title: Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford

texts:
<mask>, 20th Earl of Oxford KG PC (28 February 1627 – 12 March 1703) was a Royalist during the English Civil War. Biography
He was the son of <mask>, 19th Earl of Oxford and his wife Beatrix van Hemmend. He was educated in Friesland in the Netherlands after his father was mortally wounded at the Capture of Maastricht in 1632, when <mask> was only six years old; years later he joined the English Regiment of Foot, serving on the continent with the Dutch. He remained in Holland during the English Civil War, but returned to England in 1651 an ardent royalist. He was involved in a succession of plots, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for allegedly plotting against Oliver Cromwell, and interned without trial. On release he joined Sir George Booth's rising in 1659 against Richard Cromwell's regime. He went with five other peers to petition The Hague for the return of King Charles II in early May 1660.Hoping but failing to become Lord Chamberlain, he was offered the Colonelcy of the Royal Horse Guards. As a favourite of royal mistress Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland, he courted the Earl of Bristol's daughter, whose family were in favour at court. The daughter married Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, a Secretary of State, but he lobbied the king on Oxford's behalf. <mask> was made Lord Lieutenant of Essex and a Knight of the Garter. Censorious Whigs like Samuel Pepys deplored seeing Oxford wearing his Garter regalia in public, and there was a rumour that he had married an actress in secret. The actress was Hester Davenport (1642–1717) and the wedding supposedly took place on a Sunday morning in 1662 or 1663 in a chandler's shop in Harts Horn Lane, London. She had a son <mask> (1664–1708) from this union.The earl successfully brought a lawsuit in 1686 to refute her claims. Despite being a Cavalier, he was a tolerant Protestant, and permitted Quakers and Puritans to join the regiment. He was a friend of Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. Oxford raised a regiment of horse from 1684 onwards, just as the Life Guards were being withdrawn from Dunkirk. They were properly the Royal Regiment of Horse, but were known by the colour of the uniforms as Oxford's Blues because he was the regiment's colonel. Royalist volunteers added strength to this Protestant regiment. It was Charles II's policy to expand the army beyond the core that he had inherited.Oxford gained the disapproval at court of the Duke of Buckingham, who had declared undying enmity. <mask> replied that he "neither cared for his friendship nor feared for his hatred." "...a troop of horse, excellently mounted, of the Royal Regiment of my Lord <mask> Vere, Earl of Oxford...inspecting every file of the company, the officers of which wore a red sash with gold tassels. ", wrote Prince Cosmo of Tuscany on a visit to London in 1668. <mask> was present at the first Army Board on 5 August 1670, chaired by the Duke of York, the king's brother who later succeeded him as King James II. On 5 July 1685 Sir Francis Compton was promoted to command the regiment. <mask> wanted the post for himself but was prevented from taking it by the King.<mask> was responsible for kitting out his regiment, and ordered a standard blue uniform from a woollen draper, Mr Munnocks of The Strand, Middlesex, whose son was killed in the service. Oxford as Lord Lieutenant of Essex was responsible for raising troops in the county, but refused James II's order to appoint Roman Catholics to public offices. In February 1688 he told King James "I will stand by Your Majesty against all enemies to the last drop of my blood. But this is a matter of conscience and I cannot comply." He was deprived of his offices. Months later he took the side of <mask> Orange against James II in the Glorious Revolution. He was restored to his titles and the colonelcy of The Blues, and exempted the Commission of Inspection by the Convention Parliament (1689) of April 1689.The Secretary at War, William Blathwayt, wrote asking for details of all officers removed by absolutism. On 1 February 1689 Oxford and Compton lobbied Parliament to pass a vote of thanks to the army for the Whig constitution "...testified their sturdy adherence to the Protestant religion and being instrumental in delivering this country from popery and slavery." He died in 1703 without surviving male issue, making the title extinct. His daughter Lady <mask> Vere married Charles Beauclerk, Duke of St Albans, another illegitimate son of Charles II. Family
Oxford's first wife was Ann Bayning, a daughter of Paul Bayning, 2nd Viscount Bayning. Westminster Abbey's commemoration of <mask> notes that Ann was 10 when she was married. (Commoners rarely married before age 21.)Ann was buried in the Abbey on 27 September 1659. The couple had no children. In the early 1660s, Oxford began pursuing one of London's most famous actresses, Hester Davenport (23 March 1642 – 16 November 1717). Davenport was a leading actress with the Duke's Company under the management of Sir William Davenant. After seeing her on stage on 9 January 1661/2, diarist John Evelyn described her as "faire & famous Comoedian." Davenport refused to be Oxford's mistress and returned his gifts, but agreed to marry him in a small ceremony held in 1662 or 1663, ending a "promising" career. The couple's son, <mask> Vere, was born on 17 April 1664 and baptised at St Paul's church in Covent Garden on 15 May.The Earl openly acknowledged that he was <mask>'s father, granted Davenport a pension, and took responsibility for her debts. Writing for "The History of Parliament," Dr Ruth Pauley notes that "Hester Davenport seems to have been acknowledged as countess of Oxford." Sometime between 1665 and 1670, <mask> began an affair with Diana Kirke, daughter of George Kirke, groom of the bedchamber to Charles II and granddaughter of Aurelian Townshend. "Following a public spat" with Davenport, Kirke became <mask>'s "public mistress." A sultry portrait of Diana Kirke painted by Sir Peter Lely during this period shows her standing in a swirling gold gown, her right breast exposed, her right arm hanging seductively by her side, a rose in her hand. Lely paints the centre of the rose's folded petals and the tip of Diana's bare breast from the same palette. The rose's heavy head droops oddly, drawing the viewer's eye--the Earl's eye--from breast to folded petals to folds beneath the heavy folds of Diana's slipping, slippery dress.The result is as close to soft porn as 17th-century portraiture can get, and it appears to have hit its mark. In January 1672, Oxford married Diana Kirke. The Anglican service was held at Whitehall with Oxford's chaplain officiating. In a church court case brought by Hester Davenport and heard in 1686, <mask> defended himself against the charge of bigamy by admitting that he had staged their wedding. The court concluded that "Davenport and Oxford had indeed gone through some sort of ceremony but failed to establish that it had been performed by a genuine clergyman. Hester Davenport was thus unable to prove that she was anything other than a discarded mistress." The man who officiated, dressed as a minister, was likely one of Oxford's servants, a groom or a trumpeter, in disguise.Davenport had assumed she was legally married. Though she lost the case, she continued to use her married name and fought to have her son declared legitimate. She remained single until <mask> died. De Vere had five children with Diana Kirke:
Charles (Karl), born 22 Nov 1675; baptized 9 Dec 1675, St. Martin in the Fields, Westminster; died as an infant. Charlotta, born 24 Aug 1673; baptized 13 Sept 1673, St. Martin in the Fields, Westminster; no further record. Diana, born c.1679; died 15 January 1742, Windsor Castle; became Diana Beauclerk, Duchess of St. Albans, when she married Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, son of Charles II and Nell Gwynn. Mary, died unmarried; buried 1725, Westminster Abbey.Henrietta, died unmarried 22 Sept 1730 at 48; buried 1730, Westminster Abbey. De Vere was buried in St. John the Evangelist's chapel, Westminster Abbey on 22 March 1703. His body lies near the monument to his kinsman Sir Francis Vere, "but has no monument or marker." Diana Kirke was buried in the Abbey on 19 April 1719. <mask> Vere survived his father, but because his father declared him illegitimate, he was unable to inherit his father's title. No "suitable" claimant came forward, and one of the oldest titles in the peerage of England came to its end. <mask> Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, received his title from the Empress Matilda in 1141.With the death of <mask> Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford, the "title became extinct." Notes

References

External links
 UK Parliamentary Archives, Letters patent revoking the Patent of the Earl of Oxford to act as Lord Keeper in the House of Lords

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<mask> Vere, 20th Earl
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Essex
Members of the Privy Council of England
Royal Horse Guards officers
Cavaliers
1627 births
1703 deaths
Aubrey
Prisoners in the Tower of London

masks:
Aubrey de Vere
Robert de Vere
de Vere
Oxford
Aubrey
Oxford
Aubrey de
Oxford
Oxford
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William of
Diana de
de Vere
Aubrey de
Aubrey
de Vere
de Vere
de Vere
de Vere
Aubrey de
Aubrey de
Aubrey de
Aubrey de


title: Chukwuedu Nwokolo

type: original

texts:
<mask> (19 April 1921 – 18 May 2014) was a Nigerian physician specialist in tropical diseases. He was recognised for discovering and mapping out the area of paragonimiasis lung disease in Eastern Nigeria, with a study of the disease in Africa and clinical research for its control. He founded SICREP: Sickle Cell Research Programme to effectively fight the disease in Nigeria and globally. Early life

Parents and birth
<mask> was born on Tuesday 19 April 1921 – at Amaimo, now located in Imo State: Nigeria, where his parents worked for Church Missionary Society as evangelist. He was the first male child amongst seven children His father: <mask>, was a church teacher; and his mother was trained at the Niger CMS: Church Missionary Society Onitsha. Education
<mask> started primary school at Ezinihitte-Mbaise in today's Imo State, and then  Government College Umuahia. In 1939, he entered Higher College Yaba, studying medicine.Most of the students that went to Government College Umuahia went on to Yaba College which was the only science-based institution of higher learning at the time. Nwokolo's medical course lasted seven years including internship, with the General Hospital Lagos and Aba General Hospital as teaching hospitals. Nwokolo qualified as a medical doctor in 1946, and consequently got the LMS: Licenciate of the School of Medicine.and won the Walter Johnson prize in public health. Early career

Pioneer Medical Officer
After his internship at Lagos General Hospital, Nwokolo was posted from 1947 to 1949 at General Hospital Enugu. In 1948, as the University College Ibadan was opening its teaching hospital temporarily at the Ibadan Adeoyo Hospital, the university made a request to the government for junior doctors to work as house officers. Nwokolo was the first of such assistant medical officers to be seconded in 1949. Nwokolo worked in the department of medicine at the University College Hospital from 1949 to 1950, and subsequently proceeded to London, uplifted with a professional letter of recommendation from professor Alexander Brown.England move and RCPL
Arriving in England in 1950, he studied at Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, and worked in medicine and surgery house jobs in Dover, becoming  qualified to register and practice in Great Britain. He then became a senior house physician in the geriatrics unit of Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup. There, <mask> worked towards getting his MRCP: Membership of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1952, <mask> moved to Edinburgh to prepare further for the MRCP. He attended lectures and tutorials of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and clinics of some consultants. Early in 1953, <mask> took the MRCP examination,.He was one of the very few Africans to obtain such a MRCP: Membership of the Royal College of Physicians qualification, and the second Nigerian to do so: the first being Dr. Olu Mabayoje. Armed with the MRCP, <mask> went back to his former Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, London.There, he served as a physician returned to Nigeria – as a specialist in internal medicine – just on time for his marriage to Njideka Priscilla Nwokolo: née: Okonkwo – on Saturday 4 July 1953. Civil service
When he came back from London, <mask> returned to the civil service. He was appointed a special grade medical officer. Reorganisation in the service enabled all assistant medical officers to become medical officers after serving a period of one year as house officers. Nwokolo did one year house job in Ibadan before going to the United Kingdom for specialist medical qualification. He also did another year of house jobs in Dover after his highly successful conjoint LRCP and MRCP examination. With his senior house officer appointment and post MRCP working experience in the United Kingdom, <mask> earned his designation as a full medical officer on special grade.General Hospital Enugu was where he mainly served. <mask> had his extramural private practice in his home in the evenings. He was in charge of medical wards where in-patients were admitted and treated. Research
<mask> carried out medical research in the wards as well as in the field. He did major research in endomyocardial fibrosis, endemic goitre, sickle-cell disease and other areas of national need. Fieldwork was usually done during weekends, and included travelling in his car to different locations in Eastern Nigeria plus Northern and Mid-Western Nigeria, as well as to Obudu. Nwokolo published about nine papers based on his research while in the civil service.On the strength of his research and papers, he was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (F.R.C.P.) in 1960, based on recommendations by his supervisors, Professor Alexander Brown and Professor Harold Scaborough, a visiting scholar from University of Wales. <mask> was also invited to teach as senior lecturer at University College Ibadan by professor Brown. In addition, working with the Rockefeller Foundation, Professor Brown recommended <mask> for a research fellowship in gastroenterology at the University of Minnesota. Rockefeller Foundation fellowship
For his 1963 to 1964 Rockefeller Foundation fellowship at Minnesota, <mask> was assigned to the gastroenterology unit under James Carey, chief of gastroenterology. On completing his fellowship, Nwokolo followed the same shipping route back. He briefly stopped in the United Kingdom, where he was honoured as an Edinburgh "Free Man of the City" and presented with the "Key to the City of Edinburgh" Scotland as a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.Career

Gastroenterology department founding
After his return from the United States, <mask> was appointed associate professor of medicine. Subsequently, he set up a sub department of gastroenterology, with senior registrar Dr. Lewis. <mask> led research on various gastro-intestinal problems using intestinal biopsies and procedures he learnt in the United States at University of Minnesota. Civil War in Nigeria
In 1966, before the Nigerian civil war with Biafra broke out in 1967, with hostilities and killing of Igbo people rising, <mask> left Ibadan for Enugu with his wife and children. Medical school establishment
For those, such as <mask>, who escaped from Ibadan and Western Nigeria, the experience was so terrible that twenty-one specialist doctors mainly from Ibadan and Lagos met and resolved to establish a University Teaching Hospital in Enugu. At the meeting were doctors: <mask>, Onuaguluchi, Udekwu, Nwako, Nwachukwu, Eziashi, Ikeme, Udeh, Ogan, Uche, Okoro, Kaine, Udeozor, Okafor, Njoku-Obi, Ifekwunigwe, and others. Through Dr. Nlogha Okeke plus permanent secretary and chief secretary to the government: chief Onyegbula, approval was rapidly obtained from the military governor: Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu to open a teaching hospital with Enugu General Hospital as base.Ojukwu also approved swift establishment of the faculty of medicine, headed by professor Kodilinye, while <mask> became the first head of the department of medicine and associate dean of medicine at the new medical school. <mask> continued to work as head of the department of medicine of the university teaching hospital which had moved to Awka-Etiti when Enugu was threatened during the civil war. <mask> also carried out research especially relevant to the terrible war conditions of starvation and malnutrition. He toured churches and public gatherings to educate the people on nutrition and feeding for survival. Several mimeographed papers were produced and distributed for public education. When the Nigerian Civil War ended in 1970, <mask> and family returned to Enugu, and found their house looted and the top floor completely razed by fire. He had to do some extensive rebuilding.With the approval of the Nigerian Federal Government for the re-opening of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, <mask> returned to his position as head of the department of medicine. He was appointed full professor in 1971. Accordingly, renowned Welsh academic, professor Eldryd Parry, who previously served at University College Hospital, Ibadan from 1960, affirms that Nwokolo led and facilitated the establishment of medical schools in Enugu and Nsukka. <mask> was an advisor for the World Health Organization. From 1963 to 1964, he was a Rockefeller Foundation fellow in gastroenterology at the University of Minnesota. He was honoured in 1964 with the Edinburgh: Scotland "Free Man of the City" award and "Key to the City of Edinburgh," having been inducted as a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, fellow of the Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College: FMCP, fellow of the West African College of Physicians: FWACP, and fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science.<mask> had Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons: MRCS and Membership of the Royal College of Physicians: MRCP; as well as being an Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic: OFR. He was chairman: joint council of ASUTECH: Anambra State University of Technology – now Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Enugu based IMT: Institute of Management and Technology., and board chairman of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. The Professor <mask> <mask> Annual Lecture Series and Award of Prizes for Academic Excellence to stimulate research and scholarship was established in his honour by professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba in 2006. Service

<mask> was an advisor to the Federal Government of Nigeria at the National Science and Technology Development Fund. <mask> was an in-law of Jaja Wachuku: Nigeria's first Speaker of the House of Representatives, first Nigerian Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nations; and first Nigerian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations. He was a contributor to the Cambridge University published: Principles of Medicine in Africa. Honours

Nwokolo had a Licentiate from the Royal College of Physicians of London, honorary doctor of science from the University of Maiduguri plus another honorary doctor of science from the University of Ibadan; and was a professor emeritus at the University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigerian National Order of Merit Award-winner, national chairman and vice-president at West African College of Physicians, pro-chancellor and chairman of council at Ahmadu Bello University; chairman at Medical Research Council of Nigeria, chairman: governing board at National Council for Medical Research, president at Association of Physicians of Nigeria and Ugo-Dibia: Eagle of Medicine.1972–75: Dean Faculty of Medicine: University of Nigeria Nsukka, as well as Professor of Medicine: 1971 to 1980
 1974: Accepted an invitation from the Japanese government as dean and visited the University of Tokyo which was collaborating with University of Nigeria Nsukka in research
 1977–80: Chairman: National Institute for Medical Research Yaba: Nigeria
 1980: On 21 March, delivered Professor Alexander Brown‟s lecture in Ibadan, titled: Facing the challenge of Medical Research in Nigeria
 1982: Appointed Emeritus Professor of Medicine: University of Nigeria Nsukka. On 15 July, received the Nigerian National Order of Merit Award, as well as Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic: OFR honour from president Shehu Shagari
 1983: Thanksgiving service for the career of Nwokolo, organised at University of Nigeria Nsukka by Professors Johnson and Ebele Maduewesi
 1984: Appointed member of Ahmadu Bello University Council. Awarded D.Sc: Honoris causa by the University of Maiduguri
 1985: Appointed chairman: joint council of ASUTECH: Anambra State University of Technology – now Nnamdi Azikiwe University and IMT: Institute of Management and Technology Held office till1986 and was instrumental to the creation of the Awka campus of ASUTECH which later transformed to the present Nnamdi Azikiwe University
 1986: Appointed board chairman: UCTH: University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Nwokolo served till 1994 following a second term appointment as board chairman of UCTH. He was also appointed member of National Science and Technology Development Fund
 1988: Honoured with a Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ibadan, together with Olusegun Obasanjo, Matthew Mbu, Michael Ibru and Emmanuel Alayande
 1994: Nwokolo initiated a private research organisation called SICREP: Sickle Cell Research Programme to work on sickle cell disease. 1996: Appointed Knight of Saint Christopher by the Anglican Church Diocese on the Niger. On 12 September, Nwokolo was honoured by the Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College with a distinguished fellowship award with citation by professor Ayo Binitie
 1998: Nwokolo was featured in the NTA: Nigerian Television Authority documentary on Nigerian Heroes. On 10 March, Nwokolo he was nominated by UCTH: University of Calabar Teaching Hospital for the Mary Slessor Distinguished Merit Award for service to humanity.This was in recognition of his "research works, introduction of the Drug Revolving Fund at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, a patient funded system that was adopted by state governments in Nigeria; as well as for the system's acceptance in core line with the Bamako Initiative; and as the "longest serving chairman of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital's board of management
2004: On 15 January, the Professor <mask> <mask> Hall at the College of Medicine: University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu was launched

Publications
Some of <mask>'s research articles and book publications are listed below:

<mask>, C. (1958). Malarial Chemoprophylaxis in Indigenous Populations. BMJ: British Medical Journal. <mask>, Chukuedu. (1961). Aschoff Nodes in Endomyocardial Fibrosis. London: BMJ: British Medical Journal.<mask>, C. (1967). Ascites in Africa. London: British Medical Journal. <mask>, Chukwuedu. (1969). Biafran Refugees: Problems of Disease Prevention and Medical Care. Enugu: Biafra Rehabilitation Commission.<mask>, C. and Imohiosen, E. A. E. (1973). Strongyloidiasis of Respiratory Tract Presenting as "Asthma." London: British Medical Journal. <mask> C. and Ogakwu M. (1973). Radiological Findings in Pulmonary Paragonimiasis as Seen in Nigeria: a review based on one hundred cases. London: BJR: The British Journal of Radiology. <mask>, C. and Okonkwo, P. O.(1977). Aflatoxin B.: Procedures to reduce levels in tropical foods. Nutrition Reports International. <mask>, C. and Oli, J. M. (1979). Diabetes After Infectious Hepatitis: A Follow-up Study. London: British Medical Journal. <mask>, Chukwuedu.(1984). The Place of Traditional Medicine and Other Local Resources in a Modern Health Care Programme in Nigeria. Maiduguri: University of Maiduguri. <mask>, Chukwuedu. (1993). Science for Survival: The Nigerian Option. Nigeria: Medical Development.<mask>, Chukwuedu, et al. : Contributors. (2004). Principles of Medicine in Africa.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Personal life
With his wife: Lady Njideka Nwokolo: née Okonkwo – whom he married on Saturday 4 July: 1953, Nwokolo had seven children, four girls and three boys. <mask> died in New York: United States on 18 May 2014 at the age of 93. See also
Nigerian Medical Association
Nwabueze Nwokolo
John T. Nwangwu

References

External links

National Institutes of Health: USA: Nwokolo
University of Nigeria Nsukka
Chukwuedu Nwokolo: Google Books

1921 births
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
University of Minnesota Medical School alumni
2014 deaths
University of Nigeria faculty
Nigerian medical researchers
University of Ibadan faculty
Nigerian gastroenterologists
20th-century Nigerian medical doctors
University of Minnesota alumni
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Calabar people
Nnamdi Azikiwe University people
Wachuku family
Ahmadu Bello University people
Yaba Higher College alumni
Government College Umuahia alumni
Recipients of the Nigerian National Order of Merit Award
Nigerian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Nigerian expatriates in the United States

masks:
Chukwuedu Nathaniel II Nwokolo
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Nathaniel Ezuma Nwokolo
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title: Madeleine de Verchères

texts:
Marie-<mask>, known as <mask> ((); 3 March 1678 – 8 August 1747) was a woman of New France (modern Quebec) credited with repelling a raid on Fort Verchères when she was 14 years old. Early life
<mask>'s father, François Jarret, of Saint-Chef (in the department of Isère in France), joined the company of his uncle <mask> to battle the Iroquois in New France (see Beaver Wars). They arrived there in August 1665, and on 17 September 1669, Jarret married the twelve-year-old Marie Perrot in Île d’Orléans. He was awarded a land grant on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River on 29 October 1672 in a seigneury called Verchères, and thereafter continued to increase his landholdings. The couple was to have twelve children, the fourth of whom was <mask>erchères, born in Verchères on 3 March 1678 and baptized on 17 April. The seigneury underwent periodic Iroquois raids. In 1690 the matron of Verchères took command of a successful defense against an Iroquois assault on the stockade there.By 1692 the Iroquois had killed the Jarrets' son François-Michel and two successive husbands of their daughter Marie-Jeanne. Before she performed this courageous act, she usually worked in the family field during her spare time. Thwarting a surprise attack
In the late 1600s, the Iroquois mounted attacks on the settlers of New France, looting and burning their homes. On 22 October 1692 <mask>'s parents left the fort on business and to gather winter supplies. <mask> and her brothers and sisters stayed at the fort. Now fourteen, <mask> was in charge of the fort, with one very old man (Laviolette) and two soldiers. One morning, some settlers left the fort to tend to the fields along with eight soldiers.<mask> was in the cabbage garden, quite close to the fort. Suddenly, the Iroquois descended on the settlers. The men, caught off guard, tried to flee to safety. However, the Iroquois were too quick for them and they were easily caught and carried off. <mask>, working only 200 paces from the fort, had a head start on the Iroquois who were chasing her. One Iroquois caught up to her and grabbed her by her kerchief which she quickly untied, then <mask> ran into the fort shouting, "Aux armes! Aux armes!"(To arms)

<mask> ran to the bastions. She knew there was only one hope. <mask> fired a musket and encouraged the people to make as much noise as possible so that the Iroquois would think there were many soldiers defending the fort. Then <mask> fired the cannon to warn other forts of an attack and to call for reinforcements. The Iroquois had hoped a surprise attack would easily take over the fort, so for a moment, they retreated into the bushes with their prisoners. During the siege, <mask> noticed a canoe approaching the landing site with a family named Fontaine. The soldiers inside the fort refused to leave, so <mask> ran to the dock and led the family quickly inside, pretending to be reinforcements.Late in the evening, the settlers' cattle returned to the fort. She knew that the Iroquois could be hiding with the herd covered in animal skins. She had her two brothers wait with her to check the cattle for warriors but none were found and the cows were brought inside the fort. Reinforcements from Montreal arrived just after the Iroquois left. Tired but relieved, <mask> greeted the French lieutenant, "Mon seigneur, I surrender to you my arms." The reinforcements caught the Iroquois and returned the kidnapped settlers. By this time, <mask>'s parents had returned and news of <mask>'s heroic deed had spread through the colony.Later life
François, <mask>'s father, died on 16 February 1700, and his pension of 1000 livres was transferred to <mask> due to her leadership in 1692, on the condition that she provides for her mother. <mask> managed Verchères until her marriage in September 1706 to Pierre-Thomas Tarieu <mask> Pérade, who was a lieutenant in the regular troops of New France. He was the son of <mask> Lanouguère, an administrator of the colony who descended from an old noble family in France. The couple moved to Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Quebec, where Tarieu was co-seigneur. <mask>'s seigneury at Verchères was transferred to her new husband. The complex land titles led to numerous lawsuits over the course of her life, and <mask> sailed to France at least three times to represent herself and her husband in court. <mask> died at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade on 8 August 1747 at age 69.She was buried beneath her pew at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade. Pierre-Thomas died 26 January 1757 at age 79. Historiography and legacy
The earliest reports of the raid of 1692 did not mention <mask>. Five accounts of the siege of 1692 appeared during <mask>'s lifetime. The earliest is a letter <mask> wrote to the Comtesse de Maurepas 15 October 1699, in which she gives her story in a petition for a pension. She wrote a longer, greatly embellished version dated 1722 or later to Governor Beauharnois at his request. <mask> <mask> Potherie in 1722 published two accounts: the first is virtually the same as <mask>'s letter of 1699, and the second virtually the same as the later to Beauharnois; both may have been based on, or were even the basis of, <mask>'s own.Pierre François <mask> Charlevoix published another embellished version in 1744. In 1730 Gervais Levebre, a priest against whom <mask> had initiated a legal process, was recorded stating, "God fears neither hero nor heroine", which suggests her story was well known by that time. Accounts progressively emphasized <mask>'s disguising herself as a man, the necessity of which is questioned: her mother had commanded a similar defense two years earlier with no such disguise. In her first account, <mask> describes how she escaped from an Iroquois by leaving her scarf in his hands and then replacing her headdress with a soldier's helmet. Charlevoix adds to this that she knotted up her hair and put on a man's jerkin. Later accounts may represent later societies' anxieties over <mask>'s transvestism. The 1730 lawsuit was over the priest Levebre's calling <mask> a "whore", which may suggest notions of free sexuality the public had of women who assumed such a traditionally male role as that of a warrior.Many writers took pains to ensure that, after the siege, <mask> returned fully to her traditional feminine role and demeanor. In 1912, a journalist wrote that she "was a perfect woman, as good a housekeeper as a mother". The curate Frédéric-Alexandre Baillairgé wrote that though "strong,  was nonetheless soft and sensitive". Some were more explicit, as Lionel Groulx who wrote that women "must sometimes fill in for men, but they must render them the arms for the battles that are more appropriate for them". While female writers also often emphasized <mask>'s return to a traditional role supporting the men, others used her story to advance a feminist position of the role of women in Canadian history. Comparisons have been drawn between <mask> and Joan of Arc—both teenaged virgins who dressed as males—and to Jeanne Hachette, who led the defense of Beauvais. Parallels have also been seen with <mask>'s contemporary Adam Dollard <mask>, the hero of the Battle of Long Sault during the Beaver Wars.Verchères's story was mostly forgotten following her death. It was revived after the discovery of her in the 1860s, and from the 1880s to the 1920s she achieved the status of a symbol of French-Canadian nationalism. In the wake of the Conscription Crisis of 1917, Marie-Victorin Kirouac wrote a play, Peuple sans histoire ("A people without history", 1918). In it an indignant young French-Canadian servant to Lord Durham, upon reading a report of Durham's following the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 in which he declares the French Canadians have no history, appends to it "Thou liest, Durham!" and signs it <mask> Verchères. The story he hears from her of Verchères convinces him to give credence to the French Canadians and compares the story to "a canto of the Iliad". Later authors used the story of <mask> for nationalistic ends.To rally support for the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, Arthur Doughty's account of 1916 makes parallels between the Germans in World War I and the Iroquois who stood in the way of "the advance of European civilization". While heroes such as Dollard had had monuments erected to their memories, by the early 20th century that there was no such monument to <mask> Verchères came to public notice. Baillairgé raised funds for such a monument to commemorate Verchères and its heroine, and by July 1912 had raised $2000. Other efforts led to the federal government donating $25,000, and the wife of the mayor of Verchères unveiled the statue in a ceremony on 20 September 1913. Among the speeches delivered, the prime minister Wilfrid Laurier declared, "If the kingdom of France was delivered and regenerated by Joan of Arc, this colony, then French in its cradle, was illustrated by <mask> Verchères". The stories of <mask> <mask> and Laura Secord in Upper Canada have served as nationalist stories for French and English Canadians. Both were heroines in early Canadian settlements defending themselves from enemy forces—though where the enemy was the Iroquois to <mask>, in Secord's story they were allies who helped her escape the Americans to inform the British of a pending attack.The motivations of the Iroquois are not made clear in contemporary documents. In modern culture
A statue of <mask> <mask> stands on Verchères Point near Montreal. It was made by Louis-Philippe Hébert, who was commissioned for the project in 1911. <mask> <mask>, a J.-Arthur Homier film released 10 December 1922, featured Estelle Bélanger as <mask>. The Internet Movie Database reports this film as "lost." The Canadian government designated her as a Person of National Historic Significance in 1923. Madeleine Takes Command (1946) by Ethel C. Brill is a historical novel based upon the siege of Verchères.References

Works cited

Wallace, W. Stewart, ed. The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. VI  Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948. Online

Further reading

People of New France
French Quebecers
Canadian children
1678 births
1747 deaths
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
18th-century Canadian women
Women in war

masks:
Madeleine Jarret
Madeleine de Vchères
Madeleine
Antoine Pécaudy de Contrecœur
Madeleine de V
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
de La
Thomas de
Madeleine
Madeleine
Marie Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Claude Charles
de La
Madeleine
Madeleine
Xavier de
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
des Ormeaux
Madeleine de
Madeleine
Madeleine de
Madeleine de
Madeleine de
Verchères
Madeleine
Madeleine de
Verchères
Madeleine de
Verchères
Madeleine


title: Mahlon Haines

texts:
<mask> (March 5, 1875 – October 31, 1962) was a well-known businessman and philanthropist in York, Pennsylvania. Haines arrived in York in 1905 where he became very successful at selling shoes. Referred to as the "Shoe Wizard", Haines shared his wealth with his community and employees. A local residential subdivision and adjacent road are named after him. His most evident legacy is the Haines Shoe House in Hallam, which is readily visible from U.S. Route 30 east of York. Early life

<mask> was born in Old Washington, Ohio on March 5, 1875. His father died a few months later.His widowed mother, Elizabeth Ann <mask>, changed his name to that of his father. The family moved to Washington, D.C. in 1882 and lived above a store she owned on 11th Street SE; it was there that Haines worked for much of his early life. The store's profits helped pay for his education and Haines enrolled at Maryland Agricultural College (now known as the University of Maryland) in 1892. That same year, his mother built a much larger department store in Washington, advertised as "the largest store in the world, built, owned and controlled by a woman". Haines left college in 1894 to begin his adult life. After his mother denied his request at age 28 to become a business partner, he went to California and was a sales representative for several clothing stores in the West. Becoming engaged, Haines moved to Ohio to get married.When the relationship was broken off, he began a bicycle trip back to Washington to get his old job back. <mask> later summarized his status then as "single, penniless and alone". Business

Arriving in York, Pennsylvania in 1905 – the year he turned 30 – <mask>' bicycle broke down. He reportedly sold his engagement ring, bought ten pairs of shoes, and sold them at a farmers market. <mask> initially rented a 3rd-floor apartment at 473 W. Market Street. After borrowing money to begin a business, he was bankrupt within two years. He then obtained a consignment of shoes for $127 from the local D.S.Peterman & Co. warehouse. With a combination of hard work and gimmickry, Haines became very successful in the shoe business. A particular gimmick for which he was known was his use of a customized Ford as a mobile retail store, which he would drive to the outer edges of town to show his products. In 1922 he had accumulated 30 stores. By 1931, Haines had the largest shoe store chain in the United States, and there were 50 Haines Shoe Co. stores across Pennsylvania and northern Maryland by 1935. Six of Haines' stores were within the city of York (117 South George, 231 North George, 101 East Market, 241 West Market, 725 East Market, and 13 West Philadelphia Streets), with three of them in buildings he owned, all designed by John A. Dempwolf. The three-story "Haines Building", opened in 1915 on North George Street, also served as headquarters for his shoe company; it was torn down in the 1960s for off-street parking spaces.He built another four-story Haines Building at 101 East Market Street in 1922 and sold it in 1954 after having donated the shoe store space to organizations such as the Boy Scouts and Bundles for Britain; as of April 2017, the building was being renovated for business use with ten new apartments on the upper floors. Haines had the five-story building on West Philadelphia Street built in 1925 as a 45-room hotel; he converted it to an apartment building in 1940 and it endures as of 2016 with its "Haines" name across the original main entrance threshold. Philanthropy and legacy

Haines regularly gave back to his customers and community. Politics
In 1922, <mask> ran as the Republican candidate from Pennsylvania's 22nd District to the U.S. House of Representatives, though he lost to Democratic challenger Samuel F. Glatfelter. Later in life, Haines attended a September 1962 campaign rally in Hershey for Republican gubernatorial candidate William Scranton, at which former President Eisenhower spoke. Amid the event's fervor, Haines reportedly stood on a chair, identified himself as the oldest Republican in the room, and announced a tripling of his admission contribution. Yorkshire and Haines Park
In October and November 1924, Haines bought  of land which became known as Yorkshire Ranch.In the late 1920s, he donated a plot of land which became part payment for the first permanent Springetts Fire Company station. After the Great Depression in 1929, he built streets through the ranch land and offered free housing lots to those unemployed who agreed to build homes there, as he began developing the Yorkshire neighborhood. Haines built a two-room brick schoolhouse in the development in 1930, initially leased for $1 per year to the township's Independent School District. Expanded over the years since, these original school buildings were torn down to create playgrounds for the new Yorkshire Elementary School built adjacently in 2010. When York Fairgrounds turned down his request to use their horse track, <mask> built a half-mile "Haines Park" track in 1928 on a corner of his ranch near what is now the intersection of Northern Way and Eastern Boulevard. Horse races were held weekly and in 1930 the track became the first in the state to have weekly night races with overhead electric lighting. The park also hosted a rodeo for which all proceeds benefitted the Springetts Fire Company.<mask> hosted a celebration in September 1938 to commemorate his 33 years in York. Applying his "Shoe Wizard" nickname, Haines placed a half-page ad in newspapers throughout York County announcing a week-long series of evening entertainment for the public at Haines Park and other venues at his expense. After World War II the York Horse Show was held at Haines Park. In 1952, most members of the county horsemen's association were convinced to move to the York Fairgrounds for their major shows, and the last show at Haines Park was in mid-August 1952. Haines sold the  Haines Park to Eastland Realty Company in summer 1953, who developed the track area into a trailer park which remained into the 1960s. In the 1970s, a Best Products store was built on the infield of the former track, a building which later became the regional headquarters for AAA. Boy Scouts
<mask> owned  of fields and woodlands in eastern York County and beginning in 1941, he hosted a special "Haines Safari" gathering of area Boy Scouts there about every five years to celebrate his birthday.After the fifth such gathering in 1960, Haines donated the land to the York-Adams Area Council of Boy Scouts. Known as "Wizard Ranch", the scouts have year-round camping on the grounds and continue to organize "Wizard Safari" events there every four to five years, drawing thousands of attendees. Haines received the Silver Antelope Award from the scouts in 1944. The Lancaster County Conservancy bought the Wizard Ranch land in 2018, to become part of the Hellam Hills Nature Preserve, and still allow the scouts to use it for safari events and camping. Shoe House

It was in 1948 that he began construction of the Haines Shoe House in Hallam with three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. Via a newspaper ad in July 1949, he publicly thanked 20 local businesses that had a part in the project. Its exterior modeled after a work boot, Haines lived in the house briefly before using it to host older couples and honeymooners affiliated with his shoe stores, providing them with a free weekend in the house, the service of his staff, and a free pair of shoes.The house was offered to the public for rent in the 1950s. Alma mater
In late 1948, <mask> "took a very active part in the Chapter meeting of Agricultural alumni" at his Maryland alma mater and stated "he would personally pay the subscription cost for any agricultural alumnus who did not feel financially able" to request the alumni publication. Haines Acres

In December 1917, Haines bought  of what became a  farm east of York in Springettsbury Township. Named Haines Acres, along what would later be named Haines Road,  he built his home on the farm in 1922. Haines sold the home to a local surgeon in 1952. The surrounding farm was sold to local real estate firm Epstein & Sons in November 1953, and it was developed into the Haines Acres subdivision. He gave $2,500 to the Boy Scouts in exchange for the housing development being named after him.The farm buildings were eventually demolished and their land became part of the development in the 1970s. Haines Acres Shopping Center, constructed beginning in 1962 in the southwest corner of the subdivision, also bears his name. <mask>' former home remains as part of a Presbyterian church at 311 Haines Road. From Haines Acres, he moved into "The Hermitage", which he built across the street from the Shoe House. Employees and others
After selling a  cattle ranch in South Dakota in 1960, Haines gave his shoe business to 28 key employees. He also gave substantial gifts to farmers of his land, boy and girl scouts, YMCA, YWCA, his church, and York Hospital. In 1953, Haines was featured in the short Paramount film The Spirit of Seventy, which promoted the value of physical exercise.<mask> founded a "Three Quarter Century Baseball Team" for senior citizens in St. Petersburg, Florida, near a winter home he had in Snell Isle. He attributed his own success at the game to staying fit and abstaining from alcohol and tobacco. The film was shown before featured attractions nationally to 1955, and first in York at the Elmwood Theatre. Upon dying, <mask> gave the Haines Shoe House to his employees. The house has since had a series of owners and is currently a museum and an ice cream and gift shop open from March to October. Personal life

Mother
As a widow, <mask>' mother, Elizabeth Ann <mask>, moved to Washington, D.C., in 1882 and became a successful businesswoman. After ten years of living with her children above a small store on 11th Street S.E., they moved to Seward Square and she hired architect Julius Germuiller to design a large department store building at Eighth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E.Completed in 1892, it was advertised as "the largest store in the world, built, owned and controlled by a woman". She is known to have donated to leaders of the 1894 Coxey's Army protest march. Much of her store was burned in a 1905 fire, and she decided to sell it in 1910. The  building was expected to sell for about $30 million in 2019. <mask>' mother had an orange and grapefruit plantation on the Isle of Pines – at that time an American territory before it was returned to Cuba in 1925. In January 1913, <mask> left on a primarily steamship trip to visit her there, going with Edward Schaszberger, the father-in-law of a friend in the Dempwolf family. <mask>' mother met former Philippine province governor William F. Pack on the island, and they married about June 1913.Governor Pack Road in Baguio is named for him. The Packs visited her daughter in Washington in July 1915, from which they were then to visit Haines in York. First wife
<mask> married June Brown Irwin (1885–1951) of Union County on October 20, 1909. They had three children: Stanley Emerson (1910–1966), <mask> Nathaniel II (1912–1960), and June Irwin (1916–1918). The Haines's first suburban residence was designed by John A. Dempwolf in 1912 and occupied in April 1913, at the intersection of North Rockburn and East Philadelphia Streets in Springettsbury Township, and still standing in 2018. In July 1951, Haines bought the former Kreutz Creek One-Room Schoolhouse with plans to use it as a public lecture hall dubbed the "Haines School of Brains". Haines gave up such plans after his wife died unexpectedly two months later, and sold the building in October.It still stood as a private residence as of 2019. Second wife and death
<mask> first met second wife Grace Marianne Churchill of London, England, while on a westward trans-Atlantic steamship cruise in summer 1955. After much correspondence, the two married on June 5, 1957. Grace was 30 years younger and this was her first marriage. In 1961, <mask> placed his "Hermitage" home, across from the Shoe House, up for sale. He and his second wife had planned to build a new "Churchill Downs" estate along Accomac Road near his Wizard Ranch property. Their plans included a large, enclosed riding arena that could host horse shows.<mask> was never able to finish negotiating a land purchase for this project, however. <mask> died on October 31, 1962, while under intensive care after collapsing with a "heart ailment" a few days after undergoing "a successful operation". In addition to his son Stanley and second wife Grace, he was survived by "three grandchildren and a number of nieces and nephews". References

1875 births
1962 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Guernsey County, Ohio
People from Washington, D.C.
People from York, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
Shoe business
Springettsbury Township, York County, Pennsylvania
University of Maryland, College Park alumni

masks:
Mahlon Nathaniel Haines
Haines
Morrison Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Morrison Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines
Mahlon
Haines
Haines
Haines
Haines


title: Guran Ditt Kumar

texts:
<mask>, also known as G.D<mask>, was an Indian revolutionary associated with the pioneers of the Gadhar movement involved in the Indo-German conspiracy  during the First World War. Beginning in the North-West of India
<mask> (born ? – died ? ),  was a native of Bannu on the North-West Frontier Province, now in Pakistan. "Guran Ditta" is Punjabi for "Given By the Gurus" - a comparatively common name in the Sikh community, so his actual name is more likely to be <mask>. In 1893 the 2,640 km long Durand line was created to separate British India from the rebel tribes in Afghanistan. <mask> began his working life as an apprentice to an Indian photographer at Rawal Pindi.Emigration to West Bengal

Attracted by the National College at Kolkata with Sri Aurobindo as principal, in 1907 he  joined it as a teacher of Hindi and Urdu. Earlier he had come to know Taraknath Das and Surendramohan Bose. Moreover, the Maratha Lodge, where he resided, was a boarding-house frequented by other revolutionary suspects of the time. Arrested in Mumbai, in February 1909, Ganesh Savarkar, brother of Vinayak Savarkar, was found in possession of "60 pages of closely typed matter in English, which proved to be a copy of the same bomb manual (…) found in the Manicktolla garden [in Kolkata]. Savarkar's copy was more complete, as it contained 45 sketches of the bombs, mines and buildings to illustrate the text." (Ker, p182). Activity in Canada
On 31 October 1907, <mask> landed in Victoria, B.C., and was received by Taraknath Das to look after a grocery store.In February 1908, the Canadian Press accused him of  directing a seditious organisation among the Sikh labourers in British Columbia;  he repudiated this charge in a letter published in the Punjabee of Lahore on 5 November 1908, claiming himself to be  a Sikh, signing himself G.D<mask> Singh. Constantly visiting Taraknath Das in Seattle, in August 1909, he settled there. In  November he opened at 1632, 2nd Avenue West, Fairview, in Vancouver, a hostel called the Swadesh Sewak  ('Servant of the Motherland')  : in addition to a night school of  Shashida type, to teach English and Mathematics, the building was used for the office and the press of the a monthly paper of the same name  that he published in Gurumukhi, broadly reflecting the objectives of  Free Hindustan edited by Taraknath Das. "Its tone generally became more and more objectionable, and as it was addressed principally to the Sikhs in the Indian Army in their own language, and was being sent out to India in considerable numbers (…) Its importation into India was prohibited in March 1911, under the Sea Customs Act." (Ker, pp230–231). With a new immigration law passed on 9 May 1910, when the condition of Indians in British Columbia further deteriorated, <mask> as the Secretary of the local Hindustani Association wrote, on 28 June, to the Prime Minister of Canada to protest against the unfair move. Availing of Tarak's return to Vancouver in September, they utilised the temper of the Indians to organise among them a revolutionary movement.(Bose, p53). These grievances were to bring about much trouble in the future years. For example, reports of two meetings held at Vancouver on 24 April and at Victoria on 15 May 1910, <mask> in the May issue of his paper discussed: (1) The law creates an unfair distinction between the European and the Indian subjects of the British Government. (2) Indians are subjected to an additional disgrace in that even Japanese are admitted more readily than they are. (3) Only Indians who have come direct from an Indian port are admitted: two examples of the working of this rule are given. (4) As there is no direct route from India to Canada, the above rule operates to prevent immigration altogether. (5) Other countries, e.g., the United States, have laws to prohibit the immigration of Chinese and other labourers; but Canada prohibits even the immigration of Indian merchants and students as in the case of Jogesh Chandra Misra who was sent out by a Kolkata association as a student, was prevented from landing, and is now studying at Seattle University.(6) Even the members of the families of Indians owning land in Canada have to show 200 dollars each on landing. (7) The present law is a restriction on the liberty of the subject. (8) Other British subjects get a vote after six months' residence, but Indians do not. No doubt such anti-Indian distinctions exist in America, Germany or Japan; the result of the Canadian law is that Indians have to admit with regret that they are better off in foreign countries than in British territory. (Ker, pp231–232). The paper came to an end in 1911. In spite of a considerably moderate  tone than that of the Free Hindustan, <mask> as much as Das raised the presumption of sedition, as confirmed by the discovery early in 1911 that  they distributed, among other harmful publications,  the Bande Mataram published by Madame Cama and the Talvar by Virendranath Chattopadhyay from Paris.They drew the attention of Sikhs in America and India to the "vulgar effusions" of certain Canadian papers on the immigration question. Racism Towards Hindus in Canada
They circulated, for instance, the reprint of an article quoted by the Aryan in its issue of March–April 1912 : "The smoke-coloured Hindu, exotic, unmixable, picturesque, a languid worker and a refuge for fleas, we will always have with us, but we don't want any more of him. We don't want any Hindu women. We don't want any Hindu children. It's nonsense to talk about Hindu assimilation. The Sikh may be of Aryan stock; I always thought he was of Jewish extraction. He may be near-white though he does not look it.But we know him, and don't want any more of him. British Columbia cannot allow any more of the dark meat of the world to come to this province. To deport these British subjects from India would be the wisest thing. These Sikhs are far too obtrusive. They are of no use to the country. British Columbia would be a hundred times better off without them. Certainly no more of them must be allowed to come."Both Das and <mask> with the help of Surendramohan Bose and Hussain Rahim  had set to bring together the various Indian communities in terms of a united action, until it reached the climax in the Gadhar organisation. Bose had been sent to Japan by the Scientific and Industrial Association of Kolkata in 1906. On reaching Canada at the end of 1907, Bose had informed Sri Aurobindo on 26 December, that Bengalis were wrong in hoping for Japanese help in their nationalist movement, although they had some sympathisers. Specialised in chemistry, he also toured as a lecturer on Indian subjects. In 1913 he became the general secretary of the Hindustan Association of the USA. Shortly before leaving America, in 1913,  from Chicago, he sent to Harnam  notes and formulae of his own for making bombs. In January 1914, Bose wrote again from Paris along with "a valuable copy of the process used by the Russian Revolutionists..." Having visited revolutionaries in Paris and Geneva, Bose reached India in February 1914.Harnam Singh (of Sahri) was the other important revolutionary who shared with them this patriotic task : a former trooper of the 4th Cavalry in India, he had gone to China in 1904 and, three years later, reached Canada with <mask>. In 1908-1909 he attended school at Seattle, and went to Vancouver as <mask>'s guest. In a letter to Das, in July 1913, <mask> described Harnam as the leader of the revolutionary movement in Vancouver. Owing to his friendship with Harnam, Baba Gurdit Singh of the Komagata Maru affair knew well this zealous group and, prior to his expedition, had received from Das names and addresses of the leading Jugantar figures like Atulkrishna Ghose and Satish Chakravarti who worked under Jatindranath Mukherjee. Harnam was deported from San Francisco on 26 September 1914. Mission to the Far East
While the Gadhar ramifications extended widely, in May 1913, <mask> sailed from San Francisco for the Philippine Islands. He plainly expressed the object of this trip when he wrote Taraknath Das : "I am going to establish a base at Manila (P.I.)forwarding Depôt, supervise the work near China, Hongkong, Shanghai. Professor Barakatullah is all right in Japan." (Ker, p237). According to Ker's report, "he was engaged in supervising the work of the Ghadr Party in the Far East. Amongst the correspondence of Harnam Singh of Sahri were several letters from G.D<mask> showing that he was working hard on behalf of the cause. He was in constant touch with Bhagwan Singh and Barakatullah and was collecting money for the Ghadr campaign and was sending to Har Dayal. He afterwards went to Japan, where he busied himself meeting Ghadr parties passing through Yokohama on the way to India."(p425). Last Trace
In the Special List of Record Group 118 (Records of the U.S. Attorney) preserved in San Francisco, and in San Francisco Chronicle of 19 January 1918, we find report of Taraknath Das's trial as defendant. <mask>, too, was mentioned during the 1917-18 San Francisco Trial consisting of 'The German Hindu Conspiracy' and 'Violations of U.S. Neutrality 1913-20.' He was accused of having "formed party in Shanghai in 1914. Associate of German agent Mueller and of Scrinivas (sic!) R. Wagel. Sent arms and ammunition to revolutionary agents in India."No further information is available on this rebel's later life. References

Indian revolutionaries Abroad, by A.C. Bose, 1971
Political Trouble in India, James Campbell Ker, 1917, repr. 1973
Sadhak biplabi jatindranath, by Prithwindra Mukherjee, West Bengal State Book Board, Calcutta, 1991
 The Voyage of the Komagata Maru by Hugh J.M. Johnston, UBC Press,Vancouver, Toronto, 2014

Hindu–German Conspiracy
Ghadar Party
Indian independence movement
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Indian revolutionaries
Indian independence activists
People deported from the United States

masks:
Guran Ditt Kumar
. Kumar Singh
Guran Ditt Kumar
Guran Ditta Singh
Kumar
Kumar
. Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
. Kumar
Kumar


title: Aimée de Coigny

texts:
<mask> (12 October 1769 – 17 January 1820) was a French noblewoman who was known as a great beauty and was imprisoned during the French Revolution. André Chénier's elegy la Jeune Captive, published in 1795, was inspired by her ordeal. Early years

Aimée <mask> was the daughter of <mask>, comte de Coigny. He was born in 1740, joined the army, became colonel of dragoons in 1763, maréchal-de-camp in 1780, and on 1 January 1811 gained the rank of lieutenant general. Her father married <mask> on 18 March 1767. <mask> was born on 12 October 1769 and baptised in the church of Saint-Roch. Her mother died on 23 October 1775, and her father confided her upbringing to his mistress, <mask>, Princess of Guéménée.Aimée became a famous beauty. <mask> Genlis, an intimate friend, wrote of her in her memoirs:
I saw again with great pleasure; at Isle-Adam, the young Comtesse <mask>, formerly <mask>moiselle <mask>, with whom I had been close at the Couvent du Précieux-Sang. She had originality, wit and good feelings; we renewed our acquaintance; she told me that she had a passion for anatomy, a very extraordinary taste in a young woman of eighteen. Since I had been somewhat occupied with surgery and medicine, and knew how to bleed, <mask> <mask> was very fond of chatting with me. I promised to do an anatomy class, but not like her, on corpses ..."

Aimée married André-Hercule-Marie-<mask> Rosset <mask>el (1770–1810), marquis and later duc <mask>leury in 1784. Her husband was the grand-nephew of Cardinal André-Hercule <mask>. She married very young, as was common at the time; she was 15, he was 14.He became a duke in 1788. He was subject to nervous tics that were very disagreeable, and the marriage was not happy. Aimee became the mistress of Armand Louis <mask>, duc de Lauzun (1747–1793), a well-known libertine, if past his prime. During a visit to Rome, she became attached to Lord Malmesbury. French revolution

Aimée's husband Fleury emigrated during the French Revolution (1789–99), leaving France in 1791. He joined Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé's army at Koblenz. Aimée went to London, where she rejoined Malmesbury.She gave birth to Malmesbury's child in London. In January 1793 she left London for Paris with Lord Malmesbury. He was soon arrested, but was released almost immediately and returned to London, leaving his mistress. She retired to her personal estate at Mareuil-en-Brie, near Paris. On 7 May 1793 she obtained a divorce. She then resumed the name of <mask>. On 4 March 1794, despite the care she had taken to dissociate herself from any emigrants, she was arrested and taken to the Prison Saint-Lazare.Aimée was one of the last of the nobility to be arrested and incarcerated. André Chénier was inspired by her to compose a well-known elegy, la Jeune Captive, published in 1895. He described her graceful figure and her easy and careless character. <mask> Mouret, comte de Montrond, was also imprisoned in 1794 in the Prison Saint-Lazare, where he met her. He obtained her freedom and his own for a payment of 100 louis. She was released on the day she was due to follow Chénier to the scaffold. They married after the Thermidorian Reaction of 27 July 1794 and left for England.Their married life in London was not successful. First Empire

The marriage went from bad to worse from 1800 onward. The divorce due to incompatibility was pronounced on 6 Germinal year X (28 March 1802). Aimée again became known as <mask> <mask>. At the age of 31, <mask> <mask>, once more free, fell in love with the 37-year-old Jacques Joseph Garat (known as Maillia-Garat). He was a member of the Tribunát and was known as an orator, but was not known as a republican. They lived together for six years.In a sympathetic sketch, Victor du Bled says Aimée's second divorce gave her a freedom that she used or misused considerably. She had an ardent and eccentric imagination that exposed her to a thousand dangers to which she hastened to succumb. When someone remarked that divorce makes adultery useless, she said, "We cannot marry them all, though." Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun said that Aimée had an enchanting face, a burning gaze, and the figure of a Venus. One evening at the house of M. de Guéménée, she removed the long tail of her dress in front of fifty people. The princess, laughing, invited her to remove the dress too, and she rose to the challenge and remained for four hours dressed in a short petticoat. Napoleon disliked her loose morals and at reception at the Tuileries Palace asked her in public, "Well, Madame, are you still so fond of men?"Her riposte was, "Yes, Sire, when they are polite." Around 1812 the 43-year-old <mask> <mask> formed a liaison with the 45-year-old marquis Bruno-Gabriel <mask>, and under his influence became an ardent royalist. She believed that the monarchy must be restored, but it should be a progressive monarchy that would reconcile freedom and order. In the summer of 1812, she often visited Talleyrand's house, where she would find him in his library surrounded by writers or lovers of literature. She became a regular visitor to the houses of people who were dissatisfied with Napoleon's rule. During the last days of the Empire in 1814, Aimee wrote to her uncle, the duc <mask>, in London and told her of the conditions for Talleyrand to give his support to the king. The king instructed the duc to accept the offer.Not long after, the Russian army entered Paris. Death

<mask> <mask> died on 17 January 1820 at the age of 50. Madame <mask> observed that the comtesse <mask>y died very young, and it was said that her passion for anatomy contributed to her death by making her breathe bad air, since she never travelled without having a cadaver in the back of her carriage. She had confided her memoirs to Talleyrand, Montrond's friend, and it was long thought that they had been lost. They were later found and published as Mémoires de Aimée de Coigny (1902) with a lengthy introduction by Étienne Lamy. Publications
Publications by <mask> <mask> included:

Notes

References

Sources

1769 births
1820 deaths
French countesses
French duchesses
19th-century French women writers
19th-century French memoirists

masks:
Aimée de Coigny
de Coigny
Auguste Gabriel de Franquetot
Anne Josphe Michel de Roissy
Anne Françoise Aimée de Coigny
Victoire de Rohan
Madame de
de Coigny
Made
de Roissy
Madame de
Coigny
Louis de
de Rocoz
de F
de Fury
de Gontaut
Coigny
Casimir de
Madame Aimée
de Coigny
Aimée
de Coigny
Aimée
de Coigny
de Boisgelin
de Coigny
Aimée
de Coigny
de Genlis
de Coign
Aimée
de Coigny


title: Masaki Okimoto

texts:
(born May 21, 1982) is a Japanese professional wrestler from Neyagawa, Japan; he's a current member of the Michinoku Pro Wrestling roster as Rasse. He mainly uses a high-flying style. Career

Toryumon (2002-2004)
A former highschool amateur wrestler, Okimoto trained in the Último Dragón Gym and graduated in the 9th Toryumon school class term, debuting in Toryumon Mexico in 2002. He performed under the name of Small Dandy Fujii, a mini version of Toryumon Japan wrestler Sumo Dandy Fujii, and was a part of the Mini Crazy MAX stable along with SUWAcito and Mini CIMA. After a short individual participation in the Young Dragons Cup 2002, where he was eliminated by Condotti Shuji at the first round, Small Dandy and SUWAcito competed at the Yamaha Cup tag tournament, taking out Henry III Sugawara and Naoki Tanizaki at the first round before falling to Sailor Boys (Kei Sato and Shu Sato) at the second. Mini Crazy MAX developed a feud with Sailor Boys, led by Taiji Ishimori, and they kept it when the class term was moved to the Toryumon X promotion in Japan. Fujii was a comedic figure, and in October 2004, he got his head partially shaven by stipulation after being pinned by Manabu Murakami.That would be the last Toryumon X show, and its wrestlers were transferred to Michinoku Pro Wrestling. He also wrestled in  as HUSTLE Kamen Blue, a member of HUSTLE Kamen along HUSTLE Kamen Red and HUSTLE Kamen Yellow. Michinoku Pro Wrestling (2004-present)
Okimoto's first apparition in M-Pro was at the Futaritabi Tag Team League, wrestling under the mask of Michinoku Ranger Silver with Michinoku Ranger Gold as his partner, doing a super sentai gimmick not unlike they did in HUSTLE. The duo got important victories over Los Salseros Japoneses (Pineapple Hanai and Mango Fukuda) and Jinsei Shinzaki and Shinjitsu Nohashi, but they did not win the league, which was taken by The Great Sasuke and GARUDA. In December, the team was dissolved and Okimoto adopted the gimmick of Rasse, a masked character representing the Aomori Nebuta Matsuri. He first teamed up with the former Ranger Gold, now known as Shanao, and the two gained a title shot for the Tohoku Tag Titles against Great Sasuke and Dick Togo, but were beaten. Starting 2005, Rasse formed an alliance with GARUDA, first at the Michinoku Trios League (completing the trio with Maguro Ooma) and then in the Futaritabi Tag Team Tournament, but they were unsuccessful, getting eliminated at the latter by the eventual winning team of Shanao and Kagetora.Rasse spent the year as a low-ranked member of the Michinoku Seikigun against the heel stable Los Salseros Japoneses, though he had some victories, upsetting Kagetora and Gamma during the Iron Man Tournament. However, he ascended the scale in 2006, reaching the finals of a tournament for the Tohoku Junior Heavyweight title before LSJ leader Takeshi Minamino and actually winning the next Iron Man after pinning Hayato Fujita with the Mabataki. Doing this, he won a title short against the next junior heavyweight champion, Osaka Pro Wrestling's Super Delfín, but was defeated. Rasse then returned to the midcard, teaming up with Yoshitsune until end of 2006. The next year, Rasse teamed up with the recently turned face Kagetora to win the Tohoku Tag Team Championship against Kei and Shu Sato, eventually unifying it with the Osaka Pro Wrestling Tag Team Championship from Hideyoshi and Masamune at the Pro Wrestling Summit 2007 independent event. They retained it successfully for the rest of 2007, even winning the next tag league while having the titles, but they finally lost the two titles against Osaka Pro representatives Gaina and Zero and MPW homologues Great Sasuke and Yoshitsune. The same year, Rasse competed individually at the prestigious Fukumen World League, but was eliminated at the first round by another Osaka Pro wrestler, Tigers Mask.Now titleless, Rasse struggled through 2008, but despite a good performance at the Iron Man and another tag team with Kagetora, he was frustrated. After a failed title shot against Hayato Fujita, now leader of the Kowloon heel stable, Rasse shockingly turned heel and joined them, later pledging his alliance to who revealed as the true leader of the group, their master Último Dragón. El Dorado Wrestling (2006–2008)

In 2008, Okimoto joined the newborn El Dorado, wrestling as Jumping Kid Okimoto, a masked character dressed in black and white who came to the ring in jumping stilts. He initially was an integrant of the Taiji Ishimori's face army inherited from Dragondoor, but after Ishimori broke from El Dorado and left, Okimoto went solo and feuded with brother YASSHI. Okimoto got the revenge for a loss to him by showing an embarrassing photo of Yasshi in his high school days, as Okimoto and he had been both in the same school, but the brother got it back defeating him again. They then reconciled and resolved to form an amateur wrestling-themed stable, which also featured Yuji Hino and was called Nanking Fucking Wrestling Club. During that time, Okimoto competed both under his real name in said stable, using a realistic, mat wrestling based style, and also as Jumping Kid Okimoto, featuring his common high-flying.After Nanking Fucking Wrestling Club folded up, Okimoto competed solo and unaligned again, and for a second time in <mask>'s career he lost a hair vs hair match, this time against Ken45º. In 2008, Jumping Kid Okimoto and KAGETORA fought Speed of Sounds (Tsutomu Oosugi and Hercules Senga) for the vacated UWA Tag Team Championship, but were defeated. Shortly after, El Dorado ended its run. Championships and accomplishments
 Michinoku Pro Wrestling
 Tohoku Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Kagetora (1) and Kenbai (1)
 Iron Man Tournament (2006)
 Fukumen World League Qualifying Tournament (2007)
 Kowloon Strongest Tournament (2011)
 Bar Mimosa Ki-Kohei Cup (2014)
 Futaritabi Tag Team League (2007) - with Kagetora
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Osaka Pro Wrestling Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kagetora

References

External links
El Dorado Roster Page at DGUSA (English)
Rasse profile at Puroresu Central (English)
El Dorado official website (Japanese)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling official website (Japanese)
HUSTLE official website (Japanese)

1982 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
People from Neyagawa, Osaka
Masked wrestlers


title: David Robertson (engineer)

texts:
<mask> (1875 – 1941) was the first Professor of Electrical Engineering at Bristol University. <mask> had wide interests and one of these was horology – he wanted to provide the foundation of what we could call “horological engineering”, that is, a firm science-based approach to the design of accurate mechanical clocks. He contributed a long series on the scientific foundations of precision clocks to the Horological Journal which was the main publication for the trade in the UK; he and his students undertook research on clocks and pendulums (some funded by the Society of Merchant Venturers); and he designed at least one notable clock, to keep University time and control the chiming of Great George in the Wills Memorial Building from its inauguration on 1925, for which he also designed the chiming mechanism. Today, we get accurate time from atomic clock ensembles in observatories round the world, compared and distributed by GPS satellites and over the internet, and displayed on almost any public or personal screen. Accurate time has become ubiquitous and its maintenance a branch of information and communications technology. A century ago none of this existed, and the world depended on the pendulum clock to keep its time, referenced to astronomical observations. There was a scientific literature on the behaviour of pendulums and clocks; and a widespread craft-based industry making timepieces; but it could not be said that horology was a branch of engineering.<mask> became Professor of Electrical Engineering in Merchant Venturer’s Technical College in 1902. MVTC merged with University College Bristol when the latter was granted a Royal Charter in 1909 and became the engineering faculty of the new University of Bristol – <mask> then became the first professor of the subject in the faculty. He served in this post until his death in 1941. Clock-wise, the Shortt Synchronome Free Pendulum clock entered service at the Royal Observatory in 1923 and kept Greenwich, and therefore the nation’s, time until supplanted by quartz clocks in the 1940s. Throughout <mask>’s career therefore, pendulum time was paramount. Suppliers such as the Synchronome Company or Gents of Leicester could by 1925 have supplied perfectly satisfactory and well-proven systems to run the bell and slave clocks throughout the building. The fact that the University chose to commission a unique and original design is a tribute perhaps to its pride in the new building and to its distinguished Professor, who was able to put into practice the principles that he had developed.The Robertson Clock

Originally mounted in an interior foyer of the Wills Memorial Building, <mask>'s clock is housed in an oak case 1753 x 837 x 310 mm (h/w/d), originally carried on stout oak “dogs” let into the masonry of an internal wall. The case was also secured to the wall through its back, but does not support any of the mechanisms, which are separately mounted through the case back into the wall using studs. The opening front door is fully glazed. In its new home in Queen’s Building the original studs are re-mounted on to a large steel plate, firmly screwed to the reinforced concrete wall. At the top of the case a clock dial displays hours and minutes as kept by the pendulum. The dial is a standard Gents slave clock movement which is advanced by a pulse every 30s, counted down from seconds pulses generated by the pendulum. Additional circuits in the clock once generated other half-minute pulses that controlled 3 strings of similar slave clocks throughout the building.Right down the centre of the case is the pendulum, of the order of a metre long and with a period of 2 seconds. It is suspended from a bracket attached to a massive iron casting bolted through to the wall, which also carries the “escapement” mechanism to the right under the face. This drives the pendulum with a small impulse of force every second, generated by the drop of a small weight under the control of an electromagnet. Part of the mechanism includes a 60-tooth ratchet wheel advanced on every pendulum swing by a pawl driven by the electromagnet. Originally this operated a pair of contacts by two pins on its periphery to generate the half-minute pulses, but at some stage these contacts were removed. To the left of the pendulum is the regulator. This is arranged to apply a small force to the pendulum which through an ingenious linkage effectively works against gravity, slowing the pendulum down.The force comes from a torque generated by a spiral hair-spring, one end being attached to the pivot of a lever that forms part of the escapement linkage, the other to a disk that can be rotated in small steps by a solenoid-operated “stepper motor”. This allows the period of the pendulum to be adjusted by changing the torque, under the control of a system that compares the pendulum phase to a time standard (originally a daily pulse sent out over the telegraph network at 10.00 GMT). Behind the pendulum and near its top is a standard aneroid barometer, and below that a mercury thermometer. These would have been used when checking the clocks’ rate, which depends on both atmospheric temperature and pressure. To the left of the pendulum is the Civil Time Unit (CTU). This is essentially a clock that receives a pulse every second from the pendulum and keeps track of local time, GMT or BST depending on the season, to control the pulses sent to Great George to make it chime on the hours, 0700 through 2100 except Sundays. The CTU was driven by its own electromagnet.On the right is the Greenwich Time Unit (GTU), which essentially kept GMT by counting seconds impulses but also controlled the sequencing of the synchronising system around 10.00 am GMT every day. Again, the GTU had its own electromagnet drive. Behind the wall to which the clock was mounted there was a Control Box that housed several terminal frames, some relays, and ancillary components, that were connected to contacts on the TUs by wires going through the wall. Most of this has now been lost. The clock and its circuits were power by a 24 volt lead-acid battery, possibly also housed in this room. This Control Box has also been recovered and will be installed beside the clock case to house support electronics. References

Horology
British electrical engineers
1875 births
1941 deaths

masks:
David Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson


title: Julius Hegyi

texts:
<mask> (February 2, 1923 – January 1, 2007) was an American conductor and violinist. He spent his lifetime building orchestras, founding chamber music groups and instilling a passion for music in young and old alike. His belief in contemporary music, especially American music, as conductor, violinist and mentor, brought compelling listening experiences to his audiences. Hegyi was well known for his expert grasp of European repertoire, routinely giving commanding performances of Beethoven and Brahms, for example. Background
Hegyi was an active proponent of American music, with concerts devoted to world premieres of many composers. He performed works by contemporary European and Chinese composers, as well. Performed first concert on the violin, age 10
 Attended Stuyvesant High School, NYC, 1941
 Graduate, The Juilliard School, NYC, studying violin with Sascha Jacobsen and Edouard Dethier; graduating with high honors; recipient of the Frank Damrosch Memorial Scholarship.Winner, Columbia University's Alice M. Ditson Conductor's Award, 1983 for programming and sponsoring American Music
 Resident Conductor, Florida Philharmonic, 1991 to 1992
 Married from 1944 - 1948 to his first wife, Elaine Shapiro. They had one child, Lee Silver born 1945, died 2001. Married from 1949 - 1950 to his second wife, Martha Jane Bucy of Lubbock, Texas, and they were divorced in 1950. There were no children from this union. Married from 1953 - 1992 to his third wife, Charlotte Barrier of Lubbock, Texas, and lived in Chattanooga, TN and Williamstown, MA. They had one child, <mask> Raymond born in 1962. Married from 1994 - 2007 to his fourth wife, Nancy King <mask>.Survived by widow, <mask>, of Fountain Hills, Arizona, sister Louise Larson, daughter Lisa Hegyi Raymond, and grandchildren. Quotes

Reviews
John Rockwell wrote in the New York Times "...it can be flatly said that the best performance (and the most unusually interesting piece, too) was Mr. <mask>'s account of Barber's one-movement symphony, which had its premiere in 1936, was revised in 1944 and championed by Artur Rodzinski and Bruno Walter. The score blends considerable passion with Barber's wonderfully characteristic arching lyricism. Mr. <mask>, who has a good deal of experience with 20th-century American music, given the Albany Symphony's venturesome commitment to that cause, played it with a sure technical command that never got in the way of expressivity." Discography
Carpenter/Hadley/Mason/Porter, New World Records, Albany Symphony Orchestra, conductor, <mask>, 1984
Albany Symphony Orchestra-Trimble/Laderman, Composers Recordings, Inc., Albany Symphony Orchestra, <mask>, conductor, 1985
Parker, Horatio/Chadwick, George W., New World Records, Albany Symphony Orchestra, <mask>, conductor, 1986

References

1923 births
2007 deaths
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Concertmasters
Neurological disease deaths in Arizona
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Musicians from New York City
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Juilliard School alumni
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical violinists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Classical musicians from Arizona

masks:
Julius Hegyi
Lisa Hegyi
Hegyi
Nancy Hegyi
Hegyi
Hegyi
Julius Hegyi
Julius Hegyi
Julius Hegyi


title: Isaac Coates

texts:
<mask> was mayor of Hamilton from 1888 to 1892, a farmer, flax-miller, and a drainage and railway contractor. He was born on 7 April 1840, to Samuel  <mask>. a tenant farmer at Gayles, near Richmond, who died in 1863. His younger brother took on their farm, when <mask> chose to emigrate to New Zealand in 1867. His sister and brother-in-law, Thomas Dinsdale, after whom Dinsdale is named, came to work for <mask> in 1869, working on flax cutting at one stage. <mask> was a relatively common name. Thus a 1942 Waikato Times obituary for Jane Meadway asserted that she was a daughter of <mask>, "one of the best-known of the early settlers in the Waikato", though she was born at Akaroa in 1862, 5 years before the future mayor emigrated.Possibly she was related to <mask>, an artist, who was living in Nelson in the 1840s. Another <mask> was a US Army Surgeon in the 1860s. Emigration

<mask> arrived at Lyttelton, on the Quebec-built clipper ship, Lancashire Witch, which had been carrying emigrants from England since 1856. <mask>'s recollection of the voyage was that he arrived on 21 July 1867, paid £30 for a second class berth, was seasick, short of water and that the food was "almost uneatable". A report by the Immigration Commissioners confirmed problems with water and flour. There was also a fight on board. However, other second class passengers (there were 12, none of them named, and many government assisted migrants) wrote to thank the captain for their voyage and the captain reported that they left East India Docks on 2 April 1867 and anchored at Lyttelton on 29 July.Their first sighting of land was the Snares Islands / Tini Heke on 24 July. The immigrants reached Christchurch on 30 July. <mask> had a letter of introduction from a brother of his local MP, Sir F. Milbank, to Joseph Tetley, of Marlborough. He walked north up the coast from Christchurch to Tetley's sheep station, taking several days and fording, or taking a ferry across, several rivers. He left the Tetleys, but continued working on stations, doing a variety of  jobs, including rick building and wool handling with Merino sheep. In 1868 he rode to Riccarton, took a coach to Christchurch, sailed to Wellington and took the steamer Taranaki  to Auckland. He took a short trip to Thames to look at the goldfield and spent about a year prospecting for gold at Kennedy Bay, where he worked with fellow Yorkshireman, Frederick Atkinson.They panned some gold, but gave up when their dam was washed away. He also met up with other Yorkshiremen. Businesses
<mask> got another letter of introduction, this time to Captain William Steele, whom he later described as 'Father of Hamilton'. <mask> took a coach to Mercer, a steamer from there to Ngāruawāhia and then walked to Hamilton, where he met Captain Steele and looked at several farms. He bought , at Ruakura, including  each from Dr Beale (£200) and Ensign John Crawford (under £300, including a house), the latter being first of the troops to land at Hamilton during the Invasion of the Waikato. <mask> later extended the farm to  and had drains dug to convert the wetland to farmland. <mask> was one of the first Waikato farmers to mechanise, getting a steam thresher in 1874 and also mowing, reaping, binding,  and chaff-cutting machines.After being refused a mortgage in 1895, he sold the farm in about 1901, when flax prices were low. It was then sold to the Government to create what later became Ruakura Agriculture Research Centre. In 1875 <mask> had a contract to build a road into the Piako swamp. In 1878 and 1879 he and Angus Campbell were in partnership as timber merchants. From 1878 to 1880 he was also trading in Hamilton East as Small & Coates, grocers and agricultural merchants. In 1880 he sold his own crops and then started on his own account as an agricultural merchant. In 1878 and 1881 he had contracts for swamp drainage.He and civil engineer, Henry Hulbert Metcalfe, also had a flax mill, at least from 1886 to 1905, where the Memorial Park now is, and others at Morrinsville and Maketu. <mask> and Henry won the contract to built the Te Awamutu to Ōtorohanga section of the North Island Main Trunk Railway and in 1886 they won the contract to extend it to Te Kuiti. They also worked together building Palmerston North waterworks, in 1889, which they extended in 1891. However, their tenders were too high to get the 1887 Ohinemuri contract for the Hikutaia to Paeroa section of the Thames Branch, the 1890 Helensville to Makarau contract for the North Auckland Line, or the 1893 contract for the Rotorua Branch. <mask> had a Hamilton cottage burn down in 1903, the year he started a brickworks in Collingwood Street. He moved the brickworks to Huntly in 1905. It was still running in 1908, but seems to have been sold to a newly formed company that year.Coates Street in Hamilton East was built by <mask> in 1908, and some buildings had been erected by 1910. He was also a director of Hamilton Flour Mill, was in the gum trade. Public life
He was elected to the Hamilton parish vestry committee, when it was formed, in 1876 and to the newly formed borough of Hamilton on 7 February 1878. His first involvement in public life seems to have been his nomination of Captain James McPherson as MP for Waikato in 1870. <mask>'s first election was as a lieutenant in the Waikato Rifle Volunteers in 1871. He was elected as a trustee of Hamilton East Highway District in 1874 and became its secretary. In 1877 he was elected to Kirikiriroa Road Board, was chairman of it in 1893 and resigned from it in 1897.He was elected to the Hamilton East School Committee in 1878. <mask> nominated his mayoral predecessors, William Australia Graham and Charles Barton. <mask> was mayor from 1888 to 1892. In 1891 he was elected unopposed, but didn't stand for mayor in 1892. He was also on Waikato County Council, from which he resigned in 1894, the Hospital and Charitable Aid Board, the Waikato Licensing Committee from 1894 for 13 years,  was one of the original members and became president of the Waikato Agricultural and Pastoral Association in 1902 and chairman of South Auckland Racing Club for nearly 20 years. In 1893 he lost a Waikato Parliamentary election on a platform of opposing graduated tax and cooperative contracts, by 76 votes to Liberal MP, Alfred Cadman. In 1905 he was elected back to Hamilton Borough Council, until replaced in 1907.Family
On 18 April 1874 he married Alice Coleman, a daughter Peter Coleman. Their children were -

 Margaret Gillett, eldest daughter, born on 28 May 1878, married in 1905 to John Arkle Gillett, of Epsom
 Alberta Ethel Kensington, 2nd daughter, married in 1904 to Norman Charles Kensington, of Dunedin She was living at Taumarunui in 1917
 Lilian Heddon, 3rd daughter, married in 1912 to Robert Heddon of Te Akatea and later living on a farm at Pukeatua
 Ethel Hughes, of Papakura
 <mask>, surveyor, who died of fever in North Borneo in 1921
 H. Arthur <mask>, who ran the Morrinsville flax mill, Hamilton brickworks and then moved to Thames and then Rotorua
 Alfred <mask>, who moved to Melbourne about 1908
 Harold F<mask>, an architect, who moved to Melbourne in 1914
 Violet, who died when she was pushed out of a window, when aged 6 in 1897. <mask> returned to England in 1872. The family also visited England and Scotland in 1904, 1912 and 1915. In 1873 he bought a riverside section for £10. Until selling the house in about 1912 to Henry Greenslade, who built Greenslade House, <mask>ates, lived at 'Wairere', 1 Wellington Street, Hamilton East. He had moved there when he married in 1874, and sold it when its kahikatea timbers were suffering from borer.In 1922 he moved to live with his son, Harold, in Canterbury, Melbourne, but returned in 1924 and was at 9 Wellington Street in 1927 and 1928. <mask> died on Sunday 1 May 1932. His wife, died a week before him. They were then living with their eldest daughter at Pukenui Rd, Epsom and were buried at Hillsborough Cemetery. References

External links
Photos -

 probably flax mill wharf and Union Bridge in 1906
<mask>' flax mill in 1908

1840 births
1932 deaths
People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
Mayors of Hamilton, New Zealand
Burials at Hillsborough Cemetery, Auckland
19th-century New Zealand businesspeople

masks:
Isaac Coates
Coates
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac Coates
Isaac Coates
Isaac Coates
Isaac Coates
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac
Ernest Coates
Coates
Hamilton Coates
. Coates
Isaac
Isaac Co
Isaac
Isaac Coates


title: Vera Nazarian

texts:
<mask> (born 1966 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is an Armenian-Russian (by ethnicity) American writer of fantasy, science fiction and other "wonder fiction" including Mythpunk, an artist, and the publisher of Norilana Books. She is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) and the author of ten novels, including Dreams of the Compass Rose, a "collage" novel structured as a series of related and interlinked stories similar in arabesque flavor to The One Thousand and One Nights, Lords of Rainbow, a standalone epic fantasy about a world without color, the Cobweb Bride trilogy, and The Atlantis Grail books. Crowdfunding controversy
In 2014 controversy erupted when she started an Indiegogo campaign to try to raise money for her authors; although the campaign was canceled after three days. As a result of "personal misfortunes", she had stopped paying royalties to the authors publishing books with Norilana Books, and hoped to raise enough money to pay what she owed them through the crowdfunding campaign. This generated discussion and criticism questioning to which extent small businesses should use Indiegogo or other similar crowdfunding sites to pay off business debt, and also resulted in criticism against her handling of the matter. A similar fundraiser was carried out successfully in 2008 for the same reasons, which resulted in donations of $19,000 to cover the debt she owed her authors, as well as to support herself. Selected works

Novels
 Dreams of the Compass Rose ("collage" novel), Wildside Press, May 2002.Nebula Award Preliminary Ballot 2002 nominee. Lords of Rainbow, or, The Book of Fulfillment, Betancourt & Company, an imprint of Wildside Press, March 2003. Mansfield Park and Mummies: Monster Mayhem, Matrimony, Ancient Curses, True Love, and Other Dire Delights , "Curiosities", an imprint of Norilana Books, November 2009. Northanger Abbey and Angels and Dragons , "Curiosities", an imprint of Norilana Books, December 2010. Pride and Platypus: Mr. Darcy's Dreadful Secret , "Curiosities", an imprint of Norilana Books, June 2012. Cobweb Bride  (Cobweb Bride Trilogy, Book One), "Leda", an imprint of Norilana Books, July 15, 2013. Cobweb Empire  (Cobweb Bride Trilogy, Book Two), "Leda", an imprint of Norilana Books, September 25, 2013.Cobweb Forest  (Cobweb Bride Trilogy, Book Three), "Leda", an imprint of Norilana Books, December 31, 2013. Qualify  (The Atlantis Grail, Book One), Norilana Books, December 20, 2014. Compete  (The Atlantis Grail, Book Two), Norilana Books, August 15, 2015. Win (The Atlantis Grail, Book Three), Norilana Books, July 12, 2017. Dragon Awards 2018 Finalist. Survive (The Atlantis Grail, Book Four), Norilana Books, January 3, 2020. Novellas
 The Clock King and the Queen of the Hourglass, PS Publishing, UK, October 2005, with an introduction by Charles de Lint, on the Locus Recommended Reading List 2005.The Duke in His Castle, Norilana Books, June 2008. Nebula Award 2008 Finalist. Collections
 Salt of the Air, Prime Books, September 2006, with an introduction by Gene Wolfe. Debut collection of author's fantasy short fiction, spanning 20 years of her career, including works from 1985 to 2005. Expanded and reissued definitive edition, Norilana Books, April 2009. After the Sundial, Norilana Books, August 2010. Miscellaneous in book form
 Hell Week at Grant-Williams High (two-novella omnibus), "YA Angst" an imprint of Norilana Books, January 19, 2011.The Perpetual Calendar of Inspiration , "Spirit", an imprint of Norilana Books, October 2010. Vampires are from Venus, Werewolves are from Mars: A Comprehensive Guide to Attracting Supernatural Love, "Curiosities", an imprint of Norilana Books, December 2012. Short stories
 "Streets Running Like a River," Night's Nieces: The Legacy of Tanith Lee, edited by Storm Constantine, December 11, 2015. "Zandru's Gift," Stars of Darkover, edited by Deborah J. Ross and Elisabeth Waters, June 3, 2014. "Danila's Song," Music of Darkover, edited by Elisabeth Waters, June 3, 2013 (reprint). "Niola's Last Stand," Black Gate Magazine, edited by John O'Neill, May 12, 2013. "The Witch Who Made Adjustments," Past Future Present 2011 by Helen E Davis, December 10, 2011."The Slaying of Winter," a reprint in four parts, Polu Texni, October 2008, edited by Dawn Albright. "Three Names of the Hidden God," Heroes in Training, edited by Martin H. Greenberg and Jim C. Hines, DAW Books, September 2007
 "The Ballad of Universal Jack," New Writings in the Fantastic, edited by John Grant, Pendragon Press, September 2007. "The Story of Love," Best New Romantic Fantasy #2, edited by Paula Guran, Juno Books, June 2007. Nebula Award 2007 Finalist. "Port Custodial Blues," Helix SF #2, October 2006, edited by William Sanders and Lawrence Watt-Evans. The short story was a WSFA Small Press Award 2007 Finalist. "I Want To Paint The Sky," Bli Panika, reprint translated into Hebrew, December 2005."Halloween at Grant-Williams High," Fictionwise, original novelette, July 2003. "The Young Woman in a House of Old," Strange Pleasures #2, Prime Books, June 2003, edited by John Grant and Dave Hutchinson. "Lady of the Castle," Bookface.com, July 2000. "Mount Dragon," Talebones, Issue #14, January 1999. "A Dance for Darkover," Leroni of Darkover, DAW Books 1991 (co-written with Diana Perry). "The Balance," Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine, Issue 9, Summer 1990. "The Jackal," Four Moons of Darkover, cover story, DAW Books 1988."Kihar," Red Sun of Darkover, DAW Books 1987. Several entries in the Sword and Sorceress series, DAW Books 1985. "Danila's Song" in Music of Darkover, 2013

Non-fiction articles
 "Home Improvement in Magic Land," pop culture essay appearing in the BenBella Books SmartPop Series anthology Totally Charmed: Demons, Whitelighters and the Power of Three based on the TV show Charmed, edited by Jennifer Crusie, November 2005. "Publicity and Self-Promotion Nouveau: Doing It With Class," article on publicity and self-promotion for writers, appearing in Speculations Issue Forty-Six, edited by Susan Fry, April 2002. References

External links
 <mask>'s Webpage - official author website. 1966 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American publishers (people)
American science fiction writers
People from Moscow
Russian people of Armenian descent
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American people of Armenian descent
American people of Russian descent
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
21st-century American women writers
Russian women writers

masks:
Vera Nazarian
Vera Nazarian