title: Cui Zhaowei

texts:
<mask> (崔昭緯) (d. 896), courtesy name Yunyao (蘊曜), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong. According to traditional histories, he was disloyal to Emperor Zhaozong and manipulated the court scene by conspiring with the eunuchs and the warlords Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). After Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) defeated Wang and forced LI Maozhen into submission, Emperor Zhaozong exiled <mask> and later had him executed. Background
It is not known when <mask> clan of Qinghe, which was descended from the Spring and Autumn period state Qi; and the table of the chancellors' family trees in the New Book of Tang further traced him specifically to the "Southern Ancestor" branch of the clan, which included officials of Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin Dynasty (266–420), Later Zhao, Liu Song, Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Tang Dynasty. According to <mask>'s biography in the Old Book of Tang, his grandfather <mask> (崔庇) served as a county sheriff, while his father <mask> (崔巘) served as the governor of Eyue Circuit (鄂岳, headquartered in modern Wuhan, Hubei), but the table of the chancellors' family trees in the New Book of Tang do not describe <mask> and Cui Yan as having those offices, and Cui <mask>'s biography in the New Book of Tang omitted references to them altogether. Cui Zhaowei had at least two older brothers, Cui Zhaofu (崔昭符) and Cui Zhaoyuan (崔昭原), and at least one younger brother, Cui Zhaoju (崔昭矩).Apparently at some point prior to the reign of Emperor Zhaozong, <mask> <mask> passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi (進士) class. During Emperor Zhaozong's reign, he served (unclear if successively or concurrently) as Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng); imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi); and deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang). In 891, in the aftermaths of an imperial defeat in a campaign against the warlord Li Keyong the military governor (Jiedushi) of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), the chancellors Zhang Jun and Kong Wei, who were the main proponents of the campaign, were removed from their offices, and <mask>, who was at that time the chief imperial scholar (翰林學士承旨, Hanlin Xueshi Chengzhi) and deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang), was made a chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), along with Xu Yanruo. As chancellor
It was said that, as a chancellor, <mask> <mask> was treacherous and jealous of others with seniority or ability. He formed alliances with eunuchs and nearby warlords to further enhance his power at the imperial court. He was particularly in close communications with Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit and Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit, two warlords who were geographically close to the imperial capital Chang'an. Thus, when Emperor Zhaozong began to plan a campaign against Li and Wang in 893 and put the chancellor Du Rangneng in charge of planning the campaign, it was said that whatever Du said in the morning would be found out by the two warlords in the evening.Later in the year, when Emperor Zhaozong commissioned Xu Yanruo as the military governor of Fengxiang to try to replace Li and commissioned Li Sizhou (李嗣周) the Prince of Qin as the commander of an imperial army to try to escort Xu to Fengxiang, Li Maozhen and Wang resisted and defeated Li Sizhou. At <mask>'s instigation, the two military governors then marched on the capital. <mask>, who was jealous of Du, informed them that the campaign was Du's idea, and at their insistence Emperor Zhaozong was forced to order Du to commit suicide and kill the eunuchs Ximen Junsui (西門君遂), Li Zhoutong (李周潼), and Duan Xu (段詡), who were also considered proponents of the campaign. It was said that from this point on, Emperor Zhaozong could no longer rule independently of Li Maozhen and Wang, due to the close connection between <mask> and the two warlords — in particular, if there were any proposals by other chancellors that <mask> opposed, <mask> would have his clansman <mask> Ting (崔鋌), who served on Wang's staff, inform Wang, and have Wang Chao (王超), who served on Li Maozhen's staff, inform Li Maozhen. The two warlords would then submit petitions opposing the proposals, and if Emperor Zhaozong even hesitated at rescinding the proposals, they would next submit petitions threatening the emperor. Meanwhile, in 893, at <mask>'s recommendation, his distant relative <mask> Yin (a son of the deceased chancellor <mask> Shenyou) was made a chancellor as well. Later in 893, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), requested that the directorate of the salt and iron monopolies be relocated to his headquarters at Bian Prefecture (汴州).<mask>, citing the fact that Zhu had just recently dealt major defeats to Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and Zhu Xuan the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and arguing that allowing Zhu Quanzhong to hold the directorate would make him impossible to control, opposed. Emperor Zhaozong agreed and issued an edict declining Zhu Quanzhong's proposal. In 894, Emperor Zhaozong was set to make then-chief imperial scholar Li Xi, from whom he learned writing, a chancellor. As the edict naming Li Xi chancellor was being read, the official Liu Chonglu (劉崇魯), at <mask>'s instigation — as <mask> was fearful that Li Xi would divert power from him as co-chancellor — stepped out of his place at the imperial meeting, grabbed the edict, and began to weep, claiming that Li Xi was a wicked man who associated with the eunuch Yang Fugong and Ximen. Emperor Zhaozong, faced with this unprecedented display, was forced to put off naming Li Xi chancellor, and in fact for a time demoted Li Xi to the honorary post of advisor to the Crown Prince. However, in 895, Emperor Zhaozong named Li Xi chancellor anyway. Displeased with this development, <mask> had <mask> Ting, who had become Wang Xingyu's deputy military governor by this point, inform Wang that Li Xi and fellow chancellor Wei Zhaodu were part of the emperor's faction against him and Li Maozhen.Wang and Li Maozhen therefore repeatedly submitted petitions objecting to Li Xi's chancellorship; Emperor Zhaozong was thereafter forced to remove Li Xi again. That, however, did not placate Li Maozhen and Wang, who were also displeased that Emperor Zhaozong was accepting Li Keyong's proposal to have, after the death of Wang Chongying the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), Wang Chongying's nephew Wang Ke (Li Keyong's son-in-law) succeed Wang Chongying, rather than Wang Chongying's son Wang Gong, who was allied with Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu. They marched on the capital again along with a third ally, Han Jian the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), and they executed Li Xi and Wei over Emperor Zhaozong's protest. In reaction to Li Xi's and Wei's deaths, Li Keyong launched an army and headed for Chang'an, preparing to attack Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han. Subsequently, a rift developed between Li Maozhen and Wang, as both wanted to take Emperor Zhaozong to his circuit. Emperor Zhaozong, knowing that they wanted to seize him, instead fled into the Qinling Mountains. <mask>, as well as the other chancellors Xu and Wang Tuan, followed.Meanwhile, Li Keyong defeated Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu, and subsequently put Wang's capital Bin Prefecture (邠州) under siege. Wang tried to flee out of the siege, but was killed by his own subordinates in flight. In fear, Li Maozhen and Han outward submitted to the imperial government, and Emperor Zhaozong, who also did not want Li Keyong to grow overly strong, ordered Li Keyong to end his campaign against Li Maozhen. Still, for the time being, <mask> had lost his warlord allies, and, after Emperor Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, <mask> was stripped of his chancellorship and made You Pushe (右僕射), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), but no longer chancellor. Exile and death
Shortly after <mask> Zhaowei was stripped of his chancellorship, Emperor Zhaozong further exiled him to be the military advisor to the prefect of Wu Prefecture (梧州, in modern Wuzhou, Guangxi). On the way to exile, <mask> wrote Zhu Quanzhong, hoping that Zhu would intercede on his behalf. Instead, Emperor Zhaozong issued an edict ordering <mask> to commit suicide.The eunuch delivering the edict intercepted <mask> at Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei, not the same circuit that Wang Xingyu ruled) and had him beheaded. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 179. New Book of Tang, vol. 223, part 2. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 258, 259, 260.9th-century births
896 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation
Executed Tang dynasty people
9th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
Cui clan of Qinghe

masks:
Cui Zhaowei
Cui
Cui Zhaoweiui
Cui Zhaowei
Cui Bi
Cui Yan
Cui Bi
Zhaowei
Cui
Zhaowei
Cui
Cui
Zhaowei
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui
Cui


title: James Bernard (composer)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (20 September 1925 – 12 July 2001) was a British film composer, particularly associated with horror films produced by Hammer Film Productions. Starting with The Quatermass Xperiment, he scored such classic films as The Curse of Frankenstein and Dracula. He also occasionally scored non-Hammer films including Windom's Way (1957) and Torture Garden (1967). Early years and World War II

<mask> was educated at Wellington College, previously attended by Christopher Lee, the future star of many Hammer horror films <mask> was to score. In an interview late in his life, <mask> recalled that in his mid-teens three of his favourite books were The Devil Rides Out, She, and The Hound of the Baskervilles. While still a schoolboy, <mask> met Benjamin Britten when the composer came to consult the school's art master, Kenneth Green, about the stage designs for Peter Grimes. Britten took interest in an inter-house music composition, and advised <mask> on the music he was writing.The two stayed in touch during <mask>'s service in the RAF from 1943 to 1946, and Britten encouraged him to learn the principles of composition. During the war, <mask> worked with the team dedicated to breaking the code of the German Enigma machine, specialising in deciphering intercepted Japanese messages. During those years, on occasion <mask> came to London to turn pages for Britten while he played piano in recitals. In 1944 <mask> met Paul Dehn, who was then a Major working for Military Intelligence, Section 6 (MI6). This was the start of a lifelong partnership, the two moving in together in an apartment on London's King's Road while <mask> was still serving with the RAF in 1946. Musical training and first scores

After being demobbed, <mask> enrolled as a student at the Royal College of Music (RCM) in 1947, studying under Herbert Howells. He graduated in 1949.In 1950 Britten asked him to copy out the full score of his new opera Billy Budd for his publishers Boosey & Hawkes, inviting him to stay at his home in Aldeburgh. He went to the opera's opening night with Benjamin Britten's housekeeper and the librettist, E. M. Forster. Paul Dehn, by now a writer and critic, asked <mask> to collaborate with him on the original screenplay for the Boulting Brothers film Seven Days to Noon (1950). For this Paul Dehn and <mask> shared the 1952 Academy Award for the Best Writing, Motion Picture Story. Then in 1953 <mask> received his first commission to write incidental music: for a radio play by Patric Dickinson, The Death of Hector. Not having been taught orchestration at the RCM, <mask> often turned for advice to Imogen Holst, whom Britten had recommended when <mask> had asked for someone "with whom I could study or go to or take things to". <mask> also sought her assistance when writing incidental music for a broadcast radio production of The Duchess of Malfi, which starred Richard Burton, Peggy Ashcroft and Paul Scofield.The music for this so impressed John Hollingsworth, effectively the music director of Hammer Film Productions, that when the composer originally scheduled to score The Quatermass Xperiment fell ill the job was offered to <mask>. Work for Hammer
The Quatermass Xperiment was scored for strings and percussion only at John Hollingsworth's instruction: "I don't think he trusted me with anything more than a small string orchestra", <mask> later suggested. "At that time John Hollingsworth was one of the chief conductors of the Royal Ballet at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, so he used players from the Opera House orchestra," <mask> elsewhere wrote. The score, predating <mask>'s for Psycho by five years, has been cited as the first film score to treat strings in an unconventional, non-romantic manner, including the use of tone clusters and asking string players to bow on the wrong side of the bridge. Again, <mask> showed the score to Imogen Holst before he committed it to the recording sessions for the soundtrack. Following his scores to X the Unknown and Quatermass 2, <mask> scored Hammer's first horror film, The Curse of Frankenstein (1957). This included some music he had originally composed for The Duchess of Malfi.Next came Dracula (1958), in which the title cue featured a motif based on the sound Dra-cu-laaaaa, inspired by a suggestion Paul Dehn made to <mask>. Other Hammer horror scores include The Kiss of the Vampire (1962), The Gorgon (1964), Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966), The Plague of the Zombies (1966), The Devil Rides Out (1968), Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968), Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969), Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974) and The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974). He also scored non-horror Hammer films such as The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959), The Stranglers of Bombay (1959), The Terror of the Tongs (1961), The Damned (1963), The Secret of Blood Island (1964), and She (1965). A distinctive trait in <mask>'s Hammer scores are their use of clashing harmonies, often created by doubling a motif a tone higher, as in his famous Dracula theme. His music is also frenzied and pacey at times, frequently making use of percussion such as timpani and snares. The Devil Rides Out (1968) and The Plague of the Zombies (1966) are good examples of this. However, he could also write lushly romantic melodies, such as appear in Frankenstein Created Woman (1967), Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970) and Scars of Dracula (also 1970).Unlike the majority of film composers, <mask> orchestrated almost all of his work. Final decades

Paul Dehn died in 1976. Working on She (1965), <mask> first met the man who later became his second life partner, actor Ken McGregor (died January 24, 1994), with whom he lived in Jamaica until McGregor's death there in 1994. <mask> then moved back to London and lived there for the remainder of his life. In later years, he was called upon by silent film historian Kevin Brownlow to write an original score for F. W. Murnau's classic silent horror Nosferatu (1922/1997) and for Brownlow's documentary Universal Horror (1998) on the horror films of the American studio. He also wrote the score to Paul Cotgrove's 2001 short horror film Green Fingers (starring Hammer veteran actresses Ingrid Pitt and Janina Faye). David Huckvale's critical biography of the composer, <mask> – Composer to Count Dracula was published by McFarland in 2006.References

Bridcut, John. Britten's Children. Faber & Faber, 2006. Huckvale, David. <mask>, Composer to Count Dracula: A Critical Biography. McFarland, 2006. Huckvale, David.Hammer film scores and the musical avant-garde. McFarland, 2008. Larson, Randall D. Music from the House of Hammer: Music in the Hammer Horror Films, 1950–1980. Scarecrow Press, 1996. External links

1996 interview by film music historian Randall D. Larson
Music by <mask> - Themes For A Tapestry of Terror by Steve Vertlieb
1997 article in The Independent

1925 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Best Story Academy Award winners
English film score composers
English male screenwriters
British gay writers
LGBT musicians from England
English male film score composers
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century English male writers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
James Michael Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
James Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard Herrmann
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
James Bernard
James Bernard
James Bernard


title: Truth Martini

texts:
Martin Krcaj (born May 8, 1975) is an American retired professional wrestler, manager, and trainer better known by the ring name <mask>. He is perhaps best known as the manager of The House of Truth stable in Ring of Honor. Career

Early years
<mask> made his professional wrestling debut for Insane Championship Wrestling in a loss to Andy Muscat. He later joined Juggalo Championship Wrestling and participated in their first show, where <mask> was eliminated from a battle royal for the JCW Heavyweight Championship. As a consequence, both <mask> and fellow eliminated participant Tarek the Great were forced to dress as Doink the Clown when facing Insane Clown Posse members Shaggy 2 Dope and Violent J for the vacant JCW Tag Team Championships, a match which <mask> and Tarek lost. Independent Wrestling Revolution (2002–2007)
<mask> teamed up with Chris Sabin in their first match for Independent Wrestling Revolution where they were defeated by Frankie The Face & Jaimy Coxxx. On July 24, 2002, <mask> and Anthony Rivera, calling themselves The Threat, beat Chris Sabin and Jimmy Jacobs for the IWR Tag Team Championships.They lost the titles a month later to Kamikaze and Tenacious Z, but regained them the next day. After almost a year the pair would lose the championships to Gavin Starr and Jimmy Jacobs. On October 25, 2003, <mask> and Rivera defeated the team of Popular Mathematics (Bobby Bambino and Jimmy Shalwin) for the vacant IWR Tag Team Championships. At the beginning of 2004 they lost the titles to The Bump N Uglies (Bubba MacKenzie and Josh Movado), only to regain them in March. They would subsequently lose the championships to The Bump N Uglies in a three way tables match that also included Jaimy Coxxx and Jimmy Shalwin. The Threat then recruited Breyer Wellington and N8 Mattson; however, <mask> would leave the stable to focus on a singles career. On April 16, 2005, <mask> defeated Breyer Wellington, Eddie Venom, Gutter, Jaimy Coxxx, and Stevie Lee for IWR King Of The Indies Championship.The title was declared vacant the following July, but <mask> regained it in October. <mask> held the championship until May 6, 2006, when he lost it to N8 Mattson in an eleven-man gauntlet match. His last match for the company was in October 2007. All American Wrestling (2006–2007)
On December 15, 2005, N8 Mattson and <mask> defeated Gary Havok and The Golden Ninja in their debut match at All American Wrestling. The two formed a tag team called The Michigan Invasion and had multiple matches for the AAW Tag Team Championships in 2006, but were beaten every time. They participated in AAW Tag Team Championship tournament in June, and reached the semifinals before being knocked out by Dan Lawrence and Ryan Boz. After months of trying, The Michigan Invasion would win the AAW Tag Team Championship in a four corners match which involved Dan Lawrence and Ryan Boz, Jayson Reign and Marco Cordova, and The Phoenix Twins.They would hold the championships until April 2007 where they lost them to Krotch and Zach Gowen. Ring of Honor (2010–2016)
A self-professed Life Intervention Expert, <mask> and his House of Truth stormed onto the scene of Ring of Honor in 2009. <mask> debuted at Violent Tendencies as a heel, managing the team of Josh Raymond and Christin Able in a loss against Kevin Steen and El Generico. His first singles client, Roderick Strong, had previously struggled with achieving his ultimate goal of winning the ROH World Championship, but finally won the title with <mask>'s help at 2010's Glory By Honor IX. That same year, Strong was joined in The House of Truth by Michael Elgin, and in April 2012, Martini enlisted the services of Rhino as the hired muscle of the stable; however, in late 2012 both Michael Elgin and Roderick Strong quit The House of Truth. In 2013 <mask> became the manager of Matt Taven. At Supercard of Honor VIII on April 4, 2014, <mask> helped Jay Lethal win the ROH Television Championship and became Lethal's manager.Lethal would retain his championship against numerous acclaimed opponents for over a year before proclaiming himself "THE Ring of Honor Champion" as well as "the only champion that matters in ROH", even above the ROH World Championship held by Jay Briscoe. This resulted in matchmaker Nigel McGuinness booking Lethal and Briscoe in a winner-take-all "Battle of the Belts" at Best in the World 2015 with both championships on the line. With <mask>'s backing, Lethal defeated Briscoe after two Lethal Injections to retain the Television Championship and win the World Championship. On January 4, 2016, <mask> made his New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) debut, when he managed Lethal at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome. The following month, <mask> returned to Japan to take part in the NJPW and ROH co-produced Honor Rising: Japan 2016 event, during which he and Lethal joined the Los Ingobernables de Japón stable. After months of inactivity after undergoing neck surgery, on September 17, 2016, Dave Meltzer reported via Twitter that Martini had left ROH. Championships and accomplishments
All American Wrestling
AAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with N8 Mattson
Blue Water Championship Wrestling
BWCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Border City Wrestling
BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with N8 Mattson
Independent Wrestling Revolution
IWR King Of The Indies Championship (2 times)
IWR Tag Team Champion (4 times) – with Anthony Rivera
Maximum Pro Wrestling
MXPW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Metro Pro Wrestling
MPW Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
MPW Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Anthony Rivera
Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling
XICW Intense Championship (2 times)
XICW Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Chris Sabin (1), Nate Mattson (2) and Jaimy Coxxx (4)
XICW Tag Team Championship Tournament (2007)

References

External links

 House of Truth wrestling school

 Ring of Honor profile

1975 births
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Hamtramck, Michigan
Professional wrestling managers and valets

masks:
Truth Martini
Martini
Martini
Martini
Martini
Truth
Martini
Truth
Truth
Truth
Truth
Truth
Truth Martini
Truth Martini
Martini
Martini
Martini
Truth Martini
Martini
Martini
Martini


title: Julian Amery

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Lustleigh,  (27 March 1919 – 3 September 1996), was a British Conservative Party politician, who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for 39 of the 42 years between 1950 and 1992. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1960. <mask> was created a life peer upon his retirement from the House of Commons in 1992. For three decades, he was a leading figure in the Conservative Monday Club and the son-in-law of Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan. His brother, John, was hanged for high treason for supporting Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during the Second World War. Early and family life
<mask> was born in Chelsea, London. His father was <mask>, a British statesman and Conservative politician.He was educated at Eaton House, Summer Fields School, Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. While an undergraduate, he had a brief romance with the novelist Barbara Pym, who was six years his senior. Military service
Before the Second World War started, <mask> was a war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War and later an attaché for the British Foreign Office in Belgrade. After the war began he joined the RAF as a sergeant in 1940, then was commissioned and transferred to the British Army on the General List in 1941, reaching the rank of Captain. He spent 1941–42 in the eastern Mediterranean (the Middle East, Malta, Yugoslavia) and served as Liaison Officer to the Albanian Resistance Movement in 1943–44 ("The Musketeers": Captain <mask>, Major David Smiley and Lieutenant-Colonel Neil McLean). The following year, <mask> went to China to work with General Carton de Wiart, then Prime Minister's Personal Representative to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. <mask> became a close friend of King Zog of Albania and described him as "the cleverest man I have ever met".Political career
<mask> won a Parliamentary seat in the first general election held after he returned to civilian life, in 1950. He was elected as Conservative MP for Preston North, going on to hold a number of government offices, all in governments led by his father-in-law, now the Prime Minister. He began with two Under-Secretaryships of State: for War (1957–58) and for the Colonies (1958–60). He was promoted to Secretary of State for Air (1960–62), followed by a promotion to the post of Minister of Aviation (1962–64). In this role and during this two-year period, <mask> was involved in the planning stages of what would become the supersonic passenger service known as Concorde. <mask> lost his Preston North seat in 1966, but was re-elected to the Commons in 1969 representing Brighton Pavilion, a seat he would hold until 1992 when he retired. On 8 July 1992, he was created a life peer as Baron <mask> of Lustleigh, of Preston in the County of Lancashire and of Brighton in the County of East Sussex.Under the Heath administration, <mask> held three ministerial posts: Minister for Public Works (1970), Minister for Housing and Construction (1970–72) and Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1972–74). Monday Club
For 30 years, <mask> was an active member and later a Patron of the Conservative Monday Club, where he became friendly with General Sir Walter Walker, subsequently writing the foreword for Walker's anti-Soviet book, The Next Domino. He was Guest of Honour at the club's Annual Dinner at the Cutlers' Hall in 1963. In 1965, he wrote the foreword for Club activist Geoffrey Stewart-Smith's book, No Vision Here. On May Day 1970, he was one of the club's principal speakers at their 'Law and Liberty' rally in Trafalgar Square, held in answer to the 'Stop the Seventy Tour' campaign, designed to stop the South African cricket tour. <mask> was the Monday Club's Guest-of-Honour at their Annual Dinner held at the Savoy Hotel, London, in January 1974 and again at the dinner at the end of the club's two-day Conference in Birmingham in March 1975. Political views
<mask> was in favour of entry to the European Common Market and also of the nuclear deterrent.Both caused some discord between himself and his old friend Enoch Powell but for many, he was seen as an archetypal Conservative from the "God and Empire" school. In late 1962 <mask> made these comments after Egypt sent troops to Yemen to prevent an insurrection: "The prosperity of our people rests really on the oil in the Persian Gulf, the rubber and tin of Malaya, and the gold, copper and precious metals of South- and Central Africa. As long as we have access to these; as long as we can realize the investments we have there; as long as we trade with this part of the world, we shall be prosperous. If the communists [or anyone else] were to take them over, we would lose the lot. Governments like Colonel Nasser's in Egypt are just as dangerous." In 1963, <mask> took charge of Quintin Hogg's campaign for leadership of the Conservative Party. In early 1975, he took part in a House of Commons debate on the Trades Unions Congress's invitation to Alexander Shelepin, the former Soviet KGB Chief, to visit Britain.He stated that "more and more people are beginning to look upon the TUC as a Communist-penetrated show and this invitation must strengthen that view." According to Margaret Thatcher's 1995 memoir, The Path to Power, when Harold Wilson's Labour government proposed devolution for Scotland in 1976, "<mask> and Maurice Macmillan proved effective leaders of the anti-devolution Tory camp." Although he was Harold Macmillan's son-in-law, he did not defend him when Count Nikolai Tolstoy published The Minister and the Massacres in 1986, focusing the ultimate burden of blame sharply on Macmillan for the 1945 Bleiburg repatriations and the Cossack repatriations. <mask> stated that the repatriations were "one of the few blots on Harold that I can think of". Personal life
On 26 January 1950, he married Catherine Macmillan (19 November 1926 – 27 May 1991), daughter of Harold Macmillan. The couple had one son and three daughters. <mask> died on 3 September 1996 in Westminster, London.He is buried with his wife (who predeceased him) at the Church of St John the Baptist in Lustleigh, Devon. Notes
Citations

Bibliography
 Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club – The First Decade, April 1972 (P/B); and The Monday Club – Crisis and After (Foreword by John Biggs-Davison, M.P. ), May 1975, (P/B), pps:12 & 24, published by the Current Affairs Information Service. <mask>, <mask>, M.P., et al., Rhodesia and the Threat to the West Monday Club, London, 1976 (P/B). Gash, Norman, with Donald Southgate, David Dilks, and John Ramsden; introduction by Lord Butler, K.G.,P.C., The Conservatives – A History of their Origins to 1965 London, 1977, pps:268-9. <mask>, <mask>, PC, MP, The Next Four Years, in the Primrose League Gazette, vol.87, no.4, October 1983, London. <mask>, <mask>, MP, The Rt.Hon., Facing up to Soviet Imperialism, in the Monday Club's October 1985 Conservative Party Conference issue of their newspaper, Right Ahead. Horne, Alistair, Macmillan, 1894–1956, (volume 1 of the official biography), London, 1988/9, , pps: 81, 253, 275, 326, 388, 441. Messina, Anthony M, Race and Party Competition in Britain, Oxford, 1989, p. 138,
 Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991, 172 edition, East Sussex, p. 394,
 Clark, Alan, The Tories – Conservatives and The Nation State, London, 1998, pps: 324–5,
 Heffer, Simon, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell, London, 1998,
 Weale, Adrian, Patriot Traitors – Roger Casement & <mask>, London, 2001,
 Faber, David, Speaking for England, London, 2005,
 Stephen Dorril MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service – The Free Press – New York – 2000 (). Colonel David Smiley Albanian Assignment Chatto & Windus, London, 1984. Foreword by Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor. SOE in Albania (1943–44). Colonel David Smiley Arabian Assignment Cooper, London, 1975.MI6 – Oman and Yemen. Colonel David Smiley Irregular regular Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994 (). Translated in French, Au coeur de l'action clandestine. Des Commandos au MI6, L'Esprit du Livre Editions, 2008. The Memoirs of a SOE officer (Albania, Asia) and MI6 agent (Poland, Malta, Oman, Yémen), brother in arms of <mask>. ALBANIA IN WW II by <mask>, from Oxford Companion to the Second World War (1995), pp. 24–26
 The London Gazette

Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol, Four, 1901–1903, At the Height of His Power, London: MacMillan, 1951.<mask>, <mask>, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. Five, 1901–1903, And the Tariff Reform Campaign, London: MacMillan, 1969. <mask>, <mask>, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. Six, 1903–1968, And the Tariff Reform Campaign, London: MacMillan, 1969. Further reading
 Garvin, James Louis, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. One, 1836–1885, Chamberlain and Democracy, London: MacMillan, 1932. Garvin, James Louis, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol.Two, 1885–1895, Disruption and Combat, London: MacMillan, 1933. Garvin, James Louis, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. Three, 1895–1900, Empire and World Policy, London: MacMillan, 1934. External links

The Papers of <mask> held at Churchill Archives Centre

1919 births
1996 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Julian
British Army General List officers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
<mask> of Lustleigh, <mask>, Baron
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Summer Fields School
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
British Army personnel of World War II
Secretaries of State for Air (UK)
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
Politics of Preston
Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association
English people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Jewish British politicians
Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964

masks:
Harold Julian Amery
Baron Amery
Amery
Amery
Leo Amery
Amery
Julian Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Amery
Julian Amery
Amery
Death Amery
Amery
Julian
Amery
Julian
Amery
Julian
John Amery
Julian Amery
Julian Amery
Amery
Julian
Amery
Julian
Amery
Julian
Julian Amery
Amery
Julian Amery


title: Ali Bagautinov

texts:
<mask>v (; born June 10, 1985 in Dagestan) is a Russian professional mixed martial artist of Dargin origin who competed in the Flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Combat Sambo career
After years of competing in wrestling and sambo, Bagautinov became a world Combat Sambo champion in Minsk. At the FIAS 2012 World Sambo Championships, Bagautinov defeated Belarusian Novitski Vladislav via decision (15-0) in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Bagautinov defeated Kyrgyzian <mask> via TKO at 2:19 of the first round. In the tournament final, Bagautinov defeated Kazakh Asset Sagyndykov via armbar submission at 0:35 of the first round. Bagautinov was stripped of all FIAS awards and suspended from competition for two years (November 8, 2012 - November 8, 2014) after testing positive for methylhexanamine. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Bagautinov made his professional MMA debut in December 2009.He is a veteran of the Russian MMA promotion Fight Nights, where he compiled a record of 8-1. In 2013, Bagautinov was listed as one of the top flyweight prospects in all of MMA. Ultimate Fighting Championship
It was announced in June 2013 that Bagautinov had signed a five-fight deal with the UFC. In his UFC debut, Bagautinov faced Marcos Vinicius on September 4, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 28. After a back-and-forth first two rounds, Bagautinov won the fight via TKO in the third round. In his second fight for the promotion, Bagautinov fought Tim Elliott on November 16, 2013 at UFC 167. Bagautinov won the fight via unanimous decision.Bagautinov fought John Lineker on February 1, 2014 at UFC 169. Bagautinov won the fight via unanimous decision. Bagautinov faced Demetrious Johnson on June 14, 2014 at UFC 174 for the UFC Flyweight Championship. Bagautinov lost the fight via unanimous decision. Subsequent to his loss, on July 10, the British Columbia Athletic Commission (BCAC) announced that Bagautinov tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) prior to the title fight. In response, the BCAC has suspended him from mixed martial arts competition for one year. <mask>'s first fight after serving his suspension was against Joseph Benavidez on October 3, 2015 at UFC 192.Bagautinov lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> next faced Geane Herrera on June 18, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 89. Bagautinov won the fight via unanimous decision. Bagautinov was expected to face Kyoji Horiguchi on October 15, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 97. However, the promotion announced on October 6 that they had cancelled the event entirely. In turn, the pairing was quickly rescheduled and took place on November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 99. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.It was announced on January 17, 2017 that Bagautinov had chosen not to renew his contract with the UFC. Post-UFC career
As the first bout after the UFC, Bagautinov headlined Fight Nights Global 64: Nam vs. Bagautinov against Tyson Nam on April 27, 2017. He lost the bout via knockout in the third round. He then faced Pedro Nobre at Fight Nights Global 69: Bagautinov vs. Nobre on June 30, 2017. He won the fight via second-round submission. On September 23, 2018, Bagautinov faced Denis Oliveira Fontes Araujo at Battle of Volga 6 and won the fight via unanimous decision. Brave Combat Federation
Bagautinov made his promotional debut in the Brave CF against Oleg Lichkovakha at Brave CF 46 on January 16, 2021.He won the fight via unanimous decision and subsequently joined Brave CF Flyweight tournament. His first bout in the Flyweight tournament was a Quarter-final bout against fellow UFC veteran Dustin Ortiz on April 1, 2021 at Brave CF 50. He won a competitive bout via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face José Torres in the Semi-final of the Flyweight tournament at Brave CF 55 on November 6, 2021. However due to difficulties making weight, Torres pulled out and was replaced by Sean Santella. He won the bout in the first round via ground and pound after defending successfully Santella's takedown attempt.

masks:
Ali Shamilevich Bagautino
Razykov Alibek
Bagautinov
Bagautinov
Bagautinov


title: Emiliano Di Cavalcanti

texts:
<mask> (September 6, 1897 – October 26, 1976), known as <mask>, was a Brazilian painter who sought to produce a form of Brazilian art free of any noticeable European influences. His wife was the painter Noêmia Mourão, who would be an inspiration in his works in the later 1930s. Early years (1897-1922)

Born in Rio de Janeiro in 1897, <mask>ti was influenced by the intellectuals he met at his home of his maternal uncle, a figure of the abolitionist movement. This would provide the basis for a lifelong politically driven artistic career, which would start by the production of a drawing published by the magazine fon-fon. He engaged in a pursuit for a law degree in São Paulo but did not manage to complete this pursuit. <mask>ti moved to São Paulo in 1917. At this time he held his first exhibition at the Editora do Livro (o livro bookstore) in São Paulo.This first exhibition would only include caricatures with very viable symbolist influences to be found presented in the works. In 1918, <mask>ti would become part of a group of intellectuals and artists in São Paulo which would contain artist like Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade, Guilherme de Almeida, etc. This group would be the direct cause for bringing the Semana de Arte (week of modern art) in life in 1922 (see the cover page on the right of this page). This movement along with the Group of Five wished to revive the artistic environment in São Paulo at the time and had as its main interest to free Brazilian art from the European influences found within it. Nevertheless, the works <mask>ti displayed at the Semana revealed varying  Symbolist, Expressionist, and Impressionist influences. This can thus be seen as a continuance of European stylistic influences and this would not change until <mask>ti returned from Paris in 1925 to live in Rio de Janeiro once again. Years abroad (1923-1925)

<mask>ti lived in Paris and Montparnasse from 1923 until 1925.During this time he was employed as a correspondent for the newspaper Correio da Manhã and attended classes at the Académie Ranson in Paris, which led him to meet European modernists like Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, and Fernand Léger. During this time his feelings to create a true Brazilian art would flourish and thus lead to his later works. Return to Rio de Janeiro (1926-1936)

After returning from Europe and having experienced the modernist movement in Europe <mask> would start working on a more Brazilian art, which <mask> and the group who held the Semana de Arte already advocated in 1922. During this time he joined the Brazilian Communist Party due to the heightened nationalistic feelings he experienced during three years abroad. <mask>ti embodies the problematic tendency of Brazilian modernists to be pulled into one of two different directions: his subject matter consists of particularly Brazilian themes (mostly mulatto women), but his chief artistic influences are the European modernists and Pablo Picasso most of all. In 1929, <mask> also started to work on interior design, as seen in the two panels produced for the Teatro João Caetano (João Caetano Theatre) in Rio de Janeiro. In 1930 he was involved in an exhibition of Brazilian art at the International Art Center at the Roerich Museum in New York City.At this time he once again was involved with correspondence and magazines as he was the principal writer for the newly established magazine forma. In 1932, another large group was established by Lasar Segall, Anita Malfatti, and Vitor Becheret which was the Sociedade Pró-Arter Moderna also known as SPAM. The goal of this group was to bring modernism to Brazilian art and follow in the footsteps of the Semana de Arte and encourage a revival of its ideas. On April 28, 1933 this group held the Exposição de Arte Moderna, which was the first exhibition to feature works produced by Picasso, Léger, and Braque, all of whom were known to the Brazilian people, but whose works had not been seen in the flesh before this exhibition. The exhibition pieces from the European masters were all borrowed from local Brazilian private collections. This exhibition was such a success that during the second showing in the fall many local Brazilian artists, including <mask> and Candido Portinari, took part in the exhibition. <mask> would be jailed twice for his communistic beliefs and ties he undertook in prior years.He met his wife-to-be, painter Noêmia Mourão (he was previously married to his cousin Maria in 1921) after his first incarceration in 1932 for supporting Revolução Paulista. They married the following year and she became his traveling partner for the years to come until they were both incarcerated in 1936. Europe again (1937-1940)

In 1937, <mask> and his wife Noêmia Mourão would set sail to Paris to stay there until the outbreak of World War II in the start of 1940. During this three-year stay abroad he was awarded a Gold medal in the Art Technique Exhibition in Paris for his murals in the French-Brazilian Coffee Company. After this <mask> would produce around 40 works, only to be left behind when he and his wife fled the country on the eve of the German Nazi invasion. They arrived back in São Paulo in 1940. Back in Brazil (1941-1976)

After his return to Brazil his nationalistic feelings became even stronger, as seen in his representations of mulatto women, carnivals, Negroes, deserted alleys, and tropical landscapes, subjects to be found in  Brazilian everyday life and social settings and not in European settings.He lectured about these things in 1948 in the Museu de Arte de São Paulo, providing a lecture on modernism, expressing nationalism, and opposing abstraction. In 1951 the first of the Bienals, held at the Museu de Arte Moderna at São Paulo, featured  <mask>ti’s works, along with other artists from the South American continent who were seeking for a true national art. The Mexican Muralists <mask> and David Siquieros were thus personally invited by <mask>ti and actually attended. The exuberance and expression of true South American art was a very strong incentive for the founder, Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho (also known as Ciccilo), to hold this exhibition again, and there was another exhibition in 1953. The works left behind after fleeing Europe in 1940 were to be recovered in 1966 in the basement of the Brazilian Embassy in Paris. The friendship with  Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho was a direct effect to the donation of 559 drawings by <mask>ti himself to the Museu de Arte Contemporânea which was founded by Ciccilo. The Museu de Arte Contempemporânea is also better known as the MAC and currently has 564 drawings by <mask>ti in its possession of which only 5 were acquired through purchases and the others through the donation by the artist himself.Conversion to Roman Catholicism

<mask>, a former member of the Brazilian Communist Party and an atheist, converted himself to Roman Catholicism. Style and subjects

<mask>ti was obviously obsessed with the female body, since very many representations are to be found within the works he produced. The street scenes depicted by Cavalcanti are cheerful, characterized by a palette of bright colors and the depictions of everyday life in a normal, non-romanticized way. They evoke no strong political undercurrent, as do the works of such Mexican muralists of the 1930s and 1940s as <mask> and David Siqueiros. The works produced by these artists were part of the revolutionary movement in opposition of the new revolutionary government who came to power in Mexico. <mask> on the other hand refrained from overt political representations, although he himself was in a pursuit of perfecting a pure Brazilian art which had a clear break with European influences. He tried through the creation of the Semana de Arte in 1922 and the Bienals in 1951 and 1953 to push for a true Brazilian art which was to be seen as separated from European stylistic influences.This was a dream and philosophy which can be seen as an ideal for <mask>ti which was never found as one can see stylistic influences from the Italian Renaissance, Muralism, and the European Modernists. List of artworks

The artworks below are all on display in the Museu de Arte Contempemporânea (MAC) in São Paulo, Brazil

As cinco moças de Guaratinguetá, 1926

The logo in front of the fabric focuses around the found m-two girls. On the left is a girl in blue dress with flowers, and blue hat the same color as the dress. While on the right, this is in profile, this one is skirt and blouse with details of the color of the skirt, the shirt on the back with a flower not shoulder and its orange hat. She carries a dated parasol. It is not a matter of fabric, but others are found in the highest possible position, with a high level of direction: a direct person is in front, with her blue dress and her green head, she has a profile in profile with her pink dress and pink dress, carrying umbrellas to a letter in pink. The two girls are in white stockings.In the background, the sing is not at the top direct of the screen, with the head resting on the arm that is signed on the window, is the fifth girl. With her orange dress and white hat. She looks out of the screen with her distant gaze. All girls have the same skin tone, exceeding a blue dress, who feared lighter skin and the finest features. All five girls wear hats. A shelled wall shows that either place is very simple, but nonetheless, it is full of charm. Which can be viewed on

Modern Art Week, São Paulo, 1922
Arguably the single most influential event of the historical avant-gardes in Latin America, Brazil’s Modern Art Week (São Paulo, 1922) put forth a vision for new art that would prove influential throughout the 20th century.A three-day event held at São Paulo’s Municipal Theater, the Modern Art Week provided a point of connection for different artists and also displayed a new phenomenon to Brazil’s bourgeois public: the heady mix of ‘‘isms’’ which were circulating in cosmopolitan European circles, including Expressionism, Surrealism, and others. Up until then, this vision had only been articulated in Brazil in piecemeal fashion. The Modern Art Week incorporated dance, music, theater, literature, visual arts, and architecture, and featured artists and writers who would become some of the most influential in the boom of Brazilian modernism that was to follow, among them Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade, Manuel Bandeira, Anita Malfatti, and Tarsila do Amaral. Influenced by Brazil’s rapid industrialization and modernization, the event featured a heterogeneous group that, together, displayed the ambivalent modernization process that characterizes Brazilian modernism more broadly. Unlike many of their avant-garde contemporaries in Latin America and abroad, women artists played key roles in the Modern Art Week and in Brazilian modernist art more generally, especially in visual culture and dance. As seen above on the right. Portrait of Graca Aranha, 1922
José Pereira da Graça Aranha was born on June 21, 1868 in the city of São Luís, capital of Maranhão.He was the son of Themistocles of Silva Maciel Aranha and of Maria da Gloria da Graça. His family was wealthy and, therefore, Graça Aranha had a good education from an early age. He entered the Faculty of Recife to study law, graduating in 1886. With a bachelor's degree in law, he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he held the position of Judge. Later, he was also a judge in the state of Espírito Santo.It was there that he wrote his most important work "Canaan." Themes such as racism, prejudice and immigration were explored by him in the novel. He traveled to various countries around the Western Hemisphere (England, Italy, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, France and the Netherlands) as a diplomat.These trips were essential for him to join the modernist movement that was emerging in Brazil. This is because it had contact with the European avant-garde and modern art. He was the organizer of the Modern Art Week that took place at the Municipal Theater of São Paulo in 1922. In general he was a Brazilian writer and diplomat belonging to the pre-modernist movement in Brazil, as well as one of the founders of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (GLA) in 1897, being the holder of chair number 38, whose patron was Tobias Barreto. In addition, he played a leading role in the Modern Art Week of 1922. Le Corbusier, 1923
Oswald and Mario, 1933
Maeterlinck, 1934
Barbusse, 1935
Duhamel, 1935
Ungaretti, 1942
Portrait of Augusto Schmidt, 1950

Exhibitions (above mentioned)

1917 Editoro do Livre, São Paulo, Brazil
1922 Semana de Arte, São Paulo, Brazil
1930 International Art Center, Roerich Center, New York
1932 Exposição de Arte Moderna, São Paulo, Brazil
1937 Art Technique Exhibition, Paris, France
1951 Bienal do Arte Moderna de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (1st)
1953 Bienal do Arte Moderna de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (2nd)

Bibliography
Lucie-Smith, Edward, Latin American Art of the 20th Century, Thames & Hudson, Singapore, 2004
Amaral, Aracy, <mask> di Cavalcanti, Americas Society, New York, 1987. Lemos, Carlos, The art of Brazil, Harper & Row, New York, 1983.See also
 Alfredo Volpi

References

External links
Complete chronology (in Portuguese). Obras Compra e Venda (in Portuguese). 1897 births
1976 deaths
Brazilian Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Cavalcanti family
20th-century Brazilian painters

masks: Emiliano Augusto Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Melo


title: Anselm van Hulle

texts:
<mask> or <mask> (Gent, 1601 - 1674/1694) was a Flemish painter mainly of portraits whose works were highly prized at the Northern European Courts. He was court painter to the Prince of Orange and was one of the few portrait painters who attended the peace negotiations for the Peace of Münster in 1648. Van Hulle established an international reputation by having the portraits he made of the delegates at the negotiations engraved and published. Life
<mask> was baptized in the St. Bavo Church in Gent on 23 July 1601. He was the son of <mask>. He may have been a pupil of Gaspar de Crayer, a leading Baroque painter from Antwerp working mainly in Brussels. A training with such a prominent painter was relatively expensive.<mask> came from a wealthy family owning various lands and annuities, which he had partially inherited, and was thus able to afford the cost of such a training should it in effect have taken place. <mask> became a master in the Guild of St. Luke of Gent in 1620. He probably made a trip to Italy in 1631 but was back in Gent in the same year. He married on 14 December 1631 with Livina of Thuyne. The couple had four children, who were all baptized in the St. Bavo Church. It is not clear when he moved to the Dutch Republic. He became court painter to the Dutch stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.Van Hulle made various portraits of persons of the Orange dynasty. The Prince sent him in 1645 or 1646 to Münster to make portraits of the delegates who attended the peace negotiations for the Peace of Münster. Van Hulle established a large workshop in Münster to make the portraits and copies of the same. The Flemish painter Jan-Baptist Floris was likely initially an employee of <mask>’s workshop and later started working for his own account by making portraits mostly based on <mask>'s work. Floris is recorded as having received a commission for 34 portrait paintings of the delegates for the Münster Town Council at a price of ten thalers. Van Hulle typically charged 10 ducats (20 thalers) for a bust painted by himself. <mask>’s workshop produced many copies of the delegates' portraits which were often acquired by the delegates themselves and by the local councils of cities in the region where the peace talks were held such as Münster and Osnabrück.<mask> was active as an art dealer during his residence in Münster. He left Münster for a while in 1647 to attend to an inheritance matter in the family of his wife. After the conclusion of the peace negotiations in Münster, <mask> followed the delegates to Nuremberg where the debriefings took place in 1649. His patron Frederick Henry died the same year. He travelled to Kassel in 1650 and was active at the Dresden court in 1651. He probably also worked at other courts in the region. From 1652 he was active in Vienna where he entered the service of Emperor Ferdinand III.The emperor gave him a peerage on 27 August 1652. The Emperor sent him to Gottorf Castle in 1653 to paint a portrait of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. He then returned to Vienna. The last known record about <mask>e relates to his administration of the estate of Livina <mask> den Tuyne (died 19 March 1673) for which he appeared before a notary in Gent, together with his son Pieter. Work

<mask> has been described as a painter of portraits and history paintings. However, only portrait paintings are currently attributed to him. His portrait paintings include single portraits, family portraits, bust portraits and equestrian portraits.He was a portrait painter to the elite. As court painter to the Dutch stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange he produced, amongst others, a series of equestrian portraits of the Dutch stadtholders starting from William the Silent the Frederick Henry himself. These works have remained in the Royal Collection of the Netherlands and are on display at the Royal Palace of Amsterdam. He was able to establish his international fame mainly thanks to the portraits that he made of the delegates to the peace negotiations for the Peace of Münster. Not only were many copies of the paintings made, but they were also widely distributed through engravings after these paintings. As court painter to the Prince of Orange, <mask> was able to obtain a printing privilege in March 1648. He had reproductions made from his sketches by the leading engravers in Antwerp, such as Paulus Pontius, Conrad Waumans, Cornelis Galle the Younger, Pieter de Jode II and Mattheus Borrekens.The engravings were made on copper plates with a size of approximately 30 x 20 cm (Folio format) and printed on large-format paper sheets of up to 41 x 32 cm. The prints show the bust of the delegate in an oval in which his motto is inscribed, above him the coat of arms of the entity that the delegate represents at the peace negotiations, below the coat of arms of the delegate's family and below this a cartouche with the delegate's titles. The architectural framework of each portrait is in the form of an epitaph which emphasises that the portrait was made for posterity. The delegates approved the final version of the motto, coats of arms and the titles of their portraits. Van Hulle received financial assistance from the city of Münster for his printing project. In 1648 a first edition of the prints was published in Antwerp by Daniel Middeler under the title Celeberrimi legati ad pacificandum Christiani nominis orbem, legati ad Monasterium et Osnabrugas ex omni pene gentium nationumque genera missi. Ad vivum Anselmi v. Hulle penicillo expressi eiusque cura et aere per ingeniores huius aevi sculptores caelo representati.This edition contained about 35 to 37 plates. The engravings were also sold individually, so that each diplomat could assemble a personal selection of portraits and have them bound with a specially printed title page. As a result no two of these anthologies are the same in the selection and sequence of the sitters. In 1648 <mask>e had 39 engravings produced and in 1649 another 43. In later years <mask>e continued to make portraits of the participants in the negotiations on the implementation of the Peace of Münster in Nuremberg in 1649 and as an itinerant painter at various German princely courts, the Diet of Regensburg of 1653/1654 and the imperial election in Frankfurt in 1657/1658. Finally his collection of portrait paintings and engravings had grown to 132. Many pirated editions were made by Dutch publishers.The Strasbourg publisher Peter Aubry also made a series of 94 re-engravings, which appeared in 1650/51 and which are known from anthologies with 86 or 93 sheets. The collection saw three more editions after <mask>'s death between 1696 and 1717 but the sheets were never numbered. The edition of the prints dated 1696 appeared under the new title of Pacificatores orbis christiani and contained a total of 131 portraits. The 1717 edition had the title Les hommes illustres qui ont vécu dans le XVII. siecle: les principaux potentats, princes, ambassadeurs et plénipotentiaires qui ont assisté aux conferences de Munster et d'Osnabrug avec leurs armes et devises / dessinez et peints au naturel par le fameux Anselme <mask>, peintre de Frederic Henri de Nassau, Prince D'Orange, et gravez par les plus habiles maîtres ('Portraits of the famous men who lived in the 17th century: the principal potentates, princes, ambassadors and plenipotentiaries who participated in the conferences of Münster and Osnabrück with their coats of arms and mottos, drawn and painted from life by the famous <mask> <mask>, painter of Frederick Henry of Nassau, Prince of Orange and engraved by the most capable masters'). References

External links

Flemish Baroque painters
Flemish portrait painters
Court painters
Artists from Ghent
17th-century births
Year of death missing

masks:
Anselm van Hulle
Anselmus van Hulle
Anselm van Hulle
Egidius van Hulle
Van Hulle
Van Hulle
van Hulle
van Hulle
Van Hulle
Van Hulle
van Hulle
van Hull
van
Van Hulle
van Hulle
van Hull
van Hull
van Hulle
van Hulle
Anselm
van Hulle


title: John Herivel

texts:
<mask>l (29 August 1918 – 18 January 2011) was a British science historian and World War II codebreaker at Bletchley Park. As a codebreaker concerned with Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, Herivel is remembered chiefly for the discovery of what was soon dubbed the Herivel tip or Herivelismus. Herivelismus consisted of the idea, the Herivel tip and the method of establishing whether it applied using the Herivel square. It was based on Herivel's insight into the habits of German operators of the Enigma cipher machine that allowed Bletchley Park to easily deduce part of the daily key. For a brief but critical period after May 1940, the Herivel tip in conjunction with "cillies" (another class of operator error) was the main technique used to solve Enigma. After the war, Herivel became an academic, studying the history and philosophy of science at Queen's University Belfast, particularly Isaac Newton, Joseph Fourier, Christiaan Huygens. In retirement, he wrote an autobiographical account of his work at Bletchley Park entitled Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma.Recruitment to Bletchley Park
<mask> was born in Belfast, and attended Methodist College Belfast from 1924 to 1936. In 1937 he was awarded a Kitchener Scholarship to study mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where his supervisor was Gordon Welchman. Welchman recruited <mask> to the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Welchman worked with Alan Turing in the newly formed Hut 6 section created to solve Army and Air Force Enigma. Herivel, then aged 21, arrived at Bletchley on 29 January 1940, and was briefed on Enigma by Alan Turing and Tony Kendrick. Enigma

At the time that Herivel started work at Bletchley Park, Hut 6 was having only limited success with Enigma-enciphered messages, mostly from the Luftwaffe Enigma network known as "Red". He was working alongside David Rees, another Cambridge mathematician recruited by Welchman, in nearby Elmers School, testing candidate solutions and working out plugboard settings.The process was slow, however, Herivel was determined to find a method to improve their attack, and he would spend his evenings trying to think up ways to do so. Intercepted Morse coded messages had been enciphered by the Germans' Enigma, an electro-mechanical rotor cipher machine that implemented a polyalphabetic cipher. The main model in use in 1940 had three rotors that set an electrical pathway from the keyboard to the lampboard. Pressing a key caused one lamp to light and the right-most rotor to advance by one letter position. This changed the electrical pathway so that pressing the same key again caused a different letter to light up. At one of the 26 positions, a notch on the right-most rotor engaged with the middle rotor so that the two rotors advanced together, and similarly the middle rotor would engage with the left-most rotor, giving a very long period before the sequence repeated (26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576). The ring on the rotor that contained the notch and so caused the next rotor to advance, could be set to any one of the 26 positions.The three rotors were selected from a set of five, giving 60 different ways of mounting rotors in the machine. However, because the Germans laid down the rule that no rotor should be in the same position on successive days, if the previous days's rotors and their positions were known, this number was reduced to 32. The Enigma machine worked reciprocally so that an identical machine with identical settings would, if fed the enciphered letters, show the deciphered letters on the lampboard. Hut 6 had Enigma replica machines that were logically identical to the machines that the Germans were using. To decipher the intercepted messages required that the selection of rotors, the ring settings and the plugboard connections were known. At this time, the first three letters of the prelude to the message were used as an indicator to tell the receiving operator the letters that should appear in the windows for this particular message. Herivel tip

Herivel had an insight in February 1940 that some lazy German code clerks might give away the Enigma's ring settings (Ringstellung) in their first message of the day.If there were several lazy clerks, the first message Grundstellungs would not be random but would have a clustering around the Ringstellung. The insight became known as the Herivel tip. It was not needed at the time because the Luftwaffe was doubly-enciphering their message keys so techniques such as Zygalski sheets could be used. In May 1940, the Germans stopped the doubly-enciphered keys. Other methods becoming ineffective, Bletchley Park started using the Herivel tip to break Luftwaffe traffic. It continued to be the main method until the bombe was delivered in August 1940. Enigma enciphering procedure
The rotors and the positioning of the ring containing the notch were changed daily.The settings were defined in a codebook that was common to all operators on that network. At the start of each day, before any messages were sent or received, Enigma operators implemented the day's rotor selection and ring settings. Having selected the three rotors, they adjusted the ring settings. That could be done before the rotors were mounted on their axle or after they had been inserted into the machine. It was possible to adjust the ring settings of the loaded rotors by moving the spring-loaded retaining pin to the right and turning the rotor to display the specified letter. Herivel thought it likely that at least some of the operators would adjust the rings after they had mounted the rotors in the machine. Having set the alphabet rings and closed the lid, the operator should then have moved the rotors well away from the positions that displayed the three letters of the ring setting in the windows, but some operators did not.Herivel's great insight came to him one evening in February 1940 while he was relaxing in front of his landlady's fire. Stressed or lazy operators who had set the rings when the rotors were in the machine might then have left ring setting at or near the top and used those three letters for the first message of the day. For each transmitted message, the sending operator would follow a standard procedure. From September 1938, he would use an initial position to encrypt the indicator and send it in clear, followed by the message key that had been enciphered at that setting. If the ground setting () was GKX for example, he would then use Enigma with the rotors set to GKX to encrypt the message setting, which he might choose to be RTQ; which might encrypt to LLP. (Before May 1940, the encrypted message setting was repeated, but that makes no difference to Herivel's insight.) The operator would then turn his rotors to RTQ and encrypt the actual message.Thus, the preamble to the message would be the unencrypted ground setting (GKX), followed by the encrypted message setting (LLP). A receiving Enigma operator could use the information to recover the message setting and then decrypt the message. The ground setting (GKX in the above example) should have been chosen at random, but Herivel reasoned that if operators were lazy, in a hurry or otherwise under pressure, they might simply use whatever rotor setting was currently showing on the machine. If that was

masks:
John William Jamieson Herive
John Herivel
Herivel


title: David B. Hooten

texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1962) is a Grammy and Emmy nominated musician, restaurateur, and candidate for the Oklahoma Legislature as a Democrat and as a Republican before being elected to county office in 2016. Musical career
Hooten's first album, The Trumpet Shall Sound, was released in 1989  and featured a popular rendition of Amazing Grace of which tens of thousands of singles were sold. He has recorded a total of twenty solo albums, primarily featuring jazz, gospel, and classical selections. He's been a soloist with numerous orchestras, including the Kiev Symphony Orchestra, the Oklahoma City Philharmonic, and the Thailand National Symphony Orchestra. Hooten has performed at the White House for Presidents Reagan and George W<mask> as well at a private audience in the Vatican for John Paul II, and has been nominated for three Grammy awards and an Emmy. He founded and continues to serve as president of the Children's Music Education Foundation. Hooten wows Armstrong with his horn,
<mask>n, is recognized worldwide for his first hit single “Amazing Grace,” and last week, he brought his virtuoso abilities on the trumpet to Armstrong Auditorium to perform a Dixieland concert.He selected his favorite performer on each instrument for the band with <mask>'s bow flying over the fiddle. The audience devoured the music as if they were standing on Bourbon Street. Several people trailed the musicians as they marched through the aisles for “When The Saints Go Marching In.”
Other big successes with the crowd were “The St. Louie Blues,” “Basin Street Blues,” and “How Great Thou Art.”
Multi-Grammy and Emmy nominated, <mask> has released over 20 albums and has been the guest artist with symphony orchestras around the world. Business interests
Hooten appeared as a model in local advertising during his college years, but at the beginning of his musical career he created the record label DBH Productions. After the death of his father Hooten purchased his mother's restaurant, Mama Lucia's, which he operated for several years. He continues to produce and sell Hooten's Jazz Kitchen meat sauce. Political activities
Hooten supported and wrote jingles for Oklahoma Republican candidates including Governor Frank Keating and Terry Neese before deciding to run for office himself.In January 2016 Hooten announced on social media that he endorsed Donald Trump for president. 2004 election
In 2004 Hooten filed as a Democrat to run for Oklahoma House of Representatives in District 87. His opponent, John Morgan, challenged his candidacy by claiming that Hooten was not properly registered. Hooten's attorney produced a voter registration card from August, 2002, but Hooten admitted under questioning that he could not recall when he last voted. State Election Board chairman Glo Henley stated that she believed Hooten's name was purged from the voter roll for failing to vote for at least two years. The board voted to remove his name from the ballot. 2014 election
Hooten ran for State Senate in District 40, this time as a Republican.His campaign was harmed when reports of his 2001 convictions for DUI and leaving the scene of an accident surfaced and in the primary he finished fourth out of six candidates with 11.3% of the vote. 2016 election
Hooten was one of four Republicans to run for Oklahoma County Clerk. He finished second to embattled incumbent Carolynn Caudill in the primary, forcing a runoff. Hooten won the GOP nomination with 65% of the vote and amassed 63.5% in the general election against Libertarian candidate Chris Powell. County Clerk
Within a month of taking office, Hooten terminated five employees who would go on to file wrongful termination claims, charging that they were fired because they had been volunteers for the campaign of the incumbent, Carolyn Caudill, whom Hooten defeated in a primary runoff for the GOP nomination. In November 2018 the County Commissioners voted to pay $175,000 to Leona Porter, a county employee since 1988 and the former wife of civil rights leader E. Melvin Porter to settle her claims of discrimination by Hooten. According to the lawsuit Hooten reduced Porter's work responsibilities and pay, eventually requiring her to sit in a rocking chair at the entrance to the County Clerk's Office as a greeter before finally deciding to fire her.The settlement will be funded by an increase in property taxes. Within a month of taking office, Hooten terminated five employees who would go on to file wrongful termination claims, charging that they were fired because they had been volunteers for the campaign of the incumbent, Carolyn Caudill, whom Hooten defeated in a primary runoff for the GOP nomination. [16][17] In November 2018 the County Commissioners voted to pay $175,000 to Leona Porter, a county employee since 1988 and the former wife of civil rights leader E. Melvin Porter to settle her claims of discrimination by Hooten. According to the lawsuit Hooten reduced Porter's work responsibilities and pay, eventually requiring her to sit in a rocking chair at the entrance to the County Clerk's Office as a greeter before finally deciding to fire her. The settlement will be funded by an increase in property taxes. [18]

A federal jury has rejected claims that Oklahoma County Clerk <mask> fired employees for political reasons. U.S. District Judge Charles B. Goodwin threw out the claims of five of those former employees before trial.The jury rejected the claims of the remaining plaintiffs, Phillip Malone and Donella Epps. "While I've come to understand why more business leaders choose not to undertake public service, I'm glad I did run for office and remain grateful for the continued support of Oklahoma County voters," Hooten said after the verdict. Personal life
Born in Frascati, Italy, to Capt. Leon E<mask>, Jr.(USAF) and his wife Lucia (née <mask>), <mask> was the youngest of their seven children. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of North Texas and a master's degree from the University of Oklahoma. After his divorce from Kym Koch in 2000, <mask> married Whitney Elizabeth <mask> on May 26, 2002. They have three children.References

1962 births
Living people
University of North Texas alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni

masks:
David Benjimen Hooten
. Bush
David Hoote
Byron Berline
David
David Hooten
. Hooten
Di Beniditto
David
David
Browne


title: Walter M. Pierce

texts:
<mask> (May 30, 1861 – March 27, 1954) was an American politician, a Democrat, who served as the 17th Governor of Oregon and a member of the United States House of Representatives from . A native of Illinois, he served in the Oregon State Senate before the governorship, and again after leaving the U.S. House. <mask> is also famous for the United States Supreme Court case of <mask> v. Society of Sisters on compulsory public education. Early life
<mask> was born to Charles M. and Charlotte L. (née Clapp) <mask>, Jacksonian Democrat farmers in Morris, Illinois on May 30, 1861. At the age of 17, he began teaching school despite having only a secondary education. In 1883, motivated by both his recent diagnosis of tuberculosis and the idea of Manifest Destiny as propounded by Horace Greeley, <mask> moved west. After arriving in Portland, Oregon in June 1883, he was not able to find work.After a period during which he worked the wheat fields of Walla Walla, Washington, he earned enough money to settle in Milton, Oregon in Umatilla County. There he returned to a career in education and established a successful farm. As an educator, <mask> was drawn into local politics. He became well known for his pro-temperance views, and regularly spoke out against saloons selling alcohol to his students. In 1887, he married one of his students, Clara R. Rudio, who died during childbirth only three years later. The child was named after her mother. He married Clara's sister Laura in 1893.They had five children: Loyd, Lucile, Helen, Edith and Lorraine. Laura died of cancer in 1925. <mask>'s third wife was Cornelia <mask>, the Oregon State Librarian, whom he married in 1928. From 1886 until 1890, <mask> served as superintendent of Umatilla County public schools. From 1890 until 1894, he served as Umatilla county clerk, and earned enough money from land transactions to further his education. He then returned to Illinois with his family to attend Northwestern University, earning his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1896. Early political career
After graduation, the <mask> family returned to Oregon, where <mask> set up a successful law firm in Pendleton.From 1896 to 1906, he managed a power company, speculated in land, and became one of the state's most renowned Hereford cattle breeders. He was again elected county clerk and served 1899 to 1903. <mask> won a seat in the Oregon State Senate in 1902. In his first term, he failed to win passage of prohibition legislation, while winning passage of a state subsidy of $6 per child for education. He was defeated at the polls for reelection, and retired from politics for a decade beginning in 1906. While out of politics, <mask> continued local and statewide activities. He was a founder of the Oregon Farmer's Union and the Public Power League, headed the State Taxpayers League, and took a seat on the board of Regents of Oregon Agricultural College from 1905 to 1927.He began advocating for using the Columbia River for hydroelectric power during this time. <mask> was also the promoter of the Hot Lake Sanatorium Company in Union County. He and fellow owner Parish L. Willis were accused of fraud by another investor, but cleared by the courts of any wrongdoing in 1918. The former sanatorium is now the Hot Lake Hotel and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. <mask> won the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in 1912, but lost to Harry Lane in the general election. In 1916, he was reelected to the state senate. In 1918, <mask> ran, unsuccessfully, as a progressive Democrat against incumbent Governor James Withycombe.In the next election, in 1920, he lost his Senate seat by twenty-seven votes. Governorship
<mask> was a racist and a eugenics supporter who also supported birth control and prohibition. In 1922, <mask> ran a successful campaign for governor against incumbent Ben W. Olcott. At the time, the Ku Klux Klan was growing in influence and power across the state and had drafted the overtly anti-Catholic and anti-semitic Compulsory School Act, a bill to require all school-age children to attend public schools. Governor Olcott defiantly refused to work with the Klan in any way. <mask> tacitly accepted the Klan's endorsement and lent his support to the school bill. As governor, <mask> was at odds with a Republican-dominated legislature.His administration was able to continue the road-building policies of the previous two administrations, but could not win passage of a state income tax or assessed value license fees for automobiles. He attempted to gain support from progressive Republicans on issues of prison reform, reforestation, and hydroelectric development, but he divided the state Democratic Party by endorsing Robert M. La Follette for President in 1924. The Ku Klux Klan, which had endorsed him only a few years earlier, began an unsuccessful recall effort. In the 1926 elections, Republican I. L. Patterson defeated <mask>. Upon leaving the Governor's office, <mask> returned to his ranch in La Grande, Oregon. The Compulsory Education Act was later struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States in its 1925 Pierce v. Society of Sisters decision, on the grounds that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
In 1928, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for the 2nd Congressional District seat.He declined to run for governor in 1930, but tried once more for Congress in 1932. He was elected amid excitement over the landslide presidential election victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt. <mask> would become a staunch supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal, serving in Congress until his defeat in 1942. One of the oldest politicians in Oregon history, <mask> retired from politics at age 81. He and his wife Cornelia retired to Eola, Oregon. <mask> and his wife both became involved in the anti-Japanese movement during World War II, in response to a concern on the part of local residents about the success of Japanese truckers in certain areas of Oregon. <mask> died on March 27, 1954, near Salem, Oregon, at the age of 92 and was interred at the Mount Crest Abbey Mausoleum in Salem.His third wife Cornelia died on February 12, 1957. Footnotes

Further reading

 Arthur H. Bone (ed. ), Oregon Cattleman/Governor, Congressman: Memoirs and Times of <mask><mask>. Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society, 1981. M. Paul Holsinger, "The Oregon School Bill Controversy, 1922-1925," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 37, no. 3 (Aug. 1968), pp.327–341. In JSTOR
 Karl Klooster, Round the Roses II: More Portland Past Perspectives. Portland, OR: K.T. Klooste, 1992. Robert R<mask>, "The Paradox of Oregon's Progressive Politics: The Political Career of <mask> <mask>," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 110, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp.390–419. In JSTOR
 Robert Sobel and John Raimo (eds. ), "<mask><mask>," in Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 1789-1978. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982; volume 3, pp. 1276–1277. External links

 Oregon State Archives: Pierce Administration-Photo and some public speeches of <mask><mask> as governor. Guide to the <mask> papers at the University of Oregon

1861 births
1954 deaths
Governors of Oregon
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Educators from Oregon
Oregon state senators
People from Morris, Illinois
People from Polk County, Oregon
Oregon Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Burials at City View Cemetery
Educators from Illinois
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon
American eugenicists
American white supremacists
Progressivism in the United States

masks:
Walter Marcus Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Marvin
Pierce
Pierce
Walter
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Pierce
Walter M
. Pierce
. McCoy
Walter Marcus
Pierce
Walter M
. Pierce
Walter M
. Pierce
Walter Pierce


title: Jill Feldman

texts:
<mask> (born 21 April 1952 in Los Angeles) is an American soprano who has acquired an international reputation  for her interpretation of medieval, baroque and classical repertoires. Her highly expressive singing art combines great vocal agility with a profound dramatic sense of drama, in constant respect for the text. Training
Feldman obtained her musical diploma at the University of California at Santa Barbara. She perfected her skills with Lillian Loran in San Francisco and Nicole Fallien in Paris, and in 1980 received an "Alfred Hertz Scholarship" to perfect her interpretation of early music under the direction of  in Basel. Career
As soon as she finished her studies, <mask> took part successively in three prestigious productions: she appeared as La Musica in a production of Monteverdi's l'Orfeo, directed by Philip Brett at Berkeley in California, as Clerio in Cavalli's Erismena at Spoleto (Italy), and played a role in Ordo Virtutum by Hildegard von Bingen during a tour of the ensemble "Sequentia". In 1981, at the request of her countryman William Christie, she joined in Paris the baroque ensemble Les Arts Florissants which then was the spearhead of the "baroqueux" movement. With this famous ensemble, she played the title role of Charpentier's Médée.Its recording for the label Harmonia Mundi won the Gramophone Classical Music Awards in 1985, also the Prize of the Académie Charles Cros and the Grand Prix du Disque de Montreux. Afterwards, Feldman recorded two discs with the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra under the direction of Nicholas McGegan in works by Handel,  the cantata Clori, Tirsi e Fileno, and the oratorio Susanna  (Harmonia Mundi USA). Later, she joined the Mala Punica medieval ensemble, with which she recorded five projects for Arcana and Erato. Feldman was then invited by several conductors of the baroque repertoire. She performed under the direction of Frans Brüggen (Haydn's Die Schöpfung), Andrew Parrott (Les Vêpres des Carmélites by Handel at EMI), Jordi Savall (Motets by Delalande), René Jacobs (Cesti's Orontea and Cavalli's Xerse at Harmonia Mundi). She played the role of Armida in Alessandro Stradella's Lo Schiavo Liberato at the Théâtre de Modène and the Festival of Liège, as well as the title role in La Vita Humana by Marazzoli at the Tramway of Glasgow. In the field of contemporary music, she performed at the Villa Medici in Rome, the Church of Santa Maria della Grazia in Milan, and the Ysbreker Festival in Amsterdam.Teaching
Feldman has been teaching at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in the Netherlands, at the Music and Theatre College in Zurich, and at the Amici della Musica in Florence and the Accademia di musiga antiga of Portugal. She gives master classes all over Europe, the United States, Japan and South Korea. Discography

With Les Arts Florissants
 1981
 H.483 by Marc-Antoine Charpentier
 Les surprises de l'Amour by Jean-Philippe Rameau
 1982
 (In Nativitatem D.N.J.C. L'art de la citation dans l'Italie des Visconti, 1380-1410, with Mala Punica
 1997: Missa cantilena, Contrafactures liturgiques en Italie, 1380-1410, with Mala Punica
 1999: Hélas Avril. Les chansons de Matteo da Perugia, with Mala Punica
 2001: Harmonia Sacra; Complete Organ Music by Purcell, with Davitt Moroney (organ)
 2002: Pianger Di Dolcezza, vocal works by Giulio Caccini and Sigismondo d'India, with Karl-Ernst Schröder (chitarrone) and Mara Galassi (harp)
 2003: Monografia, compositions by Kees Boeke 2003: Trecento, with Kees Boeke (flustes and vielle)
 2004: Musiche sacre e morali by Domenico Mazzocchi, with Orlanda Velez Isidro (soprano) and Kenneth Weiss (chromatic harpsichord and organ)
 2004: Ténèbres by Charpentier, François Couperin and Michel-Richard de Lalande, with Kenneth Weiss (harpsichord) and Rainer Zipperling (viol)
 2005: Consort Songs by William Byrd and His Contemporaries, with the ensemble Concerto delle Viole,
 2006: Guillaume Dufay, Chansons, with the Ensemble Tetraktys. 2007: Songs by Charles Ives, with Jeannette Koekkoek (piano)
 2008: Codex Chantilly Vol.

masks:
Jill Feldman
Jill Feldman


title: Bat for Lashes

texts:
Natasha Khan (born 25 October 1979), known professionally as <mask> for Lashes, is a Pakistani British singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. She has released five studio albums: Fur and Gold (2006), Two Suns (2009), The Haunted Man (2012), The Bride (2016), and Lost Girls (2019). She has received three Mercury Prize nominations. Khan is also the vocalist for Sexwitch, a collaboration with the rock band Toy and producer Dan Carey. Early life
Khan was born to an English mother and an immigrant Pakistani father, professional squash player Rehmat Khan. A member of the Khan family, she is the granddaughter of squash player Nasrullah Khan, the niece of squash players Jahangir Khan and Torsam Khan, the stepdaughter of singer and actress Salma Agha, and half-sister of actress Sasha Agha. The family moved to Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, when she was five years old.She attended many of her father's and her uncle Jahangir's squash matches, which she felt inspired her creativity: "The roar of the crowd is intense; it is ceremonial, ritualistic, I feel like the banner got passed to me but I carried it on in a creative way. It is a similar thing, the need to thrive on heightened communal experience." After her father left the family when Khan was 11, she taught herself to play the piano, which became "a channel to express things, to get them out". Khan was subject to racial abuse during secondary school for being of Pakistani heritage, played truant, and was suspended after swearing and throwing a chair at a teacher. She told The Daily Telegraph: "I was an outsider at school. When I came back from being suspended they had told the small group of friends that I did have there that they weren't allowed to talk to me because I was a really bad influence. Then it got quite lonely."After completing her GCSEs and A-Levels, Khan took a job in a card-packing factory where she would work while listening to songs she had made. She said: "My internal imaginary life was really fruitful at that time...All day long just listening and dreaming, while counting the cards to be packed." With money saved from the job, she embarked on a three-month road trip through the United States and Mexico. After returning to the UK, Khan settled in Brighton in 2000 to study music and visual arts at the University of Brighton, where she produced sound installations, animations, and performances influenced by artists including Steve Reich and Susan Hiller. After finishing her degree, Khan completed an NVQ in play work and childcare, and worked as a nursery school teacher, dedicating her spare time to developing songs, recording demos, and gigging in Brighton. She has said the name Bat for Lashes "doesn’t really mean anything [...] It conjured up Halloween-y images, and it sounded metal and feminine.”

Music career

2006–08: Fur and Gold

Khan's debut single, "The Wizard", was released digitally through Drowned in Sound records and on 7" vinyl through Khan's own imprint, She Bear Records. In 2006, she signed to Echo, a record label owned by independent publisher Chrysalis Music that acted as an incubator for artists before "upstreaming" them to major labels.Echo released her debut album, Fur and Gold, in September 2006. In 2007, Bat for Lashes and Echo signed an international licensing deal with Parlophone Records, which re-released Fur and Gold the same year. A limited vinyl version was released by Los Angeles indie label Manimal Vinyl in May 2007. Fur and Gold reached number forty-eight on the UK Albums Chart and has since been certified gold by the BPI for sales exceeding 100,000 copies. In 2007, Khan appeared at the Glastonbury Festival and toured the United States. Fur and Gold received critical acclaim, including a five-star review from The Guardian. It was shortlisted for the 2007 Mercury Prize, losing out to Klaxons' Myths of the Near Future, despite being a favourite of British media to win the award.Also in 2007, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) bestowed their Vanguard Award on her and chose her to perform at their "ASCAP Presents..." showcase at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas. In 2008, Khan was nominated for British Breakthrough Act and British Female Solo Artist at the Brit Awards. Radiohead's 2008 tour featured several shows with Bat for Lashes as their opening act. Her version of The Cure's "A Forest" appeared on a charity album called Perfect as Cats on Manimal Vinyl in late 2008. 2009–11: Two Suns
Khan's second album, Two Suns, was released in April 2009 and produced by Khan and David Kosten. In preparation for the album, Khan journeyed to Joshua Tree Desert in California to gain inspiration, before returning to New York and London to write and record the finished material for release. A concept album, Two Suns focuses on Khan's desert-born alter ego Pearl, whose personality she adopted while staying in New York to gain a better understanding of the character.She revealed to the BBC's Newsbeat, "I really just did it as an experiment of dressing up myself with quite garish extreme feminine make-up. I wanted to photograph myself in that situation and just see what it made me feel." Khan believed that living in Brooklyn when bands such as TV on the Radio, MGMT, and Gang Gang Dance were emerging on the music scene had an influence on the album's musical style. In an interview with MTV, she said, "I experienced that whole thing coming out, in terms of beats and like going out dancing and checking out all this new music, it was really inspiring." During the album's production, she also collaborated with Brooklyn band Yeasayer for the bass and beat programming. In June 2009, Bat for Lashes first appeared on the cover of The Fader, in its 60th issue. Two Suns debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart, and has been certified gold by the BPI for sales of 100,000 copies.The first single from the album, "Daniel", became Khan's first hit, peaking at number thirty-six on the UK Singles Chart; it later won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song and was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Breakthrough Video of the Year. The following singles were "Pearl's Dream" and a double A-side of "Sleep Alone" and "Moon and Moon", the latter of which was featured in a high-profile advertising campaign for children's charity Barnardo's in late 2009. Critical response to the album was mostly favourable, generating a score of 77 on the review aggregator Metacritic. In their review for Two Suns, NME awarded it 8 out of 10, describing the album as "epic in scope and ambition and requires a similarly epic patience to unravel its charms." Rolling Stone also rated it favourably, stating "Khan proves she's a powerhouse under her billowy sleeves. She could be the next Kate Bush." However, some critics such as PopMatters found problems: reviewing the album, they wrote, "While the weaker songs are definitely not throwaways, they miss the mark in more than one way."Blender magazine also felt the album was average, awarding it 3 out 5 stars, saying, "The contrast between Pearl and Natasha isn't always crisply drawn". As with Fur and Gold, Khan was nominated for the Mercury Prize for Two Suns. In 2010, she won Best Alternative Act at the UK Asian Music Awards and received a second BRIT Award nomination for British Female Solo Artist. As part of the 2009 summer festival season, Khan played at Glastonbury, Somerset House, and the iTunes Festival. In September 2009, a special edition of Two Suns was released in the United Kingdom ahead of Khan's October tour. The special edition, which included a cover version of the Kings of Leon single "Use Somebody", was released simultaneously in the United States. Later in 2009, the cover artwork for Two Suns was nominated for Best Art Vinyl.In early 2010, Khan toured South America supporting Coldplay after a gig at The De La Warr Pavilion, including playing covers of Radiohead's "All I Need" and The Cure's "Lullaby". In 2010, she collaborated with Beck on the track "Let's Get Lost" for the Twilight Saga: Eclipse soundtrack, and contributed the song "Sleep Alone" from Two Suns to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation funded efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as to inspire individuals around the world to raise their voice for peace in Congo. For Record Store Day 2010, Bat for Lashes released an exclusive double A-side 7" single comprising a live performance of the "Trophy" single B-side "Howl", recorded at De La Warr Pavilion, and a cover of "Wild Is the Wind", originally written by Dimitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington. In 2011, Khan recorded a cover version of Depeche Mode's "Strangelove" for a Gucci advertising campaign. The song was released as a free download from Gucci's YouTube channel and various blogs. In June 2011, Khan performed two shows at the Sydney Opera House as part of the Vivid LIVE Arts Festival, her only performances of the year.2012–14: The Haunted Man
The third Bat for Lashes album, The Haunted Man, was released in October 2012 in the UK. The lead single, "Laura", was released in July; the second single, "All Your Gold", came out in September. The Haunted Man debuted at number six on the UK Albums Chart, Khan's second consecutive top-ten album, and has since been certified Silver by the BPI for selling 60,000 copies. Subsequent singles were "A Wall" and "Lilies". Khan attended the 2013 Brit Awards, having been nominated in the Best British Female category, and was also nominated at the Ivor Novello Awards in the category of Best Song Musically and Lyrically (for "Laura"). In 2013, Khan performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, supported Blur at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, Ireland, and opened for Depeche Mode on the first half of their North American tour. In June, she released a cover of "The Bride", a pre-revolution Iranian song, with the rock band Toy.On 2 September 2013, Khan premiered the track "Garden's Heart", a collaboration with Jon Hopkins for the soundtrack to the film How I Live Now. In 2014, Khan collaborated with Damon Albarn on a track for his 2014 solo album Everyday Robots, premiered "Skin Song" from Body of Songs—a compilation album featuring songs inspired by anatomy and medical science—and contributed a cover of "Plan the Escape" by Son Lux to the soundtrack album of the film The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. 2015: Sexwitch
On 15 August 2015, Khan began previewing new music on her Twitter and Instagram pages via a game of Hangman. During a surprise Green Man Festival set in Wales on 22 August, she debuted a music project with producer Dan Carey and the band Toy, called Sexwitch. Two days later, it was announced that Sexwitch's eponymous debut album would be released on 25 September 2015 by Echo and BMG, consisting of six covers of 1970s psychedelic and folk songs from different parts of the world. 2016: The Bride
On 19 February 2016, a new song, "I Do", was released on YouTube with a picture of a wedding invitation reading "Save The Date 1st July 2016". The track was made available for purchase the same day.On 11 March, Khan released "In God's House", the lead single from her fourth studio album, The Bride, which was released on 1 July and later nominated for the 2016 Mercury Music Prize. 2019: Lost Girls
On 10 June 2019, the album Lost Girls was announced and the song "Kids in the Dark" was released on YouTube. Lost Girls was released on 6 September 2019. Artistry

Khan is a contralto with an expansive range. Critics have likened her music to the work of Joni Mitchell, Nico, Siouxsie Sioux, Björk, Kate Bush, Cat Power, PJ Harvey, Annie Lennox, Tori Amos, and Fiona Apple. Her music has been described by MTV Iggy as "at once haunting and way danceable". Other projects
Khan and fashion house YMC designed a limited edition capsule collection of sportswear and accessories for the spring/summer 2014 season.The release of the collection was accompanied by a fashion film, Under the Indigo Moon, directed by and starring Khan, with a soundtrack she composed with Beck. In 2014, Film4 commissioned Cowboy Films to produce the short film Gotcha, with Khan as writer and director. She said she intended to develop the project into a feature-length film. Khan has written feature-length film scripts for both The Bride (2016) and Lost Girls (2019). Personal life
Khan moved from London to Los Angeles in 2017. She and her partner, Australian actor and model Samuel Watkins, live in Highland Park. Khan gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in July 2020.Discography

 Fur and Gold (2006)
 Two Suns (2009)
 The Haunted Man (2012)
 The Bride (2016)
 Lost Girls (2019)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
21st-century British guitarists
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Art pop musicians
Astralwerks artists
Autoharp players
British indie pop musicians
British musicians of Pakistani descent
Caroline Records artists
Capitol Records artists
Echo Records artists
English women guitarists
English guitarists
English women pop singers
English people of Pashtun descent
English pop pianists
English women singer-songwriters
English sopranos
Ivor Novello Award winners
Parlophone artists
People educated at St. Clement Danes School
Musicians from Wembley
Singers from London
Synth-pop singers
English women in electronic music
English people of Pakistani descent
Warner Records artists
Khan family (squash)
21st-century multi-instrumentalists