title: Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen

texts:
Princess <mask> of Saxe-Meiningen (12 May 1879 – 26 August 1945) was born at Potsdam, the only child of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia (the eldest daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor, and Victoria, Princess Royal). <mask> was the first great-grandchild of both Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Emperor William I of Germany. Early life

Princess <mask> was born on 12 May 1879 as the only child of Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia, herself the eldest daughter of German Crown Prince Frederick William and Crown Princess Victoria. The new baby was the first grandchild of the Crown Prince and Princess, and through her mother was also the first great-grandchild of the British Queen Victoria. Charlotte, who loved to socialize, had hated being pregnant, believing that it limited her activities. Preferring to return to enjoying social life in Berlin, she declared after <mask>'s birth that she would have no further children, dismaying her mother, Crown Princess Victoria. It was unusual to be an only child in European royal families, and <mask> likely endured a lonely childhood.Charlotte loved to travel, and often left her daughter with Vicky at Friedrichshof, whom she viewed as the source of a convenient nursery. The Crown Princess, for her part, loved having the chance to spend time with her eldest granddaughter. Describing <mask> on one visit, she wrote that "she is really a good little child, & far easier to manage than her Mama". Victoria, who became German empress in 1888, perceived a deficit in <mask>'s upbringing and gradually became concerned about the girl's physical appearance and mental development, describing the thirteen-year-old as possessing "sharp pinched features" and an unusually short stature. <mask> also cared little for her studies, preferring instead to discuss fashion. Her grandmother, who placed a high value on education, blamed insufficient parental guidance for the girl's lack of studiousness, commenting that the "atmosphere of her home is not the best for a child of her age... With Charlotte for an example, what else can one expect... Her parents are rarely ever at home or together... She hardly knows what home life is!"Queen Victoria was fond of her eldest great-grandchild. In June 1887, the young <mask> and her parents attended the queen's  Golden Jubilee in London. While her parents stayed at Buckingham Palace, <mask> stayed with her young cousin Princess Alice of Battenberg at the home of the Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch at Whitehall, allowing the girls to watch the royal procession as it made its way to Westminster Abbey. Queen Victoria described her as "sweet little Feo, who is so good and I think grown quite pretty. We were delighted to have her and I think the dear child has enjoyed herself." Marriage

As <mask> grew older, her marriage began to be a consideration. The exiled Prince Peter Karađorđević, thirty-six years older than <mask>, proposed himself as a suitor, though this was likely a bid to gain support for succeeding to the Serbian throne.Charlotte declared that "for such a throne <mask> is far too good". Her mother's maternal first cousin Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the only son of Charlotte's friend (and <mask> maternal grandaunt) the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was also considered. Several months after returning from Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in June 1897, <mask> became engaged to Prince Heinrich XXX Reuss of Köstritz (1864-1939), with the betrothal announced in early October. Born in Castle Neuhoff, he was the youngest son of Prince Heinrich IX Reuss of Köstritz (1827-1898) and Baroness Anne Marie Wilhelmine Helene of Zedlitz und Leipe (1829-1907). Henry's father died in early 1898, forcing a temporary postponement of the marriage. Rumours that the marriage had been cancelled proved to be untrue, and they married at Breslau on 24 September 1898 in  a Lutheran ceremony. Princess <mask> was the only great-grandchild of Queen Victoria and only grandchild of German Empress Victoria to be married in their lifetimes; she married in 1898 and both the Queen and the German Empress died in 1901.Prince Henry was a captain in the Brunswick Infantry Regiment No. 92, though not particularly wealthy or high-ranked. <mask>'s grandmother Empress Victoria was surprised at the choice of groom, particularly his lack of position, but observed that the bride at least seemed happy. Of the fifteen-year age gap, Victoria commented, "I am very glad he is older than she is, and if he is wise and steady and firm, he may do her a vast deal of good, and it may turn out very well, but she has had a strange example in her mother, and is a strange little creature." The historian John Van der Kiste writes that Feodora was "evidently besotted" with her new husband, and she likely also sought marriage as an escape from her "irksome home life". Once returned from their honeymoon, Henry spent much of his time on duty with his regiment, while <mask> joined a reading group and attended the opera and theatre in Berlin. Feodora also often accompanied her husband during his military assignments, travelling throughout Germany.Last years
<mask> suffered most of her adult life from ill health, describing it as "the old story" of her life. Like her mother and maternal grandmother, <mask>'s illnesses included dizziness, insomnia, nausea, various pains, paralysis, constipation, and diarrhoea. She underwent several operations to treat her illnesses and alleviate her infertility, each without success. <mask> visited Windsor Castle in 1900, which would be the last time she saw her great-grandmother before Queen Victoria's death the following year. Henry attended her funeral, but ill health kept <mask> from attending. <mask> blamed malaria for her condition, though Charlotte told family members that Henry had given his wife a venereal disease, an allegation Feodora furiously denied. Charlotte asked her daughter to get tested by Charlotte's personal physician; when <mask> refused, it confirmed to Charlotte that her beliefs were correct.In reaction, <mask> refused to enter her mother's house and complained to family members of Charlotte's "incredible" actions. In 1903, the couple moved to Flensburg upon Henry being transferred, where they lived in a small house. <mask> found that the region's mild climate had a positive impact on her health. To further improve it and increase the probability of becoming pregnant, she took pills of arsenic and thorium. Her poor health recurred, however, and she again began suffering from toothache and migraines. In October 1904, a serious illness was blamed on influenza. Her further efforts to conceive included numerous visits to private clinics through the years, which often led to painful surgeries and procedures.Two World Wars
With the outbreak of World War I, Henry was dispatched to the Western Front, while his wife opened a small hospital to treat wounded soldiers. By this stage, relations between him and his wife had deteriorated; Henry believed <mask> enjoyed complaining about being sick and seeing doctors. He wrote that her illness "consists mainly in complete lack of energy and mental apathy", and complained that "she grossly exaggerates her illnesses and causes me and others quite unnecessary anxiety". Henry died in 1939. After the war concluded with Germany's defeat, <mask>'s father's rule over the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was ended. Her post-war life is mostly unknown, and records of her subsequent medical history have mainly been lost. She spent her final years at the Sanatorium Buchwald-Hohenwiese, near Hirschberg, Silesia.She committed suicide on 26 August 1945, dying shortly after World War II ended. In describing <mask>'s life, the historian John Van der Kiste writes that "the princess who had so desperately wanted children of her own had instead continued to battle with constant physical ailments, insomnia and severe depression, and endured many years of ill-health similar to that of her mother". Medical analysis
In the 1990s, the historian John Röhl and his colleagues Martin Warren and David Hunt found <mask>'s grave in Poland, exhuming the body for DNA analysis in the belief that it would reveal signs of the genetic disease porphyria however, it was proved inconclusive. Ancestry

References

Works cited

Further reading

1879 births
1945 suicides
House of Reuss
House of Saxe-Meiningen
People from Potsdam
Princesses of Reuss
Princesses of Saxe-Meiningen
Suicides in Poland

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Feodora Viktoria Auguste Marie Marianne
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title: Raquel Welch

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; September 5, 1940) is an American actress, singer, and model. She first won attention for her role in Fantastic Voyage (1966), after which she won a contract with 20th Century Fox. They lent her contract to the British studio Hammer Film Productions, for whom she made One Million Years B.C. (1966). Although she had only three lines of dialogue in the film, images of her in the doe-skin bikini became best-selling posters that turned her into an international sex symbol. She later starred in Bedazzled (1967), Bandolero! (1968), 100 Rifles (1969), Myra Breckinridge (1970) and Hannie Caulder (1971).She made several television variety specials. Through her portrayal of strong female characters, which helped in her breaking the mold of the traditional sex symbol, <mask> developed a unique film persona that made her an icon of the 1960s and 1970s. Her rise to stardom in the mid-1960s was partly credited with ending Hollywood's vigorous promotion of the blonde bombshell. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy in 1974 for her performance in The Three Musketeers. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Television Film for her performance in the film Right to Die (1987). In 1995, <mask> was chosen by Empire magazine as one of the "100 Sexiest Stars in Film History". Playboy ranked <mask> No.3 on their "100 Sexiest Stars of the Twentieth Century" list.In 2011, Men's Health ranked her No.2 in its "Hottest Women of All Time" list. Early life

<mask> was born as <mask> Tejada on September 5, 1940, in Chicago, Illinois. She is the first child of Armando Carlos Tejada Urquizo (1911–1976) and Josephine Sarah Hall (1909–2000). Her father, Armando Tejada, was an aeronautical engineer from La Paz, Bolivia, son of Agustin Tejada and <mask> Urquizo. In 2010 while being interviewed on the talk show Tavis Smiley, <mask> stated, "My father came from a country called Bolivia. He was of Spanish descent." Her cousin, Bolivian politician Lidia Gueiler Tejada (1921–2011), became the first female President of Bolivia and the second female non-royal head of state in the Americas.<mask> was named after her paternal grandmother. Her mother, Josephine Hall, was the daughter of architect Emery Stanford Hall and his wife Clara Louise Adams; she was of English ancestry. <mask> has a younger brother, James "Jim" Tejada, and had a younger sister, Gayle Tejada (1943-2020). The family moved from Illinois to San Diego, California, when <mask> was two years old. <mask> attended the Pacific Beach Presbyterian Church every Sunday with her mother. As a young girl, <mask> had the desire to be a performer and entertainer. She began studying ballet at age seven, but after ten years of study, she left the art at seventeen when her instructor told her she did not have the right body type for professional ballet companies.At age 14, she won beauty titles as Miss Photogenic and Miss Contour. While attending La Jolla High School she won the title of Miss La Jolla and the title of Miss San Diegothe Fairest of the Fairat the San Diego County Fair. This long line of beauty contests eventually led to the state title of Maid of California. Her parents divorced when she finished her school years. <mask> graduated with honors from high school in 1958. Seeking an acting career, <mask> entered San Diego State College on a theater arts scholarship, and the following year she married her high school sweetheart, <mask>. She won several parts in local theater productions.In 1959, she played the title role in The Ramona Pageant, a yearly outdoor play at Hemet, California, which is based on the novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson and Bob Biloe. She got a job as a weather forecaster at KFMB, a local San Diego television station. Because her family life and television duties were so demanding she decided to give up her drama classes. After her separation from <mask>, she moved with her two children to Dallas, where she made a "precarious living" as a model for Neiman Marcus and as a cocktail waitress. Career

1964–1966: Early works and breakthrough

<mask> initially intended to move to New York City from Dallas, but moved back to Los Angeles in 1963 and started applying for roles with the movie studios. During this period of time, she met one-time child actor and Hollywood agent Patrick Curtis who became her personal and business manager. They developed a plan to turn <mask> into a sex symbol.To avoid typecasting as a Latina, he convinced her to use her husband's last name. She was cast in small roles in two films, A House Is Not a Home (1964) and the musical Roustabout (1964), an Elvis Presley film. She also landed small roles on the television series Bewitched, McHale's Navy and The Virginian and appeared on the weekly variety series The Hollywood Palace as a billboard girl and presenter. She was one of many actresses who auditioned for the role of Mary Ann Summers on the television series Gilligan's Island. <mask>'s first featured role was in the beach film A Swingin' Summer (1965). That same year, she won the Deb Star while her photo in a Life magazine layout called "The End of the Great Girl Drought!" created buzz around town.She was noticed by the wife of producer Saul David, who recommended her to 20th Century Fox, where with the help of Curtis she landed a contract. She agreed to seven-year nonexclusive contract, five pictures over the next five years and two floaters. Studio executives talked about changing her name to "Debbie". They thought "<mask>" would be hard to pronounce. She refused their request. She wanted her real name, so she stuck with "<mask> <mask>". She was cast in a leading role in the sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage (1966), in which she portrayed a member of a medical team that is miniaturized and injected into the body of an injured diplomat with the mission to save his life.The film was a hit and made her a star. Fox Studio loaned <mask> to Hammer Studios in Britain where she starred in One Million Years B.C. (1966), a remake of the Hal Roach film One Million B.C. (1940). Her only costume was a two-piece deer skin bikini. She was described as "wearing mankind's first bikini" and the fur bikini was described as a "definitive look of the 1960s". The New York Times hailed her in its review of the film (which was released in the U.K. in 1966 and in the U.S. in 1967), "a marvelous breathing monument to womankind".One author said, "although she had only three lines in the film, her luscious figure in a fur bikini made her a star and the dream girl of millions of young moviegoers". A publicity still of her in the bikini became a best-selling poster and turned her into an instant pin-up girl. The film raised <mask>'s stature as a leading sex symbol of the era. In 2011, Time listed <mask>'s B.C. bikini in the "Top Ten Bikinis in Pop Culture". In 1966, <mask> starred with Marcello Mastroianni in the Italian film Shoot Loud, Louder... I Don't Understand for Joe E. Levine.The same year, she appeared in the film Sex Quartet (1966) as Elena in the segment "Fata Elena". She was the only American in the cast of the anthology film The Oldest Profession (1967); her segment was directed by Michael Pfleghar. In Italy, she also appeared in a heist movie for MGM, The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968). It co-starred Edward G. Robinson who said of <mask>, "I must say she has quite a body. She has been the product of a good publicity campaign. I hope she lives up to it because a body will only take you so far." 1967–1979: International stardom

Her first starring vehicle, the British Modesty Blaise-style spy movie Fathom (1967), was filmed in Spain for 20th Century Fox.Second unit director Peter Medak said <mask> "was at that time quite inexperienced, exactly like one of those American drum majorettes. But she tried very hard and went to see the rushes each day, gradually improving. 'Who's this dumb broad?' people used to say. But I said: 'You wait. I'll bet she makes it.' I liked her very much because she was such a genuine person.And she had a beautiful body which always helps." <mask> said her role was "a blown up Barbie doll". Reviewing her performance, the Los Angeles Times film critic said that "each new <mask> <mask> picture brings further proof that when Maria Montez died they didn't break the mold. Like Maria, <mask> can't act from here to there, but both ladies seem to have been born to be photographed... this sappiest of spy pictures." At this stage, <mask> owed Fox four films, at one a year. She and Curtis also established their own production company, Curtwel. Fox wanted <mask> to play Jennifer in their adaptation of Valley of the Dolls but she refused, wanting to play the role of Neely O'Hara.The studio was not interested, casting Patty Duke; Sharon Tate played Jennifer North. In England, she appeared as Lust incarnate in the Peter Cook–Dudley Moore comedy, Bedazzled (1967), a Swinging '60s retelling of the Faust legend. It was popular, as was the Western, Bandolero! (1968), which was shot in Del Rio, Texas, at the Alamo Village. It co-starred her against James Stewart and Dean Martin. "I think she's going to stack up all right," Stewart said of <mask>. "No one is going to shout, 'Wow it's Anne Bancroft all over again'," said <mask> of her performance, "but at least I'm not Miss Sexpot running around half naked all the time."In 1968, <mask> appeared with Frank Sinatra in the detective film Lady in Cement, a sequel to the film Tony Rome (1967). She played the socialite Kit Forrest, the romantic interest of Tony Rome. <mask> said later wittily that she catches the film from time to time and now realizes Kit Forrest was an alcoholic: "I'm watching this movie and I'm thinking, 'What the hell has she got on?' At one point, I had this epiphany: 'Oh, she's an alcoholic!' I didn't know that. How could I miss that?" She reportedly was so smitten with Sinatra she forgot to act: "I think I was just so enamoured with Frank Sinatra, you know.He's hypnotic." <mask> starred as a freedom fighter leader in 100 Rifles, a 1969 western directed by Tom Gries and filmed in Almería, Spain. It also starred Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds and Fernando Lamas. The movie provoked publicity and controversy at the time because it included a love scene between <mask> and Brown that breached the Hollywood taboo against the onscreen portrayal of interracial intimacy. The film is remembered for the spectacular "Shower Scene" in which <mask> distracts the soldiers on the train by taking a shower at a water tower along the tracks. The director, Gries, tried hard to convince <mask> to do the scene naked, but she refused. It was one of the many instances <mask> resisted going nude on-screen and pushed back for years against producers who wanted her to act or pose nude.In 1969, <mask> also starred in the thriller Flareup and had a supporting role in the dark comedy The Magic Christian. <mask>'s most controversial role came in Myra Breckinridge (1970). She took the role as the film's transsexual heroine in an attempt to be taken seriously as an actress. The production was characterized by animosity between <mask> and Mae West, who walked out of the film for three days. The film was based on Gore Vidal's controversial bestseller about a man who becomes a woman through surgery. The film's producer Robert Fryer stated: "If a man were going to become a woman, he would want to become the most beautiful woman in the world. He would become <mask> <mask>".Her looks and fame led Playboy to dub her the "Most Desired Woman" of the 1970s. <mask>

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title: Raquel Welch

texts:
 presented at the Academy Award ceremony several times during the 1970s due to her popularity. She accepted the Best Supporting Actress Oscar on behalf of fellow actress Goldie Hawn when Hawn could not be there to accept it. On April 26, 1970, CBS released her television special Raquel!. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51% share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen rating of 58% share. Also that year <mask> acted in The Beloved, in which she starred and produced and filmed in Cyprus. In 1971, <mask> acted in Hannie Caulder, a Tigon and Curtwell western shot in Spain.In 1972, <mask> acted in Kansas City Bomber and had a cameo in Bluebeard. In Kansas City Bomber <mask> played a hardened roller-derby star and single mother who tries to balance her desire for a happy personal life and her dreams of stardom. Life dubbed <mask> the "hottest thing on wheels" for her role. The production of the film shut down for six weeks after <mask> broke her wrist doing some of her own stunts. In the interim, she flew to Budapest and filmed a cameo in Bluebeard opposite Richard Burton. Although Kansas City Bomber was not considered a critical success, it vividly depicted gender relations in the early 1970s. In a 2012 interview, <mask> reflected on the roller derby world depicted in the film: "You have all those women out there, but the men in the front office are really running it.Which I thought was a really nice metaphor for the way a lot of women felt about their lives at that time." In 1973, <mask> acted in The Last of Sheila and The Three Musketeers. In 1974, <mask> acted in The Four Musketeers. In 1975, <mask> acted in The Wild Party.That year in an interview, <mask> said she thought she had been "good" in Kansas City Bomber, Myra Breckenridge and The Last of Sheila "but being good in a bad movie doesn't do anything for your career." In 1976, <mask> acted in Mother, Jugs & Speed. In 1977, <mask> acted in Animal, filmed in France with Jean-Paul Belmondo. That year, she also starred in the British swashbuckling adventure The Prince and the Pauper.In 1978, <mask> appeared in an episode of The Muppet Show. In 1979, for the series Mork & Mindy, <mask> was featured as an alien bounty hunter pursuing Robin Williams in "Mork vs. the Necrotons". 1980–present day: subsequent to current projects

In 1981 she starred on Broadway in Woman of the Year, receiving praise for following Lauren Bacall in the title role. In 1982, <mask> acted in the Western television film The Legend of Walks Far Woman. Around this time, along with Elizabeth Taylor and Sophia Loren, <mask> was among the candidates considered for the role of Alexis Carrington on the ABC prime time drama Dynasty which began in 1981, before the producers settled on Joan Collins. She was due to star in a 1982 adaptation of John Steinbeck's Cannery Row, but was abruptly fired by the producers a few weeks into production. The studio claimed she was not living up to her contract, by refusing early-morning rehearsals, and was replaced with Debra Winger.<mask> sued MGM for breach of contract. Studio executives claimed in testimony the reason <mask> was following through with the trial was because she was an actress over 40 and generally actresses in that age range cannot get roles anymore. <mask>'s evidence at trial proved there was a conspiracy to falsely blame her for the film's budget problems and delays. The jury sided with <mask> and she won a $10.8 million verdict against MGM in 1986. Despite the win, <mask> wished the whole episode never had happened. "I just wanted to clear my reputation and get back to my work, my work in movies", she said. But she was blackballed by the industry and the incident affected her film career on the big screen from that moment on.In 1987 she played in the television drama Right to Die, in which she turned in a stirring performance as a woman stricken with Lou Gehrig's disease. That year, she flirted with a pop singing career, releasing the dance single "This Girl's Back In Town", which peaked at No. 29 on Billboards dance club chart. She also starred in the television films Scandal in a Small Town (1988), Trouble in Paradise (1989), and Torch Song (1993). In 1994, she had a cameo appearance in Naked Gun : The Final Insult

She appeared in the night-time soap opera Central Park West (1995). As a guest, she played Sabrina's flamboyant Aunt Vesta on the American comedy series Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1996). In 1997, <mask> starred on Broadway in Victor/Victoria, following Julie Andrews and Liza Minnelli in the title role.That year, she also acted in an episode of the comedy series Seinfeld, entitled "The Summer of George", <mask> played a highly temperamental version of herself, assaulting series characters Kramer and Elaine, the former because he fired her from an acting job and the latter because <mask> mistakenly thought Elaine was mocking her. In 2001, she had supporting roles in the comedy films Legally Blonde opposite Reese Witherspoon and Tortilla Soup. In 2002, she starred in the PBS series American Family, a story about a Mexican American family in East Los Angeles. Her next film was Forget About It (2006). She also appeared in Welcome to The Captain, which premiered on CBS television on February 4, 2008. In 2015 she played a role in The Ultimate Legacy. Most recently <mask> appeared in a sitcom titled Date My Dad (2017) where she reunited with Robert Wagner on screen, four decades after starring together in The Biggest Bundle of Them All.She acted in How to Be a Latin Lover (2017). Singing career

For many years, <mask> performed in a successful one-woman nightclub musical act in Las Vegas. Achievements and awards

In 1974, <mask> won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy for The Three Musketeers. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in the television drama Right to Die (1987). In 1994, <mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2001, she was awarded the Imagen Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award for her positive promotion of Americans of Latin heritage throughout her career. In 2012, the Film Society of Lincoln Center presented a special retrospective of the films of <mask> <mask> Total Beauty and Fitness Program book and videos were first released in 1984. The book, written by <mask> with photographs by André Weinfeld, includes a hatha yoga fitness program, her views on healthy living and nutrition, as well as beauty and personal style. The Multi-Platinum collection of Fitness and Yoga videos were produced and directed by André Weinfeld. As a businesswoman, <mask> succeeded with her signature line of wigs. She also began a jewelry and skincare line, although neither of those ventures compared to the success of her wig collection HAIRuWEAR. In January 2007, <mask> was selected as the newest face of MAC Cosmetics Beauty Icon series. Her line features several limited-edition makeup shades in glossy black and tiger-print packaging.The tiger print motif of the collection celebrates <mask>'s feline and sensuous image: "strong and wild, yet sultry and exotic". Personal life

<mask> married her high school sweetheart, <mask>, on May 8, 1959, but they separated in 1962 and divorced in 1964. She married producer Patrick Curtis in 1967 and divorced him in 1972. In 1980, she began a 10-year marriage to producer André Weinfeld, whom she divorced in 1990. <mask> wed Richard Palmer, owner of Mulberry Street Pizzeria, in 1999 but then separated from him in 2003 and later divorced. <mask> says she will not remarry. Through her first marriage, <mask> is the mother of <mask> (born November 6, 1959) and actress Tahnee <mask> (born Latanne <mask>, December 26, 1961).Tahnee followed her mother's December 1979 example and appeared on the cover of Playboy in the November 1995 issue and in a nude pictorial inside it. In 1990, Damon married Rebecca, daughter of Fred Trueman but the marriage lasted only two years. <mask> posed for Playboy in 1979, but she never did a fully nude shoot. Hugh Hefner later wrote, "<mask> <mask>, one of the last of the classic sex symbols, came from the era when you could be considered the sexiest woman in the world without taking your clothes off. She declined to do complete nudity, and I yielded gracefully. The pictures prove her point." <mask> has refused to take all her clothes off on screen or pose naked throughout her career spanning five decades, saying this was the way she was brought up.While her image in the 1960s was that of a torrid sex temptress, <mask>'s private life was quite different. She once famously said, "What I do on the screen is not to be equated with what I do in my private life. Privately, I am understated and dislike any hoopla". She also admitted, "I was not brought up to be a sex symbol, nor is it in my nature to be one. The fact that I became one is probably the loveliest, most glamorous and fortunate misunderstanding". Political views

In 2014, during an appearance on The O'Reilly Factor, <mask> described herself as being on the conservative side, attributing it to her mother's midwestern values. During the Vietnam War, <mask> showed support for the troops at United Service Organizations (USO) shows.In popular culture

<mask> helped transform America's feminine ideal into its current state. Her beautiful looks and eroticism made her the definitive 1960s and 1970s sex icon, rather than the blonde bombshell of the late 1950s as typified by Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, and others. <mask> became a star in the mid-1960s and was exotic, brunette, and smolderingly sexual. Her countless publicity photos helped to popularize her image, dress style, and 1960s and 1970s fashion trends. <mask> and other actresses also made big hair popular. <mask> is mentioned in the 1971 song, "One's on the Way" by country music legend Loretta Lynn. <mask> is one of the few actresses, and one of the earliest, who had a lead role in a Western movie.Hannie Caulder (1971) was a clear influence on later revenge films. Quentin Tarantino said the film was one of his inspirations for Kill Bill (2003). It took many years, arguably until the 1990s, until female leads appeared in mainstream U.S. cinema who are strongwithout adding fictional or overemphasizing masculine traits (or portraying them as femme fatales). In the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption, the poster that Andy Dufresne had on his prison cell wall at the time of his escape was the famous pinup image of <mask> in One Million Years B.C. Prior to Dufresne's escape being realized, the warden refers to <mask> as "Miss Fuzzy Britches". Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Discography

Album appearances

Singles

Books

 <mask> <mask> Welch Total Beauty and Fitness Program, Publisher: Henry Holt and Company (October 1, 1984),
 <mask> <mask>: Raquel: Beyond the Cleavage, Publisher: Weinstein Books (March 29, 2010),

See also

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from San Diego
American film actresses
American women singers
American people of Bolivian descent
American people of English descent
American people of Spanish descent
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Female models from Illinois
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
San Diego State University alumni
Singers from Chicago
Singers from California
Conservatism in the United

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Welch
Raquel
Welchquel
Raquel
Welch


title: Vladimir Morozan

texts:
<mask> (; born on February 16, 1957, Kishinev) is a Russian historian, genealogist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of History of St. Petersburg State University. Biography
V.<mask> was born in Kishinev (Chişinău) into the family of a police officer. The <mask>v family belonged to the small-scale owners of Bessarabia. After school, he came to enroll in the Faculty of Philosophy, but without success. A few years later, in 1984, he entered the History Department of the Leningrad State University, from which he graduated in (1990). He studied at the Department of Modern and Modern Times. The scientific supervisor was Nina Petrovna Evdokimova.At the university, he studied the history of Russian-German trade relations. Teachers: B.V. Ananych, E.R. Olkhovsky. After graduating from the university, he worked for some time as a deputy head of the youth club association of the Nevsky district, then took a job as a teacher at the Department of National History at St. Petersburg State University. He was a candidate at the Department of Political History of Saint Petersburg State University(head-K. K. Khudoley), then-at the SPbU of the Russian Academy of Sciences (now-St. Petersburg. Institute of History). In 1996 <mask> completed his PhD dissertation "State Savings banks in Pre-revolutionary Russia"  (Russian: Государственные сберегательные кассы в дореволюционной России) at the Saint Petersburg branch of the institute of Russian history at the Russian Academy of Science.In 2001 he completed his doctoral dissertation titled History of banking in Russia (second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries) (Russian: История банковского дела в России (вторая половина XVIII — первая половина XIX вв. )), at the same university. Having started teaching at the St. Petersburg State Medical University, where in 1991-1996 Morozan worked at the Department of National History, later in 1996-1997 he worked as an editor of the St. Petersburg Independent Humanitarian Academy. From 1997 to 2008-Senior lecturer, Associate Professor, Professor (since 2002) at the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, in 2003-2008 he headed the Department of Russian History at the University. From 2008 to 2014, he was a professor at the Department of the History of Entrepreneurship and Management at the Faculty of History of St. Petersburg State University. Since 2014, he has been a professor at the Department of History of the Peoples of the Commonwealth of Independent States of the Institute of History of St. Petersburg State University. His research interests include economic history of the XVIII-XX centuries, social history, local history, and genealogy.Most of his works are devoted to the history of finance and banking, the class system of the Russian Empire, as well as the history of Russian entrepreneurship. In particular, with his participation, such fundamental publications as "Credit and Banks in Russia before the beginning of the XX century: St. Petersburg and Moscow" (2005), " History of the Bank of Russia. 1860—2010» (2010). <mask>'s research is based on various archival sources and is based on statistical data. Awards

• Winner of the Academician I. D. Kovalchenko Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2015) for the monograph "Business life in the South of Russia in the XIX-early XX century". • In April 2019, he was awarded the Nicolae Milescu Spetaru Medal of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. • Winner of the Makariev Prize in the category "History of Orthodox Countries and Peoples" for the book "Bessarabia and its Nobility in the XIX-early XX centuries" (2019, second prize).Works

Monographs
• Peterburg. Istoria bancov. SPb., 2001. 304 p.  (together with B.V.Ananjichem, S.G.Beljaevym, Z.V.Dmitrievoj, S.K.Lebedev, P.V.Lizunov)/Petersburg. A history of banks/. • (The History of a banking in Russia (second half of the 18th - first half the 19th centuries)) 2001. 388 p.

• Second edition St. Petersburg: Kriga, 2004.- 400 p.

• Credit i banchi v Rossii do nachala XX veca: Sanct-Peterburg i Moscva. SPb., 2005. 667 p.  (together with B.V.Ananjichem, M.I.Arefjevoj, S.G.Beljaevym, A.V.Bugrovym, M.M.Dadykinoj, O.V.Dragan, Z.V.Dmitrievoj, S.K.Lebedev, P.V.Lizunov, J.A.Petrov, S.A.Salamatinoj). /The credit and banks in Russia prior to the beginning of 20th century: Saint Petersburg and Moscow/. • Istoria sberegatelnih cass v imperatorscoi Rossii. SPb., 2007. 252 p.  /A history of savings banks in imperial Russia/.Articles
• Iz istorii blagotvoritelnosti v Rossii // Russcoe proshloe. SPb., 1996. № 6. P. 5—15. /From a history of charity in Russia/;

• Perepisca I.I.Betskogo s Opecunschim sovetom S.-Peterburgscogo Vospitatelnogo doma // Russcoe proshloe. SPb.,1996. № 6.P. 16—21. /I.I.Betskogo's correspondence with Tutorial advice(council) of the St.-Petersburg Educational house/;

• Iz istorii sberegatelnogo dela v Rossii // Russcoe proshloe. SPb., 1996. № 7. P. 159—169. /From a history of a savings affair in Russia/;

• Iz istorii ruscoi economichescoi emigratzii con. XIX — nach.XX вв. // Novii Chasovoi. SPb., 1996. № 4. P. 23—34. /From a history of Russian economic emigration кон. 19th - нач.20th centuries/;

• Sotzialnii sostav vcladchicov gosudarstvennih sberegatelnih cass v poreformennoi Possii i sfera prilojenia narodnih sberejenii // Dengi i credit. М., 1998. № 7. P. 73—79. /A social composition of investors of the state savings banks in пореформенной Russia and sphere of the appendix of national savings/;

• Economia e societa in Russia all inizio del secolo. // L altro novecento la Russia nella storia del ventesimo secoloю. Bergamo.1999. With. 25-37;

• Economichescoe polojenie Russcoi Pravoslavnoi Tzercvi v contze XIX - nachale XX vv.// Nestor. SPb. - Chishinev. 2000. № 1.P. 311—300. /An economic situation of Russian Orthodox Church at the end of 19th - the beginning of 20th centuries/ ;

• Operatzionnaia deiatelnosti gosudarstvennih sberegatelnih cass i sotzialnii sostav vcladchicov v 1895—1916 gg. // Dengi i credit. М., 2001. № 9. P. 64—69. /Operational activity of the state savings banks and a social composition of investors in 1895-1916/;

• Uchrejdenie v Rossii sberegatelnih cass // Istoria glazami istoricov.SPb., 2002. P. 66—90. /Establishment in Russia of savings banks;

• Iz istorii arhivnogo dela v Rossii // Peterburgscaia istorichescaia shcola. Almanah. SPb., 2004. P. 370—385. /From a history of an archival affair in Russia/;

• Zaconodatelnoe regulirovanie torgovoi nesostoiatelnosti v Rossii v pervoi polovine XIX v. // Institut pravovedenia i predprinimatelstva - 10 let.Iubileinii sb. trudov. SPb., 2004. P. 13—19. /Legislative regulation of a trading inconsistency in Russia in first half 19th century/;

• Formirovanie i deiatelnosti administrativnih organov upravlenie v Bessarabscoi oblasti v nachale XIX v. Chasti 1 // SPb. : Clio. Jurnal dlia uchenih, 2005.№ 1. (28). P. 125—134; Chasti 2. SPb. : Clio. Jurnal dlia uchenih, 2005. № 2.(29). P. 152—161. /Formation and activity of administrative controls in Bessarabia in the beginning of 19th century/;

• Rinoc jeleza b metaloizdelii i ego crupneishie operatori v Priazovscom crae v XIX v. // Industrialnoe nasledie. Materiali III nauchnoi conferentzii. Saransc, 2007. P. 456—467. /The market of iron and hardware and his(its) largest operators in edge(territory) Priazovskom in 19th century/;

• Marc Valjano i hlebnii rinoc v Priazovscom crae vo vtoroi polovine XIX v. // Chelovec v economiche: istoricheschii discurs.Materiali Vserossiiscoi nauchnoi conferentzii, posvechennoi 80-letiiu professora N. L. Klein. Samara, 2007. P. 55-64. /Mark Valjano and the grain market in edge(territory) Priazovskom in the second half of the 19th century/;
• Deiatelnosti Azovsco-Donscogo comerchescogo banca na Iuge Rossii v contze XIX v.

External links

Official
 Page on the website of the Institute of History of St. Petersburg State University
 Biografika St. Petersburg State University
 Page on ORCID iD

References

Russian historians
1957 births
Living people
Saint Petersburg State University alumni

masks:
Vladimir Vasilevich Morozan
Morozan
Morozano
Morozan
Morozan


title: The Undertaker

texts:
Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965), better known by the ring name <mask>, is an American actor and retired professional wrestler. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time. Best known for his professional wrestling career in WWF/E from 1990 to 2020, Calaway spent the vast majority of that time performing his critically acclaimed "Deadman" Undertaker gimmick. Although retired from professional wrestling, Calaway remains employed for WWE through a 15-year contract signed in 2019. Calaway began his career in 1987, working under various gimmicks for World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) and other affiliate promotions. He became USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion and WCWA Texas Heavyweight Champion during this time. After signing with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1989, he had a brief stint in the mid-card as "Mean" Mark Callous, before joining the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in 1990.Calaway was rebranded into a horror-themed Deadman gimmick with the name, "<mask>", once joining the WWF. Portraying an undead, funereal, macabre character, he gained significant mainstream popularity and won the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards for Best Gimmick a record-setting 5 years in a row. A textbook example of WWE's Golden Age of freakish gimmicks, <mask> was intent on disrupting the confidence of his rivals while feuding with and combating them, done through varied alarmist tactics: delivering caskets, corpse-like effigies, theatrically chilling entrances, funeral tolling, etc. The longest-tenured wrestler in company history at 30 years, <mask> is one of the most prominent figures of the Attitude Era–a high ratings, envelope-pushing generation of the WWF/E in the latter 1990s. Desiring to perform under a gimmick truer to himself, Calaway expanded on <mask>taker gimmick by assuming a biker identity, dubbed "American Badass", in 2000. Calaway resurrected <mask>man Undertaker in 2004, with residual elements of American Badass Undertaker remaining. For the better part of his career, <mask> was observed as a focal point of WWE's flagship annual event, WrestleMania, where he became esteemed for <mask> Streak—a series of 21 straight victories.He is also known for pairing with his in-storyline half-brother Kane, with whom he had alternatively feuded and teamed off and on with as The Brothers of Destruction from 1997 through 2020. During his active career under <mask> gimmick, Calaway won the WWF/E Championship four times, the World Heavyweight Championship three times, the Hardcore Championship once and the World Tag Team Championship six times. He also won the Royal Rumble match in 2007. He is one of WWE's most prolific pay-per-view performers, headlining several pay-per-view events, including WrestleMania on five occasions. The Undertaker retired from professional wrestling in 2020 and made a farewell appearance at that year's Survivor Series, 30 years to the day from his on-screen debut for the company at the same pay-per-view brand. On February 18, 2022, <mask> was confirmed as the first inductee in the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2022, and vastly praised by WWE fans, the professional wrestling community and media outlets alike following the announcement. Early life
Mark William Calaway was born in Houston, Texas, on March 24, 1965, the son of Frank Compton Calaway (died July 2003) and Betty Catherine Truby.He has four older brothers named David, Michael, Paul, and Timothy (died March 2020, age 63). He attended Waltrip High School, where he was a member of the football and basketball teams. He graduated in 1983 and began studying on a basketball scholarship at Angelina College in Lufkin, Texas. In 1985, he enrolled in Texas Wesleyan University in Fort Worth, Texas, where he majored in sport management and played as a center for the Rams in the 1985–1986 season. In 1986, Calaway dropped out of university to focus on a career in sports and briefly considered playing professional basketball in Europe, before deciding to focus on professional wrestling. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1987–1990)
Calaway began training under Buzz Sawyer in late 1986; he disliked Sawyer, who reportedly lacked commitment and provided a limited education. Calaway learned "on the job" thereafter.Performing under a mask as Texas Red, Calaway wrestled his first match on June 26, 1987, for World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), losing to Bruiser Brody at the Dallas Sportatorium. He was accompanied to the ring by Percival "Percy" Pringle III, who would later serve as his manager in the WWF (as Paul Bearer). Two myths have circulated regarding Calaway's beginnings in the industry, the first being that he made his in-ring debut in 1984, and the second being that he was trained by former WCCW colleague Don Jardine (aka <mask> Spoiler). While never trained by Jardine, Calaway was an admirer of his work and would emulate Jardine's top rope walk. PWInsiders Mike Johnson stated, "Undertaker using some of Jardine's style eventually morphed into this story that he was trained by Jardine." In 1988, Calaway joined the Continental Wrestling Association (which became part of the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) after Jerry Jarrett bought WCCW and merged the two organizations into one), wrestling under several gimmicks. On February 2, 1989, managed by Dutch Mantel, he was reintroduced as The Master of Pain, a character fresh out of the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta after serving five years (much in solitary confinement) for killing two men in a fight.After his second match the next week, he stayed in the ring by challenging USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion Jerry Lawler to an impromptu match. The Master of Pain easily dominated Lawler until Mantel entered the ring and called him off. Lawler agreed to a title match and on April 1, <mask> of Pain won his first professional wrestling championship. He held it for just over three weeks before Lawler became the first man to pin him, winning it back. While performing as <mask> Punisher, Calaway won the WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship on October 5, 1989, when Eric Embry forfeited the title. World Championship Wrestling (1989–1990)

In 1989, Calaway joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as a villain and adopted the ring name "Mean Mark" Callous, a name devised for him by Terry Funk. He was portrayed as a morbid character; he wore predominantly black ring attire and was described by announcer Jim Ross as having a fondness for pet snakes and the music of Ozzy Osbourne.Callous was promptly drafted into The Skyscrapers tag team to replace a legitimately injured Sid Vicious and he made his debut on January 3, 1990, in a match later televised against Agent Steel and Randy Harris. The new team gained some notoriety at Clash of the Champions X when they beat down The Road Warriors after their match (the Road Warriors were actually very impressed by this). However, Callous's partner Dan Spivey left WCW days before their Chicago Street Fight against The Road Warriors at WrestleWar. Callous and a replacement masked Skyscraper were defeated in the street fight and the team broke up soon afterwards. Now a singles wrestler, Callous took on the guidance of Paul E. Dangerously (Paul Heyman) and defeated Johnny Ace at Capital Combat and Brian Pillman at Clash of the Champions XI: Coastal Crush. Calaway began to question his future in WCW after being told by company booker, Ole Anderson, during contract renewal discussions, that nobody would ever pay money to watch him perform. It was during this time that Calaway sought to achieve noteworthy success in professional wrestling by making numerous efforts to join the World Wrestling Federation, going to many lengths to land a meeting with Vince McMahon.However, accessing and securing an interview with McMahon was described by Calaway as a despairing task. Among routes Calaway took to land a meeting with McMahon, he convinced individuals acquainted with McMahon or already existing WWF talent to recommend him into WWF, including Hulk Hogan, Paul Heyman, Bruce Prichard, etc. While linking up with Hogan in a small role as "Hutch" during the making of the movie Suburban Commando, Calaway was able to get a recommendation sent to McMahon from him. Hogan's effectiveness is questioned because he was reportedly on bad terms with McMahon at this particular point. Callous wrestled Lex Luger for the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship at The Great American Bash, but was pinned. According to WWF/E executive Bruce Prichard, "feelers" had already been sent out to the WWF by Heyman: Calaway wrestled the match with a dislocated hip knowing that he was being watched by McMahon. McMahon initially wasn't expressing any interest, but Prichard managed to encourage him to speak with Calaway when WCW traveled to New Jersey for a house show in the Meadowlands on August 24.The meeting between the two went well and Calaway gave notice to WCW on August 27. His final match was on September 7 at a WorldWide taping in Amarillo, Texas in which he defeated Dave Johnson. During his time in WCW, Calaway briefly wrestled in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as "Punisher" Dice Morgan. After leaving WCW, he briefly returned to the USWA to participate in a tournament to determine the new USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion; he defeated Bill Dundee in the first round, but lost to Jerry Lawler in the quarterfinals. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

WWF debut and early feuds, Old West Mortician Deadman (1990–1991)
In October 1990, Calaway signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), set to portray a gimmick that was originally entitled Kane The Undertaker—a menacing derivative of the Wild West undertakers depicted in television westerns. Resulting from that, this very first edition of <mask>taker's series of Deadman incarnations has been distinguished by external media as "The Old West Mortician". The gimmick was created and assigned to him by Vince McMahon.Despite Calaway's perplexed, pessimistic feelings about the gimmick, he readily accepted the role. He made his debut as <mask> <mask> for a taping of WWF Superstars on November 19, 1990, quickly defeating his very first WWF opponent, Mario Mancini (although this match was filmed three days prior to <mask>’s November 22 Survivor Series elimination tag match, it did not air on television until the December 15, 1990, edition of WWF Superstars, thus not commonly recognized as his debut). Calaway's official televised debut was the Survivor Series event in which he was presented as the heel mystery partner of Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Team. Approximately one minute into the match, <mask> eliminated Koko B. Ware with his finisher, the Tombstone Piledriver. He also eliminated Dusty Rhodes before being counted out; however, his team won the match with DiBiase being the sole survivor. During the match, Calaway was referred to as simply <mask>, omitting the portion "Kane", which was dropped shortly after the event (and seven years later, given to another wrestler once he took on the role of <mask>'s younger brother). Throughout the end of 1990, <mask> mostly picked up squash victories against jobbers on Superstars of Wrestling and Wrestling Challenge tapings.He was a participant in the 1991 Royal Rumble match which was won by Hulk Hogan. In February 1991, Brother Love delegated his short-lived management role of <mask> Undertaker over to Paul Bearer (real-life funeral director), Love communicating the need for someone who better aligned with <mask>'s deadman themes. Histrionic, wailing and ghostly in character, Bearer complemented <mask> and was almost always seen bearing an urn which he raised in the air to transmit supernatural healing powers to <mask>; this typically resulting in <mask> recovering from attacks and counterattacking his adversaries. During his early years, <mask>taker took to a post-match routine of placing his defeated opponents (almost always jobbers) in a body bag and carrying them off to the back. He continued picking up victories in squash matches leading up to his first feud in the WWF with "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka. WWF Champion (1991–1994)
<mask>taker made his WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania VII on March 24, 1991, quickly defeating "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka. He began his first major feud with <mask> Warrior when he attacked Warrior and locked him in an airtight casket on the set of Paul Bearer's Funeral Parlor interview segment.Resulting from this, the Warrior enlisted the assistance of Jake "The Snake" Roberts to get him mentally prepared for <mask>'s morbid alarmist tactics: Roberts would drill the Warrior with "know your enemy" training, setting up the Warrior in a series of creepy, terrorizing circumstances, such as by locking him in caskets and in rooms with snakes. This culminated in a final stage of Roberts's training in which Roberts proved to be stringing Warrior along the entire time by assisting <mask> in an ambush. The <mask> would later suffer his first losses in the WWF to <mask> Ultimate Warrior, including in a first ever body bag challenge, a casket match, and (at house show) standard pin-fall match. The feud was, however, cut short after the Warrior's suspension and ongoing issues with Vince McMahon. In the 1991 King of the Ring, <mask> defeated Animal in a qualifying match before fighting Sid Vicious to a double disqualification in the semifinal, which saw both men eliminated from the King of the Ring tournament. The <mask> defeated Hulk Hogan to win his first WWF Championship at Survivor Series with the help of Ric Flair and thus became the youngest WWF Champion in history to that point, later having this record broken by Yokozuna in April 1993 at WrestleMania IX. WWF President Jack Tunney ordered a rematch for This Tuesday in Texas six days later, where he lost the title back to Hogan.However,

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under
The Dead
The Undertaker
The
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The
The Master
The
The Under
Kane The
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Thetaker
The Undertaker
The
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under
The Under
The Ultimate
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The
Undertaker
Undertaker


title: The Undertaker

texts:
 due to the controversial endings of the two title matches between <mask> and Hogan, the title was vacated from Hogan the next night by Tunney. The company was without a WWF Champion until Ric Flair earned it by winning 1992 Royal Rumble match. In February 1992, <mask>taker's ally Jake "The Snake" Roberts tried to attack "Macho Man" Randy Savage's manager/wife Miss Elizabeth with a steel chair when <mask> stopped him, turning face for the first time. The turn was solidified on the February 29 episode of Superstars, when Roberts confronted <mask> on the Funeral Parlor set over that incident (aired on Saturday Night's Main Event XXX). After demanding to know whose side <mask> was on and getting the reply, "Not yours", Roberts attacked both Bearer and <mask>, only for <mask> to stand his ground and run Roberts off. The <mask> defeated Roberts at WrestleMania VIII. He then feuded extensively with wrestlers managed by Harvey Wippleman throughout 1992 and 1993, such as Kamala and Giant González.Also during this time, <mask> headlined the first ever episode of Monday Night Raw on January 11, 1993, with a victory over Damien Demento. According to Calaway, working with González "...was survival every night trying to figure out what he could do" and "took years off my career". He faced González at WrestleMania IX, which is notable as <mask>'s only disqualification win at WrestleMania after the use of chloroform. The <mask>'s next rivalry initiated at the 1993 Survivor Series with Yokozuna when a clash between the two lost control, causing them to be counted out in an elimination tag match. In the weeks following, <mask> and Bearer spooked Yokozuna with multiple segments from their wintery and remote rural area workshop. There, Bearer presented <mask> hard at work carpentering Yokozuna what would eventually become a "double wide, double deep casket" custom-built for Yokozuna's immensely overweight size. The feud culminated in a WWF Championship casket match at the Royal Rumble in January 1994.During the match, Yokozuna sealed <mask> in the casket with the assistance of a multitude of antagonist wrestlers, some of them Wippleman-managed. After being trapped inside the casket by the pack, green vapor emitted from the casket and the arena lights went out. <mask> then appeared from inside the casket on the video screen, representing the spirit of his dead corpse, warning that he would produce a future rebirth of himself, explaining to his antagonists that he cannot and will not Rest in Peace. The <mask> did not appear in the WWF for seven months after his loss to Yokozuna. In reality, he was given time off to allow a back injury to heal. The Real Deadman and feuding (1994–1996)

Following the death angle at the Royal Rumble during The <mask>'s absence, the WWF promoted reported sightings of him through video clips of random people who claimed to have seen him. After WrestleMania X, Ted DiBiase introduced an Undertaker back to the WWF.This Undertaker, however, played by Calaway's real-life cousin, Brian Lee, was an impostor <mask> (dubbed "The Underfaker" by fans) rejuvenated by Dibiase's money rather than Bearer's urn. His actions led to the return of the real <mask> at SummerSlam, defeating the impostor and appearing as a reincarnation of his Deadman gimmick, one of a more shadowy, mysterious and secret presence. Represented now by cool colors, <mask> replaced details of his wrestling gear that were previously colored gray with purple, and effected scenes with blue/purple semidarkness. Many details that would become associated with <mask> for the remainder of his career were produced during this incarnation, such as the addition of sleeve tattoos and Godlike elements (thunder, lightening and windy weather-like effects used to indicate <mask>'s presence and wrath). Seeking retribution, <mask> revisited his feud with Yokozuna and eventually faced him in a casket rematch at the 1994 Survivor Series. Chuck Norris (portraying his Walker, Texas Ranger persona) was involved in this match as special guest/ringside security guard. In this manner, he prevented interference from WWF athletes that Yokozuna, Jim Cornette and Mr. Fuji had again enlisted for help.Unable to rely on interference this time around, Yokozuna was defeated by <mask> and sealed in the casket. Throughout most of 1995, <mask> feuded with members of Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation. The chain of athletes DiBiase enlisted to do away with <mask> started with Irwin R. Schyster at the Royal Rumble for which <mask> was victorious, but assaulted by another member of the Million Dollar Team, King Kong Bundy. At WrestleMania XI, <mask> made short work of Bundy in a singles match. This edition of WrestleMania is noteworthy in that it produced the first mention of <mask>'s historic WrestleMania-winning Streak, acknowledged by Vince McMahon as <mask> made his entrance: "The Undertaker, on his way to the ring—a man who's never lost at WrestleMania." During <mask>taker's WrestleMania encounter, DiBiase issued him with yet another antagonist in "The Supreme Fighting Machine" Kama, who had stolen the urn from Bearer during the match. Kama followed this up with a series of malicious acts, including destroying the stolen urn and recycling it into bling.While sporting the flashy bling around his neck, he repeatedly cost <mask> matches and attacked <mask>'s fans, dubbed "creatures of the night". In August, <mask> settled the score with Kama, defeating him in a casket match at SummerSlam. Several weeks later, <mask> suffered a serious orbital bone injury when King Mabel unintentionally struck him in the eye with his fist during a house show, forcing <mask> to a period of absence for surgery. Due to the incident happening at a house show, Vince McMahon had it presented to the audience as though it had occurred from Mabel and Yokozuna's exchange of leg drops and splashes on <mask> on the Monday Night Raw that had aired 2 days prior. The <mask> returned a couple months later at Survivor Series, in which he single-handedly eliminated an entire team of athletes led by King Mabel, <mask> leading his own team to victory. It was at that Survivor Series return in which he began wearing a Phantom of the Opera-like, gray upper-face mask to safeguard his orbital injury while it healed. The following month in December, <mask> defeated Mabel in a casket match at In Your House.In the main event of the Royal Rumble in January 1996, <mask> was unmasked of his Phantom of the Opera-like facial covering in a WWF Championship match against Bret Hart. The <mask> was eventually able to hit the Tombstone Piledriver on Hart, but Diesel interfered, costing <mask> the championship. A rematch for the title on the February 5 episode of Raw saw similar interference. At that month's In Your House: Rage in the Cage, while Diesel was facing Hart in a steel cage match for the WWF Championship, <mask> delivered a surprise attack, emerging from a hole he had ripped through the ring canvas and dragging Diesel with him down under, allowing Hart the victory. After several weeks of more tit for tat between Diesel and <mask>, the feud culminated in a singles match between the two at WrestleMania XII, where <mask> was victorious. The <mask>'s next feud started the next night on Raw, when Mankind made his debut and interfered in <mask>'s match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw. For the next few months, Mankind ambushed and cost <mask> several matches.Mankind cost <mask> the WWF Intercontinental Championship by interfering in his casket match against Goldust at In Your House 8: Beware of Dog, Mankind appearing from inside the casket and sealing <mask> inside; <mask>, however, disappeared once the casket lid was opened. As a result of the interference and repeated ambushes from Mankind on <mask> throughout the ensuing weeks, <mask> and Mankind competed in their very first on-screen bout at the 1996 King of the Ring. During the match, Bearer inadvertently hit <mask> with the urn, allowing Mankind to incapacitate <mask> with his finisher, the Mandible Claw, and score the win. With Mankind continuing to interfere on <mask>'s matches even following the King of the Ring encounter, <mask> began to rage and the feud intensified. The two took to battling at random moments outside of arranged matches, the chaos spilling into audiences, backstage areas, and the boiler rooms of varying arenas, all of this unprecedented at the time. As a result, the first ever Boiler Room Brawl (Mankind's specialty match) was booked between the two at SummerSlam. After more than 20 minutes of brawling with Mankind in the Cleveland Gund Arena's boiler room, the arena corridors and the entrance ramp, <mask> reached for Paul Bearer's urn to take the win, but Bearer hit him with it, betraying <mask> and allowing Mankind to incapacitate him with the Mandible Claw, giving him the win.After Bearer's betrayal <mask> took his rivalry with Mankind to a new level, a specialty match of his own, and at that time unprecedented Buried Alive match to take place in the main event of In Your House 11: Buried Alive. The <mask> won the match after chokeslamming Mankind into the open grave and subsequently shoveling enough dirt on him so that he was covered. However, after interference from <mask> Executioner, as well as the help of several other heel wrestlers, Mankind escaped the grave and together the mob all shoveled dirt onto <mask> to the point that the grave was completely filled, ultimately resulting in <mask> fully buried alive. Not without a parting message, however, <mask>'s hand emerged from the ground amid a bolt of lightening. The Lord of Darkness Deadman (1996–1998)

After being buried alive and a following month-long hiatus, <mask> returned at the Survivor Series again pitting him against Mankind, but with a unique stipulation; hanging  above the ring was Paul Bearer, enclosed in a steel cage. If <mask> won the match, he would be able to get his hands on Bearer. Even though <mask> won the match, interference from <mask> Executioner enabled Bearer to escape <mask>'s clutches.It was also at this event that <mask> had developed a comparatively more informal, more humanized yet still superhuman "Deadman" incarnation. In this then new form, he took on a Goth appearance and persona, with a brash, rebelling, Championship-driven mean streak (perhaps to better fit in with the then-budding, more adult-oriented Attitude Era). This delivering, dubbed "The Lord of Darkness", was the 3rd incarnation of his Deadman persona. Following Survivor Series, <mask> briefly turned his attention to <mask>, who had been interfering in his matches since his arrival. At In Your House 12: It's Time, <mask> defeated <mask> Executioner in an Armageddon Rules match even with Mankind heavily involved throughout the entire encounter. The <mask> then moved on to feud with Vader, whom he faced in January 1997 at the Royal Rumble in a singles match, which <mask> lost after Bearer interfered on behalf of his new protégé. The two then clashed in the Royal Rumble match itself as they made it to the final moments of the match, but both were eliminated by Stone Cold Steve Austin, who had crept back into the match after his elimination was unseen.He faced both Vader and Austin in a four-corners elimination match for the vacant WWF Championship at In Your House 13: Final Four, but Bret Hart won. However, the following month, <mask> managed to win the WWF Championship for the second time by defeating Sycho Sid at WrestleMania 13. Reviving his first Deadman incarnation for that night only, <mask> appeared as the "Old West Mortician", donning the trademarked gray wrestling gear accessories (boot spats, tie, stetson hat ribbon and gloves), along with a pitch-black entrance with only a white spotlight shined over him, contrasted from the purple/blue semidarkness associated with the rest of his Deadman incarnations. Following his WWF Championship win at WrestleMania 13, Paul Bearer attempted to rejoin <mask> as his manager. After <mask> refused and attacked Bearer, Bearer had Mankind set a fireball to the Undertaker's face, leading up to a match at In Your House 14: Revenge of the 'Taker, for which <mask> was victorious. Evening the score at "Revenge of the 'Taker", <mask> set a fireball to Bearer's face directly following the match. Following the event, Bearer bandaged up from fire burns, likened <mask>'s "deepest, darkest secret".Through giving <mask> the ultimatum of revealing his deepest, darkest secret to the world, Bearer was able to reunite with him as manager and protégé. After only a few months of abrasive behaviors from Bearer, however, <mask> lost his patience and rejected Bearer as his manager. In retaliation, Bearer disclosed that <mask> had intentionally killed his family by burning down his parents' family funeral home for which they raised him and his younger brother. (Note that the younger brother, Kane, was not revealed to be <mask>'s half-brother until the following year, April 1998, when Bearer disclosed to the world that he is Kane's father, <mask>'s mother having had an affair with him. Bearer later verified this with DNA test results). At this point in his career, <mask> denied the charges of committing the arson murder that killed his family; however, Bearer claimed to have proof in the form of <mask>'s alive and well younger brother, Kane, who had survived though scarred and burned. Bearer raised Kane after the fire, having him institutionalized from the date of the fire into adulthood.Ever since the fire, Kane had been awaiting to exact vengeance on his older half-brother. In defense, <mask> responded that Kane, a "pyromaniac", had been the one to set the fire and, as a result, could not have possibly even survived. (Note that it would not be until a year later from this point in which <mask> shamelessly confessed to intentional acts of arson to the funeral home that

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title: The Undertaker

texts:
 killed his parents and scarred his brother). In spite of Bearer projecting himself as a constant source of distress to <mask> during his Championship  title reign, <mask> managed to secure successful title defenses against Stone Cold Steve Austin (A Cold Day In Hell: In Your House), Faarooq (King of the Ring) and Vader (Canadian Stampede: In Your House, revisiting and settling their Royal Rumble feud from earlier on in the year), respectively. Concurrent to the "deep, dark secret" storyline directed by Bearer, <mask> began a new rivalry at SummerSlam when special guest referee Shawn Michaels accidentally hit <mask> with a steel chair shot meant for Bret Hart, costing <mask> the WWF Championship. The accidental chair shot led to a violent feud, one revolving around intentional chair shots by Michaels on <mask>, Michaels taunting <mask> throughout. After the duo's very first match, which was a chaotic and uncontrolled encounter that resulted in a double count-out draw at Ground Zero: In Your House, <mask> challenged Michaels to the first ever Hell in a Cell match to take place at Badd Blood: In Your House.Despite the inclusion of the cell for more order and to prevent Michaels escape, the encounter ended up even more uncontrolled and savage than their first and is considered among one of <mask>'s best matches of his career. Seemingly about to emerge the victor after striking Michaels with a chair shot of his own, <mask> was interrupted by his storyline half-brother Kane, finally making his debut. Under the control of Paul Bearer, Kane stormed the arena, ripped off the cell door, and laid out <mask> with his own trademarked finisher, <mask>, allowing Michaels to pin him for the victory. As the storyline progressed through Bearer having Kane mow down much of the WWF roster, Kane repeatedly challenged <mask>, going to lengths of tormenting and humiliating him. However, <mask> consistently refused to fight his half-brother, claiming he had made a vow to his parents never to do harm to his own "flesh and blood". The <mask>'s final encounter with Michaels during this chapter of his career was in a casket match for the WWF Championship at the Royal Rumble. The week before on Raw, Kane had seemingly allied with his brother against Michaels's D-Generation X; however, at the Royal Rumble, Kane trapped <mask> in the coffin, padlocked the lid shut, and set the casket ablaze, allowing Michaels another victory.After a two-month hiatus, <mask> returned on the March 2, 1998, edition of Raw in a most notable resurrection after his druids interrupted Kane and Bearer by presenting them with a coffin on the entrance stage amid repeated bell tolls. The coffin was struck and dismantled by a lightening bolt, revealing a lied out <mask> who sat up in fury and challenged Kane to do battle with him. At WrestleMania XIV in their first match, <mask> defeated Kane. Kane challenged <mask> to a rematch—Kane's specialty and first ever Inferno match—that occurred one month later at Unforgiven: In Your House. The <mask> won the encounter by setting Kane's right arm on fire. The Undertaker and Mankind's violent, outlandish feud was revived over the next months, ultimately taken to a new graphic height and decisively resolved when they faced each other in a Hell in a Cell match at King of the Ring. The match became one of the most famous matches in professional wrestling history.During the match, <mask> threw Mankind off the roof of the  cell onto a broadcast table below, in what was a preplanned move. He later performed a chokeslam on Mankind through the roof of the cell into the ring, which was not preplanned and legitimately knocked Mankind unconscious. In jumping from the top of the cell to the ring canvas, <mask> suffered a broken ankle. Escalating as things progressed, Mankind introduced multitudes of thumbtacks scattered across the ring canvas, but was back body dropped on them, and subsequently chokeslammed onto them before <mask> won the match with the Tombstone Piledriver. At Fully Loaded: In Your House, <mask> and Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Kane and Mankind to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. The <mask> and Austin's reign as tag team champions lasted only two weeks, as Kane and Mankind regained the titles from them in a fatal four-way tag-team match on the August 10 edition of RAW. The <mask> then became the number one contender for the WWF Championship at SummerSlam, now held by Austin.Shortly before SummerSlam, however, <mask> revealed that he and Kane were working together as brothers. Despite this revelation, <mask> told Kane that he did not want him to interfere in the match with Austin and even though <mask> lost the match at SummerSlam, he handed Austin his championship belt back after the match in a show of respect. In September, the storyline continued and <mask> began to show some heel characteristics when he and Kane revealed the fact that they were in cahoots to rid Austin of his title for Mr. McMahon. At Breakdown: In Your House, <mask> and Kane were booked in a triple threat match with Austin for the WWF Championship, in which McMahon stated that the brothers were not allowed to pin each other. The Undertaker and Kane pinned Austin simultaneously after a double chokeslam, ending the match in a no contest, so the title was vacated by McMahon. This event led to a match at Judgment Day: In Your House between <mask> and Kane for the title, with Austin as the special guest referee. Near the end of the match, Paul Bearer seemed about to assist Kane by handing him a steel chair to hit <mask> with, but as Kane had his back turned, both Bearer and <mask> hit Kane with the chair.The <mask> went for the pin, but Austin refused to count the fall, attacked <mask> and counted out both of them. Finally, <mask> turned heel the next night on Raw for the first time since 1992, reconciling with Bearer and claiming that he and Bearer would unleash their "Ministry of Darkness" on the WWF. As part of the then new storyline angle, <mask> admitted that he had indeed intentionally set the fire that killed his parents and scarred Kane, for which he had previously blamed on Kane. The Ministry of Darkness Deadman (1998–1999)

After Survivor Series, <mask> returned his attention to his previous feud with Austin for costing him the title at Judgment Day, hitting Austin in the head with a shovel during a title match with The Rock on the November 16 episode of Raw, returning the favor for what happened a month earlier. With this twist in the storyline, Mr. McMahon scheduled a Buried Alive match between <mask> and Austin at Rock Bottom: In Your House. In the weeks leading up to Rock Bottom, <mask> attempted to embalm Austin alive, tried to have Kane committed to a mental asylum, and had his druids chain Austin to an immense structure of <mask> Undertaker logo before having the structure lifted up high into the air. However, <mask> lost the Buried Alive match to Austin at Rock Bottom after Kane interfered.After the buildup to his second heel run in the latter part of 1998, <mask> introduced an updated version of his Deadman identity by January 1999—a dark priest-like character who in the initial period of this persona reigned over a stable known as The Ministry of Darkness. In this form, he took on a wicked, demonic presence, much more so than ever before. He often claimed to be invoking and taking orders from a "Higher Power". Moreover, he often appeared in a hooded black robe and sat on a throne that was specially designed into his Undertaker logo. With the help of his minions, he often performed sacrifices on select WWF wrestlers, using various incantations and magic words with intent to extract out the dark side of the wrestlers in question to recruit them into his Ministry. The completed Ministry of Darkness consisted of The Brood (Christian, Edge and Gangrel), The Acolytes (Bradshaw and Faarooq), Mideon and Viscera. Calaway himself did not wrestle for a period, having undergone a hip replacement.As part of the angle, <mask> expressed a desire to take control of the World Wrestling Federation, displacing its owner, Mr. McMahon. These ambitions culminated into a rivalry between The Ministry and The Corporation, ultimately resulting in a match between Undertaker and Corporation enforcer, Big Boss Man. The two faced off in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania XV, which <mask> won. At Backlash: In Your House, <mask> defeated Corporation member Ken Shamrock after interference from Ministry member Bradshaw. Thereafter, <mask> kidnapped Stephanie McMahon, forcing Mr. McMahon to enter into a reluctant alliance with his longtime nemesis Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Undertaker attempted to marry Stephanie before sacrificing her in an eldritch ceremony conducted by Paul Bearer, but Austin was able to rescue her. At the Over the Edge pay-per-view, <mask> defeated Austin for his third WWF Championship with help from Shane McMahon, the special guest referee.The Ministry eventually merged with Shane McMahon's Corporation alliance to form The Corporate Ministry. The Undertaker later revealed that Mr. McMahon had been his "Higher Power" all along. After <mask>taker lost the WWF Championship back to Austin on the Raw following King of the Ring and lost to him in a First Blood match at Fully Loaded, his relationship with the McMahons dissolved and The Corporate Ministry disbanded. The <mask> then began a storyline where he teamed with Big Show in a tag team known as "The Unholy Alliance", which held the WWF Tag Team Championship twice. After their victory at SummerSlam, <mask> suffered a groin tear and was seen limping in several matches. He avoided competing in wrestling matches in the following weeks, instead tyrannically ordering Big Show to fight all his battles and oblige all his many wishes. Developing a smart mouth and thus horror comedy traits, <mask> began a subtle transition into his biker identity that he would introduce in 2000.According to an interview with Kevin Nash, this was a move to allow Calaway to enter World Championship Wrestling with a non-trademarked persona. Had he entered WCW, it would have been as Mark Calaway. Although negotiations were described as close, Calaway ultimately re-signed with the WWF. To compensate for his lack of physical activity, <mask> became more vocal on the mic, often making smart-aleck remarks and performing commentary. On the September 23, 1999 episode of SmackDown!, Mr. McMahon threatened that he would remove <mask> from the Unforgiven main event if he refused to participate in a casket match against Triple H. <mask> retorted that he did not care and maybe he would not be participating in anything, thus walking out of the WWF. In reality, Calaway went on a hiatus from the WWF in order to treat his groin injury. He made his return to action on December 14, teaming with Viscera in a losing effort against Kane and <mask> at a house show in Coamo, Puerto Rico.The Undertaker was advertised on the Armageddon promotional poster to return, but meanwhile also tore his pectoral muscle, making him take almost eight months out of action. American Badass Undertaker (2000–2001)

In May 2000, Calaway expanded on <mask> gimmick, returning under a redneck, biker identity, dubbed "The American Badass", known for motorcycle-riding, tobacco chewing, and donning a sporty appearance and manner. In stark contrast to his horror-themed and fully fictional Deadman persona, Calaway's Badass persona was only semifictional with traits and features adopted from who he is out of character—hence, why he desired to transform <mask>. When <mask> returned near the end of the Iron Man match for the WWF Championship between Triple H and <mask> Rock at Judgment Day, he took out all the members of the McMahon-Helmsley Faction, which caused him to turn face. He also targeted their leader, then WWF Champion Triple H. At the King of the Ring pay-per-view, <mask> teamed with <mask> and Kane to defeat the team of Triple H, Shane McMahon and Vince McMahon. Afterward, he was booked to team with Kane to contend for the WWF Tag Team Championship. They defeated Edge and Christian, earning the right to face them the following week for the championship, which Edge and Christian retained.During a August 14 Raw bout against Chris Benoit, Kane became involved and betrayed <mask> by hitting him with two chokeslams, the second one causing the ring apron to cave in underneath <mask>. This incident led to another match between the two at SummerSlam, which ended in a no contest as Kane ran from the ring area after <mask> removed Kane's mask. The Undertaker then challenged Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series. Angle, however, defeated <mask> after he switched places with his real-life brother, Eric Angle. The Undertaker demanded and was awarded a spot in the six-man Hell in a Cell match for the WWF Championship at Armageddon. The Undertaker promised to make someone famous and did so when he performed a chokeslam on Rikishi from the roof of the cell. In 2001, <mask>taker reunited with Kane as The Brothers of Destruction, challenging for the WWF Tag Team Championship once again.They received a title shot at No Way Out, facing Edge and Christian and then-champions The Dudley Boyz in a tables match, but they were not successful. The <mask> then went on to defeat Triple H at WrestleMania X-Seven. He and Kane continued a storyline that focused on Triple H, who formed a "surprise alliance" with then WWF Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Brothers of Destruction were granted an opportunity to face Triple H and Austin for their titles (Triple H was the WWF Intercontinental Champion). After <mask> and Kane won the WWF Tag Team Championship from Edge and Christian on the April 19 episode of SmackDown!, Triple H pinned Kane after attacking him with a sledgehammer at Backlash, where The Brothers of Destruction lost their championships. With Kane

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