title: Maxim Lieber

texts:
<mask> (October 15, 1897 – April 10, 1993) was a prominent American literary agent in New York City during the 1930s and 1940s. The Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers named him as an accomplice in 1949, and <mask> fled first to Mexico and then Poland not long after Alger Hiss's conviction in 1950. Background

<mask> was born on  October 15, 1897, in Warsaw, then Congress Poland, to a family of Jewish origin. Both parents came from Opoczno, Poland. His family left Hamburg, Germany for New York City aboard the S. S. Pennsylvania in 1907 and lived in the Bronx. <mask>'s father served as a typesetter for the Yiddish social-democratic newspaper The Jewish Daily Forward, suggesting that one parent (if not both) was secularist. Young <mask> attended public schools, including Townsend Harris Hall (then part of New York City College) and Morris High School (Bronx, New York).Career

In 1918, <mask> joined the West Ontario Regiment of the Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force. In 1919, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. In 1920, he received an honorable discharge as a Sergeant. (In 1951, Lieber testified that he had served in World War I, stationed at Camp Meade in the replacement battalion in medical service, that he received U. S. naturalization in Washington in 1919, and that he left the U.S. Army as a sergeant in the Army Medical Corp at Walter Reed Hospital.) Literary agency
After serving in the Army, <mask> helped set up a publishing house, Lieber & Lewis (which Albert Boni took over in 1923). He co-edited a book, published in 1925, and then traveled abroad using the advance paid him by the publisher (R. M. McBride). Returning to the States in 1926, he worked for Brentano's as head of publishing through 1930.At that point, Brentano's went into involuntary bankruptcy. In 1930 <mask> set up the Maxim Lieber Literary Agency. Over the next 20 years, he would represent some 30 clients. In 1931, his office address (advertised in New Masses magazine) was "55 West 42nd St., New York" and telephone Penn. 6-6179." Clients
According to one writer (and client), <mask>'s client list included Louis Adamic, Erskine Caldwell, Katherine Anne Porter, John Cheever, Josephine Herbst, Albert Maltz, John O'Hara, Albert Halper, James Farrell, Nathanael West, <mask>, Theodore Dreiser, and Langston Hughes. Other clients included Thomas Wolfe, Allen Tate, Saul Bellow, Carson McCullers, Claude McKay, Otto Katz (as "Andre Simon") and Egon Kisch, Carey McWilliams and Robert Coates, and Alma Mailman (wife first of James Agee and then Bodo Uhse) and Anna Seghers and Ludwig Renn, James Wexley, E. P. O'Donnell, and Tom Kroner.Another client was Phillip Bonosky, who wrote a biography of Detroit-based communist leader Bill McKee. Staff
Elizabeth Nowell, who went on to become Thomas Wolfe's agent later, got her start as an agent with Lieber as early as 1933. Other authors with whom she dealt include:  Alvah Bessie, Daniel Fuchs, David de Jong, and Nancy Hale. By February 1935, she had left to form her own agency. Sally Tanenbaum headed plays for Lieber by January 1936:  "<mask>, literary agent, has placed Sally Tanenbaum, formerly with the play reading department of the Theatre Guild and M-G-M, in charge of his play department". Espionage
J. Peters introduced Lieber to Whittaker Chambers in late 1934. The two became friends, and Chambers often used Lieber's apartment when visiting New York.Chambers wrote of <mask> (using his alias "Paul"): After the Alger Hisses, Paul, of all the people in the underground, had been closest to me. In many ways our relationship was freer than mine with the Hisses. Paul was engaged in less hazardous activities than Hiss. He had a lively sense of humor which Hiss lacked. We shared a common intense love of music and books. And Paul knew my real name and had known and respected me as a Communist writer before either of us went underground. According to Chambers in his 1952 memoir Witness, Lieber helped the underground network in New York City.Initially, Chambers secured <mask>'s cooperation in setting up a branch of his agency in London, which Chambers would run under the name of "David Breen." Then, he secured <mask>'s support for operations in East Asia. During the summer of 1935, the Chambers family lived with the <mask> in Smithtown, Pennsylvania. After Chambers' defection in 1938, Peters used "Paul" (<mask>) to contact him. Later, when Chambers wanted to let Peters & Co. know about his life preserver (see Pumpkin Papers), he contacted Lieber to relay his message. While the London operation was getting under way (it would eventually fall through), Chambers asked <mask> to cooperate with fellow underground operator John Loomis Sherman (under the alias "Charles Francis Chase" and Chambers as "Lloyd Cantwell") in establishing the American Feature Writers' Syndicate. Together, these three filed a registration of trade in New York City and opened a bank account at the Chemical Bank.(Chambers also mentioned that Charles Angoff was involved, though conspiratorially or otherwise remained unclear. He also mentions Japanese artist Hideo Noda/野田英夫.) Sherman was to go to Tokyo and set up a network separate from that of Richard Sorge. According to Chambers' testimony: <mask> went among various feature syndicates and various newspapers and tried to get various interests or sales ... and Sherman went to work in <mask>'s office, had a desk there, and his name was written on the door and I think some stationery was got out and deposits were made, I think, in the Chemical Bank in New York in the name of the syndicate. These deposits were to finance the operation in Japan. Then Peters, who was in on most of this operation, supplied a birth certificate in the name of Charles Chase [for Sherman] and, on the basis of that certificate, which was a perfectly legal document procured in the way I have described in earlier testimony, John Sherman took out a passport and on that passport he traveled to Tokyo. Testimony, flight, and later years
In 1949, J. Peters left the United States at his own volition (ahead of near-certain deportation) for Hungary, where he lived for the rest of his life.Shortly thereafter, Noel Field (like Hiss not only as an employee of the U.S. Department of State, but one named by Chambers as part of his spy ring) fled from Switzerland to Poland (behind the Iron Curtain). This left House Un-American Committee (HUAC) with few people who had not yet pleaded the Fifth to corroborate Chambers' story. On February 27 and March 1, 1950, Sherman appeared before HUAC without counsel and pleaded the Fifth to nearly every question asked him. On June 13, 1950, Lieber appeared with lawyer Milton H. Friedman (brother-in-law of New York State Justice Philip M. Halpern) before HUAC during executive session with House representatives Francis E. Walter, Burr P. Harrison, and Morgan M. Moulder. As with Sherman, HUAC read out excerpts from Chambers' testimony that mentioned their names or aliases. They also asked <mask> (as Sherman) whether he knew either Alger Hiss or J. Peters. (Chambers had recounted a meeting between, Lieber, himself, and Hiss on Lieber's farm: Lieber confirmed only ownership of 103-acre farm in Ferndale, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County from about 1935-1945.)They asked whether his clients included Louis Adamic, Howard Fast, V. J. Jerome, or Paul Robeson. They asked whether he knew Otto Katz (reputed to be involved in the death of Walter Krivitsky and in Soviet attempts to seize Chambers after defection) or Katz's associate Erwin Kisch. They asked whether he knew Osmond K. Fraenkel or whether he had ever contributed to a publication (probably Freies Deutschland) by Anna Seghers in Mexico. To all such questions, Lieber pleaded the Fifth on the grounds of self-incrimination. As he explained, he had also testified twice already in 1948 before the grand jury in New York City, which then indicted Hiss on two counts of perjury. During testimony, Lieber listed three by name of some 30 clients: Erskine Caldwell, Carey McWilliams, and Robert Coates. <mask> left the U. S. for Mexico in 1951 with his wife Minna and their two children.After one year in Cuernavaca, Mexico, they moved to Mexico City, where they resided another two years. Following his departure from the US, <mask> was stripped of his US citizenship. He resided in Mexico as a stateless person. The US authorities returned his citizenship in 1964. In late 1954, on instructions from Moscow, <mask> moved with his family to Warsaw, Poland. They spent the next 14 years in Poland. Professor Erwin Marquit knew the Liebers in Poland and recollects:  A few weeks after our arrival in Poland, we began to encounter in the Hotel Bristol a number of U.S. Communist emigres.Although Esther and I had not known any of them personally in the United States, they quickly accepted us into what was to become a community of some dozen U.S. Communists in Poland ... Max, a naturalized U.S. citizen, had been a literary agent, whose clients included, among others, Whittaker Chambers, of Pumpkin Papers fame ... The Liebers said that they had left the United States because Max had been stripped of the possibility of earning a livelihood ... Although I had some sporadic contact with them, the Liebers rarely attended gatherings of the American group. In August 1968 they left for the United Kingdom, from where they were expelled by the British Home Office three months later. The Liebers then returned to the States. There, Lieber lived out the rest of his life quietly in East Hartford, Connecticut. Soon after his return to the US he was interviewed by the FBI.In the late 1970s, <mask> gave a series of interviews to historian Allen Weinstein, who then was working on his book, "Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case." Personal life and death

In 1924, <mask> married to Irma Cohen, with whom he had one son and whom he divorced by 1933. He married Sally Tanenbaum in May 1936, whom he divorced before 1939. (The marriage though not the dates were corroborated by Whittaker Chambers and his wife during questioning by the FBI in 1951.) Minna Edith Zelinka was a co-respondent in the second divorce; <mask> married her before 1939. They had two children. <mask> died age 95 in East Hartford, Connecticut on April 10, 1993.Impact on McCarthy era
<mask>'s flight abroad in 1951, following Peters, Field, and others, left the U. S. Government with few witnesses to corroborate Chambers' testimony about Hiss. A second trial had found Hiss guilty of two counts of perjury a few months earlier, in January 1950. Witnesses included Hede Massing and a former housemaid. (In 1952, Nathaniel Weyl would testify further about Hiss.) Publications
<mask> told HUAC, "Prior to that I had edited a book, an anthology of short stories, which I am happy to say is in the Library of Congress. " Great short stories of the world; an anthology selected from the literatures of all periods and countries,  edited by Barrett H. Clark and <mask> Cynarski and <mask> (Polska Akademia Nauk. : Komitet Nauk Historycznych, 1968)

See also

Clients

 Louis Adamic
 Erskine Caldwell
 Katherine Anne Porter
 John Cheever
 Josephine Herbst
 Albert Maltz
 John O'Hara
 Albert Halper
 James Farrell
 Nathanael West
 <mask>
 Theodore Dreiser
 Langston Hughes

Books Published By Lieber & Lewis (1922-1923)

 Johns, Orrick.Blindfold. New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Connor, T.P, The hat of destiny, New York: Lieber& Lewis, 1923
 De Gourmont, Remy, Mr. Anthiphilos, Satyr, Translator-John Howard; Introduction-Jack Lewis, New York, Lieber and Lewis, 1922
 Frueh, Alfred Joseph, Stage Folk: A Book of Caricatures by Frueh, New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Joris Karl Huysmans, Against the Grain, trans. John Howard, Introduction by Havelock Ellis, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Smith, Paul Jordan, Cables of cobweb, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Tirso de Molina (1571?-1648) The Love-Rogue: A Poetic Drama in Three Acts. Transmuted from the Spanish of Tirso de Molina by Harry Kemp. New York : Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Mirbeau, Octave, translated from the original French by Louis Rich from Le Calvaire, New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Ades, Albert & Albert Josipovici. Goha the Fool. With a preface by Octave Mirbeau.Translated by Morris Colman. New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Memoirs of Jacques Casanova in Two Volumes Wallis, Kenne, ed. New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Decasseres Benjamin Chameleon: Being the Book of My Selves, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Lermontov, Mikhail; Robbins, J. J. (ed) A Sheaf From Lermontov Lieber & Lewis 1923
 Alexander Lawton Mackall, Bizarre (illustrated by Lauren Stout), Lieber & Lewis, New York, 1923

Espionage

 Whittaker Chambers
 Alger Hiss
 J. Peters
 Noel Field
 Hede Massing
 Nathaniel Weyl
 espionage
 Communism
 HUAC

References

Primary sources

External links
 <mask> in "Eight Generations: Europe and America" (family genealogical website)

1897 births
1993 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Members of the Communist Party USA
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Anti-communism in the United States
Espionage in the United States
Literary agents
American expatriates in Poland

masks:
Maxim Lieber
Lieber
Maxim Lieber
Lieber
Maxim
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Maxim Gorky
Maxim Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Liebers
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Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Maxim Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Maxim Lieberisław
Maxim Lieber
Maxim Gorky
Maxim Lieber


title: Michael W. McConnell

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 18, 1955) is an American constitutional law scholar who served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit from 2002 to 2009. Since 2009, <mask> has been a professor and Director of the Stanford Constitutional Law Center at Stanford Law School. He is also a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, and Senior Of Counsel to the Litigation Practice Group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. In May 2020, Facebook appointed him to its content oversight board. In 2020, <mask> published "The President Who Would Not Be King: Executive Power under the Constitution" by Princeton University Press. Biography
<mask> graduated from Michigan State University's James Madison College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976. He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.)from the University of Chicago Law School in 1979, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review. He was a law clerk for J. Skelly <mask>, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1979 to 1980 and for United States Supreme Court justice <mask>. Brennan Jr., from 1980 to 1981. He was an assistant general counsel at the Office of Management and Budget from 1981 to 1983 and an assistant to the Solicitor General from 1983 to 1985. From 1985 to 1996 <mask> was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, where he brought Barack Obama on a fellowship after being impressed with a suggestion Obama, the Harvard Law Review president, had made about one of McConnell's articles. He has been a professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law and a visiting professor at Harvard Law School and the New York University School of Law. Scholarship

As a law professor, <mask> has published a variety of legal articles and edited several books.As a lawyer, he has argued cases in federal courts of appeals and before the Supreme Court, including a 5–4 victory in Rosenberger v. University of Virginia. He is widely regarded as one of the preeminent constitutional law scholars on the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses. In 1996, <mask> signed a statement supporting a constitutional amendment to ban abortion, which read, "Abortion kills 1.5 million innocent human beings in America every year. ... We believe that the abortion license is a critical factor in America's virtue deficit." As a respected constitutional scholar during his law school tenure, <mask> contended that originalism is consistent with the Supreme Court's 1954 desegregation decision Brown v. Board of Education, as opposed to critics of originalism who argue that they are inconsistent. He has likewise argued that the Court's decision in Bolling v. Sharpe was correct but should have been reached on other grounds, as Congress never "required that the schools of the District of Columbia be segregated." <mask> was highly critical of the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore:

I imagine that Gov.Bush and his supporters will put on a brave face and defend this decision, but I cannot imagine that there is much joy in Austin tonight. The Supreme Court, with all the prestige of its position in American public life, could have brought closure to this matter. But instead, by straddling the fence, the court has produced a combination of holdings that can please no one.<mask> expressed skepticism on First Amendment grounds about restrictions on religious exercise imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, <mask>'s argument that Trump could be tried by the Senate after he left office because the second impeachment occurred while he was in office was frequently cited in Senate debates and in the media. Tenth Circuit nomination and confirmation

On September 4, 2001, President George W. Bush nominated <mask> to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. The United States Senate confirmed him unanimously on November 15, 2002, by voice vote. Notable cases
While on the Tenth Circuit, <mask> wrote scores of judicial opinions.The Supreme Court reviewed four cases in which <mask> wrote an opinion; in each case the Court reached the same result as <mask>. First, in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal (2006), a case involving the religious use of a hallucinogenic tea, the Supreme Court affirmed 8–0 a Tenth Circuit en banc decision to which Judge <mask> wrote a concurring opinion. Second, in Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales (2008), a case involving the retroactive application of a statutory provision limiting appeals from immigration removal orders, the Supreme Court affirmed 8–1 a Tenth Circuit panel decision written by Judge <mask>. Third, in Begay v. United States (2008), a case about whether a felony conviction for driving under the influence is a crime of violence for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act, the Supreme Court reversed 6–3 a Tenth Circuit panel decision from which <mask> dissented. Fourth, in Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009), a case involving whether the presence of a Ten Commandments monument on government property gave another religion a First Amendment right to place its own monument on the same property, the Supreme Court unanimously reversed a Tenth Circuit panel decision that <mask> had challenged by writing a dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc. Significant opinions by <mask> include:
 Christian Heritage Academy v. Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association, 483 F.3d 1025, 1037 (2007) (concurring and dissenting). Equal Protection Clause.United States v. Pruitt (2007) (concurring). Criminal sentencing. United States v. Allen (2007). Criminal sentencing. The case was covered by How Appealing and Decision of the Day. United States v. Medley (2007) (concurring). Criminal sentencing.Shrum v. City of Coweta, Oklahoma, 449 F.3d 1132 (2007). Free Exercise Clause. O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 973 (2004) (en banc) (<mask>, J., concurring), affirmed by Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418 (2006). Free Exercise Clause; Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Geddes v. United Staffing Alliance Employee Medical Plan (2006). United States v. Patton (2006). Commerce Clause.Writing for the court, <mask> upheld a federal statute prohibiting the possession of body armor by felons. Even though the statute, as applied to Patton's intrastate and noncommercial possession of body armor, could not be sustained under any of the three Lopez categories the Supreme Court established, it fell within the Commerce Clause under another line of Supreme Court precedent (Scarborough) and noted the tension between the two sets of precedents. The court also rejected Patton's due process and necessity claims. The case was covered by Decision of the Day and The Volokh Conspiracy and was the subject of a constitutional law final exam at Cornell. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. BCI Coca-Cola. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Bureau of Land Management (2006). Supreme Court speculation

<mask> was mentioned as a potential nominee to the Supreme Court during the Bush administration.In June 2005, amid expectations that Chief Justice <mask>. Rehnquist would retire at the end of the Court's term, some sources cited <mask> as a frontrunner for Rehnquist's seat, which ultimately went to John Roberts. Professor Stephen B. Presser of Northwestern University School of Law argued that <mask> was "high on the White House's short list" because:

 [<mask>] does believe that the Supreme Court has gone too far in reading the total separation of church and state into the Constitution, and because he ... understands that Roe v. Wade has no firm constitutional foundation. He might be acceptable to the left not only because so many liberal professors support him, but also because he has been public in his criticism of Bush v. Gore and the impeachment of President Clinton. <mask> was also mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee in a John McCain or Mitt Romney presidency. Testimony on constitutional term limits for Supreme Court justices
On June 30, 2021, <mask> provided testimony to the Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States on the dangers of increasing the Court's size. He proposed a constitutional amendment to address such dangers, including an 18-year term limit on justices and appointment of a justice in each odd year, unless the Senate voted against the appointment. Highlights of his testimony include:
Any attempt to increase the size of the Court would be widely, and correctly, be regarded as a partisan interference with the independence of the Court....It is no exaggeration to say that this would destroy one of the central features of our constitutional system, the independent judiciary. This [<mask>’s] proposal, if adopted, would have several salutary effects. It would make the power of the president to name Supreme Court justices regular, fair, and consistent, and thus likely would lower the political stakes of each nomination. The political balance of the Court would reflect the opinions of the people over time as expressed in their choice of presidents and senators, rather than the happenstance of health or accident or the strategic timing of the justices. See also
George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

References

Further reading

 A selection of <mask>'s essays for the Wall Street Journal
 McConnell's Faculty Profile at Stanford Law School

His academic scholarship includes, among other publications, the following:

 The Booker Mess, 83 Denv. U. L. Rev. 665 (2006)."Book Review: Active Liberty: A Progressive Alternative to Textualism and Originalism? ", 119 Harv. L. Rev. 2387 (2006). The Ethics of Etiquette: An Introduction to a Symposium in Honor of Dean Lee E. Teitelbaum, 2006 Utah L. Rev. 1. Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion, 44 Wm.& Mary L. Rev. 2105 (2003). Religious Freedom, Separation of Powers, and the Reversal of Roles, 2001 BYU L. Rev. 611. Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v. Gore, 68 U. Chi. L. Rev. 657 (2001).The Supreme Court's Earliest Church-State Cases:  Windows on Religious-Cultural-Political Conflict in the Early Republic, 37 Tulsa L. Rev. 7 (2001). State Action and the Supreme Court's Emerging Consensus on the Line between Establishment and Private *Religious Expression, 28 Pepp. L. Rev. 681 (2000). The Redistricting Cases:  Original Mistakes and Current Consequences, 24 Harv. J. L. & Pub.Pol'y 103 (2000). The Problem of Singling Out Religion, 50 DePaul L. Rev. 1 (2000). The New Establishmentarianism, 75 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 453 (1999). Why is Religious Liberty the First Freedom, 21 Cardozo L. Rev. 1243 (1999).Five Reasons to Reject the Claim That Religious Arguments Should Be Excluded from Democratic Deliberation, 1999 Utah L. Rev. 639 (1999). Freedom From Persecution or Protection of the Rights of Conscience? : A Critique of Justice Scalia's Historical *Arguments in City of Boerne v. Flores, 39 William and Mary Law Review 819 (1998). Tradition and Constitutionalism before the Constitution, 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 173. Equal Treatment and Religious Discrimination in Equal Treatment of Religion in a Pluralistic Society, Stephen V. Monsma and J. Christopher Soper, eds.(William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998). Governments, Families, and Power:  A Defense of Educational Choice, 31 Conn. L. Rev. 847 (1998). Institutions and Interpretation: A Critique of City of Boerne v. Flores, 111 Harvard Law Review 153 (1997). The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review: A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's 'Moral Reading' of the Constitution, 65 Fordham Law Review 1269 (1997). "Believers As Equal Citizens," Law and Religion: Obligations of Democratic Citizenship and Demands of Faith Symposium, Brown University (April 1997). The Right to Die and the Jurisprudence of Tradition, 1997 Utah Law Review 665.Establishment and Toleration in Edmund Burke's "Constitution of Freedom" 1995 Supreme Court Review 393. Segregation and the Original Understanding—A Reply to Professor Maltz, 13 Constitutional Commentary 233 (1996). The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review:  A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's Moral Reading of the Constitution, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 1269 (1996). The Originalist Case for Brown v. Board of education, 19 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 457 (1995).(May 1995). See also Response to <mask>:
Response to Klarman by <mask>: (October 1995). The Forgotten Constitutional Moment, 11 Const. Comment. 115 (1994). Doubtful Constitutionality of the Clinic Access Bill, 1 Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L. 267 (1994) (with <mask> Paulsen).Book review: Religion and the search for a principled middle ground on abortion, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1893 (1994). Christ, Culture, and Courts:  A Nielbuhrian Examination of First Amendment Jurisprudence, 42 De Paul L. Rev. 191 (1993). God is Dead and We Have Killed Him:  Freedom of Religion in the Post-Modern Age, 1993 BYU L. Rev. 163. When Cities Go Broke: A Conceptual Introduction to Municipal Bankruptcy, 60 U. Chi.L. Rev. 425 (1993) (with Randal Picker). Accommodation of Religion:  An Update and a Response to the Critics, 60 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 685 (1992). Should Congress Pass Legislation Restoring the Broader Interpretation of Free Exercise of Religion, 15 Harv. J. L. & Pub.Pol'y 181 (1992). Religious Participation in Public Programs – Religious Freedom at a Crossroads, 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 115 (1992). The Fourteenth Amendment:  A Second American Revolution or the Logical Culmination of the Tradition, 25 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1159 (1991).Book review: How Not To Promote Serious Deliberation About Abortion, 58 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1181 (1991). A Response to Professor Marshall, 58 U. Chi. L. Rev. 329 (1991). Multiculturalism, Majoritarianism, and Educational Choice: What Does Our Constitutional Tradition Have to Say?, 1991 U. Chi.Legal F. 123 (1991). The Origins and Historical Understanding of the Free Exercise of Religion, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1409 (1990). The Selective Funding Problem: Abortions and Religious Schools, 104 Harv. L. Rev. 989 (1990).Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities, 53 Law & Contemp. Probs. 303 (1990). Free Exercise Revisionism and the Smith Decision, 57 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1109 (1990). An Economic Approach to Issues of Religious Freedom, 56 U. Chi.L. Rev. 1 (1989) (with Richard A. Posner). Unconstitutional Conditions: Unrecognized Implications for the Establishment Clause, 26 San Diego L. Rev. 255 (1989). The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1409 (1989).Contract Rights and Property Rights: A Case Study in the Relationship between Individual Liberties and Constitutional Structure, 76 Cal. L. Rev. 267 (1988). A Moral Realist Defense of Constitutional Democracy, 64 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 89 (1988). The Religion Clause of the First Amendment: Where Is The Supreme Court Heading?, 32 Cath. Law.187 (1988). The First Amendment Jurisprudence of Judge Robert H. Bork, 9 Carozo L. Rev. 79 (1987). The Rule of Law and the Role of the Solicitor General, 21 Loy L. A. L. Rev. 1105 (1987). Why Hold Elections – Using Consent Decrees to Insulate Policies from Political Change, 1987 U. Chi. Legal F. 295 (1987).You Can't Tell the Players in Church-State Disputes without a Scorecard, 10 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 27 (1987). On Reading the Constitution, 73 Cornell L. Rev. 359 (1987). Political and Religious Disestablishment, 1986 BYU L. Rev. 405 (1986).Neutrality under the Religion Clauses, 81 Nw. U. L. Rev. 146 (1986). Accommodation of Religion, 1985 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1. Coercion:  The Lost Element of Establishment, 27 Wm.& Mary L. Rev. 933 (1985). The Politics of Returning Power to the States, 6 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 103 (1982). The Appealability of Orders Denying Motions for Disqualification of Counsel in the Federal Courts, 45 U. Chi. L. Rev.450 (1977) (student note). External links

 Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court from the Oyez Project

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
American legal scholars
Federalist Society members
Harvard Law School faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Kirkland & Ellis alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Stanford Law School faculty
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush
University of Chicago faculty
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Utah faculty
Utah lawyers
Facebook Oversight Board members

masks:
Michael William McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
Wright
William J
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
William H
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
Michael Stokes


title: Li Kening

texts:
<mask> (李克寧) (died March 25, 908) was a younger brother of the late Chinese Tang Dynasty warlord <mask> the Prince of Jin. After <mask>'s death, <mask> initially served as a key advisor to <mask>'s son and successor <mask>, but soon was persuaded by his wife Lady Meng to try to take over from <mask>u. His plot was discovered, and <mask>u put him to death. Background
It is not known where or when <mask> was born, but it is known that he was <mask>'s youngest brother and therefore would have been born after 856, when <mask> was born. Their father was the ethnic Shatuo general <mask>, whose name was originally Zhuye Chixin but was later bestowed the Tang Dynasty imperial clan name of <mask> and a new name of Guochang, but because <mask>'s birth year is unknown, it is not known whether he would have been born with the name of <mask> or Zhuye. He was said to be kind and filially pious, and (despite his eventual fate) described to be the most virtuous among <mask>'s brothers and cousins. Service under <mask>
When <mask> rose in rebellion against Duan Wenchu (段文楚) the Tang defender of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi) in 878, <mask> served under him and carried the title of commander of Fengcheng Base (奉誠軍).When <mask>'s enemy Helian Duo subsequently attacked the Shatuo base Huanghua (黃花, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), <mask> helped defend the city and protect <mask> and the other brothers, and also participated in the later defense of <mask>'s then-power base of Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei). Presumably, when <mask> subsequently was defeated and forced to flee to the Dada (達靼) tribes, then in the Yin Mountains region, <mask> followed him, for later, when <mask> returned from Dada to aid the Tang cause against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao's state of Qi in 881, <mask> was said to be part of that army; he followed <mask> in <mask>'s subsequent campaigns against Huang. After <mask> was made the military governor (Jiedushi) by then-reigning Emperor Xizong of Tang in 883 for his contributions against Huang, <mask> was made the prefect of Liao Prefecture (遼州, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), and then the defender of Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong). Early in the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong, <mask> was made the prefect of Xin Prefecture (忻州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi). He served under <mask> when <mask> defeated the warlord Wang Xingyu (the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi)) in 895, and for this achievement was given the honorary title of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies). There was an incident in 902 when Hedong's capital Taiyuan came under siege by <mask> Keyong's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan); at that time, <mask> Kening was set to return from Taiyuan to his post at Xin Prefecture, but hearing of Zhu's attack, returned to Taiyuan and showed determination in helping in the defense by stating, "This city is where I will die. Where else can I go from here?"<mask>'s remarks helped the morale of the soldiers, and the city's defenses held. Early in the Tianyou era (904 and on — used by Emperor Zhaozong, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai, as well as post-Tang regimes that refused to recognize the subsequent Later Liang, founded by Zhu), <mask> was made the commander of all Han and non-Han soldiers within <mask>'s realm, acting Taibao (太保), and the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), and he made the decisions that did not needed to be submitted to <mask>. In 908, <mask> — who was then the prince of his own state of Jin after Zhu usurped the Tang throne in 907 and established Later Liang, which he refused to recognize — became deathly ill. He entrusted his son and heir <mask>u to <mask>, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the generals <mask> and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質), before dying, on February 23. After <mask>'s death
After <mask>'s death, <mask> initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance. By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) <mask>, and they were constantly commenting about him. <mask>, in fear, offered the command of the army to <mask>, but <mask> declined, pointing out that he was <mask>'s lawful heir.Under <mask>'s and Zhang Chengye's insistence, <mask>u took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong. Many of <mask>'s adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than <mask>u, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him. One of those, <mask> (李存顥), tried to persuade <mask> to take over the command himself, but <mask> refused <mask>'s overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution. However, <mask> and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade <mask>'s wife Lady Meng. (Lady Meng was a sister to the Jin officer Meng Zhixiang, who would later become the founding emperor of Later Shu.) Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged <mask> to go with the idea, causing <mask>'s resolve to support <mask> to be shaken. Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and <mask> and argued with them frequently.He thereafter killed an officer, <mask> (李存質), without <mask>u's approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit. <mask>u agreed. Despite <mask>u's agreement with <mask>, the conspiracy around <mask> continued. <mask> specifically planned, with <mask>'s understanding, to seize <mask>u when <mask>u would visit <mask>'s mansion, deliver <mask> and his mother Lady Dowager Cao to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit. <mask> met the officer Shi Jingrong (史敬鎔) to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil <mask>u. Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to <mask>u. <mask>u met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against <mask>ing.Zhang summoned <mask>, Wu Gong, as well as the officers <mask> (李存敬) and Zhu Shouyin to prepare against <mask>. On March 25, 908, <mask>u held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended. At the feast, soldiers that <mask>u had previously hidden seized <mask> and <mask>. <mask>, weeping, stated to <mask>ing:

<mask> responded, ambiguously:

That day, <mask>u executed <mask> and <mask>. Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 50. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.14. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 263, 266. 9th-century births
908 deaths
Executed Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
People executed by Jin (Later Tang precursor)
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) politicians
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
People from North China
10th-century Turkic people
9th-century Turkic people

masks:
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Guochang
Li
Li Kening
Li
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li
Li
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunzhang
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Cunzhang
Li Cunzhi
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cx
Li Cunx
Li Ken
Li Cunzhang
Li Cung
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Cunxu
Li Ken
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunhao


title: Jim Judd

texts:
<mask> (born August 1947) is a Canadian retired diplomat and senior civil servant. He served as the Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). He was appointed to the position by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin on November 29, 2004 and retired from the position on June 27, 2009, before the end of his term. He was succeeded by Richard Fadden, the former Deputy Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Early life
<mask> was born in August 1947 in Montreal, Quebec. Before entering university, he lived in Germany and the Netherlands, and several places in Canada, including Edmonton, Fort Nelson, Whitehorse, Carleton Place and CFB Borden. He graduated from Carleton University  where he received his Honours B.A.in Political Science and a Master's degree majoring in International affairs at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Career

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Between 1973 and 1987, <mask> worked in several positions within Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), both in Ottawa and outside of Canada. He spent two years (1975 to 1977) serving as Second Secretary at the Canadian Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. Between 1977 and 1981, he worked at the Personnel Operations Bureau of the Department of External Affairs. From 1981 to 1982, <mask> worked as the Secretary of the Restrictive Trade Practices Enquiry on Competitiveness in the Canadian Petroleum Industry. Afterwards, between 1982 and 1983, <mask> worked as a senior advisor to the Deputy Minister (for Reorganization) at the Department of External Affairs. Between 1983 and 1987 he was Counsellor and Congressional Liaison at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.

Other roles in government
Between 1987 and 1990, he was the Senior Departmental Assistant in the Canadian Office of the Secretary of State for External Affairs.Between 1991 and 1992, he served as Chief of Staff to the President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and Minister Responsible for Constitutional Affairs. Between 1992 and 1994, he was the Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet for Foreign and Defence Policy in the Privy Council Office

In September 1994, <mask> was working on Special Assignment in the Deputy Minister's Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade until, in July 1995, he became Assistant Deputy Minister Corporate Services in the department. Department of Finance
In November 1996, <mask> was appointed G-7 Deputy and Assistant Deputy Minister, International Trade and Finance of the Department of Finance. National Defence
In February 1998, he was named Deputy Minister of National Defence. Treasury
On May 13, 2002, <mask> was appointed Secretary of the Treasury Board and Comptroller General of Canada. He later declared that the Public Works Department, not the Prime Minister, was responsible for the mismanagement of funds investigated by the Gomery Inquiry. Director of CSIS (2004–2009)
On November 29, 2004, <mask> was appointed to the position of director of Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin.War on terrorism

On March 8, 2005, <mask> was asked by Canadian Senator David Paul Smith about whether Canadian mosques were being monitored by CSIS, to which <mask> replied that he was unaware of any such policy. Assistant Director Dale Neufeld then interjected, and confirmed that CSIS was indeed monitoring Canadian mosques, which it suspected of recruiting and funding terrorism. Later that month, <mask> addressed the Senate of Canada and said that Kassem Daher was a Canadian citizen, and member of Usbat-al-Ansar. In August 2005, <mask> announced that Canadian citizens were fighting as part of the Iraqi insurgency, an announcement that was met with derision from the Prime Minister's office. In October 2005, <mask> said that the 2003 Invasion of Iraq was creating "long-term problems" for other countries, including Canada. While facing criticism for CSIS's role in handling the case of Mohamed Harkat and other Muslim-Canadians detained under Security certificates in November 2005, he offered the Members of Parliament the chance to "ride along with agents" as they conducted interrogations of others. In July 2006, he announced that several hundred Canadians were being investigated for "pro-al-Qaeda sympathies"

In August 2006, he referred to the concept of racial profiling as "fundamentally stupid".On March 31, 2009, veteran CSIS lawyer and advisor Geoffrey O'Brian told the Commons Committee on Public Safety that CSIS would use information obtained under torture. Testifying on the same committee on April 2, 2009, <mask> said O'Brian would be recanting his statement in a letter. WikiLeaks cables
On November 29, 2010 online whistleblower WikiLeaks released a U.S. diplomatic cable sent from the U.S. Embassy in Ottawa dated July 2, 2008 that reported a meeting between <mask> and US State Department official Eliot Cohen. In the meeting <mask>, then head of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, tells Eliot Cohen that the Canadian spy agency was still  "vigorously harassing" known sympathizers of Hezbollah in Canada. In the same cable the American officer quotes <mask> as he laments a soon to be released video of Canadian citizen Omar Khadr being interrogated by CSIS's officers at American Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. <mask> refers to video saying that it "would likely show three ... adults interrogating a kid who breaks down in tears. He adds the comment that the release of the video would trigger "knee-jerk anti-Americanism" and "paroxysms of moral outrage, a Canadian specialty," he says.In another instance, <mask> said Canadians and their courts had an "Alice in Wonderland" worldview and he "derided" Canadian court judgments that, as per his view, threaten foreign governments' intelligence-sharing with Canada. The cable goes on reporting <mask> as having said that "These judgments posit that Canadian authorities cannot use information that 'may have been' derived from torture, and that any Canadian public official who conveys such information may be subject to criminal prosecution." Views on China
In testimony before the Senate Committee on National Security and Defence in April 2007, <mask> appeared concerned about Chinese espionage activities. The alarm had been raised publicly in 2005 by Chen Yonglin, a former Chinese diplomat who defected to Australia, insisting that China had 1,000 agents operating there. Chen also claimed that similar numbers of Chinese spies also surveil in Canada. As of April 2007, <mask> had almost half of CSIS resources devoted to counter the Chinese. From its inception in January 2006, the Harper government took a hard line with the Chinese.As of 2007, they maintained that position. The government stance has changed radically since then, signalled in spring 2009 by the purchase of a 17% share fraction of Teck Resources by the China Investment Corporation. Since that time, the Canada China Energy and Environment Forum has seen a vast increase in business associated with the National Energy Administration of China. For example, a framework agreement was signed in October 2013 by Alberta Energy Minister Ken Hughes to give provincial officials "unprecedented access" to Chinese decision-makers, strengthening ties to "what we believe will become one of our key markets" for energy products. Retirement from CSIS 8 months before schedule

In April 2009, <mask> announced his resignation from the post effective in June of that year, before his term was scheduled to end in November 2009. He resigned 8 months after the appointment of cancer specialist Professor Arthur T. Porter to the Security Intelligence Review Committee which has the mandate to review the activities of <mask>'s operations or the operations of any future Director of CSIS. He was succeeded by Richard Fadden, who had his own controversies over the Chinese in 2010.Sources
CSIS profile on <mask> from University of Saskatchewan

References

1947 births
Carleton University alumni
Canadian diplomats
Living people
People from Montreal
Directors of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Anglophone Quebec people

masks:
James Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd Bio


title: József Kiss (engineer)

texts:
<mask> (; 19 March 1748 – 13 March 1813) was a Hungarian hydrotechnical engineer. He is best known for his work as the architect of the Great Bačka Canal, an important hydrotechnical and transport structure in the Bačka region of modern-day Serbia and Hungary. Architects built upon his ideas and incorporated the canal into the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal system. Early life
<mask> was born in Buda on 19 March 1748, into a family of military officers that obtained noble status in 1681 with the last name <mask>si. Together with his brother Gabor he graduated from the military academy in Vienna. In 1768, after completing his education there, he went to Great Britain to study the construction of its canal systems. Career
Returning to Habsburg Hungary, he was appointed as a military engineer.Soon after, in the 1770s, he abandoned military service to become a civil engineer working for the Hofkammer, the main financial institution of the Habsburg monarchy. His first duty was regulating the water level of the Danube near Bratislava. He later transferred to the outskirts of Vienna. Records mention him as a clerk of the Hofkammer around 1780. In 1782, Joseph II initiated a migration from the southeastern regions of Germany to the area surrounding the Podunavlje, hoping to provide a stable economic situation for the migrating German population. At the same time, <mask> first arrived in Vojvodina. However, a serious water supply problem arose and threatened the migration efforts; the southern edge of the Telek Highlands were covered with morasses, marshes and bogs, and east of Vrbas lay the Crna bara (English: "black pools"), a water catchment area.Those areas were natural habitats for malaria-bearing mosquitoes. Much of the migrating population became infected, which seriously hampered settlement efforts. This problem could be solved through drainage of the marshy areas, which would eliminate the mosquitoes' breeding grounds. In 1785, <mask> proposed that a ditch, one meter in width, be dug between Kula and Vrbas to drain the area. The following year, another channel was dug between Vrbas and Sivac, also overseen by <mask>. In 1787, as soon as the Sivac - Vrbas channel was completed, he analyzed the terrain between the Danube and Tisza, and determined a 7.27 meter elevation difference between the two rivers. He believed that this would allow for the creation of a canal between them, that would run through the Crna bara.In 1788, the Hofkammer appointed <mask> as the lead engineer for Bačka (Dirigirender Hofkammer—Ingenieur), with responsibilities including supplying lumber to the military and facilitating navigation through the region’s waterways. In the meantime, his younger brother Gabor had arrived in Bačka to help <mask> with construction of the Great Bačka Canal, staying there to assist until he was called to serve in the military. Canal

The <mask> brothers submitted an application to Leopold II, which in one part stated:

In 1792, they received the license to build the canal and formed an association with 800,000 forints of seed capital. The association was called The Privileged Hungarian Shipping Society. The work on the canal started in spring of 1793 under the supervision of <mask> <mask>. During the time, the government was involved in several wars. Despite this, construction of the canal continued.A shortage of laborers further slowed progress. Estimates were around 2000 at the beginning of the project, decreasing over time. Although the monarchy had promised 4000 soldiers for the project, only two regiments were sent, which constructed barracks and scanned the transverse profiles of the foundation pits for the lock and channel sections. Slovak soldiers, arriving from Bačko Gradište undertook many of the same duties. Later, about 500 convicts were brought to the site and forced to work in harsh conditions. Since the convicts were poorly dressed and badly fed, their performance suffered accordingly, and so they were later withdrawn. Confronted with the worker shortage, <mask> placed job notices around the territory.<ref name="СБИ">„Andrejev Nikita; “Izgradnja i eksploatacija starih plovnih kanala u Bačkoj“; Javno vodoprivredno preduzeće „Srbijavode“, Beograd; Vodoprivredni centar „Dunav“, Novi Sad; 2002.COBISS.SR-ID 197051399
</ref>

Challenges arose during the first year of work on the Monoštor lock. The high water pressure of the Danube caused water to flow in the working pit and create sludge. Freshly built slopes frequently collapsed, and substantial groundwater flow into the work pits caused further problems. However, the work continued, and after four years, the waterway became navigable to the point of Mali Stapar. In 1796, an anonymous tip informed the association that the canal was behind schedule and over budget. Despite <mask>’ explanations, he was expelled from the association and stripped of all authority. <mask> and his brother had invested heavily in the project, and his expulsion led to his and his brother’s financial ruin.Stanislav Hepe () was appointed to replace <mask>, and continued the project from 1797 to 1801. When finished in 1802, the Danube - Tisza channel had reached the length of 110 kilometers. This length is cited on all maps published after the completion of the channel. As a result, the voyage from Bezdan to the Tisa was shortened by 258 kilometers. This saved about 10 days on a downstream journey, and 20 on an upstream journey. The stimulus that commerce, manufacturing and navigation received influenced the increased development of nearby settlements such as Apatin, Sombor, Crvenka, Kula, Vrbas, Srbobran and Bečej. An important function of the channel was also melioration, especially east of Vrbas, as much of the wide, marshy terrain around the banks of the canal was drained and turned into fertile soil.Epilogue

Stripped of all functions in the association, <mask> returned to his job as the leading engineer for Bačka. When he finally retired after 42 years of work, he received only a quarter of his pension from the Hofkammer, which was about 312 forints annually. The other three quarters were garnished in order to repay debts that he incurred after his expulsion from the association. He built a summer house near Vrbas, which he called Josephsruhe (English: “József's peace”). He spent the rest of his life there, until his death on 13 March 1813, and was buried nearby. <mask>’ notebook, titled Stammbuch'' and written in German and Latin contains entries about his family and work, along with sketches of famous historical figures such as Maria Theresia, Joseph II, and Napoleon Bonaparte. On the last page, he had sketched a desired gravestone and epitaph which reads:

Legacy

As the creator of one of the first major hydrotechnical works in the area surrounding the Podunavlje, <mask> laid the foundations for an expansion of hydrotechnical construction in the hydrographically complex region of Bačka.References

Engineers from Budapest

1748 births
1813 deaths
People from Buda

masks:
József Kiss
Kiss
Kissaro
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
József
Kiss
József
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss
Kiss


title: Mick Thomson

texts:
<mask> (born November 3, 1973) is an American heavy metal musician. He is one of two guitarists in the band Slipknot, in which he is designated #7. <mask> originally met founding Slipknot members Anders Colsefni, Donnie Steele and Paul Gray through their mutual involvement in death metal band Body Pit, later joined in early 1996. Following the departure of Joey Jordison in 2013, <mask> is now the third longest-serving member of Slipknot. Early life
<mask> grew up having a "fascination with death metal bands", including Morbid Angel, although he has also named the Beatles as one of his major musical influences. He began his career playing guitar in a number of local bands in his hometown of Des Moines, Iowa, most notably death metal outfit Body Pit, formed in 1993. Original Slipknot members Anders Colsefni (vocals), Donnie Steele (guitar) and Paul Gray (bass) were all fellow members of Body Pit during this period.In addition to performing in the band, <mask> gave guitar lessons to local students at Ye Olde Guitar Shop on 70th Street in Des Moines. Career
<mask> joined Slipknot in the summer of 1996, replacing Craig Jones on guitar after he became the band's full-time sampler. The first Slipknot album on which <mask> performed was the 1999 self-titled debut. Speaking about the process of recording the album, he recalled in an interview for Revolver magazine that "It was a nightmarish hell to do that fucking record", primarily due to the group's lack of money, poor quality of food, and other band members' bad habits. Upon joining the band, <mask> wore a hockey mask which he bought from a store, compared by author Joel McIver to that worn by Hannibal Lecter in the film The Silence of the Lambs. The guitarist's mask would remain much the same throughout his career, with only minor changes made for each album cycle, which he claimed was because he "pretty much nailed it ... for being able to get across how I am". Speaking in 2008, <mask> played down the amount of consideration which went into the mask's design and meaning, proclaiming that "I had my original latex hockey mask way back and then my leather one and I was using those designs and it morphed into what it is now.There isn't something crazy creative about it." <mask> also chose #7 in the band, claiming that it was his "lucky number". Outside of Slipknot, <mask> has collaborated with several other bands. Along with Slipknot bassist Paul Gray, he appeared on a Death tribute album organised by James Murphy. In 2007, he performed the second guitar solo on Malevolent Creation's "Deliver My Enemy", released on Doomsday X. Speaking about his appearance on the song, which was engineered in part by Slipknot DJ Sid Wilson, <mask> claimed that he was "proud beyond words to have been asked to be part of this recording". In 2011, he performed guest lead guitar on Necrophagia's album Deathtrip 69.<mask> is also featured in the music video for "No Pity on the Ants" by thrash metal band Lupara, directed by Frankie Nasso and released in 2007. Equipment
During the early 2000's and before signing with Ibanez, <mask> played signature model B.C. Rich guitars - mainly the Warlock, but also sporting the Rich Bich on occasion. His personal Warlock was a USA made Custom, with mahogany body, maple neck, and ebony fretboard. It sported the old style B.C. Rich "R" logo, and could be seen with either a gloss black finish with white binding, or red with contrasting black binding. It had custom "HATE" inlays at the fifth through second fretboard positions.There were no other fretboard markers. It had a hardtail bridge, dual EMG humbuckers in the bridge and neck position, and three-way pickup selector wired to a volume control. There was also an NJ Warlock Signature Series offered for retail sale. Visually, this version differed from his custom model in that it had a rosewood fretboard, the B.C. Rich script logo imprint on the headstock and "Mick #7" signature reproduced on the backside of the headstock, as well as a "Signature Series" 12th fret inlay. <mask> is known for playing Ibanez MTM guitars both in the studio and on tour, all of which are handmade by the company's artist shop luthier Tak Hosono. The guitars feature Seymour Duncan EMTY Blackout pickups and d'Addario EXL117 strings.He began working with the company in 2003, during the recording process for Slipknot's third studio album Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses). His effects pedals include a Maxon OD820, a Death by Audio Fuzz War, an MXR Carbon Copy Delay, an Electro-Harmonix Bassballs Envelope Filter and a custom fuzz pedal made by his guitar technician Kevin Allen. In July 2016, Jackson Guitars announced that <mask> had joined their artist roster. Speaking about joining the company, <mask> proclaimed that he was "immensely proud to be a part of the Jackson family", praising his custom Double Rhoads and Soloist models as "incredible". <mask> currently has three signature Jackson soloists, a limited edition USA, a standard USA, and an import, all featuring a reverse headstock, mahogany body, neck through graphite reinforced maple neck, locking nut, single volume and three position blade switch, and his signature Seymour Duncan EMTY Blackout pickups. the limited USA model comes with a fixed mounted Floyd Rose pro bridge, while the standard USA and the import come with a similar Jackson designed hardtail bridge with finetuners.Personal life

Outside of performing with Slipknot, <mask> is known to keep a relatively low profile. Speaking on the band's 2006 video release Voliminal: Inside the Nine, he explained that "I like my quiet time; I like to be left the fuck alone", while pointing out that he "loves" being a part of the band. In an interview with Jon Wiederhorn for Revolver magazine about the making of Iowa, the guitarist explained that "On days off, you'd never see me out of my hotel room ... I'd rather be alone than be around a bunch of people that I don't care about, don't care about me or are fuckin' full of shit". <mask> married his girlfriend Stacy Riley on October 5, 2012. He has a number of tattoos, including the word 'seven' on his left arm (reflecting his number in Slipknot), and the word 'hate' in Japanese writing on his right arm. <mask> is famously a devoted fan of the Las Vegas Raiders football team.On March 11, 2015, <mask> was injured during a knife fight with his brother Andrew outside a house in his hometown of Clive, Iowa. It was reported by The Des Moines Register that both men were drunk at the time, and that the Slipknot guitarist suffered "serious but not life-threatening" injuries after being stabbed in the back of the head. Both <mask> and Andrew were later charged with "disorderly conduct by fighting", after an investigation determined that both were responsible for the incident. <mask> and Andrew were both hospitalised after the fight, but Slipknot vocalist Corey Taylor tweeted on the day of the incident to assure fans that <mask> would recover. Discography
with Slipknot

Slipknot (1999)
Iowa (2001)
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004)
All Hope Is Gone (2008)
.5: The Gray Chapter (2014)
We Are Not Your Kind (2019)
with Malevolent Creation
Doomsday X (2007) – "Deliver My Enemy"
with Necrophagia
Deathtrip 69 (2011) – guest lead guitar parts

Filmography
 1999: Welcome to Our Neighborhood
 2002: Disasterpieces
 2002: Rollerball
 2006: Voliminal: Inside the Nine
 2008: Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone"
 2009: Of the (sic): Your Nightmares, Our Dreams
 2010: (sic)nesses
 2011: Goat
 2017: Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico

References

Footnotes

External links

Slipknot official website

1973 births
Living people
Masked musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
American heavy metal guitarists
Slipknot (band) members
Roadrunner Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from Iowa

masks:
Mickael Gordon Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Thomson
Mick
Mick
Thomson


title: Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg

texts:
<mask>hemberg, since 1765 Fürst von Starhemberg (prince of Starhemberg) (10 August 1724 in London – 19 April 1807 in Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat, minister, chief chamberlain and close confidant of Empress Maria Theresa. Life
<mask> was born in London as the fifth son to the Imperial envoy Konrad Sigmund, Graf von Starhemberg (1689–1727) and his wife Leopoldine, née Princess von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort. King <mask> became his godfather. He had two notable greatuncles. Gundaker <mask> (1663–1745), a financial expert at the court in Vienna who played a key role in the education of <mask> and Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1638–1701), the military governor of Vienna and leading figure in the Battle of Vienna and the subsequent Great Turkish War from 1683 to 1699. In 1727, when <mask> was three years of age, he experienced the loss of his father who died at the age of just 38 years. <mask> received his education in Vienna conducted under the auspices of his mother and his greatuncle, Austrian minister of finance Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg.Subsequently he did his Grand Tour; in the company of a mentor he visited a number of capitals and courts in Europe. In 1742, at the age of 18, Count <mask> von Starhemberg joined Austrian civil service. In 1748, he was appointed 'Aulic Councillor of the Empire' (Reichshofrat) and became chamberlain (Kammerherr) of Archduke Joseph, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa. The following years he travelled as an envoy to Lisbon, Trieste, Madrid and Paris where he met Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz. Kaunitz was married to Countess Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg (1717–1749), a granddaughter of <mask>'s greatuncle and educator Gundaker Thomas Graf von Starhemberg. In 1754 Count <mask> was sent to Paris as Imperial envoy and stayed there for the next twelve years. Along with Kaunitz he paved the way for a rapprochement between the Habsburgian rulers and France after a long-standing history of conflict.He tried to influence the French king primarily by Louis' chief mistress, the Marquise de Pompadour. The first meeting between the Austrian envoy and the marquise for this purpose took place on 30 August 1755. In 1756 the Treaty of Versailles was concluded with his participation. In Paris, Starhemberg also successfully negotiated the marriage between the Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia and the Duke of Berry, the future king Louis XVI of France. In 1770 he accompanied the archduchess to the first encounter with her future husband. The same year he was sent to Brussels as authorized minister (minister plenipotentiary) in the Austrian Netherlands, since his predecessor Count Karl von Cobenzl had died in January of that year. One of the reasons that influenced the decision to send Starhemberg to Brussels was that Joseph II who had become co-ruler in 1765 had been disappointed by Starhemberg and now wanted to remove him from the vicinity of his mother, Empress Maria Theresa, in Vienna.Starhemberg remained the next 13 years in Brussels where he successfully stimulated the development of the provinces in the Austrian Netherlands in spite of the fact that Joseph had limited his powers. During the American War of Independence Starhemberg tried to establish trade contacts with the emerging young nation. <mask>, Prince of Starhemberg also managed to found the first academy of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels in 1772 by converting Count Karl von Cobenzl's 'Literary Society' into the 'Imperial and Royal Academy of Science and Letters' of Brussels with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa. Starhemberg returned to Vienna in 1783. Count Belgiojoso became his successor in Brussels as authorized minister in the Austrian Netherlands. From 1783 until 1807 Starhemberg occupied the position as Grand Master of the Household (Obersthofmeister) at the Imperial court in Vienna. However, his duties in this function had a more representative character without significant political influence except the period after the death of Joseph II from 1790 until 1797.In 1807 Starhemberg died at the age of 83 years. Marriage and family
On 13 November 1747 he firstly married his cousin, Countess Maria Theresia Esther von Starhemberg (1731-1749), daughter of Count Ottokar Franz Jacob von Starhemberg (1681-1733) and Countess Maria Christine von Trautson-Falkenstein (1702-1743). She died however in October 1749 leaving behind a daughter Maria Leopodine who died in childhood in Paris in 1756. In 1761 he married his second wife Princess Maria Franziska Josefa von Salm-Salm (1731-1806), daughter of Prince Nikolus Leopold vonn Salm-Salm (1701-1770) and his first wife Princess Dorothea Franziska Agnes von Salm (1702-1751). In the following year Maria Franziska gave birth to his son and heir <mask> von Starhemberg (1762–1833). Louis XV of France became godfather of this child. They had one more son Franz Josef (1767-1771), but he also died in childhood.Distinctions
He was decorated with the title 'Ambassador to the Emperor' for his diplomatic achievements in the relationship with France. In 1759 he became Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1765 Count Starhemberg was elevated from 'Graf' to 'Reichsfürst' (Prince of the Empire). From then on he held the title 'Fürst von Starhemberg' (Prince of Starhemberg). In 1767 Prince of Starhemberg was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen. See also
Starhemberg

Literature
A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg.Eine Lebensskizze. Verlagsbuchhandlung Styria, Graz
Hanns Schlitter (1893). ADB: <mask>, <mask> Fürst von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 35, p. 471–473,
Franz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780. Cambridge University Press
P. Lenders, « STARHEMBERG, <mask> von », in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, deel II, Paleis der Academiën, Brussel, 1966, p. 806-814. References

1724 births
1807 deaths
Austrian politicians
Austrian princes
Counts of Austria
Politicians from Vienna
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
<mask> von Starhemberg

masks:
Johann Georg Adam Graf von Star
Georg Adam
George I
Thomas von Starhemberg
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Prince Ludwig
Starhemberg
Georg Adam
Georg Adam
Georg Adam


title: Jelle Klaasen

texts:
<mask> (born 17 October 1984), nicknamed The Cobra, is a Dutch professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. In 2006, he became the youngest darts player to win the World Darts Championship, aged 21 at the time. World Championship performances
On 15 January 2006, Klaasen became the youngest World Darts Champion, aged 21 years 90 days, when he defeated fellow Dutchman Raymond van Barneveld in the final of the 2006 BDO World Championship by 7 sets to 5. He also beat Shaun Greatbatch and world number one Mervyn King on his way to the final. Before the championship, he was said to be a 100–1 outsider to win the title as he did not even have a BDO Tour ranking. Klaasen returned to the Lakeside to defend his World title at the 2007 Championship. Klaasen was unseeded for the event after a poor run of form and was facing the seeded Co Stompé, with eventual winner Martin Adams waiting in round two should he win.<mask> became the sixth defending champion to fall at the first hurdle in his title defence with his first round loss to fellow countryman Stompé by three sets to nil. Although Klaasen was lower in the rankings at the time, it was considered an upset as Stompé had not won at the Lakeside in the previous four years. The day after the final it was announced that <mask> would be defecting to the rival Professional Darts Corporation, alongside two fellow countrymen, Michael van Gerwen and Vincent van der Voort. The BDO planned to take legal action as <mask> had a year left on his  contract. BDO Grand Slam events
His first attempt at the Winmau World Masters in 2005 ended with a 2–3 defeat to Irishman Steve McDonald. In 2006, he was seeded 13 but suffered a straight sets defeat in his first match against fellow Dutchman Mario Robbe. As World Champion, he was invited to the 2006 World Darts Trophy in his home country, but lost 0–3 to Tony Eccles in the first round.In 2007, he won in the first round 3–1 against reigning PDC world champion van Barneveld, shortly after that he lost in the second round to Andy Hamilton. He also played in the 2006 International Darts League and beat 13-times World Champion Phil Taylor 7–6 in his last group match, but it was not enough to qualify for the knockout stages. He beat Andy Fordham and Dick van Dijk but lost to Martin Adams, Shaun Greatbatch and Colin Lloyd in his other group matches. PDC career

Klaasen did not make an immediate impact on the PDC circuit, having to start virtually from scratch at 262 in the world rankings. He competed at most of the Pro Tour events (Players Championships and UK Open Regional Finals) to improve his ranking. He reached the quarter-finals of two non-televised Pro Tour events before winning a Players Championship – the John McEvoy Gold Dart Classic in November which saw him climb to 49 in the  PDC Order of Merit. He only made it into one televised PDC event in the UK during 2007 (the UK Open where he reached the last 32) but his form towards the end of the year ensured automatic qualification for the 2008 World Championship – his debut in the PDC version.He lost in the first round to fellow Dutchman Vincent van der Voort in a sudden death leg, having missed ten darts to win the match. He defeated Colin Lloyd, Jan van der Rassel and Andy Hamilton to reach the quarter finals of the 2009 PDC World Championship, only dropping one set in the process. In the quarter finals, he was beaten by Van Barneveld 5–1. The match is best remembered for Barneveld hitting the first 9-dart leg in the history of the PDC World Championship. In January 2009, Klaasen was chosen as one of the two wildcards for the 2009 Premier League Darts tournament, where he competed against Taylor, James Wade, Van Barneveld, John Part, Terry Jenkins, King and the other wildcard Wayne Mardle. Klaasen found life hard in the Premier League, losing 5 and drawing 2 of his opening 7 matches. On 26 March, Klaasen defeated Terry Jenkins 8–6 to finally record his first victory in the competition.Klaasen finished 7th in the Premier League after Wayne Mardle withdrew from the competition. Klaasen qualified for the World Matchplay in Blackpool but lost 10–8 to Ronnie Baxter in the first round. Klaasen lost in the first round of the 2010 World Championship losing 3–1 to Welshman Barrie Bates. He then reached the quarter finals of the 2010 World Matchplay, beating Mervyn King and Gary Anderson before losing to Simon Whitlock. Klaasen reached the second round of the 2012 World Championship with a 3–1 win over Peter Wright, but was beaten 0–4 by James Wade in the second round. His best result of 2012 was in reaching the quarter-finals of the third UK Open Qualifier in March where he lost 4–6 to Mark Jones. At the UK Open itself he was defeated in the last 64 by Raymond van Barneveld 3–9.After revelations emerged with regard to Klaasen's personal life detailed below he did not play again in the rest of 2012, which included missing the 2013 World Championship. 2013
Klaasen returned to darts in January 2013 by qualifying for the first European Tour event of the year, the UK Darts Masters, with a 6–2 win over Carlos Rodríguez. He lost to Michael van Gerwen 5–6 in the first round. In May, Klaasen reached his first PDC final since November 2007 at the fourth Players Championship by beating the likes of Mervyn King and Gary Anderson. He averaged 103 in the final against Jamie Caven but lost 4–6 with his opponent averaging almost 111. At the UK Open he beat Gareth Pass, Ross Smith and Stuart Kellett to reach the last 16 for the first time since 2008. Klaasen played Ronnie Baxter and lost 7–9.He beat Wes Newton 6–4 and Justin Pipe 10–6 to advance to the quarter-finals of the European Championship, where he was defeated 7–10 by Michael van Gerwen. In the first round of the World Matchplay he came back from 3–8 down against Simon Whitlock to trail only 7–9, but lost the next leg to fall short of a successful fightback. Klaasen was outplayed by Gary Anderson in the first round of the World Grand Prix as the Scotsman did not give Klaasen one dart at a leg winning double in a 2–0 in sets ten minute match. In the double-start event Anderson averaged 104.86, almost 40 points ahead of Klaasen's 67.22. Klaasen knocked out number two seed Dave Chisnall 6–4 in the Players Championship Finals, before losing 9–5 to Anderson in the second round. 2014
Klaasen played Jamie Caven in the first round of the 2014 World Championship and lost 3–1 as he hit just 17% of his darts at doubles. At the German Darts Championship he reached the semi-finals of a European Tour event for the first time by defeating Michael van Gerwen 6–5 in the quarters.He played Justin Pipe and was denied a place in the final as Pipe took out a 134 finish in the deciding leg. Klaasen was narrowly beaten 9–8 by Andy Hamilton in the third round of the UK Open. At the European Championship, Klaasen knocked out reigning champion Adrian Lewis 6–4 in the first round and Caven 10–7 to reach the quarter-finals for the second year in a row, where he lost 10–5 to Mervyn King. Klaasen averaged 108.74 in beating James Wade 6–4 in the first round of the Players Championship Finals, but then averaged nearly 20 points lower as he missed 22 doubles in the next round against Dean Winstanley to be beaten 10–5. 2015
Klaasen met Gary Anderson in the second round of the 2015 World Championship after seeing off compatriot Christian Kist 3–1. Klaasen went 3–1 up and was two legs to one ahead in the next set, before Anderson took out 84 on the bull with Klaasen waiting on 89 for the match. Anderson sealed the set in the next leg and won the final two sets by three legs to one scorelines to win 4–3.Both players averaged over 100 with 20 180s thrown during the match. Klaasen defeated Phil Taylor 6–2 at the fourth UK Open Qualifier to play in his first final in almost two years. However, he missed 10 match darts to slip from 5–2 ahead of Michael van Gerwen to lose 6–5. At the UK Open, Klaasen beat Brendan Dolan 9–4, before losing 9–5 to Andrew Gilding in the fourth round. Klaasen recorded successive wins over Adrian Lewis, Mervyn King and Simon Whitlock to reach the final of the 12th Players Championship where, after taking the opening leg, he was beaten 6–1 by Peter Wright. Klaasen reached his third final of the year at the 14th Players Championship and won his first title in nearly eight years by beating Ian White 6–2. He was knocked out 10–4 by Whitlock in the first round of the World Matchplay.In September, Klaasen's second title of the year came at the 16th Players Championship with a 6–4 victory over Raymond van Barneveld. Klaasen reached his first quarter-final at the World Grand Prix by eliminating Brendan Dolan 2–1 and Dave Chisnall 3–2 and faced Mark Webster. The match went all the way to a deciding leg in the fifth set in which Klaasen crucially missed five opening doubles and could never catch up to lose 3–2. Wins over Raymond van Barneveld and James Wade saw Klaasen reach another major quarter-final at the European Championship, but he was defeated 10–6 by Gary Anderson. 2016
Klaasen overcame Joe Cullen and Mervyn King to advance to the third round of the World Championship for the first time since 2009. He missed one dart at double 18 to complete a 147 finish and defeat Phil Taylor 4–2, before going 2–0 down in legs in the final set. Taylor missed one dart to win the match and Klaasen took full advantage by winning four legs on the trot, wrapping it up with an 11 darter.In the quarter-finals, Klaasen was 3–1 and 4–3 behind Alan Norris in a race to five. He was two legs to one down in the next set but produced back-to-back 11 dart legs to win it and then clinched the final set without conceding a leg to advance to the semi-finals of a PDC World Championship for the first time, where he faced reigning champion Gary Anderson. Klaasen's victory also marked the first time that a player has won their next game after knocking Taylor out of a PDC World Championship. In the semis he was thrashed 6–0 by Anderson, who averaged 107. Klaasen also reached the semi-finals of the next major event as he whitewashed Kyle Anderson 10–0 at the UK Open, but he lost 10–5 to Peter Wright. He was defeated 10–6 by Steve Beaton in the opening round of the World Matchplay and at the same stage of the World Grand Prix, 2–1 in sets by Adrian Lewis. Klaasen knocked out Dave Chisnall 6–4 to reach the final of the German Darts Championship, but lost 6–5 to Norris after leading 4–2.6–3 and 10–4 wins over Steve West and Stephen Bunting saw Klaasen face Michael van Gerwen in the quarter-finals of the European Championship and he was comfortably beaten 10–3. He missed three match darts in the third round of the Players Championship Finals as Chisnall edged through 10–9. 2017
He got to the third round of the World Championship for the second year in a row with comfortable victories over Jeffrey de Graaf and Brendan Dolan, but found himself 3–1 down to Dave Chisnall. Klaasen took the next set and led by two legs to none in the sixth, before Chisnall won three legs on the spin to triumph 4–2. His return to the Premier League was blighted by tendinitis in his wrist for which Klaasen received anti-inflammatory injections before matches. Klaasen explained how he could play for five or six legs before experiencing pain in his throwing hand. His only win out of his nine league games came against Chisnall and Klaasen finished ninth in the table to be eliminated.He lost 6–2 in the final of the German Darts Masters to Van Gerwen. 2018
At the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, Klaasen was defeated by Jan Dekker 3–1 in the first round. He was defeated 10–5 by  Peter Wright in the opening round of the World Matchplay. 2019

At the 2019 PDC World Darts Championship, <mask> was defeated by Keegan Brown 3–1 in the second round. He lost in the fourth round of the UK Open to
Madars Razma 10–4. He then qualified for his first euro tour of the year 2019 International Darts Open, losing in the first round to Joe Murnan 6–5. He then lost in the Players Championship Finals to Max Hopp 6–3.2020
Klaasen beat Kevin Burness 3–1 in the first round of the 2020 PDC World Darts Championship, before losing to Michael van Gerwen by the same scoreline. At the 2020 UK Open, he started his campaign by defeating Riley's qualifier Jason Askew 6–4. Klaasen then beat William Borland 10–5 before thrashing Steve West 10–1 to set up a sixth-round clash with Gary Anderson. He overcame Anderson 10–9 before losing in the quarter-finals to Daryl Gurney. Other tournaments
Klaasen has won some Open events in his native country including the Alkmaar Open, but has yet to clinch a major BDO/WDF Open event. In March 2006 he was runner-up in the Finnish Open, losing in the final to Martin Atkins by 6 sets to 2. He also reached the quarter-finals of the Swiss Open and Denmark Open during 2006.He also won the Killarney Darts Festival in 2007, where he beat Vincent van der Voort 3–2. Personal life
Klaasen lives in Goor, Netherlands. He has Indonesian origins. Before the 2006 World Championships, Klaasen worked for a manpower agency in the Netherlands but he has now taken up darts full-time. He is sponsored by Keukenconcurrent, a company that produces fitted kitchens in his home country. Controversy in 2012
In August 2012, Klaasen was accused of sending naked photo messages to a then 15-year-old family friend of his compatriot – fellow darts player and former friend since childhood – Michael van Gerwen, which he has admitted to in the Dutch press. According to her mother, the underaged girl was diagnosed with PDD-NOS, an autism spectrum disorder.Though during the prosecution service process (the case didn't go to court) this was never proven. Later that year, on 13 December, he was sentenced to 16 hours of community service and a fine of €327, to be paid to the girl.

masks:
Jelle Klaasen
Klaasen
Klaasen
Jelle
Jelle


title: Carl-Alexander Graubner

texts:
Carl-<mask> (born 1957) is a German civil engineer and since 1996 professor at the TU Darmstadt. Since 2007 he has been a member of the University Assembly TU Darmstadt and since 2012 chairman of the mirror committee "masonry" in the DIN. Biography
<mask> studied civil engineering at the TU München from 1977 to 1981 with a specialization in structural engineering. He then worked from 1982 to 1988 as a research assistant at the Institute of Concrete Structures, TU Munich  and received his doctorate there in 1989. From 1989 to 1994 his activities were in the construction industry and he worked as division head of the Philipp Holzmann / Held & Francke Bau Inc. in Munich. During this time he was involved in planning a number of major construction projects of high building, industrial and bridge constructions. He designed, among other projects, a long integral prestressed concrete bridge over the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in Berching Bavaria, which attracted worldwide.Furthermore, he and his planning team were also responsible for the structural design of the ethylene factory of company BASF in Antwerp. From 1994 to 1996 he ran his own engineering office in Munich and made e.g. the design and the cost estimation for the new board Transrapid route from Hamburg to Berlin. Since 2001 <mask> is a shareholder and member of the management of KHP König und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft mbH in Frankfurt. Working as an approved checking engineer he accompanied over the past years a number of major projects such as the shopping center MyZeil, or the new construction of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. In 2009 he founded with partners the Life Cycle Engineering Experts GmbH, which focuses on sustainable construction consultancy services. In 1996 <mask> was appointed as a full professor at the Institute of Concrete Structures at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.He is currently managing director of the Institute of Concrete Structures and since 2007 a member of the University Assembly. He was in the leading group of development of German Certificate for Sustainable Building band consulted various federal and state ministries in questions of sustainability for many years. <mask> is chairman of the standardisation committee NA 005-06-01 "masonry" in DIN and member of several expert committees of the German Institute for Building Technology. In addition, he represents German interests in European standardisation committees in the field of masonry construction. <mask> is co-editor of the book series "masonry aktuell" and member of the Editorial Board of the journal "masonry". Scientific publications
 together with R. Rast, K.-J. Schneider (Hrsg.): Mauerwerksbau aktuell 2014 – Praxishandbuch für Architekten und Ingenieure. Bauwerk. Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2014
 together with M. Schmitt: Kalksandstein – Statikhandbuch  3. Auflage. Bundesverband Kalksandsteinindustrie e.V., Hannover [Hrsg. ], Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Hannover 2014
 together with M. Schmitt: Bemessung nach Eurocode 6 In: Kalksandstein: Planungshandbuch. Planung, Konstruktion, Ausführung (PKA),  6.Auflage. Bundesverband Kalksandsteinindustrie e.V., Hannover (Hrsg. ), Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Hannover 2014
 together with C. Alfes, W. Brameshuber, W. Jäger, W. Seim: Der Eurocode 6 für Deutschland – Kommentierte Fassung. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mauerwerks- und Wohnungsbau e.V., Arbeitsgemeinschaft für zeitgemäßes Bauen e.V., Zentralverband Deutsches Baugewerbe, Bundesvereinigung der Prüfingenieure für Bautechnik e.V., Verband Beratender Ingenieure (VBI, Hrsg.) Beuth Verlag, Berlin, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2013
 together with W. Rossner: Spannbetonbauwerke. Teil 4: Bemessungsbeispiele nach Eurocode 2. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, München 2012
 together with K. Hüske: Nachhaltigkeit im Bauwesen: Grundlagen – Instrumente – Beispiele.Ernst & Sohn Verlag, 2003
 together with M. Six, J. Zeier: Beitrag Spannbetonbau. In: Jahrbuch Stahlbetonbau aktuell 2015. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2015
 together with J. Kohoutek, N. L. Tran: Bemessungsrelevante Einwirkungskombinationen im Hochbau. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 109 (2014), Heft 9. Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 2014
 together with M.Schmitt, V. Förster: Bemessung von Mauerwerk nach EC 6 – einfach und praxisnah. In: Mauerwerk Heft 5 2013, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 9/2013
 together with T. Proske, S. Hainer, M. Rezvani: Eco-Friendly Concretes with Reduced Water and Cement Contents – Mix Design Principles and Laboratory Tests. Cement and Concrete Research.Ausgabe 51, September 2013, S. 38–46
 together with E. Boska, C. Motzko, T. Proske: Formwork pressure induced by highly flowable concrete – Design approach and transfer in practice. In: Structural Concrete, Journal of the fib. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, 1/2012, S. 51–60
 together with C. Schneider; S. Pohl, A. Wronna: Beyond Platin – Nachhaltigkeitstrends in der Bau- und Immobilienwirtschaft. In: Mauerwerk Heft 5 2012, Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin, 10/2012
 together with T. Mielecke: Nachhaltige Ingenieurbauwerke. In: Bauingenieur, Band 87, Heft 4 2012, S. 156–164, Springer-VDI-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf 2012
 together with H. Garrecht, T. Proske, S. Hainer, M. Jakob: Stahlbetonbauteile aus klima- und ressourcenschonendem Ökobeton – Technische Innovation zur Realisierung nachhaltiger Betonbauwerke. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Heft 6, 2012.S. 401–413
 together with A. Knauff, E. Pelke: Lebenszyklusbetrachtungen als Grundlage für die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Straßenbrücken. In: Stahlbau, Band 80, Heft 3, Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2011
 together with A. Knauff, U. Baumgärtner, O. Fischer, P. Haardt, A. Putz: Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung für die Verkehrsinfrastruktur. In: Bauingenieur, Band 85 (2010), Heft 7/8, Springer VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2010

References

External links
 Webseite TU Darmstadt
 Webseite von KHP

1957 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
German civil engineers
Technische Universität Darmstadt faculty
Technical University of Munich alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Engineers from Hesse

masks:
Alexander Graubner
Carl Alexander Graubner
Graubner
Graubner
Graubner
Graubner


title: Selim Benachour

texts:
<mask> (; born Slim Ben-Achour on 8 September 1981) is a football coach and former professional player who played as a attacking midfielder. Born in France, he represented Tunisia at international level. Club career

Paris Saint-Germain
Born and brought up in Paris, <mask> learned to play his trade at the Paris Saint-Germain academy. <mask> began his professional club career with Paris Saint-Germain in 2001 and stayed in the club until 2005. After his two loan transfers, he went back to PSG after this, playing on and off for them over the next two seasons. Overall he earned 28 caps for his childhood club, scoring one goal. With PSG, he appeared in 28 league matches and scored a goal, alongside winning the Coupe de France in 2004.<ref> Report on French federation site (PSG	1 – 0	Châteauroux) ''fff.fr.Retrieved 24 March 2021</ref>

Out on loan from PSG
He was given twice on loan from Paris Saint-Germain to Martigues in 2002 and Troyes in 2003. He was sent to Championnat de France amateur (4th tier) club Martigues on a season long loan spell. He played regularly for the Martigues first team, scoring one goal in 28 appearances. Next season he was sent on loan to Ligue 2 side ES Troyes AC, who had just narrowly avoided bankruptcy and were just trying to survive for the time being. Benachour had trouble getting into their team, making 9 appearances over the season, scoring twice. Vitoria
In 2005, he left France and moved to Portugal, signing with Vitória Guimarães, where he enjoyed one successful season at the club. Rubin Kazan
The next season, he signed a contract with the Russian side Rubin Kazan, where he played for two seasons and appeared in 23 league matches, scoring 3 goals.He was in Kazan's 2006 La Manga Cup winning squad. Al Qadsia
After two seasons with Kazan, he moved to Kuwait and signed for Kuwaiti Premier League side Al Qadsia and played there until 2009. With Qadsia, he won the 2008–09 Kuwaiti Premier League. Malaga
In 2009, he signed with the Spanish La Liga side Málaga. On 13 September 2010 he was not registered to play in La Liga and was released by the club, with one year still left on his contract. Maritimo
On 21 January 2011, he returned to Portugal and signed a contract with the Marítimo until the end of the 2011–2012 season. APOEL
On 16 June 2012, Benachour signed a two-year contract with the Cypriot club APOEL.On 23 August 2012, he scored his first goal with APOEL in a Europa League play-off round match against Neftchi Baku in Dalga Arena, equalising the score in the 83rd minute, in a match which ended with 1–1 draw. He became a champion with APOEL after helping his club to win the 2012–13 Cypriot First Division. During the 2013–14 season, he appeared in two 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage matches for APOEL and won all the titles in Cyprus, the Cypriot League, the Cypriot Cup and the Cypriot Super Cup. Mumbai City
On 28 July 2015, he signed for Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC managed by his former teammate Nicolas Anelka. With Mumbai, he appeared in 11 matches with 3 assists and 1 goal, as the club finished 6th in the 2015 Indian Super League season. Martigues
After the end of his stint with Mumbai, he came back to France in 2016 and signed with Championnat National 2 side FC Martigues. From 2016 to 2018, he appeared in 15 league matches with Martigues, scoring 2 goals.International career
He was widely considered one of Tunisia's best players, an elegant playmaker with range of passing and great vision, and played for Tunisia's national squad in the 2002 World Cup. However, he was not included in the squad for the 2006 World Cup in Germany, in which Tunisia national football team were knocked out in the first round. He was part of the national squad, that emerged as the champions of the 2004 African Cup of Nations, defeating Morocco. Sources suggest he turned down the chance to play for the France national football team in favour of the Tunisia national football team. He made his international debut on 11 January 2002 against Cameroon in a friendly match which ended as their 1-0 defeat. Between 2002 and 2010, he earned 44 caps for Tunisia and scored 2 goals. Managerial career
Overall, he made over 250 appearances at senior level throughout his career before retiring and in 2016, Benachour became the Head Coach at Martigues FC U17, where he won the Provincial Cup and then came runners-up in the league before moving up to the U19 team.Later he joined Foresta Suceava in Romania as manager and guided the club to a 5th place finish. He then occupied the post of Technical Director as well as briefly the Head Coach role at Olimpia Grudziądz in Poland’s top division. Moving to England, the UEFA A licence holder <mask> took up the position of under-18s manager at Oldham Athletic in September 2020. He became caretaker first team head coach of Oldham Athletic on 24th November 2021, following the departure of Keith Curle. Career statistics
International goals
Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first. Managerial statistics

Honours
Country
Tunisia
 Africa Cup of Nations
 Champions (1): 2004

Club
Paris Saint-GermainCoupe de France Champions (1): 2004
QadsiaKuwaiti Premier League
 Champions (1): 2008–09
APOEL
Cypriot First Division
 Champions (2): 2012–13, 2013–14
Cypriot Cup
 Champions (1): 2013–14
Cypriot Super Cup
 Champions (1): 2013

Personal life
<mask> was born in Paris, France, and is multilingual. He speaks fluent French, English, Spanish and Portuguese.References

External links
APOEL official profile

Interview-biography

1981 births
Living people
Citizens of Tunisia through descent
Tunisian footballers
Tunisian expatriate footballers
Tunisia international footballers
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
INF Clairefontaine players
FC Martigues players
ES Troyes AC players
Vitória S.C. players
FC Rubin Kazan players
Málaga CF players
C.S. Marítimo players
APOEL FC players
Mumbai City FC players
La Liga players
Ligue 1 players
Primeira Liga players
Russian Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Paris
French sportspeople of Tunisian descent
Expatriate footballers in Kuwait
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in India
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Tunisian football managers
ACS Foresta Suceava managers
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Tunisia
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in India
Tunisian expatriate football managers
Qadsia SC players
Kuwait Premier League players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. managers

masks:
Selim Benachour
Selim Benachour
Benachour
Benachour
Benachour