title: Murder of Marcia King

texts:
<mask> (<mask>) ( – ) was a 21-year-old Arkansas woman who was murdered in April 1981 and whose body was discovered in Troy, Ohio approximately 48 hours after her murder. Her body remained unidentified for 36 years before being identified via DNA analysis and genetic genealogy in April 2018. <mask> was one of the first unidentified decedents to be identified via this method of forensic investigation. Prior to her 2018 identification, <mask> was informally known as "Buckskin Girl" and "Miami County Jane Doe". The first of these two names is in reference to the distinctive tasseled buckskin poncho she was wearing at the time of her discovery. Following the identification of her body, <mask>'s family erected a new headstone at her grave in Riverside Cemetery, inscribed with her actual name. The investigation into her murder is ongoing.Discovery
On April 24, 1981, three young men discovered the body of a young Caucasian woman in a ditch alongside Greenlee Road in Newton Township, Troy, Ohio. One of the three men, Greg Bridenbaugh, initially noticed the decedent's distinctive buckskin poncho. Informing one of his companions, <mask>, to take a look at the coat, <mask> walked closer to the article of clothing before turning toward Bridenbaugh, stating: "Oh my God, there's a woman in that coat!" The young woman was lying in a fetal position, on her right side, and without shoes or socks. The men immediately reported their discovery to the police. Autopsy
The decedent's body was autopsied on the afternoon of her discovery. The medical examination revealed she had suffered extensive blunt force trauma to the head and neck, before she had been strangled to death approximately 48 hours before her body was discovered.Additionally, her liver was found to have been lacerated. She had not been subjected to any form of sexual assault. The woman had been between  and  in height, aged between eighteen and twenty-six, and weighed . She had naturally reddish-brown hair, which was parted in the middle and braided into pigtails on both sides of her head. Her eyes were light brown in color, and she had freckles across her face. In addition, her nose was described as being "very pointed". The victim also had a ruddy complexion, indicating she had spent a lot of time outdoors in the final weeks or months of her life.The young woman had maintained a high level of personal hygiene. All her teeth, including her wisdom teeth, were in good condition and had no evidence of fillings or other dental work, except for one porcelain crown upon her upper-right incisor. The coroner also noted several scars upon her body, including a vertical scar beneath her chin, with other scars also visible upon one wrist, both arms, and one ankle. Clothing
The young woman was dressed in blue bell-bottom Wrangler jeans, a brown turtleneck pullover sweater with an orange crisscross design on the front, a white size 32D bra, and a hoodless deerskin poncho with purple lining, which appeared to be handmade. She wore no shoes or socks. No form of identification was located upon her body or at the crime scene. Initial investigation
Because the decedent's body was found approximately 48 hours after her death, police were able to obtain her fingerprints and dental information.The dental charts and fingerprints of this decedent yielded no results matching her to any known missing person, and her fingerprints matched no police records, indicating she had no criminal record. Early police efforts to identify this decedent also involved the creation of a composite drawing of her face which was published in local newspapers and broadcast on television networks on April 28, 1981. This initial media publicity surrounding the murder generated approximately two hundred leads. Although all were investigated, all failed to bear fruit. The victim gradually became known as "Buckskin Girl" in reference to the distinctive tasseled buckskin jacket she was wearing when found. The failure to establish her identity hindered investigators' efforts to solve her murder. As her identity remained undiscovered, investigating authorities came to increasingly believe the reason Buckskin Girl remained unidentified had been due to the fact that she had been murdered far from her hometown.A retired investigator is also known to have opined his belief the decedent was highly unlikely to have originated from the area where she was discovered. Authorities strongly believed Buckskin Girl had been murdered elsewhere and her body discarded beside the road shortly after her death. This conclusion was supported by the fact her bare feet were clean, showing no indication of her having walked upon a dirty surface, and because Interstate 75 is just  from where her body was recovered, making the site a convenient and discreet location to discard a body. Police and the media later speculated that she may have been a teenage runaway or a possible victim of a serial killer known to have murdered several prostitutes in the region during the 1980s and 1990s. However, her body had not been subjected to any form of sexual assault, indicating she was unlikely to have been a sex worker. The investigation into Buckskin Girl's murder gradually became a cold case, although police and other officials continued to investigate her murder. Her clothing and other physical evidence recovered at the crime scene was retained, and a sample of her blood preserved.Theories

Lifestyle
Investigators theorized that Buckskin Girl had been a runaway teenager, a foster child, or a transient wanderer unlikely to have spent a significant period of time in Ohio prior to her death, although her high quality of personal hygiene strongly indicated that she had not lived as a vagrant. As her body was located close to a town road instead of a highway, the probability of her being a wanderer for a significant amount of time was considered to be negligible. The absence of her footwear at the crime scene led some investigators to believe she may have been murdered by an abusive partner. A 2016 isotope analysis of the decedent's hair and fingernails revealed Buckskin Girl had spent approximately four months in areas within the Southwestern and/or Southeastern United States, as opposed to Ohio, prior to her murder, although forensic palynology had revealed she had most likely originated from either the Northeastern United States or Canada, or had spent a significant amount of time in these regions in the year prior to her murder. Link to other murders

Initially, investigators speculated to a potential connection between this decedent and the murder of a 27-year-old woman two months earlier, in February 1981, although police never officially linked these two murders. In 1985, investigators tentatively linked the murder of Buckskin Girl to a nationwide series of murders of caucasian women—several of whom were sex workers or erotic dancers—known as the Redhead Murders. However, this theory was eventually disproven.Some investigators also speculated that Buckskin Girl may have been the first of numerous young women murdered by a suspected unidentified serial killer who perpetrated his known murders between 1985 and 2004—many of which were of known or suspected sex workers. This serial killer was suspected to have murdered between seven and ten other young women. All the victims of this suspected serial killer had been murdered via bludgeoning or strangulation, and items of clothing or jewelry were missing from each crime scene. Jewelry and footwear was also missing from the crime scene of Buckskin Girl, and she had been murdered in a similar manner to these victims. However, several elements of evidence were found to contradict this theory. There was no indication Buckskin Girl had engaged in any form of sexual activity prior to her death. In addition, unlike many of the victims of this serial killer, she was markedly well-groomed, with a history of dental care.In 1991, a newly established task force convened in London, Ohio. This task force was dedicated to the investigation of these unsolved homicides, which had occurred in Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois and composed of investigators from more than a dozen law enforcement agencies. Further forensic analysis
With advances in technology and the increasing use of DNA analysis in criminal investigations, investigators were able to extract the decedent's DNA from the blood sample preserved in 1981. This DNA sample was added to the growing number of law enforcement databases. In 2001, the Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory generated a DNA profile of Buckskin Girl, this data was entered into the newly established National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) database in 2008, through which her fingerprints, dental and DNA information were made nationally accessible to law enforcement. This data was able to conclusively rule out any possibility of 226 missing teenage girls and young women as Buckskin Girl. In 2009, a mitochondrial DNA sample was submitted to the FBI for inclusion within the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).The following year, the NamUs case management of Buckskin Girl was assigned to Dr. Elizabeth Murray, a Cincinnati based forensic anthropologist and professor of biology, who remained active in her pursuit of the decedent's identity. Facial reconstruction
In April 2016, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children released two versions of an updated forensic facial reconstruction of the victim and added her case to their website, depicting her with and without her braided pigtails. These images were extensively distributed via online media, although initially, no significant leads developed. Pollen analysis
In 2016, the Miami County Sheriff's Office approved forensic palynology testing upon the victim's clothing in their efforts to identify her and her murderer(s). This testing was conducted by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency. The results of this testing suggested Buckskin Girl had either originated within the Northeastern United States, or had spent a significant amount of time in this region in the year prior to her murder. Her clothing also contained high levels of soot from exposure to vehicular traffic and/or industrial activity, supporting investigators' initial suspicions she may have been a habitual hitchhiker.In addition, the pollen recovered from her external clothing suggested that, shortly before her murder, she had been in an arid climate such as the Western United States, or northern Mexico. Identification
On April 9, 2018, the Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory announced they had identified the decedent as 21-year-old <mask> <mask> of Little Rock, Arkansas. Her identification had been achieved via DNA analysis conducted by the DNA Doe Project, with assistance from the Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory and Full Genomes Corporation. This organization had been contacted by Dr Murray in 2017, and was able to successfully match a sample of <mask>'s DNA to a sample submitted for comparison by a first cousin. Her family declined to release a press statement, requesting that their confidentiality be respected. <mask> had last been seen by her family in 1980. She had never officially been reported as a missing person, although her family had continued to search for her.It is believed <mask> had frequently hitchhiked as a means of transportation, as investigators had long theorized prior to her identification. She is also known to have had ties with both the Pittsburg and Louisville, Kentucky districts. Addressing the media to announce the formal identification of Buckskin Girl, a spokesman for the Miami County Sheriff's Office informed all present: "Law enforcement never forgets. We've had a long journey to [be] where we are today." This spokesman also emphasized the investigation into <mask>'s homicide is ongoing, with the primary focus being upon <mask>'s movements in the last month of her life, when she was known to have been in both Pittsburgh and Louisville. Ongoing investigation
In July 2018, the Miami County Sheriff's Office announced they had received further information regarding <mask>'s actual whereabouts shortly prior to her death. This information included eyewitness accounts placing her in Louisville, Kentucky, approximately 14 days before her death.Six eyewitnesses have also corroborated accounts of <mask> also being in Arkansas shortly before her murder. It is believed the reason she had traveled to Ohio may have been due to her suspected involvement with the religious organization The Way. In February 2020, the Miami County Sheriff's Office announced they had been able to further reconstruct <mask>'s whereabouts, and relationships, in the two weeks prior to her murder, adding that as advances in technology now mean nuclear DNA samples can be retrieved from hair samples missing the actual root, they remained confident hair samples discovered at the crime scene and submitted to a renowned Californian paleogeneticist could yield a nuclear DNA profile of either her murderer, or an individual she had been in the company of very shortly before her death. Addressing these latest developments, Miami County Sheriff Dave Duchalk stated: "We always have hopes to bring justice for homicide victims and their families. We never have, nor will we ever forget, and will continually work the case and, as new technologies are developed, will review our evidence to learn if it is worth re-submitting." Funeral
<mask> had been buried as a Jane Doe at Riverside Cemetery in Miami County, Ohio weeks after her death, with several officers assigned to investigate her murder serving as pallbearers at her funeral. Following the identification of her body, <mask>'s family chose for her to remain buried within this cemetery, with her stepmother, Cindy Sossoman, explaining her family's belief that it had been God's plan that their daughter was to be murdered and to remain unidentified for so long, they believed <mask> was blessed to have died within a community which had shown such consideration and dignity to her while she had remained unidentified.Her parents had long since divorced, and her father, John Wesley Sossoman, had remarried, having several children with his second wife, all of whom had long wondered as to <mask>'s whereabouts and welfare. On July 20, 2018, a memorial service for <mask> was held at a chapel in Troy, Ohio. This service was officiated by the Reverend Gregory Simmons. Her new headstone was unveiled at this service. <mask>'s father, John, had died on January 5, 2018. Her brother, <mask>, and half-brother, Jonathan Sossoman, had also died by the time <mask>'s identity was discovered. <mask>'s stepmother and eight other surviving family members replaced the headstone simply reading "Jane Doe" with a headstone bearing her actual name at this service, which was attended by over fifty local residents.Describing <mask>'s personality, her stepmother described her as a "very trusting" young woman, before informing all present: "Words don't describe the feelings we have for all of you, how you have loved her and taken her in your arms." See also

 Cold case
 Crime in Ohio
 List of formerly unidentified decedents
 The Doe Network
 Unidentified decedent
 List of solved missing person cases
 List of unsolved murders

Notes

References

Cited works and further reading

External links

 Contemporary news article pertaining to the 2018 forensic identification of Buckskin Girl
 DNA Doe Project webpage pertaining to the identification of Buckskin Girl

1980s missing person cases
1981 in Ohio
1981 murders in the United States
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
Female murder victims
Forensic palynology
Formerly missing people
History of women in Arkansas
History of women in Ohio
Incidents of violence against women
Missing person cases in Arkansas
Unsolved murders in the United States
Violence against women in the United States

masks:
Marcia Lenore Sossoman
King
King
King
Marcia King
Neal Hoffman
Hoffman
Marcia Lenore
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
Marcia
Daniel King
King
Marcia
King


title: Scott Linehan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1963) is an American football coach who currently works as an offensive analyst for Missouri. He was most recently the passing game coordinator for LSU. He was previously the head coach of the St. Louis Rams and the offensive coordinator for the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings and Detroit Lions. Prior to becoming an NFL coach in 2002, <mask> was a college assistant coach for 13 seasons. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Sunnyside, Washington, about three hours southeast of Seattle, in the lower Yakima Valley of eastern Washington. He was a three-year starter at quarterback at Sunnyside High School, where his father was principal. <mask> graduated from high school in 1982 and accepted a scholarship to play college football at the University of Idaho in Moscow, about  to the east.He was a member of Dennis Erickson's first recruiting class as a collegiate head coach. <mask>'s brothers, Ron and Rick, had played at Idaho in the 1970s, and were team leaders on defense. Playing career
<mask> was a quarterback for the Vandals under head coaches Erickson (1982–85) and Keith Gilbertson. He backed-up junior All-American Ken Hobart as a true freshman in 1982, then redshirted in 1983. <mask> became the starter in 1984 as a redshirt sophomore, but broke his clavicle early in the second game and missed most of that game and two additional starts. Following two successful seasons behind Hobart, the Vandals struggled to a  record in 1984, then won four straight to finish  and third in the Big Sky. It concluded with a  shutout at Bronco Stadium for a third consecutive win over rival Boise State, a streak that extended to twelve straight in 1993.<mask> led the Vandals to a 5–1 record as a starter in 1985, then a stress fracture in his  right foot required surgery and sidelined him for  Idaho won the Big Sky title and had consecutive Division I-AA playoff appearances in 1985 and 1986. Finally healthy for a full season as a fifth-year senior in  1986, Idaho went 8–3 in the regular season and he threw for 2,954 yards, ending his college career with over 7,000 yards. Tom Cable and Mark Schlereth both blocked for Linehan during his college career at Idaho. <mask> credits Erickson as the "biggest influence" on his attack-style offensive philosophies. Not selected in the 1987 NFL Draft, <mask> signed a rookie free agent contract with the Dallas Cowboys in 1987, but a shoulder injury quickly ended his playing career when he was cut at the start of his rookie training camp. High school coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career as a volunteer coach at Sunset High School in Portland in 1987. At this time, he also was helping a friend with his business, selling class rings for Jostens.College coaching career
<mask>'s college coaching career began in 1989 at his alma mater, the University of Idaho, as wide receivers coach under first-year head coach John L. Smith. After two seasons at Idaho, <mask> coached a year at UNLV, and returned for two more seasons at Idaho as offensive coordinator. <mask> then spent five years at Washington in Seattle under Jim Lambright and three at Louisville under John L. Smith. On February 10, 2020, LSU hired <mask> as passing game coordinator. Following the 2020 season, <mask> was let go by LSU. In May 2021, the University of Missouri announced that <mask> had official joined the Tigers' staff as offensive analyst. NFL coaching career
<mask> took his first NFL job as the offensive coordinator/wide receivers coach with the Minnesota Vikings in 2002.After three seasons in Minneapolis, <mask> served in a similar capacity with the Miami Dolphins in 2005 under Nick Saban, then was hired as head coach by the St. Louis Rams on January 19, 2006. <mask> inherited a team in transition. Most of the Rams' stars from earlier in the decade had gone elsewhere, and the remaining players from "The Greatest Show on Turf" era had noticeably lost a step. Nonetheless, <mask>'s tenure started out on a promising note, as the Rams went 4–2 in their first six games. However, a four-game losing streak in October and November effectively ended any chance of making the playoffs. Despite this slump, the NFC West was so weak that year that while they finished 8–8, missing the division title by a single game. However, the Rams regressed to 3–13 in his second season.Years of questionable draft and free-agent acquisitions caught up with the team, and the season degenerated into a fiasco due to a rash of injuries to the offensive line. The season was also marked by disputes with star players such as Steven Jackson, Torry Holt, and, most notoriously, quarterback Marc Bulger. Holt and Jackson openly feuded with <mask> on the sidelines during games. The easygoing <mask> didn't discipline them, leading to criticism that he wasn't willing to assert his authority. The bottom fell out in 2008. After an 0–3 start in which the Rams were outscored 116–29, a significant departure from the days of "The Greatest Show on Turf", <mask> benched Bulger in favor of Trent Green for their game against the Buffalo Bills. The move did not work; the Rams lost 35–14 after allowing 25 unanswered points in the second half.<mask> was fired hours later, tallying an 11–25 record in his 36 games as head coach. On January 9, 2009, <mask> interviewed with the San Francisco 49ers as a candidate for the open offensive coordinator position. <mask> was announced as the offensive coordinator of the Detroit Lions on January 23, 2009, by new head coach Jim Schwartz. On December 30, 2013, head coach Jim Schwartz was fired, and all of Schwartz' assistants were fired as well, including Linehan. On January 27, 2014, the Dallas Cowboys hired <mask> as offensive play caller and was later given the title of passing game coordinator. Incumbent offensive coordinator and play caller Bill Callahan remained on staff, but relinquished play calling duties and was given the new title of running game coordinator. <mask> served as the de facto offensive coordinator by leading offensive meetings and calling plays during games.He was formally promoted to offensive coordinator upon Callahan's departure at the end of the season. <mask> had previously worked with Cowboys head coach Jason Garrett when they served as assistants on the staff of Nick Saban's Miami Dolphins in 2005. On January 18, 2019, <mask> was fired by the Dallas Cowboys. Head coaching record

Personal life
<mask> is the youngest of seven children of William and <mask>; he has three brothers and three sisters. His father, Bill (1921–98), was born in Plummer, Idaho, and was the high school principal in Sunnyside, after serving in World War II with the U.S. Army in the Pacific. Both parents and a sister attended the University of Idaho, as did brothers, Ron and Rick, who also played football at Idaho. was a three-time All-Big Sky linebacker  and was selected in the 1972 NFL Draft; he was a high school coach in the Portland area until his death at age 55.Rick had ten career interceptions as a Vandal defensive back (1976–78). <mask> and his wife have three sons: Marcus, Matthew and Michael. Matthew played quarterback for the Salt Lake Stallions and Michael played linebacker for the University of North Texas. <mask>'s wife, Kristen (née Browitt), is the sister-in-law of actor Jim Caviezel; she and Caviezel's wife, Kerri, are sisters. References

External links

 LSU Tigers bio

1963 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Detroit Lions coaches
Idaho Vandals football coaches
Idaho Vandals football players
Louisville Cardinals football coaches
LSU Tigers football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Minnesota Vikings coaches
Missouri Tigers football coaches
St. Louis Rams head coaches
UNLV Rebels football coaches
Washington Huskies football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
People from Sunnyside, Washington

masks:
Scott Thomas Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
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Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
Linehan
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Margaret Linehan
Linehan
Linehan


title: Atmaram Bhairav Joshi

texts:
<mask> (1916 – 2010) was an Indian agricultural scientist and academic, known for his contributions to the field of wheat and other crop breeding. He was the vice-chancellor of Mahatma Phule Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Rahuri and the chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri in 1975. Biography
Born on 17 November 1916, A. B<mask>ama Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri and worked there till his retirement in 1980. He was also associated with Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in 1980s as an advisor and Principal Investigator of couple of projects. <mask> was a member of the Task Force on Agricultural Education of the Kothari Commission (1964–66) set up by the Government of India to advise on general principles and policies for the development of education in India. He was the co-ordinator of the ICAR sponsored Wheat Research Project (1960–66) During his tenure as the vice-chancellor of the MPKV university, he also served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the prime minister of India (1972–76). <mask> died on 3 July 2010 at the age of 93, at Pune, in Maharashtra. Legacy
<mask> is known to have conducted cytogenetic research on a number of crops such as sesame, chickpea, tobacco, and Capsicum and research on the evolutionary origin of Okra (Bhindi) and Panicum maximum (fodder grass).He introduced crop improvement of wheat and cotton through quantitative genic exploitation and is known to have contributed for the success of the Green Revolution in India in the 1960s and 1970s. His researches were published by way of over 300 articles which included many monographs on sesame and cotton. He also guided 45 post graduate and doctoral students in their researches. The Task Force of Kothari Commission, in which <mask> was a member, is reported to have made several recommendations aimed at developing agricultural education in India. He was a member of the High Level Committee set up by the Government of India for the establishment of a national centre for plant introduction and germplasm augmentation for use in crop improvement and the National Bureau of Plant Introduction was established in August 1976 on the advice of the committee. The centre was again revamped to establish the present day National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources in January 1977. His assistance to M. S. Swaminathan and Benjamin Peary Pal were also reported in the development of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.<mask> served the Quintennial Review Team of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad as a member and chaired the Research Advisory Committees of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, NABARA, Mumbai and the Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. He headed the Indian Agricultural Universities Association as its president in 1980. He was also associated as a member with several international projects such as the International Team for Improvement of Agricultural Research Organization in Indonesia (1969), the advisory committee of Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Washington DC, USA (1973–77) and the World Bank Mission to Tanzania (1979). He was the project manager of the FAO/UNDP project on the improvement of field crop productivity in Egypt and a member of the board of directors of the International Potato Research Institute, Lima (1972–76). <mask> was the president of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding for two terms, in 1962 and 1978. He was the secretary of the Indian National Science Academy from 1973 to 1976. He was the president of Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science and the chairman of the Research Development Committee of the Central Bee Research Institute, Pune as well as the Khadi and Village Industries Commission centre attached to the institution.He also served as the vice-president of the Maharashtra Education Society, Pune. Awards and honours
Several Indian universities such as G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantanagar, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, and Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani (Maharashtra) awarded him DSc (honoris causa). In 1976, the Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri and he received the Norman Borlaug Award from Coromandel International the same year. The Indian National Science Academy elected him as a fellow in 1961 and selected him for the BD Tilak Award lecture in 1984. He was an elected fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi Indian Academy of Sciences,
Maharashtra Academy of Sciences, Pune,
the Indian Botanical Society, and the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute instituted the AB Joshi Memorial Award in 2002, in his honour and organises an annual lecture under the name, <mask> Memorial award lecture. See also

 Indian Agricultural Research Institute
 Green Revolution in India

References

Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
1916 births
2010 deaths
Scientists from Nagpur
Heads of universities and colleges in India
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Indian scientific authors
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
World Bank people
Food and Agriculture Organization officials
United Nations Development Programme officials
Indian agronomists
20th-century Indian biologists
Indian officials of the United Nations

masks:
Atmaram Bhairav Joshi
. Joshihat
Joshi
Joshi
Joshi
Joshi
Joshi
Joshi
AB Joshi


title: William Dodd (priest)

texts:
<mask> (29 May 1729 – 27 June 1777) was an English Anglican clergyman and a man of letters. He lived extravagantly, and was nicknamed the "Macaroni Parson". He dabbled in forgery in an effort to clear his debts, and was caught and convicted. Despite a public campaign for a Royal pardon, in which he received the assistance of Samuel Johnson, he was hanged at Tyburn for forgery. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Bourne in Lincolnshire, the son of the local vicar. He attended Clare Hall in the University of Cambridge from 1745 to 1750, where he achieved academic success and graduated as a wrangler. He then moved to London, where his spendthrift habits soon left him in debt.He married impulsively on 15 April 1751, to Mary Perkins, daughter of a domestic servant, leaving his finances in an even more precarious position. Priesthood

At the urging of his concerned father, he decided to take holy orders, and was ordained a deacon in 1751 and a priest in 1753, serving as a curate in a church in West Ham, then as a preacher at St James Garlickhythe, and then at St Olave Hart Street. He became a popular and fashionable preacher, and was appointed as a chaplain in ordinary to the King in 1763. He became a prebend in Brecon, and was a tutor to Philip Stanhope, later 5th Earl of Chesterfield. He became chaplain to the King, and became a Doctor of Laws at Cambridge University in 1766. After he won £1,000 in a lottery, he became involved in schemes to build the Charlotte Chapel in Pimlico, and bought a share of the Charlotte Chapel in Bloomsbury. Despite his profession, he continued his extravagant lifestyle, and became known as the "macaroni parson".In 1772, he became rector of Hockliffe, in Bedfordshire, and vicar of Chalgrave. Bribery
In 1774, in an attempt to rectify his depleted finances, he attempted to obtain the lucrative position of rector of St George's, Hanover Square. He caused an anonymous letter to be sent to Lady Apsley, wife of the Lord Chancellor, offering her £3,000 to secure the position. The letter was traced back to <mask>, and he was dismissed from his existing posts. He became an object of public ridicule, and was taunted as Dr Simony in a play by Samuel Foote in the Haymarket Theatre. He spent two years abroad, in Geneva and France, until the scandal subsided. He returned to England in 1776.In The Luck of Barry Lyndon, Thackeray has his protagonist refer to meeting "Dr Simony" in Soho and to a friendship with Foote. Forgery and execution
In February 1777, he forged a bond for £4,200 in the name of his former pupil, the Earl of Chesterfield, to clear his debts. A banker accepted the bond in good faith, and lent him money on the strength of it. Later the banker noticed a small blot in the text and had the document re-written. When the clean copy was presented to the Earl to sign, in order to replace the old one, the forgery was discovered. <mask> immediately confessed, and begged time to make amends. He was, however, imprisoned in the Wood Street Compter pending trial.He was convicted, and sentenced to death. Samuel Johnson wrote several papers in his defence, and some 23,000 people signed a 37-page petition seeking a pardon. Nevertheless, <mask> was publicly hanged at Tyburn on 27 June 1777. The following appears as a footnote in the book 'Street Lore of Bath' written by R.E.M Peach and published in 1893. Dr. <mask> had provided the opening sermon at a newly built chapel in Bath in 1773. 1 THE EXECUTION OF THE UNFORTUNATE DR. DODD. The following faithful description of the last moments and ignominious death of the clever writer and "fashionable parson" Dr. <mask>, for forgery in the year 1777, is taken from some interesting papers on that gifted but unhappy man in the Dublin University Magazine for the month:

When they went to call the hapless criminal, he did not at first recollect what was to take place, but presently on its coming back upon him, suffered the most dreadful horror "and agony of mind," and became outrageously vehement in his speech and looks; but on coming out of the chapel his face was seen to exhibit the greatest calmness and composure.Mr. Villette, who filled the dreadful office of "Ordinary of Newgate," attended on him, together with the chaplain of Magdalen, Mr. Dobey. The friends who had been there the preceding night also appeared upon this occasion; and all moved on to the chapel. In the vestry they met the other criminal, who was to suffer also – Harris, the youth convicted for the "two half-sovereigns and some silver," and who had attempted suicide in his cell. Him, Dr. <mask> addressed with "great tenderness and emotion of heart" on the great heinousness of his offence, and begged that the other clergyman might be called in to assist in moving the heart of the poor youth. But "the Doctor's words," says one who stood by "were the most pathetic and effective." All who looked on were greatly affected and shed tears. The Doctor seems to have been a poor craven hearted creature all through.He kept up his dandyism, but he shewed neither resignation nor courage. "The executioner took both the hat and wig off at the same time. Why he put on his wig again I do not know, but he did, and the doctor took off his wig a second time, and then tied on a night cap which did not fit him : but whether he stretched that or took another, I could not perceive. He then put on his night cap himself, and upon him taking it he certainly had a smile on his countenance, and very soon afterwards there was an end of all his hopes and fears on this side the grave." Storer to George Selwyn. As the unhappy man got out of the coach by which he was conveyed to Tyburn, and entered the cart, a heavy shower of rain fell, during which an umbrella was held over his head, which Gilly <mask>, who was present, observed was quite unnecessary, as the doctor was going to a place where he might be dried. Published works
He wrote several published works, including poems, a novel, and theological tracts.His most successful work was The Beauties of Shakespeare (1752), in which he may be said to have invented the "index.". He also wrote a Commentary on the Bible (1765–1770), and composed the blank verse Thoughts in Prison while in Newgate Prison between his conviction and execution. "It concentrates his mind wonderfully"
<mask>'s sermon  The Convict's Address to his unhappy Brethren was largely written by Samuel Johnson to be used as <mask>'s own. When one of Johnson's friends doubted the authorship, Johnson, in order to protect <mask>, made his famous remark "Depend upon it Sir, when a man knows he is to be hanged in a fortnight, it concentrates his mind wonderfully". James Boswell gives Johnson's explanation of the circumstances in his Life of Samuel Johnson:

Johnson disapproved of Dr. <mask>'s leaving the world persuaded that The Convict's Address to his unhappy Brethren was of his own writing. 'But, Sir, (said I,) you contributed to the deception; for when Mr. Seward expressed a doubt to you that it was not <mask>'s own, because it had a great deal more force of mind in it than any thing known to be his, you answered, --"Why should you think so? Depend upon it, Sir, when a man knows he is to be hanged in a fortnight, it concentrates his mind wonderfully."'JOHNSON. Sir, as <mask> got it from me to pass as his own, while that could do him any good, there was an IMPLIED PROMISE that I should not own it. To own it, therefore, would have been telling a lie, with the addition of breach of promise, which was worse than simply telling a lie to make it be believed it was <mask>'s. Besides, Sir, I did not DIRECTLY tell a lie: I left the matter uncertain. Perhaps I thought that Seward would not believe it the less to be mine for what I said; but I would not put it in his power to say I had owned it.' References

Further reading
Boswell, James, Life of Johnson, 1777 passim, for more information on Johnson's work in behalf of <mask>. (and several other editions with different ISBNs, as well as various public domain editions)
Brack, O. M., editor.The Macaroni Parson and the Concentrated Mind: Samuel Johnson's Writings for the Reverend <mask>. Tucson: Chax Press, 2004
Howson, Gerald, The Macaroni Parson: A Life of the Unfortunate Dr. <mask>. London, Hutchinson, 1973 . External links

<mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Dr<mask>, the publisher

1729 births
1777 deaths
Forgers
English criminals
18th-century English Anglican priests
English male poets
18th-century English novelists
People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain
People from Bourne, Lincolnshire
Executed people from Lincolnshire
People executed for forgery
People executed by England and Wales by hanging
Members of the clergy convicted of fraud
English male novelists
18th-century English male writers

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title: Dorit Bar-On

texts:
<mask>-On is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut and Director of the Expression, Communication, and the Origins of Meaning (ECOM) Research Group. Her research focuses on philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaethics. She previously held positions at the University of Rochester and UNC-Chapel Hill, where she was the Zachary Smith Distinguished Term Professor of Research and Undergraduate Education from 2014 to 2015. Education and career
Bar-On earned a BA (summa cum laude) at Tel Aviv University in Philosophy & Linguistics before earning her MA and PhD in Philosophy at UCLA. Her dissertation, Indeterminacy of Translation: Theory and Practice, was written under the supervision of Tyler Burge, Rogers Albritton, Keith Donnellan, David Kaplan, and David Pears. Bar-On has also written Hebrew translations of poetry, fiction, and philosophy, including three anthologies in modern philosophy, writings by Iris Murdoch, Kurt Vonnegut, Dos Passos, Dorothy Richardson, E. E. Cummings, Robert Louis Stevenson, Walter Scott, and, in collaboration with Marcia Falk, a collection of poems by Zelda Schneerson Mishkovsky and The Book of Blessings. Her other professional experience includes being a radio producer, editor and broadcaster for the Israel IDF radio station, a television writer and host in Israel, and a Hebrew television newscaster and interviewer for Channel 18 in Los Angeles.Bar-On also formerly served as the President of MYCO@UNC, a youth chamber organization, from 2009 to 2012. Research
In Speaking My Mind: Expression and Self-Knowledge, published by Oxford University Press,  Bar-On investigates the problem of self-knowledge (how, if at all, we are each in a privileged position to know own mental states) in relation to questions of expression and expressive behavior. She draws on historical figures including Wittgenstein and Darwin to develop a neo-expressivist view of first-personal expressive utterances (such as, "I am in pain") which explains how these utterances differ epistemically from non-expressive utterances while sharing the same semantic structure. Speaking My Mind has been praised as "a rich book; rich in topics, in argumentation, and in philosophical imagination and insight. It deserves the attention of all who work in mind and language." In subsequent work, Bar-On has applied this neo-expressivist framework to additional problems in the philosophy of language, metaethics, and epistemology. More recently, Bar-On has sought to illuminate the nature of human communication by situating it in relation to animal expressive communication more broadly, and thereby to show how human linguistic meaning can be understood consistently with a naturalistic theory of the world.Selected publications

“Pragmatic Interpretation and Signaler-Receiver Asymmetries in Animal Communication” (with Richard Moore), Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Animal Minds (Andrews and Beck, eds. ), forthcoming
“Gricean Intentions, Expressive Communication, and Origins of Meaning”, Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Animal Minds (Andrews and Beck, eds. ), forthcoming
“Knowing Our Own Beliefs” (with Kate Nolfi), Oxford Handbook Online, 2016
“Sociality, Expression, and This Thing Called Language”, Inquiry (special issue), 2016
“Emotions and Their Expressions” (with Jim Sias), Emotional Expression (Abell and Smith, eds. ), Cambridge UP, 2015
“Transparency, Expression, and Self-Knowledge”, Philosophical Explorations (special issue), 2015
“Expression: Acts, Products, and Meaning”, in Meaning Without Representation: Essays on Truth, Expression, Normativity, and Naturalism (Steven Gross et al. eds. ), Oxford UP, 2015
“(How) Is Ethical Neo-Expressivism a Hybrid View?” (with Matthew Chrisman and Jim Sias), in Having It Both Ways: Hybrid Theories and Modern Metaethics (Fletcher and Ridge, eds. ), Oxford UP (2014)
“Expressive Communication and Continuity Skepticism”, Journal of Philosophy (June 2013)
“Origins of Meaning: Must We ‘Go Gricean’?”, Mind & Language (June 2013)
“Varieties of Expressivism” (with Jim Sias), in Philosophy Compass (May 2013)
“Expression, Truth, and Reality: Some Variations on Themes from Wright”, in Mind, Meaning, and Knowledge: Themes from the Philosophy of Crispin Wright, A. Coliva, ed., Oxford UP (2012)
“Externalism and Skepticism: Recognition, Expression, and Self-Knowledge”, in Self-Knowledge and the Self, A. Coliva, ed., Oxford UP (2011)
“Triangulation and the Beasts” (with Matthew Priselac) in Triangulation, in From an Epistemological Point of View, C. Amoretti and G. Preyer, eds., Ontos Verlag (2011)
“Lionspeak: Communication, Expression, and Meaning” (with Mitchell Green), in Self, Language, and World: Problems from Kant, Sellars, and Rosenberg; in Memory of Jay F. Rosenberg, J. O’Shea and E. Rubenstein, eds.2010
“Precis of Speaking My Mind: Expression and Self-Knowledge”, Acta Analytica 25 No. 1, 2010 1-8
“Avowals: Expression, Security, and Knowledge: Reply to Matthew Boyle, David Rosenthal, and Maura Tumulty”, special issue on Bar-On's Speaking My Mind: Expression and Self-Knowledge, and Green's Self-Expression, M. Boyle, ed., Acta Analytica 25 No. 1, 47–64, 2010
“Neo-Expressivism: Avowals’ Security and Privileged Self-Knowledge”, (Reply to Brueckner)’, in Self-Knowledge A. Hatzimoysis, ed., Oxford UP, 2010
“Ethical Neo-Expressivism” (with Matthew Chrisman) Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Vol. V, 2009
“First-Person Authority: Dualism, Constitutivism, and Neo-Expressivism” Erkenntnis 2009
“The Use of Force Against Deflationism: Assertion and Truth”, (with Keith Simmons) in Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the Philosophy of Language, Greimann and Siegwart, eds., Routledge, 2007, 61–89. “Deflationism”, (with Keith Simmons) in Oxford Handbook in Philosophy of Language, Ernie LePore, ed., Oxford University Press, 2006, 607–630. “Semantic Eliminativism and the ‘Theory'-Theory of Linguistic Understanding”, in New Essays in Philosophy of Language and Mind, C. Viger, R. Stainton, M. Ezcurdia, 2004d, 159–200. “Language, Concepts and Culture: Between Pluralism and Relativism”, Facta Philosophica 6, 2004c, 183-221.“Deflationism and Truth-Condition Theories of Meaning”, (with William Lycan, and Claire Horisk), reprinted with Postscript in Deflationary Truth, B. P. Armour-Garb and JC Beall (eds. ), Open Court Readings in Philosophy, 2004b, 321-352. “Externalism and Self-Knowledge: Content, Use, and Expression”, Nous, 38 2004a: 430–455. “Knowing Selves: Expression, Truth, and Knowledge”, (with Douglas Long) Privileged Access: Philosophical Accounts of Self-Knowledge (Brie Gertler, ed. ), Ashgate Epistemology and Mind Series, 2003, 179–212. “Avowals and First-Person Privilege”, (with Douglas Long), Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 62, 2001, 311–335. “Speaking My Mind”, Philosophical Topics 28, 2000, 1-34.“Deflationism and Truth-Condition Theories of Meaning”, (with William Lycan, and Claire Horisk), Philosophical Studies 101, 1999, 1-28. “Natural’ Semantic Facts – Between Eliminativism and Hyper-Realism”, The Maribor Papers in Naturalized Semantics, Dunja Jutronic, ed., 1997, 99–117. “Anti-Realism and Speaker Knowledge”, Synthese 106, 1996, 139–166. “Reconstructing `Meaning': Grice and the Naturalization of Semantics”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76, 1995, 83–116. “Conceptual Relativism and Translation”, Language, Mind and Epistemology, Preyer et al. (eds. ), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, 145–170.“Indeterminacy of Translation: Theory and Practice” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53, 1993, 781–810. “Is There Such a Thing as a Language” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, (with Mark Risjord), 22, 1992c, 163–190. “Semantic Verificationism, Linguistic Behaviorism, and Translation” Philosophical Studies 66, 1992b, 235–59. “On the Possibility of a Solitary Language”, Nous 26, 1992a, 27–46. “The Underdetermination of Scientific Theories and the Indeterminacy of Semantic Theory”, Proceedings of Logica, 1991, 13–25. “Scepticism: The External World and Meaning”, Philosophical Studies 60, 1990c, 207–231. “Justifying Beliefs: The Dream Hypothesis and Gratuitous Entities”, in Doubting: Contemporary Perspectives on Skepticism (Ross and Roth eds.), 1990b, 81–92. “Individual Justice and Preferential Treatment”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 1990. “Semantic Indeterminacy and Scientific Underdetermination”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 67, 245–263. References

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20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
Tel Aviv University alumni
Women linguists
American translators
Epistemologists
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of language
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title: Jocelin of Glasgow

texts:
<mask> (or Jocelyn) (died 1199) was a twelfth-century Cistercian monk and cleric who became the fourth Abbot of Melrose before becoming Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland. He was probably born in the 1130s, and in his teenage years became a monk of Melrose Abbey. He rose in the service of Abbot Waltheof, and by the time of the short abbacy of Waltheof's successor Abbot William, Jocelin had become prior. Then in 1170 <mask> himself became abbot, a position he held for four years. Jocelin was responsible for promoting the cult of the emerging Saint Waltheof, and in this had the support of Enguerrand, Bishop of Glasgow. His Glasgow connections and political profile were already well-established enough that in 1174 Jocelin succeeded Enguerrand as Glasgow's bishop. As Bishop of Glasgow, he was a royal official.In this capacity he travelled  abroad on several occasions, and performed the marriage ceremony between King William the Lion and Ermengarde de Beaumont, later baptising their son, the future King Alexander II. Among other things, he has been credited by modern historians as "the founder of the burgh of Glasgow and initiator of the Glasgow fair", as well as being one of the greatest literary patrons in medieval Scotland, commissioning the Life of St Waltheof, the Life of St Kentigern and the Chronicle of Melrose. Early life
<mask> and his family probably came from the south-east of Scotland. The names of neither his father nor his mother are known, but he had two known brothers, with the names Helia and Henry, and a cousin, also called Helia. The names suggest that his family were of French, or at least Anglo-Norman origin, rather than being a Scot or native Anglo-Saxon. There are some indications that his family held land in South Lanarkshire, namely because they seem to have possessed rights in the church of Dunsyre. It is unlikely that he would have thought of himself as "Scottish".For Jocelin's contemporary and fellow native of the Borders, Adam of Dryburgh, this part of Britain was still firmly regarded as terra Anglorum (the "Land of English"), although it was located inside the regnum Scottorum (the "Kingdom of the Scots"). This would be no obstacle to Jocelin, however. His Anglo-French cultural background was in fact probably necessary for the patronage of the King of Scots. As Walter of Coventry wrote of King William's era, "the modern kings of Scotland count themselves as Frenchmen, in race, manners, language and culture; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following, and have reduced the Scots to utter servitude". Like that of almost every character from this period, Jocelin's year of birth is unknown to modern historians. It is known that he entered as a novice monk in Melrose Abbey during the abbacy of Waltheof (ab. 1148–1159), and from documentary evidence it seems likely that Jocelin entered Melrose about 50 years before his death in 1199.As the rules of the Cistercian order prevented entry as a novice before the age of 15, it is likely that he was born around the year 1134. Little is known about Jocelin's early life or his early career as a Melrose monk. He obviously successfully completed his one-year noviciate, the year in which a prospective monk was introduced to monasticism and judged fit or unfit for admittance. We know that Abbot Waltheof (Waldef) thought highly of him and granted him many responsibilities. After the death of Abbot Waltheof, his successor, Abbot William, refused to encourage the rumours which had quickly been spreading about Waltheof's saintliness. Abbot William attempted to silence such rumours, and shelter his monks from the intrusiveness of would-be pilgrims. However, William was unable to get the better of Waltheof's emerging cult, and his actions had alienated him from the brethren.As a result, William resigned the abbacy in April 1170. <mask> was by this stage the Prior of Melrose, that is, the second in command at the monastery, and thus William's most likely replacement. Abbot of Melrose

So it was that Prior <mask> became abbot on 22 April 1170. Jocelin embraced the cult without hesitation. Under the year of his accession, it was reported in the Chronicle of Melrose that:

Promoting saints was something Jocelin would repeat at Glasgow, where he "transferred his enthusiasm to St Kentigern" and commissioned a hagiography of that saint, the saint most venerated by the Celts of the diocese of Glasgow. It is no coincidence that <mask> of Furness, the man who wrote the Life of St. Waltheof, was the same man later commissioned to write the Life of St. Kentigern. This kind of literary patronage started while Jocelin was abbot of Melrose.Archie Duncan has shown that it was probably Jocelin who first commissioned the writing of the Chronicle of Melrose. Duncan argued that Jocelin commissioned the entries dealing with the period between 731 and 1170, putting the writing in the hands of a monk named Reinald (who later became Bishop of Ross). This chronicle is one of the few extant chronicles from "Scotland" in this period. G. W. S. Barrow, writing before Duncan advanced these arguments, noted that down to the end of King William's reign "the chronicle of Melrose Abbey ... represents a strongly 'Anglo-Norman' as opposed to a native Scottish point of view". It is thus possible that this anti-Scottish world-view reflected that of Jocelin's, at least before he left the abbey. After his election to the prestigious bishopric of Glasgow in 1174, Jocelin would continue exerting influence on his home monastery. Jocelin brought one of his monks from the abbey, a man called Michael, who acted as Jocelin's chaplain while Bishop of Glasgow.He did not resign his position as abbot until after his consecration in 1175. Jocelin consecrated his successors as abbot, and continued to spend a great deal of time there. Moreover, he used his position as bishop to offer the monastery patronage and protection. Bishop of Glasgow
 After the death of his friend Bishop Enguerrand, <mask> was elevated to the bishopric of Glasgow. He was elected on 23 May 1174. The election, like many other Scottish episcopal elections of the period, was done in the presence of the king, William the Lion, at Perth, near Scone, the chief residence of Scotland's kings. The election was probably done by compromissarii, meaning that the general chapter of the bishopric of Glasgow had selected a small group to which they delegated the power of election.Pope Alexander III was later told that Jocelin was elected by the dean and chapter of the see. The Chronicle of Melrose states that he was elected "by demand of the clergy, and of the people; and with the consent of the king himself", perhaps indicating that the decision had already been made by the Glasgow clergy before the formal election at Perth. The election was certainly an achievement. Cistercian bishops were rare in Great Britain, and Jocelin was only the second Cistercian to ascend a Scottish bishopric. Jocelin was required to go to France to obtain permission from the General Chapter of the Cistercian order at Cîteaux to resign the abbacy. Pope Alexander III had already sanctioned his consecration, and gave permission for the consecration to occur without forcing Jocelin to travel to Rome. Conveniently, it was at Cistercian house of Clairvaux that, sometime before 15 March 1175, Jocelin was consecrated by the Papal legate Eskil, Archbishop of Lund and Primate of Denmark.<mask> had returned to the Kingdom of Scotland by 10 April, and it is known that on 23 May he had consecrated a monk named Laurence as his successor at Melrose. He was soon faced with a political challenge to the independence of his church. The challenge came from the English church, and was not new, but had lain dormant for some decades. The reason it was awakened was that in the summer of 1174 King William had invaded northern England, and on 13 July, having been caught underprotected during a siege at Alnwick, was captured and taken into English custody. The capture was disastrous for the king, leading to a revolt by Gilla Brigte, Lord of Galloway, and to many of William's discontented subjects "ruthlessly" slaying "their English and French neighbours" and perpetrating a "most wretched and widespread persecution of the English both in Scotland and Galloway", that is, of the English and French-speaking settlers William and his predecessors had planted around the castles and towns of his Gaelic-speaking territories in order to increase royal authority. Worse still, and more significantly for Jocelin, in the following year King Henry II of England forced William to sign the Treaty of Falaise, a treaty which made William Henry's vassal specifically for Scotland and sanctioned the subordination of the kingdom's bishoprics to the English church. Jocelin did not, in the end, submit either to the Archbishop of York or even the Archbishop of Canterbury and managed to obtain a Papal Bull which declared the see of Glasgow to be a "special daughter" of the Roman Patriarchate.Jocelin, moreover, does not seem to have been interested in the independence of the other "Scottish" sees, but merely to maintain his own episcopal independence, i.e. that of the bishopric of Glasgow. On 10 August 1175, along with many other Scottish-based magnates and prelates, Jocelin was at Henry's court giving his obedience to the king as stipulated in the treaty. Jocelin again appeared at

masks: Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin Jocelin


title: Jocelin of Glasgow

texts:
 King Henry's court in January 1176. This time church matters were on the agenda. When the Archbishop of York confronted Jocelin over the subordination of the bishopric of Glasgow to the archbishopric of York, Jocelin refused to acknowledge this part of the treaty, and presented him with the Papal Bull declaring Glasgow to be a "special daughter". This Bull was confirmed by Pope Alexander's successor Pope Lucius III.<mask> had obtained this confirmation while at Rome in late 1181 and early 1182. He had been sent there by King William, along with abbots of Melrose, Dunfermline and Kelso and the prior of Inchcolm, in order to appeal to the Pope regarding his stance in a struggle over the Bishopric of St Andrews and the sentence of excommunication and interdict the Pope had placed over the king and kingdom. The dispute concerned the election to the bishopric of John the Scot, which had been opposed by the king, who organised the election of his own candidate, Hugh. The mission was successful. The Pope lifted the interdict, absolved the king and appointed two legates to investigate the issue of the St Andrews succession. The Pope even sent the king a Golden Rose, an item usually given to the Prefect of Rome. The issue of the succession, however, did not go away.In 1186, Jocelin, along with the abbots of Melrose, Dunfermline and Newbattle, excommunicated Hugh on the instructions of Pope Lucius. Hugh travelled to Rome in 1188, and obtained absolution, but he died of the pestilence in that city a few days later, thus allowing the issue to be resolved. It is certainly obvious that Jocelin was one of the most respected figures in the kingdom. In this era, the Pope appointed Jocelin Judge-delegate (of the Papacy) more times than any other cleric in the kingdom. As a bishop and an ex-abbot, various bishoprics and monasteries called him in to mediate disputes, as evidenced by his frequent appearance as a witness in dispute settlements, such as the dispute between Arbroath Abbey and the Bishopric of St Andrews, and a dispute between Jedburgh Abbey and Dryburgh Abbey. Jocelin had the respect of the secular elite too. He witnessed 24 royal charters and 40 non-royal charters, including charters issued by David, Earl of Huntingdon (the brother of King William), Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick, and Alan Fitzwalter, High Steward of Scotland.Jocelin had been with King William when he visited the English court in 1186, and again accompanied the king to England when the king travelled to Woodstock near Oxford to marry Ermengarde de Beaumont on 5 September 1186. The marriage was blessed by Bishop Jocelin in their chamber, and it was to Jocelin's escort that King William entrusted her for the journey to Scotland. When a son was born to William and Ermengarde, the future King Alexander II, it was Jocelin who performed the baptism. In April 1194, Jocelin again travelled to England in King William's company when William was visiting King Richard I. Jocelin's intimacy with the king would be the key to earning his patronage, thus making possible the legacy that Jocelin would leave to Glasgow. Legacy and death

His years at Glasgow left a mark on history that can be compared favourably with any previous or future bishop. Jocelin commissioned his namesake <mask> of Furness, the same man who had written the Life of St. Waltheof, to write a Life of St. Kentigern, a task all the more necessary because, after 1159, the Papacy claimed the right to canonise saints. Kentigern, or Mungo as he is popularly known, was the saint traditionally associated with the see of Glasgow, and his status therefore reflected on Glasgow as a church and cult-centre.There had already been a cathedral at Glasgow before Jocelin's episcopate. The idea that the ecclesiastical establishment before Jocelin was simply a small church with a larger Gaelic or British monastic establishment has been discredited by scholars. Jocelin did, though, expand the cathedral significantly. As the Chronicle of Melrose reports for 1181, Jocelin "gloriously enlarged the church of St Kentigern". However, more work was created for the builders when, sometime between the years 1189 and 1195, there was a fire at the cathedral. Jocelin thus had to commission another rebuilding effort. The new cathedral was dedicated, according to the Chronicle of Melrose, on 6 July 1197.It was built in the Romanesque manner, and although little survives of it today, it is thought to have been influenced by the cathedral of Lund, the archbishop of which had consecrated Jocelin as bishop. However, he left a still greater legacy to the city of Glasgow. At some point between the years 1175 and 1178, Jocelin obtained from King William a grant of burghal status for the settlement of Glasgow, with a market every Thursday. The grant of a market was the first ever official grant of a weekly market to a burgh. Moreover, between 1189 and 1195, King William granted the burgh an annual fair, a fair still in existence today, increasing Glasgow's status as an important settlement. As well as new revenues for the bishop, the rights entailed by Glasgow's new burghal status and market privileges brought new people to the settlement, one of the first of whom was one Ranulf de Haddington, a former burghess of Haddington. The new settlement was laid out (probably under the influence of the burgh of Haddington) around Glasgow Cross, down the hill from the cathedral and old fort of Glasgow, but above the flood level of the River Clyde.When <mask> died, he was back at Melrose Abbey, where his career had begun. He may have retired to Melrose knowing his death was near. <mask> certainly did die at Melrose, passing away on St Patrick's Day (17 March) 1199. He was buried in the monks' choir of Melrose Abbey Church. Hugh de Roxburgh, Chancellor of Scotland, was elected as <mask>'s replacement. The Chronicle of Melrose has only a short obituary. Notes

References

 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol.ii
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991)
 Barrow, G. W. S. (ed. ), The Acts of William I, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. ii,  (Edinburgh, 1971)
 Barrow, G. W. S., "David I and Glasgow", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed. ), The Kingdom of the Scots, 2nd Edition, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp.203–213
 Barrow, G.W.S., "The Reign of William the Lion", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed. ), Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1972), pp. 67–89
 Broun, Dauvit, "A New Look at Gesta Annalia attributed to John of Fordun", in Barbara Crawford (ed. ), Church, Chronicle and Learning in Medieval and Early Renaissance Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 9–30
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 Duncan, A.A. M., "Jocelin (d. 1199)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 29 Nov 2006
 Duncan, A. A. M., Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975)
 Duncan, A. A. M., "Sources and Uses of the Chronicle of Melrose,", in Simon Taylor (ed. ), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297, (Dublin, 2000)
 Fawcett, Richard, & Oram, Richard, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004)
 Howlett R. (ed. ), Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, (Rolls Series, no. 82)
 Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000)
 Owen, D. D. R., The Reign of William the Lion: Kingship and Culture,, (East Linton, 1997)
 Scott, W. W., "William I [William the Lion] (c.1142–1214)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 1 Dec 2006
 Shead, Norman F., "Glasgow: An Ecclesiastical Burgh", in M. Lynch, M. Spearman & G. Stell (eds.), The Scottish Medieval Town, (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 116–132
 Shead, Norman F., "Jocelin, abbot of Melrose), and bishop of Glasgow)", in The Innes Review, vol. 54, no. 1 (Spring, 2003), pp. 1–22
 Skene, Felix J. H., <mask> Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872)
 Skene, William F., Johnnis de Fordun: Chronica Gentis Scotorum, (Edinburgh, 1871)
 Stringer, Keith J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds. ), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), pp. 127–165

Further reading
 Driscoll, Stephen T., Excavations at Glasgow Cathedral, Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 18, (Leeds, 2002)
 Driscoll, Stephen T., "Excavations in Glasgow Cathedral: A preliminary report on the archaeological discoveries made in 1992–3", in Glasgow Archaeological Journal, 17, (1992), pp.63–76
 Duncan, A.A.M., "St Kentigern in Glasgow Cathedral in the twelfth century", in Richard Fawcett (ed. ), Medieval Art and Architecture in the Diocese of Glasgow, (Leeds, 1998)
 Forbes, A.P. (ed. ), Lives of St Ninian and St Kentigern, (Edinburgh, 1874)

External links

Cynthia Whidden Green, "Saint Kentigern, Apostle to Strathclyde: A critical analysis of a northern saint"
Catholic Encyclopedia, "Jocelin"
The Glasgow Story, "Bishop Jocelin"
"Melrose Abbey — Factsheet", BBC website

See also
Christianity in Medieval Scotland
Roman Catholicism in Great Britain
Scotland in the High Middle Ages

1130s births
1199 deaths
Abbots of Melrose
Bishops of Glasgow
People from the Scottish Borders
Scoto-Normans
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Burials at Melrose

masks:
Jocelin
Jocelin
Jocelin
Jocelin
Jocelin
John of


title: Maik Hamburger

texts:
<mask> (12 February 1931 - 16 January 2020) was a German translator, writer and dramaturge, regarded as one of the leading Shakespeare scholars of his generation in the German-speaking world. Biography

Early life
Michael Pitt "<mask>" <mask> was born on 12 February 1931 in Shanghai, where his parents were living and working at the time. His father, <mask> (1903-1980), was a German architect originally from Lower Silesia who had probably been drawn to Shanghai by the spectacular building boom which the city was experiencing. His mother, born Ursula Kuczynski (1907-2000), had accompanied her husband to China. His maternal grandfather was economist and demographer Robert René Kuczynski. Hamburger's family was Jewish. Both his parents were committed to antifascist communism, and his mother had joined the party in 1926.Both parents at some stage became involved in spying for Soviet intelligence; the Shanghai construction boom may have been the chief reason for their decision to relocate to Shanghai during the first half of 1930. <mask>'s espionage career was probably not of huge value to the Soviet Union: Ursula Kuczynski, however, would become well known to English and American espionage watchers some decades later, as the Oxfordshire-based "handler" of nuclear scientist Klaus Fuchs between 1943 and 1950. The marriage of <mask> <mask>'s parents came under increasing pressure, ending in divorce in 1939. By the time he was ten, he had lived successively in China, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Switzerland, before ending up in England in 1940, after his mother had married Len Beurton, also a Soviet agent, and one who came with the added attraction of a British passport for his new wife. While still a toddler <mask> <mask> was separated from his parents and sent to live with his father's parents (now relocated from Germany to Czechoslovakia) for seven months, while his mother was sent to Moscow for a half-year training session in "espionage spycraft". There had been a concern that if baby Michael had accompanied her to Moscow he might inadvertently have blown her cover later by blurting out words in Russian. After settling with his mother and Janina, his younger half-sister, in Oxford in 1940 he appears initially to have attended  school in the city.Later his mother moved into a village outside the city while her son - possibly in connection with his maternal grandfather's senior lectureship at the London School of Economics - lived "as a cultural omnivore" in London, attending performances at the city's famous theatres and sitting in the top gallery at each of them where, as he later recalled, you "could sit on a hard bench for sixpence and view the action from an overhead perspective". At weekends he often attended Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, listening to orators setting out their visions for solving the world's problems, and staying late into the night till there were no more than two people left, at which point he underwent, on at least one occasion, the unsettling experience of being approached by an orator whose chief objective seemed to have become an unsuccessful (as he insisted!) attempt to win Hamburger over for a night of homoerotic adventurism. During his time as an adolescent in London, <mask> <mask> was also an exceptionally appreciative member of his local public library. Studies
He enrolled later at the University of Aberdeen and embarked on a Philosophy degree course. One of his teachers, as Professor of Moral Philosophy, was Donald M. MacKinnon (1913-1994), known to friends and students alike as "Mac", a "corpulent eccentric" whose teaching was based around Kant and Hegel. The other principal teacher was a glamorous Polish exile called Wladyslaw Bednarowski (1908-2002), whose contributions involved invoking Wittgenstein, Ryle and Ayer to prove that "90% of what Kant and Hegel wrote was senseless twaddle" ("aus sinnlosem Geschwätz besteht").Hamburger realised he did not wish to spend the rest of his life trying to create new patterns of philosophy by "reconfiguring very old ones", and he became "disillusioned with Britain’s turn right". He briefly considered moving to the recently launched state of Israel and joining a Kibbutz, but was unenthusiastic about the "militant" aspects of life in Israel. Shortly before the unmasking of Klaus Fuchs, his mother had relocated suddenly from north Oxfordshire to (east) Berlin in 1950, and in August 1951 <mask> Hamburger visited the city to attend the "Weltfestspiele der Jugend und Studenten" ("World Festival of Youth and Students"). He was impressed: as he later told an interviewer, he "wanted to be somewhere where things were happening. I wanted to be in the middle of political life. And in Germany, particularly in Berlin, you had all this…". In or before November 1951 he abandoned his studies at Aberdeen and enrolled at Leipzig University (known, after 1953, as the "Karl-Marx-University Leipzig").Here he started to study for a degree in physics. Theatre
Very soon, however, it became clear that he was more strongly drawn to the world of the theatre. In 1952 he made his stage debut in a student theatre production of Simonov's "Russische Frage" ("The Russian Question"). By 1954, still in Leipzig, he was at the centre of a circle of student actors, artists and instrumentalists. An important member of the group was the student Adolf Dresen, who became a colleague and later a notable and, some said, controversial theatre and opera director. Work as a translator
After leaving Leipzig, between 1956 and 1966 <mask> <mask> lived in East Berlin, where he supported himself as a freelance translator and journalist. In 1966 he took a post at the Deutsches Theater (Berlin), where he would remain for almost thirty years, working both as a dramaturge and, later, as a director.During this time he also built a reputation as a talented translator into German of foreign works by dramatists such as William Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams. In 1982 he teamed up with Christa Schuenke to translate and publish a volume of John Donne's poetry under the title "Zwar ist auch Dichtung Sünde" (loosely, "Poetry is indeed also sin"). In 2008 he compiled and published an English-language history of German theatre with Simon Williams, which was published by the Cambridge University Press. Teaching career
<mask> Hamburger pursued a parallel career in teaching. During the East German years he taught at the Leipzig Theatre Academy (Theaterhochschule) and at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts in Berlin. He also taught at the Berlin University of the Arts and led theatre workshops at Santa Barbara, Stanford and Montreal. He was a member of PEN Centre Germany.After reunification in 1990 he was elected and repeatedly re-elected as vice-president of the German Shakespeare Society, a position from which he resigned in 2002. He was succeeded by Roland Petersohn. In 2007 he received the honour of a stipendium from the Hermann Hesse Foundation of Calw. Death
Hamburger died in Berlin on 16 January 2020. References

People from East Berlin
20th-century German Jews
Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts faculty
German theatre directors
Dramaturges
English–German translators
Shakespearean scholars
2020 deaths
1931 births

masks:
Maik Hamburger
Maik
Hamburger
Rudolf Hamburger
Rudolf Hamburger
Maik
Hamburger
Maik
Hamburger
Maik
Hamburger
Maik
Maik
Hamburger
Maik


title: David Jewett

texts:
<mask> (June 17, 1772 – July 26, 1842) is known for his role in the sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland Islands. He was an American naval commander in the Quasi-War with France and following the end of that conflict he offered his services as a mercenary in both Argentina and Brazil. Licensed as a privateer by the United Provinces of the River Plate (one of the precursor states of Argentina) to seize Spanish ships, he was later accused of piracy following the seizure of US and Portuguese flagged vessels. He finished his career in the Brazilian Navy, serving under Lord Cochrane and died in Rio de Janeiro in 1842. Early life
<mask> was born in New London (North Parish), in what was then the Connecticut Colony (presently the town of Montville, Connecticut in the United States), on 17 June 1772, son of Patience Bulkley and captain <mask>. He studied for a career in law, but after the experience of a sailing trip to Europe he changed his mind. <mask> joined the United States Navy in 1791, at age 19.Early career

<mask>, with the rank of Master Commandant, commanded the 18 gun sloop-of-war USS Trumbull in the Quasi-War with France. Following fitting out, Trumbull departed New London, Connecticut in March 1800 under his command. Its first mission was to escort the provisions ship Charlotte from New York to the West Indies, replenishing the American Squadron operating against the French. Trumbull later joined the American Squadron commanded by Silas Talbot in the , where the main duties in the area were protection of American shipping and the interception of French privateers and merchantmen. <mask> was authorized as commander of the Trumbull to capture any vessel sailing under the flag of France. On April 24, 1800, it came upon the French schooner Peggy and captured it. The Peggy was returned to Connecticut where the local courts ruled her a prize of war in September 1800.The owners of the Peggy appealed for her return in the US Supreme Court case United States v. Schooner Peggy. On August 3, while off Jérémie in Haiti, Trumbull captured the French schooner Vengeance, armed with eight or ten guns (not, as is sometimes found, the 38-gun frigate Vengeance that tangled with the USS Constellation and was later taken into the Royal Navy). The ship had fled Haiti with 130 people aboard, crew and refugees together, as Toussaint's troops took possession of the island. Talbot ordered <mask> home with Vengeance as a prize, Trumbull arriving back at New London in late summer. The Vengeance was later condemned as a national vessel and was returned to France under the treaty soon afterwards concluded with that country. Trumbull then returned to patrol off Santo Domingo, before later transporting Navy Agent Thomas T. Gantt to St. Kitts to relieve Thomas Clarkson. Following the end of hostilities with France as a result of the Treaty of Mortefontaine, Trumbull returned to the United States in the spring of 1801, was sold later that year and her crew discharged.<mask> left the Navy but rejoined during the War of 1812 against Britain, when he acted as a privateer. <mask> had earlier crossed the line between privateer and pirate after taking the Portuguese ship Carlota as a prize. Service to the United Provinces

On June 22, 1815, <mask> arrived in the port of Buenos Aires, aboard his own ship the Invincible. He offered his services to the newly independent United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina), which accepted his proposal and authorized his corsair activities against the Spanish. From 1815 to 1817 the Invincible made use of the letter of marque issued for her and <mask>, and four ships were captured: the polacca Tita, the frigate Santander, the brigantines Jupiter and San Antonio, all of them deemed lawful prize by the Government of the United Provinces. In January 1820 he was appointed a Colonel in the Argentine Navy. He was given command of the frigate Heroína, a ship owned by Patrick Lynch, acting as a privateer.<mask>'s activities were licensed by letter of marque that Lynch obtained from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau. In March 1820 he set out on a voyage marked by misfortune, a mutiny, scurvy and piracy against Portuguese and American ships. Some 80 of his crew of 200 were either sick or dead by the time he arrived on 27 October 1820 at Puerto Soledad (later renamed Puerto Luis by Argentine settlers, it was the one-time Spanish capital of the Falkland Islands). At anchor there he found some 50 British and US sealing ships. Captain <mask> chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer James Weddell of the British brig Jane. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how <mask> slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny for which he had executed 6 members of his crew. Declaration of Possession of the Islands

On November 6, 1820, <mask> raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands.Weddell reports the letter he received from <mask> as:

Sir, I have the honour to inform you of the circumstance of my arrival at this port, commissioned by the supreme government of the United Provinces of South America to take possession of these islands in the name of the country to which they naturally appertain. In the performance of this duty, it is my desire to act towards all friendly flags with the most distinguished justice and politeness. A principal object is to prevent the wanton destruction of the sources of supply to those whose necessities compel or invite them to visit the islands, and to aid and assist such as require it to obtain a supply with the least trouble and expense. As your views do not enter into contravention or competition with these orders, and as I think mutual advantage may result from a personal interview, I invite you to pay me a visit on board my ship, where I shall be happy to accommodate you during your pleasure. I would also beg you, so far as comes within your sphere, to communicate this information to other British subjects in this vicinity. I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedient humble Servant, Signed, <mask>, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigate Heroína''.

Many modern authors report this letter as the declaration issued by <mask>. <mask>'s ship received Weddell's assistance in obtaining anchorage off of Port Louis, and, according to Weddell, "In a few days, he took formal possession of these islands for the patriot government of Buenos Ayres, read a declaration under their colours, planted on a port in ruins, and fired a salute of twenty-one guns."Weddell also linked the ceremony to <mask>'s claim to the wreck of the Uranie and comments that it was calculated to make an impression on the masters of ships in the area. Weddell stated that some ship-masters were alarmed by <mask>'s appearance, fearing being robbed or captured and said that one contemplated an armed response. Weddell was able to convince him <mask> was no danger and after being introduced to <mask>, he overcame his fears. Based upon <mask>'s statements in 1820, some researchers assert that he was ordered to claim the islands by Argentine authorities; others assert there is no documentary evidence to support a specific order. <mask> did not mention the claim in his 13-page request for resignation to the government of Buenos Aires, nor did the government gazette the sovereignty claim in the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres. 1820 was one of the most anarchical years in Argentine history, where there was twenty-four Governments in one year;  three in one day. Other factors cited include the roundabout route <mask> took to the islands (he was eight months into the voyage when he arrived)  and the fact that the declaration was only reported in Argentina as a foreign news story after being reported in the Salem Gazette in 1821.The article was also reproduced in The Times of 3 August 1821. Brazilian Navy career and later life
<mask> arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1822 in command of the Maipu of 284-tons and armed with 18 cannons. The ship, originally named Vicuña when flying under Chilean flag had been captured by the Spanish, and subsequently by the Heroina. <mask> acquired her and in 1822 sold her  to Emperor Dom Pedro I, to serve as the Caboclo. <mask> then offered to join the Brazilian Navy and was appointed commander of the frigate Union on October 6, 1822. In 1823, while under the command of Lord Cochrane (the Sea Wolf), <mask> held the rank of “Chefe de Divisão” and fought in the northern provinces of Brazil, then still sympathetic to Portugal. <mask> was accused of misconduct, whilst in command of the ship Pedro I, and sentenced by the Supreme Military Court to 2 years of imprisonment, on May 20, 1824.He was pardoned two months later by the Emperor Pedro I. In 1824, <mask> fought in the revolt in Pernambuco, against the rebel forces of Manuel de Carvalho Pais de Andrade. Cochrane's forces, including <mask>, took an active role in the restoration of public order. When the Cisplatine War began in the early 1826, it was announced on April 10 that <mask> was to replace the second in command of the Imperial Navy of the Rio de la Plata, Rear Admiral Diego de Brito. However, two days later he asked for a medical licence, and the appointment never took effect. Whilst on a trip to New York on Brazilian navy matters in 1826, <mask> married Eliza Lawrence Mactier, daughter of NYC Alderman Augustine H. Lawrence. They had a son, <mask> <mask>.<mask> had recurring health issues in his last years of service, and was on a medical licence from 1828 to 1830, and for two years in 1834-1835. His last mission was carried out in 1836. He was awarded the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross for service in the Imperial Navy of Brazil. <mask> died 26 July 1842 in Rio de Janeiro. He was interred the day after in the São Francisco de Paula church; his wife Eliza died a few months later. In 1850 his remains were relocated to the new cemetery of the Order of the Minims, in Catumbí. References

Bibliography

Child, Jack.Geopolitics and Conflict in South America: Quarrels Among Neighbors. New York; Praeger, 1985, pp. 112–115. Gough, Barry. The Falkland Islands/Malvinas: The Contest for Empire in the South Atlantic. London: Athlone Press, 1992, pp. 55–59.Strange, Ian J. The Falkland Islands''. London: David & Charles Press, 1983, p. 194. History of the Falkland Islands
Maritime history of Argentina
American emigrants to Argentina
Naturalized citizens of Argentina
Naturalized citizens of Brazil
1772 births
1842 deaths

masks:
David Jewett
Jewett
David Hibbard Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Col Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Jewett
Augustine David
Lawrence Jewett
Jewett
Jewett


title: Kala Bagai

texts:
<mask> (later <mask>; 1893-1983) was one of the first South Asian women in the United States. The Smithsonian described her as "a life-long advocate for immigrants and a mother figure among South Asian communities in California." Early life in India
<mask> was born into a Sikh family in Amritsar in British India on April 15, 1893, the daughter of Narain Singh and Kani Dhingra. She married <mask>, and moved to Peshawar to live with him and his family. They had three sons, Brij, Madan, and Ram. <mask> was involved with the anti-colonial Ghadar Party. After the death of his parents, he hoped to move to the United States with his family to join other Ghadar activists, leaving what he described as an enslaved country.Immigration
When <mask> <mask> was 22, she, Vaishno and their sons moved to the United States, arriving in San Francisco in September 1915. Upon arrival, the Bagais spent a few days in detention at Angel Island. They were questioned about why they immigrated, but officials became less suspicious after seeing that the Bagais had brought all their savings with them. <mask> <mask> was one of very few South Asian women in the United States, and her family was among the few able to immigrate together to the United States. Life in Northern California
In San Francisco, according to granddaughter <mask>, "She delighted in seeing a city newly rebuilt from earthquake ruins, touring the marvels of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, and walking on a sandy beach, things she’d never experienced in India." <mask> <mask>'s arrival in San Francisco was noted in newspapers like the San Francisco Call-Post and the Washington Post, which remarked on her nose ring. Vaishno <mask> had learned English in school at India, but Kala had yet to learn the language.She learned English after arrival, with the support of a German family who helped look after her children, giving her time to study. She also found ways to support the Indian independence movement. Writes <mask>, "And from then on, they were kind of pioneers, because there really were very few Indians there around to help them, or to help them…acclimate…[Vaishno <mask>] dressed in a Western style with suits. My grandmother still wore a sari, though. She was very traditional, and she didn't eat meat, so that was kind of hard for her to adjust to, because, you know, so meat-centric, their diet then…But she managed…eating fruits and vegetables, and got by, and so they embarked on this adventure in San Francisco." In her 1982 oral history interview, <mask> <mask> described how she and her husband attempted to move from San Francisco to Berkeley, California, where racist neighbors prevented them from entering their newly purchased home. Writes historian Erika Lee, "The family achieved a dream when they bought their first home in the city of Berkeley.But when they pulled up to their new neighborhood on moving day, they found that the neighbors had locked up the house to prevent them from moving in. 'All of our luggage and everything was loaded on the trucks,' recounted <mask> <mask>. 'I told Mr. <mask> I don’t want to live in this neighborhood. I don’t want to live in this house, because they might hurt my children, and I don’t want it. He agreed. We paid for the house and they locked the doors? No!'"They made their lives in San Francisco, where over the years, Vaishno ran several stores. One was an import store called "Bagai's Bazaar," which sold things like curios and handmade goods from India, embroideries from China, and other goods from Asia. Another was a general store that sold items like candy, trinkets, soap, and supplies; the Bagais lived in an apartment right above. The battle for citizenship
Vaishno <mask> became a naturalized United States citizen in 1921, but his citizenship was revoked in the wake of the 1923 Bhagat Singh Thind decision. This forced them to sell their property, including their store, and left them stateless people unable to get a U.S. passport. According to <mask>, "that meant that now he could not travel to India unless it was back under an Indian passport under the crown, the British Crown…But there were a lot worse implications…he now could not own a business. So I believe it had to be transferred to a friend or someone who was not Indian.So there were a lot of problems then with that. It was bad enough trying to run it on his own, and the discrimination and the bias, but now having to run it through a second party and, you know, the trust you put into someone to manage the money and give you the money that's owed to you…there were…issues there where he was swindled or lost money and he felt, I think, quite a bit of despair and frustration towards the end. No matter what he did…he can't go home to India. They would pursue him, they would probably arrest him if he came back there because of the work he did with the Ghadar party in San Francisco. He couldn't make a go of things the way he dreamed of in San Francisco, for his family and, you know, the idea of a business and all that were kind of vanishing. So it was a very…depressing, frustrating time for him." Vaishno <mask> committed suicide in 1928.In his suicide note, he wrote "I do not choose to live the life of an interned person: yes, I am in a free country and can move about where and when I wish inside the country. Is life worth living in a gilded cage? Obstacles this way, blockades that way, and the bridges burnt behind." <mask> <mask>, now a widow, raised her three children without the benefit of United States citizenship. She was proud to be able to eventually send all three of her sons to college, to Stanford, UC Berkeley, and USC. She remarried in 1934, to Mahesh Chandra, another Ghadar activist and an old family friend. She finally received her United States citizenship in 1950, after the passage of the Luce-Celler Act of 1946.Activism in Southern California
<mask> <mask> and Mahesh Chandra moved to Southern California in the late 1940s, where she built a new life for herself. Granddaughter <mask> described her new life: "She flouted her cultural norms by marrying again, to another Indian activist and a graduate of UC Berkeley, Mahesh Chandra. She reinvented herself, attending night school, wearing Western dresses, and even learning tennis. She had many close American friends and never went on a social visit without a gift box of See’s candy." By the 1950s, <mask> <mask> had become an activist and community-builder in the early Indian and Pakistani immigrant community. She organized with other South Asian immigrant and American women, planned arts events, raised funds for post-Partition refugees, welcomed newcomers to her home, and built connections. According to <mask>:"it seemed to be my grandmother’s personal mission to create a welcoming community to other immigrants arriving in this land, where she herself was once a stranger, and to show the kind of generosity of spirit to them that had been denied to her and her family.Working with both American and South Asian immigrant women like herself, she went on in the 1950s and 1960s to become an active community builder in Southern California, hosting Indian American cultural events, receptions, and benefits at community halls, theaters, and homes. She built bridges wherever she could between her adopted American culture and the great diversity of Indian culture." South Asian immigrant community members would sometimes refer to her as "Jhaiji" or "Mother India." <mask> <mask> died in Los Angeles on October 4, 1983, at age 90. Legacy
<mask> <mask>'s photos, letters, and oral history audio are archived by the South Asian American Digital Archive. Her story has become a subject of increasing interest to Asian American and other historians after her death. The city of Berkeley, California named a downtown street after <mask> <mask> in 2021, as part of the reconfiguration of Shattuck Avenue.A two block stretch of Shattuck Avenue East was renamed "Kala Bagai Way" after a year of community activism in support, in recognition of both her activism and her racist exclusion from the city a century before. It was the first street in the city named after an Asian American. See also
 Racial classification of Indian Americans
 Kartar Dhillon
 Anandi Gopal Joshi
 Pandita Ramabai

References

External links
 Kala Bagai materials on the South Asian American Digital Archive
 "Kala Bagai" video by Timeline

Immigrant rights activists
1892 births
1983 deaths
American people of Indian descent
American people of Pakistani descent
American people of Punjabi descent
History of Berkeley, California
Indian expatriates in the United States
People from Los Angeles
People from San Francisco

masks:
Kala Bagai
Kala Bagai Chandra
Kala
Vaishno Das Bagai
Vaishno Das Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Rani Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Das Bagai
Rani Bagai
Das Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Bagai
Das Bagai
Rani Bagai
Das Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Rani Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Rani Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Kala
Bagai
Kala
Bagai