title: Richard Baxter

texts:
<mask> (12 November 1615 – 8 December 1691) was an English Puritan church leader, poet, hymnodist, theologian, and controversialist. Dean Stanley called him "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". After some false starts, he made his reputation by his ministry at Kidderminster in Worcestershire, and at around the same time began a long and prolific career as theological writer. After the Restoration he refused preferment, while retaining a non-separatist Presbyterian approach, and became one of the most influential leaders of the Nonconformists, spending time in prison. His views on justification and sanctification are somewhat controversial and unconventional within the Calvinist tradition because his teachings seem, to some, to undermine salvation by faith, in that he emphasizes the necessity of repentance and faithfulness. Early life and education
<mask> was born at Rowton, Shropshire, at the house of his maternal grandfather (probably on 12 November 1615), and baptised at its then parish church at High Ercall. In February 1626 he was removed to his parents' home (now called Baxter's House) in Eaton Constantine.<mask>'s early education was poor, being mainly in the hands of the local clergy, themselves virtually illiterate. He was helped by John Owen, master of the free school at Wroxeter, where he studied from about 1629 to 1632, and made fair progress in Latin. On Owen's advice he did not proceed to Oxford (a step which he afterwards regretted), but went to Ludlow Castle to read with <mask>, chaplain to the Council of Wales and the Marches. He was reluctantly persuaded to go to court, and he went to London under the patronage of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, with the intention of doing so, but soon returned home, resolved to study divinity. He was confirmed in the decision by the death of his mother. After three months spent working for the dying Owen as a teacher at Wroxeter, <mask> read theology with Francis Garbet, the local clergyman, adding to his reading (initially in devotional writings, of <mask>, William Perkins and Ezekiel Culverwell, as well as the Calvinist Edmund Bunny at age 14, and then in the scholastic philosophers) orthodox Church of England theology in <mask> and George Downham, and arguments from conforming puritans in John Sprint and John Burges. In about 1634, he met Joseph Symonds (assistant to Thomas Gataker) and Walter Cradock, two Nonconformists.Early ministry, 1638–1660

Dudley and Bridgnorth
In 1638, <mask> became master of the free grammar school at Dudley, where he commenced his ministry, having been ordained and licensed by John Thornborough, Bishop of Worcester. His success as a preacher was at first small; but he was soon transferred to Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, where, as assistant to a Mr Madstard, he established a reputation for vigorously discharging the duties of his office. <mask> remained at Bridgnorth for nearly two years, during which time he took a special interest in the controversy relating to Nonconformity and the Church of England. He soon became alienated from the Church on several matters; and after the requirement of the "et cetera oath", he rejected episcopacy in its English form. He became a moderate Nonconformist; and continued as such throughout his life. Though regarded as a Presbyterian, he was not exclusively tied to Presbyterianism, and often seemed prepared to accept a modified Episcopalianism. He regarded all forms of church government as subservient to the true purposes of religion.Kidderminster
One of the first measures of the Long Parliament was to reform the clergy; with this view, a committee was appointed to receive complaints against them. Among the complainants were the inhabitants of Kidderminster. The vicar George Dance agreed that he would give £60 a year, out of his income of £200, to a preacher who should be chosen by certain trustees. <mask> was invited to deliver a sermon before the people, and was unanimously elected as the minister of St Mary and All Saints' Church, Kidderminster. This happened in April 1641, when he was twenty-six. His ministry continued, with many interruptions, for about 19 years; and during that time he accomplished many reforms in Kidderminster and the neighbourhood. He formed the ministers in the country around him into an association, uniting them irrespective of their differences as Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Independents.The Reformed Pastor was a book which <mask> published in relation to the general ministerial efforts he promoted. The English Civil War and Commonwealth
On the outbreak of the First English Civil War, <mask> blamed both parties and recommended the Protestation; but Worcestershire was a Royalist stronghold, and he was exposed to annoyance and danger in Kidderminster. He temporarily retired to Gloucester. On 23 October 1642, he was preaching at Alcester, during the Battle of Edgehill. He returned to Worcestershire, the county where he belonged only to be driven out again by Royalists. He then moved to Coventry (a Parliamentary stronghold). There he found himself with no fewer than 30 fugitive ministers, among whom were <mask>, Anthony Burges, John Bryan and Obadiah Grew.He officiated each Sunday as chaplain to the garrison, preaching a sermon each to the soldiery, and the townspeople and strangers. Included among the congregants were Sir <mask>, Colonel Godfrey Bosvile, George Abbot the layman scholar, and others. After the Battle of Naseby he took the situation of chaplain to Colonel Edward Whalley's regiment, and continued to hold it till February 1647. During these stormy years he wrote his Aphorisms of Justification, which on its appearance in 1649, excited great controversy. Of numerous critics the one with whom <mask> engaged most closely was Christopher Cartwright. <mask>'s connexion with the Parliamentary army was a very characteristic one. He joined it that he might, if possible, contract the growth of sectaries in that field, and maintain the cause of constitutional government in opposition to republican tendencies of the time.He regretted that he had not previously accepted Oliver Cromwell's offer to become chaplain to the Ironsides. Cromwell avoided him; but <mask>, having to preach before him after he had assumed the Protectorship, chose for his subject the old topic of the divisions of the church, and in subsequent interviews argued with him about liberty of conscience, and even defended the monarchy he had subverted. This contact with Cromwell occurred when <mask> was summoned to London to assist in settling "the fundamentals of religion". In 1647, <mask> was staying at the home of Lady Rouse, wife of Sir Thomas Rouse, 1st Baronet, of Rous Lench, Worcestershire. There, though debilitated by illness, he wrote the most of a major work, The Saints' Everlasting Rest (1650). On his recovery he returned to Kidderminster, where he also became a prominent political leader. His sensitive conscience led him into conflict with almost all the contending parties in state and church.An all-day debate on 1 January 1650, with John Tombes at Bewdley was attended by about 1500 people on each side and ended in confused disorder. During this period he was also an energetic campaigner for the establishment of a new university in Shrewsbury to serve Wales, utilising the then premises of Shrewsbury School, but lack of funding prevented success. Ministry following the Restoration, 1660–1691

After the Restoration in 1660, <mask>, who had helped to bring about that event, settled in London. He preached there until the Act of Uniformity 1662 took effect, and looked for such terms of comprehension as would have permitted the moderate dissenters with whom he acted to have remained in the Church of England. In this hope he was sadly disappointed. The goal of comprehension was obstructed by forces on both sides: by conforming churchmen and dissenters alike. The Savoy Conference resulted in <mask>'s Reformed Liturgy, though it was cast aside without consideration.<mask> continued to advocate for a comprehensive "national church", off and on, until his death. The same reputation which <mask> had obtained in the country he secured in London. The power of his preaching was universally felt, and his capacity for business placed him at the head of his party. He had been made a king's chaplain, and was offered the Bishopric of Hereford, but he could not accept the offer without assenting to things as they were. After his refusal, he was not allowed, even before the passing of the Act of Uniformity, to be a curate in Kidderminster, and Bishop George Morley prohibited him from preaching in the Diocese of Worcester. On 10 September 1662, <mask> married Margaret Charlton, a woman like-minded with himself. She died in 1681.In the same year <mask> wrote the words for the hymn Ye Holy Angels Bright

Legal troubles
From 1662 until the indulgence of 1687, <mask>'s life was constantly disturbed by persecution of one kind or another. He retired to Acton in Middlesex, for the purpose of quiet study, but was placed in prison for keeping a conventicle. <mask> procured a habeas corpus in the court of common pleas. He was taken up for preaching in London after the licences granted in 1672 were recalled by the King. The meeting house which he had built for himself in Oxendon Street was closed to him after he had preached there only once. In 1680, he was taken from his house; and though he was released that he might die at home, his books and goods were seized. In 1684, he was carried three times to the sessions house, being scarcely able to stand, and without any apparent cause was made to enter into a bond for £400 in security for his good behaviour.But his worst encounter was with the Chief Justice, Sir George Jeffreys, in May 1685. He had been committed to the King's Bench Prison on the charge of libelling the Church in his Paraphrase on the New Testament, and was tried before Jeffreys on this accusation. No authoritative report of the trial exists; if the partisan account on which tradition is based is accepted, Jeffreys was infuriated. <mask> was sentenced to pay 500 marks, to lie in prison till the money was paid, and to be bound to his good behaviour for seven years. Jeffreys is even said to have proposed he should be whipped behind a cart. <mask> was now approaching 70 years old, and remained in prison for 18 months, until the government, hoping to win his influence, remitted the fine and released him. Later writings and last years
<mask>'s health had grown even worse, yet this was the period of his greatest activity as a writer.He wrote 168 or so separate works, including major treatises such as the Christian Directory, the Methodus Theologiae Christianae, and the Catholic Theology. His Breviate of the Life of Mrs <mask> records the virtues of his wife and tenderness which otherwise might not have been known. A slim devotional work published in 1658 under the title Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live formed one of the core extra-biblical texts of evangelicalism until at least the middle of the 19th century. The remainder of his life, from 1687 onwards, was passed peacefully.

masks:
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Richard
Richard Wickstead
Baxter
Richard Sibbes
Richard Hooker
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Vines
Richard Skeffington
Baxter
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Margaret Baxter


title: Richard Baxter

type: original

texts:
 He died in London and his funeral was attended by churchmen as well as dissenters. Theology
<mask> rejected the idea of a limited atonement in favour of a universal atonement, which drew him into a long debate with Calvinist theologian John Owen. Interpreting the kingdom of God in terms of Christ as Christus Victor and Rector of all men, <mask> explained Christ's death as an act of universal redemption (penal and vicarious, though substitutionary in explication), in virtue of which God has made a new covenant offering pardon and amnesty to the penitent.Repentance and faith, being obedient to this covenant, are the conditions of salvation. <mask> insisted that the Calvinists of his day ran the danger of ignoring the conditions that came with God's new covenant. Justification, <mask> insisted, required at least some degree of faith as the human response to the love of God. <mask>'s theology was set forth most elaborately in his Latin Methodus Theologiæ Christianæ (London, 1681); the Christian Directory (1673) contains the practical part of his system; and Catholic Theology (1675) is an English exposition. His theology made <mask> very unpopular among his contemporaries and even into the next century caused a split among the Dissenters. As summarised by Thomas W. Jenkyn, it differed from the Calvinism on four points:
 The atonement of Christ did not consist in his suffering the identical but the equivalent punishment (i.e., one which would have the same effect in moral government) as that deserved by mankind because of offended law. Christ died for sins, not persons.The benefits of substitutionary atonement are accessible and available to all men for their salvation. The atonement is not limited to a select few, but is available to all who will believe in Christ. The righteousness that is imputed to the believer in the work of justification is not the righteousness of Christ, but is by virtue of the faith of the believer himself in Christ. Every sinner has a distinct agency of his own to exert in the process of his conversion, which is to believe in Christ. Legacy
<mask> is commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with a feast day on 8 December and he is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 14 June. Literary legacy and mentions
AG Matthews, in an article "The Works of <mask>: an Annotated List" (Congregational Historical Society Transactions, XI (1932)) lists 141 books written by <mask>. Geoffrey Nuttall, in his biography of <mask>, published in 1965, reproduces this list, noting that one of the listed works, Fasciculus literarum (1680), was, in fact, written by John Hinckley.In 1674, <mask> cast in a new form the substance of Arthur Dent's book The Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven under the title, The Poor Man's Family Book. In this way, Arthur Dent of South Shoebury was a link between <mask> and another great Puritan John Bunyan. In 1679 <mask> made one of the very few known allusions to Sir Thomas Browne's discourse The Garden of Cyrus, critically declaring to newly ordained priests, You shall have more.. solid truth than those in their learned Network treatises. <mask>'s influence in New England is referenced in the first chapter of the 19th century devotional work "I Will Be A Lady – a book for girls" by Mrs. Tuthill. In George Eliot's Mill on the Floss <mask>'s "Saints Everlasting Rest" is listed as one of aunt Glegg's books. A prodigious hymn-writer, he published among others, 'He wants not friends that hath thy love'. Max Weber (1864–1920), the German sociologist, made significant use of <mask>'s works in developing his thesis for "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1904, 1920).Robert K. Merton (1910–2003), founder of the sociology of science and well known for the so-called Merton Thesis, also followed Weber in making use of <mask>'s Christian Directory as "a typical presentation of the leading elements in the Puritan ethos." Monuments
Baxter's House in Bridgnorth is still standing near the High Street with a name plaque on the front. The <mask> Monument in the civic parish of Wolverley and Cookley (neighbouring Kidderminster) was built around 1850 in memory of <mask>. It is a Grade II listed structure and resides on a hilltop on Blakeshall Common. The Baxter Monument is a Grade II listed structure in Kidderminster. This tribute of general esteem was erected nearly two centuries after <mask>'s death, sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled 28 July 1875. Originally in the Bull Ring, it was moved to its present site outside St Mary's parish church in March 1967.The <mask> Monument in Rowton, Shropshire (the village of his birth) is a squat stone obelisk with a bronze plaque on which is written "<mask> great divine author and eminent citizen of the 17th century. Son of <mask> and Beatrice née Adney born here in Rowton AD 1615. Died in London 1691". It resides on a triangle of grass at the centre of the village and is probably of late 19th century construction. It was designated a Grade II listed structure in 1983. There is a portrait of <mask> in Dr Williams's Library, Gordon Square, London. <mask> House, a boarding house at Old Swinford Hospital school in Stourbridge, is named after him.In Kidderminster, Baxter College (formerly Harry Cheshire High School), and a public park, Baxter Gardens, are both named after him. Notes

References

Attribution

  Endnote:
 Encyclopædia Britannica's most useful source was <mask>'s autobiography, called Reliquiae Baxterianae or Mr <mask>'s Narrative of the most memorable Passages of his Life and Times (published by Matthew Sylvester in 1696). Edmund Calamy the Younger abridged this work (1702). The abridgment forms the first volume of the account of the ejected ministers; the reply to the accusations which had been brought against <mask> is found in the second volume of Calamy's Continuation. William Orme's Life and Times of <mask> appeared in 2 vols. in 1830; it also forms the first volume of "Practical Works" (1830, reprinted 1868). Sir James Stephen's paper on <mask>, contributed originally to the Edinburgh Review, is reprinted in the second volume of his Essays.Estimates of <mask> were given by John Tulloch in his English Puritanism and Its Leaders, and by Dean Stanley in his address at the inauguration of the statue to <mask> at Kidderminster (see Macmillan's Magazine, xxxii. 385). See also

Benjamin Agus
List of abolitionist forerunners

Further reading
For more on <mask>'s autobiography and its historical usefulness, see . For <mask>'s involvement in the Great Ejection and the persecution of puritans, see . For a small selection of <mask>'s hymns, see his Cyberhymnal page. For an exploration of some of <mask>'s unpublished manuscripts and implications for his legacy see Manuscript and Print in the Late Seventeenth Century: The Case of Morgan Library, MS MA 4431, British Library, MS Egerton 2570, and <mask>'s An end of doctrinal controversies (1691)

External links

 . Works by <mask> at Special Collections and Archives, Cardiff University

 The Correspondence of <mask> in EMLO

 Individual works

 Self-Denial one of the sermons of <mask>
 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-Membership and Baptism by <mask> (1656)
 Five Disputations of Church-Government, and Worship by <mask> (1659)
 A Saint or a Brute: The Certain Necessity and Excellency of Holiness by <mask> (1662)
 The Life of Faith by <mask> (1670)
 Reliquiæ Baxterianæ: or, Mr. <mask>'s Narrative of the Most Memorable Passages of His Life and Times by <mask> (1696)
  An Abridgement of Mr. <mask>'s History of His Life and Times: With an Account of the Ministers, &c. who Were Ejected at the Restauration, of King Charles II... and the Continuation of Their History to the Passing of the Bill Against Occasional Conformity, in 1711 by Edmund Calamy (1713)
 The Reformed Pastor; A Discourse on the Pastoral Office by <mask>, ed.Samuel Parker (1808)
 A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume I by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
 A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume II by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume III by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume IV by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
A Christian Directory: Or, A Body of Practical Divinity and Cases of Conscience, Volume V by <mask> (<mask>, 1825)
The Description, Reasons and Reward of Walking With God: On Genesis V.24 by <mask> (J. Owen, 1825)
Memoirs of <mask>: Daughter of Francis Charlton and Wife of <mask> (<mask>, 1826)
A Call to the Unconverted. To Which Are Added Several Valuable Essays by <mask>, with an Introduction by Thomas Chalmers (1829)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume I, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume II, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume III, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume IV, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume V, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume VI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev.<mask>, Volume VII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume X, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XII, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XV, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XVI, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev.<mask>, Volume XVII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XVIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XIX, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXI, ed.William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Practical Works of the Rev. <mask>, Volume XXIII, ed. William Orme (1830)
The Life and Times of the Rev. <mask>: With a Critical Examination of His Writings, Volume I by William Orme (1831)
The Life and Times of the Rev. <mask>: With a Critical Examination of His Writings, Volume II by William Orme (1831)
Select Practical Writings of <mask>, Volume I, ed.Leonard Bacon (1831)
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1615 births
1691 deaths
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Anglican saints
English Anglican theologians
Demonologists
Early modern Christian devotional writers
English male poets
Ejected English ministers of 1662
English Calvinist and Reformed theologians
English evangelicals
English chaplains
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
17th-century English theologians
Participants in the Savoy Conference
People from Telford and Wrekin
Roundheads
English Civil War chaplains
Witchcraft in England
17th-century Anglican

masks:
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
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Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
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Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
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Richard Baxter
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Richard Baxter
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Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Margaret Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Edwards
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter


title: Bill Jenkins (drag racer)

texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1930 – March  29, 2012), nicknamed "Grumpy" or "The Grump", was an engine builder and drag racer. Between 1965 and 1975, he won a total of thirteen NHRA events. Most of these wins were won with a four-speed manual transmission. In 1972 he recorded 250 straight passes without missing a shift. He was formally trained as a mechanical engineer at Cornell University, although he completed only three years and did not earn a degree. He later used his training and skills to build engines. He has been inducted in numerous motorsports halls of fame for his engine building skills in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Pro Stock class.His innovations include drag racing's first kickout oil pans, Pro Stock strut-style front suspension, and dry sump oiling system, and cool cans, electric water pump fan, gas port pistons, and slick-shift manual transmissions. Considered the "Father of Pro Stock", Jenkins-built engines were used to win five NHRA Pro Stock championships and three  American Hot Rod Association (AHRA) championships. He was nicknamed "Grumpy" for having a no-nonsense attitude at races. The Motorsports Hall of Fame of America said: "his continual search for improved performance left little time for idle chatter with his racing colleagues." Career

Born in Philadelphia, <mask> grew up in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He started working on motors on his neighbor's tractor engine. He began drag racing in a 1955 Chevrolet convertible at Berwyn, Pennsylvania before going off to college at Cornell University for engineering.He left college in his third year. He became nationally known after helping to build 30 cars that set national records. He became known in national circles as the engine builder for Dave Strickler in the early 1960s. <mask> teamed with Strickler to win Little Eliminator at the 1963 Nationals with an A/FX 427 Chevy. He drove hemi-powered Dodges in 1964 and 1965 after Chevy left drag racing early in the 1963 season. In 1964, <mask> and Strickler travelled to England, as part of the U.S. Drag Racing team, to take part in the First International Drag Festival, a series of six events held that fall.He won the A/MP (A/Modified Production) class in a 1965 Plymouth gasser at the 1965 NHRA Nationals at Indianapolis Raceway Park, with a pass of 11.11 seconds at . He would also win S/SA at the 1965 Winternationals in a hemi-powered Plymouth named Black Arrow. His winning pass in the final round was an 11.39 second e.t., overcoming Dick Housey's 11.37 with a holeshot

<mask> couldn't agree on terms with Chrysler for 1966, so he decided to run a Chevy independently by making his own Chevy engine package. Without factory support, <mask> developed his first Grumpy's Toy, a 327 cubic inch / 350 horsepower Chevy II. When he found the compact car was to be placed in the same class as the 426 ci/425 horsepower hemi Dodge and Plymouth muscle cars, he commented it "looked like a pretty good gimmick at the time". The lower displacement engine in the smaller car, hence lighter minimum weight, enabled it to outrun the larger-engined but heavier cars. He set a class record with an 11.66 second pass.He was added to Chevrolet's team in 1967. He became known as the premiere normally aspirated drag race engine builder after his Super Stock victory at the 1967 Nationals. He entered Pro Stock when NHRA started it in 1970, and won the first two events of the year (the Winternationals and Gatornationals) in a 1968 Chevrolet Camaro, ultimately taking the national title. His first car built specifically for Pro Stock, a 1970½ Camaro, would be the first of the class to make the cover of Hot Rod (their July 1970 issue). <mask> went winless in 1971. NHRA changed the 1972 rules to allow drivers with a small block wedge engine to run a lighter car. <mask> used a small block-based  in a Chevrolet Vega fitted in the class' first tube chassis, which debuted at the 1972 Winternationals.He had a subpar 9.90 second pass in the untested Vega, qualifying 17th of the 32 entries at the season-opening event. After tuning the chassis, the car clocked low-9.6 second passes on race day and <mask> won the event. <mask> used the car to win five of the first eight events of the season (some of them regionals) and six of eight Nationals. <mask> earned a total of $250,000 that year, including event and manufacturer support. He matched Wilt Chamberlain as the professional athlete with the highest salary in the United States. That year he was featured in Time magazine, the first drag racer to experience mainstream national coverage. In 1973, following an NHRA rule change to allow records to be set at any national meet, <mask> drove his Vega to Pro Stock's first official record, a  pass, at the Winternationals; "Dyno Don" Nicholson set the e.t.record with a 9.33. <mask> built a Vega in 1974 (dubbed Grumpy's Toy XI) that had several firsts which impacted future drag racing cars, including the first dry sump oiling system and a MacPherson strut front suspension. This car would give him thirteen wins in Pro Stock that year. Car owner and engine builder
<mask> retired as a driver, hiring Larry Lombardo and Ken Dondero to drive his cars so that he could concentrate on research and development. Lombardo replaced <mask> in the driver's seat for the second race of the 1976 season in NHRA. Lombardo won that season's NHRA Winston Pro Stock championship despite the late start. Dondero won the AHRA title.Lombardo raced for <mask> until 1979, finishing third in 1977 points, second in 1978, and seventh in 1979. <mask> cut down the team's match races in the early 1980s until his final season as a team owner in 1983. Joe Lepone won the 1985 Winternationals with a Jenkins Pro Stock engine. Grumpy's main focus was on Comp engines, which were used by a large client list, including national event winners Garley Daniels, Steve Johns, and Bob Kaiser. He led development of GM's new splay-valved cylinder heads for the Chevrolet small block V8 engines, utilized in the new Pro Stock Truck category in 1998. He fitted the splay-valve heads in a  engine, used by Larry Kopp to win the 1998 Winston drag championship, and by 1998 national event winners Tim Freeman, Brad Jeter, Johns, Mark Osborne, Scott Perin, and Don Smith. Jenkins-built engines continue to be used.A <mask> powerplant was used by Dave Connolly in his title-contending Pro Stock Cobalt to win the 2005 Winternationals and briefly placed Connolly in the POWERade points lead. In 2006, two-time Pro Stock champion Jim Yates announced a testing program with a <mask> motor in his 2005 Pontiac GTO. <mask> also worked on some NASCAR engines. He built the engine Donnie Allison used to take the pole position in the 1975 Daytona 500. Mike Swaim used a <mask> motor to take the pole for the 1987 Busch Series race at Daytona. Halls of Fame / Awards
<mask> was inducted in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2008. He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1996)
Don Garlits International Drag Racing Hall of Fame (1993).In 2001, he was ranked eighth on NHRA's Top 50 Drivers of all-time. The American Auto Racing Writers & Broadcasters Association named him to their All-America Team in 1972, and he was awarded Chevrolet's  of Performance in 1984. <mask> was selected 21 times to the Car Craft all-star drag racing team including winning the "Man of the Year" and "Ollie Award". Personal life
<mask> married Alexandra Newman and the union produced daughter <mask> before their divorce. He married Polly Wood and they had a son named William and a daughter named Dani-El. Death
<mask> died in 2012 of heart failure in Paoli, Pennsylvania. Book
The Chevrolet Racing Engine (April 1977)
Grumpys Toys - The Authorized History of Grumpy Jenkins Cars (Jan. 2011)

References

1930 births
2012 deaths
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Dragster drivers
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Racing drivers from Philadelphia
People from Malvern, Pennsylvania

masks:
William Tyler Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
Jenkins
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Jenkins
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Susan Jenkins
Jenkins


title: Paul Darrow

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 2 May 1941 – 3 June 2019) was an English actor. He became best known for playing Kerr Avon in the BBC science fiction television series Blake's 7 between 1978 and 1981. His many television roles included two appearances in another BBC science fiction series, Doctor Who, playing Captain Hawkins in Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970) and Tekker in Timelash (1985). He was also the voice of "Jack" on independent radio stations JACKfm and Union JACK, whose lines included dry-witted comments pertaining to current events. Early years
<mask> was born <mask>irkby in Chessington, Surrey, on 2 May 1941. He received his formal education at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, before studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. While at RADA, he shared a flat with fellow actors John Hurt and Ian McShane.Career
<mask> worked extensively in theatre and television. His television appearances include: Emergency – Ward 10, The Saint, Z-Cars, Dixon of Dock Green, Within These Walls, as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the 1975 BBC series The Legend of Robin Hood, as Mr. Tallboy in the 1973 adaptation of Dorothy L. Sayers' Murder Must Advertise, as Thomas Doughty in the television film Drake's Venture, Dombey and Son, Maelstrom, Making News, Pie in the Sky, Hollyoaks, Toast of London and Little Britain. He provided the voiceover for Biblical quotations in Richard Dawkins's The Root of All Evil?. He had a one-off appearance in the 1990 series of Cluedo but did not play the murder victim. He was also the presenter of the BBC3 reality series Hercules (2004). <mask> appeared as the character Avon, for which he was best known, in all but the first episode of Blake's 7. Proud of his work on that series, <mask> acted as its most prolific spokesman, both in the UK and the US, during the late 1980s.In the mid-to-late 1990s, he purchased the rights to Blake's 7 and attempted to produce a big-budget follow-up mini-series, Blake's 7: A Rebellion Reborn. According to <mask>, it would have begun 25 years after the ending of the original series and might have included an ageing Avon passing the torch to a new generation. His film credits are few, but include roles as doctors in The Raging Moon (1971) and the Bond movie Die Another Day (2002), for which he filmed but his material was deleted before the film went on release to cinemas. <mask> recorded voice-overs and straplines for UK JACKfm station in Oxfordshire. He also provided the voice of the character Grand Moff Tarkin in the computer game Star Wars: Empire at War. He also voiced the character of Zarok in the PlayStation game MediEvil; his recordings were re-used in the game's 2019 remake. <mask> appeared in Emmerdale from 13 July 2009, playing Eddy Fox, Alan Turner's friend; he knows Turner as "Tank".He also played the character of Kaston Iago in the Kaldor City audio releases. <mask> also provided the voice of a main character in the PC game Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising. The actress Glynis Barber, who played Soolin in Blake's 7, provided the voice for the main female character. The game was narrated by Tom Baker of Doctor Who fame. <mask> played the role of Sam Vimes in the 1998/99 touring production of the play based on Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Guards! Guards!. In 2004, <mask> was the subject of the fourth volume of MJTV's "The Actor Speaks" audio CDs, featuring frank interviews and dramatic pieces, alongside guest Peter Miles, with a piece specifically written by Tanith Lee.<mask> narrated the 2008 audio book of Terry Nation's classic children's story Rebecca's World: Journey to the Forbidden Planet (2008)

In December 2011, <mask> voiced the character of Overseer Tremel in the Bioware MMORPG release Star Wars: The Old Republic. In 2012, <mask> returned to the role of Kerr Avon in Big Finish Productions' Blake's 7: The Liberator Chronicles, a series of dramatic readings which take place during Series One, Two and Three of the original show. He also reprised the part in Blake's 7: The Classic Audio Adventures, a full-cast audio drama series. In 2015, <mask> starred as <mask>, the enigmatic business man in charge of the business institute Atlas in the interactive video game Contradiction: Spot the Liar!. A sequel was planned in 2016, but never came to fruition. <mask> was Patron of the University of York Astronomy Society (AstroSoc) from 1981 to 1984. An extinct crocodile from the Miocene of Australia, Baru darrowi, was named after Darrow.On 27 October 2018, <mask> appeared on (and won) a celebrity sci-fi edition of the quiz show Pointless, along with fellow Blake's 7 star Michael Keating. Illness and death
In his last years <mask> suffered a decline in health. In 2014, he had an aortic aneurysm, and due to complications during its treatment, surgeons had to amputate both his legs. He died on the morning of 3 June 2019 at the age of 78. The 2019 remake of MediEvil, which featured <mask> as the voice of the main antagonist Zarok, was dedicated to his memory. Personal life
In the mid-1960s <mask> married the actress Janet Lees-Price. They were married almost fifty years, until her death in 2012, and lived in later life in Billingshurst, West Sussex.Publications
 Avon: A Terrible Aspect (1989) (), a Blake's 7 prequel novel about Avon's father and Avon's own early life. Queen: The eYe (1997) (), a novelisation of the video game of the same name. You're Him, Aren't You? (2006) (), autobiography. (Re-released as an audio book narrated by <mask> in 2016.) Lucifer (2013) (), first of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7. Lucifer: Revelation (2014) (), second of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7.Lucifer: Genesis (2015) (), third of a trilogy of books set after the events of Blake's 7. Filmography

Film

Television

Video Games

Radio and CD audio dramas

References

External links

 <mask> at the British Film Institute

1941 births
2019 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English amputees
English male television actors
English male voice actors
English male writers
English writers
Male actors from Surrey
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School

masks:
Paul Darrow
Paul Valentine Birkby
Darrow
Paul Valentine B
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Paul Rand
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Darrow
Paul Darrow


title: Peter Bernstein (guitarist)

texts:
<mask> (born September 3, 1967) is an American jazz guitarist. Biography

Born in New York City on September 3, 1967, <mask> began playing piano when he was eight but switched to guitar when he was thirteen, learning the instrument primarily by ear. He studied jazz at Rutgers University with Ted Dunbar, and Kenny Barron. While a student at the New School in New York City, he met guitarist Jim Hall, who offered him a job performing at the JVC Jazz Festival in 1990. He then appeared on albums with Jesse Davis, Lou Donaldson, Larry Goldings, Michael Hashim, Geoff Keezer, and Melvin Rhyne. He released his first album as a leader with pianist Brad Mehldau. He has also worked with Jimmy Cobb, Tom Harrell, Diana Krall, Lee Konitz, Eric Alexander, Joshua Redman, Dr. Lonnie Smith, and Walt Weiskopf.In 2008, <mask> became part of the Blue Note 7, a septet formed that year in honor of the 70th anniversary of Blue Note Records. The group recorded the album Mosaic. <mask> throughout his career has played with Dr. Lonnie Smith, Nicholas Payton, Lee Konitz, Tom Harrell, Eric Alexander, Chuck Deardorf, Matt Jorgensen, Bill Stewart, Larry Goldings Dario Chiazzolino, Gilad Hekselman and many others. <mask> plays a Zeidler archtop guitar almost exclusively. The guitar was made in 1981. Discography

As leader
 Somethin's Burnin' (Criss Cross, 1994)
 Signs of Life (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Brain Dance (Criss Cross, 1996)
 April in New York (Jardis, 1998)
 Earth Tones (Criss Cross, 1998)
 We Remember Tal with Gene Bertoncini, Mundell Lowe, Jack Wilkins (J-Curve, 1999)
 Consenting Adults with M.T.B. (Criss Cross, 2000)
 Stranger in Paradise (Venus, 2003)
 Heart's Content (Criss Cross, 2003)
 Guitars Alone with Satoshi Inoue (What'sNew, 2003)
 You'll See with the Anniversary Quartet (Cellar Live, 2005)
 In Orbit with Planet Jazz (Sharp Nine, 2006)
 Monk (Xanadu, 2008)
 <mask> Quartet: Live at Smalls (SmallsLIVE, 2008)
 Live at Smalls with Planet Jazz (Off Minor, 2010)
 Live at Smalls with Larry Goldings, Bill Stewart (SmallsLIVE, 2011)
 Dialogues with Joachim Schoenecker (2012)
 Live at Cory Weeds' Cellar Jazz Club with Tilden Webb (Cellar Live, 2013)
 Solo Guitar Live at Smalls (SmallsLIVE, 2013)
 Ramshackle Serenade with Larry Goldings, Bill Stewart (Pirouet, 2014)
 Inspired with Rale Micic, John Abercrombie, Lage Lund (ArtistShare, 2016)
 Humanity with the Humanity Quartet (Cellar Live, 2016)
 Let Loose (Smoke Sessions, 2016)
 Signs Live!(Savant, 2015)
 That Feelin (Savant, 2016)
 From the Heart (Savant, 2018)

With Melvin Rhyne
 The Legend (Criss Cross, 1992)
 Boss Organ (Criss Cross, 1994)
 Stick to the Kick (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Mel's Spell (Criss Cross, 1996)
 Kojo (Criss Cross, 1997)
 KOJO (Criss Cross, 1997)
 Classmasters (Criss Cross, 1999)
 Tomorrow Yesterday Today (Criss Cross, 2003)

With Lonnie Smith
 Too Damn Hot (Palmetto, 2004)
 Jungle Soul (Palmetto, 2006)
 Rise Up! (Criss Cross, 1998)
 Steve Davis, Update (Criss Cross, 2006)
 Trudy Desmond, Make Me Rainbows (Koch, 1995)
 Klaus Doldinger, Back in New York Blind Date (WEA, 1999)
 Renee Fleming, Christmas in New York (Decca, 2014)
 Fleurine, Fire (Coast to Coast, 2002)
 Don Friedman, Waltz for Marilyn (Jazz Excursion, 2007)
 Don Friedman, Remembering Attila Zoller (Edition Longplay, 2016)
 Jon Gordon, The Things We Need (Double-Time, 1999)
 Wycliffe Gordon, Dig This! (Criss Cross, 2002)
 Jim Hall, Jim Hall and Friends Live at Town Hall Vol. 1 (Musicmasters, 1991)
 Jim Hall, Jim Hall and Friends Live at Town Hall Vol. 3 (Doxy/Okeh 2014)
 Sonny Rollins, Road Shows Vol. 4: Holding the Stage (Doxy/Okeh 2016)
 Jorge Rossy, Stay There (Pirouet, 2016)
 Jim Rotondi, New Vistas (Criss Cross, 2004)
 Anton Schwartz, Radiant Blue (Anton Jazz, 2006)
 Seatbelts, Cowboy Bebop: Vitaminless (Victor, 1998)
 Janis Siegel, Friday Night Special (Telarc, 2003)
 Gary Smulyan, Mike LeDonne, Kenny Washington, Smul's Paradise (Capri, 2012)
 Wendy Waldman, Wendy Waldman (Warner Bros., 1975)
 Walt Weiskopf, A World Away (Criss Cross, 1995)
 Paula West, Come What May (Hi Horse, 2001)

References

External links
Official site

1967 births
American jazz guitarists
Living people
Rutgers University alumni
The New School alumni
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
The Blue Note 7 members
Pirouet Records artists
Criss Cross Jazz artists
Smoke Sessions Records artists

masks:
Peter Andrew Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Peter
Bernstein
Peter Bernstein


title: Melissus of Samos

texts:
Melissus of Samos (; ; fl. 5th century BC) was the third and last member of the ancient school of Eleatic philosophy, whose other members included Zeno and Parmenides. Little is known about his life, except that he was the commander of the Samian fleet in the Samian War. Melissus’ contribution to philosophy was a treatise of systematic arguments supporting Eleatic philosophy. Like Parmenides, he argued that reality is ungenerated, indestructible, indivisible, changeless, and motionless. In addition, he sought to show that reality is wholly unlimited, and infinitely extended in all directions; and since existence is unlimited, it must also be one. Life

Not much information remains regarding the life of Melissus.He may have been born around 500 BC; the date of his death is unknown. The little which is known about him is mostly gleaned from a small passage in Plutarch’s Life of Pericles. He was the commander of the Samian fleet in the Samian War, and defeated Pericles and the Athenian fleet in 440 BC. Plutarch claims that Aristotle says that Melissus had also defeated Pericles in an earlier battle. In his Life of Themistocles, Plutarch denies Stesimbrotus’ claim that Melissus was held in high regard by Themistocles, claiming that he is confusing Themistocles and Pericles. Melissus was reputed to have been the pupil of Parmenides, and the teacher of Leucippus, though one must regard such claims with a fair amount of skepticism. On Nature
Much of what remains of Melissus’ philosophical treatise, On Nature, has been preserved by Simplicius in his commentaries on Aristotle’s Physics and On the Heavens, and several summaries of his philosophy have come down to us.Most of the remaining fragments can be found in Diels–Kranz. Unlike Parmenides, Melissus wrote his treatise in prose, not poetry, consequently making it easier to follow than that of his teacher. Like Parmenides, he claims that Being is one, ungenerated, indestructible, indivisible, changeless, motionless and the same. Melissus’ philosophy differs from that of Parmenides in two respects: (1) Parmenides claims that Being is limited, while Melissus claims that it is wholly unlimited; and (2) for Parmenides, Being existed in a timeless Present, while for Melissus Being is eternal. McKirahan claims that Parmenides argues for Being as spatially limited, but this is a contentious point. Philosophy

Eternal
Melissus argues that since The One neither came to be nor is subject to destruction, it is therefore eternal. While fragment 1 is merely a summary of Parmenides’ arguments against coming to be and perishing (8.5-21), fragment 2 provides Melissus’ argument.Melissus’ argument is twofold, addressing the temporal aspect of The One somewhat as a timeline: granting the reality of the present moment, he argues that The One has existed eternally into the past and will exist eternally into the future. His argument is as follows:
Whatever comes to be must have a beginning. According to fragment 1, The One did not come to be. Therefore, The One does not have a beginning. Therefore, The One is eternal (has always existed in the past). in addition:
Whatever has a beginning must also end. According to fragment 1, The One did not have a beginning.Therefore, The One will not end. Therefore, The One is eternal (will always exist in the future). He restates his argument for The One as eternal in fragments 6 and 9.1. It is in this respect that Melissus differs from Parmenides, although some argue that the difference is not as important as it might seem. Parmenides’ view is that there is only one moment (the eternal present), while Melissus argues for an infinite number of moments. The existence of a changeless, motionless, eternal present is an arguable position (after all, change and motion depend on time); however, the existence of a changeless, motionless, infinite succession of moments is a much more difficult position to defend (after all, if there is no other change, there is still temporal change, the change from one moment to the next). There are several problems with Melissus’ reasoning.His second argument is based on a dubious premise (i.e., that whatever comes to be must also end at some point). Furthermore, both arguments, which can be reduced to “If A, then B; but not-A, therefore not-B”, are logically flawed. Unlimited
Melissus contends that The One is unlimited. Fragments 7 and 8 apparently indicate that Melissus is speaking in terms of spatial infinity, although regarding fragment 3, which first argues this point, Simplicius explicitly denies this: “But by ‘magnitude’ he does not mean what is extended in space.”  Simplicius undoubtedly had more of Melissus’ treatise at his disposal, as well as other commentaries and notes which have not survived to the present day. In any case, Melissus’ argument for this claim is unclear, and it is possible that it has not been preserved for us. Alternatively, he may intend for this argument to follow from the arguments of fragments 1 and 2, either directly or indirectly. In the former case, unless the argument is based on a now lost theory on the relationship between time and space, it is, as McKirahan says, “grossly fallacious”.In the latter case, granting the “beginning” and “end” of fragment 2 spatial as well as temporal qualities leaves Melissus open to the charge of equivocation. In fragment 6 Melissus connects an eternal existence and the quality of being unlimited. Melissus may have argued for this quality due to certain issues arising in Parmenides’ thesis (8.42-9). The argument is as follows:

Whatever has a beginning and end is neither eternal nor unlimited. Being has no beginning or end. Therefore, it is eternal and unlimited. This argument, as fragment 3, is logically flawed, being basically: “If not-A, then not-B”.One
Melissus’ argument for the oneness of what-is, given mainly in fragments 7 and 8, is undoubtedly his best. His argument is clearer and more concise than the one provided by Parmenides. Melissus argues that, because what-is is unlimited, it must also be one, because if it were more than one it would have limits (namely, the boundaries between what-is and the other existing objects). His argument is founded on the premises that what-is is both spatially and temporally unlimited and is as follows:

What-is is temporally unlimited. Therefore, nothing else temporally unlimited could exist at the same time. What-is is spatially unlimited. Therefore, nothing else spatially unlimited could exist at a different time.Therefore, what-is is one. The same
In On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias, Pseudo-Aristotle states that Melissus made a claim that The One is qualitatively the same. The validity of the argument depends on the nature of unity intended by Melissus. It is possible for one, single thing to have different parts: a human has a head, a body, two arms and two legs, but it is still one human. In most respects, Melissus is following in Parmenides’ footsteps, and so it is likely that Melissus is arguing for the same type of unity as Parmenides, namely, that The One is completely unified, with no parts to subdivide it. His argument is as follows:

If what-is has qualitative differences, it is plural. What-is is one.What-is is whole in and of itself. Therefore, what-is has no qualitative differences (i.e., is the same). This is not provided in the second-hand report by Pseudo-Aristotle; however, the quality of wholeness is a major claim in Parmenides’ thesis, and it is likely that Melissus either made the argument for this point in a fragment that has not come down to us or expected it to be understood or inferred from his other arguments. Changeless
Melissus argues that The One cannot undergo any change. He specifically states that The One cannot be rearranged, become greater or smaller, or undergo any kind of distress, but we may safely expand his argument to include all kinds of change. If The One underwent any kind of change whatsoever, it would become different and thus would no longer be unified or whole. His argument is as follows:

Whatever undergoes change is altered.Whatever is altered is not unified or whole. The One is unified and whole. Therefore, The One does not undergo any type of change. Motionless
In fragment 9.7-10 Melissus makes the argument for motionless with the qualities of full and empty. He states that The One is full, because if it were empty it would be nothing, and what is nothing doesn’t exist. He then states that because The One is full, it can’t move. The argument is as follows:

To be empty is to be nothing.What is nothing does not exist. The One exists. Therefore, The One is not empty. What is not empty must be full. Therefore, The One is full. and further:
Whatever has motion is not full. Whatever is full (i.e., has no empty spaces) must be motionless.The One is full. Therefore, The One is motionless. Incorporeal
In fragment 5, Melissus makes the remarkable claim that The One is incorporeal. Just as his insistence that The One is unlimited, this claim may also be his attempt to address a potential problem inherent in Parmenides’ philosophy (8.42-9). His argument is as follows:

The One is whole in and of itself. Therefore, The One has no parts. Therefore, The One has no thickness.Therefore, The One does not have a body. This argument, on the surface, does not coincide with Melissus’ claim that The One is extended and full. After all, why can something that is extended not have any parts, and how can something that is full have no thickness? McKirahan offers an interesting interpretation for what Melissus may have been arguing. A body not only has extension, but also limits, and something infinitely large, such as The One, is unlimited; an object, then, with no limits, is not a body. Furthermore, thickness is simply the measure of the distance between a body’s limits. Since The One is unlimited, it cannot have thickness.Influence and reactions
While not as influential as his fellow Eleatics, Melissus' treatise did have an important impact on philosophy. Whether or not Leucippus was his student, it is clear that his treatise was as influential on atomism as were those of the other Eleatics. Furthermore, because of its clear and concise nature, Melissus' version of Eleatic philosophy was the chief source for its presentation in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Eusebius quoting Aristocles of Messene considered Melissus to be part of a line of philosophy that culminated in Pyrrhonism. Aristotle never hesitated to insult Melissus, whom he viewed as quite inferior to his predecessors, stating that his work was "a bit crude" and that he made "invalid arguments starting from false assumptions". The later Peripatetic philosopher, Aristocles of Messene, also had little admiration for Melissus, calling several of his arguments "absurd". Melissus has fared somewhat better in the eyes of modern philosophers.He was an inventive philosopher and had the good quality of offering clear and direct arguments. Although he follows Parmenides in his general views and the framework of Eleaticism, he made original contributions and innovations to the substance of Eleatic philosophy. See also
 On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias

Notes

Bibliography

Primary
Aetius, Fragments
Aristocles, Fragments

John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics
Tzetzes, Chiliades
Plutarch, Life of Pericles
Plutarch, Life of Themistocles
Pseudo-Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias
Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's On Heaven
Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics

Secondary
Baird, Forrest E. and Walter Kaufmann, Ancient Philosophy, 4th Ed., Philosophic Classics, Volume I. Prentice Hall, 2003. Barnes, Jonathan, The Presocratic Philosophers. Routledge, New York, 1982. Diels, Hermann and Walther Kranz, Die Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker, (1903), 7th Ed. Berlin:  Weidmann, 1954.Kirk, G.S., J.E. Raven and M<mask>, The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Makin, Stephen, "Melissus and his opponents : the argument of DK 30 B 8", Phronesis 2005 50 (4), pp. 263–288. McKirahan, Richard D., Philosophy before Socrates, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. Rapp, <mask>, "Zeno and the Eleatic anti-pluralism", in Maria Michela Sassi (ed.), La costruzione del discorso filosofico nell'età dei Presocratici / The Construction of Philosophical Discourse in the Age of the Presocratics, Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2006, pp. 161–182. External links

Melissus Fragments at demonax.info
Melissus Fragments (original Greek text) at Site de Philippe Remacle

5th-century BC Greek people
5th-century BC philosophers
Ancient Samians
Presocratic philosophers
Year of death unknown
Metaphysicians
Year of birth unknown
Eleatic philosophers
Ancient Greek admirals

masks:
. Schofield
Christof


title: Da'Quan Bowers

texts:
Da'<mask> (born February 23, 1990) is an American football coach and former professional gridiron football defensive end who is currently the defensive line coach at the University of South Florida. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Clemson, where he earned unanimous All-American honors. He was also a member of the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). High school career
<mask> attended Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School in Bamberg, South Carolina, where he was a three-sport athlete in football and track. He played as a defensive end and running back for the Bamberg-Ehrhardt Red Raiders high school football team. As a senior in 2007, he led the team to an 11–2 record by recording 97 tackles, 33 tackles for loss and 14 sacks on defense, while on offense, he rushed for 1,219 yards and scored 19 touchdowns, he caught two touchdown passes, averaged 40 yards per kickoff return, and blocked seven kicks.Bowers also starred in track & field as a shot putter (top-throw of 46–0.75 or 14.35m) and sprinter (11.7s 100m). <mask> was ranked the No. 1 overall prospect by ESPN.com in 2008, the first Clemson recruit in history to be ranked as the number-one player in the nation by any recruiting service. Rivals.com dubbed <mask> the top defensive end prospect of the high school classes 2005–2009, describing him as "the closest thing to Reggie White and Bruce Smith". He chose Clemson over Florida State, Georgia, Notre Dame, Ohio State, Penn State, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia Tech. College career
<mask> graduated early from high school and enrolled at Clemson University in January 2008, where he was a member of the Clemson Tigers football team from 2008 to 2010. He went through 2008 spring drills and had a game-high seven tackles in the 2008 Spring Game.As a true freshman in 2008, <mask> started six of 13 games, finishing the season with 37 tackles including eight for loss. During his second year in 2009, <mask> recorded 46 tackles, 10.5 for loss and three sacks, despite an injury that forced him to miss three games. As a junior in 2010, <mask> recorded 67 tackles, 26 tackles for loss and 15.5 sacks. He led the nation in sacks and was tied for the most tackles for loss. Following the season, he was a first-team All-ACC selection, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He was also honored as the ACC Defensive Player of the Year, and was the recipient of the Bronko Nagurski Trophy. Professional career
As early as April 2010, <mask> was seen as a candidate for the No.1 overall spot in the 2011 NFL Draft. He remained at the top of most mock draft projections over the course of the season, especially after Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck, who was widely considered to be the No. 1 prospect for the 2011 draft, returned to school. Along with Nick Fairley, Marcell Dareus, and Patrick Peterson, <mask> was still listed among the best prospects available as of January 2011. Tampa Bay Buccaneers

<mask> was selected in the second round (51st overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. <mask> was selected lower than expected due to medical issues, including off-season knee surgery. Bowers played in all 16 regular season games, starting in six, contributing 25 tackles.The following off-season, during the Bucs off-season program, he tore his Achilles tendon on May 10, 2012. <mask> was activated from the PUP on October 25, 2012. He played his first game of the 2012 season that same night against the Minnesota Vikings. He would finish his second season in the league having played in 10 games, but only amassing 13 tackles. In the off-season <mask> was arrested for carrying an (unloaded) gun at LaGuardia Airport. The sentence was reduced on April 11, 2013. <mask> played only sparingly in 2013, and by the summer of 2014 there were serious doubts as to whether he would make the Buccaneers roster for the 2014 season.During that same off-season, <mask>' was switched to a hybrid defensive end/defensive tackle. On October 21, 2014 <mask> was suspended two games by the NFL for using performance-enhancing substances. <mask> became a free agent that off-season, but was ultimately re-signed by the Buccaneers on July 27, 2015 for the 2015 training camp. <mask> was released by the Buccaneers on September 4, 2015. On December 15, 2015 <mask> re-signed with the Buccaneers. <mask> was not re-signed by the Buccaneers following the conclusion of the 2015 season. Throughout his entire Buccaneer career <mask> was often injured; earning him a place on the season-ending injury reserved list.In his five seasons in Tampa Bay Bowers played in 53 games, starting in 10 of them, contributing 69 tackles and 7 quarterback sacks. Edmonton Eskimos
On May 11, 2017, <mask> signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Bowers played in 14 games for the Eskimos in 2017, contributing 17 defensive tackles, seven sacks, and one interception. In early March 2018 <mask> and the Eskimos agreed to a two-year contract extension. Retirement
On May 20, 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from football. Coaching career
Following his retirement from football, <mask> joined the football staff at Clemson as a student assistant working with the defensive line while finishing his degree. South Florida
Bowers was named the defensive line coach at South Florida in 2020, joining former Clemson offensive coordinator Jeff Scott's inaugural staff.Personal life
<mask> was born in Bamberg, South Carolina to parents Dennis and <mask>. His father, a gospel singer and guitarist with the Legendary Singing Stars, died on August 8, 2010, in Augusta, Georgia, at the age of 51. Da'Quan <mask> is also a member of The Legendary Singing Stars, occasionally singing lead and playing guitar. As a child, Bowers looked up to Reggie White. Bowers grew up as a Dallas Cowboys fan and a Los Angeles Lakers fan. On February 17, 2013, <mask> was arrested in New York City at La Guardia Airport on weapons charges after voluntarily turning over an unloaded  handgun to security at LaGuardia Airport where he was traveling. The weapon was indeed permitted to carry but he was charged with second-degree criminal possession of a weapon.On April 11, 2013, the felony charge was dropped and <mask> pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct. He paid a $370 fine and his court record was sealed. References

External links
South Florida bio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
Clemson Tigers bio
NFL Combine profile
ESPN stats
The Legendary Singing Stars Facebook page. 1990 births
Living people
People from Bamberg, South Carolina
Players of American football from South Carolina
Under Armour All-American football players
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
Canadian football defensive linemen
American players of Canadian football
Clemson Tigers football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Edmonton Elks players
Clemson Tigers football coaches
South Florida Bulls football coaches

masks:
Quan Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Linda Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers


title: Yosano Akiko

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<mask> (Shinjitai: , seiji: ; 7 December 1878 – 29 May 1942) was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer, active in the late Meiji period as well as the Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japan. Her name at birth was . She is one of the most noted, and most controversial, post-classical woman poets of Japan. Early life
<mask> was born into a prosperous merchant family in Sakai, near Osaka. From the age of 11, she was the family member most responsible for running the family business, which produced and sold yōkan, a type of confection. From early childhood, she was fond of reading literary works, and read widely in her father's extensive library. As a high school student, she began to subscribe to the poetry magazine Myōjō (Bright Star), of which she became a prominent contributor.Myōjō's editor, Tekkan <mask>, taught her tanka poetry, having met her on visits to Osaka and Sakai to deliver lectures and teach in workshops. Although Tekkan had a common-law wife, he eventually separated from her after he fell in love with <mask>. The two poets started a new life together in the suburb of Tokyo and were married in 1901. The couple had two sons, Hikaru and Shigeru. Despite separating from his first wife, Tekkan remained actively involved with her. Midaregami
In 1901, Yosano brought out her first volume of tanka, Midaregami (Tangled Hair), which contained 400 poems and was mostly denounced by literary critics. Despite this critical reaction, it was widely read and became a sort of lighthouse for free-thinkers of her time.Her first book, by far her best known, brought a passionate individualism to traditional tanka poetry, unlike any other work of the late Meiji period. The majority are love poems through which <mask> expresses her feelings towards Tekkan Yosano. It was through this particular collection that she set an image for herself as well as the stage for female voices in modern Japan. The poems tended to express femininity in a manner unconventional for her time, especially from a female writer. In traditional Japanese values, women are perceived as (and are expected to be) gentle and modest. The domestic and societal roles of Japanese women were and are focused on procreation and raising children, especially boys. Midaregami not only expresses concepts and/or issues that pertain to women and are not normally voiced in such a public manner, but also created a new, revolutionary image of womanhood, as lively, free, sexual and assertive people, nothing at all like the conventional picture of the modest, demure young lady expected in Japan.Yosano's women were not passive, but active agents of their love lives. In a typical tanka, Yosano wrote: "Spring is short what is there that has eternal life, I said and, made his hands seek out my powerful breasts." The Midaregami posed a challenge to patriarchal values of Japanese society, as well as the accepted literary and cultural conventions of her time. Although <mask> <mask>'s work was denounced and severely criticized, it served as a great source of inspiration to women of her day. The American scholar Hiromi Tsuchiya Dollase noted: "The visual representations of flesh, lips and breasts symbolize women’s sexuality". No poet had written of breasts in a tanka before, which led the poet Nobutsuna Sasaki to attack her in a magazine article for "corrupting public morals" and "mouthing obscenities fit for a whore". From the examples in the Midaregami, the idea of nudity changed the way Japanese people viewed eroticism and female sexuality.Up until this point women's breasts were a symbol for child feeding and motherhood. From then on they began to take on a different representation; that of natural beauty, and especially that of young women. A door was opened for Japanese women to imagine new representations of sexuality and the female body. A poet's life
She followed this with twenty more tanka anthologies over the course of her career, including Koigoromo (Robe of Love) and Maihime (Dancer). Her husband Tekkan was also a poet, but his reputation was eclipsed by hers. He continued to publish his wife's work and to encourage her in her literary career. <mask> <mask> was an extraordinarily prolific writer.She could produce as many as 50 poems in one sitting. During the course of her lifetime, <mask> <mask> is thought to have written between 20,000 and 50,000 poems. She also wrote 11 books of prose. <mask> helped to found what was originally a girls' school, the Bunka Gakuin (Institute of Culture), together with Nishimura Isaku, Kawasaki Natsu and others, and became its first dean and chief lecturer. She assisted many aspiring writers to gain a foothold in the literary world. She was a lifelong advocate of women's education. She also translated the Japanese classics into modern Japanese, including the Shinyaku Genji Monogatari (Newly Translated Tale of Genji) and Shinyaku Eiga Monogatari (Newly Translated Tale of Flowering Fortunes).Yosano's poem Kimi Shinitamou koto nakare (君死にたもうこと勿れ, Thou Shalt Not Die), addressed to her younger brother, was published in Myōjō during the height of the Russo-Japanese War and was extremely controversial. Made into a song, it was used as a mild form of anti-war protest, as the number of Japanese casualties from the bloody Siege of Port Arthur became public. In September 1904, Yosano had learned that Japanese soldiers at Port Arthur were being used as "human bullets", being strapped with explosives and sent to blast holes through the Russian barbed wire entanglements in suicide missions. Yosano's younger brother was serving in the Imperial Army and attached to the forces besieging Port Arthur. In Bushido, it was the highest honor for a man to die for the Emperor, and knowing of her brother's impulsive nature, Yosano was seized with the fear that he might volunteer to be a "human bullet", inspiring her to write a poem pledging with him to think of his widowed mother. Addressed to her brother, Yosano wrote: "Did our parents make you grasp the sword and teach you to kill? For you what does it matter whether the fortress of Lüshun [Port Arthur] falls or not?"Yosano attacked the central concept of Bushido in the Kimi, noting that it was the greatest honor for a man to die for the Emperor, who she sarcastically noted never put himself in harm's way, expecting others to die for him. For calling the war with Russia senseless and stupid, Yosano made herself into Japan's most controversial poet, and the government attempted to ban her poem. The Kimi was so unpopular that Yosano's house was stoned by angry people while she became involved in a rancorous debate with the journalist Omachi Keigestu over the question of whether poets had the duty to support the war or not. The first issue of the liberal journal Seito in September 1911 featured her poem "The Day the Mountains Move" asking for woman to be given equal rights. In a 1918 article, Yosano attacked "the ruling and military class which deliberately block the adoption of a truly moral system in an effort to protect the wealth and influence of their families...They hurry to invoke the power and precepts of the old totalitarian moral codes to direct the lives of Japanese citizens". Yosano ended her article by calling militarism a form of "barbarian thinking which is the responsibility of us women to eradicate from our mist". Yosano gave birth to 13 children, of whom 11 survived to adulthood.The late Japanese politician <mask> Kaoru was one of her grandsons. Feminist perspective
<mask> <mask> frequently wrote for the all-women literary magazine Seitō (Bluestocking), as well as other publications. Her opinions were rooted in the concept of equally partaking in child rearing, financial independence, and social responsibility. On financial independence
<mask> <mask> disagreed with the concept of mothers seeking financial independence through the help of the government, claiming that dependence on the state and dependence on men are one and the same. In her essay titled "Woman's Complete Independence," or Joshi no tettei shita dokuritsu (女性の徹底した独立), she says:

This viewpoint was diametrically opposed to many Japanese feminists' shared opinion at the time that the government should financially support mothers, including one of the five founders of Seitō, Raichō Hiratsuka. Raichō criticized this, saying that most women cannot realistically live without financial assistance. On motherhood
Despite giving birth to thirteen children in her lifetime, Yosano stated that she did not consider the act of giving birth to be the main part of her identity.She also expressed worry that fully equating the identity of womanhood with motherhood prioritizes motherhood over the other aspects of a person. This was written in response to Swedish feminist Ellen Key and Leo Tolstoy in her Taiyō magazine column, "One Woman's Notebook," in January 1915. Her main assertion is that women could accept roles as mothers, but exemplified more than that role: as friends, as wives, as Japanese citizens, and as members of the world. Turn to the right
During the Taishō period, Yosano turned her attention to social commentary, with Hito oyobi Onna to shite (As a Human and as a Woman), Gekido no Naka o Iku (Going through Turbulent Times) and her autobiography Akarumi e (To the Light). In 1931, <mask>, Japan's most famous pacifist succumbed to the "war fever" that gripped Japan when the Kwantung Army seized Manchuria. In a poem from 1932, "Rosy-Cheeked Death" concerning the First Battle of Shanghai, Yosano supported her country against China, though she also portrayed the Chinese soldiers killed in the battle as victims, albeit only of Chiang Kai-shek, who she accused of betraying the legacy of Dr. Sun Yet-sen, who always preached Sino-Japanese friendship. In "Rosy-Cheeked Death", the Chinese are "foolish" to resist Japan because Japan is a "good neighbor" whom they could never hope to defeat, making their resistance futile.In her poem "Citizens of Japan, A Morning Song" published in June 1932, Yosano embraced Bushido as she praised a Japanese soldier for dying for the Emperor at the First Battle of Shanghai as she described how the soldier "scatters" his body when he is blown apart as a "human bomb". Yosano called the "scattered" body of the soldier "purer than a flower, giving life to a samurai's honor". Unlike the Kimi, Yosano called for Japanese women to "unify in loyalty" for the "cause of the Emperor's forces". The American scholar Steven Robson noted that unlike the Kimi, which like the rest of Yosano's early poetry was extremely innovative, Citizens of Japan is cliche-ridden as Yosano used well-known phrases like "a samurai's honor" taken straight from the ultra-nationalist press without developing a vocabulary of her own. Yosano ended her poem by praising Bushido, declaring that the "purest" act a Japanese man could perform was to die for the Emperor in battle and urged the Kwantung Army forward onward in the conquest of Manchuria "through suffering a hundredfold" to "smash the sissified dreams of compromise". Yosano's poems from 1937 onward support the war against China, and in 1941, she supported war against the United States and the United Kingdom. Her late commentaries in the early Showa years tended to praise militarism, and also promoted her feminist viewpoints.Her final work, Shin Man'yōshū (New Man'yōshū, 1937–39) was a compilation of 26,783 poems by 6,675 contributors, written over a 60-year period. In 1942, in one of her last poems, Yosano praised her son who was serving as a lieutenant in the Imperial Navy, urging him to "fight bravely" for the Emperor in "this sacred war". <mask> died of a stroke in 1942 at the age of 63. Her death, occurring in the middle of the Pacific War, went almost unnoticed in the press, and after the end of the war, her works were largely forgotten by critics and the public. In the 1950s, the Kimi was made mandatory reading in Japanese high schools, and during the protests led by idealistic university students against the government of Nobusuke Kishi, whose intention was to do away with Article 9 of the constitution, the Kimi became something of an anthem for the students. Her romantic, sensual style has come back into popularity in recent years, and she has an ever-increasing following. Her grave is at Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, Tokyo.See also

Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors
List of peace activists

References

Further reading
"<mask> Akiko in the Late 1930s". The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, vol. 25, no. 1, 1991, pp. 3–3. Rowley, GG, Review of Janine Beichman,'Embracing the Firebird: <mask> <mask> and the Birth of the Female Voice in Modern Japanese Poetry', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. External links
Kamakura's Literary Figures
e-texts of Akiko's works at Aozora Bunko
Yosano Akiko and War – Torikai Lab (Archived 2009-10-24)

1878 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Japanese women writers
20th-century Japanese writers
Japanese essayists
Japanese educators
Japanese feminists
Japanese pacifists
Pacifist feminists
People from Sakai, Osaka
People of Meiji-period Japan
Japanese women essayists
Japanese women poets
20th-century essayists
Writers from Osaka Prefecture

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title: Martyn Percy

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<mask> (born 31 July 1962) is a British Anglican priest and theologian. He has been Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, from 2014. In February 2022 he announced his resignation from this position, effective from April. He had previously been the principal of Ripon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, from 2004 to 2014. <mask> teaches in the Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, and is a fellow of the Said Business School at the university. He is also Professor of Theological Education at King's College London and has been a professorial research fellow at Heythrop College, University of London. He is also a visiting professor of the Institute for the Study of Values at the University of Winchester, a founding fellow of the Center for Theologically Engaged Anthropology at the University of Georgia, and an adjunct professor at Hartford Seminary, Connecticut.He is an emeritus canon of Salisbury Cathedral, having previously served as an honorary canon. He has also been an honorary canon, serving later as canon theologian, at Sheffield Cathedral. He became a fellow of King's College London in 2018. <mask>'s theological outlook is rooted in his long-standing commitment to middle-way Anglicanism. His writings fall into three distinct-but-related groups: ecclesiology; contemporary Christianity, religious movements and sociological trends; and anthropological interpretations of denominations and congregations; and spiritual devotional writings. He has also written extensively about theological education, as well as contextual, pastoral and practical theology. In 2013, The Times Literary Supplement praised <mask> for his work towards unity within the Anglican Communion and the Church of England, describing him as displaying a "peaceable, polite and restrained" approach whilst "making peace between competing communities of conviction".Early life and education
<mask> was born on 31 July 1962. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, the University of Bristol (BA), the University of Durham (Cert. Counselling), King's College London (PhD, 1993) and the University of Sheffield (MEd). After a short career in publishing (1984–1988), he trained for ordination at Durham. Ordained ministry
<mask> was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1990 and as a priest in 1991. He served as a curate at St Andrew's, Bedford (1990–1994), and was then appointed chaplain and director of studies at Christ's College, Cambridge. In 1997 he was appointed as the founding director of the Lincoln Theological Institute – a research and consultancy body specialising in faith and society (initially based at Sheffield University but now a research centre within Manchester University).He left in 2004 to become principal at Cuddesdon. Cuddesdon
Ripon College Cuddesdon developed significantly from 2004, during <mask>'s tenure as principal: it incorporated the Oxford Ministry Course (OMC) in 2006, and the West of England Ministerial Training Course (WEMTC) in 2011, making it the largest provider of Anglican ordination training in the UK. The college became internationally more active during <mask>'s period as principal: it works closely with the Anglican Church in Hong Kong and continues to have links with Anglican colleges in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. During <mask>'s time at Cuddesdon, the college moved from a distinctively liberal catholic ethos and progressively to the broader centre ground of Anglicanism, welcoming ordinands from across the ecclesial spectrum, thereby reclaiming the "non-party" ethos that Bishop Samuel Wilberforce had founded the college with in 1854. During <mask>'s tenure, the multi-award-winning Bishop Edward King Chapel (which was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize in 2013) and a new education centre (Harriet Monsell House) were built. The college also became the first to incorporate a community of Anglican religious sisters, and to work alongside staff and students offering support in prayer and spirituality, whilst continuing to develop their own ministries of spiritual direction. Deanery of Christ Church
It was announced on 7 May 2014 that <mask> would become the 45th Dean of Christ Church in Oxford.He was the first dean to be democratically elected by the governing body, and was instituted to the deanery on 4 October 2014. Christ Church is the only academic institution in the world which is also a cathedral – being the seat of the Bishop of Oxford. In common with other cathedral deans, <mask>, as Dean of Christ Church, is the senior priest of the Diocese of Oxford. <mask> is also the patron of St Francis' Children's Society (an Adoption and Fostering Agency with a Roman Catholic foundation), a governor of Christ Church Cathedral School, Westminster School and St Edward's School, Oxford, a trustee of the Grubb Institute, Gladstone's Library (Harwarden) and the Li Tim-Oi Foundation. On 4 February 2022, it was announced that <mask> had agreed to step down as Dean of Christ Church effective April 2022. <mask> will receive £1.175 million in settlement. A complaint of sexual harassment against him was also announce to have been settled.Christ Church disputes

Tribunal and reinstatement (2018–19)
In November 2018, <mask> was suspended from office and an independently-chaired internal tribunal was established. This followed a formal complaint which had been made against him concerning his attempts to change the composition of the institution's salaries board while in a dispute over his own pay. The salaries board had rejected his request for a pay rise. <mask> is one of the highest-paid clerics in the Church of England, earning more than the Archbishop of Canterbury, but in the bottom 25% of Oxford college heads by remuneration. There were later claims that <mask> was the victim of a "bullying campaign" by university dons who opposed his reformist agenda. In response to press reports, the Bishop of Oxford, Steven Croft, stated his concern at the allegations of bullying and that he had been monitoring the situation closely. Supporters of the dean have criticised Christ Church's complaints process, as no investigation or disciplinary hearing was necessary prior to his suspension from office.Angela Tilby, a canon emeritus of Christ Church, wrote in the Church Times that <mask> faced hostility for desiring to make the institution "more inclusive, more open to the outside world, and, perhaps, more aware of its wealth and vested interests". Paul Bayes (Bishop of Liverpool) and Alan Wilson (Bishop of Buckingham) have also conveyed public messages of support. In January 2019, the censor theologiae (acting chairman of governing body of Christ Church) sent a letter to college alumni, revealing that <mask>'s suspension was triggered by a pay dispute. This was the first official statement regarding the nature of the tribunal. On 21 August 2019, the cathedral chapter and the college's governing body announced that the tribunal had concluded that the charges brought against <mask> were all dismissed. However, the tribunal made one minor finding that there had been a single unintentional breach of his fiduciary duty. The outcome of the investigation was welcomed by the Bishop of Oxford.The process was presided over by Sir Andrew Smith, a High Court judge, and is estimated to have cost the college at least £500,000. The college's legal fees are not known. The governing body has not read the whole text of the judgement provided by Smith. Over the course of the nine-month investigation and to date, supporters of <mask> have raised over £100,000 to cover the cost of legal fees. In December 2019, <mask> lost a vote of confidence by the governing body of Christ Church, by 38 to 2. In 2020, 41 members of Christ Church's governing body wrote to the Charity Commission accusing <mask> of "unsound judgment" and of having breached his legal, fiduciary and safeguarding duties since the Smith tribunal. Other investigations

Safeguarding (2020)
On 4 March 2020, the college announced that the dean was to be investigated by the Church of England's National Safeguarding Team (NST) over alleged failures to report safeguarding cases in 2017.A subsequent investigation by the NST over the course of six months cleared the dean of any wrongdoing and on 8 September the Bishop of Huddersfield, Jonathan Gibbs, the Church of England's lead safeguarding bishop said: "An independent investigation into allegations that the Dean, <mask> <mask>, failed to fulfil his safeguarding responsibilities has concluded the Dean acted entirely appropriately in each case. The National Safeguarding Team, NST, followed the House of Bishops guidance when the four separate allegations were referred earlier in the year relating to the Dean, a senior office holder. At no point was there any allegation or evidence that the Dean presented a direct risk to any child or vulnerable adult." Sexual harassment (2020)
A young woman made an allegation that <mask> had stroked her hair in the cathedral sacristy after a service in October 2020. Christ Church commissioned a report from an independent investigator, and sought legal advice from an independent QC to decide whether an internal disciplinary process should follow to consider the allegation and decide upon any subsequent sanctions. Responding to repudiation of her claim and the publication in the press of details that should have remained confidential, the complainant wrote a letter to the Church Times to defend her formal complaint concerning the incident alleged to have occurred on 4 October 2020. Following "attempts by some through the media, social media, and a number of blogs, to undermine its disciplinary processes and in particular to intimidate the complainant", Christ Church felt it was necessary to commission an independent report by the President of Welsh Tribunals, Sir Wyn Williams, on whether or not the sexual harassment case had been correctly handled by Christ Church so far.The Williams report concludes that the complainant "described events which, objectively, could amount to sexual harassment", and that the processes followed by Christ Church to investigate it were fair and responsible: "I have no doubt that establishing a tribunal is a responsible use of charitable resource and in the best interests of Christ Church." Voluntary withdrawal
On 17 November 2020, it was announced that <mask> had voluntarily withdrawn from his duties as Christ Church dean in response to the allegations. He did not resign, but "stepped back from his duties in the College and Cathedral". One of Britain's most senior Court of Appeal judges, Dame Sarah Asplin, President of Tribunals for the Church of England, ruled on 28 May 2021 that it would be "entirely disproportionate" for the sexual harassment claim to be referred to a Clergy Disciplinary Tribunal. Other roles
<mask> has undertaken a number of roles in public life, specialising in media and consumer affairs. He has served as a director and council member of the Advertising Standards Authority (1999–2006). He was previously an advisor on the "Faith Zone" for the New Millennium Experience Company and the Millennium Dome in London (1999).From 2006 to 2008, he was a member of the Theology and Religious Studies Panel for the HEFCE Research Assessment Exercise. He has served as a member of the Independent Complaints Panel for the Portman Group, the self-regulating body for the alcoholic drinks industry. He has served as commissioner for the Direct Marketing Authority (2008–2014), and currently serves as an advisor to the British Board of Film Classification. He was the elected chair of the Cuddesdon and Denton Parish Council from 2007 to 2014. Theology

<mask>'s theology is generally

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