title: Nicolas Fiévé

texts:
<mask>évé is a French historian of Japanese Architecture; he was born in Paris in 1959 and is the son of the
cinema decorator, Bernard Fiévé. In 1993, he became a member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and in 1996 he joined the Collège de France’s Japanese Civilization research team. In 2007, he was elected Professor at the Historical and Philological Sciences Department at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), where he teaches the history of pre-modern (16th to 19th centuries) Japanese urbanism, architecture and gardens. He is a member of the Accademia Ambrosiana, Milan (Classe di studi sull'Estremo Oriente). Biography
After graduating from secondary school in literary studies, <mask>évé was admitted to the École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette. In 1984, shortly after obtaining his DPLG degree and graduating as an architect, he left for Japan with a scholarship from the Japanese government, and he joined the research laboratory in Architectural Theory at the University of Kyoto led by Professor Katō Kunio 加藤邦夫, an architect and phenomenologist as well as a disciple of the modernist Masuda Tomoya 増田友也 (1914-1981) whom he had recently succeeded at the University of Kyōto and who introduced Anthropology of Architecture to Japan. When <mask> joined his research group, Katō Kunio was lecturing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception while finishing a Japanese translation of Christian Noberg-Schulz's Roots of Modern Architecture and beginning that of Genius Loci.Under the tutelage of this remarkable master, <mask>évé undertook to study the architecture of medieval Japanese tea houses from a phenomenological perspective and began his research on medieval Japanese architecture and space. While in Japan, <mask>évé took an avid interest in the study of Japanese and its different scripts, and upon his return to France in 1986, he decided to further his knowledge of Classical Japanese. The following year, having obtained his undergraduate degree in Japanese, he began a master's degree in Classical Japanese at the Université Paris VII where he turned out to be the only student of his class. In addition to lectures on Classical Japanese dispensed by Jacqueline Pigeot (Université Paris VII), his thesis supervisor, he also attended Jean-Noël Robert’s (EPHE) and Francine Hérail’s (EPHE) lectures in Sino-Japanese Studies. Throughout this period he earned a living working at the Paris Office of the daily Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun. In 1988, armed with another scholarship from the Japanese government, <mask> returned to Japan to work again in Katō's research unit where he remained for the following five years. In 1989, <mask> completed his Master's thesis on the architecture of tea houses and obtained his master's degree in Japanese Studies at University Paris VII.He pursued his doctorate studies within Katō's research group at the Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty of the University of Kyoto (1990–93), and, under the supervision of Jacqueline Pigeot, began writing his thesis (in French) on the elite classes during the Ashikaga shoguns. During this period he attended Professor Katō's lectures on major Japanese works pertaining to Japanese aesthetics and architecture, such as Masuda Tomoya's (Spiritual) Landscape of the House and Garden, Watsuji Tetsurō’s 和辻哲郎 (1889-1960) Fūdo and Kuki Shūzō’s 九鬼周造 (1848-1941) The Structure of Iki. At the time, he also worked at the Atelier Ryō run by the architect Kinoshita Ryōichi and participated in the complete survey of rural houses in the Shiga region. Upon his return to France in 1993, <mask>évé obtained his PhD degree and title of Doctor in East　Asian Studies specialized in Japanese Civilization and joined the CNRS as Researcher. He was first appointed to the Institut d’Asie Orientale in Lyon for three years before becoming a member of the Collège de France's Japanese Civilization research team, where he continues to work alongside several of his former professors: Paul Akamatsu, Francine Hérail, Jacqueline Pigeot, Jean-Noël Robert, Jean-Jacques Tschudin and Cécile Sakai. In 2006, the Japanese Civilization research team —founded as a joint research unit with the CNRS by the Collège de France professor Bernard Frank— merged with two other research units, the Chinese and Tibetan Civilizations Studies teams from the EPHE, to form the Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre (Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale) or CRCAO (UMR 8155 of the CNRS in partnership with the EPHE, the Collège de France and Université Paris-Diderot). Actively involved in the creation of the CRCAO, <mask> Fiévé was appointed the unit's Deputy Director, working alongside the archaeologist and Sinologist Alain Thote (EPHE), from 2006 to 2010, and was nominated Director, from 2014 to 2016.In 2007, <mask> became a member of the History of the Modern and Contemporary World Section (Section 33) of the National Committee for Scientific Research and was also nominated Professor at the EPHE, Historical and Philological Sciences Department, where he initiated a program of lectures on the history of pre-modern Japan's architecture and gardens—the first and only of its kind in Europe. Leaving purely urban studies aside for a while, he has resumed his work on the habitat of the Japanese elite, with a focus on architectural space in the retreats and retirement villas of Japan's 17th century elite. Work
Fiévé's research hinges on two fields of study: on the one hand, the study of ancient documents (both literary and administrative, technical handbooks, maps and plans) pertaining to architecture, urbanism and landscape (including parks and gardens)—generally resulting in the establishment of lexicons and glossaries of technical vocabulary and translation of various texts— and on the other hand, in situ research, based on his experience and perception as an architect. These two complementary approaches, which are not always easy to conciliate, are the fruit of his dual training in Japanese Philology and Architectural Phenomenology. Fiévé conducts his fieldwork using the tools he acquired through his training as an architect, i.e. physical experience of the site under study, and observation of its spaces, routes, forms, materials, scale, and temporality, together with architectural survey based on measurements, drawings and photography. In his first years as a young researcher from 1980 to 1990, <mask> visited hundreds of sites throughout Japan: palaces, temples, towns and gardens, with a special focus on forty or so historical tea houses.He then cross-references and combines his field research with the study of related historical documents. In his first work on tea houses (1989), in part based on the research of the architect and historian Horiguchi Sutemi 堀口捨己 (1895-1984), <mask>évé addresses the subject of the tea houses’ architectural space through the study of writings ascribed to Takeno Jōō 武野紹鴎  (1502-1555), Sen no Rikyū 千利休 (1522-1585), Yamanoue Shōji 山上宗二 (1544-1590). His work on the tea houses may already be described as a ‘history of habitats’ or as an ‘anthropological study of historical space’ since the sources he uses were written by those who built the sites in question or occupied them in the past; thus his philological approach serves to define an anthropological perspective on space. This dual approach that characterizes all <mask>évé's work is often inspired by that of the geographer Augustin Berque, principally in the use of mesology (the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, sociological and environmental surroundings). <mask>évé's approach differs, however, in that he always retains an architect's perspective and his historical analysis always supports the conception, underlying all his studies, that architecture first & foremost serves man. The research method <mask>évé gradually developed takes into account the architecture, spaces and landscape of parks and gardens together with the surrounding architectural and urban landscape. Thus his work L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien (1996) shows that the mutations in space occurring in 14th and 15th centuries Kyōto follow a process similar to that occurring in palaces and in the composition of urban areal space wherein each sub-space (neighborhood, temple, shrine, palace, house, pavilion) represents an independent unit in which the same structural contrasts are reproduced .This work received the Mainichi Shibusawa-Claudel award and the Giles Prize from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and a laudatory review from Mack Horton (University of Berkeley). Following its publication, <mask>évé embarked on a research project that had been dear to his heart for many years: to compile a history of Kyōto combining the perspective of architectural anthropology he acquired from Katō Kunio with the historical and philological approach he inherited from Jacqueline Pigeot and Francine Hérail during his Japanese studies. In order to carry out this flagship project, <mask>évé assembled a joint team of French researchers in Japanese Civilization –including historians Paul Akamatsu, François Macé, Mieko Macé, Nathalie Kouamé, Francine Hérail, and Charlotte von Verschuer– and Japanese specialists in architecture and urbanism –including Katō Kunio, Takahashi Yasuo, Kōzai Katsuhiko, Hirao Kazuhiko, Sendai Shōichirō and Yamasaki Masafumi. He also rallied the support of the Prodig Laboratory of CNRS that created over two hundred original maps of Kyoto for the project, which, in addition, received sponsorship from the Toyota Foundation for Research, the CNRS, the French Ministry of Culture (Architecture and Heritage Department), the UNESCO, and the World Heritage fund. For the purposes of the project, <mask>évé returned to Kyoto in 2001 as a resident at the Kujōyama Villa in order to conduct in situ research on Kyōto's historical sites. The project, centering on the question of habitat, was developed in a broad historical perspective–from the city's origins to the present– and based on a comprehensive survey of the city's architecture and landscape. It resulted in the publication, in 2008, of the Historical Atlas of Kyoto.Spatial analysis of the memory systems of a city which received the Carroll Award from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Columbia Professor Henry Smith II's acclamatory review published in 2010 in the Monumenta Nipponica journal illustrates the Atlas’ appeal to a wide international audience of researchers in both urbanism and Japanese studies. From June 2009 to December 2010, <mask>évé returned to Japan as part of a delegation sent to Kyoto by the École française d'Extrême-Orient, which enabled him to conduct a thorough study of thirty-six landscaped gardens –historical parks belonging to the aristocracy and daimyos of the Edo era– across the Japanese archipelago, and to assemble a vast collection of documents, including surveys, books, reproductions of old maps, and thousands of photos that have since served to illustrate his weekly lectures at the EPHE. This field research has also resulted in his recent work on the Katsura Villa, a retreat built by the Hachijō princes in the 17th century; Fiévé's aim here is to highlight the intertwining myths that shaped the history of the site, a history born from the fundamental relationship between earth and heaven, man and the sacred. Through the study of poems pertaining to the site, he shows how the princes, invoking the genius loci of Katsura, embarked on an architectural and landscape project that was designed as an ode to the genius of past poets incarnating the most glorious moments of imperial virtue. The princes’ endeavor reflected an unprecedented renewal in landscape design that was to have a long lasting impact on the subsequent development of Japanese architecture. Major publications
 with Benoît Jacquet, Vers une modernité architecturale et paysagère.Modèles et savoirs partagés entre le Japon et le monde occidental, (Towards Architectural Modernity: Models & Shared Knowledge between Japan & the Western World), Paris, Collège de France, 2013, VII, 333 pages. L'architecture et la ville du Japon ancien. Espace architectural de la ville de Kyōto et des résidences shōgunales aux XIVe et XVe siècles (Architecture and Towns of Ancient Japan: Architectural Space in the City of Kyoto and the Shoguns's Residences), Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises du Collège de France, Paris, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996, 358 pages. Atlas historique de Kyōto. Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d’une ville, de son architecture et de ses paysages urbains (Historical Atlas of Kyōto, Spatial Analysis of the Memory Systems of a City). Foreword by Kōichirō Matsuura, Preface by Jacques Gernet, Paris, Éditions de l’UNESCO - Éditions de l’Amateur, 2008, 528 pages, 207 maps. with Paul Waley, Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Power, Memory and Place in Kyōto, Edo and Tokyo, London, Routledge-Curzon Press.2003, 417 pages (published in paperback in 2006). with Sekiko Matsuzaki-Petitmengin, ルイ･クレットマンコレクション—フランス士官が　見た近代日本のあけぼの Collection Kreitmann. L’aube du Japon moderne, vue par un officier français au cours des années 1876-1878 (The Dawn of Modern Japan as observed by a French Officer from 1876 to 1878) Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises / Équipe Civilisation japonaise du CNRS / Nihon toshokan kyōkai, Tokyo, I.R.D. shuppansha, 2005, 298 pages + 269 photos (bilingual edition).

masks:
Nicolas Bernard Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fié
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi
Nicolas Fi


title: Julius Stone

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (7 July 1907 – 1985) was Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney from 1942 to 1972, and thereafter a visiting Professor of Law at the University of New South Wales and concurrently Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the Hastings College of Law, University of California. He is the author of 27 books on jurisprudence and international law, and is hailed by his official biography at the Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence as one of the premier legal theorists. Early life
<mask> was born in Leeds, England to parents who were poor Lithuanian Jewish refugees. Education
<mask> received a scholarship to Oxford University, where he earned Bachelor of Arts (Jurisprudence), Bachelor of Civil Law and Doctor of Civil Law degrees. He followed this with a Master of Laws from Leeds University, and then a Doctor of Juridical Science from Harvard University. Career
<mask> taught at Harvard, and briefly at Leeds, then went to New Zealand where he worked at Auckland University College. In 1942, he was appointed Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney, a position he held until 1972.<mask>'s appointment was controversial for several reasons; he was perceived to have a radical jurisprudential stance, some wanted the Chair to be held open until the end of the war as it was suggested that there were suitable candidates in active service. It was suspected that the fact that he was a Jew also played a role. A debate over his appointment was carried out in both the Australian parliament and local newspapers; the Chancellor of the University, and two Fellows of the University Senate, resigned in protest. This early experience of anti-Semitism influenced his lifelong commitment to justice, according to his biographer, Leonie Star (Star 1993). <mask> has been described by his official JSIJ biography as having "a life-long commitment to Israel" and in the Sydney Law Review as having an emotional and "fierce loyalty to the State of Israel" that led some of his colleagues to "express fear even to discuss Israel with him". In 1972, <mask> moved to the University of New South Wales, where he was a visiting Professor of Law until his death in 1985. While at University of New South Wales, he concurrently held the position of Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the Hastings College of Law, University of California.In 1999, 15 years after <mask>'s death, the University of Sydney established an institute of jurisprudence which was named after him, the Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence. Influence
<mask> influenced generations of lawyers who studied at University of Sydney. For most of his time there, the Law School was a practice-based school and students learnt what they needed to become practising lawyers. According to A J Brown of Griffith University, the former Justice of the High Court of Australia Michael Kirby was heavily influenced at university by <mask>. Israeli settlements
<mask>'s view is that Israeli settlements in the West Bank are legal under international law, and do not constitute a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention (Article 49(6)). He stated:

"Irony would...be pushed to the absurdity of claiming that Article 49(6), designed to prevent repetition of Nazi-type genocidal policies of rendering Nazi metropolitan territories judenrein, has now come to mean that...the West Bank...must be made judenrein and must be so maintained, if necessary by the use of force by the government of Israel against its own inhabitants. Common sense as well as correct historical and functional context excludes so tyrannical a reading of Article 49(6.)"Criticism
<mask> has been criticised for his views in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by Ben Saul, saying: "Many of <mask>’s positions on critical international legal issues in the Israel/Palestine conflict stepped outside even generous zones of plausible or reasonable interpretations of the law, even on the law as it then often ambiguously stood, and certainly in hindsight." Honours
Award of the American Society of International Law (1956). Honorary life member of the American Society of International Law (1962). Swiney Prize for Jurisprudence from the Royal Society of Arts (1964). World Research Award from the Washington Conference on World Peace through Law (1965). Officer of the Order of the British Empire, 1973. Officer of the Order of Australia, 1981.The Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence at Sydney Law School, University of Sydney is named in his honour. Publications

Books

International Guarantees of Minority Rights: Procedure of the Council of the League of Nations in Theory and Practice (1932)
Regional Guarantees of Minority Rights: A Study of Minorities Procedure in Upper Silesia (1933)
The Atlantic Charter: New Worlds for Old (1943)
"Stand Up and Be Counted!" <mask>: an intellectual life. Oxford University Press, 1993,

External links
Biography of <mask>
Kirby, Michael. <mask> and the High Court of Australia – a speech by Justice Michael Kirby at a Symposium to mark the 50th Anniversary of the publication of Stone's Province and Function of Law. <mask>, <mask>. International Law and the Arab-Israeli conflict (PDF) – Extracts from Israel and Palestine – Assault on the Law of Nations

International law scholars
Australian legal scholars
New Zealand legal scholars
British legal scholars
Harvard Law School alumni
University of California, Hastings faculty
University of Sydney faculty
University of New South Wales faculty
Australian Jews
1907 births
1985 deaths
Jurisprudence academics
University of Auckland faculty
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia

masks:
Julius Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Julius Stone
Julius Stone
Julius Stone
Stone
Julius


title: Marian Pepler

texts:
<mask> (24 August 1904 – 13 October 1997) was a British architect and textile designer. She specialized in carpet and rug designs producing over 90, often individually named, designs. She was an associate member of Royal Institute of British Architects, she held an Architectural Association diploma and featured on the National Register of Industrial Designers. Early life
<mask> was born in Sanderstead, Surrey, England, the daughter of the architect and subsequently town planner George Lionel (later Sir George) and <mask>. She was also the niece of (Douglas) <mask>, the founder of the Ditchling Press. The family lived in Surrey, and spent their holidays near Lulworth Cove in Dorset. <mask>'s background was a liberal one: it must have instilled in her a broad, even social sense of the importance of design, and the love of the country which is reflected in the natural earth colours of her rugs.Education

<mask> attended Croydon School of Art from 1922–1923, then the Froebel Institute in Roehampton for a year of teacher training, and finally, in 1924, entered the Architectural Association schools in Bedford Square, at her father's suggestion, to learn model-making. Instead she became so interested that she stayed on to qualify as an architect. On qualifying, in 1929, <mask> was one of the few women of the minority that were at the Architectural Association to decide that she wanted strongly to work and design. In 1930, <mask> enrolled on a short course at the London School of Weaving, at Bryanston Street, Mable Arch, where she learned to make a warp, set up a loom, and weave a rug. Career
In 1930, <mask> designed her first rug, Snowshill, a design of interlocking rectangles crossed by parallel lines of dots and crosses. Colour was also extremely important to her. <mask> describes colour as more than half the design, and visited the various firms who made her rugs to make sure they had matched the dyes exactly.The British carpet industry in the 1930s was in an extremely sluggish state, producing, because they could be sure of sales, designs that were either reproductions of Oriental carpets, or else the clichéd jazz patterns of what Pevsner called a deplorably mis-understood Continental cubism. The three firms who wove <mask>'s rugs were exceptions in an industry that was rarely prepared to take risks. During the 1930s, <mask> worked for Wilton Royal in two ways. Usually they paid her a royalty for each rug sold, and she retained the copyright. Such rugs were made on the whole, exclusively for Gordon Russell Ltd. Occasionally, however, she would sell copyright to Wilton Royal, receiving no royalty. The Russell company used many of her designs in their interiors over the years and for a short period from 1933 to 1935 she acted as a buyer for the firm's London shop at 28 Wigmore Street, quickly expanding her role to include Broadway as well.While she was mainly occupied with acquiring fabrics she also moved into other components of the interior including ceramics and glass. When illness forced her to abandon this role she was superseded by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner, who later described her work as possessing ‘a sensitivity and a quiet perfection not surpassed anywhere in Europe’ (The Independent, 25 Oct 1997). <mask> then became a consultant for the Gordon Russell firm, advising on furnishings and, in particular, colour. It was a role which she undertook again for her husband's practice after the war. Pepler's rugs were all characterized by soft, earthy colours and simple, abstract decoration. She used mostly fawns and browns in the early 1930s but moved to include blue, green, and yellow a little later. Aquamarine, a rug of 1932, for example, had wavy lines and circles on its surface and it combined aquamarine, yellow, raisin brown, and natural in its subtle colour scheme.Throughout her career she was inevitably compared with the more flamboyant rug designer Marion Dorn, but <mask>'s main purpose in designing a rug was to use it to bring together all the elements of the room and, for her, restrained colours did this more effectively. Her approach emanated from her training in architecture. In 1947 <mask> was elected a fellow of the Society of Industrial Artists, recognition that she had reached the peak of her profession. She continued to design, concentrating more and more on carpets. Post-war work of note includes rugs for the interior of the Oriana, produced in the mid-1950s. The designs of Russell and Pepler shared a common goal and achieved the same standards although, as with so many designer couples, the work of the former is much more widely recognized. The consistently high quality of her work which came through at an exhibition of their work which was held at the Geffrye Museum in 1983 surprised many people who had not realized her full artistic capacity, however.They both played a key role in formulating a peculiarly British brand of modernism in the middle years of the century and in ensuring that with the enthusiasm for all things new the past was not entirely forgotten. Personal life
<mask> met her husband R D Russell at the Architectural Association Schools where they both studied architecture. They got married on 1 December 1933. They moved to London, where they lived in Hanover Terrace Mews. Death
<mask> died on 13 October 1997 at Eynsham, Oxfordshire. See also
Women in architecture

References

Footnotes

Work in Public Collections
Cheltenham: The Wilson Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum, Clarence Street. Museum no: 7117, Museum No: 7118, Museum No: 7125
London: Victoria & Albert Museum: Museum No: CIRC.568-1969
London: Geffrye Museum of the Home.Have a number of objects in their collection including: Museum No:  3/1983, Museum No: 18/1978-4, Museum No: 18/1978-4

Sources

"Richard Drew Russell", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
"<mask>ler", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links

1904 births
1997 deaths
Textile artists
British designers
Women textile artists
20th-century British women artists
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects

masks:
Marian Pepler
Pepler
Amy Pepler
Hilary Pepler
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Marian
Pepler
Pepler
Pepler
Marian
Marian Pepler
Marian Pep


title: Charles Mulli

texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is the founder and chief executive officer of Mully Children's Family (MCF), a Christian, non-governmental organization based in Kenya that works with disadvantaged populations. Mully is the subject of the documentary film Mully, directed by Scott Haze, which was released in October 2017. Early life and family

<mask> was born in 1949 in Kathithyamaa Village in Kangundo, Machakos, Kenya. Abandoned by his family at age six, he spent his adolescence begging on the streets. Mulli attended the Kyamulendu and Kathithyamaa schools in Kangundo, Machakos. Completing his primary education in 1966, he was unable to enter secondary school because he could not afford it. At age 17, Mulli converted to Christianity after walking into a church and going through an experience that he believed had allowed him to attain salvation.<mask> walked  to Nairobi in search of employment. He found work at a private home where his duties included tilling the garden, washing clothes, cooking in the kitchen, and other domestic chores. A year later, <mask> was promoted to a farm assistant and transferred to Kakuzi Farm in Thika where he met his future wife, Esther Nthenya. They married on December 22, 1970, and had eight biological children. Career
In 1970, <mask> began working at Strabag Road Construction Company where he oversaw the company's supplies. He remained with the company until 1972. With the money he earned working for Strabag, Mulli bought a vehicle and began operating a public transport service running between Eldoret and Nyaru.He also began engaging in agricultural business ventures. Mulli founded the Mullyways Agencies, a transportation business conglomerate, in the 1970s, gaining assets valued in millions of shillings. He also served as chairman of the boards for several international schools in Kenya between 1970 and 1991, which included Kessup Girls Schools, Kaptagat Preparatory School and Chebisaas High School. In 1989, Mulli sold all his property and businesses, and dedicated the proceeds to helping street children through rescue, shelter, medical care, psychosocial support, and education. Currently, Mully Children's Family has just under 3,000 children in their centers in Ndalani, Yatta, Kitale, Kilifi, Lodwar and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Since 1989, <mask> and Esther Mulli have taken in more than 23,000 abandoned children. Philanthropy
Mully's philanthropy has been recognized with awards by several organizations including: Robert W. Pierce Award (1999), World Vision International (Angel of Hope in 2002), The Jubilee Insurance Company Samaritan's Award (2007), Med Assets International USA (2008), Head of State Commendation of the Republic of Kenya (2009), and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2010.In 2012, <mask> received the Family Philanthropy Award from the East African Grant Makers Association in recognition of his contribution to philanthropic work and its impact in initiating sustainable projects. In 2014, he received an award in education at the Transform Kenya Awards. Education
In 2009, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in humanities by the United Graduate College and Seminary. In 2011, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in Social Work from Kabarak University. Books
He is the author of My Journey of Faith and the subject of Christian Heroes: Then and Now – <mask>lli: We are Family, and also the subject of two other biographies and a children's book written by Paul H. Boge: Father to The Fatherless, Hope for The Hopeless, and The Biggest Family In The World. Movie
In 2014, actor and filmmaker Scott Haze, along with Lukas Behnken and Elissa Shay and funded by Bardis Productions (John Bardis), traveled to MCF to document the story in film. Through re-enactments, historical and home footage, and present day interviews, the Mulli's story was told in the documentary, Mully.After various showings at film festivals around the nation, in 2016 For Good, LLC picked up the film for distribution, and after partnering with Focus on the Family and Fathom Events, announced a three-day special event in 700-800 theaters on October 3, 4, and 5, 2017. Starting the end of May 2019, Mully became available to watch for free for a limited time on Catalyst Movies. Beginning in February 2021, Mully became available to watch for free at MullyMovie.com. Mully Children's Family
Mully Children's Family (MCF) is a Christian charitable organization working with disadvantaged children and young adults. MCF has designed its services along the lines of social entrepreneurship by investing in income generating activities to sustainably fund and scale up charity work. It integrates child rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration while creating safety nets in the community to provide an environment conducive for child survival. Program areas
There are ten areas of intervention: child protection, education and life skills, future leaders program, health care, food security and agriculture, socio-economic empowerment, water and sanitation, promotion of social justice, climate change mitigation and partnerships.Child protection using holistic transformational development provides children with a home fit for human habitation, growth and development. This includes rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration, psychosocial support, and a sense of community. MCF offers a range of educational opportunities and experiences to children and youths of varied ages, backgrounds, interests and needs such as mentorship and coaching, vocational training, and kindergarten through college-level educational opportunity. The future leaders program provides youth mentoring and coaching teaching leadership and entrepreneurial skills through student internships, peer counselor training, and a volunteer program. MCF offers health care programs including free medical care, comprehensive HIV/AIDS treatment, and free medical camps. The charity works to provide children and communities they serve with sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. It offers comprehensive nutritional care for children, a school feeding program, dryland farming, emergency relief food distribution, water harvesting/conservation for irrigation farming, distribution of milk goats to communities, livestock farming.and globally certified produce for export. MCF creates job opportunities for women and youth. The organization improves access to clean water and sanitation through water harvesting, conservation and distribution, and construction of pit latrines. MCF enhances access to justice for children, women and the vulnerable in the society through child/gender protection training, the establishment of child/gender protection units/desks in police stations, child rights education and school mentorship programs, community education initiatives, and participation in policy formulation and implementation. MCF promotes environmental conservation and the use of renewable energy as a means to mitigate the effects of climate change with activities such as tree planting and environmental conservation campaigns, promotion of green energy initiatives, water harvesting and conservation for dryland farming, and Adopt-a-Tree campaigns among children and youth in schools. The charity works with government and individuals/organizations to support programs, initiate services, and replicate best practices in child care, food security, climate change, community empowerment, and entrepreneurial income generating activities. References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Kenyan chief executives
Kenyan philanthropists
Date of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Charles Mutua Mully
Charles Mutua Mully
Mulli
Mulli
Mulli
Charles
Mulli
Charles Mulli
Charles Mu


title: Auguste Ambroise Tardieu

texts:
<mask> (10  March  1818 – 12 January 1879) was a French medical doctor and the pre-eminent forensic medical scientist of the mid-19th century. The son of artist and mapmaker <mask>, he achieved his Doctorate in Medicine at the Faculté de Médecine of Paris. He was President of the French Academy of Medicine, as well as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Professor of Legal Medicine at the University of Paris. <mask>'s specialties were forensic medicine and toxicology. Over his 23-year career, <mask> participated as a forensic expert in 5,238 cases, including many famous and notorious historical crimes. Using his cases as a statistical base, <mask> wrote over a dozen volumes of forensic analysis, covering such diverse areas as abortion, drowning, hanging, insanity, homosexuality, poisoning, suffocation, syphilis, and tattoos. In recognition of his first clinical descriptions of battered children, battered child syndrome is also known as <mask>'s syndrome.<mask>'s ecchymoses, subpleural spots of ecchymosis that follow the death of a newborn child by strangulation or suffocation, were first described by <mask> in 1859, and were so named in his honor. Scientific work on sexuality and child abuse

His most famous scientific works were a book on forensic toxicology that became a reference work in this field in the 19th century, and a book on the forensic examinations related to ”assault on decency”, a legal term covering indecent exposure, rape and homosexuality. He also wrote a pioneering study on maltreatment against children and he published on the terrible working conditions of young boys and girls in mines and factories. A study of copper workers (both child and adult) led to a radical improvement in their working conditions. Though <mask>’s textbook on the legal medicine of poisoning was the work that did most to establish him as an authority in his time, for the posterity he is most famous for his forensic study of sexual crimes: Etude Médico-Légale sur les Attentats aux Mœurs  The study consists of three parts: the first deals with indecent exposures, the second with rape and the third with "pederasty" (sexual relations between an older and a younger man). This third part is considered a classic study in the history of homosexuality. Written before the term homosexuality was coined, <mask> sought to identify external signs of committed ”pederasty” which may help the forensic expert present convincing evidence that a crime had been committed to the court of law.In so doing, <mask> discussed the causes of homosexuality, without making them the main purpose of his study. He presumed some of the ”pederasts” had an inborn inclination, but nevertheless considered the sexual practice in question to be a condemnable vice. According to <mask>, same-sex sexuality was often linked to crime, such as blackmailing and assassinations. The book was an important precursor to Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia sexualis, the most famous pre-Freudian study on same-sex sexual practices. For the modern reader this work is an important historical document, particularly valuable for the cultural history of sexuality by the glimpses it gives into some of the secret sexual cultures of his time. In the section on rape, Tardieu also deals with child abuse. According to his numbers over 75% of all the rapes or attempted rapes tried in French courts were committed against children under 16 years old, and most of those against girls under 12 years old.Additionally, he noted that incestuous rape was not uncommon (also see Sigmund Freud's Seduction Theory). This topic was also dealt with in a separate paper (Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants i.e. "A Medico-legal Study of Cruelty and Brutal treatment Inflicted on Children"), published in Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale in 1860). This latter work has been retrospectively recognized to be the first scientific or medical book about child sexual abuse. The findings in this study were later republished in the book Étude sur les Blessures, which was published in 1879, the year of <mask>'s death. In this, his last book, <mask> claimed to have been the first physician to publish on this subject. Nonetheless, <mask>'s research on the subject was largely either sharply criticized or ignored by legal authorities and other clinicians.Works

 1843: De la morve et du farcin chronique chez l’homme. 1849–50: Mémoire sur les modifications physiques et chimiques que détermine dans certaines parties du corps l’exercice des diverse professions, pour servir à la recherche médico-légale de l’identité. 1852: Voiries et cimetières. 1855: Études hygiéniques sur la profession de mouleur en cuivre, pour servir à l’histoire des professions exposées aux poussières inorganiques. 1855: Étude médico-légale sur le tatouage considéré comme signe d’identité. 1856: Étude médico-légale sur l’avortement, suivie d’observations et de recherches pour servir à l’histoire médico-légale des grossesses fausses et simulées. 1856: Étude historique et médico-légale sur les sur la fabrication et l’emploi des alumettes chimiques.1857: Étude médico-légale sur les attentats aux moeurs. 1852–54: Dictionnaire d’hygiène publique et de salubrité. 1860: Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants
 1864: Étude médico-légale sur les maladies provoquées ou communiquées comprenant l’histoire médico-légale de la syphilis et de ses divers modes de ransmission. 1867: Étude médico-légale et clinique sur l'empoisonnement. 1868: Étude médico-légale sur l’infanticide. 1870: Étude médico-légale sur la pendaison, la strangulation, les suffocations. 1872: Étude médico-légale sur la folie.1879: Étude médico-légale sur les maladies produites accidentellement ou involontairement. 1879: Étude sur les blessures. Legacy
His work Étude médico-légale sur les attentats aux moeurs, is still used by Egypt as a basis for medical tests to determine if a person is homosexual. References

Bibliography

External links
Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants, Par le Dr <mask> <mask> – Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale. – 1860: Pages 361–398

French pathologists
French forensic scientists
Child abuse
1818 births
1879 deaths

masks:
Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
Ambroise Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Tardieu
Ambroise
Tardieu


title: Anna Maria Weems

texts:
<mask> also <mask> (ca. 1840 – after 1863) was an American woman known for escaping slavery by disguising herself as a male carriage driver and escaping to Canada, where her family was settled with other slave fugitives. She and her younger sister were separated from her family at the age of seven, and her mother and brothers were sold in Alabama. Within a few months, her mother and two of her youngest brothers were manumitted and settled with their father in Washington, D.C. Then freedom for her sister, Catherine, was negotiated. The Weems had attained the money to pay ransoms through abolitionists in England and the United States. Unable to purchase <mask>' freedom, she ran away at the age of 15. She left her slaveholder in Rockville, Maryland and traveled through Philadelphia, Washington, D.C. and Brooklyn, New York before arriving in Dresden, Ontario.The journey, made more treacherous due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, occurred over two months, six weeks of which she was in hiding and most of which she was dressed as a young man. Three books have been written about <mask> and her family member's struggle for freedom, entitled A Shadow on the Household, Stealing Freedom and The Underground Railroad: <mask> <mask>. Early life and pre-escape
<mask> <mask> was born in Maryland around 1840 to John, a freeman, and Arabella <mask>, an enslaved woman. Her mother was described as a woman of "superior culture and endowments". Arabella's mother, Cecelia Talbot, was also owned by Robb. They all lived in Montgomery County where Robb owned and operated a tavern and an inn. Rare for an enslaved women, Arabella married John on March 1, 1829, at the St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Rockville, Maryland.John, who worked on a small farm, purchased his freedom before their wedding and had Robb's promise that he could purchase his wife and children at "a reasonable price". Robb allowed the family to live together at times. Over the course of their marriage, John and Arabella <mask> had four daughters and six sons: Mary Jane (Stella), Catherine Ann, William Augustus, Thomas Richard (Dick), Charles Adam (Addison), <mask>, Joseph, John Lewis, Sylvester, and Mary. All of their children, except the youngest, Mary, were born into slavery. Arabella was a free woman when Mary was born. <mask> <mask> was baptized at St. Mary's. Robb died in 1847 when Weems was about five or seven years old.Robb's slaves were divided between his two daughters, Jane Robb Beall and Catherine Robb Harding, who was deeply in debt. John tried to raise money to buy his family members, but was not able to do so before his family was divided. Harding sold them to slave traders who puts two daughters in a slave pen and Arabella and her sons held in a Washington jail before they were sold and sent to Alabama in the Deep South. <mask> and her sister Catherine were sold to Caroline and Charles M. Price, a slave trader in Unity, Maryland. William Still described Charles Price as having been "given to 'intemperance,' to a very great extent, and gross 'profanity'" And his wife "is cross and peevish." In 1849 or 1850, abolitionist William L. Chaplin helped their eldest daughter, Mary Jane, and Arabella's sister Annie and her family escape. Mary Jane went to Geneva, New York, where she was adopted by Henry Highland Garnet, a former slave and an abolitionist.The three subsequently changed their names. Mary Jane became Stella. Her aunt and uncle took the names Annie Bradley and William Henry Bradley. Stella moved with the Garnets to Jamaica in the West Indies in November 1852. In 1850, Arabella was pregnant with their ninth child. Around that time, their fourth child, Richard, appears to have died. Having heard that the Weems family would likely be sold to different owners, the Weems Family Ransom Fund was created mostly from donations made by Henry and <mask>, Quaker abolitionists from England.with the objective to help John buy Arabella and their children's freedom. More than $5,000 was raised. Jacob Bigelow, a lawyer from Washington, D.C., negotiated to buy the freedom of Arabella and two of the boys for $1,600 after a few months. John, Arabella, and the two boys settled in Washington, D.C. Their daughter Catherine was freed after paying a $1,000 or $1,600 ransom and she accepted a position in Washington, D.C. There was not enough remaining money in the fund for an offer that Price would accept to sell <mask> Maria; For years, the Prices rejected any offers by Bigelow to sell Weems, getting up to $700 () at one point. When she was 10 or 15 years old, <mask> had to sleep in the Price's bedroom to prevent her escape. Escape
For more than two years, <mask> planned her escape from the Prices.Bigelow helped plan her escape with William Still, a conductor on the Underground Railroad and from the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee and Rev. Charles Bennett Ray of the New York Vigilance Committee. Conductors, like Still, aided fugitives in their travel between Underground Railroad stations, where they would get food and sleep before moving on to the next station. The trip would be very dangerous for her and those who helped her, even moreso after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which meant staying in Washington with her family or other places in the United States was very dangerous. So the goal was to escort her to the settlement in Dresden, Ontario, Canada where her aunt and uncle found safety. At the age of 15, Weems escaped the Price household in Rockville embarked on a 15-mile journey to Washington, D.C. on September 23, 1855. She may have stayed with family members in the city for a while before meeting up with Bigelow, who was an Underground Railroad conductor.An ad was posted in the newspaper about her escape and offered a $500 () ransom. She was described as "A bright mulatoo, some small freckles on her face; slender person, thick suit of hair, inclined to be sandy". Due to the amount of the ransom, <mask> was sequestered in Bigelow's house for six weeks. They organized a plan to disguise Weems as "Mr. Joe Wright", a male carriage driver, in a driver's uniform, cap and a bow tie. She was also taught how to carry herself like a young man. Bigelow's white physician, Dr. Ellwood Harvey ("Dr. H.") of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, helped her escape the city by driving his carriage to the White House, where he met up with Weems had been escorted by Bigelow. Weems took the driver's seat and drove out of Washington, D.C.Along the way, they came upon both a toll gate operator and a ferry operator who questioned whether to provide them passage. They stopped along a several day leg of her journey, during which they stayed at Dr. H's friend's homes, who were slaveholders. He managed jokes that "Joe" might be a runaway and then claimed to have dizzy spells that required "Joe" to sleep in his room, which provided safety for <mask>. On their second day, Harvey managed a disturbance by several men who tried to stop them after crossing the Susquehanna River. They made it to William Still's house in Pennsylvania on November 22, 1855, where a photograph was taken of her in disguise for her mother. In his station report for the Underground Railroad, he described Weems: "She is about fifteen years of age, bright mulatto, well grown, smart, and good-looking." <mask> stayed at the Still's house several days before she was then taken to New York.On November 28, she was escorted by Rev. Charles Bennett Ray to meet abolitionist Lewis Tappan and his wife, Sarah Tappan, in Brooklyn. She stayed for several days, during which Sarah purchased new clothes for her, using $63 () from the Weems Ransom Fund. The clothes were appropriate for the Canadian weather. She was then taken to the home of Rev. Amos N. Freeman, minister of the Siloam Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn. At the Freeman's house, "she received quite an ovation characteristic of the Underground Rail Road".Freeman took Weems to Canada by train, travelinh through Rochester, New York and Niagara Falls. Once in Canada, they traveled by train to Chatham. From there, they were taken to by carriage to the Dawn Settlement for former slaves in Dresden, Ontario, Canada where her aunt and uncle, William Henry and Ann Bradley, had escaped to as slaves. The Bradleys selected these new first names after gaining their freedom. The journey ended in December 1855, two months after it began. Free life and death

Under her aunt and uncle's leadership, she was educated at Buxton Mission at the Elgin Settlement (now Buxton National Historic Site and Museum), twelve miles south of Chatham, Ontario, was one of four settlements established in Canada for black people. The 9,000-acre settlement was located between Lake Erie and the Great Western Railway line.It provided education through the Buxton Mission School and religious services to its residents, most of whom had been enslaved. The land was divided into many 50-acre farms that could be paid for in installments over ten years. There was a brick-making plant, general store, grist mill, and a saw mill. The community grew to include a hotel, the Buxton post office, and a number of businesses. In 1856, there were 120 students who attended the mission school. The quality of the education afforded at the school is said to have made it "the most successful black settlement in North America." The local school for white children was closed and children transferred to the school at Buxton to improve their education.Students went on to enter politics, found the Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, D.C., and become teachers, doctors, and missionaries. She settled at Buxton. John and Arabella had a daughter, Mary, who was born free about 1855. They were able to reunite with their other children; the remaining two sons, James and Addison, who were enslaved were bought with money from the Weems Family Ransom Fund by August 1858. <mask>' mother said at the time in which her last child was freed, "I am expecting daily the return of Augustus, and may Heaven grant him a safe deliverance and smile propitiously upon you and all kind friends who have aided in his return to me." John and Arabella moved to the Dawn Settlement in 1861 with their two youngest children, just before the start of the Civil War. They stayed there for nine years before returning to the District of Columbia, where John, Arabella, their son John, and daughter Mary were living by June 1870.Significance
Historians such as Stanley Harrold have stated that the importance of gender is significant to the case of <mask>, as her disguise is what allowed her escape to be successful. He also argues that this case also "suggests that a number of aspects of the underground railroad remain worthy of investigation" such as the international and interracial cooperation between abolitionists and that this would help historians understand why all persons involved continued to help regardless of the potential consequences of being caught. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> <mask>, YouTube
 Jenny Masur: Heroes of the Underground Railroad Around Washington, DC, YouTube

Fugitive American slaves
1840 births
Year of death unknown
People from Montgomery County, Maryland
Fugitive American slaves that reached Canada

masks:
Anna Maria Weems
Ann Maria Weems
Anna Maria Weems
Weems
Anna Maria
Weems
Anna Maria
Weems
Talbot Weems
Weems
Anna Maria
Anna Maria
Weems
Weems
Anna Richardson
Anna
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Weems
Ann Maria
Weems


title: Jimmy Fratianno

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; November 14, 1913 – June 29, 1993), also known as "<mask> Weasel", was an Italian-born American mobster who was acting boss of the Los Angeles crime family. After his arrest in 1977, Fratianno become an informant and entered the Witness Protection Program in 1980. He admitted to having killed five people. Later in life, he became a writer. Early life
Fratianno was born in Naples, Italy, in 1913, later immigrating with his family to the United States, settling near Cleveland, Ohio. He was first arrested at the age of 19, on suspicion of rape, but was not charged. Two years later, he was acquitted of robbery charges, but in 1937, was convicted of robbery and spent more than seven years in an Ohio state prison.Fratianno earned his nickname "Weasel" as a boy when from running from the police in the Little Italy section of Cleveland. A chase witness shouted "Look at that weasel run!" and the police quickly attached the nickname to his criminal record, falsely believing it was his alias. He was paroled in 1945, and moved to Los Angeles, California, where he associated with underworld figure Mickey Cohen. In 1951, he was arrested but later released in connection with the gangland-style killing of two mobsters believed to have plotted to kill Cohen. In 1954, Fratianno was convicted of attempted extortion; he served 6 years and 3 months, mostly at San Quentin State Prison. In 1968, he pleaded guilty to charges stemming from phony pay agreements with drivers at a trucking company he owned, and in 1971 he entered another guilty plea, this time for extortion.Fratianno married Jean in 1975, whom he had met in an airport in 1966.

International connections
Fratianno was known to have global connections. One such connection was with Australian organised crime figures. In 1976, Australian criminal Murray Riley met with Fratianno in San Francisco, allegedly, to organize drug shipments. The same year, Sydney businessman Bela Csidei also met with Fratianno in San Francisco. The FBI took photographs of this meeting. Fratianno also associated with Australian/Hungarian transport magnate and managing director of Thomas Nationwide Transport, Peter Abeles. Through Fratianno's connections with Teamsters and Longshoremen's unions, particularly with Rudy Tham, a San Francisco Teamsters leader, Abeles was able to use his company to smuggle drugs in and out of the U.S., as well as reduce industrial tensions on the waterfront.Acting Boss

In 1975, the boss of the Los Angeles family, Dominic Brooklier, was sent to prison, and Louis Tom Dragna was made acting boss. He accepted the position on the condition that he run the family together with Fratianno. Fratianno accepted the proposal with the understanding that he would carry the majority of the responsibility. Soon after, he was approached by Dragna in regards to having Frank Bompensiero murdered. Bompensiero was one of the few made men that Fratianno trusted, as they were old friends, and he was infuriated that the Los Angeles family would give him such a 'contract'. At this point Fratianno felt that he was tricked into becoming Acting Boss, a position which required him to be transferred from the Chicago Outfit back to the Los Angeles family. Because of his close relationship with Bompensiero, it was assumed that Fratianno could easily lay a trap and murder him.Fratianno stalled until the contract was given to other mob associates. Brooklier returned from prison in October 1976 after serving 16 months. After a transition period he called Fratianno to a meeting some time before February 11, 1977 and announced he was ready to resume his position as Boss. Fratianno was once again a soldier. Last stages of Mafia career
Some time between February 11 and May 16, 1977, Brooklier summoned Fratianno to a sit down and accused him running a separate 'crew' in the Los Angeles territory and saying, "<mask>, you've got a bad mouth, like [Bompensiero]..." In 1977 Brooklier started claiming that Fratianno was never Acting Boss and that Fratianno was misrepresenting himself. Fratianno began to suspect that Brooklier was trying to poison his reputation and lay the groundwork to have him killed. Then at the wake for Tony Delsanter, Fratianno learned that Cleveland crime family boss James Licavoli had a mole in the FBI, a female clerk, that was feeding the family documents.Licavoli also told Fratianno that the Family had the code numbers for two informants and that the FBI clerk was working on getting their names. Government witness and later life
On October 6, 1977, Irish mob boss Danny Greene, a secret FBI informant and mortal enemy of the Cleveland crime family, was killed by a car bomb outside his dentist's office in suburban Lyndhurst, Ohio. Soon after, Ray Ferritto, a soldier in the Cleveland and Los Angeles crime families, was arrested for the murder based on a detailed sketch by an eyewitness. Evidence found during a police search of his house further proved Ferritto's role in the murder. Upon hearing that Ferritto had been arrested, Cleveland Mafia boss James Licavoli immediately ordered the former's assassination. When Ferritto learned of this, he became a cooperating witness and testified against his co-defendants in the 1978 trial. The Cuyahoga County District Attorney indicted Licavoli, Angelo Lonardo, Ferritto, Ronald Carabbia and 15 other members of the Cleveland crime family for conspiring towards Danny Greene's murder.Ferritto also implicated Fratianno in the planning of Greene's murder, and Fratianno was indicted for charges related to the bombing. Similarly fearing for his safety, Fratianno also agreed to become a government witness against the Mafia. In return for his testimony, he pleaded guilty to multiple murder charges and received a five-year prison sentence, of which he served 21 months. In 1980, after his testimony resulted in the racketeering convictions of five reputedly high level Mafia figures, Fratianno entered the federal Witness Protection Program. Fratianno claimed that the Mafia had a $100,000 contract on his life. In 1987, after he published two biographies, The Last Mafioso (1980) with author Ovid Demaris and Vengeance is Mine (1987) with author Michael J. Zuckerman, Fratianno was expelled from Witness Protection after the Justice Department noted that it had spent almost $1 million on the Fratiannos in 10 years. On June 29, 1993, Fratianno died of natural causes at his home in an undisclosed U.S. city, believed to be Oklahoma City.His wife Jean said that he had suffered from Alzheimer's disease, as well as a series of strokes. <mask> is portrayed by Joseph Riccobene in Martin Scorsese's crime film The Irishman (2019). Murders
Fratianno had admitted to committing five murders:

Frank Niccoli - Niccoli was a bodyguard and collector for mob boss Mickey Cohen. Following Jack Dragna's orders, Fratianno tried to convince Niccoli to leave Cohen and join Dragna's mob, but Niccoli refused. In a few minutes, <mask> and Joseph Dippolito strangled Niccoli to death. (1949)
Frank Borgia - Borgia was a Los Angeles winemaker/former bootlegger and was a member of the Los Angeles crime family, according to Fratianno. Borgia was resisting an extortion attempt from Gaspare Matranga and Dragna.Bompensiero and Fratianno had a friend of Borgia's bring him to a house. Then Fratianno and Bompensiero strangled Borgia with a rope and other mobsters buried him. (1951)
Anthony Brancato - Brancato and his criminal associate Tony Trombino were two young mobsters who were performing robberies in Los Angeles and Las Vegas without the sanction of the Los Angeles family. Jack Dragna told <mask> they needed to be "clipped", and asked <mask> to set "something up". Within a few days, Fratianno set up the two Tonys and killed them in their car. (August 6, 1951)
Anthony Trombino - see Anthony Brancato. (August 6, 1951)
Louis Strauss - Louis (Russian Louie) Strauss was a former casino owner in Lake Tahoe, and a mob connected man who was trying to extort money from Las Vegas casino owner Benny Binion, a friend of Dragna's.Fratianno set Strauss up by befriending him in Las Vegas, and telling Louis he had $10,000 cash in Los Angeles he would loan him. After driving to Los Angeles with Fratianno, Strauss then walked into a house, where Bompensiero and Fratianno surprised him with a rope, and strangled him to death. (1953)

References

Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime.New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005. Demaris, Ovid. The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of <mask>. Bantam Books, 1981. The Sydney Morning Herald (16 September 1979). "Evidence Mafia already has a toehold in Australia". Includes photographs of <mask> meeting Bela Csidei.Further reading
Lewis, Brad. Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster. The Incredible Life and Times of Mickey Cohen. New York: Enigma Books, 2007. Moldea, Dan E. Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA, and the Mob. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Neff, James.Mobbed Up: Jackie Presser's High-Wire Life in the Teamsters, the Mafia, and the FBI. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. Pizzo, Stephen; Fricker, Mary; and Muolo, Paul. Inside Job: The Looting of America's Savings and Loans. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989. External links

1913 births
1993 deaths
American gangsters of Italian descent
American crime bosses
Italian crime bosses
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Cleveland
Los Angeles crime family
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Cleveland crime family
American people convicted of robbery
American extortionists
American people convicted of murder
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Mafia hitmen
Organized crime memoirists
American writers of Italian descent
20th-century American memoirists
Non-fiction writers about organized crime in the United States
American male non-fiction writers
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
People with Alzheimer's disease
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Aladena James Fratianno
Aladena Fratianno
Jimmy the
Jimmy
Fratianno
Fratianno
Jimmy Fratianno
Jimmy
Jimmy Fratianno
James Fratianno


title: Martin Karl Hasse

texts:
<mask> (20 March 1883 – 31 July 1960) was a German university lecturer, composer and music writer. Life
Born in Dohna, <mask> was the son of the pastor <mask> (1852-1915) and his wife Cora († 1922), née Wittich. In 1910 in Heidelberg, he married  Aline (1881-1936), a daughter of  (1854-1907), pastor and writer. Together with his wife he had three daughters. Of these is known by name: <mask> (1913-2009), violinist, married to Wilhelm Stross (1907-1966), professor at the Munich Academy of Music. <mask> received his first musical instruction as Thomaner-Alumni in Leipzig. This was followed by practical musical training at the Leipzig Conservatory with Stephan Krehl, Adolf Ruthardt, <mask> and Arthur Nikisch.On <mask>'s recommendation, he continued his studies at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München with Max Reger and Felix Mottl; at the university there he listened to musicology with Hermann Kretzschmar and Hugo Riemann as well as lectures on history, philosophy and German studies. After a temporary activity as assistant to Philipp Wolfrum in Heidelberg and in Chemnitz as cantor, he became municipal music director in Bielefeld in 1910; in 1919, on his initiative, the  was opened. In 1919 he was appointed university music director and professor at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, where he founded the music institute and the musicological seminar. In 1923 he received his doctorate in musicology and in 1935 he became director of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln, his representative was Hermann Unger; <mask> held this office until his retirement in 1945. After his retirement he devoted himself to compositional work. <mask> died in Cologne at the age of 77. Activity
<mask> became known as a composer, conductor, educator, organizer and music writer.He has appeared in public with numerous symphonic compositions, suites, concertos, choral works, cantatas, songs, and piano and organ works. Following Max Reger's training, he almost always strived for a strict polyphony structure of the composition, which would result in a self-contained and uniform work of art. He was also instrumental in the German organ movement that began in the 1920s and led to the reconstruction of numerous old instruments. As a music writer he wrote books about Johann Sebastian Bach and Max Reger and published numerous essays on questions of style and daily problems of music culture. Memberships
 <mask> joined the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur in 1932 and the National Socialist German Workers' Party in 1937. He also belonged to the National Socialist Teachers League. He took part in the Musicological Conference in Düsseldorf on 26 May 1938 and, with Joseph Goebbels participating, gave a lecture on The great masters of music and the German people.Work

Writings
 Vom deutschen Musikleben. Zur Neugestaltung unseres Musiklebens in Deutschland, ausgewählte Aufsätze. , Regensburg 1933. Max Reger. Mensch und Werk. Botze, Berlin 1938. Veröffentlichungen ... Herausgegeben von ... <mask>.Compositions
 Variationen für zwei Klaviere. J. Rieter-Biedermann, Leipzig 1908. Drei Fantasien und Fugen für Orgel. J. Rieter-Biedermann, Leipzig 1909. Publication / Editing
 Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: A Domino factum est istud.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Alleluia: Ich danke dem Herren. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Alleluia: Wohl dem, der den Herren fürchtet. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: An Wasserflüssen Babylon. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Benedicam Domino. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christe, der du bist Tag und Licht. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christ lag in Todesbanden.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ehr sei Gott in der Höh allein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Erbarm dich mein, o Herre Gott. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Es ist das Heil uns kommen her.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Exaudiat te Dominus. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gehe hin, bis das End komme. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gott der Vater wohn uns bei. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Gott sei mir gnädig. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Haec est dies.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Herr Christ, der eining Gottes Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Herr Gott dich loben alle wir. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ingrediente Domino. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Ist nicht Ephraim mein teuren Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Laeta redit Paschae lux. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Laetatus sum in his.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Lasset die Kindlein zu mir kommen. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Lobet den Herrn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mein Freund komme in seinen Garten. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mitten wir im Leben sind. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Maria Magdalena.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Mein Freund komme in seinen Garten. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gmein. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Nun lob mein Seel den Herren. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: O Jesu Christe, Gottes Sohn. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: O Lamm Gottes unschuldig. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Quem quaeris, Magdalena? Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Quem vidistis pastores.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Sic Deus dilexit mundum. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Siehe, also wird gesegnet der Mann. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Singet fröhlich Gotte. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: So freue dich, Jüngling, in deiner Jugend. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Surge, illuminare Jerusalem. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Vater unser im Himmelreich. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Venite, exultemus Domino.Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Verbum caro factum est. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Wer unter dem Schirm. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923.Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar <mask>: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält. Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Johann Hermann Schein; <mask> Woldemar Hasse: Wo Gott zum Haus nicht gibt sein Gunst.'' Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. References

External links

1883 births
1960 deaths
People from Dohna
German musicologists
20th-century musicologists
German writers about music
German music educators
20th-century German composers
German classical organists
German choral conductors
University of Tübingen faculty
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln faculty
Militant League for German Culture members
Nazi Party members

masks:
Martin Karl Woldemar Hasse
Hasse
Martin Hasse
Ruth Hasse
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Karl Straube
Karl Straube
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Karl Hasse
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title: Roger Welch

texts:
<mask> (February 10, 1946) is an American conceptual artist, installation artist and video artist. Biography

<mask> was born in Westfield, New Jersey in 1946 and graduated from Westfield High School in 1964. He received a scholarship in 1963 to the Interlochen Center for the Arts as a percussionist. The following year he was awarded the John Philip Sousa Band Award given to the school's most outstanding musician. After High School, <mask> attended York College of Pennsylvania for one year before transferring to Miami University in Oxford Ohio. At Miami University, he studied art under
Robert Wolfe Jr. and Crossan Curry. <mask> also played drums with the University band and orchestra, as well as professionally with jazz ensembles and a soul band.During his senior year of college, <mask> dedicated himself to an art career. His  influences included Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland and the shaped canvas paintings of Charles Hinman. In the summer of 1968 he won a scholarship to the Kent State University Blossom Art Program and studied under Op-Artist Richard Anuszkiewicz. In the fall of that year, <mask> had his first solo show of minimalist paintings at the Western College Art Museum in Oxford, Ohio. At the same time, he studied the Earthworks and Non-Sites of Robert Smithson and was also influenced by a personal meeting with conceptual artist Douglas Huebler. In 1969, <mask> began graduate studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in the sculpture department headed by James Zanzi. In his first year in Chicago, <mask> pursued new forms of art including Conceptual and Performance Art.One of his first student works was High Jump in which he invited a national champion high jumper to attempt a world record in the sculpture studio of the Art Institute. He also created Mississippi River Measure by measuring a frozen section of the river with lengths of his outstretched body. Both works were documented in the art publication Interfunktionen. In 1969, <mask> visited artist Dennis Oppenheim in his Brooklyn studio. The encounter formed the basis of a lifelong friendship. In 1970, <mask> received a scholarship to the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in New York. That summer, he worked at the Parrish Art Museum in Southampton, New York where he organized an exhibition of Earthworks.As a result, <mask> met Robert Smithson and became friendly with Nancy Holt, Jonas Jonas and Richard Serra. Work

From 1971 to 1972, <mask> created performance works at 112 Greene Street and had his first significant one-person exhibition at 98 Greene Street, an alternative art space run by Holly Solomon. Among his friends and colleagues at this time were Bill Beckley, Les Levine, Gordon Matta-Clark, William Wegman, and Hannah Wilke. <mask> also began to work primarily in multi-media and created a three-channel video Passing On. In 1972, <mask> had solo exhibitions at Sonnabend Gallery in Paris, Konrad Fischer in Düsseldorf and Yaki Kornblit-Galerie 20 in Amsterdam. During his 1973 solo exhibition at the John Gibson Gallery in New York, <mask> produced a series of maps drawn from the childhood memories of four elderly people. On consecutive Saturday afternoons over the course of the exhibition, <mask> engaged in a dialogue with each person about her or his hometown while he created drawings and a map from their verbal recollections.Visitors could attend the sessions and view previously completed maps and drawings. This exhibit was followed by a solo show at the Milwaukee Art Museum which featured the Kitty Ewens Memory Map. The work was created from the childhood recollections of  Kitty Ewens, a 101-year-old resident of the Milwaukee area. The Memory Maps attracted the attention of social psychologists such as Stanley Milgram with whom <mask> collaborated in a 1975 exhibition at the Piltzer Gallery in Paris. Beginning in 1974, <mask> devised the video installation The Roger Woodward Niagara Falls Project also known as The Niagara Falls Project. The work was completed in 1975 and exhibited at the Steffanoty Gallery in New York. Two subsequent video installations, Preliminaries, exhibited in New York at the M.L.D'Arc Gallery in 1976 and the O. J. Simpson Project at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York extended his explorations in multi-media. In 2008, The O. J. Simpson Project was exhibited at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid. At the beginning of the 1980s, <mask> created two film and sculpture installations, Drive-In, shown at MoMA PS1, Long Island City, New York, in 1980 and Drive-In: Second Feature shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1982. John Hanhardt, Whitney Museum Curator of Film and Video, selected <mask>'s work to inaugurate The New American Film Makers Series. Drive-In: Second Feature has been exhibited in museums and public institutions in the United States, Europe and, in 2007, at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Shanghai, China. Drive-In is in the collection of the Tamayo Contemporary Art Museum in Mexico City and Drive-In: Second Feature is in the collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. In 1985, <mask> was invited to participate in the Construction in Process II exhibition in Munich and created the video The Voice of Clint Eastwood in Germany.For this project, <mask> dialogued with German actors who dub English language films and shot additional video with sound engineers at the Bavaria Film Studio. While teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in 1990, <mask> created photo portraits of elementary school children in Austin on the theme of what each wanted to be when they grew up and their visions of the future. The Austin Children series was exhibited at the Liverpool Gallery in Brussels in 1991. In the mid-1990s <mask> made a series of photos with frames that structurally mimic the pose or movement of the subject. Of these works, his largest photo installation, The History of Design was completed in 2000 and exhibited at the Neuberger Museum of Art in Purchase, New York. The History of Design is a 48 ft. wide Parthenon-like pediment framing life-size photo images of young workers in the process of constructing a wall. Recent Work

Beginning in 2003, <mask> produced a series of sculptures, watercolors such as Yankee Stadium in Meteor Crater, and videos juxtaposing landscapes or combining geologic formations with contemporary man-made structures.For the HD video Laguna Sagaponack, <mask> shot Laguna Beach on the Pacific Ocean and Sagaponack, Long Island on the Atlantic. At each location, <mask> mounted a camera in a pre-determined position before dawn then shot selectively throughout the day and into the night. The real-time video is edited from several hours to a few minutes presenting the illusion of natural time. The two places were combined in a soft-split screen to appear as a continuous panoramic landscape. For the exhibition Domicile in 2006, French art critic Pierre Tillet wrote: <mask> deals with the visual and emotional closeness of distant spaces. The video Hudson River was exhibited at the Kinz Tillou Feigen Gallery, New York in 2008. Two Coasts was exhibited at the Musée d'Art Moderne, Saint-Etienne, France in 2006 together with watercolors and studies for future video projects.The Ground Under My Studio, a watercolor, was included in the Watercolor Worlds exhibition at the Dorsky Gallery in Long Island City, New York in 2004. The O. J. Simpson Project was exhibited at the Minneapolis Institute of the Arts in 2012. A portion of <mask>'s 1977 interview with O. J. Simpson appears in the first part of the 2017 Academy Award winning documentary O.J. : Made in America. References

 Interfunktionen #8, published by Friedrich Wolfram Heubach, Cologne, Germany, January 1972, pages 84–89
 Barbara Radice, "Story Art", Data Arte, July–August 1975, Milano, Italy, pp. 84, 107-109 ill.
 Joseph Jacobs, "When Video Was Young", Art in America, May 2007, pg. 119-121, ill. 121
 Pierre Tillet, Domicile Prive/Public, Musee d'Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne Metropole, France, pg.216-219, 2005
 Gerrit Henry, "<mask>", Art in America, December 2001, review of Neuberger Museum of Art exhibition, page 128 ill.
 Robert C. Morgan, "Intimate Art", Tema Celeste, May 2000, pg. 40-41ill. Lucy Lippard, The Lure of the Local, published by the New Press, New York, 1997, pg. 80-81 ill.
 Michael Archer, Installation Art, Edited by Nicolas de Oliveira, Michael Petry, Nicola Oxley, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994 p. 110, ill.
 William Zimmer, "A Genre Comes Into Its Own", The New York Times, Sunday, August 2, 1992 (NJ), pg. 11. Jeffrey Deitch, "Subconscious Sculpture", <mask>: Sculpture of Memory, (exhibit catalogue), Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City 1980, p. 9-12
 I. Michael Danoff, The Art of <mask>, <mask> (exhibit catalogue), Milwaukee Art Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1974, p.p. 2-7

Sources

 John Hanhardt, Image World, Exhibition Catalogue, essay by, pg.106 ill., Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY 1990. Andy Grunberg, Photography and Art: Interactions Since 1946, (Exhibition Catalogue), Cross River Press Ltd. and Abbeville Press, New York 1987, p. 140; ill p. 159. John Yau, "<mask>" (Review), Art Forum, Summer 1986, New York, p. 121. Wolfgang Längsfeld, Das Automovil in der Kunst 1886–1986, (Exhibition Catalogue) Haus der Kunst, Münich, Germany 1986, p. 206. John Hanhardt, "<mask>: Drive-In:Second Feature", The New American Filmmakers Series, Number 1, Whitney Museum of American Art 1982. Mary Delahoyd, A New Beginning: 1968–78, Exhibition Catalogue, Hudson River Museum, Feb. 3–May 5, 1985, Yonkers, New York, essay by Mary Delahoyd, p. 112, 113. San Francisco Video Festival Journal, <mask>, Antoní Muntadas, and Andy Kaufman (Exhibition Catalogue), pub.by San Francisco Video Festival 1984, The Video Gallery, San Francisco. Hal Himmelstein, Karen Nulf, and Larry Shirley "Personalized Television: Interview with <mask>" by Hal Himmelstein, Wide Angle: Film Quarterly, vol. 5, #3, 1983, pp. 70, 74–79. Ann-Sargent Wooster, "<mask>'s Drive In: Second Feature", AfterImage, Dec., 1982, vol. 10, #5, p. 17; pub. by Visual Studies Workshop, Rochester, N.Y.
 Shelley Rice "Drive-In", ArtForum, March, 1981, vo.XIX, #7, pp. 88–89. Roberta Smith, Four Artists and the Map, (Exhibition Catalogue), Spencer Museum of Art, the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 14, 15, 16, 32–35. Mary Delahoyd and Jackie Apple, Alternatives in Retrospect, Exhibition Catalogue, pp. 12, 20, 30, 35. Peter Frank, Mapped Art, (Exhibition Catalogue), pub.Independent Curators, Inc., New York and the University of Colorado Art Gallery. Carrie Rickey, "<mask>", Artes Visuales, #27–28 (double issue), March, 1981, Mexico City, pp. 75, 77, 78. Jeffrey Deitch, Lives, (Exhibition Catalogue), The Fine Arts Building, New York, published 1975. James Collins, "<mask>" (Welch film review), Artforum, April 1974, pg. 78- 79, ill. 79. George R. Collins, Unbuilt America, Allison Sky and Michelle Stone, Site Inc., Published by McGraw Hill Book Co. 1976, page 9, pg.250. Berta Sichel, First Generation: Art and the Moving Image (1963–1986), page 33, 344-347 ill., Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, 2007. Frank Popper, Art-Action and Participation, New York University Press, New York, 1975, 261- 263 ill.
 Stanley Milgram, The Individual in a Social World, Addison Wesley pub. 1977. page 22. Helen Hsu, "Everything is Problemized", Art In America Now, Museum of Contemporary Art, Shanghai, China, 2007, pg. 25, 64-65 ill. External links
 <mask> Website

1946 births
American conceptual artists
American installation artists
American video artists
Artists from New York (state)
Artists from New Jersey
Living people

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William Roger Welch
Roger Welch
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title: Alfred Bester

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1913 – September 30, 1987) was an American science fiction author, TV and radio scriptwriter, magazine editor and scripter for comic strips and comic books. He is best remembered for his science fiction, including The Demolished Man, winner of the inaugural Hugo Award in 1953. Science fiction author Harry Harrison wrote, "<mask> was one of the handful of writers who invented modern science fiction." Shortly before his death, the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) named Bester its ninth Grand Master, presented posthumously in 1988. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 2001. Life and career
<mask> was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 18, 1913. His father, James J<mask>, owned a shoe store and was a first-generation American whose parents were both Austrian Jews.<mask>'s mother, Belle (née Silverman), was born in Russia and spoke Yiddish as her first language before coming to America as a youth. <mask> was James and Belle's second and final child, and only son. (Their first child, Rita, was born in 1908.) Though his mother was born Jewish, she became a Christian Scientist, and <mask> himself was not raised within any religious traditions; he wrote that "his home life was completely liberal and iconoclastic." <mask> attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he was a member of the Philomathean Society. He played on the Penn Quakers football team in 1935 and, by his own account, was "the most successful member of the fencing team." He went on to Columbia Law School, but tired of it and dropped out.<mask> and Rolly Goulko married in 1936. Rolly <mask> was a Broadway, radio and television actress, originating the role of Lois Lane on the radio program The Adventures of Superman. She changed careers in the 1960s, becoming a vice president, casting director and supervisor at the advertising agency Ted Bates & Co. in New York City. The Besters remained married for 48 years until her death. <mask> was very nearly a lifelong New Yorker, although he lived in Europe for a little over a year in the mid-1950s and moved to exurban Pennsylvania with Rolly in the early 1980s. Once settled there, they lived on Geigel Hill Road in Ottsville, Pennsylvania. Writing career

Early SF career, comic books, radio (1939–1950)
After his university career, 25-year-old <mask> was working in public relations when he turned to writing science fiction.<mask>'s first published short story was "The Broken Axiom", which appeared in the April 1939 issue of Thrilling Wonder Stories after winning an amateur story competition. Bester recalled, "Two editors on the staff, Mort Weisinger and Jack Schiff, took an interest in me, I suspect mostly because I'd just finished reading and annotating Joyce's Ulysses and would preach it enthusiastically without provocation, to their great amusement. ... They thought "Diaz-X" [Bester's original title] might fill the bill if it was whipped into shape." This was the very same contest that Robert A. Heinlein famously chose not to enter, as the prize was only $50 and Heinlein realized he could do better selling his 7,000-word unpublished story to Astounding Science Fiction  for a penny a word, or $70. Years later, Bester interviewed Heinlein for Publishers Weekly and the latter told of changing his mind for Astounding. Bester says that he replied (in jest), "You sonofabitch.I won that Thrilling Wonder contest, and you beat me by twenty dollars." However, as Bester was the winner of the contest, Mort Weisinger also "introduced me to the informal luncheon gatherings of the working science fiction authors of the late thirties." He met Henry Kuttner, Edmond Hamilton, Otto Binder, Malcolm Jameson and Manly Wade Wellman there. During 1939 and 1940 Weisinger published three more of Bester's stories in Thrilling Wonder Stories and Startling Stories. For the next few years, Bester continued to publish short fiction, most notably in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction. In 1942, two of his science fiction editors got work at DC Comics, and invited <mask> to contribute to various DC titles. Consequently, <mask> left the field of short story writing and began working for DC Comics as a writer on Superman, and, under the editorship of Julius Schwartz, Green Lantern, among other titles.He created super-villain Solomon Grundy and the version of the Green Lantern Oath that begins "In brightest day, In blackest night". <mask> was also the writer for Lee Falk's comic strips The Phantom and Mandrake the Magician while their creator served in World War II. It is widely speculated how much influence Bester had on these comics. One theory claims that <mask> was responsible for giving the Phantom his surname, "Walker". After four years in the comics industry, in 1946 Bester turned his attention to radio scripts, after wife Rolly (a busy radio actress) told him that the show Nick Carter, Master Detective was looking for story submissions. Over the next few years, Bester wrote for Nick Carter, as well as The Shadow, Charlie Chan, The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe and other shows. He later wrote for The CBS Radio Mystery Theater.With the advent of American network television in 1948, Bester also began writing for television, although most of these projects were lesser-known. In early 1950, after eight years away from the field, Bester resumed writing science fiction short stories. However, after an initial return to Astounding with the story "The Devil's Invention" ( "Oddy and Id"), he stopped writing for the magazine in mid-1950 when editor John Campbell became preoccupied with L. Ron Hubbard and Dianetics, the forerunner to Scientology. Bester then turned to Galaxy Science Fiction, where he found in H. L. Gold another exceptional editor as well as a good friend. In New York, he socialized at the Hydra Club, an organization of New York's science fiction writers, whose notable members included Isaac Asimov, James Blish, Anthony Boucher, Avram Davidson, Judith Merril, and Theodore Sturgeon. The Demolished Man period: 1951–57

In his first period of writing science fiction (1939–1942), Bester had been establishing a reputation as a short story writer in science fiction circles with stories such as "Adam and No Eve". However, Bester gained his greatest renown for the work he wrote and published in the 1950s, including The Demolished Man and The Stars My Destination (also known as Tiger!Tiger!). The Demolished Man (1953)

The Demolished Man, recipient of the first Hugo Award for best Science Fiction novel, is a police procedural that takes place in a future world in which telepathy is relatively common. Bester creates a harshly capitalistic, hierarchical and competitive social world that exists without deceit: a society in which the right person with some skill (or money) and curiosity can access your memories, secrets, fears and past misdeeds more swiftly than even you. Originally published in three parts in Galaxy, beginning in January 1952, The Demolished Man appeared in book form in 1953. It was dedicated to Gold, who made a number of suggestions during its writing. Originally, Bester wanted the title to be Demolition!,  but Gold talked him out of it. Who He?(1953)
<mask>'s 1953 novel Who He? (also known as The Rat Race) concerns a TV variety show writer who wakes up after an alcoholic blackout and discovers that someone is out to destroy his life. According to Bester, the TV show elements were based on his experiences working on The Paul Winchell Show. A contemporary novel with no science fiction elements, it did not receive wide attention. It did, however, earn Bester a fair amount of money from the sale of the paperback reprint rights (the book appeared in paperback as The Rat Race). He also received a substantial sum of money from a movie studio for the film option to the book. Reportedly, Jackie Gleason was interested in starring as the variety show writer and licensed movie rights to the story; however no movie was ever made of Who He?Still, the payout from the film option was large enough that <mask> and Rolly <mask> decided they could afford to travel to Europe for the next few years. They lived mainly in Italy and England during this period. The Stars My Destination (1956)
Bester's next novel was outlined while he was living in Britain and then written mostly when he was living in Rome. The Stars My Destination (also known as Tiger! Tiger!) had its origins in a newspaper clipping that Bester found about Poon Lim, a shipwrecked World War II sailor on a raft, who had drifted unrescued in the Pacific for a world record 133 days because passing ships thought he was a lure to bring them within torpedo range of a hidden submarine. From that germ grew the story of Gully Foyle, seeking revenge for his abandonment and causing havoc all about him: a science fiction re-telling of Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo with teleportation added to the mix.It has been described as an ancestor of cyberpunk. First published in book form in the UK in June 1956 as Tiger! Tiger!, The Stars My Destination was subsequently serialized in Galaxy, where The Demolished Man had also appeared. It ran in four parts (October 1956 through January 1957) and the book was published in the USA later in 1957. Though repeatedly voted in polls the "Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time", The Stars My Destination would prove to be <mask>'s last novel for 19 years. A radio adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1991 and again in 1993. Film adaptations of The Stars My Destination have been frequently rumored.According to David Hughes' Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made, Richard Gere owned the rights to this novel right after his success with Pretty Woman, and wanted to star in it. Later, NeverEnding Story producer Bernd Eichinger had the rights and hired Neal Adams to do concept art. Still later, Paul W. S. Anderson was set to direct it, but wound up doing Event Horizon instead. Since then, a number of scripts have been written, but nothing more has happened. Magazine fiction and non-fiction: 1959–1962
While on his European trip, Bester began selling non-fiction pieces about various European locations to the mainstream travel/lifestyle magazine Holiday. The Holiday editors, impressed with his work, invited Bester back to their headquarters in

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Alfred
Alfred
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Bester
Alfred
Bester
Bester