title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
John "<mask><mask> (born 2 August 1947) is a senior Northern Irish loyalist and the incumbent Ulster Defence Association (UDA) brigadier for South Belfast, having been promoted to the rank by former UDA commander Andy Tyrie in 1988, following John McMichael's killing by the Provisional IRA in December 1987. He is also a member of the organisation's Inner Council and the spokesman for the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG), the UDA's political advisory body. Ulster Defence Association
Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland into a Protestant family, <mask> attended Larkfield Secondary School later known as Balmoral High School in South Belfast. He lives in the south Belfast housing estate of Taughmonagh. His paramilitary activities have attracted considerable publicity from the media, and he was the subject of interviews by journalist Peter Taylor for the latter's book Loyalists. Described by journalist Rosie Cowan as the UDA's most powerful player, he is an outspoken critic of former Ulster Freedom Fighters' notorious brigadier, Johnny Adair. He joined the UDA in 1972 about a year after it was formed in Belfast as an umbrella organisation for loyalist vigilante groups.These groups, such as the Woodvale Defence Association (WDA) and Shankill Defence Association (SDA), had sprung up in loyalist areas following the outbreak of The Troubles in the late 1960s as a means of protecting their local communities from attacks by nationalists. He was a member of the Taughmonagh C Battalion South Belfast Brigade. He was already a senior UDA member when he played a part in the Ulster Workers Council Strike, helping people on his south Belfast housing estate obtain food, medicine, transport and other necessities during the general strike which had brought Northern Ireland to a standstill in May 1974. At this time he held a job as dispatches manager for the Balmoral Furniture Company in the Shankill Road. It had been the target of a Provisional IRA bomb in December 1971, in which four people had died, including two infants. According to author Ian S. Wood, <mask> was almost killed during the strike when Military Police fired upon the hijacked vehicle he was driving in a chase along the Lisburn Road into Sandy Row. When receiving his social security payments during the strike, <mask> received a military salute from his boss when he walked into the latter's office wearing his complete UDA combat uniform.Brigadier
In the mid-1980s, <mask> became part of UDA "fundraiser" Jim Craig's large protection racket. In 1988, just after the death of UDA's South Belfast brigadier John McMichael, who was blown up in a booby-trap car bomb planted by the Provisional IRA outside his home in Lisburn, Supreme Commander Andy Tyrie promoted <mask> to the rank of brigadier. He subsequently assumed command of McMichael's South Belfast brigade having previously served as his second-in-command. Described by Peter Taylor as an "effective and popular commander", many people, however considered <mask> to have been one of Craig's "henchmen in the latter's profitable racketeering business." According to Steve Bruce Tyrie's appointment of <mask> as Brigadier helped to hasten Tyrie's own downfall due to the distaste with which <mask> was then regarded by a number of leading UDA figures. Due to his reputation as a racketeer and his close association with the widely disliked Craig and his equally loathed deputy and minder Artie Fee, a number of UDA modernisers, who were the chief critics of Tyrie, released statements to both the local media and BBC Newsnight condemning <mask>'s appointment. <mask> admitted to Taylor: "Through not being able to get a job anywhere else and not being able to look after my own family and being part of the organisation that needed the money, eventually I did [join Craig] yes."The same year <mask> took over the South Belfast brigade, Andy Tyrie resigned as UDA commander and James Craig was put permanently out of the picture. The latter was shot dead in the "Bunch of Grapes" pub in east Belfast by two masked gunmen from the UDA (using their cover name "Ulster Freedom Fighters") in October 1988 for "treason". It was claimed by younger elements within the UDA that he had set up John McMichael to be targeted by the IRA. <mask> was arrested in 1989, and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in the Maze Prison for extortion, blackmail and intimidation in January 1990. Following his imprisonment he was replaced as brigadier by Alex Kerr. He was released in 1994. Return to power
Returning to his role as brigadier after Kerr defected to the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) group which was founded by Billy Wright in 1996, <mask> found himself in 1997 facing the possibility of a loyalist feud with the local Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), with whom he had previously been on good terms.In June 1997, the son of murdered UDA man, James Curtis Moorehead, shot and killed his father's killer, the UVF's Robert "Basher" Bates (who was also part of the Shankill Butchers gang, led by Lenny Murphy), leading to the Shankill Road UDA "exiling" the young killer to Taughmonagh. UVF members began to prowl <mask>'s Taughmonagh stronghold looking for the killer, and a clash between the Donegall Pass UVF and the Sandy Row UDA looked imminent as relations deteriorated both in South Belfast and throughout Northern Ireland as a whole. <mask> did not want a war with the UVF and, according to authors <mask> and Jim Cusack, ultimately negotiated a settlement whereby the killer would be housed on the edge of Taugmonagh and told to keep a low profile. The UDA gave its support to the Belfast Agreement in 1998 although <mask> was one of three Inner Council members – the others being John Gregg and Billy McFarland – who was less convinced about its merits, particularly the prospect of Sinn Féin entering any power-sharing executive. Nonetheless <mask> did not advocate a return to armed struggle and in late 1999 when it became clear that a feud between the UVF and LVF was about to begin he joined fellow brigadiers McFarland, Gregg and Jim Gray in announcing that the UDA would not be getting involved. Such sentiments were not echoed by west Belfast brigadier Johnny Adair however as he saw the LVF as close allies and resented the UVF. Clashes with Johnny Adair
<mask> grew further apart from Adair as the year 2000 progressed.Whilst supporting the Orange Order's desire to march through nationalist areas, <mask> was a lot less enthusiastic than Adair about getting involved in the Drumcree conflict. He had grown weary of seeing the mainstream unionist parties seek to ally themselves to loyalist paramilitaries when it was expedient only to sever any links as soon as the relationship no longer suited them. Similarly he was unconvinced by a series of vandalism attacks on loyalist areas in Belfast in late June by three carloads of "republicans", feeling that the missile throwing youths were actually members of Adair's C Company sent to stir up sectarian hatred and win support for Adair's Drumcree strategy. <mask> was one of a number of brigadiers to accept Adair's invitation to a "Loyalist Day of Culture" on the Shankill Road on 19 August 2000 but was shocked to find that C Company had used the day to drive UVF members and their families from the road, even attacking the homes of such UVF "elder statesmen" as Gusty Spence and Winston Churchill Rea. At the culmination of the day, <mask> and other brigadiers, as well as Deputy Lord Mayor of Belfast Frank McCoubrey, were brought onto a makeshift stage where C Company members emerged and fired machine guns into the air in a show of strength. <mask> however retained his earlier attitude towards feuding with the C Company UDA, and along with McFarland and Gray, told his men to leave the Shankill that evening. <mask> promptly contacted his opposite number in the South Belfast UVF and concluded a pact that their members would not attack each other.Even when the initial feud cooled, the enmity between <mask> and Adair continued to simmer and in Inner Council meetings the two frequently clashed as, according to one veteran loyalist, "<mask> was the only one with the balls to stand up to him". Nonetheless when Adair was released from prison on 15 May 2002, <mask>, arguing that he deserved a second chance and hoping that his return to prison may have mellowed him, was one of the brigadiers to appear at Adair's Boundary Way home and welcome him back in front of the television cameras. The public show of bonhomie between <mask> and Adair did not result in improved relations in the long term. On 14 September 2002, East Belfast LVF man Stephen Warnock was killed by the Red Hand Commando and immediately afterwards Adair, seeing an opportunity to strike back at a rival, went to his family home to inform visiting LVF members that the killing had been actually ordered by Jim Gray. On Adair's encouragement, an LVF hit team waited for Gray to appear at Warnock's house where, after he paid his respects to the family, he was shot in the face as he left. Gray was seriously injured but survived the attack. <mask> called a crisis meeting of brigadiers, including Adair, at Sandy Row but it failed to reach a conclusion as Adair denied involvement in the attack on Gray.As soon as the meeting was over, Adair drove to Ballysillan in north Belfast to meet with allies in the LVF, although he was unaware that a mainstream UDA team were following him and recording his movements. When <mask> was told about this second meeting he secured agreement with the other brigadiers that Adair should be expelled from the UDA. Tension simmered for the next few months with little real fighting although <mask> threw a ring of steel around his Taughmonagh stronghold and even obtained an air raid siren to be sounded if any C Company members attempted to enter the estate. The killing of John Gregg and his associate Rab Carson by C Company in Sailortown on 1 February 2003 however finally led to a showdown, with <mask> taking charge of the anti-Adair faction. <mask> quickly got word to A and B Company of the West Belfast UDA, covering the Highfield estate and Woodvale areas of the Greater Shankill and nominally under Adair's command, that Adair was to be removed and secured the loyalty of these two groups. He also told them to set up an office on the Shankill's Heather Street Social Club as a safe house where members of C Company could defect back to the mainstream UDA. At around 1 a.m. on 6 February 2003, about 100 heavily armed UDA members invaded the lower Shankill and set upon the twenty or so members of C Company who had remained loyal to Adair.For his part Adair fled the scene with his family and his close ally John White, ending his spell in charge on the Shankill. Several weeks later <mask> organised a "battle of the bands" (competition between loyalist flute bands) at which he made it clear that unity had been re-established. He then received a standing ovation from those present as, marching behind a masked man carrying an AK 47, <mask> led the other five brigadiers onto the stage. When asked by Peter Taylor whether he had any regrets about his past involvements, <mask> replied:

I have certainly. I would say without a shadow of doubt the worst thing that ever happened to  South Belfast, John McMichael and myself especially, was that Jim Craig ever had anything to do with our organisation. Subsequent activity

<mask> remains a member of the UDA's Inner Council and is also the spokesman for its political advisory body, the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG). Politically he always considered former Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) spokesman Davy Adams to be his main political advisor.He has in recent years turned his attention to community-building activities and helping former loyalist prisoners as a full-time organiser of the John McMichael Centre in Belfast's Sandy Row district, named after his deceased friend and former comrade. Beginning in 2003, <mask> has held peace talks with Irish president Mary McAleese and her husband Martin. In 2004, he was part of a loyalist delegation which met with Taoiseach Bertie Ahern in Dublin. In 2010, to the surprise of many people, he stated that the Orange Order should walk away from the Garvaghy Road dispute unless the residents of the contentious parade route give their consent for the march to take place. He also criticised republicans and Sinn Féin for manipulating the parades issue. <mask> met Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams in person for the first time in June 2010, although the two had spoken previously over the telephone. The meeting, which went well, took place at the family home of Harry Haggan, a loyalist community worker who had just died.<mask> and Adams had both called at the Haggan home to offer their condolences to the deceased man's family. On 18 May 2011, <mask> led a delegation of UDA brigadiers to the ceremony at the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge, Dublin where Queen Elizabeth II laid a wreath during her three-day visit to the Republic of Ireland. <mask>, who said he was proud and felt honoured to have participated in the event made the following statements to the Irish Times:

It shows that there is a relationship and an association between Northern Ireland and the Republic. People need to be aware of the similarities and the sacrifices, especially in the wars. I think it is a time for them to come together and appreciate each other's pasts and give ourselves all a better future. I always thought "The Troubles" would never end in my lifetime, and in many ways they still haven't really, but there is a kind of peace. We need to build on that.He travels on a Republic of Ireland passport. His picture and details were published on far right website Redwatch when he attended an anti-racist protest in 2009. Commenting on Martin McGuinness running for election in the 2011 Irish presidential election, <mask> stated that Unionists had nothing to fear from it and any Unionist that opposed it was hypocritical. In October 2011 after accepting an invitation to attend an event in Belfast City Hall to unveil a new portrait of famous Irish republican and trade union leader James Connolly he was later forced to withdraw his attendance at the event. The reason for the withdrawal was attributed to an angry backlash from senior UDA leaders angry at the Sinn Féin mayor of Belfast Niall Ó Donnghaile's decision to remove photos of the Royal Family from his office. Criticising young loyalists in November 2011, he suggested they were too interested in drinking alcohol and using drugs than caring about their future. In a further verbal attack, he lambasted some loyalist band members for attacking each other when drunk and when there are no Catholics in the vicinity.To some surprise <mask> in 2012 labelled The Twelfth as "the worst day of my year". He cited the excess consumption of alcohol by followers and supporters of the parades in Belfast causing violence on occasions. He also noted that if the parades had an outward route only without having a return route the potential for disorder would be decreased. The comments were condemned by other loyalists and were said to have driven a further wedge between the wider UDA and its North Antrim and Londonderry Brigade, which had been the source of some dissident activity. <mask> is the most senior UDA brigadier, and author Jon Moran credits him with restoring order to the organisation due to his prominent role in bringing about the downfall of Johnny Adair. He and the South Belfast Brigade have long taken a hard-line stance against drugs and drug-dealing in south Belfast. He confirmed this is an interview with Ian S. Wood: "We do take as hard a line as we can in South Belfast".References

External links
 http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00135/jackie_135302t.jpg <mask>
 https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,888432,00.html
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3420391.stm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070301184425/http://www.fortnight.org/grant429.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200737/http://www.socialistdemocracy.org/RecentArticles/RecentLoyalismAndBritishPolicy.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090810210803/http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/2009/The-continuing-shame-of-post-conflict-Northern-Ireland.php

Ulster Defence Association members
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Loyalists imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Living people
1947 births

masks:
Jackie
" McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
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Henry McDonald
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Jackie
McDonald
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Jackie McDonald


title: Robert Hofstadter

type: original

texts:
<mask> (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons". Biography
<mask> was born into a Jewish family in New York City on February 5, 1915, to Polish immigrants, <mask>, a salesman, and Henrietta, née Koenigsberg. He attended elementary and high schools in New York City and entered City College of New York, graduating with a B.S. degree magna cum laude in 1935 at the age of 20, and was awarded the Kenyon Prize in Mathematics and Physics. He also received a Charles A. Coffin Foundation Fellowship from the General Electric Company, which enabled him to attend graduate school at Princeton University, where he earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees at the age of 23.His doctoral dissertation was titled "Infra-red absorption by light and heavy formic and acetic acids." He did his post-doctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania and was an assistant professor at Princeton before joining Stanford University. Hofstadter taught at Stanford from 1950 to 1985. In 1942 he married Nancy Givan (1920–2007), a native of Baltimore. They had three children: Laura, Molly (who was disabled and not able to communicate), and Pulitzer Prize-winner Douglas Hofstadter. Opus

Thallium-activated sodium iodide gamma ray detector
In 1948 Hofstadter filed a patent on this for the detection of ionizing radiation by this crystal. These detectors are widely used for gamma ray detection to this day.Coining of the fermi (unit) and 1961 Nobel Lecture

<mask> coined the term fermi, symbol fm,
in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), one of the founders of nuclear physics, in Hofstadter's 1956 paper published in the Reviews of Modern Physics journal, "Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure". The term is widely used by nuclear and particle physicists. When Hofstadter was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics, it subsequently appears in the text of his 1961 Nobel Lecture, "The electron-scattering method and its application to the structure of nuclei and nucleons" (December 11, 1961). Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and EGRET Telescope
In his last few years, Hofstadter became interested in astrophysics and applied his knowledge of scintillators to the design of the EGRET gamma-ray telescope of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory named for fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics (1927), Arthur Holly Compton. Stanford University's Department of Physics credits Hofstadter with being "one of the principal scientists who developed the Compton Observatory." Awards and honors

 1958, elected to National Academy of Sciences. 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics, joint winner with Rudolf Mössbauer, "for his [Hofstadter's] pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons."Stanford University has an annual lecture series named after Hofstadter, the <mask> Memorial Lectures, which consists of two lectures each year, one oriented toward the general public and the other oriented toward scientists. 1984 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. See also
 Fermi (unit)
 The Big Bang Theory popular TV sitcom supposedly named one of its main characters, <mask>, after Hofstadter. References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>, "The electron-scattering method and its application to the structure of nuclei and nucleons", Nobel Lecture (December 11, 1961)
 <mask>, <mask>, "<mask>er's speech at the Nobel Banquet", The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, December 10, 1961. Publication list
Technical reports:
Hofstadter, R. "Detection of Neutrons with Scintillation Counters", Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (November 1948). Hahn, B., Ravenhall, D. G. and R. <mask>. "High-energy Electron Scattering and the Charge Distributions of Selected Nuclei," Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Office of Naval Research and United States Air Force, (October 1955).Chambers, E.E. and R. <mask>. "The Structure of the Proton", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), Office of Naval Research and United States Air Force (April 1956). <mask>, R. "Structure in the Proton and the Neutron", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1958). Collard, H., <mask>, R., Hughes, E. B., Johansson, A., Yearian, M. R., Day, R. B. and R. T. Wagner. "Elastic Electron Scattering from Tritium and Helium-3", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, Air Force Research Laboratory, (October 1964). <mask>, R. "K-edge Subtraction Angiography with Synchrotron X-Rays: Final Technical Report, (February 1, 1984 to January 31, 1987)", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy, (September 1987).External links
  including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1961 The Electron-Scattering Method and Its Application to the Structure of Nuclei and Nucleons
<mask>er: An Oral History, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 1985. 1915 births
1990 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physics
American Nobel laureates
20th-century American physicists
City College of New York alumni
Experimental physicists
National Medal of Science laureates
American nuclear physicists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Jewish physicists
Scientists from New York City
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University Department of Physics faculty
University of Pennsylvania staff
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society

masks:
Robert Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Louis Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter
Leonard Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Robert
Hofstadter
Robert
Robert Hofstadt
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadt


title: Angus McPhee

texts:
<mask> or MacPhee (1916–1997) was a Scottish Outsider Artist, who lived as a young man in the community of Eochar (Sc.Gaelic: Iochdar) on the island of South Uist, part of the Outer Hebrides. He  made his art by weaving found vegetation, such as grasses, into extraordinary garments. He also used sheep's wool picked from barbed wire fences, and leaves. MacPhee created most of his work whilst in the Craig Dunain Hospital near Inverness. He chose not to speak for 50 years. Biography
MacPhee was born into a crofting family from Eochar/Iochdar, South Uist (Outer Hebrides), although he was actually born in Nettlehole, west of Glasgow, whilst his father worked as a hired hand before returning to Uist to settle when <mask> was 7. As a young boy on the croft, he learnt how to make ropes and horse-harness from the abundant marram grass or muirineach on the island.He showed some skills playing music and singing, loved horses, but otherwise appeared to be a normal child of a poor crofting family. Although as a young child he was brought up in a Scots English-speaking community, on the island he soon became a fluent speaker of Gaelic. MacPhee served with the Lovat Scouts, and rode on horseback to join them at Beaufort Castle, where the horse was sold for £70. <mask> was garrisoned in the Faroe Islands during World War II, where he became increasingly mentally ill. No one knew what caused this illness. He returned home on the croft, but he became mute, sullen and self-absorbed. His family noticed his animals became neglected, and soon he was moved to Larbert Asylum. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1946, and spent much of the rest of his life in Craig Dunain Hospital.He fell largely silent and according to Joyce Laing, an art therapist who came across MacPhee in the 1970s, he didn't speak for more than 50 years. There is some uncertainty about how totally mute MacPhee actually was, and the first full biography of MacPhee, by Roger Hutchinson shows there was evidence that MacPhee spoke a little to a few close friends in Craig Dunain, in Gaelic. Whatever, the fact seems to be that he remained largely silent for 50 years. Described as 'the quiet big man', he was admitted to the farm ward of the hospital, Kinmylies House. There he tended the animals and worked on the lands. He was a steady and hard worker and had a particular affection for horses. During his free time, MacPhee wandered the hospital grounds in search of materials and created objects woven mostly from grass, sheep wool and beech leaves.He made garments, hats, caps, pouches, harnesses and the like, which he liked to hide under the bushes. He was completely silent as to their purpose. In the 1990s, as part of the movement to return psychiatric patients to the community, <mask> was moved back to South Uist, and lived until his death in the Old People's Nursing Home in Daliburgh within an hours' drive of his remaining family. Joyce Laing recalls visiting him and showing him a photograph of a favourite horse. To her surprise <mask> briefly spoke, commenting on the horse. She hoped that he might eventually reveal his story to her but within a short time he died. Work and influence

 In 1977 he was found as an inmate of Craig Dunain by Joyce Laing, an art therapist.Under the influence of Jean Dubuffet and others, she was searching, with the playwright Tom McGrath, for 'Art Brut' artists. Laing was able to rescue a number of pieces of work by MacPhee which are now in the collection of the Pittenweem 'Art Extraordinary Gallery'. She wrote the book <mask>hee: Weaver of Grass for an April 2000 exhibition for the Taigh Chearsabhagh Art Trust in Lochmaddy, and she continued to visit MacPhee until his death. In Roger Hutchinson's 'The Silent Weaver' he develops a case for seeing MacPhee's weaving as a way of <mask> finding his way back to a kind of health or mental equilibrium by creatively using traditional craft skills and developing them into a unique form of expression. In 1997 the Mackenzie Sisters included a self-written song 'A'fighe le feur' (Weaver of Grass) on their first album Camhanach, inspired by the unusual story of <mask>. Sung in Gaelic the English translation of the opening is "Have you ever heard a stranger sound than <mask> knitting with grass?". In 2004 Donnie Munro (ex-Runrig) included his song 'Weaver of Grass' inspired by the story of <mask> in his album 'Fields of the Young'.In 2004, a documentary was made of his life by Nick Higgins: Hidden Gifts: The Mystery of <mask> (IMDB), which won the 2005 Britspotting award. This includes some home-movie footage of <mask> back in Uist, towards the end of his life. In 2011 a new book entitled The Silent Weaver by Roger Hutchinson was published, the fullest and best researched account yet of MacPhee's life and his place as an artist. His story has also been developed as a theatre production, called 'Angus – Weaver of Grass', by Horse and Bamboo Theatre which has toured extensively in the Highlands and Islands during the summers of 2012 and 2013, also appearing in London, Oxford and Lancashire. The Caithness fibre artist, Joanne B Kaar, has worked alongside Horse + Bamboo Theatre on their production, and directly with Joyce Laing. In the process she has rediscovered the techniques used by <mask> and has recreated some of his garments both for the theatre production, for the collection in Pittenweem, and for Scottish Museums. In 2011/2012 artist Mike Inglis incorporated textures and outfits directly influenced by the stories and artefacts of <mask> into his 65-metre permanent Public Art wall installation in Inverness.He is currently developing a new body of work entitled "Chasing the Ghost of <mask>" supported by Creative Scotland and University of Edinburgh research grants which further develops themes surrounding Scottish identity and culture as well as his obsession with <mask> and it will be shown in 2014. References

 The Weaver of Grass, biography, Weaver of Grass exhibition, Am Baile Gaelic village

External links
 Am Baile: work
 Weaver of Grass blog
 Joanne B Kaar blog
 Mike Inglis website

1916 births
1997 deaths
Scottish artists
Outsider artists
People with schizophrenia
Outsider art
British Army personnel of World War II
People from Uist
Lovat Scouts soldiers

masks:
Angus McPhee
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus McP
Angus
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus
Angus MacPhee
Angus
Angus McPhee
Angus


title: Meletius of Antioch

texts:
Saint Meletius (Greek: Μελέτιος, Meletios) was a Christian bishop of Antioch from 360 until his death in 381. He was opposed by a rival bishop named Paulinus and his episcopate was dominated by the schism, usually called the Meletian schism. As a result, he was exiled from Antioch in 361–362, 365–366 and 371–378. One of his last acts was to preside over the First Council of Constantinople in 381. There are contrasting views about his theological position: on the one hand, he was exiled three times under Arian emperors; on the other, he was strongly opposed by those faithful to the memory of the staunchly pro-Nicene Eustathius of Antioch, whom the synod of Melitene deposed for his Homoousianism, which they considered a heresy, and by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, a firm opponent of Arianism. Meletius' asceticism was remarkable in view of his great private wealth. He is venerated as a saint and confessor in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.His feast day is 12 February. Bishop of Sebaste
Meletius was born at Melitene in Lesser Armenia of wealthy and noble parents. He first appears around 357 as a supporter of Acacius, bishop of Caesarea, the leader of that local faction that supported the Homoean formula by which the emperor Constantius II sought for a compromise between the Homoiousians and the Homoousians. The Homoiousians held that God and Jesus Christ are of like essence, the Homoousians that they are, as stated in the Nicene Creed, of the same essence. Meletius thus first appears as an ecclesiastic of the court party, and as such became bishop of Sebaste in succession to Eustathius, an Arian. The appointment was resented by the Homoousian clergy, and Meletius resigned the see. Bishop of Antioch

First period and exile
According to Socrates Scholasticus, Meletius attended the synod of Seleucia in the autumn of 359, and then subscribed to the Acacian (Homoean) formula.Early in 360 he became bishop of Antioch, succeeding Eudoxius, who had been translated to the see of Constantinople. Early the following year (361), he was in exile. According to an old tradition, supported by evidence drawn from Epiphanius of Cyprus and John Chrysostom, this was due to a sermon preached before the emperor Constantius II, in which he revealed Homoousian views. This explanation, however, is rejected by G. F<mask>s on the grounds that the sermon contains nothing inconsistent with the Acacian position favoured by the court party; on the other hand, there is evidence of conflicts with the clergy, quite apart from any questions of orthodoxy, which may have led to the bishop's deposition. Meletius believed that truth lay in delicate distinctions, but his formula was so indefinite that it is difficult to grasp it with precision. He was neither a thorough Nicene nor a decided Arian. The successor of Meletius was Euzoeus, an Arian.In Antioch itself Meletius continued to have adherents, who held separate services in the apostolic church in the old town. The Meletian schism was complicated, moreover, by the presence in the city of another anti-Arian sect, stricter adherents of the Homoousian formula, maintaining the tradition of the deposed bishop Eustathius and governed at this time by the presbyter Paulinus. The synod of Alexandria (362) sent deputies to attempt an arrangement between the two anti-Arian churches; but before they arrived Paulinus had been consecrated bishop by Lucifer of Calaris. When in consequence of the emperor Julian's contemptuous policy Meletius returned, he found himself as one of three rival bishops. Second and third exiles
Athanasius of Alexandria came to Antioch by order of the emperor, and expressed to Meletius his wish of entering into communion with him. Meletius, ill-advised, delayed answering him, and Athanasius went away having admitted Paulinus, whom he had not yet recognized as bishop, to his communion. The orthodox Nicene party, notably Athanasius himself, held communion with Paulinus only.Twice, in 365 and 371 or 372, Meletius was exiled by decree of the Arian emperor Valens. A further complication was added when, in 375, Vitalius, one of Meletius' presbyters, was consecrated bishop by the heretical bishop Apollinaris of Laodicea. After the death of Valens in 378, the Western emperor Gratian removed Euzoeus from Antioch, handing over the churches to Meletius. Theodosius I, the new emperor in the East, also favoured Meletius, who had been more and more approximating to the views of the Nicene Creed. Triumph
Upon his return to Antioch, Meletius was hailed as the leader of orthodoxy. As such he presided in October 379 over the great synod of Antioch, in which the dogmatic agreement of East and West was established. He helped Gregory Nazianzus to the see of Constantinople and consecrated him and also presided over the First Council of Constantinople, the second ecumenical council, in 381.Paulinus, however, was the man favoured by Rome and Alexandria. Jerome accompanied Paulinus back to Rome in order to secure him more support. Meanwhile, Ambrose, bishop of Milan, was dealing with Arians in the West. He persuaded Gratian to call a church synod. The Council of Aquileia (381) deposed two bishops of the eastern province of Dacia, Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, and requested the emperors Theodosius and Gratian to convene at Alexandria a general council of all bishops in order to put an end to the Meletian schism at Antioch. The two remaining factions which divided the Antiochene Church were orthodox, the supporters of Meletius and the adherents of Paulinus. Uniting them was a difficult move.A temporary pacification ensued, when six of the leading presbyters took an oath not to seek episcopal consecration themselves but to accept as bishop of Antioch whichever of the two rivals outlived the other. Schism after his death
Meletius died soon after the opening of the First Council of Constantinople and the emperor Theodosius, who had received him with special distinction, ordered his body to be carried to Antioch and buried with the honours of a saint. The Meletian schism, however, did not end immediately with his death. In spite of the advice of Gregory Nazianzus, Paulinus was not recognized as the sole bishop and Flavian was consecrated as Meletius' successor. The Eustathians, on the other hand, elected Evagrius as bishop on Paulinus' death in 388. In 399, John Chrysostom, who had been ordained a deacon by Meletius, but later separated from his group and accepted ordination to the priesthood at the hands of Evagrius, secured reconciliation between Flavian and the sees of Alexandria and Rome. However, it would take the Eustathians at Antioch until 415 to accept Flavian.Notes

Further reading
Cavallera, F. Le Schisme de Mélèce. Paris: Picard, 1906. External links
Saints.sqpn: Meletius of Antioch
Catholic Online: Meletius of Antioch
Santiebeati: Meletius of Antioch

381 deaths
4th-century births
Armenian saints
Patriarchs of Antioch
Schisms in Christianity
Syrian Christian saints
4th-century Romans
4th-century archbishops
Ancient Christians involved in controversies
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Christian theologians
Arianism
John Chrysostom
Syrian people of Armenian descent


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 24 September 1951) is a Cuban American novelist and short story writer. He is noted for his grotesque satires of the Cuban American community, especially in his English-language novels, Raining Backwards and Holy Radishes! In 2001, he was named the Dorothy Lois Breen Hoffman Professor of Modern Languages and Linguistics at Florida State University. Biography

Early life
<mask>'s family immigrated to the States in 1961, when <mask> was 10. He grew up in Miami, which he now considers his home, although he lives and teaches in Tallahassee, Florida. Literary work
<mask> has been said to be part of the Cuban American avant-garde. His writing is said to engage the links among history, exile, personal, and collective identity, and simultaneously defamiliarize them through parody and pastiche, counteracting in such a move the underlying poignancy of the diasporic experience.<mask> is known for the way he satirizes the Cuban community in Miami. One critic says that he "has mastered like no other the carnivalesque art of portraying grotesquely a community in a perpetual state of crisis". For instance, Raining Backwards depicts a generation "caught between two cultural worlds that they do not fully understand and to which they do not fully belong". Although <mask>'s first two books, written in Spanish, were "well received within the Cuban exile literary community", he did not gain wide critical attention until he published in English. Published works
 Cuentos sin rumbo [Aimless Tales] (story collection; 1975)
 La vida es un special [Life is a Bargain] (1982)
 La montaña rusa [The Roller Coaster] (story cycle; 1985)
 Raining Backwards (1988)
 Holy Radishes! (1995)
 En la ocho y la doce [The Corner of Eighth and Twelfth] (2001)
 Entre dos aguas (2007)
 Short stories include "Wrong Channel", "The Brewery", "Is in the Stars" and "It’s not Easy"

Awards
Cintas Foundation Fellowship (1986–87)
Florida Arts Council Fellowship (1993)

See also

 Cuban American literature
List of Cuban American writers
List of famous Cuban-Americans. References

Critical studies in English
as of April 2012:

Water as Creator and Destroyer of Dreams and (Hyper)Realities: Hydro Symbolism in the Works of <mask><mask> By: David de Posada, http://labelmelatin.com, Volume II, Spring 2012.Operational (Hyper)realities in the Exilic Labyrinth: <mask><mask>'s Construction and Destruction of Identity through Parodic Simulacra By: David de Posada. In: DeRosa, Simulation in Media and Culture: Believing the Hype. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books; 2011. pp& nsbs; 187–197. Cuban; American Literature: Suspicion of a Rupture in the Assimilation Pattern? By: Humberto López Cruz. In: N: <mask>, The Hyphenate Writer and the Legacy of Exile. New York: Bordighera Press; 2010. pp.85–97. Three Waves of Immigration Waving of Immigration:Waving (Wavene) the Flag of Patriotic Fervor By: William O. Deaver. In: <mask>, The Hyphenate Writer and the Legacy of Exile. New York: Bordighera Press; 2010. pp. 67–84. Operatic Transposition and the Romantic Aesthetic in the Works of <mask><mask> By: David de Posada, "Caribe: Revista de Cultura y Literatura", 11.2 (2009): 23–42. Treacherous Pilgrimages: Identity and Travel in <mask><mask>'s The Augustflower By: Rafael Miguel Montes.In: <mask>, Tolchin, and Brahlek, Florida Studies Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Florida College English Association. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars; 2006. pp. 218–27
Memory and Desire in Exile: The Narrative Strategies of Raining Backwards By: Arlene <mask>-Watanabe; Caribe: Revista de Cultura y Literatura, 2004 Summer; 7 (1): 25–42. La tríada Belle Glade, Miami, Xawa: Tres nombres, tres culturas y un solo espacio novelesco en la narrativa de <mask>. <mask> By: Jorge Febles, Hispanic Journal, 2004 Spring–Fall; 25 (1–2): 225–41. <mask><mask> (1951–) By: <mask>. Irizarry, In: West-Durán, Herrera-Sobek, and Salgado, Latino and Latina Writers, I: Introductory Essays, Chicano and Chicana Authors; II: Cuban and Cuban American Authors, Dominican and Other Authors, Puerto Rican Authors. New York: Scribner's; 2004. pp. 591–611
Janus Identities and Forked Tongues: Two Caribbean Writers in the United States By: Rosanna Rivero Marín.New York: Peter Lang; 2004. viii, 153 pp. (book)
Is Memory the Amnesia You Like? Some Remarks on Self-Invention and the Presence of Caribbean Literature in North America By: Wolfgang Binder, GRAAT: Publication des Groupes de Recherches Anglo-Américaines de l'Université François Rabelais de Tours, 2003; 27: 293–99. Geographies of Identity in Cuban American Narrative By: Antonia Domínguez Miguela, In: <mask> and Domínguez Miguela, Evolving Origins, Transplanting Cultures: Literary Legacies of the New Americans. Huelva, Spain: Universidad de Huelva; 2002. pp. 267–75
The Intercepted Space: Desired and Summed Identity in Holly [Holy] Radishes by Cuban American Writer, <mask>. <mask> By: Clementina R. Adams, Diáspora: Journal of the Annual Afro-Hispanic Literature and Culture Conference, 2001; 11: 66–71. Generational Conflicts in Raining Backwards by <mask>. <mask> By: Henry Pérez, Publications of the Arkansas Philological Association, 2000 Fall; 26 (2): 33–44.Memories of Cuba in <mask><mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Henry Pérez, Publications of the Arkansas Philological Association, 1998 Fall; 24 (2): 47–57. Intimate Dwellings: Meditations on Shelter and Sheltered Meditations in <mask><mask>'s Coquina House By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1998; 10 (2): 529–33. Holy Radishes! Image is Everything By: William O., Deaver, Jr. In: Berry, NAHLS Bringing the World Together. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan; 1997. pp. 218–29
From Polyglossia to Disglossia: Defining Chronotope, Authority, and Subversion in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1997; 9: 448–52.The Prodigal Son in the Structure of Raining Backwards, Crazy Love, and Latin Jazz By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1996 Fall–Winter; 24 (3–4): 179–90. A Technological Novelty in Raining Backwards: The Creation of a Virtual Reality By: Humberto López Cruz,  Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1996 Fall–Winter; 24 (3–4): 191–200. Menippean Satire and Skaz in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Confluencia: Revista Hispánica de Cultura y Literatura, 1996 Fall; 12 (1): 168–77. Structure, Theme, Motif, and Dialogue in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Chattahoochee Review: The DeKalb College Literary Quarterly, 1996 Summer; 16 (4): 100–12. Raining Backwards: Stylization and Mimicry By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1995; 7: 446–49. American Contradictions: Interviews with Nine American Writers By: Wolfgang Binder (ed.). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England; 1995.A Connecticut Yankee in Cuban Miami: Reflections on the Meaning of Underdevelopment and Cultural Change By: Juan Leon, Michigan Quarterly Review, 1994 Fall; 33 (4): 690–701. A Character's Indictment of Authorial Subterfuge: The Parody of Texts in <mask>. Fernandez's Fiction By: Jorge Febles, In: Cancalon and Spacagna, Intertextuality in Literature and Film. Gainesville: University Press of Florida; 1994. pp. 21–35
Raining Backwards: Colonization and the Death of a Culture By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; The Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1993 Spring; 21 (1): 112–18. English and Spanish Pop Songs as Part of Character Speech: Cultural Hybridity in <mask>. <mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Jorge Febles, IN: Ryan-Ransom, Imagination, Emblems and Expressions: Essays on Latin American, Caribbean, and Continental Culture and Identity. Bowling Green, OH: Popular; 1993. pp. 99–108
Gender in Exile: Mothers and Daughters in <mask><mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, IN: Whitlark and Aycock, The Literature of Emigration and Exile.Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press; 1992. pp. 79–85
Family, Generation, and Gender in Two Novels of Cuban Exile: Into the Mainstream? By: Mary S. Vásquez, The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe, 1991 Jan–Apr; 16 (1): 23–34. The Fantastic and the Grotesque in the Fiction of <mask>: The Case of Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, Confluencia: Revista Hispanica de Cultura y Literatura, 1990 Fall; 6 (1): 75–84. Parody, Intertextuality and Cultural Values in <mask><mask>' Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, The Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1990 Summer; 18 (2): 92–102. Transcending the Culture of Exile: Raining Backwards By: <mask> Ibieta, In: Bevan, Literature and Exile. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 1990. pp.67–76

External links
Arte Público bio
Henry Pérez, "Culture and Sexuality: Women in Raining Backwards"

1951 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American writers of Cuban descent
American male novelists
Florida State University faculty
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
Living people
Hispanic and Latino American short story writers
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Florida

masks:
Roberto G
. Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Giordano
Giordano
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Glassman
Guerrero
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Guillermo B
Alonso Gallo
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Gabriella


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
<mask>  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son <mask> – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". The mineral <mask>ite is named after him and his son. He was knighted in 1920. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born at Westward, near Wigton, Cumberland, England, the son of <mask>, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When <mask> was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named <mask>, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was educated at the Grammar School there, at King William's College on the Isle of Man and, having won an exhibition (scholarship), at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1884 as third wrangler, and in 1885 was awarded a first class honours in the mathematical tripos.University of Adelaide
In 1885, at the age of 23, <mask> was appointed (Sir Thomas) Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics in the University of Adelaide, Australia, and started work there early in 1886. Being a skilled mathematician, at that time he had limited knowledge of physics, most of which was in the form of applied mathematics he had learnt at Trinity. Also at that time, there were only about a hundred students doing full courses at Adelaide, of whom less than a handful belonged to the science school, whose deficient teaching facilities <mask> improved by apprenticing himself to a firm of instrument makers. <mask> was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures. <mask>'s interest in physics developed, particularly in the field of electromagnetism. In 1895, he was visited by Ernest Rutherford, en route from New Zealand to Cambridge; this was the commencement of a lifelong friendship. <mask> had a keen interest in the new discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen.On 29 May 1896 at Adelaide, <mask> demonstrated before a meeting of local doctors the application of "X-rays to reveal structures that were otherwise invisible". Samuel Barbour, senior chemist of F. H. Faulding & Co., an Adelaide pharmaceutical manufacturer, supplied the necessary apparatus in the form of a Crookes tube, a glass discharge tube. The tube had been obtained at Leeds, England, where Barbour visited the firm of Reynolds and Branson, a manufacturer of photographic and laboratory equipment. Barbour returned to Adelaide in April 1896. Barbour had conducted his own experiments shortly after return to Australia, but results were limited due to limited battery power. At the University, the tube was attached to an induction coil and a battery borrowed from Sir Charles Todd, <mask>'s father-in-law. The induction coil was utilized to produce the electric spark necessary for <mask> and Barbour to "generate short bursts of X-rays".The audience was favorably impressed. <mask> availed himself as a test subject, in the manner of Röntgen and allowed an X-ray photograph to be taken of his hand. The image of the fingers in his hand revealed "an old injury to one of his fingers sustained when using the turnip chopping machine on his father's farm in Cumbria". As early as 1895, Professor <mask>. (later <mask>) <mask> was working on wireless telegraphy, though public lectures and demonstrations focussed on his X-ray research which would later lead to his Nobel Prize. In a hurried visit by Rutherford, he was reported as working on a Hertzian oscillator. There were many common practical threads to the two technologies and he was ably assisted in the laboratory by Arthur Lionel Rogers who manufactured much of the equipment. On 21 September 1897 <mask> gave the first recorded public demonstration of the working of wireless telegraphy in Australia during a lecture meeting at the University of Adelaide as part of the Public Teachers' Union conference.<mask> departed Adelaide in December 1897, and spent all of 1898 on a 12-month leave of absence, touring Great Britain and Europe and during this time visited Marconi and inspected his wireless facilities. He returned to Adelaide in early March 1899, and already on 13 May 1899, <mask> and his father-in-law, Sir Charles Todd, were conducting preliminary tests of wireless telegraphy with a transmitter at the Observatory and a receiver on the South Road (about 200 metres). Experiments continued throughout the southern winter of 1899 and the range was progressively extended to Henley Beach. In September the work was extended to two way transmissions with the addition of a second induction coil loaned by Mr. Oddie of Ballarat. It was desired to extend the experiments cross a sea path and Todd was interested in connecting Cape Spencer and Althorpe Island, but local costs were considered prohibitive while the charges for patented equipment from the Marconi Company were exorbitant. At the same time <mask>'s interests were leaning towards X-rays and practical work in wireless in South Australia was largely dormant for the next decade. The turning-point in <mask>'s career came in 1904 when he gave the presidential address to section A of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at Dunedin, New Zealand, on "Some Recent Advances in the Theory of the Ionization of Gases".This idea was followed up "in a brilliant series of researches" which, within three years, earned him a fellowship of the Royal Society of London. This paper was also the origin of his first book Studies in Radioactivity (1912). Soon after the delivery of his 1904 address, some radium bromide was made available to <mask> for experimentation. In December 1904 his paper "On the Absorption of α Rays and on the Classification of the α Rays from Radium" appeared in the Philosophical Magazine, and in the same issue a paper "On the Ionization Curves of Radium", written in collaboration with his student Richard Kleeman, also appeared. At the end of 1908, <mask> returned to England. During his 23 years in Australia "he had seen the number of students at the University of Adelaide almost quadruple, and had a full share in the development of its excellent science school." He had returned to England on the maiden voyage of the SS Waratah, a ship which vanished at sea on its second voyage the next year.He had been alarmed at the ship's tendency to list during his voyage, and had concluded that the ship's metacentre was just below her centre of gravity. In 1911, he testified his belief that the Waratah was unstable at the Inquiry into the ship's disappearance. University of Leeds

<mask> occupied the Cavendish chair of physics at the University of Leeds from 1909 until 1915. He continued his work on X-rays with much success. He invented the X-ray spectrometer and with his son, <mask>, then a research student at Cambridge, founded the new science of X-ray crystallography, the analysis of crystal structure using X-ray diffraction. World War I

Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London.He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty. In September, his younger son Robert died of wounds at Gallipoli. In November, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with elder son <mask>. The Navy was struggling to prevent sinkings by unseen, submerged U boats. The scientists recommended that the best tactic was to listen for the submarines. The Navy had a hydrophone research establishment at Aberdour Scotland, staffed with navy men. In November 1915, two young physicists were added to its staff.Bowing to outside pressure for using science, in July 1916, the Admiralty appointed <mask> as scientific director at Aberdour, assisted by three additional young physicists. They developed an improved directional hydrophone, which convinced the Admiralty of their usefulness. Late in 1916, <mask> with his small group moved to Harwich, where the staff was enlarged and they had access to a submarine for tests. In France, where scientists had been mobilized since the beginning of the war, the physicist Paul Langevin made a major stride with echolocation, generating intense sound pulses with quartz sheets oscillated at high frequency, which were then used as microphones to listen for echoes. Quartz was usable when vacuum tubes became available at the end of 1917 to amplify the faint signals. The British made sonar practicable by using mosaics of small quartz bits rather than slices from a large crystal. In January 1918, <mask> moved into the Admiralty as head of scientific research in the anti-submarine division.By war's end British vessels were being equipped with sonar manned by trained listeners. Inspired by <mask>'s methods for locating enemy guns by the sound of their firing, the output from six microphones miles apart along the coast were recorded on moving photographic film. Sound ranging is much more accurate in the sea than in the turbulent atmosphere. They were able to localize the sites of distant explosions, which were used to obtain the precise positions of British warships and of minefields. University College London
After the war he returned to University College London, where he continued to work on crystal analysis. Royal Institution
From 1923, he was Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution and director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929–30 and, under <mask>'s directorship many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory.In 1919, 1923, 1925 and 1931 he was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The World of Sound; Concerning the Nature of Things, Old Trades and New Knowledge and The Universe of Life respectively. The Royal Society and the coming war
<mask> was elected President of the Royal Society in 1935. The physiologist A. V. Hill was Biological Secretary and soon ACG Egerton became Physical Secretary. During World War I all three had stood by for frustrating months before their skills were employed for the war effort. Now the cause of science was strengthened by the report of a high level Army committee on lessons learned in the last war; their first recommendation was to "keep abreast of modern scientific developments". Anticipating another war, the Ministry of Labour was persuaded to accept Hill as a consultant on scientific manpower. The Royal Society compiled a register of qualified men.They proposed a small committee on science to advise the Committee on Imperial Defence, but this was rejected. Finally in 1940, as <mask>'s term ended, a Scientific Advisory Committee to the War Cabinet was appointed. <mask> died in 1942. Honours and awards
<mask> was joint winner with his son, <mask>, of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915: "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-ray". <mask> was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, vice-president in 1920, and served as President of the Royal Society from 1935 to 1940. He was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium on 1 June 1946. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1917 and Knight Commander (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours.He was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1931. Matteucci Medal (1915)
 Rumford Medal (1916)
 Copley Medal (1930)
 Franklin Medal (1930)
 John J. Carty Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1939)

Private life
In 1889, in Adelaide, <mask> married Gwendoline Todd, a skilled water-colour painter, and daughter of astronomer, meteorologist and electrical engineer Sir Charles Todd. They had three children, a daughter, Gwendolen and two sons, <mask>, born in 1890 in North Adelaide, and Robert. Gwendolen married the English architect Alban Caroe, <mask> taught <mask> at the University of Adelaide, and Robert was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli. <mask>'s wife, Gwendoline, died in 1929. <mask> played tennis and golf, and as a founding member of the North Adelaide and Adelaide University Lacrosse Clubs, contributed to the introduction of lacrosse to South Australia and was also the secretary of the Adelaide University Chess Association. <mask> died in 1942 in England and was survived by his daughter Gwendolen and his son, Lawrence.Legacy
The lecture theatre of King William's College (KWC) is named in memory of <mask>; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory. One of the school "Houses" at Robert Smyth School, Market Harborough, Leicester, is named "<mask>" in memory of him being a student there. Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics for the best PhD thesis by a student at an Australian university. The two sides of the medal contain the images of Sir <mask> and his son Sir <mask>. The Experimental Technique Centre at Brunel University is named the Bragg Building. The Sir William Henry <mask> Building at the University of Leeds opened in 2021. In 1962, the Bragg Laboratories were constructed at the University of Adelaide to commemorate 100 years since the birth of Sir <mask><mask>.The Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy also in Adelaide, Australia is expected to be completed in late 2013. It is named for both father and son and will offer radiation therapy for cancer patients. In August 2013, <mask>'s relative, the broadcaster Melvyn <mask>, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme "<mask> on the Braggs" on the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics winners. Publications
 <mask> <mask>, <mask> <mask>, "X Rays and Crystal Structure", G. Bell & Son, London, 1915. <mask> <mask>, The World of Sound (1920)
 <mask> <mask>, The Crystalline State – The Romanes Lecture for 1925. Oxford, 1925. <mask> <mask>, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925)
 <mask> <mask>, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
 <mask> <mask>, An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
 <mask> <mask>, The Universe of Light (1933)

See also
 George Gamow – has 1931 photograph with <mask>, location unspecified.List of Nobel laureates in Physics

References

Further reading
"[a] most valuable record of his work and picture of his personality is the excellent obituary written by Professor Andrade of London University for the Royal Society of London." Statement made by Sir Kerr Grant, in:
"The Life and work of Sir <mask>", the John Murtagh Macrossan Memorial Lecture for 1950, University of Queensland. Written and presented by Sir Kerr Grant, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Adelaide. Reproduced as pages 5–37 of Bragg Centenary, 1886–1986, University of Adelaide. "<mask> and <mask>, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science", John Jenkin, Oxford University Press 2008. Ross, John F. A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977 (J. F. Ross, 1978)

External links

 Annotated Bibliography for <mask> <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 Data from the University of Leeds
 Fullerian Professorships
 Nobelprize.org – The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915

1862 births
1942 deaths
20th-century British physicists
Academics of University College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Australian people of English descent
Australian lacrosse players
British lacrosse players
Experimental physicists
Optical physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Academics of the University of Leeds
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Order of Merit
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Wigton
Presidents of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
University of Adelaide faculty
People educated at King William's College
Presidents of the Institute of Physics
Presidents of the Physical Society
X-ray crystallography
Crystallographers
English Nobel laureates
X-ray pioneers
Leeds Blue Plaques
Recipients of the Matteucci Medal

masks:
Sir William Henry Bragg
Lawrence Bragg
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Robert John Bragg
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William Bragg
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William Lawrence
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Lawrence Bragg
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William Lawrence
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William Henry
Lawrence Bragg
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. Bragg
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William Henry
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William Lawrence
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William Henry
Bragg
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William Bragg
William
Lawrence Bragg
William Henry
Bragg


title: Jason Reeves (songwriter)

texts:
<mask> (born July 1, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He grew up in Iowa City, Iowa before locating to California in 2005, where he began a long-standing working relationship with producer Mikal Blue and singer Colbie Caillat. He co-wrote many songs with Caillat, most notably the songs "Bubbly", "Realize" and "I Never Told You". "Bubbly" has been <mask> most successful work to date, hitting No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary charts, No. 5 on the Hot 100 and being certified Platinum (along with "Realize") by the RIAA. He has won awards from ASCAP.<mask> works as a solo artist and also as a co-writer with other artists, including Australian artist Lenka, with whom he wrote "The Show". He self-released four albums and an EP before he signed to major label Warner Bros. Records in 2008 with the help of Kara DioGuardi and released an album and an EP with the label. He again self-released an album in 2011 with The Lovesick. His work has led to being named one of the Top Indie Singer-Songwriters by iTunes in 2007 and a No. 1 Folk Artist by Myspace. From 2018 to 2020, he was a member of the band Gone West. Early life
<mask> was born in Arlington, Texas and relocated to Iowa City, Iowa when he was around 3 years old with his father, a worker at Maytag/Whirlpool, and his mother, a food stylist/ice skating teacher.When <mask> was five years old his mother started him on piano lessons, lessons that he continued for five years before quitting. After the piano, he began to take drum lessons for a few years, before eventually settling on the guitar at 17 and teaching himself how to play. Around this time he began listening to artists such as Bob Dylan, Led Zeppelin and James Taylor, which he'd later cite as personal influences. Attending Iowa City High School, <mask> was involved with various choirs and vocal groups, even touring Europe with the Midwest Honor Choir in 2002. During this time he also performed in a band with friends and recorded his own full-length album with a local community music program. Music career

Early career in Iowa
<mask> began to get into musical recording at the end of high school, with his first CD being a self-produced album with a run of about 200 copies. After graduating high school, he went on to attend college at the nearby University of Iowa but quickly dropped out due to a lack of interest.He continued on with music, playing at local venues and bars. For the next two years he continued to play around Iowa City and self-released two albums with a local producer, Ken Heaton. These two albums, Makeshift Aircraft (2003) and Nervous Mind of Love (2004), were sold at his shows as well as on independent, online music seller cdbaby.com. Around late 2004/early 2005 he was contacted by California producer Mikal Blue who was interested in working together. Blue became aware of <mask> through his own manager, Anna Rambeau, who herself became aware of <mask> through cdbaby.com. Blue offered to have <mask> come out to his California studio, Revolver, to record some tracks together. <mask> accepted and flew out to Los Angeles, California, with the intention of recording and coming back to Iowa.Mikal Blue and Colbie Caillat

<mask> arrived in California around February 2005 and met with Blue to begin recording songs. Shortly after arriving, Blue introduced <mask> to a young female singer he was working with, Colbie Caillat. Caillat and <mask> formed a quick friendship and Caillat's family invited <mask> to stay with them during his recordings with Blue. This eventually became Reeve's home as he decided to stay in California and not return to Iowa. Caillat and <mask> began a working partnership, hanging out and co-writing many songs together and playing local venues. Caillat also introduced <mask> to the social networking site Myspace, using the site to release music they wrote. After the release of the Blue-produced EP Hearts Are Magnets in 2006, Caillat and <mask> kept composing and posting songs to Myspace.They wrote Chasing The Sun for Hilary Duff. Coco and The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache
Caillat was gaining traction and attention with her music on Myspace, leading her to be declared the No. 1 unsigned artist on the site. This attention and the popularity of the Myspace-hosted song "Bubbly" lead to a record deal for Caillat with Universal Republic Records. Using the material that Caillat had worked on with <mask>, Caillat released her debut album Coco in 2007. The Mikal Blue-produced album featured 10 song co-written with <mask>. The lead single from the album, the Reeve's co-write "Bubbly", was a commercial success, reaching up to the top 5 on the Billboard charts.The song "Realize", which featured vocals by <mask>, also performed well on the charts. <mask> and Caillat would eventually win three ASCAP awards for these two songs. <mask> continued to work on his own music as well, and in 2007 self-released the album The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache (And Other Frightening Tales...), which was again produced by Mikal Blue, as well two tracks produced by Lenka producer Stuart Brawley. The album had modest success on iTunes, debuting at No. 2 on the folk charts and went to being named one of the top indie albums of the year on iTunes. He also had popularity as an artist on Myspace, being named the site's No. 1 unsigned folk artist for nine months.Kara DioGuardi and Warner Bros. Records

In 2007/2008, <mask> was playing many shows around Los Angeles and had residencies at places like the Hotel Café. Kara DioGuardi became aware of <mask> after the release of his album The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache and listened to the CD during a long car trip in Maine. As the vice president of A&R at Warner Bros. Records, she contacted <mask> and brought him to then-president Tom Whalley who signed <mask> to the label. DioGuardi and <mask> would end up working together on music, most notably co-writing the song "Terrified" which they would perform together on YouTube and Lopez Tonight. The song was later covered by Didi Benami on the ninth season of American Idol and Katharine McPhee for her second album Unbroken and featured vocals from <mask>. Now signed to major label, <mask>' recently completed album, The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache, was re-released under the Warner Bros. Records label in 2008 with four remixed tracks. Songs from that and previous albums would also be featured on TV shows such as Army Wives and One Tree Hill around this time.<mask> also began touring nationally to support The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache with musician Tyrone Wells and others. <mask> began work on an EP and also doing co-writing sessions with Colbie Caillat for her second album, Breakthrough, as well as writing sessions with other artists. He did more frequent bouts of touring, including a May 2009 Vespa-sponsored "green tour" with Brendan James and Amber Rubarth during which they toured the California Coast on Vespa scooters while focusing on environmental friendliness. Near the end of 2009, Reeve's EP Patience for the Waiting was released by Warner Bros. Records. The Lovesick and Caged Birds Set Free

<mask> had completed material for a new album, The Lovesick, with producer Adam B Smith in Nashville, in early 2010 but the album was put on hold during the transition at Warner. Bros Records when CEO Tom Whalley stepped down in September 2010. The album featured collaborations with Kara DiaGuardi and Colbie Caillat.Warner Bros. Records eventually released a track from the album, "Helium Hearts", as a single in July 2010. With the single, a music video was also released. Months passed and <mask> was dropped from Warner Bros. Records following the aftermath of Tom Whalley leaving, but was allowed to keep his master tapes. He self-released the album The Lovesick in August 2011, a whole year after the initial single was released and nearly four years since his last full-length album. On November 15, 2011, <mask> released another EP, Caged Birds Set Free, which hailed back to acoustic styles from The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache. The EP features a re-recording of "Wishing Weed" featuring Colbie Caillat and a song featuring Kara DioGuardi, "New York in Wintertime". <mask> also continues to work as a co-writer, writing songs for such artists as Lenka, Angel Taylor, Demi Lovato, The JaneDear Girls and the Japanese group Kimaguren.The song "The Show" that <mask> co-wrote with artist Lenka did well, being used in advertisements for Old Navy and Ugly Betty. "The Show" was also featured in the films Moneyball and Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Songs Are Silent Films
<mask> released his new full-length album called Songs Are Silent Films on June 12, later than expected, on all digital retailers. He again worked with Nashville Producer, Adam Smith, on many of the tracks. Through pledgemusic.com, <mask> asked fans to pledge to support the production of his new album, after being dropped by the Major Label. Pledgers get access to updates about the album as well as some of the songs to be released on the album. “There's a little bit of everything on it," <mask> said about the new record."It goes from really stripped-down acoustic to full band. There's a couple things on there that I’ve never tried before, but for the most part it's a return to the way I have been doing it all along – just the acoustic, organic feel." The first song from the album is called "Back With Me" and was released on March 27 along with a video on YouTube, which was directed by <mask>. The second promotional released song from Songs Are Silent Films is "You're My Best Friend" and was released on April 17. The first official single is called "More In Love With You" and features Nelly Joy, who formerly recorded under her real name Danelle Leverett as one-half of the JaneDear girls. High Dive Heart
<mask> released the single "Vintage" on April 21, 2015, from his newest project High Dive Heart, a pop duo consisting of himself and Nelly Joy, who formerly recorded under her real name Danelle Leverett in the group the JaneDear girls. On July 17, 2015, High Dive Heart released their first EP: Sonic Graffiti – EP.Personal life

<mask> is mainly interested in the arts and besides music is into writing, photography and illustration. He has done the artwork for his own albums and is passionate about taking photos. After years of living in Los Angeles, <mask> currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee. <mask> is married to fellow singer-songwriter Danelle Leverett, also known as Nelly Joy. Both were in the country band, Gone West, which disbanded in August 2020. Discography

Albums
 Makeshift Aircraft (2003)
 The Nervous Mind of Love (2004)
 Hearts Are Magnets (EP) (2006)
 The Magnificent Adventures of Heartache (And Other Frightening Tales...) (2007)- The album was re-released by Warner Bros. Records in 2008 with four remixed tracks
 Patience for the Waiting (2009)
 The Lovesick (August 2011)
 Caged Birds Set Free (EP) (November 2011)
 Songs Are Silent Films (June 12, 2012, charted at number 15 on the Billboard Americana/Folk Albums chart)
 Sketches (September 30, 2016)
Alien Artform (October 6, 2017)
Portals (September 21, 2018)
 Canyons (June 12, 2020) - with Gone West
What A Mess, The Human Mind  (August 27, 2021)

References

External links
 <mask>'s Myspace
 <mask>'s Facebook
 <mask>'s Twitter
 <mask>'s Youtube

1984 births
Living people
Writers from Iowa City, Iowa
Musicians from Iowa City, Iowa
Warner Records artists
21st-century American singers
Iowa City High School alumni
Singer-songwriters from Iowa

masks:
Jason Bradford Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Jason Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
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Reeves
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Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Jason Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
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Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Jason
Reeves
Reeves
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Reeves
Reeves
Jason
Jason Reeves
Jason Reeves
Jason Reeves
Jason Reeves


title: James R. Schlesinger

texts:
<mask> (February 15, 1929 – March 27, 2014) was an American economist and public servant who was best known for serving as Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under Presidents <mask> and Gerald Ford. Prior to becoming Secretary of Defense, he served as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1971 to 1973, and as CIA Director for a few months in 1973. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter in 1977, serving until 1979. While Secretary of Defense, he opposed amnesty for draft resisters and pressed for development of more sophisticated nuclear weapon systems. Additionally, his support for the A-10 and the lightweight fighter program (later the F-16) helped ensure that they were carried to completion. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of Jewish parents, <mask> (née <mask>) and <mask>. His mother was a Lithuanian emigrant from what was then part of the Russian Empire and his father's family was from Austria.He converted to Lutheranism in his early twenties. <mask> was educated at the Horace Mann School and Harvard University, where he earned a B.A. (1950), M.A. (1952), and Ph.D. (1956) in economics. Between 1955 and 1963 he taught economics at the University of Virginia and in 1960 published The Political Economy of National Security. In 1963, he moved to the RAND Corporation, where he worked until 1969, in the later years as director of strategic studies. Nixon Administration
In 1969, <mask> joined the Nixon administration as assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget, devoting most of his time to Defense matters.In 1971, President Nixon appointed <mask> a member of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and designated him as chairman. Serving in this position for about a year and a half, Schlesinger instituted extensive organizational and management changes in an effort to improve the AEC's regulatory performance. CIA Director
<mask> was CIA Director from February 2, 1973, to July 2, 1973,. being succeeded by William Colby. <mask> was extremely unpopular with CIA staff, as he reduced CIA staff by 7%, and was considered a Nixon loyalist seeking to make the agency more obedient to Nixon. He had a CCTV camera installed near his official portrait at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Va., as it was believed that vandalism of the portrait by disgruntled staff was likely. Secretary of Defense (1973–1975)
<mask> left the CIA to become Secretary of Defense on July 2, aged 44. As a university professor, researcher at Rand, and government official in three agencies, he had acquired an impressive resume in national security affairs.Nuclear strategy

Shortly after assuming office, <mask> outlined the basic objectives that would guide his administration: maintain a "strong defense establishment";  "assure the military balance so necessary to deterrence and a more enduring peace"; obtain for members of the military "the respect, dignity and support that are their due"; assume "an . . . obligation to use our citizens' resources wisely"; and "become increasingly competitive with potential adversaries.... [W]e must not be forced out of the market on land, at sea, or in the air. Eli Whitney belongs to us, not to our competitors." In particular, Schlesinger saw a need in the post-Vietnam era to restore the morale and prestige of the military services; modernize strategic doctrine and programs; step up research and development; and shore up a DoD budget that had been declining since 1968. Analyzing strategy, Schlesinger maintained that the theory and practice of the 1950s and 1960s had been overtaken by events, particularly the rise of the Soviet Union to virtual nuclear parity with the United States and the effect this development had on the concept of deterrence. Schlesinger believed that "deterrence is not a substitute for defense; defense capabilities, representing the potential for effective counteraction, are the essential condition of deterrence." He had grave doubts about the assured destruction strategy, which relied on massive nuclear attacks against an enemy's urban-industrial areas.Credible strategic nuclear deterrence, the secretary felt, depended on fulfilling several conditions: maintaining essential equivalence with the Soviet Union in force effectiveness; maintaining a highly survivable force that could be withheld or targeted against an enemy's economic base in order to deter coercive or desperation attacks against U.S. population or economic targets; establishing a fast-response force that could act to deter additional enemy attacks; and establishing a range of capabilities sufficient to convince all nations that the United States was equal to its strongest competitors. To meet these needs, Schlesinger built on existing ideas in developing a flexible response nuclear strategy, which, with the President's approval, he made public by early 1974. The United States, Schlesinger said, needed the ability, in the event of a nuclear attack, to respond so as to "limit the chances of uncontrolled escalation" and "hit meaningful targets" without causing widespread collateral damage. The nation's assured destruction force would be withheld in the hope that the enemy would not attack U.S. cities. In rejecting assured destruction, Schlesinger quoted President Nixon: "Should a President, in the event of a nuclear attack, be left with the single option of ordering the mass destruction of enemy civilians, in the face of the certainty that it would be followed by the mass slaughter of Americans?" With this approach, <mask> moved to a partial counterforce policy, emphasizing Soviet military targets such as ICBM missile installations, avoiding initial attacks on population centers, and minimizing unintended collateral damage. He explicitly disavowed any intention to acquire a destabilizing first-strike capability against the USSR.But he wanted "an offensive capability of such size and composition that all will perceive it as in overall balance with the strategic forces of any potential opponent." Schlesinger devoted much attention to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, citing the need to strengthen its conventional capabilities. He rejected the old assumption that NATO did not need a direct counter to Warsaw Pact conventional forces because it could rely on tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, noting that the approximate nuclear parity between the United States and the Soviets in the 1970s made this stand inappropriate. He rejected the argument that NATO could not afford a conventional counterweight to Warsaw Pact forces. In his discussions with NATO leaders, Schlesinger promoted the concept of burden-sharing, stressing the troubles that the United States faced in the mid-1970s because of an unfavorable balance of international payments. He urged qualitative improvements in NATO forces, including equipment standardization, and an increase in defense spending by NATO governments of up to five percent of their gross national product. Yom Kippur War and Cyprus crisis

Schlesinger had an abiding interest in strategic theory, but he also had to deal with a succession of immediate crises that tested his administrative and political skills.In October 1973, three months after he took office, Arab countries launched a surprise attack on Israel and started the Yom Kippur War. A few days after the war started, with Israel not faring as well as expected militarily, the Soviets resupplying some Arab countries and the Israeli government having authorized the use and assembly of nuclear weapons, the United States began an overt operation to airlift materiel to Israel. As <mask> explained, the initial U.S. policy to avoid direct involvement rested on the assumption that Israel would win quickly. But when it became clear that the Israelis faced more formidable military forces than anticipated, and could not meet their own resupply arrangements, the United States took up the burden. According to Henry Kissinger, with the president's authority, the directive was made to resupply Israel with the needed equipment and eliminate State Department delay. "It was alleged that the airlift was deliberately delayed as a maneuver to pressure Israel." <mask> rejected charges that the Defense Department delayed the resupply effort to avoid irritating the Arab states and that he had had a serious disagreement over this matter with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.Eventually the combatants agreed to a cease-fire, but not before the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Arab side and the United States declared a higher level worldwide alert of its forces. Another crisis flared in July 1974 within the NATO alliance when Turkish forces, concerned about the long-term lack of safety for the minority Turkish community, invaded Cyprus after the Cypriot National Guard, supported by the government of Greece, overthrew President Archbishop Makarios. When the fighting stopped, the Turks held the northern portion of country and about 40 percent of the island. Turkey's military action caused controversy in the United States, because of protests and lobbying by supporters of the Greek Cypriot side and, officially, because Turkish forces used some U.S.-supplied military equipment intended solely for NATO purposes. He felt the Turks had overstepped the bounds of legitimate NATO interests in Cyprus and suggested that the United States might have to reexamine its military aid program to Turkey. During this time, President Gerald R. Ford had succeeded Nixon after his resignation; eventually Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger made it clear with two presidential vetoes that they favored continued military assistance to Turkey as a valued NATO ally, but Congress overrode both vetoes and in December 1974 prohibited such aid, which instituted an arms embargo that lasted five years. Indochina

The last phase of the Vietnam War occurred during <mask>'s tenure.Although all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam in the spring of 1973, the United States continued to maintain a military presence in other areas of Southeast Asia. Some senators criticized Schlesinger and questioned him sharply during his confirmation hearings in June 1973 after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam and Laos if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam. However, when the North Vietnamese began their 1975 Spring Offensive, the United States could do little to help the South Vietnamese, who collapsed completely as the North Vietnamese captured Saigon in late April. Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel. Only one other notable event remained in the Indochina drama. In May 1975 Khmer Rouge forces boarded and captured the crew of the Mayaguez, an unarmed U.S.-registered freighter. The United States bombarded military and fuel installations on the Cambodian mainland while Marines landed by helicopter on an offshore island to rescue the crew.The 39 captives were retrieved, but the operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. military personnel. Nevertheless, the majority of the American people seemed to approve of the administration's decisive action. Defense budget

Unsurprisingly, given his determination to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, Schlesinger devoted much time and effort to the Defense budget. Even before becoming secretary, in a speech in San Francisco in September 1972, he warned that it was time "to call a halt to the self-defeating game of cutting defense outlays, this process, that seems to have become addictive, of chopping away year after year." Shortly after he took office, he complained about "the post-war follies" of Defense budget-cutting. Later he outlined the facts about the DoD budget: In real terms it had been reduced by one-third since FY 1968; it was one-eighth below the pre-Vietnam War FY 1964 budget; purchases of equipment, consumables, and R&D were down 45 percent from the wartime peak and about $10 billion in constant dollars below the prewar level; Defense now absorbed about 6 percent of the gross national product, the lowest percentage since before the Korean War; military manpower was at the lowest point since before the Korean

masks:
James Rodney Schlesinger
Richard Nixon
James Rodney Schlesinger
Rhea Lillian
Rogen
Julius Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Schlesinger