title: Shea Ili

texts:
 April, Ili continued his maturation into the league's best local point guard. On 17 April, he had 22 points and 15 assists in a 102–79 win over the Canterbury Rams.Eight days later, he had 27 points, 10 assists and six steals in a 110–84 win over the Nelson Giants. On 19 May, he scored a career-high 30 points in a 109–94 win over the Southland Sharks. He guided the Saints to a perfect 18–0 regular season and helped them earn another grand final appearance. In the NZNBL championship decider on 17 June, <mask> set a new career high with 31 points in the Saints' 108–75 rout of the Sharks. The win saw the Saints collect their 10th NBL Championship, with <mask> winning his third straight NZNBL title. The Saints became the first team to complete an unbeaten season, capping off a perfect 20–0 campaign with their grand final win over Southland. <mask>'s 31-point effort earned him Finals MVP honours.He also picked up All-Star Five honours in the end-of-season awards. For the season, he averaged career highs with 16.1 points, 6.5 assists and 2.3 steals, to go with 4.2 rebounds while appearing in all 20 games. Fourth season with the Breakers (2017–18)
Early on in the 2017–18 season, <mask> built a reputation as a potential breakout star, with many tipping him to earn most improved honours. His early season form off the bench resulted in a career-high 23 points on 26 October 2017 in a 101–96 win over the Brisbane Bullets. His next best performance came on 4 February 2018, scoring 17 points in an 88–84 finals-clinching win over the Illawarra Hawks. The Breakers finished the regular season in fourth place with a 15–13 record. On the eve of the Breakers' finals campaign, <mask> was named the NBL Most Improved Player for the 2017–18 season.He averaged 9.2 points, 3.1 assists and 2.9 rebounds in 21.5 minutes per game in 2017–18, well up from the 4.4 points, 1.4 assists and 1.9 rebounds he accumulated in 18.3 minutes per game in 2016–17. In Game 1 of the Breakers' semi-finals series against the first-seeded Melbourne United, Ili scored 16 points in an 88–77 loss. The Breakers went on to lose the series 2–0, as they bowed out of the finals with an 88–86 loss to Melbourne in Game 2. Ili appeared in all 30 games for the Breakers in 2017–18, averaging 9.2 points, 3.0 assists and 2.9 rebounds per game. Third season with the Saints (2018)
In March 2018, Ili re-joined the Saints for the 2018 season. In the Saints' season opener on 27 April 2018, Ili recorded game highs of 32 points and 10 assists in a 113–108 loss to the Southland Sharks. The Saints had not lost since 22 May 2016 – against the Sharks in Invercargill – and according to coach Kevin Braswell, it was poor defensive effort which ended their winning streak.On 25 May, he recorded 31 points, nine assists and six rebounds in a 109–101 win over the Manawatu Jets. Two days later, he scored 27 points in an 80–77 win over the Hawke's Bay Hawks. He subsequently earned Player of the Week honours for Round 5. On 8 June, he was invited to attend an NBA mini-camp run by the Dallas Mavericks on 18–19 June. Two days later, he recorded 28 points and seven assists in an 86–77 win over the Hawks. He subsequently earned Player of the Week honours for Round 7. The Saints finished the regular season as minor premiers with a league-best 15–3 record.In their semi-final against the Hawks, Ili recorded 18 points, nine assists, six rebounds in a 99–73 win. In the final a day later, the Saints fell short of their three-peat quest with a 98–96 loss to the Sharks, despite <mask>'s game-high 27 points. In 19 games, he averaged a career-high 22.2 points to go with 4.4 rebounds, 6.2 assists and 1.8 steals per game. Fifth season with the Breakers (2018–19)
On 22 March 2018, <mask> re-signed with the Breakers on a two-year deal. While he struggled offensively during the 2018–19 season, <mask>'s defence was a highlight, proving himself to be one of the best stoppers in the league. On 30 December 2018, he scored a season-high 19 points in a 109–98 loss to the Adelaide 36ers. On 3 February 2019, he scored 18 points in a 111–102 overtime loss to Melbourne United.The Breakers finished the season in sixth place with a 12–16 record. In 27 games, Ili averaged 7.9 points, 2.5 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game. On 19 June 2019, <mask> requested a release from the final year of his contract with the Breakers in order to pursue more minutes at another NBL club. <mask>'s departure was closely associated with the Breakers' signing of 18-year-old American high school sensation R. J. Hampton under the league's Next Stars programme, with Hampton, a point guard, reportedly guaranteed significant minutes as part of his contract. Fourth season with the Saints (2019)
In April 2019, <mask> re-joined the Saints for the 2019 season. He quickly cemented himself as an MVP favourite, and led the Saints to the minor premiership with an undefeated 18–0 regular season. In the Saints' semi-final against the Southland Sharks, Ili scored a game-high 32 points in a 95–89 win.In the final, Ili had nine points, eight assists and five rebounds in a 78–68 victory over the Hawke's Bay Hawks to help the Saints complete a 20–0 season and win the championship. For the season, Ili was named Most Outstanding Kiwi Guard and All-Star Five. Melbourne United (2019–present)
On 20 June 2019, <mask> signed a two-year deal with Melbourne United. Despite a 0–3 start for Melbourne to begin the 2019–20 season, Ili helped the team recover to a 4–4 record after round 6. A minor calf injury to Ili in round 8 saw him miss two round 9 games. <mask> was moved into the starting line-up during United's 2–1 semi-final series loss to the Sydney Kings. In 29 games, he averaged 6.4 points, 2.1 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game.<mask> was ruled out for the majority of February 2021 with a left ankle injury. He helped United win the championship for the 2020–21 season and shot a career-high 43.2% from 3-point range. Following the season, he had a three-game stint with the Geelong Supercats of the NBL1 South. On 27 June 2021, <mask> re-signed with United on a two-year deal. National team career
In June 2015, <mask> was named in a 22-man Tall Blacks squad to trial and be considered for selection for the Oceania Series against Australia in August. A month later, he was named in the final squad ahead of the team's European tour, going on to play in Game 2 of New Zealand's Oceania Series against Australia. In July 2016, <mask> competed for New Zealand at the FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Manila.Over the three games they played, Ili averaged 3.7 points, 3.7 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game. Unbeknownst to Ili, he picked up a stress fracture in his back during the 2016 New Zealand NBL season, and played through it on the Tall Blacks' tour through China, Europe and the Philippines. It was only while preparing for his first season as a full roster player with the New Zealand Breakers that he discovered the seriousness of his tight back. On 12 July 2017, <mask> was invited to a six-day Tall Blacks camp in Auckland, ahead of a final 12-man roster being named to travel to the FIBA Asia Cup in Lebanon, via preparation matches in China. Ili went on to average a team-high 15.5 points, 5.8 assists and 2.2 rebounds for the Tall Blacks during the FIBA Asia Cup, and was subsequently named to the tournament's All-Star Five. The Tall Blacks finished the tournament in fourth place after losing to South Korea in the bronze medal game; Ili missed the game after splitting the webbing on his hand during the semi-final defeat to Australia. In November 2017 and February 2018, Ili represented the Tall Blacks during the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifiers.On 16 March 2018, he was named in the Tall Blacks squad for the Commonwealth Games. He helped the Tall Blacks win bronze at the Commonwealth Games. In May 2018, he won both the outstanding New Zealand men's player and the 2017 MVP award at Basketball New Zealand's annual awards night. In August 2018, he re-joined the Tall Blacks for two more qualifiers in September. Personal
Ili is of Samoan descent. His older brother, Stacey, is a professional rugby union player. In March 2016, Ili married Morgan Roberts, a former Oregon Tech University basketball scholarship holder.The couple have two children. References

External links
<mask>i at nbl.com.au
<mask>i at nzbreakers.basketball
<mask> at sportstg.com
"Tall Blacks standout <mask>i eyes breakthrough season in Australian NBL" at stuff.co.nz
"<mask>i keeps on building to emerge as a major player in Breakers' title quest" at stuff.co.nz
"Globetrotting <mask>i comes back to earth for Tall Blacks' double-duty assignment" at stuff.co.nz

1992 births
Living people
Auckland Pirates players
Basketball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Basketball players from Auckland
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Melbourne United players
New Zealand Breakers players
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Australia
New Zealand men's basketball players
People educated at Onehunga High School
Point guards
Southland Sharks players
Super City Rangers players
Wellington Saints players
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup

masks:
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Ili
Shea Il
Shea Il
Shea Ili
Shea Il
Shea Il
Shea Il


title: Shrinivas Kulkarni

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born
4 October 1956) is a US-based astronomer born and raised in India. He is currently a professor of astronomy and planetary science at California Institute of Technology, and he served as director of Caltech Optical Observatory (COO) at California Institute of Technology, in which capacity he oversaw the Palomar and Keck among other telescopes. He is the recipient of a number of awards and honours. <mask> is the brother of Sudha Murthy and brother-in-law of Narayana Murthy, founder of Infosys. He has been the Jury Chair for the Infosys Prize for the discipline of Physical Sciences since 2009. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 4 October 1956 in the small town of Kurundwad in Maharashtra, into a Kannada speaking Deshastha Madhva Brahmin family. His father, Dr. R. H<mask>, was a surgeon based in Hubballi and his mother, <mask>, was a devoted home-maker.He is one of four children and has three sisters, namely Sunanda <mask>, Sudha Murthy (wife of Infosys founder Narayana Murthy) and Jaishree Deshpande (wife of Gururaj Deshpande). <mask> and his sisters grew up in Hubballi, Karnataka, and received their schooling at local schools there. He obtained his MS in physics (integrated master's course) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 1978 and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1983. Career
In 1987, <mask> obtained a position as faculty at the California Institute of Technology. According to his website, he has mentored 64 young scholars by the end of 2016. <mask> is known for making key discoveries that open new sub-fields within astronomy, using wide range of wavelength in observation. ADS shows that his papers cover following fields:  (1) HI absorption studies of Milky Way Galaxy, (2) pulsars, millisecond pulsars, and globular cluster pulsars, (3) brown dwarfs and other sub-stellar objects, (4) soft gamma-ray repeaters, (5) gamma-ray bursts, and (6) optical transients.He made significant contributions in these sub-fields of astronomy. Key discoveries
<mask> started off his career as a radio astronomer. He studied Milky Way Galaxy using HI absorption under the guidance of his advisor Carl Heiles, and observed its four arms. The review articles he wrote with Carl Heiles have been highly cited in the field of interstellar medium. He discovered the first millisecond pulsar called PSR B1937+21 with Donald Backer and colleagues, while he was a graduate student. In 1986, he found the first optical counterpart of binary pulsars, while he was a Millikan Fellow at California Institute of Technology. He was instrumental in discovery of the first globular cluster pulsar in 1987 using a supercomputer.With Dale Frail at NRAO and Toshio Murakami and his colleagues at ISAS (predecessor of JAXA that was led by Yasuo Tanaka at that time) <mask> showed that soft gamma-ray repeaters are neutron stars associated with supernova remnants. This discovery eventually led to the understanding that neutron stars with extremely high magnetic field called magnetars are the soft gamma-ray repeaters. Caltech-NRAO team which he led showed in 1997 that gamma-ray bursts came from extra-galactic sources, and identified optical counterparts. Their research initiated the detailed studies of the sources of gamma-ray bursts along with the European team led by Jan van Paradijs. He was also a member of the Caltech team that observed the first irrefutable brown dwarf in 1994 that orbited around a star called Gliese 229. His recent work involved Palomar Transient Factory which has succeeded in identifying the new groups of optical transients such as superluminous supernova, calcium-rich supernova, and luminous red nova. The success of his astronomical research is evident by 63 Nature Letters, 7 Science Letters, and total of 479 refereed scientific articles that bear his name by the end of 2015, according to ADS.Recognizing his contribution to astronomy, he was awarded the Dan David Prize in 2017. Awards and honours
<mask> has received many awards and honours, including the NSF's Alan T. Waterman Award in 1992, the Helen B. Warner Prize from the American Astronomical Society in
1991, the Jansky Prize in 2002 and the Dan David Prize in 2017. In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate from Radboud University in the Netherlands. Services to the field
<mask> has been the Jury Chair for the Infosys Prize for the discipline of Physical Sciences since 2009. The prize is awarded by the Infosys Foundation, whose founder is <mask>'s brother-in-law, Narayana Murthy. <mask> is a member of as many as four national academies around the globe. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London, in 2001, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2003, an honorary fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences in 2012, and a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences on 12 September 2016.References

External links
  Royal Society, London
  Geology and Planetary Science, Caltech
  Personal webpage
   United States National Academy of Sciences
   Indian Academy of Science
  Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
  National Science Foundation: Waterman Prize
    National Radio Astronomy Observatory: Jansky Prize
    Dan David Prize
  Infosys Science Prize Jury Chairs
 An accomplished observer Frontline - 27 Oct - 9 Nov 2001
 Nature Podcast 24 May 2007 - Nature
 Kulkarni Inducted Into The Royal Society, 2001

Planetary scientists
1956 births
Living people
California Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century Indian astronomers
Indian emigrants to the United States
IIT Delhi alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American Hindus
American people of Marathi descent
Scientists from California
21st-century American astronomers
20th-century American physicists
American academics of Indian descent

masks:
Shrinivas Ramchandra Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Shrinivas Ramchandra Kulkarni
. Kulkarni
Vimala Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni
Kulkarni


title: Michel Zink

texts:
<mask> (born 5 May 1945) is a French writer, medievalist, philologist, and professor of French literature, particularly that of the Middle Ages. He is the Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, a title he has held since 2011, and was elected to the Académie française in 2017. In addition to his academic work, he has also written historical crime novels, one of which continues the story of Arsène Lupin. Biography
<mask> was born in Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris to the poet  and Marthe Cohn. Historian <mask> and mathematician Odile Favaron are his sisters. He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1968, and completed his doctoral thesis, Recherches sur les pastourelles médiévales, in 1970 under the direction of  while working as an assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University. Working with Le Gentil, <mask> completed a second thesis, La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 in 1975, and the following year became a full professor at the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail.He returned to the Sorbonne in 1987 as a professor, then moved to the Collège de France in 1994, where he became the chair of Literatures of Medieval France. The chair position was created specifically for <mask> after having been vacant for twenty years. <mask> left the Collège de France in 2016. He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 2000, filling the vacant seat of medievalist . He was named chair of the board of directors of the École normale supérieure in 2004, resigning his seat the following year in protest of Monique Canto-Sperber becoming the head of the institution. He received a Balzan Prize in 2007. In 2017, <mask> was elected to seat 37 of the Académie française, filling the vacancy left by the death of historian René Girard.<mask> is an officer of the Legion of Honour and of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and has been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Works

Literary essays and critical editions
 La Pastourelle : poésie et folklore au Moyen Âge, Paris, Bordas, coll. Études, 1972, 160 p.
 La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300, Paris, Champion, coll. Nouvelle Bibliothèque du Moyen Âge, 1976, 580 p.; 2e éd. revue, 1982. Belle : essai sur les chansons de toile, suivi d'une édition et d'une traduction, Paris, Champion, coll. Essais sur le Moyen Âge, 1978, 184 p.
 Roman rose et rose rouge : le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole de Jean Renart, Paris, Nizet, 1979, 127 p.
 Le Roman d’Apollonius de Tyr, édition, traduction et présentation, Paris, U.G.E.coll. 10/18. Série Bibliothèque médiévale , 1982, 315 p. ; puis nouvelle édition revue, Paris, LGF, coll. Le Livre de poche. Lettres gothiques , 2006, 285 p.
 La Subjectivité littéraire autour du siècle de saint Louis, Paris, PUF, coll. Écriture, 1985, 267 p.
 Rutebeuf, Œuvres complètes, texte établi, traduit, annoté et présenté avec variantes, Paris, Garnier, coll. Classiques Garnier, 1989–1990, 2 vol., 514 p. et 535 p. ; réédition dans une nouvelle édition revue et mise à jour, Paris, LGF, coll.Le Livre de poche. Lettres gothiques n° 4560, 2001, 1054 p.
 Le Moyen Âge : littérature française, coll. Phares, Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1990, 167 p. réédition augmentée sous le titre Introduction à la littérature du Moyen-Âge, Paris, LGF, coll. Le Livre de poche. Références, 1993, 186 p.
 Les Voix de la conscience : parole du poète et parole de Dieu dans la littérature médiévale, Caen, Paradigme, 1992, 418 p. [recueil d'articles]. Littérature française au Moyen Âge, Paris, PUF, coll. Premier cycle, 1992, X-400 p.; 2e édition revue et mise à jour, 2001.Le Moyen Âge et ses chansons ou Un passé en trompe-l'œil, Paris, Éditions de Fallois, 1996, 231 p.
 Froissart et le temps, Paris, PUF, coll. Le Livre de poche n° 35026, 2006
 Un portefeuille toulousain, Paris, Éditions de Fallois, 2007, 153 p. ; réédition, Paris, LGF, coll. Le Livre de poche n° 31604, 2009
 Bérets noirs, bérets rouges, Paris, Éditions de Fallois, 2018, 220 p.

Memoir
 Seuls les enfants savent lire, Paris, Taillandier, 2009, 121 p. . Réédition : Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2019, 150 p. .

Collaborations
 Commentary on Girart de Roussillon ou L'épopée de Bourgogne, with M. Thomas, adaptation into modern French of R.-H. Guerrand, Paris, Philippe Lebaud, 1990. Histoire européenne du roman médiéval : esquisse et perspectives, with M. Stanesco, Paris, PUF, coll. Écriture, 1992, 218 p.
 Revised edition of Dictionnaire des lettres françaises. Le Moyen Âge with Geneviève Hasenohr, Paris, LGF, coll. Le Livre de poche.La Pochothèque, 1992 ; repr. 1994 , originally by Robert Bossuat, Louis Pichard and Guy Raynaud de Lage, Paris, 1939–64. L'Art d'aimer au Moyen Âge, with M. Cazenave, D. Poirion, and A. Strubel; Éditions du Félin, Ph. Lebaud, 1997, Un nouvel art d'aimer, p. 7-70. Pages manuscrites de la littérature médiévale, with Geneviève Hasenohr, Paris, LGF, coll. Le Livre de poche. Lettres gothiques, 1999, 95 p.
 L'Œuvre et son ombre : que peut la littérature secondaire ?, edited by <mask>, other contributions by Yves Bonnefoy, Pierre Bourdieu, Pascale Casanova, Antoine Compagnon, Michael Edwards, Marc Fumaroli, <mask>, Hubert Monteilhet, Carlo Ossola, Harald Weinrich, Paris, Éditions de Fallois, 2002, 154 p.
 Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris : la poésie à l'épreuve de la philologie, edited by <mask>, Paris, Éditions Odile Jacob, coll.Collège de France, 2004, 343 p.
 Naissance, Renaissances, Moyen Âge – XVI e siècle, with Frank Lestringant, Paris, PUF, 2006, 1063 p.
 Froissart dans sa forge, edited by <mask>, colloquium held in Paris, 4–6 November 2004, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres – Collège de France, Éd. de Boccard, 2006, p. 5-6, 85-89 et 231–234. Moyen Âge et Renaissance au Collège de France, with Pierre Toubert, Paris, Fayard, 2009, 665 p.

References

1945 births
Living people
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Members of the Académie Française
People from Issy-les-Moulineaux
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
French philologists
21st-century French writers
French medievalists
University of Toulouse faculty

masks:
Michel Zink
Zink
Anne Zink
Zink
Zink
Zink
Zink
Zink
Michel Zink
Michel Jarrety
Michel Zink
Michel Zink


title: Marcel Gauchet

texts:
<mask> (; born 1946) is a French historian, philosopher, and sociologist. He is professor emeritus of the Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and head of the periodical Le Débat. <mask> is one of France's most prominent contemporary intellectuals. He has written widely on such issues as the political consequences of modern individualism, the relation between religion and democracy, and the dilemmas of globalisation. Two of <mask>'s books have been translated into English, including The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion. <mask> was awarded the Prix européen de l'essai, fondation Charles Veillon in 2018. Biography

Early life
As the son of a Gaullist railway worker and a Catholic seamstress, <mask> received both a Catholic education and a republican one in the French public schooling system.In 1961, he attended the teacher training college of Saint-Lô, after which he pursued additional teaching qualifications for secondary schooling. In 1962, he met Didier Anger, who was an active member of a union movement created by educators. Through him, Gauchet met anti-Stalinist left militants, quite different from the communists who dominated the colleges that were training primary school teachers. <mask> then came into contact with Socialisme ou Barbarie, a radical socialist journal also of an anti-Stalinian ideological orientation. In his first protest, he demonstrated against violent police repression during the Algerian war, in reaction to the so-called Charonne metro station scandal. He then joined the Lycée Henri-IV to prepare for the competitive entry exam into the École normale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud. However, he decided to end his education before sitting the exam, and returned to the Manche department to take up teaching once again.Academic Career
<mask> later resumed his higher education studies. From 1966 to 1971, under the guidance of Claude Lefort, his professor at the University of Caen Normandy, <mask> wrote his DESA thesis on Freud and Lacan. Lefort steered <mask> towards political philosophy, which led him to study simultaneously for three majors in philosophy, history and sociology. During these years of study, <mask> attempted to distance himself from the Marxist strain of theory which nonetheless continued to exercise influence over Lefort. In Caen, <mask> studied alongside Jean-Pierre Le Goff and Alain Caillé. With Le Goff, he took part in situationist anarchist rallies; and during the events of May 68, he remained faithful to the revolutionary spontaneity of the student revolts. After May 68, he broke with Marxism altogether.<mask> then began his journey through the world of intellectual journals. From 1970 to 1975, with its original instigator Marc Richir, he revived Textures, the journal created by students at the Université libre de Bruxelles, which was supported by a newly-created editorial committee, composed of <mask> himself, Richir, Lefort, Cornelius Castoriadis, and Pierre Clastres. In 1971, <mask> published his first articles in a special issue of the journal L’Arc (‘Lieu de la pensée’, L’Arc, no 46, p. 19-30) dedicated to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and in Textures (‘Sur la démocratie : le politique et l’institution du social’, named after a course delivered by Lefort). Together with Lefort, Castoriadis and Clastres, and in association with Miguel Abensour and Maurice Lucciani, <mask> then launched the journal Libre in March 1977. This journal, which picked up from where Textures left off, was subtitled - ‘Politics, Anthropology, Philosophy’. Eight issues were published through Payot et Rivage until 1980. <mask>’s other collaborative works included those written with his partner Gladys Swain, who introduced him to the field of psychiatry and anti-psychiatry.During his collaboration with Swain, he completed critical reviews of La Société contre l’État, recherches d’anthropologie politique by Clastres (with <mask>’s review appearing in October 1974 in Les Éditions de Minuit) and of L’Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique by Michel Foucault. In April 1980, <mask> published his first book, co-written with Gladys Swain, La Pratique de l'esprit humain(see synopsis below). Lefort introduced <mask> to François Furet, a historian who conducted a seminar in the Paris School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (also known as EHESS). This seminar later gave birth to the Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron (also known as CERPRA), a centre for political studies. Furet welcomed Gauchet to the EHESS and introduced him to his brother-in-law, Pierre Nora. Throughn the EHESS, Gauchet met Pierre Manent, Pierre Rosanvallon, Vincent Descombes, and encountered once again, Cornelius Castoriadis. In May 1980, Nora appointed <mask> as the chief editor of his recently launched journal Le Débat.This decision taken by Nora was, at the time, perceived as an indication of his desire to distance himself from Foucault, especially given <mask>’s intense criticisms of Foucauldian theories in La pratique de l’esprit humain. In July 1980, <mask> published "Les droits de l’homme ne sont pas une politique" in the third issue of Le Débat (July - August). In hindsight, this article appears as a major intellectual turning point marking <mask>’s break from the political philosophy of his former intellectual mentor Lefort, and its emphasis on the symbolic emancipatory power of human rights. It heralded the development of his own analysis of the inner tensions of liberal democracy and their contemporary manifestation. In 1989, in what constitutes a major milestone of his career, <mask>, sponsored by Nora and Furet, was appointed to the Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron (CERPRA), the political studies centre of the EHESS. Here, he met several other significant thinkers like Manent, Rosanvallon, Jacques Juillard, Philippe Raynaud and Monique Canto-Sperber, all of whom could be said to be intellectual heirs to Raymond Aron's work. Timeline of main academic output
In 1985, <mask> penned the work for which he first became known outside France, Le Désenchantement du monde: Une Histoire politique de la religion with its English translation coming out later as The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion.This book’s narrative follows the history of the creation of Western democracy, and analyses the role that religion played in constructing a collective social identity. Four years later, in La Révolution des droits de l'homme Gauchet turned to the historiography of the French Revolution in order to analyse the debates around the creation of modern democracy that arose from this historically significant event. A few years later, the democratic dimension of the French Revolution resurfaced as the leading theme of La Révolution des pouvoirs- La souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation (1789-1799). This book examines how the binary tension between the people and the officials ultimately played part in the failure of the French Revolution’s ideals. In 2002, Gauchet published La Démocratie contre elle-même, which brought together in one volume all the political articles published by Gauchet in Le Débat since its inception. These essays deal with different topics such as: human rights, religion, school education, contemporary psychology and liberalism. As a whole, they express the central concern that runs throughout all of Gauchet’s writings: the need to try and understand the new and disconcerting form that democracy started to exhibit from the turn of the 21st century, democracy being defined by him as ‘a way of being’, rather than simply a form of political regime.La condition historique was later published with Francois Azouvi and Sylvain Piron, a book of interviews discussing topics like post-structuralism, anti-totalitarianism and the effects of May 68. In 2005 came La Condition politique, a book of essays written in the 1970s and 1980s, together with new texts responding to more recent events such as the creation of the European Union. This book presented <mask>’s post-Marxist understanding of the political foundations of all human societies. In 2014, with Alain Badiou, a key figure in the French radical left and an advocate of Maoist communism, <mask> co-authored Que faire? Dialogue sur le communisme, le capitalisme et l'avenir de la démocratie. Translated into English in 2015, this book presented a debate between the two thinkers on the topics of capitalism, communism, and contemporary democracy. These discussions brought <mask>’s work to the attention of the public already cognisant of Badiou’s works.Further that year, he published Comprendre le malheur français with Éric Conan and François Azouvi. This book of interviews detailed <mask>’s analysis of the increasing anxiety and pessimism of the French population, in regards to France’s diminished influence in an enlarged European Union, within the context of globalisation. This book was followed by Comprendre le malheur français II, where <mask> reconvened with Conan and Azouvi to discuss Emmanuel Macron's term as the president of the French republic. <mask> analyses how Macron dealt with the crisis caused by the unresolved issues he inherited from his predecessors. It examines how well Macron dealt with them and the extent to which he upheld his promises to the French people- leading <mask> to the verdict that Macron’s presidency was a failure. The year before, <mask> had gone back to the French Revolution to discuss the philosophy and historical significance of one of its most influential figures, Maximilien Robespierre, in Robespierre: l'homme qui nous divise le plus. This book looks at how Robespierre embodied the two sides of the French Revolution: the promise of freedom and the danger of tyranny.This makes him a man whose life allows us today to gain a deeper understanding of the Revolution in its essential contradictions. Furthermore, <mask> published La Droite et la Gauche: histoire et destin which revisits an iconic text first published in Les Lieux de mémoire to ask if the ideological divide is still meaningful in the contemporary era. Philosophy
Through a genealogy of "modernity", <mask>'s works propose to redefine "the modern", and to put it at a distance, especially in its Heideggerian and postmodernist reinterpretations — for example, that of Foucault. <mask>’s approach thus constitutes a philosophy, as defined in La Condition historique: a way to engage with contemporary experience. His redefinition of what we call “the modern” attests to the political nature of this philosophy. The Disenchantment of The World, La Révolution des pouvoirs, La Révolution des droits de l’homme, and La Religion dans la démocratie established the genealogy of the democratic breakthrough from a negative angle, that of the ‘exit from religion’; ‘religion’ being the primeval symbolic framework of collective life pertaining to the transcendental, which shapes human societies’ collective identity and their definition of institutional legitimacy. In the aforementioned works, <mask> pointed out the paradoxes of modern democratic societies by placing them in a historical perspective.The sequel, L’Avènement de la démocratie, analyses the genealogy of democratic culture from its positive side; that of humanity’s evolution, the creation of its self-government across time and space, which operates through the production (praxis) of its own becoming as a species, mastered through the law and politics. This self-government is synonymous with the government of history. With modernity, both humanity's political and historical conditions — which, <mask> argues, define its existence — thus progressively took over from the primordial religious form of social existence or ‘being-together’. <mask>'s project in L’Avènement de la démocratie can hence be defined as a theory and re-conceptualization of democracy, from the point of view of historical anthropology. This approach leads him to show how modern democracy constitutes a ‘mixed regime’. It is the political form assumed by the autonomous form of collective existence once it is ‘taken out of religion’. This political form is organised around the mastery of three activities — the law, politics, and history.Democracy thus always encounters the possible failure of this conjoint mastery of the three fundamental dimensions of human-social existence, once it is no longer informed by religion. The tragedies of the 20th century are examined as a response to the first ‘growth crisis’ of the young liberal democracies. Liberalism — understood as the ‘liberal upheaval’, the eruption of historicity and ‘society’ without democracy or political control of historicity — has indeed opened up the return of what Gauchet calls ‘the political’ but still bearing the imprint of religion, which generated the totalitarian ideologies of the early 20th century. The fourth and last volume of L’Avènement de la démocratie examines the triumphs of liberal democracy born of the defeat of totalitarianism. It shows that the contemporary ‘neoliberal ideological dominance’ is a total phenomenon, with legal, sociological and anthropological dimensions, as well as implications for the communication media. In the ‘society of individuals’ that gave birth to this new ideology, individuals cling to their rights and interests; they are both ultra-connected with and separated from one another, without the benefit of any consistent collective mediation. This loss of common reference points or purpose constitutes the ‘malaise’ examined in the main argument of Gauchet’s Le Nouveau monde.The autonomy that has been achieved in our new world is in fact ‘truncated’. Rather than being a ‘solution’,  it has become a ‘problem’. It is thus necessary to relaunch it, in both its deepest meaning and its practical manifestations, specifically through the reinvention of the democratic experience. As <mask> puts it, ‘the history of liberation is behind us; the history of freedom is only just beginning’. In so far as it exposes the existence of parallel historical stages between the development of new forms of ‘being-together’ and that of the subject, this theory of democracy can be understood at a meta-level. In La Condition politique, <mask> states that his theory can also be seen as elaborating what he calls a ‘transcendental anthropo-sociology’. That is to say, it reveals the processes that constitute the conditions in which humanity, during its history, acquired a consciousness of itself as a subject.The subject is considered to be both part of the collective being and distinct from it, an idea conveyed through the notion of ‘the political’, which is central to <mask>'s work. The advent of this consciousness is explained in his books on the history of psychiatry and psychoanalysis: La Pratique de l'esprit humain, L’Inconscient cérébral, Le Vrai Charcot, as well as his works on education. ‘The political’ is what

masks:
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet


title: Marcel Gauchet

texts:
 gives human collectivities the power to govern themselves. This power is repressed in heteronomous political forms but manifests itself openly as such through autonomy. ‘The political’ asserts itself explicitly not least through the invention of ‘politics’, after the invention of the State, then that of the modern Nation State and with it, of the individual and of history. In modernity, ‘the political’, the force that binds human societies, ceases to function through vertical symbolic meaning encompassing the entirety of social life (such as monarchical structures of the political). The ‘political’ instead becomes an infrastructure underpinning collective life concretely from below.It becomes "modern" through a process of metamorphosis which was first encouraged by the liberal upheaval and its deconstruction of the previous regime of meaning encapsulated in the French revolutionary notion of Ancien Régime. <mask> has also been interested in the question of the crisis of schooling and education, which, in Conditions de l'éducation, he analyses in a similar vein to that of Hannah Arendt. According to him, schooling helps produce rational citizens and individuals, concerned with producing the members who shape the future. <mask> argues however that the deepening of contemporary individualism encourages us to lose sight of the fact that this production supposes certain pre-conditions. Pedagogy, or pedagogism, is ideological in nature. As such, it reproduces the negation of this necessity. From this point on, <mask> is interested in themes such as authority and the transmission of knowledge.Learning is not just about assimilating knowledge into one's own psychology, it is also adapting one’s mental processes to new methodologies. Here Gauchet is optimistic: democracy will give rise to a political consensus around schooling and its requirements, because schooling is an essential condition for the creation of the type of individuals needed by our societies through education. Synopsis of <mask>’s Major Works

Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe
La Pratique de l’esprit humain: l’institution asilaire et la révolution démocratique, translated into English as Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe, brings together political analysis and the study of the genesis of psychiatry and the creation of institutions to treat mental illness. <mask> and Swain argue that asylums were an incarnation of the modern political utopia where sanity was preserved and individuals were supposedly saved from the brink of insanity. This book is of particular importance since Gauchet and Swain critique Foucault’s theory on insanity and madness. Foucault postulated that contemporary societies had become increasingly normative, and any stark deviation from the norm would see the “deviant” individual being placed in mental asylums and institutions. Contrastingly, Foucault argued that in an earlier era, the strangely behaving individuals were allowed to function freely within society, despite the possibility of them challenging society’s norms by virtue of their presence.However, this argument by Foucault is challenged by <mask> and Swain to elucidate that, in earlier eras where these individuals were given their social liberty, it was only in fact due to the perception that these individuals were seen as radically different, whether it be as superior or inferior beings. Hence, they did not per se challenge the norms of society. Rather, they functioned as a foil for its identity. Gauchet and Swain argued that the perception of the “mad” had changed at the end of the 18th century, such that they were seen to be part of society’s ideals of humanity. Thus, with this new perception of shared humanity, their difference with the rest of society had begun to appear challenging. As a result, the rational attempts to address these unsettling individuals brought forth a fervour of therapeutics in psychiatry and the creation of asylums. In other words, the asylum functioned to hold the antithetical “insane” individuals who were no longer considered as radically “other” in a type of society that increasingly accepted the idea of ontological equality.<mask> and Swain used this observation to analyse the democratic culture that birthed the destruction of the monarchy and its hierarchical structure. The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion
Le Désenchantement du Monde: Une Histoire politique de la religion, translated into English as The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion, is <mask>’s first and most well-known book and the work that first gained him recognition outside of France. Tracing the genesis of democracy back in history, <mask> examines the role of hierarchy with that of the traditional framework within which human societies always secured their collective identity and cohesion, which he terms “religion”. <mask> asserts that the most fully formed forms of religion are not the monotheist faiths of Judaism and Christianity, but rather the “primeval” religions that existed many millennia ago. In societies that were arranged around this religious model, all individuals were equal before the laws of the gods, who were themselves seen as one with nature. In Europe, in order to maintain a collective sense of belonging, European societies ordered themselves around the metaphysical principles of Christianity which, paradoxically, ultimately led them to overthrow the religious conception of social order, a feature of human experience from times immemorial. This leads <mask> to assert that Christianity as the religion which facilitated an “exit from religion” played a major role in the advent of modernity and of a new understanding of human power.Through Christianity, the transcendental presence of God was no longer dispersed throughout nature, but was now represented as an omnipotent, singular power. Monotheism led to humans questioning the divine law, learning to think more freely and individually, and consequently, to place their rational trust in the State, which opened up the pursuit of collective autonomy, through a new understanding of the State that also transformed the place of the individual. By abandoning the “religious” model of vertical hierarchy in favour of a model that grants individual autonomy, the collective identity ceased to be seen as imposed upon individuals by the transcendental world above. This is not to say that European societies abandoned religious beliefs altogether; rather, that the very status and role of religion changed, making possible the democratization of culture, first and foremost through an understanding of the representative role of the state with respect to the new notion of society. In contemporary democracies, individuals need to define this collective identity themselves. In other words, those who can now consciously determine their own fate and their sense of belonging no longer live in an “enchanted” world. Extending from this, the law is no longer dictated from the perception of a transcendental power, but is instead created by individuals in their pursuit of a self-governing society.<mask> neither criticises nor laments this shift away from transcendental laws — he objectively analyses this change as having allowed the birth of democracy. He specifically considers this change not as a progress per se, but as a movement towards human autonomy. The ending of the book follows on from this analysis to tie the history of democracy to contemporary individualism. <mask> states that democracy naturally paves the way for conflict between individuals and different groups within society, given that autonomous individuals are now free to define their own destiny and values. <mask> proposes that this organic juxtaposition of conflicting ideals leads to the recognition that there is no perfect solution to human problems: conflict is present in potentially all societies. Denying this omnipresent conflict characterises heteronomous culture whereas autonomous culture accepts it. La Révolution des droits de l’homme
In La Révolution des droits de l’homme, <mask> used historiography to reflect on the place of political phenomena in socio-historical events.This book extends <mask>’s central reflections on democratic equality, a theme that already pervaded his two major earlier works, The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion and Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe, the latter being co-authored with Gladys Swain. <mask> turned his attention to an emblematic historical event in the genesis of modern democracy, the formulation of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. In particular, he attempted to explore two enigmas — firstly, the purely French enigma that saw the Declaration being formulated to impose an unassailable principle of political legitimacy which ultimately saw democracy upheld in a country without democrats; secondly, the modern democratic enigma wherein society achieves consciousness of itself through the assertion of its constitution of power. In 1789, at the outset of the French Revolution, the representatives of the French people who created a new assembly that defined itself as “national”, were confronted with the need to attack the authority of the monarchy, in order to pursue their desire to establish an independent and competing pole of legitimacy on which they would be able to rely in their project to construct a constitutional framework limiting the king’s power. When they established this competing legitimacy, the representatives, however, retained the absolutist conception of power that characterised the French monarchy and used it as the basis of the notion of national sovereignty. In the process, they were led to formulate what they saw as the ideal conditions of equality, even before they actually debated the institutions that would uphold these conditions. Furthermore, <mask>’s book elucidates a contradiction central to the specifically French understanding of democracy — the paradoxical coalescence of the French revolutionaries' project to construct a new, cohesive social order, and of their ideal of individual freedom.According to <mask>, the French Revolution’s idealistic bend, which had its roots in this need to challenge the monarch's considerable authority, birthed a tension, even a contradiction, between the “liberal” and the “collectivist” understandings of democracy. This contradiction runs through the history of French political regimes until the two poles were reconciled within the Republican framework. La Révolution des pouvoirs
As <mask> first established in La Révolution des droits de l’homme, the revolutionaries established the idea of political representation as the very crux of democracy. Six years later, in La Révolution des pouvoirs, <mask> furthered his analysis by moving away from the question of the founding ideals towards the debates of the national assembly that continued to shape this political experience of representation. After the French Revolution, as the people sought to innovate politically in a way that would allow society to govern itself autonomously, the attention of the legislators turned towards the relationship between the legislative and the executive and the question of making the people’s constituent power effective though the creation of an arbitrating power between the parliament and government. That is, they began discussing how to shape a third power — the judiciary. This third power was discussed under many names, but it can be seen as a precursor to what we now know as constitutional law.Another function of this third power was to embody the distance between the people and their elected representatives, thus preserving the ideal of popular sovereignty as distinct from empirical power. Hence, <mask> stresses that a nation’s sovereignty acquires a symbolic effectiveness through the judgement of this third power. <mask> uses these teachings from the French Revolution to bring the focus back to the contemporary era in which the gap between the ideal sovereignty of the people, and the reality of representation by the elected members, is signalled not only by the role acquired by constitutional courts in the second half of the 20th century, but also by the role of the media and through them, of public opinion. In his later work, <mask> went on to highlight the danger that the power of this third party potentially poses under the pressure of contemporary individualism: when its task is to regulate the action of government and society, it seeks to foster the rights of individuals, which comes at the risk of diminishing the people’s collective capacity to act. This tension, which is at the heart of contemporary liberal democracy, remains the leading theme of <mask>’s work. In parallel, it shows how the law, as an instrument of rationalization of human relations, has acquired more prominence in a new perception of democracy, the democracy of control. Towards an analysis of contemporary democracy
La Démocratie contre elle-même brings together in one volume all the political articles published by <mask> in Le Débat since its inception.These articles deal with different topics: human rights, religion, school education, contemporary psychology and liberalism. As a whole, they express the central concern that runs throughout <mask>’s entire writings: to try and understand the new and disconcerting form that democracy started to exhibit from the turn of the 21st century, democracy being defined as ‘a way of being’, rather than simply a form of political regime. The book argues that the prominence gained by the quest to secure the rights of individuals in practice undermines their actual realization. This paradox summarized in the title as the tendency of democratic culture to work against itself, is characteristic of the new situation in which democracy finds itself: whilst it is no longer contested by Marxist critique and now rests on the support of a wide social consensus, the victory of its principles is generating new problems. The triumph of individual rights, according to <mask>, threatens to bring about a crisis of liberal democracy. In La Condition politique, composed of <mask>’s essays from the 1970s and 1980s, together with new texts responding to more recent events such as the creation of the European Union, Gauchet presents his post-Marxist understanding of the political foundations of all human societies. Its publication thus went against the depoliticized interpretations of the globalization process influential at the turn of the century, which emphasized the marginalization of the nation-state and the centrality of economic phenomena.Its overall theme, the ‘eclipse of the political’ in contemporary liberal democracies was then explored extensively in later works, within the general hypothesis that this eclipse explains the destabilization of European societies in the first decade

masks:
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet


title: Marcel Gauchet

texts:
 of the 21st century. L’Avènement de la démocratie
L’Avènement de la démocratie, <mask>’s magisterial tetralogy, carries on from his work in The Disenchantment of the World. Following the exit from religion, humanity turned to the idea of men establishing ways and processes to govern their own societies and their relationships. The first volume, La Révolution Moderne, acts as a prologue that sets the scene. It outlines the cultural and intellectual revolution that brought the ideal of autonomy to European societies between the 16th and 19th centuries, and ultimately ushered in the creation of democratic government. This volume examines, in particular, the development of new perspectives associated with the ideal of self-governance through a “mixed regime” associating three different perspectives. These underpin contemporary Western liberal democracy, but at the same time, constitute a permanent problem for it.The three dimensions of liberal democracy, constantly in tension with one another, are: le politique (the collective political imperative), le droit (rights-based law) and l’histoire (future-oriented historical action). Through the evolution of modernity, the influence of “religion” has been eroded, which has consequently diminished the political function of metaphysical beliefs. <mask> hypothesises that within contemporary societies, the three aforementioned perspectives have been developed unevenly, upsetting the balance that was established in the early form of liberal democracy. All four volumes of L’Avènement de la démocratie analyse this loss of balance, and delve into how phenomena like juridification and economism have contributed to this loss. The second volume, La Crise du libéralisme, analyses the Western political landscape’s successes and failures throughout the period 1880 to 1914. The increased pertinence of universal suffrage and the progress in representative politics shed light on the speed of the changes that accompanied the newfound freedom from hierarchy. It explores the return of the political triggered by the crisis of liberalism in the form of colonial imperialism and the significance of the first globalisation it paradoxically inspired, in an analysis that leads him to take distance from the Marxist-Leninist interpretation of the period.The third volume, À l’épreuve des totalitarismes, examines the deepening hold of liberal democracy but also its paradoxical contribution to the appearance of totalitarianism in the 20th century. Gauchet discusses several key events such as the rise of Nazism, Stalinism and fascism, as well as socialism’s lack of imprint in the US at the time, as opposed to Europe. Its analysis of the journey through these events corroborates the rise of what Gauchet calls “ideocracies” and “their secular religions”. These ideologies helped the totalitarian regimes establish their popular legitimacy by grounding themselves in the older religious contexts of spiritual communion, supposedly natural cohesion and hierarchical social order. In this respect, they were responding to the destabilization of European societies induced by the progress of democratic culture, and reasserted the ideal of an absolute collective unity transcending the aspiration to individual freedom. The fourth and final volume, Le Nouveau monde, also the longest of the tetralogy, scrutinises the reorientation of societies since the 1970s, the rise of neoliberalism and postmodernity, and their effects on the ideals of Western democracy. This volume discusses the capitalistic orientation of the economic identity of 21st century societies, while tackling questions to do with the individualistic and economy-driven craze of neoliberalism.<mask> uncovers the nature of individualism in a new postmodern and neo-liberal form of democracy, wherein the individualistic identity is at odds with old understandings of collective (including national) identity. <mask>’s analysis of the unprecedented power of “generalised capitalism”, of a new project of artificialisation of human life through the combined effect of neo-liberal economic and legal rationalisation, leads him to plead for a new project of substantive autonomy to transcend the narrow, purely functional autonomy associated with the insatiable quest for absolute innovation. This project of self-reflection requires a deeper understanding of what makes human knowledge possible in order to combat the deintellectualisation encouraged by ultra-modern “structural” autonomy. Comprendre le malheur français
Gauchet’s book Comprendre le malheur français examines the pessimism that is specific to France, especially in regards to the French population’s perception of their country’s position in Europe and the rest of the world. In specific, Gauchet analyses the views of certain groups in France on the phenomena of globalisation and the liaison between France and other powerful countries in the European Union. When comparing this pessimistic viewpoint with those of a more positive nature, <mask> brings to light the increasing discordance between the 'elites' and the rest of the population, a dissociation that widens social divisions in French society. In this book of conversation with Eric Conan and Francois Azouvi, Gauchet also explores the depths of so-called populism, as termed by the 'elites', and considers the implications for politicians in terms of responsible leadership.Ultimately, <mask> scrutinises the role of neoliberalism as a determinant of France’s pursuit of legitimation in the EU, and the pessimism that ensues from the application of this economic and political framework. Comprendre le malheur francais II
In Macron, les leçons d’un échec: Comprendre le malheur français II, <mask> discusses the presidency of Emmanuel Macron, and the phenomena that surround Macron’s succession to the post as well as his handling of France’s contemporary issues. <mask>, while acknowledging the challenges of Macron’s presidency, analyses his election as the consequence of the collapse of the French political party system. According to <mask>, Macron was able to benefit from a populist movement against the elites of France, and despite belonging to this elite population himself, he was able to show empathy towards the disadvantaged part of the population. In doing so, Macron distanced himself from the far left politics of Jean-Luc Mélenchon and the far right leader Marine Le Pen, appearing as an ideal centrist politician capable of transcending the left-right divide blamed for having paralysed the country and made it impossible for it to meet the contemporary challenges of globalisation and European economic integration. By detonating the tensions between the right and the left, Macron opened up a multitude of possibilities for new social and political protests, as seen in the yellow vests movement. Paradoxically, he then revealed himself not to have challenged the dominant elite political consensus of the previous three decades (as first crafted by former presidents François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac — ‘le mitterrando-chiraquisme’), but to have upheld it.<mask> suggests that the dynamism unleashed by Macron may yet have more repercussions for French politics as a result, and that the 2022 French presidential election could still hold many surprises. Reception of <mask>'s Works
In comparison to that of other French philosophers like Michel Foucault or Jacques Derrida, the reception of <mask>’s work in the English-speaking world has been less pervasive. One of the main reasons for this disparity is the style of <mask>’s philosophy, and its departure from classical “French theory”, is its close links to post-structuralism, which has promoted a distinct type of philosophy that many celebrated French intellectuals abided by. <mask>’s views are relatively more centrist and reformist in comparison with those of other French theorists such as Foucault, whose ideas tend to be more binary and extreme. In other words, <mask>’s work seems foreign to an English-speaking reader who awaits from his work another example of traditional French theory. In particular, <mask> and Swain critiqued certain principles of Foucault’s ideology surrounding institutions that treat mental illness. Despite their book having been translated to English, the ideas are however not cited as far and wide as Foucault’s are.In a more general sense, there is an observation that <mask> may not have been forgiven for having criticised Foucault’s ideas. Despite this dissimilarity with classical French theory, <mask>’s work remains within the traditions of a certain strand of continental philosophy, standing in contrast with analytic philosophy, the latter being far more familiar to Anglo-Saxon intellectuals and readers. With its methodology relying heavily on the analysis of the logic of language, analytical philosophy characterises the works of famously-studied philosophers such as John Rawls and Richard Rorty whose historical significance <mask> discusses in "Les tâches de la philosophie politique". Through <mask>’s predilection for abstract reconstructions of history from an anthropological perspective often perceived as symptomatic of Hegelian influence, there is the possibility that Anglo-Saxon readers find his work difficult to comprehend. Even within France, the controversy of Blois exemplifies a common misunderstanding of <mask>’s philosophy. Geoffroy de Lagasnerie, a philosopher, and Edouard Louis, a writer, made an appeal to boycott <mask>’s lectures at the 2014 Rendez-vous de l’histoire at Blois, an annual conference that brings together intellectuals to discuss socio-historic topics. Lagasnerie and Louis deemed <mask>’s ideas intolerable because they were, according to them, too conservative.In response, several intellectuals created a collective opinion piece in Le Monde. In this piece, they argued that the act of boycotting the convention went against the very spirit of democracy, a principle that is indeed based on respecting the diversity of opinions. This controversy, as analysed in The New York Times, illustrated the preference of the far left for radical moralistic indictments of ideas rather than their analysis. <mask> has, in a number of different contexts, made clear his critique of 21st century radicalism, especially in its neo-Marxist form. As stated in his debate with Badiou his critique is not inspired by a fundamental disagreement over the need to imagine a different kind of society but by an assessment of its political ineffectiveness. For <mask>, the radicalism of the extreme left amounts to a form of purely idealistic aristocratism which traps intelligence in a political impasse. It encourages a pose of intellectual distinction from the rest of society, which appears to be challenging the established order but in reality, does little to destabilise it, not least because it does not provide in depth analyses of the phenomena it seeks to combat and transcend.This pose of ‘enlightened’ radicalism ‘replaces the content and becomes an end in itself’. It delivers only symbolic benefits for its supporters, freeing them from the arduous political work needed to change the status quo. At the same time, it confers upon them a sense of moral distinction derived from the feeling of not being tainted by any compromise with political reality; <mask> thus contrasts what he describes as politically expedient radicalism with genuine intellectual radicalism. In keeping with the etymology of the word, intellectual radicalism goes to the root of contemporary problems based on both historical and anthropological knowledge. It informs <mask>’s project for a new critical philosophy. Major Works

Selected Books

 Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe (with Gladys Swain), 1980, translated into English in 2007
The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion, 1985, translated in 1997
La Révolution des droits de l'homme, 1989
La Révolution des pouvoirs - La souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation (1789-1799), 1995
 Que faire ? Dialogue sur le communisme, le capitalisme et l’avenir de la démocratie (with Alain Badiou), 2014
 Comprendre le malheur français (in collaboration with Éric Conan and François Azouvi), 2016
 L'Avènement de la démocratie 4 : Le Nouveau Monde, 2017
 Robespierre, l'homme qui nous divise le plus, 2018
 Macron, les leçons d'un échec.Comprendre le malheur français II (in collaboration with Éric Conan and François Azouvi), 2021
 La Droite et la gauche: Histoire et destin, 2021

Selected Articles
 "De l’avènement de l’individu à La Découverte de La Société", 1984
 "Les droits de l'homme ne sont pas une politique", 1980
 "Fin de la religion ? Breckman, Warren. Adventures of the Symbolic : Post-Marxism and Radical Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Doyle, Natalie J. “Democracy as Socio-Cultural Project of Individual and Collective Sovereignty.” Thesis Eleven, vol. 75, no.1, 2003, pp. 69–95. Doyle, Natalie J. “The Sacred, Social Creativity and the State.” Critical Horizons : Journal of Social & Critical Theory, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006, pp. 207–238.Doyle, Natalie J. “Autonomy and Modern Liberal Democracy.” European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 15, no. 3, 2012, pp. 331–347. Doyle, Natalie J. “Introduction to <mask>’s ‘Democracy: From One Crisis to Another.” Social Imaginaries, vol.1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 151–161. Doyle, Natalie J. “The United States in the Work of <mask>: A Critical Introduction to ‘Populism as Symptom’.” Social Imaginaries, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017, pp.195–206. Doyle, Natalie J. <mask>chet and the Loss of Common Purpose. Lexington Books, 2017. Doyle, Natalie J. "The Political Imaginary of European Hypermodernity" in Social Imaginaries: Debates and Configurations,  edited by Suzi Adams and Jeremy C.A. Smith, London, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. Doyle, Natalie J."<mask> and the Crisis of European democracy" in The Handbook of Contemporary Social and Political Theory, 2nd ed.,  edited by Gerard Delanty and Stephen P.Turner, Abingdon, Oxon, New York,  Routledge, 2021. Doyle, Natalie J and Sean McMorrow. <mask> and the Crisis of Democratic Politics. Routledge, 2022. Moyn, Samuel. “Savage and Modern Liberty.” European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 4, no.2, 2005, pp. 164–187. Weymans, Wim. “Freedom through Political Representation.” European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 4, no. 3, 2005, pp. 263–282.Weymans, Wim. “Revising Foucault's Model of Modernity and Exclusion: <mask> and Swain On Madness and Democracy.” Thesis Eleven, vol. 98, no. 1, 2009, pp. 33–51. References

External links
 Review of The Disenchantment of the World by Paul J. Fitzgerald. Theological Studies 59.3 (1998): 548-549
 Blog about <mask>, since 2009
 Blog also about <mask>, not updated anymore since 2009

1946 births
Living people
French philosophers
French sociologists
French historians
French male non-fiction writers
People from Manche
University of Caen alumni
French atheists
Chevaliers of the Légion

masks:
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Marcel Gau
Marcel Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet
Marcel Gauchet


title: Frederik Pohl

texts:
<mask>. (; November 26, 1919 – September 2, 2013) was an American science-fiction writer, editor, and fan, with a career spanning nearly 75 years—from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", to the 2011 novel All the Lives He Led. From about 1959 until 1969, <mask> edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If; the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the year's best professional magazine. His 1977 novel Gateway won four "year's best novel" awards: the Hugo voted by convention participants, the Locus voted by magazine subscribers, the Nebula voted by American science-fiction writers, and the juried academic John W. Campbell Memorial Award. He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas The Years of the City, one of two repeat winners during the first 40 years. For his 1979 novel Jem, <mask> won a U.S. National Book Award in the one-year category Science Fiction, and it was a finalist for three other year's best novel awards. He won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards, including receiving both for the 1977 novel Gateway. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named <mask> its 12th recipient of the Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award in 1993 and he was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 1998, its third class of two dead and two living writers.<mask> won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, "The Way the Future Blogs". Early life and family
<mask> was the son of <mask> (originally Friedrich) <mask> (a salesman of German descent) and Anna Jane Mason. <mask> Sr. held various jobs, and the <mask>s lived in such wide-flung locations as Texas, California, New Mexico, and the Panama Canal Zone. The family settled in Brooklyn when <mask> was around seven. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School, and dropped out at 17. In 2009, he was awarded an honorary diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group, and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim, Isaac Asimov, and others who would become important writers and editors.<mask> later said that other "friends came and went and were gone, [but] many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight, Cyril Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, [and] Dick Wilson. In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins, Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later...." He published a science-fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. In 1936, <mask> joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini. He became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. <mask> has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party line changed and he could no longer support it, at which point he left. During World War II, <mask> served in the United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, rising to sergeant as an elite Air Corps weatherman. After training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group.<mask> was married five times. His first wife, Leslie Perri, was another Futurian; they were married in August 1940, and divorced in 1944. He then married Dorothy Les Tina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in the military in Europe; the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril; they had a daughter, Ann. <mask> and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on several books; they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984 until his death, <mask> was married to science-fiction expert and academic Elizabeth Anne Hull.He fathered four children – Ann (m. Walter Weary), <mask> III (born and died in 1954, aged one month), <mask> IV (a Los Angeles-based actor, writer, and producer), and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer <mask>-Weary and chef <mask>-Weary. From 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was previously a longtime resident of Middletown, New Jersey. Career

Early writing
<mask> began writing in the late 1930s, using pseudonyms for most of his early works. His first publication was the poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna" under the name of Elton Andrews, in the October 1937 issue of Amazing Stories, edited by T. O'Conor Sloane. (Pohl asked readers 30 years later, "we would take it as a personal favor if no one ever looked it up".)His first story, the collaboration with C.M. Kornbluth "Before the Universe", appeared in 1940 under the pseudonym S.D. Gottesman. Editor and agent
<mask> started a career as a literary agent in 1937, but it was a sideline for him until after World War II, when he began doing it full-time. <mask> stopped being Asimov's agent—the only one the latter ever had—when he became editor from 1939 to 1943 of two pulp magazines, Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories. In his autobiography, <mask> said that he stopped editing the two magazines at roughly the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Stories by <mask> often appeared in these magazines, but never under his own name.Work written in collaboration with Cyril M. Kornbluth was credited to S. D. Gottesman or Scott Mariner; other collaborative work (with any combination of Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, or Robert A. W. Lownes) was credited to Paul Dennis Lavond. For <mask>'s solo work, stories were credited to James MacCreigh (or for one story only, Warren F. Howard.) Works by "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" continued to appear in various science-fiction pulp magazines throughout the 1940s. He also worked as an advertising copywriter and then as a copywriter and book editor for Popular Science. <mask> co-founded the Hydra Club, a loose collection of science-fiction professionals and fans who met during the late 1940s and 1950s. From the early 1960s until 1969, <mask> served as editor of Galaxy Science Fiction and Worlds of if magazines, taking over after the ailing H. L. Gold could no longer continue working "around the end of 1960".Under his leadership, if won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine for 1966, 1967 and 1968. <mask> hired Judy-Lynn del Rey as his assistant editor at Galaxy and if. He also served as editor of Worlds of Tomorrow from its first issue in 1963 until it was merged into if in 1967. In the mid-1970s, <mask> acquired and edited novels for Bantam Books, published as "A Frederik Pohl Selection"; these included Samuel R. Delany's Dhalgren and Joanna Russ's The Female Man. He also edited a number of science-fiction anthologies. Novelist
Though the pen names of "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" were retired by the early 1950s, <mask> still occasionally used pseudonyms, even after he began to publish work under his real name. These occasional pseudonyms, all of which date from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, included Charles Satterfield, Paul Flehr, Ernst Mason, Jordan Park (two collaborative novels with Kornbluth), and Edson McCann (one collaborative novel with Lester del Rey).In the 1970s, <mask> re-emerged as a novel writer in his own right, with books such as Man Plus and the Heechee Saga series. He won back-to-back Nebula Awards with Man Plus in 1976 and Gateway, the first Heechee novel, in 1977. In 1978, Gateway swept the other two major novel honors, also winning the Hugo Award for Best Novel and John W. Campbell Memorial Award for the best science-fiction novel. Two of his stories have also earned him Hugo Awards: "The Meeting" (with Kornbluth) tied in 1973 and "Fermi and Frost" won in 1986. Another award-winning novel is Jem (1980), winner of the National Book Award. His works include not only science fiction, but also articles for Playboy and Family Circle magazines and nonfiction books. For a time, he was the official authority for Encyclopædia Britannica on the subject of Emperor Tiberius.(He wrote a book on the subject of Tiberius, as "Ernst Mason".) Some of his short stories take a satirical look at consumerism and advertising in the 1950s and 1960s: "The Wizards of Pung's Corners", where flashy, over-complex military hardware proved useless against farmers with shotguns, and "The Tunnel under the World", where an entire community of seeming-humans is held captive by advertising researchers. ("The Wizards of Pung's Corners" was freely translated into Chinese and then freely translated back into English as "The Wizard-Masters of Peng-Shi Angle" in the first edition of Pohlstars (1984)). In his 1969 novel, "The Age of the Pussyfoot", <mask> speculated about a society where everyone could access knowledge and the means to communicate with others through a small handheld device similar to a smartphone. Although he set the novel 500 years in the future, he noted in an afterword that it might be as few as fifty years away. A short story "Day Million" suggested that society in the year 2737 might be as alien to us as contemporary society would be to someone from ancient times. Pohl's Law is either "No one is ever ready for anything" or "Nothing is so good that somebody, somewhere will not hate it".He was a frequent guest on Long John Nebel's radio show from the 1950s to the early 1970s, and an international lecturer. Starting in 1995, when the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award became a juried award, <mask> served first with James Gunn and Judith Merril, and since then with several others until retiring in 2013. <mask> was associated with Gunn since the 1940s, becoming involved in 1975 with what later became Gunn's Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas. There, he presented many talks, recorded a discussion about "The Ideas in Science Fiction" in 1973 for the Literature of Science Fiction Lecture Series, and served the Intensive Institute on Science Fiction and Science Fiction Writing Workshop. <mask> received the second annual J. W. Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction from the University of California, Riverside Libraries at the 2009 Eaton Science Fiction Conference, "Extraordinary Voyages: Jules Verne and Beyond". <mask>'s work has been an influence on a wide variety of other science fiction writers, some of whom appear in the 2010 anthology, Gateways: Original New Stories Inspired by <mask> <mask>, edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull. <mask>'s last novel, All the Lives He Led, was released on April 12, 2011.By the time of his death, he was working to finish a second volume of his autobiography The Way the Future Was (1979), along with an expanded version of the latter. In July 2020, an academic description reported on the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers, most notably by <mask>. Collaborative work
In addition to his solo writings, <mask> was also well known for his collaborations, beginning with his first published story. Before and following the war, <mask> did a series of collaborations with his friend Cyril Kornbluth, including a large number of short stories and several novels, among them The Space Merchants, a dystopian satire of a world ruled by the advertising agencies. In the mid-1950s, he began a long-running collaboration with Jack Williamson, eventually resulting in 10 collaborative novels over five decades. Other collaborations included a novel with Lester Del Rey, Preferred Risk (1955). This novel was solicited for a contest by Galaxy–Simon & Schuster when the judges did not think any of the contest submissions was good enough to win their contest.It was published under the joint pseudonym Edson McCann. He also collaborated with Thomas T. Thomas on a sequel to his award-winning novel Man Plus. He wrote two short stories with Isaac Asimov in the 1940s, both published in 1950. He finished a novel begun by Arthur C. Clarke, The Last Theorem, which was published on August 5, 2008. Death
<mask> went to the hospital in respiratory distress on the morning of September 2, 2013, and died that afternoon at the age of 93. Works

Notes

References

Further reading

Critical studies, reviews and biography

 Frederik <mask> by Michael R. Page (2015). University of Illinois Press

Derivative works
 Gateways: Original New Stories Inspired by <mask> <mask> (2010), edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull.Elizabeth Anne Hull, Introduction
 David Brin, "Shoresteading"
 Phyllis and Alex Eisenstein, "Von Neumann's Bug"
 Isaac Asimov, Appreciation
 Joe Haldeman, "Sleeping Dogs"
 Larry Niven, "Gates (Variations)"
 Gardner Dozois, Appreciation
 James Gunn, "Tales from the Spaceship Geoffrey"
 Gregory Benford and Elisabeth Malartre, "Shadows of the Lost"
 Connie Willis, Appreciation
 Vernor Vinge, "A Preliminary Assessment of the Drake Equation, Being an Excerpt from the Memories of Star Captain Y.T.

masks:
Frederik George Pohl Jr
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Frederik
George Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Frederik
Frederik
Emily Pohl
Tobias Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Frederik
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Frederik
Pohl


title: Michael Sharkey

texts:
<mask> (born 1 August 1946 in Canterbury, New South Wales) is an Australian poet, resident in Castlemaine in the goldfields region of Victoria. He studied at the University of Sydney, where he was awarded a BA degree in 1972, and then at the University of Auckland where he was awarded a PhD in 1976 for his dissertation on Lord Byron's poetical dramas. Literary activity
<mask> is a biographer, poet and reviewer of Australian and New Zealand poetry and journalism, having published over 700 works. He established Fat Possum Press in Armidale NSW (1979–1986) with Winifred Belmont and co-edited with her Trans-Tasman Undercurrent literary magazine in Melbourne (1986). His poems have appeared in literary anthologies, journals and newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, India, the UK, USA, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Syria, China and France. He was poetry editor, later coordinating editor of the Australian literary journal Ulitarra from 1992 to 2001, and has guest-edited poetry issues of other magazines including Hobo and Famous Reporter. He has also worked as a freelance writer, editor and publisher's reader, and as a Writer in the Community for the Box Hill-Doncaster Regional Library in Victoria and the Blue Mountains City Library in New South Wales.He was a regular book reviewer for the Australian Book Review, and the Australian and Courier Mail newspapers and has contributed biographical essays to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and other publications. He has conducted poetry seminars and read poetry at several German universities including RWTH (Aachen), Osnabrück, the Humboldt (Berlin), Trier, Munich, Kiel, and the Free University (Berlin). He has also been a guest poet and lecturer at London University and University College Dublin. In recent years, he has read poetry at Australian literary events including the Victorian Arts Festival, the Queensland Poetry Festival, the Sydney Poetry Festival and the Bellingen Readers and Writers Festival. He has also served as a judge of State-sponsored literary awards for the Northern Territory and New South Wales. In 2014 he was appointed editor of the Australian Poetry Journal, from which he retired in December 2016. Academic history
<mask> was an Associate Professor of Rhetorical Analysis, Writing, and American Literature at the School of English, Communication and Theatre at the University of New England from 1992 until his resignation in 2010.His academic career included appointments as a Teaching Fellow in English literature at Sydney University (1972–73) and in New Zealand literature at Auckland University (1974), and as a Tutor in English at the University of New England (1977–81). He lectured in Australian and American literature, and in critical theory at the University of Southern Queensland (1983–84) and as a part-time lecturer in Australian cultural studies and Renaissance literature at Melbourne University of Technology (1985–87). He was an Assistant Professor of American and English literature at Bond University, Queensland from 1989 to 1990. He has conducted seminars on diverse topics at Beijing Foreign Languages University, Luo Yang Foreign Languages University, and City University (Hong Kong). Selected publications
 2019, "The Foliage in the Underworld", Waratah (NSW), Puncher & Wattmann. 2018, "Many Such as She: Victorian Australian Women Poets of World War One", Hobart, Walleah Press. 2017, "In the Real World (and other poems)", Burringbah Books, Hobart.2017, "The Poetic Eye: Occasional Writings 1982–2012", Leiden, Brill/Rodopi. 2012, Apollo in George Street: The Life of David McKee Wright, Sydney, Puncher & Wattmann. 2012, Another Fine Morning in Paradise, Melbourne, Five Islands Press. 2011, with Belmont, W., The Easy Writer: Formal English for Academic Purposes, Sydney, Pearson Education. 2007, The Sweeping Plain, Melbourne, Five Islands Press. 2002, History: Selected Poems 1978–2000, Wollongong, Five Islands Press. 2001, Poems 2001, Armidale, Kardoorair.2000, Park, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1998, Libretto for Rolf Gehlhaar: Waiting for Rain: 10 Songs to Poems by <mask>, Feedback Studio Verlag, Köln. 1996, Waiting for Rain: More Love Poems, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1995, Strange Journey: Poems, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1994, Look, He Said: Poems 1994, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1991, Alive in Difficult Times: Poems 1985–1991, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1988, (Ed.)An Illustrated Treasury of Australian Humour, Melbourne, Oxford University Press. 1984, The Way It Is: Selected Poems, Toowoomba, Darling Downs Institute Press. 1983,  Robert Solay's Dreaming, Melbourne, Fling. 1981, Braindamage Festers and a Louisville Ford Truck Songbook, Armidale, Fat Possum Press. 1981,  Barbarians, Armidale, Fat Possum Press. 1978,  Woodcuts, Bristol & Edinburgh, Parnassus Press. Selected Essays
 2009, 'Why Men leave home: the flight of the suburban male in some Australian fiction 1910–1950', Serious Frolic: Essays on Australian Humour, eds Frances De Groen and Peter Kirkpatrick, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 110–123.2007, 'But who considers woman day by day? : Australian women poets and World War I', Australian Literary Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, 63–78. 2006, 'Byron's Deluge: Heaven and Earth', The Byron Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, 35–48.2001, 'Class of His Own: Francis Adams, Fiction and Biography', Journal of Australian Colonial History, Vol. 3, No. 2, 104–110. 1996, (with Horgan, M.), 'Vision Splendid or Sandy Blight? The Lawson-Paterson Debate', The 1890s: Australian Literature and Literary Culture, ed. Ken Stewart, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 66–94. 1995, 'Wisdom', The Eleven Saving Virtues, ed.Ross Fitzgerald, Melbourne, Minerva, 167–192. 1994, '"Dear Beppo": Recuperating Margaret Fane', Wallflower and Witches: Women and Culture in Australia 1910–1945, ed. Maryanne Dever, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia,115–132. 1993, 'Introduction to Lennie Lower's "Here's Luck"', Lennie Lower: He Made a Nation Laugh, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, v–xi. 1983, 'Rosa Praed's Colonial Heroines', Who Is She? Images of Women in Australian Literature, ed. Shirley Walker, St Lucia, University of Queensland Press, 26–36.References

1994, '<mask>', The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, eds William H. Wilde, Joy Hooton & Barry Andrews, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

masks:
Michael Sharkey
Michael Sharkey
Sharkey
Michael Sharkey
Michael Sharkey


title: Ted Ray (comedian)

texts:
<mask> (born Charles Olden; 21 November 1905 – 8 November 1977) was an English comedian of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, on radio and television. His BBC radio show Ray's a Laugh ran for 12 years. Biography
<mask> was born Charles Olden in Wigan, Lancashire, England, to comic singer and mimic Charles Olden (who used the stage-name Charlie Alden) and his wife Margaret Ellen (née Kenyon). His parents moved to Liverpool within days of his birth, and Liverpudlians regard him as a local. He was educated at Anfield council school and Liverpool Collegiate School, and as a youth wished to become a footballer. As a comedian of the 1940s and 1950s, he demonstrated his ad-libbing skills in his weekly radio show Ray's A Laugh from 1949 until 1961. A music hall comedian, <mask> usually played violin badly as part of his act—first as Hugh Neek, then "Nedlo the Gypsy Violinist".He also played comedy roles in several British films—notably as the headmaster in Carry On Teacher. He is best remembered for the BBC Radio show <mask>'s a Laugh, a domestic comedy in which Kitty Bluett played his wife. Other actors and actresses who featured on the show included Peter Sellers, Fred Yule, Patricia Hayes, Kenneth Connor, Pat Coombs and Graham Stark; Sellers' earliest appearances predated The Goon Show by a couple of years. In 1949 and 1950, <mask> was King Rat of the Grand Order of Water Rats. He was the subject of the 3rd episode of This is Your Life in 1955. <mask> was an accomplished golfer, frequently playing with professional sportsmen. Later in his career, he appeared with Jimmy Edwards, Arthur Askey and Cyril Fletcher in the comedy radio panel game Does the Team Think?<mask> appeared on television, reading on Jackanory, a children's programme, in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1974, he presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2, The Betty Witherspoon Show, with Kenneth Williams, Miriam Margolyes and Nigel Rees. He was also involved in Jokers Wild, an ITV celebrity comedy game show (1969–74) which was chaired by Barry Cryer. Arthur Askey was another regular on the show. He married showgirl Dorothy Sybil (b. 1909), daughter of mechanical engineer George Henry Stevens; the couple had two sons: <mask>, a well-known television personality in the 1960s and 1970s, who initiated Call My Bluff and specialist classical music shows, and <mask>, a child star of the 1950s who had a long career on stage, film and television. He was the subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions: firstly, in October 1955 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre, and secondly in February 1975, when Andrews surprised him on the doorstep of his Southgate home.In 1975, returning home from a day of golfing and alcohol, two of his passions, <mask> was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. The injuries sustained were physically debilitating and left him dependent on crutches; he was convicted of dangerous driving under the influence of alcohol. On 16 June 1977, he recorded a half-hour interview talking about his life, which was broadcast on 25 July 1977. This was repeated on Radio 4 Extra's It's a Funny Business series on 3 November 2013. On 8 November 1977, he suffered a fatal heart attack. <mask>'s a Laugh (1949–61)
<mask>'s alter ego, Nedlo, the Gypsy Violinist, started his own variety show in 1949 and made a success of it. <mask>'s a Laugh did not include Nedlo's name in the credits, however, nor indeed that of Charlie Olden (<mask>'s real name).Nedlo/Olden was, by 1949, calling himself <mask> (after the golfer); this was how he billed himself for his radio series. <mask>'s a Laugh was a domestic comedy, with <mask>'s wife played by Kitty Bluett. Fred Yule played his brother-in-law. Patricia Hayes also appeared, as did Kenneth Connor as Sidney Mincing. In later series <mask> had left the Cannon Enquiry Agency and joined the Daily Bugle as a reporter. Jack Watson and Charles Leno joined the cast and new characters included Mrs Dipper and Roger Curfew, the paying guest with songs by John Hanson and the King's Men. Another early member was Peter Sellers, then 23 and billing himself as an impressionist.He appeared as Soppy, a small boy criticised by the nation's watchdogs for his catchphrase, "Just like your big red conk!" Another of his characters was a strange woman, Crystal Jollibottom ("Stop it you saucebox!" he would cry in a crazy falsetto). Laidman Browne, as <mask>'s boss Mr Trumble, Pat Coombs as Ursula Prune, Charles Leno and Graham Stark were also present. Percy Edwards, the animal impersonator, played Gregory the chicken. There was the glamour girl who would do anything, but "Not until after six-o'clock!" Songs came from the Beaux and the Belles, and Bob and Alf Pearson provided the musical interlude – "We bring you melodies from out of the sky, my brother and I!"Bob also played the little girl, Jennifer who, asked her name, would coyly reply: "Jen-ni-fer!" The show was no real departure from tradition, even in its catch-phrases. There was Ivy's (<mask>) devotion to Mrs Hoskins, for instance: "You're a lovely woman, Mrs Hoskins!" And it was she to whom Mrs Hoskins would remark weakly: "It was agony, Ivy!" Whenever Ivy felt poorly, Mrs Hoskins would say, "I'll have to send for young Dr Hardcastle", to which Ivy would reply, "He's lovely, Mrs Hoskins, He's loooooovely!" This role was also played by Bob Pearson. In addition, there was the adenoidal "If you haven't been to Manchester, you haven't lived" from Tommy Trotter (Graham Stark).<mask>'s a Laugh ran from 1949 until January 1961, eventually dropping the musical items. <mask> also showed his skill at ad-libbing (together with Jimmy Edwards, Arthur Askey and Cyril Fletcher) in Does the Team Think? The <mask> Show (1955–59)
The first series accented variety, with international guests; the second and third series had greater emphasis on stand-up comedy; the fourth featured domestic routines (with Kitty Bluett as <mask>'s wife and Kenneth Connor as "that interfering brother-in-law"); the fifth and six—with new writers—concentrated on sketch comedy and were branded 'New Edition' and '1959 Edition' to underline the difference.

masks:
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Robin Ray
Andrew Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ted Ray


title: Charles Fernley Fawcett

texts:
<mask> (2 December 1915 – 3 February 2008) was a wrestler, resistance worker, soldier, airman, film star, film maker, and co-founder of the International Medical Corps. He was a recipient of the French Croix de Guerre and the American Eisenhower medal. Early life
<mask> was born in Waleska, Georgia, where his mother had been caught in a snow storm and died when he was six. His family was of old Virginian stock, whose family tree included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Having been orphaned at an early age, <mask> and his younger brother and two sisters grew up in Greenville, South Carolina, in the care of their aunt. Here he attended Greenville high school for three years where he learned to wrestle and play American football. Aged 15, Fawcett became involved in an affair with his best friend's mother.He remarked, "If that's child molestation, I would wish this curse on every young boy." The end of the affair made Fawcett contemplate suicide, and he left the United States to travel to the far East, working his passage on a number of steamships. By 1937 he had returned to America and stayed for a time in New York City before making his way to Washington D. C., where he was taken in by his cousin, who happened to be an assistant United States Postmaster General. Here he ended up wrestling to make a living. Then in 1937 he boarded a ship outside Montreal bound for France, where he worked as an artist’s model and again as a wrestler. World War II
After the outbreak of World War II he tried to join US Intelligence but his services were declined, so he briefly joined the Section Volontaire des Américains - the ambulance corps. He was on his way to North Africa to join the Free French when he heard about Varian Fry, who would go on to rescue over 2,000 Jews from Vichy France with the help of a handful of people, Fawcett among them.Among the most famous people they rescued were Franz Werfel, Marc Chagall, Heinrich Mann and Hannah Arendt. "I went to see him and he wasn’t very interested until I told him I’d been a professional wrestler. He said, ‘Maybe we could use you to sort of keep order. Anybody who’s not supposed to be there, you can get rid of them’," <mask> recalled in an interview with Dr Stephen D Smith in 1998. "Fry was perhaps one of the most idealistic men I had ever known and certainly the most unassuming. We got rid in a hurry of his little bow-tie and striped suit. Out of place completely in Marseilles.Maybe one of the reasons he got away with a lot was because he looked so innocent." Towards the end of the war, Fawcett posed as the husband of six Jewish women in three months. This enabled the women, who had formerly been imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps, to leave France with an American visa. Eventually, he had to flee France at several hours’ notice after a tip-off that the Gestapo was coming to arrest him. Having left France, he flew in the RAF and later fought with the French Foreign Legion. Post-war
After the war, he pursued a cinematic career, in which he performed in over 100 films, working with such stars as Errol Flynn, Alan Ladd and Robert Taylor. He combined this with smuggling refugees to safety from civil conflict, organizing earthquake relief teams, fighting in several wars and co-founding the International Medical Corps.<mask>'s first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1956. In 1991, he married again, when after a 30-year engagement he married April Ducksbury, a British model agency executive, and settled in London. In 1979, he went to assist in training the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, who were fighting the Soviet Union. Film footage he shot whilst in Afghanistan was critical in securing American aid to the Mujahideen. He spent the rest of his life in Chelsea, London, with his wife April Ducksbury. Here he acquired a taste for music and wrote songs. In 2006, Fawcett was nominated for recognition as Righteous Among the Nations at the annual British Holocaust commemoration.<mask> died on 3 February 2008 in London at the age of 92. Adams
 Panic Button (1964)
 Old Shatterhand (1964) - General Taylor
 Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965) - Mr. Shelby
 Wild Kurdistan (1965) - Scheik Mohammed Emin / Scheik Kadir Bei
 Kingdom of the Silver Lion (1965) - Scheik Kadir Bei
 Savage Pampas (1966) - Pvt. El Gato
 Spy Today, Die Tomorrow (1967) - General Stikker
 Feuer frei auf Frankie (1967) - Prof. Peers
 Caccia ai violenti (1968)
 The Girl of the Nile (1969) - Marco Alfieri
 The Massacre of Glencoe (1971) - John Macdonald
 Kalimán, el hombre increíble (1972) - Professor Morgan
 Down the Ancient Staircase (1975) - Doctor Sfameni
 Blue Belle'' (1976) - Michael / Annie's lover (final film role)

References

1915 births
2008 deaths
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Sportspeople from Greenville, South Carolina
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
American filmmakers
20th-century American male actors
Greenville Senior High School (Greenville, South Carolina) alumni

masks:
Charles Fernley Fawcett
Charles Fernley Fawcett
Fawcett
Fawcett
Fawcett
Charles Fawcett