title: Shirley Caesar

texts:
<mask> (born October 13, 1938), known professionally as <mask>, is an American gospel singer, songwriter and recording artist whose career has spanned seven decades. A multi-award-winning artist, with 12 Grammy Awards along with Dove Awards and Stellar Awards to her credit, she is known as the "First Lady of Gospel Music" and "The Queen of Gospel Music." She began recording at the age of 12 in 1951 on Federal Records. <mask> has released over forty albums. She has participated in over 16 compilations and three gospel musicals, Mama I Want to Sing, Sing: Mama 2 and Born to sing: Mama 3. She is also the creator of the #unameit challenge, which occurred during one of her song sermonettes. She opened her eponymous store and plans on using the profits to help others during the holiday season.<mask>'s credits also include a series of commercials for MCI Communications and numerous awards for her recordings. She has won 12 Grammy Awards (including The Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award), 14 Stellar Awards, 15 Dove Awards, 1 RIAA gold certification, an Essence Award, McDonald's Golden Circle Lifetime Achievement Award, NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award, SESAC Lifetime Achievement Award, Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music, as well as induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. According to Soundscan, she has sold 2.2 million albums since 1991. She has made several notable appearances, including the televised Live from Disney World Night of Joy, the Gospel According to VH1, a White House performance for George Bush, and a speech on the Evolution of Gospel Music to the US Treasury Department. In 2017, <mask> was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from The Recording Academy. Early life
<mask> was born on October 13, 1938 in Durham, North Carolina. Musical career

Career

<mask> first began singing and performing for family and friends.She began singing as <mask> <mask> all over the Carolinas as invitations poured in. She could only perform on weekends due to being in school during the weekdays. Her professional music career began in 1958 at 19, when she approached Albertina Walker about joining The Caravans, one of the most popular gospel groups at that time. Albertina wanted the vocally talented young <mask> in her group after hearing her sing a solo. <mask> decided to halt her education to join the group. <mask> recorded and performed with Albertina Walker, Cassietta George, Inez Andrews, Delores Washington, Josephine Howard, Eddie Williams and James Herndon while in the Caravans. Her biggest hit with the Caravans was the song "Sweeping Through the City" followed by "No Coward Soldier".After eight years with the Caravans, she decided to leave after being offered a solo recording contract with Hob Records. Her first LP on the Hob label was entitled  I'll Go, backed up by the Institutional Radio Choir and includes the classics "Oh Peter, Don't Be Afraid" and "Choose Ye This Day". Other hits soon followed with recordings such as "Satan, We're Gonna Tear Your Kingdom Down", "God's Not Dead, He's Yet Alive" and the classic "Don't Drive Your Mama Away". In 1971, <mask> won her first Grammy Award for her recording of "Put Your Hand in the Hand of the Man", and in 1975, her recording of the song "No Charge" became an instant hit and her first gold record. Despite this success, she wanted to reach larger audiences and felt this wasn't being achieved with Hob Records, so she decided not to renew her record contract with them, which ended that same year. To reach more people with her music, <mask> signed with a secular record label called Roadshow Records in 1977 and released the debut album entitled First Lady. The producer of the album titled the album First Lady because <mask> was the first female to ever record on the label.The album contained songs with strong gospel lyrics, but many within the gospel community felt that the music itself was "too worldly," and many gospel DJ's refused to play it on their radio station. One song, however, "Faded Rose", later became a Caesar classic. Overall, the album sold poorly, but the "First Lady" title caught on within the gospel industry, and concert announcers, DJ's and gospel promoters everywhere started introducing her as "The First Lady of Gospel Music", a title that has been associated with her ever since. The second and final album she recorded for Roadshow was From the Heart in 1978; it was poorly received for the same reason. <mask> searched for a gospel label and finally decided to sign with Word Records in 1980 and went on to win several more Grammy Awards during the next several years and beyond. She stayed with Word records for many years and recorded some of the biggest hits of her career such as "God's Got It All in Control", "Hold My Mule" (which later went viral as a Thanksgiving-related Internet meme under the title "You Name It"), "He's Working It Out for You", "Jesus, I Love Calling Your Name" and "You're Next in Line for a Miracle". She has made a name for herself in the gospel music circuit, making guest appearances on the Bobby Jones gospel show and other popular television shows.<mask> credits Albertina Walker as her mentor and "Queen of Gospel Music". Between 1981 and 1995, she received seven Dove Awards for Black Gospel Album of the Year for Live at the G.M.W.A., Celebration, Christmasing, Sailin‘, Live ... In Chicago, Go and Rejoice. She received two Black Gospel Song of the Year Awards for "He's Working It Out for You" and "Hold My Mule". She has performed with such performers as Patti LaBelle, Whitney Houston, Dorothy Norwood, Faith Evans, Dottie Peoples, Arnold Houston, Kim Burrell, John P. Kee, Kirk Franklin, Tonex, and Tye Tribbett among others. <mask> is also an actress. She acted in movies, such as Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998) with Larenz Tate and Little Richard, Fighting Temptations (2003) with Beyoncé and Cuba Gooding Jr. and The Unseen (2005) with Steve Harris.She also acted in an episode of The Good News in 1998 as <mask>. <mask> also appeared on The Parkers in 2004. In 2014, her song "Teach Me Master", which originally appeared on her 1972 album Get Up My Brother, was sampled by Dutch producer Bakermat as "Teach Me", reaching number 22 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2016, she found herself back at the very top of the Gospel Billboard chart with her newest CD release Fill This House. Awards and honors
<mask> is a recipient of a 1999 National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States' highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. She was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2000. <mask> was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2010.She performed for President Barack and Michelle Obama at the White House in 2015 along with Aretha Franklin. In May 2016, the National Museum of African American Music honored <mask> with the Rhapsody & Rhythm Award in Nashville, Tennessee in advance of the planned 2018 opening of the historic museum. The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce proudly honored gospel singer <mask> with the 2,583rd star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on Tuesday, June 28, 2016. Education in later life
<mask> finally accomplished her dream of completing her education after many years. She returned to school and graduated with honors from Shaw University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration in 1984. She also spent time studying at the Divinity School of Duke University and has received honorary doctorates from Shaw University and Southeastern University. Personal life
<mask> is the tenth child of 13 children.All of her siblings are now deceased. Her father <mask> was a well known local gospel singer but he died suddenly when <mask> was seven years old. Her mother Hallie <mask> was a semi invalid due to a lame leg. <mask> had a special bond with her mother and took care of her until her death in 1986. <mask> married Bishop Harold I. Williams in June 1983. The couple were co-pastors of the 1,500-member Mount Calvary Word of Faith Church in Raleigh, North Carolina, until his death on July 4, 2014. While she does not have children of her own, she has two stepchildren from her husband.<mask> is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She cites her mother as a strong influence in her decision to give so selflessly of herself. <mask> has committed a sizable portion of all concert sales to her outreach ministries. Recently she has cut back on preaching and has appointed an executive pastor at her church and he provides weekly sermons to the congregation while <mask> serves as senior pastor but <mask> continues to record and perform in concert all over the country . She also continues to hold her annual outreach ministries conference . The outreach ministry provides food, clothing, shelter, toys for children and financial assistance to those in need. When asked what would she still like to accomplish, she says, "I would like to do more acting ...".Discography

Albums

Charting singles

As lead artist

Guest appearances

References

1938 births
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century Christians
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century Christians
African-American Christians
American evangelists
American gospel singers
American mezzo-sopranos
American Pentecostals
Delta Sigma Theta members
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Living people
Musicians from Durham, North Carolina
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Shaw University alumni
Women evangelists

masks:
Shirley Ann Caesar Williams
Shirley Caesar
Shirley Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Baby Shirley
Caesar
Shirley Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Shirley
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Shirley Caesar
Aunt Shirley
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Shirley Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Jim Caesar
Shirley
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar


title: John Stewart Bragdon

type: original

texts:
<mask> (May 21, 1893 – January 7, 1964), was a major general in the United States Army. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and earned a B.S. from the United States Military Academy in 1915. In 1919 he graduated from the United States Engineering School and went on to earn a M.S. from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1923. Army life
Following his graduation, <mask> embarked on a career in the military. He served as an instructor in the Department of Civil and Military Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy from 1923 to 1924.From 1924 to 1927, he was an instructor at the U.S. Engineering School. In 1928 he graduated from the Command and General Staff College and the following year found him on the Army General Staff in the Philippine Islands where he remained until 1931. From 1931 to 1935, <mask> was a contract officer in the Engineering Department for the United States Department of War. From 1935 to 1937, <mask> was Assistant Division Engineer of the North Atlantic Division of the War Department's Engineering Department. <mask> then served as the U.S. District Engineer in Providence, Rhode Island until he started work as a division engineer for the South Atlantic Division within the War Department. From 1944 to 1949, he served as the Director of Military Construction for the U.S. Army. By 1948, <mask> was serving as the Assistant of Engineers for the U.S. Army.He served in that position until 1951. Civilian life
Following his departure from the Army, Bragdon returned to private life. From 1951 to 1953, <mask> was a construction engineer for the Vermilya-Brown Construction Company until his promotion to vice-president of the company in 1954. He returned to public life in 1954 when he served on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisors. He remained in that role until 1955. From 1955 to 1960, Bragdon served as Special Assistant to President Dwight D. Eisenhower for Public Works Planning. From 1960 to 1961, <mask> was a member of the Civil Aeronautics Board and from 1961 to 1962 he was the consultant for the House Committee on Public Works.In his various advisory roles on public works, within both the executive and legislative branches, <mask> was concerned primarily with four subjects: the achievement of effective state and local public works planning and its coordination with federal public works planning, the provision for a "shelf" of public works that could be undertaken as a contracyclical measure during economic recessions, implementation of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the development of a systematic approach to water resources development. Difficulties
<mask> encountered many difficulties in pursuing these objectives, inasmuch as his role was merely advisory. During the Eisenhower Administration, his efforts to create a statutory office of public works planning were met with resistance from the agencies and departments jealous of their prerogatives. His attempt to create a public works contingency plan for economic recessions was defeated, in part, by United States Department of the Treasury and U.S. Bureau of the Budget officials who felt that public works acceleration would not be effective as a short-run measure and that the mere existence of such a contingency plan would be mistaken from a psychological standpoint in that it might aggravate fears of an economic downturn and precipitate a crisis. <mask> also encountered agency opposition in his proposal to finance a portion of the expanding federal highway system through the use of tolls. Finally, his effort to establish a coordinated water resources policy ran afoul of agencies unwilling to relinquish authority over projects under construction and those planned for the future, and a Congress that spoke for particular groups and represented the viewpoint of the state in the complex constitutional dispute over federal versus state control of water rights. During his tenure as consultant to the U.S. House Committee on Public Works and Transportation, chaired by Congressman <mask> of Minnesota, <mask> again attempted to implement several of his ideas that had been frustrated during the Eisenhower Administration.With Blatnik, he drafted in 1962 a "Public Works Planning Act" that would have provided for a statutory coordinator of public works, readiness public works plans to be implemented during economic recessions, assistance to state and local governments in public works planning, and comprehensive water resources planning. Again he failed to see his vision of comprehensive, coordinated public works and water resources planning become a reality, as Congress passed instead and omnibus appropriation bill for a list of specific public works. Apparently, <mask>'s frustrations in dealing with the White House staff during his service as advisor in the executive branch prompted his attempt in 1961 to write and expose detailing the roadblocks he encountered while serving as advisor on public works. <mask> believed that the Bureau of the Budget, in making substantive policy proposals, overstepped its functions, which should have been purely budgetary. The congressional liaison staff, in Bragdon's view, subordinated ideas to political considerations. He concluded that the net effect of the obstructionism of the Budget Bureau and the liaison staff was to block the presentation of innovative ideas to decision makers. <mask> believed that a complete reorganization of the White House Staff was necessary to solve the problem.To counter-act the narrow perspective of the Bureau of the Budget and the congressional liaison staff, he proposed the creation of a "substantive staff" of expert in specific functional areas that would have screened ideas, shaped those that were worthwhile into sound proposals, and forward them to the chief executive. References

External links
Papers of <mask> <mask>, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Records of <mask> <mask>, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Generals of World War II
United States Army Officers 1939−1945

1893 births
1964 deaths
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1915
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals

masks:
John Stewart Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
John Blatnik
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
Bragdon
John Stewart
Bragdon
John Stewart
Bragdon


title: Patty Griffin

texts:
<mask> (born March 16, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. She is a vocalist and plays guitar and piano. She is known for her stripped-down songwriting style in the folk music genre. Her songs have been covered by numerous musicians, including Emmylou Harris, Ellis Paul, Kelly Clarkson, Rory Block, Dave Hause, Sugarland and The Chicks. In 2007, <mask> received the Artist of the Year award from the Americana Music Association, and her album Children Running Through won the award for Best Album. In 2011, <mask>'s album Downtown Church won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Gospel Album and her 2019 self-titled album won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album. Biography
<mask> is from Old Town, Maine, United States, next to the Penobscot Native American reservation.The youngest child in her family, with six older siblings, she bought a guitar for $50 at age 16. She sang and played but had no inclination to become a professional musician. After a 6-year marriage, which ended in 1994, <mask> began playing in Boston coffee houses and was "scouted" by A&M Records, which signed her on the strength of her demo tape. When the finished studio recordings were submitted to A&M, the company executives thought it was overproduced, so producer Nile Rodgers and A&M instead released a stripped-down reworking of her demo tape as the album Living with Ghosts. <mask>'s second album, Flaming Red, released in 1998, was a departure from the acoustic sound of Living with Ghosts, with a mix of mellow songs and high-tempo rock and roll songs. The title track, "Flaming Red", is an example of the latter, beginning with an even beat until it increases to a fevered pitch of emotion. Another song from the album, "Tony", is also featured on the charity benefit album Live in the X Lounge.Her third album, Silver Bell, has a sound similar to its predecessor. It was released by A&M in 2013, 13 years after it was recorded (and well after bootlegged copies had been circulated). A&M dropped <mask>'s contract after Silver Bell was recorded, and she was then signed by Dave Matthews's ATO Records. <mask> re-recorded songs from that album for later releases, such as "Making Pies", "Mother of God", "Standing", and "Top of the World". Copies of the unreleased Silver Bell were leaked and bootlegged and can be easily acquired by the B&P (blanks and postage) method on message boards. In August 2013, it was announced that UMe planned to release Silver Bell, mixed by producer Glyn Johns, in October 2013. Four albums followed on ATO: 1000 Kisses (2002), A Kiss in Time (2003), Impossible Dream (2004), and Children Running Through (2007).In 2004, <mask> toured with Emmylou Harris, Buddy Miller, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings as the Sweet Harmony Traveling Revue. On February 6, 2007, she released Children Running Through. The album debuted at number 34 on the Billboard 200, with 27,000 copies sold. Of the album, <mask> told Gibson Lifestyle, "I just kind of felt like singing what I wanted to sing, and playing how I wanted to play. It's not all dark and tragic. It's a different way for me to look at things. Getting old—older, I should say, I'm not so serious all the time."It was also said that the album was inspired by her childhood. <mask>'s songs have been recorded by numerous artists, including the Irish-born singer Maura O'Connell ("Long Ride Home"), Linda Ronstadt ("Falling Down"), The Chicks ("Truth No. 2", "Top of the World", "Let Him Fly", "Mary"), Bette Midler, Melissa Ferrick and Missy Higgins ("Moses"), Beth Nielsen Chapman, Christine Collister, and Mary Chapin Carpenter ("Dear Old Friend"), Jessica Simpson ("Let Him Fly"), Martina McBride ("Goodbye"), Emmylou Harris ("One Big Love", "Moon Song"), Bethany Joy Galeotti ("Blue Sky"), the Wreckers ("One More Girl"), Keri Noble and Ruthie Foster ("When It Don't Come Easy"), Joan Osborne ("What You Are"), Solomon Burke ("Up to the Mountain"), and Miranda Lambert ("Getting Ready"). Kelly Clarkson performed "Up to the Mountain" with Jeff Beck on guitar, accompanied by some orchestration on the "Idol Gives Back" episode of American Idol, and the live recording was released as a single immediately afterwards, reaching number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 in its first week and giving <mask> her highest-charting position as a songwriter. (The audience gave Clarkson a standing ovation following her performance.) <mask>'s version of the song was featured in episode 11 of the fourth season of the ABC television show Grey's Anatomy. Instruments, effects, and sound
 1965 Gibson J-50 Guitar
 1993 Gibson J-200 Junior Guitar
Charles Fox Guitar

Recent work

In September 2008, <mask> sang "You Got Growing Up to Do" in a duet with indie artist Joshua Radin on his album Simple Times.In October 2008, she sang background vocals on Todd Snider's cover of John Fogerty's "Fortunate Son" for Snider's Peace Queer album. In February 2009, she was featured on the album Feel That Fire, by Dierks Bentley, in a duet on the song "Beautiful World". In 2009, <mask>, along with Mavis Staples and the Tri-City Singers released a version of the song "Waiting for My Child to Come Home" on the compilation album Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration. The collaboration with Staples led EMI's Peter York to suggest <mask> make an album of gospel songs. <mask> agreed on the condition that friend and bandmate Buddy Miller produced the record. The album, Downtown Church (her sixth studio album), recorded at the Downtown Presbyterian Church in Nashville, was released on January 26, 2010. The album, featuring Shawn Colvin, Emmylou Harris, and <mask>'s long-time friends Buddy and Julie Miller, contains songs by Hank Williams, Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton, and "All Creatures of Our God and King" (credited to St. Francis of Assisi).In July 2010, Robert Plant toured the United States with Band of Joy (reprising the name of his band in the 1960s), with <mask> as a backing vocalist and singer-guitarist Buddy Miller, multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Darrell Scott, bassist-vocalist Byron House, and drummer-percussionist-vocalist Marco Giovino. She is also featured on Plant's solo album Band of Joy, released in September 2010 by Rounder Records. In 2014 <mask> parted with Plant after a long relationship; they had lived together and divided their time between Austin, Texas, and England. In 2019, <mask> released "River", a track from her upcoming self-titled album and her first new music since battling breast cancer. <mask> was released on March 8, 2019. On January 11, 2019, along with an official announcement of her new album release (on her PGM Recordings label via Thirty Tigers), a new song, River, she announced a spring 2019 concert tour

Film, television, and theater
In 1997, <mask>'s song "Not Alone", from the album Living with Ghosts, was used in the final scene and ending credits for the 1997 film Niagara, Niagara. It was also used at the end of episode 6 ("Believers") of season 1 of the television series Crossing Jordan, broadcast on October 29, 2001; on the 2009 release of the soundtrack from the television series Without a Trace; and at the end of episode 12 of season 10 of the television series NCIS, which aired on January 15, 2013.<mask> has appeared in several movies, including Cremaster 2 and Cameron Crowe's Elizabethtown, the soundtrack of which includes her song "Long Ride Home" and a cover of "Moon River", by Johnny Mercer and Henry Mancini. In 1997 her song "One Big Love", from the album Flaming Red, was used in the final scenes and credits of the film Digging to China. In 2004, her song "Rowing Song" was used in episode 9 ("The Trick Is to Keep Breathing") of season 2 of the television series One Tree Hill. In 2005, her songs "Cold As It Gets", "Rowing Song" and "Forgiveness" were featured in Tim Kirkman's film Loggerheads starring Bonnie Hunt, Tess Harper, Chris Sarandon, Michael Learned, Kip Pardue, and Michael Kelly. Only "Cold As It Gets" and "Forgiveness" appear on its soundtrack. The 2006 film Griffin and Phoenix included "Nobody's Crying" and "Rain." In 2006, her song "Rain" was used in episode 17 ("The Skull in the Desert") of season 1 of the television series Bones.In 2007, her song “Heavenly Day” was featured prominently at the end of episode 16 (“Promise”) of season 6 of the television series “Smallville”. In 2007, the Atlantic Theater Company produced 10 Million Miles, an off-Broadway musical, directed by Michael Mayer, with music and lyrics by <mask>. In 2009, her song "Mary" was used in episode 10 of season 2 of Sons of Anarchy, and "When It Don't Come Easy" closed out season 2, episode 8 of In Plain Sight. <mask>'s first DVD, <mask>: Live From the Artists Den, was filmed on February 6, 2007, at the Angel Orensanz Foundation for the Arts on New York's Lower East Side and released later that year. Selections from the DVD were featured on the program Live from the Artists Den on Ovation TV, beginning January 24, 2008. In 2007, <mask> was named Artist of the Year by the Americana Music Association, the top honor bestowed by the association, and her album Children Running Through was selected as Best Album. At the awards ceremony she performed "Trapeze" with Emmylou Harris harmonizing.On June 13, 2008, <mask> performed an acoustic-in-the-round set in Nashville with Kris Kristofferson and Randy Owen (Alabama), for a taping of a PBS songwriters series aired in December 2008. Each of them played five songs; <mask> performed "Top of the World," "Making Pies," "No Bad News," "Up to the Mountain," and "Mary." In May 2013, her song "Heavenly Day" was used in a commercial for Chevy's new Volt line of automobile, entitled "Volt: Silent Statement". In May 2015, her song "Go Wherever You Wanna Go" was used in episode 22 of season 10 of the television series Supernatural. In 2015, the song "Let him fly" was a turning point for Nick Yarris in the documentary "The Fear of Thirteen". In 2018, the song "Heavenly Day" was featured in episode 5 of season one in the Netflix series Haunting of Hill House. Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Other contributions
Lilith Fair: A Celebration of Women in Music (1998) – "Cain" (recorded live during the 1997 tour)
Live at the World Café: Vol.15 - Handcrafted (2002, World Café) – "Rain"
107.1 KGSR Radio Austin – Broadcasts Vol.10 (2002) – "Rain"
Elizabethtown Soundtrack (2005, RCA Records) – "Long Ride Home", "Moon River"
Oh Happy Day (2009, EMI Gospel/Vector Recordings) – "Waiting for My Child To Come Home" (with Mavis Staples and The Tri-City Singers)
Live at the World Cafe: Vol. 5 (1997, World Cafe Records) – "Every Little Bit"
Live at the World Cafe: Vol. 16 – Sweet Sixteen  (World Cafe Records) – "Makin' Pies"
Band of Joy (2010, Decca/Rounder) - backing vocalist for Robert Plant on tracks 2–5, 8, 10-11
I Love Tom T. Hall's Songs of Fox Hollow (2011, Red Beet) – "I Love"

Guest singles

Music videos

References

External links

Official website

<mask> at the Internet Off Broadway Database

1964 births
American women singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American alternative country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American folk guitarists
American women guitarists
ATO Records artists
A&M Records artists
Credential Recordings artists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Singers from Maine
People from Old Town, Maine
American performers of Christian music
New West Records artists
Songwriters from Maine
Guitarists from Maine
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American women singers
Band of Joy members
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women guitarists

masks:
Patricia Jean Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Patty Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Patty Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Griffin
Patty Griffin


title: Aaron Hicks

texts:
<mask> (born October 2, 1989) is an American professional baseball center fielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut on April 1, 2013, with the Minnesota Twins. Early life
<mask> grew up in Compton, California, attending Woodrow Wilson Classical High School, where he was a star baseball player. He also attended MLB's Urban Youth Academy, designed to promote baseball in the urban areas. Career

Minor leagues
A switch hitter, <mask> was drafted by Minnesota Twins in the first round of the 2008 Major League Baseball draft out of Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach, California. In his first professional season, <mask> was tabbed a 2008 Baseball America Rookie All-Star and named the top prospect in the Twins' organization. He  batted .318 with four home runs, 27 runs batted in, twelve stolen bases and 28 walks for the Gulf Coast League Twins to earn a Gulf Coast League postseason All-Star nod.In 2009, <mask> batted .251 with four home runs, 29 RBIs, ten steals and 40 walks for the Beloit Snappers. He returned to Beloit in 2010 and hit .279 with eight home runs. Playing for the Fort Myers Miracle in 2011, he hit .242 with five home runs. In 2012, he hit .286 with 13 home runs for the New Britain Rock Cats. After being sent down from the major leagues in August, for the 2013 season in AAA he batted .222 with the Rochester Red Wings. <mask> was a top 100 prospect by Baseball America four times. Minnesota Twins

2013

On March 24, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would be the starting center fielder for the Minnesota Twins.He chose his new number to honor Dave Winfield, who wore 32 for the Twins. He was sent down to AAA on August 1, and was not called back up in 2013. In 2013, <mask> batted .192 in 281 at bats, with a .259 on-base percentage. Jim Souhan of the Star Tribune wrote that he became: "the latest unpaid spokesman for the Public Service Announcement that reminds baseball fans not to believe anything they see in spring training." 2014
Despite his underwhelming 2013 performance, <mask> was named the starting center fielder for the 2014 season amid protest and controversy. <mask>' 2014 season did not show improvement at the plate. Through 47 games, <mask> hit .201 and was demoted to Double A on June 9.<mask> gave up switch hitting during the 2014 season due to a lack of confidence in his ability to bat left-handed. However, he went back to switch hitting less than a month later. 2015
For the 2015 season, <mask> hit .256 with 11 home runs and 33 RBIs in 97 games. New York Yankees
On November 11, 2015, the Twins traded <mask> to the New York Yankees for John Ryan Murphy. The Yankees targeted <mask> due to his athleticism, strong throwing arm, and ability to hit left-handed pitching. 2016
During a game against the Oakland Athletics on April 20, 2016, <mask> made a throw that nabbed Danny Valencia at home plate for an out. The throw was recorded at , the fastest throwing speed recorded by Statcast.In 123 games of 2016, <mask> batted .217 with eight home runs and 31 RBI. 2017
<mask>'s torrid start to the 2017 season has given many reason to believe he may be in the midst of a breakout year. In early June, with just 154 at bats, <mask> had already hit more home runs (10) and RBIs (34) than in all of last season. As of June 9 he ranked seventh in the majors in both OBP and OPS. On April 13, 2017, <mask> hit two home runs; one batting left handed and one batting right handed. He drove in all three runs as the Yankees won 3-2 over the Tampa Bay Rays. <mask> suffered an oblique injury in late June, causing him to go on the 10-day disabled list.On September 3, <mask> was again placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a left oblique injury. He returned from the DL on September 26. <mask> ended the season with 15 home runs, 52 RBIs, and a .266 average, all career highs. 2018
On March 30, 2018, the Yankees placed <mask> on the 10-day disabled list due to a strained right intercostal muscle. He was reinstated from the DL on April 12 and hit an inside-the-park home run against the Detroit Tigers on the next day. <mask> would hit another inside-the-park-home run against the Kansas City Royals on May 19, becoming the first Yankee since Mickey Mantle in 1958 to hit two inside-the-park-home runs in a single season. On July 1, <mask> hit three home runs in one game against the Boston Red Sox.<mask> ended the season with 27 home runs, 79 RBIs, and 119 hits, all career highs. 2019
On January 11, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, $6 million contract to remain with the Yankees. On February 25, <mask> signed a seven-year, $70 million contract extension, replacing the one-year deal. The deal includes a $12.5 million club option for 2026, a $1 million buyout and a $2 million signing bonus. He began the 2019 year on the 10-day injured list due to a lower back strain. On May 6, he was optioned to the Tampa Tarpons for a rehab assignment. On June 24, against the Blue Jays, <mask> hit a home run that helped the Yankees tie a league record with 27 straight games hitting a home run.On June 29, 2019, <mask> became the first MLB player to hit a home run in Europe during the first inning of the Red Sox-Yankees 2019 London Series. On September 10, <mask> left the game with an elbow injury. It was revealed that <mask> was diagnosed with a right flexor strain in his right elbow since August 3, and that Tommy John surgery would be necessary to correct the problem. The Yankees ruled <mask> out for the rest of 2019 due to his elbow injury. On October 11, 2019, <mask> told a New York Post reporter that he would be on the ALCS roster against the Houston Astros. The following day, the Yankees announced that they had reinstated <mask> from the 60-day injured list and added him to the roster, replacing Luke Voit. He revealed that after his Tommy John surgery recommendation, he had decided not to have surgery immediately and engaged in light physical activity on his own.After a week, he visited the Yankees’ spring training complex to work out his elbow. Following a few weeks of regular exercise, it was determined that he would not in fact require surgery and he joined his team on the road in Houston. He later underwent the surgery, and was expected to miss 8–10 months. 2020
With COVID-19 pandemic delaying the start of the season by over 4 months, <mask> was able to return to play in the intra-squad scrimmage match just 8 months post surgery. In 54 games, <mask> batted .225 with six home runs and 21 RBIs. 2021
On May 21, 2021, <mask> underwent surgery to repair a torn tendon sheath in his left wrist. The injury was expected to keep <mask> out for the remainder of the season.On May 30, <mask> was placed on the 60-day injured list. In 32 games for the Yankees, <mask> posted a .194/.294/.333 batting line with 4 home runs and 14 RBI. Home run call
The Yankees's English-language radio announcer, John Sterling, has a unique call for every Yankee player after they hit a home run. <mask>'s is, "<mask>! Hits one to the sticks!" Personal life
<mask>' father, Joseph was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 12th round of the 1975 amateur draft, but his career was ended early by an eye injury. This led Joseph to push his son into golf before baseball.<mask> is an accomplished golfer, competing in numerous youth golf tournaments. After making baseball his focus, he has continued to play golf, playing in a PGA Tournament in 2019. On October 27, 2021 <mask> got engaged to professional golfer Cheyenne Woods. They reside in Scottsdale, Arizona. References

External links

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{{|url= [https://twitter.com/GeorgeAKingIII/status/1182821551755759616?s=20}}

1989 births
Living people
Baseball players from Long Beach, California
African-American baseball players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minnesota Twins players
New York Yankees players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Beloit Snappers players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Mesa Solar Sox players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Bravos de Margarita players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Rochester Red Wings players
Wilson Classical High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Aaron Michael Hicks
Hicks
Aaron
Hicks
Hicks
Aaron
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
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Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Aaron Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
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Hicks
Hicks
Hicks


title: M. N. Roy

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954) was an Indian Communist revolutionary, radical activist and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century. <mask> was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group). He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia's aide to China. Following the rise of Joseph Stalin, <mask> left the mainline communist movement to pursue an independent radical politics. In 1940 <mask> was instrumental in the formation of the Radical Democratic Party, an organisation in which he played a leading role for much of the decade of the 1940s. In the aftermath of World War II <mask> moved away from orthodox Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism. Biography

Early years

<mask> "<mask>" Bhattacharya, later known as M. N<mask>, was born on 22 March 1887 at Arbelia, located in the North 24 Parganas of West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).The Bhattacharyas were Sakta Brahmins – a family of hereditary priests. <mask>ren's paternal grandfather was the head priest of the goddess Kheputeswari in the village of Kheput, located in the Midnapore district of West Bengal. <mask>'s father also served for a time in priestly capacity there, although the large size of his family – he being one of 11 siblings – forced a relocation to the village of Arbelia and a change of occupation. Following the death of his first wife, the elder Bhattacharya married Basantakumari Devi, the niece of Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan and was appointed as a teacher of Sanskrit in the nearby Arbelia English school. The couple had a total of eight children, including the fourth-born <mask>ren. <mask> Bhattacharya's early schooling took place at Arbelia. In 1898 the family moved to Kodalia.Bhattacharya continued his studies at the Harinavi Anglo-Sanskrit School, at which his father taught, until 1905. Tall for his age (eventually growing to 6 feet), Bhattacharya was strong and athletic. Bhattacharya later enrolled at the National College under Sri Aurobindo, before moving to the Bengal Technical Institute (present Jadavpur University), where he studied Engineering and Chemistry. Much of Bhattacharya's knowledge was gained through self-study, however. Nationalist revolutionary
Towards the end of the 19th Century revolutionary nationalism began to spread among the educated middle classes of Bengal, inspired by the writings of Bankim and Vivekananda. <mask> Bhattacharya was swept up in this movement, reading both of these leading luminaries extensively. According to one biographer, <mask> gained an appreciation from Bankim that true religion required one not to be cloistered from the world, but to work actively for the public good; Vivekananda reinforced this notion of social service and further advanced the idea that Hinduism and Indian culture was superior to anything the western world could offer.With his cousin and childhood friend Hari Kumar Chakravarti (1882–1963), he formed a band of free-thinkers including Satcowri Banerjee and the brothers, Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose. Two other cousins of Bhattacharya and Chakravarti —  Phani and <mask> Chakravarti – often came from Deoghar, where they went to school with Barin Ghosh. A mysterious Vedic scholar, <mask> Samadhyayi, active organiser of secret branches of the Anushilan Samiti in Chinsura started frequenting Bhattacharya group. In July 1905 a partition of Bengal was announced, scheduled to take effect in October. A spontaneous mass movement aimed at annulment of the partition emerged, giving radical nationalists like <mask> Bhattacharya and his co-thinkers an opportunity to build broader support for their ideas. Following his expulsion from high school for organising a meeting and a march against the partition, Bhattacharya and Chakravarti moved to Kolkata and joined in the active work of the Anushilan. Under <mask>'s leadership, on 6 December 1907 Bhattacharya successfully committed the first act of political banditry to raise money for the secret society.When arrested, he was carrying two seditious books by Barin Ghosh. Defended by the Barrister J.N<mask> (close friend of Jatindranath <mask> or Bagha Jatin) and the pleader Promothonath <mask>, he got released on bail, thanks to his reputation as a student and social worker. Unhappy with Barin's highly centralised and authoritative way of leadership, Bhattacharya and his group had been looking for something more constructive than making bombs at the Maniktala garden. Two incidents sharpened their interest in an alternative leadership. Barin had sent Prafulla Chaki with Charuchandra Datta to see Bagha Jatin at Darjeeling who was posted there on official duty, and do away with the Lt. Governor; on explaining to Prafulla that the time was not yet ripe, Jatin promised to contact him later.Though Prafulla was much impressed by this hero, Barin cynically commented that it would be too much of an effort for a Government officer to serve a patriotic cause. Shortly after, Phani returned from Darjeeling, after a short holiday: fascinated by Jatin's charisma, he informed his friends about the unusual man. On hearing Barin censuring Phani for disloyalty, Bhattacharya decided to see that exceptional Dada and got caught for good. The Howrah-Shibpur Trial (1910–11) brought Bhattacharya closer to Jatindra <mask>. The Indo-German conspiracy
Many Indian nationalists, including <mask>, became convinced that only through an armed struggle against the British would be sufficient to separate India from the British Empire. To the furtherance of this end, revolutionary nationalists looked to a rival imperial power, that of Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany, as a potential source of funds and armaments. In August 1914 a massive European war erupted between Britain and Germany.Expatriate Indian nationalists organised as the Indian Revolutionary Committee in Berlin made an informal approach to the German government in support of aid to the cause of anti-British armed struggle in India. These contacts were favourable and towards the end of the year word reached India that the Germans had agreed to provide the money and material necessary for the launch of an armed struggle against British rule. Revolution seemed near. The task of obtaining funds and armaments for the coming struggle was entrusted to <mask> Bhattacharya. Bhattacharya was dispatched first to Java, where over the next two months he was able to obtain some limited funds, albeit no armaments. Early in 1915, Bhattacharya set out again, leaving India in search of vaguely promised German armaments which were believed to be en route, somewhere on the Pacific. <mask> would not see his homeland again for 16 years.The actual plan seemed fantastic, as Bhattacharya-<mask> later recounted in his posthumously published memoirs:

"The plan was to use German ships interned in a port at the northern tip of Sumatra, to storm the Andaman Islands and free and arm the prisoners there, and land the army of liberation on the Orissa coast. The ships were armoured, as many big German vessels were, ready for wartime use. they also carried several guns each. The crew was composed of naval ratings. They had to escape from the internment camp, seize the ships, and sail.... Several hundred rifles and other small arms with an adequate supply of ammunition could be acquired through Chinese smugglers who would get then on board the ships." At the last minute, money for the conduct of the operation failed to materialise and "the German Consul General mysteriously disappeared on the day when he was to issue orders for the execution of the plan," Bhattacharya recalled. Disgusted but still holding out hope, Bhattacharya left Indonesia for Japan, hoping to win Japanese support for their cause, despite Japan's nominal alliance with Great Britain.There he met with Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, who had escaped to Japan following the failure of a July 1913 uprising in Nanking. Sun Yat-sen refused to assist Bhattacharya in his task of organising an anti-British revolution in India, instead informing <mask> that Japanese support would  prove sufficient and his own inability to assist them owing to Hong Kong's status as a British colony, Sun's base of operations in South China. Efforts to raise money from the German Ambassador to China were likewise unsuccessful. Bhattacharya's activities soon drew the attention of the Japanese secret police, who were concerned about Bhattacharya's efforts at fomenting revolution. Upon learning that he was about to be served formal notice to leave Japan within 24 hours and not wishing to be deported to Shanghai, Bhattacharya immediately set about leaving the country overland through Korea. He tried to make his way from there to Peking (Beijing), but by this time he was spotted and identified by the British secret police, who detained him. However, Bhattacharya was able to win his release from the police, due to the British Consul General's ill ease with holding a British subject indefinitely without having formal charges first been preferred.Further efforts to raise funds for armaments from the German consulate at Hankow resulted in a further tentative agreement. However, this plan also came to naught owing to the size of the commitment, which had to be approved in Berlin, according to German Ambassador to China Admiral Paul von Hintze. Bhattacharya determined to take his plan for German funding next to the German Ambassador in the United States, before heading to Germany itself. Employees of the German embassy were able to assist Bhattacharya in obtaining a place as a stowaway aboard an American ship with a German crew, bound for San Francisco. Although they knew he was on board the ship, British colonial authorities stopping the vessel in international waters were unable to locate Bhattacharya in the secret compartment in which he was hurriedly hidden. In an effort to throw the British off his trail – and in an effort to obtain more suitable accommodations for the long trans-Pacific voyage, Bhattacharya stealthily disembarked at Kobe, Japan. In Kobe Bhattacharya made use of a false French-Indian passport previously obtained for him by the Germans in China.Posing as a seminary student bound for Paris, Bhattacharya obtained an American passport visa, bought a ticket, and sailed for San Francisco. International revolutionary
During his stay in Palo Alto, a period of about two months, <mask> met his future wife, a young Stanford University graduate named Evelyn Leonora Trent (1892–1970; alias Shanthi Devi). The pair fell in love and journeyed together across the country to New York City. It was in the New York City public library that <mask> began to develop his interest in Marxism. His socialist transition under Lala owed much to Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's essays on communism and Vivekananda's message of serving the proletariat. Noting the presence of British spies, <mask> fled to Mexico in July 1917 with Evelyn. German military authorities, on the spot, gave him large amounts of money.The Mexican president Venustiano Carranza and other liberal thinkers appreciated <mask>'s writings for El Pueblo. The Socialist Party he founded (December 1917), was converted into the Communist Party of Mexico in 1919, the first Communist Party outside Russia. The <mask>s lodged a penniless <mask>, the Bolshevik leader, under special circumstances. On the basis of a grateful Borodin's reports on <mask>'s activities, Moscow was to invite <mask> to the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International, held in Moscow during the summer of 1920. A few weeks before the Congress, Vladimir Lenin personally received <mask> with great warmth. At Lenin's behest, <mask> formulated his own ideas as a supplement to Lenin's Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions. Material from <mask>'s pen was published by International Press Correspondence (Inprecor), the weekly bulletin of the Communist International.<mask> served as a member of the Comintern's Presidium for eight years and at one stage was a member of the Presidium, the Political Secretariat, the Executive Committee, and the World Congress.

masks:
Manabendra Nath Roy
Narendra Nath Bhattacharya
Roy
Roy
Vinay Roy
Roy
Narendra Nath
Naren
. Roy
Naren
Naren
Naren
Roy
Narendra
Mokshadacharan
Naren
Mokshada
. Roy
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Muerjee
Roy
Naren
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Mikhail Borodin
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy


title: M. N. Roy

texts:
 Commissioned by Lenin to prepare the East – especially India – for revolution, <mask> founded military and political schools in Tashkent. In October 1920, as he formed the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group), he contacted his erstwhile revolutionary colleagues who, at this juncture, were hesitating between Radicalism (Jugantar) and <mask> K. Gandhi's novel programme. Close to the Jugantar in spirit and action, C. R. Das inspired <mask>'s confidence. From Moscow, <mask> published his major reflections, India in Transition, almost simultaneously translated into other languages. In 1922 <mask>'s own journal, the Vanguard, which was the organ of the emigre Communist Party of India, was first published. These were followed by The Future of Indian Politics (1926) and Revolution and Counter-revolution in China (1930), while he had been tossing between Germany and France.Leading a Comintern delegation appointed by Joseph Stalin to develop agrarian revolution in China, <mask> reached Canton in February 1927. Despite fulfilling his mission with skill, a disagreement with the CCP leaders and Borodin led to a fiasco. <mask> returned to Moscow where factions supporting Leon Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev were busy fighting with Stalin's. Here he voted for Trotsky's expulsion from the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Stalin refused to meet <mask> and give him a hearing at the plenum in February 1928. Denied a decent treatment for an infected ear, <mask> escaped with <mask>'s help, sparing himself Stalin's anger. Shortly after Trotsky's deportation, on 22 May 1928, <mask> received the permission to go abroad for medical treatment on board a Berlin-bound plane of the Russo-German Airline Deruluft.In December 1929, the Inprecor announced <mask>'s expulsion from the Comintern, almost simultaneously with Bukharin's fall from grace. Imprisonment
<mask> returned to India for the first time in December 1930. Upon reaching Bombay, <mask> met leaders like Jawaharlal <mask> and Subhas Bose, the former of whom recalled that despite significant political differences, "I was attracted to him by his remarkable intellectual capacity." <mask>'s political activity in India proved to be brief, on 21 July 1931 he was arrested in Bombay on an arrest warrant issued in 1924. <mask> was taken to Kanpur to face charges under Section 121-A of the Indian Penal Code, "conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty in India." No trial was held in open court; rather, the proceedings were conducted inside the jail in which <mask> was held. <mask> was allowed neither trial by jury nor defense witnesses, nor was he allowed to make a defense statement.Proceedings were conducted from 3 November 1931 until 9 January 1932, at which time <mask> was sentenced to 12 years of rigorous imprisonment. <mask> was taken immediately under armed guard to Bareilly Central Jail for completion of his sentence managing, however, he was able to smuggle out the defence statement which he was not allowed to present in court. This disallowed declaration was published in full by <mask>'s supporters in India as My Defence, and in abridged form in New York as I Accuse. <mask> was unapologetic for his advocacy of the use of armed struggle against British colonial rule, in his own defence declaring

<mask> filed an appeal in his case to the Allahabad High Court, but this was dismissed on 2 May 1933 – although <mask>'s sentence was at the same time reduced from 12 years to 6 by the court. <mask> ultimately served 5 years and 4 months of this term, sitting in five different jails. Dismal prison conditions took a severe toll on <mask>'s health, and he suffered lasting damage to his heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive tract as a result of his time behind bars. <mask> also lost several teeth, was frequently feverish, and suffered constant pain from a chronically infected inner ear.Despite his imprisonment, <mask> still managed to contribute to the Indian independence movement. A steady stream of letters and articles were smuggled out of jail. He also wrote a 3000-page draft manuscript provisionally titled The Philosophical Consequence of Modern Science. His followers, including A. A. Alwe, formed the Bombay Provincial Working Class Party in 1933 to continue his work while he was imprisoned. Released in November 1936 in broken health, <mask> went to Allahabad for recovery, invited by <mask>. Defying the Comintern order to boycott the Indian National Congress, <mask> urged Indian Communists to join this Party to radicalise it.<mask>, in his presidential address at Faizpur session in December 1936, greeted the presence of <mask>, as

From the podium <mask> in his speech recommended the capture of power by Constituent Assembly. Unable to collaborate with Gandhi, however, <mask> was to stick to his own conviction. In April 1937, his weekly Independent India appeared and was welcomed by progressive leaders like Bose and <mask>, unlike Gandhi, and the staunch Communists who accused <mask> of deviation. Radical humanist
In marrying Ellen Gottschalk, his second wife, "<mask> found not only a loving wife but also an intelligent helper and close collaborator." They settled in Dehra Dun. <mask> proposed an alternative leadership, seized the crisis following Bose's re-election as the Congress President, in 1938: in Pune, in June, he formed his League of Radical Congressmen. Disillusioned with both bourgeois democracy and communism, he devoted the last years of his life to the formulation of an alternative philosophy which he called Radical Humanism and of which he wrote a detailed exposition in Reason, Romanticism and Revolution.In his monumental biography, In Freedom's Quest, Sibnarayan Ray writes:

With the declaration of World War II, <mask> (in a position close to that of Sri Aurobindo) condemned the rising totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy, instead supporting England and France in the fight against fascism. He severed connections with the Congress Party and created the Radical Democratic Party in 1940. Gandhi proceeded to lead the Quit India movement in August 1942. In response, the British colonial government imprisoned without trial almost the entire Indian National Congress leadership within hours. <mask>'s line was clearly different from that of the mainstream of the independence movement. According to <mask>, a victory for Germany and the Axis powers would have resulted in the end of democracy worldwide and India would never be independent. In his view India could win her independence only in a free world.On the other hand, Subhas Chandra Bose took the stance that The enemy of my enemy is my friend, leading him to seek alliances with Axis powers. Escaping house-arrest and India, Bose formed the Azad Hind Provisional Indian Government in Exile and allied with the Japanese, bringing the Indian National Army to India's doorstep. Sensing India's independence to be a post-war reality following the defeat of the Axis powers and the weakening of the British Empire, <mask> wrote a series of articles in Independent India on the economic and political structures of new India, even presenting a concrete ten-year plan, and drafting a Constitution of Free India (1944). <mask> in his philosophy devised means to ensure human freedom and progress. Remembering Bagha Jatin who "personified the best of mankind", <mask> worked "for the ideal of establishing a social order in which the best in man could be manifest." In 1947, he elaborated his theses into a manifesto, New Humanism, expected to be as important as the Communist Manifesto by <mask> a century earlier. Death and legacy

A lecture tour to the United States was to be suspended, as <mask> died on 25 January 1954.Beginning in 1987, Oxford University Press began the publication of the Selected Works of M.N<mask>. A total of 4 volumes were published through 1997, gathering <mask>'s writings through his prison years. Project editor Sibnarayan Ray died in 2008, however, and the <mask> works publishing project was therefore prematurely terminated. The house he lived in during his time in Mexico City is now a private nightclub that bears his name, <mask><mask>. Noted personalities like T. M. Tarkunde, Govardhandas Parekh, V. B. Karnik, Sunil Bhattacharya, B. R. Sunthankar, Saleel Wagh, V. R. Jawahire and Dr. <mask> Taralekar were influnced by M. N<mask> and his philosophy.Footnotes

Bibliography
 Note: Adapted from "A Checklist of the Writings of <mask><mask>" in M.N<mask>'s Memoirs. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; pp. 607–617. La voz de la India (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. [c. 1917].La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918. Indien (India). Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922. India in Transition. With Abani <mask>. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.What Do We Want? Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922. One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya. With <mask>. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. —Imprint probably fictitious. India's Problem and Its Solution.n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1923]. Political Letters. Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. —Alternate title: Letters to Indian Nationalists. Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J.R<mask>.London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924. The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926. The Future of Indian Politics. London: R. Bishop [Communist Party of Great Britain], 1926. Our Task in India. n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. [c. 1932]."I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of <mask> <mask> <mask> on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. —Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: My Defence. Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (<mask><mask>). Bombay: Independence of India League, [c. 1934].On Stepping Out of Jail. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1936]. Letters by M.N<mask> to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934. Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937. The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture.Bombay: Vora, 1937. Presidential Address of M.N<mask>, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur. Bombay: R.D<mask>, n.d. [1937]. Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M.N<mask> at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937.Bombay: R.D<mask>, n.d. [1937]. My Crime. Bombay: Ramesh D<mask>, n.d. [c. 1937]. The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective. Calcutta: D.M. Library, n.d. [c. 1937].Presidential Address of Com. M.N<mask>, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1938]. All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by <mask> <mask> <mask>. Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. [1938]. Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice.Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938. On the Congress Constitution. Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938. Our Differences. With V.B. Karnik.Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938. Our Problems. With V.B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938. Gandhi vs. <mask>: Containing Com. <mask>'s Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder.Bombay: V.B. Karnik, 1939. Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays. Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939. Presidential Address by M.N<mask> at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1939].Tripuri and After. <mask>sik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. [1930s]. Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M.N<mask>). Bombay: M.R. Shetty, n.d. [1930s].The Memoirs of a Cat. n.c. [Dehra Dun]: Renaissance Publishers, 1940. Whither Europe? Bombay: Vora, 1940. The Alternative. Bombay: Vora, 1940. From Savagery to Civilisation.Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940. Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism. Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940. Science and Superstition. Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940. Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought. Dera Dun:

masks:
Roy
Mohandas
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Nikolai Bukharin
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Nehru
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Nehru
Roy
Nehru
Roy
Roy
Roy
Nehru
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Roy
Marx
Roy
. Roy
Roy
Roy
M N
. Roy
Nalini
. Roy
M N
. Roy
. Roy
Mukherji
Evelyn Roy
. MacDonald
Manabendra
Nath
Roy
M N
. Roy
. Roy
. Roy
. Nadkarni
. Roy
. Nadkarni
. Nadkarni
. Roy
Manabendra
Nath
Roy
Roy
Roy
. Roy
. Roy


title: M. N. Roy

texts:
 Renaissance Publishers, 1940.World Crisis (International Situation). (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940. The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom. Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. [c. 1940]. Science, Philosophy and Politics. Moradabad: J.S. Agarwal, n.d. [c. 1940].A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1940]. Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1940]. Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. [c. 1940].My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. [c. 1940]. On Communal Question. With V.B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P.Singh, n.d. [c. 1940]. Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom. Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. [1940s]. Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. [1940s]. Presidential Address by Com. <mask>.<mask> at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1941]. The Ideal of Indian Womanhood. n.c. [Dehra Dun? ]: Renaissance Publishers, 1941. Problem of the Indian Revolution.Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941. All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M.N<mask>: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941. Lahore: <mask>. Kahn, n.d. [1941]. Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen. Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.Freedom or Fascism? n.c. [Bombay? ]: Radical Democratic Party, 1942. India and the War. (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942. This War and Our Defence.Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942. War and Revolution: International Civil War. Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942. Origin of Radicalism in the Congress. Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942. Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study. Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942. (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942. Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942]. Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942]. Letters from Jail.n.c. [Dehra Dun? ]: Renaissance Publishing, 1943. The Communist International. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943. What is Marxism? Bombay: n.p., 1943. The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943.Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [1943]. Poverty or Plenty? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943. Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, 1943. Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures.Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944. The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1944]. Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: V.B. Karnik, 1944. Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class.Issued by the Radical Democratic Party. Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944. Planning a New India. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944]. National Government or People's Government? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944]. Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M.N.<mask>: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945. The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945]. Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945. Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945.Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945]. The Problem of Freedom. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945. My Experiences in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945. Sino-Soviet Treaty. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.Jawaharial <mask>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1945]. INA and the August Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. —Published in German in 1931.A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946. A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress. Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946. New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946. With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 December 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1947]. Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. —Attributed to <mask>. Leviathan and Octopus.Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1947]. Asia and the World: A Manifesto. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. Science and Philosophy. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947. New Humanism: A Manifesto. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.Beyond Communism. With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947. A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 February 1941. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1947]. The Russian Revolution.Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949. India's Message. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950. The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952. Tenali: n.p., n.d. [1952]. Radical Humanism. New Delhi: n.p., 1952.Reason, Romanticism and Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952. The Way Ahead in Asia. n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. [c. 1950s]. Crime and Karma, Cats and Women. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957. Memoirs.Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. —Reissued 1984. Further reading

 R.K. Awasthi, Scientific Humanism: Socio-Political Ideas of <mask><mask>: A Critique. Delhi: Research Publications in Social Sciences, 1973. Shiri Ram Bakshi, M.N. <mask>.New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1994. N.R. Basannavar, 'The Indian in the Comintern'. University of Bristol Dissertation 2007
 G.P. Bhattacharjee, Evolution of Political Philosophy of <mask><mask>. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1971.<mask><mask> and Radical Humanism. Bombay: A.J.B.H. Wadia Publication, 1961. Phanibhusan Chakravartti, M.N<mask>. Calcutta: M.N.Roy Death Anniversary Observance Committee, 1961. Prakash Chandra, Political Philosophy of <mask><mask>. Meerut: Sarup & Sons, 1985. Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, Leftism in India, 1917–1947. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2007. Ramyansu Sekhar Das, M.N.<mask> the Humanist Philosopher. Calcutta: W. <mask>, 1956. B.N. Dasgupta, M.N<mask>: Quest for Freedom. Calcutta: Firma K.L. <mask>y, 1970.<mask> Dhar, The Political Thought of M.N<mask>, 1936–1954. Calcutta: Eureka Publishers, 1966. S.M. Ganguly, Leftism in India: M.N<mask> and Indian Politics, 1920–1948. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, 1984.Dharmadasa Goonawardhana and Debassaran Das Gupta (eds. ), <mask>ism Explained. Calcutta: Saraswaty Library, 1938. <mask>,  "Geopolitics, Transnational Solidarity, or Diaspora Nationalism? The Global Career of <mask><mask>, 1915–1930,"European Review of History 21, no. 4 (2014), pp.485–499. D.C. Grover, M. N. <mask>: a Study of Revolution and Reason in Indian Politics. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1973. John Patrick Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India; <mask>. <mask> and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971. V.B.Karnik, <mask>. <mask>: Political Biography. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978. Usha Krishna,  M.<mask> and the Radical Humanist Movement in India: A Sociological Study. Meerut: Chaudhary Charan Singh University, 2005. B. K<mask>, "Radical Humanism of M.N<mask>," Indian Journal of Political Science, vol.66, no. 3 (July 2005), pp. 607–618. In JSTOR
 <mask>, M.N<mask>: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism. Delhi: Routledge India, 2010. <mask> Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot, Sceptre, 2013.Innaiah <mask> (ed. ), M.N<mask>: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings. New York: Prometheus Books, 2004. R.L<mask>, Radical Humanism of M.N<mask> An Exposition of his 22 Theses.n.c.: Indus Publishing Co., n.d.
 Robert C<mask> and Xenia J. Eudin, <mask>. <mask>'s Mission to China: The Communist-Kuomintang Split of 1927. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. Vishnudeo <mask> Ojha, <mask><mask> and His Philosophical Ideas. n.c. [Muzaffarpur]: Shankhnad Prakashan, 1969. Alok Pant, Indian Radicalism and M.N.Roy. Delhi: Adhyayan, 2005. Govardhan Dhanaraj Parikh (ed. ), Essence of Royism: Anthology of M.N<mask>'s Writings. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1987. Ramendra, M. N<mask>'s New Humanism and Materialism.Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2001. Sibnarayan Ray, In Freedom's Quest: Life of M.N<mask> (Vol. 1: 1887–1922). Calcutta: Minerva, 1998. —No other volumes issued. M.N.<mask>: Philosopher-Revolutionary: A Symposium. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1959. Dipti <mask>, Leftist Politics in India: M.N<mask> and the Radical Democratic Party. Calcutta: Minerva, 1989. Trade Union Movement in India: Role of <mask><mask>.Calcutta: Minerva, 1990. Samaren <mask>, The Restless Brahmin: Early Life of <mask><mask>. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1970. The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N<mask> and the Comintern. Calcutta: KLM Private, 1986.B.S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of <mask><mask>. Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965. Sita Ram Sharma, Life and Works of M.N<mask>. Jaipur: Sublime Publications, 2010.M. Shiviah, New Humanism and Democratic Politics: A Study of <mask><mask>'s Theory of the State. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1977. Reeta Sinha, Political Ideas of <mask>. <mask>. New Delh: National Book Organisation, 1991. Sada <mask> Talwar, Political Ideas of M.N.Roy. Delhi: Khosla Publishing House, 1978. J.B.H. Wadia, M.N<mask>, The Man: An Incomplete Royana. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1983. Syamales Das, M. N<mask>, Biplabi, Rajnitik O Darshonik.Calcutta: Sribhumi Publishing Co., 1999. External links

 <mask> <mask> <mask> (1887—1954) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 <mask> <mask> <mask> Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
 <mask> on the cover of Ogonëk, 5 April 1925. M. N. <mask> materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1887 births
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20th-century atheists
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masks:
M N
Roy
. Roy
M A
Roy
Nehru
Roy
M N
. Roy
Roy
M N
. Roy
M N
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. Roy
M N
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Newman
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Muopadhya
Niranjan
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Michael Goebel
M N
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M N
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N Roy
. Mahakul
. Roy
Kris Manjapra
. Roy
Giles Milton
Narisetti
. Roy
. Nigram
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M N
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Narain
M N
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Roy
Kumar Roy
. Roy
M N
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Nand
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Manbendra
Nath
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Manabendra
Nath
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title: Rory Flack

texts:
<mask> (<mask>) (born April 28, 1969) is a professional African American Figure Skater and former competitor. She is the first African American woman to perform a back flip on the ice (in 1991) and in 1994 she became the first African American woman to win the US Open Professional Figure Skating Championships. She is very well known for her signature Russian splits. Personal life
<mask> was born in Belleville, Illinois. She is the daughter of Dorothy Jackson and <mask>, and is the niece of <mask>. Raised in Phoenix, Arizona until age 10, then until 21 in San Diego, California, she later resided for 15 years in Wasilla, Alaska. She was married to 8X Austrian National Champion & 1992 Olympian Ralph Burghart from 1992 to 2007.She has two sons, Rendell Burghart, born 28 September 1993, and Remington Burghart, born 17 January 1997. Rendell played tennis for Eastern Washington D1 University and Graduated on the Deans List majoring in Film. Remington is a 2011 United States National Juvenile Bronze Pairs Medalist. and currently competes for the Austrian International Competitive Team. <mask> married Roi Mitchell Sr. on April 6, 2015 in Washington, DC. Skating career

<mask> began skating at age 5. At age 13, she met the pioneer for African Americans in figure skating, Mabel Fairbanks.Fairbanks inspired Flack to continue skating after wanting to stop at an early age due to racism. Two years later, Debi Thomas, Bobby Beauchamp and <mask> skated to three medals at the US National Championships. This was the first time three African Americans competed at the Nationals, and they all earned spots on the international team. In 1986, Flack won the junior bronze medal at the U.S. Championships. She also competed internationally, winning the silver medal at the 1987 Grand Prix International St. Gervais. Her performance at the 1987 U.S. Championships attracted national attention and earned her an appearance with footage on Saturday Night Live. It was the first time a figure skater was on the show.Two months before the qualifying event for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, she injured her back and could not compete. She retired from competitive skating in the winter of 1991. Flack became a Competitive World Professional, 1991 and 1994 US Open Professional Champion, the 2002 American Open Artistic Champion and competed for Team USA in the 2006 CBS Ice Wars. In 1991, Flack started her career as a professional figure skater. She moved from California to Cincinnati and skated in the production Broadway on Ice. She choreographed a routine, auditioned, and was selected for a solo spot. She heard from fellow skaters about an open professional competition, the US Open Challenge Cup.Despite being advised not to compete by the show producer because she would lose her next gig, <mask> entered the competition with her friends' support. She had a close childhood friend Doug Mattis who taught her to do a back flip on ice, making her first black women in the world with this ability. The US Open competition had two parts for the skaters without a world title. The winner of the Challenge round would advance to the Championship round. The Championship round was filled with Olympic Champions and world medalists. Performing to Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong's “Summertime”, she not only won the Challenge Cup, but also placed third in the Championship round, won the inaugural Golden Blade Award (given to the most artistic skater of the entire competition) and became the star of Ice Capades. In 1992, while starring in Ice Capades, Flack took time off from the tour to compete once again at the US Open.She skated to “Fever” and a 5-minute version of “Am I Blue”, and won the silver medal. In September 1993, <mask> gave birth to her first son, Rendell. Two weeks later she skated as a pair team with her then-husband in the opening of the Rockefeller Center. In 1994, Flack was invited to join The Nutcracker on Ice. She co-starred as the Sugar Plum Fairy alongside Olympic champions Oksana Baiul and Brian Boitano. Still driven to win the US Open, she trained daily from 2 am to 4 am. Flack entered the US Open, where the reigning world champion Yuka Sato also planned to compete.Performing to Aretha Franklin's "Think", <mask> took first place after the Technical Program and went on to win the title. Shortly after, she opened a figure skating school in Alaska, the Artistry Of Movement Ice Skating Academy. The academy was created to train grassroots skaters from learning to fall to winning championships. She also continued to perform on national and world television in professional competitions and shows in her free time. In 2001, Flack appeared with Aretha Franklin, choreographing one production number and two solos for the event. One week later, Flack accepted the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Women's Sports Foundation on behalf of Mabel Fairbanks. Inspired once again by Fairbanks, Flack founded her production company, The Color of Ice Production Inc.In January 2002, she created, produced and choreographed the first all African American ice skating production, Ebony on Ice. The production ran for ten weeks at the Legacy Theater in Chicago. <mask> appeared as the headliner and had guest artist Savion Glover, Kenny Gambel and Howard Hewitt. Later that year she won her second professional title at the American Open Professional Championships. In 2003, Flack launched her revised production of "Soul Spectacular On Ice", also known as "Ebony On Ice", in Florida and Washington, DC, with sold-out performances at the Lincoln Theater. The show received rave reviews from the Washington Post with the article "On Ice, Black Music And Dance Catch Fire", by Natalie Hopkinson, with the opening statement, "The ancestors couldn't have foreseen this." It sold out performances, and  a national tour was scheduled.Later the same year, Flack appeared as a guest star in Ray Charles' last performance, A Tribute to Ray Charles on Ice at the Staples Arena in Los Angeles, California. In 2004, Flack was an assistant choreographer for a television production of A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire on Ice. She was also the lead choreographer for two production numbers, two personal solos and a number for Brian Boitano and Brian Orser. In 2006, she skated in A Tribute to Wynona Judd while Wynona and Naomi Judd sang a duet. She also skated in the last aired professional skating championships, Ice Wars USA Versus the World. In the fall of 2007, Flack took a hiatus from performing due to health issues that brought on the loss of some speech and movements in her arms and legs. She began working with a team of doctors on the east coast while living in Utah, then relocated to Philadelphia in the spring of 2013.In winter 2014, <mask> was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. <mask>-Mitchell currently lives in Texas and is overcoming the complications of her illness to perform at the 2016 US Open Professional Figure Skating Championships on May 31 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Coaching and choreography career
<mask> began choreographing her programs as a senior competitor. 1991 <mask> began coaching in Kentucky and Ohio. After signing her first show contract for a show in King Island in Cincinnati, Ohio. she was then approached by Indiana World Skating Academy to coach. Shortly after taking the position in 1992, she began studying under Brian Wright.Later that summer <mask> took over the choreography department in Wright's absence for his illness. In 1993, she was sought out by the Seattle Skating Club and was hired as Program Director to build their Basic Skills Program, as well as to develop the new Olympic View Training rink in Lynnwood, Washington. From 1993, she worked in Alaska after being hired by the Anchorage FSC to direct and head their Learn to Skate program. One year later Flack founded Artistry Of Movement ISA. In 2009, she relocated Artistry of Movement Academy to Provo, Utah, where she served as head coach for three years. In April 2012, Flack started dividing her time coaching between Alaska; Houston, TX; Provo, Utah; Washington, D.C.; Chicago; and New Jersey, and offered clinics worldwide. Recording artist

<mask> has expressed interest in a recording career."I have always loved singing and have wanted to record a CD. Getting together with Max-A-Million from Chicago and having a producer/writer is the most exciting feeling. I feel it is never too late to live your dreams." Results

References

External links
 In depth oral history interview

American female single skaters
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African-American sportspeople
Living people
Sportspeople from Belleville, Illinois
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Sportspeople from San Diego
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1971 births
21st-century African-American sportspeople
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masks:
Rory Flack
Flack Mitchell
Rory Flack
William Flack
Roberta Flack
Flack
Flack
Rory Flack
Flack
Rory
Flack
Flack
Flack
Flack
Flack
Rory
Flack
Flack


title: Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov

texts:
Count <mask> () (27 July 1827, Saint Petersburg – 22 March 1889, Saint Petersburg) was an influential Russian statesman and a counselor to Tsar Alexander II. Biography
<mask>ich came from the Shuvalov family which has been prominent in the Russian culture and politics since the mid-18th century. His father, Count <mask>, was a prominent figure at the courts of Nicholas I of Russia and Alexander II of Russia. His mother was Thekla Ignatyevna Walentinowicz, Prince Zubov's widow and heiress. Count <mask> was his brother. Rundāle Palace was notable family estate. After graduating from the Corps of Pages, <mask> rose through the ranks of Alexander II's retinue, making wing adjutant, major general of the retinue and adjutant general in short order.In 1857 he was put in charge of the Saint Petersburg police and went to France for training. In 1860 <mask> was appointed director of the Department of General Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and, in 1861, was made Chief of Staff of the Special Corps of Gendarmes. He proposed for the Corps to be abolished, which contributed to his reputation as a liberal and an Anglophile. His plan was rejected, and he resigned in late 1861. He served elsewhere in the early 1860s and, in 1864, was appointed governor-general of the Baltic region. After Dmitry Karakozov's unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II in April 1866, <mask> was made Chief of Gendarmes and Executive Head of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, a ministerial position at the time. He formed a group of similarly-minded moderate ministers (A. P. Bobrinsky, S. A. Greig, K. I. Pahlen, Dmitriy Tolstoy) and, with the help of the Tsar's confidant Field Marshal Aleksandr Baryatinskiy, pursued a policy of moderate reform.Politically, he was simultaneously opposed to the Slavophiles and the so-called Russian Party as well as to the more liberal reformers like Minister of War Dmitry Milyutin and Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich. <mask> was in favor of developing local self-government but on the basis of strengthening the political position of the landed gentry. In the long run, he envisioned a system of national representation with a constitution and a bicameral parliament, modelled on the earlier aristocratic English model, but he disclosed his parliamentary ideas only in 1881, when he had safely retired:

an advisory assembly can bring no benefit whatsoever. One must openly introduce a constitutional system by establishing two houses and giving them a decisive voice. If this cannot be done immediately, one must, at least, erect a foundation upon which real representative government could eventually arise. <mask> continued his predecessors' reforms although more cautiously. He reorganized zemstvos in 1870 and overhauled the military in 1874, reducing the length of service from 15 years to 6.At the same time, he strengthened the government's censorship system and limited the zemstvos' taxation powers. In 1872, he was promoted General of the Cavalry (1872), a rank equivalent to full General in other armies. In 1873, <mask> was sent to London on a mission to arrange a marriage between Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia and the Duke of Edinburgh. The mission was a success and the two married in January 1874. <mask> was also supposed to reassure the British government that Alexander II had no plans to conquer the Central Asian Khanate of Khiva. Although Khiva fell to Russian troops in 1874, he was able to blame it on the generals' excess of zeal and so it did not damage <mask>'s reputation in London. In April 1874, the Committee of Ministers approved the creation of an experimental commission with representation from Zemstvo, local gentry and cities.Although the commission was charged only with reviewing a single previously prepared bill on hiring agricultural laborers, the very notion was apparently deemed so radical that in November 1874, <mask> was sent into honorary exile as ambassador to London. However, other more mundane explanations for his downfall, boasting about his influence on the tsar  or making an incautious remark about his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov, have also been suggested. <mask> played an important role in the negotiations between Russia and Great Britain during and after the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 and was instrumental in avoiding conflict between the two powers after the Treaty of San Stefano. With the conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, Russian public opinion turned against him since he was seen as too conciliatory and too willing to yield to British and especially German demands. Although Alexander II at first resisted public pressure to remove <mask>, further deterioration of Russo-German relations in 1879 forced him into retirement. Notes
 See Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy.Volume Two: From Alexander to the Abdication of Nicholas II, Princeton University Press, 2000,  p. 114
 See:
Peter Waldron. The End of Imperial Russia, 1855-1917, St. Martin's Press, 1997,  p. 16
Valentina G. Chernukha and Boris V. Anan'ich. "Russia Falls Back, Russia Catches Up: Three Generations of Russian Reformers" in Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress Or Cycle?, tr. and ed. Theodore Taranovski, Cambridge University Press, 1995,  (Papers from a conference entitled "Reform in Russian and Soviet History -- Its Meaning and Function" held May 5-May 7, 1990, organized by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), p. 73-74
 See Walter Moss. Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky, Anthem Press, 2002, , 295p. Part III
 See Thomas S. Pearson.Russian Officialdom in Crisis: Autocracy and Local Self-Government, 1861-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1989, paperback edition 2004,  p. 38
 See Adam Bruno Ulam. Prophets and Conspirators in Pre-Revolutionary Russia, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1998 (2nd expanded edition),  pp. 173–174. See Peter Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, 2003,  p. 188. References
 Weeks Jr, Richard G. "<mask> and the Congress of Berlin: A Reinterpretation." Journal of Modern History 51.S1 (1979): D1055-D1070.online
Valentina G. Chernukha and Boris V. Anan'ich. "Russia Falls Back, Russia Catches Up: Three Generations of Russian Reformers" in Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress Or Cycle?, tr. and ed. Theodore Taranovski, Cambridge University Press, 1995,  (Papers from a conference entitled "Reform in Russian and Soviet History -- Its Meaning and Function" held May 5-May 7, 1990, organized by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars)

External links

1827 births
1889 deaths
People from Saint Petersburg
People from Saint Petersburg Governorate
Counts of the Russian Empire
Chiefs of the Special Corps of Gendarmes
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
<mask> Andreyevich
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom

masks:
Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov
Pyotr Andreyev
Andrey Petrovich Shuvalov
Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov
Pyotr Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Shuvalov
Peter Shuvalov
Pyotr