title: John Frederick Bateman

texts:
<mask>  (30 May 1810 – 10 June 1889) was an English civil engineer whose work formed the basis of the modern United Kingdom water supply industry. For more than 50 years from 1835 he designed and constructed reservoirs and waterworks. His largest project was the Longdendale Chain system that has supplied Manchester with much of its water since the 19th century. The construction of what was in its day the largest chain of reservoirs in the world began in 1848 and was completed in 1877. <mask> became "the greatest dam-builder of his generation". <mask> also worked on water supply systems for Glasgow, Belfast, Bolton, Chester, Dublin, Newcastle upon Tyne, Oldham, Perth, Stockport and Wolverhampton, amongst many others. He carried out projects abroad as well, including designing and constructing a drainage and water supply system for Buenos Aires, and water supply schemes for Naples, Constantinople and Colombo.He was President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in Britain in 1878 and 1879. In 1883, <mask> assumed his mother's family surname of La Trobe, by royal licence, becoming <mask> La Trobe <mask>. Life

<mask> was born on 30 May 1810 at Lower Wyke, a Moravian Church settlement near Bradford. He was the eldest son of <mask>, "an unsuccessful inventor", and his wife Mary Agnes, daughter of Benjamin La Trobe, a member of the Moravian Church at Fairfield, near Ashton under Lyne. He spent his early years at Moravian settlement and was educated at the Moravian schools in Fairfield and Ockbrook before being apprenticed to a surveyor and mining engineer in Oldham in 1825. On 1 September 1841 he married Anne, only daughter of Sir William Fairbairn, and they had three sons and four daughters. In 1883 he assumed by royal licence the prefix, surname, and arms of La Trobe, in compliment to his grandfather.<mask> died on 10 June 1889 at his home, Moor Park in Farnham, an estate he bought in 1859. Career
<mask> started his civil engineering business in 1833 and directed it alone until between 1881 and 1885 when he worked in partnership with George Hill. In 1888 he took his son-in-law, Richard Clere Parsons, and his son, Lee La Trobe <mask>, into partnership. <mask> was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 23 June 1840 and was its president in 1878 and 1879. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 7 June 1860 and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Geographical Society, the Geological Society, the Society of Arts, and the Royal Institution. Early works
In 1834 <mask> investigated the causes of flooding on the River Medlock, which led to a study of hydraulic engineering. In 1835, in association with Sir William Fairbairn, he laid out the reservoirs on the River Bann in Ireland.From that time he was almost continually employed in the construction of reservoirs and waterworks. In all his undertakings he advocated soft water in preference to hard, and favoured gravitation schemes where they were practicable to avoid the necessity of pumping. He devoted much attention to methods of measuring rainfall, accumulated a quantity of statistics on the subject, and wrote several papers describing his observations. Manchester water supply
The greatest waterworks project undertaken by <mask> was that connected with supplying water to Manchester and Salford from a chain of reservoirs in Longdendale. He was consulted about such a scheme in 1844 and by 1846 had devised ta project for obtaining water from the Pennine hills. Work commenced in 1848 and was not finished until spring 1877. The Longdendale Chain scheme was designed to supply a population less than half that of Manchester in 1882, and additional sources of supply had to be found.At <mask>'s suggestion the corporation decided to extract water from Thirlmere in the Lake District. A bill introduced into parliament in 1878 was rejected but passed in 1879. <mask> superintended the works, assisted by George Hill. In 1884 <mask> published a History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks. Loch Katrine and Milngavie waterworks

In 1852 <mask> was consulted by Glasgow Council in regard to its water supply. In 1854–85, on <mask>'s advice, a bill was obtained to supply water to Glasgow from Loch Katrine. Work commenced in spring 1856 and was completed by March 1860.The works extend over 34 miles, and were described by James Morris Gale as worthy to "bear comparison with the most extensive aqueducts in the world, not excluding those of ancient Rome". Other works

In 1855 he wrote a paper for the British Association, On the present state of our Knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns, enunciating the nature of the problem, outlining previous measures, enumerating sources from which towns could be supplied, and discussing their merits. In 1865 he published a pamphlet On the Supply of Water to London from the Sources of the River Severn, a scheme he designed and surveyed at his own expense. A royal commission in 1868 reported in favour of the project, a gravitation scheme to convey 230 million gallons of water a day to the city. <mask> was connected with harbour and dock trusts throughout the British Isles, including the Clyde Navigation Trust, for which he was consulting engineer, and the Shannon Inundation Inquiry in 1863, on which he was employed by government. In addition to undertakings at home <mask> carried out several works abroad. In 1869 in a pamphlet Channel Railway, written with <mask> Révy, he proposed to construct a submarine railway between France and England in a cast-iron tube.In the same year he represented the Royal Society at the opening of the Suez Canal, and wrote a report of his visit, which was read to the Society on 6 January 1870, and published in the Proceedings. In winter 1870 he visited Buenos Aires, at the request of the Argentine government, for the purpose of laying out harbour works for that city. His plans were not adopted, but he was employed to design and carry out drainage and water supply works for the city. In 1874 he prepared water supply schemes for Naples and Constantinople, and was engineer for  reclamation schemes in Spain and Majorca. Crown agents in the colonies employed him in Ceylon to design works to supply Colombo with water. Alongside his assistant, Alfred Moore, he developed the Bateman and Moore's Firecock which was adopted in many large cities and towns. Commemorations

 In 1955 a street in Sa Pobla, Mallorca was given the name Bateman commemorating his works in Albufera de Mallorca.In November 2005 a commemoration stone was laid at the Milngavie Waterworks by the Institution of Civil Engineers (right). On 15 September 2000, the leader of the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside unveiled a blue plaque on the deepest air shaft of the Mottram Tunnel, a  long pipeline connecting the valleys of the Etherow and the Tame. The plaque is inscribed:

See also
 Thomas Hawksley
 :Category:Works by <mask> <mask>

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1810 births
1889 deaths
English civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Hydraulic engineers
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society

masks:
John Frederick La Trobe Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
John Frederic
Bateman
John Bateman
John Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Bateman
Julian John
John Frederick
Bateman


title: Mario Marinică

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 13 December 1964) is a Romanian football manager and former player who is currently the technical director and interim manager of the Malawi national football team. He holds the UEFA Pro Licence, the highest football coaching qualification. He has coached at Romanian clubs Rapid București, Gloria Buzău, Sportul Studenţesc, Argeş Piteşti, Rocar București, and Cimentul Fieni. He has also coached at Kerala Blasters in India, Azam F.C. in Tanzania, Black Leopards in South Africa, Zakho FC in Iraq, and Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in Hungary. In England, he has worked at Crystal Palace FC and Arsenal FC's Academies as well as Leyton Orient FC's School of Excellence. His playing career included spells at Rocar București, Dinamo București and Steaua București.Playing career

<mask> featured most notably in the youth and reserve teams at Rocar București, Dinamo București and Steaua București, eventually retiring from playing in 1993. In a 2009 interview with Sport Magazine he commented "I started at Dinamo, then I moved to Steaua. I played as a central midfielder. I also played for Rocar, Mecon and Girueta"

Coaching career

His coaching career commenced in 1993 at Leyton Orient FC. In a varied coaching role, he directed "Football in the Community" courses, and developed players both at the School of Excellence and first team; working closely with Grant Cornwell, John Sitton and Chris Ramsey. During the 1998–1999 season he coached Haringey Borough FC. He was both Head of Youth Development and First Team Coach as well as the club's Fitness Trainer.He would later return to the club as first team Manager for a brief spell at the end of the 2005–2006 season. Winning 6 out of the last 7 games, he saved the club from relegation together with his assistant Ged Searson. From 1999 to 2001, <mask> was a coach at the Arsenal F.C. Academy, primarily in charge of the under-15 team. During this period, as part of an exchange programme he spent a short time assisting Massimo Pedrazzini within the technical department of Internazionale. In the 2001–2002 season he returned to Rocar București as Assistant Manager. Here he helped to develop a number of players including Cristian Neamtu, Cristian Silvasan, Ionut Rada, and Silviu Balace, that have since been capped by their country.During 2002–2003, he became a development coach at the Crystal Palace FC Academy. He managed the U15 side, and coached from U14 to U19 levels. He worked with a number of players who have since turned professional and received International honours: Wayne Routledge, Gary Borrowdale, Ben Watson, Tom Soares, Sam Togwell, Lewis Grabban, Rhoys Wiggins, Andrew Julius, David Hunt, Gavin Heeroo, Teerathep Winothai, Will Antwi and Craig Dobson. At the start of 2003, he was appointed First Team Coach at Argeş Piteşti, working with players such as Nicolae Dică, Andrei Prepeliţă, Raul Marincău, Marius Bilaşco, and Adrian Iordache. His progress at Argeş Piteşti brought him to the attention of Romanian Serie B club, Cimentul Fieni. He was appointed Caretaker Manager of the club, towards the end of 2003. In a limited time, and with scarce playing and financial resources, he managed to save Fieni from relegation and help restore pride to the team.In recent years he has been a member of the Technical Support Staff of the Romanian Football Federation. His coaching and Coach-Educator expertise have been used to help develop their UEFA-A and UEFA-B licence coaching courses. He has also consulted on player development programmes for the U16 through U21 teams. He co-ordinated the 2006 visit to Romania of Howard Wilkinson. The former Technical Director of The Football Association was brought over by Marinica to conduct a session of the Romanian Football Federation's UEFA Pro Licence course. "I have known <mask> for a long time. He is an intellectual coach; methodical, a statistician, and an excellent personality."Mircea Rădulescu, Technical Director of the Romanian Football Federation. He has been employed by Hertha Berlin, Watford FC, Stockport County FC and Notts County FC for scouting and technical analysis of forthcoming adversaries. He has also been employed to assist Romanian clubs Steaua București and Dinamo București in preparation to face English opposition in European competition. His unsurpassed tactical analysis provided the basis for Steaua București's defeat of Middlesbrough FC and Dinamo București's 5–1 defeat of Everton F.C. in the UEFA Cup. It was the first time Everton F.C. had conceded five goals in European competition.During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he assisted the Paraguay national football team, providing technical analysis of their group B rivals: England, Sweden and Trinidad & Tobago. From 2005 to 2007, he completed the UEFA Pro Licence with the Irish Football Association, graduating alongside him were Chris Coleman, Jim Gannon and Bernard McNally; amongst others. In the 2008–9 season, he was the interim manager of Romanian Liga I (Premier Division) side FC Gloria Buzău. He had been initially employed as Technical Director, and developed young players such as Eric Bicfalvi, Alexandru Tudose, and Alin Litu, all of whom became members of the Romania national under-21 football team. He took over the Head Coach role in late 2008, and helped turn around a club that had made the worst ever start to a season in the Romanian League. He secured a notable draw, away to traditional powerhouse Steaua București. In June 2009, he was appointed Manager of South Africa National First Division side Black Leopards.Fans heralded Marinica as 'the messiah' upon his appointment, but after just over a month in the hotseat he had to return to Bucharest due to family problems. Former South Africa national team and then Mamelodi Sundowns coach Ted Dumitru commented at the time; "<mask> is a very tactical coach and I'm convinced that he would have turned the team around. He has very strong scientific aspects of hard performance in football." In July 2010 he was employed as Technical Director at Romanian Premier League side Sportul Studenţesc, following speculation linking him with the Zambia national football team job. Marinica then took on a role as assistant manager of Hungarian premier league club Kaposvári Rákóczi FC, he then left the position to take on a similar role with Romanian giants Rapid București. In December 2014, he was linked with the vacant manager's job at English Conference National side AFC Telford United. Marinica left his advisory technical role at Rapid București in March 2015, he released a short statement saying " it was a pleasure to work at one of the greatest names in Romanian football, unfortunately financial constraints at the club have forced me to leave from my role , I wish the club the fans and the owners all the best at helping to return this magnificent football club where they belong".June 2015 saw Marinica take up the Director of Football role alongside Stewart Hall as Azam F.C. made a major overhaul of their technical staff with an eye on a successful campaign on the Confederation of Africa Federations (CAF) competition. Marinica was able to help alongside Stewart Hall in leading the club to securing their first Kegame Interclub cup title without conceding a single goal, the trophy is contested among the best teams in central and eastern Africa. September 2016 saw him take up the Assistant Manager role at Zakho FC working with Marian Mihail. In February 2017, he was initially announced as Head Coach of Forest Rangers. Forest chairperson Benhail Mukuka said the club was excited to have signed Marinica, who comes with success from his stint in Tanzania. However shortly afterwards, Perry Mutapa was announced instead, with the club not elaborating over the reversal of the appointment.September 2017 saw him join Ion Moldovan's technical staff at Romanian premier division team Concordia Chiajna. In 2019, he joined as the Technical Director of the Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters FC and its youth academy and their reserve squad. He spoke about the programme and his vision for developing football from the grassroots level. Under the new Technical Director, all youth teams as well as the reserve teams are training under the same philosophy. This approach will make the player transition smoother and easier during promotions to higher teams. On March 7, 2020, Kerala Blasters Reserves beat Gokulam FC in the final of Kerala Premier League (KPL) at Calicut Corporation Stadium to lift the first trophy in their short history. Marinica was also appointed by the All India Football Federation as a Grassroots Football Technical Panel Member through to the end of 2021.Malawi
November 2021 saw Marinica appointed as Technical Director of the Football Association of Malawi on a three year contract. Speaking at the appointment, Football Association of Malawi President Walter Nyamilandu commented "He is here to develop Malawi football and to correct some shortfalls that are there. As an association, we want to play football the right way. We need to produce quality coaches who will take Malawian football to another level. There has always been a gap especially when playing international games so <mask> is here to bridge the gap. We don’t want shortcuts and we want to be better organized as he champions the agenda of football development. I want to live behind a football philosophy that will suit our nation.We need to embrace change. With him, I expect technical issues to be the number one priority by paying more attention to grassroots football and youth football before bringing everything together for the betterment of our game. <mask> comes into this position with lots of experience and is not new in this environment. He has worked in Africa and his profile on the continent is well documented,” said Nyamilandu. Marinica said it’s a huge challenge working for a nation with lots of potential and is very optimistic that within three years, he will achieve what he has been employed for. “Huge challenge to have a small nation with huge talent. My first task is to build structures, scouting network and to receive help and support from all relevant stakeholders to develop the game starting with grassroots football because that’s the basis of football.It won’t be easy because every job has a challenge and I am ready for it.I have once worked with a few Malawian players notably Robert Ng'ambi at Black Leopards and from the onset, you could

masks:
Mario Marinică
Mario Marinică
Marinică
Mario
Mario
Mario
Mario


title: Mario Marinică

texts:
 tell that we have talent in Malawi. I want to help in nurturing the talent not only for the national team but as Ambassadors ready for international market,” he said. African Cup of Nations 2021
Having only just been appointed Technical Director, on the 6th December it was then announced that he will lead Malawi at the Africa Cup of Nations after the country's football association (Fam) re-organised its technical set-up. The previous manager, Meck Mwase would stay on as First Assistant Coach before resuming his former role after the tournament, when Marinica would return to his Technical Director role. Ahead of the tournament the team held a 10 day camp in Saudi Arabia, as part of a technical partnership with the Saudi Arabian Football Federation. The camp was affected by Covid, with some players unable to travel, others joining later, and more infected during the camp. Friendlies against Mali and local teams had to be cancelled, although the friendly against Comoros went ahead on 31 December 2021.In Marinica's first game in charge, Malawi beat Comoros 2-1 with goals from Gabadinho Mhango and Khuda Muyaba

Marinica named his 28-man squad for the tournament, with 23 in the main squad for the tournament and five as reserves. He called up three uncapped players in goalkeeper Charles Thomu, defender Lawrence Chaziya and midfielder Zebron Kalima, and omitted experienced midfielder Gerald Phiri Jr. from the main squad. Phiri subsequently retired from international football. Commenting on his selection, Marinica said "it was very tough particularly because of the COVID-19 situation. We had quite a number of players who would have made it in the 28-man squad but unfortunately COVID has ruled them out"  He outlined his philosophy and approach "of playing fast and very fast, thinking fast, acting fast and moving fast, being well prepared and organised." Group B (Guinea, Zimbabwe, Senegal)
Ahead of their first Group B game against Guinea, Malawi were hit hard by positive Covid tests in the camp. On the 9th January, six players and three technical staff including Marinica tested positive.In addition, key players Mark Fodya and Charles Petro had remained in Saudi Arabia having tested positive there. Due to the Covid outbreak, Malawi were only able to name a matchday squad of 15 for the match against Guinea, with just two outfield players on the bench. Meck Mwase lead the team from the bench with Marinica in isolation. Issiaga Sylla scored the only goal to help Guinea to a narrow 1-0 victory. The Syli National had to dig deep against the brilliant Flames who were competitive throughout the contest at the Stade de Kouekong in Baffousam. Depleted Malawi were left to rue missed opportunities - they had the lion's share of the chances and found Guinea goalkeeper Aly Keita in inspired form. On the 10th January, FAM announced that it had recalled the five players that were on the reserve list to join the team in Cameroon with Gerald Phiri Jr. convinced to rescind his retirement.Initially CAF had indicated that only 23 players in the final squad will be eligible to take part in the competition while the other extra five, that were registered at the discretion of participating teams, will be on reserve and would only be replaced in case of serious injury. CAF specified that the injury had to  be certified through MRI Scan by the CAF Medical Committee and COVID-19 was not regarded as a serious injury. With increased cases of COVID-19 being experienced across the participating teams, the rule was relaxed. As per the CAF 2021 AFCON pre-match protocols the Flames players and officials underwent a Covid-19 PCR test, 48 hours before the team’s second group B match against Zimbabwe. All the 28 players tested negative, though unfortunately <mask> continued to test positive and remained in isolation for the fixture. Once again first assistant coach, Meck Mwase lead from the bench. In an open and entertaining game, Zimbabwe went ahead through a superb header from Ishmael Wadi but Gabadinho Mhango equalised five minutes later with a controlled half-volley.Mhango then added his second after 58 minutes as he took advantage of some hesitant defending and supplied a poacher's finish. Malawi beat Zimbabwe 2-1 to boost their hopes of a first-ever appearance in the last 16 at the Africa Cup of Nations

The team received a boost ahead of their final group B game against Senegal, with all players and coaching staff including Marinica testing COVID negative. He made three changes to the side that defeated Zimbabwe a few days prior, with Charles Thomu making his full debut in goal in place of Ernest Kakhobwe who was ill with malaria, Micium Mhone returned for Richard Mbulu whilst Lawrence Chaziya replaced Limbikani Mzava who sustained a hamstring injury during the Zimbabwe game. Marinica chose to start with four attacking players against a full strength Senegal side featuring stars Sadio Mane, Edouard Mendy, Idrissa Gueye and Kalidou Koulibaly who struggled to convince in a goalless draw. Malawi just needed a goal to win the game and the group, and were initially awarded a penalty in the 75th minute, which was subsequently overturned by VAR. Debutant goalie Charles Thomu won the Man of the Match award for some sharp saves. BBC Sport Africa's Salim Masoud Said wrote "<mask> only had a few weeks to prepare his Malawi team.Based on their first half you may think Aliou Cisse is the one who has had weeks, not years, to prepare Senegal." The result was sufficient for Malawi to reach the last 16 for the first time, where they would face Group C winners Morocco on 25 January in Yaounde. Last 16 (Morocco)
Morocco came into the game ranked 28th in the world, 101 places above the Flames, and unbeaten in 30 matches, including 21 clean sheets. Marinica named an unchanged starting line-up against a Morocco side replete with European based players. Malawi took a shock lead thanks to a 7th minute wonderstrike from Gabadinho Mhango. The Guardian described the goal thus "A goal for the ages! Chirwa plays a ball down the left channel for Mhango, who has his back to goal, 30 to 35 yards out.He turns infield, spots the keeper off his line, and whips a huge dipping curler into the top right from silly distance! Bono wasn’t even too far out; he was on the edge of his six-yard box when he was beaten. Unstoppable! Unstoppable from 35 yards!" With two minutes of added time to the break Youssef En-Nesyri equalised when he nodded in a well taken Sofiane Boufal corner kick. Malawi cushioned a lot of pressure as the Atlas Lions dominated most of the play in the first half with seven shots on target against Malawi’s one. After a lot of pressure on the Malawian defending line, Morocco scored to make it 2-1 after 70 minutes.Achraf Hakimi beautifully curled in a free kick that beat goalkeeper Charles Thomu, prompting Kylian Mbappé to post on Twitter "Achraf Hakimi, Best RB in the World" about his Paris Saint-Germain teammate. In the post match press conference, Vahid Halilhodzic commented "It was not an easy game. When we conceded the goal, it made my team react and it was very complex. In the second half we didn't lose concentration and managed to organize ourselves and take control of the game". <mask> commented "We worked and were very close. Personally, I tried to exploit the opportunities I had. We played against a very good team.However, I am proud of the performance of my players. Gabadinho is a good player and, as you saw, each player gave his best. I believe Gaba has the potential to play at the highest level. Our game plan happened as we wanted, but I have to admit that we played against a fantastic opponent". Summary
In summary, Peter Kanjere writing in the New Frame  wrote "From being underwhelming underdogs going into the tournament to reaching the round of 16, the Flames have shown discipline, flair and dedication, to the utter delight of their fans. Reaching the last 16 is a remarkable achievement for the Flames considering that they are a modest squad with no big-name players. The squad were drawn mainly from the Malawian domestic league as well as the two tiers of top-flight football in South Africa.Marinica hit the ground running and wasted no time in diagnosing the flaws of the Flames and Malawian football in general. In his report, Marinica observed that “the players’ recruitment system is done … haphazardly and very sentimentally. Physically, most players are short in key positions such as central defence and goalkeeping.”
Marinica then set about on his own scouting mission, which resulted in little-known players such as Civil Sporting Club defender Lawrence Chaziya, Silver Strikers midfielder Zebron Kalima and goalkeeper Charles Thomu getting call-ups. The Romanian also discarded the Flames’ short-pass game and asked his charges to adopt a more direct, fast-attacking football. In addition, he dismantled the starting 11 that had clinched the Afcon berth. The inexperienced players brought a positive work ethic and healthy competition in the squad. It became clear that there were no longer invincibles in the team, who displayed remarkable defensive discipline to hold Senegal.Back home, Malawians’ support of the Flames, ranked 129th in the world, grew with each game. Fans filled the streets on 14 January after the 2-1 win over Zimbabwe chanting “Siine koma Gabadinho”, telling those who cared to listen that they cannot be faulted for the overnight celebrations because it was Mhango and his two goals that caused it. The Afcon has helped ignite a spark in Gabadinho Mhango, who has struggled at his club Orlando Pirates but shone in the Afcon for the Flames. “It is history in the making,” Mhango said. “My ambition is to see Malawian players, including myself, playing overseas. At the end of the tournament, I can foresee four or five players playing in Europe. I have been telling my teammates that in every game we have to show a fighting spirit, whether we win or lose, because the whole world is watching.We need to prove that we have talent in Malawi.”

References

1964 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
Romanian expatriate football managers
FC Steaua București players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Argeș Pitești managers
FC Gloria Buzău managers
FC Sportul Studențesc București managers
Black Leopards F.C. managers
Association footballers not categorized by position
<mask>ă
Malawi national football team

masks:
Mario Marinica
Mario Marinica
Mario Marinica
Mario Marinic


title: Augusto César Sandino

texts:
<mask><mask> (; May 18, 1895  February 21, 1934), full name <mask> y <mask>, was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a rebellion between 1927 and 1933 against the United States occupation of Nicaragua. Despite being referred to as a  "bandit" by the United States government, his exploits made him a hero throughout much of Latin America, where he became a symbol of resistance to American imperialism. <mask> drew units of the United States Marine Corps into an undeclared guerrilla war. The United States troops withdrew from the country in 1933 after overseeing the election and inauguration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa, who had returned from exile. <mask> was assassinated in 1934 by National Guard forces of General Anastasio Somoza García, who went on to seize power in a coup d'état two years later. After being elected president by an overwhelming margin in 1936, Somoza García resumed control of the National Guard and established a dictatorship and Somoza family dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. <mask>'s political legacy was claimed by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which finally overthrew the Somoza government in 1979.<mask> is revered in Nicaragua and in 2010 its congress unanimously named him a "national hero". His political descendants, the icons of his wide-brimmed hat and boots, and his writings from the years of warfare against the USMC continue to shape Nicaragua's national identity. Early life
<mask> Calderón <mask> was born May 18, 1895, in Niquinohomo, Masaya Department, Nicaragua. He was the illegitimate son of Gregorio <mask>, a wealthy landowner of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with the <mask> family. <mask> lived with his mother until he was nine years old, when his father took him into his own home and arranged for his education. In July 1912, when he was 17, <mask> witnessed an intervention of United States troops in Nicaragua to suppress an uprising against President Adolfo Díaz, regarded by many as a United States puppet. General Benjamín Zeledón of La Concordia in the state of Jinotega died that year on 4 October during the Battle of Coyotepe Hill, when United States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe and the city of Masaya from rebels.The Marines carried Zeledón's body on an oxcart to be buried in Catarina. Assault and exile in Mexico
In 1921 at the age of 26, <mask> attacked and tried to kill Dagoberto Rivas, the son of a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments about <mask>'s mother. <mask> fled to Honduras, then Guatemala and eventually Mexico, where he found work at a Standard Oil refinery near the port of Tampico. At that time the military phase of the Mexican Revolution was drawing to an end. A new "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, driven by a wide array of popular movements to carry out the provisions of the 1917 Constitution. <mask> was involved with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, spiritist gurus and anti-imperialist, anarchist and communist revolutionaries. He embraced the anti-clericalism of Mexico's revolution and the ideology of Indigenismo, which glorified the indigenous heritage of Latin America.Emergence as guerrilla leader

Shortly after <mask> returned to Nicaragua, the Constitutionalist War began when Liberal soldiers in the Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas revolted against the Conservative President Adolfo Díaz, who had recently been installed after a coup with United States involvement. The leader of this revolt, General José María Moncada, declared that he supported the claim of the exiled Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa. Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and declared himself president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. <mask> assembled a makeshift army composed largely of gold miners, and led a failed attack on the Conservative garrison nearest the San Albino mine. Afterward, he traveled to Puerto Cabezas to meet with Moncada. Because of the guerrilla's hit-and-run operations against Conservative forces, conducted independently of the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted <mask> and told Sacasa so. Sacasa denied the unknown <mask>'s requests for weapons and a military commission.But after he captured some rifles from fleeing Conservative soldiers, the other Liberal commanders agreed to grant <mask> a commission. By 1927 <mask> had returned to Las Segovias, where he recruited local peasants for his army and attacked government troops with increasing success. In April <mask>'s forces played a vital role in assisting the principal Liberal Army column, which was advancing on Managua. Having received arms and funding from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal army seemed on the verge of seizing the capital. But the United States, using the threat of military intervention, forced the Liberal generals to agree to a ceasefire. On May 4, 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the Espino Negro accord, negotiated by Henry L. Stimson, appointed by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would be allowed to finish his term, and a new national army would be established, to be called the Guardia Nacional (National Guard).U.S. soldiers were to remain in the country to supervise the upcoming November presidential election. A battalion of U.S. Marines under the command of Major General Logan Feland later arrived to enforce the agreement. After the signing of the Espino Negro accord, <mask> refused to order his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them to the Segovia Mountains. Marriage and family
During this period, <mask> married Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda, a young telegraphist of the village of San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega. She was related to Ambrosia Ubeda of the same village. Declaring war on the United States
In June 1927, <mask> organised a group of 50 men to march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American businessman Charles Butters. <mask> took over the mine, which held 500 pounds of dynamite he said was going to use to "kill Yankees", and forcibly drove out all foreigners.This led to foreigners criticizing America and how the Marines deployed in Nicaragua were ordered to protect only American property, not foreigners'. At the beginning of July 1927, <mask> issued a manifesto condemning the betrayal of the Liberal revolution by the vendepatria ("country-seller") Moncada. He declared war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus of the North" and "the enemy of our race". At the height of his guerrilla campaign, <mask> claimed to have 3,000 soldiers in his army; in later years, officials estimated the number at 300. On July 16, <mask>'s followers attacked a patrol of U.S. Marines and the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional was sent to apprehend him at the village of Ocotal. Armed primarily with machetes and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, but were easily repulsed with the help of one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by five Marine de Havilland biplanes. The Marine commander estimated that 300 of <mask>'s men died (the actual number was about 80), while the Marines suffered two casualties, one dead and one wounded, and the Guardia three dead and four taken prisoner.Despite their heavy losses and the lopsided nature of these battles, the rebels made other attempts to swarm a small post guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at Telpaneca. The 200 assaulting Sandinistas had 25 deaths and 50 wounded while killing one Marine, wounding another and seriously injuring a guardsman. Later <mask> took the more official title <mask> <mask> and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to kill or capture him over the summer failed. In November 1927, U.S. aircraft succeeded in locating El Chipote, <mask>'s remote mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Marines reached it, they found it abandoned and guarded by straw dummies. <mask> and his followers had long since escaped.In January 1928 U.S. Marines found <mask>'s war base in Quilalí and, though they were ambushed in their approach, the American and Nicaraguan troops had no trouble in routing the 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's leadership. The Marines lost one man while killing 20. <mask>'s penchant for exaggeration was evident in his personal report of the events: he claimed to have won the battle in three hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. In reality only 66 Marines were in the operation. He further boasted the capture of six Lewis machine guns, three M1921 Thompsons and 46 Lewis automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook for communicating with aircraft. After reaching the mountains of Nueva Segovia, <mask> smuggled a message to Mexico City saying:
I will not abandon my resistance until the ... pirate invaders ... assassins of weak peoples ... are expelled from my country.... I will make them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... There will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the patrimony of Imperialists. I will fight for my cause as long as my heart beats. ...If through destiny I should lose, there are in my arsenal five tons of dynamite which I will explode with my own hand. The noise of the cataclysm will be heard 250 miles. All who hear will be witness that <mask> is dead. Let it not be permitted that the hands of traitors or invaders shall profane his remains. In April the Sandinistas destroyed the equipment of the Bonanza and La Luz gold mines, the two largest mines in the country, both owned by three American brothers: James Gilmore, G. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, all of Manhattan, who were brothers of Henry P. Fletcher, the United States Ambassador to Italy. After destroying the Fletchers' mines, <mask> wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines but also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge." With aerial support, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up the Coco River during the height of the rainy season, often having to use native dugout canoes.While these patrols limited <mask>'s forces' movements and secured tenuous control over northern Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines failed to find <mask> or to effect a decisive victory. By April 1928 the Marines reportedly thought <mask> was finished and trying to evade capture. One month later, his army ambushed another Marine post and killed five troops. In December 1928 the Marines located <mask>'s mother and convinced her to write a letter asking him to surrender. <mask> announced that he would continue to fight until the Marines left Nicaragua. Despite massive efforts, American forces never captured <mask>. His communiqués were regularly published in American media; for instance, he was frequently quoted during 1928 in Time magazine during the Marines' offensive.At one point he staged a fake funeral to throw off pursuers. The U.S. Congress did not share Coolidge's ambition to capture <mask> and declined to fund operations to do so. U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana argued that if American soldiers intended to "stamp out banditry, let's send them to Chicago to stamp it out there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... one American boy for all the damn Nicaraguans." Efforts at winning recognition

The Struggle
Having addressed his declaration of war to the whole of the "Indo-Hispanic race", <mask> saw his struggle in racial terms, as the defense not only of Nicaragua but of the whole of Latin America. At the beginning of his rebellion, <mask> appointed the Honduran poet, journalist and diplomat, Froylán Turcios, as his official foreign representative.Residing in Tegucigalpa, Turcios received and distributed <mask>'s communiques, manifests and reports; he also acted as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working with a number of prominent Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to build support for <mask>'s struggle in other Central American nations and in Mexico, which had backed the Liberals during the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, <mask>'s principal representative was the Nicaraguan exile Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between Sacasa and the Mexican government. <mask>'s principal demands were the resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal of U.S. troops, new elections to be supervised by Latin American countries, and the abrogation of the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (which gave the United States the exclusive right to build a canal across Nicaragua). In October 1928, José María Moncada was elected as president, in a process supervised by the United States, which proved a major setback for <mask>'s claim to be acting in defense of the Liberal revolution. Prior to the election, <mask> had attempted, with three other marginal factions, to organize a junta to be headed by Zepeda. In an organizing pact, <mask> took the role of Generalissimo and the sole military authority of the republic.Following the election of Moncada, <mask> ruled out negotiations with his former rival and declared the elections unconstitutional. In an attempt to outmanoeuvre the general, <mask> expanded his demands to include the restoration of the United Provinces of Central America. He made this demand a central component of his political platform. In a letter he wrote in March 1929 to the Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", <mask> outlined a more ambitious political project. He proposed a conference in Buenos Aires to be

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title: Augusto César Sandino

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 attended by all Latin American nations, which would work toward their political unification as an entity he called the "Indo-Latin American Continental and Antillean Federation". He proposed that the unified entity would resist further domination by the United States and be able to ensure that the proposed Nicaraguan Canal would remain under Latin American control. Solidarity with foreign nations
As <mask>'s success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures of support from the Soviet Union and the Comintern.The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, supervised by the South American Bureau of the Comintern, issued a number of statements in support of <mask>. Within the United States, the U.S. branch of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized opposition to the actions of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. <mask>'s half-brother Sócrates, who lived in New York City, was featured as a speaker at several rallies against American involvement in Nicaragua, which were organized by the League and the U.S. Communist Party. The Sixth World Congress of the Comintern, meeting in Moscow in the summer of 1928, issued a statement "expressing solidarity with the workers and peasants of Nicaragua and the heroic army of national emancipation of General <mask>". In China, a division of the Kuomintang army that seized Beijing in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade." The following June, <mask> appointed a representative to the Second Congress of the World Anti-Imperialist League in Frankfurt. Year-long exile in Mexico
<mask>'s relations with Turcios soured, as Turcios disliked the Junta proposal.<mask> criticized him for siding with Honduras in a border dispute with Guatemala, which <mask> saw as a distraction from the goal of Central American unification. Conflict between the two men led Turcios to resign in January 1929, which resulted in cutting off the flow of arms to <mask>'s forces and leaving them increasingly isolated from potential supporters outside Nicaragua. <mask>'s army suffered a major blow in February 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured by U.S. Marines. More defeats for <mask>'s army at the hands of the Marines soon followed. In an effort to secure military and financial support, <mask> wrote letters appealing to various Latin American leaders. <mask> looked for aid from revolutionary Mexico, but the country had taken an anti-communist turn under the de facto ruler Plutarco Elías Calles. <mask> also wrote a letter that was sent to Al Capone in Chicago.Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping <mask>. Mr. Capone then hand delivered the letter to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader of the Purple Gang 1929 to 1935. Mr. Delduca had followed the stories of <mask> in the press and was very proud and honored to help <mask>. The Packard car in the picture is a present for <mask> from Mr. Delduca. After failing to negotiate his surrender in exchange for a withdrawal of U.S. troops, the Mexican President Emilio Portes Gil offered <mask> asylum. The leading guerrilla left Nicaragua in June 1929. In the political climate of the Maximato, <mask>'s radicalism was unwelcome.To appease the United States, the Mexican government confined <mask> to the city of Mérida. Living at a hotel, <mask> was still able to maintain contact with his supporters. He traveled to Mexico City and met with Portes Gil, but his request for support was quickly rebuffed. The Mexican Communist Party offered to pay for <mask> to travel to Europe, but the offer was withdrawn after he refused to issue a statement condemning the Mexican government. In April 1930, as <mask>'s relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information suggesting that <mask> was critical of Portes Gil's government. Put at risk in Mexico, <mask> left the country and returned to Nicaragua. EMECU
During his period in Mexico, he had become a member of the Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Universal Commune (EMECU).Founded in Buenos Aires in 1911 by Joaquín Trincado, a Basque electrician, the EMECU blended the political ideals of anarchism with a cosmology which was an idiosyncratic synthesis of Zoroastrianism, Kabbalah and Spiritism. Rejecting both capitalism and Bolshevism, Trincado's brand of communism was based on a "spiritism of Light and Truth," which he believed would supersede all existing religions in the final stage of human history. This stage, which would arise from the political conflicts of the 20th century, would be the time of the founding of the "universal commune", in which private property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused by false religions would disappear, and all of humanity would be part of one race (Hispanic) and speak one language (Spanish). Although <mask> had communicated with Trincado only through a series of letters, after his return to Nicaragua, his manifests and his personal affiliations were increasingly shaped by his applying the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one of his official representatives and replaced the former seal (with an image of a campesino beheading a U.S. Marine) with the symbol of EMECU. His distrust of his former Communist associates led him to break off relations with Farabundo Martí, a Salvadoran who was formerly one of his most trusted lieutenants, and accused Martí of spying for the Communists. In February 1931, <mask> issued his "Manifest of Light and Truth", which reflected a new millenarian tone in his beliefs.The manifest proclaimed the coming of the Last Judgment, a time of "the destruction of injustice on the earth and the reign of the Spirit of Light and Truth, that is, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to play a central role in this struggle, and his army was an instrument of divine justice. "The honor has fallen to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen by Divine Justice to begin the prosecution of injustice on earth." U.S. withdrawal
Although <mask> had been unable to secure any outside aid for his forces, the Great Depression made overseas military expeditions too costly for the United States. In January 1931, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Stimson announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn after the 1932 election in the country. The newly created Nicaraguan National Guard (Guardia Nacional), which continued to be commanded by U.S. officers, took over responsibility for controlling insurgencies. In May 1931, an earthquake destroyed Managua, killing over 2,000 people.The disruption and the losses the earthquake caused weakened the central government and gave <mask> leverage to revive his fight with the Americans. In the summer of 1931, Sandinista bands were active in every department north of Managua and conducted raids into the southern and western parts of the country, the departments of Estelí, Jinotega, León and Chontales. They briefly managed to occupy several towns along the nation's principal railroad, linking Managua to the Pacific coastal port of Corinto, but did not try to capture any of the nation's urban centers. They briefly occupied some smaller cities, such as Chinandega. In accordance with the Good Neighbor Policy, the last U.S. Marines left Nicaragua in January 1933, after Juan Bautista Sacasa's inauguration as the country's president. During the Marines' tour of duty in Nicaragua, 130 of their men had been killed. After the Marines departed, <mask> said, "I salute the American people."He also vowed that he would never attack a working-class American who visited Nicaragua. <mask> met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1934, pledged his loyalty to him and agreed to order his forces to surrender their weapons within three months. In exchange, Sacasa agreed to give the soldiers who surrendered arms squatters' rights on land in the Coco River Valley, require the area to be guarded by 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders, and give preference in employment to Sandinistas on public works in northern Nicaragua. <mask> remained opposed to the Nicaraguan National Guard, which he considered unconstitutional because of its ties to the U.S. military, and insisted on its dissolution. His attitude toward General Anastasio Somoza García, the National Guard leader, and his officers made <mask> unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops. Without consulting Sacasa, Somoza García ordered <mask>'s assassination in the hope that it would help win him loyalty from the Guard's senior officers. Death
On February 21, 1934, <mask>, together with his father; his brother Sócrates; two of his favorite generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and the poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister of Agriculture, attended a new round of talks with Sacasa.On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at the main gate by local National Guardsmen and were ordered to leave their car. The Guardsmen brushed aside <mask>'s father and Salvatierra. They took <mask>, his brother Sócrates, and his two generals to a crossroads section in Larreynaga and executed them. <mask>'s remains were buried in the Larreynaga neighborhood of Managua by a detachment of National Guard troops under the command of Major Rigoberto Duarte, one of General Somoza García's confidantes. Duarte was the father of Roberto Duarte Solis, Minister of Social Communication during President Arnoldo Alemán's tenure. The following day, the National Guard attacked <mask>'s army in force and, over a month, destroyed it. Two years later, General Somoza García forced Sacasa to resign and declared himself President of Nicaragua.He established a dictatorship and dynasty that dominated Nicaragua for the next four decades. While <mask>'s body has never been found, the full details of <mask>'s assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries:
 Burial: witnesses to the execution claimed to have seen the guardsmen force <mask> and the three other captives to the ground and shoot and bury them. <mask>'s followers are said to have later exhumed <mask>'s body to rebury him in an undisclosed location. Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered <mask> and delivered his severed head to the U.S. government as a token of their loyalty. Legacy

<mask> became a hero to many in Nicaragua and much of Latin America as a Robin Hood figure who opposed domination from wealthy elites and foreigners, such as the United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the love he said he felt toward Americans like himself. His picture and silhouette, complete with the oversized cowboy hat, were adopted as recognized symbols of the Sandinista National Liberation Front, founded in 1961 by Carlos Fonseca and Tomás Borge, among others, and later led by Daniel Ortega.<mask> has been idolized by notable Latin American figures including Che Guevara, Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez. His brand of guerrilla warfare was effectively used by Castro, FARC in Colombia, the Sandinistas, and the FMLN in El Salvador. In 1979 Somoza's son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was overthrown by the Sandinistas, political descendants of <mask>. In the 1980s, they renamed Managua International Airport after him as "Augusto C. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President Arnoldo Alemán renamed it Managua International Airport in 2001 after coming to power. In 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed again the airport in honor of <mask>. Nicaraguan artist Róger Pérez de la Rocha has created many portraits of <mask>—whose image was banned by the Somoza dictatorship—and of his associates, adding to the country's iconography.The Chilean-Spanish biopic Sandino (1990), directed by Miguel Littin, was filmed in Nicaragua with an international cast including Joaquim de Almeida as <mask>, Kris Kristofferson, Dean Stockwell, Victoria Abril and Ángela Molina. Quotes
 In an address delivered on July 1, 1927 (now referred to as the San Albino Manifesto) to the people of Nicaragua and to the American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:Come, you pack of morphine addicts; come to kill us in our own land, and I will await you standing strong at the head of my patriotic soldiers, not caring about how many of you there are; bear in mind that when this happens, the destruction of your greatness will shake the Capitol in Washington, with your blood reddening the white sphere crowning your famous White House, the cavern where you plot your crimes. References

Texts
 Hodges, Donald C. <mask>'s Communism: Spiritual Politics For The Twenty-First Century. University of Texas Press (1992)
 Macaulay, Neil. The Sandino Affair. Duke University Press. (1985) [1967].Navarro-Génie, Marco. <mask> <mask>: Messiah of Light and Truth. Syracuse University Press (2002). Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans., <mask>: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot 1921–1934, Princeton University Press (1990)
 Woodward, Bob. Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987: extensive discussion of Iran-Contra affair
 Wünderich, Volker. <mask>: Una biografía política, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.Further reading

External links

 <mask> C<mask>, 1895-1934
 A.C<mask> Biography
 Article about <mask>
 WAIS Forum on Nicaragua at Stanford University
 Collection of articles and photos about <mask>
 The Sandino Rebellion in Nicaragua 1927-1934: a collection of primary documents

1895 births
1934 deaths
1930s murders in Nicaragua
1934 in Nicaragua
1934 crimes in Nicaragua
1934 murders in North America
National Heroines and Heroes of Nicaragua
Nicaraguan murder victims
Nicaraguan people of Spanish descent
Nicaraguan revolutionaries
People from Masaya Department
People murdered in Nicaragua
People of the Banana

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title: Anne Locke

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<mask> (Lock, Lok) (c.1533 – after 1590) was an English poet, translator and Calvinist religious figure. She was the first English author to publish a sonnet sequence, A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner (1560). Life
<mask> was a daughter of Stephen Vaughan, a merchant, royal envoy, and prominent early supporter of the Protestant Reformation. Her mother was Margaret (or Margery) Gwynnethe (or Guinet), sister of John Gwynneth, rector of Luton (1537-1558) and of St Peter, Westcheap in the City of London (1543-1556). Stephen and Margaret's marriage followed the death of her first husband, Edward Awparte, citizen and Girdler, in 1532, by whom she had five children. <mask> was the eldest surviving child of her second marriage, and had two siblings, Jane and Stephen (b. 4 October 1537).Vaughan obtained a position for his wife as silkwoman to both <mask> and Catherine Parr. Following her death in 1544, <mask>'s father took great efforts to find a tutor for the children, selecting a Mr. Cob, who was proficient in Latin, Greek, and French, as well as a dedicated Protestant. Stephen Vaughan remarried in April 1546, to Margery Brinklow, the widow of Henry Brinklow, mercer and polemicist, a long-time acquaintance of the Vaughan family. Vaughan died on 25 December 1549, leaving most of his property to his widow and son, with the rents of one house in Cheapside going to his daughters. John Gwynneth was his executor. In c.1549 <mask> married <mask> (Lok), a younger son of the mercer Sir William Lok. In 1550, Sir William died, leaving a substantial inheritance to Henry, which included several houses, shops, a farm, and freehold lands.In 1553 the notable Scottish reformer and preacher John Knox lived for a period in the Lok household during which time he and <mask> seem to have developed a strong relationship, attested to by their correspondence over the following years. Following the ascension of Mary Tudor, and the accompanying pressure on English nonconformists which saw Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley executed in 1555, Knox encouraged Lock to leave London and join the exiled Protestant community in Geneva. Knox seems to have been worried both for her physical safety and her spiritual health if she remained in London. Henry Lok seems to have been resistant to the idea of entering into exile, as Knox argues that <mask> should "call first for grace by Jesus to follow that whilk is acceptabill in his sight, and thairefter communicat" with her husband. In 1557, <mask> managed to leave London. She is recorded to have arrived in Geneva on 8 May 1557, accompanied by her daughter, son, and maid Katherine. Within four days of their arrival, her infant daughter had died.There is no contemporary record of this period, however it is believed that <mask> spent her 18 months exile translating John Calvin's sermons on Hezekiah from French into English. <mask> remained in London whilst <mask> was in Geneva. In 1559, after the accession of Elizabeth I, <mask> and her surviving son, the young <mask>, who would become known as a poet, returned to England and to her husband. The following year, <mask>'s first work was published. This consisted of a dedicatory epistle to Katherine Willoughby Brandon Bertie (the dowager Duchess of Suffolk), a translation of John Calvin's sermons on Isaiah 38, and a twenty-one sonnet paraphrase on Psalm 51, prefaced by five introductory sonnets. The volume was printed by John Day, and entered into the Stationers' Register on 15 January 1560. The volume seems to have been popular as it was reprinted in 1569 and 1574 by John Day, although no copies remain of these two editions.Knox and <mask> continued to correspond. On 7 February 1559 Lock wrote to Knox asking for his advice on the sacraments administered by the second Book of Common Prayer, and the seemliness of attending baptisms. He strongly encouraged her to avoid services where ceremonies might outweigh worship, but recognised her personal spiritual wisdom, saying 'God grant yow his Holie Spirit rightlie to judge'. Knox sent <mask> reports from Scotland of his reforming endeavours, and asked her repeatedly to help him find support among London merchants. During this period, <mask> gave birth to at least two children, <mask> (baptised 23 October 1561）and Michael (baptised 11 October 1562). <mask> died in 1571, leaving all his worldly goods to his wife. In 1572 <mask> married the young preacher and gifted Greek scholar, Edward Dering, who died in 1576.Her third husband was Richard Prowse of Exeter. In 1590 she published a translation of a work of Jean Taffin. Works
Scholars now agree that <mask> published the first sonnet sequence in English, A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner; it comprises 26 sonnets based on Psalm 51. Her other works include a short, four-line Latin poem that appears in a 1572 manuscript of Doctor Bartholo Sylva's Giardino cosmographico coltivato alongside many other dedicatory poems. The manuscript was compiled for presentation to Robert Dudley by <mask>, her second husband Edward Dering, and the five Cooke sisters, all staunch supporters of the Protestant cause. <mask>’s piece puns on Sylva’s name to testify to his prose, the experience of which is as delightful as a walk through a forest. The last known work by <mask> is a 1590 translation of Of the Markes of the Children of God, a treatise written by the Belgian minister Jean Taffin about the history of Protestantism in Belgium and the other Low Countries.Like her 1560 translation of John Calvin's sermons, this volume ends with an original poem, though only a single short one titled The necessitie and benfite of affliction. It also contains a dedicatory epistle to the Duchess of Warwick, who shared <mask>'s reformist religious sensibilities. Two printed contemporary references to <mask>'s poetry and translations evince diverse reactions to religious material produced by a woman. In 1583, John Field printed an edition of <mask>'s manuscript of a sermon by John Knox, entitled A Notable and Comfortable Exposition upon the Fourth of Matthew. Field's dedication to the volume praises <mask> for her willingness to endure exile for religious reform, as well as for her access to the works, in manuscript, of prominent preachers like Knox. The printer urges her to grant him access to more such manuscripts. In contrast, Richard Carew, in the 1602 Survey of Cornwall, specifically praises <mask>'s intellectual prowess in tandem with her modesty, asserting that her virtuous behaviour evinced her religious learning, in addition to her writing.A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner
<mask>'s sonnet sequence is her most well-known work. It was published in 1560 alongside <mask>'s translations of four of John Calvin's sermons on Isaiah 38, in a volume titled Sermons of John Calvin upon the Songe that Ezechias made after he had bene sicke...Translated out of Frenche into Englishe. <mask> probably had access to Calvin's manuscripts, which enabled her to make a close translation of the sermons. In the 1560 edition, the translations and sonnets were prefaced by a letter of dedication to Catherine Brandon, duchess of Suffolk. The duchess, a longtime patron of Protestant writers, also lived in exile during the reign of Mary I; <mask> may have known her through their sons, who were both educated at the home of William Cecil. The volume was entered into the Stationers' Register on 15 January 1560 by John Day, a printer known for his publication of Protestant and reformist texts. The sequence begins with five prefatory sonnets, printed under the heading "The preface, expressing the passioned mind of the penitent sinner."Another heading, "A Meditation of a penitent sinner, upon the 51. Psalme," introduces the remaining twenty-one poems in the sequence. The "Meditation" poems gloss the nineteen-line psalm line by line, with a few expansions: <mask> gives two sonnets each to the first and fourth lines of the psalm; these comprise the first, second, fifth, and sixth poems in the sequence. In the 1560 edition, each line of the psalm appears beside its corresponding poem. This version of the psalm was probably translated by <mask>. Poetics
A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner is one work in a long tradition of poetic meditation on the Psalms. Her sequence develops the penitential poetic mode that was also used by late medieval poets.While both Catholics and Protestants composed poetry in the penitential tradition, Protestant reformers were particularly drawn to Psalm 51 because its emphasis on faith over works favoured their reformist theology. <mask> was probably influenced by Sir Thomas Wyatt's translations of the penitential psalms, published in 1549 and accessible to <mask> before her Genevan exile. Wyatt's influence is evident in the pattern of psalm lines glossed. Both <mask> and Wyatt composed one sonnet per line of the psalm, except for verses 1 and 4, which are each glossed with two poems. <mask>'s enjambment is also similar to Wyatt's. Though the sonnet was not an established form of English poetry while <mask> composed her sequence, she both uses and disregards features of the sonnet circulating the island during the sixteenth century. It is likely that, in addition to Wyatt's work, <mask> also had access to the sonnets of the Earl of Surrey, as she uses Surrey's rhyme scheme, , now best known as the Shakespearean rhyme scheme.Wyatt's Psalm translations may also have introduced her to Surrey's work, as his volume contains a prefatory sonnet by Surrey. <mask> seems to have drawn upon the arrangement of this particular poem, which does not contain the Petrarchan break between octave and sestet. In using this form consistently, <mask> sets herself apart from other early English sonnet writers, who generally ascribed to the traditional Petrarchan octave/sestet pair. Authorship
Authorship of the sonnet sequence and the translations of Calvin's sermons was first ascribed to <mask> by critic Thomas Roche in 1989, in Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences. Roche is thus also the first scholar to name her as the author of the first sonnet sequence in English. Though the volume's dedication to the Duchess of Suffolk is only signed "A.L. ", it is likely that <mask>'s identity remained identifiable to London's community of English Church reformers, many of whom, like <mask>, lived in exile in Geneva during the reign of Mary I.The inclusion of her initials, rather than her full name, allowed her to avoid both perils that plagued female writers during the period – anonymity and full exposure – who were branded as unchaste if their material was accessible to the broader public. <mask>'s choice of psalm to translate and gloss also favours the case for her authorship of the sequence, and helps her negotiate sixteenth-century England's condemnation of a woman writer as unchaste. Psalm 51 specifies that the experience of God's forgiveness includes speaking God's praise, framing speech as a duty. Those who dispute <mask>'s authorship of the sequence tend to ascribe its authorship to John Knox. When Knox communicated with <mask>, however, he wrote in Scots English and would have composed poems in the same dialect; the Meditation sonnets show no grammatical or idiomatic sign of Scots English. Editions
Kel Morin-Parsons (editor) (1997), <mask>. A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner: <mask>'s Sonnet Sequence with <mask>'s Epistle
Susan Felch (editor) (1999), The Collected Works of <mask> Lock

Family connections
<mask>'s family background was a dense web of relationships involving the Mercers' Company, the court, Marian exiles and notable religious figures.Her father, Stephen Vaughan, was a merchant and diplomatic agent for Henry VIII. Her mother Margaret or Margery was firstly the wife of Edward Awpart, citizen and Girdler of London in the parish of St Mary le Bow, who originated from Penkridge in Staffordshire. The Awparts had five children, Elizabeth, <mask>, Joan, Edward and Susan, who were all unmarried at the time of their father's death in 1532. Through his connection to Thomas Cromwell, Stephen Vaughan found a position for <mask>'s mother as silkwoman to <mask>. His second wife, <mask>'s stepmother Margery, was the widow of Henry Brinklow, mercer and polemicist, and went on to make two further marriages. Henry Lok was a mercer and one of many children of the mercer William Lok, who married four times; William Lok was also connected to Cromwell. <mask>'s sister-in-law, and one of Henry Lok's sisters, was Rose Lok (1526–1613), known as a Protestant autobiographical writer, married to Anthony Hickman.Another of Henry Lok's sisters, Elizabeth Lok, married Richard Hill; both Rose and Elizabeth were Marian exiles. Elizabeth later married Bishop Nicholas Bullingham after his first wife died (1566). Michael Lok was a backer of Martin Frobisher, and married Jane, daughter of Joan Wilkinson, an evangelical associate of Ann Boleyn and her chaplain William Latimer. References

External links
A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner, online text

1530 births
Year of death missing
English translators
English Calvinist and Reformed Christians
16th-century English poets
16th-century English women writers
16th-century English writers
English women poets
English women non-fiction writers

masks:
Anne Locke
Anne
Anne
Anne Boleyn
Anne
Anne
Henry Locke
Locke
Anne
Anne
Locke
Henry Locke
Anne
Anne
Henry Locke
Locke
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne
Henry Locke
Anne
Anne Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Anne Locke
Anne Locke
Locke
Anne Vaughan
Anne
Anne
Anne
Anne Boleyn
Anne
Anne


title: Belisario Corenzio

texts:
<mask> ( 1558–1646) was a Greek-Italian painter, active in Venice and Naples. He is one of few Greek painters that did not belong to the Cretan Renaissance like his contemporaries of the time. He escaped the maniera greca completely. He adopted the Venetian style. Other similar Greek painters were Marco Basaiti, Ioannis Permeniates, Antonio Vassilacchi and El Greco. He was sometimes referred to as Il Greco. His teacher was prominent Venetian painter Tintoretto.In 1590, at age 32 Corenzio settled in Naples. Corenzio was influenced by Cavalier d'Arpino. He continued to flourish in the region. His apprentices included: Luigi Rodriguez, Andrea di Leone, Onofrio De Lione and Massimo Stanzione. Corenzio painted many frescos that survived today. Some of his works are in the Church of San Severino and Certosa di San Martino. His style resembles Caravaggio.An Italian legend in Naples exists involving <mask>, Spanish painter Jusepe de Ribera, and Battistello Caracciolo. They were referred to as the Cabal of Naples. The three painters were rumored to have poisoned their competition for painting contracts. The rumors lack documented evidence. The three painters were very popular in Naples. Corenzio frescoed the Crypt that holds the remains of Matthew the Apostle at Salerno Cathedral and it depicts scenes from the Gospel of Matthew. <mask> was one of the most celebrated fresco painters in Naples during his time.His drawings can be found all over the world namely at the Metropolitan Museum, Museo di Capodimonte and Louvre. Biography

<mask> was born in the city of Arcadia (today Kyparissia) in South West Peloponnese. He was in the Kingdom of Naples by age 12. The region was part of the Spanish Empire. His family was part of the Greek community in Naples. His father's name was Ioannis. His father and Uncle Nikolaos were prominent members of the Spanish community.The family had a close relationship with Don Juan de Austria. Nikolaos served in the Royal Navy. He was a professional seaman. The family was very wealthy. According to the testimony of collector Padre Resta. <mask> was sent to learn painting by the Don himself. A contract exists from 1574 regarding <mask>'s painting education but it was only for six months.He migrated to Venice during the 1580s. He spent five years in Venice studying under Tintoretto. There was a prominent Greek community in Venice around that period. San Giorgio dei Greci employed many of the Greek painters. Some of the Greek painters living in Venice were Antonio Vassilacchi, Thomas Bathas and Emmanuel Tzanfournaris. By 1590, <mask> returned to Naples and settled there for the rest of his life. He had an active workshop.Art historian Bernardo de' Dominici extensively wrote about the painters of Napoli in his famous  Vite dei Pittori, Scultori, ed Architetti Napolitani in the later part of the 18th century. It is one of the first extensive biographies written about Corenzio. It was published in 1742. Bernardo de' Dominici was considered the Neapolitan Vasari. Dominici described Corenzio as a brilliant painter who was exceptionally talented. He could paint faster than five painters combined. According to Dominici, Corenzio painted for money rather than art.He complained that <mask>'s artwork suffered when he was paid less. Dominici had a similar opinion regarding other prominent Italian painters. Paolo de Matteis began collecting notes on Neopolitan artists. He died before he could publish his work. Dominici used these notes in his writings about <mask>. According to Dominici, Corenzio was also very jealous and despotic towards other painters. Because of his ill-temper and bad reputation his artistic reputation was overshadowed by negative rumors.<mask> formed an alliance with Jusepe de Ribera and Battistello Caracciolo. The group was called the Cabal of Naples. For four hundred years historians have added their own versions of the story but none of the claims are grounded on solid evidence. According to legend, the three painters did not allow the employment of foreign painters in Naples. Luigi Rodriguez was a student of Corenzio. It is rumored that his student was so good that he began to obtain his own contracts. Corenzio became very jealous and he slowly poisoned him.Some historians disagree on the date of Luigi Rodriguez‘s death. Guido Reni was afraid to paint in Naples around 1621 because of rumors that the Cabal of Naples poisoned artists that tried to compete with them. Another rumor surfaced that Guido Reni's assistant was murdered by the Cabal of Naples and Guido Reni was driven out of the city. Another claim that involved <mask> and the Cabal of Naples was the poisoning of famous painter Domenichino, but Dominici specifies that his relatives played a major part in his death because they wanted his money. <mask> continued to paint all over Naples. He mainly completed many frescos in different churches in Naples. Three notable churches include Salerno Cathedral, Santi Severino e Sossio, and Santissima Annunziata Maggiore, Naples.He taught fresco painting in Naples some of his students also included painters Onofrio De Lione, Massimo Stanzione and Andrea di Leone. Many of Corenzio's drawings survived until today. More rumors surfaced about his death. One such story states that he fell from a scaffolding while repairing one of his frescos in the church of San Severino another rumor states he poisoned himself. He is one of the most gossiped and celebrated artists of his time. His tomb can be found at Santi Severino e Sossio. Artistic career
His earliest work was during the 1590s he painted the Medici Chapel of Gragnano which is part of the Santi Severino e Sossio and Certosa di San Martino.Around 1603, the painter painted the basilica of Santa Maria a Parete in Liveri Naples. He painted two frescos. The larger one is on the right side depicting scenes of the Dance of Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven. Other paintings are in Nola at the Church of the Annunciation. There is evidence that Corenzio painted parts of the Castel Capuano from dated payments of the Banco di Napoli in 1608. Corenzio also painted frescoes in the church of Santa Patrizia. In 1609, he decorated the vaults of the nave, transept, and choir of church of Santi Severino e Sossio.By 1615, he frescoed the lunette vault of the apse of the church of Santa Maria di Costantinopoli. Around 1629, he frescoed the dome of Monte Cassino (lost in the bombing of 1944 ). He also painted frescoes in the gallery of Capuano Palace (Portici). They were also destroyed. He worked for many years in the church of Santa Maria la Nova (he frescoed the ceiling). He created four canvases for the Santa Maria Del Popolo (Christmas, Epiphany, Presentation and the Rest in Egypt). The painter retired in the village of Esperia, he died in 1646 at 88 years old.He completed countless works throughout his lifetime. Many artists were extremely jealous of his successful workshop. He was a prominent member of the Greek community in Naples. A similar church existed resembling  San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice. The church served the local Greek Orthodox population and it was called the Santi Pietro e Paolo dei Greci (Naples, Italy). Corenzio completed frescos in the church. He was also a member of the Confraternity of Saints Peter and Paul of the Greeks.A road in Vomero is named after him, it is called Via Belisario Corenzio. Gallery

Paintings

Drawings

Notable works
Frescos Chapel Vault Palazzo Diomede Carafa Naples, Italy
Frescos Salerno Cathedral Salerno Italy
Frescos Santi Severino e Sossio Naples, Italy.

masks:
Belisario Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio
Corenzio


title: UltraMantis Black

texts:
<mask> (born July 17, 1975) is a professional wrestler and musician, who performs primarily in the Chikara professional wrestling promotion. He is a former one-time Chikara Grand Champion and winner of the 2012 King of Trios tournament. Throughout his career he has also worked for promotions such as Big Japan Pro Wrestling, Combat Zone Wrestling, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South and Jersey All Pro Wrestling. As part of his gimmick, he wears a mantis mask. As UltraMantis, his original red and green attire was based on the main protagonist from the Kamen Rider series, while his ring name was derived from another Japanese television program, Ultraman. In May 2004 he renamed himself UltraMantis <mask> and adopted a new mask and a red and black attire, while also beginning to express communist views. In June 2006 he formed his own stable, the Order of the Neo–Solar Temple and adopted the dark look he has used to this day.Professional wrestling career
UltraMantis started his professional wrestling training in 2002 at the brand new Chikara Wrestle Factory, where he was trained by Mike Quackenbush and Reckless Youth. He trained on the first term of the school alongside the likes of Hallowicked and Icarus. Chikara

Debut and alliance with Mister Zero(2002–2003)
On May 25, 2002, UltraMantis made his Chikara debut as a tecnico superhero on the promotion's first show, where he was defeated by fellow Wrestle Factory graduate Blind Rage. Afterwards, he teamed up with another Wrestle Factory graduate, Mister Zero, to form the tag team Ultra/Zero, and together they would feud with The Wildcards (Eddie Kingston and <mask> Marciano) for most of 2003. The long feud ended on July 5, 2003, when Ultra/Zero defeated The Wildcards in the semifinals of the inaugural Tag World Grand Prix. The duo would lose in the finals against Night Shift (Blind Rage and Hallowicked) after Zero suffered an injury. On September 27, 2003, UltraMantis received a shot at the Chikara Young Lions Cup, but was defeated by the defending champion Hallowicked.Turning rudo (2004–2005)
In early 2004, UltraMantis began showing signs of a becoming a rudo after adopting a more aggressive style and attacking fellow wrestlers after they had managed to defeat him. Finally, on April 9, 2004, UltraMantis cemented his rudo turn by abandoning Zero during a tag team match against BLKOUT (Joker and Sabian), letting their opponents get the win. UltraMantis then debuted a new black mask and declared that UltraMantis was dead before announcing the birth of UltraMantis <mask>. He would then form a tag team with Hallowicked, known collectively as the Dark Breed, and together they would feud with Mister Zero and his new tag team partner Shane Storm. For the 2004 torneo cibernetico, the Dark Breed joined Larry Sweeney's faction Sweet 'n' Sour International, but after neither of them managed to win the match, they left the faction. In early 2005, UltraMantis <mask> began suffering from injuries that would force him to take on the roles of a commentator, a role he continues to hold, and a manager for Hallowicked. Alliance and feud with Hydra (2005–2008)

On November 13, 2005, UltraMantis <mask> debuted his newest protégé, Hydra.With UltraMantis out with an injury, Hallowicked became a tecnico after forming the tag team Incoherence with tecnico wrestler Delirious. Beginning in 2006, Ultramantis debuted an entirely new mantis mask. Later on in June of that year, during the Young Lions Cup tournament, UltraMantis attacked Hallowicked and then announced the death of the Dark Breed and the birth of The Order of the Neo–Solar Temple. In October of that same year, Crossbones joined UltraMantis and Hydra as the third member of the stable. The feud between the Neo–Solar Temple and Incoherence would end during the season five finale weekend, where Incoherence first defeated UltraMantis and Hydra in a tag team match on November 17 and then UltraMantis, Hydra, Crossbones and Blind Rage in an eight-man tag team match, where they teamed up with Cheech and Cloudy, the following day. UltraMantis, Hydra and Crossbones spent 2007 wrestling together on the undercards of Chikara events. Towards the end of the year, the team started to grow apart and on November 17, UltraMantis inexplicably helped Shane Storm, who had been on a long losing streak, defeat Hydra.On April 19, 2008, UltraMantis defeated Tim Donst, whom he had dropped on his head in Donst's debut the previous year, with the Praying Mantis Bomb. After the match, the Neo–Solar Temple kidnapped the concussed Donst and managed to convince him to become the fourth member of the faction. However, this would all be revealed a plan by Mike Quackenbush as he had sent Donst to infiltrate the Neo–Solar Temple in order to find out who had leaked the secret of the Chikara Special to Chris Hero. Quackenbush had been feuding with Hero and in the course of the feud, Quackenbush invented a move which Hero could not break. After defeating him in a singles match, Quackenbush taught the move to every tecnico on the Chikara roster. However, on November 17, 2007, Hero had been able to break the hold and use it himself to win his feud against Equinox. On June 18, 2008, Donst left the Neo–Solar Temple and with information gathered undercover, he was able to reveal to Quackenbush that Shane Storm, Quackenbush's longtime tag team partner, had been the one who had leaked the move and the counter to it to <mask> <mask>, who in turn taught the move to Hero.After being given an ultimatum by UltraMantis, Hydra left the Order with Donst and together they would form the tag team known as the Sea Donsters, resulting in the Neo–Solar Temple being dwindled down to a tag team. UltraMantis and Crossbones would feud the rest of the year with Donst and Hydra. On December 12, 2008, the Sea Donsters defeated the Neo–Solar Temple in a tag team match after Donst pinned Crossbones with the Donstitution. Two days later, at the season seven finale, UltraMantis and Hydra faced each other in a singles match, which Hydra was able to win after forcing his former mentor to tap out to the Hydra Lock, effectively ending their feud. The Eye of Tyr and BDK (2009–2010)
In 2009 UltraMantis and Crossbones began looking for a third member in the Neo–Solar Temple. Pinkie Sanchez and Sami Callihan were given chances, but neither of them could help the Neo–Solar Temple to qualify for the 2009 King of Trios. In early 2009 UltraMantis, after being threatened by Quackenbush, revealed that the reason he had wanted the Chikara Special from Shane Storm the previous year was that with it he could get his hands on the Eye of Tyr, a mysterious artifact that could be used to control minds.The artifact, which had gone missing from Switzerland, had suddenly appeared in possession of Dr. Cube over at Kaiju Big Battel. Cube was a fan of Chris Hero's and was ready to swap the Eye of Tyr for him. Shane Storm came to UltraMantis and offered to teach him the move in order to get back to his winning ways and this is why UltraMantis had helped him defeat Hydra back in November 2007. After learning the move, UltraMantis taught it to Hero, who then, after winning his feud with Equinox, agreed to leave Chikara for Kaiju Big Battel and in exchange, Dr. Cube handed the Eye of Tyr to UltraMantis. In April 2009, UltraMantis saw a chance to finally get revenge on his former Dark Breed partner Hallowicked and on April 26, he and Crossbones kidnapped Delirious after Incoherence's match. On May 23, 2009, UltraMantis Black and Crossbones debuted the new third member of the Neo–Solar Temple, Delirious, who had been brainwashed with the Eye of Tyr and was now under the control of UltraMantis. With their newest recruit, the Order went on a winning streak, which included tag team victories over The Super Smash Bros. (Player Uno and Player Dos), The Roughnecks (Eddie Kingston and Grizzly Redwood) and The Colony (Carpenter Ant and Green Ant) and a trios victory over Mike Quackenbush, Claudio Castagnoli and Skayde.According to a legend, once the Eye of Tyr is used, it must be given away, or the user would face bad luck and tragedy. However, UltraMantis did not believe this and refused to let go of the Eye. On August 16, 2009, during the third night of the annual Young Lions Cup, a man dressed in a white mask and clothes confronted UltraMantis <mask> in the ring and gave him a box. Inside of the box was a message stating that a war was coming. That same man would then begin sending messages over the internet to UltraMantis saying that he and his Temple would be destroyed if he did not return the Eye of Tyr to the "family". On October 18, 2009, at Cibernetico Increible the man was joined by another larger man dressed in similar fashion and together they appeared in the crowd and confronted UltraMantis, who proceeded to flee the arena. Following the event a cyborg named Vökoder, who had debuted during the Young Lions Cup, came to UltraMantis and offered to protect the Eye of Tyr and to convince him of his sincerity, Vökoder started interfering in UltraMantis' matches in order to help him win.Eventually, UltraMantis made Vökoder the fourth member of The Order of the Neo–Solar Temple. On November 22, 2009, during the season eight finale titled Three-Fisted Tales, UltraMantis and Delirious defeated Hallowicked and his new Incoherence partner Frightmare to earn their third point, which meant that they could now challenge for the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. At the conclusion of the event the two masked men once again confronted UltraMantis, calling him the man with the real power in Chikara. This time both men removed their masks and revealed themselves as Ares and Tursas. Immediately following this, Vökoder, who had been given the Eye of Tyr for safekeeping, attacked UltraMantis, while Claudio Castagnoli, Carpenter Ant, Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze all turned rudo and helped Ares and Tursas beat down the tecnicos, who had gathered around the ringside area. Once the fight had subdued with the new group on top, Carpenter Ant unmasked as Pinkie Sanchez and Vökoder unmasked as Tim Donst, both of whom had a history with UltraMantis <mask>. After a salute, the group fled the arena with the Eye of Tyr intact.Following the event, UltraMantis met with Quackenbush and claimed that in order to defeat the new group, named Bruderschaft des Kreuzes, tecnicos and rudos would have to join forces as they now had a common enemy. Despite the events that took place at the season eight finale and Tim Donst, Ares and Claudio Castagnoli taking shots at the Order of the Neo–Solar Temple on Chikara's official website, UltraMantis <mask> announced at the beginning of season nine his intentions of staying away from BDK in order to protect his team ahead of the upcoming match for the Campeonatos de Parejas and the 2010 King of Trios tournament. On February 28, 2010, at A World of Comforting Illusions UltraMantis Black and Delirious used their three points and challenged The Colony of Fire Ant and Soldier Ant for the Campeonatos de Parejas. The Colony retained their titles in two straight falls, after Ares came out and used the Eye of Tyr to release Delirious, who then proceeded to go crazy and run out of the arena, abandoning UltraMantis. The following day Ares declared victory over UltraMantis and announced that now that he had gained revenge on him by destroying his dream of winning, not only the Campeonatos de Parejas, but also the King of Trios, he would be returning the Eye of Tyr to Switzerland and his father's collection. On April 25 Chikara announced that UltraMantis <mask> would star in the company's first video game, titled Rudo Resurrection, to be released later in the year. On May 22 at Aniversario Zehn UltraMantis <mask> finally entered the ring with a member of BDK, when he faced Ares in a singles match.Ares managed to score the pinfall, when Delirious, now aligned with BDK, made his return to the company and cost UltraMantis the match. During the match Delirious also attacked Crossbones, which left him sidelined with a clavicle injury, leaving UltraMantis <mask> standing as the last surviving member of the Order of the Neo–Solar Temple. Following the event UltraMantis took responsibility for causing the formation of BDK, before declaring that it was now his job to take the stable down, turning tecnico for the first time since April 2004. His change in attitude could also be seen in him adopting a new pink mask. On June 26 at We Must Eat Michigan's Brain he defeated his former protégé, Delirious, in a singles match. The following day at Faded Scars

masks:
UltraMantis Black
Black
BlackJack
Black
Black
Black
UltraMantis
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black