title: James II of Scotland

texts:
<mask> (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460) was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of <mask> of Scotland, he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father. The first Scottish monarch not to be crowned at Scone, <mask>'s coronation took place at Holyrood Abbey in March 1437. <mask> was known as Fiery Face, a reference to the vermilion birthmark covering the left side of his face, which was deemed by contemporaries as an outward sign of a fiery temper. Life

<mask> was born in Holyrood Abbey. He was the son of King <mask> and Joan Beaufort. By his first birthday, his only brother, his older twin, Alexander, had died, thus leaving <mask> as heir apparent with the title Duke of Rothesay.On 21 February 1437, <mask> was assassinated, and the six-year-old <mask> immediately succeeded him as <mask> II. He was crowned in Holyrood Abbey by Abbot Patrick on 23 March 1437. On 3 July 1449 the eighteen-year-old <mask> married the fifteen-year-old Mary of Guelders, daughter of the Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and Catherine of Cleves, at Holyrood Abbey. She bore him seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. Subsequently, relations between Flanders and Scotland improved. <mask>'s nickname, Fiery Face, referred to a conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face which appears to have been deemed by contemporaries an outward sign of a fiery temper. <mask> was a politic and singularly successful king.He was popular with the commoners, with whom, like most of the Stewarts, he socialised often, in times of peace and war. His legislation has a markedly popular character. He does not appear to have inherited his father's taste for literature, which was shared by at least two of his sisters; but the foundation of the University of Glasgow during his reign, by Bishop Turnbull, shows that he encouraged learning; and there are also traces of his endowments to St. Salvator's, the new college of Archbishop Kennedy at St Andrews. He possessed much of his father's restless energy. However, his murder of the earl of Douglas leaves a stain on his reign. Early reign
<mask>' father was assassinated on 21 February 1437 at Blackfriars monastery in Perth. His mother,  Queen Joan, although hurt, managed to get to her six-year-old son, who was now king.On 25 March 1437, he was formally crowned King of Scots at Holyrood Abbey. The Parliament of Scotland revoked alienations of crown property and prohibited them, without the consent of the Estates, that is, until <mask>'s eighteenth birthday. He lived along with his mother and five of his six sisters at Dunbar Castle until 1439. The oldest sister, Margaret, had left Scotland for France in 1436 to marry the Dauphin Louis (later King Louis XI of France). From 1437 to 1439, the king's first cousin Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, headed the government as lieutenant-general of the realm. After his death, and with a general lack of prominent earls in Scotland due to deaths, forfeiture or youth, political power became shared uneasily among William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (sometimes in co-operation with the Earl of Avondale), and Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, who had possession of the young king as the warden of the stronghold of Stirling Castle. Taking advantage of these events, Livingston placed Queen Joan and her new husband, Sir John Stewart, under "house arrest" at Stirling Castle on 3 August 1439.They were released on 4 September only by making a formal agreement to put <mask> in the custody of the Livingstons, agreeing to the queen's relinquishment of her dowry for his maintenance, and confessing that Livingston had acted through zeal for the king's safety. In 1440, in the king's name, an invitation is said to have been sent to the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, and his younger brother, twelve-year-old David, to visit the king at Edinburgh Castle in November 1440. According to legend, they came and were entertained at the royal table, where <mask>, still a little boy, was charmed by them. However, they were treacherously hurried to their doom, which took place by beheading in the castle yard of Edinburgh on 24 November, with the 10-year-old king pleading for their lives. Three days later Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld, their chief adherent, shared the same fate. The king, being a small child, had nothing to do with this. This infamous incident took the name of "the Black Dinner".Struggles with the Douglases

In 1449, <mask> II reached adulthood, but he had to struggle to gain control of his kingdom. The Douglases, probably with his cooperation, used his coming of age as a way to throw the Livingstons out of the shared government, as the young king took revenge for the arrest of his mother that had taken place in 1439 and the assassination of his young Douglas cousins in which Livingston was complicit. Douglas and Crichton continued to dominate political power, and the king continued to struggle to throw off their rule. Between 1451 and 1455, he struggled to free himself from the power of the Douglases. Attempts to curb the Douglases' power took place in 1451 during the absence of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, from Scotland and culminated with the murder of Douglas at Stirling Castle on 22 February 1452. The main account of Douglas' murder comes from the Auchinleck Chronicle, a near-contemporary but fragmentary source. According to its account, the king accused the Earl (probably with justification) of forging links with John Macdonald, 11th Earl of Ross (also Lord of the Isles), and Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford.This bond, if it existed, created a dangerous axis of power of independently minded men, forming a major rival to royal authority. When Douglas refused to break the bond with Ross, <mask> broke into a fit of temper, stabbed Douglas 26 times and threw his body out of a window. His court officials (many of whom would rise to great influence in later years, often in former Douglas lands) then joined in the bloodbath, one allegedly striking out the earl's brain with an axe. This murder did not end the power of the Douglases but rather created a state of intermittent civil war between 1452 and 1455. The main engagements were at Brodick, on the Isle of Arran; Inverkip in Renfrew; and the Battle of Arkinholm. <mask> attempted to seize Douglas lands, but his opponents repeatedly forced him into humiliating climbdowns, whereby he returned the lands to <mask>, 9th Earl of Douglas, and a brief and uneasy peace ensued. Military campaigns ended indecisively, and some have argued that <mask> stood in serious danger of being overthrown, or of having to flee the country.But <mask>'s patronage of lands, titles and office to allies of the Douglases saw their erstwhile allies begin to change sides, most importantly the Earl of Crawford after the Battle of Brechin, and in May 1455, <mask> struck a decisive blow against the Douglases, and they were finally defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm. In the months that followed, the Parliament of Scotland declared the extensive Douglas lands forfeit and permanently annexed them to the crown, along with many other lands, finances and castles. The earl fled into a long English exile. <mask> finally had the freedom to govern as he wished, and one can argue that his successors as kings of Scots never faced such a powerful challenge to their authority again. Along with the forfeiture of the Albany Stewarts in the reign of <mask>, the destruction of the Black Douglases saw royal power in Scotland take a major step forward. Energetic rule
Between 1455 and 1460, <mask> proved to be an active and interventionist king. Ambitious plans to take Orkney, Shetland and the Isle of Man nonetheless did not succeed.The king traveled the country and has been argued to have originated the practice of raising money by giving remissions for serious crimes. It has also been argued that some of the unpopular policies of <mask> actually originated in the late 1450s. In 1458, an Act of Parliament commanded the king to modify his behaviour, but one cannot say how his reign would have developed had he lived longer. <mask> is the first Scots monarch for whom a contemporary likeness has survived, in the form of a woodcut showing his birthmark on the face. Marriage

Negotiations for a marriage to Mary of Guelders began in July 1447, when a Burgundian envoy came to Scotland and was concluded by an embassy under Crichton the chancellor in September 1448. Her great-uncle, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, settled sixty thousand crowns on his kinswoman, and her dower of ten thousand was secured on lands in Strathearn, Athole, Methven, and Linlithgow. A tournament took place before <mask> at Stirling, on 25 February 1449, between <mask>, master of Douglas, another <mask>, brother to the Laird of Lochleven, and two knights of Burgundy, one of whom, Jacques de Lalain, was the most celebrated knight-errant of the time.The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood on 3 July 1449. A French chronicler, Mathieu d'Escouchy, gives a graphic account of the ceremony and the feasts which followed. Many Flemings in Mary's suite remained in Scotland, and the relations between Scotland and Flanders, already friendly under <mask> I, consequently became closer. In Scotland, the king's marriage led to his emancipation from tutelage, and to the downfall of the Livingstons. In the autumn Sir Alexander and other members of the family were arrested. At a parliament in Edinburgh on 19 January 1450, Alexander Livingston, a son of Sir Alexander, and Robert Livingston of Linlithgow were tried and executed on Castle Hill. Sir Alexander and his kinsmen were confined in different and distant castles.A single member of the family escaped the general proscription—<mask>, the eldest son of Sir Alexander, who, after arrest and escape to the highlands, was restored in 1454 to the office of chamberlain to which he had been appointed in the summer of 1449. Death

<mask> II enthusiastically promoted modern artillery, which he used with some success against the Black Douglases. His ambitions to increase Scotland's standing saw him besiege Roxburgh Castle in 1460, one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence. For this siege, <mask> took a large number of cannons imported from Flanders. On 3 August, he was standing near one of these cannons, known as "the Lion", when it exploded and killed him. Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie stated in his history of <mask>'s reign that "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily." The Scots carried on with the siege, led by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, and the castle fell a few days later.Once the castle was captured, <mask>' widow, Mary of Guelders, ordered its destruction. <mask>' son became king as <mask> and Mary acted as regent until her own death three years later. Issue
<mask> married Mary of Guelders at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, on 3 July 1449. They had seven children:

By his unknown mistress, <mask> also left one illegitimate son:
 John Stewart, Lord of Sticks (d. 21 September 1523), ancestor of the Stewarts of Arnagang, Ballechin, Innervack, Killichassie, the later Kynachins, Loch of Clunie, and Stewartfield. Fictional portrayals

<mask> II has been depicted in plays, historical novels and short stories. They include:

The Captain of the Guard (1862) by <mask>. The novel covers events from 1440 to 1452.Mostly covering the conflict of <mask> II with the Earls of Douglas. Part of the action takes place far from Scotland, at the court of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, father-in-law to the King. Two Penniless Princesses (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge. <mask> is a secondary character. The main characters are his sisters Eleanor, Mary, and Joan "Jean". The novel covers their travels to foreign courts, including those of young Henry VI of England and René of Anjou. The Black Douglas (1899) by Samuel Rutherford Crockett and its sequel Maid Margaret (1905).The two novels cover events from 1439 to 1460, including most of the reign of <mask> II. His conflict with the Earls of Douglas is prominently featured. Including <mask> stabbing William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas to death (1452) and <mask>'s own death due to a bursting cannon at the siege of Roxburgh (1460). Among the other historical figures depicted are William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and his brother David  (mostly their violent deaths in 1440), Margaret Douglas, Fair Maid of Galloway (protagonist of the second novel), Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, <mask> of France and his Dauphin (Louis XI and Agnès Sorel. The events take place primarily in Scotland, secondary in France. There is mention of the early phases of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) but English events are only "slightly touched". James II: Day of The Innocents (2014) by Rona Munro.A co-production between the National Theatre of Scotland, Edinburgh International Festival and the National Theatre of Great Britain. The James Plays – <mask> I, <mask> II and <mask> III – are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro. Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future. This play focuses on the early life of <mask> II, the developing relationships with the Douglas family and the eventual death of Lord Douglas. The Lion's Whelp (1997) by Nigel Tranter. Set during 1437–1460, during the reign of <mask> of Scotland, the book describes the boy-king's time under regents Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, Lord Crichton, and Sir Alexander Livingston, and the plot to kill William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas at the "Black Dinner", seen through the eyes of Alexander Lyon, Master and then 2nd Lord of Glamis. The book ends with the death of <mask>.Black Douglas (1968) by Nigel Tranter, covers events up to the killing of the 8th Earl of Douglas, is sympathetic to the Earl and unsympathetic to <mask> II. Niccolò Rising (1986) by Dorothy Dunnett mentions his intrigues and wars as part of the international milieu of the time, especially as they impact Flanders, the scene of the novel. Appears as a background character in the children's fantasy novel In the Keep of Time (1977) by Margaret J. Anderson. His nickname and the birthmark which inspired it are both described, and one of the main characters witnesses the Battle of Roxburgh Castle and the explosion of "the Lion" that kills him. Ancestry

References

Sources

1430 births
1460 deaths
15th-century murderers
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Scottish princes
House of Stuart
Dukes of Rothesay
Accidental deaths in Scotland
Medieval child rulers
15th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Holyrood Abbey
High Stewards of Scotland
15th-century Scottish peers
Firearm accident victims
Deaths by firearm in Scotland
Nobility from Edinburgh

masks:
James II
James I
James II
James II
James
James I
James
James I
James
James
James
James
James
James
James II
James
James
James
James
James
James Douglas
James
James
James
James
James I
James II
James III
James II
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James III
James
James
James
James Grant
James
James II
James
James II
James
Charles VII
James
James
James
James
James II
James
James


title: Glenn Kulka

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born March 3, 1964) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, hockey and football player who competed in Canadian independent promotions during the late 1990s and had a brief stint in the World Wrestling Federation in 1997. He also, at one time, held the North American pro football bench press record, pressing 225 pounds for 53 reps.

Career

Early career
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, to Stan and <mask>, (the youngest of four children) <mask> began playing hockey in the minor leagues with the British Columbia Hockey League with the Cowichan Valley Capitals in 1980 and the Medicine Hat Tigers, Spokane Flyers and the Nanaimo Islanders in the Western Hockey League from 1981 to 1983. <mask> then was a standout defensive lineman for two years (1984, 85) with the Bakersfield College Renegades in the PAC 9 JC Conference of California. While in Bakersfield, Kulka had "Gotta Win" tattooed on his left shoulder. He signed his first professional contract, in 1986, with the Edmonton Eskimos, (as an offensive lineman) later playing with Montreal, Toronto, Saskatchewan, (and retiring) while playing for the Ottawa Roughriders. Signing with the Ottawa Rough Riders as an offensive lineman and defensive end in 1990, he later was part of the Canadian All-Star Team the following year. While playing with the Ottawa Rough Riders, he was arrested and was fined $300 for cocaine possession in March 1992 .The CFL also responded by issuing Kulka an additional $500 fine and was ordered to act as the organization's official anti-drug spokesman. He later re-entered professional hockey joining the Hampton Roads Admirals in the East Coast Hockey League during 1993 and 1994. <mask> joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1995 and, after teaming with Bret "The Hitman" Hart in a tag team match against "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase and "Psycho" Sid Vicious in a fundraising event for the Roughriders, Kulka became interested in pursuing a career in professional wrestling. <mask> later appeared with teammates Mike Anderson, Bobby Jurasin and Scott Hendrickson on WWF Superstars supporting Bret Hart at ringside during a match against "Psycho" Sid Vicious and Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation which included King Kong Bundy, Kama and Bodydonna Skip at the Regina Agridome in Regina, Saskatchewan on November 4, 1995. Bret Hart later offered to train Kulka, and, with Leo Burke, Kulka spent the next two years training in Calgary, Alberta and later toured with Emile Dupree's Grand Prix Wrestling during the summer of 1997. World Wrestling Federation
Later signed to a developmental contract with the WWF, he began appearing on WWF house shows in late-1997. He was ringside with Ahmed Johnson against Rocky Maivia and the Nation of Domination on November 7, 1997 at the Skydome in Toronto.Two days later, on November 10, 1997 at a television taping for Monday Night Raw, he defeated Sexton Hardcastle in a Dark Match. He later scored victories over Doug Furnas, Miguel Perez, Jr. and Adam Copeland before the end of the year  and was also scheduled to make a one night appearance with Team Canada at the 1997 Survivor Series with "British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith, Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart and Tiger Ali Singh against Team USA which included The Patriot, Vader, Dude Love and Goldust on November 9, 1997  although <mask> and Singh were replaced with Doug Furnas & Phil LaFon while the Patriot and Dude Love were replaced by Marc Mero and Steve Blackman. After suffering a broken leg during a match against The Jackyl in Regina during early 1998, <mask> was forced to undergo corrective surgery remaining inactive for six months while in rehab. While recovering from his injury, he was invited to the WWF Training Dojo training under Dory Funk, Jr. and made several appearances at the Dojo teaming with Tom Howard against the Hardy Boyz on September 24 and participated in a 14-man "WWF Dojo" Battle Royal at the NWA 50th Anniversary Show on October 24, 1998. He would also appear at the WWF Dojo teaming with Jose Estrada, Jr. against The Truth Commission (Recon & Sniper) on February 5, 1999. Power Pro Wrestling
Sent to the Memphis-based Power Pro Wrestling, a WWF developmental territory, he first appeared as a masked wrestler who came to Michael Hayes defense after being disqualified in a match against Baldo after interference from Downtown Bruno during a televised match on March 20, 1999. As members of manager Randy Hales stable attempted to attack Hayes after the match, a masked wrestler ran into the ring giving Hayes a high five before suddenly turning on him.After Downtown Bruno handcuffed Hayes, <mask> helped members of Hales' stable to carry Hayes out of the arena and into the trunk of a car driven by "Irish Assassin" Mick Tierney who drove off with Hayes inside. In an interview following this incident, Randy Hales revealed the masked wrestler as <mask>, a former CFL player and "cousin" of Michael Hayes. Aligning himself with Hales' group, he would face several veterans including Doug Furnas, "Dirty White Boy" Tony Anthony and Kurt Angle as well as teaming with JR Smooth and Mick Tierney during his feud with Allan Steele during early 1999. While there, he would participate in two "Weapon Battle Royals" as well as an 8-man match for the Young Guns title against Kurt Angle, Allan Steele, Mick Tierney, Kid Wikkid, Derrick King, Bulldog Raines and Vic Grimes on May 8, 1999. Retirement
In 1999, <mask> defeated The Godfather by disqualification at a WWF house show in Ottawa on June 21 in his last appearance with the company. Remaining with Power Pro Wrestling for the next several months, he and Mick Tierney were awarded the PPW Tag Team titles on October 2 after Bill Dundee left the promotion. However, the titles became vacant after <mask> left the promotion himself in November.Released from his contract by the WWF in February 2000, he later feuded with Pierre-Carl Ouellet in Northern Championship Wrestling, facing him at ChallengeMania 8 in May 2000. Although alleged to be in negotiations with Extreme Championship Wrestling, <mask> retired from professional wrestling soon after his release. Recent years
Returning to Ottawa, he endeavored to start a gym and managed a Ford car dealership. In 2004, <mask> was asked by Ottawa sports station The Team 1200 to cover on-field commentary for the Ottawa Renegades. This eventually led to a regular spot as a co-host for Team 1200's Over the Edge, a popular sports talk radio show on CFGO. However, as of November 27, 2009 <mask> was laid-off by CHUM Radio due to cutbacks. In late 2006, he made two guest appearances on the sports talk show Off the Record.<mask> still lives in Ottawa, with his wife Mariko, and his two children, Laura and Jaxson. He is one of several former CFL players to publicly admit to steroid use during his professional career. <mask> made his MMA debut against Wayne Xilon on the Freedom Fight Card held on July 26, 2008 at The Robert Guertin Arena in Gatineau, Quebec. <mask> defeated Xilon by TKO at 1:13 of the first round. Glen made another debut, acting as Charles the Wrestler in the Third Wall Theatre Company's production of Shakespeare's "As You Like It" held February 4 to the 14th, 2010. He now is a PT at a local gym. Championships and accomplishments
Power Pro Wrestling
PPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Mick Tierney
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 392 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2000

References

External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling
Other Superstars - Glen Kulka
CageMatch.de - Glen Kulka
SportsShooter.com - Special Gallery, a photo of Glen Kulka taken by the Ottawa Sun

 https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004505/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Theatre+review+Like/2532218/story.html

1964 births
Canadian football defensive linemen
Canadian football offensive linemen
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Canadian male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Canadian radio sportscasters
Cowichan Valley Capitals players
Edmonton Elks players
Hampton Roads Admirals players
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Montreal Alouettes players
Nanaimo Islanders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Players of Canadian football from Alberta
Professional wrestlers from Alberta
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Spokane Flyers players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Toronto Argonauts players
American male professional wrestlers

masks:
Glenn Kulka
Jeannine Kulka
Glenn Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Glen Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Kulka
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn


title: Mahadev Desai

texts:
<mask> (1 January 1892 – 15 August 1942) was an Indian independence activist, scholar and writer best remembered as Mahatma Gandhi's personal secretary. He has variously been described as "Gandhi's Boswell, a Plato to Gandhi's Socrates, as well as an Ānanda to Gandhi's Buddha". Early life
<mask> was born in an anavil brahmin family on 1 January 1892 in the village of Saras in Surat district of Gujarat to <mask>, a school teacher, and his wife Jamnabehn. Jamnabehn died when <mask> was seven years old. In 1905, aged 13, <mask> was married to Durgabehn. He was educated at the Surat High School and the Elphinstone College, Mumbai. <mask> graduated with a BA Degree, and after earning his L.L.B in 1913 took a job as an inspector at the central co-operative bank in Bombay.Gandhi's associate
<mask> <mask> first met Gandhi in 1915 when he went to meet him to seek his advice on how best to publish his book (a Gujrati translation of John Morley's English book On Compromise). <mask> joined Gandhi's Ashram in 1917 and with Durgabehn accompanied him to Champaran that year. He maintained a diary from 13 November 1917 to 14 August 1942, the day before his death, chronicling his life with Gandhi. In 1919 when the colonial government arrested Gandhi in Punjab, he named <mask> his heir. <mask> was for the first time arrested and sentenced to a year in prison in 1921. He was Gandhi's personal secretary for 25 years, but as Verrier Elwin wrote of him, "he was much more than that. He was in fact Home and Foreign Secretary combined.He managed everything. He made all the arrangements. He was equally at home in the office, the guest-house and the kitchen. He looked after many guests and must have saved 10 years of Gandhi's life by diverting from him unwanted visitors". Rajmohan Gandhi writes of <mask> <mask> thus: "Waking up before Gandhi in pre-dawn darkness, and going to sleep long after his Master, <mask> lived Gandhi's day thrice over — first in an attempt to anticipate it, next in spending it alongside Gandhi, and finally in recording it into his diary". Political activism

In 1920, Motilal Nehru requisitioned the services of <mask> <mask> from Gandhi to run his newspaper, the Independent, from Allahabad. <mask> created a sensation by bringing out a hand-written cyclostyled newspaper after the Independent's printing press was confiscated by the British government.<mask> was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment for his writings in 1921 – his first stint in prison. In prison, <mask> saw that the jail authorities mistreated prisoners, frequently flogging them. His report describing the life inside an Indian jail, published in Young India and Navajivan, compelled the British authorities to bring about some drastic jail reform measures. <mask> took over as editor of Navajivan in 1924 and from 1925 he began the translation into English of Gandhi's autobiography and its serial publication in the Young India. The following year he became chairman of the executive committee of the Satyagraha Ashram and won a prize from the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad for his article in Navajivan. He took part in the Bardoli Satyagraha along with Sardar Patel and wrote a history of the Satyagraha in Gujarati which he translated into English as The Story of Bardoli. For his participation in the Salt Satyagraha, he was arrested and imprisoned but following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, he was released from jail and accompanied Gandhi to the Second round Table Conference along with Mirabehn, Devdas Gandhi and Pyarelal.He was the only person to accompany Gandhi when the latter met with King George V.

Following the collapse of the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and the deadlock at the Round Table Conference, Gandhi restarted the Civil Disobedience Movement. The colonial government, under the new Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, was determined to crush the movement and ordered a clampdown on the Indian National Congress and its activists. In 1932, <mask> was arrested again and sent to prison with Gandhi and Sardar Patel. Following his release in 1933, he was re-arrested and detained in the Belgaum Jail. It was during this time in prison that he wrote Gita According to Gandhi which was posthumously published in 1946. He also played a role in organising people's movements in the princely states of Rajkot and Mysore in 1939 and was put in charge of selecting satyagrahis during the Individual Satyagraha of 1940. <mask>'s final prison term followed the Quit India Declaration of 8 August 1942.He was arrested on the morning of 9 August 1942 and, till his death of a massive heart-attack six days later, was interred with Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace. <mask> was 50 at the time of his death. Writings
<mask> <mask> was an outstanding writer, at ease with Gujarati, Bengali and English. He is highly regarded as a translator and writer in Gujarati. He wrote several biographies such as Antyaj Sadhu Nand (1925), Sant Francis (1936), Vir Vallabhbhai (1928) and Be Khudai Khidmatgar (1936) which was a biography of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and his brother Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan. He started translating when he was studying in college. He translated John Morley's On Compromise in Gujarati and won a thousand rupees prize of the Farbas Gujarati Sabha.Later it was published as Satyagrahni Maryada. From Bengali, he translated Saratchandra Chattopadhyaya's short stories as Tran Vartao (1923) and the novella Virajvahu (1924). He also translated Tagore's works into Gujarati such as Prachin Sahitya (1922), Chitrangada and Viday Abhishap (1925). He translated Nehru's Autobiography as Mari Jeevanktha (1936) into Gujarati from English. The English translation of Gandhi's autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, from its Gujarati original was also done by <mask>. <mask> Dayari (1948-1997) is the 22 volume publication of <mask> <mask>'s diaries. These, edited by Narhari Parikh (Volume I-VI) and Chandulal Bhagubhai Dalal (VII-XXII), provide a close look at Gandhi's life and are a valuable chronicle of the major events in Gandhi's life and in Indian independence movement.He was also a regular contributor to Gandhi's publications Young India, Navjivan and the Harijanbandhu. <mask> was among the founding members of the All India Newspaper Editors' Conference. He also frequently contributed to various nationalist Indian newspapers such as Free Press, The Bombay Chronicle, Hindustan Times, The Hindu and Amrita Bazar Patrika. He wrote several works in English including Gandhiji in Indian Villages (1927), With Gandhiji in Ceylon (1928), The Story of Bardoli (1929), Unworthy of Vardha (1943), The Eclipse of Faith (1943), A Righteous Struggle (1951) and Gospel of Selfless Action or The Geeta According to Gandhi (1946, translation of Anasaktiyoga by Gandhi). He was posthumously awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955 for <mask> Dayari. Death and legacy

Aged 50, <mask> <mask> died of a heart attack on the morning of 15 August 1942 at the Aga Khan Palace where he was interned with Gandhi. When <mask> stopped breathing, Gandhi called out to him in agitation: "<mask>!<mask>!" When he was later asked why he had done so, Gandhi answered: "I felt that if <mask> opened his eyes and looked at me, I would tell him to get up. He had never disobeyed me in his life. I was confident that if had he heard those words, he would have defied even death and got up". Gandhi himself washed <mask>'s body and he was cremated on the Palace's grounds, where his samadhi lies today. The Indian Department of Posts published a commemorative stamp in his honour in 1983. His son <mask> was also a noted Gandhian activist and writer who wrote <mask> <mask>'s biography The Fire and the Rose.The Mahadev Desai Samajseva Mahavidyalaya, Gujarat Vidyapith's faculty of social sciences, arts and humanities was named in <mask> <mask>'s honour. Further reading

References

External links

 The Diary of <mask> Desai Vol I

Indian independence activists from Gujarat
Indian pacifists
Indian political writers
Nonviolence advocates
People from Gujarat
1892 births
1942 deaths
Elphinstone College alumni
Hindu pacifists
Gandhians
Gujarati people
Gujarati-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati
Indian male writers
Mahatma Gandhi
19th-century Indian people
20th-century Indian biographers
People from Surat district
Writers from Gujarat
Translators to Gujarati
Gujarati–English translators
Translators of Rabindranath Tagore

masks:
Mahadev Haribhai Desai
Mahadev Desai
Haribhai Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Mahadevbhaini
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Mahadevbhaini
Mahadev
Desai
Desai
Mahadev
Mahadev
Mahadev
Desai
Narayan Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev
Desai
Mahadev


title: Gavin Downie

texts:
<mask> (5 December 1924 – 27 January 1998) was a Member of Parliament for Pakuranga in Auckland, New Zealand. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Auckland, New Zealand, 5 December 1924, not long after his parents, George and Muriel, and sister Joan, arrived by ship, from the U.K. <mask> once quipped that he was 'Almost a fish.' He grew up in Remuera, Auckland, attending Mt Albert Grammar school, and studying horticulture. During WW2, he was a member of the RNZAF, serving at the meteorological centre in Wigram. He was married twice, first to Elizabeth Godly, and in 1983 to Susan née Stafford. He had three children with Elizabeth - Sue, Paul and Katherine, and a son, Tom, with Susan. After the war, <mask> studied singing, and went to Australia to join the J.C. Williamson touring company, which performed the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.It was while in Melbourne that he met Elizabeth. They married in Sydney 21 December 1950, shortly after, setting sail for New Zealand, for another season of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, in the main centres. They returned to Auckland where <mask> left the company. On leaving the company, <mask> studied at what is now the School of Education, University of Auckland, but then, Auckland Training College, where his daughter Sue also studied. He taught in several Auckland primary schools, but teaching was not really where his heart lay. So he left to set up his own woodworking factory in Puhinui Road, Papatoetoe, which was, in the early '50s, a largely rural community. <mask> possessed considerable skills in engineering, woodworking and problem solving.From there, this skill base formed, in the early 1960s, the core of his manufacturing business, GP Displays, where he designed shop interiors and manufactured the fittings for these. In 1960, in a brief return to the stage, <mask> was involved with the Auckland Amateur Operatics,  in a production of 'Iolanthe'. In this, he played the Lord Chancellor, a role he had always coveted. NZ Herald Critic, L.C. M. Saunders wrote:'Honours to <mask> for a thoroughly hilarious Lord Chancellor.' He then went on to a direct a production of 'Trial by Jury' the following year, where he played the learned Judge, and Elizabeth, and artist, designed the costumes for the bridesmaids. However it was his love and involvement in politics which dominated his life, in which he and Elizabeth, his staunchest advocate and supporter, became heavily involved.This culminated in his standing for Parliament in the electorate of Pakuranga, in 1972. Upon election to parliament, <mask> and his family, moved from their home in Mission Bay, to the suburb of Cockle Bay. <mask> served two terms in Parliament, his specialty being health, as he had always been interested in complementary health systems, and fitness, being a keen marathon runner. <mask> was instrumental in pushing, in a Private Members Bill, for the establishment of a Small Claims Court. In his final term in Parliament, following a political challenge, <mask> stood as an independent against the National Party candidate, in which, despite polling high, <mask> lost the election. Following his parliamentary career, <mask> and his wife Elizabeth divorced. (See 'After Parliament) <mask> married Sue Stafford in 1983, and went to live in the wooded suburb of Titirangi, a place he had always loved.It was during these years, that <mask> studied to be a classical homeopath. He loved his studies, and practiced as a homeopath till his death in 1998. <mask> was a loving family man who supported his children in their aspirations: Sue, an artist, Paul, harpsichord and fortepiano builder, and Kate (Katherine)a jeweler. Tom, in common with his siblings, shares his father's love of things musical and theatrical. He had a deep and abiding love of nature, especially for the flora and fauna of New Zealand. he considered the highlight of his Parliamentary career, to have been a trip, as part of his job, to Antarctica, a place which had always fascinated him, probably since his mountaineering days in his teens and early twenties. Member of Parliament

National Party

<mask> represented the Pakuranga electorate from 1972 to 1978 for the National Party.He was the first Member of Parliament to raise the health implications of smoking. He was replaced as the National candidate for Pakuranga by Pat Hunt in a controversial challenge to a sitting MP. He had previously been challenged for selection in 1974, by Barry Curtis after many local party members became dissatisfied with his performance, though <mask> managed to beat off the challenge. Independent
<mask> reacted to his de-selection by declaring himself an Independent in 1978. He then unsuccessfully stood as an Independent in the 1978 election. After Parliament
Gavin Downie & Associates was a training company which <mask> ran from 1978–1982. He and his second wife then started Telephone Marketing International Ltd, the first telemarketing company in New Zealand.They were instrumental in the setting up of the NZDMA (New Zealand Direct Marketing Association.) <mask> was awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal for service to the community and the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal for services to New Zealand. A member of the Auckland YMCA, <mask> was a keen marathon runner and held the fastest record for the over 60s for several years (3 hours 14 minutes). In his later years he qualified as a classical homoeopath. <mask> died on 27 January 1998 in Glen Eden, Auckland. Notes

References

Honoured by the Queen-New Zealand: 1953 to 1993 by Alister Taylor (1994, Who's Who Aotearoa, Auckland)

1924 births
1998 deaths
New Zealand National Party MPs
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
People educated at Mount Albert Grammar School
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1969 New Zealand general election

masks:
Gavin Price Ansell Downie
Gavin Downie
Downie
Downie
Gavin
Downie
Downie
Downie
Gavin Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Downie
Gavin Downie
Downie
Gavin Downie


title: Joe Bugner

texts:
<mask> (born 13 March 1950) is a Hungarian-born British-Australian former heavyweight boxer and actor. He holds triple nationality, being a citizen of Hungary and a naturalised citizen of both Australia and the United Kingdom. As an actor, he is best known for his role in the 1994 action film Street Fighter, alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme and Raul Julia. Born in Szőreg, a southeastern suburb of Szeged in southern Hungary, Bugner and his family fled after the 1956 Soviet invasion and settled in Britain. Standing at  with a prime weight of around , Bugner twice held the British and British Commonwealth heavyweight titles and was a three-time European heavyweight champion. He was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights in the 1970s, fighting such opponents as Muhammad Ali, <mask>, Ron Lyle, Jimmy Ellis, Manuel Ramos, Chuck Wepner, Earnie Shavers, Henry Cooper, Brian London, Mac Foster, Rudie Lubbers, Eduardo Corletti, Jurgen Blin and George Johnson. He fought for the world heavyweight championship in 1975, losing on points in a second bout with Ali.Bugner retired from boxing in 1976, but over the next two decades he made sporadic comebacks with varying success. He moved to Australia in 1986, adopting the nickname "Aussie <mask>", beating fighters such as Greg Page, David Bey, Anders Eklund and James Tillis before retiring again after a TKO loss to Frank Bruno in 1987. He made a final comeback during the 1990s, winning the Australian heavyweight title in 1995 and the lightly regarded World Boxing Federation (WBF) heavyweight championship in 1998 at the age of 48 against James "Bonecrusher" Smith. He retired for the last time in 1999 with a final record of 69-13-1, including 43 wins by knockout. Early years
Bugner and his family fled to the United Kingdom in the late 1950s because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary in 1956 after the Hungarian Uprising of that year. Initially he was one of about 80 refugees housed in the students Hostel at Smedley's factory in Wisbech. They settled in the Huntingdonshire town of St Ives  near the Fens, and so, as local custom dictated, he was known as a Fen Tiger.At school Bugner excelled in sports and was the national junior discus champion in 1964. He lived and trained in Bedford during his early boxing years; he was a regular at Bedford Boys Club under the training of Paul King and attended Goldington Road School in Bedford. Boxing career

1960s
Bugner had a short amateur career, fighting sixteen times and winning thirteen bouts. He turned professional in 1967 (at the unusually young age of seventeen) on the advice of his then trainer and friend Andy Smith. Smith was unhappy with the choice of Bugner's opponents and believed that he could better control the quality of his opponents if Bugner turned professional. He had a losing debut against Paul Brown on 20 December 1967 at the London Hilton, where he suffered a TKO in the third round. Showing gritty determination, after his debut the teenage Bugner went on to win a remarkable 18 consecutive fights in under two years during 1968 and 1969 (including 13 stoppage victories) before narrowly losing to the older and vastly more experienced Dick Hall.He bounced back and rounded off the 1960s with three further stoppage victories. 1970s
In 1970 Bugner emerged internationally as an outstanding young prospect, and by the end of the year he was world-rated. He won nine consecutive bouts that year, including victories over well-known boxers such as Chuck Wepner, Manuel Ramos, Johnny Prescott, Brian London, Eduardo Corletti, Charley Polite, and George Johnson. Bugner was now positioned to challenge world-rated Englishman Henry Cooper, who had nearly knocked out Muhammad Ali a few years previously, for Cooper's British, British Commonwealth and European titles. However, because Bugner was still too young to fight for the British Commonwealth title (the minimum age was twenty-one years old at the time), this much anticipated bout had to be postponed until the next year. While waiting to come of age, in 1971 he defeated Carl Gizzi and just weeks later and weeks before facing Cooper, drew with Bill Drover. Early in his professional years Bugner earned a reputation as a tough, durable but often exceptionally defensive and cautious boxer; he retained that image for the rest of his career.He was criticised often for lacking natural aggression in the ring. Some observers argued that Bugner's heart was never in boxing after an early opponent, Ulric Regis, died from brain injuries soon after being outpointed by Bugner at London's Shoreditch Town Hall. Many said that Bugner never punched his full weight after that. Defeat of Henry Cooper
In March 1971 Bugner finally met veteran Cooper, and won a fifteen-round decision. Bugner won the bout by the slimmest of margins, 1/4 point, on the card of the lone official, Harry Gibbs. The British sporting public and press were deeply divided about the verdict. Many felt that Cooper deserved the decision due to his steady aggression.But Bugner fought effectively on the defence and scored often with his left jab, and in the opinion of many, was the rightful winner of the bout. The Times, among others, scored the fight in favour of Bugner. Still, the outcome of the bout is regarded as one of the most controversial in British boxing history. Nonetheless, <mask> was now the British, British Commonwealth, and European champion, and for the first time he was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights. Bugner would remain in the world ratings for most of the 1970s. <mask> retained his European title with a decision over tough German heavyweight Jürgen Blin. However, later in 1971 Bugner surprisingly lost decisions to underdogs Jack Bodell and Larry Middleton; sandwiched between these losses was a victory over Mike Boswell.The Bodell fight was particularly costly, depriving Bugner of his British, British Commonwealth and European championships. <mask>'s relative inexperience, his youth and lack of an extensive amateur background, were the chief causes of these defeats. In 1972 Bugner won eight consecutive fights, including a knockout over Jürgen Blin for the European championship. By the end of this, Bugner demonstrated much improved ring ability and had acquired enough experience that his manager began seeking matches against the world's best heavyweights. Prime years
In 1973 Bugner began the year by retaining his European belt with a victory over the capable Dutchman Rudie Lubbers. The 23-year-old Bugner then lost twelve-round decisions to Muhammad Ali and <mask>er. Despite being clearly defeated, Bugner fought well, and he won the respect of the boxing media and public alike.After their bout, Ali declared that Bugner was capable of being world champion. Ali's trainer Angelo Dundee later echoed that sentiment. The fight with Frazier in July 1973 at Earls Court in London was deemed a classic. After being knocked down by a tremendous left hook in the tenth round, Bugner arose and staggered Frazier to close the round. Frazier took the decision, but only narrowly, and arguably only George Foreman and Muhammad Ali ever gave Frazier a harder fight. Many regard the Frazier bout as being Bugner's best career performance. After the Ali and Frazier fights, Bugner won a further 8 bouts in a row, his most notable victories being over ex-WBA World Heavyweight Champion Jimmy Ellis, and Mac Foster.By the end of 1974 Bugner was rated among the top five heavyweight contenders in the world. Bugner challenged Muhammad Ali for the world championship in June 1975, the bout being held in Kuala Lumpur, with Ali winning a relatively one-sided fifteen-round decision. Bugner performed fairly well, but maintained a strictly defensive posture throughout most of this fight, perhaps due to the blistering tropical heat, and as a result he was widely scorned by the media and public. In an interview during an April 2008 reunion with Henry Cooper, Bugner defended his tactics in the Ali fight as having been necessary due to the extreme temperature and humidity of the outside venue. Regains British, European & Commonwealth titles

Early in 1976, Bugner announced his retirement from boxing, stating that he no longer felt motivated to fight professionally. Within months however he returned to the ring, expressing disgust at Richard Dunn's performance against Ali and in October he blasted out Richard Dunn in the first round to reclaim the British, British Commonwealth and European championships. Onlookers state that they had never seen Bugner angry before, and that while Dunn's supporters had waged a quite unsportsmanlike campaign against Bugner, if he had fought like that in his earlier career he could have gone further.In 1977, Bugner lost a close twelve-round decision away from home to top contender Ron Lyle. The scores were 57–53 and 56–54 for Lyle against 55–54 for Bugner. After this bout, Bugner again retired, making only sporadic comebacks to the ring over the next decades. 1980s
Bugner returned to the ring for brief periods in the 1980s and 1990s, but due to the effects of age and inactivity, he was never again as effective as he had been during his prime. After a three-year absence from the ring, Bugner returned in May 1980, knocking out fringe contender Gilberto Acuna, before promptly retiring again. In 1982, a ring rusty Bugner (having had only one short fight in 5 years and weighing in some 25 lbs above his prime fighting weight) fought the hard-hitting top contender Earnie Shavers, but was stopped in the second round due to a badly cut eye. However, Bugner decided to continue his comeback, stopping the useful John Denis and fringe contender Danny Sutton, as well as domestic contenders Winston Allen and Eddie Neilson.In 1983, a subdued and unmotivated Bugner lost to Marvis Frazier, showing little ambition throughout the bout. He followed this with a decision over future European champion Anders Eklund and a controversial loss to future World Title challenger Steffen Tangstad. Bugner appeared to have done enough to win the Tangstad fight, however, like with the Frazier and Eklund bouts, he appeared unmotivated and uninterested throughout. Comeback in Australia
In 1986 Bugner moved to Australia, where he adopted the nickname Aussie <mask> after become an Australian citizen. In Australia, Bugner launched a fairly successful comeback, earning good victories over world title contenders James Tillis and David Bey and an impressive victory over former WBA heavyweight champion Greg Page, gaining a world ranking in the process, after which he spoke of challenging reigning heavyweight champion Mike Tyson. However, there was great clamour for a fight with fellow Briton Frank Bruno. The bout was touted as the biggest all-British heavyweight bout since Cooper Vs Bugner in 1971.The bout took place on 24 October 1987, and Bugner suffered an eighth-round TKO loss to the much younger and fresher world title contender for the Commonwealth championship in front of a huge crowd at White Hart Lane football stadium. Bugner promptly retired again following this defeat, only his 3rd stoppage defeat in 20 years. 1990s

Inspired by the 45-year-old George Foreman's recapture of the heavyweight title, Bugner made a final comeback in 1995, beating Vince Cervi to win the Australian heavyweight title, followed by a win over West Turner. Bugner then fought fellow Briton and world title contender Scott Welch for the WBO Intercontinental Heavyweight Title. Welch proved too young and fresh for the now 46-year-old Bugner, handing him a TKO defeat in the 6th round. Bugner continued to fight on against far younger opponents. In 1996 he defeated the respectable Young Haumona for the Pacific and Australasian Heavyweight title, retained it against Waisiki Ligaloa in 1997, added the Australian title by defeating the tough Colin Wilson and defending both titles against Bob Mirovic in 1998.In 1998 Bugner's long-term tenacity finally gave him a world crown, albeit a lightly regarded title - the WBF version of the heavyweight crown  - by defeating former WBA World Heavyweight Champion James "Bonecrusher" Smith. At the age of 48 years and 110 days, it made him the oldest ever boxer to hold a minor championship belt. Bugner fought just once more. In June 1999, at the age of 49, he defeated the durable fringe contender Levi Billups, who was disqualified for low blows. Fight record
His record for 83 professional fights is 69 wins (41 on knockouts), 13 Losses and 1 Draw. In an interview in 2004, Bugner said that the hardest puncher he had ever faced was Earnie Shavers and the biggest beating he took was from Ron Lyle. Life outside boxing
After moving to Australia, Bugner and his wife Marlene opened a vineyard.It failed in 1989, and he lost an estimated two million Australian dollars. He now lives in Brisbane, Queensland. Bugner has worked in the film industry. During the 1970s, he appeared in one of several PSAs themed Be Smart, Be Safe; these dealt with instructing children on how to safely cross a road or a street. In 1979 Bugner featured in an Italian film, Io sto con gli ippopotami with Bud Spencer and Terence Hill, he worked with Bud Spencer in his films in the 1980s. He worked as the expert adviser on the Russell Crowe film, Cinderella Man, which was a film about the heavyweight boxer James J. Braddock. Bugner was dropped part way through the project, which prompted him to call Crowe, "a gutless worm and a f*****g girl".Bugner suffers from a serious back injury he sustained from training for fights in his middle years. He also has financial problems. It was these financial problems which prompted him to re-enter the ring at such an advanced age. A benefit was held for Bugner in 2008 by Kevin Lueshing. In November 2009 Bugner replaced Camilla Dallerup on day 4 of the British TV show I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here!. He left the show on day 16 after losing a bushtucker trial called 'Jungle Jail' to fellow celebrity Stuart Manning. Bugner has three children, James, <mask>., and Amy, from his ex-wife Melody.<mask>'s autobiography, '<mask>ner - My Story', was published by New Holland Publishing (Australia) in November 2013. Professional boxing record

|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|69 Wins (41 knockouts, 26 decisions, 2 disqualifications), 13 Losses (4 knockouts, 9 decisions), 1 Draw
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res. (British TV series) participants

masks:
József Kreul Bugner
Joe Frazier
Joe
Bugner
Bugner
Bugner
Joe Frazi
Joe
Joe Jr
Bugner
Joe Bug


title: Nicollette Sheridan

texts:
<mask> (born 21 November 1963) is a British-born American actress. She began her career as a fashion model before landing a role in the short-lived ABC primetime soap opera Paper Dolls in 1984, as well as starring in the romantic comedy film The Sure Thing (1985). She rose to prominence as Paige Matheson on the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing (1986–1993), for which she received two Soap Opera Digest Awards. Thereafter, <mask> appeared in lead roles in numerous television films and miniseries, including Lucky Chances (1990), Virus (1995), and The People Next Door (1996). She also appeared in the feature films Noises Off (1992), Spy Hard (1996), Beverly Hills Ninja (1997), and Code Name: The Cleaner (2007). From 2004 to 2009, <mask> starred as Edie Britt on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives, for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2005. From 2018 to 2019, she portrayed Alexis Carrington on The CW's Dynasty reboot.Early life
<mask> was born in Worthing, England, the daughter of actress Sally Adams, who gave birth to her at age 16. When <mask> was less than a year old, her father left the family, and she has not seen him since. In 1969, her mother Sally (billed as <mask>) featured in the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service as one of Blofeld's "Angels of Death". There, Sally met Blofeld actor Telly Savalas, who eventually became her de facto husband and <mask>'s stepfather. Sally became known as Sally Savalas. <mask> emigrated to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1973, when she was 10 years old. Career

Early works and Knots Landing
<mask> began her career as a fashion model, appearing in the pages of Vogue and on the cover of Cosmopolitan, shot by Francesco Scavullo.Whilst still a teenager, she famously starred in a Martini TV commercial, delivering the beverage through the streets of LA on roller skates. In 1984, she made her acting debut in the short-lived ABC primetime soap opera Paper Dolls. The series was cancelled after half a season, and the following year, <mask> starred in the romantic comedy film The Sure Thing. Later that year, she was cast in the pilot for another ABC prime time soap, Dark Mansions, intended to be a cross between Dynasty and Dark Shadows. The project did not go to series, but the pilot episode was aired as a television movie in 1986. In 1986, <mask> joined the cast of the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing as vixen Paige Matheson. She started in a recurring role, but had become a series regular by the 1988–89 season.<mask> remained with the series for seven seasons until its end in 1993. For her performance in the role, she won the 1990 Soap Opera Digest award for Outstanding Lead Actress: Prime Time, and the 1991 Soap Opera Digest award for Outstanding Heroine: Prime Time. The same year, she was named one of People "50 Most Beautiful People". In the 1990s, <mask> starred in a number of television movies. In 1990, she starred in Deceptions and played Lucky Santangelo in the television adaptation of Jackie Collins' Lucky Chances. The following years, she had star-billed roles in Somebody's Daughter (1992), Time to Heal (1994), Shadows of Desire (1994), Virus (1995), Silver Strand (1995), The People Next Door (1996), Murder in My Mind (1997), Dead Husbands (1998), The Spiral Staircase (2000), Haven't We Met Before? (2002), Deadly Betrayal (2003), and Deadly Visions (2004).Despite her television lead roles, her film career was limited. In 1992, she co-starred opposite Carol Burnett and Michael Caine in the comedy Noises Off, and later had only two studio movies: Spy Hard (1996) opposite Leslie Nielsen, and Beverly Hills Ninja (1997) starring Chris Farley. Additionally, <mask> auditioned for two leading sitcom roles, Rachel Green on Friends and Grace Adler on Will & Grace, though the respective roles ultimately went to Jennifer Aniston and Debra Messing. However, <mask> did make a guest appearance opposite Messing in 2003. Desperate Housewives and lawsuit

In 2004, <mask> was cast as Edie Britt in the ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives. The character was originally written as a recurring role in the series. <mask> had originally auditioned for Bree Van de Kamp, one of the series' more prominent roles.On November 15, 2004, <mask> (in character as Britt) appeared with NFL wide receiver Terrell Owens in an introductory skit to that evening's Monday Night Football episode. Some observers condemned the skit as sexually suggestive, and ABC later apologized for airing it. On 14 March 2005, the Federal Communications Commission ruled that the skit did not violate decency standards, because it contained no outright nudity or foul language. <mask> was nominated for a 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and was ranked number 48 on Maxim 2006 Hot 100 List. In February 2009, during the show's fifth season, <mask> announced her departure from Desperate Housewives. Her exit episode aired in April 2009, when Edie Britt was killed off. Unlike the other main characters who had been killed off over the years on Desperate Housewives, <mask> did not make an appearance in the show's final episode, which aired in May 2012.In April 2010, <mask> filed a $20 million lawsuit against Desperate Housewives creator and producer Marc Cherry and ABC Television, alleging that she was assaulted by Cherry on the set of the show and was then fired when she reported the alleged abuse to the network. In her lawsuit, <mask> claimed wrongful termination, assault and battery, gender violence, discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and age, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. She also alleged that Cherry was abusive to other cast members and writers. ABC responded by stating that while they were unaware of this particular complaint, they had investigated similar claims made by <mask> and reportedly found them to be without merit. The show's stars, Teri Hatcher, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross, and Eva Longoria, pledged their support to help Cherry in his battle against <mask>'s allegations. In May 2011, a judge granted permission for the case to continue to trial, but threw out <mask>'s claims of harassment. The case went to trial on 27 February 2012.Cherry asserted that the alleged assault was in fact a tap to the head with his fingers, done in rehearsals when he was demonstrating to <mask> how she should play a physical gag in a scene. He also stated that the decision to kill off her character was already approved in May 2008 (several months before the alleged hitting incident in September 2008) due, in part, to the need to reduce the show's budget. He also cited <mask>'s unprofessional on-set behavior (such as habitual lateness, not learning her lines, and feuding with her co-stars), and the fact that her character had simply "run its course" as other reasons for the decision. On 13 March 2012, the judge dismissed the battery charge against Cherry due to lack of evidence, and the lawsuit then focused solely on <mask>'s alleged wrongful termination by ABC. Closing arguments were heard on 14 March 2012 and the jury began their deliberations. By 19 March 2012, the jury had failed to reach a verdict and a mistrial was declared. A retrial was scheduled for September 2012, but this was dismissed in August when the Los Angeles Court of Appeal determined that <mask> had not been wrongfully fired.The court rejected <mask>'s argument that ABC's decision not to renew her option for another season was analogous to a violation of at-will employment. The court reasoned that unlike an at-will employee whose contract could remain in force indefinitely, <mask>'s contract was for a set term that had expired, so ABC had not terminated her, but simply chosen not to rehire her for another fixed-term contract. However, the court declared that <mask> was free to file an amended lawsuit alleging that ABC retaliated against her for complaining about unsafe working conditions. A further appeal made by <mask> to the California Supreme Court was rejected in November 2012, A new trial based solely on the retaliation claim was set for December 2013, but this, too, was dismissed in October 2013 by a judge who stated that <mask> should have exhausted her claims through a labor commissioner before pursuing a trial. A further attempt by <mask> to secure a new trial was refused on 16 January 2014, however the same judge reversed his decision on 29 January 2014 and granted <mask> a new trial. This decision was later reversed in August 2014 by the Los Angeles Court of Appeal, which found the judge's decision to grant <mask> a new trial was in error. Later works
In 2010, <mask> was cast in an untitled CBS comedy pilot as a mother who battles with her British ex-husband (played by Paul Kaye) to get her teenaged daughter to stardom, but the show was not picked up.In September 2010, <mask> starred in the Hallmark Channel film, Honeymoon for One, which was set in Ireland. The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on 13 August 2011. In 2013, she starred and co-produced another Hallmark movie, called The Christmas Spirit. In an interview in November 2013, <mask> announced that she was hoping to find a network for a half-hour comedy series that she is currently writing herself. She also co-starred in two independent comedy movies, Jewtopia (2012) and Let's Kill Ward's Wife (2014). In 2016, she filmed one more Hallmark movie, called All Yours. On 28 November 2017, it was announced that <mask> was cast in The CW remake of Dynasty as Alexis Morell Carrington, a role played by Joan Collins in the original series.Mark Pedowitz, the president of The CW, who had been president of ABC Studios during <mask>'s run on Desperate Housewives, called her about the role himself. He said, "I was big fan of Nicollette from way back when. She wanted it, and she will be great in it." She received positive reviews for her debut as Alexis, and was promoted to series regular status for the second season. The CW announced on 25 February 2019 that <mask> would be leaving Dynasty to focus on "some personal family responsibilities." <mask> said in her own statement that she was leaving to spend more time with her terminally ill mother in Los Angeles. She last appeared in the episode "Motherly Overprotectiveness".Personal life
During the 1980s, <mask> dated teen idols Leif Garrett and Scott Baio. On 7 September 1991, she married actor Harry Hamlin, her co-star from the 1990 TV movie Deceptions. Hamlin filed for divorce on 21 August 1992, listing their date of separation as 13 July. From July 1992 to September 1995, <mask> dated singer Michael Bolton. She was then involved for three years with Australian Simon Main, a relationship that ended in 2000 when Main was sentenced to four years in prison for trafficking ecstasy. She began dating Swedish personal trainer Nicklas Söderblom in 2004 and became engaged to him on New Year's Eve 2004; the pair called off the engagement in October 2005. In October 2005 <mask> was on a five-day photo-shoot in Australia, and met with ex-boyfriend Main following his release from prison.That December, she rekindled her romance with Bolton. <mask> and Bolton announced their engagement in March 2006. In March 2008, <mask> posed nude for a London Fog charity ad which also featured Bolton. <mask> and Bolton broke off their engagement in August 2008. <mask> married Aaron Phypers in December 2015, but the couple separated six months later. Their divorce was finalized in August 2018. <mask> started her own range of skincare products in 2019, Biolumière Organics.The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
On 19 February 2019, the second episode of the ninth season of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills featured Denise Richards and Lisa Rinna (current wife of Harry Hamlin) discussing their connection via their respective marriages to <mask>'s former husbands. Rinna recounts details about <mask> having an affair with Michael Bolton while Hamlin was in Canada, resulting in the dissolution of their marriage. Days later, <mask> denies Rinna's claims on Twitter, stating that she and Hamlin ended their marriage "nose to nose" in Canada. Hamlin came to Rinna's defense, though <mask> re-affirmed "the end of our marriage had nothing to do with anyone other than us." Fans of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills have since advocated for <mask> to join the cast of the show, especially after Richards' departure at the end of the tenth season. In November 2020, producer Andy Cohen confirmed that <mask> would not be asked to join the show due to her feud with Rinna. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1963 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Sussex
English emigrants to the United States
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
Living people
People educated at Millfield
People from Bognor Regis
People from Hidden Hills, California
People from Worthing

masks:
Nicollette Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Dani Sheridan
Sheridan
Nicollette
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan
Sheridan


title: Albert Christoph Dies

texts:
<mask> (175528 December 1822) was a German painter, engraver, and biographer most noted for his biography of Joseph Haydn, although it is now considered sentimental and not entirely accurate. As an artist, he is also not very well-regarded. As painter

<mask> was born in Hanover (baptized 11 February 1755), and began his studies there. For one year he studied in the academy of Düsseldorf, and then he started at the age of twenty with thirty ducats in his pocket for Rome, studying briefly on the way in Mannheim and Basel. In Rome he lived a frugal life till 1796; his son Johannes (Giovanni) was born there in 1776. Copying pictures, chiefly by Salvator Rosa, for a livelihood, his taste led him to draw and paint from nature in Tivoli, Albano and other picturesque places in the vicinity of Rome. Naples, the birthplace of his favorite master, he visited more than once for the same reasons.Goethe visited him in 1787. The poet, interested in the theory of color, reported in his Zweiter römischer Aufenthalt ("Second stay in Rome"), "At the moment I am engaged in something from which I learn a great deal; I have found and sketched a landscape that a clever artist, Dies, colored in my presence; thus eyes and mind grow ever more accustomed to color and harmony." During the Rome visit, Dies also composed music, though later on he apparently destroyed all that he had written, and none of it survives today. At one point, Jacques-Louis David, then composing his Oath of the Horatii (1784) at Rome, wished to take him to Paris. But Dies had reasons for not accepting the offer. He was courting a young Roman whom he subsequently married. Meanwhile, he had made the acquaintance of the engraver Giovanni Volpato, for whom he executed numerous drawings, and this no doubt suggested the plan, which he afterwards carried out, of publishing, in partnership with Jacob Wilhelm Mechau, Johann Christian Reinhart and Johann Friedrich Frauenholz, the series of plates known as the Collection de vues pittoresques de l'Italie, published in seventy-two sheets at Nuremberg in 1799.According to Gotwals, "In May, 1796, Dies apparently eloped with a young girl to Salzburg." The following year he moved to Vienna, and lived there on the produce of his brush as a landscape painter, and on that of his pencil or graver as a draughtsman and etcher. He also taught landscape painting at the Imperial and Royal Academy, and later, in his final post, was gallery director to Prince Nikolaus Esterházy II. During this time his physical condition grew worse, and he even lost the use of one of his hands. As biographer

Dies was a great admirer of the music of Joseph Haydn and during his Vienna years he undertook to meet the composer and write his biography. He obtained an introduction from his fellow artist Anton Grassi, who had made a number of busts of Haydn. Over the course of three years during Haydn's old age (starting 15 April 1805, ending 8 August 1808), Dies made a series of 30 visits to the frail and ailing composer, even though Haydn was convinced no one would be interested in his life story.On a number of occasions Haydn was unable to see him, but frequently Dies was admitted and was able to interview him. In 1810, one year after Haydn's death, <mask> published a biography based on what he learned in his visits (see References below). This work is organized around the sequence of visits, reporting each in turn. It continues to serve as a substantial source of information on the composer's life. Compared with another biography written at the same time by Georg August Griesinger, <mask>'s work is almost certainly less accurate and is more likely to have been sentimentalized and embellished, which he himself alludes to in the introduction of his book:

In order not to leave out of the picture the most interesting phase of Haydn's life, I meanwhile made unhesitating use of several articles from the Leipzig Musikalische Zeitung, without entirely suppressing my own untutored opinions. For instances of probable embellishment, see Mathias Haydn and Haydn and Mozart; for an apparent outright blunder, see Rebecca Schroeter. Dies's translator Vernon Gotwals, comparing Dies to Griesinger, concludes:

It is now clear that for facts about Haydn one will turn first to the Biographische Notizen of Griesinger, but that reliance upon that source alone would deprive Haydn's portrait of many authentic details, mixed inescapably with some imaginary ones.Dies's Biographische Nachrichten is the work of a sentimental artist who fancied himself a "universal man" but whose approach to the problem of biography was that of his time and place. Death

In 1787, he accidentally swallowed  of lead acetate. He never recovered from the ensuing lead poisoning, which caused the loss of one of his hands, and eventually died in Vienna on 28 December 1822. Assessment
Dies is perhaps better known today from his acquaintanceship (e.g. Goethe, Haydn) than from his own merits as an artist or writer. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition gives harsh opinions of Dies's work as an artist:

"[In Rome] he became a bold executant in water-colours and in oil, though he failed to acquire any originality of his own." "Lord Bristol, who encouraged him as a copyist, predicted that he would be a second Salvator Rosa.However, Dies did not have the creativity necessary to become a great artist." "With so many irons in the fire Dies naturally lost the power of concentration." "From two pictures now in the Belvedere gallery, and from numerous engraved drawings from the neighborhood of Tivoli, we gather that Dies was never destined to rise above a respectable mediocrity. He followed Salvator Rosa's example in imitating the manner of Claude Lorraine. But Salvator adapted the style of Claude, whilst Dies did no more than copy it." Gotwals writes, "Friedrich Noack in his article in the Thieme and Becker Allgemeines Lexicon der bildenden Künstler ["General lexicon of graphic artists"], describes Dies's work as clumsy, mediocre, and prosaic. Gotwals adds, concerning Dies's writing, that "his literary style is hardly better."Gallery

See also
 List of German painters

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, online edition. Copyright 2008 by Oxford University Press. Prange, Peter (2007) "Book Review:  Paper Museums. The Reproductive Print in Europe, 1500–1800", Journal of the History of Collections 19: 145–147. External links

 The original printed edition of <mask>'s Haydn biography can be examined at the Don Juan Archive: . Images of Dies's paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art:
St. Rocco Waterfall and Bridge at Tivoli (Cascata e Ponte di St. Rocco a Tivoli), 1795. 1755 births
1822 deaths
18th-century German painters
German male painters
19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists
Haydn scholars

masks:
Albert Christoph Dies
Dies
Dies
Dies
Dies


title: Paul Semrau

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<mask> (12 November 1915 – 8 February 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a night fighter ace, he is credited with 46 aerial victories claimed in 350 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command. Born in Deutsch Eylau, Semrau grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1936. Following training, he was posted to Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing) and flew the Junkers Ju 88 as a bomber pilot during the Norwegian Campaign. In June 1940, Semrau transferred to the night fighter force where he was posted to I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing).He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 10/11 February 1941 and in December 1941, he was appointed squadron leader of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of NJG 2. In January 1944, he was given command of I. Gruppe and in November 1944 overall command of NJG 2. On 8 February 1945, Semrau and his crew were killed in action when they were shot down during a daytime maintenance flight by a RAF fighter aircraft. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 17 April 1945. Early life and career
Semrau was born on 12 November 1915 in Deutsch Eylau, present-day Iława in northern Poland, at the time in the Province of Prussia within the German Empire. In 1936, he joined the military service with the Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) in 1938.Following flight training, he was posted to Zerstörergeschwader 26 (ZG 26—26th Destroyer Wing). World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following the outbreak of war, Semrau was posted to the 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of the Küstenfliegergruppe 106, a maritime aviation group. He then served as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2—2nd Destroyer Wing) flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D single engine fighter. In March 1940, he transferred to the (Zerstörergruppe) of Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing) where he learned to fly the Junkers Ju 88 multirole combat aircraft.Night fighter career

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. In July 1940, elements of (Z)/KG 30 were trained and converted to flying night fighter missions.This unit flew long-distance night fighter missions (Fernnachtjagd) referred to as intruder missions over England. These elements then became the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of the newly created Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). On 11 September, II. Gruppe of NJG 1 was reassigned and became the I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) Kammhuber had created I. Gruppe of NJG 2 with the idea of utilizing the Ju 88 C-2 and Dornier Do 17 Z as an offensive weapon, flying long range intruder missions into British airspace, attacking RAF airfields. Until October 1941, I. Gruppe operated from the Gilze-Rijen Air Base, and commanded by Major Karl Hülshoff. Semrau was appointed Staffelkapitän of the 3.Staffel of NJG 2 on 22 December 1940. Semrau claimed two aerial victories on the night of 10/11 February 1941 over two Bristol Blenheim bombers shot down near Feltwell. The Blenheim bombers belonged to No. 21 Squadron, the second of which was destroyed during the landing approach. These were his first aerial victories, he had already claimed six aircraft destroyed on the ground flying destroyer missions. The Blenheim bombers were returning from an attack on Hannover and included Blenheim Z5877 flown by Sergeant A. Chatterway who was killed in action. He claimed his third aerial victory on the night of 7/8 May when he shot down a Vickers Wellington bomber near Nottingham.This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class () on 17 May. The following night, Semrau claimed a Blenheim bomber shot down south of Grantham. Almost a month later, Semrau was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 12 June. That night, he was credited with the destruction of a Handley Page Halifax bomber near of Finningley, his fifth aerial victory. On 7 July, Semrau shot down a Blenheim bomber over Wells. On 18 July, he claimed another Blenheim bomber near Digby. The aircraft shot down was however a Wellington bomber from No.305 Polish Bomber Squadron. Semrau claimed his last long range intruder aerial victory on the night of 20 September when he shot down a Handley Page Hampden bomber  northeast of Upper Heyford. The aircraft was Hampden P5314 from No. 16 Operational Training Unit. North Africa and the Mediterranean
The Battle of the Mediterranean and North African Campaign began in June 1940 with the Italian Empire's entry into the war on the side of the Axis powers. Italian military defeats necessitated the dispatch of the German Africa Corps (Deutsches Afrika Korps) under the command of Erwin Rommel to prevent the collapse of Italian Libya after the failed Italian invasion of Egypt. The Luftwaffe High Command (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe) sent forces into North Africa and Mediterranean to support to Axis forces and lay siege to Malta, the base from which British sea and air forces interdicted Axis air and supply routes.I. Gruppe of NJG 2 was ordered to move to the Mediterranean in mid-November 1941 where it was based at Catania, Sicily. Semrau received the German Cross in Gold () on 24 April 1942 and was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 June. On the night of 2/3 July, Semrau claimed a Wellington bomber shot down over North Africa. The Wellington probably belonged to No. 37 Squadron. On 4/5 July, he claimed another Wellington bomber which may have belonged to either No. 70 Squadron or No.108 Squadron. He again claimed an aerial victory on the night of 5/6 July which may have been Wellington bomber DV508 from No. 37 Squadron. Semrau received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () after 160 combat missions and 14 aerial victories on 7 October 1942. Group commander
<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the III. Gruppe of NJG 2 in July 1943 which was based in the Netherlands. This Gruppe was the former V. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (NJG 6—6th Night Fighter Wing) which was redesignated on 15 August 1943.He claimed his only aerial victory with III. Gruppe on the night of 9 October over an unidentified four-engine bomber, on a mission to bomb Hanover,  west of Den Haag. On 1 January 1944, Semrau succeeded Major Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein of II. Gruppe of NJG 2. On 1 May, he was promoted to Major (major). On the night of 28/29 June, the RAF attacked the marshalling yards at Blainville-sur-l'Eau and Metz with 230 bombers. The RAF lost eighteen Halifax bombers and two Avro Lancaster bombers in the attack, including four Halifax bombers claimed by Semrau.No. 102 Squadron lost five Halifax bombers, including NA502 shot down by Semrau. On the night of 2/3 November, Bomber Command sent 992 bombers to Düsseldorf. In this attack, the RAF lost eleven Halifax and eight Lancaster bombers. That night, Semrau was credited with three aerial victories over unidentified four-engine bombers in the greater Ruhr area. These were his last claims with II. Gruppe of NJG 2.Wing commander and death

On 12 November 1944, <mask> was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of NJG 2, succeeding Günther Radusch. Command of II. Gruppe of NJG 2 was then passed to Hauptmann Heinz-Horst Hißbach. On the night of 6/7 January, the RAF attacked the German railroad junctions at Hanau and Neuss with over 600 bombers. Defending against this attack, Semrau claimed three Halifax bombers shot down, his last aerial victories. Semrau was shot down on 8 February 1945 and killed in action on a factory flight with his crew, Oberfeldwebel Johann Hantusch and Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel Robert Behrens, of Junkers Ju 88 G-6 (Werknummer 620 562 — factory number) when he was intercepted during the landing approach at Fliegerhorst Twente by Flight Lieutenant K.S. Sleep of Royal Canadian Air Force No.402 Squadron on 8 February 1945 during Operation Veritable. The aircraft of Semrau came down between Fliegerhorst Twente and Oldenzaal. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 17 April 1945. He was the 841st member of the German armed forces to be so honored. He and his crew were buried at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery in the Netherlands. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Spick, Semrau was credited with 46 nocturnal aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 40 nocturnal victory claims.Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Semrau with 39 claims. Two claims dated 28/29 January 1944 and 30/31 January 1944 respectively are not recorded in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims while one claim dated on 2 November 1944 is missing in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost AD". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (17 May 1941)
 1st Class (12 June 1941)
 German Cross in Gold on 24 April 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 7 October 1942 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 841st Oak Leaves on 17 April 1945 (posthumously) as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1915 births
1945 deaths
People from Iława
People from West Prussia
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Aviators killed by being shot down
Burials at Ysselsteyn German war cemetery

masks:
Paul Semrau
Semrau
Semrau