title: Ernst Nolte

texts:
 #1, January 1970.“The Relationship Between "Bourgeois" And "Marxist" Historiography” pp. 57–73 from History & Theory, Volume 14, Issue 1, 1975. “Review: Zeitgeschichte als Theorie. Eine Erwiderung” pp. 375–386 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 222, Issue #2, April 1976. Was ist bürgerlich? und andere Artikel, Abhandlungen, Auseinandersetzungen, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1979."What Fascism Is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept: Comment" pp. 389–394 from The American Historical Review, Volume 84, Issue #2, April 1979. “Deutscher Scheinkonstitutionalismus?” pp. 529–550 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 288, Issue #3, June 1979. "Marxismus und Nationalsozialismus" pp. 389–417 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 31, Issue # 3 July 1983.
 Review of Revolution und Weltbürgerkrieg. Studien zur Ouvertüre nach 1789 by Roman Schnur pp.720–721 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 238, Issue # 3 June 1984.

 Review of Der italienische Faschismus. Probleme und Forschungstendenzen pp. 469–471 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 240, Issue #2 April 1985. “Zusammenbruch und Neubeginn: die Bedeutung des 8. Mai 1945” pp. 296–303 from Zeitschrift für Politik, Volume 32, Issue #3, 1985. “Philosophische Geschichtsschreibung heute?” pp.265–289 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 242, Issue #2, April 1986. “Une Querelle D'Allemandes? Du Passe Qui Ne Veut Pas S'Effacer” pp. 36–39 from Documents, Volume 1, 1987.

 Review: Ein Höhepunkt der Heidegger-Kritik? Victor Farias' Buch "Heidegger et le Nazisme" pp. 95–114 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 247, Issue #1, August 1988. "Das Vor-Urteil als "Strenge Wissenschaft."Zu den Rezensionen von Hans Mommsen und Wolfgang Schieder” pp. 537–551 from Geschichte und Gesellschaft, Volume 15, Issue #4, 1989.

 Review of The Politics of Being The Political Thought of Martin Heidegger by Richard Wolin pp. 123–124 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 258, Issue # 1 February 1994. "Die historisch-genetische Version der Totalitarismusthorie: Ärgernis oder Einsicht?" pp. 111–122 from Zeitschrift für Politik, Volume 43, Issue #2, 1996. Historische Existenz: Zwischen Anfang und Ende der Geschichte?, Munich: Piper 1998, .Les Fondements historiques du national-socialisme, Paris: Editions du Rocher, 2002. L'eredità del nazionalsocialismo, Rome: Di Renzo Editore, 2003.
 co-written with Siegfried Gerlich Einblick in ein Gesamtwerk, Edition Antaios: Dresden 2005, . Die dritte radikale Widerstandsbewegung: der Islamismus, Landt Verlag, Berlin 2009, . References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001 . Bauer, Yehuda "A Past That Will Not Go Away" pp. 12–22 from The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. Braunthal, Gerard Review of Theorien über den Faschismus by <mask>e pp.487–488 from The American Historical Review, Volume 75, Issue # 2, December 1969. Brockmann, Stephen "The Politics Of German History" pp. 179–189 from History and Theory, Volume 29, Issue #2, 1990. Craig, Gordon "The War of the German Historians" pp. 16–19 from New York Review of Books, 15 February 1987. Diner, Dan "The Historians' Controversy: Limits to the Historicization of National Socialism" pp. 74–78 from Tikkun, Volume 2, 1987.Eley, Geoff "Nazism, Politics and the Image of the Past: Thoughts on the West German Historikerstreit" pp. 171–288 from Past and Present, Volume 121, 1988. Friedländer, Saul "West Germany and the Burden of the Past: The Ongoing Debate" pp. 3–18 from Jerusalem Quarterly, Volume 42, Spring 1987. Friedrich, Carl “Review: Fascism versus Totalitarianism: <mask>'s Views Reexamined” pp. 271–284 from Central European History, Volume 4, Issue #3, September 1971
 Gilbert, Felix “Review of Deutschland und der Kalte Krieg” pp. 618–620 from The American Historical Review, Volume 81, Issue #3 June 1976.Grab, Walter “German Historians And The Trivialization Of Nazi Criminality: Critical Remarks On The Apologetics Of Joachim Fest, <mask> And Andreas Hillgruber” pp. 273–278 from Australian Journal of Politics and History, Volume 33, Issue #3, 1987. Gutman, Yisreal "Nolte and Revisionism" pp. 115–150 from Yad Vashem Studies, Volume 19, 1988. Heilbrunn, Jacob "Germany's New Right" pp. 80–98 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 75, Issue #6, November–December 1996. Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Review of Deutschland und der Kalte Krieg pp.1316–1318 from American Political Science Review, Volume 71, September 1977. Hirschfeld, Gerhard "Erasing the Past?" pp. 8–10 from History Today Volume 37, Issue 8, August 1987. Jarausch, Konrad "Removing the Nazi Stain? The Quarrel of the German Historians" pp. 285–301 from German Studies Review, Volume 11, 1988.Kitchen, Martin "<mask>e And The Phenomenology Of Fascism" pp. 130–149 from Science & Society, Volume 38, Issue #2 1974. Kulka, Otto Dov "Singularity and Its Relativization: Changing Views in German Historiography on National Socialism and the `Final Solution'" pp. 151–186 from Yad Vashem Studies, Volume 19, 1988. LaCapra, Dominick "Revisiting The Historians’ Debate: Mourning And Genocide" pp. 80–112 from History & Memory, Volume 9, Issue #1–2 1997. Loewenberg, Peter Review of Theorien uber den Faschismus by <mask>e pp.368–370 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 41, Issue # 3, September 1969. Maier, Charles "Immoral Equivalence" pp. 36–41 from The New Republic, Volume 195, Number 22, Issue 3, 750, 1 December 1986. Mosse, George Review of Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism pp. 621–625 from Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 27, Issue #4, October 1966. Muller, Jerry "German Historians At War" pp. 33–42 from Commentary Volume 87, Issue #5, May 1989.Nolan, Mary "The Historikerstreit and Social History" pp. 51–80 from New German Critique, Volume 44, 1988. <mask>, <mask> The Three Faces of Fascism, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965. Peacock, Mark S. "The Desire To Understand And The Politics Of Wissenschaft: An Analysis Of The Historikerstreit" pp. 87–110 from History of the Human Sciences, Volume 14, Issue #4, 2001. Pulzer, Peter "Germany Searches for A Less Traumatic Past" pp. 16–18 from The Listerner, Volume 117, Issue 3017, June 25, 1987.Pulzer, Peter "Germany: Whose History?" pp. 1076–1088 from Times Literary Supplement, October 2–8, 1987. Pulzer, Peter Review of Das Vergehen der Vergangenheit Antwort an meine Kritiker im sogenannten Historikerstreit p. 1095 from The English Historical Review, Volume 103, Issue # 409, October 1988. Shlaes, Amity "More History" pp. 30–32 from The American Spectator, April 1987. Sauer, Wolfgang "National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?"pp. 404–424 from The American Historical Review, Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967. Schönpflug, Daniel "Histoires Croisees: François Furet, <mask> and A Comparative History of Totalitarian Movements" pp. 265–290 from European History Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue #2, 2007. Shorten, Richard "Europe’s Twentieth Century In Retrospect? A Cautious Note On The Furet/Nolte Debate" pp. 285–304 from European Legacy, Volume 9, Issue #, 2004.Sternhell, Zeev "Fascist Ideology" pp. 315–406 from Fascism: A Reader's Guide edited by Walter Laqueur, Harmondsworth, 1976. Strute, Karl and Doelken, Theodor (editors) Who's Who In Germany 1982–1983 Volume 2 N–Z, Verlag AG: Zurich, 1983, . Thomas, Gina (editor) The Unresolved Past A Debate In German History, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, . Vidal-Naquet, Pierre Assassins of Memory Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust, New York: Columbia University Press, 1992, . Winkler, Karen "German Scholars Sharply Divided Over Place of the Holocaust in History" pp. 4–7 from The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 27, 1987.German
 Augstein, Rudolf "Ein historisches Recht Hitlers?" (interview with Nolte) pp. 83–103 from Der Spiegel, Issue 40, October 3, 1994. Gauweiler, Peter "Bocksgesang im Duett" pp. 55–58 from Der Spiegel, Issue 46, November 14, 1994. * Leinemann, Jürgen "Der doppelte Aussenseiter" pp. 30–33 from Der Spiegel, Issue 22, May 30, 1994.Mommsen, Hans “Das Ressentiment Als Wissenschaft: Ammerkungen zu <mask>’s Der Europäische Bürgrkrieg 1917–1945: Nationalsozialimus und Bolschewismus” pp. 495–512 from Geschichte und Gesellschaft, Volume 14, Issue #4 1988. Nipperdey, Thomas "Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche: Zu den Werken von <mask> Nolte zum Faschismus" pp. 620–638 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 210, Issue #3, June 1970. Nipperdey, Thomas, Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm & Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (editors) Weltburgerkrieg der Ideologien: Antworten an <mask>e : Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag, Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 1993 . Scheibert, Peter Review of Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917-1945 Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus pp.745–747 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 250, Issue # 3 June 1990. Stern, Fritz Review of Der Faschismus in Seiner Epoche: Die Action Française, der Italienische Faschismus, der Nationalsozialismus by <mask> pp. 225–227 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 36, Issue # 2, June 1964. Zitelmann, Rainer Review of Geschichtsdenken im 20 Jahrhundert Von Max Weber bis Hans Jonas pp. 710–711 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 256, Issue # 3, June 1993. Bosnian
 Kopić, Mario "Nolteovo povijesno relacioniranje" pp. 40–43 from Odjek, Volume 52, Issue #3, 1999
 Kopić, Mario "Nolte u svojoj epohi" pp.91–99 from Odjek, Volume 68, Issues #1–4, 2015

Czech
 Moravcová, Dagmar "Interpretace fašismu v západoněmecké historiografii v 60. a 70. letech" pp. 657–675 from Československý časopis historický, Volume 26, Issue #5, 1978

French
 Groppo, Bruno “"Revisionnisme" Historique Et Changement Des Paradigmes En Italie Et En Allemagne” pp. 7–13 from Matériaux pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps, Volume 68, 2002. Jäckel, Eberhard “Une Querelle D'Allemandes? La Miserable Pratique Des Sous-Entendus” pp. 95–98 from Documents, Volume 2, 1987. Soutou, Georges-Henri “La "Querelle Des Historiens" Allemands: Polemique, Histoire Et Identite Nationale” pp.61–81 from Relations Internationales, Volume 65, 1991. Italian
 Corni, Gustavo “La storiografia 'privata' di <mask>” pp. 115–120 from Italia Contemporanea, Volume 175, 1989. Iannone, Luigi "Storia, Europa, Modernità. Intervista ad Ernst Nolte", Le Lettere, 2008
 Landkammer, Joachim “Nazionalsocialismo e Bolscevismo tra universalismo e particolarismo” pp. 511–539 from Storia Contemporanea, Volume 21, Issue 3, 1990
 Perfetti, Francesco “La concezione transpolitica della storia nel carteggio Nolte-Del Noce” pp. 725–784 from Storia Contemporanea, Volume 24, Issue #5, 1993.Tranfaglia, Nicola “Historikerstreit e dintorni: una questione non solo tedesca” pp. 10–15 from Passato e Presente Rivista di Storia Contemporanea, Volume 16, 1988. Russian
 Galkin, I. S "Velikaia Oktiabr'Skaia Sotsialisicheskaia Revoliutsiia i Bor'ba Idei v Istoricheskoi Nauke Na Soveremennom Etape" pp. 14–25 from Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriia 8: Istoriia, Volume 5, 1977

Slovene
 Kopić, Mario "Revizionistična zgodovina Ernsta Nolteja" pp. 8–12 from Nova revija, Volume 24, Issue 273–274, 2005

External links

 <mask> – personal website (in German)

1923 births
2016 deaths
German philosophers
Historians of communism
Historians of fascism
Historians of Nazism
German Roman Catholics
People from the Province of Westphalia
University of Münster alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Free University of Berlin faculty
University of Marburg faculty
20th-century German writers
21st-century German writers
21st-century German male writers
20th-century German historians
21st-century historians
German male non-fiction writers
Academics and writers on

masks:
Ernst Nolt
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolt
Ernst Nolt
Nolte
Ernst
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolte
Ernst
Ernst Nolt
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolte


title: Robert J. Parks

type: original

texts:
<mask>. "Bob<mask> (April 1, 1922 – June 3, 2011) was a US aerospace engineer and pioneer in the space program where he was intricately involved and/or directed for some of the most historic and important U.S. unmanned space missions. Over a 40-year tenure at  the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL/NASA), located in Pasadena, California, <mask>’ impact was essential to helping the United States lead the world in space exploration. He served as Guidance Engineer for Explorer 1, the first successfully launched satellite by the United States. He directed the initial flyby missions to the Moon (Ranger 7, 8 and 9 Missions), the first soft landing on the moon (Surveyor Lunar Lander), the world's first successful mission to another planet (Mariner 2 to Venus) and initial missions to Mars, Saturn, Jupiter and Uranus. <mask> concluded his career as Deputy Director of the JPL/NASA and retired in 1987. Some of the awards he received for his work include the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1967), the Stuart Ballantine Medal (1967), the Goddard Astronautics Award (1980) and the Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award in 1982.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 1 April 1922 in Los Angeles, California and grew up in Glendale and Balboa Island. His father was petroleum engineer <mask> <mask>, his mother was Ruth (Feltz<mask>, and his brother was <mask><mask>. He attended California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he played in the backfield on the freshman football team (including one game in the Rose Bowl, Caltech's home field) and was elected to Tau Beta Pi, the honorary engineering fraternity. He graduated with honors in 1944, with a BS degree in electrical engineering. From February 1944 to June 1946 he served with the US Army Signal Corps, including a tour in occupied Europe. During his service, he received considerable additional schooling in electronics and radar at Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Army's Fort Monmouth. He was discharged from the Army as a first lieutenant.While stationed in Austria, he met his future wife Hanne Richter, an interpreter and the daughter of a professor at the Vienna Conservatory of Music. She and <mask> would later have three sons. After leaving the army, <mask> spent six months at Hughes Aircraft before starting work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in April 1947. JPL career
During his early years at the JPL, <mask> started out as an engineer in the Guidance and Control Section from 1947 to 1950 where he worked with Wernher von Braun in White Sands, New Mexico to develop the guidance systems for the Army's MGM-5 Corporal and MGM-29 Sergeant guided missiles. He then became Section Chief, and from 1956 to 1957 was Division Chief of Research and Development. He was Project Director for the Sergeant missile program from 1957 until June 1960 when the work at JPL was turning from missiles to spacecraft. [1]

Starting in May 1960, under <mask>' direction, JPL/NASA conducted the world's first spacecraft mission to another planet, the Mariner 2 mission to Venus in 1962; the Ranger 7, 8 and 9 missions in 1964 and 1965, which produced the first close-up photos of the Moon; and the Mariner 4 mission to Mars in 1965.In addition, he was project manager for the Surveyor lunar lander series, the first soft landing on the Moon, the precursor to the Apollo Manned Program in 1965 and 1966. <mask> also oversaw Mariner 5 to Venus in 1967; Mariners 6 and 7 to Mars in 1969; Mariner 9 to Mars in 1971; Mariner 10, which in 1973 was the first spacecraft to travel to the planet Mercury; and the JPL portion of NASA's Viking orbiter and lander mission to Mars. In 1978 and 1979, <mask> managed the Voyager Project which sent spacecraft to Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus which now has left our Solar System and continues on to this day..... <mask> served in various roles at JPL/NASA including Director of the Planetary Programs during the early 1960s Assistant Laboratory Director (ALD) for Lunar and Planetary Projects in 1963. He held this role through various name changes until 1981 when he became JPL/NASA deputy director. In this position he was responsible for the day-to-day management of JPL and for the direction of its technical, administrative, and service activities until his retirement in 1987. Upon his death on June 3, 2011, Bob was recognized by JPL NASA which compiled a documentary film about his career entitled a Tribute to a Space Explorer which can be viewed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etfIXJm9Xds

Awards and later life
<mask> received numerous awards for his distinguished service at JPL/NASA that include the NASA Public Service Award (1963) and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1967).The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics awarded him its Louis W. Hill Award (1963) and Goddard Astronautics Award (1980). He and his JPL colleague <mask><mask> were presented with the Stuart Ballantine Medal (Engineering) from the Franklin Institute in 1967 for their: "Application of electromagnetic communication to the first successful reconnaissance of Mars by the Mariner IV". In 1973, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for his: "Contributions in radio-inertial guidance, communications methods, systems engineering, and project management of spacecraft and
missiles." He was awarded the Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award in 1982. At the time of his retirement from JPL in 1987, <mask> was living with his wife Hanne in nearby
Balboa Island, California|Orange County. He was survived by his son's <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. <mask> died aged 89 on 3 June 2011.References

External links
Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, O-S, includes a brief biography of <mask> (NASA History Division)
JPL Lunar and Planetary Program Director <mask>, photograph (figure 62) from Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger (1977)
 <mask> J. <mask> (Munzinger Biographie)

1922 births
2011 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American electrical engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
Engineers from California
United States Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Robert J
" Parks
Parks
Parks
Robert Joseph
Parks
Joseph Burton
Parks
) Parks
Jerome W
. Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Parks
Jack N
. James
Parks
Parks
John Parks
Rick Parks
Gary Parks
Parks
Parks
Robert Parks
Robert
Parks


title: Theodore Schwan

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1841 – May 27, 1926) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Peebles' Farm. He also served with distinction during the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars. Early life and Civil War
<mask> was the son of Rev. <mask> and his second wife, Dorette Polemann, and the half-brother of Rev. <mask>. Schwan was born in Wulsdorf, now a neighborhood in the city of Bremerhaven, Bremen, Germany, but in 1841 part of the Kingdom of Hanover, and received his initial schooling in Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1857, arriving at New York on 30 May 1857 on the sailing ship Ariel.On 12 June 1857, Schwan enlisted as a Private in the Regular Army, four weeks before his 16th birthday, and served in the 10th U.S. Infantry. When the Civil War broke out, he served with his regiment, rising from Private to Quartermaster Sergeant by October 1863, when he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. He was promoted to First Lieutenant in April 1864 and later received the Medal of Honor for dragging a wounded Union officer to the rear and preventing him from being captured at the October 1864 Battle of Peebles Farm. After the war
He remained in the Regular Army after the close of the Civil War and was promoted to captain on March 14, 1866. From May 1866 to May 1867 he was commanding a company as chief quartermaster for the Quartermaster Department of the District of Minnesota at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. He was then on leave of absence from May to October, 1867; commanding a company at Fort Snelling, Minnesota to April, 1869; unassigned May, 1869; and then on duty at Galveston, Indianola, Corpus Christi, and Jefferson, Texas, until December 1869. Indian Wars
Captain Schwan was assigned to Eleventh U.S. Infantry regiment December, 1869; Commanding Company G, on frontier duty at Fort Griffin, and a subpost Fort Phantom Hill, Texas, 1870–73 (the intervening ten months having been spent on sick-leave of absence).During the Red River War, 1874-76 he again was commanding Company G, at Fort Griffin. On February 5, 1874, detachments of Companies A and G, Eleventh Infantry, attacked a camp of hostile Qua ha dee Comanches on the Double Mountain Fork Brazos River, Texas, killed eleven Indians and captured sixty-five horses. One enlisted man was wounded in the fight. In August and September, 1876, He was sent with the Eleventh Infantry from the Department of Texas to the Department of Dakota for field service in connection with the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 in the Dakota Territory and in Montana. Captain Schwan served at Cheyenne River Agency, D.T., Fort Custer, M.T., Fort Bennett, D.T., and Fort Sully, D.T., 1876–80. On May 16, 1877, Lt. Gen. Sheridan directed his brother Lt. Col. Michael V. Sheridan to retrieve the bodies of Custer and his officers. On June 20, 1877, About 7 o'clock Company I, Seventh Cavalry (Captain Nowlan), reached the north bank of the Yellowstone, having been detached as the escort of Colonel Sheridan, who was to proceed to the Little Bighorn for the purpose of securing the bodies of the officers who fell in the Custer fight.Later in the day Colonel Sheridan passed up the river on the steamer Fletcher, being accompanied by Captain <mask>, Company G, Eleventh Infantry. Headquarters of the Military District of Dakota Territory, March 15, 1878, designated Capt. <mask> to act as Indian agent at the Cheyenne Agency, Dakota Territory. On June 20, the commissioner of Indian Affaires instructed Captain Schwan to form an Indian police force on the Cheyenne River Agency in order to reduce the need of a military force at the agency. He was then on recruiting service at David's Island N.Y. Harbor 1880–82. Captain Schwan was an instructor on the staff of the United States School of Application for Cavalry and Infantry, at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 1882–86. Adjutant-General's Department
Captain <mask>, of the 11th Infantry, to be assistant adjutant general with the rank of major, July 6, 1886, vice Benjamin, deceased.Maj. (now Lieut. Col.) <mask>, assistant adjutant-general, detailed as acting inspector-general, Department of Dakota, July 17, 1894, per Special Orders, No. 140, Adjutaut-General's Office, 1894; relieved April 30, 1895, per Special Orders, No. 75, Adjutant-General's Office, current series (lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant general, February 19, 1895). He was promoted to colonel and assistant adjutant-general, May 18, 1898. The Adjutant-General's Department was then Adjt.-Gen'l, Brig.-Gen. H. C. Corbin. Assistants, Col. <mask>, Col. Thos.Ward, Lieut.-Col. W. H. Carter, Maj. H. O. S. Heistand, Maj. J. A. Johnston and Maj. W. A. Simpson. Two weeks before his last promotion in the regular army he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and in accordance with the Act of Congress, approved March 2, 1899, he will retain that rank until July 1, 1901. He was brevetted several times. Spanish–American War

When the Spanish–American War erupted, Lt. Col. <mask> was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and colonel in the Regular Army in May 1898, making him one of the only foreign-born generals in the Spanish–American War. He assumed command of the First Division of the Fourth Army Corps, which had mustered in at Mobile, Alabama before moving to the Tampa assembly area in early June and Miami, Florida on June 20. That unit was exchanged with the First Division, Seventh Army Corps on June 27, and at the beginning of July, Schwan was relieved of that command by the War Department, freeing him for service with the Puerto Rican invasion.Schwan assumed command of the Independent Regular Brigade and sailed for Puerto Rico; the brigade landed at Guánica on July 31 and moved west along the coast. On August 10, his brigade won the Battle of Silva Heights; the next day, he entered the town of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The Spanish moved up for another attack on Schwan, but a cease fire was enacted before either side attacked. Allegedly during this cease fire, Schwan's troops engaged in the first game of baseball to be played in Puerto Rico. Philippine–American War
With the fighting on Puerto Rico over, General Schwan was transferred to the Philippines, where he became chief-of-staff of the Eighth Army Corps, which had become engaged in the Philippine–American War. He personally directed the first Cavite Expedition, then took command of the Second Brigade in the corps' First Division (in this era, brigade and division numbers were repeated from one corps to another) during the second Cavite Expedition. Retirement and death
He retired from the army in 1901 and was made a Major General of Regulars and put on the retired list.<mask> died in 1926 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Medal of Honor citation

Rank and Organization:
First Lieutenant, 10th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Peebles Farm, Va., October 1, 1864. Entered service at: New York. Born: July 9, 1841, Germany. Date of issue: December 12, 1898. Citation:
At the imminent risk of his own life, while his regiment was falling back before a superior force of the enemy, he dragged a wounded and helpless officer to the rear, thus saving him from death or capture.See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
Puerto Rican Campaign

Notes

References

External links

1841 births
1926 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
German-born Medal of Honor recipients
Hanoverian emigrants to the United States
United States Army generals
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Union Army officers
People from Bremerhaven

masks:
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Georg Heinrich Christian Schwan
Heinrich Christian Schwan
Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Schwan
Theodore Schwan


title: Kyle Carr

texts:
<mask> (born September 15, 1986) is an American short track speed skater who has qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics. The son of a nationally ranked skater, <mask> grew up roller skating. In 2001, he switched from inline speed skating to short track. While still in high school, he moved to Marquette, Michigan to further his training. <mask> made the 2005 Junior World Championships, and the senior World Cup team for the 2005–06 season. He broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and missed the 2006 Olympic Trials. Following surgery and rehab, he returned to skating but found he had lost much of his speed.After several tough years, he made the 2009–10 World Cup Team. <mask> made his first World Championships in the spring, but  missed the 2010 Olympics by a hundredth of a second. He had been planning to retire after the season, but decided to give himself another four years to fulfill his Olympic dream. <mask> made the World Cup team every year from 2010–13 and helped the United States set the national relay record. In 2011, he won a bronze at the World Championships as part of the relay team. <mask> finished fourth overall at the Olympic Trials, qualifying for the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, Russia. He plans to retire after the games and finish his degree in exercise science.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born September 15, 1986 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey to mother Lisa (née Godown, now Cervantes) and father Chris. <mask>'s mother was a nationally ranked skater. His grandfather, <mask>, worked at the Frenchtown Roller Rink for 30 years where <mask> and future Olympic teammate Chris Creveling spent much of their early roller skating careers. <mask> began skating at age one. At age three, he had his first roller skating competition, and at age seven he boldly told his mother that he was going to make the Olympics. At age thirteen, he broke his wrist while inline skating. Shortly thereafter, coach Shawn Walb introduced <mask> to ice short track speed skating.<mask> fell in love with the new sport and gave up inline skating in 2001. After his junior year of high school at Governor Mifflin, he moved to Marquette, Michigan in 2004 to further his training at the US Olympic Education Center. Skating career

<mask> participated in the 2005 Junior World Championships. In the fall, he made the senior World Cup team, and won a gold medal in Slovakia. However, <mask> broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and was unable to compete at the 2006 Olympic Trials. He moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, where his mother was living, for surgery and rehabilitation. After two surgeries and eight months of rehab, he was ready to return to the ice.When he did, he found he was a considerably slower skater and considered quitting. His high school sweetheart, Siobhan O'Rourke, moved to Marquette and <mask>'s career turned around thanks to her support. <mask> made the 2009–10 United States World Cup Team, but with O'Rourke graduating from college in 2010, <mask> was planning to give up speed skating and "become an adult" at the end of the season. He placed third in the 500 meters at the National Championships, qualified for his first World Championships, and was offered the opportunity to train full-time with the National Team. He and O'Rourke moved to Salt Lake City to give <mask>'s Olympic dream one last shot. <mask> missed the 2010 Olympic team by a hundredth of a second. In 2011, he won a bronze medal at the World Championship as part of the US relay team.In 2012, he placed third in the men's time trial and the National Championships. <mask> has made the World Cup team each year from 2010–13; he has won six World Cup medals in total – one gold, two silver, and two bronze, all for relay events. At the 2014 Olympic Trials, <mask> made the 500 meter finals after winning his semifinal. He finished fourth in the event, and followed in up with a fifth-place finish in the 1500. On the final day of the Trials, he fell in the semifinals of the 1000 meters and was disqualified. Frustrated, he approached his coach who informed him that the fall did not matter as <mask> already had enough points to make the United States' Olympic Team. "At that point, all that frustration and anxiety turned into happiness and gratitude", <mask> recalled.<mask> finished fourth overall and is expected to compete in the men's relay at the Olympics. Thanks to the anonymous donation of an Atlanta-area businessman through GoFundMe, <mask> will be joined in Sochi, Russia, site of the 2014 Olympic games, by his mother. Previously, <mask>, like many of his teammates, used the crowd funding website to help cover his living expenses. <mask> is coached by national coach Stephen Gough, as well as his club coaches: Anthony Barthell and Alex Izykowski. <mask> plans to retire after the Olympics. "I'm at an age now where I kind of want to progress with my life", he said. "I'd love to speedskate forever, but it doesn't pay the bills."After retiring, he plans to finish his degree in exercise science and work with elite athletes on their training regimens. As of 2014, <mask> is part of the team that holds the national record in the 3000 meter relay. Personal life
<mask> is engaged to longtime girlfriend Siobhan O'Rourke. The wedding date was originally set for September 5, 2014, but was moved to September 19 so that <mask>'s teammate and best friend J.R. Celski could attend. <mask> has a younger sister, Bethany Camp. <mask> has a pet dog, cat, and bunny. In his free time, he likes to play basketball and ride his bike.He enjoys music with a strong beat, including hip hop and techno. During the off-season, <mask> works in commercial real estate. He has volunteered with Operation Christmas Child and has participated in National Multiple Sclerosis Society fundraisers. <mask> lists basketball player LeBron James as the greatest influence on his life because of the adversity James overcame to win multiple NBA Championships. References

External links
 Personal webpage of <mask>
 Official profile at US Speedskating

1986 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters of the United States
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Hunterdon County, New Jersey
People from Peachtree City, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
World Short Track Speed Skating Championships medalists

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Christopher Kyle Carr
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Christopher Kyle
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George Carr
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title: Ruth Hale (feminist)

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<mask> (1887 – September 18, 1934) was an American journalist who worked for women's rights in New York City during the era before and after World War I. She was married to journalist Heywood Broun and was an associate of the Algonquin Round Table. <mask> was the founder of the Lucy Stone League, an organization whose motto was "My name is the symbol for my identity and must not be lost." <mask>'s cause led her to fight for women to be able to legally preserve their maiden names after marriage. She challenged in the courts any government edict that would not recognize a married woman by the name she chose to use. Early life
<mask> was born in Rogersville, Tennessee in 1887. Her younger brother, <mask>, also born in the town, later became a singer and then a longtime Hollywood character actor.At age 13, she entered the Hollins Institute (today Hollins University) in Roanoke, Virginia. Three years later, she left to attend Drexel Academy of Fine Art (today Drexel University) in Philadelphia, where she studied painting and sculpture, but writing was her true calling. Career in journalism
When <mask> was 18, she became a journalist in Washington, DC, writing for the Hearst syndicate. She was a sought-after writer and socialite, and attended parties at the White House when President Woodrow Wilson was in office. She worked at the Washington Post until she went back to Philadelphia to become drama critic for the Philadelphia Public Ledger. <mask> also dabbled in sports writing, which was uncommon for women to do at the time. <mask> moved to New York City about 1915 and became a feature writer for The New York Times, Vogue and Vanity Fair.<mask> also did a bit of acting, appearing on Broadway three times in her life. Marriage and family
<mask> was introduced to Heywood Broun, a popular newspaper columnist and sportswriter, at a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds. They were married on 6 June 1917. When Broun was sent to France to report on the war, <mask> went with him, writing for the Paris edition of the Chicago Tribune. In 1918, <mask> gave birth to her only child, Heywood <mask>roun, in New York City. Women's rights and other activism
Early in 1921 <mask> took a stand with the U.S. State Department, demanding that she be issued a passport as "<mask>", not as "Mrs. Heywood Broun". The government refused; no woman had been given a passport with her maiden name to that time.She was unable to cut through the red tape, and the government issued her passport reading "<mask>, also known as Mrs. Heywood Broun." She refused to accept the passport, and cancelled her trip to France, as did her husband. In May 1921, <mask> was believed to be the first married woman to be issued a real estate deed in her own name for an apartment house on Manhattan’s Upper West Side. Not long afterward, she was chosen to be president of the Lucy Stone League, a group she founded based on Lucy Stone's decision to keep her maiden name after marriage. The group also chose Rose Falls Bres to serve as its legal counsel. Mrs. Bres, soon to be named president of the National Association of Women Lawyers, had been <mask>'s lawyer during her battle with the State Department. Heywood Broun was among the men present, and supported his wife in her endeavors.Other Lucy Stoners were Jane Grant, wife of Harold Ross, the founder of The New Yorker, and Beatrice Kaufman, wife of playwright George S. Kaufman. <mask> and Broun bought a farm in Stamford, Connecticut, but resided in separate homes. She started to spend more time on women’s rights causes and less time on journalism. In August 1927, <mask> took a leading role in protesting the executions of anarchists and accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti. She traveled to Boston as part of the defense committee, along with Dorothy Parker and John Dos Passos, but the men were put to death over their fierce protests. The campaign had a galvanizing effect on her, leading her to fight against capital punishment. In 1929 Edward Bernays decided to pay women to smoke their “torches of freedom” as they walked in the Easter Sunday Parade in New York.This was a shock because until that time, women were only permitted to smoke in certain places such as in the privacy of their own homes. He was very careful when picking women to march because “while they should be good looking, they should not look too model-y,” and he hired his own photographers to make sure that good pictures were taken and then published around the world. <mask> called for women to join in the march saying, “Women! Light another torch of freedom! Fight another sex taboo!”

Later life and death
While <mask> was intelligent, fearless, and honest, she was frustrated throughout her life by her too-earnest, often hectoring style. The writer and lawyer Newman Levy, a longtime friend of <mask> and Broun, recalled a bitter exchange between <mask> and an unidentified person. Adversary: "The trouble with you, <mask>, is that you have no sense of humor."<mask>: "Thank God I am not cursed with the albatross of a sense of humor." During the 1920s and 1930s, <mask> continued to write, reviewed books for the Brooklyn Eagle, and worked as a theatrical press agent. She was a leading figure in New York’s writer’s community, and, with her husband, she was an associate of the Algonquin Round Table at the Algonquin Hotel. <mask> and Broun were quietly divorced in Mexico in November 1933, although the two remained close and continued to reside on the same property in Connecticut. Ten months later, in September 1934, <mask> came down with an intestinal fever at her home in Stamford. Broun rushed his former wife to Doctor's Hospital on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, but it was too late. She died on September 18 at age 47.She was buried in her hometown of Rogersville, Tennessee. Film portrayal
<mask> was portrayed by the actress Jane Adams in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. References

Bibliography
Dale Kramer, Heywood Broun, a Biographical Portrait, New York: Current Books, 1949. Heywood <mask>roun, Whose Little Boy Are You? New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983. The New York Times, "<mask> Is Dead; Feminist Leader", September 19, 1934, page 19. "The New York Times", "Wives Debate Rights to Maiden Name", May 18, 1921, page 27.External links
 Scrapbook, 1923-1925. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1887 births
1934 deaths
American feminists
American women's rights activists
Drexel University alumni
Hollins University alumni
<mask>, <mask>
Vanity Fair (magazine) people
Algonquin Round Table

masks:
Ruth Hale
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title: Pratibha Ray

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<mask> (born 21 January 1944) is an Indian academic and writer of Odia-language novels and stories. For her contribution to the Indian literature, <mask> received the Jnanpith Award in 2011.She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2022. Life and career
She was born on 21 January 1943, at Alabol, a remote village in the Balikuda area of Jagatsinghpur district formerly part of Cuttack district of Odisha state. She was the first woman to win the Moortidevi Award in 1991. Her first novel Barsha Basanta Baishakha (1974) was a best seller. Her search for a "social order based on equality, love, peace and integration", continues, since she first penned at the age of nine. When she wrote for a social order, based on equality without class, caste, religion or sex discriminations, some of her critics branded her as a communist, and some as feminist.But she says: "I am a humanist. Men and women have been created differently for the healthy functioning of society. The specialities women have been endowed with should be nurtured further. As a human being, however, woman is equal to man." She continued her writing career even after her marriage and raising a family of three children and husband Akshay <mask> who is an engineer. Her post-doctoral research was on Tribalism and Criminology of Bondo Highlander, tribes of Odisha, India. She started her professional career as a school teacher, and later she taught in various government colleges in Odisha for thirty years.She has guided doctoral research and has published many research articles. She took voluntary retirement as a Professor of Education from State Government Service and joined as Member, Public Service Commission of Odisha. She has active interest in social reform and has fought against social injustice on many occasions. One important incident in her life is protesting against colour (caste/religion) discrimination by the high priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri. She is currently fighting a defamation case lodged by the priests against her for her newspaper article in which she wrote against the undesirable behaviour of the priests, titled "The Colour of Religion is Black" (Dharmara Ranga Kala). She works in the cyclone-affected areas after the Odisha's Super Cyclone of October 1999 and she is working for rehabilitation of the orphans and widows of Cyclone affected areas. Travel

<mask> has travelled extensively inside India to participate in various national literary and educational conferences.She visited five republics of the erstwhile USSR in 1986 in a cultural exchange programme sponsored by ISCUS. She represented India as an Indian writer in the India Fair in Australia, "India Today 94". sponsored by Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, in 1994. She gave readings and talks on Indian literature and languages in several universities of Australia. She has also visited the US, UK and France on speaking tours, represented India as an Indian writer in the India Festival in Bangladesh in 1996, and attended the 7th International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women in the University of Tromsø, Norway, in June 1999 as an Indian delegate. She visited Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark on a speaking tour in 1999. Visited Zurich, Switzerland, in 2000 to present a paper in the Third European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education.Memberships

She is a member of a number of learned societies. She is connected with the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Central Board of Film Certification, Indian Red Cross Society, India International Centre, National Book Trust of India, Central Academy of Letters etc. She has travelled extensively in India and abroad to participate in various literary and educational conferences. She has won a number of national and state awards for her creative writing. Selected works
Novels
 Barsa Basanta Baishakha, 1974
 Aranya, 1977
 Nishiddha Prithivi, 1978
 Parichaya, 1979
 Aparichita, 1979. (A film was made & won Best Film-Story award from Odisha State Govt., Department of Culture)
 Punyatoya""the story of village girl Meghi, 1979. (Tr.To Hindi)
 Meghamedura, 1980
 Ashabari, 1980
 Ayamarambha, 1981
 Nilatrishna, 1981. (Tr. to Hindi)
 Samudrara Swara, 1982. (Tr. to Hindi)
 Shilapadma, 1983. (Odisha Sahitya Academy Award, 1985; Tr. to Assamese, Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam, Punjabi and English)
 Yajnaseni, 1984 (Moorti Devi Award,1991 and Sarala Award, 1990.Tr. to English, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hungarian)
 Dehatita, 1986
 Uttaramarg, 1988. (Tr. to Hindi & Punjabi)
 Adibhumi (Tr. Awards and recognition
 1985 – Odisha Sahitya Academi Award' for the novel Sheelapadma
 1990 – 'Sarala Award' for the novel Yajnaseni
 1991 – 'Moortidevi Award' for the Novel Yajnaseni
 2000 – 'Sahitya Akademi Award' for the Short-Story Collection Ullaghna
 2006 – 'Amrita Keerti Puraskar'
 2007 – 'Padma Shri Award' in Literature and Education by the Government of India. 2011 – 'Jnanpith Award'
 2013 – Odisha Living Legend Award (Literature)
 2022 - Padma Bhushan from Government of India

See also
 List of Indian writers
 List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia
 Pratibha Satpathy

References

External links

 http://www.pratibharay.org/
 Prof. (Smt.)<mask> <mask> receives Padma Shri award in 2007 for Literature and Education, Odisha

1943 births
Living people
People from Jagatsinghpur district
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Odia-language writers
Indian women academics
Indian women novelists
Indian women short story writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Odisha
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian short story writers
21st-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian women writers
Women writers from Odisha
Odisha academics
Women educators from Odisha
Educators from Odisha
Translators from English
Translators of Suman Pokhrel
Recipients of the Moortidevi Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education

masks:
Pratibha Ray
Ray
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Ray


title: Tami Mauriello

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Stefano "<mask>" <mask> (May 24, 1923 – December 3, 1999) was an American professional boxer and actor of Italian descent who was world ranked in two divisions during the 1940s. He thrice challenged for world titles, fighting Gus Lesnevich (twice) and Joe Louis for the world's Light-Heavyweight and Heavyweight titles, respectively. <mask>'s nickname was "The Bronx Barkeep". Professional boxing career
<mask> made his professional boxing debut with a first round knockout of Gilberto Ramirez Vazquez at Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, Queens, New York. <mask> went undefeated in his first 24 fights, with 15 knockout wins. He lost his condition as an undefeated prospect when he faced future NYSAC world Middleweight champion Billy Soose, who himself had come off a close split decision victory over Ken Overlin and a unanimous decision victory against Tony Zale. Mauriello-Soose took place on January 3, 1941 at the Madison Square Garden in New York.The event marked the third time that <mask> boxed as a professional in the arena. <mask> <mask> lost a razor-thin, split decision after ten rounds, one judge scoring the bout 6-4 in rounds for him (Boxing fights in New York were scored on a per-round basis instead of a "must system" as they get scored in modern times) while the other judge and the referee, Frank Fullam, scored the bout for Soose, 6-4 also. <mask> proceeded by taking on tough Bill McDowell (119-60-22) barely 5 weeks after the defeat to Soose, on February 11, 1941 at the New York Coliseum in the Bronx. <mask> won by a sixth round knockout. By this time, he was becoming known for his powerful right hand punch. Two fights later, <mask> fought young veteran (36-5-1 coming in) Steve Belloise on March 14, 1941. Belloise had twice fought Ken Overlin for the NYSAC's version of the world Light-Heavyweight championship and had lost both times by close fifteen round decisions.<mask> knocked Belloise out at 2:59 of the first round. Wins over 'Wildcat' O'Connor, Charlie Williams, Jimmy O'Boyne, Tony Cisco and Steve Mamakos followed, setting <mask> up for his first world title challenge. World Light-Heavyweight Championship title fights
<mask> then fought Gus Lesnevich, who was the National Boxing Association's Light-Heavyweight champion of the world, for the NBA's and the vacant NYSAC's version of the championship. The first encounter between <mask> and Lesnevich was held August 26, 1941 at the Madison Square Garden. It was a close affair thorough, lasting the 15 rounds. In the end, Lesnevich was given a close, somewhat controversial split decision, judge John Potter scoring it 8-7 and judge Bill Healy 8-6-1 in rounds, respectively, for the champion, while referee Eddie Joseph had the fight 10-5 for <mask>. The closeness of the fight made a rematch possible; the second <mask>-Lesnevich contest took place, once again at the Madison Square Garden, on November 14, 1941.This time around Lesnevich outscored <mask> more comprehensively, with referee Arthur Donovan, judges George Lecron and Sam Austin each scoring the bout for the champion, 9-4-2, 9-5-1 and 10-2-3 in rounds, respectively. Move to Heavyweight
<mask> next moved to the Heavyweight division, The New York Times announcing his fight against Jay D. Turner (24-19-2) as his first in that weight. <mask> dropped Turner twice before the fight was stopped in the first round. He proceeded that by beating Gunnar Barlund, (41-13) by a knockout in 8, and the very experienced Buddy Knox (95-19-6), by a technical knockout when Knox could not come out of his corner to fight round 2. After four more wins, <mask> met three world ranked Heavyweights in a row: on May 22, 1942, he fought Bob Pastor, (52-6-4) to a 10 round draw (tie); on July 14 of that year, he met Tony Musto (30-14-3), winning on points in 8 rounds; and nine days later, on July 23, he fought Red Burman, (78-20-2), winning by knockout in round 9. Each of these bouts took place in the New York City area; the Pastor and Burman ones at Madison Square Garden, and the Musto one at the New York Coliseum in the Bronx. Challenge for the "duration Heavyweight title"
After beating trail-horse Italo Collonello, <mask> next fought Jimmy Bivins.Joe Louis, who had headed to the United States Army to help boost soldier morale during World War II, had symbolically handed Bivins a "duration championship belt", so the fight was billed as for the "duration world Heavyweight championship"-a symbolic title with no official recognition. Nevertheless, when the two boxers met in Cleveland, Ohio, September 15, 1942, Bivins won by a close, split ten round decision. <mask> survived a knockdown in round 1. Lee Savold, rematch with Bivins, Lee Oma

Another win over Collonello followed, and then he faced Lee Savold, another top Heavyweight contender of the era. Savold was 73-24-1 coming into their October 30 fight, and <mask> beat him by a 10 round decision. Of the four matches that followed <mask>'s defeat of Savold, two were rematches, with one win over Vince Pimpinella (33-44-9), a ten round decision win, and one over Lou Nova, whom Mauriello knocked out in six rounds after being knocked down himself in the first round, sandwiched in. These two rematches were against Musto, whom Mauriello knocked out in seven rounds, (the fight's doctor stopped the fight because Musto suffered a dislocated jaw), and Bivins, who once again won a close decision over <mask>, a majority ten round nod.Once again, <mask> survived an early knockdown against Bivins, this time in the second round. The second Bivins-<mask> bout involved no title at stake. Six months later, <mask> knocked out Gunnar Barlund in eight rounds in a rematch. Then, on November 5, 1943, <mask> and Savold rematched; <mask> went to the floor in round two, but recovered to win by a unanimous decision. After another win against Buddy Knox, <mask> met Pennsylvanian fighter, Joe Baksi, in front of 16,015 people at the Madison Square Garden on February 5, 1944. Baksi almost knocked <mask> out in the first round, sending him to the canvas for a count of nine seconds. <mask> recovered and gave Baksi a serious test the rest of the way, but Baksi prevailed by a ten round unanimous decision.Wins over Pimpinella, Knox and Danny Cox followed, and then a three fight series with Lee Oma began. In the first bout, <mask> came in as a substitute for old rival Baksi; on September 22, 1944, he defeated Oma by knockout in round eight. In their second bout, held on December 8 of the same year, Oma gained revenge by winning a ten round unanimous decision, and in their rubber match, <mask> outpointed Oma over ten rounds by unanimous vote, March 23, 1945. Each of these fights were held at Madison Square Garden. The three fight series against Oma was followed with first round knockout wins over Steve Dudas and over Nova in another rematch. <mask>'s next seven fights were against boxers of average records, the notable exceptions in that span being a third fight with Barlund, won by a second round technical knockout at the Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, and a second round knockout of 14-5 Jerry Berthiaume at Cleveland, Ohio. On March 22, 1946, <mask> and John Thomas (22-13-1) exchanged knockdowns at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan, with <mask> down in the first round and Thomas floored once in the second and twice in the third before <mask> won the bout by a third round knockout.<mask> then fought the famous British fighter, Bruce Woodcock, May 17, 1946 at the Madison Square Garden in New York. At stake was a possible title shot at world Heavyweight champion Joe Louis. In front of 14,000 fans, <mask> stopped Woodcock in round five, earning his third world title shot and first shot at the world's Heavyweight title. Challenge of Joe Louis for the world's Heavyweight title
On September 18, 1946, <mask> received his third world championship shot, and his first try at the world Heavyweight title, when he met Joe Louis at the Bronx's Yankee Stadium. <mask> figured that because of his right-hand power, combined with Louis' layoff during the war years, and the fact that Louis was now 32 years old, he had a chance against the champion, who was 55-1 coming into their bout. In an action-packed fight, <mask> staggered Louis with a hard right a few seconds after the beginning of the bout. Louis recovered, however, and ultimately retained the title by knocking down <mask> twice before the first round ended.<mask> failed to beat the count after the second knockdown. <mask> caused controversy after the fight when he told a reporter on live radio, "I guess I'm just an unlucky son of a bitch". Career decline
<mask> then fought Jimmy O'Brien January 8, 1947 in Chicago, scoring a first round knockout. After two more wins, one over up and coming prospect Freddie Schott (41-4-1 coming in), he faced 25-10-1 Johnny Shkor at the Arena in Boston, Massachusetts, and suffered an upset defeat, beaten by a technical knockout in round seven. Angry at the bout's stoppage, <mask> hit one of the ringside officials and was suspended for his actions. Furthermore, he suffered a cut that required hospitalization and 20 stitches. <mask>, despite the suspension, kept active and had a winning effort two months later in Brooklyn, New York against 30-10-2 Jimmy Carrollo, leading to a rematch with old foe, Gus Lesnevich.On July 30, 1947, the pair boxed again at the Madison Square Garden. Following a very close fight, Lesnevich was rewarded with a ten round unanimous decision win, both the referee and one judge scoring the fight in his favor by one point, and the other judge favoring him by 2 points, thus making <mask> 0-3 versus Lesnevich. Two more wins followed, then a fourth face-off with Lesnevich came, this time on Halloween night, 1947. With referee Ruby Goldstein watching over, Lesnevich knocked <mask> out in seven rounds. <mask> recovered slightly and built a seven fight winning streak, including one over 26-7 Roy Taylor, and another one, his first fight abroad, against Joe Dominic, 16-7, on July 1, 1949, at the Nova Scotia Sports Centre, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. He defeated Dominic by a sixth round knockout after downing him four times during the course of this fight. Back in the United States, <mask> took on Mike Jacobs, a 13-11 trial horse boxer, on August 9, 1949, at New Bedford, Massachusetts.In what would turn out to be his final victory as a professional boxer, <mask> took Jacobs out in round eight. A rematch with Dominic followed, in which <mask> was beaten by unanimous decision in ten rounds, and then, on October 5, 1949, <mask> had his last fight, at St. Nicholas Arena in New York, when he got knocked out in two rounds by the talented Argentine Cesar Silverio Brion. <mask> finished his career with 82 wins, 13 losses and 1 draw in 96 professional boxing matches, with 60 wins coming by knockout and 4 losses also by knockout. Acting career
<mask> acted in the boxing-themed film On the Waterfront in 1954, playing "Tillio". References

External links

1923 births
1999 deaths
American boxers of Italian descent
Light-heavyweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers from New York City
Sportspeople from the Bronx
American male boxers

masks: Tami Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Tami Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Freddie Green

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<mask> (March 31, 1911 – March 1, 1987) was an American swing jazz guitarist who played rhythm guitar with the Count Basie Orchestra for almost fifty years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina on March 31, 1911. He was exposed to music from an early age, and learned the banjo before picking up the guitar in his early teenage years. A friend of his father by the name of Sam Walker taught a young <mask> to read music, and keenly encouraged him to keep up his guitar playing. Walker gave <mask> what was perhaps his first gig, playing with a local community group of which Walker was an organizer. Another member of the group was William "Cat" Anderson, who went on to become an established trumpeter, working with notable figures such as Duke Ellington. Career
It was around this time that <mask>'s parents died, and he moved to New York City to live with his aunt and continue his education.The move opened up a new musical world to <mask>. While still in his teens, he began to play around the clubs of the city, earning money and a reputation. In one of these gigs, he was noticed by the legendary talent scout John H. Hammond, who realized the potential of <mask> and introduced him to Basie. In 1937, Basie and his ensemble went to one of <mask>'s gigs on the advice of an associate. Basie was an immediate fan, and approached <mask> with a job offer. Except for a brief interruption, <mask> would remain a pivotal fixture of the Count Basie Band for the next fifty years. Throughout his career, <mask> played rhythm guitar, accompanying other musicians, and he rarely played solos."His superb timing and ... flowing sense of harmony ... helped to establish the role of the rhythm guitar as an important part of every rhythm section." <mask> did play a solo on the January 16, 1938, Carnegie Hall concert that featured the Benny Goodman big band. In the jam session on Fats Waller's "Honeysuckle Rose," <mask> was the rhythm guitarist for the ensemble, which featured Basie, Walter Page (Basie's bassist), and musicians from Duke Ellington's band. After Johnny Hodges' solo, Goodman signalled to <mask> to take his own solo, which the musician Turk Van Lake described in his commentary on the reissued 1938 Carnegie Hall concert as a "startling move." He rapidly changed chords, often with every beat, rather than every measure. His chord fingering often involved him covering four strings with his fingers, while depressing only a subset of the notes. He dampened the unsounded notes from chords with his left hand.<mask>'s  playing on his signature Stromberg guitar was the model for Ralph Patt's big-band playing. <mask> was not a prolific composer, but he did make two major contributions to Count Basie's repertoire, "Down for Double" (recorded in 1941) and "Corner Pocket" (recorded for the album April in Paris in 1955). On March 1, 1987, <mask> died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 75. Discography

As leader/co-leader
Mr. Rhythm (RCA Victor, 1955)
Rhythm Willie  with Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1975)

As sideman
With Count Basie
 The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937–39 [1992])
 The Count! (Clef, 1952 [1955])
 Basie Jazz (Clef, 1952 [1954])
 The Swinging Count! (Clef 1952 [1956])
 Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
 Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
 Basie (Clef, 1954)
 Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (Clef, 1955) with Joe Williams
 April in Paris (Verve, 1956)
 The Greatest!!Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards with Joe Williams
 Metronome All-Stars 1956 (Clef, 1956) with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams
 Hall of Fame (Verve, 1956 [1959])
 Basie in London (Verve, 1956)
 One O'Clock Jump (Verve, 1957) with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald
 Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957)
 The Atomic Mr. Basie (Roulette, 1957) aka Basie and E=MC2
 Basie Plays Hefti (Roulette, 1958)
 Sing Along with Basie (Roulette, 1958) – with Joe Williams and Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Memories Ad-Lib (Roulette, 1958) – with Joe Williams
 Basie/Eckstine Incorporated (Roulette, 1959) – with Billy Eckstine. Basie One More Time (Roulette, 1959)
 Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (Roulette, 1959)
 Everyday I Have the Blues (Roulette, 1959) – with Joe Williams
 Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
 String Along with Basie (Roulette, 1960)
 Not Now, I'll Tell You When (Roulette, 1960)
 The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
 Kansas City Suite (Roulette, 1960)
 First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia, 1961)
 Count Basie and the Kansas City 7 (1962, Impulse!) Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
 Basie in Sweden (Roulette, 1962)
 On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (Verve, 1962)
 This Time by Basie! 1911 births
1987 deaths
African-American jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
American jazz guitarists
Count Basie Orchestra members
Musicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Swing guitarists
20th-century American musicians
Guitarists from South Carolina
20th-century American guitarists
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Frederick William Green
Green
Freddie
Freddie
Green
Freddie
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Freddie Green
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title: Jamie Whincup

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<mask> (born 6 February 1983) is an Australian professional racing driver competing in the Supercars Championship. He currently drives the No. 88 Holden ZB Commodore for Triple Eight Race Engineering. He has won a record seven Supercars championship titles, four Bathurst 1000 victories, and a Bathurst 12 Hour victory. <mask> is the all-time record holder in the Supercars Championship for race wins, at 124 career wins. He is also the first driver to win the Jason Richards Memorial Trophy twice at Pukekohe Park Raceway in Auckland, New Zealand. Early life
<mask> was born in Melbourne, Australia to Sandra and <mask>.He attended Eltham College in Research, Victoria. <mask> once lived with fellow driver Will Davison. Junior racing career
In 2001 <mask> embarked on the Australian Formula Ford Championship with a team run by his father and Uncle Graeme (a former Sports Sedan star) with mechanical support from fellow V8 Supercar driver Greg Ritter, racing with the Mygale Formula Ford team. After finishing third in his debut year, he moved to Sonic Motorsport(owner Michael Ritter, Brother of Greg Ritter ) for the 2002 season and went on to win the championship convincingly,  which secured him his first ever V8 Supercar drive with Garry Rogers Motorsport. Professional career

Garry Rogers Motorsport

2002
<mask> made his Supercars debut in 2002 as an endurance co-driver for Garry Rogers Motorsport. His first event was at the 2002 Queensland 500 driving a Holden VX Commodore with Max Dumesny. He made his Bathurst 1000 debut at the next round, driving with Mark Noske.<mask> and Noske completed 72 laps before retiring from the race following a collision. 2003
<mask> continued with Garry Rogers Motorsport in 2003 and completed his first full time V8 Supercars season. Tasman Motorsport
<mask> landed himself a full-time drive in 2005 with the Melbourne-based Tasman Motorsport. He had many solid results throughout the season, including a fourth at the one-off Chinese round at the Shanghai International Circuit, a third at the Sandown 500 and most notably, second at the Bathurst 1000 endurance events with teammate Jason Richards after leading late in the race. Triple Eight Race Engineering

2006-9

In 2006, <mask> jumped from Holden to Ford and joined Triple Eight Race Engineering alongside Craig Lowndes. <mask> had a stellar first season, taking victory in the two biggest races of the season, the Clipsal 500 and Supercheap Auto 1000, the latter as co-driver to Craig Lowndes. After some incidents and unreliability, <mask> finished the championship in a slightly disappointing tenth position at years end.In 2007, <mask> returned with the same team which was re-branded TeamVodafone and celebrated several victories included a second Bathurst 1000 title alongside teammate Craig Lowndes and new engineer Mark Dutton. <mask> finished second in the driver's title by a mere two points to Garth Tander from the HSV Dealer Team. <mask> began a mentoring role as part of TeamVodafone's Junior Development Program, and as a co-ambassador for Formula Ford Australia alongside Will Davison. His first round win for 2007, at a water-logged Winton, was the first round win for the year by a Ford driver. He celebrated both his 50th V8 Supercar Championship start and his inaugural pole position at Triple Eight Race Engineering's test track, Queensland Raceway. <mask> moved into the championship lead after a successful defence his and Lowndes' Bathurst 1000 crown, coming just weeks after teaming with Lowndes to win the last Sandown 500 until 2012. Entering Surfers Paradise for the Indy 300 with the series lead from Garth Tander, a difficult day on Sunday with a spin in the final race saw the lead revert to Tander who won the round.<mask> then had a disappointing weekend at Desert 400 at the Bahrain International Circuit, where poor qualifying pace for Triple Eight was compounded by a run of all three races marred by minor accidents, and he took away zero points. Tander and Craig Lowndes both had fairly good weekends, putting Tander into the series lead over Lowndes heading into the Symmons Plains race in Tasmania. Tander backed up his previous two round wins in Tasmania with a dominant race 1 win on Saturday, but a slow stop in race two dropped him to tenth, before disaster in race three after touching Steven Richards, he broke his steering and was out. <mask> won both races, and headed into the Grand Finale at Phillip Island on the 1–2 December weekend with a slender seven point championship lead. <mask> failed to keep his slender margin at Phillip Island; after Garth Tander won the first two races <mask> faced a seven-point deficit. After the final race <mask> finished second, behind Todd Kelly and two places ahead of Tander but fell just two points short of the title. At the 2007 V8 Supercar Gala Awards Dinner at the completion of the 2007 season, <mask> was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal, deemed to be the "Best and Fairest" award for V8 Supercars.<mask> won the 2008 Clipsal 500 in Adelaide, and won a further six rounds after that including the Bathurst 1000 for a third year running. During a post race interview at Symmons Plains, <mask> spun the car into a ditch whilst attempting to perform something special. He clinched his first Championship after winning the first race in the final round at Oran Park Raceway, and was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal for the second year running at the V8 Gala Awards. In 2009, <mask> successfully defended his title in a brand new Ford FG Falcon, including wins at Adelaide, Hamilton, Tasmania, Darwin, Townsville, Oueensland, Phillip Island and Barbagallo. Despite bad luck in the endurance races and at the Gold Coast, <mask> was able to put it all together at Sydney Olympic Park and became the first back-to-back championship winner since Marcos Ambrose in 2003–2004. 2010-12

In 2010, Triple Eight switched to Holden VE Commodores as Ford cut sponsorship. <mask> won the first four races of the season and Hamilton but a run of bad luck at Queensland raceway and Winton saw him relinquish the championship lead for the first time in two years, and sat second in the points table, just ahead of teammate Craig Lowndes in third.He became close to becoming a 3-time champion, the next triple champion in a row after Mark Skaife from 2000 to 2002 and the second man to win the driver's championship in both a Ford and a Holden after Norm Beechey, but due to a multi car crash in the 25th race of the season at the Sydney Telstra 500 in wet weather his car was badly damaged and couldn't continue. In the 26th and final race of the season he was out of reach to score enough points to take back the lead from James Courtney and finished 2nd in the season. In 2011, <mask> regained the championship from James Courtney becoming the first International V8 Supercars Champion. <mask> won races in Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Perth, Winton, Townsville, Gold Coast, Tasmania and Sandown. The title that went down to the final race in Sydney where <mask> beat teammate Craig Lowndes by 35 points. Triple Eight Race Engineering's stellar season earned them 1st in the Teams Championship, their second Teams Championship with Holden. The 2012 season saw <mask> join Bob Jane, Allan Moffat and Jim Richards as a four-time series champion.Twelve race wins at Adelaide, Symmons Plains, Hidden Valley, Townsville, Sydney Motorsport Park, Abu Dhabi and Winton, and also the marquee endurance races, the Bathurst 1000 and the Gold Coast 600 resulted in a 339-point championship win over his teammate Lowndes. 2013

The 2012 season was the last of the Holden/Ford duopoly in V8 Supercars, as 2013 would see a new challenge arise in the form of two extra manufacturers - Nissan and Mercedes-Benz. <mask> would stay with Triple Eight Race Engineering and Holden, but with a new look - Red Bull replaced Vodafone as major sponsor, with the team to be known as Red Bull Racing Australia. Despite the new era increasing outright competitiveness across the field and the season having 13 separate race winners, <mask> once again proved dominant. He won 11 out of the 34 races, winning at New Zealand, Barbagallo, Hidden Valley, Ipswich, Sandown, Phillip Island and Homebush. He was also victorious in the series' first outing to the US at the Circuit of the Americas, taking victory on three of four occasions. He went on to once again eclipse Lowndes in the points table, and earn himself a fifth title, putting himself alongside Ian Geoghegan, Dick Johnson and Mark Skaife in terms of championship successes.2014

In 2014, <mask> would win a record sixth title. Once again partnering with Paul Dumbrell, he narrowly missed out on the Bathurst 1000 title for the second year running. After a final lap battles with Mark Winterbottom in 2013, this time he lost out to Ford Performance Racing teammate Chaz Mostert as he ran low on fuel. He did, however, win the Enduro Cup with Dumbrell as the most successful driver combination across the endurance events. 2015

During 2015 at Bathurst, <mask> had led the race mid-way through, only to wind up behind team-mate Lowndes thanks to a throttle sensor problem that required a long stop. He was still behind Lowndes when the crucial Safety Car period arrived in Lap 138, and decided to stay out for an extra lap rather than stack behind Lowndes in pit-lane despite being asked to pit by the Red Bull team. It was during that lap he made an illegal pass on the Safety Car, a pass that earned him a drive-through penalty and ruined any chance of taking a decent result away from Mount Panorama.After the race, <mask> has accepted full responsibility after a late race penalty for passing the Safety Car cost him a shot at a fifth Bathurst 1000 victory. <mask> misread a call which ultimately saw him illegally pass the Safety Car going up Mountain Straight as the critical final pitstops were unfolding. <mask> finished fifth in the championship 599-points adrift to long-time rival Winterbottom after a difficult season. 2016

In 2016, <mask> became the second driver in Supercars/ATCC history to win 100 races, the other being Triple Eight teammate Lowndes at the Sydney Motorsport Park. Triple Eight's strategy of making early first stops with all three of its cars paid dividends as the team stormed to its seventh straight victory. At the Bathurst 1000, <mask> would fail to win despite being the first to cross the finish line, due to a time penalty following a collision with Scott McLaughlin and Garth Tander. This penalty was later appealed by Triple Eight Race Engineering but dismissed the case was dismissed nine days after the race.2017

2017 saw Triple Eight become the official Holden factory squad under the banner Red Bull Holden Racing Team. <mask> and Triple Eight were in the shadow of Dick Johnson Racing Team Penske being out qualified and outraced by their drivers Scott McLaughlin and Fabian Coulthard. <mask> however proved, despite a lack of poles and wins by his standards, that consistency was key to his eventual championship win which he recorded in the final race in Newcastle after McLaughlin had received 3 penalties relegating him behind the 11th position he needed to win the championship. <mask> not only won his record seventh title but also the final race win for the Australian built Commodore. 2018

In 2018, <mask> was one of 14 drivers in the field driving the Holden ZB Commodore. During the opening day of the Adelaide 500, <mask> overshadowed a thrilling qualifying session and slid wide through the high-speed sweeper on his final qualifying lap, slamming the outside concrete wall. His teammate Shane van Gisbergen claimed provisional 2 poles and won 2 races.But <mask> finished 6th in race 1 and failing a transmission failure ended up 26th in race 2. At the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, <mask> start on 2nd and finished 2nd in race 3. He takes the polesitter and claimed in race 4 opened his victory. <mask> finish 2nd in race 5 and 3rd in race 6, he took the inaugural Larry Perkins Trophy for being the highest points-scorer across the weekend, but was left disappointed by his start in the finale. After poor performances at Phillip Island, Barbagallo and Winton, <mask> finished 3rd at Hidden Valley. <mask> marked the 10th running of the Townsville Street Circuit by taking his 10th race win in commanding fashion. <mask> took the lead from McLaughlin on lap two and controlled proceedings for the balance of the 70 laps, leading by more than 10 seconds for the bulk of it.At Tailem Bend during the event, <mask> won the race 23 of The Bend Motorsport Park ahead of van Gisbergen, with David Reynolds third. On 16 September, <mask> and a co-driver Dumbrell led from start to finish and sweep of the Sandown 500 podium for a dominant Triple Eight Holden squad, as Enduro Cup kicked off. On 7 October 2018 at Bathurst, Dumbrell lost the right front wheel before hurtling down pit straight as the field went left at Hell Corner. <mask> finished 10th and he curse continued on Sunday when the V8 immortal suffered another 1000 km fail. 2019

<mask> take his first win at the Ipswich SuperSprint drought by taking the win in an action-packed opening race at Queensland Raceway after the toughest weekends he's had with Triple Eight. On Race 24 at Pukekohe, <mask> was incorrectly picked up by the Safety Car despite being further back in the field due to having already taken his first compulsory pit stop, which prompted him to pass it without permission. <mask> took the chequered flag in 16th position and having dropped back to 20th immediately after serving his punishment.In November 2019, <mask> inherited the lead and won the race with Craig Lowndes, a repeat of their 2007 win together and their fifth and sixth wins of the race respectively, as Scott McLaughlin wrapped up successive championships. He won 5 race wins and claims 3rd in championship standings. 2020
In 2020 season, the General Motors announced that the Holden brand will be retired by 2021.On 22 February, <mask> won the first race in Superloop Adelaide 500 and become the 119th career race win was his 86th in a Holden, moving one ahead of former Triple Eight teammate turned co-driver Craig Lowndes on the all-time tally. At the final round of the Bathurst 1000, <mask> battling with Brodie Kostecki and Chaz Mostert when he ran wide at The Cutting and hit the wall on Lap 33. Lowndes, who'd just hopped out of the #888 entry, was philosophical about the crash. It's the first time since 2002 that <mask> and Lowndes have suffered a DNF and claims 4 wins and 4th in the Championship due the COVID-19 pandemic. GT Racing

On 5 February 2017, <mask> drove in and won his first ever GT race when he teamed with Lowndes and Finnish driver Toni Vilander to win the 2017 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour driving a Ferrari 488 GT3 for Maranello Motorsport.By winning the Bathurst 12 Hour, <mask> joined Triple Eight teammate Craig Lowndes and as well as Gregg Hansford, Allan Grice, Tony Longhurst, John Bowe, Dick Johnson, Paul Morris and Jonathon Webb as winners of both the Bathurst 1000 and Bathurst 12 Hour races. Business career
In 2016, <mask> opened Loca Cafe, a café and car wash business, in Hope Island, Queensland. In 2018, <mask> took a 15% ownership stake in Triple Eight Race Engineering. Personal life
<mask> lives in Hope Island in Queensland near his Loca Cafe business venture. <mask> appeared on season 1 of the reality television program Australia's Greatest Athlete in 2009. Career results

Supercars Championship results
(Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Bathurst 1000 results

Complete Bathurst 12 Hour results

References

External links

 The MySpace of <mask>cup
 <mask> - Profile on Racing Reference

1983 births
Living people
Racing drivers from Melbourne
Formula Ford drivers
Supercars Championship drivers
Bathurst 1000 winners

masks:
Jamie Whincup
Whincup
Whincup
David Whincup
Whincup
Whincup
Whincup
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Jamie Whincup
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Jamie Whin
Jamie Whincup


title: Moses Bensinger

texts:
<mask> (August 17, 1839 – October 14, 1904) was an American merchant and manufacturer. He was president of the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company from 1890 until his death in 1904. He was the instigator and organizer of the conglomerate of the manufacturer of billiard and pool tables when it was initially formed in 1884. The manufacture of bowling equipment as an additional business came about in 1888. He helped found the American Bowling Congress, which set in place a legislative body to establish the rules and regulations used in modern ten-pin bowling. It is a set of by-laws and a constitution of Articles for all in the United States to follow. It has since been incorporated into the United States Bowling Congress and going into the twenty-first century governs all bowling equipment to make as a common standard.He was also an innovator of billiard table design and manufacture leading to significant patents for rubber bumpers and other innovations related to the game. He was involved in setting up tournaments for establishments that used his billiard tables that he manufactured. Early life

Bensinger was born August 17, 1839, in Louisville, Kentucky. He was the son of Nathan and Lena Bensinger and went to Louisville public schools while a child. Upon graduation, he apprenticed to a jeweler and later in 1859 started his own jewelry business. Mid life

Bensinger became an employee of John M. Brunswick, a manufacturer of billiard and pool tables, in 1869 and gave up the jewelry business at that time. Brunswick's headquarters for his business was in Cincinnati, Ohio, and he had a branch office in Chicago.Bensinger, Brunswick and others formed the J. M. Brunswick Billiard Manufacturing Company in October 1872. Bensinger became a vice president and was general manager in charge of the Chicago branch. In January 1874 the Brunswick Company merged with a rival firm and Bensinger engineered the merger. This company, owned by Julius Balke, had factories in Cincinnati and St. Louis, Missouri. On July 8, 1879, the company was incorporated and called Brunswick & Balke Company. The incorporators were Brunswick, Bensinger, Julius Balke Sr., A. F. Troescher and Leo Schmidt. This company then merged in 1884 with another manufacturer of billiard and pool tables run by Hugh W. Collender.The name then became Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. Bensinger was the motivating force in bringing about this conglomerate. Brunswick died in 1886. The company extended its business into manufacturing wooden bowling lanes, bowling balls, and pins in 1888. <mask> was made president of this new company in 1890. Bowling in 1890 was a disorganized sport with no rules or regulations, played mostly by Germans in dimly lit Chicago saloons and basements of buildings. Bensinger helped standardize bowling game apparatus, like width of alleys, type of ball bowled, and size of pins with its layout.He was the prominent figure in bringing about the initial organized set of rules and regulations for the sport of modern ten-pin bowling. The first commercial regulation ten-pin bowling alley licensed was installed at the Plaza Hotel in north Chicago (Clark Street) in 1891. Bensinger sponsored traveling all-star bowling teams, managed by William V. Thompson, proprietor of the Plaza Bowling Alley, to promote Brunswick bowling products. Within two decades there were over two hundred commercial regulation ten-pin bowling alleys in Chicago alone. American Bowling Congress

On September 9, 1895, the ABC was officially formed as a permanent organization at Beethoven Hall on east Fifth Street in New York City. The ABC had their first formal annual meeting four days later on September 13 at the Elephant club on Fulton Street in Brooklyn and adopted the proposed constitution and by-laws. The new organization took effect officially on October 15, 1895.The basic organization was a legislative body that enforced uniform bowlers' rules and regulations, through a set of by-laws and a constitution of Articles, for all in the United States to follow as the official standard for ten-pin bowling. The first national bowling competition sanctioned by the American Bowling Congress was in 1901. The highest per-game average scores for individual competition was 216, for doubles was 200, and for five-man teams was 181. A protest was filed against the highest-scoring doubles team, alleging use of a ball that was a quarter-inch larger in circumference than permitted by ABC regulations. The ABC organization has since incorporated into the United States Bowling Congress, standardized and still governs all bowling equipment for modern ten-pin bowling. Diamond robbery
Bensinger was wealthy and owned a considerable amount of jewelry. He was robbed of $16,000 () worth of diamonds in 1887 that was kept at his place of business in a safe.Detectives found clues that had been left by the robbers, but in spite of a promise for a large a reward for the return of the diamonds, they were not recovered. Bensinger then published a personal ad about the diamond robbery with a $2500 () reward for the return of the diamonds – no questions asked. Several days later he received a letter, the start of communications that involved many letters, all in different hand writing. This led him to believe there were several accomplices involved in the robbery. Through the communications, he arranged a meeting with his agent at a downtown Chicago bank with a representative of those involved. The terms of the deal was that the representative was to get a check for $2500 for the return of the diamonds. Bensinger's agent was met by a young man who had a package that he handed over.The package contained the missing diamonds completely intact, but the young man refused to accept the $2500 reward, as that was his instruction, he told Bensinger's agent. Bensinger then began to receive threatening letters that demanded $5,000 () or his house would be burned down and he would be killed. He also received these same threats by telephone, spoken in a soft deep bass voice. The telephone message also told Bensinger that if he did not comply immediately that a bomb would detonate and kill everyone at his daughter's wedding. He hired detectives to investigate and they soon discovered the identity of the culprit. It was an office boy and with an accomplice who had hidden the diamonds in a vault. Later the thief moved the diamonds and buried them in the ground until they returned them.The thief and his accomplice were never identified. Investigation showed that likely it was one of four or five employees of Bensinger that was the thief, as they had access to Bensinger's business safe and the diamonds. Ultimately Bensinger paid the thief $5,000 for the safe return of the diamonds. Family

Bensinger married Eleanora Brunswick, the daughter of Brunswick, on May 16, 1865. They had two daughters, Cora and Edna, and one son, Benjamin Edward. Bensinger sponsored an elaborate wedding for his daughter Cora when she got married in 1887, that consisted of 250 guests. Bensinger's son Benjamin became president of the Brunswick-Blake-Collender company upon his death.Benjamin's son Robert took over in 1931, making him the third generation of the Bensinger family to hold the office as the company's president. Billiard table manufacturing

Bensinger experimented and researched improved billiard tables and gear, leading to significant patents for rubber bumpers and other innovations. In 1880 Bensinger, as part owner of J. M. Brunswick & Balke Company, set up a branch in San Francisco for manufacturing billiard tables, making his company the only American coast-to-coast manufacturer and distributor of these tables. He was involved in setting up tournaments for establishments that used his billiard tables and issued cash prizes and trophies. Clubs and associations

Bensinger was a member of the Lakeside and Washington Park clubs, and of the Chicago Athletic Association. Bensinger was a Turner as a member of the Chicago German-American gymnastic club. He was a member and on the executive board of the Chicago Sinai Congregation.Bensinger was one of the original 1869 members of The Standard Club, which is predominately Jewish. He was involved with its new 1889 club-house building on Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago, since the original building burned down. <mask> was its president from 1889 through 1893. Bensinger was known as a business negotiator to settle disputes between management and labor. He was recognized as being affable, practical, far-sighted, progressive and democratically inclined in his dealing with workers. He signed the first agreement with a predecessor of the Amalgamated-Woodworkers Union, which led to a harmonious and productive relationship between union and management. Later life and death
Bensinger held the position of president of the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company from 1890 until his death.He died in French Lick, Indiana, on October 14, 1904. The cause of death was heart failure. His remains are interred at Rosehill Cemetery. Bensinger left an estate valued at $750,000 () and most went to his family and relatives. Several bequests of $1,000 ( each went to his brothers and sisters. To his children were given 40 shares each of the capital stock of Brunswick, Baike, and Collender company, worth $1,000 a share. The bequest to his daughter Edna provided that executors retain the principal until they felt it was the correct time to give her the entire bequest.Until that time she was to get the net income from the stock. This was set up like this by Bensinger because of Edna's unusually free and open handed disposition that scarified care and concern to herself. His surviving wife and his son were the executors. References

Sources

External links

 Chicago Billiard Museum

1839 births
1904 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
American business executives
American company founders
American manufacturing businesspeople
American merchants
Businesspeople from Louisville, Kentucky

masks:
Moses Bensinger
Bensinger
Bensinger


title: Brian Saah

texts:
<mask> (born 16 December 1986) is an English is a former professional footballer, who is currently an academy coach for Football League Two side Leyton Orient. Club career

Leyton Orient
<mask> was born in Hornchurch, London. He started his career in the youth system at Leyton Orient, making his debut at the age of sixteen in a 3–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town in September 2003. He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against future club Woking on 28 September 2004. Despite starting as a central midfielder, <mask> was converted to a central defender and won praise for his displays deputising for first team regulars John Mackie and Gabriel Zakuani during the 2005–06 promotion season to League One. At the end of the season he was rewarded with his first professional contract. He began to establish himself in the team and become a first team regular during the 2006–07 season, and was rewarded with a new two-year contract in March 2007.There was also speculation that Premier League club  Tottenham Hotspur had offered £2 million for the defender, after scouts had been sent to see him action. However, Orient manager Martin Ling rubbished the story saying the offer would have been accepted, but still claimed that <mask> was the best defender outside the Championship. He scored his first league goal in a 3–1 loss at AFC Bournemouth on 26 December 2007. <mask> featured quite frequently over the next two seasons but was released at the end of his contract in May 2009, after making a total of 110 appearances scoring twice. Cambridge United
Following his release from Orient, he spent time in pre-season at Southend United and Tranmere Rovers on trial, featuring in friendlies against Dagenham & Redbridge and Shrewsbury Town. In August 2009, <mask> dropped into the non-league game, re-uniting with former Orient boss Martin Ling at Conference Premier team Cambridge United. He started in all of the U's first seventeen league games, scoring twice before a double hernia operation in November kept him out of action for six weeks.In May 2010, he signed a new two-year contract extension after in impressive first season where he made 33 league appearances and came runner-up in the Internet Player of the Year awards. He was also made club captain, taking some off-field responsibilities away from team captain Paul Carden. In January 2011, <mask> found himself playing in a defensive midfield role which coincided with two back-to-back away victories. In total, <mask> made eighty appearances for Cambridge scoring eight times. Torquay United
In July 2011, <mask> signed for League Two club Torquay United reuniting again with Martin Ling, despite him having a year to run on his Cambridge contract. The club didn't want him to leave, but he didn't fit into the new wage structure that the club adopted as they had to slash the playing budget by twenty-five per cent. He was made club captain in his first season at the club as the Gulls missed out on promotion via the play-offs with defeat to Cheltenham Town.<mask> again remained a first team regular with Torquay during his second season with the club making 46 appearances, but rejected the offer of a new contract and chose to leave the Gulls in the summer of 2013. He stated that he wanted to find a club nearer his family home in London as his son was starting school. He left having played a total of 86 games, scoring twice. Dagenham & Redbridge
In July 2013, he signed for his hometown club Dagenham & Redbridge in League Two on a two-year contract, after impressing in pre-season friendlies. In his first season with the club he forged a strong partnership with Scott Doe as the Daggers finished in the top half narrowly avoiding the play-offs. Featuring 48 times for the club, he was also named as runner-up in the Player of the Year awards. He also scored twice during their Football League Trophy run; once against Colchester United and once against Southend United.He started the 2014–15 season as first choice centre-back continuing his partnership with Scott Doe, but lost his place in the team around Christmas due to the emergence of loan signing Ayo Obileye. In March 2015, he was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan in order to help boost their promotion push. The loan deal was extended three weeks later until the end of the season. In May 2015, <mask> was released from the club after two seasons, having made 75 appearances and scoring twice. Woking
On 6 March 2015, <mask> joined Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan. On 24 March 2015, <mask> made his Woking debut in a 3–2 victory over Torquay United, in which he played the full 90 minutes. On 1 August 2015, upon his release from Dagenham & Redbridge, <mask> re-joined Woking on a permanent deal after his previous successful loan spell at the club.On 12 September 2015, <mask> scored his first Woking goal in a 4–4 draw with Guiseley, in which he scored just before the half time break. On 12 December 2015, <mask> netted in Woking's FA Trophy triumph over Boreham Wood, in which he got the equalizer before Giuseppe Sole got the winner in the remaining seconds of the fixture. On 23 June 2016, <mask> signed a new one-year deal at Woking, therefore keeping him at the club for the forthcoming season. On the opening day of the 2016–17 campaign, <mask> played the full 90 minutes in Woking's 3–1 home defeat to Lincoln City. On 14 January 2017, <mask> scored his first goal of the 2016–17 campaign, in Woking's 2–1 away victory against Torquay United. Netting the Cards' second in the 36th minute after teammate, Fabio Saraiva had given the Surrey-based side the lead inside the opening ten minutes. On 23 May 2017, it was announced that <mask> would leave Woking upon the expiry of his current deal in June 2017.

International career
In May 2010, <mask> was called up to an eighteen-man squad to play for England C for an International Challenge Trophy match against the Republic of Ireland in Waterford.However, he remained an unused substitute in a 2–1 England win. He made his debut for the team in September 2010, playing in a 2–2 draw with the Wales Semi-Pro team, replacing Aden Flint as a substitute. Coaching Career
Following his release from Woking, <mask> decided to retire from professional football in November 2017. He re-joined Leyton Orient as academy coach in July 2019. On 23 February 2022, following the sacking of Kenny Jackett, <mask> was appointed assistant to caretaker manager Matt Harrold. Career statistics

References

External links

<mask> profile at the Woking F.C. website

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Hornchurch
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football defenders
Leyton Orient F.C.players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Leyton Orient F.C. non-playing staff
Black British sportspeople

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