title: Rinus Michels

texts:
<mask>ON (; 9 February 1928 – 3 March 2005) was a Dutch football player and coach. He played his entire career for AFC Ajax, which he later managed, and played for and later managed the Netherlands national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time. <mask> became most notable for his coaching achievements; he won the European Cup with Ajax and the Spanish league with Barcelona, and had four tenures as coach of the Netherlands national team, who he led to reach the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and to win the 1988 UEFA European Championship. He is credited with the invention of a major football playing style and set of tactics known as "Total Football" in the 1970s. He was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999, in 2007 the greatest post-war football coach by The Times and in 2019 the greatest coach in the history of football by France Football. Playing career
<mask> was born in Amsterdam and grew up at the Olympiaweg, a street near the Olympic Stadium.He celebrated his ninth birthday on 9 February 1937, when he received a pair of football boots and an Ajax jersey. Moments later, he was playing with his father at a small field near their home. Via Joop Köhler, a friend of the family who was commissioner at Ajax, Michels was introduced to the club and became a junior member in 1940. When World War II started, and especially during the Dutch famine of 1944–45, Michels' career was set on hold. French club Lille had also wanted to contract Michels, but a playing career abroad did not materialize as the Royal Netherlands Army did not allow him to go because he had to serve on active duty. Ajax first team

On 9 June 1946, <mask> was invited into Ajax's first team squad to replace the injured Han Lambregt. In his debut, Ajax beat ADO 8–3 and Michels scored five times.That season, Ajax won their 14th division championship and a year later they won the Dutch national championship. Although there were doubts about Michels' technical skills, team members like Cor van der Hart and captain Joop Stoffelen were enthusiastic about his strength and heading capabilities. Indeed, Michels was characterized for his hard work rather than for his technical qualities. He went on to become a regular for the club, and between 1946 and 1958, he appeared in 264 league matches for Ajax, in which he scored 122 goals. In 1958, four years after the introduction of professional football in the Netherlands and one year after winning his second league title, he was forced to end his career due to a back injury. National team
Michels' international playing career with the Netherlands national team lasted five matches, making his debut on 8 June 1950 away to Sweden, a 4–1 defeat. He also lost all of his remaining matches as an Oranje player, 4–1 to Finland, 4–0 to Belgium, 6–1 to Sweden and 3–1 to Switzerland.Coaching career

<mask> returned to Ajax as head coach in 1965. Under his tenure and along with great players such as Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens, Ajax went from relegation candidates to a team that won the national championship four times and the KNVB Cup three times in the following six years. In 1969, they reached the final of the European Cup for the first time, being defeated 4–1 by Italian side Milan. In 1971, he managed Ajax to the first of three consecutive European Cups, a feat only achieved previously by the great Real Madrid team of Alfredo Di Stéfano and Ferenc Puskás. While at Ajax, <mask> modernized the game by introducing what became known as "Total Football" and using the Offside trap. He then moved to Barcelona in the second part of 1971, being joined by Johan Cruyff in 1973. With <mask> and Cruyff, the team won the Primera División title in 1974 before <mask> became manager of the Dutch national team.1974 World Cup
<mask> was appointed national coach by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) after the Netherlands had qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. His first game as the Netherlands' coach was on 27 March 1974 in a 1–1 draw against Austria. At the finals tournament in Germany, their third ever World Cup participation, the Dutch impressed many observers with their style of play which was backed up by their results; they won their first round group, then in the second round group they defeated Argentina and the defending world champions Brazil, and reached the final after five wins and one draw, with 14 goals scored and only one conceded in six matches. At that point, <mask> was undefeated in nine matches as the Netherlands' coach. The Netherlands scored first against West Germany in the final, but the host team came back to defeat them 2–1, ending their run. That match was the last of <mask>' first tenure in charge of the Dutch team, which he would return to coach ten years later. Later years
<mask> later moved on to the United States where he coached in the ill-fated North American Soccer League.He ended his club coaching career with Bayer Leverkusen in 1989. He had his jour de gloire, however, when he coached the Dutch team to European glory at the 1988 UEFA European Championship. European champions

<mask> returned to coach the team for the Euro 1988 tournament. After losing the first group match against the Soviet Union (1–0), the Netherlands went on to qualify for the semi-final by defeating England 3–1 (with a hat-trick by the tournament's top scorer Marco van Basten), and the Republic of Ireland (1–0). For many Dutch football supporters, the most important match in the tournament was the semi-final against West Germany, the host country, considered a revenge for the lost 1974 World Cup final (also in West Germany). <mask> said after the match, "We won the tournament, but we all know that the semi-final was the real final." Van Basten, who would later become national team coach, scored in the 89th minute of the game to sink the German side.The game is also remembered for its post-match shenanigans, including Ronald Koeman, who, in front of the German supporters, provocatively pretended to wipe his backside with the shirt of Olaf Thon as if it were toilet paper, an action Koeman later did not regret. The Netherlands won the final with a convincing victory over the Soviet Union, a rematch on the round robin game, through a header by Ruud Gullit and a remarkable volley by Van Basten. This was the national team's first major tournament win and it restored them to the forefront of international football after almost a decade in the wilderness for almost three years to come. Death
Michels died on 3 March 2005 at a hospital in Aalst, Belgium, after a heart surgery in the hospital of Gareth, Spain (his second since 1986). Personality and legacy
Michels became known as a person who was keen on his money and did not want to spend much of it. A common joke in the Ajax changing rooms in those days was, "Does anybody actually know the color of Michels' wallet?". His IQ was high and during foreign trips he always brought a book with him, which he wanted to have read completely before coming home.He was known as someone who did not need anybody and who felt happy on his own, but sometimes he joined his teammates and shared their enthusiastic friendships. At the celebrations of Ajax' 50th birthday in 1950, he was the organizer of the humoristic show that was held and during traditional parties he and his friend Hans Boskamp climbed up the stages to sing some duets. After matches, he was always soaping himself down in the showers of the changing rooms as well, even when the match was lost. Michels was also known as a practical joker. At a hotel he once borrowed a fur coat of a lady and pretended to be a lady to his teammates. During a training session in Lille, the players went fishing and Michels, who did not enjoy himself, jumped into the water. Due to his authoritarian style as coach, Michels was called "The General".He said, "Professional football is something like war. Whoever behaves too properly, is lost." This has often been misquoted as "Football is war." <mask> felt the quote was taken out of context as he did not intend to equate war with football. <mask> was named coach of the century by FIFA in 1999. The <mask> Michels Award, which rewards the best managers in Dutch football, is named in his honour. Quotes
 Professional football is something like war.Whoever behaves too properly, is lost. Often misquoted in the form "Football is war". It is an art in itself to compose a starting team, finding the balance between creative players and those with destructive powers, and between defence, construction and attack – never forgetting the quality of the opposition and the specific pressures of each match. About Michels
 "Both as a player and as a trainer there is nobody who taught me as much as him. I will miss <mask> Michels. ... I always greatly admired his leadership."– Johan Cruyff

Career statistics

Honours

Player
Ajax
Eredivisie: 1946–47, 1956–57

Manager
Ajax
Eredivisie: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70
KNVB Cup: 1966–67, 1969–70, 1970–71
European Cup: 1970–71; Runner-up: 1968–69

Barcelona
La Liga: 1973–74
Copa del Rey: 1977–78
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy: 1971

1. FC Köln
DFB Pokal: 1982–83

Netherlands
UEFA European Championship: 1988
FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1974

Other
 Invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau: 1974
 Elevated as an Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau: 1988
 Named World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year: 1988
 Named Berlin-Britz Manager of the Decade (1970s)
 Named FIFA Coach of the Century: 1999
 Named France Football Greatest Manager of All time: 2019
 Named World Soccer 2nd Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 Named ESPN 2nd Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
 Named Dutch manager of the century: 1999
 Named Knight of the KNVB: 2002
 UEFA Lifetime Award: 2002
 Best Manager in 50 years of professional football in the Netherlands: 2004

References

External links

 Sven Goran Erikson's tribute to <mask> Michels (3 March 2005)
 The Times ranking of the 50 greatest post-war coaches
 France Football ranking of the 50 greatest coaches in football history

1928 births
2005 deaths
Footballers from Amsterdam
Dutch footballers
Association football forwards
AFC Ajax players
Eredivisie players
Netherlands international footballers
Dutch football managers
AFC DWS managers
AFC Ajax managers
FC Barcelona managers
Netherlands national football team managers
1. FC Köln managers
Bayer 04 Leverkusen managers
Eerste Divisie managers
Eredivisie managers
La Liga managers
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
Bundesliga managers
UEFA Champions League winning managers
1974 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 1988 managers
UEFA Euro 1992 managers
UEFA European Championship-winning managers
Dutch expatriate football managers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate soccer managers in the United States
Expatriate football managers in Germany
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
JOS Watergraafsmeer managers
Royal Netherlands Army personnel

masks:
Marinus Jacobus Hendricus Michels O
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Michels
Rinus
Rinus
Rinus


title: Martin Filler

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1948) is a prominent American architecture critic. He is best known for his long essays on modern architecture that have appeared in The New York Review of Books since 1985, and which served as the basis for his 2007 book Makers of Modern Architecture, published by New York Review Books. Education
Born in Colorado Springs, CO, <mask> received a BA in Art History from Columbia College in 1970 and an MA from Columbia University's Department of Art History and Archaeology in 1972. <mask> began his career in 1973 at Columbia University's Teachers College Press. From 1974 to 1977 he was the editor of Architectural Record Books at McGraw-Hill, where he produced anthologies of writings by Frank Lloyd Wright and Lewis Mumford. He began contributing book reviews to Architectural Record magazine in 1974, and three years later became an associate editor at Progressive Architecture. In 1979 <mask> started his long association with Condé Nast Publications, where he was an editor of House & Garden until the magazine ceased publication in 2007.From 1990 to 1994 he was also a contributing editor at Vanity Fair, where he wrote profiles on major figures in the arts including Lucian Freud, Roy Lichtenstein, Paul Mellon, I.M. Pei, Irving Penn, and Jacob Rothschild. From 1999 to 2003 he was the architecture critic for The New Republic, and in that latter year was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Writing
His writings on architecture, art, and design–more than 1,000 articles to date–have appeared in a broad range of periodicals, newspapers, scholarly journals, and exhibition catalogues in the United States, Europe, and Japan, including some 50 pieces for The New York Times. During the early 1980s, Art in America ran his eleven-part series on an emerging generation of avant-garde architects including Frank Gehry and others yet to achieve widespread recognition. Publications
His 2007 book Makers of Modern Architecture was published by New York Review Books and Spanish-language edition, La arquitectura moderna y sus creadores, will be published by Alba in October 2012. Robert Hughes praised it as "by far the most intelligent and shapely writing on architecture done in recent years," and called <mask> the "one regular critic in the American press whose pieces are a guaranteed pleasure to revisit–or to read for the first time."A second collection of his New York Review essays, Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume II, was published by New York Review Books in the fall of 2013. According to the historian George Baird, "In the wake of a significant shift in the tenor or architectural criticism . . . [<mask>] can claim to have launched the new tone, and a new social orientation to architectural design . . . The strength of <mask>'s writing has steadily grown over time and . . . [i]t seems to me that he can now lay claim to the mantel of the late Ada Louise Huxtable, the most admired critic of recent times." The series was further extended with the publication of Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume III in the fall of 2018.<mask>'s criticism is often acerbic and outspoken: in a New York Times Op-Ed Page piece he denounced the Gwathmey Siegel addition to Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum as "the most appalling act of architectural vandalism since the demolition of Pennsylvania Station". In The New York Review of Books he termed the rebuilding of post-reunification Berlin "a fiasco of immense proportions, the greatest lost opportunity in postwar urbanism,"  and characterized the bird-like structures of the Spanish architect-engineer Santiago Calatrava as "kitsch." Rem Koolhaas correction
<mask>'s May 10, 2012 profile of Rem Koolhaas in The New York Review of Books attracted the architect's attention for its factual errors based on what <mask> found on Wikipedia. When Koolhaas wrote the NYRB to correct the errors, <mask> responded by blaming Koolhaas for not correcting his own Wikipedia page (those errors were corrected in the revised version of the Koolhaas essay that appears as Chapter 13 in Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume II). Zaha Hadid correction
From August 2014 until January 2015 he was the subject of a lawsuit by Zaha Hadid for erroneous comments he made in The New York Review of Books. Within days of the legal action, <mask> issued a public statement stating, in part, “I wrote that an 'estimated one thousand laborers...have perished while constructing her project thus far' ...[when in fact] there have been no worker deaths on the Al Wakrah project.”  He added that "I regret the error." In early 2015 Hadid withdrew her complaint and under the terms of a confidential settlement agreement donated "an undisclosed sum of money to a charitable organization that protects and champions labor rights."Other endeavors
<mask> served as a guest curator for the Whitney Museum of Art's exhibition High Styles: Twentieth Century American Design (1984) and the Brooklyn Museum's exhibition Vital Forms: American Art and Design in the Atomic Age, 1940-1960 (2001). Views

MoMa Expansion
Filler's May 23, 2013 article denouncing the Museum of Modern Art's intention to demolish Tod Williams and Billie Tsien's adjacent American Folk Art Museum building to make way for MoMA's further expansion has been widely credited with prompting the institution to reconsider its plans. As Baird noted, "It is hard to imagine that <mask>'s voice did not have a significant effect on the situation." Personal life
In 1978 he married the architectural historian Rosemarie Haag Bletter, with whom he collaborated on the Whitney show. Together they wrote and conducted interviews for three documentary films by Michael Blackwood: Beyond Utopia: Changing Attitudes in American Architecture (1983), Arata Isozaki (1985), and James Stirling (1987). Awards and honors

 2003 Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2014 PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay, Longlist, for Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume II
 2017 Stephen A. Kliment Oculus Award in Architectural Journalism, awarded by the American Institute of Architects New York Chapter, to honor a media professional for his/her "influence on the practice of architecture and on helping those in the architectural profession by promoting and elevating its standards." References

External links
 Filler author page and archive from The New York Review of Books

1948 births
Living people
American architecture critics
American male non-fiction writers
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Critics employed by The New York Times
People from Colorado Springs, Colorado
People from Manhattan

masks:
Martin Myles Filler
Filler
Career Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler
Filler


title: Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948)

texts:
See also his uncle, <mask> (Onze <mask>)

<mask> (20 March 1894 – 3 December 1948) was a South African politician and intellectual in the years preceding apartheid. In his lifetime he was regarded as one of the cleverest men in the country, and it was widely expected that he would eventually become Prime Minister of South Africa. He came from a well-known Afrikaner family; his uncle, also <mask> but known affectionately as "Onze <mask>" among fellow Afrikaners, was a famous figure in the Afrikaans language movement. Early life

<mask> was born in Cape Town on 20 March 1894. He was baptised <mask>, but the middle-name Frederick fell into disuse quickly. Later in his life he would be known to many as "Hoffie", this diminutive form of his surname even being used in cartoons of Hofmeyr published in South African newspapers. He was raised by his widowed mother Deborah, a cousin to Christiaan Beyers, after his father <mask> died when <mask> was three years old.Deborah had another son who was five years older than <mask>, his brother Andries Beyers Hofmeyr. <mask> also had two half-sisters from his father's previous marriage. Deborah devoted most of her energies to <mask>, and he was the child with whom she had by far the strongest bond. This strong relationship was probably formed when <mask> fell ill with hydrocephaly at age two; he soon recovered and according to the medical wisdom of the day it was felt that he would either become a genius or an idiot. As it turned out he would be a genius. <mask> was first educated at the illustrious South African College Schools, which he entered in January 1902. A child prodigy, he progressed rapidly through its grades so that he matriculated four years later in 1906.He went on to study classics at the University of Cape Town (then still known as the South African College) and in 1909 graduated B.A. with first-class Honours at the age of 15. At this time he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford. He accepted the award but only made use of it a few years later when he was older. In the meanwhile he took another B.A. in the sciences in 1910 and an M.A. in classics in 1911, when he was just seventeen years old.Apart from his studies, <mask> also became active in the university's Debating Society (succeeding Oliver Schreiner as its president), worked as treasurer in its College magazine, and volunteered in its Students' Christian Association. In 1911, when he was just seventeen, <mask> was commissioned to write a biography of his uncle, "Onze <mask>" <mask>. The project was undertaken with the supervision of former President of the Orange Free State, F. W. Reitz. The project was completed within a year, the younger <mask> having written it in English and then translated it into Dutch. Oxford

In September 1913, <mask> sailed from Cape Town and finally went to Balliol College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He again studied classics, and in his first year became friends with John Macmurray and debated at the Oxford Union against Harold Laski, Harold Macmillan, and others. The First World War soon emptied the colleges there, but <mask> stayed on, not being obliged to fight on either side.Once he had finished with his studies at Oxford, <mask> considered joining the YMCA as a non-combatant, which would have meant serving the South African troops that were stationed in East Africa. Again <mask> distinguished himself in his academic efforts, coming first in Classical Moderations and Greats. In later years he became an Honorary Fellow of Balliol. At Oxford he participated in student religious activities once more, and became a member of the Student Christian Union, at one point even becoming an evangelical; but he probably found his greatest happiness in Oxford when he joined the Balliol Boys' Club. He would hold this commitment to voluntary youth service throughout his life, attending Student Christian Association camps back home in South Africa, even when he was the Administrator of the Transvaal Province, at one time even donating to the society a camp site which was located in Anerley, in Natal. At one of these camps he met the author Alan Paton, and they formed a lasting friendship. Teaching

On his return from Oxford in June 1916, <mask> was appointed to lecture Classics at his alma mater, the South African College, Cape Town.He moved on quickly, applied for and got a professorship in Classics at the South African School of Mines. The city of Johannesburg had wanted its own university for some time and had created nine new departments in the arts and sciences. He still lived with his mother, and they took a house together in the Johannesburg suburb of Yeoville. Thanks to his prodigious intellect and his achievements, <mask> had become quite famous, and was in demand as a public speaker. He spoke mainly about Afrikaner history, specifically the desires of Afrikaner nationalism as opposed to British imperialism. <mask>'s own line was that the two need not have been mutually exclusive, that Afrikaners could have a national identity without separating their country from the British Empire as the republicanists were clamouring to do. In this attitude, <mask> was emulating his famous uncle.Onze <mask> believed in bridging the divides between English and Afrikaans South Africans, a divide that had been fuelled by the British annexation of the diamond fields in 1871, the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877, and the concentration camps of the Anglo-Boer War. It was a political compromise that did not always endear either man to their audiences. <mask> was not only an intellectual. He also had a prolific capacity for administration. These talents came to the fore when the young professor was appointed to sub-committees of the university senate. But at the end of 1918 he chose to move back to Cape Town, taking up the new Chair of Greek at the newly named University of Cape Town. The School of Mines was disappointed to lose him so soon and their Council decided in March 1919 to offer him the principalship of their fledgling university, after the previous Principal had died.After some misgivings about being suited for the job he accepted. The principal was given the enormous task of expanding the university which then only had 301 students, a corps that could easily have been 10 times bigger in a city as big as Johannesburg. One of the first steps was to change the name from South African School of Mines into the University of the Witwatersrand. At his inaugural address, <mask> discussed the nature of a university, its desired function in a democracy. One specific topic he addressed was the so-called "Native problem" that was facing South Africa:
They [South African universities] have not, to any great extent, applied themselves to the solution of our South African problems... Biggest of all is the Native problem, most difficult and yet most specially South African of them all – in essence the eternal problem of the reconciliation of justice and apparent expediency – a problem in regard to which our colleges have been almost entirely silent. <mask> was of the opinion that universities "should know no distinctions of class, wealth, race or creed". One of his first duties entailed selling the Mine School's original Plein Square site and developing the university's newer Milner Park site.His administrative duties were carried out smoothly, but the young principal was having less ease in earning the respect and co-operation of some staff. The situation reached an impasse when Council and Senate of the university disagreed on Hofmeyr's (apparently unfair) dismissal of the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. It dragged on for more than a year and caused a deadlock in the university's administration that was only fully resolved once the trajectory of <mask>'s own career took him away from the university and propelled him into politics. In 1921 he published, in collaboration with Prof. T. J. Haarhoff, a pamphlet entitled Studies in Ancient Imperialism, an analysis of the later Roman empire. Hofmeyr admired the emperor Augustus in particular. He regarded Augustus, John Bright, and his uncle Onze <mask> as models for his own political views. Administratorship of the Transvaal

Hofmeyr had flirted with the possibility of pursuing politics as a career for some time.Already in January 1919 the acting Prime Minister F.S. Malan had approached the young <mask>, trying to sway him to join the South African Party as its Chief Organising Secretary. Hofmeyr declined. The offer was repeated the following year, but this time by the party's leader, General <mask>. Again <mask> declined. His hesitation was apparently due to an unwillingness of committing himself to party politics; he wanted to be of service to his country but did not want to "give up for party what was meant for mankind". It was thus that he became administrator of the Transvaal province.<mask> did not have to campaign in an election to get this job, the position of provincial administrator was strictly acquired through appointment by a sitting Prime Minister, who at that time was <mask>. Still reluctant to join a party on either side of the political spectrum, <mask> felt rather that the position of administrator did not entail loyalty to the agenda of a specific party, but an unbiased loyalty to the entire province. He began working as Transvaal administrator on 1 March 1924 yet, due to contractual obligations, remained on as principal of the University of the Witwatersand for another five months. <mask> stayed on in the University Council after relinquishing the principalship. There were efforts to unseat <mask> during his five-year-long tenure as provincial administrator; these came from members inside the national caucus of the provincial council who doubted <mask>'s professed impartiality. Soon after occupying his seat he was faced with a curious situation – the South African Party was defeated in a national election by the National Party, which meant that a new Prime Minister replaced the man who had appointed <mask>. Constitutionally <mask> was under no obligation to resign and he conveyed his willingness of staying on to the country's new leader, General

masks:
Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
Jan
Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
Jan
Hofmeyr
Jan Frederick Hendrik Hofmeyr
Andries Brink Hofmeyr
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan
Hofmeyr
Jan Smuts
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Smuts
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr


title: Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948)

texts:
 J.B.M.Hertzog, citing that he did not view his job as party-political in its nature. Hertzog allowed him to stay on, even when Hofmeyr appointed an Englishman as Director of Education in the Transvaal while National Party's politicians were urging him in the strongest terms to appoint an Afrikaner. It was a time when language policy was shaping the political landscape in South Africa. The National platform was to elevate Afrikaans and Afrikaners as a political force, with the eventual desire of creating a South African republic; while the South African Party wanted to create a fusion government, which meant unifying English speaking South Africans with Afrikaners who were willing to remain loyal to the British Crown. This was nothing new to <mask>; his uncle Onze <mask> had been active in this sphere throughout his career and had always had sympathy with English as language medium, and with the British Empire. On 31 May 1928 – the 18th celebration of Union Day and the first hoisting of a newly designed South African flag – <mask> addressed the nation by radio broadcast, urging for "the coming together of the two larger parties in South Africa, and the formation of a great new party of all those who have the same general outlook". He was choosing sides and would soon enter the arena of party-politics.Active Politician

<mask> chose to oppose the government of the day and entered parliament in 1929 as the South African Party's member for Johannesburg North. For his maiden speech he chose to speak out against an Immigration Quota Bill that had been tabled by D.F. Malan to restrict Jewish immigration into South Africa. The National Party was already espousing antisemitic policies that would eventually make them sympathetic to Adolf Hitler and to Nazi Germany. Though delivered from memory <mask>'s speech was not a success; he was too long-winded and too academic, so that even though he championed the rights of his many Jewish constituents he appeared to be fence-sitting. During the 1930s the South African parliament spent an enormous effort in legislating various issues surrounding what was called the Native Problem. In effect, the cornerstone of what later became known as apartheid was already being laid.This resulted in a series of Bills discriminating against indigenous peoples such as the Riotous Assemblies Bill, the Native Service Contract Bill, an abortive Mixed Marriages Bill, the Representation of Natives Bill, the Native Trust and Land Bill, and the Native Laws Amendment Bill. There was also discriminatory legislation being tabled with regards to South Africa's growing Indian population: the Asiatic Bill, the Provincial Legislative Powers Extension Bill, and the European Women's Restriction of Employment Bill were all meant to prevent the Indian business owners from having white people in their employ. <mask> spoke out against most of these discriminatory laws, progressively becoming more liberal as the two governments of that decade became more reactionary. A notable blemish on his record is his silence regarding the Native Laws Amendment Bill, which proposed to control the migration of black workers from rural areas into cities and towns, and also to control where the black workers inside cities and towns were allowed to live. Nevertheless, his attitudes towards non-whites was at the vanguard of liberal opinion for that time. Whenever he recognised injustice in parliament and in his country, he was one of only a handful of leaders who did not hesitate to speak out against it. National politicians had hoped that <mask> would sympathise with their aspirations for Afrikaner supremacy.They were disappointed; even though <mask> always remained cordial to Hertzog, the Prime Minister, he was a staunch critic of D.F. Malan, who was then the Minister of Education. When Malan introduced his Higher Education Control Bill into parliament, hoping to gain for himself a rigid control of university appointments and budgets throughout the nation, <mask> attacked the Bill as a curtailment of academic freedom, saying that Malan was hoping to become "the Grand Inquisitor of institutions of higher education". Long before his election <mask> had been in demand as a public speaker. When speaking about politics he was always asking for a realignment of South African politics away from the crass divides that polarised Afrikaners and English South Africans. Thus in 1933 he helped negotiate a coalition between J.B.M. Hertzog and <mask>ts, along with a fusion of their two parties.Consequently, he spent the rest of his life as a member of the United Party. Whilst a Cabinet Minister, <mask> was the inaugural Patron of the Transvaal Inter-Race Cricket Board from 1936. Minister

Hertzog became leader of the new party and thus remained Prime Minister. Smuts was his deputy. As a compromise the two men split their new cabinet down the middle. <mask> was one of six who Smuts nominated for the cabinet. As it turned out, <mask> was awarded the portfolios for Education, Interior, and Public Health.Before fusion these exact portfolios had belonged to D.F. Malan, but the latter had refused to be a part of Fusion and broke away from Hertzog to form a Purified National Party. Smuts did a great deal to hold the fusion government together. This involved a great show of capitulation towards Hertzog's legislative agenda. <mask> was not inclined to behave in this manner and showed an almost inflexible adherence to principle. So when other cabinet members leant over backwards in the interests of staying in government, <mask> stood alone to oppose destructive legislation such as the laws aimed at removing the black franchise. Any patience that he had wore out when Hertzog appointed A.P.J.Fourie to the Senate as a minister specially "acquainted with the reasonable wants and wishes of the Coloured people of South Africa". <mask> protested that the new senator had none of these qualifications and he resigned from the Cabinet. Later he also left the party caucus because of his opposition to the Asiatics Bill, which restricted Indians from buying land except in defined areas. In 1938 it looked as if <mask> might form his own party; there was encouragement for him to form a Liberal Party. Any such designs were nipped in the bud when Britain declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded Poland. Second World War

The United Party finally split over the war. Hertzog was not prepared to declare war on Germany, as Britain had done in September 1939.At that time South Africa was a Dominion and also a member of the then British Commonwealth. Many expected fully that South Africa would throw her full weight behind Britain in that new year. Governor General Sir Patrick Duncan asked Parliament to vote on the issue and—after a convincing show of support for Britain—Hertzog resigned, leaving Smuts to become Prime Minister once more. <mask> was approached to rejoin the cabinet and accepted the offer without hesitation. He became the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Education, and soon he became the closest advisor of <mask>. He acted as Prime Minister during the Second World War, in which Smuts was heavily involved. This multi-tasking of jobs had become a habit continued throughout <mask>'s career.In cabinet he could at times handle six or seven ministerial portfolios simultaneously, even while acting as prime minister in Smuts's absence. This work ethic would lead to burnout and was catastrophic for <mask>'s health. Death

<mask> died in Johannesburg on 3 December 1948, almost six months after the National Party came to power with their slogan of apartheid. He was buried two days later from the Dutch Reformed Church in Bosman Street. His funeral procession was two miles long, of which the streets were lined by thousands of people, an estimated 10,000 present in total. General <mask> paid tribute to <mask> both at the graveside, and on the evening before in a national radio broadcast. Of Hofmeyr he said: Here was the wonder child of South Africa, with a record with which South Africa shows no parallel, who from his youngest years beat all records, whose achievement in a comparatively brief life shows no parallel in this land, and whose star at the end was still rising ...He has passed on, but his service and the high spirit in which he sought to serve his country and his fellow-men of all races remain our abiding possessions. This is a better and richer country for his service, and his message will not be forgotten. His death was premature and to some extent caused by the heavy burden of all the work that Smuts had entrusted to him. Smuts may have helped to win the war in Europe, but at home he lost not only an election, but also the best and most likely candidate to continue his legacy. South Africa lost one of the clearest liberal voices in its politics. Legacy

<mask>'s insight into racial issues was captured in many statements that <mask> made, particularly concerning the rights of non-white people in South Africa. Honorary degrees were conferred on him by the University of Cape Town (D.Sc), Witwatersrand (LLD) and Oxford (D.C.L.).The University of the Witwatersrand has turned the one-time administrator's house into a museum and restaurant, called Hofmeyr House. His papers are housed at the University of Natal as part of its Alan Paton collection. Paton's seminal novel Cry, the Beloved Country is dedicated to his friend <mask> <mask>. In 1964, Paton published a <mask> biography. A suburb in the city of Johannesburg, <mask> , was named after him. Works

  with Theodore Haarhof
 Coming of Age (1930)
 South Africa (1931)

Notes

References

1894 births
1948 deaths
South African Rhodes Scholars
White South African people
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of South African College Schools
Finance ministers of South Africa
United Party (South Africa) politicians
South African Party (Union of South Africa) politicians
Education ministers of South Africa
Members of the House of Assembly of South Africa
South African classical scholars
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Chancellors of the University of the

masks:
Hofmeyr
Jan
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Smu
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Smuts
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Smuts
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Hendrik
Hofmeyr
Hofmeyr
Jan Hofmeyr


title: James A. Cunningham

texts:
<mask> (November 27, 1830 – July 17, 1892) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Serving as a company commander in the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry (which later became the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry) on garrison duty at Fort Warren in Boston, <mask> was transferred with his unit to the battle front in the spring of 1862. He fought in numerous battles with the Army of the Potomac, eventually taking command of the 32nd Massachusetts in 1864. In the closing days of the war, <mask> distinguished himself during the Appomattox Campaign, earning the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general. During the Battle of Appomattox Court House, <mask> received the flag of surrender sent by General Robert E. Lee. After the war, <mask> served with the Massachusetts General Court and as Adjutant General of Massachusetts. Early life
Born in Boston in 1830, <mask> moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts as a young man and took up a career as a stagecoach driver.He married <mask> Lane of New Jersey and had two children before the Civil War. Civil War service

Company command
A few months after the start of the Civil War, <mask> assisted with the recruitment of a company of volunteer infantry in Gloucester. The company was formed in November 1861 under the command of Captain <mask>. Draper and became Company D of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry. <mask> was second in command of the company, receiving the commission of 1st lieutenant on December 2, 1861. The company was made up almost entirely of Gloucester fishermen and, early in its service, had a reputation for unruliness. The battalion was stationed during the winter of 1861–1862 at Fort Warren, the largest fortification in Boston harbor. There, the unit trained in infantry and artillery drill and also guarded the approximately 1,000 Confederate prisoners held at the fort.On March 6, 1862, <mask> was promoted captain and placed in command of Company F of the battalion. In May 1862, the battalion was transferred to the battle front in northern Virginia. That summer, four more companies were added to the battalion, amounting to ten companies as required for a full regiment. The unit was designated, on September 3, 1862, the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The regiment became part of the V Corps in the Army of the Potomac. Over the course of 1862, <mask> commanded Company F in combat during the battles of Second Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In 1863, he participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Mine Run.In 1864, still in command of a company in the 32nd Massachusetts, <mask> saw action in the Overland Campaign, a series of battles aimed at grinding down the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and taking the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Overland Campaign ended in a stalemate and resulted in the long Siege of Petersburg. Regimental command
Because several of the senior officers of the 32nd Massachusetts were killed or wounded in the course of the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the summer of 1864 and took command of the regiment at the end of September. He would command the regiment for the remainder of its service. In late March 1865, the Confederate army abandoned its siege lines at Petersburg and retreated towards western Virginia, bringing about the Appomattox Campaign and, ultimately, the end of the war. It was during this campaign, on April 2, 1865, that <mask> distinguished himself in the wake of the Battle of Five Forks. The battle, having taken place on April 1, 1865, forced the Confederates to begin their retreat from Petersburg and Richmond.That night, <mask> was placed in command of a brigade of skirmishers and ordered to lead the pursuit of the retreating Confederate army. Deploying his brigade under the eye of Major General Philip Sheridan, <mask> pushed his men rapidly westward, covering many miles of ground and overtaking hundreds of Confederates in the course of their retreat as well as significant amounts of Confederate supplies. On January 18, 1867, President <mask> nominated <mask> for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from April 1, 1865, for distinguished services during the campaign against Richmond, and for especial gallantry at the battle of Five Forks, Virginia, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 21, 1867. Over the next week, the Union cavalry and V Corps (including <mask>'s 32nd Massachusetts) pursued the Confederates, forcing their surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Near the close of the battle, <mask> spotted through his field glasses a white flag of truce. Riding forward, <mask> ascertained that the flag was born by a Confederate staff officer who wished to communicate a message to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant that Confederate General Robert E. Lee wished to discuss terms of surrender. After the close of the war, <mask> was mustered out of service with the rest of the 32nd Massachusetts on June 29, 1865.Post-war life
Immediately after the war, Brevet Brig. Gen. <mask> dabbled in politics, serving briefly as a representative to the Massachusetts General Court in 1865. At the close of 1866, he accepted an appointment as Adjutant General of Massachusetts, becoming the commanding general of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. He succeeded the wartime adjutant general, William Schouler and served in that capacity until 1879. In 1882, <mask> became the superintendent of the Massachusetts Soldier's Home in Chelsea, a position he occupied for ten years until his death in Chelsea on July 17, 1892. He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Gloucester, Massachusetts. See also

List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Notes

References

 Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990. . External links

Union Army generals
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Adjutants General of Massachusetts
1830 births
1892 deaths

masks:
James Adams Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
James Cunningham
Ann Eliza
Cunningham
James P
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Andrew Johnson
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham
Cunningham


title: Junaid Khan (cricketer)

texts:
<mask> (; born 24 December 1989) is a Pakistani international cricketer who bowls left arm fast. He is the first player from Swabi to qualify for the Pakistan national cricket team. His cousin, the leg-spinner Yasir Shah, followed his path later. After an injury to Sohail Tanvir on the eve of the 2011 World Cup, <mask> was called up as his replacement, with no experience in international cricket. <mask> did not play in the tournament, and later made his One Day International debut in April 2011. In June that year <mask> represented Lancashire County Cricket Club in English domestic cricket. In August 2018, he was one of 33 players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018–19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB).Career

Sighting
No cricketer had come from Swabi before and <mask> didn't take an interest in cricket initially. He played with tape-ball and was introduced to hard ball set up by his cousin. At age 16 he was measured as the fastest bowler in the NWFP Twenty/20 competition. <mask> said, "Some of my team mates suggested that I should go for the Under 17 trials Abbottabad. I was in two minds but afterwards I was relieved that I attended the trials, as Ehteshamuddin spotted me and told me that I had potential and that I should go to Lahore". Early domestic career
<mask> made his first-class debut on 24 January 2007 at the age of 17. Playing for Abbottabad against Multan, his first wicket was that of Majid Majeed.The match ended in a draw and <mask> finished with four wickets for 57 runs (4/57). For four years he took wickets consistently for his domestic team Abottabad and he was the team's chief strike bowler. He also played for Abbottabad Falcons in the Faysal Bank Twenty20. In the 2008/09 season, <mask> represented the Khan Research Laboratories cricket team and played for them in the final of the 2008/09 Quaid-i-Azam Trophy; he took a single wicket in the match as his team lost to Sialkot. <mask> also played for Pakistan A. In the unofficial Test series between Pakistan A and Sri Lanka A in 2010, <mask> was his team's leading wicket-taker with ten from two matches. Selection into the Pakistan team

Following the recurrence of a knee injury to Sohail Tanvir, the uncapped <mask> was added in Pakistan's squad for the 2011 World Cup.He did not play a single match in the tournament and was forced to wait for his ODI debut. When Pakistan toured the West Indies for two Tests, five ODIs, and a T20I in April and May <mask> was included in the squad. On 21 April, <mask> made his T20I debut and went wicketless in the match. Two days later, <mask>, Mohammad Salman, and Hammad Azam made their ODI debuts against West Indies. Opening the bowling with Wahab Riaz, <mask> conceded 49 runs from 10 overs without taking a wicket. Pakistan won the series 3–2 and <mask> finished with three wickets from five matches, making him the team's fourth highest wicket-taker. His first ODI wicket was that of Marlon Samuels.In May, Pakistan toured Ireland for a two-match ODI series. <mask> was Man of the Match in the first fixture, taking four wickets for twelve runs to help Pakistan to a seven-wicket victory. Pakistan won the series 2–0 and <mask> finished as the second-highest wicket-taker for the series with six at an average of 10.83. On the advice of former Pakistan and Lancashire all-rounder Wasim Akram, Lancashire signed <mask> on "modest terms" according to coach Mike Watkinson to play for them in the Friends Life t20 in June with the possibility of playing in the County Championship. Problems with his visa meant <mask>'s Lancashire debut was delayed and it was not until 27 June that he represented Lancashire for the first time in a twenty20 match. Later that month <mask> made his County Championship debut against Durham, stepping in for the injured Farveez Maharoof, Lancashire's other overseas player. While playing for Lancashire he took career best t20 bowling figures of 3/12 against the Derbyshire Falcons.During his spell with the club, <mask> received advice from Akram on how to bowl in English conditions. In August, <mask> was awarded a category C central contract with the Pakistan Cricket Board; six players were in category A, eight in B, and nine (including <mask>) in C. When Pakistan toured Zimbabwe in September for a Test three ODIs and two T20Is, the national selectors took the opportunity to give inexperienced players an opportunity. Frontline bowlers Wahab Riaz and Umar Gul were rested and <mask> was chosen as part of the squad. Although <mask> had helped Lancashire reach t20 finals days, international selection meant that <mask> would be unavailable to take part and would miss the end of the season with the club. On 1 September 2011, <mask> made his Test debut against Zimbabwe; Pakistan's fast bowlers in the match were inexperienced, with just one Test cap between them. The coach, Waqar Younis, commented that though <mask> had a successful spell with Lancashire he still had a lot to learn as a Test bowler. <mask>'s sole wicket in the match, which Pakistan won, was that of batsman Craig Ervine caught and bowled.The following month, Pakistan played Sri Lanka in three Test, five ODIs, and a T20I. On the opening day of the Test series, on a pitch suited to batting, <mask> took his maiden five-wicket haul in Tests. Pakistan won the Test series 1–0, and <mask> contributed 12 wickets to the victory. During the fifth ODI he suffered the first injury of his career: a partial tear of the muscles in his abdomen. As a result, he was unable to play for six weeks and missed Pakistan's tour of Bangladesh in November and December. His match winning performance also came during a T20 match against England. <mask> was selected for the ODI squad for Australia's tour of Pakistan in UAE, August–September 2012, playing his first series against Australia.However he was excluded from the T20 side, hence being excluded from the T20 World Cup being held in Sri Lanka in September. This decision was criticised to be unjustified due to the selection of fast bowler Mohammad Sami and his recent performance against Sri Lanka. In December 2012, <mask> was again picked for the series against India and was given a chance in the ODI series and he performed superbly by picking up 4 wickets in the first match (clean bowled Sehwag, Kohli, Yuvraj) and helped in Pakistan win in first ODI and again performed superbly in the second ODI and picked up three wickets including two top order vital wickets of Gambhir and Kohli. In November 2013, despite his injured shin, he successfully defended 9 runs off the final over in Port Elizabeth clinching Pakistan a 1 run win and Pakistan's first bilateral ODI series win against the Proteas. He was also named in the T20I XI by Cricinfo for his performances in 2013. He was also named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' at the 2017 Champions Trophy by the ICC and Cricbuzz. <mask> also has an impressive record against Sri Lanka, having played 13 games, 7 Tests and 6 ODIs.He has taken all four of his Test five-wicket hauls against Sri Lanka, 2 in the UAE and 2 in SL. His best innings bowling figures of 5/38 was taken against them, as well as best match figures, 8/151. Also, 48 of his international wickets have come against this particular side. He picked up his 50th Test wicket in his 14 Tests by claiming Dinesh Chandimal's wicket in the first Test against them in the UAE, in the 2013/14 season. He was also the highest wicket-taker in the ODI leg of the same tour, having 13 scalps from 5 games. In April 2019, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. However, on 20 May 2019, he was dropped from Pakistan's squad, after they announced their final team for the tournament.Later domestic career
In April 2018, he was named in Sindh's squad for the 2018 Pakistan Cup. He was the joint-leading wicket-taker for Sindh during the tournament, with six dismissals in three matches. In 2019, he was recalled to the Pakistan team. In September 2019, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament. Bowling style

<mask> modelled his bowling action on that of fellow left-arm fast-bowler Wasim Akram. He was also influenced by watched clips of Imran <mask> bowling. In his own words, <mask> is "a line and length bowler" and he believes that "if you try to be accurate and you bowl a tight line the wickets will follow."According to <mask>, he usually bowls around . He has the ability to swing the ball into and away from batsmen. <mask> stated that during his time with Lancashire County Cricket Club he learned how to bowl a yorker and how to use swing and seam. <mask> also bowls with an exaggerated skip and jump at the start of his run up. County cricket
<mask> played 8 T20 games for Lancashire in 2011, taking 12 wickets, including a 3–12 spell against Derbyshire. In early 2013, <mask> received offers from three county clubs: Lancashire, Surrey and Sussex. He said he would think about them after the Test series in South Africa, and getting clearance from the PCB.Later on, he turned down all offers to focus on the Champion's Trophy 2013. On 23 April 2014, Lancashire confirmed that <mask> would be returning to play in both the NatWest T20 blast and the Royal London One Day Cup. On 24 July 2015, it was announced by tribune.com.pk that Middlesex had signed <mask> for the 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup. References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Pakistani cricketers
Abbottabad cricketers
Pakistan One Day International cricketers
Pakistan Test cricketers
Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Pashtun people
People from Swabi District
Lancashire cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricketers
Khan Research Laboratories cricketers
Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers
Water and Power Development Authority cricketers
Peshawar Zalmi cricketers
Barbados Tridents cricketers
Khulna Titans cricketers
Multan Sultans cricketers

masks:
Mohammad Junaid Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Eduard Dietl

texts:
<mask> (21 July 1890 – 23 June 1944) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 20th Mountain Army. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany. Military career
Born in 1890, <mask> joined the army on 1 October 1909 as a Fahnenjunker in the 5th Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse" of the Bavarian Army in Bamberg. In World War I, he was deployed on the Western Front and he was wounded October 1914 and October 1918. During the Weimar Republic, he joined the Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei, the precursor to the National Socialist German Workers Party, and the paramilitary group Freikorps of Franz Ritter von Epp in 1919. <mask> continued to serve in the German Army and, as a Generalmajor, he helped organise the 1936 Winter Olympics held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. <mask> commanded the German 3rd Mountain Division that participated in the German invasion of Norway on 9 and 10 April 1940.Most of this division was landed at Narvik by a German naval force of ten destroyers, commanded by Commodore Friedrich Bonte, subsequently all ten destroyers that had ferried <mask>'s troops to Narvik were sunk in the First and Second Battles of Narvik. <mask>'s mountaineers withdrew into the hills and later retook the town when Britain abandoned her efforts to evict the Germans from Norway due to German success on the Western Front (the Franco-German border, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands). Outnumbered by British, French and Polish forces, his skilful defence utilized ammunition, food and sailors (re-drafted as infantrymen) from the sunken ships. This gained him the nickname "The hero of Narvik". <mask> subsequently commanded German forces in Norway and northern Finland and in Eastern Europe and rose to the rank of Generaloberst, commanding the 20th Mountain Army on the northern Eastern Front, where the results of the German Arctic campaign were disappointing. <mask> initially turned down his promotion, but was convinced to accept the appointment by Generaloberst Alfred Jodl. Death
On 23 June 1944, the Ju 52 aircraft carrying <mask>, General der Infanterie Thomas-Emil von Wickede, General der Gebirgstruppe Karl Eglseer, Generalleutnant der Gebirgstruppe Franz Rossi and three other passengers crashed in the vicinity of the small village of Rettenegg, Styria.There were no survivors. Until 1997, the municipality of Ringelai in the Bavarian Forest honoured <mask> with a memorial plaque. In 1977, the site changed into one honoring World War I veteran Albert Leo Schlageter instead. The Bavarian town Freyung honoured <mask> by naming a street General-Dietl-Straße. Assessment
<mask> was sent to Finland designated to be the "Hero in the snow" (to be a counterpart to Rommel who would be the "Hero in the sun", also given a secondary theatre leaving the main stage to Hitler). A convinced National Socialist and one of Hitler's favourite generals, he was the first German soldier to receive, on 19 June 1940, the oak leaves cluster to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. <mask> was also popular among his men and his Finnish allies.Klaus Schmider remarks that <mask> had too much political baggage to compensate for his admirable record as a mountain troops leader. As a young officer, he refused to assist the civil government in crushing the 1923 coup attempt. He was also a founding member of the NSDAP. What has led the Bundeswehr and the German federal government to reverse honours towards <mask>, though, is his recently discovered view on marriages between Scandinavian women and his soldiers, which was "extreme even by the standards of the Third Reich": after <mask> circulated an order that called Norwegian and Finnish women "racial flotsam", Himmler himself had to intervene to rescind it. Awards

 Prince Regent Luitpold Medal (Bavaria; 12 March 1911)
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd class (16 September 1914) & 1st class (3 September 1916)
 General Honour Decoration (Hesse) (16 October 1915)
 Wound Badge (1914) in Silver (1917)
 Bavarian Military Order of Merit 4th class with Swords (18 June 1918) & Commanders Cross (17 August 1933)
 Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (18 January 1935)
 Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th class with 1st class (2 October 1936)
 Olympic Games Decoration, 1st class (1936)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd class (24 September 1939) & 1st class (15 April 1940)
 Destroyer War Badge (5 November 1940)
 Narvik Shield (21 March 1941)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight's Cross as Generalleutnant and commander of the 3. Gebirgs-Division (9 May 1940)
1st Oak Leaves as Generalleutnant and commanding general of the Gebirgs-Korps Norwegen (19 July 1940)
Swords as Generaloberst and commander in chief of the 20. Gebirgs-Armee (1 July 1944, posthumously)
 Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds(5 January 1941)

 Order of Merit, Commander's Cross with carry permit (Chile; 16 March 1934)
 Order of the White Rose, Grand Cross with Breast Star and Swords (Finland; 9 November 1941)
 Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st class with Star, Oak leaves and Swords (20 January 1944) & Grand Cross (Finland; 28 June 1944)

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Lunde, Henrik O.(2011). Finland's War of Choice. Casemate Publishers, . External links

1890 births
1944 deaths
People from Bad Aibling
Military personnel of Bavaria
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German military personnel of World War I
German World War II pilots
Gebirgsjäger of World War II
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with a Star
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Austria
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Reichswehr personnel

masks:
Eduard Wohlrat Christian Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl
Dietl


title: Arthur Waldron

texts:
<mask> (born December 13, 1948) is an American historian. Since 1997, <mask> has been the Lauder Professor of International Relations in the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. He works chiefly on Asia, China in particular, often with a focus on the origins and development of nationalism, and the study of war and violence in general. Early life
<mask> was born in Boston on December 13, 1948. <mask> studied at the Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut and Winchester College in England. He attended Harvard College from which he graduated summa cum laude in 1971, receiving the Sophia Freund Prize, given to the student ranked academically highest in his class. In 1981 he received a Ph.D. in history, also from Harvard.<mask> is a founder and vice president of the International Assessment and Strategy Center in Washington DC. He is a former director of Asian studies with the American Enterprise Institute, a director of the American Association of Chinese Studies, a member of the Board of the Jamestown Foundation, Washington, D.C., and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Prior to arriving at the University of Pennsylvania, <mask> taught at, the U.S. Naval War College, and Princeton University, and as adjunct professor of East Asian Studies at Brown University. In 2003-2004 he was Visiting Professor of History, at the  Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. <mask> has lived and studied in China, Japan, Taiwan, France, England, and the former Soviet Union, where he earned a certificate in Russian language proficiency. He occasionally consults for the U.S. government, and was a founding member of the Congressional US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2000-) as well as one of twelve outside experts on the top-secret Tilelli Commission (2000-2001) which evaluated the CIA’s China operations.He has represented the United States in “track two” meetings with Korea, Taiwan, China, Japan and Russia. Research
<mask> studied Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) history at Harvard, during which he focused on why the relationship between the sedentary Ming and the nomadic Mongols who lived to the north often turned hostile. This led him to study the two debates over the recovery of the northwest loop of the Yellow River, known as the Ordos Loop. The debates are called in Chinese fu tao yi (復套議) and were the topic of his Ph.D dissertation. After additional research, mostly undertaken at Princeton, this thesis culminated in his first book, The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth, which drew upon extensive documentary research to show that although multiple walls had been built at various times, the Ming Wall had given rise to the idea of the "Great Wall"—which turned out to be a constantly evolving compound of fact and myth, as well in recent times as a potent patriotic symbol. According to <mask>'s book, actual wall building was best understood as an aspect of larger frontier strategy, never a single grand project in itself. Also while at Princeton <mask> began working on the history and diplomacy of the early Republican (pre-Nationalist) period in China.A major source was the papers of John Van Antwerp MacMurray, who served as U.S. minister to China in the 1920s until his 1929 resignation. In 1992, Waldron published MacMurray's memorandum of 1935, which foresaw the coming of conflict between the United States and Japan and was greatly esteemed by such later diplomats as George F. Kennan, with introduction and notes. Parallel research on China during the same period—that of the "Warlords" or junfa (軍閥), a term often taken as indigenous but that <mask> has demonstrated is borrowed from Japanese Marxist writings —produced his third book, From War to Nationalism, in 1995. This presents a novel argument showing how the large-scale but almost entirely unstudied Second Zhili-Fengtian War of 1924 (his was the first book in any language, Chinese included, to analyze the conflict) so utterly disrupted the existing political and power structures of China as to create a vacuum, along with the conditions for the emergence, in the following year, of the radical nationalist May Thirtieth Movement. That war brought the demise of much that had been standard in Chinese politics and international relations, often since the nineteenth century, while opening the way for the mass, strongly leftist, and nationalist politics (the phrase "Chinese nationalism" dramatically enters the English vocabulary in 1925) that becomes increasingly strong thereafter, ultimately bringing Communist rule in 1949. Building on his War College experience, <mask> has continued at the University of Pennsylvania to research and teach comparative warfare and strategic analysis, ranging the world and recorded history, while also, in keeping with Sinological training, offering seemingly more conventional courses on Asian and Chinese history and culture, often dealing with the complex webs of causes that produce nationalism and related phenomena. His most recent publications have dealt with issues of Chinese patriotism, national identity, and military tactics in the Second World War.<mask>'s research interests include twentieth century Chinese history, China's policies toward and conflicts with her neighbors, and Asian international relations. He is currently working on a study of the attempts to create a constitutional order in the aftermath of the Qing Dynasty. Political views
<mask> is a frequent commentator and critic of the Chinese government and American foreign policy towards China. He has called American China policy since 1978 "[o]ur greatest foreign policy failure." In 2000, he "oppose[d] the grant of permanent normal trade relations for the People’s Republic of China." He recommends that "[r]ather than search pointlessly for understanding, win-win propositions, etc....it is time to hammer them in private on rights and military behavior." He co-signed an open letter to Donald Trump in support of the Trump Administration's China policy.He has compared China's foreign policy with that of Germany leading up to World War I, calling it a "Griff nach der Weltmacht, with Chinese characteristics." <mask> has claimed that in China "[t]he pollution might kill your infants; the hospitals are terrible, the food is adulterated, the system corrupt and unpredictable" and that the "disintegration of the People’s Republic of China is now under way.” During the Covid-19 pandemic, he suggested the possibility that the virus originated at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. As a deterrent against China, in 2021 he proposed the nuclear armament of China's neighbors: "I believe just as Britain and France have a nuclear deterrent independent of the U.S., so should Japan, Australia and perhaps Taiwan and South Korea, which also face direct nuclear threats." Personal life
<mask> is married; he and his wife have two sons. Bibliography
 The Great Wall of China: from History to Myth (1989); ebook edition
 The Modernization of Inner Asia (Ed. )(1991)
 Zhong-Xi wenhua yu jiaohui daxue 中西文化與教會大學 [Chinese and Western Culture and Denominational Colleges in China] (Ed.) (1991)
 How the Peace Was Lost: The 1935 Memorandum “Developments Affecting American Policy in the Far East” (1992)
 From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point 1924-1925 (1995); 2003 pbk edition
 Zhongguo jiaohui daxue shi luncong 中國教會大學史論叢 [Essays on the History of Denominational Colleges in China](Ed.)(1995)
 The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Ed.) (2003); 2006 pbk edition
 The Chinese (forthcoming)

References

Harvard College alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American sinologists
1948 births
Living people
Historians of China

masks:
Arthur Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Career Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron


title: Pat O'Connor (wrestler)

texts:
<mask>'Connor (22 August 1924 – 16 August 1990), was a New Zealand amateur and professional wrestler. Regarded as one of the premier workers of his era, O'Connor held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship and NWA World Heavyweight Championship simultaneously, the latter of which he held for approximately two years. He was also the inaugural AWA World Heavyweight Champion. He is an overall two-time world champion. Early life
<mask>'Connor was born on 22 August 1924 in Raetihi, New Zealand, to parents John Frederick and Isabella. While he attended high school at Feilding Agricultural High School, he also helped tend to the sheep and cattle on his parents' farm. He later attended Massey Agricultural College, and later served for six months in the New Zealand Royal Air Force in 1945.Amateur wrestling career
Before entering the world of professional wrestling, O'Connor was an amateur wrestler. He trained under Dave Sparrow, and later Don Anderson, while working as a blacksmith to pay the bills. After a tournament in 1947, he joined the Wellington wrestling team and trained under Anton Koolmann. In 1948, he represented New Zealand in the Pan American games. O'Connor won the New Zealand Heavyweight Championship in amateur wrestling in both 1949 and 1950. The 1949 win earned him entry into the 1950 British Empire Games. At the Empire Games, O'Connor, once again representing New Zealand, won a silver medal winner in the (freestyle) heavyweight division.He later trained to be a professional wrestler under Len Levy. Professional wrestling career

National Wrestling Alliance

On 19 March 1955, O'Connor won the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Chicago version) with tag team partner Roy McClarity, and held the title until February 1956. Later in the year, he worked for Maple Leaf Wrestling. In March, he won the NWA British Empire Heavyweight Championship (Toronto version), but lost it on 2 May 1957 to Gene Kiniski. That same month, O'Connor and Whipper Billy Watson won the NWA Canadian Open Tag Team Championship, but lost it to Gene Kiniski and Fritz Von Erich on 31 October of that year. O'Connor held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from 1959 to 1961. He first won the title on 9 January 1959 from Dick Hutton, who had held the title for thirteen months.O'Connor's reign was recognized by both the National Wrestling Alliance and the National Wrestling Association. The title change was part of the rivalry between bookers Sam Muchnick and Fred Kohler, the latter of whom did not want to waste any money announcing O'Connor as the new champion. Kohler also wanted O'Connor to pay him $10,000 to wrestle at shows in Chicago, while being paid less than champions usually earned. O'Connor was so angry at the suggestion that he walked out of their meeting and later told Muchnick not to book him for any events in Chicago. The men later worked out a deal of sorts, and beginning on 19 February 1960, O'Connor wrestled in Chicago against Bruno Sammartino and Johnny Valentine, among others. On 29 July at one of Fred Kohler's events, O'Connor defeated Yukon Eric at an event with an attendance of 30,275. During this time, television also became a factor in the burgeoning market for professional wrestling, and as a result, the demand to trade wrestlers, including O'Connor, throughout the territories, was eased due to Vincent McMahon's Capitol Wrestling.In December, he worked for McMahon in the Northeast. In March 1961, he was suspended for sixteen days when he missed a match in New York. On 30 June 1961, O'Connor dropped the title to Buddy Rogers in front of 38,622 fans at Comiskey Park, a North American professional wrestling attendance record that lasted until Toronto's The Big Event in 1986. The ticket revenue of $148,000 was a professional wrestling record for almost twenty years. The match, a two out of three falls match, was billed as the "Match of the Century". During the match, both men had gained a pinfall, when O'Connor missed a dropkick and suffered a legit groin injury on the ropes, after which Rogers pinned him to win the match. American Wrestling Association
In May 1960, while still the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, the American Wrestling Association (AWA) named O'Connor as the first holder of the AWA World Heavyweight Championship when they seceded from the NWA.Therefore, he held both the AWA and NWA World Heavyweight Championships simultaneously. However, he never defended the AWA World Heavyweight Championship, and was stripped of it in August, after ninety days, when Verne Gagne was recognized as the new champion. On 10 November 1967, the team of O'Connor and Wilbur Snyder defeated Larry Hennig and Harley Race to win the AWA World Tag Team Championship. They lost the title on 2 December to Mitsu Arakawa and Dr. Moto. O'Connor and Snyder also defeated Arakawa and Moto for the World Wrestling Association's WWA World Tag Team Championship on 24 September 1968. They lost the title on 26 October to the same team. Late career
On 13 October 1970, O'Connor was introduced as Jim Crockett Promotions's first NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Champion as part of a storyline to introduce the title.The title was later awarded to the Missouri Mauler with the announcement that Mauler won it in New York. On 1 January 1982, O'Connor was part of the card that comprised promoter Sam Muchnick's last professional wrestling show, located in St. Louis. O'Connor was also one of the owners of the St. Louis Wrestling Club. O'Connor, along with Verne Gagne, Harley Race, and Bob Geigel purchased the territory from Sam Muchnick the day after Muchnick's retirement. On 18 September 1963, O'Connor was named as a co-conspirator in the monopoly that controlled professional wrestling in Missouri, Kansas, and Iowa. O'Connor filed a counterclaim. On 16 November 1987, O'Connor participated in a World Wrestling Federation "old-timers" battle royal, which was won by Lou Thesz.Death
O'Connor died of cancer on 16 August 1990. In December 1990, World Championship Wrestling held the <mask>'Connor Memorial International Cup Tag Team Tournament, an eight-team international tag team memorial tournament at Starrcade in honor of O'Connor. In 1996, he was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame. In 2007, the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame inducted O'Connor. He is also a member of the Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame. In 2016, O'Connor became a "Legacy" member of the WWE Hall of Fame.

masks:
Patrick John O
Patrick John O
Pat O


title: Ackim Musenge

texts:
<mask> (born 7 October 1949) is a former Zambian footballer and coach. Renowned for his exceptional defensive ability and versatility, <mask> is rated as one of the finest defenders to have played for the Zambia national team, which he captained at the 1978 African Cup of Nations in Ghana. He later coached Mufulira Wanderers and several other club sides. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 October 1949 in Mufulira. His father Diamond Musenge was a carpenter while his mother Eness was a house-wife. He was the first born in a family of seven of which four were boys. His brother Japhen also played for Wanderers.He attended Mufulira Mine School and later Kantanshi Secondary School. Playing career

Butondo Western Tigers
At the age of 15 Musenge joined Zambian Division II side Butondo Western Tigers, one of the teams sponsored by Mufulira Division of Roan Copper Mines. He later formed part of the first Zambia School’s national team which was coached by John Green and managed by King George High School teacher Glyn Peters. During his time with Zambia Schools, Musenge played in high-profile friendly matches against English youth teams such as West Ham United, Ipswich Town and Derby County youth teams. At Tigers, <mask> who started off as an attacking midfielder and occasionally played on the right wing, was a regular goal scorer. In 1966, he helped the team gain promotion to Division I and went on to become captain. In 1969, he scored 18 goals in all competitions.In the early '70s, Samuel "Zoom" Ndhlovu, who was Wanderers' coach but would also double as Tigers coach from time to time since they shared the same sponsor, noticed some defensive qualities in <mask>'s play and converted him into a defender to shore up a leaky defence. In April 1975, <mask> was transferred to Wanderers along with Brines Mulenga and Gerald Mungule. This was a controversial move in that Tigers alleged that they were being victimised by mine management who ordered them to surrender the three players to Wanderers who in turn gave Tigers three reserve players. Tigers officials protested to the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ) to no avail, and labelled mine management "pro-Wanderers. Many have pointed to this forced transfer of Tigers' best players as what led to the decline in the team's fortunes. Mufulira Wanderers
His transition to Wanderers was seamless as <mask> held his own in a very successful team which had a bevy of stars. He made his debut on 20 April 1975 in a league match at Shinde Stadium against Ndola United which Wanderers won 2–0.His versatility was such that he could play right across the backline and that made him very popular with fans. He settled in the centre-back position and was a good reader of the game, unbeatable in the air and always calm. His first piece silverware was the 1975 Independence Cup when Wanderers beat Green Buffaloes 2–1. In December of that same year, confusion reigned when Buffaloes registered 'Ackim Musenge' for the following years' East and Central African Club championship and Wanderers were up in arms, accusing Buffaloes of poaching their player. It turned out that the player registered by Buffaloes was an 18-year-old cousin of the Wanderers star, who coincidentally shared the same name with him. Musenge won two league titles in 1976 and 1978 and was runner-up in 1975 and 1977 both times to Green Buffaloes. He also won the Heroes & Unity Cup in 1976, 2 Charity Shields in 1976 and 1977 and was a three-time winner of the Champion of Champions trophy in 1976, 1977 and 1978.One of the most disciplined players around, <mask> was appointed Wanderers captain in 1977, the same year in which he was named captain of the national team. In 1979, <mask> suffered a broken leg at that years' CECAFA tournament in a 2–2 draw with Tanzania, which would keep him out of action for more than a season. He attempted a comeback in 1981 but a nagging knee injury forced him to quit for good after being operated on. National team
<mask> was first called to the national team by John Green as a 19-year-old in 1968 and made his debut when Zambia played a friendly match against Tanzania on 24 October 1968, in preparation for a World Cup qualifier against Sudan. Due to the superb pairing of Dickson Makwaza and Dick Chama at the heart of Zambia's defence, <mask> would spend some time as a squad player without seeing much action. In a CAN 1972 qualifier in Kinshasa in June 1971 which Zambia lost 3–0, <mask> replaced midfielder Richard Stephenson as a second-half substitute and when he did cement a regular spot in the team, it was as a left-back. He was in the team that beat Morocco 4–0 in October 1973 in a World Cup qualifier and was also in the Zambian team that defeated Nigeria 7–4 in aggregate after a 5–1 first leg victory in Lusaka, to qualify to CAN 1974.He featured at the tournament in March 1974 where Zambia reached the final only to lose to Zaire after a replay. After the retirement of first Makwaza and then Chama in the mid-'70s, <mask> assumed the central defence position and was named captain in January 1977. He led Zambia to the CAN 1978 where they were ejected in the first round. <mask> fractured his leg in November 1979 at that years' CECAFA tournament and this ended his national team career. After a long lay-off, he attempted a comeback in October 1981 but a knee injury, which required an operation brought down the curtain on his playing career. Coaching career
<mask> began coaching at a young age. He was player-coach during his time at Butondo as they did not have a coach so the players trained themselves and used the expertise of Ndhlovu from time to time.After his career-ending injury, <mask> returned to Butondo as a coach and was then appointed Wanderers assistant coach to Ndhlovu in 1983. He also coached the Zambia U-16 team in 1984 which featured a young Charles Musonda. The team fell by the wayside one match short of the World Youth Cup finals in China. <mask> attended a coaching course in East Germany in 1985 and when Ndhlovu was promoted to oversee all mine-sponsored football teams, <mask> became Wanderers head coach, winning the Heroes & Unity Cup and the Champion of Champions Cup in his first season. In 1991, <mask> was appointed assistant national team coach to Ndhlovu, along with Freddie Mwila, Emmanuel Musakabantu and George Mungwa for the regional CECAFA tournament in Sudan which Zambia won after beating Kenya 2–0 in the final, despite not fielding any of their big name players. He was also part of the technical bench at CAN 1992 where Zambia lost in the quarter-finals to eventual winners Ivory Coast. The coaching team was dropped and a disillusioned <mask> packed his bags and headed for Botswana where he coached Nico United in Selebi Phikwe.He found other Zambian coaches there like Dick Chama at BDF and Freddie Mwila at Township Rollers. The Zambian coaches made such an impact there that the trio were included in the BFA technical committee. <mask> won the Independence Cup in his first season at Nico United and stayed with the team for 6 seasons with their best showing in the league being a second-place finish. He then moved to TAFIC of Francistown in 1998 and won the President's Cup in his first season. Two years later he moved to Army side Continental Aces and after two years, moved to Boteti Young Fighters of Orapa in 2003. The following year, he returned to TAFIC and after 13 years in Botswana decided to return to Zambia. He joined Zambia National Service-sponsored Young Green Eagles in Kafue and helped the team win promotion to Division I.In appreciation of this, the ZNS command transferred him to Green Eagles in Kabwe where he worked with coach Jim Mwale in guiding the team to the Super Division. After four years, Musenge parted company with Eagles in 2011 and retired to his farm in Nyimba. Personal life
Musenge is married to Christine and they have three children; Hector, Wendy and Diana. References

External links

11v11 Profile

1949 births
Living people
Zambian footballers
Zambia international footballers
1978 African Cup of Nations players
Association football defenders
Zambian football managers
People from Mufulira

masks:
Ackim Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge
Musenge


title: Craig Beattie

texts:
<mask> (born 16 January 1984) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a striker. He started his career with Celtic before moving on to West Bromwich Albion and Swansea City, where he had loan spells with several Football League clubs. He then had mostly short spells with Heart of Midlothian, St Johnstone, Barnet, Dundee, Ayr United, Stirling Albion, Edinburgh City and Elgin City. He gained seven caps for the Scotland national football team scoring once, and also represented the nation at U19, U21 and B levels. Club career

Youth career
<mask> trained with Heart of Midlothian at under-12 level before starting his career as a schoolboy with Rangers. After being released by manager Dick Advocaat, he joined Celtic. Celtic
During a Celtic under-19 pre-season friendly against prominent Irish side Derry City, <mask> scored all six goals in a 6–0 win.He went on to make his senior debut aged 19 on 6 August 2003, as a substitute in a UEFA Champions League qualifying round 1–0 victory against FBK Kaunas. He made his league debut on 16 August against Dundee United. In his debut season he made 17 appearances, including starting in the UEFA Cup match against Barcelona. After scoring four goals near the end of the 2004–05 season he was awarded a new three-year contract in July 2005. He started the 2005–06 season by becoming the first Scot since Gerry Creaney to score in three consecutive games for Celtic. He netted seven goals in the first three months of the season. He appeared as substitute in 43 games and had 22 starts which limited his Celtic career goal tally to 16.His last appearance for Celtic came in the Scottish Cup final against Dunfermline on 26 May 2007 in a 1–0 win. His last Celtic goal came some months earlier against Aberdeen on 17 February 2007 in a 2–1 win. West Bromwich Albion
On 3 July 2007 <mask> signed a three-year contract with Championship side West Bromwich Albion for an initial fee of £1.25 million with an added £500,000 depending on performance-related add-ons. He scored his first hat-trick for the team on 4 August 2007 in a friendly against Dutch side SC Heerenveen. <mask> made his competitive Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on 11 August, the opening day of the 2007–08 season. Three days later he scored his first competitive goal for the club, as Albion beat AFC Bournemouth 1–0 in the League Cup. In his debut season he made 26 appearances scoring four times, before going on loan to Preston in March 2008.On his return to West Brom he made his Premier League debut on 16 August 2008 against Arsenal as a substitute. West Brom manager Tony Mowbray stated that he would not stand in <mask>'s way should he seek a move away from the Hawthorns and after just three appearances he was sent out on loan to Crystal Palace. On his return <mask> scored his first Premier League goal on 28 December 2008, against Tottenham Hotspur. His return was brief and he was sent on loan to Sheffield United. His final game for West Brom came on 26 August 2009 in the League Cup scoring twice in their 4–3 win over Rotherham. In all he made 41 appearances scoring 7 times. Loan deals
<mask> moved to Preston North End on 4 March 2008, on loan until the end of the season.He made his Preston debut later that day in a 1–0 win away at Leicester City, but was substituted after 38 minutes due to a muscle injury, later revealed to be a double hamstring tear. <mask> returned to West Brom early in order to receive treatment for the injury and was expected to miss the rest of the season. He made a rapid recovery however, and returned to Preston for the final two games of the loan spell, making one further appearance as a substitute. In September 2008, <mask> joined Crystal Palace on a month-long loan, making his debut on 27 September against Ipswich. He scored on his second appearance to give them a victory over Charlton Athletic in the South London derby. The loan was later extended until 28 December 2008, however due to an injury to Ishmael Miller and some goal-scoring success at Palace, <mask> was recalled by West Bromwnich Albion on 10 December. In all he made 15 appearances scoring five times.<mask> joined Sheffield United on a three-month loan in February 2009, making his debut a day later, appearing as a second-half substitute in a 2–2 draw away at Plymouth Argyle. <mask> made 16 appearances for United that season, all but three of them from the bench. He scored one goal in the process, netting the fourth in a 4–2 home win over Derby County in March. He played in all three of the team's play-off games at the end of the season, including the Final at Wembley Stadium, but with the club failing to clinch promotion he subsequently returned to his parent club. Swansea City
On 27 August 2009, <mask> joined Swansea City as a replacement for departed striker Jason Scotland signing a three-year contract for a £800,000 fee. He scored his first goal on 17 October 2009 against Ipswich Town. He scored in his next game for Swansea against previous club West Bromwich Albion on 20 October.he scored his third goal of the season with a free-kick against Scunthorpe United on 31 October. A year and a half after signing, <mask> scored his first goal at the Liberty Stadium in a 2–1 defeat at the hands of Portsmouth on 26 November 2010. On 4 December 2010, he scored two goals against Ipswich Town. <mask> scored his fourth goal of the season with the winner against Middlesbrough after Swansea came back from 3–1 down to beat 'Boro 4–3. In October 2011 he was sent on loan to Watford to gain match time after recovering from an ankle injury. After his return Swansea announced on 20 January 2012 that <mask> had been released from his contract by mutual consent. Watford (loan)

On 24 October 2011 <mask> joined Championship side Watford on loan until 8 January 2012.He made his debut on 5 November as a substitute against Middlesbrough. After an injury hit start at Watford, <mask> started only one game which was a 2–2 draw against Bristol City. He scored Watford's second goal of the game heading in from close range past David James. In all he made four appearances for Watford scoring once and struggled to break into the side with Troy Deeney, Chris Iwelumo, Marvin Sordell and Joe Garner restricting his first team opportunities. Return to Scotland
Despite interest from other SPL sides and being poised to sign for Kilmarnock on 23 February 2012 he signed for Hearts until the end of the season. He chose the number 4 which is unusual for a striker. The vacant numbers were 4, 14, 16 and 37 which he wore at Celtic but he chose 4.Having not played a competitive game in two months he missed the game against Dundee United on 25 February as was not match fit. After scoring twice in a bounce game, he made his debut as a substitute on 3 March against Rangers in a 2–1 win at Ibrox. He scored his first goal for Hearts in a 2–2 draw with St Mirren in the Scottish Cup 6th round at Tynecaste on 10 March. He had a second goal in the same match wrongfully ruled out for offside. In just his second league appearance for the club he scored his first league goal against local rivals Hibernian in a 2–0 win. This goal made it 2 goals in 3 games for <mask>. On 15 April 2012, he set up the first goal and scored the winning penalty in a 2–1 win over Celtic in the Scottish Cup Semi Final.After the goal <mask> got booked for taking his shirt off and his impromptu lap of honour. He went on to appear as a substitute as Hearts beat Hibernian 5–1 in the final. In his short spell he quickly became a fans favourite. The club offered him a new deal on lesser terms however he turned this down and on 6 July 2012, the club confirmed his departure. In all he made nine appearances, scoring three times. Upon leaving Hearts, <mask> had trial spells at South African side Bidvest Wits and Scottish Third Division side Rangers, who offered <mask> a contract however the deal fell through. On 10 August 2012, he signed a one-year contract with St Johnstone.On 29 September 2012, <mask> made his debut, coming on as a substitute, in a 3–1 win over Dundee. However, <mask> first team well down the pecking order at St Johnstone, with strikers like Grégory Tadé, Nigel Hasselbaink, Rowan Vine and Steve MacLean took his spot. In the January transfer window, <mask> was linked with a move to League One side Notts County going on trial but returned to St Johnstone after Keith Curle said his lack of fitness was the reason he could not offer a loan deal. On 24 January 2013, after only four appearances he left the club by mutual consent. Barnet
On 10 February 2013, <mask> signed for Football League Two side Barnet. He made his debut on 16 February when he started in a 2–1 away win at York City. After five appearances and no goals, he was released at the end of the 2012–13 season.In the 2013–14 pre-season he went on trial with Alloa Athletic, and later with Scunthorpe United, scoring in a friendly against Frickley Athletic, but was not offered a contract. He also went on trial with Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle in August. Dundee
Beattie signed for Scottish Championship side Dundee on 11 September 2013. Three days after signing for the club, <mask> made his debut for the club, in a 0–0 draw against Hamilton Academical. <mask> scored his first goal of the season, on 28 September 2013, in a 3–1 win over Greenock Morton. After making a good start, scoring three goals, <mask>, however, sustained a knee injury After an operation, it was announced that <mask> would be out for three months. After <mask> returned to action, new manager Paul Hartley said he thought Beattie would have a big role to play.He made his first appearance since his injury, coming on as a substitute, in a 1–0 win over Dumbarton. <mask> scored in his first start, a 3–0 win over Alloa on 26 April 2014. After helping the club gain promotion to the Scottish Premiership, <mask> expressed concerns over his future at Dundee. It was confirmed by the club in May 2014 that his contract would not be renewed. Malta and return to Scotland
<mask> signed for Maltese Premier League side Żebbuġ Rangers on 18 August 2014, on a one-year deal, with the option of a further year. In the beginning of September, after less than two weeks with Żebbuġ Rangers, <mask> signed for Scottish League One club, Ayr United. At the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> was released by The Honest Men.In what was described as a "shock move", <mask> subsequently signed for recently relegated Scottish League Two club Stirling Albion, however, <mask> departed at the end of the 2015–16 season, after 23 appearances and scoring six goals. In July 2016, <mask> became the highest profile summer signing for newly promoted Scottish League Two club Edinburgh City. <mask> spent two seasons with the Citizens before departing in May 2018. Shortly after leaving Edinburgh, he signed for Elgin City on a one-year deal. <mask> left the club in January 2019.

International career
<mask> made his full Scotland international debut as a 76th-minute substitute in a draw against Italy on 3 September 2005. He went on to score his first goal in a 2–1 victory against Georgia. In all he made seven appearances between 2005 and 2007, scoring once.Personal life
<mask> was born in Glasgow and attended Chryston High School. In April 2014, he was declared bankrupt after finding himself with debts of £70,000. His actions on his money problem resulted him being praised by his accountant. As of 2021 he had taken on an administrative role as 'Members Services Officer' at the footballers' union PFA Scotland. Career statistics

Club

International
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after <mask> goal. Honours
Celtic
 Scottish Premier League: 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07
 Scottish Cup: 2003–04, 2006–07

West Bromwich Albion
 Football League Championship: 2007–08

Hearts
 Scottish Cup: 2011–12

Dundee
 Scottish Championship: 2013–14

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish footballers
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Association football forwards
Rangers F.C. players
Celtic F.C.players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C.players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Żebbuġ Rangers F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Stirling Albion F.C. players
Edinburgh City F.C.players
Elgin City F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
People educated at Chryston High School
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Malta

masks:
Craig Beattie
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