title: Eddie Robson

texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1978) is a British writer and novelist best known for his sitcom Welcome to Our Village, Please Invade Carefully and his work on a variety of spin-offs from the BBC Television series Doctor Who. He has written books, comics, short stories, and for television and theatre, and has worked as a freelance journalist for various science fiction magazines. He is married and lives in Lancaster. Writing career

<mask>'s comedy writing career began in 2008 with material for Look Away Now. Since then his work has featured on That Mitchell and Webb Sound, Tilt, Play and Record, Newsjack, Recorded For Training Purposes and The Headset Set. The pilot episode of his sitcom  Welcome To Our Village, Please Invade Carefully  was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 5 July 2012. It starred Katherine Parkinson and Julian Rhind-Tutt.The Radio Times called it "the sitcom success story of 2012..." It became a full series, aired on BBC Radio 2 starting in March 2013, with Hattie Morahan replacing Katherine Parkinson. Doctor Who
His Doctor Who work includes the BBC 7 radio plays Phobos, Human Resources and Grand Theft Cosmos, the CD releases Memory Lane, The Condemned, The Raincloud Man and The Eight Truths, and several short stories for Big Finish's Doctor Who anthologies, Short Trips. He has contributed Doctor Who comic strips to Doctor Who Adventures and IDW. Between 2007 and 2009, <mask> was the producer of Big Finish's Bernice Summerfield range of products, and has contributed audio plays to the series. He has also written audio plays for other Big Finish ranges such as The Diary Of River Song, Blake's 7: The Liberator Chronicles. Books, comics and theatre
Apart from Doctor Who, <mask> has also written other comic strips including ones for 2000 AD, Transformers: Prime, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Captain America: Living Legend (with Andy Diggle). <mask> has also written books on film noir and the Coen Brothers for Virgin Publishing, the Doctor Who episode guide Who's Next with co-authors Mark Clapham and Jim Smith, and an illustrated adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula.He has written three children's books mixing fiction and tips for Fortnite. <mask> has worked with the Duke's Theatre on several productions including writing their 2015 Christmas show, Beauty and the Beast. In 2015, his debut novel Tomorrow Never Knows was published by Snowbooks. His second novel, Hearts of Oak, was published by Tor.com in 2020. Television
<mask> is a prolific writer of children's television, with credits including Sarah & Duck (2015-16), Class Dismissed (2016) and Tish-Tash (2021). Other television work included episodes of Hollyoaks (2014-2015), and the Chinese version of AMC's Humans, produced by Endemol Shine China and Croton Media. The show was broadcast in 2021 in China.

masks:
Eddie Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson


title: Henry Dewar (rugby union)

type: original

texts:
<mask>Norkey" <mask> (13October 18839August 1915) was a New Zealand rugby union forward, who played for the All Blacks, and represented Taranaki and Wellington provinces. Playing for the Melrose Club in Wellington, he was selected in 1908 for the provincial team that played and defeated the Anglo-Welsh team on tour in New Zealand. After moving to Taranaki in 1910, he was soon selected to represent the province. Coming close to winning the Ranfurly Shield in 1912, a subsequent challenge the following year was successful against the longtime holders Auckland. He earned selection to the North Island team for the annual Inter-Island match and thereafter was picked to play for the All Blacks, first to play Australia and then for the tour of North America, in which he played 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 defeat of the All America team. Soon after the British Empire declared war on Germany on 5August 1914, <mask> signed up to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and took part in the expedition to occupy German Samoa, departing the day after he played for Taranaki defending a challenge from Wairarapa. On his return, he volunteered again for active service and enlisted in the Wellington Mounted Rifles, joining the machine gun section.After promotion to sergeant, he departed in October for Egypt. There, he captained his regiment's rugby team in matches against other New Zealand and Australian regiments. He landed at Anzac Cove on 8August 1915 and participated in the action to capture Chunuk Bair in the Gallipoli Campaign. The following day he was killed in action. Early life
<mask>, born 13 October 1883 in Foxton, New Zealand, was the son of Alexander and <mask>. He spent most of his early years in Wellington until moving to Taranaki in 1910 where he worked as an iron moulder for B. Harkness of Stratford. Rugby career

<mask> first played for the Melrose Club in Wellington and was selected for Wellington province in 1907.In 1908, he was a member of the Wellington team that defeated the touring Anglo-Welsh 19–13 on 27May. The visitors played much of the game with fourteen players, only six forwards, after an injury in the first half: the captains, before the game, had agreed that there would be no substitutions for injury. <mask> and Rush, in particular, as well as Harding and Cracroft Wilson, bore the "heat and burden of a truly Homeric struggle." Later in the year, on 15August, he took part in a Ranfurly Shield challenge, which resulted in a heavy 24–3 defeat for Wellington at the hands of Auckland. The challengers, away to Auckland, were the underdogs but it was expected to be a close game, and at half-time Auckland were just leading by a conversion, 5–3. In the second half, Auckland's forwards imposed themselves on Wellington, who struggled to maintain the pace and were unable to respond to Auckland's scoring. <mask> moved to Taranaki in 1910, where he played his club rugby for Stratford; he captained the team in 1913.He was first selected for Taranaki that year and continued to represent the club until the outbreak of the First World War. In 1912, Taranaki, with <mask> in the team, came close to winning the Ranfurly Shield from Auckland, losing 6–5. In front of a 12,000-spectator home crowd, Auckland dominated in the first half, scoring six points through a try and a penalty kick. The second half saw Taranaki's forwards take control for long periods, resulting in a converted try, but despite ongoing attacks, the visitors were unable to add to their score and lost by just one point. 1913 Season
1913 saw <mask>'s best season. His provincial form saw him selected for the North Island in the annual Inter-Island match, having been nominated for inclusion the previous year but not selected. In the event, the North was beaten 25–0.He was then part of the Taranaki team that ended Auckland's long tenure of the Ranfurly Shield, in a game described as "the finest match... and the most exciting... ever witnessed in the history of the Ranfurly Shield". Taranaki controlled the first half, with the forwards stronger than their opponents in every aspect, scoring the first points. The visitors' lead of 0–3, however, changed to a half-time score of 5–3 in Auckland's favour after an injury temporarily reduced the opposition to fourteen men. Soon after the break, Taranaki took the lead through a try, and then a second — scored by Dewar, who was continuously "in the thick of it" — took them four points ahead, 5–9. The home side responded with two tries of their own to take back a two-point lead. Towards the end of the game, Taranaki scored one more try, which was converted and gave them a 14–11 victory to win the Shield for the first time: Auckland was the first team to be awarded the Shield in 1902 and, after Wellington won it in 1904, regained it and held on to it continuously from 1906. He also played in the Taranaki side that was only narrowly beaten by the touring Australians in 1913.His form in these games earned him a place with the All Blacks. On 6September 1913, he played in the 30–5 first test win over Australia at Athletic Park: Albert Downing and George Sellars played alongside him and were also later killed in action in the First World War. <mask> was then selected, along with four other Taranaki players, for the tour of North America, playing in 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 victory over the All America team for his second test cap. He received particular mention in the test match for a cunning dummy pass to Downing on his right, drawing the defence and passing to five-eighths McKenzie on his left to run in for a try. He scored just one try. There was little interest in the American press about the tour. A single short paragraph in the New-York Tribune reports on the 51–3 defeat of the USA team on 15November.In 1914, <mask> participated in Taranaki's defence of the Shield against Wellington on 24June, winning 14–10; Wanganui, on 27June, winning 17–3; Manawatu, on 23July, winning 11–3, with <mask> "prominent"; Horowhenua; and Wairarapa, on 14August, winning 22–3. Within days of this last game, a number of Taranaki's players, including <mask>, left to join the New Zealand Expeditionary Force: "a brilliant forward... who would almost certainly have gone to Australia this season [on the All Blacks tour] if he had been available for selection". Although defeating Canterbury on 20August, Taranaki's pack was particularly weakened by <mask>'s absence, and only managed to win 6–5 with a last minute try. Against a second challenge from Wellington on 10September, the conspicuous absence of this "fine leader of forwards" contributed to the loss of the Shield. His obituary in The Sun described him as "one of the best forwards in the New Zealand team which visited California... he was fast and very clever, and always gave of his best. He was a good all-round athlete — an excellent boxer and no mean cricketer." International appearances

Military career

<mask> enlisted early, joining the New Zealand Expeditionary Force leaving on 15August 1914 for German Samoa.On his return he volunteered again, joining the 9th Wellington Mounted Rifles as a machine gunner and was based at Awapuni Racecourse, Palmerston North; he was promoted quickly to sergeant. On 16October 1914, after training, <mask> embarked on the Orari at Wellington en route for Egypt. There, <mask> captained the Wellington Mounted Rifles rugby team in several matches against other regiments — beating the First Australian Light Horse, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, and the Auckland Mounted Rifles — before his regiment landed on 8August 1915 at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli. Twenty-four hours later, on 9August 1915, <mask> lost his life in the assault on Chunuk Bair — Albert Downing was killed in the same action, the first All Black to be killed in the war. Sergeant <mask> is commemorated on the Chunuk Bair (NZ) Memorial Turkey (Panel 4). His mother, sister and brother published these words in memoriam:Our thoughts they ever wander to a soldier's honoured grave,
Never will we forget the noble sacrifice you made;
For our hearts arc still united in that same fond love for you,
And loving thoughts are cherished of one so brave and true. Your cheery, sunny countenance will not from memory fade,
For we see you in the photo, in the home you died to save;
And when our hearts are sore for you we seem to hear you say,
Break not your heart, dear mother, we will meet on that Eternal Day.So widely known; so highly esteemed. Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1883 births
1915 deaths
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand military personnel killed in World War I
Deaths in Turkey
People from Foxton, New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
Wellington rugby union players
Taranaki rugby union players
Rugby union hookers
Rugby union flankers

masks:
Henry "
Dewar
Dewar
Henry Dewar
Lydia Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Henry Dewar


title: Nathaniel Philip Rothschild

texts:
<mask> (born 12 July 1971) is a British-born financier who settled in Switzerland, and a member of the <mask> family. He is the chairman of Volex plc, a UK-listed manufacturer. He has a wide range of international business interests. He is the heir apparent to the title of <mask>, held by his father <mask>, 4th <mask>. <mask> is also a naturalised Montenegrin citizen. Early life and education
<mask> is the youngest of four children and only son and heir apparent of <mask>, 4th Baron <mask>, and Serena Mary Dunn. His mother was from a Christian background, while his father is Jewish (<mask>'s paternal grandfather was born into a Jewish family, while <mask>'s paternal grandmother had converted to Judaism upon marriage).His maternal grandparents were Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland (born Lady Mary Sybil St. Clair-Erskine, daughter of James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn) and Sir <mask> Dunn, 2nd Baronet, whose father was the Canadian financier and tycoon Sir James Dunn. He was educated at Colet Court (in the same year as former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne), Eton College and Wadham College, Oxford, where he read history, gaining an upper second. <mask> was a member of the Bullingdon Club as an undergraduate, at the same time as Osborne. He completed an MSc degree in Addiction Studies at the Institute of Psychiatry in 2013. In 2018, he was elected as a foundation fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Career
After graduating, <mask> joined fund manager Lazard's, then went to work at Gleacher, the corporate finance firm now owned by NatWest. In 2000, he occupied a variety of positions, and holds a 50%, in NR Atticus, Atticus Management and Atticus Capital, a hedge fund, which in year 2000 controlled funds approaching £312m.<mask> is the former chairman of Vivarte, a pan-European retailer and owner of the Kookai clothing brand. Appointed in 2000 following NR Atticus's acquisition of a 32.9% stake in what was widely regarded as the first hostile proxy fight in France, he led the group through its successful restructuring and subsequent sale to PAI Partners, a French private equity firm in 2004. He became an alternate director of RIT Capital Partners plc in March 2000, and a full non-executive director in 2004 until 2010 when he stepped down from the RIT board. He remains a substantial direct shareholder of RIT and a 35% beneficial shareholder of Five Arrows Limited, a Rothschild holding company whose major asset is shares in RIT. <mask> is a former member of the Belfer Center's International Council at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government and the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution. He was also a member of the International Advisory Board of the Barrick Gold Corporation until 2013. Investments
In 2000, The Observer wrote that, in addition to <mask>'s then declared inheritance of £500 million, his actual inheritance "hidden in a series of trusts in Switzerland is rumoured to be worth £40bn".Via NR Investments Ltd., his principal investment company, <mask> was a cornerstone investor in the United Company RUSAL initial public offering in January 2010. At the same time he bought $40 million of Glencore bonds convertible into shares upon an IPO. NR Investments is also the largest shareholder (26.5% as of 2009) of Volex, a Manchester-based electrical cable maker. Furthermore, Rothschild has an interest in various property developments in Eastern Europe (Montenegro, Romania and Ukraine). In July 2010, Vallar Plc, a Jersey-incorporated investment vehicle Rothschild founded, raised £707.2 million in an Initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange. Vallar is led by <mask> and James Campbell, a former Anglo American PLC coal and base metals chief. In November 2010, Vallar announced it was buying stakes for $3bn in two listed Indonesia thermal coal (used for power stations) producers for a combination of cash and new Vallar shares, with a view to combining them to create the largest exporter of thermal coal to China, India, and the other emerging economies of Asia.The transaction closed as planned on 8 April 2011 and Vallar plc was renamed Bumi plc in the same month. In September 2012 the investigation of possible financial irregularities in its Indonesian arm resulted in a 14% fall in its share price. and the much-delayed financial results for 2012 showed a $200 million black hole. It was also reported in 2013 that Rosan Roeslani, a former director of the company, had stolen $173 million from it. In December 2013 the company changed its name to Asia Resource Minerals. In June 2015, following a series of disputes with his co-investors, <mask> abandoned his investment in the company, selling his 17.2 per cent stake to Coal Energy Ventures. In June 2011, <mask> and Tony Hayward, the former chief executive of BP plc, listed a successor vehicle to Vallar called Vallares (LSE:VLRS) on the London Stock Exchange, raising $2.2 billion.Essentially, this was identical in every respect to the first vehicle, which was metals and mining focused, except that the new entity would acquire oil & gas assets. In September 2011, Vallares announced a 50/50 all stock merger with Turkish Energy Champion Genel Energy, valued at $4.2 billion. Personal life
In 1994, he married socialite and model Annabelle Neilson; they divorced in 1997. She died in July 2018. In August 2016, <mask> married Loretta Basey, a former model who had been featured on page 3 of UK tabloid newspaper The Sun, in Switzerland. <mask> lived for a time in New York before settling in Switzerland in 2000, and according to the Swiss business magazine Bilanz, he is a resident of Klosters in Graubünden. The racehorse <mask>, winner of the 2011 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, was bred and owned by <mask>'s mother and is named after him.Controversies
In October 2008, he was the subject of much press speculation when it was revealed that Labour politician Peter Mandelson and the Russian aluminium tycoon Oleg Deripaska (RUSAL) had met when staying on a yacht moored near Corfu, in order to attend a party held by <mask>. After speculation that this might constitute a conflict of interest for Mandelson, <mask> wrote a letter to The Times alleging that another guest was Conservative Shadow-Chancellor George Osborne, who, <mask> said, illicitly tried to solicit a donation from the Russian for his party. <mask> has been linked to the son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. In February 2012 he lost his libel case with the Daily Mail who had accused him of being a "puppet master" in reporting about his foreign trips with Peter Mandelson. References

External links
 "The Man Who May Become the Richest <mask>", The New York Times, 9 March 2007
Hon. <mask> Victor James <mask>'s entry in Who's Who

1971 births
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Barrick Gold
British businesspeople
Eldest sons of British hereditary barons
Harvard Kennedy School people
Living people
People educated at Colet Court
People educated at Eton College
<mask> <mask>
British people of Scottish descent
British people of Canadian descent
British people of German-Jewish descent
British Ashkenazi Jews
Montenegrin businesspeople
Bullingdon Club members

masks: Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild


title: Hildegard Vieregg

texts:
<mask>g <mask> (Hamberger) born in Bad Aibling, Germany, in 1939, is a museologist and museum professional, an educator, a university professor and lecturer, author, editor and administrator. She  has contributed in important way to museums, to the International Council of Museums and to its International Committee for Museology. Her research interests include memorial sites, resistance against the Nazi totalitarian regime and museology as a science. Biography

Education
After graduating from the classical Gymnasium (Ignaz-Günther Gymnasium) in Rosenheim, she entered the Ludwig-Maximillians University in Munich where she studied pedagogy, philosophy, psychology and social science, and in 1964, was awarded a teaching degree. Later, she returned to the same university and, in 1990, received a doctorate in comparative museology and museum policy as well as a doctor of philosophy degree in museum education and museum policy. Employment
Vieregg has had a distinguished career. Starting in 1975, she worked at the Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen in Munich, where she was promoted to the position of Vice Director of the Centre for Museum Education.From 1978 to 1999, she freelanced in various museums in Munich and at memorial sites in Bavaria, and also offered courses in interdisciplinary Studies of Contemporary History and Art at the Bavarian State Academy for Teacher Training and Personal Management Dillingen. Simultaneously, from 1983 to 1986, Vieregg was responsible for the research program “Community Museums and Preservation of Historical Monuments” on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Science and Education, Bonn and Bavarian State Ministry for Culture and Education. She subsequently was appointed Professor of Museum Studies at the Barnaul State Pedagogical University and at the Munich School of Philosophy. On behalf of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture and Science, she was responsible for the teacher training in memorial sites, giving workshops in Germany, Czech Republic and Poland, and, from 2001 to 2004, for special projects on museum history, museology and museum education. Simultaneously she has been a senior lecturer in museology summer schools in Brno, Czech Republic (1997 - 2006), and Kolyvan, Siberia/Russia, as well as giving international lectures in Argentina and Brazil. Research interests
A specific field of research since 1983 has been youth-resistance against the totalitarian regime of National Socialism and Willi Graf as a member of the Munich students group White Rose. Vieregg was involved with the planning and research of the international exhibition: “Willi Graf and the White Rose – Student Resistance against National Socialism” as well as publishing the Graf letters.From 1994 to 1997, she was the scientific adviser of the ‘White Rose Foundation’ in Munich. Vieregg always promoted Museology as a science in the broad museum-field. She examined the interrelationship among museums, world heritage sites and museums and memorial sites; this was particularly germain in contemporary history. She has published extensively on matters of world heritage and museum ethics. She does not shirk voluntary work, serving on the Editorial Board of the Journal MUZEUM – Museum and Regional Studies (Praha, Czech Republic) and of Vestnik of Altai Pedagogical University, Barnaul, Russia, and Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, Kazakhstan. International Council of Museums and International Committee for Museology
Vieregg has held important positions in both the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and its International Committee for Museology (ICOFOM). She was Secretary to the ICOFOM Board from 1998 to 2001, and  President from 2001 to 2007.During this time, she played an active role in the ICOM Working Groups Use of Languages (2001-2004) and Committee for Property and Legal Affairs (2001 - 2004). As President, she co-ordinated the annual meetings of ICOFOM from 2000-2007: Munich, Germany and Brno, Czech Republic (2000), Barcelona, Spain (2001), Cuenca, Ecuador and Galapagos Islands (2002), Krasnoyarsk and Barnaul, Siberia, Russian Federation (2003), Seoul, Korea (2004), Calgary, Canada (2005), Córdoba and Alta Gracia, Argentina (2006), Vienna, Austria (2007), while editing the ICOFOM Study Series (1998 to 2007) and the ICOFOM Newsletter (2001 - 2007). Her particular focus was the promotion of international co-operation within ICOFOM and with the sub-Committee ICOFOM Latin America (ICOFOM LAM), chaired by  Nelly Decarolis, Argentina. She has continued her active international participation with a subcommittee of ICOFOM, initially called ICOFOM Siberia and South-East Asia (SIB & SAP, 2003) and now renamed ICOFOM Asian and Pacific Countries (ASPAC). In this regard, she was academic coordinator of the International annual meeting of ICOFOM Siberia and South-East Asia (SIB & SAP) in Taipei/Taiwan 2009, participated in the 2011 International Forum in Abakan, Siberia, organized a multi-disciplinary museology meeting involving Siberians and Germans in Munich, Germany in 2012, assumed the position of Vice-chair of ICOFOM ASPAC from 2013 to the present, and coordinated ICOFOM ASPAC meetings Kasachstan, Mongolia and Russia in 2014, ICOFOM SIB Meeting in Barnaul and Zmeinogorsk/Russia in 2015 and ICOFOM ASPAC Meeting in Taipei and Taichung/Taiwan that same year. Major writings

Willi Grafs Jugend im Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Briefen (“Willi Graf’s Youth in National Socialism – Individual Letters”) with Jos Schätzler, Munich, 1984. Resistance to National Socialism: Arbeiter, Christen, Jugendliche, Eliten (“Resistance to National Socialism: Workers, Christian People, Youth, Academic Elites”) with Hinrich Siefken, University of Nottingham/GB, 1993.Wächst Gras darüber? München: Hochburg des Nationalsozialismus und Zentrum des Widerstands. (“Munich, Center of National Socialism and Center of Resistance”)  Munich, 1993. Resistance to National Socialism: Kunst und Widerstand (“Fine Arts and Resistance”) with Hinrich Siefken, University of Nottingham/GB, 1995. Museumswissenschaften. Eine Einführung (“Museum Sciences: An Introduction”). UTB Fink.Paderborn, 2006. Studienbuch Museumswissenschaften. Impulse zu einer internationalen Betrachtung. (“Studies to Museum Sciences: Inspirations to an International Consideration”). Schneider Verlag. Baltmannsweiler/Hohengehren, 2007. Geschichte des Museums.Eine Einführung (“History of the Museums: An Introduction”). Fink Verlag. Munich, 2008. "Theodor Haecker – Christliche Existenz im totalitären Staat" (“Theodor Haecker – Christian Character  in a Totalitarian State”). In: Schwab, Rüdiger (Hg. ): Eigensinn und Bindung. Katholische deutsche Intellektuelle im 20.Jahrhundert. Kevelaer 2009. S. 115–134. Museologia, with Olga Truevtseva. Barnaul/Russian Federation, 2010. (298 S.). “Approaches to the Transition Process From Oppression to Democracy.Case Studies from Memorials and Museums”, ICOM International, 2016, pp. 1 – 17. References

General notes
Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose. Glaubenszeugnis gegen das NS-Regime. In: Prégardier, Elisabeth, Maier, Hans (Hg. ): „Vater, wohin geht’s du?“ – Familienschicksale im Widerstand. Edition Mooshausen.Annweiler 2010. S. 44–54. Willi Grafs Jugend im Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Briefen (“Willi Graf’s Youth in National Socialism – Individual Letters”) with Jos Schätzler, Munich 1984. Museology – a Field of Knowledge (III): Museology, Universal Heritage and the Techniques, in: ICOM Deutschland Mitteilungen 200.8, Berlin 2008, p. 38
Contemporary History in Relation to Memory, Museums and Memorial Sites Internationally – Past, Present and Future. In: COMPLUTUM. Universitas Complutensis Matritensis. Vol 26, No.2. 2015. pp. . 89-99
5. Aspekte zur Verwirklichung ethischer Grundsätze im Museum. (Aspects to the Realization of Ethical Principles in Museums). MUZEUM/Praha/Czech Republic Nr. 1/2016, at press
ISS 30 to 36 ICOFOM publications are available in the original form at the ICOM Information Centre in Paris, UNESCO Building, and online at http://network.icom.museum/icofom/publications/nos-publications/L/2/
ICOFOM LAM – International Committee for Museology, Latin America: Museologie und das Kulturelle Erbe – Interpretation aus der Sicht Lateinamerikas. In: ICOM Deutschland, Mitteilungen 2006.S. 41–42. <mask>, H.K., Chen, Kuo-Ning, Truevtseva, O.N. “The Committee of Museology of the Asian-Pacific Countries and its Activities. The Organization of International Cooperation in the Field of Preservation of Cultural Heritage, in Cultural Heritage in Asian Countries: from Theory to Practice, edited by О.N. Truevtseva & H. K. Vieregg. Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute and Altai State Pedagogical University, 2015. p. 46-58, ill.

1939 births
Living people
German museologists

masks:
Hildegard Katharina Viereg
Hildegard Vieregg
Vieregg


title: Richard Hudnut

texts:
<mask> (June 2, 1855 – October 30, 1928) was an American businessman recognized as the first American to achieve international success in cosmetics manufacturing. The company once maintained separate US and European headquarters on Fifth Avenue in New York City and on the Rue de la Paix in Paris, respectively. Although his fortune had been built around cosmetics and beauty products, he preferred to be known as a "perfumer". <mask>'s father Alexander (1830–1900) was a pharmacist with a store at Broadway and Ann Street in New York City. His mother was Margaret (née Parker). The name Hudnut derives from Hodnet, Shropshire. After graduating from Princeton University, <mask> toured France and returned with the idea of introducing French-style perfumes and cosmetics to American women.In 1880 he registered his name as a trademark in both France and the United States. Hudnut began by transforming the family drugstore into an elegant showroom. The makeover was such that the shop now became a tourist attraction, and Hudnut's business flourished. In time, Hudnut's products became so widely known that he closed the retail store and focused on marketing his product lines through wholesale distributors. One of the keys to Hudnut's success was that he sold his less expensive fragrances "on approval". After the consumer paid with postage stamps or a money order, Hudnut shipped the perfume. If the customer wasn't satisfied, Hudnut refunded his money.Having made his fortune, Hudnut sold the business in 1916 and retired to France. The Richard Hudnut Corporation was acquired in 1916 by William R. Warner & Company, which became Warner-Lambert in 1955. In 2000, Warner-Lambert was purchased by Pfizer Corporation, now the world's largest pharmaceutical corporation. Perfumes and Cosmetics
Early Richard Hudnut fragrances included Queen Anne Cologne (1880), Violet Sec (1896), Aimée (1902), DuBarry (1903), Vanity (1910), and Three Flowers (1915). Product lines include Du Barry, Three Flowers, Gemey, Marvelous and a highly successful line of hair care products. Hudnut's beauty products were sold in department stores, an indication of their appeal to a more affluent and sophisticated clientele. The firm also introduced the Du Barry Success Course which ran from 1940 until the early 1950s which Mary Brooks Picken helped design.To maintain his image, Hudnut required dealers to sign a contract stating that not only would they not discount his products, they would not bundle his products with gifts of any kind (so as to, in effect, lower their purchase price.) Although this policy was outlawed in certain states (i.e., Texas), in states where it was enforceable, the company enforced it to the extent of the law. In 1922 the government charged Richard Hudnut Inc. with conspiracy to violate the Sherman Antitrust Act as a result of its price-control activities. Richard Hudnut, Inc. and Richard Hudnut Sales Company, a subsidiary, were again charged with unfair trade practices in 1936, under the Robinson-Patman Act. Incidents
Several colorful incidents marked <mask>'s life. In 1894, <mask>ut filed suit against the department store Carroll, Beadle & Mudge of Rochester, New York for allegedly selling imitation Hudnut perfume as the real thing. In 1901, the U.S. Customs Service sent an officer to his house to inquire about certain imports that Hudnut was receiving at a particularly low cost, as no duty was being paid.The officer was told that Hudnut was not at home. In 1901, patent solicitor Oscar Michel was arrested on $5000 bail for passing a bogus check to <mask>. Hudnut had had the solicitor file a patent application for him but when he didn't receive it from the patent office, he demanded his money back from Michel. The check was returned "N.G." (non-negotiable). In 1902, <mask> was exonerated on smuggling charges alleged to have been conducted by a steamship steward. The steward was arrested for smuggling violet essence and musk into the United States, some of which was traced to Hudnut's pharmacy.On further investigation, the collector entirely cleared Hudnut of any wrongdoing. In March 1903, <mask> bought a suite of Louis Quinze chairs for $220 at an auction of actress Ada Rehan's personal property. In 1905, upon returning from vacation at his Adirondacks camp, Hudnut discovered that his New York apartment had been burglarized; even his grand piano was gone. In 1909, Hudnut applied for a tax refund on alcohol which had been used in cosmetics which were to be exported. The Collector of Customs granted the request, but demanded precise accounting of the quantities used in manufacturing, including any waste. In 1915, Swift & Company sued <mask> for trademark infringement. Swift had registered the trademark "Vanity Fair" and challenged Hudnut's right to use the name "Vanity".The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, in spite of the fact that Hudnut had registered his trademark earlier than Swift. The grounds were that Hudnut had used the name "Vanity" only once, and that use had not been public; it had been used on an invoice only. In 1920, in another trade-mark dispute over the name "Nara" which Hudnut had registered and which was disputed by plaintiff Phillips who had registered the trade-mark "Nyra", Hudnut prevailed on appeal on the same legal principle that had found against him in Swift v. Hudnut. In 1922, after he had retired from business, Hudnut's stepdaughter, Natacha Rambova, married Rudolph Valentino, who had not completed his divorce from his first wife. Other interests
<mask> was also the president of the Hudnut Realty Co.

Marriages

<mask> was married twice. His first wife Evelyn Isabell Beals (d. 1919), whom he married on May 14, 1881, was the daughter of granite dealer Horace Beals, and Jane A. Dwyer, better known as the Duchess of Catelluccia. His second wife, Winifred Kimball <mask> (1871 – 1957), was the mother of Natacha Rambova (née Winifred Shaugnessy).Hudnut was her fourth husband. Community service
<mask> was a member of several professional organizations including the American Pharmaceutical Association, the Manufacturing Perfumers' Association of the United States of which he had been variously, chairman, vice-president and treasurer,  the American Geographical Society, the Metropolitan Museum and the Republican Club of New York. Death

<mask> died in 1928, at the age of 73, at Juan-les-Pins, France, where he owned a château. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. <mask>ut products (1915)

Notes

References

External links
Photograph of <mask> with his wife Winifred, his step-daughter Winifred Shaughnessy (Natacha Rambova) and his son-in-law Rudolph Valentino. Link to online copy of Beauty Book by <mask>ut at Harvard University Library

Cosmetics companies of France
Cosmetics companies of the United States
American businesspeople
1855 births
1928 deaths
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)

masks:
Richard Alexander Hudnut
Family Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Hudnut
Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn


title: James Mackintosh Kennedy

texts:
<mask> (November 3, 1848 – August 14, 1922) was a Scottish-American poet, editor, and engineer. Early life and education in Scotland

<mask> was born on Carsegownie Farm, Aberlemno, Forfarshire (now Angus), in Scotland. He was the seventh of ten children born to <mask> (1817-1853) and <mask> (1813-1901). David, a mason, was killed in a quarry blast when <mask> was five years old, leaving his widow with ten children of which four were under six years old. <mask> attended the Parish School in Aberlemno for seven years, to age 12, after which he was employed as a shepherd. The local Presbyterian church gave him textbooks, and he named his sheep after Greek philosophers. After a few years he moved to Dundee, studied in the high school, and apprenticed as a machinist.He "took a prominent part in the agitation of 1865 for improving the condition of the agricultural classes." While in Dundee, he began writing poetry and studying Scottish literature, and contributed poems to several publications. Believing that there were more opportunities for mechanics in the United States, <mask> emigrated alone to New York City in 1868. He worked in locomotive shops around the country, returning to New York in 1872. Life in New York City

In 1872, <mask> studied literature in the New York Evening High School, graduating with honors in 1875. He continued studying oratory and Latin, and contributed to publications in Scotland and America. He was “one of the finest Highland dancers in New York,” and from 1869 to 1878 won many medals.He published his first book, Jock Craufurt, a long romantic poem, in 1872 at age 23. <mask> married Isabella Low, a Scottish immigrant from Easter Clune near Aberdeen, on December 12, 1873. Their service was performed by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. <mask>’ and Isabella’s children were:

 <mask> (December 28, 1876)
Isabella Washington <mask> (February 22, 1879) (born on George Washington's birthday and named after him)
 <mask> <mask> (April 23, 1881) (named after <mask>' mother)
 Margaret Mortimer <mask> (February 6, 1884) (named after Isabella's mother)
 Robert Buchanan <mask> (August 23, 1885) (named after <mask>’ good friend, Scottish poet Robert Buchanan - see <mask> information on Buchanan site)
 Jean Low <mask> (June 22, 1887) (named after <mask>' paternal grandmother)

Their first child, Charles, was born in December, 1876. Isabella  was born on February 22, in 1879. Just two and a half weeks later, Charles died.His father’s grief was expressed in a most moving poem, "Wee Charlie," below. He often referred to his surviving children as “four lovely daughters and one promising son.”

<mask> became a U.S. citizen on October 16, 1886. The family lived at 233 East 109th Street in New York City from around 1884 to about 1916. His wife Isabella died on November 7, 1910. After that he lived with his unmarried daughter Jean. Son Robert became a surgeon. He served with the medical corps of the New York National Guard in 1916, guarding the Rio Grande border with Mexico, where he contracted yellow fever.Robert died in June, 1917. <mask> had a close connection with the Scottish community in New York City, often being a speaker at clan meetings, and known for his humor. His friends included entertainer Harry Lauder and gynecologist Dr. Alexander Skene. He contributed frequently to the Scottish-American journal Caledonian. In 1914 <mask> was invited to be the official poet of the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn on June 24. He traveled with his youngest daughter Jean, reading his commemorative poem to great acclaim at the battle site, and visiting Edinburgh and Dundee. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated four days later, leading to World War I, and <mask> and Jean cut their visit short and left Scotland on July 11.<mask> earned his living as an engineer, having charge of the locomotive shops of the New York Elevated railroad from 1879 until 1902, and in 1883 superintending the construction of the first locomotive built at the shops. He published The Valve Setter’s Guide in 1910 (rev. 1914), and contributed to engineering literature: “Elements of Physical Science,” “Celebrated Engineers,” “Locomotive Running Repairs.”  He was an editor of Railway and Locomotive Engineering from 1905, becoming Vice President of the Angus Sinclair Publishing Company in 1917 and Editor-in-Chief and President in 1919, a position he held until his death in 1922. He was listed in Who’s Who in America, 1918-1919, and in the American Literary Yearbook, 1919. <mask> was actively involved in New York City labor politics between 1902 and 1912, being president of the Harlem Republican Club for eight years, and running for Board of Aldermen, Assemblyman, and Senate. <mask> died suddenly on August 14, 1922, at age 73, after an illness of 16 days. He had had failing health for six months.Writings
<mask> <mask> was a keen observer of human nature and wrote with sympathy and humor. He was well-known and honored for his poetry, being selected as the official poet for the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1914. <mask>’s writings were published extensively in the Caledonian, a monthly journal for Scottish immigrants in the United States. His contributions included poetry, short stories, character sketches, and biographical articles. <mask> also published technical articles in Railway and Locomotive Engineering : A practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock, published monthly by the Angus Sinclair Company, and a book on locomotive engineering. He became an associate editor for this journal in 1905 and became Editor-in-chief and President upon Sinclair’s death in 1919. Following is a list of books published by <mask>:

 1872: Jock Craufurt: a poem in the Scottish dialect.A long romantic poem. 1883: Poems, Songs and Lyrical Character Sketches. 1883: Poems on Scottish and American Subjects. 1888: The Deeside Lass, and Other Poems. The long poem is the story of the laird’s son Donald who falls in love with the servant girl Jean who had been taken in as an orphan; the laird sees the virtues in Jean, but the laird’s wife is furious, and the pair run off. 1899: The Scottish and American Poems of <mask>. 1910: The valve setter's guide: A treatise on the construction and adjustment of the principal valve gearings used on American locomotives.1920: The Complete Scottish and American Poems of <mask>. Most of these books are available online and/or in reprint. A sampling of his poems is presented below. <mask>'s family has annotated a collection of his letters (Letters to My Daughters: 1910-1916) and compiled a biographical document. Below is an excerpt from a letter by <mask> to his daughter Isabella, written August 15, 1901, on the subject of "husbandry." References

External links
Letter to <mask> from Robert Buchanan

American male poets
American engineers
1848 births
1922 deaths
Scots-language poets
Scottish emigrants to the United States
American editors

masks:
James Mackintosh Kennedy
James
David Kennedy
Jessie Mackintosh
James
James
James
James
James
James
Charles Kennedy
Kennedy
Jessie Mackintosh
Kennedy
James
Kennedy
Kennedy
James
Kennedy
Kennedy
James
James Kennedy
James
James
James
James
James
James
James Mackintosh
Kennedy
James Kennedy
Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy
Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy


title: Archduchess Barbara of Austria

texts:
<mask> of Austria (30 April 1539 – 19 September 1572), was an Archduchess of Austria as a member of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Duchess consort of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio during 1565–1572. Life

Early years
Born in Vienna on 30 April 1539, <mask> was the eleventh child and eighth daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. On her father's side she was the granddaughter of King Philip I of Castile (also Duke of Burgundy) and Queen Joanna of Castile. On her mother's side, she was the granddaughter of King Vladislaus II of Hungary and Anne of Foix-Candale (who in turn was through her own mother Infanta Catherine of Navarre, a granddaughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of Foix). In the winter of 1547, the widowed Emperor Ferdinand I entrusted all his unmarried daughters to the care of nuns in the monastery in Innsbruck, where <mask> lived until her marriage. Only once, in 1552, during the invasion of the Tyrol by the Protestant army under the command of Maurice, Elector of Saxony, did <mask> and her sisters Magdalena, Margaret, Helena and Joanna, spend some time outside the monastery at Bruneck Castle. <mask> received a deeply religious Catholic upbringing.The characteristic features of her education, based on the writings of the Jesuits Peter Canisius and Diego Laynez, were religiosity and charity. Her confessors were also Jesuits. Contemporaries had different opinions about <mask>'s physical appearance. The papal nuncio at the imperial court in Vienna, Cardinal Zaccaria Delfino, considered her ugly. Florentine diplomat Antonio degli Albizzi in correspondence described <mask>'s appearance as mediocre. He also pointed the presence of Prognathism in her — a characteristic anatomical peculiarity which appeared in many members of the House of Habsburg. The Venetian diplomat Alvise Contarini, on the other hand, considered <mask> the most beautiful of the unmarried Archduchesses.Marriage
In 1560, <mask> was considered as a wife for Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, who later married Eleanor, <mask>'s elder sister. In 1562, several suitors came to Emperor Ferdinand I to ask for the hand of his youngest daughter Joanna, among them John Sigismund Zápolya, Francesco de' Medici, Crown Prince of Florence and Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. The last of these began negotiations for marriage in November 1563. A dynastic marriage with the head of the House of Este was beneficial to the House of Habsburg, who sought to reduce the traditional influence of the French Kings over the Dukes of Ferrara. However, in order to avoid a conflict between the Houses of Medici and Este, the Emperor proposed <mask> instead as wife of Alfonso II, a decision supported by King Philip II of Spain, an ally of the Duchy of Florence. In July 1565, <mask> first saw Alfonso II, who visited Innsbruck to get to know her. In November of the same year, she and Joanna arrived in Trento, where Pope Pius IV sent his legates to conduct a double marriage ceremony; however, because of the renewed conflict between the grooms, the brides had to go to the respective capitals (Ferrara and Florence) of their future spouses to be wedded.On 1 December 1565, <mask> arrived in Ferrara, and on 5 December she was married to Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. The wedding celebrations, during which a "Temple of Love" was built and a grand tournament took place, lasted until 9 December. Among the guests at the wedding were the former fiancé of <mask>, the Duke of Mantua, with his wife, her older sister. Torquato Tasso (at that time the court poet of the Dukes of Ferrara) was a witness to the solemn entry of the bride's procession to Ferrara and subsequent wedding; he later described what he saw in his pastoral drama "Aminta", in which he dedicated several canzones in praise of <mask>. The celebrations were cut short because of the death of Pope Pius IV. On becoming a Duchess of Ferrara, <mask> won the love of her subjects through the merciful way in which she treated all those in need. Despite her not speaking Italian, she and her husband enjoyed a complete understanding.Their marriage, which proved childless, was happy. When, a year after the wedding, Alfonso II participated in the war against the Ottoman Empire, <mask> was sincerely worried about her husband. The experience negatively impaired her health; from that time she was reported as being constantly ill. Despite being a devout Catholic, <mask> was able to forge an excellent relationship with her Protestant mother-in-law Renée of France. The Duchess's confessors in Ferrara, as well as in Innsbruck, were Jesuits, to whom <mask> provided special patronage. After the devastating earthquakes in 1570 and 1571 in the Duchy of Ferrara, she supported young orphaned girls. To this end, she founded the Conservatore delle orfane di Santa Barbara in Ferrara.In the period between earthquakes, the Duchess herself was forced to live in a tent, which exacerbated her health problems. Premature death
<mask> died of tuberculosis in Ferrara on 19 September 1572. Her untimely death caused grief among her subjects, with the Jesuits grieving the most. The leadership of the order allowed the Duke to bury his wife in the altar of the Ferrarese Church of the Gesù. Seven years later, Alfonso II married for the third time to Margherita Gonzaga, who was <mask>'s niece. In culture
Torquato Tasso dedicated several sonnets, canzones, eulogies and dialogues to <mask> of Austria. Another Italian poet, Giovanni Battista Guarini, also dedicated a canzon to her.The collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna contains two portraits of <mask>. In the early one, a work of Giuseppe Arcimboldo, she is depicted during the period of her negotiations of her marriage to Alfonso II in 1563-1564, in a portrait presumably made for her future husband. In another portrait of 1565, made after her marriage, she is depicted full size. This portrait is work of Francesco Terzi. Ancestry

References

External links

|-

|-

16th-century Austrian people
Austrian princesses
16th-century House of Habsburg
Austrian people of Lithuanian descent
Austrian expatriates in Italy
Nobility from Vienna
People from Innsbruck
16th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1539 births
1572 deaths
Duchesses of Ferrara
Duchesses of Modena
Duchesses of Reggio
Duchesses of Chartres
House of Este
16th-century Austrian women
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Emilia-Romagna
Daughters of emperors

masks: Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara Barbara


title: Charles "Hungry" Williams

texts:
<mask>Hungry" <mask> (February 2, 1935 - May 10, 1986) was an American Rhythm & Blues drummer, best known for the innovative and influential technique he used on numerous recordings that came out of New Orleans in the 1950s and '60s. Early life
<mask> was born at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 12, 1935 to Henry, Sr. and Beatrice (née Henderson) <mask>. The family lived in the 2nd Ward of New Orleans at 2522 Howard Avenue according to the 1940 U.S. Census. Henry, Sr. was listed as a construction laborer with the Works Progress Administration. <mask> was the second son in the family that included siblings Henry Jr., Clifford, Lloyd, and Mary Alice. He said his mother sang a lot because she was church-going, and his father liked to dance. Henry, Jr. played guitar and younger brother Lloyd played drums.<mask> reported that "ever since I been big enough to know myself I used to be always beating on something, tin cans or something like that." Education
At age eight or nine years old <mask> was put into Municipal Boys Home on Franklin Avenue in New Orleans. His teacher there was Peter Davis, called Mr. Dave by the boys. Davis taught Louis Armstrong to play the trumpet, and encouraged young <mask> to take up the horn. "I used to tell him all the time, I say, 'Mr. Dave, I don't like to play trumpet, I want to play drums'. But he kept drivin' and drivin' it into my head, and I learned to play the trumpet a little bit.I didn't like it." When <mask> got out of the Municipal Boys Home he moved to McDonoghville, a neighborhood community of New Orleans on the West Bank of the Mississippi River. "That's where I was living, with my parents. After I got out of the home, I went back to my parents. There was a place called the Pepper Pot in Gretna, and that's how I met Professor Longhair. I used to go up there to dance and things, and Fess was playing up there. I'd worry Fess to death to sit in with him.At the time, he had a guy named Milton Stevens on drums. He was one of the best brush men to ever come out of New Orleans. And right after that, after Milton left, I think he got Honeyboy [<mask>], plus he had Papoose (Walter "Papoose" Nelson) on guitar. That's all- he only had three pieces. I finally convinced him to let me sit in. My timing and things was bad, but I did the best I could do." <mask>' musical education continued when he studied Fats Domino's drummer Cornelius "Tenoo" Coleman.Coleman, left-handed like <mask>, also taught Walter "Popee" Lastie. Both <mask> and Lastie would later play drums for Domino. <mask> said of Coleman, "I idolized the dude, I always wanted to play like him. But, ah, they made me a valet; Fats [Domino] made me a valet. And everytime I got a chance, I'd set up Tenoo's drums like an hour before the gig, and I would sit on his drums and practice before the gig started." Influences and Technique
<mask> told Tad Jones, "Paul Gayten and Earl Palmer and all of 'em used to come up there (to Club Tijuana) just to listen to me play, because they couldn't understand what I was doing. I used to, I still do it, I played thirty-second notes with my left hand, and no drummers could do that.Plus I had a mixture. My music, my drumming, is between calypso and rock, you know, blues. I had something different going. Like a double beat on the bass drum that makes it funky. I had calypso going and funk at the same time. I started the 'double clutching' with my bass drum, with my foot. Wasn't no other drummer doing that."Singer, guitarist, and songwriter Earl King agreed, "I've seen him do things with his left hand: I'm still waiting for another drummer to do it. <mask>' playing emanated  out of the calypso-type stuff." During his time at Club Tijuana <mask> often took part in drumming contests with Ricardo Lopez, a Cuban percussionist who played bongos and congas. <mask> added Latin effects to his stylistic influences that included marches, country and western, and the music of the Spiritual church of his youth. He said "I'd take all this and hook it up and make a jambalaya out of it, and it'd come out like this funky thing." <mask> was known for his experiments with adapting Latin percussion patterns to the drum set. In his playing on Tommy Ridgely's The Girl Across The Street, the shrill, metal sound he plays on the bell of his cymbal is described by writer Antoon Aukes as an Afro-Cuban cáscara that Latin percussionists would play on a cowbell or on the sides of timbales.In Ridgely's When I Meet My Girl <mask> came upon the well-known drum set figure of performing the high-low conga accents with rimshot-on-snare and open snare or tom-tom, as he did in Huey Smith's Free, Single and Disengaged. Ridgely remembered the sessions, "Hungry (<mask>) was on drums; this particular beat was his style- nobody could duplicate what he was doing." Record label owner and producer Al Reed acknowledged, "The change came when Funky <mask> started playing drums... and a whole lot of people right now aren't hip to his contribution to rock. He was the funkiest thing out. A funky beat was characterized by drummers who improvised to make people dance harder. Funky rhythms went as far back as Congo Square and Second Line, particularly in the distinctive styles of drummers like "Tenoo" Coleman, his pupil <mask>, Smokey Johnson, and Joseph "Zigaboo" Modeliste of The Meters. New Orleans saxophonist Alvin "Red" Tyler said of <mask>, "This guy had more natural ability than all of them put together.He was another musician that couldn't read a note, but as far as feeling, he would do things on the drums most drummers would say, 'How does he do that?' And it was only because he didn't know he wasn't supposed to do it. In fact Earl Palmer and I used to get off our job and go to the place Hungry was working at." Palmer agreed, "Well, if you listen to the New Orleans drummers you find that they all played more bass drum than the average guy. Listen to “Hungry” play. He played a lot. You know, he sure could play."Palmer wrote in his autobiography, “A guy we called Hungry, <mask>, was a mother on drums, a guy who never knew how good he was.”

Career
In the early 1950s <mask> joined pianist Paul Gayten's band during the band's residency at the Brass Rail club on Canal Street. The band included sax man Lee Allen. Gayten later told author John Broven, "For a while I had one of the greatest drummers in the world- that was Hungry <mask>." Louisiana swamp pop idol Warren Storm was influenced by <mask>' drumming during this time. Warren joined fellow Abbeville swamp pop musician <mask> Guidry in seeking out rhythm and blues artists. Storm and <mask> would visit the Brass Rail and listen to Paul Gayten's R&B band featuring tenor sax star Allen and- at different times- world-class drummers Palmer and <mask>. “I think I picked up a lot of the New Orleans style of drumming and brought it down to Lafayette,” Storm said.Through the years he was to give a new dimension to the art of drumming in South Louisiana. Learning from drummer <mask> "Hungry" <mask>, Warren formed a band in 1956, known as the Wee-Wows (later the Jive Masters). From 1959 through 1965, Storm was session drummer for Jay Miller's studio band in Crowley, La., accompanying swamp-blues stars Slim Harpo, Lightnin' Slim, Lazy Lester, Lonesome Sundown and many other acts. <mask> left Gayten's band in 1953. After working as a poker dealer on Rampart Street he began to sit in with the Club Tijuana house band in 1954. The band included pianist Huey Smith, saxophonist Robert Parker, and blind singer/ guitarist Billy Tate. <mask> soon became a regular member of the band.It was Huey "Piano" Smith who named him "Hungry", <mask> said. "I'd order a double order every time I'd eat. I'd have a plate of beans stacked that high, beans and rice. I went up to two hundred and six pounds when I was eighteen years old. I'd be walking around looking like a Baptist mule." It was the Dew Drop Cafe cook, Huey recalled, who noticed <mask>' habit of ordering double portions and subsequently described the drummer as "hungry". Smith and other musicians followed the cook's lead, and <mask> became "Hungry" <mask>.<mask> first worked as a studio musician in June 1953 when Huey Smith cut You Made Me Cry and You're Down With Me for Savoy Records at J&M Studio. The cuts featured Smith on piano and vocals, Lee Allen on sax, Billy Tate on guitar, Roland Cook on bass, and <mask> on drums. In December 1955 former bandmate Huey Smith wrote and played piano on <mask>' (on drums and vocals) first single for Checker Records Mary Don't You Weep, Mary Don't You Moan, backed with So Glad She's Mine, written by <mask>. Paul Gayten, at that time New Orleans A&R man for Chess Records and subsidiary Checker, arranged the session. Gayten set up another session in March 1957 when <mask> recorded Darling backed with So Worried. Three tracks from a June 1958 session Rhythmatic Rhythm, I Cried All The Way Home, and What Can I Do remained unreleased until 1984, appearing on Chess: New Orleans R&B. Studio Musician
During the early 1950s Earl Palmer was the foremost studio drummer in New Orleans.When Palmer departed for Los Angeles in 1957 <mask> became the first choice studio drummer. Mac Rebennack, also known as Dr. John, explained, "I believe it was Eddie Mesner (of Aladdin Records) that offered Earl the job out on the West Coast, and he took it and cleaned up... But this caused a search (here) for a new drummer to take his place, which <mask> eventually got that job. But for a while, they were trying out drummers, everybody from Edward Blackwell, who was too hip of a drummer and he was too jazz-influenced, to June Gardner, who was too straight. There was a search high and low; practically every session had a different drummer for a time. And finally <mask>, who was the funkiest of them all, he just took it." <mask> agreed, "Before I knew it, man, they weren't using anybody else.Sometimes, man, I was in the studio six and seven days a week." Dave Bartholomew led the studio band at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studio. As an engineer, Matassa worked with producers and arrangers Bartholomew and Allen Toussaint among others to craft what came to be known as "the New Orleans Sound" in the 1950s and 1960s. The key to that sound was the group of studio musicians associated with Cosimo Matassa's studio that included <mask>Hungry" <mask> on drums. Huey Smith recorded his hit Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu (#5 on Billboard's R&B chart and #52 on the pop chart) for Ace Records in June 1957. <mask> added his distinctive polyrhythmic drumming to that track as well as to Smith's 1958 hit recording Don't You Just Know It backed with High Blood Pressure (#4 on the R&B chart and #9 on the pop chart). In the late 1950s Huey "Piano" Smith and the Clowns toured the South including Florida with the Silas Green Minstrel Show.In an interview with writer and funk drumming historian Jim Payne, Clayton Fillyau said the most important rhythmic lesson of his life was taught to him by the drummer in Huey "Piano" Smith's band The Clowns. Fillyau, the drummer who originated the funk beat in James Brown's band, said he saw Smith's show in Jacksonville and caught up with the band's drummer in his hotel room afterward. "Back then musicians were always in everybody's room playing", Fillyau remembered. They started jamming, and the older man, probably <mask>Hungry" <mask>, showed him a little lesson in New Orleans drumming, taking him from standard stiff beat-keeping to secrets of the second line. Then he bore down, as if to say it all comes down to this, and told Fillyau, "Now use your imagination. Only thing you got to remember is, 'Where is one?' I don't care where you put it on those drums."Meaning you can hit it on the snare, bass, or cymbal. "Remember where the one is and you'll never lose time." Fillyau acknowledged, "Now this (New Orleans) is where funk was really created! That's where funk originated." <mask> continued to record and perform with Huey Smith and The Clowns. He was also part of the Ace Records studio session personnel that included  Alvin "Red" Tyler on tenor and baritone sax, Lee Allen on tenor sax, Melvin Lastie on cornet, Allen Toussaint on piano, Frank Fields on bass, and Justin Adams on guitar, and <mask> on drums. Other artists recorded for Ace included Sugarboy Crawford, Benny Spellman, Chuck Carbo, Jimmy Clanton, Joe Tex, Bobby Marchan, James Booker, Lee Dorsey, Big Boy Myles, and Mac Rebennac.Between 1957 and 1959 <mask> was New Orleans' premier studio drummer. Using his "double clutch" style, his hard-driving rhythms punctuated and enhanced hundreds of records on various labels with artists like Fats Domino, Paul Gayten, Professor Longhair, Mickey and Sylvia, Smiley Lewis, Hank Ballard and the Midnighters's, Art Neville, Bobby Mitchell, Frankie Ford, Allen Toussaint, Earl King, <mask>, Chris Kenner, Roy Brown, Dave Bartholomew, Lee Allen, and dozens more. In the early 1960s <mask> lost his position as the first call studio drummer in New Orleans to John Boudreaux, and dropped out of the recording scene. He left for New York as the British Invasion eclipsed record sales and radio play in New Orleans. Said Earl King, "He was one of those who drifted off and got into this whirl and that was it. He was around New York somewhere. <mask>, a hell of a drummer."New York City became <mask>' adopted home as it had for New Orleans expatriate drummers jazz and R&B stickman Idris Muhammad and <mask>Honeyman” Otis, who played drums with Professor Longhair. <mask>' last known recording session was for Albert King's New Orleans Heat, produced by Allen Toussaint for Tomato Records in New Orleans. Later Years
In his later years <mask> made few public appearances. His last was an impromptu jam session at New York City's Lone Star Cafe in April 1985. “I remember Dr. John was playing ‘Iko Iko’", said Barbara Becker, a close friend to <mask>, “and Charlie thought the drummer didn’t have the beat right. So he just jumped up on the stage and took the sticks out of his hands and began to play." <mask>Hungry” <mask> died May 10, 1986 in New York City after years of battling Paget's disease, a crippling bone marrow disorder.Discography
New Orleans, La., December 14, 1955

So Glad She's Mine -  Checker 831
Mary Don't You Weep, Mary Don't You Moan - Checker 831

New Orleans, La., March 1957

Darling -  Checker 866
So Worried - Checker 866

New Orleans, La., June 1958 (Released 1984 Europe)

Rhythmatic Rhythm - Chess: New Orleans R&B   -Chess- DET 205
I Cried All The Way Home - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205
What Can I Do - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205

References

1935 births
1986 deaths
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American drummers
Rhythm and blues drummers

masks:
Charles "
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles Otis
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles
Williams
Williams
Charlie Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Bobby Charles
Bobby Charles
Williams
Charles
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charlie Williams
Charlie Williams
Williams
Charles "
Williams
Williams
Charles "
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Bobby Charles
Williams
Charles Williams
Williams
Charles “
Williams
Williams
Williams
Charles “
Williams


title: Michael Karlan

texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1968) is an American attorney and social entrepreneur. He is best known as founder of Professionals in the City. Education
<mask> completed his bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1989, where he was valedictorian of his graduating class.He received his J.D. degree in 1992 from Columbia University School of Law, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. Continuing his studies at New York University School of Law, he finished his LL.M. in Taxation in 1993. Career

Early career

Karlan worked as an attorney, first with Covington & Burling and then with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).While at the IRS, Karlan was drafter of federal regulations relating to 401(k) plans. Karlan's published works as an attorney include "Differences in Treatment of Employees and Independent Contractors Under Selected State and Federal Statutes," 1998 American Bar Association Section of Taxation Mid-Year Meeting (with Kurt L.P. Lawson) and "Cash or Deferred Arrangements, Matching Contributions, and Employee Contributions," 1998 Annual American Law Institute-American Bar Association Conference (with Mary Oppenheimer). Professionals in the City

Karlan founded Professionals in the City to bring the local professional community together and to familiarize residents with the activities their cities have to offer. On December 31, 2006, when he was simultaneously hosting New Year's Eve Galas at both the French Embassy and the Washington Plaza Hotel, the Washington Post wrote a cover story about Karlan that characterized him as "an expert party guy." On December 31, 2007, Karlan hosted the farewell party for the historic Hotel Washington, Washington, D.C.'s oldest continuously operated hotel, the hotel located across the street from the

White House. With more than 3,000 attendees, this was the largest party in the history of the Hotel Washington. At the same time, Karlan hosted a second Gala at the Embassy of Italy.In March 2009, the Washington Post published a cover story about how more children of immigrants are seeking partners of the same ethnicity, and how Professionals in the City is catering to this societal change by expanding "its repertoire of lectures and wine-tastings over the past year to include 'speed dating' nights for people of Asian, Latino or South Asian descent." This article quoted Karlan as saying that targeting ethnic groups makes sense in the Washington area, which has more than 1 million immigrants. In March 2009, in a feature that also included Oprah Winfrey and Suze Orman, ABC News filmed a Professionals in the City speed dating event where it quoted Karlan as saying that credit score dating websites are a double-edged sword because they enable singles to meet other singles who are preselected for certain financial criteria, but that these sites are unable to avoid the situation of singles still having to find a person to whom they are attracted in the first place." In July 2009, <mask> was featured in a Professionals in the City marketing video promoting its speed dating events, further emphasizing the group's increasing focus on singles. In August 2009, Nikkei Trendy in Japan featured <mask> and his Professionals in the City speed dating events as what is currently trendy in the United States. In October 2010, Washington, DC Mayor Adrian Fenty officially commended Karlan for Professionals in the City surpassing a membership of 200,000 in the Greater Washington, DC metropolitan area and for enhancing the quality of life of residents of Washington, DC. In February 2011, Karlan hosted the nation's first-ever speed dating at an auto show, at which Washington Post columnist Carolyn Hax provided advice on dating and then the speed daters went from car to car in the General Motors exhibit at the Washington Auto Show participating in a different date in each car.In March 2011, in a feature that also includes Donald Trump, The TODAY Show featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City speed dating event to show how body language affects one's success in dating. In December 2011, Voice of America aired in China an interview with Karlan about how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a popular way in America for singles to meet. In December 2011, the Washington Post published a story about Professionals in the City is helping build a Jewish social scene in the District of Columbia by hosting events like Professionals in the City's annual Christmas Eve Gefilte Fish Gala. The article quoted Karlan as saying that Jews "who move to D.C. now get involved in 30 seconds because of a Google search, instead of spending three months to find out about each other." In April 2012, National Public Radio featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City Speed Dating Event that consisted of 30 men and 30 women dating to show how one's use of pronouns in a conversation determines one's level of attraction to another person. In February 2014, The Washington Post featured Professionals in the City speed dating events as a key place for older singles to meet potential dates in Washington, DC, stating that Professionals in the City's "series of four- to eight-minute dates is an efficient way to decide who you're interested in." The article quoted Karlan discussing the various dating challenges people face at different ages.In February 2014, Voice of America aired in Pakistan an interview with Karlan discussing how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a great way to meet many singles and find a date for Valentine's Day. In November–December 2014, Arlington Magazine published an article quoting Karlan regarding the increase in older singles in the Northern Virginia area, and the resulting increase in options for older singles. On February 15, 2015, Andrews Gazette published an article quoting Karlan regarding the importance of face-to-face interaction for singles to develop a connection with each other. Washington, DC For Singles

<mask> is author of Washington, DC For Singles. References

External links

 <mask> website

 Professionals in the City website

 Washington, DC For Singles

Living people

1968 births

American lawyers

Columbia Law School alumni

New York University School of Law alumni

University of Colorado Boulder alumni

Place of birth missing (living people)

People associated with Covington & Burling

masks:
Michael Karlan
Karlan
Karlan
Karlan
Karlan
Michael Karlan


title: Philip V of France

texts:
<mask> (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (), was the King of France and Navarre (as <mask>) from 1316 to 1322. As the second son of king <mask>, he was granted an appanage, the County of Poitiers, while his elder brother, Louis X, inherited the throne in 1314. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife, Clementia of Hungary. <mask> the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant king lived only for five days. At the death of his nephew, <mask> immediately had himself crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan.<mask> successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair), and the Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of <mask>, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the Salic law. <mask> restored somewhat good relations with the County of Flanders, which had entered into open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with Edward II of England worsened as the English king, who was also Duke of Guyenne, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous popular crusade started in Normandy in 1320 aiming to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials, priests, lepers, and Jews. <mask> engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent Court of Finances, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency.<mask> died from dysentery in 1322 without a male heir and was succeeded by his younger brother <mask>. Personality and marriage

<mask> was born in Lyon, the second son of King <mask> of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. His father granted to him the county of Poitiers in appanage. Modern historians have described <mask> as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of <mask>'s three sons. <mask> was influenced by the troubles and unrest that his father had encountered during 1314, as well as by the difficulties his older brother, Louis X, known as "the Quarreler", had faced during the intervening few years. At the heart of the problems for both <mask> and Louis X were taxes and the difficulty in raising them outside of crises. <mask> married Joan of Burgundy, the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and Mahaut, Countess of Artois, on 21 January 1307.The original plan had been for Louis X to marry Joan, but this was altered after Louis was engaged to Margaret of Burgundy. Modern scholars have found little evidence as to whether the marriage was a happy one, but the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time, and <mask> was exceptionally generous to Joan by the standards of the day. <mask> went to great lengths not only to endow Joan with lands and money but to try to ensure that these gifts were irrevocable in the event of his early death. Amongst the various gifts were a palace, villages, additional money for jewels, and her servants and the property of all the Jews in Burgundy, which he gave to Joan in 1318. Joan was implicated in Margaret's adultery case during 1314; Margaret was accused and convicted of adultery with two knights, upon the testimony of their sister-in-law, Isabella. Joan was suspected of having secretly known about the adultery; placed under house arrest at Dourdan as punishment, it was then implied that Joan was guilty of adultery herself. With <mask>'s support she continued to protest her innocence, and by 1315 her name had been cleared by the Paris Parlement, partially through <mask>'s influence, and she was allowed to return to court.It is unclear why <mask> stood by her in the way that he did. One theory has been that he was concerned that if he were to abandon Joan, he might also lose Burgundy; another theory suggests that his slightly "formulaic" love letters to his wife should be taken at face value, and that he was in fact very deeply in love. Accession and the Salic Law

<mask>'s older brother, Louis X, died in 1316 leaving the pregnant Clementia of Hungary as his widow. There were several potential candidates for the role of regent, including Charles of Valois and Duke Odo IV of Burgundy, but <mask> successfully outmanoeuvred them, being appointed regent himself. <mask> remained as regent for the remainder of the pregnancy and for a few days after the birth of his nephew John I, who lived for only five days. What followed the death of John I was unprecedented in the history of the Capetian kings of France. For the first time, the king of France died without a son.The heir to the throne was now a subject of some dispute. Joan, the remaining daughter of Louis X by Margaret of Burgundy, was one obvious candidate, but suspicion still hung over her as a result of the scandal in 1314, including concerns over her actual parentage. With only his niece between himself and the throne, <mask> engaged in some rapid political negotiations and convinced Charles of Valois, who along with Odo IV was championing Joan's rights, to switch sides and support him instead. In exchange for marrying <mask>'s daughter, Odo IV abandoned his niece's cause, not only her claim to the French throne but also her claim to Navarre's. On 9 January 1317, with Charles's support, <mask> was hastily crowned at Rheims. The majority of the nobility, however, refused to attend. There were demonstrations in Champagne, Artois, and Burgundy, and <mask> called a rapid assembly of the nobility on 2 February in Paris.<mask> laid down the principle that Joan, as a woman, could not inherit the throne of France, played heavily upon the fact that he was now the anointed king, and consolidated what some authors have described as his effective "usurpation" of power. The exclusion of women, and later of their male descendants, was later popularized as the Salic law by the Valois monarchy. Joan, however, did accede in 1328 to the throne of Navarre, which did not hold to the Salic law. The next year, <mask> continued to strengthen his position. He married his eldest daughter Joan to the powerful Odo IV, bringing the Duke over to his own party. <mask> then built his reign around the notion of reform – "reclaiming rights, revenues and territories" that had been wrongly lost to the crown in recent years. Domestic reform

Domestically, <mask> proved a "strong and popular" king, despite inheriting an uncertain situation and an ongoing sequence of poor harvests.He followed in the steps of his father, <mask>, in trying to place the French crown on a solid fiscal footing and revoked many of the unpopular decisions of his predecessor and older brother, Louis X. He also instituted government reforms, reformed the currency and worked to standardise weights and measures. Amongst <mask>'s key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years. In 1317, <mask> reissued an act first passed by his father, in 1311, condemning the alienation and theft of royal resources and offices in the provinces. By 1318, his political situation strengthened, <mask> went further, setting out in a new act a distinction between the French royal domain – the core set of lands and titles that belonged permanently to the crown – and those lands and titles that had been forfeited to the crown for one reason or another. If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, <mask> declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement, at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour. <mask> was responsible for the creation of the cours des comptes in 1320, a court responsible for auditing the royal accounts to ensure proper payment; the courts still exist today.In practice, <mask> did not entirely keep to his self-declared principles on grants of royal lands and titles, but he was far more conservative in such matters than his immediate predecessors. Resolution of the Flanders conflict and England

<mask> was able to achieve a successful resolution of the ongoing Flanders problem. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state", which largely led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state. The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders, but in recent years the relationship had become strained. <mask> had been defeated at Courtrai in 1302 attempting to reassert French control, and despite the later French victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained tense. Robert III of Flanders had continued to resist France militarily, but by <mask>'s accession to the throne had found himself increasingly isolated politically in Flanders itself. Meanwhile, the French position had become strained by the need to maintain a wartime footing.Louis X had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315, resulting in a profitable smuggling industry that in turn discouraged legal trade with the French crown along the border region; Louis was forced to directly requisition food for his forces, resulting in a string of complaints from local lords and the Church. <mask> began to reinstate a proper recompensation scheme in 1317, but the situation remained unstable. Both <mask> and Robert turned away from seeking a military solution in favour of a political compromise. Accordingly, Robert made

masks:
Philip V
Philip II
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip V
Philip
Philip V
Philip V
Philip V
Charles IV
Philip
Philip IV
Philip V
Philip IV
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip


title: Philip V of France

texts:
 an accommodation with <mask> in June 1320, under which Robert would confirm his young grandson, Louis, as his designated heir, in return for Louis being pledged in marriage to <mask>'s second daughter, Margaret. This would provide Robert, and then Louis, with strong French support within Flanders. Louis was, to a great extent, already under <mask>'s influence. Louis had been brought up in Nevers in central France, and at <mask>'s court.and was culturally effectively a French prince. This arrangement was a considerable success for <mask>'s policy, although over time Louis' clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself would lead to political upheaval and peasant revolt. <mask> also faced difficulties with Edward II of England. Like the Count of Flanders, Edward in his role as the ruler of Gascony owed homage to the king of France, but as a king in his own right, and as the head of a largely autonomous Gascon province, was disinclined to do so. Edward had not given homage to Louis X, and initially declined to do so to <mask>, who had a reputation as being more favourable to the English than Louis X. In 1319 <mask> allowed Edward to give homage by proxy, an honour by the standards of the day, but expected him to do so in person in 1320. Edward arrived in Amiens to do so, only to find that <mask> was now insisting that Edward also give an oath of personal fealty to him – an act going beyond that of normal feudal homage.Edward gave homage but refused to swear fealty; nonetheless, this marked a period of increased French pressure on England over Gascony. Crusades

<mask> was also to play a role in the ongoing crusade movement during the period. Pope John XXII, the second of the Avignon popes, had been elected at a conclave assembled in Lyons during 1316 by <mask> himself, and set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades. <mask> had agreed to a joint plan for a new French-led crusade at the Council of Vienne in 1312, with his son <mask>, a "committed crusader," taking the cross himself in 1313. Once king himself, <mask> was obligated to carry out these plans and asked John for and received additional funds after 1316. Both <mask> and John agreed, however, that a French crusade was impossible whilst the military situation in Flanders remained unstable. Nonetheless, John continued to assure the Armenians that <mask> would shortly lead a crusade to relieve them.An attempt to send a naval vanguard from the south of France under Louis I of Clermont failed, however, with the forces being destroyed in a battle off Genoa in 1319. Over the winter of 1319–20 <mask> convened a number of meetings with French military leaders in preparation for a potential second expedition, that in turn informed Bishop William Durand's famous treatise on crusading. By the end of <mask>'s reign, however, he and John had fallen out over the issue of new monies and commitments to how they were spent, and the attentions of both were focused on managing the challenge of the Shepherds' Crusade. The Shepherds' Crusade, or the Pastoreaux, emerged from Normandy in 1320. One argument for the timing of this event has been that the repeated calls for popular crusades by <mask> and his predecessors, combined with the absence of any actual large scale expeditions, ultimately boiled over into this popular, but uncontrolled, crusade. <mask>'s intent for a new crusade had certainly become widely known by the spring of 1320, and the emerging peace in Flanders and the north of France had left a large number of displaced peasants and soldiers. The result was a large and violent anti-Semitic movement threatening local Jews, royal castles, the wealthier clergy, and Paris itself.The movement was ultimately condemned by Pope John, who doubted whether the movement had any real intent to carry out a crusade. <mask> was forced to move against it, crushing the movement militarily and driving the remnants south across the Pyrenees into Aragon. Final year

"Leper scare"

In 1321 an alleged conspiracy – the "leper scare" – was discovered in France. The accusation, apparently unfounded, was that lepers had been poisoning the wells of various towns, and that this activity had been orchestrated by the Jewish minority, secretly commissioned by foreign Muslims. The scare took hold in the febrile atmosphere left by the Shepherds' crusade of the previous year and the legacy of the poor harvests of the previous decade. The French Jews were, by 1321, closely connected to the French crown; <mask> had given orders that royal officials assist Jewish money lenders in recovering Christian debts, and some local officials were arguing that the crown was due to inherit the estates of dead Jewish merchants. Following the events of 1320, <mask> was involved in fining those who had attacked Jews during the Shepherds' Crusade, which in practice added further to the dislike of this minority in France.Rumours and allegations about lepers themselves had been circulated in 1320 as well, and some had been arrested during the Crusade. <mask> was in Poitiers in June, involved in a tour of the south aimed at reform of the southern fiscal system, when word arrived of the scare. <mask> issued an early edict demanding that any leper found guilty was to be burnt and their goods would be forfeit to the crown. The King's southern tour and reform plans, although administratively sound by modern standards, had created much local opposition, and modern historians have linked the King's role in Poitiers with the sudden outbreak of violence. This all put <mask> in a difficult position: He could not openly side with those claiming wrongdoing by the lepers, Jews, and Muslims without encouraging further unnecessary violence; on the other hand, if he did not ally himself to the cause, he encouraged further unsanctioned violence, weakening his royal position. Some Jews did leave France as a result of the leper scare, but <mask> had successfully resisted signing any formal edict, which limited the impact to some degree. Death and succession
In August, <mask> was continuing to progress his reform plans when he fell ill from multiple illnesses.After a brief respite, he died at Longchamp, Paris. He was interred in Saint Denis Basilica, with his viscera buried at the church of the now-demolished Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. By the principle of male succession that <mask> had invoked in 1316, <mask> was succeeded by his younger brother, <mask>, since he left no sons. Charles was also to die without male issue, resulting ultimately in the claim to the French throne by Edward III of England and the subsequent Hundred Years War (1337–1453). Family
In January 1307 <mask> married Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (daughter and heiress of Otto IV, count of Burgundy), and they had five children:
 Joan (1/2 May 1308 – 10/15 August 1349), Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right and wife of Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
 Margaret (1309 – 9 May 1382), wife of Louis I of Flanders. Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right. Isabelle (1310 – April 1348), wife of Guigues <mask> La Tour du Pin, Dauphin de Viennois.Blanche (1313 – 26 April 1358), a nun. <mask> (24 June 1316 – 24 February 1317). In fiction
<mask> is a character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. In the novel, <mask> was depicted as the most shrewd among the three sons of <mask> IV. He was portrayed by Josep Maria Flotats in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Éric Ruf in the 2005 adaptation. Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Barber, Malcolm. (1981) "The Pastoureaux of 1320."Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 (1981): 143–166. Brown, Elizabeth, A. R. (2000) The King's Conundrum: Endowing Queens and Loyal Servants, Ensuring Salvation, and Protecting the Patrimony in Fourteenth-Century France, in Burrow and Wei (eds) 2000. Burrow, John Anthony and Ian P. Wei (eds). (2000) Medieval Futures: Attitudes to the Future in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. Drees, Clayton J.(2001) The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: a Biographical Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Press. Duby, George. (1993) France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: from Hugh Capet to <mask> Arc. Oxford: Blackwell. Fryde, Natalie. (2003) The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321–1326.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Housley, Norman. (1986) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Housley, Norman. (1992) The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jordan, William Chester.(2005) Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Nirenberg, David. (1996) Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. (2005) The Crusades: a History.London: Continuum. Rose, Hugh James. (1857) A New General Biographical Dictionary, Volume 11. London: Fellows. TeBrake, William Henry. (1994) A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Wagner, John. A. (2006) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press. External links

 The original wax seal of King <mask> V the Tall in the Estonian Historical Archives. |-

|-

1293 births
1322 deaths
14th-century kings of France
14th-century Navarrese monarchs
People from Lyon
France, <mask> of
Navarrese monarchs
House of Capet
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
13th-century French people
14th-century French people
Deaths from dysentery
14th-century peers of

masks:
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip IV
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Charles IV
Philip V
VIII de
Philip
Philip
Philip
Philip
Joan of
Philip
Philip V


title: Randy Crouch

texts:
<mask> (born April 1, 1952) is an  Oklahoma-based multi-instrumentalist. In eastern Oklahoma, <mask> is best known as a fiddle player. Although he has been referred to as "the world's best rock fiddler," <mask> also plays guitar and pedal steel guitar among other instruments. Biography

<mask> was born <mask> to mother <mask> and father <mask> on April 1, 1952 in Dallas, Texas. At the time, his father was attending Southern Methodist Seminary School. He would later go on to be a Methodist preacher. <mask> is the oldest of three children.<mask> was followed by his sister, now Lisa Perry 18 months later, and by his youngest sibling, <mask>, 18 months after that. After his father’s graduation, the family moved away from Dallas in 1954 to his first posting in Garden City, Texas. As a preacher, <mask>’s father moved the family somewhat frequently. They left Garden City in 1956 to Clyde, Texas in 1956 and to Heat, Texas in 1959. <mask> began high school in Canadian, Texas where the family moved in 1962, but they then moved to Crosbyton, Texas where <mask> finished out his high school studies. His parents provided a diverse musical background including piano lessons and <mask> also started playing ukulele and guitar. His grandfather, who played fiddle, had a big influence on him.<mask> learned to play fiddle from a Mel Bay mandolin instruction manual. Since the two instruments are tuned the same – a fiddle lacks the frets that make mandolin playing a little easier to do in key – it all transferred to the fiddle. During his freshman year of high school <mask> started playing in a band and has performed music ever since. Three of <mask>'s biggest musical influences were Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. <mask> stated that he is still trying to learn guitar parts to Hendrix' music. <mask> refers to his songs as "Oklahoma Protest music" and has a long history of protesting against onslaughts against the environment. He lives in an electricity-free geodesic dome that he built on a former landfill site.In 1973, after the Public Service Company of Oklahoma announced that twin black nuclear power plants (named Black Fox 1 and Black Fox 2) would be built, <mask> along with many other Oklahomans took legal action against PSO and a protest movement ensued. As a result of his involvement in the protest, <mask> was blackballed for a time by music promoters in and around Tulsa, although he performed at least 50 "stop Black Fox" events around Oklahoma. <mask>'s music has been a foundation for Oklahoma's Red Dirt music, having been one of the earliest musicians of Red Dirt's epicenter - The Farm - located in Stillwater, Oklahoma. John Cooper, of the Red Dirt Rangers band, said that the camaraderie of the protests was central to the spirit that help form the Red Dirt movement. <mask> also represents a variation of The Tulsa Sound and has also been a primary influence on aspiring Oklahoma musicians performing bluegrass, folk, country music, and jam bands. In addition to performing as a solo artist, <mask> is a regular member of the Red Dirt Rangers band and is a member of the house band at the annual Woody Guthrie Folk Festival in Okemah, Oklahoma. <mask>'s live performances often include unusual techniques on a variety of instruments."I once saw him play where he's over a steel guitar and a piano while he's playing fiddle," said Jim Blair, co-owner of Max's Garage and one of <mask>'s musical compatriots. "In the middle of the song, he wants to tune up the fiddle, so he hits the A note on the piano with his fiddle bow and tunes the string and keeps on playing." <mask>'s songs "Big Shot Rich Man" and "Mexican Holiday" have been recorded by Jason Boland & the Stragglers. He played with Tulsa band South 40 when they recorded his song "Got Time to Party" for their 2006 release Home which also features guest spots by members of Asleep at the Wheel and George Strait's band. As a member of the Vince Herman Trio, <mask>ostik Hookah. <mask> has been nominated for over twenty Oklahoma State Music Awards and in 2005 was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Awards Red Dirt Hall of Fame. Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Record Label/Comments
|-
|2017
|Turn Off Tune Out Drop In
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2014
|No Good Reason
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2012
|Me and You
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|2010
|It's a Crime
|Random Choice Music - Album
|-
|-
|2009
|Just a Few More Things
|-
|-
|2008
|Straight From the Tap
|with Badwater
|-
|2006
|Friends
|with Wanda Watson
|-
|2006
|Home
|with South 40
|-
|2004
|Kindred Spirits
|Binky Records (with Bob Childers)
|-
|2004
|Natural Selection
|
|-
|2004
|Somewhere in the Middle
|Smith Music Group (with Jason Boland & the Stragglers)
|-
|2003
|What's Goin' On?

masks:
Randy Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Randy Crouch
Randall Byron Crouch
Ruth Emma McMinn Crouch
Hurbert Lee Crouch
Randy
Randy
Dane Crouch
Randy
Randy
Randy
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouch
Crouchko
Crouch