title: Su Ting

texts:
<mask> (蘇頲; 680 – July 31, 737), courtesy name <mask> (廷碩), formally Duke Wenxian of Xu (許文憲公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He was a capable supporting chancellor to Song Jing, and he was also immensely gifted literarily, ranking with Zhang Yue as the two great literary figures of their time. They were known in unison as 燕许大手笔 ("Immense pen-brushes from Yan and Xu"). Background
<mask> was born in 680, near the end of the reign of Emperor Gaozong. At that time, his father <mask> was serving on the staff of Emperor Gaozong's son Li Dan the Prince of Yu. It was said that <mask> was intelligent and handsome in his youth, and was able to remember and recite texts with 1,000 characters. During Wu Zetian's reign
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian, <mask>g passed the imperial examinations and was made the magistrate of Wucheng County (烏程, in modern Huzhou, Jiangsu).He eventually became an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史). Late in her reign, during the Chang'an era (701-705), she had <mask> review the cases that her secret police official Lai Junchen had handled early in her reign which had resulted in many executions. <mask> was able to uncover many wrongful convictions and get people's honors posthumously restored. During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and her son and crown prince Li Xian, a former emperor, returned to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). <mask> was made an imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong) and an imperial scholar at Xiuwen Pavilion (修文館). He was soon made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). Soon thereafter, <mask>'s father <mask> was made chancellor, and the family was considered an exceedingly honored one.At that time, most official commissions were drafted by <mask>, and his language was considered very beautiful. During Emperor Shang's reign and Emperor Ruizong's second reign
In 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by his powerful wife Empress Wei and her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle, so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could be crown princess. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen was named emperor (as Emperor Shang), but Empress Wei retained power as empress dowager and regent. Less than a month later, Empress Wei and Li Guo'er were killed in a coup led by Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping and nephew Li Longji the Prince of Linzi. Li Longji's father Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, himself a former emperor, was initially named regent, and in the aftermaths of the coup, there were many commission and demotion orders to be written, with <mask>g in charge of drafting them. He was reading them so quickly to his scribe that the scribe commented, "Lord, please be slower. Otherwise, my wrist would be dislocated."The chancellor Li Jiao, who was <mask>'s superior and who was himself known for great literary talent, commented, "The Sheren thinks as fast as a gushing spring. I, Li Jiao, cannot compare to him." Soon, under the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi, Li Dan took the throne himself (as Emperor Ruizong), displacing Emperor Shang. Sometime thereafter, <mask> was made the deputy minister of worship (太常少卿, Taichang Shaoqing). Later in 710, <mask> died. <mask> inherited the title of Duke of Xu and left government service to observe a mourning period for his father. Soon thereafter, Emperor Ruizong tried to recall him to government service as the deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang), which he declined—and when Emperor Ruizong sent the official Li Rizhi to visit <mask> to urge him to return to government service, Li Rizhi saw that <mask>'s mourning was deep and genuine.Emperor Ruizong thus allowed <mask>g to serve out the traditional three-year mourning period. During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to Li Longji, who took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong. Once <mask>g's mourning period was over, Emperor Xuanzong began considering where he could place <mask>. He considered making <mask>hongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, but was unsure whether there was a precedent, and so he asked the chancellors, "Is there precedent for someone to become Zhongshu Shilang from being Gongbu Shilang?" He received a response of, "Your Imperial Majesty should care about whether he is suitable, not precedent." Emperor Xuanzong thus made <mask>hongshu Shilang—and gave him the unprecedented honor of sharing the food normally served only to chancellors. At that time, Li Ai (李乂), who was also a capable writer, was also Zhongshu Shilang.Emperor Xuanzong thus commented to <mask>:

This started a precedent for officials who draft imperial edicts to also leave their names on the edicts for posterity. Subsequently, after Emperor Ruizong died in 716, Emperor Xuanzong wanted to build a stele at Emperor Ruizong's tomb Jingling (靖陵). <mask> opposed, pointing out that not only was it not fitting with tradition, but that if he did so, all of the prior emperors' tombs needed to be retroactively given steles. Emperor Xuanzong thus stopped the project. Around the new year 717, <mask>, whose title had been changed to Ziwei Shilang (紫微侍郎) by that point due to a number of name changes in offices that Emperor Xuanzong instituted, was given the designation Tong Ziwei Huangmen Pingzhangshi (同紫微黃門平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. He worked well with the more senior chancellor Song Jing. It was said that Song was strict and often made the decisions that <mask> obeyed.Whenever Song made reports to Emperor Xuanzong, <mask> would make reports that supplemented Song's. Song once commented:

Later in 717, there was a controversy over whether Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong, as brothers, could both be worshipped at the ancestral temple. The officials in charge of worship, Chen Zhenjie (陳貞節), Feng Zong (馮宗), and <mask>'s cousin <mask> (蘇獻), advocated moving Emperor Zhongzong's cult out of the imperial temple and having him worshipped at a separate temple, as they believed that the traditional requirement that the emperor worship seven ancestors referred to seven generations of ancestors, and that Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong, of the same generation, thus constituted only one of the seven ancestors together. <mask> (孫平子), however, believed that this violated the principle that past emperors should all be worshipped. Because <mask>an was <mask>g's cousin, <mask>g advocated for him, and eventually his suggestion was accepted. Over the next few years, <mask> concurred with Song on many matters of morality and governmental cleanliness, including:

 In winter 717, when Emperor Xuanzong requested that Song and <mask> submit a number of formal names and titles for his sons and daughters—but separately requested a set of particularly honorable names, presumably for a favorite son—Song and <mask> pointed out that this would be viewed as favoritism, and therefore submitted a group of names without any designation as to what were particularly honorable names. When Emperor Xuanzong's father-in-law Wang Renjiao (王仁皎) died, Wang Renjiao's son Wang Shouyi (王守一) requested that a tomb be built for Wang Renjiao that would be as large as Emperor Xuanzong's maternal grandfather Dou Xiaochen (竇孝諶), and Emperor Xuanzong initially agreed.Song and <mask> pointed out that Dou's tomb was already considered overly wasteful and should not be followed. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and reduced the scale of Wang Renjiao's tomb. By 720, however, Song's strictness would eventually bring his and <mask>'s removal. Song had ordered that individuals who had repeatedly appealed their cases without cause be detained by the imperial censors, until they were willing to drop their appeals. This drew much anger from people. At that time, there happened to be a drought, which, according to popular beliefs at the time, would be accompanied by the appearance of a spirit known as the Hanba (旱魃). One day, while Emperor Xuanzong was watching a play, an actor dressed as the Hanba, and stated:

Meanwhile, further, Song and <mask> were strictly prohibiting the use of damaged coins, which they had tried to replace with newly minted coins.However, the damaged coins were still in circulation despite the prohibition, particularly in the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River. Song sent the imperial censor Xiao Yinzhi (蕭隱之) to the region to be in charge of collecting the damaged coins and taking them out of circulation. Xiao was strict in his behavior, drawing much resentment. Emperor Xuanzong, when he heard this, demoted Xiao, and in spring 720 removed Song and <mask> from their chancellor posts, making <mask> the minister of rites (禮部尚書, Libu Shangshu) instead. He replaced Song and <mask> with Yuan Qianyao and Zhang Jiazhen. In 725, when Emperor Xuanzong suspected that the civil service selections were not done properly, he commissioned 10 officials, including <mask>, to reexamine the official commissions of that year, against advice that doing so undermined the authority of the civil service affairs ministry, although he stopped doing this in 726. Also in 725, when Emperor Xuanzong offered sacrifices to heaven and earthat Mount Tai, he had <mask> draft the text of the monument there.It was said that <mask> was frugal and did not care about money—and that he shared his salaries with his younger brothers and family members, with no savings left. He died in 727. Initially, there was no posthumous honors given to him. The official Wei Shu (韋述) submitted a petition pointing out <mask>'s contributions, and Emperor Xuanzong, in response, bestowed posthumous honors on <mask>. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 88. New Book of Tang, vol.125. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 210, 211, 212, 213. External links
Books of the Quan Tangshi that include collected poems of <mask> at the Chinese Text Project:
Book 73
Book 74

Chancellors under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
680 births
737 deaths

masks:
Su Ting
Tingshuo
Su Ting
Su Gui
Su Ting
Su Tin
Su
Su
Su Ting
Su Ting
Su Gui
Su
Su Tin
Su Ting
Su Ting
Su Gui
Su Ting
Su Ting
Su Ting
Su Tin
Su Tin
Su
Su Z
Su Z
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Ting
Su Xian
Sun Pingzi
Su Xi
Su Tin
Su Tin
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Ting


title: Willy Ley

type: original

texts:
<mask> (October 2, 1906 – June 24, 1969) was a German-American science writer and proponent of cryptozoology. The crater Ley on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor. Early life and Berlin years
<mask> was the son of <mask>, a traveling merchant, and Frida May, the daughter of a Lutheran sexton. <mask> grew up in his native Berlin during the First World War under the supervision of two aunts. When war erupted his father was in Great Britain. Consequently, he spent the remainder of the war at a detention camp on the Isle of Man. Meanwhile, his mother worked as milliner in a distant city in Germany.As Ley later recalled he "grew up, so to speak, in the shadow of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin". When his school teacher asked him to compose an essay on the subject "What Do I Want to Be When I Am Grown and Why? ", Ley responded: "I want to be an explorer." Ley remained unconvinced by this skeptical attitude. When he was old enough he studied astronomy, physics, zoology and paleontology at the University of Berlin. Ley explained, "I was never quite sure whether my studies would earn me the title of "zoologist" or "geologist," but I kept exploring, in a manner of speaking, looking especially into such corners as others had neglected." He then became interested in spaceflight after reading Hermann Oberth's book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space).Although it was a technical book that was difficult to understand, Ley worked through the calculations and concluded that outer space would soon become the next great frontier of human exploration. Ley was so convinced by Oberth's book that he sat down at the age of 19 to write a popularization of its contents. He also began corresponding with every known rocket enthusiast in Europe, including Oberth himself. After publishing Die Fahrt ins Weltall (Travel in Outer Space) in 1926, Ley became one of the first members of Germany's amateur rocket group, the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR – "Spaceflight Society") in 1927 and wrote extensively for its journal, Die Rakete (The Rocket). Ley would eventually become the group's Vice-President during a time when it had no active President. Meanwhile, he was writing hundreds of short articles about rockets for German and foreign newspapers. Due to the influence of <mask> and other popular science writers, such as Max Valier, Germans witnessed a short-lived "rocketry fad" in Berlin.From exhibits at public locations to large spectator events, such as Fritz von Opel's rocket-car stunts, the German public was excited about both the future possibilities of space travel and the potential for new "weapons of wonder" that could revive the German Empire. The "rocketry fad" culminated with Fritz Lang's 1929 film Die Frau im Mond (Woman in the Moon), which became the first realistic depiction of spaceflight in cinematic history. Although Oberth is often credited as the main technical consultant to the film, <mask>'s role was of central importance. Oberth was tasked with building a small rocket to be launched at the film's premiere. This project never materialized. However, <mask>'s work on the movie did. As director Fritz Lang later recalled, "The work he had done as consultant and advisor ... was amazing.The models of the spaceship, really a highly advanced model of a rocket, the trajectories and the orbits of the modular capsule from the earth, around the earth and to the moon and back ... were so accurate that in 1937 the Gestapo confiscated not only all models of the spaceship but also all foreign prints of the picture." Despite the many successes the "rocketry fad" could not be sustained during the early years of the Great Depression. The German public lost interest amidst economic turmoil. Meanwhile, rocket researchers, such as Rudolf Nebel, formed closer ties with the military, which greatly expanded under the leadership of Wernher von Braun. With the collapse of the VfR, the rise of a culture of necessary secrecy and the loss of public enthusiasm, Ley grew discouraged. He continued to write articles for the domestic and foreign press while he stayed in touch with close friends. Yet for the most part, Ley turned back to his original scientific interests, while writing a biography of Conrad Gessner (the "Father" of modern Zoology).To make ends meet <mask> also worked as a clerk and then manager at a Berlin bank. When the Nazis seized power, <mask>'s situation became increasingly desperate. He was horrified by National Socialism, its ideology and its style of violent politics. His perception of political events can be inferred from a short science fiction story called "Fog," which Ley wrote in 1940 under the pen name of Robert Wiley. It is a biographical narrative about an office manager dealing with the everyday effects of totalitarianism. Although the story is set in New York City during a failed Communist revolution, it is clear that Ley is retelling his personal experiences in Berlin. In fact, John Campbell, the editor of Astounding, requested that Ley center the narrative on his personal experience.<mask> not only disliked the irrational nature of German politics, but he also associated the Nazis with the rise of "Pseudo-science." To make matters worse, <mask> had an established reputation as an international scientist, who openly shared and popularized technical information about rocketry, while his articles continued to be republished by foreign newspapers throughout 1934. In January 1935, Ley used company stationery to write a letter that authorized his vacation in London. Carrying only his favorite books, a few changes of clothing and travel documentation, Ley fled Germany for Great Britain and ultimately the United States. In the United States

In 1936, he supervised operations of two rocket planes carrying mail at Greenwood Lake, NY. <mask> was an avid reader of science fiction, and began publishing scientific articles in American science fiction magazines, beginning with "The Dawn of the Conquest of Space" in the March 1937 issue of Astounding Stories. In the February 1937 issue of that same magazine, he had published a science fiction short story "At the Perihelion" under the pseudonym Robert Wiley, which was later reprinted as "A Martian Adventure" in the 1962 anthology Great Science Fiction by Scientists (Collier Books, Groff Conklin, ed.).He was a member of science fiction fandom as well, attending science fiction conventions, and was eventually a Guest of Honor at Philcon II, the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. In 1940 <mask> joined the staff of PM. In the winter of 1941 he met the paper's fitness columnist and model, Olga Feldmann (1912–2001). They became engaged on December 11 and married on Christmas Eve. His book Rockets – the Future of Travel Beyond the Stratosphere (1944) describes the early rockets at VfR and more futuristic projects to reach the moon using a 3-stage rocket "as high as 1/3 of the Empire State Building" – a very good estimate of the height of the Saturn V rocket designed 20 years later. His works from the 1950s and '60s are regarded as classics of popular science and include The Conquest of Space 1949 (with Chesley Bonestell), The Conquest of the Moon (with Wernher von Braun and Fred Whipple, 1953), and Beyond the Solar System (1964). His book, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, (1957) was cited in the Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications, a staff report of the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration of the U.S. House of Representatives, which provided non-technical information about spaceflight to U.S. policy makers.Ley had a regular science column called "For Your Information" in Galaxy Science Fiction from March 1952 until his death. Ley participated in "Man in Space", a 1955 episode of Disneyland which explained spaceflight to a large television audience. Fellow Galaxy columnist Floyd C. Gale wrote that Ley "has become as familiar to TV audiences as Howdy Doody". In the late 1950s, he designed for Monogram models a range of space vehicles. The kits included informational booklets on space travel written by Ley. He also consulted for the Tom Corbett, Space Cadet series of children's science fiction books and TV series, as well as the 1959 feature film entitled "The Space Explorers." Robert A. Heinlein honored him by mentioning a future "Leyport" on the Moon in his 1952 juvenile novel The Rolling Stones.Likewise and long after his death, Larry Niven and Steven Barnes named a future space shuttle the “<mask>” in their 1982 novel The Descent of Anansi. In 1954, <mask> wrote Engineers' Dreams in which he discussed 'Seven Future Wonders of the World'. These included accurate predictions of the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France and commercial wind, solar and geothermal power. Other schemes were less practical: damming the River Jordan to provide power and irrigation to Israel/Palestine and the plans of fellow German Herman Sörgel to drain the Mediterranean to link Europe with Africa and create the new continent of Atlantropa. He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers the Black Widowers. Ley died at the age of 62 on June 24, 1969 – less than a month before men first landed on the Moon – in his home in Jackson Heights, Queens, where he had lived with his family since the mid-1950s. Cryptozoology
<mask> was best known for his books on rocketry and related topics, but he also wrote a number of books about cryptozoology, a pseudoscience.In 1949, Ley published an article Do Prehistoric Monsters Still Exist? which popularised the living dinosaur idea and included a discussion on the Mokele-mbembe legend. Ley collected much source material on anomalous animals for his writings. Science historian Brian Regal has noted that Ley "copied entire chapters of Heuvelmans's On the Track of Unknown Animals for his own reference." Bibliography

References and notes

Further reading
  Buss, Jared S. <mask>: Prophet of the Space Age (University Press of Florida, 2017) online review

External links

 Disneyland - Man in Space - Part 1 of 4. Video in which Dr. Ley explains principles of rocketry at 11:36
 <mask> Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

1906 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American physicists
American technology writers
Cryptozoologists
German aerospace engineers
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century German inventors
20th-century German physicists
German technology writers
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
German rocket scientists
Science fiction fans
Space advocates
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Scientists from New York (state)
Engineers from Berlin

masks:
Willy Otto Oskar Ley
Willy Otto Oskar Ley
Julius Otto Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Ley
Willy Ley
Ley
Ley
Willy Ley
Willy Ley


title: Nelson Norman

texts:
<mask> (born May 23, 1958) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from  to  for the Texas Rangers and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He returned to the major leagues in  with the Montreal Expos. After his playing career he continued to serve in minor league baseball as a coach and manager for several professional baseball organizations. Playing career

Pittsburgh Pirates
<mask> was originally signed as a 16-year-old amateur free agent by the Pittsburgh Pirates in . He made his professional debut with the minor league Gulf Coast League Pirates that year, batting .262 in 61 games. He made his way through their farm system quickly, and by the end of the 1977 season he was playing for the Triple-A Columbus Clippers.Texas Rangers

1978: MLB debut
<mask> was traded along with Al Oliver from the Pirates to the Rangers in the first four-team blockbuster deal in Major League Baseball history on December 8, 1977 that also involved the Atlanta Braves, New York Mets and a total of eleven players changing teams. The Rangers also received Jon Matlack from the Mets. The Pirates acquired Bert Blyleven from the Rangers and John Milner from the Mets. Going to the Braves from the Rangers were Adrian Devine, Tommy Boggs and Eddie Miller. The Mets got from the Braves Willie Montañez and from the Rangers Tom Grieve and Ken Henderson who was sent to New York to complete the transaction three months later on March 15, 1978. <mask> started the 1978 season with the Tucson Toros. In mid-May, starting shortstop Bert Campaneris was injured, and <mask> was called up to the majors to back up replacement Jim Mason.He made his major league debut on May 20, three days before his 20th birthday. He entered the game in the sixth inning after the Rangers had pinch-hit for Mason. He played three innings in the field, handling one chance on defense, before he was lifted for pinch hitter Mike Jorgensen. Two days later, <mask> made his first start and got his first major league hit. When Campaneris was activated in early June, <mask> returned to Tucson. He spent the rest of the season there, batting .284 with 76 RBIs. He returned to the major leagues in September, finishing his first season with nine hits in 34 at bats.1979: Starter
In , <mask> won the starting shortstop job in spring training, beating out both Campaneris and newcomer Larvell Blanks, who had been acquired from the Cleveland Indians over the winter (Campaneris would be traded to the California Angels) in May. <mask> played in 147 games, but batted just .222 with just 12 extra base hits in 343 at bats. 1980–81: Back to the minors
<mask> opened up the 1980 season as the starting shortstop again. However, by the end of April, he had lost the job to Pepe Frías, who had been acquired from the Atlanta Braves over the winter. In May, the Rangers signed Bud Harrelson to back up Frías, and <mask>, who was hitting .219 in 17 games, was sent down to the minors. However, due to injury, he played in just 28 games for the Charleston Charlies, and did not play in the majors again that year. Once again, the Rangers acquired a shortstop over the winter before the 1981 season.This time, it was Mario Mendoza, acquired in a trade from the Seattle Mariners. <mask> started the season in the minors, playing for the Wichita Aeros. He batted .246 in 115 games, and earned a September call-up to the Rangers. He played in just seven games, going 3-for-13 at the plate. After the season, the Rangers traded <mask> back to the Pirates for pitcher Víctor Cruz. Back to the Pirates
Unfortunately for <mask>, the Pirates already had Dale Berra entrenched as their starting shortstop. During spring training, <mask> was beaten out for the backup job by minor league veteran Jim Smith, and for the second consecutive year he opened the year in the minors.After batting .270 in 134 games for the Portland Beavers, <mask> was again called up in September, but this time played in just three games. He started the final game of the season, going 0-for-3. In , <mask> was demoted to Double-A. He played the entire season with the Lynn Pirates, where he was moved to second base for most of the year. He batted .268 and had a career-high (at any level) of five home runs. In , he was back in Triple-A with the Hawaii Islanders, where for the first time in his career he was not the full-time starter, splitting time in the middle infield with several other players. At the end of the year, he became a free agent.Orioles and Expos
He signed with the Baltimore Orioles' organization, and spent the 1985 season playing second base. After hitting just .186, he was traded during the offseason to the Montreal Expos for fellow minor league veteran Steve Baker. <mask> finished his playing career in the Expos organization. After his abysmal 1985, he was returned to Double-A again in  with the Jacksonville Expos. He spent his last three seasons as a player with the Indianapolis Indians before retiring in . He did get to play one final game in the majors on April 29, 1987, starting at shortstop against his old team, the Pirates, and going 0-for-4. Post-playing career
After his playing career ended, <mask> remained in the Expos organization as a minor league coach.In 1992, he was named manager of the Gulf Coast League Expos, where he managed until 1994. In 1995, he moved to the Braves organization, where he managed the Macon Braves. From 1997 through 2000, he was manager of the Dominican Summer League Red Sox. In 2001, he served as infield coach for the Boston Red Sox. In 2007, <mask> served as a coach for the Swing of the Quad Cities. From 2008 to 2010, he was the manager of the Dominican Summer League Cardinals, although he was replaced for part of 2009 by Claudio Almonte. As of 2015, <mask> is a scout and director of Dominican operations for the Orioles.References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Boston Red Sox coaches
Caimanes del Sur players
Charleston Charlies players
Charleston Patriots players
Columbus Clippers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic people of Cocolo descent
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Estrellas Orientales players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Hawaii Islanders players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Expos players
Lynn Pirates (1983) players
Major League Baseball coaches
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minor league baseball managers
Montreal Expos players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
Shreveport Captains players
Texas Rangers players
Tucson Toros players
Wichita Aeros players

masks:
Nelson Augusto Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman


title: Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied

texts:
<mask>ed (23 September 1782 – 3 February 1867) was a German explorer, ethnologist and naturalist. He led a pioneering expedition to southeast Brazil between 1815–1817, from which the album Reise nach Brasilien, which first revealed to Europe real images of Brazilian Indians, was the ultimate result. It was translated into several languages and recognized as one of the greatest contributions to the knowledge of Brazil at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1832 he embarked on another expedition, this time to United States, together with the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer. Prince <mask> collected many examples of ethnography, and many specimens of flora and fauna of the area, still preserved in museum collections, notably in the Lindenmuseum, Stuttgart. The genus Neuwiedia Blume (Orchidaceae) was named for him. Also, <mask>medusa maximiliani, Micrablepharis maximiliani, Bothrops neuwiedi, Polemon neuwiedi, Pseudoboa neuwiedi, Sibynomorphus neuwiedi, Xenodon neuwiedii, and Ramphotyphlops wiedii.Biography
Wied was born in Neuwied, the grandson of the ruling count (after 1784 prince) Johann Friedrich Alexander of Wied-Neuwied. Born at the end of the European Enlightenment, <mask> became friends with two of its major figures: Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a major comparative anthropologist under whom he studied biological sciences, and Alexander von Humboldt, who served as <mask>'s mentor. He joined the Prussian army in 1800 during the Napoleonic Wars, rising to the rank of major. He was given a leave of absence from the army in 1815 (prior to Napoleon's escape from Elba). Wied led an expedition to southeast Brazil from 1815 to 1817. In 1816 he found the tribe of the Botocudos, about which he gave exact details for the first time. On account of the war among the different tribes of the country he was obliged to abandon his original route and remained for some time near some ruins that he had come across.North of the Belmonte river he made his way through the woods, and after many difficulties arrived in the province of Minas Gerais. His delicate health forced him to abandon his expedition, and he was detained on unfounded suspicions for four days, and robbed of a large part of his collection of insects and plants. After this he resolved to leave the country, and embarked for Germany on 10 May 1817. On his return, he wrote Reise nach Brasilien (1820–21) and Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien (1825–33). In 1832 he travelled to the Great Plains region of the United States, accompanied by the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer on a journey up the Missouri River, and wrote Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerikas (1840) on his return. During his travels, he was a sympathetic recorder of the cultures of many of the Native American tribes he encountered, notably the Mandan and the Hidatsa, who lived in settled villages on the banks of the Missouri, but also such nomadic peoples as the Sioux, Assiniboine, Plains Cree, Gros Ventres and Blackfoot. Bodmer's watercolour paintings of individuals, artefacts and customs among the Indians are acknowledged as among the most accurate and informative ever made.Many were adapted as hand-coloured engravings to illustrate the publication of 1840. In 1845, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. Gallery

See also
:Category:Taxa named by Prince <mask> of Wied-Neuwied
Leopardus wiedii, a spotted cat named for <mask> zu Wied-Neuwied
Helianthus maximiliani, the <mask> sunflower

References

Further reading

 <mask> Wied-Neuwied: Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817, 1820
 <mask> zu Wied-Neuwied: Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, 1824
 <mask> zu Wied-Neuwied: Brasilien, Nachträge, Berichtigungen, Zusätze, 1850
 <mask> zu Wied-Neuwied: Unveröffentlichte Bilder und Handschriften zur Völkerkunde Brasiliens. Editor: Josef Röder and Hermann Trimborn. Bonn 1954. <mask> Wied-Neuwied: <mask> of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834. Achermann & Comp., London 1843–1844
 <mask> Wied-Neuwied: <mask> of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834.In: Early Western Travels, 1748–1848, 1906, (vol. 22–25) from Reuben Gold Thwaites. David  C. Hunt, William J. Orr, W. H. Goetzmann (Editor): Karl Bodmer's America. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 1984. John C. Ewers: Views of vanishing frontier. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 1984 + 1985
 Paul Schach, "<mask>, Prince of Wied (1782-1867): Reconsidered." Great Plains Quarterly 14 (1994): 5-20."<mask> of Wied-Neuwied," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011. Marsha V. Gallagher: Karl Bodmer's eastern views. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 1996
 Brandon K. Ruud (Editor): Karl Bodmer's North American Prints. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 2004. Michael G. Noll, “<mask>'s Other Worlds.” The Pennsylvania Geographer, 43 (2005): 65–83. Michael G. Noll, "<mask>'s America: The Narrated Landscapes of a German Explorer and Naturalist", Dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence (Kansas) 2000. Nordamerika Native Museum Zürich: Karl Bodmer.A Swiss Artist in America 1809–1893. Ein Schweizer Künstler in Amerika. University of Chicago Press and Scheidegger & Spiess, Zürich 2009 (English and German). External links

Collection at Old Book Art All 81 aquatint illustrations and map from <mask> of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834
Prince <mask> of Wied
Ein Prinz unter Indianern: Die Reisen des Prinz <mask> zu Wied. Docudrama by Atlantis Film Berlin which aired on March 12, 2017, on Terra X, ZDF. <mask> Wied-Neuwied (1782–1867) naturalist, ethnologist
An Illustrated Expedition of North America: Bodmer and <mask> in the American West
Plates from <mask>'s Travels in Brazil (London, 1820)
Frogs and turtle named by Prince Max
 A Journey Through the Nebraska Region in 1833 and 1834: From the Diaries of <mask> of Wied

1782 births
1867 deaths
German ethnologists
German explorers
German ornithologists
German taxonomists
19th-century German botanists
19th-century German zoologists
Explorers of South America
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
<mask> Wied-Neuwied, Prince
People from Neuwied

masks: Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied Neuwi


title: Dave Farrow

texts:
<mask> (born January 10, 1975) is a two-time Canadian Guinness World Record Holder for Most Decks of Playing Cards Memorized in a Single Sighting, entrepreneur, memory coach, speed reader and keynote speaker. He is best known for winning the Guinness World Records for Most Decks of Playing Cards Memorized in a Single Sighting in 1996 and again in 2007 when he set out to reclaim his record after it was beaten in 2002. The initial record was set at the Guinness World Records museum in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada while the latter was performed for Discovery Channel Canada at CTV Television Network studios. Both records were accomplished under the controlled supervision of multiple cameras and multiple independent witnesses. Early life

<mask> was born on January 10, 1975, in Kitchener, Ontario, to Wayne and <mask>. Born into a blue-collar family, his father Wayne is a retired factory worker, who dealt in space shuttle parts and his mother Virginia is a homemaker. After resuscitating him twice during birth, doctors offered a bleak prognosis, suggesting <mask> was unlikely to survive past his first year due to the numerous health problems that would plague his infancy and childhood.He was constantly in and out of the hospital during his formative years, which affected his studies and severely impacted his learning. Despite experiencing this setback, <mask> was able to catch up on schoolwork through independent study. Although he went beyond the curriculum coursework and completed the requirements for the following year, the school refused his request to skip a grade. <mask> eventually got bored and started skipping school. His truancy coupled with his medical issues started to play a toll on his academia and by middle school; he fell behind the learning curve. He was told by one of his teachers that would not amount to anything in life and that he would end up in the blue-collar industry like his father. In addition, <mask> was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia.The doctors recommended that he be put on a consistent course of Ritalin but his mother refused. Following this decision, <mask> decided to take matter into his own hands and began exploring behavior modification approaches to manage his disability. He started going to the library on a frequent basis to expand his knowledge and coming up with memory methods to combat his ADHD and dyslexia through self-taught speed reading and memorizing. This created the foundation of what was later to be known as The Farrow Method. At the age of 14, <mask> was enrolled into Eastwood Collegiate Institute, a public high school in Kitchener. It was there that he started improving his grades dramatically and graduated from high school with perfect distinction and continued on to become a successful businessman. <mask> has an older sister, Kathy, who was born in September 1973.Growing up, he and his family would go to their family cottage at Biscotasi Lake Provincial Park in Biscotasing, Ontario, on a regular basis for family vacations. The family trips to the outdoors helped build his passion for wilderness survival and hiking. Guinness World Records

At the age of 21, <mask> received his first Guinness World Record for Most Decks of Playing Cards Memorized in a Single Sighting in 1996 where he memorized the order of 52 decks of playing cards, randomly shuffled together, and recalled them correctly under Guinness Record rules (a total of 2704 cards) in a single sighting. This feat was accomplished at the Guinness World Records museum in Niagara Falls, Ontario and is featured in the Guinness Book of World Records, 1997 edition. Years later in 2002, Dominic O'Brien broke his record by memorizing 54 decks of cards. By this time, <mask> was able to easily break the record again in 2007. He memorized on single sighting, a random sequence of 59 separate packs of cards (3,068 cards), which took around 14 hours to memorize.<mask> later recalled these cards at CTV Studios, Daily Planet in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on April 2, 2007, and the recall took approximately 9 hours. While undertaking this feat, <mask> made just one mistake during the entire attempt, which he corrected without any external assistance. This successful record is currently featured in the Guinness Book of World Records, 2009 edition, and remains unbroken to this day. What makes this record challenging is that participants can only see each card once with zero repetition and they are only allowed 0.5% errors while many other records allow a much high error rate. Therefore, this record is currently considered the most difficult memory feat for volume and accuracy of memory. Sony Reader Revolution
In October 2008, Sony Corporation invited <mask> to participate in a publicity campaign for their just announced PRS-700 Sony Reader. As part of their Reader Revolution campaign, <mask> lived in the DataVision store window on Fifth Avenue, New York City for 30 days.The Reader Revolution campaign was an effort to promote the newest version of the Sony Reader and to increase the engagement of the general public in digital reading. Sony promised that for each page <mask> read, Sony would give a set of 100 E-book classics to an education institution. The goal was to eventually give 15 million E-book titles to various schools by the end of the program. During the campaign, <mask> read a total of 44,097 pages, which translates to 102 books. Career
After gaining international attention for his 1996 Guinness World Record accomplishment, <mask> continued to utilize his own memory techniques and skills to educate himself in the field of nanotechnology. His passion in nanotechnology led him to speaking at conferences across North America, in front of the research division of Johnson & Johnson and to members of the White House Task Force, as well as being featured in a nanotechnology trade magazine. Building on this success, <mask> founded the nanotechnology company, Accella Scientific Inc.In 2003 where he was involved in a U.S. patent filing for a reliable hand-held HIV diagnostics device that he hopes to bring to market and change the way HIV is tested in developing countries. In 2010, <mask> founded Farrow Inc., which  has subsidiaries Farrow Memory, FarrowPR  and Farrowbot. FarrowPR, a public relations firm based in Buffalo, New York, was founded in 2012 and offers speaker services, sales training, media coaching, corporate and individual branding, social media and digital marketing, media and public relations services, and event management. <mask> developed the Farrow Memory System to learn and memorize things faster. The Farrow Memory is a unique memory course that consists of ancient and neuroscientific memory techniques that help people retain memory for a long time. The Farrow Method is proven to be 3x more effective than other learning methods in a double-blind neuroscience study at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. The training is available for people of all ages, from kids, students to professionals.The course even helps people with ADHD and dyslexia improve their learning and memory. Farrow Memory Kids Edition: This edition is geared toward young children under 5–10 years of age. The Kid's edition is created with an aim to help foster proper memory training methods from a young age. The course includes all the essential learning that allows kids to absorb information from their surroundings and retain it in their long-term memory. You can find more information at  Farrow Memory Kids Edition. Farrow Memory Students Edition is a part of the Farrow Memory training developed specifically for school and university students. In this course, <mask> aims to help students grasp concepts learned in the classroom and retain them in the long term.Students will find unique memory techniques in this edition that will help them ace their exams. In addition to this, there are also techniques for students that experience brain fog while taking the exam. You can find more information at Farrow Memory Student's Edition. Farrow Memory Professional Edition: This edition is developed with the aim to help professionals improve memory. Professionals cannot afford errors in their work. But, when you have difficulties remembering, even simple tasks seem herculean. Farrow Memory Professionals Edition introduces memory techniques and brain exercises to prevent cognitive decline.It also helps to advance your career by learning what is needed in a fraction of the time. You can find more information at Farrow Memory Professional Edition. World Memory Tournament Federation

The World Memory Tournament Federation (WMTF) is an educational initiative cofounded by <mask> and Sergio Gonzalez. It aims to improve the memory of students and to "democratize practical memory and empower lifelong learning" by encouraging the establishments of World Memory Tournament Clubs in schools across the globe as an extracurricular club with materials provided by the WMTF. The World Memory Tournament Federation also provides an online platform for members belonging to clubs located in various regions to come together and compete in memory tournaments set by the MTF. The WMTF has 30 clubs in 7 countries and are currently organizing national competitions in Canada, the United States and South Africa. Personal life

<mask> first met his wife, Andrea Lee Zakel at Toronto's Polaris Star Trek convention in 2004.They were legally married in 2008 at Toronto City Hall and had their wedding at Backus Mill Heritage and Conservation Centre. They currently live in Buffalo, New York and have one son, Alexander, born in April 2014. References
 Archive.org 2009 Kitchener Record article

Living people
Mnemonists
World record holders
1975 births
People from Kitchener, Ontario

masks:
David Andrew Farrow
Dave Farrow
Virginia Farrow
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title: Joseph Lancaster

texts:
<mask> (25 November 1778 – 23 October 1838) was an English Quaker and public education innovator. He developed, and propagated on the grounds both of economy and efficacy, a monitorial system of primary education. In the first decades of the 19th century his ideas found application in new schools established in growing industrial centres. Early life
He was born in Southwark, south London, on 25 November 1778, into a large family, the son of <mask> who had been a soldier and made cane sieves, and his wife Sarah Faulkes who was a shopkeeper. He was interested as a teenager in missionary work in Jamaica. He is said to have run away from home, and to have been returned through naval connections of the minister Thomas Urwick. <mask> joined the Society of Friends, with the intention of becoming a teacher.Schoolmaster
In 1798, <mask> founded a free elementary school, with support from his father. He went on in 1801 to start in Borough Road, Southwark a free school using a variant of the monitorial system. <mask>'s ideas were developed simultaneously with those of Andrew Bell in Madras whose system was referred to as the "Madras system of education". Without wishing to "detract from he praise so justly due" to <mask>, Elizabeth Hamilton noted they had been also "anticipated" some forty years before by the Belfast schoolmaster David Manson (1718-1792). The method of instruction and delivery is recursive. As one student learns the material he or she is rewarded for successfully passing on that information to the next pupil. This method is now commonly known as peer tutoring.The use of monitors was prompted partly by a need to avoid the cost of assistant teachers. <mask> wrote Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community in 1803. It brought him positive publicity, and the Borough Road school numerous visitors. Support

The Borough Road school called itself the Royal Free School, and Lancaster was granted an audience with George III in 1805, at Weymouth. This apogee of recognition built on the support of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, and involved two royal dukes, Kent and Strathearn and Sussex. Lancaster's supporters have been defined as "influential Nonconformists, utilitarian liberals and radicals." They included Edward Wakefield and James Mill.In his education book Chrestomathia (1816), Jeremy Bentham supported a version of the monitorial system, for which he gave both Bell and Lancaster credit, but moved from Lancaster's non-sectarian religious stance to a secularism hostile to Anglicanism. The year 1808 saw the creation of "The Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor". A major figure in it was William Allen, another Quaker, who acted as treasurer. It went by the name Royal Lancasterian Society. According to Henry Dunn, writing in 1848, the others on the initial committee were William Corston, <mask> (of Bromley), <mask>, John Jackson and Thomas Sturge. This group, without Sturge, raised £5600 for Lancaster's school. Lancaster, himself, travelled the British Isles to advise on his methods.Addressing a school committee in Belfast he appeared to reduce these to a question of economy. <mask> described a "mechanical system of education" whereby "above one thousand children may be governed by one master only, at an expense reduced to five shillings per annum". He did, however, make a stipulation, critical in the Ulster context, that pupils should never be asked whether they belonged to "Church, Meeting, or Chapel". A year in advance of his visit in 1811, two schools on his model had already been established in Ulster:  in Belfast, and in Lisburn. The merits of the system was debated at length in the pages of the Belfast Monthly Magazine. The editor, the former United Irishman and founder of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, William Drennan, prefaced the discussion with the observation that "notwithstanding the public benefit from making man a machine, we cannot help thinking that the personal enjoyment gained by knowledge of reading, and figures, with the uses to which such knowledge may in future be applied, is in itself a value worth a great deal of cloth, a great many scissors, and a great many pins". Opposition
The context in England for the Lancasterian school was the array of elementary dame schools (typically fee-paying), charity schools, Sunday schools (such as those set up by Robert Raikes around Gloucester) and the Mendip Hills schools run by the evangelical Hannah More.Sarah Trimmer, involved in the London area in both Sunday school and charity school work, and concerned for the evangelical Anglican parent, attacked Lancaster's use of pupil monitors in A Comparative View of the New Plan of Education Promulgated by Mr. <mask> (1805). "A Churchman", writing to the British Critic in October 1805, commented that

Granting [...] that a dissenter may teach only what he calls "the leading and uncontroverted principles of Christianity," is it not to be feared that the disregard shown to all religious systems and creeds, may so confound the distinctions between right and wrong, that it may eventually occasion the rejection of Christianity altogether?" After initial successes, the Lancasterian schools were criticized for poor standards and harsh discipline. Lancaster had rejected corporal punishment, but misbehaving children might find themselves tied up in sacks, or hoisted above the classroom in cages. Robert Southey was an opponent of corporal punishment, also: but he wrote in 1812, after giving examples of shaming punishments listed in <mask>'s writings:

However objectionable the rod may be [...] it becomes a wise and humane engine of punishment when compared to the yokes and shackles, the cords, and fetters, and cages of Mr. <mask>. After Lancaster's initial royal recognition, the monarchy turned away in the 1810s, and the Church of England sustained its hostility. Controversy and ouster
Lancaster fell out with the Society over a number of issues.There was poor financial management, and he was imprisoned in a sponging house for debt. According to Francis Place, a committee member from 1812, they had information that Lancaster had been privately beating a number of the boys. Critics accused him of deism and homosexuality. He was ousted from the Society in 1814. A group of young teachers had come up through the Lancasterian System: Thomas Harrod, James George Penney, John Pickton, John Veevers, John Thomas Crossley. It was Pickton who replaced Lancaster at Borough Road. The Society renamed itself the British and Foreign School Society (BFSS), a contrast with the Anglican National School System.<mask>, by then a bankrupt, resented the new name. He still travelled the United Kingdom, lecturing and creating local organisations. In the Americas
In 1818, backed by the mill owner David Holt and other friends, <mask> and his family sailed to the United States. He had significant American supporters: Roberts Vaux and Robert Ralston in Philadelphia, and DeWitt Clinton in New York. Clinton had founded a Lancasterian school in 1806, prompted by Thomas Eddy, who knew of <mask>'s work via Patrick Colquhoun in London. Eddy had recently recruited a BFSS master, Charles Pickton trained by <mask>, for the New York school, leaving no place for <mask> himself. <mask> helped to start the first model school in Philadelphia to train teachers to implement his system.He also started a school in Baltimore, but it was not financially viable. A Lancasterian school was set up in New Haven in 1822, with the help of Timothy Dwight IV, and was run successfully by John Lowell, an American disciple. Simón Bolívar had visited the Borough Road School in 1810. Two young men were then sent from South America to study the system. In 1823, <mask> encountered in Baltimore Brooke Young, a soldier with Bolívar's Irish Legion, and Young took a letter for him to Bolívar in Gran Colombia. <mask> and family arrived at La Guayra in May 1824. His daughter Betsy and her husband moved on to Mexico in February 1825, and did not return.<mask> stayed from 1825 to 1827 in Caracas and married there for the second time, with Bolívar presiding over the wedding. Affairs at Caracas went badly for <mask>, however, with his lack of Spanish impeding the educational work. He clashed with Robert Ker Porter, the British consul from the end of 1825, who regarded him as an imposter. <mask> involved himself with the Topo Valley settlers, Scots brought to the locality in 1825 by John Diston Powles and associates. Bolívar and <mask> fell out over non-payment of the promised sum to support the educational work. <mask> left Caracas covertly in April 1827, sailing first to Saint Thomas and Saint Croix, and arriving in New Haven in June. He left his wife Mary and her children to make their own way back to Philadelphia.There was at least one school in Venezuela that retained Lancaster's name in the longer term. The Rev. Thaddeus Osgood had set up schools using Lancaster's system in Lower Canada, one in Quebec in 1814, another in Kingston, Ontario. <mask> was there in 1829, and opened a school in Montreal, but his attempts to obtain funding floundered and he moved back to the United States. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 23 October 1838 in New York City from injuries sustained in a street accident. At the time of his death, between 1,200 and 1,500 schools were said to use his principles. The BFSS was widely successful in the early part of the 19th century, but the waning popularity of monitorial methods during the 1820s and 1830s meant that it became a more conventional school society.There is just one remaining Lancasterian schoolroom, built to the specifications of <mask> himself. It is at the British Schools Museum, in Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England. Works

 Improvements in Education (London, 1803; New York, 1807)
 The British System of Education (Washington, 1812)
 Epitome of the Chief Events and Transactions of my own Life (New Haven, 1833). See Life of <mask>, by his friend William Corston. Family
<mask> married:

In 1804, Elizabeth Bonner (died 1820), daughter of Henry Bonner of Southwark; they had a daughter, Elizabeth (known as Betsy). Elizabeth suffered from mental illness, and died in Baltimore. In 1827, Mary Robinson, in Caracas.She was the widow of John Robinson, a British miniature painter who had moved to Philadelphia in 1817, and had three children from her first marriage. Robinson had been Betsy's drawing master in 1819, and died in 1825. On 20 April 1824, Betsy married Richard Madox Jones in Philadelphia: he had crossed the Atlantic with the <mask>s, and formed part of the household. This wedding took place shortly before the family moved to Caracas. Jones was trained in the System at Borough Road in 1812, and had then taught at Godalming, followed by a period in Cornwall. He became a Lancasterian organiser in Mexico, dying in 1855. <mask>'s descendants still live in Mexico: see <mask>-Jones y Verea.References

External links
 British & Foreign School Society
 British Schools Museum, Hitchin, UK
 A Film about Lancasterian Monitorial School

English Quakers
Heads of schools in London
English educational theorists
Road incident deaths in New York City
1778 births
1838 deaths
Founders of English schools and colleges
British emigrants to the United States

masks:
Joseph Lancaster
Richard Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Joseph Foster
Joseph Fox
Lancaster
Joseph Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
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Ricardo Lancaster


title: Lottie Mwale

texts:
<mask> (14 April 1952 – 18 October 2005) was a Zambian male Light Heavyweight-class boxer who was Commonwealth and African Boxing Union champion for a period of six years. Mwale, who is Zambia’s greatest boxer, also won the World Boxing Council (WBC) International title after defeating Ray Acquaye of Ghana in eight rounds in Lusaka in December 1990. Early life
<mask> was born in Kitwe, Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) on 14 April 1952. He grew up in Wusakile and went to Ndeke Primary School. He lived close to Scrivener Stadium, the home of Rhokana United and had a keen interest in football, playing as a goalkeeper in neighbourhood matches. He also exhibited musical ability by playing drums in his early teens, and harboured ambitions of making it in mainstream music. After taking up boxing for fun, his friends noticed his natural ability and talked him into taking it up seriously so he decided to put his hands to a different use.His brother-in-law was professional boxer Jackson Mambwe who also played a role in luring Mwale into the boxing ring, giving him his initial coaching and encouraging him to continue with the sport. Mwale's mother was not happy with his chosen path but when she realized he had set his heart on a career in boxing, she gave in and started supporting him. Boxing career
Mwale began his career at Rhokana Amateur Boxing Club in Kitwe and first entered the ring when he was 16. He soon fell in love with the sport and by the time he joined Zambia Army-sponsored Green Buffaloes Boxing Club, he was already a formidable amateur boxer. He reigned as middleweight champion in East and Central Africa and was appointed captain of the Zambia national boxing team in 1973. That same year, Zambia’s new golden boy, who would be known for some controversy during his career sparked off a row with officials during a triangular boxing tournament involving Zambia, Kenya and Zaire when he lost a fight against a Kenyan boxer and later claimed that he ‘just didn't want to win.’ An inquiry was almost instituted until Mwale apologised. In January  1974, Mwale was part of Zambia’s contingent to the 1974 Commonwealth Games  in Christchurch, New Zealand as a light middleweight.He powered his way into the quarter-finals with a 102-second knockout over Cook Islander Nio Mare after which team Manager Archie Phiri said he was delighted with Mwale’s performance but he would have liked the contest to last a bit longer in order to give Mwale ‘a better work-out.’  Mwale made it into the finals with a majority points decision over Englishman Robert Davies though he suffered an injury to his right hand. An x-ray revealed that the injury was a slight sprain and this brought a sigh of relief to the Zambian camp, paving the way for the clash with Scottish champion Alexander ‘Cy’ Harrison, a bout which Mwale predicted would be ‘too easy.’ And so it proved to be as Mwale outboxed his Scottish opponent to collect the light-middleweight gold medal on a unanimous points decision, becoming the first Zambian Sportsman to reach such an achievement. Afterwards, he declared that winning the gold medal was the proudest moment of his life and that though Harrison was a good boxer, he had the measure of him and had used his reach advantage. Frank Hendry, the Scottish boxing team Manager had no hesitation in summing up Mwale as ‘the best operator at the Games.’

Many fight-goers predicted that Mwale had the potential and class to do well as a professional if he ever felt like dropping his amateur status but he took his time before taking this step. In May 1975, he won a gold medal during the East and Central African Amateur Boxing Championship in Lusaka, and the following year, Zambia dethroned world champions the United States in the International Council of Military Sports (CISM) Games and Mwale, fighting as a middleweight, was voted boxer of the tournament. He then talked of turning professional but shelved his plans due to his contract with the National Defence Force which was only due to end the following year. Mwale turned professional in April 1977 under Scorpio Promotions, turning down a five-year contract in the United States America saying he wanted to fight for the Commonwealth and African titles before thinking of something bigger, and hoped to move from middleweight to heavyweight division.His first professional bout was against Fanwell Mwanza in April 1977 whom he knocked out in 6 rounds and earned the right to face Julius Luipa for the national light-heavyweight title. The charismatic Mwale won over a lot of admirers and also inspired young Zambian sportsmen to succeed. He went by the nickname “Gunduzani” which means ‘shake them’ in his native language, and "Kaingo" meaning ‘Leopard.’ Although based in London, he drew large crowds whenever he fought at home and also boasted a punch called the NPPP, which stood for ‘Nuclear Power-Packed Punch.’ His lifestyle outside the ring also made headlines, as he loved to party and often moved with a large entourage of hangers-ons whom he generously bought drinks for. He knocked out Luipa in the 6th round in Lusaka and two years later knocked out Commonwealth champion Gary Summerhays of Canada in the 10th round in Lusaka. Two months later, Mwale had the opportunity to spar with his idol Muhammad Ali in an exhibition bout at the Royal Albert Hall in London, to mark Ali's final retirement after which Ali predicted a great future for the Zambian. By this time, Mwale was being managed by Wilfred Sauerland and trained by George Francis. Later that year, he defeated African Boxing Union (ABU) champion Bagayuko Sounkalo of Mali to win the continental title and prepare himself for the World Boxing Council title fight.After 5 consecutive wins including three victories over Americans Fred Brown, Jesse Burnett and Ed Turner, Mwale won the right to challenge WBC light-heavyweight champion Matthew Saad Muhammad. The two squared up on 28 November 1980 in San Diego with Mwale dominating the first two rounds only to waver in the third round and then he got knocked out in the fourth round, the first loss of his professional career. Afterwards, Mwale admitted that he had gotten careless after catching Muhammad with most of his shots in the first two rounds, and taking it for granted that his opponent would not last the distance. “I wanted to show that I could fight him but he proved to be stronger than me.” He also dismissed suggestions that he lost because he was lighter than Muhammad and urged his fans to accept the defeat – “When you lose, you don't start talking rubbish. I am a boxer and I lost. There are no excuses.”

In December 1981, Mwale was a victim of police brutality when he was detained and beaten up by policemen in Lusaka for allegedly splashing muddy water on people by the roadside. He was forcibly dragged out of his Range Rover by over 15 police men and detained in a police truck for nearly two hours, where they slapped him and hit him with gun butts.Mwale later complained that he was held prisoner for no reason and that he had been molested by the police. “Every time they slapped one of my cheeks, I turned over the other one for them to slap as well.”

Mwale then won two fights against his closest Zambian challenger, Chisanda Mutti though many Zambian fans felt he was fortunate to get the decision in the second fight. In between, he lost his second professional fight against American Eddie Mustapha Muhammad via a 4th-round knockout in Las Vegas. Mwale lost his Commonwealth title to Leslie Stewart of Trinidad and Tobago in Port au Spain in 1985 and soon after, the African title to Nigeria’s Joe Lasisi. In 1989, he regained the Zambian light-heavyweight title which he had had to vacate when he won the Commonwealth and African titles, with a 6th-round knockout of Enoch Chama. The following year, he added the Zambian cruiserweight belt after an 8th-round knockout of Joseph Poto. Mwale then got a shot at the WBC International title when he was pitted against Ghanaian Ray Acquaye.Mwale knew that at the age of 38, this was probably his last chance to win an international belt so he trained hard for the fight and turned back the years with an eighth-round knockout in Lusaka. As a result of this victory, Mwale expected to win the Sportsman of the Year award at the 1991 Zambian annual sports awards, but when the award went to athlete Samuel Matete, Mwale was incensed and tore up the certificate of merit that was given to him instead, in full view of everyone at the ceremony. He later apologized for his actions but said he expected to be honoured with the top award after winning an international title for the country. He however lost the belt in his very next fight to Virgil Hill of the United States two years later in Bismarck, North Dakota after which his promoter called Sandy Saddler (not to be mistaken for the former featherweight champion), disappeared with his $55,000 purse money, leaving him stranded until the Zambian High Commission came to his aid. He won his next two fights against Wally Kafumbi and Jim Murray and then attempted to win back the Zambian light-heavyweight title which was by then held by Mike Chilambe. In August 1993, Mwale was battered and knocked out in the 8th round after which he shocked his followers when he claimed he had lost the fight because he was drunk. He immediately asked for a rematch which Chilambe granted him.Mwale trained hard for the rematch and promised to teach Chilambe a lesson. The two faced off again on 2 April 1994. Although Mwale fared much better in this fight, Chilambe was the clear winner with a unanimous points decision. Mwale then announced his retirement from the ring. His career fight record was: 44 fights won, with 34 knockouts, and lost 9 fights, with 4 of these coming in his last six fights. Death
Mwale then went through some hard times and ended up dependent on charity, donations from well wishers and the Zambian government. In 1999, he suffered from poor co-ordination of the limbs and was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.On 17 August 2001, the London-based Boxing News reported Mwale’s ‘death’, painting a grim picture of his poverty-stricken death. When Mwale, who was very much alive, complained that the story had led to the WBC stopping his pension, the magazine retracted the article with an apology, calling it 'an horrendous error' on their part. After a 6-year battle with Parkinson's disease, Mwale died on 18 October 2005 in Lusaka Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa described him as a national hero, and in November 2008, the WBC announced plans to construct a boxing school in Lusaka in his honour. On 24 April 2013, Mwale's remains were exhumed from Lusaka's Old Leopard's Hill Cemetery and reburied at and Leopards Hill Memorial Park, a resting place befitting a Zambian hero.

masks:
Lottie Mwale
Mwale


title: Jang Dong-gun

texts:
<mask> (born March 7, 1972) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the films Friend (2001) and Taegukgi: The Brotherhood of War (2004). <mask> is one of the highest-paid actors and celebrity endorsers in Korea, consistently topping surveys by industry insiders of most bankable stars. Early life
<mask> spent his childhood in Yongsan District, Seoul, and later went on to study at the Korea National University of Arts School of Drama, though he dropped out before obtaining a degree. Career

1992–2003: Beginnings and breakout

<mask> first entered the entertainment world in a talent contest in 1992. He began by acting in TV dramas such as Iljimae, The Last Match, co-starring Shim Eun-ha,
and he eventually made his film debut in Repechage (1997) together with Kim Hee-sun. By the late 1990s he had become quite popular in Korea, but he also became one of the first Korean stars to garner a fan following in other parts of Asia, after several of his TV dramas were screened there in the late nineties.In 1999, after acting in the critically acclaimed Nowhere to Hide as Park Joong-hoon's younger partner, <mask> moved on to star in a feature that was filmed on location in Shanghai. Titled Anarchists, this tale of five young terrorists from 1930s China helped to elevate his status even further. <mask>'s breakout came in early 2001 in Friend, which smashed the box office record set by Shiri to become (at the time) the biggest Korean film of all time. After playing the nice guy in almost all his previous roles, this portrayal of a tough-talking gangster from Busan led him to local stardom. The following year he starred in the popular action blockbuster 2009 Lost Memories set in a futuristic Great Japan, and appeared in the low-budget film The Coast Guard by controversial director Kim Ki-duk. 2004–2011: Overseas popularity and Hollywood debut
In 2004, <mask> took the lead role in Kang Je-gyu's Taegukgi, an epic film about two brothers set during the Korean War. The film broke Friend'''s record with an astounding 11 million tickets sold.By this time, <mask>'s name had become known widely throughout Asia. <mask> followed this up with The Promise, a $30 million pan-Asian production by Chinese director Chen Kaige in which he played opposite Hong Kong star Cecilia Cheung. Meanwhile, he was cast in Typhoon as a modern-day pirate who has been betrayed by both North and South Korea. Directed by Friend's Kwak Kyung-taek, Typhoon set a new record in 2005 for the highest production budget in Korean film history at $15 million. For the next four years, <mask> kept a low profile in the Korean entertainment sphere as he worked on his Hollywood debut The Warrior's Way, also starring Kate Bosworth and Geoffrey Rush. The film encountered problems with post-production and distribution, and was only released in 2010.Lee, Hyo-won (23 November 2010). "<mask>-gun brings Asian vibe to Hollywood".The Korea Times. He returned to the silver screen in 2009 as the nation's youngest (and most eligible) head of state in <mask>'s comedy Good Morning, President. He reunited with director Kang Je-gyu in My Way, a film set during World War II based on the true story of a Korean soldier who is drafted by the Japanese army and eventually is present at the Battle of Normandy.Kim, Jessica (1 July 2011). "<mask>-gun starrer My Way cranks up". 10Asia. A large-scale, ambitious pan-Asian collaboration co-starring Japanese actor Joe Odagiri and Chinese actress Fan Bingbing, My Way was the most expensive Korean movie to date (with an estimated budget of ), But despite being simultaneously released in Korea and Japan in December 2011, the film flopped at the box office. 2012–present: Return to television
<mask> made his highly anticipated return to television dramas in A Gentleman's Dignity, saying he was drawn to the romantic comedy tale of 40-something-year-old men struggling to grow up and mend and forge lasting relationships."<mask>-gun Excited About New Drama". The Chosun Ilbo. 25 May 2012. After the series ended, <mask> and co-star Kim Min-jong visited refugees in the Republic of the Congo on a mission trip sponsored by UNICEF, UNHCR and World Food Programme. It was televised on SBS documentary program Hope TV. His 2012 film Dangerous Liaisons was a Chinese adaptation of the French literature classic set in 1930s Shanghai, directed by Hur Jin-ho and co-starring Zhang Ziyi and Cecilia Cheung.Lee, Hyo-won (23 September 2011). "<mask>-gun to co-star with Zhang Ziyi, Cecilia Cheung".The Korea Times.Son, Jin-ah (5 September 2012). "Dangerous Relationship <mask>-gun to return as a playboy". StarN News. <mask> next starred in No Tears for the Dead, an action thriller directed by Lee Jeong-beom. He played a Korean-born American hitman who feels conflicted about killing his last target (played by Kim Min-hee). In 2015, <mask> was cast in the film Seven Years of Night, a revenge thriller based on the novel of the same name by Jung Yoo-jung. He plays a character who takes revenge on his daughter's murderer, by killing his son.The film premiered in 2018. In 2016, <mask> was cast in his first Chinese drama, Once Loved You Distressed Forever alongside actress Tang Yixin. He was then cast in the espionage noir thriller VIP, which premiered in 2017. <mask> returned to the small screen after five years, starring in the Korean remake of the popular American legal drama  series Suits (2018). The same year, Jung starred in Kim Sung-hoon's period zombie action film Rampant alongside close friend Hyun Bin. In 2019, <mask> stars in the fantasy historical drama Arthdal Chronicles. Personal life
<mask> is a practicing Buddhist, having first explored Buddhist  reading while hospitalized in high school, after undergoing chest surgery.He enjoys playing baseball and is a member of the celebrity amateur baseball team "Playboys" with  Lee Jong-hyuk, Hyun Bin, Kim Seung-woo, Hwang Jung-min, Ji Jin-hee, and other actors. The famously private actor surprised the country in November 2009 when he went public with his two-year romance with Ko So-young.Park, Sun-young (12 November 2009). "Korea’s most eligible bachelor finds love" . Korea JoongAng Daily. Since co-starring together in the 1999 film Love Wind Love Song'', rumors about <mask> and Ko had spread several times in the past, but both had consistently denied them. The announcement immediately sparked speculation of an impending marriage although it wasn't until March 2010 that <mask> officially told his fans at a fan meeting that he would be marrying Ko in May. After months of media frenzy leading up to their nuptials, the two tied the knot on May 2, 2010 in an extravagant wedding ceremony at Seoul's Shilla Hotel which was attended by their A-list celebrity friends, reporters and fans from around the world.Their son, <mask>-joon, was born on October 4, 2010. Their second child, a daughter, was born on February 25, 2014. Filmography

Film

Television series

Discography

Awards and nominations

Listicles

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean Buddhists
South Korean musicians
Male actors from Seoul
21st-century South Korean male actors

masks:
Jang Dong gun
Jang
Jang Dong gun
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang Dong
Jang Jin
Jang Dong
Jang
Jang Dong
Jang
Jang Dong
Jang Dong
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang
Jang Min


title: Danny Espinosa

texts:
<mask> (born April 25, 1987) is an American professional baseball infielder for the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Los Angeles Angels, Seattle Mariners, and Tampa Bay Rays. Amateur career
<mask> attended Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California. He then enrolled at California State University, Long Beach, to play college baseball for the Long Beach State Dirtbags. He played shortstop and batted .303 with 11 home runs and 98 runs batted in in his three-year career. As a freshman, he was the Big West Conference Freshman of the Year. After the 2006 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League.Professional career

Minor leagues
The Washington Nationals selected <mask> in the third round of the 2008 MLB draft. <mask> spent the rest of the 2008 summer with the Vermont Lake Monsters of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League, where he batted .328. The following year he was promoted to the Potomac Nationals of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, and hit .264 with a .375 on-base percentage while hitting 18 home runs with 72 runs batted in and 29 steals, and was a High-A and Carolina League All Star. He began 2010 with the Harrisburg Senators of the Class AA Eastern League, hitting .262 with 18 home runs, before being promoted to the Syracuse Chiefs of the Class AAA International League. With Syracuse, he hit .295 with four home runs and was just the second player in all of organized baseball to reach 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in 2010. At Syracuse, <mask>, who had played shortstop for his college and minor league career, was shifted to second base, since Ian Desmond was already playing shortstop for the Nationals. Washington Nationals

When the MLB rosters expanded on September 1, 2010, <mask> was called up to the MLB for the first time.He appeared in his first MLB game that night. In his first MLB at bat, he hit a ground ball to second base that took an odd hop and went into right field, allowing <mask> to turn it into a double when he saw that the right fielder had not charged the ball. On September 6, 2010 against the New York Mets, in his first MLB game at Nationals Park, <mask> went 4 for 5, with two home runs (the second and third of his career) including a grand slam and six runs batted in. <mask> played in the Puerto Rican winter league after the 2010 season. <mask> had a productive 2011 season, hitting 21 home runs and stealing 17 bases. He finished 6th in the National League Rookie of the Year balloting. He was also hit by a pitch 19 times, tied for first with Justin Upton.<mask> began the 2012 season in an extended slump, hitting .205 in April with 2 runs batted in. He rebounded after the All-Star break, hitting .300 in July. <mask> finished the 2012 season leading the National league in strikeouts with 189. He hit 17 home runs while also stealing 20 bases. <mask> began the 2013 season with another slump, hitting .171 through mid-May. He was consequently sent down to the AAA club at Syracuse and batted .216 with 2 home runs, 22 runs batted in, and 6 stolen bases over 75 games for the rest of his season in the minors. In April 2014 he added another 3 home-run to his baseball career along with .291 in batting and .831 on-base plus slugging.He batted .158/.193/.272 in 158 at bats. The following two seasons, <mask> was a utility player for the Nationals, playing all the infield positions and left field. In 2016, he was named the starting shortstop for the Nationals and played the whole season only at shortstop. He set career highs in home runs with 24 and runs batted in with 72, and was third in the majors in hit by pitches with 20. He was named National League Player of the Week in early July for a five-homer, 17-RBI performance. He finished the season with a career-high 24 home runs and 72 RBI, but his .209 batting average was the lowest of all qualified major league batters. Los Angeles Angels
After the 2016 season, the Nationals acquired outfielder Adam Eaton, with the intent of moving Trea Turner to shortstop.The Nationals then traded <mask> to the Los Angeles Angels for pitchers Austin Adams and Kyle McGowin on December 10, 2016. <mask>'s first hit as an Angel was a big three-run home run in the ninth inning that put Los Angeles ahead, 7–6, in his second game with the team. The Angels closed out the win in the bottom of the ninth, making <mask>'s home run the game-winning hit. In his lone season with the team, <mask> struggled offensively through the first half of the season, hitting under .170 in 75 games. On July 16, <mask> was designated for assignment. He was released on July 22. He batted .162/.237/.276 in 228 at bats.Seattle Mariners
He signed a major league contract with the Seattle Mariners on July 23, 2017. He batted .188/.235/.313 in 16 at bats. He was released on August 20. Tampa Bay Rays
On August 25, 2017, <mask> signed a major league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays. He batted .273/.333/.273 in 22 at bats. He was outrighted by the Rays on September 25 to make room for the 40-man roster. New York Yankees
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on January 29, 2018.He was released on March 12, 2018. Toronto Blue Jays
On March 17, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and was invited to spring training. He was released on April 29, 2018. Los Angeles Dodgers
<mask> signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 6, 2018. He was assigned to the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers, where he had nine hits in 60 at-bats before he was released on May 30, 2018. Philadelphia Phillies
On June 22, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was released on August 8, 2018.Acereros de Monclova
On August 14, 2018, <mask> signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. New York Mets
On February 8, 2019, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets that included an invitation to spring training. He returned to Syracuse and appeared on their Opening Day roster, alongside a number of other veteran players. He became a free agent following the 2019 season. Acereros de Monclova (second stint)
On February 29, 2020, <mask> signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. <mask> did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal life
<mask> is of Mexican-American descent.He and his wife, Sara, had their first child, Ty in 2016. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
American baseball players of Mexican descent
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Baseball players from California
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chatham Anglers players
Harrisburg Senators players
Leones de Ponce players
Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball shortstops
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Potomac Nationals players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Santa Ana, California
Syracuse Chiefs players
Syracuse Mets players
Tampa Bay Rays players
United States national baseball team players
Vermont Lake Monsters players
Washington Nationals players
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic baseball players of Mexico

masks:
Daniel Richard Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa
Espinosa


title: Jan Yoors

texts:
<mask> (12 April 192227 November 1977) was a Flemish-American artist, photographer, painter, sculptor, writer, filmmaker, and tapestry creator. Growing up in Antwerp to liberal, pacifist parents, his father <mask>, a famed stained-glass artist, Yoors studied painting before deciding to live with a Rom kumpania he encountered on the outskirts of Antwerp at the age of twelve, and about which he would later write two memoirs, The Gypsies (1967) and Crossing: A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World War II (1971), the latter about living with the Rom during World War II. Yoors fled to London after the war where he lived with his wife Annebert and her best friend Marianne. It is at this point that Yoors began to design tapestries and set up a tapestry studio with his wife Annebert and Marianne. In 1950 he moved to New York, traveling there under the guise of a journalist. The following year, Annebert and Marianne joined and the three set up the Jan Yoors Studio. In New York, Yoors befriended numerous figures in the art and design worlds.He received commissions from corporations such as Bank of America, and J.P. Morgan, and private collectors. His work was seen in numerous exhibitions across the United States and internationally. In New York in the 50s, Yoors also continued his passion for photography, which he began while living with the Rom, documenting the streets of New York. He traveled extensively on a trip to revisit his Rom family in Europe, and, in 1966–67 photographed post-war religious buildings for Edward Sovik as part of the First International Congress on Religion, Architecture, and the Visual Arts in New York. Yoors's oeuvre is currently represented by several galleries in New York, Europe including reGeneration Furniture, Todd Merrill, L Parker Stephenson Photographs, and Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, and regularly shown at design and photography fairs. Early life and childhood

 1922: Yoors is born in Antwerp to Eugeen <mask>, a famed stained glass-artist who studied painting under Gustave Moreau, and Magda Peeters, a human rights activist, both of them Catholic pacifists. 1934: At the age of twelve Yoors first encounters a kumpania of the Romani people on the outskirts of Antwerp.Upon becoming friends with Putzina and his father Pulika, the Romanies adopt Yoors. 1934–1939: <mask> splits his time between the Romanies and his parents' home, often traveling long distances to find his Rom family. In 1939 Pulika sets up a marriage for <mask> with a Romani girl, though <mask> decides to leave, as the conflict of dual loyalties would return. Yoors studies sculpture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp. WWII

 On his way to the UK, <mask> is recruited by the French Resistance to co-opt the Romanies, smuggling food and arms into Belgium, France, and Holland. 1941–42: <mask> attends the École nationale supérieure d'architecture et des arts décoratifs (ENSAAD – La Cambre) in Brussels. 1943: <mask> is arrested by the Gestapo and sentenced to death.After confinement and six months of torture at La Santé Prison in Paris, he works for the allies again, impersonating an SS officer and escorting allied soldiers from behind enemy lines, however he is caught and held at the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp in Spain until 1944. 1944: <mask> joins Belgian forces in the UK. London years

1946: <mask> marries Annebert van Wettum with whom he has corresponded since age 11. The two move to London and set up a studio at 27 Holland Park Avenue W.11. Here, Yoors begins sculpting and becomes fascinated by weaving after seeing an exhibition of French medieval and Renaissance tapestries. <mask> is a frequent contributor to the Gypsy Lore Society's journal in London. 1945–1946

 Yoors studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).From: 1947–1948 Annebert's childhood friend Marianne Citroen joins them in London, also learning to weave. "Nadara" (1948), the first of the large tapestries, is completed. The Archer Gallery in London organizes the first exhibition of <mask>'s work in tapestry. In 1949 the "Eighth Annual Exhibition of Catholic Art" at the Royal Institute of British Architects includes Yoors's work. New York
In 1950, Yoors travels to New York for what was meant to be a six-week stay as a journalist and sets up a studio with a 15-foot vertical loom. Galerie Stop-War in Brussels. Both tapestries and gouaches depicting biblical scenes are included.1951: Marianne and Annebert join him in New York; the three live and work at 96 Fifth Avenue. Under the auspices of the Belgian Government, the International School of Art, NY, presents <mask>'s first US exhibition. The New Yorker publishes "Gypsiana" about <mask>'s travels in its 27 October issue. In 1953: Hugo Gallery NY presents <mask>'s work. "Tapestry Today: America's Approach to an Ancient Art", at America House is presented by the American Craftsmen's Educational Council. 1955: Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart mounts an exhibition. 1956 Tapestries are shown at Galerias Excelsior de Reforma in Mexico City.The Montclair Art Museum, NJ mounts an exhibition of <mask>'s tapestries. 1957: The Museum of Contemporary Craft exhibits Yoors's tapestries in an exhibition that travels to the Time-Life Building in 1958. 1957/8: Yoors receives a Pentax K1000 camera. 1958: The Dallas University Museum in Texas mounts "Religious Art of The Western World". 1959: The <mask> family moves to a studio at 329 East 47th Street. Art in America magazine lists Yoors as a new talent. Virginia Frankl Gallery, NY organizes an exhibition of tapestries.1960: Several tapestries are included "The Arts of Belgium: 1920–1960" at the Park-Bernet Galleries in New York. The exhibition includes work by René Magritte, Gaston Bertrand, and Paul Delvaux. An educational film "The Revival of Tapestry from 1911" includes <mask> along with Georges Braque, Jules Chéret and Jean Lurçat, among others. "Liturgical Art" is mounted at the Arts Club of Chicago. The National Design Center in New York organizes "Architectural Tapestries"
 The apartment building "Art 333" at 333 East 79th street designed by Abraham Gellar includes the tapestry "Dancing Flames" (1960) in its inaugural exhibition. 1961: <mask> is invited by Belgian filmmaker Henri Storck and anthropologist and filmmaker Luc de Heusch to travel through the Balkans on a scouting trip for an unrealized documentary about the Rom. The Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles organizes an exhibition.Yoors and Dutch painter and friend Ernst Van Leyden throw a party in honor of poet Octavio Paz at the Yoors Studio. 1962: "Ruckus", a party featuring Dizzy Gillespie is organized at the studio to benefit CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). A tapestry is commissioned for Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church in Minnesota. 1963: <mask>' daughter Lyuba is born on 13 September. 1962 and 1964: <mask> is selected as the US representative at the International Biennial of Contemporary Tapestries in Lausanne. 1965: <mask>' son Vanya is born on 24 April. 1963 – 1965: Along with French filmmaker Pierre Dominique Gaisseau, Yoors participates in the making of the film Only One New York.The book, which features photographs by Yoors, is published in 1965. 1966 – 1967: Yoors travels throughout South America, Asia, the Middle East and Russia photographing postwar religious architecture, commissioned by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) for the 1967 "International Congress on Religion, Architecture and the Visual Arts". The Chicago Arts Club mounts an exhibition of tapestries. In 1967 The University of Texas Art Museum, Austin, organizes an exhibition of tapestries and photographs
together with Japanese-American abstract expressionist painter Kenzo Okada's recent work. The Gypsies is published by Simon and Schuster. Margaret Mead reviews the book in the September issue of Redbook magazine. <mask> travels and conducts research for an unrealized documentary on the Gypsies beginning in Northern India.The <mask> family moves to 108 Waverly Place in Greenwich Village. 1968: <mask>' son Kore is born on 24 October. 1969: "Contemporary European Tapestries" from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. J.L. Hurschler is organized at the Society of the Four Arts in Florida. 1971: <mask> travels to Spain to photograph for his book The Gypsies of Spain. Simon and Schuster publishes Crossing: A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World War II. 1974: Members of his extended Rom clan came for a three-month visit.The Gypsies of Spain is published. 1975: Paule Pia, Antwerp organizes an exhibition of photographs. <mask> returned to Belgium a final time for a retrospective in Ghent at Saint Peter's Abbey. 1976: <mask>'s work is on view at the Sears Bank, Sears Tower, Chicago. Carlton Gallery, NY mounts an exhibition. 1977: <mask> dies of a heart attack after a long struggle with diabetes at the age of 55 on Thanksgiving Day. Exhibitions since <mask>'s death
1978: Galerij Steenhuyse in Ghent presents Yoors's tapestries.1700 Broadway, NY mounts a memorial exhibition. 1979: The Clocktower Gallery, NY exhibits Yoors's tapestries. The Metropolitan Museum of Art acquires the tapestry "Inevitable Interaction (1977)." 1980; The National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. mounts an exhibition. 1983: The documentary Weaving Two Worlds, features Annebert and Marianne continuing to weave Yoors's designs. The Bryan Center at Duke University mounts a solo exhibition. 1986: Yoors's Rom photographs from the Balkans are on view at the Museum of Natural History, NY.The Gallery at Hastings-on-Hudson also exhibits <mask>'s work. 1988; "Studio Survey" at Westpac Gallery in Victoria, Australia features tapestries from studio-based workshops around the world. 1989: The Idaho State Historical Museum in Boise, ID shows Yoors's tapestries. 1996: The State Academy of Art and Design, St Petersburg, Russia mounts an exhibition. 1998: Lizan Tops gallery in East Hampton, organizes an exhibition. 2000: Icon 20 gallery, NY organizes an exhibition. 2001:Cleveland State University, Ohio exhibits tapestries.2004: Columbia University's School of International Affairs in conjunction with "The plight of the Rom" host a conference sponsored by Hillary Clinton. Monacelli Press publishes The Heroic Present: Life Among the Gypsies, including photographs and memoirs. 2005: The Bruce Museum mounts an exhibition. Foto Museum in Antwerp organizes a survey of Belgian photography. 2007: "The Heroic Present: <mask> Photographs" opens at Kenneshaw, Atlanta; Kansas State University, and Asheville, North Carolina. 2009: Fifty-One Fine Art, Antwerp shows Yoors's work at "Paris Photo". L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, NY shows <mask>'s work in "La France de Profil".2010: L. Parker Stephenson Photographs presents "<mask> Yoors: Harlem, c. 1963". "Mid Century Style and Studio Pottery" at Greenwich House Pottery NY includes Jungle (1977). ReGeneration Furniture organizes "Tapestries, Drawings, and Photographs from the Estate of <mask>". The gallery will organize two additional exhibitions. "Wandering the World City: <mask>' New York Photographs, 1960s" is presented at Columbia University. 2011–2012
 Stormy Sky (1976) is hung at the 2011 "Armory Show" at the ReGeneration Furniture lounge. The Museum of Arts and Design, NY presents "Crafting Modernism"."Couleurs shock", a solo-exhibition of tapestries is presented by Galerie Chevalier, Paris. Fifty-One Fine Art, Antwerp includes <mask>'s photographs at "Paris Photo". L. Parker Stephenson, New York Gallery presents Yoor's photographs at "AIPAD Photography Show". Fifty-One Fine Art photography, Antwerp exhibits <mask>'s photographs. FeliXart Museum in Drogenbos-Brussels organizes the first retrospective of <mask>'s work since his death
L. Parker Stephenson, New York, organizes "<mask>ors: Abstractions 1960s −1977 Photographs, Gouaches, and Drawings" on view 4 September – 1 November 2014. Awards
1969 – Europaprijs voor literatuur
1973 – Christophe Plantin Prize

References

External links
JanYoors.com
L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York
Metropolis Magazine – Tied in the Wool
1978 article about <mask> and his family, first printed in Mother Jones Magazine

1922 births
1977 deaths
American people of Flemish descent
Photographers from Antwerp
20th-century Belgian sculptors
20th-century Belgian painters
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
Burials at Green River Cemetery
French Resistance members
Belgian prisoners sentenced to death
People condemned by Nazi courts
Belgian emigrants to the United States

masks:
Jan Yoors
Eugeen Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
Yoors
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Yoors
Yoors
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Jan
Yoors
Jan Yoors
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Jan
Jan Yoors
Jan Yoors
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Jan Yo
Yoors