title: Eric Decker

texts:
<mask> (born March 15, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played college football and college baseball at the University of Minnesota, and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. After four seasons with the Broncos, Decker played for the New York Jets for three years, then the Tennessee Titans for one season. Early years
<mask> attended Rocori High School in Cold Spring, Minnesota. He was present in school when the Rocori High School shooting took place, hiding in a cupboard with other students until they were rescued by police officers. Decker was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball, and baseball. In each sport he was awarded all-conference, all-area and all-section honors.Additionally, <mask> was named the football team MVP two years in a row. During his prep football career, he had 2,156 receiving yards and 28 touchdowns. College career
<mask> attended the University of Minnesota. He made his collegiate debut against Kent State and had a single reception for a 39-yard touchdown from quarterback Bryan Cupito. On September 23, in a game at Purdue, he completed a 22-yard pass. As a freshman, Decker finished with 378 receiving yards and three touchdowns. As a sophomore, <mask>'s role with the offense expanded.After recorded four receptions for 49 receiving yards in a season-opening loss to Bowling Green, he had seven receptions for 128 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns against Miami (OH). In the following game, he had 12 receptions for 165 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in a loss to FAU. On October 20, he threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to Ralph Spry in a loss to North Dakota State. He finished with 909 receiving yards and nine touchdowns. In a season where the Golden Gophers finished with a 1–11 record, <mask> led the team in receptions and receiving yards, and tie for the lead in receiving touchdowns with Ernie Wheelwright. <mask> started his junior season with 10 receptions for 89 receiving yards and a touchdown against Northern Illinois. In the following game against Bowling Green, he had six receptions for 86 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown to go along with a 12-yard touchdown rush.In next week's game against Montana State, he had nine receptions for 157 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. In the following game, he had seven receptions for 122 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown against FAU to cap a 4–0 start for the Golden Gophers. After the following week's game against Ohio State where Minnesota suffered their first setback of the season, Decker had 13 receptions for 190 receiving yards against Indiana. Minnesota qualified for the Insight Bowl against Kansas, where Decker recorded eight receptions for 149 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the 42–21 loss. <mask> finished his junior season in 2008 with 84 catches for 1,074 yards and seven touchdowns. He led the 7–6 Golden Gophers in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. In early spring 2009, Decker met with Thomas Goudy, a wide-out coach in St. Louis, Missouri.Goudy helped Decker with his ball-holding technique. Decker spent three weeks in his training camp before starting the summer conditioning camp. <mask> began the season with the consistent play that had been a hallmark of his Gophers' career. Through three games, <mask> was sixth in the nation in receiving yards, with 183 yards against Syracuse, 113 yards against Air Force, and 119 yards and two touchdowns against California. Sports Illustrated columnist Stewart Mandel declared <mask> the third-best wide receiver in college football, behind Oklahoma State's Dez Bryant and Georgia's A. J. Green. After the California game, <mask> had eight receptions for 84 yards and two receiving touchdowns against Northwestern, and in the following game, had eight receptions for 140 yards and a touchdown against Wisconsin.On October 27, 2009, it was announced that <mask> would miss the rest of the season after suffering a sprained foot against Ohio State. As a senior, Decker finished with 758 receiving yards and five touchdowns. <mask> played outfield for the Minnesota baseball team. He was selected in the 39th round of the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft by the Milwaukee Brewers and the 27th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft by the Minnesota Twins. Statistics

Professional career
<mask>’s senior season was cut short due to surgery he underwent to repair torn ligaments in his left foot. As a result, he was unable to participate in both the NFL combine and Minnesota’s pro day workout. He scored a 43 on the Wonderlic test at the combine, the top score for the group of prospects who took the test in Indianapolis.Denver Broncos

2010 season: Rookie year

<mask> was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the third round with the 87th overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year contract through 2013 worth $2,522,000. Due to foot surgery, <mask> sat out during Broncos rookie mini-camp and OTA's. Broncos head coach Josh McDaniels said he hoped he'd be ready by the season's opener, “At this point we're going to err on the side of being real careful and not put them in a situation where (it’s) the last day of minicamp on June 13th and all of a sudden we have a foot injury," said McDaniels. "Hopefully, everybody will be ready by August.”

On July 27, 2010, the Broncos signed <mask> to a four-year contract. In the preseason, <mask> led all NFL rookies in receptions, but due to the Broncos' depth at receiver, <mask> did not see much action in the offense until late in the regular season. He did contribute on special teams, however, recording seven special teams tackles while returning 17 kickoffs for 429 yards giving him 25.2 yards per return average.Toward the end of the season, the Broncos started to mix <mask> into the offense more, after fellow rookie Demaryius Thomas went down with an injury. <mask> finished his rookie season with six receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown. 2011 season
<mask>'s role in Denver's offense expanded in 2011. During a Week 1 Monday Night Football matchup at home against the Oakland Raiders, Decker returned a fourth quarter punt for a 90-yard touchdown, but the Broncos lost 23–20. In Week 2, making his first professional start, <mask> caught five passes for 113 yards and two touchdowns, the second on a 52-yard catch in the fourth quarter as Denver recorded their first win of the 2011 season, 24–22 over the Cincinnati Bengals. On September 25, in Denver's Week 3 17–14 loss to the Tennessee Titans, <mask> had a career-high seven catches for 48 yards. Over the next four weeks, <mask> continued his steady play by hauling in 18 passes for 192 yards and four touchdowns.On November 13, in a Week 10 divisional road game at Arrowhead Stadium against the division-rival Kansas City Chiefs, starting quarterback Tim Tebow attempted a pair of deep passes for Decker, the first almost being hauled in off a deflection and the other being knocked down by the defender, but in the fourth quarter, with Denver hanging on to a slim 10–7 lead, Tebow hit Decker on a go route deep for a 56-yard touchdown catch, <mask>'s only catch of the game and only Tebow's second completion, as the Broncos won 17–10 to move into a second-place tie in the AFC West with the San Diego Chargers and Chiefs. In the first round of the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> was taken out of the game due to injury. <mask> finished the 2011 season with 44 receptions for 612 yards and eight touchdowns. 2012 season
Heading into the 2012 regular season, Decker seemed primed to have a productive year with veteran quarterback Peyton Manning running Denver's offense. On May 12, Broncos' offensive coordinator Mike McCoy noted that <mask> and fellow receiver Demaryius Thomas were "like two little kids in a candy shop right now," when asked about the receivers eagerness to work with Manning. In April, Decker attended a Colorado Rockies' baseball game with Manning and began workouts with him prior to training camp. Decker had a breakout season in 2012.In Week 3 against the Houston Texans, he had eight receptions for 136 yards. From Week 4 to Week 9, he recorded seven receiving touchdowns over a span of five games. In Week 15 against the Baltimore Ravens, he finished with eight receptions for 133 yards and a touchdown. In Weeks 16–17, he recorded back-to-back games with two receiving touchdowns against the Cleveland Browns and Kansas City Chiefs. Decker finished the 2012 season with 85 catches for 1,064 yards and 13 touchdowns. He finished ranked 20th in the league in terms of yards for wide receivers and the 13 touchdowns was the second most among wide receivers in 2012. In the Broncos' Divisional Round game against the Baltimore Ravens, he had six receptions for 84 receiving yards in the 38–35 2OT loss.2013 season
In the 2013 season, <mask> contributed to Peyton Manning's historical passing season. In Week 3, against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> finished with eight receptions for 133 yards and a touchdown. In Week 7, against the Indianapolis Colts, he finished with eight receptions for 150 yards and a touchdown. In Week 13, Decker had a career day against the Kansas City Chiefs with eight catches for 174 yards and team record tying four touchdowns, earning him the AFC Offensive Player of the Week award. He followed up that performance with eight receptions for 117 yards and a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans. In Week 16, against the Houston Texans, he finished with 10 receptions for 131 yards and two touchdowns. Overall, <mask> finished the 2013 season with 87 receptions for 1,288 yards, both career highs, and 11 touchdowns.In the Divisional Round, against the San Diego Chargers, he had two receptions for 32 yards in the 24–17 victory. In the AFC Championship against the New England Patriots, he had five receptions for 73 yards in the 26–16 victory. The Broncos reached Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 43–8 to the Seattle Seahawks. <mask> was held to one reception for six yards in the Super Bowl due to tight coverage by the Seahawks' defensive backs. New York Jets

2014 season
On March 12, 2014, <mask> signed a five-year, $36.25 million contract with the New York Jets. In his Jets' debut, he had five receptions for 74 yards in the 19–14 victory over the Oakland Raiders. In Week 17, <mask> was targeted 11 times in the season-finale 37–24 victory against the Miami Dolphins and came up with a tying career-high 10 receptions for a career-high 221 yards and a touchdown.In Week 15, against the Tennessee Titans, he had seven receptions for 100 yards in the 16–11 victory. In the 2014 season, he had 74 receptions for 962 receiving yards scored and five receiving touchdowns. 2015 season

<mask> started the season with a receiving touchdown in each of his first four games from Weeks 1–6. From Weeks 8–10, he had three straight games with a receiving touchdown. In Week 13, against the New York Giants, he had season-highs with eight receptions for 101 receiving yards in the 23–20 victory. From Weeks 14–17, he had four straight games with a receiving touchdown. In his most productive season with the Jets, Decker caught 80 passes for 1,027 yards and 12 touchdowns.2016 season
On September 16, <mask> was fined $9,115 for a late hit he made on cornerback Josh Shaw on opening day against the Cincinnati Bengals. On October 12, the Jets placed <mask> on injured reserve due to a shoulder injury. In three games in the 2016 season, he finished with nine receptions for 194 yards and two touchdowns. On June 6, 2017, the Jets informed Decker that he would be either traded or released by the end of that week, effectively cutting ties with him. On June 12, 2017, <mask> was officially released by the Jets. Tennessee Titans
On June 18, 2017, <mask> signed a one-year contract worth $3.85 million with the Tennessee Titans. In the season opener against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> had three receptions for 10 yards in his Titans debut.The Titans lost by a score of 26–16. During Week 2, he had three receptions for 32 yards, a kickoff return for 22 yards, and recovered an onside kick in a 37–16 road victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars. During Week 9, <mask> caught his only touchdown of the regular season on an 11-yard pass from Marcus Mariota in a 23–20 victory over the Baltimore Ravens. <mask> finished the 2017 season with 54 receptions for 563 yards and a touchdown. In the postseason, <mask> caught the game-winning touchdown from Mariota in the AFC Wild Card game against the Kansas City Chiefs to win on the road 22–21. In the Divisional Round against the New England Patriots, he finished with six receptions for 85 yards in the 35–14 road loss. New England Patriots
On August 2, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the New England Patriots.With the move, Decker reunited with Josh McDaniels, the Patriots offensive coordinator and former head coach of the Denver Broncos. Retirement
On August 26, 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Career awards and highlights
 AFC receiving touchdowns leader (2012)
 AFC champion (2013)
 AFC Offensive Player of the Week (Week 13, 2013)

Broncos franchise records
 Most receiving touchdowns in a single game: 4 (December 1, 2013, at Kansas City)
 Most kick return yards in a single game: 211 (December 12, 2010, at Arizona)

Personal life
On June 22, 2013, <mask> married country singer Jessie James. They have three children: a daughter born in March 2014, a son born in September 2015, and a second son born in March 2018. In 2017, <mask> and his wife Jessie spoke out against athletes kneeling during the national anthem to raise awareness around issues of racial inequality and police brutality. Television
Decker and his wife starred in the E! reality show Eric & Jessie: Game On which ran from September 29, 2013 until 2017.References

External links

New York Jets bio
Denver Broncos bio

1987 births
Living people
People from Stearns County, Minnesota
Players of American football from Minnesota
American football wide receivers
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Denver Broncos players
New York Jets players
Tennessee Titans players
New England Patriots players

masks:
Eric Thomas Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
Decker
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Decker
Decker
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Decker
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Eric Decker


title: Marika Rökk

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask>, 3 November 1913 – 16 May 2004) was a Hungarian dancer, singer and actress who gained prominence in German films in the Nazi era. She resumed her career in 1947 and was one of Europe's most famous operetta singers, performing onstage until 1986. Life and work
<mask> was born in 1913 in Cairo, Egypt, the daughter of Hungarian architect and contractor <mask> and his wife, Maria Karoline Charlotte (born Karoly) Rökk. She spent her childhood in Budapest, but in 1924 her family moved to Paris where her father had been contractually engaged. Here she learned to dance and starred with the Hoffmann Girls at the Moulin Rouge cabaret. After a tour that led her to Broadway she continued her dance training in the United States, where she worked with Ned Wayburn. In 1929 she returned to Europe and the next year acted in her first film, Why Sailors Leave Home, a British comedy directed by Monty Banks, starring Leslie Fuller.She made her real breakthrough when the Universum Film AG (UFA) attempted to create a German film star to rival Hollywood's top musical star actresses Eleanor Powell, Ginger Rogers and later, Alice Faye, Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable. The Third Reich's Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, admired Hollywood movies and examined them carefully in regular private screenings. Early Technicolor films such as Becky Sharp (1935), The Garden of Allah (1936), Nothing Sacred (1937), and A Star Is Born (1937) made him realize that Hollywood feature films presented a threat to Germany's internal market and that Hollywood's dominance of colour and musical film technology should be matched, at least if Germany was serious about engaging in a cultural war with the U.S. and Britain. As an acclaimed revue dancer on numerous European stages, Rökk was selected as the ideal candidate to be groomed and promoted as this new type of star and in 1934 was offered a two-year contract with UFA, where she became one of the most prolific film stars of the time. Rökk's German film debut was Leichte Kavallerie (Light Cavalry) (1935, Werner Hochbaum) with Heinz von Cleve. The film made her a sensation overnight. It was the first of a series of modern escapist, lightweight operettas and glittering revue-style entertainments which quickly made Rökk one of Germany's most popular actresses.These films were clearly modeled on the successful formula of the black-and-white and Technicolor musical films being produced by American film studios RKO, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox in the 1930s and 1940s. She had the technical skill and glamour to carry off the formulaic plots and dialogue and provide German audiences with a home grown star to rival the popular American actresses. Der Bettelstudent and Gasparone, followed by Hello Janine! in 1939, all starred her together with Johannes Heesters and established them as the "dream couple" of the musical comedy genre. In her appearances she cultivated her magyar accent conveying a notion of "paprika" exoticism. Her films, which were not overtly political, were also popular in wider parts of Europe. With a double role in Kora Terry, a 1940 film directed by her future husband Georg Jacoby, she reached new heights.By simultaneously impersonating dutiful and evil twin sisters, Rökk was able to showcase her range of theatrical talent, performing in several dance interludes which were quite risqué for that time. In the same year, she appeared in the propaganda film Wunschkonzert by Eduard von Borsody (as herself), followed by her performance in Georg Jacoby's lavish Women Are Better Diplomats (Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten, UFA's first Agfacolor motion picture) in 1941, together with Willy Fritsch. She reached the peak of her career in 1944, with the star role in The Woman of My Dreams, a lavishly enacted musical colour film again directed by Jacoby. Though few of her movies featured overt Nazi propaganda, she fulfilled her mission to exemplify a leading woman in the Third Reich and to entertain the German people throughout World War II as intended by Goebbels. After the war, she initially was banned professionally (Berufsverbot) but was rehabilitated in 1947 and was able to continue her movie career in West Germany and Austria. In 1948 she was among the first recipients of the German Bambi media award. Rökk became one of Europe's most famous operetta singers, performing onstage until 1986.After her husband Georg Jacoby had died in 1964, she was married to the Hungarian actor Fred Raul from 1968 until his death in 1985. She is the mother of actress . In 1994, the son of Soviet spymaster Lavrentiy Beria alleged that Rökk aided Soviet intelligence during World War II, sending information from Goebbels to the Soviet Union. In 2017, German and British media reported on declassified documents that indicate Rökk may have had a role in Soviet intelligence during the war. Those reports were later described as unfounded. Death
Rökk died of a heart attack in Baden bei Wien, Austria, in 2004, aged 90. Awards
1948, 1968, 1987, 1990, 1998 Bambi
1981 Deutscher Filmpreis, Special Award for Outstanding Contributions to German Cinema
1987 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Actress

Filmography

Why Sailors Leave Home (1930)
Kiss Me Sergeant (1932)
Csókolj meg, édes!(1932)
Kísértetek vonata (1933)
Leichte Kavallerie (1935)
Heißes Blut (1936)
 The Beggar Student (1936)
 (1937)
 Carousel (1937)
Gasparone (1937)
Eine Nacht im Mai (1938)
Tanzendes Herz (1939)
Vadrózsa (1939)
 The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky (1939)
 Hello Janine! (1939)
Kora Terry (1940)
Wunschkonzert (1940)
Zirkusblut (1940)
Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten (1941)
Tanz mit dem Kaiser (1941)
 Love Me (1942)
 The Woman of My Dreams (1944)
 Fregola (1948)
Child of the Danube (1950)
 Sensation in San Remo (1951)
The Csardas Princess (1951)
Mask in Blue (1953)
The Divorcée (1953)
 At the Green Cockatoo by Night (1957)
Das gab's nur einmal (1958)
 (1958)
 The Night Before the Premiere (1959)
 My Husband, the Economic Miracle (1961)
 (1961)
Wedding Night in Paradise (1962)
Die Fledermaus (1962)
Die Schöngrubers (1972) (TV series) (13 episodes)
Der letzte Walzer (1973)
 (1988)

References

External links

 Films, bibliography, photographs

1913 births
2004 deaths
20th-century German actresses
German film actresses
Hungarian-German people
Actresses from Budapest
German female dancers
German stage actresses
20th-century German women singers
Hungarian expatriates in France
Expatriates of Austria-Hungary in Egypt
Hungarian expatriates in the United States
Hungarian emigrants to Germany

masks:
Marika Rökk
Marie Karoline Rökk
Marie Karoline Rökk
Eduard Rökk


title: Paulino Santos

texts:
<mask>. (June 22, 1890 – August 29, 1945) was a military officer who became the Commanding General of the Philippine Army from May 6 to December 31, 1936. Upon his retirement, he served as a civilian administrator under President Manuel L. Quezon. Early life
<mask> was born in Camiling, Tarlac to <mask> and Rosa Torres. After his Spanish education from 1897 to 1900, he enrolled in an English school in 1901. In 1907, when he had finished the sixth grade, he was appointed as municipal teacher, a post which he held until the following year. In 1908, at age 18, he was an enlisted man in the Philippine Constabulary and he had just completed his first enlistment when he was named civil service clerk at the PC headquarters in 1912. That same year, he enrolled in the Constabulary Officers' School wherein, two years later, he graduated valedictorian.<mask> was appointed as Third Lieutenant of the PC in 1914, and as such, he worked hard and continued studying to be more effective in his assignment as a field officer. Personal life
General <mask> was married to Elisa Angeles of Bulacan, with whom he had seven children, including <mask> Munda. Military service
As a soldier, <mask> served in the Lanao campaign in 1916, where he sustained wounds from a Moro spear, and in the Bayang Cota campaign in 1917, where he was wounded anew, but this time by bullets. As government cannons were bombarding the Muslim bulwark of Lumamba, Lieutenant <mask> led his platoon in penetrating the formerly secure redoubt, through an opening made in the barricade, and immediately erected a ladder to scale the first kota. Immediately, he and his men engaged its defenders in a bloody hand-to-hand combat, killing 30 of them, and thus preserving the lives of government soldiers. For this exceptional military feat, Governor General Frank Murphy bestowed on him the Medal of Valor, the highest Philippine military award for "gallantry in action", just before the inauguration of the Commonwealth government in 1935. He was named President Quezon's aide for the inaugural ceremony.Medal of Valor citation
"By direction of the President, the MEDAL FOR VALOR is hereby awarded to:
MAJOR GENERAL PAULINO T SANTOS, SR.
PHILIPPINE ARMY
For exceptional conduct and conspicuous courage displayed at Bayang Cotta, Lanao del Sur on 26 July 1917. Then a Philippine Constabulary Second Lieutenant, <mask> <mask> was tasked to participate in the Bayang Cotta campaign in which three companies of Philippine Scouts were also involved to neutralize bands of Moro outlaws. Among them was the group of Ampuan-Agos, the most famous of all Lanao outlaw chiefs. The fully armed bands, numbering about 500, were entrenched in a well-constructed and fortified cotta surrounded with barbed wire and bamboo spikes. Lieutenant <mask> led government troops in assaulting the outlaws' position. With the use of scaling ladders, they stormed the cotta and killed 30 outlaws. In this gallant act, one PC soldier was killed while five others were wounded.Lieutenant <mask> sustained a near-fatal gunshot wound at the back of the head." Public service
He served as ex-officio Justice of the Peace at large for the Provinces of Lanao and Sulu, and then Deputy Provincial Treasurer of Lanao, before finally becoming Provincial Governor of Lanao. He was appointed Director of the Bureau of Prisons in 1930, serving thus until 1936, founding the Davao Penal Colony in 1932 and transferring the Bilibid Prisons from its old site to a new one in Muntinlupa, Rizal. Return to military service
In 1936, he was recalled to military service through his appointment as brigadier general and assistant chief of staff of the Philippine Army by President Quezon. Before the year’s end, however, he was named Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army with the rank of major general. In 1937, President Quezon gave him the difficult and dangerous task of minimizing, if not eliminating the problem of Moro piracy in the south through the destruction of the pirates’ kotas, particularly Kota Dilausan, in Lanao. His term as Army chief of staff ended in December 1938.In January 1939, he was named general manager of the National Land Settlement Administration. He served in this capacity until 1941, when World War II broke out. In 1917, <mask> <mask> became the first provincial commander of Lanao and Sulu. As commandant and governor, improvements on agriculture, education and communication were achieved in the region. Serving as deputy governor up to 1924, he acted as the auxiliary justice of the peace in the municipal districts of both Lanao and Sulu at the same time. Later, <mask> was appointed as the assistant commander of Southern Luzon, and was given the rank of a lieutenant colonel. In October 1930, he was designated as assistant chief of the Philippine Constabulary where he served for more than 20 years.After his retirement, Pres. Manuel Quezon persuaded him to become the Director of Prisons in 1936. <mask> then established the Davao Penal Colony, and sped up its transfer to the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. Although the jurisdiction Bureau of Prisons was transferred by law in 1937 to the Department of Justice, <mask> remained its director, as requested by Quezon, while simultaneously performing his army duties. He was also the first head of "Estado Mayor ng Hukbong Pilipino" and became the administrator of the Land Settlement Administration. NLSA Administrator
With orders from Pres. Quezon, he led the first group of 200 migrants from Luzon and the Visayas who transformed the primeval Lagao area in Koronadal Valley into a productive and progressive colony of six communities on Feb. 27, 1939.Being the man of action that he was, <mask> usually stayed with the men in the field, constantly exhorting them to give their best to the arduous task with discipline and high purpose together with his personal aide Eliodoro M. Pantua. Collaboration with the Japanese
During the Japanese Occupation, the Japanese occupied the upper Koronadal and Allah Valleys. <mask> decided to cooperate with the Japanese to prevent further bloodshed. <mask> and the Japanese Commander agreed to " not molest or abuse civilians in all districts of Koronadal valley but with the condition that the people will cooperate and never commit any wrong move otherwise they will feel the
repressive force of Japanese displeasure.” He accepted to serve as manager of the Koronadal and Allah Valley projects under Japanese orders. In 1943, he became Commissioner for Mindanao and Sulu. Commanding General of the Bureau of Constabulary under Japanese Control
In August 1944, he was called by Pres. Jose P. Laurel to go to Manila.There, he was appointed as Commanding General of the Bureau of Constabulary. He was appointed to survey Northern Luzon since the Americans started bombing the Philippines. He went to Nueva Ecija accompanied by his aide, Sgt. Juan "Johnny" Ablan. He not only supplied the people with food, water, etc. but also aided the guerilla groups operating in the North. He was taken prisoner by Major General Kenshichi Masouka (1888–1964), The Japanese General In-Charge of keeping watch over Gen. <mask> and his aide.He and his men forced <mask> and Ablan to the North, first to Nueva Vizcaya, and then to Sitio Tamangan in the Ifugao mountains of Kiangan, Mountain Province, where the Japanese forces had retreated. Death
While taken prisoner by the Japanese, General <mask> fell ill, mostly due to effects of inclement weather and his desire to refrain from taking full meals because of food shortage. General Masouka refused to take the sick general to an American Hospital, a few kilometers from Kiangan. Finally, on August 29, 1945, <mask> died of pneumonia at the age of 55. Legacy

<mask> <mask>' record as an officer was one of distinctive achievements. As a soldier, <mask> served in the Lanao campaign in 1916, where he sustained wounds from a Moro spear, and in the Bayang Cotta campaign in 1917, where he sustained a near fatal wound at the back of his head after he and his men performed a suicidal mission in which they had to place ladders beside the fortified cottas. It was in the latter campaign that he demonstrated extraordinary courage and leadership.Under his term, he established six settlements in South Cotabato namely  Koronadal, Banga, Tupi, Tampakan, Polomolok, and Buayan, thus, increasing Christian population in the region. As a tribute to his legacy in the area, the municipality of Buayan (formerly Dadiangas) was renamed General Santos, which, by virtue of Republic Act No. 5412 signed on July 8, 1968, was declared a city. A grave and monument of Gen. <mask> <mask> was unveiled in front of its City Hall on September 5, 1981 in General Santos, South Cotabato. The Koronadal section of the South Cotabato-Sarangani Road was also named as "General Santos Drive," while the radial road leading to the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa was also named as "Gen. Paulino <mask> Avenue" as an honor for his service as a former Director of the Bureau of Prisons. He was instrumental in the transfer of the prison to the present area. Taguig's main avenue, fronting Camp Bagong Diwa of the Philippine National Police, also a former Philippine Constabulary camp, and the City Hall was also similarly named as "General Santos Avenue."One of the urban Barangays of Koronadal is named after him using the initials of his rank and name, called as Barangay GPS, City of Koronadal (GPS - General <mask> <mask>)

As Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army, Major General <mask> is a pioneer in the Self Reliance Defence concept as early as the 1930s. Maj. Gen. <mask> intended to have all supplies for the new Commonwealth army made if possible in the Philippines. See also
<mask>

References

. (accessed on September 17, 2007).
. (accessed on September 17, 2007).
. (accessed on September 17, 2007).
. (accessed on September 20, 2016). National Historical Institute. Historical Markers: Regions V - XII. Manila: National Historical Institute, 1993.Gwekoh, Sol H. Hall of Fame. Manila Times. |-

|-

Philippine Army generals
Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs (Philippines)
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Filipino city founders
Military history of the Philippines
Filipino military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Philippine Medal of Valor
1890 births
1945 deaths
Prisoners who died in Japanese detention
People from Tarlac
Armed Forces of the Philippines Medal of Valor
Quezon Administration personnel
Osmeña Administration personnel

masks:
Paulino Torres Santos Sr
Paulino Torres Santos
Remigio Santos
Santos
Santos
Rosa Santos
Santos
Santos
Paulino
Santos
Santos
Santos
Paulino
Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
GM Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
Paulino
Santos
Santos
Paulino
Santos
Santos
Paulino
Santos
Santos
Santos
General Santos


title: George Julius Poulett Scrope

texts:
<mask> FRS (10 March 1797 – 19 January 1876) was an English geologist and political economist as well as a Member of Parliament and magistrate for Stroud in Gloucestershire. While an undergraduate at Cambridge, through the influence of Edward Clarke and Adam Sedgwick he became interested in mineralogy and geology. During the winter of 1816–1817 he was at Naples, and was so keenly interested in Vesuvius that he renewed his studies of the volcano in 1818; and in the following year visited Etna and the Lipari Islands. In 1821 he married the daughter and heiress of <mask> of Castle Combe, Wiltshire, and assumed her name; and he entered the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in 1833 as MP for Stroud, retaining his seat until 1868. Meanwhile he began to study the volcanic regions of central France in 1821, and visited the Eifel district in 1823. In 1825 he published Considerations on Volcanos, leading to the establishment of a new theory of the Earth, and in the following year was elected FRS. This earlier work was subsequently amplified and issued under the title of Volcanos (1862); an authoritative text-book of which a second edition was published ten years later.In 1827 he issued his classic Memoir on the Geology of Central France, including the Volcanic formations of Auvergne, the Velay and the Vivarais, a quarto volume illustrated by maps and plates. The substance of this was reproduced in a revised and somewhat more popular form in The Geology and Extinct Volcanos of Central France (1858). These books were the first widely published descriptions of the Chaîne des Puys, a chain of over 70 small volcanoes in the Massif Central. Scrope was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1867. Among his other works was the History of the Manor and Ancient Barony of Castle Combe (printed for private circulation, 1852). Biography

Early life
On 10 March 1797, <mask> Thomson was born in London to "John Thomson of Waverley Abbey, Surrey, and his wife, Charlotte" and was baptized under this name a few months later. John Thomson was the head of a successful trading firm (one source alluded that it was Roehampton and Austin Friars, London) that had dealings with Russia.His wife, Charlotte, was the daughter of well-to-do Doctor John Jacob of Salisbury. <mask> was the second son of John and Charlotte. Charles was the firstborn. The two brothers maintained a close friendship until Charles' "untimely death"   in a riding accident in Canada. <mask> and Charles cooperatively wrote Charles' autobiography. Not much has been documented about <mask>'s early and teen years, and his personal letters were left to his nephew Hugh Hammersley, but have been misplaced or destroyed. The sources reviewed by this researcher almost exclusively began with the circumstances of Thomson's birth and then resumed at his entry to Harrow at roughly thirteen years of age.Education
Thomson received his education at Harrow School, a privately funded public school in the Harrow district of London. After Harrow, Thomson was accepted to and enrolled at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1815. After a year he left Pembroke because he found that its science departments were lacking courses of interest to him. To sate his scientific appetite, he transferred to St John's College, Cambridge in 1816. Also, during this year Thomson "acquired the additional name Poulett, which his father had recently adopted from an earlier and aristocratic branch of his family." Once at St. John's, Thomson was introduced to Professors Edward Daniel Clarke and Adam Sedgwick who "gave him his lifelong interest in geology." At the time these men were in the early stages of their careers, Clarke having been made the first professor of mineralogy within the field of geology at St. John's; Sedgwick being known for his attention to detail and his naming of certain sections of the geologic time scale including the Cambrian.Thomson received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1821 in geology, after having performed several years of fieldwork in continental Europe. Social life
After a comfortable courtship, Thomson was married to Emma Phipps <mask> on 22 March 1821. She was the heiress of <mask> (phonetically Scroop) of Castle Combe, Wiltshire, which is north-east of Bath. She was also the great-granddaughter of Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet. After a Royal Grant he assumed the name and arms of <mask>, in lieu of Thomson. The newly renamed <mask> <mask> and his wife resided at Castle Combe Manor House, which the <mask> family had owned since the fourteenth century. Emma had been disabled after a riding accident soon after the marriage, and no children were born of their union.Scrope had extensive alterations made to the 17th-century house and established formal gardens in the grounds. During the marriage, <mask> Scrope kept a mistress, an actress known as Mrs. Grey, in a comfortable existence in London. Around the year 1838 their son was born, whom they called Arthur Hamilton. Scrope sent his illegitimate son to Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford for his education, eventually securing a commission for him. In 1856, Emma and <mask> formally adopted Arthur as their son. After Emma's death in 1866, Scrope sold Castle Combe and moved to Fairlawn, near Cobham, Surrey. The following year he married Margaret Elizabeth Savage, who was forty-four years his junior.Both <mask> and Arthur survived him. Study of volcanoes
During the time he attended St. John's College, Scrope had his first real experiences with what would become his geologic specialty – volcanoes – and what would be called igneous petrology. During the winter break of 1817 through 1818, <mask> went on a vacation with his mother and father in Italy. In Naples he explored Mount Vesuvius and other areas of volcanism in the region. In 1825, Scrope became a secretary, jointly with Sir Charles Lyell, of the Geological Society of London. His later results from Auvergne were published for his 1826 election to the Royal Society. In 1853, Scrope was instrumental in the formation of and became the first president of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, contributing heavily to its magazine."[The] experience [in Naples] first aroused his lifelong fascination with volcanoes" and soon after his marriage to Emma Phipps he went on a series of expeditions in Auvergne, France, Southern Italy, the Pontine Islands, Eifel, and other areas of notable current or past volcanism. Scrope was present during the great Vesuvian eruption of 1822 which he deemed, according to his Geology and Extinct Volcanos of Central France, "by far the most important eruption of Vesuvius that ha[d] occurred during this century." Upon his return to England Scrope wrote, in an effort "to put [his] views clearly before the world as a contribution to sound knowledge and a step towards the demolition of ... errors still prevalent" in the theories related to volcanism and Neptunism. This work, Considerations on Volcanoes, written in 1825, "is regarded as the earliest systematic treatise on volcanology [and] the first attempt to frame a ... theory of volcanic action and ... show the part ... volcanoes have played in the Earth's History." At the time of publication, however, Considerations was not very well received. Scrope commented in his Geology and Extinct Volcanos that Sir Charles Lyell wrote his first essay in the Quarterly Review for May 1827 reviewing the work, and was one of the few who gave it any public praise. Scrope couldn't resist giving Lyell a little barb when he commented on Lyell's career as a critic as following "the path of geological generalisation which he has since so successfully pursued."Despite its initial poor reception, Considerations did help spark the curiosity of numerous other scientists and sent ripples in the Wernerian theory. According to Abraham Gottlob Werner, the first phase of the Earth's development featured a great global ocean. This ocean was hot, steamy, and full of suspended sediment that eventually precipitated and formed bedrock. After this, the global ocean supposedly cooled and settled to such a degree that it began to subside and eventually conform to match the features seen today. During this time of subsidence, mountains were left behind as artifacts of erosion or a similar mechanism. Scrope was not satisfied with this explanation of the presence and formation of rocks. He and many of his contemporaries were probably disturbed by the sense of utter finality, the idea that the earth was in a stage of winding down and would see no further development or change.<mask> spent much time performing research locally and discussing the matter with colleagues. In 1827, Scrope published his research from Auvergne in central France in his Geology and Extinct Volcanos of Central France. This work contained meticulously detailed drawings of basaltic column clusters, numerous panoramic views of valleys, and cross-sections of sedimentation and other types of stratigraphy. The work reads as a moving narrative, giving a very detailed road-map of analyzed data through the region. In response to the release of this work, Sir Charles Lyell spearheaded an expeditionary force soon after to corroborate <mask>'s findings and help build a case against Neptunism. After the group of natural philosophers returned, Lyell and Murchison confirmed the validity of Scrope's arguments. With the weight of their respective reputations and their findings behind him, Scrope ensured that "Werner's doctrine of the aqueous precipitation of basalt received from this work its death-blow."<mask> wrote later in his Geology and Extinct Volcanos that "The Wernerian notion ... has since that date never held up its head." Since his beginnings as a geologist, <mask> Scrope fostered a number of friendly relationships with some well-known natural philosophers. On his voyage and during the years since, Charles Darwin sent some letters to Scrope, checking certain geological observations and calculations he made, and made other general geology and scientific (in our modern terms) queries. These documents are mentioned by numerous sources, but were unavailable for review by this researcher. During the mid-1820s, <mask> <mask> came upon the greatest friendship of his life. Despite, and perhaps because of, Charles Lyell's objective appraisals of Scrope's first and certain subsequent works, the pair forged a strong friendship that lasted for the rest of their lives. While Lyell's uniformitarianist views were not to <mask>'s liking, he found solace in Professor Huxley's theories.One author described the early nineteenth century, the time of <mask> <mask> and Charles Lyell's early careers, as an "intellectual 'reign of terror'" which was the "consequence of the unreasoning prejudice and wild alarm excited by the early progress of geological inquiry." Most attempts to explain the past using current processes as a reference was, rather than through calm argument, met by social stigma and intolerance. This can be seen by the treatment of Hutton's Theory of the Earth, Hall's meticulously kept records and experiments, and Playfair's Illustrations. These arguments had "come to be inscribed in a social Index Expurgatorius [and] might have seemed to be consigned to total oblivion." The writer of <mask>'s Obituary in the Royal Society's Proceedings believed that "science is indebted for boldly encountering and successfully overcoming this storm of prejudice ... [<mask> and Lyell] accomplish[ed] the removal of geology from the domain of speculation to that of inductive science." Based on Scrope's various arguments, he became a Huttonian in that he did believe that causes in operation currently were able to have produced past geological changes – the present is a key to explaining the past. He rejected aqueous origins and Von Buch's elevation-crater theory – which held that craters were caused by the buckling of the crust below them.Because the friendship of <mask> and Lyell featured a "freedom of intercourse" it was of great value to the pair in fighting conventional thought and its errors. Lyell wrote favourable reviews of several of <mask>'s papers during the 1820s and 1830s, lending some of his considerable influence. Upon the release of Lyell's Principles of Geology, on parts of which he had extensive correspondence with Scrope, <mask> was "committed the congenial task of applying and driving home [their arguments]." To this end, the first and second volumes of Principles of Geology were introduced by "appreciative and discriminative notices in the Quarterly [Review]" which were written by his friend Scrope. The third edition of the series was also favourably reviewed by Mr. Scrope. Political career
Around the year 1821, Scrope was made a magistrate and was affected with the hardships of the agricultural laborer. "Thenceforth his interest in economic and political affairs, tho [sic] it did not exclude his interest in geology, was unabated."Scrope turned his considerable mind and talents of persuasion to the problems he saw. An unusually articulate magistrate, Scrope communicated his views on current problems in letters to magistrate colleagues and in many pamphlets. Over the course of his life, <mask> <mask> wrote more than seventy politically and economically charged pamphlets, earning him a common nickname of "Pamphlet Scrope." Scrope perhaps felt that his efficacy was limited if he remained only a local politician. In 1832, <mask> ran for the Parliamentary seat of Stroud, which he did not succeed in obtaining. However,  one of the successful candidates, David Ricardo, shortly accepted the Chiltern Hundreds for reasons of family health, and <mask> was returned for the seat unopposed. He remained active in politics until

masks:
George Julius Poulett Scrope
William Scrope
George Julius
George
George
George
Scrope
William Scrope
Scrope
George Poulett
Scrope
Scrope
George Poulett
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Margaret Scrope
George
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George Poulett
George Poulett
Scrope
George
George Poulett
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George Poulett
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Scrope


title: George Julius Poulett Scrope

texts:
 1867.In the House of Commons, Mr. Scrope was not very vocal. He was, however, an avid writer. Professor Bonney, the original author of the Dictionary of National Biography'''s entry on Scrope, credited him with thirty-six papers on the subjects of volcanic geology and petrology. In his A Neglected English Economist: <mask> Scrope, Redvers Opie estimated that if his entries to places such as the Quarterly Review, which were largely anonymous, were to be figured into the list of his total works, then "there are extant over forty books, pamphlets, and papers on political economy" concerning both practical and theoretical issues. The first economic publication that can be definitely attributed to Scrope is "A Plea for the Abolition of Slavery in England, as produced by an illegal abuse of the Poor Law, common in the southern counties" which was written in 1829. Scrope was interested in the relationship between political economy and the other moral sciences. Scrope heavily contributed to the Quarterly Review’s Economic section."Scrope's articles had three main themes: (1) the failure of accepted political economy to give sufficient weight to changes in aggregate demand and to the resulting possibility that under some situations an artificial demand could put to use resources … otherwise unemployed." This essentially recommended that an artificially determined demand could stimulate available capital and the market. Secondly, Scrope lamented the "evil effects of falling prices on total production as well as on the distribution of income and the need for banking reform to raise prices on the existing gold standard." Scrope advocated that a tabular standard be instituted, allowing the banking system and the economy to keep up with the market. Jevons eventually aided in inserting the tabular standard, but gave large credit to <mask> and Lowe, who independently co-discovered it. The third primary theme of Scrope’s articles to the Quarterly Review, according to Frank Whitson Fetter, is the "fallacies of Malthusian population doctrine and of the current proposals for sweeping reform of the poor laws that were based on the acceptance of the Malthusian view [that they be administered to] discourage population increase." <mask> was an opponent of Ricardo's Malthusian ideas as well.Ricardo was an accomplished economist and a Member of Parliament for Port Arlington during the years 1819-1823. Scrope rejected Ricardo's definition of "rent theory" which was, according to the Wikipedia entry under Ricardo's name (cited below), "the difference between the produce obtained by the employment of two equal quantities of capital and labor." The model for this theory of rent essentially stated that while only one grade of land is used for agriculture, rent will not exist, but when multiple grades of land are being utilized, rent will be exacted on the higher grades and will increase with the rise of the grade. "As such, Ricardo believed that the process of economic development, which increased land utilisation and eventually led to the cultivation of poorer land, benefited first and foremost the landowners because they would receive the rent payments either in money or in product." To his Principles of Political Economy, deduced from the Natural Laws of Social Welfare, and applied to the Present state of Britain he prefixed it as a "Preliminary Discourse on the coincidence of the rights, duties and interests of man in society" in an effort to define "the true scope and limits of political economy, and also of establishing a ground-work of axiomatic principles with respect to the rights of individuals and the duties of governments." He felt that up to that point, such an endeavor had not whole-heartedly been made. Opie wrote that the pages devoted to natural principles "breathe the spirit of the eighteenth century," and can be seen in his fondness for Butler and Hume.Scrope was anti-anarchist and refused to allow certain extreme interpretations of "natural law" philosophy to lead him to it. And just as he avoided the finality of the Wernerian system, so too did he reject the "Panglossian stagnation which makes all things which are, eternal." Scrope, however, avoided the other extreme which was state paternalism. To counter arguments against these positions, he repudiated "whatever is, is right," if applied to actions of man or to justifications for existing institutions and their practices. Scrope felt that it was generally assumed that physical and mental satisfaction and happiness of man "'may be most materially influenced by his social arrangements and these arrangements are susceptible of great and indefinite … improvement.'" To <mask>t Scrope, the primary aim or goal in forming institutions should be to see to "'the greatest happiness of the greatest number [of parties].'" Scrope did not accept another utilitarian tendency in thought that "'every action of man has necessarily a selfish motive.'"While it is true that Scrope studied political economy, which examined the impact of production and distribution of wealth and the happiness of those parties involved, he was "frankly interested in welfare economics, altho [sic] aware of the indefiniteness of the end," using the available facts, vague though they may be, to make generalizations possible for the masses of data involved. The principles of this science are made up of things deducted from axioms relative to the emotions and actions of men. These actions, to <mask>ulett Scrope, are to be gleaned from observation of experience. Scrope made numerous appeals to experience in his discussions of natural rights. To Scrope, the general welfare was always in the back of his mind. "The right of property depends upon the 'principle of utility' which is itself … a generalisation per enumerationem simplicem." The same is true of the foundations of "free labour and free disposal of its produce."So while he saw that experience teaches that "aggregate production increases with the progress of division of labor … it also teaches that men will move to the point of maximum return for their effort." These concepts allow interesting interpretations to take place. Scrope followed the chain of experience to the conclusion that if the various parties involved are "left free to settle terms with each other" there will result a fair distribution of their claims on the joint produce. Thus the parties involved can, in this way, attempt to avoid a situation which currently may be associated with John Nash's equilibriums, where the squabbling of both parties minimizes the gains on either end. The outcome of these situations, if left to their course, may, so Scrope implies, reach a social optimum (another current term) where all parties involved seek to have secure gains on both sides – for the greater good. Scrope recognized the underlying self-interest in humans and realized that in the exercise of freedom of individual action, "'the unerring instinct of self-interest' has played its part in constructing a society more complexly coöperative than could be achieved by mortal design … [thus] Institutions must work with and not against the operation of self-interest" for society to thrive. With regards to poverty, Scrope seemed to prefer a "let's grow more food now and worry about declining population later" stand.To help this along, Scrope advocated emigration to the various British colonies as the strongest solution to the problem. He was, however, criticized for "treating emigration as a panacea for all social ills." Although Scrope did not have a particularly active political life, his brother Charles Thomson did. With much advising behind the scenes, Charles rose to political prominence and was eventually made Lord Sydenham. As part of his new duties, he was engaged in much economic and political discourse, for which he had quite a sound mind. He was responsible for implementing the Union Act in 1840, which united Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada. Eventually Charles became Governor General of Canada until his death in 1841.To his constituents, <mask> <mask> was deemed an "enlightened [aristocratic] landlord and a compassionate magistrate" and nationally he attacked the current poor laws and Malthusian doctrine. He expressed the view that the proper goal of the economist was to "promote social welfare, using the generation of wealth" as a means to this end. Later life

In his later years, Scrope began to withdraw from political life. His "decaying strength and increasing blindness compelled him to [retire]" and during this time he released new editions of earlier works. During these years he gave counsel and kind words, in addition to helpful hints in research methodology and direction, to many young geologists. Lyell was also stricken with progressive blindness, bringing another ironic note to the pair's friendship. Scrope received numerous accolades for his ventures in the fields of geology, politics, and history.His history of Castle Combe, written in 1852, is still accepted as an important work in such scholarship, and numerous pleasant comments regarding it were made in various Stroud and local media. Scrope also penned definitive biographies and analyses on local and national British figures during his lifetime, earning him honorable mention in numerous related publications. In 1867, for his groundbreaking work in geology, the Geological Society of London awarded <mask> <mask> the Wollaston Medal – their highest award. The death of Lyell, his lifelong best friend, left him a broken man and he soon followed on 19 January 1876. Judd, in his Academy obituary of <mask> <mask>, wrote that "born within a few months of one another, their deaths were separated by less than a year; 'lovely and pleasant in their lives, in their death they were not divided.'" Many would agree with Judd's statement that Scrope was an earnest worker in the task of "establishing the science of geology on a philosophical basis." References
Citations

Attribution

Further reading
"Scrope, <mask> Poulett."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 2008. Burke, Sir Bernard. A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland. Harrison, Pall Mall: London.4 ed. Part II. 1863. Commons, John R. 1990. Institutional economics: Its place in political economy. Transaction Publishers: NY. Conklin, Edwin G. 1951."Letters of Charles Darwin and Other Scientists and Philosophers to Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. 1951." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95, no. 3: 220-221-222. Fetter, Frank W. 1958. "The Economic Articles in the Quarterly Review and Their Authors, 1809-52." I.The Journal of Political Economy 66, no. 1: 47-48-64. G., A.. "<mask>t <mask>, F.R.S.." Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 27 Jan. 1876: 241–242. (According to the DNB article on Scrope, "A. G." represents Archibald Geikie.) Hughes."SCROPE, <mask>t." Peerage.org website, 2008. Accessed 2008. Judd, J. W. 1876. "<mask>t Scrope." Academy 9, no. Jan/June 1876: 102-103.N/A. 1876-1877. "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. v.25: i-ii-iv. N/A. <mask> Scrope, from a photograph.Database on-line. Available from Victorian and Edwardian Photographs - Roger Vaughan Picture Library, Geologists of the Geological Society of London (19th Century). Ref: PL 102. Opie, Redvers. 1929. "A Neglected English Economist: <mask> Scrope." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 44, no.1: 101-102-137. Page, L.E.. ed. 1970-1990. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribner. Rudwick, Martin. "Scrope, <mask> Poulett."Oct 2007. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Accessed 1 March 2008. Rudwick, Martin. Nov. 1974. "<mask> Scrope on the Volcanoes of Auvergne: Lyellian Time and Political Economy." Article in The British Journal for the History of Science.44, no. 3: 205-242. Cambridge University Press and the British Society for the History of Science. <mask>, <mask>. The Geology and Extinct Volcanos of Central France. New York: Arno Press Inc., reprint 1978. <mask>, <mask>. 1849. Suggested Legislation with a View to the Improvement of the Dwellings of the Poor.Piccadilly, London: James Ridgway. <mask>, <mask>. 1831. Extracts of Letters, From Poor Persons Who Emigrated Last Year to Canada and the United States. London: J. Ridgway; Chippenham, Wilts, Printed by R. Alexander. <mask>, <mask>. 1825. Considerations on Volcanos: The probable causes of their phenomena, the laws which determine their march, the disposition of their products, and their connexion with the present state and past history of the globe; leading to the establishment of a new theory of the earth. London: Printed and published by W. Phillips, <mask> Yard, Lombard Street; sold by W. & C. Tait, Edinburgh; and Hodges & McArthur, Dublin.<mask>, <mask>., and Sydenham, Charles Edward <mask> Thomson. 1844. Memoir of the Life of the Right Honourable Charles, Lord Sydenham, G. C. B. : With a Narrative of his Administration in Canada.'' London: J. Murray. Williams, Henry S. 1863-1963. A history of science. <mask>, G. P. (1872).Volcanos: The character of their phenomena, their share in the structure and composition of the surface of the globe, and their relation to its internal forces. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. External links

1797 births
1876 deaths
People from Farnham
People educated at Harrow School
English geologists
British volcanologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Wollaston Medal winners
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs

masks:
George Poulett
Scrope
Scrope
George Poulet
George Po
George Poulett
Scrope
George Poulett
Scrope
George Poulett
Scrope
George Julius
George Poulet
Scrope
George Poulet
George Poulet
George Poulett
George Poulett
George Julius
Poulett
Scrope
George P
Scrope
George P
Scrope
George P
Scrope
George P
George
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George P
Poulett
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title: Chloé Tallot

texts:
<mask> (born 1973) is a French contemporary artist whose medium is video, photography, drawings and installations. <mask> studied art at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs, Paris from 1996 to 1999. She also studied philosophy at Lycée Pasteur & Sorbonne, Paris. She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France and lives and works in Paris. Education

She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France in 1973. She spent 1975–1991 in Rabat, Morocco. She studied philosophy and literature, Sorbonne, Paris 1993–1995, receiving his Lettres Supérieures, Lycée Pasteur, Neuilly-sur-Seine.She then studied at Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, Paris during 1995–1999. Cimaise, Quai Voltaire, September–November
Gallery Guide Europe, Mur Animal, September, p. 26
Exporama, Regard sur l'Enfance, October, No.6
"Onirisme" Etapes, by Laetitia Sellam, April, No.143, p. 25–26
"French Connexion after Armory Show" Blast, Spring, No.24, p. 141–142

2006
"Organs and feelings" Le Monde 2, Michel Philippot, 9 December, p. 13
Enville, The Animal part, Caroline Bourrus, No.19, p. 44–49
De l'air, Was ist Freud ? 2009
Aveugles, photographic mix, color. Sentimentale Trinity, photo reel, sound, presented as a triptych, 3 projections, cycle. 2008
Her Dance, video, composed of four girls portrait, black and white, 20 min or 14 min. 2007
Fragile, Sunbeam, installation, mobile composed of 11 branches, photographs, mirrors, resin, son. Wounded Flowers, video, color, co-realized with Arnout Hulskamp, 8 min.Mur animal, composition of 41 photographs, 7 panels, komacel, glass, wood, 325 × 215 cm. Organic, photo reel, sound, of the Animale series, color, 2 min. 2006
Glowing Table, glass print, steel, design Matteo Fantoni. What-you-give-is-what-you-get, PDA video, color, Le Cube and Orange, 1 min. 2004–2010
Femmes d'Intérieur, photographs, photo reel, sound, color. 2004–2009
Ragazze, installation, video, sound, sensors and photographs, cycle continue, 9 min. 2003
Sentimentale, photographs and mix.2003–2010
Ceci est du verre, Ceci est une table, photographs printed on glass. 2002–2005
Animale, photographs, dealing with violence in life and influenced by Darwin's scientific research. 2002
Autisme, photographic work on mental diseases and physical handicaps. 2001
Trafiquante, photographic mix. 25 paintings, oil on canvas. 2000
Silence dans le fortin, director of photography, video, 52 min, color, Algeria, by Éléonore Weber. 3'10 avant, Super 16, color, La Field Cie / Canal +

1999–2010
Carnets, work on everyday life, drawings, photographs, collages.1999
Voyages à l'Est, photographs, barite paper print, black and white. Pas de Temps, Super 8, color, 5mn. 1998
Rêve & Réalité, Super 8, color, 20 min. A la recherche de…, drawings, texts and photographs about writer Philippe Sollers. 1997
Partie de Pêche, video, color, 4 min. Coup-les, with Sophie Fougère, Super 8, color, 3 min. Parking, video, black and white, 4 min.Le journal de 13h, co-realized with Pierrot Dunan, video, color, 3 min. Petite histoire, written by Sandra Matamoros, video, color, 2 min. Bonnie & Clyde, animation video, color, 1 min. La vie en Rose, sound track, 7 min, co-realized with Anri Sala. Awards
1999
Partie de Pêche, Canal+ award, Videoformes, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Pas de Temps, Nanterre's short film award

1997
Correspondences Indiennes, First Leica award.

masks:
Chloé Tallot
Tallot


title: Daddy Yankee

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Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez (born February 3, 1977), known professionally as <mask>, is a Puerto Rican rapper, singer and songwriter. He is known as the "King of Reggaetón" by music critics and fans alike. <mask> is the artist who coined the word reggaeton in 1994 to describe the new music genre that was emerging from Puerto Rico that synthesized American hip-hop, Latin Caribbean music, and Jamaican reggae rhythms with Spanish rapping and singing. He is often cited as an influence by other Latin urban performers. Ayala was born in Río Piedras and was raised in the Villa Kennedy Housing Projects neighborhood. He aspired to be a professional baseball player and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball. Before he could be officially signed, he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton artist DJ Playero.Ayala spent roughly a year and a half recovering from the wound; the bullet was never removed from his hip, and he credits the shooting incident with allowing him to focus entirely on a music career. In 2004, <mask> released his international hit single "Gasolina", which is credited with introducing reggaeton to audiences worldwide, and making the music genre a global phenomenon. Since then, he has sold around 20 million records, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists. <mask>'s album Barrio Fino made history when it became the top-selling Latin music album of the decade between 2000 and 2009. In 2017, <mask>, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the hit single "Despacito". It became the first Spanish-language song to hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Macarena" in 1996. The single gained global success.The video for "Despacito" on YouTube received its billionth view on April 20, 2017, and became the most-watched video on the platform. Its success led <mask> to become the most-listened artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify in June 2017, the first Latin artist to do so. As of 2017, <mask> has won 82 awards from 270 nominations since his rise to international fame in 2004. He has won five Latin Grammy Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, 14 Billboard Latin Music Awards, two Latin American Music Awards, eight Lo Nuestro Awards, an MTV Video Music Award, and six ASCAP Awards. He also received a Puerto Rican Walk of Fame star, special awards by People en Español magazine, and the Presencia Latina at Harvard University. He was named by CNN as the "Most Influential Hispanic Artist" of 2009, and included in Time 100 in 2006. Musical career

1994–1999: Career beginnings
Often considered to be one of the pioneers within the reggaeton genre, Ayala was originally going to become a professional baseball player but he was shot in his leg while taking a break from a studio recording session.The bullet was never removed and he credits this incident with allowing him to pursue a musical career. He first appeared on the 1994 DJ Playero's Mixtape, Playero 34, with the song "So' Persigueme, No Te Detengas". His first official studio project as a solo artist was No Mercy, which was released on April 2, 1995 through White Lion Records and BM Records in Puerto Rico. Early in his career he attempted to imitate the rap style of Vico C. He went on to emulate other artists in the genre, including DJ Playero, DJ Nelson, and Tempo taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style with the Dembow rhythm. In doing so, he eventually abandoned the traditional model of rap and became one of the first artists to perform reggaeton. Throughout the 1990s, <mask> appeared in several of DJ Playero's underground mixtapes which were banned by the Puerto Rican government due to explicit lyrics; these songs would later be among the first reggaeton songs ever produced. DJ Playero and <mask> would later be credited for inventing the name "reggaeton" to describe their music on the album Playero 36 in 1994.2000–2003: Early music and El Cangri.com
In 1997, <mask> collaborated with the rapper Nas, who was an inspiration for Ayala, in the song "The Profecy", for the album Boricua Guerrero. He released two compilation albums with original material: El Cartel (1997) and El Cartel II (2001). Both albums were successful in Puerto Rico, but not throughout Latin America. Between those years, Ayala released a total of nine music videos, including "Posición" featuring Alberto Stylee, "Tu Cuerpo En La Cama" featuring Nicky Jam, and "Muévete Y Perrea". In 2000, <mask> formed an unofficial duo called "Los Cangris" with Nicky Jam and released several successful singles together. <mask> and Nicky Jam fell apart in 2004 due to personal issues and creative differences. In 2012, <mask> and Nicky Jam reconciled and performed in various concerts together.In 2002, El Cangri.com became Ayala's first album with international success, receiving coverage in the markets of New York City and Miami with hits including "Latigazo", "Son Las Doce", "Guayando" and other songs like "Enciende", which talks about different social problems of the era, mentioning 9/11, corruption and religion. In 2003, <mask> Yankee released a compilation album named Los Homerun-es, which contains his first charted single ("Segurosqui"), five new songs and 12 remakes of DJ Playero's albums songs. that was later charted, "Seguroski", being his first charted single after six of them. In 2003, Ayala collaborated for the first time with the prestigious reggaeton producers Luny Tunes on the album Mas Flow, with his commercial success song "Cógela Que Va Sin Jockey" (a.k.a. "Métele Con Candela"), and Mas Flow 2. 2004–2006: Barrio Fino and "Gasolina"

Ayala's next album, Barrio Fino, was produced by Luny Tunes and DJ Nelson among others and released in July 2004 by El Cartel Records and VI Music. It was the most highly anticipated album in the reggaeton community.Ayala had enjoyed salsa music since he was young, and this led him to include music of genres besides reggaeton in the album. The most prominent of these cross-genre singles was "Melao", in which he performed with Andy Montañez. The album was described as his most complete, and with it he intended to introduce combinations of reggaeton and other genres to the English-speaking market. Barrio Fino was followed up by an international tour with performances in numerous countries including the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Honduras, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and the United States. The album has sold over 1.1 millions of copies in the United States alone, making it the seventh best-selling Latin album in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan. Also, It had sold over 2 million copies throughout Latin America and worldwide. During this same time, <mask> was featured in N.O.R.E.'s single "Oye Mi Canto" which hit number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; a record for a reggaeton single at the time. Other successful featured singles included "Mayor Que Yo" and "Los 12 Discípulos". In 2005, Ayala won several international awards, making him one of the most recognized reggaeton artists within the music industry. The first award of the year was Lo Nuestro Awards within the "Album of the Year" category, which he received for Barrio Fino. In this event he performed "Gasolina" in a performance that was described as "innovative". Barrio Fino also won the "Reggaeton Album of the Year" award in the Latin Billboard that took place on April 28, 2005, where he performed a mix of three of his songs in a duet with P. Diddy. The album was promoted throughout Latin America, the United States, and Europe, reaching certified gold in Japan.Due to the album's success, Ayala received promotional contracts with radio stations and soda companies, including Pepsi. His hit single, "Gasolina", received the majority of votes cast for the second edition of Premios Juventud, in which it received eight nominations and won seven awards. Ayala also made a live presentation during the award ceremony. "Gasolina" received nominations in the Latin Grammy and MTV Video Music Awards. The commercial success of "Gasolina" in the United States led to the creation of a new radio format and a Billboard chart: Latin Rhythm Airplay. According to Nestor Casonu, CEO of Casonu Strategic Management, "Daddy Yankee and 'Gasolina' triggered the explosion of urban Latin music worldwide". The successful single, "Gasolina", was covered by artists from different music genres.This led to a controversy when "Los Lagos", a Mexican banda group, did a cover with the original beat but changed the song's lyrics. The group's label had solicited the copyright permission to perform the single and translate it to a different music style, but did not receive consent to change the lyrics; legal action followed. Speaking for the artist, Ayala's lawyer stated that having his song covered was an "honor, but it must be done the right way." On December 13, 2005, he released Barrio Fino en Directo, a live record and the follow up of Barrio Fino. The album sold more than in 800,000 copies in the United States, becoming the 13th best-selling Latin album in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan and over 3 million of copies worldwide. On April 30, 2006, Ayala was named one of the 100 most influential people by Time, which cited the 2 million copies of Barrio Fino sold, Ayala's $20 million contract with Interscope Records, and his Pepsi endorsement. During this period, Ayala and William Omar Landrón (more commonly known by his artistic name Don Omar) were involved in a rivalry within the genre, dubbed "tiraera".The rivalry received significant press coverage despite being denied early on by both artists. It originated with a lyrical conflict between the artists begun by Ayala's comments in a remix single, where he criticized Landron's common usage of the nickname "King of Kings". Don Omar responded to this in a song titled "Ahora Son Mejor", in his album Los Rompediscotecas. 2007–2009: El Cartel: The Big Boss and Talento De Barrio

El Cartel: The Big Boss was released by Interscope on June 5, 2007. Ayala stated that the album marked a return to his hip-hop roots as opposed to being considered a strictly reggaeton album. The album was produced in 2006, and included the participation of will.i.am, Scott Storch, Tainy Tunes, Neli, and personnel from Ayala's label. Singles were produced with Héctor Delgado, Fergie, Nicole Scherzinger and Akon.The first single from the album was titled "Impacto", and was released prior to the completion of the album. The album was promoted by a tour throughout the United States, which continued throughout Latin America. He performed in Mexico, first in Monterrey, where 10,000 attended the concert, and later at San Luis Potosí coliseum, where the concert sold out, leaving hundreds of fans outside the building. Ayala performed in Chile as well, and established a record for attendance in Ecuador. He also performed in Bolivia, setting another record when 50,000 fans attended his Santa Cruz de la Sierra concert. This show was later described as "the best show with the biggest attendance in history" and as "somehappy that his album had sold more than those of Juan Luis Guerra and Juanes, and that this was an "official proof that reggaeton's principal exponent defeated the rest of the genres". Between 2007 and 2008, Ayala made several guest appearances in famous reggaeton compilation albums including Caribbean Connection, Echo Presenta: Invasión, Mas Flow: Los Benjamins, and 20 Number 1's Now.He appeared on the 2008 Rockstar Games' video game Grand Theft Auto IV as the DJ of Radio San Juan Sounds, with spanglish lines. The radio includes reggaeton songs from Ayala's colleagues, like Wisin & Yandel, Hector "El Father", Tito El Bambino and Jowell & Randy. San Juan Sounds also featured <mask>'s hit "Impacto". In July 2008, Ayala announced that as part of his work, he would produce a cover version of Thalía's song, "Ten Paciencia". On August 17, 2008 his soundtrack album Talento De Barrio for the eponymous film was released. Prior to the album's release, Ayala scheduled several activities, including an in-store contract signing. The album was awarded as Multi-Platinum by RIAA on April 17, 2009.On February 27, 2009, he performed at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. In this event, the artists receive awards based on the public's reaction. After performing "Rompe", "Llamado de emergencia", "Ella Me Levantó", "Gasolina", "Limpia Parabrisas" and "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" over the course of two hours, Ayala received the "Silver Torch", "Gold Torch" and "Silver Seagull" recognitions. On April 24, 2009, he received the Spirit of Hope Award as part of the Latin Billboard Music Awards ceremony. The recognition is given to the artists that participate in their community or social efforts throughout the year. 2009–2013: Mundial and Prestige

The single, "Grito Mundial", was released on October 8, 2009, in order to promote his ninth album, Mundial. The song was going to be the official theme for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but Ayala rejected the FIFA offer, which gave them 100% of the rights.Despite releasing "El Ritmo No Perdona (Prende)" more than a month before, that single was not considered the first official promotional single. The second single, "Descontrol", was released on January 12, 2010, and topped the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay. The music video was filmed in New York City and was released on May 17, 2010. "La Despedida" was the third single, released on August 4, 2010. The song reached #4 in both Billboard Top Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs. Other songs, like "Bailando Fue" (featuring Jowell & Randy) and "Échale Pique" (featuring Yomo) were not included in Mundial. In 2010, <mask> participated in the song "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti", by providing the rap vocals alongside rapper Pitbull.<mask>'s sixth studio album, Prestige was released on September 11, 2012. It was scheduled to be released on November or December 2011, but a hurricane damaged El Cartel Records and half of the album was lost. The lost tracks had to be reworked and was finally released nine months later. The first single, "Ven Conmigo", featuring bachata singer Prince Royce, was released on April 12, 2011 and peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Latin Charts. The second single, "Lovumba", was released on October 4, 2011 and was a number one hit on the Billboard Latin Charts and the Latin Songs chart. It was also nominated for Best Urban Song at the 2012 Latin Grammy Awards. The third single, "Pasarela", was released on June 20, 2012.The album peaked at number 39 on the Billboard 200, number one on both the Billboard Latin Albums and Latin Rhythm Albums charts. It also peaked at number five on the Billboard Rap Albums chart. The fourth and last single, Limbo, was released with the album. The song had a great success, reaching three #1 Billboard charts (Hot Latin Song, Latin Pop Song and Latin Rhythm Airplay) and having more than 790 million views on YouTube. The album was certified as Gold by the RIAA on March 8, 2013. The year 2012 had one of the most important genre events of the year: the reconciliation between <mask> and Wisin & Yandel, after some years of rivalry. Six years after their last collaboration, <mask>n & Yandel collaborated in the remix of "Limbo". Later in 2013, the three artists performed songs like "Hipnotízame", "Mayor Que Yo" and "Noche De

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title: Daddy Yankee

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 Entierro" in two concerts (one in Puerto Rico and another in Colombia). On February 25, 2013, <mask> performed in the 2013 Viña del Mar International Song Festival, to a sold-out audience. He performed hits like "Limbo", "Gasolina", "Pose", "Ella Me Levantó" and "Descontrol". He won the Silver and Golden Torch and the Silver and Golden Seagull recognitions. In 2013, <mask> performed on his Prestige World Tour, touring several countries in Europe including, Spain, Germany, France and Italy. He has also toured in Colombia, Peru, Chile to sold-out audiences.In 2013 he released music videos of "El Amante" featuring J Alvarez, "Summertime" and "Noche de los Dos" featuring Natalia Jimenez, with millions of views on YouTube. 2013–2015: <mask>

On October 29, 2013, <mask> released a mixtape entitled "King Daddy", produced by Los De La Nazza (Musicologo & Menes), as part the Imperio Nazza Mixtapes series and was released as a digital-format only. The mixtape was made because of the high demand from the fans and is a return to his original reggaeton roots. It includes 11 tracks with collaborations from J Alvarez, Arcángel, Yandel, Farruko, and Divino. According to Ayala, "King Daddy" was recorded in two and a half weeks, because there was "a lot of inspiration". The song "La Rompe Carros" has garnered popularity among the public, but his hit single was "La Nueva y La Ex" which has been widely received all over South America, Europe, and North America. During a press conference earlier this year, <mask> announced the physical release of <mask> scheduled for later this year with 3 or 4 bonus tracks for a total of 14 or 15 songs included.From May 13 to June 22, 2014, Ayala performed on his King Daddy Tour, touring several cities in Europe. He has also toured in South and North American cities. In Spain, his concerts were on the 4º position in the box-office ranking, being the first Latin artist on the top 5 in this country, underneath Iron Maiden and The Rolling Stones, and over artists like Beyoncé, Miley Cyrus and Michael Bublé. On June 17, 2014 the single "Ora Por Mí" (Spanish for "Pray For Me") was released as part of the <mask>'s bonus tracks and uses the Scorpions' "Send Me An Angel" instrumental, with a rap sampler. The official video for "Ora Por Mí" was released on June 24, 2014. It was filmed in many locations in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and talks about Ayala's life and the dark side of fame. According to Ayala, it is the most personal song of his career.On September 2, 2014, it was released another single called "Palabras Con Sentido" (Spanish for "Words With Sentiments"), which defends reggaeton and urban music of all the accusations of being a "society poison". <mask> expressed that all music has something good to give, even urban music. On his single, he also says that urban music saves lives, like his own, and the solution would be that churches have to remain, journalists have to tell the truth, artists have to have more inspiration, and the rich people have to help the poor ones. On September 9, 2014 he released his first totally English single called "This Is Not A Love Song" featuring new rapper Duncan. 2016–present: El Disco Duro

On April 28, 2016, <mask> was awarded the "Industry Leader Award" during the 2016 Latin Billboard Awards. After a decade-long feud with longtime rival Don Omar for the "King of Reggaetón" title, in early 2016 <mask> and Don Omar announced in a Billboard press conference that they would perform together on stage in a concert series called The Kingdom Tour. The tour announcement left many fans in disbelief as it sold out in minutes in major cities like Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York.The concerts were structured like a boxing match, where the two artists got to trade off musical rounds, and fans voted for their winner in each city via an app designed for the event. "Two kings, one throne", said Pina Records founder Rafael Pina, who had a well-established relationship with both artists, and who also came up with the idea for the tour concept. Discussing the tour and his rivalry with <mask>, Don Omar said "Let me clarify: I am not his best friend, and he is not my best friend, but we respect each other. That desire to be the best is what has pushed us to be better." In 2017, <mask>, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the hit single "Despacito". It became the first Spanish-language song to hit number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 since "Macarena" in 1996. The single gained global success.The official video for "Despacito" on YouTube received its billionth view on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second-fastest video on the site to reach the milestone behind Adele's "Hello". Its success led <mask> to become the most listened artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify in June 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so. In early 2018, <mask> released his first latin trap singles with the song "Hielo", and on the single "Vuelve" on which he collaborated with Bad Bunny. In August 2018, <mask> collaborated with Janet Jackson on her return to music on the song "Made for Now". He released the 2019 single "Con Calma", a reimagination of Snow's 1992 hit single "Informer". Snow recorded new parts and the Spanish-language remake topped the charts of 20 countries and reached the top 10 of 10 others. Film and other career projects
Ayala has negotiated promotional deals with several companies outside of the music industry, releasing merchandise under his name.In 2005, he became the first Latin artist to sign a deal with Reebok, in order to produce accessories, including the licensed clothing line "DY", which was released in 2006. He also teamed up with the company to have his own shoes and sporting goods made, which were first distributed on May 23, 2006. Reebok continued the partnership with the introduction of the Travel Trainer collection in July 2007. In August 2007, Pepsi began an advertising campaign titled "Puertas", in which Ayala is depicted returning to his youth by opening a series of doors. Ayala has worked in the film industry as both an actor and producer. His acting debut was as an extra in the 2004 film Vampiros, directed by Eduardo Ortiz and filmed in Puerto Rico. The film premiered at the Festival of Latin American Cinema in New York, where it received a positive reaction.This led Image Entertainment to produce a DVD, internationally released in March 2005. Ayala played the main role, "Edgar Dinero", in Talento de Barrio, which was filmed in Puerto Rico and directed by José Iván Santiago. Ayala produced the film, which is based on his experience of growing up in a poor city neighborhood. While the film is not directly a biography, Ayala has stated that it mirrors his early life. Talento de Barrio's debut was scheduled for July 23, 2008, in New York's Latino Film Festival. After the premier, Ayala expressed satisfaction, saying that he had been invited to audition for other producers. On release, Talento de Barrio broke the record held by Maldeamores for the most tickets to a Puerto Rican movie sold in a single day in Caribbean Cinemas.Ayala has been involved in the administration of three organizations, the first being El Cartel Records which he co-owns with Andres Hernandez. He also created the Fundación Corazón Guerrero, a charitable organization in Puerto Rico which works with young incarcerated people. On April 26, 2008, he was presented with a "Latino of the Year Award" by the student organization Presencia Latina of Harvard College, receiving it for his work with Puerto Rican youth and creating Corazón Guerrero. On February 6, 2008, Ayala announced in a Baloncesto Superior Nacional press conference that he had bought part of the Criollos de Caguas' ownership. He has also been active with Cruz Roja Puerto Rico in several media campaigns. In March 2013, <mask> talked about a new movie production during an interview in Las Vegas. During an interview in a radio station in January 2014, Ayala announced the film, but he only mentioned that many reggaeton exponents would take part of it.In February 2014 it was confirmed that the movie will be about the boxer Macho Camacho's life. According to Ayala, he had the boxer's support to film the movie, but it remained in nothing after Camacho's death on November 24, 2012. The film was due for release in 2015. The most recent of <mask>'s non-music projects was the release of his game Trylogy, a 3D video game based in tower defense games. The game was presented at the New York Comic Con and was released on November 29, 2013. The game also features Ayala's songs like "Gasolina" and "Limbo". Personal life

Family
Ayala has kept most of his personal life private, rarely speaking about it in interviews.He has said that he avoids doing so because such details are the only aspect of his life that are not public and that they are like a "little treasure". In 2006 he spoke about his relationship with his wife Mireddys González and children in an interview with María Celeste Arrarás in Al Rojo Vivo. He stated that his marriage is strong because he and his wife are "friends above anything", and that he has tried to ignore other temptations because "weakness is the reason for the downfall of several artists". He met his wife when they were little and at just 17 years old they decided to get married. As a result of the union their first daughter Yamilette Ayala González was born. His first daughter was born when he was seventeen years old, which he described as confusing at first, adding that raising a daughter at that age was a hard experience. He has another son, Jeremy, born in 1998,  and another daughter, Jesaaelys, born in 1996.Political views
In 2008, Ayala participated in a campaign to promote voting in the 2008 general elections in Puerto Rico. This initiative included a concert titled "Vota o quédate callado" (Vote or Remain Silent). On August 25, 2008, Ayala endorsed Republican John McCain's candidacy for President of the United States in the 2008 election, stating that McCain was a "fighter for the Hispanic community". As part of this campaign, Ayala moderated a debate titled "Vota o quédate callado: los candidatos responden a los jóvenes", which was aired on October 9, 2008. In November 2019, Ayala inaugurated a museum of reggaeton at Plaza Las Américas, the first of its kind. Philanthropy
In 2007, <mask> became the spokesperson of the environmental organization "Yo Limpio a Puerto Rico" (I Clean Puerto Rico) founded by Ignacio Barsottelli. Yo Limpio a Puerto Rico, PepsiCo and Wal-Mart announced a joint effort to promote recycling in Puerto Rico among the general public and schools across the island with the campaign "Tómatelo en Serio, Recicla por Puerto Rico" (Take it seriously, recycle for Puerto Rico), in which Daddy Yankee became the main spokesperson.This campaign incorporated a recycling contest among public and private schools from around the island in the elementary, junior high, and high school categories. The program established 16 recycling centers located at Wal-Mart and Sam's Club stores across the island, where consumers were able to deposit recyclable items. In 2017, <mask> donated $100,000 to the Food Bank of Puerto Rico after the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria. The money provided food to roughly 9,000 families on the island. <mask> presented the HR Derby Champ medallion to Pete Alonso upon his winning the MLB HR Derby on July 8, 2019. Legacy

<mask> has been dubbed "King of Reggaetón" by media. Rachel Grace Almeida from Vice felt <mask> paved the way with his music to amplify and normalize the "marginalised" Latino identity.She also commented that <mask> played a vital part in "bringing glamour to the barrio and challenged the mainstream media's portrayal of Hispanic poverty in those neighbourhoods". He was highlighted by CNN and Time as one of the most influential Hispanics in the world. Roy Trakin from Pollstar considered his collaboration with Luis Fonsi in "Despacito" helped "turn his native Puerto Rico's music into a global phenomenon". <mask>'s third studio album Barrio Fino (2004) ushered reggaeton into the mainstream. Its single "Gasolina" "[altered] the business, sound and aesthetic of Latin music", stated Billboard, "the genre would revive sales of Latin music, usher in a new radio format in the U.S. (Latin Rhythm Airplay) and establish the urban base responsible for many Latin radio hits today." According to Nestor Casonú, president for Kobalt Music Latin America, "<mask> and 'Gasolina' triggered the explosion of urban Latin music worldwide." In 2006, a The New York Times article deemed him "The King of Reggaetón" while commenting on 2004's music revenue, "one bright spot for the music industry was Latin music: sales grew by 12 percent, according to Nielsen SoundScan.At least some of that success is owed to reggaetón and by extension to <mask>, its top-selling act." Multiple artists have cited him as an inspiration, including J Balvin, Ozuna, Bad Bunny, Lunay, Miguelito, and Natti Natasha. Achievements

<mask> has received several awards and honors, including 10 Guinness World Records and seven Billboard Music Awards (the most for any Latin artist). He was honored with the Icon Award by Latin American Music Awards, the Industry Leader Award from the Latin Billboard Awards and inducted into its Hall of Fame, and received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Lo Nuestro Awards from Balvin. J Balvin stated: "Reggaeton would not be what it is without <mask> and without <mask>, there would be no Balvin". Having sold 20 million records worldwide, <mask> is one of the best-selling Latin music artists. As of April 2020, <mask> is the most subscribed Latin artist on YouTube Music.He also is the first Latin act to be the most listened-to artist worldwide, and remains on Top 20 as of April 2020. In 2019, he set a new record in his country as the artist with the most shows at Coliseum of Puerto Rico, with 12 consecutive sold-out concerts. <mask> has multiple charts records. He is the artist with the most number one and most entries on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay. He also has the most entries on the Latin Pop Airplay and the second most entries on Hot Latin Songs. Additionally, he achieved three and six top 25 and top 50 Spanish-language singles on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, the most by any artist. Barrio Fino and Barrio Fino en Directo are two of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.With "Despacito", both <mask> and Luis Fonsi achieved multiple worldwide records, including the most-viewed YouTube video (and it became the first video on the site to reach the milestones of three, four, five, six, and seven billion views) and the first Latin song to receive a diamond certification by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Additionally, "Despacito" received thirteen-times platinum by RIAA for units of over 13 million sales plus track-equivalent streams, making it the highest-certified single of all-time in the United States. It also became the song with most weeks at number one in Switzerland and Germany, and the most weeks at number one on Hot Latin Songs. Discography

Studio albums
 No Mercy (1995)
 El Cangri.com (2003)
 Barrio Fino (2004)
 El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007)
 Mundial (2010)
 Prestige (2012)
 El Disco Duro (TBA)

Live albums
 2005: Ahora Le Toca Al Cangri! Live
 2005: Barrio Fino En Directo
 2020: 2K20 Pt. 1
 2020: 2K20 Pt. 2
 2020: 2K20

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