title: Liu Bocheng

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<mask> (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army. <mask> is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chongxi, and CPC commander Su Yu.) Officially, <mask> was recognised as a revolutionary, military strategist and theoretician, and one of the founders of the People's Liberation Army. <mask>'s nicknames, Chinese Mars  and The One-eyed Dragon, also reflect his character and military achievement. Early life
<mask> was born to a peasant family in Kaixian, Sichuan (the site is currently submerged by the Three Gorges Dam). Influenced by the revolutionary theories of Sun Yat-sen, he later decided to dedicate himself to the cause of establishing a democratic and modern China.In 1911, <mask> joined the Boy Scouts in support of the Xinhai Revolution. In the following year, he enrolled in the Chongqing Military Academy and later joined the army against Yuan Shikai, who was planning to undermine the Xinhai Revolution and proclaim himself Emperor. In 1914, <mask> joined Sun Yat-sen's party and gained extensive military experience. During one battle during this period he captured 10,000 enemy soldiers, for which he was promoted to brigade commander. In 1916, he lost his right eye in a battle for Fengdu county, Sichuan. After he lost the eye he gained the nickname "One-Eyed Dragon". Alternative accounts of how <mask> lost his eye have included the speculation that he lost it either earlier, in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, or later, during the Long March.In 1923, during a war against the warlord Wu Peifu, in response to the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang, <mask> was appointed commander of the Eastern Route, and later was promoted to commanding general in Sichuan. While fighting the army of Long Yun, a Yunnan warlord, <mask> defeated a force commanded by Zhu De, who would later become one of his closest comrades in the Red Army. In the same year, <mask> became acquainted with , the elder brother of Yang Shangkun, and Wu Yuzhang, who were among the earliest Communists of Sichuan. Their relationship marked <mask>'s first real exposure to the theory and practice of Communism. In May 1926, <mask> joined the CPC and was appointed military commissioner of Chongqing. In December 1926, along with Zhu De and Yang, <mask> masterminded the Luzhou and Nanchong uprising, fought against local warlords, while supporting the Northern Expedition. In 1927, <mask> was appointed army corps commander of the 15th Temporarily Organized National Revolutionary Army.It was during this time that <mask> witnessed the split between the Kuomintang and the CPC. After joining the CPC, <mask> led the Nanchang Uprising together with Zhu De, He Long, Ye Ting, Li Lisan and Zhou Enlai, effectively declaring war on the KMT. During this uprising, <mask> was appointed the first chief of staff of the newly born Chinese Red Army. However, after a series of defeats <mask>'s forces were destroyed, and its leaders went underground. In 1927 <mask> was selected to travel to Moscow, where he mastered Russian and attended the prestigious M. V. Frunze Military Academy. While studying in the Soviet Union he learned conventional, Western-style military tactics. While in Russia he translated a Russian textbook into Chinese, Combined Arms Tactics, produced a commentary of Sun Tzu's Art of War, both of which promoted conventional tactics.Later on, <mask> gave a lecture on the subject at the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, which was held in Moscow. Commander of the CPC Army
In the summer of 1930, <mask> was sent back to China and was appointed as commissioner of the Central Military Committee of the CPC as well as Military Secretary of the Yangtze River division of the CPC. In December 1930, <mask> went to Shanghai to assist Zhou Enlai in the daily administration of CPC military affairs. In 1931, the CPC suffered great losses in several major cities and was forced to retreat to the countryside. <mask> was sent to the Central Soviet Territory, the CPC's power base in Jiangxi. In January 1932, <mask> was appointed president and commissar of the Red Army Military Academy. By October he was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Red Army, assisting Zhu De and Zhou in the war against Chiang Kai-shek’s 4th Suppression on the Central Soviet Territory.At the time, the CPC was under the reign of members of the 28 Bolsheviks, including Bo Gu, Zhang Wentian, and Otto Braun (also known by his Chinese name, Li De), the Military Advisor of Comintern, took control of military command. All three were educated in Moscow, and <mask> found common ground with these young men. During his time in the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet (and during the subsequent Long March) <mask> experienced conflicts with other Communist leaders, including Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai. <mask>'s conflict with Mao may partly be due to <mask>'s support for conventional tactics, which contradicted Mao's advocacy of guerrilla warfare. According to a later account by Zhang Guotao, <mask> described Mao as being a "pedant", and resented Mao's tendency to micromanage his military officers, rather than delegating authority to Red Army's general staff. Peng once led his troops during a siege of Guangchang under the orders of Bo and Li De, which resulted in the troops suffering heavy casualties. Peng blamed this on his army's inferior weaponry and resources.Peng was known for being outspoken and bad-tempered. After the battle Peng became furious, leading him into direct conflict with <mask>. <mask> grew to oppose the leadership of Bo and Braun later, after the Red Army began to suffer repeated defeats. In the Red Army's endeavour against the KMT's Fifth Encirclement Campaign, <mask> was demoted to Chief of Staff of the 5th Field Army following his dissidence with Bo and Braun. Bo and Braun led by way of doctrine and extremism, and the Red Army waged a face-to-face general war against the better-equipped and larger KMT army. Failure was inevitable; the CPC had to retreat from its territory to seek refuge, marking the beginning of the Long March. During the Long March, near the end of 1934, <mask> was reappointed as Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and commander of Central Column, which consisted of the majority of the CPC senior leaders, such as Bo, Braun, Zhou and Mao.<mask> led the army across the Wu River and took control of Zunyi, a county of Guizhou province. It was in this small city that the famous Zunyi Conference was held in January 1935. During this conference, <mask> and most of the attendees showed their support for Mao. As a result of this conference, Bo, who was then Braun's command in military, was replaced by a new three-man team consisting of Mao, Zhou and Wang Jiaxiang. Later on, <mask> assisted Mao and Zhu across the Red Water River four times. <mask> himself led troops in the takeover of the Jiaopin ferry, securing the route across the Jinsha River for the major troops. In May, <mask> was appointed commander of avant-courier army and worked with commissar Nie Rongzhen on securing the route for the remaining troops.When his army entered the ethnic settlement areas, <mask> pledged brotherhood with a chieftain of the local Yi ethnicity, which significantly reduced the minorities’ hostility towards the CPC. <mask> then led the 1st Division of the Red Army across the Dadu River, where Chiang plotted to have the CPC armies annihilated, in the same manner as Shi Dakai and his army's road to perdition almost a century before. When Mao's 1st Red Army later united with Zhang Guotao’s 4th Red Army, <mask> stayed Chief of Staff. During a dispute between Mao and Zhang over major issues, which led to their later split, <mask> maintained his support for Mao. By the time they reached Yan'an, it was obvious that Mao was the winner. War with Japan

In 1936, after the Xi'an Incident, Chiang agreed to set up an alliance with the CPC in the fight against Japanese invaders. On July 7, 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, general war between China and Japan broke out.Under the agreement with Chiang, CPC armies were reorganised into 8th Route Army, and <mask> was appointed commander of the 129th Division, one of its three divisions. It was then that he began his long cooperation with Deng Xiaoping, his commissar at that time. According to the orthodox record of the CCP, their cooperation and friendship lasted more than five decades. Their respective military and political talents complemented the other's perfectly, and there was a very high level of trust between them. They were said to have formed a perfect pair. However, their true relationship might not have been as close as it seemed. Firstly, Mao distrusted most of his generals, and sent his associates out as commissars to supervise these generals.Deng, who was Mao's close associate from 1930's when he worked in Jiangxi, was sent out for <mask>, and Luo Ronghuan for Lin Biao. Secondly, in contrast to <mask>'s role as a professional soldier, Deng was a political activist and knew little about the military. Their personalities and personal lives were vastly different, which might have posed a barrier to their becoming true friends. <mask>, Deng and Deputy Commander Xu Xiangqian led their troops to Shanxi, and carried out bushfighting around Taihang Mountain. After rounds of successful battles against the Japanese army, they set up the Jin–Ji–Yu Base Area () which consisted of parts of Shanxi, Hebei and Henan. In 1940, <mask> led his division in the Hundred Regiments Campaign, a major campaign led by Peng to breach the blockage on CPC base areas enforced by Japanese forces under the command of General Okamura Yasuji. At the same time, <mask> integrated regular forces with militia, using frontal attack and bushfighting to frustrate the Japanese army's suppression and clean-out efforts.The Japanese were so irritated that they sent agents to assassinate <mask>. Although their mission was a failure, they did succeed in murdering <mask>'s first daughter when she was kept in kindergarten. The Japanese thought that this revenge might distract <mask>, but they underestimated <mask>'s willpower. His heightened loathing for the Japanese gave him more courage under fire and more inspiration in command. In 1943, <mask> was called back to Yan'an for Zheng Feng. He pledged his allegiance to Mao and supported Mao's power struggle with Wang Ming. On the contrary, Peng stood by Wang and as a result fell out of favour with Mao.(Despite this, <mask> was still labelled a dogmatist for pursuing his studies in Russia, and he had to make a public apology against his will in 1959.) In 1945, <mask> attended the 7th National Congress of the CPC in Yan'an, and prepared the counterattack against the Japanese and the forthcoming civil war with KMT armies. Chinese Civil War
At the end of the war against the Japanese, the war-scourged Chinese people pleaded for peace. Chiang then invited Mao to Chongqing for peace talks, during which, Yan Xishan sent his armies to attack CPC territories in Shanxi under Chiang's authorisation. <mask> and Deng led the Shangdang Campaign and defeated 13 divisions of Yan's troops totaled more than 35,000, and then headed east and annihilated another of Yan's army corps in the Handan Campaign. These two campaigns were the first experiences of the CPC army's shift from bushfight to campaign in movement, and proved to be valuable practice for the army groups campaign of CPC armies. They assisted in the CPC's quick occupation of Manchuria, and won advantageous status for Mao and his peace talk delegation in Chongqing.Under immense pressure, Chiang was forced to sign a peace agreement with Mao in October 1945. The peace, however, was fragile, and civil war broke out in 1946. <mask> and Deng led several campaigns in movement, undermining the strategic attack of KMT armies. In 1947, when the territories controlled by the CPC could no longer sustain so many troops, Mao decided to send part of his army to the territories controlled by KMT, in order to relieve the heavy burden on his own territories, and to position enemies at the gates of the KMT. He ordered <mask> and Deng to lead their armies from their northern China base in Henan, Shanxi and Hebei, to Anhui in southern China. This involved sending 100,000 soldiers across the Yellow River, and marching over 1000 kilometers into central plain. <mask> and Deng both saw it as a gamble rather than a strategic move, and even Mao himself was not certain if such gamble would pay off by openly discussing the three possible outcomes:
 The communist force could not even reach Dabie Shan.The communist force would be driven out by the Kuomintang force after reaching Dabie Shan. The communist force would be able to establish new base in Dabie Mountain. Although many expressed their concerns, Mao would not change his mind. During the expedition, they faced elite KMT armies. <mask> launched the Southwestern Shandong Campaign defeating over nine brigades of KMT troops. Under this plot and cover, <mask>'s army promptly moved south and went into the Dabie Mountain areas. <mask>'s armies suffered great losses; half of the

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title: Liu Bocheng

type: original

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 troops were wiped out and all of their heavy artilleries were lost, which greatly weakened their military abilities in later campaigns.<mask> and Deng's troops survived further rounds of attack. Far away from the power base, with few support armies and supplies, <mask> led self-sufficient soldiers and broke rounds of heavy blockade, while boosting his strength back to the original 100,000. Mao and his associates were very impressed by <mask>'s achievement and it was only then did they begin to maintain that the direct threat to Nanjing and Wuhan was a great achievement; a knife into the heart of KMT governance. <mask>'s success indeed forced the nationalists to redeploy nearly two dozen brigades against him, disrupting Chiang Kai-shek's original plan, thus relieved nationalist pressure on other communist forces. Mao's gamble had paid off with <mask>'s clever military strategies. <mask>'s success did not end there, he carried out to expand his initial victories over the nationalists by carrying out several campaigns with armies led by Chen Yi and Su Yu, another army led by Chen Geng, to annihilate a great number of KMT troops led by two prominent generals, Chen Cheng and Bai Chongxi. After ten months of hard work, <mask> and Deng had significantly enlarged the area of central plain area occupied by the CPC, and forced the KMT armies into strategic defense, as Chiang no longer had enough troops for attack.In Nov 1948, <mask>, Deng, Chen, Su and Tan Zhenlin together formed the Military Committee to command the massive Huai Hai Campaign, which was carried out by CPC troops in East China and the central plain to fight against the KMT main forces in Xuzhou and Anhui. In this decisive battle, more than 500,000 KMT soldiers were annihilated; among the POWs was General Du Yuming, Chiang's most distinguished protégé. In April 1949, after illusive peace talks between the CPC and the KMT were broken, <mask> led his armies across the Yangtze River and conquered huge areas of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian, taking over Nanjing, the capital of the KMT. <mask> was appointed mayor of Nanjing for a short while. With assistance from He Long, <mask> and Deng launched new campaigns to conquer vast areas in Southwestern China, by using long distance bypass and siege strategies. Among the areas conquered were his and Deng's own hometowns, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xikang. After the Establishment of the PRC
On October 1, 1949, Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.During the ceremony, <mask> stood next to Mao. This marked the peak of his career as a military commander. In January 1950, <mask> was appointed chairman of the Southwestern Division of the Central People's Government of PRC, together with Gao Gang, Rao Shushi, Peng and Lin Biao. The rewards of conquering southwestern China, however, proved only to be temporary. Mao soon sent his favorite general He Long to work alongside <mask>, to supervise and share the power with <mask>. During his short tenure as governor, <mask> led his soldiers in the crackdown of bandits and restored law and order, oversaw economic development, and more importantly, made plans for the communist invasion of Tibet. Towards the end of 1950, <mask> was transferred to Nanjing as president and commissar of the Military Academy of the PLA, which would be considered a demotion for <mask>.There were no clear or generally accepted reasons on record for his falling out of favour. One popular opinion holds that, during the long period of time that <mask> worked with or under Mao, he never really earned Mao's trust. <mask> himself knew that too. From the Chinese history, he learnt that most generals that helped establish a new dynasty ended up getting killed by the suspicious Emperor. In order to prevent that from happening on himself, he tried to stay as far away from politics as possible. Because of his early year military training in Soviet Union, he used that as an excuse to quit his job in the government and become the president and commissar of the Military Academy of the PLA. Mao approved his request.The other story says that, while <mask> was still chairman, someone unknown to the public submitted a biography of <mask> in support of his promotion. In this biography he described <mask> as an offspring of <mask>, founder and first emperor of the Han Dynasty, and hinted that <mask> himself could set up his own empire as his ancestor did. Knowing of the cruelties and conspiracies in Chinese history, <mask> was worried instead of happy, because he knew that it would arouse Mao's suspicions over <mask>'s intentions. Although <mask> had this man arrested, Mao still learnt of the event, and <mask>'s worries eventually turned into reality. This only served to further increase Mao's long-time distrust of <mask>. Despite the demotion, <mask> was dedicated to his new job, attempting to bring what he learned during his years in the Soviet Union to the Academy. He organised the translations of numerous military textbooks from the Soviet Union and other countries, introducing major campaigns from ancient times to World War II to students, and sowing the seeds of the PLA's evolution into a modern army.Although <mask> was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Committee of the CPC and PRC in 1954 as a reward for his contributions, these titles did not promise real power as Peng's did. (Peng was appointed defense minister for his battle achievements in the Korean War.) In 1955, <mask> attained the rank of field marshal, ranking as the 4th amongst 10 field marshals of the PLA, next to Zhu De, Peng and Lin Biao. In 1956, after Nikita Khrushchev shook the Communist world by making his famous Secret Speech denouncing the cult of personality that surrounded Joseph Stalin, Mao wanted to ensure that a similar incident within the CPC would not happen. He wrote an article, "On Ten Relationships", arguing that the CPC should learn from foreign countries selectively, analytically and with criticism. The CPC center then issued documents to call on all CPC members to overcome the trend of dogmatism and empiricism at work. Investigations and purges were carried out by the military, under the direction of Peng.As an advocate of learning from other countries, <mask> became a key target. Some of his subordinates and deputies, including General Xiao Ke, were censored and kept in custody. <mask> had to make numerous self-criticisms for his association and support of these officials. Under heavy pressure, his health worsened (he eventually lost all sight in his remaining eye), and he finally submitted his resignation as president. In 1959, <mask> left Nanjing for Beijing and lived in half-reclusion. Although he was since elected as member of the Politburo in the 8th to 11th National Congress of the CPC, Vice-Chairman of the 2nd to 5th Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, and all the while holding the title of Vice-Chairman of the Military Committee, he did not participate very much in politics, citing health problems as a reason for his absence. This saved him from the following rounds of purges carried out by Mao.Peng, however, was not as fortunate. He was purged in the Lushan Conference in 1959 and later tortured to death during the Cultural Revolution. By the time of the Cultural Revolution, <mask> had become completely blind. Nonetheless, he survived the purges and witnessed his long-time friend Deng returning to power again. He supported Deng in the power struggle against Mao's widow, Jiang Qing, and her Gang of Four, and also advocated Deng's policy of reforming and opening up China to the outside world, a policy that <mask> himself had practiced in the Academy decades ago. In 1982, <mask> retired due to worsening health problems. This gave Deng a boost in his calling for the retirement of aging leaders in order to clear the way for younger leaders of the CPC.On October 7, 1986, <mask> died in Beijing, at the age of 94. In the lament given to him, <mask> was rehabilitated and cleared of all charges against him during the movements against dogmatism. Anecdotes
During the Fengdu campaign in 1916, <mask> was hit by a bullet in the head, which passed through his right temple and went out from his right eye. A German surgeon performed surgery to remove the eyeball and debride necrotic tissues. To keep his brain nerves from being damaged by the anaesthetics, <mask> insisted on operation without anesthesia. After the procedure was finished, <mask> told the surgeon that he counted a total of 72 cuts. The doctor was greatly moved by this display of courage and perseverance, and out of great respect he gave <mask> the nickname "Chinese Mars".Deng's famous “Cats Theory” (“Whether it is a black cat or a white cat, as long as it can catch the rat, it is a good cat”), in fact, originated from <mask>. During his long military career, <mask> often stated that “Whether it is a black cat or a yellow cat, as long as it can catch the rat, it is a good cat” to demonstrate that the purpose of war is to win, no matter what strategies you take. <mask> and Deng's relationship grew strong only after the communist takeover because both were discontent with Mao Zedong's disastrous policies, such as Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution: As <mask> was persecuted in the late 1950s, Deng showed his support to <mask>, as the latter was making rounds of analyses and apologies for the so-called "dogmatism" and "empiricism". Similarly, <mask> showed his support to Deng for Deng's economic policy in the early 1960s to reform the Chinese economy. Deng's entire family attended <mask>'s funeral, which only happened in the case of very close family ties in traditional Chinese culture. <mask> wanted a small funeral in the hospital he died in. However, because too many military and political leaders requested to attend the funeral, the funeral was moved to a bigger hall.False anecdotes
<mask> and Deng's relationship was greatly exaggerated by the Chinese general populace as a way to protest Mao Zedong's disastrous Cultural Revolution: In 1972, shortly after the death of Chinese Field Marshal Chen Yi, <mask> told his family that after his death, he wanted his funeral to be held by Deng, and his eulogy to be done by Deng, and this was when Deng was still under house arrest and <mask> did so to show his support. However, the general Chinese populace had gravely turned this incident into something out of proportion as a way to protest the disastrous Cultural Revolution by claiming that after Hua Guofeng was named by Mao as his successor, <mask> had requested a face-to-face conversation with Hua Guofeng, wanting his funeral to be held by Deng, and his eulogy to be done by Deng, or else he would rather have his son to throw his cadaver in the fields to feed the wild dogs. In reality, there is no official record that <mask> had made such an outrageous request, nor any face-to-face conversations with Hua, nor any formal request to the Chinese regime to have his funeral held by Deng and his eulogy done by Deng. However, it was definitely his personal wish which is revealed to his family. This personal wish of <mask> became a reality after his death as his family informed the Chinese regime about his wish, and by that time, Deng was already the paramount leader of China and nobody could stop him from honoring <mask>'s personal wish. Legacy

Unlike other CCP generals, such as Lin Biao and Peng Dehuai, <mask> never won the trust and support of Mao. <mask> earned his reputation and title through his own outstanding military skills and sublime personality.He oversaw the development of the CPC armies’ expertise in regular battle, frontal attack, army groups campaigns, and sieges. <mask> was also the first to introduce modern military strategies and the tactics of foreign countries to the CPC army, and incorporated science and artistry into military training. All of these endeavours shifted public perception of the CPC army from being a guerrilla force consisting of peasants and proletarians with little regular training to becoming a sophisticated and highly skilled modern military force. See also
 List of generals of the People's Republic of China

References

Citations

Sources

 Barron, James. "<mask>, Military Leader in Two Chinese Revolutions". New York Times. October 10, 1986.Retrieved August 31, 2014. Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. US and Canada: Routelage. 2009. . p. 12. Long March Leaders

1892 births
1986 deaths
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing
Marshals of the People's Republic of China
Mayors of Nanjing
Writers from Chongqing
People of the Chinese Civil War
Eighth Route Army generals
Chinese military writers
People's Republic of China writers
Frunze Military Academy alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Military strategists
Chinese people with disabilities
Members of the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's

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title: William Honnyng

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<mask> (1520–1569) was an English Member of Parliament and Tudor Court official who served as Clerk of the Signet and Clerk of the Privy Council under Henry VIII and Edward VI. Early life
The Honnyng (or Honing, Honning, Hunnings) family came originally from the Holland district of South Lincolnshire. The eldest child of Roger Honnyng and Margaret née Owle, <mask> was born in 1520, most probably in London. Roger was a member of the Fishmongers' Company, with houses and shops in Oldefisshestrete in the City of London. Career
In 1538 <mask> obtained the post of secretary to Bishop Edmund Bonner on his appointment as Ambassador to Paris. Honnyng owed this appointment to the influence of Thomas Wriothesley. When Bonner was recalled to London, Honnyng also returned, during the summer of 1540.On his return to London, <mask> was appointed a clerk of the Signet, and took up the office some time after October 1541, when he was granted the next vacancy. He had, by 1542, become the servant of Thomas Wriothesley. On 23 April 1543 Honnyng was appointed one of the two clerks of the Privy Council. The Council at that time included Thomas Cranmer, Thomas Howard, John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, Stephen Gardiner, Sir Anthony Wingfield, Thomas Wriothesley, John Dudley, Viscount Lisle and <mask>t. <mask> was elected to the first Parliament of the young king Edward VI, convened on 4 November 1547, as MP for Winchester. He may have owed this appointment to the influence of Wriothesley. Honnyng was also elected as MP for Orford, Suffolk, in Edward VI's second and last parliament, in March 1553.Half way through the reign of Edward VI, competition for power between the leading Councillors, as "Protestant" and "Catholic" factions vied for control over the boy king. Honnyng played a peripheral role in these clashes, for example helping with the arrest and subsequent prosecution of Bishop Gardiner, and acting as the Privy Council's messenger during the coup that toppled the Lord Protector Somerset in October 1549. For a brief period, after Somerset's fall, Wriothesley filled the power vacuum until he too was out-maneuvered by John Dudley, by then earl of Warwick. With the fall of Wriothesley, Honnyng was unprotected, and was arrested by Sir Anthony Wingfield on 30 January 1550 for seeking to embezzle away the judicial papers relating to Gardiner's case. Honnyng was imprisoned in the Marshalsea prison, but eventually released, at the end of June 1550, on £200 bail. But a month later his old patron Wriothesley was dead, "amidst rumours of suicide", and Honnyng had lost his job on the Privy Council. He retained his clerkship of the Signet, and even remained in office during the transition to the reign of Mary in July 1553 and into the reign of Elizabeth I.By the Summer of 1560, in addition to remaining clerk of the Signet, Honnyng was taken on by Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, 3rd earl of Sussex, as his Court Correspondent, while Radclyffe was on campaign in Ireland. in 1561 Honnyng entered Gray's Inn, in the same intake as Thomas Radcliffe, Roger, Lord North, and Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. At that time Gray's Inn was a fashionable place for noblemen and country gentlemen to send their sons, even though some 90% would not actually be called to the Bar. Along with legal training, the Inn provided a good venue for 'masques and revels'. The following year, in 1562, Honnyng was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Suffolk, and by 1564 was 'of the Quorum'. In 1566 Honnyng was appointed to the Suffolk Commission of Sewers (responsible for sea and river defences, and maintaining the Fennland drainage system). Marriage and children
Honnyng married Frances Cutler, the daughter of Nicholas Cutler, MP, by Eleanor Mynne (daughter of John Mynne and a first cousin of Thomas Wriothesley).They had fourteen children:

Jane (1542–1557)
Elzabethe
Frannces
Catterin
Anne (born 1548)
 Edward (21 May 1550 – 1609), heir, and MP for Dunwich, Suffolk in 1589, and MP for Eye in 1593 – 1604. Edward married Ursula Wingfield, a granddaughter of Sir Anthony Wingfield PC KG. <mask> (1552 – c.1610), clerk of the Office of the Revels during the time <mask> was putting on plays at Court. Henry (11 February 1553 – 22 January 1635) a leading participant in the Jacobean Plantation of Fermanagh. Nicholas (born 13 May 1555)
Joan (born 8 August 1556)
John (19 January 1558 (ns) – 1585) a sea captain who served in Elizabeth's war against Spain in the Netherlands, dying at the Battle of Arnhem in 1585. Four portraits of John survive, at the V&A, at the Wellcome Library, at Queens' College Cambridge, and one in a private collection. Thomas
Franccis, Receiver of Crown Rents for Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.James (born 1562) servant of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton whom James accompanied to Ireland in 1599. Charles, captain in the expeditionary forces of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester in December 1585, and Lord Willoughby's campaign into France in September 1589, during which he died. Roger
Robert

Death
Honnyng died on 11 November 1569 and was buried in an 'altar tomb' within the parish church of Eye, Suffolk. In his 1566 will, <mask> left extensive lands in Suffolk, London and Gloucestershire. Most of the property went to his heir, Edward, who left it to his son Wingfield Honning. A lengthy court battle arose, as Edward Honning had left no will, and his son Wingfield Honning was mentally disabled; most of the wealth was gradually lost as the family fought moves by the unscrupulous lawyer John Cusacke and Baron Sotherton. Tomb

The 'Alter Tomb' of <mask> and his wife Frances survives in the parish church at Eye.Although badly damaged, with its shields and other decoration removed, the inscription remains visible:-

Qui fuit eximio virtutu robore septus
Prudentisq viri noie notus erat
Qui patriæ charus cuctis dilect, et avlæ
Gratus erat sumo clarveratq loco
Consilii decreta sua qui scripserat arte
Regiaq emisit signa notata manu
Quinq ferens decies ferme natalib, anos
Hic Honyngus iam Gulielm, inest:
Homo humana humo: virtus: post: funera. "Here lies <mask>yngs who was surrounded by the noble strength of virtues and was known by the name of a prudent man, who was dear to his native land, and beloved by all and held in favour at Court who had written his council decrees with his clear and true art at the highest level and who put forth Royal decrees written by hand, having lived almost fifty years from his birth. Man goes to the earth; human virtue lasts after the funeral." On either side of the central inscription are the circular memorials to <mask> and Frances:

Guli: Obiit 11 die Novembris Anno D’ni 1569 (William: Died 11th day of November Anno Domini 1 569)
Fran, Obiit ... die A .... Anno D’ni ..... (Frances: Died ... day of A ... Anno Domini ... ...)

Notes

References and further reading
Alexander, G M V, 'Edmund Bonner', PhD Thesis, London University 1960
Archdale, Henry Blackwood: Memoirs of the Archdales, Enniskillen, 1925, p. 11-12
Barry, T. Life and Family History of <mask> Honnyng, London, 2008
 Bindoff, S (editor), History of Parliament, London 1982
Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica (CT&G), vol vii
 Foster, W E, Hunnings Families, Pollard & Co, Exeter, 1912
 Foxe, John, 'Actes and Monuments', vol 6 pp. 71, 153, 260
Haskett-Smith, Fishmongers Apprentices and Freemen. London, 1916
 Hoak, Dale, The King's Council in the Reign of Edward VI, Cambridge, 1976, p. 257
 Levy Peck, Linda, "Beyond The Pale: John Cusacke And The Language Of Absolutism In Early Stuart Britain". George Washington University.The Historical Journal, 41, I (1998) pp. 121–149
 Skidmore, Chris, Edward VI, London 2007, p. 148
 Tytler, Patrick, 'England under the Reigns of Edward VI and Mary', London, 1839

1569 deaths
People from Eye, Suffolk
1520 births
Clerks of the Privy Council
English MPs 1547–1552
English MPs 1553 (Edward VI)

masks:
William Honnyng
William
William Honnyng
Honnyng
William Page
Honnyng
William
William Shakespeare
Honnyng
William Honnyng
William Hon
William
William


title: Michael Misick

texts:
<mask> (; born 2 February 1966) is a Turks and Caicos Islander politician who was the 7th Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 15 August 2004 to 9 August 2006 and was the 1st Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 9 August 2006 to 23 March 2009. Misick is a member of the Progressive National Party (PNP), and became chief minister when his party, after eight years as the opposition party, gained two parliamentary seats in by-elections. In addition to being premier, he was also the minister for Civil Aviation, Commerce and Development, Planning, District Administration, Broadcasting Commission, Tourist Board, Turks and Caicos Investment Agency, and Tourism. Several other members of <mask>'s family have been politicians in the Turks and Caicos Islands, and important leaders in the PNP. <mask>, his brother, is the current Premier, former Chief Minister and former Minister of Finance. Biography
Born in Bottle Creek, North Caicos, <mask> is one of 12 children of Mr. and Mrs. <mask>. He received his foundation education in North Caicos, and then furthered it at the Turks and Caicos High School (Helena Jones Robinson High School), the Miami Lakes Technical Institute (where he graduated with a certificate in Business Studies), and the University of Buckingham (LLB, Hons.Bachelor of Law). <mask> is a Barrister at Law of England and Wales and an Attorney at Law of Turks and Caicos Islands. He is a member of the Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn. <mask> spent several years in the private sector where he was sales manager for Prestigious Properties Ltd. from 1984 to 1986 and managing director from 1986 to 1988. From 1988 to 1991 he was chairman and CEO of Paramount Group of Companies, a property and financial services company. <mask> was first elected to the Legislative Council in 1991, when he became Minister of Tourism, Transportation and Communications. He was re-elected in 1995.In March 2002 he was elected leader of the then opposition PNP thus succeeding <mask>. In the April 2003 general elections, <mask>'s party won 6 out of the possible 13 seats in the legislature. The successful petitioning and winning of by-elections held in two constituencies resulted in <mask> being sworn in as Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands on 15 August 2004, one year after election. Personal
<mask> has six children with five different women. His first marriage was to Yvette Marcelin, an attorney at TWA Mercelin Wolf. In April 2006, Premier <mask> married American actress LisaRaye McCoy. A statement released on 12 August 2008 to the press by Premier <mask> stated: "I am announcing that I am separated from LisaRaye McCoy, I am committed to dissolving the marriage amicably.I believe that this is a private matter and will have no further comments. I hope that our privacy will be respected.”. The two were divorced in 2008. In 2013 he became engaged to Netherlands native Tatjana van de Merwe of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. They married in August 2018. Political career

Corruption allegations
In 2008, a Foreign Affairs Select Committee of British Members of Parliament conducting a routine review of the administration in British Overseas Territories received several reports of high-level official corruption in the Turks and Caicos. Their report charged that <mask>, "who is alleged to have built up a multi-million dollar fortune since he was elected in 2003 when he declared assets of only $50,000 (£25,000)," enriched himself and fellow ministers "by selling off Crown land to fund current investment."In response, the Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands Richard Tauwhare announced the appointment of a Commission of Enquiry into corruption on 10 July 2008. Rape allegation
On 7 January 2007, <mask> called for general elections on 9 February. The PNP won 13 of the 15 seats, making it one of the most lopsided election results in the Turks and Caicos Islands. <mask> was accused of raping an American woman on 28 March 2008. The claim against <mask> failed, and the woman subsequently brought proceedings against her employers in Florida. Resignation
On 15 December 2008 <mask> was asked to step down by nine members of his party. <mask>, who has denied any wrongdoing, resigned on 23 March 2009 after an investigation found "clear signs of corruption" in Turks and Caicos.The UK Foreign Office said it would suspend the constitution and give control to Governor Gordon Wetherell. The departure of the premier occurred a week earlier than expected. While the investigations were underway, Governor Gordon Wetherell suspended self-government in the islands on 16 August 2009. In June 2011 Misick's assets were frozen by a court order. In September 2010 a report from the Turks and Caicos Islands 2008-9 Commission of Inquiry recommended criminal investigation of Misick of possible corruption and abuse of his former position. Arrest and trial

On 7 December 2012, <mask> was arrested at Santos Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, after being located by Interpol. He was arrested while trying to leave for Sao Paulo.The arrest warrant was issued by Minister Ricardo Lewandowski of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil on 22 November, at the request of the government of the United Kingdom. He was returned to Turks and Caicos on 7 January 2014 where he was questioned at the capital's police headquarters. He was briefly remanded at Her Majesty’s Prison Grand Turk before being released on bail on 13 January 2014 ahead of his trial. He was charged with conspiracy to receive bribes, conspiracy to defraud the government and money laundering. His much-delayed trial began on 18 January 2016, and was still on-going a year later. The trial was continuing in 2019 and 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in another postponement. Political comeback attempt
In December 2016, <mask> stood as an at-large candidate in the general elections in Turks and Caicos Island as an independent.However, he received only 5.57% of the vote and was not elected. References

|-

1966 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Premiers of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Progressive National Party (Turks and Caicos Islands) politicians
Turks and Caicos Islands Christians

masks:
Michael Eugene Misick
Misick
Washington Misick
Misick
Charles Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Washington Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Michael Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Misick
Michael Misick
Misick


title: Hatsu Hioki

texts:
(, born July 18, 1983) is a Japanese professional mixed martial artist competing in the featherweight division. He is the former Shooto Lightweight Champion, Sengoku Featherweight Champion, and TKO Featherweight Champion. <mask> is a long time Shooto veteran and has fought most of his fights in Japanese promotions including the largest mixed martial arts organization at the time, Pride Fighting Championships. Mixed martial arts career

TKO Major League MMA
<mask> won his first MMA title in the Canadian promotion TKO Major League MMA, by defeating Mark Hominick for the featherweight belt. Prior to this <mask> had only one loss to Hiroyuki Takaya in Shooto and had a record of 8-1-1. He successfully defended this title twice before participating in the Sengoku Featherweight Grand Prix tournament. Sengoku Featherweight Grand Prix
<mask> defeated Masanori Kanehara in the semi-final of the tournament but was unable to continue on to the final to fight Michihiro Omigawa due to an injury in his bout with Kanehara.Kanehara replaced <mask> for the final and ended up winning the tournament. Shooto Featherweight Championship
On May 30, 2010 <mask> fought Takeshi Inoue for the Shooto Featherweight Championship (143 lbs) and won by a split decision making him the 9th fighter to win it and the 8th Japanese fighter to do so. <mask> had a controversially lost to Antonio Carvalho during his Shooto career. Sengoku Featherweight Championship
After defeating Jeff Lawson at Sengoku Raiden Championships 14, <mask> received a title shot against then WVR: Sengoku Featherweight Champion Marlon Sandro. The Championship fight was held at World Victory Road Presents: Soul of Fight on December 30, 2010. <mask> defeated Sandro via unanimous decision. <mask>'s superior reach and movement allowed him to out land and counter the aggressive Brazilian.<mask> became the third featherweight Champion for Sengoku. <mask> vacated the title on June 25, 2011 after signing with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
On the same date he vacated the Sengoku Featherweight Championship: June 25, 2011, UFC officials announced that <mask> had signed a multi fight deal with the UFC. He debuted at UFC 137 on October 29, 2011, where he defeated George Roop via split decision. <mask> faced veteran Bart Palaszewski on February 26, 2012 at UFC 144, winning the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> dominated the whole fight taking down Bart Palaszewski several times and applying a variety of submission attempts. <mask> was offered a title shot but turned it down and instead faced Ricardo Lamas on June 22, 2012 at UFC on FX: Maynard vs. Guida.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Clay Guida on January 26, 2013 at UFC on Fox: Johnson vs. Dodson. Despite landing more strikes than Guida, and consistently looking for submissions after being taken to the ground, Guida was awarded the split decision. <mask> faced Darren Elkins on August 28, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 27. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Ivan Menjivar on March 1, 2014 at UFC Fight Night: Kim vs. Hathaway. He won the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> faced Charles Oliveira on June 28, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 43. He lost the fight via submission, with the loss being the first time <mask> has ever been finished in MMA. <mask> faced Dan Hooker on May 10, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 65. He lost the fight by knockout in the second round, marking his first loss by TKO/KO. Subsequently, he was released from the promotion.

masks: Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki Hioki


title: Fob James

texts:
Forrest Hood "<mask><mask>. (born September 15, 1934) is an American civil engineer, entrepreneur, football player, and politician. He served as the 48th governor of Alabama, first as a Democrat, 1979–1983, and secondly as a Republican, 1995–1999. Education, football, and early career

<mask> was born in Lanett, Alabama, the son of Rebecca (née Ellington) and <mask>. Named after his father, he was nicknamed "<mask>" as a boy. After graduation in 1952 from Baylor School, a private high school in Chattanooga, Tennessee, <mask> entered Auburn University, where he played football for head coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan. In 1955 <mask> was named All-American as a halfback. He received a civil engineering degree in 1957.During the 1956 season, he played professional football in Canada as a member of the Montreal Alouettes. He entered the US Army and served two years as a lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. From 1958–59, <mask> worked as a heavy construction engineer with Burford-Toothaker Tractor Company in Montgomery, Alabama. He had married and started a family. In 1959, his second born, Gregory Fleming <mask>, was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Needing more money to pay medical bills, <mask> left Montgomery in 1960 to take a job as construction superintendent with Laidlaw Contracting Company, a road-paving company in Mobile. In 1961, <mask> decided that he could earn a living from the manufacture of plastic-coated barbells.In 1962, he founded Diversified Products Inc., a manufacturer of fitness equipment; it was known for the plastic-disc barbells filled with "Orbatron," which DP patented. The company name was changed to "Diversified Products Corporation" after originally being called Health-Disc Inc. In addition to physical fitness equipment, the company manufactured ballasts and counterweights for farms, industry and trucking. <mask> founded DP in his basement and, over the next 15 years, the company ultimately grew to employ 1,500 people with plants in Opelika, AL; Los Angeles, and Toronto, with sales of about $1 billion annually. <mask> served as the CEO of DP until 1977, when it was bought by the Liggett Group. <mask>'s son Gregory died of cystic fibrosis at the age of eight. In 1981 <mask> established the Gregory Fleming <mask> Cystic Fibrosis Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, named in his honor.<mask> played an integral role in the establishment of the Center. From 1972 to 1974, <mask> served as president of the Alabama Citizens for Transportation, a statewide committee that developed a twenty-year highway program. This was subsequently adopted by the Alabama Legislature. Political career

First term
During his 1978 campaign for governor, <mask> campaigned as a "born-again Democrat". <mask> had left the Democratic Party in the early 1970s but returned to the party before the election. In the first primary, he defeated Alabama Attorney General Bill Baxley, 296,196 votes to 210,089 votes. In the run-off,  <mask> easily outdistanced Baxley.In the November general election, he defeated the Republican candidate, Guy Hunt. During <mask>' first administration, the state faced considerable financial difficulties. <mask> was reasonably successful in attaining his education reform package, improving the state's mental health system, rectifying some prison overcrowding problems and fortifying the once financially strapped Medicaid system. <mask> consolidated various state agencies to reduce state spending. Additionally, he implemented a ten percent State spending cut, instituted a hiring freeze, and laid off a considerable number of the state employee workforce. He also chose to emphasize funding for k-12 education, over that for Alabama's colleges and universities, a highly contested action. He also worked to acquire stiffer penalties for convicted drug traffickers.He was instrumental in improving state highways as a result of earmarking a substantial amount of money for such improvements from the state's oil windfall funds. <mask> was unsuccessful in his attempts to: have a new state constitution drafted, levy a fuel tax, rectify the court-ordered desegregation of some of the state's post-secondary institutions, and secure passage of his bill to eliminate income tax deductions for Social Security payments. One of his greatest accomplishments was integrating Alabama government. During his inauguration, he "claim(ed) for all Alabamians a New Beginning (his campaign theme) free from racism and discrimination." During his first term as governor, he nominated Oscar Adams to fill a vacancy on the Alabama Supreme Court, the first African American chosen for such a position. In addition, he appointed other blacks to cabinet positions, including Gary Cooper as director of the Department of Pensions and Security, the first African American in a century to be appointed to lead a major state agency in Alabama. During his first term, <mask> caused controversy by signing into law a measure passed by the legislature that allowed teachers to lead willing students in prayer.The law was declared unconstitutional in 1985. Between terms
<mask>'s decision not to run again for governor in 1982 eased the way for former governor George Wallace to return to office for a fourth and final term. Out of office, however, <mask> began to yearn for a return to the governorship. He ran but was defeated in both the 1986 and 1990 Democratic primaries. Living a semi-retired life while out of office, he partnered with his sons in several businesses. He managed and partly owned Orange Beach Marina, served as the CEO of Coastal Erosion Control, a company that worked to prevent coastal erosion; and worked as the CEO of Escambia County Environmental Corporation, which develops landfills and waste incinerators. In the spring of 1994, <mask>'s desire to be governor again led him to switch parties again.He qualified at the last moment as a Republican candidate. First he defeated in a primary and runoff election, Winton Blount, III, of Montgomery and State Senator Ann Bedsole, a moderate Republican from Mobile. Bedsole refused to endorse <mask> in the general election, but he still defeated incumbent Democratic Governor Jim Folsom, Jr., by a narrow margin, and won his second term as governor, this time as a Republican. Second term

<mask> governed as a staunch conservative during his second term, reflecting individualistic, states' rights convictions. <mask> "seceded" from the National Governors Association, and was the only state governor to refuse to attend the organization's meetings. In 1981, he designed the Alabama Budget Isolation Process as a hopeful remedy to years of legislative standstills. It is still in effect in the Legislature today.As governor, <mask> appointed Aubrey Miller, an African American, to head the Alabama Tourism Department. He also appointed Beth Chapman to his cabinet; she was the first woman in Alabama's history to serve as Appointments Secretary. Crime and justice

<mask> took a "tough" position on crime and criminals. He and his prison commissioner, Ronald Jones, reinstituted chain gangs, a form of forced labor for Alabama's prison inmates. This practice affected the disproportionately large African-American inmate population in Alabama, which was the result of a discriminatory criminal justice system. The black inmates were even displayed while in chains for mostly white tourists to see. Alabama became the first state to bring back the infamous practice so symbolic of and prevalent in the Jim Crow era, the post-slavery period where racism against African Americans was codified into law.The dehumanizing practice continued even as an African American inmate was killed by an officer after a fight with another inmate ensued at a chain gang worksite

The Governor approved other markedly racist policies instituted by Jones, but he balked at the commissioner's suggestion that chain gangs be extended to include female prisoners. <mask> put an end to the chain gang in June 1996, because of a lawsuit brought by a coalition of community human rights groups. Regarding crime issues, <mask> cited as one of his "major accomplishments" the revision of the Alabama Criminal Code, which made it one of the toughest in the U.S.

During his second term <mask>, who firmly supported the death penalty, presided over seven executions by electric chair. (Alabama resumed executions in 1983.) However, in one of his last official acts as governor, <mask> commuted the death sentence of Judith Ann Neelley to life in prison. This remains, , the only post-Furman commutation of a death sentence by a governor in Alabama. <mask> explained that, in his view, executing Neelley would not have been just.His reason was that the Neeley case was the only time he had seen a judge overrule the jury's unanimous decision to impose life imprisonment by issuing a death penalty. But Alabama has more than one judge who has made his reputation on imposing the death penalty against jury votes. <mask> helped arrange a State of Alabama-paid voluntary return to the US of Lester Coleman, a former journalist accused by the federal government of committing perjury, who had been residing in Europe. According to Redding Pitt, a federal government attorney from Montgomery, Alabama, Coleman called <mask>, an acquaintance from the 1970s, for help in his case. Coleman promoted alternative theories regarding the Lockerbie bombing. His perjury charges stemmed from his statements about that incident. Joe Boohaker, Coleman's attorney, said that <mask> apparently knew Coleman from when the latter man had worked at a Birmingham, Alabama radio station.<mask> defended embattled judge Roy Moore when Moore was ordered by a Montgomery circuit judge to remove his wooden representation of the Ten Commandments from his courtroom. <mask> threatened to send in the National Guard to prevent the removal of the plaque with this display. Education
The Alabama legislature joined <mask> in passing an educational reform package known as the James Educational Foundation Act. This legislation required local school systems that were not already at a minimum level of support to raise local property taxes to 10 mills,. It also increased the number of credit hours in academic subjects that students were required to have in order to graduate. This legislation empowered the state superintendent of education to take control of schools that scored poorly on national achievement tests. Prioritizing K-12 education, <mask> shifted funding from the state's colleges and universities; such action strained relations between higher education and the governor's office.<mask> refused to accept federal monies from the U.S. Department of Education's Goals 2000 program because he believed that it would lead to increased federal involvement and control over the state's schools. When Secretary of Education Richard Riley promised that the Department of Education would not interfere in the use of the funds, Alabama's state board of education ignored the governor's protests and voted to accept the funding. They used it to purchase computers for K–12 classrooms. Religion controversies
<mask> was frequently criticized for expressing too much of his religious beliefs in his governing. At a 1995 Alabama State Board of Education meeting, <mask> criticized the teaching of evolution in textbooks by imitating a "slump-shouldered ape turning into an upright human". He supported the adoption of a textbook warning sticker that said, among other things, that "No one was present when life first appeared on earth. Therefore, any statement about life's origins should be considered as theory, not fact."<mask>'s most publicized religious battle was the lengthy controversy surrounding Etowah County Judge Roy S. Moore's posting of the Ten Commandments in his courtroom and the offering of a daily Christian prayer before proceedings. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sued to have the practice stopped as unconstitutional. U.S. District Court Judge Ira DeMent, an appointee of President George H. W. Bush, ruled in its favor, ordering the removal of the commandment plaque and cessation of the prayers because they violated the First Amendment guarantee of separation of church and state. Judge Moore appealed the decision, and <mask> supported his position. For a brief period he threatened to mobilize the Alabama National Guard and use force if necessary to prevent the removal of the Ten Commandments plaque from Moore's courtroom. In October 1997, Judge DeMent issued another sweeping order forbidding certain religious practices in DeKalb County's public schools, which also aroused controversy. <mask> verbally attacked DeMent's order as yet another illegitimate intrusion by federal courts into local affairs.The judge's order was, in part, reversed shortly after <mask> left office, allowing students at their own choice to hold religious meetings on school grounds. Campaign for a third term
In his campaign for re-election to a third term, <mask> faced strong opposition in the Republican party primary from Winton Blount III, a fellow conservative and a millionaire businessman whom <mask> was documented referring to as a "fat monkey." He sharply criticized <mask>'s close ties to the Christian right. <mask> struggled through the bitter Republican primary runoff and defeated Blount, but had little money left to finance the general election campaign. Incumbent Lieutenant Governor Don Siegelman easily won the Democratic primary on the sole issue of establishing a state lottery to provide for college scholarships. <mask> opposed the lottery and was soundly defeated by Siegelman in the 1998 general election. He returned to semi-retirement, saying he wanted to spend more time with his children and grandchildren.Personal life and family
<mask> and his wife, Bobbie, live in Miami, Florida. As of 2021, <mask> <mask> resides in an independent-living apartment in close proximity to the nursing facility where Bobbie <mask> lives. The couple had four children: Greg, who died in the 1960s of cystic fibrosis; Tim, a businessman and three-time candidate for governor of Alabama; <mask> III, a trial lawyer; and Patrick, whom <mask> and Bobbie <mask> sued in 2015 over allegations of fraud. Notes

External links

Forrest Hood "<mask>" <mask>. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Alabama G.O.P. Governor Sees a Different New South
Fob <mask> Wins GOP Primary Runoff For Alabama Governor
Former Alabama Gov. <mask> <mask> and his son oppose prosecutor of Judge Moore
Encyclopedia of Alabama

1934 births
Living people
People from Lanett, Alabama
Governors of Alabama
Candidates in the 1998 United States elections
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American Episcopalians
21st-century American Episcopalians
Players of American football from Alabama
Auburn Tigers football players
American football running backs
American athlete-politicians
Montreal Alouettes players
Alabama Democrats
Alabama Republicans
United States Army officers
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Republican Party state governors of the United States

masks:
Fob
" James Jr
James
Forrest Hood James
Fob
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
Fob
James
James
Fob
Fob
James
Fob
James Jr
James
Fob
James


title: Nikolay Dobrokhotov

texts:
<mask> (;  – 15 October 1963) was a Soviet scientist and metallurgist, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR, Academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. Biography
<mask> was born on March 27, 1889 in Arzamas in Nizhny Novgorod Guberniya in the Russian Empire. His father <mask>v was a telegraphist. His mother — Maria Fedorovna Vladimirskaya, graduate of Smolny Institute — was from the Vladimirskie family, many of whose members were engaged in social activities (maternal uncle — Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky — one of the oldest figures of the communist party, companion in arms of Vladimir Lenin), were friends of Maxim Gorky. <mask>v was the eldest son in a family of 12 children. There was no secondary school in Arzamas at that time and Dobrokhotov was sent to Nizhny Novgorod, where in 1900 he entered the Realschule. In 1907 he graduated from the Realschule and successfully passed the competitive examination in the metallurgical department of the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute.Here many famous professors and lecturers taught: E.S. Fyodorov on crystallography, N.S. Kurnakov on chemistry, I.A. Time on metallurgical engineering, A.F. Ioffe on thermodynamics, A.L. Baboshin on metallography and others. During his student years <mask> <mask> actively collaborated in the student metallurgical study group, many times underwent practical training on metallurgical plants, worked as a designer, as a Martin foreman and held some other posts.In December 1914 he graduates from the institute. In 1914–1917 years <mask> <mask> works on Perm Ordnance Factory, where he was engaged on mastering and improving the technology of artillery steel production. On May 11, 1915 <mask> Dobrokhotov marries Elizaveta Ivanovna Zventsova (1891-1978) - daughter of Ivan Vasilievich Zventsov, a member of Zemsky Court in Kashin. <mask> Dobrokhotov had 6 children, two of them died at an early age. In 1920 <mask> <mask> joined as an Assistant Lecturer the Metallurgy Department of the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, which was headed by Prof. V.N. Lipin. Here he worked till 1924.In these years <mask> <mask> is formed as an independent young scientist - he explores some of the issues of gas-furnace heating engineering and publish many works in this area. In November 1924 <mask> <mask> was appointed head of the Department of steel metallurgy and theory of furnaces of 	Ural Polytechnic Institute (which until then was headed by prof. V.E.Grum-Grzhimailo) and according to the decision of the State Academic Council of Narkompros of RSFSR of June 4, 1926 was approved in the academic rank of professor in the Department of steel metallurgy. The fall of 1929 <mask> Dobrokhotov leaving on a business trip to metallurgical plants in Germany and the U.S. In 1930 in Sverdlovsk was arrested on charges of subversive activities. Then was arrested almost the entire management team of scientists and teachers of Ural Polytechnic Institute. On August 20, 1931 Sverdlovsk OGPU released <mask> <mask> from custody by order of Moscow OGPU. To the release of <mask> Dobrokhotov contributed Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova, wife of Gorky.In 1931, <mask> Dobrokhotov moved to Moscow, started working the head of the furnace laboratory of the	Central Research Institute of Machine Building and performed together with his staff research in gas-furnace heating engineering. Since January 1935 he was again working on his main speciality as a professor, head of the Department of steel metallurgy of Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute. By decision of the Higher Attestation Commission on April 11, 1938 <mask> <mask> was approved in the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences. By General Meeting of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences on February 22, 1939 <mask> <mask> was elected an Academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. On April 9, 1939 for his successful work in the ferrous metallurgy <mask> <mask> was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In the same year <mask> <mask> was elected to the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Council of People's Deputies. In August 1941 <mask> Dobrokhotov evacuated to the Urals.During the German-Soviet War, he was associated with 16 plants, providing them with scientific and technical assistance in gas-furnace heating engineering and steel metallurgy, for which he was awarded a Medal for Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and decorations as an eminent person in Tank and Metallurgical Industry. In December 1944 <mask> <mask> moved to Kiev, worked as head of steel-smelting department of Ferrous Metallurgy Institute of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and the head of the Department of steel metallurgy and industrial furnaces of Kiev Polytechnic Institute. On December 14, 1948 by General Meeting of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences <mask> Dobrokhotov was elected a Chairman of the Bureau of the Department of technical sciences of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. On initiative of <mask> <mask> was created the Gas Institute of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and he was appointed its director from September 1, 1949. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR dated February 3, 1951 <mask> <mask> was given the rank of Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR dated May 3, 1954 <mask> Dobrokhotov was awarded the Order of Lenin and by decree dated July 19, 1958 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. October 15, 1963 in Kiev, <mask> Dobrokhotov died.He was buried in the Baykove cemetery of Kiev. In the name of <mask> Dobrokhotov in Kiev was called street (Academic Dobrokhotov Street). Scientific and applied activities
In 1921 was published the first scientific paper of <mask> Dobrokhotov "About burning of oil shale in the gas generators". <mask> Dobrokhotov created a new theory of furnaces, which was fundamentally different from the hydraulic (prevalent in the 1930s) in the substantive provisions and practical conclusions. He first showed that the movement of gases in furnaces is turbulent and not laminar in nature, and therefore the processes of mixing gas and combustion of fuel run through the laws of the turbulent and not laminar flow. Its essence is as follows:

to improve heat transfer by convection and radiation, gases must move in the working space of the furnace as close to the surface of the heated subjects with the greatest possible speed;

combustion of fuel at high temperatures is determined by the conditions of mixing it with oxygen. The chemical reaction of combustion occurs very quickly and does not limit the rate of fuel combustion process;

length of the turbulent flame is proportional to the diameter of the fuel jet and does not increase with increasing of heat load at a constant ratio of fuel and air;

geometric pressure of gases in furnaces is small in comparison with the kinetic energy of gases.Effect of geometric pressure can be neglected, considering only the forces of inertia and kinetic energy of gas flows. capacity of the furnace is necessary to determine not only by the quantity of supplied fuel in it, but the oxygen consumed by the furnace for combustion of fuel;

the choice of transporting system of processed and received materials in the furnace, which determines the type of the furnace and is its main feature, is very important. This theory has opened new directions in the design of compact furnaces with forced movement of gases. In 1931-1935, he developed a new theory of metal heating and experimentally proved that the steel can be heated very quickly, ensuring high performance of furnaces with a perfect metal quality and its low waste. He also suggested a method of calculating the thermal and structural stresses arising during heating of steel products, that was the basis for the development of heating conditions, radically improved the process. <mask> Dobrokhotov shown theoretically and in practice has proved the possibility and desirability of a sharp acceleration in the heating of steel products without deterioration, that completely changed the prevailing views on the permissible rate of their heating. <mask> <mask> designed the heating furnaces and their equipment more than 35 years.According to his projects in 1929-1930 were built heating furnaces in rolling mills of Nizhneserginski and Nizhny Tagil metallurgical plants. N<mask> proposed to increase the capacity of open-hearth furnaces to increase their productivity and reduce fuel consumption in steel smelting and later formulated the basic theses of the theory of intensification of heat work of open-hearth furnaces. With the use of the provisions made by him in the mid 1930s were upgraded 90-ton open-hearth furnaces of Nizhnedneprovsk metallurgical plant in the name of Comintern. Increased heat output of the furnaces made it possible to dramatically raise their productivity and exceed all previously known records of high-speed steelification. Later was improved design of open-hearth furnaces of many metallurgical plants. N<mask> proposed to equip open-hearth furnaces with fans for air supply, with smoke exhausters for removal of combustion products, with front wall without arch and improved refrigerators. During the German-Soviet War, N<mask> offers to hold ferromanganese deoxidation of boiling steel in the ladle, that was implemented in 1942 in one of the Ural plants.This method saved a large amount of ferromanganese, since when steel is deoxidized in the furnace of about 50% of it oxidized and was lost with the slag. For that time when as a result of military actions was lost main extraction base of manganese ore, this fact was of great importance. After World War II, N<mask>, together with his disciples developed a theory of drying and firing of ceramic products based on a fundamentally new method. He scientifically substantiated, fast drying and firing modes of production, identified ways to improve the quality of ceramics. Under his guidance and direct participation was designed and put into operation at the Kiev factory of ceramic blocks first in Ukraine a strong tunnel kiln for firing of building and ceramic products. Technology and technique of using of natural gas in open-hearth production of the Soviet Union created mainly through the works of N. Dobrokhotov. Before him, the natural gas was used in a mixture with fuel oil.In 1959, N<mask> with students suggested to heat three-way open-hearth furnaces with natural gas instead of a mixture of coke oven and blast-furnace gas. The method was first introduced at several furnaces of Zaporizhstal and K. Liebknecht plants, and then - in many plants of the country. N. Dobrokhotov develops basic theory and practice of deoxidation and alloying of finished steel in ladle with solid ferroalloys, use of which radically improved steelmaking process. It was first tested at the Volgograd metallurgical plant "Red October", and later - at the Izhevsk metallurgical plant in the name of 50 years of the USSR, at Kuznetsk metallurgical plant in the name of Lenin and at other plants. Implementing of it made it possible to increase the productivity of smelting furnaces, reduce haze of alloy additions and deoxidants, reduce the cost of steel and improve the quality of the material. N. Dobrokhotov developed a scientific basis for steel pouring at high temperatures to improve the quality, that gave rise to a new direction in the field of steel pouring to ingots and obtaining shaped steel casts, thereby improving their quality at all indicators. Before him there was an erroneous opinion that it was necessary to pour steel as slowly as possible.He laid the scientific basis for high-speed pouring of steel and has proved, that steel can be poured in three to four times faster without compromising quality of ingots. This increased the productivity of pouring bays of  open-hearth workshops and twice reduced the employment of pouring spaces and equipment. N<mask> proposed a new technology of direct receipt of iron from ore. By his instructions on metallurgical plant "Zaporizhstal" in the name of S. Ordzhonikidze were constructed semi-industrial devices - shaft furnace and the boiling bed reactor for direct reduction of iron by products of conversion of natural gas, by which were obtained necessary basic data for designing industrial units of this type. Major works
1. Furnaces for metal heating / D.V. Budrin, M.V. Groshev, V.F.Kopytov et al.Edited by academician N.N. Dobrokhotov M.-L.: GOSNTIML, 1941, 416 p. (in Russian)

2. Dobrokhotov N.N. About the dynamics of diffusion processes / Kiev: AS USSR, 1948, 39 p. (in Russian)

3. 4. References
1. V.S.Kocho, B.Kh.Khan.<mask> Nikolaevich Dobrokhotov - Kiev:Izdatel'stvo akademii nauk USSR, 1959 (in Russian). 2. 3. 4. 1889 births
1963 deaths
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
People from Arzamas
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian metallurgists
Saint Petersburg Mining University alumni
Soviet scientists
Graduated of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute (until 1917)

masks:
Nikolay Nikolayevich Dobrokhotov
Nikolay Dobrokhotov
Nikolay Nikanorovich Dobrokhoto
Nikolay Dobrokhoto
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Nikolay
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
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Nikolay
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
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Nikolay
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Nikolay
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Nikolay
Nikolay
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Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
Nikolay
Dobrokhotov
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Nikolay
Nikolay
Nikolay
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Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
. Dobrokhotov
Nikolay


title: Mustafa Amini

texts:
<mask>, known as <mask>, (Dari: محمد مصطفی کاستیلو امینی, born 20 April 1993) is an Australian professional footballer who plays for Sydney FC and the Australian national team. Born in Sydney, <mask> played youth football with the Australian Institute of Sport before starting his professional career with Central Coast Mariners in the A-League. In 2011, <mask> signed for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund. After playing only for their second team, he transferred in 2015 to Randers FC. <mask> has appeared numerous times for the Australian U-17, U-20 and U-23 teams. He took part in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Early life
Born in Sydney, Australia to an Afghan father,  and a Costa Rican Spanish mother.<mask> grew up in the Western Sydney area. He attended Wentworthville Public School and Westfields Sports High School until moving to Lake Ginninderra College in the ACT while playing for the AIS, earning his Year 12 certificate in March 2010. <mask> wears a distinctive 'afro' haircut and is fluent in Dari and Spanish. Playing career

Club career

Central Coast Mariners

<mask> played for Blacktown City before being signed to an AIS scholarship. He was signed by the Central Coast Mariners on a two-year contract in the A-League. <mask> made his debut for the senior team in a friendly against fellow Gosford club Central Coast Lightning which the Mariners won 7–1. <mask> made his official A-League debut for the Mariners in a match against Brisbane Roar on 20 October 2010.His first goal came in a 3–1 away win against Gold Coast United on 9 February 2011. <mask>'s excellent form throughout the 2010–11 A-League season attracted major interest from overseas clubs Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich. Subsequently it was announced that <mask> was to spend two weeks on trial with Borussia Dortmund in preparation for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in July with a view of signing a long term deal with the Bundesliga club. Only days into his trial Borussia Dortmund publicly announced that the youngster had caught the eye of first team manager Jürgen Klopp stating that "he can definitely play football and is a really great talent." Borussia Dortmund
On 4 July 2011, it was announced that he had signed with Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund on a four-year contract. However, <mask> would initially be loaned to Central Coast Mariners until 31 May 2012, making him eligible to play for the club during the 2011–12 A-League season as well as the group stage of the Asian Champions League. He played outstandingly well as Central Coast marched to the quarter-finals.On 11 July 2012, <mask> made his debut for Borussia Dortmund in a friendly against SV Meppen, scoring a goal in the 63rd minute en route a 2–1 victory for Dortmund. <mask> scored his first goal for the second team in a game against MSV Duisburg on matchday 7 of the 2013–14 3. Liga season. In March 2015, <mask> announced, that he would leave the club when his contract expired in June, after playing there for three years. Randers FC
<mask> signed a three-year deal with Danish Superliga club Randers FC in June 2015. He scored the opening goal in the club's 3–0 UEFA Europa League qualifying second leg win over Sant Julià. AGF
In June 2016, <mask> moved to Superliga side AGF on a four-year deal.<mask> enjoyed a good debut for AGF, with a goal and an assist in a 2–1 win away at SønderjyskE in the Superliga on 17 July 2016. Cyprus
In June 2021, <mask> joined Cypriot First Division side Apollon Limassol on a two-year deal. In September 2021, <mask> was loaned out to fellow First Division club PAEEK. In December 2021, he mutually terminated his contract with Apollon Limassol and left both Cypriot clubs. Sydney FC
On 24 December 2021, <mask> signed a six-month deal with A-League Men club Sydney FC as an injury replacement for Luke Brattan. International career

Youth
<mask> was first selected for Australia under-17 to play Turkey in a two-match series in April 2009 in Turkey. He made his Joeys debut in the first match of the series, a 1–0 loss, starting the match as a defender, but moving into midfield in the second half before being substituted late in the game.He also played a full match in the second leg, a 2–1 defeat. <mask> was selected to play for Australia U-20 in a four-match tour of South America against the Argentina U-20 and Paraguay U-20 teams from 3–19 April. He was then selected for the Australia U-20 again for the 2010 AFF U-19 Youth Championship. <mask> scored his first goal for the Australia U-20 in the 2010 AFF U-19 Youth Championship in a 4–1 win over Vietnam U-20. Senior
On 23 March 2011, after impressing on trial at Borussia Dortmund, <mask> was called up to the Australian national side training camp by Head Coach Holger Osieck which was being held in Germany. <mask> was named among the 43 players squad to represent Afghanistan for 2014 AFC Challenge Cup preparations camp in Qatar, but he refused the call saying "I only want to play for Australia if I get the chance". <mask> was called-up to Australia's senior squad ahead of the World Cup qualifiers in March 2017.He debuted on 28 March 2017 against the United Arab Emirates at Allianz Stadium in Sydney, when subbed on in the 87th minute. 20 November 2018, <mask> made his first starting appearance for Australia at Stadium Australia, Sydney in a friendly match against Lebanon in front of a crowd of 33,268 people. <mask> played 74 minutes before being replaced by debutant James Jeggo with Australia three goals in the lead at the time. Australia went on to win the match 3–0. Career statistics

Club

International
Statistics accurate as of match played 15 October 2019. Honours

Club
Central Coast Mariners
A-League Premiership: 2011–12

International
Australia U19
 AFF U-19 Youth Championship: 2010

See also
List of Central Coast Mariners FC players
List of foreign Danish Superliga players

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Australian expatriate soccer players
Australia international soccer players
Australia youth international soccer players
Australia under-20 international soccer players
A-League Men players
Australian people of Afghan descent
Australian people of Nicaraguan descent
Sportspeople of Afghan descent
Sportspeople of Nicaraguan descent
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Blacktown City FC players
Central Coast Mariners FC players
Borussia Dortmund players
Borussia Dortmund II players
Randers FC players
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
Australian Institute of Sport soccer players
3. Liga players
Danish Superliga players
Soccer players from Sydney
Association football midfielders
People educated at Lake Ginninderra College
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Australian soccer players

masks:
Mohammad Mustafa Castillo Amini
Mustafa Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
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Amini


title: Judith Scott (artist)

texts:
<mask> (May 1, 1943 – March 15, 2005) was an American fiber sculptor, born with Down Syndrome and deaf. She was internationally renowned for her art. In 1987, <mask> was enrolled at the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland, California which supports people with developmental disabilities. There, <mask> discovered her passion and talent for abstract fiber art and she was able to communicate in a new form. An account of <mask>'s life, Entwined: Sisters and Secrets in the Silent World of Artist <mask> (2016) has been written by her twin sister. Biography
<mask> was born into a middle-class family in Cincinnati, Ohio in May 1, 1943 along with her fraternal twin sister Joyce. Unlike Joyce, <mask> was born with Down Syndrome.During her infancy, <mask> suffered from Scarlet Fever, which caused her to lose her hearing, a fact that remained unknown until much later on in her life. <mask> spent her first seven and a half years at home with her parents, twin sister and older brothers. Although the developmental gap between the two girls was apparent, "the parents consciously sought to treat these youngest members of the family alike." However, when it was time for the girls to start attending school, <mask> was found to be "ineducable." There was only one classroom for children with disabilities, and <mask> was not able to pass the verbally-based entrance tests, due to her still undiagnosed deafness. Consequently, on medical advice, her parents placed <mask> in the Columbus State Institution (formerly the Columbus State School), an institution for the mentally disabled, on October 18, 1950. This separation had a profound effect on both twins.The records from <mask>'s first few years at the Institution indicate that she had an IQ of 30 (based upon oral testing before her deafness was recognized). For this reason she was denied any training opportunities. Deprived of her twin, <mask> became severely alienated, and behavioral problems soon surfaced. Her Clinical Record states that "She does not seem to be in good contact with her environment. She does not get along well with other children, is restless, eats messily, tears her clothing, and beats other children. Her presence on the ward is a disturbing influence." Soon after, she was moved to a smaller state institution at Gallipolis, Ohio.In 1985, after 35 years of complete separation and lengthy and difficult negotiations, <mask> became her sister's legal guardian, and brought <mask> to live with her in California, a state where all mentally disabled citizens are entitled to an ongoing education. <mask> died of natural causes at her sister's home in Dutch Flat, California, a few weeks short of her 62nd birthday. She outlived her life expectancy at birth by almost fifty years. Art
On April 1, 1987, <mask> began attending the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland, one of the first organizations in the world to provide studio space for artists with disabilities. For almost two years, <mask> showed little interest in any artistic activity. She was unexceptional with paint. She scribbled loops and circles, but her work contained no representational imagery, and she was so uninterested in creating that the staff was considering ending her involvement with the program.It wasn't until <mask> casually observed a fiber art class conducted by visiting artist Sylvia Seventy, that she had her artistic breakthrough. Using the materials at hand, <mask> spontaneously invented her own unique and radically different form of artistic expression. While other students were stitching, she was sculpting with an unprecedented zeal and concentration. Her creative gifts and absolute focus were quickly recognized, and she was given complete freedom to choose her own materials. Taking whatever objects she found, regardless of ownership, she would wrap them in carefully selected colored yarns to create diverse sculptures of many different shapes. Some resemble cocoons or body parts, while others are elongated totemic poles. Many of her works also feature pairs, reflecting <mask>'s experience as a twin.<mask> worked on her art five days a week for eighteen years, producing over 200 pieces in total. <mask> had her first exhibition in 1999, which coincided with the publication of John MacGregor's book Metamorphosis: The Fiber Art of <mask>. Together, these events helped propel her to worldwide recognition. Collections
<mask>'s work has become immensely popular in the world of outsider art, and her pieces sell for substantial sums. <mask> is now hailed as a contemporary artist, no longer just an outsider. Her art is held in the permanent collections of many museums, including:  Museum of Modern Art (Manhattan, New York), the American Visionary Art Museum (Baltimore, Maryland), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Museum of American Folk Art (Manhattan, New York), Intuit: The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art (Chicago, Illinois), Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, The Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA. L’Aracine Musee D’Art Brut (Paris, France), Art Brut Connaissance & Diffusion Collection (Paris and Prague), Collection de l'art brut (Lausanne, Switzerland).Filmography

Exhibitions

Below is a list of select notable exhibitions for <mask>.

masks:
Judith Scott
Judith
Judith
Scott
Judith Scott
Judith
Judith
Judith
Judith Scott
Judith
Judith
Judith
Judith Scott
Judith
Joyce Scott
Judith
Judith Scott
Judith Scott
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Judith Scott
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Judith Scott