title: Gideon Amichay

texts:
<mask> (; born 1963) is an Israeli advertising executive, marketer and author. He is the founder and chief creative officer of No, No, No, No, No, Yes, a creative boutique in New York and Tel Aviv. He also teaches at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. From May 1994 to November 2011, he acted as the Chief Creative Officer & Joint Managing Partner at Shalmor Avnon Amichay/Y&R, Tel Aviv, Israel. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Holon, Israel. He served in the IDF as a graphic designer and a reporter in the IDF's weekly newspaper "Bamahane". In 1990 <mask> graduated with honors his visual Communication studies at the "Betzalel Art Academy" in Jerusalem, and School of Visual Arts in New York.In 2008, <mask> graduated with honors his EMBA studies for company leaders at the Berlin School of Creative Leadership. Career
<mask> began drawing cartoons for television and newspapers at the age of 14. <mask>'s cartoons and articles were published in many newspapers in Israel, including "Yediot Aharonot", "Globes", "Ha'aretz", "The Marker", "Calcalist" and "Ma'ariv", where he also started working as a cartoonist and journalist. Later, his cartoons were also published abroad, including in "The New Yorker" (1995). In 1990, <mask> started his journey in the world of advertising as a creative director at the "Warshavsky Froehlich Dover/Grey" advertising agency. In May 1994 he joined Rami Shalmor and Shlomi Avnon as a partner and they turned into the "Shalmor Avnon Amichay" agency, where he served as joint CEO and Chief Creative Officer. Later, the agency joined the international Young & Rubicam network.From July 2011, the company's founders, Rami Shalmor, Shlomi Avnon and <mask>, became active chairmen. Amichay gave many lectures in Israel, including in Tel Aviv University, IDC Herzliya, Hebrew University, Betzalel Art Academy, The Neri Bloomfield School, and Shenkar College. Some of Amichay's lectures were broadcast live on Israel's Channel 2 website. <mask> was also invited to be a keynote speaker abroad, including in Eurobest (2009), New York Festivals (2010), in Shanghai, in Cannes Lions Festival (2011), in The School of Visual Arts, in Berlin School of Creative Leadership (2018) and in the Israel Marketing Association convention (2021). <mask> was a committee member for the  and, together with Ze'ev Ravid, they led the museum's branding campaign. <mask> was a member of the Young & Rubicam creative board for 10 years. On September 11, 2011, Amichay has partnered with Aniboom and initiated a project to honor the upcoming 10th anniversary of September 11 attacks by bringing together animators from all over the world.<mask> envisioned that each participant would create a short animation inspired by the title: 9/11. It had been ten years. One of the videos was made by <mask> himself. In 2011, <mask> published his first book in Hebrew - "לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, לא, כן" that translate to: "No, No, No, No, No, No, No, Yes", The English edition - “No, No, No, No, No, Yes. Insights From a Creative Journey” was published in the US in January 2014. The book can be found at the MoMA store in New York as well as other venues. In 2016 he published his second book in Hebrew - “נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, נו, יס” - A Creative Journey in New York.In 2021 <mask> published his third book "אלף בית של גימל" ("Alef bet shel Gimel") - a creative journey in the stations of life. The book was printed and published in Hebrew with two different covers. In December 2012 <mask> gave a talk as a part of TEDx Jerusalem bearing the same name ("No, No, No, No, No, No, No, Yes")

In 2013 he founded No, No, No, No, No, Yes, a creative boutique in New York and later moved its office into Tel Aviv. Among its clients are Lion Brand Yarns DOGTV, Mercedes-Benz Israel, Hyundai Israel,  and others. In July 2013 the company created a content project for the Hebrew Wikipedia 10th anniversary, in cooperation with the Hebrew Wikipedia and Channel 2 news – Israeli News Company. In 2016 the agency created The Cyber Horse for The Blavatnik Interdisciplinary Cyber Research Center (ICRC) - Tel Aviv University. The Cyber Horse is a piece of work created with thousands of infected computer and cell phone components.It illustrates the increasing use of malware in making cyberspace a hostile environment. It was created in order to prompt national and international awareness of the dangers of cyber-attacks. The project earned impressions around the world such as CBS NEWS, The Times UK, The Economist, The Telegraph, Le Monde, Der Spiegel)

Awards and achievements

In his position of Chief Creative Officer at Shalmor Avnon Amichay, <mask> led the agency to win many awards, including:

19 Cannes Lions awards, the largest number of Cannes Lions awards for an Israeli agency (up to 2012). An internet campaign for Danone Strauss, which achieved a record number of votes- approximately 10,000,000, for a campaign voting for the pictures shown on yogurt cups. Archive magazine granted the main interview to Amichay in a 2011 edition (11-1). The agency won the One Show Silver Pencil Award for the Israel Aids Task Force "Get Tested Project" and is the only Israeli agency that won it (up to 2011). The UN granted a special award to the agency for the Israel Aids Task Force SDIA project (2010).The agency was awarded the title of agency of the year in the Young and Rubicam worldwide agency (from 184 agencies) and won the Jewel Award. The agency won 2nd Media Agency of the Year at the Cannes Lions Festival (2009)
The agency won the Grand Prix in London International Awards (LIA) (2009) for the radio campaign for the Israel Aids Task Force. The agency won the Grand Prix in the New York Festival (1999) for the radio campaign encouraging advertising through the radio. The agency won the Gold Clio twice, for "Internet Shutdown Project" (2008), and the Israel Aids Task Force's SDIA Project (2010), the agency is the only Israeli agency that won this award (up to 2011). The agency won the Grand Prix in the Golden Drum competition, for the Israel Aids Task Force SDIA project. During 2008, the Israeli Marketing Association granted <mask> the title of "Marketing man of the month" in Israel for excellence in marketing Israeli advertising worldwide
Under his leadership, the Agency won "Agency of the year" many times (2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007). The agency won 20 Effie Awards including a Platinum (2005) & a Grand Effie(2006).The first ever Grand Prix at PIAF was awarded to the Get Tested Project. (2011)

Jury member
Cannes Lions (Direct Lions Jury President)[2012]
Cresta (Grand Jury President)
AdPrint
Clio. Eurobest. New York Festival. Creative Heads. References

External links
 <mask>'s blog
 <mask>'s - at the Creative Heads competition
 <mask>'s "speech from the crowd" at Cannes Lions 2012 Ceremony - the Direct Lions Jury President speech. <mask>, The Modern Consumer, an article in the weekly Campaign Magazine
 an interview for BestAdsOnTV.com during Cannes Festival 2011

Advertising people
Israeli cartoonists
Israeli male writers
Jewish Israeli artists
Living people
1963 births
People from Holon
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design alumni

masks:
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay
Gideon Amichay


title: Reg Harris

type: original

texts:
<mask> OBE (1 March 1920 – 22 June 1992) was a British track racing cyclist in the 1940s and 1950s. He won the world amateur sprint title in 1947, two Olympic silver medals in 1948, and the professional title in 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1954. His ferocious will to win made him a household name in the 1950s, but he also surprised many with a comeback more than 20 years later, winning a British title in 1974 at the age of 54. Early life

<mask> was born as <mask> at 7 Garden Street, Birtle, Bury, Lancashire,. His mother, Elsie Hargreaves, a cotton weaver, remarried and <mask> took the name of his stepfather, an engineer and businessman called <mask>. <mask> left school without qualifications and his first job was as an apprentice motor mechanic in Bury, soon moving from the workshop to the salesroom. During this period, at the age of 14, he bought his first bicycle, and entered a roller-racing competition organised by the Hercules bicycle manufacturing company.Amateur career and military service

His ability attracted the attention of other cyclists and <mask> joined the Bury section of the Cyclists' Touring Club and then its racing offshoot, the Lancashire Road Club. In 1935, he won his first race, a half-mile handicap event held on a grass track in Bury, and also started competing in individual time trials. <mask> moved from the motor mechanics job to a slipper factory, then, in early 1936, to a paper mill which he felt would pay him enough in the winter to spend the summer training and competing. During 1936, he raced on grass tracks in Lincolnshire, then competed in and won his first events in conventional competition at Fallowfield Stadium in Fallowfield, Manchester. In early 1937, he was confident he could support himself as an athlete, selling the prizes he won as an amateur, and left the paper mill to focus on the summer cycle racing season, returning to the mill the following winter (repeating the process the following year). He continued to win races and attract attention, and by the summer of 1938 was able to beat the existing British sprint champion. At the end of that season, he joined Manchester Wheelers' Club, and in 1939 won a major race in Coventry, leading to his selection for the world championship in Milan, Italy.He travelled to Milan and had familiarised himself with the Velodromo Vigorelli when World War II broke out and the British team was recalled to the UK. <mask> joined the 10th Hussars in the North African campaign as a tank driver but was wounded, transferred to the Royal Army Service Corps, and later invalided out of the services as medically unfit in 1943. He liked to joke that he was one of the few men to leave the army less fit than when he joined. Despite the judgment of the army medics, in 1944, he won the , quarter-mile and five-mile (8 km) national cycling championships. He retained the two shorter titles in 1945 and added the half-mile on grass. He was invited to race in Paris in 1945 and again impressed the crowds, and he was expected to do well in the 1946 world championships in Zurich, Switzerland, only to have his chances ruined by an over-enthusiastic pre-race massage. <mask>'s amateur world championship achievements were celebrated in 1947 when Cycling Weekly awarded him his own page in the Golden Book of Cycling.By the time <mask> won the world amateur sprint title in Paris in 1947, he was already employed and equipped by bicycle manufacturer Claud Butler and was testing the boundaries of amateurism. The cycling world expected that <mask> would take three titles in the 1948 Summer Olympics: the sprint, the tandem sprint and the kilometre time trial, but three months before the London Games, he broke two ribs in a road accident. After hospital, with a few weeks remaining to the games, training, competing and winning, he fell in a ten-mile (16 km) race at Fallowfield and fractured an elbow. Completing the rest of his preparation in a plaster cast, he had to be satisfied with two silvers, being beaten by Italy's Mario Ghella in the final of the sprint, and partnering Alan Bannister to second place in the tandem sprint (timetable constraints meant <mask>'s place in the kilometre was taken by another rider, Tommy Godwin, who won a bronze medal). Two weeks later, he claimed a bronze medal in the 1948 world championships sprint in Amsterdam. He was named sportsman of the year by a poll in 1949, winning by 7,000 votes over the football player, Billy Liddell. Professional career

On his return from Amsterdam, <mask> turned professional under sponsorship of the Raleigh bicycle company.He was paid £1 000 a year with a bonus of £100 if he won a world championship, £50 for every grand prix and £25 for every British record. <mask> was aware of his commercial attraction to race promoters and even as an amateur drove a Jaguar Mark IV. His earnings in the 1950s have been put at £12 000 a year. He dominated Raleigh's advertising for a decade and, despite coming from a sport with no great following in Britain, he was as familiar as Stanley Matthews and Stirling Moss. In 1949 he won the world professional sprint championship in Copenhagen – a victory he repeated the following two years in Belgium and Milan. He then won a fourth and final world professional title in Cologne in 1954. He won the Sports Journalists' Association's accolade of Sportsman of the Year in 1950, and was runner-up in 1949 and 1951.He retired in 1957 to devote himself to business interests, none of which suited his tastes or abilities. He managed Fallowfield Stadium, renamed the Harris Stadium; he was involved in various abortive ventures associated with Raleigh; and he started a 'Reg Harris' bicycle manufacturing business in Macclesfield which lasted three years before folding. He then worked in sales promotion for the 'Gannex' raincoat company, before working for two plastic foam producers. In the 1960s he owned and managed the Reg Harris Petrol & Motor Service Station on Wilmslow Road in Didsbury, Manchester, which is now the site of the Shell Petrol Station on the corner of Grange Road. In 1971, he returned to racing, winning a bronze medal in the British championship in Birmingham after little preparation. With more training behind him, he approached the British championship in Leicester in 1974 in more confident mood, and beat Trevor Bull to win the title at the age of 54. In 1975, he returned to Leicester, but was narrowly beaten by Bull in the final and had to settle for the silver medal.He continued to cycle almost to his death. Legacy

A memorial to his achievements can be found in the National Cycling Centre in Manchester. <mask>'s achievements are marked annually with the Reg Harris Sportive, organised by his family and friends. The inaugural event on 25 August 2013 raised money for charities. In popular culture, <mask> is referenced in the Hancock's Half Hour episode 'The Junkman'. Personal life

He was married three times. The first two marriages (in 1944 to Florence Stage (daughter of the former Bury F.C.captain Billy Stage), then to Dorothy Hadfield) ended in divorce. He married Jennifer Anne Geary in 1970. He died in Macclesfield, Cheshire, of a stroke, survived by his third wife, and was buried at St John's Church in the north Cheshire village of Chelford.

masks:
Reginald Hargreaves Harris
Harris
Reginald Hargreaves
Reginald
Joseph Harris
Reg Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris


title: Ludwig Hahn

texts:
<mask> (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a German SS-Standartenführer, Nazi official and convicted war criminal. He held numerous positions with the police and security services over the course of his career with the Schutzstaffel (SS). As a senior officer of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service) in occupied-Poland, <mask> was directly involved in the destruction and liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto (1942) and the brutal suppression of both the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943) and the Warsaw Uprising (1944). Biography
The son of a prosperous farmer of the same name, <mask> was born on January 23, 1908 in the rural town of Eitzen, Uelzen district, Province of Hanover in what was then the German Empire. <mask> attended Volksschule as a youth and was then enrolled at the Lüneburg Realgymnasium, graduating in 1927. <mask> went on to study financial law at the University of Göttingen where he became a member of the National Socialist German Students' League. In February 1930 he joined both the Nazi Party (NSDAP Nr.194 463) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), where he would rise to the rank of Scharführer (corporal). After successfully defending his dissertation before the Faculty of Law at the University of Jena, <mask> obtained his doctorate of jurisprudence (Dr. jur.) in July 1932. He joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) in April 1933 (SS Nr. 65 823) and was assigned to the 17th SS-Standarte (regiment) in Lüneburg and later transferred to the 26th SS-Standarte in Hamburg. Early Nazi career
After attending the Nazi Party's State School for Leadership and Politics, <mask> joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in May 1934 and was attached to the SS Regional Headquarters in Weimar as a member of the Stabswache.<mask> qualified as a lawyer after completing his legal clerkship in April 1935 and became a member of the National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals (NS-Rechtswahrerbund). That same year he married Charlotte Steinhoff, sister of the Luftwaffe fighter pilot Johannes Steinhoff, who later served as a senior General with the postwar West German Air Force and was also Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 1971-1974. The couple would have four children. <mask> began his career with the Nazi security services in June 1935 when he was employed as a consultant (Referent) by the SD-Hauptamt in Berlin. The following year he served as Deputy Director of the Gestapo bureau in Hanover, before returning to Berlin in November 1936 to work as a legal counselor (Regierungsassessor) at Gestapo Headquarters. <mask> underwent military-training with the Wehrmacht in Brandenburg an der Havel and was subsequently reassigned to Weimar as Director of the city's Gestapo branch (Kriminalrat) and Deputy Chief of the Security Police (Stellvertreter Polizeiprasident). He would hold this position from April 1937 to August 1939.<mask> was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannfuhrer (major) in September, 1938. During the build-up to World War II he was transferred to Vienna, Austria in preparation for the looming invasion of Poland. He was assigned to Einsatzgruppe I under the command of Brigadeführer Bruno Streckenbach, and was given command of the sub-unit of Einsatzkommando 1/I. During the invasion of Poland in September 1939, <mask> and his unit were attached to the German 14th Army in the territories of Silesia and Malopolska. World War II
<mask> and his Einsatzkommando took part in the arrests and executions carried out as part of Intelligenzaktion, the Nazi extermination campaign targeting the Polish intelligentsia. Between September and November 1939 <mask> and Einsatzgruppe I were involved in the mass-killing of Polish public officials, activists, intellectuals and army officers in the cities of Katowice, Sanok and Podlesie. They also played a leading role in the expulsion of the Jewish population from the town of Dynow and managed their subsequent deportation into Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.Beginning in January 1940 <mask> took over as Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the occupied city of Kraków. Here he would oversee Sonderaktion Krakau, an SS operation which involved the deportation of hundreds of professors and other academics from Jagiellonian University to various concentration camps in Germany. He also served as chief of the "Police Emergency Court" (Standgericht) at Montelupich Prison. In this capacity <mask> was instrumental in the implementation of the German AB-Aktion in Poland. In August 1940 <mask> was transferred to Bratislava, Slovakia where had been appointed Special Representative (Sonderbeauftragter) of the Reichsführer-SS. In this position <mask> served as SS leader Heinrich Himmler's personal emissary to the Nazi-allied government of the Slovak Republic under Jozef Tiso. From April to June 1941 <mask> was stationed in Athens, Greece where he commanded Einsatzgruppe Griechenland during the Balkan Campaign.Following the German victory in the offensive, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and returned to his diplomatic post in Slovakia. Warsaw

In August 1941, <mask> returned to Poland and was appointed Commander of the SiPo and SD for the city of Warsaw. During his tenure <mask> was directly involved in the implementation of the Holocaust in Poland. While serving under SS and Police Leader Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg in the summer of 1942, <mask> collaborated with Brigadefuhrer Odilo Globocnik and other personnel associated with Operation Reinhard to carry out the destruction and liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto. Nearly 265,000 Jews perished in the operation, either in mass-shootings conducted by the SS or after being deported to the extermination camp at Treblinka. As a deputy officer to SS and Police Leader Jurgen Stroop, <mask> also had a leading role in the bloody suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April and May 1943. The brutal pacification of the Ghetto by the SS resulted in the deaths of 13,000 Jews either killed in the fighting or executed.<mask> later orchestrated the deportation of another 56,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka in the aftermath of the rebellion. In April 1944, <mask> was promoted to the rank of SS-Standartenfuhrer (colonel) and received the further title of Oberst der Polizei. During August/October 1944 Warsaw Uprising by the Polish Home Army <mask> fought with the Waffen-SS, leading a battalion of 700 men in the southern districts of the city and later in the downtown area. He also personally commanded the defense of Warsaw’s heavily fortified government district. Following the capitulation of the uprising, <mask>, acting on instructions from Himmler, ordered the mass-killing of Polish civilians in retaliation for the rebellion. Between August and September of 1944 an estimated 5 to 10 thousand men women and children were shot by the Gestapo, mainly in the ruins of the former General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces. <mask> was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st Class for his service in the Uprising.Later service with the SS
In November 1944, <mask> departed Warsaw and returned to Germany. He was stationed in the town of Cochem and was appointed commander of Einsatzgruppe L which was attached to the German Sixth Panzer Army during the Battle of the Bulge. After the failure of the Ardennes offensive, <mask> was transferred to Army Group Vistula on the Eastern Front to serve as a delegate for the SiPo and SD on the general staff of SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Carl Oberg during the Vistula-Oder offensive. In February 1945, he was reassigned to Dresden, where he briefly served as Stabsführer (chief of staff) to SS-Gruppenführer Ludolf von Alvensleben, the Higher SS and Police Leader for the Elbe. <mask> was next appointed Commander of the SiPo and SD for the city of Wiesbaden in March, 1945. However, he was quickly displaced from this position after the city fell to the Allies and instead took over as Commander of the SiPo and SD for Gau Westphalia-North. <mask> was also charged with overseeing the security detail for Gauleiter Alfred Meyer.During the final weeks of the war <mask> and his staff fled to Hessisch-Oldendorf to escape the Allied advance. He was taken prisoner by the British Army on April 12, 1945 but successfully escaped from custody shortly afterward. Postwar life
<mask> remained in Germany after 1945 and went into hiding in Bad Eilsen in the British occupation zone, working for several years as a laborer and farmhand. He later moved to Wuppertal where he worked as a salesman with the textile company of Scharpenack & Teschenmacher. He resumed using his real name in 1949. At a denazification hearing in 1950, <mask>'s wife Charlotte falsely claimed to British authorities that her husband had been taken prisoner by the Russians and deported, prompting the British Army to end its war crimes investigation of him. Afterward, <mask> would go on to pursue a successful postwar career as an insurance broker in West Germany.In 1951 his father-in-law arranged for him to take a position as Deputy Director for Organizational Matters with the Hanover branch of Karlsruher Lebensversicherung A.G. He rose to the office of branch manager in 1955. <mask> and his family relocated to Hamburg in 1958 where he had been hired as head of the life insurance division of Hans Rudolf Schmidt & Co. GmbH. The family settled in a comfortable home in the suburb of Bonningstedt. Trials and convictions

<mask>'s identity was uncovered by journalists in 1960. Following an inquiry by the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes, <mask> was arrested by the West German federal police for his suspected involvement in the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto. He was held by West German investigators for a year, however no charges were brought and he was released in 1961.Following his release <mask> took a position with the Hamburg branch of Investors Overseas Service. He retired in 1967. He was again arrested by West German police in 1965 and again in 1966 but was only briefly held each time and never charged with any crime. It was not until May 1972 that <mask> was successfully charged with war crimes by the Higher Regional Court of Hamburg. The now 65-year-old <mask> was found guilty in connection with wartime atrocities committed at the Pawiak prison in Warsaw. <mask> was sentenced to 12 years in prison in June 1973 but petitioned the court for an appeal of the verdict. After a two-year review of the trial and the evidence, <mask>'s appeal was rejected by the West German judiciary and he entered prison in March 1975.During the appeals process, <mask> was also on trial in a different West German court; this case surrounded his alleged role in the deportation of an estimated 230,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka. The proceedings opened in October 1974 and <mask> was again found guilty at trial. On 4 July 1975 <mask> was given a further sentence of life imprisonment. Suffering from cancer, <mask> was granted early release from prison in September 1983. He died in Ammersbek on 10 November 1986.

masks:
Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn


title: Bryan Hughes

texts:
<mask> (born 19 June 1976) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1994 to 2015. He played in the Premier League for Birmingham City, Charlton Athletic and Hull City as well as featuring in the Football League for Wrexham, Derby County, Burton Albion and Accrington Stanley, in the Conference for Grimsby Town, and for Icelandic club ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar. He finished his career at non-league club Scarborough Athletic. <mask> went into coaching, first as player-coach and joint manager of Scarborough Athletic, then at a York-based academy, and most recently as manager of Wrexham. Playing career

Wrexham
Born in Liverpool, Merseyside, <mask> initially made his name at Wrexham, guiding them to the FA Cup quarter finals in 1996–97 with the goals he scored on that cup run. It was his performances in the FA Cup for Wrexham that caught the attention of Birmingham City. <mask> scored against Colwyn Bay, Scunthorpe United, West Ham United and Birmingham before the Welsh outfit bowed out to Chesterfield.In March 1997, Trevor Francis paid £1,000,000 to take him to St Andrew's. Birmingham City
<mask> made a total of 293 appearances for the Blues, scoring 42 goals, and was an essential part of Steve Bruce's side's playoff-winning season in 2002, and their first and second seasons in the Premier League, before his switch to south-east London. While at Birmingham he played in the 2001 Football League Cup Final as a substitute; although he scored his penalty, Birmingham lost the shootout 5–4. Having rejected a new deal with Birmingham, in July 2004 he moved to Charlton Athletic, signing a three-year contract. Charlton Athletic
<mask> made his debut for Charlton against Bolton Wanderers on 14 August 2004, when he came on as a substitute for Matt Holland who was injured after twelve minutes. He bagged a brace in a 4–1 FA Cup win over Rochdale at The Valley in January 2005his first goals for the cluband scored for the Addicks in a victory over Yeovil Town in the fourth round. <mask> made 22 appearances for Charlton during the season, and scored his fourth and final goal of the season in the last game against Crystal Palace.In 2005–06, he became the man who caused José Mourinho to lose his first match at Stamford Bridge as Chelsea manager. Included in the side for the third round of the League Cup, <mask> scored the winning penalty in the penalty shootout. He made 40 appearances in total for Charlton, and scored five goals. On 30 December 2006, <mask> scored a last-minute winning goal against Aston Villa, providing new Charlton manager Alan Pardew with his first win for the club. However, he played less often for Charlton during the 2006–07 season, making 27 appearances and only scoring once as they were relegated from the Premier League. Hull City
<mask> joined Championship club Hull City on a free transfer from Charlton Athletic on a three-year deal on 29 June 2007, He made his Hull debut in a 3–2 defeat against Plymouth Argyle on 11 August, and scored his first league goal for the Tigers in a 5–0 win against Southampton on 15 March 2008. He made 39 appearances that season, including all three playoff matches, as Hull were promoted to the Premier League for the first time in their history.He did not play as often in the next season in the Premier League, making only eight appearances. <mask> signed for Derby County on a month's loan on 22 October 2009, and made three appearances before returning to Hull. His contract with Hull was mutually terminated before the close of the January 2010 transfer window. Burton Albion
After trials with Championship club Cardiff City, Huddersfield Town, and Walsall, <mask> signed a one-month deal with Football League Two club Burton Albion on 14 December 2010. He made his debut on 1 January 2011 in a 1–1 home draw with Shrewsbury Town in which he was substituted in the 56th minute by Aaron Webster. That was his only appearance for the club, and he left when his contract expired. Grimsby Town
After a trial with Conference National team Grimsby Town, in which he played in a behind-closed-doors friendly with Lincoln City, <mask> signed for the club on 31 January 2011 until the end of the season.He made his debut the next day in a 2–2 away draw with Southport. He only played three times for the club, and was among a number of players released at the end of the season by the club's new managerial duo Rob Scott and Paul Hurst. ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar
In 2011, <mask> joined Icelandic club ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar, who were playing in the UEFA Europa League that season. Accrington Stanley
On 27 October 2011, <mask> joined League Two club Accrington Stanley on non-contract terms. Assigned squad number 27, he made his Stanley debut in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers on 5 November. On 10 December, <mask> set up Pádraig Amond's opening goal as Stanley beat AFC Wimbledon 2–0. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 victory over Torquay United on 17 Decemberhis first goal in English football since 2008and scored the winner against Morecambe on Boxing Day.His contribution to the club's 10 points from a possible 12 in December earned him the League Two Player of the Month award. He made 22 appearances for Accrington, scoring three times, and left the club at the end of the season after contract negotiations broke down. Scarborough Athletic
In March 2013, <mask> joined Scarborough Athletic of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division until the end of the season. He started his first game on 9 March against Pickering Town, and scored his first goal a week later in a 4–2 victory at Parkgate. In April 2014 he was appointed as one of manager Rudy Funk's joint assistant managers. Following Funk's resignation in November 2014, he was appointed joint manager alongside Paul Foot. In October 2015, alongside his role with Scarborough, <mask> took up the post of head of coaching at the i2i International Soccer Academy, a facility associated with York St John University.Two months later, <mask> and Foot left Scarborough by mutual consent after a series of poor results. Managerial career
On 6 February 2019, <mask> was appointed as manager of National League club Wrexham on a three-and-a-half-year deal. His team finished the season in fourth place but lost in the play-off quarter-final. After the team went eight games without a win and dropped into the relegation places, <mask> was sacked on 25 September 2019.

International career
He made one appearance for a Football League under-21 representative team in a friendly against an Italian Serie B under-21 team. Personal life
In 2014, <mask> was appointed as head of the UK footgolf academy scheme. Career statistics

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C.players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja players
Scarborough Athletic F.C.players
English Football League players
Premier League players
National League (English football) players
English football managers
Wrexham A.F.C. managers

masks:
Bryan Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
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title: Irmgard Bartenieff

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<mask>f (1900 Berlin – 1981 New York City) was a dance theorist, dancer, choreographer, physical therapist, and a leading pioneer of dance therapy. A student of Rudolf Laban, she pursued cross-cultural dance analysis, and generated a new vision of possibilities for human movement and movement training. From her experiences applying Laban’s concepts of dynamism, three-dimensional movement and mobilization to the rehabilitation of people affected by polio in the 1940s, she went on to develop her own set of movement methods and exercises, known as Bartenieff Fundamentals. Bartenieff incorporated Laban's spatial concepts into the mechanical anatomical activity of physical therapy, in order to enhance maximal functioning. In physical therapy, that meant thinking in terms of movement in space, rather than by strengthening muscle groups alone. The introduction of spatial concepts required an awareness of intent on the part of the patient as well, that activated the patient's will and thus connected the patient's independent participation to his or her own recovery. "There is no such thing as pure “physical therapy” or pure “mental” therapy.They are continuously interrelated." Bartenieff’s presentation of herself was quiet and, according to herself, she did not feel comfortable marketing her skills and knowledge. Not until June 1981, a few months before she died, did her name appear in the institute’s title:  Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS), a change initiated by the Board of Directors in her honor. Biography
<mask> Bartenieff (born February 24, 1900 in Berlin, Germany, d. August 27, 1981 in New York City) was a dancer, physical therapist, cross-cultural scholar and pioneer in the field of dance/movement therapy. A Renaissance woman who enjoyed weaving disciplines together, she was always ready to investigate movement in a variety of fields—including child development, ethnic dances, nonverbal communication and physical rehabilitation. Laban
In her two-year program with Laban and his colleagues, Bartenieff studied Choreutics (Space Harmony) with Gertrude Loeser, Eukinetics (Effort) with Dussia Bereska, dance technique with Herman Robst and notation and composition with Laban. Between 1933 and 1936 when political restrictions in Germany limited her work, she made plans to emigrate.She and her second husband, who were Jewish, had a thriving dance company, but their dancers, threatened by the Nazis with expulsion from the union, were forced to resign. During the years when the company was disbanded, Bartenieff worked on modern and historical dance notations, constructing eighteenth-century dances recorded by Raoul Auger Feuillet. The Bartenieffs left Germany the first time for New York on visitor’s visas leaving her sons in the care of her family. The children left Germany in 1939 on the last peacetime ship before World War II began. Bartenieff brought the work of Laban and his colleagues to North America, where she created a setting for teaching and training the Laban theory. Furthermore she augmented Laban's work with what came to be known as Bartenieff Fundamentals™. Polio Patients
Her first appointment in the United States was as Chief Physical Therapist for the Polio Service of New York City at Willard Parker Hospital.She combined her Laban-based understanding of movement with her physical therapy training in the clinical setting. As Bartenieff observed her first polio patients she became intensely aware of their individuality in coping with the sudden loss of function and changes in self-image. "The unity of the functional and expressive aspects of movement behavior became increasingly clarified." Both aspects had to be dealt with in the rehabilitation setting. In the treatment process of polio, hot packs and hydrotherapy in Hubbard tanks was replacing bracing and casting. Passive stretching was also used to lengthen muscles that were developing contractures. "In stretching the stiff (polio) back, we found that by extending movement possibilities beyond forward flexion of the trunk to include lateral (sideward) flexion and rotation (twisting) we were able to establish full flexibility of the spine in all directions.We therefore moved the trunk passively in a sequence of lateral, rotary, flexion gradually into sitting up." In this way the normal length of the back muscles was restored. Bartenieff described her method in an article in 1955 on this mobilizing technique that she taught in many hospitals. From 1968, at Bellevue Hospital Center Bartenieff’s work involved cases of the control/restoration of movement patterns governed by the central nervous system rather than the treatment of peripheral problems in the affected muscles of polio patients (polio is a peripheral motor neuron disease). "My focus was on the restoration of Shaping (the body’s ability to adapt its form or shape) possibilities by restoring verticality, and the ability to support body-limb shaping from that verticality. This was in contrast to the more traditional focus on muscular activity without spatial reference." Handicapped Children
Seven years after her appointment at Willard Parker Hospital, she became chief therapist and coordinator of activity programs (1953–1957) at Blythedale Children's Hospital in Valhalla, New York under the direction of Dr. A.D. Gurewitsch.Blythedale was a small, private, residential treatment center for orthopedically and neurologically handicapped children (ages 5–14). Her job was to coordinate every aspect of the child’s long period of hospitalization that involved therapeutic, recreational and educational components. To the physical handicaps of the children were added the emotional impact of “the climate of stasis and regression” of the hospital itself. The patients were removed from their normal growing experiences: "Imagination, initiative, social development was suspended... My task... was to find ways of keeping alive the movement impulse — the root of all development of a thinking, feeling, acting human being... and foster the emotional climate. I had to stimulate their natural action potential... innate curiosity, a desire to change, the discovery of alternate ways of functioning, relating to others, taking initiative, resisting, asserting—all in both physical and emotional modes—and especially, enjoying play." This work led to developmental studies on newborns and infants at Long Island Jewish Hospital in collaboration with Dr. Judith Kestenberg. Connective Tissue Massage
Coincident with the Blythedale appointment, Bartenieff also worked at the Institute for the Crippled and Disabled.In this setting she learned connective tissue massage and continued her work with a whole-body focus: "We tried to replace wherever possible—and that means medically feasible—the conventional type of localized exercise by total movement patterns based on dance fundamentals." Back to Study
While maintaining an active practice in physical therapy, Bartenieff resumed study with Laban and his colleagues in England in the 1950s. There she added to her knowledge of Laban’s Effort theory and the emerging Shape theory of Warren Lamb. Back in New York, she applied these ideas in her own physical therapy practice and set up training programs for dance therapists and other movement professionals. Dance Therapy
She held a position of dance therapy research assistant (1957–1967) to Dr. Israel Zwerling at the Day Hospital Unit of Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Zwerling, a psychiatrist [...] was very receptive to further exploration of dance as a therapeutic tool for defusing aggression and anxiety. What particularly reinforced his interest in her was that she had a vocabulary and a notation for recording observations of movement.This became a vital factor in daily observations through the one-way screen, especially of family and therapeutic groups. Dance therapy was then an emerging field of adjunctive therapy. Bartenieff’s special contribution was in bringing Laban’s work to a field very much in need of movement documentation: [It] provided a method of movement analysis and a system of notation which placed dance therapists on their own professional ground, giving them a language for describing patients’ movements, and eliminating the need to rely on less accurate jargon borrowed from other disciplines. Laban-based Training Program
In her sixty-fifth year Bartenieff established the first North American training program in Laban-based movement theory at the Dance Notation Bureau. It was known as the Effort/Shape Certification program. Students learned a means of observing and describing the qualitative and spatial aspects of movement which Laban and his colleagues in England had been using in various applications since the 1940s. In her own teaching, however, Bartenieff found her students lacking the whole body integration, or “connectedness” as she called it, necessary to fully experience the range of Effort qualities.Thus, as a remedial measure she began to teach classes in “correctives” which eventually came to be known as Bartenieff Fundamentals. Choreometrics project
Another project of the 1960s was the Choreometrics project, which was a collaboration with Alan Lomax and Forrestine Paulay. This project took Bartenieff into cross-cultural studies of movement, expressed in work and dance activities. An educational film entitled “Dance and Human History” (1976) demonstrates the concepts of the Choreometrics team. This project was the first to adapt Laban-based movement analysis to observation of cultural/geographic differences. It is only one example of Bartenieff’s acute awareness of the differences among peoples of the world. In 1977–1978 she conducted a study of cross-cultural methods of movement fundamentals, presenting her findings in a major conference paper.It was the first demonstration of Fundamentals to Bartenieff’s peers in dance research. These projects contributed significantly to the theoretical development of Effort/Shape and Fundamentals. Laban Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS)
The Effort/Shape program outgrew its home at the Dance Notation Bureau, where the last year-long certificate program ran in 1977–1978. It was re-formed and relocated as the Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies (LIMS). The founding board of directors created LIMS specifically as a place where Bartenieff, then in her seventy-eighth year, could continue her research, writing and teaching. In 1980 her book Body movement: coping with the environment, written with Dori Lewis, was published as a study of human movement from a whole-person perspective and a rich account of Bartenieff’s own experiences in movement work. “Up to the last six months of her life, when she became ill, Bartenieff maintained a private physical therapy practice and lectured and taught around the country."She died on 27 August 1981 of complications from Raynaud’s disease. Bartenieff Fundamentals
Bartenieff Fundamentals is not a system of set exercises. It is an approach to basic body training that deals with principles of anatomical body function within a context that encourages personal expression and full psychophysical functioning as an integral part of total body mobilization. <mask> Bartenieff said, “Body movement is not a symbol for expression, it is the expression. Anatomical and spatial relationships create sequences of Effort rhythms with emotional concomitants. The functional and the expressive are one in the human being.”

Bartenieff Fundamentals utilizes the entire Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) framework to develop movement efficiency and expressiveness. It emphasizes mobility process rather than muscle strength to achieve maximally efficient and expressive movement.References

General references
Folk Song Style and Culture. With contributions by Conrad Arensberg, Edwin E. Erickson, Victor Grauer, Norman Berkowitz, <mask> <mask>, Forrestine Paulay, Joan Halifax, Barbara Ayres, Norman N. Markel, Roswell Rudd, Monika Vizedom, Fred Peng, Roger Wescott, David Brown. Washington, D.C.: Colonial Press Inc, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication no. 88, 1968. Kabat, H. Studies on neuromuscular dysfunction: XV. The role of central facilitation in restoration of motor function in paralysis. (1952).Archives of Physical Medicine 33: 521-33, (September). Laban, R. Modern educational dance (1975). Third edition. L. Ullmann, ed. London: Macdonald and Evans. Valvano, J. and Long, T. Neurodevelopmental treatment: a review of the writings of the Bobaths. (1991).Pediatric Physical Therapy 3:3 (Fall)
Voss, D. E., Ionta, M. K. and Myers, B. J. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: patterns and techniques (1985). Third edition. New York: Harper and Row. Woodruff, D. L. Bartenieff Fundamentals™:  A somatic approach to movement rehabilitation (1992). The Union Institute. Dissertation placed with University Microfilms International. 1900 births
1981 deaths
Dance research
Laban movement analysis
American physiotherapists
German physiotherapists
Massage therapy
Physical therapy
Dance therapists

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title: Harry S. Truman

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<mask><mask> (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was an American politician who was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953. A lifetime member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a US Senator from the State of Missouri from 1935 to 1945. He was chosen as incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate for the 1944 presidential election. <mask> was inaugurated as vice-president in 1945 and served for less than three months until President Roosevelt died. Now serving as president, <mask> implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated the Congress. <mask> grew up in Independence, Missouri, and during World War I fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery.Returning home, he opened a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and was later elected as a Jackson County official in 1922. <mask> was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934 and gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Upon assuming the presidency, he was informed about the Manhattan Project. <mask> authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Empire of Japan. <mask>'s administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.<mask> staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election and won a surprise victory against Thomas E. Dewey that secured his own presidential term. After the onset of the Cold War, <mask> oversaw the Berlin Airlift and Marshall Plan in 1948.When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he lobbied for intervention from the United Nations in the Korean War. The <mask> administration deployed forces in Korean War without congressional authorization and as the war stalemated his popularity fell. Domestically, his administration successfully guided the U.S. economy through the postwar economic challenges; the expected postwar depression never happened. In 1948, he proposed the first comprehensive civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Congress failed to pass these measures which prompted <mask> to issue Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 which ordered the desegregation of the armed forces and agencies of the federal government. Corruption in the <mask> administration became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election. He was eligible for reelection in 1952, but with weak polls he decided not to run.Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower attacked <mask>'s record and won easily. <mask> went into a retirement marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. It was long thought that his retirement years were financially difficult for <mask>, resulting in Congress voting a pension for former presidents, but ample evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth after leaving office. When he left office, <mask>'s administration was heavily criticized, though critical reassessment of his presidency has improved his reputation among historians and the general population. Early life, family, and education

<mask> was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884, the oldest child of John Anderson <mask> and Martha Ellen <mask>. He was named for his maternal uncle, Harrison "<mask>" Young. His middle initial, "S", honors his grandfathers, <mask> <mask> and <mask>.A brother, John Vivian, was born soon after <mask>, followed by sister Mary Jane. <mask>'s ancestry is primarily English with some Scots-Irish, German, and French. <mask> was a farmer and livestock dealer. The family lived in Lamar until <mask> was ten months old, when they moved to a farm near Harrisonville, Missouri. They next moved to Belton and in 1887 to his grandparents'  farm in Grandview. When <mask> was six, his parents moved to Independence, Missouri, so he could attend the Presbyterian Church Sunday School. He did not attend a conventional school until he was eight.While living in Independence, he served as a Shabbos goy for Jewish neighbors, doing tasks for them on Shabbat that their religion prevented them from doing on that day. <mask> was interested in music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother, with whom he was very close. As president, he solicited political as well as personal advice from her. He rose at five every morning to practice the piano, which he studied more than twice a week until he was fifteen, becoming quite a skilled player. <mask> worked as a page at the 1900 Democratic National Convention in Kansas City; his father had many friends active in the Democratic Party who helped young <mask> to gain his first political position. After graduating from Independence High School in 1901, <mask> enrolled in Spalding's Commercial College, a Kansas City business school. He studied bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing but left after a year.Working career

<mask> was employed briefly in the mailroom of The Kansas City Star before making use of his business college experience to obtain a job as a timekeeper for construction crews on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, which required him to sleep in workmen's camps along the rail lines. <mask> and his brother Vivian later worked as clerks at the National Bank of Commerce in Kansas City. In 1906, <mask> returned to the Grandview farm, where he lived until entering the army in 1917. During this period, he courted Bess Wallace. He proposed in 1911, but she turned him down. <mask> later said he intended to propose again, but he wanted to have a better income than that earned by a farmer. To that end, during his years on the farm and immediately after World War I, he became active in several business ventures, including a lead and zinc mine near Commerce, Oklahoma, a company that bought land and leased the oil drilling rights to prospectors, and speculation in Kansas City real estate.<mask> occasionally derived some income from these enterprises, but none proved successful in the long term. <mask> is the only president since William McKinley (elected in 1896) who did not earn a college degree. In addition to having briefly attended business college, from 1923 to 1925 he took night courses toward an LL.B. at the Kansas City Law School (now the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law) but dropped out after losing reelection as county judge. He was informed by attorneys in the Kansas City area that his education and experience were probably sufficient to receive a license to practice law, but did not pursue it because he won election as presiding judge. While serving as president in 1947, <mask> applied for a law license. A friend who was an attorney began working out the arrangements, and informed <mask> that his application had to be notarized.By the time <mask> received this information he had changed his mind, so he never followed up. After the discovery of <mask>'s application in 1996 the Missouri Supreme Court issued him a posthumous honorary law license. Military service

National Guard
Because he lacked the funds for college, <mask> considered attending the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, which had no tuition, but he was refused an appointment because of poor eyesight. He enlisted in the Missouri National Guard in 1905 and served until 1911 in the Kansas City-based Battery B, 2nd Missouri Field Artillery Regiment, in which he attained the rank of corporal. At his induction, his eyesight without glasses was unacceptable 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left (past the standard for legal blindness). The second time he took the test, he passed by secretly memorizing the eye chart. He was described as 5 feet 10 inches tall, gray eyed, dark haired and of light complexion.World War I
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, <mask> rejoined Battery B, successfully recruiting new soldiers for the expanding unit, for which he was elected as their first lieutenant. Before deployment to France, <mask> was sent for training to Camp Doniphan, Fort Sill, near Lawton, Oklahoma when his regiment was federalized as the 129th Field Artillery. The regimental commander during its training was Robert M. Danford, who later served as the Army's Chief of Field Artillery. <mask> later said he learned more practical, useful information from Danford in six weeks than from six months of formal Army instruction, and when <mask> later served as an artillery instructor, he consciously patterned his approach on Danford's. <mask> also ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson, a clothing store clerk he knew from Kansas City. Unlike most canteens funded by unit members, which usually lost money, the canteen operated by <mask> and Jacobson turned a profit, returning each soldier's initial $2 investment and $10,000 in dividends in six months. At Fort Sill, <mask> met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of Tom Pendergast, a Kansas City political boss, a connection that had a profound influence on <mask>'s later life.In mid-1918, about one million soldiers of the American Expeditionary Forces were in France. <mask> was promoted to captain effective April 23, and in July became commander of the newly arrived Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 35th Division. Battery D was known for its discipline problems, and <mask> was initially unpopular because of his efforts to restore order. Despite attempts by the men to intimidate him into quitting, <mask> succeeded by making his corporals and sergeants accountable for discipline. He promised to back them up if they performed capably, and reduce them to private if they did not. In an event memorialized in battery lore as "The Battle of Who Run", his soldiers began to flee during a sudden night attack by the Germans in the Vosges Mountains; <mask> succeeded at ordering his men to stay and fight, using profanity from his railroad days. The men were so surprised to hear <mask> use such language that they immediately obeyed.<mask>'s unit joined in a massive prearranged assault barrage on September 26, 1918, at the opening of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. They advanced with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and set up an observation post west of Cheppy. On September 27, <mask> saw through his binoculars an enemy artillery battery deploying across a river in a position which would allow them to fire upon the neighboring 28th Division. <mask>'s orders limited him to targets facing the 35th Division, but he ignored this and patiently waited until the Germans had walked their horses well away from their guns, ensuring they could not relocate out of range of <mask>'s battery. He then ordered his men to open fire, and their attack destroyed the enemy battery. His actions were credited with saving the lives of 28th Division soldiers who otherwise would have come under fire from the Germans. <mask> was given a dressing down by his regimental commander, Colonel Karl D. Klemm, who threatened to convene a court-martial, but Klemm never followed through, and <mask> was not punished.In other action during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, <mask>'s battery provided support for George S. Patton's tank brigade, and fired some of the last shots of the war on November 11, 1918. Battery D did not lose any men while under <mask>'s command in France. To show their appreciation of his leadership, his men presented him with a large loving cup upon their return to the United States after the war. The war was a transformative experience in which <mask> manifested his leadership qualities. He had entered the service in 1917 as a family farmer who had worked in clerical jobs that did not require the ability to motivate and direct others, but during the war, he gained leadership experience and a record of success that greatly enhanced and supported his post-war political career in Missouri. <mask> was brought up in the Presbyterian and Baptist churches, but avoided revivals and sometimes ridiculed revivalist preachers. He rarely spoke about religion, which to him, primarily meant ethical behavior along traditional Protestant lines.Most of the soldiers he commanded in the war were Catholics, and one of his close friends was the 129th Field Artillery's chaplain, Monsignor L. Curtis Tiernan. The two remained friends until Tiernan's death in 1960. Developing leadership and interpersonal skills that later made him a successful politician helped <mask> get along with his Catholic soldiers, as he did with soldiers of other Christian denominations and the unit's Jewish members. Officers' Reserve Corps
<mask> was honorably discharged from the Army as a captain on May 6, 1919. In 1920 he was appointed a major in the Officers Reserve Corps. He became a lieutenant colonel in 1925 and a colonel in 1932. In the 1920s and 1930s he commanded 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery, 102d Infantry Division.After promotion to colonel, <mask> advanced to command of the same regiment. After his election to the U.S. Senate, <mask> was transferred to the General Assignments Group, a holding unit for less active officers, although he had not been consulted in advance. <mask> protested his reassignment, which led to his resumption of regimental command. He remained an active reservist until the early 1940s. <mask> volunteered for active military service during World War II, but was not accepted, partly because of age, and partly because President Franklin D. Roosevelt desired senators and congressmen who belonged to the military reserves to support the war effort by remaining in Congress, or by ending their active duty service and resuming their congressional seats. He was an inactive reservist from the early 1940s until retiring as a colonel in the then redesignated U.S. Army Reserve on January 20, 1953. Military awards and decorations
<mask> was awarded a World War I Victory Medal with two battle clasps (for St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne) and a Defensive Sector Clasp.He was also the recipient of two Armed Forces Reserve Medals. Politics

Jackson County judge

After his wartime service, <mask> returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on June 28, 1919. The couple had one child, Mary Margaret <mask>. Shortly before the wedding, <mask> and Jacobson opened a haberdashery together at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City. After brief initial success, the store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921. <mask> did not pay off the last of the debts from that venture until 1935, when he did so with the aid of banker William T. Kemper, who worked behind the scenes to enable <mask>'s brother Vivian to buy <mask>'s $5,600 promissory note during the asset sale of a bank that had failed in the Great Depression. The note had risen and fallen in value as it was bought and sold, interest accumulated and <mask> made payments, so by the time the last bank to hold it failed, it was worth nearly $9,000.Thanks to Kemper's efforts, <mask> was able to buy it for $1,000. Jacobson and <mask> remained close friends even after their store failed, and Jacobson's advice to <mask> on Zionism later played a role in the U.S. Government's decision to recognize Israel. With the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine led by Tom Pendergast, <mask> was elected in 1922 as County Court judge of Jackson County's eastern district—Jackson County's three-judge court included judges from the western district (Kansas City), the eastern district (the county outside Kansas City), and a presiding judge elected countywide. This was an administrative rather than a judicial court, similar to county commissioners in many other jurisdictions. <mask> lost his 1924 reelection campaign in a Republican wave led by President Calvin Coolidge's landslide election to a full term. Two years selling automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer for a family man approaching

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title: Harry S. Truman

texts:
 middle age, and he planned a run for presiding judge in 1926. <mask> won the job in 1926 with the support of the Pendergast machine, and he was re-elected in 1930.As presiding judge, <mask> helped coordinate the Ten Year Plan, which transformed Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline with new public works projects, including an extensive series of roads and construction of a new Wight and Wight-designed County Court building. Also in 1926, he became president of the National Old Trails Road Association, and during his term he oversaw dedication of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments to honor pioneer women. In 1933, <mask> was named Missouri's director for the Federal Re-Employment program (part of the Civil Works Administration) at the request of Postmaster General James Farley. This was payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. The appointment confirmed Pendergast's control over federal patronage jobs in Missouri and marked the zenith of his power. It also created a relationship between <mask> and Roosevelt's aide <mask> and assured <mask>'s avid support for the New Deal. U.S.Senator from Missouri

After serving as a county judge, <mask> wanted to run for Governor or Congress, but Pendergast rejected these ideas. <mask> then thought he might serve out his career in some well-paying county sinecure; circumstances changed when Pendergast reluctantly backed him as the machine's choice in the 1934 Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate from Missouri, after Pendergast's first four choices had declined to run. In the primary, <mask> defeated Congressmen John J. Cochran and Jacob L. Milligan with the solid support of Jackson County, which was crucial to his candidacy. Also critical were the contacts he had made statewide in his capacity as a county official, member of the Freemasons, military reservist, and member of the American Legion. In the general election, <mask> defeated incumbent Republican Roscoe C. Patterson by nearly 20 percentage points in a continuing wave of pro-New Deal Democrats elected following the Great Depression. <mask> assumed office with a reputation as "the Senator from Pendergast". He referred patronage decisions to Pendergast but maintained that he voted with his own conscience.He later defended the patronage decisions by saying that "by offering a little to the machine, [he] saved a lot". In his first term, <mask> spoke out against corporate greed and the dangers of Wall Street speculators and other moneyed special interests attaining too much influence in national affairs. Though he served on the high-profile Appropriations and Interstate Commerce Committees, he was largely ignored by President Roosevelt and had trouble getting calls returned from the White House. During the U.S. Senate election in 1940, United States Attorney Maurice Milligan (former opponent Jacob Milligan's brother) and former governor <mask> both challenged <mask> in the Democratic primary. <mask> was politically weakened by Pendergast's imprisonment for income tax evasion the previous year; the senator had remained loyal, having claimed that Republican judges (not the Roosevelt administration) were responsible for the boss's downfall. St. Louis party leader Robert E. Hannegan's support of <mask> proved crucial; he later brokered the deal that put <mask> on the national ticket. In the end, <mask> and Milligan split the anti-Pendergast vote in the Senate Democratic primary and <mask> won by a total of 8,000 votes.In the November election, <mask> defeated Republican Manvel H. Davis by 51–49 percent. As Senator, <mask> opposed both Nazi Germany and Communist Russia. Two days after Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, he said:

Truman Committee

In late 1940, <mask> traveled to various military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to use his chairmanship of the Committee on Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization to start investigations into abuses while the nation prepared for war. A new special committee was set up under <mask> to conduct a formal investigation; the Roosevelt administration supported this plan rather than weather a more hostile probe by the House of Representatives. The main mission of the committee was to expose and fight waste and corruption in the gigantic government wartime contracts. <mask>'s initiative convinced Senate leaders of the necessity for the committee, which reflected his demands for honest and efficient administration and his distrust of big business and Wall Street.<mask> managed the committee "with extraordinary skill" and usually achieved consensus, generating heavy media publicity that gave him a national reputation. Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticizing the "dollar-a-year men" hired by the government, many of whom proved ineffective, to investigating a shoddily built New Jersey housing project for war workers. The committee reportedly saved as much as $15 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ), and its activities put <mask> on the cover of Time magazine. According to the Senate's historical minutes, in leading the committee, "<mask> erased his earlier public image as an errand-runner for Kansas City politicos", and "no senator ever gained greater political benefits from chairing a special investigating committee than did Missouri's <mask>. <mask>." Vice Presidency (1945)

Roosevelt's advisors knew that Roosevelt might not live out a fourth term and that his vice president would very likely become the next president. Henry Wallace had served as Roosevelt's vice president for four years and was popular among Democratic voters, but he was viewed as too far to the left and too friendly to labor for some of Roosevelt's advisers.The President and several of his confidantes wanted to replace Wallace with someone more acceptable to Democratic Party leaders. Outgoing Democratic National Committee chairman Frank C. Walker, incoming chairman Hannegan, party treasurer Edwin W. Pauley, Bronx party boss Ed Flynn, Chicago Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly, and lobbyist George E. Allen all wanted to keep Wallace off the ticket. Roosevelt told party leaders that he would accept either <mask> or Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas. State and city party leaders strongly preferred <mask>, and Roosevelt agreed. <mask>gast". <mask>'s nomination was dubbed the "Second Missouri Compromise" and was well received. The <mask> ticket achieved a 432–99 electoral-vote victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio.<mask> was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945. After the inauguration, <mask> called his mother, who instructed him, "Now you behave yourself." <mask>'s brief vice-presidency was relatively uneventful. On April 10, 1945, <mask> cast his only tie-breaking vote as president of the Senate, against a Robert A. Taft amendment that would have blocked the postwar delivery of Lend-Lease Act items contracted for during the war. Roosevelt rarely contacted him, even to inform him of major decisions; the president and vice president met alone together only twice during their time in office. In one of his first acts as vice president, <mask> created some controversy when he attended the disgraced Pendergast's funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying simply, "He was always my friend and I have always been his."He had rarely discussed world affairs or domestic politics with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about major initiatives relating to the war and the top-secret Manhattan Project, which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. In an event that generated negative publicity for <mask>, he was photographed with actress Lauren Bacall sitting atop the piano at the National Press Club as he played for soldiers. <mask> had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. <mask>, presiding over the Senate, as usual, had just adjourned the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in House Speaker <mask>'s office when he received an urgent message to go immediately to the White House, where Eleanor Roosevelt told him that her husband had died after a massive cerebral hemorrhage. <mask> asked her if there was anything he could do for her; she replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now!" He was sworn in as president at 7:09 pm in the West Wing of the White House, by Chief Justice Harlan F<mask>.Presidency (1945–1953)

<mask> delegated a great deal of authority to his cabinet officials, only insisting that he give the final formal approval to all decisions. After getting rid of the Roosevelt holdovers, the cabinet members were mostly old  confidants. The White House was badly understaffed with no more than a dozen aides; they could barely keep up with the heavy work flow of a greatly expanded executive department. <mask> acted as his own chief of staff on a daily basis, as well as his own liaison with Congress—a body he already knew very well. He was not well prepared to deal with the press, and never achieved the jovial familiarity of FDR. Filled with latent anger about all the setbacks in his career, he bitterly mistrusted the journalists. He saw them as enemies lying in wait for his next careless miscue.<mask> was a very hard worker, often to the point of exhaustion, which left him testy,  easily annoyed, and on the verge of appearing unpresidential or petty. In terms of major issues, he discussed them in depth with top advisors. He mastered the details of the federal budget as well as anyone. <mask> was a poor speaker reading a text. However,  his visible anger made him an effective stump speaker, denouncing his enemies as his supporters hollered back at him “Give Em Hell, <mask>!”

<mask> surrounded himself with his old friends, and appointed several to high positions that seemed well beyond their competence, including his two secretaries of the treasury, Fred Vinson and <mask>. His closest friend in the White House was his military aide <mask>. Vaughan, who knew little of military or foreign affairs and was criticized for trading access to the White House for expensive gifts. <mask> loved to spend as much time as possible playing poker, telling stories and sipping bourbon.Alonzo Hamby notes that:

First term (1945–1949)

Assuming office and the atomic bomb

On his first full day, <mask> told reporters: "Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now. I don't know if you fellas ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me what happened yesterday, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me." <mask> asked all the members of Roosevelt's cabinet to remain in place, and told them he was open to their advice. He emphasized a central principle of his administration: he would be the one making decisions, and they were to support him. Although <mask> was told briefly on the afternoon of April 12 that he had a new, highly destructive weapon, it was not until April 25 that Secretary of War <mask> told him the details. <mask> benefited from a honeymoon period from the success in Europe and the nation celebrated V-E Day on May 8, 1945, his 61st birthday. <mask> journeyed to Berlin for the Potsdam Conference with <mask>.He was there when he learned the Trinity test—the first atomic bomb—on July 16 had been successful. He hinted to <mask> that he was about to use a new kind of weapon against the Japanese. Though this was the first time the Soviets had been officially given information about the atomic bomb, <mask> was already aware of the bomb project—having learned about it through atomic espionage long before <mask> did. In August, the Japanese government refused surrender demands as specifically outlined in the Potsdam Declaration. With the invasion of Japan imminent, <mask> approved the schedule for dropping the two available bombs. <mask> always said attacking Japan with atomic bombs saved many lives on both sides; military estimates for the invasion of Japan were that it could take a year and result in 250,000 to 500,000 U.S. casualties. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving 105,000 dead.The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 9 and invaded Manchuria. Japan agreed to surrender the following day. Supporters of <mask>'s decision argue that, given the tenacious Japanese defense of the outlying islands, the bombings saved hundreds of thousands of lives of prisoners, civilians, and combatants on both sides that would have been lost in an invasion of Japan. Critics have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary, given that conventional attacks or a demonstrative bombing of an uninhabited area would have forced Japan's surrender and therefore assert that the attack constituted a crime of war. <mask> defended his decision to use atomic bombs during the war:

<mask> continued to strongly defend himself in his memoirs in 1955–1956, stating many lives could have been lost had the United States invaded mainland Japan without the atomic bombs. In 1963, he stood by his decision, telling a journalist "it was done to save 125,000 youngsters on the U.S. side and 125,000 on the Japanese side from getting killed and that is what it did. It probably also saved a half million youngsters on both sides from being maimed for life."Strikes and economic upheaval

The end of World War II was followed by an uneasy transition from war to a peacetime economy. The costs of the war effort had been enormous, and <mask> was intent on diminishing military services as quickly as possible to curtail the government's military expenditures. The effect of demobilization on the economy was unknown, proposals were met with skepticism and resistance, and fears existed that the nation would slide back into depression. In Roosevelt's final years, Congress began to reassert legislative power and <mask> faced a congressional body where Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed a powerful voting bloc. Dormant stressors during the war emerged as polarizing issues under <mask>'s administration. Strikes and labor-management conflicts destabilized major industries while severe housing and consumer good shortages added to public stress over inflation which peaked at six percent in a single month. <mask>'s response to the widespread dissatisfaction and protest of U.S. citizens was generally seen as ineffective.The cost of consumer goods increased rapidly due to the removal of depression-era limits on the prices of everyday items while producers of the remaining price-controlled commodities struggled due to the artificially low prices of their goods. In 1945 and 1946, farmers refused to sell grain for months even though it was desperately needed in the United States and to stave off starvation in Europe. Similarly, industrial laborers sought wage increases. In January 1946 a steel strike involving 800,000 laborers became the largest in the nation's history. It was followed by a coal strike in April and a rail strike in May; however, public opinion on labor action was mixed with one poll reporting a majority of the public in favor of a ban on strikes by public service workers and a year's moratorium on labor actions. When a national rail strike threatened in May 1946, <mask> seized the railroads in an attempt to contain the issue, but two key railway unions struck anyway. The entire national railroad system was shut down, immobilizing 24,000 freight trains and 175,000 passenger trains a day.For two days, public anger mounted and <mask> himself drafted an irate message to Congress that called on veterans to form a lynch mob and destroy the union leaders:

His staff was stunned, but top aide Clark Clifford revised the original draft and <mask> delivered a toned-down version of the speech to Congress. <mask> called for a new law, where any railroad strikers would be drafted into the army. As he concluded his congressional address, he received a message that the strike had been settled on presidential terms;

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 nevertheless, a few hours later, the House voted to draft the strikers. Taft killed the bill in the Senate. After the settlement of the railway strike, labor action continued as an undercurrent of <mask>'s presidency. The president's approval rating dropped from 82 percent in the polls in January 1946 to 52 percent by June. This dissatisfaction with the <mask> administration's policies led to large Democratic losses in the 1946 midterm elections, and Republicans took control of Congress for the first time since 1930.The 80th Congress included Republican freshmen who would become prominent in U.S. politics in the years to come including Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy and California Congressman Richard Nixon. When <mask> dropped to 32 percent in the polls, Democratic Arkansas Senator William Fulbright suggested that <mask> resign; the president said he did not care what Senator "Halfbright" said. <mask> cooperated closely with the Republican leaders on foreign policy but fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the labor unions was significantly curtailed by the Taft–Hartley Act which was enacted over <mask>'s veto. <mask> twice vetoed bills to lower income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, Congress overrode his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. In one notable instance of bipartisanship, Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, which replaced the secretary of state with the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate as successor to the president after the vice president.As he readied for the 1948 election, <mask> made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating for national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft–Hartley Act. He broke with the New Deal by initiating an aggressive civil rights program which he termed a moral priority. His economic and social vision constituted a broad legislative agenda that came to be called the "Fair Deal." <mask>'s proposals were not well received by Congress, even with renewed Democratic majorities in Congress after 1948. The Solid South rejected civil rights as those states still enforced segregation. Only one of the major Fair Deal bills, the Housing Act of 1949, was ever enacted. Many of the New Deal programs that persisted during <mask>'s presidency have since received minor improvements and extensions.Marshall Plan, Cold War, and China

As a Wilsonian internationalist, <mask> supported Roosevelt's policy in favor of the creation of the United Nations and included Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the first UN General Assembly. With the Soviet Union expanding its sphere of influence through Eastern Europe, <mask> and his foreign policy advisors took a hard line against the USSR. In this, he matched U.S. public opinion which quickly came to believe the Soviets were intent upon world domination. Although he had little personal expertise on foreign matters, <mask> listened closely to his top advisors, especially George Marshall and Dean Acheson. The Republicans controlled Congress in 1947–1948, so he worked with their leaders, especially Senator Arthur H. Vandenburg, chairman of the powerful Foreign Relations Committee. He won bipartisan support for both the Truman Doctrine, which formalized a policy of Soviet containment, and the Marshall Plan, which aimed to help rebuild postwar Europe. To get Congress to spend the vast sums necessary to restart the moribund European economy, <mask> used an ideological argument, arguing that communism flourishes in economically deprived areas.As part of the U.S. Cold War strategy, <mask> signed the National Security Act of 1947 and reorganized military forces by merging the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (later the Department of Defense) and creating the U.S. Air Force. The act also created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Council. In 1952, <mask> secretly consolidated and empowered the cryptologic elements of the United States by creating the National Security Agency (NSA). <mask> did not know what to do about China, where the Nationalists and Communists were fighting a large-scale civil war. The Nationalists had been major wartime allies and had large-scale popular support in the United States, along with a powerful lobby. General George Marshall spent most of 1946 in China trying to negotiate a compromise, but failed.He convinced <mask> the Nationalists would never win on their own and a very large-scale U.S. intervention to stop the Communists would significantly weaken U.S. opposition to the Soviets in Europe. By 1949, the Communists under Mao Zedong had won the civil war, the United States had a new enemy in Asia, and <mask> came under fire from conservatives for "losing" China. Berlin airlift

On June 24, 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin. The Allies had not negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed sending a large armored column across the Soviet zone to West Berlin with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. <mask> believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved Ernest Bevin's plan to supply the blockaded city by air.On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign to deliver food, coal and other supplies using military aircraft on a massive scale. Nothing like it had ever been attempted before, and no single nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to accomplish it. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. Nevertheless, the airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of <mask>'s great foreign policy successes; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. Recognition of Israel

<mask> had long taken an interest in the history of the Middle East and was sympathetic to Jews who sought to re-establish their ancient homeland in Mandatory Palestine. As a senator, he announced support for Zionism; in 1943 he called for a homeland for those Jews who survived the Nazi regime.However, State Department officials were reluctant to offend the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in the large region long populated and dominated culturally by Arabs. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal warned <mask> of the importance of Saudi Arabian oil in another war; <mask> replied he would decide his policy on the basis of justice, not oil. U.S. diplomats with experience in the region were opposed, but <mask> told them he had few Arabs among his constituents. Palestine was secondary to the goal of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey, and Iran from communism, as promised by the <mask> Doctrine. Weary of both the convoluted politics of the Middle East and pressure by Jewish leaders, <mask> was undecided on his policy and skeptical about how the Jewish "underdogs" would handle power. He later cited as decisive in his recognition of the Jewish state the advice of his former business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jew whom <mask> absolutely trusted. <mask> decided to recognize Israel over the objections of Secretary of State George Marshall, who feared it would hurt relations with the populous Arab states.Marshall believed the paramount threat to the United States was the Soviet Union and feared Arab oil would be lost to the United States in the event of war; he warned <mask> the United States was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out". <mask> recognized the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after it declared itself a nation. Of his decision to recognize the Israeli state, <mask> said in an interview years later: "Hitler had been murdering Jews right and left. I saw it, and I dream about it even to this day. The Jews needed some place where they could go. It is my attitude that the American government couldn't stand idly by while the victims [of] Hitler's madness are not allowed to build new lives." NAACP speech
Under his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Fair Employment Practices Committee was created to address racial discrimination in employment, and in 1946, <mask> created the President's Committee on Civil Rights.On June 29, 1947, <mask> became the first president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, <mask> laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation. <mask> on "civil rights and human freedom", declared:

In February 1948, <mask> delivered a formal message to Congress requesting adoption of his 10-point program to secure civil rights, including anti-lynching, voter rights, and elimination of segregation. "'No political act since the Compromise of 1877,' argued biographer Taylor Branch, 'so profoundly influenced race relations; in a sense it was a repeal of 1877.'" 1948 election

The 1948 presidential election is remembered for <mask>'s stunning come-from-behind victory. In the spring of 1948, <mask>'s public approval rating stood at 36 percent, and the president was nearly universally regarded as incapable of winning the general election.The "New Deal" operatives within the party—including FDR's son, James Roosevelt—tried to swing the Democratic nomination to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, a highly popular figure whose political views and party affiliation were totally unknown. Eisenhower emphatically refused to accept, and <mask> outflanked opponents to his own nomination. At the 1948 Democratic National Convention, <mask> attempted to unify the party with a vague civil rights plank in the party platform. His intention was to assuage the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wings of his party. Events overtook his efforts. A sharp address given by Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis—as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses—convinced the convention to adopt a stronger civil rights plank, which <mask> approved wholeheartedly. All of Alabama's delegates, and a portion of Mississippi's, walked out of the convention in protest.Unfazed, <mask> delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, which <mask> called the "Do Nothing Congress," and promising to win the election and "make these Republicans like it." Within two weeks of the 1948 convention <mask> issued Executive Order 9981, racially integrating the U.S. Armed Services and Executive Order 9980 to integrate federal agencies. <mask> took a considerable political risk in backing civil rights, and many seasoned Democrats were concerned the loss of Dixiecrat support might destroy the Democratic Party. South Carolina Governor <mask> Thurmond, a segregationist, declared his candidacy for the presidency on a Dixiecrat ticket and led a full-scale revolt of Southern "states' rights" proponents. This rebellion on the right was matched by one on the left, led by Wallace on the Progressive Party ticket. Immediately after its first post-FDR convention, the Democratic Party seemed to be disintegrating. Victory in November seemed unlikely as the party was not simply split but divided three ways.For his running mate, <mask> accepted Kentucky Senator Alben W. Barkley, though he really wanted Justice William O. Douglas, who turned down the nomination. <mask>'s political advisors described the political scene as "one unholy, confusing cacophony." They told <mask> to speak directly to the people, in a personal way. Campaign manager William J. Bray said <mask> took this advice, and spoke personally and passionately, sometimes even setting aside his notes to talk to Americans "of everything that is in my heart and soul." The campaign was a  presidential odyssey. In a personal appeal to the nation, <mask> crisscrossed the United States by train; his "whistle stop" speeches from the rear platform of the observation car, Ferdinand Magellan, came to represent his campaign. His combative appearances captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds.Six stops in Michigan drew a combined half-million people; a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade. The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at <mask>'s whistle-stop events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps. It continued reporting Republican Thomas Dewey's apparent impending victory as a certainty. The three major polling organizations stopped polling well before the November 2 election date—Roper in September, and Crossley and Gallup in October—thus failing to measure the period when <mask> appears to have surged past Dewey. In the end, <mask> held his progressive Midwestern base, won most of the Southern states despite the civil rights plank, and squeaked through with narrow victories in a few critical states, notably Ohio, California, and Illinois. The final tally showed the president had secured 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189, and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace got none.The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic <mask> held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune with a huge headline proclaiming "Dewey Defeats <mask>." Full elected term (1949–1953)
<mask>'s second inauguration was the first ever televised nationally. Hydrogen bomb decision
The Soviet Union's atomic bomb project progressed much faster than had been expected, and they detonated their first bomb on August 29, 1949. Over the next several months there was an intense debate that split the U.S. government, military, and scientific communities regarding whether to proceed with the development of the far more powerful hydrogen bomb. The debate touched on matters from technical feasibility to strategic value to the morality of creating a massively destructive weapon. On January 31, 1950, <mask> made the decision to go forward on the grounds that if the Soviets could make an H-bomb, the United States must do so as well and stay ahead in the nuclear arms race. The development achieved fruition with the first U.S. H-bomb test on October 31, 1952, which was officially announced by <mask> on January 7, 1953.Korean War

On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army under Kim Il-sung invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. In the early weeks of the war, the North Koreans easily pushed back their southern counterparts. <mask> called for a naval blockade of Korea, only to learn that due to budget cutbacks, the U.S. Navy could not enforce such a measure. <mask> promptly urged the United Nations to intervene; it did, authorizing troops under the UN flag led by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur. <mask> decided he did not need formal authorization from Congress, believing that most legislators supported his position; this would come back to haunt him later when the stalemated conflict was dubbed "Mr. Truman's War" by legislators. However, on July 3, 1950, <mask> did give Senate Majority Leader <mask>. Lucas a draft resolution titled "Joint Resolution Expressing Approval of the Action Taken in Korea". Lucas stated Congress supported the use of force, the formal resolution would pass but was unnecessary, and the consensus in Congress was to acquiesce.<mask> responded he did not want "to appear to be trying to get around Congress and use extra-Constitutional powers," and added that it was "up to Congress whether such a resolution should be introduced." By August 1950, U.S. troops pouring into South Korea under UN auspices were able to stabilize the situation. Responding to criticism over readiness, <mask> fired his secretary of defense, Louis A. Johnson, replacing him with the retired General Marshall. With UN approval, <mask> decided on a "rollback" policy—conquest of North Korea. UN forces led

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