title: Maria Bethânia

texts:
<mask> (; born June 18, 1946) is a Brazilian singer and songwriter. Born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, she started her career in Rio de Janeiro in 1964 with the show "Opinião" ("Opinion"). Due to its popularity, with performances all over the country, and the popularity of her 1965 single "Carcará", the artist became a star in Brazil. Bethânia is the sister of the singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso and of the writer-songwriter Mabel Velloso, as well as being aunt of the singers Belô Velloso and Jota Velloso. The singer has released 50 studio albums in 47 years of career, and is among the 10 best-selling music artists in Brazil, having sold more than 26 million records. Bethânia was ranked in 2012, by Rolling Stone Brasil magazine, as the fifth biggest voice of Brazilian music. Early life and initial artistic activities
Bethânia is the sixth out of eight children born into the family of José Telles Veloso (Seu Zeca), a government official, and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso (Dona Canô), a housewife.The name <mask>ia was chosen by her brother Caetano Veloso after the homonymous hit song written by composer Capiba and famous at the time in the voice of Nélson Gonçalves. In her childhood, she had aspirations to become an actress. However, her mother was a musician, so music was prevalent in the Veloso household. Though Bethânia was born in Santo Amaro da Purifição, her family moved to Salvador, Bahia when she was 13. The move allowed her to experience the bohemian, intellectual circles of the city as well as to visit theaters. When she was 16, her brother Caetano Veloso invited her to sing in a film for which he was producing the soundtrack, but she refused. Nevertheless, the film's director, Álvaro Guimarães, liked her voice and invited the young musician to perform in the 1963 Nélson Rodrigues's musical Boca de Ouro.This time Bethânia accepted, and for the first time in her life she went on stage to sing for an audience, opening the play performing a samba by Ataulfo Alves. That same year, Bethãnia and her sister met singers Gilberto Gil and Gal Costa; Caetano had been invited to put on an MPB show to inaugurate the Teatro Vila Velha. The four artists got together and, in 1964, staged Nós, por exemplo (We, for example). The show was a success and was presented again twenty months later, with the participation of singer-songwriter Tom Zé. That same year, the group mounted another show called Nova Bossa Velha e Velha Bossa Nova (New Old Bossa and Old New Bossa). Still in that year, directed by Caetano and Gil, Bethânia performed another musical, this time on her own, called Mora na Filosofia (Lives in Philosophy). She began performing again with her brother, as well as Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, at the opening of the Vila Velha Theater in the next year.During one of these performances, the bossa nova musician Nara Leão offered her an opportunity to take her place in a series of performances titled "Opinião". Career

She released her first single, a protest song called "Carcará", in 1965, the same year that her brother released his first recording. After releasing "Carcará" Bethânia returned from Rio de Janeiro, where she had gone to attend college, to Bahia. This was to only be a brief visit, as around that time she was performing at nightclubs and other venues throughout Brazil. This song also got her an offer from an RCA Records representative to record for the company. However Bethânia continually changed record labels throughout the 1970s. In 1973 Bethânia released Drama, Luz Da Noite, in which she performed traditional Brazilian songs, as well as incorporating literary elements.In 1977 Bethânia went on tour and released a gold-certified album, both with the name of Pássaro da Manhã. She released Álibi a year later which was also gold-certified with over a million copies sold. Around the end of the 1970s, Bethânia became more artistically conservative, moving away from the Tropicalismo music her frequent collaborators, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, had been playing. During the 1980s and '90s Bethânia continued to record and perform, with 1993's As Canções Que Você Fez Para Mim becoming the year's most successful album in Brazil. In 1976, she released a live album with Doces Bárbaros, a Música popular brasileira supergroup. It was recorded June 24 of that year at Anhembi Stadium in São Paulo. Its members were Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, <mask> and Gal Costa, four of the biggest names in the history of the Music of Brazil.The band was the subject of a 1977 documentary directed by Jom Tob Azulay. In 1994, they performed a tribute concert to Mangueira school of samba. French filmmaker Georges Gachot completed a documentary film "Musica é perfume" about her which was worldwide distributed. In 2008 she recorded an album with the Cuban singer Omara Portuondo which was followed by a Live DVD

In 2015, her album Meus Quintais was nominated for the 16th Latin Grammy Awards in the Best MPB Album category. Controversy
In March 2011, Bethânia found herself in the midst of a controversy after receiving permission from the Ministry of Culture of Brazil to make a poetry blog budgeted for $1.3 million tax free Reais ($783,000 USD). The financing of the project would fall under the so-called Lei Rouanet (English: Rouanet Law), which is designed as an incentive to promote Brazilian culture. The law allows companies and individuals to invest part of their income tax in cultural projects.The singer, considered one of the greats in Brazilian music and who has a track record of working with poets and reading bits of her favorite poetry, would use the platform to interpret poetry, both of her own and from other authors, in song through a daily series of videos, 365 in total, for the blog O Mundo Precisa de Poesia (English: The World Needs Poetry). Much of the criticisms surrounds on the project's cost and the fact that a rich and well-known artist like Bethânia can rely on such a process to get sponsored, while hundreds of other minor artists cannot find ways to survive. Pablo Villaça, from the blog Cinema em Cena (Movie Theater at Home) estimated that, taking out the amount that would go to the collectors, around R$1.17 million would go toward the blog's production. Each video, then, would cost about R$3,200. He stated that this cost would not be compatible with videos of 3–5 minutes length consisting of just one person reciting poetry. Blogger, journalist and filmmaker Mauricio Caleiro explained that this process, appropriated by the interests of big names and governed by the market, has suffered from great distortions over the years, favoring respected names over beginners, according to him:

"(…) the imbroglio involving the baiana singer revealed the problems of the “Rouanet Law”, a tool that, shortly after being created, played a key role in the survival of certain artistic areas during the neoliberal autumn, but as the episode in question shows, it eventually lead to serious distortions in relations between economy, ideology and cultural production." To mock the whole situation, a satirical blog entitled Bethania: 1 million reasons for you to access was created by blogger Raphael Quatroci.On March 16, the Ministry of Culture released a statement affirming the legality of the process and reiterating that the approval had strictly followed the rules. It said that "the criteria in the CNIC (National Commission on Cultural Incentives) are technical and legal, so to reject an applicant because she/he is famous, or not, would set up obvious and untenable discrimination." Then, on March 27, Caetano Veloso, Bethânia's brother, came out to defend his sister, noting that other projects by many other artists, both known and unknown, were authorized to raise larger amounts. Personal life
She moved to Rio de Janeiro alone, at age 17, in 1963, where she lives today. Very discreet, she is not often seen in social events. Currently she lives alone in a residence that she bought in a neighborhood far away, close to the nature and bush, far from the bustle of Rio. The singer does not have children, and is adept to Brazilian religions of African origin, such as the Candomblés.

masks:
Maria Bethânia Viana Teles Veloso
Maria Bethân
Maria Bethânia


title: Erkin Vohidov

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (; December 28, 1936 – May 30, 2016) was an Uzbek poet, playwright,  literary translator, and statesman. In addition to writing his own poetry, <mask>v translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, and Sergey Yesenin into the Uzbek language. Particularly noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works and Goethe's Faust. In 1983, Vahidov was awarded the State Hamza Prize. He became a People's Poet of Uzbekistan in 1987. In 1999, he was awarded the title Hero of Uzbekistan, the highest honorary title that can be bestowed on a citizen by Uzbekistan. Vohidov's poems remain popular and are frequently published in anthologies.Dozens of his poems have been set to music by various artists, mostly notably by Sherali Joʻrayev. On occasion of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations in October 2020, a song entitled "Human" and based on <mask>'s poem "Inson" ("Human") was released with lyrics in Arabic, English, Italian, Kazakh, Russian, Tajik, Turkish and Uzbek. Life
<mask> <mask> Vohidov was born on December 28, 1936, in Oltiariq District, Fergana Region, then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. His father, Choʻyanboy Vohidov, fought in the Soviet-German war against Nazi Germany and its allies and died in Tashkent after his return from the war. Vohidov was nine years old at the time. He reminisced about the hardships of the war years as follows:

In 1945, Vohidov moved to Tashkent with his mother, Roziyaxon Vohidova, who also soon passed away. He was raised by his uncle, Karimboy Sohiboyev.It was <mask>'s uncle who sparked his interest in poetry:

After graduating from the National University of Uzbekistan (then Tashkent State University) with a degree in philology in 1960, he started working at various publishing houses. <mask> died on May 30, 2016, at the age of 79. Work

<mask> worked as an editor at Yosh Gvardiya, the Uzbek branch of Molodaya Gvardiya, from 1960 to 1963. He also worked as editor-in-chief at the same publishing house from 1975 to 1982. <mask> also served as editor-in-chief (1963-1970) and director (1985-1987) of Gʻafur Gʻulom, another publishing house in Tashkent. From 1982 until 1985, he worked as the head of the monthly periodical Yoshlik (Childhood). After Uzbekistan gained independence, he worked as chairman of the Committee on International Affairs and Inter-parliamentary Relations of the Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan (1995-2005) and chairman of the Senate Committee on Science, Education, Culture and Sport (2005-2009).Vohidov started writing poetry during his student years. His first poem was published in the Mushtum magazine when he was fourteen years old. <mask>'s first collection of poems, Tong nafasi (The Breath of Morning), was published in 1961. In 1987, he published a collection of literary essays entitled Shoiru, sheʼru shuur: Adabiy esselar (The Poet, the Poem, and the Mind: Literary Essays). Vohidov wrote three plays, namely, Oltin devor (The Golden Wall), Istanbul fojiasi (The Istanbul Tragedy), and Ikkinchi tumor (The Second Talisman). His play Oltin devor was staged in Lahore, Pakistan. The following is a list of his poetry books that were published in Russian:
Лирика (Lyricism) (1970)
Стихи (Poems) (1974)
Узелок на память (A Knot to Remember) (1980)
Восстание бессмертных (The Rise of the Spirits) (1983)
 Линия жизни (The Line of Life) (1984)
В минуту песни не порвись, струна... (Don't Let the Strings Brake While Playing) (1986)

Literary translations
Vohidov translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Alexander Blok, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lesya Ukrainka, Mikhail Svetlov, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, Sergey Yesenin, and Silva Kaputikyan into the Uzbek language.In particular, he translated Goethe's Faust into Uzbek in 1974. Especially noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works into Uzbek. Below is <mask>'s translation of Yesenin's farewell poem "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye" (1925):

Vohidov's own works in Uzbek have been translated into Russian, German, French, English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic and many other Turkic languages. The Soviet poet Robert Rozhdestvensky thought very highly of Vohidov's work. An example of Vohidov's original work follows (from his poem "Oʻzbegim/Ўзбегим" ("My Uzbek People"):

Poems set to music
Many of his poems have been turned into songs by Uzbek artists. Two of the most famous Vohidov poems that have become the lyrics to well-known Uzbek songs are "Inson" ("Human") and "Oʻzbegim" ("My Uzbek People"), both sung by Sherali Joʻrayev. Legacy
Vohidov is one of the most beloved poets among Uzbeks.Many places and institutions in Uzbekistan are named after him. In 2018, a boarding school bearing his name was established in the city of Margilan. The following year the Erkin Vohidov museum opened its doors in Margilan. Several books have been written on the life and works of Vohidov, including Erkin Vohidov saboqlari (Lessons by <mask> Vohidov) (2016), To quyosh sochgayki nur (As Long As the Sun Shines) (2016), Soʻz sehri (The Magic of Language), Oʻzbegimning Erkin oʻzbegi (The Erkin of My Uzbek People). References

External links

Website dedicated to Vohidov's life and work

1936 births
2016 deaths
People from Fergana Region
Ethnic Uzbek people
20th-century Uzbekistani poets
Uzbekistani translators
Translators from Russian
Translators to Uzbek
Uzbekistani male poets
20th-century male writers
Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

masks:
Erkin Vohidov
Erkin Vohido
Vohidov
Erkin
Vohidovich
Vohidov
Vohidov
Vohidov
Vohidov
Vohidov
Vohidov
Erkin


title: Mitch Snyder

texts:
<mask> (August 14, 1943 – July 3, 1990) was an American advocate for the homeless. He was the subject of a made-for-television 1986 biopic, Samaritan: The <mask> Story, starring Martin Sheen. <mask> grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, where at age 9 his father abandoned the family. After a stint in a correctional facility for breaking into parking meters, <mask> worked in job counseling on Madison Avenue in New York City, as well as selling appliances and construction work. In 1969 he left his wife and children and started hitchhiking west. Police found him in a stolen vehicle, and he was arrested and convicted of grand theft auto. He served two years in federal prison, 1970–1972, for violating the Dyer Act, which outlaws the interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle.<mask> ended up in Danbury Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut, where he served time with Philip and Daniel Berrigan. Following meetings with them and prolific reading, especially of the Bible, <mask> started participating in hunger strikes and work stoppages over prisoners' rights issues. Affiliation with CCNV
Upon being released in 1973 <mask> came home to rejoin his family. Less than one year later he left his family again and joined the Community for Creative Non Violence (CCNV) in Washington, D.C., founded by J. Edward Guinan. CCNV was at that time operating a medical clinic, a pretrial house, a soup kitchen, a thrift store and a halfway house. CCNV came out of a discussion group about the Vietnam War at George Washington University. CCNV was also very active in nonviolent direct action in opposition to the Vietnam War.<mask> became the driving force of CCNV but worked with many deeply committed people including his wife and professional partner, Carol Fennelly; Mary Ellen Hombs, with whom he co authored Homelessness in America: A Forced March to Nowhere; and Ed and Kathleen Guinan. He and CCNV pushed and prodded the District of Columbia, the local churches and temples and mosques, as well as the federal government to open space at night for homeless people, and worked to staff the space that was made available. Through demonstrations, public funerals for people who had frozen to death on DC streets, breaking into public buildings, and fasting, CCNV forced the creation of shelters in Washington and made homelessness a national and international issue. In the 1980s <mask>, Fennelly, and other CCNV activists entered and occupied an abandoned federal building at 425 2nd Street N.W. (now Mitch Snyder Place) and housed hundreds overnight while demanding that the government renovate the building. Under intense pressure, the Reagan administration agreed to lease the Federal property to CCNV for $1 a year. Later the Federal government transferred the property to DC.It remains the largest shelter in Washington to this day. <mask> fasted twice to force the Reagan administration to renovate the building. The first fast ended on the eve of Reagan's second election when Reagan promised to execute necessary repairs. Reagan failed to follow through on this promise, and litigation ensued. An Oscar-nominated documentary, Promises to Keep, narrated by Martin Sheen, follows that story and tells why a second fast was conducted. Sheen also played <mask> in the made-for-TV movie, Samaritan: The <mask> Story. Angered that Holy Trinity Parish in Georgetown planned an expensive renovation of that historic church, and maintaining that the money involved should be given instead to the poor, <mask> stood in the middle of the congregation throughout the Sunday Mass for many weeks as a protest, while other congregants knelt or sat during the service as was customary.In 1985, Snyder and CCNV hired sculptor James Earl Reid to create a display for the annual Christmastime Pageant of Peace in Washington which would dramatize the plight of the homeless. The display, titled "Third World America," featured a nativity scene in which the Holy Family was represented by contemporary homeless people huddled around a steam grate. The figures were atop a pedestal that stated "And Still There is No Room at the Inn." In 1986, <mask> and CCNV wanted to take "Third World America" on tour, but Reid refused. Snyder and CCNV sued Reid, claiming that "Third World America" was a work for hire under § 101 of the United States Copyright Act. In the case Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the sculpture was not a work for hire because Reid was not an employee under the general common law of agency. Thus, the work was not subject to the § 201(b) rule that when a work is made for hire, the employer is considered the author.In 1989, <mask> gave a presentation at the American Library Association conference which was published in the journal, Public Libraries. Death
Three months before his death, <mask> and his companion of 15 years, Carol Fennelly, had announced that they would marry in September on the street in front of the 1,400-bed shelter that had been the focus of <mask>'s work. But their relationship faltered and <mask> hanged himself in his room at the CCNV shelter on July 3, 1990, where his body remained for several days before being discovered. <mask>'s suicide note spoke of Carol Fennelly, stating that he wished she loved him as much as he loved her. He is survived by Fennelly, his ex-wife, and his two sons. The <mask> Papers
A collection of primary source material related to <mask> is currently under the care of the Special Collections Research Center at The George Washington University. The materials include diaries, correspondence, legal documents, articles, photographs, and family papers.See also

Thomas (activist)
Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University

Sources

New York Times obituary. Gay, Kathlyn and Martin K. Gay. Heroes of Conscience: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc., 1996. Levitt, Steven D. and Steven J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything New York: William Morrow, 2005. Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989).External links
CCNV website
Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University

1987 WANE-TV Special Report

1943 births
1990 suicides
People from Washington, D.C.
Suicides by hanging in Washington, D.C.
Homelessness activists
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Anti-poverty advocates
20th-century American Jews
Hunger strikers

masks:
Mitch Snyder
Mitch Snyder
History Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Mitch Snyder
Mitch Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Mitch Snyder
Mitch Snyder
Mitch Snyder
Mitch Snyder


title: Robert Foulk

texts:
<mask><mask> (May 5, 1908 – February 25, 1989), was an American television and film character actor who portrayed Sheriff H. Miller in the CBS series Lassie from 1958 to 1962. Early years
Foulk attended the University of Pennsylvania, studying to be an architectural draftsman. Stage

Acting
Foulk's Broadway credits include What a Life, Brother Rat (1936), Boy Meets Girl (1935), and two productions of As Husbands Go in 1930 and in 1932. Directing
Foulk was an aide to producer-director George Abbott, and he went on to direct productions in places such as Palos Verdes. Television
Between 1953 and 1959, Foulk was in thirteen episodes of the NBC anthology series, The Loretta Young Show. From 1954 to 1957, he was in five episodes as Ed Davis in the sitcom Father Knows Best with <mask>, when the series aired on NBC. In 1956, he played Jackley in the Walt Disney Mickey Mouse Club serial "The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure".In 1957 and 1958, Foulk played the outlaw Curly Bill Brocius in three episodes, "Gunslinger from Galeville", "Ride Out at Noon", and "Skeleton Canyon Massacre", of the western television series Tombstone Territory. In 1958, Foulk portrayed Sheriff Brady in the film, The Left Handed Gun. From 1959 to 1960, he had the recurring role of bartender Joe Kingston in the NBC western series Wichita Town. Foulk appeared in five episodes of The Rifleman. He played the blacksmith in "The Second Witness" (episode 23), "Three Legged Terror" (episode 30) and "Outlaw's Inheritance" (episode 38). He played Johannson in "The Raid" (episode 37) and Herbert Newman in "The Lost Treasure of Canyon Town" (episode 99). Foulk made four appearances on CBS's Perry Mason, all of them as a law-enforcement officer including the 1958 episode 'The Case of the Buried Clock'.He appeared as the sheriff of Cloverville, California in the two-part episode of The Untouchables, "The Big Train," which dealt with the attempt to free Al Capone from the train transporting him to Alcatraz. He made thirteen appearances on NBC's Bonanza, mostly as a sheriff or deputy sheriff. He also had recurring roles as Mr. Wheeler and Roy Trendall, former Hooterville phone company president, in sixteen episodes of CBS's Green Acres. In 1960, he guest starred in the TV Western Bat Masterson, playing Judge Pete Perkins, the town's crooked judge in S2E30's "Welcome To Paradise". In the early 1970s, Foulk made four guest appearances on CBS's Here's Lucy in various roles. Architecture
In addition to acting, Foulk worked as an architectural draftsman. An article in the Chicago Tribune reported, "... he keeps his finger in architecture because he finds it good therapy for the tensions that build up while performing."Personal life
In the 1930s, Foulk was married to actress Alice Frost. In 1947, he married Barbara Slater, an actress who appeared in two Three Stooges short features. She left Hollywood in the same year. They remained married to each other until his death in 1989. Tim McGrossin (uncredited)
 Backlash (1956) as Sheriff John F. Olson
 Indestructible Man (1956) as Harry – Bar Owner
 The Rawhide Years (1956) as Mate
 The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) as Confederate Gen. Ledbetter (uncredited)
 A Cry in the Night (1956) as Jack – a Jailer (uncredited)
 The Great Man (1956) as Mike Jackson, radio engineer
 Last of the Badmen (1957) as Taylor
 Hold That Hypnotist (1957) as Dr. Simon Noble
 Sierra Stranger (1957) as Tom Simmons
 Untamed Youth (1957) as Sheriff Mitch Bowers
 Johnny Tremain (1957) as Mr. Larkin (uncredited)
 Raintree County (1957) as Pantomimist (uncredited)
 My Man Godfrey (1957) as Motor Cop
 The Tall Stranger (1957) as Pagones
 Day of the Bad Man (1958) as Silas Mordigan, Store Keeper
 Hell's Five Hours (1958) as Jack Fife
 Quantrill's Raiders (1958) as Hager
 The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Sheriff Brady
 Ask Any Girl (1959) as Lt. O'Shea (uncredited)
 Go, Johnny Go! (1959) as Policeman
 Born to Be Loved (1959) as Drunk (as <mask>. Foulk)
 Cast a Long Shadow (1959) as Hugh Rigdon
 Ocean's 11 (1960) as Sheriff Wimmer
 Where The Boys Are (1960) as "Elbow Room Bar" Manager (uncredited)
 Swingin' Along (1961) as Piano Mover (uncredited)
 All Hands on Deck (1961) as Naval Inspector (uncredited)
 State Fair (1962) as Mincemeat Judge
 The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) as The Hunter ('The Cobbler and the Elves')
 The Man from the Diners' Club (1963) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Tammy and the Doctor (1963) as Surgeon
 A Ticklish Affair (1963) as Policeman
 Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Sheriff Glick
 Sex and the Single Girl (1964) as Arresting Police Detective (uncredited)
 Once a Thief (1965) as George (uncredited)
 Harlow (1965) as Marvin Silver – Producer (uncredited)
 Lord Love a Duck (1966) as Uniformed Police Sgt. Prouty in "A Matter of Honor" (1974)
 Little House on the Prairie, as Peterson (1975)
 Barbary Coast'', as Kingsford (1975)

References

External links

1908 births
1989 deaths
American male television actors
American male film actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors

masks:
Robert C
. Foulk
Robert Young
Robert C


title: Juan Diego Flórez

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, January 13, 1973) is a Peruvian operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in bel canto operas. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest decoration, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Lima, Peru in 1973, the son of María Teresa Salom and <mask>, a noted guitarist and singer of Peruvian popular and criolla music. In an interview in the Peruvian newspaper Ojo, <mask> recounted his early days when his mother managed a pub with live music and he worked as a replacement singer whenever the main attraction called in sick. "It was a tremendous experience for me, since most of those who were regulars at the pub were of a certain age, so I had to be ready to sing anything from huaynos to Elvis Presley music and, in my mind, that served me a great deal because, in the final analysis, any music that is well structured—whether it is jazz, opera, or pop—is good music". Initially intending to pursue a career in popular music, he entered the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Lima at the age of 17. His classical voice emerged in the course of his studies there.During this time, he became a member of the Coro Nacional of Peru and sang as a soloist in Mozart's Coronation Mass and Rossini's Petite messe solennelle. He received a scholarship to the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia where he studied from 1993 to 1996 and began singing in student opera productions in the repertory that is still his specialty today, Rossini and the bel canto operas of Bellini and Donizetti. During this period, he also studied with Marilyn Horne at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara. In 1994 the Peruvian tenor, Ernesto Palacio invited him to Italy to work on a recording of Vicente Martín y Soler's opera Il Tutore Burlato. Palacio subsequently became Flórez's teacher, mentor and manager and has had a profound influence on his career. International career
<mask>'s first breakthrough and professional debut came in 1996 at the Rossini Festival in the Italian city of Pesaro, Rossini's birthplace. At the age of 23, he stepped in to take the leading tenor role in Matilde di Shabran when Bruce Ford became ill.He made his debut at La Scala in the same year as the Chevalier danois (Danish Knight) in Gluck's Armide, and later in the year he sang the role of Georges in Meyerbeer's L'étoile du nord with Wexford Festival Opera. His Covent Garden debut followed in 1997 where he sang the role of Count Potoski in a world premiere concert performance of Donizetti's Elisabetta. Debuts followed at the Vienna State Opera in 1999 as Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia and at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 2002, again as Count Almaviva. On February 20, 2007, the opening night of Donizetti's La fille du régiment at La Scala, Flórez broke the theater's 74-year-old tradition of no encores when he reprised "Ah! mes amis" with its nine high C's following an "overwhelming" ovation from the audience. He repeated this solo encore at New York's Metropolitan Opera House on April 21, 2008, the first singer to do so there since 1994. Flórez is also active on the concert stages of Europe, North America, and South America.Amongst the many venues in which he has given concerts and recitals are the Wigmore Hall in London, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall in New York, the Palau de la Música in Barcelona, the Teatro Segura in Lima, and the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In a departure from his usual repertoire, he sang "You'll Never Walk Alone" from the Broadway musical Carousel at the Berlin Live 8 concert in 2005. He was signed by Decca in 2001 and since then has released six solo recital CDs on the Decca label: Rossini Arias, which won the 2003 Cannes Classical Award; Una furtiva lagrima, which won the 2004 Cannes Classical Award; Great Tenor Arias which won the 2005 Echo Klassik award for the best arias and duets recital; Sentimiento Latino; Arias for Rubini, Bel Canto Spectacular and Gluck's Orphée et Eurydice, recorded live in May 2008. In addition to his official discography, almost all his professionally performed roles have been preserved in radio broadcasts, and many also by television. He also sang the UEFA Champions League Final Anthem in Madrid at the Santiago Bernabeu in 2010. Moving into more lyric roles, he made his debut in Massenet's Werther in Bologna in December 2016, returning to the role in Zurich in April 2017. The Diapason magazine critic described Flórez performance as a triumph, demonstrating his exemplary discipline in accent and phrasing, excellent shading and with the natural allure of a poet.Voice
Flórez's head and chest registers are perfectly integrated, with no audible break in the passaggio. The ornaments of bel canto, including the trill, are well executed, and stylistic errors such as intrusive aspirates generally avoided. The singer's mastery of coloratura, typified in his Idreno (Semiramide) and Corradino (Matilde di Shabran), has been noted by multiple critics. Awards and distinctions

Flórez has been recognized by his native country with several awards and distinctions. In May 2004, he received the Order of merit, from the Mayor of Lima; the Orden al Mérito por servicios distinguidos en el grado de Gran Cruz from President Alejandro Toledo; and was named an Honorary Professor of San Martín de Porres University. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest honor, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru, from President Alan García. He has been an Austrian Kammersänger since 2012.Flórez also appeared on the 2-sol stamp, part of a series of five stamps honouring contemporary Peruvian musicians issued on November 29, 2004. It is highly unusual for a living opera singer to have been honoured in his home country this way, particularly one so young. (Flórez was 31 at the time). (The portrait of Flórez used on the stamp was by British photographer, Trevor Leighton, and was also used for the cover of his 2003 CD Una Furtiva Lagrima.) From the classical music world he has received the Premio Abbiati 2000 (awarded by Italian critics for the best singer of the year); the Rossini d'oro; the Bellini d'oro; the Premio Aureliano Pertile; the Tamagno Prize; and the L'Opera award (Migliore Tenore) for his 2001 performance in La sonnambula at La Scala. In 2009, <mask> was nominated for the Best Classical Vocal Performance in the 52nd Grammy Awards for his album, Bel Canto Spectacular (Decca). Personal life
Flórez married German-born Australian Julia Trappe in a private civil ceremony on April 23, 2007 in Vienna.They held a religious ceremony at the Basilica Cathedral in Lima on April 5, 2008, which some of Peru's leading citizens, including President Alan García and author Mario Vargas Llosa, attended. <mask> was present at the birth of his son, Leandro, who was born in April 2011, less than an hour before his father took to the stage in Le comte Ory, broadcast live around the world from the Met. A daughter, Lucia Stella, was born in the family home in Pesaro, Italy, in January 2014. Conductor: Josep Pons, CD: Almaviva, 1999
 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Ralf Weikert CD: Live performance (1997), Nightingale Classics, 2004
 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, DVD & Blu-ray: Live performance (2005), Decca, 2005
 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Antonio Pappano, DVD: Live performance (2009), Virgin Classics, 2010
 La Cenerentola, Rossini.Conductor: Carlo Rizzi, CD: Live performance (2000), Rossini Opera Festival & Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pesaro, 2001
 La Cenerentola, Rossini. Conductor: Patrick Summers, DVD: Live performance (2008), Decca, 2009
 Le Comte Ory Rossini. Conductor: Jesus Lopez-Cobos, CD: Live performance (2003), Deutsche Grammophon, 2004
 Le Comte Ory Rossini. Conductor: Maurizio Benini, DVD: Live performance (2011), Virgin Classics, 2012
 Don Pasquale, Donizetti. Conductor: Maurizio Benini, DVD & Blu-ray: Live performance (2006), Decca, 2007
 L'Etoile du Nord, Meyerbeer. Conductor: Wladimir Jurowski, CD: Marco Polo, 1997
 Falstaff, Verdi. Conductor: Riccardo Muti, DVD: Live performance (2001), EuroArts, 2003
 La Fille du régiment, Donizetti.Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, DVD: Live performance (2005), Decca, 2006
 La Fille du régiment, Donizetti. Conductor: Bruno Campanella, DVD: Live performance (2007), Virgin Classics, 2008
 Matilde di Shabran, Rossini. Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, CD: Live performance (2004), Decca, 2006
 Matilde di Shabran, Rossini. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD: Live performance (2012), Decca Classics, 2013
 Mitridate, Mozart. Conductor: Christophe Rousset, CD: Decca, 1999
 Nina, o sia La pazza per amore, Paisiello. Conductor: Riccardo Muti, CD: Ricordi, 2000
 Orphée et Eurydice, Gluck. Conductor: Jesus Lopez-Cobos, CD: Live performance (2008), Decca, 2010
 Orphee et Eurydice, Gluck.Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD : Live performance (2018), Classart Clasic ( 2018)
 I puritani, Bellini. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca, 2010
 Rigoletto, Verdi. Conductor: Fabio Luisi, DVD: Live performance (2008), Virgin Classics, 2010
 Semiramide, Rossini. Conductor Marcello Panni, CD: Nightingale Classics, 2001
 La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Alessandro de Marchi, CD: Decca (2008)
 La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Evelino Pidò, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca (2010)
 La traviata, Verdi. Conductor: Yannick Nézet-Séguin.Streaming video: Live performance (15 December 2018), Met Opera on Demand (2019)
 Il tutore burlato, Martin y Soler. Conductor: Miguel Harth-Bedoya, CD: Bongiovanni, 1995
 Zelmira, Rossini. Conductor: Roberto Abbado, DVD & Blu-ray:  Decca, 2012

Oratorio & Sacred Music
 Cantatas Vol.2, Rossini. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2001
 Messa Solenne, Verdi. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2000
 Stabat Mater, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, CD: Agora, 1998
 Le tre ore dell'agonia del Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, Niccolò Zingarelli. Conductor: Pierangelo Pelucchi, CD: Agora, 1995

Recital
 Flórez para Chabuca (with Rubén <mask>, his father).Quadrasonic Ideas y Morrison Music & Video. Canto al Peru (with Ernesto Palacio). Piano: Samuele Pala, CD: Bongiovanni, 1997
 Rossiniana. Conductor: Manlio Benzi, CD: Agora, 1998
 Vesselina Kasarova Arias & Duets. Conductor: Arthur Fagen, CD: RCA, 1999
 Rossini Arias. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2002
 Una Furtiva Lagrima, Bellini, Donizetti. Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, CD: Decca, 2003
 Great Tenor Arias, Verdi, Gluck, Rossini.Conductor: Carlo Rizzi, CD: Decca, 2004
 Sentimiento Latino, Spanish & Latin American songs. Conductor: Miguel Harth-Bedoya, CD: Decca, 2006
 Arias for Rubini, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini. Conductor: Roberto Abbado, CD: Decca 2007
 Bel Canto Spectacular, Bellini & Donizetti arias & duets. Conductor: Daniel Oren, CD: Decca 2008
 Celebración – 2010 Opening night concert at Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, Rossini, Donizetti and Verdi arias and Latin American songs. Conductor: Gustavo Dudamel, DVD: Deutsche Grammophon 2010
 Santo, sacred songs. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, CD: Decca 2010
 L'amour, French arias.

masks:
Juan Diego Flórez
Juan Diego Flórez Salom
Flórez
Rubén Flórez
Flórez
Flórez
Flórez
Flórez
Flórez


title: Sam Woolf

texts:
<mask> (born April 19, 1996) is an American singer-songwriter from Bradenton, Florida, who finished in fifth place on the thirteenth season of American Idol. Shortly after his participation on the series, he released the EP Pretend, which reached the top ten on Billboards Heatseekers chart. Since then, he has released several non-album singles. Early life
<mask> was born on April 19, 1996, in West Bloomfield, Michigan to Mary and <mask>. His great-grandfather, <mask>, was a well-known Detroit bandleader, his uncle is composer <mask>, and pianist Kathleen Supové is his aunt (by marriage). His great-uncle, <mask>, was a musician prominent in Detroit's Jewish community. Woolf was a student at the Scotch Elementary School in West Bloomfield, but moved to North Port, Florida in 2006 when he was 9.When he was 13, his mother remarried and moved to another city in Florida, and Woolf and his older sister Emily remained in North Port with their father. Woolf and his father moved to Bradenton just prior to his second year of high school, where he attended Braden River High School. At the beginning of his junior year, he moved in with his grandparents who also live in Bradenton. Woolf's first live public performance was at his sixth grade talent show where he performed The Beatles' "Hey Jude." Woolf later became interested in music as a career, took singing lessons from an opera teacher, Bob Lischetti, and performed locally in Bradenton. He also was mentored at the Del Couch Music Education Foundation and went to Interlochen Arts Camp in Michigan for four weeks the summer after his second year of high school. In the summer of 2013, Woolf completed a five-week program at the Berklee College of Music and was selected as one of the top four songwriters for their singer showcase, where he performed an original song, "The Same."While he was in Boston, the audition for the thirteenth season of American Idol was held near Berklee College of Music and at his mother's suggestion, he decided to attend the audition. He attended Berklee College of Music, briefly, before pursuing his full time career as a singer songwriter. American Idol

Woolf auditioned in Boston, singing "Lego House" by Ed Sheeran. He sang "Waiting on the World to Change" on the first round in Hollywood, and his original composition entitled "I Tried" in the final solo of the Hollywood Round. When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in this particular night, Woolf was among the bottom 3, but was declared safe first, as Ben Briley was eliminated. When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in this particular night, Woolf was among the bottom 3, but was declared safe, as Majesty Rose was eliminated. Woolf received the lowest number of votes; however, the judges decided to use their one save of the season to allow him to remain in the competition.Due to the judges using their one save on Woolf, the top 8 remained intact for another week. Post-Idol
After his appearance on Idol, Woolf deferred for one year an offer of admissions to Berklee College of Music until fall 2015. Woolf performed nationally in the American Idol season 13 tour, then held a 'Welcome Home' concert in Bradenton, Florida at IMG Academy Stadium on September 27, 2014. He opened a similar homecoming concert for his fellow American Idol season 13 finalist, Alex Preston, at the Capitol Center For the Arts in Concord, New Hampshire on November 8, 2014, and on February 28, 2015, he performed in Lakewood Ranch, Florida's Winterfest, along with The Doobie Brothers, War, Jefferson Starship, Matt Walden and performers from the Del Couch Music Education Foundation. Woolf wrote and recorded a five-song EP, Pretend, which he self-released on December 18, 2014. The album was funded in part by crowdfunding, and was produced by Danny Blume who co-wrote some of the songs with Woolf. On September 1, 2016, Woolf released the standalone single "Stop Thinking About It", and on January 1, 2017, he released the standalone single "Fast 'n' Dirty".Music videos were released for both singles. Woolf co-wrote "Fast 'n' Dirty" with Orion Meshorer and Stephen Puthon. Explaining the song, he said, "Never in a million years did I think I'd have a song called 'Fast and Dirty'...I'd just like to say that this song/video is supposed to be a joke, in a way...don't take it seriously." On April 19, 2017, he released the standalone single "Call Me Crazy", which features Christina Galligan. Woolf co-wrote "Call Me Crazy" with Meshorer and Parker James. On August 25, 2018, he released the standalone single "You", and on August 12, 2020, he released the standalone single "Ease My Mind". Live at 89 North, a 2015 EP by the Como Brothers, features Woolf on a cover of "Hey Jude".<mask> and the Como Brothers have since continued to collaborate. In 2018, they released the single "On It" and announced an upcoming six-track EP titled Backbeat in the Morning. Leading up to the release of their EP, they have released three more tracks: "Diamonds on my Chain" in 2019, "Twisted" in January 2020, and "Coming Home" in September 2020. Backbeat in the Morning was recorded with Grammy-winning engineer Kenta Yonesaka at Germano Studios in New York City. Music videos have been released for all four songs. Woolf has opened multiple concerts for We The Kings. He has also performed at Dream Fest in Tampa, the Warwick Summer Concert Series in New York, the Boston Arts Festival, and the Riverwalk Regatta in Florida.He often performs at events, both public and private, in Florida, the Midwest, and the Northeast. Discography

Extended plays

Singles

As featured artist

American Idol digital singles

References

External links
Official site

American Idol participants
American people of Jewish descent
Living people
1996 births
21st-century American singers
People from Bradenton, Florida
People from West Bloomfield, Michigan
Singers from Florida
Singers from Detroit
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Samuel Joseph Woolf
Sam Woolf
Scott Woolf
Sammy Woolf
Randall Woolf
Mickey Woolf
Woolf


title: Edward Lazear

texts:
<mask> (, ; August 17, 1948November 23, 2020) was an American economist, the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Davies Family Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Lazear served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2006 to 2009, replacing Ben Bernanke. As Chairman, he was the chief economic advisor to President George W. Bush, holding a cabinet-level post as part of the White House team that led the response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. <mask> has been called the founder of personnel economics a subfield of economics that applies economic models to the study of the management of human resources in the firm. His research advanced new models of employee incentives, promotions, compensation and productivity in firms. He is also credited with developing a theory of entrepreneurship and leadership that emphasizes skill acquisition. In addition to personnel economics, <mask> was a labor economist known for his work on the educational production function, teaching to the test, and the importance of culture and language in explaining the rise of multiculturalism.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 17, 1948, in New York City. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, before moving to Los Altos, California. His father was a shipyard worker during World War II, and had also been a janitor at a hospital, while his mother was a salesperson at a jewelry shop. As a high school student, he worked at a hospital mailroom and was also a member of the school cross-country running team. Lazear graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, with AB and AM degrees in 1971. His wife said he struggled at first, until he took an economics course and did well. He went on to major in Economics.He received his doctorate in economics from Harvard University in 1974. <mask> began his career in 1974 at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business as an assistant professor. He went on to be the Gladys J. Brown Professor of Urban and Labor Economics from 1985 to 1992. During his time at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Nobel Prize winning economist Gary Becker and collaborated with him in adopting and applying economic tools to alternate domains. He worked here for twenty years before joining the faculty of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. At Stanford University, he was the Jack Steele Parker Professor of Human Resources Management and Economics from 1995 to 2017, and he went on to be the Davies Family Professor of Economics in 2017.He had also been the Morris A. Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1985. During his time here, he was the founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics, and the founder of the Society of Labor Economists. He served as a Research Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Center for Corporate Performance at the Copenhagen Business School in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the IZA Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn, Germany. He was the Astra-Erikkson Lecturer and the 1993 Wicksell Lecturer in Stockholm, Sweden. He had also been a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research since 1974. He had also been a visiting professor at the Center for the Study of New Institutional Economics at the University of the Saarland in Germany, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris, and at the Institutes for Advanced Study in Vienna and Jerusalem. He had also delivered lectures across Australia, England, India, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain.Since leaving his post as Chairman of the Bush Council of Economic Advisors, Lazear made regular appearances on CNBC and Fox Business News. He was a frequent contributor to the Wall Street Journal op-ed pages. Labor and personnel economics
<mask> was considered one of the pioneers of labor economics, and personnel economics, branches of economics that studies market dynamics between wages and labor. His 1995 book, Personnel Economics, was a seminal work that in addition to introducing the topic, encouraged a wave of subsequent research into labor and management relations. In a transformative paper in the American Economic Review, in 2000, he studied the relationship between incentive-based pay and productivity and concluded that a shift towards incentive-based attracted more efficient workers and contributed to an increased worker output. In a case study that examined management and workers at Safelight Glass Company, he noted that when the company moved towards a variable and incentive based pay from the earlier hourly pay, the company saw an increase in worker output and productivity by about 44%. He argued that this increase in productivity and output was not driven  by workers just working harder, but, it also included substitution of the labor force, with the company attracting and holding on to more efficient workers.In a paper earlier in his career in 1979 in the Journal of Political Economy, titled, Why is there Mandatory Retirement?, he had explored the driving motivations behind mandatory retirement. In this paper he argued that companies should adjust the payout structures to pay less during workers' younger days when their productivity is presumably higher and they are worth more to businesses, and pay more to workers in their older days. He goes on to say that while this would mean that employees would hold on to their jobs, mandatory retirement would help solve this problem. The Congress outlawed this practice in 1986. Lazear built on the lifetime payout thinking, and working with Professor Sherwin Rosen from the University of Chicago, introduced Tournament theory as a way to allocate wages and compensation where wage differences are based not on marginal productivity but instead upon relative differences between the individuals. In a paper titled Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts in Journal of Political Economy in 1981, Lazear and Rosen analyze compensation schemes in which workers' compensations are determined not by their output, but by their rank in their organization. They go on to show that in certain conditions compensation based on rank can result in efficient allocation of resources and also serve as an incentive for workers as they look to advancing through the ranks.He was a proponent of market dynamics and efficiency and argued in favor of market driven actions rather than wage guarantees like minimum wages and other governmental interventions. At the same time, he also argued that European state policies toward job stability amongst workers did not necessarily mean higher unemployment and lower productivity levels in the European labor markets. He further went on to make the case that free markets contribute to increased well-being of the poor. In an article for National Review's Capital Matters, two months prior to his death, he goes on to quote President Kennedy to state, "a rising tide lifts all boats" implying that general economic growth benefits all population. His study also found interesting findings including the fact that when a country changes its name to drop terms like "democratic,", "people's," or "socialist," there is a corresponding 18% increase in incomes of the poor. In a commentary on the job growth in 2018, when the jobless growth rate was below 4%, he had said that the Federal Reserve did not need to intervene on fears of the economy overheating, and had suggested that economists didn't need to worry if the job growth could continue much further. The job growth went on for an additional year and a half before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hit the world.Role during the financial crisis

Professor <mask> served as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors during the Financial Crisis and through the Great Recession of 2007–2009. As the chief economic advisor to President Bush, he joined the White House economic team that orchestrated the policy response to the financial crisis and that restructured the financial system. <mask>'s team developed the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 which provided the first rounds of economic stimuli intended to boost the United States economy in the face of unprecedented shocks to the financial and housing sectors. The bill was implemented rapidly: passing the U.S House of Representatives on January 29, 2008, and then the U.S Senate on February 7, 2008, to be signed into law on February 13, 2008 by President Bush with bi-partisan support. During this period it is mentioned that he was a regular at Camp David, and accompanied President George W. Bush on bike rides in the country retreat, and had been nicknamed as 'stork' by the President. Prior to serving as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, <mask> was a member of President Bush's President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform, established in 2005. He had  worked with nine other members on reforms to the Internal Revenue Code to provide policy options without impacting the revenue collections.Other research

Educational production
In a paper in 2001, in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Lazear introduced the idea of an education production function in a classroom. He stated that an optimal classroom size is larger for well behaved students, with the argument that classrooms had a public good element to them and when one student disrupts the class, learning is reduced for all students. He introduces an educational production function that maps student discipline to class size and says that this may explain why Catholic schools despite their larger sizes might outperform public schools. Lazear also studied high-stakes testing, and educator fears that high-stakes testing will incentivize students to focus on learning to the tests at the cost of not learning aspects that are less likely to be included in the tests. In a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 2006, he compares this to deterrents that deter drivers from speeding, and emphasizes the costs of learning and of monitoring. When police locations are mentioned to drivers on a freeway, speeding occurrences are reduced. So, when the fines from speeding tickets are higher relative to benefits from speeding and there are sufficient police personnel, it is better to keep the locations a secret, resulting in higher compliance levels across all locations.Similarly, with the introduction of costs of learning and costs of monitoring, he goes on to say that high cost learners will learn more when they are told of the contents of the exam. He further goes on to make a case that tests should be well defined for younger students and more amorphous for advanced students. Culture and language
Lazear also attempted to study the rise of multiculturalism and linked it to the importance of the linkages between culture and language to the overall population. In a paper in the Journal of Political Economy, he considers culture and language as means to facilitate trade between people and goes on to state that minority populations have incentives to be better assimilated to the larger society and learn the majority language and cultural elements so as to have a larger pool of potential trading partners. Assimilation is less likely when the incoming population's culture and language is broadly represented in the larger society. He goes on to say that in a pluralistic society, governmental actions that encourage diverse cultural-immigration over concentrated immigration can increase societal welfare. Entrepreneurship and skill acquisition
Attempting to identify attributes that enable entrepreneurship, Lazear drew a correlation between successful entrepreneurs and skill acquisition.In a paper in the Journal of Labor Economics in 2005, he states that successful entrepreneurs would need to be broad based in their skills or 'jacks-of-all-trades,' rather than excelling in any one specific skill. With data from Stanford alumni, he draws a correlation between students who have had a diverse work and educational backgrounds being more likely to be successful entrepreneurs than those who have focused on one role or on one subject. Awards and recognition
<mask> won a number of awards over his career. Among those are:
1994 Distinguished Teaching Award, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
 1998 Leo Melamed Biennial Prize, for the best research by a business school professor. 2003 Adam Smith Prize, European Association of Labor Economists. 2004 IZA Prize in Labor Economics, Institute for the Study of Labor. 2006 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics.2019 Elected Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. His book, Personnel Economics (MIT Press, 1995) was selected as a MIT Press Outstanding Book in 1996, and as one of the ten most important books in Labor Economics by Princeton in 1996. Professor Lazear had also received honorary degrees from Albertson College of Idaho (1997), Aarhus School of Business (2006), the University of Zurich (2010), and Copenhagen Business School (2013). Lazear was an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Econometric Society, and the Society of Labor Economists. He had also been the recipient of numerous National Science Foundation grants. Personal life
Lazear was married to his wife Victoria, a litigation consultant, and had a daughter. He was known to enjoy outdoor activities, and was an avid traveler, skier and mountain biker.<mask> died from pancreatic cancer on November 23, 2020. Publications

Books
 Chapter-preview links. Description and preview. <mask>, <mask> et al., ed. (2004). Personnel Economics, Elgar, with 43 articles dating from 1962 to 2000 (link to contents link here). Articles/research papers
 <mask>, <mask>. (1979)."Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?" Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp. 1261-1284. <mask>, <mask>., and Sherwin Rosen (1981). "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), pp. 841-864. <mask>, <mask>. (1986)."Salaries and Piece Rates," Journal of Business, 59(3), pp. 405-431. <mask>, <mask>.  (1999). "Personnel Economics: Past Lessons and Future Directions," Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2), p. 233 [pp. 199-236. (Presidential address to the Society of Labor Economists.) <mask>, <mask>.  (2000a)."Economic Imperialism," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146. <mask>, <mask>.  (2000b). "The Future of Personnel Economics," Economic Journal, 110(467), pp. F611-F639. <mask>, <mask>.  (2000c). "Performance Pay and Productivity," American Economic Review, 90(5), pp.1346-1361. <mask>, <mask>., and Kathryn L. Shaw (2007). "Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(4), pp. 91-114. <mask>, <mask>, P. (2008). "personnel economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 6, pp. 380–84].Abstract. References

External links
 <mask>'s personal homepage. <mask>'s Hoover Institute bio. 1948 births
2020 deaths
Writers from New York City
21st-century American economists
George W. Bush administration personnel
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Harvard University alumni
Labor economists
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
National Bureau of Economic Research
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers

masks:
Edward Paul Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Career Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Lazear
Edward
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward P
Lazear
Edward
Edward Lazear
Lazear


title: Franz Ziegler

texts:
<mask> (3 February 1803 – 1 October 1876) was a lawyer, politician and writer. In 1848 he was a member of the Prussian National Assembly that emerged as part of the democratic revolutionary movement of the time, and in 1849 he was sentenced to a prison term because of his support for a motion of refusal to pay a supplementary tax to fund military expansion. As the Prussian state moved hesitantly towards a version of parliamentary democracy, <mask> sat as a member of parliament. He was an early member of the Progressive Party, but differed with it in 1866 over the issue of war with Austria. <mask> was born in Warchau, at that time a hamlet separated by a series of marshes and lakes from Brandenburg an der Havel nearby. He was the thirteenth recorded child of the local Protestant minister. He attended secondary school at Brandenburg and went on to study Jurisprudence (Law) at Halle, qualifying and then working as a lawyer.In 1839 or 1840, on the recommendation of the town council, the king appointed <mask> to the office of Lord Mayor of Brandenburg. He proved a superb organiser, displaying perhaps the greatest administrative talent of any state officer in Prussia. As Lord Mayor he lost little time in issuing a set of guidelines and protocols on how the municipal officials and councillors should conduct their work, setting out clear divisions between different areas of responsibility, and rules for the timely implementation of duties. By streamlining the municipal police force he restored much needed order on the streets. He implemented national strategy by setting up a "Forced Labour Institution" (a so-called "poor house"), and through strict supervision of the work-shy he succeeded in clearing the streets of beggars and whores. He then turned his attention to sorting out the municipal finances. His reforms of municipal taxation included the first imposition in German of a progressive income tax and earned him denunciations and enduring enmity from members of the town council.From collection of the simplified municipal income tax he was able to finance a communal system of poor relief. In 1844 <mask> became the first Lord Mayor in Prussia to publish municipal budgets, giving rise to the possibility of a certain level of public verification. This made the municipal administration accountable to the people on whose behalf it operated. The first open meeting of the town council took place at Ziegler's instigation on 11 February 1848, enabling the councillors to interact with members of the public. In 1848 <mask> was a member of the short-lived Prussian National Assembly, and in 1849 he was elected to the second chamber of the Prussian House of Representatives (as the second chamber of the country's new parliament later came to be known), where for most purposes he occupied a position on the moderate left. There were two members representing the Brandenburg constituency:  <mask> was one and the other was the future Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. As a member of the second chamber in 1849 <mask> voted in support of "taxation rejection".Context for the vote involved a liberal majority in the Second Chamber refusing to vote for a supplementary income tax which the king wished to levy in order to fund increased military spending in the wake of the 1848 revolutions, the democratising impact of which he was keen to restrict. Despite being rejected by the vote in the assembly, the supplementary tax was levied anyway, and the subservience of the new parliament was thereby asserted. Further demonstration of government supremacy came when <mask> was charged with High treason and Sedition. Even though a majority in the assembly had voted down the supplementary tax, <mask> was the only assembly member to face indictment, apparently because he had been the one who had proposed the motion rejecting the tax. He was convicted, deprived of his public offices, and sentenced to a prison term which he served in Magdeburg. The terms of his sentence also included exclusion from his home region, the voting district of Brandenburg for a further year following his release, and accordingly he now moved to Berlin where through hard work he was able to restore his fortunes. He also became a writer, publishing poems as well as books on social and political themes.It was only in 1855 that he was able to return to his family in Brandenburg. An amnesty in 1861 opened the way for a resumption of his career in politics, and between 1865 and 1870 <mask> was back as a member of the Prussian House of Representatives, this time representing Breslau. In August 1867 he was elected to the Reichstag of the newly established North German Confederation, representing Breslau-West on behalf of the Progressive Party. In 1866 he found himself at odds with the mainstream party over his support for the war with Austria. He was not one of those who formally broke away from the party, but after this his conduct in the Reichstag was increasingly independent, while his contributions were chiefly on matters such as taxation which, within the party, were relatively uncontentious. Following unification, in 1871 and again in 1874 he was re-elected to the Reichstag, still as a Progressive Party member representing Breslau-West. Family
Sources mention that <mask> had a wife and family, but are for the most part silent on their names.The exception is his daughter <mask> von Béguelin (1828–1892) who, following her brief marriage, became a published author herself. She expended time and energy trying to persuade someone with the appropriate political insights to produce a biography of her father, but she was unsuccessful. She did, however, have a 260-page book of his principal speeches published. References

1803 births
1876 deaths
People from Potsdam-Mittelmark
People from the Duchy of Magdeburg
German Protestants
German Progress Party politicians
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Members of the 1st Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 2nd Reichstag of the German Empire
Politicians from Brandenburg
19th-century German lawyers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers

masks:
Franz Wilhelm Ziegler
Ziegler
Life Ziegler
Ziegler
Franz Ziegler
Ziegler
Ziegler
Ziegler
Franz Ziegler
Ziegler
Ziegler
Franz Ziegler
Franziska


title: Les Otten

texts:
<mask>. "<mask>" <mask> (born 1949) is the former CEO of the American Skiing Company. Since resigning as chief executive officer in 2001, <mask> has been involved in numerous other businesses and industries, including Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he received his early education. He graduated high school from the Hun School of Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey in 1967 and was named an Alumnus of the Year in 1999. <mask> received a B.S. in Business Administration from Ithaca College in 1971, after which he worked for Killington and Sunday River ski resorts.In 1980 he purchased Sunday River, and his company, LBO Resort Enterprises, grew by acquiring Sugarbush, Attitash Bear Peak, and Cranmore

Ski industry career
<mask> started his career at Killington Ski Resort in Vermont in 1971. In 1973, at the age of 23, <mask> was named ski operation manager of Sunday River in Newry, Maine. In 1980 <mask> purchased Sunday River. In 1989, <mask> was named Inc. Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year, Turnaround Category. In 1995 he formed American Skiing Company by acquiring S-K-I, and this expanded his resorts to include Killington, Mount Snow, Haystack, Waterville Valley, and Sugarloaf/USA. He was forced to divest his interests in Waterville Valley and Cranmore but went on to buy Pico Peak in Vermont. Under <mask>, American Skiing Company invested heavily in marketing and infrastructure.While these investments are credited with major turnaround and growth, they overleveraged the company. A later bailout by an investment firm ultimately caused him to leave day-to-day operations while remaining on the Board of Directors. <mask> resigned this position on February 26, 2007, effective immediately, to pursue other options. The Boston Globe reported "I leave the board with mixed feelings," <mask> said. "It's been a pleasure to serve and help guide the Company and I wish everyone well. I truly enjoyed my tenure with the board, but now it's time to look at other options." In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the Maine Ski Hall of Fame.Boston Red Sox

From 2002 through 2007, <mask> was vice chairman and minority partner of the Boston Red Sox American Major League Baseball franchise. In 2004, the Red Sox won their first World Series Championship since 1918 while <mask> was part of the ownership group. Maine Energy Systems
In 2008, <mask> and two other partners started Maine Energy Systems, whose stated goal is to support a transition to the use of renewable energy for homes and businesses. The company originated from a series of informal seminars organized by <mask> in 2007, where he assembled experts in various fields of energy to biweekly meetings. The meetings were broadly focused to allow for highly speculative thinking about Maine's economy and energy usage. The group settled on a strategy that would involve the conversion of a significant proportion of the central home heating systems in Maine from oil to renewable fuel sources. The conversion to renewable fuels is expected to significantly cut long term heating costs in homes and businesses.The production of the fuel from Maine forests would also employ many Maine workers and keep the money spent on home heating in Maine. To implement the solution, <mask>, Dutch Dresser, and Bill Strauss formed Maine Energy Systems, LLC. In January 2009, Maine Energy Systems was recognized by Senator Olympia Snowe (R – ME) as a small business that is using technology and innovative thinking to help solve our nation's energy crisis and keep Mainers warm during the lengthy winter. Senator Snowe commented that Maine Energy Systems is at the vanguard of the "green" product revolution, creating a product that is beneficial to the environment, saves consumers money, and produces profits and jobs. <mask> is a past President of the Maine Pellet Fuels Association. FutureMetrics
<mask> is an early investor in the consultancy FutureMetrics. FutureMetrics' team are leading experts in the wood pellet manufacturing sector.Other ventures
<mask> is currently involved in a number of ventures including Cartera Commerce (provides online shopping for loyalty programs) and Sports Vision Technologies (produces P3ProSwing, a golf swing analyzer and golf simulator). He is current board chairman for the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness in Portland, Maine. The Center provides disabilities awareness education in schools, for prospective educators, and in workplaces. <mask> is involved in several other businesses in Maine, including the Phoenix House and Well restaurant in Newry, Colony Development Company in Bethel and Sports Vision Technologies in Bethel and Portland. Sports Vision Technologies currently employees nearly a dozen people that live in Maine. Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force
In 2008, <mask> was asked by Maine Governor John Baldacci to chair the Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force which was charged with finding ways to reduce the state's reliance on foreign oil and stimulate Maine's economy by developing renewable sources of energy made in Maine, by Maine businesses, for Maine people. The initiative sought to capitalize on opportunities to convert public buildings to wood biomass heat; encourage homeowners to switch from oil heat to heat from renewable energy sources; and, promote Maine-grown alternative energy industries.This Wood-to-Energy Task Force reported that Maine is the most heating oil dependent state in the country with 440,000 households consuming an average of 900 gallons of heating oil a year. At a July 2008 price of $4.64 a gallon that amounts to $4,100 per Maine household. The Task Force concluded that wood-to-energy can lower the cost of home heating approximately 25 to 50% of the cost of No. 2 heating oil. Maine Handicapped Skiing
Otten founded Maine Handicapped Skiing with Omar D. "Chip" Crothers, M.D. to ensure access to and participation in the recreational sports that are integral to a well-rounded life for every person. Maine Handicapped Skiing is the largest year-round adaptive recreation program east of the Mississippi for adults and children with physical disabilities.From Veterans No Boundaries to children with cerebral palsy, Maine Handicapped Skiing helps a wide spectrum of Mainers. In 2013 Maine Handicapped Skiing changed its name to Maine Adaptive Sports and Recreation. Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness

Otten is currently serving as chairman of the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness, an organization dedicated to ensuring that people with all types of disabilities are afforded the same dignity, inclusion, and respect that every person deserves as a birthright. <mask> was honored as the Cromwell Center Person of the Year for 2009. Western Mountains Alliance
In 1987, <mask> was part of a group of civic-minded individuals from across western Maine who came together to form the Western Mountains Alliance in order to seek a sustainable development strategy for western Maine, a region struggling with long-term economic decline. <mask> acted as first chairman of the Western Mountains Alliance. Maine Chamber Alliance
In 1990, <mask> co-founded and served as the first chairman of the Economic Environmental Council of Maine, which merged with the Maine Chamber to become the Maine Chamber Alliance, where <mask> also served as the first chair of that organization.The goal of these organizations was to create an environment where the needs of the paper industry could find middle ground with the environmental concerns of Maine citizens. Portland Museum of Art
<mask> is past chairman and current Board of Trustees member of the Portland Museum of Art, since the collection put together by his father, the former German steel magnate <mask> (in German: <mask>), is hosted there. <mask> became owner of Albot Industries in New Jersey when he had to emigrate from Germany. Project Opportunity
In 1988 <mask> started Project Opportunity in Bethel by donating the initial grant and creating its goal of helping late bloomers. Project Opportunity is a unique Grant and Scholarship Program benefitting Telstar Regional High School students. From the generous donations Project Opportunity has received, students have been able to attend colleges throughout the United States as well experience educational trips throughout the World. Political career
<mask> is a former candidate for Governor of Maine in the 2010 election.On October 19, 2009, <mask> formally announced his candidacy for the Republican gubernatorial primary in the 2010 election. In his announcement speech, <mask> emphasized the need for Maine to create jobs, lower taxes, prepare its students for the global economy and take control of its energy future. On June 22, 2009, after months of speculation, word broke that <mask> will announce the formation of an exploratory committee for a potential bid for Governor of Maine on June 29. <mask> is running as a Republican. The campaign was criticized by the Maine Democratic Party for allegedly copying President Barack Obama's famous "O" insignia and website layout from the 2008 presidential election cycle. A statement from <mask>'s website claims that it was actually the Obama campaign who first "copied" the logo from the new Pepsi logo. This claim was too refuted, as the Obama "O" was first used months before Pepsi revamped their logo.Counting among his campaign staff is Christian Potholm, a Maine political consultant that helped Democratic Governor John Baldacci defeat Republican candidate Chandler Woodcock in 2006. Potholm is Professor of Government at Bowdoin College who has authored several books on Maine politics including, Maine: The Dynamics of Political Change, This Splendid Game: Maine Campaigns and Elections, 1940–2002 and An Insider's Guide to Maine Politics:1946–1996. William J. Ryan, Chairman, President and CEO of TD Banknorth Group, Inc. served as Treasurer of the Exploratory Committee for <mask>'s potential bid for Governor of Maine in 2010. After the official announcement of the formal campaign, Bruce Chalmers, President of Chalmers Insurance Group in Bridgton, Maine took over as Campaign Treasurer. He confirmed in 2020 that he will vote for Joe Biden, even though he is a Republican. Balsams Resort rebuilding
On February 28, 2016, The Boston Globe reported that <mask> had purchased part of the now-closed Balsams Resort in Dixville Notch, New Hampshire. According to the article, <mask> plans to spend over $100 million to renovate and rebuild the resort with the goal of turning it into a four seasons destination.When finished, the skiing area would be the largest in New England, with 2,200 acres of skiable terrain. Personal life and family
<mask> lives in Dixville Notch, NH. He raised three children. References

External links
 <mask> for Governor (official web site) (2009 archived copy)
 Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness
 Maine Energy Systems
 FutureMetrics
 Phoenix House and Well
 The Colony Development
 Cartera Commerce
 P3ProSwing

1949 births
Living people
Boston Red Sox owners
Boston Red Sox executives
Businesspeople from Maine
Hun School of Princeton alumni
Ithaca College alumni
Maine Republicans
People from Greenwood, Maine
People from Teaneck, New Jersey

masks:
Leslie B
Les
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Les Otten
Les Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Albert Otten
Albert Ottenheimer
Al Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Otten
Les Otten


title: Mahmud II of Johor

texts:
Paduka Sri Sultan <mask>hum Sultan Ibrahim Syah (1675 or 1680 – 1699) was the Sultan of Johor, Pahang and Lingga (1685 – 3 September 1699). As he was young upon assumption of the throne, regents oversaw the affairs of state in Johor until the death of the Bendahara, a high official, in 1697. Upon assuming duties as sultan, <mask> II undermined stability in the state due to his erratic behavior. As a result, he was murdered by members of his advisory council in 1699. The death of the Johor sultan led to a period of upheaval and chaos in the southern Melaka Straits, as successors jockeyed for control of the state. Life
The birth year of <mask> is uncertain. Many sources report that he was born in 1675, while other state that it more likely closer to 1680.Much of this is obscured due to the circumstances of his rule and death. <mask> Syah <mask> became sultan in 1685, following the death of his father Ibrahim Syah, who had overseen an expansion of territorial control and economic prosperity of the state of Johor until it encompassed much of the southern reaches of the Melaka Straits and the Malay Peninsula as well as eastern Sumatra. As <mask> Syah was a young child at the time, the state operated under the joint regency of his mother and the Bendahara Paduka Raja until the death of the latter (27 July 1697). <mask> Syah <mask> then took on all official duties as sultan. The reign of Sultan <mask> Syah II was disastrous. He was erratic and – according to contemporary European trade company sources as well as local texts – exhibited a "cruel nature" leading the state to be described as "ungovernable." Much of this was exhibited in sadistic behavior.Local texts contain references to the sultan being violent towards women, even ordering their execution for minor offences. The Scottish country trader Alexander Hamilton vividly recorded several incidents, including the discharge of a firearm into a servant to test its efficacy, which further supports these larger accounts. This behavior threatened the well-being of the state, as traders and merchants began avoiding the main port. The economic turmoil that ensued, combined with violence directed toward women related to the Orang Kaya oligarchy, led high officials of the state to decide to act collectively against the sultan. Death of Sultan <mask> II
By August 1699 the Orang Kaya enacted a plan to eliminate Sultan Mahmud. According to both European and local texts, the various officials of state descended upon the young sultan and stabbed him to death in masse. Many later accounts claim this occurred when <mask> II was making his way to the royal mosque, while others describe it as occurring in the market.According to VOC (Dutch United East India Company) reports, the naked corpse was dragged to the Bendahara's residence, where it lay exposed until late afternoon. Later that night the body of Sultan <mask> II was wrapped in cloth, taken away and buried with little ceremony. His grave still exists in a village near Kota Tinggi in Johor, which is still known today as Kampung Makam (Village of the Tomb). Aftermath of his murder
The regicide of Sultan <mask> Syah II created a crisis in the Johor state as he was considered to be the last in line of a dynasty of the Sultanate of Johor (founded by his grandfather, Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat <mask>) descended from the line of rulers of Johor-Melaka-Srivijaya. After the murder, the Bendahara (chief minister) Abdul Jalil declared himself the next Sultan of Johor. Over the next two decades, the Bendahara dynasty had difficulty gaining support, leading to attempts from communities living in peripheral areas under Johor control to exert their own sovereignty. By 1718, a usurper from eastern Sumatra known as Raja Kecil, and claiming to be the son of <mask> Syah <mask>, attacked Johor with the support of Orang Laut and a variety of diverse ethnic groups.Following four years of chaotic rule, Raja Kecil retreated to eastern Sumatra, where he founded the Siak Sultanate in 1722, and descendants of the Bendahara sultan returned to power under a new arrangement with Bugis mercenaries, thus laying the foundation for the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate. <mask> <mask> in Malay legend and historiography
As he was the last ruler of dynasty descended from the Sultans of Melaka (Malacca), and regicide was an unimaginable act in Malay culture, the murder of Sultan <mask> Syah II created numerous difficulties for the society. Legends, tales, and alternative accounts quickly sprang up, mainly to reduce the complicity of the ruling elite in his death. Among the most popularly accepted retellings of these events placed blame for the regicide on one official, Laksamana Megat Sri Rama (hailing from Bintan), who was supposedly motivated by the execution of his own wife for a minor offense. Enraged by this injustice, Megat Sri Rama attacked the sultan while he was being carried to Friday prayers, resulting in the common appellation "Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang," in remembrance of the way he was killed (mangkat being the Malay word referring specifically to a royal death) while being carried (dijulang) in a royal litter or dais. This tale was recreated in court texts for the next two centuries, particularly in the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Siak. As Sultan <mask> Syah II was childless at the time of his death, other legends arose related to Raja Kecil, who claimed that he was conceived in a supernatural manner on the eve of the murder.Although Raja Kecil already had adult children at the time of his attack upon the Johor state in 1718, his use of this legend in eastern Sumatra enabled him to attract followers hoping to continue the legacy of traditional Johor rulers and revenge the murder of a spiritually powerful ruler. The supposed connection between Raja Kecil and Sultan <mask> Syah <mask> was subsequently used to legitimatize the Siak Sultanate, which Raja Kecil founded in 1722, as a Malay state. The legend of Sultan <mask> Syah II become the subject matter for popular culture texts in the 1950s and 1960s, including the 1961 film Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang directed by K.M. Basker starring M. Amin as the Sultan. References

Sultans of Johor
1675 births
1699 deaths
17th-century Sultans of Pahang
Child rulers from Asia
17th-century murdered monarchs
17th-century monarchs in Asia

masks:
Mahmud Syah II ibni al Mar
Mahmud Syah
Mahmud Syah II
Mahmud
II
Mahmud
Mahmud
II
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
Shah II
Sultan Mahmud
II
Mahmud
II
Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
II
Mahmud


title: Charley Crockett

texts:
<mask> (born 1984) is an American blues, country and Americana singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He has released nine  albums since 2015, with Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaking at number 11 on the US Billboard Blues Albums chart. In 2020, <mask> released his eighth album titled Welcome to Hard Times. In 2021, <mask> released his next album titled 10 for Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand a tribute album, to James "Slim" Hand, and released his tenth album Music City USA, on September 17, 2021. Early life
A distant relative of <mask>, <mask> was born in San Benito, Texas, United States. The son of a single mother with an older brother and sister, <mask> was raised in a trailer park in Los Fresnos, Texas.His mother relocated the family to Dallas, and <mask> spent the summer months with his uncle, who lived in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Upon leaving high school, at the age of 17 <mask> decided to travel with his guitar, acquired by his mother from a pawn shop. <mask> noted "I taught myself how to play and started to write songs immediately, without any chord knowledge or anything. I didn't know what key I was in for 12 years, but my ear was really good, and I could play in any key and any chord. I just didn't know what it was." His early musical influences came from hearing hip hop, and became fascinated with the samples used. <mask> said "I got into Curtis Mayfield through samples of his songs by other artists, and Nina Simone was through a sample.Even J. Cole, I was listening to a song of his ("Kenny Lofton"), and it was based on the sample from the Manhattans version of "Hurt". <mask> played music on the streets in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Deep Ellum, Dallas as a teenager. Later he traveled further afield by hitchhiking and riding freight, before by 2009 busking in New York City. As he improved his performing, <mask> organized a street band called the Trainrobbers, which caught the attention of a Manhattan-based representative for Sony Music. She signed the 26 years old <mask> to a two-year management contract, although he rejected a publishing deal. Eventually tired of life on the streets and the pending expiry of the contract, <mask> relocated to Northern California, where he combined working on farms and communes with performing for three more years. <mask> then existed on the streets in Paris, France, for a year, and briefly lived in Spain and Morocco.During these years, <mask> struggled to stay on the right side of the law. In the US, he sold weed to get by, at one point working the harvest in clandestine marijuana field in the northwest, and was arrested for possession in 2014. He was convicted of a felony crime twice. Music provided the way out. <mask> noted later, "People think my story is far-fetched, but the thing is, I've toned it down." Career
In 2015, <mask> returned to Texas and after settling in Dallas, self-released his debut album, A Stolen Jewel, in May. It landed him the Dallas Observer Music Award for 'Best Blues Act'.The lo-fi collection contained a cover of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Juanita." <mask> also befriended Leon Bridges at this time, before <mask> released a blues dominated album, In The Night, in 2016. In The Night contained a selection of <mask> penned numbers, along with a cover of his hometown hero Freddy Fender's "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights". Fort Worth Star-Telegram called In The Night "an impressive calling card, full of <mask>'s plaintive soulfulness and swinging tempos". <mask> spent the next year touring to promote his work, playing over 125 shows in total. He toured with the Turnpike Troubadours, Lucero, Shinyribs, Samantha Fish, and Old 97's, among others. After relocating to Austin, Texas, <mask>'s next release was a collection of covers of country songs, Lil G.L.'s Honky Tonk Jubilee (2017), which was issued on Thirty Tigers. Tracks included the Roy Acuff penned "Night Train to Memphis", Tanya Tucker’s "The Jamestown Ferry" plus Hank Williams' "Honky Tonkin'", all incorporating <mask>'s clipped, hiccuped Texan drawl. Other tracks on the album were originally recorded by Ernest Tubb, Loretta Lynn, and Webb Pierce ("I Ain't Never"). In 2018, he released Lonesome as a Shadow, a collection of purely original songs. It was recorded at Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and produced by Matt Ross-Spang. The opening track, "I Wanna Cry" was written for his sister who had died from a methamphetamine overdose. The album was dedicated to Henry "Ragtime Texas" Thomas.Following its April release date, <mask> toured again backed by his band the Blue Drifters. His dates included venues such as the House of Blues in Houston, Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club, The Mint in Los Angeles and The Fillmore in San Francisco. In addition, he performed at festival dates such as the Wheatland Music Festival, Portland, Oregon's Pickathon and Austin City Limits Music Festival. In late 2018, <mask> issued Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza. <mask> noted that "Lil G.L. is my side name, like Hank [Williams] had Luke the Drifter.I use it for all my side projects and cover projects". He explained the moniker was given to him by a local blues drummer, Jay Moeller, in reference to the obscure R&B singer G. L<mask>. AllMusic stated "Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza is a companion of sorts to <mask>'s 2017 Lil G.L. 's Honky Tonk Jubilee". The album was primarily another compilation of cover versions, although <mask>'s definition of the blues encompasses tracks including Jimmy Reed's "Bright Lights, Big City"; Tom T. Hall's "That's How I Got to Memphis" and Danny O'Keefe's "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues". In addition, Crockett covered work made in the past by Ernest Tubb, George Jones, and T-Bone Walker.Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaked at number 10 in the Billboard Blues Albums chart. In early January 2019, <mask> underwent open-heart surgery. Pre-assessments for the surgery exposed that <mask> had a congenital heart condition where his heart had two out of three aortic valve flaps fused together, leading to Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

<mask> released The Valley on September 20, 2019. The album features the single "Borrowed Time", which was co-written with Evan Felker of Turnpike Troubadours. Field Recordings Vol. 1 was released on April 3, 2020 and is a collection of 30 lo-fi covers and originals recorded in Mendocino County, California.<mask> released his eighth album Welcome to Hard Times on July 31, 2020. It was produced by Mark Neill and includes songwriting contributions from The Black Keys' Dan Auerbach and singer/songwriter Pat McLaughlin. The album followed a life-threatening health scare in which he was diagnosed with a congenital heart condition that required heart surgery. It received glowing reviews, including American Songwriter who raved "<mask> finds the sweet spot between country, soul, blues and folk on deceptively modest songs, effortless in their easy-going groove," while Texas Monthly stated, "<mask> makes a beeline for the album's central theme: wily survival in a socially, politically, and economically rigged system." On February 26, 2021, <mask> released his next album, titled 10 For Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand, a tribute album to James "Slim" Hand. It was met with critical acclaim from Rolling Stone, The Boot, Austin American-Statesman, Forbes, Saving Country Music, and American Songwriter among others. In July 2021, <mask> announced his tenth album Music City USA which was released on September 17, 2021 via Son of Davy/Thirty Tigers, and shared the lead single "I Need Your Love."Brooklyn Vegan called it "a sweet and sultry slice of southern soul" while The Boot called it "a dose of horn-filled soul." Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
Official website

1984 births
Living people
People from San Benito, Texas
American blues singers
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American country guitarists
Americana musicians
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
African-American male songwriters
Country musicians from Texas
Davy Crockett
American people of Jewish descent
Cajun guitarists
American people of Creole descent
African-American country musicians
African-American guitarists
Jewish singers
African-American Jews
Jewish American songwriters
21st-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana

masks:
Charley Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Charley Crockett
Davy Crockett
Charley
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
. Crockett
Charley Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Crockett
Charley Crockett
Crockett