title: W. Bruce Fye

texts:
<mask> (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. <mask>'s appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?”

In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education
W<mask> <mask> was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. <mask> completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career

Marshfield Clinic

In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year terms.In 1987, <mask> published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, <mask> established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic

In 2001, <mask> moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology
In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. <mask> contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).Cardiology taskforce
During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, <mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that;

managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine
<mask>'s interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, <mask> has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume <mask>'s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which <mask> edited. In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review;
Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account, pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, <mask> functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, <mask> arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family
<mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards
2000: <mask> H. <mask> medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin
2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit
2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award

Selected publications
PubMed lists <mask> as the sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles

Books
 <mask>’s  Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library
 The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J<mask> Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman.M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References

External links
VIDEOCAST. <mask>, W. B.(2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine
W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic
The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams
"Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018)

1946 births
Living people
American cardiologists
American medical historians
People from Meadville, Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Mayo Clinic people
Fellows of the American College of Cardiology
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American bibliophiles

masks:
Wallace Bruce Fye
Fye
Fye
. Willis
Fye
. Bruce
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
. Willis
Fye
Fye
Fye
Bruce
Lois Fye
Fye
William Osler
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
Fye
William
Welch
Fye
William Osler
. Willis
Fye


title: Farid Esack

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life
<mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. <mask> spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years
Returning to South Africa in 1982, <mask> became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. <mask> founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.From 1984 to 1989, <mask> was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 <mask> left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.<mask> has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 <mask> <mask> delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg, the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University  by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, <mask> said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." <mask> also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said."The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year"."The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by <mask> Esack
The Struggle. (1988)
But Musa went to Fir'aun!A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989)
Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997)
Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723
On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999)
The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002)
The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005)

References

Further reading
Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.(Athens, Ohio, 2003)

1959 births
Living people
Writers from Cape Town
South African people of Malay descent
South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
South African activists
South African non-fiction writers
South African feminists
Proponents of Islamic feminism
Male feminists
University of Johannesburg academics
South African Muslims
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
South African expatriates in Pakistan
Members of the Order of Luthuli
Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni

masks:
Farid Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Farid
Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack
Farid


title: Ruthild Engert-Ely

texts:
<mask> (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life
Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.The then Freiburg director  and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy witch in Hänsel and Gretel. In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time "with lush vibrato" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová. She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season. In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano. At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part.Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980). In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg. There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) "vocally beautiful and expressive" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole. In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; "the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement"  In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover. She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role was considered her special highlight.In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there. In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she "powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones." In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera. In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house). In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome. In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival. From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival.There, she took on the following roles: 1. Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli). Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas. In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; "impressive" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra). She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene). She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp).In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome). In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's Mass in C major op. 86. In October 1988, she sang "with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which "her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed". In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others. She also gave singing lessons. Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely. After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely. Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness. Repertoire
Engert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism.Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris). Recordings
Several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings. In April 1987 she performed the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes

References

Further reading
 Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . .
 Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. .
 Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64.External links

 <mask> Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival)
 Engert, Ruthild on BMLO

German operatic mezzo-sopranos
1940 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Frankfurt
Hoch Conservatory alumni
20th-century German women  opera singers

masks:
Ruthild Engert Ely
Ruthild


title: Iosif Chișinevschi

texts:
<mask> (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography

Early life
Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological guidance. A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context.Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization. In power
Reconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942. Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului. Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year. Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews. For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies.The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda. This is why I think we have to proceed firmly. The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace". Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.Downfall
For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, <mask> and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy.After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo. In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee. In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue. At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the "brain of the party", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works. It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania.In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for Pătrășcanu's execution. Family
After Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married  (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took). In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania. From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee. In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960). His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s. A fourth son, Iuri (b.1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006. References

  Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649
  Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) ", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF)
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003,

1905 births
1963 deaths
People from Bălți
People from Beletsky Uyezd
Bessarabian Jews
Moldovan Jews
Jewish Romanian politicians
Romanian Communist Party politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Comintern people
Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Romanian propagandists
Jewish socialists
International Lenin School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Romania
Collaborators with the Soviet Union

masks:
Iosif Chișinevschi
Chișinevschi


title: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

texts:
<mask>  ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. <mask> is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, <mask> worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although <mask>k did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career

<mask> <mask> was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.His father, Philips Antonisz <mask>, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (<mask> den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, <mask> remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; <mask> acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study

While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his primary or only lens construction method. Recognition by the Royal Society
After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, <mask> introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of <mask>'s microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from <mask>k that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time <mask> died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms.Despite the initial success of <mask>'s relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism. Eventually, in the face of <mask>'s insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact <mask>'s ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, <mask>'s observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society. <mask> <mask> was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician.<mask> was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting. Scientific fame
By the end of the seventeenth century, <mask>k had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, <mask>k refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, <mask> was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat.On this occasion <mask> presented the Tsar with an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted. Techniques and discoveries
<mask> <mask> made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that <mask>k possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.The single-lens microscopes of <mask>k were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct <mask>wenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a <mask>wenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig. 4). Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end. The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. <mask> used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method.He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are:

 infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674
 bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683
 the vacuole of the cell
 spermatozoa, in 1677
 the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682

In 1687, <mask> reported his research on the coffee bean. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside.<mask> has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron

Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, <mask>k was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect. Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation. Legacy and recognition
By the end of his life, <mask> had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, <mask>k continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named <mask>k's disease.He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft. In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that <mask>'s original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of <mask>'s work. In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious and he was "a scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after <mask>k, is specialized in oncology. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ("De Grootste Nederlander") named <mask> the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of <mask>'s birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria. The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him. See also
 Animalcule
 Regnier de Graaf
 Dutch Golden Age
 History of microbiology
 History of microscopy
 History of the microscope
 Robert Hooke
 Microscopic discovery of microorganisms
 Microscopic scale
 Science and technology in the Dutch Republic
 Scientific Revolution
 Nicolas Steno
 Jan Swammerdam
 Timeline of microscope technology
 Johannes Vermeer

Notes

References

Sources
 Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006)
 Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006)
 Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.].(Brill, 2008, )

 Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp)
 Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp)
 Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, )

 Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp)
 Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al. : Antoni <mask>k: Master of the Minuscule. (Brill, 2016, )

 Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science). (Springer, 1981, 208 pp)

 Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''.(Princeton University Press, 1997, )

External links

 Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society
 The Correspondence of Anthonie <mask>k in EMLO
 Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations)
 Vermeer connection website
 University of California, Berkeley article on <mask>uwenhoek

 Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford. Images seen through a <mask>uwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn

1632 births
1723 deaths
17th-century Dutch businesspeople
17th-century Dutch inventors
17th-century Dutch naturalists
17th-century Dutch people
17th-century Dutch scientists
18th-century Dutch people
Age of Enlightenment
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft
Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Dutch microbiologists
Dutch naturalists
Fellows of the Royal Society
History of biology
Microscopists
Natural history
People from Delft
Protistologists
Dutch scientific instrument makers
Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic
Scientific revolution

masks:
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe
Antonie
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
Bel van
van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuk
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
Antonie
van Leeuhoek
Van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoe
van Leeu
van Leeu
Van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoek
Van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe
van Leeuhoe
van Lee
van Lee


title: Danny Brough

texts:
<mask> (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a  or . <mask> started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later. <mask> made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season. After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010. After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021. <mask> also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps. Background
<mask> was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England.Playing career

Dewsbury Rams
Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002. Seeking more regular first team opportunities, <mask> requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams. York City Knights
In 2004, <mask> set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax. After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C. after making 53 appearances for York. Hull FC
Brough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club. During the following season, <mask> lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006. Castleford Tigers
Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League. He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. Wakefield Trinity
Following Castleford's promotion, <mask> was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year. <mask>, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield. He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points.Huddersfield Giants
In March 2010, <mask> was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan <mask>d to Wakefield until the end of the season. He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown. At the end of the 2013 Super League season, <mask> won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season. He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal. Wakefield Trinity

Bradford Bulls
In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. <mask> announced his retirement in November 2021.

International career
<mask> played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches. In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time.<mask>'s international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. However, <mask> was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years. <mask> was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012. He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once. In 2013, <mask> reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup. After the tournament, <mask> was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year. In October 2014, <mask> led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup.The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time. Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. Again in October and November 2015, <mask> decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced <mask> would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams. In 2017 <mask> captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch. References

External links
Wakefield Trinity profile
Huddersfield Giants profile
SL profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile

Players to watch - <mask> (Scotland)
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com
Statistics at rlwc2017.com

1983 births
Living people
Anglo-Scots
Bradford Bulls players
Castleford Tigers players
Dewsbury Rams players
English rugby league players
English people of Scottish descent
England national rugby league team players
Huddersfield Giants captains
Huddersfield Giants players
Hull F.C. players
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Dewsbury
Scotland national rugby league team captains
Scotland national rugby league team players
Wakefield Trinity players
York City Knights players

masks:
Danny Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
Brough
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<mask> (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning. <mask> is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons.In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993). A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than <mask>. Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks (exactly 999 walks overall). Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers. On January 8, 2014, he was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility, receiving 97.2% of the votes.In 2012, writer Jason Lukehart invented the "Maddux", the term now used when a pitcher throws a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches; Maddux holds the record for most times accomplishing this feat (13) since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988. Early life
Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas, and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father. His father exposed him to baseball at an early age. Upon his return to Las Vegas, Nevada, Maddux and his brother Mike, who became a pro player himself, trained under the supervision of Ralph Meder, a former scout from the majors. Meder preached the value of movement and location above velocity, and advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder. Maddux would later say, "I believed it. I don't know why.I just did." Though Meder died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School in Las Vegas in 1984, he instilled a firm foundation that would anchor Maddux's future career. While in Las Vegas, he played American Legion Baseball with Post 8. He was named the organization's Graduate of the Year in 1984. His brother, Mike, was drafted in 1982. When scouts went to observe the elder Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, "You will be back later for the little one." Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique.Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Professional career

Chicago Cubs (1986–1992)
Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988). At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros. Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss. His first start, five days later, was a complete game win. In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other.<mask> was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, "If <mask> couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple." In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA. This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins, the longest such streak in MLB history. Maddux established himself as the Cubs' ace in 1989, winning 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium that clinched the Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship. Manager Don Zimmer tabbed him to start Game One of the National League Championship Series against the San Francisco Giants. He allowed eight runs and was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth. Maddux believed that just before the grand slam, when Maddux had a conversation with Zimmer, Clark watched, read Maddux's lips (Maddux said, "Fastball, high, inside), and so knew what pitch to expect.After that incident, Maddux always covered his mouth with his glove during conversations on the mound. Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four; the Cubs ended up losing the NLCS four-games-to-one. After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award. Free agency was pending for Maddux, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ceased. Both Chicago general manager Larry Himes and Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith. The Cubs eventually decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmán, Dan Plesac, and Candy Maldonado. After seven seasons in Chicago, Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.Atlanta Braves (1993–2003)
Maddux made his debut with the Braves on April 5, 1993, as their opening day starter against the Cubs at Wrigley Field, beating his former teammates 1–0. He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award. The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, 22-game winner Tom Glavine, 18-game winner Steve Avery, and 15-game winner John Smoltz to the postseason. Maddux won against the Philadelphia Phillies in Game Two of the NLCS, but with Atlanta trailing 3 games to 2, lost the decisive Game Six. During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Maddux posted an ERA of 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985. It pleased Maddux that his 1994 batting average (.222) was higher than his ERA. Maddux also led the National League in wins (with 16) and innings pitched (202) in his third Cy Young-winning year.Maddux also finished 5th in National League Most Valuable Player voting in 1994. In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 and he posted the third-lowest ERA since Gibson's: 1.63. Maddux became the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 (1.27) and 1919 (1.49). Maddux's 1.63 ERA came in a year when the overall league ERA was 4.23. Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have full-season ERAs under 1.65: Gibson and Luis Tiant in the anomalous 1968 season, Gooden in 1985, and Maddux, twice. Maddux's 19 wins led the National League, for the third time in four seasons. On May 28, 1995, he beat the Astros, losing a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell.It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career. In June and July, Maddux threw 51 consecutive innings without issuing a walk. Maddux pitched effectively in all three of the Braves's postseason series, winning a game in each. His Game One victory in the 1995 World Series involved nine innings, two hits, no walks, and no earned runs with Orel Hershiser pitching for the Cleveland Indians. Maddux took the loss in Game Five, but the Atlanta Braves won their first World Series championship two days later. Following the 1995 season, Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award. Maddux also finished third in that year's National League Most Valuable Player voting.The Atlanta Braves also made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at the newly built Turner Field following the World Series victory. From 1996 to 1998, Maddux finished fifth, second, and fourth in the Cy Young voting. In August 1997, Maddux signed a $57.5-million, five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball. In February 2003, he avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $14.75-million deal. Maddux's production remained consistent: a 19–4 record in 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003, his last season as a Brave. From 1993 to 1998, Maddux led the National League in ERA four times, and was second the other two seasons. On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches (63 strikes and 15 balls) against the Cubs.Three weeks earlier, he had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game. Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls in 1997, including six intentional walks. Maddux struck out 200+ batters for the only time in his career in 1998. He outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood to clinch the NLDS, but the Braves were eliminated in the next round. The Braves returned to the World Series in 1999. Maddux was the Game One starter, and took a 1–0 lead into the eighth inning before a Yankee rally cost him the game and eventually the series as the Braves were swept. On June 14, 2000, Maddux made his 387th putout to break Jack Morris's career record.In September 2000, he had a streak of 40 scoreless innings. He pitched poorly in his one playoff start of 2000. In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month. The first included a career-best 14 strikeouts. In July and August of that year, Maddux pitched 72 consecutive innings without giving up a walk; that streak ended when he intentionally threw four balls to Steve Finley. In 2002, he won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award, a NL record. Maddux tied Jim Kaat's career record of 16 Gold Gloves after the 2006 season.Throughout most of his years with the Braves, in the tradition of other pitching greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher. At various times Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, for the majority of his starts, though regular starter Javy López did sometimes catch Maddux in the postseason. Maddux was the crown jewel in the much-vaunted Braves trio of Maddux, Glavine, and Smoltz, who pitched together for over a decade as the core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game. The three were the linchpin of a team that won its division (the National League West in 1993 and the East from then on) every year that Maddux was on the team (1994 had no division champions). The three pitchers were frequently augmented by other strong starters such as Steve Avery, Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz. In 1995, they pitched the Braves to a World Series title. In 29 postseason games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 ERA and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.Second stint with the Chicago Cubs (2004–2006)
Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them on February 18, 2004. Maddux got his first win on April 23 after losing 3 consecutive games at the beginning of the season. On August 7, Maddux defeated the San Francisco Giants, 8–4, to garner his 300th career victory. In April 2005, he beat Roger Clemens for his 306th win in the first National League matchup between 300-game winners in 113 years. On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out Omar Vizquel to become the thirteenth member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants. Maddux finished as one of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts while having allowed fewer than 1,000 walks (he had 999). The other three pitchers who have accomplished this feat are Ferguson Jenkins, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez.Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins. (Cy Young had surpassed the 15-win total for 15 straight years; both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons. This is even more impressive considering that Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regular starters that would average more than 40+ games per season, whereas Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when reaching 40 starts in a season was virtually unheard of.) Los Angeles Dodgers (2006)
Maddux's second stint with the Chicago Cubs lasted until mid-2006, when he was traded for the first time in his career, to the Los Angeles Dodgers. At the time, the Dodgers were in the thick of a playoff race. In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hit innings before a rain delay interrupted his debut. In his next start, Maddux needed just 68 pitches to throw eight shutout innings.On August 30, 2006, he won his 330th career game, passing Steve Carlton to take sole possession of 10th on the all-time list. On September 30, 2006, Maddux pitched seven innings in San Francisco, allowing two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants, clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season. It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece. However, the Dodgers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Mets. Maddux started the third and final game, throwing an ineffective no-decision. Maddux was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding pitcher in MLB for 2006. San Diego Padres (2007–2008)

On December 5, 2006, Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season, an option that Maddux later exercised at a reported $10 million.Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game that Trevor Hoffman earned his milestone 500th save. On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list. He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at

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title: Greg Maddux

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 least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21. Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record. He finished the season with a career total 347 wins. Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson. On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game.Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves. Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008)
<mask> was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19. On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins. Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371. His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks.For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record. His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, <mask> was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. Maddux pitched four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs. Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly. Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record. A month later, he announced his retirement.Post-playing career
On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry. In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates. For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach. He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman. On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach.<mask>'s son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels. Pitching style
Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher. By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph. Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which, combined with his control, made him known as an excellent groundball pitcher. While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold because strikeout rate has often been measured per nine innings, rather than per batter faced. Maddux alternated his two-seam fastball with an excellent circle changeup.Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter. Maddux was renowned for focusing on the outside corner. This approach was emphasized under former Atlanta Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone. He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup—sometimes obtaining borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation. In complement with this strategy, Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike. Maddux said of that pitch, "That was just my normal fastball that did that. ...I always had it. The pitch really started to work for me when I ... learned how to throw a cutter, it made that pitch more effective." In addition, his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks kept his pitch counts low. On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees, for example, with the numbers "nine innings, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play, 84 pitches ... [in] two hours and nine minutes". Dodgers general manager Fred Claire admired Maddux's pitching consistency, saying "It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt ... he is just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches." Speaking about Maddux's accuracy, Orel Hershiser said, "This guy can throw a ball in a teacup." Baseball Hall of Famer Wade Boggs talked about facing Maddux: "It seems like he's inside your mind with you.When he knows you're not going to swing, he throws a straight one. He sees into the future. It's like he has a crystal ball hidden inside his glove." Maddux was also known for intensely studying hitters in preparation for his starts. He would often watch hitters take their warmup swings or read their body language to gauge their mentality. Teammate Tom Glavine said, "I think the hitters think he can go back and recall every pitch he has ever thrown. That's not the case, but I think he's probably better at remembering things than most people are.He's definitely better in the course of the game at making adjustments on a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat." Finally, Maddux has been praised for his superior pitching mechanics, helping him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his lengthy career. His only stint on the 15-day disabled list was in 2002, due to nerve inflammation on his back. One analyst of pitching mechanics wrote, "Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified. He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued." Maddux was also a highly durable pitcher, leading the National League in innings pitched in five consecutive years. He pitched at least 194 innings for 21 consecutive seasons, and finished with the lowest BB/9 ratio in the National League nine times.Pitching profile

Maddux has been credited by many of his teammates with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results. Braves catcher Eddie Pérez tells the story of Maddux intentionally allowing a home run to the Astros' Jeff Bagwell, in anticipation of facing Bagwell in the playoffs months later. Maddux felt Bagwell would instinctively be looking for the same pitch again, which Maddux would then refuse to throw. On another occasion while sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, "Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach." The batter, Los Angeles' José Hernández, drove the next pitch into the chest of the Dodgers' first base coach. Maddux had noticed that Hernández, who'd been pitched inside by Braves pitching during the series, had shifted his batting stance slightly. On another occasion, a former teammate, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in 1996 when Maddux was having trouble spotting his fastball.Between innings, he told Grissom, "Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning. I am going to throw him a slider and make him just miss it so he hits it to the warning track." The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted. Early in the 2000 season, Maddux was asked by sportswriter Bob Nightengale what had been the most memorable at-bat of his pitching career. Maddux said it was striking out Dave Martinez to end a regular season game. Nightengale was surprised Maddux hadn't picked a postseason game, or a more famous player. Maddux explained: "I remember that one because he got a hit off me in the same situation (full count, bases loaded, two out in the 9th inning) seven years earlier.I told myself if I ever got in the same situation again, I'll pitch him differently. It took me seven years, but I got him." Publicly, however, Maddux is dismissive of his reputation, saying, "People think I'm smart? You know what makes you smart? Locate your fastball down and away. That's what makes you smart. You talk to Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, or Tom Seaver.They'll all tell you the same thing. It's not your arm that makes you a great pitcher. It's that thing between both of your ears we call a brain." To this day, Maddux maintains Koufax, Gibson, and Seaver are the three best pitchers of the "live ball" era of baseball. Informed by The Sporting News he had been voted best pitcher of the 1990s, he replied, "It [the award] could have gone to Glavine or Smoltz just as easily and each would have deserved it. They're both great pitchers." Maddux never walked more than 82 batters in any season of his career, averaging fewer than 2 walks per game.In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings. In 2001, he set a National League record by going 72 innings without giving up a walk. Maddux's low walk totals also kept his pitch counts down, enabling him to go deeper into games. In 31 starts, Maddux threw nine innings with 100 or fewer pitches. Ten of those starts were under 90 pitches, including a 77-pitch complete game in July 1997, the most efficient start by any pitcher since 1979. In recognition of this, the statistic describing a complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him. Maddux is the career leader for this stat, having pitched thirteen such games.He is also known to finish the game quickly. On June 27, 1998, he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays in 102 pitches, but it was his fastest game in terms of time: 106 minutes, or 1 hour 46 minutes. This is including the customary 6th-inning timeout and mound visit. Awards
In addition to his pitching skills, Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher. He won 18 Gold Gloves, the record for any position. Of his 18 total awards, Maddux won 10 with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres. Maddux was also a good hitting pitcher, with a career .171 batting average, including four seasons batting .200 or better.He hit 5 home runs, with 84 RBIs. Maddux pitched in 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games. He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings. He was chosen for the National League All-Star team eight times. Maddux won 20 games only twice, in 1992 and 1993. However, he won 19 games five times (including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season (which was reduced to 115 games). He won four ERA titles (in 1993–1995 and 1998), and led the NL in shutouts five times.He holds the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started (7). He also holds the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins (18). In his 2009 book, "The Annual Baseball Gold Mine" baseball statistics guru Bill James found Maddux to be far and away the most underrated player in baseball history. The methodology for this included the fact that though Maddux only won 20 games twice, he won 19 games five times. He also had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts but had seasons of 199, 198 and 197, respectively, which diminished his reputation as a strikeout pitcher. In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched. In 1999, Maddux ranked 39th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking pitcher then active.He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51. The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins. The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009. "I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw. Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw? The most competitive I ever saw?The best teammate I ever saw? The answer is yes to all of those", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009. On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: "It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful", Maddux said. Personal life
Maddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery. He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997). In 2002, in the episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young <mask>x, who was played by Shad Hart.The song "Movement and Location" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young Now?'' was written about Maddux. See also

 Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders
 Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders
 List of Atlanta Braves team records
 List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball individual streaks
 List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders
 Major League Baseball titles streaks

References

External links

<mask>x at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1966 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
American sportsmen
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Chicago Cubs players
Cy Young Award winners
Gold Glove Award winners
Iowa Cubs players
Los Angeles Dodgers executives
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League ERA champions
National League wins champions
People from San Angelo, Texas
People from the Las Vegas Valley
Peoria Chiefs players
Pikeville Cubs players
Pittsfield Cubs players
San Diego Padres players
United States national baseball team people
UNLV Rebels baseball

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