title: A. J. Crabill

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> in 1979) is an American education reform advocate and public speaker on education reform. He currently serves as the national school board governance leader at the Council of the Great City Schools. Prior to this position, he was Texas Education Agency's Deputy Commissioner for Governance. <mask> served eight years (2008–2016) on the board of the Kansas City Public Schools, serving as president for a majority of his tenure. Early life
West was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1979. He was raised in and out of foster care. Although he struggled without a stable home, he graduated high school and attended the University of Kansas.He left school early to pursue a job in the computer industry. For a while, he worked for a web development firm after which, he founded his own firm. He later moved to the Ivanhoe neighborhood in Kansas City, joining the Ivanhoe Neighborhood Council, and becoming involved in the efforts to revitalize the struggling neighborhood. He has also helped raise several young men in the neighborhood, giving them a place to stay when they are in need and allowing many of the kids in the neighborhood access to a computer during the day. West was also involved in mentorship programs in several schools in the city. Career

School Board Member
In the first half of 2008, he ran for a seat on the board of the Kansas City, Missouri School District. He obtained a sufficient number of signatures to be placed on the ballot.He had previously served on the boards of the Ivanhoe Neighborhood Council, Gordon Parks Elementary School, Stephanie Waterman Foundation, Simply Equine Assisted Therapy, and University of Missouri Extension. He was also the originator of "The Ivanhoe Project," a program at the Kansas City School of Urban Education that placed teachers training to work in urban-area schools in inner-city residences to expose them to the environments their students come from. After he was elected to the school board, he was later appointed school board president in 2010. As president, he led a community outreach effort to promote the newly restructured school district. He along with other board members and volunteers called district residents by phone and knocked on doors to directly engage with residents. In August 2011, the school district superintendent <mask> suddenly resigned. Some on the board blamed West for the resignation, accusing him of being too directly involved in the operations of the school district and frustrating the superintendent.It was not until a few years later that Covington clarified to The Kansas City Star that the decision to leave was not in anyway motivated by West's actions. Following this incident, West briefly resigned his presidency on the board but remained as a member. Only a month later in September 2011, he was re-elected as president by a 7–1 vote. In March 2012, he was again part of the direct community outreach program to re-enroll students that had dropped out of school, part of an effort to regain the school district's accreditation. In April 2012, he was re-elected to the at-large seat on the school board for another four-year term. Efforts to achieve higher enrollment levels continued in his new term with more door-to-door efforts to educate parents and register students for the school year beginning in August 2013. In 2013, West received the year's local Consensus Civility Award given by a non-profit group Consensus.He was also a finalist for the Top Urban Educator of the Year Award, which is awarded by the Council of the Great City Schools. In 2014, Missouri State School Board announced that the Kansan City School District had regained provisional accreditation. In 2016, West elected not to run again for a seat on the school board, ending his tenure on April 13. He had served eight years on the board. During his tenure, the school district made several academic and operational improvements. An audit of the school district's finances returned no concerns compared to nineteen problem areas in 2008. Texas Deputy Commissioner of Education
In early 2016, West officially changed his name to <mask> <mask> as part of an adult adoption, taking the last name of his childhood foster parents and choosing the middle name <mask> which he says signifies "the journey God put him on"

In April 2016, the new Texas Commissioner of Education Mike Morath appointed <mask> as one of his Deputy Commissioners.According to the Texas Education Agency (TEA) website, <mask> is in charge of the agency's efforts to improve schools and ensure accreditation as the Deputy Commissioner of Governance. His full list of responsibilities originally included "school improvement, charters, governance, complaints management, system support & innovation, investigations, school discipline/safety, accreditation, waivers, and districts of innovation," but was curtailed later to include only "enforcement & support and governance & investigations." According to <mask>, as he frequently states, his main focus is "improving student outcomes". In his role, Crabill developed and frequently facilitates leadership and governance training sessions to educate current and potential school administrators and board members on how to better execute the responsibilities of their positions. At times, his workshops are obligatory as part of the conditions for approval of the improvement plans submitted by underperforming schools. In November 2016, <mask> sent a letter to eleven school boards of under-performing districts requiring that they undergo training to adjust their plans to improve their respective districts. All of the school boards agreed to the training while several did so begrudgingly.However, the workshops were well-received with board members in attendance expressing their hopeful outlook on the future of interactions with the TEA. References

External links

 Application for employment at the Texas Education Agency

Living people
People from Joplin, Missouri
Texas Education Agency
Education in Kansas City, Missouri
Education in Jackson County, Missouri
1979 births
School board members in Missouri
Adult adoptees

masks:
Airick Journey Crabill
Airick Leonard West
Crabill
John Covington
Airick
Journey Crabill
Journey
Crabill
Crabill
Crabill
Crabill


title: Trésor Kandol

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1981) is a Congolese international footballer who plays as a Striker for Crawley Wanderers FC. He previously played for Isthmian League Premier Division side Hampton & Richmond Borough, as well as for Barnet, Chesham United, Darlington, Dagenham & Redbridge, Thurrock, AFC Bournemouth, Cambridge United, Luton Town and Leeds United in England, and Albacete in Spain. He usually celebrates his goals with a somersault, like his cousin Lomana Tresor LuaLua. Kandol became known as <mask> in Spain. Club career

Early career
Kandol started his career at Luton Town where he was voted young player of the year twice, broke the record of the youngest player to play in the first team and then went to AFC Bournemouth, where he scored once in the Football League Trophy against future club Barnet. He then dropped to non-league football and became a highly prolific goalscorer at Thurrock, his tally of 79 goals in 110 games got him noticed back at a higher level of football and he joined Dagenham & Redbridge in the conference where he scored 9 goals in 13 games and subsequently had a successful loan spell back in league football at Darlington. Barnet
On 18 November 2006, Kandol scored an injury time winner against Rochdale at Underhill to complete his hat-trick that also saw Barnet win their third consecutive league game.Kandol's impact for Barnet saw him topping up the chart as the top scorer in F.A. Cup with 6 goals to his name, he highlighted himself by scoring by lobbing the goalkeeper from the halfway line against Cardiff City and a header to take them out of the cup, followed by another two against Cheltenham Town but his best performance came from Elland Road where he scored a powerful header. A string of good performances attracted the attention of several Championship clubs such as Crystal Palace, Cardiff City, Watford, Hull City and Leeds United. Whilst at Barnet in 2006, Kandol was sent to prison for 13 weeks for a series of driving offences. Leeds United
After scoring 18 goals from 21 games for Barnet at the start of the 2006–07 season, Kandol joined Championship club Leeds United in a two-month loan deal on 23 November 2006. He made his debut two days later as a substitute replacing Robbie Blake in the 2–1 victory over Plymouth Argyle. His full home debut came with a debut goal in front of his new fans against Barnsley.When the January 2007 transfer window opened, his move to Elland Road was made permanent by Dennis Wise for an initial fee of £320,000. After Leeds were relegated to the third tier of English football for the first time in their history, Kandol scored a last-minute winner against Tranmere Rovers in the opening game of the 2007–08 League One season. He formed a successful strike partnership with Jermaine Beckford in the first half of the season, winning him player of the August and September month award but loss of form and the arrival of Dougie Freedman meant Kandol lost his place in the starting eleven despite scoring 15 goals, as Leeds went on to reach the playoffs. He was a second-half substitute as Leeds lost 1–0 in the final against Doncaster Rovers. Leeds signed forwards Luciano Becchio and Enoch Showunmi during the 2008 close season, and Kandol was allowed to join Millwall on loan until January 2009. He opened the scoring just 13 seconds into his "Lions" debut, but his new club lost 4–3 at Oldham Athletic. In September, he was sent off in the last few seconds for a bad tackle on Leicester City's Michael Morrison, then marked his return from the resultant three-match ban by scoring twice in the first 12 minutes against Tranmere Rovers.Following that, Kandol then went on to score another two against Bristol Rovers, one at Carlisle, and one against Huddersfield winning him several man of the match awards, becoming top scorer at the club and helping Millwall to rise to 2nd in the League. After his loan expired, he went straight back out on loan again, joining Championship side Charlton Athletic on 30 January 2009 until the end of the season. His first and only goals for the club came in a losing cause against Watford after a successful loan spell in a struggling club, Charlton made an offer of £400,000 for Kandol's services the next season but were turned down due to his transformation in form gathering the attention of Leeds manager Simon Grayson who now wanted to include him in his club's plans. Before the 2009–10 season, Kandol was told he had no future at Leeds, but after playing well for the reserve team – he scored a hat-trick in a 6–1 defeat of Scunthorpe United's reserves – and when given an opportunity in the Football League Trophy, he returned to the league team in place of the injured Becchio against Norwich City on 19 October. Two weeks later, he came on as a late substitute to score the last of Leeds' four goals against Yeovil Town but was charged with violent conduct in an incident after the final whistle and received a three-match ban. He scored against Bristol Rovers, Kettering and Darlington, all by coming off the bench, but still didn't seem enough for the manager. His season was interrupted by injury, and he made infrequent appearances from the bench until what proved his last game for the club, a 1–0 defeat at Norwich City.Only 20 seconds after entering the game as a late substitute, he took hold of opponent Darel Russell by the throat, was sent off and received a four-match ban. Kandol was initially made available on a free transfer after several meetings with Leeds boardroom staff he decided the time was right for him to look for new challenge. On 4 August 2010 the decision was made by Kandol and his representatives to leave the club by mutual consent. Albacete
After becoming a free agent and able to sign for a club outside the transfer window on 5 September Kandol signed for Spanish second division side Albacete. However, his spell in Spain was short lived because of injuries and he left the club by mutual consent in November 2010 after the club President described him as great lad with superb sense of humour. In August 2011, Kandol held talks with League 2 side Plymouth Argyle about joining the club. However, after seemingly agreeing terms on a one-year contract he failed to turn up to training as arranged on 4 August and a scheduled press conference.As of 5 August 2011, Plymouth Argyle manager Peter Reid are unsure of Kandol's whereabouts and whether the deal will be signed. In interview, Reid was understandably frustrated and stated that the club had sent a car to the railway station to collect Kandol, but he was "a no show". Hampton & Richmond
In October 2012, Kandol signed for Isthmian League Premier Division side Hampton & Richmond Borough. Kandol was released on 30 November when Hampton & Richmond Borough said they could no longer afford Kandol's wages. International career
Kandol won his first cap for the Congo DR national team in 2008. Personal life
Kandol was born in Banga. His cousins, Lomana LuaLua and Kazenga LuaLua have also played professional football.He celebrates scoring a goal by performing a backflip. References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers
Association football forwards
Luton Town F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Thurrock F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Barnet F.C.players
Leeds United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Albacete Balompié players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players

masks:
Trésor Osmar Kandol
Kandola


title: Steven Lane

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American NASCAR crew chief, team owner and an American professional stock car racing driver. He is employed at his own team of On Point Motorsports as the crew chief for Danny Bohn in the No. 30 Toyota Tundra. He has crew chiefed in NASCAR since 2000, and has been an owner in NASCAR since 2018. Racing career

Crew chiefing career

Cup Series
<mask> started crew chiefing in 2000 in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series with Jeremy Mayfield scoring a strong 2nd-place finish at Phoenix Raceway, he caught the attention of Kyle Petty however after the 2nd with Mayfield he would go into a slump not scoring another top ten in the Cup Series till 2006 at Watkins Glen International with Scott Pruett. After that he would bounce to the drivers of the No. 40 at Chip Ganassi Racing scoring a best finish of 8th at Talladega with David Stremme.In 2009 he would jump to new team Front Row Motorsports with John Andretti in the No. 34 scoring a beat finish of 16th at Loudon. He would then jump ship once again to Robby Gordon Motorsports in 2011 scoring a best finish of 16th at Daytona in July with Robby Gordon. Halfway through the 2011 season he would leave Robby Gordon Motorsports and join Swan Racing (then Inception Motorsports) where he would stay till 2014 having one top 15 with David Stremme at Talladega where they would finish 12th. He would have one last race with Swan in Swan's final race at Richmond Raceway with J.J. Yeley finishing 40th. <mask> would follow J.J. to Team Xtreme Racing and stay till midway through 2014 after poor performance from Yeley where their best finish was a 34th. <mask> made one final cup stint as a crew chief for Randy Humphrey Racing scoring a best finish of 26th at Watkins Glen International with Nelson Piquet Jr. in Nelson's one and only Cup start.His final Cup crew chiefing effort came at Charlotte with Corey LaJoie where they would finish 35th. Xfinity Series
<mask>'s first Xfinity race as a crew chief came in 2015 at Daytona with Eric McClure where he finished 17th, he stayed till the 10th race of the season at Talladega where they finished 21st, <mask> returned with Kyle Fowler at Charlotte where they finished 27th, after <mask> took a short break and returned at Daytona with longtime driver-crew chief pairing J.J. Yeley where they would finish 20th. In a shock to everyone the next race at Kentucky with the combination of <mask> and Yeley they would win the pole and finish 18th, this would lead JGL to put <mask> in the car with Yeley for the rest of the season where they would rack up 14 top 20's and 4 top 15's. In 2016 Yeley split from JGL leaving Lane at JGL with new driver Dakoda Armstrong, they performed on a decent level but would split for 4 races however partner backup midway through at Pocono and finish 18th, this led JGL to partner them back up after Iowa for the rest of the season except for the races Dakoda was in with Joe Gibbs Racing in the No. 18, they would rack up 15 top 20's and 3 top 15's. In 2017 he and Armstrong were slated for a full season where they would score 2 top 10's and two top 5's while also scoring his first top 5 since the year 2000 in his Cup debut with Jeremy Mayfield at Phoenix and would score a best finish of 3rd place at Daytona. They split up after Dakoda barely missed the playoffs, He would bounce back to the No.24 car for JGL with Corey LaJoie and Dylan Lupton where he would score 4 top 20's and 2 top 15's. He returned in 2018 for what would be JGL's final season with Dylan Lupton and Tony Mrakovich scoring 2 top 25's with Lupton and having 1 top 25 with Mrakovich. Truck Series
In July 2018 <mask> started his own team called On Point Motorsports, he made his first start at Bristol with Scott Lagasse, Jr. where they would finish 31st. The team returned at Las Vegas with returning driver Austin Theriault where they would finish 8th after avoiding numerous wrecks. Lagasse returned at Talladega where he would finish 18th. <mask> hired Jeb Burton to drive at Martinsville and Homestead where he would finish 15th and 18th respectively. In November 2018, <mask> announced his plans to field a full-time truck for the 2019 season.In 2019, <mask> started crew chiefing Brennan Poole, his first full-time job as a crew chief since 2017. They racked up three top ten and one top five. Their two top tens came at both Texas races, and they finishing 9th in the June race and 7th in the , at Charlotte finishing 2nd, and at Texas finishing. Whelen Modified Tour driver Danny Bohn would make his Truck Series debut that year for On Point Motorsports, running the last three races of the season in the No. 30. Poole and Bohn returned to split the season in the No. 30 in 2020.Rick Markle started the season as crew chief, although <mask> replaced him atop the pit box later in the season. For 2021, Bohn returned to On Point Motorsports, beginning at the season-opener at Daytona. Team owner
On July 10, 2018 <mask> and a group of investors started On Point Motorsports. The team debuted at Bristol with Scott Lagasse, Jr. finishing 31st, they ran one other race with Lagasse at Talladega where he finished 18th. The team returned with Austin Theriault at Las Vegas where they would finish 8th. They ran two more races with Jeb Burton behind the wheel at Martinsville and Homestead-Miami Speedway with a best finish of 15th at Martinsville. On November 29, 2018 On Point Motorsports announced they would run a full-time NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series schedule and a part-time ARCA Menards Series schedule for the 2019 season.Derrick Lancaster was named as driver for the team's first race at Daytona International Speedway. On January 28, 2019, On Point Motorsports announced they would run full-time with Brennan Poole and run for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. The team cracked the top ten for the first time in 2019 at Texas, finishing ninth. Racing career
In 2019, <mask> made his racing debut in an asphalt modified at Bowman Gray Stadium. References

External links

Living people
1972 births
People from Maiden, North Carolina
NASCAR crew chiefs
NASCAR team owners

masks:
Steven D
. Lane
Lane
Steven
Steven
Lane
Lane
Charlotte Steven
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane


title: Zuzu Angel

texts:
<mask> (June 5, 1921 – April 14, 1976), better known as <mask>, was a Brazilian-American fashion designer, who became famous for opposing the Brazilian military dictatorship after the forced disappearance of her son, Stuart. She was also the mother of journalist <mask>. In 2014, the National Truth Commission created to gather and review information about crimes committed during the years of the CIA and U.S. government-backed Brazilian military dictatorship, a former agent of the military repression named Cláudio Antônio Guerra, confirmed the participation of agents of the security apparatus in the death of <mask>. Life and career
Zuzu <mask> was born on June 5, 1921, in Curvelo, Brazil. While still a child, she moved to Belo Horizonte, later living in Bahia. Bahian culture and colors significantly influenced the style of <mask>'s creations. In 1947, she went to live in Rio de Janeiro, then Brazil's capital city.In the 1950s, <mask> began her work as a seamstress, usually making clothing for close relatives. At the start of the 1970s, she opened up a store in Ipanema, at the same time beginning to exhibit her clothes on American catwalks. In her fashion expositions, she always harnessed the joy and richness of the colours of Brazilian culture, making a name for herself in the fashion world of her time. <mask> married an American salesman, <mask> Jones, and on January 11, 1946, they had a son, Stuart. Forced disappearance of <mask>
<mask> was an undergraduate student at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro's School of Economics when he joined the left-wing urban guerrilla group Revolutionary Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro – MR-8). He was known by his fellow guerrillas by the codenames "Paulo" and "Henrique". He married fellow militant Sônia Maria Morais <mask>, who later died in the custody of the military dictatorship's political police.Stuart was arrested in the neighborhood of Grajaú, Rio de Janeiro, near Av. 28 de Setembro, around 9 a.m. on June 14, 1971, by officers of the Air Force Information Center (Centro de Informações da Aeronáutica – CISA). He was then taken under custody to CISA headquarters, where he was reportedly tortured. According to political prisoner Alex Polari, who claimed to have witnessed the incident, Stuart was then tied to the back of a jeep with his mouth glued to the vehicle's exhaust pipe and dragged through the courtyard of the Air Force base, resulting in his death by asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning. His body was never found. Aftermath
Alex Polari wrote a letter to <mask> <mask> explaining the circumstances of her son's death. Based on Polari's letter and other evidence, <mask> reported the murder to Ted Kennedy, who revealed the case during a speech at the United States Senate.<mask> also handed to then Secretary of State of the United States, Henry Kissinger, a letter she wrote herself, a translation of Polari's letter, and a copy of the twentieth volume of the book History of the Brazilian Republic by Hélio Silva, in which Stuart's death is discussed. According to Silva, among the reactions of the regime to the protests of the American-Brazilian community were the removal and subsequent retirement of Brigadier João Paulo Burnier, who Polari accused of being responsible for Stuart's death, and the dismissal of then Minister of the Air Force, Márcio de Sousa Melo. Death
<mask> <mask> was killed in a car crash on April 14, 1976. The suddenness of her death raised suspicions of further government involvement; the case was investigated by the Comissão de Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos (Commission on Political Deaths and Disappearances), under process number 237/96, who found many reasons to doubt the official version of events. In 2014, the involvement of agents of the military repression regime in Brazil in her death was confirmed. A former agent named
Cláudio Antônio Guerra, wrote the book Memories of a Dirty War, in which he details several crimes in which he participated and he also revealed details about historical events of that time, among them the Riocentro May Day Attack, the death of <mask> <mask> and others. Cláudio Antônio Guerra, who was director of the Department of Political and Social Order, known as DOPS, a department notorious for the involvement in torture, extrajudicial killings and forced disappearance, pointed out to the presence at the scene of the accident at the moment it occurred of army Colonel Freddie Perdigão, a repression agent and known torturer.In a photo taken at the scene of the accident that killed the stylist, Freddie Perdigão is seen standing close to the car as if a passer-by. The photo had been taken on April 14, 1976 and was published by the press on the day of disaster but Perdigão had not been identified in the photo until Guerra identified him to the members of the Commission. Homages and cultural references
<mask> is the patron of Juventude Revolucionária 8 de Outubro, MR-8's youth branch. MR-8 is now a faction of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. Stuart's probable death by asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning was referred in the lyrics of the song "Cálice", written by Chico Buarque and Gilberto Gil. In homage to Zuzu <mask>, and other mothers who were unable to bury their children, Buarque wrote the song "Angélica" in 1977. In 2006, the events surrounding Stuart's death were dramatised in the film Zuzu Angel, directed by Sérgio Rezende.The movie, in which Daniel de Oliveira plays Stuart, is about Zuzu's struggle to find out the truth of her son's death. The Tunnel Dois Irmãos, which connects Gávea to São Conrado, the same place where Zuzu's car crashed, was renamed after her. In 2015, <mask> was commemorated on her 94th birthday with a Google Doodle featuring a motif adapted from the prints she used in her designs. References

External links
Zuzu o Anjo at Bolsa Demulher
Zuzu Angel Institute

1921 births
1976 deaths
People from Minas Gerais
Brazilian fashion designers
Military dictatorship in Brazil
Brazilian expatriates in the United States
Dead and missing in the fight against the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)

masks:
Zuleika Angel Jones
Zu Angel
Hildegard Angel
Angel
Angel
Angel
Angel
Angel
Norman Angel
Stuart Angel
Stuart Angel
Angel Jones
Zuzu
Angel
Angel
Angel
Zuzu
Angel
Zuzu
Angel
Stuart Angel
Angel
Angel


title: Mahmud Awad

texts:
<mask> (Arabic: محمود عوض; 28 December 1942 – 28 August 2009) was an Egyptian journalist and writer, born in the city of Talkha in Dakahlia Governorate. Education
Due to his excessive love of reading, Awad almost failed his classes, causing him to promise his dad to work hard on himself. Indeed, <mask>'s father was sent a 25-pounds paycheck by the Minister of Education, Kamal el-Din Hussein, in acknowledgement to <mask>'s success. Feeling reassured about his son's future, <mask>'s father handed the check to his son and left. Awad enrolled in law school and continued to pursue writing as a hobby. Hence, he joined Akhbar el-Yom foundation, in which he successfully managed to balance between journalism and studying, till he graduated in 1964. Career
Faced with the decision to choose between working in the Office of the Public Prosecutor or in journalism, Awad chose the latter.He pursued the profession for 8 years, after which he was appointed as the chief news editor. <mask> became one of the most prominent writers in the 1960s, and was named the "Nightingale of the Egyptian Press" by the former editor-in-chief, Ihsan Abdel Quddous. He won this title after proving himself and publishing a great article about Umm Kulthum, after the delay caused by one of the great writers of Akhbar el-Yom newspaper, Anis Mansour, in turning in his daily article. Mansour's repeated delay in his submissions caused problems in printing the paper on its due date, and, thus, lead Abdel Quddous to entrusting <mask> with the last page of Akhbar Al-Youm. In fact, because Mansour admired <mask>'s writings, Mansour sent the last page of the newspaper 3 days earlier than it was due. In addition, Abdel Quddous charged <mask> to write a weekly page in the newspaper titled "Personalities," in which he employed his unusual, yet unique, style of writing to narrate stories of intellectual, cultural, political and religious figures in Egypt. Furthermore, he gained a wide recognition for being the only Arab journalist who witnessed the issuance of the United Nations resolution 242 (1967), and the coup attempt by General Mohammad Oufkir against King Hassan II.Throughout his journey as a journalist, Awad was fortunate to strike up friendships with film celebrities and figures of world literature, including Taha Hussein, Tawfiq al-Hakim and Ahmed Hassan El-Bakoory, as well as the world famous artist Anthony Quinn, which raised a lot of questions at the time. He was submerged by the celebrities’ requests to write about them, some of which he met, resulting in the publication of over 15 books. On the other hand, the Egyptian singer, Umm Kulthum, preferred to have Mustafa Amin as her biographer. However, seeing that Amin, too, was impressed by Awad's work, he nominated Awad for the task. Despite Umm Kulthum's initial reluctance to accept the offer, she changed her thoughts about Awad after reading the book he wrote about her. In 1977, <mask> was barred from his writing profession at Akhbar el-Yom, despite enriching the content of the newspaper and contributing to the increase of its distribution to over a million copy. There were many conflicting reasons regarding Awad's ban, one reason being his opposing views regarding the peace negotiations with Israel, which provoked the authorities.Another reason could be his professional excellence that lead to jealousy among colleagues. As a traveling writer, Awad covered topics from different parts of the world, including the United Nations, and wrote about the life of Egyptians abroad. He was also well known among celebrities and leading Intellectuals. According to the Egyptian journalist, Khairy Hassan, Musa Sabri, who was jealous of Awad's achievements, justified Awad's work trips as absence from work, adding that Awad is an Literary editor, not a writer, and, hence, is not entitled to take leave from work for such long periods. Awad did not let that stop him from pursuing his passion, and started writing for some of the well-known Arab newspapers, including the London-based Al-Hayat international Arab paper, Alqabas Kuwaiti newspaper and Al Riyadh Saudi newspaper, until he was appointed editor-in-chief for Al Ahrar newspaper of the Liberal Party in 1986. He helped increase the distribution of the newspaper by 157,000 in only three months’ time, which was the span of his experience at Al Ahrar. However, as a result of some disagreements between Awad and the Liberal Party, Awad fell ill and self-isolated.Shortly after his recovery, he joined Egypt's Journalists Syndicate council and helped form the building blocks of the syndicate by setting up activities for talented young journalists and rewarding them. Despite his busy life, Awad refused to be part of any political mainstream or party. The most recent proposal was that made by the former Prime Minister of Egypt, Aziz Sedky, to have <mask> join the National Front, to which <mask> responded saying that he would not even wish to rule his own street. Writings
His writings about Umm Kulthum: Before writing about Umm Kulthum, Awad attempted to call the singer a number of times, for the purpose of citing their dialogue in the writing he was composing about Umm Kulthum. Awad was on his way to publishing the article if it wasn't for Abdel Quddous, who prevented him from proceeding. Abdel Quddous's concern revolved around including the telephone conversations without Umm Kulthum's knowing of it. Awad, nevertheless, believed that a celebrity is not entitled to be informed about the content that is written about him or her, seeing that it is part of a writer's freedom, but Abdel Quddous disagreed.Consequently, and as <mask> feared, Umm Kulthum raised objections to the opening of their conversation, resulting in <mask> insisting on not making any changes to the original version. With time, Umm Kulthum overlooked the dispute that arose between herself and <mask>. In fact, she indirectly apologized for her adamance by praising <mask>'s work to the founder of Dar Assayad weekly newspaper, Said Fareeha, who agreed to publishing Awad's article. Her appeasements were further proved when she defended <mask> for naming the book he composed about her "The Umm Kulthum that No One Knows of," despite the dissatisfaction expressed by her relatives. His writings about famous musicians: Awad continued to face difficulties in his writing about famous artists and actors, including Mohammed Abdel Wahab, whom he almost as a result of publishing "The Abdel Wahab that No One Knows of" book. Therefore, when other singers, such as Abdel Halim Hafez and Farid al-Atrash, requested to have <mask> as their biographer, he politely refused. <mask> then announced a change in the course of his career from legacy-writing to political-writing, whilst preserving the bonds of friendship and respect with all the well-known figures and respectable icons with which he's acquainted.Death
After struggling with his illness, 70-year-old <mask> died on 28 August 2009. No one knew about his death until two days later, when he did not show up for his doctor appointment. Works
Some of <mask>'s books include:

 “Thoughts Against Lead” (original title: Afkar Did Al-Rasaas), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 1972
 "Banned from Circulation" (original title: Mamnue Min Al-Tadawul), Dar El Shorouk, Cairo, 1972. "Banned from Circulation 2: Israeli Thoughts" (original title: Mamnue Min Al-Tadawul 2: Afkar Israeliya), Egyptian Radio and Television Union, Cairo, 1973. "Top Secret" (original title: Siri Jidaa), Modern Egyptian Bureau, Cairo, 1974. "Rebels for the Sake of Allah" (original title: Mutamaridun Li-Wajh Allah), Dar El Shorouk, Cairo, 1986. "Peace Be Upon You" (original title: Wa Alaykumu S-Salam), Dar Al-Mustaqbal Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1986."The Umm Kulthum that No One Knows of" (original title: Umm Kulthum Alaty La Ya’rafuha Ahad), Akhbar el-Yom newspaper, Cairo, 1987. "The Abdel Wahab that No One Knows of" (original title: Mohammed Abdel Wahab Aladhy La Ya’rafuhu Ahad), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 1991. "In the Wounded Arabic Language" (original title: B-il Arabi Al-Jarih), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 2006. "Personalities" (original title: Shakhsiyaat), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 2009. "From an Heartache" (original title: Min Waja’i Al-Qalb), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 2007. "The Seventh Day: The Impossible War ... The War of Attrition” (original title: Al-youm Al-Sabei: Al-Harb Al-Mustahila ... Harb Al-Istinzaf), Dar Al-Maarif Bookshop, Cairo, 2010.External links

 The passing away of the Egyptian author, <mask> <mask>, as covered by Al Jazeera Channel on 30 August 2009. The passing away of the Egyptian author, <mask> <mask>, as covered by BBC News Arabic on 30 August 2009. ٍReferences

Living people
1942 births
People from Dakahlia Governorate
Egyptian writers
Egyptian journalists

masks:
Mahmud Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
Awad
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Mahmud
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Mahmud
Awad


title: Karekin I (Cilicia)

texts:
<mask>) (17 December 1867 in Khachisar (now Chardakhlu), Artsakh – 21 June 1952 in Antelias, Lebanon) was a scholar of Armenian art and Catholicos of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1943 to 1952. Education and career as clergyman
Born Garegin Hovsepian and originally from Artsakh (then part of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire), he studied at the Gevorgian Seminary of the Catholicosate of All Armenians in Etchmiadzin (1882-1890). During this period, he was ordained a deacon of the Armenian Church and joined the Congregation of the Holy See of Etchmiadzin. In 1892-1897, he studied theology and philosophy at the universities of Leipzig, Halle and Berlin. His doctoral dissertation was published in Leipzig in 1897. After his return from Germany, <mask> was ordained a celibate priest in Etchmiadzin. In 1917 he was ordained bishop, Until the outbreak of the First World War, he held a number of teaching and administrative positions within the jurisdiction of the Holy See, in Etchmiadzin, Yerevan, and Tbilisi; he was, at different times, head of the Echdmiazin library, Dean of the Gevorgian Seminary, and editor of the Catholicosate's journal, Ararat.Following the mass influx of refugees, escaping the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915-1916, he chaired the Commission of Brotherly Assistance, which looked after the fleeing orphans. <mask> was ordained a bishop in 1917, In May 1918, during the Ottoman invasion of Transcaucasia, he participated in the Battle of Sardarapat; he and fellow priests visited villages close to the battle-front to encourage both the Armenian soldiers and unarmed villagers to resist the invading army. His service was appreciated through subsequent decorations he received from both the Russian Commander of the Caucasian Front and the government of the Republic of Armenia (1918-1920). It also accorded him tremendous respect in Armenian nationalist circles, including the influential Dashnak Party. This proved crucial during pivotal moments in his subsequent career. In 1920, during the invasion of Armenia by the Turkish Kemalist troops, <mask> again volunteered to be at the frontline. This time, however, he fell captive when the Kemalists captured Kars on 30 October.He escaped on 19 January 1921, sought refuge in the city's American orphanage, and, on 21 March, he finally reached Armenian territory, where Soviet rule had already been established. <mask> witnessed from close range Soviet attempts to destroy organized religion, including the Armenian Church. As early as 1923, the Soviet secret police reported its unhappiness with his religious activities. In 1924, he toured other Armenian communities in the USSR and raised 120,000 roubles for Etchmiadzin. In 1924, he was appointed to the newly established Supreme Spiritual Council of Etchmiadzin and was later re-elected to serve on that body in both 1932 and 1941. In 1925, he was elevated to the rank of archbishop. He played a key role in collecting relief for the victims of the strong earthquake that hit Armenia's second largest city, Leninakan (now, Gyumri) in 1926.From 1927 to 1933, Karekin was the primate of the Diocese of Crimea and Nor Nakhichevan (a suburb of Rostov-on-Don), which covered Armenian Church parishes and institutions over vast stretches of Russian territory, including Moscow and Leningrad. He could do very little, however, to stop the continued closing of Armenian churches in those areas. In 1934 Catholicos Khoren <mask> of Etchmiadzin appointed Karekin pontifical legate to travel abroad in order to raise funds for the reconstruction of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral and other expenses of the Catholicosate, as well solve administrative problems that had arisen in some dioceses of the Armenian Church outside the USSR, particularly in France and the USA. From 1935 Karekin visited nearly a dozen European and Middle Eastern countries, during which he raised some US$35,000. In 1936 Karekin reached the US in what proved to be the final leg of his mission. A serious schism had arisen in the Armenian Church in North America on the issue of cooperation with the Holy See of Etchmiadzin, which the dissidents complained was fully under Communist control in Soviet Armenia. Karekin failed to find a solution to this crisis.The Armenian Church Diocese, which had stayed loyal to Etchmiadzin, eventually elected him as its next primate. His election came despite repeated calls from Etchmiadzin for his return to the Holy See. Indeed, the locum tenens, Archbishop Gevorg Chorekchian, reported to the National Ecclesiastical Assembly (NEA) in Etchmiadzin in 1941 that the results of <mask>'s mission abroad had not covered the financial needs of the Holy See. In 1938-1943 Karekin served as primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church in North America. After the USSR and the USA became allies during World War II, he led efforts to collect $120,000 from Armenian-Americans to assist Armenian soldiers in the Red Army and Armenian civilians harmed by the ongoing war in Europe. Separately, he also helped raise another $85,000 for the formation of the David of Sasun Tank Unit for the Red Army. <mask>'s religious career took an unexpected turn in 1943, when the competing pro- and anti-Soviet Armenian political factions agreed on his candidacy as the next Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, the second most important see of the Armenian Church.Wartime conditions made it impossible for <mask> to leave the US and reach the seat of this catholicosate in  Lebanon until March 1945. In the meantime, he stayed in New York, raising $44,000 for the Catholicosate of Cilicia, plus receiving commitments to sponsor students in its seminary. In June 1945, <mask> briefly returned to Soviet Armenia (for the first time since 1935) to participate in the NEA, which elected Chorekchian as the next Catholicos of All Armenians. <mask> was the first Catholicos of Cilicia to participate in the election of the Catholicos of Etchmiadzin, and he personally consecrated the newly elected Gevorg VI. In 1946-1949, Karekin supported the Kremlin-backed campaign of repatriation of around 90,000 diasporan Armenians to Soviet Armenia. In 1946, Gevorg accorded him the unprecedented privilege of carrying a diamond cross on his hood, usually the sole prerogative of the Catholicos of All Armenians. Gevorg also asked Karekin to mediate a solution to an administrative dispute within the Armenian Patriarchate in Istanbul, which is traditionally outside the jurisdiction of the Catholicosate of Cilicia.Cold War pressures sharpened intra-Armenian political disputes in the Middle East in the last years of <mask>'s reign. His relations with the anti-Soviet Dashnak party, which had supported his election, now cooled. After <mask>'s health began to deteriorate from 1950, Soviet leaders in Moscow feared that a pro-Dashnak clergyman might end up being his successor. In 1951, they pushed Gevorg in Etchmiadzin to formally write to Karekin in Lebanon and suggest appointing and ordaining a successor (acceptable to the Soviets) during his own lifetime. Karekin refused this offer, seeing in it a violation of the internal freedoms traditionally enjoyed by the catholicosates of both Etchmiadzin and Cilicia. Indeed, <mask>'s death in 1952 was followed by a four-year struggle over his succession, ending in a victory for the Dashnak-supported candidate. Career as a scholar
<mask> is also remembered as a prominent scholar of Armenian Art at the end of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century.Initially, his scholarly interest focused on collecting and studying Armenian oral literature. He also produced some works on theology. Thereafter, he developed strong interests in the study of medieval Armenian manuscripts (especially their illuminations, colophons and paleography), as well as medieval literature, historiography, archaeology, architecture, epigraphy, and plastic arts. He authored a number of monographs and dozens of scholarly articles, mostly in Armenian, but also a few in Russian. During the tsarist period, he was elected a member of the Caucasian branch of the , and the Russian Imperial Archeological Society at St Petersburg. In the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide, he embarked upon establishing an Armenian ethnographic museum in Transcaucasia in 1917, collecting materials from refugees fleeing the Ottoman Empire. During the brief period of Armenian independence (1918-1920), he was appointed professor of Armenian Art History and Archeology at the newly established Yerevan State University.He also became a founder-member of the Committee for the Preservation of the Monuments of Armenia. Karekin continued his scholarly activities within state-supported academic and research institutions in the earliest years of Soviet rule, but the Communist regime's aggressive anti-religious campaign soon made it impossible for him to publish in Soviet academic journals. From the late 1920s, his studies appeared in various publications of the Armenian Diaspora. However, the Soviet Armenian Academy of Sciences posthumously published a two-volume anthology of his works, in 1983-1987. During his reign as Catholicos of Cilicia, Karekin also took tangible steps towards turning the Catholicosate's headquarters in Lebanon into an Armenian cultural center in the diaspora. In 1951, he published Hishatakarank Dzeragrats (in Armenian Յիշատակարանք Ձեռագրաց), a huge 1,255 page book about religious and historical references spanning from the 5th century to 1250 A.D. The information was gathered from ancient Armenian manuscripts that were located, among other places, at the Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem.He was assisted in this project by his Staff-Bearer (gavazanakir), seminary student , who traveled to Jerusalem with him and hand-copied and compiled the information from the original documents. Notes
Shortly after the death of <mask> I in 1952, Neshan Sarkissian, an Armenian cleric, was ordained a priest taking the name <mask> in remembrance of the late Catholicos. <mask> Sarkissian later became Catholicos <mask> <mask> of Cilicia and then Catholicos <mask> <mask> of All Armenians. Secondary sources
 Arzumanean, Rev. Zawen, Azgapatum [The Story of the Nation], Vol. 4, Books I-II (New York, 1995 and 1997). Avakian, Arra S. (1998).Armenia: A Journey Through History. The Electric Press, Fresno. Eghiayean, Biwzand (1975). Zhamanakakits Patmutiwn Katoghikosutean Hayots Kilikioy 1914-1972 [Contemporary History of the Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia]. Antelias, pp. 565–628. Oshakan, Hakob (1948).Arewelahay banasirutiwne ew Ejmiatsin: Garegin Katoghikos Hovsepian [Eastern Armenian Philology and Echmiadzin: Catholicos <mask> Hovsepian]. Antelias. Catholicoi of Cilicia
1867 births
1952 deaths
Armenian Oriental Orthodox Christians

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Karekin I (
Karekin
Karekin
Karekin
Karekin
I
Karekin
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title: Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

texts:
Jacques-<mask> (; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses. He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist. Court preacher to Louis XIV of France, Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings. He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God. He was also an important courtier and politician. The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles I of England (1669), of her daughter Henriette, Duchess of Orléans (1670), and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé (1687). His work Discours sur l'histoire universelle (Discourse on Universal History 1681) has been regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St. Augustine of Hippo.Biography

Early years
Bossuet was born at Dijon. He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side, his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century. He was the fifth son born to Beneigne <mask>, a judge of the parlement (a provincial high court) at Dijon, and Marguerite Mouchet. His parents decided on a career in the Church for their fifth son, so he was tonsured at age eight. The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans, a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon. When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz, Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle <mask> d'Aiseray, a renowned scholar. At the Collège des Godrans, he gained a reputation for hard work: fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro, an "ox accustomed to the plough".His father's influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonry in the cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old. In 1642, Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology. His mentor there was the college's president, Nicolas Cornet, the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy. For the time being, however, Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms. In 1643, Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet, a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses. Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life. On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, during a dispute about extempore preaching, the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm.Vincent Voiture famously quipped: "I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late". Early clerical career

Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643. He sustained his first thesis (tentativa) in theology on 25 January 1648, in the presence of the Prince de Condé. Later in 1648, he was ordained a subdeacon at Metz. Ordination as a  deacon came in 1649, after which he began to preach his first sermons. He sustained his second thesis (sorbonica) on November 9, 1650. Then, in preparation for the priesthood, he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Saint Vincent de Paul.Priest at Metz
In January 1652, Bossuet returned to public life, being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg. He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652. A few weeks later, he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity. He spent the next seven years at Metz, where his father's influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon. He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant, and Bossuet's first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry (1655). During the rest of his time at Metz he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants (and, less regularly, with Jews). To reconcile the Protestants with the Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams; and for this purpose, he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit, an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born.His youthful imagination was unbridled, and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety, redolent of  divinity faculties. Nevertheless, his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his study of Scripture and the Church Fathers. He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders. In 1657, in Metz, Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV. As a result, he received the honorific title of "Counselor and Preacher to the King". Early career in Paris

In 1657, St. Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching. (He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz, though: he continued to hold his benefice, and in 1664, when his widowed father was ordained as a priest and became a canon of the Metz cathedral chapter, Bossuet was named chapter's  dean.)Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher, and by 1660, he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal. In 1662, he preached his famous sermon "On the Duties of Kings" to Louis XIV at the Louvre. In Paris, the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste; if a preacher wished to catch their ear, he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred. Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest, Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest. The narrative element in Bossuet's sermons grew shorter with each year. He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue. He would not write out his discourses in full, much less learn them off by heart: of the two hundred printed in his works, all but a fraction are rough drafts.Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669, though Fénelon and La Bruyère, two much sounder critics, refused to follow their example. Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator, voice, language, flexibility and strength. He never needed to strain for effect; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought, the feeling and the word. What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself: he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion. These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres (Funeral Orations). Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas; besides, here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject. The Oraison, as its name betokened, stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch.At least that was what Bossuet made it; for on this field, he stood not merely first, but alone. One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuet's sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant, and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost. Apart from state occasions, Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669. Tutor to the Dauphin, 1670–1681
A favourite of the court, in 1669, Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony, without being obliged to reside there. He was consecrated bishop on September 21, 1670, but he resigned the see when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671. On 18 September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin, eldest child of Louis XIV. The choice was scarcely fortunate.Bossuet unbent as far as he could, but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child; and the dauphin was a choleric, ungainly, sullen boy. Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess. Still, Bossuet's nine years at court were by no means wasted. Bossuet's tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction, including not just handwriting samples, but also manuals of philosophy, history, and religion fit for a future King of France. Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics. First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ("Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Oneself") (1677), then the Discours sur l'histoire universelle ("Discourse on Universal History") (1679, published 1682), and lastly the Politique tirée de l'Écriture Sainte ("Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture") (1679, published 1709). The three books fit into each other.The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man. The Discours is a history of God's dealings with humanity in the past. The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings. Bossuet's conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon. Then, too, the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed, to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights. The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties, but his son, the Petit Dauphin, would bear them in mind. The tutor's imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia, with a Christian philosopher on the throne.That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms: "le roi, Jesus-Christ et l'Eglise, Dieu en ces trois noms" ("the king, Jesus Christ, and the Church, God in His three names"), he says in a characteristic letter. The object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis. Bossuet's worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself. The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple. Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs. History shows that this governance is, for the most part, indirect, exercised through certain venerable corporations, as well civil and ecclesiastical, all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God. Thus all revolt, whether civil or religious, is a direct defiance of the Almighty.Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine. The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war; the France of his adulthood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly  burgeoned into a splendour comparable only with ancient Rome. Why not, then, strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time? <mask>'s own Discours sur l'histoire universelle might have furnished an answer, for there the fall of many empires is detailed; but then the Discours was composed with a single purpose in mind. To Bossuet, the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world. He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia; on Greece and Rome, he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica. Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet.While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes. It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it. Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories. Bishop of Meaux, 1681–1704

With the period of the Dauphin's formal education ending in 1681, Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681, which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17

masks:
Bénigne Lignel Bossuet
Bossuet
Claude Bossuet
Bossuet


title: Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

texts:
 November. But before he could take possession of his see, he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI. Here he found himself in a quandary: to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV, who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State. Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course.In 1682, before the general Assembly of the French Clergy, he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise. As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration, Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could, and when the Pope declared it null and void, he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani, only published after his death. Throughout this controversy, unlike the court bishops, Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration. Efforts to combat Protestantism
The Gallican storm a little abated, he turned back to a project very near his heart. Ever since the early days at Metz, he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church. In 1668, he converted Turenne; in 1670, he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ("Exposition of the Catholic Faith"), so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste. Finally, in 1688, his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ("History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches"), perhaps the most brilliant of all his works, appeared.Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible. His argument is simple enough. Without rules, an organized society cannot hold together, and rules require an authorized interpreter. The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that, the longer they lived, the more they varied on increasingly important points. The Protestant Minister Pierre Jurieu having responded to the Histoire des variations, Bossuet published the Avertissements aux protestants sur les lettres du ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des variations (Warnings to Protestants on the letters of Minister Jurieu against the History of Variations, 1689–1691). In the fifth of these Avertissements (1690), he denied the thesis of the explicit or implicit contract between the prince and his subjects, which Jurieu supported, and formulated the famous sentence: "To condemn this state [= slavery], it would not only be condemn the law of nations, where servitude is admitted, as it appears by all the laws; but that would be to condemn the Holy Spirit, who commands slaves, through the mouth of St. Paul, to remain in their state, and does not oblige their masters to free them. Flaubert, in his Sottisier, noted that in the 19th century, Catholic theology had varied to the point of expressing ideas on slavery diametrically opposed to those of Bossuet.For the moment, the Protestants were pulverized; but before long, they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil. Between 1691 and 1701, Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point. Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines, but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today. We prefer, he said, a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards. Next, Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Rome's own variations; and here, they were backed up by Richard Simon, a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France. He accused St Augustine, Bossuet's own special master, of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace. Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition, but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still.Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions, such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux, he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book. Bossuet denounced him again and again; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more. Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still. Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence, but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether. It was blasphemous, he argued, to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established. Bossuet might scribble nova, mira, falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor. These repeated checks soured Bossuet's temper.In his earlier controversies, he had borne himself with great magnanimity, and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court. His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux, but now his patience was waning. A dissertation by one Father Caffaro, an obscure Italian monk, became his excuse for writing certain, violent Maximes sur la comédie (1694), wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière, dead more than twenty years. Controversy with Fénelon

Three years later, he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God. Fénelon, 24 years his junior, was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival; like Bossuet, Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor. The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon: her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos, which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687. When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyon's opinions, an ecclesiastical commission of three members, including Bossuet, was appointed to report on the matter.The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles d'Issy, which condemned Mme Guyon's ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox, Catholic conception of prayer. Fénelon, who had been attracted to Mme Guyon's ideas, signed off on the Articles, and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment. Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états d'oraison, a work that explained the Articles d'Issy in greater depth. Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise, however, and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles d'Issy, his Explication des Maximes des Saints. He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object, with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God. King Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons' tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints. Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699.Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation. Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Rome's determination of the matter. Death

Until he was over 70 years, Bossuet enjoyed good health, but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones. Two years later he was a hopeless invalid, and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly. His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue, SJ. He was buried at Meaux Cathedral. Preaching

Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time.He is one of the preachers, along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue, who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching. He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching. He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages, often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples. He preached, for example, on St. Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of France and Henrietta Anne of England. Bossuet's funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages, including English. Such was their power that even Voltaire, normally so antagonistic toward clergy, praised his oratorical excellence. Works

An edition of Bossuet's sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols.(Paris, 1890, 1896), as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet. His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols. (Paris, 1862–1864). The work was published posthumously in 1709. The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature, characteristics, duties, and resources of royalty. To justify his propositions, Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms. Throughout his essay, Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred.In the third book, Bossuet asserts that "God establishes kings as his ministers, and reigns through them over the people." He also states that "the prince must be obeyed on principle, as a matter of religion and of conscience." While he declares the absolute authority of rulers, he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law "for if he sins, he destroys the laws by his example." In books six and seven, Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty. For Bossuet, the prince was synonymous with the state, which is why, according to him, the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country. He also states that "only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state." As far as the duties of royalty, the primary goal is the preservation of the state.Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved: by maintaining a good constitution, making good use of the state's resources, and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it. In books nine and ten, Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty (arms, wealth, and counsel) and how they should be used. In regards to arms, Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war. Unjust causes include ambitious conquest, pillage, and jealousy. As far as wealth is concerned, he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom. He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the people's lot and that there would be no more poor. Trivia

The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time, ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom.The exterior of Harvard's Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes, Cicero, and Chrysostom. A character in Les Misérables, being from Meaux and an orator, is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends. Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the "Ad usum Delphini" book series (commonly known as the Delphin Classics) of the Latin classics. Bossuet was the uncle of <mask>. See also
 List of works by Eugène Guillaume
 Jacques Benige Bossuet ; a study, E.K. Sanders, London, 1921. Bossuet and His Contemporaries, Lear, H. L. Sidney, London, 1874.Notes

References

Attribution:

External links

Discours sur l'Histoire universelle ( French text – 1681 PDF)
  Livre audio mp3 gratuit: Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Anne d’Angleterre, duchesse d’Orléans. Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Marie de France, reine de la Grand’Bretagne. 1627 births
1704 deaths
17th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
17th-century Christian mystics
18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
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Roman Catholic mystics
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University of Paris alumni
17th-century French male writers
17th-century French poets
French male poets
French male non-fiction


title: D. P. Singh

texts:
Dr. D. P<mask> (nee Dr. <mask>), born 1956, is an Indo-Canadian scientist, educationist, author science fiction writer, Sikh theologian, and TV host. As a widely travelled person, mostly for his academic research, and promotion of science in developing countries, he has published about 100 research papers in Acoustics, Polymer Physics, Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science. Besides, he has published over 1000 general articles on the topics related to Science, Environment and Religion. Due to his outstanding contributions for the cultivation of scientific temper and environmental awareness among people, the Peace on Earth Organization, Canada, in 2010, honored him with the "Life Time Achievement Award". Though he writes in English and Punjabi, his works have also been translated into Hindi, Shahmukhi, and Marathi languages. Early life
Born in 1956, at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India, <mask>der received M.Sc. (Physics) degree from Panjab University, Chandigarh, in 1978.Started his professional career at SGGS Khalsa College, Chandigarh, India. In 1986, received Ph.D. degree from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Served several Higher Education institutions, as part of the Punjab Education Services, Govt. of Punjab, during 1980-2008. After joining Shivalik College, Nangal in 1980, he excelled in popular science communication in Punjabi and English languages, but later on focussed on Science fiction, environmental and theological writings. Career
After a 30 years long educational career, as Associate Professor in Physics, at Punjab Education Services, Govt. of Punjab, India, Dr. <mask> moved to Canada in 2008.Herein, he founded an educational Center, dedicated to helping University/College/Senior Secondary students to achieve their academic dreams in the fields of Physical Sciences, and Humanities. Since 2013, he has served as Director, and Educational Consultant to several academic institutions in GTA, Canada. During 2014-2020, he has worked as Associate Dean at International University of California, USA and is currently working as Honorary Director, Center for Understanding Sikhism, Mississauga, ON, Canada. Works

Physics Research
With about 100  research papers in  Physics and allied fields to his credit Dr. <mask> has guided one dozen research students and supervised two M. Phil. theses. Besides, he established Acoustics Research Center, Mississauga, Canada to actively pursue his research interests in Acoustics. Having participated in about 50 conferences/ seminars within Canada and abroad, he is a member of several international research societies.In addition, he is the referee panel member of several reputed research journals of Canada, USA, Nigeria, and India. Scientific Literature
Besides publishing 20 books and about 1000 general articles on various aspects of science and technology,  he has also translated 4 books from English to Punjabi. Science Fiction Writings
In the genre of science fiction, Dr. <mask> has authored/published two books for general readers, four books for children and about 45 stories, to date, in various newspapers and magazines of Canada, USA, India, and Pakistan in Punjabi, Hindi, and English. Sikh Theology
As Director, Center for Understanding Sikhism, Mississauga, Canada, he played a vital role in the promotion of teaching and research in Sikh Theology  in India and Canada. With three books, two booklets, and about 200 articles on Sikh theology to his credit, he has delivered about one dozen invited talks on ‘Sikh Religion and Philosophy,’ at various educational institutions within India and Canada. Five of his articles have been included in different books edited by eminent Sikh scholars. He has reviewed thirteen books authored by eminent Sikh writers.Media
Over 70 of his talks on Sikhism, science, and social topics have been telecast by Jhanjer TV, Sanjha Punjab TV, Channel Punjabi Toronto Dateline TV, Vision TV, and Hello Canada TV, Canada. He has also participated in the science programs of DD Punjabi, Doordarshan Jalandhar, Vision Punjab TV, Kharar, Punjab and Global Punjab TV, Chandigarh, India. Many of these talks are also available on Youtube. About 50 of his radio programs  on science and religion have been broadcast by Ajj Di Awaz Radio, Desh Punjab Radio, Parvasi Radio, Punjabi Dunia, AVR Media Productions, Canada and All India Radio, Jalandhar, India. Awards
 2011  "Excellent writing Award" by Ajj Di Awaz Radio & Daily Punjabi, Canada
 2010  "Life Time Achievement Award" by Peace on Earth Organization, Canada
 2006  "Lala Hardyal Memorial Award" for best Science Communication in mass media by Paryas Kala Manch, Nangal, India
 2003  "ISWA SAMMAN" for longstanding contribution to the popularisation of science, by Indian Sc. Writers’Association, N.Delhi, India
 2001  "Principal Trilochan <mask> (Children Literature and Gian Vigyan) Award", by Punjabi Sath, Lambrhan, Jalandhar, India
 2000  "Dr. M. S. Randhawa" (Gian Sahit) Award for the book Vigyan Prapatian ate Masle, by LDP, Govt. of Punjab, India
 1997  "Sarvotam Bal Sahit Pustak <mask>kar" for his book Robot, Manukh te Kudrat, by LDP, Govt.of Punjab, India
 1994  "Hanibal Sahit Rattan <mask>" for his book C. V. Raman-Life and Times, by Sahit Rang Gathan (Sarang Lok), Chandigarh, India
 1991  "Sarvotam Bal Sahit <mask> <mask>" for the book Satrang, by LDP, Govt. of Punjab, India

Video Links
 World   Earth Day: Impacts of COVID 19 on the Environment of Earth
 Universal Relevance of Guru Nanak's Teachings
 Qudrat in Guru Nanak's Bani
 Environmental Teaching in Sikhism
 Aamne-Samne: Exclusive Interview

External links
Life and Teachings of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, 1st May 2021, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Pb., India
International Seminar on Guru Nanak's Philosophy and U. N. Agenda for Sustainable Development, 23rd Nov. 2020, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Pb., India
 4th Canadian Punjabi Conference, 5-6th July 2019, Punjabi Heritage Foundation Of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
 36th World Religions Conference: End-of-Life Decisions, 20th Nov. 2016, University of Waterloo, Canada
 What is a Worthwhile Life? Seminar on Jivan Jach, 1st Dec. 2013, Sheridan College, Brampton, Canada
  Interview of Dr. Solomon Naz (Print Media), Christian Review: News Magazine, 2020
 Interview of Dr. Solomon Naz (e-Media), Christian Review: News Magazine, 2015

References

Living people
Indian science fiction writers
Guru Nanak Dev University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
. Singh
Devinder Pal Singh
Devin
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh Bhatia
Purs
Purskar
Pak
Purskar


title: Katey Sagal

texts:
<mask> (born January 19, 1954) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is known for playing Peggy Bundy on Married... with Children (1987–1997), Leela on Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present), Cate Hennessy on 8 Simple Rules (2002–2005), Gemma Teller Morrow on the FX series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2011, Dr. Jones on Shameless (2018–2019), and Louise Goldufski-Conner on The Conners (2018–present). Early life
Sagal was born on January 19, 1954, in Los Angeles, California, to a show business family with five children. Her mother, Sara Zwilling, was a singer (stage name Sara Macon), producer, and television writer who died of heart disease in 1975, and Sagal's father, <mask>, worked as a television director. Her father was a Ukrainian-Jewish immigrant. Her mother had Amish ancestors. In 1977, Sagal's father married dancer/actress Marge Champion, a few years before his accidental death on the set of the miniseries World War III in 1981.Three of Sagal's four siblings are actors: her younger twin sisters, Jean and <mask> and brother Joey Sagal; her other brother <mask> is an attorney married to actress McNally <mask>. Sagal and her siblings grew up in Brentwood, Los Angeles. Her godfather is sitcom producer and writer Norman Lear. In 2016, both <mask> and Norman acknowledged that she was not only his goddaughter, but that he also introduced her parents to each other. Sagal has described herself as "culturally Jewish" but with no "formal religious experience." Sagal graduated from Palisades High School. After graduation, she attended the California Institute of the Arts.Musical career
Sagal started her career in show business as a singer and songwriter. In 1973, she worked as a backing vocalist for various singers, including Bob Dylan, Etta James, and Tanya Tucker. In 1976, while a member of The Group with No Name, she contributed to the album Moon over Brooklyn (on which she was credited as "<mask>"). She was a member of Bette Midler's backup group The Harlettes in 1978, and again from 1982 to 1983. During the filming of 1983's Valley Girl, Sagal was scheduled to sing at The Central. Her name can be seen in the schedule of upcoming acts, posted inside the door. She performed backing vocals on the self-titled Gene Simmons solo album, the Molly Hatchet album Take No Prisoners, and on Olivia Newton-John's 1985 single "Soul Kiss."She performed the song "It's the Time for Love" that appears in the movie Silent Rage featuring Chuck Norris. Sagal also provided the vocals for "Loose Cannons," the theme song for the 1990 movie of the same name featuring Gene Hackman and Dan Aykroyd. On April 19, 1994, Sagal released her first solo album, Well.... On June 1, 2004, she released her second album, Room. She has also contributed to the Sons of Anarchy soundtrack. Acting career

One role was as a receptionist in the detective Columbo  installment "Candidate for Crime," which was directed by her father. Sagal's first major role was as a newspaper columnist in the series Mary (1985–86) starring Mary Tyler Moore. This led to her being cast as Peggy Bundy on the sitcom Married... with Children (1987–1997); she portrayed the lower-class, sex-starved, lazy and free-spending wife of shoe salesman Al Bundy.The series ran for 11 years. It had been reported that Sagal brought her own red bouffant wig to audition for the role, and with the producers' approval, the look transitioned into the show. However, Sagal later explained that she had initially styled her own hair, then once the show took off, the producers began to invest in a wig. After the end of Married... with Children, several more television films followed; Sagal also guest starred on the children's cartoon Recess as the voice of Spinelli's mother. In 1998, Matt Groening chose her to provide the character voice of the purple-haired mutant spaceship captain, Leela, in his science-fiction animated comedy Futurama. The show developed a cult following, but was cancelled after four seasons. However, syndication on Adult Swim and Comedy Central increased the show's popularity and led Comedy Central to commission a season of Futurama direct-to-DVD films, which the network later retransmitted as a 16-episode fifth season.She reprised her role as Leela in these films, and in the sixth season that began airing June 24, 2010. The series ended in 2013. <mask> guest-starred as Edna Hyde, Steven Hyde's mother, in three episodes of That '70s Show. She starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom Tucker in 2000. Sagal was cast as the wife of John Ritter in the sitcom 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter in 2002. Ritter had completed only three episodes of the second season before his death, and the show was cancelled in 2005 after its third season. In 2005 and 2006, Sagal made two appearances on Lost as Helen Norwood.In 2007, she had a role in the season finale of The Winner as Glen Abbot's former teacher, with whom Glen has his first sexual experience. From 2008 to 2014, Sagal starred as Gemma Teller Morrow on the TV show Sons of Anarchy, whose creator, Kurt Sutter, she had married in 2004, four years before the series premiered. In January 2009, Sagal reunited with David Faustino (who had played her son Bud Bundy in Married... with Children) for an episode of Faustino's show Star-ving. In 2010, she appeared twice more on Lost. In 2009, she starred in the film House Broken with Danny DeVito. In 2010, she returned to the stage in Randy Newman's musical Harps & Angels. In 2013, Sagal had a cameo on Glee as Nancy Abrams, Artie Abrams' mother.She co-starred in Pitch Perfect 2, released in 2015, as the mother of Hailee Steinfeld's character. She next appeared in the biography drama film Bleed for This, as the mother of Vinny Pazienza. On September 9, 2014, Sagal received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; most of the Married ... with Children cast – including Ed O'Neill, Christina Applegate, and David Faustino – were present to celebrate the actor's recognition. On September 20, 2016, Sagal appeared on The Big Bang Theory as Susan, the mother of Penny (Kaley Cuoco). She had previously played the mother of Cuoco's character on 8 Simple Rules. Sagal was also a series regular on the CBS sitcom Superior Donuts from 2017 to 2018. She also appeared on Shameless as Frank's latest, crazy lover.Most recently she has appeared in a recurring role as Dan Conner's love interest, Louise Goldufski, in The Conners and a cameo appearance in the Netflix series Dead to Me in season 2, episodes 9 and 10 as Judy Hale's (Linda Cardellini) estranged, emotionally abusive, incarcerated mother Eleanor Hale. In 2021, Sagal played the lead role of Annie "Rebel" Bello in the ABC drama series Rebel, which was written by Krista Vernoff. ABC cancelled Rebel after five episodes. Activism
In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, Sagal and others told the stories of the people killed there. Personal life
Sagal was married to musician Freddie Beckmeier, from 1978 to 1981 and Jack White, from 1993 to 2000. She married writer-producer Kurt Sutter in a private ceremony on October 2, 2004, at their home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz. They have a daughter, Esmé Louise, born in 2007 through a gestational carrier.In 1991, while working on Married... with Children, Sagal learned that she was pregnant. This was unexpected, so the pregnancy was written into the storyline of the show. In October 1991, however, she had to have an emergency caesarean section in her seventh month of pregnancy, ending in the stillbirth of a daughter. The pregnancy on the show was then treated as a "dream sequence," which was mentioned only briefly at the end of the episode "Al Bundy, Shoe Dick." <mask> and White eventually had two children—a daughter, Sarah Grace, in 1994, and a son, Jackson James, in 1996. The writers of Married... with Children deliberately did not write Sagal's two later pregnancies into the show due to the earlier stillbirth, opting instead to write off her absences in a subplot in which Peg is traveling the world to reunite her parents. In scenes where Peg was shown, Sagal had her midsection obscured, such as in a taxi or at a craps table in Las Vegas and was often seen or heard talking to family members over the phone.One after effect  of Sagal's having lost her stillborn daughter was the inspiration to write the lyrics for "(You) Can't Hurry the Harvest." She recorded this song on her debut album, Well..., which was released in April 1994. She was the subject of an episode of the television genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are? in 2016. On October 14, 2021, Sagal was hit by a car while crossing a street in Los Angeles. She was transported by ambulance to a local hospital where she was released the next day. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Albums

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> Sagal cast bio on The WB

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
Jewish American actresses
Jewish singers
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Participants in American reality television series
Virgin Records artists
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Activists from California
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
Harlettes members
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Catherine Louise Sagal
Boris Sagal
Liz Sagal
David Sagal
Sagal
Katey
Katie Sagal
Sagal
Sagal
Katey


title: Barthélemy Menn

texts:
<mask> (20 May 1815 – 10 October 1893) was a Swiss painter and draughtsman who introduced the principles of plein-air painting and the paysage intime into Swiss art. Early life
Menn was the youngest of four sons, born in Geneva to <mask>, a confectioner from Scuol in the canton of Grisons, and Charlotte-Madeleine-Marguerite Bodmer, the daughter of a wealthy farmer from Coinsins in the Canton de Vaud. Already at the age of twelve, Menn took drawing lessons from the little-known Jean Duboi (1789–1849), and later, he entered the drawing school of the . The repeated claim that he was also a pupil of the famous enameller Abraham Constantin appears to be erroneous.In 1831, Menn was second in the annual drawing competition of the Geneva Art Society. The following year, he entered the studio of the Swiss history painter Jean-Léonard Lugardon, who was a pupil of Baron Gros and became acquainted with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. There, Menn was educated in figure drawing and composition before heading for Paris, where, in fall 1833, he entered the studio of Ingres. He was, therefore, no beginner when meeting the master, but needed some polishing and refinement in his art.In a letter to his friend Jules Hébert, Menn reported on the new situation: "Everybody, even the eldest in the studio tremble before Mr. Ingres. One fears him a lot in such a way that his corrections have a great impact. He is of an extreme sensibility." while the education in Ingres’ studio has been described by , as follows: "The students spend half of their time studying nature and half studying the masters among which they are especially attached to Phidias, the bas-reliefs of the Parthenon, classical sculpture in general." This explains why among Menn's early works there are many copies of the Parthenon frieze that had been accessible in Paris as a set of plaster casts at the École des Beaux-Arts since 1816. Menn also copied several works by Raffael, Titian,  Veronese and Rubens in the Louvre, and works by Ingres. When the latter decided to give up his studio to take the post as director of the French Academy in the Villa Medici in Rome, Menn returned to his grandparents in Coinsins before following his master in fall 1834.His journey led him first via Milan to Venice, where he met briefly with his compatriot Louis Léopold Robert, and copied works by Titian and Tintoretto. He then travelled via Padua and Bologna to Florence, where he met old classmates from Ingres’ studio, and arrived finally in Rome in spring 1835. There, Menn copied works by Raphael and Michelangelo, but he also started to produce extraordinary fresh small landscape paintings in the open air. In summer 1836, he visited the Campagna, Capri and Naples, where too he drew and painted landscapes directly from nature, and copied classical antiquities from Pompeii as well as Giovanni Bellini's Transfiguration in the Museo Borbonico. When back in Rome, he produced history - and genre paintings, of which in 1837, he sent 'Solomon presented to Wisdom by his Parents' (Salomon présenté à la sagesse par son père et sa mère) to the annual Salon in Geneva. Menn returned via Florence, Siena and Viterbo to Paris in late 1838, where he exhibited at the Salon from 1839 to 1843, and where he became the drawing master of Maurice Dudevant, the son of George Sand. In her circle, he became acquainted with Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863) who wanted to employ him as an assistant while working on the decoration of the cupola of the library in the Palais du Luxembourg.At the same time, Menn got to know the painters of the Barbizon School; especially Charles Daubigny. Most importantly, however, Menn became friends with Camille Corot, who, from 1842 onwards, visited Switzerland frequently. It was also in Paris that he became acquainted with members of the Bovy family of Geneva who were followers of the utopian socialist ideas of Charles Fourier. Later career
Due to lack of commissions, Menn returned to Geneva, where, in 1844, he applied in vain for a teaching position at the local art school. In the following year, he exhibited a large alpine landscape, "Wetterhorn from Hasliberg", which caused a minor scandal as it did not meet the public's and critics’ expectations of smooth, highly finished, heroic alpine views. This incident did not help much in getting him a public job as professor of painting or drawing. Hence, he started to accept private pupils in his studio.In these years, Menn also experimented together with Jules Darier, another of Corot's friends in Geneva, in producing daguerreotypes, though none of them are known to have been preserved. He also travelled again extensively, this time along the Rhone Valley and to the South of France. It was in these years that he turned completely to the paysage intime (intimate landscape) and achieved similar results to those of Corot, without attaining the latter's impressive level of creativity. In 1850, Menn was appointed director of the Geneva art school and from then on taught figure drawing, rather than landscapes, for 42 years. In this position, he trained two generations of Swiss painters, among them Eugène Burnand, , Edouard Vallet and Ferdinand Hodler, who reputedly said: ‘It is to him [Menn] that I owe everything’. Menn made a second voyage to Rome in 1852 and, in conjunction with Corot, Henri Baron (1816–1885),  (1818–1885) and François-Louis Français, decorated the large salon in Gruyères Castle that then belonged to the Bovy family. Menn also organized three exhibitions with contemporary French painting in Geneva in 1857, 1859 and 1861 that showed works by Corot, Courbet, Daubigny and Delacroix.Yet, the critics in Calvin's hometown were harsh and hostile towards contemporary art, which annoyed Menn so much as that he resolved never to exhibit in public again. He became even reluctant to sell his works privately and finally, in the 1880s, destroyed many of his paintings. In 1865, at the age of fifty, Menn married the widow of his cousin Jean Bodmer, Louise Bodmer-Gauthier (1818–1887), who brought with her a beautiful estate at Coinsins. It is here that Menn found peace and painted most of his last landscapes. Legacy

Although Menn was trained as a history painter and had, during his last forty years, only taught figure drawing, it was he who challenged the Swiss academic landscape tradition as early as 1845. At that time, the internationally successful Alexandre Calame and the somewhat older François Diday dominated Swiss alpine painting with romantic, wild and fantastic mountain sceneries that have carefully composed foregrounds against which distant but highlighted mountain peaks are set under a pleasantly blue sky – or in a frightening storm. Menn, however, when exhibiting his Wetterhorn from Hasliberg at the annual art exhibition in Geneva, had not only ventured into the domain of his competitor Calame, but had done so by applying the principles of plein-air-painting to an alpine landscape.The ‘photographic’ view point, the structure of the rock formations and the handling of light and colour make this picture the earliest modern landscape in Swiss art history. As the painting did not go down well with the critics, Menn turned to more modest landscapes that he painted outdoors, and with which he introduced the principles of the modern French paysage-intime into Switzerland. ‘In a bush I see everything’, Menn used to say, capturing in his self-contained landscapes atmospheric changes of evening and morning hours, quiet harmonies of an unspoilt riverbank, a swampy plain or of an orchard in midday, casting them in sensitive tonal values and poetic tenderness. His approach derived entirely from contemporary French landscape painting, in particular from his friend Corot whom Menn called the ‘master of the right values’. It was these new values combined with his quest for natural beauty that Menn would promote as a teacher to generations of Swiss artists. <mask> <mask> is buried at the Cimetière des Rois in Geneva. Notes

References
Guinand, Léon, Notice abrégée des principes de Barthélemy Menn sur l'art et l'enseignement humaniste.Genf: Jarrys, 1893;
Daniel Baud-Bovy, Notice sur Barthélemy Menn. Peintre et éducateur, Geneva: La Montagne, 1898. Anna Lanicca, Barthélemy Menn. Eine Studie, Strassburg: J. H. Ed. Heitz, 1911
Daniel Baud-Bovy, ‘Lettres de Rome de Barthélemy Menn à Jules Hébert’, in: Jahrbuch für Kunst Kunstpflege in der Schweiz 1921–1924, Vol. III, Basel: Birkhäuser, 1925, pp. 326 –359.Daniel Baud-Bovy, ‘Lettres de Rome de <mask> Menn à Jules Hébert’, in: Jahrbuch für Kunst Kunstpflege in der Schweiz 1925–1927, Vol. IV, Basel: Birkhäuser, 1927, pp. 201 –225. Daniel Baud-Bovy, <mask> Menn. Dessinateur, Geneva: Les Éditions du Rhône, 1943. Jura Brüschweiler, Barthélemy Menn 1815–1893: Étude critique et biographique, Zurich: Fretz & Wasmuth, 1960
Georges Vigne, Les élèves d'Ingres, Ausstellungskatalog Montauban, Besançon 2000, Montauban, Musée Ingres 2000, pp. 20–21.Marc Fehlmann, 'Menn Copiste I. Barthélemy Menn et l'Antiquité', in: Genava. Revue d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie, Vol. 56, 2008, pp. 25–41. Marc Fehlmann, 'Menn Copiste II. Barthélemy Menn et ses contemporains', in: Genava. Revue d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie, Vol.57, 2009, pp. 61–91. Matthias Fischer, Der junge Hodler. Eine Künstlerkarriere 1872–1897, Wädenswil: Nimbus, 2009. External links

 http://www.sikart.ch/page.php?pid=8&recnr=4022822&reset=1&mode=abbildungen&nojump=1
 Barthélemy Menn @ Zeno.org

1815 births
1893 deaths
19th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
People from Geneva
19th-century male artists

masks:
Barthélemy Menn
Louis John Menn
Barthélemy
Menn
Barthélemy
Barthélemy