title: Jane O'Donoghue

texts:
<mask>'Donoghue (born 29 March 1983) is a retired British tennis player who turned professional in 2000 and played her last match on the pro circuit in 2007. During her career, she won three ITF singles and six ITF doubles titles. In July 2006, she reached a career-high singles ranking of 189, and over one year later she reached 184 in the world in the doubles rankings. O'Donoghue reached the second round of her home Grand Slam, Wimbledon two years in a row, in 2004 and 2005. After retirement, she began working for the LTA as a coach and currently coaches British junior, Katy Dunne. Personal life
O'Donoghue was born in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester in 1983. Her father, John, is a PE teacher, her mother works in a bank and her two older brothers, Paul and Mark, both studied at the University of Oxford.She has 10 GCSEs all of which are grade A. She began playing tennis aged nine and turned professional at the age of 17. Other than tennis, her interests are football, netball and music. Career

Junior (1997–2001)
O'Donoghue competed on the junior ITF Circuit from July 1997 until June 2001. She won one singles title over the course of her four-year career, at the 2001 Japan Open Junior Championships, and also became a semifinalist four times and a quarterfinalist on eight occasions. She reached the second round of Wimbledon twice in 2000 and 2001 but her greatest junior Grand Slam success came in 2001 when <mask> reached the third round of the Australian Open. Her junior career ended with a singles win-loss record of 40–32 and a career-high ranking of world No.28 (achieved 2 January 2001). O'Donoghue won her only junior doubles title in August 1999 partnering Elena Baltacha. Aside from this she also reached three more finals, three semifinals and seven quarterfinals. With Anna Hawkins as her partner, she managed to reach the second round of Wimbledon girls' doubles in 2001 where they lost to Gisela Dulko and Ashley Harkleroad. This was the furthest <mask> progressed in a Grand Slam doubles tournament. This success led her to finish her career with a doubles win-loss record of 25–30 and a career-high ranking of world No. 73 (achieved 5 February 2001).1998–2001
O'Donoghue played her first match on the adult ITF Circuit in September 1998 in the qualifying draw for the $10k in Sunderland. She lost in the second round of the qualifying tournament and finished the season without a world ranking. She attempted to qualify for three $10k events in 1999 but did not win a match. She again finished the season without a world ranking. O'Donoghue started her 2000 season with her first ever main draw ITF appearance courtesy of a wildcard into the $10k event in Hatfield where she fell in round one. She was beaten by fellow Brit, Alice Barnes, in round one of the ITF in Swansea before being given a wild card into the qualifying draw of Wimbledon and again being beaten by Barnes in her first match. In August, O'Donoghue made a surprise run to the final of a $10k in Bath where she was beaten by Susi Bensch and she continued her momentum by following this up with a run to the quarterfinals of an ITF in London ($10k).She finished the year with a ranking of world no. 564. O'Donoghue had very little in the way of success on the ITF Circuit in 2001 but was nevertheless given a wildcard into the qualifying draw of Wimbledon where she beat world No. 136, Maja Palaversic, in the first round before losing to Stéphanie Foretz in her second match. O'Donoghue's next tournament was in the $25k in Felixstowe where she had to retire in the first round. She did not compete again that year. Her year-end ranking was world No.471. 2002
Returning to the tour in January 2002, O'Donoghue reached the quarterfinals of the $10k in Hull. In March, she reached the semifinals of the $10k in Amiens as a qualifier and two months later in May, she won her first professional title in Bournemouth, beating Yvonne Doyle in the final in straight sets. Just two weeks later she won the second ITF title of her career, this one in Hatfield, beating all three top seeds on the way to the title. In June, she made her debut on the WTA Tour in the qualifying draw of the Tier III DFS Classic in Birmingham, courtesy of a wildcard. She lost to Antonella Serra Zanetti. This was immediately followed by another wildcard into the qualifying draw of a British WTA tournament, the Tier II Britannic Asset Management International where she was beaten by Marissa Irvin.She then received a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon where she lost to the top seed Venus Williams in the first round. In the second half of the year, she reached two quarterfinals of $25k tournaments and finished the year with a ranking of world No. 295. 2003
In her first tournament of 2003 saw <mask> reach the semifinals of the $10k in Tallahassee. She competed for Great Britain in the Fed Cup and won one out of three singles rubbers as well as losing her only doubles rubber. In May she reached the final of the $10k event in Edinburgh and lost to Elise Tamaëla. She then entered the $25k in Surbiton and reached the quarterfinals before losing to Anne Keothavong.She beat compatriot, Elena Baltacha, in the first round of the DFS Classic in June to give her the first win of her career on the WTA Tour; world No. 13, Magdalena Maleeva, beat her in the second round. This was followed up with a wildcard into the Aegon International qualifying draw where she lost in the first round. She was also given a wildcard into Wimbledon and was beaten in round one by Marlene Weingärtner. She then reached the quarterfinals of the $25k in Toruń and in September, the semifinals of another $25k, this one in Glasgow. Her season-ending ranking was world No. 235.2004
O'Donoghue began her 2004 season by reaching the quarterfinals of a $50k in Waikoloa where she lost a three set match to María Emilia Salerni. She competed in doubles as part of the British team in the Fed Cup partnering <mask> in one match and Elena Baltacha in the other two. They won two out of their three matches, the one they lost being against sisters, Gabriela and Monica Niculescu. In April and May she reached two consecutive $25k quarterfinals in Bari and Stockholm, losing to Kateryna Bondarenko and Hanna Nooni respectively. In June she received a wild card into the DFS Classic, a Tier III event, where she was beaten in round one by Émilie Loit. She then headed to the qualifying draw for the Hastings Direct International (again courtesy of a wildcard) where she was beaten in the first round of qualifying by fellow Brit, Elena Baltacha. The third of three consecutive wild cards granted her direct entry into Wimbledon, her home Grand Slam event.O'Donoghue managed to make the most of this opportunity by beating Lindsay Lee-Waters the first round, to give her the first Grand Slam main-draw victory of her career. Following Wimbledon, she reached the quarterfinals of another $25k before failing to qualify for a number of lower-tier WTA tournaments. In August, she lost a tight match in the first round of qualifying for the US Open to Vanina García Sokol, 6–7(4), 6–7(4). She finished the rest of the year without progressing past the second round in any ITF tournaments and her year-end ranking was world No. 231. 2005
2005 began with three consecutive first-round losses for O'Donoghue in ITF events, although she and Katie O'Brien did team up to win the doubles title in the first event of the year in Tipton. In February she reached two consecutive $25k quarterfinals, losing to Rika Fujiwara and Olga Savchuk.She had some degree of success in $50k events in May, reaching the semifinals of one in Gifu and the quarterfinals of the next in Fukuoka. In April she and O'Brien played three doubles rubbers together as part of the Great Britain team in the Fed Cup when they won one out of three matches. As in 2004, she received consecutive wildcards into the qualifying draws for the DFS Classic and the Hastings Direct International where she was beaten in the first round of qualifying in both events. She was again given a wildcard into Wimbledon where she battled to beat Anna-Lena Grönefeld, 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, in the first round, only to be overcome by Nathalie Dechy in round two. She and Baltacha also teamed up to reach the second round in doubles by beating Mariana Díaz Oliva and Martina Suchá. She had no more success on the ITF Circuit until late November when she reached the quarterfinals two $25k events in Australia. Her year-end ranking was world No.250. 2006
2006 did not begin well for O'Donoghue; before heading into the qualifying draws for the DFS Classic, the Aegon International and Wimbledon, she had accumulated a win-loss record of 3–15 in main draw ITF matches. She lost in straight sets in the first round of the qualifying draws for both the DFS Classic and the Hastings Direct International and then reached the second round of qualifying for Wimbledon. Following this, she reached her first ITF semifinal of the season in a $10k in Frinton where she lost to Georgie Stoop. In August she was the runner-up in another $10k and a quarterfinalist in yet another. She reached the quarterfinals of only one more ITF tournament before the end of the year and her season-ending ranking was world No. 336.2007
In March 2007 O'Donoghue won the title in a $10k event in Jersey before going on to reach the semifinals of her next in Sunderland and the quarterfinals of her next in Bath. She then lost in the qualifying draws for a number of higher-tier ITF tournaments before retiring from professional tennis in April. ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 6 (3–3)

Doubles: 11 (6–5)

Grand Slam performance timeline

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
English people of Irish descent
English female tennis players
English tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Wigan
British female tennis players
Tennis people from Greater Manchester

masks:
Jane O
Jane
Jane
Jane
Amanda Janes


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

type: original

texts:
<mask>, Viscount Rochford (c. 1504 – 17 May 1536) was an English courtier and nobleman who played a  prominent role in the politics of the early 1530s, and was the brother of Anne Boleyn, from 1533 the second wife of King Henry VIII and thus the maternal uncle of Queen Elizabeth I (whose reign he did not live to see). Following his father's promotion in the peerage in 1529 to Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, he adopted his father's junior title Viscount Rochford (created in 1525) as a courtesy title. He was accused of incest with his sister Anne during the period of her trial for high treason, as a result of which both were executed. Early years and family
<mask> was the son of Sir Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Tilney. <mask> and his sisters were probably born in Norfolk at his family's home of Blickling Hall. However, they spent most of their childhood at another of the family's homes, Hever Castle in Kent, which became their chief residence in 1505 when Thomas inherited the property from his father, Sir William Boleyn. Thomas and Elizabeth had a number of children, including two sons named Thomas and Henry who failed to reach adulthood.Three children survived: Mary, Anne and <mask>. There has been much debate over the centuries as to the age of the three Boleyn siblings, but there is general agreement that <mask> was born c. 1504. This stems from a number of different sources. <mask> says in a poem that <mask> was about 27 when he gained a place on the Privy Council in 1529. Cavendish gives this as a maximum age in order to make his tortuous verses more rhythmic (such as "thrice nine"). In addition to Cavendish's verses, foreign diplomats believed <mask> was too young to be appointed as Ambassador to France in October 1529. Mary's date of birth is again generally accepted as being c. 1500 but there is some disagreement as to Anne's date of birth with arguments for 1501 and others for 1507.However, following the executions of Anne and <mask> in 1536 their father wrote to Thomas Cromwell and in his letter he stated that upon his marriage his wife gave him a child every year. As Thomas and Elizabeth were married between 1498 and 1499, if Thomas is to be believed this indicates that all five Boleyn children, including the two who failed to reach adulthood, were born between 1500 and 1504, and if we accept as the evidence suggests that <mask> was born in 1504 this is persuasive evidence for suggesting he was the youngest Boleyn child. This is the current thinking of the vast majority of modern historians with only one notable exception. Like his father, it was understood that <mask> would have a career as a courtier, politician and diplomat. The monarchy was the font of all patronage and potential wealth and it was only through service to the Royal Family that a family could hope to achieve or protect their greatness and social position. With this in mind, <mask> was introduced to Henry VIII's court at the age of ten, when he attended the Christmas festivities of 1514–15. He attended an indoor melee with his father and acted in a mummery with his father, and the much older Charles Brandon and Nicholas Carew.Thanks to his family's influence and the fact he obviously impressed Henry at an early age, he became one of the King's pageboys shortly afterwards. Since learning was highly praised at Court and essential for a career as a diplomat, <mask> received an excellent education, speaking fluent French together with some Italian and Latin. His two sisters are known to have been educated abroad (Mary from 1514 to 1519, Anne from the spring of 1513 to late 1521). <mask> is thought to have remained in England throughout his early years, although <mask>'s first biographer suggests <mask> may have spent time in France as a child when his father was on embassy from January 1519, as an explanation for how <mask> could speak such perfect French from a young age, and why Anne and <mask> remained so close during their formative years. However, this is pure speculation. Whatever the case, there is a long-standing tradition that <mask> attended the University of Oxford when he was not in attendance at Court, although he does not appear in any of the University's records – a relatively frequent occurrence in the period before the English Civil War, when few of the aristocrats who attended either technically matriculated or graduated. Personal life

Less is known about <mask>'s personal life than about his celebrated court career, but what is known is that he married Jane Parker sometime during 1524.They were certainly married by January 1526 because a note of that date in Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's hand confirms that an extra £20 a year had been awarded to "young Boleyn for him and his wife to live on". There has always been much speculation as to whether the marriage of <mask> and Jane was happy but there is no way to know for certain, as the state papers are virtually silent with regard to Jane. There is no mention of the couple having any children, which as the brother-in-law and sister-in-law to the king, there surely would have been had such a child existed. It had been thought that <mask>n, Dean of Lichfield, may have been their son; but it is more likely that he was a distant cousin. There is no record of the couple having a child, and Jane makes no mention of a child for whom she is responsible when she wrote a begging letter to Cromwell following <mask>'s death. Whether or not the marriage of <mask> and Jane was happy, <mask> had a reputation as a womaniser. <mask>, gentleman usher to Cardinal Wolsey, in his poetry entitled Metrical Visions lambastes the young man for his womanising, saying:

Yet in the same poem Cavendish, who was a staunch Catholic and hated the Boleyns and what they stood for, acknowledges <mask>'s good looks and intelligence, saying:

Likewise Thomas Wyatt in his poetry also recognises <mask>'s "Great wit" (although wit in the 16th century could suggest that a person was witty and charming, it mainly meant intelligence, and it is <mask>'s intelligence that Cavendish and Wyatt were referring to.)Wyatt's verse with respect to <mask> reads:

Historian David Starkey recognised <mask>'s intellect when he referred to him as having "many of Anne's talents and all of her pride". For all <mask>'s good looks and talent, as can be seen from the above verse, Wyatt, who was a friend of the Boleyns', also says that <mask> was too proud. Although Wyatt's poem is often used to suggest <mask> was hated for his arrogance, there is nothing to support this. Despite <mask>'s pride, Wyatt acknowledges that at his death many considered his death to be a great loss. It may also be that the allegations of <mask>'s womanising are exaggerated, since there was no scandal surrounding the Boleyns' marriage, and none of the Boleyns' enemies felt that <mask>'s behaviour towards women was base enough to comment on. Likewise, neither Cavendish nor the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, who was actively looking for faults in order to demonise the Boleyns, make any mention of him being particularly arrogant. Chapuys' only complaint was that <mask> could not resist entering into Lutheran discussion whenever he was being entertained by him.One modern historian, Retha Warnicke, believes that the men accused of being Anne's lovers were chosen because of ambiguity over their sexuality. This has led to an increasingly enduring myth that the men were charged with sodomy as well as treason. In fact, none of them was charged with sodomy, and there were no extant rumours of homosexuality relating to any of them. Warnicke's theory was put forth in her 1989 biography of Anne Boleyn, but has been criticised by many other historians for lack of evidence to substantiate it. However, more recently Alison Weir has resurrected the theory regarding <mask>'s sexuality by using the same arguments that Warnicke used 20 years previously. In addition to this, Weir also suggests that by his use of the phrase forced widows, Cavendish was insinuating that <mask> was a rapist. As with the theory of <mask>'s sexuality, there is no evidence to support the notion that he was a rapist.If he had been guilty of the criminal offences of rape or homosexuality, and if Cavendish knew about it, then so did the rest of the court. Yet no one ever commented on <mask>'s supposed bisexuality, or even hinted at it, not even enemies of the Boleyns, such as Chapuys. Metrical Visions are Cavendish's interpretation of <mask>'s scaffold speech, when <mask> said he was "a wretched sinner deserving of death". Despite the current enthusiasm for believing that Cavendish was referring to homosexuality, his 16th-century interpretation was that <mask> was apologising for his promiscuity, of which he may or may not have been guilty. To use Metrical Visions and <mask>'s scaffold speech as the lone pieces of evidence to support an argument for homosexual behaviour is problematic. The verses in Metrical Visions are based merely on Cavendish's interpretation of <mask>'s scaffold speech, with Warnicke and Weir solely re-interpreting <mask>'s final words on the basis of Cavendish's writings. Appointments and career
<mask> is first mentioned as an adult in 1522 when he and his father received a joint grant of various manor houses in Kent.The grant was made in April, suggesting that <mask> was born in April 1504 and that this grant was an 18th-birthday gift. He received the first grant in his sole name in 1524, when at the age of 20 he received from the King a country mansion, Grimston Manor in Norfolk. It is supposed that this was an early wedding present made to a young man who was rapidly coming into favour. He was a firm favourite of the King and is regularly mentioned in the Privy Purse expenses as playing the King at bowls, tennis, card games and archery. He also hunted with the King and bet large sums of money with him. He won huge sums off the King but probably lost just as much, if not more. Gambling was one of the European aristocracy's favourite pastimes in the period.In 1525, <mask> was appointed gentleman of the Privy Chamber, functioning as the male equivalent to the King of what a lady-in-waiting was to the Queen. As part of a reorganisation of the Court structure, known as the Eltham Ordinance, Cardinal Wolsey, an opponent of the Boleyns, ensured that <mask> lost this position six months later when he halved the number of gentlemen in the Privy Chamber. Wolsey used the reorganisation to get rid of those whom he perceived as a threat, which was something of a backhanded compliment to the 21-year-old Boleyn whose court prominence was already being acknowledged. As compensation, <mask> was appointed Royal Cupbearer in January 1526 in addition to his award of an additional £20 a year for him and his wife to live on. Following her return to England in 1519, Mary Boleyn became Henry VIII's mistress. It is not known when that relationship started or when it ended or indeed for how long it lasted. It was certainly over by 1526 when the King's eyes turned to another Boleyn sibling, Anne, and by 1527 he was seeking to marry her.Much of <mask>'s career was in furtherance to the king's desire for a divorce from his first wife to enable him to marry Anne. In June 1528, <mask> contracted the disease known as sweating sickness whilst with the King and Catherine of Aragon at Waltham Abbey. In a letter to Anne, who also contracted the disease while at Hever Castle, Henry told her of her brother's illness and recovery. Later that year, <mask> was appointed Esquire of the Body and Master of the Buckhounds in 1528. Throughout the late 1520s grants continued to be bestowed upon him. On 15 November 1528 he became keeper of the Palace of Beaulieu and on 1 February 1529 was appointed chief steward of Beaulieu (later in October 1533 he would be granted a life interest in the Palace). On 29 July 1529 he was appointed Governor of Bethlehem Hospital (Bedlam), which was a profitable sinecure.<mask>'s diplomatic career took off in late 1529 when he was knighted and regained his former position as a member of the Privy chamber. It was also in December 1529 that he became known by the courtesy title of Viscount Rochford when his father was created Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and undertook his first assignment as a diplomat to France as ambassador. Because of his youth, (he was only 25), it is believed that Anne's influence secured him this post, although there is no evidence that he lacked the ability to undertake the role. The French ambassador, Jean du Bellay, commented that <mask> was considerably younger than many of the other foreign diplomats and that the appointment of a man barely out of his teens would cause amusement. But he also goes on to say that <mask> should be shown more honour than was ordinarily necessary, and that his reception would be well weighted. Irrespective of his age, <mask> quickly established a good relationship with King Francis I of France and did well in his first embassy. <mask> attended a total of six foreign embassies to France.The first was between late October 1529 and late February 1530. <mask> attended with John Stokesley, the Dean of the Chapel Royal. Their mission was to encourage the universities of France

masks:
George Boleyn
George
George
George
George
George Cavendish
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George Boley
George
George
George
George Cavendish
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George Boleyn
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

texts:
 to support Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The universities' response was initially negative, but <mask> encouraged King Francis to write a strong letter in favour of the divorce, which was later used to reverse the universities' decision. The second was in March 1533 when he informed the King of France of his sister's marriage to the King of England. <mask> was also instructed to encourage Francis into giving Henry more support, and following a lengthy debate <mask> succeeded in obtaining a letter from Francis asking the Pope to concede to Henry's wishes. Not everyone was happy with <mask>'s success.The Bishop of Paris, who had found <mask>'s youth so amusing, described him as "the most unreasonable young man who ever crossed the sea". Yet despite the criticism Du Bellay grudgingly gave praise for the respect <mask>n inspired at the meeting and the strength with which he argued the case. <mask>'s third embassy was between May and August 1533 when he travelled to France with his uncle the Duke of Norfolk to be present at a proposed meeting between the King of France and Pope Clement VII. It was during this mission that news reached them that the Pope had excommunicated Henry. It was <mask> who returned to England to inform Henry of the Pope's actions. On 10 September 1533, <mask> carried the canopy over his royal niece the Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth I) at her christening, along with his uncles Lord Thomas Howard and William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham as well as John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford. His fourth embassy was in April 1534 when <mask> was again appointed to encourage the French King to give more support to Henry's cause, to pass similar legislation against the Pope as had been passed in England, and to arrange a meeting between the two Kings and Anne.In July 1534, <mask> once again attended the French court, this time to rearrange the meeting that had been arranged between the kings as a result of Anne's pregnancy (she later miscarried). In <mask>'s instructions is a passage stating he is one who the King "specially loveth and trustith". <mask>'s final embassy was in May 1535 when he and his uncle were appointed by the King to negotiate a marriage contract between the King of France's third son and the baby Princess Elizabeth, <mask>'s niece. When <mask> was not abroad, he often escorted foreign diplomats and ambassadors into the King's presence. Chapuys in particular regularly refers in his dispatches to meeting "the ladies brother". In October 1529, immediately prior to <mask>'s first embassy abroad, he was instructed to escort Chapuys on his first audience with the King. Chapuys refers to meeting "a civil gentleman named Boleyn".Ironically, Chapuys had liked <mask>, before he became aware of who he was. In addition to his diplomatic career, <mask> was an acknowledged court poet of considerable merit, and was also much admired as a talented linguist and translator. He was passionate about religious reform and translated from French into English two magnificent religious texts as presents for his sister Anne, which he dedicates "To the right honourable lady, the Lady Marchiness of Pembroke, her most loving and friendly brother sendeth greetings." The translations codify the Lutheran doctrine which both Anne and <mask> were so immersed in, and emphasise the joint commitment of both siblings to reform of the Church. When Anne was sent a religious pamphlet by Simon Fish, "A Supplication for the Beggars", it was <mask>, according to Fish's wife, who encouraged Anne to show it to the King. In matters of religion Anne and <mask>leyn were very much a team. Though Anne had far greater influence owing to the King's infatuation with her, her brother clearly identified both of them with the new religious ideas.<mask>'s own religious views resulted in him having an influential role in the Reformation Parliament between its conception in late 1529 and his death in 1536. Both siblings were talented debaters on the issues of religious philosophy and it was <mask> whom Henry chose in 1531 to argue the case for royal supremacy over the Church, before the Church's advisory body, Convocation. On 5 February 1533, <mask> was formally called to Parliament and his attendance rate was higher than any other Lord despite his other onerous duties, clearly indicating his commitment. He obviously voted in favour of the statutes which brought to an end the Pope's powers in England, and his commitment to religious reform earned him many enemies who held true to the Catholic faith. Various peers who were opposed to the legislation were excused attendance provided they appoint a proxy. <mask> twice held the proxy vote of Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr, an adherent to the old religion. Unfortunately for <mask>, De La Warr later sat on the jury which tried him.In 1535 he was one of the special commissioners at the trial of Sir Thomas More and at the trial of three Carthusian Monks, all of whom, because of their religious convictions, refused to swear allegiance to the Act of Succession and Supremacy which had been passed the previous year. <mask>, his father, the King's illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy and all other courtiers of rank were present at the monks' executions, which took place on 4 May 1535. In June 1534, <mask> was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Constable of Dover Castle. These were among  the highest appointments in the realm and, as usual, he committed to them with zeal. He is regularly referred to in the State Papers in his position as Warden sitting at the Warden's court at Dover. From Thomas Cromwell's point of view, <mask>'s influence as Lord Warden was a thorn in his side. On 26 November 1534, <mask> wrote to Cromwell expressing fury that Cromwell had undermined one of his orders made as Lord Warden.Trial and execution: 1536
In 1536, Anne Boleyn miscarried a son. Her failure to provide Henry with a male heir coincided with Henry's infatuation with Jane Seymour, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. To rid himself of his wife, Henry and his chief advisor, Thomas Cromwell, devised a plot whereby Anne was accused of adultery with five men, one of whom was her brother, <mask>. <mask> was charged with incest with the Queen and plotting with Anne to kill the King. During a conversation with Chapuys following the Boleyns' deaths, Cromwell boasted that he had gone to a great deal of trouble arranging the plot, suggesting he did so in order to assist an alliance with Spain. Yet despite his boasts, during the same conversation he greatly praised both Anne and her brother for their "sense, wit, and courage". On 23 April 1536 <mask> was expected to be chosen to receive the Order of the Garter, but the honour went to a known opponent of the Boleyns instead, Sir Nicholas Carew.The following day, Henry gave instructions to Cromwell to set up a special commission looking into various treasons. Anne and <mask> were arrested on 2 May 1536, the day after the May Day joust at which <mask> was one of the principal jousters. The four others implicated in the plot, Sir Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston, Sir William Brereton, and Mark Smeaton were tried on Friday 12 May. Only Smeaton confessed, probably after torture, but certainly emotional pressure. Despite lack of evidence all four men were found guilty. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk sat on the jury and effectively condemned his own niece by finding the men guilty. Anne was pre-judged for the earlier convictions of the men found guilty of adultery with her; therefore she stood trial before her brother.<mask> stood trial a few hours after Anne on Monday 15 May. As Anne had been found guilty before <mask> had stood trial, he too was pre-judged because he could hardly be acquitted when his sister had already been found guilty of incest. The order of the trials had been arranged to ensure the difficult case against <mask> could not realistically fail. Everyone who witnessed <mask>'s trial, including the Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys, considered that he put up a magnificent defence and many thought that he would be acquitted. Chapuys reported that those watching were betting 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted, and the court chronicler Charles Wriothesley said that his evidence was a marvel to hear. There was no evidence of incest save that on one occasion he had spent a long time alone with Anne. Chapuys says he was convicted merely on a presumption.<mask>'s wife has throughout history been accused of providing evidence to support the incest charge, but this is unlikely to be correct. None of the evidence relating to the trials makes any mention of <mask>'s wife as providing evidence save for the fact that she told in a letter that Anne had told her Henry was "not able to satisfy a woman and he had neither capacity nor virility". This in itself was damning because it provided a potential motive for Anne's behaviour. Yet whatever <mask> may or may not have said, it seems that the majority of the courtiers believed in his innocence, as can be seen from the wagers they were making in favour of acquittal. Irrespective of what those at court thought, he was unanimously found guilty and the sentence of the court was that he be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the sentence was later commuted to beheading). He asked for his debts be paid out of his confiscated assets so that no one would suffer from his death, and he continued to be distressed about his debts whilst awaiting death. In fact his distress was so acute that the Constable of the Tower, Sir William Kingston wrote to Cromwell twice begging him to help ease <mask>'s conscience.<mask> and the other four men were beheaded on Tower Hill on the morning of 17 May 1536. <mask>'s scaffold speech was extremely long and exemplified the orator's linguistic skills. For it to have been recorded in as much detail as it was, the vast crowd who witnessed the executions must have been virtually silent, and there could have been little booing or jeering as with normal state executions. His scaffold speech was primarily concerned with defending his religious beliefs and his passion for reform. It was not the honourable thing to deny guilt once a guilty verdict had been given in a court of law, and therefore he followed the conventions of the day by admitting he was a sinner deserving of death. He begged forgiveness of anyone he may have offended and begged for God's forgiveness. He came close to denying his guilt by declaring, "beware, trust not in the vanity of the world or the flatteries of the court, or the favour and treacheries of fortune".He said he would be alive if he had not done so. By blaming fortune for his fall he came as close as he dared to denying his guilt (i.e., he was dying because luck had been against him, not because he was guilty). He then went on to speak of his religious convictions before calmly submitting his neck to the axe. Anne was beheaded two days later. Titles
 <mask> (1504–1529)
 Sir <mask>n (c. October 1529)
 Baron Rochford (between 1530 and 1533 - May 1536)
 The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Rochford (by courtesy until 5 February 1533) (8 December 1529 – May 1536)

Fictional portrayals
<mask>n was portrayed by Michael Johnson in the 1969 film Anne of the Thousand Days and by Jonathan Newth in the 1970 television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII.Following his prominence within The Other Boleyn Girl, the 2001 novel by Philippa Gregory, he was portrayed in the 2003 television film The Other Boleyn Girl by Steven Mackintosh and by Jim Sturgess in the 2008 cinema film The Other Boleyn Girl. Gregory portrayed <mask>n as at least gay and possibly bisexual. However, the film adaptations of the book do not portray <mask> as bisexual. Boleyn was portrayed by Pádraic Delaney in the television series The Tudors. The writers of The Tudors not only portrayed <mask> as bisexual, but also portrayed his relationship with his wife as abusive. <mask>n is one of two protagonists (along with sister Anne) in a play by British writer Joanna Carrick, Fallen in Love. It was originally produced in 2011 in the grounds of Gippeswyk Hall in Ipswich in Suffolk, and subsequently reprised for performances at the Tower of London and Gippeswyk Hall in May 2013, directed by Carrick as artistic director of
Red Rose Chain theatre company.In the 2013 production, <mask> was portrayed by Scott Ellis and Anne by Emma Connell. In the 1830 tragic opera Anna Bolena by Gaetano Donizetti, the character of Lord Rochfort is based on <mask>n, Viscount Rochford. In the 2015 BBC Two adaptation of Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall, <mask>n is portrayed by Edward Holcroft. In the 2021 Channel 5 series Anne Boleyn, he was played by Paapa Essiedu. References

Bibliography

1500s births
1536 deaths
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Boleyn, <mask>n, <mask>n, <mask> from Blickling
Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
16th-century English people
George
English Protestants
Howard family (English aristocracy)
Executed people from Norfolk
People from Hever, Kent
Heirs apparent who never acceded
English knights
Publicly executed people
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
Esquires of the Body
Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula
English politicians convicted of crimes
Masters of the Buckhounds
Knights

masks:
George
George
George
George
George
George Boley
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George Bo
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
Jane Rochford
George
George Boleyn
George
George Boleyn
George Boley
George Boley
George Boley
George
George
George Boley
George
George Boley
George Boley
George Boley
George Boley
George People


title: Miles Kane

texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1986) is an English musician, best known as a solo artist and the co-frontman of the Last Shadow Puppets. He was also the former frontman of the Rascals, before the band announced their break-up in August 2009. He is currently pursuing a solo career, and continues to be a part of the Last Shadow Puppets with Arctic Monkeys frontman Alex Turner. His debut solo album, Colour of the Trap, was released on 9 May 2011 and the follow-up, Don't Forget Who You Are was released on 3 June 2013. His third solo album, Coup De Grace, was released on 10 August 2018 via Virgin EMI. His latest solo album, Change the Show, was released on 21 January 2022 through BMG Rights Management. Early life
Born in Birkenhead, Wirral, an only child, he was raised in nearby Meols.As a child, before learning the guitar, <mask> played the saxophone. <mask>'s maternal cousins, James and Ian Skelly, two founding members of The Coral, also had a great influence on his music taste whilst growing up. Career

Band projects

The Little Flames
Aged 18, <mask> joined The Little Flames as guitarist alongside Eva Petersen (Vocals), Greg Mighall (Drums), Joe Edwards (Bass) and Matt Gregory (Guitar) in December 2004. The band signed to Deltasonic and were compared to label mates the Coral and high-profile bands such as the Arctic Monkeys. They also went on to tour with bands like the Coral, the Zutons, the Dead 60s and the Arctic Monkeys. The band split in 2007 prior to releasing their debut album, which was eventually released in 2016. The Rascals
<mask>, on vocals and lead guitar, was joined by Greg Mighall on drums and Joe Edwards on bass guitar and occasional backing vocals.<mask> took on the main songwriting duties for the band. The band, who have known each other from childhood, continued where the Little Flames left off; they signed with Deltasonic Records again, only with fewer members this time. They were adamant to keep their own distinct sound of 'awesome rockin beats' with a 'psychedelic quirk' and a 'compelling and unique dark underlying spirit'1. The Rascals released their debut EP in December 2007, just 7 months after they got together. Entitled Out of Dreams it featured 4 tracks but did not achieve chart success. Yet they soon became tipped to be one of the bands of 2008, championed in particular by NME, following a well-received support slot on the Arctic Monkeys' 2007 tour. Their first album 'Rascalize' was released on 23 June 2008.The Rascals have a small role in the film Awaydays playing an Echo & the Bunnymen cover. The Last Shadow Puppets: The Age Of The Understatement (2007–2008)

Whilst touring with the Arctic Monkeys, <mask> and front man Alex Turner began to experiment musically together backstage, which resulted in the composition of new tracks, realizing there was a future in their songwriting partnership, and the Last Shadow Puppets were born. The duo decided to travel to the West Coast of France with producer James Ford where they recorded their debut album The Age of the Understatement in just two weeks. Their album went straight to number 1 in the UK Album Charts with the single of the same name reaching number 1 in the Indie Single Charts, and subsequent singles also reaching high spots. They first played together live in the UK, doing a secret set at Glastonbury with a special guest appearance from Jack White, to whom <mask> lent his iPod so White could learn the solo. The band's album missed out on the Nationwide Mercury Music Prize, but won the Mojo Breakthrough Award. In December 2015 it was confirmed on the band's official Facebook and YouTube accounts, that the second album was due in spring 2016.The Last Shadow Puppets: Everything You've Come To Expect (2015–2016)
After mooted rumours of a new album with Alex Turner in <mask>'s other band The Last Shadow Puppets. On 19 October 2015 Owen Pallett, who contributed the string arrangements on The Age of the Understatement, confirmed work on a second The Last Shadow Puppets album. In November 2015, producer James Ford confirmed that work on the second album had been completed. On 10 January 2016, the band released their first single since 2008. The song, "Bad Habits", was accompanied with a music video filmed in the same style as the first two teaser trailers. On 21 January 2016, the band announced that their second album would be entitled Everything You've Come to Expect, and would feature the return of all three previous band members, as well as the addition of bass player Zach Dawes. The title track (Everything You've Come to Expect) was released as a single on 10 March 2016.It was followed by the release of "Aviation" on 16 March 2016 and the release of "Miracle Aligner" on 28 March 2016. The album was released on 1 April 2016. Solo music
In early 2009, after his last tour with the Rascals, <mask> left the band to focus on a solo career. Inspired by a classic, smart '60s Mod theme he signed with Columbia Records and began recording his solo album with Dan Carey and Dan the Automator, who had previously worked with Gorillaz and Kasabian. Colour of the Trap (2010–2012)

<mask>'s debut single, "Inhaler" was released on 22 November 2010, and he did a series of solo shows throughout November, as well as supported the Courteeners at several shows in December. He then continued solo performances in January and February 2011, before supporting Beady Eye at eight shows in March. <mask> released another single, "Come Closer" on 20 February 2011, reaching No.85 on the UK Singles Chart. "Rearrange", the third single from his debut album, was released on 27 March 2011 and reached No. 149 on the UK Singles Chart. The album, titled Colour of the Trap, was released on 9 May 2011. One track, "My Fantasy" features backing vocals from Noel Gallagher, while another, "Happenstance" is a duet between <mask> and French actress Clémence Poésy. Half of the tracks on the album were co-written by Alex Turner, <mask>'s partner in the Last Shadow Puppets. <mask> supported the Arctic Monkeys at two shows in Sheffield in June 2011, and was their support act on their Australian tour in January 2012.It was also announced on 19 October 2011 that <mask> was to support Kasabian on their UK tour in December 2011. Don't Forget Who You Are (2013–2015)

On 24 February 2013, <mask> released an EP titled Give Up, charting at No. 62. On 13 March 2013, <mask> revealed he would be releasing his second album, entitled Don't Forget Who You Are, in the spring. On 19 March 2013, a UK tour in May and June to coincide with the album was announced. On 30 April 2013, <mask> released the single "Don't Forget Who You Are", which features the B-side "Get Right" which was written by <mask> and Alex Turner. The album was released on 3 June 2013, debuting at No.8 in the UK charts. It was produced by Ian Broudie of The Lightning Seeds, and features two tracks co-written with Paul Weller ("Fire in My Heart" and "You're Gonna Get It"). <mask> played the opening day of Glastonbury 2013 on the John Peel stage, before joining the Arctic Monkeys in their headline slot, to play on "505". Two further singles from the album, "Taking Over" and "Better Than That" were released in August and October 2013 respectively. In 2015, <mask> collaborated with Mark Ronson on the opening track "Johanna" of the soundtrack to the film Mortdecai, contributing vocals. Coup de Grace, Dr. Pepper's Jaded Hearts Club Band and Change the Show (2017–present)

In September 2017, <mask> sang in a Beatles tribute band named Dr. Pepper's Jaded Hearts Club Band. Other members included Muse singer and guitarist Matt Bellamy, Nine Inch Nails guitarist Ilan Rubin, and Zutons drummer Sean Payne.In March 2018, <mask> told the Evening Standard his new album would tentatively be called Coup de Grace, and would be released in the summer of 2018. In April 2018, <mask> released 'Loaded', the first single to be taken from Coup De Grace. The music video for 'Loaded', directed by Brook Linder, was released the following month. In June 2018, <mask> officially announced that Coup De Grace would be released on 10 August via Virgin EMI. The album's title track was also released the same day. The following week, <mask> announced a headline European tour for October 2018. Coup De Grace contains songs co written with Jamie T and one including Lana Del Rey.Zach Dawes, Tyler Parkford and Loren Humphrey, who are live members of The Last Shadow Puppets, play on the majority of the album and also co-wrote 3 tracks with <mask>. In November 2019, <mask> supported Liam Gallagher on his UK and Ireland tour. In September 2019, <mask> announced that he started recording new album and hopes to finish it by Christmas the following year. <mask> was featured on the song "Dealer", released on Lana Del Rey's eighth studio album, Blue Banisters. <mask> wrote the song with Del Rey in 2017, for a planned collaborative album between Del Rey and The Last Shadow Puppets; <mask>'s vocals were uncredited on the album. Solo band members
His current live band consist of Oscar Sholto Robertson (drums), David Bardon (bass), Josh McClorey (rhythm guitar) and João de Macedo Mello (keys). His previous live band's included Victoria Smith (drums), Nathan Sudders (bass) and Dom John (guitar and keys).George Moran (rhythm guitarist), Ben Parsons (keyboard), Phil Anderson (bass guitar), and Jay Sharrock (drums). Singer-songwriter and rhythm guitarist Eugene McGuinness left the band to continue with his own career. Personal life
<mask> now supports Liverpool F.C., having previously followed Manchester United. <mask> is also a close friend of former Everton and England footballer Leighton Baines. In 2015, he was named one of GQs 50 best dressed British men. Awards and nominations

Discography
Note: This only includes artist's solo career, not other projects such as the Last Shadow Puppets, the Rascals, The Little Flames or The Jaded Hearts Club. Solo studio albums

EPs

Singles

References

External links

1986 births
People from Birkenhead
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English rock singers
English songwriters
Living people
21st-century English singers
21st-century British guitarists
21st-century British male singers
The Last Shadow Puppets members
Virgin EMI Records artists
British male songwriters

masks:
Miles Peter Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Miles Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Miles


title: Louis Barthou

texts:
<mask> (; 25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, his time as prime minister saw the introduction (in July 1913) of allowances to families with children. In 1917 and in 1934, <mask> also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 25 August 1862 in Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. Career
He served as Deputy from his home constituency. He was an authority on trade union history and law. He was prime minister from 22 March 1913 to 9 December 1913.In social policy, <mask>'s time as prime minister saw the passage of a law in June 1913 aimed at safeguarding women workers before and after childbirth. He also held ministerial office thirteen other times. He served as Foreign Minister in 1917 and 1934. He was the primary figure behind the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance of 1935, though it was signed by his successor, Pierre Laval. As a national World War I hero and a recognized author, <mask> was elected to the Académie française at the end of that war. In 1934, he tried to create an Eastern Pact that would include Germany, Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Baltic states on the basis of a guarantee by France of the European borders of the USSR and the eastern borders of the then Nazi Germany by the Soviet Union. He succeeded in obtaining entry of the Soviet Union into the League of Nations in September 1934.In response to the withdrawal of Nazi Germany from the League in 1933, he began a program of rearmament, focusing initially on the Navy and the Air Force. <mask> was a lover of the arts, and in power worked with leaders of the arts to publicize their fields. He felt that world-class leadership in the arts made Paris a mecca for tourists and collectors, and enhanced the nation's stature worldwide as the exemplar of truth and beauty. In turn arts community honored <mask>, dubbing him the "minister of poets." Death
As foreign minister, <mask> met King Alexander I of Yugoslavia during his state visit to Marseille in October 1934. On 9 October, Alexander and <mask> were assassinated by Velicko Kerin, a Bulgarian revolutionary nationalist wielding a handgun. A bullet struck <mask> in the arm, passing through and fatally severing an artery.He died of blood loss less than an hour later. The assassination was planned in Rome by Ante Pavelić, head of the Croatian Ustaše, in August 1934. Pavelić was assisted by Georg Percevic, a former Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces officer. France unsuccessfully requested extradition of Percevic and Pavelić. This assassination ended the careers of the Bouches-du-Rhone prefect, Pierre Jouhannaud, and the director of the Surete Nationale, Jean Berthoin. A ballistic report on the bullets found in the car was made in 1935, but the results were not made available to the public until 1974. They revealed that <mask> was hit by an 8 mm Modèle 1892 revolver round commonly used in weapons carried by French police.Thus he was killed during the frantic police response rather than by the assassin. Legacy
The assassination of <mask> and the King led to the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism concluded at Geneva by the League of Nations on 16 November 1937. The Convention was signed by 25 nations, ratified only by India. <mask> was granted a state funeral four days after his demise. Ministries

<mask>'s ministry, 22 March 1913 – 9 December 1913
 <mask> – President of the Council and Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
 Stéphen Pichon – Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Eugène Étienne – Minister of War
 <mask> Klotz – Minister of the Interior
 Charles Dumont – Minister of Finance
 Henry Chéron – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
 Antony Ratier – Minister of Justice
 Pierre Baudin – Minister of Marine
 Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Agriculture
 Jean Morel – Minister of Colonies
 Joseph Thierry – Minister of Public Works
 Alfred Massé – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs

References

Further reading
 Atkin, Nicholas. "Power and Pleasure. <mask> and the Third French Republic."Journal of European Studies 23.91 (1993): 357-359. Buffotot, Patrice. "The French high command and the Franco‐Soviet alliance 1933–1939." Journal of Strategic Studies 5.4 (1982): 546-559. French, G. "<mask> and the German Question: 1934." Report of the Annual Meeting. Vol.43. No. 1. 1964. online
 Rife, John Merle. "The political career of <mask>" (PhD. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1964) online.Roberts, Allen. The turning point: the assassination of <mask> and King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1970). Schuman, Frederick L. Europe On The Eve 1933-1939 (1939) pp 94–109.online
 Young, Robert J. Power and Pleasure: <mask> and the Third French Republic (1991)
 Young, Robert J. "Cultural Politics and the Politics of Culture: The Case of <mask>," French Historical Studies (Fall 1991) 17#2 pp. 343–358 online
 Young, Robert J. "A Talent for All Seasons: The Life and Times of <mask>."Queen's Quarterly 98.4 (1991): 846-64; online. External links

 "The King is Dead, Long Live the Balkans! Watching the Marseilles Murders of 1934" The Watson Institute

1862 births
1934 deaths
People from Oloron-Sainte-Marie
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Democratic Republican Alliance politicians
Prime Ministers of France
French Foreign Ministers
Transport ministers of France
French Ministers of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs
French interior ministers
French Ministers of War
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French Senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Members of the Académie Française
1934 murders in Europe
Assassinated French politicians
Filmed assassinations
Deaths by firearm in France
People murdered in France
Terrorism deaths in France
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Articles containing video clips
1930s murders in France
1934 crimes in France

masks:
Jean Louis Barthou
Barthou
Louis Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Lucien
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou
Louis Barthou


title: Edward Giles Stone

texts:
<mask> (17 February 1873 (1876?) – 16 October 1947) was an Australian engineer prominent in many innovative, often daringly and spectacular, aspects of early reinforced concrete constructions in Australia. He was also involved in cement manufacture. He was briefly a pioneer in prefab housing but that industry was destined to use timber, not concrete plates. Early life
<mask> was born on in Sydney, the son of <mask>, Civil Engineer, and Caroline Smith. He served a 'cadetship' with his father, then worked for the Roads and Bridges Branch of the Public Works Department for about seven years, after which he joined the Sewerage Construction Department. Three years later, in 1900, he joined the newly formed Sydney Harbour Trust as Chief Design Engineer.In 1907 he entered private practice as 'Consulting Engineer and Structural Architect, specialising in Reinforced Concrete'. It is of interest that <mask> was working for the Road and Bridges Branch at the same time that former members of the branch were building the first reinforced concrete structures in Australia. In 1909 <mask> applied for a patent for 'improvements relating to storage chambers' such as silos, using precast concrete plates with integral edge beams, these edges being formed with flanges and gussets to assist in their assembly. <mask> set up a precasting plant in Emu Plains NSW, for the manufacture of reinforced concrete houses, silos, water troughs, bins and other products. The system he developed was used for the construction of a five-roomed cottage (heritage listed but since then demolished) at 2 Railway Street, Emu Plains and for a large house of two storeys in Iandra (7 Windermere Avenue, Northmead) for George Henry Greene, member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales (listed on the Baulkham Hills LEP). <mask> also built other houses and silos. On Greene's property, he also built a stable and a motor garage, a large silo surmounted by a water tank, and single-storey bachelor's quarters, completed in 1910 and known locally as Iandra Castle.Stone and Siddeley

In 1912 <mask> entered a partnership with Ernest J. Siddeley, in which <mask> was the driving design force while Siddeley was the project manager who executed the works. <mask> <mask> adopted the Considère system for reinforcing concrete and the partnership produced some remarkable buildings and structures using this system, notably the Dennys Lascelles Austin wool store at Geelong, the Barwon Sewerage Aqueduct, Floating Pontoons at Circular Quay and the Breakwater at Glenelg. <mask> and his partner Siddeley designed and constructed the concrete structures on the Mortlake Gas Works in Sydney including the coal and coke bunkers, the tunnel to take the Telpher system under the retorts, as well as the Power House. <mask> is seen as an important early user of reinforced concrete of interest due to his use of the Considère system. Elements of the Considère system, notably the helical wrapping later became accepted reinforcing practice but at the time of <mask> was working, the approach was novel. Lewis considers "the most innovative form of reinforcement used in Australia was that of the Frenchman Armand-Gabriel Considère." The Considère system worked on the basic principle of the reinforcement of compression members with heavy spiral reinforcing bars, much heavier than would be necessary for a simple ligature.Considère's compression members were usually circular or polygonal in section, and he introduced spiral winding in other zones of compression, such as the haunches of beams, where they were angled up on the slope. The development of reinforced concrete and its application in Australia has been discussed by various authors. Of the various patented systems, the Monier system was implemented in NSW by Carter, Gummow & Co from 1895 followed by its implementation in Victoria by Monash and Anderson from 1905 (see Sir John Monash. Miles Lewis has noted "The reason why few engineers were active is that the technology was riddled with patents, and that the Monier company in particular tried to give the impression that they had the sole rights to reinforced concrete. However, <mask> was not merely important because of his application of a reinforcing system in Australia, from some of his known works <mask> was an innovative and daring designer of concrete structures. The partnership of Stone and Siddeley was an important rival to the practice of Monash and Anderson. Opinions seem to vary as to the cause of the practice's demise.The breakwater at Glenelg was never completed and there was a dispute with the South Australian government. <mask> had some unfortunate associations with cement production in Tasmania (possibly at the Goliath works) and at Port Kembla. Early Designs in Reinforced Concrete

It is interesting, when comparing <mask> <mask>'s work with that of his contemporaries such as John Monash and others, that <mask> combined the innovation of reinforced concrete with some spectacular designs of which the Dennys Lascelles Austin wool store, and the Barwon Sewer Auqeduct, seem to have been the most prominent. The status of these two works attests to <mask>'s prominence as an innovative designer of reinforced concrete structures being at the time (early 20th century) one of the leading designers in the world working in reinforced concrete (but probably he wasn't known outside Australia). <mask> <mask>'s legacy can be seen through the heritage listing of two of his greatest works. The Barwon Sewer Aqueduct

The aqueduct was built between 1913 and 1915. It is a reinforced concrete truss structure, in a form derived from the Firth of Forth rail bridge in Scotland, with a typical span of 53.7m and an overall length of 756m.Both the maximum span and the overall length are far in excess of any other Australian reinforced concrete structure of the time). The truss form is most unusual in concrete, very few being built anywhere in the world. The structure is significant at the National level as an early, unique and innovative use of reinforced concrete. The structure which has remarkable aesthetic and technical qualities is dramatically situated in the landscape of the Barwon River floodplain near Breakwater, Geelong. The site is included on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR Number: H0895)  and the Register of National Estate (RNE 16061)  See also the non-statutory National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register (B5779)  (Preceding text based on the entry in the Australian Heritage Places inventory)

In 2004, the Aqueduct was nominated to the National Heritage List. Following assessment by the Australian Heritage Council the nomination was not adopted by the Minister. Barwon Water has applied to Heritage Victoria for a permit to remove four of the 14 spans of the heritage-listed Ovoid Sewer Aqueduct, as these had been rapidly deteriorating in condition since the 1970s  ( www.heritage.vic.gov.au/permits/currently-advertised-permits ).In considering the Aqueduct's future, Barwon Water has investigated options for ensuring public safety and improving public access to the Barwon River and the surrounding land; as well as attempting to balance heritage values with the management of costs for customers". The former Dennys Lascelles Austin Concrete Woolstore
This was a series of buildings in Geelong built in stages from 1872. The final major extension to the buildings was the so-called Bow String Truss building, which was started in 1910. The architect and engineer was <mask> <mask>. The builder of the concrete woolstore was J C Taylor and Sons although much of the construction was by day labour. The building was a very early and innovative use of reinforced concrete. Of particular note are the daringly large trusses on the top floor, which provided a clear space of 55m x 52m, an important consideration for the Dennys' style of selling wool at the place of storage and display.Not only was this by a very big margin the largest reinforced concrete roof span in the world, but also it was assembled with enormous ingenuity. The great span was achieved by adopting the principles of bridge design, and in fact copying the form of a major bridge at Plougastel in Brittany designed by Considère in his position at the Ponts et Chaussées. The trusses were, in fact, paired with the sawtooth roof passing through them. They followed the Considère patent in form and method of reinforcing. The precast panels of the roof were also notable. (Their 1915 US Patent Application "Process of molding plastics" provides an insight into how they achieved such high quality precast panels.) The site is registered on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR Number: H0587)  and was included on the Register of The National Estate (RNE 19070).See also the non-statutory National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register (B4710)

The building was nominated for world heritage listing due to its exceptional characteristics relating to the pioneering use of reinforced concrete. The world heritage nomination had been supported by international referees who had assessed the application. Unfortunately this building was demolished, in controversial circumstances, in 1990. (This text based on the entry in the Australian Heritage Places inventory )

The 1917 Coastal Traders Proposal

"The Argus" of Friday 8 June 1917 p6 reports a proposal of Stone's to construct a fleet of concrete ships. The paper reported "Mr. E. G<mask>, of Messrs. Stone and Siddeley, engineers and contractors, has put before the Prime Minister a proposal to construct a 4,000 ton concrete vessel within seven months, and after that, if the work is organised on a large enough scale, to
maintain an output of one similar vessel a week"

"The vessels would be built of concrete, with a framework of steel bars, which can easily be obtained. Messrs. Thompson Brothers, of Castlemaine, and other engineering firms have offered to supply the necessary engines within the specified time. They will be internal combustion engines, of the semi- Diesel type, and the vessels will be capable of a speed of 10 knots an hour.A greater speed could be attained, but it would not justify the expense. The vessels will be purely cargo-carriers, of course. My firm has offered to back my opinion that the vessels will be seaworthy and satisfactory, by a guarantee of £10,000, and Messrs Thompson Brothers will back their engines"

There is no evidence that any of these proposed vessels were constructed. Stone and Tasmanian Cement
Stone was one of the founders of Tasmanian Cement Pty Ltd in 1922. The initial plant was to be near Hobart but <mask> became interested in the Railton site because of nearby oil shale. He formulated an invention to use the exhaust gases from the cement kiln to distil oil from the oil shale. Erection of plant began in late 1923 or early 1924.<mask> was the managing director but without salary. He received shares for his part in founding the company and assignment of his inventions and patents. The company was short of money in 1924 and persuaded Dorman, Long & Company (who had secured the contract to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge to take up shares in the venture. In 1925 the company was still short of money and the president (Sir Hugh Bell) of Dorman, Long visited Tasmania and Dorman, Long again agreed to put in money but on condition they took over management. <mask> was asked to resign as managing director. The board (including L Ennis of Dorman, Long) then decided to sack <mask> as construction engineer. It was evident that Stone's oil shale plant did not work.The cement plant was changed from oil firing to pulverised coal firing. The first cement was produced in 1926 and supplied to Hume Pipe Company of Melbourne. The company was reformed in July 1928 as Goliath Portland Cement with 5 directors including one from Dorman, Long (L Ennis) and one from Hume Pipe Company (T S Nettlefold). The company still operates today. Because of the problems with Stone's technology and Tasmanian Cement Pty. Ltd, Dorman, Long had to buy their cement from Kandos for the harbour bridge. Another cement works associated with E.G.<mask> is the "Never Been Beaten Lime & Cement Works" at Deep Creek, Narrabeen Lagoon, on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, which may have operated c1941-1955. Further research into these works is on-going, and Council has been asked to help protect segment of a rotary cement clinker kiln which <mask> is believed to have brought there from his failed cement works near Port Kembla. Chronology of the works of <mask> <mask>

1906 Fibro-Cement Silo, Werrington, NSW. 1908–1910 Australian Patents for the construction of Concrete Silos

1908-c1910 Iandra Homestead and associated buildings, Iandra Road, Greenethorpe, New South Wales
1909 Cottage (with Precast Slabs), 2 Railway Street, Emu Plains, New South Wales. 1910–1911 James Minifie and Company silos, Lennon Street, Kensington, Melbourne. 1910–1911 Burrows Hume Flour Mill,Young Street crnr Wilson Street, Albury, NSW. 1911–1912 Dennys Lascelles Austin Concrete Woolstore, Geelong.1914–1915 Sewerage Aqueduct over Barwon River, Geelong. Australia's most unusual concrete bridge. c1914 The ribbed concrete ventilation stack at the ocean outfall at Black Rock, Connewarre (near Geelong)
c1914 Reinforced Concrete floating pontoons ".. 180ft. long with a beam of 80ft... in Sydney Harbour". Believed to be the largest floating pontoons in the world at the time. 1915 Retaining Wall Corio Bay, Geelong. 950 ft.Silos at Moolap, Geelong for the Cheetham Salt Co
The Cadbury Complex near Hobart
Light tower on Shark Island, Sydney
A four-storey factory in Melbourne
A nine-storey factory in Sydney
Ore bins at the Broken Hill South mine,
1915 Glenelg Breakwater, South Australia. Contracted 1915  Begun 1916, unable to be completed because of bad weather. Contract suspended to enable efforts to be concentrated on building boats, during World War 1. Never completed. 1915 Cape Thevenard Jetty, South Australia. Contracted 1915. Begun 1916.Contract suspended to enable efforts to be concentrated on building boats, during World War 1. When completed in 1919 it was believed to be the first concrete jetty in the world at the time. 1915 Process of Molding Plastics. USA Patent Application 1212838 A
1917 Concrete Ships Proposal. Proposal put to the Prime Minister during World War 1. 1918 Gave evidence on building concrete silos, South Australia. c1920 Coal Wharf, Port Adelaide, South Australia.1920 Precast Concrete
1922 Rotary Kiln. USA Patent Application 1550591 A
1923 Launceston Railway Workshops – Main Building, Inveresk, Tasmanaia. The railway workshops is one of Tasmania's most intact nineteenth century industrial environments. It has been adapted and conserved as the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery at Inveresk. The Main Building is named the Stone Building after <mask> <mask>. 1924 Retort. USA Patent Application 1540662 A
1925 <mask> <mask> resigned from appointment as Manager of Tasmanian Cement Company.1925 Retort. USA Patent Application 1549623 A
1925 Precast Tilt Slabs and Panels. Article in Australian Home Beautiful. 1929 Ball or Tube Mill. USA Patent Application 1794041 A

References

Further reading

 Aitken, Richard. – <mask> <mask>. Undated manuscript.(Cited in Lewis, M.B. 1988)
 Lewis, M.B. – "E G Stone's Wool Store". Heritage, 8, 1 (1988), pp. 16–19
 Lewis, M.B. – "E G Stone and the Considère System". Exedra, II, 1 (Winter 1990), refereed papers, pp.16–21
 Reynolds Don 2003 Swept under the Carpet – A History of a Failed Cement Works Project at Port Kembla by Illawarra Historical Society Wollongong
 Gibson, John; Dawson, Tony. – "<mask> <mask> - a legacy in reinforced concrete" "<mask> <mask> - a legacy in reinforced concrete". In: 16th Engineering Heritage Australia Conference: Conserving Our Heritage - Make a Difference! 13-16 Nov. 2011, Hobart, Tasmania. Barton, A.C.T. : Engineers Australia, 2011: pp105–118. .

Australian civil engineers
Australian businesspeople
1873 births
1947 deaths
Concrete pioneers

masks:
Edward Giles Stone
Stone
John Jasper Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Stone
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
. Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone
Edward Giles
Stone


title: Fawad Siddiqui

texts:
<mask> is an American actor, improvisational comedian, journalist and cartoonist. He has appeared on the USA Network television show Burn Notice alongside Bruce Campbell and Jeffrey Donovan, in the George Clooney film The Men Who Stare At Goats with Ewan McGregor, and in the indie films The Bait and Festival of Lights—starring Jimi Mistry and Aidan Quinn. He also had a role in Queen Latifah produced sequel The Cookout Part 2—starring Charlie Murphy, Mike Tyson and Faizon Love—and currently has a recurring role on the fifth season of the Lifetime Network series Army Wives. He also appeared in the latest season of the FX/The Audience Network series Damages—starring Glenn Close, Rose Byrne and John Goodman—as the shady Afghan information broker Shahbaz Gul opposite Dylan Baker, and in the French comedy Bienvenue à Bord—opposite popular French comedic actors Franck Dubosc and Valérie Lemercier, released in October 2011. He was featured in the upcoming 2013 indie drama Sunlight Jr., from critically acclaimed director Laurie Collyer, opposite Matt Dillon and Naomi Watts. He played the role of Mohammed Al Ghamdi in the second season of the Emmy Award-winning Showtime series Homeland, starring Claire Danes and Mandy Patinkin. In 2014, he appeared as Arash on the season 2 premier of USA's Graceland.In 2017, he appeared as a mosque Imam on 24: Legacy on Fox and as Dr. Ravi Govilla opposite Kyle Chandler on the Netflix original series Bloodline. He also completed filming as one of the main comedic villains, Leo, opposite comedian Paul Rodriguez in Rodriguez' upcoming 2018 comedy Chateau Vato (alternate title I Love Lupe). <mask> has also appeared in commercials for Home Depot, Capital One, Math Wizard, Danbury Hospital and others. He regularly performs with such South Florida improvisational troupes as Laughing Gas and Impromedy, with the Improv Playhouse in Libertyville, Illinois, and with the Steel City Improv Theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is currently a co-director and performer with The Front Yard Theater Collective which produces a monthly variety show at the historic Olympia Theater in downtown Miami. <mask> is also a cartoonist, having created a new field of live illustration of improvised theater shows, which he does for improv theaters throughout the country. Journalism
<mask> studied journalism in college and graduated from the University of Miami in 2003 with a degree in English and Communication.After graduation, he moved to Indianapolis and worked for Islamic Horizons Magazine in Plainfield as an assistant editor and then to Chicago for a time as reporting fellow with Northwestern University's Academy for Alternative Journalism and the Chicago Reader in 2004. He has also freelanced for The Miami Herald and The Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel, including helping to cover the local Muslim community reaction to the Sept. 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. His efforts to improv local news coverage of the Muslim community at this time was covered by the Miami New Times. He was also a section editor for the nationally syndicated Muslim community newspaper The Muslim Observer, covering the South Florida area. Acting & improvisation
<mask> would later return to Miami and discover improvisational theater through the Laughing Gas Theater Company. Eventually, he would go on to study improv at Chicago's famous ImprovOlympic and Second City Theaters. He has also studied at Orlando's SAK Comedy Lab, and at New York's PIT and Magnet Theaters.Today, he splits his time between his native Miami, Florida, New York, Los Angeles and Pittsburgh, PA, working as an actor and in improv throughout the United States, including performances at the Gainesville Improv Festival and at the Del Close Marathon in New York. He is a regular team member with Laughing Gas Improv, Impromedy, Sick Puppies, The Front Yard Theater Collective, Wunderstudies: The Improvised Musical, The Cellar Dwellers, The Pittsburgh Improv Jam, the Steel City Improv Theater, and They Improv. In 2009, <mask> also taught workshops on Improvisational Acting at the National Academy of Performing Arts (NAPA) in Karachi, Pakistan. Cartooning
During his time studying and performing improvisation in Chicago in 2008, <mask> developed a new form of cartooning by creating live cartoon versions of long-form improv shows, primarily at ImprovOlympic Theater, but also at other area theaters including The Second City, the Annoyance and the Playground. He has since produced hundreds of such illustrations, being hired by many prominent improv teams around the country in the field to catalogue their work at those and at other theaters including iOWest and The Groundlings Theater in Los Angeles, the Upright Citizens Brigade in New York, Theatre 99 in Charleston, South Carolina, the Steel City Improv Theater in Pittsburgh and elsewhere. He has illustrated shows for teams at The Chicago Sketchfest, The Chicago Improv Festival, the Del Close Marathon, and the Gainesville Improv Festival. Music
<mask> also founded a satiric comedic acoustic eclectic folk fusion band in college called The Muslim Cowboys and performed with them at Islamic events throughout the country.Notes

References
 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1288500/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100908234337/http://www.laughinggasimprov.com/current_cast.htm
 http://www.impromedymiami.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090331224622/http://chicago.ioimprov.com/
 http://www.improvplayhouse.com/
 http://www.sakcomedy.com
 http://www.steelcityimprov.com
 A well-respected improv news & classified section used by the Chicago Improv Community and the leadership of various local theaters, featuring reviews of his work. Similar improv resource page for the New York improv community. Note, these are not regular message boards. These sections are strictly monitored informational portals for improv news in two of the biggest markets for such work in the country, created and run by the leaders of leading theaters in the field. A British website covering Muslim community news. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/content/printVersion/243489/
 http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miamii&s_trackval=MH&s_dispstring=fawad%20siddiqui%20AND%20&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(fawad%20siddiqui)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=50&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=before%2001/17/2011&xcal_useweights=no

External links

American male actors
Living people
University of Miami School of Communication alumni
American male journalists
American people of Pakistani descent
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Fawad Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui
Siddiqui


title: John Chafee

texts:
<mask> ( ; October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician and officer in the United States Marine Corps. A member of the Republican Party (United States), he served as the 66th Governor of Rhode Island, as the Secretary of the Navy, and as a United States Senator. Early life and family
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to a politically active family. He was the son of Janet Melissa (née Hunter) and <mask>. His great-grandfather, Henry Lippitt, was governor of Rhode Island (1875–1877) and among his great-uncles were a Rhode Island governor, Charles Warren Lippitt, and United States Senator Henry Frederick Lippitt. His uncle, <mask>, was a Harvard law professor, and a notable civil libertarian. His cousin was Frederick Lippitt, former House Minority Leader for the Rhode Island House of Representatives.He had two daughters and four sons, one of whom is former Rhode Island Governor and former United States Senator <mask>. One of his daughters,  Tribbie, died following an accident at a horse show in October 1968 at the age of 14. <mask>e graduated from a coeducational primary school, Providence's Gordon School, in 1931 and then attended Providence Country Day School. In 1940, he graduated from Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts. Marine Corps service
Chafee was in his third year as an undergraduate at Yale University when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He interrupted his undergraduate studies and enlisted in the Marine Corps,  spending his 20th birthday fighting on the island of Guadalcanal from August 8 until November 1942, when the First Marine Division was relieved. After receiving his commission as a second lieutenant, he fought in the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945.Following the war, he received degrees from Yale University in 1947 and Harvard Law School in 1950. At Yale, he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones fraternities. In 1951, he was recalled to active service to be a Marine rifle company commander during the Korean War with Dog Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines. Author James Brady in his memoir of the Korean War and serving as a Marine under Chafee writes:  "Nowhere, at any time, did <mask>e serve more nobly than he did as a Marine officer commanding a rifle company in the mountains of North Korea." and that "He was the only truly great man I've yet met in my life..."

Chafee's military awards include three awards of the Presidential Unit Citation, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, the Korean Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. Early political career

Chafee became active in behind-the-scenes Rhode Island politics by helping elect a mayor of Providence in the early 1950s. He successfully ran for a seat in the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1956 and later became the minority leader.He was re-elected in 1958 and 1960, the latter a year when many Republicans were swept from office in his state. Governor of Rhode Island

<mask> was elected governor in 1962, defeating Democratic incumbent <mask>. Notte Jr. The election was notable for being one of the narrowest in Rhode Island history, Chafee received 50.06% of the vote to Notte's 49.94%, winning by a margin of just 0.12%. However, Chafee quickly became popular with both Rhode Island's Republicans and Democrats, allowing him to win by much larger margins in 1964 and 1966. As governor, <mask> helped create the state's public transportation administration as well as what was known as the Green Acres program, a conservation effort. In 1968 he served as chair of the Republican Governors Association. He served as governor until 1969, when he was surprisingly defeated by underdog Democrat Frank Licht.Reasons ascribed for the defeat include the fact that, after running three times on a strong anti-income tax platform, Chafee now said that such a tax was imperative (indeed his anti-tax opponent went on to champion one in 1971); and that he stopped campaigning after his  daughter was killed. Secretary of the Navy
He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1969 by President Richard Nixon. <mask>'s tenure as secretary was marked by a willingness to make bold decisions and stand by them. Emblematic of this was his decision to elevate Admiral Elmo Zumwalt as Chief of Naval Operations over 33 more senior officers, and his judicious handling of the USS Pueblo situation, in which North Korean forces, during the previous administration, had boarded and captured a navy intelligence ship. His action as Secretary of the Navy that is most clearly remembered is his disapproval of the recommendation to court martial Commander Lloyd Bucher, the commanding officer of the Pueblo, once the release of the crew had been secured. Because it was clear that the guilt clearly rested on the North Koreans and not Bucher or the sailors on the Pueblo, Chafee stated that "Bucher and his men have suffered enough", and that a court martial would only add insult to injury. He served as Secretary of the Navy until 1972, when he resigned to run for the U.S. Senate.United States Senator
After an unsuccessful candidacy for the Senate in 1972 against Democratic incumbent Claiborne Pell, Chafee was elected to that body in 1976, the first Republican to win a Rhode Island Senate election since 1930. He joined the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works in 1977 and made environmental matters a chief concern, often breaking with his party to the delight of conservation groups. He chaired that committee during his last term in office from 1995 to 1999. As a result of his work, Chafee was a recipient of the Lady Bird Johnson Environmental Award. He also did not believe all families that were separated by the state should be reunited together. He believed that the state knew better and would be in favor of placing child with adoptive family permanently than allow their parent(s) the chance to seek unification. Among the bills Chafee fostered while in the minority was the Clean Water Act of 1986, and the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act.He also was an architect of the 1980 Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites as well as the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Chafee authored the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982, establishing the Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS). Upon <mask>'s death in 1999, the CBRS was renamed the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System. Chafee was pro-choice on abortion and supported the North American Free Trade Agreement. He took a moderate stance on taxes and government assistance to the needy. On social issues, Chafee was among the most liberal members of the Senate. He opposed the death penalty, school prayer, and the ban on homosexuals serving in the military.<mask> was one of the few Republicans to support strict gun control laws. He sponsored a bill that, if passed, would have prohibited the "manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, purchase, transfer, receipt, possession, or transportation of handguns and hand ammunition." Chafee voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto). Chafee voted in favor of the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States and the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court, but voted against the nomination of Robert Bork. During the late 1980s and 1990s Senator <mask> became an advocate for improving the U.S. health care system. He supported legislation to expand Medicaid coverage for low-income children and pregnant women, sponsored legislation to expand the availability of home and community-based services for persons with disabilities and worked to enact legislation to establish Federally Qualified Health Centers. In 1992, he was appointed chairman of the Senate Republican Task Force on Health, and he worked to develop a consensus among Republicans on health care.In 1993, he joined with Democratic Louisiana Senator <mask> to form the Senate Mainstream Coalition, a coalition of six Democratic and six Republican senators seeking bipartisan consensus on health reform. He sponsored legislation that increased funds to states to assist youths in making the transition from foster care to independent living; recognized the need for special help for youths ages 18 to 21 who have left foster care; offered states greater flexibility in designing their independent living programs; and, established accountability for states in implementing independent living programs. As a testimonial to the late Senator Chafee, the program is now entitled the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. Chafee sat on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on Health Care, but his biggest imprint was on environmental concerns. He also served in his party's leadership, chairing the Senate Republican Conference from 1985 to 1990. On February 12, 1999, Chafee voted against both articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. On March 15, 1999, Chafee announced he would not seek re-election in 2000.In October 1999, less than two weeks before his death, <mask> was one of four Senate Republicans to vote in favor of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The treaty was designed to ban underground nuclear testing and was the first major international security pact to be defeated in the Senate since the Treaty of Versailles. His last major act was authoring and sponsoring the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century, which authorized funding for transportation programs for the next six years. Death
On October 24, 1999, around seven months after Chafee announced his retirement from the Senate, he died from heart failure at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, two days after his 77th birthday. President Clinton eulogized him, saying, "He embodied the decent center. For him, civility was not simply a matter of personal manners. He believed it was essential to the preservation of our democratic system."<mask> was succeeded in the Senate by his son, Lincoln, who went on to win a full term in his own right in 2000. Legacy
The USS Chafee (DDG-90), the <mask> H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor and the John H. Chafee National Wildlife Refuge were named in his honor. Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island named its World Trade Center on campus after <mask><mask> for his continuing support for global trade and his association with the university. The Chafee Social Science Center at the University of Rhode Island is named in his honor. It is the tallest building in southern Rhode Island. The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, passed on November 23, 1999, after his death, is known as the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. The programs are administered at the state level by Social Service Agencies.

masks:
John Lester Hubbard Chafee
John Sharpe Chafee
Zechariah Chafee
Lincoln Chafee
John Chafe
John Chafe
Chafee
John A
Chafee
Chafee
Chafee
Chafee
Chafee
John Breaux
Chafee
Chafee
John
John H
. Chafee


title: Habibollah Hedayat

texts:
Habibollah Hedayat (دکتر حبیب الله هدایت) (2013-1917), known as the father of modern nutrition sciences of Iran, is the founder of the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI) and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science (FNFS) in Iran. His pioneering work in nutrition sciences over the past 50 years, inspired by humanistic values and views, has been recognized by the Iranian academic community, industry and governmental organizations, as well as international food and nutrition authorities. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the city of Shahreza (previously Ghomsheh) near Esfahan, Iran in 1917. His early education was completed in Shahreza, and he received his high school diploma in Esfahan. <mask> was then admitted to Tehran University Medical School in 1936 where he finished his medical education with honors in 1941. Upon finishing his medical internship in Tehran's Women's Hospital, he performed his military service for one year in the Iranian Army Health Services and then departed for France in 1948 to attend medical school at the University of Paris. He completed his thesis under Professor Varangot at the Port-Royal Paris Hospital where he received his OB/GYN specialty diploma.While studying courses in his specialization of gynecology, he also took general hygiene and workers’ medicine courses in the evenings with the hope of establishing a hygiene research institute back in Iran. Career and Services
Upon returning from France to Iran in 1951, <mask> and his colleagues established the Hafez specialty clinic in Tehran which remained open until 1953. After long discussions with the then Minister of Health, Jahanshah Saleh, Hedayat obtained approval for a research project on Iran's workers’ health. As part of this research project, Hedayat observed malnourished Iranian girls weaving carpets in Kerman in poor working conditions and this caused an internal revolution in him. He decided to focus on "nutrition" as the vital factor in the health and wellbeing of the Iranian people - a subject not taken seriously by the medical community at the time. Since neither he, nor his colleagues in Iran, had formally studied or specialized in the field of nutrition, Hedayat decided to study nutrition sciences overseas under Professor Colin B.S. Platt (Prof. of Nutrition and President of Human Research Centre) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London) as well as the Medical Research Council.<mask>'s master thesis in nutrition was entitled: "A Study of Nutrition in Persia, Including a Laboratory Investigation of the Nutritive Value of Typical Dietaries." Upon his second return to Iran in 1961, <mask> was appointed Director General of Health Affairs for the Tehran province. It was during this period in his career that he established the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science of Iran (INFSI). The initiative started with modestly sized classes, few laboratories, and a library at the Firouzgar hospital in Tehran. The name of the Institute was later changed to National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI). It was during the establishment of INFSI that <mask> became acquainted with his long-time colleague and friend, Shahab Vaez Zadeh. These two scientists pledged to work together to make the INFSI, a vital necessity for Iran, into a success.The Institute, in collaboration with the nutrition section at the Embassy of France under the auspices of Professor Tremoulier, organized seminars and conferences and granted scholarships to students interested in the field. The Institute was to soon find international fame. United Nations entities such as Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF started supporting the Institute. These organizations provided 28 academic scholarships for staff and students. <mask> was invited to a UNICEF conference in New York where Sir Herbert Broadley, the former acting Director-General of FAO and UNICEF's representative in Great Britain, indicated that establishment of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science in Iran had inspired several other Middle Eastern countries to follow suit and establish similar institutes in their respective countries. As an integral part of the Institute, Iran's College of Nutrition Sciences and Food Chemistry was established. Additionally, a rural research center was established in Gorg-Tapeh, a rural area in Varamin, near Tehran.Later, in cooperation with Abdolrahim Emami, who had been sent by <mask> to London to receive his specialty under supervision of Prof. Platt, a branch of the Nutrition Institute was established at the Esfahan University in Esfahan, Iran. In 1970, the Iranian Diabetes Society was also established with <mask> as a founding member and Chairman of the Board. Scientific Works
<mask> is author or co-author of six books, thirty-three academic papers, over fifty research reports on food and nutrition, and over one hundred presentations at national and international conferences (in Persian, English, and French). He was the founder and editor-in-chief of the Nutrition Journal published in Persian by NNFTRI. He was also a member of the editorial board of Ecology of Food and Nutrition published in English in London, Washington, and Tokyo. One of his major scientific achievements was overseeing the evaluation of the nutritional status and needs of the Iranian people conducted by survey teams in 30 different urban, rural, tribal and industrial locations. The result of this survey (published in Persian and English) which was reported to FAO, was considered as the most reputable nutritional survey in the third world and used as a reference for developing countries.Hedayat also managed research projects on Favism and Endemic Goiter in Iran. Honors and awards
<mask>'s pioneering work in nutrition sciences over the past 50 years, inspired by his humanistic values and views, has been recognized by the Iranian academic community, industry and governmental organizations as well as international food and nutrition authorities. A significant number of Iran's current leaders in nutrition and food sciences are alumni of the college he established, the College of Nutrition Sciences and Food Chemistry. In 2005, <mask> was elected as a member of the distinguished faculty of the College of Food Technology of Scientific Research Unit, part of Islamic Azad University. In 2006, Dr. <mask> (together with Shahab Vaez-Zadeh) was officially recognized for his pioneering work in nutrition and food science by all sectors of the Iranian society including Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani, former President and Chairman the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran. Dr. <mask>'s lasting legacy is manifested by the "Dr. <mask> Award", the highest award in Iran bestowed annually by the Iranian Food Science and Technology Association (Chairman: Seyed Mohammad Hosseini) to the most achieved Iranian persons or institutions in the field of nutrition and food science. In 2008, dozens of his former students gathered together with him in Los Angeles to celebrate with him his myriad lifetime achievements.Family life
Hedayat has three sons. Iraj Roland, M.S. in Computer Sciences from University of Uppsala/Sweden, worked as an Engineer at Ericsson before running his own business as a specialist in the design of computer networks, especially for the healthcare sector. He lives in Stockholm, Sweden. Parviz Jean-Pierre, M.A. in Economics from University of Heidelberg/Germany, worked at the investment and private banking for twelve years (Dominick & Dominick Inc., Prudential-Bache International Ltd. and Dresdner Bank AG) before functioning as a member of the management/executive board and COO at Hansa Group AG/Germany. He is currently Managing Director at HEDCO e.K., an international trading and consulting company in Düsseldorf, Germany.Dariush Christian, Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis/France, a specialist in electronic physics, worked as an R & D Engineer at Texas Instruments France (Villeneuve-Loubet), ATMEL France (Rousset), and is now functioning as head of Fraunhofer ENAS Department Advanced System Engineering - Paderborn/Germany. References & Citations

Iranian nutritionists
Iranian obstetricians and gynaecologists
20th-century Iranian inventors
1917 births
2013 deaths
Iranian expatriates in France

masks:
Habibollah Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat
Hedayat