title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 <mask>'s coronation, Duke William II of Normandy began plans to invade England, building 700 warships and transports at Dives-sur-Mer on the Normandy coast. Initially, William could not get support for the invasion but, claiming that <mask> had sworn on sacred relics to support his claim to the throne after having been shipwrecked at Ponthieu, William received the Church's blessing and nobles flocked to his cause. In anticipation of the invasion, <mask> assembled his troops on the Isle of Wight, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, <mask> disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day Harald Hardrada of Norway, who also claimed the English crown, joined Tostig and invaded, landing his fleet at the mouth of the Tyne.The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. <mask> led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by surprise. On 25 September, in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, <mask> defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed. According to Snorri Sturluson, before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother <mask> would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men."Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was <mask> himself. According to Henry of Huntingdon, <mask> said "Six feet of ground or as much more as he needs, as he is taller than most men." Battle of Hastings

On 12 September 1066 William's fleet sailed from Normandy. Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex.<mask>'s army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. <mask> established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, <mask> was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Death
The notion that <mask> died by an arrow to the eye is a popular belief today, but this historical legend is subject to much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle, Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, says that <mask> was killed by four knights, probably including Duke William, and his body dismembered. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum recount that <mask> died by an arrow wound to his head.An earlier source, Amatus of Montecassino's L'Ystoire de li Normant ("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of <mask> being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition. Later accounts reflect one or both of these two versions. A figure in the panel of the Bayeux Tapestry with the inscription "Hic <mask> Rex Interfectus Est" ("Here King <mask> is killed") is depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye, but some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be <mask> or if <mask> is intended as the next figure lying to the right almost supine, being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the figure to the left. Stothard's 1819 water-colour drawing has, for the first time, a fletched arrow in the figure's eye.Although not apparent in the earlier depictions, the Tapestry today has stitch marks indicating the fallen figure once had an arrow in its eye. It has been proposed that the second figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched. Many believe this, as the name "<mask>" is above the figure with an arrow in his eye. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures. Further evidence is that an arrow volley would be loosed before the Norman cavalry charge. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that <mask> suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence. Burial and legacy

The account of the contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers states that the body of <mask> was given to William Malet for burial:

Another source states that <mask>'s widow, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her.<mask>'s strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King <mask>'s burial. A request to exhume a grave in Bosham Church was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003, the Chancellor having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as <mask>'s were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place. A prior exhumation had revealed the remains of a man, estimated at up to 60 years of age from photographs of the remains, lacking a head, one leg and the lower part of his other leg, a description consistent with the fate of the king as recorded in the Carmen. The poem also claims <mask> was buried by the sea, which is consistent with William of Poitiers' account and with the identification of the grave at Bosham Church that is only yards from Chichester Harbour and in sight of the English Channel. There were legends of <mask>'s body being given a proper funeral years later in his church at Waltham Holy Cross in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends also grew up that <mask> had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury. <mask>'s son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087.Ulf threw his lot in with Robert Curthose, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of <mask>'s other sons, Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (High King of Ireland) but were defeated at the Battle of Northam. In 1068, Diarmait presented another Irish king with <mask>'s battle standard. Marriages and children

For some twenty years <mask> was married more danico (Latin: "in the Danish manner") to Edith the Fair and had at least six children with her. She was considered <mask>'s mistress by the clergy. According to Orderic Vitalis, <mask> was at some time betrothed to Adeliza, a daughter of William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage. About January 1066, <mask> married Edith (or Ealdgyth), daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, and widow of the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.Edith had one son, named <mask>, probably born posthumously. Another of <mask>'s sons, Ulf, may have been a twin of the younger <mask>, though most historians consider him a son of Edyth Swannesha. Both these sons survived into adulthood and probably lived out their lives in exile. After her husband's death, Edith fled for refuge to her brothers, Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, but both men made their peace with King William initially before rebelling and losing their lands and lives. Edith may have fled abroad (possibly with <mask>'s mother, Gytha, or with <mask>'s daughter, Gytha). <mask>'s sons, Godwin and Edmund, fled to Ireland and then invaded Devon, but were defeated by Brian of Brittany. Family tree

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum, or "The Deeds of William II, Duke of the Normans".Quoted by David C. Douglas & George W. Greenaway (eds. ), in: English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Further reading

External links

 BBC Historic Figures: <mask> II (Godwineson) (c. 1020–1066)

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1066 deaths
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11th-century English monarchs
Anglo-Norse monarchs
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Deaths by arrow wounds
Earls of East Anglia
Earls of Herefordshire
Earls of Wessex
English people of Danish descent
English Roman Catholics
House of Godwin
Monarchs killed in action
Monarchs of England before 1066
Norman conquest of England
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title: Arnold Ehrlich

type: original

texts:
<mask> (15 January 1848 in Włodawa, Poland – November 1919 in New Rochelle, New York) was a scholar of bible and rabbinics whose work spanned the latter part of the 19th and the early 20th century. A formidable scholar, he is said to have possessed perfect recall, with an outstanding knowledge of Bible and Talmud, and to have spoken 39 languages. He is best known for his book Mikra Kiphshuto (The Bible according to its Literal Meaning) in three Hebrew volumes published from 1899–1901, in which he sought to bring the results of modern textual criticism of the Bible to a wider Hebrew audience, emphasising the Torah to be a document made by humans complete with scribal and copying errors, not a perfect work dictated to Moses at Sinai; and as a formative intellectual influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask> earned a living as a private tutor, and teaching at the Hebrew Preparatory School of the Temple Emanu-El Theological School of New York. However, he was never considered for a professorial post at Hebrew Union College, apparently because in his early twenties he had helped the German Lutheran theologian Franz Delitzsch revise his Hebrew translation of the New Testament, a work used to proselytize Jewish converts to Christianity. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82.Life
Born Jewish in Włodawa, Poland, <mask> was married at fourteen and had one son named Mark. At an early age he studied German in his native Polish village, and had read the Bible in the Moses Mendelssohn translation. At seventeen, <mask> came to the conclusion that he could no longer abide the stringencies of his environment and he sought association with the wider fields of knowledge he hoped to find in Germany. His wife did not agree with the move or his liberal views, and she and their son did not go with him to Germany. He then went on his own and he entered school there to learn arithmetic, geography, and other elementary school subjects alongside boys of ten. Such subjects were simple for a lad who started learning the German language at the age of five years. He also worked as a librarian in the Semitics department of the Berlin Royal Library.It was at this time in Germany that <mask> somehow came to the attention of Professor Franz Delitzsch, who engaged him as his amanuensis. They both worked in the missionary Institutum Judaicum and this association would turn into an evil spectre later in his life. At Delitzsch's insistence <mask> revised the Hebrew translation of the New Testament (10th Edition) which was to be utilized for proselytization among Jews. During this time he encountered the work of Julius Wellhausen, Kuehnen, and the whole school of Biblical criticism which fascinated him. This in turn made him accept the theory that the Bible was constructed of a patchwork quilt of documents, but his later work was a revolt against the destructiveness of the "higher criticism." The Hebrew language was bred into his bones, and it became his conviction that the Bible could be understood only as one devoted oneself to its language and to an understanding of the Hebrew idiom through its cognates. There are rumors that <mask> was baptized in Germany, but there is no proof or evidence of this.Had it been true, the officers at the Temple Emanu-El would never had considered him for a place as a teacher (not professor) in the Emanu-El Theological School of New York where he taught after he immigrated to Manhattan, New York from Hamburg, Germany in 1874. His Naturalization date is July 11, 1881, and he lists his occupation as "Teacher of Languages." <mask> wrote in fluent English and spoke it fluently and flawlessly, though with a slight accent. He was a close student of many languages, and was both a philologist and a student of the Hebrew Bible. He knew 39 tongues, which included all the Semitic languages, all the languages of Western Europe except Finnish, all the Slavic language dialects, as well as Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek. He explained the relationship that Israelite and Canaanite civilizations bear to that of the Greeks upon the basis of language similarities and idiomatic likeness. In his "leisure" he had written what was practically a Randglossen to both the Iliad and the Odyssey.He was a lover of the Greek classics and had a great comprehension of classic civilizations. He had a special love for Arabic. He enjoyed it as a language and he enjoyed its literature and its poetry. Many of those who taught Arabic in the Semitics departments of universities came to <mask> for instruction, and among them was Professor Richard J.H. Gottheil of Columbia University, son of Gustav Gottheil, who claimed that <mask> had admitted to changing his faith to Christianity in Germany and was remorseful for it. This declaration was never signed by <mask>, but only by witnesses "claiming" this event took place in the late 19th century. During his years in the United States, Jewish scholars and students sought him out, but <mask> surely paid a frightful price for that New Testament translation he did at a young age with Delitzsch.Many regard this translation as a beautiful piece of modern Hebrew composition, but it cost him and he was to pay for it throughout his life. He was sorely resentful of the fact that, despite general recognition of his status as a scholar, he had not been chosen Professor of Bible at the Hebrew Union College. He was never invited to teach in either of the major rabbinical seminaries and among the Orthodox he was disliked. No one wanted to appoint a man with a background of engaging in a New Testament translation, who would invite criticism from all conservative quarters. He also insisted upon "mister" with his pupils because no university had ever granted him a higher academic degree. He is the author of a biblical commentary called Mik'ra Kiph'shuto ("The Plain Meaning of the Bible"). It embodies his main point of view that the Bible itself is the best source for the knowledge of Hebrew as a language and for the ancient Hebraic ideas, even though the cross references of comparative passages or words might be separated in widely disparate ages.He felt that somehow original meanings persisted and that the cross references or parallel passages often shed light upon obscure sentences as well as upon mistakes in the original Bible text. Modern archaeology has opened new vistas through the centuries, but <mask> had no knowledge, in his time, of what the future would bring into this realm. He had a strong influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask>'s strongest affection was for Louis Ginzberg of the Jewish Theological Seminary. He admired Dr. Ginzberg's thoroughness, his vast and comprehensive knowledge, and the originality of his mind. He also had a high regard for Professors Malter and Margolis of the Dropsie College. But <mask> had no doubts as to his own status, for he was convinced of his own superiority in his chosen area of research.<mask> was antisocial in his life in that he felt uncomfortable and uneasy in ordinary human relationships. But he was completely social in his outlook, in his passion for justice, in his desire for the self-realization of all people regardless of race, color or creed. He was totally removed from people and came alive only when he discussed his philological interests. He was an avid reader in all fields, particularly in philosophy, and maintained a steady correspondence with Hermann Cohen until his death one year before <mask>. As a matter of self-discipline, he required himself to read through Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason every year. <mask>'s one diversion  was to attend the movies of the early 20th century. He adored Westerns and historic presentations.The great scholar could watch these films and find complete "escape." He preferred this to spending time with people, whom he avoided. He was entranced by the new sociology, despite his personal social discomfort, and was intrigued by the new Freudian psychology emerging upon the scene in his latter years. Not long before he died, Richard M. Stern (who prepared for the rabbinate under him) recalls Ehrlich saying, if he could relive his years, he would like to give greater attention to psychology so as to understand why some human beings are driven perforce into defined areas of activity and why others are willing to remain "contented cows!!!" <mask> was sought after by many non-Jews who wanted to study under him. Two of his well-known Christian pupils were Dr. Charles Fagnani and Dr. Julius Bewer, both members of the Union Theological Seminary Faculty. He was especially interested in Bewer because he exhibited an unusual aptitude in reading and understanding rabbinic literature.<mask> was unhappy that Christian scholarship had not cultivated the area with greater assiduity. He felt he found the perfect Christian disciple who would devote himself to rabbinics, but this did not happen. Bewer chose the field of biblical criticism  in the tradition of Wellhausen and his coterie. <mask> had no love for this group and thoroughly disliked the "Higher Anti-Semitism." A few years prior to 1917 he discovered that he had not been included in the committee appointed by the Jewish Publication Society and the Central Conference of American Rabbis to prepare a new translation of the Hebrew Bible. When the work was published in 1917, he was furious that the committee used his name as a consultant. <mask> was an occasional attendant at religious services and synagogues where he hoped to find preachers who could use the biblical text with the related midrashic or other rabbinic commentaries.He disliked the Union Prayer Book, primarily because he felt that its reform of the liturgy had not gone far enough. He felt that all the passages which belittled human dignity should be revised or eliminated. He believed that a modern Jewish prayer book should, of course, be rooted in traditional forms, but that prayers which involved a servile humility were unbecoming to modern man and should be rewritten. Many of the older generation rabbis studied under him at one time or another, either at Emanu-El or as private pupils. Among them were Samuel Schulman, Leon Harrison, Bernard Drachman, Stephen S. Wise, and George Alexander Kohut whose father was Alexander Kohut. Another of his mature students was Isaac S. Moses, rabbi of the Central Synagogue. <mask> was married twice.His son by his first wife, Mark, who was born in Poland, arrived in Manhattan, New York in 1885 without his mother. His second wife, Pauline (October 13, 1858-? ), of Polish descent, gave him a daughter named Olga born 1881. He had four grandchildren. Mark had Rose (1891), Joseph (1897) and Helen (1902) <mask> in Manhattan. Olga (who was born in Manhattan) married Dr. Julius Auerbach and had a son named <mask> (1912). <mask>. Auerbach became a distinguished playwright, essayist, humorist, critic, and an American Emmy-Award winning screenwriter.<mask> was an accomplished pianist who was written about in a lost book for her talent. According to the January 10, 1920 Nation News Archive:

The death of <mask><mask>, which occurred in the city of New York a short time ago, has deprived the world of Biblical scholarship of one of its most brilliant exponents. <mask> was not officially connected with any institution of learning; his name is little known outside of the narrow circle of professional Bible students, and is possibly not sufficiently known even among them. Yet, his life work, represented by eleven substantial volumes dedicated to the elucidation of the Scriptures, merits the grateful appreciation of all those to whom the Bible is an integral part of human civilization. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82. Works
His best known works are,
  Mik'ra Kiph'shuto (מקרא כפשוטו) [The Bible Literally].Leipzig: 3 vols, 1899–1901; reprinted New York: Ktav, 1969. Randglossen zur Hebräischen Bibel; textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches [Notes on the Hebrew Bible]. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 7 vols, 1908–14; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968. .  His most substantial work, which took six years to complete and which was funded by Jacob H. Schiff and Dr. Isaac Adler. He also prepared textbooks to introduce students to rabbinic literature and prepared an anthology of aggadic passages representative of material that students might later have to study at the Emanu-El Theological School that he taught at. His poetic German translation of the Psalms had wide acclaim in its day, but this volume is now out of print and may be found only in large university libraries. His scholarly work is written in German because, prior to World War I, German was regarded as the language of Jewish scholarship.Unpublished notebooks can be found at the New York library of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. These notebooks are the addenda to the Randglossen. References

Further reading
 American Jewish Archives; vol. xxiii; no. 1; April, 1971
 The teshuva of <mask> on <mask>'s apostasy and return to his faith [url no longer supports images]
 Judaism Faces the Twentieth Century on Mordecai Kaplan's relationship with <mask>. "<mask>'s Monumental Work on the Old Testament" review of Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel, textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches by <mask><mask>. Review by Julius A. Bewer The American Journal of Theology, Vol.20, No. 2 (Apr., 1916), pp. 274–275
 "Some Hitherto Unrecognized Meanings of the Verb Shub" by Robert Gordis Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 52, No. 2/3 (Jun. - Sep., 1933), pp. 153–162  "The starting point for our inquiry is the acute observation of that master of Biblical Hebrew, <mask>.Ehrlich." "<mask><mask>: A Personal Recollection" by R M Stern, available on http://americanjewisharchives.org/journal/PDF/1971_23_01_00_stern.pdf

External links
 Mik'ra Kiph'shutah by <mask> (Shabbatei ben Yom Tov ibn Boded) is available here. 1848 births
1919 deaths
19th-century rabbis
Talmudists
19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Translators of the Bible into German
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from New Rochelle, New York
Jewish translators of the Bible
19th-century translators
20th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Polish biblical scholars
American biblical scholars
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American humanists
Jewish humanists
American male writers
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Jewish-American history
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Linguists from the United States
Linguists from Poland

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title: Beverly Cleary

texts:
<mask> (née Bunn; April 12, 1916March 25, 2021) was an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950. Some of her best known characters are Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, and Ralph S. Mouse. The majority of <mask>'s books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of children's literature to figure emotional realism in the narratives of her characters, often children in middle-class families. Her first children's book was Henry Huggins after a question from a kid when Cleary was a librarian. Cleary won the 1981 National Book Award for Ramona and Her Mother and the 1984 Newbery Medal for Dear Mr. Henshaw. For her lifetime contributions to American literature, she received the National Medal of Arts, recognition as a Library of Congress Living Legend, and the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the Association for Library Service to Children.The <mask>y School, a public school in Portland, was named after her, and several statues of her most famous characters were erected in Grant Park in 1995. Cleary died on March 25, 2021, at the age of 104, just 18 days from her 105th birthday. Early life

<mask> Bunn was born on April 12, 1916, in McMinnville, Oregon, to Chester Lloyd Bunn, a farmer, and Mable Atlee Bunn, a schoolteacher. Cleary was an only child and lived on a farm in rural Yamhill, Oregon, in her early childhood. She was raised Presbyterian. When she was six years old, her family moved to Portland, Oregon, where her father had secured a job as a bank security officer. The adjustment from living in the country to the city was difficult for Cleary, and she struggled in school; in first grade, her teacher placed her in a group for struggling readers.Cleary said, "The first grade was sorted into three reading groups—Bluebirds, Redbirds and Blackbirds. I was a Blackbird. To be a Blackbird was to be disgraced. I wanted to read, but somehow could not." With some work, Cleary's reading skills improved, but she eventually found reading boring, complaining that many stories were simple and unsurprising, and wondering why authors often did not write with humor or about ordinary people. However, on a rainy afternoon at home during Cleary's third-grade year, she found herself enjoying reading The Dutch Twins, a book by Lucy Fitch Perkins about the adventures of ordinary children. The book was an epiphany for her, and afterward, she started to spend a lot of time reading and at the library.By sixth grade, a teacher suggested that Cleary should become a children's writer based on essays she had written for class assignments. After graduating from Portland's Grant High School in 1934, Cleary entered Chaffey Junior College in Ontario, California, which offered lower tuition fees than four-year universities, something many students needed during the Great Depression, with aspirations of becoming a children's librarian. After two years at Chaffey, she was accepted to the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1938. While in college, Cleary worked odd jobs to pay her tuition, including working as a seamstress and a chambermaid. During what Cleary described as "two of the most interesting years of my life", she was one of the first residents of women's cooperative Stebbins Hall, and met her future husband, <mask>, at a school dance. In 1939, she graduated from the School of Librarianship at the University of Washington with a second bachelor's degree in library science and accepted a year-long position as a children's librarian in Yakima, Washington. Her parents disapproved of her relationship with Cleary, a Roman Catholic, so the couple eloped and were married in 1940.After World War II, they settled in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. In 1955, Cleary gave birth to twins, Malcolm and Marianne. She lived in Carmel Valley Village in California from the 1960s onwards. Career

After her graduation from the University of Washington in 1939, she served as a children's librarian in Yakima, Washington, until 1940, and then as the post librarian at the U.S. Army Hospital on Camp John T. Knight in Oakland, California, from 1942 to 1945. She also worked at Sather Gate Book Shop in Berkeley before becoming a full-time writer for children. As a children's librarian, Cleary empathized with her young patrons, who had difficulty finding books with characters they could identify with, and she struggled to find enough books to suggest that would appeal to them. After a few years of making recommendations and performing live storytelling in her role as librarian, Cleary decided to start writing children's books about characters that young readers could relate to.Cleary has said, "I believe in that 'missionary spirit' among children's librarians. Kids deserve books of literary quality, and librarians are so important in encouraging them to read and selecting books that are appropriate." <mask>'s first book, Henry Huggins (1950),  was the first in a series of fictional chapter books about Henry, his dog Ribsy, his neighborhood friend Beezus and her little sister Ramona. When writing the book, Cleary took inspiration from the times she composed stories for children during Saturday afternoon story hours when she worked as a librarian in Yakima. Like many of her later works, Henry Huggins is a novel about people living ordinary lives and is based on Cleary's own childhood experiences, the kids in her neighborhood growing up, as well as children she met while working as a librarian. Although her book was accepted by Morrow, the first publisher she sent it to, it had been initially rejected, and Cleary had added the characters of Beezus and Ramona while revising it. Cleary's first book to center a story on the Quimby sisters, Beezus and Ramona, was published in 1955.A publisher asked her to write a book about a kindergarten student. Cleary resisted, because she had not attended kindergarten, but later changed her mind after the birth of her twins. Cleary also wrote two memoirs, one about her childhood, entitled A Girl from Yamhill (1988), and one about her years in college and as an adult up to writing her first book, entitled My Own Two Feet (1995). During a 2011 interview for the Los Angeles Times, at age 95, Cleary stated, "I've had an exceptionally happy career." Critical significance
<mask>'s books have been historically noted for their attention to the daily minutiae of childhood, specifically the experience of children growing up in middle-class families. Leonard S. Marcus, a children's literature historian, said of Cleary's work: "When you're the right age to read Cleary's books you're likely at your most impressionable time in life as a reader. [Her books] both entertain children and give them courage and insight into what to expect from their lives."Cleary's employment of humor has also been noted by critics; William Grimes of The New York Times wrote that Clearly used a "humorous, lively style" while "ma[king] compelling drama out of the everyday problems, small injustices and perplexing mysteries – adults chief among them – that define middle-class American childhood", while Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine noted that "Cleary is funny in a very sophisticated way. She gets very close to satire, which I think is why adults like her, but she's still deeply respectful of her characters—nobody gets a laugh at the expense of another. I think kids appreciate that they're on a level playing field with adults." Pat Pflieger, professor of children's literature at West Chester University, commented: "Cleary's books have lasted because she understands her audience. She knows they're sometimes confused or frightened by the world around them, and that they feel deeply about things that adults can dismiss." Eliza Dresang, professor in children and youth services at the University of Washington Information School, <mask>'s alma mater, said, "Those books don't seem so radical now, but they were when she was writing them". Dresang added that <mask>'s writing, "in terms of the topics [covered], the honesty, the accuracy, [and] the ability to portray real-life children", was decades ahead of her time.Twentieth-Century Children's Writers said, "<mask>'s impact as a children's writer cannot be overestimated... her extraordinary talent in creating memorable young characters whose exuberant spirit and zest for life attract young and old readers alike." Later life
<mask>’s husband, Clarance, died in 2004. She celebrated her 100th birthday on April 12, 2016. On March 25, 2021, <mask> died at her retirement home in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, at the age of 104, three weeks before her 105th birthday. Honors and legacy

In 1975, Cleary won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award from the American Library Association for "substantial and lasting contributions to children's literature". She was the U.S. nominee for the biennial international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984. In April 2000, she was named Library of Congress Living Legend in the writers and artists category for her contributions to the cultural heritage of the United States.She received the National Medal of Arts in 2003. Cleary's books have been published in over 25 different languages and have been recognized by many awards and honors. Dear Mr. Henshaw won the Newbery Medal in 1984, and Newbery Honors were conferred on Ramona and Her Father in 1978 and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 in 1982. She won the 1981 National Book Award in category children's fiction (paperback) for Ramona and Her Mother, a William Allen White Children's Book award for Socks (1973), the Catholic Library Association's Regina Medal (1980), and the Children's Book Council's Every Child Award (1985). In 2012, Ramona the Pest was ranked number 24 among all children's novels in a survey published by the School Library Journal, a monthly with a primarily U.S. audience. The Mouse and the Motorcycle (89) and Ramona and Her Father (94) were also among the top 100. Cleary has been mentioned as a major influence by other authors, including Laurie Halse Anderson, Judy Blume, Lauren Myracle, and Jon Scieszka.Publisher HarperCollins recognizes <mask>'s birthday, April 12, as National Drop  Everything and Read (DEAR) Day, in promotion of sustained silent reading. In Portland, Oregon, the Hollywood branch of the Multnomah County Library, near where she lived as a child, commissioned a map of Henry Huggins's Klickitat Street neighborhood for its lobby wall. Statues of her characters Henry Huggins, the Hugginses' dog Ribsy, and Ramona Quimby can be found in The Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children, which is part of Portland's Grant Park in the Hollywood-Fernwood neighborhood. In June 2008, the neighborhood's K-8 school, formerly named Fernwood Grammar School and once attended by Cleary, was officially renamed Beverly Cleary School. In 1997, the Central Library in downtown Portland, Oregon, which serves as the main branch of the Multnomah County Library system, dedicated its children's room as the Beverly Cleary Children's Library. In 2004, the University of Washington Information School completed fund-raising for the <mask> Endowed Chair for Children and Youth Services to honor her work and commitment to librarianship. In 2008, the school announced that she had been selected as the next recipient of the university's Alumna Summa Laude Dignatus Award, the highest honor the University of Washington can bestow on a graduate.Cleary has a 220-student residential hall named after her, <mask> Hall, at her alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley. In April 2016, on the occasion of her 100th birthday, Oregon Public Broadcasting produced an original half-hour program, Discovering <mask>, which included an extensive interview with Cleary at age 99 at her home in Carmel, California, and photographs and stories from her life. It was broadcast in the spring of 2016 on PBS stations across the country. On April 22, 2021, after her death, the United States Senate passed a resolution "honoring the life and legacy of award-winning children's author <mask>." It was sponsored by Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon, Cleary's home state. Works
Key: † Henry Huggins series (1950–1964), ‡ Ramona series (1955–1999)

Adaptations
 Ramona (1988): Ten-part Canadian TV series starring Sarah Polley as eight-year-old Ramona Quimby. Ramona and Beezus (2010): Movie starring Joey King as Ramona and Selena Gomez as Beezus.

masks:
Beverly Atlee Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Clear
Beverly Atlee
Clarence Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary


title: Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
<mask> of Bourbon-Parma (; 1 August 1886 – 14 March 1934) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a Belgian officer in World War I, and the central figure in the Sixtus Affair, an attempt to negotiate a treaty to end Austria-Hungary's participation in the Great War separate from its Central Powers allies. He also wrote a number of books. Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of the last Duke of Parma, Robert I  (1848–1907) and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal (1862–1959), daughter of King Miguel of Portugal. His father had had twelve children from a previous marriage and <mask> was the fourteenth of Duke Robert's twenty four children. Among the twenty four, he was the sixth son, hence he was named, Sixtus. <mask>' father had been deposed from the Duchy of Parma during the wars of Italian unification, but having inherited the large fortune of his childless uncle, Henri, Count of Chambord, Duke Robert was very wealthy. He raised his large family, alternating their residence between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his Castle Schwarzau, lower Austria.Prince <mask> was educated at Stella Matutina, a Catholic boarding school for boys run by Jesuits in Feldkirch, near the Swiss border. After finishing high school, he studied law in Paris. On the death of his father in 1907, the largest part of the family's fortune was inherited by Elias, Duke of Parma, the only healthy son among <mask>' half-siblings. In 1910, the children of Duke Robert's first wife and those of his second wife reached an agreement dividing their father's assets. The following year, <mask>'s sister, Princess Zita, married Archduke Charles, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who had been <mask>' childhood friend. The outbreak of World War I further divided the family. Although their ancestors had reigned in Parma, the brothers had even stronger ties with France and Austria.Unable to fight with the French army, while Prince <mask> and his brother <mask> of Bourbon-Parma enlisted in the Belgian Army, their brothers Elias, Felix and René fought on the opposite side, in the Austrian Army. Sixtus affair
In 1917, as the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, <mask>' brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I, secretly entered into peace negotiations with France using Sixtus as intermediary. The Emperor also enlisted the help of his loyal childhood friend and aide-de-camp Count Tamás Erdődy. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus via neutral Switzerland. Empress Zita wrote a letter inviting her brother to Vienna. Zita and <mask>'s mother, who was living in neutral Switzerland, delivered the letter personally. Sixtus arrived with French-agreed conditions for talks: the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine, annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870; the restoration of the independence of Belgium; the independence of Serbia and the handover of Constantinople to Russia.Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter dated 24 March 1917, to <mask> giving "the secret and unofficial message that I will use all means and all my personal influence" to the French President. This attempt at 20th century dynastic diplomacy eventually failed, mainly because of the requirement for Italy to cede Tyrol. Germany also refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, <mask>'s brother-in-law, Charles I of Austria, denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. Austria now became even more dependent on its German ally, and there a sharp rebuke for Charles by Wilhelm II. The failed attempt of peace negotiations became known as the Sixtus Affair. Later life
On 12 November 1919, Prince <mask> of Bourbon-Parma was married to Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld (1896–1986), the daughter of Armand de La Rochefoucauld, Duke de Doudeauville, Duke de Bisaccia (1870–1963) and his wife, Princess Louise Radziwill (1877–1942).Hedwige's younger sister, Marie de La Rochefoucauld, married Henri-Antoine-Marie de Noailles, the 11th Prince de Poix. The marriage lacked the authorization of <mask>'s elder half-brother, Elias, Duke of Parma, and was considered non-dynastic until 1959, at which time Elias's son, Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma, inheriting his father's position as head of the family, recognized the marriages of his uncles <mask> and Xavier. Together, they had one daughter: Princess Isabella (1922–2015) who married a distant cousin Count Roger de la Rochefoucauld on 23 June 1943. They divorced in 1966. They had five sons and six grandchildren. The peace Treaty of Saint-Germain, gave France the right to confiscate permanently the property of those who had fought in enemy armies during the war. As <mask>'s half-brother, Elias, had served in the Austrian army, the French government expropriated Chambord castle, owned by the Bourbons of Parma.Because Prince <mask> and his brother Xavier had fought with the Allied side, they took their brother Elias to court demanding a greater share of the family inheritance. They claimed that the former legal agreement was contrary to French law. In 1925, a French court upheld <mask> and Xavier's claim, but the appeals court overturned the verdict in 1928. The French Court of Cassation upheld it in 1932. The brothers were given an equal share of the estate. However, Chambord was never returned by the French government, which paid compensation to Elias. Married to a French aristocrat, Prince <mask> settled in France.In the following years he made several exploratory expeditions to Africa, wrote a number of books (including a biography of his great-great grandmother Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca) and treatises. He died on 14 March 1934, in Paris. Publications
 In Nordostarabien und Südmesopotamien: Vorbericht über die Forschungsreise 1912, with Alois Musil (Vienna: 1913). Le Traité d'Utrecht et les lois fondamentales du royaume (Paris: E. Champion, 1914). Reprinted (Paris: Communication & Tradition, 1998). L'offre de paix séparée de l'Autriche, 5 décembre 1916 - 12 octobre 1917 (Paris: Plon, 1920). English translation: Austria's Peace Offer, 1916-1917 (London: Constable, 1921).La reine d'Étrurie, Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1928. La dernière conquête du roi Alger, 1830 (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1930). Ancestry

In fiction
The television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles presents <mask> (played by Benedict Taylor) and his brother Xavier (played by Matthew Wait) as Belgian officers in World War I who help the young Indiana Jones. <mask> and his brother Xavier and the Sixtus Affair are the central subjects of the historical fiction novel "Kingdoms Fall - The Laxenburg Message" by Edward Parr. Sources
encyclopedia.com

1886 births
1934 deaths
People from the canton of St. Gallen
House of Bourbon-Parma
Princes of Bourbon-Parma
Princes of Parma and Piacenza
Belgian military personnel of World War I
Burials at Souvigny Priory

masks:
Prince Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Prince Xavier
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus
Sixtus


title: Dumitru Prunariu

texts:
<mask> (; born 27 September 1952) is a Romanian cosmonaut. He flew in space aboard Soyuz 40 spacecraft and Salyut 6 space laboratory. He teamed with the Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Popov. The backup crew was made of Romanian candidate cosmonaut <mask> and Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Romanenko. Biography

Early life and career

Born on 27 September 1952 in Brașov, Romania, <mask> graduated in 1971 from the Physics and Mathematics high school in Brașov and in 1976 from the Politehnica University of Bucharest, obtaining a degree in Aerospace Engineering. Prunariu worked as a Diploma Engineer at Industria Aeronautică Română, an aircraft industry facility, prior to enrolling in the Romanian Air Force Officers Training School in 1977. Intercosmos program

He was selected for spaceflight training in 1978 as a part of the Intercosmos Program.Having obtained the highest marks during three years of preparation, he was then selected for a joint space flight with the Russian cosmonaut Leonid Popov. In May 1981 they completed an eight-day space mission on board Soyuz 40 and the Salyut 6 space laboratory where they completed scientific experiments in the fields of astrophysics, space radiation, space technology, space medicine and biology. Prunariu is the 103rd human being to fly into space. Career after Intercosmos

Since 1978 Prunariu was an active officer of the Romanian Air Force. For different periods of time Prunariu was detached within other ministries to perform civil functions. In 2007 he completely retired from the Air Force with the military rank of major general, continuing his professional activity as a civil servant. At the end of 2015, by a decree of the President of Romania, Prunariu received the 3rd star, becoming a lieutenant-general (ret.).In January 1990 <mask> was assigned the position of Deputy Minister to the Ministry of Transportation and Chief of the Romanian Civil Aviation Department, exercising this position for 1.5 years. In 1991 <mask> graduated from the International Aviation Management Training Institute (IAMTI/IIFGA) located in Montreal, Canada – being after 1989 the first Romanian accomplishing a two-month training for higher managers of civil aviation institutions. Between 1992 and 1993 <mask> was a Co-leader of the World Bank Project on reorganization of the higher education and research system in Romania. Since 1995 <mask> is the Vice-President of the International Institute for Risk, Security and Communication Management (EURISC), Bucharest. Between 1998 and 2004 <mask> was the President of the Romanian Space Agency, and since 2000 an Associate Professor on Geopolitics within the Faculty of International Business and Economics, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania. For almost two years, starting with May 2004, he was the itinerary Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Romania to the Russian Federation. In 2002 <mask> was elected as the Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN COPUOS for the period February 2004 – February 2006, and in 2009 he was elected the Chairman of the UN COPUOS for the period of June 2010 – June 2012, accomplishing successfully his duties.Between 2006 and 2008 Prunariu accomplished the duties of the Director of the Romanian Office for Science and Technology to the European Commission (ROST) in Brussels. Currently, <mask> is working for the Romanian Space Agency as an expert within the Romanian Association for Space Technology and Industry – ROMSPACE. In 2012 <mask> was appointed as one of the 15 experts of the Group of Governmental Experts on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures, established by the UN General Assembly Resolution 65/68. Since 1992 <mask> is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, being one of the trustees of the Academy, and since 1994 a member of the Romanian National COSPAR Committee. Since 1992 he has represented the Government of Romania to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) sessions. In 2014 <mask> was elected for a three years term as the vice-chairman of the International Relations Committee of ESA. Prunariu was also a member of the task force elaborating a report on Space Security for Europe in the framework of the European Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), issued in 2016.Association of Space Explorers

In 1985 Prunariu joined, as one of the founding members, the Association of Space Explorers (ASE) which (as of 2015) has over 400 members flown into outer space from 36 countries. Between 1993 and 2004 he has been the permanent representative of ASE at United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) sessions. Since 1996 Prunariu has been a member of the Executive Committee of ASE for two terms of tree years each. Since 2005 Prunariu has been a member of the ASE NEO Committee, taking part in several important activities connected with the subject, and organizing in 2007 in Romania one of the four international workshops of the ASE International Panel on Asteroid Threat Mitigation. Prunariu was the main interface in promoting the ASE International Panel's Report Asteroid Threats: A Call For Global Response at the level of the UN COPUOS as a working document for the specialized bodies of this UN Committee. In 2016, at the 53rd session of UN STS COPUOS, on behalf of the Association of Space Explorers, Prunariu proposed the proclamation by the UN General Assembly of the International Asteroid Day to observe each year at the international level the anniversary of the Tunguska impact over Siberia, Russian Federation, on 30 June 1908 and to raise public awareness about the asteroid impact hazard. The proposal was adopted by the UN General Assembly at its 71st session in October 2016.Asteroid Day co-founders declared <mask> as the 1st Official Asteroid Day Ambassador for his great service and for helping protect Planet Earth from asteroid impacts. In October 2010, at the XXIII Congress of the ASE, D<mask> was elected the President of the new organized Chapter of the association, ASE Europe, holding this position for 6 years. At the XXIV Congress of ASE, in September 2011 D<mask> was elected for a three years term the President of ASE International. Publications

<mask> is a co-author of several books regarding space technology and space flight and has presented/published numerous scientific papers. His PhD thesis produced new developments in the field of space flight dynamics. Personal life

<mask> is married to Crina <mask>, a retired diplomat from the Romania's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and has two sons and three grandchildren. He is the voice of the robot BURN-E in the Romanian dubbed version of the animated film WALL-E made by Disney Pixar.Awards and honors
 In 1981, after completing the Soyuz 40 mission, Prunariu received the awards of Hero of the Socialist Republic of Romania and Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1982 <mask> was awarded the Yuri Gagarin medal of the International Astronautic Federation. In 1984 he was awarded the Hermann Oberth Gold Medal by the German Rocket Society Hermann Oberth – Wernher von Braun. On 1 December 2000, <mask> was appointed a Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania. On 1 December 2010 he was awarded by the President of Romania the Order Aeronautical virtue. On 12 April 2011 <mask> was awarded by the President of the Russian Federation the Medal for Merits in Space Exploration. On 15 November 2011, <mask> was elected as an Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy.Prunariu is a Doctor Honoris Causa of several universities from Romania, Republic of Moldova and USA. Prunariu is an honorary citizen of several cities in Romania. The inner main-belt asteroid 10707 Prunariu, discovered by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Californian Palomar Observatory in 1981, was named in his honor on 13 April 2017 (). See also
 <mask> Dediu

References

External links

 Website of the Romanian Space Agency
Spacefacts biography of <mask> Prunariu
 Cosmonautul Prunariu, trimis în rezervă ("Cosmonaut Prunariu, discharged from active duty"), in Adevărul, 7 February 2007
 O cariera cosmica: <mask> <mask> , in Cariere, Mai 6, 2003

1952 births
Living people
Romanian Air Force generals
Romanian aerospace engineers
Romanian cosmonauts
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
People from Brașov
Ambassadors of Romania to Russia
Grand Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Salyut program cosmonauts
Romanian generals

masks:
Dumitru Dorin Prunariu
Dumitru Dediu
Dumitru Dorin Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
. Prunariu
. Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Prunariu
Dumitru
Dumitru
Dumitru
Prunariu


title: Tracy Moseley

texts: <mask> (born 12 April 1979) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester, specialising in downhill mountain bike racing. <mask>'s brother, Ed, was also a mountain biker, it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992; this was <mask>'s first competition. Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994. Moseley's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th. The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund, to ride a French National event at Les Menuires. Moseley continued to race with increasing success, and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule, graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000.

masks:
Tracy Marie Moseley
Moseley
Tracy


title: David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

texts:
(William<mask>, 5th Baron Harlech  (20 May 1918 – 26 January 1985), known as <mask> until June 1961 and as <mask> from then until February 1964, was a British diplomat and Conservative politician. Early life
<mask> was born into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family on 20 May 1918 in Westminster, London, the second son of William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech, a Conservative politician, and Lady Beatrice Edith Mildred Gascoyne-Cecil. His maternal great-grandfather was British Prime Minister The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. He was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eton College and New College, Oxford. A well-known story told of him at Eton is that, when a boy in his house killed himself, the housemaster called the boys together, and asked if any of them had any idea why this should have happened. Ormsby-Gore put up his hand and asked, "Please sir, could it have been the food?" In 1939, he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery (Berkshire Yeomanry Field Regiment), served in the 'Phantom' reconnaissance unit, and worked with airborne and other special units.By the end of the War, he held the rank of major on the general staff. After the war, his father handed over to him all his land, and Ormsby-Gore farmed the 400 acres (1.6 km²) of the Woodhill Estate, Oswestry, Shropshire. In 1948, he was commissioned a Major in the Shropshire Yeomanry, but left in 1950. Career

Member of Parliament
At the 1950 general election, he was elected Member of Parliament for Oswestry, which he remained until 1961. Under Prime Minister Anthony Eden he served briefly, from November 1956 to January 1957, as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; and under Prime Minister Harold Macmillan he was from 1957 to 1961 Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. After the election of U.S. President John F. Kennedy he was appointed British Ambassador to the United States on 18 October 1961. This meant that he had to take the Chiltern Hundreds on 1 June, so that he could resign from the House.Ambassador to the United States
Ormsby-Gore knew Kennedy well from his time in London, where his father Joseph P. Kennedy had served as American Ambassador. Like Macmillan, Ormsby-Gore was distantly related to Kennedy, but had a closer relationship than did Macmillan with the President-elect and his brother Robert. Six months after Kennedy took office Ormsby-Gore was in Washington, D.C. Referred to under the Kennedy administration as "our kind of Ambassador", he supplied Kennedy with a stream of advice and Cuban cigars via his diplomatic bag. He was almost a resident at the White House, being more a friend of the family than a mere ambassador. After President Kennedy's assassination there were rumours of a romance between Ormsby-Gore and Jacqueline Kennedy. In 1968 he proposed marriage to her, but, she did not accept.Ormsby-Gore was one of the pallbearers at Robert F. Kennedy's funeral along with Robert McNamara, John Glenn, W. Averell Harriman, C. Douglas Dillon, Kirk Lemoyne Billings (schoolmate of John F. Kennedy), Stephen Edward Smith (husband to Jean Ann Kennedy), <mask>, Jim Whittaker and John Seigenthaler. Under the Lyndon B. Johnson administration relations were more formal but remained excellent; and Ormsby-Gore maintained his position after the Labour government took power in Britain in 1964. A fierce opponent of oil-barrel politics, Ormsby-Gore's terse dismissal of the phenomenon ran: "It would indeed be a tragedy if the history of the human race proved to be nothing more than the story of an ape playing with a box of matches on a petrol dump." The extent of his influence over the Kennedy administration is disputed. Unable to persuade the American government to agree with the British line over Yemen and the Congo, or to proceed with either a negotiated settlement with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev over Berlin or the Skybolt ballistic missile programme, he nevertheless played a significant role in the Cuban Missile Crisis and ensured that Britain's views were taken into account by the American government. The friendships of Ormsby-Gore and Macmillan with John F. Kennedy helped secure the first Test-Ban Treaty in 1963. Macmillan and Ormsby-Gore had been attempting to achieve a test-ban treaty with the Russians for the past ten years, and won Kennedy over through letters from Macmillan and frank discussions between Ormsby-Gore and Kennedy.They convinced him to act like a statesman and conclude Test-ban treaties with Russia and not fear being branded as an appeaser by political opponents in the United States. Ormsby-Gore was a participant in what is referred to as a "twenty-five year conversation to do with the role of a leader in a democratic society". He encouraged Kennedy to remain focused on issues relevant to the world and the future, rather than attempting to protect himself politically. According to the Duchess of Devonshire, who travelled with the British delegation to Kennedy's funeral in November 1963, Macmillan's successor as Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home had wanted to appoint Ormsby-Gore as Foreign Secretary, but R. A. Butler had insisted on having this post as a condition of serving under Home. After Kennedy's assassination, Ormsby-Gore became involved in a relationship with his widow Jacqueline, going on vacation with her in Cambodia. He proposed marriage to her in 1967 and was turned down. In 1968, when she married the Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, Lord <mask> was opposed and wrote to her asking her to change her mind.Later life
Ormsby-Gore retired as ambassador in 1965, a year after his father died, and took his seat in the House of Lords as Lord Harlech, briefly also holding the position of deputy chairman of the Conservative Party. He also had a successful career as a television executive, founding HTV, and served as president of the British Board of Film Classification. He had an active interest in the avant-garde, and for nearly ten years, beginning in 1969, was patron of the Institute for Research in Art and Technology. Personal life
On 9 February 1940, Lord <mask> married Sylvia Lloyd Thomas (1920–1967) daughter of Hugh Lloyd Thomas, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France between 1935 and 1938, and Guendaline Ada Bellew. Before Lady <mask>'s death in an automobile accident on 30 May 1967, they had five children:
 Julian Hugh Ormsby-Gore (1940–1974), who died of gunshot wounds, an apparent suicide. Jane Teresa Denyse Ormsby-Gore (b. 1942), who was said to have had an affair with Mick Jagger during the 1960s; some consider the Rolling Stones song "Lady Jane" to be about her.She married Michael Rainey in 1966 (div. 1984) and lived at Brogyntyn Home Farm, Oswestry. Victoria Mary Ormsby-Gore (b. 1946). Alice Magdalen Sarah Ormsby-Gore (1952–1995), who was the girlfriend of Eric Clapton from 1969-1974. She died of a heroin overdose in 1995. <mask> Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech (1954–2016), who married Amanda Jane Grieve (b.1959), daughter of Alan Grieve. In 1968, Lord Harlech proposed to the widowed Jacqueline Kennedy, whom he had been friends with since before her husband's assassination. Jacqueline Kennedy declined his offer of marriage in a letter, writing: "If ever I can find some healing and some comfort — it has to be with somebody who is not part of all my world of past and pain ... I can find that now if the world will let us." She later married Aristotle Onassis. On 11 December 1969, Lord Harlech married American socialite Pamela Colin, daughter of a Manhattan top corporate lawyer, herself a London resident editor of Vogue and then food editor of the British Vogue. The wedding was attended by Princess Margaret, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Earl and Countess of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Airlie, The Countess Gowrie, Lord and Lady <mask>, Sir Fitzroy Maclean, J. J. Astor and Michael Astor.They had one daughter:

 Pandora Beatrice Ormsby-Gore (b. April 1972)

Death
Lord Harlech was seriously injured in a car crash at Montford Bridge near Shrewsbury on the evening of 25 January 1985 and died at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital the following morning, aged 66. Senator Edward Kennedy, Jacqueline Onassis and other Kennedy family members attended his funeral and interment in Llanfihangel-y-traethau. He was succeeded in the barony by his second and only surviving son, Francis. In popular culture
Ormsby-Gore was portrayed by Peter Donat in the 1974 television play The Missiles of October, which was about the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Honours and arms

Honours and Crown appointments
Ormsby-Gore was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of Shropshire on 12 April 1961. As the British Ambassador to the United States, he was, on 29 June 1961, appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Knight Commander (KCMG). In 1962, he was appointed to the Order of St John as a Knight (KStJ).Coat of arms

Notes

References
 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, <mask> (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

 Leaming, Barbara. “Jack Kennedy: The Education of a Statesman” (2006). W.W.Norton & Company,Inc. Numerous references. External links
 The U.S. Government's Biographical File on Sir <mask>-Gore (December 1962)

1918 births
1985 deaths
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States
5
British Army personnel of World War II
British television executives
Burials in Wales
Ormsby-Gore, <mask>
Diplomatic peers
<mask> Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957
Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964
People educated at Eton College
People educated at St Cyprian's School
People from Oswestry
Road incident deaths in England
Royal Artillery officers
Shropshire Yeomanry officers
Ormsby-Gore, <mask>-Gore, <mask>-Gore, <mask>-Gore, <mask>ch, B5
Younger sons of barons
20th-century British businesspeople
Welsh landowners

masks:
) David Ormsby Gore
David Ormsby Gore
Sir David Ormsby Gore
William David Ormsby Gore
David Hackett
Harlech
Harlech
Harlech
Francis David
David Cecil
David
David Ormsby
David
David Knights
David Ormsby
David Ormsby
David Ormsby
David Harle


title: Simon Hatley

texts:
<mask> (27 March 1685after 1723) was an English sailor involved in two hazardous privateering voyages to the South Pacific Ocean. On the second voyage, with his ship beset by storms south of Cape Horn, <mask> shot an albatross, an incident immortalised by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his 1798 poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Born in 1685 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, <mask> went to sea in 1708 as part of Woodes Rogers's expedition against the Spanish. Rogers circumnavigated the world, but <mask> was captured on the coast of present-day Ecuador and imprisoned in Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, where he was tortured by the Inquisition. He was released and returned to Great Britain in 1713. <mask>'s second voyage, under George Shelvocke, was the source of the albatross incident, and also ended with his capture by the Spanish. As <mask> had, at Shelvocke's direction, looted a Portuguese vessel on the coast of Brazil, the Spanish this time held him as a pirate, though ultimately they released him again, deciding that Shelvocke was the more culpable party.<mask> returned to Britain in 1723, and sailed to Jamaica to avoid trial for piracy. His fate thereafter is unknown. In 1797, William Wordsworth, having read Shelvocke's account of that voyage, suggested Hatley's shooting of an albatross as the basis of a contemplated joint work with Coleridge. Wordsworth dropped out of the project soon after, but Coleridge continued, and the poem was published in Lyrical Ballads (1798), containing poems by both men, and assuring Hatley a place in literary history. Early life
The oldest child in a family of hatters, <mask> was born on 27 March 1685 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England during the late Restoration period. His parents were Symon and <mask>. <mask>'s mother's name at birth was Mary Herbert and, her son later stated while imprisoned by the Spanish, she was a Catholic.Her faith and name at birth possibly meant she was related to the earls of Pembroke, for they were also Catholic with the family name Herbert. The <mask> family was a prosperous one, owning a large house and three other rental properties on the High Street. The residence was pulled down and rebuilt in 1704, after <mask> had left home. According to <mask>'s sole biographer, Robert Fowke, in 2010, "fittingly for the family of a son with piratical leanings, it was said to have been built with stone pilfered from the nearby construction site for Blenheim Palace." Literate in Latin as well as English, young <mask> would have attended the Woodstock Grammar School up the road from where he lived. Although as the oldest son of a prosperous merchant, he could probably have followed in his father's trade, some time around 1699 he was apprenticed as a pilot, completing his formal training in Bristol by 1706 at the latest. In this era, the accounts of maritime explorations were widely published and read, and Hatley may have gained a love of adventure from them.Career
Much of what is known about <mask>'s subsequent life is in connection with the two privateering voyages that he made to the Pacific coast of South America. Privateers were men who sailed in armed merchant ships carrying letters of marque from their government authorising them to plunder foreign enemies, keeping any profits for themselves and their ships' owners. The first such voyage made by Hatley was under the command of Captain Woodes Rogers during the War of the Spanish Succession, which found Britain and Spain on opposing sides. In 1708, at the age of twenty-three, he signed on as third mate (a junior officer position) of the Duchess, the smaller of Rogers's two ships, the other being the Duke. Rogers's vessels were then being readied in Bristol for a long and difficult journey to the Pacific coast of South America. The purpose of the Rogers expedition was to go around Cape Horn into the South Pacific, to damage Spanish settlements and interests along the South American Pacific coast, and to capture booty for their own profit, including the large treasure galleons that sailed from Manila to Mexico. The two ships were to be crammed with men, supplies to maintain them, and with guns and powder, for the success of the expedition depended on being able to outfight those vessels they sought to capture and plunder.Voyage with Rogers

With a war on, finding qualified sailors was difficult, and in July 1708, <mask> was sent to Dublin to fill out the ships' crews, with the aid of an assistant and a Dubliner, Humphry French. The Duke and the Duchess sailed from Bristol on 1 August 1708, and <mask> joined the Duchess when the vessels called at Cork three days later. Many of Hatley's recruits were not sailors, but at the time government regulations limited to one-half the proportion of professional seamen private vessels such as Rogers's could have in their crews, to preserve some for ships of the Royal Navy. A total of 150 men joined at Cork, where the ships remained until the end of August, making good losses of 40 by desertion. When the ships sailed on 1 September, there were 183 in the Duke and 151 in the Duchess. On 8 September, the ships captured a Swedish vessel bound for Cadiz, but as Britain was not at war with Sweden and searchers could find no contraband aboard, Rogers had to let her go. This provoked a near-mutiny on board the Duke, as the sailors felt they had been cheated of plunder to which they were entitled.<mask> and the Duchess were not directly involved, but he could not have avoided awareness of the problems, as there were tensions aboard the smaller vessel as well. The expedition captured a small Spanish ship off Tenerife, but released her in exchange for supplies. Items taken from that ship were auctioned off among the sailors, and Hatley purchased a pair of silk hose. After beating their way around Cape Horn, the two vessels stopped at the Juan Fernández Islands, off Chile, for resupply. The islands were believed to be uninhabited, but as the ships approached on 31 January 1709, sailors saw a fire on shore. The landing party were surprised to be met by Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who had been marooned there by his captain more than four years before and who was overjoyed at being rescued. The Duke pilot, William Dampier, had also been on that earlier cruise with Selkirk, though in a different ship.Rogers made Selkirk second mate of the Duke. The ships lay in Cumberland Bay for almost two weeks, allowing for repair, resupply and some time ashore. Having resupplied and otherwise prepared, the expedition began to raid Spanish commerce. To assure fairness, the committee of expedition members who advised Rogers decided that the officers and men of each ship would each appoint two agents, one to remain on the vessel, the other to transfer to the other ship. This meant a partisan would be able to monitor what plunder was captured by the other ship. Hatley was elected an agent for Duchesss officers, and transferred to the Duke. Thus, for a time, <mask>, who would inspire Samuel Taylor Coleridge's albatross-shooting Ancient Mariner, Selkirk, probably the original for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Dampier, possibly the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Lemuel Gulliver (of Gulliver's Travels), shared the same vessel.Opportunities for plundering were soon found; they captured several vessels, while negotiating the ransom of the town of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador by threatening to burn it. <mask> played his part in these exploits, being in the Duchess'''s pinnace as part of a planned boarding party, when the expedition's two ships fought and captured a Spanish vessel known as the Havre de Grace in the Gulf of Guayaquil on 15 April, a sea battle that killed Rogers's brother John. When the main part of the expedition moved to capture Guayaquil on 18 April, <mask> was among those left behind on captured ships to guard the Spanish prisoners. With water becoming short, <mask> and another officer were detailed to command two of the captured ships (Hatley's was a barque) and go to Puna Island to collect water and seek news of the expedition. There they met Rogers and learned that the attack on Guayaquil had been successful, although not as profitable as hoped. Rogers's expedition ultimately circumnavigated the globe, but <mask> did not make it that far. He remained in command of his barque as the Rogers expedition re-entered the Pacific Ocean proper.With water short and many sailors ill from a disease contracted in Guayaquil, the search for fresh water became increasingly desperate. But <mask>'s ship went astray, and despite Rogers's efforts to search for her, was not seen again. Lanterns were hung and guns fired, in the hopes he would perceive them, but to no avail. Hatley had perhaps six sailors under him, and as about the same number of prisoners. It was thought that the prisoners had murdered him and his crew. Wrote Rogers in his account of the expedition, "we all bewailed Mr Hatley and were afraid he was lost." First captivity, return to Britain
With food short—one of the prisoners died—<mask>'s crew forced him to make for the coast of what is now Ecuador.There, in late May 1709, a native spotted the ship, and <mask> and his crew were captured. The natives abused them, but a priest intervened, probably saving their lives. <mask> and his men were transported south to Lima, now in Peru, where they were confined in the prison on the Plaza Real. He was tortured by the Inquisition, once being taken to a gallows with one of his fellows and half-strangled before being cut down. <mask> arranged to smuggle several letters out, but only one survives, dated 6 November 1709, and addressed to the sponsors of the Rogers voyage, in Bristol. This one reached Britain, and may have been the first news to reach Bristol about the fate of the Rogers expedition. Under the persuasion of the Inquisition, <mask> accepted conversion to Catholicism in 1710, and was freed, though required to remain in Peru, that December.The merchant sponsors of the Rogers expedition petitioned the British Government and, in 1711, Lord Dartmouth instructed the new governor of Jamaica to do what he could for British prisoners in the hands of the Spanish. In 1713, with peace between Spain and Britain restored, <mask> was allowed to leave, and returned to his native land, having learned Spanish. The Rogers expedition had returned in 1711, and the sale of the goods was still ongoing, as was litigation. <mask> was paid £180 10s 2d in August 1713 and later that year an additional forty pounds for his role in the taking of the Havre de Grace. Symon <mask> had died in 1712, leaving property in Woodstock to his son <mask>, though with a life estate to his widow, giving her the income from the rental properties for her lifetime. In 1718, mother and son sold those properties for £140. Shelvocke expedition

When the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717–1720) brought a renewal of hostilities between Britain and Spain, <mask> joined another privateering expedition as second captain of the Speedwell, under George Shelvocke, the expedition leader.As <mask> was already familiar with their South Pacific destination, his knowledge and experience made him a desirable hire for the voyage. The Speedwell was the smaller of the two ships that went on the expedition; the larger was named Success. Delayed by difficulties over their privateering commissions and a lack of favourable winds, the expedition left Plymouth on 13 February 1719. The ships became separated and sailed independently after that; Shelvocke's conduct in doing so was subsequently the cause of litigation. On 4 June, at Cape Frio in Brazil, the Speedwell encountered a Portuguese ship. In spite of the fact that the Portuguese were allies of Britain, Shelvocke sent Hatley across with an armed crew. They left with gold and other valuables.The ship anchored at the present-day site of Florianópolis, Brazil, from 20 June to mid-August. During that time, the crew repaired the vessel and gathered supplies in preparation for the Cape Horn passage. At the end of July, Shelvocke recorded, the crew demanded new terms for division of the expedition's plunder, saying Rogers's crew had never received the full measure of what was due them. Shelvocke blamed <mask> for this episode, though whether it was a mutiny or done with the leader's connivance is uncertain, as the result left Shelvocke in control of how winnings would be divided and with a greater share of the treasure. <mask> also got into trouble with the locals, insulting one of their leaders, and Shelvocke, in his journal, accused Hatley of abusing the women. In his journal entry for 1 October 1719 (see adjacent quotation), Shelvocke recorded the incident, the shooting of the albatross, for which <mask> joined his former shipmate Selkirk in being immortalised in literature. This took place about  south of Cape Horn.According to Shelvocke's account, Hatley shot the bird believing it portended ill-luck, and in the hope of fairer winds. Fowke noted that at that time there was no taboo against killing albatrosses, and this was something invented by Coleridge when he wrote of the incident. Sailors sometimes baited them with food, though the oily taste of their flesh was not greatly liked. A biographer of Rogers, Bryan Little, suggested that the harsh treatment of Hatley by the Spanish in Lima may have contributed to the "melancholy fits" during which he shot the albatross. The winds did not calm, but the ship was able to round Cape Horn, battling northward along the coast of Chile, through stormy weather. Once clear of the weather, the Speedwell began raiding along the coast, capturing several small vessels, of which one, renamed Mercury, Hatley was placed in command. At <mask>'s suggestion, since he knew the coast, Shelvocke had him operate independently to capture small vessels near the coast of Peru and Ecuador.On 9 March 1720, the Mercurys crew saw a ship that they initially assumed to be the Speedwell. It was too late to run when they realised it was a Spanish warship, the Brilliant. <mask> sent those sailors who were obviously British in appearance below, trying to make it appear his ship was still under Spanish control. The stratagem failed when three sailors, British by their dress, suddenly emerged from below decks, and the Brilliant fired, slightly wounding Hatley. The British sailors, including <mask>, were captured and landed at Paita, and transported  to Lima. By this time Britain and Spain were again at peace, and all the prisoners but <mask> were soon released; he was kept chained and in solitary confinement. They accused him of piracy because of the looting of the Portuguese ship at Cape Frio; a purse had been found among his possessions with 96 moidores, and he faced hanging or hard labour in the mines.There was uncertainty as to whether the Lima authorities could try him for a crime against the Portuguese, and with Shelvocke's reputation poor even among the British (he was arrested and briefly imprisoned for the incident upon his return, though acquitted due to lack of witnesses), they decided the expedition commander was probably the responsible party. <mask> was released in 1723. What became of <mask> after 1723 is uncertain. He faced the possibility of a piracy prosecution in England because of the Cape Frio incident. Immediately upon his return, he sailed for Jamaica, then a den of pirates, without presenting himself to the owners of the Shelvocke expedition. Nothing is known of him thereafter; Fowke speculated he continued as a sailor. Literary influence

According to William Wordsworth, the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was conceived while he and Coleridge were walking together in the Quantock Hills of Somerset in November 1797.The two were considering the fate of Cain, condemned to wander the earth for killing his brother Abel, for a contemplated joint poetic work. The discussion turned to a book that Wordsworth was reading, Shelvocke's A Voyage Round the World by Way of the Great South Sea, in which the incident of Hatley shooting the albatross is told. "Much the greatest part of the story was Coleridge's invention", Wordsworth later wrote, though it was Wordsworth's idea that the main plot device of the narrative should involve the killing of an albatross in the South Sea, for which "the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime." Wordsworth soon found their poetic styles incompatible and withdrew from the project, but Coleridge continued. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was published in their joint work, Lyrical Ballads, in 1798. Tim Beattie, in his book on the privateering voyages of the early 18th century, deemed Shelvocke an unreliable witness, placing in doubt whether the albatross incident actually occurred, but considered Coleridge's use of it a testimonial to the enduring appeal of the books recounting the sea voyages. Hatley's shooting of an albatross differs in some regards from the Ancient Mariner's.Hatley shot the bird in the hopes of fairer winds; no motive is given for the Mariner's deed. The shooting by the Mariner is followed by retribution, the hanging of the albatross around the Mariner's neck, and other torments. Hatley underwent trials and tribulations after shooting the albatross, but these were at the hands of the Spanish and were not directly connected to the killing of the albatross. The Mariner is subsequently shriven by the Hermit. According to Fowke, there was "no forgiveness for Hatley and clearly there were things to forgive. He took ship for Jamaica fearing a second trial." Notes

 References

Bibliography

External links
 "Advice to Pirates" by Robert Fowke (18 November 2010) in The Guardian''

1685 births
Date of death unknown
18th-century English people
British privateers
People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire

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