bábís had thought of <mask> Husayn as the most significant figure in the movement after Quddús; after this interaction <mask> Husayn constantly deferred to Quddús, going so far as to serve his meals and obey his instructions with a reverence previously reserved for those of the Báb. Quddús's role as the chief of the Letters of the Living was later confirmed by the Báb. In Barforush <mask> Husayn engaged the leading Muslim cleric of the city in a public debate with the goal of either converting him or convincing him to reduce his public denunciation of the Bábis. After failing to convince him, <mask> Husayn–at the instruction of Quddús–left Barfurush to return to Mashhad once again. The Bábíyyih of Mashhad
In Mashhad, following the instructions of Quddús, he set out to increase the capacity of the Letters of the Living to engage in systematic preaching and conversion efforts. With the assistance of local Bábís he purchased a plot of land and erected a building intended to serve as a permanent residence for himself and Quddús as well as a center of Bábí preaching and community life. Shortly after its completion, <mask> Husayn and Quddús took up residence in the center–christened the Bábíyyih of Mashhad.The number of Bábís in Mashhad grew substantially in the next few months, and the Bábíyyih served as a center of organization for evangelism efforts throughout the region. Some sources suggest that the Bábíyyih may have been set up as early as 1844, but it does not seem to have come into use as a center of organization until 1848. This period yielded a great deal of success for <mask> Husayn and Quddús, Bábí communities sprouted throughout Khorasan Province, including converts from a wide array of economic backgrounds. In <mask> Husayn's hometown of Boshruyeh, a group of 60 active Bábís had emerged, with thousands turning out to attend <mask> Husayn's sermons or pray with him. Widespread Shakyi sympathies among the local clerics seem to have laid a fertile ground for the growth of Bábism. A few months after the construction of the Bábíyyih, a large number of Bábís gathered in the village of Badasht for the purpose of seeking consensus on the core spiritual beliefs of Bábism and making plans for how the Bábí community should respond to increasing persecution and the continued imprisonment of the Báb. The Conference of Badasht was largely organized and funded by Baháʼu'lláh, and Quddús and Táhirih were also major players in the conference — an event that would mark the declared independence of the Bábí religion from Islam.During the weeks before the conference, large numbers of Bábís travelled to Mashhad from around the country, angering city authorities to the extent that <mask> Husayn's personal attendant was arrested and publicly tortured in an effort to drive <mask> Husayn from the city. Quddús left <mask> Husayn in Mashhad during the conference with the mandate of maintaining the work of the Bábíyyih in his absence. As the number of converts in Mashhad began to grow, opposition from secular and religious authorities increased to the point that <mask> Husayn was forced to leave the city before Quddús could return from Badasht. Before departing from Mashhad, <mask> Husayn received large groups of visitors, along with approximately two hundred Bábí men who committed to traveling with him. Before they were able to leave the city, <mask> Husayn received a message from the Báb containing new directions. The Báb informed him that Quddús had been imprisoned in his hometown of Barfurush, and ordered <mask> Husayn and his companions to come to his aid. Further, <mask> Husayn was, in apparent fulfillment of Islamic eschatological predictions, to don the Báb's own green turban, and lead his companions under a black flag.The Báb also granted <mask> Husayn a new name: Siyyid ʻAlí. The granting of a new name was significant because the wearing of a green turban was forbidden in Shia Islam to anyone but a siyyid—a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Mazandaran Upheaval (1848–1849)

Skirmish in Barfurush
<mask> <mask> and his two hundred Bábí companions departed from Mashhad for Barfurush on 21 July 1848, and gathered additional followers along the way. On the third day, after a warning from <mask> Husayn about the danger of their mission to free Quddús, twenty members of the party left the group to return home. The group marched under a black banner prepared by Mullá Husayn which they raised in reference to the Black Standard, an element of prophecy in Islamic eschatology about the end of days. The march was rebuffed outside the town of Barfurush by an armed group of residents led by the chief cleric. <mask> Husayn reportedly ordered his men to discard their possessions and at first made them withhold from engaging in battle, saying:

The first casualty of the encounter was Siyyid Ridá—Mullá Husayn's attendant—who was shot in the chest from a distance.After Siyyid Ridá's death, <mask> Husayn allowed his followers to begin defending themselves. Although most sources agree that <mask> Husayn was physically weak and suffered from chronic illness, narratives of the battle depict him as an almost insurmountable combatant. One popular story from Nabil's Narrative describes him engaging the soldier who shot Siyyid Ridá and with a

masks: Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá


title: Mullá Husayn

texts:
 single blow of his sword cutting through the trunk of an intervening tree, the man's musket, and the soldier's body. A combatant in the Barfurushi force sent half of the severed musket by messenger to the Prime Minister as evidence of the Bábis' ferocity—attempting to allay criticism from the Prime Minister for failing to defeat an informal militia. The encounter was elegized by a number of poets throughout Persia. Construction of Fort Tabarsi
After the encounter at Barfurush the group constructed defensive fortifications at the nearby Shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi, a local saint. Upon arriving at the shrine, the Bábís, numbering a little over 300 according to Bábí and Baháʼí sources and according to court historians, were now under imminent attack from government forces, yet their numbers swelled to between 540 and 600 people as Bábís from the region streamed to their defense.The Bábí combatants represented almost every social class, including clergymen, merchants, craftsmen, and representatives of the landed nobility; the youngest was a twelve-year-old boy. The distribution of urban and rural participants has been shown to be roughly identical to the makeup of Persian society at the time, demonstrating the wide array of respondents to the religion of the Báb. Unlike at later Bábí upheavals where women would play a significant, or even majority role, all of the participants at Tabarsi were male. At Tabarsi <mask> Husayn instituted a degree of martial order, centralizing food production, construction, and defensive duty. He appointed his nephew Muhammad-Baqir as his lieutenant. During their first day at Tabarsi they gained the patronage of a wealthy man from a nearby village who converted to Bábism and provided them supplies. With so many people to feed, the makeshift fort attracted a small collection of merchants from the region.After the completion of the fort, the gathered Bábís were visited by Baháʼu'lláh, who inspected the fort and expressed his pleasure with the construction and organization. He advised <mask> Husayn to send a group of men to Sari, where Quddús was now imprisoned, to bring Quddús to the fort. Before leaving Baháʼu'lláh consulted with <mask> Husayn on some matters of strategy and expressed his desire to return to assist the gathered Bábís. <mask> Husayn sent seven men to Sari with instructions to return with Quddús; they did so with the willing consent of the cleric in whose home he was held. During the mission to retrieve Quddús, <mask> Husayn instructed the Bábís at Tabarsi that after Quddús's arrival they should regard Quddús as the commanding officer of the company, and <mask> Husayn only as his lieutenant. Upon his arrival, Quddús instituted a missionary element to the fort, sending representatives to the villages in the area and attracting a stream of new converts, many of whom took up residence in the fort. Army of ʻAbdu'lláh Khán
As conversions in the area increased, the chief cleric of Barfurush wrote to the Shah, indicating that a rebellion was underway in the region.Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, then only 17, had just taken up the throne after his father's death, and responded quickly to news of commotion in Mazandaran. He issued an edict authorizing a government official in Mazandaran, ʻAbdu'lláh Khán, to gather an army and quell the forces gathered at Tabarsi. ʻAbdu'lláh Khán besieged the fort with twelve thousand men, and cut of their supply of water and food. Three days of heavy rain and snow followed his arrival, providing water for the Bábís and decimating the army's earth fortifications. ʻAbdu'lláh Khán and his officers took up residence in a nearby village to avoid the weather, and were absent when, on the fourth day of the siege, Quddús ordered the Bábís to disperse his army. The outnumbered Bábí's took the army by surprise and pushed them back to the village where ʻAbdu'lláh Khán was living, where they engaged and killed ʻAbdu'lláh Khán and every officer of his army. At this point Quddús ordered a retreat.Four hundred of the Shah's soldiers were killed, and around 100 of their horses captured by the Bábís. Upon returning to the fort, Quddús warned the Bábís that a larger, better organized army would come next, and ordered them to expand the fort. After this point, the fort walls reached ten meters tall, with a deep ditch surrounding it, a well for water, and tunnels and storehouses dug underground for refuge and storage. Army of Prince Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá
After the defeat of ʻAbdu'lláh Khán, the Shah ordered a member of the royal family, Prince Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá to exterminate the Bábís of Mazandaran province. His edict to Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá is significant, because it ordered the death of the Bábís at Tabarsi, not only on the grounds of alleged rebellion, but also heresy:

In addition to authorizing Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá, the Shah ordered tribal chiefs and princes in Mazandaran to join their forces to Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá. He headquartered his forces in Vaskas and ordered ʻAbbás-Qulí Khán, the governor of Amol County, who was a distinguished general, to join him there with an army. He sent envoys to Barfurush and other villages to gain intelligence about the Bábís, and sent a messenger to the fort with instructions to speak with Mullá <mask> and Quddús.The messenger was received by <mask> Husayn, and asked what grievances had caused the Bábís to rebel. <mask> Husayn repudiated the accusation of rebellion and claimed that they had no intention except to oppose the corruption of the ecclesiastical order of the country through debate and preaching the message of the Báb. <mask> <mask> then invited Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá and area clerics to visit the fort and hear his arguments for themselves before deciding to bear arms. The messenger was apparently moved by <mask> Husayn's description of the Bábí cause and agreed to carry his invitation back to the prince. Battle of Vaskas
On 21 December 1848, three days after the messenger's visit, Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá's forces set out to attack the Bábí encampment. Nabil reports that he came with at least five regiments of infantry and cavalry. Quddús ordered every horseman among the Bábí's to rush forward and meet the Prince's forces before they could reach Tabarsi.In the ensuing battle <mask> <mask> engaged the prince directly, after which the prince fled the battle, taking up residence in a nearby barn before retreating to Sari. At least two other royal princes died in the attack, and some prisoners held by the princes forces were released. Quddús was injured in the battle, but was not incapacitated. Battle of Fort Tabarsi

After the defeat of the Shah's forces at Vaskas, Abbás-Qulí Khán, governor of Amol County, took up primary responsibility for the eradication of the Bábís from the area. He solicited additional men from Mazandarani tribes and surrounded the fort. A more skilled commander than Mihdí-Qulí Mírzá's, he had barricades and artillery set up surrounding the fort, as well as again cutting off the water supply of the Bábís. <mask> <mask>, inside the fort, oversaw the construction of a well within the walls.On 2 February 1849, he again donned the Báb's green turban, and—along with Quddús—launched an attack against the forces of Abbás-Qulí Khán. Eyewitness accounts record that the war-cry of the Bábís was "Yá Ṣáḥibu'z-Zamán!" or "Oh Lord of the Age", a reference to the Báb.Initially the Bábí thrust was successful in sowing confusion in the ranks of Abbás-Qulí Khán's troops, and a significant number of their tents and barricades were burnt to the ground. <mask> Husayn in particular is recorded running from side to side challenging enemy soldiers himself. His aptitude with the sword led Abbás-Qulí Khán to later compare him to the Imam Ali, traditionally regarded as the perfect swordsman, and his sword Zulfiqar, while Khán compared his martial leadership in the face of overwhelming opposition to that of the Imam Husayn:

During the battle <mask> Husayn's horse lost its footing, tangled in rope, and Abbás-Qulí Khán, perched in a tree, shot him through the chest. He survived long enough to be brought into the fortress, where he and Quddús spoke before he died. His last recorded words to Quddús were: "May my life be a ransom for you.Are you well pleased with me?" His nephew, the Letter of the Living Muhammad-Baqir was also present at the moment of his death. He was buried by Quddús—who dressed him for burial using one of his own shirts—in a grave to the south of the shrine, while thirty six other Bábís were buried to the north. Quddús gave a brief sermon at the burial calling all Bábís to see <mask> Husayn and the other dead as martyrs of exemplary character and bravery. Death at Fort Tabarsi
<mask> Husayn died during battle on 2 February 1849, and news of this reached Turkey in a French language newspaper. He was buried within the grounds of the Shrine of Shakyh Tabarsi. <mask> Husayn is regarded by Bábís and Baháʼís as a martyr, and his conduct in the battle is characterized as an example of bravery and heroism in the face of insurmountable opposition in Baháʼí literature.Seven other members of the Letters of the Living are believed to have been killed at Tabarsi as well as the majority of the Bábí combatants. Surviving family
His brother Muhammad-Hasan, survived until the end of the battle of Tabarsi, and was executed along with Quddús by the clergy, even though he was supposed to see the shah. His nephew Muhammad-Baqir survived until the end of the battle, although his fate after that point is unclear. <mask> <mask>'s mother and sister had converted to Bábism at some point after the Báb's declaration—becoming close companions of Táhirih—and learned of his death at Tabarsi. They returned to their home town of Boshruyeh where they cared for the wives and children of men who had died at Tabarsi. After his mother's death, his family home was destroyed by a mob, and his sister was forced to move to Ashgabat. She became a Baháʼí and was given the title Leaf of Paradise (Varaqatu'l-Firdaws) by Baháʼu'lláh.Significance

<mask> <mask>'s role as the first to accept the Báb as the Mahdi and founder of an independent religion grants him a special place in Bábism and the Baháʼí Faith. He was granted the title of Bábu'l-Báb ("Gate of the gate") by the Báb, referring to this role. His expertise as a licensed member of the Shia mujtahidūn and a well-regarded disciple of Siyyid Kázim is seen as giving greater weight to his acceptance of the Báb, seemingly confirming that the Báb fulfilled the traditions of Shia Islam regarding the coming of the Mahdi. <mask> Husayn's role as the first member of the Letters of the Living give him added significance in Bábí and Baháʼí thought. The Letters of the Living did not have specific administrative roles in Bábism, but played a role somewhat analogous to that of the Apostles of Christ: companions of the prophet, refiners of doctrine, and early martyrs. The Letters of the Living were described by the Báb as the return (Arabic: الرجعة rajʻa) of the Shia Infallibles:

<mask> Husayn himself is described in the writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh as the return of the Prophet Muhammad, and in other early Bábí sources variously as the return of the Imam Husayn or even described as the "Qa'im of Khorasan". While <mask> Husayn is seen as the symbolic return of these historical figures, he is not seen by Baháʼís as a prophet or Manifestation of God.His raising of the Black Standard prior to the battle of Fort Tabarsi is seen as the fulfillment of Shia eschatological predictions, and further cements his station as an important part of Bábí and Baha'i claims of Mahdi-hood for the Báb. The Báb describes Mullá Husayn with reference to the station known in Shia Islam as the "viceregent" or "silent one", similar to the role of Aaron in the time of Moses, and Ali in the time of Muhammad—one whose authority is great but entirely derived from a greater Prophet, in this case the Báb himself. He is further described as the first perfect Muslim, or the "first fruit of the Tree of Islam". In Bábí theology, it is the emergence of the first perfect follower of a religion which triggers the emergence of the next religion. In this way, <mask> Husayn is seen not only as the first Bábí, but in some sense the cause of the abrogation of Islam and its replacement with Bábism. The Baháʼí Writings refer to this role of Mulla Husayn:

Baháʼu'lláh also wrote a tablet of visitation for <mask> Husayn, which was included in an epistle written to <mask> Husayn's sister Varaqatu'l-Firdaws. In this tablet he plays on the common name of Husayn held by himself, <mask> Husayn, and the Imam Husayn, symbolically intermingling their identities and invoking their shared loneliness and suffering in the "path of God".Notes and citations

References

Further reading

Books

External links
Glossary of the Kitáb-i-Íqán – includes a small biography of Mullá Husayn
<mask> Husayn, by Lowell Johnson

Letters of the Living
1813 births
1849 deaths
Shaykhism
People from Boshruyeh
19th-century Iranian people
People of Qajar

masks: Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Husayn Mullá Husayn Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá Mullá


title: Robert Sténuit

texts:
<mask> (born 1933 in Brussels) is a Belgian journalist, writer, and underwater archeologist. In 1962 he spent 24 hours on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea in the submersible "Link Cylinder" developed by Edwin Link, thus becoming the world's first aquanaut. Early career
Sténuit began spelunking at the age of seventeen. He discovered diving in 1953, when he began scuba diving in flooded caves in Belgium. He subsequently became interested in speleology, and went on to spend many years exploring the Caves of Han-sur-Lesse. Sténuit had a passion for history. At the age of 20, after reading 600 Milliards Sous les Mers by Harry Reiseberg, a work of fiction about shipwrecks and treasure diving, Sténuit left the Free University of Brussels, where he was studying political and diplomatic science in preparation for a career as a lawyer.In 1954 Sténuit began looking for the treasures of the Spanish fleet sunk in 1702 at the Battle of Vigo Bay by English and Dutch warships. He searched without success, finding only modern wrecks. Together with another sunken treasure hunter, the American John Potter, Sténuit worked for the Atlantic Salvage Company, Ltd. on the specially-equipped vessel Dios Te Guarde for search and recovery of underwater treasure, beginning another search for the wrecks of the 1702 Plate Fleet, which lasted two years. <mask> worked as a professional diver for the French company SOGETRAM (Société Générale de Travaux Maritimes et Fluviaux), but eventually left SOGETRAM to become the chief diver for Edwin Link's Man in Sea project. Man in Sea project
From September 6–10, 1962, Sténuit participated in Man in Sea, Edwin Link's first experiment with an underwater habitat, which was performed with a submersible decompression chamber (SDC) at Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean, at a depth of 200 feet (62 m). While submerged in the cylinder, Sténuit breathed a helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox). The experiment was conducted from Link's yacht, the Sea Diver.Sténuit remained on the sea floor for over 24 hours, becoming the world's first aquanaut. During this dive, a mistral sank the Reef Diver, the Sea Diver'''s launch, which was carrying fifteen bottles of helium. A mistral surge also caused the cylinder to float back to the surface, where Sténuit remained safe from decompression sickness because the cylinder was still pressurized. A U.S. Navy boat brought an additional supply of helium during the night of September 7–8, allowing Sténuit to continue to be supplied with helium while decompressing. Edwin Link's second Man in Sea experiment was conducted in June–July 1964 in the Berry Islands (a chain in the Bahamas) with Sténuit and Jon Lindbergh, one of the sons of Charles Lindbergh, who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic. Sténuit and Lindbergh stayed in the SPID habitat (Submersible, Portable, Inflatable Dwelling) for 49 hours underwater at a depth of 432 feet, breathing a helium-oxygen mixture. Dr. Joseph B. MacInnis participated in this dive as a life support specialist.At the end of the two divers' decompression, a Sea Diver crew member and Sténuit's wife, <mask>, sustained minor injuries when the end of an air tank blew off. Sténuit, who had developed a case of the bends during decompression, still had some lingering symptoms afterwards in his shoulders and ankles, but these eventually dissipated. In 1965, the Man in Sea project was taken over by a new company, Ocean Systems Inc. Link departed from the project, but Sténuit remained as a researcher, adviser and development engineer, conducting test dives in decompression chambers and underwater habitats and computing new helium-oxygen decompression tables for greater depths. In 1966, Ocean Systems established an office in London with Sténuit in charge. His professional work at this time involved drilling on off-shore oil and gas rigs in the North Sea, but in his spare time he began researching the wreck of the Spanish galleass Girona.Treasures of the Armada (Sténuit), p. 145. Underwater archeologist
Sténuit became involved with underwater archeology and the search for shipwrecks, collaborating with Henri Delauze (president of COMEX). In 1968, <mask> created the "Groupe de Recherche Archéologique Sous-Marine Post-Médiévale" (Group for Underwater Post-Medieval Archaeological Research), or "GRASP".GRASP has managed the inventory of 17 merchant shipwrecks and a number of warships from the 16th century through the 19th century. Sténuit's most important underwater archaeological discoveries are:

 Recovery of underwater treasures of the galleass Girona, part of the Invincible Armada. (1967)Treasures of the Armada (Sténuit), passim. Slot ter Hooge, a Dutch East Indiaman carrying a large quantity of gold and silver coins and bullion, which wrecked in 1724 near the Madeira Islands. (1975)
 The Witte Leeuw wreck, part of a convoy carrying spices and Ming porcelain. (1977)

<mask> is the author of several books on diving and underwater archeology translated into several languages. Currently, he remains an active seeker of underwater treasures' location and identification, especially in wrecks of ships that belonged to the various East India companies.He continues to direct GRASP alongside his daughter, archeologist Marie-Eve Sténuit. 208 September–October 2006
 <mask>uit: Lumile tainice în care m-am scufundat (Secret worlds in which I dived''). Editura Meridiane, Bucharest, 1991

1933 births
Living people
Aquanauts
Belgian archaeologists
Belgian journalists
Male journalists
Belgian non-fiction writers
Journalists from Brussels
Treasure hunters
Underwater archaeologists

masks:
Robert Pierre André Sténuit
Robert Sténuit
Annie Sténuit
Sténuit
Robert Sténuit
Robert Stén


title: Sef Gonzales

texts:
<mask> (born 16 September 1980) is a Filipino Australian man who was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the July 2001 murders of his father Teodoro "Teddy" <mask> (46), his mother <mask> (43), and his sister <mask> (18), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. As a result of notoriety surrounding the sale of the house where the crimes occurred, the New South Wales government made it illegal to not disclose information related to the history of a property. Background
<mask> was born in 1980 in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines, to <mask>, a lawyer, and his wife Loiva, who had married in 1977. In 1983, <mask>'s sister Clodine was born. After the 1990 Luzon earthquake destroyed the family's home and business, a newly built 40-room hotel (from the rubble of which Gonzales was rescued by his father), the family emigrated to Australia. The family settled in Sydney, New South Wales, and by the late 1990s, Teddy had requalified as a lawyer, set up a successful law firm specialising in immigration, and purchased a plot of land in North Ryde. The <mask> family appeared to be close-knit: the parents, however, were devout Catholics who had high hopes and strict expectations for their children.In particular, they had hoped their son would perform well academically, give up his musical and singing aspirations, and embark on a career in medicine or law. After attending Parramatta Marist High School, <mask> studied medical science at the University of New South Wales but withdrew after two years. He then enrolled in law at Macquarie University. Performing poorly in his courses and at risk of expulsion, Gonzales tried to cover up his failure by falsifying his grades. When this was revealed by his sister to his parents, they threatened to withdraw certain privileges such as the use of his prized car, a green Ford Festiva. Gonzales also argued with his mother over a girlfriend of whom she disapproved, and his family threatened to disinherit him. This, along with Gonzales' desire to inherit the family's assets, were later established by police as motives for killing his family.The murders
On 10 July 2001, at about 4:00p.m., <mask> left the family's law firm, where he worked part-time, and headed to the family home. Around 4:30p.m., armed with a baseball bat from his car and two kitchen knives from a knife block in the kitchen, he entered Clodine's bedroom and assaulted her while she was studying. There he compressed her neck while trying to strangle her, struck her head with the bat at least six times, and then stabbed her multiple times with the smaller of the knives. The cause of Clodine's death was a combination of the compression of her neck, blunt force head injuries, and abdominal stab wounds. Gonzales then waited until Loiva arrived home about 5:30p.m. After entering the house, he attacked her with one of the kitchen knives in the living/dining room, inflicting multiple stab wounds and cuts to her face, neck, chest and abdomen. Her windpipe was then completely transected post-mortem.At around 6:00p.m., <mask>'s maternal aunt visited the house. She noted her nephew's and sister's cars in the driveway, but the house was dark and unusually quiet (especially given that the family kept six small dogs inside). Looking into the house, she noticed movement, and left with her son after deciding not to enter via the garage. Teddy then arrived home about 6:50p.m. After entering the house, <mask> attacked him with one of the kitchen knives and inflicted multiple stab wounds to his neck, chest, back and abdomen. One of the stab wounds penetrated his right lung, another penetrated his heart and another partially severed his spinal cord. Teddy sustained defensive wounds, suggesting that there was a struggle.After killing his family, <mask> disposed of the murder weapons and the clothing and the size7 running shoes he was wearing at the time of the murders. He showered, changed clothes, and spray painted the words "Fuck off Asians" on a wall in the house in an attempt to fool investigating police into believing that his family had been the victims of a hate crime. <mask> then drove to a friend's house, arriving there about 8:00p.m. The two then went to the Sydney central business district, where they ate at Planet Hollywood and visited a nearby video game arcade. Later in the evening, after dropping his friend off, <mask> returned home. He called emergency services at 11:48p.m. to say he had discovered the bodies.Gonzales had also frantically run to his neighbours' house and told them that his parents had been shot. Investigation
In the days following the murders, <mask> appeared on television asking for the killers to come forward, saying he wanted justice and offering a reward of A$100,000. A few days after the murder, <mask> visited the family's accountant, enquiring about his inheritance (estimated at A$1.5 million in Australia and ₱1.3 million in The Philippines). As an apparent victim of crime, he was also eligible for a A$15,000 payout. <mask> then moved to an apartment in Chatswood and put a deposit on a A$173,000 Lexus, telling the dealership he would be using his inheritance to pay for the vehicle. It was also claimed at trial that he traded in his parents' cars and pawned his mother's jewellery. Gonzales also told relatives that he had a brain tumour and asked his godmother in the Philippines for A$190,000 for the alleged surgery, but she did not give him any money.On 20 July, at the combined family funeral, he gave the eulogy and sang "One Sweet Day", which some attendees found odd. Based on the initial evidence, NSW Police investigators assumed that the murders were part of a robbery attempt. However, given the absence of a forced entry and despite some superficial ransacking, nothing of value was missing, including the cash in the victims' possession. Also, given the three-hour duration of the crimes it was deemed unlikely that thieves would remain in the house for that long. After noticing an emotional detachment and many inconsistencies in Gonzales' story, such as his claims of performing CPR, and no evidence of any intruders, police began to suspect that he was involved. <mask>' clothes, for example, were found to have the same paint used to spray the graffiti and a shoe box in his room matched the shoes used in the attack. Based on this, <mask>' internet records were searched, his phone calls began to be recorded, and he was befriended and surveilled by an undercover policeman.In December 2001, police were able to disprove <mask>' first alibi, that he waited in his car in the driveway before driving to another suburb and later meeting his friend on the night of the murders. <mask> then constructed a second alibi, claiming he had taken a taxi (as his car may have been recognised) and visited a brothel at the time of the murders, but this was discredited by both the supposed taxi driver and a sex worker. Other false trails included the fabrication of an e-mail that implicated a business rival of Teddy in the murders and the staging of an attempted burglary on 30 May. A breakthrough came when <mask>' fingerprint was matched to a series of product poisoning letters which matched address searches on his personal computer. Other evidence indicated his research into poisons, the ordering of toxic-plant seeds, and recent unexplained poisoning-like illnesses in his family. On 13 June 2002, detectives from Strike Force Tawas arrested <mask>. Legal proceedings
<mask> was charged with three counts of murder and one count of threatening product contamination.He was refused bail and held on remand in Silverwater Correctional Centre. During this time, he was denied access to the family's estate to fund his defence, and sought legal aid for the murder trial which took place during April and May 2004. Prosecuted by Mark Tedeschi, the trial revealed that Gonzales had planned the murders for several months before they took place. Initially he researched the idea of poisoning his family, which led to an elaborate contamination hoax one week before the killings. The court heard of numerous lies told to his friends, family and police regarding his whereabouts at the time of the murders, suggesting that <mask> was a pathological liar. It was found that he had committed the murders because he was fearful that, because of his poor performance in his university studies, his parents might take his car away from him and might withdraw other privileges which had been granted to him, and that he wished to be the sole beneficiary of his parents' property. On 20 May 2004, <mask> was found guilty of all four charges.He was sentenced on 17 September 2004 to three concurrent life sentences without parole for the murders. Justice Bruce James remarked that, "I consider that the murders show features of very great heinousness and that there are no facts mitigating the objective seriousness of the murders and hence the murders fall within the worst category of cases of murder at common law." In June 2007, <mask> was granted approval to appeal his conviction and his sentence. The Supreme Court determined that statements taken from Gonzales by police on the night of the murders may be inadmissible, as he was not cautioned. On 27 November 2007, the appeal was dismissed as there had been no miscarriage of justice, and his convictions remained. In March 2021, <mask> failed in his third attempt to get a special inquiry into his convictions for the murders. Previous applications for a special inquiry into his convictions were dismissed in 2018 and 2019.House sale
The North Ryde house, located at 6 Collins Street and built by the <mask> family in 2000, was put on the market shortly after the murders but due to its notoriety, it remained unsold for three years. Its eventual sale aroused controversy in October 2004 when prospective buyers, a couple from Taiwan, agreed to purchase the property. However, they had not been informed of the events that took place there by the realtors, LJ Hooker, only finding them out from a newspaper. LJ Hooker initially refused to reverse the sale as they had no legal obligation of disclosure, but eventually refunded the buyers' $80,000 deposit due to the bad publicity it caused. The company was also fined A$21,000 by the NSW Office of Fair Trading. After this incident, the NSW government made it illegal to "fail to disclose information that could have a substantial impact on the value of a property". In November 2005, the house was sold for A$720,000 (A$80,000 less than the previous price) to a buyer who was informed of its history.See also
 Bart Whitaker – a man who ordered a hit on his family after faking attending a university
 Jennifer Pan – a similar tiger parenting case
 Lin family murders (Australia)

References

External links
The Gonzales Family Murders – Crime Investigation Australia; YouTube

1980 births
Living people
Male murderers
Familicides
Murder in Sydney
People from Sydney
People from Baguio
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to multiple life sentences
Filipino emigrants to Australia
People convicted of murder by New South Wales
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New South Wales

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