title: Seretse Khama

texts:
Sir <mask>, GCB, KBE (1 July 1921 –  13 July 1980) was a Botswana politician who served as the first President of Botswana, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980. Born into an influential royal family of what was then the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, he was educated abroad in neighbouring country of South Africa and then in the United Kingdom. While in Britain, he married an Englishwoman named Ruth Williams, a decision opposed by the white-minority government of South Africa and which led to a controversy resulting in the British government making him stay in England in exile so as to not sour Anglo-South African relations. After the end of his exile, <mask> led his country's independence movement and transition from British rule into an independent nation. He founded the Botswana Democratic Party in 1962 and became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, Botswana gained independence and <mask> was elected as its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.Childhood and education
<mask> <mask> was born in 1921 in Serowe, in what was then the Bechuanaland Protectorate. He was the son of Queen Tebogo and Sekgoma <mask> II, the paramount chief of the Bamangwato people, and the grandson of <mask> III, their king. The name Seretse means "the clay that binds". He was named this to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse's own ascension to the throne with his aged father's death in 1925. At the age of 4, Seretse became kgosi (king), with his uncle Tshekedi Khama as his regent and guardian. After being educated in his youth at the Tiger Kloof Educational Institute in South Africa, Khama attended Fort Hare University College there, graduating with a general B.A. in 1944.He travelled to the United Kingdom and studied for a year at Balliol College, Oxford. He next joined the Inner Temple in London in 1946, to study to become a barrister. Marriage and exile
In June 1947, Khama met Ruth Williams, an English clerk at Lloyd's of London. After a year of courtship, they married. The interracial marriage sparked a furore, alarming both the Union of South Africa, which had established legal  apartheid (racial segregation), and the tribal elders of the Bamangwato, who were angered he had not chosen one of their women. On being informed of the marriage, Khama's uncle Tshekedi Khama demanded his return to Bechuanaland and the annulment of the marriage. Khama did return to Serowe.After a series of kgotlas (public meetings), he was reaffirmed by the elders in his role as the kgosi in 1949. Ruth Williams Khama, travelling with her new husband, proved similarly popular. Admitting defeat, Tshekedi Khama left the Bamangwato reserve for voluntary exile in the Bakwena reserve while Khama returned to London to complete his studies. However, the international ramifications of his marriage were not so easily resolved. Having banned interracial marriage in 1949 under the apartheid system, South Africa's government opposed having an interracial couple ruling just across their northern border. The couple was banned from entering South Africa, including Mafeking, which then operated as the administrative capital of Bechuanaland. Since Bechuanaland was then a British protectorate (not a colony), the South African government immediately tried to exert pressure on the UK to have Khama removed from his chieftainship.The Attlee ministry, Britain's Labour-led government, then heavily in debt from World War II, could not afford to lose cheap South African gold and uranium supplies. They also feared that South Africa might take more direct action against Bechuanaland, either economic sanctions or a military incursion. The British government conducted a judicial enquiry into Khama's fitness for the chieftainship. The investigation did not disapprove of interracial marriage as such and reported that he was eminently fit to rule the Bamangwato, "but for his unfortunate marriage", which prevented good relations with neighbouring apartheid regimes. The government ordered that the report be suppressed (it would remain so for thirty years) and exiled Khama and his wife from Bechuanaland in 1951. Return to politics
The British government's decision concerning Khama immediately proved controversial, both in Britain and Bechuanaland. Several British newspapers made calls for the resignation of Lord Salisbury, the minister responsible for the decision
A deputation of six Bamangwato travelled to London to see the exiled Khama and Lord Salisbury, in an echo of the 1895 deputation of three Batswana kgosis to Queen Victoria, but met with no success.However, when ordered by the British High Commission to find a suitable candidate replace Khama, the Bamangwato rebuffed the order. In 1956, both Khama and his wife were allowed to return to Bechuanaland as private citizens, after he had renounced the tribal throne. Khama began an unsuccessful stint as a cattle rancher. He became involved in local politics, being elected to the tribal council in 1957 as its secretary. In the 1961 Birthday Honours, he was recognised for his services as tribal secretary by his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In 1961, Khama returned to politics by founding the Bechuanaland Democratic Party. His exile gave him an increased credibility with an independence-minded electorate, and the BDP swept aside its Socialist and Pan-Africanist rivals to dominate the 1965 elections.As Prime Minister of Bechuanaland, Khama continued to push for Botswana's independence while based in the newly established capital of Gaborone. A 1965 constitution delineated a new Botswana government, and on 30 September 1966, Botswana gained its independence. As prescribed by the new constitution, <mask> became its first President. Ten days prior to this, Elizabeth II had promoted Khama within the Order of the British Empire, appointing him a Knight Commander (KBE). Presidency
At the time of its independence in 1966, Botswana was the world's third-poorest country, poorer than most other African countries. Its infrastructure was minimal, with only  of paved roads; and few of its people had formal education, with only 22 university graduates and 100 secondary school graduates. Khama set out on a vigorous economic programme intended to transform the nation into an export-based economy, built around beef, copper and diamonds.The 1967 discovery of Orapa's diamond deposits aided this programme. Khama instituted strong measures against corruption, the bane of so many other newly independent African nations. Unlike other countries in Africa, his administration adopted free-market-friendly policies to foster economic development. Khama promised low and stable taxes to mining companies, liberalized trade, and increased personal freedoms. He maintained low marginal income tax rates to deter tax evasion and corruption. He upheld liberal democracy and non-racism in the midst of a region embroiled in civil war, racial enmity and corruption. Khama embraced the rule of law.The small public service was transformed into an efficient and relatively corruption-free bureaucracy with workers hired based on merit. Calls to immediately "indigenize" the bureaucracy were resisted, and the government retained foreign expatriates working in the bureaucracy until suitably qualified locals could be found to replace them. <mask> and his people also drew on international advisers and consultants. Mining companies were encouraged to search the country for more resources, leading to the discovery of additional copper, nickel, and coal deposits. Between 1960 and 1980 Botswana had the fastest-growing economy in the world. This growth was primarily driven by mining, and the government acted to gain a greater percentage of its revenue. The customs union between Botswana and South Africa was renegotiated in 1969, with the government of Botswana securing for itself a greater share of the mining revenue.In 1975, after it had become clear how productive these mines were, the government again renegotiated the diamond mining agreement to guarantee itself 50% of the revenues. By the mid-1970s, Botswana had a budget surplus. The government used these revenues to heavily invest in the expansion of infrastructure, health care, and the education system, resulting in further economic development. In particular, the government invested in other sources of economic growth. The cattle industry was heavily subsidised, with the government nationalising the country's lone slaughterhouse and building two more, heavily subsidising veterinary services, vaccines, and cattle fence construction. It set up the Botswana Meat Commission as the sole seller of beef in the country, setting prices and selling beef to regional and international markets. With Khama's direct intervention, it negotiated a lucrative trade deal with the European Economic Community, gaining prices far above world levels.Khama also spearheaded a national fundraising campaign to build Botswana's first institute of higher education, which resulted in the establishment of the University of Botswana in 1982, after Khama's death. The Botswana Development Corporation was established in 1970 to attract foreign investment in crop agriculture, tourism, and the secondary sector. In 1976, the Botswana pula was introduced, replacing the South African rand as the national currency. Due to Khama's dedication to development, very little was spent on defence, and a small military police force was initially formed in place of an army. However, following repeated incursions by South African and Rhodesian forces, the Botswana Defence Force was formed in 1977 as a small professional military. On the foreign policy front, Khama was careful politically and did not allow militant groups to operate from within Botswana. According to Richard Dale,

  Shortly before his death, Khama played major roles in negotiating the end of the Rhodesian civil war and the resulting creation and independence of Zimbabwe, and the creation of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference.<mask> was reelected three times by virtue of the BDP easily winning the 1969, 1974 and 1979 elections. In Botswana, candidates for the National Assembly declare whom they endorse for president when they lodge their nomination papers, and the presidential candidate with a majority of endorsements is automatically elected. He governed with very large majorities for his entire tenure, never facing more than seven opposition MPs. Death

For a number of years leading up to his death, <mask>'s health deteriorated. He suffered from heart and kidney ailments. In 1960 he had been diagnosed with diabetes. In 1976, he underwent a heart operation in Johannesburg to install a pacemaker.From then on, he frequently flew to London for medical treatment. In June 1980, while receiving treatment in London, Khama was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. He returned home after it was determined that no cure was possible. <mask> died in his sleep on 13 July 1980 in the presence of his wife in Botswana. Legacy

Following his death, <mask> was succeeded by Vice President Quett Masire. Forty thousand people paid their respects to Khama as his body lay in state in Gaborone. He was buried in the Royal Cemetery on a hill in Serowe, Central District.Twenty eight years after Khama's death, his son Ian succeeded Festus Mogae as the fourth president of Botswana; in the 2009 general election he won a landslide victory. That year a younger son, Tshekedi <mask> II, was elected as a parliamentarian from Serowe North West. <mask> left office in 2018. Sir Seretse Khama International Airport is Botswana's main airport. It was named after Khama and opened in 1984. In 2016, the film A United Kingdom told the story of the controversies that surrounded Khama's marriage. It starred David Oyelowo as Khama and Rosamund Pike as Ruth Williams.Khama is frequently referenced in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith. Mma Ramotswe, the series' protagonist, greatly admires him, compares him with Nelson Mandela and very much regrets the fact of his not being so well known internationally. References

Works cited

Further reading

  From the 1990 film of the same name. Williams, Susan. 2006. Colour Bar.Allen Lane. Seager, Alan. 2005. The Shadow of a Great Rock. Connah's Quay, Flintshire, England: I & D Books/ the author
 "Seretse Khama" by Neil Parsons, Willie Henderson and Thomas Tlou in 1995

External links
Penguin BooksA piece by Susan Williams, author of Colour Bar: The Triumph of <mask> <mask> and His Nation
University of Botswana History Dept: Seretse Khama 1921–1980
Royalty in Botswana

Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Presidents of Botswana
1921 births
1980 deaths
People from Serowe
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Botswana independence activists
University of Fort Hare alumni
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Botswana expatriates in South Africa
Botswana expatriates in the United Kingdom
Deaths from cancer in Botswana
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo

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Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama
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title: Kawin Thamsatchanan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 26 January 1990) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Thai League 1 club Port and the Thailand national team. Club career

Rajpracha
<mask> was born on 26 January 1990 in Bangkok, Thailand. He began his youth career in 2006 with Raj Pracha, making his senior debut with the team in 2007. Muangthong United
In 2008, defending Thai division 2 champions Muangthong United signed Kawin at the age of 18. In his first season with Muangthong United, he secured his first-team status and helped the club win the division 1 title that season. After Muangthong's promotion to the Thai Premier League for the 2009–2010 season, Kawin led the team to win the top division title two years in a row, 2009 and 2010. In October 2010, Bryan Robson, a Manchester United legend and Thailand's national team head coach at the time, spoke to United's goalkeeping coach, Eric Steele, suggesting he take a look at Kawin.However, Kawin broke his wrist, causing him to be out of action for months, ending his hopes of going on trial at Manchester United. At the start of the 2013 season, while competing in the 2013 Lunar New Year Cup, <mask> collided against Chris Dickson. He suffered a broken shin, which kept him out for 7 months. After returning to the pitch in the second leg of the Thai Premier League, he dislocated his shoulder and tore ligaments in a match against TOT S.C., ending his season. <mask> Darul Ta'zim in the 2016 AFC Champions League knock-out stage semifinal round. He saved all three of Johor's spot kicks in the penalty shootout. OH Leuven
In 2018, <mask> completed his move to Europe by joining OH Leuven in the Belgian First Division B on a five-year contract.The deal was formally announced on January 10, 2018. <mask>, who wore the number 16 jersey, quickly became Leuven's first-choice goalkeeper, a position previously held by Nick Gillekens. After an outstanding performance in a 1-1 draw against Beerschot Wilrijk, <mask> was named in the Proximus League's Matchday 27 team of the week along with teammate Jarno Libert. In October 2018, <mask> suffered a foot injury which has kept him on the sidelines for months, allowing Laurent Henkinet to take up the position as first-choice goalkeeper. While Gillekens' contract was not prolonged after the 2018-19 season, OH Leuven signed international goalkeeper Darren Keet, who has since become the second choice goalkeeper behind Henkinet, bumping Thamsatchanan into third. Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo
On 4 February 2020, it was announced that <mask> had joined club Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo on a season-long loan deal. He would eventually not play a single match for the team and returned to OH Leuven at the end of 2021.Return to OH Leuven
Meanwhile at OH Leuven, the goalkeeper situation had changed completely: both Laurent Henkinet and Darren Keet had left the club and two new goalkeepers had been signed mid-2020: Rafael Romo and Daniel Iversen. With Iversen returning to Leicester City due to lack of playing time, only Romo and youngster Oregan Ravet remained and <mask> was soon promoted back to second goalkeeper behind Romo. On 11 April 2021 in the penultimate game of the season, after Rafael Romo got injured during the game against Cercle Brugge, <mask> was brought on as a replacement at half-time, making him the first Thai football player to play in the Belgian highest division. It would prove to be his only match that season, as Romo returned to play the final match of the season. During the 2021 summer transfer window, OH Leuven loaned Rúnar Alex Rúnarsson, demoting <mask> back to third goalkeeper (together with Ravet). Thamsatchanan did not appear on the match sheet in any match during the first half of the 2021–22 season and being deemed surplus, he was first allowed to join the Thailand national football team to compete the AFF Championship towards the end of 2021, a tournament which was won and in which he played (part of) the first leg of the final. Subsequently, he was loaned out on 4 January 2022, when it was announced that <mask> had joined club Port on a loan deal.Return Thai league with Port
Upon joining Port, Kawin was given the shirt number 1.

International career
Kawin had debut his first senior caps in 2010 King's Cup against Singapore at Nakhon Ratchasima province. Recently, under the management of Winfried Schafer, Kawin has been dropped to a substitution of Sintaweechai Hathairattanakool. He was the starting goalkeeper of the tournament in the 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup. He represented Thailand U23 in the 2013 Southeast Asian Games. Kawin was the flag bearer for Thailand in the 2014 Asian Games, and was the captain of Thailand U23 in the tournament. Kawin was one of the overaged players playing in the 2014 Asian Games. Kawin was part of Thailand's squad that won the 2014 AFF Suzuki Cup.In December 2018, it was announced that <mask> would be part of the Thailand that would compete in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. However, due to an injury, he sustained in October while playing for OH Leuven, Kawin was forced to withdraw just 2 weeks prior to the tournament. He came back in the drawn match against Vietnam. Personal life

He attended Assumption College Thonburi for high school and graduated from Assumption University with a bachelor in Business Administration. In September 2013, V. Vachiramethi, a famous Thai monk, advised him to add two Thai alphabets to his name, therefore <mask> decided to change his name from กวิน to กวินทร์. His new name means a great and powerful man. Despite the change of his name, the pronunciation of the word remains unchanged.Kawin is good friends with Panupong Wongsa and his idols are Oliver Kahn and former Thailand goalkeeper Sinthaweechai Hathairattanakool. Kawin is a Buddhist. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Rajpracha F.C.

masks:
Kawin Thamsatchanan
Kawin Thamsatchanan
Kawin
Kawinhor
Kawin
Kawin
Kawin
Kawin
Kawin
Thamsatchanan
Thamsatchanan
Thamsatchanan
Kawin
Kawin
Kawin


title: Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow,  (24 September 1887 – 5 January 1952) was a British Unionist politician, agriculturalist, and colonial administrator. He served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. He was usually referred to simply as Linlithgow. He served as vice president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh and Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Early life and family
Hope was born at Hopetoun House, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, on 24 September 1887. He was the eldest son of John Adrian Louis Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, later 1st Marquess Linlithgow, and Hersey Everleigh-de-Moleyns, Countess of Hopetoun and later Marchioness of Linlithgow, daughter of the fourth Baron Ventry. His godmother was Queen <mask>.He was educated at Ludgrove School and Eton College and on 29 February 1908 succeeded his father as 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow. In 1912, aged only 25, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Turner, Alexander Crum Brown, Cargill Gilston Knott and James Haig Ferguson. He served as the society's vice president from 1934 to 1937. Early career
Linlithgow served as an officer on the Western Front during the First World War. Transferred from Lothians and Border Horse, he commanded a battalion of the Royal Scots. He was mentioned in dispatches and appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, ending the war with the rank of colonel.He then served in various minor roles in the Conservative governments of the 1920s and '30s. From 1922 till 1924 he served as the civil lord of the Admiralty, becoming chairman of the Unionist Party Organisation in 1924 for two years. He also served as president of the Navy League from 1924 until 1931. He was chairman of the Medical Research Council and of the governing body of the Imperial College London. Linlithgow was also chairman of the committee on the distribution and prices of agricultural produce and president of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture until 1933. In 1926 he was chairman of the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India, which published its findings in 1928. Influenced by submissions to the Royal Commission, "a decade later, when (he) became Viceroy of India he showed a personal interest in nutrition, pushing it to the top of the research agenda".The reason for sending a Commission on Agriculture under Linlithgow was 'because constitutional reform without economic and educational reform will do nothing to ameliorate the condition of life of the mass of the population of India, and this is what matters most.' From April 1933 to November 1934 he was chairman of the Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Indian constitutional reform, drawn up to consider the proposals for Indian self-government contained in the government's March 1933 White Paper. He agreed to take the job after Lord Salisbury declined it (although he agreed to serve on the committee) and Sidney Peel, the second choice, fell ill with phlebitis. Linlithgow told the Joint Select Committee that he would show no favouritism between the Indian factions (Hindus, Muslims and Princely States) and would be neutral just as he was between his own five children. The committee's proposals became the Government of India Act 1935. Viceroy

Having previously declined both the governorship of Madras and the governor-generalship of Australia (his father was the first Governor-General of Australia), he became the Viceroy of India, succeeding Lord Willingdon. Travelling out to India on the P&O liner RMS Strathmore, he arrived in Bombay, with his wife, daughters, and personal staff, on 17 April 1936.Linlithgow implemented the plans for local self-government embodied in the Government of India Act 1935, which led to provincial governments led by the Congress Party in five of the eleven provinces of British India, but the recalcitrance of the princes prevented the establishment of elected governments in most of the princely states. With the outbreak of the Second World War, Linlithgow's rejection of the request by the Congress for a declaration that India would be given the chance to determine its own future after the war led to the resignation of the Congress ministries. On 8 August 1940 Lord Linlithgow made a statement on behalf of the British government. It was known as the August Offer and offered greater rights in the governance of India to the Indian people. The proposal was rejected by most Indian politicians, including the Congress Party and the Muslim League. Disputes between the British administration and Congress ultimately led to massive Indian civil disobedience in the Quit India Movement. Linlithgow suppressed the disturbances and arrested the Congress leaders.He is partly blamed for the Bengal famine of 1943 which resulted in three million deaths. Retirement

His seven-year tenure as viceroy, the longest in the history of the Raj, ended in 1943. Indians were less kind in their assessments of his career. V. P. Menon in The Transfer of Power in India stated: "His 7½ year regime – longer than that of any other Viceroy – was conspicuous by its lack of positive achievement. When he left India, famine stalked portions of the countryside. There was economic distress due to the rising cost of living and the shortage of essential commodities. On the political side, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru expressed the general feeling thus: 'Today, I say, after seven years of Lord Linlithgow's administration the country is much more divided than it was when he came here'."A sincere Presbyterian, he served as Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland in 1944 and 1945. He died in 1952. They had twin sons and three daughters:
Charles William Frederick Hope, 3rd Marquess of Linlithgow (7 April 1912 – 1987); succeeded to his father's marquessate
John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon (7 April 1912 – 18 January 1996); became a Conservative statesman and married the daughter of the English novelist W. Somerset Maugham
Lady Anne Adeline (27 January 1914 – 2007)
Lady Joan Isabella (21 September 1915 – 1989)
Lady Doreen Hersey Winifred (17 June 1920 – 22 January 1997), the mother of Lucinda Green, a famous equestrian. In some circles the three girls were known as Faint Hope, Little Hope, and No Hope. References

External links

Viceroys of India
1930s in British India
1940s in British India
Lords of the Admiralty
World War II political leaders
1887 births
1952 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Scots officers
Scottish Presbyterians
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Thistle
Lord-Lieutenants of West Lothian
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Chancellors of the University of Edinburgh
Victor
Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Deputy Lieutenants of Linlithgowshire
People educated at Eton College
India in World War II
Unionist Party (Scotland) politicians
People from South Queensferry
Scottish agriculturalists
Marquesses of Linlithgow
Politicians from Edinburgh

masks:
Victor Alexander John Hope
Victoria


title: Wayne M. Collins

texts:
<mask> (November 23, 1899 – July 16, 1974) was a civil rights attorney who worked on cases related to the Japanese American evacuation and internment. Biography

Personal life
<mask> was born in Sacramento, California, to Irish American parents, and was raised and educated in San Francisco. In 1907, <mask>' father died from tuberculosis and his mother was unable to retain custody of her two sons. As a result, <mask> spent much of his youth in an institutional home affiliated with the Swedenborgian Church in San Francisco's Potrero Hill area. While living there, he attended what is now called Lick-Wilmerding High School from which he received a diploma. <mask> enlisted in the Navy towards the end of World War I. He earned his law degree from San Francisco Law School in 1927 and opened a law office in the Mills Building complex of San Francisco's Financial District in the following year.In 1930, he was reunited with his mother and younger brother, to whom he provided financial support. In 1933, <mask> married Thelma Garrison, with whom he had two children. The family lived in an apartment in the Nob Hill neighborhood of San Francisco for a number of years, and later moved to a home on Presidio Avenue in 1950. Thelma died of cancer in 1953, and <mask> did not remarry. Legal career
In 1934, <mask> helped to establish the Northern California branch of the ACLU in response to anti-worker and anti-union campaigns of employers against protesting workers in rural California and against striking maritime workers in California. <mask>' first major case for the branch was on behalf of a nine-year old Jehovah's Witness who had been suspended from school for refusing to cite the Pledge of Allegiance based on religious grounds. He later became a leader in the legal fight against persecution of Japanese Americans, both during and after World War II.Korematsu
With Ernest Besig of the Northern California ACLU, <mask> led Fred Korematsu's constitutional challenge to the Internment of Japanese Americans beginning in 1942, and culminating in his defense of Korematsu (alongside the ACLU's Charles Horskey) before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1944. In a 6–3 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Korematsu's conviction in Korematsu v. United States in December of that year. Nearly four decades later, in November 1983, the U.S. District Court in San Francisco formally granted the writ of coram nobis and vacated the conviction. Tule Lake and the Renunciants
In the spring of 1944, Ernest Besig became aware of a hastily constructed stockade at California's Tule Lake Segregation Center, in which Japanese American internees were routinely being brutalized and held for months without due process. Besig was forbidden by the national ACLU to intervene on behalf of the stockade prisoners or even to visit the Tule Lake camp without prior written approval from the ACLU's Roger Baldwin. Unable to help directly, Besig turned to <mask> for assistance. <mask>, using the threat of habeas corpus suits, managed to have the stockade closed down.A year later, after learning that the stockade had been reestablished, he returned to the camp and had it closed down for good. In August 1945, <mask> began advising Japanese American internees at Tule Lake who had been deceived or coerced into renouncing their American citizenship under the Renunciation Act of 1944 of their legal rights. On November 13, 1945, <mask> filed two mass class equity suits (Abo v. Clark, No. 25294 and Furuya v. Clark, No. 25295) and two mass class habeas corpus proceedings (Abo v. Williams, No. 25296 and Furuya v. Williams, No. 25297) in the U.S. District Court of San Francisco.These cases sought to determine nationality, prevent removal to Japan, end internment, and cancel renunciation. Adopting <mask>' arguments, Federal Judge Louis E. Goodman found the mass renunciations unconstitutional, stating: "It is shocking to the conscience that an American citizen be confined without authority and while so under duress and restraint for this government to accept from him a surrender of his constitutional heritage." "Not even the hysterics and exigencies of war", Goodman had warned in his opinion, "excused the government for the egregious constitutional wrongs it had committed by imprisoning citizens not charged with a crime". When the federal appeals court ruled that each renunciant's case had to be individually decided, <mask> embarked on a 23-year campaign, filing thousands of court cases to successfully recover the renunciants' citizenships. Japanese Latin American internees
<mask> represented some 3,000 Japanese Latin Americans kidnapped by the U.S. during the war to be bartered for American prisoners of war. While most were deported after the war as "undesirable aliens", <mask> successfully enabled hundreds to remain and make their homes in America. Iva Toguri

In 1949 <mask>, with Besig and Theodore Tamba, defended Iva Toguri D'Aquino against charges of treason.Through the use of perjured testimony and falsified evidence, she was convicted of being "Tokyo Rose" in the most expensive trial in American history as of that time. Following her release from prison in 1956, <mask> continued his efforts to have her name cleared. Other legal activities
In addition to his case work on behalf of Japanese Americans, <mask> performed other legal activities during the 1950s and 1960s. This included legal work on behalf of the Swedenborgian Church, the defense of some East Indian immigrants against deportation, the representation of several educators who had refused to sign California's loyalty oath, and the defense of several Berkeley Free Speech Movement leaders. Death
<mask> suffered a heart attack on a plane and died on July 16, 1974, while returning home from a business trip to Hong Kong. <mask>' son, <mask> <mask>, subsequently took on some of the cases his father was actively working on at the time of his death. This included the filing of a presidential pardon petition for Iva Toguri D'Aquino, which President Gerald R. Ford granted during his final days in office.Recognition
Although largely unknown to the general public, <mask>' relentless efforts on behalf of the Japanese Americans have been recognized in various posthumous honors and dedications. For example, the poet Hiroshi Kashiwagi dedicated his book Swimming in the American: a Memoir and Selected Writings to <mask>, saying that he "rescued me as an American and restored my faith in America". In the dedication for her influential book Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps, former internee <mask> Nishiura Weglyn wrote that <mask> "... did more to correct a democracy's mistake than any other one person". References

External links

Research resources
Guide to the <mask> M. <mask> Papers at The Bancroft Library

1899 births
1974 deaths
American people of Irish descent
People from Sacramento, California
United States Navy personnel of World War I
San Francisco Law School alumni
Lawyers from San Francisco
American civil rights lawyers
Internment of Japanese Americans
Activists from California
20th-century American lawyers

masks:
Wayne Mortimer Collins
Collins
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Wayne Merrill
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Michi
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Wayne
Collins


title: Sönke Wortmann

texts:
<mask> (; 25 August 1959 in Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German film director and producer. Biography
<mask>'s father was a miner. After <mask>'s A-Levels he wanted to become a professional football player and started playing with Westfalia Herne and later SpVgg Erkenschwick in the German 3rd division. After three years he gave up the idea of becoming a professional football player. One semester he studied sociology before entering the University of Television and Film Munich to study film directing. After spending some time at the London Royal College of Art he finished his career successfully. While studying, he worked as a taxi driver and actor, for example in the TV series Die glückliche Familie.His debut feature film Der bewegte Mann was released in 1994. It became one of the most successful German film of the post-war era. The Superwife (1996) was filmed, as he himself said, to prove that it is possible to make "a successful film out of a successful novel". Der Campus was more or less accomplished on the same terms, but achieved fewer viewers. Films like Mr. Bluesman and the drama film in episodes St Pauli Nacht, for which he was acclaimed by critics, turned out to be commercial failures and didn't run a long time in cinemas. <mask> shot The Hollywood Sign, based on Leon de Winter's novel "De hemel van Hollywood", in the US with a very good cast. The Hollywood Sign came out in 2004 in Germany, but didn't run long in cinemas.<mask> sees The Miracle of Bern as his greatest success, which became the most successful film in German cinemas in the year 2003. During the Confederations Cup 2005 and the Football World Cup 2006 he joined the German football team on their trip. At every match he sat on the trainer's bench and, by order and for account of national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann, he prepared films which were later shown to the players in order to prepare them for an upcoming match. The two-hour documentary film on the world cup, produced from over 100 hours of filming material, was presented to the German national football team on 14 August 2006 as a preview and premiered in cinemas on 5 December 2006 under the title Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen. The film had more than 4 million viewers and was a big success. The net profits of the film were donated to SOS Children's Villages.In 1998 <mask> founded his own production company . From 2007 he worked on the project to adapt the novel "Pope Joan". The production was carried out by Bernd Eichinger. Initially, the female pope Johanna was going to be portrayed by Franka Potente. In Mai 2008 though, the production company announced that Johanna Wokalek was going to play the pope. The production was also conducted under Oliver Berben. In the year 2009, the film was released in cinemas.<mask> <mask> is married to the actress Cecilia Kunz and has three children. <mask> is an active member of the German authors national football team (Autonama). Wortmann also supports "DeinFussballClub" since April 2008. This club's aim is to engage over 30,000 new members every year, who pay 39.95 euros each every year. The foundation of this club was modeled after the English club Ebbsfleet United F.C. Sönke <mask> is also member of Alliance '90/The Greens political party. Awards
 1985 – Special award at the Royal College of Art in London for Nachtfahrer (Night driver)
 1988 – Kodak-Eastmann award for Drei D (Three D)
 1988 – Nomination for the Oscar category of student film for Drei D
 1988 – Filmband in gold for Noblesse oblige
 1991 – promotional award from the Hypo-Bank for the Munich Film Festival for Allein unter Frauen
 1991 – German video award for Allein unter Frauen
 1992 – Filmband in gold for Kleine Haie
 1992 – Award (Best young director) at the World Film Festival for Kleine Haie
 1992 – Award (Best film) at the film festival in Quebec for Kleine Haie
 1994 – DIVA award
 1994 – Bambi award for Der bewegte Mann
 1995 – German film award, nomination (film, director) for Der bewegte Mann
 1995 – Ernst Lubitsch award for Der bewegte Mann
 1998 – Bavarian film award for Der Campus
 2003 – Bavarian film award for The miracle of Bern
 2004 – Landesmedien award from North Rhine-Westphalia for The miracle of Bern
 2006 – Bambi for the category "Documentary" for Deutschland.Ein Sommermärchen
 2007 – Adolf-Grimme award for the category "information and culture" for Germany for Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen
 2007 – Merrit award from North Rhine-Westphalia
 2009 – culture award from the Sparkasse culture-foundation Rhine-Westphalia
 2010 – Askania Award

Filmography

As a director
 1981: Nachtfahrer (Short)
 1984: Anderthalb (Short)
 1986: Fotofinish (Short)
 1988:
 1990: Liebesgeschichten: Die Hochzeit des Figaro (TV series episode)
 1990: Eine Wahnsinnsehe (TV film)
 1991:  (Alone Among Women)
 1992: Little Sharks
 1993:
 1994: Der bewegte Mann (Maybe, Maybe Not) — based on comic books by Ralf König
 1996: The Superwife — based on a novel by
 1996:  (TV film) — based on Charley's Aunt by Brandon Thomas
 1998: Der Campus (Campus) — based on a novel by Dietrich Schwanitz
 1999:  — based on a novel by
 2001: The Hollywood Sign — based on a novel by Leon de Winter
 2003: The Miracle of Bern
 2006: Freunde für immer – Das Leben ist rund (TV series, 2 episodes)
 2006: Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen (Germany. A summer fairy tale)
 2009: Pope Joan — based on Pope Joan by Donna Woolfolk Cross
 2012:  (The Wedding Video)
 2014: Schoßgebete — based on a novel by Charlotte Roche
 2015: Frau Müller muss weg! — based on a play by  and
 2017: Charité (TV series, 6 episodes)
 2017:  — based on a novel by Frank Goosen
 2018:  — based on a play by  and

As a producer
 Lammbock (2001)
 The Miracle of Bern (2003)
 Arnies Welt (2005) (TV film)
 Hardcover (2008)
  (2009)
 Eine Insel namens Udo (2011)
 Lommbock (2017)

As an actor
 1987–1991: Die glückliche Familie (as Ritchie)
 1997: Knocking on Heaven's Door

Advertisements
 For Nike, Gerolsteiner, Bitburger, Sony, Air Berlin, Deutsche Bank, Prinzenrolle, Nivea, DFB, König Pilsener, Früh Kölsch
 Vodafone, Honda, Dresdner Bank, SolarWorld AG, Commerzbank AG
 HanseMerkur Versicherung, starring Mario Gómez (August 2007)
 AachenMünchener, starring Mario Adorf,
 Rewe Group 2010, starring Lukas Podolski
 Deutsche Bahn AG, in which he himself appears. Other work
 Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen (2006) Diary of the World Cup
 Das Wunder von Bern, audiobook at Hörverlag,

External links

1959 births
Living people
People from Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia
Mass media people from North Rhine-Westphalia
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Members of the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia
University of Television and Film Munich alumni
SC Westfalia Herne players
German footballers
SpVgg Erkenschwick players
Best Director German Film Award winners
German footballers needing infoboxes
Association football midfielders
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia

masks:
Sönke Wortmann
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title: Judith McHale

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<mask><mask> is a former Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Appointed by President Obama, she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 21, 2009, and sworn in on May 26. She resigned effective July 1, 2011. <mask> now serves as the president and chief executive officer of Cane Investments, LLC, a small family-owned fund where her son Brian O'Halloran is the managing director. Cane Investments makes investments in start-ups in the fields of technology and the environment. <mask> is the former president and chief executive officer of Discovery Communications. For two decades, <mask> helped build Discovery Communications, the parent company of the Discovery Channel cable channel, into a global media enterprise with 1.4 billion subscribers in 170 countries.Early life
The daughter of a U.S. Foreign Service Officer, McHale was born in New York City and grew up in Britain and apartheid-era South Africa. During these formative years, McHale's family home was said to be constantly under police surveillance and was wire-tapped; family friends were detained and mistreated; and she became close with key anti-apartheid activists, including Felicia Kentridge, who founded South Africa's Legal Resource Centre, and her husband Sydney Kentridge, the noted civil rights lawyer who went on to represent slain anti-apartheid activist Steven Biko. She is married to Michael O'Halloran and has two sons, Brian and Mark. Her uncle was the journalist <mask>, Rome Bureau Chief for Time Magazine in the 1960s. He died along with Enrico Mattei, a leader of Italian oil company ENI, in a plane crash on October 27, 1962, later classified as a sabotage. Education
McHale graduated from the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom and Fordham University School of Law in New York. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Maryland, American University, the University of Miami and Colby College.Career

In the 1980s, McHale served as general counsel for MTV Networks, overseeing legal affairs for MTV, Nickelodeon and VH-1. In 1987, McHale became general counsel at Discovery Communications, then a small company with a single U.S. cable channel. She went on to serve as chief operating officer, chief executive officer, and president, helping to grow Discovery into a large media company, with more than 100 channels available in 35 languages and distributed to more 1 billion subscribers in over 170 countries. During her tenure as president, Discovery's revenues increased tenfold, with annual revenues topping $3 billion. <mask> and others at Discovery understood something important about communicating with people around the world: It makes more sense to engage people internationally on their own terms, in ways that respect their languages and customs, than it does just to bring them warmed-over versions of American programming. Discovery, nearly alone among American media companies that expanded internationally, put respect for cultural context and local voices at the heart of its business and creative strategies. It modified programming to respect viewers' regional customs and translated – rather than simply subtitled—into 35 different languages.McHale helped forge strategic partnerships, including an alliance in 1998 with the BBC that enabled a marriage of high-quality content and global distribution strength. Under her leadership the Discovery/BBC joint venture produced numerous documentaries including "Blue Planet", "Walking with Dinosaurs" and the award-winning "Planet Earth. She also spearheaded numerous corporate acquisitions, including The Learning Channel in 1991 and the Travel Channel in 1997. As a manager of a rapidly growing company with thousands of employees and offices in 22 countries, McHale made it a priority to create a workplace in which employees thrived professionally and personally. Discovery was consistently named one of the best places to work in various rankings, and, in 2004, <mask> was honored by Working Mother magazine as a "National Family Champion" for her leadership. At Discovery, McHale launched education and development initiatives in the United States and around the world, including the Discovery Channel Global Education Partnership, which provides free educational programming and technological support to more than a half million students at 200 schools and community centers throughout rural Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. In 2006, after nearly 20 years at Discovery, McHale moved to Global Environment Fund, a private equity firm based in Chevy Chase, MD.McHale worked to launch the GEF/Africa Growth Fund, an investment vehicle intending to focus on supplying expansion capital to small and medium-sized enterprises that provide consumer goods and services in emerging African markets. Prior to joining the Department of State, McHale served on the boards of directors of Polo/Ralph Lauren, Host Hotels and Resorts and DigitalGlobe, Inc.  Ms. McHale currently serves on the boards of directors of SeaWorld Entertainment, Ralph Lauren Corporation Hilton  Worldwide, Inc. and Yellow Media Limited. Public service
In 1998, McHale was appointed by Governor Parris Glendening to a four-year term as a member of the Maryland State Board of Education. In September, 2013 McHale was appointed by Secretary of the Interior, Sally Jewell, as chair of the President's Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking. McHale has also provided leadership to a range of organizations engaged in global affairs and development. She served on the boards of the Africa Society of the National Summit on Africa, Africare, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, the National Democratic Institute, and Vital Voices. In 2008, she was the co-chair of the Platform Committee of the Democratic National Convention.References
U.S. Department of State Biography

1947 births
21st-century American women
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
American chief executives of financial services companies
American chief operating officers
American diplomats
American entertainment industry businesspeople
American women chief executives
American women diplomats
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Living people
Obama administration personnel
Political spokespersons
United States Under Secretaries of State

masks:
Judith A
. McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
William McHale
McHale
McHale


title: Eugene Landy

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<mask> (November 26, 1934 – March 22, 2006) was an American psychologist known for his unconventional 24-hour therapy and treatment of celebrity clients. His most notable patient was the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, with whom he formed a controversial business and creative partnership in the 1980s. As a teenager, <mask> aspired to show business, briefly serving as an early manager for George Benson. During the 1960s, he studied psychology, earning his doctorate at the University of Oklahoma. After moving to Los Angeles, he treated many celebrity clients, including musician Alice Cooper and actors Richard Harris, Rod Steiger, Maureen McCormick, and Gig Young. He also developed an unorthodox 24-hour regimen intended to stabilize his patients by micromanaging their lives with a team of counselors and doctors. Brian Wilson initially became a patient under Landy's program in 1975.<mask> was soon discharged due to his burdensome fees. In 1982, <mask> was re-employed as Wilson's therapist, subsequently becoming his executive producer, business manager, co-songwriter, and business adviser. Landy co-produced Wilson's debut solo album Brian Wilson (1988) and its unreleased follow-up Sweet Insanity (1991), as well as allegedly ghostwriting portions of Wilson's first memoir Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story (1991). In 1989, the state of California revoked <mask>'s professional license amidst accusations of ethical violations and patient misconduct. Wilson continued to see <mask> until a 1992 restraining order barred <mask> from contacting the musician ever again. After the 1990s, <mask> continued his practice with licensure in New Mexico and Hawaii until his death. In 2014, <mask>'s treatment of Wilson was dramatized in the biographical film Love & Mercy, in which <mask> is portrayed by Paul Giamatti.Background

<mask> <mask> was born on November 26, 1934, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the only child of Jules C<mask>, a medical doctor and psychology professor, and Frieda Mae Gordon <mask>, also a psychology professor. At the age of five, <mask> was revealed to have an IQ of 150 after being tested at the University of Pittsburgh. Landy dropped out of school in the sixth grade, later claiming to be dyslexic. At age 16, he pursued a career in show business, producing a nationally syndicated radio show, and discovering 10-year-old George Benson. Landy briefly served as Benson's manager and worked odd jobs as a radio producer, promoting records and producing a single for Frankie Avalon. Benson later stated, "My people developed a distrust for [Landy] when he made them sign a power of attorney that they didn't understand, and he got all my mail and all my checks." Honoring his parents' wishes, <mask> resumed his formal education at Los Angeles City College, where he earned an A.A. in chemistry.After falling ill with dysentery while attending medical school at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, he switched to psychology. He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from California State University, Los Angeles in 1964 and a master's degree in the discipline from the University of Oklahoma in 1967, completing his training with a Ph.D. from the latter institution in 1968. Early career and development of methods

After completing his studies, Landy worked for the Peace Corps, eventually moving to Los Angeles to work as a drug counselor at Harbor Hospital and as a popular part-time instructor at San Fernando Valley State College. Landy began developing ideas for his 24-hour treatment program while engaging in postdoctoral work at Rancho Santa Fe. It was there that he practiced "marathon therapy", in which a therapist takes control of a group of people for a day or more. In 1968, he worked briefly as an intern at Gateways Hospital in Echo Park, Los Angeles, where he developed his methods further, experimenting with treatment on teenage drug abusers with varying degrees of success. He attributed his failures to having too little control over their nighttime activities; he tried evening rap groups and made himself available at all hours for talking therapies for their nocturnal anxiety attacks.Landy went on to call his new system milieu therapy. While serving the hospital, Landy became cultured in the language used by its teenagers. In 1971, he authored a book on hippie jargon called The Underground Dictionary, published by Simon & Schuster. Around 1972, Landy founded a Beverly Hills clinic, the Foundation for the Rechanneling of Emotions and Education (FREE). Interns employed at the clinic used <mask>'s approach on a partial basis. In the early 1970s, he also started penetrating Hollywood social circles, becoming a consultant on various television shows including The Bob Newhart Show. He soon began treating many celebrity clients, earning $200 an hour.Some of Landy's patients included Alice Cooper, Richard Harris, Rod Steiger, and Gig Young, who died in an apparent murder-suicide along with his wife in 1978. In a 1976 interview with Rolling Stone, Landy claimed that he had treated others, but that he was in no position to explain his background. He added, "I've treated a tremendous number of people in show business; for some reason I seem to be able to relate to them. I think I have a nice reputation that says I'm unorthodox by orthodox standards but basically unique by unorthodox standards." Unusually, he had his own press kit. In 1988, psychiatrist and Landy colleague Sol Samuels described Landy as "a maverick in the field of psychology. He's done things that no other psychologist has done in treating the psychotic and the drug addict.... What he was doing really was translating the hospital environment to the home environment. I think he got some remarkable results – with people who can afford it." Arnold Horowitz, who was an assistant to <mask> in the 1970s, stated that Landy used methods that were based "upon very very heavily reality confrontation on a very consistent basis. ... Gene, in addition to being eloquent at times ... is ... dramatic." First treatment of Brian Wilson (1975–1976)

Landy was initially hired to treat Brian Wilson by Wilson's wife Marilyn in October 1975. According to Marilyn, she had "tried to find doctors who could deal with" her husband for several years, but "Brian's ability to 'put on' these professionals made it difficult to find someone who could deal with him on his own level."During the previous spring and summer, she had employed Wilson's cousin, basketball player Stan Love, to supervise Wilson's daily activities and reverse his physical decline, Psychiatrists and therapists were then found for Wilson, but he refused to attend sessions. After hearing about <mask> from a friend, Marilyn met with him to discuss the situation. Landy told her that Brian was an "undiagnosed and untreated schizophrenic." Marilyn said that, during one of <mask>'s visits to their home, "Brian just walked in the room and said, 'Something's wrong with me. I need your help,' and that started it all." Wilson publicly rebelled against the program, saying that the only reason that he went along with it was so that he would not be committed to a psychiatric facility. Under Landy's program, he was forced to maintain a routine of exercise and productivity, as well as limit his meetings with friends that were deemed as negative influences.In <mask>'s own words,

Beach Boys road manager Rick Nelson later claimed that <mask> had attempted to exert unwelcome artistic control over the group. During the recording of the band's album 15 Big Ones (1976), group meetings were supervised by Landy, and discussions over each song for the record were reported to last for up to eight hours. Another report suggested that <mask> had asked for a percentage of the band's income. At <mask>'s insistence, Wilson appeared on Saturday Night Live, choosing to perform a solo piano rendition of "Good Vibrations" which received mixed feedback. <mask> stood off-camera holding signs for Wilson that read "smile". He said that critics missed the point of this exercise, explaining that Wilson's performance "was a terrible thing" as a one-shot, but if he continued making appearances then he would have gradually overcome his stage fright. Landy had initially charged a monthly fee of $10,000, which he gradually raised to $18,000.Steve Love, Wilson's cousin and band manager, fired <mask> in December 1976 when Landy raised his fees to $20,000 (equivalent to $ in ). By this time, Marilyn had become disenchanted with the doctor and his requests for additional compensation. She recalled confronting Landy at his office with her husband. "Brian said, 'You son of a bitch!' You have to understand that I have never seen Brian get physical, ever, ever. I saw him take his fist and start to punch this man, and I started screaming. Landy said, "No, no, no, let him do it, let him do it!... he needs to take his anger out on me...' That was a therapeutic session, if you can believe it." <mask> remembered 15 Big Ones as "the only major success" the Beach Boys had in recent years; "Brian and I did that together. Right after that, I had to leave the situation. ... I was interested in making Brian a whole human being; they [the Beach Boys management] were interested in getting another album done in time for 1977." In 1977, Wilson was asked if Landy had too much control; he said, "I thought so, but there was nothing I could do about it and I eventually gave in to it. ... [He had] control of my life legally through the commitment of my wife.... He definitely helped me. It cost over a hundred thousand dollars – he charged a hell of a lot per month." Wilson then reported that Landy was replaced with a different doctor. Second treatment of Brian Wilson (1982–1991)

In 1982, Wilson was brought back to Landy's care after overdosing on a combination of alcohol, cocaine, and other psychoactive drugs. Landy monitored Wilson's drug intake and used the psychiatrist Sol Samuels to prescribe Wilson medication. Landy's assistant Kevin Leslie stood with Wilson at every moment, earning Leslie the nickname "Surf Nazi".Leslie also gave Wilson medication at Landy's direction. Initially, Leslie was paid salary by Landy, but was eventually paid directly by Wilson. In 1988, Samuels took credit with performing the "actual supervision of the therapy ... giving the medication and the occasional psychotherapy as he needs it. What Gene has been doing is hiring the people to be with him, and so forth, much as a parent would do if asked to get some help in the house." In the mid 1980s, <mask> stated of Wilson, "I influence all of his thinking. I'm practically a member of the band ... [We're] partners in life." Wilson later responded to popular allegations, "People say that Dr. Landy runs my life, but the truth is, I'm in charge."<mask> echoed: "He's got a car phone in his car. If he wants to call somebody, he calls somebody. ... He can go anywhere, on his own, anytime he wants." A Rolling Stone journalist who spent one week with Wilson and Landy reported: "With the exception of taking a brief drive by himself to the market to pick up groceries, Brian appeared to be incapable of making a move without Landy's okay. During one interview session, the Landy line seemed to ring every thirty minutes. Yet Brian appears to be a willing participant in the program."Even though the Beach Boys had hired <mask>, part of the regimen involved cutting Wilson's contact from the group, as <mask> reasoned: "You can't deal with people who only want to use you." Wilson said that "Dr. <mask> doesn't like me to be in touch with my family too much. He thinks it's unhealthy." For example, Brian remembered participating in an interview with his brother Carl Wilson, "and the interviewer asked Carl what it was between him and me. He goes, 'Well, Brian and I don't have to talk to each other. We're just Beach Boys, but we don't need to be

masks:
Eugene Ellsworth Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
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Landy
Landy
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Eugene Ellsworth
Landy
. Landy
Landy
Eugene
Landy
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Landy
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title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 friends.' And that's true.Although, whenever I think about him, I feel rotten." In 1986, Wilson met his future wife and manager Melinda Ledbetter, a Cadillac saleswoman and former model, while browsing through a car dealership. Six months after meeting Wilson, she had reported Landy to the state's attorney general, who informed her that nothing could be done without the cooperation of Wilson's family. Ledbetter felt that the family had been at their "rope's end" with Wilson, and that they did not know what to do to help him. She said that three years into their relationship, Landy ordered Wilson to sever ties with her. Music and business associations

Between 1983 and 1986, Landy charged about $430,000 annually, forcing Wilson's family members to devote some publishing rights to his fee. Landy received 25% of the copyright to all of Wilson's songs, regardless of whether he contributed to them or not, which band manager Tom Hulett explained was an incentive for Landy to reignite Wilson's drive."It was sort of like, 'Gee, there's nothing coming in now, if you can go make this person well to go create some income ...'" Landy expressed similar views. "Saying that [I would share in future songwriting royalties] in '84 was like me telling you, 'I'll pay you a million dollars if you can get up and fly around the room.'" This arrangement was revoked in 1985, with Landy only receiving rights with a percentage equal to his writing contributions. <mask> reported that he never received any money, since Wilson had not published any material before the pact was voided. Afterward, Wilson paid Landy a salary of about $300,000 a year for advice on creative decisions. In late 1987, <mask> and Wilson became creative partners in a company called Brains and Genius, a business venture where each member would contribute equally and share any profits from recordings, films, soundtracks, or books. <mask> was then credited as co-writer and executive producer for Wilson's debut solo album, Brian Wilson, released in 1988.Co-producer Russ Titelman disparaged <mask>'s role in the album's creation, calling him disruptive and "anti-creative". Wilson's cousin and bandmate Mike Love denied <mask>'s claims that the Beach Boys were preventing Wilson from participating on their recordings, and believed that the reason <mask> encouraged Wilson to pursue a solo career "was to destroy us. Then he would be the sole custodian of Brian's career and legacy." <mask> maintained that his songwriting collaborations on Brian Wilson earned him less than $50,000. In a September 1991 Billboard interview, <mask> falsely claimed to have co-written and co-produced the 1965 hit "Eve of Destruction" under the pseudonym P.F. Sloan. This prompted the real P.F.Sloan to pen a letter to Billboard that rebuked <mask>'s claim. Sloan later surmised that <mask> had made the claim in order to gain credibility and appease members of the medical community who were questioning why <mask> felt that he was an appropriate songwriting collaborator for Wilson. For the publishing of Wilson's autobiographic memoir, Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, Landy stood to earn 30% of its proceeds. The book glorifies <mask> and its contents were challenged for plagiarism. <mask> denied accusations that he was involved as a ghostwriter. Wilson later distanced himself from the book. In a 1995 court case, Wilson's lawyers argued that HarperCollins were aware that Wilson's statements in the book were either manipulated or written by <mask>.State intervention

Action was taken against <mask>'s professional practice as a result of the Beach Boys' and Wilson family's struggles for control. A former nurse and girlfriend of Wilson's brought <mask> to the state's attention in 1984. The state was then aided by journals written by songwriter Gary Usher during a ten-month collaboration with Wilson. These journals depicted Wilson as a virtual captive dominated by <mask>, who was determined to fulfill his show business ambitions through Wilson. By this time, Wilson had become <mask>'s only patient. In February 1988, the State of California Board of Medical Quality charged Landy with ethical and license code violations stemming from the improper prescription of drugs and various unethical personal and professional relationships with patients, citing one case of sexual misconduct with a female patient, along with Wilson's psychological dependency on Landy. <mask> denied the allegations, but later admitted to one of the seven charges which accused him of wrongfully prescribing drugs to Wilson.<mask> surrendered his psychological license, complying with an agreement made with the state of California, and was not allowed applications for reinstatement for the next two years. An August 1988 board meeting with the Beach Boys had <mask> promising that Brian would reconnect with the group, which Love says: "was a ruse to get us to write a letter in his defense against the California authorities. We never wrote the letter, and Brian's public behavior continued to unsettle." <mask> and his colleagues said that his treatment of Wilson ended in February 1988 at the request of the state attorney general's office, but the deputy attorney who drafted the complaint reported that he was not aware of any such request, nor was the office advised that they sever <mask>'s relationship with Wilson. Co-producers of Wilson's solo album said they witnessed no changes, and <mask>'s assistants remained with Wilson. Sol Samuels said this was because Landy had little direct involvement with Wilson's treatment, and that it was instead the people Landy hired who continued to regulate Wilson's medication. Conservatorship hearings

Peter Reum, a therapist who met Wilson while attending a Beach Boys fan convention in 1990, was alarmed by Wilson's demeanor and speculated that he may be suffering from tardive dyskinesia, a neurological condition brought on by prolonged usage of antipsychotic medication.Reum phoned biographer David Leaf, who then reported Reum's observations to Carl Wilson. It was then discovered that <mask> had been named as a chief beneficiary in a 1989 revision of Brian's will, collecting 70%, with the remainder split between his girlfriend and Brian's two daughters. This discovery was made by Kay Gilmer, a publicist employed by Landy in March 1990. She phoned Gary Usher to explain why his messages were not being returned, to which Usher warned: "If Landy knows that you're calling me, he'd kill you. He'd literally kill you." Gilmer left her job two weeks later, taking expired drug bottles as well as names, phone numbers, and bank account information that she later turned over to the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance. Aided by Gilmer's findings, Stan Love filed unsuccessfully for conservatorship on May 17, 1990.A press conference with Stan at the lectern featured an unexpected appearance from Brian. While reading from a piece of paper, Brian was given a microphone and said: "I have heard of the charges made by Stan Love, and I think they are outrageous, which means they are out of the ballpark ... I feel great." In a later interview from 1991, Brian acknowledged the revision of his will and repeatedly stated, "We might change that". Audree, Carl, Carnie, and Wendy Wilson contested Landy's control of Brian, pursuing legal action on May 7, 1991. Brian responded in an interview, "They probably want control of me, but they will not get it, they will not get it. I say let sleeping dogs lie.If the formula works, don't goof with it. That's one of my major philosophies in life. It's been working." The ruling was finalized on February 3, 1992 when <mask> was barred by court order from contacting Brian, leaving his affairs to the hands of conservator Jerome S. Billet. In December 1992, <mask> was fined $1,000 for violating the court order when he visited Brian in June for his birthday. Landy estimated that, from 1983 to 1991, his fees had cost Wilson approximately $3 million. In 1991, Wilson told reporters that his prescribed medications included Cogentin, Eskalith, Xanax, Navane, and Serentil.Love & Mercy
Landy's treatment of Wilson in the 1980s was dramatized in the 2014 biographical film Love & Mercy, in which <mask> is portrayed by Paul Giamatti. These events are told from the point of view of Wilson's then-girlfriend Melinda Ledbetter. Screenwriter Oren Moverman stated that virtually everything in the 1980s portions was sourced from conversations he had with Ledbetter. He felt that <mask> was the most difficult character to write for, "even though many things that he says in the movie I actually have recording of, in real life he was a cartoon and in real life he was so over the top." Giamatti said he prepared for the role by meeting <mask>'s early career acquaintances and listening to hours of tapes where "he'd just keep talking and talking, in these completely huge paragraphs. They were brilliant-sounding, but if you dug into them they didn't make much sense." <mask>'s son Evan disputed the film's accuracy, believing that his father was unfairly portrayed.Mike Love commented that Evan's account was "very interesting because you get an intimate look at someone who was with Brian every day for a few years." Although he had not watched the film, he also said that it overstated Ledbetter's role in stopping the treatment. Both Brian Wilson and Melinda Ledbetter have attested to the accuracy of the film's portrayal of <mask>, with Brian Wilson stating "[Giamatti] was very scary as Landy — he even got his voice right." Ledbetter said: "After I first saw the film, I had to just drive around for a couple of hours to clear my head, then I remembered that what Landy did to Brian was even worse. You don't get a sense of it in the movie, but it happened on a daily basis, for years." Personal life and death

<mask>'s first three marriages ended in divorce. Obituarist Margalit Fox of The New York Times identified longtime domestic partner Alexandra Morgan as his fourth wife and survivor.He had at least one son, Evan (born 1961/1962), from his second marriage. After the 1990s, <mask> continued a psychotherapeutic practice with licensure in New Mexico and Hawaii up until his death. He died, aged 71, on March 22, 2006 in Honolulu, Hawaii, of pneumonia while suffering from lung cancer. Legacy

In 1995, music producer Don Was commented that Wilson was "so different from his public image as a drug burnout or of someone catatonic and propped up by a greedy psychologist. ... I knew <mask>. I was around for the tail end of it, and I saw some gray in there; he wasn't just this evil guy who took over Brian."Mike Love said in a 2004 interview, "He was very tough and egregious and scandalously expensive with Brian's money. But I have to give credit for saving Brian's life. ... He was the only guy we knew who could handle Brian because Brian was a monumental case." When asked what his reaction to <mask>'s death had been, Wilson responded: "I was devastated." Wilson's daughter Carnie quoted her father saying, "Dr. <mask> died today. I know a lot of people didn't like him, but I loved him."In 2015, Wilson reflected, "I thought he was my friend, but he was a very fucked-up man," and also, "I still feel that there was benefit. I try to overlook the bad stuff, and be thankful for what he taught me." References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1934 births
2006 deaths
American psychologists
American psychotherapists
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in Hawaii
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
California State University, Northridge faculty
Los Angeles City College alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
University of Oklahoma alumni
People with dyslexia
Deaths from pneumonia in Hawaii
20th-century psychologists
Music controversies
20th-century American male

masks:
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Eugene Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy


title: Matt Janning

texts:
<mask> (born June 22, 1988) is an American-born naturalized Georgian professional basketball player for Kawasaki Brave Thunders of the B.League. He is a  tall shooting guard that played college basketball for Northeastern University. High school career
A combo guard, <mask> attended Watertown-Mayer High School, where he averaged a Metro-high 31.8 points per game and 8.4 rebounds, earning All-Conference honors three times, a two-time All-Area award and was a two-time team MVP. College career
After high school, Janning played college basketball with the Northeastern University Huskies. He was proclaimed as one of Northeastern University's most prolific scorers of the program after ending as the program's fourth all-time leading scorer with 1,836 points. He was a three-time All-CAA performer, including first-team honors in 2009 and 2010. Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft, Janning played with the Boston Celtics in the Orlando Summer League and later for the Phoenix Suns in the Las Vegas Summer League.On August 4, 2010, he signed a multi-year contract with the Phoenix Suns. On November 16, he was released by the Phoenix Suns before appearing in a game for them. On December 1, he was signed by the Maine Red Claws, after they released Jordan Eglseder, due to injury. On January 20, he was traded to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, in exchange for Antonio Anderson. He led the Rio Grande Valley Vipers to the NBDL Finals, averaging 11 points per game. On July 16, he signed a 1-year contract for $120,000 with Novipiù Casale Monferrato of the Lega Basket Serie A. In his first Italian League season, he averaged 12.6 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 1.7 assists per game, while shooting 41% from 2-point range, 38% from 3-point range, and 70% from the free throw stripe.<mask> then played with the Indiana Pacers in the Orlando Summer League, and later for the Memphis Grizzlies, in the Las Vegas Summer League, during the 2012 summer. <mask> then signed with the reigning Italian League champions, Montepaschi Siena, in August 2012. He made the Lega Basket Serie A BEKO All-Star team. In his 2nd Italian League season he is averaging 7.1 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.0 assists per game, while shooting 48% from 2-point range, 31% from 3-point range, and 87% from the free throw stripe. On August 4, 2013 it was announced that <mask> signed for Croatian champions Cibona Zagreb. He was released in December 2013, due to financial problems of the club. On January 3, 2014, he signed with his former club Montepaschi Siena for the rest of the season.On July 10, 2014, he signed a 1+1 contract with the Turkish team Anadolu Efes. On September 28, 2015, <mask> signed with the Denver Nuggets. However, he was later waived by the Nuggets on October 15 in order for him to sign with Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. On February 7, 2016, he parted ways with Hapoel Jerusalem. Two days later, he signed a deal with Lokomotiv Kuban until the end of the 2016–17 season. On September 15, 2017, <mask> signed a two-month deal with Baskonia of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague to replace the injured Jordan McRae. He finally extended his contract for the whole season on November 17.On July 6, 2018, Janning re-signed a one-year deal with Baskonia of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague. On July 7, 2020, <mask> was officially released from the Spanish club. On December 23, 2020, he has signed with Baxi Manresa of the Liga ACB. On June 30, 2021, Janning with Kawasaki Brave Thunders of the B.League for the 2021–22 season. Georgia national team
On September 4, 2018, Janning got a Georgian passport, becoming a member of the Georgia national basketball team for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification games. On September 13, 2018, he made his first appearance for the Georgian team in an 85–80 win over Israel, recording 15 points, three rebounds and three assists. <mask> at eurobasket.com
 <mask> at euroleague.net
 <mask> at fiba.com
 <mask> at legabasket.it
 <mask> at rivals.com

1988 births
Living people
ABA League players
American expatriate basketball people in Croatia
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Anadolu Efes S.K.players
A.S. Junior Pallacanestro Casale players
Basketball players from Minnesota
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players
KK Cibona players
Liga ACB players
Maine Red Claws players
Men's basketball players from Georgia (country)
Mens Sana Basket players
Northeastern Huskies men's basketball players
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
People from Watertown, Minnesota
Point guards
Rio Grande Valley Vipers players
Saski Baskonia players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area

masks:
Matthew Lawrence Janning
Janning
Janning
Janning
Janning
Janning
Janning
Janning
Matt Janning
Matt Janning
Matt Janning
Matt Janning
Matt Janning


title: John Payne (singer)

texts:
<mask> (born 29 September 1958 in Luton, England) is an English musician, best known as the lead singer and bassist of Asia from 1991 to 2006, then from June 2007, with Asia featuring <mask>. He also is now in Dukes of the Orient but continues to tour with The Rock Pack and also Asia Featuring <mask>. <mask> became the frontman of Asia in 1991 at the invitation of founder member Geoff Downes, replacing vocalist/bassist <mask>. During <mask>'s tenure, Asia released eight studio albums, several live albums and toured internationally. He is a founding and current member of modern progressive rock band GPS. He is also a guitarist, photographer, composer, recording engineer and record producer. Until recently, <mask> was co-creator and part of the Las Vegas production Raiding the Rock Vault at the Las Vegas Hotel.Biography
His first band were called Moonstone. They toured the UK in the late seventies, opening for well-known groups such as Argent. In 1986, he recorded a silver selling record with the band CCCP in Scandinavia. CCCP was a group that featured <mask> on lead vocals with <mask>'s stepdaughter Carlene Carter sharing vocal duties. He provided backing vocals on several solo albums by Roger Daltrey, including Under a Raging Moon (1985) and Can't Wait to See the Movie (1987). Back in England, he and keyboardist Andy Nye (from the Michael Schenker Group) formed The Passion, enlisting the services of drummer Clive Burr (Iron Maiden), bassist Mel Gabbitas and the ex-Mike Oldfield guitarist Ant Glynne. <mask> was considered for a position in ELO Part II on guitar and vocals.For a year prior to joining Asia in 1991, he was chosen to replace Jeff Lynne as the lead vocalist in ELO, later to be named ELO Part II, but left because of protracted negotiations over the name. Asia
After the departure of <mask>, Geoff Downes invited <mask> to join the band as lead singer, bassist, co-writer and co-producer. <mask> and Geoff Downes continued together as Asia for 15 years, with several line-ups around them, until they stuck with Guthrie Govan (guitar) and Chris Slade (drums) in 1999. This line-up persisted through 2005, when Slade departed to be replaced by Jay Schellen. Asia featuring <mask>
In 2009, Govan was replaced by Mitch Perry and North American touring has continued through 2010. Work began on a studio album, originally called Architect of Time, but this would eventually be released under the new band name of Dukes of the Orient. A live album Extended Versions by Asia featuring <mask>, was released in fall 2007, drawn from a December 2005 live show in Sweden with Downes, Schellen, <mask> and Govan.An EP entitled Military Man was released with re-recordings of Payne-era Asia tracks: "Military Man" and "Long Way from Home", plus an Erik Norlander solo composition, "Neurosaur". Tracks were performed by Govan, <mask>, Norlander and Schellen. In 2014, a CD entitled Recollections was released, a cover album of UK progressive rock songs. As well as producer, vocalist and bassist, <mask> played most of the keyboards and some guitars. He was joined by Moni Scaria, Jeff Kollman and Jay Schellen. The video for the first single "Eye in the Sky" was shot in Vegas and includes an appearance from Alan Parsons. Dukes of the Orient
Around 2017, <mask> and Norlander reunited to form the group Dukes of the Orient as a new band name for the material that had been 10 years in the making as an Asia Featuring <mask> project.Their self-titled debut was released in February 2018 via Frontier Records, featuring Scaria and Kollman on guitars from Asia Featuring <mask>, plus former members Bouillet, Govan (guitar) and Schellen (drums). The album features the former single, "Seasons Will Change," originally released by Asia Featuring <mask> in 2012. Following the death of singer <mask> and for clarity with the Downes-led Asia, <mask> and Norlander decided these recordings should be as a new band. Their second album, Freakshow, was released on 7 August 2020. TV, film and stage
In 2007, <mask> played the part of Parson Nathaniel in the touring production of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. In 2016,  <mask> began composition of original work for Steve Gustafson. This work is in support to Gustafson's creation, via his Experience Based Learning zipline business, of an independent Reality TV show surrounding the zip line adventure tourism market entitled Zip Away!The Rock Pack
In January 2014, <mask> created the touring show "The Rock Pack". In this show <mask> interviews iconic rock singers from major classic rock bands and performs their hits with them. It included vocalists past and present from such bands as Foreigner, Cheap Trick, Journey, Santana, Toto, Kansas and The Tubes. Mixing and mastering. "The Mystic Technocracy" and "Loving the Alien" (a David Bowie cover), part of The Mystic Technocracy – Season 1: The Age of Ignorance album by Docker's Guild (2012)
 "Lucky No. 7" – album by Ted Wulfers (2012). Backing Vocals on "Jade In My Pocket" and "Stars."References

External links
Official Asia featuring <mask> website
Dukes of the Orient official web page
Roswell Six official web page

English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English male singers
English rock singers
Asia (band) members
English expatriates in the United States
Living people
1958 births
People from Luton

masks:
John Payne
John Payne
John Payne
John Payne
John Wetton
Payne
Payne
John
Johnny Cash
Payne
John Wetton
Payne
Payne
John Payne
John Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
John Payne
John Payne
John Payne
John Wetton
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
John Payne


title: Serge Leclaire

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 6 July 1924 – 8 August 1994) was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Initially analyzed by Jacques Lacan, he 'became the first French "Lacanian"'. Subsequently, he developed into 'one of the most respected and distinguished of all French analysts'. <mask> was born in 1924 in Strasbourg under the name Liebschutz, his family changing their name in wartime to escape persecution. Initially interested in Eastern philosophy, he then turned to psychoanalysis, and studied medicine and psychiatry in Paris (where he met Wladimir Granoff). He successfully defended his medical dissertation in 1957. Psychoanalytic politics
At the start of the fifties, Lacan 'was beginning to gather round him the most brilliant members of the third generation of French psychoanalysis.Among them were the musketeers of the future troika: <mask>, Wladimir Granoff, and Francois Perrier'. All three followed Lacan into the Societe Francaise de Psychanalyse during the 1953 split. There <mask> 'was made an associate member in 1954 and served as secretary from 1957 to 1962. He became president of the society in 1963, the year of the second split of the French psychoanalytic groups'. He was also, between 1961 and 1965, a member of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). Leclaire believed passionately that 'any break between Lacan and the IPA would be a calamity at once for Freudianism in France, for Lacan, and for the IPA', and worked tirelessly to prevent one on Lacan's behalf. He was ultimately unsuccessful, and indeed Lacan, despite the way 'Leclaire kept him informed of every important development' eventually 'accused Leclaire of betraying him'.Notwithstanding, Leclaire followed Lacan into the Ecole Freudienne de Paris, founded in 1964, but continued to work on the unification of French psychoanalysis. In 1969, Leclaire was the originator of the first Department of Psychoanalysis at the University of Paris VIII (Vincennes), a project first opposed and then taken over by Lacan. After the latter's death, and the disintegration of the Lacanian movement, '<mask>e had refused to found a school; he wanted to give the younger generation a chance. But ten years later he made a great come-back on the French psychoanalytic scene' in an attempt to reunify the fragmented Lacanians. '"His initiative triggered things off. To begin with, everyone was against the founding of an order...But his analysis of the situation was accurate"'. 'Because of his unique position and his intellectual openness, he was able to maintain friendly relations with numerous colleagues from different schools in spite of splits and divisions'.Writings
In the fifties, Leclaire's writings might at times come close to the parody-picture whereby 'Lacanians mirror the master...a Lacanian ventriloquist's dummy' On fantasy, '<mask>e, who is summarizing Lacan's thinking on the fantasm in the late 1950s, points out that the fantasm is at the heart of the dream' in orthodox Lacanian fashion. Similarly orthodox is his 1959 study of the obsessional "Philo", where he stresses that 'the psychoanalysts must...introduce a cleavage between demand and desire, between the world of the law and that of the dream'; and, on the role of the father, that 'this third person, the father, appears especially as a being to whom one refers (to honor or to scorn)...as to a law'. still very much the good pupil. Lacan indeed referred 'to what my pupil Leclaire contributed, at the Congres de Bonneval, by way of an application of my theses....'Leclaire's work illustrates particularly well the crossing of significant interpretation towards signifying non-sense...thus enabling him to introduce into his sequence a whole chain in which his desire is animated'. In his subsequent book Psychoanalyzing, Leclaire 'emphasizes that he interprets the desire to drink not physically but psychically' in the unicorn dream: '"Li" is the signifier that leads from "Lili" to "lolo" to "licorne" [unicorn]...these puns extend from infantile oral desire to adult genital desire'. Similarly centred on the signifier is his work on erotogenicity. 'The erotogenic body, he proposes, is a symbolic or represented body': 'erogeneity depends closely on the "sexual value" projected onto the child's body by another'.By the start of the seventies, however, Lacan was increasingly turning from his old doctrines of the signifier and the Symbolic, in favour of new mathematical formulations, and 'despite many attempts, especially by <mask>e, to maintain links between the majority of clinicians in the EFP' and the new approach, a gulf with his old master inevitably loomed. Indeed, by 1975 Leclaire concluded publicly 'that whilst the mathemes might have a certain pedagogic utility, they were basically no more than "graffiti"'. As 'Lacan had a hard time tolerating the autonomy of his pupils', not least with '<mask>e, the most senior of the group', despite the latter's continuing personal loyalty, the two men inevitably drifted apart. It is then perhaps not surprising that much of Leclaire's later work addresses questions of autonomy and its stages - 'The goal of the analysis does, as <mask>e used to say, depend on our ability to speak in the first person...but only after we have spoken in the third person' - and of the problems of finding a distinctive voice. In A Child is Being Killed, he argued that 'in order to achieve full selfhood we must all repeatedly and endlessly kill the phantasmatic image of ourselves installed in us by our parents..."primary narcissism", a projection of the child our parents wanted'. See also
 Julia Kristeva
 Daniel Lagache
 Lacanian movement
 Psychoanalytic theory
 True self and false self

References

Further reading
<mask>, The Land of the Other (1991)
Alain de Mijolla, "Splits in the French psychoanalytic movement between 1953 and 1964", in R. Steiner/J. Johns eds., Within Time and Between Time (London 2001)

External links
 Serge Leclaire (1924-1994)

French psychologists
French psychoanalysts
1994 deaths
Analysands of Jacques Lacan
1924 births
People from Strasbourg
20th-century psychologists
Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis faculty

masks:
Serge Leclaire
Serge Liebschutz
Career Leclaire
Serge Leclaire
Leclaire
Serge Leclair
Serge Leclair
Serge Leclair
Serge Leclair
Serge Leclair
Serge Leclair


title: Rufus Harley

texts:
<mask>. (May 20, 1936 – August 1, 2006) was an American jazz musician known primarily as the first jazz musician to adopt the Great Highland bagpipe as his primary instrument. Biography

Although born near Raleigh, North Carolina, at an early age <mask> moved with his mother to a poor neighborhood in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He began playing the C melody saxophone at age 12 and also played trumpet. At the age of 22, he began studying saxophone, flute, oboe, and clarinet with Dennis Sandole (1913–2000), an Italian American jazz guitarist who taught several jazz musicians in Philadelphia. <mask> became inspired to learn the bagpipe after seeing the Black Watch perform in John F. Kennedy's funeral procession in November 1963. Then a maintenance worker for Philadelphia's housing authority, <mask> began searching the city for a set of bagpipes. Failing to find one, he traveled to New York City, where he found a set in a pawn shop.He purchased the instrument for US$120, quickly adapting it to the idioms of jazz, blues, and funk. On several occasions, when a neighbor called the police to complain about <mask>'s practicing in his home, he would quickly put away his bagpipes and feign ignorance, asking the officers, "Do I look like I'm Irish or Scottish to you?" He eventually acquired a better set of bagpipes, which cost him a little over US$1,000. <mask> made his bagpipe performance debut in 1964. From 1965 to 1970 he released four recordings as leader on the Atlantic label (all produced by Joel Dorn, an early supporter), also recording as a sideman with Herbie Mann, Sonny Stitt, and Sonny Rollins in the 1960s and 1970s. He later recorded with Laurie Anderson (appearing on her 1982 album Big Science) and The Roots (on their 1995 album Do You Want More?!!!??! ), the latter coming about due to a 1994 appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show.In addition to bagpipes, on these albums he also occasionally played tenor saxophone, flute, or electric soprano saxophone. <mask> often wore Scottish garb, including a kilt, in conjunction with a Viking-style horned helmet. After seeing him perform on television, a Scottish family gave him his tartan, the MacLeod tartan, which he wore for the rest of his life. His bagpipe technique was somewhat unorthodox in that he placed the drones over his right shoulder rather than his left. He favored the key of B-flat minor. <mask> lived for much of his life in the Germantown neighborhood of Northwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and frequently gave presentations in Philadelphia-area public schools. During his frequent overseas performance tours, he carried and distributed miniature replicas of the Liberty Bell, the symbol of his hometown, as well as American flags and copies of the U.S. Constitution.He appeared on a number of television programs, including What's My Line?, To Tell the Truth (March 22, 1965 and again c. 2000), I've Got a Secret (October 17, 1966), and The Arsenio Hall Show. He also had a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1966 comedy film You're a Big Boy Now, as well as Eddie and the Cruisers (1983). In addition to his performing career, he worked for the Philadelphia Housing Authority for many years. In 1998 the CD album Brotherly Love was released, on the Tartan Pride label, alongside the book The Jazzish Bagpiper, a photo anthology and conversations with <mask>, by Charles A. Powell, the first to compliment <mask>'s contributions to American music with Celtic bagpipes. Writing in the sleeve notes for the album, Ralph Stevenson Jr., <mask>'s executive producer, noted:
<mask> resides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania home of the Liberty Bell. <mask>, musical ambassador of the City of Brotherly love, has been received and embraced by tribal leaders, heads of state and many notables from around the world.His message of peace and love is blended in this CD collaboration and led by his dues paid, musical labor of sax and bagpipes. His career included performances with many major figures including John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie and Dexter Gordon

<mask> died of prostate cancer at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia on August 1, 2006. A posthumous retrospective on Rhino Handmade, Courage: The Atlantic Recordings, was released in November 2006 as a 3,000-copy limited edition and contains all the tracks from his four Atlantic LPs, plus an unreleased track of Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson's composition Where Have All the Flowers Gone? recorded in 1969. Discography

As leader
 1965 Bagpipe Blues (Atlantic)
 1966 Scotch & Soul (Atlantic)
 1968 A Tribute to Courage (Atlantic)
 1970 King/Queens (Atlantic)
 1972 Re-Creation of the Gods (Ankh)
 1998 Brotherly Love (Tartan Pride)
 2000 The Pied Piper of Jazz (compilation of Atlantic tracks, 1965–70)
 2005 Sustain (Discograph)
 2007 <mask> with Georges Arvanitas Trio – From Philadelphia to Paris (Blue Cat Music)
 2009 Re-Creation of the Gods (Transparency)
 2009 Bagpipes of the World (Transparency)
 2006 Courage: The Atlantic Recordings (Rhino Handmade limited edition of 3,000 copies)

As sideman
With Laurie Anderson
1982 Big Science (bagpipe on "Sweaters")

With Herbie Mann
1967 The Wailing Dervishes (on "Flute Bag")

With Sonny Rollins
1974 The Cutting Edge (on "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot")

With The Roots:
1995 Do You Want More?!!!??! With Sonny Stitt
1966 Deuces Wild (Atlantic)

Films
2008 Pipes of Peace: <mask> (DVD)

See also
List of nontraditional bagpipe usage

References

External links
Rufus Harley biography from Hip Wax
Pipes of Peace, Rufus Harley documentary

1936 births
2006 deaths
Jazz musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
20th-century American musicians
20th-century saxophonists
African-American saxophonists
American jazz musicians
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
Deaths from prostate cancer
Great Highland bagpipe players
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Rufus Harley Jr
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Harley
Rufus Harley
Harley
Harley
Rufus Harley
Rufus Harley