title: Herman Timberg

texts:
<mask> (April 18, 1891 – April 16, 1952) was a vaudevillian, actor and songwriter, a writer of sketches and dialogue for vaudeville and musicals, "active in nearly every field of show business." He was the brother of composer <mask> and uncle of the journalist <mask>. 1906 to 1929
<mask> was born April 18, 1891, to a Jewish family originating in Austria. While a teen he appeared in Gus Edwards's teenage acting troupe, "School Girls and School Boys" performing the one-act sketch comedy Primary No. 23. An unnamed critic noted that <mask> "caught exactly the flavor of the traditional Hebrew comedian...He was there with the inevitable parodies, which received the usual applause." When the show played in Chicago in 1907, a critic noted "<mask> in a Hebrew boy character displayed genuine talent that promises to place him among the coming comedians."This was confirmed by another critic who caught the group on tour at the Alhambra Theatre in Los Angeles: "<mask> is the bright particular star of the little company. The boy has developed into a real comedian, and is a great little worker, just busy all the time. His first-rate singing voice, clever dancing and natural comedy ability gives him a wide scope. <mask> never tires." Each season the Gus Edwards troop was retooled based on the talents of who was in the group at the time. By 1911, <mask> had achieved the distinction of being able to sing a solo song, "Love Me to a Yiddsha Melody." <mask>'s first solo attempt came in 1912 but was not received well.The reviewer wrote that the initial song followed by a five-minute monologue was ineffective, and suggested he drop the Jewish impersonation in favor of a characterization that could stand for "any foolish kid." The following year <mask> married Hazel Rosebloom. In addition to announcing his wedding, Variety said that <mask> was to star in a play, Davy's Debut by Joe LeBrandt (the play was never produced). Over the course of his varied career <mask> appeared in many vaudeville acts. A 1919 notice advertises Chicken Chow Mein being produced by <mask> and playing in Brighton Beach the week of August 18, with an opening scheduled at the Palace Theatre for September 1, 1919. Beginning at least in 1920, <mask> often teamed with other performers. In 1920 he was performing "Little Bits" at the Palace, a sixteen-minute long skit with his sister Hattie Darling.A critic related that both played violins and both danced—<mask> to a Russian step and Hattie to a waltz. This was followed by <mask> doing a single dance, then both singing  an interrupted duet, followed by imitations. One critic concluded that the act was too much to function as the penultimate number of the evening. By the time the act moved to the Brighton Theatre, another critic complimented <mask> calling him a "versatile artist, doing many things, and doing them well." This critic still complained of the Yiddish accent but was happy that no Yiddish phrases were used, noting that the imitations included portrayals of Al Jolson, Lew Fields, and George M. Cohan. By 1922 he had founded the "Herman Timberg Producing Company" whose purpose was to provide financial support in return for a portion of Timberg's profits. That year he was sued by the Company whose backers included "Garry" Herrmann (a baseball magnate), Sol Gilsey, and others from Cincinnati.They asked for an accounting of receipts from his show Tick-Tack-Toe and for $40,000 which they had advanced him. As announced in Billboard, an "amicable settlement [was] expected." The He was performing in Cleveland by mid-April 1923. By May, he was back in New York City, appearing at Loew's State Theatre in New York again with his sister Hattie Darling, this time also with his brother Sammy. By 1924 his popularity was such that Variety was able to report that "...his comedy dances were so vociferously encored they would not allow [him] to continue with the violin." 1929 to 1952
The fall of 1929 was a significant time for <mask>. It was announced that rehearsals would begin on September 19 for his show Take It Easy written by <mask> with music composed by his brother <mask>.The show was announced to have tryouts in Brooklyn and Newark, and "may open on Broadway late next month" (that is, October). The Brooklyn Eagle announced that the show would play for one week commencing October 20, 1929. Notably, the announcement mentioned that the entire show would be broadcast over station WLTH. The Broadway production apparently never came to pass, probably due in part to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. <mask> reportedly had saved a great deal of money from stage appearances that was lost in the Crash. His subsequent career was marked by the continuation of his varied activities orbiting around performing (now usually with comic foils), writing, and occasionally producing. An exception to his stage activities was film.In 1931 he wrote and appeared in the MGM short Ambitious People. In an interview that same year he was quoted saying of a new playwright: "He knows nothing about dialogue or building up a situation. He doesn't know upstage from downstage or a border light from a fly gallery. But he knows all the dirty stories in the world." In 1933 he appeared in Laff It Off, a paired double act with his son <mask>. (later known as the comedian Tim Herbert) and with Pat Rooney and his son Pat. Jr.  Later that year, "the diminutive dance comedian" (the description given to <mask> by the New York Sun) presented a new version of his skit "The Laugh Factory" at the Metropolitan Theatre and was again assisted by his son <mask> Jr., along with Audrey Parker, Leo Chalzel and Oliver Harris. His June 1934 appearance at the Palace Theatre in a 53-minute act called Temptations occasioned a number of reviews.The New York Herald Tribune said that <mask> "offers in rapid succession all of the comedian's tested variety routines. "<ref>G.P., "<mask>'s Show on Palace Theatre Stage," New York Herald Tribune (Jun. 16, 1934).</ref>  But Variety was more critical: "At 53 minutes, [it] moves too slowly, though some moments go fast." The review suggested "there's too much talking and too many repetitions of the same effect, such as engaging in dialogue with more than 2 chorines." The reviewer complimented his partner, Audrey Parker, but concluded that <mask> "has a show with plenty of comedy and flash, but it needs to be broken up more with specialties." In addition to continuing his vaudeville appearances,"National, L'ville," Variety (Apr. 12, 1939) about a 1939 appearance at the National Theatre in Louisville, Kentucky.<mask> was apparently aiming for work on a complete Broadway show. In 1936 it was reported that he had been engaged by Jack Curtis and Carlteton Hoagland to adapt the London musical Yes, Madam for Broadway. Apparently nothing came of this effort. In 1946 <mask> was said to be working on a comedy for actor Hugh Herbert, "said to have a Park Avenue background." That same year there was a casting call for a play, Knickerbocker's Children authored by Ben Levinson and <mask>. Neither of these efforts appear to have come to fruition. In 1949, <mask>, "who's been on the boards for more years than he may care to admit," was appearing with the youthful Graham Sisters.As if recalling his earlier acts, Variety reported that "<mask> hasn't lost his skill at dancing or comedies and fiddling." One of his last appearances was at the Palace Theatre where, "nearly blind, he did an energetic turn with a femme foil which called for extremely fast movement and trick violin playing. The act was excellently received." His obituary noted that he was known for the Timberg "crawl-off," a comic maneuver in which he exited the stage crawling on all fours. At the twilight of his life <mask> was living at the Greystone Hotel at 212 West 91st Street (on Broadway) in Manhattan, New York. <mask> died on April 16, 1952 at Memorial Hospital in New York City "after a long illness." Family
<mask> married Hazel Rosenbloom on Nov. 26, 1913.Under her stage name, Hazel Rosewood, she was a dancer in shows such as those produced by Gus Edwards as well as in the Ziegfeld Follies. She had been appearing in the musical All Aboard prior to marriage. She died August 21, 1960, age 68. Survivors included two sons, Irwin and Tim Herbert (a comedian), two sisters and two brothers. <mask>'s nephew was Jesse Kaye, booking agent for the Roxy and Loews, and later head of artists and repertory for MGM Records. Another nephew is the journalist <mask>. Broadway Appearances
Information from IBDB.1908 School Days (performer)
1916 Passing Show of 1916 (performer)
1916 The Show of Wonders (composer)
1917 Doing Our Bit (composer, performer)
1917 Over the Top (additional numbers)
1920 Tick-Tack-Toe (producer, director, book, composer, lyricist)
1921: Passing Show of 1921 (actor)
1922: <mask>'s Follies (producer)
1924 Schemers (producer)
1942 You'll See Stars (director, composer, lyricist)

References

External links

 Timberg Alley, the website for the <mask> family. Stars of Vaudeville #180: <mask>

1891 births
1952 deaths
American singer-songwriters
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American comedians
20th-century American male actors
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Herman Timberg
Sammy Timberg
Robert Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Herman
Herman
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Sammy Timberg
Timberg
Herman Jr
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Robert Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg


title: Amédée-François Frézier

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1682 – October 26, 1773) was a French military engineer, mathematician, spy, and explorer who is best remembered for bringing back five specimens of Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, from an assignment in South America, thus introducing this New World fruit to the Old. Family history
As described by G.M. Darrow, Frézier's ancient surname was derived from fraise, the French word for strawberry. A story relates the surname is derived from the fact that Julius de Berry, a citizen of Anvers (i.e. Antwerp), was knighted by Charles the Simple in 916 for a timely gift of ripe strawberries. The Emperor gave the Fraise family (the surname was corrupted as "Frazer") three "fraises" or stalked strawberries for their coat of arms. Members of the Frazer family emigrated to Scotland as members of the retinue of the French ambassador, who had been sent by Henry I of France as a gesture of friendship to Malcolm III of Scotland, the vanquisher of Macbeth.For the services against the invading Danes, King Máel Coluim (Malcolm) rewarded the Frazers with grants of land and a coat of arms – which contained the original crest of three strawberries (see Clan Fraser). Édouard Frazer returned to France from Edinburgh around 1500 to escape Scottish political troubles, taking refuge in Amsterdam. The son of Édouard was Charles-Simon, who settled in France. Charles-Simon's descendants later settled in Savoy. Youth and education
Amédée-<mask> was born in Chambéry, Savoy, in 1682. Frézier's father, Pierre-Louis <mask>, a distinguished attorney of law, professor, and advisor to the Duke of Savoy at Chambéry, intended his son to follow him in the law. However, Frézier resisted this career path and was sent instead to study science and theology at Paris.His thesis was entitled Treatise on Navigation and the Elements of Astronomy. After completing his scientific studies, Frézier traveled to Italy where he studied art and architecture –interests he later applied to his study of fortresses and defense structures. He returned to France around 1700 and accepted a lieutenantship in an infantry regiment. Treatise on Fireworks
Frézier's post gave him enough leisure time to publish his Traité des feux d'artifice pour le spectacle (1706, revised 1747) (Treatise on Fireworks). In this treatise, Frézier studied the recreational and ceremonial uses of fireworks – and pyrotechnics in general, rather than their military uses. Frézier surveyed earlier works on the subject. As Frézier included also instructions for the manufacture of decorative fireworks, the book became a standard text for fireworks makers.Frezier's Treatise on Fireworks earned its author a transfer to the military intelligence corps, as military engineer for Saint-Malo. Work in South America

Frézier's superior officers, impressed by his competence, recommended that Frézier be the one to receive the assignment of studying the defense fortifications of Chile and Peru. Frézier was a lieutenant-colonel of the French Army Intelligence Corps when on January 7, 1712, he was dispatched to South America, four months after the return from the same continent of Louis Feuillée. The goal of Frezier's reconnaissance mission seems to have included making hydrographical observations, correcting existing charts, and taking exact plans of the most important ports and fortresses along the coasts. Frézier ended up disagreeing with Feuillée in regards to the latter's measurement of the latitudes and longitudes of the South American coast and of the principal ports of Chile and Peru. Frézier actually pointed out several mistakes in Feuillée's Relation, which led to a bitter feud between the two travelers. Sailing aboard the St. Joseph, an armed merchant ship, for about five months, he arrived in Concepción, Chile, on June 16, 1712, after rounding Cape Horn.Passing himself off as a trader or merchant captain, he could visit the fortifications as a tourist. <mask> ingratiated himself with the Spanish Governors, and based in Concepción, sketched maps of the ports that showed the best approaches for attack, where ammunition was stored and the routes of escape, estimated the strength of the Spanish colonial governments, the state of these colonies' natives, and examined the Spanish gold and silver mines. He also reported on the operations of the Church, the physical geography and flora and fauna of the area, as well as its agricultural products – such as the species of strawberry that he would subsequently introduce to Europe. About the beach strawberry, Frézier wrote: "They there cultivate entire fields of a type of strawberry differing from ours by their rounder leaves, being fleshier and having strong runners. Its fruit are usually as large as a whole walnut, and sometimes as a small egg. They are of a whitish-red colour and a little less delicate to the taste than our woodland strawberries." Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud
All of this was valuable information, which was immediately translated into other major European languages after its first appearance in French as Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud, aux côtes du Chili, du Pérou et de Brésil, fait pendant les années 1712, 1713, et 1714.<mask>'s account of his travels in South America was published in Paris in 1716 (2d ed., enlarged, 1732). It was published in England in 1717 as A Voyage to the South-Sea, And along the Coasts of Chili and Peru, In the Years 1712, 1713, and 1714, which included a supplement by Edmund Halley. A Dutch translation appeared in Amsterdam in 1718 and a German translation appeared in Hamburg in 1718. Additional works included his Réponse au P. Feuillée, which was added to the Paris edition of 1832. Frézier also published a Lettre concernant l'histoire des tremblements de terre de Lima ("Letter concerning the history of earthquakes in Lima") (1755). Awards and return to the New World

Frézier left Concepción on February 19, 1714, and reached Marseilles on August 17. Upon his return, he was allowed to present his maps to King Louis XIV, who awarded Frézier with 1,000 écus from the royal treasury.In 1719, Frézier returned to the New World as Engineer-in-Chief to Hispaniola (Santo Domingo) on a two-year assignment to fortify the island. He made a map of the island, and also a plan of the City of Santo Domingo. He suffered from malaria there, but was only allowed to return to Europe in 1728. On his return, he received the cross of St. Louis. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1752. Work in Europe
Upon his return to Europe, Frézier was sent to Philippsburg and then to Landau, where he built twenty-six defense structures. Frézier wrote a work that applied the theories of architecture to practical engineering, called La Théorie et la Pratique de la Coupe des Pierres et des Bois pour la Construction des Voûtes et autre Parties des Bâtimens Civils & Militaires, ou Traité de Stéréotomie à l'Usage de l'Architecture (Doulsseker; Paris: L.H.Guerin, 1737-38-39) (The theory and practice of cutting stones and wood for the construction of vaults and other parts of civil and military buildings, or treatise on stereotomy in architectural usage). This work was the standard text on the subject of stone cutting, outlining the principles of three-dimensional geometry. Frézier illustrates complicated intersections between forms such as spheres and cones. He also examines actual building problems, and analyzes complex vaults. He also married, and was commissioned as a captain. In 1739, he was named Director of Fortifications for the whole of Brittany. In 1764, he retired from service, but still maintained an interest in various subjects, including desalinization, architecture, navigation, and landing methods for the Isles Lucayes (the Bahamas).It is said he made himself read at least six hours a day, especially books on travel and history. He died in Brest. See also
 Jean-Charles Perrinet d'Orval

References

External links

Digitized copy of the German translation of "Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud aux côtes du Chili, du Pérou, et du Brésil" (Hamburg: 1718) via John Carter Brown Library on Internet Archive
G.M. Darrow, The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology
History of the Strawberry
"Amédée François Frézier discovered the Chilean strawberry"

Gallery

1682 births
1773 deaths
People from Chambéry
French engineers
French explorers
French spies
Botanists active in South America
Members of the French Academy of Sciences

masks:
Amdée François Frézier
François Frézier
Frézier
Frézier
Frézier


title: Megan McNamara

texts:
<mask> (born August 1, 1997 in Richmond, British Columbia) is a Canadian beach volleyball player. Along with her twin sister, Nicole McNamara, <mask> has competed in many beach volleyball events around the world. From the fall of 2015 until the spring of 2019, <mask> competed collegiately for the UCLA Bruins, leading the team to its first Pac-12 and NCAA titles in the sport during the 2018 season, and a second NCAA championship in the 2019 season. Early life and high school career

<mask> attended high school in Greater Vancouver, at South Delta Secondary School. Her first notable achievement in international beach volleyball competition was winning the bronze medal at the 2014 FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships. Three weeks later, they won the silver medal at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics after being defeated in a 3-set-final. Beach volleyball career

College experience
In 2015, <mask> became a member of UCLA Bruins beach volleyball team.She and her sister went 16-12 in dual matches on court one during the 2016 college season, leading the team to a 22-8 overall record and third place finishes in both the inaugural Pac-12 and NCAA tournaments, and fourth-place ranking nationally. During the season, she and Nicole were named Pac-12 Pair of the Week for the week of April 4, to the All-Pac-12 and Pac-12 All-Freshman First Teams, and to the AVCA Collegiate Beach All-America Team. During the 2017 season, <mask> and Nicole improved to 28-7 in dual matches, leading the Bruins to a 30-6 overall record. The team finished runner-up at the Pac-12 Beach Volleyball Championships by a single match, but was defeated in the NCAA tournament in its third match after falling to Florida State in the Elimination Bracket. During the season, she and Nicole were named Pac-12 Pair of the Week for the weeks of March 14 and April 11. As with her freshman year, <mask> earned both All-Pac-12 First Team and AVCA All-American honors. She was named to the Pac-12 All-Academic First Team for beach volleyball following the season for her performance in the classroom her sophomore year.During the 2018 season, <mask> and Nicole went 35-7 in dual matches, leading the UCLA Bruins to a 40-4 overall record and to their first Pac-12 and NCAA championships, beating USC and Florida State, respectively. Once again, the sisters were honored as members of the All-Pac-12 First Team, and as All-Americans in the process. Additionally, the McNamara twins were named Pac-12 Pair of the Year in the week following completion of the championship. Following the season, <mask> was once again named to the Pac-12 All-Academic First Team to honor her performance in the classroom for her junior year. During the 2019 season, <mask> and Nicole went 32-4 in dual matches, leading the UCLA Bruins to a 35-3 overall record and their second consecutive NCAA championship, beating the USC in the final match. Additionally, they finished runner-up to USC at the Pac-12 championship. One final time in their collegiate careers, both sisters were honored as members of the All-Pac-12 First Team and as AVCA Collegiate All-Americans.Additionally, the McNamara twins were named Pac-12 and AVCA/CollegeBeachVB.com Pair of the Week for the week of April 2.

International competition
At the 2016 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships, <mask> and Nicole won the bronze medal by coming back from one set down (18-21, 23-21, 15-10) against USA’s Sarah Sponcil and Torrey Van Winden in the third place match. In May 2018, <mask> and Nicole competed in their first FIVB World Tour event, the Bangkok 1 star, winning five matches and advancing to the semifinals before eventually finishing in fourth place. In early June 2018, the <mask> and Nicole won the women's competition at the 2018 Volleyball Canada NORCECA Open Beach Trials in Toronto, earning the top ranking for Canada for subsequent competition in the 2018 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Tour. Later in the month, they competed in their second FIVB World Tour event, the Singapore Open 2 star, advancing through the qualifying rounds to pool play, before barely missing out on the quarterfinal round due to point differentials. <mask> and Nicole then competed at the Die Techniker Beach Tour event in Nuremberg, earning a fifth place finish after a three-set loss to the tournament's fourth place finisher. In mid-July 2018, the McNamara twins competed at the 2018 FISU World University Beach Volleyball Championship in Munich, winning the gold medal in the championship with a three set win against Spain. Later in July, she and <mask> also competed at FIVB 3 star tour events in both Haiyang and Tokyo.In mid-August, she and her sister won the Canadian championship at the 2018 Senior Beach Nationals in Toronto, winning seven total matches including a three-set win over the team of Gordon and Bukovec in the final. As a result of winning the Canadian NORCECA Open Beach Trials in June, <mask> and Nicole qualified to compete in NORCECA beach volleyball tour events later in the year. Competing at the Punta Cana (Dominican Republic) tour stop in late September, they placed second to the American team of Falyn Fonoimoana and Molly Turner. Accolades
 Champion, 2018 Senior Beach Nationals (Canada)
 Champion, 2018 WUC Beach Volleyball (representing Canada)
 2x NCAA Champion, Beach Volleyball (2018 & 2019, representing UCLA)
 4x AVCA Collegiate Beach Volleyball All-American (2016-2019)
 2018 VolleyMob All-American, Beach Volleyball
 2018 Pac-12 Pair of the Year (with Nicole McNamara)
 4x First-team All-Pac-12 (2016-2019)
 First-team Pac-12 All-Academic (2018, 2017)
 2016 Pac-12 All-Freshman First Team
 5x Pac-12 Pair of the Week (with Nicole McNamara, 2016-2019)
 2019 AVCA/CollegeBeachVB.com Pair of the Week (with Nicole McNamara, for April 2)
 Bronze Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2016 FIVB U21 World Championships
 Silver Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
 Bronze Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2014 FIVB U19 World Championships

References

External links

 <mask> (Volleyball Canada)

Living people
1997 births
Women's beach volleyball players
Canadian women's beach volleyball players
UCLA Bruins women's beach volleyball players
Beach volleyball players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
People from Richmond, British Columbia
Youth Olympic silver medalists for Canada

masks:
Megan Norma McNamara
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan McNamara


title: Conrad Salinger

texts:
<mask> (August 30, 1901, Brookline, Massachusetts – June 17, 1962, Pacific Palisades, California) was an American arranger, orchestrator and composer, who studied classical composition at the Paris Conservatoire. He is credited with orchestrating nine productions on Broadway from 1931 to 1938, and over seventy-five motion pictures from 1931 to 1962. Film scholar Clive Hirschhorn considers him the finest orchestrator ever to work in the movies. Early in his career, film composer John Williams spent much time around <mask>. Hollywood career

During his Broadway apprenticeship <mask> first came across Johnny Green, his future MGM musical director, when they were recording motion picture overtures in the early days of sound at New York to be shown before the main features began. <mask> first came out to Hollywood in the late 1930s to work for Alfred Newman (e.g. Born to Dance and Gunga Din) and also collaborated with the famed Broadway orchestrator Robert Russell Bennett on the arrangements for Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers' 1938 dance picture Carefree.<mask> is recognized as MGM's best principal orchestrator of musicals made between 1942 and 1962. He reputedly studied mathematical musical progressions under the influential theorist Joseph Schillinger, whose other students included George Gershwin, and major Broadway/Hollywood orchestrators such as Ted Royal, Edward B. Powell, and Herbert W. Spencer. <mask> employed a somewhat smaller orchestra than usual, but nevertheless achieved a rich, elaborately constructed sound in his arrangements. The fact that the orchestra that <mask> used was smaller in size than the normal huge studio orchestra was practically unnoticeable, except that the quality of the orchestral sound on films that Salinger worked on seemed greatly improved, with much less distortion than was common in the days before true high fidelity. However, in Hugh Fordin's The World of Entertainment: The Freed Unit at MGM, a 1975 book dealing with the MGM musicals, composer-conductor Adolph Deutsch, who worked with <mask> on more than one film, criticized his orchestrations for the Jerome Kern 1946 biopic Till the Clouds Roll By as being "too elaborate" for a composer like Kern (a criticism that <mask> reportedly did not take well) and recounted that he stated that he would only work with <mask> on the 1951 film version of Show Boat (music by Kern) if he "simplified" his style of orchestration. (The two patched it up and did work on that film and subsequent others, receiving a joint Academy Award nomination for it.) <mask> orchestrated most of the musicals that MGM is famous for; among them, in addition to the 1951 Show Boat, were Girl Crazy (the 1943 version), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) (which included a memorable arrangement of The Trolley Song), Anchors Aweigh (1945), the 1947 film version of Good News, Summer Holiday (1948), the 1949 film version of On the Town, the 1950 film version of Annie Get Your Gun, Singin' in the Rain (1952), the 1953 film version of Kiss Me, Kate, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), An American in Paris (1951), The Band Wagon (1953), Gene Kelly's pioneering 1956 all-ballet film Invitation to the Dance and the original film musical Gigi (1958).His lush scoring for the ballet sequences in Lerner and Loewe's Brigadoon (1954) have come to be regarded as high points of the orchestrator's art in the Golden Age of musicals. Recognition
Although many of the films that <mask> worked on were Oscar-nominated for the adaptation of the music featured in them, according to industry practices at the time, nominations usually went to the musical directors/conductors of the music (such as Adolph Deutsch or André Previn), and not to orchestrators. Only once was <mask> nominated, for his Show Boat orchestrations. Ironically, the film An American in Paris, which <mask> also orchestrated, was nominated for the same award that year, so the two films were competing against each other in the Oscar race. But in the case of An American, the nomination went only to Johnny Green, who conducted the George Gershwin music heard in the film, and not to <mask>. Green won that year; <mask> never received an Oscar. Despite this lack of popular recognition during his lifetime, <mask> was highly regarded within the film music industry; working steadily and occasionally uncredited (e.g.The Big Country for Jerome Moross). He was content to collaborate with some of the jazzier arrangers on the lot, most frequently Skip Martin and once memorably with Nelson Riddle for High Society (1956). <mask> orchestrated for film the music of all the major popular composers of the mid-20th century, including Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hart and Cole Porter. His work on the 1948 biopic Words and Music, led Richard Rodgers to publicly applaud the way their songs were orchestrated and presented. Barbra Streisand insisted on reusing his original orchestrations when they could be found and colleagues, including Stanley Donen, Debbie Reynolds, Johnny Green and André Previn, have subsequently paid tribute to his musical abilities. <mask>'s contributions have gained wider public recognition since the 1970s with the release of the That's Entertainment! compilation films and many of the original soundtracks of his scores on compact discs.The British conductor John Wilson has also been repopularizing his work in a series of concerts and recordings featuring reconstructions of the original orchestrations of the MGM classics. Final credits
<mask> died suddenly in 1962, under disputed circumstances. The Internet Movie Database states that he had a heart attack in his sleep, but it is claimed that <mask> committed suicide. He lost his home in the 1961 Bel Air Fire, which police believe may have contributed to his despondency. The last film that he worked on was Billy Rose's Jumbo, released in 1962. It was not a big success, either critically or commercially. The film was based on a not too successful 1935 Rodgers and Hart stage musical, although the show did produce three hits, "My Romance," "Little Girl Blue," and "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World."<mask> also composed original music for film and television. Among the A-list film scores he wrote was the 1953 romantic comedy Dream Wife and the 1958 drama Lonelyhearts; some of the TV scores he worked on were those for the late 1950s series Wagon Train and Bachelor Father. References

External links

Extended article at The Robert Farnon Society

1901 births
1962 deaths
20th-century American composers
American film score composers
American music arrangers
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
American male film score composers
20th-century American male musicians
1962 suicides

masks:
Conrad Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger


title: Jinsuke Kageyama

texts:
is a Japanese psychiatrist. His specialties are criminal psychopathology, psychiatric history, clinical psychiatry and mental health studies. He is Professor Emeritus at Tokyo Institute of Technology and a winner of the Prize of the Japanese Association of Criminology (2002). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture in 1948. He graduated from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University in 1972. For two years, Kageyama received psychiatric training at the University Psychiatric Clinic. Career
In his 2011 lecture at the International Congress of the Society of Criminology <mask> created, defined and proposed the terms and concepts of "Comprehensive Criminology” and “Integrative Criminology”.He pointed out that E Kraepelin's psychiatric disease concept is actually based not on disease (morbid) entity, but on disease (morbid) form. <mask> reformulated H Ey's psychiatric integrated theory Organo-dynamism as Organo-psychodynamism, which was the basis of the “Integrative Anthropology” and “Psychiatric Treatment Integration” (PTI) that Kageyama proposed. Other new concepts formulated by Kageyama include “Empathy Based Medicine (Psychiatry)" which emphasizes the important significance of “Triple E’s” (Evidence, Ethics and Empathy based medicine / psychiatry). <mask> <mask> summarized his main works on violent and juvenile crime in Japan as follows:
Era of “Egopathy” (Pathology of Self) and “Modern Type Crime”; “Empty Self” and Crime of “Self-Affirmation (Self-Validation)”
 Violent Crimes in Japan; decrease and qualitative changes
 The homicide rate and the rates for violent crimes of various kinds have declined (Kageyama J, 1987). The remarked decreasing homicide rate in modern Japan could be caused mainly by the warless period of Japan without conscription for more than 60 years (Kageyama J, 2000). Crime of “Self-Affirmation (Self-Validation)” Type (qualitative changes)
 Taking into account the various trends and characteristics of recent crimes, the author has come up with his own naming for a model fitting the patterns, namely the “self-affirmation” or “self-validation” model. What the author means by this term is that by committing such actions, the individuals try to affirm or reaffirm their own existence to society or validate their own power.The author believes that such crimes are rooted in these motives whose underlying psychological background is “Egopathy (pathology of the self)” or the “Empty Self”. These kinds of crimes occur in “postindustrial society, or the age of what Toffler refers to as the “third wave”. Or we might also call it the “information society” or “cyber society”. <mask> has published many papers and books on criminal psychopathology; political assassination (“Assassinology”), mass murder, alcohol crime, harassment, filicide，mentally disordered offenders etc. As a psychiatric expert, he has conducted more than 900 forensic examinations. His studies include the history of psychiatry and he has published books on the European, French and German history of psychiatry. Academic posts
In 1974 he was assistant at Department of Criminal Psychiatry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.From 1978 to 1979, overseas researcher of Ministry of Education (Institute of Criminology at Paris University). In 1981, Doctor of Medicine (Tokyo Medical and Dental University). In 1994, professor (mental health, science on human relations) at Health Service Center and Engineering Faculty of Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1998, professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School. In 2012, honorary professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology; senior advisor of Kôriyama Psychiatric Research Institute. In 2014, Showa Women's University guest professor (mental health studies). Academic Societies
President of the Japanese Association of Criminology (2012-2018)
Director of the Japanese Psychiatrical Historical Society (1997-2018)
Japanese Forensic Psychiatry Society councillor (2005-2018)
Mental Health Society participation in Japan
Honorary membership of the Japan University Health Association
Honorary membership of Japanese Association of Mental Health
Membre d'honneur du comité scientifique de la revue de l'Association pour la Fondation Henri Ey (les Cahiers Henri Ey) (membre correspondant de l'Association pour la Fondation Henri Ey)

Selected publications
Books

Kageyama J: Assassinology.(in Japanese) Sekai-Shoin, Tokyo, 1984
Kageyama J: Études histriques des Délires chroniques en psychiatrie française. (en japonais) Chuohyohshso-shuppan, Tokyo, 1987
Kageyama J: Study on Alcohol Crime. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 1992
Kageyama J: Egopathy. (in Japanese) Nihon-Hyohron-Sha, Tokyo, 1997
Kageyama J: Era of Empty Self. (in Japanese) NHK Books, Tokyo, 1999
Kageyama J: Study on Criminal Psychiatry; Construction of Criminal Psychopathology. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2000
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime: “Post-Nobita Syndrome”. (in Japanese) Kawadeshobosinsha, Tokyo, 2000
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime: d“Self-Validation Type”.(in Japanese) Kohdansha, Tokyo, 2001
Kageyama J: Criminal Psychopothology; Its Practice and Development. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2010
Kageyama J: Works on Criminology and History of Psychiatry. (in Japanese) vol.1, Kongoh-shuppan,  Tokyo, 2015
Kageyama J: Works on Criminology and History of Psychiatry. (in Japanese) vol.2, Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2017

Articles

Kageyama J: Emotional Acts under Alcohol Intoxications. Act. Crim. Japon 41: 206-216, 1975
Kageyama J, Nakata O: Alcohol Intoxication and Suicide (cases of attempted suicide under abnormal alcohol intoxication and consideration on the problem of mechanisms of aggression's inward turning)　Act.Crim. Japon 48: 38-40, 1982
Kageyama J, Yamagami A and Nakata O: Characteristics of stimulant drug abuse prisoners with advanced criminality: psychiatric study. Bull. Crim. Res. Dept. 26: 17-22, 1983 *Kageyma J: Sur l’histoire de la monomania.L’évolution psychiatrique 49: 155-162, 1984
Kageyama J: A Case Report of Capgras Syndrome Observed in Glue-Sniffing-Induced Psychosis (Parricide). Act. Crim. Japon 45:131-132,1985. *Kageyama J: Cases and Statistical Study on Mass Murder. Act. Crim.Japon 53: 170-183, 1987
<mask> J, Ishii T and Nakata O: Aggression and Drinking. Act. Crim. Japon 55: 267-272, 1989
Kageyama J: Comparative Study of Assassination Among Japan, Europe and America(USA). Act. Crim. Japon 56: 78-85, 1990
<mask> J and Ishii T: Comparions of Pre- and Postwar Suicide and Homicide Rates in Japan -Aggression and Social Problem-.Act. Crim. Japon 63: 122-132, 1997
<mask> J, Ishii T and Hasegawa: Ａ Statistical Study on Mentally Disordered Offenders -Comparison among Substance Dependent and Functional Psychotic Offenders-. Act. Crim. Japon 64: 10-21, 1998
<mask> J, Ishii T, Hasegawa N, Saito K and Kusaka K: The Nature and Diurinal Variation of Criminal Acts Committed by Patients with Mood disorders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 23: 53-59, 2000
<mask> J: Juvenile Crime and Its Psychology.Foreign Press Center, 2000
Kageyama J: Juvenile violent Crime in Japan and “Self-Validation Type”. Bulletin of Health Service Center of Tokyo Tech. 31: 59-65, 2004
Kageyama J: Harassment; Psychopathology and practical classification. (in Japanese) Mind Science 122 (7): 6-15, 2005
Kageyama J: Multiple Murder (Multicide) -Actuality and Future-. Act. Crim. Japon 74: 166-181, 2008
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime; “Nobita syndrome” and “Self-Validation Type”.Journal of the Japan Society of Applied Science 21: 19-36, 2007
<mask> J: Harassment; New Modern Crime -Basic Point of View, Configurative Structure and Criminalization-. Act. Crim. Japon 75: 147-157, 2009
Yasumi K and <mask> J: Filicide and fatal abuse in Japan, 1994-2005: Temporal trends and regional distribution. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 16: 70-75, 2009
Kageyama J: Prevention of Primary Crime by Mentally Disordered Persons. Act. Crim.Japon 76: 130-133, 2010

References

1948 births
Living people
Japanese psychiatrists
Tokyo Medical and Dental University alumni
Tokyo Institute of Technology faculty
Showa Women's University faculty

masks:
Jinsuke Kageyama
Jinsuke Kageyama
Kageyama
Jinsuke
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama


title: Julian Moti

texts:
<mask> (2 June 1965 – 21 December 2020) QC CSI was the Attorney General of the Solomon Islands. He was born in Fiji and educated in Australia. Moti worked as an adjunct professor of law at Bond University on Australia's Gold Coast from 1992, and taught comparative constitutional law, public and private international law, transnational litigation and arbitration, international trade, and finance and investment in Australasia and the Pacific. He was the founding president of the Pacific Islands Branch of the International Law Association (ILA), served on the ILA Committee on Compensation for Victims of War and has been a visiting professorial fellow at the Centre for Law and Governance at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India, and a visiting professor at Gujarat National Law University in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Controversial allegation of child sex offence

<mask>, an Australian citizen, has been wanted in Australia for serious alleged overseas child sex offences. He has been at the centre of an international dispute following efforts by the Australian Government to extradite him from both Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to face charges in relation to an incident alleged to have taken place in Vanuatu in 1997. The proceedings involved a number of distinguished visiting judges: John Von Doussa, now the president of Australia's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Bruce Robertson, the president of the New Zealand Law Commission, and Daniel Fatiaki,  former Chief Justice of Fiji.The Australian lawyer, journalist and biographer David Marr cites that the original charges against <mask> had been thrown out of court and considerable legal costs were ordered to be paid as the magistrate ruled that he had no case to answer, although he also quotes suggestions that the magistrate was corrupt. The magistrate in question, denies the accusation in an affidavit. Marr also, however, points out numerous "serious weaknesses" in the case against Mr <mask>, including
six disturbing statements [the complainant] made over ... four months. All are in English, though it appears she only spoke French. None was in her own writing. None was sworn. The underlying story doesn't change from statement to statement, but details are contradictory.Others appear fanciful. She claimed he had three testicles, but Port Vila GP Dr Frank Spooner would later examine <mask> and concluded he had two.... Dates are changed; at one stage she withdrew her allegations entirely, then renewed them a few weeks later saying her previous statement was 'not of my own free will' and asked police to investigate. In several statements she described being beaten and raped by Moti but in others that she loved him. 'I wanted to say that I love <mask> very much,' she stated in March 1998. 'He is a reach [rich] man he can take me anywhere I wanted and this is my belief of my future with <mask> because he is so kind....'

In October 2008, The Australian Newspaper reported that Vanuatu magistrate Bruce Kalotiti, who heard the case against Moti in 1999, had been bribed by Moti to dismiss the case in exchange for <mask>'s paying for Kalotiti to study at the University of Western Sydney. The report cited university records and evidence obtained by the Australian Federal Police in September 2004.Kalotiti resigned from the bench as a result of the allegations and the evidence which supported them, gathered at the request of the Vanuatu government. Escape from Papua New Guinea to Solomon Islands

After his arrest in Papua New Guinea in September 2006, <mask> was released on bail pending an extradition hearing, but went into hiding in the Solomon Islands High Commission in Port Moresby. (He later claimed that his life had been threatened, and so sought sanctuary.) The Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands Governments denied knowledge of his whereabouts, but on 10 October he was secretly flown aboard a Papua New Guinea Defence Force aircraft to Solomon Islands where he was arrested by officers of RAMSI on his arrival in Munda, Western Province. When he left PNG, <mask> was in breach of the bail conditions imposed by Madam Justice Catherine Davani of the PNG National Court, and had failed to appear at a PNG court hearing on 30 September. The PNG Government declined to say who in the PNG Defence Force or Government had given the order to fly <mask> out. In response, the Australian Government immediately cancelled planned visits by the PNG Prime Minister, Grand Chief the Right Honourable Sir Michael Somare, and Defence Minister Martin Aini, and postponed the annual Australia-PNG Ministerial Forum, and called for an investigation into the flight and prosecution of whoever was responsible.A PNG Defence Force Board of Inquiry into the escape has since recommended that Sir Michael Somare and a number of his advisers be charged with offences in relation to the escape, including breaching PNG's constitution. Somare has sought to suppress the Inquiry's report, challenging the Inquiry's standing in PNG's National Court. As yet the Court has not ruled on the validity of Somare's challenge to the public release of the Commission of Inquiry's findings, with the presiding judge likening Somare's attempts to suppress the findings of the report as a scandal on par with Watergate. The Howard government in Canberra insisted that in its pursuit of Moti there is no political agenda with respect to ongoing issues between it and the Solomon's government of Manasseh Sogavare, while Prime Minister Sogavare insisted that <mask>'s arrest constituted a violation of Solomon Islands' national sovereignty, and Mr <mask> himself has described the charges as a politically motivated "witch-hunt". Sogavare faced much criticism from the former Howard government for his refusal to allow the extradition of <mask>. Sogavare and Sir Michael Somare stated that they considered that the Australian Government were politically persecuting Moti and that a new trial was uncalled for as the issue was "unconditionally concluded in Vanuatu in 1999" and the Australian government had failed to produce any new evidence to justify an extradition. On 10 July 2007, the then-Prime Minister Sogavare appointed <mask> as Attorney General of the Solomon Islands.The Government of SI subsequently sent 666 questions to Australian Director of Public Prosecutions, Damian Bugg , regarding the affair. The 666 questions can now be read online. Extradition from the Solomon Islands to Australia
In December 2007, Solomon Islands Prime Minister Sogavare was toppled in a vote of no confidence. It has been suggested that Sogavare's refusal to extradite <mask> was the main cause of the Prime Minister's downfall. Opposition leader Fred Fono promised in November that Mr <mask> would be extradited if the opposition came to power. The Fiji Times suggested that Mr <mask> might then flee to Fiji. After Derek Sikua was elected prime minister later in December, he said that Mr <mask> would be deported to Australia.On 24 December, it was reported that <mask>'s position as attorney general had been terminated by the Sikua government, and that he faced a deportation order. <mask> appealed unsuccessfully to the Solomon Islands High Court to halt the extradition process. Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare of Papua New Guinea at this point has reportedly "threatened local media with contempt of court over their calls for the official release of the PNG Defence Force Inquiry report that recommends he faces charges" and Somare reportedly does not now support Mr <mask>. It does not yet reliably appear that any untoward payment has been made to Somare for his alleged part in <mask>'s passage through Papua New Guinea. On 27 December, Mr <mask>  was extradited to Australia and was arrested on arrival. On 4 January 2008 <mask> was granted bail, set at A$100,000, with the conditions that he report to police daily, reside with his parents, and, surrender his passport, (travel documents) within 7 days, matter to be heard again on 15 February 2008. On 14 March 2008, <mask>'s lawyers asked for more time to prepare for his committal hearing, with the matter adjourned by the Court until April.On 2 January 2008, former prime minister Manasseh Sogavare stated that <mask>'s extradition had violated a Magistrate Court order which had aimed at halting the extradition process while <mask>'s asylum application was processed. Sogavare said the arrest and extradition were "an example of the continuing disregard of the laws of Solomon Islands", and claimed that they demonstrated  a "desire to control" on the part of 's Australian Federal Police and the Royal Solomon Islands Police. Later that month, the Solomon Islands government declared <mask> to be a "prohibited immigrant", and explained that he would not be allowed back into the Solomons (for as long as the Sikua government remains in office), irrespective of whether or not his name is cleared in Australia. Stay of indictment
On 15 December 2009 Justice Debra Mullins of the Queensland Supreme Court ruled that there had been an abuse of process and stayed the indictment against <mask>. She held that "questions about the integrity of the administration of the Australian justice system [arise] when witnesses who live in a foreign country, expected to be fully supported by the Australian Government until they gave evidence at the trial in Australia." The stay was set aside by the Queensland Court of Appeal in June 2010. In December 2011, the High Court of Australia ordered a stay of charges, ruling that Australian officials' participation in <mask>'s extradition from the Solomons had been unlawful under Solomon Islands law.Summarising its ruling, the court said: "Further prosecution of the charges would be an abuse of process because of the role that Australian officials in Mr <mask> being deported to Australia". This was a permanent stay of prosecution putting an end to all court proceedings against <mask>; the ruling was a majority decision of six judges to one. Manasseh Sogavare stated, in response to the ruling: "I am so pleased. This matter has hung like a dark cloud over me and my government. This decision has vindicated me". Mr <mask> regained his Fijian citizenship in 2012. He was admitted as a legal practitioner in Fiji on Monday 24 June 2013.In September, he was appointed Professor of Law at the University of Fiji. References

1965 births
2020 deaths
Fijian people of Indian descent
Australian lawyers
Australian people of Indian descent
Solomon Islands politicians
Attorneys general
People extradited to Australia
People extradited from the Solomon Islands
Australian people of Indo-Fijian descent
Solomon Islands people of Indo-Fijian descent
Fijian emigrants to Australia
Jawaharlal Nehru University faculty
Bond University faculty

masks:
Julian Ronald Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Julian Moti
Julian
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Julian Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti


title: Friedrich August Burgmüller

texts:
<mask> (3 May 1760 – 21 August 1824) was a German pianist, Kapellmeister and conductor as well as the first municipal music director in Düsseldorf and co-founder of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival. He is the father of the composers <mask> and Norbert Burgmüller. Life and work

Burgmüller was born on 3 May 1760 in Magdeburg and baptized on 6 May with the names "<mask>". In the older literature the first names are also "<mask>" or "<mask>", the latter in most handwritten sources. He himself signed mostly briefly "<mask>üller". His father was Johann Christian Burgmüller (1734-1776), organist at the Magdeburger Dom, who taught him how to play the piano. From 1783 Burgmüller studied in Leipzig and Erfurt, but dropped out in 1785 and went from Erfurt to Weimar to the theatre troupe of the principal Joseph Bellomo (real name Joseph Edler von Zambiasi, 1752/54-1833).Burgmüller worked there as Kapellmeister, but also as an actor, and composed a Singspiel and stage music for the troupe. Already in autumn 1786 he changed to <mask> Wilhelm Großmann and his co-director Christian Wilhelm Klos at their newly founded theater company ato Cologne with which he also gave guest performances in Düsseldorf and Bonn. At last Klos led the company alone and led it into bankruptcy in July 1788 in Aachen. From this outstanding ensemble emerged the so-called Bonner Nationaltheater, which was subsidized by Elector Maximilian Franz with 15,000 Reichstalers annually and opened on January 3, 1789. Together with other members of the Klosschen Troupe - including Christiane Keilholz, Carl Demmer, Joseph Lux, Johann Baptist Spitzeder and Heinrich Vohs - Burgmüller also went to Bonn and became Kapellmeister there. His theatre orchestra consisted mainly of musicians from the Bonn court orchestra, among them the 18-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven, who played viola. Beethoven obviously hoped that Burgmüller would perform his Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II WoO 87, because he wrote to the Hofkammerrat August von Schall on 16 June 1790:

The whimsical letter still contains numerous news from Bonn's cultural life, but even in Bonn Burgmüller did not endure long.In the same year he moved to the Nationaltheater in Mainz. After the French occupation of the city in 1792 he went to Düsseldorf where he settled as a piano teacher. Here he met his pupil and later wife Therese von Zandt. When in October 1794 Düsseldorf was also occupied by the French, he lost sight of her again for many years. <mask> fled again to Mainz and took over the musical direction of various acting troupes around <mask> Hunnius and Johann Ludwig Büchner. With the two troupes he also played in Aachen, Cologne and Düsseldorf. Due to a search advertisement published by Therese von Zandt in the Leipzig newspaper Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung on 9 November 1803, Burgmüller left the Rhineland and travelled to Regensburg in August 1804, where he saw his former fiancée again and married on 13 May 1805.On the recommendation of the Privy Councillor Karl Christian Ernst von Bentzel-Sternau, Burgmüller was appointed Music director of the newly built Theater Regensburg. In addition he founded the first German drama school there, decisively supported by the influential Elector and Reich Chancellor Karl Theodor von Dalberg. Burgmüller's move to Regensburg can presumably be explained by the fact that Therese's father had done everything in his power to break the liaison with the musician, so that the two could only live together in "exile". Half a year after his last festival leadership in Düsseldorf, 1822, he was dismissed for inexplicable reasons by the theatre directors Josef Derossi and Wolf, which led to severe financial losses for Burgmüller, as a result of which he fell seriously ill. He did not recover from this suffering and finally died on 21 August 1824. He was buried at the . After his death a benefit concert was organized in favour of his family.The people of Düsseldorf thanked him afterwards in 1949 for his merits with a new grave plate and the inscription: "Städtischer Musikdirektor <mask> Burgmüller, founder of the Niederrheinischen Musikfeste, 1760-1824". His two sons <mask>üller and Norbert Burgmüller also became respected pianists and composers, with Norbert becoming the more talented and successful musician despite his short life and following in his father's footsteps. He also played an outstanding role in the Düsseldorf music scene. Burgmülller died in Düsseldorf at the age of 64. Work
 Drama music to Macbeth, Weimar 1785, (lost)
 Das hätt ich nicht gedacht (libretto: <mask> Vulpius), Singspiel, Weimar 1785/86, verschollen
 Ariette In questa tomba oscura (text Giuseppe Carpani), ca. 1805
 Vier Gesänge (ext: Theodor von Haupt), ca. 1818
 Frühlingslüftchen, Düsseldorf: Comtoir der National-Industrie, um 1818 (Numerised)
 Cantate zur Feier des fünfzigjährigen Amts-Jubiläums des Herren Pfarrers und Consistorialraths Hartmann in Düsseldorf am 17.Oktober 1823 / von J. F. Wilhelmi. Musik von Burgmüller. Düsseldorf: Dänzer, 1823 (Numersied libretto)

References

Further reading

 K. Wachter, Actenstücke, betr. den Musicdirector Burgmüller (1812). In Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins. Jahrbuch des Düsseldorfer Geschichtsvereins, volume 4 (1889),
 Klaus Martin Kopitz, Der Düsseldorfer Komponist Norbert Burgmüller. Ein Leben zwischen Beethoven – Spohr – Mendelssohn, Kleve 1998
 Klaus Tischendorf, Was in der Dinge Lauf jetzt missklingt, tönt einst in ewigen Harmonien."Der Düsseldorfer Städtische Musikdirektor <mask>üller als Begleiter der Sängerin Angelica Catalani. In Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins, Volume 71 (2001),
 Matthias Nagel, Stationen eines Unermüdlichen. <mask>, der erste Musikdirektor des Regensburger Theaters. In Mälzels Magazin. Zeitschrift für Musikkultur in Regensburg, Jg. 7, No 4 from Oct.– to Dec. 2004,  (Numerised)
 Klaus Martin Kopitz, <mask>üller als Lehrer des Leipziger Musikästhetikers <mask> Michaelis.Eine Miszelle zur Beethoven-Biographie. In Nota Bene Norbert Burgmüller. Studien zu einem Zeitgenossen von Mendelssohn and Schumann, edited by Tobias Koch and Klaus Martin Kopitz, Dohr, Cologne 2009,

External links
 Grabtafel Friedrich August Burgmüller
 Städtischer Musikverein zu Düsseldorf e.V. – Lebenslauf: Geschichte – Daten – Episoden

German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
19th-century classical pianists
18th-century German composers
18th-century male musicians
19th-century German composers
German Freemasons
German conductors (music)
1760 births
1824 deaths
Musicians from Magdeburg
19th-century male musicians

masks:
Friedrich August Burgmller
Friedrich Burgmller
Anton Friedrich
Friedrich August
Johann August Franz
August Bm
Gustav Friedrich
Burgmüller
Friedrich Wilhelm
Friedrich August
Friedrich Burgm
Christian August
August Burgm
August Burgmller
August Bm
Christian Friedrich


title: Leonard Greene

texts:
<mask> (June 8, 1918 – November 30, 2006) was an American inventor and aerodynamics engineer who held more than 200 patents, many of which are aviation-related. He is most well known for his contributions to aviation technology, including his invention, the Aircraft Stall Warning device, which warns pilots when a deadly aerodynamic stall is imminent. To build the device, <mask> established the Safe Flight Instrument Corporation in 1946. Apart from his inventive life, <mask> also served as the founder and president of the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, a think tank to address issues such as poverty and social awareness. Additionally, he co-founded the Corporate Angel Network, a charitable organization that flies patients in corporate aircraft. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. <mask> died on November 30, 2006 at the age of 88 in Mamaroneck, New York.The cause was complications from lung cancer. Early life & family
<mask><mask> was born in New York City on June 8, 1918. <mask>, his chemist father, and Lyn Furman <mask>, his artist mother, encouraged their son to create his own toys. His parents made him a gift of their old stove, which he could take apart. <mask> experienced poverty as a youth during the Depression and never forgot it. When <mask> was 16, his father had passed away. <mask> first married Beverly Kaufman, with whom he had three children; this, however, ended in divorce.Then, he adopted four children of his second wife, Phyllis Saks <mask>, with whom he had another child. Phyllis Saks <mask>, an heiress of the Saks Fifth Avenue department store family, died in 1965. <mask>’s third marriage was to Joyce Teck Meller in 1967, which also ended up in divorce in 2005. A son from the second marriage, <mask>, died September 11, 2001, abroad United Airlines Flight 93 when it crashed in Pennsylvania. Education
<mask> graduated in 1938 from the City College of New York with a B.S. in Chemistry, and went on to receive a M.S. in aeronautical engineering.He received a pilot’s license at the age of 19 and later did postgraduate work in aeronautics at the Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at New York University. In 1977, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law honoris causa by Pace University. Inventions

Aviation & safe flight instruments

Stall Warning Device
During World War II, <mask> joined the Grumman Aircraft Corporation in Bethpage, NY, as an aerodynamicist and engineering test pilot. There he witnessed an aircraft crash caused by stall. In aviation, a stall occurs when the airflow over the wings is no longer sufficient to provide lift – essentially, a stalled wing ceases to function. This happens when the wing exceeds its critical angle of attack. <mask> realized that the accident could have been avoided if the pilot had been warned of an imminent stall.Aerodynamic stalls caused the majority of aviation deaths at the time. In the mid-1940s, <mask> developed the first practical way to warn the pilot of the aerodynamic stall. His first design and apparatus included threaded bolts, a bicycle horn and other odd components, all powered by flashlight batteries. <mask> filed his device for a patent in 1944, and the patent was issued in 1949. In order to develop his design, <mask> founded the Safe Flight Instrument Corporation in White Plains, NY, in 1946. There, he refined and marketed the stall warning indicator. Basically, his device sounded an alert when the plane was in danger of not having enough lift to stay flying.This alert would allow time for the pilot to take corrective measures. Since its invention, this device became standard equipment for all aircraft and has also helped reduce the number of accidents due to stalling. The Stall Warning Indicator was called “the greatest lifesaver since the invention of the parachute”[14] by the Saturday Evening Post and the device received the Flight Safety Foundation’s first Air Safety Award. Automatic Throttle System & Wind Shear Warning System
After developing the Stall Warning Device, <mask> continued developing aviation inventions. He and his engineering staff at Safe Flight went on to conceive devices now commonplace in aircraft, including an automatic throttle system in 1956 and a wind-shear warning system that warns a pilot if an aircraft enters a dangerous microburst and provides escape guidance. He developed the latter in the late 1970s after a series of wind-shear-related crashes that claimed hundreds of lives. Supersonic aircraft
In his 2001 book Inventorship: The Art of Innovation, <mask> described finding "creative ideas in the simplest things."8 To address a key problem of supersonic aircraft – window-shattering sonic booms when they break the sound barrier – he turned to the earthworm for inspiration. Just as an earthworm eats and excretes the earth to move past mounds of dirt, he figured a supersonic aircraft's deafening boom is caused from its inability to move air out of its way fast enough to avoid external shock waves. He patented a device, sold to Boeing in 1994, that would use a hollow fuselage and strategically placed ducts to suck in, compress, and then release air through a plane's tail. Outcome
Today, his firm supplies unique air safety and performance technology to virtually every major air carrier, the U.S. Armed Forces, and aircraft manufacturers worldwide. Safe Flight products are installed on over two-thirds of the world’s aircraft – in the general aviation, commercial, and military sectors. Safe Flight made <mask> a multimillionaire. He remained involved in the business until his death and as recently as 1998 co-patented and marketed an airborne power line detector and warning system for helicopters.Non-aviation interests
While running Safe Flight, <mask> received dozens of patents for his varied interests; many of them went un-marketed. They included a three-dimensional chess game, a device to aid blind painters by using musical notes to identify colors, and an instrument of revenge against telemarketers who interrupted dinner. When a pitchman called, the harassed resident could press a code that alerted the marketer that he would be liable for a surcharge for continuing the call. Policy and charitable work

Institute for Socioeconomic Studies
As a successful businessman, <mask> implemented innovative employment policies, barring mandatory retirement age, actively recruiting the differently abled, and providing profit sharing at his own manufacturing facility. Seeking a broader forum and greater impact for his ideas, in 1974 he founded and financed the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies (ISES), a small policy research organization in White Plains, NY, that helped advance his ideas on welfare reform, health care, tax reform – and after <mask>’s son was killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001 – foreign affairs. According to Ostergren, who worked with Green at ISES, “He didn’t consider himself a Republican or Democrat, conservative or liberal,”13 but searched for practical solutions to problems that intrigued him. He advocated a national tax rebate – $12,000 for any family of four, regardless of income, for instance – to alleviate poverty.<mask> criticized the Great Society anti-poverty programs of the 1960s as ineffective, a waste of taxpayer dollars, and a disincentive to work. He has also made his mark as a social activist, having designed a plan to transform the federal social budget to provide greater income security, middle class tax relief, and market incentives for productivity growth. In pursuit of these interests, <mask> was a member of both the Special Committee on Welfare & Income Maintenance and the Council on Trends & Perspectives of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He also served as a member in the Income Maintenance Committee of the Community Service Society and the Work Group on Welfare Reform of the Task Force on the New York City fiscal crisis. Corporate Angel Network
In 1981, <mask>, whose second wife died of cancer, helped start and finance Corporate Angel Network (CAN), a charitable organization which arranges free transportation on corporate jets for cancer patients. This organization has 500 participating corporations who generously offer their empty seats to cancer patients. CAN flies more than 2,500 cancer patients a year.To date, the organization has flown more than 50,000 patients to treatment centers nationwide. <mask> flew the first Corporate Angel Network Flight on December 22, 1981, when he brought a 16-year-old cancer patient home to Detroit who had just received treatment in New York City. Sailing
An avid sailor, <mask> became a technical adviser to several America's Cup races before buying two-time winner Courageous from Ted Turner in the early 1980s. Sailing under the aegis of the Yale Corinthian Yacht Club, the only undergraduate sailing club ever to participate, the Courageous Syndicates 1986 run at the Cup spearheaded <mask>'s campaign to restore the Corinthian ideals of amateur sportsmanship to the competition, and more broadly, to team sports in general. Despite several of <mask>'s modifications to the keel, the boat's age remained a problem, and his team withdrew during the 1986 competition. Following the 1997 donation of Courageous to the Museum of Yachting in Newport, RI, the famed 12-meter was named Rhode Island's State Yacht. Awards and achievements
Private Sector Initiative Commendation of the President of the United States (1982 and 1984)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (1991)
Senator John H. Glenn Jr., a former astronaut, inducted <mask> into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991 and placed him among "American inventors who have changed our world in ways we can see every day of our lives."2
Recipient of the 2002 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Contribution to American Innovation Award (2002)
Special Act Award of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Flight Safety Foundation’s:
Air Safety Award (1949 and 1981)
Award for Meritorious Service (1981)
Allied Signal/Bendix Trophy Award for Aviation Safety (1999)
National Business Aviation Association's:
Pilot Safety Award (1961)
Award for Meritorious Service to Aviation (1996)
Aviation Week & Space Technology's:
Laurels Award in the Field of Electronics (1999)
Laureate Award for Lifetime Achievement as a Pioneer in Flight Safety, Performance and Innovation (2001)
Foundation for Westchester Community Colleges:
Medallion Award for Distinguished Achievement in Business, Science and Humanitarianism
Life member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots

Key patents
<mask>, , "Air Stall Warning Device for Airplanes"
<mask>, , "Aircraft Auto Throttle System"
<mask>, , "Wind Shear Warning System"
<mask>, , "Supersonic Aircraft"

References

Bailey, Jeff. "<mask>. <mask>, 88, Inventor, Dies." The New York Times. December 11, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/business/11greene.html (accessed March 30, 2009). Riordan, Teresa. "Patents." The New York Times.March 7, 1994. (accessed April 7, 2009). Institute for SocioEconomic Studies. "About ISES - Founder." https://web.archive.org/web/20081224155520/http://www.socioeconomic.org/About_ISES/Founder/founder.HTM (accessed March 30, 2009). Further reading
Corporate Angel Network. "<mask>, Co-Founder of Corporate Angel Network, 1918-2006."CAN Flight Lines, Spring 2007: 1. <mask>, <mask>. Free enterprise without poverty. 1st Edition. New York: Norton, 1981. —. Inventorship: The Art of Innovation.New York: Wiley, 2001. —. The national tax rebate: a new America with less government. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1998. Ostergren, Allan. "The Legacy of <mask>." BIG Annual Convention.New York City, 2009. 1918 births
2006 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
Philanthropists from New York (state)
City College of New York alumni
Deaths from lung cancer
People from New York City
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American philanthropists

masks:
Leonard Michael Greene
Greene
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Leonard M
. Greene
Max Greene
Greene
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Leonard
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Donald Greene
Leonard Greene
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Leonard Greene
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Leonard M
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Leonard Greene
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Leonard
Leonard Greene


title: Sun Tzu

texts:
<mask> ( ; ) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. <mask> is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. His works focus much more on alternatives to battle, such as stratagem, delay, the use of spies and alternatives to war itself, the making and keeping of alliances, the uses of deceit, and a willingness to submit, at least temporarily, to more powerful foes. <mask> is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was <mask> () and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing (). The name <mask> by which he is more popularly known is an honorific which means "Master <mask>". <mask>'s historicity is uncertain.The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the extant text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period based on its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare. Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant <mask> wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since <mask> and <mask> were referred to as <mask> in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of <mask>'s treatise in 1972. <mask>'s work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in the world, including culture, politics, business and sports, as well as modern warfare.Life

The oldest available sources disagree as to where <mask> was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian's later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) state that <mask> was born in Qi. Both sources also agree that <mask> was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving King Helü of Wu in the late sixth century BC, beginning around 512 BC. <mask>'s victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese statesZhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yanwho fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China. One of the better-known stories about <mask>, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates <mask>'s temperament as follows: Before hiring <mask>, the King of Wu tested <mask>'s skills by commanding him to train a harem of 180 concubines into soldiers. <mask> divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders.When <mask> first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, <mask> said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. <mask> then ordered the execution of the king's two favored concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if the general's soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. <mask> also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them.Afterward, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly. Sima Qian claimed that <mask> later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise. However, the Zuozhuan, a historical text written centuries earlier than the Shiji, provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention <mask> at all. Historicity
Around the 12th century AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of <mask>, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name "<mask>" () does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian, and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior"—the surname "<mask>" can be glossed as the related term "fugitive" (xùn ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" (wǔ ), which corresponds to <mask>'s role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu. The only historical battle attributed to <mask>, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle. Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists.Attribution of the authorship of The Art of War varies among scholars and has included people and movements including <mask>; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; <mask>; and others. <mask> appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "<mask>" through a form of euhemerism. The name <mask> does appear in later sources such as the Shiji and the Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after <mask>'s era. The use of the strips in other works however, such as The Methods of the Sima is considered proof of <mask>'s historical priority. According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely <mask> did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name. It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BC. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of <mask> were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included <mask>.These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text. Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows and the unmentioned cavalry), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to <mask>. Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to <mask>'s rank and generalship. This caused much confusion as to when The Art of War was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BC by the historical <mask>, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BC). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BC). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BC; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yinque Shan in 1972 AD.The Art of War

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to <mask>. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally. There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han period. Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the Art of War was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work's author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved. Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu. Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi's subsequent book burning in the second century BC, six major works have survived.During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a central part of that compilation, The Art of War formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions. <mask>'s The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy. For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be "serene and inscrutable" and capable of comprehending "unfathomable plans". The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice.<mask> viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy. The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state. On 10 April 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong. Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were The Art of War and <mask>'s Military Methods.Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of <mask>, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of <mask>'s work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of <mask>'s relationship to <mask> and because of the work's addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity. The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. <mask>'s treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to The Art of War of all surviving texts. Legacy

<mask>'s Art of War has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China's first historical emperor, Qin's Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to The Art of War.The work strongly influenced Mao's writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world. The Art of War was introduced into Japan  and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on the Sengoku period "Great Unifiers" of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. The mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential daimyōs and shōguns. After the Meiji Restoration, it remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan's forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, was an avid reader of <mask>. Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study.His general Võ Nguyên Giáp, the strategist behind victories over French and American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of <mask>'s ideas. America's Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought <mask> to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings. Similarly, <mask>'s Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program. During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from <mask> related to deception, speed, and striking one's enemy's weak points. However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding <mask>'s work and not appreciating The Art of War within the wider context of Chinese society.In the 1987 film Wall Street, the protagonist Gordon Gekko frequently cites passages from The Art of War as guiding principles for his aggressive trading techniques. Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the Art of War. According to Steven C. Combs in "Sun-zi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony", warfare is "used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts." Combs writes: "Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds." The application of The Art of War strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the Art of War. Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion.Daoist rhetoric in The Art of War warfare strategies is described as "peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech". This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in The Art of War as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism. Mark McNeilly writes in Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare that a modern interpretation of <mask> and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China's push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in <mask>'s time. There is a great perceived value in <mask>'s teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders. In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted <mask>'s life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled Bing Sheng, starring Zhu Yawen as <mask>.The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains challenge missions based on <mask>'s The Art of War, which explains the military tactics and strategies. See also
 Sun Bin
 The Art of War

References

Citations

Sources

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Translations

 <mask> and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University

544 BC births
496 BC deaths
6th-century BC Chinese people
6th-century BC Chinese writers
5th-century BC Chinese people
5th-century BC Chinese writers
Ancient Chinese military writers
Cultural critics
Military strategists
Military theorists
People whose existence is disputed
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of war
Political philosophers
Political realists
Chinese social commentators
Social critics
Social philosophers
Zhou dynasty generals
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty writers

masks:
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
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Sun Wu
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Sunzu


title: Ben Kuroki

texts:
<mask> (May 16, 1917 – September 1, 2015) was the only American of Japanese descent in the United States Army Air Forces to serve in combat operations in the Pacific theater of World War II. He flew a total of 58 combat missions over Europe, North Africa, and Japan during World War II. Childhood and Army enlistment
<mask> was born in Gothenburg, Nebraska to Japanese immigrants, Shosuke and Naka (née Yokoyama) Kuroki on May 16, 1917; they had 10 children. When <mask> was a year old the <mask> family relocated to Hershey, Nebraska, where they owned and operated a farm. The Lincoln County town had a population of about 500. He attended Hershey High School and was the Vice-President of his senior class, graduating in 1936. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, <mask>'s father encouraged him and his brother Fred to enlist in the U.S. Military.The brothers were initially rejected by the recruiters in Grand Island, so they tried again at North Platte, where their enlistment was processed without any questions — perhaps, as a humorous story suggests, the recruiters thought that Kuroki was a Polish name. In retelling the enlistment story, <mask>i said the recruiter in North Platte told him that nationality was not a problem as he made $2 for every recruit. Later, two other brothers, Bill and Henry Kuroki also served in the military during the war. When <mask> and Fred enlisted in the U.S. Army they were among the first Nisei to do so. After enlisting they were sent to basic training at Sheppard Field, Texas in January 1942, not much more than a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Military career
Assigned to the 93rd Bombardment Group at Fort Myers, Florida, he was told that Japanese Americans would not be allowed to serve overseas. In 1942 Kuroki petitioned his commanding officer and was allowed to work as a clerk for the Eighth Air Force at a base in England.The need for aerial gunners was high and after <mask> volunteered, he was sent to gunnery school for two weeks and became a dorsal turret gunner on a B-24 Liberator, the most widely produced American heavy bomber to be used by Allied forces in World War II. <mask> was in a B-24 that crash landed in Spanish Morocco and was captured by Spanish authorities. His crew was released by the Spanish after three months. After the U.S. Department of State secured his release, he returned to England and rejoined his squadron. On August 1, 1943, he participated in the bombing mission known as Operation Tidal Wave, an effort to destroy the major oil refinery located in Ploiești, Romania. Kuroki flew 30 combat missions in the European theater, when the regular enlistment only required 25. After a medical review, he was allowed to fly 5 more missions above the mandated enlistment.Kuroki said he did so for his brother Fred, who was still stationed stateside. On his 30th mission he was slightly injured when his gun turret was hit by flak. During rest and recovery back in the United States, Kuroki was directed by the Army to visit a number of Japanese American internment camps in order to encourage able-bodied males to enlist in the U.S. military. Kuroki was the subject of a number of news articles including one in Time magazine. Kuroki requested but was denied the opportunity to participate in the Pacific theater. Only after the intervention of Henry Stimson, the Secretary of War was that request granted. Kuroki was later permitted to join the crew of a B-29 Superfortress (who named its plane Sad Saki after Kuroki) in the 484th Squadron, 505th Bombardment Group, 20th U.S. Army Air Force, based on Tinian Island.Kuroki then participated in another 28 bombing missions over mainland Japan and other locations. <mask> is the only Japanese American known to have participated in air combat missions in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the war. <mask> was awarded one Distinguished Flying Cross for his 25 missions in Europe and another for participation in the Ploiești raid. After another 28 missions in the Pacific Theater, Kuroki was awarded a third Distinguished Flying Cross as well as the Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters. By the end of the war, <mask>i had completed 58 combat missions and was promoted to the rank of Technical Sergeant. The New York Times recalled in an editorial on December 7, 1991, the 50th anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, how “Gen. George Marshall asked to meet [Kuroki]; so did Generals Bradley, Spaatz, Wainwright and Jimmy Doolittle.”

Advocacy efforts
Fiercely patriotic, but understanding first-hand some of the racial and other inequalities people of color had to endure, after the war Kuroki continued to speak about the need for racial equality and against racial prejudice.He engaged in a series of speaking tours discussing these issues, which he funded with his own savings and with minor donations, including proceeds from Ralph G. Martin's biography written about him entitled Boy From Nebraska: The Story of <mask> (1946). When asked about his battle to overcome prejudice which almost prevented him from being allowed to participate in overseas aerial combat missions, Kuroki stated, "I had to fight like hell for the right to fight for my own country". Post-military career
<mask> later attended the University of Nebraska, attaining a Bachelor's degree in journalism in 1950. He was a reporter and editor for a number of newspapers in several different states, retiring in 1984. On August 12, 2005, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his impressive combat participation during the war and for overcoming numerous incidents of prejudice. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate from the University of Nebraska on August 13, 2005 and is the subject of the Public Broadcasting Service documentary "Most Honorable Son: <mask>'s Amazing War Story". On September 1, 2015 he died in hospice care in Camarillo, California at the age of 98.Awards

See also

History of Nebraska
Frank Fujita, a Japanese-American soldier from Oklahoma who served with the "Lost Battalion", a US Army unit that was captured by the Japanese during the Dutch East Indies Campaign in 1942. He spent more than 3 years in Japanese captivity. Notes

References

Book list
 Martin, Ralph G. (1946). Boy from Nebraska: The Story of <mask>i. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 1287006
 Sterner, C. Douglas. (2007).Go for Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry, Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. OCLC 141855086
 Yenne, Bill. (2007). Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II. New York: Macmillan. External links
 "Most Honorable Son: <mask>i's Amazing War Story" Official website. Includes a recent photo of Kuroki.Family tree

United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from Gothenburg, Nebraska
People from Lincoln County, Nebraska
1917 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of Japanese descent
United States Army Air Forces soldiers

masks:
Ben Kuroki
Ben Kuroki
Ben
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Ben
Ben Kurok
Ben
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