title: Alex de Minaur

texts:
<mask> ( ; , ; born 17 February 1999) is an Australian professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 15 on 28 June 2021 and a doubles ranking of No. 58 on 12 October 2020. Early life and junior career
<mask> was born in Sydney, Australia. His father, Anibal, is Uruguayan and his mother, Esther, is a Spaniard. His father owned an Italian restaurant on George Street in Sydney and met Esther when she began working there as a waitress.De Minaur has two brothers and three sisters — Dominic, Daniel, Natalie, Cristina, and Sara. His name is commonly pronounced , inspiring both his nickname of the Minotaur and his logo used when signing the camera lens after winning matches. <mask> has dual Australian and Spanish citizenship. He spent the first five years of his life in the south Sydney suburb of Carss Park before relocating to Alicante, Spain. He completed most of his early education in Spain before returning to Australia at age 13. As of 2015, <mask> was living in Spain. <mask> has stated that he has always felt a strong bond with Australia even though he has lived most of his life in Spain.In 2017, he told the Sydney Morning Herald "I used to represent Spain but I always felt I was Australian. As soon as we moved back here again that was the first thing I wanted to do — play for Australia." <mask> is fluent in English and Spanish and also speaks some French. <mask> began playing tennis at age three at the Sydney Private Tennis Academy at the Parkside Tennis Courts in Kogarah Bay. He was coached by Kerry Dock and then by Cindy Dock, a former Australian player. He has been coached by Adolfo Gutierrez since he was nine years old and living in Alicante. De Minaur reached a career-high ranking of 2 on the juniors circuit and won the 2016 Australian Open boys' doubles title alongside Blake Ellis.Although Lleyton Hewitt has never officially been his coach, he continues to be a mentor. Professional career

2015–2017: Early Futures & Challenger success, turning pro

<mask> plays tennis under the flag of Australia. He made his professional debut in July 2015 at the Spain F22, reaching the quarterfinals. He was given a wildcard into the qualifying rounds of the 2016 Australian Open, but lost in round one to Kimmer Coppejans. <mask> then spent the majority of the 2016 season playing on the ITF circuit in Spain, reaching two finals. He made his first ATP Challenger Tour final in Eckental, Germany after qualifying, however lost to Steve Darcis in the final. <mask> commenced 2017 at the Brisbane International, where he defeated Mikhail Kukushkin and Frances Tiafoe in qualifying to reach his first ATP Tour main draw.He lost in the first round to Mischa Zverev. The following week, he received a wildcard into the Apia International Sydney where he defeated world No. 46, Benoît Paire to claim his first Tour-level win. <mask> made his Grand Slam debut at the 2017 Australian Open after receiving a wildcard. He faced Gerald Melzer in the first round and won in five sets after saving a match point in the fourth set. He lost to Sam Querrey in round two. In May, <mask> made his French Open debut after being awarded a wildcard.He lost the opening round to Robin Haase, in straight sets. In June, <mask> lost in the first round of Nottingham and Ilkley Challengers and the second round of Wimbledon qualifying. <mask> was awarded a wildcard into the 2017 US Open, losing in round one to Dominic Thiem. In December, <mask> won the Australian Open play off for a main draw wildcard into the 2018 Australian Open. He finished the year with a singles ranking of No. 208. 2018: Breakthrough, Challenger title, two ATP finals, Top 50 debut, Maiden NextGen ATP Finals final

<mask> commenced the year at the Brisbane International after receiving a wildcard into the main draw.He defeated American Steve Johnson in straight sets before scoring a career high win against world number 24 Milos Raonic in straight sets. He then defeated qualifier Michael Mmoh in the quarterfinals before losing to Ryan Harrison in the semifinals. <mask> is the lowest ranked player and the youngest to reach the semifinals of the men's draw in the Brisbane International's 10-year history. <mask> received a special exempt spot in the main draw of the Sydney event, where he consecutively eliminated Fernando Verdasco, Damir Džumhur and Feliciano López to reach his second ATP Tour semifinal; he reached this milestone just one week after having played in his first tour semifinal in Brisbane. <mask> became the youngest player to play in two consecutive ATP semifinals since Rafael Nadal in 2005. He beat Frenchman Benoît Paire in the semifinals to meet Daniil <mask> in the final. <mask> lost the final in three sets, having won the opener.At the 2018 Australian Open, <mask> lost in the first round to Tomáš Berdych, but took a set off of the 19th seed. He was awarded a wildcard into the 2018 French Open, but lost in the first round to British 16th seed Kyle Edmund. Following this, he made two consecutive Challenger finals, losing to Jérémy Chardy at Surbiton, before defeating Dan Evans in straight sets to claim his first Challenger-level title at the Nottingham Open. He saw his best results to date at a major at Wimbledon, defeating 29th seed and French Open semifinalist Marco Cecchinato and Pierre-Hugues Herbert to reach the third round, where he fell to world No.1 and second seed Rafael Nadal. In Washington, <mask> defeated Vasek Pospisil, 11th seed Steve Johnson, eighth seed and Australian Open semifinalist Chung Hyeon and received a walkover over Andy Murray to reach the semifinals where he faced Andrey Rublev. <mask> saved four match points while down 2–6 in the second set tiebreak, winning six points in a row to win it 8–6. He then won the final set 6–4 to reach his first ATP 500 final against <mask>v, in which he went down 4–6, 2–6.<mask> entered the top 50 in the rankings for the first time at World No. 45 on 6 August 2018. At the US Open, <mask> defeated Taro Daniel and Frances Tiafoe before losing to seventh seed Marin Čilić in five sets. Later in the year, he replaced Nick Kyrgios as Australia's highest ranked male singles player. <mask> qualified as the second seed into the 2018 Next Generation ATP Finals. He beat Andrey Rublev, Taylor Fritz, Liam Caruana in group stage. He then defeated Jaume Munar in the semifinals, before losing to top seed Stefanos Tsitsipas.2019: Three ATP titles, top 20 debut, second NextGen ATP Finals final

<mask> began his year with a quarterfinal run in Brisbane, competing at the tournament at a career-high of World No. 31, resulting in him being seeded for a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in his career at the upcoming Australian Open. At the 2019 Sydney International, straight-set victories over Dušan Lajović, Reilly Opelka, Jordan Thompson and Gilles Simon saw him return to the finals. He defeated Andreas Seppi 7–5, 7–6(7–5) to claim his first career title. Seeded No. 27 at the Australian Open, he lost in the third round to Rafael Nadal. <mask> reached a then career-high ranking of World No.24 in March 2019. Following the Australian Open, <mask> suffered a groin injury, sidelining him for two months. At Wimbledon, <mask> won his opening round before losing to Steve Johnson in the second round in five sets. <mask> made his fourth ATP Final in Atlanta, where he defeated Taylor Fritz to clinch the trophy. He did not face a single break point in the four matches he played during the tournament, winning 116 of 123 first serve points. At the US Open, <mask> defeated Kei Nishikori in third round, earning his first career win over a top 10-ranked opponent. He reached the fourth round for the first time in the event, however, lost to Grigor Dimitrov 7–5, 6–3, 6–4.In September, <mask> claimed his 3rd ATP title beating Frenchman Adrian Mannarino in two sets in the final of the Zhuhai Championships. At the Swiss Indoors, <mask> reached the final of an ATP 500 event for the second time in his career, losing to <mask>. As a result, <mask> reached a career-high ranking of World No. 18. <mask> qualified as the first seed into the 2019 Next Generation ATP Finals. He beat Alejandro Davidovich Fokina, Miomir Kecmanović, Casper Ruud in group stage. He then beat Frances Tiafoe in the semis before losing to Italian wildcard Jannik Sinner.2020: US Open quarterfinal
<mask> started new season by playing for Australia at the first edition of the ATP Cup. He won his first two matches beating <mask> of Germany and Denis Shapovalov of Canada. Facing Great Britain in the quarterfinals, he lost his singles match to Dan Evans. However, in doubles, he and Nick Kyrgios won a three set thriller over Jamie Murray/Joe Salisbury to send Australia to the semifinals. In the semifinals, he was defeated by Rafael Nadal. He withdrew from the first edition of the Adelaide International due to an abdominal strain. He also withdrew from the Australian Open due to the same injury.<mask> returned from injury in February and played at the Mexican Open. He lost in the first round to Miomir Kecmanović. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the ATP tour tournaments were suspended. <mask> played his first tournament since February in August at the Cincinnati Masters, where he was eliminated in the first round by Jan-Lennard Struff. However, in doubles, he and Pablo Carreño Busta won the title beating Jamie Murray/Neal Skupski in the final. Seeded 21st at the US Open, he reached his first Grand Slam quarterfinals where he was beaten by second seed and eventual champion, Dominic Thiem. In Rome, <mask> was defeated in the first round by German qualifier Dominik Koepfer.Seeded 25th at the French Open, he was beaten in the first round by qualifier and 2018 semifinalist, Marco Cecchinato. Seeded eighth at the European Open, <mask> reached the final where he fell to Ugo Humbert. Seeded 16th at the Paris Masters, he was knocked out in the third round by third seed and eventual champion, Daniil <mask>. He played his final tournament of the season at the Sofia Open. Seeded third, he was defeated in the quarterfinals by eventual champion Jannik Sinner. <mask> ended the year ranked No. 23.2021: Fourth ATP title, Fifth and First title on grass, top 15 debut
<mask> started his 2021 season at the Antalya Open. Seeded fourth, he won his fourth ATP singles title when his opponent, eighth seed <mask>, retired from the final due to a right ankle injury. Playing for Australia at the 2021 ATP Cup, he lost both of his matches to Roberto Bautista Agut and Stefanos Tsitsipas. Seeded 21st at the Australian Open, he reached the third round where he was defeated by 16th seed Fabio Fognini. In March, <mask> competed at the Rotterdam Open. Here, he was eliminated in the second round by Kei Nishikori. Seeded ninth at the Dubai Championships, he fell in the second round to Jérémy Chardy.Seeded 15th at the Miami Open, he suffered a second-round upset at the hands of Daniel Elahi Galán. Moving on to the clay-court season, <mask> played at the Monte-Carlo Masters. He was beaten in the first round by Alejandro Davidovich Fokina. Seeded 14th at the Barcelona Open, he made it to the third round where he lost to second seed and eventual finalist, Stefanos Tsitsipas. In Madrid, he was defeated in the third round by third seed and two-time finalist, Dominic Thiem. At the Italian Open, he was eliminated in the first round by Italian wildcard Gianluca Mager. Seeded 21st at the French Open, he was beaten in the second round by Marco Cecchinato.In June, <mask> had a short but successful grass season. Seeded fourth at the Stuttgart Open, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to Jurij Rodionov. Seeded fourth at the Queen's Club Championships, he made it to the semifinals where he fell to top seed Matteo Berrettini. In doubles, he and Cameron Norrie reached the semifinals where they lost to Reilly Opelka/John Peers. In the week before Wimbledon, he won his first title on grass and fifth in his career at the Eastbourne International defeating Lorenzo Sonego in the final. With this run, he reached a new career-high singles ranking No. 15.Seeded 15th at Wimbledon, he could not keep up his good form and lost in the first round to Sebastian Korda. <mask> pulled out of the Tokyo Olympics due to testing positive for Covid-19. He returned to action in August at the Washington Open. Seeded third, he was defeated in the second round by Steve Johnson. Seeded 12th at the Canadian Open, he was eliminated in the second round by Nikoloz Basilashvili. Seeded 14th at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, he fell in his second-round match to Gaël Monfils. Seeded 14th at the US Open, he lost in the first round to Taylor Fritz.Seeded fourth at the Moselle Open, <mask>'s woes continued as he was defeated in the second round by Marcos Giron. Seeded third in Sofia, he again lost in the second round to Giron. Seeded 22nd at the Indian Wells Masters, he reached the fourth round where he faced second seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. He pushed Tsitsipas to three sets, but he ended up losing the match. Seeded sixth and last year finalist at the European Open, he fell in the first round to American qualifier Brandon Nakashima. In Vienna, he was eliminated in his second-round match by second seed and eventual champion, <mask>v. At the Paris Masters, he was beaten in the first round by lucky loser and compatriot, <mask>.<mask> ended the year ranked No. 34. 2022: Australian Open fourth round

<mask> started his year playing for Australia at the ATP Cup. There, he beat Italy's Matteo Berrettini for his first victory against a player inside the top 10 since 2020. He then lost to Russia's top seed and world no. 2 Daniil <mask> in straight sets, but beat France's Ugo Humbert in 3 sets in his final tie. At the Australian Open, seeded 32nd, <mask> reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam for the third time in his career and first time at the Australian Open by beating Lorenzo Musetti, Kamil Majchrzak and Pablo Andújar.He lost in the fourth round to 11th seed Jannik Sinner in straight sets. <mask> reached the quarterfinals in Rotterdam, after beating David Goffin and Mackenzie McDonald in the first two rounds. He then lost to eventual finalist Stefanos Tsitsipas 6-4 6-4 in the quarterfinals. Playing style
<mask> is famous for his speed and agility on court, which have earned him the jocular title "Speed Demon" on the tour. He is known for his ability to retrieve seemingly impossible balls and hit winners from defensive positions or force opponents into making mistakes. His footwork and court coverage are considered some of the best on tour, though some have questioned the physical toll it could take on his body in the long-term. Despite this, his fighting spirit, "never say die" attitude and intensity on the court have earned him a huge fan base for a young player.His baseline game suits that of a counterpuncher, often retrieving balls and slowly constructing points. However, he is also known to inject sudden pace into rallies to surprise opponents, and often opts for a one-two combination on his serve, using the serve and a powerful groundstroke to endpoints quickly. His forehand is significantly better than his backhand on the offensive, and he often uses it to construct points or hit winners when attacking. De Minaur possesses a strong first serve, but his second serve is considerably weaker and usually an attacking point for opponents. His volleys were initially a weakness too, but have improved, moving towards a more transitional offensive game. Critics point out that despite his defensive capabilities, <mask>ur does not possess any real weapons to hurt top opponents. Some have argued his defensive game is unsustainable physically in the long-term and is not sufficient to challenge the best players in the world as he tends to play himself out of aggressive positions.Instead, he should focus on developing his groundstrokes towards more consistent aggression to end points quickly. National representation

ATP Cup
<mask> made his ATP Cup debut for Australia in January 2020, at the age of 20. He scored a victory against then world number 7 <mask>v which helped Australia claim a 3–0 victory over Germany. In 2022 he beat world No. 7 Matteo Berrettini 6–3, 7–6. Davis Cup
He made his Davis Cup debut for Australia in February 2018, at the age of 18. He faced then world number 5 <mask> from Germany in the opening rubber and fell just short of a spectacular upset, losing in a fifth-set tiebreaker after leading 3–0, (40–Ad.)in the decider. Olympics
<mask> was selected to represent Australia at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (to be held in July 2021), but was forced to withdraw after testing positive for Covid-19. Performance timeline

Singles
Current through the 2022 Dubai. Significant finals

Masters 1000 finals

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

ATP career finals

Singles: 9 (5 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

ATP Next Generation finals

Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Junior Grand Slam finals

Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

Record against other players

Record against top 10 players
<mask>'s record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface:

Top 10 wins
<mask>ur has a  record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10. *

Notes

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Sydney
Sportspeople from Alicante
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Australian people of Spanish descent
Australian people of Uruguayan descent
Australian Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles

masks:
Alex de Minaur
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Medvedev
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Alexander Zvere
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Roger Federer
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Alexander Zverev
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Medvedev
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Alexander Bublik
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Alexander Zvere
Alexei Popyrin
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Medvedev
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Alexander Zvere
Alexander Zverev
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title: Marjory Stephenson

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (24 January 1885 – 12 December 1948) was a British biochemist. In 1945, she was one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, the other being Kathleen Lonsdale. She wrote Bacterial Metabolism (1930), which ran to three editions and was a standard textbook for generations of microbiologists. A founder of the Society for General Microbiology, she also served as its second president. In 1953, the Society established the <mask> Prize Lecture) in her memory. This is the Society's principal prize, awarded biennially for an outstanding contribution of current importance in microbiology. Childhood and education
<mask> grew up in Burwell, a village on the edge of The Fens in Cambridgeshire, between Newmarket and Cambridge.Her father Robert (1847–1929) was a farmer, surveyor and owner of a cement-manufacturing company; her mother was Sarah Rogers (1848–1925). <mask> was a prominent figure in the local community, appointed as a Justice of the Peace and then Deputy Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire; he was also a chairman of the County Council. He employed many local people in his cement works. Both of <mask>'s grandfathers, Robert Matthew <mask> (1815–1870) and Samuel Rogers, were racehorse trainers in Newmarket, a major horse-racing centre. Samuel Rogers had been a jockey before becoming a trainer. <mask> was the youngest of the family by nine years. She was first inspired to take an interest in science by her governess Anna Jane Botwright, the daughter of a carpenter from Bungay.Botwright later married a solicitor and named one of her daughters Marjory. <mask> later studied at the Berkhamsted School for Girls in Hertfordshire. In 1903 she went to Newnham College, Cambridge. Alice Mary <mask>, one of her sisters, had studied history at Newnham College and became headteacher of Francis Holland School in London, and a brother, Robert, graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge. <mask> read Natural Sciences, taking courses in chemistry, physiology and zoology for Part I of the Natural Sciences Tripos. At this time, women were still excluded from Cambridge University's chemistry and zoology laboratories; Newnham College had its own chemistry laboratory and women attended biology practicals in the Balfour Laboratory. Early career and war service
<mask> originally intended to study medicine after Newnham, but her plans changed due to a lack of funds and she became a domestic science teacher, first at Gloucester County Training College and then at King's College of Household Science, London.In London she shared a flat with historian Myra Curtis, who was later Principal of Newnham College. As <mask> did not find domestic science fulfilling, she was grateful when Robert Plimmer, co-founder of the Biochemical Club (later Society), invited her to become a researcher in his laboratory at University College London. Here she investigated fat metabolism, and also taught nutrition. She was awarded a Beit Memorial Fellowship in 1913, but her work was interrupted by the First World War. After joining the British Red Cross Society, <mask> ran hospital kitchens in France; later she became a Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) commandant in Salonika (Thessaloniki). She was mentioned in despatches, and, in December 1918, was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE). She also received an Associate Royal Red Cross (ARRC) in recognition of her service.As a result of her war-time experience, she became a pacifist and, later, was an active member of the Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group. Research at Cambridge
After the end of the war, <mask> returned to Cambridge to carry out research and teach in the department of biochemistry. Under the leadership of Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a group of scientists became the centre of modern biochemical studies. Here <mask> began research on bacteria and their metabolism. The department had an unusually high proportion of women amongst its researchers, at 15 per cent, but it was still very rare for a woman to be offered a University appointment. <mask> was financed by her Beit Fellowship and later by the Medical Research Council. She was finally appointed a University lecturer in biochemistry in 1943.Meanwhile, she became an associate and later a fellow of her old College, Newnham. In 1936 the University awarded her a Doctorate of Science (DSc) degree for her research. <mask>'s main area of research was bacterial metabolism. With Margaret Whetham and Juda Quastel, she developed the washed suspension technique, which had originated with Louis Pasteur, for extracting enzymes from bacteria. With Leonard Stickland, she was the first to isolate a bacterial enzyme from the cell in 1928, when they obtained lactic dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. In the 1930s, she continued to work with Stickland and demonstrated that a particular enzyme, formate hydrogenlyase, was present in cell extracts only when the bacteria had been grown in the presence of formate. This was one of the first examples of 'adaptive enzymes,' now understood as the rapid transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the formate hydrogenlyase when the activator, formate, is added to the culture.Later in the 1930s <mask> worked with Ernest Gale on enzyme adaptation and amino acid metabolism, and with Arthur Trim on metabolic studies of nucleic acids. During her time at the laboratory, <mask> produced, as author or co-author, more than twenty papers. She is most widely remembered for her seminal book, Bacterial Metabolism, which ran to three editions between 1930 and 1949. Last reprinted in 1966, it was the standard work on the subject for generations of microbiologists and biochemists. Royal Society
In 1902 Hertha Ayrton was the first woman to be proposed as a Fellow of the Royal Society but was rejected because the society's lawyers successfully argued that it was impossible for a woman to be a Fellow. The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 and a Privy Council ruling on the legal status of women in 1929 rendered these arguments obsolete. But, it was not until 1943 when, spurred to action by a critical article in the Daily Worker by Jack Haldane, the Royal Society considered accepting women as Fellows.Charles Harington nominated <mask> and, after a ballot in which a large majority of Fellows voted to accept women, she was duly elected in 1945 together with Kathleen Lonsdale. During the World War II, <mask> served on the Toxin Committee. One of the founders of the Society for General Microbiology, and Alexander Fleming tried to induce her to take the role of the Society's first President, but she declined; <mask> was elected as its second president in 1947. After the war the Rockefeller Foundation and the Medical Research Council funded a new laboratory at Cambridge (known as the "Bug Hut"), to which she moved in 1947. <mask> was also influential in improving teaching of microbial biochemistry; she helped set up a special Part II Biochemistry (Microbial) in Cambridge in the same year. Also in 1947 she was finally recognised by the university for her many years of service; they appointed her as the first Reader in Chemical Microbiology, a permanent position. She died of cancer on 12 December 1948, a year after the university appointment.Her biographer said of <mask>: "She made her way in science by pioneering her own field, and her life was her work and her friends." She also found time to do gardening and to travel, visiting the United States and the USSR in the 1930s. Legacy and honours
 Appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) and Associate Royal Red Cross (ARRC) for her service during World War I
 <mask> <mask> biennial memorial lecture established by the Society for General Microbiology in her honour in 1953

References

Further reading

External links
Newnham Biographies – "Marjory <mask>"  (1885–1948), Newnham College
"People: <mask> <mask> <mask>, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge

1885 births
1948 deaths
Academics of University College London
British women in World War I
Fellows of Newnham College, Cambridge
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
British biochemists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Red Cross personnel
People from Burwell, Cambridgeshire
Deaths from cancer in England
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century British women scientists
Associate Members of the Royal Red Cross

masks:
Marjory Stephenson
Marry Stephensonry Stephenson
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Robert Stephenson
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title: Hans Schumm

texts:
<mask> (né <mask>; 2 April 1896 Stuttgart – 2 February 1990 Los Angeles) was a German-born-turned-American actor, notably, a prolific and critically acclaimed Hollywood screen character actor who appeared in some 95 films – including a co-starring villainous role in a 12-episode serial. He also appeared in 15 TV productions and several stage productions, including one on Broadway. Except for about ten cinema productions, Schumm's  in cinema and television was filmed in the United States. On stage and in film, he is credited as <mask> or simply <mask>; but in seven films, he is credited under the pseudonym André Pola — three in 1948, one in 1949, one in 1954, and one 1956. In his private life, he was known as <mask> and Johann J.E<mask>. Career
<mask> was born April 2, 1896, in Stuttgart, Germany.Schumm served in the German Army during World War I. While living in Stuttgart, Schumm first visited New York as a merchant at age , arriving January 1, 1924. There are at least two attributions for his acting debut, one in 1925 in Meissen, Germany, and one around 1925 in Stuttgart, performing in The Merchant of Venice with Staatstheater Stuttgart. Schumm visited New York again, arriving November 30, 1926, and performed with a German stock company in Milwaukee and Chicago. Permanent move to New York
Schumm returned a third time to New York, arriving August 26, 1929, to work in German-language theater as a permanent United States resident. The timing of Schumm's 1929 arrival was  before Hitler's seizure of power on January 30, 1933. Germany had been in the throes of severe economic duress from post World War I, which included hyperinflation that began around 1922.His arrival was also  days after the Great Crash of 1929 on Wall Street. The Great Depression had struck Germany hard in late 1929, and sunk to its trough in early 1932. Shortly after arriving, until about 1931, Schumm lived at 160 Wadsworth Avenue, Washington Heights, a neighborhood in the most northern part of Manhattan, New York. Move to Hollywood
By 1931, Schumm was living in Los Angeles, and appeared in two 1932 productions at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. Schumm debuted in cinema in 1933 as an uncredited bit part actor in The Song of Songs, starring Marlene Dietrich. Die Reichskulturkammer of 1933
Back in Germany, in 1933, by decree of Joseph Goebbels under a newly created agency called Die Reichskulturkammer (DKK), Jewish actors were, among other things, prohibited from performing on German stage. Schumm was not an exile.But he worked within the Hollywood cinema community, particularly German expatriate groups, to help German Jewish exiled actors acclimate in American cinema. In Los Angeles, in 1939, Schumm became one of 60 or more initial members who formed The Continental Players, a short-lived theater company spearheaded by film executives in support of exiled Jewish  from Germany and Austria. World War II era
Schumm's film roles were mostly minor and, during World War II, mostly uncredited; though he was billed as a main actor on some film posters, including his villainous role as "The Mask" in the popular 1942 12-episode movie serial, Spy Smasher. Generally, the Screen Actors Guild for film, and AFTRA for TV and radio, establishes the guidelines for credits. The lack of crediting can be for several reasons, such as (i) small roles, (ii) non-speaking roles, (iii) brevity, (iv) perceived mismatch between the actor and the role (e.g., a famous actor playing an insignificant part), (v) cameos, (vi) extras, (vii) bit part roles. But also, from 1933 until after World War II, film credits for German-expatriates and German-American actors, particularly in Nazi-themed films, was risky for those who had families in Nazi-occupied countries, not only for Jews, but for anyone with American ties that might draw the attention of the SS. Schumm's paternal and maternal relatives were German citizens and resided there.<mask> became a U.S. naturalized citizen February 14, 1941. When Schumm was drafted under the U.S. Selective Service System, he became a conscientious objector. In a 2015 retrospective review of <mask>'s role as "The Mask" from the 1942 serial Spy Smasher, film critic Boyd P. Magers wrote, "the ultimate screen Nazi was <mask>m." An IMDb biographer characterized Schumm as "Nazi swine . Magers pointed out that <mask>'s career received a considerable boost in the early 1940s when German-born actors were sought, particularly for roles in anti-Nazi films portraying members of the Wehrmacht and SS. Schumm played a character role in the 1943 film, Hangmen.The film was one of the few attempts by German immigrants in the United States to make a film against the Hitler regime. Post World War II
After World War II, Schumm performed a role in a 1952-1953 Broadway play, A Red Rainbow. Germany
Following a trend beginning around 1953 for American film producers to shoot in West Germany due to low costs, Schumm traveled to West Germany for work, including roles in:

 The Trapp Family
 The Third Sex (Das dritte Geschlecht) was filmed in Germany in 1957 and released in its original edition in Vienna
 Tales of the Vikings (39 episodes), produced in Munich by Kirk Douglas, Schumm played Thorvald in two episodes
 Question 7
 The Bashful Elephant
 Come Fly with Me
 Captain Sindbad, shot at Bavaria Film Studios
 The Waltz King (1963)
 Before Winter Comes
 Komm nach Wien, ich zeig dir was! (Come to Vienna, I'll Show You Something!) The Third Sex was produced in West Germany. It was filmed from May 8 to June 3, 1957, and premiered in Vienna on August 29, 1957, in several cinemas. In Germany, the film was first seen in Stuttgart at the Gloria-Palast on October 31, 1957.<mask> played a pediatric psychologist. The film addressed homosexuality, which was controversial at the time. The underlying message, conversion therapy, is on the wrong side of science. Directed by Veit Harlan, the aim was to liberalize public views against homosexuality, and in particular, influence reform of West German laws against it. The film – specifically the version censored by German authorities under Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code – had the opposite effect. Hollywood in the 1960s

Schumm returned to Hollywood and finished his acting career in 1970. After shooting Das dritte Geschlecht, Schumm returned to Hollywood and finished his acting career in 1970.Representation and management
Schumm was represented by Paul Kohner. Family and marriages

<mask> was born April 2, 1896, in Stuttgart, Germany, to <mask> (1855–1904) and Petronella (aka Petrauella) Jehle (maiden, aka Yehle aka Fehle; 1855–1936). He had three siblings – two brothers and a sister. His older brother, Gustav "Gustel" <mask> (de) (1888–1966) had been a star rugby and soccer player, and in 1912, for one year, had served as president of VfB Stuttgart and is credited for developing youth soccer in Germany, before and after World War I. First marriage
Schumm first married – on July 29, 1931, in Los Angeles – Agnes Mellen Kent (1888–1975), who from a previous marriage, had two daughters – (i) Jessie Marcellina (Elizabeth) Olivieri (1918–1947) and (ii) Josephine Tarquini (1910–2010), that latter having been adopted after being rescued from the 1915 earthquake in central Italy. Agnes Kent was the daughter of New York architect William Winthrop Kent (1860–1955) – who, as architect, was affiliated at various times with (i) Harvey L. Page, (ii) his brother, Edward Austin Kent (who perished on the Titanic), (iii) Heins & LaFarge, and (iv) Jardine, Kent & Jardine. He was one of the architects of the original plan for Cathedral of St. John the Divine, including the Romanesque Revival apse.Agnes was also the granddaughter of Henry Mellen Kent (1823–1894), one of the founders of the Flint & Kent department store in Buffalo. <mask> and Agnes divorced. Agnes had been previously married to Umberto Olivieri (1884–1973), a banker for 14 years at Bank of America in San Francisco, a lawyer in Rome, and a language professor for 30 years at Santa Clara University, who, in 1958, at the age of 74 — after returning to Italy and joining the Order of Saint Benedict at the Subiaco Monastery in Rome — became ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest by the Bishop of Tivoli at Subiaco. <mask> was Agnes' second of three husbands. Second marriage
Schumm then married – on September 23, 1935, in Santa Ana, California – Gloria F. Smith (aka Gloria Smith Beery, née Florence W. Smith; 1916–1989). <mask> filed for divorce late September 1943 in Los Angeles County. Their divorced became final on December 8, 1944.Gloria and <mask> then remarried August 21, 1947, after Gloria realized that she was pregnant from, she claimed, actor Wallace Beery, which Beery denied. Gloria gave birth on February 7, 1948, to Johan Richard <mask>. On February 13, 1948, <mask>, on behalf of <mask>, as

masks:
Hans Josef Schumm
Johann Josef Eugen Schumm
Hans Josef Schumm
Hans Schumm
Joseph Schumm
. Schumm
Schumm
Schumm
Schumm
Hans Schum
Schumm
Schumm
Birth Schumm
Friedrich Schumm
Schumm
Hans
Hans Schumm
Gloria Schumm
Hans
Wallace Schumm
Gloria Schumm
Johan Schumm


title: Hans Schumm

texts:
 plaintiff, filed a paternity suit against Beery, who, through his lawyer, Norman Ronald Tyre (1910–2002) – Gang, Tyre, Ramer & Brown – initially offered $6,000 as a settlement, but denied being the father. <mask>, again, filed for divorced from <mask> on April 2, 1953, in Los Angeles County. Gloria, in her private life, sometimes used Wallace Beery's surname and, as a bit part actor, sometimes used her stage name, Gloria Whitney. Gloria, again, divorced <mask>m January 11, 1978, in Los Angeles County. United States citizenship
Schumm applied to become a naturalized citizen of the United States on November 13, 1940, in Los Angeles, and was admitted as a citizen February 14, 1941.The two affiants attesting to Schumm's identity and residency were Stuttgart-born Alfred Theodor Hummel (1876–1946) and John Harrison Rodney Pain (1884–1966), a British-born American gardner and woodwork artisan. Schumm was approximately  tall, weighed approximately , and had brown hair and brown eyes — according to his 1942 U.S. draft registration card. Death
Schumm died at  on February 2, 1990. He was dead on arrival at Kaiser Permanente Hospital in Los Angeles from heart failure after being stricken at the Hollywood nursing home where he had been living. His body was cremated with his ashes buried in the actors’ rose garden at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Links to stills
 Three stills from "The Primitive Touch," a TV episode from The Web; CBS/Getty Images, May 14, 1954 New York, New York
 Joe Maross, <mask> Schumm, and Elizabeth Fraser:
 Getty image 625765216
 Getty image 625765116
 Getty image 625765174
 Two images: April 17, 1952, Johann Schumm – 4 years (child); Gloria Schumm (mother); University of Southern California;

Profession affiliations
 Screen Actors Guild, member
 Screen Extras Guild (between 1946 and 1992, background actors in film and television were largely represented by the Screen Extras Guild. SEG was disbanded on 1 June 1992 and transferred its jurisdiction to SAG)
 Edwin Forrest Society, The Actors Fund, member (estate benefactor)

Selected cinematic and TV clips
 Anders als du und ich (§ 175)
 Psychologist (<mask>m), Christa Teichmann, Klaus' mother (Paula Wessely), Werner Teichmann, Klaus' father (Paul Dahlke)
 Scene: "Cure for Homosexuality," Klause's parents with the psychologist (German censored version with English subtitles)

 Casbah
  Anton Duval (Houseley Stevenson), Willem (Hans Schumm as Andre Pola), Pepe (Tony Martin)
 Scene

 Spy Smasher on YouTube (all 12 chapters)

Filmography

Television

Stage
{| class="wikitable" style="color: black; background-color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 90%; width:100%"
!Dates !! Play !! Writer(s) ! !Director !! Role !! |-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px;"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px;" | Leopold Jessner, director; Ralph Freed, text; Rudi Feld, art director (costumes and set design); Ernst Toch, music score; Ingolf Dahl, conductor; Simon Mitchneck, Phd (1893–1986), English and voice coach (linguist). |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| Totentanz(Dance of Death)
| width="16.67%"| August Strindberg
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Kurt
| width="16.67%"| New Studio Theater1743 North New Hampshire BoulevardLos Angeles(capacity 205)

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Walter Wicclair (de) as the captain and Efriede Borodin (de) as Alice.|-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| Faust(in German)
| width="16.67%"| Goethe
| width="16.67%"| Walter Wicclair (de)
| width="16.67%"| Assistant Director
| width="16.67%"| University of Southern CaliforniaDepartment of German

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Norbert Schiller (de) as Faust, Walter Wicclair (de) as Mephistopheles, Laura McCann (de) as Gretchen, Else Baeck-Neft (de) as Martha, and Franz Roeh as Wagner, Marcel Lerner as the student. Others in the cast included Otto Waldis (de), Sigurd Bernau, L.H. Lasch, and Renee Henning. |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;| (premier)
| width="16.67%"| Intimitaeten(Private Lives)| width="16.67%"| Noël Coward
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Bennet Chase
| width="16.67%"| Coronet Theater366 North La Cienega BoulevardLos Angeles(capacity 275)(guest performances were also give in San Francisco with the same cast)

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Kitty Mattern (de) playing Helen Prynne co-starred with Hans Schumm playing Bennet Chase. In a love scene, Mattern and Schumm reportedly drove realism to an intensity that was unusual for the era. Others in the cast included Norbert J. Kobler playing Victor Prynne, Inga Grothe playing Sybile Chase

|-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|  source
| width="16.67%"| Raub der Sabinerinnen (de)(Rape of the Sabine Women)
| width="16.67%"| Paul and Franz Schönthan (de)
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Coronet Theater

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Else Baeck-Neft (de) as Rosa, Efriede Borodin (de) as Marianne, Walter Wicclair (de) as Professor Gallwitz, and Hans Schumm as Dr. Neumeister. |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| The Swallow's Nest| width="16.67%"| Zoë Akins
| width="16.67%"| Robert Milton
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Pasadena Community Playhouse

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Billie Burke, Marjorie Steele (1930–1988) (Mrs. Huntington Hartford in her acting debut), Onslow Stevens, George Phelps, Lumsden Hare, Roy Gordon (1884–1972).The production was partly financed by the Cinema Education Guild of Hollywood, Inc., which has been chronicled as a   McCarthyistic organization founded and headed by Myron C. Fagan (president). His son, executive producer of the play, Bruce Vincent Fagan (1918–2001) was the organization's secretary. Schumm's 1953 affiliation with Fagan notwithstanding, it is not known whether he seriously shared Fagan's views given that he went on to work with actors, directors, and producers who Fagan later infamously named before a stage audience, and on radio, 300 Hollywood stars that he claimed were communists. (FBI file)'''

|}

 Radio

 Notes and references
 General resources

 Marta Mierendorff papers 0214 "Schumm, <mask>," Box 12, Folder 22, University of Southern California (USC), Feuchtwanger Memorial Library;
 Marta Mierendorff, PhD — a German-born scholar who, in the latter 1960s, became a faculty member at USC — was a pioneer in the study of exiles. Schumm was not an exile, but, the papers include information on Schumm

 Paul Kohner Agency records, Goose Step, Oscars collections, Margaret Herrick Library
 Deutsches Bühnen-Jahrbuch; Theatergeschichtliches Jahr- und Adressbuch, Berlin: F.A. Günther & Sohn Actien-Gesellschaft, Vol. 42 (1931); ;
 "Arbeitsausschüsse der Fachschaft Bühne," Die Bühne (Redakteur: Dr. <mask>en), 2 Jahrgang, heft 1, 1.Januar 1936, seit 22;
 O – Obmann; St – Obmann Stellvertreter; S – Schriftführer; K – Kassenwart; Vd – Vertrauens -dame; B – Beisitzer; FV – Fachgruppenvertreter. Bamberg Stadttheater: Walter Storm (O), Fritz Milter (St), <mask> (S), Karl Frank (K), Ria Mardeck (Vd). ; . <li>
<li>
 See inline citation 21 for Chapter 5 on p. 504. →   ; ; . Vol. 1: A–L
 Vol.2: M-Z

 Notes

 Books, periodicals, collections, academic works

 Newspapers

 External links

  (biography by <mask>. Wollstein)
 <mask> at AFI Catalog of Feature Films''
 <mask> at Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze (cs)
 <mask>m biography, filmography and photos at filmportal.de

1896 births
1990 deaths
American male film actors
German male film actors
American male stage actors
German male stage actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century German male actors
German emigrants to the United States
Male actors from Stuttgart
People with acquired American citizenship
American conscientious objectors
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park

masks:
Gloria Schumm
Hans Schumm
Hans Schum
Hans Josef
Hans Schum
Hans
Hans Knuds
Hans Schumm
Hans J
Hans Schumm
Hans Schumm
Hans Schum


title: Nellie Y. McKay

texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1930 – January 22, 2006) was an American academic and author who was the Evjue-Bascom Professor of American and African-American Literature at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she also taught in English and women's studies, and is best known as the co-editor (with Henry Louis Gates Jr.) of the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature. Biography
She was born in Queens as <mask>, to parents who were Jamaican immigrants. She was private about her age but was probably born between 1931 and 1947, according to colleagues. She graduated with a B.A. in English from Queens College in 1969, a master's in English and American literature from Harvard in 1971, and a Ph.D. in the same field from Harvard in 1977. <mask> was Assistant Professor of English and American Literature at Simmons College and Visiting Professor of Afro-American Literature at MIT between 1973 and 1978. <mask> joined the faculty of UW–Madison in 1978, receiving tenure in 1984.Her research specialties included 19th- and 20th-century American and African American literature, black women's literature and multicultural women's writings, all fields that essentially did not exist when she was a student, and whose modern curricula, by many accounts, became heavily indebted to her scholarship. Her colleague at UW–Madison, Craig Werner, said, "When she came here there was not a single university that was paying any attention to black women’s literature. Now, there isn’t a single university that isn’t." A former student recalls that, in 1979, <mask> provided the class with photocopied versions of Native Son by Richard Wright and Black Manhattan by James Weldon Johnson, books that were then out of print, from her own rare copies. According to The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, in 1991 she was offered the Harvard University post in Afro-American Studies that was later taken by Gates, whom she had recommended in her stead. By the time she collaborated with Gates on the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature, in 1996, she was already widely known as a pre-eminent scholar in the field of black American literature, and Gates specifically sought her out. The book became a worldwide standard in the field and remains in print in a second edition.It was selected by former Poet Laureate of the United States Rita Dove in 2000 for the National Millennium Time Capsule created by the White House to be stored by the National Archives until the 22nd century, with Dove calling it "a lucid and eloquent history of one of this country's most significant subcultures". Her edited book Critical Essays on Toni Morrison (1988) is "largely credited with establishing the critical acclaim" that led to Morrison's Nobel Prize in Literature. She played a key role in establishing the UW–Madison Lorraine Hansberry Visiting Professorship in the Dramatic Arts. At the time of her death, <mask> had been working on a revised edition of the seminal 1982 black feminist anthology All the Women Are White, All the Blacks are Men, But Some of Us Brave: Black Women’s Studies, originally edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith. She was also advisory editor for the African American Review, president of the Midwest Consortium of Black Studies and a member of the Board of Directors of the Toni Morrison Society. <mask> died January 22, 2006, of liver cancer or colon cancer at a hospice in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. She was believed to be in her 70s.The university held a national symposium in her honor April 1, 2006, including a short film Remembering <mask> <mask> by Pete McPartland Jr., and readings by over 40 fellow academics from across the country. Honors
 Fellow at the Institute for Research in the Humanities at UW–Madison (1991). Fellow at the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research
 The UW–Madison Chancellor's Distinguished Teaching Award (1992)
 Multi-Ethnic Literature [Association] of the U.S. (MELUS) Annual Award for Contributions to Multi-Ethnic Literature (1996)
 The University of Wisconsin System Recognition for Outstanding Contributions to the System, particularly to Women of Color
Inducted into Phi Beta Kappa (alpha chapter of WI) 1999
 Inducted into the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (2001)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Michigan (2002)

Writings
<mask> wrote more than 60 articles and essays in books and journals on figures such as Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker, touching on themes of black literature, American Literature, women's writings and on political issues of interest to the academic community. Books
 Jean Toomer, Artist: A Study of His Literary Life and Work, 1894-1936 (University of North Carolina, 1984)
 Critical Essays on Toni Morrison (editor with introduction, G.K. Hall, 1988)
 Race-Ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality (with Toni Morrison and Michael Thelwell, Random House, 1992)
 The Sleeper Wakes: Harlem Renaissance Stories by Women (with Marcy Knopf, Rutgers University Press, 1993)
 Colored Woman in a White World (African-American Women Writers, 1910-1940) (with Mary Church Terrell, Macmillan Publishers, 1996)
 Norton Anthology of African-American Literature (General co-Editor with Henry Louis Gates Jr.; W.W. Norton, 1996; second edition, 2005)
 Approaches to Teaching the Novels of Toni Morrison (ed. with Kathryn Earle, MLA Publications, 1997)
 Toni Morrison's Beloved: A Casebook (ed. with William L. Andrews, Oxford University Press, 1999)
 Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, a slave narrative by Harriet Jacobs (Norton Critical Edition co-edited with Frances Smith Foster), 2001)

Quotations
 On the Anthology: "Never again will anybody anywhere not be able to know about the existence of the African-American literature tradition.This is a bible, as far as I'm concerned." "There is nothing mystical about African American literature that makes it the sole property of people of African descent." References

External links
 <mask> Y<mask>, Who Championed Black Writers, Dies - obituary from The New York Times
 Bio from 1998 University of California Riverside Aesthetics Conference
 Interview transcript, with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. PBS NewsHour, March 7, 1997
 Interview transcript PBS NewsHour, March 18, 1997. 1930 births
2006 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
African-American academics
Harvard University alumni
People from Queens, New York
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
American people of Jamaican descent
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Deaths from cancer in Wisconsin
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Nellie Yvonne McKay
Nellie Yvonne Reynolds
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
Nellie
McKay
McKay
Nellie
. McKay


title: Joseph Livingston

texts:
<mask> () was a business journalist and economist known for his long-running syndicated economics column for which he received a Pulitzer Prize and three Gerald Loeb Awards. He created the Livingston Survey, a twice-yearly economic forecast survey he personally conducted from 1946 until his death in 1989. Early life

<mask> was born on February 10, 1905, in New York City. After graduating from De Witt Clinton High School, he studied English at the University of Michigan, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1925. Career

Reporter
<mask> returned to New York City to begin his journalism career as a cub reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle. By late 1927, he was a staff reporter at The Brooklyn Daily Times. In the second half of the 1920s, he also worked at the Queens County News, The Bronx Home News, and Fairchild's Daily News Record.Financial and economics reporter, editor
In September 1929, Livinsgston began an investment club with some of his university friends, which quickly became underwater when the Great Crash shook the stock market a month later. He realized his university education was insufficient for making informed investment decisions, so he took night classes at the City College of New York from 1929 to 1931 to study investing, accounting, statistics, and economic history. Armed with new knowledge, he repeatedly begged his editor to move him from general reporting to financial reporting until he was eventually fired. <mask> joined the New York Daily Investment News, rising to executive editor in 1931, and wrote the "Talking It Over" column. In 1934, he moved to Financial World to be the public utility editor. In 1935, <mask> joined Business Week as an editor and economist. He wrote "The Trend" and "Business Outlook" columns until his departure in 1942.During his tenure, he developed his "story chart" technique, which used charts to dramatically and quickly convey economic information. He extracted the real story from the data, then presented it in a way that the chart and captions clearly expressed everything that was part of the real story and nothing else. World War II
<mask> put his journalism career on hold in 1942 to work as an economist for the U.S. government during World War II. He worked for the War Production Board to help start War Progress, an internal weekly report distributed among the various war agencies. The reports were noted for <mask>'s use of his story charts to concisely deliver information. He served as editor for the publication and became the economic assistant to Chief of Operations Hiland G. Batchellor. In 1944, <mask> wrote a public affairs pamphlet entitled "Reconversion – the Job Ahead" and assisted in the production of two of the Board's "Critical Programs" reports.He transferred to the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion in 1945 to help compile analytical and statistical reports for the government. Livingston Survey

After the war, <mask> joined The Philadelphia Record in 1945 as the financial editor. The following year, he began sending a detailed questionnaire to economists around the U.S. asking for their forecasts of several economic variables for the next six, twelve, and eighteen months. He conducted the survey, which came to be known as the Livingston Survey, every six months for the rest of his life. In 1978, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia digitized <mask>'s historical data to make it available to researchers. The Bank took over conducting the survey after his death in 1989. The survey is the longest continuous record of economists expectations.Economics columnist
When the Record closed in 1947, <mask> moved to The Washington Post, where he started writing his semi-weekly "Minding Your Business" column. The column was renamed "Business Outlook" after a few months and was nationally syndicated later in the year, eventually being printed in over 70 newspapers. He continued writing the syndicated column for the rest of his life. <mask> was hired by The Philadelphia Bulletin in 1948 to be their financial editor. In 1964, he visited Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia to research the prospects of trade between the U.S. and Eastern Bloc countries. He toured factories and interviewed government officials at all levels. His research resulted in a six-part series entitled "The Powerful Pull of the Dollar" that earned him the 1965 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting.He stepped down as financial editor in 1968 to focus on outside writing, but continued as an economics columnist. A 1970 column reporting on his six-week investigation into Howard Butcher and suspicious transactions involving Penn Central stock earned <mask> the 1971 Gerald Loeb award for newspapers. While still writing for the Bulletin, <mask> taught an economics class ("Seminar on Contemporary Economic Trends") at Temple University in 1971 and 1972. In 1972, <mask> left the Bulletin for The Philadelphia Inquirer, where he continued writing his economics columns and co-wrote a regular chess column. His decades as a financial writer were honored in 1974 by the first Gerald Loeb Memorial Award. He wrote a 5-part series of columns in 1975 entitled "The Second Battle of Great Britain" on the country's economic difficulties that earned him both the 1975 Bache Halsey Stuart Award from the Overseas Press Club and the 1976 Gerald Loeb award for Columns/Editorial In 1981, <mask> spent more than five weeks in Britain interviewing government officials, bankers, businessmen, labor leaders, workers, and members of Parliament for a five-part series entitled "English Lessons for America" that compared the U.S. and British economies and earned him the 1981 Overseas Press Club award for Best Business News Reporting from Abroad. Book

<mask>'s book, The American Stockholder, was published in 1958.The book discusses the role of stockholders, finding that the average stockholder plays an insignificant role. Radio

In 1961, <mask> recorded the miniseries The Evolution of the American Economic Revolution for the Voice of America. <mask> contributed the "Business Page" feature on WCAU radio's Evening Edition from 1962 to 1964. Personal life
<mask> met Rosalie Logise Frenger while they were both students at the University of Michigan. Rosalie, born October 19, 1903, in Las Cruces, New Mexico Territory, was the daughter of Clara Jacoby and New Mexico District Judge Numa C. Frenger. She was a correspondent for the El Paso Times and the El Paso Herald, and was a teacher at the Las Cruces Union High School. They married on September 26, 1927, at the Frenger family home in Las Cruces in a ceremony presided over by her father.The couple initially lived in the Bronx. Rosalie joined an insurance company in 1928 as an editorial writer, and worked as an editor for Young Dancer magazine in the 1930s. They lived in the New York City area until 1942, when they moved to the Washington, D.C., area. <mask> resumed investing his investment club's money in 1932 and 1933. The club's portfolio finally became profitable in 1935. His friends, not wanting to press their luck, decided to cash-out and dissolve the club. <mask> and his wife used their proceeds to purchase a farm in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.After the war, they lived in Philadelphia, then returned to Washington, D.C., in 1947. In 1948, they finally settled on their farm in Bucks County while maintaining an apartment in Center City, Philadelphia. Their daughter, Patricia, was born in 1942. She graduated from Westtown School and Middlebury College, and received her master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1967, she married Mathew Herban III. She received her PhD in English from the University of Pennsylvania in 1973. <mask> served as the president of The Franklin Inn Club in 1955.He helped organize the Society of American Business Editors and Writers (SABEW), serving two terms as its first president in 1964 and 1965. On December 25, 1989, <mask> collapsed while preparing to leave his farm. He was pronounced dead at Doylestown Hospital. Rosalie died in Columbus, Ohio, on February 22, 1992, while visiting her daughter. The couple are buried side-by-side at Forest Hills Cemetery in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Awards
 1962 The E. W. Fairchild Award from the Overseas Press Club
 1965 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
 1967 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial writing, syndicated and news service writers
 1968 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial writing, syndicated and news service writers
 1971 Gerald Loeb award for Newspapers
 1973 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial reporting, syndicated and news service writers
 1974 Gerald Loeb Memorial Award
 1975 Bache Halsey Stuart Award from the Overseas Press Club
 1976 Gerald Loeb award for Columns/Editorial
 1981 Overseas Press Club award for Best Business News Reporting from Abroad

Selected bibliography

 The American Stockholder. 1958.Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company. 290 pages. August 6, 1981

See also
 Livingston Survey

References

1905 births
1989 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and Editorials
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Newspaper
Gerald Loeb Memorial Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
20th-century American newspaper editors
The Philadelphia Inquirer people
American male journalists
The Washington Post journalists
Journalists from New York City
American business and financial journalists

masks:
Joseph Arnold Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston


title: Merl Reagle

texts:
<mask> (January 5, 1950 – August 22, 2015) was an American crossword constructor. For 30 years, he constructed a puzzle every Sunday for the San Francisco Chronicle (originally the San Francisco Examiner), which he syndicated to more than 50 Sunday newspapers, including the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), the Hartford Courant, the New York Observer, and the Arizona Daily Star. Reagle also produced a bimonthly crossword puzzle for AARP The Magazine magazine, a monthly crossword puzzle for the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI,  and puzzles for the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament. Biography
<mask> was born in Audubon, New Jersey on January 5, 1950. He made his first crossword when he was six years old and sold a puzzle to The New York Times at age 16, a feat that made him the youngest published Times puzzle constructor at the time. He attended the University of Arizona, but dropped out a few credits short of a degree in English. Reagle first competed in the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament in 1979, its second year, and placed third.He submitted a puzzle to the contest starting in 1980 and, later, served as a tournament judge and a commentator for the tournament's finals. In the early 1980s Reagle began submitting crossword puzzles to Dell crossword magazine, Games magazine, and Margaret Farrar's Simon & Schuster books. He regarded crossword-making as more of a hobby, working as a television scriptwriter by day and a film scriptwriter by night. In 1985 he was contracted to produce a regular Sunday crossword for the San Francisco Examiners new Sunday magazine. Three years later, he went into syndication. In the 1990s Reagle was regarded as one of the top producers of a new type of crossword puzzle: "less stodgy and more hip." This trend was encouraged by The New York Times crossword puzzle editor Will Shortz, who sought to appeal to a wider and younger readership with "pop culture references ... humorous word play, and ... unique and clever themes".In 2011 <mask> donated his expertise to produce an awareness-building campaign for the Alzheimer's Foundation of America. <mask> created the National Brain Game Challenge, an online contest featuring a Sunday crossword that contains a clued secret message. Cash prizes, including a first prize of $25,000, are awarded in two categories, "casual solver" and "puzzle professional". <mask> was one of the few crossword constructors who made a living solely through puzzlemaking, as he retained all rights to his puzzles. They are reprinted in books that he sold under his own imprint, PuzzleWorks. With the assistance of his wife, Marie Haley, he published more than 20 volumes of his Sunday crosswords, which he sold from his website. <mask> and Marie made their home in the Tampa Bay, Florida area.<mask> died August 22, 2015, after being hospitalized two days earlier for acute pancreatitis. Representative puzzles: humor and wide-open grids
The New York Times crossword puzzle editor Will Shortz has said that "his [Reagle's] themes are consistently fresher and funnier than anyone else's. And he's one of the greatest puzzlemakers at interlocking words in intricate, wide-open patterns". Games magazine has called Reagle "the best Sunday crossword creator in America". A poll of puzzlemakers at cruciverb.com, a popular website for crossword constructors, ranked Reagle the most admired by his peers. His 2004 puzzle, "Wide Open Spaces", holds the record for the lowest word count (i.e., number of answers) in a Sunday puzzle. The 21 x 21 grid has only 112 words (with 51 black squares).The prolific crossword editor Stanley Newman called <mask>'s puzzle "Gridlock" "the best single crossword of the last 25 years." "Gridlock" featured a "thick traffic jam of car names crossing in the center". His fellow constructors routinely credit Reagle for creating some of the funniest themes for his puzzles. One, called "Hit Song", was what he called "Sean Penn's version of "My Way". It included the theme entries I'M IN A / RUSH, NO PICTURES, PLEASE, OR / ELSE YOU'LL LEARN THE / BLACKENED EYE WAY / THE RECORD SHOWS / I'LL BUST YOUR / NOSE IF YOU GET IN... / MY WAY. Other much-discussed puzzles carried titles like "Inappropriate Muzak for a Doctor's Office" and "Least Popular Beanie Babies". Portrayal in Wordplay
He was noted for making puzzles with pencil and paper, instead of with the aid of a computer.The 2006 documentary Wordplay depicted Reagle's on-camera construction of a crossword that subsequently was published in The New York Times. The film then showed various famous crossword enthusiasts, including Bill Clinton, Jon Stewart, the Indigo Girls, and Mike Mussina, attempting to solve the puzzle. Other appearances
In the late 1960s and early 1970s <mask> was a member of a psychedelic rock band Greylock Mansion. He played the organ and performed the lead vocals and was also the main songwriter for the group. The band released two singles in their active period but never got a deal for a full album. All of their old recordings were finally released in 2016 by an underground label Lysergic Sound Distributors. Unfortunately <mask> Reagle died during the production of the album and never got to witness its release.On November 16, 2008, Reagle was a "special guest voice" on an episode of The Simpsons called "Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words." In the episode, which featured a New York Times crossword, a cartoon version of Reagle appeared together with Shortz, and Lisa Simpson discovered secret messages embedded in both the clues and the puzzle, which Reagle constructed and Shortz edited. The actual crossword appearing that same day in the Times had the embedded messages. Reagle also was featured on CNN, the Today show, Nightline, Oprah, and National Public Radio. In 2013, the Washington Post featured an online interview in its "The Fold" feature. References

External links

 Reagle's Sunday Crosswords website

1950 births
People from Audubon, New Jersey
Crossword compilers
2015 deaths
Deaths from pancreatitis

masks:
Merl Harry Reagle
Reagle
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title: Nero

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<mask> ( ; full name: <mask>us; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was the fifth Roman emperor and the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his suicide in 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded him to the throne. <mask> seems to have been popular with the members of his Praetorian Guard, and with lower-class commoners in Rome and the provinces, but was deeply resented by the Roman aristocracy. Most contemporary sources describe him as tyrannical, self-indulgent and debauched. After being declared a public enemy by the Roman Senate, he committed suicide aged 30. <mask> was born at Antium in AD 37, the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, a great-granddaughter of the emperor Augustus. When <mask> was two years old, his father died.His mother married the emperor Claudius, who eventually adopted <mask> as his heir; when Claudius died in 54, <mask> became emperor, with the support firstly of the Praetorian Guard, and then of the Senate. In the early years of his reign <mask> was advised and guided by his mother Agrippina, his tutor Seneca the Younger, and his praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus, but he soon sought to rule independently, and to rid himself of restraining influences. His power struggle with his mother was eventually resolved when he had her murdered. Roman sources also implicate <mask> in the deaths of his wife Claudia Octavia – supposedly so that he could marry Poppaea Sabina – and of his foster-brother Britannicus. Most Roman sources present <mask> as sexually dissolute. He is said to have "married" a freedman Pythagoras, acting the part of bride at the ceremony. After Poppaea's death in unclear circumstances, <mask> in short succession married an aristocratic woman Statilia Messalina and another freedman, Sporus, whom he had castrated.<mask>'s practical contributions to Rome's governance focused on diplomacy, trade, and culture. He ordered the construction of amphitheaters, promoted athletic games and contests, and made public appearances as an actor, poet, musician, and charioteer. This scandalised his aristocratic contemporaries as these occupations were usually the domain of slaves, public entertainers and infamous persons. The provision of such entertainments made <mask> popular among lower-class citizens, but his performances undermined the Imperial dignity. The costs involved were borne by local elites either directly or through taxation, and were much resented. During <mask>'s reign, the general Corbulo fought the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, and made peace with the hostile Parthian Empire. The Roman general Suetonius Paulinus quashed a major revolt in Britain led by the Iceni's queen Boudica.The Bosporan Kingdom was briefly annexed to the empire, and the First Jewish–Roman War began. When the Roman senator Vindex rebelled, with support from the eventual Roman emperor Galba, <mask> was declared a public enemy and condemned to death in absentia. He fled Rome, and on 9 June AD 68 he committed suicide. His death sparked a brief period of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. Most Roman sources offer overwhelmingly negative assessments of his personality and reign. The historian Tacitus claims the Roman people thought him compulsive and corrupt. Suetonius tells that many Romans believed that the Great Fire of Rome was instigated by <mask> to clear land for his planned  "Golden House".Tacitus claims that <mask> seized Christians as scapegoats for the fire and had them burned alive, seemingly motivated not by public justice but by personal cruelty. Some modern historians question the reliability of the ancient sources on <mask>'s tyrannical acts, considering his popularity among the Roman commoners. In the eastern provinces of the Empire, a popular legend arose that <mask> had not died and would return. After his death, at least three leaders of short-lived, failed rebellions presented themselves as "<mask> reborn" in order to gain popular support. Early life

<mask> was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December 37ADin Antium (modern Anzio). He was an only-child, the son of the politician Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. His mother Agrippina was the sister of the third Roman emperor Caligula.<mask> was also the great-great grandson of former emperor Augustus (descended from Augustus' only daughter, Julia). The ancient biographer Suetonius, who was critical of <mask>'s ancestors, wrote that emperor Augustus had reproached <mask>'s grandfather for his unseemly enjoyment of violent gladiator games. According to Jürgen Malitz, Suetonius tells that <mask>'s father was known to be "irascible and brutal", and that both "enjoyed chariot races and theater performances to a degree not befitting their position". Suetonius also mentions that when <mask>'s father Domitius was congratulated by his friends for the birth of his son, he replied that any child born to him and Agrippina would have a detestable nature and become a public danger. Domitius died in 40 AD. A few years before his father's death, his father was involved in a serious political scandal. His mother and his two surviving sisters, Agrippina and Julia Livilla, were exiled to a remote island in the Mediterranean Sea.His mother was said to have been exiled for plotting to overthrow the emperor Caligula. <mask>'s inheritance was taken from him, and he was sent to live with his paternal aunt Domitia Lepida the Younger, the mother of later emperor Claudius's third wife, Messalina. After Caligula's death, Claudius became the new Roman Emperor. <mask>'s mother married Claudius in 49AD, becoming his fourth wife. By February, 49 AD, his mother had persuaded Claudius to adopt her son <mask>. After <mask>'s adoption by the emperor, "Claudius" became part of his name: <mask>laudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Claudius had gold coins issued to mark the adoption.Classics professor Josiah Osgood has written that "the coins, through their distribution and imagery alike, showed that a new Leader was in the making." However, David Shotter noted that, despite events in Rome, <mask>'s step-brother Britannicus was more prominent in provincial coinages during the early 50s. <mask> formally entered public life as an adult in 51AD at approximately 14 years old. When he turned 16, <mask> married Claudius' daughter (his step-sister), Claudia Octavia. Between the years 51AD and 53AD, he gave several speeches on behalf of various communities, including the Ilians; the Apameans (requesting a five-year tax reprieve after an earthquake); and the northern colony of Bologna, after their settlement had suffered a devastating fire. Claudius died in 54AD; many ancient historians claim that he was poisoned by Agrippina. Shotter has written that "Claudius' death in 54AD has usually been regarded as an event hastened by Agrippina due to signs that Claudius was showing a renewed affection for his natural son".He also notes that among ancient sources, the Roman historian Josephus was uniquely reserved in describing the poisoning as a rumor. Contemporary sources differ in their accounts of the poisoning. Tacitus says that the poison-maker Locusta prepared the toxin, which was served to the Emperor by his servant Halotus. Tacitus also writes that Agrippina arranged for Claudius' doctor Xenophon to administer poison, in the event that the Emperor survived. Suetonius differs in some details, but also implicates Halotus and Agrippina. Like Tacitus, Cassius Dio writes that the poison was prepared by Locusta, but in Dio's account it is administered by Agrippina instead of Halotus. In Apocolocyntosis, Seneca the Younger does not mention mushrooms at all.Agrippina's involvement in Claudius' death is not accepted by all modern scholars. Before Claudius' death, Agrippina had maneuvered to remove Claudius' sons' tutors in order to replace them with tutors that she had selected. She was also able to convince Claudius to replace two prefects of the Praetorian Guard (who were suspected of supporting Claudius' son) with Afranius Burrus (<mask>'s future guide). Since Agrippina had replaced the guard officers with men loyal to her, <mask> was subsequently able to assume power without incident. Reign (54–68 AD)
Most of what we know about <mask>'s reign comes from three ancient writers: Tacitus, Suetonius, and Greek historian Cassius Dio. According to these ancient historians, <mask>'s construction projects were overly extravagant and the large number of expenditures under <mask> left Italy "thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money" with "the provinces ruined". Modern historians, though, note that the period was riddled with deflation and that it is likely that <mask>'s spending came in the form of public-works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles.Early reign

<mask> became emperor in 54 AD, aged sixteen years. This made him the youngest sole emperor until Elagabalus, who became emperor aged 14 in 218. As Pharaoh of Egypt, <mask> adopted the royal titulary Autokrator <mask>n Heqaheqau Meryasetptah Tjemaahuikhasut Wernakhtubaqet Heqaheqau Setepennenu Merur ('Emperor <mask>, Ruler of rulers, chosen by Ptah, beloved of Isis, the sturdy-armed one who struck the foreign lands, victorious for Egypt, ruler of rulers, chosen of Nun who loves him'). <mask>'s tutor, Seneca, prepared <mask>'s first speech before the Senate. During this speech, <mask> spoke about "eliminating the ills of the previous regime". H.H. Scullard writes that "he promised to follow the Augustan model in his principate, to end all secret trials intra cubiculum, to have done with the corruption of court favorites and freedmen, and above all to respect the privileges of the Senate and individual Senators."His respect of the Senatorial autonomy, which distinguished him from Caligula and Claudius, was generally well received by the Roman Senate. Scullard writes that <mask>'s mother, Agrippina, "meant to rule through her son". Agrippina murdered her political rivals: Domitia Lepida the Younger, the aunt that <mask> had lived with during Agrippina's exile; Marcus Junius Silanus, a great grandson of Augustus; and Narcissus. One of the earliest coins that <mask> issued during his reign shows Agrippina on the coin's obverse side; usually, this would be reserved for a portrait of the emperor. The Senate also allowed Agrippina two lictors during public appearances, an honor that was customarily bestowed upon only magistrates and the Vestalis Maxima. In AD55, <mask> removed Agrippina's ally Marcus Antonius Pallas from his position in the treasury. Shotter writes the following about Agrippina's deteriorating relationship with <mask>: "What Seneca and Burrus probably saw as relatively harmless in <mask>—his cultural pursuits and his affair with the slave girl Claudia Acte—were to her signs of her son's dangerous emancipation of himself from her influence."Britannicus was poisoned after Agrippina threatened to side with him. <mask>, who was having an affair with Acte, exiled Agrippina from the palace when she began to cultivate a relationship with his wife Octavia. Jürgen Malitz writes that ancient sources do not provide any clear evidence to evaluate the extent of <mask>'s personal involvement in politics during the first years of his reign. He describes the policies that are explicitly attributed to <mask> as "well-meant but incompetent notions" like <mask>'s failed initiative to abolish all taxes in 58AD. Scholars generally credit <mask>'s advisors Burrus and Seneca with the administrative successes of these years. Malitz writes that in later years, <mask> panicked when he had to make decisions on his own during times of crisis. Nevertheless, his early administration ruled to great acclaim.A generation later those years were seen in retrospect as an exemplar of good and moderate government and described as Quinquennium Neronis by Trajan. Especially well received were fiscal reforms which among others put tax collectors under more strict control by establishing local offices to supervise their activities. After the affair of Lucius Pedanius Secundus who was murdered by a desperate slave, <mask> allowed slaves to file complaints about their treatment to the authorities. Residences
Outside of Rome, <mask> had several villas or palaces built, the ruins of which can still be seen today. These included the Villa of Nero at Antium, his place of birth, where he razed the villa on the site to rebuild it on a more massive and imperial scale and including a theatre. At Subiaco, Lazio, near Rome he built 3 artificial lakes with waterfalls, bridges and walkways for the luxurious villa. He stayed at the Villa of Nero at Olympia, Greece, during his participation at the Olympic Games of 67 AD.Matricide
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome cautiously notes that <mask>'s reasons for killing his mother in 59AD are "not fully understood". According to Tacitus, the source of conflict between <mask> and his mother was <mask>'s affair with Poppaea Sabina. In Histories Tacitus writes that the affair began while Poppaea was still married to Rufrius Crispinus, but in his later work Annals Tacitus says Poppaea was married to Otho when the affair began. In Annals Tacitus writes that Agrippina opposed <mask>'s affair with Poppaea because of her affection for his wife Octavia. Anthony Barrett writes that Tacitus' account in Annals "suggests that Poppaea's challenge drove [<mask>] over the brink". A number of modern historians have noted that Agrippina's death would not have offered much advantage for Poppaea, as <mask> did not marry Poppaea until 62AD. Barrett writes that Poppaea seems to serve as a "literary device, utilized [by Tacitus] because [he] could see no plausible explanation for <mask>'s conduct and also incidentally [served] to show that <mask>, like Claudius, had fallen under the malign influence of a woman."According to Suetonius, <mask> had his former freedman Anicetus arrange a shipwreck; Agrippina survived the wreck, swam ashore and was executed by Anicetus, who reported her death as a suicide. Decline
Modern scholars believe that <mask>'s reign had been going well in the years before Agrippina's death. For example, <mask> promoted the exploration of the Nile river sources with a successful expedition. After Agrippina's exile, Burrus and Seneca were responsible for the administration of the Empire. However, <mask>'s "conduct became far more egregious" after his mother's death. Miriam T. Griffins suggests that <mask>'s decline began as early as 55AD with the murder of his stepbrother Britannicus, but also notes that "<mask> lost all sense of right and wrong and listened to flattery with total credulity" after Agrippina's death. Griffin points out that Tacitus "makes explicit the significance of Agrippina's removal for <mask>'s conduct".He began to build a new palace, the Domus Transitoria, from about AD 60. It was intended to connect all of the imperial estates that had been acquired in various ways, with the Palatine including the Gardens of Maecenas, Horti Lamiani, Horti Lolliani, etc. In 62AD, <mask>'s adviser Burrus died. That same year <mask> called for the first treason trial of his reign (maiestas trial) against Antistius Sosianus. He also executed his rivals Cornelius Sulla and Rubellius Plautus. Jürgen Malitz considers this to be a turning point in <mask>'s relationship with the Roman Senate. Malitz writes that "<mask> abandoned the restraint he had previously shown because he believed a course supporting the Senate promised to be less and less profitable."After Burrus' death,

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