title: Walther Rathenau

texts:
 lives. Mechanistics rejected the central feature of Malthusian thoughts on human progress motivated by population growth.His focus was the importance of technology, rather than abstinence for standardisation, specialization and abstraction with positive approbation. The corollary for Rathenau of information-gathering was an exponential explosive growth in data that would enrich globalization. Rathenau delineated his arguments by dividing men into classifications:  Mutmenschen and Furchtmenschen outlined the problems of mass migration across Europe which had resonance with the past. But he saw real significance for Zweckmenschen as utilitarian cunning to set the men of fear in motion. The philosophy amounted to Social Darwinism but there was an unaccredited presumption of delphic adoration for the Greek Parnassus. The theories of mechanization argued that competition could not go on forever as it died in love. Intellectual perorations were reached in pronouncements preceding a great vision for the future of German business.He cannot be directly held responsible for the mechanization of the Panzers movement, for his social idealism was grounded in Rousseau's Great Enlightenment Path. Pure mechanization would have to transmogrify psychological mutation, risk tragedy, and plunging into the abyss. Rathenau was assimilated by a love for St Francis Assisi, a message of service dedicated to the community that restricted his ambitions. A modified or applied mysticism, Rathenau's idea always expressed work as "a joy", and like Schopenhauer he rejected materialism and recognised its pitfalls, using a deep knowledge of technology to simultaneously warn of its dangers. This distinction with Soviet working methods of dialectical materialism was unwelcome in a Germany seeking to rearm. Thus he rallied ideas for management and control as Head of Raw Materials and efficacy of science. Assassination and aftermath
On 24 June 1922, two months after the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo (which renounced German territorial claims from World War I), Rathenau was assassinated.On this Saturday morning, <mask> had himself chauffeured from his house in Berlin-Grunewald to the Foreign Office in Wilhelmstraße. During the trip, his NAG Convertible was passed by a Mercedes touring car with Ernst Werner Techow behind the wheel and Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer in the backseats. Kern opened fire with an MP 18 submachine gun at close range, killing Rathenau almost instantly, while Fischer threw a hand grenade into the car before Techow quickly drove them away. Also involved in the plot were Techow's younger brother Hans Gerd Techow, future writer Ernst von Salomon, and Willi Günther (aided and abetted by seven others, some of them schoolboys). All conspirators were members of the ultra-nationalist secret Organisation Consul (O.C.). A memorial stone in the Königsallee in Grunewald marks the scene of the crime. <mask>'s assassination was but one in a series of terrorist attacks by Organisation Consul.Most notable among them had been the assassination of former finance minister Matthias Erzberger in August 1921. While Fischer and Kern prepared their plot, former chancellor Philipp Scheidemann barely survived an attempt on his life by Organisation Consul assassins on 4 June 1922. Historian Martin Sabrow points to Hermann Ehrhardt, the undisputed leader of the Organisation Consul, as the one who ordered the murders. Ehrhardt and his men believed that Rathenau's death would bring down the government and prompt the Left to act against the Weimar Republic, thereby provoking civil war, in which the Organisation Consul would be called on for help by the Reichswehr. After an anticipated victory Ehrhardt hoped to establish an authoritarian regime or a military dictatorship. In order not to be completely delegitimized by the murder of Rathenau, Ehrhardt carefully saw to it that no connections between him and the assassins could be detected. Although Fischer and Kern connected with the Berlin chapter of the Organisation Consul to use its resources, they mainly acted on their own in planning and carrying out the assassination.The historian Michael Kellogg, argued that Vasily Biskupsky, Erich Ludendorff and his advisor Max Bauer, all members of the Aufbau Vereinigung, a group of tsarist exiles and early Nazis, colluded in the assassination of Rathenau, while the degree of their participation was not entirely clear.The terrorists' aims were not achieved, however, and civil war did not come. Instead, millions of Germans gathered on the streets to express their grief and to demonstrate against counter-revolutionary terrorism. When the news of <mask>'s death became known in the Reichstag, the session turned into turmoil. DNVP politician Karl Helfferich in particular became the target of scorn because he had just recently uttered a vitriolic attack upon Rathenau. During the official memorial ceremony the next day, Chancellor Joseph Wirth from the Centre Party made a speech which soon became famous, in which, while pointing to the right side of the parliamentary floor, he used the well known formula of Philipp Scheidemann: "There is the enemy – and there is no doubt about it: This enemy is on the right!" The crime itself was soon cleared up. Willi Günther had bragged about his participation in public.After his arrest on 26 June, he confessed to the crime without holding anything back. Hans Gerd Techow was arrested the following day, Ernst Werner Techow, who was visiting his uncle, three days later. Fischer and Kern, however, remained on the loose. After a daring flight, which kept Germany in suspense for more than two weeks, they were finally spotted at Saaleck Castle in Thuringia, whose owner was himself a secret member of the Organisation Consul. On 17 July, they were confronted by two police detectives. While waiting for reinforcements during the stand-off, one of the detectives fired at a window, unknowingly killing Kern by a bullet in the head. Fischer then took his own life.When the crime was brought to court in October 1922, Ernst Werner Techow was the only defendant charged with murder. Twelve more defendants were arraigned on various charges, among them Hans Gerd Techow and Ernst von Salomon, who had spied out <mask>'s habits and kept up contact with the Organisation Consul, as well as the commander of the Organisation Consul in Western Germany, Karl Tillessen, a brother of Erzberger's assassin Heinrich Tillessen, and his adjutant Hartmut Plaas. The prosecution left aside the political implications of the plot, but focused upon the issue of antisemitism. Ahead of his assassination, Rathenau had indeed been the frequent target of vicious antisemitic attacks, and the assassins had also been members of the violently antisemitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund. Kern had, according to Ernst Werner Techow, argued that Rathenau had to be murdered, because he had intimate relations with Bolshevik Russia, so that he had even married off his sister to the Communist Karl Radek – a complete fabrication – and that <mask> himself had confessed to be one of the three hundred "Elders of Zion" as described in the notorious antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. But the defendants vigorously denied that they had killed Rathenau because he was Jewish. Neither was the prosecution able to fully uncover the involvement of the Organisation Consul in the plot.Thus Tillessen and Plaas were only convicted of non-notification of a crime and sentenced to three and two years in prison, respectively. Salomon received five years imprisonment for accessory to murder. Ernst Werner Techow narrowly escaped the death penalty because, in a last-minute confession, he managed to convince the court that he had only acted under the threat of death by Kern. Instead he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for being an accessory to murder. Initially, the reactions to <mask>'s assassination strengthened the Weimar Republic. The most notable reaction was the enactment of the  (Law for the Defense of the Republic), which took effect on 22 July 1922. As long as the Weimar Republic existed, the date 24 June remained a day of public commemorations.In public memory, Rathenau's death increasingly appeared to be a martyr-like sacrifice for democracy. The situation changed with the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. The Nazis systematically wiped out public commemoration of Rathenau by destroying monuments to him, closing the Walther-Rathenau-Museum in his former mansion, and renaming streets and schools dedicated to him. Instead, a memorial plate to Kern and Fischer was solemnly unveiled at Saaleck Castle in July 1933 and in October 1933, a monument was erected on the assassins' grave. The Nuremberg U-Bahn station Rathenauplatz is not only named after him but also bears his face in portrait along the walls. Fictional portrayal

Rathenau is generally acknowledged to be, in part, the basis for the German noble and industrialist Paul Arnheim, a character in Robert Musil's novel The Man Without Qualities. Rathenau also appears as the ghostly subject of a Nazi seance in a famous scene in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity%27s Rainbow.In 2017, the events and aftermath of Rathenau's assassination were depicted in the first episode of the National Geographic series Genius. Works
 Reflektionen (1908)
 Zur Kritik der Zeit (1912)
 Zur Mechanik des Geistes (1913)
 Von kommenden Dingen (1917)
 Vom Aktienwesen. Eine geschäftliche Betrachtung (1917)
 An Deutschlands Jugend (1918)
 Die neue Gesellschaft (1919) The New Society translated by Arthur Windham, (1921) New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
 Der neue Staat (1919)
 Der Kaiser (1919)
 Kritik der dreifachen Revolution (1919)
 Was wird werden (1920, a utopian novel)
 Gesammelte Schriften (6 volumes)
 Gesammelte Reden (1924)
 Briefe (1926, 2 volumes)
 Neue Briefe (1927)
 Politische Briefe (1929)

See also
 Contributions to liberal theory
 1920s Berlin
 Liberalism

Explanatory notes

References

Secondary sources

 Berger, Stefan, Inventing the Nation: Germany London: Hodder, 2004.
 .

 Gilbert, Sir Martin, The First World War: A Complete History (London, 1971)
 Henderson, W. O. "<mask> <mask>: A Pioneer of the Planned Economy," Economic History Review (1951) 4#1 pp. 98–108 in JSTOR
 Himmer, Robert. "<mask>, Russia, and Rapallo," Central European History (1976) 9#2 pp. 146–183 in JSTOR

 Kollman, Eric C. "<mask> Rathenau and German Foreign Policy: Thoughts and Actions," Journal of Modern History (1952) 24#2 pp.127–142 in JSTOR. Pois, Robert A. "<mask> <mask>'s Jewish Quandary," Leo Baeck Institute Year Book (1968), Vol. 13, pp 120–131. Strachan, Hew, The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2001) pp 1014–49 on Rathenau and KRA in the war

 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, The German Empire 1871–1918 Leamington: Berg, 1985. Williamson, D. G. "<mask> Rathenau and the K.R.A. August 1914 – March 1915," Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte (1978)  Issue 11, pp.118–136. Primary sources
 Vossiche Zeitung – a newspaper
 Tagebuch 1907–22 (Düsseldorf, 1967)
 Count Harry Kessler, Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937) Grove Press, New York, (1999). <mask>, Die Mechanisierung der Welt (Fr.) (Paris 1972)
 <mask>, Schriften und Reden (Frankfurt-am-Main 1964)
 <mask>, The Sacrifice to the Eumenides (1913)
 <mask>: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, And Politician; Notes And Diaries 1907–1922. Hartmut P. von Strandmann (ed. ), Hilary von Strandmann (translator). Clarendon Press, 528 pages, in English.October 1985. (hardcover). External links

 <mask> Rathenau Gesellschaft e. V.

 Speech by German President Friedrich Ebert at Rathenau's burial

1867 births
1922 deaths
Assassinated German diplomats
Assassinated German politicians
Assassinated Jews
Businesspeople from Berlin
Engineers from Berlin
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Foreign Ministers of Germany
German anti-communists
German male writers
German science fiction writers
German terrorism victims
Government ministers of Germany
Jewish German politicians
Male murder victims
Organisation Consul victims
People from Steglitz-Zehlendorf
People from the Province of Brandenburg
People murdered in Berlin
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Weimar Republic politicians
Writers from

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title: Eric Studesville

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 29, 1967) is an American football coach who is the running backs coach for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> is known as the former run game coordinator for the Buffalo Bills and interim head coach of the Denver Broncos, a position he held for four weeks in December 2010. He replaced Josh McDaniels after 12 games in the 2010 NFL Season, after which he resumed his primary role as running backs coach. He was the first African American head coach in Broncos history, albeit on an interim basis. College career
<mask> played defensive back at the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater. Coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career in 1991 being the Assistant Graduate Coach for the University of Arizona. In 1992 <mask> became the video coordinator for the University of North Carolina where he would work with the secondary coach until the end of the 1993 season.in 1994 <mask> became the defensive coordinator for Wingate University where his defense would allow only 15.7 points a game and help the bulldogs have an 8-2 record in the regular season and make it to the third round of the playoffs. In 1995, <mask> became the defensive coordinator for Kent State University where he would remain the defensive coordinator until the end of the 1996 season. In 1997, <mask> became an NFL coach for the Chicago Bears as a quality control coach. He would remain in Chicago until the end of the 2000 season. 2001-2003
In 2001, <mask> was hired as the New York Giants running backs coach. There, he guided running back Tiki Barber to three consecutive 1,000 yard rushing seasons and paved the way for Barber to become one of the best offensive weapons for the Giants in the coming years. In 2002, Barber recorded 1,554 rushing yards which was not only a career high for the running back, but the second-most total in Giants franchise history.2004–2009
After a coaching change with the Giants in 2004 he joined the Buffalo Bills coaching staff as the running backs coach under offensive coordinator Tom Clements. The Bills would finish the season 9-7, their last winning record until the 2014 season, by scoring 24.6 points a game, with Bills running backs 13th in the NFL in rushing. Studesville is largely given credit for the emergence of Willis McGahee, who, after recovering from a catastrophic knee injury sustained in college, gained 1297 yards from scrimmage. In 2005, the running game was the main highlight of an otherwise stagnant team led by journeyman Kelly Holcomb and 2nd year quarterback J. P. Losman, as the Bills finished 5-11 while McGahee gained 1,425 yards from scrimmage. In 2006, Mularkey was fired and Dick Jauron was brought on to replace him; Jauron would keep Studesville as the team's running backs coach under offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild. After a pedestrian year for the Bills rushing attack spearheaded by Willis McGahee and Anthony Thomas in 2006 (the same year that Division III Coe College product Fred Jackson was recruited to the Bills by its then-general manager and fellow alum Marv Levy and remained on the practice squad that season), in 2007, the Bills drafted Marshawn Lynch who gained 1299 yards in his rookie season under Studesville's tutelage. 2007 also saw Fred Jackson's call-up from the practice squad and emergence as a threat, as he played in 8 games and gained nearly 500 yards from scrimmage while maintaining a special teams role as well.2008, under new offensive coordinator Turk Schonert, the Bills offense experienced a renewed commitment to its running backs and Studesville pupils Lynch and Jackson combined for 2,224 yards from scrimmage. 2009 brought about an unsettled year for the Bills offense, as Turk Schonert was fired midway through training camp with former Bills quarterback and quarterbacks coach Alex Van Pelt being appointed in his stead. Studesville's charges saw a reversal of fortunes, as Lynch experienced injuries and off-the-field troubles leading to a suspension, and Fred Jackson led the way with 1,433 yards from scrimmage as they combined for a total of 2,062 between Jackson and Lynch. Head coach Dick Jauron was fired midway through the season and replaced by interim head coach Perry Fewell for the remainder of the season. The entire Bills staff was let go following the 2009 season. 2010–2019

In January 2010, Studesville was hired by the Denver Broncos as the running backs coach. On December 6, 2010, then-Broncos head coach Josh McDaniels was fired by owner Pat Bowlen and Studesville was named the interim head coach in his place.However, the choice of <mask> to replace McDaniels was viewed by some as a surprise. <mask> held the interim head coaching position for the final four games of the 2010 season, during which the team went 1-3, and Studesville started rookie Tim Tebow in weeks 15-17. <mask> recorded his first win as a head coach on December 26, 2010, when the Broncos defeated the Houston Texans 24-23. He remained on the Broncos coaching staff during the tenures of John Fox and Gary Kubiak. On February 7, 2016, <mask> was part of the Broncos coaching staff that won Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10. On January 1, 2018, <mask> was released by the Denver Broncos.Studesville had retained his position as running backs coach under four different head coaches: Josh McDaniels, John Fox, Gary Kubiak, and Vance Joseph. On January 17, 2018, the Miami Dolphins hired Studesville as running backs coach under head coach Adam Gase. The team announced on February 8, 2019, that they were retaining Studesville as the team's running backs coach despite the firing of Adam Gase as head coach and the hiring of Brian Flores in that role. Studesville received an additional title of co-offensive coordinator on March 11, 2021. Despite the Dolphins' struggles for much of Studesville's tenure, he has survived 3 coaching changes (Adam Gase, Brian Flores, and Mike McDaniel). Personal life
Studesville is the son of  Alphonse and Janet Studesville

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Miami Dolphins profile

1967 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Buffalo Bills coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Denver Broncos head coaches
Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
New York Giants coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
Wingate Bulldogs football coaches
Wisconsin–Whitewater Warhawks football players
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
National Football League offensive coordinators
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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title: Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

texts:
<mask>, Earl of Northumbria (, ) (died 31 May 1076) was the last of the Anglo-Saxon earls and the only English aristocrat to be executed during the reign of William I. Early life
Waltheof was the second son of Siward, Earl of Northumbria. His mother was Aelfflaed, daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia, son of Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria. In 1054, <mask>'s brother, Osbeorn, who was much older than he, was killed in battle, making Waltheof his father's heir. Siward himself died in 1055, and <mask> being far too young to succeed as Earl of Northumbria, King Edward appointed Tostig Godwinson to the earldom. Waltheof was said to be devout and charitable and was probably educated for a monastic life. Around 1065, however, he became an earl, governing Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire.Following the Battle of Hastings he submitted to William and was allowed to keep his pre-Conquest title and possessions. He remained at William's court until 1068. First revolt
When Sweyn II invaded Northern England in 1069, Waltheof and Edgar Aetheling joined the Danes and took part in the attack on York. He would again make a fresh submission to William after the departure of the invaders in 1070. He was restored to his earldom, and went on to marry William's niece, Judith of Lens. In 1071, he was appointed Earl of Northampton. The Domesday Book mentions Waltheof ("Walleff"): "'In Hallam ("Halun"), one manor with its sixteen hamlets, there are twenty-nine carucates [~14 km²] to be taxed.There Earl Waltheof had an "Aula" [hall or court]. There may have been about twenty ploughs. This land Roger de Busli holds of the Countess Judith." (Hallam, or Hallamshire, is now part of the city of Sheffield)

In 1072, William expelled Gospatric from the earldom of Northumbria. Gospatric was Waltheof's cousin and had taken part in the attack on York with him, but like Waltheof, had been pardoned by William. Gospatric fled into exile and William appointed Waltheof as the new earl. Construction of Durham Castle began under Waltheof in 1072 after receiving orders to commence this project from William.The castle would be significantly expanded by Bishop William Walcher and his successors in later years. Waltheof had many enemies in the north. Amongst them were members of a family who had killed Waltheof's maternal great-grandfather, Uhtred the Bold, and his grandfather Ealdred. This was part of a long-running blood feud. In 1074, Waltheof moved against the family by sending his retainers to ambush them, succeeding in killing the two eldest of four brothers. Second revolt and death
In 1075 Waltheof was said to have joined the Revolt of the Earls against William. His motives for taking part in the revolt are unclear, as is the depth of his involvement.Some sources say that he told his wife - The Countess Judith - about the plot and that she then informed Archbishop Lanfranc who then told her uncle William, who was at the time in Normandy. Other sources say that it was <mask> who told the bishop of the plot. On William's return from Normandy, Waltheof was arrested, brought twice before the king's court and sentenced to death. He spent almost a year in confinement before being beheaded on 31 May 1076 at St. Giles's Hill, near Winchester. He was said to have spent the months of his captivity in prayer and fasting. Many people believed in his innocence and were surprised when the execution was carried out. His body was initially thrown into a ditch, but was later retrieved and buried in the chapter house of Crowland Abbey in Lincolnshire.An otherwise unknown Norse poet, Þorkell Skallason, composed a memorial poem for <mask> - Valþjófsflokkr. Two stanzas of this poem are preserved in Heimskringla, Hulda-Hrokkinskinna and, partially, Fagrskinna. The first of the two stanzas says that Waltheof made a hundred retainers of William burn in hot fire - "a scorching evening for the men" - and wolves ate the corpses of the Normans. The second says that William betrayed Waltheof and had him killed. Cult of martyrdom

In 1092, after a fire in the chapter house, the abbot had Waltheof's body moved to a prominent place in the abbey church. When the coffin was opened, it is reported that the corpse was found to be intact with the severed head re-joined to the trunk. This was regarded as a miracle, and the abbey, which had a financial interest in the matter began to publicise it.As a result, pilgrims began to visit Waltheof's tomb. He was commemorated on 31 August. After a few years healing miracles were reputed to occur in the vicinity of Waltheof's tomb, often involving the restoration of the pilgrim's lost sight. They are described in the Miracula Sancti Waldevi. <mask>'s life thus became the subject of popular media, heroic but inaccurate accounts being preserved in the Vita et Passio Waldevi comitis, a Middle English Waltheof saga, since lost, and the Anglo-Norman Waldef. Family and children
In 1070 Waltheof married Countess Judith de Lens, daughter of Lambert II, Count of Lens and Adelaide of Normandy, Countess of Aumale. Countess Judith was the niece of William the Conquerer.<mask> and Judith had three children, the eldest of whom, Maud, brought the earldom of Huntingdon to her second husband, David I of Scotland, and another, Adelise (Alice of Nothumbria) married the Anglo-Norman noble Raoul III of Tosny. One of Waltheof's grandsons was <mask> (died 1159), abbot of Melrose. In popular culture
 Waltheof was portrayed by actor Marcus Gilbert in the TV drama Blood Royal: William the Conqueror (1990). Waltheof is the subject of Juliet Dymoke's 1970 historical novel Of the Ring of Earls
 Waltheof is a major character in Elizabeth Chadwick's 2002 historical novel The Winter Mantle
 Waltheof is a character in Parke Godwin's 1991 historical novel Sherwood

References

Sources

 Chronicle of Britain

Joseph Bain, ed, Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London. (Edinburgh: H M General Register House, 1881), I:3, Digital Image Internet Archive http://thehennesseefamily.com/getperson.php?personID=I53812&tree=hennessee accessed 10 April 2021). No 13. External links

1076 deaths
11th-century English nobility
History of Sheffield
People from Sheffield
People executed under the Normans
Executed English people
11th-century executions
People executed by the Kingdom of England by decapitation
Earls of Northampton
Earls of Huntingdon (1065)
Earls of Northumbria (Peerage of England)

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title: Pedro E. Guerrero

texts:
<mask><mask> (September 5, 1917 – September 13, 2012) was an American photographer known for his extraordinary access to Frank Lloyd Wright. He was a sought-after architectural photographer in the 1950s. In a career shift that was part serendipity and part the result of being blacklisted by the major shelter magazines for his stance against the Vietnam War, he later concentrated on documenting the work and lives of the American artists Alexander Calder and Louise Nevelson. Early life
<mask> was born in Casa Grande, Arizona, to Rosaura and <mask><mask>, a sign painter who much later would found Rosarita, one of the first commercial Mexican food companies in the United States. The <mask> family moved to a one-room house built on the footprint of a tent platform in Mesa, Arizona, soon after his birth. All his life, <mask> spoke bitterly of the casual bigotry he encountered growing up in Mesa, and he viewed his acceptance in 1937 to the Art Center School, then in Los Angeles, as deliverance. <mask>'s seven-decade career in photography began in 1939 when the architect Frank Lloyd Wright impulsively hired him to record the ongoing construction at his winter home, Taliesin West, in Scottsdale, Arizona.Just 22 and an Art Center dropout, <mask> had never seen anything like Wright's "desert camp," and he decided to treat it exactly as it appeared to him, as sculpture. The resulting photographs pleased the architect, and Wright soon invited him to join his Fellowship. <mask> recorded the original Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin, and other Wright projects before enlisting in the Army Air Corps in 1941. He was stationed in Italy, where he was a photo officer, running a laboratory that developed film taken from planes during bombing runs. After his service in World War II, <mask> rekindled his relationship with Wright, resuming an intimacy that has been described as that of a father and son. When it was possible for Wright to command his photographer of choice, it was always <mask>. <mask>'s understanding of Wright, forged both in the drafting room and while waiting for the sun to fall just so on a redwood beam, made him an important interpreter of the architect's work.His Wright photographs are featured in dozens of books, including the definitive study of his work, “In the Nature of Materials,” by Henry-Russell Hitchcock. <mask> often included people in his photographs, especially members of the Taliesin Fellowship, which gave the architecture a human scale and also showed how people lived in the buildings. As one of the few able to joke with the architect, <mask> shot some of the only photographs that show him in a relaxed mode. Professional career
<mask>'s Wright portfolio was a passport in postwar New York City to freelance assignments for all the major shelter magazines. He established an international reputation photographing the world as it built and rebuilt, developing a particular specialty in the mid-century modern houses of the 1950s and 1960s, including those of <mask> Saarinen, <mask> Stone, Marcel Breuer, Landis Gores, Philip Johnson, John Black Lee and Joseph Salerno. Magazine assignments also took him to Julia Child's pot-lined kitchen in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and to John Huston's castle in Ireland. He continued to document Wright and his work until a few days before the architect's death in 1959.In 1963 a routine assignment for House and Garden magazine took him to the doorstep of sculptor Alexander Calder, the creator of the mobile. “Calder's studio was the most glorious mess I had ever seen,” <mask> recalled. His magazine career came to an abrupt halt in 1968 when he was black-listed for his opposition to the Vietnam  War. Over the next 13 years, he worked as closely with Calder as he had with Wright, documenting his home, studio and artwork in Roxbury, Connecticut, as well as his houses and studios in Sache, France. Any unhappiness he felt at being black-listed was compensated by the opportunity to shadow Calder, whose playful mobiles, stabiles, jewelry and homemade kitchen tools intrigued him every bit as much as Wright's masterpieces. In any event, he had, he said, grown weary of pristine interiors. From 1979 to 1984, <mask> documented the severe and mysterious work of another sculptor he admired, Louise Nevelson, as well as her studio and home in Greenwich Village.Among the many books illustrated with <mask>'s photographs are three of his own, <mask><mask>: A Photographer's Journey (2007); Picturing Wright: An Album from Frank Lloyd Wright's Photographer (re-released in 2015); and Calder at Home: The Joyous Environment of Alexander Calder (1998). In his heyday, <mask> never achieved the celebrity of the competition, which included Julius Shulman, Balthazar Korab and <mask>. <mask>, who represented himself, was not particularly good at self-promotion, although he was, as Dwell magazine said, "a sublime storyteller —– with or without the camera." The black list began a long fallow period. that coincided with a temporary decline of interest in Wright. Exhibitions and critical acclaim came relatively late in life. Just before <mask> died in 2012, the architectural critic Martin Filler wrote that <mask>'s pictures often surpassed "his contemporaries' typically glib endorsements of the work they depicted."<mask>, the former managing director of the Julius Shulman Institute, has described <mask>'s "canonical contributions to the history of architecture." <mask>, who lived for many years in New Canaan, Connecticut, died on Sept. 13, 2012, at his home in Florence, Arizona, at age 95. Documentary
The documentary <mask><mask>: A Photographer’s Journey (Paradigm Productions) was aired in fall 2015 as a co-presentation of Latino Public Broadcasting's VOCES and WNET American Masters. The photographer was also the subject of the  documentary <mask><mask>: Portrait of an Image Maker (Gnosis Ltd.), completed in 2007, and aired through 2012 on PBS. Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask>. A Photographer's Journey with Frank Lloyd Wright, Alexander Calder, and Louise Nevelson, Princeton Architectural Press, 2007,
 <mask>, <mask>. Calder at Home: The Joyous Environment of Alexander Calder, Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1998,
 <mask>, <mask>. Picturing Wright: An Album from Frank Lloyd Wright's Photographer, Pomegranate Press, 1993,
 Albee, <mask>, introduction; photographs by <mask>. <mask>, "Louise Nevelson: Atmospheres and Environments," Clarkson N. Potter, 1980,
 Arnason, H.H., text, photographs by <mask>. <mask>, "Calder," Van Nostrand, 1966. References

External links

 Official site

1917 births
2012 deaths
People from Casa Grande, Arizona
American photographers
American people of Mexican descent
Frank Lloyd Wright
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II

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. Guerrero
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Edward Durell
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Ezra Stoller
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Emily Bills
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title: Charles Brantley Aycock

texts:
<mask> (November 1, 1859 – April 4, 1912) was the 50th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1901 to 1905. After starting his career as a lawyer and teacher, he became active in the Democratic Party during the party's Solid South period, and made his reputation as a prominent segregationist. He became known as "the Education Governor" for his advocacy for the improvement of North Carolina's public school systems, and following his term in office, he traveled the country promoting educational causes. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in Wayne County, North Carolina, as the youngest of the 10 children of Benjamin and <mask>. His family lived near the present-day town of Fremont, North Carolina, then known as Nahunta. Though his father died when he was 15, his mother and older brothers recognized his abilities and determined that he should go to college. <mask> attended the University of North Carolina (today the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) and joined the Philanthropic Society, a debate and literary society at the university.After graduating in 1880 with first honors in both oratory and essay writing, he entered law practice in Goldsboro and supplemented his income by teaching school. His success in both fields led to his appointment as superintendent of schools for Wayne County and to service on the school board in Goldsboro. His political career began in 1888 as a presidential elector for Grover Cleveland, when he gained distinction as an orator and political debater. From 1893 to 1897, he served as U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina. White supremacy campaigns
In 1898 and 1900, <mask> was prominent in the Democratic Party's "white supremacy" campaigns. <mask>'s involvement with the Wilmington insurrection of 1898 is chronicled in an official state commission report. "Planned violence to suppress the African American and Republican communities grew into unplanned bloodshed.The frenzy over white supremacy victory, incessantly repeated by orators such as Alfred Moore Waddell and <mask>, simply could not be quieted after an overwhelming and somewhat anticlimactic election victory." <mask> was reportedly not present in Wilmington the day of the insurrection. In 1899, the heavily Democrat state legislature of North Carolina passed a suffrage amendment to the state constitution. This amendment added a poll tax and literacy test, as well as a grandfather clause to avoid disenfranchising poor white voters. <mask> supported the amendment, and urged legislatures to submit it to a popular vote in an August election - moved up from November. In the same election, <mask> ran for governor against Republican Spencer B. Adams. On the campaign trail, his supporters displayed one of the rapid-fire guns from the Wilmington insurrection of 1898 and <mask> regularly appeared with Red Shirts.In the 1900 North Carolina gubernatorial election, the suffrage amendment was confirmed and <mask> was elected governor. He reportedly won 60% of the vote, but this was in part due to voter fraud. In several counties the number of votes for <mask> exceeded the number of eligible voters by several hundred. Governor
As governor, <mask> became known as the "Education Governor" for his support of the public school system. It was said that one school was constructed in the state for every day he was in office. He was supposedly dedicated to education after watching his mother make her mark when signing a deed. He felt that no lasting social reform could be accomplished without education.He supported increased salaries for teachers, longer school terms, and new school buildings; "690 new schoolhouses erected, including 599 for whites and 91 for blacks." While credited for an expansion of schools for black students, <mask> is also noted as having advocated that black students be properly educated through curriculum and care
tightly controlled by North Carolina whites, to "benefit the black race to fit them into a subordinate role." Historian Morgan Kousser has demonstrated that <mask>'s progressive attitude toward black education was based on white Democrats' desire to ensure that the disfranchisement of black voters would not be reversed by federal government intervention. Kousser observed, "Some scholars have made a great deal of the opposition of 'progressive' Governor <mask><mask> and state school superintendent James Y. Joyner to the movement for a constitutional amendment in North Carolina to limit black school expenditures to the amount paid by Negroes in taxes. It is true that <mask> threatened resignation if such a law passed and that, speaking to the legislature in 1903, he condemned the proposed measure as 'unjust, unwise and unconstitutional.' Yet in the same address he put greater stress on his view that the act was impolitic than he did on its injustice. The law would invite a challenge in federal court, he believed, and 'if it should be made to appear to the Court that in connection with our disfranchisement of the negro we had taken pains for providing to keep him in ignorance, then both amendments [the literacy test and racial separation of taxes] would fall together.'In other words, the disfranchisement of the almost unanimously Republican blacks, which was virtually priceless to the Democrats, would be bartered for the temporary gain of a few extra dollars of the school fund." <mask> did other progressive measures as governor such as building roads, increasing taxes on corporations, creating new regulations on railroads, and passing child labor and temperance laws. <mask> fought against lynching as governor, but expanded the state's convict leasing program, a de facto form of slavery. "The Negro Problem"

On December 18, 1903, while governor, <mask> went to Baltimore to give a speech to 300 people at the North Carolina Society. His speech, "The Negro Problem," outlined his thoughts on keeping blacks separate, subservient, and locked out of representative government by circumventing the Fifteenth Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote. <mask>'s may have been a response to the book The Negro Problem, written by prominent black scholars, including W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington, in which they consider the web of economic, political, and social problems faced by blacks in their collective history as slaves and second-class citizens after Emancipation.The book had been released about two months before <mask>'s speech. The speech is one of <mask>'s most well known, and controversial:
I am proud of my State...because there we have solved the negro problem...We have taken him out of politics and have thereby secured good government under any party and laid foundations for the future development of both races. We have secured peace, and rendered prosperity a certainty. I am inclined to give to you our solution of this problem. These things are not said in enmity to the negro but in regard for him. He constitutes one third of the population of my State: he has always been my personal friend; as a lawyer I have often defended him, and as Governor I have frequently protected him. But there flows in my veins the blood of the dominant race; that race that has conquered the earth and seeks out the mysteries of the heights and depths.If manifest destiny leads to the seizure of Panama, it is certain that it likewise leads to the dominance of the Caucasian. When the negro recognizes this fact we shall have peace and good will between the races. But I would not have the white people forget their duty to the negro. We must seek the truth and pursue it. We owe an obligation to “the man in black”; we brought him here; he served us well; he is patient and teachable. We owe him gratitude; above all we owe him justice. We cannot forget his fidelity and we ought not to magnify his faults; we cannot change his color, neither can we ignore his service.No individual ever “rose on stepping stones of dead” others “to higher things,” and no people can. We must rise by ourselves, we must execute judgment in righteousness; we must educate not only ourselves but see to it that the negro has an opportunity for education. As a white man I am afraid of but one thing for my race and that is that we shall become afraid to give the negro a fair chance. The first duty of every man is to develop himself to the uttermost and the only limitation upon his duty is that he shall take pains to see that in his own development he does no injustice to those beneath him. This is true of races as well as of individuals. Considered properly it is not a limitation but a condition of development. The white man in the South can never attain to his fullest growth until he does absolute justice to the negro race.If he is doing that now, it is well for him. If he is not doing it, he must seek to know the ways of truth and pursue them. My own opinion is, that so far we have done well, and that the future holds no menace for us if we do the duty which lies next to us, training, developing the coming generation, so that the problems which seem difficult to us shall be easy to them. Later life
After leaving the governor's office in 1905, <mask> resumed his law practice. He was persuaded to run for the Senate seat held by fellow Democrat Furnifold M. Simmons in 1912. But before the nomination was decided, <mask> died of a heart attack while making a speech to the Alabama Education Association in Birmingham on April 4, 1912. The subject of <mask>'s speech was 'Universal Education'.After he had talked for a few minutes, <mask> spoke the words: 'I have always talked about education—.' Here he stopped, threw up his hands, reeled backward, and fell dead. Legacy

In Greensboro, North Carolina, the auditorium at UNC Greensboro, as well as a street, a neighborhood, and a middle school were all named for him. Dormitories at UNC-Chapel Hill and East Carolina University campuses were named after him, although ECU decided to rename the dorm in 2015. UNC-Chapel Hill followed suit in 2020. In Pikeville, North Carolina, there is a high school named after him as well. There is an <mask> Elementary School in Henderson, and another in Asheville.Aycock High School in Cedar Grove graduated its last class in 1963. Additionally, a small street in the Chapel Hill neighborhood of Governors Club is named after him, along with numerous other Governors of North Carolina. In 1965, a junior high school in Raleigh, North Carolina was named after him, although it was absorbed into William G. Enloe High School in 1979. A street in Raleigh's Five Points neighborhood was also named for him. In the 1933 textbook The Story of North Carolina, <mask> is described as "one of the best friends that colored people had." For most of the 20th century, <mask> was characterized by state historians and politicians as an admirable figure, reflected in the choice to have a statue of him as one of the two submitted by the state to the National Statuary Hall Collection. In recent years, that viewpoint has been challenged:
Often overlooked was <mask>'s role as a leading spokesman in the white supremacy campaigns of 1898 and 1900, which were marked by widespread violence, voter intimidation, voter fraud and even a coup d'état of the government of Wilmington....The campaigns had far-reaching consequences: blacks were removed from the voter rolls based on literacy tests, Jim Crow customs were encoded into law, and the Democratic Party controlled Tar Heel politics for two-thirds of the 20th century. In 2011, the N.C. Democratic Party dropped <mask>'s name from its annual fundraiser after calls from both Democratic and Republican lawmakers brought attention to <mask>'s white supremacy ties. <mask> had been included in the fundraiser's name since 1960. On June 17, 2014, Duke University removed his name from a residence hall. On February 20, 2015, East Carolina University trustees voted to remove <mask>'s name from a residence hall after a months-long debate with faculty, students, staff and alumni. The trustees directed the university to represent <mask>'s name in another campus location, where founders and other university supporters would be recognized. As of early 2015, UNC Greensboro was also reviewing proposals to remove <mask>cock Middle School in Greensboro, dropping the Aycock name. On August 15, 2017, the Greensboro City Council voted to rename the Aycock Historic District, which included the formerly named Aycock Middle School (now Swann Middle School) to Dunleath Historic District. On February 28, 2018, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper requested from the Architect of the Capitol replacement of <mask>'s statue with one of evangelist Billy Graham, pursuant to legislation signed in 2015. The statue will be replaced once sufficient private funds for Graham's statue are raised. On April 24, 2018, Greensboro City Council unanimously voted to rename North and South Aycock Street, which runs from West Florida Street to Wendover Avenue, to North and South Josephine Boyd Street after Josephine Boyd, the first black student to attend the all-white Greensboro High School (now Grimsley High School) in 1957. On May 4, 2021, Raleigh City Council voted to rename Aycock Street to Roanoke Park Drive following a neighborhood petition.Bibliography

References

External links
<mask> Birthplace from the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
North Carolina Election of 1898 from University of North Carolina
Education, the South's First Need a 1905 magazine article by <mask>

1859 births
1912 deaths
American white supremacists
Burials at Historic Oakwood Cemetery
Governors of North Carolina
School board members in North Carolina
History of racism in the United States
Political violence in the United States
Racial segregation
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of North Carolina
People from Wayne County, North Carolina
North Carolina Democrats
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
People from Goldsboro, North Carolina
Wilmington insurrection of 1898
History of racism in North Carolina
African-American history of North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Deaths from coronary thrombosis

masks:
Charles Brantley Aycock
Charles B
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Serena Aycock
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Charles Aycock
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title: Keith Ramsey

texts:
<mask> (born March 5, 1980 Inglewood, California) is a former professional baseball player who played from 2002 to 2012. Family
<mask> is the son of Chris and <mask>. Chris is an attorney and lifelong surfer. <mask> has a sister named Allie and a brother named Timmy. <mask>'s uncle, <mask>, was the public address announcer of the Los Angeles Dodgers starting in 1958 until his retirement in 1982. He died in 1990. Besides baseball, <mask>'s Uncle John also announced Lakers basketball, Rams and Raiders football, Kings hockey and USC football.High school career
<mask> attended Loyola High School of Los Angeles. While there, he earned All-League and All-Conference honors. In 1998, as a senior, <mask> had a .510 batting average with 10 doubles, 21 RBI and 13 runs scored. On the mound, he was 2−1 with a save and a 3.45 ERA. He earned MVP honors at the SoCal Challenge. <mask> was also the goalie on the school's soccer team which won the state championship. He was selected as the CIF Goalie of the year and established school records in shutouts and goals against average.One of <mask>'s friends during his high school career, Kriston Palomo, was killed during a game by a runner's batting helmet which hit him in the larynx. From that day on, <mask> has tried to wear Palomo's #29 whenever possible in his collegiate and professional careers and, after each victory, <mask> points to the sky to honor his friend. College career
<mask> began his collegiate career with LA Harbor Junior College in 1999 and 2000. He was a two-time All-Conference player. While a freshman, <mask> pitched in one game. He had a 1−1 record with a 1.10 ERA. As an outfielder, he hit .420 with 7 doubles, 20 RBI and 18 runs scored.During his sophomore year, <mask> was 1–1 with one save and a 1.31 ERA. He struck out 28 in 31 and a third innings. At the plate, he hit .361 with six doubles and 22 RBI. As a junior in 2001, <mask> switched to the University of Florida where he put up a 4–3 record with 9 saves and a 2.24 ERA as a reliever. At one point in the season, he had nine consecutive appearances without giving up a run. He struck out 56 batters in 52 and a third innings. In the SEC Tournament and the NCAA postseason, <mask> made four appearances and posted a perfect 0.00 ERA while collecting a save.He struck out 12 in just 6 and two thirds innings pitched. He was awarded the team's Best Pitcher Award for the season. At the end of the 2001 season, <mask> was selected by the Cincinnati Reds in 11th round (336th overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft, but he decided to play his senior season for Florida. <mask> made the switch to being a starter for the 2002 season. He would end up starting 17 of the 19 games he appeared in and also collecting two complete game shutouts. His record for the year was 10−3 with a 3.88 ERA. Throughout <mask>'s collegiate career, he participated in various amateur leagues including the Saskatchewan Major Baseball League where he hit .331 with 19 RBI, 21 stolen bases, and 10 doubles while having a perfect 0.00 ERA and 6 saves for the Melville Millionaires.He also played with the Compton Rottweilers. Minor league career
<mask> was selected in the 10th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft (304th overall) by the Cleveland Indians, and he signed with them. <mask> began his minor league career in 2002 with the Mahoning Valley Scrappers of the New York–Penn League. In his collegiate career, he was used mostly as a reliever until his senior year. From the very start of his professional days, <mask> was a starter. He would start 10 of the 13 games he appeared in 2002. <mask> finished the campaign with a 6–3 record with a 2.03 ERA and 71 strikeouts in 62 innings pitched.<mask> led the Scrappers in ERA, WHIP (0.85), and strikeouts. He was 5th in the NYPL in ERA and selected as a post-season All-Star. <mask> spent most of 2003 with the Lake County Captains in the South Atlantic League. For the season, he posted a 13–6 record and a 2.99 ERA. He threw 3 complete games including a shutout. <mask> led the Captains in strikeouts with 108. <mask> also started two games for the Akron Aeros in the Eastern League going 1–0 with a 6.55 ERA.He was 0.01 shy of 10th place in the SAL in ERA. <mask> moved on to the Kinston Indians in the Carolina League for 2004. While in Kinston, <mask> had a big hand in helping the K-Tribe capture the league championship with a 10–4 record, 2 complete games, and a 3.85 ERA despite also leading the league with 19 home runs allowed. On September 6, <mask> threw a 6–0 perfect game against the Myrtle Beach Pelicans in the last game of the season with his sister Allie in the stands at Coastal Federal Field. It was just the fourth nine-inning perfect game in Carolina League history and the first since a 1978 gem by Marty Bystrom for the Peninsula Pilots. <mask> threw just 97 pitches in the contest, two changeups, two splitters, 35 curveballs, and 58 fastballs in the 82–84 mph range. He recorded five strikeouts, seven groundouts, and fifteen flyouts.The closest that the Pelicans came to a hit was a line drive to right center that Jonathan Van Every made a "highlight-reel catch" of for the second out in the ninth inning. <mask> reached a full count just twice. The game itself almost did not happen due to a steady mist that delayed the start nearly a half-hour. The weather along with the fact that it was technically a meaningless game since the playoff spots had already been decided, led to some pregame discussion of a cancellation. <mask> has called the game "a gift from God ... my shining moment." It also uplifted his team. The K-Tribe had lost seven of ten games going into the game.The excitement of the perfect game was credited with picking up the team's spirits and giving them the momentum they needed going into the playoffs. Teammate Dennis Malave was quoted as saying that the game "set us free from negative thinking." During the season, <mask> also got two starts for the Buffalo Bisons in the International League where his record was 1–1 with a 3.60 ERA. As yet, these two triple-A starts are the closest <mask> has been to the major leagues. Following the 2004 season, <mask> pitched for the Peoria Javelinas in the Arizona Fall League. <mask> was in Peoria to work on his changeup and tweak his mechanics in an effort to make him throw harder. Reflecting on this stint years later, <mask> has stated that he had "tried to become something he wasn't ... and that's kind of where things went downhill."He was used entirely in relief and in 11 appearances pitched just 10 innings. <mask> was not involved in any decisions and he posted a 10.80 ERA. On December 13, <mask> was selected by Colorado Rockies in the Rule 5 draft. In 2005, <mask> would see action for three different teams in three different farm systems. He began the year with the Tulsa Drillers in the Texas League for the Rockies. While in Tulsa, <mask> went 1–3 in 10 games with a 7.68 ERA. He also batted in a game going 1 for 3 with a sacrifice for a .333 batting average.His subpar performance on the mound led to his release by the Rockies. He was then picked up by the Arizona Diamondbacks who assigned him to the Lancaster JetHawks in the California League. In Lancaster, <mask> pitched just 4 relief innings and posted a 0–1 record and an ERA of 4.50. The D-Backs then traded him to the Philadelphia Phillies for "future considerations". The Phillies assigned <mask> to their Florida State League affiliate, the Clearwater Phillies. For the Phils, <mask> went 2-4 with a 5.07 ERA. Late in the 2006 spring training, <mask> was released by the Phillies.By April 1, he had signed to play with the Somerset Patriots in the independent Atlantic League. The Patriots were being managed by Sparky Lyle. For Somerset, <mask> put up a 6–7 record with a 3.76 ERA. His 155 and two-thirds innings were the most he pitched since the 2003 season. He was rewarded with a trip to the league All-Star game. The Texas Rangers decided to take a chance on him for the 2007 season and signed him to a minor league contract. <mask> was assigned to the Bakersfield Blaze of the California League.<mask> was soon released after an 0–2 start. He only made it through six and a third innings for the Blaze and posted a dismal 15.63 ERA. Following his release, <mask> returned to Somerset where he had a 6−9 record with a 4.64 ERA, 2 complete games, and a shutout. <mask> also saw a little time in the outfield for the first time since his college days. At the plate, he had one official at bat and a .000 batting average, but he did score a run. April 2008 saw <mask> pitching in the Chinese Professional Baseball League of Taiwan for the Brother Elephants. His career in Taiwan lasted just three innings on April 25 as he was rocked for six runs on seven hits, including two home runs in a 12–4 loss against the President Lions.Returning to the United States, <mask> found work back in the Atlantic League with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs who are owned by Hall of Fame member Brooks Robinson. He was signed on June 4 with the season already in progress. By the end of the season, <mask> compiled a record of 7–6 with 1 complete game and a 4.01 ERA. He started 20 of the 21 games he appeared in. Musical career and off season activities
<mask> is an guitarist who plays right-handed despite being a southpaw. He has played the National Anthem "Hendrix-style" prior to games for Kinston and Somerset. <mask> is the rhythm guitarist and lead singer in a "surf rock" band called Flava Do.On August 20, 2006, <mask> pitched six innings in a Patriots victory and then, after the game, put on a concert for the fans with his brother Timmy who also plays in Flava Do. Teammate Dave Elder joined the brothers on a Pearl Jam song

Sources and further reading
 Anon. : "K-Tribe's <mask> Ends Season With Perfect Game", in The Goldsboro News-Argus (Goldsboro, North Carolina), September 7, 2004
 Anon. : "<mask> Saddles Up With Rangers", on Our Sports Central, March 12, 2007
 Anon. : "Somerset Patriots Re-Sign Pitcher <mask>", on NJ.com (blog site), May 29, 2007. article re-posted to blog site
 Ashmore, Mike: "The <mask> Experience", in The Hunterdon County Democrat, July 27, 2006. On Mike Ashmore's site
 Hall, David: "Former K-Tribe Pitcher Enjoys Life On The Beach", in The Kinston Free Press, January 19, 2007
 Hall, David: "Perfect Game Perfect Timing", in The Kinston Free Press, September 8, 2004
 Hall, David: "<mask> Is Still A Pitcher Of Contentment", in The Kinston Free Press, May 11, 2007
 Huang, Paul: "President Lions Destroy Brother Elephants 12−4", in The Taipei Times, April 27, 2008. Sinclair, Rob: "<mask>'s Perfect Game First In Team History", in The Kinston Indians 2005 Yearbook, p. 39.His one game in Taiwan. Stanchak, Scott and Mike Ashmore: "Rock On, <mask>", on Atlantic League Baseball News, August 20, 2006. Atlantic League blog
 Waldrop, Melinda: "PERFECTION", in The Sun News (Myrtle Beach, South Carolina), September 7, 2004. reprinted at the Kinston Free Press website
 Winston, Lisa: "Surfer/Musician Hits Perfect Tune On Mound", in USA Today, September 24, 2004

External links

<mask> Palomo tribute site
SABR minor league data base
BB Cube page

1980 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Baseball players from Inglewood, California
Musicians from Inglewood, California
Guitarists from California
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Keith Benjamin Ramsey
Keith Ramsey
Florann Ramsey
Keith
Keith
John Ramsey
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Keith Ramseyton


title: Raoul Walsh

texts:
<mask> (Born <mask>; March 11, 1887December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), and the brother of silent screen actor <mask>. He was known for portraying John Wilkes Booth in the silent classic The Birth of a Nation (1915) and for directing such films as the widescreen epic The Big Trail (1930) starring John Wayne in his first leading role, The Roaring Twenties starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, High Sierra (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and White Heat (1949) starring James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien. He directed his last film in 1964. Biography
<mask> was born in New York as <mask> to Elizabeth T. Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants with Spanish ancestors, and Thomas W<mask>, an Englishman. <mask> was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, as was his younger brother. Growing up in New York, <mask> was also a friend of the Barrymore family. John Barrymore recalled spending time reading in the <mask> family library as a youth.Later in life he lived in Palm Springs, California. He was buried at Assumption Cemetery Simi Valley, Ventura County, California. Film career
<mask> was educated at Seton Hall College. He began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor. In  1913 he changed his name to <mask>. In 1914 he became an assistant to D. W. Griffith and made his first full-length feature film, The Life of General Villa, shot on location in Mexico with Pancho Villa playing the lead and with actual ongoing battles filmed in progress as well as recreations. <mask> played John Wilkes Booth in Griffith's epic The Birth of a Nation (1915) and also served as an assistant director.This was followed by the critically acclaimed Regeneration in 1915, the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattan's Bowery district. <mask> served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I. He later directed The Thief of Bagdad (1924), starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and Laurence Stallings' What Price Glory? (1926), starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río. In Sadie Thompson (1928), starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, <mask> starred as Swanson's boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915; he also directed the film. He was then hired to direct and star in In Old Arizona, a film about O. Henry's character the Cisco Kid. While on location for that film <mask> was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert; he lost his right eye as a result.He gave up the part and never acted again. Warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role <mask> was originally slated to play. <mask> would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life. In the early days of sound with Fox, <mask> directed the first widescreen spectacle, The Big Trail (1930), an epic wagon train western shot on location across the West. The movie starred John Wayne, then unknown, whom <mask> discovered as prop boy Marion Morrison and renamed after the Revolutionary War general Mad Anthony Wayne; <mask> happened to be reading a book about him at the time. <mask> directed The Bowery (1933), featuring Wallace Beery, George Raft, Fay Wray and Pert Kelton; the energetic movie recounts the story of Steve Brodie (Raft), supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and live to brag about it. An undistinguished period followed with Paramount Pictures from 1935 to 1939, but <mask>'s career rose to new heights after he moved to Warner Brothers, with The Roaring Twenties (1939), featuring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; Dark Command (1940), with John Wayne and Roy Rogers (at Republic Pictures); They Drive By Night (1940), with George Raft, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart; High Sierra (1941), with Lupino and Bogart again; They Died with Their Boots On (1941), with Errol Flynn as Custer; The Strawberry Blonde (1941), with Cagney and Olivia de Havilland; Manpower (1941), with Edward G. Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft; and White Heat (1949), with Cagney.<mask>'s contract at Warners expired in 1953. He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable: The Tall Men (1955), The King and Four Queens (1956) and Band of Angels (1957). <mask> retired in 1964. He died of a heart attack in 1980. Outside interests
<mask> was a breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses. For a time, his brother <mask> trained his stable of horses. Their horse Sunset Trail competed in the 1937 Kentucky Derby won by War Admiral who went on to win the U.S.Triple Crown. Sunset Trail finished sixteenth in a field of twenty runners. Some of <mask>'s film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives. Selected filmography

Miscellaneous
The Conqueror (Writer) (1917)
The Big Trail (story contributor) (uncredited) (1930)
Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (producer) (uncredited)  (1951)
The Lawless Breed (producer) (uncredited) (1953)
Esther and the King (screenplay) (1960)
The Men Who Made the Movies: <mask> (TV movie documentary)
Himself (1973)

Notes

References

Further reading
Moss. Marilyn Ann (2011). <mask>: The True Adventures of Hollywood's Legendary Director.University Press of Kentucky. Smith, Renee D. (2013). The Films of <mask>: A Critical Approach

External links

Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
<mask> at Virtual History

1887 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders
American film directors
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American racehorse owners and breeders
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people with disabilities
American Roman Catholics
Male actors from Palm Springs, California
Western (genre) film directors

masks:
Raoul Walsh
Albert Edward Walsh
George Walsh
Walsh
Albert Edward Walsh
. Walsh
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Walsh
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Raoul Walsh
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George Walsh
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Raoul Walsh


title: Michael Obst (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born 30 November 1955) is a German composer and pianist. <mask> was born in Frankfurt am Main. He studied music education from 1973 to 1978 in Mainz, and from 1977 to 1982 studied piano with Alfons Kontarsky and Aloys Kontarsky at the Hochschule für Musik Köln, where he sat his piano examination in 1982. At the same time, between 1979 and 1986, he studied composition with Hans Ulrich Humpert in the Studio for Elektronic Music of the Hochschule für Musik Köln. From 1981 to 1986 he was the pianist and a founding member of the Ensemble Modern, from 1986 to 1989 he worked as an interpreter with Karlheinz Stockhausen, playing synthesizer in Stockhausen’s operatic cycle Licht. He was invited to the Studios of Ghent (IPEM), Stockholm (EMS), Bourges (Groupe de musique expérimentale de Bourges), Paris (IRCAM), and Freiburg (SWF-Heinrich Strobel Stiftung) as well as to the Studio for Electronic Music of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne. At IRCAM he realized the electronics for his chamber opera Solaris (to a libretto by Stanisław Lem); the opera received its première at the Munich Biennale in 1996.Since 1997 he has been Professor of Composition at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt in Weimar. From 2010 to 2013 he was a Guest Professor for Composition at the University of Music and performing Arts in Vienna. In works such as Solaris, Obst adopts a modernist sensibility while at the same time questioning its underlying philosophy. Selected World Premières and Important Performances
10 Years IRCAM Paris 1987: "Kristallwelt III" for ensemble on tape, commission IRCAM
Donaueschinger Musiktage 1987: "Kristallwelt III" for ensemble and tape
Donaueschinger Musiktage 1989: "Miroirs" for 6 vocalists, commission SWF
Donaueschinger Musiktage 1995: "Diaphonia" for soloists, orchestra and live-electronics, com. SWF
World Music Days (ISCM) Cologne 1987: "Chansons" for Mezzo-Soprano, 5 instruments, live-electronics and tape, commission WDR
Holland-Festival Amsterdam 1990: "Kristallwelt III" for ensemble and tape
10 Years Ensemble Modern, Frankfurt 1990: "Nachtstücke" for 7 instr. + live-el. 5 for piano solo
 1998/99 Reflections for accordion solo
 2000 The Wind for violin, French horn and tape
 2000 Images for violin solo
 2000 Six Sketches for French horn solo
 2001 Piano Trio no.1
 2001 Transit, for orchestra
 2002 Nosferatu, (music for the classic silent film by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau)
 2003/04 Espaces Sonores, 8-track electronic music
 2004–05 Espaces sonores, for wind quintet and orchestra
 2006 Arcus for string quartet and electronic music
 2006 Piano Trio no. 2
 2009 Trois Rêves for ensemble
 2009 Four Little Pieces for B-flat clarinet
 2013 Die Befristeten, concertante radio play for speakers and ensemble after the theatre piece of the same name by Elias Canetti (text adaptation by Ursula Ruppel)
 2013–14 Variazioni for two trumpets and two ensembles
 2014 Te Deum for six-part mixed choir
 2016 Noctuelles for 11 instruments

Writings by <mask>t (selection)
De nouveau critère pour apprécier la musique electroacoustique in: Esthétique et Musique Electroacoustique, Paris 1996, pp. 71–76
Neue Musik (-festival)? in: Festschrift 75 Jahre Donaueschinger Musiktage, Donaueschingen 1996, pp. 77–80
Fábrica – analyse structurelle in: Analyse en Musique Electroacoustique, Bourges 1997, pp. 155–159
Projection du son prise comme élément compositionnel, La fonction de l'électronique en direct dans mon opéra *Solaris in: Composition/Diffusion en Musique Electroacoustique, Bourges 1998, pp. 142–150
La musique – pourquoi?in: Musique Electroacoustique: expérience et prospective, Bourges 1999, pp. 116–117

References

Further reading

External links

 Biography and Photo from the Hochschule für Musik FRANZ LISZT Weimar

1955 births
Living people
German classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
German male classical composers
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar faculty
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians

masks:
Michael Obst
Life Obst
Michael Obs


title: Harold Maxwell-Lefroy

texts:
<mask> (20 January 1877 – 14 October 1925) was an English entomologist. He served as a Professor of Entomology at Imperial College London and as the second Imperial Entomologist to India. He left India after the death of two of his children from insect-borne diseases. He worked on applied entomology and initiated experiments on the use of chemicals to control insects. A formula he developed was utilized to save Westminster Hall from destruction by wood-boring beetles, while others were used to control lice in the trenches during the First World War. The success of his chemicals led to increased demand and the founding of Rentokil, a company for insecticide production. He was killed in an accident while experimenting on fumigants to control insects.Biography

Maxwell-Lefroy was born in the village of Crondall to Charles James Maxwell Lefroy of the 14th Hussars (whose grandfather was James Walker who had designed the Regent or Vauxhall Bridge in 1816) and Elizabeth Catherine, daughter of Alfred Henry McClintock, a Dublin surgeon. The hyphenated form Maxwell-Lefroy was adopted in 1875. He grew up in the family's Itchel Manor, on an ancient site which had once been property of the Bishop of Winchester. The manor itself had a long history, being mentioned in the Domesday Book, and filled with stories of ghosts and their hauntings (and demolished in 1954). As a child he was raised in an environment of opulence, with many servants at home to take care of the house and his needs. Education
<mask> was sent to school in Church Hill House in Crondall where one of his contemporaries, although a boarder unlike Maxwell-Lefroy, was Claude Grahame-White. He was later sent to study in Germany, and after returning to England in 1890 he was sent to Marlborough College where he was in Preshute House under master W.E.Mullins. Oddly he did not join the Natural History Society at school, contemporary members included William Keble Martin, Arthur Hill, and Lawrence C.H. Young (who went to Bombay in 1901 to work in a local business and also contributed to studies of the lepidoptera in the Bombay Natural History Society collections and died young in 1907). He finished school in 1895 and joined King's College, Cambridge, receiving a BA in the natural science tripos with first class in 1898. His specialization in entomology was influenced by David Sharp. He received a master's degree in 1902. West Indies
Maxwell-Lefroy briefly served as assistant master at Seaford College, and then joined as an entomologist in Barbados from 1899.Before he left Barbados he got engaged to Kathleen Hamilton O'Meara, daughter of a former Provost Marshal in British Guiana from a Catholic family, leading to some disapproval from his mother and sister. His entomological work resulted in several bulletins being published. India

In 1903, Maxwell-Lefroy was appointed entomologist to the Government of India (succeeding Lionel de Nicéville, who was the first entomologist, appointed in 1901). The appointment may have been influenced by David Sharp. His salary in India was set at 750 rupees a month rising 50 a year to a maximum of 1000 a month. He sailed by the P&O steamer Borneo on 27 March and reached Bombay on 30 April 1903. He was then sent to Calcutta where he was to report to E.P.Stebbing. He married Kathleen on 22 January 1904 in a Catholic wedding at the Cathedral of the Holy Name, Bombay. In 1904, Maxwell-Lefroy was assisted by K. P. Ukkendan Unni Nair, a zoologist trained at the Madras Christian College. He trained several Indian assistants including S.C. Misra from Nagpur who had worked at Rajkumar College, C.C. Ghosh from Calcutta University who was in-charge of the Pusa insectary, Gobindram Dutt from Punjab and D. Nowroji from Madras University. He was also assisted by the Second Imperial Entomologist F.M. Howlett.In 1905 he was involved in the creation of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, in the Indian state of Bihar, and he was appointed the first Imperial Entomologist. Although mainly involved on work related to agricultural pests, he also took an interest in medical and veterinary entomology. In 1907 he oversaw studies to examine whether there was a possibility for Indian flies to spread sleeping sickness brought in by Indian workers returning from Africa. In October 1908 he accepted permanent employment with the Government of India. Maxwell-Lefroy convened a series of meetings on an all-India basis, to bring together all the entomologists of the country. From 1915, five such meetings were held at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, and these formed the foundation of entomological knowledge in India. He was succeeded in the position of Imperial Entomologist by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher.Maxwell-Lefroy's approaches to agricultural pest management was principally aimed at being practical and low-cost, often advocating cultural practices such as the removal and burning of crops material that may harbour pupating pests. He published Indian Insect Life, a summary of the major insects of economic importance in 1906, in association with Frank Milburn Howlett. On 10 November 1910 their son Denis Charles died, possibly from typhoid, dysentery or some other fly-borne disease and the other son Cecil was immediately sent away to safety in Darjeeling to be taken care of at the Loreto Convent. The death led to his taking leave and returning to England the next year. His son Cecil was also accompanied by his Indian ayah Elizabeth. He took privilege leave from January 1911 for three months and then extended it by going on furlough. Among his last works in India was an analysis of the role of birds in agriculture, written along with supernumerary entomologist Charles W. Mason.The study, begun in 1907, involved analysis of the gut contents of 1325 specimens of birds shot in agricultural fields. He gave lectures in England and he was appointed a lecturer at the Imperial College on 1 September 1911. He applied for resignation from his Indian government posting. He returned to Pusa on 29 July 1912 and was made an offer to retain him but he decided to take up a position at the Imperial College as professor of entomology. His resignation was formally accepted on 15 December 1912. England
Maxwell-Lefroy moved to live initially in Strawberry Hill, and later Acton Lodge in Isleworth close to his workplace in South Kensington. In the early days, he used a motorbike with a sidecar to travel about.In 1913-1914, Lefroy was consulted by Frank Baines, Principal Architect of the Office of Works, to study ways of exterminating death watch beetles that had been found in Westminster Hall, beside England's Houses of Parliament. He began to try out various chemicals and finally came up with a 50% dichlorobenzene, 47% mineral oil and 3% barium oleate mixture to brush the wood with. This treatment was used by Baines who was then knighted for saving Westminster Hall. During the First World War, Maxwell-Lefroy volunteered but was rejected on medical grounds from military service. In 1915 he took up a position travelling across India as Imperial silk specialist. Along with E.C. Ansorge, magistrate and collector in Bihar and Orissa; and an amateur entomologist, he wrote a Report on an Inquiry into the Silk Industry in India (1917) in three volumes but not without a major interruption.While in Bangalore on the silk study, on 17 April 1916, he received a telegram from the government seeking help on fly control in Mesopotamia. Appointed as an acting Lt-Col, he was sent to assist C.F.C. Beeson and shipped out from Bombay. He published on his investigations into the control of flies and other pests, a note in the Agricultural Journal of India included a photograph of his assistants from Pusa. He also introduced a treatment for the control of lice in the trenches called  that kept away jigger fleas and ticks. It was reported that there was a fall of 66% in cases of dysentery, cholera and typhoid after his measures were put in place. A bout of beri-beri invalided him and he returned to India, recovered and then travelled to England.Shortly after, there was a problem with weevils infesting wheat in Australia which hampered food supplies during the war. In October 1917 he sailed to San Francisco and then to Sydney where he examined the wheat weevil problem along with W.W. Froggatt, the Government entomologist and suggested various measures. He also examined the issue of sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata before setting off from Sydney to England in May 1919. In 1924, Lefroy and his assistant Elizabeth Eades started producing bottles of woodworm treatment fluid from a small factory in Hatton Garden to manage a stream of requests, this led to the formation by them of a company called Rentokil Limited (now Rentokil Initial) in 1925. He registered the company on 29 September 1924, originally under the name of Entokill but this was objected to by the Board of Trade. Maxwell-Lefroy's students included Evelyn Cheesman who took up a position at the insect house in the zoo from 1919. Maxwell-Lefroy had been appointed honorary curator for the insect house.Cheesman and Olive Lodge also attended his classes which otherwise included only male students. He encouraged their studies and when Cheesman set off for South Africa, he emphasized the need for anyone interested in insects to spend time in the tropics to fully appreciate the subject. In 1922 he began to collaborate with Bruce Woolf who started a film company called New Era films to produce short documentaries on natural history. He helped in the production of several short films dealing with insects including one on wasps and another on tiger beetles in a series called Secrets of Nature. Death
Lefroy once became unconscious in March 1925 while experimenting in his laboratory on poison gases to control houseflies. He was administered oxygen for an hour before he became conscious and returned to work in April. He was however unlucky and killed by poisonous fumes in a laboratory accident in October 1925.He had become unconscious once and after recovering, he had returned to his laboratory. He was found dead on the 15th of October after his wife alarmed at his absence went to the laboratory. It was estimated by the postmortem that he died at 6.35 PM on 14 October 1925. He had been trying out various gases to kill the larvae of houseflies (his biographer, Laurence Fleming, suggests that his hatred for houseflies may have to do with the death of his son. He also notes that Maxwell-Lefroy had been suffering from cancer and that there were ideas among some that it could have been a suicide.). His assistants including Olive Lodge had no knowledge of the composition of the poison gas. It is thought that he was experimenting with Lewisite.He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. His position at the Imperial College was taken up by Balfour Browne who ensured that the flasks with unknown chemicals that Maxwell-Lefroy was working with were buried. Family
Maxwell-Lefroy and Kathleen had three children of whom the first, Gladys Kathleen died in infancy, and the second, Charles died in November 1910 while he was in Pusa and was the cause for his premature exit from India. The only child who survived was Cecil Anthony (d. 1995) who became  a general manager of Burmah Oil Company and was later made CBE. He wrote an unfinished memoir on the life of his father which was posthumously edited as a biography published in 2015 by Laurence Fleming. Kathleen died on 4 December 1967. Publications
Maxwell-Lefroy published numerous journal articles and memoirs published by government departments.Some of the major books include:
Indian Insect Pests (1906) - a Bengali edition was produced with assistance of C.C.Ghosh
Trials of the South African Locust Fungus in India (1907)
Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1909. Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India) Thacker and Spink, Calcutta. xii + 786 pp. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1910. List of Names Used in India for Common Insects. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India. iv + 47 + xii pp.Measures for avoidance and extermination of flies, mosquitoes, lice and other vermin (1916)
Silk Industry in India (1917) with E.C. Ansorge
 Manual of Entomology 1923 with illustrations by L.N. Staniland
 Food of Birds in India (1911) with C.W. Mason

References

Sources

1877 births
1925 deaths
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
English entomologists
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Deaths from laboratory accidents

masks:
Harold Maxwell Lefroy
Harold


title: Raúl Valdés

texts:
<mask> (born November 27, 1977) is a Cuban  and Dominican Professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies and Houston Astros and with the Chunichi Dragons in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB)

Professional career

Chicago Cubs
In 2003, <mask> defected from Cuba, where he was a member of the Cuban National team. He signed with the Chicago Cubs as a non-drafted free agent in 2004, and was assigned to the Cubs farm team of the Dominican Summer League. He posted a 7–2 record with a 0.51 earned run average in 16 games for the Dominican Cubs, holding the opponents to a .127 batting average. He also saw action as an outfielder, batting .241 with 12 doubles and 26 runs batted in in 50 games, and was selected for the DSL Post-Season All-Star. <mask> opened 2005 with Double-A West Tenn, but was promoted rapidly to Triple-A Iowa on May 9. He went 2–0 in five starts, struck out 18 batters and issued just three walks over 23 innings of work for West Tenn.While in Iowa, he was 6–7 with a save in 25 appearances (17 starts), working six or more innings in six of his starts, ending 5–0 with a 2.15 ERA in those outings. In 2006, <mask> dropped to 1–3 with a 7.59 ERA in 32 innings for Iowa before being released. Independent leagues
<mask> joined the independent Can-Am League, going 2–1 with a 5.09 ERA in four games for the Nashua Pride and 7–3 with a 2.81 ERA in 17 games, including 12 starts, for the New Jersey Jackals. New York Mets
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets after the end of the season. He started 2007 with High-A St. Lucie and later was promoted to Double-A Binghamton. He combined for a 0–2 record with a 4.17 ERA and one save in 23 games (one start), before being released. Since 2008, <mask> has pitched winter baseball for the Gigantes del Cibao of the Dominican League and Navegantes del Magallanes of the Venezuelan League.He represented the Dominican team in the 2010 Caribbean Series, in which he led all pitchers in wins (two) and strikeouts (13) and was selected to the All-Star Team. <mask> was invited to spring training with the Mets in 2010. He was sent to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons to start the season, but was quickly promoted to the major leagues. On May 11, <mask> got his first major league victory in an 8–6 win over the Washington Nationals. On July 6, <mask> was called back as the Mets placed Fernando Tatís on the 15-day disabled list. On August 13, <mask> was optioned to AAA along with Ryota Igarashi to make room for Pat Misch and Francisco Rodríguez. On November 5, <mask> was sent down to Triple-A Buffalo and became a free-agent after refusing the minor league assignment.St. Louis Cardinals
On November 23, 2010, <mask> signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the St. Louis Cardinals. <mask> made seven appearances for St. Louis, pitching in 5.1 innings and allowing two earned runs on six hits. He was designated for assignment on August 12, 2011. New York Yankees
On August 16, <mask> was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees. On August 18, he was assigned to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. Valdes declared for free agency on October 11. Philadelphia Phillies
On November 10, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Philadelphia Phillies.After opening the  season with the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs, his contract was purchased by the Phillies on May 11, and he joined the club's 25-man active roster. Houston Astros
<mask> was claimed off waivers by the Houston Astros on October 2, 2013. He was designated for assignment on March 27, 2014. Valdes had his contract purchased by the Astros on April 17, 2014, and was placed on the club's 25-man roster. He was designated for assignment on May 4, and sent outright to the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks on May 6. Toronto Blue Jays
<mask> was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays on May 19, 2014, for a player to be named later or cash considerations, and he was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. He elected free agency after the season ended.Chunichi Dragons
On the December 2, 2014, Valdes signed a $400,000, 1-year deal with the Chunichi Dragons of the NPB. On 26 September 2017, it was announced that Valdes had been released by the Dragons. Saraperos de Saltillo
On April 3, 2018, Valdes signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on July 3, 2018. Toros de Tijuana
On October 16, 2018, Valdes signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League for the 2019 season. On April 30, 2019, during a game against the Saraperos de Saltillo, umpires detected a foreign substance on his left arm, which appeared to be pine tar. He was ejected from the game, and later suspended for 10 games and fined an undisclosed amount for the incident.He was released on November 28, 2019.

masks:
Raúl Valdés Rubio
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés
Valdés


title: William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper

texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask>,  ( ; 10 October 1723) was an English politician who became the first Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Cowper was the son of Sir <mask>, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, Kent, a Whig member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns. Career and titles
<mask> was educated at St Albans School in Hertfordshire, and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament. He was admitted to Middle Temple on 18 March 1681/82, was called to the bar on 25 May 1688, and built up a large practice. He gave his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on his landing in England in 1688, and was made King's Counsel and recorder of Colchester in 1694. Cowper had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother <mask> on a charge of murder.Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
On 11 October 1705 he was sworn to the Privy Council, was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and took his seat on the woolsack without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of that year he succeeded to his father's baronetcy, and on 14 December 1706 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowper of Wingham, Kent. He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that "she had given the Seals to a boy" and suggested that in future he should wear a wig to lend him gravity. Lord High Chancellor
When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of Dr Sacheverell in 1710, but resigned the seal when Harley and Bolingbroke took office in the same year. Queen Anne, who had a high regard for him, "begged him with tears in her eyes" not to resign, and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign.On the death of Queen Anne, George I appointed <mask> one of the Lords Justice for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor. Lord High Steward
A paper which Cowper drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled An Impartial History of Parties, marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his Lives of the Lord Chancellors. Cowper supported the impeachment of Lord Oxford for high treason in 1715, and in 1716 presided as Lord High Steward at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the Jacobite rising, his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the Septennial Bill in the same year. Viscount Fordwich and <mask>wper
On 18 March 1718 he was created Viscount Fordwich and <mask>, and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the Prince of Wales's side in the prince's quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposed Peerage Bill brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, and also opposed the bill of attainder against Atterbury in 1723.<mask> was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the Court of Chancery with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues. It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the Whigs in general, came to have a great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor. Trial of <mask>
His younger brother, <mask> (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, having committed suicide on account of his inattention—at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), Chief Justice of Chester (1717), and Judge of the Common Pleas (1727). He was great uncle of <mask>, the poet. Personal life

Marriages
<mask> was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to Mary, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed before the wedding.Swift (Examiner, xvii., xxii.) alludes to an allegation that <mask> had been guilty of bigamy, for which there appears to have been no solid foundation. The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife; the elder son, also <mask>, inherited his titles, and the younger, <mask> became Dean of Durham. Mistress
Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of <mask>, and bore him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in St Helen's, Bishopsgate. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November 1703, and was buried at Hertingfordbury.Of her children, <mask>, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson. Polygamy allegation
The rumours about Lord <mask>'s polygamy appeared to be based on the fact that Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming the wife, rather than the mistress, of <mask>. In her will she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence. Later years and death
In his last years Cowper was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the Jacobites. He died at his residence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.Arms

Footnotes

References
Private Diary of <mask>, edited by E. C. Hawtrey for the Roxburghe Club (Eton, 1833)
The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper, edited by the Hon. <mask> (London, 1864)
Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)
Edward Foss, The Judges of England (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
Gilbert Burnet, History of his Own Time (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)
T. B. Howell, State Trials, vols xii–xv. (33 vols, London, 1809–1828)
George E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage (London, 1889). External links

 UK Parliamentary Archives, The Cowper Books of Standing Orders

1665 births
1723 deaths
<mask>s Cowper
Fellows of the Royal Society
Lord Keepers
Lord Chancellors of Great Britain
Lord High Stewards
Lord-Lieutenants of Hertfordshire
People from St Albans
People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire
Queen's Counsel 1597–1800
Members of the Privy Council of England
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1702–1705
Peers of England created by Queen Anne
Members of the Parliament of England for Bere Alston
People from Wingham, Kent

masks:
William Cowper
Earl Coper
William Cowper
Cowper
Spencer Cowper
Cowper
Earl Co
Earl Coper
Cowper
Spencer Cowper
Spencer Cowper
William Cowper
William Cowper
Cowper
William
Spencer Cowper
William Cowper
William
Cowper
William Cowper
Earl Cowper
Spencer Cowper
Earl