title: Mark Zborowski

texts:
<mask> (27 January 1908 – 30 April 1990) (AKA "Marc" Zborowski or Etienne) was an anthropologist and an NKVD agent (Venona codenames TULIP and KANT). He was the NKVD's most valuable mole inside the Trotskyist organization in Paris during the 1930s and in New York during the 1940s. Childhood in Uman

Zborowski was one of four children born into a Jewish family in Uman, near Cherkasy, in 1908. According to the story Zborowski told friends, his conservative parents moved to Poland in 1921 to escape the October Revolution in Russia. While he was a student, Zborowski disobeyed his parents and joined the Polish Communist Party. His political activity led to imprisonment and he fled to Berlin where he was unsuccessful in finding employment. He moved to France and attended the University of Grenoble, studying anthropology and working as a waiter.Early life in Paris
In 1933, the penniless <mask> turned up in Paris with his wife and was recruited as an NKVD agent by the Leningrad émigré Alexander Adler. He provided the NKVD with a written background and revealed that his sister and two brothers lived in the Soviet Union. According to historian John J. Dziak, the NKVD had recruited him into a special group who murdered special enemies of Joseph Stalin. Those assassinated included Ignace Reiss (1937), Andrés Nin (1937), and Walter Krivitsky (1941). Members of the group are said to have included Leonid Eitingon, Nikolai Vasilyevich Skoblin, Sergei Efron, and David Alfaro Siqueiros, and perhaps the psychoanalyst Max Eitingon. Embedding with Lev Sedov
The NKVD took steps to infiltrate him into the Paris organization run by Leon Trotsky's son Lev Sedov. Known as Etienne, Zborowski befriended Sedov's wife, Jeanne Martin, and she recommended him for the position of Sedov's secretary.Because of his obsequious nature and untiring work, and because he was also a Russian speaker in what was mostly a French group, Etienne soon became indispensable to Sedov. He served as a member of the group's Central Committee, read and answered Sedov's mail, edited the Russian language version of the Bulletin of the Opposition, stored part of the Trotsky archive at his home, and served as Sedov's deputy in his absence. All the while Etienne reported on the activity of Trotsky (codename OLD MAN), Sedov (codename SONNY), and the Trotskyists (codename POLECATS) to his NKVD handlers. Death of Lev Sedov

On 8 February 1938, the overworked Sedov suffered a severe attack of appendicitis. Etienne convinced him to have the operation secretly at a small private clinic run by Russian emigres in Paris, the location of which Etienne immediately revealed to the NKVD. Sedov was operated on the same evening and appeared, over the next few days, to have a healthy recovery. Suddenly he became violently ill, and despite repeated blood transfusions, he died in great pain on 16 February at the age of thirty-one.Historians differ as to whether or not the NKVD murdered Sedov, and there is considerable evidence to support either scenario. Internal investigation by Trotskyists

After Sedov's death, Trotsky initiated an investigation of Etienne and entrusted the matter to Rudolf Klement, his one-time aide and organizer of Trotsky's Fourth International. Before Klement could complete the investigation, an NKVD agent named Ale Taubman lured him to an apartment on the Left Bank and murdered him with the help of two other agents, the "Turk" and Alexander Korotkov. They cut off Klement's head and legs and stuffed the body parts in a trunk and threw it into the Seine. Several days later, the Trotskyists received a typewritten letter from Klement, accusing Trotsky of collaboration with Adolf Hitler. The letter, clearly an NKVD fabrication, was no doubt meant to explain Klement's disappearance and to denounce Trotsky at the same time. However, Klement's headless corpse washed ashore in August 1938 and was identified, from a scar on the one hand, by two Trotskyists.Death of Trotsky

Etienne now became the leader of the beheaded Trotskyist organization in Paris and continued to edit the Bulletin of the Opposition, along with Lilia Estrin Dallin (codename NEIGHBOR). He used his skills to play upon the vanities of the remaining Trotskyists and create internal divisions within the faction, especially isolating Victor Serge. In 1939, the defector Alexander Orlov sent Trotsky an unsigned letter warning him that an NKVD agent named "<mask>", fitting the description of Zborowski, had infiltrated the Paris organization. Much to her later regret, Dallin convinced Trotsky that the letter was NKVD disinformation meant to create fear within the Trotskyist faction. Meanwhile, Etienne played a small but significant role in the plot to assassinate Trotsky. At the founding conference of the Fourth International in Paris in September 1938, Etienne introduced his friend Sylvia Ageloff, an American Trotskyist and interpreter, and probably the Soviet agent, to Ramón Mercader, the future assassin of Trotsky. Sylvia explained that the passionate Mercader seduced the unattractive twenty-eight-year-old woman.She followed him to Mexico and infiltrated him into Trotsky's household. Mercader murdered Trotsky by striking him in the skull with an ice-axe on 20 August 1940. Later life in New York

Tracking of Kravchenko

Zborowski fled to the United States following the German invasion of France. The American Trotskyists David and Lilia Dallin assisted in his emigration and helped him obtain employment at a screw factory in Brooklyn. With money from an unknown source, he rented a fashionable Manhattan apartment in the Dallins' building and once again resumed his former occupation, spying on Trotskyists. His codenames TULIP and KANT appear in nearly two dozen Venona decrypts. He reported to the Soviet controller Jack Soble.Zborowski spied on the Dallins and helped the NKVD search for Victor Kravchenko, a Soviet engineer and mid-level bureaucrat who defected from a trade mission in 1944. Kravchenko published a book, I Chose Freedom (1946), which described the repressions in the Soviet Union, the purges, the collectivizations, and the slave labour camps. Academia

By 1945, <mask>'s usefulness as an agent had come to an end. He turned his attention to his academic career and found employment, with the aid of Margaret Mead, as a research assistant at Harvard University. In 1952, he published Life is with People (co-authored with Elizabeth Herzog), a groundbreaking study of Jewish life in the shtetls of Eastern Europe before the Second World War. The book received critical acclaim and has been reprinted numerous times. From 1951-1954 he researched at Cornell University.He became an American citizen in 1947. Senate investigation and conviction

The defector Alexander Orlov unmasked Zborowski before a hearing of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in September 1955. The FBI already knew that Zborowski was an NKVD agent from information they had obtained from their double-agent Boris Morros. Zborowski appeared before the Senate Subcommittee in February 1956. Since he was free from prosecution for his activities in France, Zborowski admitted to being an NKVD agent in Paris but he denied working as an agent in America. In his testimony he claimed that the NKVD had tried to enlist him as an agent in New York but he had refused: "At that time, I became almost--I became hysterical and I remember well, I hit my fist on the table and said, 'I will not do anything with you anymore.' And I walked out.Since then, I have not seen anyone." As the Venona decrypts clearly prove, Zborowski lied about this and other parts of his testimony. Zborowski was convicted of perjury and after an appeal and retrial he received a four-year prison sentence in 1962. Return to academia

Following his release, he resumed his academic career and published People in Pain (1969), a study of responses to pain by people of different cultures. He moved to San Francisco, where, in time, he rose to the position of Director of the Pain Institute at Mount Zion Hospital. Death

Zborowski died in 1990 at the age of eighty-two. Confessions

Confession to Elisabeth Poretsky

When they were both living in the United States, Zborowski twice visited the home of Elisabeth Poretsky one day in the spring of 1955, she believed according to her memoirs.This followed visits by the FBI, who came to her and inquired about "Etienne" (as she refers to him). During their second visit, the FBI informed her that they believed <mask> to be an NKVD agent. When she next saw him, Zborowski barged into her home once the door opened. About his overall activities, he confessed:

"I came to tell you that it is all true. I have been an N.K.V.D. agent for more than twenty years" ... He did not wait for me to ask him anything, however, but began to tell me how he had been recruited by a fellow worker, a Russian, in Grenoble, who had suggested he go to Paris, where he could find friends and "be useful to the Soviet Union."The story of how Etienne had infiltrated the Trotskyite organization—where, in fact, very little that was of interest to the N.K.V.D. was going on—contained nothing unexpected ...

About the murder of Trotsky's son, he said:

I asked about Sedov who, according to Etienne, had been the main target of his spying. "Do you remember, when I saw you a few days after Sedov's death, what you told me then and how defeated you were? ... That was the happiest day of my life ... I did not have to spy on him anymore, I did not have to denounce him. My job was finished, or so I thought ..."

About his role in the assassination of Poretsky's husband Ludwik (AKA Ignace Poretsky), he said:

I asked him outright whether it was he who had informed the N.K.V.D. of the contents of Krivitsky's "Krusia" letter to me."Did Serge [Sedov] show you that letter?" A wry, pitiful smile on his distorted face and a shrug of the shoulders were his only reply. It was neither a confirmation nor a denial, just that helpless smile of his. It as the same with all the questions I asked about Ludwick's murder. Only a shrug of the shoulders.I knew then without a doubt who had informed the N.K.V.D. Confession in Margaret Mead papers

According to Steven Zipperstein of Stanford University:

Zborowski was not given to self-revelation. But amidst the huge body of material about Jews collected for Mead's project... is an interview with Zborowski about his childhood and youth that is probably the most honest statement he ever recorded.He provided the information in 1947, just before anti-communism surfaced as a major post-war preoccupation, two years after his espionage work had ended, and almost a decade before he was unmasked. He seems to have felt safer from detection, freer to talk, than ever before or afterwards. He tells of his childhood in Uman and the social downfall of his middle-class parents. His family left Russia for Poland (first Lwów, then Łódź), then how he himself left for France in 1928 with wife Regina. Communists recruited him while he worked as a busboy in Grenoble. In Paris, his quietude and acquiescence won him constant use and confidence among new Lev Sedov and Trotskyist comrades in Paris. Publications
 Life is with People with Elizabeth Herzog (1952)
 People in Pain (1969)

See also
 Lev Sedov
 Leon Trotsky
 NKVD
 Ignace Reiss

References

Sources
John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions : The KGB Orlov Dossier Reveals Stalin's Master Spy, Crown Publishing, 1993.John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press, 1999. 504 pages
Elisabeth K. Poretsky, Our own people: A memoir of 'Ignace Reiss' and his friends, University of Michigan Press, 1969. 278 pages
Jack Soble File, at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, Little, Brown and Company, 1994. 576 pages
Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, Simon & Schuster, 1996. Susan Weissman, Victor Serge: The Course is Set on Hope, Verso, 2001. External links
 The story of <mask>: Stalin’s spy in the Fourth International

1908 births
1990 deaths
People from Uman
People from Umansky Uyezd
Ukrainian Jews
Jews of the Russian Empire
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to Poland
Jewish socialists
Soviet spies
Perjurers
American anthropologists
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people in the Venona papers
Jewish anthropologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Mark Zborowski
Zborowski
Mark
Zborowski
Zborowski
Mark Zborowski


title: Boni (guerrilla leader)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (usually just <mask>) (c. 1730 – 19 February 1793) was a freedom fighter and guerrilla leader in Suriname, when it was under Dutch colonial rule. Born in Cottica to an enslaved African mother who escaped from her Dutch master, he grew up with her among the Maroons in the forest. He was such a powerful leader that his followers were known as <mask>'s people after him (they later became known as the Aluku). They built a fort in the lowlands and conducted raids against Dutch plantations along the coast. Under pressure from Dutch regular army and hundreds of freedmen, they went east across the river into French Guiana. Boni continued to conduct raids from there, but was ultimately killed in warfare. Biography
According to legend, Boni was born into slavery as the mixed-race son of a Dutchman and his mistress, an African slave.While pregnant, she fled into the forest, to the Cottica-Maroons. There, <mask> was born about 1730. He learned hunting and fishing skills from elders in the community. The tribe in which <mask> was born initially lived along the Cottica River in what is nowadays the Moengo resort in Suriname. In 1760, the Ndyuka people who lived nearby, signed a peace treaty with the colonists offering them territorial autonomy. In 1765, <mask> succeeded Asikan Sylvester as the leader of his tribe. Boni also desired a peace treaty, however the Society of Suriname, started a war against him.The Society had considered negotiations a sign of weakness. Also the tribe numbered about 200 people, while the Ndyuka consisted of 2,000 people. Lichtveld pointed to the Berbice slave uprising as a possible reason for the change of policy. Regardless of the motivation, in 1768, the first village was discovered and destroyed. In 1770, two other Maroon groups joined the tribe which became known as the "Boni's" (later: Aluku) after their leader. He trained his people to be formidable enemies of the colonists. Well-known fellow warriors were Baron and Joli-coeur.<mask> and his warriors operated from a large fortress with a four-meter-high wall, which they called Fort Boekoe. It was located in the wetlands of the coastal region of Commewijne, and named after the Boekoe Creek. The wetlands provided strategic defences, and they armed the garrison with rifles and a cannon. It was nearly impossible for the Dutch militia to trace or reach. From this strong position, the Bonis conducted numerous raids on plantations in the east of Suriname, especially in the area of the Cottica River. During these raids, they took provisions, tools, weapons and women. Because of the many successes of <mask> and his troops, some slaves tried to escape and join him.For the planters, the loss of slaves meant a considerable loss of capital. Because of the raids and raids that were undertaken from Boekoe, and the money-consuming punitive expeditions that followed, the fortress became a major concern for the colonists. The colony's militia was unable to counter the guerilla tactics of Boni. The militia was reinforced in 1772 by a corps of Zwarte Jagers (black hunters), recruited from 300 freed slaves and led by European officers. The soldiers were given freedom from slavery and a piece of land, if they enlisted. To distinguish them from Boni's troops, they wore red caps, which earned them the nickname Redi Musus (Dutch orthography: Redi Moesoes). This corps proved successful: after a campaign of seven months, the secret path, which was just under water and gave access to the fort, was betrayed in 1772.While Captain Mangold made a feint attack, the Jagers attacked the fort through the secret path. The fort was destroyed, but <mask> escaped to the east and crossed the Marowijne River, which bordered French Guiana. He moved his headquarters to Fort Aloekoe, among other places. In February 1773, further reinforcements arrived from the Dutch Republic: a regiment of Marines commanded by Colonel . Among the officers was John Gabriel Stedman, who published an account of his experiences. He described, among other things, the tactics of the African guerillas: how small groups of four or five men, by moving and shooting rapidly, could appear to be part of a much larger group. Knowing the wetlands and territory, <mask> and his mobile warriors confused and repeatedly defeated the Europeans and their mercenaries.Fourgeoud, who had previously served in Berbice, managed to drive Boni's forces back, although they were never defeated. Eventually, they retreated into French Guiana. The French intendant Pierre Victor Malouet visited Paramaribo in 1777 to discuss with Dutch leaders the issue of the 200 Maroons on French territory. The remaining Boni's moved southwards, and settled along the Lawa River, a river that formed the border between French Guiana and Suriname. The Ndyuka initially attacked them for encroaching into their territory. In late 1779, after negotiations, a peace treaty was signed between the two tribes. Boni was offered a daughter of the Ndyuka granman as a wife.The treaty worried Paramaribo, however the Ndyuka assured the colonists that Boni had agreed not to attack the plantations, if his people were left alone. Peace was maintained until 1788 when plantation Clarenbeek was attacked. Five soldiers were killed, and the plantation owner was taken away to serve a slave for the tribe. In 1789, the Ndyukas ended the peace treaty and joined the colonists The next year, Fort Aloekoe was conquered, and the plantation owner was released from slavery. In 1791 Lieutenant colonel Beutler chased the <mask>'s from Suriname into French Guiana. On 19 February 1793 <mask> had made his camp on a place called Akuba Booko Goo (English: Akuba's Broken Gourd) near rapids with the same name in the Marouini River. That night Boni was betrayed, and killed by Bambi, an Ndyuka chief, who was under great pressure from Lieutenant Stoelman, commander of the Redi Musus.<mask> is still a legendary figure among the Suriname community, where the Maroons fought for their rights to independence until 1887 when the Kwinti finally signed a peace treaty. References

Bibliography
 Beet, Chris de (1984):  1765-1778. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, Centrum voor Caraïbische studies. Hoogbergen, Wim S.M. (1985): The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname, 1757-1860, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, Centrum voor Caraïbische studies. Hoogbergen, Wim (1992): , Prometheus,

 Rijn, Elly van (2008): , in: Parbode, February 2008, vol. 02, no.22, pp. 36–38. Stedman, John Gabriel (1799-1800): , translated by Johannes Allart, Amsterdam. Stedman, John Gabriel (1992): Stedman's Surinam: Life in an Eighteenth-Century Slave Society. An abridged, modernized edition of narrative of a five years expedition against the revolted negroes of Surinam, edited by Richard Price, Sally Price; Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; Reprint edition, March 1, 1992. 1730 births
1793 deaths
Aluku
Granman
People from Marowijne District
Surinamese guerrillas
Surinamese Maroons
Surinamese rebels
Surinamese people of African descent
Surinamese people of Dutch descent

masks:
Bokilifu Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni
Boni


title: Jessica-Jane Clement

texts:
Jessica-Jane Stafford (née <mask>; born 24 February 1985) is an English actress, television presenter and former glamour model who is best known for starring in the BBC programme The Real Hustle from 2006 to 2012. Early life
<mask> was born to Jane and <mask> in Sheffield. She attended High Storrs School in Sheffield, studied Performing Arts and Psychology at The Sheffield College before going on to study at the Dartington College of Arts and The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York. Career

Modelling
<mask> began her career as a successful glamour model, including as a Page Three model. At the age of 18 she appeared in Playboy and modelled for photographers Byron Newman, Rankin and Bob Carlos Clarke where she was also his 'Living Doll' in exhibition 'Love Dolls Never Die'. She went on to appear in numerous lads' mags, with her modelling career intensifying as a result of her popularity in The Real Hustle and after having two breast augmentations. <mask> has starred in the music videos for several songs including You and Me by British dance act Uniting Nations, Craig David's All the Way, Christian Blaizer's All I Want and Studio B's I see Girls.Since 2010, <mask> has been a spokesmodel for grooming product company Lynx, promoting their Lynx Rise range. <mask> placed #54 in ZOO's hot 101 of 2009, #26 in Nuts' 100 Sexiest of 2009, #32 in the Top 100 ZOO's Beach Babe Awards 2011 and was #46 in FHM's 100 Sexiest Women of 2009. TV and films
<mask>'s acting career started in 2000 when she was 15 years old after being spotted and cast in her first short movie for the Northern Media School. <mask> went on to perform in several theatre productions including Threepenny Opera and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. Since 2006, <mask> has starred in the BBC TV series The Real Hustle, a spin-off of the BBC drama series Hustle. Along with Alex Conran and Paul Wilson she demonstrates confidence and magic tricks, distraction scams and proposition bets on members of the public, to show viewers how to avoid being fooled by them. As of 2012, <mask> has starred in all 106 episodes of all eleven series.She has also starred in all of the one-off specials: The 12 Scams Of Christmas, Winter Special, Worlds' Greatest Bar Bets, Best Ever Cons, Don't Miss A Trick and The Real Hustle Around the World. Her other acting roles include starring as Cindi Marshall in Sky TV's Dream Team for two series from 2005 to 2007 and playing the role of the Jade Dragon escort in the 2005 film Moussaka & Chips. In November 2008, <mask> took part in the BBC Three show Celebrity Scissorhands in aid of Children in Need. In 2009 she appeared in Doghouse, a British zombie comedy, in which she played the leading character's girlfriend and the long-running British hospital drama Casualty, playing Jackie, a new member of the ambulance/paramedic crew. From 13 November 2011, <mask> took part in the eleventh series of ITV's reality television show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. She was voted out on 28 November 2011, five days before the end of the series and was in the jungle for fifteen of the nineteen days, returning along with the rest of her camp-mates for the final Coming Out episode. Also in November 2011, <mask> presented the programme Skin Deep: The Business of Beauty, which was broadcast daily on BBC3 between 14 and 18 November 2011.In January 2012, she presented a BBC documentary titled Britain in Bed in which she revealed how British attitudes to sex have changed over the last 50 years. In 2013, she presented The Body Shocking Show alongside Pete Firman, which began on 14 March 2013. Also in 2013, she starred in the short film Two Persons Max, for which she won the award for Best Supporting Actress at the Los Angeles Movie Awards. On 6 March 2014, she appeared in the third episode of the Sky1 series The Smoke, playing Tanya, a mixed martial arts ring girl. 2014 saw the release of horror film Devil's Tower, in which <mask> played Kate. She received positive reviews for her role, with Gareth Jones of Dread Central saying: "In the supporting realm, [<mask>] nearly steals the show as sexpot Kate, the gossipy neighbour whose delightful demeanour is the only thing that keeps her persistent nosiness from crossing the line. She’s note-perfect in the part from beginning to end".In 2015, she appeared in the Channel 4 documentary show, The Auction House, with her husband, Lee Stafford. In 2016, <mask> starred as Jasmine in comedy Gangsters, Gamblers and Geezers, a story about two lovable losers, Krish and Lee who get fired from their call centre jobs. 2016 also saw <mask> star in Redwood alongside Buffy star Nicholas Brandon, about a couple who go hiking in the woods and disturb a nest of vampires. <mask> finished off 2016 starring as Gillian alongside Alex Zane in Cannibals and Carpet Fitters, a comedy horror about a group of carpet fitters who are sent on a job to an old Country house in the middle of nowhere. In 2017, <mask> filmed up and coming movies 'Order Of Kings: The Dark Kingdom' - a medieval fantasy drama, as well as horror movie 'Black Site' and dark comedy 'Dead Ringer'. Personal life
On 17 February 2013, <mask> married hairdresser Lee Stafford. Jessica gave birth to their first child, a son named Angel, in June 2014.She gave birth to their second child, a daughter named Elvis Annie-Jane, in January 2016. In April 2017 she gave birth to their third child, a girl named Sugar May, and a fourth, a boy named Valentine Love, followed in February 2020. <mask> is a campaigner for animal rights. She has worked with PETA and has written and campaigned against testing cosmetics on animals. Hearing Loss
At age 20 <mask> suddenly lost hearing in her right ear. In 2012, she was fitted with a Phonak Lyric hearing device. Since then she has worked as a celebrity ambassador for Phonak, helping to raise awareness of hearing loss.References

External links

Phonak Lyric Website

1985 births
Living people
English television actresses
Glamour models
People educated at High Storrs School
Actresses from Sheffield
Television personalities from South Yorkshire
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) participants

masks:
Clement
Clement
Richard Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement


title: Louise Müller

texts:
<mask>, née <mask> (1784 – after 1837) was an actress and operatic soprano. She appeared mostly in soubrette roles, but is known for performing as Marzelline at the premiere of Beethoven's Fidelio on 20 November 1805. Life
Born in Frankfurt, <mask> was the daughter of the famous actress <mask> née Spieß (1763–1837). She made her debut on 10 July 1798 at the Vienna Theater am Kärntnertor as "Bärbchen" (Barbarina) in the German-language premiere of Mozart's opera Le nozze di Figaro. The following year she impersonated "child roles" there, while her mother sang "tender roles". This information suggests that she was born around 1784. Together with her mother she then went to the Theater an der Wien in the spring of 1803, where she took part in the premiere of Beethoven's oratorio Christus am Ölberge op.85 on 5 April 1803. In the same concert Beethoven premiered his Symphony No. 2 Op. 36 and Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 37. Her mother made her debut at the Theater an der Wien on 4 June 1803 as Cora in the tragedy Die Spanier in Peru oder Rollas Tod by August von Kotzebue.<mask> first appeared on 15 June 1803 as Caroline ("Blumenmädchen auf der Insel") in the musical play Die Insel der Liebe by Vicente Martín y Soler in the German translation by Matthäus Stegmayer. The placard contains the note: "Demoiselle <mask>, a new member of this society, will have the honour for the first time today to appear in the above role. In the following years she played numerous soubretten parts there, for example in Antonio Salieri's Singspiel Die Neger, which premiered on 10 November 1804. On 7 April 1805 she appeared in the Theater an der Wien in a concert of the violinist Franz Clement with an aria by . The Viennese correspondent of the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung wrote about it: she had meanwhile "formed into a tasteful, quite good singer, if she wasn't supported by a very excellent voice at once". In the same concert Beethoven conducted his Symphony Nr. 3 op.55, the Eroica. Ihre bekannteste Rolle war die Marzelline in Beethoven's Fidelio, die sie sowohl bei der Uraufführung der ersten Fassung am 20 November 1805 als auch bei der Uraufführung der zweiten Fassung am 29 März 1806 verkörperte. Bemerkenswert ist, dass sie am 26. März 1806, bei einer privaten Aufführung von Paër's opera Leonora im Palais des Fürsten Joseph Lobkowitz, die Titelpartie übernahm. Dies ist einer Tagebuchnotiz des Grafen Karl von Zinzendorf zu entnehmen, der sie zugleich als Geliebte des russischen Fürsten  (1769–1845) bezeichnet. The writer Ignaz Franz Castelli frequently visited her around 1807 and reported:
"A good actress and singer was at that time at the Theater an der Wien; Fräulein <mask>, as a soubrette she was excellent. I had access to the house, and the lady's mother, who played mothers in acting, but badly, often invited me to dinner and gave me sweet looks; only I was a chaste Joseph, because <mask> was not as charming as Putiphar, and therefore never left my coat there.The daughter would probably have been my own choice, and I also worked on a French comedy for her, which was given under her name under the title "Das Liebhabertheater," but it did not bear me any fruit, since she had a love affair with a Russian prince. The aforementioned play Das Liebhabertheater - the translation of a play by Emmanuel Dupaty - premiered on 22 April 1807. <mask> was actually named as the author. In the review of the Wiener Theater-Zeitung it said:

"The popular <mask>, an experienced actress and beautiful singer, also tried to preserve the love of the public as a poet. She succeeded... Demoiselle <mask> delighted me with her bright singing: "I was, when I woke up" etc. from Das unterbrochene Opferfest by Peter von Winter, she played the role with gentle grace, and was recalled at the end, for which she thanked modestly and appropriately, and asked the author to forgive the merits of the play, after she had worked on it, the mistakes, which she, however, made as a translator. Castelli wrote about her artistic abilities:

"A lovely actress and good singer was Fräulein <mask>, especially in the cheerful field.She knew how to equip her soubrette roles with a decency that she took everything for herself, but also in more serious roles she knew how to fill her place with honours." One of her great successes was Marianne in Soliman II. by Franz Xaver Süßmayr, which she sang for the first time on 5 September 1807 at the premiere of the new production of the opera in the Theater an der Wien. In an overview of the present state of musical art in Vienna it says 1808 about <mask>:

"Mlle <mask>, also from the Wienertheater, knew how to give her initially insecure voice several attitudes through praiseworthy diligence. She sings with ease, and would also sing with taste, if she did not sometimes let herself be carried away by the prevailing rage of ornamentation. On 31 May 1808 she left Vienna and met with Prince Tufiakin in Munich on 3 June. Subsequently she worked for several years at the Imperial German Court Theatre in St. Petersburg.As the Wiener Theater-Zeitung reported, "Demoiselle <mask>" then appeared on 9 January 1816 "after a seven-year absence for the first time, and made her debut in the role of Marianne, which she played here in 1807 when the opera was given on 5 September for the first time at the Theater an der Wien, with general applause.“ The Viennese correspondent of the Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung writes about the same performance that her voice had "suffered a lot, and has almost disappeared". On 31 March 1817 she gave her farewell performance. In Russia she is said to have married a musician named Bender, which, however, is not mentioned in contemporary theatre and music journals. According to this she appeared at least in Vienna under her maiden name until the end. From April 1817 to November 1827 and from January 1831 to January 1834 she was allegedly engaged again in the German theatre in Petersburg. Ludovica <mask>
The mother Ludovica <mask>, who is partly confused in literature with her daughter, was born around 1763 in Wetzlar. She worked at the Theater an der Wien until 1806 and later at the Theater in der Leopoldstadt.At last she lived "in the Leopoldstadt No. 122", where she died of gout on 6 July 1837 at the age of 74. The death entry describes her as "actress and benefactor of A. Svitavy, born in Wetzlar". Further reading
 Matthäus Voll, Chronologisches Verzeichniß aller Schauspiele, deutschen und italienischen Opern, Pantomimen und Ballette, welche seit dem Monath April 1794 bis wieder dahin 1807, nämlich durch volle 13 Jahre sowohl in den k. k. Hoftheatern als auch in den k. k. privil. Schauspielhäusern, vormahls auf der Wieden, nun an der Wien und in der Leopoldstadt aufgeführet worden sind, Vienna 1807
 Katalog der Portrait-Sammlung der k. u. k. General-Intendanz der k. k. Hoftheater. Zugleich ein biographisches Hilfsbuch auf dem Gebiet von Theater und Musik. Zweite Abtheilung.Gruppe IV. Wiener Hoftheater, Vienna 1892,
 Alexander Wheelock Thayer, Ludwig van Beethovens Leben, edited by Hermann Deiters, vol. 2, 3rd edit., Leipzig 1922,
 Willy Hess, Das Fidelio-Buch, Winterthur 1986
 Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. 4th edition, Munich 2003, volume 5,

References

External links
 Kurzbiographie
 <mask>, Luise on WeGA

German stage actresses
German operatic sopranos
1780s births
1840s deaths
Musicians from Frankfurt
19th-century women composers

masks:
Louise Karolina Müller
Ludovika Müller
Müller
Ludovica Müller
Louise Müller
Müller
Müller
Madame Müller
Louise Müller
Louise Müller
Müller
Müller
Louise Müller
Müller
Louise Müller
Müller Sß
Müller Spieß
Müller


title: Shaun Whalley

texts:
<mask> (born 7 August 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for English League One club Shrewsbury Town. Born in Prescot, Merseyside, <mask> played for Norwich City and Southport as a youth before making his Football League debut with Chester City in 2004. After leaving Chester, he spent time in non-League football with Runcorn F.C. Halton and Witton Albion. While on the books at Witton, he spent five weeks on trial with Football League One side Crewe Alexandra but was not offered a contract, so he signed for League Two side Accrington Stanley in 2006. <mask> spent almost two years with the Lancashire club, but following his release in the summer of 2008, he returned to non-League, initially with Wrexham. While at Wrexham, he had a short loan spell with Southport where he helped the team to the Conference North play-offs.He subsequently played at Droylsden, where he was part of the team that won the Manchester Premier Cup in 2010, and Hyde before joining Southport again on a permanent basis in January 2011. He was signed by Luton Town in the summer of 2013 for an undisclosed fee, and joined AFC Telford United on loan in 2014. Both Luton and Telford won their respective leagues during the 2013–14 season, making <mask> a winner of both the Conference Premier and the Conference North in the same season. He left Luton in May 2015, later joining Shrewsbury. Described as an "express-train down the wings" by former teammate Paul Mullin, <mask> was called up to the Football Association XI standby squad for a game against Hallam, the game taking place to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the club. He is the son of the former Preston North End captain <mask>, who was also a midfielder. Early and personal life
<mask> was born and raised in Prescot, Merseyside.Growing up, <mask> was an avid fan of Liverpool. As a child, he played football for his local teams until 2001 when he was spotted by Norwich City. He went to play for their academy, where he played for three years before leaving in 2004. He subsequently returned to Merseyside and joined Southport, where he played several reserve-team matches. In the summer of the same year, <mask> turned professional when he signed for Football League side Chester City. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was also a professional footballer in the early 1990s. He too played in midfield and made more than 50 appearances for Preston North End, where he was also captain for a period of time.<mask> married his partner Jessica in 2018, and they have a son. He has stated that he has had problems with alcohol and gambling, but has moderated his use of both. Career

Early career
With Chester, <mask> played mostly for the youth and reserve teams, but he made his Football League debut for the club in a 0–0 draw with Cambridge United on 18 September 2004, coming on as a substitute for Darryn Stamp. His debut came just one day after he signed a professional contract with Chester; manager Ian Rush had only included him on the substitutes' bench as a result of injuries to Daryl Clare and Michael Branch. The following week, he was part of the side that defeated Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium in the second round of the Football League Trophy. <mask> made three further senior appearances for Chester, all as a substitute, before leaving the club in the summer of 2005. In August of that year, <mask> moved into non-League football with Runcorn as one of several new signings for the Northern Premier League outfit.He made his first appearance for the club in the 1–1 draw with Frickley Athletic and subsequently established himself as a regular first-team player. <mask> scored his first goal for Runcorn in the 5–1 defeat of his hometown club, Prescot Cables and he netted again the following week in the loss to Matlock Town. He went on to play 21 league matches for Runcorn before joining Witton Albion in March 2006. During his short spell with the club, he scored 6 goals in 18 league appearances. Accrington Stanley
In September 2006, while at Witton, <mask> spent five weeks on trial at League One club Crewe Alexandra, but he was not offered a permanent contract. He subsequently joined League Two side Accrington Stanley on loan two months later. <mask> made his debut for the club in the 1–2 defeat to Hartlepool United at the Crown Ground.However, two weeks later, he was sent off in the Football League Trophy match against Doncaster Rovers following a high tackle on Theo Streete, although Accrington manager John Coleman felt that the challenge was not deserving of a red card. The subsequent suspension meant that <mask> spent almost a month out of the side before returning in late December in the loss to Bristol Rovers. He made his transfer to Accrington permanent in January 2007, signing a two-year contract with the club, and the following week he scored a late winner in the 3–2 victory over Mansfield Town, his first goal for the team. <mask> remained a first-team regular for the rest of the 2006–07 season and retained his place in the starting line-up throughout most of the following season, and scored his first Accrington goal away from the Crown Ground in the 8–2 loss at Peterborough United on 15 January 2008. <mask> made a total of 51 league appearances for Accrington, scoring 5 goals, but in May 2008, he was one of 10 players released by the club. Return to non-League
In June 2008, he moved down a division to join Conference Premier side Wrexham. He scored his first goal for Wrexham on his debut in a 5–0 win over Stevenage.<mask> followed it up with another goal in a 1–1 draw with Rushden & Diamonds. He scored his third and fourth goals of the month as Wrexham beat Salisbury City 4–1, which proved to be his last game for that club. He then joined Conference North side Southport on loan in February 2009 for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. <mask> made his Southport debut in the 2–0 win over Hyde United at Haig Avenue. He went on to play 13 league matches for the team as they reached the Conference North play-offs, but they were defeated in the semi-finals by Gateshead. During the loan spell, <mask> played in the quarter-finals of the FA Trophy, but he could not prevent Southport losing 3–2 on aggregate over two legs against AFC Telford United. In the summer of 2009, he was released by Wrexham along with eight other out-of-contract players.In August 2009, following his release from Wrexham, <mask> returned to the Conference North to join Droylsden. <mask> scored his first two goals for the club as Droylsden beat Northwich Victoria 5–1. He added another goal to his tally, scoring in a 2–0 win over league favourites Fleetwood Town, before adding another two goals to his name as Droylsden beat Harrogate Town 5–0. He scored two goals in a match for the third time in the season as Droylsden recorded a 5–3 win over Solihull Moors at the Butcher's Arms Ground. He won Manchester Premier Cup winners medal in his one season at Droylsden before he left at the end of the 2009–10 season, having scored a total of 15 goals in 32 league appearances. Hyde

<mask> joined Hyde on 21 August 2010 after his release from Droylsden. He made his debut just hours after he signed for the Tigers in a 5–1 home defeat to Alfreton Town.In just his third appearance for Hyde, he was sent off in a 1–0 defeat to Guiseley. <mask> scored his first goal for Hyde in a 2–1 home win over Corby Town. In early October, while still on the books at Hyde, he was called up to the Football Association XI squad alongside teammate Scott Mooney for a game against Hallam FC to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Sheffield-based club. <mask> was released by Hyde in order to join Southport for the second time in January 2011. He made his debut the following Saturday in a 4–0 win over York City, scoring Southport's second and fourth goals.On 1 February, less than a week later, <mask> scored again in a 2–2 draw with Grimsby Town to take his record to three goals in two games, before being sent off for violent conduct on and later receiving a four match ban. On 26 February after missing the best-part of that month through his suspension, he returned, to start in a 2–1 loss to Bath City, but he was unable to score a goal. He followed this game up by scoring in his next two, netting in the 3–1 win over Histon and then by scoring Southport's only goal, in a 4–1 defeat to Eastbourne Borough. He finished March having scored four goals that month, after adding another two in the latter part, the first in a 4–2 defeat to the hands of Barrow and the other coming as-part of a 2–2 draw with Rushden & Diamonds. He opened his goalscoring account for the 2011–12 season on the opening day as part of a 2–2 draw with Lincoln City. He scored his second of the season in a 3–2 win over Telford United. On 15 March 2012, he signed a new two-year contract with the club.He scored a total of ten goals in all-competitions for Southport in the 2011–12 season, helping them to their highest league finish in ten years—7th in the Conference Premier. <mask> had a good start to the 2012–13 season, scoring two goals in four games, including in a 3–3 draw with Alfreton Town. He went on to play in all but three of Southport's league games, scoring seven further goals and at the end of the season was named the club's player of the year. Luton Town
On 1 May 2013, <mask> was signed by fellow Conference Premier club Luton Town for an undisclosed fee on a two-year contract. He missed a penalty on his debut in a 1–0 defeat, coincidentally against former club Southport. After failing to win a regular starting place in the Luton line-up, <mask> moved on loan on 23 January 2014 to Conference North side AFC Telford United, led by his former Southport manager Liam Watson. He scored five goals in 18 games as Telford won the Conference North title, scoring in the crucial final game of the season.With Luton also winning their league, <mask> had the unique distinction of being awarded both Conference Premier and Conference North winners' medals in the same season. <mask> played a more active part in Luton's return to the Football League, playing in 18 league games, often in the starting XI, and scoring three goals. On 27 April 2015, <mask> and teammate Ricky Miller were both arrested by Bedfordshire Police in connection with an alleged assault following Luton Town's end of season awards night. Both were released on bail, but were suspended by the club pending a police inquiry. <mask> was not charged due to a lack of evidence. On 18 May 2015, <mask> left Luton by mutual consent two months before the end of his contract. Shrewsbury Town
Following his departure from Luton, <mask> joined Shrewsbury Town, recently promoted to League One, on 6 June 2015.Making only sporadic substitute appearances in the early part of the season, <mask> had to wait until 28 December to make his first league start for the club, scoring a late winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Crewe Alexandra. He scored another late winner away at the league-leaders Burton Albion the following month, eventually ending the season with seven goals in all competitions as Shrewsbury avoided relegation with a game to spare. A persistent thigh injury restricted <mask>'s first-team involvement at the start of the following season, which also coincided with a change in management at the club, after a poor start to the season left Shrewsbury rooted to the bottom of the League One table. <mask> scored his first goal of the season against Oxford United, deep in injury time, to seal a 2–0 victory for new manager Paul Hurst in his first home league match in charge. After becoming a first-team regular under Hurst, and helping Shrewsbury avoid relegation once again in 2016–17, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension in May 2017. He featured in 58 matches in all competitions in 2017–18, scoring twelve goals, as Shrewsbury reached both the EFL Trophy final and the 2018 EFL League One play-off Final, although they ultimately finished as runners-up on both occasions. Having surpassed 150 appearances for the club in all competitions during the 2018–19 season, <mask> signed another two-year contract extension in April 2019.On 4 February 2020, <mask> scored in front of the travelling Shrewsbury fans at Anfield in an FA Cup fourth round replay against his beloved Liverpool, only for the goal to be controversially overturned by VAR for offside against Scott Golbourne. <mask> reached 200 appearances for the club in November 2020, marking the occasion with the opening goal in a 2–2 draw against Milton Keynes Dons. His dedication to the club was celebrated by managers and team mates past and present in the local press. An appearance-based contract extension was triggered in May 2021, committing him to the club until Summer 2022. Style of play
<mask> is a winger but can also play as a striker. On his arrival at Southport, manager Liam Watson said "<mask> will fit right into our style of play and with the players we have here". <mask>'s former teammate Paul Mullin described him as "an absolute express-train down the wings", and said that he possessed good ability on the ball.Career statistics

Honours
Droylsden
Manchester Premier Cup: 2009–10

Luton Town
Conference Premier: 2013–14

A.F.C. Telford United
Conference North: 2013–14

Shrewsbury Town
EFL Trophy runner-up: 2017–18
EFL League One play-offs runner-up: 2017–18

References

External links

<mask> player stats at hydefc.co.uk

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Prescot
English footballers
Association football wingers
Norwich City F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Runcorn F.C. Halton players
Witton Albion F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C.players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

masks:
Shaun James Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Neil Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Neil Whalley
Whalley
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Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalleyhallhalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Whalley
Shaun
Whalley
Shaun Whalley


title: Cesare Serviatti

texts:
<mask> (November 24, 1880 – October 13, 1933), known as The Landru of the Tiber, was an Italian serial killer who killed at least three women he contacted through lonely hearts ads between 1928 and 1932. Convicted for these crimes, he was sentenced to death and subsequently executed. Biography
<mask> was born on November 24, 1880, in Subiaco, the only child of peasant parents who died when he was young. As a result, Serviatti was raised by another family in the countryside, where he was alleged to have killed animals for personal enjoyment and claimed that he wanted to become an executioner when he grew up. Despite his lack of education and violent tendencies, he was temporarily employed as a nurse at a polyclinic in Rome, from where he was eventually expelled for mistreating patients. He then found himself a job as a butcher, married to Angela Taborri and had a son, Giuseppe. The family lived off his meager salary at Principe Amedeo 168 in Rome, near the Termini railway station.Murders
In July 1928, Serviatti began corresponding with 42-year-old Pasqua Bartolini Tiraboschi from Chiavari, a former opera singer who was left a hefty inheritance by her late husband. He managed to convince the woman to move to La Spezia, promising that they would be married there. After maintaining a relationship with her for some time, he then strangled her during sex and stole all valuables that his late lover had on herself. After that, Serviatti dismembered Tiraboschi's body into tiny pieces which he dumped into the building's cesspit. As her disappearance had gone unnoticed, Serviatti quietly returned to his wife without incident, deciding that this method would help satisfy both his financial and sexual desires. In the summer of 1930, Serviatti started posting ads in the lonely hearts section of Il Messaggero, describing himself as a retired war veteran earning 450 lire a month and searching for a wealthy madam, preferably working as a maid, for marriage purposes. The first to respond to his ad was a young maid named Beatrice "Bice" Margarucci, who had just returned overseas from the United States.Serviatti convinced her to move in with him in Rome's Esquilino rione. In early November, he strangled Margarucci during sex and then dismembered her corpse, stuffing the remains into a suitcase which he then dumped from the Garibaldi Bridge into the Tiber. The suitcase was later found on November 3 on the shores between Santa Marinella and Ostia. In the summer of 1932, Serviatti posted a similar ad in Il Messaggero, this time presenting himself as a retired marshal. This attracted the attention of 40-year-old Paolina Gorietti, a former maid for a wealthy family in Rome who now worked as a waittress in her native Naples. Starstruck by her perspective husband's promises of a wedding, family and opening of a small shop in La Spezia, Gorietti excitedly informed her colleague Olga Melgradi about her plans before leaving for the city. She arrived in early November 1932, but ceased all contact with her friend only days later.Arrest
On the morning of November 16, 1932, two expensive leather suitcases were left abandoned at the Napoli Centrale railway station after being left off from a train coming from Torino Porta Nuova. Since the mysterious man who carried them wasn't identified, the suitcases were brought to lost property section of the station, where the employees began inspecting them. To their shock, when they opened the bigger suitcase, they found the torso of a woman, all wrapped up in old newspapers and covered in sawdust. On the next day, the other suitcase was opened, which was also found to contain remains corresponding to the same body. Determined to quickly solve the case, the Royal Carabinieri started investigating for any possible leads, but were left with dead ends and nothing pointing to the identities of either the victim or her killer. When news of the mysterious corpse was posted in the local newspapers, investigators were contacted by Olga Melgradi and Gorietti's brothers, who claimed that the deceased woman was her friend and sister, Paolina, who had disappeared not too long ago after alleging that she was going to marry a man living in Rome. She then presented a letter sent to Gorietti from the man in question, who had signed it at the end with his real name: <mask> <mask>.On December 9, 1932, <mask> was apprehended by authorities while having dinner with his wife at their apartment. His wife and son were also taken in for questioning, as there were suspicions that they had helped cover up the crimes, but were both later released due to lack of evidence. As for <mask>, he initially solely admitted to bringing Gorietti to the city, but claimed he had nothing to do with her murder. After a few days of interrogations, he finally admitted his guilt, claiming that he had killed and then dismembered Gorietti's body and thrown the remains which he couldn't stuff into the suitcases into the canals. To the shock of the investigators, he also revealed that he was responsible for killing several other women, whom he refused to name or give any details. Due to the similarities in the murders, <mask> was linked to the murders of Tiraboschi and Margarucci, despite the fact that he vehemently denied killing the former. No other killings were ever linked back to him despite his claims.His trial began in the district court of La Spezia on June 14, 1933, and in the end, <mask> would be convicted of his three known murders and robbing 2,000 lire in cash from Gorietti. On July 8, he was sentenced to death for the Gorietti killing, while he was given two life terms for those of Tiraboschi and Margarucci, all of which were upheld by the Supreme Court of Casssation. <mask> then pleaded for a pardon from King Victor Emmanuel III, who ignored his requests. As such, on October 13, 1933, <mask> <mask> was brought out of prison and executed by firing squad in Sarzana. See also
 Henri Désiré Landru
 List of serial killers by country

Bibliography
 Storia Illustrata n. 244, March 1978, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (in Italian)

References

1880 births
1933 deaths
20th-century Italian criminals
Italian male criminals
Italian serial killers
Male serial killers
Italian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Italy
People convicted of robbery
Executed serial killers
Executed Italian people
People executed by firing squad
Italian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy
20th-century executions by Italy
Violence against women in Italy
People from Subiaco, Lazio

masks:
Cesare Serviatti
Cesare Serviatti
Cesare
Serviatti
Serviatti
Serviatti
Serviatti
Serviatti
Serviatti
Cesare
Serviatti


title: Theodosius the Cenobiarch

texts:
<mask> the Cenobiarch ( 423–529 AD) was a monk, abbot, and saint who was a founder and organizer of the cenobitic way of monastic life. His feast day is on January 11. Life

Early life
He was born in Mogarissos, a village in Cappadocia, Saint Basil's province. <mask>' parents Proheresius and Eulogia were both very pious. Later Eulogia would become a nun taking her son Theodosius as her spiritual father. Monastic beginnings
When he was younger he felt a desire to imitate Abraham by leaving his parents, friends, relatives and everything else for the love of God. <mask> set out for Jerusalem at the time of the Holy Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon held in 451.When <mask> reached Antioch, he went to see Saint Symeon the Stylite, to ask for his prayers and blessing. Arriving at the pillar of Saint Symeon he was miraculously greeted by name and was invited to ascend the column. <mask> climbed the pillar and prostrated himself before Saint Symeon who embraced him with his blessing and prophesied great spiritual glory for <mask>. When <mask> reached Jerusalem he spent time visiting and venerating the Holy Places. He then decided it would be best to obtain discipline for himself before he settled in solitude. <mask> began his monastic labors under the hermit abbot Longinus, settling near the Tower of David. During this time there lived a wealthy and pious woman named Ikelia, who built a church near a place called "The Old Kathisma" and dedicated it to the Theotokos.Ikelia requested to the elder Longinus that <mask> settle in that place to which he agreed. After some time Theodosius had many visitors and pilgrims who distracted and deprived him of his solitude. Life as a hermit
Eventually Theodosius could no longer handle his admirers and left the Old Kathisma so that he might better dedicate himself to God. He settled on the peak of the mountain and lived in a cave. There is a tradition from the ancient fathers that this was the same cave the three Magi spent the night after they had worshiped the Lord, and that an angel was sent there and ordered them to return to their own country by another way, which they did. While dwelling in the cave Theodosius performed great feats of asceticism. He prayed at all times and he even suspended a rope that it might prop him up in case sleep overcame him, and thus he stood through the night in prayer.He remembered never to satisfy his hunger, but ate only enough so that he would not fall ill from extreme fasting. He ate only dates, carob, wild vegetables and legumes soaked in water. If the land was unproductive and arid he soaked the hearts of palms and ate them only from excessive need. He never tasted bread for thirty years. Communal life, founding of future monastery

Theodosius formed a small community of monks near Bethlehem, which later became the Monastery of St. Theodosius. The community grew rapidly, with monks of several cultures and languages, and became very well known for its work with the sick, elderly, and mentally impaired. When <mask>' friend and countryman Sabbas was appointed archimandrite of all the isolated monks in Palestine by Patriarch Salustius of Jerusalem, <mask> was made the leader of all those monks who lived in community.This is the origin of his being called "the Cenobiarch", which translates as chief of those living a life in common. When <mask> was at the age of ninety, Emperor Anastasius was fighting the Christians and he exiled <mask>, who appears to have taken refuge in Lebanon, and the Maronite tradition tells that he was the one who established the monastery of Qannoubine, meaning the monastery of "common living" in Kadisha Valley, and the tradition has preserved this name through generations to this day. Anti-monophysitic stance
Theodosius was a staunch opponent of Monophysitism, which caused the Emperor Anastasius to remove him from office temporarily. Death
Theodosius died near Jerusalem, at about 105 years old. References

Sources
 Attwater, Donald and <mask> John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition.New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
 St. Demetrius of Rostov, Marretta, Fr. Thomas (Translator). The Great Collection of The Lives of the Saints, Vol V: January. Chrysostom Press, 2002. Papadopulos, Leo (Translator). Four Great Fathers: Saint Paisius the Great, Saint Pachomius the Great, Saint Euthymius the Great, and Saint <mask>. Holy Trinity Monastery, 2007.St. Nikolai Velimirović, Tepsić, Fr. T. Timothy (Translator). The Prologue of Ohrid: Lives of Saints, Hymns, Reflections and Homilies for Every Day of the Year, Vol. 1. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Western America, 2002. Great Synaxaristes:  Ὁ Ὅσιος Θεοδόσιος ὁ Κοινοβιάρχης καὶ Καθηγητὴς τῆς Ἐρήμου. 11 Ιανουαρίου.ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.

masks:
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Theodosius
Catherine Rachel
Theodosius


title: Cajemé

texts:
Cajemé / Kahe'eme (Yoeme or Yaqui Language for "one who does not stop to drink [water]"'), born and baptized José María Bonifacio Leyba Pérez (also spelled Leyva and Leiva), was a prominent Yaqui military leader who lived in the Mexican state of Sonora from 1835 to 1887. Kahe'eme (Cajemé) is originally a family clan name, and was also used by Fernando Leyba, the father of José María Bonifacio Leyba Pérez (El Siglo, 1851). Biography

José María Bonifacio Leyba Perez was born May 14, 1835
, at Pesiou (the Yaqui name), Sonora, also known as Villa de Pitic (Pitic is derived from the Yaqui word "Pitiahaquím," meaning "place surrounded by streams"), currently called Hermosillo, in honor of José María González de Hermosillo, hero of the insurgency in the Mexican War of Independence against Spain. Cajemé's foremost biographer, Ramón Corral, stated in his published biography of Cajemé that he was born in 1837 (Corral, 1959 [1900]). This date has been used by many other writers since then. However, the baptismal record shows this to be incorrect (Iglesia Católica, 1835), and that <mask> (José María Bonifacio Leyba Peres) was actually born two years earlier. Ramón Corral's initial series of biographical newspaper articles on Cajemé appeared in Sonora's official state newspaper, La Constitución (Corral, 1887).In the articles, José María Leyba's father is initially properly identified as Fernando Leiva. Later in the articles, José's father is called "Francisco," an error on the part of the typesetter in publishing the newspaper articles. This name has mistakenly continued to be used in later publications since then. Corral states that Fernando was born at Huirivis, Sonora, and his mother, Juana María Peres, Corral says was born at Potam, Sonora. The historic record shows Fernando was actually born January 18, 1798, at Hermosillo, Intendencia de Arizpe, Nueva España, and Juana was born February 24, 1815 at Hermosillo, Intendencia de Arizpe, Nueva España, facts supported by their recorded baptismal records (Iglesia Católica, 1798; Iglesia Católica, 1815 respectively). California Gold Rush

At the age of 14, José accompanied his father Fernando, and many other Yaqui people from Sonora, during the 1849 "Gold Rush" to Upper California. José and his father returned to Sonora about two years later.José seems to have learned English at that time, as well as having his first experience in defending himself against armed conflict (Corral, 1959 [1900]). In spite of statements to the contrary, his father Fernando evidently did well in the gold fields, as José was enrolled in an exclusive private school, the only school at the time in Guaymas, and one of only 20 schools in the State of Sonora in the 1850s (Molina, 1983). This was the Colegio Sonora operated by Cayetano Navarro, Prefect of Guaymas. José subsequently learned to read and write Spanish. Corral correctly states that Cajemé was 16 to 18 years of age during his time attending school, supporting the actual 1835 year of his birth (Corral, 1959 [1900]). Military Experience

José María Leiva (Leyba) had his first taste of military battle in 1854, while serving with the "Urbanos," the local militia of Guaymas, which was organized by his teacher, Cayetano Navarro. This occurred when a plot to seize control of Sonora was carried out under the leadership of Count (Comte in French) Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, who had two years earlier tried to seized the city of Hermosillo by force, and had been repelled in that attempt after they had captured Hermosillo.At 14:30 hours on July 13, 1854, the battle began, with the Count's forces attacking the defenders of the Guaymas town square. The attackers numbered more than 350 French, Germans and Chileans under the Count's leadership. After fighting the Mexican forces for about two hours, the invaders began to retreat. After seeing all of the men that Raousset-Boulbon had lost in the fighting, the French vice-consul, Joseph Calvo, came and requested his intervention to make peace. Calvo promised protection to all who took refuge under his flag, but hesitated for some time before extending this to include Raousset (Scroggs, 1916, p. 61). Under the command of General José María Yáñez, the Urbanos and the other Mexican forces in Guaymas were victorious. Raousset-Boulbon surrendered his army, asking for no other condition than to respect their lives.The surrender took place at 6 pm the same day, giving 313 prisoners being counted among them Count Raousset-Boulbon. The Mexican Army collected 310 rifles, 10 shotguns, 7 swords, 6 flags, a campaign banner and a forge. The losses suffered by both sides included 48 dead and 78 injured foreigners, with 19 dead and 57 wounded Mexican patriots. Gaston Rausset-Boulbon was sentenced to death. The execution took place in Guaymas, on August 12, 1854, in an area located in the north of the town square. Captain Francis M. Espino led the firing squad (Berber, 1958. See also de Collet La Madelène, 1876, pp.266–304). Now 18 years of age, José looked for new opportunities in life, and traveled to Tepic, where he worked for a short time as a blacksmith. Later, he was caught up in the draft for soldiers to serve in the regular army, the San Blas Battalion, but deserted after only three months of service. José fled to the mountains near Acaponeta, Nayarit, and worked for a while as a miner. With the Federal army still searching for him, José traveled to Mazatlán and joined a battalion comprising Pimas, Yaquis, and Opatas, that was part of the ranks of Pablo Lagarma, who had declared for constitutional restoration. Not long afterward, José began service in as a trooper in the army of General Ramón Corona. Due to his previous military experience, and the ability to speak three languages, José was appointed aide-de-camp to General Corona.José ended up participating in the War of Reform, and against the forces of the French Intervention of Emperor Maximilian. It was General Corona that accepted the sword of surrender from Emperor Maximilian at Querétaro on 15 May 1867 (Vandervort, 2006, pp. 230–231, 297). Eventually, José came to serve in the forces under Ignacio L. Pesqueira, who came to value José as a competent, well educated and trilingual officer, and who eventually commissioned José as a captain in the cavalry. Appointment as Alcalde Mayor

Having successfully served in the Mexican military in the war against the French occupation, José's service proved so exemplary that in 1872 he was appointed to the office of "Alcalde Mayor" of the Yaqui by then Sonora Governor Ignacio Pesqueira. Expected by Pesqueira to assist in pacifying the Yaqui people, José instead united the eight Yaqui pueblo into a small, independent republic and unexpectedly announced he would not recognize the Mexican government unless his people were allowed to independently govern themselves. José took on the role of a social reformer.He reorganized the administrative system Yaqui society and life back to a state that had existed when there was far greater autonomy and self-sufficiency for the people. This was based it to a large extent on the earlier Yaqui system (mayors, captains, temastianes [priests], etc.). He re-established the popular assemblies, summoning them whenever it was necessary to rely on the entire population. Restructuring and disciplining Yaqui society to provide economic security and military preparedness, José instituted a system of taxation, and external trade control, initially establishing a tax on the ships that traded in the Yaqui River. To impose a toll on commercial traffic on its territory, in particular those who traded salt extracted from the coasts of the Yaqui nation, and to demand a premium from the cattle owners who the Yaquis stole cattle from  upon their return. All these economic sources allowed them to procure arms and ammunition, and also to develop agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing (Gouy-Gilbert, 1983). This was all for the welfare and defense of the nation against those that would take away the Yaqui's traditional lands.<mask>'s Rebellion Against Mexican Authority

Due to Mexican government opposition to Yaqui self-government, José was forced to lead the Yaqui in a war against the Mexican state and those who sought to control and confiscate the traditional Yaqui lands. The war was long-lasting due to the skill of the Yaqui in battle under José's leadership, and was particularly brutal, with atrocities on both sides, but with a much larger-scale slaughter by the military forces of the Mexican government of President Porfirio Díaz (see Zoontjens and Glenlivet (2007) for additional factors behind the rebellion). One of the many battles during this period was the  'Battle of Capetamaya,''' which took place on October 15, 1882. <mask>, as he was now known, was holding a meeting with the indigenous Mayo in the vicinity of a place called Capetamaya in Sonora. Colonel Augustine Ortiz, who was a landowner in the area of the Mayo people, and who was also the brother of then governor of Sonora Carlos Ortiz, who had succeeded Pesqueira, attacked the assembly with elements of the Mexican Army. Ortiz reported that about Yaqui and Mayo 2,000 soldiers led by Cajemé faced his group of 300 men. The Yaqui's forces were scattered after losing 200 men, and <mask> was wounded, losing part of his right index finger.The attack was seen by many as unnecessary, and led to public criticism against the new governor and his brother that was so intense that it resulted in the dismissal of Carlos Ortiz as governor of Sonora (Troncoso, 1905). <mask>, when traveling with his Yaqui soldiers, would often sing in Spanish at the head of his troops. Riding on a horse, he would hook his leg around the pommel of his saddle, and sing a song of bravery and lack of fear of the Mexican army. He would have two men with him, one on each side, and would be followed by perhaps thirty more men on horseback, arranged in groups of ten, spaced some distance apart. Following at the rear of the column would be the infantry, composed of 100 or more troops (Spicer, 1988). In 1885, one of Cajemé's lieutenants, Loreto Molina, sought to gain control of the Yaqui people. With the support of the Mexican authorities, Molina developed an assassination plot to kill Cajemé at Cajemé's own home, at El Guamuchli, near Pótam.On the evening of 28 January 1885, Molina and twenty-two of his Yaqui supporters (some accounts state 30 or more) set out to kill Cajemé, but Cajemé was not at home, having left for the Mayo River with his bodyguard the day before. Cajemé stated that Molina's men looted his house, abused the women of the household by beating them with their weapons, and tearing off some of their clothes, and ran off Cajemé's family, leaving <mask>'s eight-year-old daughter on the bed in the house, while setting fire his house. One of Cajemé's sergeants saved the girl

masks: Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé


title: Cajemé

texts:
 out of the flames of the fire, as the house burned to the ground (Troncoso, 1905). Among others named by Cajemé as participants in the attack (Troncoso, 1905. p. 111) were the following men:

Loreto Cuate
Angél Cuchi
Agustín Guapo
Trenidad Guapo
Francisco Guabesi
Pancho Juchaji
Martín Mobesbeo
Modesto el panadero (the baker)
hermano de (brother of) Modesto
Lucio Nasario
Antonio Ochocomasoleo
Loreto Omocol
Nacho Pelado
Madaleno Quintero
Luis Sanbaon
Nacho Suboqui
José Suple
José Tolo
Facundo Yorigelipe
Ilario Yorigelipe
Juan María Yorigelipe
Liandra Yorigelipe

After Molina failed to kill Cajemé, the Mexican Government sent a force of three columns of 1200 men each to occupy the Yaqui territory. This force was originally under the command of Brigadier General Jose Guillermo Carbó (1841–1885), who had been appointed in 1881 as Commander of the First Military Zone comprising Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa, and Tepic (Diccionario Porrúa, 1970). It was thought that this was an advantageous time to move against the Yaquis, as the situation was relatively calm. A military report on the first of September stated that Cajemé had dissolved his troops, and many indigenous people were approaching ranchos near the Yaqui River in search of work, while raids on ranchos had stopped (Garcia, 1885).Also, there was optimism that the potential for disagreements between <mask> and Anastasio Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, would increase, and that it wouldn't be remote if a split occurred between them ("no sería remoto se pudiera conseguir dividirlos" Otero, 1885). However, before Carbó could lead the government forces into an engagement, he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on October 29, 1885. Following this, General Angel Martinez ("El Machetero") was placed in control of these three columns. Under General Martinez, the Mexican forces moved on the Yaqui River pueblos. Hubert Howe Bancroft relates (1888) how one of the columns was led by General Leiva (no relation to Cajemé) and General Marcos Carillo, and traveled west towards the Yaqui River Valley, carrying two mitrailleuse (the first machine gun used in major combat). Another was led by General Camano, and came from the south-east with two howitzers. A heavy body of cavalry came from the town of Buena Vista, from the north-east.General Martinez personally directed the occupation of the strategic Yaqui pueblo of Torím and other areas of the Yaqui River Valley from his headquarters at Barojica. General Bonifacio Topete eventually took control of a large part of the force and attempted to overrun a major fortification that the Yaqui built near Vícam. The fort, "El Añil" (The Indigo), was the first use of defensive warfare by <mask>, and consisted of fences, parapets, and a moat surrounding the fortification. Although Topete's infantry force used cannons against the Yaqui forces in the attack, Topete was defeated with a loss of 20 men. Following this successful repulsion of the Mexican forces, <mask> gave the order to his forces to fortify other locations and to fight only while behind trenches. In April 1886, the Mexican forces occupied the Yaqui town of Cócorit; and on May 5, 1886, a major siege was begun by the Mexican army at El Añil. By May 16, the Mexican army destroyed the fortification at El Añil, which was a great defeat for the Yaquis (see also Hernández, 1902).Betrayal

Eventually betrayed by a Yaqui woman whose sympathies lay with Loreto Molina and other Yaquis opposed to resisting Mexican authority, Cajemé was captured while visiting family members in the pueblo of San José de Guaymas (about 8 miles north of the Port of Guaymas) on April 13, 1887. Cajemé was kept under house arrest by General Angel Martinez. He was treated with all of the respect and courtesy accorded to a defeated leader of a country while under arrest. Cajemé was extensively interviewed by Ramón Corral, who was elected Vice-Governor of Sonora on April 25, 1887 (N.Y. Times, 1887), and who later became Governor of Sonora, eventually rising to the office of Vice-president of Mexico under Porfirio Diaz. It was during this time that <mask>'s famous saying was recorded: "Antes como antes y ahora como ahora. Antes éramos enemigos y peleábamos, Ahora está Todo concluido y todos somos amigos ( Before was before and now is now. Before we were enemies and we fought; now everything is concluded and all can be friends)" (Corral, 1959 [1900]).At least two photos were taken of Cajemé during his arrest, in both traditional Mexican campesino garb (as shown in the first photo), as well as in a dark blue military jacket that he was known to wear when fighting. In both photos he is seen holding a Carbine, and carrying a white-handled Colt revolver. Execution

Following his interview, Cajemé was taken from Guaymas bay by the Demócrata, a steam-powered, coal-fired,  Iron-hulled, schooner-rigged gunboat, with one funnel and three masts, to the Yaqui River port of El Médano, near Pótam. Cajemé was then paraded through several of the Yaqui pueblos along the river, showing the people that the leader of the Yaqui had been captured. At eleven in the morning, on the return trip to Guaymas, a pretense was made that Cajemé was trying to escape his guard. He was shot seven times, causing his death at Tres Cruces de Chumampaco. An American reporter for the Tucson Daily Citizen (1887) visited the site of his death, and found Cajemé's hat was nailed to a tree, and a wooden cross inscribed with the following: "INRI, aque  fallecio General Cajemé, Abril 23, 1887, a los 11 y 5 la manaña" (INRI [Latin for Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews] Here died General <mask>, April 23, 1887 at 11:05 in the morning).<mask>'s body was given to Tomás Durante, leader of the Yaqui people residing at Cócorit, and those Yaqui loyal to Cajemé reverently buried him at Cócorit. Following this incident, General Martinez ordered an investigation of the actions of his young Lieutenant, Clemente Patiño (born November 1861 ), who was in charge of the detachment that had escorted Cajemé (Troncoso, 1905). Events Following <mask>'s Death

On May 20, 1887, Anastasio Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, was captured at Tucson, Arizona. He was extradited to Sonora at the request of Sonora Governor Tórres. Cuca was charged with murder and robbery in the District of Guaymas, and then taken to the Yaqui River and executed in front of his people (Los Angeles Herald, 1887). Afterward, Juan Maldonado Waswechia (Beltran) (28 August 1857 (Iglesia Católica, 1857) - 9 July 1901. ), also known as Tetabiate (Tetaviecti, meaning "Rolling Stone" in the Yaqui or Yoeme language), took over in leading the fighting against the Mexican forces, becoming <mask>'s successor in June 1887 (Troncoso, 1905).By this time, the devastation to the Yaqui population along the Yaqui River was great. At the direction of the Government of Sonora, a count was taken of the number of indigenous inhabitants still living in the Yaqui Pueblos of Cócorit, Tórim, and El Médano in late 1887. The count showed that there were only 1784 men and 2200 women still living in the three towns (Hernández, 1902). For many years following <mask>'s death there were strenuous efforts by the Mexican government to kill or remove all the Yaqui from the state of Sonora. Much of the Yaqui nation was enslaved and sent to work as slave laborers in the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Quintana Roo, where thousands died laboring in the henequen plantations (Turner, 1911). Many more were simply killed, usually by firing squad or by hanging. Many Yaqui fled to neighboring Mexican states, submerging their identity with that of other Indian groups.Quite a few Yaqui fled to Southern Arizona, the traditional Northernmost region of their territory, where their descendants live today. José María Leyba's Families

It is known that José María Leyba (Leiva) was married at least two times. José's first spouse was María Jesus Salgado Ramires. It appears that this was a traditional Yaqui marriage, as it does not appear to be recorded in the historic Catholic Church records. José and María had two children, both born in Hermosillo: a son, Sotero Emiliano Leiva Salgado, born in 1863 (Iglesia Católica, 1863), and a daughter, Victoria Leiva Salgado, born in 1866 (Iglesia Católica, 1866). Mexican newspaper articles mention <mask>'s son from this family leading Yaqui soldiers in the fight against the Mexican forces, or fighting alongside his father in the years 1885 and 1886 (La Constitucion, 1885; La Constitucion, 1886), as well as his daughter leading some raids. His last appearance in the historical record that has been located is on May 4, 1889, where Emiliano Leiva is listed as a Padrino at the baptism of his sister, Victoria Leiva's, first child (Iglesia Católica, 1889).Victoria was in 1885 noted (but not by name) as the daughter of Cajemé (Newark Daily Advocate, 1885). Victoria married a well-known businessman from Montmorenci, Indiana in the United States, named William E. Godman. Godman was working as a "ferrocarrilero," and had been living in Sonora since 1884. The marriage took place in Guaymas, on December 17, 1887, at the home of Don Antonio Moreno, a Senator from Sonora who was largely responsible for pushing through the development of the Sonora Railway (Moreno, 1880). The marriage occurred just eight months after the death of Victoria's father (Archivo General, 1887). With the aide of her husband William, Victoria, along with her mother María, and her older brother Emiliano, were able to escape the continued persecution of the Yaqui people in Sonora. Godman and his family traveled first to the state of Chihuahua.The family returned to Sonora in 1892, and finally, in January 1900, entered the United States of America at El Paso, Texas, not long after the infamous massacre of Yaquis at Mazocoba, in the heart of the Bacatete Mountains of Sonora. Victoria died on August 5, 1946, in Los Angeles, California, living long enough to see four children, and four grandchildren born. William Godman eventually left Victoria and his daughters in El Paso and re-married. At the start of the Mexican Revolution Godman relocated to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, where he accepted a position as Port Superintendent for the International Railways of Central America (I.R.C.A. ), a subsidiary of the United Fruit Company. The second marriage of José was to María Jesús Maccima Matus Morales, whom José married on June 14, 1878, and which was recorded at San Fernando, Guaymas, Sonora (Iglesia Católica, 1878). Dolores Salgado, the father of Jose's first wife, María Jesus Salgado Ramires, was one of the godparents (padrinos) of María Jesús Maccima Matus Morales at the time of her baptism on November 20, 1842 (Iglesia Católica, 1842).There were at least two children born to this union, the youngest being a son ("joven," see Corral, 1959 [1900]; also "pequeño hijo,"

masks: Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé


title: John Scott (horseman)

texts:
<mask> (1794–1871) was a leading horse trainer in British Thoroughbred racing during the 19th century. Known as "The Wizard of the North," he was a brother to the successful jockey <mask>. Early life

<mask> and Bill were the sons of a former jockey who became a trainer. <mask> was born on 8 November 1794 at Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. Although <mask> also was a jockey while young and won his first race as a jockey at age 13, as he became older he gained too much weight to continue to ride and became a trainer instead. The brothers began their careers under their father, who managed an inn at Oxford - The Ship Inn. By 1814 were employed by James Croft of Middleham.In 1815 was involved in victory of Filho da Puta in the St. Leger Stakes. <mask> then trained for a Mr Houldsworth for 8 years before moving on to train for Edward Petre of Stapleton Park near Darrington. In 1825 <mask> bought Whitewall Stables in Malton, where he was able to stable 100 horses. This remained his home until his death. For many years <mask> moved his operation in the summer months from Whitewall to a small race course outside Doncaster called Pigburn. This was because his local training ground became too hard for the horses to gallop during dry spells. In 1851 he constructed a "tan gallop" on Langton Wold, local to his Malton stables, where he could exercise his horses in dry weather conditions without the need to move them each year to Pigburn.Career

<mask> won his first St. Leger in 1822 with Theodore while training for Petre. This was the first of 16 St Leger wins, 8 Oaks wins, and 5 Epsom Derby wins. 6 of his St Leger wins were with his brother Bill as jockey, but in 1844 the brothers parted company and Frank Butler became the main jockey for <mask>, going on to win 10 Classics for <mask>. During his career, <mask> trained for notable owners such as Edward Smith-Stanley the Earl of Derby, Evelyn Boscawen Viscount Falmouth, and <mask>. <mask> disparaged The Baron to the horse's owner George Watts by describing the stallion as "fat as a bull" as well as having been "made twice the savage he was by muzzles" but still asked to have the horse put in training with himself, promising Watts that he would win the St Leger. Watts agreed to send The Baron to Whitehall, and <mask> trained the horse to a win in the race. But <mask> maintained that The Baron "took more work than I ever gave a horse in my life, and required more management".During his training career, <mask> won 40 British Classic Races and in 1853 became the first trainer to win the English Triple Crown when the <mask> owned colt, West Australian, won the 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the St. Leger Stakes. His total of British Classic wins remained a trainer's record until it was equalled by Aidan O'Brien in the 2021 Epsom Oaks. In his old age, <mask> was noted for his long white hair. He was also known to entertain guests at home by carving meat with a knife whose handle was the shank bone of Rowton, who was the third horse he trained to a St. Leger win. Death

<mask> died on 4 October 1871 at Whitehall House after catching a chill in August while observing morning workouts. He was buried on 9 October 1871 at Malton. He married twice.He had two children, a daughter with his first wife and a son with his second wife. A miniature watercolour portrait titled  "<mask> of Whitewall Malton" from the English School (19th century) is on display at the Bowes Museum. After his death, the Whitewall Stables remained empty until his wife died in 1891. Following her death the stables were purchased by jockey Thomas Bruckshaw and today they are operated by trainer Mark Campion. Travel distance

Before the advent of rail links and motorised transport, race horses were moved to and from events by being walked. The distance from <mask>'s Whitewall stables to the Doncaster Racecourse, where his horses won 16 St. Leger Stakes, is about 60 miles. The distance from his stables to Newmarket where the 2000 and 1000 Guineas are held is about 190 miles and from the stables to Epsom (Derby and Oaks) is 250 miles.Some idea of the logistics involved comes from a news item in the Yorkshire Gazette, 14 February 1835:
"On Tuesday last, the following horses, from Mr.<mask>’s stables, Whitewall Corner, near Malton, passed through this city [York], on their way to the south.Many persons mustered to see them, who appeared to be highly delighted with the opportunity of beholding such a numerous train of choice racers. Lord Chesterfield’s ch. g. Theodore, by Comus. 5 yrs old
 Lord Chesterfield’s b. g. Valiant, by Velocipede 4 yrs old
 Lord Chesterfield’s ch. f. Her Majesty, by Velocipede—Miss Garforth
 Lord Chesterfield’s br. c. Fergus, by Waverley, out of sister to Tarrare
 Lord Wilton’s b. f. Barbara Bell, by Catton, out of Barbara
 Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Botanist, by Lottery, out of Flora, 4 yrs old
 Mr Ridsdale's br.c. Marcian, by Chateau Margaux, out of Marehesa
 Mr Ridsdale's b. c. Bamfylde, by Tramp or Comus, out of Y. Petuaria
 Mr Ridadale’s ch. c. Coriolanus, by Emilius. out of Linda
 Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Luck's-All, by Tramp, out of Flora
 Mr Walker s br. h. Consol, by Lottery, aged
 Mr Walker's cb. c. Curtius, by Emilius, out of Quadrille
 Mr Bowes's ch. c. Mundig, brother to Trustee, by Catton
 Mr Richardson's b. f. Lady de Gros, by Young Phantom, 4 yrs old"
The article indicated that several of the horses were either Epsom Derby or Oaks contenders and Mr Bowes's, Mundig, went on to win the Derby that year.By 1839 the railway had reached York (less than 20 miles from the Whitewall stables) with a direct link to London. The Yorkshire Gazette in April 1844 reported that <mask> was moving his horses by rail, however, at this time there was no direct link to either Epsom or Newmarket - the line to Epsom opened in 1847 and the Newmarket line some years later. When <mask> took his horses to Epsom they were stabled at Leatherhead where there was a prepared gallop for their use. Notes

References

Further reading
 Longrigg, Roger (Foreword by Paul Mellon) The History of Horse Racing (1972) Macmillan, London
 Whitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website

1794 births
1871 deaths
British horse trainers

masks:
John Scott
Bill Scott
John Scott
John
John
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
John Scott
Scott
John Scott
John Bowes
Scott
Scott
Scott
John Scott
John Bowes
Scott
John Scott
John Scott
Scott
John Scott
John Scott
Scott


title: Jonas Savimbi

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<mask> (; 3 August 1934 – 22 February 2002) was an Angolan revolutionary politician and rebel military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). UNITA waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule from 1966 to 1974 then confronted the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola during the Angolan Civil War. Savimbi was killed in a clash with government troops in 2002. Early life

Savimbi was born in Munhango, Bié Province, a small town on the Benguela Railway, and raised in Chilesso, in the same province. Savimbi's father, Lote, was a stationmaster on Angola's Benguela railway line and a preacher of the Protestant Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (Evangelical Congregational Church of Angola), founded and maintained by American missionaries. Both his parents were members of the Bieno group of the Ovimbundu, the people who later served as Savimbi's major political base. In his early years, Savimbi was educated mainly in Protestant schools, but also attended Roman Catholic schools.At the age of 24, he received a scholarship to study in Portugal. There he finished his secondary studies, with the exception of the subject "political organization" that was compulsory during the regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar, so that he was unable to start studying medicine as originally intended. Instead he became associated with students from Angola and other Portuguese colonies who were preparing themselves for anti-colonial resistance and had contacts with the clandestine Portuguese Communist Party. He knew Agostinho Neto, who was at that time studying medicine and who later went on to become president of the MPLA and Angola's first state President. Under increasing pressure from the Portuguese secret police (PIDE), <mask> left Portugal for Switzerland with the assistance of Portuguese and French communists and other sympathizers, and eventually wound up in Lausanne. There he was able to obtain a new scholarship from American missionaries and studied social sciences. He then went on to the University at Fribourg for further studies.While there, probably in August 1960, he met Holden Roberto who was already a rising star in émigré circles. Roberto was a founding member of the UPA (União das Populações de Angola) and was already known for his efforts to promote Angolan independence at the United Nations. He tried to recruit <mask> who seems to have been undecided whether to commit himself to the cause of Angolan independence at this point in his life. In late September 1960, Savimbi was asked to give a speech in Kampala, Uganda on behalf of the  UDEAN (União Democrática dos Estudantes da Africa Negra), a student organization  affiliated with the MPLA. At this meeting he met Tom Mboya who took him to Kenya to see Jomo Kenyatta. They both urged him to join the UPA. He told French interviewers “J’ai été convaincu par Kenyatta” ('I was convinced by Kenyatta').He immediately wrote a letter to Roberto putting himself at his service, which was taken in person to New York by Mboya. Upon his return to Switzerland, Roberto telephoned him. They met in Léopoldville (Kinshasa) in December 1960, and left immediately for America. It was the first of many visits. There are considerable differences in the source material about the date of Savimbi's official induction into the UPA. Fred Bridgland, who wrote a much-cited biography of Savimbi, says that Savimbi was "inducted into the UPA” on February 1, 1961. Nonetheless, he may not have officially joined the UPA until late 1961.It certainly seems that Savimbi was not in the inner circle of UPA activists in early 1961. He took no part in planning the uprising of March 1961, nor did he participate in it. <mask> stayed in Léopoldville until the end of March 1961, then went to Switzerland to prepare for examinations. He may have failed since he abandoned medical studies in Fribourg, and in December 1961 enrolled at Lausanne University in Law and International Politics. By September 1961, Africans from the Portuguese colonies studying abroad formed the UGEAN (União Geral dos Estudantes da Africa Negra Sob Dominacão Colonial Portuguesa) at a meeting in Rabat, Morocco. Again, this organization was affiliated with the MPLA. Holden Roberto and the UPA wanted a student organization affiliated with their party.In December 1961, Roberto chaired a meeting at Camp Green Lane near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Savimbi attended this meeting and became one of a number of organizers who created the UNEA, (União Nacional dos Estudantes Angolanos) in March 1962 at Lucerne Switzerland. Savimbi was elected Secretary-General. Savimbi participated in UPA activities while continuing to study in Switzerland. He traveled widely on behalf of the organization; in Yugoslavia at the first Non-Aligned Movement Summit in September 1961 with Holden Roberto and  on to New York for the United Nations meeting later that fall. In a very short time, he was a member of the Executive Committee of the UPA. It was he who encouraged the PDA (Partido Democrático de Angola) to join in a united front with the UPA, creating the FNLA  (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola) and when these parties formed the GRAE (Govêrno Revolucionário de Angola no Exílio) on April 3, 1962, Savimbi became Foreign Minister of this organization.Military career
Savimbi sought a leadership position in the MPLA by joining the MPLA Youth in the early 1960s. He was rebuffed by the MPLA, and joined forces with the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) in 1964. The same year he conceived UNITA with Antonio da Costa Fernandes. Savimbi went to China for help and was promised arms and military training. Upon returning to Angola in 1966 he launched UNITA and began his career as an anti-Portuguese guerrilla fighter. He also fought the FNLA and MPLA, as the three resistance movements tried to position themselves to lead a post-colonial Angola. Portugal later released PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado, a Portuguese security agency) archives revealing that Savimbi had signed a collaboration pact with Portuguese colonial authorities to fight the MPLA.Following Angola's independence in 1975, Savimbi gradually drew the attention of powerful Chinese and, ultimately, American policymakers and intellectuals. Trained in China during the 1960s, Savimbi was a highly successful guerrilla fighter schooled in classic Maoist approaches to warfare, including baiting his enemies with multiple military fronts, some of which attacked and some of which consciously retreated. Like the People's Liberation Army of Mao Zedong, Savimbi mobilized important, although ethnically confined segments of the rural peasantry – overwhelmingly Ovimbundu – as part of his military tactics. From a military strategy standpoint, he can be considered one of the most effective guerrilla leaders of the 20th century. Civil war
As the MPLA was supported by the Soviet bloc since 1974, and declared itself Marxist-Leninist in 1977, Savimbi renounced his earlier Maoist leanings and contacts with China, presenting himself on the international scene as a protagonist of anti-communism. The war between the MPLA and UNITA, whatever its internal reasons and dynamics, thus became part of the Cold War, with both Moscow and Washington viewing the conflict as important to the global balance of power. United States support

In 1985, with the backing of the Reagan administration and through the lobbying efforts of Paul Manafort and his firm Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly which was paid $600,000 each year from Savimbi beginning in 1985, Jack Abramoff and other U.S. conservatives organized the Democratic International in Savimbi's base in Jamba, in Cuando Cubango Province in southeastern Angola.Savimbi was strongly supported by the influential, conservative Heritage Foundation. Heritage foreign policy analyst Michael Johns and other conservatives visited regularly with Savimbi in his clandestine camps in Jamba and provided the rebel leader with ongoing political and military guidance in his war against the Angolan government.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fyzsTGPTkOIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=%22Michael+Johns%22+Savimbi&source=bl&ots=KlSwhsbw-l&sig=O7689UUb32B2dHrlD48O5JfhPsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP7vOvzYrOAhXLGR4KHT8gD7U4ChDoAQgbMAA#v=onepage&q=%22Michael%20Johns%22%20Savimbi&f=false The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism,"]  by Russ Bellant, South End Press, 1988 and 1991, pp. 53–54.</ref>

Savimbi's U.S.-based supporters ultimately proved successful in convincing the Central Intelligence Agency to channel covert weapons and recruit guerrillas for Savimbi's war against Angola's Marxist government. During a visit to Washington, D.C. in 1986, Reagan invited Savimbi to meet with him at the White House. Following the meeting, Reagan spoke of UNITA winning "a victory that electrifies the world." Two years later, with the Angolan Civil War intensifying, Savimbi returned to Washington, where he praised the Heritage Foundation's work on UNITA's behalf. Military and political efforts

Complementing his military skills, Savimbi also impressed many with his intellectual qualities.He spoke seven languages fluently including Portuguese, French, and English. In visits to foreign diplomats and in speeches before American audiences, he often cited classical Western

masks:
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi
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