title: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

texts:
<mask> (; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor (from 1792 to 1806) and, as <mask>, the first Emperor of Austria, from 1804 to 1835. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French. Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, <mask> abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. He was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. He also served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815. <mask> continued his leading role as an opponent of Napoleonic France in the Napoleonic Wars, and suffered several more defeats after Austerlitz. The marriage of his daughter Marie Louise of Austria to Napoleon on 10 March 1810 was arguably his severest personal defeat.After the abdication of Napoleon following the War of the Sixth Coalition, Austria participated as a leading member of the Holy Alliance at the Congress of Vienna, which was largely dominated by <mask>' chancellor Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich culminating in a new European map and the restoration of most of <mask>' ancient dominions. Due to the establishment of the Concert of Europe, which largely resisted popular nationalist and liberal tendencies, <mask> was viewed as a reactionary later in his reign. <mask>'s grandchildren include Napoleon II (Napoleon's only legitimate son), Franz Joseph I of Austria, Maximilian I of Mexico, Maria II of Portugal and Pedro II of Brazil. Early life

<mask> was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. <mask> was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany, where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765 to 1790. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew <mask> was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in Vienna to educate and prepare him for his future role. Emperor Joseph II himself took charge of <mask>' development.His disciplinarian regime was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that <mask> was "stunted in growth", "backward in bodily dexterity and deportment", and "neither more nor less than a spoiled mother's child." Joseph concluded that "the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance." Joseph's martinet method of improving the young <mask> was "fear and unpleasantness." The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that <mask> "failed to lead himself, to do his own thinking." Nonetheless, <mask> greatly admired his uncle, if rather feared him. To complete his training, <mask> was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life.He was present at the siege of Belgrade which occurred during the Austro-Turkish War. After the death of Joseph II in 1790, <mask>' father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold's deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother's policies. The strain told on Leopold and by the winter of 1791, he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792; on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. <mask>, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor, much sooner than he had expected. Emperor

As the head of the Holy Roman Empire and the ruler of the vast multi-ethnic Habsburg hereditary lands, <mask> felt threatened by the French revolutionaries and later Napoleon's expansionism as well as their social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe in the wake of the conquering French armies.<mask> had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI and Queen consort of France, was guillotined by the revolutionaries in 1793, at the beginning of his reign, although, on the whole, he was indifferent to her fate. Later, he led the Holy Roman Empire into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles. He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the War of the Second Coalition.On 11 August 1804, in response to Napoleon crowning himself as emperor of the French earlier that year, he announced that he would henceforth assume the title of hereditary emperor of Austria as <mask> I, a move that technically was illegal in terms of imperial law. Yet Napoleon had agreed beforehand and therefore it happened. During the War of the Third Coalition, the Austrian forces met a crushing defeat at Austerlitz, and <mask> had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, which greatly weakened Austria and brought about the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire. In July 1806, under massive pressure from France, Bavaria and fifteen other German states ratified the statutes founding the Confederation of the Rhine, with Napoleon designated Protector, and they announced to the Imperial Diet their intention to leave the Empire with immediate effect. Then, on 22 July, Napoleon issued an ultimatum to <mask> demanding that he abdicate as Holy Roman Emperor by 10 August. Five days later, <mask> bowed to the inevitable and, without mentioning the ultimatum, affirmed that since the Peace of Pressburg he had tried his best to fulfil his duties as emperor but that circumstances had convinced him that he could no longer rule according to his oath of office, the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine making that impossible. He added that "we hereby decree that we regard the bond which until now tied us to the states of the Empire as dissolved" in effect dissolving the empire.At the same time he declared the complete and formal withdrawal of his hereditary lands from imperial jurisdiction. After that date, he reigned as <mask>, Emperor of Austria. In 1809, <mask> attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the Peninsular War embroiling Napoleon in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria, making it entirely landlocked and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1813, for the fifth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, <mask>, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism in Europe.The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for <mask>, who hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though <mask> undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII. Domestic policy

The violent events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of <mask> (as well as all other European monarchs), and he came to distrust radicalism in any form. In 1794, a "Jacobin" conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies. The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted the perimeter of the conspiracy. <mask>' brother Alexander Leopold (at that time Palatine of Hungary) wrote to the Emperor admitting "Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet." Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were hanged and gibbeted, while numerous others were sentenced to imprisonment (many of whom died from the conditions).<mask> was from his experiences suspicious and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent (in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe). Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon. Censorship was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure. When Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied, "Oh, nothing at all.But I thought to myself, 'One can never tell'." In military affairs <mask> had allowed his brother, the Archduke Charles, extensive control over the army during the Napoleonic wars. Yet, distrustful of allowing any individual too much power, he otherwise maintained the separation of command functions between the Hofkriegsrat and his field commanders. In the later years of his reign he limited military spending, requiring it not exceed forty million florins per year; because of inflation this resulted in inadequate funding, with the army's share of the budget shrinking from half in 1817 to only twenty-three percent in 1830. <mask> presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet with his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language), but his will was sovereign. In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, <mask> personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality. To increase patriotic sentiment during the war with France, the anthem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" was composed in 1797 to be sung as the Kaiserhymne to music by Joseph Haydn. The lyrics were adapted for later Emperors and the music lives on as the Deutschlandlied. Later years

On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father's death, <mask> died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts. His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in the chapel of Hofburg Palace for three days. <mask> was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the Kapuziner Imperial Crypt in Vienna's Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by his four wives.<mask> passed on a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand: to "preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods." In many portraits (particularly those painted by Peter Fendi) he was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Marriages

<mask> married four times:

 On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg (21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). On 15 September 1790, to his double first cousin Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807), daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (both were grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa and shared all of their other grandparents in common), with whom he had twelve children, of whom only seven reached adulthood. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another first cousin, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (14 December 1787 – 7 April 1816) with no issue. She was the daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Princess of Modena. On 29 October 1816, to Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria (8 February 1792 – 9 February 1873) with no issue.She was daughter of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and had been previously married to William I of Württemberg. Children
From his first wife Elisabeth of Württemberg, one daughter, and his second wife Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies, eight daughters and four sons:

Titles, honours and heraldry

Titles
From 1806 he used the titles: "We, <mask> the First, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria". Orders and decorations

Heraldry

Ancestors

See also
 Family tree of the German monarchs

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General sources

External links

 Spencer Napoleonica Collection  at Newberry Library

1768 births
1835 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Austrian Roman Catholics
German Roman Catholics
18th-century Holy Roman Emperors
19th-century Holy Roman Emperors
18th-century archdukes of Austria
19th-century Emperors of Austria
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Kings of Italy
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
3
3
3
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
Dukes of Carniola

masks:
Francis II
Francis I
Francis
Francis II
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis II
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis I
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis II
Francis


title: Eleonora Kruger

type: original

texts:
<mask>üger (Nora) (; ; 1901 – 20 July 1954) was a Russian woman who lived in the village of Gabarevo, Bulgaria. According to Blagoy Emanuilov, retired Bulgarian senior magistrate, speculated that she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The journey to Bulgaria
While conventional history, subsequently confirmed by DNA tests, had all the Tsar's children die with him; there were also many Romanov impostors. The Krüger story was that in 1917, as the Russian revolution unfolded Emperor Nicholas II of Russia summoned Pyotr Ivanovich Zamyatin, a soldier serving as a cavalry assistant in a squadron guarding the Russian Imperial Family, and in the presence of the Minister of War and a priest he instructed the soldier to take Grand Duchess Anastasia and Tsarevich Alexei into hiding while the two Imperial children were replaced by doppelgangers. Originally they were taken to Zamyatin's home village in the area around Odessa, however, as the revolution was not subsiding a decision was taken to leave Russia. On 7 February 1920 with the assistance of a Serbian man they all boarded a ship from Odessa to Alexandria, Egypt. While boarding the ship a scuffle occurred that was accompanied by shooting on the pier and Anastasia was wounded.Holding a dog in front of her was the reason why the wounds were not fatal. This prevented them from reaching their final destination and they left the ship in Tekirdağ, Turkey to seek treatment. In Tekirdağ, Zamyatin found work in a hospital while Nora was being treated for her wounds. Once she had improved, Nora and George found worked in the hospital kitchen. With an assistance of a second Serbian, pharmacist, the first one and Zamyatin's sister eloped to Belgrade. In 1922, Pyotr met the second Serbians yet again and was told the location of his sister and her new family, they had opened a coffee shop in Belgrade called "Zamyatin". Pyotr, Nora and George decided to join them in Serbia.Nora cut off her hair in order to pass as a soldier while crossing the borders. However, in Sofia George was admitted into a hospital as he was in need of medical care. In the hospital they met a wealthy man from Kazanlak who helped them settle in Gabarevo. Life in Bulgaria
Krüger arrived in the village of Gabarevo in the summer of 1922, where a small community of Russian immigrants had already settled in. <mask> Kruger was welcomed by Doctor Peter Alexandrovich Alexiev in his house. According to his information that he provided when he first came to Gabarevo Dr. Alexiev was born on 15 January 1884 in Smolensk, Russia. When <mask> first came to the village she was registered as a Russian; she subsequently changed her nationality to Polish.She would tell the people that she was the daughter of a Russian nobleman and Polish countess. Their names are registered as Albert and <mask>, however, she would never reveal anything from their backgrounds. The living arrangements between Dr. Alexiev and Nora made the people of Gabarevo uneasy. Rumors began to spread; eventually this would force Dr. Alexiev and Nora to marry. The marriage took place on 26 September 1924 – at the time of the marriage he was 40 and she was 25. In the marriage documents Peter was identified as a bachelor and Nora as a widow. She would tell people that she had a daughter named Maria who was born in 1919 and who died shortly after.<mask>'s character
Nora Krueger was a teacher of French, English and Latin, and also did the props for the amateur local theater productions. She is said to have offered her services as prompter; however, the bullet had affected her vocal cords, and she kept her voice low and spoke mainly through the nose. To many of her students she would hint at various things: that she had lived in a royal palace, bathed in a golden tub, maids dressed her, brushed her hair and cut her nails. She made a painting of flowers, presented by her to Stefanka Nestorova, which was interpreted by people obsessed with her mystery: The poppy would represent Maria, the oats, Olga, the gentian, Tatyana, the scilla ("vasilyok") would represent the Tsarevich, and finally chamomile ("romashka") would represent the Romanovs. Nora loved and had many dogs; one of her dogs was named "Maron", which is a very unusual name for Bulgaria. The name is also an anagram for "Roman", short for Romanov. More simply, the meaning of "marron" in French is "brown", which is not unusual for the dog of a French teacher.The names of her other dogs were Rex, Tangra, Beba, Jimmy and Johnny. Nora was a smoker and used opium. Nora would tell that she picked up this habit from an aunt of hers. On the other hand, Dr. Alexiev would justify it by stating that the opium relieved the pain from her bullet wounds. Nora was unable to sleep in a completely horizontal position and was sleeping in a reclining position. In 1936 Nora traveled to Germany and lived in Berlin for a year. George Zhudin
Dr. Alexiev and <mask> Kruger were soon joined by a young Russian named George Pavlovich Zhudin, who ended up living in the same house as Dr. Alexiev and <mask>.George was described as a tall and slim man with a pale face, and it was told that George was sick with tuberculosis – the symptoms for tuberculosis and hemophilia can be similar (Anastasia's younger brother, Alexei, suffered from hemophilia). Dr. Alexiev would tell that George is not contagious. It was widely speculated that Nora and George were sister and brother, although they themselves never confirmed this. George died on 27 December 1930, and was buried in the village of Gabarevo. In his death certificate his parents are listed as Paul Stefanov and Alexandra Sergeevna. Under subject and nationality, George is listed as Russian. Nora would often visit his grave and is said to have planted two trees there.After her death, she was buried on his right side, a tradition for Russian people related by blood. Additionally, when their graves were excavated in the 1990s, a ladanka was found in George's grave – a small icon of Christ customarily left inside the graves of high-profile Russian aristocrats. The other Russians
The other Russians who comprised the small community living in Gabarevo were registered at the city hall as Matvei Pavlovich Kolishev, Sergei Maximovich Kuzmich, and Iakov Simeonovich Latvinov. The other Russians were employed by Dr. Alexiev and <mask> <mask>, and cooked and cleaned their house. Around 1928, Constantine Pavlovich Zhudin, another Russian, joined the circle around Nora. Constantine Zhudin was stranded in Istanbul, Turkey and unable to leave. Dr. Alexiev had requested from one of his neighbors in Gabarevo a favor.This favor consisted of the elderly man getting a certificate from the local municipality certifying that he was in advanced age and was in need of a male support in maintaining his agricultural work. This certificate accomplished its purpose and Constantine Zhudin moved to Bulgaria. He initially settled in Gabarevo; however, later he relocated to Sofia and worked at the . Neither <mask> nor Georgi ever actually claimed to be Russian royalty. However, they both seemed to have an uncanny resemblance to Anastasia and Alexei. See also
Romanov impostors

References

External links
Could the Bulgarian mountain village of Gabarevo be the last refuge of the lost Romanov Princess? BONES OF ROMANOV CHILDREN BELIEVED TO BE IN BULGARIA
BULGARIAN GRAVE MAY CONTAIN BONES OF ANASTASIA
Bulgaria: Anastasia Died Here

1901 births
1954 deaths
Russian nobility
Romanov impostors
White Russian emigrants to Bulgaria
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Bulgaria
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

masks:
Eleonora Albertova Kr
Eleonora
Eleonora
Maria Kruger
Eleonora
Eleonora
Eleonora
Eleonora
Kruger
Eleonora


title: Maurice Duruflé

texts:
<mask> (; 11 January 1902 – 16 June 1986) was a French composer, organist, musicologist, and teacher. Life and career
<mask> was born in Louviers, Eure in 1902. He became a chorister at the Rouen Cathedral Choir School from 1912 to 1918, where he studied piano and organ with Jules Haelling, a pupil of Alexandre Guilmant. The choral plainsong tradition at Rouen became a strong and lasting influence. At age 17, upon moving to Paris, he took private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire, whom he assisted at Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 <mask> entered the Conservatoire de Paris, eventually graduating with first prizes in organ with Eugène Gigout (1922), harmony with Jean Gallon (1924), fugue with Georges Caussade (1924), piano accompaniment with César Abel Estyle (1926) and composition with Paul Dukas (1928). In 1927, Louis Vierne nominated him as his assistant at Notre-Dame.<mask> and Vierne remained lifelong friends, and <mask> was at Vierne's side acting as assistant when Vierne died at the console of the Notre-Dame organ on 2 June 1937, even though <mask> had become titular organist of St-Étienne-du-Mont in Paris in 1929, a position he held for the rest of his life. In 1930 he won a prize for his Prélude, adagio et choral varié sur le "Veni Creator", and in 1936 he won the Prix Blumenthal. In 1939, he premiered Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto (the Concerto for Organ, Strings and Timpani in G minor); he had advised Poulenc on the registrations of the organ part. In 1943 he became Professor of Harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970; among his pupils were the revered organists Pierre Cochereau, Jean Guillou and Marie-Claire Alain. In 1947 he completed probably the most famous of his few pieces: the Requiem op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ, and orchestra. He had begun composing the work in 1941, following a commission from the Vichy regime.Also in 1947, Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married on 15 September 1953. (<mask>'s first marriage to Lucette Bousquet, in 1932, ended in civil divorce in 1947 and was declared null by the Vatican on 23 June 1953.) The couple became a famous and popular organ duo, going on tour together several times throughout the sixties and early seventies. He was made a Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur in 1954. He was promoted to an Officier de la Legion d'honneur in 1966. Perfectionism
<mask> was highly critical of his own compositions.He particularly disparaged the third and final movement 'Toccata' from his Suite, op. 5, and never recorded it. He never programmed the Toccata, his Sicilienne or the Prelude or Adagio from Veni Creator. He published only a handful of works and often continued to edit and change pieces after publication. For instance, the Toccata from Suite has a completely different ending in the first edition than in the more recent version, and the score to the Fugue sur le nom d'Alain originally indicated accelerando throughout. The result of this perfectionism is that his music, especially his organ music, tends to be well polished, and is still frequently performed in concerts by organists around the world. <mask> and his wife were musically conservative.In 1969 they attended a "jazz mass" at St-Étienne-du-Mont. Marie-Madeleine was visibly upset by the experience, and Duruflé called it a scandalous travesty. Later life and death
Duruflé suffered severe injuries in a car accident on 29 May 1975, and as a result he gave up performing; indeed he was largely confined to his apartment, leaving the service at St-Étienne-du-Mont to his wife Marie-Madeleine (who was also injured in the accident). He died in a clinic at Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84, never having fully recovered from the accident. Compositions

Organ solo
 Scherzo op. 2 (1926)
 Prélude, adagio et choral varié sur le theme du 'Veni Creator''' op. 4 (1926/1930)
 Suite op.5 (1932):
 Prélude
 Sicilienne
 Toccata
 Prélude et fugue sur le nom d'Alain op. 7 (1942)
 Prélude sur l'introït de l'epiphanie op. 13 (1961)
 Fugue sur le thème du  de la Cathédrale de Soissons op. 12 (1962)
 Méditation op. posth. (1964)
 Lecture à vue (unpublished)
 Fugue (unpublished)
 Lux aeterna (unpublished)

Chamber music
 Prélude, récitatif et variations op. 3 for flute, viola, and piano (1928)

Piano solo
 Triptyque op.1: Fantaisie sur des thèmes grégoriens (1927/1943, unpublished)
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, piano version by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Piano for 4 hands
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, transcribed by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Two pianos
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, transcribed by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Orchestral works
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin
 Andante et scherzo op. 8 (1940)

Choral works
 Requiem Op. 9:
 For vocal soloists, choir and (large) orchestra (normally including organ, but can be performed without one): commissioned as a symphonic poem in 1941; completed in September 1947; first performed on 2 November 1947; published in 1950
 For the same vocal forces and organ ("organ reduction" version; cello ad libitum in one movement): published in 1948
 For the same vocal forces, organ and (reduced) orchestra (several instruments ad libitum, but one or more string instruments in every movement): published in 1961
 For the same vocal forces and piano (unpublished)
 Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens op.10 for choir a cappella (1960):
 Ubi caritas et amor
 Tota pulchra es
 Tu es Petrus
 Tantum ergo
 Messe "Cum jubilo" op. 11 for baritone solo, male choir, and orchestra (1966):
 Version with organ (1967)
 Version with orchestra (1970)
 Version with small orchestra (1972)
 Notre Père op. 14 for unison male choir and organ (1977)
 Version for 4-part mixed choir a capella (1978)

Miscellaneous works
 Chant Donné: Hommage à Jean Gallon (1953)
 Sicilienne from Suite op. 5 for small orchestra (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, and string quintet, unpublished)

Transcriptions
 Johann Sebastian Bach
 Two chorales from cantatas BWV 22 and 147, arranged for organ solo, 1952
 4 chorales preludes for organ, orchestrated 1942-45:
 Nun komm' der Heiden Heiland (Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes)
 Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gmein, BWV 734
 O Lamm Gottes unschuldig, BWV 656 (Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes)
 In dir ist Freude, BWV 615 (Orgelbüchlein)
 Louis Vierne
 Soirs étrangers, op. 56, for violoncello and piano, orchestrated 1943:
 Grenade Sur le Léman Venise Steppe Canadien Poisson chinois Ballade du désespéré, op. 61, lyrical poem for tenor solo and piano, orchestrated 1943
 Three improvisations for organ (Notre-Dame-de-Paris, November 1928), transcribed 1954:
 Marche épiscopale Méditation Cortège Maurice Duruflé: Requiem, op. 9, for voices and piano (1947)
 Charles Tournemire
 Five improvisations for organ (Ste Clotilde, Paris, 1930/1931), transcribed 1956–58:
 Petite rapsodie improvisée Cantilène improvisée Improvisation sur le Te Deum Fantaisie-Improvisation sur l'Ave maris stella Choral-Improvisation sur le Victimae paschali Gabriel Fauré: Prelude of Pelléas et Mélisande, transcribed for organ solo
 Robert Schumann: Lamentation, transcribed for organ solo

References

Sources
 Darasse, Xavier."<mask>flé", in Guide de la musique d'orgue, edited by Gilles Cantagrel. Paris: Fayard, 1991: 335–337. James E. Frazier, <mask>: The Man & His Music (The Boydell Press 2007)
 Ronald Ebrecht, ed. <mask> (1902–1986): The Last Impressionist. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. .
 Jörg Abbing. <mask>. Aspekte zu Leben und Werk.Verlag Peter Ewers, 2002. .
 Frédéric Blanc. <mask>. Souvenirs et autres écrits''. Éditions Atlantica-Séguier, 2005. . External links

 Association de Maurice et Marie-Madeleine Duruflé
 <mask> at Requiem Survey
 Pseudo-poseidonios.net
 Musimem.com

1902 births
1986 deaths
People from Louviers
20th-century classical composers
Composers for pipe organ
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French classical organists
French male organists
French Roman Catholics
Organ improvisers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Conservatoire de Paris faculty
Prix Blumenthal
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians

masks:
Maurice Gustave Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Maurice Duru
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé


title: Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon

texts:
<mask>, 7th Earl of Huntingdon (10 December 165030 May 1701) was a 17th-century English politician and Jacobite. One of the few non-Catholics to remain loyal to James II of England after November 1688, on the rare occasions he is mentioned by historians, he is described as a 'facile instrument of the Stuarts,' a 'turncoat' or 'outright renegade.' Once the leading political power in Leicestershire, his family had declined in influence; regaining that position became his primary ambition and drove his political choices. During the 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis, he supported the removal from the succession of the Catholic heir, James, Duke of York, before switching allegiance in 1681. James succeeded as king in 1685 with widespread support but this collapsed when his religious measures and the methods used to enforce them seemed to undermine the legal system and the Church of England. By the end of 1687, Huntingdon was one of the few non-Catholics who continued to actively implement his policies. Even among those who considered James the legitimate king after 1688, the vast majority viewed primacy of the Church of England as non-negotiable; Hastings was considered to have actively persecuted his own church, a distinction that damaged his reputation among his contemporaries.One of 30 individuals excluded from the 1690 Act of Grace, he lost his offices but continued to attend the House of Lords and remained a committed Jacobite. He was arrested and charged with treason in 1692, although charges were later dropped; shortly before his death in May 1701, he was one of five peers who voted against the 1701 Act of Settlement barring Catholics from the throne. His daughter Lady Elizabeth Hastings (1682-1739) became a noted philanthropist and supporter of women's education who established the 'Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities'. Early life
<mask> Hasting was born on 10 December 1650, fourth son of Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon and his wife Lucy. His three elder brothers died before his birth and he succeeded his father in 1656 at the age of five. Once the pre-eminent family in Leicestershire, the Hastings declined in influence after decades of over-spending and losses incurred during the 1642 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The 6th Earl remained neutral but his younger brother Henry commanded the Royalist garrison holding the family seat of Ashby de la Zouch Castle, which this was partially destroyed by Parliamentarian forces in 1648.The family relocated to their estate at Donington Hall, where Hastings was educated by his mother and his uncle Henry, who returned from exile after The Restoration in 1660. He was also created Baron Loughborough and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire, an office held by the Hastings family almost continuously between 1550 and 1642. After Henry died in 1667, he was replaced by John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and regaining this position became Hastings' over-riding ambition. In 1672, Hastings married Elizabeth Lewis (died 1688), whose sister Mary (died 1684) was wife of the Earl of Scarsdale; the two were co-heiresses of Sir John Lewis, a wealthy merchant who owned Ledstone Hall, in West Yorkshire. They had nine children, only two of whom survived to adulthood; George, 8th Earl of Huntingdon (1677-1704) and Lady Elizabeth Hastings (1682-1739), a noted supporter of women's education. Elizabeth died in 1688 and two years later, Hastings married Mary Fowler (1664–1723), wealthy widow of Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey (1659-1687). They had two sons and four surviving daughters; Ann (1691-1755), Catherine (1692-1739), Frances (1693-1750), Theophilus, 9th Earl of Huntingdon (1696-1746), Margaret (1699-1768) and Ferdinando (1699-1726).Career

Hastings took his seat in the Lords and was a reliable supporter of the Crown until 1677, when the 9th Earl of Rutland succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant. The Manners family supported Parliament in the Civil Wars, and Hastings was frustrated by a perceived lack of gratitude for his family's service. He joined the faction led by Shaftesbury, who opposed Charles' efforts to rule without Parliament and campaigned against 'Popery and arbitrary government.' The potential succession of the Catholic, pro-French Duke of York was seen as another step towards absolutism and led to the 1679–1681 Exclusion Crisis. Hastings became a prominent supporter; at a public dinner in 1679, he proposed a toast to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, viewed as an alternative to James, and 'confusion to Popery', prompting a heated exchange with other guests. During the anti-Catholic campaign known as the Popish Plot in 1680, Hastings voted for the execution of Viscount Stafford, as did seven of eight members of Stafford's own family. It led to the execution of 22 alleged conspirators and caused widespread unrest; in August 1681, Titus Oates, source of the accusations, accused the Queen of conspiring to poison Charles.This was seen as going too far and many now withdrew their support, including Hastings; banned from Court in 1680, he was restored to favour in October 1681. In February 1682, he paid Scarsdale £4,500 for his post as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, a ceremonial bodyguard with close access to the monarch. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1683 and when James became king in February 1685, he was made Justice in eyre and colonel of an infantry regiment. At the start of his reign, James had widespread backing, inheriting a legislature so dominated by his supporters it became known as the Loyal Parliament. Memories of the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant the majority feared the consequences of removing the 'natural' heir; this caused the rapid collapse of the Monmouth and Argyll rebellions in June 1685. However, the Church of England and the legal system were key elements of a stable society; James' religious policies undermined the former, attempts to enforce them attacked the latter. When Parliament refused to pass his measures, it was suspended in November 1685 and thereafter he ruled by decree; the principle was accepted, the scope and approach were not, and judges who opposed his interpretation were dismissed.This forced James to rely on a few loyalists, one being Hastings, who was made a member of the Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes in July 1686. A number of people, including his first wife, accused him of being a secret Catholic; if true, this was controversial, since the Commission was set up to enforce compliance on the Church of England. Suspicions increased when he was exempted from the 1678 Test Act requiring office holders swear to uphold 'the Protestant religion.' In late 1687, James tried to ensure a Parliament that would vote for his Declaration of Indulgence; only those who confirmed their support for repealing the Test Act would be allowed to stand for election as Member of Parliament. Lord-Lieutenants were to administer the so-called 'Three Questions'; many resigned rather than do so, including Scarsdale, whom Huntingdon replaced as Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire. Combined with the trial of the Seven Anglican bishops for seditious libel in June 1688, James' policies now seemed to go beyond tolerance for Catholicism and Nonconformists and into an assault on the Church of England. James was now abandoned by most of his supporters, including Lord Chancellor Jeffreys; when he refused to sign the warrant committing the bishops to the Tower of London, Hastings did so instead, which was later held against him.Wild celebrations when the bishops were acquitted made it seem only James' deposition could prevent widespread civil unrest and the vast majority of his Tory supporters abandoned him. The seven signatories of the Invitation to William asking him to assume the English throne included representatives from the Tories, the Whigs, the Church and the Navy. During the Glorious Revolution in November 1688, Hastings and his regiment were sent to secure Plymouth; on arrival, he was arrested by its governor, the Earl of Bath, who declared for William. He was released on 26 December, two days after his wife died in childbirth; as one of thirty individuals exempted from the 1690 Act of Grace, he forfeited his offices although he continued to attend the Lords. He initially retained some local influence and in 1690, his support helped elect Sir Edward Abney, Tory candidate for Leicester. Thereafter the borough was dominated by the Manners family and he withdrew from active politics. As a committed Jacobite, Hastings was arrested during the 1692 invasion scare, allegedly because his stables were 'full of horses'.After the March 1696 Jacobite assassination plot, he voted against the execution of Sir John Fenwick and refused to take the loyalty oath imposed by Parliament. One of his last acts was to vote against the Act of Settlement that disinherited the Catholic Stuart exiles in favour of the Protestant Sophia of Hanover. His later years were dominated by a long-running legal dispute with his eldest son over his first wife's estates, which was settled only after his death. He died in London on 30 May 1701 and was succeeded by George, who served in the Low Countries during the War of the Spanish Succession and died of fever in 1705. Although Hasting was a minor political figure and not unusual in changing sides, on the rare occasions he is mentioned by historians, he is described as a 'facile instrument of the Stuarts,' a 'turncoat' or 'outright renegade.' His reputation for inconsistency increased during the 1689 Convention Parliament, when he voted first against a Regency, then with the Jacobite loyalists, and finally in favour of making William king. Historian Peter Walker argues all other issues were secondary to restoring his family's position, but 'continued loyalty to James in his last years suggests (he) was not a man bereft of principle.'References

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1650 births
1701 deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Leicestershire
Members of the Privy Council of England
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
<mask> Hastings, 07th Earl of Huntingdon
Somerset Light Infantry officers
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Barons Hastings
English Jacobites
Barons Botreaux
Barons Hungerford

masks:
Theophilus Hastings
Theophilus
Theophilus


title: Johanna Rosaly

texts:
<mask> (born January 13, 1948) is a Puerto Rican actress, singer, and television host. Early years
<mask> was born in Santurce, a district of San Juan. In 1956 at the age of eight, she started taking acting lessons with Argentinians Luis A. Negro and Elba Mania, and dancing lessons with Beatriz Trujillo. In 1957, she made her acting debut as a child, on stage, at Teatro Tapia, in Old San Juan, in  Mientras los Niños Juegan (While the Children Play). That same year, she made her debut on television, with Channel 2's children's production of Los Amigos de Pinocho (Pinocho's Friends) as well as in the film Con Los Pies Descalzos (an Osvaldo Agüero production, starring the Catalan actor Ricardo Palmerola). Teenage years
She moved to Cancún, Mexico and there Rosaly started taking singing lessons when she became a teenager. Then, she participated on stage in zarzuelas such as El Caserío (The Country House), and Black el Payaso (Black the Clown); operettas, such as La duquesa del Bal Tabarin (The duchess of the Bal Tavern), and musicals performed in English, such as My Fair Lady and The Sound of Music.The latter, allowed her to perform on stage with another Puerto Rican acting legend, Camille Carrión. In 1966, already in her early years in college, she made her TV debut in the telenovela El Retrato de Angela (Angela's Portrait), broadcast by Telemundo. In this soap opera, she played a mute girl. Later, she married her first husband, Puerto Rican film director José Gilberto Molinari. They procreated 2 sons and a daughter. Alfonsina Molinari is <mask>'s daughter and she is an actress and an opera singer. Singing career
During the 1970s, <mask> had a short but notable career as a singer, and she signed with the Velvet Records label, and began touring all over Latin America, to promote her two albums under that label.She also attained considerable fame in Spain. Later, she would sign with CBS International label, now Sony Discos, and recorded two more albums for them. Television acting career
Rosaly performed in 15 soap operas altogether from 1966 - 1980. However, the leading roles she is mostly remembered for were, 1973's El Hijo de Angela María (The Son of Angela Marie), alongside Rolando Barral, Mona Marti, Ángela Meyer, and Lucy Boscana, among others. This performance led her to carry out the same leading role, Marisela Perdomo, in the film based on the telenovela, in Mexico, opposite Iranian-Mexican actress Irán Eory, and her crossover as a singer and actress was, 1978's Cristina Bazán, opposite José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma", and alongside Alba Nydia Díaz, Esther Sandoval, and Adamari López, at the early age of 6, among others. In 1979 moved from WKAQ-TV Telemundo Puerto Rico to WAPA-TV. There, she performed the leading role in the 1980 soap operas: Vida, (Life), & Amame, (Love Me), opposite Andrés García, for which she sang the theme songs "Yo Soy un Barco" (I'm a Ship), and "Amándote" (Loving You), respectively.By 1980, rumors of a romance with world boxing champion Wilfredo Gómez ran across Puerto Rico. in 1980 she starred in El Amor Nuestro de Cada Día (Our Daily Love), in which she also sang the title song of the same name, composed by Lou Briel. Anchor woman & TV host
As the 1980s came about, <mask> made a short parenthesis in her acting career, working as an executive in WAPA-TV, and shortly, moved to Telemundo again, and became an entertainment anchor woman and host in the talk-show, En Vivo a las Cinco, (Live at Five), and in the game show Super Sábados, (Super Saturdays) for several years. Films
In 1989, she performed alongside Tommy Muñiz in the motion picture film Lo que le Pasó a Santiago, (What really happened to Santiago) produced and directed by Jacobo Morales, which was nominated for an Oscar as the best foreign film. In 1993 she performed in, Shortcut to Paradise, and in  1994's Linda Sara, (Pretty Sarah) alongside Chayanne and Dayanara Torres. Recent years
During the 1990s, she was dedicated mostly to act on stage in several theater productions acclaimed by the critics, such as her impersonation of Maria Callas in Master Class, among many others, and since 1993, <mask>'s been working for WIPR-TV channel 6, Puerto Rico's Government TV channel, (Tu Universo Televisión), hosting several talk shows, among others, Mucho Gusto (It's a Pleasure). In 2010, she made her debut on the New York stage, in Sabina y Lucrecia.<mask> and New York-based actress Eva Cristina Vásquez starred in this play by Alberto Adellach, " a tale of two very different mentally ill women who escape an asylum." Presently, she hosts ¿Y cómo fué? (And How Was It? ), and Cultura Viva, (Alive Culture), alongside Puerto Rican actress Cordelia Gonzalez. She is also the lead researcher, scriptwriter and narrator of the program, and is credited with its conception. <mask> played "Mrs. Warren" in the San Juan revival of La profesión de la Sra. Warren, as part of the International Festival of the Puerto Rican Culture Institute.Personal life
On January 11, 2008, <mask> married José Manuel Saldaña, the former president of the University of Puerto Rico. The couple announced their separation in June 2011. During the 2018 California wildfires, <mask> was at the residence of her son, film director José Gilberto Molinari, and her daughter in law as well as her two-month old grandchild in Aguora Hills. She escaped the Woolsey Fire with her family by taking refuge in a hotel. Molinari's house only suffered minor damages. A day later, close to the hotel the Rocky Fire started, however, it was soon controlled and the family did not have to flee for a second time. Honors
She has received multiple honors, among them, the Puerto Rican Culture Institute (ICP), dedicated their 1997 International Theater Festival to her, honoring her more than 40 years as an actress.Filmography

Film

Television

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of people from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Cristina Bazán
Andrés García
"El Puma"

References

External links

Fundacion Nacional para la Cultura Popular

1948 births
Living people
Actresses from San Juan, Puerto Rico
American television talk show hosts
Puerto Rican film actresses
Puerto Rican soap opera actresses
Puerto Rican stage actresses
Puerto Rican television actresses
Puerto Rican television personalities
20th-century Puerto Rican women singers

masks:
Raquel Johanna Rosaly Guillermety
Johanna Rosaly
Johanna
Johanna Rosaly
Rosaly
Johanna
Rosaly
Rosaly
Rosaly
Rosaly


title: Eiji Kawashima

texts:
is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Strasbourg and the Japan national team. He played in Japan for Omiya Ardija, Nagoya Grampus Eight and Kawasaki Frontale before joining Lierse S.K. in Belgium in 2010. He then played for another Belgian club, Standard Liège, from 2012 to 2015, and Dundee United in Scotland from 2015 to 2016. He played for Japan at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 World Cups, earning over 90 caps. Early life
Born in Yono, Saitama, Japan, Kawashima began playing football and started to playing in the goalkeeper after he idolised Sergio Goycochea and saw a video of his performance, which touched him and since played in the goalkeeper position. He then joined Yononishi Junior High School and Urawa Higashi High School.Kawashima has an older brother and older sister. Club career

Early career in Japan
<mask> started his professional career at Omiya Ardija in J2 League after graduating Urawa Higashi High School. On 6 April 2002, he made his Omiya Ardija debut. He went on to make 41 appearances for the side during his three-year spell. During his time at Omiya Ardija, <mask> went on trial at Serie A side Parma. In 2004, <mask> joined Nagoya Grampus Eight in Japan's J1 League. Over the three seasons, he competed with veteran goalkeeper Seigo Narazaki and served as the club's second choice goalkeeper.At times, <mask> was given a chance of first team appearances, due to Narazaki suffered an injury. However, <mask> himself suffered an injury concern after injuring his hand towards the end of the season and was sidelined for four weeks. He went on to make 17 appearances for the side. Kawasaki Frontale
It was announced on 29 December 2006 that Kawasaki Frontale had signed <mask> for a transfer fee of 150 million yen. The move was, at the time, the largest transfer fee for a player in the J.League. <mask> made his Kawasaki Frontale debut as a starter in a 1–0 win over Kashima Antlers in the opening game of the season, keeping a clean sheet. He then made his AFC Champions League debut, in a 3–1 win over Arema.After establishing himself as a first choice goalkeeper he soon received praises for his performances. That season, Kawasaki Frontale became the first Japanese club to qualify for the 2007 AFC Champions League where they finished first in their group. In the knockout rounds, <mask> allowed no regulation goals in the quarterfinals against Iran's Sepahan club, but lost 5–4 in the penalty shoot-out. He also helped the side reach the final of J.League Cup, which was lost 1–0 to Gamba Osaka. At the end of the 2007 season, <mask> had made 48 appearances (34 in the league) in all competitions. In the 2008 season, <mask> remained the club's first choice goalkeeper and started the opening game of the season, a 1–1 draw against Tokyo Verdy. He then kept two clean sheets between on 30 March 2008 and 2 April 2008 against JEF United Chiba and Consadole Sapporo.Between 26 April 2008 and 6 May 2008, he helped the side win four league matches in a row. <mask> then kept two consecutive clean sheets between 23 November 2008 and 29 November 2008 against Gamba Osaka and Vissel Kobe. However, Kawasaki Frontale failed to win the league, finishing as runners-up behind winners Kashima Antlers. Until the end of the 2008 season he went on to make 36 appearances (34 in the league) in all competitions. Ahead of the 2009 season, <mask> was named the club's senior captain. He continued as the club's first choice goalkeeper at the start of the season. He then helped the side win six league matches in a row between 10 May 2009 and 1 July 2009.Along the way, he kept three clean sheets in a row between 20 June 2009 and 1 July 2009. Following this, <mask> was determined to help Kawasaki Frontale win the league. At the start of October, <mask> helped the club go on a winning streak against Omiya Ardija, Kashima Antlers and Sanfrecce Hiroshima in the league keeping their fight for the title alive. However, once again, Kawasaki Frontale failed to win the league, they finished as runners-up behind winners Kashima Antlers, while losing 2–0 to FC Tokyo in the J.League Cup Final. At the end of the 2009, <mask> was named in the J. League Best Eleven and also won the Individual Fair-Play award for the first time in his career. He made a total of 47 appearances (34 in the league) in all competitions.Ahead of the 2010 season, <mask> was linked with a move away from Kawasaki Frontale, but ultimately stayed at the club. He stayed as the club's first choice goalkeeper at the start of the season. Prior to an AFC Champions League match against Melbourne Victory on 31 March 2010, <mask> suffered a hand injury in training, but made his recovery and started the whole game, as Kawasaki Frontale lost 1–0. He went on to make 17 appearances for the side in all competitions. Lierse
After participating in the 2010 World Cup, <mask> completed a move to Europe by joining Lierse S.K. in the Belgian Pro League. Upon joining the club, he signed a two–year contract with an option to extend.About the move <mask> said, "After I experienced the World Cup, I thought that putting myself in a more competitive environment is the only way I can get better." <mask> made his Lierse debut in a 1–0 loss against Sint-Truidense in the opening game of the season. After making his Lierse debut, <mask> quickly became the club's first choice goalkeeper. However, the club struggled at the start of the season and suffered five defeats in the first five matches, but <mask> impressed the side with saves. On 25 September 2010, he kept his first clean in a 1–0 win over Charleroi, the side's first win in the league of the season. In mid–October, <mask> suffered a groin injury that kept him out throughout the month. He then returned to the starting line-up on 10 November 2010, helping the side beat RFC Tournai 4–1 in the round of 16 of the Belgian Cup.Next, <mask> went on a run of conceding a total of 24 goals in the league for the rest of 2010, as the club suffered heavy defeats, including a 7–0 loss against Standard Liège on 27 November 2010, a 3–1 loss against K.V. Kortrijk on 12 December 2010 and a 6–0 loss against Anderlecht on 26 December 2010. After helping Japan win the Asian Cup, he did not return as a starting goalkeeper on 12 February 2011 against Germinal Beerschot in a 2–2 draw. Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, <mask> made an impressed display for the next two matches against Lokeren and Club Brugge, which saw the club secure its status in the league for the next season. In the league's Europa League Playoffs, he kept another clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw against Cercle Brugge on 2 April 2011. The club finished second place behind Cercle Brugge in the league's Europa League playoffs. At the end of the 2010–11 season, having made 30 appearances in all competitions, <mask> won the club's player of the season award.Ahead of the 2011–12 season, <mask> was linked a move away from Lierse, with clubs like Fulham, West Bromwich Albion and VVV-Venlo keen on signing him. At the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> remained first choice goalkeeper for the side and then kept his first clean sheet in a 0–0 draw against Genk on 6 August 2011. He then managed two clean sheets between 17 September 2011 and 24 September 2011 against Cercle Brugge and Westerlo. During the 2011–12 season, he was credited by Manager Chris Janssens for giving the club the best defence. In October 2011, <mask> was handed the captaincy taking over from Wesley Sonck and played his first match as captain on 15 October 2011, where he helped the side beat Zulte Waregem 2–1. <mask>  again kept two clean sheets between 26 February 2012 and 3 March 2012 against Anderlecht and OH Leuven. He spent the rest of the season continuing his duties as captain.His performance at Lierse led the club begin negotiations over a new contract. At the end of the 2011–12 season, he had played all 30 regular league games and six Europa League Playoff games. Once again, <mask> won the club's player of the season award. For his performances, he was nominated for Goalkeeper of the Year but lost out to Silvio Proto. 2011 Lierse shouting incident
On 19 August 2011, during a match between Lierse and Germinal Beerschot, which Lierse were leading 1–0, Kawashima was subjected to taunts and insults by Beerschot supporters, who chanted "Kawashima-Fukushima!" in reference to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. After being confronted by Kawashima, the referee halted the match for several minutes until order was restored.After the match had ended in a 1–1 draw, <mask> left the pitch in tears, visibly upset at the insults. <mask> said, "I can pass on many things, but not that. This is not funny. Using the drama of Fukushima in this manner is not at all funny." After the match, Beerschot released a club statement on the incident: "Our fans have crossed a thin line where a bit of fun turns into something serious. The chants aimed at Lierse goalkeeper <mask> were offensive and completely out of order". However, Beerschot said that <mask> was partly to blame: "The Lierse shot-stopper also took part in this as he provoked the Beerschot fans with offensive gestures and facial expressions.Our own goalkeeper Stijn Stijnen on the other hand never reacted to abusive chants and insults from the Lierse faithful." Beerschot further emphasized that it was completely unacceptable to assert insults of this nature. Beerschot's statement caused outrage with Lierse taking the matter to the Royal Belgian Football Association (RBFA) and soon after, Beerschot posted an apology to Japan on their website. The Royal Belgian Football Association (RBFA) fined Beerschot 30,000 Swiss francs ( and ) and RBFA officials apologized not only to Kawashima, but also to Atsushi Yokota, the Japanese Ambassador to Belgium, over the incident. However, Beerschot announced their intention to appeal against their decision, based on the amount of fine they received as well as their financial problems. In the end, the Appeals Committee of the KBVB reduced the fines to €16,400 instead. However, the club were still unsatisfied with the fines and in February 2012, the Appeals Committee of the KBVB reduced the fines to €2,480 plus the legal costs.On 22 September 2011, Beerschot formally apologized to Kawashima. Responding to Beerschot's apology, he said: "I myself have no family in the region, but I have been there visiting. People still suffer from the situation. For me, these excuses are sufficient. I also do not think supporters should be allowed to call anything anymore. They must be able to create atmosphere, but there are limits." A year later in October 2012, French television host Laurent Ruquier made a joke about the 'Fukushima effect' and Kawashima after he showed a picture in live audience of composite picture about Kawashima with four arms.This caused outrage from Japan, who criticised Ruquier for "lacking consideration." The next day, Ruquier apologised for the joke. When Beerschot and Lierse met again on 26 December 2011, <mask> started the whole game, as they drew 0–0. During the match, Beerschot's supporters asked him for forgiveness through the use of banner aimed at the player. Standard Liège
On 18 July 2012, <mask> left Lierse to join Standard Liège on a three-year deal. The move reportedly cost Standard Liège €600,000. <mask> made his club debut in a 1–0 loss against Zulte Waregem in the opening game of the season.In his first match against his former club Lierse he played the whole game in a 0–0 draw and throughout the match he received standing ovations from Lierse supporters. After making his debut for the club, <mask> quickly established himself in the first team as a starting goalkeeper. He then kept two clean sheets between 31 October 2012 and 4 November 2012 against Genk and OH Leuven, in two 2–0 victories. He again kept three clean sheets between 18 November 2012 and 2 December 2012 against Zulte Waregem, Lierse and Waasland-Beveren. He kept another three clean sheets between 16 February 2013 and 9 March 2013 against Cercle Brugge, Genk and OH Leuven. As the 2012–13 season progressed, the club became a serious contender for the title in the Championship Playoff. However, Standard Liege's two losses between 5 May 2013 and 12 May 2013 against Anderlecht and Club Brugge cost the side the league title.<mask> started in every match throughout the 2012–13 season until he was dropped from the squad for the next two matches following his performance against Club Brugge. In a match against Gent for the Europa League spot for next season, Kawashima played in both legs, in a 7–1 win on aggregate. In his first season at Standard Liege he made 40 appearances in all competitions. For his performances, he was nominated for Goalkeeper of the Year but lost out to Silvio Proto for the second time. Ahead of the 2013–14 season, <mask> was linked with a move away from the club, but no bid was made. Instead, he remained a first choice goalkeeper at the start of the season. Throughout the UEFA Europa League qualifications playoffs campaign, <mask> helped the side reach the Group Stage after beating KR, Xanthi and FC Minsk.He started the league season well keeping six clean sheets in the first six league matches. <mask> later credited the arrival of goalkeeper coach Jos Beckx for his performance and keeping six clean sheets in the first six league matches. However, in late–October, <mask> suffered a hip injury which made him miss three matches. He then returned from injury on 10 November 2013 against Club Brugge, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw, and amassed three more clean sheets in the following matches. <mask> then kept five more clean sheets between 18 January 2014 and 15 February 2014. As the 2013–14 season progressed the club bcame a title contender again. However, it again did not succeed in the Championship Playoff.At the end of the 2013–14 season, <mask> had made 47 appearances in all competitions. For his performances, <mask> was nominated for Goalkeeper of the Year for the third time, but lost out to Mathew Ryan. In the 2014–15 season, <mask> helped the

masks: Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima


title: Eiji Kawashima

texts:
 side beat Panathinaikos 2–1 on aggregate in the second qualification round for the UEFA Champions League. They were eventually eliminated in the playoff rounds after losing 4–0 against Zenit Saint Petersburg. He started the league season well keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win over Charleroi in the opening game of the season. During a 2–2 draw against K.V. Kortrijk on 2 August 2014, <mask> made an impressive save for the side described as "world class".However, <mask> was subject of criticism over his performances after mistakes against Feyenoord, Club Brugge and Zulte Waregem. As a result of his poor performances, <mask> lost his first choice goalkeeper role to Yohann Thuram-Ulien and was demoted to the substitute bench. He then played twice during December against Lokeren and Feyenoord, in two losses. Despite losing his first choice goalkeeper role for the rest of the season, <mask> finished with 19 appearances in all competitions. At the end of the 2014–15 season, he subsequently left the club when his contract expired to pursue more first team football after losing his place to Thuram-Ulien. Dundee United
Scottish Premiership club Dundee United applied for a UK work permit to sign <mask> in November 2015. The signing was confirmed on 29 December, after the work permit had been approved.Upon joining the club, <mask> was described as a "fantastic coup" by Manager Mixu Paatelainen. He made his debut for the club against city rivals Dundee on 2 January 2016, losing 2–1. However, Kawashima's performance received criticism when he was at fault for conceding soft goals. Nevertheless, he managed to keep three clean sheets against Hamilton Academical, Ross County and St. Johnstone. However, the club were relegated after again losing 2–1 to Dundee on 2 May 2016. At the end of the season, following the club's relegation, he was released having made 16 appearances. Metz
On 2 August 2016, <mask> signed for Ligue 1 side Metz.<mask> started the season outside the starting lineup for the first two months, appearing on the substitute bench and serving as backup to Thomas Didillon for the most of the season. On 8 January 2017 when he played the full 90 minutes against RC Lens in the first round of the Coupe de France, as the club exited the competition. He made his league debut for FC Metz in a 3–2 loss against Paris Saint-Germain on 18 April 2017. In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse on 15 May 2017 he played a vital role with his impressive saves, including saving a penalty. At the end of the 2016–17 season, <mask> had played five league games during his maiden season in France. Ahead of the 2017–18 season, <mask> announced his intention to stay at Metz for another season. <mask> started the 2017–18 season on the bench, with Didillon preferred as the first choice goalkeeper.However, following the club's first three defeats, <mask> played his first match of the season, and made some impressive saves in a 1–0 loss against SM Caen on 26 August 2017. He was then sent off in the 50th minute for a professional foul on Adama Diakhaby in a 3–1 loss against AS Monaco on 21 January 2018. After serving a one match suspension, he returned to the starting lineup in a 2–1 win over OGC Nice on 27 January 2018. Over the next two months, <mask>'s performance earned him the club's Player of the Month award for February and March. <mask> reassured his team with a series of excellent displays and as a result, he cemented himself as the club's number one as they fought relegation. His form for Metz earned him a recall to the Japanese national team, where he went on to reclaim the number one jersey. Despite missing out due to injury and appearing as an unused substitute in a number of matches during the 2017–18 season, <mask> made a total of 31 appearances in all competitions.At the end of the 2017–18 season, upon expiry of his contract, he was released by the club. Strasbourg
In August 2018, free agent <mask> joined Ligue 1 side RC Strasbourg on a season-long contract. International career

<mask> represented the Japan U20 side impressing in the AFC Youth Championship and being named Goalkeeper of the Tournament despite losing 1–0 to South Korea U20 in the final. <mask> was called up by Japan for the first time in March 2007. He initially appeared as an unused substitute, including the Asian Cup. On 17 February 2008 <mask> made his Japan debut in a 1–1 draw against North Korea. He made another appearance for the national side on 20 January 2009, in a 2–1 win over Yemen.By the end of 2009, <mask> kept four clean sheets in three victories and one draw. In May 2010, <mask> was selected for the World Cup squad and was expected to serve as backup to Seigo Narazaki. In a friendly match on 30 May against England, he was the starting goalkeeper and produced many saves. He denied Frank Lampard twice, including a penalty kick, and a shot by Wayne Rooney before eventually being beaten by two own goals. Afterwards, it was announced that <mask> was selected to be the first choice goalkeeper for the FIFA World Cup ahead of Narazaki. He played his first Group E match against Cameroon on 14 June 2010, where Japan recorded its first World Cup win on foreign soil with a score of 1–0. Five days later, on 19 June 2010 between against the Netherlands, <mask> was the starter; he deflected a shot from Wesley Sneijder but it went in his own net as the team lost 0–1.In the match against Denmark on 24 June he allowed one goal through Jon Dahl Tomasson's penalty kick, but the team still won 3–1 and advanced to the round of 16. On 29 June, he allowed no goals against Paraguay but was unable to save a single spot-kick during the penalty shoot-out, which Paraguay won 5–3. After the FIFA World Cup came to an end, <mask> played two matches against Paraguay and Argentina. In December 2010, it was announced that <mask> was selected by the national team for the 2011 Asian Cup. He played his first match of the tournament starting in a 1–1 draw against Jordan on 9 January 2011. On 13 January, however, he was sent off for causing a penalty in the group stage match against Syria, but Japan went on to win the game 2–1. After serving a one-match suspension he returned to the squad in a 3–2 win over Qatar in the quarter–final.In the semi-final against South Korea on 26 January <mask> saved two penalty shoot-out shots to enable Japan to advance. On 29 January, <mask> kept a clean sheet in the Final as Japan won 1–0; he was chosen as Man of the Match. After the match <mask> spoke about winning the Asian Cup. Following the Asian Cup tournament, <mask> kept four consecutive clean sheets in a row against Peru, Czech Republic, South Korea and North Korea. He kept two more clean sheets against Tajikistan in both matches, both of which were victories. Between 23 May 2012 and 8 June 2012 <mask> kept three clean sheets in a row against Azerbaijan, Oman and Jordan. Later in the year, he kept more three clean sheets in a row for the second time this year against UAE, Iraq and France.In May 2013, <mask> was called up by the national side for the 2013 Confederations Cup squad. He won his 48th cap for his country in a 2–1 loss against Mexico on 22 June 2013, as he went on to feature all three matches, all of them resulted in losses while Japan was eliminated from the tournament. Despite the defeat, <mask>'s performance was praised by Brazilian sports newspaper "Reims". In May 2014, <mask> was named in Japan's preliminary squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. In the end, he made it to the final cut for the 23 man squad. <mask> started all three matches, but was eliminated from the tournament in the group stage. He kept a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw against Greece on 20 June 2014.After the match <mask> reflected about his time at the World Cup in Brazil, later stating that his performance against Colombia haunted him. On 14 October 2014, he captained the national side for the first time, in a 4–0 loss against Brazil. In December 2014, <mask> was named in Japan's squad for the Asian Cup in Australia. <mask> started the tournament well keeping three clean sheets in the group stage matches that saw them through to the quarter–finals. However, in a match against UAE on 23 January 2015, he conceded a goal from Ali Mabkhout before Japan equalised and the match was played throughout 120 minutes; ultimately, they were eliminated after losing in penalty–shootout. Later in June, he kept two clean sheets in a row on 11 and 16 June 2015 against Iraq and Singapore. However, after leaving Standard Liège, <mask> was called up to the national team and lost his place to Shusaku Nishikawa and Masaaki Higashiguchi throughout the rest of 2015 and the beginning of 2016.He made his first appearance for the side in twelve months on 3 June 2016, in a 7–2 win over Bulgaria. Following this, he spent the rest of 2016 on the substitute bench, as Nishikawa was preferred as the starting goalkeeper instead. On his return as a starting goalkeeper against UAE, he kept the two clean sheets in the process in the World Cup qualification Asia. In May 2018, <mask> was named in Japan's preliminary squad for the World Cup in Russia. Eventually, he made it to the final cut of the 23 men squad. After being selected for the World Cup, <mask> started as the first choice goalkeeper for the side and helped the side beat Colombia 2–1 on the matchday 1 of the group stage. His performance against Colombia earned him the lowest rating by Web Gekisaka.In a 2–2 draw against Senegal, <mask> was at fault when he attempted to clear the ball, only for Sadio Mané to score. Despite the criticism, Manager Akira Nishino gave confidence in Kawashima and gave him the captaincy against Poland. Throughout the match, <mask> captained the side, making many saves, though he conceded a goal from Jan Bednarek, which saw Japan lose 1–0. Due to receiving fewer yellow cards than Senegal Japan qualified to the knockout stage, becoming the only Asian team to do so in the 2018 World Cup. In the Round of 16 against Belgium, Japan were eliminated from the tournament after losing 3–2 despite Kawashima's fine performance. While receiving criticism for his performance, Kawashima was placed third place for number of saves in the World Cup, according to Opta Sports. In 2019, he made it to the final cut of the 23 men Copa América's squad.Style of play
At Lierse, Kawashima received praise from the club. CEO Neil De Kewler said of him: "The movement within the goal is quick, the processing of the ball on the line is skillful, furthermore, the player with the leadership that can lead the defense line", while technical director Root Kelzer said: "I can not think of any bad points about him, I will not have anyone who dislikes him, He is a very professional athlete, seriously and disciplinedly open for everyone, every time he looks up, he asks for a handshake with a friendly smile, not only as a player but also as an individual." Prior to signing for Dundee United, Manager Mixu Paatelainen said about him: "As for <mask>, he is quality. He is very agile and quick. He commands and is a leader behind the defence. He talks a lot and sometime demands better action from the defenders." Personal life

As a member of Japan's national team, Kawashima helped develop a program to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese athletes and coaches who play and coach internationally.Outside of football, he was also involved in helping children with disabilities. In addition to his native Japanese, <mask> speaks English, Italian, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish. He was quoted saying about the importance of languages: "It is difficult if the keeper cannot speak, I cannot argue with myself." In addition to football, he's a fan of fashion. <mask> revealed that he wears contact lenses when he's on the pitch. In December 2008, <mask> signed for an agency with Tetsuro Kiyooka, a FIFA Players' Agent (Sports agent), in hopes of moving to Europe. It worked when he joined Lierse two years later after signing for Tetsuro Kiyooka.In September 2014, he revealed on his blog that he was married. He said he met his wife four years ago and began dating three years later before getting married. In December 2015,  <mask> revealed on his blog that he was father for the first time when his wife gave birth to a son named Kensei. In October 2010, <mask> signed a sponsorship with Samantha Thavasa. He was featured in June 2012 cover of Ermenegildo Zegna magazine. Outside of football, <mask> is considered very popular in his native country Japan. During a 1–1 draw against Genk on 18 December 2010, at least 500 Japanese <mask>'s supporters visited Herman Vanderpoortenstadion to watch him play.Career statistics

Club

1Includes Emperor's Cup, Belgian Cup and Scottish Cup. 2Includes J. League Cup. 3Includes AFC Champions League, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. 4Includes Belgian Pro League Play-offs. International

Honours

Japan
AFC Asian Cup: 2011

Individual
J.League Best Eleven: 2009
J.League Individual Fair-Play Award: 2009

References

External links

Living people
1983 births
Association football people from Saitama Prefecture
Association football goalkeepers
Japanese footballers
Japan youth international footballers
Japan under-20 international footballers
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Belgian First Division A players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Omiya Ardija players
Nagoya Grampus players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Lierse S.K. players
Standard Liège players
Dundee United F.C.players
FC Metz players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Japanese expatriate footballers
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Copa América

masks: Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Eiji Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima Kawashima


title: Craig Benson

texts:
<mask><mask> (born October 8, 1954) is an American politician and entrepreneur who served as the 79th governor of New Hampshire from 2003 to 2005. <mask> first came to public attention when he founded Cabletron Systems, later known as Enterasys Networks, which became one of the largest employers in New Hampshire. Enterasys Networks was acquired by Extreme Networks in November 2013. Early life and business career
<mask> attended Chatham High School in Chatham, New Jersey. After receiving a bachelor's degree in finance from Babson College in 1977, <mask> attended Syracuse University, graduating with an MBA in 1979. In 1983, <mask> and partner Robert Levine started Cabletron Systems in Levine's garage. The company moved to Rochester, New Hampshire in 1985 and went public in 1989, with what was then the largest IPO in Wall Street history.In 1991, <mask> was named "Entrepreneur of the Year" by Inc. Magazine. The company grew to have over $1.8 billion in annual revenue, but over time Cabletron began to face heavy competition in the industry. <mask> resigned in 1999, and Cabletron was dissolved into four separate companies (Enterasys Networks, Aprisma Management Technologies, Riverstone Networks, and Global Network Technology Services) in January 2000. The company's fragmentation brought layoffs, declines in stock price, and shareholder lawsuits. Governor of New Hampshire
<mask> began running for governor of New Hampshire in 2001, promising to use technology and greater efficiency to save money in state government. Political signs appeared across the Granite State proclaiming "This is Benson Country." He was elected governor on November 5, 2002, in an open race to succeed the retiring governor, Jeanne Shaheen.In the primaries, <mask> spent more than $15 million—$11 million of it his own money—in an effort to defeat former State Senator Bruce Keough and former U.S. Senator Gordon Humphrey to win the Republican nomination, making <mask>'s victory one of the most expensive in American history. In the general election, <mask> overwhelmingly defeated Democratic state Senator Mark Fernald, 59 percent to 38 percent. <mask> successfully made Fernald's support for a statewide income tax the dominant issue in the race. <mask> spent more than $9 million, again mostly his own money, in this race. As Governor, <mask> pushed for state agencies to institute across-the-board budget reductions, and used a custom made, extra large "VETO" stamp to reject a state budget he thought was too large. <mask> also signed into law a bill that required parental notification for minors seeking an abortion;  this law was later challenged and upheld in the Supreme Court in the case Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England, but subsequently repealed by the New Hampshire legislature in 2007.<mask>'s administration came under criticism following the resignation of Attorney General Peter Heed, who had been accused of sexual harassment. While an investigation cleared Heed of any wrongdoing, it revealed improper interference by <mask>'s security commissioner. Further criticism stems from the inappropriate awarding of a nearly $900,000 no-bid contract by his "volunteer" adviser (and former Cabletron human resource administrator) Linda Pepin, who was not licensed to broker such a deal. <mask> also frequently used "volunteers" in his office to do gubernatorial work, but would not say who they were or what they did. These were not volunteers in the sense that they were unpaid staffers volunteering their time, rather <mask> paid their salaries out of his own pocket, making them volunteers in the sense that they did not draw state salaries. This move was controversial, while proponents noted that <mask> was generously allowing the state to save money, critics were concerned that it would limit scrutiny of the volunteer staff. Reporters discovered that one of these "volunteers" (and former Cabletron director of operations), Angela Blaisdell, was New Hampshire's official liaison with the federal government on homeland security.In addition, <mask> was accused of engaging in political payback when Dori Wiggin, supervisor of the Department of Environmental Services Wetlands Division in Portsmouth, was transferred to the department's Concord headquarters. Under Wiggin, the DES had fined <mask> in 1998 and 2003 for excavating beach sand without a permit at his Rye oceanfront home. <mask> was also criticized, by both supporters and critics, for a management style that was considered "autocratic". In an interview with The New York Times, <mask> stated that one of his first acts after being elected was to purchase a large, high table at which to hold his meetings. Those in attendance were to stand during meetings, and any latecomers were locked out. "It's to remind people we're here to get in and do our business and get out," he explained. In the 2004 election, <mask> lost to Democratic challenger John Lynch—only the second time in 78 years that an incumbent New Hampshire governor was denied a second term—in a very close race, with Lynch securing just 51% of the vote.Personal life
<mask> resides in Rye, New Hampshire with his wife Denise. They have two daughters. <mask> serves as an adjunct lecturer at Babson College, his alma mater. In 1995, he was inducted into the college's Academy of Distinguished Entrepreneurs. Merrill Lynch Settlement
In December 2020, Merrill Lynch was ordered by the New Hampshire Bureau of Securities to pay $24 million in restitution to <mask>, and an additional $2 million fine to the State of New Hampshire. <mask> complained to the Bureau of Securities in early 2019 after suffering losses while the stock market was gaining. <mask> also filed a complaint with FINRA which was settled with the Bureau case.The settlement is the largest in New Hampshire history, and second largest FINRA settlement in a decade. Electoral history

References
 Steen, Jennifer (2006). Self-financed candidates in congressional elections. University of Michigan Press. . External links
 2002 campaign website

|-

1954 births
Living people
Governors of New Hampshire
Babson College alumni
Martin J. Whitman School of Management alumni
American businesspeople
New Hampshire Republicans
Politicians from New York City
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Babson College faculty
People from Rye, New Hampshire
Chatham High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Morris County, New Jersey

masks:
Craig R
. Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
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Benson


title: Evil Uno

texts:
Nicolas Dansereau (born July 20, 1987), better known by the ring name <mask>, is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he is a member of The Dark Order. Formerly known as Player Uno, he regularly teamed with Stu Grayson as the Super Smash Brothers for various independent promotions across North America, including Alpha-1 Wrestling, Capital City Championship Combat (C*4), Inter Species Wrestling (ISW), and California-based Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Together, they are former one-time Chikara Campeones de Parejas, one-time PWG World Tag Team Champions and winners of PWG's 2012 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. Career

Early career
Dansereau first began wrestling at the age of 14. At the time, he went under the name "El PoPo". On an episode of Colt Cabana's podcast, The Art of Wrestling, he explained that the decision to change his name came, when El Generico wanted to be called Player 1.<mask> changed it around and picked the name <mask>. He originally planned to learn Spanish after choosing the name. International Wrestling Syndicate
<mask> made his debut in the Canadian wrestling promotion International Wrestling Syndicate (IWS). <mask> quickly found a tag team partner in Stupefied as the Super Smash Brothers. The team found success as they soon won the IWS Tag Team Championship. <mask> also found success as a singles competitor as he also won the IWS Canadian Championship. He remained with the promotion until it folded on October 9, 2010.Chikara (2007–2010)

In 2007, the team started competing in Chikara. <mask> and Stupefied, now competing as Player Dos and naming their team the Super Smash Brothers, won the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas from Incoherence (Delirious and Hallowicked) at Laying in the Gutters, Looking at the Stars on September 21, 2008. The team only held the titles for a month before losing it to The Osirian Portal, the team of Amasis and Ophidian, at Global Gauntlet: Night 2. In 2009 <mask> went on a long losing streak, which included a loss against Player Dos for the Young Lions Cup, but the streak came to an end at the season finale, when he debuted his new finishing maneuver The Joystick and forced Tim Donst to tap out with it. On October 24, 2010 <mask> wrestled to date his last Chikara match with Dos with Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze, which <mask> and Dos lost. Ring of Honor (2009–2010, 2018)
<mask>, along with Player Dos, made his ROH debut on May 8, 2009 in Boston, MA, in a losing effort against Rhett Titus and Kenny King. On July 25 in Toronto, Ontario, at Death Before Dishonor VII Night 2 they scored an upset victory over former ROH World Tag Team Champions Kevin Steen and El Generico.On the November 9 episode of Ring of Honor Wrestling on HDNet, <mask> and Dos debuted on the show in a return match, where they were defeated by Steen and Generico. <mask> last appeared for Ring of Honor on May 11, 2018, at the War of the Worlds event in Toronto, Canada when the Super Smash Brothers faced the Young Bucks in a losing effort. Dragon Gate USA (2012)

On January 28, 2012, the Super Smash Bros. made their debut for Dragon Gate USA, defeating The Scene (Caleb Konley and Scott Reed) in a tag team match. The following day, they picked up another win over the D.U.F. (Arik Cannon and Pinkie Sanchez), after which <mask> asked for a shot at the Open the United Gate Championship. The Super Smash Bros.' win streak ended on November 2, when they were defeated by Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito in an Open the United Gate Championship number one contenders' match. Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2011–2013)
On September 10, 2011, <mask> debuted in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) as a member of the Super Smash Bros. with Stupefied.In their debut match, they faced the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma), a tag team with a similar video game-themed gimmick, in a losing effort. The Super Smash Bros. returned on December 10, 2011, this time losing a match against the American Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards). The Super Smash Bros. picked up their first win in PWG on March 17, 2012, by defeating former two-time PWG World Tag Team Champions, The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson), and the RockNES Monsters in a three-way match. On April 21, the Super Smash Bros. defeated The Young Bucks in the opening round, Future Shock (Adam Cole and Kyle O'Reilly) in the semifinal, and 2 Husky Black Guys (El Generico and Willie Mack) in the final round to win the 2012 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament and become number one contenders to the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On May 25, the Super Smash Bros. defeated The Young Bucks in a No Disqualification match to win the vacant PWG World Tag Team Championship. The Super Smash Bros. made their first successful title defense on July 21 at Threemendous III, PWG's nine-year anniversary event, where they defeated Future Shock and The Young Bucks in a three-way ladder match. On December 1 at Mystery Vortex, the Super Smash Bros. made their second successful World Tag Team Championship defense against the RockNES Monsters.Later that same event, they were defeated by the Dojo Bros (Eddie Edwards and Roderick Strong) in a non-title match. On January 12, 2013, the Super Smash Bros. lost the World Tag Team Championship to the Unbreakable F'n Machines (Brian Cage and Michael Elgin) in the opening round of the 2013 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. During the match, <mask> suffered a dislocated shoulder after performing a suicide dive to the outside of the ring. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present)
<mask> and Stu Grayson made their surprise debut as The Dark Order at AEW Double or Nothing on May 25, 2019, appearing at the conclusion of the match between Best Friends and Angélico and Jack Evans. After the match was over, the lights went out and when they came back on, <mask> and Grayson were in the ring. The lights went out a second time and when they came back on, masked henchmen surrounded the ring. The Order then attacked all four men.After the attack, the lights went out again and they disappeared. Professional wrestling style and persona
In Chikara, Player Uno became popular for basing his gimmick, moveset, and attire around video games, specifically games for the NES and SNES consoles. One of his former trademarks was his pants, which had an NES controller design on one side; if the "Pause" button was pressed, he would stop moving, and if his opponent hit him while he was "paused", Player Uno wouldn't react until getting "unpaused". He was also famous for wearing gear in the color schemes of characters such as Mario, Luigi, and Wario. In recent years, <mask> has stopped using both distinctive traits. In 2015, Dansereau repackaged himself as <mask>. Other media

On December 24, 2012, Uno appeared on a new YouTube channel called, TheNerdSlam.He, along with a group of friends, created the channel, which consists of two different web shows. One is called 4-Play where <mask> plays various video games with friends. The other is a food show called Stu's Kitchen, hosted by Stupefied. <mask> is heavily involved in the charity "Fighting Back", which was set up in memory of professional wrestler Phrank Morin to raise money for the Canadian Cancer Society. <mask> and his partner Player Dos have been part of multiple wrestling events for the charity since its creation in 2011. On August 14, 2015, during a 24-hour gaming stream for the charity, <mask>, and Dos were given the nicknames "The Big Dog" and "The Wildcat" respectively by the video game streaming group, newLEGACYinc, who were running the Fighting Back stream that year. <mask> and Dos debuted their new nicknames at 2015 Fighting Back: Wrestling with Cancer event the next day, while teaming with Último Dragón in a Trios match against Pinkie Sanchez and EYFBO.Player Uno appears on posters in the video game Guacamelee! As of October 6, 2021 Uno began co-hosting the online show Ranking of Evil on Giant Bomb. Personal life
Dansereau worked as a web specialist for the Canadian federal government. He is married and affectionately refers to his wife as "Mrs. <mask>". Championships and accomplishments

Alpha-1 Wrestling
A1 Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Player Dos/Stupefied
Capital City Championship Combat
C4 Underground Championship (1 time)
One Night Tournament
Chikara
Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Player Dos
Combat Revolution Wrestling
CRW Interim Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stupefied
International Wrestling Syndicate
IWS Canadian Championship (1 time)
IWS World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stupefied
Inter Species Wrestling
Inter Species Championship (1 time)
La Lutte C Vrai**
LLCV Championship (1 time)Lucha TorontoRoyal Canadian Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with StupefiedPro Wrestling GuerrillaPWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stupefied
Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament (2012) – with StupefiedPro Wrestling IllustratedRanked No. 188 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2021Smash WrestlingF8tful Eight Tournament (2018) - with Stu GraysonSoCal UncensoredMatch of the Year (2012) with Stupefied vs. Future Shock (Adam Cole and Kyle O'Reilly) and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) on July 21
Tag Team of the Year (2012) – with StupefiedSquared Circle Wrestling'''
2CW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stupefied

References

External links

1987 births
All Elite Wrestling personnel
Canadian expatriate professional wrestlers in the United States
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Canadian YouTubers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Quebec
Sportspeople from Gatineau
Twitch (service) streamers

masks:
Evil Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
Uno
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Evil Uno
Uno
Player Uno
Evil Uno
Uno
Uno
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Uno


title: Richard Meltzer

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<mask> (born May 10, 1945, New York City) is a rock critic, performer, and writer. He is considered by some rock historians to be the first to write real analysis of rock and roll and is credited with inventing "rock criticism". Biography
Meltzer claims that as a young man he was influenced by the pop artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg and by the artists Paul Cézanne and Marcel Duchamp. Meltzer's first book, The Aesthetics of Rock, evolved out of his undergraduate studies in philosophy at Stony Brook University and graduate studies at Yale University. At school, he developed a reputation as something of a prankster, although his actions were closer to the spirit of performance art happenings promoted by one of his professors, Allan Kaprow, than to fraternity hijinks. One of his actions involved sending a tape recorder to class with his comments for the day on tape. Fellow student Sandy Pearlman was responsible for pushing the button.Meltzer also dabbled in art, including "detourned" comic books in the style of the situationists, which had various objects added to the pages. Meltzer, along with Pearlman and several other students, earned money on the side as booking agents for the big musical acts that came to Stony Brook in the 1960s. Following that, the two started writing lyrics and arranging gigs for a musical group they were promoting, Soft White Underbelly, later renamed Blue Öyster Cult (BÖC). Meltzer wrote the lyrics for many of the band's songs, including the hit "Burnin' for You". BÖC guitarist and keyboardist Allen Lanier is often credited with coming up with the umlaut over the O, but Meltzer claims to have suggested it to producer and manager Pearlman just after Pearlman came up with the name: "I said, 'How about an umlaut over the O?' Metal had a Wagnerian aspect anyway." Meltzer started his career in 1967 writing for Paul Williams's Crawdaddy!magazine. That year, he also taught a class in aesthetics at the Maryland Institute College of Art. He went on to write for Rolling Stone, the Village Voice and Creem. During the punk rock era, he formed a band called VOM (short for vomit) and released a four-song, 7-inch EP that included "Electrocute Your Cock". Meltzer also produced a movie, directed by <mask>, who later directed several Blue Öyster Cult videos. Clips were filmed in Casey's apartment; in Malibu, California; at the Pike in Long Beach; and at a beach-side sewage treatment plant in El Segundo, with future Mau Maus guitarist Mike R. Livingston pantomiming rhythm guitar along with Gregg Turner and  (known at that time as Kevin Saunders), who were then organizing the Angry Samoans with Mike Saunders, the drummer for VOM. The film for "Electrocute Your Cock" shows Meltzer in the shower, clad in a T-shirt reading"Halifax, NS", with jumper cables attached to his crotch and sparks hand-drawn onto the film cels simulating electrocution.Also included was a beach-side clip for "Punkmobile." The videos are included in the Angry Samoans' 1995 VHS compilation, True Documentary. In the 1980s, Meltzer dabbled in architectural criticism, writing a series of articles for the L.A. Reader alternative weekly on the ugliest buildings in Los Angeles; these pieces were later published as a book. He moved to Portland, Oregon in the 1990s, but continued contributing to the San Diego Reader. He was also a regular columnist for Addicted to Noise, and by 2004 he was a contributor to a new weekly, Los Angeles CityBeat. In 2002 he released the CD Tropic of Nipples along with Smegma, VOM, Antler and Robert Pollard of Guided by Voices.He has also performed and recorded over the past decade with the improvisational music group Smegma. In 2012, Meltzer contributed spoken-word parts to Spielgusher, a musical collaboration with bassist Mike Watt, drummer Yuko Araki and guitarist Hirotaka Shimizu. <mask> and Watt had originally hoped to collaborate during Watt's time in The Minutemen, but it was not completed before the death of Minutemen guitarist D. Boon.

masks:
Richard Meltzer
Richard Casey
Meltzer