title: John Ruskin

texts:
 century, this statement appeared—without any authorship attribution—in magazine advertisements, in a business catalogue, in student publications, and, occasionally, in editorial columns. Later in the 20th century, however, magazine advertisements, student publications, business books, technical publications, scholarly journals, and business catalogues often included the statement with attribution to Ruskin. In the 21st century, and based upon the statement's applicability of the issues of quality and price, the statement continues to be used and attributed to <mask>—despite the questionable nature of the attribution. For many years, various Baskin-Robbins ice cream parlours prominently displayed a section of the statement in framed signs. ("There is hardly anything in the world that someone cannot make a little worse and sell a little cheaper, and the people who consider price alone are that man's lawful prey.") The signs listed <mask> as the author of the statement, but the signs gave no information on where or when <mask> was supposed to have written, spoken, or published the statement.Due to the statement's widespread use as a promotional slogan, and despite questions of <mask>'s authorship, it is likely that many people who are otherwise unfamiliar with <mask> now associate him with this statement. Definitions

The OED credits J<mask> with the first quotation in 152 separate entries. Some include:
 Pathetic fallacy: <mask> coined this term in Modern Painters III (1856) to describe the ascription of human emotions to inanimate objects and impersonal natural forces, as in "Nature must be gladsome when I was so happy" (Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre). Fors Clavigera: <mask> gave this title to a series of letters he wrote "to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain" (1871–84). The name was intended to signify three great powers that fashion human destiny, as Ruskin explained at length in Letter 2 (February 1871). These were: force, symbolised by the club (clava) of Hercules; Fortitude, symbolised by the key (clavis) of Ulysses; and Fortune, symbolised by the nail (clavus) of Lycurgus. These three powers (the "fors") together represent human talents and abilities to choose the right moment and then to strike with energy.The concept is derived from Shakespeare's phrase "There is a tide in the affairs of men/ Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune" (Brutus in Julius Caesar). <mask> believed that the letters were inspired by the Third Fors: striking out at the right moment.For a full and concise introduction to the work, see Dinah Birch, "Introduction", in <mask>, Fors Clavigera, ed. Dinah Birch (Edinburgh University Press, 2000), pp. xxxiii–xlix. Illth: Used by Ruskin as the antithesis of wealth, which he defined as life itself; broadly, where wealth is 'well-being', illth is "ill-being". Theoria: Ruskin's 'theoretic' faculty – theoretic, as opposed to aesthetic – enables a vision of the beautiful as intimating a reality deeper than the everyday, at least in terms of the kind of transcendence generally seen as immanent in things of this world. For an example of the influence of <mask>'s concept of theoria, see Peter Fuller.Modern Atheism: <mask> applied this label to "the unfortunate persistence of the clergy in teaching children what they cannot understand, and in employing young consecrate persons to assert in pulpits what they do not know." Excrescence: <mask> defined an "excrescence" as an outgrowth of the main body of a building that does not harmonise well with the main body. He originally used the term to describe certain gothic revival features also for later additions to cathedrals and various other public buildings, especially from the Gothic period. Fictional portrayals
 Ruskin figures as Mr Herbert in The New Republic (1878), a novel by one of his Oxford undergraduates, William Mallock (1849–1923). The Love of John Ruskin (1912) a silent movie about Ruskin, Effie and Millais. Edith Wharton's False Dawn novella, the first in the 1924 Old New York series has the protagonist meet <mask>. Ruskin was the inspiration for either the Drawling Master or the Gryphon in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.Dante's Inferno (1967) Ken Russell's biopic for television of Rossetti, in which Ruskin is played by Clive Goodwin
 The Love School (1975) a BBC TV series about the Pre-Raphaelites, starring David Collings (Ruskin), Anne Kidd (Effie), Peter Egan (Millais). A novel about the marriage of <mask>in. Dear Countess (1983) a radio play by Elizabeth Morgan, with Derek Jacobi (Ruskin), Bridget McCann (Gray), Timothy West (Old Mr Ruskin) Michael Fenner (Millais). The author played Ruskin's mother. Peter Hoyle's novel, Brantwood: The Story of an Obsession (1986, ) is about two cousins who pursue their interest in Ruskin to his Coniston home. The Passion of <mask>in (1994), a film directed by Alex Chapple. Modern Painters (1995) an opera about Ruskin by David Lang.Parrots and Owls (1994) a radio play by <mask> about <mask>'s attempt to revive Gothic architecture and his connection to the O'Shea brothers. The Countess (1995), a play written by Gregory Murphy, dealing with Ruskin's marriage. A novel in which Ruskin makes his last visit to Amiens cathedral in 1879. The Order of Release (1998), a radio play by Robin Brooks about Ruskin (Bob Peck), Effie (Sharon Small) and Millais (David Tennant). Ruskin and the Hinksey diggings form the backdrop to Ann Harries' novel, Manly Pursuits (1999). A collection of short stories that includes Come, Gentle Nightabout Ruskin and Effie's wedding night. Mrs Ruskin (2003), a play by Kim Morrissey dealing with <mask>'s marriage."Sesame and Roses" (2007), a short story by Grace Andreacchi that explores Ruskin's twin obsessions with Venice and Rose La Touche. Desperate Romantics (2009), a six-part BBC drama serial about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. <mask> is played by Tom Hollander. Benjamin, Melanie (2010). Alice I Have Been. . A fictionalized account of the life of Alice Liddell Hargreaves, the inspiration for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Mr. Turner (2014), a biopic of J. M. W. Turner with Ruskin portrayed as a precocious prig by Joshua McGuire. Effie Gray (2014), a biopic about the Ruskin-Gray-Millais love triangle, written by Emma Thompson and featuring Greg Wise (Ruskin), Dakota Fanning (Gray) and Tom Sturridge (Millais).Light, Descending (2014) is a biographical novel about <mask>in by Octavia Randolph. Gallery
Paintings

Drawings

Select bibliography
  It is the standard scholarly edition of <mask>'s work, the Library Edition, sometimes called simply Cook and Wedderburn. The volume in which the following works can be found is indicated in the form: (Works [followed by the volume number]). Works by Ruskin
 Poems (written 1835–46; collected 1850) (Works 2)
 The Poetry of Architecture (serialised The Architectural Magazine 1837–38; authorised book, 1893) (Works 1)
 Letters to a College Friend (written 1840–45; published 1894) (Works 1)
 The King of the Golden River, or the Black Brothers. A Legend of Stiria (written 1841; published 1850) (Works 1)
 Modern Painters (5 vols.) (1843–60) (Works 3–7)
 Vol. I (1843) (Parts I and II) Of General Principles and of Truth (Works 3)
 Vol.II (1846) (Part III) Of the Imaginative and Theoretic Faculties (Works 4)
 Vol. III (1856) (Part IV) Of Many Things (Works 5)
 Vol. IV (1856) (Part V) Mountain Beauty (Works 6)
 Vol. V (1860) (Part VI) Of Leaf Beauty (Part VII) Of Cloud Beauty (Part VIII) Of Ideas of Relation (1) Of Invention Formal (Part IX) Of Ideas of Relation (2) Of Invention Spiritual (Works 7)
 The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) (Works 8)
 The Stones of Venice (3 vols) (1851–53)
 Vol. I. The Foundations (1851) (Works 9)
 Vol. II.The Sea–Stories (1853) (Works 10) – containing the chapter "The Nature of Gothic"
 Vol. III. 1–7 covering annually 1871–1877, and vol. 8, Letters 85–96, covering 1878–84)
 Volume I. Letters 1–36 (1871–73) (Works 27)
 Volume II. Letters 37–72 (1874–76) (Works 28)
 Volume III. <mask>in) (1876–88) (Works 31–32)
 Laws of Fésole: A Familiar Treatise on the Elementary Principles and Practice of Drawing and Painting as Determined by the Tuscan Masters (arranged for the use of schools) (1877–78) (Works 15)
 St Mark's Rest (1877–84, book 1884) (Works 24)
 Fiction, Fair and Foul (serialised Nineteenth Century 1880–81, incorporated in On the Old Road (1885)) (Works 34)
 The Bible of Amiens (the first part of Our Fathers Have Told Us) (1880–85) (Works 33)
 The Art of England: Lectures Given in Oxford, During his Second Tenure of the Slade Professorship (delivered 1883, book 1884) (Works 33)
 The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century: Two Lectures Delivered at the London Institution, 4 and 11 February 1884 (1884) (Works 34)
 The Pleasures of England: Lectures Given in Oxford, During his Second Tenure of the Slade Professorship (delivered 1884, published 1884–85) (Works 33)
 Præterita: Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts Perhaps Worthy of Memory in My Past Life (3 vols.)(1885–89) (Works 35)
 Dilecta: Correspondence, Diary Notes, and Extracts from Books, Illustrating 'Praeterita''' (1886, 1887, 1900) (Works 35)

Selected diaries and letters
 The Diaries of <mask>in eds. Joan Evans and <mask> Whitehouse (Clarendon Press, 1956–59)
 The Brantwood Diary of <mask> ed. Helen Gill Viljoen (Yale University Press, 1971)
 A Tour of the Lakes in Cumbria. <mask>'s Diary for 1830 eds. Van Akin Burd and James S. Dearden (Scolar, 1990)
 The Winnington Letters: <mask>'s correspondence with Margaret Alexis Bell and the children at Winnington Hall ed. Van Akin Burd (Harvard University Press, 1969)
 The Ruskin Family Letters: The Correspondence of <mask> <mask>, his wife, and their son <mask>, 1801–1843 ed. Van Akin Burd (2 vols.)(Cornell University Press, 1973)
 The Correspondence of <mask> and Charles Eliot Norton ed. <mask> Bradley and Ian Ousby (Cambridge University Press, 1987)
 The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and <mask> ed. George Allen Cate (Stanford University Press, 1982)
 <mask>'s Correspondence with Joan Severn: Sense and Nonsense Letters ed. Rachel Dickinson (Legenda, 2008)

Selected editions of Ruskin still in print
 Praeterita [<mask>'s autobiography] ed. Francis O' Gorman (Oxford University Press, 2012)
 Unto this Last: Four essays on the First Principles of Political Economy intro. Andrew Hill (Pallas Athene, 2010)
 Unto This Last And Other Writings ed. Clive Wilmer (Penguin, 1986)
 Fors Clavigera: Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain ed.Dinah Birch (Edinburgh University Press, 1999)
 The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth-Century preface by Clive Wilmer and intro. Peter Brimblecombe (Pallas Athene, 2012)
 The Nature of Gothic (Pallas Athene, 2011) [facsimile reprint of Morris's Kelmscott Edition with essays by Robert Hewison and Tony Pinkney]
 Selected Writings ed. Dinah Birch (Oxford University Press, 2009)
 Selected Writings (originally Ruskin Today) ed. Kenneth Clark (Penguin, 1964 and later impressions)
 The Genius of <mask>: Selections from his Writings ed. <mask>. Rosenberg (George Allen and Unwin, 1963)
 Athena: Queen of the Air (Annotated) (originally The Queen of the Air: A Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm) ed. Na Ding, foreword by Tim Kavi, brief literary bio by Kelli M. Webert (TiLu Press, 2013 electronic book version, paper forthcoming)Ruskin on Music ed Mary Augusta Wakefield (Creative Media Partners LLC, 2015)

See also

 <mask> Devereux
 <mask>, Nebraska
 Ruskin's diggers in Ferry Hinksey (1874)
 Ruskin's Ride, a bridleway in Oxford
 Trenton, Missouri, home of the first Ruskin College in the United States
 Charles Augustus Howell
 The English House Mount Ruskin

References

Sources
 Robert Hewison, "<mask>, <mask> (1819–1900)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition. Francis O'Gorman (1999) <mask> (Pocket Biographies) (Sutton Publishing)
 James S. Dearden (2004), <mask> (Shire Publications)

Further reading
General
Barringer, Tim.et al., ed. Unto This Last: Two Hundred Years of <mask>in. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0-300-24641-4. Conner, Patrick. <mask>. New York: Macmillan Press, 1979.Cook, E. T.  <mask>, <mask>. Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1901. Dearden, James S. <mask>in's Bookplates. The Book Collector (1964) 13 no 3 (autumn): 335-339. Dearden, J. S. The Production and Distribution of <mask>'s Poems 1850. The Book Collector (1968)17 no 2 (summer): 151-167.Dearden, J. S. Wise and <mask>. The Book Collector (1969) 18.no.1 (spring): 45-56. Freeman, Kelly; Hughes, Thomas. et al. eds. <mask>’s Ecologies: Figures of Relation from Modern Painters to The Storm-Cloud. The Courtauld, 2021.ISBN 978-1-907485-13-8. Hanley, K; Hull, C. S. eds. <mask>'s Continental Tour 1835: The Written Records and Drawings. Cambridge: Legenda,  2016. ISBN 978-1-906540-85-2. Hewison, Robert. <mask>: The Argument of the Eye.Thames and Hudson, 1976. Hugh, Chriholm. ed. <mask>, <mask>. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1911. Jackson, Kevin.The Worlds of <mask>. Pallas Athene, 2010. Quill, Sarah. Ruskin's Venice: The Stones Revisited. Ashgate, 2000. Quigley Carroll. Tragedy and Hope: A History Of The World In Our Time.GSG & Associates, 1966. Rosenberg, J. G. The Darkening Glass: A Portrait of <mask>'s Genius. Columbia University Press, 1961. Viljoen, Helen Gill. <mask>'s Scottish Heritage: A Prelude. University of Illinois Press, 1956. Waldstein, C. The Work of <mask>in
 W. G. Collingwood (1893) The Life and Work of <mask>in 1–2. Methuen. (The Life of <mask>in, sixth edition (1905).) – Note that the title was slightly changed for the 1900 2nd edition and later editions.E. T. Cook (1911) The Life of <mask>in 1–2. George Allen. (The Life of <mask>in, vol. 1 of the second edition (1912); The Life of <mask>in, vol. 2 of the second edition (1912))
 Derrick Leon (1949) <mask>: The Great Victorian (Routledge & Kegan Paul)
 Tim Hilton (1985) <mask>: The Early Years (Yale University Press)
 Tim Hilton (2000) <mask>: The Later Years (Yale University Press)
 <mask> (2000) <mask>: No Wealth But Life (Chatto & Windus)
 Robert Hewison (2007) <mask>'' (Oxford University Press)

External links
 Ruskin Today
 The Eighth Lamp, Ruskin Studies Today. Ruskin journal

Library collections
 UK Museum, Library and Archive collections relating to Ruskin at Cornucopia.org.uk. Retrieved
 <mask>in texts in the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature Digital Collection.Retrieved 2010-10-19

Electronic editions

 Liverpool Museums audio files on Ruskin

Archival material
 <mask> letter to Brantwood at Mount Holyoke College
 <mask> letter to Simon at Mount Holyoke College

 Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's online biography and gallery . Retrieved 2010-10-19
 Sources for the Study of <mask> and the Guild of St George. Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives. Archival material at
 Finding aid to <mask> letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. <mask> Ruskin Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.1819 births
1900 deaths
19th-century British journalists
19th-century British philosophers
19th-century economists
19th-century English painters
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of King's College London
Anti-consumerists
Architectural theoreticians
Arts and Crafts movement artists
British anti-capitalists
British male journalists
Burials in Cumbria
Conchologists
English architecture writers
English art critics
English environmentalists
English essayists
English male painters
English people of Scottish descent
English philosophers
English watercolourists
Guild of St George
Male essayists
Painters from London
People associated with Anglia Ruskin University
People associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Romantic critics of political economy
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of

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title: Mervyn Warren

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born February 29, 1964) is an American film composer, record producer, music conductor, music arranger, lyricist, songwriter, pianist, and vocalist. <mask> is a five-time Grammy Award winner and a 10-time Grammy Award nominee. <mask> has written the underscore and songs for many feature and television films and has written countless arrangements in a variety of musical styles for producers Quincy Jones, David Foster, Arif Mardin, and dozens of popular recording artists, including extensive work on Jones' Back on the Block, Q's Jook Joint, and Q: Soul Bossa Nostra. <mask> has also produced numerous jazz, pop, R&B, contemporary Christian, and gospel artists, typically arranging those recordings, often performing on them (on piano, keyboards, or vocals), and often writing or co-writing the melodies and lyrics. <mask> is best known as an original member of the a cappella vocal group Take 6, for having composed the underscore to the number-1 film The Wedding Planner (2001), for producing and arranging songs for the hit film Sister Act 2 (1993), and for producing and arranging most of the soundtrack to the 1996 Whitney Houston film The Preacher's Wife—the best-selling Gospel album of all time. Early life and education
<mask> was born on a leap day (February 29) in Huntsville, Alabama. He is the son of <mask><mask>, a university administrator, professor and author, and Barbara J<mask>, a university professor who specialized in early childhood education.His mother taught him reading and math when he was three years old, which enabled him to complete the first and second grades in one year. Upon beginning the third grade, his classmates, thinking he had been "skipped" a grade, taunted and ostracized him for the next several years. During that time, he immersed himself in playing the piano, which he had begun under his mother's tutelage at the age of five. He took piano lessons briefly at the ages of six and 10 but lost interest, preferring improvising to memorization. Because his parents are Seventh-day Adventists, he was forbidden from listening to pop music or rhythm and blues. He was punished at the age of twelve when he got caught with a copy of the album Gratitude by Earth, Wind & Fire. Instead he listened to easy-listening, contemporary Christian, classical, choral music, the Mantovani Orchestra, Edwin Hawkins, and the Swingle Singers.He grew up near Oakwood University, where he saw ensembles perform. At fifteen, he enrolled in a summer program at Alabama A&M University for high school students who excelled at math and science. In 1981 he was valedictorian at Oakwood Adventist Academy, then a few months later entered Oakwood University. He graduated in 1985 with a degree in music. Two years later he received a master's degree in arranging from the University of Alabama, having studied with Steve Sample Sr. Early musical career
At the age of five, <mask> began playing the piano by ear, after being taught a few songs by his mother. For many years thereafter, he immersed himself at the piano—learning to play various styles by ear and creating new arrangements of existing pieces.As early as the age of seven, he was accompanying vocalists at the piano, for their performances at school or church. He soon became sought after as an accompanist in the community and continued to do so, frequently, throughout college and graduate school. At the age of 10, <mask> became the regular accompanist for a vocal group, composed of five of his female classmates, and they performed regularly at school and community events. Within weeks of becoming their accompanist, <mask> began creating original arrangements for the group. When he was 12, he was asked by a classmate if he had ever considered composing an original song. Though <mask> had not previously considered doing so, always having created arrangements of preexisting songs, the suggestion prompted him to begin composing original songs and lyrics, which he taught to the aforementioned vocal group and which they began to perform publicly. <mask> had an innate inclination toward jazz and complex harmony, which was evident in both his original songs and arrangements of existing songs.This inclination was met with disdain by some of the more conservative, Christian members of the Oakwood community, resulting in an ongoing struggle between figures of authority and <mask>, as he attempted to express his musical ideas. At the age of 13, <mask> expanded the five-voice, female vocal group to a nine-voice, mixed vocal group. This group, now called The Symbolic Sounds, sang his arrangements and compositions exclusively, and remained popular in the school and community through 1981. <mask>'s first, professional recording session was for a new version of "The Lord's Prayer", set to an original melody, which <mask> co-wrote with his friend Eric Todd. It was recorded by Blessed Peace, a popular gospel choir at Oakwood University, at Sound Cell Recording Studio in Huntsville, Alabama. <mask> created the vocal arrangement, played keyboards, and assisted Todd with the overall production. During that session, studio-owner Doug Jansen Smith took note of <mask>'s abilities.Soon thereafter, <mask> became a regular session-performer at Sound Cell, contributing arrangements, playing keyboards, and singing on various radio and TV jingles, as well as pop, rock, country, and contemporary Christian recordings. Many of those sessions included <mask>'s friend Mark Kibble, also an accomplished arranger, pianist, and vocalist (and future member of Take 6). As early as the age of 13, <mask> and Kibble, who were born five weeks apart, had performed concerts together, singing solos and duets, while taking turns providing accompaniment at the piano. One of the duets began with <mask> singing and Kibble at the piano; then, halfway through the song, <mask> would leave the stage and take over at the piano, seamlessly, at which point Kibble would take the stage to sing. In 1980, while both juniors in high school, <mask> and Kibble joined a preexisting, male, a cappella vocal quartet at Oakwood University, and the resulting sextet became known as Alliance. Alliance became known for its highly unique and complex vocal arrangements, primarily of well-known negro spirituals, but of some newer songs, as well. Most of Alliance's dazzling arrangements were created by Mark Kibble, but later, <mask> contributed a few, as well.Alliance was very popular and performed not only on the campus of Oakwood University, but in various cities across the United States. In 1983, Alliance recorded an album at Sound Cell Recording Studio, entitled Something Within for Legacy Records, a custom label founded by Henry Mosley, then-professor at Oakwood University. Mosley also served as the group's manager. Later, an unmarked, cassette copy of Something Within was given by recording artist Michael Martin Murphey to Jim Ed Norman at Warner Bros. Records in Nashville, Tennessee. Norman loved the recording but neither he nor Murphey knew the identity of the performers. In 1987, Norman finally discovered the group's identity and promptly signed Alliance to a recording contract with Reprise Records, a division of Warner Bros. Records. Upon discovering that a rock music band had already recorded under the name "Alliance", the vocal group Alliance was renamed Take 6, released the album Take 6, and went on to earn worldwide acclaim.In 1981, <mask> enrolled at Oakwood University and joined the highly regarded touring choir The Aeolians, under the direction of Professor Alma Blackmon. <mask> remained a member of The Aeolians throughout his four-year matriculation, later becoming the ensemble's stage director, assistant conductor, and alternate accompanist. With The Aeolians, <mask> toured extensively throughout the United States, Bermuda, The Bahamas, The Virgin Islands, England, Scotland, and Wales. In 1985, <mask> composed an upbeat choral piece entitled "I Ain't Got Long To Be Here" in the style of a negro spiritual. Blackmon allowed <mask> to teach the piece to The Aeolians, and it became part of their standard repertoire. Whenever they performed it, Blackmon introduced <mask>, who would then conduct the piece. "I Ain't Got Long To Be Here" is believed to be the first student composition ever to have been performed by The Aeolians.Blackmon was a pivotal figure in <mask>'s musical development. With her he studied music theory, piano performance, and techniques of choral conducting. By coincidence, as a teenager <mask> lived in his parents' home, directly across the street from the home of Blackmon and her daughter Brenda, now Brenda Wood. As of 2010, Wood is an NBC news anchor at WXIA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia. A Special Blend

Many members of The Aeolians also sang in other vocal groups and choirs at Oakwood University. However, because of The Aeolians' rigorous rehearsal and touring schedule, conductor Alma Blackmon had instituted a rule that no members of the ensemble could participate in extracurricular groups larger than a quartet. This was intended to limit the number of students who might collectively miss any given Aeolian performance.As such, <mask>'s nine-voice vocal group, The Symbolic Sounds, was disallowed. In response, in 1981 <mask> disbanded The Symbolic Sounds and formed the vocal group A Special Blend, consisting of two women and two men, accompanied by <mask> on piano or sometimes by a full rhythm section. He created innovative vocal arrangements for A Special Blend, whose repertoire consisted of new arrangements of familiar songs, as well as original compositions by <mask>. The group's core members were Joya Foster, Lori Bryan, Mark Kibble, and Claude V. McKnight, III. Like Alliance, A Special Blend became well-known and popular for its unique style, combining vocal jazz with contemporary Christian lyrics. A Special Blend performed many concerts throughout the United States, primarily on weekends, during the school year. <mask>, Kibble, and McKnight were members of both A Special Blend and Alliance.The groups' respective takes on vocal jazz complimented each other, and in fact they frequently concertized in tandem. At different points during A Special Blend's six-year continuance, vocalists Andraetta Huff, Sheryl Bihm, and Michelle Mayne each briefly served as members or alternate members. In reality, neither A Special Blend nor Alliance complied with Blackmon's "Rule of Four." However, she granted an exception for A Special Blend, since they were technically a quartet that <mask> accompanied at the piano. Alliance, on the other hand, was in clear violation, but <mask>, along with Mark Kibble and Claude V. McKnight, III, continued to perform with Alliance stealthily. Although Kibble and McKnight also sang with The Aeolians, they each did so for only one year or less. <mask> remained a member of The Aeolians throughout his four-year

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title: Mervyn Warren

texts:
 matriculation.In 1982, A Special Blend won the first-place trophy at the Alabama State Fair's talent competition. In 1983, A Special Blend recorded a collection of several songs at Sound Cell Studio, to serve as a demo to help the group acquire a recording contract. Like Alliance, A Special Blend caught the attention of Henry Mosley, who became the group's manager. In 1984 A Special Blend recorded an album entitled Nowhere But Up, which <mask> produced. The album was recorded at a studio in Nashville, Tennessee, for release on Mosley's Legacy Records. To attend sessions, <mask> and the group and band members made the 100-mile trip many times—often departing for Nashville after the day's classes, recording for a few hours, then returning to Huntsville after midnight, in time for the next morning's classes. Despite Oakwood University's rich tradition of vocal groups, which had spanned decades, Nowhere But Up was the first student album to feature a full rhythm section plus orchestration, including a string ensemble, a big band, a pop horn section, synthesizers, and exotic percussion, all of which <mask> arranged, though at the time he had received no formal training in orchestral writing.Upon its release, Nowhere But Up caused quite a stir within Oakwood University's rather conservative community. While a small number of the most conservative faculty members expressed discontent with the album's decidedly jazzy style, the project was highly celebrated by students, other faculty, and enthusiasts, both within the Oakwood community and around the United States. Only a few thousand copies of Nowhere But Up were pressed, and it is today considered a collector's item. As of 2010, there are discussions of a possible re-release of the album on the iTunes Store in 2011, the 30th anniversary of the group's formation. A Special Blend often joined <mask> at Sound Cell Studio to sing on jingles or commercials or to provide background vocals for other artists' recordings. These recordings ran the gamut from country and pop to "easy listening" and contemporary Christian music. The group also performed background vocals on stage for recording artist Bob Bailey, during his live concert at Oakwood.In 1985, during a trip to California, A Special Blend performed at gospel-music legend Walter Hawkins' Love Center in Oakland. Aside from Hawkins and his brother, the equally celebrated Edwin Hawkins, the concert was attended by gospel-music legend Danniebelle Hall, who had been very influential upon <mask>. In fact, A Special Blend's repertoire included a unique arrangement of a Danniebelle Hall New Orleans jazz-styled piece entitled "Theme On The Thirty-Seventh", which A Special Blend performed, to Hall's delight. After the group's performance, Walter Hawkins took the stage and playfully expressed that he had not noticed A Special Blend performing any Walter Hawkins songs. From the audience, Hall replied—tongue firmly in cheek—"Well, if you'd write something decent, they would." In 1986, <mask> traveled to Toronto, to see the Manhattan Transfer in concert. Afterward, he waited at the backstage door, and upon the group's exit presented them with copies of Nowhere But Up.Over the years, A Special Blend had in fact been compared to the Manhattan Transfer. Some months later, while completing his master's degree at the University of Alabama, <mask> received a surprise phone call from Janis Siegel of the Manhattan Transfer, asking if he had heard from the Recording Academy. Siegel explained that members of the Manhattan Transfer had submitted Nowhere But Up for a Grammy Award nomination. Because the album was a small, independent release, it had not reached enough members of the Recording Academy to earn a Grammy nomination. However, <mask> and A Special Blend would remain forever grateful for the Transfer's magnanimous gesture. Years later, <mask> would write several arrangements for the Manhattan Transfer. Take 6
In 1980, <mask> became a member of the a cappella sextet Alliance, which in 1987 signed with Warner Bros. Records, moved to Nashville, Tennessee, changed its name to Take 6, and achieved worldwide fame in 1988.<mask> produced or co-produced most of their first two albums, Take 6 and So Much 2 Say; arranged and co-wrote many of the included songs; and with the group won his first of four Grammy Awards. <mask>'s years with Take 6 were characterized by a flurry of appearances, performances, recordings, and travel. Take 6 performed many concerts and embarked upon several concert tours, typically to sold-out audiences, both in the United States and abroad. In 1988, Take 6 toured approximately 12 U.S. cities, opening for singer Andy Williams. In 1989, Take 6 toured 40 U.S. cities, opening for jazz legend Al Jarreau. In subsequent years, Take 6 headlined their own concerts and tours throughout the United States, the UK, Europe, and Japan. Take 6 also performed at a number of well-known events, venues, and jazz festivals, including Radio City Music Hall, Carnegie Hall, The Hollywood Bowl, The Special Olympics, The Monterey Jazz Festival, and The Playboy Jazz Festival.Occasionally Take 6 shared billing with other, popular contemporary-Christian recording artists, such as BeBe & CeCe Winans, the Winans, and Commissioned. The popularity of Take 6 led to collaborations with many, established artists. In fact, it was through Take 6 that <mask> first met Quincy Jones, establishing a musical friendship that would last for decades. Take 6 performed on several songs and interludes on Jones' album Back on the Block. In addition to performing with the group and contributing to their vocal arrangements, <mask> is the featured voice on "Setembro (Brazilian Wedding Song)", and he penned the lyrics for "The Verb To Be (Introduction to Wee B. Dooinit)". Jones also invited <mask> to be a featured vocalist on the song "The Secret Garden (Sweet Seduction Suite)." At the time, for personal reasons, <mask> respectfully declined the invitation.Since then, <mask> has characterized it as "one of the very few decisions in my life that I truly regret." In the years since, <mask> has arranged, produced, or co-produced numerous songs for various Jones projects. In 1989, Take 6 recorded the song "Don't Shoot Me," for the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. <mask> produced the recording and co-wrote "Don't Shoot Me" with Lee and with group-members Claude V. McKnight, III and David Thomas. That same year, Take 6 recorded background vocals on the Don Henley album The End of the Innocence. The collaboration had been requested, as a personal favor, by Jim Ed Norman, then-president of Warner Bros. Records in Nashville. Norman and Henley were longtime friends, Norman having previously produced many recordings by Henley's band The Eagles.Other notable Take 6 collaborations during that period include recordings with k.d. lang, Johnny Mathis, Stephanie Mills, Melba Moore, Joe Sample, Dino Kartsonakis, and composer Steve Dorff. During <mask>'s tenure, Take 6 recorded music videos for three songs: "Spread Love," "I L-O-V-E U," and "Ridin' The Rails," their collaboration with k.d. lang, for the 1990 film Dick Tracy. During the same period, Take 6 also recorded theme music for the television show Murphy Brown, Oprah Winfrey's television miniseries The Women of Brewster Place, and commercials for Burger King and Mitsubishi. During this period, Take 6 performed live on numerous television shows, including the 31st Grammy Awards, Good Morning America, The Today Show, David Sanborn's Good Evening, The Arsenio Hall Show, The Tonight Show, Saturday Night Live, and Late Show with David Letterman. Take 6 also performed The National Anthem at the 1988 World Series.In 1991 <mask> left Take 6 to become a full-time record producer, songwriter, arranger and film composer. Music career in Nashville
Between recording sessions and tours with Take 6, <mask> produced and wrote songs and arrangements for other musicians. Producer Greg Nelson became a mentor to him. After leaving Take 6 in 1991, <mask> remained in Nashville, where he worked with Yolanda Adams,  First Call, Larnelle Harris, James Ingram, Babbie Mason, Cindy Morgan, Sandi Patty, The Richard Smallwood Singers, Thomas Whitfield, and Bebe & Cece Winans. In 1990, he produced two tracks on the Donna McElroy album Bigger World. The arrangement for "Come Sunday," was a collaboration with Cedric Dent of Take 6. <mask> and Dent received a Grammy Award nomination for the arrangement.Interpreting Handel
In 1991, <mask> was hired to arrange and produce an interpretation of the 1741 oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel that incorporated African-American music. He arranged and produced seven of the sixteen tracks of  Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration, which included spirituals, blues, ragtime, swing, jazz fusion, rhythm and blues, gospel, and hip-hop. The album received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album and the Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year. Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration has been officially recognized by Handel House, the George F. Handel museum in London, England. Film and music career in Los Angeles

In 1993 <mask> was hired to compose music for the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit. Although he intended to return to Nashville, job offers compelled him to remain in Los Angeles. He has composed and conducted orchestral scores for film and television; written, produced, and arranged songs for films and for Ron Fair, David Foster, and Quincy Jones; and has performed and recorded as a musician.He collaborated with Jeff Marx on "You Have More Friends Than You Know" for the It Gets Better organization. The song appeared on the television program Glee on April 18, 2013. Awards and honors

Grammy Awards and nominations

Soul Train Award

NAACP Image Award nominations

Dove Awards and nominations (10)

Stellar Awards

References

External links
 Mervyn <mask> <mask>siCodex Page
 https://mervynwarren.com/biography
 Alabama Hall of Fame Music Achievers

1964 births
Living people
African-American pianists
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American gospel singers
American jazz keyboardists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz singers
American music arrangers
Record producers from Alabama
American rhythm and blues keyboardists
American contemporary R&B singers
Gospel musicians
Gospel music composers
Songwriters from Alabama
Grammy Award winners
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
Musicians from Huntsville, Alabama
Urban contemporary gospel musicians
20th-century American pianists
Jazz musicians from Alabama
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
African-American songwriters
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
American male

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title: Dmitry Belik

texts:
<mask> (Russian: Дмитрий Анатольевич Белик; born in 17 October 1969) is a Russian politician who is currently a member of parliament in the State Duma of the VII convocation, a member of the United Russia party, and a member of the State Duma committee on control and regulations and a member since 5 October 2016. He had been the acting head of Sevastopol from 4 March 2014 to 13 May 2014 as he was an active participant in the occupation of Crimea by Russia. Biography

<mask> was born in Kular, Russia on 17 October 1969. According to some other sources, they indicate that he was born on 1 January 1970. <mask> moved to Sevastopol from Kemerovo in 1990. From May 1995 to June 2013, he was director, then demoted to deputy director of the private enterprise Big Crimea in Sevastopol. In 2006, he graduated from the Modern Humanitarian Academy in Moscow with a degree in economics.In 2007, he founded the first private Orthodox general education school "Mariampol" in Sevastopol. Belyk was the member of the Sevastopol City Council of the IV, V and VI convocations. He was the chairman of the Land Commission; in the 5th convocation, and the chairman of the Standing Committee on Urban Development Policy, Regulation of Land and Water Relations. In the 6th convocation, he was the chairman of the standing commission on industry, agro-industrial complex, trade and entrepreneurship, and a member of the standing commission on social and humanitarian issues, as from 21 June 2013. He was a member of the Party of Regions. Simultaneously, from 21 June 2013, Belyk had become the deputy chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration for Social Policy. From 4 March 2014 to 13 May 2014, <mask> served as the acting head of the administration of Sevastopol.He supported the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea, and took an active part in the work of the occupying government. Since 2014, he had been a deputy secretary of the Sevastopol Regional Branch and a member of the Regional Political Council of the Sevastopol Branch of the United Russia party. Since 2015, he has been wanted by the prosecutor's office of Ukraine on suspicion of high treason. On 22 May 2016, he won the preliminary party vote of the United Russia party, and was nominated as a candidate for the State Duma in Sevastopol at the 15th party congress. In the parliamentary elections of the State Duma on 18 September 2016, <mask>, as in Sevastopol single-mandate constituency No. 219, had won in a single-mandate constituency, gaining 46,960 votes (33.24%). In the VII convocation of the State Duma, he is a member of the United Russia faction, and is a member of the committee on budget and taxes.Since November 2016, <mask>, and among the 6 members of the State Duma elected in Crimea, has been subject to sanctions imposed by the European Union, with a ban on entry to the territory of the European Community and freezing of their accounts in the EU. Legislative activity

Between 2016 and 2019, during the term of office of a deputy of the State Duma of the VII convocation, <mask> co-authored 97 legislative initiatives and amendments to draft federal laws. Political activity

<mask> had been an author of more than 80 draft decisions of the Sevastopol City Council, including with regulation on public hearings, the concept of preserving the historical buildings in Sevastopol, on the limitation of the number of floors in the historical center of the city, and on the prohibition of the use of communal property for the implementation of the "methadone program". He also had initiated citywide public hearings, which includes, "City against drugs" in a call against the introduction of the methadone program in Sevastopol. “We speak Russian - we study in Russian”, with the Russian language, based on their results, a decision was made by the City Council session on the recognition of Russian as the language of regional communication, and “On the ways of development of KP“ Sevelektroavtotrans ”,  which is about the reorganization of the Sevastopol trolleybus system. Belyk had also been a delegate of the 1st Congress in Severodonetsk, the 2nd Congress of Deputies of all levels of the southeastern and the central Ukraine in Severodonetsk. In 2008, he was one of the initiators of the installation of the monument to Catherine II, opposed the installation on the Grafskaya pier of the plaque "90 years of the Ukrainian fleet", was one of the initiators of the proposal to award Yury Luzhkov the title of "Honorary Citizen of Sevastopol."On 30 December 2009, he initiated an extraordinary session of the Sevastopol City Council on the situation in Sevastopol from 26 December 2009. Then, the Svoboda party marched down Lenin Street, which the deputies demanded a ban on the activities of Svoboda members. In the 2012 elections to the Verkhovna Rada, Belyk ran from the Russian Bloc party in the 224th constituency of Sevastopol; gaining 27.8% of the votes, and became the second after Pavlo Lebedyev. He did not participate in the repeated elections in connection with the transfer of Lebedyev to the post of Minister of Defense of Ukraine, but supporting the oligarch Vadym Novynskyi. Since 26 December 2012, he headed the Coordination Council of Organizations of Russian Compatriots (KSORS) at the Consulate General of Russia in Crimea. On 16 July 2013, he announced his withdrawal from the Russian Bloc faction of the Sevastopol City Council. <mask> became the acting head of the Sevastopol Administration, on 7 March 2014, and issued an order banning the use of the state Ukrainian language in the Sevastopol City State Administration in office work and document flow and on the use of Russian as the official language for paperwork and document flow.Personal life

<mask> had also been a general producer of the documentary film about Stanislav Chyzh, who was the People's Artist of Crimea, the honorary citizen of Sevastopol, and creator of the monument to Catherine II. Family

He is married, and is raising three children (four, according to other sources)

References

External link

1969 births
Living people
21st-century Russian politicians
Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Party of Regions politicians
United Russia politicians
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)

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Dmitry Anatolyevich Belik
Dmitry Belik
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title: William H. Steele (United States Army officer)

texts:
Former Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask> (born ) is a former U.S. Army Reservist from Prince George, Virginia. He was charged with aiding the enemy and other breaches of military law, mostly in connection with his role as commander of the 451st Military Police Detachment and Camp Cropper, a holding facility for security detainees in Iraq. He was acquitted of aiding the enemy, but sentenced to 2 years confinement on other charges and was dismissed from the military. He was confined at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. <mask> was only the second officer to be charged with aiding the enemy during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the other being Captain James Yee. <mask><mask> was the only field-grade officer to be charged with aiding the enemy during all of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Biography

Background
<mask> is originally from Frostburg, Maryland and a 1973 graduate of Beall High School.He is a former police officer from Anne Arundel County, Maryland and a former Hernando County, Florida sheriff’s deputy. Civilian legal incidents
After <mask> was charged with aiding the enemy, the press reported on two earlier incidents in which <mask> had been involved with the courts. In November 1993, he was charged with felony aggravated child abuse for his verbal and physical abuse of his 11-year-old stepson. From court records, "[The boy] was punched. He was thrown across the room for eating food without asking." <mask> was also charged with resisting an officer with violence, another felony. Both charges were dropped when he agreed to give up custody.In 2003, <mask> was charged with two misdemeanor offenses during a dispute with a contractor. The contractor, who was born in Lebanon, accused <mask> of saying: "You better get out of here or I'll blow your head off," and said that <mask> "accused him of working for al-Qaeda". <mask> was convicted on one count of threatening bodily harm, but upon appeal the charges were dismissed after <mask>
<mask> served as commandant of Camp Cropper from October 2005 to the end of October 2006, when he transferred to Camp Victory and served as a senior patrol officer with 89th Military Police Brigade. Camp Cropper is known to have held former Baath Party members, Al-Qaeda operatives, and members of the Iraqi insurgency. On April 26, 2007, it was announced that <mask> had been held in military detention since March, and that he had been charged with aiding the enemy and other violations of military law. After that he was held in pretrial confinement in Kuwait.Testimony at his Article 32 hearing indicated that the charge of aiding the enemy was based on the allegation that <mask> had allowed three juvenile detainees to use his cellphone to call their parents in violation of the prison's requirement that all prisoner phone calls be monitored. (<mask> had been previously reprimanded by Brigadier General Kevin McBride, commander of the 43rd MP Brigade, for "intimidating tower guards with a service pistol." He was later awarded the Bronze Star Medal by General McBride at the end of his tour of duty.) On June 10, 2007, the military dropped charges of fraternization with the daughter of a prisoner, and failure to oversee expenditure of government funds—allegedly used to purchase of hair dye and Cuban cigars for <mask> when he was held at Camp Cropper. At that time, Major General James E. Simmons referred the remaining charges for trial by general court-martial. <mask> was ordered confined pending trial. At a pre-trial hearing held at Camp Liberty, Iraq, on October 7, <mask> pleaded guilty to two charges relating to improper storage of classified materials and to one of possession of pornographic videos.<mask>'s trial before a military judge on charges of "aiding the enemy, possessing classified information, disobeying orders and conduct unbecoming an officer" began in Baghdad on October 15. On October 19, 2007, a military judge found <mask> not guilty on the charge of aiding the enemy, but guilty of "unauthorized possession of classified documents, behavior unbecoming an officer for an inappropriate relationship with an interpreter and failing to obey an order". <mask> was sentenced to 2 years confinement (of a possible maximum 6-year sentence for the charges to which he had previously plead guilty, as well as an additional 10 years for the charges for which he was convicted), credited with time served, loss of his military retirement, forfeiture of pay and allowances, and dismissal from the military. Charges against <mask>

Charge I: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 104
Specification: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006, aid the enemy by providing an unmonitored cellular phone to detainees. (Acquitted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge II: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 134
Specification: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 31, 2006 and February 22, 2007, having unauthorized possession of classified information, violate Title 18, United States Code, Section 793(e), by knowingly and willfully retaining the same and failing to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge III: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 133
Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 20, 2005 and February 22, 2007, knowingly and wrongfully fraternize with the daughter of a detainee, wherein such acts constituted conduct unbecoming an officer in the armed forces. (This specification was not recommended for trial by court-martial and was dismissed on June 10, 2007.)Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about December 1, 2005 and December 11, 2006, knowingly and wrongfully provide special privileges to and maintain an inappropriate relationship with an interpreter, wherein such acts constituted conduct unbecoming an officer in the armed forces. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge IV: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 92
Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about February 18, 2007 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general regulation, to wit: paragraph 7–4, Army Regulation 380–5, dated September 29, 2000, by wrongfully and knowingly storing classified information in his living space. (<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about September 1, 2006 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general regulation, to wit: paragraph 4–32, Army Regulation 380–5, dated September 29, 2000, by improperly marking classified information. (<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 3: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, having knowledge of a lawful order issued by the 89th Military Police Brigade Deputy Commander, did, at or near Camp Victory, Iraq, on or about February 22, 2007, failure to obey the same. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Specification 4: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about February 18, 2007 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general order, to wit: paragraph 2e, Multi-National Corps-Iraq General Order Number 1, dated December 16, 2006, by wrongfully and knowingly possessing pornographic video files.(<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 5: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, between on or about October 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006, was derelict in the performance of his duties in that he willfully failed to fulfill his obligations as an approving authority in the expenditure of Field Ordering Officer funds. (This specification was not recommended for trial by court-martial and was dismissed on June 10, 2007.) References and notes

External links
Charges Announced News Release – United States Central Command – April 26, 2007
Trial Date Set For Officer Charged With Aiding Enemy News Release – United States Central Command – October 13, 2007
U.S. commander under investigation for allegedly aiding the enemy
US Iraqi prison commander detained
Army officer who commanded MPs at Iraq prison accused of aiding the enemy, faces death penalty

1950s births
Living people
American deputy sheriffs
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army officers
People from Frostburg, Maryland
People from Prince George, Virginia

masks:
William H
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Steele
William H
. Steele
Steele
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Steeleper
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Saddam Hussein
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title: Charles Piazzi Smyth

texts:
<mask>  (3 January 1819 – 21 February 1900) was an Italian-born British astronomer who was Astronomer Royal for Scotland from 1846 to 1888; he is known for many innovations in astronomy and, along with his wife <mask>, his pyramidological and metrological studies of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Astronomical career
<mask> (pronounced ) was born in Naples, Italy, to Captain (later Admiral) <mask> and his wife Annarella. He was named <mask> after his godfather, the Italian astronomer <mask>, whose acquaintance his father had made at Palermo when serving in the Mediterranean. His father subsequently settled at Bedford and equipped there an observatory, at which <mask> received his first lessons in astronomy. He was educated at Bedford School until the age of sixteen when he became an assistant to Sir Thomas Maclear at the Cape of Good Hope, where he observed
Halley's comet and the Great Comet of 1843, and took an active part in the verification and extension of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's arc of the meridian. In 1846 he was appointed Astronomer Royal for Scotland, based at the Calton Hill Observatory in Edinburgh, and professor of astronomy in the University of Edinburgh. Shortly after his appointment, the observatory was placed under the control of Her Majesty's Treasury and suffered from a long series of under-funding.Because of this, most of his notable work in astronomy was done elsewhere. Here he completed the reduction, and continued the series, of the observations made by his predecessor, Thomas James Henderson. In 1853, <mask> was responsible for installing the time ball on top of Nelson's Monument in Edinburgh to give a time signal to the ships at Edinburgh's port of Leith. By 1861, this visual signal was augmented by the One O'Clock Gun at Edinburgh Castle. In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote in his book Opticks Book 1, Part 1:
"... [telescopes] ... cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds." This suggestion fell on deaf ears until in 1856, Smyth petitioned the Admiralty for a grant of £500 to take a telescope to the slopes of Teide in Tenerife (which he spelt Teneriffe) and test whether Newton had been right or not.In South Africa he had spent many nights observing from mountain tops but when he moved to Edinburgh had been appalled by the poor observing conditions there. The Admiralty approved his grant and he was offered the loan of further equipment from many sources. Robert Stephenson loaned his 140-ton yacht "Titania" for the expedition. Mr. Hugh Pattinson loaned his refracting telescope of . This was a Thomas Cooke equatorial with setting circles and a driving clock. The Crimean War had recently concluded and the army offered to lend tents. This offer was declined as <mask> <mask> had already designed a tent with a sewn-in groundsheet based on his experience in South Africa.On this and all his subsequent trips he was accompanied by his wife whom he had married the year before. In 1856, on reaching Tenerife they first set up camp on Mount Guajara, a  peak about  south of Teide (all heights on Tenerife are those he derived barometrically). It was higher than all its neighbours and free from any volcanic activity. They took all their equipment up loaded on mules, except for the Pattinson telescope which was much too bulky. They stayed there a month making astronomical, meteorological and geological observations. He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3.6-inch (9 cm) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh. He also made the first positive detection of heat coming from the Moon.However, they were annoyed by frequent dust incursions which frequently blotted out the horizon. Even when the dust was at its worst, the transparency at the zenith was better than at Edinburgh. The dust was evidently confined to individual layers, so he decided to move to Alta Vista at , on the eastern slope of Teide, the highest point that mules could reach. He was determined to use the larger Pattinson telescope and returned to La Orotava to fetch it. As the three boxes were too heavy, they were opened and the contents distributed among several smaller boxes which were loaded on to seven strong horses. The telescope was soon mounted and in action. The Airy Disc was clearly seen and he made many critical observations and fine drawings.They spent a month there during which they spent a day climbing to the summit of Teide at . The scientific results were described in reports addressed to the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Royal Society, and the "Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh Vol XII 1863", which were widely acclaimed. <mask> <mask> was the pioneer of the modern practice of placing telescopes at high altitudes to enjoy the best observing conditions. He wrote a popular account of the voyage in "Teneriffe, an astronomers Experiment". This was the first book ever illustrated by stereoscopic photographs ("photo-stereographs"). It included 20 stereoviews of Teneriffe taken by the author using the wet collodion process. A stereoscope could be purchased which allowed the pictures to be viewed in 3-D without removing them from the book.In 1871 and 1872 Smyth investigated the spectra of the aurora, and zodiacal light. He recommended the use of the rain-band for weather forecasting and discovered, in conjunction with Alexander Stewart Herschel, the harmonic relation between the rays emitted by carbon monoxide. In 1877–1878 he constructed at Lisbon a map of the solar spectrum for which he received the Makdougall Brisbane Prize in 1880. Smyth carried out further spectroscopic researches at Madeira in 1880 and at Winchester in 1884. In 1888 Smyth resigned as Astronomer Royal in protest at the chronic under-funding and age of his equipment. This brought events to a head and the Royal Observatory was almost closed when James Lindsay, Earl of Crawford made a donation of new astronomical instruments and the complete Bibliotheca Lindesiana in order that a new observatory could be founded. Thanks to this donation, the new Royal Observatory on Blackford Hill was opened in 1896.After his resignation, <mask> retired to the neighbourhood of Ripon, where he remained until his death. Pyramidological researches

Smyth corresponded with pyramid theorist John Taylor and was heavily influenced by him. Taylor theorized in his 1859 book The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? & Who Built It? that the Great Pyramid was planned and the building supervised by the biblical Noah. Refused a grant by the Royal Society, <mask> went on an expedition to Egypt in order to accurately measure every surface, dimension, and aspect of the Great Pyramid. He brought along equipment to measure the dimensions of the stones, the precise angle of sections such as the descending passage, and a specially designed camera to photograph both the interior and exterior of the pyramid.He also used other instruments to make astronomical calculations and determine the pyramid's accurate latitude and longitude. <mask> subsequently published his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid in 1864 (which he expanded over the years and is also titled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed). Smyth claimed that the measurements he obtained from the Great Pyramid of Giza indicated a unit of length, the pyramid inch, equivalent to 1.001 British inches, that could have been the standard of measurement by the pyramid's architects. From this he extrapolated a number of other measurements, including the pyramid pint, the sacred cubit, and the pyramid scale of temperature. Smyth claimed that the pyramid inch was a God-given measure handed down through the centuries from the time of Shem (Noah's Son), and that the architects of the pyramid could only have been directed by the hand of God. To support this Smyth said that, in measuring the pyramid, he found the number of inches in the perimeter of the base equalled one hundred times the number of days in a year, and found a numeric relationship between the height of the pyramid in inches to the distance from Earth to the Sun, measured in statute miles. He also advanced the theory that the Great Pyramid was a repository of prophecies which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the structure.Working upon theories by Taylor, he conjectured that the Hyksos were the Hebrew people, and that they built the Great Pyramid under the leadership of Melchizedek. Because the pyramid inch was a divine unit of measurement, <mask>, a committed proponent of British Israelism, used his conclusions as an argument against the introduction of the metric system in Britain. For much of his life he was a vocal opponent of the metric system, which he considered a product of the minds of atheistic French radicals, a position advocated in many of his works. <mask>, despite his bad reputation in Egyptological circles today, performed much valuable work at Giza. He made the most accurate measurements of the Great Pyramid that any explorer had made up to that time, and he photographed the interior passages, using a magnesium light, for the first time. <mask>'s work resulted in many drawings and calculations, which were soon incorporated into his books Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid, the three-volume Life and Work at the Great Pyramid (1867), and On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man (1868). For his works he was awarded the Keith gold medal for 1865–67 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, but in 1874, the Royal Society of London rejected his paper on the design of Khufu's pyramid, as they had Taylor's.The rejection of his ideas helped contribute to his resignation from his post as Royal Astronomer in 1888. Influence of <mask>'s pyramid theories
<mask>'s theories on pyramid prophecy were then integrated into the works and prophecies of <mask> Russell (such as his Studies in the Scriptures), who founded the Bible Student movement (who adopted the name Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931, though Russell's successor, Joseph F. Rutherford, denounced pyramidology as unscriptural). <mask>'s proposed dates for the Second Coming, first 1882 then many dates between 1892 and 1911, were failed predictions. The theories of Taylor and Smyth gained many eminent supporters and detractors in the field of Egyptology during the late 1800s, but by the end of the 19th century it had lost most of its mainstream scientific support. The greatest blow to the theory was dealt by the great Egyptogist William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who had initially been a supporter. When Petrie went to Egypt in 1880 to perform new measurements, he found that the pyramid was several feet smaller than previously believed. This so undermined the theory that Petrie rejected it, writing:"The theories of the widths and heights of the passages are all connected, as the passages are all of the same section, or multiples of that.The entrance passage height has had a curiously complex theory attached to it supposing that the vertical and perpendicular heights are added together, their sum is 100 so-called "Pyramid inches". This at the angle of 26º 31' would require a perpendicular height of 47.27, the actual height being 47.24 ± .02. But in considering any theory of the height of this passage, it can not be separated from the similar passages, or from the most accurately wrought of all such heights, the course height of the King's Chamber. The passages vary from 46.2 to 48.6, and the mean course height is 47.040 ± .013. So although this theory agrees with one of the passages, it is evidently not the origin of this frequently recurring height; and it is the more unlikely as there is no authentic example, that will bear examination, of the use or existence of any such measure as a "Pyramid inch," or of a cubit of 25.025 British inches." Marriage, family, and death

In 1855 Smyth married Jessica "Jessie" Duncan (1812–1896), daughter of Thomas Duncan. Jessie Duncan was a geologist who had studied with Alexander Rose in Edinburgh, and travelled on geological expeditions to Ireland, France, Switzerland and Italy.Smyth's brothers were Warington <mask> and Henry Augustus <mask>. His sisters were Henrietta Grace <mask>, who married Reverend Baden Powell and was mother of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (founder of the world Scouting Movement), Georgiana Rosetta <mask>, who married William Henry Flower; and Ellen Philadelphia <mask>, who married Captain Henry Toynbee of the HEIC. Smyth died in 1900 and was buried at St. John's Church in the village of Sharow near Ripon. A small stone pyramid-shaped monument, topped by a Christian cross, marks his gravesite. Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1846, and served on its council for a number of years. In June 1857 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1874. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1859.The crater <mask> <mask> on the moon is named after him. Bibliography

  Full text available from Google Books

  Reprinted in many editions by many publishers, often entitled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed. Full text available on the Internet Archive
   Full text available from Google Books
   Full text available from Google Books

See also
 Geographical centre of Earth

References

Critical comments on some of <mask>'s books, by Olin J. Eggen (1955). External links

 "<mask>zi Smythe" at History of Astronomy in South Africa

 Pyramidology – A Case of Science, Pseudo-science and Religion
 <mask> <mask>, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1877) Plate Index
 C. <mask> <mask>, <mask> Russell and the Great Pyramid of Gizeh
 Amazing Pyramid "Facts"
 B-P's Uncle: <mask> <mask>
 "<mask> Smith" at the Gazetteer for Scotland
 St. John's Church, Sharow: <mask> Smyth
 The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh: A Guide to Edinburgh's Popular Observatory
 Doomsday 1701–1970
 "<mask> <mask> – Teneriffe" at the George Eastman House Still Photograph Archive
 "The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid at Giza, 1865" photograph by Smyth
 The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
 Astronomers Royal For Scotland: Summary of Archives

1819 births
1900 deaths
19th-century English writers
19th-century apocalypticists
19th-century writers on archaeological subjects
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century British astronomers
British Israelism
19th-century Neapolitan people
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at Bedford School
Pyramidologists
Victorian writers

masks:
Charles Piazzi Smyth
Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth
Charles Piazzi Smyth
William Henry Smyth
Piazzi
Giuseppe Piazzi
Piazzi Smyth
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Charles Taze
Smyth
Wilkinson Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth
Smyth
Charles Piaz
Charles Piazzi
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth
Charles Taze
Charles Piazzi
Smyth
Charles Piazzi
Charles Piazzi
Charles Piazzi
Smyth


title: François Adriaan van der Kemp

texts:
<mask> or <mask> (Kampen, 4 May 1752 – Barneveld, New York, 1829) was one of the Dutch radical leaders of the Patriots, a minister and publicist who gave the Patriot movement a Christian tint in his blazing speeches. Having been a promising student in Groningen, Franeker and Amsterdam, he led the local militia (exercitiegenootschap) in Wijk bij Duurstede and ended up in captivity. <mask> was released on 9 December 1787 for a ransom of 45,000 guilder and emigrated to the U.S.A.

Life
Adriaan was the son of an army officer, his mother was related to Willem Jacob 's Gravesande, a scientist. He grew up in Zutphen and Zwolle, but in 1766 the family moved to 's-Hertogenbosch. Adriaan studied at the local grammar school and moved to the University of Groningen to study Oriental languages and botany under Petrus Camper. <mask> was offered a role as a civil servant in Elmina, now in Ghana, but did not go. Instead he went over to the Mennonites and studied theology in Amsterdam with Abraham Staal and Wybo Fijnje.<mask> <mask> refused an appointment in Goes and Makkum, but accepted one at Westzaan. In 1775 he moved to Leiden. From the pulpit <mask> <mask> proclaimed: "In America the Sun of Salvation has risen, which will also cast its rays upon us if we so wish: only America can teach us how to counter the degeneration of the national character, to curb the corruption of morals, to ward off bribery, to suffocate the seeds of tyranny and to restore to health our dying freedom. The supreme Being has ordained that America shall be Holland's last preacher of repentance". It is said <mask> <mask> was the author or ghostwriter of the "libel" "To the People of the Netherlands". Simon Schama notes he was the distributor of the pamphlet. <mask> <mask> wrote a series of anti-bailiff or droste pamphlets for Joan Derk <mask> Capellen tot den Pol under different pseudonyms.<mask> <mask> and <mask> Capellen argued that these feudal rights were arbitrarily applied and even unlawful, thus bringing them into conflict with the drosten and the Prince of Orange, who derived the rights of his noble position from such things. In 1782, he married Reinira Engelbartha Johanna Vos, a daughter of a mayor of Nijmegen. They were the parents of three children: John Jacob <mask> (1783-1855), Cuneira Englebertha <mask> (1785–1865) and Peter A. A. T<mask> (1789–1857). In 1783 <mask> <mask> moved to Wijk bij Duurstede and became the leader of the local patriots. The arrest of Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia at the end of June 1787 demanded a response, and so <mask> <mask> and <mask> de Nijs were taken prisoner on 5 July, near Wijk bij Duurstede by a regiment of soldiers from Baden-Durlach and taken to Amersfoort. After his release he emigrated to America.In his baggage was a portrait of <mask> Capellen. <mask> <mask> published <mask> Capellen's collected works in six parts and also contained, next to all <mask> Capellen's reasonings, official documents that had not been intended for actual publication. <mask> <mask> as immigrant
In 1788 <mask> <mask> arrived in New York. He bought a farm in Ulster County, New York in 1789, not far from Kingston and from 1777 the capital of New York. He had a house, a shed, a chicken coop, and a few slaves". In 1795, he was the founder of the Agricultural Society for the Western District of New York. <mask> <mask> was linked to and visited in Kempwick by various Founding Fathers: John Adams, with whom he had an extensive and fascinating correspondence, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and <mask>.Mrs DeWitt Clinton, Hamilton and Tappan were all able to speak Dutch with his wife. He shared George Washington's interest in scientific agriculture after a visit to Mount Vernon. <mask>  <mask> withdrew from political life and threw himself into a new project at 'Nieuw Rotterdam', now called Constantia, in Oswego County. Constantia had a fantastic location and a fine nature, and there was sufficient game for hunting and fish in the lake. Also Marc Isambard Brunel lived in the neighborhood. However, the bears and Native Americans were never far away, and his friend Adam Gerard Mappa lived at a day's travel away. <mask> <mask> moved his family to Barneveld, now called Trenton.His house in Constantia was converted into a school. The Holland Land Company, that had taken into its service Gerrit Boon from Rotterdam, had meanwhile set up a proper village, planted ahorns and had a sugar mill built. On the national scene, <mask> <mask>'s opinions influenced many of the great leaders of America. John Adams credited him with a "vast view of civilization" and respected his advice. His warm friendship with John and Abigail Adams endured till their deaths, and John Quincy Adams continued the relationship. He persuaded Thomas Jefferson to anonymously publish his religious work a "Syllabus of an estimate of the doctrines of Jesus compared with those of others". He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1805 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1807.<mask> <mask> and Mappa wrote in an early stage (1807?) about digging a canal between Albany and Buffalo, the work on the Erie Canal started in 1817. The state received  from Holland Land Company. The governor of the state of New York, Dewitt Clinton, named him the most scholarly man in the U.S.A. In 1820 he received an honorary degree from Harvard University, and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1822. <mask> <mask> started to translate the 17th century records in English, but his translation in the New York State Library went up in smoke in 1911. <mask> <mask> began to write his autobiography, but died of cholera on September 7, 1829 at the age 77 and is buried in the Olden Barneveldt cemetery Trenton, N.Y. Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts received his library.Sources

External links
 An autobiography, together with extracts from his correspondence; (1903)
 Letter from George Washington to <mask> <mask> <mask>
 HSP.org

1752 births
1829 deaths
People from Kampen, Overijssel
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Dutch Patriots faction
People from Trenton, New York
Members of the American Antiquarian Society

masks:
François Adriaan van der Kemp
Francis Adrian Vanderkemp
Van der Kemp
Van der Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
van der
Van der
Kemp
van der
Vanderkemp
Vanderkemp
. Vanderkemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Adriaan
Van der
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Van der
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Alexander Hamilton
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
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Van der
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Van der
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Van der
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Francis Adriaan
van der
Kemp


title: Publius Quinctilius Varus

texts:
<mask>s (46 BC – AD 9) was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus. Varus is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by Germanic tribes led by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, whereupon he took his own life. Background and early career
Although he was a patrician by birth, his family, the Quinctilii Vari, had long been impoverished and was unimportant; Ronald Syme notes, "The sole and last consul of that family", Sextus Quinctilius, "had been two years antecedent to the Decemvirs" (i.e. 453 BC). His father, Sextus Quinctilius Varus, was a senator who had served as a quaestor in 49 BC. This Sextus aligned with the Senatorial Party in the civil war against Julius Caesar. Although Sextus survived the defeat, it is unknown whether he was involved in the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar.Sextus committed suicide after the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. The mother of Varus is unknown; Syme notes that "no relatives on either side of the family can be discovered or surmised." Varus had three sisters, all named Quinctilia. They were probably all younger based on when they started having children, so it seems likely he was born at least four years before his father's suicide. The fact that they had advantageous marriages indicates someone was involved in their upbringing. One sister married Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul of 35 BC; another married Sextus Appuleius, consul of 29 BC; and the third married Lucius Nonius Asprenas, son of the consul of 36 BC. Despite Varus’ father's political allegiances, he became a supporter of Julius Caesar's heir, Octavian.When Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa died in early 12 BC, Varus delivered his funeral eulogy alongside the future emperor, Tiberius. His political career was boosted and he achieved the consulate in 13 BC, when he was elected as the colleague of Tiberius, the stepson and eventual successor of Augustus. Marriages and children
Varus married Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa, at an unknown date before 13 BC. Varus became a personal friend to Marcus Agrippa and Tiberius. The historian Josephus says (in a section of his Antiquities whose manuscript tradition Walther John believed to be corrupt) that the son of Varus, also named "<mask> Quinctilius Varus", served under him during his command in Syria. If true, that son would have to be a son by a prior marriage and not the son by his last wife, Claudia Pulchra. It is possible that this son might have instead been an older son, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, who might have ended up adopted by his sister's husband after Varus and Vipsania died.That would explain why a son of Lucius Nonius Asprenas was named Quinctilianus, which implied adoption. Vipsania disappears from history. It is unknown whether she died or was divorced. Varus then married Claudia Pulchra. She was a daughter of Claudia Marcella Minor and the Roman consul of 12 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus. Her maternal grandmother was Octavia the Younger, sister of Augustus. Hence she was a grand-niece of Augustus.His marriage to Pulchra shows that Varus still enjoyed political favor. Pulchra bore Varus a son, also called <mask> Quinctilius Varus. Through their son, they may have had further descendants. Political career

In 8–7 BC, Varus governed the province of Africa. Later he went to govern Syria from 7/6 BC until 4 BC with four legions under his command, where he was known for his harsh rule and high taxes. The Jewish historian Josephus mentions the swift action of Varus against a messianic revolt in Judaea after the death of the Roman client king, Herod the Great, in 4 BC. After occupying Jerusalem, he crucified 2000 Jewish rebels and may have thus been one of the prime objects of popular anti-Roman sentiment in Judaea (Josephus, who made every effort to reconcile the Jewish people to Roman rule, felt it necessary to point out how lenient this judicial massacre had been).Indeed, at precisely this moment the Jews, nearly en masse, began a full-scale boycott of Roman pottery (Red Slip Ware). Thus, the archaeological record seems to verify mass popular protest against Rome because of Varus' cruelty. Following the massacre in Judaea, Varus returned to Antioch. Between 10 BC and 6 AD Tiberius, his brother Drusus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Germanicus conducted long campaigns in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt at achieving a further major expansion of the Roman Empire together with a shortening of its frontier line. They subdued several Germanic tribes, such as the Cherusci. In 6 AD, Tiberius declared Germany pacified, and Varus was appointed to govern Germania. Tiberius, who would later rule as Emperor, left the region to suppress the Great Illyrian Revolt.Augustus made <mask> Quinctilius Varus the first "officially appointed" governor of the newly created Roman province of Germania in 7 AD. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and death

In September 9 AD Varus was preparing to leave his summer headquarters in Vetera (today Xanten) and march three legions – the Seventeenth, the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth – with him to Moguntiacum (modern-day Mainz), when news arrived from the Germanic prince Arminius (a Roman citizen and leader of an auxiliary cavalry unit) of a growing revolt in the Rhine area to the West. Ignoring a warning from Segestes not to trust Arminius, Varus marched his forces behind the latter's lead. Not only was Varus' trust in Arminius a terrible misjudgement, but Varus compounded it by placing his legions in a position where their fighting strengths would be minimized and those of the Germanic tribesmen maximized – because he expected no ambush and very little trouble in intimidating the rebels. Arminius and the Cherusci tribe along with other allies, had skillfully laid an ambush, and in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in September at Kalkriese (East of modern Osnabrück), the Romans marched right into it. The heavily forested, swampy terrain made the infantry manoeuvres of the legions impossible to execute and allowed the Germans to defeat the legions in detail. On the third day of fighting, the Germans overwhelmed the Romans at Kalkriese Hill, north of Osnabrück.Accounts of the defeat are scarce, due to the totality of the defeat, but Velleius Paterculus testifies that some Roman cavalrymen abandoned the infantry and fled towards the Rhine, but they were intercepted by the German tribesmen and killed. Varus himself, upon seeing all hope was lost, committed suicide by falling on his sword. Arminius cut off his head and sent it to Bohemia as a present to King Marbod of the Marcomanni, the other most important Germanic leader, whom Arminius wanted to coax into an alliance, but Marbod declined the offer and sent the head on to Rome for burial. Some captured Romans were caged and burned alive; others were enslaved or ransomed. Tacitus and Florus report that the victorious Germanic tribes tortured and sacrificed captive officers to their gods on altars that could still be seen years later. The Romans did later recover the lost legions' eagles, one each in 15 AD, 16 AD and 42 AD. Aftermath
Due to the shame and the ill luck thought to be created by the Roman defeat, the XVII, XVIII and XIX legions never again appeared in the Roman Army's order of battle.The loss at the Teutoburg Forest was keenly felt by Augustus in his remaining years. According to the biographer Suetonius, upon hearing the news, Augustus tore his clothes, refused to cut his hair for months and, for years afterwards, was heard, upon occasion, to moan, "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my Legions!" (). Roman historians referred to the battle as the clades Variana ("Varian disaster"). Gibbon describes Augustus' reaction to the defeat as one of the few times the normally stoic ruler lost his composure. Varus' political legacy in Rome was destroyed, and the government blamed him for the defeat. His son's (the younger Varus) chances for a political career were ruined.Tiberius himself fell under severe criticism for recommending Varus as the governor of Germania. Tiberius, according to Gaius Stern, was forced to sacrifice his friend and former brother-in-law to save his career. Furthermore, Varus himself had been one of the figures on the Ara Pacis, but the figure is lost today. Stern has proposed that common citizens vandalized the Ara Pacis by damaging Varus in anger over their lost loved ones, leaving the regime, which had blamed Varus, uncertain as to whether or not to fix the damage. Approximately 40 years after Varus' death, a general under Claudius, Pomponius Secundus, raided Germany and by chance rescued a few POWs from Varus’ army. Claudius welcomed them home after so many years, and their sad stories aroused much pity. Cultural depictions

I, Claudius (1934) by Robert Graves, a novelization of the reigns of the first four emperors.Varus does not actually appear in the novel, but his defeat by the Germans is an important event. The Iron Hand of Mars (1994) by Lindsey Davis; fourth book of the mystery series set during the reign of Vespasian, a portion of the novel occurs in the Teutoburger Wald. Give Me Back My Legions! (2009) by Harry Turtledove, which details the events leading up to the battle, including a great deal of background information on Varus himself. Undying Mercenaries (2014) by B. V. Larson, a series set in 2099, in which the main character fights with the Earth Mercenary Legion Varus. Much of the legion's culture and structure sources from Roman history and general Varus's life. Schlammschlacht (2015) by Heilung, track four on their first album Ofnir.The poem describes the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest from the Cherusci point of view. <mask> is played by Gaetano Aronica in the Netflix series Barbarians. References

Sources

 J. R. Abdale, Four days in September: The Battle of Teutoburg (Google eBook), Trafford Publishing, 2013
 M. Lightman & B. Lightman, A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women, Infobase Publishing, 2008
 R. Seager, Tiberius (Google eBook), John Wiley & Sons, 2008
Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest (Hardcover) by Adrian Murdoch, Hardcover: 256 pages, Publisher: Sutton Publishing (June 14, 2006), ,
 B. Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire, Routledge, 2004
The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest  by Peter S. Wells, W. W. Norton & Company, October 2003, ,
A Roman Encyclopedia by Matthew Bunson, 1995 Oxford Paperback Reference
 R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Oxford University Press, 1989
Compendium of Roman History (Res gestae divi Augusti) by Velleius Paterculus, Harvard University Press; 1924. Brief mention of the Varus Disaster by the author, who was serving as a staff officer with Tiberius in Pannonia at the time. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Modern Library
Annals by Tacitus (various editions). Summarizes reports of later Romans who found the battlefield. The Twelve Caesars, Suetonius, translated by Robert Graves, 1957, Penguin Books; Also available from Project Gutenberg: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Complete
Levick, Barbara, Tiberius the Politician (1999)

External links

 Varusbattle in Netherland
 Livius.org: Publius Quinctilius Varus
 Discussion on the meaning of the "VAR" countermark
 Arminius / Varus.The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte", LWL-Institut für westfälische Regionalgeschichte, Münster

46 BC births
AD 9 deaths
1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria
1st-century Romans
Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide
Germania
Imperial Roman consuls
Julio-Claudian dynasty
People from Cremona
Varus, Publius
Roman governors of Africa
Roman governors of Syria
Suicides by sharp instrument in Germany

masks:
Publius Quinctilius Varu
Publius
Publius
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title: Peter Düttmann

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<mask>Bonifazius<mask> (23 May 1923 – 9 January 2001) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 152 aerial victories achieved in 398 combat missions, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. Born in Gießen, <mask> grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. In 1940, he joined the military service of the Luftwaffe where he was trained as a fighter pilot. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in May 1943. Flying with this wing, <mask> claimed his first aerial victory on 21 May 1943 over a Soviet Air Forces fighter aircraft. Following his 91st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944.He claimed his 100th aerial victory on 25 September and was appointed squadron leader of 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of JG 52 in December. He led this squadron until the end of World War II. <mask> died on 9 January 2001 in Echterdingen. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 23 May 1923 in Gießen, at the time in People's State of Hesse in the Weimar Republic. His father was surgeon Dr. <mask>. Following flight training, <mask> was transferred to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Supplementary Fighter Group East) in southern France.In February 1943, <mask> and other flight students of Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost under the leadership of Oberleutnant Walter Krupinski were based at La Leu Airfield near La Rochelle, France. There, <mask> flew the Arado Ar 96. On some of his flights, he was joined by members of the Kriegsmarine U-boat force who were made aware how easily a surfaced U-boat could be spotted from the air. World War II
Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training, <mask> joined 5. Staffel (5th squadron), Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 7 May 1943. At the time, this squadron led by Leutnant Helmut Haberda who was killed in action on 8 May. Command of 5.Staffel was then temporarily given to Leutnant Josef Zwernemann who passed on command to Oberleutnant Wilhelm Batz on 26 May. The squadron was subordinated to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 under the command of Hauptmann Helmut Kühle. II. Gruppe was based at Anapa and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus on the Eastern Front. <mask> served with the same unit until the end of the war and soon became one of their most successful pilots, flying with Heinz Ewald and Heinz Sachsenberg. He claimed his first aerial victory on 21 May 1943 over a Polikarpov Po-2, also known as a U-2, in the vicinity of Krasnodar.He downed another 24 by the end of the year. On 11 July 1943, <mask> ditched his Bf 109 G-4 southeast of Anapa in the Black Sea after being hit by return fire form a formation of Douglas Boston medium bombers. In the early hours of 26 July, 15 Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, escorted by Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter aircraft, headed for German shipping off of Anapa. The Soviet flight was intercepted over sea and scattered. During this engagement, German pilots claimed ten aerial victories, five Il-2s and five Yak-1s, including an Il-2 and Yak-1 shot down by Düttmann. One of the aerial victories claimed by Düttmann was also 5. Staffels 500th aerial victory to date.Following aerial combat on 9 August 1943, he force landed his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 19623—factory number) in no-man's land and was posted missing for 17 hours. On the 23 August 1943, his Bf 109 G-6 was again hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing  west of Nikolajewka. On 23 January 1944, <mask>'s Bf 109 G-6 was damaged three times in combat. At 08:00, during takeoff at Baherove, his aircraft was hit in the engine by a strafing Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. Later at 09:03, his Bf 109 G-6 was hit in aerial combat by a Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter aircraft resulting in a forced landing. At 14:45, his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft artillery causing engine fire in flight. Nevertheless, he managed to return to his airfield and made a deadstick landing at Baherove.He scored a further 18 kills in March 1944, 22 in April and 14 in May 1944. <mask> became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 11 April 1944 over the Kerch Peninsula. On 7 May 1944, he claimed nine aerial victories to take his score to 91. Suffering from combat fatigue he was sent on leave at the end of May and returned in September 1944. During this period, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June 1944. Retreat through Hungary
<mask> claimed his 100th aerial victory on 25 September 1944. He was the 92nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.On 1 November 1944, <mask>, flying Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 167238), was involved in a ground accident at Ferihegy Airfield, killing his wingman Unteroffizier Heinrich Wester. Low on fuel, Wester had landed his Bf 109 G-14 (Werknummer 782775) first, the engine seized due to lack of fuel, leaving him sitting on the runway. <mask>, who landed next, did not see Wester and crashed into his aircraft, killing him instantly. On the 13 November 1944, he was shot down by an Il-2 rear gunner and bailed out at 1000 feet, landing behind enemy lines, but managing to reach German lines. The same happened to him on the 3 March 1945 due to AA damage and he returned a day later. On 23 December 1944, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 52.He replaced Hauptmann Heinrich Sturm who was killed in a flying accident the day before. On 1 March 1945, this squadron was renamed 6. Staffel of JG 52. On 24 April 1945, <mask> claimed the destruction of a M4 Sherman tank  southwest of Cham. <mask> died on 9 January 2001. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 152 aerial victories claimed in 398 combat missions, 21 of which were ground support missions. Both Spick and Weal state that his total of aerial victories was 150 claimed in 398 combat missions, plus two tanks destroyed which were counted as additional victories.Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 147 aerial victory claims, plus 45 further unconfirmed claims, including one North American P-51 Mustang. All of his confirmed victories were claimed on the Eastern Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 96453". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Pilot's Badge (12 February 1942)
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (6 August 1943)
 1st Class (25 August 1943)
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold (17 August 1943)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 March 1944 as Feldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 15 April 1944 as Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Leutnant (war officer) and pilot in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 52

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1923 births
2001 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
People from Giessen
People from the People's State of Hesse

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