title: Aaron Benward

texts:
<mask> (born September 13, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, film/tv producer and music supervisor. Life and career
<mask> is the son of Candice and <mask> and has two siblings, Sareece and Colin. In high school, he left his mark as an All-State football, basketball and soccer player and was named the U.S. Army Scholar/Athlete of the Year. After graduating, he decided to pursue a college degree before getting involved in music on a professional level. He attended college on a soccer scholarship studying music business at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1991, he surprised his father Jeoffrey when he told his dad that he wanted to follow his steps in the music business. They went on to form a unique son/father duo called <mask> that achieved great success in the CCM scene.They garnered 10 #1 Billboard CCM singles and sold over 1,000,000 copies on all three of their EMI released albums combined. <mask> met his wife, Kenda, in San Jose, California, and married in 1994. They have three children named Luke 25, Gracie 23 and Ella 19. In the late 1990s, <mask> decided to pursue a solo career. While recording his first solo album, <mask>, his wife and children, were involved in a near fatal car accident. After recovering from his injuries, Mr. <mask> was able to release his debut album titled Imagine, that had Billboard #1 single called "Captured" in 2000. <mask> then founded the country music duo Blue County with his friend Scott Reeves.Blue County recorded one album for Curb Records, which included the top 10 single "Good Little Girls"and the Top 20 hit "That's Cool" which <mask> co-wrote. Blue County was also nominated three times for CMA/ACM Duo of the Year. They participated as a featured artist in Conde Nast's/Chevrolet's Fashion Rocks campaign. In 2009, <mask>, co-created a live show in Las Vegas called "Nashville Unplugged: The Story Behind the Song", that features hit songwriters from all genres in a back porch, songwriter in the round style show made famous at the Bluebird Cafe in Nashville, Tn. The audience is able to get a sneak peek behind the curtain of how hit songs are born and then performed by those very songwriters. The show is often referred to as a cross between VH1's Storytellers and Inside the Actor's Studio for songwriters. "Nashville Unplugged" is 11 years running and currently plays every Friday night at 8 PM in Las Vegas at Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino.<mask> has continued the growth of this show into other casinos and markets around the country including Los Angeles, Reno, Boise, Laughlin, Oregon, Washington, Pennsylvania, Texas and California. In March 2012 til March 2014,  <mask> moved his creative forces and his family to Los Angeles and signed a new exclusive music publishing deal with Cornman Music/Warner Chappell where he had numerous songs placed on shows like ABC's "Nashville" and Bravo's "Project Runway". In May 2015, <mask> co-wrote and co-produced the theme song and end title for Walt Disney's "Monkey Kingdom" called "It's our World" performed by Atlantic Records artist Jacquie Lee. Since December 2015, <mask> Amuro, AOA, Taeyeon, Taemin and Red Velvet with 9 of those songs becoming big hits in SE ASIA. Those hits include "Sing for You" and "For Life" by EXO, "Rain" and "Make Me Love You" by Taeyeon, "Good Luck" by AOA, "Soldier" and "Rise" by Taemin and "Dear Diary" by Namie Amuro. Currently, <mask> has had 20 songs in the hit Netflix series "The Ranch" starring Ashton Kutcher, Sam Elliott and Debra Winger. Recently, <mask> has taken his talents to the silver screen by starring in 3 films called "Acts of God", "The Song" and "Past Due"."The Song" was picked up by Metro-Goldwyn and released in September 2014. It is a modern-day story of King Solomon but told in the context of country music. <mask> plays David King, who is an iconic, outlaw country artist, a la Waylon Jennings type. His son, Jed, follows in his footsteps only to find that he must break the curse in order for his life to turn out better than his daddy had it. In "Acts of God", <mask> plays a US Army Ranger who comes back from combat with P.T.S.D. and the story follows how he handles this difficulty and how it affects his family, career and relationships. <mask> is a partner in Watershed Motion Pictures and has recently released their first feature film called “Playing God” starring <mask>, Michael McKean, Alan Tudyk, Marc Menchaca and Jude Demorest.Www.watershedmotionpictures.com. Watershed is currently in production on their latest feature called Chasing Oslo. <mask> is also a creator and Executive Producer of the new sports gambling talk show called The DeGentlemen Show shot live at Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. He finished principal photography on “Quiet in My Town” on October 24, 2019 in Thomasville, Ga, which is an independent feature film that pulls back the secrets of a small town. It's due to be released in 2021. <mask> and Watershed have recently partnered with Jared Goetz of Ascending Media Group and John Bryan of JB and Associates to represent their latest project called God Family Football which is a new Docu-series that follows the Evangel Christian Academy football program in Shreveport, LA and their football coach and pastor, Denny Duron. <mask>
In 1995, <mask> and Kenda had a son, Luke, who grew up in his father's footsteps, starring in various films including We Were Soldiers with Mel Gibson, Because of Winn-Dixie, How to Eat Fried Worms, and Dear John with Channing Tatum.He also appears in Field of Lost Shoes (2014), Life of the Party, Dumplin' and Measure of a Man (all 2018). On TV, Luke was featured on Family Affair, the ABC Family series Ravenswood, and the Disney Channel series Good Luck Charlie and Girl Meets World. He also starred in some of the Disney Channel Original Movies, Minutemen, Girl vs. Monster and Cloud 9. Kenda <mask>
<mask>'s wife is an actress as well. She was the first on-air personality for CMT when she hosted a show called "Hit Trip". She has starred in numerous films like "Adrenaline" and the fiancé of Michael W. Smith in The Second Chance. She played Emily Osment's mom in Disney Channel's "Dadnapped" as well as Dove Cameron's mom also in Disney's "Cloud 9".In 2015, she portrayed a jealous, murdering wife in CSI. She is also a highly sought after acting coach who has coached likes of Miley Cyrus, Olivia Holt, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, and her own son, <mask>. She worked alongside Taylor Hackford in the Oscar-winning film "Ray" as the on set acting coach for C.J Sanders who played "Young Ray Charles" and had never acted before. Other work

See also
 <mask>rey
 Blue County

References

1973 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American performers of Christian music
Place of birth missing (living people)
Blue County (music group) members
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Members of the Country Music Association
21st-century American singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Aaron Jeoffrey Benward
Benward
Jeoffrey Benward
Aaron Jeoffrey
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Benward
Benward
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaronie
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron
Benward
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron Jeoff


title: Sanjeev Gupta

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born September 1971) is an Indian-born British businessman, and the founder of Liberty House Group. He is the CEO and chairman of GFG Alliance, an international conglomerate that operates primarily in the steel and mining industries. Following the collapse of Greensill Capital in 2021, <mask> has been under scrutiny for his ties to the failed company, which involved opaque financing and sales invoices that Greensill's administrator has been unable to verify. Early life

<mask> was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, India, the third of four children of <mask> who founded the SIMEC Group. Both his father and grandfather were industrialists and businessmen. At age 13 he was enrolled at St Edmund's School, Canterbury, UK as a boarder. After completing his A-levels he spent his gap year selling bicycles in Turkey for his father before enrolling to study Economics at Trinity College, Cambridge.It is there that in February 1992 he founded the Liberty House Group. When the business was generating £1m a day, he switched to economics with management, a move which he claims freed up time to work on the business. Career

Trading roots
Initially, Liberty House traded steel, rice, sugar, FMCG, engineering and other goods as a part of the family business but it soon diversified into specific commodities and brought together the trading business under three categories—steel, chemicals, and agriculture. In 2009, it entered steel making, buying plants in Africa. A year later in 2010, it was in Asia, setting up the regional headquarters in Singapore and a hub in Hong Kong in 2012 to focus on China. Industrial expansion
In 2013, Liberty House Group entered the UK through the purchase of Mir Steel UK (previously Aphasteel), a steel mill in Newport, South Wales, stopping it from being shut down. The business was formally re-launched as Liberty Steel Newport in October 2015.In the two and a half years leading up to the re-opening <mask> kept the entire 150 people workforce on half-pay while he tried to get the mothballed site operating again. Liberty Steel Newport produces hot rolled coil (HRC) for the following industries: construction, automotive, pipes and tubes, structural hollow sections, highway, yellow goods, materials-handling and power. In November and December 2015 <mask> purchased from administration the UK assets and business of the former Caparo Industries Plc, saving over 1,000 jobs primarily in the West Midlands. In March 2016 Liberty House reached an agreement for the purchase of the last two previously mothballed steel manufacturing sites in Scotland from Tata Steel UK. The deal, which was brokered by the Scottish Government, was completed on 28 April 2016 when Liberty formally acquired the Clydebridge and Dalzell steel mills. The Dalzell site which manufactures steel plate was re-launched on 28 September 2016 by Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. In April 2016 when Tata Steel UK announced its intention to sell its UK based operations, <mask> launched a daring bid for the business, and launched Liberty House's Greensteel strategy.In October 2016, Liberty House launched its steel recycling division called Liberty Metals Recycling. In November 2016, <mask> finalised his purchase of Tungsten Bank, and renamed it Wyelands Bank, after the country house estate Wyelands he owns near Chepstow. In November 2016 Liberty House entered into exclusive negotiations with Tata Steel UK for the acquisition of its speciality steels business based in West Yorkshire and China. In February 2017 Tata Steel UK and Liberty House signed an agreement on the purchase, and the deal was completed in April 2017. The acquisition saved 1,700 jobs across sites in Rotherham, Stocksbridge and Brinsworth, Bolton and Wednesbury. In December 2016, the Gupta-led GFG Alliance completed the acquisition of Britain's last aluminium smelter at Fort William in Lochaber, along with the hydro-power plants at Kinlochleven and Fort William. In August 2017, <mask> acquired Arriums Whyalla Steelworks in Australia, encompassing primary steelmaking, recycling, distribution and iron ore mining.The new business is conducted under the Liberty brand. In December 2017, <mask> entered the US market by acquiring the Georgetown steelworks and expanded the US presence by acquiring Export Metals in March 2018. At the end of 2018, he purchased Keystone Consolidated Industries. During December 2018, <mask> acquired Aluminium Dunkerque, the largest aluminium smelter in Europe. This followed the acquisition of AR Industries, a French aluminium wheel manufacturer. In April 2019, <mask> acquired a second bank which he renamed the Commonwealth Trade Bank. He then doubled the GFG Alliance workforce in July 2019, by acquiring seven steelworks and five service centres across seven countries in continental Europe from ArcelorMittal.In October 2019, <mask> consolidated all his global steel businesses to form Liberty Steel Group, which he announced would aim to be the world's first carbon neutral company by 2030. He extended that target to his aluminium businesses, which he grouped together to form ALVANCE Aluminium Group, which he announced in January 2020. He has been dubbed the man who can save the British steel industry through an approach called Greensteel, and has since been working to apply this model of operation to other countries including Australia and the USA. Awards and recognition
The HRH Prince of Wales appointed <mask> as an official HRH Ambassador for Industrial Cadets in March 2018. Controversies

Ties to Greensill Capital

Following the 2021 collapse of Greensill Capital, <mask> <mask> has been under scrutiny for his ties to the failed company. The Financial Times noted in 2019 that <mask>'s companies have been fueled by "opaque financing". In April 2021, a Member of Parliament in the UK accused <mask> of running "a potential Ponzi scheme".Greensill Capital's bankruptcy administrator was unable to verify invoices underpinning certain loans to <mask>, with companies listed on the invoices denying that they had ever done business with <mask>. Personal life
<mask>'s wife Nicola is from Canvey Island, Essex, and was the treasurer of his company. <mask> had kept his relationship with Nicola Crumpton secret for seven years before they married in 2008, the family's first cross-cultural marriage. <mask> and his wife own Wyelands, a country house estate near Chepstow in Wales and have a residence in Sydney, Australia (Bomera, a 19th-century home in Potts Point). They have three children. See also
 Tata Steel Europe
ArcelorMittal

References

External links

Living people
Businesspeople from Ludhiana
People educated at St Edmund's School, Canterbury
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1971 births

masks:
Sanjeev Gupta
Sanjeev Gupta
Gupta
Pauman K Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Sanjeev
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta


title: Patrick Burns (businessman)

texts:
<mask> (July 6, 1856 – February 24, 1937) was a Canadian rancher, meat packer, businessperson, senator, and philanthropist. A self-made man of wealth, he built one of the world's largest integrated meat-packing empires, P. Burns & Co., becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time. He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912. He made his fortune in the meat industry, but ranching was his true passion. <mask>'  of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land. In 1931, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta. On October 16, 2008, the Calgary Herald named <mask> as Alberta's Greatest Citizen.Early life
<mask>'Byrne was born in Oshawa, Ontario, on July 6, 1856, the fourth of eleven children of Michael and Bridget O'Byrne. His parents had emigrated from County Mayo, Ireland in 1848 due to the Great Famine, and as part of the naturalization process, the family name was shortened to Byrne and then later to <mask>. The family moved from the Oshawa area northward in the spring of 1864 to the small community of Kirkfield, Ontario, where <mask> spent a majority of his childhood. <mask> had very little formal schooling but learned a great deal about hard work and thriftiness from his parents. He spent his last summer in Kirkfield chopping wood for a neighbour. He had intended to save enough money to travel out west, but when it came time for him to collect his pay, he discovered that his employer did not have enough cash to cover the $100 he was owed for his labour and so was instead given two oxen as payment. They had a resale value of $70, but he saw an alternative.He made $140 by slaughtering the animals and reselling their meat and byproducts. That experience was one that he would remember when he was as an entrepreneur. With his brothers John and Dominic in 1878 he head out west at the age of 22. They started out by steamer, but when they reached Rat Portage, he feared that if he paid for transportation the rest of the way, he might lack funds on his arrival. Undaunted, he bought some bread and cheese, and with his gun for protection, walked the rest of the way to Winnipeg. He and John, impressed by reports of good lands to the west, decided to take advantage of the Dominion Homestead Act of 1872. The brothers set out on foot to locate their homesteads and walked  until they found land to their liking just east of Minnedosa, Manitoba.<mask> continued to homestead in Manitoba until after the Louis Riel rebellion but gradually became involved in buying cattle and selling meat. He began his meat packing career with a cow bought on credit and sold for $4. He began freighting goods from Winnipeg and driving his neighbours' cattle to the Winnipeg market. By 1885, he was buying and selling his own cattle. As a contractor from railway construction, that <mask> transitioned from being a small-time broker to a successful entrepreneur. In 1887, William Mackenzie and his partners Donald Mann, James Ross, and Herbert Holt secured a railway construction contract to drive a line from Quebec through Maine to the Eastern Seaboard. Mackenzie had grown up in Kirkfield and remembered <mask> from their briefly-shared school days and time spent working in their fields.Aware of <mask>' experience in the livestock business, Mackenzie gave him the opportunity to provision the labourers who were to construct the line. <mask> learned to establish a mobile slaughtering facility, which could move easily as the railhead was extended. The success of the contract in Maine led to whole succession of other contracts with Mackenzie and Mann. Alberta

<mask> moved to Calgary in 1890 and established his first substantial slaughterhouse. In 1898, he built a packing house in Calgary followed by others in Vancouver, Edmonton, Prince Albert, and Regina. He then turned to ranching on a large scale and acquired large tracts of land. His company, P. Burns & Co. (later Burns Foods) became western Canada's largest meatpacking company.At the grand opening of his second abattoir in 1899 (the first had burned down), the Calgary Herald described the event as "the passing of yet another milestone on the road to Calgary's full measure of prosperity." In 1901 he married Eileen Ellis of Penticton in a small ceremony in London, England. Back in Calgary, <mask> was building a house for him and his new bride. <mask> Manor, on the corner of 4th Street and 13th Avenue SW, designed by Pat's friend, the famed architect Francis Rattenbury, was a grand, 18-room sandstone mansion, visited by the likes of Prime Ministers and Royalty. Construction took two years, and the couple meanwhile lived at the Alberta Hotel, on Stephen Avenue. The <mask>es had one son, <mask> <mask>, born in Calgary in 1906. In 1912, he was one of the Big Four, who started the Calgary Stampede.With A.E. Cross, A.J. McLean, and George Lane, they arranged $100,000 worth of financing and billed the event as "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth." <mask> then personally owned six ranches with 38,000 head of cattle, 1,500 horses and 20,000 sheep. His company, Burns Foods, had abattoirs in Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Prince Albert, and Regina with an overall daily capacity of 1,070 cattle, 6,000 pigs, and 3,000 sheep. <mask>' facilities were of the utmost sanitation and technically advanced to a level previously unseen in Western Canada. Facilities were eventually opened in Winnipeg, Seattle, Australia, and Great Britain.<mask> was able to revolutionize the slaughterhouse industry by emphasizing efficiency in the use of byproducts. Traditionally, much of the animals had been lost to waste, but with his advanced abattoirs, <mask> could expand the list of recoverable products, which included leather, fats for soap, bone for bone meal and manufactured articles, fertilizers, glycerine, hair for brushes, and even an array of pharmaceuticals. <mask> joked that the only product not recovered were the pigs' squeals, which could have been sold to politicians. <mask> played a crucial role in World War I by supplying meat to troops overseas. For example, he shipped over 2,000 tons of pork shipped to troops in France during the first half of 1917. After the war, Belgium was looking to secure a meat supply from a North American company. With no American distributors able to meet the call, <mask> stepped in to help the devastated nation.British Columbia

From the early 1900s to 1914, he was the principal meat supplier for the workers during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. One of the Foley, Welch and Stewart, sternwheelers, the Skeena was used for the express purpose of delivering <mask>' beef to the railway construction camps in British Columbia. As part of his western expansion, <mask> purchased several thousand acres of land south of Vancouver with the intent of using it for grazing cattle. The property included a significant amount of wetland that was not ideal terrain for cattle grazing and so failed. The land was renamed the Burns Bog and maintained its original state until around the 1940s, when peat harvesting began and parts of the bog were dug up. In 1907, <mask>, a brother, oversaw the construction of Burns Foods' first slaughterhouse in Vancouver. When it was torn down in 1969 the man in charge of the demolition said it was the toughest building to destroy he had ever seen with brick walls that were  thick.<mask> constructed the historic 18 West Hastings Street as his regional head office and one of several retail outlets in the city. The building is a six-storey brick Edwardian commercial building on West Hastings Street, Vancouver. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Hastings Street corridor was the centre for Vancouver's trade and manufacturing. In 1910, Dominic had the Vancouver Block built on Granville Street, Vancouver. Dominic moved into the penthouse upon completion of the building in 1912 and lived there until his death in 1933. The building is recognized by its large clock tower and has incredible historic value with its prominent location, the highest point of land in Downtown Vancouver, and being an early example of Edwardian commercial buildings that typified the building boom at the turn of the 20th century. The Blakeburn coalmine, near Princeton and Coalmont, was another of <mask>' ventures.Bow Valley Ranch

The Bow Valley Farm became the functional headquarters of his cattle empire. <mask> purchased the Ranche in 1902 from William Roper Hull. <mask> also acquired adjacent sections of land, as they became available. Eventually, the Burns Ranch at Bow Valley included some  bounded on the north by what is now Stampede Park, on the east by the Bow River, on the south by 146th Avenue, and on the west by MacLeod Trail, a large property by any standards but only a small segment of his ranching empire. The farm was an ideal location with respect to the <mask> family meat packing plant. Many large cattle drives were brought to the site where the animals were bedded, fed, watered and rested before being herded to the stockyards. <mask> frequently offered the hospitality of the ranch to distinguished people visiting the Calgary area.Hull was responsible for building the natural brick two storey Bow Valley Ranche House which was said to be the finest country home in the territories. When <mask> bought the property, the house was a two-hour ride away from Calgary, and he used it as a weekend retreat. Today, the house has the elegant Bow Valley Ranche Restaurant in Fish Creek Provincial Park. After his death, his nephew and business successor Michael John <mask> came to live in Bow Valley Ranche House. Under his supervision, the ranching operation continued to prosper and he also preserved the established tradition of true western hospitality remembered by many Calgarians. In failing

masks:
Patrick Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick O
Burns
Burns
Patrick
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Michael
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Dominic Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


title: Patrick Burns (businessman)

texts:
 health, Michael John <mask> moved to Calgary in 1950, and his son Richard J<mask> came to live at the ranch with his wife and three sons. Under his management, many more improvements were made, including the construction of a tennis court, a swimming pool, and a one-story addition.Richard J<mask> lived at the site until 1970. In 1973, the Alberta Provincial Government purchased the Bow Valley Ranche from the Burns Foundation as part of the development of Fish Creek Provincial Park. Later years

By the Great War, <mask> had become one of Canada's most successful businessmen and had butcher shops and abattoirs all across Western Canada. He had over 100 retail meat shops in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. He also established 65 creameries and cheese factories, 11 wholesale provision houses and 18 wholesale fruit houses. He extended his empire overseas and set up agencies in London, Liverpool and Yokohama. In 1928, Burns Foods generated sales of about $40 million ($ million in ).In 1928, he sold his interests in Burns Foods for $15 million ($ million in ) to Dominion Securities and the company was renamed Burns & Co. Ltd. In the sale, <mask> retained control over his true passion, his vast cattle ranches, which covered so much of Southern Alberta that he could travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land. At the height of his empire, his assets included nearly  of ranch land, roughly the size of Luxembourg. One of his most prized possessions was the Bar U Ranch, south of Calgary, which was among the largest in the country and one of the first and most enduring large corporate ranches of the West. Under George Lane, it had achieved an international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses. <mask> acquired the property from Lane's estate after his close friend died in 1925. Some of the other ranches in his possession were Willow Creek, Glengarry (44), Bradfield, Two Dot, Rio Alto, Linehum, Flying E, and C.K.In 1931, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by his close friend, R. B. Bennett, to represent the senatorial division of Northern Alberta. In making the announcement, Prime Minister Bennett had this to say about him: “Holding your wealth as a trust, you have given generously to every good cause and your life has been an inspiration to the younger generation.” He sat as an independent until he resigned for health reasons in 1936. He was predeceased by both his wife, Eileen, and their son, <mask>. He died in Calgary on February 24, 1937 with his nephew John and other family at his side. He is buried alongside his son in St. Mary's Cemetery in Calgary. Upon his death, he left his estate to his nieces and nephews and many charities. The tax on his estate was enough to offset the provincial deficit and balance the budget.As a result, the Social Credit Party chose to eliminate the Provincial Sales Tax permanently. Philanthropy
<mask> was known as a man of few words but great generosity. One employee estimated that for a period <mask> was donating over $50,000 per year ($ thousand in ). When a huge rock slide devastated the community of Frank, Alberta in 1903, <mask> was among the first to send aid. Five years later, when fire swept through Fernie, British Columbia, leaving 6,000 people homeless, he sent carloads of food. He was a staunch supporter of many children’s charities, making sure that the local orphanage was always well-stocked with free high-quality meat. He was an active Catholic but also supported other religious groups.When he was called upon to pay for the painting of a small Catholic church near Calgary, he requested for the Anglican church next door to be painted as well, at his expense, so that it did not look shabby by comparison. He was extremely generous to the Diocese of Calgary and donated large sums to St. Mary's Parish. He donated three 750 lb bells to St. Mary's Cathedral in 1904 that were cast by the Fonderie Paccard in Anncey, France. The bells were the only parts from the old building used in the construction of the existing cathedral. He paid for the construction of Albert Lacombe's "Hermitage" in Pincher Creek, and donated the land for the Lacombe Nursing Home at Midnapore, which he kept provisioned at his expense. <mask> placed a high value on education. He contributed to the creation of Western Canada College, now Western Canada High School, in Calgary, provided the funding for the erection of St. Joseph's College at the University of Alberta, and financed construction on a new school building, new residence, and donated land for expansion at Vancouver College in Vancouver.On August 11, 1914, he offered £10,000 to equip a complete "Legion" (Mounted Rifles Regiment) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen, for the Canadian Government's war effort. In 1914, Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, the first Canadian to receive such an honour. He was also a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary colonel in Calgary's 31st Regiment. In honour of his 75th birthday, a huge cake (said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the city's underprivileged citizens. Also, he celebrated his birthday by giving a 5 lb roast to every family in which the head of the house was unemployed and a ticket for a meal at any restaurant in the city to the unmarried unemployed. It was during the Depression days, and the gifts were much needed; 2000 Calgary families received the roasts and 4000 single unemployed dined out at his expense. <mask> took special interest to environment conservation.Recognizing the value of the trees in Fish Creek Valley, he directed his foreman to erect fences around the groves of aspen and poplar as protection from the cattle. They also planted 2000 poplars along the MacLeod Trail, adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche. Burns Memorial Fund
In his will, <mask> endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund. As such, in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries:
 Widows and orphans of members of the police force of Calgary
 Widows and orphans of members of the fire brigade of Calgary
 Poor, indigent and neglected children of Calgary

Today, the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation (the Children’s Fund) and two non-profit trusts (the Police Fund and the Fire Fund). The funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund. Death and legacy
<mask> died February 24, 1937—less than six months after the death of his son. Estate
After his death, <mask>' estate was assessed at $3.8 million ($ million in )—having fallen significantly due to the Great Depression.In 1996, Maple Leaf Foods purchased a majority of Burns Foods for an undisclosed amount. Some Maple Leaf products retain the <mask> name but many have been rebranded. Alberta's Greatest Citizen
As part of its 125th anniversary, the Calgary Herald organized the search for Our Greatest Albertan. In what is considered the largest citizen journalism project in the province, readers originally nominated 125 people for consideration. A Top 10 list was culminated from months of thought, debate, and votes from the public. Along with <mask>, the list included former Premier Peter Lougheed, former Mayor and Lieutenant-Governor Grant MacEwan and Famous Five member Nellie McClung. On October 16, 2008, at a gala at Heritage Park, <mask> was named the province's greatest citizen.The Herald commented that "His story is the story of Alberta. His struggles, his dreams, his success and philanthropy define the very core of our western character." Influence on ranching
<mask> was a major force behind the growth of ranching in Alberta. He purchased large herds of purebred Hereford stock, which he used to help fellow ranchers improve the blood lines of their own cattle. A pioneer of cold-weather ranching, <mask> put up 250,000 tons of hay for winter feed and convinced other ranchers to utilize winter feeding methods themselves. He renovated the corrals and feeding pens on his ranches and introduced modern feed-lot techniques to finish cattle for market. Namesakes

Buildings
 Burns Manor, Calgary
 Burns Block, Calgary
 Burns Block, Nelson
 Burns Block, Vancouver
 Burns Building, Calgary
 Burns Stadium (former home of the Calgary Cannons), Calgary,
 Senator <mask> Building at SAIT Polytechnic, Calgary
 Senator <mask> School, Calgary

Land
 Burns Bog, Delta, British Columbia (Named after <mask>' brother, Dominic)
 Mount Burns, Alberta

Neighbourhoods
 Burnsland, Southeast Calgary
 Burns Industrial Park, Calgary
 Burnsland Cemetery, Calgary

Parks
 Senator <mask> Memorial Rock Garden, Calgary

Roads
 Burnsland Road, Calgary
 Burns Ranch Road, Olds
 Burns Road, Winnipeg
 Patrick Street, Winnipeg

Ranches
The following is a list of ranches owned wholly or in part by <mask> or his companies:

 OH/Rio Alto Ranch
 Bar U Ranch
 Bow Valley Ranch
 CK Ranch
 Ricardo Ranch
 Circle Ranch
 Walrond Ranch
 Bradfield Ranch
 Lineham Ranch
 Glengarry Ranch
 Flying E Ranch
 76 Ranch
 Two Dot Ranch

References

References

Works Cited

External links

<mask>: A Man of His Word
<mask>' Manor House
Best of Alberta.Our Greatest Citizen Announced

 Burns Memorial Fund
 The Ranche Restaurant at the Bow Valley Ranche

1856 births
1937 deaths
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople in agriculture
Businesspeople from Ontario
Businesspeople from Alberta
Canadian people in rail transport
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian ranchers
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian senators from Alberta
Independent Canadian senators
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Kawartha Lakes
People from Oshawa
Settlers of Canada
Canadian

masks:
Burns
. Burns
. Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Michael
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns


title: Rkomi

texts:
Mirko Manuele Martorana (born 19 April 1994), known professionally as Rkomi, is an Italian rapper and songwriter. Early life
Rkomi was born and raised in Milan in the famous district of Calvairate, located in the eastern part of the suburbs of Milan. He attended the CFP Galdus hotel Institute until the third year, and then dropped out at the age of 17 without obtaining a diploma. Until the age of 21 he worked as a bartender, bricklayer and dishwasher. He became friends with rapper Tedua, who was his roommate. Tedua himself originally planned to become a tour manager. Career

Calvairate Mixtape and Dasein Sollen
Rkomi has stated several times that he was initiated into a musical career due to his best friend Tedua.Rkomi's first musical projects were Keep Calm Mixtape (with Sfazo) and Quello che non fai tu (with Falco) in 2012, Cugini Bella Vita EP (with Pablo Asso) in 2013, followed by the more famous amateur songbook Calvairate Mixtape, which was created by six people (including Tedua and Izi), in 2014. That was followed by almost two years of silence, then Rkomi published the song Dasein Sollen on the YouTube platform. The song's title is a direct reference to the Heideggerian concept of Dasein. The rapper learned about it through a random search on the Internet. On October 13, 2016, Rkomi released an EP Dasein Sollen in collaboration with the Digital Distribution label. First collaborations and Io in terra
Following the good reception of Dasein Sollen (the single Aeroplanini di carta, created in collaboration with Izi, was certified platinum), Rkomi was hired by an indie singer-songwriter Calcutta for the opening of the show live in Turin. Having come into contact with Shablo, former producer of the album Aeroplanini di carta, Rkomi decides to sign a contract with the Rock Music label managed by Shablo himself and Marracash.On March 13, 2017, the rapper announced that he was going to release his first studio album Universal. On September 8, 2017, Rkomi released the album Io in terra, consisting of 14 tracks, some of them created in collaboration with Marracash (in Milano Bachata), Noyz Narcos (in Verme) and Alberto Paone (in Mai più), a drummer. The album was preceded by the singles Solo, Apnea and Mai più. After its debut in the music charts, Io in terra reached the top of the FIMI chart and was certified gold, while Milano Bachata, Apnea and Mai più were certified platinum. Ossigeno - EP and Dove gli occhi non arrivano
On June 26, 2018, Rkomi announced the upcoming release of an EP, entitled Ossigeno - EP, which was released on July 13, 2019, accompanied by a vinyl edition and an autobiographical book. The CD features the single Acqua calda e limone, which was written in collaboration with rapper Ernia, as well as songs written in collaboration with Tedua, Night Skinny and Mc Bin Laden. At the end of 2018, the single Non ho mai tanto la mia età was released on the occasion of the release of the video game Assassin's Creed: Origins.It is a tribute to a video game saga created by Ubisoft. Solletico and Acqua calda e limone were certified gold. On February 19, 2019, <mask> revealed that he intended to release the album Dove gli occhi non arrivano, which was released on March 22, 2020. Jovanotti, Elisa, Carl Brave, Sfera Ebbasta, Dardust and Ghali also worked on the disc. The album successfully debuted at the top of the FIMI rating, as did Io in terra. Taxi Driver and the Sanremo Festival
On April 1, 2021, Rkomi set the release date for the third studio album, titled Taxi Driver, which was released on April 30. The first single Ho spento il cielo, created in collaboration with Tommaso Paradiso, was released on April 14.Like previous albums, Taxi Driver debuted directly at the top of the FIMI Album Chart. In the same week the single Nuovo range, a collaboration with Sfera Ebbasta, reached the top of the Top Singles. all the songs contained within the disc were classified within the first hundred positions in the Top Singles. On September 24, 2021, the live album Taxi Driver (MTV Unplugged) was released. It included previous tracks edited and sung live. In December 2021, Rkomi released a joint single with Elodie entitled La coda del diavolo. On December 4, 2021, Rkomi's participation in the Sanremo Music Festival 2022 was announced at TG1, followed by the announcement of the song Insuperabile on December 15.The song took 17th place in the final ranking. In February 2022 he collaborates with  Elisa on the song Che cosa manca. Style and influences
Although the rapper's first songs belong to pure rap and do not include other genres, Rkomi proposed himself as an exponent of indie rap. The album Io in terra has often been considered as an example of hip-hop influenced by the genres of prog, funk and others, because of the original and innovative bases (in addition to the drums, the electric bass, guitar and trumpet appear). With Ossigeno - EP, Rkomi began to approach a more funk and pop version of rap, establishing a new musical dimension with the album Dove gli occhi non arrivano, characterized by purely pop sharing. Rkomi's work was influenced by such indie artistes as Saint PHNX, Gorillaz and Twenty One Pilots. As for hip-hop, the rapper's work was influenced by Italian artists Noyz Narcos, Marracash, Fabri Fibra, Gué Pequeno, and such foreign artistes as German rapper Cro, French rapper Lomepal and American rappers Tyler, the Creator, Chance the Rapper and Kendrick Lamar.


title: William J. Long

texts:
<mask> (3 April 1867 – 1952) was an American writer, naturalist and minister. He lived and worked in Stamford, Connecticut as a minister of the First Congregationalist Church. As a naturalist, he would leave Stamford every March, often with his son, Brian, and two daughters, Lois and Cesca, to travel to "the wilderness" of Maine. There they would stay until the first snows of October, although sometimes he would stay all winter. In the 1920s, he began spending his summers in Nova Scotia, claiming "the wilderness is getting too crowded". He wrote of these wilderness experiences in the books Ways of Wood Folk, Wilderness Ways, Wood-folk Comedies, Northern Trails, Wood Folk at School, and many others. His earlier books were illustrated by Charles Copeland; two later ones were illustrated by Charles Livingston Bull.<mask> believed that the best way to experience the wild was to "plant yourself and sit for hours on end to let the wild come to you; and they will!" Controversy
Because of the increased public interest in the natural world as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, Rev. <mask>'s books were finding a large audience and even being issued in schools under the title of The Wood Folk Series. However, his findings and observations clashed with the prevailing scientific wisdom of animal behavior, which believed animals behaved purely on instinct, and could not learn from experience: a bird builds a nest purely by instinct and is not taught the skills required. Rev. <mask> provided many examples, supposedly from his experience, to cast doubt on that prevailing wisdom, suggesting that in fact animals did learn, and each could become individuals within their species. Some of the more famous observations were that kingfishers would catch fish in a river and then drop them into small pools so their offspring could practice catching the same fish but in an easier environment.He also chronicled a woodcock that made a "splint" for its broken leg. He also wrote of foxes that rode on the backs of sheep to escape hunters and porcupines curling into balls and rolling down hills. All this led to a belief that Rev. <mask> (and others) were anthropomorphizing animal behavior, blurring the lines between the animal world and humans. This came to a head when President Teddy Roosevelt's naturalist adviser, <mask>, accused Rev. <mask> (and others) of gross exaggeration, if not outright lies, regarding his books and the reflections of nature therein. Roosevelt wrote "If he stated that he had seen a weasel kill a deer and then carry it to the top of a pine tree, I would not care how many affidavits he produced, because the feat would be mechanically impossible."<mask> thus found himself at the center of the nature fakers controversy of the early 1900s. Ultimately Burroughs claimed Rev. <mask> was trying to sell books to gullible readers with such lies and President Theodore Roosevelt himself had Rev. <mask>'s books taken from all school libraries. The local Stamford paper chronicled the feud with "our dashing Rev. <mask>". Rev.<mask> would counter that you cannot "understand nature when you have a gun on your hip, ride on top of a wagon or horseback, and have a crowd of twenty with you," taking aim at Teddy Roosevelt's much publicized and photographed forays into nature. He went so far to state Roosevelt "never met an animal he didn't kill." After a couple months back and forth in the Stamford and national papers, Rev. <mask> said that "while obviously we cannot settle this through the media, I invite President Roosevelt anytime to Stamford to settle this like men." Roosevelt never accepted his invitation. Historian Ralph H. Lutts has argued that <mask> was "an experienced woodsman and close observer of nature" who did not intentionally fabricate his observations but
sometimes misinterpreted what he saw. <mask> rejected Darwinism and the idea of struggle for existence.He believed that all animal minds were reflections of God and relied on empathy to understand animal psychology. Stories from Northern Trails (1908), 158pp. Wood Folk Series
Ways of Wood Folk (1899)
Wilderness Ways (1900)
Secrets of the Woods (1901)
Wood Folk at School (1903)
A Little Brother to the Bear and Other Animal Studies. Wood Folk Series Book V (1904) 178pp. (shortened version of the 280pp. 1903 edition)
Northern Trails Book 1. Wood Folk Series Book VI (1908) 128pp.(same content as Wayeeses the White Wolf)
Northern Trails Book II Wood Folk Series Book VII (1908) 158pp. (same content as Stories from Northern Trails)

Footnotes

References
 Lutts, Ralph H. The Nature Fakers: Wildlife, Science and Sentiment. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1990. External links

1866 births
1952 deaths
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American Congregationalist ministers
American naturalists
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Stamford, Connecticut
20th-century American male writers

masks:
William Joseph Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
John Burroughs
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long


title: Phillip Prodger

texts:
<mask> (born 16 October 1967) is a museum professional, curator, author, and art historian. He is the Senior Research Scholar at the Yale Center for British Art and formerly served as Head of Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London. Born in Margate, Kent, he currently resides outside of New Haven, Connecticut. Education
<mask>r received his bachelor's degree at Williams College in 1989 and his master's degree at Stanford University in 1995. In 2000, Prodger received his Ph.D. in history of art from University of Cambridge. He attended secondary school in Hong Kong at Hong Kong International School from 1982-1985. Career
After a brief tenure as a lecturer at the Hong Kong Arts Centre, Prodger began his museum career at the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University in 1990.In 2001, he became the Assistant Curator of Prints, Drawings and Photographs at the Saint Louis Art Museum. He became the founding Curator of Photography at the Peabody Essex Museum in 2008 and was named Head of Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2014. In 2017, Prodger was given the Rome Award from the Paul Mellon Centre and the British School at Rome. In 2013, he received a Focus Award for contributions to the appreciation and understanding of photography. In 2007, he was named the Lisette Model and Joseph G. Blum Fellow at the National Gallery of Canada. Research
Prodger's primary area of expertise is in European and American art from the nineteenth century to the present. He has published extensively on topics in the history of photography and art/science interactions.Much of his work centers on the rise of photographic vision and its effect on modern logic systems. Prodger has devoted much research to the so-called ‘second invention’ of photography, when wet-plate collodion supplanted Daguerreian and paper negative technologies in the 1850s-70s. During this time, it became possible to record things occurring too rapidly to be seen with the naked eye. This is the central theme of three of Prodger's books—Time Stands Still (Oxford, 2003), which analyses the work of Eadweard Muybridge in relation to contemporaneous motion photography; Darwin’s Camera (Oxford, 2009), which examines Charles Darwin’s interest in recording facial expressions as they occur; and Victorian Giants (National Portrait Gallery, 2018), which connects the drive for instantaneity in pictures with the rise of art photography in Britain. Prodger coined the term ‘instantaneous photography movement’ to describe the mania for taking photographs of rapidly occurring action in the mid- to late nineteenth century. Prodger has also written extensively about Modern photography. He is the author of a series, so far including three books (one with Terence Pepper), on Edwardian photographer Emil Otto Hoppé, produced in collaboration with Graham Howe and the E.O.Hoppé Estate in Pasadena, California. He is also an author or co-author of books on Ansel Adams, Ernst Haas, and the partnership between Man Ray and Lee Miller. In contemporary art, Prodger has written monographs on William Eggleston, Martin Parr, and Jerry Uelsmann. He has also written short texts for monographs by Anderson & Low, Katharine Cooper, Harold Feinstein, Sharon Harper, Anna Kuperberg, Yann Mingard, Suzanne Opton, Paul Outerbridge, Anne Rearick, and Joni Sternbach. In 2018, he was curator and primary author of an exhibition and catalogue on early Chinese photography produced in association with Tsinghua University and the Loewentheil Collection

Publications

Books and catalogues
Martin Parr: Only Human, London: Phaidon, 2019. E. O. Hoppé: The English, (forthcoming), Gottingen: Steidl, 2019. The Real Me: Understanding Photo Portraiture in the 21st Century, (forthcoming), London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 2019.Vision and Reflection: Photographs of 19th Century China from the Loewentheil Collection, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2018. 100 Photographs (editor and introduction), London: National Portrait Gallery, 2018. Victorian Giants: the Birth of Art Photography. Julia Margaret Cameron, Lewis Carroll, Clementina Hawarden, and Oscar Rejlander, London: National Portrait Gallery, 2018. William Eggleston Portraits, London: National Portrait Gallery and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. E.O. Hoppé, The German Work 1925–1938, Gottingen: Steidl, 2015.Ansel Adams: At the Water’s Edge, Salem: Peabody Essex Museum, 2012. Man Ray | Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism, New York and London: Merrell Publishers, 2011. Ernst Haas: Color Correction, Gottingen: Steidl, 2011. Hoppé Portraits: Society, Studio, and Street, London: National Portrait Gallery, 2011. The Mind’s Eye: Fifty Years of Photography by Jerry Uelsmann, San Francisco: ModernBook, 2010. Paul Outerbridge: New Color Photographs from California and Mexico, 1948-55, Portland, Oregon: Nazraeli, 2009. Darwin’s Camera: Art and Photography in the Theory of Evolution, New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2009.Hoppé’s Amerika: Modernist Photographs from the 1920s, New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., April 2007. Impressionist Camera: Pictorial Photography in Europe, 1888-1918, London and New York: Merrell, 2006. Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Illustrations of Human and Animal Expression from the Collection of Charles Darwin, Lewiston, New York and Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998. External links
 Official Site

Interview, “Fleeting Truths: Thoughts on Portrait Photography,” link

Interview, “What Makes a Great Portrait Photograph?” link

Interview, “Much More than a Muse,” NPR link

References

1967 births
Living people
British curators
British art historians
People from Margate
Williams College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British expatriates in Hong Kong
British expatriate academics in the United States

masks:
Phillip Prodger
Phillip Prodge


title: Bob Thurman

texts:
<mask> (May 14, 1917 – October 31, 1998) was a professional baseball pitcher, outfielder and pinch-hitter. He played in the Negro leagues, the Puerto Rican winter league (where he was a star), and for a few years at the end of his career, in Major League Baseball with the Cincinnati Reds. He is a member of the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame. Background
Several baseball reference books give Thurman's date of birth as 1921. However, like so many Negro leaguers, Thurman took some years off his age in order to interest scouts in developing him as a prospect. In fact, 1917 is the correct year of his birth, as he himself admitted after his playing career was over. Therefore, he made his major league debut at the age of 38, and was still in the big leagues at 42.A left-hander, he was listed at 6' 1" (185 cm) and 205 pounds (93 kg). Thurman played semipro ball with various teams in the Wichita area before entering the U.S. Army at the beginning of World War II. He was stationed in New Guinea and Luzon and saw combat action in the Pacific Theater. When he was discharged in 1945, the Homestead Grays in the Negro National League offered him a contract. Negro leagues
He started with the Grays in 1946, playing alongside such greats as catcher Josh Gibson, first baseman Buck Leonard and outfielder Cool Papa Bell. His pitching was not impressive, but he played in the outfield as well. He hit .408 for the season.The following year he hit .338 with 6 home runs in 157 at-bats. In 1948 he posted a 6–4 win-loss record as a starting pitcher, and also hit .345 to help the Grays win the last Negro National League pennant. They went on to defeat the Birmingham Black Barons in the World Series, but after this season the powerhouse Grays were dismantled, along with the league. With the fall of the color barrier in the major leagues in 1947, Negro leagues teams began to lose their star players and also their fan support. Thurman also played winter ball in Puerto Rico for twelve seasons, eleven with the Cangrejeros de Santurce and one with the Leones de Ponce. With Santurce he was a great fan favorite. Thurman led the league in homers in the 1947–48 season with 9, and the following season he had 18.At the end of his career in Puerto Rico he was and still is the All-Time Home Run leader with 120. In 1949 he reported to the Kansas City Monarchs of the newly reorganized Negro American League. The Monarchs were managed by Buck O'Neil and their roster included stars and future stars like Willard Brown, Booker McDaniels, Nat Peeples and Elston Howard. Minor leagues
Thurman's big year in Puerto Rico had not gone unnoticed in the major leagues. On July 29, 1949, it was announced that the New York Yankees had purchased his contract from the Monarchs. He was assigned to the Newark Bears of the International League, where he hit three homers in his first week. For the season, he hit .317 for the Bears in 59 games, before a hand injury sidelined him.The Yankees transferred him to the Chicago Cubs and he spent the 1950 season with Springfield in the International League. There his batting average fell to .269. The next two years he was with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League, where he hit .274 and .280. The Cubs still had not integrated at the major league level. Dominican Summer League
Thurman had continued playing with Santurce in the Puerto Rican league. He was one of the biggest names in Latin American baseball. The Dominican Summer League was founded in the early 1950s.It was an "outlaw" league (not affiliated with major league baseball), and tried to lure big-name minor leaguers with generous salary offers. Thurman signed with Escogido in the new league and was suspended from organized baseball. He played in the Dominican Republic for two years, leading the league in homers and RBI in 1954 and also pitching occasionally. Puerto Rican winter league
When the Dominican League joined organized baseball in 1955, Thurman was in limbo. He was still under contract to the Cubs, but they showed no interest. He was still playing winter ball in Puerto Rico, and his 1954–55 season got him noticed again. He hit .323 with 14 homers for the Santurce Crabbers, a team that Don Zimmer called "the best winter league baseball club ever assembled", or as baseball historian Jorge Colón Delgado called them, "The Perfect Machine."Zimmer played shortstop, Ron Samford was the second baseman, Valmy Thomas and Harry Chiti were the catchers, and <mask> was in right field. Willie Mays played center field and led the league in batting. Left fielder, Roberto Clemente, hit .344 for fourth place in the league. George Crowe played first base, and former Negro leagues star Buster Clarkson was at third. Rubén Gómez, Sam Jones (MVP and Triple Crown winner) and Bill Greason were the pitching staff. <mask> still continued to pitch occasionally. Cincinnati Reds
Impressed with his winter season, the Cincinnati Reds bought his contract from the Cubs, for a reported $2,000.He made his major league debut on April 14, 1955, the same day Elston Howard became the first black man to play for the New York Yankees. Thurman hit 7 homers in only 152 at-bats, although his average fell to .217. The following year he hit .295 in only 139 chances, with 8 homers. On August 18, 1956, he hit three consecutive homers and a double against the Milwaukee Braves. Back with the Reds in 1957, he was hitting .351, but by the end of June his average had dropped to .259. On August 2 he was sent down to the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League. He hit 8 home runs in the Pacific Coast League before being recalled by the Reds later in August.For the 1957 Reds Thurman hit 16 home runs in 190 at bats. His home run per at-bat percentage of 8.4% was better than Duke Snider who led the league at 7.9%, although Thurman lacked the plate appearances to qualify officially. Return to the minor leagues
Thurman played the entire 1958 season with the Reds and had a few pinch-hitting appearances with them in 1959. His final game was April 21, 1959. He was sent back to the minor leagues that year, but failed to hit well with Seattle or with Omaha of the American Association. In 1960 he hit .274 with Charleston, also of the American Association. He was now 43 years old.In 1961 he finally retired as a player, after 21 games with Charlotte in the South Atlantic League. After his playing career
Thurman had a career .246 average in 334 major league games. He hit 35 homers and drove in 106 runs in 663 at-bats. He played 12 seasons in the Puerto Rican winter league. He is the league's all-time home run hitter, and a member of the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame. He joined the Minnesota Twins as a scout after his playing career ended, and later scouted for the Reds and the Royals. He died in Wichita, Kansas in 1998, aged 81.See also

 List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

Clark, Dick and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book. Society for American Baseball Research, 1994
Obojski, Robert, "SCD profiles former Reds outfielder <mask>", The Sports Collectors Digest, October 11, 1991
Riley, James A., The Negro Baseball Leagues: The Biographical Encyclopedia. Carroll and Graf, 1994
Swaine, Rick, The Black Stars Who Made Baseball Whole: The Jackie Robinson Generation in the Major Leagues. McFarland, 2006
Young, A.S. "Doc", Great Negro Baseball Stars. A.S. Barnes, 1953
Colón Delgado, Jorge, "La Maquinaria Perfecta" (The Perfect Machine) 2007

External links

 and Seamheads
Good biography from the SABR Biography Project

1917 births
1998 deaths
African-American baseball players
United States Army personnel of World War II
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Charleston Senators players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Cincinnati Redlegs players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Homestead Grays players
Kansas City Monarchs players
Kansas City Royals scouts
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente outfielders
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente pitchers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Minnesota Twins scouts
Newark Bears players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from Creek County, Oklahoma
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Senadores de San Juan players
Springfield Cubs players
United States Army soldiers
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Robert Burns Thurman
Thurman
Thurman
Bob Thurman


title: Kennda Lynch

texts:
<mask> is an American astrobiologist and geomicrobiologist who studies polyextremophiles. She has primarily been affiliated with NASA. She identifies environments on Earth with characteristics that may be similar to environments on other planets, and creates models that help identify characteristics that would indicate an environment might host life. <mask> also identifies what biosignatures might look like on other planets. Much of <mask>'s research on analog environments has taken place in the Pilot Valley Basin in the Great Salt Desert of northwestern Utah, U.S. Her work in that paleolake basin informed the landing location of NASA's Perseverance Rover mission—at another paleolake basin called Jezero Crater. Jim Greene, Chief Scientist at NASA, called <mask> "a perfect expert to be involved in the Perseverance rover."Helping to select the proper landing site for NASA's first manned mission to Mars in 2035 is another of <mask>'s projects. <mask> has appeared in multiple television series, as well as The New York Times, Nature, Scientific American, and Popular Science. Cell Press designated <mask> one of the most inspiring Black scientists in the United States. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> is the daughter of Marlene Cosby and <mask>. Both her parents worked at Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation, a defense contractor in Rockford, IL that worked on NASAs space shuttles. After seeing The Empire Strikes Back just before her sixth birthday kindled <mask>'s passion for space, her parents brought home pictures of space shuttles from Sundstrand, which further fed her interest. Her mother was a Trekkie, so they also watched television shows from that franchise together.<mask> jokes that her mother takes less credit for her interest, however, quoting Cosby as saying: “You were an alien from the beginning.”

<mask>'s mother was a Girl Scout and served as the chief executive officer of Drifting Dunes Girl Scout Council Inc, and was a zoology major who wanted to be a veterinarian. Her father also was a Boy Scout. <mask> was also Girl Scout, including being appointed as the student delegate to the National Girl Scout Program Conference. <mask> was raised spending a lot of time in nature. <mask> attended Boylan Catholic High School, where she was on the student council. In 1991, <mask> was one of 40 Young Americans, a long-running program of the local newspaper, the Rockford Register, honoring extraordinary teenagers in the Rock River Valley. She graduated from Boylan in 1993.<mask> attended the University of Illinois, planning to study general engineering. She completed a summer internship with Mark R. Patterson and another at Kennedy Space Center where she saw a space shuttle liftoff and also discovered the field of Astrobiology. <mask> and some friends also ran a theater company, "Actors in the Attic." In 1999, <mask> was team leader for a NASA competition that was part of NASA's Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program at Ellington Field, near Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. That competition won <mask> and her teammates an opportunity to carry out a fluid research experiment aboard the KC-135, an airplane that escapes Earth's gravity. In 1999, <mask> graduated with a dual major in engineering and biology. <mask> earned a master's in aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder.She then received the NASA Harriet Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship to complete her Ph.D. in environmental science and engineering at Colorado School of Mines. During her doctoral program, she began her research in Utah. She completed her Ph.D. in 2015 and moved to Georgia Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow, where she continued her study of Mars analog environments. Career
<mask> first worked as a Metrology Engineer, Corporate Engineering Division at Abbot Laboratories. She then worked for Lockheed Martin for several years, followed by additional year at Jacobs Sverdrup. These two jobs were located in Houston, TX, at NASA Johnson Space Center. At first <mask> worked as a project engineer on human space flight in the Crew and Thermal Systems division, where she developed habitation hardware for International Space Station astronauts.<mask> met Kathy Thomas-Keprta, a specialist on the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite  and through Thomas-Kerpta, chief astrobiological scientist David S. McKay, for whom she went to work as a systems engineer. <mask> contributed to the prototyping of robots for missions to Mars. While at graduate school, <mask> was a graduate research assistant, first at BioServe Space Technologies and then at the Laboratory For Atmospheric and Space Physics. Her work was affiliated with NASA through NASA's Harriett Jenkins Pre-Doctoral Fellowship which funded her role as a predoctoral research fellow at the Colorado School of Mines. Postdoctoral work
In 2016, <mask> was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Rosenzweig Group at the University of Montana, in Missoula, MT, before moving to Georgia Tech, where she was a postdoctoral fellow from 2016 to 2019. <mask> started at Georgia Tech in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, working with James Wray, then worked with Frank Rosenzweig in the School of Biological Sciences. When <mask> received a grant from the Ford Foundation she shifted her primary base of operations to the lab of EAS Assistant Jennifer Glass.During this period, astrobiology research took off at Georgia Tech, and <mask> was part of the Georgia Tech NASA Astrobiology Institute team. Since 2019, <mask> has been a staff scientist for Universities Space Research Association (USRA), located at Georgia Tech. Teaching, outreach, and mentoring
<mask> teaches and mentors students and also works to expand diversity in STEM education. In her early years of working for at Johnson Space Center, she mentored high school and undergraduate students. In graduate school, she was a lab instructor, a teaching assistant, and a Teaching Fellow for Bechtel's K-5 Educational Initiative. Since 2013 she has been working with the SAGANet Virtual Mentoring Program. She served a two-year term as a NASA Students Ambassador from 2010 to 2012.Additionally, <mask> does a lot of explaining of space science to the public, both directly and through the media. Research
Lynch summarizes her biosignature research as "All life poops." In other words, all life uses energy and excretes waste products. Some of those waste products might be preserved and appear as biosignatures, telling us that life exists—or formerly existed. <mask> identifies biosignatures in environments on Earth that might be analogous to ones on other planets, teaching us what signals we might use to recognize extraterrestrial life. Much of <mask>'s biosignature research has focused on perchlorates, a kind of salt, in the Pilot Valley part of Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah, USA. Pilot Valley is a hypersaline paleolake basin, an ancient lake that used to be quite deep but has now receded.It used to be a freshwater lake, but as climate change caused evaporation, it has become increasingly salinated. A lot of lake sediments remain, teeming with a diversity of microbes. <mask> looks for microbial DNA and strives to understand what the microbial communities look like with regard to diversity, aspects of life such as what they eat or how they obtain energy, and even how various microbes interact with each other. <mask> discovered the first known place on earth where there are both perchlorates and perchlorates-reducing (essentially perchlorates-consuming) microbes. <mask> selected Pilot Valley as the site to carry out research for her doctoral dissertation, "A Geobiological Investigation of the Hypersaline Sediments of Pilot Valley, Utah: A Terrestrial Analog to Ancient Lake Basins on Mars." Ultimately, Jezero Crater was selected as the landing site for the 2020 Mars mission, Perseverance, because it is also a paleolake. It is expected to contain percholates, and would be an ideal candidate for a location containing percholates-reducing bacteria, should there be signs of life on Mars.Because Jezero Crater has signs of a former delta, meaning water was flowing in from an upstream location, <mask> argues that sediments from three environments potentially converge there—from streams that flowed into the ancient lake; the actual Jezero lake; and groundwater that has surfaced following evaporation of the lake and the streams that feed it. <mask> won NASA's 2020 Selections for the Astrobiology Program Early Career Collaboration Award. She will collaborate with  University of Florida's Amy Williams on sample analysis and Georgetown University's Sarah Stewart on creating a tool for “Working Towards Life Detection Capability in Subsurface Transitional Habitable Zones on Mars.”

Selected publications
<mask> has over fifty publications and conference publications as of early 2021. She also serves as a manuscript reviewer for JGR Planets, Geobiology, Astrobiology, Planetary and Space Science, as well as a peer reviewer for grants with the NASA Exobiology Program Peer Review Panel and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NESSF). <mask> also serves on the organizing committee of many conferences in her field and is a frequent presenter at conferences. Astrobiology
 Hays, Lindsay E.; Graham, Heather V.; Des Marais, David J.; Hausrath, Elisabeth M.; Horgan, Briony; McCollom, Thomas M.; Parenteau, M. Niki; Potter-McIntyre, Sally L.; Williams, Amy J.; <mask>, Kennda L. (2017-02-08). "Biosignature Preservation and Detection in Mars Analog Environments".Astrobiology. 17 (4): 363–400. doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1627. Abrevaya, Ximena C.; Anderson, Rika; Arney, Giada; Atri, Dimitra; Azúa-Bustos, Armando; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brazelton, William J.; Brennecka, Gregory A.; Carns, Regina; Chopra, Aditya; Colangelo-Lillis, Jesse (2016-08-01). Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.; Wright, Katherine E.; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.; Wright, Katherine E.; Adamala, Katarzyna; Arina de la Rubia, Leigh; Bond, Jade; Dartnell, Lewis R.; Goldman, Aaron D. (eds.). "The Astrobiology Primer v2.0".Astrobiology. 16 (8): 561–653. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1460. Stoker, Carol; Dunagan, Stephen; Stevens, Todd; Amils, Ricardo; Gomez-Elvira, Javier; Fernandez, David; Hall, James; <mask>, Kennda; Cannon, Howard;Zavaleta, Jhony. (2004-01-01). "Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment (MARTE): 2003 Drilling Campaign to Search for a Subsurface Biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain". Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Astrobiology: Analogs and Applications to the Search for Life.<mask>, <mask> L.; Horgan, Briony H.; Munakata‐Marr, Junko; Hanley, Jennifer; Schneider, Robin J.; Rey, Kevin A.; Spear, John R.; Jackson, W. Andrew; Ritter, Scott M. (2015). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of lacustrine sediments in the Great Salt Lake Desert: An analog study for Martian paleolake basins". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 120 (3): 599–623. doi:10.1002/2014JE004707

Education, outreach, and equity
 K. LYNCH, P. LEIBER, M. PEDERSEN, M. TULI, T. LONGAZO, L. MILLER, S. PALMER, M. ZHANG. (2002). SETI and Astrobiology: Contact-A Youth Perspective.IAF abstracts, 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 366. Rathbun, J., E. Rivera-Valentin, J. Keane, C. Richey, K<mask>, S. Diniega, L. Quick, and J. Vertesi. (2020). "Who is Missing in Planetary Science? : Recommendations to increase the number of Black and Latinx scientists." In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, vol. 52, no.6, pp. 502–15. Rivera-Valentín, E. G., Rathbun, J., Keane, J. T., <mask>, K., Richey, C., Diniega, S., & Vertesi, J. (2020). Who is missing in planetary science? : A demographic study of the planetary science workforce. White paper.Diniega, S., Brooks, S., Gilmore, M., <mask>, K., Núñez, J., Quick, L., ... & Rathbun, J. (2020, October). Recognizing our colleagues of color in Planetary Science. In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 502–06).<mask>, K. L., Diniega, S., Quick, L. C., Horst, S. M., Rivera-Valentin, E. G., & Rathbun, J. A. (2019, March). 50 Years of Planetary Science Workforce: Hidden Figures and the Legacy of Apollo. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (No. 2132, p. 3162). Diniega S., Castillo-Rogez J., Daubar I., Filiberto J., Goudge T., <mask>., Rutledge A., Rathbun J., Scully J., Smith R., Richey C., Udovicic C.T., and Villarreal M. (2020) Ensuring a safe and equitable workspace: The importance and feasibility of a Code of Conduct, along with clear policies regarding authorship and team membership.White Paper . LPI Contribution Number: LPI-002544. K<mask> “WALLE: Saving the Earth, Forecasting the Future” (Feature Story). NSBE Bridge Magazine. Summer 2008 Issue. K<mask> “Learning Life on Mars”. Magazine of the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE).March/April, 2007. Vol. 18. #4:57-59. Other media
<mask> is a featured expert in three television episodes about life on other planets:

 Explained: Extraterrestrial Life (2018)
 Glad You Asked: Will We Survive Mars? (2019)
 Alien Worlds: Janus (2020)

References

Astrobiologists
NASA people
Georgia Tech faculty
University of Illinois alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
African-American women engineers
African-American women scientists
American women scientists
African-American engineers
American women engineers
American engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women

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Kennda Lian Lynch
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Kenneth Lynch
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title: Polikarp Mdivani

texts:
<mask> "Budu<mask> (; , <mask> [Budu] <mask>; 1877 – 19 July 1937) was a veteran Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet government official energetically involved in the Russian Revolutions and the Civil War. In the 1920s, he played an important role in the Sovietization of the Caucasus, but later led Georgian Communist opposition to Joseph Stalin's centralizing policy during the Georgian Affair of 1922. He was executed during the Great Purge. Early life
He was born in to a prominent noble family in the Kutaisi Governorate. <mask> enrolled in the Imperial Moscow University but was later expelled from the univerty for his participation in the student riots of 1899. Revolution and Civil War
<mask> joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 and engaged in revolutionary activities in Tbilisi, Baku, Batumi, and other industrial centers of the Caucasus. A close associate of Joseph Stalin, he quickly emerged as one of the leading Bolsheviks in the region and gained a reputation of a brilliant orator.During the Russian Civil War, that followed the Russian Revolution of 1917, he was commissioned to the Caucasus Front where he worked for the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and served as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 11th Army. In 1920, he was instrumental in the occupation of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. Later that year, he was sent as a special envoy to Turkey in an effort to mediate a peace deal between the Turkish government and the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Early in 1921, <mask>, along with Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, played an important role in engineering the Red Army invasion of Georgia which toppled down the local Menshevik-dominated government in favor of the Bolshevik regime. However, with the establishment of the Georgian SSR, <mask> emerged as one of the leading proponents of the republic's sovereignty from Moscow. He protested against a series of territorial rearrangements in Transcaucasia that dispossessed Georgia of several of its former districts and advocated more tolerance towards political opposition to ensure the survival of the highly unpopular Bolshevik government. The Georgian Affair
On 7 July 1921 Filipp Makharadze, a moderate Georgian Communist leader, was removed from his position of the chairman of the Georgian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) and replaced with <mask>.During his tenure, <mask> entered in a bitter conflict with Stalin and Ordzhonikidze who pursued hardliner, centralizing policy towards Georgia. This dispute known as the Georgian Affair peaked in 1922, when <mask> and his comrades – Makharadze, Mikhail Okudzhava, Sergey Kavtaradze, and Shalva Eliava – were denounced by Stalin as "national deviationists". The Mdivani group, in their turn, accused their opponents of "Great Russian chauvinism" and tried to secure Lenin’s support, but without any success. The "deviationists"’ failure to prevent the Georgian SSR from being amalgamated with the Armenian and Azerbaijan republics into the Transcaucasian SFSR resulted in the final victory of the Stalin-Ordzhonikidze line and the removal of <mask> from his post in January 1923. The "national deviationists" were not actively persecuted until the late 1920s, however. Once Lenin had been incapacitated by a series of strokes, Stalin used his increasing power to remove <mask> and other oppositionists to diplomatic posts. <mask> served as the Soviet trade representative to France from 1924 until being excluded, in 1928, from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during Stalin's crackdown on the Left Opposition.Reinstated three years later, he worked in various government positions, including as chairman of the Supreme Sovnarkhoz, People's Commissar of Light Industry and first deputy chairman of the Georgian Council of People's Commissars between 1931 and 1936. He remained an outspoken critic of Stalin's Transcaucasian enterprise and was famous for his sarcastic comments on the Soviet leader. According to the modern historian Ami Knight, <mask> liked to tell a joke about how Georgian workers urged Lavrentiy Beria to set up an armed guard around the house of Stalin's mother, Ekaterina Geladze, in Tbilisi so that she would not give birth to another Stalin. Repression
Stalin could not forgive <mask> for his defiance and <mask> became one of the first victims of the Great Purges. He was removed from his post and excluded from the party in late 1936. In May 1937, <mask> was accused by Beria of having founded the "Trotskyite Centre for Espionage, Sabotage and Terrorism" with the aim to kill Beria and bring down the Soviet government. In July he was arrested and tried by the NKVD troika.During the interrogations at the Metekhi prison in Tbilisi, <mask> repeatedly refused to "confess". He is quoted to have said to the troika members:

"Being shot is not enough punishment for me; I need to be quartered! It was me who brought the 11th Army here [in Tbilisi]; I betrayed my people and helped Stalin and Beria, these degenerates, enslave Georgia and bring Lenin’s party to its knees." On 11 July 1937 the Soviet newspaper Zaria Vostoka, with the headline of "Death to Enemies of the People", announced that the Georgian Supreme Court found <mask>, Okudzhava and several of their colleagues guilty of treason and other counterrevolutionary crimes all categorized under Article 58 of the Criminal Code. On 19 July <mask> was executed in Tbilisi. His wife and sons, including the notable tennis player Archil <mask> (1911–1937), and daughter Meri (Mary) were also shot. Meri left a newborn son, David Kobakhidze, with the neighbor when she was taken away for questioning.Before being executed she had a chance to write a letter to him that was the only object he had from his mother. References

1877 births
1937 deaths
Politicians from Tbilisi
People from Tiflis Governorate
20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Communists from Georgia (country)
Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) politicians
Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
Great Purge victims from Georgia (country)
Old Bolsheviks
People of the Russian Civil War
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Soviet Trotskyists
Trotskyists from Georgia (country)
Heads of government of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

masks:
Polikarp
" Gurgenovich Mdivani
Polikarp Gurgenovich
Mdivani
Mdivani
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title: Shaul Mishal

texts:
<mask> (; born 1945) is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. <mask> is Head of the Middle Eastern studies Program at IDC Herzliya, researcher of Arab and Palestinian politics who founded and directed the Center for the Study of Arab Society in Israel. Mishal authored and co-authored several books and numerous articles in subjects related to Arab and Islamic political cultures and Palestinian politics. Biography
<mask> was born on 1945 in Baghdad, Iraq and made aliyah with his family in 1951 and for next 8 years they lived in ma'abara Talpiot. Mishal has studied political science, philosophy & sociology, received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and completed his postdoctoral research at Yale University. Mishal is a visiting professor at Yale University, visiting scholar at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard and Senior Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health. His brother is journalist <mask>.Hamas: goals
<mask>'s main thesis deals with Palestinian Hamas. It is often described solely as a movement identified with Islamic fundamentalism and suicide bombings. The objectives at the top of its agenda are the liberation of Palestine through a holy war (Jihad) against Israel, establishing an Islamic state on its soil, and reforming society in the spirit of true Islam. It is this Islamic vision, combined with its nationalist claims and militancy toward Israel, that accounts for the prevailing image of Hamas as a rigid movement, ready to pursue its goals at any cost, with no limits or constraints . Yet, <mask> claims that a close scrutiny of Hamas’s roots and its record since its establishment at the outbreak of the first Palestinian uprising (Intifada)Against the Israeli occupation in December 1987 reveals that, although Hamas has been reluctant to publicly compromise its ultimate objectives, it does not subordinate its activities and decisions to the officially held religious doctrine. Rather, it operates in a context of opportunities and constraints, conflicting interests, and cost-benefit considerations, and is attentive to the fluctuating needs and desires of the Palestinian population and cognizant of power relations and political feasibility. Moreover, despite the horrifying toll claimed by Hamas’s violence, it is essentially a social and political movement, providing extensive community eervices and responding constantly to political reality through bargaining and power brokering.Along this line, it has been reluctant to adhere to its religious dogma at any price and so has tended to adopt political strategies that minimize the danger of rigidly adhering to principle,
doctrine, or ideology, ready to respond or adjust to fluid conditions. Thus, Mishal concludes that a political understanding between Hamas and Israel, through a third party, is a viable option. Such a course would minimize the intensity of the shock to its supporters if it entered a public dialogue with Israel. Hamas:  victory and regime change
In 2006, Hamas won 74 out of the legislative council's 132 seats, capturing a majority and becoming the dominant force in the new Palestinian government. Mishal asserts that Hamas's electoral victory over the Fatah-led nationalist camp is not merely an act of transfer of power but a mandate for regime change. Regime change, unlike transfer of power, entails a revision of the fundamental principles of government and the overall goals of the Palestinian Authority − a redefinition of the PA's regional and international policies, as well as its basic parameters and red lines concerning its approach to Israel. Given Hamas's Islamic doctrine, regime change harbors religious significance for the Palestinian national agenda.The Islam-driven worldview spawns several principles, first of all, a commitment to territorial maximalism with an eye towards the establishment of an Islamic state throughout all of Mandatory Palestine. This vision replaces the political realism that accepts the framework of a two-state solution, Israel alongside a Palestinian state. A second principle is Islamic social activism, instead of a civil-minded, statewide program; and a third principle is the perception of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as a predetermined clash of destinies, instead of a conflict over boundaries. Hamas:  dissenting views
The notion that Hamas could somehow be lured away from its agenda seems to be gaining wider currency. In an address to a group of European MPs, The Hamas leader in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, said his government was willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders. Yet, there are  others who suggest that hamas's acceptance of a cease fire is only a ploy. Efraim Karsh claims in this regard that " Above all, not only is the destruction of Israel not a bargaining chip, it is the heart of the matter.Hamas, which is the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, sees the struggle for Palestine as neither an ordinary political dispute between two contending nations (Israelis and Palestinians), nor even as a struggle for national self-determination by an indigenous population against a foreign occupier. Rather, it sees Palestine as but one battle in a worldwide holy war to prevent the fall of a part of the House of Islam to infidels". The Palestinians: a network approach
Palestinians did not, and still do not fully have, a state that can try to penetrate society and create a hierarchical system in which external links flow through it. While communal affiliations play a role in dividing Palestinian society along regional and extended family lines, it too has not played a definitive role in shaping Palestinian identity and claims to self-determination vis à vis Israel. Having no state and formal political institutions, and being divided among themselves by the ideological currents gripping the Arab world, Palestinian society emerged as a networked society par excellence. Palestinians lacked any kind of hierarchical or networked state, instead being divided among other states none of which, with the partial exception of Jordan, attempted in any way to assimilate them into their societies. Palestinians were divided by ideologies between various streams of pan-Arabism.since the Palestinians continued to lack a state, they were unable to build a centralized institutions and a hierarchical political order. The decentralized nature of Palestinian society has become all the more evident in the wake of the Oslo Accords - despite the fact that the Palestinians had been given an opportunity to begin constructing a hierarchical state to penetrate and centralize Palestinian society via the PA. They have in fact made the PA into a reflection of their society - an amalgamation of decentralized and perpetually quarreling factions. Hence, in the Palestinian case, the society is penetrating the state rather than vice versa. The 1993 Declaration of Principles (the first, in a series of agreements that came to be known as the Oslo Accords) signed between Israel and the PLO was followed by the establishment of the PA in May 1994. Despite the creation of a quasi-official Palestinian government, the pattern of relations between Israel and the Palestinians did not change significantly, despite the existence of a supposedly all-Palestinian PA, and was still based on relations between Israel and the PLO (especially Fatah). Yasser Arafat’s hesitation to transfer real authority from Fatah to the organs of the PA, thus ensured that real understandings reached between him and Israel will tend to be based on informal channels of communication rather than via official links.Hence, as in the case of Jordan (but all the more so since the Palestinian state is still in its fetal stage), ties tend, to a large extent, to be based on informal relations and a large measure of trust - since formal agreements worked out with the PA will be largely meaningless if not backed by Fatah. This network analysis has major implications for the future of Israeli-Palestinian relations. It suggests that codified agreements between Israel and the PA provide only a part of the overall relationship between the parties. Trust is essential since most of the relationships exist outside the documents and the formalized relationships provide insufficient certainty since they are not binding on the parties with respect to the final settlement of the conflict. Shiite leadership
Shiites, says conventional wisdom, seek to convert the Sunni world, take over the Middle East or simply bomb Israel into the Stone Age. In any case, their plan is clear-cut, drastic and single-minded. All means necessary are appropriate for its realization.yet Mishal claims that Close scrutiny reveals, however, that Shiite leadership lives and acts in a more complex world. Shiite leadership is new at the helm of government, yet acts with the prudence of long experience. It is spoken of as mystical or otherworldly in essence, yet its behavior is often realistically sober. While the far-reaching vision of the new Shiite leadership appears utopian, its demeanor frequently seems skeptical and wary. The worldview of Shiite leadership is one which contracts and expands continuously. Shiite leaders are nationalists, but see themselves as a regional, even global power. They are propelled by a keen awareness of their population's needs, while being motivated by an inextricable link to
eternal truths.Life in a state of discrepancy encourages Shiite leaders to reject the notion that reality begins with abstract ideas. They feel uncomfortable with ascetic mysticism, which calls for the abandonment of the self and a union with the divine. Conversely,
Shiite leaders refuse to see actions and interests as the basis of reality. They cannot accept the Marxist understanding of history as determined by struggles over power. At the same time, they disown Capitalism, the notion that a free market regulates itself both morally and financially. Principal publications

Books
The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence and Coexistence (with A. Sela) Columbia University Press, First Edition 2000, Second Edition 2006. Also published as: The Hamas Wind - Violence and Coexistence Yediot Ahronot Books, First Edition 1999, Second Edition 2006 (Hebrew).Investment in Peace: The Politics of Economic Cooperation Between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians (with R. Kuperman, D. Boas) Sussex Academic Press, 2001. Speaking Stones: Communiques from the Intifada Underground (with R. Aharoni) Syracuse University Press, 1994. Also published as Speaking Stones: The Words Behind the Palestinian Intifada, Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1989 (Hebrew). The PLO Under Arafat: Between Gun and Olive Branch, Yale University Press, 1986. West Bank/East Bank: The Palestinians in Jordan, 1949–1967, Yale University Press, 1978. Selected articles
Place as a Source of Identity in Colonizing Societies: Israeli Settlements in Gaza Geographical Review, Vol.98, No.2, pp., 242-259, 2008. (With I. Schnell)
"Al Qaeda as Dune Organization toward a Typology of Islamic Terrorism Organization" (with M. Rosenthal).Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol.28, No.4, 2005, pp. 275–293. "What Happened to Suicide Bombing in Israel: Insight from a Terror Stock Model" (with E. Kaplan, A. Mintz, C. Samban). Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol.28, No.3, 2005, pp. 225–235. "The Pragmatic Dimension of the Palestinian Hamas: A Network Perspective", Armed Forces and Society, Vol.29, No.4, 2003, pp. 569–589."Political Expectations and Cultural Perceptions in the Arab-Israeli Peace Negotiations" (with N. Morag). Political Psychology, Vol.23, No.2, 2002, pp. 325–353.
" Participation Without Presence: Hamas, the PA and the Politics of Negotiated Coexistence" (with A. Sela). Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.38, 2002, pp. 1–26.
" The Network State: Triangular Relations in Middle Eastern Politics" (with I. Talmud).International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, Vol.37, No.2, 2000, pp. 175–197.
" Trust or Contract? Negotiating Formal and Informal Agreements in the Arab-Israeli Peace Process" (with N. Morag). International Negotiation, No.5, 2000, pp. 523–542. "Intifada Discourse: The Hamas and UNL Leaflets", The PLO and Israel, Avraham Sela and Moshe Ma'oz (eds.), St. Martin's Press, 1997.
" Israel and the PLO: A Game with Different Information" (with D. Schmiedler, I. Sened). Game Theory and Applications, T. Ichiishi, A. Neyman, Y. Touman (eds. ), Academic Press, 1990. "The Unfolding of the Intifada" Survey of Jewish Affairs 1990, William Frankel (ed. ), Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp. 3–23."Paper War - Words Behind Stones: The Intifada Leaflets" The Jerusalem Quarterly, No.51, 1989, pp. 71–94. "Coalition Formation in the Arab World: An Analytical Perspective" (with A. Diskin). International Interactions, Vol.11, 1984, pp. 43–59. "Palestinian Voting in the West Bank: Electoral Behavior in a Traditional Community Without Sovereignty" (with A. Diskin). The Journal of Politics, Vo.44, 1982, pp.538–58. "Nationalism through Localism: Some Observations on the West Bank Political Elite", The Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.17, 1981, pp. 478–91. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s homepage
Mishal predicts an upcoming intifada that will break out in Jerusalem

Israeli political scientists
Living people
Tel Aviv University faculty
Yale University faculty
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Harvard School of Public Health faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Shaul Mishal
Mishal
Shaul Mishal
Nissim Mishal
Mishal
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Shaul
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