title: Luís Gama

texts:
<mask>  (Salvador, June 21, 1830 – São Paulo, August 24, 1882) was a Brazilian  (self-taught lawyer), abolitionist, orator, journalist and writer, and the Patron of the . Born to a free black mother and a white father, he was nevertheless made a slave at the age of 10, and remained illiterate until the age of 17. He judicially won his own freedom and began to work as a lawyer on behalf of the captives, and by the age of 29 he was already an established author and considered "the greatest abolitionist in Brazil". Although considered one of the exponents of , works such as Manuel Bandeira's "Apresentação da Poesia Brasileira" do not even mention his name. He had such a unique life that it is difficult to find, among his biographers, any who do not become passionate when portraying him - being himself also charged with passion, emotional and yet captivating. Despite this the historian Boris Fausto declared that he owned a "soap opera biography". He was one of the rare black intellectuals in 19th century slave-owning Brazil, the only self-taught and the only one to have gone through the experience of captivity.He spent his life fighting for the abolition of slavery and for the end of the monarchy in Brazil, but died six years before these causes were accomplished. In 2018 his name was inscribed in the Steel Book of national heroes deposited in the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom. Panorama from the time
São Paulo, where <mask> lived for forty-two years, was in the middle of the 19th century a still small provincial capital that, with the demand for coffee production from the 1870s on, saw the price of slaves reach a level that made their urban possession almost prohibitive. Until this period, however, it was quite common the property of "rent slaves", on whose work their owners drew their source of sustenance, alongside the so-called "domestic slaves". It had a population ten times smaller than that of the Court (Rio de Janeiro), and a very strong presence of legal culture because, since 1828, one of the only two law schools in the country had been established there, the Largo de São Francisco Law School, which received students from all over the country, coming from all social strata - besides the children of the rural oligarchy, members of the intellectual elite that was being formed at the time (<mask> defined it, then, as "Noah's Ark in a small way"). Childhood and slavery
<mask> <mask> was born on June 21, 1830, at Bângala street Nº2, in the centre from the city of Salvador, Bahia. Even with little information about his childhood, it is known that he was the son of <mask>a Mahin, a freed African ex-slave, and the son of a Portuguese fidalgo who lived in Bahia.At the age of seven, his mother traveled to Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Sabinada revolt, never to meet him again. In 1840, his father ended up in debt with gambling, so he resorted to selling <mask> <mask> as a slave to pay his debts. There is no evidence that his father sought him out after that. As an adult, <mask> understood that when he was sold he was a victim of the crime of "Enslaving a free person, who is in possession of his freedom. ", provided in Article 179 from Criminal Code of the Empire of Brazil, sanctioned shortly after his birth. Furthermore, due to the fact that the revolts that took place in Bahia led to the prohibition of the sale of slaves from this province to other regions of Brazil, the sale and transport of <mask> <mask> to São Paulo was constituted as contraband. In an autobiographical letter he sent in 1880 to , he describes his birth and early childhood thus:

Lígia Ferreira, one of the researchers who has most studied <mask>'s life, points out that this information could not be verified, although she stresses that the sobrado where he was born still exists; the register of his baptism could not be found, and adds to this the fact that the omission of his father's name from his account casts doubt on his real identity.Put up for sale, he was rejected "for being Bahian". After the Malê revolt, a stigma was created that Bahian captives were rebellious and more likely to run away. He was taken to Rio de Janeiro where he was sold to Antonio Pereira Cardoso, a slave trader who took him to be resold in São Paulo. From the Port of Santos, <mask> and the other slaves were taken on foot to be sold in Jundiaí and Campinas. With all the buyers resisting buying him because he was from Bahia, <mask> began working as a domestic slave on the ensign's property, washing and ironing clothes, and then became a , working as a seamstress and shoemaker in the town of Lorena. Freedom and adulthood
In 1847, <mask> <mask> had contact with a law student, Antônio Rodrigues do Prado Júnior, who stayed at his master's house and taught him the alphabet. The following year <mask> was already literate and had taught the ensign's children to read, which he used as an argument in favor of his alforria, which was not successful.With this, <mask> <mask> was able to prove his freedom and joined the army in 1848. It remains unclear, however, the artifices used by <mask> to obtain his freedom, and it is suggested that he may have used the testimony of his father - whose identity he was careful to keep obscure. There is also the theory that <mask> would have run away from the estate and argued that he was free because he could read and write, which were skills that most slaves did not possessed. He was part of the City Guard from 1848 until 1954, when he was imprisoned for 39 days due to "insoburdination" after "threatening an insolent officer" who had insulted him. Before that, in 1850, he had married Claudina Fortunata Sampaio. Even while serving in the army, he was chosen to work as a copyist for official authorities in his spare time, since he had good calligraphy. In 1856, he was hired as a clerk at the São Paulo Police Department, in the office of Francisco Maria de Souza Furtado de Mendonça, a counselor and law professor.With the knowledge of Francisco Mendonça and having his library at his disposal, <mask> <mask> further studied the subject of law until he made the decision to graduate from the Largo de São Francisco Law School. However, the students of the Faculty were against it, making it impossible for <mask> <mask> to enroll, so he began to study on his own, as attending classes as a listener and became a "rábula", the name given to the individual who had enough legal knowledge to be a lawyer, even without a law degree. After acting in slave cases, <mask> was dismissed from his position at the Secretariat of Police, in 1868, due to pressure from  who were dissatisfied with the freedoms won by the rábula. <mask> defined his dismissal "for the good of the public service" as a consequence of the work he had been doing to free slaves who were in an illegal situation, in addition to denouncing the system's abuses, or, in his words

Literature

<mask> was a reader of the Vida de Jesus (Life of Jesus), by the French philosopher Ernest Renan, originally published in 1863 and soon translated in Brazil, being one of the first to refer to it in the country. His only work, originally published in two editions (1859 and 1861), Primeiras Trovas Burlescas, placed him in the literary pantheon of Brazil only twelve years after he learned to read. This book, dedicated to Salvador Furtado de Mendonça, a magistrate who taught at the Largo de S. Francisco and who also managed his library there (which allows us to infer that he facilitated <mask>'s access to his collection), also has poems by his friend José Bonifácio the Younger, attached. The third edition of the work only came out posthumously, in 1904.Poetry: the "Orpheus with a curly top"
Recalling the figure of the Greek poet Orpheus, and alluding to his curly hair, <mask> was called "Orpheus with a curly top", and mastered both lyric and satirical poetry. His poetics is written in the first person, without hiding his own origin and without failing to proclaim his blackness; at the same time, he does not fail to use the traditional images of his time, such as mythological evocations (like Orpheus, Cupid, etc.) or the poets of the past (like Lamartine, Camões, for example). However, <mask> reverts these images to his condition: the muse is from Guinea, Orpheus has "curly top". In portraying white society, he uses strongly satirical images:

He builds, from the elements of white culture, the antithesis to the culture and civilization of the blacks, filling them with elements of traditional poetry; thus, he contrasts the "Guinea muse" to the Greco-Roman muses; the dark granite to the white marble; the marimba and the cabaço to the lyre and the flute:

In his verses, he traces an image of himself that is far from the figure of the "poor wretch" or sufferer that figures in the blacks painted by contemporary white poets like Castro Alves. <mask> hits himself with the same fierce criticism with which he attacks the system, belittling his own value before the prevailing cultural standards, which he implicitly accepts:

<mask> even ironizes the situation of the black man, cut off from wealth, the sciences, and the arts:

Goat
"Goat" (Bode) was a term used in <mask>'s time to make pejorative references to black and pardo people, more specifically, "gathering of mixed-race people", and the poet himself was the target of these offenses. Thus, in 1861, in the poem Quem sou eu?also known as Bodarrada, <mask> used the term ironically to satirize Brazilian society, while affirming human equality regardless of color:

Abolitionist Activism

Journalism and Freemasonry
Part of <mask> <mask>'s abolitionist activism resided in his activity in the press. He began his journalistic career in São Paulo, together with cartoonist Angelo Agostini; both founded, in 1864, the first illustrated humorous newspaper in that city, called  (Lame Devil), which lasted from October 1864 until November 1865. Before this, however, he had been an apprentice printer at O Ipiranga and had worked in the editorial staff of Radical Paulistano. His actions as a journalist and lawyer, as early as 1869, had made him one of the most influential and popular figures in the city of São Paulo. Despite this, <mask> did not become a rich man and kept what little money he had to donate to the needy who came to him. <mask> <mask> was the only black abolitionist in Brazil to have experienced slavery. But <mask> also wrote articles for other newspapers, in which he discoursed on socio-racial issues of Imperial Brazil.In an article entitled Foro de Belém de Jundiaí, published in , <mask> denounces the decision of a judge who, after the death of a slave master, allowed the auction of a former slave who had been freed by his heir son. His journalistic and legal actions brought him many enemies, and the author Julio Emílio Braz even claims that Dioguinho was hired to assassinate him when <mask> was nearing the end of his life, but a letter written to his son on September 23, 1870 makes it clear that he had been suffering threats against his life for some time. In 1866, still with Agostini, now joined by , they founded the hebdomadário ; all three belonged to the same Masonic lodge, and shared the same republican and abolitionist ideals. The America Masonic Lodge was very active in the abolitionist cause; it was founded by <mask> <mask> and Ruy Barbosa and Joaquim Nabuco (who omits his Masonic background) may also have been a member. At the time of his death, <mask> was the institution's Venerable Master. One of his projects within the freemasonry was, in June 1969, through the America Lodge and together with Olímpio da Paixão, the creation of a free school for children and an evening primary school for adults in the 25 de Março Street. Historian Bruno Rodrigues de Lima also found a manuscript that presents the idea that <mask> had been responsible for the creation of a community library with 5 thousand titles, something that was attributed to the Loja América, and his manifestos published in the newspaper "Democracia" demonstrate his commitment to a project of a public and secular school at least 30 years before the first debates on this subject.The "Gama style" of judicial practice

In 1831, a law was passed that prohibited the importation of slaves into Brazil, making any trafficked individual free as soon as he or she arrived in the country. Called the , it became better known as a , because it was a law passed to appease British pressure for the abolition of slavery in Brazil, without actually putting an end to the importation of slaves. Although it was not a law enforced by slave traders, it was the legal instrument by which <mask> used to achieve the liberation of slaves. The so-called "Gama style" consisted of proving through legal proceedings that the enslaved blacks defended by <mask> were brought illegally to Brazil, that is, after the promulgation of the Feijó Law in 1831, and should therefore be freed. With the promulgation of the Lei do Ventre Livre (Free Womb Law) in 1871, <mask> was able to get more freed slaves. In one of the items of the law, it was established the requirement of registration of each slave that a master owned. If the slave did not have a registration, it could be used as an argument for his alforria, as <mask> did.Also, article 4 of the law formalized the purchase of the slave's manumission charter by the slave himself or by others, which allowed abolitionists to pass themselves off as slave valuers and lower the purchase price, allowing <mask> and other abolitionists to buy more freedoms at lower prices. Although he acted mainly in the defense of blacks accused of crimes, of those who fled or to seek their legal freedoms, he did not refuse to attend gracefully to the poor of any ethnicity, and there were cases in which he defended European immigrants injured by Brazilians. <mask> also helped newly freed slaves find a job. In his autobiographical letter to Lúcio de Mendonça, <mask> estimates that he had already freed more than 500 slaves from captivity and in an 1869 court case known as the "Netto Question", <mask> secured the freedom of 217 slaves, in an act regarded as the "largest known collective action to free slaves in the Americas," according to the BBC. During a jury, <mask> uttered a phrase that became famous: The slave who kills the

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title: Luís Gama

type: original

texts:
 master, in whatever circumstance, always kills in self-defense - this provoked such a reaction from those present that, with the confusion, the judge was forced to suspend the session. Historian Ligia Fonseca Ferreira says that this phrase actually appeared in the biography of <mask> <mask> written by Lúcio de Mendonça and published in the Almanaque Literário de São Paulo, explaining that "This phrase is not by Luiz <mask>, it is by this white friend who wrote about him". An article in the Estado de São Paulo also says that <mask> never wrote these words in exact, and historian Bruno Rodrigues de Lima says that this concept reappears several times in his work.In one example, in the Letter to Ferreira de Menezes dated December 18, 1880, when defending 4 slaves considered "four Spartacus" by <mask>, who had murdered the son of their master Valeriano José do Vale, and had been executed by 300 people while inside the prision by "...the knife, the stick, the hoe, the axe...", <mask> said:

An equivalent sentence was published on August 19, 1882 as the subtitle of the article "To the slavocrats", written by Raul Pompeia, in the Abolitionist Center's newspaper "ÇA IRA": "Before the Law, the crime of homicide perpetrated by the slave in the person of the master is justifiable". Ethnic views
<mask> <mask> was against African descendants who acted like whites or even became cruel slavers, and he thought it was funny to see slavers of multi-ethnic origin trying to pass themselves off as whites. About his father, he said, "My father, I dare not claim that he was white, because such claims, in this country, constitute grave danger before the truth". Colonel Teodoro Xavier hated <mask> <mask> for having already lost a slave to him, so he called him "Goat", trying to insult him, to which one day, the lawyer replied: "I am not a goat, I am black. My color does not deny it. A goat is your honor who intends to disguise, with this light color, the mulatto underneath". Political Activity
In his political activities <mask> was affiliated to Liberal Party and before the  he had already exposed his ideas in the article "The American Brazil and the lands of Cruzeiro without king or slaves" published on December 2, 1869.Later, <mask> was part of the group that for the first time tried to found a republican party and on July 2, 1873, he came to participate in the First Republican Congress, already part of the Paulista Republican Party, where he found that the party and its members, many slave owners, did not care or interest themselves in the abolitionist agenda. Because he believed that abolition should be immediate and without compensation to the slaveholders, he left the party and started criticizing it in the media, and these criticisms also extended to newspapers that claimed to be in favor of the abolitionist cause, but published advertisements about the capture of slaves. Death and burial
The writer Raul Pompeia had already noticed that <mask>'s health was not good; three days before his death he had observed that <mask> no longer climbed down the stairs of his office without support, resorting to the support of his friends Pedro, Brasil Silvado, or himself, Raul. <mask> had diabetes. On the morning of August 24, 1882 he had lost his speech and despite the intervention of more than 20 doctors, this was the causa mortis that victimized him that afternoon, certified by physician Jaime Perna. When the great abolitionist and slave liberator had died, Raul Pompeia expressed his incredulity and, registering every moment of the funeral, he immediately went to his friend's house, where he verified that many people were already there, keeping vigil: in front of the house, men cried "like cowards", and ladies sobbed. His body had been placed in a coffin in the front room; a sculptor molded his face in plaster.The coffin left the next day at three o'clock in the afternoon. Just before the coffin was closed, the widow gave a painful cry. The cemetery was at the other end of town, and a funeral coach had been prepared to take him, but the crowd of people who had flocked there would not let him go: "Everyone's friend" - as he was known - would have to be "carried by everyone". Commerce had closed its doors and flowers were thrown to Gama. The coffin appears, brought by friends of the deceased: journalist and member of the Centro Abolicionista Gaspar da Silva, Dr. Antônio Carlos, Dr. Pinto Ferraz, , among others; ahead of the coffin followed a huge crowd, like the one squeezed in beside, disputing the honor of carrying the coffin; behind, a large number of carriages and, among them, the empty funeral coach. At four hours and five minutes, the procession arrived at Brás, where a band was waiting to accompany it, playing sad chords; at , the Brotherhood of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios joined the burial; arriving at the "city", stores closed their doors and flags were flying at half-mast, while people crowded the streets where the burial was to take place; in the windows, families squeezed themselves to watch: all along the way, many mourned the loss. Professor Otávio Torres recorded that <mask> <mask> died "glorified by São Paulo"; Antônio Loureiro de Sousa, in 1949, recorded: "His funeral was an unprecedented spectacle: it was the largest ever reported in those days.The crowd that followed the funeral cortege, with all silence and admiration, was forced to stop by the numerous speeches that interrupted the funeral procession". More recently, in 2013, article writer Zeca Borges declared that "his burial was the most emotional event in the history of the city of São Paulo". People of all classes were there, and all vying for the chance to carry the skiff. At one point, the slave driver  carried on one side, and on the other, a haughty, "poor, ragged, barefooted black man", in Pompey's register. It was already evening when the procession finally arrived at the Consolação holy ground, and the crowd held its ground. After a brief stop for a sermon by a priest in the chapel, where the hundreds of wreaths of flowers were laid, the coffin was finally taken to the grave, where the crowd was waiting. Before lowering it, however, someone - the doctor  or , shouted for everyone to wait; after a brief speech in which he remembered the importance of <mask> <mask>, bringing everyone to tears, he summoned everyone to swear an oath not to let "die the idea for which that giant had fought": this was answered by a general roar from the crowd, which, hands extended to the coffin, swore.His grave was purchased on the same day as the burial in the name of his wife Claudina, as recorded in Book 2, fols. 28, of the Municipal Archives; it is located on 2nd Street, grave 17. Effects from the speeches
<mask>'s death and the engaged speech at his grave marked the end of this first phase of the abolitionist movement, markedly "legalistic" (constitution of funds for the acquisition of captives and their freedom, legal actions for liberation) and the beginning of the phase of effective actions to combat the slavers: led by Clímaco Barbosa, the campaign moved on to "de facto ways", where people took in runaway slaves, hiding them in their homes until they were sent to the Quilombo do Jabaquara, in Santos, and stimulating mass escape from the farms. A milestone of this action was the invasion of Chácara Pari by members of the Brás Abolitionist Club, with cries of "Long live the abolitionists, let the slavocrats die! "; people such as Barbosa, Antônio Bento, Feliciano Bicudo, among other notables and anonymous, became part of the police's list of suspects. In 1879, recognizing that his illness was worsening, <mask> <mask> began to consider radical methods and Antônio Bento, who had left his position as a judge to dedicate himself to the anti-slavery struggle was of paramount importance in this area and was later considered "the ghost of abolition". Antônio Bento inherited the position of lawyer for the Abolitionist Club upon <mask>'s death.Later came the Abolitionist Party and the Caifazes movement, led by Antônio Bento, who radicalized the abolitionist campaign in actions as described in the first paragraph of the topic, which made Antônio Bento the immediate continuator of <mask> <mask>'s work. Homages and influences

Among his contemporaries <mask> was the recipient of several tributes. Raul Pompeia, in the  of September 10, 1882, wrote an article about him entitled Última página da vida de um grande homem (Last page in the life of a great man); the same author wrote a caricature of him, which was published that same year on the front page of the Rio de Janeiro newspaper O Mequetrefe in August (No. 284), and also the unfinished novella A Mão de Luís Gama (The Hand of Luís Gama), originally published on the pages of the Jornal do Commercio, of São Paulo (1883), and the text A Morte de Luíz Gama (The death of Luíz Gama). Some years after his death, and following the Abolition, the Luís Gama Lodge was founded by the São Paulo Freemason Góes and the collaboration of brothers from the Trabalho and Ordem e Progresso lodges, with the initiation of 25 blacks. In his honor, in 1919, the  (currently  named one of its stations, today practically in ruins. Between 1923 and 1926, in what may be considered the "second period of the black press" in the state of São Paulo, the newspaper Getulino appeared in the city of Campinas; in this city racism was stronger than in the state capital itself, and the publication was part of the movement for greater participation of blacks in society; its title was a "tribute to Luís Gama who had as one of his pseudonyms Getulino" and its influence would culminate in the creation of O Clarim da Alvorada, a newspaper in the São Paulo capital.In , in São Paulo, there is a  erected to his memory, erected on commission by the black community on the occasion of his centennial. Over time it influenced several black Brazilian movements, such as the literary group Projeto Rhumor Negro of São Paulo, created in 1988, for whom <mask>'s letter to Mendonça is "one of the most important historical documents of the Brazilian people. (...) Given the magnitude of the life of this great man, this letter, crossing time, is also addressed to all of us". In 2014, in the wake of the success of the movie 12 Years a Slave, writer Ana Maria Gonçalves, author of the novelized work about <mask>'s life Um Defeito de Cor (A Color Defect), prepared a script for a movie and also drawing the attention of Brazilian television - pointing out that very little is said about slavery compared to other historical facts, such as the holocaust during World War II. In 2015 the play "Luiz <mask> — Uma voz pela liberdade" ("Luiz <mask> - A Voice for Freedom") was started, with actor and scriptwriter Deo Garcez as the protagonist and actress Nivia Helen as narrator and various characters. In 2017, the University of São Paulo Law School, in , named one of its rooms after him. In 2018 his name was inscribed in the Steel Book of national heroes deposited in the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom and was recognized as a journalist by the .In 2019, it was announced that filmmaker  would make a film on the life of <mask>, with  as the character in adulthood. The film, then in production, was temporarily titled Prisioneiro da Liberdade (Prisoner of Liberty), also would feature actors Caio Blat and Zezé Motta. The name of the film came to be Doutor <mask>, with  as the main character, and was released in 2021. Also in 2019, the comic book Província Negra was published after winning the city of São Paulo's Fomento Cultural edict, portraying a fictional adventure based on the life of <mask>, who takes on the role of the protagonist in the adventure. The script is by Kaled Kanbour and the art by Kris Zullo. In 2021, the University of São Paulo posthumously awarded him an Honoris Causa doctorate, the first black Brazilian to receive this title from the university. Title of "lawyer"
133 years after his death, on November 3, 2015, the Order of Attorneys of Brazil, São Paulo Section, granted him the title of "lawyer", since he was not trained and acted as a "provisioned" or abolitionist.The tribute ceremony, entitled "Luiz <mask>: Ideas and Legacy of the Abolitionist Leader", included two days of events at Mackenzie Presbyterian University, through debates and lectures. The tribute is unprecedented in the history of the Order of Attorneys of Brazil; according to its national president, , "It is a very fitting tribute to someone who fought so hard for freedom, equality, and respect". Image Abroad
The Black Past website, focused on global African and African American history, has a page with the poet's biography. In March 2020, the workshop "Slavery, Freedom and Civil Law in the Brazilian Courts (1860-1888): How the Black Lawyer Luiz <mask> Developed a Legal Doctrine that Freed Five Hundred Slaves" took place at Princeton University. Complete work
Historian Bruno Rodrigues de Lima, from the Max Planck Institute, spent nine years going through archives and registry offices looking for the complete works of <mask> <mask>, in a project for the publication of ten volumes and approximately 5,000 pages in Portuguese entitled Obras Completas [Complete Works (of Luiz <mask>)], alongside the publisher Hedra. The project, published out of order, will be fully released by 2022. Bruno Rodrigues has researched to create <mask> <mask>'s timeline starting when he published his first text at the age of 19, and among his research findings is the fact that he was already recognized as a lawyer in his time, not a rábula- and that this denomination may have been created to diminish him.Notes

References

Bibliography

Scientific papers

Books

Additional reading
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External links

 A biography of <mask>  <mask> (in English)
 A biography of Luís Gama
 Organization dedicated to Luiz <mask> (in Portuguese)

1830 births
1882 deaths
Brazilian lawyers
Brazilian journalists
Romantic poets
Brazilian abolitionists
People from Salvador, Bahia
Deaths from diabetes
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century Brazilian poets
Brazilian male poets
19th-century Brazilian male writers
Brazilian

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title: Tony Lema

texts:
<mask> (February 25, 1934 – July 24, 1966) was an American professional golfer who rose to fame in the mid-1960s and won a major title, the 1964 Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland. He died two years later at age 32 in an aircraft accident near Chicago. Early life
Born in Oakland, California, <mask>'s parents were Anthony H<mask> (1899–1937) and Clotilda M<mask>, née Silva (1910–2000), both of Portuguese ancestry. His father died of pneumonia when <mask> was three years old, and his widowed mother struggled to raise the family of four children on welfare. He began playing golf as a boy at Lake Chabot municipal golf course and learned different aspects of the game from a variety of people. Noted African-American golf coach Lucius Bateman helped develop his swing and Oakland policeman Ralph Hall taught him course strategy. The golf pros at Lake Chabot, Dick Fry and Bill Burch, trained him on basic golf fundamentals, including the use of a square stance.At age 17, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in Korea. After his discharge from the military in 1955, he obtained work as an assistant to the club professional at a San Francisco golf club. Eddie Lowery, a wealthy San Francisco businessman, who assisted talented amateur players in the area, helped to sponsor and encourage <mask>. Lowery is best known as the 10-year-old caddy of champion Francis Ouimet at the 1913 U.S. Open. Lowery's sponsorship gave <mask> $200 a week expense money, to be repaid, in addition to splitting his winnings: <mask> received two-thirds, Lowery one-third. One additional detail was that all debts at the end of the year were to be carried forward. PGA Tour
By 1957, <mask> had developed his skills sufficiently to earn his way onto the PGA Tour, winning the Imperial Valley Open in memorable fashion: Assuming he was out of contention, <mask> headed to the clubhouse bar, where he drank three highballs.Told that he would face Paul Harney in a sudden-death playoff, a relaxed <mask> won the tournament on the second extra hole. The following year, he began developing friendships with a trio of fellow golfers: Johnny Pott, Tommy Jacobs, and Jim Ferree, and during 11 tournaments in 1958, <mask> finished in the top 15, winning $10,282 for the year. The following year, <mask>'s winnings dropped to $5,900, followed by an even worse year in 1960, when he collected a mere $3,060. A raucous off-the-course lifestyle was taking its toll until he began talking with television producer Danny Arnold, who helped him improve his composure and bolster his confidence. While <mask>'s struggles continued in 1962, along with his debt to Lowery reaching over $11,000, his luck changed that autumn. His first tour win came in late September at Las Vegas, three strokes ahead runner-up Don January. Four weeks later, on the eve of his playoff victory at the Orange County Open Invitational in Costa Mesa, California, <mask> joked he would serve champagne to the press if he won the next day.From then on he was known as <mask>, and his handsome looks and vivacious personality added to the legend, such that Johnny Miller has stated that at the time of his death in 1966, <mask> was second only to Arnold Palmer in fan popularity. That win sparked an impressive performance over the next four years that saw <mask> win twelve official tour events, finish second on eleven occasions, and third four times. From 1963 until his death in July 1966, he finished in the top ten over half of the time and made the cut in every major, finishing in the top ten in eight of the fifteen in which he played. <mask> was a member of Ryder Cup teams in 1963 and 1965 with a record of 9–1–1 (), which remains the best for any player who has played in two or more. Friend and tour colleague Jack Nicklaus wrote that <mask>'s play also stabilized and improved greatly after he married Betty Cline, a former airline stewardess, in 1963. One additional reason for <mask>'s more relaxed play that year was the end of his agreement with Lowery. In 1963, <mask> finished second by one stroke to Nicklaus at the Masters, and missed the playoff for the U.S. Open by two shots, bogeying the last two holes, believing he needed birdies.He won the Memphis Open Invitational later that summer. <mask> won two other tournaments that fall and was named 1963 Most Improved Player by Golf Digest. That winter, he wrote, with Gwylim S. Brown, "Golfers' Gold", an autobiographical account of his eight-year apprenticeship in the competitive cauldron of the PGA Tour. Major champion
In 1964, <mask> won the Bing Crosby National Pro-Am at Pebble Beach, then three tournaments in four weeks: the Thunderbird Classic at Westchester in Rye, New York, the Buick Open Invitational at Warwick Hills in Grand Blanc, Michigan, and the Cleveland Open at Highland Park (in a playoff with Palmer). Two weeks later at St Andrews, Scotland, <mask> captured his only major title at the Open Championship, five shots ahead of runner-up Nicklaus. Before teeing up in the first round, he had only played nine practice holes. <mask> had hired Arnold Palmer's regular British caddy, Tip Anderson, since Palmer was not competing that year.Anderson, a descendant of a past Open champion, Jamie Anderson, had grown up on the course. At the September matchup of the four major champions of 1964, in the 36-hole exhibition World Series of Golf, <mask> won $50,000 (then the largest payoff in golf) at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio, over Palmer (Masters), Ken Venturi (U.S. Open) and Bobby Nichols (PGA Championship). Due to his good looks and recent success, <mask> was tapped for a guest appearance in an episode of the TV series Hazel that aired January 7, 1965, in which Hazel misplaces his prized golf clubs. Later that year, he was on The Lawrence Welk Show, where Welk passed the baton to <mask> to direct the Champagne Music Makers. In 1965, <mask> won the Buick Open for the second consecutive year, and the Carling World Open, finishing second in prize money to Nicklaus. In fall 1965, he and Nicklaus formed the U.S. team to the World Cup of Golf. <mask>'s last victory came in 1966 in late May, in his wife's hometown at the Oklahoma City Open, winning by six strokes at Quail Creek.Two weeks later, he recovered from an opening round 78 to nearly capture a third consecutive Buick Open, finishing three shots behind Phil Rodgers, in fourth place. Death
Following the PGA Championship at Firestone in Akron in late July 1966, <mask> and his wife chartered an airplane to fly them to an exhibition tournament south of Chicago: the Little Buick Open at Lincolnshire Country Club in Crete, Illinois. The twin-engine Beechcraft Bonanza, piloted by Doris Mullen, ran out of fuel and crashed into a water hazard short of the seventh green of the nine-hole golf course at Lansing Sportsman's Club in Lansing (), about a half mile (0.8 km) northwest of their destination, Lansing Municipal Airport. During the fatal plunge, Mullen swerved left to avoid a group of people standing near the clubhouse. In addition to the Lemas and Mullen, who was a mother of four teenaged children, Dr. George Bard, the copilot and a surgeon, was killed. Bard and Mullen's husband, Wylie, were colleagues as well as owners of the ill-fated plane. <mask> and his wife, Betty, age 30, were buried in California at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Hayward after funeral services on July 28 at St. Elizabeth's Church in his hometown of Oakland.In 1983, a San Leandro public golf course bordering San Francisco Bay was named in his memory as the <mask> Drive, and there is a collection of photographs and other items in the clubhouse of Ludlow Country Club featuring <mask>. Professional wins (22)

PGA Tour wins (12)

PGA Tour playoff record (3–1)

Other wins (10)
Note:  This list is probably incomplete. 1957 Imperial Valley Open
1958 Idaho Open
1961 Hesperia Invitational Open, Mexican Open
1962 Mexican Open, Northern California Open, Northern California PGA Championship
1963 Northern California PGA Championship
1964 World Series of Golf, Northern California PGA Championship

Major championships

Wins (1)

Results timeline

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 15 (1963 Masters – 1966 PGA)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (three times)

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners)
Canada Cup: 1965

References

External links
Sports Illustrated - cover - March 23, 1964
Tony Lema Golf Course Monarch Bay

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Golfers from California
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
20th-century American memoirists
American people of Portuguese descent
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1966
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Accidental deaths in Illinois
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
People from San Leandro, California
Military personnel from California
Burials in Alameda County, California
1934 births
1966 deaths

masks:
Anthony David Lema
Lema
. Lema
. Lema
Tony
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Champagne Tony
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Lema
Tony Lemama
Lema


title: Carole Bienaimé

texts:
<mask> (also <mask>), is a commissioner and board member of Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel, an independent agency of French government that regulates communications by radio, television, and internet platforms across France and all its territories. She was nominated by the president of the French Senate, Gérard Larcher, in 2017. Bienaimé-Besse used to be a television and cinema producer and a director. She used to be an executive at April Snow Films & Capital. Officier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres promoted by French Minister of Culture Roselyne Bachelot and Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite French order of merit by President Emmanuel Macron, Bienaimé Besse was a board member of the fund Compte de Soutien de l'Industrie de Programmes Audiovisuels at Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée. She was also vice-president of Producers Guild in France and a board member of French Producers Society. Overview
Bienaimé Besse has over 20 years of experience in the international entertainment industry and fundraising.Since 1998 she has been involved in many international productions. Since 2017 Bienaimé-Besse has been a commissioner and board member of Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel. She was designated by Gérard Larcher, the president of the French Senate, and then confirmed by the Education and Culture Commission of French Senate for a six-year term. Before that, since 2007, and besides her producer and chief information officer position in April Snow Films & Capital, Bienaimé-Besse served as board member of Compte de Soutien de l'Industrie de Programmes Audiovisuels Fund at the Centre National du Cinéma et de l'Image Animée – the French public organisation part of the French Ministry of Culture that invests in feature films and TV programmes. Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, Minister of Culture at that time, named her to the board of the fund. Producer, advisor for international productions and coproductions, and financing expert, she was invited in 2010 by the Financial Times, to be part, as speaker, of the FT Business of Film Summit in Doha, Qatar, with other producers such as Harvey Weinstein, Bill Mechanic, Jeremy Thomas, and Mark Gordon. From February 2012 to January 2014 she was board member and vice president at the French Producers Guild.Since March 2012, she has been a regular columnist on Le Huffington Post (in association with Le Monde group). The editor-in-chief of the French version of The Huffington Post (Time Warner group) is managed by Anne Sinclair. Previously in 2007 Bienaimé was managing director and Producer at Elemiah, the production company of Yamina Benguigui and Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière part of FIMALAC Group. In 2006 she became shareholder of B Pop LLP, the production company of Malcolm McLaren, the same year Fast Food Nation by Richard Linklater, a feature film based on the novel of Eric Schlosser, produced by Malcolm Maclaren and Jeremy Thomas was selected by Festival de Cannes to be part of the official competition. In 2004, she co-founded Productions Campagne Première, an international documentary films production company with Martin Meissonnier. In 2000 she was head of fundraising and communications for Jacques Attali's international financing institution, PlaNet Finance, for which she also served as active board member. Bienaimé-Besse established her career in 1998 in the film industry working as a production manager at Productions Phares & Balises (Jean Labib & T. Celal) and with producer Marco Cherqui ("Un Prophète").In July 2010 Bienaimé-Besse was decorated as Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts & des Lettres a French cultural honor from the French Ministry of Culture for people of artistic or literary creation or for the contribution to the spread of arts and letters in France and the world. In 2020 she was promoted to Officer de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, by Roselyne Bachelot, Minister Of Culture. In December 2019 President Emmanuel Macron, decorated her as Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite (National Order of Merit). Bienaimé-Besse has a master's degree in law and international relations and a master's of business administration degree in economics. Filmography

Feature films
2012: Heart of Blackness by Valérie Tong-Cuong and Isabelle Boni-Claverie with Danny Glover, based on the novel Où je Suis by Valérie Tong-Cuong published by Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle
2006 : special advisor of Malcolm McLaren producer of Fast Food Nation a film by Richard Linklater, based on the novel of Eric Schlosser. Official competition at Festival de Cannes. Documentary films
2013 : Abraham Lincoln, the roads to Freedom by <mask> (France Télévisions)
2012 : Label & Life, a documentary TV series about creation with Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, etc.by David Carr-Brown, <mask> and Alain Teulère (NRJ Group/ NRJ 12/ NRJ Paris)
2008 : The Real Joan of Arc by Martin Meissonnier (ARTE)
2007 : Henri Leclerc au Nom de L'Homme, by Rémi Lainé, Empreintes (France 5)
2007: Taking on Chanel by Bren Simson (Al Jazeera English)
2004 : On God's Right by Martin Meissonnier (Canal + and SBS Australia)
2000 : Fous d'Opéra by Elizabeth Aubert (Canal +)
2000 : All about E.U. ? / Mein Gott Europa by Nick Fraser and Ben Lewis (BBC and ARTE)
2000 : Have you seen Jesus? * Since December 2020 : promoted Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by Minister of Culture Roselyne Bachelot 18 December 2020. References and notes

External links
 Board of COSIP fund at Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée

 Financial Times Business of Film Summit
 April Snow Films & Capital

1973 births
Living people
French television producers
Women television producers
French film producers
French film directors
French television writers
French women screenwriters
Women television writers
French women film producers
French women film directors
Chief information officers

masks:
Carole Bienaimé
Carole Bienaimé Besse
Carole Bienaimé
Carole Bienaimé


title: Yi Cheong

texts:
<mask> (born 23 April 1936) is a member of the former Imperial Family of Korea and was a Korean-Japanese noble during Korea under Japanese rule in 1945-1947. He is a great-great-grandson of Heungseon Daewongun and the eldest son of <mask> and Park Chan-ju. The Empire of Japan was defeated during the World War II in 1945; as the result, a new Japanese constitution was revised, in which Japanese nobility status was invalid since 1947, making <mask> lost his nobility titles. He later graduated from Marquette University in the United States. In 2006, based on multiple historical sources including the Journal of the Royal Secretariat, <mask> published a 4-volume compilation about the history of his ancestor, Heungseon Daewongun. Biography
Born on April 23, 1936, 16:38 in the Tokyo residence from Shibuya, Tokyo City of the Empire of Japan, he is the eldest son of Duke <mask> and Duchess Park Chan-ju; he was later named, on April 29 of the same year, "Ri Sei" (リ セイ) in Japanese and "<mask>g" (이청) in Korean. <mask> was the second son of Prince <mask> and the heir to <mask>-yong, and Park Chan-ju was a granddaughter of Marquis Pak Yung-hio, the son-in-law of King Cheoljong of Joseon.In 1942, as a member of noble family, <mask> enrolled in Gakushuin; as of 1944, he returned to Keijō (now Seoul of Korea) and resided in his ancestral home, Unhyeongung. On August 7, 1945, <mask>'s father, <mask>, was killed by the atomic bomb Little Boy during his way to work in Hiroshima; as his heir, <mask>g succeeded his title as Duke <mask>g (李淸公) three days later. After the World War II, a series of nobility titles within Japan were abolished, including kazoku and Korean nobles, <mask> lost his title in 1947 became a commoner ever since; around the same time, the Republic of Korea was founded. A law was legislated regarding the property of the former Imperial family and many of which was confiscated, but after the negotiation by Park Chan-ju, <mask> and his family were allowed to own Unhyeongung, which was returned in 1948, based on the fact that the origin of Unhyeongung was the private residence of Heungseon Daewongun and his family. Under their procession, nevertheless, the scale of current Unhyeongung is much smaller than it used to be, because parts of the land were sold in decades, for various reasons including debt settlement and road expansion. During the tenure of President Syngman Rhee in 1950s, since <mask> and Rhee are both from the Jeonju Yi clan and the latter was childless, Rhee asked to adopt <mask>g after they met, but this proposal was refused by the family of Unhyeongung. In 1954, <mask> went to Kyunggi High School and later, in 1960, he acquired the decree from the Department of Civil Engineering of Marquette University, United States.On December 25, 1966, <mask>'s younger brother, <mask>, passed away in a traffic accident during his study career in the United States, making <mask>g the only remaining issue of his family. Since his graduation, <mask>g worked as an engineer in H.T. Spoden & Associates in 1960-64 and Boss H. Bryan, a united design office, in 1965-69; both were in Tennessee. He also became a postgraduate in DePaul University for a year in 1970. As of 1974, he became the vice president of Dongwon Engineering Consultant Ltd. and he returned to Korea in 1991. In 1993, due to inability to maintain Unhyeongung, <mask>g and his mother decided to sell the palace to the municipal government of Seoul, and he moved to Bugahyeon-dong in Seodaemun District and later to Pyeongchang-dong. As of 1994, he was hired as a lecturer in Yonsei University as well as a visiting professor in the College of Business Administration of University of Seoul since 1998; he was a former member of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers (KSCE) and Architectural Institute of Korea.In 2007, the Investigative Commission on Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property (ICJCP), a Korean government institute existed in 2006-10, announced that Prince Imperial Heung and his son, <mask>-yong (both were <mask>'s adoptive ancestors), were both chinilpa, as they were the Korean Imperial representatives and they agreed to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910. As a response, <mask> appealed a judicial case, asking to undo the decision and claiming that the act was unconstitutional; the court eventually announced that the plaintiff lost the case. After selling Unhyeongung, <mask> still continues to donate relics and lands from his family. In 2007, he gave more than 8,000 artifacts to the Seoul Museum of History; in 2018, the cemetery of Heungseon Daewongun, covered an area of 2,555 square metres, and its surrounding lands of 129,935 square metres were given to Gyeonggi Province; they would cost 5.2 billion South Korean won (approximately $4.33 million) if the land were to be sold. For appreciation, the municipal government gave him a plaque as recognition. Family
Great-great-grandfather: Heungseon Daewongun (1820-1898)
Great-great-grandmother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Sunmok (1818-1898), the eldest daughter of Min Chigu from the Yeoheung Min clan. Great-grandfather (adoptive): <mask>-myeon, Prince Imperial Heung (1845-1912), the heir to Heungseon Daewongun; he became the <mask> Hui (李熹公) in 1910.Great-grandmother (adoptive): Lady Hong of Pungsan (1844-1887), daughter of Hong Byeong-ju and the first wife of <mask>-myeon. Great-grandmother (adoptive): Lady <mask> of Yeoju, later the Princess Imperial Heung (1883-1978); her father was <mask>u and she was the second wife of <mask>-myeon. She became the Duchess Consort of <mask> (李熹公妃李氏) in 1910. Grandfather (adoptive): <mask>-yong (Prince Yeongseon, 1870-1917), heir to Duke <mask> and succeeded the title in 1912 as Duke <mask> (李埈公). Grandmother (adoptive): Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (1870-1897), daughter of Hong Jong-seok and the first wife of <mask>-yong. Grandmother (adoptive): Lady Kim of Guangsan (1878-1955), daughter of Kim Jae-jeong and the second wife of <mask>-yong. She became the Duchess Consort of Yi Jun (李埈公妃金氏) in 1912.Great-grandfather (biological): Gojong of Korea (1852-1919), the 26th king of Joseon dynasty and the 1st emperor of the Korean Empire. Great-grandmother (biological): Lady Jang of the Deoksu Jang clan, a lady-in-waiting of Gojong and his unofficial concubine. Grandfather (biological): Prince <mask> (1877-1955), the second son of Gojong. Grandmother (biological): Kim Heung-in, a concubine of <mask>; also known as "Lady Kim of Suindang" (修仁堂金氏, 수인당 김씨). Father: <mask> (1912-1945), by birth the second son of <mask>. He became the heir to Duke <mask> in 1917 and succeeded the title in the same year. Mother: Park Chan-ju (1914-1995), a granddaughter of Marquis Pak Yung-hio and the eldest daughter of Park Il-seo; she married in 1935 and became the Duchess Consort of Yi U (李鍝公妃賛珠).Spouse: Kim Chae-yeong (1949-), married in 1971. Their issue includes at least a son. See also
History of Korea
Rulers of Korea

References

Cheong
1936 births
Living people
Korea under Japanese rule
Korean nobility
Japanese nobility
People from Tokyo

masks:
Yi Cheong
Yi U
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi U
Yi Cheon
Yi U
Yi Kang
Yi Jun
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi U
Yi Cheon
Yi Cheon
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheon
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi Jong
Yi Cheon
Yi Cheon
Yi Cheon
Yi Jun
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi Cheong
Yi Jae
Duke Yi
Yi Jae
Yi
Yi Ying
Yi Jae
Yi Hui
Yi Jun
Yi Hui
Yi Jun
Yi Jun
Yi Jun
Yi Kang
Yi Kang
Yi U
Yi Kang
Yi Jun


title: Craig Cohon

texts:
<mask> is a London-based, Canadian businessman known for his role in bringing both Coca-Cola and Cirque du Soleil to Russia. A University of Western Ontario graduate and Advisory Board member, <mask> is also known for his work in the early 2000s in international development and London community building and for the last decade deeply involved in the nighttime entertainment business in Moscow and recently in London. Early life
<mask> was born at Michael Reese Hospital in the South Side of Chicago, the eldest of two children of <mask> (Born 1938), a philanthropist and <mask> (Born 1937), a former lawyer and Founder of McDonald's in Canada and Russia. His grandparents on both sides emigrated from Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania and Latvia. <mask> moved with his parents and younger brother Mark to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1968 when he was five years old. He attended Upper Canada College where he excelled in rugby and also took up the saxophone which he plays to this day. <mask> went on to graduate from the economics and music faculty from The University of Western Ontario where he was heavily involved in student politics, was the Business Editor of the University newspaper, worked at the campus radio station and started a TV station on campus – playing in a band, throughout.<mask> also created the first Annual Western Charity Ball (1984) with Alan Thicke that continues to this day, raising millions of dollars for local London and Canadian charities. <mask> got the travel bug in 1985 and has worked and traveled to 97 countries but calls London home and has lived there since 1999. As well as spending 15 years in Canada, <mask> has also spent 12 in the US, five years in Russia, two years in Sweden, two years in Norway and three months each in India, South Africa, Chile and Venezuela. Post university, <mask> became one of the first Canadian venturers for the UK charity Operation Raleigh and participated in Operation 5C in 1985 to Southern Chile. He helped to build a school in Puerto Montt and completed a road survey on horseback for the extension of the Pan American Highway (which has now been built). Corporate career
He came out of the jungle in May 1986, saw a Coca-Cola sign on a hut and went on to work for the company for 14 years. <mask> quickly grew through the ranks within Coca-Cola USA from 1986–1991.He was given the Miami territory and he started selling Coca-Cola to mom and pop restaurants from a banana-coloured station wagon and after two years had become one of the top salesmen in the country. <mask> was soon promoted to the company's headquarters in Atlanta and went on to train hundreds of Coca-Cola salespeople across the United States. Two months after the opening of the Soviet Union's first McDonald's restaurant in Moscow in early 1991, his future mentor Donald Keough, President and CEO of the Coca-Cola Company worldwide, appointed <mask> as the company's first employee in the Soviet Union. He spent six months living in the communist party hotel Octoberskya 2 in Moscow where he learned to speak fluent Russian, worked at the local Soviet beverage factory, rode trucks, and traveled to every metro station in the city, convincing the leadership of Coca-Cola to invest in Russia. From age 27 to 31 he launched the brand to the Russians and led the construction of Coca-Cola's first factory in the former Soviet Union. <mask> and his friends and family were hosted by President Gorbachev at his 30th birthday party. He was often followed by the KGB and went public on Russian radio with tapes after the collapse of the Soviet Union.Just prior to the first Soviet Coca-Cola plant opening, a rocket-propelled hand grenade was launched at his office early one morning in October 1993, luckily causing little damage. <mask> was eventually promoted to European Division Marketing Director and moved to Oslo, running the marketing for 15 countries in Northern Europe and the former Soviet Union. He then moved to Atlanta for four years where he was responsible for Brand Coca-Cola worldwide, including its activation at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. After his extended tenure, he chose to jump off the traditional corporate career path and spend three years as Director of Learning Strategy for the Coca-Cola European Group. <mask> moved to London in 1999 and was promoted to be Deputy Division President of The Northwest Europe Division. <mask> was nominated to the Class of 1999 Global Leaders for Tomorrow at the World Economic Forum. It was in the midst of the anti-globalisation movement and after attending Davos and hearing former American President Clinton speak about the need to evolve capitalism to make it more equitable for all, he decided to leave The Coca-Cola Company and left a substantial amount of stock options on the table to pursue a more purposeful life and career.He went on to work for Klaus Schwab, Founder of the World Economic Forum for six months, deeply engaging in the world of international organisations, understanding the world of Global NGOs and pushing the corporate social responsibility agenda. Perceiving the challenge of making a personal impact on global issues, in 2001 he founded Globalegacy and focused his efforts on making an impact in London's urban communities. After teaching at the London Business School for a summer, he hired 10 students and began to craft a vision for Globalegacy. <mask> focused his efforts on East London and quickly moved into an office container near Bromley-By-Bow. He worked closely with local government authorities the LDA, Bromley-by-Bow Centre and Leaside Regeneration to begin to craft a local development strategy that worked for all prior to the awarding of the 2012 Olympic Games. <mask> then decided to take his expertise back internationally. He teamed up with city development expert Jeb Brugmann and global business guru, CK Prahalad, author of Fortune at The Bottom of the Pyramid to own and lead an international development strategic advisory firm.Together they helped create and support two businesses for people in poverty. One started with BP, now called First Energy, is a provider of clean energy stoves for businesses and kitchens throughout India. The other, RML, was an early stage tech company incubated with Reuters. Honours, Awards and Boards
In 1993, <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate of Economics from Moscow International University. In 2000, the World Economic Forum named him "A Global Leader for Tomorrow." He was awarded the 2003 Young Alumni Award from the University of Western Ontario and now sits on their Global Advisory Board. <mask> is an active supporter of London's soon-to-be-built Garden Bridge project.As well, he gives time to many local charities in London. <mask> was one of the first sponsors of London's Ethical Fashion Forum's RE Fashion in 2008. He is also Chairman of Worn Again since 2007, a technology innovation company in development of a circular textile to textile recycling technology and working closely with H & M.

<mask> decided to combine his international business experience and his love of Russia to delve into another business: entertainment. Partnering with Guy Laliberte, owner of the world's largest live entertainment company, <mask> brought Cirque du Soleil to Russia, acting as Vice Chairman of Cirque du Soleil Russia. Since 2009 he has helped transform the live entertainment business across the country, bringing 11 highly acclaimed international shows to 14 Russian cities which have been seen by 2.3 million people. <mask> spearheaded over US$120 million investment into the sector and has worked with 40 local Russian and International partners. He also led the implementation of Russia's first electronic ticketing system that provides security, best pricing and freedom of choice to millions of Russians.<mask>'s Russian partner is currently finalising plans to build a US$50 million theatre to house future Cirque du Soleil shows in Moscow. Personal life
<mask> lives on a barge called Ocean on the River Thames with his teenage son and daughter. <mask> was divorced in 2010 from Dr. Jeanette Sundberg-<mask> after an 18-year relationship. <mask> is an avid international traveller. He does not own a car and travels throughout London by foot, boat, bike and public transport. References

Canadian businesspeople
Living people
University of Western Ontario alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
1963 births
Jewish Canadian philanthropists

masks:
Craig Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Susan Silver Cohon
George Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon
Cohon


title: Sandy Rivera

texts:
<mask> is an American house music DJ, record producer and label owner. Born in New York City, he is now based in New Jersey. <mask>, born January 18th 1971 and started his career at age 13 as a DJ in his native Spanish Harlem. He began producing house music in 1992, specializing in a more soulful sound. He has worked under a variety of pseudonyms, including Kings of Tomorrow, Soul Vision and Mysterious People, either alone or with partners Jose Burgos, HAZE and Jay 'Sinister' Sealee (<mask> parted ways with Sealee in 2002). He is the owner of labels BlackWiz (founded 1993) and Deep Vision Records (founded 1995). <mask>'s best known track is "Finally", released in 2000 as Kings of Tomorrow on Distance Records, with vocals by Julie McKnight, which peaked at number 24 in the UK Singles Chart and at number 17 on the Billboard dance chart, and appeared in a large number of compilations from labels such as  Defected Records, Ministry of Sound, Hed Kandi, and Warner Music.The track is included in K.O.T. 's first album It's in the Lifestyle. The same album also yielded the track "Young Hearts". The vocal version of "Finally" was also used as a part of a remixed single by the British act Layo & Bushwacka for their 2003 single "Love Story (vs. Finally)". The second K.O.T. album was released in 2005, titled Trouble.<mask> claims this is his first album produced without recourse to samples, and marks the official separation between this and other aliases: Kings of Tomorrow is used for more radio-friendly tracks, while his real name will be used for club-friendly tracks. As a producer and remixer, <mask> has worked for a variety of other artists, including veteran jazz musician Terry Callier, Gisele Jackson, Bini & Martini, Michelle Weeks, Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Walter L. Robinson. Discography

Albums
1998 The Beginning, as Kings of Tomorrow (not a K.O.T. album, includes various tracks produced or remixed by <mask>; the CD version is mixed)
2000 The Calling, as <mask> & Jose Burgos
2000 It's in the Lifestyle, as Kings of Tomorrow
2000 It's in the Lifestyle - Limited Edition, as Kings of Tomorrow
2001 Kings of Tomorrow Sessions - Mixed by <mask>
2002 It's in the Lifestyle - The Remixes, as Kings of Tomorrow
2005 Trouble, as Kings of Tomorrow

Singles
<mask>
1996 The King Size EP
1997 "Come On", with Jon Cutler and Mike Delgado
1997 "Expansions '97/Head Hunters"
1998 "Come Into My Room", with Littleton Brown
2001 "Class Is in Session"
2001 "Forever", with John "DNR" Alvarez and Shawnee Taylor
2002 "Changes", with HAZE
2002 "I Can't Stop", with Littleton Brown
2005 "Hope", with Elzi Hall
2005 "Just Won't Do", with Robert Owens
2007 "Freak", with HAZE
2009 "Deeper", with HAZE
2009 "Whatever", with Andy Daniell
2017 "Try a Little Tenderness"

<mask> & Jose Burgos
All are collaborations with Jose Burgos. 1997 "The Path"
1999 Expanded EP
2000 "12th Street Soul"
2000 "Keep It Coming"
2000 "I Wanna Dance with You", with Karen Workman
2000 "No Smoke"
2001 "Leaving Me"
2001 La Cultura EP

Kings of Tomorrow/K.O.T. 1993 D'Menace EP, with John "DNR" Alvarez
1993 Showcase EP, with George Rivera
1993 "Go Black Scatt", with <mask>
1994 "Abstract Collage"
1994 Black Sinister Science EP, with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Stacey Alexander
1995 "I'm So Grateful", with Densaid
1996 "10 Minute High", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Michelle Weeks
1996 "Fade II Black", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
1996 "Open Your Mind/K.O.T. Anthem", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
1997 "Set My Spirit Free", with Dawn Tallman
1997 "Ancestors", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
1997 Witness Protection EP
1997 "The Session"
1997 "Organic Warfare", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
1998 "I Want You (For Myself)", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
1998 "Let It Go", with Dawn Tallman
1998 The Blackwiz EP
1998 The K.O.T.Invasion EP, with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
1999 "My Love Is Real", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
2000 Going Back to Blackwiz EP, with Jose Burgos and Jay 'Sinister' Sealee
2000 "In the Night", with Littleton Brown
2000 "Finally", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
2000 "Tear It Up", with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee and Julie McKnight
2001 "Class Is in Session"
2002 "Young Hearts", with Treasa Fennie
2003 "Dreams/Thru", with HAZE and <mask>
2004 "Dreams", with HAZE
2004 "So Alive"
2005 "Another Day", with Leedia Urtega
2005 "Thru", with HAZE
2005 "6PM", with Nina Lares
2008 "Can't Stop", with Rae
2011 "Take Me Back", with April
2011 "I Need to Love Me", with April
2012 "Show Me", with Elzi Hall
2013 "Fall for You" with April
2016 "Kaoz"
2016 "Closer" with Alex Mills
2016 "Please" with Random Soul
2018 "Faded" with Kandace Springs

Soul Vision
All are collaborations with Jose Burgos. 1998 "Don't Stop", with Littleton Brown
1999 "Low Down", with Jaquito May Perkins
2000 "Don't Hold Back", with Dihann Moore
2000 "Tracey in My Room", as EBTG vs. Soul Vision (official mash-up produced by Ben Watt)
2001 "You've Been on My Mind", with D'Layna

Mysterious People
 All are collaborations with Jay 'Sinister' Sealee. 1996 "Love Revolution"
1997 The Rude Movements EP
1998 "Fly Away"

D'Menace
1997 "Spirit in My Soul"
1997 "Ya-Yahoo!" 1998 "Deep Menace (Spank)"

Other aliases
1992 "Right Now/Break the Ice", as Awesome Foursome, with George <mask>, Wilson X. Yepez and Víctor "Overdose" Sánchez
1994 "The K.O.T.

masks:
Sandy Rivera
Biography Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Sandy Rivera
Rivera
Sandy Rivera
Sandy Rivera
Sandy Rivera
Sandy Rivera
George Rivera
George Rivera
Rivera


title: Guillermo Lasso

texts:
<mask> (; born 16 November 1955) is an Ecuadorian businessman, banker, writer and politician who has served as the 47th president of Ecuador since 24 May 2021. He is the country's first centre-right president in nearly two decades, marking a noted shift in the country's electorate. <mask> served as Superminister of Economy during the Jamil Mahuad presidency briefly in 1999. He previously served as Governor of Guayas from 1998 until 1999. In 2003, he briefly served as the Itinerant Ambassador of Ecuador during the Lucio Gutiérrez administration. Aside from his political career, <mask> is also a banker and previously served as CEO of Banco Guayaquil. During the presidency of Rafael Correa, <mask> became a noted critic of his administration.<mask> became involved in presidential politics when he founded the Creating Opportunities Party in 2012. He first ran for president in 2013; <mask> came in a distant second place behind President Correa, who won by a landslide. He would later run again in the 2017 election, where he advanced to the run-off running against former Vice President Lenin Moreno and narrowly lost the election winning 48.84% of the vote against Moreno's 51.16%. In his third presidential campaign in 2021, <mask> narrowly advanced to the April run-off round of the election in February and later was elected in April. A liberal, his public agenda includes classical liberal points such as the defence of the division of powers to limit government and of fundamental rights. He has also expressed opinions in favour of tax cuts and is a free-market advocate. His presidency has been noted for his high approval rating, COVID-19 vaccination initiatives and economic relief packages through tax increases on the wealthy and funding with the International Monetary Fund.Early life
<mask> was born in Guayaquil to a middle-class family in the Orellana neighborhood. His parents were <mask> Alvarado and Nora Mendoza. <mask> has ten siblings and his family lived with financial hardships. At age 15, <mask> would work to earn sufficient money to pay for his baccalaureate service at Colegio La Salle High School. After graduating from high school, he entered the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito to study economics but left without a degree. In 1970, <mask> began working part-time at the Guayaquil Stock Exchange and later worked as a collection agency assistant at Casa Möeller Martínez. In 1972, he started working at the financial company Cofiec and then at Finansa in Quito.His first company was Constructora Alfa y Omega, founded with his older brother <mask> in 1978, when he was 23 years old. In 1977, <mask> met María de Lourdes Alcívar, whom he would marry in 1980. They have five children: María de Lourdes, Juan, <mask>, Santiago and María de las Mercedes. Business career

During the 1990s, <mask> was named the head of operations in Ecuador for Coca-Cola, following the local bankruptcy of the company in that region. In this role, <mask> was tasked with restructuring the company and bringing it back to financial health. He has since sat on the boards of directors for both Coca-Cola and Mavesa, and also served as Chairman of the board of directors of the Guayas Transit Commission as well as being a member of the Board of Directors of the Andean Development Corporation. In 1994 <mask> became the CEO of Banco Guayaquil.As a part of his tenure, he founded the Bancos del Barrio program, a community banking initiative that brought in local shopkeepers as economic partners with the bank in planning and strategy. The program was cited by the Inter-American Development Bank as an advancement in grassroots banking penetration strategy. He resigned from his post as Executive President in 2012. <mask> is also the founder of the Fundacion del Barrio. In March 2020, <mask> created the humanitarian initiative Saving Lives which was an initiative against the COVID-19 pandemic and raised 8 million dollars to help purchase medical supplies and equipment to the Ecuadorian Health System. Political career

In 1998, <mask> was appointed as the Governor of Guayas, during which the national government underwent mass privatization of public companies and industries. Ecuador went through an economic collapse in 1999, following which, <mask> was temporarily appointed to the newly created position of Superminister of the Economy, replacing the resigning Ana Lucía Armijos.As finance minister, he served under President Jamil Mahuad and took over negotiations with the International Monetary Fund for economic support. He was also tasked with coordinating government policy in response to the country's economic crisis. In January 2003, President Lucio Gutiérrez named <mask> as the Ecuadorian Itinerant Ambassador, a position recently established. He would serve in this position until it was disestablished a few months later in April of that year. In anticipation of his first presidential campaign, <mask> founded the center-right party Creating Opportunities which outlined many policies against the Rafael Correa administration. Early presidential campaigns

In the 2013 general election, he was the presidential candidate for the party Creating Opportunities. He landed in second place with 22.68% of valid votes, losing to incumbent President Rafael Correa who received more than double that amount (57.17%).<mask> is, through a trust named with his initials, GLM, the largest shareholder in Banco de Guayaquil, where he has been executive president for more than 20 years. In early 2017, <mask> launched his second presidential campaign to succeed incumbent President Correa for the conservative Creating Opportunities party in the 2017 presidential elections. His campaign's theme was one of "change" and he pledged to create one million more jobs in Ecuador. <mask> received 48.84% and lost to Lenín Moreno. Following the result, <mask> accused his opponents of electoral fraud and called the incoming administration "illegitimate". In February 2017, <mask> told The Guardian that should he win the presidential election he would "cordially ask" Julian Assange, the WikiLeaks founder, to leave the Ecuadorian Embassy in London within 30 days. 2021 general election

<mask> ran as a candidate again in the 2021 general election.He named neurosurgeon Alfredo Borrero as his running-mate in October 2020. In the first round, <mask> was slightly behind indigenous rights activist Yaku Pérez Guartambel but eventually garnered enough votes to secure a narrow second-place finish. Following his first-round second place finish, <mask> faced socialist and Rafael Correa ally Andrés Arauz. Arauz was considered to be the front-runner for the presidency and the "handpicked candidate" of former President Correa. In polling before the run-off, Arauz was leading <mask> with one indicating a 82% certainty of Arauz defeating <mask>. <mask> would defeat Arauz on 11 April in the run-off election, with many news outlets noting the conservative shift among the Ecuadorian electorate. <mask> won 52.4% of the vote, while Arauz won 47.6% of the vote.His victory was also seen as a win for free-market advocates in the country. Some news outlets described <mask>'s win as an upset victory. After his victory, President of Uruguay Luis Lacalle Pou became the first national leader to congratulate <mask> and wished that both Uruguay and Ecuador will "work together" upon his inauguration. President Sebastián Piñera, President Iván Duque Márquez and President Mario Abdo Benítez also congratulated <mask>. Both former President Mauricio Macri and President Felipe Calderón believed <mask>'s victory would be beneficial to Ecuador and Latin America. In a statement released by the White House, President Joe Biden congratulated <mask> and Ecuadorian voters for "demonstrating the power of peaceful and inclusive political participation and upholding the ideals of democracy". Presidency (2021–present)

Transition
After his election victory, bonds for Ecuador soared with many believing that under the <mask> administration, the country will uphold the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<mask> vowed to uphold a $6.5 billion financing agreement with the IMF and to keep payments on Ecuador's overseas bonds. <mask> also noted that his administration would focus on working with the United States, Chile, Brazil and Colombia while distancing from Cuba and Venezuela. Addressing the Venezuelan presidential crisis, <mask> invited disputed President Juan Guaidó to his inauguration instead of President Nicolás Maduro. <mask> also announced that he will seek to regularize the situation of over 400,000 Venezuelan migrants living in Ecuador. While discussing the migration issue with Colombian President Iván Duque Marquez, <mask> said a possible option would be to grant Venezuelan migrants temporary protected status. On 15 April, <mask> announced that on his first day in office, he will send a tax cut proposal to the National Assembly in which he will eliminate the 2% sales tax on micro-enterprises and the tax on foreign currency outflows. <mask> will try to lower the value-added tax within the economic incentive plan.On 20 April, <mask> met with President Lenin Moreno to begin the transitional activities from the previous administration at the Carondelet Palace in Quito. Moreno vowed a transition of a "timely, transparent, truthful and technical manner". <mask> issued that his main priorities after being inaugurated would be to increase the COVID-19 vaccination rates in the country, vowing to vaccinate 9 million people within his first 100 days in office. He had talked to Chilean President Sebastian Piñera about obtaining loans to purchase vaccines with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank. <mask>s said he aim for bilateral talks with Russia, China, the United States, the European Union and Chile to try to acquire vaccines. On 27 April, <mask> named the first members of his cabinet, with women public servants dominating several political positions. He vowed that he would nominate as many women in his cabinet as "women must be in decision-making positions".On 14 May, the Social Christian Party (PSC) announced that they would no longer support <mask> or his government for not "respecting" a legislative agreement with the Union for Hope Party (UNES) in the National Assembly. The PSC said that they felt that <mask>'s government would "[leave out] the 47.5% of the Ecuadorians who voted for UNES or its 49 legislators". The Union for Hope Party is the opposition party during <mask>'s administration. Five days later, he received credentials as Constitutional President of Ecuador in

masks: Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso Mendoza


title: Guillermo Lasso

texts:
 anticipation to his inauguration. Tenure

2021

<mask> was inaugurated as the 47th president of Ecuador on 24 May 2021 at Carondelet Palace in Quito. Attendees of his inauguration include: Dominican President Luis Abinader, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, U.S. Ambassador Michael J. Fitzpatrick, King Felipe VI of Spain, Haitian President Jovenel Moïse, Paraguayan Vice President Hugo Velázquez Moreno, Uruguayn Foreign Minister Francisco Bustillo, Spanish Opposition Leader, former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, and former Colombian President Andrés Pastrana Arango.<mask> became the country's first center-right president since Sixto Durán Ballén, who served from 1992 to 1996. <mask> vowed that in his first days in office, he would increase COVID vaccination numbers and promote oil production, mining and privatizations in the country. One of his first actions in office included expanding the Ministry of Sports and eliminating the debts of citizens who owed $1,000. He also named Vice President Alfredo Borrero as in charge of overhauling the country's healthcare system and COVID response. In June 2021, <mask> announced that Ecuador would launch a 100-day vaccine plan where he aimed to vaccinate 9 million people and to revive the economy. He announced that he would hold talks with Russia to purchase 18 million doses of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine. He also said that the country had acquired over a million doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech and Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.<mask> urged the United Nations to ramp up vaccine rollouts in the country through their COVAX programme. In August 2021, while announcing the approval of a third shot for people with weakened immune systems, the <mask> administration announced that 4.8 million people received two doses of the vaccine with almost 10 million receiving one dose. His administration is seen as a stark contrast towards other right-leaning governments in other South American countries. Despite his high approval rating, his political party has little to no impact on the National Assembly. His proposals to privatize state resources in the oil sector, expand mining and labor reform have received negative approval from the assembly. In August 2021, <mask> visited Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador to discuss trade deals and for Ecuador to be admitted into the Pacific Alliance. That same month, he helped finalize an agreement that allows citizens of Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru to seek employment and live in any of the four countries without needing a special sponsorship.In September 2021, <mask> announced an economic package where he proposed a tax increase for the country's wealthiest citizens. His plan would tax individuals who make more than $25,000 a year or about 3.5% of the country's working population. While addressing the United Nations General Assembly that same month, he announced that he was in talks with Russia about establishing a Sputnik V vaccine lab in Ecuador. He had also reached a $1.5 billion deal with the International Monetary Fund. In September 2021, a massive protest was held in Quito against the <mask> administration with over 3,000 people in attendance. When a prison riot killed over 118 inmates at a prison in Guayaquil on 28 September, <mask> declared a state of emergency. In October 2021, <mask> was named in the Pandora Papers leak where the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) found that <mask> created an "offshore" framework to hide his actual net worth.In response to the leak, <mask> vowed to cooperate with the ICIJ and said that he had legally dissolved any assets or offshore accounts prior to the leak and that he has no association with any possible active accounts. Following the leak, an investigation by the country's Attorney General was launched against <mask> over potential tax fraud. In October, 2021, communities from Ecuador's Amazon region sued over plans by President <mask> to expand fossil fuel extraction and mining that they claimed threatens millions of acres of pristine rainforest and the survival of native peoples. The proposed expansion of extraction activities targets remote areas of the rainforest, habitat for what are claimed to be some of the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. On 19 October 2021, <mask> ordered a state of national emergency in Ecuador over the rise in drug-related violence in the country. This was also caused by the deadly Guayaquil prison riot that occurred weeks earlier. While ordering the mobilization of police forces, <mask> said that "armed forces and police will be felt with force in the streets because we are decreeing a state of emergency throughout the national territory".The 60-day state of emergency order would focus on cracking down of corrupt officials and drug trafficking. In December 2021, a motion to impeach <mask> over his involvement in the Pandora Papers was rejected by the National Assembly with 51 legislators in favor of the motion and 77 others against. A week later, <mask> announced the creation of a commission to investigate and end the rise in deadly prison riots and violence in the country. Approval ratings
<mask> began his presidency with an approval rating of 71%, according to a CEDATOS survey in June 2021. In August 2021, a survey by Foreign Policy found his approval rating at a 73%. Foreign Policy noted his high approval rating was mainly due to his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The same poll found that 78% of Ecuadorians approved of his way of governing.In September 2021, <mask> was reported to have a 75% approval rating by Bloomberg News. Political positions

<mask> said that "life has made [him] liberal". However, when asked if he identified with that term, he replied that he does not place himself on any ideological ground, but believes in "good ideas". He responded in the same way when asked if he was from the right or the left. His public agenda includes classic liberal points such as the defense of the division of powers to limit government and of fundamental rights such as freedom of the press. He has also expressed himself in favour of reducing taxes, state debt, and increasing the minimum wage with the announced aim of increasing productivity and employment in the private sector. On the tax on capital outflows, he thinks that it is a tax on capital income, and he has committed himself to eliminating at least nine taxes if he is elected president.<mask> also was accused of supporting reducing the minimum wage from $400 per month in 2020 to $120 per month; however, that was a statement taken out of context from an interview he gave in March 2020 in the middle of the pandemic, while suggesting letting businesses recruit unemployed poor single mothers so they could at least get some income. <mask> has declared himself an admirer of José María Aznar's Silent Revolution, a series of reforms implemented by the former Prime Minister of Spain. On foreign trade, he has said that he favours a greater opening of trade with Ecuador's major partners, the United States and the European Union so that national producers have greater export opportunities. <mask> was a supernumerary of Opus Dei. On abortion, he has said in general terms that he "believes in life from conception and that is a principle I will not change". In April 2021, when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of abortions in rape cases, <mask> said that he had "full respect" of the ruling and vowed to respect the separate political branches. On other issues such as marriage between people of the same sex, he has said that he is in favour of allowing civil union but differentiating it from conventional marriage.On immigration, he has proposed controls for those with criminal records, but to facilitate the entry of foreigners for tourism, investment, or humanitarian reasons. On the decriminalisation of drugs, he maintains that a national debate is necessary to propose alternatives in the face of the failure of the war on drugs; on issues of environmental conservation, he states that he will keep the Yasuní Amazon reserve free of oil exploitation. He also declares himself an enemy of the 21st-century socialism promoted from Venezuela and Cuba, whose Ecuadorian chapter identifies with the Citizens' Revolution led by Rafael Correa. <mask> has called ALBA a "third world empire". In response to his criticism of the Ecuadorian government's anti-capitalist discourse and measures, President Correa and other officials and members of Alianza PAIS have questioned <mask> by portraying him as a representative of the political forces that governed Ecuador before his party came to power in 2007, and pointing out that <mask>'s tax proposals are irresponsible with the state budget. Also, President Rafael Correa claims <mask> had a hand in Ecuador's financial crisis of 1999. Health
In 2018, <mask> underwent a surgical procedure on his spinal cord at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States following a back injury from a fall at a pilgrimage in Spain in 2013.The operation required him to use a forearm crutch since the operation. In June 2021, <mask> had a second spinal cord surgery in the United States to "regain regular leg mobility" in Miami, Florida. Writing

In 2011, <mask> published the book Cartas a Mis Hijos, which translates to Letters to my Children, which contains lessons he developed from his time working in business and highlights recommendations for the economic development of Ecuador. Among his ideas, <mask> discusses the need for greater sovereignty over parts of the national economy. The book advocates for the Ecuadorian government to develop policies that create more economic opportunities for its citizens. Soon after the release of Cartas a Mis Hijos, former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar stated the book held key insights into what is needed for development. During the book launch event, former Ecuadorian President Gustavo Noboa was present to show support for the project, along with other national politicians.Following its publications, <mask> performed policy speeches and used the plans in the book as a basis for a presidential political campaign. In 2012, he then published the book Otro Ecuador Es Posible. References

External links

<mask>'s personal page
Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)

|-

|-

1955 births
Presidents of Ecuador
Ecuadorian Roman Catholics
Government ministers of Ecuador
Governors of Guayas Province
Living people
People from Guayaquil
Ecuadorian chief executives
Creating Opportunities politicians
People named in the Pandora Papers
21st-century Ecuadorian

masks:
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Guillermo Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Lasso
Guillermo Lasso


title: Zelmo Beaty

texts:
<mask> "Big Z" <mask> ( ; October 25, 1939 – August 27, 2013) was an American basketball  player. He played eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and four in the rival American Basketball Association (ABA). A three-time ABA All-Star, <mask> was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player in 2016. Early life
<mask>. was born on October 25, 1939 in Hillister, Texas, a small town of 250. He attended  Scott High School in Woodville, Texas and played for Coach John Payton  winning back to back Prairie View Interscholastic League 1A state championships in 1957 & 1958. For college, <mask> attended Prairie View A&M. College

Prairie View A&M Panthers

"From 1958–1962 at Prairie View A&M Beaty averaged 25 points and 20 rebounds per game and was a two-time first team NAIA All-American (1960 & 1962).The "Big Z" led Prairie View A&M to the NAIA national basketball title in 1962 and was named the Chuck Taylor Tournament MVP." NBA

St. Louis Hawks
He was selected with the third pick of the 1962 National Basketball Association (NBA) Draft by the St. Louis Hawks. <mask> was named to the inaugural NBA All-Rookie Team in 1963. He averaged more than 20 points per game in three different seasons, and over ten rebounds per game in six of his seven seasons with the Hawks. A physical player, Beaty led the NBA in personal fouls in 1962–63 and 1965–66, and tied for the league lead in disqualifications during the 1963–64 season. <mask> made two NBA All-Star Game appearances in 1966 and 1968 before leaving the NBA to play in the rival American Basketball Association (ABA). ABA

Utah Stars
In his first season in the ABA, Beaty led the league in field goal percentage, was third in the league in rebounds per game, helped lead the Utah Stars to the 1971 ABA title, and was awarded the ABA Playoffs Most Valuable Player Award.He played a total of four seasons with the Stars, being named to the All-ABA Second Team twice and making the ABA All-Star Game three times, before returning to the NBA as a member of the Los Angeles Lakers. He also served as president of the ABA's Player Association, as well as union player representative with the Hawks. <mask> retired in 1975 with combined ABA/NBA totals of 15,207 points and 9,665 rebounds. He briefly served as a coach for the ABA's Virginia Squires. Personal
After pro ball, Beaty worked in financial planning. He also worked as a substitute physical education teacher in Seattle elementary schools. Beaty died from cancer on August 27, 2013 at his home in Bellevue, Washington.He was 73 years old. He had been married to his wife for about 50 years, and had two children. Posthumous honors
<mask> was selected to be inducted into the 2014 National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame class and the 2016 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class. Host Josh Levin ends every episode of the Slate sports podcast Hang Up and Listen by saying, "Remember <mask> Beaty." NBA/ABA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
| 80 || – || 24.0 || .439 || – || .717 || 8.3 || 1.1 || – || – || 10.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
| 59 || – || 32.6 || .444 || – || .741 || 10.7 || 1.3 || – || – || 13.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St.Louis
| 80 || – || 36.5 || .482 || – || .715 || 12.1 || 1.4 || – || – || 16.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
| 80 || – || 38.4 || .473 || – || .758 || 13.6 || 1.6 || – || – || 20.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
| 48 || – || 34.6 || .473 || – || .758 || 10.7 || 1.3 || – || – || 17.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|St. Lakers
| 69 || – || 17.6 || .439 || – || .800 || 4.7 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 0.4 || 5.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 889 || – || 33.4 || .494 || .154 || .771 || 10.9 || 1.5 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 17.1

|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| All-Star
| 5 || 1 || 24.6 || .340 || – || .789 || 9.4 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 9.8

Playoffs

|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1963
|style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
|11||–||27.9||.443||–||.750||7.6||1.0||–||–||10.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1964
|style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
|12||–||36.3||.521||–||.597||9.5||1.0||–||–||14.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1965
|style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
|4||–||38.5||.492||–||.760||13.8||0.3||–||–||19.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1966
|style="text-align:left;"|St.Louis
|10||–||41.8||.493||–||.759||13.1||2.2||–||–||19.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1967
|style="text-align:left;"|St. Louis
|9||–||35.3||.442||–||.785||9.9||1.3||–||–||15.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1968
|style="text-align:left;"|St.

masks:
Zelmo
Beaty
Beaty
Zelmo Beaty Jr
Beaty
Beaty
Beaty
Beaty
Beaty
Zelmo


title: Mary W.M. Hargreaves

texts:
<mask> (March 1, 1914 – August 29, 2008), a scholar of U.S. agricultural history, was the first woman at the University of Kentucky to reach the rank of full professor in the Department of History. Her areas of research included the agricultural history of the Northern Great Plains, dry land agriculture and land utilization. She was a Brookings Institution scholar, editor of the Henry Clay Papers and served in leadership roles in the Organization of American Historians, the Southern Historical Association;  in 1975 was elected president of the Agricultural History Society. She also served as a local and state officer in the American Association of University Women. Early life and academic background
Born on March 1, 1914, in Erie, Pennsylvania, <mask> was an only child. She attended East High School, and she enjoyed swimming as well as track and field sports. An excellent student she won a full scholarship to Bucknell University and graduated in 1935 with a triple major in history, English and the social studies.She earned her master's degree in history from Radcliffe College/Harvard University in 1936, and she served as a research editor at the Harvard University School of Business Administration. She began her work on the Ph.D. as a doctoral candidate at Radcliffe writing about settlement in the American West, working under an exponent of the thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner - mentored by Harvard historian Frederick Merk. While at Harvard in 1939, she became a junior fellow at the Brookings Institution, a liberal think tank in Washington, D.C. Marriage and a career on hold
At  Brookings, she met Herbert Walter "Walt<mask>, who was finishing up his Ph.D. in economics from Duke University. They married on August 24, 1940, and she followed her husband when he was hired to teach at what is now the University of Texas at El Paso. <mask> joined up during World War II, and they moved to various posts for his training. He served also as a member of the economic reconstruction delegation to Germany, and for most of the war she lived in Brooklyn, New York.Soon after the war, <mask> was hired as a professor of economics at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. When they arrived in Kentucky, <mask> <mask> met Thomas D. Clark in the History Department who invited her to guest lecture in his classes on American land policy, the subject of her dissertation. Finally, in 1951, <mask> <mask> earned her Ph.D. in history from Harvard University. She applied for a job in the University's History Department, but instead was hired as a typist for James F. Hopkins who had been working on gathering the letters and works of Henry Clay for a bound series. By 1957 with a grant from the Eli Lilly Endowment and sponsored as part of a program by the National Archives and Records Division, Hopkins was appointed editor-in-chief of the Henry Clay Papers and <mask> was hired as associate editor. Together they edited the first five volumes of the series. Career as historian

<mask> was finally hired as a professor in the University of Kentucky History Department in 1964 to teach courses on the American frontier and economic history of the U.S. She remained associate editor of the Henry Clay Papers until 1974 when she then became co-editor and project director.She was promoted to full professor in 1973 - the first woman in the department's history to do so. She wrote three major works, two of which focused on the economic history of the agricultural practices used in the high plains, with interpretations on the formation of national land policy and the socioeconomic problems associated with that. Her book Dry Farming the Northern Great Plains, 1900-1925 (Harvard, 1957) was a part of the prestigious Harvard Economic Studies series (Volume 101) and went through nine editions. By the 1970s she was writing important groundbreaking articles to update and expand upon her original work on the history of the American west, broadening her analysis to include studies of women's critical roles in agriculture and the settlement of the Great Plains. She followed in Thomas D. Clark's footsteps when she won the Theodore Hallam Professor Award of the UK History Department for outstanding achievement. She served on many boards, including the Henry Clay Memorial Foundation which acquired Ashland, the estate of Henry Clay. Retired life and death

<mask> retired from the University of Kentucky in 1984 and was named professor emerita.She continued to work as a scholar and community activist, living with her husband in Lexington on Cassidy Avenue. During her retirement she produced a volume for the University Press of Kansas' American Presidency series: The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Lawrence, Kansas, 1985). Her book Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 1920-1990 (Lawrence, Kansas, 1993) followed up on the topic of her first study and was awarded the Theodore Saloutos book prize by the Agricultural History Society. It is still widely regarded as a standard work on that topic. She was an active member of the First United Methodist Church in Lexington and left a legacy for the Kentucky United Methodist Homes for Children and Youth. Her activism in organizations included animal rights. She especially loved her many golden retrievers.She and her husband enjoyed classical music as well as ballroom dancing at Arthur Murray studios. After a brief illness, <mask> died on August 29, 2008, in Lexington, Kentucky at age 94. Besides the First United Methodist legacy, <mask> also upon her death endowed a general fund scholarship at the University of Nevada, Reno. A University of Kentucky Graduate School fellowship was named in her memory to provide financial support for graduate student travel, both for dissertation related research and for presentations at scholarly conferences. Books

Selected essays and articles

References

1914 births
2008 deaths
Radcliffe College alumni
Bucknell University alumni
Women historians
Historians of the United States
Writers from Kentucky

masks:
Mary Wilma Massey Hargreaves
Mary Wma Massey
" Hargreaves
Walt Hargreaves
Walt Hargreaves
Mary Wilma
Hargreaves
Mary Wilma
Hargreaves
Hargreaves
Hargreaves
Hargreaves
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