title: Isak Ssewankambo

texts:
<mask> (born 27 February 1996) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for Östersunds FK as a defender. Club career

Early career
<mask> started playing football at age five and immediately joined Lärje-Angereds IF. He then moved to IFK Göteborg when he was nine and after two years later, returned to Lärje-Angereds IF. At fourteen, <mask> left Sweden to move to Premier League side Chelsea, bringing his family with him. During his time at Chelsea, <mask> played in the club's Reserves and Academy. After being released by Chelsea, <mask> joined Eredivisie side NAC Breda on a one-year contract with an option for another year. Upon joining the club, he explained leaving Chelsea, citing first team football.<mask> made his NAC Breda debut (also his professional debut) in the opening game of the season, as the club drew 1–1 against Excelsior. Since joining NAC Breda, he quickly established himself in the starting eleven, playing in the right–back position. By the time <mask> left the club, he made fifteen appearances in all competitions. It was announced on 2 January 2015 that <mask> joined Derby County of the Sky Bet Championship following a trial. Immediately after joining the club, he was assigned to Derby County's reserve team for the rest of the 2014–15 season. Ahead of the 2015–16 season, <mask> was given a number thirty shirt for the club. He made his debut for Derby County in a League Cup tie against Portsmouth on 12 August 2015.Following this, <mask> returned back to playing for the club's reserve side. However, his time at the club was overshadowed by injuries. Molde FK
On 3 March 2016, <mask> left Derby County to join manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær at Molde FK for an undisclosed fee, signing a three–year contract. He made his debut for the club, coming on as an 85th-minute substitute, in a 1–1 draw against Tromsø in the opening game of the season. Following this, <mask> made his seven starts for the next seven matches for Molde. However during a 1–0 win against Aalesunds on 30 April 2016, he suffered a knee injury, resulting being substituted in the 57th minute and was sidelined for two months. It wasn't until on 23 July 2016 when <mask> made his return to the first team, coming on as a second half substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Sarpsborg 08.However, his return was short–lived when he suffered another knee injury that kept him out for three months. It wasn't until on 30 October 2016 when <mask> made his return to the first team against Stabæk, starting a match and played 71 minutes before being substituted, in a 3–0 win. At the end of the 2016 season, he went on to make eleven appearances in all competitions. However at the start of the 2017 season, <mask> suffered a muscle injury while on international duty that saw him out for the club's first six league matches. It wasn't until on 6 May 2017 when he returned to the first team, coming on as a 78th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Aalesunds. <mask> started in the next three matches for Molde before missing the next three matches, due to international duty with Sweden U21. It wasn't until on 26 June 2017 when he made his return to the first team, coming on as a 70th-minute substitute, in a 1–1 draw against Strømsgodset.Following this, <mask> regained his first team place, where he played in different positions in the defence and midfield position. <mask> later helped the club finish second place in the league after drawing 2–2 against Sarpsborg in the last game of the season. At the end of the 2017 season, he went on to make twenty–one appearances in all competitions. After a short loan spell at Malmö FF, <mask> made his first appearance of the 2018 season, coming on as a second half substitute in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League second round against KF Laçi, as Molde FK won 2–0 to advance to the next round of the tournament. Following this, he found his playing time, mostly coming from the substitute bench, making four more appearances for Molde FK. At the end of the 2018 season, <mask> went on to make five appearances in all competitions. Following this, he was released by the club after they did not offer him a new contract.Loan to Malmö FF
It was announced on 19 March 2018 when <mask> joined Malmö on loan until the summer. He made his debut for the club, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–1 win against Elfsborg in the opening game of the season. <mask> appeared as an unused substitute in the Svenska Cupen Final against Djurgårdens, as Malmö FF lost 3–0. He later made four more appearances for Malmö FF, making a total of five appearances in all competitions. On 13 July 2018, <mask> returned to his parent club after the club decided against signing him on a permanent basis. Östersunds FK
It was announced on 21 February 2019 that <mask> joined Östersunds FK on a three year contract, until December 2021. He made his debut for the club, starting the whole game in the right–midfield position, in a 0–0 draw against AIK in the opening game of the season.Since joining Östersunds FK, <mask> quickly established himself, playing in different positions in the defence and midfield. It wasn't until on 29 April 2019 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–0 win against Helsingborgs. Following Östersunds FK's 3–0 win against IK Sirius on 6 July 2019, <mask> was subjected of attention after the opposition team reported claims that the club breached the requirements for home-grown players on him. Following an investigation, no charges were taken against Östersunds FK. Shortly after, he suffered a knee injury during a 0–0 draw against Malmö FF on 28 July 2019 and was substituted at half time. It was announced that <mask> was out for a month. It wasn't until on 14 September 2019 when he returned to the first team, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute, in a 2–1 loss against Kalmar.However, his return was short–lived when <mask> was suspended for one match after he was booked for a yellow during the match against Kalmar. But <mask> returned to the starting line–up against Örebro on 25 September 2019, as the club lost 2–0. His second goal for Östersund FK then came on 19 October 2019 against IK Sirius, as the club won 2–0, ending their twelve matches without a win. After the match, he was named Team of the Week by Aftonbladet. Eventually, Östersund FK managed to avoid relegation despite losing the last two remaining matches of the 2019 season. In his first season at the club, <mask> made twenty–four appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. At the start of the 2020 season, <mask> appeared three times in Östersunds FK's matches in the Svenska Cupen.However, due to the pandemic, the season was pushed back to three months. Once the season resumed, he continued to regain his first team place, playing in the defensive midfield position. It wasn't until on 1 July 2020 when <mask> scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 win against Kalmar. He also later set up two goals for the club, coming against Elfsborg on 23 August 2020 and then later against Hammarby on 25 October 2020. <mask> captained Östersunds FK for the first time in his career against IK Sirius on 18 October 2020, as he helped the club win 3–2. Despite missing two matches during the 2020 season, <mask> went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions. International career
<mask> is eligible to play for Sweden and Uganda.Sweden youth teams
In May 2012, <mask> was called up to the Sweden U16 squad for the first time. He made his U16 national team debut, starting a match and played 76 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 win against Bulgaria U16 on 29 May 2012. <mask> scored his first Sweden U16 goal, in a 4–1 win against Faroe Islands U19 on 9 August 2012. This was followed up by scoring his second U16 national team goal, in a 2–0 win against England U16. He went on to make nine appearances and scoring two times for Sweden U16. In September 2012, <mask> was called up to the Sweden U17 for the first time. He made his U17 national team debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Republic of Ireland U17 on 29 September 2012.<mask> then set up two goals for Sweden U21, as they beat Belarus U17 on 26 March 2013. In April 2013, he was called up to the U17 national team squad for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship. <mask> played four times in the tournament, as the U17 national team were eliminated in the semi–finals against Russia U17. For his performance, he was named Team of the Tournament, along with four of his teammates. Following the tournament, he captained Sweden U17 for the first time, starting a match and played 80 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–1 draw against Iraq U17 on 5 September 2013. Shortly after, <mask> was called up to the U17 national team squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. However, he suffered a thigh injury while training and missed the opening game of the Group Stage match against Iraq U17.But <mask> did make an appearance for Sweden U17 in the tournament against Nigeria U17 on 22 October 2013, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, in a 3–3 draw. However, he was once again injured and never played in the tournament again. <mask> went on to make thirteen appearances and scoring once for the U17 national team. In February 2014, <mask> was called up to the Sweden U19 squad for the first time. He made his debut for the U19 national team, starting the whole game in the right–back position, in a 3–0 loss against Iceland U19 on 4 March 2014. <mask> went on to play in the right–back position for four more matches for Sweden U19. It wasn't until on 12 November 2014 when he scored his first U19 national team goal, in a 2–2 draw against Ukraine U19.<mask> went on to make nine appearances and scoring once for Sweden U19. In May 2014, <mask> was called up to the Sweden U21 squad for the first time. He made his debut for the U21 national team, coming on as an 81st-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against Sweden U21 on 4 June 2014. Three months later on 9 September 2014, <mask> made his first start for Sweden U21 and played the whole game, in a 4–3 win against Turkey U21. In a follow–up match, he made another start for the U21 national team and played 73 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 loss against France U21. In a return leg, <mask> was placed on the substitute bench, as the U21 national team managed to overcome the deficit by beating them 4–1 to qualify for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He made two appearances for Sweden U21 between 11 June 2015 and 16 June 2015 against Denmark U21 and Albania U21.However, <mask> did not make the cut the U21 national team squad for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. After spending almost a year away from the U21 national team, he made his first appearance for Sweden U21, starting a match against Serbia U21 on 24 March 2017, but suffered an injury that saw him substituted in the 10th minute. In May 2017, <mask> was called up to the Sweden U21 squad for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. However, he appeared three times as an unused substitute, as Sweden U21 were eliminated in the Group Stage tournament. Following this, <mask> became a regular for the U21 national team, making ten consecutive starts between September 2017 and October 2018. During which, he scored his first Sweden U21 goal, in a 3–0 win against Malta U21 on 10 October 2017. However in a match against Belgium U21 on 16 October 2018, <mask> was sent–off in the 41st minute for a straight red card, in a 3–0 loss, in what turns out to be his last appearance for the U21 national team.Following this, he went on to make twenty–one appearances and scoring once for Sweden U21. In June 2016, <mask> was considered to be in a short–list for the Sweden Olympic squad ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. However, he was failed to make the cut. Career Statistics

Personal life
<mask> has an older brother, Moses, who is his advisor. At the time at Chelsea, Ssewankambo resided in London, where he lived five miles from the Cobham Training Centre and his family residing in the city. <mask> revealed that he started out as a striker, saying: "I started as a striker. Everyone starts as a striker.But I thought I was better in midfield, you're involved in everything there. I like to be involved in a lot of things. I'm a midfielder, creating chances is big, but scoring is the best thing you can do." Since playing in the position, Ssewankambo also plays in a right–back position and different midfield positions. In May 2018, while playing for Malmö FF, Ssewankambo and teammate Carlos Strandberg were recused the Swedish rescue service after being stranded at the sea for twenty minutes. Honours

Country
Sweden U17
 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup: Third place

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Swedish expatriate footballers
NAC Breda players
Derby County F.C. players
Molde FK players
Malmö FF players
Östersunds FK players
Eliteserien players
Eredivisie players
Allsvenskan players
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Swedish people of Ugandan descent
Sweden under-21 international footballers
Sweden youth international footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
Association football defenders

masks:
Isak Ssali Ssewankambo
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title: Neena Gupta

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 4 June 1959) is an Indian actress and television director who works in Hindi films and television. Known for her work in both art-house and commercial films, she won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a young widow in Woh Chokri (1994). In 2018, she saw career resurgence for starring as a middle-aged pregnant woman in the comedy-drama Badhaai Ho, for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics) and received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. <mask>'s television appearances include a leading role in the drama series Saans (1999) and as the host of the Indian version of the television quiz show The Weakest Link, named Kamzor Kadii Kaun. In June 2021, publisher Penguin Random House India released her autobiography "Sach Kahun Toh". Early life and education
<mask> was born on 4 June 1959 in New Delhi to R.N.<mask>. <mask> did her master's degree and M.Phil.in Sanskrit, and is an alumnus of National School of Drama, New Delhi. Career

Film career
<mask> has made appearances in several international films, such as Gandhi (1982), in which she played the niece of Mahatma Gandhi, and Merchant Ivory films, The Deceivers (1988), Mirza Ghalib (1989) In Custody (1993), and Cotton Mary (1999). She also made an impression in Indian parallel cinema such as Mandi (1983), Rihaee (1988), Drishti (1990) and Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (1992). These performances further established her profile in Indian movies alongside her arthouse film contemporaries Rekha, Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil and Dimple Kapadia. Despite this, <mask> never had a major commercial hit and found it difficult to find more dramatic roles:

Her appearance in Hindi movies was especially noted in the satirical movie, Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro in which she played the role of a secretary to Pankaj Kapoor. She also starred along with Madhuri Dixit in Khalnayak (1993); she was featured in the popular song "Choli Ke Peeche" in the movie. She has made television movies, Lajwanti and Bazar Sitaram (1993), which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film.In 1994, <mask>'s breakthrough came in the acclaimed drama Woh Chokri as a recently widowed daughter-in-law; this performance won her a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2017, <mask> made headlines when she shared a post on Instagram asking for work: "I live in Mumbai and working as a good actor looking for good parts to play." Fed up with the lack of roles being written for middle-aged women in Bollywood, <mask> later reflected, "After that Instagram post, I got many offers -- five, in fact, and I accepted all of them. There is no shame in saying you don't have work." One of the offers she accepted was Amit Sharma's comedy-drama Badhaai Ho (2018), which emerged as the ninth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2018. Her performance as a middle-aged pregnant mother earned widespread critical acclaim, with various critics and publications citing her performance as the film's highlight and one of the best of her career. Rajeev Masand credited <mask> for bringing "real empathy" to the part, while Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV described her portrayal as "outstandingly measured."Acting opposite Ayushmann Khurana as her son, <mask> received various accolades for her performance including the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress, the Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics), and the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actor - Female. At 60, she became the second-eldest Best Actress nominee in Filmfare Award history after Sharmila Tagore. In 2020, <mask>  appeared in Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari's sports comedy-drama Panga, and has reunited with Ayushmann Khurana for Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan, with the latter earning her a Filmfare Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> <mask> will next appear alongside Manoj Bajpayee and Sakshi Tanwar for the upcoming thriller 'Dial 100'. Television career
Her big break on television came with Khandaan (1985), Yatra (1986), Gulzar's Mirza Ghalib (1987), a TV miniseries, followed by Shyam Benegal's Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) and later Dard (1994), Gumraah (1995), Shrimaan Shrimati (1995), Saans, Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar (2005), Chitthi (2003), Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin (2004). She has also acted in the TV serial, Buniyaad. She also hosted the Indian version of the TV series The Weakest Link, Kamzor Kadii Kaun and appeared in Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin which gave her considerable popularity.She has directed successful TV series, such as Saans (1999), Siski in (2000) and Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr. She played the role of Shubha, one of the four women main leads in Ladies Special, a daily soap on Sony TV. She is now seen in Dil se Diya Vachan as a doctor by profession and mother-in-law of the lead character Nandani which airs on Zee TV

She also ran a theatre production company, 'Sahaj Productions' with actor, Rajendra <mask>, and acted as well as produced the Hindi play Soorya Ki Antim Kiran Se Soorya Ki Paheli Kiran Tak. She has also had some roles in Rishtey which was aired on Zee TV during 1999–2000. She has also been a part of Masaba Masaba, a Netflix show based on her and her daughter Masaba <mask>, who is a designer by profession. Personal life

<mask> was in a relationship with former West Indian cricketer Vivian Richards in the 1980s. Together, they have a daughter named Masaba <mask>.Since Richards was already married, <mask> decided to raise Masaba on her own as a single mother. It was then that she chose to move from New Delhi to Mumbai. In 2008, <mask> married New Delhi-based chartered accountant Vivek Mehra in a private ceremony in the United States. Filmography

Films

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1959 births
National School of Drama alumni
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Hindi-language film directors
Indian women television directors
Indian television directors
Indian women television producers
Indian television producers
Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Women television producers
Filmfare Awards winners

masks:
Neena Gupta
Gupta
Neena Gupta
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Neena
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title: Arthur Schoellkopf

texts:
<mask> (June 13, 1856 – February 3, 1913) was an American industrial leader who helped develop the hydroelectric resources of Niagara Falls and served as the fifth Mayor of Niagara Falls, New York. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo on June 13, 1856, the third son of industrialist Jacob F. Schoellkopf (1819–1899) and Christiana T. Duerr (1827–1903). He started his education at private schools in Buffalo and when he was 9 years old he was sent to the Academy of Kirchheim in Germany, where he spent the next four years. Upon returning to the United States, <mask> finished his schooling at St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute in Buffalo and then attended Bryant and Stratton College. Career

Business career

In 1873, upon completion of his studies, he went to work for the "North Buffalo and Frontier Mills" in Buffalo, operated by "Thornton & Chester", and afterward, "Schoellkopf & Matthews." He worked at Frontier Mills for four years, and in 1877, became a part owner of "Niagara Flouring Mill" at Niagara Falls. By 1908, <mask> was president of "Niagara Falls Milling Company," which included the "Central Mill" and the "Niagara Flouring Mill."In 1877, his father purchased the Hydraulic Canal at Niagara Falls and in 1878, they formed the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company, <mask> became secretary, treasurer and general manager of the business. In 1881, along with his father Jacob and Charles Brush, they founded of the "Brush Electric Light Company of Buffalo" which built an electric generator that operated by mechanical power, supplied by the canal water, which used 16 carbon arc lights to illuminate Niagara Falls at night. The Brush Electric Light Company of Buffalo" and the "Thomson-Houston Electric Light and Power Company of Buffalo" later consolidated into the "Buffalo General Electric Company" on August 1, 1892

In 1882, Schoellkopf constructed the first horse-drawn street car system in Niagara Falls (known as the "Niagara Falls and Suspension Bridge Street Railway") completed July 4, 1883, and was manager of that company until 1890 when he sold his interest as it became part of the International Railway system. Schoellkopf was also on the Board of Directors of the "Niagara County Savings Bank" (which was acquired by Buffalo Savings Bank in 1981 and dissolved in 1991), the "International Hotel Company" (which operated the International Hotel, built in 1853 by B. F. Childs at the corner of Falls Avenue at Main Street in Niagara Falls, and was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1918), and the "New York Mutual Savings and Loan Association." He was founder (in June 1893) and president for 17 years of the "Power City Bank," president of the "Gluck Realty Co." which built the Gluck Block on the site of the burned "Spencer House, president of the "Cliff Paper Company" (which manufactured wood pulp and news paper and owned the "Cliff mill", the first development to harness Niagara Falls' water power of over 100 ft.) and the "Park Theater Company." Horse breeding
In the 1880s, Schoellkopf owned "Niagara View Farms." The Farms was located in what was then open land in the Town of Niagara, but is now within the City of Niagara Falls, the modern boundaries of the farm are Hyde Park Boulevard (then Sugar Street) on the west, Ontario Street on the north, Linwood Avenue on the south and Gill Creek on the east.The Farm was a stud farm and bred some of the finest horses in the United States, including the champion trotter "Niagara King." The Farm also included a piggery and a hennery on the property. Political career
In March 1896, <mask> was elected mayor of the City of Niagara Falls. His campaign slogan was "municipal government is business, not politics" and he was overwhelmingly elected by every district in the city. In an 1897 article, his administration was characterized by "no scandals, no jangles in the Common Council; the sessions have been business like and have not lasted all night… he has made the best Mayor we have had." After a year in office, <mask> made the decision not to run for a second term citing that "his private business would not allow him to devote the necessary time to the city's affairs" and so he declined the Republican mayoral nomination for 1897. Personal life
In 1880, <mask> married Jessie Gluck, daughter of Alva Gluck, one of Niagara Falls' most prominent citizens and builder of the "Gluck Building," a local landmark from 1892 until it burned down in 1959.Together, <mask> and Jessie had two children:
Margaret Beatrice <mask> (1881–1965), who married Thomas Jefferson Penn (1875-1946) and moved to Reidsville, North Carolina). <mask> <mask> (1884-1947), who married Mattie Irwin Penn (1885-1973) in 1911

In 1879, <mask> built a large stone house on a triangular piece of property bounded by Main Street, Pine Avenue and Park Place. The house was torn down in 1935 to make way for a tire store, but the stone wall that surrounded the property is still there. <mask> was a member of Niagara Frontier Lodge No. 132, F. & A. M., Knights Templar and of Ismailia Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine of Buffalo. He was also exalted Ruler of Lodge No. 346, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.He belonged to the "Niagara Falls Chamber of Commerce," the "Ellicott Club of Buffalo," and a member and Trustee of the First Presbyterian Church of Niagara Falls. <mask>'s son, Paul, later served as president of the consolidated Niagara Falls Power Company. Death
In the 1910s, <mask>'s health became impaired by unnamed "complicated disorders." He sought relief from his ailments by spending the winters in Florida. He died unexpectedly, at 56 years old, in Miami on February 3, 1913, of complications from a "serious illness." After a funeral service at the First Presbyterian Church on First Street, <mask>'s remains were placed in a vault at Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls to be buried later in the family plot at Forest Lawn in Buffalo, New York. It was later decided by the family to have him remain in Niagara Falls, so <mask> and his wife Jessie, who died in 1928 (at her residence 1 West 70th Street in New York City) are interred in the mausoleum at Oakwood Cemetery.Philanthropy and legacy
Schoellkopf was one of the founders of the Niagara Falls Memorial Hospital in 1895, as well as the Niagara Falls branch of the YMCA that same year. In 1906, Schoellkopf was approached by Peter A. Porter to donate a small triangular lot across from his residence in Niagara Falls, New York (at Main and Pine) for use as a city park. Porter asked Schoellkopf to "advise us as to the possibilities of its being so secured at this time." The Schoellkopf turned the property over to the city, and in 1920, the parcel became the "Soldiers, Sailors and Marines Memorial Park." Since that time, other veterans memorials have been added to the park. "Schoellkopf Park," along Portage Road between Pine Avenue and Walnut Avenue, was a gift from Schoellkopf's wife, Jessie, in memory of <mask>. "Schoellkopf Hall" at the DeVeaux School (now De Veaux Woods State Park) was named for <mask>'s son Paul, and the Schoellkopf Geological Museum (now the Niagara Gorge Discovery Center) was so named because it was built on the site of the former Schoellkopf Power Plant that fell into the Niagara Gorge in 1956.See also
Jacob F. Schoellkopf
Jacob F<mask> Jr.
Paul A. Schoellkopf
Henry Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf Power Station
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company

References

1856 births
1913 deaths
American business executives
Bryant and Stratton College alumni
Schoellkopf family
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Mayors of Niagara Falls, New York
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Arthur Schoellkopf
Arthur Schoellkopf
Arthur
Schoellkopf
Arthur
Arthur Schoellkopf
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Arthur
Arthur
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Paul Arthur
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Arthur
Schoellkopf
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Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf
Arthur
Arthur
. Schoellkopf


title: Leila Ahmed

texts:
<mask> (); (born 1940) is an Egyptian-American scholar of Islam. In 1992 she published her book Women and Gender in Islam, which is regarded as a seminal historical analysis of the position of women in Arab Muslim societies. She became the first professor of women's studies in religion at Harvard Divinity School in 1999, and has held the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Divinity chair since 2003. In 2013, <mask> received the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Religion for her analysis of the "veiling" of Muslim women in the United States, in which she described her rejection of her own previous critiques of the veil as sexist in favor of the view that the veil, when voluntarily chosen, is a progressive and feminist act. As such, she now supports Muslim women who advocate for the veil as a symbol of progressivism and feminism, although <mask> herself does not practice veiling. Biography
Born in the Heliopolis district of Cairo to a middle-class Egyptian father and an upper class Turkish mother in 1940, <mask>'s childhood was shaped both by Muslim Egyptian values and the liberal orientation of Egypt's aristocracy under the ancien régime. The <mask> family became politically ostracized following the Free Officers Movement in 1952.Her father, a civil engineer, was a vocal opponent of Gamal Abdel Nasser's construction of the Aswan High Dam on ecological principles. She earned her undergraduate and doctorate degrees from University of Cambridge during the 1960s before moving to the United States to teach and write, where she was appointed to professorship in Women's Studies and Near Eastern studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1981 followed by a professorship in Women's Studies and Religion at the Harvard Divinity School in 1999, where she currently teaches. Work

A Border Passage (1999)
In her 1999 memoir A Border Passage, <mask> describes her multicultural Cairene upbringing and her adult life as an expatriate and an immigrant in Europe and the United States. She tells of how she was introduced to Islam through her grandmother during her childhood, and she came to distinguish it from "official Islam" as practiced and preached by a largely male religious elite. This realization would later form the basis of her first acclaimed book, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), a seminal work on Islamic history, Muslim feminism, and the historical role of women in Islam. <mask> speaks of her experience in Europe and the United States as one that was often fraught with tension and confusion as she tried to reconcile her Muslim Egyptian identity with Western values. Faced with racism and anti-Muslim prejudice, and after deconstructing traditionalist male-centered beliefs in her own culture, she set out to dispel equally damaging myths and misconceptions held by the West about Islam and Muslim women.Today, <mask> is perhaps known most widely for her groundbreaking work on the Islamic view of women and their historical and social status in the Muslim world, particularly for her advocacy for veiling, a practice she formerly opposed as someone who grew up in a secular Egyptian family. <mask> has been a strong critic of Arab nationalism in Egypt and the Middle East. She devotes an entire chapter in her autobiography to the question of Arab nationalism, and the political factors and efforts which went into constructing an Arab identity for Egypt after the army's coup d'état. According to <mask>'s research, the idea that Egyptians were "Arab" was virtually unheard of well into the 20th century. She describes Arab nationalism, like many other forms of pan-nationalism, as a type of cultural imperialism. This cultural imperialism eats away at the diversity and cultural creativity of not only the Arabic-speaking national majorities (who often speak widely divergent vernaculars), but also the non-Arabic speaking minorities throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Women and Gender in Islam (1992)
In her seminal work, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), <mask> argues that the oppressive practices to which women in the Middle East are subjected are caused by the prevalence of patriarchal interpretations of Islam rather than Islam itself.She maintains that as Islam evolved, two divergent voices emerged in the religion:
 An ethical structure that advocates the moral and spiritual equality of all human beings;
 A hierarchical structure as the basis of male/female relations; a gender-based/sexual hierarchy. Islamic doctrine developed within an androcentric, misogynist society, that of Abbasid Iraq, the customs of which were largely inherited from the Sasanian Empire after its conquest. This society emphasised and institutionalised the gendered hierarchical voice and silenced the voice of equity and justice. Islam as a religion therefore became a discourse of the politically dominant elite, i.e. ; male society. There were early signs of resistance to establishment Islam. For example, the thoughts of Sufi and Qarmatians groups, philosophers such as Ibn al-Arabi and the liberal stance of powerful families and individuals towards their daughters in respect of marriage and education (e.g.; imposing a monogamy clause in marriage contracts or one for providing private education). Despite such resistance, establishment Islam experienced little serious challenge until early 19th-century colonial encroachment. European colonialisms' remit was essentially economic; however, female emancipation was used as an argument to legitimate geopolitical incursion. Colonial feminism was a Western discourse of dominance which, "introduced the notion that an intrinsic connection existed between the issue of culture and the status of women, and … that progress for women could be achieved only through abandoning the native culture." Inevitably, the initial reaction to this was a rejection of Western values by political Islamists. This rejection saw the conflation of Islam and culture where Islamic authenticity became defined in terms of cultural authenticity and, specifically, the role of women within Islam. This led to a reaffirmation of indigenous customs relating to women and restoration of the customs and laws of past Islamic societies.The underlying assumption was that there is an authentic interpretation of Islam that is based on the texts and institutions developed in Abbasid Iraq. According to such assumptions, the meaning of gender and the position of women within Islam is "unambiguous and ascertainable in some precise and absolute sense." Since this initial reaction, Muslim women scholars have argued that the values of the Abbasid era in Iraq are not universal to Islam — rather they were specific to a particular time, culture and people. Islamic texts and institutions need to be separated from patriarchal culture and reappraised in terms of merit, and listening to the voice of equality and justice. <mask> concludes by exhorting feminists, both Muslim and Western, to undertake this task by critically engaging with, challenging and redefining the Middle East regions' diverse religious and cultural heritage. Bibliography

Books and book chapters
 Edward W. Lane: A study of his life and works and of British ideas of the Middle East in the Nineteenth century. London: Longman (1978)
 "A Traditional Ceremony in an Islamic Milieu in Malaysia", in Muslim Women (1984)
 "Between Two Worlds: The Formation of a Turn-of-the-Century Egyptian Feminist", in Life/Lines: Theorizing Women's Autobiography (1988)
 "Arab Women: 1995", in The Next Arab Decade: Alternative Futures (1988)
 "Feminism and Cross-Cultural Inquiry: The terms of discourse in Islam" In Coming to Terms: Feminism, Theory and Politics.Ed. Elizabeth Weed. New York: Routledge (1989)
 Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press (1992)
 A Border Passage: From Cairo to America—A Woman's Journey. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux (1999)
 A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. New Haven. Yale University Press (2011)

Articles
 "Women in the rise of Islam."The new Voices of Islam : Rethinking Politics and Modernity : a Reader. Ed. Mehran Kamrava. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006. 177-200. "The Discourse of the Veil." Post Colonialisms: an Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism.Ed. Gaurav Desai and Supriya Nair. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 315-338. "The Veil Debate Again: a View from America in the Early Twenty-first Century". On Shifting Ground: Muslim Women in the Global Era. Ed.Fereshteh Nourale-Simone. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2005. "Gender and literacy in Islam." Nothing Sacred: Women Respond to Religious Fundamentalism and Terror. Ed. Betsy Reed. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002."The Women of Islam". Transition 83 (2000): 78-97. "Early Islam and the position of Women: the problem of interpretation." Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Ed. Nikki R. Keddie, Beth Baron. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993."Arab Culture and Writing Woman's Bodies." Gender Issues 9.1 (March 1, 1989): 41-55. "Women and the Advent of Islam." Signs 11.4 (Summer, 1986): 665-691. "Feminism and Feminist Movements in the Middle East, a Preliminary Exploration: Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen." Women and Islam. Ed.Ellen Skinner. Virginia: Pergamon Press: 1982. 153. "Western Ethnocentrism and Perceptions of the Harem." Feminist Studies 8.3 (Autumn, 1982): 521-534. <mask>, <mask>, Krishna Ahooja-Patel, Charlotte Bunch, Nilufer Cagatay, Ursula Funk, Dafna N. Izraeli, Margaret McIntosh, Helen I. Safa, and Aline K. Wong. "Comments on Tinker's 'A Feminist view of Copenhagen".Signs 6.4 (Summer, 1981): 771-790. "Encounter with American Feminism: A Muslim Woman's View of Two Conferences". Women's Studies Newsletter 8.3 (Summer, 1980): 7-9. Filmography
 <mask> was an advisor to the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation. References

External links
<mask>'s faculty profile at Harvard Divinity School
Interview with <mask> ("Muslim Women and Other Misunderstandings) at On Being (radio show) in December 7, 2006
Professor <mask> <mask>, Ph.D., speaks in the Distinguished Lecture Series March 22, 2010
A Border Passage: From Cairo to America -- A Woman's Journey, <mask> <mask>, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999. Profile of <mask> <mask> By Julia Lieblich, The Associated Press, August 12, 1999

1940 births
Living people
Critics of Arab nationalism
American feminists
Egyptian scholars
Egyptian academics
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
American people of Egyptian descent
Muslim reformers
Egyptian feminists
Feminist studies scholars
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
Egyptian people of Turkish descent
American people of Turkish descent
Proponents of Islamic feminism
Egyptian Muslims
People from Cairo
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Women scholars of Islam

masks:
Leila Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Leila
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Leila
Ahmed
Leila
Ahmed
Leila
Ahmed


title: Carol Fischer Sorgenfrei

texts:
<mask> (born January 14, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois)  is a scholar, translator, editor, and playwright who assumes the title of "founding mother" of Asian theater studies for her contributions to the study of cross-cultural performance and her expertise in Asian theatre. She has published extensively on Asian cultural practices and has written plays incorporating elements of traditional Japanese drama. Currently Professor Emeritus at UCLA, Sorgenfrei continues her creative work as a playwright. Education

Her interest in Asian theatre, particularly in relation to Japan, was inspired by a contemporary French theatre class she attended under Leonard Pronko in Pomona College. She later explained, the professor "spent a lot of time explicating the ways that French theatre had been influenced by Asian performance... What I liked was theatrical theatre—so Japanese theatre was the natural thing." She extended her studies in Japanese theatre by moving to the International Christian University in Mitaka, Japan where she received language training and exposure to Japanese theatre. As a result of the "Zenkyōtō" student uprisings in 1968, which closed universities nationwide, she spent five months exploring theatre throughout Asia.She returned to Pomona College and received her BA in 1970. She received her MA in playwriting four years later from the University of California, Santa Barbara where she also received her doctorate in 1978. Career

Sorgenfrei was a professor at UCLA from 1980 to 2011, where she served as both a scholar and creative artist. She wrote plays, which reflected her interest in relationships between contemporary Japanese and Western theatre. In 1975, she wrote Medea: A Noh Cycle Based on Greek Myth, which served as a hybrid envisioning of Euripides' Medea in the style of a Westernized, Japanese Noh. She incorporated kabuki and Greek theatre in Fireplay: The Legend of Prometheus, which her professor Leonard Pronko directed in 1987. Inspired by Molière's Tartuffe, she wrote The Impostor in 1992, which integrated two different comedic styles: Japanese kyogen and commedia dell'arte.In 1997, she wrote Blood Wine, Blood Wedding, which functioned as tribute to Federico Garcia Lorca's Blood Wedding and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's Love Suicides at Sonezaki; integrating both theatrical styles of Spanish flamenco and Japanese kabuki into the play's performance. Sorgenfrei's plays draw inspiration from the western canon — often serving as reinterpretations of classics with a combination of Japanese plays and performance styles. Her fusion of performance styles and contemporary theatre improves understanding of plays by offering an intercultural East/West mix. In retelling Medea through a Noh cycle, her work reaches out to other cultural audiences and challenges western social norms. As theatre historian Helene Foley has argued, Medea: A Noh Cycle Based on Greek Myth "turn[s] to a reimagined Japanese tradition to empower a more aggressive feminist assault on patriarchal culture." Sorgenfrei's play achieves the desired effect by portraying the story of a powerful female protagonist through a performance style in which traditionally only Japanese men participated. Her reinterpretation subverts Athen's and Japan's patriarchal theatre while also offering an analytical amalgamation of cultures, which reflects the creative and academic possibilities of theatre.In 2015, she showcased her most recent play Ghost Light: The Haunting at the Barrow Group Theater in New York. The play was produced as an equity showcasing by La Luna Productions—a feminist theatre company she cofounded to promote empowering stories through kabuki performance. The company carries her signature splicing of Japanese theatre with American theatrical conventions. Ghost Light draws inspiration from Macbeth and the kabuki play Yatuya Ghost Stories, which both carry plots of treachery and vengeance. In a review describing the play's performance, Yatsunov comments that the play, "crafts a unique style with influences beyond kabuki and Shakespeare, finding well placed touches of TV-crime-drama and old-timey vaudeville." In other words, Sorgenfrei's script allows for a playful interpretation, which blends traditional American performance with kabuki performance and defines its own genre. Publications

Described as the "founding mother" of Asian theatre studies, Sorgenfrei remains an influential scholar in the field of Japanese theatrical studies.Published in 2005, Unspeakable Acts: the avant-garde theatre of Terayama Shuji and Postwar Japan remains one of her most accredited academic studies. It discusses the work of Shūji Terayama, who was a poet, playwright, stage director, photographer, filmmaker, novelist and critic that heavily influenced the avant-garde movement in 60's and 70's Japan. Through an in-depth analysis of his influences, style, and his major works, Sorgenfrei offers an introduction to Terayama and an understanding of contemporary Japanese theatre for the Western perspective. Within the second half of her publication, she also provides translations of three of his plays as well as a compilation of his writings on theatre. It exists as an authoritative academic source on Terayama with a selection of the few English translations of his works. Originally published in 2006, Theatre Histories: An Introduction is another renowned academic publication, which provides an insight into intercultural performance and theatre as it discusses the history of theatre throughout the world. She co-authored the publication with Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, and Phillip Zarilli.Jortner states that the text remains a unique presentation of world theatre as it "gives an equal amount of text to non-Western... performance and places it in an equal historical and cultural context" as the Western canon in a non-chronological order. The original publication received such a popular reception that it had been edited and published twice afterwards. Its most recent edition was released in 2016. It lays testament to Sorgenfrei's relevance within current intercultural theatre studies. Bibliography

References

External links
 ghostlightplay.com
 tft.ucla.edu

1947 births
People from Chicago
American women academics
American women dramatists and playwrights
UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television faculty
Pomona College alumni
Living people
21st-century American women


title: George Soule (Mayflower passenger)

texts:
<mask> (c. 1601 – between 20 September 1677 and 22 January 1679) was a colonist who was one of the indentured servants on the Mayflower and helped establish Plymouth Colony in 1620. He was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. Early life and family origin
It is known that <mask> came on the Mayflower and was credited to the household of Edward Winslow as a manservant or apprentice, along with Elias Story and a little girl Ellen More, who both died in the first winter. <mask> was mentioned in Bradford's recollections of the Winslow group: "Mr. Edward Winslow; Elizabeth, his wife; and *2* men servants, called Georg Sowle and Elias Story; also a little girle was put to him, called Ellen, sister of Richard More". He continues: "Mr. Ed. Winslow his wife dyed the first winter; and he is maried with the widow of Mr. White, and hath *2* children living by her marigable besides sundry that are dead. One of his servants dyed, as also the little girle, soone after the ships arrival.But this man <mask>, is still living and hath *8* children". Earlier researchers into Soule's origin believed in the London association of Winslow and Soule. Thus, based on this belief, and for five years ending in 2009, noted Mayflower researcher and biographer Caleb Johnson managed a fairly intensive search for Soule's English origins; he examined a number of likely '<mask>es' in various parts of England and subsequently concluded that the most promising candidate of all the '<mask>es' he reviewed was that of Tingrith, Bedfordshire, baptized in February 1594/5. More recent work in 2017 has identified the parents of <mask>e through a high-quality Y-DNA match of Soule with families in Scotland and Australia. Following up on research published by Louise Walsh Throop in 2009, the DNA study pointed to Soule's parents as Jan Sol and his wife Mayken Labis, who are identified by their marriage as Protestant refugees in London, England, in 1586 and by the baptisms of their children before 1600 in Haarlem, Holland. Their eldest known son Johannes Sol is identified by his baptism in 1591, as well as by his permissions in both Haarlem and Leyden to marry in Leyden. Johannes Sol, a printer in Leyden with one known publication, died suddenly, probably while helping William Brewster in the presswork for the Perth Assembly.His apprentice, Edward Raban, apparently fled to Scotland in 1619 in order to avoid being apprehended by agents of the King of England. It appears he was accompanied by the pregnant widow of his master and probably took with him the missing press of Brewster, as well as the telltale type and initials from Brewster; Raban also apparently took with him the Sol press and type. Edward Raban in 1622 published a very veiled version of his master's shocking death, well hidden in a discussion of drunkenness and resultant whoredom. It would appear all helpers in the press work and distribution of "Perth Assembly" took an oath of silence that was never breached, even after King James I died in 1625. Some researchers have pointed to circumstantial evidence that <mask>'s family may have had Sephardic (Converso) Jewish roots, due to "Sol/Soule" being a common Sephardic name and "Soule" (the version <mask> used in his will) being a Basque province. Soule's daughter-in-law, Rebecca Simonson, daughter of colonist, Moses Simonson, may have had Jewish ancestry, and Soule's printing colleague, Edward "Raban was from a Jewish-descended family in Germany." It is likely that <mask>'s presumed father Jan Sol, who married as a refugee in 1586 in London, was the grandson of Jan van Sol.This Jan van Sol was a zealous opponent of Anabaptism, which he saw in 1550 as divided into three movements: the Melchiorites (the peaceful Mennonite group), the Davidites, and the Batenburgers. Jan van Sol was born at Dordrecht, in South Holland, but left the Netherlands in 1530 because of debts (he kept an inn there) and went east to Danzig. There he was known as Johann/Jan Solius (the Latin version of his name). In 1536 he bought the "Robitten" estate near Bardeyn in East Prussia. He returned in 1550 to Brussels but may have spent his last years, until about 1556, in the territory of Preussisch-Holland. A presumed son born about 1525, and by naming patterns was probably named Georg, would have married about 1555 perhaps in Brussels, and thus would have been the father of Jan Sol of the 1586 marriage record in London. This Jan Sol and wife Maecken had seven children baptized in the Dutch Reformed Church of Haarlem in 1590–99.Mayflower

The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on 6/16 September 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with the caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. These conditions, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, contributed to the high number of fatalities in the first winter, especially for the women and children. On the voyage, there were two deaths, being just a crew member and a passenger. The worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 2 months at sea, preceded by a month of delays in and around England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor.After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on 11/21 November. On 11 November 1620, Soule and others signed the Mayflower Compact. Soule and three others were under 21 years of age, and one of the three had a baptismal record showing he was just 20 years old at the time of signing. It appears the signers were members of a church group, where the age of membership was 18. The original compact was lost. It was published, without any signers' names appended, several times after 1620. It was not until almost 50 years after the signing that the Compact was published with the names of the signers.Thus the print work crew of Brewster, Winslow, <mask> and others was sheltered from exposure to the agents of King James I of England. When finally published with all names of signers, only Soule was still alive from the print work crew. In Plymouth Colony

In 1623, the Division of Land at Plymouth provided one acre for <mask> between the property of "Frances" Cooke and "Mr. Isaak" Allerton. About 1626, <mask> married a woman by the name of Mary. It is known that the only Mary in Plymouth who was then unmarried was Mary Bucket (Buckett). In 1623, "Marie" Buckett, as a single woman, had received one acre of land. In 1626 <mask> was one of twenty-seven Purchasers involved with the colony joint-stock company which afterwards was turned over to the control of senior colony members.That group was called Undertakers, and were made up of such Pilgrim leaders as Bradford, Standish and Allerton initially, who were later joined by other leaders Winslow, Brewster, Howland, Alden, Prence and others from London who were former Merchant Adventurers. On the agreement, dated 26 October 1626, his name appears as "<mask>." In the 1627 Division of Cattle, <mask> and Mary Soule and their first son Zachariah (all with the recorded surname of "Sowle") were listed with the Richard Warren family. They were allotted several animals that arrived on the ship Jacob, probably in 1625. Historic records indicate Soule became a freeman prior to 1632/33 (Johnson) or was on the 1633 list of freemen. In 1633/34 Soule (as "Sowle") was taxed at the lowest rate which indicates that his estate was without much significance. Per Plymouth records, Soule's life with his family appears to have been lived quietly in a Puritan home – obtaining some land holdings through the years which he would later provide for his large family.He was never involved in any criminal or civil court dispute and did participate in a number of public service situations, one being his volunteering to fight in the Pequot War in 1637, which was over before the Plymouth company could get organized. Land records note that in 1637 he was assigned "a garden place…on Duxbury side, by Samuel Nash's, to lie to his ground at Powder Point". The 1638 land records note that "one acre of land is granted to <mask>e at the watering place…and also a parcel of Stony Marsh at Powder Point, containing two acres." The land at the "watering place" in south Plymouth was sold the next year, possibly as he was living in Duxbury at that time and did not need his property in south Plymouth. In 1640 he was granted a meadow at Green's Harbor – now Marshfield. His land holdings included property in several towns, those being Namaskett, Middleboro and Dartmouth. First in 1642 and last in 1662, he was assigned to at least five grand and petty juries.He was deputy for Duxbury for several years. In the 1643 Able to Bear Arms (ATBA) List, <mask> and his son Zachariah (listed as "Georg" and "Zachary") appear with those bearing arms from Duxbury (written as "Duxbarrow"). In October 1645 the General Court granted to Duxbury inhabitants lands "about

masks:
George Soule
George
George Soule
Georg Soule
George Soul
George Soul
George Soul
George Soule
George
George
Soule
George Soule
George Soule
George Soule
Georg Soule
George
George Soul
George


title: George Soule (Mayflower passenger)

texts:
 Saughtuckquett" and nominated "Captaine Miles Standish, Mr John Alden, <mask>…" and others for "equall devideing and laying forth of the said lands to their inhabitants." The purpose of this committee was to divide property in the Duxbury area for its inhabitants. <mask> was also on a similar committee in 1640. On 20 October 1646 <mask>, with Anthony Thatcher, was chosen to be on a "committee to draw up an order concerning disorderly drinking (smoking) of tobacco." The law, as drawn up, provided strict limitations on where tobacco could be smoked and what fines could be levied against lawbreakers.Family
Marie/Mary Buckett, wife of <mask>. The young woman known to Plymouth Colony history as "Marie Buckett" arrived in Plymouth in July 1623 as a single woman passenger on the ship Anne. She may have been about age 18 (born c. 1604) and appears to have traveled with some Alden relatives of her mother, or with members of the possible Warren family with whom she may have lived after the death of her father. Earlier researchers have been stymied in their efforts to prove her ancestry, or from where she came, whether Holland or England. She first appears in Plymouth Colony records in the 1627 Division of Cattle with passengers of the Anne as "Marie Buckett" where she received one lot of her own "adioyning to Joseph Rogers" .."on the other side of towne towards the eele-riuer." Author Caleb Johnson estimates she married <mask>e about 1625 or 1626. As <mask> was probably born in 1601, and he would have had to wait to marry until released as Winslow's servant at age 25, the marriage of <mask> and Mary was probably in 1626.In the 1627 Division of Cattle she is listed with her husband <mask> and young son "Zakariah" as " Mary Sowle." Noted Mayflower researcher and author Caleb H. Johnson writes in The Mayflower Quarterly of December 2013 that the origin of Mary Buckett, wife of Mayflower passenger <mask>, has not been conclusively proven by his, or any previous research. What Johnson did find in England, through extensive research and a lengthy process of elimination was a Mary Beckett in the parish of Watford, Hertfordshire. This Mary was born about 1605 and fits the right age to have been on the Anne in 1623. Also she was in a family using the name Nathaniel, which is found in her own children. Her mother had a Mayflower-sounding name – Alden. She and her husband <mask> were grouped with the Warrens in the 1627 Division of Cattle, with Mrs. Warren coming from Hertfordshire, as did Mary Beckett.Mary's home parish register of St. Mary's Church, Watford, has a number of sixteenth-century Warren family entries of names which all appear in the Mayflower Warren family. Johnson considers the following to be among the most important information in considering Marie Buckett's ancestry – Mary Beckett's father died in 1619 when she was only about 14 years old. As a custom of the time, she and her siblings were likely apprenticed out to relatives, neighbors, acquaintances, etc. Her mother remained a widow until at least 1622 (listed in that year as "Widow Buckett") – further increasing the chance that her children would be sent to other families. Johnson concludes by stating that the following could have put Mary Beckett hypothetically on the ship Anne sailing to America in 1623: the right age, associated with families of Mayflower surnames, within a family using the name Nathaniel, and could have had the opportunity to be transferred to another family that would eventually sail to America on the ship Anne. Johnson notes after this time, Mary Beckett is not found again in Watford records, based on recent research. Children of <mask> and Mary Soule:
 Zachariah was born by May 1627 and died in Duxbury before 11 December 1663.He married Margaret Ford by 1663, but had no recorded children. John was born about 1632 and died in Duxbury before 14 November 1707. He married:
1. Rebecca Simmons about 1656 and had nine children. She died between 1675 and 1678. 2. Esther (Delano) Samson about 1678 and had three children.She died in Duxbury on 12 September 1735. Nathaniel was born between 1634 and 1646 and died in Dartmouth before 12 October 1699. He married Rose Thorn by 1680 and had five children. Nathaniel may have caused the most colony trouble of any of his siblings. On 5 March 1667/8, he made an appearance in Plymouth court to "answer for his abusing of Mr. John Holmes, teacher of the church of Christ at Duxbury, by many false, scandalous and opprobrious speeches." He was sentenced to make a public apology for his actions, find sureties for future good behavior and to sit in the stocks, with the stock sentence remitted. His father <mask> and brother John had to pay surety for Nathaniel's good behavior with he being bound for monies and to pay a fine.Three years later, on 5 June 1671, he was fined for "telling several lies which tended greatly to the hurt of the Colony in reference to some particulars about the Indians." And then on 1 March 1674/5 he was sentenced to be whipped for "lying with an Indian woman," and had to pay a fine in the form of bushels of corn to the Indian woman towards the keeping of her child. <mask> was born about 1639 and died in Dartmouth before 22 June 1704. He married by 1671 Deborah Thomas  and had eight children. She died in Dartmouth about February 1709. Susanna was born about 1640 and died in Kingstowne, Rhode Island after 1684. She married Francis West by 1660 and had nine children.Mary was born about 1642 and died in Plymouth after 1720. She married John Peterson by 1665 and had nine children. He died between 29 April 1718 and 26 March 1720, probably in Plymouth. Elizabeth was born about 1644 and died after 1667. She married Francis Walker by 23 July 1668 and had one child. He died in probably Middleboro about 1701. Elizabeth, like her brother Nathaniel, also had her share of problems with the Plymouth Court.On 3 March 1662/3, the Court fined Elizabeth and Nathaniel Church for committing fornication. Elizabeth then in turn sued Nathaniel Church "for committing an act of fornication with her... and then denying to marry her." The jury awarded her damages plus court costs. On 2 July 1667 Elizabeth was sentenced to be whipped at the post "for committing fornication the second time." And although the man with whom she committed the act was not named, Elizabeth did marry Francis Walker within the following year. Patience was born about 1646 and died on 11 March 1705/6 in Middleboro. She married John Haskell in January 1666/7 in Middleboro and had eight children.He died on 15 May 1706 in Middleboro. Benjamin was born by about 1652 and died unmarried during King Philip's War on 26 March 1676. Although <mask> became wealthy in the Plymouth colony he still bound out at least one of his daughters to a John Winslow. Will, death and burial
<mask> made his will on 11 August 1677 and mentions his eldest son John  "my eldest son John Soule and his family hath in my extreme old age and weakness been tender and careful of me and very helpful to me." John was his executor and to whom was given nearly all of Soule's estate. But after he wrote his will, on 12 September 1677 <mask> seemed to have second thoughts and made a codicil to the will to the effect that if John or any family member were to trouble his daughter Patience or her heirs, the will would be void. And if such happened, Patience would then become the executor of his last will and testament with virtually all that he owned becoming hers.To put his youngest daughter to inherit his estate ahead of his eldest son would have been a major humiliation for <mask>. But John must have done well in his father's eyes since after his father's death, he did inherit the Duxbury estate. Twenty years later Patience and her husband sold the Middleboro estate they had received from her father. <mask>'s will was dated 11 August 1677, with a codicil dated 20 September 1677 and with the will proved in 1679. His will named his sons Nathaniel, <mask> and John, and daughters Elizabeth, Patience, Susannah and Mary. His sons Zachariah and Benjamin had predeceased him. <mask> died shortly before 22 January 1679, when inventory was taken of his estate.He was buried at Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts as his wife Mary had predeceased him in 1676. Per Stratton, the Soule family history compiled by Gideon T. Ridlon is not reliable. Researcher and author Louise Walsh Throop considers Ridlon occasionally reliable, as the second volume was printed in haste. Records received by correspondence are usually reliable, but Ridlon's assigned lineages and interpretations of relationships are not always reliable. Notable descendants
 Olan <mask>, actor, voiceover performer
Dick Van Dyke, comedian, actor, dancer
 Richard Gere, actor
 <mask>, Methodist-Episcopal Bishop
 Gideon Lane <mask>, third principal of Phillips Exeter Academy
 H. Verlan Andersen, LDS General Authority
 <mask>, Physicist, Engineer, Master of Trigjitsu, Ballet Dancer, Fastest Grader of any written work(As of 2021), The Governors Academy
 Carter J<mask>, Social Media Influencer

References

External links

 <mask>e Kindred in the U.S.
 <mask> Family in England

1590s births
1679 deaths
People from Worcestershire
Mayflower passengers
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
People from Duxbury, Massachusetts
Burials at Myles Standish Burial Ground
People of colonial

masks:
George Soul
Soule
Soule
George Soule
George Soul
George Soule
George
George
George Soule
George
George
George
George
George Soule
George Soule
George
John Soule
George Soule
George
George Soule
Soule
Joshua Soule
Soule
Marcus Soule
. Soule
George Soul
Soule


title: Ruban Nielson

texts:
<mask> (born 20 February 1980) is a New Zealand musician, singer and songwriter, best known for being the frontman of the psychedelic rock band Unknown Mortal Orchestra. One of the most acclaimed New Zealand musicians of his generation, he has won two Aotearoa music awards and an APRA Silver Scroll, over the course of his band's five studio albums and one extended play. Born in Darwin, Australia, to a Hawaiian mother and a Maori father, Nielson was raised in Orewa, Auckland in a working-class musical family. After support from his teachers at Orewa College, <mask> attended Elam, Auckland's most eminent Fine Arts school. He graduated in 2002 as a recipient Sir James Wallace art award, one year after forming The Mint Chicks with Paul Roper, Michael Logie and his brother <mask>. The four members met at Orewa College, although the band started moving between Portland, Oregon, where Nielson would later be based, and Auckland. The band, known for its nihilistic ideology, disorderly behaviour, neo-punk elements and groundbreaking discography, broke up following Ruban's departure.<mask> subsequently attempted to quit music, but he found himself increasingly passionate about it, and formed a more experimental and psychedelic band, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, with musician Jake Portrait. His brother Kody also has performed drums on almost every Unknown Mortal Orchestra album. Nielson achieved critical acclaim and success worldwide with the band's self-titled debut album Unknown Mortal Orchestra, released in 2011. The album won the Taite music prize the following year. Further success came with II, released in 2013, and the group began selling out shows across North America. <mask>'s global breakthrough album is considered to be the multi-award winning third effort Multi-Love, which made it high onto lists by The Guardian, NME and Consequence of Sound for the best albums of 2015. Singles "Multi-Love" and "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" were both A-listed at BBC's 6 Music.The album was considered to be, by far, <mask>'s most personal; thematically, it was centered on a year-long polyamorous relationship he and his wife had with a younger woman from Tokyo, and the feelings of experimentation and euphoria, and the romantic turmoil of its end after the woman's visa expired. Two more acclaimed albums, Sex + Food, and the instrumental IC-01 Hanoi, followed in 2018. <mask>, Connan Mockasin, LEISURE and Pond. NME has summed up Nielson as a master in creating "works of warm, fuzzy beauty." Nielson remains humble and jocular, saying in response to being described as a musical provocateur; "No, I don't purposefully go out to try and do that......but it is really fun." Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Darwin, Australia on 20 February 1980.His mother is an American hula dancer from Oahu, Hawaii and his father is New Zealand Maori brass player and Elam School of Fine Arts alumni, <mask>, who toured with lounge singer John Knowles in the 1970s and has played in New Zealand bands such as Katchafire. With his mother being an Native Hawaiian woman (Kānaka Maoli), there was an instant cultural connection with Nielson's Māori father; the two ethnic groups are closely connected, and the ancestral Māori homeland is known as Hawaiki. The two met on tour in Los Angeles, and later had another son, Kody (born 9 May 1982), who later became a musician alongside Nielson. The transpacific couple moved to Auckland when Nielson was young, where he grew up and regards as his home. <mask> collaborated with his sons on Unknown Mortal Orchestra's 2018 album, IC-01 Hanoi, playing the flügelhorn and saxophone. Nielson had a difficult childhood, growing up in poverty in Orewa. Growing up half Māori and half Hawaiian in a country with significant institutional bias and racism towards Polynesians, he stated he and his brother had “to be the kid a shop owner will follow around...It’s like you’re walking into every situation at a negative 10, and you’ve got to work really hard to get to zero.” Home life was difficult, due to his father's chronic alcoholism and heroin addiction, a lack of money and the fallout from his parents' separation.As a teenager, Nielson developed insomnia, and was unable to sleep at night; this affected his academic performance. Despite his addictions, his father cared for his children, and felt guilty about his illnesses and choices affecting them. As he weaned himself off heroin and alcohol, he made amends with his son by buying him his first guitar and getting recommendations from his Orewa College teachers to get him into Elam School of Fine Arts, New Zealand's most prestigious art school. He graduated in 2002 with distinction, winning a Sir James Wallace art award. His father influenced him them and continues to do so, despite being a difficult person to live with due to his struggles with drug addiction. When listed in the University of Auckland's 40 under 40 list in 2020, Nielson said of his father and Elam:

"His stories of Elam when I was a kid really stoked my desire to be there. He helped me get into Elam and negotiate what was originally a kind of ‘probational situation’ with my acceptance.Being at Elam really fulfilled a childhood dream and people like Nuala Gregory, Peter Shand, Jim Speers, Leigh Martin, Judy Millar and Denys Watkins as well as many others all had a huge impact on the way I see the world and creativity.”

He maintains an interest in the visual arts, and says that if he had not entered music as a profession he would have become a visual artist. The Mint Chicks (2001–10)
The <mask> brothers, <mask> and Kody, enjoyed making music together from a young age, despite their sibling rivalry and difficult home life. Ruban found it as a way to cope with his worsening insomnia, while the younger Kody enjoyed daredevil stunts and being a loud and anarchic frontman. The brothers formed the band in high school in 2001, alongside two friends, Michael Logie and Paul Roper. They began by playing punk house parties and low profile shows before being discovered by the internationally acclaimed New Zealand independent record label Flying Nun Records. The Mint Chicks, a neo-punk and "shit-gaze" band, were famed for their noisy, rowdy shows (with Kody Nielson often hanging himself upside down from the stage).They released two EPs and three albums under the Flying Nun Records banner: Octagon, Octagon, Octagon EP (2003), Anti-Tiger EP (2004), Fuck the Golden Youth (2005), Crazy? Yes!Dumb? No! (2006) and Screens (2009), as well as one EP on a minor label, Bad Buzz (2010). All were produced and recorded by the band's core members <mask> and Kody Nielson, with the exception of Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No!which was produced by the <mask> brothers and their father <mask> at two different home studios. All four original band members met at Orewa College in Orewa, New Zealand, although the band starting moving between Portland, Oregon and Auckland, as the <mask> brothers have dual citizenship in New Zealand and the U.S. In 2006, the band played support for the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. The volume of the show was reportedly so loud that part of the St James theater complex fell down, injuring two concert goers. They have also played support slots for The White Stripes, Death From Above 1979, TV on the Radio, The Blood Brothers, The Black Lips, and The Bronx. They were also part of the New Zealand line-up for Big Day Out 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2009. In 2005, it was notable that Kody Nielson wielded a chainsaw on stage and destroyed a corporate sponsor's overly prominent sign with it.At the 2007 New Zealand Music Awards the band won five Tui awards including best rock group, best album, best rock album as well as winning best album cover and best music video for the single "Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No!". On 24 October 2007, it was announced on the band's website that their bassist Michael Logie would leave the band when they relocated to Portland. The group continued as a trio, with Logie relocating to London, England. The band played a free show in Portland on 29 June 2008, in which they played their then-upcoming third album from beginning to end live.The band later supported Shihad on the July 2008 Beautiful Machine Tour and tested their new songs in front of a home audience. As a result of their bass player having left the band, the Mint Chicks weren't able to play hits from earlier songs, angering some fans. To counter this Shihad's bass player, Karl Kippenberger, filled in for several more popular songs. On 25 December 2008, The Mint Chicks released the Mintunes EP consisting of "8-bit versions" of both previously released songs and tracks from the upcoming album. The band also released an iTunes-only single during 2008, "Life Will Get Better Some Day", a teaser for the album "Screens", which was released in New Zealand on 16 March 2009 after having been recorded sporadically over the preceding two years. In October 2009 the Mint Chicks performed a rendition of Ray Columbus and the Invaders' classic hit She's a Mod at the New Zealand Music awards as a four-piece band, later released as a standalone single. Shortly afterwards on 16 October 2009, it was announced Michael Logie would be rejoining the band in a post on the band's Twitter.The band joined with New Zealand music website MusicHy.pe to promote their next record, the Bad Buzz EP, released in February 2010. Shortly after the release of the EP, the band played their final show on 12 March 2010. The show, originally a fundraiser for MusicHy.pe, ended in chaos after Kody Nielson destroyed the two drumkits and equipment, imploring the crowd to 'start your own fucking band'. Unknown Mortal Orchestra

Inception and Unknown Mortal Orchestra (2010–2012)
<mask> left The Mint Chicks in the beginning of 2010, citing a loss of interest in the group's

masks:
Ruban Nielson
Nielson
Kody Nielson
Nielson
Nielson
Nielson
Nielsoneala
Nielson
Chris Nielson
Chris Nielson
Nielson
Ruban
Ruban
Nielson
Chris Nielson
Nielson
Nielson


title: Ruban Nielson

texts:
 music. Following an incident during one of the band's live performances and Nielson's subsequent departure, The Mint Chicks broke up. Nielson had already returned to Portland, Oregon, where he began working at a film production company as an illustrator. He quickly found himself wanting to write and record music again and began searching for "psychedelic records with lost tunes" for inspiration.Nielson had become very specific about what type of record he wanted to find for inspiration and, with that specificity, began making that record himself instead. Once he had finished writing and recording the first song, Nielson uploaded it anonymously on May 17, 2010 onto Bandcamp under the name "Ffunny Ffrends". Within a day, the song had received significant coverage from independent music blogs such as Pitchfork. Nielson maintained the band's anonymity as he was not sure what he wanted the band to be and did not want to "face up to Mint Chicks fans and to people who were looking forward to a new Mint Chicks record." Nielson eventually claimed the track under the band name Unknown Mortal Orchestra. The band's debut self-titled album was released June 21, 2011 on Fat Possum Records. The album quickly received critical acclaim.Pitchfork gave the album an 8.1, describing that with "an expert use of space rare for such a lo-fi record, UMO manages a unique immersive and psychedelic quality without relying on the usual array of bong-ripping effects." In the spring of 2012, the band won the Taite Music Prize for the album. Although the nominated Unknown Mortal Orchestra did not win Best Alternative Album, <mask> took home the title of Best Male Artist at the 47th annual Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards. II (2012–2013)
In September 2012, Unknown Mortal Orchestra announced that they had signed to Jagjaguwar and were working on their second full-length album. Unknown Mortal Orchestra's second album, II, was released on February 5, 2013. The first single from the album, entitled "Swim and Sleep (Like a Shark)", was first available as a 7" on their tour with Grizzly Bear. II has received widespread critical acclaim.In November 2013 it won Best Alternative Album at the New Zealand Music Awards. II was nominated for the Taite Music Prize 2014, an annual music prize awarded for the best album from New Zealand. Clash Music gave the album a 9 out of 10, saying "from opener 'From The Sun', which recalls George Harrison-psychedelia, to the tender Family Stone shuffle of the closing of 'Secret Xtians', 'II' displays both a glowing warmth in its production and a deft use of space that illuminate <mask>'s superbly crafted compositions." Paste Magazine called the album "a modern, beat-heavy take on '60s psych, with plenty of hooks and fuzz to get you hooked and feeling fuzzy." NME praised Ruban's ability to turn his songs into "works of warm, fuzzy beauty." During the early months of 2012, Unknown Mortal Orchestra capitalized on the success of II and embarked on a world tour. The tour started off with shows in Australia, and hometown shows in New Zealand, followed by several stops in Europe.The band then toured extensively throughout North America with opener Foxygen. In March 2013, Unknown Mortal Orchestra was named one of Fuse TV's 30 must-see artists at SXSW. Unknown Mortal Orchestra consistently sold out shows in both the UK/Europe and in North America, and as a result of their success on the road they announced in early April that they would extend their tour through the end of 2013. That summer the band performed at a number of major European festivals, including Roskilde Festival, Pukkelpop and Lowlands. On February 25, 2013, Unknown Mortal Orchestra made their American television debut, performing "So Good At Being In Trouble" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. On October 29, 2013, the band released an EP titled Blue Record. It included three acoustic versions of songs taken from their previous album.Multi-Love (2015)

On February 5, 2015, the band announced their third studio album, Multi-Love. Soon after, they released the title track as the first single, which was designated "Best New Track" by Pitchfork. Multi-Love was released on 26 May 2015, to universal critical acclaim. Rolling Stone commented that "Multi-Love sees Nielson coloring outside the lines for a vibrant vision of connection"  and Pitchfork praised Nielson's ear for how something should sound and referred to the album as his "most accomplished". Singles "Multi-Love" and "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" were both A-listed at BBC's 6 Music. Pitchfork wrote that "[Multi Love] teems with lush synths and futurist textures, hallucinogenic funk and R&B", and was also influenced by Nielson's nascent parenthood (which also influenced his first and second albums with Unknown Mortal Orchestra). The album was considered to be, by far, Nielson's most personal; thematically, it was centered on a polyamorous relationship he and his wife Jenny had with a Japanese woman, and the feelings of loss when the woman's visa expired and the relationship ended.Speaking with Pitchfork, he said that despite his reservations regarding polyamory at the relationship's onset, that “I feel like I’m gonna spend the rest of my life trying to live [the relationship] down. It was such a beautiful time.”<mask> recalled treated the relationship as if it was an entirely nascent concept, and "stumbled into it blindly". He met the woman in question after venturing into a Tokyo club when touring in February 2013. Nielson recalls an instant infatuation with the woman, and reciprocated affection on her part; the pair introduced each other at the club and decided to keep in touch. Later that year, the woman came to see UMO perform in Melbourne, and the pair continued to communicate via letter. After introducing the young woman to his wife, she also took an interest in the young woman, and the three began living together in Portland, alongside the Nielson's young children, Moe and Iris.Following the release, UMO embarked on a tour through the UK, Europe, the US and Canada, with many sold out dates. Touring continued in Europe through that November, before heading to Australia and New Zealand for a string of headline shows in December. On August 12, UMO performed Multi-Love on Late Night with Seth Meyers. On August 25 they performed "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" on Conan. On February 16, 2016 the band performed on Last Call with Carson Daly. "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" also appears in the association football video game FIFA 16. Sex + Food (2018)The first of Unknown Mortal Orchestra's two albums released in 2018, Sex + Food, was made available in the April of that year.The song's lead single, American Guilt, concerns the feelings of guilt and remorse that came with <mask>'s adopted American identity. "Hunnybee", the second single, proved popular, and has received over 33 million views on YouTube as of 4 February 2021. While recording Sex + Food in Mexico City, <mask> was caught out in the 2017 Puebla Earthquake. In the destruction and chaos that pursued, he spent the night in a local park with his band members. Despite this, he recalls with fondness that they were struggling to think of the right lyric for a song when the earthquake hit and "then, when we were in the park trying to crash out, somebody shouted, 'Viva la Mexico!' … I was like, ‘That’s the missing line!’”. The album was also recorded in Reykjavík, Seoul, Auckland and Hanoi, alongside their fifth album IC-01 Hanoi, which grew as a secondary instrumental project.IC-01 Hanoi (2018)

IC-01 Hanoi, a more complex, instrumental album, followed Sex + Food in 2018. Featuring the Nielson's father, recorded in the same places as their previous album (but especially Hanoi), and influenced by the works of Miles Davis, the album departed from the band's "alt-pop aesthetic". Reviewing the album for Pitchfork, Andy Beta felt that "<mask> Nielson throws off his habitually weighty themes and digs into a refreshingly raw, heady session of psychedelic rock", also saying that the album "presents a visceral, smoky, casual session that cooks together fairly tumultuous moods over the course of its concise runtime". Sungenre.com wrote of the band's collaboration with their father and Vietnamese musicians: "Featuring Vietnamese local Minh Nguyen on Sáo Trúc (flute) and Đàn Môi (jaw harp) along with the veiled talisman of the psych-funk aficionados in that of <mask> <mask>’s father, Chris (saxophone, trumpet, keys), IC-01 Hanoi represents so much more than a haphazard collection of B-sides. Rather, the band harnesses their knack for potent grooves and a coloured sound with the musicianship required to create a concept album conveying a tale devoid of lyrical constraints." Personal life
Nielson is married to <mask>, with whom he was previously in a polyamorous relationship with alongside a Japanese woman; this courtship was the main inspiration for Multi-Love. He met Jenny during his time at the Elam School of Fine Arts, and the couple moved in together within a few months of their first date.They have two children, Moe and Iris. The family continues to live in Portland, Oregon, and <mask>, despite being a New Zealander, has said living in the country has added to a feeling of American identity. Discography
with Unknown Mortal Orchestra
Unknown Mortal Orchestra (2011)
II (2013)
Multi-Love (2015)
Sex & Food (2018)
IC-01 Hanoi (2018)

with The Mint Chicks
Fuck the Golden Youth (2005)
Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No! (2006)
Screens (2009)

References

External links
 Unknown Mortal Orchestra official website

1980 births
Living people
American rock musicians
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
New Zealand emigrants to the United States
New Zealand rock musicians
People educated at Orewa College
People from Auckland
Polyamorous

masks:
Nielson
Nielson
. Nielson
Nielson
Nielson
Ruban
Ruban
Nielson
Jenny Nielson
Nielson


title: Khalid ibn Barmak

texts:
<mask> (–781/82; ) was the first prominent member of the Barmakid family, which converted to Islam and became prominent members of the Abbasid court in the second half of the 8th century. <mask> himself was converted to Islam at the Umayyad court in the 720s, but joined the nascent Abbasid revolutionary movement in Khurasan, and played a significant role in the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyads. He enjoyed close relations with the first Abbasid caliph, al-Saffah, functioning as his chief minister and introducing innovations in record-keeping. Under al-Saffah's successor, al-Mansur, his influence decreased, but he still occupied significant provincial governorships in Fars, Tabaristan, and Mosul. As an administrator, he repeatedly distinguished himself for his fairness, especially in matters of taxation, and was a popular governor. He appears to have briefly fallen into disgrace around 775, but he managed to recover, helped by the rapid rise of his son, Yahya. His ties to the Abbasid dynasty were soon strengthened when his grandson, <mask>, became the foster-brother of the future Harun al-Rashid, while Yahya became the prince's tutor.<mask> died in 781/2, shortly after returning from an expedition against the Byzantine Empire. Origin
The Barmakid family hailed from Balkh, the capital of Tokharistan in Khurasan. The people of Tokharistan had a distinct identity: ruled by Hephthalite and later Turkic dynasties, they spoke the eastern Iranian Bactrian language, and were mostly Buddhist. The Barmakids hailed from the family of guardians of the great and extremely wealthy Buddhist monastery, the Nawbahār, which controlled most of the Balkh oasis, and may have been the de facto rulers of the area. These guardians were known by a title that was rendered into Arabic as . Modern scholars consider that it originated from Sanskrit, either from pramukha ("chief") or from paramaka ("supreme"). Historical traditions that assign the Barmakids a Zoroastrian origin, and even make them descendants of the chief ministers of the Sassanid dynasty, are later fabrications invented during the family's zenith.Tokharistan was attacked by the Muslims during their eastern expansion as early as about 663/4, but was not  definitely conquered until the reign of the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (). Balkh was occupied and garrisoned in 725, and the Nawbahār abandoned, though its structure remained in place for three more centuries. The incumbent <mask> was brought with his son to the Umayyad court, where both converted to Islam; the Barmak's son adopted the name <mask> ibn Barmak, and became a  of the Banu Khuza'a tribe, while his two brothers received the names Sulayman and al-Hasan. He probably had another brother, Abu Ubayd Mu'awiya, who is mentioned as living in Baghdad in later years. During his stay in the Umayyad court, <mask> is known to have befriended the Caliph's son, Maslama <mask>, a notable military commander, and to have become fluent in Arabic. Career under the Abbasids

Abbasid Revolution
Soon after, both Barmak and <mask> returned to Khurasan. <mask> disappears from the record after 725/6, but it is implied that he was responsible for <mask>'s joining in the early Abbasid missionary activity () in Khurasan.<mask> had joined the Abbasid cause by 742, and, as one of the few non-Arabs, was appointed one of the twenty , the second tier of the inner leadership. During the Abbasid Revolution, he played an active role, gathering funds from Shi'a sympathizers, leading troops in the field, and being entrusted by the Abbasid commander Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i with distributing the plunder to his army. According to the 10th-century historian al-Jahshiyari, <mask> was placed in charge of redistributing the land tax () of Khurasan by Abu Muslim, and did so with such fairness that he earned the gratitude of the Khurasanis. Under al-Saffah

After the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate, he was placed in charge of the fiscal departments of the land tax () and of the army () for the duration of the caliphate of al-Saffah (). Shortly after he reportedly he assumed the supervision of all fiscal departments, thus becoming a kind of vizier, although he did not hold the title. He is credited with introducing the practice of keeping records in codices, rather than loose sheets as was the custom until then. <mask> apparently benefited from a substantial education, and some previous administrative experience, although the origin of the latter is unknown; he may have acquired it at the Umayyad court, or alongside his father at Balkh.His relationship with the Caliph was very close: his daughter was suckled by the Caliph's wife, while in turn his own wife was made the foster-mother to al-Saffah's daughter, Raytah. Under al-Mansur

He remained head of the land tax department for at least a year into the reign of al-Mansur (), but court intrigues instigated by the vizier Abu Ayyub al-Muryani meant that he was soon relegated to the provincial government of Fars, which he headed for about two years. At some point he returned to the court—now in the new capital, Baghdad—where according to a well-known, but likely fabricated, he persuaded the Caliph to not destroy the Sassanid-era Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon, arguing that its ruined state was a testament to the superiority of Islam. In 764/65, he was involved in the intrigues that resulted in <mask> Musa's renunciation of succession to the caliphate. He then spent about seven years as governor of Tabaristan; coins with his name, in the Arab–Sassanid style, are known from 766/67–772. Succeeding the tyrannical Rawh <mask>, his tenure was successful: he maintained friendly relations with the local autonomous ruler, Wandad Hurmuzd, captured the fortress of Ustunavand near Damavand, founded the town of al-Mansura, and was well liked by the local inhabitants. However, his attempts to spread Islam were quickly undone after his departure, and the settlements he founded were destroyed by the Bavandid ruler Sharwin I.Around the same time, his grandson, al-Fadl <mask>, was made foster-brother of one of the sons of Caliph al-Mahdi (), the future Harun al-Rashid (). In 775, shortly before al-Mansur died, <mask> fell out of favour for some unknown reason, and was obliged to pay a heavy fine of three million dirhams, within a short notice. He was saved only by his network of friends at court, who were visited by his son, Yahya ibn <mask>, and surreptitiously forwarded him the necessary sums. But following Kurdish uprisings in Mosul, <mask> was pardoned and appointed governor of the city. His restoration to favour probably was also the result of the rapidly rising fortunes of Yahya, who was by then one of the chief figures of the Abbasid government. Under al-Mahdi
When al-Mahdi came to the throne, he was appointed again to govern Fars, where he distinguished himself for redistributing the land tax and abolishing an onerous tax on orchards. Around 778, Yahya was appointed as tutor to the prince Harun.In 780, <mask> and his son Yahya distinguished themselves at the siege of the Byzantine fortress Samalu, an expedition which was led by Harun under the auspices of Yahya. He died shortly after, in 781/82, at about 75 years of age. Of his sons, Yahya became an all-powerful vizier under Harun al-Rashid, while Muhammad became Harun al-Rashid's chamberlain and served as a provincial governor. Likewise, Yahya's sons enjoyed high offices, until the abrupt fall of the family in 803. Family tree

References

Sources

Further reading

700s births
782 deaths
8th-century Iranian people
8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
8th-century Muslims
Abbasid governors of Fars
Abbasid governors of Mosul
Abbasid governors of Tabaristan
Barmakids
Converts to Islam from Buddhism
People from Balkh
Year of birth uncertain
People of the Abbasid Revolution
Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
City founders

masks:
Khalid ibn Barmak
Khalid
al Fadl ibn Yahya
Khalid
Barmak
Khalid
Khalid
ibn Hisham
Khalid
Barmak
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid
Isa ibn
ibn Hatim
ibn Yahya
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid
Khalid