title: Emperor Daigo

texts:
was the 60th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. <mask>'s reign spanned the years from 897 through 930. He is named after his place of burial. Genealogy

<mask> was the eldest son of his predecessor, Emperor Uda. His mother was Fujiwara no Taneko (or Inshi), daughter of the minister of the center, Fujiwara no Takafuji. He succeeded the throne at the young age after his father, the Emperor Uda, abdicated in 897. His mother died before his ascension, so he was raised by another Uda consort, Fujiwara no Onshi, daughter of the former kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune.<mask>'s grandfather, Emperor Kōkō, had demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence; in addition, they were given a family name Minamoto. As such, <mask> was not born as a royalty and was named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城) until 887, when <mask>'s father, Minamoto no Sadami (formerly Prince Sadami), was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince and the heir to the throne. Afterwards, his personal name (imina) was changed to  or Ono-tei before his ascension of the Chrysanthemum Throne. <mask> had 21 empresses, imperial consorts, and concubines; he had 36 imperial sons and daughters. Events of <mask>'s life
The era name was changed in 898 to mark the beginning of Emperor <mask>'s reign. The highlight of <mask>'s 34-year reign was that he ruled by himself without the regency of the Fujiwara clan, though he himself was part Fujiwara. August 4, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 3rd day of the 7th month ): In the 10th year of Uda-tennō 's reign (宇多天皇十年), Emperor Uda abdicated; and his eldest son received the succession ("senso").August 14, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 13th day of the 7th month): Emperor <mask> formally acceded to the throne (sokui). December 7, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): The sun entered into the winter solstice, and all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in <mask>'s court. February 2, 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month):  <mask> went to visit his father in the place Uda had chosen to live after the abdication. 900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former Emperor Uda traveled to  in what is now Wakayama prefecture to the south of Osaka. He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain. January 23, 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the sun. 901 (Engi 1, 1st month): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed, but more details cannot be known because <mask> ordered that diaries and records from this period be burned.906 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, a collection of waka poetry. 909 (Engi 9, 4th month ):  The sadaijin Fujiwara no Tokihira died at the age of 39. He was honored with the posthumous title of regent. 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many perished. July 21, 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): A huge black storm cloud traveled from the slopes of Mt. Atago to Heian-kyō accompanied by frightful thunder. Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.Both Senior Counselor Fuijwara-no Kiyotsura (also known as Miyoshi no Kiyoyuki) and Middle Controller of the Right Taira-no Mareyo and many other subaltern officers were killed and their bodies were consumed in the subsequent fires. The deaths were construed as an act of revenge by the unsettled spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane. October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of <mask>-tennō 's reign (醍醐天皇34年), the emperor fell ill and, fearing that he might not survive, <mask> abdicated. At this point, the succession (senso) was said to have been received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). October 23, 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor <mask> entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46.This monk was buried in the precincts of Daigo-ji, which is why the former-emperor's posthumous name became <mask>-tennō. <mask> also ordered construction of several halls in the Daigo-ji, such as the Yakushi hall. The actual site of <mask>'s grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as <mask>'s mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Yamashina no misasagi in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. Kugyō
 is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During <mask>'s reign, this apex of the  Daijō-kan included:
 Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tokihira (藤原時平), 909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tokihira 871–909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平), 880–949. Udaijin, Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真), 845–901. Udaijin, Minamoto no Hikaru (源光), 845–913.Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata (藤原定方), 873–932. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Takafuji (藤原高藤), 838–900. Dainagon

Eras of <mask>'s reign
The years of Diago's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Court Attendant (Koui): Princess Manshi (満子女王; d.920), Prince Sukemi's daughter
Eighth daughter: Imperial Princess Shūshi (修子内親王; d.933), married to Imperial Prince Motoyoshi
Eleventh daughter: Imperial Princess Fushi (普子内親王; 910–947), married to Minamoto no Kiyohira, later to Fujiwara no Toshitsura

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yoshihime (藤原淑姫; d.948), Sangi Fujiwara no Sugane's daughter
Eleventh Son: Imperial Prince Kaneakira (兼明親王; 914–987), also called saki no chūshoō (前中書王). Chūshoō means Nakatsukasa-kyō (中務卿). Son: Minamoto no Yoriakira (源自明; 911–958)
Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Nagaakira (長明親王; 913–953)
Sixteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Hideko/Eishi (英子内親王; 921–946), 29th Saiō in Ise Shrine 946, but she didn't go to Ise because of her death.Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Kuwako (藤原桑子), Chūnagon Fujiwara no Kanesuke’s daughter
Thirteenth Son: Imperial Prince Akiakira (章明親王; 924–990)

Court Attendant (Koui): Chūjō-Koui (中将更衣), Fujiwara no Korehira's daughter
Minamoto no Tameakira (源為明; 927–961)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Toshimi's daughter
Minamoto no Nobuakira (源允明; 919–942)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Kiyoko (源清子)

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara Doshi (藤原同子)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Haruko (源暖子)

Unknown
Minamoto no Genshi (源厳子; b.916)

Ancestry

See also
 Emperor of Japan
 List of Emperors of Japan
 Imperial cult

Notes

References
 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ;  OCLC 251325323
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan.Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
 Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ;  OCLC 59145842

External links
Imperial Household Agency webpage on mausoleum

Japanese emperors
885 births
930 deaths
10th-century rulers in Asia
9th-century rulers in Asia
9th-century Japanese monarchs
10th-century Japanese monarchs
Japanese retired emperors
Heian period Buddhist clergy

masks: Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo


title: Amir Kabir

type: original

texts:
Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani (), better known as <mask> (, 9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the title of <mask>-e Nezam, was chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. As the prime minister, he also ordered the killing of many Babis and the execution of the founder of the movement, the Báb. In the last years of his life he was exiled to Fin Garden in Kashan and was murdered by command of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on 10 January 1852. Background and achievements

Early career

<mask> was born in Hazaveh in the Arak district, in what is now Markazi Province of Iran. His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of Mirza Abu'l-Qasim Farahani Qa'im Maqam of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿAbbas Mirza, the crown prince, in Tabriz, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. <mask> first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children.Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Qaʾem-maqam. Under the son's aegis, <mask> entered government service, being appointed first to the post of lashkarnevis [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of mostofi-ye nezam, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army’s provisions, financing, and organization with the title of vazir-e nezam. During his tenure, <mask> participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in Erzurum, part of a commission to delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of <mask>’s initiatives.Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the Crimean War erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. <mask> nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister. Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the Tanzimat. Some awareness of these reached <mask> in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, “The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs”. Reforms of the army

<mask> returned to Tabriz in 1263/1847.A year later, while retaining the post and title of vazir-e nezam, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, Mohammad Shah died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to <mask>, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din’s confidence in <mask> increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of amir-e nezam, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of amir-e kabir and atabak (Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the Saljuq period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master. His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented <mask>’s reduction of their spending and allowances.The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Imam of Friday Prayer in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the bazaar and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and <mask> resumed his duties. More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially Mashhad. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of Khorasan, but he found his authority disputed by Hasan Khan Salar, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to Herat. <mask> sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. <mask> had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of <mask>’s intention to assert the prerogatives of the state. Administrative reforms
With order reestablished in the provinces, <mask> turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry.His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against smallpox, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million Iranian toman. <mask> thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death. At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the Caspian fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian monopoly and contracted out to Iranians.The administration of the royal lands (khalesajat) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability. Of particular interest is the care shown by <mask> for the economic development of Khuzestan (then known as ʿArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the Persian Gulf, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at Shushtar, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of American cotton near Tehran and Urmia. Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements

Among the various measures enacted by <mask>, the foundation of the Darolfonun, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects.Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the University of Tehran, with the remaining becoming Darolfonun Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that <mask>bir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an Assyrian who had become acquainted with <mask> during the work of the Ottoman–Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, <mask> had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed.Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was

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title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, <mask>'s successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the Darolfonun, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder. <mask> made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh, which survived under different titles until the reign of Mozaffar-al-din Shah. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal <mask> hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of soyursat was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world’s political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of Mazzini against the Habsburg Empire, the drawing up of the Suez Canal project, the invention of the balloon, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the Ulema, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. <mask> took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state’s choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the divan-khaneh. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana.Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, <mask> took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of <mask>'s servants to the liking of the minister. <mask> also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and mosques. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the Masjed-e Shah in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of <mask>. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the emam-e jomʿa and shaykh-al-eslam of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was <mask>'s desire to prohibit the taziyeh, the Shia "passion play" enacted in Moharram, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.Minorities
<mask> took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In Erzurum he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the Mandaean community to Islam. Foreign policy
The foreign policy of <mask> was as innovative as his internal policies.He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in Astarabad, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of Ashuradeh, an island in the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali. In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies. Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb
<mask> regarded the followers of Bábism, the predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith, as a threat and repressed them.He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of The Báb, the movement's founder. `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to <mask> as the greatest of the religion's oppressors. Dismissal and execution

From the start, <mask>'s policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the Queen Mother, Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (<mask>’s lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile). As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, <mask> was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier.This transition marked a rejection "of … reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. <mask> was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that <mask> would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that <mask> had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. <mask> was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.Legacy
Among his Iranian contemporaries <mask> received praise from several poets of the age, notably Sorush and Qaʾani, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later. Contemporary Legacy
 <mask> Dam, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him. Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed Amirkabir University of Technology after him in 1979. <mask>kabir, a well-known publisher founded in 1949. In fiction
 <mask> Farahani is portrayed by actor Dariush Arjmand in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's movie Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema. He is also portrayed by Saeed Nikpour in the Iranian television series <mask> Kabir.He is also portrayed by Naser Malek Motiee in Iranian television series Soltan-e Sahebgharan. See also
List of prime ministers of Iran
Military history of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Dapir

References and notes

 <mask> and Iran' by Fereydun Adamiyat, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975. 1807 births
1852 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
People from Markazi Province
Prime Ministers of Iran
People executed by Qajar Iran
19th-century executions by Iran
Foreign ministers of Iran
19th-century Iranian people
People of Qajar Iran
People from Arak,

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title: Louise Berger

texts:
<mask> was a Russian Latvian anarchist, a member of the Anarchist Red Cross, and editor of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth Bulletin in New York. <mask> became well known outside anarchist circles in 1914 after a premature bomb explosion at her New York City apartment (known as the Lexington Avenue bombing), which killed four persons and destroyed part of the building. Early life
<mask> was born in Latvia in the 1890s. Around 1905, she left Latvia for Western Europe. In Hamburg, Germany she met two other Latvian Anarchist Red Cross members, Charles Berg and Carl Hanson (her stepbrother), and accompanied them to New York City in 1911. When the three arrived in New York, the three joined the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Group, an organization primarily devoted to the publication and dissemination of anarchist literature. However, when a number of comrades organized a Lettish Anarchist Red Cross in December 1913, the three became some of its first members.Tarrytown and the Lexington Avenue Bombing
During this same period, <mask>, Berg, and Hanson also became active in anarchist labor rights groups and the Anti-Military League. Most of these organizations used the Ferrer Center at their hub for activities. Here individuals like Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Luigi Galleani, and members of the Anarchist Red Cross and the Industrial Workers of the World spent a great deal of their time. During these meetings, plans were made to stage protests at the Tarrytown, New York estate of Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, owner of the Ludlow mines in Colorado. The Ludlow Massacre in Colorado and police dispersal of the Tarrytown protests enraged most radicals. In June, members of the Lettish Anarchist Red Cross, including Berg, Hanson, <mask>, and IWW member Arthur Caron began plotting a bomb attack to assassinate Rockefeller. Berg, Hanson, and Caron began to collect dynamite from various sources, storing it in <mask>'s apartment on New York's Lexington Avenue.Meetings were held at the Ferrer Center, where the conspirators devised a plan in which Berg, Hanson, and Caron would to plant a bomb at Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown. The plot was scheduled for July 3, but for reasons unknown, the plan was called off at the last moment. The three men returned to <mask>'s apartment from Tarrytown with bomb in hand. At 9 a.m. on July 4, 1914, <mask> left her apartment and walked to the office of the Anarchist newspaper known as the Mother Earth Bulletin, where she worked as an editor alongside Alexander Berkman. It has been assumed by some who knew her that <mask> was going there to inform Berkman that the bomb had been readjusted and was ready. At 9:15 an explosion occurred from <mask>'s apartment at 1626 Lexington Avenue. Passers-by witnessed a shower of debris and rubble fall into the street.Jack Isaacson, a newspaper editor who lived around the corner from <mask>, recalled a man's arm falling from the Lexington Avenue building into the street in front of him. The three upper floors of the building were wrecked, while debris showered rooftops and the streets below. Large pieces of furniture were thrown hundreds of feet in the air by the blast. The bomb had exploded prematurely, killing Carl Hanson, Charles Berg and Arthur Caron. A fourth person, Marie Chavez, was also killed. The blast threw Caron's body onto the mangled and twisted fire escape. The mutilated bodies of Marie Chavez and Hanson were found inside of the apartment.The blast had torn the body of Charles Berg into pieces, which were seen by spectators being thrown through the air onto the streets. In total, twenty other people were injured, seven of them severely enough to be hospitalized. Another man, an IWW member named Mike Murphy, was spending the night in the apartment, when the explosion occurred. Berkman and <mask> attended the men's funerals. Berkman would later state that the Lexington Avenue explosion was the most meaningful anarchist event since the Haymarket riot. On July 20, 1914 <mask> and two other women visited jailed hunger striker Rebecca Edelsohn, who was protesting her confinement for failure to pay a $300 fine for speaking disrespectfully of the American flag. The Manifesto and life in Soviet Russia
<mask> remained active in the United States anarchist movement for three more years.In 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, she decided to leave the United States to return to her homeland and assist in the worker's revolution. Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman had recently finished compiling a communique to their comrades in Russia titled Manifesto to the Russian Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers! to explain the state of the U.S. antiwar movement, in particular the recent imprisonment of Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings, convicted of the Preparedness Day bombings of 1916. Goldman and Berkman entrusted <mask>, (according to Goldman, one of "our closest and most dependable friends") with a copy of the manifesto to take with her on her journey to Russia. <mask> sailed from New York in August 1917 bound for Russia, along with journalist John Reed and several other prominent radicals. On the voyage out she met another returnee, Senya Fleshin, and became his lover. Back in Russia, <mask> and Fleshin rejoined other anarchists participating in the revolution.She eventually parted with Fleshin and traveled to Odessa, where she reportedly carried out "bank expropriations" as an armed robber (naletchiki) during the chaos of the Revolution. According to one source, she fell ill and died during the typhus epidemic that swept Russia in 1920 and 1921. Another source claims that she was liquidated along with other anarchists by Bolshevik Cheka or Red Army security forces during the Trotskyist campaign against 'anarcho-bandits' and other dissident movements. See also
Anarchist Red Cross
Emma Goldman
Mother Earth (magazine)

Notes

Sources

Avrich, Paul, The Modern School Movement, AK Press (2005)
Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: the Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press (1991)
Avrich, Paul, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History, Princeton University Press (1996)
Goldman, Emma, Living My Life, 1st ed., New York: Alfred A. Knopf (1931), p. 597. 1890s births
1920s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Anarcho-communists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Latvian anarchists
Latvian revolutionaries
Lexington Avenue explosion

masks:
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger


title: Lindsey Nelson

texts:
<mask> (May 25, 1919 – June 10, 1995) was an American sportscaster best known for his long career calling play-by-play of college football and New York Mets baseball. <mask> spent 17 years with the Mets and three years with the San Francisco Giants. For 33 years <mask> covered college football, including 26 Cotton Bowls, five Sugar Bowls, four Rose Bowls, and 14 years announcing syndicated Notre Dame games. He is in 13 separate Halls of Fame. Fans remember a talented broadcaster, an expert storyteller, and a true sports enthusiast. From his colorful jackets to his equally colorful broadcasts and enthusiastic manner of speaking, <mask> established himself as one of the industry's leading sportscasters. Early life
<mask> was born on May 25, 1919, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the third child of Jon and <mask>.He graduated from Columbia Central High School in Columbia. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1941, taught English, and then served in the U.S. Army, where he was a captain in North Africa and Europe during World War II. He also served as a war correspondent and public relations specialist, and played on an Army baseball team managed by Harry "The Hat" Walker. Career
<mask> broke into broadcasting in 1948 following a short career as a reporter in Columbia, Tennessee, for the Columbia Daily Herald newspaper. <mask> then returned to his alma mater in Knoxville, Tennessee to create and become the first play-by-play announcer for the Vol Network, broadcasting the college football games of the Tennessee Volunteers. Affectionately known as "Mr. New Year's Day," <mask> subsequently did the play-by-play of the Cotton Bowl Classic for 26 seasons on CBS television, where he earned widespread recognition for his Tennessee drawl and signature opening greeting: "Happy New Year; this is <mask> in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas." He also called many Army–Navy Games for CBS, including the 1963 contest in which instant replay was first introduced.(After the initial replay, it fell to <mask> to reassure viewers that Army had not scored again.) For 14 years <mask> was the syndicated television voice of Notre Dame football, and he also called the Mutual Broadcasting System's Monday night radio broadcasts of NFL games from 1974 to 1977, in addition to NFL games for CBS television for many years. <mask> began his national baseball broadcast career as one of Gordon McLendon's radio announcers for the Liberty Broadcasting System, which primarily did recreations of games. After a stretch as an administrator with NBC Sports, he began doing the network's baseball broadcasts in . He also broadcast college football, NBA and college basketball, and professional golf and tennis during his NBC tenure. New York Mets
In , he was hired as the lead broadcaster by the expansion New York Mets, and for the next 17 seasons did both radio and television with Ralph Kiner and Bob Murphy. <mask> and Murphy were eventually honored with the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually to an announcer for "major contributions to baseball" during a ceremony at the Baseball Hall of Fame.While with the Mets, <mask> made the first (and only) radio broadcast of a baseball game from directly above the field. On April 28, 1965, <mask> accompanied the team to the Houston Astrodome for their game against the Astros, and his producer noticed that there was a gondola suspended from the ceiling; <mask> and a broadcast executive agreed to be hoisted in the gondola to a point 208 feet above second base, and called the play-by-play, though as <mask> described it, "At first, I couldn't see anything except a lot of tiny figures. Everybody looked the same height... You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12-9, and <mask> declined to repeat the stunt. When Chicago White Sox pitcher and former Mets ace Tom Seaver went for his 300th victory in August 1985 against the host New York Yankees, the Yankees TV flagship station WPIX had <mask> call the final half-inning of Seaver's history-making win. San Francisco Giants
In  <mask> moved on to the San Francisco Giants, for whom he worked three seasons. He also worked with CBS Radio broadcasts of Major League Baseball in .He is remembered for being the announcer during the first NFL game on CBS to use "instant replay", which he had to explain repeatedly during the game, reminding viewers that "this is not live." Honors
<mask>'s honors and awards include induction into the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame in Salisbury, North Carolina in 1979; the New York Mets Hall of Fame in ; the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame in 1986; the Tuss McLaughry Service Award for sports broadcasting in 1988; the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988; the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990; and many more. He was awarded an Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1991. <mask> was inducted into the University of Tennessee, Knoxville Army ROTC Hall of Fame in 2021. He is a member of the 2020 Class. The Tennessee Volunteers baseball team's home field was named <mask> Stadium after him. Personal life and retirement
Television broadcasts featuring <mask> were notable for his multi-colored plaid sports jackets.He reportedly owned 335 of them at one time. During a broadcast, his jackets often clashed with the set and produced a scintillation effect in the broadcast image. But he figured that if fans could see rather than just hear broadcasts, he might as well give them something interesting to talk about. <mask>'s television fashion sense was an inspiration for Jim Brockmire, the title character played by Hank Azaria in the IFC series. After his retirement from active broadcasting, he moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, to an apartment across the Tennessee River from the University of Tennessee campus from which he had a view of Neyland Stadium, the Vols' home field. He wrote an autobiographical memoir entitled Hello Everybody, I'm <mask>, his landmark opening phrase. <mask> died of Parkinson's disease at age 76 on June 10, 1995, in Atlanta, Georgia.He is buried in Polk Memorial Gardens in Columbia. His wife, Mickie, died in 1973. They had two daughters, Nancy and Sharon. References

External links
<mask> Ford C. Frick Award biography at the National Baseball Hall of Fame
<mask> 1986 Interview via YouTube

1919 births
1995 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Chicago Bears announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Dallas Cowboys announcers
Neurological disease deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
Golf writers and broadcasters
Tennis commentators
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New York Mets announcers
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football announcers
People from Atlanta
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award recipients
San Francisco Giants announcers
Tennessee Volunteers basketball announcers
Tennessee Volunteers football announcers
University of Tennessee alumni
United States Army officers

masks:
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Asie Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Lindsey Nelson


title: Robert P. Shuler

texts:
<mask>. (1880 – September 11, 1965), also known as "Fighting Bob", was an American evangelist and political figure. His radio broadcasts from his Southern Methodist church in Los Angeles, California, during the 1920s and early 1930s attracted a large audience and also drew controversy with his attacks on politicians and police officials. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked <mask>'s broadcast license due to his outspoken views. He ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes. Early years
Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, <mask> graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California. Pastor at Trinity Methodist Church in Los Angeles
It was in California that <mask> gained fame as the fiery pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles, from 1920 until 1953.<mask> acquired a wide following for his sermons and broadcasts in which he "thundered weekly against civic and moral evils", including gamblers, bootleggers, grafters, and above all corrupt politicians and police officials. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he said stood for "Keep God Ever First". He built the radio station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide, who also funded San Francisco's famous Glide Memorial Church. <mask> also published a magazine under the name <mask>'s Magazine. At his peak, <mask>'s congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada. American Mercury wrote that Shuler had "built up the greatest political and social power ever wielded by a man of God since the days of Savonarola in Florence." One historical account described Shuler's influence as follows:

Hyperbole aside, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, 'Fighting Bob' operated the most controversial religious radio station of all time.Politicians feared him, criminals avoided him, newspapers deplored him, and many ministers criticized him. But the public loved him, turning Shuler into a folk hero. <mask>'s controversial broadcasts included attacks on the president of the University of Southern California, for permitting evolution to be taught. In June 1930, the Los Angeles Times published a lengthy feature story about Shuler under the headline: "Champion 'Ag'inner' of Universe Is Shuler: Belligerent Local Pastor Holds All Records for Attacks Upon Everybody, Everything." The Times wrote: "Unless you have been attacked by Rev. 'Bob' <mask>, pastor of Trinity Methodist Church South, via radio, magazine, pulpit or pamphlet (25 cents per copy) you don't amount to much in Los Angeles." Shuler's targets included the Los Angeles Public Library (for carrying books not fit to be read even in "heathen China or anarchistic Russia"), the YWCA (for conducting dances for girls "until the early hours of Sunday morning"), and other evangelists, including Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple <mask>.Crusade against vice
<mask> used his pulpit to make popular attacks on corruption in city government, the spread of vice and crime in the city, and abuses by the police department. <mask> made common cause with other reform-minded Protestant clergy (in a city that was predominantly Protestant), becoming president of the Ministerial Union. Schuler and other Protestant ministers active in the reform and anti-vice movements had applied direct political pressure on both the mayor and the Chief of Police. In 1923, <mask> went after Chief Louis D. Oaks of the Los Angeles Police Department. Sworn to uphold the law, including Prohibition, Oaks had a reputation as a hard-drinking womanizer who once was arrested in the backseat of an auto in the company of a half-naked woman and a bottle of contraband whiskey by San Bernardino. <mask> staked out a speakeasy and caught Chief Oaks leaving the establishment in an inebriated state accompanied by two women, neither of whom were his wife. After revealing publicly what he had seen (drinking being a crime during Prohibition), Oaks was ousted by Los Angeles Mayor George E. Cryer.In 1929, <mask> focused his attacks on Cryer himself, whom <mask> branded as a "grafter" and the "chief exploiter", and whom he linked to the city's vice kingpin Charles H. Crawford. <mask>'s charges, made both on his radio station and in his magazine, led to a widely publicized libel lawsuit by Cryer against <mask>. The details of the Shuler libel suit were front-page news in the Los Angeles Times for much of 1929. The jury found <mask> not guilty on one count and failed to reach a verdict on a second count. KGEF license revocation
In November 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shuler's broadcast license, and KGEF went off the air. KGEF was the second radio station to have its license revoked by the FRC. <mask> appealed the revocation, but the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed the decision.The court denounced the character of <mask>'s broadcasts and declared that if such use of the airwaves were permitted, "radio will become a scourge and the nation a theater for the display of individual passions and the collision of personal interests." The U.S. Supreme Court denied <mask>'s petition for a writ of certiorari, and his license revocation became final in February 1933. One of <mask>'s recurring targets, the ACLU (which Shuler had regularly attacked for its "liberal" stands) supported <mask>'s right to free speech and challenged the courts' decision to revoke his license. The Los Angeles Times, on the other hand, hailed the court's decision noting, "The final ruling of the courts putting an end to this nuisance is an occasion for general public felicitation." 1932 U.S. Senate campaign

By 1932, <mask> was a nationally known political and religious figure, and he announced his intention to run for the United States Senate. He was the Prohibition Party candidate in the 1932 Senate election against Democrat William G. McAdoo and Republican Tallant Tubbs. The Los Angeles Times refused to endorse any of the three candidates, calling it  "Hobson's choice" for voters, and criticizing <mask> for his "demagogic appeals to discontent."In a remarkable about-face, the Los Angeles Record endorsed <mask> on the day before the general election. The same newspaper had previously described <mask> as a "bigot," a "blatherskite," and an "apostle of hate." After a <mask> rally in Carlsbad, California, a San Diego County newspaper wrote that any who expected to hear a man with disheaveled hair, wildly gleaming eyes and of radical mien and action," were surprised to hear "an average man, who spoke with a convincing earnesteness." <mask> called Tubbs "a rich playboy" and McAdoo "the freest spender of the government's and the people's money in the history of government." <mask> freely admitted "I don't know what I'll do in Washington until I get there," but promised that he would be on the side of "the great mass of common people" and a fighter for "free speech, equal rights and justice for all." In the general election, <mask> received 560,088 votes—25.8% of the total. He carried Riverside and Orange Counties, and his total vote count was only 100,000 fewer than the Republican candidate, Tubbs.<mask>'s showing in the U.S. Senate campaign was the strongest ever by a Prohibition Party candidate, and led some to back him as the party's candidate for U.S. President in 1936. After losing the election, <mask> reportedly pronounced a curse on the State of California, and some claimed that the March 1933 Long Beach earthquake was the result of <mask>'s curse. 1942 U.S. Congressional campaign and FCC censorship claims
In 1942, <mask> returned to politics and received the joint nomination of the Republican and Prohibition Parties as their candidate to oppose Democratic incumbent Congressman Jerry Voorhis in California's 12th Congressional District. Voorhis defeated <mask> by a margin of nearly 13,000 votes (53,705 to 40,780). Shortly after the election, <mask>'s problems with federal regulators returned. Having lost his broadcast license for KGEF, <mask> was broadcasting his weekly programs on KPAS in Pasadena. In early 1943, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered KPAS to submit all recordings of <mask>'s broadcasts.The FCC contended that <mask>'s broadcasts hurt the war effort. <mask> was again taken off the air. He told the Los Angeles Times, "Well, I'd been going after the communists pretty hard -- and the labor racketeers and New Deal too. So all at once the Federal Communications Commission ordered the station to send in copies of all I'd been saying. The boys over there at the station are all right, but naturally they got jittery and canceled my time." After the incident, Jerry Voorhis, against whom <mask> had run a tough campaign months earlier, rallied to <mask>'s support. Voorhis wrote to the FCC disputing the contention that <mask>'s comments were harmful to the war effort and argued that the FCC's threats of punitive action against stations carrying <mask>'s program were an inappropriate restraint on free speech.In 1946, Voorhis was defeated for re-election by novice politician, Richard M. Nixon, who accused Voorhis of having been endorsed by Communist front organizations. Retirement and family
In 1953, <mask> retired after 33 years as pastor at Trinity Methodist Church. In his final sermon, <mask> spoke out against the "German rationalism" and "modern materialism" that he believed was "wrecking the world". He summed up his ministry as follows:

I have kept the faith. I fought. I have been a scrapper for God. I have never laid my shield aside -- and I'm not doing it now, either.... As I come to the end of my ministry I can assure you that I have never swerved to the right or left of the fundamental Word of God. <mask> died in 1965. He was survived by his wife, Nelle <mask>, and his seven children—Jack C<mask>, William R<mask>, <mask><mask> Jr., Edward H<mask>, <mask><mask>, <mask>, and Nelle Fertig. Bill was the captain of the Army football team in 1935 and was named an All-American at the end position, while <mask>. assumed the Trinity Methodist Church pastorate after the elder <mask>'s retirement. Jack was a well known evangelist who held large meetings throughout the United States, Canada, and Ireland in the 1940s and 1950s. See also
List of Christian pastors in politics
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Prohibition Party

External links
<mask>'s sermon, "God's Man," preached April 5, 1951

Notes

1880 births
1965 deaths
American evangelists
American Methodists
Methodist ministers
Methodist evangelists
Radio evangelists
Emory and Henry College alumni
People from Tennessee
California Prohibitionists
California Republicans
Critics of the Catholic Church
American temperance activists
American Christian creationists
Anti-corruption activists
Southern Methodists
Old Right (United States)
Christian fundamentalists
Anti-crime activists
American anti-communists

masks:
Robert Pierce Shuler Sr
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Bob Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
McPherson
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
. Shuler
. Shuler
Robert P
. Shuler
. Shuler
Phil R
. Shuler
Dorothy Pitkin
Robert Jr
Shuler
Shuler


title: Louis Jacobs

texts:
<mask> CBE (17 July 1920 – 1 July 2006) was a leading writer and theologian. He was the rabbi of the New London Synagogue in the United Kingdom. He was also the focus in the early 1960s of what became known as "The Jacobs Affair" in the British Jewish community. Early career
<mask> was born on 17 July 1920 in Manchester. He studied at Manchester Yeshivah, and later at the kolel in Gateshead. His teachers included leading Rabbi Eliyahu Dessler. <mask> was ordained as a rabbi at Manchester Yeshivah.Later in his career, he studied at University College London where he gained his PhD on the topic of The Business Life of the Jews in Babylon, 200–500 CE. <mask> was appointed rabbi at Manchester Central Synagogue in 1948. In 1954 he was appointed to the New West End Synagogue in London. <mask> became Moral Tutor at Jews' College, London, where he taught Talmud and homiletics during the last years of Rabbi Dr Isidore Epstein's tenure as principal. By this time, <mask> had drifted away from the strictly traditional approach to Jewish theology that had marked his formative years. Instead he struggled to find a synthesis that would accommodate Orthodox Jewish theology and modern day higher biblical criticism. <mask> was especially concerned with how to reconcile modern day Orthodox Jewish faith with the Documentary Hypothesis.His ideas about the subject were outlined in the book, We Have Reason to Believe, which was published in 1957. The work was originally written to record the essence of discussions held on its title's subject at weekly classes given by <mask> at the New West End Synagogue and resulted at the time of some mild criticism, but not of any major censure. We Have Reason to Believe
Most of <mask>' book We Have Reason to Believe deals with such topics as proof of God's existence, pain, miracles, the after-life, and the idea of a "Chosen People", ideas which were not in themselves controversial. Debate on the book was eventually to centre on chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Torah and Modern Criticism, A Synthesis of the Traditional and Critical Views and Bible Difficulties. In these chapters <mask> took on discussion of "Modern Criticism" of the Bible, more specifically textual analysis of the Torah known as the "Documentary Hypothesis", which suggests that its texts derives from multiple sources, rather than having been given, as Orthodox rabbinical traditions have it, complete in its present form by God to Moses during the period beginning on Mount Sinai and ending with Moses's death. <mask> comments: "While Judaism stands or falls on the belief in revelation, there is no 'official' interpretation on the way in which God spoke to man". He writes that "according to some rabbis, [the Pentateuch] was given to Moses at intervals during the sojourn in the Wilderness".But he also comments that given the arguments of textual criticism "no work of Jewish apologetics, however limited in scope, can afford to fight shy of the problem". Here there is an implied rebuke of the tendency of many Jewish authorities of the period simply to gloss over the inconveniences of the thoughts of the "modern critics" – a rebuke which may have rankled with some. <mask> concludes: "there is nothing to deter the faithful Jew from accepting the principle of textual criticism". He is aware that "to talk about 'reconciling' the Maimonidean idea and the Documentary Hypothesis […] is futile, for you cannot reconcile two contradictory theories. But to say this is not to preclude the possibility of a synthesis between the old knowledge and the new knowledge". <mask> provides numerous examples from the Talmud and from other rabbinical writings indicating acceptance of the idea of Divine intervention in human affairs, with "God revealing his Will not alone to men but through men". He concludes that, even if the Documentary Hypothesis is partly (or even entirely) correct,
God's power is not lessened because He preferred to co-operate with His creatures in producing the Book of Books […] We hear the authentic voice of God speaking to us through the pages of the Bible […] and its message is in no way affected in that we can only hear that voice through the medium of human beings.The "Jacobs Affair"
It had been widely assumed that after Epstein's retirement as principal of Jews' College he would be succeeded by <mask>. When this assumption was translated into a definite invitation by the College's Board of Trustees in 1961, the then Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, Israel Brodie, interdicted the appointment "because of his [<mask>'s] published views". This was a reference to We Have Reason to Believe. The British newspaper, The Jewish Chronicle, took up the issue and turned it into a cause célèbre which was reported in the national press, including The Times. It wasan event that threatened to become the biggest schism in Anglo-Jewish history. The events in 1964 that came to be known as "the Jacobs Affair" dominated not just the Jewish media but the whole of Fleet Street and the newsrooms of both the BBC and ITN. Not that <mask> himself was a willing participant in the affair.He was dragged into it by the religious establishment of the day. When <mask> wished to return to his pulpit at the New West End Synagogue, Brodie vetoed his appointment. A number of members then left the New West End Synagogue to found the New London Synagogue. Public interest in Dr. <mask>'s differences with the Anglo-Jewish establishment is also demonstrated by the television interview of Dr. <mask> of 1966 conducted by Bernard Levin. The New London Synagogue
The defecting congregation purchased the old St John's Wood synagogue building, and installed <mask> as its rabbi – a post which he held until 2001 and to which he returned in 2005. This congregation, The New London Synagogue, became the "parent" of the Masorti movement in the United Kingdom, which now numbers several congregations. While holding the position of rabbi at the New London Synagogue, Dr <mask> was also for many years Lecturer in Talmud and Zohar at the Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college preparing students to serve as Masorti, Reform and Liberal rabbis in the UK and Europe.<mask> served as Chairman of the Academic Committee for some years. When the Masorti Movement in Britain was created its founders asked him to be its spiritual guide. Despite his ambivalence about the need and purpose of a new movement, he agreed. But he refused to be regarded as its founder. He always described Masorti as a 'mood not a movement'. Since the founding of the New London Synagogue, <mask> and the Masorti movement were subject to hostility from Orthodox British Jewish institutions. On his 83rd birthday, in the Bournemouth United Synagogue on the sabbath before his granddaughter's wedding, <mask> was not provided the honour of an aliyah customarily given to the father of the bride, which gave rise to heated correspondence in the Jewish press including accusations of pettiness and vindictiveness.The Chief Rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, and the head of the London Beth Din, Dayan Chanoch Ehrentreu, responded that, because of what they considered to be <mask>'s heretical beliefs, "they believed that had <mask> uttered the words 'Our God […] who gave us the Torah of truth […] ', he would have made a false statement". Witness for Chabad-Lubavitch
<mask> testified on behalf of the Chabad Lubavitch movement during the Chabad library controversy. Being an acknowledged scholar on Chasidism, <mask> was called as an expert witness to testify on the Chabad practice of "ma'amad" (support), the method by which the members of the Chabad community supported their Rebbe. <mask> testified that "[ma'mad] is a due, for which every member of the movement is expected to consider himself responsible, and ... there is an amount according to means which every member pays or is expected to pay. It is best compared to membership dues of a learned society or a sacred society, and the dues are expected as [a] token of membership." <mask> noted that other Chasidic groups support their Rebbes by gifts known as "pidyon" (redemption) or "pidyon nefesh" (redemption of the soul) delivered personally to a rebbe. Pidyon is understood by <mask> as "a personal gift, as it were ... for [spiritual] services rendered."Death and legacy

<mask> died on 1 July 2006 and is buried at Western Cemetery (Cheshunt)  alongside his wife Sophie (Shulamit) (1921–2005). A few months before he died, <mask> donated his book collection to the Leopold Muller Memorial Library at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. In December 2005, a poll by The Jewish Chronicle of its subscribers, in which 2,000 readers made their nominations, voted <mask> the "greatest British Jew" in the community's 350-year history in England. <mask> commented "I feel greatly honoured – and rather daft." Nevertheless, reports that <mask> had been nominated greatest British Jew, received wide press coverage in Britain. Selected publications
Jewish Prayer
We Have Reason to Believe (1957, revised editions in 1961 and 1965)
Jewish Values
Jewish Thought Today (Chain of Tradition Series, Vol. 3)
Studies in Talmudic Logic (and Methodology) (1961)
Principles of the Jewish Faith (An Analytic Study) (1964)
A Jewish Theology
Jewish Ethics, Philosophy and Mysticism
Tract on Ecstasy
Hasidic Prayer
The Jewish Mystics (1990)
The Book of Jewish Belief
Faith (1968)
What does Judaism say about ...?(The New York Times Library of Jewish Knowledge)
The Jewish Religion: A Companion (1995), Oxford University Press,
Turn Aside from Evil and Do Good: An Introduction and a Way to the Tree of Life, (1995), Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, (c);  (p) (author Zevi Hirsch Eichenstein, translation by <mask>). <mask> online
Websites with information about <mask>'s writings and thought:
We have reason to believe. 3rd edition, 1965
  Rabbi <mask>. Friends of <mask> website
  Reading <mask> project

Notes

Sources
<mask>, <mask>. Helping With Inquiries (autobiography) (1989)
<mask>, <mask>. We have Reason to Believe  (3rd edition). Vallentine Mitchell: London (1965)
 Obituaries (see below)

Further reading
Freedman, Harry (2020).Reason to Believe: The Controversial Life of <mask> Bloomsbury Continuum: London (2020)
 Cosgrove, Elliot J (2008). "Teyku: The Insoluble Contradictions in the Life and Thought of <mask>", vol 1, vol 2, PhD Thesis, University of Chicago. Apple, Raymond  (2008). "Kovno & Oxford: Israel Brodie & his rabbinical career"

External links
Obituary The Times, 4 July 2006
Obituary The Guardian, 5 July 2006
Obituary The Forward (New York), 7 July 2006
Obituary The Independent, 11 July 2006
Obituary The Daily Telegraph, 15 July 2006
Obituaries and tributes, New London Synagogue

1920 births
2006 deaths
20th-century rabbis
20th-century British theologians
20th-century British writers
Academics of the London School of Jewish Studies
Alumni of University College London
British Conservative rabbis
British Jewish theologians
Burials at Western Cemetery (Cheshunt)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Judaism-related controversies
People associated with Leo Baeck College
Rabbis from Manchester

masks:
Louis Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Rabbi Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Louis Jacobs
Louis Jacobs
Louis Jacobs
Jacobs
Louis Jacobs
Louis Jacobs
Rabbi Jacobs
Jacobs
Louis
Jacobs
Louis
Louis Jacobs
Louis Jacobs


title: John Locke (author)

texts:
<mask> is a writer and novelist who was the eighth author—and first self-published author—to sell over one million eBooks on Amazon.com. <mask> is a New York Times best-selling author, and is best known for his Donovan Creed thriller series and Emmett Love Western series. His works are self-published worldwide. In the U.S., <mask>'s books are released through Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing service. <mask>'s books have been translated into over 29 languages. Education and career

<mask> was born in Puerto Rico to a Canadian military father and an American mother. He attended boarding school in Pennsylvania, and he has said that he first became interested in writing during elementary school, after being bitten by an ant.He wrote a short story titled "Ants Aren't Very Nice," which his teacher enjoyed so much that she read it to his class, and then had him read it to a higher class. Despite early interest, his career and most of his life involved no writing, focusing his energy instead on selling insurance and investing in real estate, where he made most of his fortune. He attended college at Northwestern State University, in Natchitoches, LA, where he considered majoring in journalism; however, he decided to focus his studies elsewhere. He began singing for a rock band and working as a door-to-door insurance salesman, where he advanced to area vice president by the time he was 21 years old. Later he moved to Louisville, KY, and at 35 founded Freedom Life Insurance. This company grew to include nearly 7000 insurance agents in 34 states, and in 1995 he sold the company to become a private real-estate investor. <mask> currently owns two insurance agencies and 13 shopping centers.Writing

<mask> was the first self-published author in history to sell one million eBooks, making him one of only eight authors to sell this number of eBooks. (The other seven authors are Stieg Larsson, James Patterson, Nora Roberts, Charlaine Harris, Lee Child, Suzanne Collins, and Michael Connelly.) He releases his novels as eBooks via Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing. Artwork and design of the books is done by Telemachus Press, a work-for-hire services company that charges a one-time fee and allows the author to retain 100% royalties. Since he began publishing in 2010, <mask> has sold more than 2 million eBooks, 1.5 million of which are from the Donovan Creed series. Every eBook he has published has gone on to become an Amazon best seller. In early 2011, the top two and four of the top 10 Amazon's Kindle bestsellers were <mask> novels.In his book, How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months, <mask> reported his novels selling at a rate of one every seven seconds. The other seven authors to top one million in eBook sales sell their novels for upwards of $10.00. As <mask> reported to the Daily Telegraph in 2011, "I put the most famous authors in the world in the position of having to prove their books were ten times better than mine." At this price, the author earns 35% royalties, as opposed to 70% if the author were to price the book between $2.99 and $9.99. <mask> hit upon a successful method of selling his books after an unsuccessful attempt at advertising his first novels. He describes his system in How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months. In this work, <mask> uses the term "Loyalty Transference" to describe the act of transferring a reader's loyalty from one concept or idea to another, and advises would-be writers to seek out audiences that relate to their own blogging content and style.Through the use of social media and blogging, <mask> states he has the ability to create large amounts of publicity through his core group of loyal readers, around 100,000 by his estimate. In August 2011, several traditional publishers were interested in offering <mask> a publishing contract, but he instead worked out a mass-market paperback distribution agreement with Simon & Schuster, where they could sell physical copies of his novels at large retailers. This deal was finished by February 2012, and made <mask> the first author to sign a specific distribution deal with Simon & Schuster. He retained all editorial rights, and control of design, content, and pricing. In August 2012, The New York Times revealed that <mask> had paid an online service to write reviews of his books, in order to artificially boost sales. Authorship

Donovan Creed novels

Donovan Creed, the main character of the <mask>'s most popular series, is a former CIA assassin. Lethal People (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Lethal Experiment (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Saving Rachel (2010) (Telemachus Press) New York Times Best Seller
 Now & Then (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Wish List (2010) (Telemachus Press) (also mass market print edition, self-published from Locke Press, scheduled for 2012)
 A Girl Like You (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Vegas Moon (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 The Love You Crave (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Maybe (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Callie's Last Dance (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Because We Can (2013) (Telemachus Press)

Emmett Love Western novels

 Follow the Stone (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Don't Poke the Bear (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Emmett & Gentry (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Goodbye, Enorma (2013) (Telemachus Press)
 Rag Soup (2015) (Telemachus Press)
 Spider Rain (2016) (John Locke Books, LLC)

Other works
 Casting Call (2014) (Telemachus Press)

Novels
 Call Me!(2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Promise You Won't Tell! (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Bad Doctor (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 BOX (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Kill Jill (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 A Kiss For Luck (2013) (Telemachus Press)

Nonfiction
 How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months (2011) (Telemachus Press)

Awards and recognition

<mask> was named Second Act magazine's best-second-act-reinvention. In December 2012, Time Magazine named <mask> as one of the "Stars of the DIY-Publishing Era." Personal life
<mask> lives in Louisville, Kentucky. References

External links
 <mask> website

Living people
Puerto Rican writers
People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Canadian crime fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American crime fiction writers
American male novelists
1951 births
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Northwestern State University alumni
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Kentucky

masks:
John Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
John Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke


title: Vidyaben Shah

texts:
<mask> (7 November 1922 – 19 June 2020) was an Indian social worker and activist known for her work with children, women and the elderly in India. While she was already serving as Vice-President, she was appointed the first non-officio President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. She has held several leading positions in the field of social welfare since the 1940s. <mask> died at the age of 97 on 19 June 2020 at her residence in Delhi, her son <mask> confirmed the news of <mask> death. Early years and background
Vidyaben was born in the town of Jetpur, Gujarat, to educationist Vrajlal Mehta and Champaben Mody. Vrajlal was a school teacher at the time, later becoming principal of a teacher training college, and subsequently Director of Education in Saurashtra Government. Supported by her parents and brothers, Vidyaben always excelled in higher studies.At a young age when she was a university student she participated in the Quit India Movement under the guidance of Mohandas K. Gandhi. Already as a high school student she was influenced by Gandhi, and had created a stir in her school by bringing the message of nonviolence to her fellow students. After completing B.A. in Economics in 1942, as there was no postgraduate college in her parents' town, she left home to study for an M.A.. Since 1942, she has been one of India's leading activists in the field of child welfare and women's rights. She has been associated with a large number of organisations working for child welfare, education, Women and Family Welfare, Civic Administration, Fine Arts and Culture, Welfare of the Disabled, Senior Citizens and many other social and relief work activities. She has also received numerous awards for her distinguished work, including the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1992.In 1940 at a social function she met her would be husband Manubhai <mask> who went on to become a Union Cabinet Minister in the governments of Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi. Manubhai was also an active Freedom Fighter in the Indian Independence Movement in the 1940s. In a simple ceremony Manubhai married Vidyaben in 1945. Their marriage was delayed by five years due to their active involvement in the Indian Freedom Movement and also Manubhai was imprisoned by the British Colonial Authority being released from jail in 1945. The marriage ceremony was so simple that the bride and groom wore plain cotton khadi clothes and for wedding gift Manubhai gave Vidyaben only one khadi saree which he had himself woven on a handloom using cotton yarn which he had himself handspun on a charkha (spinning wheel) while in prison during the Freedom Movement. Manubhai died in 2000. They have one daughter, three sons, three granddaughters and one grandson.Career

Child welfare
A pioneer in the field of child welfare, Behnji or Vidyaben, as she is affectionately known, laid the foundation of the Bal Bhavan movement by establishing the first ever Bal Bhavan in Rajkot, which was to become a harbinger of the entire Bal Bhavan Movement in India. In 1948, she was appointed the first Honorary Magistrate for Juvenile Courts in Rajkot, a post she held for 8 years. In 1956, when her husband transferred to New Delhi to join the Council of Ministers in the Cabinet of Pandit Nehru, she brought her activism to Delhi. Since 1956, she was actively associated for four decades in New Delhi with Bal Sahyog, a unique institution established by Indira Gandhi for the rehabilitation of vagrant children. Vidyaben became President of Bal Sahyog in 1966 and remained its President for the next ten years. During this time with the help of her husband she started many innovative workshops for the children providing them with skills to make furniture and other handmade items. Having run a boat club at the Rajkot Bal Bhavan, she brought over a boat from Bal Bhavan in Rajkot all the way to the Bal Sahyog in Delhi and with it she started the first ever boat ride at Delhi's India Gate which now entertains thousands of people every week from all over Delhi and beyond.Vidyaben was President of the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) for twelve years from 1976 to 1979, and 1985 to 1994; ICCW is the single largest institution in India working for the welfare of children. Vidyaben represented India at the United Nations International Year of the Child conference at Tashkent in 1979. She also attended International Conferences on children held at Tehran, Geneva and Birmingham, USA. She attended the 6th SAARC Summit in Colombo in 1991. She was the Chairperson of the Christian Children's Fund Advisory Board for five years. Women's welfare
Her involvement with women's issues dates back to her college days, where she set up the first craft centre for underprivileged women in Saurashtra. The Government of India appointed her as the chairman of the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) in 1995 for three years, during which time she initiated many path-breaking programmes to revive this premier institution to its old glory.A brainchild of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Durgabai Deshmukh, CSWB was set up by an Act of Indian Parliament in August 1953. CSWB has been implementing various programmes for the welfare of women and children through its network of over 20,000 NGOs spread all over the country. During her tenure, Vidyaben expanded the programmes of Family Counselling Centres (FCC), Working Women's Hostels (WWH), Vocational Training Programmes and Creches. She set targets of providing support for at least one FCC and one WWH per district in the country. In 1995, as a member of the official Indian delegation, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women held at Beijing, China. She also represented India at the 42nd Meeting of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women held in New York in 1998. Intercultural activities
She was President and active Trustee of Delhi Gujarati Samaj for over 40 years since 1958, playing a formative role in developing the multifarious social, cultural and educational activities for the Gujaratis of Delhi.Under her Presidency, the Gujarati Samaj started a Higher Secondary School in Delhi, where over 1000 students pay very nominal fees. Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation of the school. One of the most popular initiatives of the Samaj under Vidyaben's leadership was the development of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Bhavan (a hospitable guest house for economically weaker sections and students coming from outside Delhi). Vidyaben also pioneered the setting up of the Mahatma Gandhi Sanskrutik Kendra in the 1970s for facilitating cultural exchange between the people of Delhi. From the experience of the Delhi Gujarati Samaj, with support from eminent Gujaratis across India, in 1968 Vidyaben set up the Akhil Bharat Gujarati Samaj of which she was the founder President. Drawing guidance from the Akhil Bharat movement, many cities in India now have Gujarati Samaj spreading the traditions and culture of Gujarat and encouraging Gujaratis to mix with other peoples and creating an ethos of unity in diversity. Vidyaben continued to guide and support them.Institutional builder in education
Vidyaben played a leading role in the establishment of one of Delhi's most renowned schools, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya. For many years, she was President of the Gujarat Education Society which runs the school. For several years, she was also a member of the Managing Committees of Modern School Barakhamba Road and Vasant Vihar, and of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. She has been singly instrumental in establishing Sardar Patel Vidyaniketan, a school in the rural village of Mandi near Delhi. The school is run by Gujarat Education Society and caters to the economically weaker sections of society and especially encourages education of girls. Against all odds, over many years Vidyaben continued her efforts with all the relevant authorities to finally get official recognition of the school. Institution builder in fine arts and culture
Vidyaben played the most pioneering role in the establishment of the Triveni Kala Sangam, a premier institution for imparting training in dance, music and painting.She did a significant proportion of the fund raising for the construction of this renowned institution and has been the President of Triveni Kala Sangam for over five decades, while the institution has been very ably run by its distinguished and creative Founder Director Sundari Krishnalal Shridharani. Civic administration
As Vice-President and President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Vidyaben was instrumental in starting a large number of projects for the amelioration of the economically weaker sections of the Delhi society, particularly slum children and women. These projects include home for destitute children, home for abandoned children, hostels for working women, and the rehabilitation centre for the mentally challenged among others. She was responsible for initiating the concept of Navyug Schools that has proved a landmark in the educational field for gifted children from the economically weaker sections of the society. She also worked to improve the civic amenities and essential services of a rapidly growing metropolitan area of Delhi, to beautify it and make life comfortable for the citizens of Delhi. At the same time, she took up modernisation initiatives such as establishing a new office complex for the NDMC, housing blocks for its employees, and many commercial and shopping complexes. Social activism
Vidyaben used her fundraising skills in providing relief in many national calamities, such as Bihar floods and Andhra Pradesh cyclone of the 1970s and Gujarat floods of the early 1980s.She also led peace marches from area to area at the outbreak of arson and riots in Delhi following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. After the Godhra riots in Gujarat, disregarding her advancing years, at the request of Sonia Gandhi, she went from district to district, to spread the message of peace and communal harmony in Gujarat. Various other sectors

Vidyaben continued to be a trustee of the Helen Keller Trust (Blind and Deaf) in India. In 1985, during the United Nations "International Youth Year: Participation, Development and Peace", she provided remarkable leadership and the various organisations which she was heading or was connected with carried out outstanding reconstructive work under her able guidance. Between 1990–93, she was the President of the Delhi State Branch of the Bharat Scouts and Guides, an organisation devoted to the cause of national reconstruction. In 2005, she was nominated for the Ethics Committee for Research on Cardiac Disorders by the Indian Council for Medical Research. Since the 1990s, she continued to be an active President of the Senior Citizens Service Forum which is a member of the State Council for Senior Citizens as well as a member of the National Council for Older Persons set up by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.Among other activities, the Forum runs a day care centre for senior citizens and conducts adult education classes for women. In 2007 Vidyaben was invited to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment to examine the "Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Bill 2007". She was also Chairperson of the Bhagidari Scheme of Delhi Government and a Vishisht Sahayogi of an Electricity Board in Delhi. She was President Emeritus of the All India Kitchen Garden Association which encourages growing of vegetables and flowers using organic methods and following of healthy lifestyle and eating habits across Delhi and other States.

masks:
Vidyaben Shah
Vidyaben Shah
Mihir Shah
Vidyaben Shah
Shah


title: Dick Weber

texts:
<mask> (December 23, 1929 – February 14, 2005) was a ten-pin bowling professional and a founding member of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA). Along with Don Carter, <mask> is widely regarded as professional bowling's first superstar. He is one of only seven players in history to accumulate at least 30 career PBA Tour titles, and was also the first player to reach that plateau. Bowling accomplishments
<mask> made his first bowling headlines during the early 1950s, while working as a mailman in his native Indianapolis. In 1955 he moved to Florissant, Missouri to join the bowling team named the Budweisers (after the popular American beer brand). The team established a long-standing 5-man ABC league series record on March 12, 1958 at the National Team Match Games at Floriss Lanes in St. Louis, Missouri by toppling 3,858 pins with 138 strikes. This broke the previous ABC record for a 5-man team of 3,797 set in 1937.<mask> himself rolled games of 258, 258 and 259 on the record-setting day for a 775 series. The Budweisers' record wasn't broken until 1994. In 1958, <mask> became a founding member of the Professional Bowlers Association, which he subsequently dominated. <mask> captured his first PBA title in the second tournament of the inaugural 1959 season, and won three of the PBA's first four tournaments. He went on to win 10 of the first 23 PBA tournaments, including winning seven titles in the 13-event 1961 PBA season. Only Mark Roth has won more titles in a PBA season with eight victories in 1978, but Roth's feat was accomplished over a 35-event season. During his career, <mask> won titles in 30 PBA Tour events, including four major titles.All of his major titles were earned in the BPAA All-Star, which later became the U.S. Open. <mask> won this tournament four times in a five-year span (1962, '63, '65 and '66). He was twice runner-up in the Firestone Tournament of Champions (1965 and 1966). He earned his final PBA Tour title at age 47 in the 1977 King Louie Open. He went on to capture six PBA Senior Tour events, amassing a total of 36 PBA titles in both categories. He was PBA Player of the Year in 1965, and earned BPAA National Bowler of the Year honors three times (in 1961, 1963 and 1965). He was named an All-American ten times, and in 1999 was ranked #2 bowler of the 20th Century by Bowlers Journal.In 2002 <mask> also became the first player to win at least one PBA title in six decades (counting PBA Senior events). Despite already being 29 years old when the first PBA tournament took place in 1959, <mask> managed to cash over $930,000 in career PBA earnings. He also enjoyed a decades-long sponsorship agreement with AMF bowling. League bowling in the United States had its heyday in the 1960s and early 1970s, partly due to the influence of pros like <mask> and Don Carter. Several PBA pros like Johnny Petraglia claimed to be inspired by <mask>: "The main reason I went on Tour was <mask>. When I was 14, I saw him do an exhibition in Madison Square Garden. When I left I remember saying to myself: 'I know what I want to do now; I want to be like <mask>.'"Both <mask> and his son Pete are members of the United States Bowling Congress Hall of Fame and the PBA Hall of Fame. When Pete won his first PBA title in 1982, it marked the first time in history that a father and son had both won PBA Tour titles. The feat has since been matched by Don and Jimmy Johnson, Don and Eugene McCune, and Guppy and Kyle Troup. In 1999, <mask> was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. The PBA ranked him 3rd on its 2008 list of "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years." Only all-time titles leaders Earl Anthony and Walter Ray Williams, Jr. ranked higher. Personal
<mask> was also known as a tireless ambassador of his sport, and rarely passed up an opportunity to promote it.One promotion had him bowling the highest (altitude) game ever in "Operation AstroBowl," which took place on a Boeing 707 on January 7, 1964. This was a joint campaign for American Airlines' Cargo Service. The aircraft used was an all-cargo Boeing 707 with a single AMF lane installed in the main cargo hold. The flight was from New York to Dallas. <mask> also appeared several times on Late Show with David Letterman. On February 14, 2005, Richard Anthony <mask> died in Florissant, Missouri, at age 75. On the day of his death, <mask> had just returned from a United States Bowling Congress (USBC) meeting in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.He showed no prior sign of ill-health but experienced serious breathing problems that evening and paramedics were unable to revive him. The underlying cause of death was not known, but was ultimately due to respiratory failure. <mask> was survived by his wife Juanita, one daughter, and three sons including the aforementioned Pete, also a professional bowler, and Richard Jr., who became a PBA employee and manager of the PBA's Midwest Region. Juanita, also an avid bowler who once won a state championship, died on April 13, 2020, at the age of 89. Media presence and tributes

<mask> also produced his own training video called Let's Bowl With <mask>. Its blurb reads: "Voted 'one of the best bowlers that ever lived,' <mask> has held the PBA presidency and 26 PBA titles in a career that spans four decades. <mask> covers all the basics: bowling accessories, proper ball weight and fit, stance, follow through, delivery and release.He even gives tips for aiming and addresses some of the common faults of new bowlers. This unique, in-depth video brings the elements of high-precision sport into your living room so you can practice these tips at the alley and begin building your bowling skills." The Weber Cup, named after <mask>, is a Ryder Cup-style event that pits European and American ten-pin bowlers against one another. It is held annually in England. From 2008 to 2010, the PBA had a tour stop named the Dick Weber Open. In 2011, the PBA named its all-new playoff series the Dick Weber PBA Playoffs. On April 17, 2006, the inaugural Dick Weber Tribute was held in St. Louis.Organized by Bill McCorkle, the event attracted many of bowling's top luminaries. The event was attended by over 20 members of the <mask> family, representing four generations, as well as over 50 professional bowlers, including champions and members of the Hall of Fame. The highlight of the evening came when <mask> delivered a moving tribute. Many in the audience had never seen this side of him before. A documentary on the life and fame of <mask> was released on March 23, 2007, by Live Technologies, Inc. and Bill McCorkle. It consists of interviews with many current and former professional bowlers, family, and sportscasters as well as footage covering <mask>'s 60-year history as a professional athlete. <mask>'s legacy also lives on through the Bowling Proprietors Association of America (BPAA), which began giving out an annual BPAA Dick Weber Bowling Ambassador award in 2006 (won that year by <mask>.The most recent award winner was Tim Mack in 2020. References

External links

St. Louis Walk of Fame - <mask> page

Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) homepage
<mask> Documentary Homepage

1929 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American ten-pin bowling players
People from St. Louis County, Missouri
Bowling broadcasters

masks:
Richard Anthony Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Dick Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick
Weber
Pete Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Ritger
Dick Weber
Dick Weber