title: Idi Amin

texts:
 Revolutionäre Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport. The hijackers were joined there by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe), on the night of 3–4 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos flew in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; 7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu (the commander of the unit), were killed.A fourth hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its High Commission in Uganda. In retaliation for Kenya's assistance in the raid, <mask> also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda. Uganda under <mask> embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when <mask> announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within  of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with "a single inch of territory".<mask> backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armoured personnel carriers along the Kenya–Uganda border. <mask>'s relations with Rwanda were tense, and during his tenure he repeatedly jeopardized its economy by denying its commercial vehicles transit to Mombasa and made multiple threats to bomb Kigali. Deposition and exile

In January 1977 Amin appointed General Mustafa Adrisi Vice President of Uganda. That year, a split in the Uganda Army developed between supporters of <mask> and soldiers loyal to Adrisi, who held significant power in the government and wanted to purge foreigners, particularly Sudanese, from the military. The growing dissatisfaction in the Uganda Army was reflected by frequent coup attempts; <mask> was even wounded during one of them, namely Operation Mafuta Mingi in June 1977. By 1978, the number of <mask>'s supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of <mask>'s ministers defected or fled into exile.In early 1978, Adrisi was severely injured in a car accident and flown to Cairo for treatment. While he was there, <mask> stripped him of his positions as Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs and denounced him for retiring senior prison officials without his knowledge. Amin then proceeded to purge several high-ranking officials from his government and took personal control of several ministerial portfolios. The shakeup caused political unrest and especially angered Adrisi's followers, who believed that the car accident was a failed assassination attempt. In November 1978, troops loyal to Adrisi mutinied. <mask> sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. Fighting consequently broke out along the Ugandan–Tanzanian border, and the Uganda Army launched an invasion of Tanzanian territory under unclear circumstances.According to several experts and politicians, <mask> directly ordered the invasion in an attempt to distract the Ugandan military and public from the crisis at home. Other accounts suggest, however, that <mask> had lost control of parts of the Uganda Army. Accordingly, the invading troops acted without his orders, and <mask> sanctioned the invasion post facto to save face. In any case, <mask> accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of initiating the war against Uganda after the hostilities had erupted, and proclaimed the annexation of a section of Kagera when the Ugandan invasion initially proved to be successful. In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). <mask>'s army retreated steadily, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). The President reportedly made several trips abroad to other countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the war, attempting to enlist more foreign support.He made few public appearances in the final months of his rule, but spoke frequently on radio and television. Following a major defeat in the Battle of Lukaya, parts of the Uganda Army command reportedly urged <mask> to step down. He angrily refused, and declared: "If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself." He consequently fired chief of staff Yusuf Gowon. However, <mask> was forced to flee the Ugandan capital by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured. After a short-lived attempt to rally some remnants of the Uganda Army in eastern Uganda which reportedly included Amin proclaiming the city of Jinja his country's new capital, he fled into exile. <mask> first escaped to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics.<mask> lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda–Tanzania War for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman <mask> (no relation) of Visnews in Nairobi, located <mask> in 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. While in exile, Amin funded remnants of his army that fought in the Ugandan Bush War. Though he continued to be a controversial figure, some of <mask>'s former followers as well as several rebel groups continued to fight in his name for decades, and occasionally advocated for his amnesty and even his restoration to Ugandan Presidency. During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, <mask> held that Uganda needed him, and never expressed remorse for the brutal nature of his regime. In 1989, <mask> left his exile without authorization by the Saudi Arabian government, and flew alongside one of his sons to Zaire. There, he intended to mobilize a rebel force to reconquer Uganda which was engulfed in another civil war at the time.The rest of his family stayed in Jeddah. Despite using a false Zairean passport, <mask> was easily recognized upon arriving with Air Zaïre at N'djili Airport, and promptly arrested by Zairean security forces. The Zairean government reacted unfavourably to Amin's arrival, and attempted to expel him from the country. At first, Saudi Arabia refused to allow him to return, as its government was deeply offended that he had "abused their hospitality" by leaving without permission. The Zairean government wanted neither to extradite Amin to Uganda where the ex-president faced murder charges nor keeping him in Zaire, thereby straining international relations. As a result, <mask> was initially expelled to Senegal from where he was supposed to be sent to Saudi Arabia, but the Senegalese government sent him back to Zaire when Saudi Arabia continued to refuse Amin a visa. Following appeals by Moroccan King Hassan II, the Saudi Arabian leadership finally relented and allowed Amin to return.In return, <mask> had to promise to never again participate in any political or military activities or give interviews. He consequently spent the remainder of his life peacefully and quietly in Saudi Arabia. In the final years of his life, <mask> reportedly ate a fruitarian diet. His daily consumption of oranges earned him the nickname "Dr. Jaffa" among Saudi Arabians. Illness and death
On 19 July 2003, <mask>'s fourth wife, Nalongo Madina, reported that he was in a coma and near death at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from kidney failure. She pleaded with the Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, to allow him to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to "answer for his sins the moment he was brought back".<mask>'s family eventually decided to disconnect life support, and <mask> consequently died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave, without any fanfare. After <mask>'s death, David Owen revealed that during his term as the British Foreign Secretary (1977 to 1979), he had proposed having Amin assassinated. He has defended this, arguing: "I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of Pol Pot as one of the worst of all African regimes". Family and associates

A polygamist, <mask> <mask> married at least six women, three of whom he divorced. He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972.On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora, and Kay. Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya. In 1974, <mask> died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered. Nora fled to Zaire in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown. In July 1975, <mask> staged a £2 million wedding to 19-year-old Sarah Kyolaba, a go-go dancer with the Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band, nicknamed "Suicide Sarah". The wedding was held during the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, and the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, Yasser Arafat served as Amin's best man. Before she met <mask>, Sarah was living with a boyfriend, Jesse Gitta; he vanished and it is not clear if he was beheaded, or detained after fleeing to Kenya.The couple had four children and enjoyed rally race driving <mask>'s Citroën SM, with Sarah as navigator. Sarah was a hairdresser in Tottenham when she died in 2015. By 1993, <mask> was living with the last nine of his children and one wife, Mama a Chumaru, the mother of the youngest four of his children. His last known child, daughter Iman, was born in 1992. According to The Monitor, <mask> married again a few months before his death in 2003. <mask> fathered up to near 60 children. Until 2003, Taban <mask> (born 1955), <mask> <mask>'s eldest son, was the leader of West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni.In 2005, he was offered amnesty by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Internal Security Organisation. Another of <mask>'s sons, Haji <mask>, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of Njeru Town Council in 2002 but was not elected. In early 2007, the award-winning film The Last King of Scotland prompted one of his sons, Jaffar <mask> (born in 1967), to speak out in his father's defence. Jaffar <mask> said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation. Jaffar is the tenth of <mask>'s 40 official children by seven official wives. Among <mask>'s closest associates was the Briton Bob Astles.Isaac Maliyamungu was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army. Character

Nicknames
Over the course of his career, Amin gained numerous nicknames, many of them derogatory:
 "Big Daddy": affectionate nickname
 kijambiya ("the machete"): attributed to Ugandan security forces often murdering their victims with machetes
 "Butcher of Uganda"
 "Butcher of Africa"
 "Butcher of Kampala"
 "Black Hitler"
 "Dada": It is disputed whether this was part of Amin's family name or a nickname. Some observers have claimed that it originated as nickname for Amin's "cowardly" behavior, as it can be translated as "sister", though this has been strongly disputed by others. Amin's family has stated that "Dada" was simply an alternate name for the Lugbara people which is occasionally used as personal name. Researcher Mark Leopold judged this to be more likely than the nickname theory. "Dr. Jaffa": he earned this nickname in exile in Saudi Arabia due to his daily consumption of oranges, especially after allegedly transitioning to fruitarianism. Erratic behaviour, self-bestowed titles and media portrayal

As the years progressed, Amin's behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and strident.After the United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, <mask> declared that he had defeated the British, and he conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: "His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor <mask> <mask> Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular", in addition to his officially stated claim of being the uncrowned king of Scotland. He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British Victoria Cross. Amin became the subject of rumours, including a widespread belief that he was a cannibal. Amin reportedly also boasted that he kept the decapitated heads of political enemies in his freezer, although he said that human flesh was generally "too salty" for his taste. Some of the rumours, such as the mutilation of one of his wives, were spread and popularised by the 1980 film Rise and Fall of Idi Amin and alluded to in the film The Last King of Scotland in 2006, a movie which earned actor Forest Whitaker an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask>.During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric figure. Julius Harris emphasized Amin's allegedly clownish side in Victory at Entebbe, while Yaphet Kotto drew more praise for projecting Amin's sinister nature in Raid on Entebbe. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a Time magazine article described him as a "killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting martinet". The comedy-variety series Saturday Night Live aired four Amin sketches between 1976 and 1979, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against venereal disease. In 1979, radio host Don Imus made multiple on-air telephone calls in an attempt to talk to Amin, and later hosted a phony interview with him that was deemed "very dirty." In a Benny Hill Show episode transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading "ME TARZAN, U GANDA". The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasising Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behaviour.Other commentators even suggested that <mask> had deliberately cultivated his eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda. Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey wrote, "facile explanations of <mask>'s regime, as either a one-man show or a lawless and ruthless band of killers, do not get at the heart of the power structure." Legacy
Gender historian Alicia Decker wrote that the "deeply embedded culture of militarism in Uganda is undoubtedly <mask>'s most enduring legacy." His reputation in Uganda has been viewed over the decades following his rule in more complex ways than in the international community. Some Ugandans have praised him as a "patriot" and supported his decision to expel Asians from the country. At the time of his death, he was particularly well-regarded in north-western Uganda. One of <mask>'s sons, Jaffar Remo, criticised the negative public perception of his father and called for a commission to investigate the veracity of the abuses committed under his rule.See also
Notable adherents of fruitarianism

Notes

References

Sources

 Cotton, Fran (Ed., 1984). The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records. Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing. . External links

The Idi Amin I knew, Brian Barron, BBC, 16 August 2003. Includes a video of Brian Barron interviewing <mask> <mask> in exile in 1980.The Atlantic – 1 April 2001 Memo and Quincy LS the series
General <mask> <mask> Dada: A Self Portrait on Google Videos (Flash Video)
idiamindada.com, a website devoted to <mask> <mask>'s legacy created by his son Jaffar Amin

1920s births
2003 deaths
Anti-Indian racism in Africa
Antisemitism in Africa
British colonial army soldiers
British military personnel of the Mau Mau Uprising
Date of birth unknown
Deaths from kidney failure
Disease-related deaths in Saudi Arabia
Exiled politicians
Field marshals
Fugitives
King's African Rifles officers
Leaders who took power by coup
Light-heavyweight boxers
Military personnel of the Uganda–Tanzania War
People from Kampala
People from West Nile sub-region
People of the Cold War
People of the Congo Crisis
Presidents for life
Presidents of Uganda
Pretenders to the Scottish throne
Ugandan exiles
Ugandan expatriates in Saudi Arabia
Ugandan generals
Ugandan male boxers
Ugandan Muslims
Ugandan pan-Africanists
Ugandan rugby union players
Ugandan sportsperson-politicians
Politicide perpetrators
Genocide

masks:
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Mohamed Amin
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Idi
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Kay Amin
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Ali Amin
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title: Paul Kemsley

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 17 August 1967) is an English businessman. He is best known as a property developer, for recurring appearances on the American reality television show The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, and to sports fans as a former Vice-Chairman of Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur, and as Chairman of the revived New York Cosmos. Early life
He was educated at Atholl School in Rayners Lane, Harrow. At the age of 15 Kemsley worked on Saturdays at John Paul Menswear, which led him to meeting Mike Ashley, who opened his first Sports World equipment outlet across the road. They would play darts for money on quiet afternoons. Career
<mask> left school in 1984, at the age of 17, and began working at Gross Fine as a junior surveyor. Then, from 1985 to 1992, Kemsley worked as an agent at the commercial real-estate firm Ross Jaye.In 1992, he decided to leave and join his old friend Ashley at Sports Direct where he helped to expand the group. Rock Joint Ventures Ltd
By 1995, <mask> wanted to start his own business and he established a property and securities company with "the £1,800 he had left in his pocket." This was Rock Joint Ventures Ltd, formed with Joe Lewis of ENIC Group, a British investment company, and Spurs chairman Daniel Levy. Rock was an investor and developer of commercial and residential property, but specialised in land trading. It also had a private hedge fund that specialised in acquiring strategic stakes in public companies, the most well-known being their 28% share in Countryside Properties plc in 2004, which they sold to the chairman for a profit of £12 million. By 2007, Rock's property portfolio was valued at £750 million. Lewis parted from the company around that time.It set up a joint venture with HBOS to build a £1bn property portfolio. However, in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, Rock was placed into administration in June 2009, ending Kemsley's involvement. The administrator PwC began selling the major properties of the portfolio, which included the Selhurst Park stadium, in October 2009. HBOS lost hundreds of millions of pounds, and Peter Cummings, the banker who had promoted the joint investments in Kemsley's portfolio, was fined £500,000 by the FSA in 2012. In a lawsuit filed by Kemsley's former partners against HBOS, Kemsley was accused of being involved in a "self dealing" transaction around a $35 million personal loan from HBOS. Kemsley was well known as an aggressive player in the property business. In his most successful property deal he bought 27–35 Poultry, an office block in the City of London, for £40 million in May 2006.He then sold it within five months to a former Russian government minister for £72 million. He has developed successful investments in various online betting operators including Party Gaming, Chinese-licensed Betex, and AIM-quoted FUN Technologies. His personal wealth was estimated at £180 million in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008, and he was noted as actively supporting various charitable causes. However, in September 2008 he placed a series of large bets that doomed US bank Lehman Brothers would recover, and in May 2009 the spread betting company Spreadex took legal action against him, claiming that he was liable to pay a margin call of £2 million. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Kemsley was a director of Spurs from 2001 through 2006, and Vice-Chairman of the club at the time of his departure in 2007. Levy announced that <mask> was resigning to focus on his property interests in the United States, but the abrupt departure invited speculation that <mask>'s relationship with Levy had soured.<mask>'s resignation came just weeks after he had been part of a delegation that traveled to Spain in an attempt to sign manager Juande Ramos, a move that was characterized as "mishandled" and which "undermined the club's start to the Premier League season". The Apprentice
<mask> is known as a close friend of Mike Ashley, David Pearl, Sir Philip Green and Lord Sugar. It was through his friendship with Sugar that Kemsley played a part in the ENIC/Levy partnership's purchase of a majority share holding in Tottenham Hotspur. <mask> later appeared as one of Lord Sugar's interviewer/advisors on the UK BBC edition of The Apprentice from 2005 to 2008, but left the show after Rock failed. He explained that he quit because his role no longer made sense following his bankruptcy: "Inevitably people were going to say: 'Who are you to interview anyone? You've just gone bust.'" New York Cosmos
In 2010 he led a relaunch of the New York Cosmos soccer club, on the advice of his friend and associate Jeffrey Akiki.As chairman, he was the public representative of the majority ownership group, who remained anonymous but were reportedly Saudi Arabian. He signed a merchandising deal with sportswear manufacturer Umbro and insisted that the club's goal was to join Major League Soccer Kemsley installed soccer legend and former Cosmos star Pelé as Honorary President, and in January 2011 appointed former Manchester United player Eric Cantona as Director of Soccer, although the club would later claim in court that Cantona was never intended to be more than a promotional figurehead. Kemsley stepped away from the club in October of 2011, as the New York Post reported that the owners "apparently tired of the flamboyant Brit, who was long on flash but has to this point been short of substance". Legends 10
In his position as Cosmos chairman, Kemsley got involved with Pelé when he flew to Brazil to enlist his help in reviving the brand. Kemsley and Cosmos Vice President Terry Byrne formed a management agency originally named "Sport 10" to handle the former superstar's merchandising and promotional deals. Kemsley kept his position as CEO of the agency, later renamed "Legends 10", after leaving the Cosmos. Personal Bankruptcy
In March 2012 Kemsley filed for bankruptcy listing expenses of $34k per month and personal debts ranging from $10M–$50M with debts to creditors including Spreadex, HMRC, HBOS and Joe Lewis.However, Barclays Bank continued legal action in the United States over a £5 million loan to him. In March 2013, the United States Bankruptcy Court initially found against the trustee who had applied for chapter 15 bankruptcy. Judge Peck denied this application, calling Kemsley "a bankrupt who doesn't live like one". However, two months later in state court, Peck denied  Barclay's claim, saying Barclays had effectively mousetrapped themselves in extending the loan to Kemsley. Personal life
He was married to Loretta (née Gold) from Portsmouth. The couple have three children and were living in Radlett, Hertfordshire in 2007, before moving to America. His wife and children returned to London in 2012.In March 2015, <mask> married his wife Dorit <mask> (née Lemel) in New York City. He has a son and a daughter from his second marriage. Dorit <mask> appears as a cast member on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, having joined at the start of season 7. Their family is Jewish. References

1967 births
Living people
English Jews
Businesspeople from London
British real estate businesspeople
People from Stanmore
People from Radlett

masks:
Paul Zeital Kemsley
Kemsley
Kemsley
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title: Joan of Acre

texts:
<mask> of Acre (April 1272 – 23 April 1307) was an English princess, a daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. The name "Acre" derives from her birthplace in the Holy Land while her parents were on a crusade. She was married twice; her first husband was Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, one of the most powerful nobles in her father's kingdom; her second husband was Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in her household whom she married in secret. <mask> is most notable for the claim that miracles have allegedly taken place at her grave, and for the multiple references to her in literature. Birth and childhood
<mask> (or <mask>, as she is sometimes called) of Acre was born in the spring of 1272 in the Kingdom of Acre, Outremer, now in modern Israel, while her parents, Edward I and Eleanor of Castile, were on crusade. At the time of <mask>'s birth, her grandfather, Henry III, was still alive and thus her father was not yet king of England. Her parents departed from Acre shortly after her birth, travelling to Sicily and Spain before leaving <mask> with Eleanor's mother, <mask>, Countess of Ponthieu, in France.<mask> lived for several years in France where she spent her time being educated by a bishop and "being thoroughly spoiled by an indulgent grandmother." <mask> was free to play among the "vine clad hills and sunny vales" surrounding her grandmother's home, although she required "judicious surveillance." As <mask> was growing up with her grandmother, her father was back in England, already arranging marriages for his daughter. He hoped to gain both political power and more wealth with his daughter's marriage, so he conducted the arrangement in a very "business-like style". He finally found a man suitable to marry <mask> (aged 5 at the time), Hartman, son of King Rudolph I of Germany. Edward then brought her home from France for the first time to meet him. As she had spent her entire life away from Edward and Eleanor, when she returned she "stood in no awe of her parents" and had a fairly distanced relationship with them.Before he was able to meet or marry <mask>, Hartman died. It was reported that he had fallen through a patch of shallow ice while "amusing himself in skating" while a letter sent to the King himself stated that Hartman had set out on a boat to visit his father amidst a terrible fog and the boat had smashed into a rock, drowning him. First marriage
Edward arranged a second marriage almost immediately after the death of Hartman. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, who was almost 30 years older than <mask> and newly divorced, was his first choice. The earl resigned his lands to Edward upon agreeing to get them back when he married <mask>, as well as agreed on a dower of 2,000 silver marks. By the time all of these negotiations were finished, <mask> was 12 years old. Gilbert de Clare became very enamoured with <mask>, and even though she had to marry him regardless of how she felt, he still tried to woo her.He bought her expensive gifts and clothing to try to win favour with her. The couple were married on 30 April 1290 at Westminster Abbey, and had four children together. They were:

 Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford
 Eleanor de Clare
 Margaret de Clare
 Elizabeth de Clare

<mask>'s first husband, Gilbert de Clare, died on 7 December 1295. Secret second marriage
<mask> had been a widow for only a little over a year when she caught the eye of Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in <mask>'s father's household. <mask> fell in love and convinced her father to have Monthermer knighted. It was unheard of in European royalty for a noble lady to even converse with a man who had not won or acquired importance in the household. However, <mask> secretly married Ralph in January 1297.<mask>'s father was already planning another marriage for <mask> to Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, to occur on 16 March 1297. Being already married, unbeknownst to her father, <mask> was in a dangerous predicament. <mask> sent her four young children to their grandfather, in hopes that their sweetness would win Edward's favor, but her plan did not work. The king soon discovered his daughter's intentions, but not yet aware that she had already committed to them, he seized <mask>'s lands and continued to arrange her marriage to Amadeus of Savoy. Soon after the seizure of her lands, <mask> told her father that she had married Ralph. The king was enraged and retaliated by immediately imprisoning Monthermer at Bristol Castle. The people of the land had differing opinions on <mask>'s predicament.It has been argued that the noblemen who were most upset were those who wanted her hand in marriage. With regard to the matter, <mask> famously said, "It is not considered ignominious, nor disgraceful, for a great earl to take a poor and mean woman to wife; neither, on the other hand, is it worthy of blame, or too difficult a thing for a countess to promote to honour a gallant youth." Coming at the time of a pregnancy which may have been obvious, <mask>'s statement seemed to soften Edward's attitude towards the situation. Her first child by Monthermer was born in October 1297; by the summer of 1297, when the marriage was revealed to the king, <mask>'s condition would certainly have been apparent, helping to convince Edward that he had no choice but to recognise his daughter's second marriage. Edward I eventually relented, for the sake of his daughter, and released Monthermer from imprisonment in August 1297. Monthermer paid homage on 2 August, was granted the titles of Earl of Gloucester and Earl of Hertford, and rose in the King's favour during <mask>'s lifetime. Monthermer and <mask> had four children:

 Mary de Monthermer, born October 1297.In 1306 her grandfather King Edward I arranged for her to marry Duncan Macduff, 8th Earl of Fife. <mask> Monthermer, born 1299, became a nun at Amesbury. Thomas de Monthermer, 2nd Baron Monthermer, born 1301. Edward de Monthermer, born 1304 and died 1339. Relationship with family
<mask> of Acre was the seventh of Edward I and Eleanor's fourteen children. Most of her elder siblings died before the age of seven, and many of her younger siblings died before adulthood. Those who survived to adulthood were <mask>, her younger brother, Edward of Caernarfon (later Edward II), and four of her sisters: Eleanor, Margaret, Mary, and Elizabeth.<mask>, like her siblings, was raised outside her parents' household. She lived with her grandmother in Ponthieu for four years, and was then entrusted to the same caregivers who looked after her siblings. Edward I did not have a close relationship with most of his children while they were growing up, yet "he seemed fonder of his daughters than his sons." However, <mask> of Acre's independent nature caused numerous conflicts with her father. Her father disapproved of her leaving court after her marriage to the Earl of Gloucester, and in turn "seized seven robes that had been made for her". He also strongly disapproved of her second marriage to Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in her household, even to the point of attempting to force her to marry someone else. While Edward ultimately developed a cordial relationship with Monthermer, even granting him two earldoms, there appears to have been a notable difference in Edward's treatment of <mask> as compared to the treatment of the rest of her siblings.For instance, her father famously paid messengers substantially when they brought news of the birth of grandchildren, but did not do this upon the birth of <mask>'s daughter. <mask> retained a fairly tight bond with her siblings. She and Monthermer both maintained a close relationship with her brother, Edward, which was maintained through letters. After Edward became estranged from his father and lost his royal seal, "<mask> offered to lend him her seal". Death
<mask> died on 23 April 1307, at the manor of Clare in Suffolk. The cause of her death remains unclear, though one popular theory is that she died during childbirth, a common cause of death at the time. While <mask>'s age in 1307 (about 35) and the chronology of her earlier pregnancies with Ralph de Monthermer suggest that this could well be the case, historians have not confirmed the cause of her death.Less than four months after her death, <mask>'s father died. <mask>'s widower, Ralph de Monthermer, lost the title of Earl of Gloucester soon after the deaths of his wife and father-in-law. The earldom of Gloucester was given to <mask>'s son from her first marriage, Gilbert, who was its rightful holder. Monthermer continued to hold a nominal earldom in Scotland, which had been conferred on him by Edward I, until his death. <mask>'s burial place has been the cause of some interest and debate. She is interred in the Augustinian priory at Clare, which had been founded by her first husband's ancestors and where many of them were also buried. Allegedly, in 1357, <mask>'s daughter, Elizabeth De Burgh, claimed to have "inspected her mother's body and found the corpse to be intact", which in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church is an indication of sanctity.This claim was only recorded in a fifteenth-century chronicle, however, and its details are uncertain, especially the statement that her corpse was in such a state of preservation that "when her paps [breasts] were pressed with hands, they rose up again." Some sources further claim that miracles took place at <mask>'s tomb, but no cause for her beatification or canonisation has ever been introduced. <mask> in fiction
<mask> <mask> makes an appearance in Virginia Henley's historical romance Infamous. In the book, <mask>, known as <mask>, is described as a promiscuous young princess, vain, shallow and spoilt. In the novel she is only given one daughter, when she historically had eight children. There is no evidence that supports this picture of <mask>. In The Love Knot by Vanessa Alexander, <mask> <mask> is an important character.The author portrays a completely different view of the princess from the one in Henley's novel. The Love Knot tells the story of the love affair between Ralph de Monthermer and <mask> <mask> through the discovery of a series of letters the two had written to each other. Between historians and novelists, <mask> has appeared in various texts as either an independent and spirited woman or a spoiled brat. In Lives of the Princesses of England by Mary Anne Everett Green, <mask> is portrayed as a "giddy princess" and neglectful mother. Many have agreed to this characterisation; however, some authors think there is little evidence to support the assumption that <mask> of Acre was a neglectful or uncaring mother. Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Costain, Thomas. A History of the Plantagenets, Vol III.Green, Mary Anna Everett. Lives of the Princesses of England. London: Henry Colburn, 1850. Google Books full text

 Parsons, John Carmi. Eleanor of Castile. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 1272 births
1307 deaths
13th-century English people
14th-century English people
13th-century English women
14th-century English women
Deaths in childbirth
English princesses
Gloucester
House of Plantagenet
English people of French descent
English people of Portuguese descent
English people of Italian descent
Burials at Clare Priory
Daughters of kings
Children of Edward I of England

masks:
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joanna
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
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Joan
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Joan de
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Joan
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Joan
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title: J. Bowyer Bell

texts:
J<mask> (November 15, 1931 – August 23, 2003) was an American historian, artist and art critic. He was best known as a terrorism expert. Background and early life
<mask> was born into an Episcopalian family in 1931 in New York City. The family later moved to Alabama, from where <mask> attended Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, majoring in history. He also studied art, and discovered he had "total visual memory"–the equivalent of perfect pitch in a singer. His first solo art showing was in the college library in his senior year. He considered becoming a professional artist and made frequent visits to New York to visit other artists, including his hero Franz Kline, but committed to academia.<mask> graduated in 1953, and began studying the Spanish Civil War at Duke University in North Carolina. <mask> interrupted his studies at Duke after being awarded a Fulbright, and travelled to Italy to study at the University of Rome. <mask> travelled Europe interviewing veterans of the Spanish Civil War, and in Rome he mixed with writers and artists including Cy Twombly. After returning to America, <mask> completed his doctorate at Duke in 1958. Professional career
After graduating, <mask> began teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and Trinity School in Manhattan. In 1962, he married Charlotte Rockey, an Egyptologist, and they moved into an apartment in Manhattan. In New York, <mask> socialised with the likes of Robert Rauschenberg, <mask>, <mask> and Frank Stella at the Cedar Tavern.<mask> exhibited his paintings and collages at the Allan Stone Gallery, and collected paintings and sculptures by artists including <mask>. <mask> was fascinated by global terrorism conflicts and decided to "write [his] way back into academia". While researching the Middle East, he discovered that the Irgun drew inspiration from the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish War of Independence, and began to study the IRA. <mask> and his family travelled to County Carlow in the Republic of Ireland in 1965, where he spent several months researching the Republican Movement. He discovered little had been published on Irish history after 1922, and the state archives were closed until the 1980s. He began research in the National Library of Ireland, and also interviewed Irish republicans in a Kilkenny public house and hotels in Dublin. In 1966, his first book was published; Besieged: Seven Cities Under Siege.That same year he returned to Dublin with his family to continue his research. In 1967, he made his first visit to Northern Ireland where he attended a meeting of the banned Republican Clubs. In 1969, he published his second book on the Middle East; The Long War: Israel and the Arabs since 1946. The Troubles began in Northern Ireland in 1969, and <mask>'s The Secret Army: the IRA 1916-1970 was published the following year, and was one of the first detailed histories of the IRA, along with The IRA by Tim Pat Coogan, which was also published in 1970. After the publication of The Secret Army <mask> lived mostly in New York and London, England, and continued to visit Ireland annually. While researching in Ireland, <mask> was tear gassed and shot at during riots in Belfast, which he described as "field work a bit too near the centre of the field". <mask> continued to travel extensively, researching in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia as part of a career described as "talking to terrorists, gunmen, mad dogs and mercenaries".He was held hostage in Jordan, shot at in Lebanon, kidnapped in Yemen and deported from Kenya. Horn of Africa: Strategic Magnet in the Seventies was published in 1973. In 1974, he began writing with the "Insight Team" of The Sunday Times about the war in Cyprus. This was followed by the 1976 publication of On Revolt: Strategies of National Liberation, for which he interviewed over a hundred participants from revolts against the British Empire. Terror Out of Zion, published in 1977, covered the Irgun and Lehi's guerrilla campaign in the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the death of his first wife in 1981, <mask> married an Irishwoman, Norah Browne from County Kerry, whom he had met while filming his 1972 documentary, The Secret Army. He continued to work in other areas; he was an adjunct professor at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, and he held the position of research associate at the university's Institute of War and Peace Studies.He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and founded a consultancy, the International Analysis Centre, whose clients included the United States Department of State, the United States Department of Justice, the Central Intelligence Agency and American television networks. He continued to work as an independent scholar, carrying out research with the aid of grants; he received over seven Guggenheim Fellowships and turned down a Rockefeller Humanities Award. <mask> also continued his career in painting, receiving a Pollock-Krasner Fellowship and exhibiting work inspired by the conflicts he witnessed. From 1979 onward, his paintings were exhibited annually at the Taylor Gallery in Dublin, and he also held exhibitions in Manhattan and Hungary. <mask> launched a career as an art critic in the 1990s, writing for New York-based journal Review, and he was also commissioned to write catalogue entries for galleries and museum retrospectives. <mask> continued writing about the IRA and the ongoing events of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and in 1994 he was a speaker at West Belfast Festival, where he suggested the IRA was the only organisation in Northern Ireland that understood its problems. In 1996, he made headlines in Ireland and abroad after meeting with the Army Council of the dissident republican splinter group Continuity IRA at a secret rural location in Ireland.Former IRA member Anthony McIntyre claimed <mask> had a pro-Irish republican bias, with McIntyre stating "<mask> <mask>'s long familiarity with Irish Republicanism once prompted the caustic comment that there are none more vindictive than a reformed gunman". As well as releasing updated versions of The Secret Army, <mask> continued to write about other aspects of the conflicts in Ireland and the Middle East. Cheating and Deception was published in 1991, The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence 1967-1992 in 1993, In Dubious Battle: The Dublin and Monaghan Bombings 1972-1974 and Back to the Future: The Protestants and a United Ireland in 1996, and Dynamics of the Armed Struggle in 1998. With the aid of a grant from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <mask> returned to the Middle East in 2000 to conduct research for his next book, on Egyptian Islamic terrorism. As with The Secret Army first being published shortly after the start of the Troubles, <mask>'s timing was again good with Murders on the Nile: The World Trade Center and Global Terrorism being published in 2002, shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States by Al-Qaeda. Death
<mask> died from renal failure in a New York hospital on 23 August 2003. His paintings continue to be exhibited since his death.References

1931 births
2003 deaths
American art critics
American expatriates in Italy
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Deaths from kidney failure
Columbia University faculty
Duke University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Washington and Lee University alumni
Artists from New York City
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New York (state)

masks:
. Bowyer Bell
Bell
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Jasper Johns
Jack Kerouac
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John Chamberlain
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title: Nathaniel Bowditch

texts:
<mask> (March 26, 1773 – March 16, 1838) was an early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. He is often credited as the founder of modern maritime navigation; his book The New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel. In 2001, an elementary and middle school in Salem was named in his honor. Life and work
<mask>, the fourth of seven children, was born in Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, to <mask>, a cooper who at one point was a sailor as well but stopped after his ship went aground in 1775, and <mask>. At the age of ten, he was made to leave school to work in his father's cooperage, before becoming indentured at twelve for nine years as a bookkeeping apprentice to a ship chandler. Here is where he first learned bookkeeping, an important step in his life.In 1786, age fourteen, Bowditch began to study algebra and two years later he taught himself calculus. He also taught himself Latin in 1790 and French in 1792 so he was able to read mathematical works such as Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. He found thousands of errors in John Hamilton Moore's The New Practical Navigator; at eighteen, he copied all the mathematical papers of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Among his many significant scientific contributions would be a translation of Pierre-Simon de Laplace's Mécanique céleste, a lengthy work on mathematics and theoretical astronomy. This translation was critical to the development of astronomy in the United States. Serendipity aided Bowditch's self-directed study, in as much as he found himself able to use the eminent Irish chemist Richard Kirwan's library: Hugh Hill, a privateer from Salem who captained the Pilgrim, had intercepted the ship carrying the library between Ireland and England and brought the library back to Salem in June 1791. In 1795, Bowditch went to sea on the first of four voyages as a ship's clerk and captain's writer.His fifth voyage was as master and part owner of a ship. Following this voyage, he returned to Salem in 1803 to resume his mathematical studies and enter the insurance business. One of his family homes in Salem, the <mask> House, still exists and was restored in 2000. This house has been designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1798 <mask> married Elizabeth Boardman, who died seven months later. In 1800 <mask> married his second wife and cousin, Mary "Polly" Ingersoll <mask> (1781–1834). They had 2 daughters and 6 sons, including Henry Ingersoll <mask>.Among his grandchildren were Henry Pickering <mask> and Charles Pickering <mask>. In 1802, his book The American Practical Navigator was first published. That same year, Harvard University awarded Bowditch an honorary degree. In 1804, <mask> became America's first insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in Salem. Under his direction, the company prospered despite difficult political conditions and the War of 1812. <mask>'s mathematical and astronomical work during this time earned him a significant standing, including election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1799 and the American Philosophical Society in 1809. He was offered the chair of mathematics and physics at Harvard in 1806, but turned it down.In 1804, an article on his observations of the Moon was published and in 1806 he published naval charts of several harbors, including Salem. More scientific publications followed, including a study of a meteor explosion (1807), three papers on the orbits of comets (1815, 1818, 1820) and a study of the Lissajous figures created by the motion of a pendulum suspended from two points (1815). In 1816, Harvard awarded <mask>ch an honorary Doctor of Laws.Thornton, Tamara Pkakins, "<mask>ch: Brief life of a mathematician and businessman: 1773-1839", Harvard Magazine, July-August 2016. As well as Harvard, the United States Military Academy and the University of Virginia offered Bowditch chairs in mathematics. Bowditch again refused these offers, perhaps (in the case of the University of Virginia) because the $2,000 salary offered was two-thirds of the salary he received as president of the insurance company. Bowditch's translation of the first four volumes of Laplace's Traité de mécanique céleste was completed by 1818. Publication of the work, however, was delayed for many years, most likely due to cost.Nonetheless, he continued to work on it with the assistance of Benjamin Peirce, adding commentaries that doubled its length. By 1819, Bowditch's international reputation had grown to the extent that he was elected as a member of the Royal Societies of Edinburgh and  London, and the Royal Irish Academy. In 1823, Bowditch left the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company to become an actuary for the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company in Boston. There he served as a "money manager" (an investment manager) for wealthy individuals who made their fortunes at sea, directing their wealth toward manufacturing. Towns such as Lowell prospered as a result. Bowditch's move from Salem to Boston involved the transfer of over 2,500 books, 100 maps and charts, and 29 volumes of his own manuscripts. Bowditch's American Practical Navigator

During his time at sea, Bowditch became intensely interested in the mathematics involved in celestial navigation.He worked initially with John Hamilton Moore's London-published Navigator, which was known to have errors. To have exact tables to work from, Bowditch recomputed all of Moore's tables, and rearranged and expanded the work. He contacted the US publisher of the work, Edmund March Blunt, who asked him to correct and revise the third edition on his fifth voyage. The task was so extensive that Bowditch decided to write his own book, and to "put down in the book nothing I can't teach the crew". On that trip, it is said that every man of the crew of 12, including the ship's cook, became competent to take and calculate lunar observations and to plot the correct position of the ship. In 1802 Blunt published the first edition of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator, which became the western hemisphere shipping industry standard for the next century and a half. The text included several solutions to the spherical triangle problem that were new, as well as extensive formulae and tables for navigation.In 1866, the United States Hydrographic Office purchased the copyright and since that time the book has been in continuous publication, with regular revisions to keep it current. <mask>'s influence on the American Practical Navigator was so profound that to this day mariners refer to it simply as Bowditch. Student Naval officers prior to the establishment of the Naval Academy referred to the work as "the immaculate Bowditch". <mask> died in Boston in 1838 from stomach cancer. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, where a monument to him was erected through public collections. The statue was the first life-size bronze to be cast in America. It was the creation of renowned sculptor Robert Ball Hughes.The following eulogy was written by the Salem Marine Society:

In the 1840s and 1850s, <mask>'s son, Dr. H. I<mask>, ran the "Bowditch Library" on Otis Place in Boston's Financial District. It was "free to those who reside in Boston, or in the vicinity. ... This is the library of the late <mask>, and is almost exclusively of a scientific character." In 1858 the family gave the collection, "which consists mostly of mathematical and astronomical works", to the Boston Public Library. Legacy

The Oceanographic Survey Ship  and the <mask>ditch, a high-speed catamaran passenger ferry serving downtown Boston and Salem, were named for him, as was a lunar crater. Additionally, a William Hand–designed Schooner built in 1922, which is currently part of the Maine Windjammer fleet and sails out of Rockland, Maine, is also named after <mask>.In 1955, a book for younger readers, Carry On, Mr. Bowditch, was published by Jean Lee Latham, portraying Bowditch's life dramatized and fictionalized. A serious modern biography is Robert E. Berry's Yankee Stargazer, published in 1941. A grammar school, two middle schools and a dorm in America were also named for him, in Boston, Foster City, California (Bowditch Middle School), Salem, Massachusetts and Salem State College, respectively. The Department of Marine Transportation building on the grounds of the United States Merchant Marine Academy is named in his honor and houses classrooms, laboratories, and the 900-seat Ackerman Auditorium. He also gives his name to a street in Berkeley, California. Actor David Morse was named after him − <mask> Morse. Bowditch Point Park, in Fort Myers Beach, Florida, is named for Bowditch.Bowditch was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2014. See also
Bowditch curve
List of actuaries
List of amateur mathematicians
USS Bowditch

References

Further reading
 <mask>oll Bowditch. Memoir of <mask>. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown, 1840. Internet Archive
 "Carry on, Mr. Bowditch" by Jean Lee Latham, 1955.Newbery Medal Award Winner Carry On, Mr. Bowditch
 <mask> and the Power of Numbers: How a Nineteenth-Century Man of Business, Science, and the Sea Changed American Life by Tamara Plakins Thornton, University of North Carolina Press, 2016

External links

 Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum. Bowditch Family Papers, 1726/7-1975

 Boston Public Library. <mask>, <mask> (1773-1838) Collection

1773 births
1838 deaths
18th-century American mathematicians
19th-century American mathematicians
American astronomers
History of navigation
American sailors
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Deaths from stomach cancer
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American actuaries
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts

masks:
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Habakkuk Bowditch
Mary Ingersoll Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
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Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowdit
Nathaniel Bowdit
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. Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bow
Nathaniel Bowditch
David Bowditch
Nathaniel Ingers
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
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Nathaniel


title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
<mask> (born August 10, 1987), nicknamed "The Buffalo", is a Venezuelan professional baseball catcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Washington Nationals, Tampa Bay Rays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Detroit Tigers, and Cleveland Indians. He is a two-time All-Star, and a Silver Slugger Award winner. Professional career

Minnesota Twins
<mask> signed with the Minnesota Twins as a non-drafted free agent on July 7, 2004. He caught 43% of potential base stealers in his minor league career, and had a .987 fielding percentage. In 2008, with the Twins' High-A affiliate, the Fort Myers Miracle, he batted .242 with eight home runs and 42 runs batted in (RBIs) in the first half of the 2008 season, helping his team capture the Florida State League first-half West Division title. When 2008 Florida State League All-Star catcher James Skelton of the Lakeland Flying Tigers suffered an injury, <mask> was added to the West Division All-Star team, joining teammates Rob Delaney, Brian Dinkelman, Jeff Manship, Anthony Slama and Danny Valencia.<mask>' batting average jumped to .333 in the second half of 2008. For the season, he batted .288 with thirteen home runs, and was named to the All FSL Team. His 78 RBIs was fourth in the Florida State League. <mask> entered the 2009 season ranked as the Twins third best prospect by Baseball America behind Aaron Hicks and Ben Revere, and #71 in all of minor league baseball. The Twins added <mask> to their 40-man roster, and invited him to Spring training. After which, he was assigned to the Twins' double A Eastern League affiliate, the New Britain Rock Cats. He broke his right index finger in May and suffered a hamstring injury in June, forcing him to do a nearly two-month rehab assignment, during which he hit three home runs in five games with the Gulf Coast League Twins.<mask> rejoined his team in August, and batted .317 with four home runs and 29 RBIs for the season. <mask> batted over .400 in spring training in 2010. However, with Joe Mauer behind the plate, the Twins sent <mask> to the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings rather than have him serve in a back-up role in the majors. <mask> received his first major league call-up on May 1, when Mauer was sidelined by a bruised left heel and was limited to emergency pinch hitting. <mask> took the roster spot of Pat Neshek, who was placed on the 15-day disabled list retroactive to April 29 with inflammation of the middle finger on his right hand. On May 2, facing the Cleveland Indians, <mask> slapped a single between third base and the shortstop in the top of the second inning for his first major league hit. <mask> went four-for-five on the day with three singles and a double.He is the first Twins player since Kirby Puckett in 1984 to collect four hits in a major league debut, and the only catcher in modern history (since 1900) to collect four hits in his MLB debut. On May 3, he followed up his debut by going 3 for 4 and driving in his first RBI. All told, he played seven games with the Twins while filling in for Mauer, batting .296 with three doubles and one RBI. On May 13, with Mauer ready to return to action, and José Morales coming off the DL, <mask> was reassigned to Rochester. Washington Nationals
On July 29, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Washington Nationals along with Joe Testa for closer Matt Capps. In 2011, <mask> was chosen by Baseball America as the catcher on its All-Rookie Team. On May 12, 2012, <mask> tore an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his right knee while trying to field a passed ball in a game against the Cincinnati Reds.He was placed on the 60-day disabled list for the 2012 season. <mask> and Kurt Suzuki began 2013 as the Nationals starting catchers. However, on April 13, <mask> hurt his hamstring while trying to beat out a ground ball, putting him on the disabled list, with Jhonatan Solano replacing him and Suzuki started. After being activated on April 29, <mask> quickly went back on the disabled list on May 16 with the same injury. <mask> was activated on July 4, and in his first game back against the Brewers, he went 3–4 with a three-run home run and five RBI game. His solid July, in which he hit .302/.333/.540 with four home runs and 17 RBI in 18 games, earned him more starts over Suzuki before they eventually traded Suzuki to Oakland on August 23. <mask> finished the year as the starting catcher.In 78 games with the Nationals, <mask> hit .272/.307/.470 with 16 home runs and 59 RBI. <mask> broke his left hand in the opening game of the 2014 season and left the game. A foul tip hit his hand while he was catching. <mask> received the Tony Conigliaro Award following the 2014 season. In 2015, <mask> hit .229 in a career-high 475 at-bats, with 15 homers, 68 RBIs and 101 strikeouts. His .258 on base percentage was the lowest of all qualified major league batters. On January 13, 2016, he and the Nationals agreed to a one-year, $5.35 million deal to avoid salary arbitration.<mask> was the battery-mate for Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer on May 11, 2016 when Scherzer struck out 20 batters to tie Roger Clemens and Kerry Wood for the major league single-game strikeout record in a 9 inning game. He was named to the 2016 MLB All-Star Game. In 131 games in the 2016 season, <mask> batted .307 with 22 home runs and 80 RBI. On September 26, 2016, <mask> suffered a torn ACL, ending his season. Despite his slightly shortened season, <mask> won the Silver Slugger for National League catchers. Despite leaving the Nationals following the 2016 season, <mask> has said he looks back on his time with the team as a period of "great moments," including his first career walk-off home run (off Seattle Mariners pitcher David Pauley) on June 21, 2011. Tampa Bay Rays
On December 12, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract worth $12.5 million with the Tampa Bay Rays.<mask> made his Rays debut on June 24 against the Baltimore Orioles and went 1–4 with a single. <mask> missed the first three months of the 2017 season with Tampa Bay due to his torn ACL injury he suffered the season before. He struggled at the plate his first 35 games upon his return, hitting only .194, but bounced back and hit .330 for the last 29 games of 2017. <mask> batted .260 with 11 home runs and 35 RBI, despite only playing in 64 games during the 2017 season. He had the third-slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.8 feet/second. Philadelphia Phillies
On July 31, 2018, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for a player to be named later. Between the two teams, in 2018 in aggregate he batted .306/.358/.487 with 15 home runs in 382 at bats.He again had the third-slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.8 feet/second. New York Mets
On December 18, 2018, the New York Mets signed <mask> to a two-year, $19 million deal. In 2019 he batted .288/.351/.416, and had the highest ground ball percentage in the major leagues (62.4%), and the lowest fly ball percentage in the majors (19.2%). On defense, he had a -13 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, the lowest in the major leagues among catchers, and led all major league catchers in stolen bases allowed, with 94. Mets catcher <mask> had a career-best 26-game hitting streak through September 4, 2019. It was tied with David Wright in 2006–07 for the second-longest streak in Mets history, was the longest ever for a Mets catcher, and was the longest in the MLB since Freddie Freeman's 30-game streak for the Atlanta Braves in 2016. In 2020, <mask> hit .239/.297/.387 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs in 45 games during the 60-game season.On defense <mask> tied for the NL lead in stolen bases allowed, with 28. On October 28, 2020, the Mets declined a $10 million option on <mask>' contract for the  season. He was instead given a $1.5 million buyout and declared a free agent. Detroit Tigers
On January 29, 2021, the Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2 million contract. <mask> hit .200/.238/.392 with 6 home runs and 13 RBI in 35 games for Detroit before being designated for assignment on June 15, 2021. He was released by Detroit on June 20. Cleveland Indians
On July 6, 2021, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians organization.<mask> was assigned to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers. The Indians selected <mask>'s contract on August 6, 2021. On August 29, 2021, <mask> suffered his third career ACL tear along with an MCL sprain, which effectively ended his 2021 season. <mask> became a free agent on November 3, 2021. Kidnapping

While in Valencia, Venezuela on November 9, 2011, at approximately 6:45 pm local time, <mask> was kidnapped at gunpoint from his mother's home. According to his account four gunmen threw <mask> into the back of a Chevrolet Captiva and drove him to a mountainous region near the town of Montalban, Venezuela. On November 10, 2011 at approximately 4:00 pm local time, <mask> was reported alive.Originally back in his homeland to play during the offseason for his Venezuelan team, Tigres de Aragua, <mask> was rescued on November 12, 2011. A declassified Department of State cable, obtained by The National Security Archive through a Freedom of Information Act request, shows that Venezuela's Corps of Scientific, Penal, Criminal Investigative Corps (CICPC) “already had the abductors under investigation prior to <mask>’s kidnapping because the group had kidnapped other individuals in the same area of Valencia.” Because of this the CICPC was able to immediately identify the kidnappers and their location. After being held in captivity for 50 hours, the police rescued <mask> after exchanging gunfire with the kidnappers. According to the declassified State Department cable, the exchange of gunfire was an intentional CICPC technique used to create a “diversion to disorient the abductors during the raid.”

The former President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez repeatedly called CICPC for updates on the rescue mission. The declassified cable from the State Department also indicated that around 300 CICPC officials worked to rescue <mask>. Six people were arrested in relation to the kidnapping, although a Sports Illustrated article speculated that these arrests may have been arbitrary. Reflecting over the incident, <mask> said "I'm very thankful, and I feel like I've been born again."Personal life
<mask> has one child, born in August 2014. Two of his brothers are also baseball players. Natanael is a minor league catcher in the New York Mets organization, and David is a pitcher in the Nationals organization. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1987 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Beloit Snappers players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Clearwater Threshers players
Cleveland Indians players
Detroit Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Hagerstown Suns players
Harrisburg Senators players
Kidnapped Venezuelan people
Kidnappings in Venezuela
2011 crimes in Venezuela
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Minnesota Twins players
National League All-Stars
New Britain Rock Cats players
New York Mets players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Potomac Nationals players
Rochester Red Wings players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Sportspeople from Valencia, Carabobo
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tigres de Aragua players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Washington Nationals players

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title: Reggie White

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<mask> (December 19, 1961 – December 26, 2004) was an American professional football player who played defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. He played college football for the University of Tennessee, and was recognized as an All-American. After playing two professional seasons for the Memphis Showboats of the United States Football League (USFL), he was selected in the first round of the 1984 Supplemental Draft, and then played for the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers, and Carolina Panthers, becoming one of the most awarded defensive players in NFL history. The two-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, 13-time Pro Bowl, and 13-time All-Pro selection holds second place all-time among NFL career sack leaders with 198 (behind Bruce Smith's 200 career sacks, but most all-time when USFL totals are tallied) and was selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 1990s All-Decade Team, and the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. During his professional career, he was also known for his Christian ministry as an ordained Evangelical minister, leading to his nickname, "the Minister of Defense". <mask> is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Early years
<mask> was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.He played high school football at Howard High School under Coach Robert Pulliam, a former defensive lineman at Tennessee. During his senior year with the Hustlin' Tigers, <mask> recorded 140 tackles (88 solo) and 10 sacks, and received All-American honors. He was rated the number one recruit in Tennessee by the Knoxville News Sentinel.Mike London, "Ex-Vol Robert Pulliam Dies ", InsideTennessee.com, October 9, 2007. Retrieved: July 30, 2013. <mask>'s mother, Thelma Collier, told Sports Illustrated that when he was 12 years old he announced that he wanted to be two things: a football player and a minister. College career

<mask> played college football at Tennessee from 1980 to 1983. He had worked his way into the starting lineup by the end of his freshman year, in which he registered 51 tackles (32 solo) and two sacks, recovered two fumbles, and blocked a punt that set up Tennessee's first score in the team's 23–10 win over then-rival Georgia Tech.He was awarded the "Andy Spiva Award", given annually to the Vols' most improved defensive player. As a sophomore during the 1981 season, <mask> registered 95 tackles (61 solo), a team-leading eight sacks, and a team-leading seven tackles-for-loss. He also blocked three extra-point attempts. He had 10 tackles and two sacks, one of which resulted in a safety, against Memphis State, and was named the team's "outstanding defensive player" for the game. For his performance in Tennessee's 10–7 win over Georgia Tech, which included a late fumble recovery that sealed the Vols' victory, he was named "Southeast Lineman of the Week" by UPI. <mask> had eight tackles in Tennessee's 28–21 victory over Wisconsin in the 1981 Garden State Bowl, and was named the game's "Best Defensive Player". At the end of the season, he was named to the Sophomore All-American team by The Football News.<mask> was named a Preseason All-American going into the 1982 season, but was consistently bothered by an ankle injury, and his production dropped off. While he registered just 47 tackles (36 solo), he nevertheless led the team with seven sacks, and was third only to teammates Mike Cofer and Carlton Peoples in "big plays". His best game of the season came in the Vols' 24–24 tie against LSU, in which he registered eight tackles, including a sack and a fourth-down stop. He had eight tackles, two sacks, and a forced fumble in Tennessee's 28–22 loss to Iowa in the 1982 Peach Bowl. Determined to improve upon what he considered a disappointing junior campaign, <mask> erupted during his senior season in 1983, registering 100 tackles (72 solo), a school single-season record 15 sacks, 9 tackles-for-loss, and an interception. Although Pittsburgh defeated Tennessee 13–3 in the season opener, <mask> consistently kept the Panthers' offense off balance, in spite of being lined up against the Panthers' All-American offensive lineman Bill Fralic. He had two sacks in Tennessee's 31–6 win over New Mexico, and a school single-game record four sacks in the Vols' blowout win over The Citadel.<mask> was named "Southeast Lineman of the Week" for his performance – which included 12 tackles and three sacks – in Tennessee's 20–6 win over LSU, and he twice sacked Alabama quarterback Walter Lewis in Tennessee's 41–34 win over the Tide. In Tennessee's 30–23 win over Maryland in the 1983 Florida Citrus Bowl, <mask> sacked heralded Maryland quarterback Boomer Esiason in the second quarter, knocking him out of the game. <mask> was a consensus All-American, SEC Player of the Year, and a Lombardi Award finalist. During his tenure at the University of Tennessee, <mask> registered 293 tackles (201 solo), 32 sacks, 19 tackles-for-loss, four fumble recoveries, and seven batted-down passes. His 15 sacks in a season (in 1983) remain a school record. His mark of 32 career sacks remained a school record until it was broken by Derek Barnett during the 2016 season. His school single-game record of four sacks (against The Citadel in 1983) stood until 2013, when Corey Miller had four and a half sacks against Kentucky.Professional football career

USFL

Memphis Showboats
After his college football career, <mask> was chosen by the Memphis Showboats in the 1984 USFL Territorial Draft, and the opportunity to play pro ball in the same state where he went to college was enough enticement to get "The Minister of Defense" to sign with the 'Boats. He played for Memphis for two seasons, starting in 36 games. As a member of the Showboats, he racked up 23.5 sacks, one safety and one forced fumble recovered for a touchdown. NFL
Philadelphia Eagles
When the USFL collapsed in 1985, <mask> took a salary cut in Philadelphia. The Eagles signed him to a four-year, $1.85 million deal after buying out the remaining three years on his Memphis contract. At the time <mask> was still an unproven entity, but his anonymity did not last long. He joined the Eagles after the 1985 season had begun, missing the first few games.When he finally did start, he made ten tackles and two-and-a-half sacks in his first game. By season's end he had turned in 13 sacks in as many games, and he was named NFC defensive rookie of the year. He played with the Eagles for eight seasons, He played in 121 games  and picked up 124 sacks, becoming the Eagles' all-time sack leader. He also set the Eagles' regular-season record with 21 sacks in a single season (1987, a season shortened to 12 games). The lowest number of sacks he ever recorded in Philadelphia was 11 in 1989. <mask> also became the only player ever to accumulate 20 or more sacks in just 12 games. He set an NFL regular-season record during 1987 by averaging the most sacks per game, with 1.75.Over the course of his tenure with the Eagles, <mask> actually accumulated more sacks than the number of games he played. He was voted by ESPN Sportsnation as the greatest player in Eagles' franchise history. In 1991, he set the record for most passes defended in a single season by a defensive lineman with 13, a mark that has been since broken by J. J. Watt. Green Bay Packers

In 1993, <mask> became a free agent. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers and agreed to terms on a four-year contract worth $17 million. He played for the Packers for six seasons. <mask> notched up another 68.5 sacks to become, at the time, the Packers' all-time leader in that category (third now to Clay Matthews III and Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila).<mask> was also just as valued for his role as a team leader. He helped the Packers win a Super Bowl, with a game-ending sack, in Super Bowl XXXI. During the game, <mask> had 3 sacks to set the single game record for a Super Bowl. That victory was his only championship at any level. In 1998, <mask> was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year for the second time. Carolina Panthers
In 2000, he came out of a one-year retirement and started all 16 games for the Carolina Panthers. <mask> had five and a half sacks and one forced fumble while with the team.He again retired at the end of the 2000 season. NFL career statistics

Retirement

At the time of his retirement, <mask> was the NFL's all-time sacks leader with 198. (He has since been surpassed by Bruce Smith, who accumulated 200 in 47 more games played.) Counting his time in the USFL, <mask> has 221.5 sacks in professional football, making him professional football's all-time sacks leader. <mask> also recorded three interceptions, which he returned for 79 yards. He recovered 19 fumbles, which he returned for 137 yards and three touchdowns. His nine consecutive seasons (1985–1993) with at least 10 sacks remain an NFL record.He was named an All-Pro for 13 of his 15 seasons, including eight as a first-team selection. <mask> is considered by many to be one of the best defensive players in NFL history. Professional wrestling
<mask> appeared on screen at two professional wrestling events, wrestling one match. In April 1995, he was ringside as part of Lawrence Taylor's "All-Stars" for his match against Bam Bam Bigelow at WrestleMania XI. During the show, he participated in one backstage segment with the All-Stars, calling out The Million Dollar Corporation member King Kong Bundy. Before and during the actual match, the All-Stars and the Million Dollar Corporation were involved in a scuffle, in which <mask> participated. On May 18, 1997, <mask> wrestled his only professional wrestling match for WCW at Slamboree.He wrestled fellow NFL (and LT's All-Star teammate) alumnus Steve McMichael. The two men emulated football tackles during their bout. <mask> received a warm response from the professional wrestling crowd in Charlotte, North Carolina, but nonetheless lost to McMichael after being hit with a steel Zero Halliburton briefcase secretly given to McMichael by his Four Horsemen teammate, Jeff Jarrett. Christian ministry
<mask> became involved with the Fellowship of Christian Athletes while at the University of Tennessee, and expressed an interest in becoming an evangelist as early as his sophomore year in 1981. He became an ordained Baptist minister during this period. He had acquired the nickname "Minister of Defense" by the time he was a senior. In <mask>'s last year of football, a friend reportedly gave <mask> a teaching CD from Messianic teacher Monte Judah.Following his retirement, <mask> began studying Torah and Torah-observant Messianic theology. <mask> also studied Hebrew under Nehemia Gordon. In October 2003, <mask> was interviewed by Messianic teacher and televangelist Michael Rood, and he discussed his studies of Torah. The interview was broadcast on February 4 and 6, 2005, on the Sky Angel cable channel. <mask> went on to co-produce Rood's half-hour "A Rood Awakening From Israel" TV programs. Following <mask>'s death, the January 2005 edition of Messianic magazine Yavoh was dedicated to him as a "Messianic believer", leading to confusion regarding <mask>'s religious beliefs. Some reported – incorrectly – that <mask> had abandoned Christianity and was studying Judaism.<mask> was touched by the African American church arson scares during the mid-1990s. The Inner City Church in Knoxville, Tennessee, where <mask> was an associate minister, burned to the ground in 1996. That same year, he starred with Pat Morita in Reggie's Prayer, a Christian film. He played protagonist <mask>, a football player who retires after the 1996 season to become a 10th-grade history teacher and head coach of a high school football team in Portland, Oregon. The film also had appearances by his Packers teammates Brett Favre and Mike Holmgren as janitors, and Keith Jackson as an assistant coach. M.C. Hammer plays a park ranger.In an interview with ABC's 20/20, <mask> made comments about gays and lesbians. <mask> became an ally of organizations opposed to homosexuality; he appeared in a newspaper advertising campaign to convince gays and lesbians that they could "cease" their homosexuality. As a result, CBS withdrew a five-year, $6-million contract for being a part of The NFL Today because of his statements calling homosexuality a sin. Both the Green Bay Packers and the NFL objected to the ads, since <mask> had appeared in his football uniform without the consent of the team or the league. Later versions of the ad removed the uniform. Death and legacy

On the morning of December 26, 2004, <mask> was rushed from his home in Cornelius, North Carolina, to a nearby hospital in Huntersville, North Carolina, where he was pronounced dead. <mask> had succumbed to cardiac arrhythmia.According to the Mecklenburg County Medical Examiner's Office, the most likely cause was the cardiac and pulmonary sarcoidosis <mask> had lived with for years. It was also stated that sleep apnea, from which <mask> was known to suffer, may have contributed to his death. His grave site is located at Glenwood Memorial Park, Mooresville, North Carolina. <mask>'s widow, Sara, in conjunction with the Sleep Wellness Institute, founded the Reggie White Sleep Disorders Research and Education Foundation, dedicated to all people having access to treatment for sleep disorders, regardless of their socio-economic status. Accolades

Jersey number retirements

During the 2005 season, the Philadelphia Eagles, the Green Bay Packers, and the University of Tennessee retired <mask>'s number 92 jersey. The University of Tennessee retired <mask>'s jersey at a halftime presentation on October 1, 2005, during their game against Ole Miss, the third such retirement in the modern era of football at the school; a commemorative sign was also unveiled in the south end of Neyland Stadium. During a halftime presentation at Lambeau Field on September 18, 2005, <mask> became the fifth Green Bay Packer to have his number retired by the franchise.On December 5, 2005, the Philadelphia Eagles retired his jersey in a halftime ceremony during the Eagles' Monday Night Football game with the Seattle Seahawks, which were coached by Mike Holmgren, <mask>'s former coach in Green Bay. <mask> became the first player in NFL history to have his number officially retired by multiple teams. The Packers and the Eagles also wore a helmet decal honoring <mask> for the remaining games in the season. Hall of Fame
<mask> was posthumously elected to the Professional Football Hall of Fame on his first ballot on February 4, 2006. He was enshrined at a ceremony on August 5, 2006, in Canton, Ohio. <mask>'s widow, <mask>, delivered her husband's acceptance speech at the ceremony. She was introduced by their son, <mask>, who also released the first copies of his autobiography, In His Shadow: Growing Up With <mask>'', during the Hall of Fame weekend in honor of his father.Jeremy thanked the "God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" in his introduction, echoing <mask>'s dedication to his faith. <mask> was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Named streets
The official sign hanging for <mask> Boulevard took place on Monday, December 8, 2008, at 2 p.m. at the intersection of 20th and Carter Street in Chattanooga, Tennessee. <mask>'s mother, Thelma <mask>, along with other family and friends, were on hand to witness the change to <mask> Boulevard. The official name change was approved by the Chattanooga City Council on November 4, 2008. <mask> White Way in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is off Lombardi Avenue near Lambeau Field. See also

Crescent Rising
List of athletes who came out of retirement

References

External links

1961 births
2004 deaths
100 Sacks Club
20th-century American clergy
20th-century Baptist ministers
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Anti-same-sex-marriage activists
Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptists from North Carolina
Baptists from Tennessee
Burials in North Carolina
Carolina Panthers players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from heart disease
Green Bay Packers players
Leaders of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes
Memphis Showboats players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers
People from Cornelius, North Carolina
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Knoxville, Tennessee
Players of American football from North Carolina
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteers football players

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title: Todd Duffee

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<mask> (born December 6, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist who competed in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He trains predominantly with the Combat Sports Academy and the American Kickboxing Academy in California. <mask> has also competed in the Super Fight League in India, Jungle Fight in Brazil, and Dynamite!! 2010 in Japan. In addition to his mixed martial arts career he had a role in the 2010 film Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown as well as minor roles in both film and television. <mask> has also appeared on the front cover of Muscle & Fitness magazine. <mask> was born in Evansville, Indiana but grew up in Raleigh, Illinois and Eldorado as the third son of a coal miner father and nurse mother.Duffee played many sports growing up, including baseball, football, track, bull riding, soccer, and basketball. Duffee also began training in boxing but was not very devoted to it as he was playing other sports. A standout football player, he was signed on to play college football but his career was derailed from an injury. <mask> then moved to Atlanta, Georgia when he was 18 years old and continued boxing, before watching a UFC event and shifting his training to mixed martial arts. He was working on a degree from the University of Georgia before leaving to train mixed martial arts full-time. As of February 2016, he is pursuing a degree in business from the University of Georgia. Mixed martial arts

Early career
Duffee won his first three fights against Mike Walbright, Mark Haniger and Josh Bennett.<mask> then agreed to fight UFC and PRIDE FC veteran, Assuério Silva in the main event of Jungle Fights 11. <mask> dominated the fight and won by knockout in the second round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> was set to make his UFC debut against Mostapha al-Turk at UFC 99 until the UFC pulled <mask> from the fight. <mask> was replaced by Mirko Filipović. He was next announced by the UFC to face fellow UFC newcomer Mike Russow. However, <mask> was then pulled from that match and instead was matched up against Tim Hague at UFC 102. <mask> set the record for the fastest KO in UFC heavyweight history (0:07) after flooring Hague with a stiff jab and rendering him unconscious with follow-up ground and pound.After the finish, he celebrated to the camera by saying "That was an appetizer, I want to eat now Dana, let me eat!" <mask> was expected to face Paul Buentello at UFC 107 but pulled out due to a back injury. <mask> fought Mike Russow at UFC 114 in which he lost via KO in the third round. Prior to the fight <mask> went on record to say that he was being overhyped by the MMA world, while his opponent was very much underrated. After dominating the first two rounds by utilizing his boxing, <mask> looked to be on his way to a unanimous decision win, when, from out of nowhere, Russow caught <mask> with two straight right hands followed by a hammerfist that prompted the referee to stop the fight as <mask> laid unconscious on the canvas. Joe Rogan stated that the nature of the knockout was "like something out of a movie" and was "one of the greatest comebacks in UFC history". Russow broke his left ulna while deflecting <mask>'s punches at the end of round 1.After the fight it was revealed that <mask> fought with a torn MCL as well as Shingles of the eye. <mask> was expected to face Jon Madsen on October 23, 2010 at UFC 121, but <mask> was once again forced off the card due to injury and replaced by Gilbert Yvel. On September 7, 2010, <mask> was surprisingly released from the UFC for unknown reasons. It is rumored that Duffee requested financial aid in order to pay for a knee surgery which he couldn't afford, but when UFC said that he must pay for it himself there was a dispute between the two parties. <mask> spoke publicly about MMA fighters being underpaid and how he needed to take a second job just to pay for his training. Dana White later said in an interview with Ariel Helwani that Duffee had an attitude problem and that it seemed to him that "he doesn't want to be in the UFC, he doesn't like being in the UFC." He also said that he could work his way back into the organization via fighting in smaller leagues.Following his release <mask> said that he couldn't understand his release and has never been told why, although he harbors no bitterness towards the UFC president or the company. DREAM
After his release from the UFC, <mask> Went to DREAM, a promotion based out of Japan, was unable to secure an opponent for former Strikeforce Heavyweight Champion Alistair Overeem in DREAM's first Heavyweight Championship bout at Dynamite! !, <mask> had his manager throw his name in the mix of potentials for the bout. Less than one week before the event, he was officially named to take on Overeem in the title fight, leaving him very little time to prepare, but an opportunity to fight a big name in the sport. As the bout started <mask> charged in very aggressively flurrying punches to no avail, and the veteran Overeem stayed calm and landed a knee that rocked <mask> then followed by punches that put Duffee out cold at 19 seconds of the first round. <mask> said after the fight that he respected Overeem's ability but felt that if he had sufficient time to train and prepare that it would have been a completely different outcome. Overeem brought <mask> in for his training camp in preparation for his UFC debut vs. Brock Lesnar in late 2011 in order for <mask> to help him with his takedown defense.<mask> was scheduled to face Nick Gaston on July 16, 2011 at DREAM 17, but an injury sustained fighting Tyler East 2 weeks prior to fighting Duffee forced Nick Gaston to withdraw from the event. Dream was unable to find a replacement. Super Fight League
In February 2012 <mask> signed an exclusive four-fight deal with Super Fight League, India's first professional Mixed Martial Arts fighting league launched and owned by Raj Kundra & Sanjay Dutt. He faced fellow UFC veteran Neil Grove on the SFL's second show held on April 7, 2012. He won via TKO after just 34 seconds in the first round, following up a right-hook that dropped Grove with heavy ground-and-pound. After the fight he thanked his training partners at the American Kickboxing Academy and credited them with helping him through a rough training camp, and stated that he is looking to fight again as soon as possible, adding that he "missed this". Shortly after his win, with SFL taking a 4-month break until their next event it was revealed that Duffee would be allowed to fight outside of the organization that summer if he could find fights.<mask> was appealing to promoters on Twitter for fights in both MMA and Professional Boxing but none came to fruition by the time of SFL's next event. <mask> was originally announced to fight at SFL 4 on September 29 against former UFC title contender Jeff Monson but after the event was pushed back twice the SFL decided to change the structure of their shows, with weekly events replacing monthly events. <mask> and SFL agreed his departure in September and he returned to free agency. Though frustrated by his fight with Monson falling out, the departure was amicable. Return to UFC
<mask> made his UFC return against Phil De Fries on December 29, 2012 at UFC 155, as a replacement for Matt Mitrione. Despite fighting with a respiratory infection he won the fight via first-round TKO, weathering an early ground exchange before finishing De Fries on the feet. The performance earned Duffee Knockout of the Night honors.Injury, Parsonage–Turner syndrome diagnosis and return
After the De Fries fight it emerged that <mask> had fought with an undisclosed injury sustained during his training camp and would be ruled out for much of 2013. He returned to training after successfully rehabbing the injury in September. However, 3 weeks into his return to the gym, after waking up with severe pains and numbness in his arm Duffee was diagnosed with an unknown affliction which was later revealed to be Parsonage–Turner syndrome. Despite initially being told by doctors that he would not be able to return for at least two years, <mask> returned to training after six months and in September 2014 announced that he was ready to fight. <mask> returned from his extended hiatus to face Anthony Hamilton on December 6, 2014, at UFC 181. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. <mask> faced Frank Mir in the main event at UFC Fight Night 71 on July 15, 2015.He lost the fight by 1st-round knockout after being dropped by a left hook. <mask> was expected to face Mark Godbeer on March 4, 2017, at UFC 209. However, <mask> pulled out of the fight in mid-February for undisclosed reasons, later revealed to be a shoulder injury. After suffering setbacks in his shoulder rehabilitation, but ultimately recovering from the injury and returning to training, <mask> then suffered a knee injury. In August 2018, during the surgery to repair his ACL, the doctors discovered that he needed a surgery in his other knee as well. Subsequently, in December 2018, he underwent another surgery for the other knee and during the recovery, was infected with MRSA. After battling the infection, <mask> relocated to Las Vegas in order to rehabilitate and continue training at the UFC Performance Institute.Return to competition after shoulder rehabilitation

After a four-year hiatus, <mask> returned to face Jeff Hughes on September 14, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 158. The bout ended in the first round as a No Contest due to an accidental eye poke that rendered Duffee unable to continue. In May 2021, <mask> returned to training after successfully rehabbing further shoulder and knee surgeries, as well as a positive COVID-19 diagnosis. Acting
In 2011 <mask> made his film debut in the Michael Jai White-produced Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, portraying Tim Newhouse, a talented MMA fighter who lives in relative poverty and has to deal with losing his father. He also had a cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in a fight scene. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
 Third Fastest knockout (0:07 seconds) in UFC Heavyweight division history. Knockout of the Night (One time).

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