title: Manuel Dominguez

texts:
<mask> (1803–1882) was a Californio ranchero, politician, and a signer of the Californian Constitution in 1849. He served as two terms as Alcalde of Los Angeles (mayor). He was one of the largest landowners in Southern California, having inherited Rancho San Pedro in 1825, one of the largest ranchos in California. He was one of the founders of the cities of Carson and Compton and of the fishing village of San Pedro (today a neighborhood of Los Angeles). Today, California State University, Dominguez Hills and the communities of Rancho Dominguez, East Rancho Dominguez, and West Rancho Dominguez bear his family's name. Early life
<mask>, addressed as <mask>, was born January 26, 1803,  in the colonial Las Californias province of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial México). He was born into a prominent Alta California family.In the colonial Spanish racial classification system sistema de castas he was an Español Criollo. The gente de razón family traced itself through pure blood generations in Mexico to ancestors in Catalonia Spain. He was baptized Luis Gonzaga Policarpo <mask> y Fernando <mask>. Baptismal data at Yglesia del Real Presidio de San Diego indicates father as Christobal Dominguez of military status: Cabo de la compañia de cuera deste Presidio and mother as Maria Reyes Yvañez. Godparents are shown as Maria Gorgona Valencuela and <mask>. <mask>’s father was José Cristobal <mask> (c. 1761-January 6, 1825) and his mother was Maria de Los Reyes Ybanez (c.1763-February 5, 1834). Existing records do not identify the names of <mask>’s grandparents.<mask>’s granduncle, the brother of his grandfather, was Juan Jose <mask> (c.1736-1809). The father of Juan Jose was Jose Ignacio <mask>. Juan Jose was the original holder of the vast Spanish land concession known as the Rancho San Pedro. Juan Jose never married and died in 1809 leaving his nephew Cristobal, <mask>’s father, heir. Upon the death of Cristobal in 1825, <mask> and his surviving siblings inherited the rancho. The siblings of <mask> were Maria Jesus (1796-1799), Josef de Los Dolores (1798-1819), Maria Victoria (1800-1873), Francisca Marcelina (1805-1828), Maria Elena Ramona (1807-1842), Jose Nasario (1809-1860), Pedro Juan Santiago Pectinarzo “Agapito” (1812-1859) and Maria Sinforosa (1815-1820). <mask> was described as tall, handsome, intelligent and personable.He was a faithful Roman Catholic and insisted his family observe the rituals. As was customary, he was trained as a youth in horsemanship and herding stock on the open range. He learned to read and write Spanish in a time when most people were illiterate. He continued to educate himself through reading throughout his life. He was a master of the Spanish language and he learned to speak English. He became a proficient public speaker capable of using both diplomacy and profanity as warranted. His life spanned the Spanish, Mexican, and American eras in California.<mask> was an heir to the vast Rancho San Pedro land grant in the Los Angeles Basin. Eldest son of Cristobal <mask>, he is credited with the solidification of the Rancho San Pedro with a new Mexican land grant and an American patent and with the development of the rancho, and erecting the Dominguez Rancho Adobe as rancho headquarters above the Los Angeles River floodplain in the Dominguez Hills, located on the border between Compton, California and Carson, California. At the age of 20, he fathered a child (Tomasa) with the 10- or 11-year-old daughter of Santiago Arguello. <mask> met the beautiful and talented Maria Engracia de Cota. They fell in love. On December 7, 1827 they were wed at Mission San Gabriel. Maria skillfully managed the business of  household and social gatherings.Maria was the daughter of Don Guillermo Cota, Prefect (Commissioner) for the Mexican government. Through this contact <mask> gained an introduction to the political workings of the Pueblo and surrounding area. Maria was also the granddaughter of <mask>, powerful holder of the large land grant to the east.of Rancho San Pedro. Together <mask> and Maria had ten children, four of whom died in childhood. Beginning in 1828, Dominguez embarked on a lengthy career of public service, in addition to his business interests. His political service included Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California. Rancho San Pedro
<mask>z inherited the Rancho San Pedro in 1825 from his father, Cristóbal Domínguez.<mask> and his two brothers settled on the ranch, building adobe homes. The land was originally granted to his great-uncle, Juan José Domínguez (1736-1809) a Spanish soldier in New Spain. In 1769, with Fernando Rivera y Moncada, he was in the first group that arrived at the site of and founded the Presidio of San Diego in Alta California. Domínguez served with Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra on  the Portolà expedition, the first European land exploration of present-day California. It traveled north from San Diego to the San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay. In 1784, Juan José Domínguez received a land grant grazing concession named Rancho San Pedro,  of land and one of the first in California, by the upper Las Californias military Governor Pedro Fages on behalf of King Charles III of Spain. It included what is today the entire Port of Los Angeles; San Pedro, Los Angeles; Harbor City, Los Angeles; Wilmington, Los Angeles; Carson; Compton; the Dominguez Hills; Lomita; the Palos Verdes Peninsula; Redondo Beach; Hermosa Beach; Manhattan Beach; and Torrance.The Rancho was regranted by the Mexican government in 1822 after Mexico became independent from Spain. On December 18, 1858 the United States government patented the 43,119 acre claim by <mask>. On May 25, 1869 <mask> made a grant to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad of a 100-foot right of way through the Rancho San Pedro. Operation of the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad through the Rancho San Pedro began in 1869. Additional right of way from Wilmington to Rattlesnake (Terminal) Island to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad was granted in 1871. This was the forerunner of today's Alameda Corridor, an express route for to and from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Ownership disputes
Disputes of <mask>’s ownership of Rancho San Pedro originated with events that occurred while California was under Spanish rule.When Juan José Domínguez died in 1809 and left half of his estate to Cristóbal Domínguez his nephew, Cristóbal did not aggressively defend his claim. The executor of the estate, <mask>, paid off the debts of Juan José and moved in, assuming rights of ownership. Gutiérrez built up the Rancho. He gave Jose Dolores Sepúlveda permission to run cattle on part of the land known as los Palos Verdes. Sepúlveda made improvements and built up his herd. In 1817 Cristóbal asserted his claim to the estate demanding Sepúlveda remove his cattle. Governor Sola issued a decree that the Rancho was the property of Juan José Domínguez and ordering Sepúlveda to leave.Sepúlveda refused; resulting in a stalemate. Then in 1822 Cristóbal again obtained from Governor Sola a decree assigning him the land. The decree was to be presented personally to the ‘’Ayuntamiento’’ of Los Angeles. This was performed by <mask>z. Sepúlveda again refused. Under Mexican rule Juan Dolores Sepúlveda filed a counterclaim based on permission of Gutiérrez, length of residence and substantial improvements to the property. Juan Dolores Sepúlveda died in an Indian revolt.His heirs were children and <mask> assumed control of operations in their behalf. Doña Sepúlveda, the widow,  married Antonio Machado and the family stayed on the Rancho. In 1825 Cristóbal Domínguez died and <mask> moved onto the Rancho with his brothers Nasario and Pedro. <mask> kept up his ownership claims. California had become part of Mexico in 1822, <mask> sought and received two decrees from Mexican Governor Echeandia for removal of the herds of Machado and Sepúlveda, but Governor Echeandia confused matters by at the same time issuing Sepúlveda a conflicting provisional grant of Rancho de los Palos Verdes. The heirs of Sepúlveda, Machado and Gutiérrez refused the decrees obtained by <mask>. In 1834 <mask>, Gutiérrez, and the heirs of Sepúlveda; Juan and José Sepúlveda, presented their claims to Governor José Figueroa.In the Arbitration Decree of 1834 he ruled that despite the decrees to vacate, the Sepúlveda's had taken possession in good faith at a time when Cristóbal Domínguez was not asserting his claim. He awarded them the Palos Verdes area. The remainder of Rancho San Pedro went to <mask>z. Gutiérrez was given no land ownership but could pasture his herds for the remainder of his life. In October 1838 Nathaniel Pryor, husband of Teresa Sepúlveda, the brother in law of Juan and José Sepúlveda petitioned the Governor asking for four thousand acres of land belonging to
<mask> on the east side of Palos Verdes. Governor Alvarado denied the petition as the land was in private hands. In 1839 <mask> submitted and was granted a petition for los Palos Verdes and the Sepúlvedas were ordered to vacate.José and Juan Sepúlveda filed a cross complaint siting the Arbitration Decree of 1834. In April 1841 Governor Alvarado upheld the Sepúlveda claim, but admonished both parties. <mask>z proposed a private settlement. The boundaries between the Ranchos were surveyed. In June 1841 an agreement was signed by the Domínguez family transferring all rights to los Palos Verdes to the Supelvedas. This effectively ended the dispute between the families. Public career
<mask>gue held many public offices in his lifetime.In June 1828 he was appointed as Elector de Partido for the Pueblo of Los Angeles. In November 1828 <mask> was elected to the Pueblo de Los Angeles El Ilustre Ayuntamento (City Council) under Mexican rule. From January 11 to February 19, 1829 he served as delegate to the first Mexican legislature in Alta California, at San Diego. In 1832, at the age of 29, he was elected Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1839 he was elected to a second term and in 1842 he was elected to a third term as Alcade. From 1833 to 1834, <mask> served as a representative from Los Angeles pueblo to the Mexican Provincial Legislature in  Alta California's capital of Monterey. In 1836 he was  elected Encargado de Justicia, or Justice of the Peace of the San Pedro District.In 1843, he was appointed by the Governor as the Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California, which gave <mask> authority over all of present-day Los Angeles and Orange Counties. In 1844 he was appointed Capitán de Defensores, local company of militia. In 1848, from September 3 to October 13, during the transition from Mexican to American rule, Dominguez was one of the eight Californio delegates sent to the constitutional convention in Monterey at which a constitution was drafted preparatory to California's admission to the Union as a state. He was a signer of the first constitution of California. In 1852, <mask> was elected to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Death
<mask> passed away after a short illness on October 11, 1882, at the age of 79. Requiem Mass was celebrated at St. Vibiana's Cathedral in Los Angeles by Bishop Mora.The coffin was attended by twelve prominent men in the community, Californios, Anglos, and Europeans. <mask> was buried at the old Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles) which is now abandoned. Some time later he and his wife were re-interred in New Calvary Cemetery. Legacy
<mask> is best remembered for keeping the Rancho San Pedro intact, while most of the other large ranchos were quickly broken up following the end of the Mexican era. While diminished in size, the Rancho lands remained in the hands of the <mask> family via the Dominguez Estate Company, the Dominguez Water Company, and the Watson Land Company. The adobe <mask> built is now both a state and national landmark and is operated as a museum, the Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum. <mask> High School in Compton California was named for him.In 2005, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Heirs of <mask>
Luis Gonzaga Policarpo <mask> <mask> y Reyes was married to María Engracia de Cota y Nieto, daughter of Rancho Los Cerritos owner Guillermo Cota. Upon <mask>'s death in 1882, and the passing of his wife just a few months later, the Rancho San Pedro lands were partitioned among his six surviving children, all daughters. See also
Battle of Dominguez Rancho
Rancho Dominguez, California
California State University, Dominguez Hills

Notes

References

External links
Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum website
Rancho San Pedro Archives from Cal State Dominguez Hills (web-archived)

Californios
Land owners from California
People of the Californias
People of Mexican California
1803 births
1882 deaths
19th-century Mexican people
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
People from Carson, California
People from San Juan Capistrano, California
19th century in Los Angeles
19th-century American politicians
Ranchers from California

masks:
Don Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Dominguez
Don Manuel
Manuel Antonio
Dominguez
Manuel Rodriguez
Manuel
Dominguez
Manuel
Manuel
Dominguez
Dominguez
Manuel
Manuel
Manuel Dominguez
Manuel Dominguez
Manuel Dominguez
Dominguez
Manuel Dominguez
Manuel
Manuel Nieto
Manuel
Manuel Domingue
Manuel
Manuel Dominguez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Gutiérrez
Manuel Domíngue
Manuel Gutiérrez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domíngue
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Domíngue
Manuel Domín
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel
Manuel
Dominguez
Manuel Dominguez
Dominguez
Manuel Dominguez
Dominguez
Manuel
Manuel Domingz
Manuel Domínguez
Manuel Antonio
Fernando Dominguez
Manuel Domínguez


title: Sivasankaran Bijoy Nandan

type: original

texts: <mask> is Professor at the Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT). He currently holds the office of the Dean, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology. He was served as Head of the department, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, CUSAT during 2019-2021 period. He has expertise in teaching, research, and development activities in the broad area of Aquatic Ecosystem Characterisation, Conservation, Restoration and Management, Carbon Dynamics & Community Ecology, Communities Ecology & Biology, Eco-toxicology and Biology of Polar Communities. He is author or co-author of more than 220 journal articles, books, and proceedings and has edited ten books as special volumes. Recently a new species of deep sea wood boring mollusc collected from eastern Arabian Sea named after Prof. <mask> as Xylophaga nandani by team of Researchers from Brazil and India namely, Marcel Velásquez, P.R.Jayachandran & M. Jima. The leadership of Prof. <mask> <mask> has been phenomenal in bringing the department to the forefront of academic, research, development (R&D) and extension activities in the university. He founded and leads the Ecology division of the dept. of Marine Biology dedicated to bringing ocean and coastal science to policy makers, and has been instrumental in efforts to develop a global initiative to integrate national and international efforts to benefit science and society. Before moving to CUSAT, he was Officer in Charge and Scientist at Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI: ICAR), Kerala Unit and Senior Officer at Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical & Engineering Training (CIFNET), Govt. of India. Prof. <mask> is a marine biologist; his scientific interests are broad and interdisciplinary, critically providing key insights in marine ecology, environmental change, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation that encompass analyses of distribution, taxonomy and community ecology of pelagic and benthic species and assemblages to elucidate the factors that regulate the structure of the biota, along with the ecophysiology and population dynamics in budgeting models of benthic-pelagic carbon flux and their dynamics in response to environmental (including climate) change.Also, pollution, ecotoxicology of contaminants and ecology of Arctic soft bottom fauna, submarine ground water zones are his recent studies initiated. His research findings and outcome of the studies have created a data platform, critically supporting evidence based policy decision making and the management of marine ecosystems in the country. His research, along with field based actions were conducted over the past two decades, on the margins of the India Ocean, (Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal), the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean-fjords, Lakshadweep islands, Andaman sea, estuaries, river systems and mangroves using ships, vessels, boats to sample and conduct experiments. He has participated in over 60 expeditions for accomplishing these field visits and studies. To elaborate briefly the research and development contributions of Prof. <mask>, over the last 2 decades, the first at his doctoral and postdoctoral periods, when he explored and studied the specialized, dynamic ecosystem of backwaters in Kerala, a rich aquatic resource providing employment to the rural people. The study identified production parameters and biological indicators including location specific seasonal changes have been defined. The study suggested management measures to control the pollution problems from retting and associated activity, after which, through policy interventions, the backwaters were effectively delinked from such impacts.This work formed the basis of his Ph.D. thesis, that won the Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1993, instituted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as high quality doctoral (PhD) thesis in research priority/ frontier areas of agriculture of allied areas from Indian Universities  and the UNESCO Fellowship, 2008. He was a U.S. Fulbright Visiting Scholar, Technical Member, Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Fellow, National Institute of Ecology, India and Coordinator of the UGC-SAP programme of the Dept. of Marine Biology. Over twenty-six students were awarded PhDs under his mentorship in CUSAT and other Universities of India. Subsequent studies focused on the environmental quality and production (primary and secondary) parameters of coastal wetlands (backwaters, estuaries, subterranean ground water zones, kole lands) were characterized, data based models evolved for its management; taxonomy of several planktonic and benthic fauna and assemblages and species by conventional and molecular phylogeny (~225 gene bank submissions) were established for defining their trophic status. Ecology, structural diversity, plankton and benthic community patterns and litter fall in relation to carbon dynamics of Indian mangroves established and effective conservation and management plans formulated. Detailed community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton (copepods, siphonophores etc.)from Indian Ocean by classical and molecular methods, their spatio-temporal pattern evolved and the possible influence of climate change (physical forcing's and chemical attributes) on the distribution and population character documented. Greenhouse gas (CH4, N2O, CO2) fluxes and carbon fractions (total, inorganic, dissolved etc.) from wetlands including mangroves established that, they are sources of carbon, however paddylands were notable sinks of carbon. The carbon energy changes, global warming potential (GWP), sequestration in relation to different organisms were worked out vis-à-vis the biological pump in these wetlands. The catch potential, CPUE, stock assessment and biology of selected coastal fishery were evolved and management plans outlined. Community ecology of benthic fauna and carbon sequestration potential in relation to climate change from the Arctic fjords were critically documented from 2011 to date. A wide array of meiofauna species, balancing the particulate carbon for budgeting and transfer along the food web of the fjords, an important step in managing the climate change in the polar region were mooted.Another very important outcome of his study is in Marine Ecotoxicology, where sea water quality criteria for heavy metals, (Cu, Zn and Pb) from Cochin coastal zone and its bioaccumulation (trophic transfer) in endemic species along the food web, with simultaneous bioassay (flow-through and renewal) on the same species using specific biomarkers with the toxicity endpoints and pollution indices were derived. Based on this network study, the draft seawater quality guidelines for the metals have been notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change for further consideration. As Technical member, Kerala State Pollution Control Board and other Govt. committees (committee for granting new chemical industries in Eloor Edayar region of Cochin, State e-waste Management and Handling Committee, State environmental Awards committee, Vembanad ecodevelopment authority etc.) from 2011 onwards, he was instrumental in managing and resolving various environmental problems in the country. In this aspect, the study based technical committee report on Fish Kill in Periyar River, of Govt.of Kerala (Kerala State Pollution Control Board), the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) project: impact on flamingo population, of Govt. of Maharashtra and the Estimate Value of Environmental Degradation and Cost Restoration of Lakshadweep island, of Lakshadweep administration are few of them.Also, the report on Fish kill in Periyar River submitted to Govt. of Kerala in 2014 has been accepted by the Human Rights Commission, Govt. of Kerala and recorded its deep appreciation for implementation. Prof. <mask> is in the forefront, building taxonomic expertise in the country, through need based capacity building actions, as enshrined under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Several species of marine organisms were documented, among which few important discoveries and records are noted. They are the Clam shrimps: Leptestheria dumonti and Eulimnadia azisi (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)(2010);Crab:Pseudosesarma glabrum (Crustacea:Brachyura: Sesarmidae) (2017) and Parasesarma bengalense (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) (2019) Neorhynchoplax alcocki and Neorhynchoplax demeloi (Crustacea:Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae); Amphipoda: Victoriopisa cusatensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Eriopisidae) (2018);Subterranean fishes: Horaglanis krishnai, Monopterus digressus, Monopterus trichurensis, Channa sp. nov. (2018), Copepod: Tortanus minicoyensis (Crustacean: copepoda) (2019); Bivalve: Mytella strigata (First record) (2019), Indosphenia kayalum(2018), Mytilopsis sallei (2018).The R&D achievements of Prof. <mask> emanated through the financial support garnered from various research and consultancy based projects funded by the national and international agencies, that includes the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Department of Science & Technology, University Grants Commission, Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change, Kerala State Council for Science Technology & Environment, Dept of Environment, Govt of Kerala and so on. As Principal investigator (PI), he is implementing projects at a total budget cost of about Rs. 6.91crores from 2006 to date. The MoES has been the major source of his grant in aid, (research support) including the Indian Arctic research program, (from 2011 onwards) through the NCPOR. About 45 project fellows, post docs. and scientist have been working under his supervision in these important research and consultancy based projects. Also prior to 2006, during his service in ICAR, research funding to a tune of Rs.2 crores were garnered and implemented through him. Another outstanding achievement was his participation as a team member in the “Environmental damage mitigation and containment and Valuation of ecologic losses program” implemented under the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) in Saudi Arabia, established by the UN Security Council, subsequent to ensuing ‘Gulf War’ in January–February 1991.Thus, his studies contribute greatly to advancing marine conservation and sustainable development on marine policy, climate change and government action. Prof. <mask> has been liaising several international collaborations and Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with reputed national and international institutions for academic advancement in ocean science. Among them, the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA, Systematics and Ecology Laboratory University of Singapore (NUS), State University of Montes Claros, Brazil, Kerala State Pollution Control Board, DST, Lakshadweep, National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) are a few of them. In this context, he was also instrumental in organising the Erudite – Scholar in Residence program, Chancellor chair and Fulbright visiting scientist programs. The Erudite programs organised were by Prof. Michael C Newman, USA (area: marine ecotoxicology), Prof. Dr. Lisa A Levin, USA (Marine ecology), Dr. Peter K.L.N.G, Singapore (Marine crustaceans) and Dr. P Graham Oliver, UK (marine bivalves); the Chancellor Chair by Prof. David M. Checkley, Jr., Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), (Marine fishery) and Fulbright host institution (specialist) programme by Dr. Jyotsna Sharma-Srinivasan, USA (marine nematodes). A recognized and respected voice on threats to aquatic ecosystems, Bijoy's research papers, reviews, press reports, commentaries, and policy papers can

masks:
Sivasankaran Bijoy Nandan
Bijoy Nadan
Bijoy
Nandan
Bijoy
Bijoy
Bijoy
Bijoy
Bijoy


title: Sivasankaran Bijoy Nandan

texts:
 be found in various outlets including Marine Environmental Research, Zootaxa, Marine Biodiversity, Regional Studies in Marine Science and several others.Prof.  <mask> has over 303 original publications with a total citation of 923, h-index of 16 and i10 index 30 (source: Google Scholar). Among them were refereed journals (106 no), book chapters (37), books (14), bulletin/ reports (18) and proceedings (44 no). He has delivered invited / plenary / special lectures (84 no.) at national and international meetings and has edited special volumes (12) as Chief editor on various topics in marine science. Almost all his publications have emanated through his externally funded research projects, which are mentioned in this nomination. The journal Current Science (vol.102, NO. 11, 10 JUNE 2012) published by Indian Academy of Sciences, India has also carried the cover page photo of his publication.He has visited 14 countries Viz. UK, Saudi Arabia, USA, New Zealand, Malaysia, Japan, Singapore, Italy, Slovenia, Norway, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Colombo and France for various academic and research assignments. Also, happy to note that, <mask> was special invitee at the Italy – Japan, Bilateral grouping and the meetings in various fields in marine science held from 2009 to 2016. Prof. <mask> Nandan is the receipt of several awards and recognitions, they were Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1993 instituted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Govt. of India as detailed above, the Best paper presentation Award  of Indian Environment Congress of the Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham in 2006; the Recognition Award of Zoological Society of India in 2008, the Excellence Award for Contribution in Wetland Science of msm College, Kayamkulam and Best poster awards at Fifth National Research Conference on Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 2014 and at International conference on climate change, Colombo University in 2018. Another outstanding achievement was his selection as Fulbright Scholar (Fulbright-Nehru Visiting Lecturer Fellow) (September 15, 2013 to January 14, 2014) at Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William &Mary, USA, in Science & Technology (Marine Biology), (Topic: Marine Ecotoxicology, Ecosystem level Monitoring, Assessment and Management). During this period, he also won the Fulbright Outreach lecture fund award for delivering a special lecture at Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation (CMBC) seminar in Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California, San Diego (UCSD).He is the recipient of noted national and international fellowships including the United Nations University Fellowship (2002) and the UNESCO Fellowship (2008) for scientific advancement. Dr <mask> is supervising several students for Doctoral program in Cochin University of Science & Technology (Faculty: Marine science and Environmental studies), Mahatma Gandhi University (Faculty: Zoology) and MS University (Faculty: Marine science & Technology). To date, 24 PhD and 19 MPhil scholars have received their degrees under his supervision from the 3 universities. Several students are progressing with their PhD programs. He is fellow of National Institute of Ecology, India and Coordinator of UGC-SAP programme of the Dept. of Marine Biology, CUSAT. Also an active member of many academic bodies and frequently communicates with decision makers, ranging in scope from local advisory boards like Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change, Ministry of Earth Sciences to global assemblies such as the Invasive network, United Nations Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP).Employment Record
Scientist & Officer in Charge (Head), Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Centre (ICAR), Govt. of India (1994 to 1999 & 2002 to 2006); Sr. Instructor (Fishery Biology), CIFNET, Govt. of India Cochin (1999- 2002); Reader and associate professor in Marine Biology, Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT) (2006 to 2012); Professor in Marine Biology, Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science & Technology (2012 September to date); Head, Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science & Technology (2018 March to April 2021). Dean, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (2021 June onwards).Professional Experience
He has 27 years (continuing) (including post-doctoral research of CSIR for 3yrs & Consultant Marine Biologist in Marine Science Division, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia). International research undertaken: July–August 2003: As Consultant Marine Biologist in the United Nations Compensation Research Project: Studies on the Oceanographic and Biodiversity changes in the Gulf Coast waters, Saudi Arabia in the context of oil pollution due to the Gulf war, Marine Science Division, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia; September, 2013 to January, 2014, As Fulbright Scholar at the College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USA teaching and research actions in marine ecology and ecotoxicology and pollution topics under Fulbright grant. Field experience: Indian Ocean, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Arctic Ocean, backwaters and estuaries (including sea voyage / cruise): ~ 24 months
Teaching:19years (continuing). Administrative: 16 years (continuing)
Teaching and research faculty: MSc & PhD program in Marine Biology, MPhil life science, refresher and short-term course, environmental studies (research faculty). Member in professional bodies: 6 national &2 international. Technical Member: Kerala State Pollution Control Board, from February 2011 to April 2014 period,
Coordinator, UGC – SAP program, CUSAT, Board of studies chairman, Marine Biology, CUSAT. Ph.D. supervision
Ciji, P.P.2012, Toxicity due to Copper and Zinc on the fresh water fish, Puntius parrah (Day 1865).Faculty of Science- Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi University (Part time). Lathika Cicily Thomas 2015, Microphytoplankton community structure in the Northern Eastern Arabian Sea during Winter Monsoon, Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT. Vineetha S.2015, Ecosystem monitoring and modelling of Benthic fauna in Maranchery Kole wetland, Kerala, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, CUSAT. Anu Pavithran 2015, Abundance and diversity of macrofauna from selected intertidal habitats of south west coast of India, Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT. Seema V. 2015, Biotic production potential in relation to environmental status of the Ashtamudi Wetland Ecosystem, Kerala. Faculty of Science- Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi University. Thasneem T.A.2016, Productivity pattern and its dynamics in a tropical estuary, south west coast of India. Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT. Girish Kumar B. 2017, Toxicity induced changes of Cu and Pb on the humoral and cellular factors on Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Faculty of Science- Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi University. Ambily V. 2017, Phenology and life history traits of Arius subrostratus (Valenciennes, 1840) from Cochin estuary, India. Faculty of Science- Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi University.Sreedevi O.K. 2018, Assessment of trophic change and production potential of Kodungallur- Azhikode estuary, India., Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT. Sreelekshmi S. 2018, Floristic structure, Zonation and Diversity pattern of major Mangrove ecosystems of India, Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT. Retina I. Cleetus 2018, Community structure of zooplankton and its trophic analysis in Vembanad estuary, India. Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT. Asha C. V. 2018, Assessing the structural and functional ecology of benthic fauna in Vembanad estuarine system, India. Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT.Rakhi Gopalan K. P. 2018, Dynamics of biocenosis and its spatio-temporal variability in Maranchery Kole wetland, Kerala, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, CUSAT. Jayachandran P. R. 2018, Bioecological study of benthic communities in the Kodungallur-Azhikode estuary-south west coast of India, Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT. Radhika Radhakrishnan 2018, Ecology, morphotaxonomy and molecular characterization of Cyclopoid copepods from Lakshadweep islands, South Eastern Arabian Sea, Faculty of Marine Sciences (Marine Biology), CUSAT. Akhilesh Vijay 2017, Carbon sequestration potential of coastal wetlands and its possible impact on climate change, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, CUSAT. Geetha P.N. 2018, Distribution and Community Structure of Benthic Fauna in Cochin Estuary, India, Faculty of Science- Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi University. Sajeevan S. 2018, Environmental and productivity characteristics of Vembanad backwater, southern Kerala, Faculty of Marine Science & Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu (part time).Archana Devi T. 2019, Acute and Chronic toxicity effects of zinc on Etroplus maculatus  (Bloch, 1795), Marine Science - Zoology, Faculty of Marine Science & Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu (part time). Sanu V. F. 2019, Morpho- Taxonomy, Genetic Analysis and Distribution of Calanoid copepods from Lakshadweep and coastal waters of south west coast of India, Faculty of Marine Science, CUSAT. Preethy C.M. 2019, Taxonomy and ecological characterization of mangroves of Kerala, Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT. Philomina Joseph 2019, Benthic biocenosis in the tropical mangrove stands of Kerala, Faculty of Marine Science, CUSAT. Rani Varghese 2019, Carbon Stock Assessment and Sequestration Potential of Mangroves in the South- West coast of India, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, CUSAT. Sajana N. 2020, Scad fishery along Kerala coast and bionomics of Alepes djedaba (Forsskal 1775), Faculty of Marine Science, CUSAT.Research projects
Soft bottom Meiobenthic fauna as proxies of the Functional character of selected Arctic fjords; Impact of Climate variability on the India Ocean: Role of gelatinous zooplankton structuring food web structure and community assemblages; Ecology and functional diversity of meiofauna in selected   Arctic fjords; Functional importance and responses of meiofauna to environmental gradients in the Arctic fjord; Marine Biodiversity and Bioprospecting for sustainable development; Network project on Mission Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD). Consultancy Projects
As CONSULTANT MARINE BIOLOGIST in the United Nations Compensation Research Project: Studies on the Oceanographic and Biodiversity changes in the Gulf Coast waters, Saudi Arabia in the context of oil pollution due to the Gulf war, Marine Science Division, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia; Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) project: Study of Flamingos and Migratory Birds: Study of Plankton & Benthic component, funded by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, Ministry of Environment & Forests, India; Environmental Monitoring associated with Development of an International Container Transshipment Terminal at Vallarpadam – Assessment of Mangroves, funded by National Institute of Oceanography, Govt. of India; Fish Kill in Periyar River, funded by Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Kerala. Funding Agencies
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)|National Centre for Coastal Research| National Centre for Earth Science Studies | Department of Biotechnology | Department Of Science & Technology | Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment |Kerala State Biodiversity Board | Department of Environment and Climate Change

References

Cochin University of Science and Technology
Living people
1964

masks: Bijoy Bijoy Bijoy Bijoy


title: Vernon Dahmer

texts:
<mask>, Sr. (March 10, 1908 – January 10, 1966)  was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and president of the Forrest County chapter of the NAACP in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He was murdered by the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan for his work on recruiting African Americans to vote. Early life and family
<mask> was born on March 10, 1908, in the Kelly Settlement, Forrest County, Mississippi to Ellen Louvenia (Kelly) and <mask>. <mask> was described as an honest, hardworking farmer of integrity. His mother Ellen Kelly was biracial because of her mother, Henrietta. Henrietta was a biracial child born out of wedlock by a white slave owner, O.B Kelly, and one of his slaves. She was given to a black family, called the McCombs.His cousin, Iola Williams, became the first African-American member of the San Jose, California, City Council in 1979. Dahmer attended Bay Spring High School until the tenth grade; failing to graduate. He was light-skinned enough to pass as a white man, but instead chose to forgo the privileges of living as a Caucasian man and faced the daily challenges of being a black man in Mississippi during that time. Dahmer was married three times. His first wife was Warnie Laura Mott (1910–1975); their marriage of seven years ended in divorce in 1935. In 1938, Dahmer remarried; this time to a woman named Ora Lee Smith (1919–1950). Unfortunately, Aura died after a long illness in 1950.Ellie Jewel Davis (born June 27, 1925) was his third and final wife; she was a teacher from Rose Hill, Mississippi, and had recently moved to Forrest County. The couple met after working on the school board together and married in March 1952. The couple had two children together, Dennis and Bettie, to add to the six children Dahmer had with his first two wives (three children from each marriage), making a total of seven boys and one girl. The family and their home was located north of Forrest County and was part of the Kelly Settlement, close to the Jones County border; the settlement (named for Dahmer's maternal grandfather). Ellie Dahmer taught for many years in Richton, Mississippi and retired in 1987 from the Forrest County school system. Dahmer was a member of Shady Grove Baptist Church where he served as a music director and Sunday School teacher. He was the owner of a grocery store, sawmill, planing mill, and also cotton farm.His main objective was to make a living for himself and to provide work for somebody else. He would hire local individuals from the community to work for him and did not discriminate between black or white. Civil Rights Movement
During the Civil Rights Movement, Dahmer served two terms as president of the Forrest County Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and led voter registration drives in the 1960s. His wife Ellie said "He was a good progressive Christian man. He wasn't a mean, bitter Civil Rights worker, because he saw good in white as well as he did in black." As president of the Forrest County Chapter of the NAACP, he had personally asked the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to send workers to help aid the voter registrations efforts being made by African Americans in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. SNCC had sent two workers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, to Hattiesburg.The act of calling SNCC to help aid the efforts made by the NAACP would eventually cost him his NAACP presidency. In 1949, Dahmer was in the process of making out his new registration card when Luther Cox denied his attempts to re-register. Luther Cox was the authority figure in charge of registered voters in Forrest County and was a white segregationist. Cox would only authorize a registration of a black person if they could answer the question "How many bubbles are in a bar of soap?" In 1950, fifteen leaders of Forrest County's black community, including Dahmer, filed a lawsuit against Cox for his administration of the voting laws; preliminary injunction. Twelve years later, in March 1962, the preliminary injunction was in motion of being viewed by the court of law. Dahmer had testified in court against Luther Cox and his testimony helped demonstrate the pattern of discrimination in the county.In the 1950s, <mask> and Medgar Evers founded a youth NAACP chapter in Hattiesburg. The student chapter did not last longer than a year. Dahmer continued to be supportive of the SNCC throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Dahmer's farm quickly became a home away from home for SNCC volunteers. The farm was also used for registration projects and helped employ the committee volunteers. Dahmer was also working closely with the Coalition for Free and Open Elections (COFO) and the Delta Ministry. Dahmer kept a voter registration book in his grocery store in late 1965 to make it easier for blacks to register.Dahmer also made a public service announcement over the radio stating that he would help the local African American population pay a poll tax for the right to vote if they could not afford to do so themselves. His mantra was, "If you don't vote, you don't count", and those words, which he repeated on his deathbed, were used as his epitaph. Murder and suspects
The Dahmers had been sleeping in shifts because they had been receiving numerous death threats throughout the year. The Dahmers also kept a shotgun by the nightstand and they were willing to use it in case they heard gunshots and needed to return fire and they always kept the curtains tightly drawn at night in order to make it harder for night riders to see into their home. On January 10, 1966, the Dahmer home was attacked by the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. The family woke to the sound of a shotgun being discharged and the sound of gas jugs being thrown through the windows. As Ellie went to grab the children, the house erupted into fire.Dahmer returned fire from inside the house in order to try and distract the Klansmen while he helped hand Bettie down to Ellie. He was able to leave his burning home, but he was seriously burned from the waist up; Bettie's arms were also severely burned. The Dahmers' home, grocery store, and car were all destroyed in the fire. Dahmer was taken to the hospital, but he died of smoke inhalation and his lungs were also severely burned. Before he died, Dahmer told a local newspaper reporter: "I've been active in trying to get people to register to vote. People who don't vote are deadbeats on the state. I figure a man needs to do his own thinking.What happened to us last night can happen to anyone, white or black. At one time I didn't think so, but I have changed my mind." The Chamber of Commerce, under Bob Beech and William Carey College President Dr. Ralph Noonkester, led a community effort to rebuild the Dahmer's home. Local and state businesses such as the Masonite Corporation, Alexander Materials, and Frierson Building Materials donated materials, local unions donated their services, and students from the University of Southern Mississippi volunteered by doing unskilled labor. Bob Beech's second priority was to provide college funds to Dahmer's school-aged children. Four of Dahmer's sons were serving in the United States military but they left their posts in order to help bury their father and reconstruct their family's home. The authorities indicted fourteen men, most of them had Ku Klux Klan connections, so they could be tried for the attack on the Dahmer's home.Thirteen of the men were brought to trial, eight of them were brought to trial on arson and murder charges. Four of the men were convicted and Billy Roy Pitts (Sam Bowers' bodyguard), who had dropped his gun at the crime scene, entered a guilty plea and his gun was turned in as state's evidence. Billy only served three years of his federal prison sentence. However, three out of the four men who were convicted were pardoned within four years. In addition, eleven of the defendants were tried on federal charges of conspiracy to intimidate Dahmer because of his civil rights activities. Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard Sam Bowers, who was believed to have ordered the murder, was tried four times and each time he invoked the Fifth Amendment. Each trial ended in a mistrial.Twenty-five years after the murder of <mask> and the assault on his family, the case was reopened by the state of Mississippi. The case lasted seven years, and it ended with the conviction and sentencing to life in prison of Imperial Wizard Bowers in 1998. Bowers died in the Mississippi State Penitentiary on November 5, 2006, at the age of 82. Honors and recognition
After Dahmer's death, a street and a park in Hattiesburg were both named in his honor. On July 26, 1986, a memorial to Dahmer was also dedicated at the park. In 1992, Dahmer's widow, Ellie, was elected election commissioner of District 2, Forrest County. For more than a decade, she served in this position, supported by black and white residents, in the same district where her husband was killed for his voting rights advocacy.On January 8, 2016, the Mississippi State Legislature honored the civil rights leader by designating January 10 <mask>er Day. A commemoration ceremony, which was attended by Dahmer's widow and family, was held in Hattiesburg on the 50th anniversary of his death. Today, his family still attends the Shady Grove Baptist Church and its members are also very active in the community. In January 2020, a bronze statue of Dahmer was erected in front of the Forrest County Courthouse. References

External links
 SNCC Digital Gateway: <mask>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
Sandra Peters, "32 Years to Justice", United Methodist Church Global Board Ministries
Mississippi faces past in Klan trial by Philip Delves Broughton in Hattiesburg. The Daily Telegraph (August 19, 1998). Retrieved October 23, 2007.Photographs of the events following <mask>'s murder Moncrief Photograph Collection, Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Dahmer (Vernon F.) Collection - University of Southern Mississippi
Oral history with Mrs. Ellie J<mask> - University of Southern Mississippi
WCU to celebrate Civil Rights activist <mask> with literature collection
The Case of the 1966 KKK Firebombing - Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Dahmer's wife and daughter discuss the night he died, broadcast on NPR, January 13, 2017

1908 births
1966 deaths
1966 murders in the United States
20th-century African-American activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
American democracy activists
Assassinated American civil rights activists
Businesspeople from Mississippi
Deaths by improvised explosive device in the United States
History of voting rights in the United States
Ku Klux Klan crimes in Mississippi
Murdered African-American people
People from Forrest County, Mississippi
People from Hattiesburg, Mississippi
People murdered in Mississippi
Racially motivated violence against African Americans

masks:
Vernon Ferdinand Dahmer
Vernon Dahmer
George Washington Dahmer
George Dahmer
Dahmer
Vernon Dahmer
Vernon Dahm
Vernon Dahmer
Vernon Dahmer
. Dahmer
Vernon Dahmer


title: Brian Epstein

texts:
<mask> (; 19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967) was a British music entrepreneur who managed the Beatles from 1962 until his death. <mask> was born into a family of successful retailers in Liverpool, who put him in charge of their music shop, where he displayed a gift for talent-spotting. He first met the Beatles in 1961 at a lunchtime concert at Liverpool's Cavern Club. Although he had no experience of artist management, <mask> put them under contract and insisted that they abandon their scruff-image in favour of a new clean-cut style. He then persuaded George Martin of EMI group to produce their records. Within months, the Beatles were international stars. <mask> accompanied them to America, where he was besieged by merchandising offers, but had signed away 90 percent of the rights in advance.This is viewed as his one miscalculation. Some of <mask>'s other young discoveries had also prospered under his management. They included Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, Tommy Quickly and Cilla Black. In 1967, he died of a sedative overdose, ruled as accidental, at the age of 32. Ancestry

<mask> was Jewish; his grandfather <mask> was Lithuanian Jewish (then part of the Russian Empire) and had arrived in Britain in the 1890s at the age of eighteen. His grandmother Dinah was the daughter of Joseph (a draper) and Esther Hyman, who had emigrated from Russia to Britain ( 1871/72) with their eldest son Jacob. The Hymans had six more children.<mask> married Dinah Hyman in Manchester in 1900. In 1901, Isaac and Dinah were living at 80 Walton Road, Liverpool, with Isaac's sister Rachael <mask>, above the furniture dealership that he founded. Dinah and Isaac's third child was <mask>, <mask>'s father. Eventually the family moved to a larger home in the Anfield area of Liverpool at 27 Anfield Road. After Harry and his brother Leslie had joined the family firm, <mask> founded Epstein and Sons and then enlarged the furniture business by taking over adjacent shops at 62/72 Walton Road to sell a range of other goods, such as musical instruments and household appliances. They called the expanding business NEMS (North End Music Stores), which offered lenient credit terms, and from which Paul McCartney's father once bought a piano. <mask>'s mother Malka (nicknamed "Queenie" by her family, as Malka means "queen" in Hebrew) was also involved in the Hyman furniture business, which also owned the Sheffield Veneering Company.In 2003, the family home on Anfield Road was converted into a Beatles-themed hotel called Epstein House. Early life
<mask> was born on 19 September 1934 in Rodney Street, Liverpool. Harry and Queenie also had another son named Clive, who was born 22 months after his older brother. During World War II the <mask>s moved to Southport, where two schools expelled <mask> for laziness and poor performance, but returned to Liverpool in 1945. The <mask>s lived at 197 Queens Drive, Childwall in Liverpool, and remained there for the next 30 years. <mask>'s parents moved him from one boarding school to another, including Clayesmore School in Dorset. He spent two years at Wrekin College in Wellington, Shropshire, where he was taught the violin.Shortly before his 16th birthday he sent a long letter to his father explaining that he wanted to become a dress designer, but <mask> was adamantly opposed, and after serving a six months' apprenticeship at another company his son finally had to "report for duty" at the family's furniture shop on a £5 per week wage. In December 1952, <mask> was conscripted to do his national service as a data entry clerk into the Royal Army Service Corps, and was posted to the Albany Street Barracks near Regent's Park in London, where he was often reprimanded for not picking up his army pay. After returning to Liverpool, he was put in charge of the Clarendon Furnishing shop in Hoylake and was made a director of NEMS in 1955. In September 1956, he took a trip to London to meet a friend but after being there for only one day, was robbed of his passport, birth certificate, chequebook, wristwatch, and all the money he had in his possession. He did not want his parents to find out, so he worked as a department store clerk until he had earned enough money to buy a train ticket back to Liverpool. Back in Liverpool, he confessed his homosexuality to a psychiatrist—a friend of the <mask> family—who suggested to <mask> that his son should leave Liverpool as soon as possible. During the sessions, <mask> revealed his ambition of becoming an actor, so his parents allowed him to go to London to study.Epstein attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. His RADA classmates included actors Susannah York, Albert Finney, and Peter O'Toole, but <mask>", or a "straight drama" by John Osborne. Back in Liverpool, his father put his son in charge of the record department of the family's newly opened NEMS music store on Great Charlotte Street. <mask> worked "day and night" at the store to make it a success, and it became one of the biggest musical retail outlets in Northern England. The <mask>s opened a second store at 12–14 Whitechapel, and <mask> was put in charge of the entire operation.He often walked across the road to the Lewis's department store (which also had a music section) where Peter Brown was employed. He watched Brown's sales technique and was impressed enough to lure him to work for NEMS with the offer of a higher salary and a commission on sales. The Beatles

<mask> first noticed the Beatles in issues of Mersey Beat and on numerous posters around Liverpool created by his commercial artist associate Tony Booth, before he asked Mersey Beat editor Bill Harry who they were. Harry had previously convinced <mask> to sell the magazine at NEMS, with the Beatles featured on the front page of its second issue. The Beatles had recorded the "My Bonnie" single with Tony Sheridan in Germany, and some months after its release <mask> asked his personal assistant Alistair Taylor about it in NEMS. <mask>'s version of the story was that customer Raymond Jones walked into the NEMS shop and asked him for the "My Bonnie" single, which made <mask> curious about the group. Taylor later claimed that he had used the name of Jones (a regular customer) to order the single and paid the deposit, knowing that <mask> would notice it and order further copies.Harry and McCartney later repudiated <mask>'s story, as Harry had been talking to <mask> for a long time about the Beatles—the group that he promoted the most in Mersey Beat—with McCartney saying, "<mask> knew perfectly well who the Beatles were; they were on the front page of the second issue of Mersey Beat". On 3 August 1961, <mask> started a regular music column in the Mersey Beat called "Stop the World—And Listen To Everything in It: <mask> of NEMS". The Beatles were due to perform a lunchtime concert at The Cavern Club on 9 November 1961. According to club owner Sytner, <mask> had visited the club quite a few times previously on Saturday nights, once asking Sytner to book a group for his twenty-first birthday party. <mask> asked Harry to arrange for <mask> and his assistant Taylor to watch the Beatles perform. The club allowed <mask> and Taylor to enter without queuing. They bypassed the line of fans at the door and heard Bob Wooler, the resident disc jockey, announce a welcome message over the club's public address system: "We have someone rather famous in the audience today.Mr <mask>, the owner of NEMS ..." <mask> later talked about the performance: "I was immediately struck by their music, their beat and their sense of humour on stage—and, even afterwards, when I met them, I was struck again by their personal charm. And it was there that, really, it all started". After the performance, <mask> and Taylor went into the dressing room (which he later described as being "as big as a broom cupboard") to talk to the group. The Beatles, all regular NEMS customers, immediately recognised <mask>, but before he could congratulate them on their performance George Harrison said, "And what brings Mr <mask> here?" <mask> replied with, "We just popped in to say hello. I enjoyed your performance." He introduced Taylor, who merely nodded a greeting, said, "Well done, then, goodbye" and left.<mask> and Taylor went to Peacock's restaurant in Hackins Hey for lunch, and during the meal <mask> asked Taylor what he thought about the group. Taylor replied that he honestly thought they were "absolutely awful", but there was something "remarkable" about them. <mask> sat there smiling for a long time before exclaiming, "I think they're tremendous!" Later, when <mask> was paying the bill, he grabbed Taylor's arm and said, "Do you think I should manage them?" The Beatles played at The Cavern Club over the next three weeks, and <mask> was always there to watch them. He contacted Allan Williams (their previous promoter/manager) to confirm that Williams no longer had any ties to the group, but Williams advised Epstein "not to touch them with a fucking barge pole" because of a Hamburg concert percentage that the group had refused to pay. Management contract
In an afternoon meeting with the group at NEMS on 3 December 1961, <mask> proposed the idea of managing the Beatles.John Lennon, George Harrison, and Pete Best arrived late for the meeting, as they had been drinking at The Grapes pub in Mathew Street. McCartney also did not arrive on time because he had just got up and was "taking a bath", as Harrison explained. <mask> was upset, but Harrison placated him by saying, "He may be late, but he'll be very clean." Lennon had invited Wooler to be at the meeting so that he could give his opinion of <mask>, but he introduced Wooler by saying, "This is me dad." <mask> was reticent throughout the short meeting, only asking if they had a manager. After learning that they had not, he said, "It seems to me that with everything going on, someone ought to be looking after you." He had further meetings with the group on 6 and 10 December 1961.McCartney, Harrison, and Best were under 21 and therefore needed the consent of their parents to enter into a contract. Best and his mother—Mona Best, owner of the Casbah Coffee Club—were impressed with <mask>'s professional image as were the other Beatles, because he was a businessman, wore expensive suits, and owned a large car. Best's mother said that <mask> "could be good for them [the Beatles]". McCartney's father was sceptical about a Jewish manager and warned his son to be careful about finances. Lennon's aunt and guardian, Mimi Smith, was against the idea, believing that <mask> would lose interest when something attracted his attention, but Lennon, who had just turned 21, ignored his aunt's advice. The Beatles signed a five-year contract with <mask> on 24 January 1962 giving Epstein 10 to 15 per cent of their income. They signed a new contract in October 1962 which gave Epstein 15, 20, or 25 per cent of revenues, depending on how much he helped the band earn.The Beatles would then share any income after various expenses had been deducted. <mask> then formed a management company, NEMS Enterprises, telling his parents that managing the group was only a part-time occupation and would not interfere with the family business. The Beatles signed <mask>'s first management contract, but <mask> did not. He later told Taylor, "Well, if they ever want to tear it up, they can hold me but I can't hold them". (Note: English law would have enforced the contract through the doctrine of part performance.) The contract stated that <mask> would receive a management commission of 25 per cent of the group's gross income after a certain financial threshold had been reached. The Beatles argued for a smaller percentage, but <mask> pointed out that he had been paying their expenses for months without receiving anything in return.On 1 October 1962, four days before the release of "Love Me Do", <mask> signed Lennon and McCartney to a three-year NEMS publishing contract. In 1963, <mask> advised the creation of Northern Songs, a publishing company that would control the copyrights of all Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded between 1963 and 1973. Music publisher Dick James and his partner Charles Silver owned 51 per cent of the company, Lennon and McCartney 20 per cent each, and <mask> 9 per cent. By 1969, Lennon and McCartney had lost control of all publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing. <mask>'s death in 1967 marked the beginning of the group's dissolution and had a profound effect on each Beatle. The Beatles' appearance on stage

Epstein had no prior experience of artist management, yet he had a strong influence on the band's early dress code and stage demeanour. They had previously worn blue jeans and leather jackets, and they would stop and start songs when they felt like it or when an audience member requested a certain song.David Pomerran Szatmary states that when <mask> first saw them at the Cavern Club he thought, "They were a scruffy crowd in leather, and they were not very tidy and not very clean. They smoked as they played and they ate and talked and pretended to hit each other." <mask> encouraged them to wear suits and ties, insisted that they stop swearing, smoking, drinking, or eating on stage, and also suggested the famous synchronised bow at the end of their performances. McCartney was the first to agree with <mask>'s suggestions, believing that they reflected <mask>'s RADA training. <mask> explained that the process from leather jackets and jeans to suits took some time: "I encouraged them, at first, to get out of the leather jackets and jeans, and I wouldn't allow them to appear in jeans after a short time, and then, after that step, I got them to wear sweaters on stage, and then, very reluctantly, eventually, suits." <mask> took the group to Wirral to see his friend, master tailor Beno Dorn, who made them their first suits based on a design they had previously seen, but which <mask> approved of: "I thought it was an excellent design at the time." Lennon resisted wearing suits and ties, but later said, "I'll wear a suit; I'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody's going to pay me."<mask> began seeking publicity by "charming and smarming ... the newspaper people", as Lennon said in 1972. According to McCartney, "The gigs went up in stature and though the pay went up only a little bit, it did go up"; they were "now playing better places". The group was now far more organised, having one single diary in which to record bookings, rather than using whoever's diary was at hand. The group usually called <mask> "Mr. <mask>" or "<mask>" in interviews, but in private the group abbreviated his name to "Eppy" or "Bri". Record contract

<mask> made numerous trips to London to visit record companies in the hope of securing a record contract, but many

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title: Brian Epstein

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 rejected him, including Columbia, Pye, Philips, Oriole, and most notoriously Decca. On 13 December 1961, at Epstein's invitation, Mike Smith of Decca travelled from London to Liverpool to watch the group at the Cavern, which led to an audition in London on 1 January 1962 (see The Beatles' Decca audition). Decca informed <mask> one month later that the audition tapes had been rejected.The Beatles later found out that <mask> had paid Decca producer Tony Meehan (ex-drummer of the Shadows) to produce the studio recordings. While <mask> was negotiating with Decca he also approached Ron White, an EMI marketing executive, who contacted EMI producers Norrie Paramor, Walter Ridley, and Norman Newell, but they all declined to record the group. White could not contact EMI's fourth staff producer George Martin, as he was on holiday. On 8 May 1962, <mask> visited the HMV store (owned by EMI) in 363 Oxford Street, London to have the Decca tape transferred to 78 rpm acetates. An HMV disc-cutter named Jim Foy liked the recordings, suggesting that <mask> should contact Sid Coleman, the head of EMI's record publishing division, which controlled the publishing company Ardmore & Beechwood. Coleman liked the recordings and sent Epstein to Martin, the A&R manager of Parlophone. On the next day, 9 May 1962, <mask> met Martin at EMI's Abbey Road Studios.Supposedly, Martin had no intention of signing the Beatles after listening to the Decca recordings, but he offered a contract after learning that <mask> would cancel all his substantial NEMS business with EMI. Martin denied this account by saying that <mask>'s conviction that the Beatles would become internationally famous finally convinced him to offer a recording contract. He also later admitted that EMI had "nothing to lose" by signing a contract with the Beatles, as the terms of payment were negligible. At this point, almost every other British record company had rejected the group, and Martin had never heard the group live. The Beatles were eventually signed to EMI's small Parlophone label, which had very little experience with pop or rock artists. Upon signing the contract, <mask> immediately sent a telegram to the Beatles (who were in Hamburg) and to the Mersey Beat music journal in Liverpool. The recording contract gave the Beatles one penny (1d) for each record sold, which was split among the four members, meaning that each earned one farthing per copy.The royalty rate was further reduced for singles sold outside the UK; the group received half of one penny per single, which was again split amongst the whole group. Martin scheduled the first recording session to be on 6 June 1962 at Abbey Road Studios. <mask> later  renegotiated EMI's royalty rate and, on 27 January 1967 the Beatles signed a new nine-year contract with EMI. The contract stipulated that 25 per cent would be paid to NEMS for the full nine years even if the Beatles decided not to renew their management contract with <mask>, which was up for renewal later that year. Dismissal of Pete Best

After the first recording session on 6 June 1962 Martin had one reservation, as he felt that using an experienced studio session drummer rather than Pete Best would improve the recording (this was in accordance with normal practice at the time). Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison asked <mask> to sack Best when they learned that Martin wanted to replace him on their recordings. <mask> agonised about the decision, asking the Cavern's disc jockey Bob Wooler if it were a good idea.Wooler replied that Best was "very popular with the fans," who would not like it at all. <mask> dismissed Best on 16 August, over two and half months after the first recording session at EMI studios. Best was never given an explanation for his dismissal. <mask> initially offered the vacant position to Johnny Hutchinson of the Big Three, a group that <mask> managed at that time as well. Hutchinson turned down the offer, saying, "Pete Best is a very good friend of mine. I couldn't do the dirty on him"—although Hutchinson did play for The Beatles at short notice when Best did not turn up on the evening of his dismissal and for two subsequent bookings, until Ringo Starr was able to join. Starr was well known to the group, as he was then playing with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, the resident group at Butlins' holiday complex in Skegness.He had also occasionally replaced Best when the drummer was ill, and had performed at a recording session with Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison in Hamburg. Beatles last official live appearance in the UK
The Beatles made their last official live appearance in Britain on 1 May 1966, at the NME Annual Poll-Winners' All-Star Concert at the Empire Pool, Wembley Park. Although the concert was televised, the cameras were switched off while the Beatles played, because <mask> and ABC TV had failed to agree over terms. They were filmed receiving their awards, however. After Candlestick Park

The Beatles' hectic schedule kept <mask> very busy between 1963 and 1965 with touring plus television and film work. Their last live concert was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco on 29 August 1966, and <mask>'s management duties then changed to reflect the changing nature of their career. He pressured them to continue touring, but they steadfastly refused.Business dealings

<mask> once offered all four Beatles a fixed wage of £50 a week for life (). Harrison remembered that he was earning £25 a week at the time (), which was more than the £10 a week that his father was earning (). The group declined <mask>'s offer, believing that they were worth much more than £50 a week. NEMS had a staff of twenty-five at the time of its move from Liverpool to London in 1964. NEMS booked the Beatles' concerts, and it also presented groups as an opening act. It accrued money as promoter, booking agent, and manager for all concerts. The Beatles were constantly in demand by concert promoters, and <mask> took advantage of the situation to avoid paying some taxes by accepting "hidden" fees on the night of a performance, which he always kept in a brown paper bag.<mask> also successfully managed Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (who had four hits with Lennon–McCartney songs), the Fourmost (Lennon wrote their first two singles), the Cyrkle (Epstein's first American group), and Cilla Black (who was <mask>'s only female artist), as well as Tommy Quickly and Sounds Incorporated (later known as Sounds Inc.). He sent his roster of artists on "package tours" around the UK, a common practice at the time. This involved short sets by each act, alternating with a compère or a comedian. <mask> once revealed that even though he was entitled to be reimbursed by acts for expenses incurred, he paid for his own flights to and from the United States, as he did not see himself as being part of a touring group. Photographs, transport, and international telephone calls were paid from his own 25 percent share in profits. The Beatles toured the Philippines in July 1966, playing two shows at the Rizal Memorial Football Stadium in Manila. <mask> unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady Imelda Marcos when presented with an invitation to a breakfast party.He had politely declined on behalf of the group, as it was their policy never to accept such official invitations. The Beatles and their entourage were ejected from their hotel on the same day and given a police escort to the airport, even though <mask> had publicly apologised for the misunderstanding in a televised statement, which was not seen or heard because of static. The entourage boarded the plane for home, but <mask> and Beatles' assistant Mal Evans were ordered off, both believing that they would not be allowed back on the plane. <mask> was forced to give the tax authorities £6,800 worth of Philippine peso notes earned from the Manila shows and to sign a tax bond verifying the exchange before being allowed back on the plane with Evans. <mask> added the Vic Lewis Organisation to NEMS in 1966, and later brought impresario Robert Stigwood in as a manager. He once offered to sell the control of NEMS to Stigwood, without telling any of his artists about the offer. McCartney was taking a more active interest in NEMS' finances, as it became known that some artists with more ruthless managers claimed to be benefiting from more commercially advantageous terms, such as the Rolling Stones under the management of Allen Klein.After <mask>'s death, <mask> assumed control of NEMS as the company's second-largest shareholder. Stigwood then tried to take over management of NEMS but all four Beatles vigorously objected, with Lennon saying, "We don't know you. Why would we do this?" McCartney admitted that they had always signed all the contracts that <mask> presented to them without reading them first, but after <mask>'s death Lennon complained, "Well, he was alright. I've found out since, of course, that he wasn't quite as honest to us as he made out." Despite this, other interviews with Lennon report him as being loyal to <mask>'s memory: "We had complete faith in him when he was running us. To us, he was the expert."When asked in 1964 about his standing as a manager or businessman, <mask> replied, "Fair, as a businessman, fair. I've got a business background, and probably a reasonable business brain. I'm no, sort of, genius [laughter]." Asked about his deficiencies, <mask> replied, "I'm probably too conscious of ideas, rather than finance behind ideas." Merchandising

Before the Beatles achieved nationwide success in Britain, <mask> had permitted a company (run by his cousins and initially catering to fan club members), to produce Beatles sweaters for 30 shillings (£1.50) and badges for 6 pence (6d) (2½p). It sold 15,000 sweaters and 50,000 badges as the group's popularity grew. When Beatlemania swept the UK in November 1963, <mask> was besieged by novelty-goods companies desperate to use the Beatles name on plastic guitars, drums, disc racks, badges, belts and other merchandise.<mask> refused to allow the Beatles to endorse any product directly, but through NEMS Enterprises he granted discretionary licences to companies who were able to produce good-quality products at a fair price, even though many companies were already selling products without a licence. During the first Beatles trip to the United States, merchandisers pitched many products to <mask>, including Beatles clocks, pens, cigarette lighters, plastic wigs, bracelets, games, etc., but he rejected them all. This was because he had already allowed David Jacobs, the lawyer for NEMS, to give away 90 per cent of merchandising rights to one Nicky Byrne, in the UK. This was later deemed to be a disastrous mistake, as it left only 10 per cent for <mask>, NEMS and the Beatles. Byrne then took over Epstein's Stramsact merchandising in the UK and set up Seltaeb (Beatles spelled backwards) in the United States. While the Beatles were ensconced in the Plaza Hotel in New York City, Epstein was further besieged by calls and visits from promoters, retailers, television commentators and hustlers. Mindful of the number of records the group was selling in the United States, Capitol Records sent a well-spoken Yorkshire woman, Wendy Hanson, to the Plaza Hotel to act as <mask>'s secretary and to filter his calls.Hanson later worked solely with <mask> in his Albemarle Street office in London, which was separate from the NEMS office. Lennon later said, "On the business end he [<mask>] ripped us off on the Seltaeb thing." McCartney said years later, "He [<mask>] looked to his dad for business advice, and his dad knew how to run a furniture store in Liverpool." Lenmac

Epstein asked chartered accountant James Trevor Isherwood to set up a company to collect Lennon and McCartney's PRS payments—called Lenmac—which he did on 12 May 1964. When he first visited <mask>'s office, Isherwood was surprised to learn that <mask> took 25 per cent of the gross income, and not the 10 per cent that he believed most other managers received at that time. All of <mask>'s expenses were deducted from his artists' gross income, including office rental, staff wages, travel, telephone costs, and entertaining expenses. Before his death, <mask> knew that the renegotiation of his management contract (up for renewal on 30 September 1967) would lower his management fee from 25 to 10 per cent, and that NEMS would no longer receive a share of the Beatles' performance fees, reducing its revenues still further.Publishing

The Beatles entered into a publishing agreement with Dick James Music (DJM), so James set up a company called Northern Songs. James and his financial partner and accountant, Charles Silver, would each receive 25 per cent of the shares. Lennon and McCartney received 20 per cent each, with <mask> receiving the remaining 10 per cent. The Beatles' PRS income increased rapidly, so <mask> asked Isherwood to devise a way of avoiding the tax that Lennon and McCartney would owe. Isherwood suggested a stock market flotation for Northern Songs. He also suggested to <mask> that during the flotation Lennon and McCartney should move to houses near Isherwood's own in Esher. Lennon, Harrison and Starr agreed, while <mask> and McCartney remained in London.Promoter and presenter

After settling in London in 1965, <mask> rented an office in Monmouth Street, and later bought the lease of the Saville Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. He promoted new works by writers such as Arnold Wesker in productions that occasionally fell foul of the Lord Chamberlain for including "obscene" content or nudity. In 1966 <mask> reinvented it as a music venue featuring various US acts. On 20 February 1967 <mask> sacked the manager of the theatre, Michael Bullock, for lowering the safety curtain the previous day shortly before the end of a Chuck Berry concert that <mask> was attending with Lennon and Starr. Two fans had climbed onto the stage to dance, the curtain came down, and they were pushed from the stage. Although Bullock had not given the order, he was held responsible. In the wake of the Beatles' success <mask> was asked to appear on several music-based TV programmes in Britain.He also hosted a regular part of the US television show Hullabaloo, filming his appearances in the UK. Personal life

Throughout <mask>'s life he was known to be kind and caring to his family, friends of his family, and business colleagues. When Lennon married Cynthia Powell, on 23 August 1962, <mask> served as best man and paid for the couple's celebratory lunch afterwards. During Cynthia's pregnancy <mask> paid for a private room in a hospital and offered the Lennons the sole use of his flat at 36 Falkner Street, Liverpool, when they needed a home. He also agreed to be godfather to Lennon's son Julian. Sexual orientation

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title: Brian Epstein

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 homosexuality was not publicly known until some years after his death, although it had been an open secret among his friends and business associates. While Epstein was in the British Army, he commissioned a tailor to make him an officer's uniform.He wore the uniform when cruising the bars of London, but was arrested one night at the Army and Navy Club in Piccadilly by the military police for impersonating an officer. <mask> managed to avoid a court martial by agreeing to see an army psychiatrist, who learned of <mask>'s sexuality. After ten months he was discharged from the army on medical grounds for being "emotionally and mentally unfit". <mask> later stated that his first homosexual experience was when he returned to Liverpool after being discharged. <mask> spent a year studying acting at RADA, but dropped out shortly after his arrest for "persistent importuning" outside a men's public toilet in Swiss Cottage, London. Cottaging, as it was called, was one of the few public ways that gay and bisexual men could meet at the time, especially if they were closeted. When <mask> first saw the Beatles perform he noticed their stage attire first, saying, "They were rather scruffily dressed, in the nicest possible way, or I should say in the most attractive way—black leather jackets, jeans, long hair of course."McCartney said that when <mask> started to manage the Beatles they knew that he was homosexual but did not care, because he encouraged them professionally and offered them access to previously "off-limits" social circles. Although Lennon often made sarcastic comments about <mask>'s homosexuality to friends and to <mask> personally, no one outside the group's inner circle was allowed to comment. Ian Sharp, one of Lennon's art-school friends, once made a sarcastic remark about <mask>, saying, "Which one of you [Beatles] does he fancy?" Sharp was sent a letter by <mask>'s office within 48 hours that demanded a complete apology. Sharp apologised, but was then completely ostracised. McCartney sent him a letter directing him to have no contact with any of them in the future. Epstein went on holiday to places such as Amsterdam, Torremolinos and Barcelona or Manchester at weekends, as the attitude towards homosexuals there was more tolerant than in Liverpool, even though Liverpool did have several gay bars.In his autobiography, Pete Best stated that <mask> drove them both to Blackpool one evening where <mask> expressed his "very fond admiration." <mask> then supposedly said, "Would you find it embarrassing if I ask you to stay in a hotel overnight?" Best replied that he was not interested, and the two never mentioned the incident again. There were reports of a brief sexual encounter between Lennon and <mask> during a four-day holiday in Barcelona in April 1963. Lennon always denied the rumours, telling Playboy in 1980: "Well, it was almost a love affair, but not quite. It was never consummated ... but we did have a pretty intense relationship." Lennon's first wife Cynthia also maintained that Lennon's relationship with <mask> was platonic.A fictionalised account of the Spanish holiday is featured in the 1991 film The Hours and Times. Drug use

After the start of his management career, <mask> started taking stimulants, usually Preludin, which did not require a prescription at the time. Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr had also taken it since their days in Hamburg. <mask> explained his use of the drug as the only means of staying awake at night during numerous concert tours. In 1964 Peter Brown suspected that <mask> was taking too many pills, as he would often cough at parties, which Brown realised was <mask>'s way of secretly putting pills into his mouth without anyone noticing. McCartney often met <mask> at late night clubs in London, and remembered that <mask> would often grind his jaws (possibly due to bruxism), once saying to him, "Ugghhh, the pills". Epstein also developed dependencies on the drug carbromal, a barbiturate-like sedative/hypnotic drug.In 1964, after having been introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan in New York, <mask> was observed by McCartney standing in front of a mirror, pointing at himself and repeatedly saying "Jew! ", while laughing loudly, which McCartney found hilarious and "very liberating". <mask> later became heavily involved in the 1960s drug scene. During the four months when the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper was being recorded, <mask> spent his time on holiday, or at the Priory Clinic in Putney, where he tried unsuccessfully to curb his drug use. He left the Priory to attend the Sgt. Pepper launch party at his house on 24 Chapel Street, but returned to the Priory immediately after.<mask> added his name to an advertisement that appeared in The Times on 24 July 1967, which called for the legalisation of cannabis, the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. The advertisement was sponsored by a group called Soma and was signed by sixty-five people, including the Beatles, Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, sixteen doctors, and two members of parliament. <mask> responded to questions about the advertisement by saying, "My opinion is that pot smoking is definitely less harmful than drinking alcohol. I am not addicted to either, but I have been very drunk and very 'high'." In June 1967, after McCartney had admitted to LSD use, <mask> defended him to the media, stating that he too had taken the drug. Gambling

In August 1965, the Beatles and <mask> visited Elvis Presley at his house in Perugia Way in Los Angeles, where Elvis's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, set up a roulette wheel and several packs of playing cards. <mask> immediately asked to play, as he was known for his love of gambling.McCartney frequently visited gambling clubs in London, such as <mask>'s favourite club Curzon House, where he often ran into <mask>. He once saw <mask> put a Dunhill lighter worth £100 () on the table, then lose it during a game of cards. <mask> often lost thousands of pounds by playing baccarat or chemin de fer (the original version of baccarat when it was introduced in France), but would stay at Curzon House the whole evening, eating an expensive meal and drinking fine wines. The club never presented <mask> with a bill, as they knew he lost so much in the casino. Death

<mask> attended a traditional shiva in Liverpool after his father died, having just come out of the Priory clinic where he had been trying to cure his acute insomnia and addiction to amphetamines. A few days before his death he made his last visit to a Beatles recording session on 23 August 1967, at the Chappell Recording Studios on Maddox Street in Mayfair, London. On 24 August, <mask> asked Peter Brown and Geoffrey Ellis down to Kingsley Hill for the bank holiday weekend.Approximately 50 miles from his home in Chapel Street, Kingsley Hill was <mask>'s country home in Warbleton, Sussex. After they arrived, <mask> decided to drive back to London alone because an expected group of friends he had invited failed to arrive, although they did turn up after <mask> left. <mask> phoned Brown at 5 p.m. the next day from his Chapel Street house in London. Brown thought that <mask> sounded "very groggy" and suggested he take a train back down to the nearest railway station, in Uckfield, instead of driving under the influence of Tuinal. <mask> replied that he would eat something, read his mail, and watch Juke Box Jury before phoning Brown to tell him which train to meet. He never called again. <mask> died of an overdose of Carbrital, a hypnotic preparation combining the barbiturate pentobarbital with the bromide carbromal, in his locked bedroom on 27 August 1967.He was discovered after his butler who, having been unable to rouse <mask> via his locked bedroom door, called <mask>'s PA, Joanne Petersen. She attended and failing to rouse <mask> called his doctor who, along with the butler, broke down the door and found <mask> in his bed, appearing to be asleep, a book opened near his hand and some digestive biscuits on the nightstand. On realising he was deceased, staff swept the house for contraband and then called the police. <mask> was found on a single bed, dressed in pyjamas, with various correspondence spread over a second single bed. At the statutory inquest his death was officially ruled an accident, caused by a gradual buildup of Carbrital combined with alcohol in his system. It was revealed that he had taken six Carbrital pills to sleep, which was probably normal for him, but in combination with alcohol they reduced his tolerance. The Beatles were on a retreat in Bangor in northern Wales at the time, with the Indian guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.<mask> had previously agreed to travel to Bangor after the August Bank Holiday. The second of two shows by Jimi Hendrix at <mask>'s Saville Theatre was cancelled on the evening of <mask>'s death. Peter Brown wrote in his memoir, The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles, that he had once found a suicide note written by <mask> and had spoken with him about it. According to Brown the note read in part, "This is all too much and I can't take it any more." Brown had also found a will in which <mask> left his house and money to his mother and his brother, with Brown also being named as a minor beneficiary. When confronted with the notes, <mask> told Brown that he would be grateful if Brown did not tell anyone, and that he was sorry he had made Brown worry. He explained that when he wrote the note and composed the will he had simply taken one pill too many, and that he had no intention of overdosing, promising to be more careful in the future.Brown later wrote that he wondered if he had done the right thing by not showing the note to <mask>'s doctor, Norman Cowan, who would have stopped prescribing drugs. The coroner, Gavin Thurston, told the Westminster inquest that <mask>'s death was caused by an overdose of Carbrital and ruled it as an accidental death. The pathologist, Dr Donald Teare, stated that <mask> had been taking bromide in the form of Carbrital for some time, and that the barbiturate level in <mask>'s blood was a "low fatal level". The Beatles did not attend <mask>'s funeral, both to allow his family some privacy and to avoid attracting fans and the media. According to Geoffrey Ellis, chief executive of NEMS Enterprises, the day before the funeral George Harrison had given Nat Weiss, <mask>'s good friend and confidant, a single flower (Ellis remembers it as a chrysanthemum) wrapped in a newspaper on behalf of all four Beatles, with instructions to place the flower on <mask>'s coffin as a final farewell. However, flowers are forbidden at Jewish funerals and burials. Weiss and Ellis discussed this dilemma while walking back to the grave, where they observed two men beginning to shovel dirt onto the casket.Ellis later wrote: "Nat, who himself was Jewish, cast the newspaper package unopened onto <mask>'s coffin, where it was swiftly covered by earth." <mask> was buried in section A grave H12, in the Long Lane Jewish Cemetery, Aintree, Liverpool. The service at the graveside was held by Rabbi Dr Norman Solomon, who said, disparagingly, that <mask> was "a symbol of the malaise of our generation". A few weeks later, on 17 October, all four Beatles attended a memorial service for <mask> at the New London Synagogue in St John's Wood (near Abbey Road Studios), which was officiated by Rabbi Louis Jacobs. The Bee Gees' 1968 song "In the Summer of His Years" was written and recorded as a tribute to <mask>. Legacy

<mask> was upset that he was not honoured along with Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr when they received the MBE in 1965, though Harrison once said that the MBE stood for "Mister <mask>tein"; The Beatles were among the earliest entrants into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but Epstein was not included in the Hall's "Non-Performers' Section" until 2014, and not without controversy as he was inducted alongside Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham who refused to attend, in part in protest at what he perceived as the indignity of a joint induction. Martin Lewis, previously Taylor's assistant, created the official <mask> website, which included a petition that <mask> be inducted into the Hall of Fame.Lewis also organised the 1998 re-publication, in the United States, of <mask>'s 1964 autobiography A Cellarful of Noise. McCartney summarised the importance of <mask> when he was interviewed in 1997 for a BBC documentary about <mask>, saying, "If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, it was <mask>." In his 1970 Rolling Stone interview, Lennon commented that <mask>'s death marked the beginning of the end for the group: "I knew that we were in trouble then ... I thought, 'We've f**king had it now.'" In 2006 Cynthia Lennon said: "I think <mask>'s one of the forgotten people. It's almost as if he's been written out of the [Beatles] story. I don't think they'd have got anywhere without <mask>."The first contract between the Beatles and <mask> was auctioned in London in 2008, fetching £240,000. <mask>'s influence on the Beatles and his complicated personal life continue to provoke controversy. In 2013 author Vivek Tiwary released the graphic novel The Fifth Beatle: The <mask> Story. A film of the same name was scheduled for release in 2014, originally to be produced by Bruce Cohen and directed by Peyton Reed. Tiwary said about that project that the film would "be less a music bio and more of an inspirational human-interest story about an outsider". Tiwary and named co-producers Stuart Ford and Simon Cowell originally set the film for release in 2016, but in March 2016 it was announced that the project would be a television series. <mask> was once asked about the future of the Beatles and their "fresh honesty" (as he put it), which the interviewer thought could be "corrupted by time".He replied by saying, "I think they will go in the reverse direction, and become more honest." Notes

References

External links

 <mask> biography and sound clips

 "The Fifth Beatle" Website (A website about a proposed movie about <mask>)
 Fyne Times — <mask>tein
 BBC Archive interview with <mask>
 Lasting Legacy: Beatle Number Five article

1934 births
1967 deaths
Alcohol-related deaths in England
Accidental deaths in London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Businesspeople from Liverpool
Drug-related deaths in England
People from Childwall
English Ashkenazi Jews
English music managers
English people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
LGBT businesspeople from the United Kingdom
LGBT Jews
English gamblers
LGBT people from England
People educated at Clayesmore School
People educated at Wrekin College
Royal Army Service Corps soldiers
The Beatles
Gay men
People from Warbleton
20th-century English

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