title: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer

texts:
Quintus <mask>  (before 103 BC or c. 100 BC – 59 BC), a member of the powerful Caecilius Metellus family (plebeian nobility, not patrician) who were at their zenith during <mask>'s lifetime. A son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, or, according to some, the son of tribune Quintus Caecilius Metellus <mask> while the latter is the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, was an ancient Roman statesman and general during the First Century BC. He became consul in 60 BC and previously he held the offices of praetor (63 BC) and augur. During the Third Mithridatic War (73-63 BC) against Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes the Great of Armenia, <mask> was a lieutenant (legate) of Pompey during his eastern campaigns (66-63 BC). In the winter of 66 BC Oroeses, king of the Caucasian Albanians attacked the forces of Pompey while they were celebrating the festival of the Saturnalia in their winter quarters in Lesser Armenia. Pompey had split his army into three divisions. <mask> was in charge of one of them and custodian of Tigranes the Younger of Armenia.Metellus vigorously repulsed Oroeses while Flaccus and Pompey, who were in charge of the other two divisions, defeated the other Albanians. During <mask> <mask>'s praetorship in 63 BC, Titus Labienus indicted an old backbench Optimate senator, Gaius Rabirius, for the murder of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus thirty-six years earlier. Saturninus had been opposed by the consuls of the time at the direction of the senate. Thus, with the proposed trial the senate would lose the authority to enforce its decrees. Acts which had received the approval of the senate and had been committed many years earlier tended to give immunity to those who tried to repeat the conduct of Saturninus and make punishment of such acts ineffective. The senate was outraged that an innocent elderly man of senatorial rank was attacked and that the tribunes were entrusted with the control of affairs. There were pro- and anti-prosecution factions.The former won through the support of Julius Caesar, who was the judge together with Lucius Julius Caesar, and Rabirius was charged. The judges had been unlawfully chosen by the urban praetor, Lentulus Sura, instead of the people. Rabirius appealed and would have been convicted by the people, but this was prevented by Metellus by obstructing the meeting of the assembly of the people. In 63 BC, when the Catilinarian Conspiracy was discovered, Catiline, its leader, was indicted for violence. He went to stay at the house of Metellus <mask> to allay suspicions as Metellus was the praetor, but was unsuccessful. Metellus then brought several conspirators to trial by virtue of a decree of the senate and imprisoned them. Cicero entrusted matters outside Rome to Metellus <mask>.He was sent to the district of Pisa (in Etruria) with three legions. On learning that the rebels were advancing towards Pistoia to flee to Cisalpine Gaul (in northern Italy) he encamped at the foot of the mountain from which they had to descend for their passage to Cisalpine Gaul, while the consul Antonius had his troops at their rear. He besieged Faesulae (Fiesole), the base of Catiline, together with Antonius. The two men were encamped in two different places. Catiline attacked Antonius instead of Metellus, even through the former had a larger army. References to Metellus <mask> during the conspiracy were also made by Cicero and Valerius Maximus. In 62 BC <mask>'s brother, <mask> <mask> Nepos, challenged the legality of Cicero's actions in dealing with the Catiline conspiracy.<mask>, who was serving as governor of Cisalpine Gaul, wrote in support of Cicero. The charge was dismissed. When he was consul in 60 BC Metellus <mask> sided with the Optimates and vigorously opposed Pompey in everything because he had divorced his sister. Together with Cato the Younger he was the main opponent of the ratification of the acts Pompey had made with the cities and kingdoms in Asia as a result of the Mithridatic War. He also opposed an agrarian bill proposed by Flavius, a plebeian tribune, which Pompey sponsored and which was intended to give land grants to Pompey's discharged soldiers which they were entitled to. Metellus led the opposition to the agrarian bill. He contested every point of Flavius' bill and attacked him so persistently that the plebeian tribune had him put in prison.Metellus wanted to convene the senate there and Flavius sat at the entrance of the cell to prevent this. Metellus had the wall cut through to let them in. When Pompey heard this he was afraid of the reaction of the people and told Flavius to desist. Metellus did not consent when the other plebeian tribunes wanted to set him free. In 59 BC <mask> <mask> and Cato the Younger for a time refused to swear obedience to the agrarian law of Julius Caesar, who was consul in that year. Eventually they complied. <mask> <mask> was married to his cousin Clodia Quadrantaria, the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher and sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher.They had a daughter named Caecilia Metella, like all the women in the family of the Caecilii Metelli. <mask>'s reputation was dogged by the scandals attached to Clodia. A contemporary poem by Catullus "may refer to Celer's marital ineffectiveness and obtuseness". The couple were known for their blazing public rows. <mask> Caecilius Metellus <mask> died suddenly in 59 BC—according to some poisoned by his wife, who was notoriously debauched, reputed to be the incestuous lover of her brother Clodius, of Caelius, possibly of the great lyric poet Catullus (most authorities identify her as the subject of his Lesbia), and many others. Notes

References
Primary sources
 Cassius Dio, Roman History, Vol. 3, Books 36–40, Loeb Classical Library, Loeb, 1989;
 Henry G. Hohn, The Life and Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero, London, England, 1848, pg.334. Sallust, Catiline's Conspiracy, The Jugurthine War, Histories, Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press, 2010;

Secondary Sources
 T. P. Wiseman, "Celer and Nepos", Classical Quarterly vol. 1 (1971), p. 180—182
 Peter V. Jones and Kenneth C. Sidwell, The World of Rome: an introduction to Roman culture, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 104. Erich S. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, University of California Press, 1995, pp. 58, 130. 100s BC births
59 BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman augurs
1st-century BC Roman consuls
1st-century BC Roman praetors
<mask>, Quintus
Optimates
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Caelius Metellus Celer
Celer
Celer
Metellus Celer
Metellus Celer
Metellus
Celer
Celer
Celer
Celer
Celer
Quintus
Metellus
Celer
Celer
Metellus
Celer
Metellus
Celer
Celer
Quintus
Celer
Celer


title: Vince Gilligan

type: original

texts:
<mask>. (born February 10, 1967) is an American writer, producer, and director. He is known for his television work, specifically as creator, head writer, executive producer, and director of AMC's Breaking Bad (2008–2013) and its spin-off Better Call Saul (2015–present). He was a writer and producer for The X-Files (1993–2002; 2016–2018) and was the co-creator of its spin-off, The Lone Gunmen (2001). <mask> has won four Primetime Emmy Awards, six Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, two Producers Guild of America Awards, a Directors Guild of America Award, and a BAFTA Television Award. Outside of television, he co-wrote the screenplay for the 2008 film Hancock and wrote and directed the Breaking Bad sequel film, El Camino, released on October 11, 2019. Early life

<mask> was born on February 10, 1967 in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Gail, a grade school teacher, and <mask>., an insurance claims adjuster. His parents divorced in 1974.He and his younger brother, Patrick, were raised in Farmville and Chesterfield County, and attended J.P. Wynne Campus School, the laboratory school run by Longwood College, where his mother also taught; <mask> would later use the name J.P. Wynne for the fictional high school where Walter White teaches in Breaking Bad. Growing up, <mask> became best friends with future film editor and film title designer Angus Wall. His interest in film began when Wall's mother, Jackie, who also taught alongside <mask>'s mother at J.P. Wynne, would lend her Super 8 film cameras to him. He used the camera to make science fiction films with Patrick. One of his first films was entitled Space Wreck, starring his brother in the lead role. One year later, he won first prize for his age group in a film competition at the University of Virginia. Jackie would take Wall and <mask> to Richmond and drop them off at Cloverleaf Mall to see films, and encourage both of them to pursue a career in the arts."I wouldn't be where I am today if it weren't for Jackie. She was a wonderful lady and a real inspiration," he recalls. <mask> was recognized for his talents and creativity at an early age. George Sr. described him as a "kind of a studious-type young man, and he liked to read, and he had a vivid imagination". He introduced <mask> to film noir classics, as well as John Wayne and Clint Eastwood Westerns on late-night television. <mask> won a scholarship to attend the prestigious Interlochen Center for the Arts. After eighth grade, he moved back to Chesterfield to attend high school.Education
After graduating from Lloyd C. Bird High School in 1985, <mask> went on to attend NYU's Tisch School of the Arts on a scholarship, receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film production. While at NYU, he wrote the screenplay for Home Fries; <mask> received the Virginia Governor's Screenwriting Award in 1989 for the screenplay which was later turned into a film. One of the judges of the competition was Mark Johnson, a film producer. He was impressed by <mask>, saying he "was the most imaginative writer I'd ever read". Career

The X-Files and The Lone Gunmen

<mask>'s big break came when he joined the Fox television drama The X-Files. <mask> was a fan of the show, and submitted a script to Fox which became the second-season episode "Soft Light". He went on to write 29 more episodes, in addition to being co-executive producer of 44 episodes, executive producer of 40, co-producer of 24, and supervising producer of 20.He also co-created and became executive producer of The X-Files spin-off series The Lone Gunmen. The series only ran for one season of 13 episodes. Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul

<mask> created, wrote, directed, and produced the AMC drama series Breaking Bad. He created the series with the premise that the hero would become the villain. "Television is historically good at keeping its characters in a self-imposed stasis so that shows can go on for years or even decades," he said. "When I realized this, the logical next step was to think, how can I do a show in which the fundamental drive is toward change?" He added that his goal with Walter White was to turn him from "Mr. Chips into Scarface".While pitching the show to studios, <mask> was initially discouraged when he learned of the existing series Weeds and its similarities to the premise of Breaking Bad. While his producers convinced him that the show was different enough to still be successful, he later stated that he would not have gone forward with the idea had he known about Weeds earlier. Breaking Bad received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by many critics as being among the greatest television dramas of all time. <mask> has been awarded numerous times for writing, directing, and producing the series. The Writers Guild of America has awarded him four times in straight succession, from 2012 to 2014; three as a part of the Breaking Bad writing team and one individually for writing the episode "Box Cutter". He also received two Primetime Emmys in 2013 and 2014 for producing the show. In 2014, he won the Directors Guild of America Award for directing the finale of Breaking Bad, "Felina".In September 2013, Sony Pictures Television announced a deal with AMC to produce a Breaking Bad spin-off prequel entitled Better Call Saul, to focus on character Saul Goodman from the original series, before he became Walter Whites lawyer, and to star Bob Odenkirk reprising his role as the title character. <mask> co-created the series with Breaking Bad writer Peter Gould, with both of them acting as showrunners. The first episode, which <mask> directed and co-wrote, premiered on February 8, 2015. In July 2018, it was announced that <mask> had agreed to stay with Sony TV on a new three-year deal. His deal via his High Bridge Productions company was renewed more recently. In November 2018, <mask> confirmed that he was working on a Breaking Bad movie titled El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie. Other work
<mask> first had a screenplay produced in 1993 for the romantic comedy film, Wilder Napalm.While working on The X-Files, one of <mask>'s early screenplays was produced as a film, Home Fries, which starred Drew Barrymore and Luke Wilson. <mask> was hired by The X-Files creator Chris Carter to be a consulting producer on his new series Harsh Realm. After The X-Files, <mask> wrote three episodes of the short lived police procedural series Robbery Homicide Division and an episode of the ABC series Night Stalker. In 2007, <mask> and fellow The X-Files producer Frank Spotnitz wrote a sci-fi pilot entitled A.M.P.E.D., which was not picked up for a full series. He also rewrote the screenplay for the 2008 Will Smith film Hancock, which was originally written by <mask>o. <mask> made his acting debut in 2014 in "VCR Maintenance and Educational Publishing", the ninth episode of the fifth season of NBC's comedy series Community. He plays a cheesy actor hosting "Pile of Bullets", a fictional 1990s VCR-based video game.In September 2013, Sony announced that it struck a deal with CBS to produce a new television series created by <mask> and David Shore entitled Battle Creek. Based on a script written by Gilligan ten years prior, the show follows the partnership of two police detectives who must compete with a seemingly-perfect FBI agent. <mask> co-wrote the first episode with Shore, the showrunner of the series. CBS ordered thirteen episodes and the series aired on CBS starting March 1, 2015. CBS decided not to renew the series for a second season. Personal life
<mask> has been with his girlfriend, Holly Rice, since 1991. In an interview in 2011, <mask> stated that he was raised Catholic, but added, "I'm pretty much agnostic at this point in my life.But I find atheism just as hard to get my head around as I find fundamental Christianity. Because if there is no such thing as cosmic justice, what is the point of being good?" He further stated his philosophy as: "I feel some sort of need for biblical atonement, or justice, or something. I like to believe there is some comeuppance, that karma kicks in at some point, even if it takes years or decades to happen. My girlfriend says this great thing that's become my philosophy as well. 'I want to believe there's a heaven. But I can't not believe there's a hell.'"Filmography

Film

Television

Writer

Acting

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> at amctv.com

1967 births
21st-century American writers
American agnostics
American crime fiction writers
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American television writers
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Living people
People from Chesterfield County, Virginia
People from Farmville, Virginia
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Virginia
Showrunners
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
Western (genre) writers
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Television producers from Virginia

masks:
George Vincent Gilligan Jr
Gilligan
Vince Gilligan
George Vincent Gilligan Sr
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Vincent Ng
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan
Vince Gilligan


title: Simo Häyhä

texts:
<mask> (; 17December 1905 1April 2002), often referred to by his nickname, The White Death, was a Finnish military sniper in World War II during the 1939–1940 Winter War against the Soviet Union. He used a Finnish-produced M/28-30, a variant of the Mosin–Nagant rifle. Häyhä had also used a submachine gun, the Suomi KP/-31. He is believed to have killed over 500 men during the Winter War, the highest number of sniper kills in any major war. Häyhä estimated in his private war memoir that he shot around 500 enemy soldiers. The memoir, titled "Sotamuistoja" (War memoirs), was written in 1940, a few months after he was wounded, and described his experiences in the Winter War from 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940. Hidden for decades, his memoir was discovered in 2017.Early life and youth

<mask> <mask> was born in the Kiiskinen hamlet of the Rautjärvi municipality in the Viipuri Province of southern Finland near the border with Russia. He was the seventh of eight children in a Lutheran family of farmers; his father, Juho Häyhä, was the owner of the Mattila farm while <mask>'s mother, Katriina (née Vilkko) was a loving and hard-working farmer's wife. He attended school in the village of Miettilä in Kivennapa parish and cultivated his home farm together with his eldest brother. He was a farmer, hunter, and skier prior to his military service. Militia and military service

Häyhä joined the Finnish voluntary militia Civil Guard (Suojeluskunta) at the age of 17. He was successful in shooting competitions in the Viipuri Province; his home was reportedly full of trophies for marksmanship. He was not keen to hog the spotlight, and correspondingly in the group photos of his youth he usually stood at the back, until his later success started to force him to take centre place.In 1925, at the age of 19, Häyhä began his 15-month compulsory military service in the Bicycle Battalion 2 in Raivola, Viipuri Province. He attended the Non-Commissioned Officer School and served as a conscript officer in the Bicycle Battalion 1 in Terijoki. However, he did not get sniper training until a year before the war in 1938 at a training centre in Utti. According to Major Tapio Saarelainen—who met Häyhä several times and has written five books about him, including his biography—Häyhä was able to estimate distances with an accuracy of 1 metre (3.3 ft) up to 150 metres (500 ft). Saarelainen notes that during his Civil Guard training, Häyhä once hit a target 16 times from 150 metres away in just one minute. "This was an unbelievable accomplishment with a bolt action rifle, considering that each cartridge had to be manually fed with a fixed magazine that held together five cartridges." Winter War service

Häyhä served as a sniper in the Finnish Army during the 1939–40 Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union, under Lieutenant Aarne Juutilainen in the 6th Company of Infantry Regiment 34 (Jalkaväkirykmentti 34, or JR 34) during the Battle of Kollaa in temperatures between −40 and −20 °C ( to ).He was dressed completely in white camouflage; Soviet troops were not issued camouflage uniforms for most of the war, making them easily visible to snipers in winter conditions. Joseph Stalin had purged military experts in the late 1930s as part of the Great Purge, and the Red Army was consequently highly disorganized. Finnish sources state that Häyhä was nicknamed "The White Death" by the Red Army (, ; ; ). The name "White Death" has been suggested to originate entirely in Finnish propaganda, rather than having been given to Häyhä by the Russians; according to information from prisoners, to the Russians "White Death" referred to a severe frost in the deep forest. Häyhä having the nickname "White Death" first appeared in the Finnish Winter War literature of the late 1980s. During the war, the "White Death" was one of the leading themes of Finnish propaganda. Finnish newspapers frequently featured the invisible Finnish soldier, thus creating a hero of mythical proportions.To add to the myth, he was also nicknamed "The Magic Shooter" (, in close reference to the Finnish word for "sniper"; ) among Finns. <mask>'s war memoir states that they captured a Soviet soldier, blindfolded him, spun him around until he was disoriented, and then took him to a party in the tent of Häyhä's company Lieutenant Aarne "The Terror of Morocco" Juutilainen. The Soviet soldier was overjoyed by the carousing and was disappointed when he was released. Achievements as a sniper

All of Häyhä's kills were accomplished in less than 100 days, an average of five per day at a time of year with very few daylight hours. His kill count as a sniper was based on his own reporting, with the confirmation of his comrades, and only those who were verified to be dead were counted. No count was taken when several snipers shot at the same target. Men killed with a submachine gun with Häyhä as a group leader were not counted.Häyhä's division commander Antero Svensson credited him with 219 confirmed kills with a rifle and an equal number of kills by submachine gun, when he awarded Häyhä with an honorary rifle on 17 February 1940. On 21 December 1939, Häyhä achieved his highest daily count of 25 kills. In his diary, military chaplain Antti Rantamaa reported 259 confirmed kills made by rifle and an equal number of kills by submachine gun from the beginning of the war until 7 March 1940, one day after Häyhä was severely wounded. Later in his book, Rantamaa credited Häyhä with a total of 542 kills. Some of Häyhä's figures are from a Finnish Army document, counted from the beginning of the war, 30 November 1939:

 22 December 1939: 138 sniper kills in 22 days
 26 January 1940: 199 sniper kills (61 in 35 days)
 17 February 1940: 219 sniper kills (20 in 22 days)
 7 March 1940 (one day after he was wounded): total of 259 sniper kills (40 in 18 days)

Häyhä never discussed it publicly, but his own private memoir, discovered in 2017, states a number. He begins by stating that "this is his sin list", and estimates the total number shot by him to be around 500. Finnish historian Risto Marjomaa questions the large number, as confirmation of casualties was difficult due to the absence of the bodies.In his article, published by the National Biography of Finland, Marjomaa credited Häyhä with the total number of "more than two hundred" kills. Complicating matters further is the use of Häyhä's achievements as a tool of propaganda: the Finnish press built a hero's myth around Häyhä at the early stage of the war. Firearms and tactics

Häyhä used his issued Civil Guard rifle, an early series SAKO M/28-30, serial number 35281, Civil Guard number S60974. It was a Finnish Civil Guard variant of the Mosin–Nagant rifle known as "Pystykorva" ( due to the front sight's resemblance to the head of a spitz-type dog) chambered in the Finnish-designed Mosin–Nagant cartridge 7.62×54R. When fighting as a group leader with the rest of his unit, he used a Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. Häyhä preferred iron sights over telescopic sights, as they enable a sniper to present a smaller target for the enemy (a sniper must raise his head a few centimetres higher when using a telescopic sight), can be relied on even in extreme cold, unlike telescopic sights which tend to cloud up in cold weather, and are easier to conceal; sunlight can reflect off a telescopic sight's lenses and reveal the sniper's position. He also did not have prior training with scoped rifles, and therefore preferred not to switch to the Soviet scoped rifle (M/91-30 PE or PEM).Häyhä dealt with the intense cold by dressing properly with multiple layers of clothing. He kept sugar and bread in his pockets, consuming them for the calories necessary to keep his body warm. His slight stature of  assisted him in disguising his position. Hidden in a snow pit, he could lie still and observe the enemy for long periods of time. It was Häyhä's custom to move, well before daybreak, to the position he had prepared, and stay there until after sunset. He would frequently pack dense mounds of snow in front of his position to conceal himself, provide padding for his rifle, and reduce the characteristic puff of snow stirred up by the muzzle blast. He was known to keep snow in his mouth while sniping to prevent his breath in the cold air from giving away his position.Wounding

On 6 March 1940, Häyhä was severely wounded after an explosive bullet fired by a Red Army soldier hit his lower left jaw. After the battle, as he appeared to be dead, he was placed on a pile of dead bodies. A fellow soldier, under orders from his commanding officer, searched for Häyhä, noticed a leg twitching among the pile and found Häyhä alive, although unconscious. He was evacuated by fellow soldiers who said that "half his face was missing". The bullet had removed his upper jaw, most of his lower jaw, and most of his left cheek. Rumours of Häyhä's death spread around in Finland and the Soviet Union. He regained consciousness a week later on 13 March, the day that peace was declared.He read about his own death in a newspaper, and sent a letter to the paper to correct the misunderstanding. He spent 14 months recovering from his wounds and endured 26 surgeries. After he had recovered, <mask> wanted to serve in the Continuation War (1941–44). However, he was excused due to the severity of his (facial) injuries. Honours

<mask> was awarded the First and Second class Medals of Liberty, as well as the Third and Fourth class Crosses of Liberty. The latter two were normally granted to only commissioned officers. As an additional honour, on 17 February 1940, he received a nameplated SAKO M/28-30 “Pystykorva” Honorary  Rifle (serial number 100 781), donated by Eugen Johansson, a Swedish businessman and supporter of Finland.According to an unofficial count, he had shot 219 Red Army soldiers at the time. He later donated the rifle to the Karelia Jaeger Battalion's Heritage Room, from where it was transferred to the Finnish Military Museum's collection after the dissolution of the North Karelia Brigade in 2013. Shortly after the Winter War, on 28 August 1940, Finnish Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim promoted <mask> straight from alikersantti (the lowest military rank of a non-commissioned officer) to vänrikki (the first military rank of an officer). In 1941, <mask> was also nominated as a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, the most distinguished Finnish military honour. However, the nomination remained "under consideration". He also received the Kollaa fighters' medal, the silver version of the Cross of Kollaa Battle, number 4. Post-war life

It took several years for Häyhä to recuperate from his wound which required lengthy treatments and several surgeries.Although his face remained disfigured for the rest of his life, he otherwise made a full recovery and after the Second World War was given his own farm in Valkjärvi ("Whitelake"), Ruokolahti, a small municipality located in southeastern Finland near the Russian border. He became a successful moose hunter and dog breeder; he even hunted with the President of Finland, Urho Kekkonen. However, he was also met with hate and even death threats; some people did not accept his actions during the Winter War. Häyhä was known as a modest man who never boasted of his wartime merits. He rarely spoke of the war and his experiences. He was asked in 1998 how he had become such a good sniper: "Practice". In an Independence Day interview with Helsingin Sanomat in December 2001, shortly before his 96th birthday, Häyhä opened up about his war experiences.He was asked if he felt remorse for having killed so many people. He replied, "I did what I was told to do, as well as I could. There would be no Finland unless everyone else had done the same". Häyhä spent his last years in a war veterans' nursing home in Hamina, where he died in 2002 at the age of 96. He was buried in his home town of Ruokolahti. He never married and had no children. In popular culture

Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton composed the song "White Death" in honor of Häyhä, which was released in 2010 on their album Coat of Arms.In 2011, Philip Kaufman began filming HBO's Hemingway & Gellhorn (first airdate 28 May 2012), which features Martha Gellhorn (played by Nicole Kidman) reporting from Finland during the Winter War. In this section, Steven Wiig portrays Häyhä, leading a group of Finnish soldiers to shelter. A film about Häyhä called The White Death has been planned since 2017. The film is directed by David McElroy and written by James Poirier. American author Arna Bontemps Hemenway has written a short story about Häyhä, called "Wolves of Karelia", which was published in the August 2019 issue of The Atlantic magazine. Häyhä has been made into a manga called The White Witch (, Shiroi Majo) by Nagakawa Naruki, where the main character's sex has changed to a woman. He also appears in the manga Record of Ragnarok (, Shūmatsu no Warukyūre) by Shinya Umemura and Takumi Fukui, in which he is depicted as a fighter for humanity.References

Further reading

 P. Sarjanen, . .
 Tapio A. M. Saarelainen, . .
 Tapio A. M. Saarelainen, . .
 William R. Trotter, 'Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939/40', Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2000. .
 Adrian Gilbert, Tom C. McKenney, Dan Mills, Roger Moorhouse, Charles Sasser, Tim Newark, 'The Sniper Anthology: Snipers of the Second World War', Pelican Publishing Company, 2012. . External links

 Kollaa and Simo Häyhä Museum
 Meeting a Legend: Simo Häyhä (John Mitchell, mosinnagant.net, 2002; archived 2004)
 Simo Häyhä – The Deadliest Sniper In History (Forces.net, 2020)

1905 births
2002 deaths
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Finnish military snipers
Winter War
People from Rautjärvi
People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class

masks:
Simo Häyhä
Simo
Häyhä
Simo
Häyhä
Häyhä
Häyhä
Häyhä
Häyhä


title: Ben Amos

texts:
<mask> (born 10 April 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Wigan Athletic. Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, <mask> began his career with Crewe Alexandra's youth academy, but joined Manchester United at the age of 11. He has also played for Bolton Wanderers and has spent time on loan at Peterborough United, Molde, and Oldham Athletic. Additionally, <mask> is an England youth international, having represented his country at every level from Under-16 to Under-21. Club career

Crewe Alexandra
<mask> was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire and was a member of the Crewe Alexandra academy until he was released at the age of 10. While at Crewe, he also played for another local team, Bollington United, as a centre midfielder. One year later, <mask> was playing for his local team against the team at the top of the table, and they needed to win the match to win the league.<mask>' team's goalkeeper was injured during the game, and as the tallest on the team, <mask> was put in goal; however, he had also been the team's regular penalty taker all season, so when they were awarded a penalty, he went all the way up the pitch to take the kick. He scored, and his team went on to win the game 3–2, together with the league title. After the game, his parents told him that a Manchester United scout had been watching him and that he had been invited for trials. <mask> joined Manchester United at the age of 11. Manchester United
In his first season at Manchester United, <mask> became a regular starter for the club's Under-13 team, playing in 19 out of 27 matches in the 2001–02 season. <mask> was named as an unused substitute for the Under-18 side for the first time on 8 January 2005, for a league game against Manchester City. His first appearance for the Under-18s came exactly nine months later, on 8 October 2005, coming on as a substitute for Danny Rose after starting goalkeeper Ron-Robert Zieler was sent off in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers.He was regularly named as an unused substitute during the 2005–06 season – including for two reserve team matches – but became a frequent starter for the Under-18s in 2006–07 after signing a trainee contract in July 2006. However, he missed the final of the 2006–07 FA Youth Cup with a dislocated shoulder. He retained his place in the Under-18 team for 2007–08, in addition to making his debut for the reserve team against Wigan Athletic on 7 November 2007, and during the season he impressed enough to be selected to go on the first-team's 2008 summer tour of South Africa. <mask> was named as a substitute for all three matches of the tour, but did not play. En route back from South Africa, United stopped off in Nigeria to play against Portsmouth on 27 July 2008, with <mask> replacing Tomasz Kuszczak after 76 minutes. He made his competitive first-team debut on 23 September 2008 in a 3–1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the third round of the League Cup. On 14 December 2008, <mask> travelled to Japan with the Manchester United squad for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup, having been called up as a late replacement for <mask>, who had suffered a hand injury while training.Loans to Peterborough and Molde
On 29 October 2009, <mask> signed for the Championship team Peterborough United on a month's loan as cover for Peterborough's suspended first-choice goalkeeper Joe Lewis. He made his only appearance on 31 October in a 2–1 defeat against Barnsley. After returning to Manchester United, <mask> was again sent out on loan in March 2010, this time to Norwegian side Molde FK, where he remained on loan until 30 June 2010. Return to Manchester United
Following the departure of <mask> from Manchester United to Birmingham City, United manager Alex Ferguson declared that <mask> would be Manchester United's third-choice goalkeeper for the 2010–11 season behind Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz Kuszczak. He made his first appearance of the season on 26 October 2010, starting in goal for United's 3–2 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup. In United's final Champions League group match on 7 December 2010, <mask> was picked to start against Valencia at Old Trafford. Pablo Hernández scored Valencia's only goal past him after 32 minutes of the match – the first goal United had conceded in the Champions League that season – as the two sides played out a 1–1 draw.Loan to Oldham Athletic
With the signing of Danish goalkeeper Anders Lindegaard, Manchester United allowed <mask> to join Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the season on 7 January 2011, although he would continue to train with Manchester United once a week. He made his debut against Swindon Town the next day and kept a clean sheet. However, three days later, he conceded all six goals in a 6–0 defeat at home to Southampton; he allowed Adam Lallana's 20-yard shot underneath his body for the second goal, and he was rounded by Lee Barnard for the sixth. On 15 March 2011, Lindegaard was ruled out for five weeks following a knee injury, so <mask> was recalled from Oldham to cover for Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz Kuszczak. Return to Manchester United

<mask> made his first start of the 2011–12 season in a third round League Cup tie at Elland Road against Leeds United. He kept a clean sheet as United cruised through to the next round winning 3–0. He played again in the following round away at Aldershot Town, a game which United also won 3–0 and advanced to the quarter finals.He was in goal again for United's League Cup game in a defeat against Championship club Crystal Palace on 30 November. It also seemed that he had moved above last season's second choice Tomasz Kuszczak in the pecking order, but was now third choice behind Anders Lindegaard and David de Gea. He made his first Premier League start in a 2–0 home win against Stoke City on 31 January 2012, keeping a clean sheet on his debut. On 30 May 2012, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with Manchester United, which kept him at the club until 2015. Loan to Hull City

On 31 July 2012, <mask> joined Championship team Hull City on a season-long loan from Manchester United. Before the loan deal was completed, he had joined Hull on their pre-season training camp in Portugal. He made his debut on 11 August 2012 in 7–6 penalty shoot-out victory over Rotherham United in the first round of the 2012–13 Football League Cup.However, after 19 appearances, including two in the League Cup, <mask> returned to Manchester United on 3 January 2013. Loan to Carlisle United
On 15 November 2013, <mask> joined League One team Carlisle United on a month-long loan from Manchester United. Loan to Bolton Wanderers
On 30 January 2015 he joined Championship club Bolton Wanderers on a month's loan to provide competition for Andy Lonergan after Ádám Bogdán was ruled out with an ankle injury picked up in training. On 21 February 2015 he made his Bolton debut as a substitute for the injured Lonergan as Wanderers lost 4–1 to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. He played nine Championship games for Bolton before his loan expired on 4 April. Return to Manchester United
<mask> returned to Manchester United after his loan spell at Bolton Wanderers, but on 10 June 2015, it was announced on Manchester United website that <mask> has been released from the club along with four other players. Bolton Wanderers
On 1 July 2015, <mask> returned to Bolton Wanderers following his release from Manchester United, signing a four-year contract with the club.He returned to the starting line up for Bolton on the opening day against Derby County. He went onto make 44 appearances as Bolton were relegated to third tier. Loan to Cardiff City
After finding himself second choice behind summer signing, Mark Howard, <mask> signed a season long loan at Championship side, Cardiff City on 26 August. He was kept out of the starting line-up by <mask>, until 17 September, where he made his debut against Leeds United. He remained first choice until December, eventually losing his place in the side to loanee Allan McGregor. Loan to Charlton Athletic
On 29 July 2017, <mask> joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan for the 2017–18 season. Loan to Millwall
On 13 July 2018, <mask> was signed by Championship side Millwall, joining the club for the 2018–19 season.Charlton Athletic
On 15 July 2019, <mask> returned to Charlton Athletic on a two-year deal. In his first season, <mask> was limited to one League Cup appearance, as he was second choice behind Dillon Phillips. After Phillips was sold to Cardiff, <mask> played every minute of every league game for Charlton in their 2020/21 League One campaign, as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs. <mask> kept 17 clean sheets across the season. Wigan Athletic
Having been out of contract at Charlton, <mask> agreed a two-year deal at Wigan Athletic on 28 June 2021.

International career
<mask> is an England youth international, having played for his country at the Under-16, Under-17, Under-18, Under-19, Under-20 and Under-21 levels. He was called up to the Under-21 squad in 2011 for their friendly match against Iceland, but he was an unused substitute. <mask> was included on the 80-man shortlist for the Great Britain Olympic football team squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but did not make the final 18.Personal life
<mask> attended Fallibroome High School, where he earned 11 GCSEs at grade C or above. Career statistics

Honours
Manchester United
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
League Cup: 2008-09

References

External links

Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Macclesfield
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Molde FK players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C.players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Eliteserien players
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway

masks:
Benjamin Paul Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Ben Foster
Amos
Amos
Ben Foster
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Ben Amos
Ben Amos
Amos
Amos
Ben Wilson
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos


title: Roman Kroitor

texts:
<mask> (December 12, 1926 – September 17, 2012) was a Canadian filmmaker who was known as an early practitioner of cinéma vérité, as co-founder of IMAX, and as creator of the Sandde hand-drawn stereoscopic animation system. He was also the original inspiration for the Force, popularized in the Star Wars series. He studied philosophy and psychology at the University of Manitoba and then worked for the National Film Board of Canada, first as a production assistant and then as a film editor. He directed his first film, Rescue Party in 1949. He wrote the NFB animated short It's A Crime (1957), produced Propaganda Message (1974), and produced and directed In the Labyrinth, released as a theatrical film in 1979. On September 17, 2012, he died of a heart attack at the age of 85. Early influence of the cinéma vérité style
Between 1958 and 1961 Kroitor co-directed, with Wolf Koenig, the Candid Eye direct cinema documentary series for the National Film Board.One of those films became the highly influential cinéma vérité-style documentary about singer Paul Anka: Lonely Boy. This film's use of portable film and sound gear, with lack of a voice over narration, would influence later documentaries like  D.A. Pennebaker's 1967 Bob Dylan feature Dont Look Back and even more closely the Peter Watkins 1967 film Privilege. Lonely Boy was one of the earliest examples of a rockumentary and was parodied in the comedy This Is Spinal Tap. Other notable films Kroitor directed or co-directed in the cinema verite style included Glenn Gould: On the Record, Glenn Gould:Off the Record, Stravinsky, among many others. Founder of IMAX
Kroitor exhibited a large-scale multi-screen work, Labyrinth, at Expo 67 in Montreal. In the same year he co-founded the Multiscreen Corporation, which later became the IMAX Corporation.The Multivision process, which was a response to <mask>'s experiences at Expo 67, was developed for the Osaka Expo '70 and involved 70mm film projected horizontally rather than vertically. Each frame was as large as a postcard, with 15 sprocket-holes. He produced the first IMAX film, Tiger Child, in 1970 (dir. Donald Brittain), and in 1990 he co-directed the first IMAX feature film, Rolling Stones: At the Max. He also produced the first IMAX stereoscopic (S3D) film, We Are Born of Stars, anaglyph, 1985, and co-produced the first full-color OMNIMAX (IMAX Dome) S3D film, Echoes of the Sun, alternate-eye, 1990. Creator of hand-drawn stereoscopic animation
While working to create traditional (actuality) and early CG films in a stereoscopic format, Kroitor became frustrated due to the lack of direct interaction between the desires of the (right-brained) artists and the results on film, because at the time everything had to pass through the (left-brained) mathematicians and programmers. He conceived of SANDDE as a way to allow the artists to directly draw, in full stereoscopic 3D, what they wanted the audience to see.Originator of "The Force"
<mask> was credited by George Lucas, creator of the Star Wars films, as being the origin of the concept of the Force, an important thematic element tying together all the Star Wars films. "One of the audio sources Lipsett sampled for 21-87 [a film that had a great influence on Lucas] was a conversation between artificial intelligence pioneer Warren S. McCulloch and <mask>, a cinematographer who went on to develop IMAX. In the face of McCulloch's arguments that living beings are nothing but highly complex machines, Kroitor insists that there is something more: 'Many people feel that in the contemplation of nature and in communication with other living things, they become aware of some kind of force, or something, behind this apparent mask which we see in front of us, and they call it God.'" "When asked if this was the source of 'the Force,' Lucas confirms that his use of the term in Star Wars was 'an echo of that phrase in 21-87.'" Awards
 BAFTA: Universe (Best Animated Film, 1961). Canadian Film Awards: Universe (Film of the Year and Special Mention, 1961); Lonely Boy (Film of the Year and Best General Information Film, 1962); Above the Horizon (Best Children’s Film, 1964); Stravinsky (Best TV Information film, 1965).

masks:
Roman Kroitor
Kroitor
Roman Kroitor
Roman Kroitor


title: Niels Ditlev Riegels

texts:
<mask> (also <mask>) (1755 – 24 August 1802) was a Danish historian, journalist and pamphleteer. <mask> was known for his extensive authorship that was extremely critical of the Danish society and institutions. He was influenced by the radical enlightenment ideas of the French and English thinkers. The American historian H. Arnold Barton has characterised Riegels, along with Michael Gottlieb Birckner, as being one of "the most original thinkers" of the radical group of authors in Denmark in this period. Biography
The father of <mask>, <mask>, was a learned merchant who had traveled widely and had a degree in philology. His mother, Bodil Birgitte Flindt, hailed from a family of landed proprietors. After having been home tutored by his father, who himself had unfulfilled dreams of a professorship, <mask> went to the University of Copenhagen in 1770.At Copenhagen, Riegels studied theology, and he was known amongst his professors as having a rebellious and inquisitive mind. Despite several years of study, some of them spent at the University of Göttingen and University of Kiel, he never achieved his degree. Instead, he concentrated on the study of church history and published several small tracts in Latin before finally undertaking the task of writing an authoritative history of the church in Danish, of which the first volume was published in 1781. Perhaps on account of this, he was hired as tutor of the pages at the court of Queen dowager Juliane Maria. In this position he clandestinely participated in the coup against the ruling faction, one of whom was the Queen dowager herself. The coup was affected 14 April 1784, with the Crown Prince Frederick taking power alongside the Foreign minister Andreas Peter Bernstorff. Riegels was dismissed with a handsome pension of 1200 Danish rigsdaler for his efforts in the coup, yet he soon became a bitter opponent of the new government, mainly because he was not selected for the post of royal historiographer.From then on, he turned his authorship into a  weapon against the ruling circles and everything connected to them. Despite the royal pension that he continued to receive until his death, he did not feel any obligations towards the new rule. He published a stream of pamphlets, books, journals and articles, most of these containing unrelenting criticism of the aristocracy, the church, the academic world and a wide variety of matters concerning how the government handled affairs. Writings
The beginning of Riegels' critical authorship can be traced to the third volume of his Fuldstændig Kirkehistorie ("Complete History of the Church, 1781–86) from 1786. Whereas the preceding volumes conformed to the official interpretation of the Scriptures, the third volume changed considerably in tone. It was a defense of Arianism and other heretical sects that had been suppressed during the late antiquity, creating parallels to contemporary times and how Riegels perceived the lack of tolerance in the Danish church. Many of Riegels' works were published anonymously, including the journal Kiøbenhavns Skilderie ("Image of Copenhagen", 1786–1790), which contained vivid eyewitness accounts of the sordid conditions of the inmates of the penitentiaries, poor houses and insane asylums of Copenhagen.From these experiences he campaigned for a reform of the insane asylum called Pesthuset (later St Hans), with the effect that the donations poured in, though the needed reforms did not take place until long after <mask>' death. Thanks to the deliberate laxity of the post-1784 government, the restrictive censorship laws of Ove Høegh-Guldberg were rarely enforced; yet, one exception was in 1790 when <mask> was fined 200 rigsdaler for his Julemærker fra Landet og Byen ("Weather forecast from the Country and from the City") which had in effect called for an institution of a General Assembly of the Estates. <mask> had meanwhile moved to Falster where he had married and bought a farmstead. Since his university days, he had shown an interest in the natural sciences, which amongst other things led to him writing "Forsøg til chirurgiens historie" ("An attempt at the History of Surgery", 1786. Latin version in 1788 De Fatis faustis et infaustis Chirurgiae for which he received honorary medals from Catherine II of Russia, Gustav III of Sweden and the Prussian minister Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg). He had also begun studying animal anatomy, an interest he pursued by dissecting various farm animals as well as practicing as an unofficial veterinary. He published several Latin papers on his findings and corresponded with physicians around the world, among others the American Founding Father Benjamin Rush.He had not, however, relinquished his critical authorship. The 1790s saw the publication of several voluminous historical works, amongst them Forsøg til Femte Christians Historie ("An attempt at the History of Christian V of Denmark", 1792), Udkast til Fierde Friederichs Historie efter Høyer ("Outline of the History of Frederick IV of Denmark according to Andreas Hojer", 2 vols., 1795–1800) and Smaa historiske Skrifter ("Minor Historical Works", 3 vols, 1796–1798, containing "A Life of Christian VI of Denmark") which was as critical as his earlier works. Another interest of Riegels' was the theory of education. He wrote a series of articles on this subject around 1788-1789, inspired by John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau among others. In 1800, he moved to Sorø where he opened a school based on these theories, and died 2 years later aged 47 of a seizure in 1802. References

Sources
 H. Arnold Barton, Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era 1760-1815, University of Minnesota Press, 1986. .
 Morten Petersen, Oplysningens Gale Hund - en biografi om Niels Ditlev Riegels, Aschehoug, 2003. . External links
 Assorted writings of <mask> <mask> Riegels at Danish Wikisource

Danish male writers
18th-century Danish historians
Danish journalists
1755 births
1802 deaths
18th-century Danish people
18th-century male writers

masks:
Niels Ditlev Riegels
Riegelsen
Niels Ditlev Riegels
Niels Ditlev Riegels
Hans Riegelsen
Niels Ditlev Riegels
Riegels
Riegels
Riegels
Niels
Ditlev


title: J. Allen Hynek

texts:
<mask> (May 1, 1910 – April 27, 1986) was an American astronomer, professor, and ufologist. He is perhaps best remembered for his UFO research. Hynek acted as scientific advisor to UFO studies undertaken by the U.S. Air Force under three projects: Project Sign (1947–1949), Project Grudge (1949–1951) and Project Blue Book (1952–1969). In later years, he conducted his own independent UFO research, developing the "Close Encounter" classification system. He was among the first people to conduct scientific analysis of reports and especially of trace evidence purportedly left by UFOs. Early life

<mask> was born in Chicago to Czech parents. In 1931, <mask> received a B.S.from the University of Chicago. In 1935, he completed his Ph.D. in astrophysics at Yerkes Observatory. He joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ohio State University in 1936. He specialized in the study of stellar evolution and in the identification of spectroscopic binary stars. Career
During World War II, <mask> was a civilian scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, where he helped to develop the United States Navy's radio proximity fuze. After the war, <mask> returned to the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ohio State, rising to full professor in 1950. In 1953, Hynek submitted a report on the fluctuations in the brightness and color of starlight and daylight, with an emphasis on daytime observations.In 1956, he left to join Professor Fred Whipple, the Harvard astronomer, at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which had combined with the Harvard Observatory at Harvard. Hynek had the assignment of directing the tracking of an American space satellite, a project for the International Geophysical Year in 1956 and thereafter. In addition to over 200 teams of amateur scientists around the world that were part of Operation Moonwatch, there were also 12 photographic Baker-Nunn stations. A special camera was devised for the task and a prototype was built and tested and then stripped apart again when, on Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched its first satellite, Sputnik 1. After completing his work on the satellite program, <mask> went back to teaching, taking the position of professor and chairman of the astronomy department at Northwestern University in 1960. Evolution of opinion on UFOs

Skepticism
In response to numerous reports of "flying saucers", the United States Air Force established Project Sign in 1948 to examine sightings of unidentified flying objects. <mask> was contacted to act as a scientific consultant to Project Sign.He studied UFO reports and decided whether the phenomena described therein suggested known astronomical objects. When Project Sign hired <mask>, he was skeptical of UFO reports. Hynek suspected that they were made by unreliable witnesses, or by persons who had misidentified man-made or natural objects. In 1948, Hynek said that "the whole subject seems utterly ridiculous," and described it as a fad that would soon pass. In his 1977 book, Hynek said that he enjoyed his role as a debunker for the Air Force. He also said that debunking was what the Air Force expected of him. Change of opinion
In April 1953, <mask> wrote a report for the Journal of the Optical Society of America titled "Unusual Aerial Phenomena," which contained one of his best-known statements:
Ridicule is not part of the scientific method, and people should not be taught that it is.The steady flow of reports, often made in concert by reliable observers, raises questions of scientific obligation and responsibility. Is there ... any residue that is worthy of scientific attention? Or, if there isn't, does not an obligation exist to say so to the public—not in words of open ridicule but seriously, to keep faith with the trust the public places in science and scientists? In 1953, <mask> was an associate member of the Robertson Panel, which concluded that there was nothing anomalous about UFOs, and that a public relations campaign should be undertaken to debunk the subject and reduce public interest. <mask> would later lament that the Robertson Panel had helped make UFOs a disreputable field of study. As UFO reports continued to be made, some of the testimonies, especially by military pilots and police officers, were deeply puzzling to Hynek. He once said, "As a scientist I must be mindful of the lessons of the past; all too often it has happened that matters of great value to science were overlooked because the new phenomenon did not fit the accepted scientific outlook of the time."In a 1985 interview, when asked what caused his change of opinion, Hynek responded, "Two things, really. One was the completely negative and unyielding attitude of the Air Force. They wouldn't give UFOs the chance of existing, even if they were flying up and down the street in broad daylight. Everything had to have an explanation. I began to resent that, even though I basically felt the same way, because I still thought they weren't going about it in the right way. You can't assume that everything is black no matter what. Secondly, the caliber of the witnesses began to trouble me.Quite a few instances were reported by military pilots, for example, and I knew them to be fairly well-trained, so this is when I first began to think that, well, maybe there was something to all this." Hynek remained with Project Sign after it became Project Grudge (though he was far less involved in Grudge than he had been in Sign). Project Grudge was replaced with Project Blue Book in early 1952, and Hynek remained as scientific consultant. Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, Blue Book's first director, held Hynek in high regard: "Dr. Hynek was one of the most impressive scientists I met while working on the UFO project, and I met a good many. He didn't do two things that some of them did: give you the answer before he knew the question; or immediately begin to expound on his accomplishments in the field of science." Though Hynek thought Ruppelt was a capable director who steered Project Blue Book in the right direction, Ruppelt headed Blue Book for only a few years. <mask> has also stated his opinion that after Ruppelt's departure, Project Blue Book was little more than a public relations exercise, further noting that little or no research was undertaken using the scientific method.Turnaround
<mask> began occasionally disagreeing publicly with the conclusions of Blue Book. By the early 1960s—after about a decade and a half of study—Clark writes that "Hynek's apparent turnaround on the UFO question was an open secret." Only after Blue Book was formally dissolved did Hynek speak more openly about his "turnaround". Hynek speculated that his personality was a factor in the Air Force keeping him on as a consultant for over two decades. Some other ufologists thought that Hynek was being disingenuous or even duplicitous in his turnaround. Physicist <mask>. McDonald, for example, wrote to Hynek in 1970, castigating him for what McDonald saw as his lapses, and suggesting that, when evaluated by later generations, retired Marine Corps Major Donald E. Keyhoe would be regarded as a more objective, honest, and scientific ufologist. It was during the late stages of Blue Book in the 1960s that Hynek began speaking openly about his disagreements and disappointments with the Air Force.Among the cases about which he openly dissented with the Air Force were the highly publicized Portage County UFO chase, in which several police officers chased a UFO for half an hour, and the encounter of Lonnie Zamora, a police officer who reported an encounter with a metallic, egg-shaped aircraft near Socorro, New Mexico. In late March 1966 in Dexter, Michigan, two days of mass UFO sightings were reported, and received significant publicity. After studying the reports, Hynek offered a provisional hypothesis for some of the sightings: a few of about 100 witnesses had mistaken swamp gas for something more spectacular. At the press conference where he made his announcement, Hynek repeatedly and strenuously stated that swamp gas was a plausible explanation for only a portion of the Michigan UFO reports, and certainly not for UFO reports in general. But much to his chagrin, Hynek's qualifications of his hypothesis were largely overlooked, and the term swamp gas was repeated ad infinitum in relation to UFO reports. The explanation was subject to national derision. In his reply dated October 7, 1968, to a request for scientific recommendations regarding Blue Book from Colonel Raymond Sleeper, commander of the USAF Foreign Technology Division, Hynek noted that Blue Book suffered from numerous procedural problems and a lack of resources, which rendered its efforts "totally inadequate".Hynek also noted that one wag had bestowed upon Blue Book the epithet of "Society for the Explanation of the Uninvestigated". Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS)

<mask> was the founder and first head of the Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS). Founded in 1973 in Evanston, Illinois (but now based in Chicago), CUFOS advocates for scientific analysis of UFO cases. CUFOS's extensive archives include valuable files from civilian research groups such as NICAP, one of the most popular UFO research groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Speech before the United Nations
In November 1978, <mask> presented a statement on UFOs before the United Nations General Assembly's Special Political Committee on behalf of himself, <mask>e, and Claude Poher. The speech was prepared and approved by the three authors. Their objective was to initiate a centralized, United Nations authority on UFOs.UFO origin hypotheses
At the MUFON annual symposium in 1973, held in Akron, Ohio, Hynek first expressed his doubts regarding the extraterrestrial (formerly interplanetary or intergalactic) hypothesis, in a speech titled "The Embarrassment of the Riches". He was aware that the number of UFO sightings was much higher than was reflected in the Project Blue Book statistics. "A few good sightings a year, over the world, would bolster the extraterrestrial hypothesis—but many thousands every year? From remote regions of space? And to what purpose? To scare us by stopping cars, and disturbing animals, and puzzling us with their seemingly pointless antics?" In a paper presented to the Joint Symposium of the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics in Los Angeles in 1975, he wrote, "If you object, I ask you to explain—quantitatively, not qualitatively—the reported phenomena of materialization and dematerialization, of shape changes, of the noiseless hovering in the Earth's gravitational field, accelerations that—for an appreciable mass—require energy sources far beyond present capabilities—even theoretical capabilities, the well-known and often reported E-M (electro-magnetic interference) effect, the psychic effects on percipients, including purported telepathic communications."In 1977, at the First International UFO Congress in Chicago, <mask> presented his thoughts in his speech "What I Really Believe About UFOs". "I do believe", he said, "that the UFO phenomenon as a whole is real, but I do not mean necessarily that it's just one thing. We must ask whether the diversity of observed UFOs ... all spring from the same basic source, as do weather phenomena, which all originate in the atmosphere", or whether they differ "as a rain shower differs from a meteor, which in turn differs from a cosmic-ray shower." We must not ask, Hynek said, simply which hypothesis can explain the most facts, but rather which hypothesis can explain the most puzzling facts. Regarding hypotheses of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) and extradimensional intelligence (EDI), <mask> continued, "There is sufficient evidence to defend both". As evidence for the ETI hypothesis, he mentioned the cases involving radar as good evidence of something solid, as well as the cases of physical evidence. Then he turned to defending the EDI hypothesis: in addition to the observations of materialization and dematerialization, he cited the "poltergeist" phenomenon experienced by some people after a close encounter; the photographs of UFOs, sometimes in only one frame, and not seen by witnesses; the changing of form in front of witnesses; the puzzling question of telepathic communication; that in close encounters of the third kind, the creatures seem to be at home in Earth's gravity and atmosphere; the sudden stillness in the presence of the craft; levitation of cars or people; and the development by some of psychic abilities after an encounter."Do we have two aspects of one phenomenon or two different sets of phenomena?" Hynek asked. Finally, he introduced a third hypothesis. "I hold it entirely possible", he said, "that a technology exists, which encompasses both the physical and the psychic, the material and the mental. There are stars that are millions of years older than the sun. There may be a civilization that is millions of years more advanced than man's. We have gone from Kitty Hawk to the moon in some seventy years, but it's possible that a million-year-old civilization may know something that we don't ...I hypothesize an 'M&M' technology encompassing the mental and material realms. The psychic realms, so mysterious to us today, may be an ordinary part of an advanced technology." In <mask> and Vallee's 1975 book The Edge of Reality, Hynek published a stereoscopic photograph of a UFO he took during a flight. According to the book, the object stayed in sight long enough for Hynek to unpack his camera from his luggage and take two exposures. UFO researcher Robert Sheaffer writes in his book Psychic Vibrations that Hynek seemed to have forgotten the photographs when he later told a reporter for The Globe and Mail that he had never seen a UFO. The article states that in all the years he had been looking upward, Hynek "has never seen 'what I would so dearly love to see. Oh, the subject has been so ridiculed that I would never report a UFO even if I did see one—not without a witness'".Close encounter
In his first book, Hynek published the "Close Encounter" scale that he had developed to better catalog UFO reports. <mask> was later a consultant to Columbia Pictures and Steven Spielberg for the popular 1977 UFO movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind, named after a level of Hynek's scale. He made a cameo appearance in the film. At the end of the film, after the aliens disembark from the "mother ship", he can be seen, bearded and with pipe in mouth, stepping forward to view the spectacle. Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Miriam (Curtis) had five children. <mask>'s son <mask> is an Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor. He oversaw the design of the camouflage effect for the movie Predator, and won the Best Visual Effects Oscar for his work on What Dreams May Come.DocuSeries based on his life
In 2019, The History Channel created and aired a highly-fictionalized TV show based on his UFO research and the organization he worked for dubbed Project Blue Book. Death
On April 27, 1986, Hynek died of a malignant brain tumor, at Memorial Hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was 75 years old, and was survived by his wife Mimi, children Scott, Roxane, <mask>, Paul, and Ross, and his grandchildren. Books
 The UFO Experience: A scientific inquiry (1972)
 The Edge of Reality: A progress report on the unidentified flying objects, with <mask>e (1975)
 The Hynek UFO Report (1977)
 Night Siege – The Hudson Valley UFO Sightings, with Philip Imbrogno and Bob Pratt (1987)
 UFO Fact or Fiction – circa 1970

References

External links
 Our Speaker Tonight: <mask> Hynek at Saturday Night Uforia
 J. Allen Hynek Papers, 1925–1988, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
 J. <mask>ynek: The Pied Piper of Ufology? (archived link)
 Interview with J. <mask> by Ian Ridpath (New Scientist, 1973 May 17)
 J. <mask>ynek 1985 interview
 French biography on J. <mask>k
 J. <mask>ynek's statement before the committee on science and astronautics, July 1968
 J. <mask>'s biography at Ufopsi
 J. <mask>'s biography in Spanish
 Historical Documents from the Phillip Klass collection of Robert Sheaffer concerning Hynek
https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062484178/the-close-encounters-man/
History Channel DocuSeries based on Hynek's work with Project Blue Book

1910 births
1986 deaths
American astronomers
Ufologists
American UFO writers
American people of Czech descent
20th-century American non-fiction writers

masks:
Josef Allen Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
James E
Hynek
Hynek
Jacques Vallé
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Hynek
Joel
Joel
Jacques Vallé
Josef Allen
Allen H
Allen Hynek
Allen H
Allen Hyne
Allen H
Allen Hynek
Allen Hynek


title: Theresa Clay

texts:
<mask>Tess" <mask> (7 February 1911 – 17 March 1995) was an English entomologist. She was introduced to zoology by her older relative, the ornithologist and adventurer Richard Meinertzhagen, with whom she had an unusually close relationship. She became the world's expert on Mallophaga, or chewing lice; however, her work is cast into question by her suspected role in Meinertzhagen's many scientific frauds. During and immediately after World War II, she worked with Victor Rothschild at MI5. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 7 February 1911, to Sir <mask>, 5th Baronet, one of the <mask> Baronets, and <mask>. <mask> had four siblings, older sisters Margaret and Janet, older brother Henry, and younger brother Anthony. <mask>'s family lived at No.18 Kensington Park Gardens, Notting Hill, London, and she attended at St Paul's Girls' School. Relationship with Richard Meinertzhagen
When <mask> was eleven years old, her first cousin once-removed, or "uncle", Richard Meinertzhagen, came to live in the house beside her family's, No. 17 Kensington Park Gardens. Meinertzhagen was a prominent ornithologist and a genuinely distinguished soldier, but he was also a "colossal fraud", who stole bird specimens and described spurious species from them, and invented and embellished military exploits. He kept typed loose-leaf diaries, a system which allowed him to rewrite his diaries and pass off his retrospective diary entries as authentic. Later he was to write in his diaries, contradictorily, that he didn't notice <mask> and her sisters until they were older; that he felt a mystical bond with her when he first saw her; and that he dreamt of her when she was born. What is certain is that Meinertzhagen and <mask> were close by the time she was fifteen.Meinertzhagen started to have a cold relationship with his wife Annie, spending time with <mask> and her sisters instead. The probably genuine parts of his diaries are filled with gushing praise for <mask>, and include photographs, some nude, of the <mask> sisters. On 6 July 1928, Meinertzhagen's wife Annie died in questionable circumstances, from what was ruled to be an accidental gunshot wound. After Annie's death,
<mask> and her sister Janet cared for Meinertzhagen and his children. <mask> was baptised at St Martin-in-the-Fields church not long after Annie's death, with Meinertzhagen as her sponsor. From around 1930, Meinertzhagen and <mask> were rarely separate, living, working and travelling together. <mask> was Meinertzhagen's "housekeeper, nanny, secretary, and scientific partner".It is unknown if Meinertzhagen and <mask>'s relationship was "physical": Meinertzhagen's friend Victor Rothschild asked Meinertzhagen this outright, but was told "in no uncertain terms to shut up"; and a 1951 article in TIME referred to their relationship with "wink-wink, nudge-nudge innuendo". <mask> continued to live in No. 18 Kensington Park Gardens, but it was connected to No. 17 by an underground passage. <mask>'s mother disapproved of her relationship with Meinertzhagen, but the "general social acceptance" of Meinertzhagen's eccentricities prevailed, and <mask>'s mother simply avoided speaking with Meinertzhagen, speaking through others even in his presence. Meinertzhagen named a number of bird species after <mask>, one of which, the Afghan snowfinch or <mask>'s snowfinch (Montifringilla theresae), is authentic. Zoological career
It was Meinertzhagen who introduced <mask> to zoology.He was an ornithologist, and after having her assist him in his work with birds, he decided she should pursue the study of bird parasites. When he collected birds, he would remove the parasites for her before prepping them. He already had amassed a large collection of bird parasites, and eventually had her catalogue it. With him, she went on expeditions to North Africa and the Middle East. <mask> went on expeditions to the Arctic in 1935–38 and 1946–49. She started volunteering at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1938. In 1949, she was appointed as a staff member in the entomology department, and she remained there for the rest of her career.She became a Senior Scientific Staff Member in 1952, and a Deputy Keeper in 1970. In 1955 she gained her DSc from the University of Edinburgh on the basis of sustained original, authoritative work on Mallophaga, much of it published in scientific journals. This included "A check list of the genera and species of Mallophaga" (1955, coauthored with George Henry Evans Hopkins). According to K. C. Emerson, this work "was a historical milestone in Mallophaga taxonomy. All known publications on Mallophaga, containing taxonomic information were reviewed and the species were placed in a modern classification. The result was that 201 genera and 2,657 species were considered valid… Publication of this important paper marked the beginning of the new era in lice taxonomy, as it served as the new base from which further research could be undertaken." <mask> frequently collaborated with Miriam Rothschild, and they wrote Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos together in 1952.In 1955, she received a D.Sc. degree from the University of Edinburgh. While there is no evidence <mask> helped Meinertzhagen commit any of his scientific (or other) frauds, it is unlikely that she was completely unaware of them. As his secretary, she is in a position to help him falsify diaries and records, and as a volunteer at the British Museum she is suspected of having facilitated his thefts. Even if she was largely unaware of the extent of his fraudulent work, many of the louse and other bird parasite specimens she studied and catalogued must have come from birds Meinertzhagen stole or of which he falsified the collection location and other data. MI5 career
Early in World War II, <mask> was recruited into MI5 to assist Victor Rothschild, Miriam's brother. He was running a counter-sabotage section, trying to protect scientific and industrial targets from German attack and espionage.Although she never attained officer rank (MI5 had no female officers during the war after the dismissal of Jane Archer) <mask> was closely involved with the running of the "Fifth Column" operation, in which the MI5 officer Eric Roberts masqueraded as a Gestapo spy in order to identify British fascist sympathisers. She stayed on after the war, and left in 1948. Later life
<mask> married the widower Rodney G. Searight, a wealthy retired businessman who spent most of his life in the Middle East, in 1975. She continued to live at Kensington Park Gardens until after her husband's death in 1991. She died on 17 March 1995, at a nursing home in Dorset. After her marriage, she retired from the British Museum; today her papers, drawings, and correspondence are held there. References

Works cited

External links
Publications of <mask>

1911 births
1995 deaths
Women entomologists
Entomologists from London
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
English ornithologists
British parasitologists
People from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
New Naturalist writers
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century British women scientists
Daughters of baronets
Hobhouse family

masks:
Theresa Rachel "
Clay
Clay
George Felix Neville Clay
Clay
Rachel Hobhouse Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Theresa Clay
Theresa
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Theresa
Theresa
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Theresa Clay


title: Dan Majerle

texts:
<mask> (; born September 9, 1965), also known by the nickname "<mask>", is an American former professional basketball player and former coach of the Grand Canyon Antelopes. He played 14 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat, and Cleveland Cavaliers. He won a bronze medal with the U.S. national team at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, and a gold medal at the 1994 FIBA World Championship. Early years
Born and raised in Traverse City, Michigan, Majerle starred for Traverse City High School (now Central) and Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, where he played for four years with averages of 21.8 points and 8.9 rebounds a game. In 1987, he helped lead the Chippewas to the NCAA Tournament. He held the school season record for points until Marcus Keene broke the mark in the 2016-17 season. Majerle's great-grandfather <mask>. emigrated to the United States in 1901 at age 20 from what is now Slovenia, but was then part of Austria-Hungary.Frank Sr. settled in Haring, Michigan, and married American-born Anna Suhorepec (anglicised to Suhropetz) whose parents were also from Yugoslavia, more specifically Slovenia. NBA career

Phoenix Suns (1988–1995)
The Suns selected <mask> with the 14th pick of the 1988 NBA draft, which the Suns acquired (along with Kevin Johnson) in a trade from the Cleveland Cavaliers for Larry Nance. During the draft, he was promptly booed when his name was announced over the public address system. Suns coach Cotton Fitzsimmons publicly chastised the Suns fans and told them "you'll be sorry you ever booed this young man". In his rookie season <mask> played in 54 games and started in 5, averaging 8.6 points as a bench player. The Suns won 55 games and made the playoffs, and Majerle increased his scoring average to 14.3 points a game as Phoenix advanced all the way to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers. The young Majerle continued to be used as a backup for the next two seasons, and became popular for his impressive jumping ability and "thunderous" slam dunk that would lead to his nickname "Thunder Dan".During the 1989–90 season, he started in 23 games and increased his scoring average to 11 points a game as the Suns again advanced to the Western Conference Finals where this time they were eliminated by the Portland Trail Blazers. Despite another successful season for <mask> and the Suns in the 1990–91 season, they fell in the first round of the playoffs to the Utah Jazz. Majerle had become an effective three-point shooter and defensive specialist, and was named to the 1990–91 NBA All-Defensive Second team at the conclusion of the season. The 1992 season featured more improvement for <mask>, who had become an even more effective three-point shooter and defensive specialist. Despite starting in just 15 of the 82 games he played in, Majerle was selected to play in the 1992 NBA All-Star Game. The Suns again made the playoffs, but lost in the conference semifinals to Portland. In the offseason, Phoenix managed to pull off a major step towards an NBA title, as they acquired superstar forward Charles Barkley in a trade with the Philadelphia 76ers.1993: Trip to the Finals
The Suns had improved significantly with the addition of Barkley, while the trade itself which featured the departure of guard Jeff Hornacek meant that <mask> now served as the team's starting shooting guard. The result was a 62-win season for Phoenix, with Barkley winning the Most Valuable Player Award and <mask> finishing second on the team in scoring while being named to his second NBA All-Defensive Second Team. <mask> also finished first in the NBA in three-point field goals made and attempted, and scored 18 points in the 1993 NBA All-Star Game. The Suns entered the playoffs as the number 1 seed in the Western Conference, and defeated the Lakers, the San Antonio Spurs and the Seattle SuperSonics to reach the NBA Finals with Majerle averaging 15 points in the playoffs and posting big games such as a 34-point performance in the 5th game against Seattle. In the Finals, the Suns faced the defending champion Chicago Bulls led by Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen. Despite having home court advantage the Suns could not beat the 2-time champions who won in 6 games to win three championships in a row. <mask> performed well in the Suns win in game 3, scoring 28 points in the win in Chicago.Last years in Phoenix
Majerle would again lead the league in three-point field goals and attempts in the 1993–94 season, as the Suns won 56 games and made the playoffs before losing to the eventual champion Houston Rockets in a 7-game semifinal series. He would then go on to play for Team USA and win in the World Championships in Canada. He would earn another selection to the All-Star game in the following season, scoring 10 points in the 1995 NBA All-Star Game which was held in Phoenix. Despite this, Majerle started in 46 games, playing small forward often as the team now featured Wesley Person at shooting guard and veteran A. C. Green at forward. The Suns again lost in the semifinals to Houston in 7 games, and <mask> was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the offseason. Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)
In Cleveland, Majerle was used as a reserve at small forward, starting in 15 of the 82 games behind Chris Mills and averaging 10.6 points a game. The Cavaliers won 47 games before losing to the New York Knicks in a 3-game sweep in the first round, with Majerle increasing his scoring to 16.7 (second on the team) during the series.In the offseason the Cavaliers released Majerle, and he would go on to sign with the Miami Heat. Miami Heat (1996–2001)
The Heat were a team with a bright future, as they featured all-stars Alonzo Mourning and Tim Hardaway, and were coached by Pat Riley. Injuries limited Majerle to 36 games during the 1996–97 season, as the Heat managed to win a franchise best 61 games and the Atlantic Division. During the regular season, on December 7, 1996, against the Chicago Bulls, Majerle made a three-pointer with one second remaining to win the game 83–80 and snap the Bulls' NBA record 44 home-game winning streak. In the playoffs, the veteran Majerle was in healthy shape, and the Heat beat the up-and-coming Orlando Magic in the first round before facing the Knicks in a grueling 7 game series in which Majerle scored 18 points in the sixth game. The Heat would eventually fall to the defending champion Chicago Bulls in the Eastern Conference Finals in 5 games. Majerle would again play as the team's backup small forward in the 1997–98 season, averaging 7 points a game as one of the team's main three-point threats, and Miami would post another winning season before losing to New York in the first round of the playoffs.The 1998–99 season would be shortened to 50 games as a result of a league lockout, and with teammate Voshon Lenard hurt for much of the season, <mask> stepped in to start in 48 games. Miami won another Atlantic Division title, but again lost to New York in 5 games in the first round. The team continued to use <mask> as a starter during the 1999–2000 season, as he started in 69 of 82 games and again averaged 7 points during the season. In the playoffs, Miami defeated the Detroit Pistons in the first round before facing the Knicks in another 7 game series in which New York again prevailed. Majerle averaged 9 points in the playoffs and led the team with 20 three-point field goals. In the 2000 offseason it was revealed that Alonzo Mourning would not play as a result of a kidney disease, and the 2000–01 season would feature new acquisitions such as Eddie Jones and Anthony Mason, and Majerle would serve as a reserve. The Heat would lose in the first round of the playoffs in a sweep to the Charlotte Hornets, and in the offseason Majerle would sign a deal returning to his original team in Phoenix.Return to Phoenix (2001–2002)
In his return to the Suns, Majerle received much praise and applause from the hometown Suns fans, playing in 65 games and leading the team in three-point field goals made with 79. His NBA career finished on April 17, 2002, when he officially retired as a member of his original team. In 2006, he was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame and into the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame in 2017. In 2003, Majerle made his broadcasting debut covering the 2003 NBA Playoffs for TNT and later became an analyst for ESPN. During the 2005 All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Phoenix team that won the Shooting Stars Competition. Coaching career

Phoenix Suns (2008–2013)
Majerle was the associate head coach for the Phoenix Suns from 2008 to 2013. Grand Canyon University (2013–2020)
On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Majerle would coach for Grand Canyon University in their first season as a Division I team.On December 23, 2015, Majerle led Grand Canyon to their first tournament victory as a Division I team when they won the 2015 Global Sports Classic championship. He was fired on March 17, 2020 after his first losing season, with his seven years stint at Grand Canyon coming to an end. On May 19, 2020 Majerle filed a lawsuit against Grand Canyon University over the handling of its firing from the head coach position and pending salaries. Personal life
Majerle owns three sports grill restaurants called "Majerle's". <mask> has four children with Tina Majerle:
Madison, McKenzie, Mia, and Max, who also plays basketball

<mask> had a hole in one at Shadow Ridge Country Club in Omaha Nebraska in 2021 with Creighton Coach Greg McDermott and Doug McDermott as witnesses. Head coaching record

See also
 List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders

References

External links

 NBA coach profile
 Grand Canyon coach profile
 Majerle's

1965 births
Living people
1994 FIBA World Championship players
American male film actors
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of Slovenian descent
Basketball coaches from Michigan
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Michigan
Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
FIBA World Championship-winning players
Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball coaches
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Miami Heat players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball
People from Traverse City, Michigan
Phoenix Suns assistant coaches
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Traverse City, Michigan
United States men's national basketball team players

masks:
Daniel Lewis Majerle
Thunder Dan
Frank Majerle Sr
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Majerle
Dan
Dan


title: Mari Kaneko

texts:
is a Japanese female karateka and mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. <mask> has competed for MMA promotions Ax, Smackgirl, Deep and Jewels. Background
Kaneko was born on  in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Martial arts training
In 1999, Kaneko won the All-Japan Amateur Shooto Championships in the women's flyweight and also the bantamweight divisions of East Japan. In 2000, she conquered the Central Japan Amateur Shooto Championships in the featherweight division. In 1999 Kaneko was the runner-up in the Real Fighting Karate-do Championships, repeating this feat in 2000. From 2001 to 2003 she won the Real Fighting Karate-do Championships and was the runner up in 2004.In 2009 and 2010 Kaneko was the runner up of the All-Japan Real Fighting Karate Championships -52 kg, being defeated in the final both times by Saori Ishioka. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> made her MMA debut on  at Club Fight Round 1 where she was defeated by Japanese women's MMA pioneer Yoko Takahashi via submission (achilles lock). At Smackgirl: Episode 0 on , Kaneko defeated Miwako Ishihara in 36 seconds with an armbar submission. Kaneko got her second submission loss against Ikuma Hoshino, who defeated Kaneko with a guillotine choke on  at Smackgirl: Indeed. At Smackgirl: Burning Night on  Kaneko defeated Mika Harigai with an armbar submission in the first round. On , Kaneko was knocked out with knees in the first round by at the time debutant Izumi Noguchi at Ax Vol. 2: we want to shine.Kaneko rebounded with an armbar submission victory over Naoko Torashima at Smackgirl: God Bless You on . Kaneko was defeated again by a MMA debutant when she faced Tomomi Sunaba, who won by split decision on  at Smackgirl: Golden Gate 2002. On  at Smackgirl: Summer Gate 2002 Kaneko defeated kickboxer Hisae Watanabe by armbar submission in the second round. Kaneko got another win on  at Smackgirl: Japan Cup 2002 Opening Round, where she defeated Aya Koyama by unanimous decision during the first round of the middleweight tournament. At Smackgirl: Japan Cup 2002 Episode 2 on  during the semi-finals of the middleweight tournament, Kaneko was able to avenge her previous defeat at the hands of Tomomi Sunaba, defeating Sunaba this time by unanimous decision and advancing to the final. On  at Smackgirl: Japan Cup 2002 Grand Final, Kaneko faced MMA star Yuka Tsuji, who defeated Kaneko by unanimous decision in the final of the middleweight tournament. At the event Arkadia held in Hakuba, Nagano, Kaneko defeated Keiko Matsukawa via armbar submission in the first round on .In a rematch of their 2001, <mask> and Izumi Noguchi fought at the event Smackgirl: Third Season V on , with Noguchi winning the bout by unanimous decision. On , <mask> participated in the event  where she defeated Asami Kodera via submission (rear naked choke) in the first round of the tournament, actress, pro-wrestler and race queen Mizuho Ishikawa via submission (armbar) in the semi-finals before finally losing the final against Hisae Watanabe, whom Kaneko had defeated in 2002, via unanimous decision. At Deep 18th Impact on , Kaneko tied with Satoko Shinashi, the second women at the time to get a draw against the then unbeaten Shinashi. <mask> and Satoko Shinashi had an immediate rematch at Deep 19th Impact on  in which Shinashi defeated Kaneko by unanimous decision. This was also Kaneko retirement match from MMA. After returning to karate competitions, Kaneko also returned to MMA on  at Jewels 6th ring, defeating Abe Ani Combat Club member Rina Tomita by unanimous decision after dominating the fight despite her four-year absence. MMA tag matches
Kaneko participated in three MMA tag matches in a one-day tournament at Smackgirl: Strongest Tag Tournament 2002 on  in which she was partnered with Miwako Ishihara and both defeated Yoko Takahashi and Hisae Watanebe in the first round, Aya Koyama and Hikaru Shinohara in the semi-finals, and Naoko Torashima and Kazue Terui in the final to win the tournament.

masks: Kaneko Kaneko Kaneko Kaneko Kaneko


title: Harold Faltermeyer

texts:
<mask> (born 5 October 1952), known professionally as <mask>, is a German musician, composer and record producer. <mask> is best known for composing the "Axel F" theme for the feature film Beverly Hills Cop, an influential synth-pop hit in the 1980s. He also composed the "Top Gun Anthem" for the feature film Top Gun and the music for the Chevy Chase Fletch feature films, Fletch and Fletch Lives. The Beverly Hills Cop and Top Gun projects earned him two Grammy Awards: the first in 1986 for Best Album of original score written for a motion picture or television special, as a co-writer of the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack; and the second in 1987 for Best Pop Instrumental Performance with guitarist Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem" from the Top Gun soundtrack. As a session musician, arranger and producer, <mask> has worked with numerous international pop stars including Donna Summer, Amanda Lear, Patti LaBelle, Barbra Streisand, Glenn Frey, Blondie, Laura Branigan, La Toya Jackson, Billy Idol, Jennifer Rush, Alexis, Cheap Trick, Sparks, Bob Seger, Chris Thompson, Bonnie Tyler, John Parr, Al Corley and Pet Shop Boys. <mask> was born in Munich, Germany, the son of Anneliese (née Schmidt), a homemaker, and Hugo Faltermeier, a construction businessman. Encouraged by his parents (the owners of a civil engineering firm), he started playing piano at the age of six.At 11, a Nuremberg music professor discovered that <mask> had absolute pitch. His boyhood years combined training in classical music with a developing interest in rock 'n roll. He played organ in a rock combo and studied trumpet and piano at the Munich music academy. While waiting to begin university studies he found work at a recording studio. Within three years he was engineering major classical sessions for the prestigious Deutsche Grammophon label. Then in 1978, Giorgio Moroder recognized his talent and brought him to Los Angeles to play keyboards and arrange the soundtrack for the film Midnight Express. Moroder and <mask> continued their collaboration in the next decade, producing Donna Summer albums and several hits for various artists.Soon <mask> was earning an international reputation for both precise workmanship and trendsetting creativity in his use of synthesizer technology. Soundtrack work
Alongside a busy schedule as a record producer, he became increasingly involved in soundtrack work on Moroder's scores (Midnight Express, American Gigolo and Foxes) and was soon hired as composer in his own right—usually composing, performing and producing the complete score as well as a number of pop songs penned for various artists. Early on he created work for 1984's Thief of Hearts, with electronic scoring and songs for Melissa Manchester, Annabella Lwin, Elizabeth Daily and others. Then came his big break with the landmark hip hop / breakdance-influenced score for Beverly Hills Cop, featuring the worldwide hit, the "Axel F" theme (referred to by <mask> himself as the "banana theme", as it was originally written for a specific scene where Detroit policeman Axel Foley gives a pair of Beverly Hills police officers the slip by shoving bananas up their exhaust pipe, causing their car to stall when they try and tail him). The year after, the Fletch theme expanded on his trademark electronic soundscapes with experimental phase modulated percussion effects woven into the largely analog synth melodies. He also composed the theme song, "Bit by Bit", sung by Stephanie Mills. The full scores of these films were not released on album.Only a handful of additional score tracks complemented these hits on vinyl: "The Discovery" and "Shoot-out" from Beverly Hills Cop and "Memories" from Top Gun, and only ever as B-sides on singles. However, The Running Man and Kuffs were graced with full score albums and the Thief of Hearts and Fletch scores also received reasonably good coverage on their respective soundtrack albums. In January 2007, La La Land Records finally released a limited edition soundtrack (3000 CD copies) for Tango & Cash. In December 2016, the same label issued albums of his work on the Beverly Hills Cop series. In 1987, <mask> recorded an album called Harold F with vocal tracks featuring various guest singers plus "Axel F" which appears as a bonus track. The song "Bad Guys" is based on the (otherwise unavailable) main theme for Beverly Hills Cop II. In 1989, <mask> composed soundtrack music on the Fletch sequel Fletch Lives.In 1990, he co-produced the album Behaviour with Pet Shop Boys at his studio near Munich. The album was released later the same year. Later career
In Vienna, <mask> and Rainhard Fendrich collaborated on the 2002 musical Wake Up. <mask> also provided the soundtrack for the 2007 computer game Two Worlds. He returned to film scoring for Kevin Smith's 2010 action comedy Cop Out starring Bruce Willis. In June 2017, it was reported that <mask> will have music featured in the upcoming Top Gun sequel. Tango & Cash soundtrack, liner notes by Randall D. Larson, La-La Land Records LLLCD 1052 (2006 CD).External links

1952 births
German electronic musicians
German film score composers
German keyboardists
German male composers
German record producers
German session musicians
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Male film score composers
Musicians from Munich
Remixers
Video game composers
Varèse Sarabande Records artists
La-La Land Records artists

masks:
Hans Hugo Harold Faltermeier
Harold Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Background Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer
Faltermeyer