title: Richard B. Spencer

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<mask> (born May 1978) is an American neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, and white supremacist. A former editor, he is a public speaker and activist on behalf of the alt-right movement. He advocates for the reconstitution of the European Union into a White racial empire, which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous "White identity". <mask> has advocated for the enslavement of Haitians by Whites and the ethnic cleansing of racial minorities from the United States, additionally expressing admiration for the political tactics of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell. He was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, among other neo-Nazi rallies that <mask> has headlined. <mask> has repeatedly used Nazi gestures and rhetoric in public. In early 2016, <mask> was filmed giving the Nazi salute in a karaoke bar, and leaked footage also depicts <mask>il salute to his supporters during the August 2017 Charlottesville rally.After Donald Trump was elected president in 2016, <mask> urged his supporters to "party like it's 1933," the year Hitler came to power in Germany. In the weeks following, <mask> quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews. At a conference <mask> held celebrating the election, <mask> cried: "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory! "; subsequently Mike Enoch led a number of <mask>'s supporters in performing a Nazi salute and a chant similar to the  chant. In early-to-mid-2017, when <mask>'s following was at its height, his supporters would give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room. Following the Unite the Right rally, <mask> has been involved in several legal issues. After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters, killing one and injuring at least 19 others, <mask> was sued as part of Sines v. Kessler for allegedly acting as a "gang boss" and inciting the killing.On November 23, 2021, the jury found <mask> liable on two counts and were unable to reach verdicts for another two, awarding $25 million in total damages. Three supporters of <mask> were charged with attempted homicide following his October 2017 speech at the University of Florida. Following an appeal by the Polish government, he was banned from the Schengen Area in 2018, having been banned previously in 2014 after being deported from Hungary. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1978 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of ophthalmologist <mask> and Sherry <mask> (née Dickenhorst), the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana. He grew up in Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas. <mask> attended St. Mark's School of Texas, then Colgate University for one year before transferring to the University of Virginia. In 2001, he received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and, in 2003, a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago.From the summer of 2005 into 2006, <mask> attended Vienna International Summer University. From 2005 to 2007, he was a PhD student in Modern European intellectual history at Duke University. He joined the Duke Conservative Union, where he met future President Trump's senior policy advisor Stephen Miller. His former website says he did not complete his PhD at Duke in order "to pursue a life of thought-crime". Activities

Early activities
From March to December 2007, <mask> was the assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine. According to founding editor Scott McConnell, he was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme. <mask> spoke about the Duke lacrosse case and credits it with changing the course of his career.From January 2008 to December 2009, he served as the executive editor of Taki's Magazine, a libertarian online magazine published by Taki Theodoracopulos. He has claimed credit for coining the term alt-right in 2008 in order to differentiate himself from "mainstream American conservatism", although Paul Gottfried argues that both he and <mask> created the term. In March 2010, <mask> founded AlternativeRight.com, a website he edited until 2012. In January 2011, he became the owner and executive director of Washington Summit Publishers. In January 2011, <mask> became president and director of the National Policy Institute (NPI), a White supremacist think tank based in Virginia, which was once run from his mother's $3 million summer house. George Hawley, an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama, has described NPI as "rather obscure and marginalized" until <mask> became its president. <mask> was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization.In 2012, he founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers. Contributions have included articles by Kevin B. MacDonald, Alex Kurtagić, and Samuel T. Francis. He also hosts a weekly podcast, "Vanguard Radio." In 2014, <mask> was deported from Budapest, Hungary. Under terms of the Schengen Agreement, he was banned for three years from 26 countries in Europe after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference, a conference for White nationalists. Alt Right leader
On January 15, 2017, the day of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday, <mask> launched the AltRight Corporation and its website altright.com, another commentary website for alt-right members. According to <mask>, the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right.Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site. The Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States describes the common thread among contributors as antisemitism, rather than White nationalism or White supremacy in general. Contributors to AltRight.com have included Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor. On February 23, 2017, <mask> was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference, where he was giving statements to the press. A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him "repugnant". On May 13, 2017, he led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville, Virginia, against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E. Lee, the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War. <mask> and David Duke were among those who led the crowd in chants of "You will not replace us," and "Blood and soil".Michael Signer, the mayor of Charlottesville, called the protest "horrific", and stated that it was either "profoundly ignorant" or intended to instill fear among minorities "in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK". In August 2017, <mask> was listed as an organizer on posters promoting the Charlottesville, Virginia, Unite the Right rally. It attracted counter-protesters, and violence broke out. One rightist drove his car into a group of counter-protesters, killing one woman and wounding 30 so severely they needed hospital treatment. In November 2017, Twitter removed from <mask>'s account the blue checkmark that, reported The Washington Post, "the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic". <mask> told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him. He later joined the social network Gab.In November 2019, Milo Yiannopoulos released an audio recording allegedly of <mask> using racist slurs immediately after the 2017 Unite the Right rally. <mask> said he did not recall making the remarks, but did not deny the voice on the recording was his. On the tape, <mask> is heard saying "Little fucking kikes. They get ruled by people like me. Little fucking octaroons. My ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit." Public speaking

During a speech <mask> delivered in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., <mask> quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews.Audience members cheered and gave the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!" and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory. <mask> later defended their conduct, stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of "irony and exuberance". It was later reported that <mask> had given the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016. Additionally, in 2017, sources indicate <mask> pressured followers to give him the Sieg Heil salute when he entered a room. Leaked texts between <mask> and Eli Mosley indicate that those who refused to give the Nazi salute to <mask>, such as Jason Kessler, were stigmatized within the movement. Groups and events which <mask> has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society, the American Renaissance conference, and the HL Mencken Club.In November 2016, an online petition to prevent <mask> from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6, 2016, was signed by thousands of students, employees, and alumni. A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with <mask>'s event. On January 20, 2017, <mask> attended the inauguration of Donald Trump. As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards, a masked man punched <mask> in the face, then fled. A video of the incident was posted online, leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate. Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017, the University of Florida denied <mask>'s request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity, citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville, Florida. Due to safety reasons, he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017.In September 2017, Cameron Padgett, who tried to book <mask>, sued MSU; he was represented by <mask>, an MSU alumnus. On August 16, during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro, <mask> claimed that "Jews are vastly over-represented in... 'the establishment', that is, Ivy League educated people who really determine policy". <mask>'s National Policy Institute, David Duke, Stefan Molyneux, and American Renaissance magazine were among the white nationalist outlets banned by YouTube from their platform in late June 2020 for not following the platform's policies on hate speech. Public response

Speech at the University of Florida
After the University of Florida's August 2017 denial of <mask>'s request to speak the following month, Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting <mask> from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution. The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing <mask> to speak on October 19, 2017. Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16, saying: "I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent" as a result of <mask>'s appearance. On October 19, 2017, <mask> spoke at the Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds.In addition to <mask>, the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa, a white supremacist group from California, and Mike Enoch, a white nationalist blogger. The event's security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000. It drew about 2,500 protestors, vastly outnumbering <mask>'s supporters. The speech, which was <mask>'s first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally, was disrupted by loud protests. When drowned out by chants from the audience, he grew visibly frustrated, stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech. He added: "You are all engaged in what's known as the heckler's veto." According to Clay Calvert, director of the Marion B. Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications, non-violent protesting, booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a heckler's veto in law.The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful. Later that day, three of <mask>'s supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm, directed at protestors leaving the event. The three suspects were residents of Texas who had traveled to Florida to hear <mask> speak. According to the Gainesville Police Department, they had shouted "Hail Hitler" and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack. Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups. The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally, where <mask> had been scheduled to speak. All three were charged with attempted homicide.In the aftermath of the October 19 events, Ohio State University declined <mask>'s request to allow him to speak on campus, citing "substantial risk to public safety". In response, a lawyer representing <mask>'s associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university. Opposition in Montana
The National Policy Institute think tank, AlternativeRight.com, and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish, Montana. In 2013, a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to <mask> and his political views. In 2014, a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against <mask>'s residency in Whitefish. In response, the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution. In December 2016, Republican Representative Ryan Zinke, Republican Senator Steve Daines, Democratic Senator Jon Tester, Democratic Governor <mask> and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017.The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event, and the march never occurred. Also in December 2016, <mask> announced he was considering an independent run for Montana's at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election, although he ultimately did not enter the race. European Union bans
European governments and media have responded to his visits. During his speaking tour in Hungary in 2014, <mask> was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper  for his call for "a white Imperium" through a revival of the Roman Empire, and for his claim to be a "racial European", ideas that the newspaper called contrived

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 and without any basis in European history. In the aftermath of his visit, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned his entry and condemned <mask>. The government of Poland has also banned him from entering the country and condemned <mask>, citing his Nazi rhetoric, the anti-Polish and anti-Slavic racism of the Nazis, and the Nazis' genocide of Slavic peoples during World War II. In July 2018, <mask> was detained at Keflavík Airport in Reykjavík, Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States; the successful effort of the Poles to ban <mask> from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen Agreement.Views

White identity
<mask> believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European "white race" in a "potential racial empire" resembling the Roman Empire. In an interview with CNN, he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white, with his interviewer saying that <mask> defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobs's role in developing the iPhone, but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis. In 2013, the Anti-Defamation League called <mask> a "leader" in white supremacist circles, and said that after leaving The American Conservative, he rejected conservatism, because he believed its adherents "can't or won't represent explicitly white interests". While being interviewed by David Pakman, he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler, he refused by saying: "I'm not going to play this game", while stating that Hitler had "done things that I think are despicable", without elaborating on which things he was referring to. In a 2016 interview for Time magazine, <mask> said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites, preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate. He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all "racial Europeans". Jason Wilson in The Guardian has argued that <mask> and other white nationalists are appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a "notion of capitalism centered on stereotypes of Jews".According to political scientist Tamir <mask>-On, <mask> defends "racialist and anti-Semitic agendas" of the Old Right under a new metapolitical guise, acting as a cultural influencer rather than a direct political actor, and using various media outlets to "disseminate his views to ordinary people in an accessible manner". Audio of <mask> speaking in Charlottesville in August 2017 was leaked by Milo Yiannopoulos in November 2019, in which <mask> reacted to the aftermath of the Unite the Right rally and the death of Heather Heyer, saying, "Little fucking kikes... get ruled by people like me. Little fucking octoroons... my ancestors fucking enslaved those little pieces of fucking shit.... They look up and see a face like mine looking down at them. That's how the fucking world works. We are going to destroy this fucking town." Ethno-nationalism

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, <mask> has advocated for a white homeland for a "dispossessed white race", and called for "peaceful ethnic cleansing" to halt the "deconstruction" of what he describes as "white culture".To this end he has supported what he has called "the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent", an "ideal" that he has regarded as a "reconstitution of the Roman Empire". <mask> claims to be a "white zionist" and praised Israel's Jewish nation-state law, saying: "Jews are, once again, at the vanguard, rethinking politics and sovereignty for the future, showing a path forward for Europeans.". Such position was described as disingenuous as alt right doesn't usually support Zionism

Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU, <mask> expressed support for the multi-national bloc "as a potential racial empire" and an alternative to "American hegemony", stating that he has "always been highly skeptical of so-called 'Euro-Skeptics'". Nazi rhetoric
<mask> has made frequent use of Nazi rhetoric and gestures in his public speeches. He called Donald Trump's 2016 presidential election "the victory of will", a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will (1935), a Nazi-era propaganda film. <mask> urged his supporters to "party like it's 1933," the year Hitler came to power in Germany. In the weeks following, <mask> quoted Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews.At a conference <mask> held celebrating Trump's election, he mentioned the "mainstream media" in those terms: "or perhaps we should refer to them in the original German: Lügenpresse", meaning 'lying press' or 'press of lies', a term frequently used by Joseph Goebbels in Nazi propaganda. <mask> ended his speech with: "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory! ", and a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the  chant. <mask> also admires George Lincoln Rockwell, the founder of the American Nazi Party, for using "shock as a positive means to an end". Donald Trump and <mask>
<mask> supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. Following Trump's appointment of <mask> as chief White House strategist and senior counselor, <mask> said <mask>non would be in "the best possible position" to influence policy. In November 2018, however, <mask> told his followers: "The Trump moment is over, and it's time for us to move on."The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that, around the same time, the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trump's presidency. In a July 2019 interview on CNN, he called Trump's tweet about four congresswomen (telling them to "go back" to where they came from) "racist". He believed Trump was practicing a "con game" in not clearly developing a white nationalist agenda as Trump "gives us nothing outside of racist tweets, and by racist tweets, I mean tweets that are meaningless and cheap". In 2020, following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, <mask> said that he regretted voting for Trump. In August of that year, <mask> said that he planned to vote for <mask> and the straight Democratic ticket in the November election. "The MAGA/Alt-Right moment is over. I made mistakes; Trump is an obvious disaster; but mainly the paradigm contained flaws that we now are able to perceive.And it needs to end," <mask> wrote. "So be patient. We'll have another day in the sun. We need to recover and return in a new form." The Biden campaign renounced his support. Gender roles
During the 2016 United States presidential election, <mask> tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy. He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate includes women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers.In October 2017, when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote, he said: "I don't necessarily think that that's a great thing" after stating that he was "not terribly excited" about voting in general. <mask> opposes same-sex marriage, which he has described as "unnatural" and a "non-issue", commenting that "very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking". Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage, <mask> barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institute's annual conference in 2015. Health care
<mask> supports legal access to abortion, in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people, which he says would be a "great boon" to white people. <mask> also supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people. Christianity
<mask> is an atheist, although he also believes that the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value, because <mask> believes that it helped unify the white population of Europe. He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code, due to the fact that Christianity is a universalizing religion, rather than an ethnic religion.<mask> references his views on Christianity as being influenced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Citing Nietzsche's criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism, Scott Galupo writing for The Week, Sean Illing for Vox, and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described <mask>'s interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy as incorrect. <mask>'s Radix Journal has promoted paganism, running titles such as "Why I am a pagan". <mask> has also described himself as a "cultural Christian". Geopolitics
<mask> states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W<mask> during the 2004 United States presidential election, because <mask> stood for "the war". <mask> criticized President Trump's administration for escalating tensions between the U.S. and Iran. In January 2020, <mask> tweeted: "To the people of Iran, there are millions of Americans who do not want war, who do not hate you, and who respect your nation and its history.After our traitorous elite is brought to justice, we hope to achieve peace, reconciliation, and forgiveness." <mask> has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO, and called Russia the "sole white power in the world". His former partner, Nina Kouprianova, under her pen name <mask> referred to herself as a "Kremlin troll leader" and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points, with ties to Aleksandr Dugin, a far-right ultranationalist Russian leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics. The webzine founded by <mask> in 2010, called Alternative Right, accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin. Kouprianova has translated several books written by Dugin. The books were later published by <mask>'s publishing house, Washington Summit Publishers. Libertarianism
In the late 2000s, <mask> was involved in the libertarian movement, supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul and hosting him at his discussion club, the Robert Taft Club.<mask> later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism, and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to "crash" an International Students for Liberty conference. Influences
According to political scientist Tamir <mask>-On, "<mask>'s key intellectual influences are largely those thinkers concerned with winning the 'cultural war' against egalitarianism, liberal democracy, capitalism, socialism, and multiculturalism," citing Nietzsche, the German Conservative Revolution (including Carl Schmitt, Ernst Jünger, and Martin Heidegger), French New Right theorists like Alain de <mask> and Guillaume Faye, along with other far-right figures such as Julius Evola, Francis Parker Yockey, Aleksandr Dugin, and "US right-wingers with a penchant for race-driven politics or anti-Semitism" like Sam Francis, Jared Taylor, and Kevin B. MacDonald. Legal issues

Sines v. Kessler

In June 2020, Norman K. Moon, the federal magistrate judge presiding over Sines v. Kessler, a civil rights lawsuit that stemmed from the violence at the Unite the Right rally in 2017, allowed <mask>'s lawyer, John DiNucci, to withdraw from the case, on the grounds that <mask> owed DiNucci a significant amount in legal fees, and also was not cooperating with him in preparing the case; <mask> thereafter represented himself. At the time of DiNucci's withdrawal, <mask> also faced a $500 fine and two weeks in a county jail in Montana if he did not pay over $60,000 he owed to the guardian ad litem representing his children's interests in <mask>'s ongoing divorce proceedings there. Ultimately <mask> avoided going to jail after settling the debt. On November 23, 2021, the jury reached a mixed verdict in the case. Along with the other defendants, <mask> was found liable on two counts; civil conspiracy under Virginia state law, and race-based harassment or violence.The jury deadlocked on the remaining two charges of conspiracy to commit racially motivated violence, and whether defendants had knowledge of the conspiracy and failed to prevent it from taking place. Jurors awarded more than $25 million in total damages, with <mask> personally liable for $700,000 in punitive damages. <mask> stated he would appeal the judgement, saying the "entire theory of that verdict is fundamentally flawed." Roberta Kaplan meanwhile said that the plaintiffs' lawyers plan to refile so that a new jury can decide on the deadlocked claims. Personal life
In 2010, <mask> moved to Whitefish, Montana. He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington, Virginia, although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home. As of 2017, <mask> was renting an apartment in Alexandria, Virginia.He moved out in August 2018. Prior to his marriage, <mask>'s dating history included Asian women, which he has said predates his white nationalism, though this evaluation is disputed. <mask> married Nina Kouprianova in 2010, with whom he has two children. He separated from Kouprianova, a Russian-Canadian with Georgian roots, in October 2016; in April 2017, <mask> said he and his wife were not separated and were still together. In October 2018, Kouprianova accused him, in divorce documents, of multiple forms of abuse. Kouprianova provided hours of recordings and text messages to the press in order to substantiate her allegations. Court documents detailed emotional abuse, financial abuse, and violent physical abuse, including when Kouprianova was four months pregnant, and frequently in front of their children.According to media reports, the recordings and text messages show <mask> telling his wife that he will "fucking break [her] nose," encouraging her to commit suicide, and apologizing for previous incidents of physical abuse. A caregiver to the children testified in court about <mask>'s abuses towards both her and Kouprianova. <mask> denied all allegations made against him, and was not charged with a crime. References

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1978 births
Living people
Alt-right writers
American atheists
American conspiracy theorists
American neo-Nazis
Articles containing video clips
Duke University alumni
Identitarian movement
Montana Independents
People deported from Sweden
People from Alexandria, Virginia
People from Arlington County, Virginia
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St. Mark's School (Texas) alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Virginia

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<mask> (December 31, 1904 – June 13, 1934) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, <mask> moved with his family to Canada as a child. Playing all of his junior hockey in or around Winnipeg, Manitoba, <mask> joined the Black Hawks in 1927. He played seven seasons with Chicago, winning two Vezina Trophies for allowing the fewest goals, was named to the First All-Star team three times and Second All-Star team once in recognition as one of the best goalies in the league. In 1934, <mask> became the only NHL goaltender to captain his team to a Stanley Cup win. A few months after winning the Cup, <mask> died from a brain hemorrhage brought on by a tonsillar infection. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1945, <mask> was named one of the inaugural inductees.Personal life
<mask> was born in Edinburgh, Scotland to John and <mask>. The fourth of five children, there was also <mask>'s two older brothers, John and Alexander, an older sister, Edith, and a younger sister, Christina. The family emigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1911, when <mask> was seven. Initially they lived in a house on William Avenue before moving to Alexander Street; both streets were south of the railways, and were full of Scottish-Irish working-class families. John took a job as a rail car repairer, and <mask> took an early interest in the trains, often waiting up late at night to watch them arrive into the city. He was enrolled at the Albert School, and befriended Wilf Cude, who had immigrated from Wales who would later play in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a goaltender. When the First World War began in 1914, both of <mask>'s brothers enlisted and were sent overseas.<mask>'s father John also enlisted, but he died May 30, 1916, before he was sent overseas. Both his brothers returned home after the war ended; while Alex was unharmed, John had been involved in a poison gas attack, and was seriously ill. To help provide for the family <mask> began working for the J.H. Ashdown Hardware Company at the age of twelve. In December 1928 John began to develop an illness as a result of his poison gas attack in the war, and died December 13. Edith had planned to get married on December 31, but wanted to delay the marriage because of John's death, though her family convinced her to continue with the original plan. <mask> married Myrtle Brooks August 6, 1927 at Grace United Church in Winnipeg. Their first son, Robert Roy, was born May 20, 1929.They also had a girl on May 7, 1931, but she died the same day. While working at the hardware store, <mask> first played organised sports as a member of the store's baseball team. <mask> quickly started playing ice hockey with the same passion as the children who were born in Canada. As he didn't learn to skate until he was eight years old, he couldn't skate very fast and was forced to play as the goaltender. He had tried to play as a forward and defenceman but was too slow for either position. Playing on Winnipeg's frozen ponds, <mask> employed an acrobatic style, instead of the nearly-universal stand-up style played in that era, to avoid having his hands and feet frostbitten. He joined the Victorias, a team in the Winnipeg City League, at the age of 13.He recorded a shutout in his first game, but the team was shut out in their following game, so <mask> was cut. By the age of 14, <mask> made the intermediate team of the Selkirk Fishermen. Aside from hockey, <mask> excelled in Canadian football and had joined the Winnipeg Tammany Tigers junior club in 1920. As a defender, <mask> quickly gained attention for his skill and helped the Tigers reach the Western Canadian junior rugby championship in Regina, Saskatchewan, though they lost the championship game. The following year he changed positions and played as a right outer wing; the Tigers went through the season undefeated and again played in the Western Canadian championship game, which was held in Regina like the previous year; the team again lost. While with the Tammany Tigers <mask> played in the 13th Grey Cup, the Canadian football championship, losing against the Ottawa Senators 24–1. Outside of hockey, <mask> enjoyed several different hobbies.During one off-season from the Black Hawks, <mask> began taking flying lessons from his former teammate Konrad Johannesson. He quickly learned how to fly solo and would buy shares in the Winnipeg Flying Club, which Johannesson had founded. He also enjoyed shooting rifles; in the summer of 1931 he was recognised for this when he was elected Field Secretary of the Winnipeg Gun Club. The following summer <mask> earned a certificate in business administration and sales from the International Correspondence Schools. He then became a partner in a sporting goods business and travelled across Western Canada in the summer to sell products to sports teams. <mask> attended church services at Grace United Church in Winnipeg, which had hosted his wedding. He was also a Freemason, and joined the St. John's Lodge in Winnipeg on April 21, 1926.During the summer of 1933, he was selected as a Shriner at the Lodge; at the age of 29 he was the youngest Shriner in the city. Pre-NHL career
<mask> played junior ice hockey with the Winnipeg Tigers of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) for three seasons, from 1921 to 1924. He joined the Selkirk Fishermen senior team for the 1924–25 season. The Fishermen played in the highest amateur league in Manitoba and were finalists for the championship the year before. <mask> appeared in 18 games for Selkirk, posting two shutouts and a 1.83 goals against average. They again reached the finals but lost to the Port Arthur Bearcats. The loss made <mask> feel dejected and ashamed, though people assured him he had played well and had several offers for different teams.He decided to join the professional Winnipeg Maroons of the Central Hockey League (CHL). As he would be a professional, <mask> was forced to give up his baseball career, which he was reluctant to do; he finished with a career batting average of .300. Playing two seasons in Winnipeg, <mask> appeared in 74 games, posting 12 shutouts, and 2.14 and 2.16 goals-against average in the two seasons, respectively. Chicago Black Hawks

<mask> joined the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1927–28 season. In his first season with the Black Hawks, <mask> played in 40 out of 44 of Chicago's games. Posting a 2.83 goals average, <mask> won or tied only eight games, with three of those games being shutouts. The following season, <mask> appeared in all of 44 of Chicago's games.Known as the NHL's "goalless wonders", Chicago scored only 33 goals the entire season, finishing with a 7–29–8 record. <mask> posted five shutouts and a 1.85 goals against average that season. During a game against the New York Rangers on February 3, 1929 WJ Holmes, manager of the Maroons came to Chicago to watch <mask> play. The Rangers won the game 3–2 though <mask> played well. Even so, Frederic McLaughlin, owner of the Hawks, offered to sell him back to Winnipeg for $3500. Only after Barney Stanley and Hugh Lehman talked to McLaughlin did he back down on the deal. After being booed by the Chicago fans, <mask> nearly retired, before being talked out of it by Duke Keats.After the NHL changed its rules to allow forward passing in the offensive zone in the 1929–30 season, goal scoring increased league-wide. While Chicago increased its goals scored to 117, <mask>'s goals against average rose by only 0.57, to 2.42. <mask>'s total number of shutouts fell by two, from five to three. Chicago improved its regular season record to 21–18–15, placing second in the American Division, and making the playoffs. In the playoffs, the Black Hawks lost to the Montreal Canadiens 3–2 in a two-game, total-goal series, losing and tying one game. In the 1930–31 season, Chicago placed, once more, second in the American Division, with a 24–17–3 record. <mask> recorded one of his best statistical years, recording a league-leading 12 shutouts to go with a 1.73 goals against average.Late in December 1930 the New York Americans offered $10,000 to the Hawks in exchange for <mask>, double his salary; McLaughlin refused the offer. He was also named, for the first time, to the First All-Star team. In the playoffs, Chicago advanced to the Stanley Cup final, losing once more to the Montreal Canadiens, three games to two. Posting a 5–3–2 record in the playoffs, <mask> had another two shutouts and a 1.32 goals against average. In the 1931–32 season, Chicago posted an 18–19–11 regular season record. <mask> posted four shutouts and a 1.85 goals against average. <mask> was named to the First All-Star Team, and won the Vezina Trophy for the first time, becoming the first goalie who caught right-handed to do so.Placing second in the American Division for the third season in a row, the Black Hawks lost a two-game, total-goal series 6–2 to the Toronto Maple Leafs. <mask> posted a 1–1 playoff record, with one shutout and a 3.00 goals against average. In the 1932–33 season, Chicago missed the playoffs, with a 16-20-12 record, placing fourth in the American Division. <mask> recorded five shutouts, with a 2.01 goals against average. He was named to the Second All-Star team for the only time in his career. Before the beginning of the 1933–34 season, <mask>'s teammates unanimously elected him captain. During the regular season, Chicago posted a 20–17–11 record.<mask> had 10 shutouts, and a 1.63 goals against average. He was named for the third time to the First All-Star team, and won the Vezina Trophy for the second time. On February 14, 1934, he was a participant in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game, playing goaltender for the All-Stars, who played against the Toronto Maple Leafs. In the playoffs, <mask> had a 6–1–1 record, with two shutouts and a 1.33 goals against average, as Chicago won its first Stanley Cup in franchise history. During the Stanley Cup parade, Chicago defenseman Roger Jenkins carted <mask> in a wheelbarrow around Chicago's business district after a pre-playoff bet. Illness and death
During the 1932–33 season <mask> began to develop a tonsil infection that drained his strength. While he initially kept the infection private, <mask> made his condition public on December 23, 1932.Even though he was ill, <mask> played the next night in Toronto. Though his fifty-five saves were the deciding factor in the Black Hawks win and his performance was so good that both league President Frank Calder and Maple Leafs star forward <mask> praised him, he was so sick he would collapse on the dressing room floor in between periods with a fever of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit; after the game <mask> was rushed to a local hospital. This was the first notable symptom of <mask>'s health issues. In January 1934 the Black Hawks were on a train back to Chicago when <mask> felt an intense pain in his throat that spread to the rest of his body, notably his kidneys. When questioned by Tommy Gorman about his issue, <mask> lied to Gorman and insisted it was only a minor headache. However, when <mask> woke up on the train in the morning, he had trouble seeing, as black spots obscured his vision. This was <mask>'s first uremic convulsion.<mask>'s health continued to be an issue throughout the 1934 NHL playoffs. On March 29, 1934 in a playoff game against the Montreal Maroons <mask> had a shutout as the Black Hawks won 3–0; though he was named first star as the best player of the game, <mask> was in extreme pain during the entire game with a fever of 102 Fahrenheit and was attended to by a doctor in the dressing room during intermissions. Playing with a tonsillar infection for most of the season, <mask> was often slumped over his crossbar during breaks in games, nearly blacking out. After leaving for a singing lesson on June 10, 1934, <mask>, a baritone, collapsed. He went into a coma, from which he never woke. <mask> died on June 13, 1934, from a brain hemorrhage brought on by the infection. In a Montreal Gazette story about <mask>'s untimely death that ran on June 14, 1934, Detroit general-manager Jack Adams declared <mask> to be "a grand chap; one could not help but like him.He was undoubtedly the finest netminder in the league. What is more, he always played the game as a gentleman." <mask> was the first goaltender who caught with his right hand to win the Vezina Trophy. He is the only NHL goaltender to captain his team to a Stanley Cup victory. In 1945, <mask> became a charter member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was ranked number 76 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. <mask> is an Honored Member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame.Overall, he played 316 NHL games, winning 122, with a goals against average of 2.02 goals, and 42 shutouts. In the playoffs, <mask> appeared in 21 games, with a 1.43 goals against average and five shutouts. When the Elite Ice Hockey League introduced a conference system in the 2012–13 season, one of its two conferences was named in honour of <mask>. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Source: Hockey Hall of Fame

Awards

NHL

See also
List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career
List of National Hockey League players born in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

External links

1904 births
1934 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks captains
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame inductees
National Hockey League goaltender captains
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Winnipeg Maroons players
Winnipeg Tigers players
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage

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Charles Robert Gardiner
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title: Abbey Rader

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<mask> (October 14, 1943) is an American avant-garde jazz drummer. Throughout his childhood and early career, he worked in New York City where loft jazz, bebop, and free jazz influenced him. He played and taught across Europe in the 1970s and 1980s and then returned to North America to create music that combines free jazz, martial arts, and Buddhism. He has recorded over twenty-five albums as a leader and has worked with Dave Liebman, John Handy, Billy Bang, Dr. L. Subramaniam, and Mal Waldron in a career spanning over four decades. <mask>'s album First Gathering was named one of the Best of 2015. It's the first album from his West Coast Quartet with Peter Kuhn, Kyle Motl and Drew Ceccato. His album, Reunion, was released on July 23, 2016 and is a recording of his live October 31, 2012 performance at PAX: Performing Arts Exchange in Miami, Florida.This was an improvised performance including Kidd Jordan, John McMinn, Kyle Motl, and Noah Brandmark. The Message, was released in August 2014 and is a recording of his live January 2014 radio performance on Evenin' Jazz with the Real Tracy Fields at WLRN Miami. The Message was named one of the Best of 2014 by Avant Music News. Before this, his quartet featuring John McMinn, Noah Brandmark and Kyle Motl released their second recording, Reach for the Skies a runner-up for Album of Year in 2013. Their first album, Live at PAX, was named one of the Best of 2012. In 1999 <mask>'s Ballistics of Yin and Yang, was awarded as one of the year's best jazz albums, "providing a glimmer of hope that the art form will live on into the next millennium". Biography

Early education
<mask> was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey,  and raised in the Bronx where he moved when he was six months old.His introduction to drumming began early, as his father was a band leader and drummer. <mask> started playing traditional jazz gigs in the early 1960s, typically piano/bass/drum or saxophone/organ/drum trios, which exposed him to a variety of musicians that subtly influenced his style. His education went beyond music into spirituality. <mask> met drummer Clarence "Scoby" Strohman while playing opposite the Marin Rivers trio. Strohman introduced <mask> to books like Light on the Path by Mabel Collins and Paramahansa Yogananda's The Autobiography of a Yogi, which helped begin <mask>'s spiritual journey. <mask> recalls an anecdote that touched his confidence as well. "My music reading skills were not very good, but Scoby had lots of faith in me.He stood behind me on the bandstand one night as I started to play acts with lots of music to read. Scoby said, "That's not a problem for you. That's nothing for you." I played remarkably well that night. I said to Scoby, "Did you see those difficult charts I read? ", and he said he couldn't read a note. So I learned something else about the spiritual power and the power of the mind."<mask> recalls that hearing John Coltrane's quartet with Elvin Jones at the Half Note Club was a moment that changed his musical expression to improvisation and searching for the union between mind, spirit, and body. Living in Europe
The free jazz in style at the time influenced <mask>. He started playing in the mid-70s loft jazz movement, which led him to create his first album as a band leader, a recording entitled The Thing. He decided that to continue to play his free style of music, moving to Europe would provide opportunities not available in the U.S. With nothing but a drum set and $500, he traveled to London and later published The Thing for Atmosphere Records while in Paris. From France, he moved to Germany, initially playing with Bob Lenox in Lenox's rock and funk pieces. His desire to continue playing free jazz brought <mask> to drumming with George Bishop in improvised duet performances. In the 1980s, he worked with alto saxophonist, John Handy; violinist, L. Subramaniam; and bassist, Sigi Busch.Handy encouraged <mask> to play powerfully, asking him to play drum solos behind his saxophone as they toured Europe. Later, <mask> Hampel Big Band that included Jeanne Lee and Marion Brown. <mask>'s next lesson came from playing with Mal Waldron and Marc Levin, a NYC friend, on trumpet. As <mask> described, Mal often helped Rader put life's tribulations in perspective and encouraged him to play freely, to transform the energy he might be feeling by channeling it into his drumming. During this time, <mask> started his <mask> Rader's Right Time band. He recorded several times with this band and established record label Abray Productions. He also became a touring clinician for Sonor and Tosco (later Sabian, see: UFIP) cymbals, and taught at multiple universities in Germany.During his teaching, he frequently featured improvisational artists he worked with to teach how to improvise on music tracks a band may play. Returning to America
<mask> met his wife and raised two sons in Germany, and then moved to South Florida in 1989. In the 1990s and 2000s he recorded with David Liebman, putting out four CDs together. He then spent nearly five years with violinist Billy Bang in the Jazz Doctors. In this group, <mask> replaced recently deceased Dennis Charles; other band members included Frank Lowe on saxophone and bass player Ed Schuller. While doing a sound check for the Vision Festival in memory of Dennis Charles, <mask> had the fortune of meeting Billy Higgins. Higgins was getting the stage ready for a drum choir and encouraged <mask> to get his drum set, after which they began an impromptu drum performance.Later, <mask> recorded "One for Jazz" with Bang and Lowe in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, NY. He spent much of his time touring the East Coast of the U.S, including Charleston, South Carolina, Atlanta, Georgia, and the Zeitgeist Art Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. Most recently, Rader has been performing with John McMinn, Noah Brandmark, Kyle Motl, and Kidd Jordan. These experiences, and his current performances, continue to influence <mask>'s style of music. He draws on his traditional jazz roots to create a "circular feeling...[with] a lot of polyrythmn between cymbals, bass drum, and snare drum", which he employs to play with other musicians to free himself from the original way of drumming and ultimately himself. Rader has recorded and performed with Laurindo Almeida, Billy Bang, George Bishop, Marion Brown, Cameron Brown, Sigi Busch, Marty Cook, Roy Cumming, Herman Foster, Joe Gallivan, Philip Gelb, Rainer Glas, Mack Goldsbury, Gunter Hampel, John Handy, Luc Houtkamp, Leonard Jones, Kidd Jordan, Peter Kuhn, Jeanne Lee, Bob Lenox, Marc Levin, David Liebman, Frank Lowe, Keshavan Maslak, Ron McClure, Kim Mikkelson, Peck Morrison, Peter Ponzol, Ed Schuller, Ken Simon, Dr. L. Subramaniam, Mal Waldron, David Wertman, Joerg Widmoser, Leszek Zadlo, and Joe Zeytoonian. Spiritual influence
In 1975, <mask> met Reverend Sheng-yen, who would become his lifetime teacher and recurring influence in all aspects of his life.Through his Buddhist studies under Sheng-yen, <mask> received Dharma name Guo Hsing, meaning "fruit of good fortune". <mask>'s practice involved many weeklong retreats at the Temple of Enlightenment in Queens, New York, and as one of 130 on November 19, 2006 at Dharma Drum Retreat Center, both founded by Sheng-yen. His studies included Ch'an meditation that is focused on clearing the mind and embracing impermanence. <mask> incorporated these practices in his style of improvised music. As explained by <mask>, in an Avant Music News interview, "in music, if you have the technique well built...and want to improvise freely, you must empty your mind to...interplay spontaneously with the other musicians and allow the music to come through you. This to me is the correlation between the freer music and the Buddhist empty mind practice." Martial arts influence
In New York City's East Village in 1964, <mask> started studying Nisei Goju Ryu, an Okinawan form of Karate at the University of the Streets.His teachers were grandmaster Frank Ruiz and John Giordano. Lessons included vow making, bowing, and traditional meditation practices to focus the mind. By the early 1970s, <mask> achieved a black-belt level and started studying under Rick "The Fireman" Joslin, a frequent performer at The World of Martial Arts show put on by Aaron Banks. His training then took on a "street-style" of self-defense without the use of traditional uniforms or colored-belt achievements. In the early 2000s, Rader started practicing Qigong and Taiji under the tutelage of Wei Zhong Foo and Dororthy Chong. He then continued his studies at the International Buddhist Progress Society Temple under Robert Cheng. <mask> later took over teaching at this Temple after Cheng departed.<mask>'s next teacher was Chen Ji Fan and after years under his instruction and at his encouragement, <mask> began teaching Yang-style T'ai chi ch'uan, standing (Zhan Zhuang) meditation, and sitting meditation, starting his Fearless Mind School. <mask> states that he is inspired by these practices to enter a state of "empty mind", which allow him to embrace spontaneity in life and music. Teaching
<mask> taught the first jazz drumming course at several universities in Germany during the 1980s. His teaching concentrated on rudiments to enable students to develop the facility to independently move their hands and feet. Each class had at least two drum sets where <mask> and the students would play together, trading fours and eights, learning about song form and melodic playing. <mask> exposed students to other forms of music (like blues and his experience with jazz and lounge bands), often introducing them to saxophone or trumpet players he's worked with, to expand their musical knowledge and fidelity. He has taught at Detmold Hochschule, Musikschule Einbeck, PH Göttingen, and TU Braunschweig.

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title: Tolgay Özbey

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<mask> (born 12 April 1986) is an Australian professional soccer player, who last played for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW as a striker. Biography

Australian Clubs

Early in his career, <mask> was recognized for his contributions as a striker with Blacktown City Demons during which he was chosen as the NSW Premier League "Player of the Year" in 2006 and won the competition's top goal scorer award (Andreas Golden Boot Award) back-to-back in 2006 and 2007. The successful period in 2006 led to his recruitment on loan by A-League side Sydney FC for their 2005–06 season finals campaign. <mask>'s first appearance for Sydney came on 12 February 2006, as a substitute in the first leg of the semi-final against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium. Although <mask> was given a few minutes of game time during the final minutes of the first leg of the semi final against Adelaide, he remained an unused substitute for the rest of Sydney FC's campaign in which Sydney became eventual champions with their 1–0 victory over the Central Coast Mariners. <mask>'s stint at Sydney FC lead to his signing by former mentor Nick Theodorakopoulos who had just taken over charge at A-League side Newcastle Jets for the 2006–07 season. <mask>'s time at Newcastle didn't last long after Theodorakopoulos was sacked early on in the season.Following his attempt at an A-League career, <mask> returned to the NSW Premier League in 2008 with the Marconi Stallions. After a disappointing year with the Stallions, he signed with Sydney Olympic FC for the 2008 season. <mask> had previously played at Sydney Olympic FC during his youth career. In July 2009, he had trials in Turkey and was signed soon after by Bursa Nilüferspor and participated in the TFF Third League (TFF 3. Lig). Following the completion of the TFF 3. Lig 2009 season in which Bursa Nilüfer S.A.Ş.finished fourth and missed the opportunity to participate in the TFF 3. Lig Promotion Group, <mask> returned to Australia to again team up with Aytek Genç and many of his old comrades from the successful 2006 and 2007 Blacktown City Demons teams to play for Blacktown City FC in the NSW Premier League 2010 season. The 2010 NSW Premier League season proved to be fruitful for <mask> at Blacktown as he won a league record, third Golden Boot award with 22 goals from 19 matches bringing his total goals scored wearing the Blacktown guernsey to 76 from 75 matches. Furthermore, <mask> was voted the 2010 NSW Premier League Player of the Year. East Bengal

Following the completion of the 2010 NSW Premier League Finals Series, <mask> joined Indian club, East Bengal FC who will be competing in the All India Football Federation (AIFF) I-League as well as the AFC Cup to which East Bengal FC qualified after defeating arch rivals Mohun Bagan AC 1–0 in the 2010 AIFF Federation Cup (India). On 26 April in the 2011 AFC Cup at Barabati Stadium in Cuttack, he gave his side lead by finding the net the 20th minute, and then scored the all important equaliser in the 93rd minute against South China AA to manage a 3–3 draw. He also scored against Prayag United in East Bengal's 2–1 win, which secured a runner-up finish in the I-League.Mohun Bagan

Tolgay Ozbey switched to cross-city rivals Mohun Bagan for the 2012–13 season signing a 2-year deal worth Rs 3.3 crore. The transition was not smooth as the two clubs and the player involved themselves in reciprocal verbal attacks. Early in the season, he picked up an injury in the Federation Cup (India) and was out of action for a few months. He played a big part in Mohun Bagan's survival after being docked off all their points in the I-League. He appeared in 17 I-League matches for the club and scored 10 goals. He scored his first I-League goal for Mohun Bagan against Prayag United on 27 January 2013. He was a frequent scorer in the later half of the season as he scored braces against Sporting Clube de Goa and Pailan Arrows.He also scored goals against United Sikkim, Shillong Lajong, Air India (football club), Mumbai FC, ONGC FC. <mask> scored his first derby goal for Mohun Bagan in the last match of the season. The Australian striker had a good run down the right side of the East Bengal defense, before taking a powerful left-footed shot in the last minute of the match in Mohun Bagan's 2–3 loss in the Calcutta Premier Division decider. However, following some problems with the Mohun Bagan officials, he opted to leave the club. Mohammedan Sporting

Ozbey signed for newly promoted Mohammedan on a one-year deal for 2013–14 I-League season, hence joining the elusive list of players who have played for all three Kolkata giants. He started the season in style, scoring a goal in the Durand Cup final on 19 September 2013. Dempo
On 12 January 2014, <mask> signed for Goan giant Dempo SC in a one-year deal.He immediately responded to this new signing and scored four (4) goals against the defending champions Churchill Brothers S.C. On 30 May he signed an extension with the club. Return to Australia
Mid-way through the 2015 National Premier Leagues NSW season, Ozbey returned to Sydney Olympic, and debuted against Manly United. Whilst injury would go on to hamper the rest of his season, Ozbey returned for Olympic in their 2015 FFA Cup campaign against Gungahlin United and Hume City. In November 2015, it was announced that Ozbey had joined Rockdale City Suns for the 2016 National Premier Leagues NSW season. Personal life
<mask> is of Turkish descent and is nicknamed Tolly. Tolgay is a Galatasaray fan and writes regular columns for the Bengali tabloid Ebela. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Joins Sydney FC for the Finals
Tolgay ozbey football player

1986 births
Living people
Australian people of Turkish descent
Australian soccer players
A-League Men players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Blacktown City FC players
Marconi Stallions FC players
Newcastle Jets FC players
Sydney FC players
Sydney Olympic FC players
Sydney United 58 FC players
Rockdale City Suns FC players
Expatriate footballers in India
Australian expatriate sportspeople in India
I-League players
Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players
Dempo SC players
Indian Super League players
FC Goa players
Association football forwards
Expatriate footballers in Fiji
Calcutta Football League players

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title: Rabiu Afolabi

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<mask> (born 18 April 1980) is a Nigerian former professional footballer, who played as a centre-back. Career

Born in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, <mask> started his football career at NEPA Lagos. Standard Liège and Napoli loan

<mask> soon left his home country by moving to Belgium to Standard Liège after impressing at the 1997 Meridian Cup. Once he made a move to Belgium, <mask> immediately fell in love with the style of play. In the 1997–98 season, he played in three matches in the Eerste Klasse, of which two in the first team. Standard, however, played a poor season and finished 9th place in the table. In the next season he played in 26 league games, scored a goal and with Liège finishing in sixth place in the league.Standard has also played in the final of Cup of Belgium, losing 1–3 to Lierse S.K. In the 1999–2000 season, Standard finished fifth place; Afolabi made 24 appearances scoring 1 goal. Having become a regular player at Standard Liège, <mask> signed for Italian Serie A side Napoli on loan ahead of the 2000–01 season. At Napoli, he failed to break into the first team, in part due to injuries. When fit, he played in the club's reserves. After half a season in Italy, he returned to Liege. After the 2001–02 season he was named the best defender in Belgium, Standard finished fifth.The next season was not as successful: <mask> played only 14 league matches, Standard completed the season in the 7th position. Austria Wien
In 2003, <mask> decided to move to an Austrian club Austria Wien on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club in the Austrian Supercup, which Wien won 2–1 against FC Kärnten. Five days, he made his league debut for the club, again versus FC Kärnten, in a 2–1 loss. In his first season, <mask> played a total of 33 matches. In summer 2004 interest for was reported from Marseille, as well as other clubs. He played in 27 league games in the 2004–05 season, all from the first until the last minute, and scored one goal in a 3–0 win away match against FC Wacker Tirol.Austria finished third place, just behind rival Rapid Wien and Grazer AK. The following season, Afolabi played in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup tournament with Austria Wien, until the club was eliminated by Italian side Parma. Like last season, the club also won the Austrian Supercup. Sochaux
After the 2004–05 season, some Austria Wien players were linked a move away from clubs. Among them was also <mask>, who joined Sochaux for a €2 million transfer fee. In his Ligue 1 debut on 13 August 2005 he came on as a substitute for youngster Jérémy Ménez. Sochaux won the away match against Nice 2–1 but Afolabi was sent off in the 87th minute of the match.Towards the end of the season, <mask> scored his first goal, on 6 May 2006, in a draw at home to Troyes. The club finished in 15th place. <mask> spent four seasons at Sochaux. In his time there, he earned one title, the 2006–07 Coupe de France. He later stated that winning the cup was the greatest moment of his career. Red Bull Salzburg

After leaving Sochaux at the end of 2008–09 season as a free agent, <mask> returned to Austria, signing a two-year contract with Red Bull Salzburg having been previously linked with newly promoted Premier League side Burnley. He became a regular starter in central defence.In February 2010, he scored the winning goal away to title rivals SK Rapid Wien which helped keep the Red Bulls on course for the championship. Eventually, Red Bull Salzburg would win the title. On 7 November 2010, he made his 100th Austrian Bundesliga match having made 60 appearance for FK Austria Wien and 40 for Red Bull Salzburg). In December, it was reported that Salzburg were looking to transfer <mask> in the winter transfer window. After his second season in Salzburg, his contract was not renewed. Monaco
Following his release from Salzburg, <mask> was linked with German side Eintracht Frankfurt but on 31 August 2011, he returned to France joining recently relegated Monaco on a free transfer, agreeing to a two-year contract with the club. On 19 September 2011, he scored his debut goal in a 1–0 victory over against Arles-Avignon.Over time, he featured less and less at Monaco and after one year at the club, it was announced he had left the club by mutual consent with one year of his contract remaining. SønderjyskE and retirement
After eight months without a club, <mask> went on trial at Danish Superliga club SønderjyskE, with a view of earning a contract. On 13 March 2013, he eventually signed with the club for the rest of the 2012–13 season. On his debut for SønderjyskE, a match against Silkeborg IF on 28 March 2013, <mask> helped his team to a 5–0 victory over its bottom-table rivals. He was named as one of the best players on the field. Having played three matches he fractured a rib and was substituted during a match against Midtjylland. Afterwards, it was announced he would be out for between three and four weeks.Following his return, he went on to make five appearances in total helping the club survive relegation and finishing in eighth place. At the end of the season, the club remained keen on keeping him by offering him a new contract. However, <mask> chose to leave the club after three months there. After leaving Denmark, he announced his retirement and the intent to pursue a career in football management and scouting, having earned a certificate. International career
<mask> played a vital role for Nigeria in the 1999 African Youth Championship, coming from defence to score the two goals against Cameroon in the semi-final. Nigeria eventually finished second in the tournament after losing 0–1 to the hosts, Ghana, in the final. He then captained the Nigerian under-20 team in the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria.On 17 June 2000, <mask> made his full international debut for Nigeria in a 2002 World Cup qualifier against Sierra Leone. He was part of the Nigeria squads at the 2002 and 2010 World Cups. Style of play

<mask> is a strong and lanky central defender, who is good aerially and has a thunderous shot. He is also very versatile and can play as a fullback or defensive midfielder as well. Offensively, he is dangerous on set pieces. Trivia
His name, <mask>, means "Born into wealth". His nickname in Nigeria is Robocop because of his stiff movements.In 2011, <mask> was involved in a charity called "The Rabiu Afolabi Educational Foundation" by setting up a foundation, which he started out with a donation of 50,000 customised books worth about $20,000 to selected public primary and secondary schools in his home state of Oshun State. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Yoruba sportspeople
Sportspeople from Osogbo
Association football defenders
Nigerian footballers
Nigeria international footballers
Nigeria under-20 international footballers
Nigerian expatriate footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
S.S.C. Napoli players
Standard Liège players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
FK Austria Wien players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
AS Monaco FC players
SønderjyskE Fodbold players
NEPA Lagos players
Belgian First Division A players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Danish Superliga players
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Monaco
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Denmark

masks:
Rabiu Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi
Afolabi


title: Aleem Khan

texts:
<mask> is a Pakistani politician and a businessman who owns Samaa TV and Vision Group. He was also the Senior Minister of Punjab and Minister of Food. He is a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since August 2018. Previously, he served as a Provincial Minister of Punjab for Local Government and Community Development and Provincial Minister of Punjab for Planning and Development from 27 August 2018 to 6 February 2019. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from 2003 to 2007 and also served as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Information Technology for the same period. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 5 October 1972 in Lahore, Pakistan. He hails from Pashtun family of the Kakazai tribe.He received his early education from Crescent Model Higher Secondary School, Lahore. He graduated from the Government College University, Lahore in 1992 and has a degree of Bachelor of Arts. Philanthropy
Apart from politics, <mask> <mask> has made a foundation naming “Abdul Aleem Khan Foundation” which is currently working in various sectors of Education, Health and Community Development. The foundation is currently operating more than 60 water filtration plants in the under developed areas of Lahore. The foundation is running ten 10 free healthcare dispensaries, which provide free medical services and medicines to the people. <mask> <mask> foundation is running an Orphanage for the girls by the name of “Apna Ghar” which is providing free education and boarding facilities to the orphanage girls. Abdul Aleem Khan Foundation continuously makes financial contributions to the Health and Education sector by making donations to various educational institutions and health care institutes mainly as Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, INMOL, Ghurki Hospital, NAMAL University, Rising Sun Institute DHA and Mughalpura Campus.A.A.K Foundation constructed Hydrotherapy Swimming Pool and a Speech Therapy Department at Rinsing Sun Institute, DHA Campus for the Special Children. Foundation donated 2-Kanal of Land and also paid the construction cost of a state of the art Abdur Raheem Khan Campus, Mughalpura for the education of the special children. This campus consists of 3 floors and a basement including Hydrotherapy Pool, Management Centre and class rooms for the C.P children. Further, more than 200 children are sponsored by the Foundation for their studies at the Abdur Rahim Khan Campus, Mughalpura. 100% of the expenses such as utility, salaries of the teachers and allied staff and maintenance of the campus are being borne by the Abdul Aleem Khan Foundation. Abdul Aleem Khan Foundation also contributed actively in construction/extension of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital, Lahore and Peshawar and donated a huge amount for this purpose. In recognition of the donations by the Foundation, the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital, Lahore has named the third floor of the patients ward as Abdur Rahim <mask> Floor and Inpatient floor at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital, Peshawar named as Nasim Khan(Mother of Abdul Aleem <mask>) Floor.Mammography and X-Ray Machines had also been provided to the SKMT, Lahore and Peshawar. Foundation is currently running a project at Kot Lakhpat Jail, Lahore for rehabilitation of 60 bed Hospital, construction of Wash Rooms, provision of Desert Coolers etc. to prisoners. It is also pertinent to mention here that Abdul Aleem Khan Foundation has deposited a sum Rs: 3.9 Million in the Government Treasury during last five months in order to release the 44 prisoners who cannot afford to pay the fine on completion of their sentence. Business career
<mask> <mask> is the owner of Vision Group which is a leading real estate development company in Pakistan. Vision Group took its first step into existence when the Park View brand was introduced in Lahore's real estate market. Since then, there has been no looking back.Park View is now a major player in real estate developers on a national level. The park view by Vision Group has also not only taken its real estate projects to cities nationwide but has also diversified its businesses. Vision Group has entered the education sector with The National School which aims to equip the youth to excel in real life. Political career
<mask> made his political debut in 2002 and ran for the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency NA-127 (Lahore-X) in 2002 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 20,545 votes and lost the seat to Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-147 (Lahore-XI) in by-election held in January 2003 He received 18,059 votes and defeated Ameer ul Azim, a candidate of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA). On 15 November 2003, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi and was appointed as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Information Technology.He remained as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Information Technology till 2007. He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency NA-127 (Lahore-X) in 2008 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 13,707 votes and lost the seat to Naseer Ahmed Bhutta. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-147 (Lahore-XI) but was unsuccessful. He received 9,493 votes and lost the seat to Mohsin Latif. In January 2012, he quit PML-Q and joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). In February 2013, he was elected as Deputy President of PTI Lahore.He was not given ticket by PTI to contest in 2013 Pakistani general election. He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from Constituency NA-122 (Lahore-V) in by-election held in October 2015 but was unsuccessful. He received 72,043 votes and lost the seat to Sardar Ayaz Sadiq. He filed a petition with the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) to challenge the results of the by-election. He alleged rigging was done in the constituency and claimed of having evidence. In 2016, the ECP said that <mask> had submitted fake affidavits to prove the rigging allegation. In July 2016, PTI appointed him as the president of the party's central Punjab chapter.He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PP-158 (Lahore-XV) in 2018 Pakistani general election. On 27 August 2018, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister Sardar Usman Buzdar and was appointed as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Local Government and Community Development. He was given the status of a senior minister in the cabinet. In October 2018, Prime Minister Imran <mask> ordered <mask> to vacate the Punjab Chief Minister's camp office in Lahore after he was found of not fully cooperating with Chief Minister Usman Buzdar. In February 2019, he was arrested by the National Accountability Bureau (NAB). The same day, he announced his resignation as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Local Government and Community Development. On 13 April 2020, He has been inducted again in the Provincial Cabinet and been appointed as the Senior Minister of Punjab and  Provincial Minister of Punjab for Food.He is also the Chairman of the Corona Task Force in Punjab. In November 2021, He resigned as minister of food. Assets
He made two financial transactions of Rs 198 million and Rs 140 million during his tenure as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Information Technology between 2002 and 2007. According to documents submitted to the Election Commission of Pakistan in 2018, <mask> declared his assets worth . References

1972 births
Living people
People named in the Panama Papers
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MPAs (Punjab)
Punjab MPAs 2002–2007
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MPAs (Punjab)
Provincial ministers of Punjab
Punjab MPAs 2018–2023
Pakistanis named in the Pandora Papers

masks:
Abdul Aleem Khan
Khan
Aleem
Khan
Abdul Aleem
Khan
Khan
Khan
Abdul Aleem
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Tim Montgomerie

texts:
<mask> (born 24 July 1970) is a British political activist, blogger, and columnist. He is best known as the co-founder of the Centre for Social Justice and as creator of the ConservativeHome website, which he edited from 2005 until 2013, when he left to join The Times. He was formerly the newspaper's comment editor, but resigned in March 2014. On 17 February 2016, Montgomerie resigned his membership of the Conservative Party, citing the current leadership's stance on Europe, which has been supportive of EU membership. In 2019, he was briefly a special adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, advising on social justice issues. Montgomerie has been described as "one of the most important Conservative activists of the past 20 years", and in February 2012, The Observer said that "In the eyes of most MPs, Montgomerie [is] one of the most influential Tories outside the cabinet." He was listed in talk radio station LBC's list of top 100 most influential conservatives of 2019.Early life
<mask> was born into an army family in Barnstaple in 1970. He said in a Guardian interview that "his teenage Thatcherism was tempered by discovering evangelical Christianity at sixteen". Montgomerie was educated at the King's School, a secondary school in Gütersloh, Germany run by Service Children's Education (SCE) for children of military personnel. He then attended the University of Exeter, where he studied Economics and Geography, and ran the Conservative Association with Robert Halfon, Sajid Javid and David Burrowes, all future Conservative members of parliament. At Exeter University, Montgomerie and Burrowes also started the Conservative Christian Fellowship (CCF) in December 1990, supported by the Christian Coalition of America. During this period, he argued that the Conservative Party should form closer links with churches on issues such as homosexuality and Section 28, saying that the party should "expose the unbiblical and the libertine". He has since reversed his position on those issues.He served as Director of the CCF from 1990 to 2003. Career
Montgomerie worked briefly at the Bank of England in the 1990s as a statistician, where his responsibilities included the Russian economy and the study of systemic risk in financial systems. Conservative Party Central Office
From 1998 to 2003, Montgomerie was the speech-writer for two Conservative Party leaders, William Hague, and then Iain Duncan Smith. He also had responsibility for the Conservative Party's outreach to faith communities and the voluntary sector. In September 2003, Montgomerie became Conservative Party leader Duncan Smith's Chief of Staff; Duncan Smith was replaced by Michael Howard two months later. He had become a main influence behind Duncan Smith's theme of compassionate conservatism. Centre for Social Justice
In 2004, with Iain Duncan Smith and Philippa Stroud, Montgomerie established the Centre for Social Justice to take forward the work on "compassionate conservatism" that Smith had begun as party leader.Following the tradition of people such as William Wilberforce, the Earl of Shaftesbury and Richard Oastler he aimed to make the condition of the poor a priority. He established a social action project called "Renewing One Nation" which helped Duncan Smith focus on these issues. ConservativeHome

On 28 March 2005, Montgomerie launched the ConservativeHome website in the period just before the general election campaign that year. With Conservative MP John Hayes, he also set up conservativedemocracy.com, which successfully co-ordinated grassroots opposition to party leader Michael Howard's attempt to abolish the "one member, one vote" rule in the 2005 Conservative leadership election. In September 2006, The Independent described Montgomerie as "emerging as a major player in Tory politics." He was critical of the A-List and argued that the party leader after 2005, David Cameron, was in danger of alienating working-class Tory voters, and pressed Cameron for specific pledges on tax cuts. He supported the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales arguing that it was a way to strengthen the institution more generally.Through ConservativeHome, Montgomerie was used as an expert on internet campaigning by Conservative Central Office. Internet television
Montgomerie was a director of the internet television channel 18 Doughty Street which began broadcasting in October 2006 and went off air in November 2007. While at 18 Doughty Street, Montgomerie hosted its 'Campaign HQ' programme, which developed the channel's Internet political advertisements after allowing viewers to vote on a choice of (usually) three different proposals. Previous adverts included attacks on taxes, state funding of political parties, and London Mayor Ken Livingstone. The latest, "A World Without America", with an end scene depicting the Statue of Liberty wearing a burqa, was co-produced by 18 Doughty Street and the website BritainAndAmerica, and had 50,000 views within its first 24 hours of publication. Since 2010

Montgomerie continued to edit ConservativeHome alongside others including co-editor Jonathan Isaby, assistant editor Joseph Willits, deputy editor Matthew Barrett, and Isaby's replacement, former Conservative MP Paul Goodman After the 2010 general election Montgomerie wrote a report that was critical of David Cameron's election campaign, entitled "Falling short". Montgomerie has promoted the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory and wrote in The Times in 2013, "The 20th century was far from an overwhelming victory for the right.Though revolutionary Marxism died, its fellow traveller, cultural Marxism, prospered." Through his prominence with ConservativeHome, Montgomerie wrote frequent articles on Conservative politics for The Guardian and The Times, and occasionally for the Daily Mail, The Independent, and the Financial Times. In April 2011, he became a columnist for The Sunday Telegraph, but in October of the same year, Montgomerie resigned from his column, after a series of attacks on him by the Mandrake column in The Daily Telegraph, its sister paper. Montgomerie wrote that a tweet critical of the Daily Telegraph editor Tony Gallagher had started the attacks. Montgomerie became a columnist for The Times soon after. In February 2013, Montgomerie announced that in April that year he would join The Times as comment editor, replacing Anne Spackman, but maintained a role as an "advisor" and weekly blogger for ConservativeHome. He founded the UnHerd website in 2017 "to appeal to people who instinctively refuse to follow the herd and also... to investigate 'unheard' ideas, individuals and communities".On 25 September 2018, he announced that he had left UnHerd. In September 2019, Montgomerie was appointed as "social justice adviser" to the Prime Minister in Number 10 Downing Street. On 31 January 2020, he said on the BBC's Politics Live that the role lasted until the election was called in November 2019 and that he was now in discussions with Boris Johnson regarding a new advisory role following Johnson's success in that election. By May 2020 Montgomerie had become a frequent critic of the government, in particular of the Prime Minister's Senior Adviser Dominic Cummings and the Prime Minister himself. In 2020, Montgomerie was reported as saying that the British government should have a "special relationship" with Hungary post-Brexit, saying at a meeting of the Danube Institute that "Budapest and Hungary have been home, I think, for an awful lot of interesting early thinking on the limits of liberalism, and I think we are seeing that in the UK as well. So I hope there will be a special relationship with Hungary amongst other states." Montgomerie had been appointed Boris Johnson's Social Justice advisor in the September of that year and the Labour Party called for his removal from the position, accusing him of "Cosying up to a government which peddles antisemitic and Islamophobic rhetoric, attacks migrants and refugees and undermines judicial and media independence".Personal life
<mask> is a Christian. He is single. References

External links

 <mask>ie Interviewed by Sophie Elmhirst

Living people
1970 births
Alumni of the University of Exeter
People associated with the Bank of England
British bankers
British bloggers
British television presenters
Conservative Party (UK) officials

masks:
Timothy Montgomerie
Montgomerie
Montgomerie
Tim Montgomer


title: Isabel de Madariaga

texts:
<mask> (27 August 1919 – 16 June 2014) was a British historian who specialised on Russia in the 18th century and Catherine the Great. She published six books on Russia and is credited for changing the perception of Catherine the Great amongst Russian and Western scholars. Born to a Spanish diplomat and a Scottish economic historian, she was taught at 16 schools during her childhood and earned a first-class honours degree in Russian language and literature at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES). <mask> worked for BBC Monitoring in the Second World War, and was a civil servant at the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury. She held a series of part-time posts at the London School of Economics, was secretary on the editorial board of The Slavonic and East European Review, co-founded the Government and Opposition journal's editorial board and was a lecturer at the University of Sussex, Lancaster University and the SSEES. Early life and career
<mask> was born at 7 Park Circus Place in Hillhead, Glasgow on 27 August 1919. She was the younger daughter of the Spanish diplomat and writer <mask> and the Scottish economic historian Constance Helen Margaret (née Archibald).Her elder sister was the writer Nieves Mathews. As a consequence of her father's career, <mask> lived in Geneva during her early years because he was working for the League of Nations before he moved to Paris to be the United States ambassador for the Spanish republic. She was taught at sixteen different schools, including Miss Woods's school in Headington, the International School of Geneva and Instituto-Escuela in Madrid. She learnt to play the piano in the ballroom of the Spanish Embassy and met a wide variety of cultured individuals such as Maurice Ravel. This made De Madariaga passionate about music and she was fluent in English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish. Her family was forced to move to the United Kingdom after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936. At the age of 18, <mask> went to London and was the first woman undergraduate student to enroll on a Russian language and literature degree at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSESS).She earned first-class honours in 1940 and the John Marshall Prize. The outbreak of the Second World War disrupted her studying and <mask> was evacuated to Oxford. Because she was a polyglot, the BBC employed her to work as a monitor of enemy broadcasts for BBC Monitoring in Evesham from 1940 to 1943. <mask> was reticent to talk about her wartime work, and found her job to be instructive and liberating. She later moved to London to work as a temporary civil servant at the Ministry of Information and later at HM Treasury's economic information unit between 1947 and 1948. Due to <mask> being married, she found it difficult to forge a career in academia and held a series of part-time positions at the London School of Economics. She did research for her husband and the University College London professor Mark A. Thompson.<mask> was secretary on the editorial board of The Slavonic and East European Review from 1951 to 1964, a post that allowed her to do part-time research, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy for a two-volume dissertation, on Anglo-Russian relations during the American Revolutionary War. It was published as Britain, Russia and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris’s Mission to St Petersburg during the American Revolution in 1962 and provided a greater insight into Russian court politics. In 1965, <mask> was a co-founder of the editorial board of the Government and Opposition journal and wrote substantial reviews for it. Because she resided in Highgate, she lectured at the University of Sussex from 1966 to 1968 and then the Lancaster University between 1968 and 1971. <mask> worked with the multi disciplinary Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia from 1968 on. Her second book was co-written by Ghiță Ionescu in 1968 and called Opposition, Past and Present of a Political Institution. Three years later, she returned to the SSESS to be appointed a reader in Russian studies and remained in the post until 1981.<mask> published her third book Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great in 1981 that compiled previously published research without access to archives in Russia on Catherine the Great's reign of Russia from 1762 to 1796 with regards to the development of education, intellectual thought, law and serfdom. It was republished as Catherine the Great: A Short History and translated into Russian in 2002. In 1982, the SSESS promoted her to emeritus professor of Russian Studies. Few research students studied under <mask> by the time she retired in 1984 and notable ones included Janet M. Hartley and Pia Pera. She had helped to establish the Russian Studies course, was chairperson of its Academic Assembly and served as a member of its Council when it was under threat of closure. <mask> was elected as a fellow of the British Academy in 1990 and was made a corresponding member of the Real Academia de la Historia a year later. The Dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 allowed her works to be published in Russia and to be used by the country's historians.She compiled 13 essays to form a 1998 collection called Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia. Her final book Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia was published in 2005. Private life

<mask> was married to the barrister and historian Leonard Schapiro from 15 March 1943 to 1976. There were no children of the marriage. A fall at her house in mid-2014 resulted in her being hospitalised. After a series of operations, which did not bring about an improvement in her condition, <mask> died of bronchopneumonia at the Royal Free Hospital, London Borough of Camden on 16 June 2014. She was survived by a nephew and a niece.Personality and legacy
She was given the nickname "Lolita" in her childhood years and was not easy to know. According to Hamish Scott in her obituary in The Guardian, <mask> had a "shyness and lack of self-confidence manifested themselves in an imposing, austere and intimidating public manner." He noted recognition in the professional field led her to become more kind and more interested in individuals and assisted fellow specialists: "The determination that had enabled her eventually to become a full-time academic also sustained her intellectual curiosity long into old age." <mask> was credited for transforming the study of Russia in the 18th century and had changed perception on how Catherine the Great and Ivan the Terrible were viewed by scholars and Russian and Western historians. Before her works were published, little attention had been focused on Catherine's achievements on wanting Russia to "take her rightful place as a civilised member of the family of European great powers" while under various constraints during her reign, and more on her private life. References

External links
 University of London Profile

1919 births
2014 deaths
People from Hillhead
British people of Spanish descent
British people of Scottish descent
International School of Geneva alumni
Alumni of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Academics of the University of Sussex
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
British women historians
20th-century British historians
21st-century British historians
20th-century British women
21st-century British women
Historians of Russia
Fellows of the British Academy
Corresponding members of the Real Academia de la Historia

masks:
Isabel Margaret de Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
Salvador de Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
Da Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga
De Madariaga