title: Abraham Solomonick

texts:
<mask>, also <mask>, <mask> (born December 10, 1927 in Haradok, Byelorussian SSR) is an Israeli scientist, philologist, semiotician and philosopher, and is the author of Hebrew-English and English-Hebrew dictionaries. Biography
<mask> was born on December 10, 1927, in Haradok, a Belarusian town near Vitebsk. His father, Ben Zion, was a pharmacist, and his mother, Fruma, was a pediatrician. In 1933, the family moved to Leningrad, where <mask> graduated from secondary school and, in 1949, from the Law Institute, named after Mikhail Kalinin. He was sent to work as a barrister in the Vologda district, and worked there until 1953. During this time, he also studied the teaching of English at the local Pedagogical Institute, receiving a master's degree in the field at the beginning of 1954. After completing his master's degree, <mask> moved back to Leningrad to be with his family.In Leningrad, he taught English at secondary schools and at the university, and also continued his graduate studies. In 1966, he successfully defended his doctoral thesis and received a doctoral degree in applied linguistics (the teaching of foreign languages to adults). He then joined the Research Institute of Adult Education, a branch of the Russian Pedagogical Academy of Sciences, where he became a senior research fellow in the field of teaching foreign languages (mainly, English) to adults. In April 1974, <mask> immigrated to Israel with his wife and two children, taking up residence in Jerusalem. In November of the same year, he began working at the Israeli Ministry of Education as a supervisor of Ulpans (centers for teaching Hebrew to adults from a wide range of countries). In this capacity, he was responsible for formulating the teaching methods and developing the study materials that were used in the Ulpans. Among his most important accomplishments were the composition of new teaching manuals and the setting up of language laboratories with visual and audio devices to help adults learn Hebrew.In 1993, <mask> retired, but he continued writing grammars and dictionaries for various categories of learners (see below). During the 1990s, he developed a fascination for semiotics − the science of signs and sign-systems − and wrote ten monographs on the subject (eight in Russian and two in English). His semiotic studies led him to new philosophical generalizations, and he formulated his own theory of cognition, different from the existing views on this problem. Works
While working at the Ministry of Education, <mask> created a broad selection of teaching aids geared to different types of learning communities. Among his works were grammars for Russian and English speakers, phonetic exercises for them and for Ethiopian Jews, and lessons for presentation in radio broadcasts to the former Soviet Union. The pinnacle of his activities during this period was his creation of a manual for Ulpan teachers, "The Principal Concepts in Teaching Additional Languages to Adults", and his compilation of "Comparative Grammars" between Hebrew, on the one hand, and grammatical phenomena in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Georgian, Amharic, and Persian, on the other hand. In his final years at the Ministry of Education, <mask> began to familiarize the Ulpan teachers with computers, laying the groundwork for the introduction of computer-aided learning as one of the mainstays of the Ulpans' activities.After his retirement, <mask> began writing grammars and dictionaries for English and Russian speakers at the Mila Publication Co. Between 1995 and 2003, he wrote, edited, or initiated a score of different dictionaries and grammars. These works were collected into two teaching kits: one for English-speakers and the other for Russian-speakers. The kits are on sale to this day, and can also be purchased on the Internet. In addition to his linguistic activities, <mask> is deeply involved in the field of semiotics. He has written a number of books and articles on the topic and spoken at international conferences. He is currently recognized as an expert in the field.Not only has he developed his own concept of general semiotics, he has also tried to apply it to various branches of semiotics, including linguistics, pedagogy, advertising, and cartography. <mask> views general semiotics as the “trunk” of the “tree” of semiotics; every semiotic branch sprouts from this trunk, and all are united by the common laws and principles represented by the trunk. His fascination with the philosophy of cognition resulted in some books on the topic published in Petersburg (in Russian) and also at Cambridge University (in English). Meanwhile, one of his books – ″Essay on General Semiotics″ – was translated and published in China. Semiotic theory
<mask>'s theory of general semiotics is founded on the classification of sign-systems by their basic signs (taxons). The theory identifies five types of sign-systems: natural, iconic, linguistic, notational, and mathematical; each type includes systems with the same types of basic signs (see illustration). In <mask>'s general theory, the six types of sign-systems are arranged in a way that reflects both the order in which they appeared in human phylogenetic development (the development of the species as a whole, over time) and the order in which they appear ontogenetically in the understanding of each human being as they grow and develop.At the inception of the human race, the first signs humans encountered and accepted as such, were natural signs. Every natural phenomenon served them as a sign; smoke was a sign of burning, darkness was a sign of approaching night, etc. As people grew accustomed to these kinds of natural signs, they began to invent artificial signs as well. First, they invented signs that resembled the things they denoted – images of their prototypes. Then they started to think up signs that were more and more remote from the things they signified. Thus, sign-systems built upon words appeared, followed later by sign-systems built on graphemes, and, finally, sign-systems whose signs are entirely arbitrary – mathematical signs and other symbols. The theory of general semiotics arranges the types of sign-systems in a hierarchy that reflects this gradual development.Each higher level in the hierarchy represents basic signs of more abstract character – more remote from the things they denote – than the basic signs of the level below it. This hierarchy is illustrated in the diagram above. In the course of human development, each type of signs could only come into existence with the support of its predecessors. Furthermore, once it came into existence, each type of signs affected the further development of all previous types of signs. The various sign-systems that have developed at each stage in human history, and their interdependence, have shaped the science and culture of every generation since the dawn of mankind. The collection of signs and sign-systems that surround us at any given moment constitute the semiotic reality we use in our everyday life, in our scientific investigations, and in our cultural activities. In the course of semiotic development, people gradually improved their minds and acquired new qualities.Mastering natural signs helped them to cope with pressing everyday problems. Iconic sign-systems developed the imagination and allowed the arts to be pursued. Languages have provided the ability to logically discuss any problem that arises; notational systems created interpersonal communication and ensured the preservation of the acquired knowledge for posterity; formalized systems formed the basis of scientific developments and progress of sciences and crafts. All this taken together has created a semiotic reality, which, along with the surrounding reality, forms the basis of human existence. <mask> holds that his theory of general semiotics is reflected in all spheres of human existence. He has demonstrated manifold practical applications for the theory in his various works, and continues to produce new works that further develop this theme. A succinct review of his ideas in English can be found in his paper, that was published in September 2010 in China: (The journal "Chinese Semiotic Studies", School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University) and in his book «A Theory of General Semiotics» published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing in 2015.Many of his other works are available on the Internet, in English or in Russian. Philosophy of cognition

In <mask>’s view, while studying the ontological environment, humans develop a new sphere of reality: the semiotic one, which includes all signs and sign-systems, invented and accepted in different civilizations on the Earth. Little-by-little, this sphere becomes independent, obtains its own laws of development and equals in importance with the ontology. This makes it the partner of the ontological reality in all ongoing ventures for new scientific and technological feats. Their partnership cooperates with the human wisdom that introduces its share in human cognition. Acting together, these three forces make possible all and every new breakthroughs in new inventions and allow the progress of the human race. There are a lot of implications in such an approach – they contain the context of his latest publications.References

 A Theory of General Semiotics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. Semiotics and Linguistics. Paris, Editions des Ecrivains, 2001 (in English, disseminated through the Amazone network). On the Theory of General Semiotics (an article in English). "Chinese Semiotic Studies", vol. 3, No.1, 2010. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China. Maskilon. Maskilon Learning Kit for the Study of Hebrew
 A New Model of Semiotics as a Science of Signs, Sign-systems, and Semiotic Activities (Philosophical Foundations). Some sign-system Classification. Semiotic notation principles for businessprocess modelling. 1927 births
Living people
People from Haradok
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Linguists from the Soviet Union
20th-century linguists
Linguists from Israel
Semioticians
Jewish scientists
Saint Petersburg State University faculty

masks:
Abraham Solomonick
Avraham Solomonick
Abraham Salomonick
Abraham Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick
Solomonick


title: Paul Freeman (actor)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 18 January 1943) is an English actor who has appeared in theatre, television and film. In the United Kingdom, he is best known for his role in the romance TV series Yesterday's Dreams (1987) as Martin Daniels. Internationally, he is known for playing the rival archaeologist René Belloq in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), evil wine baron Gustav Riebmann on season 4 of the soap opera Falcon Crest (1984–85), supervillain Ivan Ooze in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995), Julius Morlang in Morlang (2001), Ray in When I'm 64 (2004), Reverend Shooter in Hot Fuzz (2007) and Shrewd Eddie in Hard Boiled Sweets (2012)

Referring to <mask>'s extensive theatre work, in 1995 the Los Angeles Times described him as "one of Britain's best-regarded actors, classically trained, with stints at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre". Personal life
<mask> was born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, on 18 January 1943. He is married to Maggie Scott, who was his co-star in the 1980 film The Dogs of War. They have one daughter, Lucy. <mask> was previously married to actress Judy Matheson.<mask> and Maggie Scott are both co-founders of the charity UK Friends of Healing Focus (UKHF), which works in partnership with Uganda NGO, Healing Focus Orphanage Centre. Career
He began his career in advertising and teaching, and landed small roles in the theatre, appearing in productions of A Midsummer Night's Dream and Hamlet. He had starring roles in the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, and later co-founded the Joint Stock Theatre Company in 1974, along with director Max Stafford-Clark. <mask> made his television debut in 1978 in the serial Will Shakespeare (1978). He also acted in the docudrama Death of a Princess, a film about the execution of Misha'al bint Fahd al Saud of Saudi Arabia. <mask> began his feature film career in 1980 when he appeared in The Long Good Friday and The Dogs of War. In 1981, he starred in the TV show Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years.In the same year, Steven Spielberg and George Lucas chose <mask> to play archaeologist René Belloq, the archrival to Indiana Jones, in the adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark. The film led to <mask> becoming typecast in villainous roles, especially Nazis. He played the conniving wine baron Gustav Riebmann in the fourth season of Falcon Crest, airing in 1984–1985. <mask> starred as Martin Daniels in the series Yesterday's Dreams in 1987. In 1988, he played Professor Moriarty in comedy film Without a Clue, which starred Michael Caine as Sherlock Holmes and Ben Kingsley as Watson. In 1995, he was cast as the villain Ivan Ooze in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie. <mask> guest-starred in television shows such as Monarch of the Glen, ER, Falcon Crest and The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.He also played in several [ini-series, including Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Story (1989) and The Final Cut (1995). In 2004, <mask> played Angus, Bobby Jones' caddie, in Bobby Jones: A Stroke of Genius. During 2006 and 2007, he starred in the drama New Street Law. Also in 2007, he played Rev. Philip Shooter of Sandford in Hot Fuzz. He is also featured in several Travelers Insurance television commercials from 2007 to 2009. Among his television work, <mask> has appeared in an episode of Midsomer Murders titled "Down Among the Dead Men".He also appeared in the Waking the Dead in the episode "Straw Dog", and played Adam Kingsley in the BBC adaptation of Minette Walters' The Dark Room. He was seen in Agatha Christie's Poirot in the episode "Appointment with Death" as Colonel Carbury. He appeared as George Aaranow in the 2008 London revival of David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross. In 2012, he played Thomas Erpingham in the BBC adaption of William Shakespeare's Henry V from The Hollow Crown series. Filmography

Film

Television
 1967 – Champion House – Elwyn
 1972 – The Last of the Baskets – 1 Episode: "Since Then I Have Used No Other" − Bernard Rage
 1972 – Jason King – 1 Episode: "Zenia Male" − Revolutionary
 1972 – The Protectors – 1 Episode: "A Kind of Wild Justice" − Mechanic
 1973 – Coronation Street – 1 Episode: "Terry Slade"
 1974 – Crown Court – 1 Episode: "Good and Faithful Friends: Pt. 1" − Leonard Tyler
 1976 – Couples – 3 Episodes − Douglas Broom
 1976 – The XYY Man – 3 Episodes − Ray Lynch
 1978 – Scorpion Tales – 1 Episode: "The Great Albert" − Oliver Benthall
 1978 – Crown Court – 1 Episode: "The Song Not the Singer: Pt.1" − John Bernard
 1978 – Will Shakespeare – 6 Episodes − Dick Burbage
 1980 – Death of a Princess – Christopher Ryder
 1980 – Play for Today – 1 Episode: "A Walk in the Forest" − Alexander Kutsov
 1981 – Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years – Ralph Wigram
 1981 – Play for Today – 1 Episode: "No Visible Scar" − Doctor
 1982 – BBC2 Playhouse – 1 Episode: "The Workshop" − Max
 1982 – Play for Today – 1 Episode: "Willie's Last Stand" − Willie
 1982 – Crown Court – 1 Episode: "Face Value: Pt. 1" − Defence Counsel
 1982 – Gavilan – 1 Episode: "Sarah and the Buzz" – Mr.

masks:
Paul Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Paul
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Paul Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
<mask> (born December 17, 1974) is an American actress. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. In 2017, Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. <mask> began her acting career in New York City stage productions before starring in the short-lived television series American Gothic (1995–1996) and Jack & Jill (1999–2001). She later appeared in comedy films such as What Women Want (2000) and Down with Love (2003), and drama films such as Path to War (2002) and The Notorious Bettie Page (2005). From 2006 to 2007, she starred as Harriet Hayes in the NBC comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, for which she received her first Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2008, she starred as Ellen Dolan in the superhero noir film The Spirit.<mask> has appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie in 2005 and Collected Stories in 2010. She also starred in a number of independent films, and had a leading role on the ABC comedy series Cupid in 2009. She later starred in the independent drama film Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011), and received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her portrayal of Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change (2012). She was featured as Mary Epps in the 2013 historical drama film 12 Years a Slave, as Abby Gerhard in the 2015 romantic drama film Carol, and as Toni Bradlee in the 2017 political drama film The Post, all of which were nominated for multiple Academy Awards. Her other films include Serenity (2005), New Year's Eve (2011), Mud (2012), Blue Jay (2016), Ocean's 8 (2018), Bird Box (2018), Glass (2019), and Run (2020). In 2011, <mask> began starring in the FX anthology series American Horror Story, playing different characters in many of the show's 10 seasons. For her performances in the series, she received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won two Critics' Choice Television Awards.In 2016, she portrayed real life prosecutor Marcia Clark in first season of the anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson, for which she garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades, including the Primetime Emmy Award and the Golden Globe Award. In 2020, <mask> appeared in the FX limited series Mrs. America, and began starring as Nurse Mildred Ratched in the Netflix psychological thriller series Ratched. In 2021, she returned to American Crime Story to portray Linda Tripp in the third season of the show, subtitled Impeachment. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Tampa, Florida, on December 17, 1974, the daughter of Catharine Gordon (née Dolcater) and Douglas Lyle <mask> II. She spent her early life in South Tampa until her parents' divorce when she was five. After her parents' separation, she relocated with her mother and sister to Maine, then to New York City. Her mother worked as a waitress, and <mask> lived in Queens and Gramercy Park before settling in Park Slope.She recalled of this period, "My mom was 27 years old [when we moved]. She didn't know a single person in New York City. She got a job at Sardi's Restaurant. [...] She was so brave to be basically a debutante in Tampa, Florida, having a cotillion and a coming out balland she picked up and brought her two kids to the greatest city in the world, not knowing anyone. My mom's kind of my hero that way." Throughout her childhood, <mask> spent her summers with her father in Florida, who was an executive at a Tampa door manufacturing company. She attended P.S.29 and Berkeley Carroll School in Brooklyn before attending Manhattan's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Career

1994–2007

<mask> began working as an actress right out of high school. She appeared in the Horton Foote play Talking Pictures at the Signature Theatre, and in an episode of Law & Order in 1994. The next year <mask> appeared in the Hallmark television film Friends at Last (1995) opposite Kathleen Turner, playing the adult version of Turner's character's daughter. She also starred in the short-lived television series American Gothic (also 1995), playing the ghost of a murdered woman. In 1997, <mask> made her feature film debut in the independent thriller film Levitation, playing a woman who discovers she is pregnant after an anonymous sexual encounter. Leonard Klady of Variety noted that <mask> and her co-stars are "not supported by the script", concluding: "Levitation is a grim, convoluted saga of identity and belonging.An ill-fitting combination of melodrama and magic realism, the indie effort will have a decidedly difficult time in the theatrical arena." In 1997, <mask> was a featured actress (Janice/Nina) in the two-part episode "True Romance" of Cracker, which starred Robert Pastorelli. She also appeared Off-Broadway in a fall 1998 production of Killer Joe. She subsequently played Elisa Cronkite in The WB comedy-drama series Jack & Jill (1999). The same year, she was also cast opposite Juliette Lewis and Diane Keaton in the drama The Other Sister, playing the lesbian sister of a developmentally-disabled woman in San Francisco, and in a supporting part playing a hostage in the comedy Held Up, opposite Jamie Foxx. The following year, she had a small supporting role in the comedy What Women Want, starring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt. <mask> had a minor recurring role in the HBO series Deadwood (2005–2006), and was a focal character in an episode of the FX series Nip/Tuck.She starred as the main character in the NBC series Leap of Faith. She was then cast in the period comedy Down with Love (2003) in a central role, portraying the friend and editor of a writer (portrayed by Renee Zellweger). In 2004, she had a supporting role in the ABC series The D.A., which was cancelled after only four episodes. In the spring of 2005, <mask> starred in a revival of The Glass Menagerie on Broadway, opposite future American Horror Story co-star Jessica Lange. Ben Brantley of The New York Times deemed the production as "misdirected and miscast... reality never makes an appearance in this surreally blurred production." Later that year, <mask> appeared Off-Broadway in a production of Colder Than Here, opposite Lily Rabe (also her future co-star on American Horror Story). The production received an unfavorable review from Variety, with critic Dave Rooney writing: "Rabe speaks in an affected monotone while <mask>son has the measured, upward-inflected delivery of a children's TV presenter... this mannered, melancholy play elicits a mainly impassive response, which is no small obstruction in a work dealing with loss."Also in 2005, <mask> had a small role in the Joss Whedon-directed science fiction film Serenity. In the 2006–07 television season, <mask> co-starred in NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, playing Harriet Hayes, one of the stars of the show-within-a-show. This role earned her a nomination for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. In December 2008, <mask> appeared in the screen adaptation of Will Eisner's comic book The Spirit, playing an updated version of the character Ellen Dolan. 2008–2015

In 2008, ABC cast <mask> in the pilot Cupid, which was ordered to series. It was a remake of the 1998 series starring Jeremy Piven and Paula Marshall. In the new version, <mask> starred opposite Bobby Cannavale.It debuted in late March 2009 on ABC but was cancelled on May 19, 2009, after six episodes. In February 2010, <mask> was cast as the circa 1982 mother of main character Meredith Grey, on the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy, appearing in a flashback sequence in a season-six episode. She then played Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change (2012), based on events of the 2008 U.S. presidential election campaign. For her performance, she earned Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations. In the spring of 2010, she starred in Donald Margulies's Collected Stories alongside Linda Lavin on Broadway. The same year, <mask> filmed the independent drama Martha Marcy May Marlene, in which she starred opposite Elizabeth Olsen and Hugh Dancy, portraying the wealthy sister of a woman who has escaped a cult. The film was released in the fall of 2011.Simultaneously, <mask> guest-starred in three episodes of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, playing medium Billie Dean Howard. <mask> returned the following year for season two, American Horror Story: Asylum, in which she played a new character, Lana Winters, a writer who is committed to an asylum for being a lesbian. During this time, she also played the supporting role of Mary Lee in the acclaimed 2012 drama film Mud, starring Matthew McConaughey. <mask> returned to theater in March 2013, appearing in an Off-Broadway production of Talley's Folly opposite Danny Burstein. She then starred in the third season of American Horror Story, titled Coven (2013) as Cordelia Foxx, a witch who runs an academy for other young witches. The same year, she starred as Mary Epps, an abusive slave-owner, in the historical drama film 12 Years a Slave. The film was a critical success, earning numerous accolades.In 2014, <mask> appeared in the fourth season of series of American Horror Story, titled Freak Show, playing the roles of conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler, who are members of a circus freak show. She returned for the fifth season, subtitled Hotel, in the role of Hypodermic Sally, the ghost of a drug addict trapped in a Hollywood hotel. She also reprised the character of Billie Dean Howard in the last episode of the season, making a crossover appearance. During this time, <mask> also took on the role of Abby Gerhard in the Todd Haynes-directed romantic drama Carol (2015), a period piece in which she played the supporting role of Cate Blanchett's close friend. 2016–present

Beginning in February 2016, <mask> starred in the first season of the true crime anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled The People v. O.J. Simpson, portraying prosecutor Marcia Clark. She garnered widespread critical acclaim for her performance and won various awards, including the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film.In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, <mask> and others told the stories of the people killed there. In the fall of 2016, she starred in the sixth iteration of American Horror Story, subtitled Roanoke; in it, she was cast in the dual roles of British actress Audrey Tindall and tortured wife and yoga instructor Shelby Miller, the latter of whom is portrayed by Tindall's character in My Roanoke Nightmare, a documentary within the series. She also reprised her role of Lana Winters in the final episode of Roanoke, in which the character makes a crossover appearance. After completing Roanoke, <mask> appeared in the series' seventh season, Cult (2017), in which she played restaurant owner Ally Mayfair-Richards, as well as Susan Atkins in the 10th episode of the season. She also starred as Geraldine Page in one episode of the first season of drama anthology series Feud (2017), which chronicles the turbulent working relationship between actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. <mask> was then cast in the heist film Ocean's 8 (2018), co-starring with Cate Blanchett, Sandra Bullock, Anne Hathaway, Mindy Kaling, Awkwafina, and Rihanna. The film was a commercial success, grossing nearly $300million at the worldwide box office.In 2017 she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. <mask> returned for the eighth season of American Horror Story, titled Apocalypse, which premiered on September 12, 2018. In Apocalypse, <mask> reprised both the Murder House and Coven roles of Billie Dean Howard and Cordelia Foxx, respectively, and also starred as the villainous Miss Wilhemina Venable. In addition to appearing as three characters, <mask> also directed one of the season's episodes, marking her directorial debut. She played Sandra Bullock's character's sister, Jessica, in the drama horror film Bird Box, which was released on Netflix in December 2018. In 2019, <mask> starred as Dr. Ellie Staple in the superhero thriller film Glass, Xandra in the drama film The Goldfinch, and Dr. Zara in the animated adventure film Abominable. <mask> then starred as Alice Macray in the FX limited drama series Mrs. America, which premiered in April 2020.She also starred as Clarissa Montgomery in the HBO satirical comedy television film Coastal Elites, which premiered in September 2020. In September 2017, it was announced that <mask> would star as a younger version of Nurse Mildred Ratched, the villain of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and its acclaimed 1975 film adaptation, in the Netflix drama series Ratched, a prequel to the novel which would portray the character's origins. The first season was released on September 18, 2020. In November 2020, <mask> starred in the thriller film Run, opposite Kiera Allen. It went on to become the most watched original film on streaming platform Hulu. In 2021, she portrayed Linda Tripp in the third season of the true crime anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled Impeachment. In 2021 she returned to American Horror Story for its tenth season, after being absent for the ninth season.In February 2022 it was announced that <mask> had been tapped to portray author Glennon Doyle in a TV series based on Doyle's memoir, Untamed. In the media
In 2017, Time magazine named <mask> one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2018, <mask> was ranked one of the best dressed women by fashion website Net-a-Porter. Personal life
Paulson lives in Los Angeles. She is a supporter of the Democratic Party. She was diagnosed with melanoma on her back when she was 25, though the growth was removed before the cancer could spread. Addressing her sexuality, Paulson called it "a fluid situation" and later said, "If my life choices had to be predicated based on what was expected of me from a community on either side, that's going to make me feel really straitjacketed, and I don't want to feel that."She dated actress Cherry Jones, who is 18 years older than her, from 2004 to 2009. She had dated only men before this relationship, including her former fiancé, playwright Tracy Letts. Since early 2015, she has been in a relationship with actress Holland Taylor, who is 32 years older than her. Filmography

Paulson appeared in such films as What Women Want (2000), Down with Love (2003), Serenity (2005), The Notorious Bettie Page (2005), The Spirit (2008), Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011), New Year's Eve (2011), Mud (2012), Game Change (2012), 12 Years a Slave (2013), Carol (2015), Blue Jay (2016), The Post (2017), Ocean's 8 (2018), Bird Box (2018), Glass (2019), Abominable (2019), and Run (2020). On television, Paulson starred in American Gothic (1995–1996), Jack & Jill (1999–2001), Deadwood (2006), Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006–2007), Cupid (2009), American Horror Story (2011–present), American Crime Story (2016–present), Mrs. America (2020), and Ratched (2020–present). <mask> has also appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie (2005) and Collected Stories (2010), and the off-Broadway plays Crimes of the Heart (2008) and Talley's Folly (2013). Awards and nominations

<mask> has accumulated nominations for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, receiving one of each for her role in the limited series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story.She was also nominated for her work on other television programs, such as the comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, the political drama film Game Change, and the horror anthology series American Horror Story. For her performance in the Academy Award-winning period drama film 12 Years a Slave, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1974 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Maine
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Tampa, Florida
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
LGBT actresses
LGBT actors from the United States
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT people from New York (state)
People from Park Slope
People from Gramercy Park
People from Queens, New York
Florida Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
California Democrats
Maine Democrats

masks:
Sarah Catharine Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Sarah Catharine
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Sarah Paul
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson


title: Aaron Worms

texts:
<mask> was a chief rabbi of Metz and a Talmudist; the son of Abraham Aberle, he was born July 7, 1754, in Geislautern, a small village near Völklingen (some say Kaiserslautern); died at Metz, May 2, 1836. Biography
<mask> came from a family of rabbis and was destined for a rabbinical career. He received his early education from his father, Abraham Aberle, and afterwards was sent to Metz, the nearest city having a rabbinical college. This institution was directed by Chief Rabbi Loeb Günzburg (known by this main work, Sha'agat Aryeh), with whom <mask> gained such high favor that at the early age of fifteen he was allowed to deliver a lecture on a  subject in the synagogue of Metz. Through Günzburg's instrumentality, he was appointed in 1777 to the rabbinate of Kriechingen in German Lorraine. Having lived in that town for seven years, he returned to Metz, where, after the death of Günzburg on June 23, 1785, <mask> was chosen principal of the rabbinical college. For many years he officiated as associate rabbi and deputy chief rabbi, and on June 12, 1832, was unanimously elected chief rabbi.The government confirmed his election, although he had not mastered French as required by the law regulating the appointment of rabbis. Four years later he died, revered and beloved by both Orthodox and Progressive Jews. <mask> was so conservative in his views that even in his practical life he did not acquire a thorough knowledge of the language of his country, and still regarded the Zohar as a sacred book and as the composition of Simeon ben Yoḥai. Nevertheless, he gave expression to opinions that in some measure prepared the way for Jewish reforms. <mask>'s son-in-law was Yehuda Meir Lambert, who succeeded him as Chief Rabbi of Metz and opened a rabbinic school in the city and was an fierce opponent against Reform Judaism. So greatly was <mask> influenced by the French Revolution that he even dressed himself in the uniform of the National Guard and, to accord with military regulation, removed his beard. <mask> fully realized that the Jews, in receiving rights, had also duties to fulfil; and in a sermon preached during the Revolutionary period, he strongly rebuked the Jews for their aversion to handicrafts, and, as an example for them, apprenticed his son Elijah to an artisan.As a member of the Grand Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon, he delivered an impressive address on the "Relations of the Jews to Non-Jews according to Rabbinic Law," in which he demonstrated that the Talmudic opinions concerning the heathen should not be used as guides in the regulation of practical life under the conditions that existed then. Again, in purely Jewish affairs, in questions concerning rites and ceremonies, he showed himself remarkably broad-minded. Upon the occasion of his taking the oath as chief rabbi, administered by the government officials, his hat was handed him to cover himself. He refused it with a smile, saying: "God does not wish to impose upon us the duty of approaching Him bareheaded; but if we do so voluntarily, so much the better!" This cannot be regarded simply as a bon mot; for he did not hesitate publicly to declare himself in accord with the reform tendencies which were then beginning to force their way into the synagogue. Reform tendencies
<mask> was perhaps the only conservative rabbi of that period who expressed the opinion that it was better to pray in the vernacular than to mutter Hebrew prayers without understanding their meaning. On this ground, he refused to join the agitation against the reforms of the Hamburg Temple.His insight into the necessity of a reform in divine service is further shown by his protest against the custom of interrupting the ritual prayers by the insertion of , of whose authors he often spoke derisively. Such a man could not be a friend of superstitious customs, and he made a vigorous stand against them. He looked also with a critical eye upon other customs which he did not regard as obligatory on the mere ground of usage, and more than once he remarked, with an undertone of bitterness, that Moses Isserles (the ReMA) desired to force all Jewry under the yoke of Polish customs; but he saw no reason why German and French Jews should yield. In an article in the 2010 edition of the journal Yerushaseinu, it has been argued vehemently that <mask> in no way a supporter of reform and instead was an ardent supporter of preserving custom and  as is evident throughout his works, and instead was the subject of slander after his death. As for opposition to Isserles' rulings, German and French rabbinic authorities for centuries were opposed to changing their customs to that of the ReMA, as the German and French Jewish customs long preceded him and were primarily based on the rulings of the Ashkenazic . As for wanting to remove some of the , <mask> was hardly the first rabbi in favor of doing so, and by the 1800s most of Polish Jewry had stopped saying  except on the High Holidays, and the question of interrupting the prayers with  was hardly a new one. As for questioning certain customs, <mask> was certainly not the first rabbinic source to do so.He felt that some of the customs were superstitious had no source in the  and ran counter to Jewish behavior. Each of the customs he questions were similarly questioned by other authorities. A biography of <mask> is found in the Chida's work Shem Hagedolim, who avoided entries on anyone of questionable character or one straying from "Orthodox" Judaism. <mask> was the author of "Meore Or" (Flashes of Light), Metz, 1789-1830. This work, published anonymously (the author modestly limiting himself to a mere suggestion of his name), is the only one of its kind. It contains critical remarks as well as comments on most of the treatises of the Talmud and on a considerable part of the "Oraḥ Ḥayyim" section of the , which exhibit a thoroughly scientific spirit as well as an extraordinary acumen. A Christian admirer of <mask> said that half of that work would be sufficient to open the gates of any European academy to its author.In addition to this, <mask> published short notes on the  and the Passover  (Metz editions). With the exception of a Bible commentary which has not been published, <mask>'s other numerous manuscripts were destroyed in compliance with his wishes as expressed in his will. References

1754 births
1836 deaths
18th-century German rabbis
Clergy from Metz
People from Saarbrücken

masks:
Aaron Worms
Worms
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Worms
Aaron
Worms
Worms
Aaron
Aaron
Worms
Aaron
Worms
Worms
Aaron


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts:
<mask> (; 681–743), courtesy name Huanzhi (), formally Marquess Wenxian of Zhaocheng (), was a poet and politician of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He had a friendly relationship with fellow chancellor Zhang Jiuling, and when another chancellor, Li Linfu, managed to convince Emperor Xuanzong that both Zhang and <mask> were engaging in factionalism, both were removed, although <mask> continued to serve in important positions in the imperial administration until his death in 743. He was known for improving the food transportation system between the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang, obviating the need for the emperor to periodically move between the two capitals. Background
<mask> was born in 681, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He was from "The Wu Pei from south" of the prominent Pei clan of Hedong. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> () served as a county magistrate during Tang, and his father <mask>zhen () served as a prefectural prefect. <mask> was said to be intelligent well-learned even in childhood, being able to read complex text when he was only a few years old.He later passed a special imperial examination for boys, and in his youth became an assistant secretary at the Palace Library. He later served as the communications for Emperor Gaozong's son Li Dan the Prince of Xiang. Li Dan respected him, and made him and his colleague Wei Liqi () consultants. After Li Dan, a former emperor, returned to the throne in 712 (as Emperor Ruizong), he made <mask> Guozi Zhubu (), the secretary general at the imperial university. During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Early in the Kaiyuan era (713-741) of Emperor Ruizong's son Emperor Xuanzong, <mask> <mask> was made the magistrate of Chang'an County—one of the two counties making up the Tang capital Chang'an. At that time, Chang'an County put governmental funds in trust with rich households to have them manage the funds for the government, leading to much trouble for both government and the people. <mask> ended the practice and retrieved the funds from the rich households, reducing both corruption and burden on these households.He served as magistrate of Chang'an County for two years, and it was said that he drew a balance between strictness and laxity. When he left that office, the people missed him greatly. In 725, <mask> became the prefect of Ji Prefecture (濟州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong). That year, Emperor Xuanzong offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai, and as he went through the various prefectures, the prefectural prefects were rushing to offer him tributes—but Emperor Xuanzong was impressed by three prefects—Wang Qiu (), Cui Mian (), and <mask>, who offered no luxury items—and in <mask>'s case, what he offered was several hundred suggestions, all of which were aiming toward correcting Emperor Xuanzong's behavior. Emperor Xuanzong was particularly impressed with one of the suggestions, which stated, "If you cause great harm to the people, then you cannot say that the realm is peaceful." Emperor Xuanzong promoted the three of them—in <mask>'s case, to be the prefect of the more important Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei). At the time that his promotion was announced, he was overseeing a project to repair the Yellow River levees.Instead of departing immediately for Ding Prefecture, he delayed his departure to make sure that the levees would be complete. He later successively served as the prefect of Xuan (宣州, roughly modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and Ji (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei, note different prefecture than his previous post) Prefectures, before being recalled to Chang'an to serve as the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang). In 732, Emperor Xuanzong commissioned his second cousin Li Hui () the Prince of Xin'an to command an army against Khitan and Xi tribes which would not submit to Tang suzerainty, with <mask> as Li Hui's deputy. After Li Hui scored a major victory over both the Khitan and the Xi, Emperor Xuanzong ordered <mask> to tour the Xi tribes that were submissive and which had participated in the campaign, to award a large amount of silk to them. <mask>, realizing that such a journey would be filled with danger as other tribes might become aware and might attack, proceeded quickly on the trip and divided his train into several groups, awarding the silk quickly and then returning to Tang territory. Indeed, hearing about <mask>'s tour, Eastern Tujue and Shiwei forces launched a raid against him, but by the time that they arrived, <mask> had already returned to Tang territory. In winter 732, he was made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (), which encompassed Chang'an.In fall 733, there was much raining in the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an), causing flooding and rise in food prices. Emperor Xuanzong considered going to the eastern capital Luoyang, to decrease the need to requisition food supplies, and he summoned <mask> to discuss with him. <mask> suggested revising the food shipment scheme at that time to reduce the need for such journeys. <mask>'s proposal included several points:

 At that time, most of the food supply was coming from south of the Yangtze River and were shipped by ships from the region, which were unfamiliar with the waters in the Yellow River region, the journeys were often slow, often causing thefts or embezzlement. Under <mask>'s proposal, a large food storage would be built at Hulao, where Bian River (汴水, a major shipping route from the Yangtze to the Yellow) joined Yellow River, and the ships from the Yangtze region would offload their supplies at Hulao. The food supply would then be shipped from Hulao to Luoyang on either the Yellow River or the Luo River (洛水, flowing near Luoyang). One large food storage would be built on each side of Sanmenxia.The food supplies intended for Chang'an would be shipped from Luoyang to Sanmenxia and stored there. A road would be built from Sanmenxia upstream to the Wei River, allowing food to be shipped on land when the water flow was unsuitable for shipping on water. Once the food supply had been shipped to the Wei River either on land or on water, the food could then be shipped easily to Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong agreed with the proposal. Later that year, when he removed the chancellors Xiao Song and Han Xiu from their chancellor positions, he made <mask> and Zhang Jiuling new chancellors to succeed them. Specifically, <mask> was made Huangmen Shilang (), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) with the chancellor de facto designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). He was also made the director of food supply shipments (轉運使, Zhuanyun Shi).In 734, Zhang proposed that private citizens be allowed to mint money. <mask> opposed, pointing out that the quality of the coins would be greatly reduced. Emperor Xuanzong, with opposition also from Liu Zhi, decided not to allow private minting. Later that year, <mask> was made Shizhong (), the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. Pursuant to <mask>'s proposal, a shipping station was built at the point where the Yellow River and the Bian River joined, with two large food storages—Heyin Storage () to the east and Boyai Storage () to the west. At Sanmenxia, Jijin Storage () was built to the east, and Yan Storage () was built to the west. A road 18 li long (roughly nine kilometers) was built from Sanmenxia to the Wei River.With <mask>'s plan implemented, the government received considerably savings during the next three years, and <mask>'s subordinates suggested that he submitted the surpluses to the emperor as a tribute. <mask> stated, "This is money saved for the government. How can I use it to ingratiate the emperor?" Instead, he saved the money for future transportation improvements. By 736, however, <mask> was caught in the middle of palace intrigue, with fellow chancellor Li Linfu beginning to gain favor at the expense of <mask> and Zhang, who were friendly with each other. At that time, there were several incidents for which the blunt Zhang had offended either Emperor Xuanzong—who was described to have begun to tire of governance and started seeking luxuries in earnest—or Li Linfu, who was described to be ingratiating the emperor:

 In fall 736, when Emperor Xuanzong was at Luoyang, he had set to return to Chang'an on March 7, 737. However, at that time, an incident occurred where there were strange apparitions appearing in the Luoyang Palace, and Emperor Xuanzong did not want to stay at Luoyang.On or right before November 9, 736, he summoned the chancellors to ask them whether he could depart for Chang'an immediately. <mask> and Zhang, pointing out the fact that it was harvest season and that the imperial train would interfere with harvest, requested a one-month delay. After <mask> and Zhang exited, however, Li Linfu remained personally and stated his agreement with the departure, arguing that the farmers could be compensated by relieving their taxes. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased and immediately departed for Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong was, then, impressed with Niu Xianke, the military governor (jiedushi) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), wanted to make him the minister of defense. Zhang, who pointed out that Niu was not well-learned and had started from the ranks of low-level administrators—contrary to the Tang tradition of going through the imperial examinations—opposed, and then further opposed the creation of a title. Eventually, despite Zhang's opposition, Emperor Xuanzong, with concurrence from Li LInfu, created Niu the Duke of Longxi.Li LInfu was associating with Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Wu and trying to have Emperor Xuanzong make her son Li Mao () the Prince of Shou crown prince to replace Emperor Xuanzong's then-crown prince Li Ying, who had long lost Emperor Xuanzong's favor. With Zhang strenuously opposing such a move, Li Ying remained in his position. The deputy minister Xiao Jiong (), whom Li Linfu recommended, was demoted on the suggestion of Zhang and Zhang's friend Yan Tingzhi (), who further offended Li Linfu by refusing to meet with him. Soon thereafter, there was an incident where Wang Yunyan (), the husband of Yan's ex-wife, was accused of corruption. Yan tried to intercede on Wang's behalf, and this was discovered. Li Linfu thus made accusations to Emperor Xuanzong that Zhang and <mask> were engaging in factionalism. Around the new year 737, Emperor Xuanzong removed <mask> and Zhang from their chancellor posts, making them Chengxiang () -- the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) instead.Niu was made chancellor to replace them, serving with Li Linfu. At the same time, <mask> was created the Marquess of Zhaocheng. Later in 737, there was an incident in which the Yang Jun () the prefect of Yi Prefecture (夷州, roughly modern Zunyi, Guizhou), was accused of corruption and received a death sentence. Emperor Xuanzong commuted the sentence to caning for 60 times and exile to Gu Prefecture (古州, roughly modern Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam). <mask> submitted a petition, pointing out that while caning instead of death was grace already, public caning nevertheless was undignified for someone who had been an honored official. Emperor Xuanzong agreed and commuted the caning as well. In 740, Emperor Xuanzong, impressed at the military accomplishments of the general Gai Jiayun (), the military governor of Hexi (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longyou (隴右, headquartered in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, summoned him to the capital to reward him and commissioned him to plan an attack on Tufan.Gai, happy about the imperial favor, lingered in Chang'an and did not immediately depart. <mask> submitted a petition, pointing out that while Gai was brave, he was becoming arrogant and unattentive in light of imperial favors. He suggested that Gai's commission be cancelled, or, in the least, that Emperor Xuanzong order Gai to immediately return to his command. Emperor Xuanzong did the latter. Later, as <mask> predicted, Gai was unable to prevail over Tufan. <mask> continued to serve as Pushe for the next several years. He died in 743 and was given posthumous honors.Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 98. New Book of Tang, vol. 127. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 212, 213, 214. 681 births
743 deaths
Tang dynasty poets
Chancellors under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Tang dynasty diplomats
Mayors of Xi'an
8th-century Chinese poets

masks:
Pei Yaoqing
Pei
Pei
Pei Yaoqing
Pei Yaoqing
Pei Shen
Pei Shou
Pei Yaoqing
Pei
Pei
Yaoqing
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei
Pei


title: Issa Rae

texts:
Jo-<mask> (born January 12, 1985), credited professionally as <mask>, is an American actress, writer, and producer. <mask> first garnered attention for her work on the YouTube web series Awkward Black Girl. Since 2011, <mask> has continued to develop her YouTube channel, which features various short films, web series, and other content created by black people. <mask> has achieved wider recognition as the co-creator, co-writer, and star of the HBO television series Insecure (2016–2021), for which she has been nominated for multiple Golden Globes Awards and Primetime Emmy Awards. Her 2015 memoir, titled The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl, became a New York Times best-seller. In 2018, <mask> was included in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. <mask> has also starred in feature films, with roles in the drama The Hate U Give (2018), the fantasy comedy Little (2019), the romance The Photograph (2020), and the romantic comedy The Lovebirds (2020).She will also voice Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (Part One) (2022). <mask> provided the voice work for the short film Hair Love, which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2020. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Abdoulaye Diop, is a pediatrician and neonatologist from Senegal, and her mother, Delyna Diop (née Hayward), is a teacher from Louisiana. Her parents met in France, when they were both in school. She has four siblings. Her father has a medical practice in Inglewood, California.The family lived in Dakar, Senegal, for a short period during her childhood. She was raised mostly in Potomac, Maryland, where she grew up with "things that aren't considered 'black,' like the swim team and street hockey and Passover dinners with Jewish best friends." When Diop was in sixth grade, her family moved to the affluent View Park-Windsor Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, where she attended a predominantly black middle school. Diop graduated from King Drew Magnet High School of Medicine and Science, where she started acting. Her parents divorced when she was in high school. Diop is fluent in French. In 2007, Diop graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in African and African-American Studies.As a college student, she made music videos, wrote and directed plays, and created a mock reality series called Dorm Diaries for fun. At Stanford, Diop met Tracy Oliver, who helped produce Awkward Black Girl and starred on the show as Nina. After college, Diop received a theater fellowship at The Public Theater in New York City. Oliver and Diop started taking classes together at the New York Film Academy. Diop worked odd jobs and at one point was struggling to decide between business school and law school, but eventually abandoned both ideas when Awkward Black Girl started taking off in 2011. Career

Awkward Black Girl

<mask>'s web series Awkward Black Girl premiered on YouTube in 2011. The show follows the life of J (played by <mask>) as she interacts with co-workers and love interests who place her in uncomfortable situations.The story is told through a first-person narrative as J usually reveals how she feels about her circumstances through voice-over or dream sequence. The series eventually went viral through word of mouth, blog posts, and social media, resulting in mainstream media coverage and attention. In an effort to fund the rest of the first season, <mask> and producer Tracy Oliver decided to raise money for the series through Kickstarter. On August 11, 2011, they were awarded $56,269 from 1,960 donations and released the rest of season one on <mask>'s YouTube channel. <mask> eventually partnered with Pharrell and premiered season two of the series on his YouTube channel, iamOTHER. <mask> also began releasing other content on her original channel, predominantly created by and starring people of color. In 2013, Awkward Black Girl won a Shorty award for Best Web Show.<mask> created Awkward Black Girl because she felt the Hollywood stereotypes of African-American women were limiting and she could not relate to them:

I've always had an issue with the [assumption] that people of color, and black people especially, aren't relatable. I know we are. By using YouTube as her forum, <mask> was able to have autonomy of her work because she writes, films, produces, and edits most of her work. <mask>'s other shows—Ratchet Piece Theater, The "F" Word, Roomieloverfriends, and The Choir, among others—also focus on African-American experiences that are often not portrayed in the mainstream media. Insecure

In 2013, <mask> began working on a comedy series pilot with Larry Wilmore, in which she would star. The series, about the awkward experiences of a contemporary African-American woman, was eventually titled Insecure. HBO picked up the pilot in early 2015 and it was subsequently greenlit.Since its release in 2016, the series has received critical acclaim; Eric Deggans of NPR wrote that "<mask> has produced a series that feels revolutionary just by poking fun at the life of an average, twenty-something black woman." In 2017, the American Film Institute selected Insecure as one of the top 10 Television Programs of the Year. For her acting work on the show, <mask> has received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2017 and 2018, as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2018. In 2018,  at the 77th annual Peabody Awards, Insecure was honored for "creating a series that authentically captures the lives of everyday young, black people in modern society." On November 14, 2016, HBO renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on July 23, 2017. On August 8, 2017, it was announced that the show was renewed for a third season, which premiered on August 12, 2018.Season five premiered October 24, 2021. The final episode of Insecure aired December 26, 2021. Film work
Released in 2020, The Photograph follows the journey of <mask>'s character, Mae Morton, and LaKeith Stanfield's character Michael Block, as the two search for the backstory of Mae's mother. The New York Times mentioned this film as “an unabashedly old-school love story”. The Empire said that  “The Photograph is an African-American romance that, for the most part, feels relatable and true”. Released in 2020, The Lovebirds directed by Michael Showalter, <mask> played the role of Leilani. The film starred Kumail Nanjani, who played Jibran, Leilani's boyfriend.Throughout the film, the couple struggles to maintain their relationship and during this, they face an eventful murder. <mask>'s first book, a memoir titled The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl, was released in 2015 and became a New York Times best-seller. In the book, she chronicles her life through a series of humorous anecdotes and opens up about her personal struggle with not fitting in, and not being considered "black enough" at times. Other work
On October 11, 2019, Google announced that <mask> would be an additional voice to the Google Assistant. Users could make Google Assistant speak in <mask>'s voice by saying "Ok Google, talk like Issa." Issa's Voice was available until Friday, October 1, 2021. Also in 2019, <mask>, through her newly launched record label "Raedio," partnered with Atlantic Records to produce "Kinda Love" by singer-rapper TeaMarrr.In March 2021, <mask>'s production company, Hoorae, signed a five-year film and television deal with WarnerMedia. Personal life
<mask>'s birth name, <mask>, comes from a combination of the names of her grandmothers: Joyce and Isseu. Her middle name, <mask>, is after an aunt, who was an artist. <mask> married her longtime partner, Louis Diame, a Senegalese businessman, in a private ceremony in France in July 2021. <mask> first wore her engagement ring publicly on the cover of Essence magazine's April 2019 issue. Activism
<mask> has used her platform to bring attention to police violence and brutality against African-Americans. Following the police shooting of Alton Sterling in 2016, she raised $700,000 for the Sterling Family Trust to help pay for the Sterling children to attend college.<mask> is an advocate for civil rights and women's rights movements. Her work includes themes of equality and social justice. She works closely with organizations like the ACLU, BLD PWR, and Black Lives Matter. Her show Insecure has changed the public perception of the South Los Angeles community by highlighting Black businesses. In the media
In 2012, <mask> was included on the annual Forbes '30 Under 30''' list in the entertainment section. In May 2015, <mask> appeared on the cover of Essence'' magazine's Game Changers issue, alongside Shonda Rhimes, Ava DuVernay, Debbie Allen, and Mara Brock Akil. <mask> expressed her desire for more people of color working in production behind the scenes to make a lasting impact in the television industry.On the red carpet at the 2017 Emmy Awards, <mask> told reporters, "I'm rooting for everybody black." The quote went viral and appeared on T-shirts and in the song "Sue Me" by the rapper Wale. Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Works and publications

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on Instagram

1985 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Maryland
African-American actresses
African-American screenwriters
American people of Senegalese descent
Screenwriters from California
African-American women writers
American women screenwriters
American YouTubers
Living people
People from Potomac, Maryland
People from View Park–Windsor Hills, California
Stanford University alumni
Web series directors
Web series producers
Writers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Maryland
American women television writers
American television writers
21st-century American screenwriters
Forbes 30 Under 30 recipients
African-American female comedians
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Issa Rae Diop
Issa Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Jo Issa
Rae Diop
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Issa
Rae
Book Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Jo Issa
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Issa
Rae


title: Fabian von Schlabrendorff

texts:
<mask>dorff (; 1 July 1907 – 3 September 1980) was a German jurist, soldier, and member of the German resistance against Adolf Hitler. From 1967 to 1975 he was a judge of the German Federal Constitutional Court. Biography

Early life
Schlabrendorff was born on 1 July 1907 in Halle. He was the son of <mask>f (born Berlin, 1854, died Detmold, 1923) by his marriage to <mask> (1874–1944), a great-great-granddaughter of William I, Elector of Hesse by his mistress Rosa Dorothea Ritter. He was trained as a lawyer, later joining the German Army. As a reserve lieutenant-colonel (Oberstleutnant der Reserve), he was promoted to serve as adjutant (Ordonnanzoffizier) to Colonel <mask> in January 1941, a major leader in the resistance against Adolf Hitler, and held this position until July 1944. Attempts to kill Hitler
He joined the resistance and acted as a secret liaison between Tresckow in Russia and Ludwig Beck, Carl Goerdeler, Hans Oster, and Friedrich Olbricht in Berlin, taking part in various coup d'état plans and plots.On 13 March 1943, during a visit by Adolf Hitler to Army Group Centre Headquarters in Smolensk, Schlabrendorff smuggled a time bomb, disguised as bottles of Cointreau, onto the aircraft which carried Hitler back to Germany. The bomb detonator failed to go off, however, most likely because of the cold in the aircraft luggage compartment. Schlabrendorff managed to retrieve the bomb the next day and elude detection. Schlabrendorff was arrested following the failed 20 July 1944 Plot. He was sent to Gestapo prison where he was tortured, but refused to talk. While imprisoned he met fellow imprisoned co-conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster, <mask> Hassell, Johannes Popitz, Carl Goerdeler, Josef Mueller, and <mask> Falkenhausen. He was brought before the People's Court of Nazi Germany (Volksgerichtshof) on the 3rd of February 1945.However, while Schlabrendorff was awaiting trial, the courtroom took a direct hit from a bomb during an American air raid led by Lt. Col. Robert Rosenthal. The bomb killed Roland Freisler, the president of the People's Court, who was found crushed by a beam, still clutching Schlabrendorff's file. Schlabrendorff did not escape, however, and was arraigned before the court again the following month, now headed by Wilhelm Crohne, the vice president of the People's Court. Following an intense defence, conducted by himself on both legal and procedural grounds (claiming his torture had made the process outrageously unworthy of justice) and in an exceptionally rare instance in its final nine months of existence, the People's Court acquitted <mask>rendorff on 16 March 1945. His death was later demanded by Hitler's decree, but the order was defied insofar that it was never carried out. After his second trial, Schlabrendorff was moved from one concentration camp to another: Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg, then Dachau near Munich. In late April 1945 he was transferred to Tyrol together with about 140 other prominent inmates of Dachau, where the SS-Guards fled after being confronted by a regular German Wehrmacht unit led by Wichard <mask>sleben and told to stand down by the Supreme Commander of all SS troops in Italy, who took responsibility for the order.Schlabrendorff was eventually liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945. After the war
As was revealed only 60 years after the fact, Schlabrendorff wrote analyses for the US secret service OSS about the leadership of the Wehrmacht and about war crimes committed by the Nazis. OSS head William J. Donovan then questioned him personally. When Donovan became adviser to the American delegation of lawyers at the Nuremberg trials after the dissolution of the OSS, he included Schlabrendorff on his staff. Schlabrendorff convinced Donovan that it was not the Germans but the Soviet secret service NKVD that had murdered some 4000 Polish officers in the Katyn forest. Donovan then had the Americans block the Soviet attempt to add Katyn to the list of German war crimes. Schlabrendorff was admitted to the Protestant Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), in which he served as Captain of the Order (legal counsellor to the Herrenmeister, head of the Order) from 1957 to 1964.From 1 September 1967 until 7 November 1975, he was a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court of West Germany, the country's supreme constitutional court, serving in its second senate. Schlabrendorff died on 3 September 1980. Family

He married Luitgarde <mask>, born at Frankenstein in Silesia (now Ząbkowice Śląskie, Poland) in 1939 and had the following children:
 Herzeleide <mask>f (born Berlin, 28 February 1940), married to  (b. Hamburg, 15 June 1939 – 2 May 2006), four children. Dieprand Ludwig Carl Hans-Otto <mask>f (born Stettin, 18 May 1941), married to <mask> Polenz (born Karlsruhe, 10 June 1950), one child. Jürgen-Lewin <mask> Schlabrendorff (born Lasbeck, 3 February 1943), married to Beate Everth (born Meldorf, 6 November 1946), and had two children. <mask> <mask> Schlabrendorff (born Berlin, 23 December 1944), married to María de la Cruz Caballero y Palomero (b. Plasencia, 20 December 1954), two children. <mask> Schlabrendorff (born Buch am Forst, 12 November 1948), married Christian Eick (born Baden-Baden, 7 July 1947), three children; married to Gottfried <mask>.Carl Joachim Henning <mask>dorff (born Wiesbaden, 18 September 1950), married to Mechthild <mask>t, with two children. Quote
"To prevent this success of Hitler in all circumstances and by all means, even at the expense of a heavy defeat of the Third Reich, was our most urgent task. (Diesen Erfolg Hitlers unter allen Umständen und mit allen Mitteln zu verhindern, auch auf Kosten einer schweren Niederlage des Dritten Reiches, war unsere dringlichste Aufgabe.)" – from his book, Offiziere gegen Hitler (Officers Against Hitler), Zurich: Europa-Verlag, 1946, p. 38. Published works

  English translation of the 1946 book by <mask>rendorff. Honours
 1967: Great Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1968: Honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Göttingen (Dr. iur. h.c.)

Bibliography
 .See also
 Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler

References

External links

1907 births
1980 deaths
Failed assassins of Adolf Hitler
Protestants in the German Resistance
German resistance members
German judges
German Army officers of World War II
People from Halle (Saale)
People from the Province of Saxony
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Members of the 20 July plot
German torture victims
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

masks: Fabian Ludwig Georg Adolf Kurt von Schlabren


title: Roy Ngerng

texts:
<mask> (; born 9 May 1981), is a Singaporean blogger and activist. In 2015, Ngerng was found guilty of defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge ruled that the accusation is malicious and "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000. In the 2015 general election, Ngerng joined a Reform Party team to contest against the prime minister in Ang Mo Kio constituency, but lost with only 21.4% of votes, the second lowest of all GRCs contested. In 2016, Ngerng relocated to Taiwan.Early life

Ngerng's father is a chai tow kway seller while his mother is a retired factory worker. Ngerng lived with them and his younger sister in a four-room Housing Development Board flat in Sembawang. Ngerng also has an elder sister. Before 2000, the Ngerng family lived in a two-room flat near the now-defunct Hong Dao Primary School, which Ngerng had attended. Ngerng's family were unaware of his blogging activities until the events of May 2014. Ngerng states that his interest in people and their interactions started in primary school when he witnessed instances of racism. At the age of 15, Ngerng revealed his homosexuality to friends, but described facing resultant discrimination.He went on to study in Serangoon Junior College, where he took art as an GCE Advanced Level subject and won an award for topping his level in geography and art in his first year. Ngerng majored in sociology at the National University of Singapore, where he participated in its community service club helping autistic or hyperactive children and people with mental disorders. Ngerng started his sociopolitical blog, The Heart Truths, in 2012. He was found liable in October 2014 of defaming Lee Hsien Loong, the Prime Minister of Singapore, in a blog post. <mask> is also noted for his protests at Hong Lim Park campaigning against Singapore's Central Provident Fund. As a result of the events surrounding him, Ngerng was ranked by Yahoo Singapore as the top Singapore newsmaker of 2014. In 2015, Ngerng was found guilty of defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge stated that the accusation is "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000. Career

After graduation, Ngerng worked for six months with Autism Partnership, an organisation working with families with autistic children. Ngerng then joined the Health Promotion Board’s Communicable Diseases department for six years, working on campaigns and presenting at international conferences, and winning an Employee of the Year award for innovation in 2011. In 2012, he joined Tan Tock Seng Hospital as a contract patient coordinator, where he fronted a campaign to promote the understanding of the lives of HIV-infected people. On 10 June 2014, Ngerng was sacked from his job at Tan Tock Seng Hospital for "conduct incompatible with the values and standards expected of employees" and for misusing resources for personal pursuits.Ngerng described the sacking as "politically motivated". NGO Maruah expressed concern on the manner of punishment and the reasons for doing so. In the same month, a 71-year-old man, Loh Thiam Hock, was jailed for four weeks for vandalising public property in support of Ngerng. Politics

In August 2015, Ngerng was part of the Reform Party six-member team contesting Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency in the 2015 general election. On 21 May 2014, Ngerng applied to be a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), with the proposal being submitted by fellow blogger Han Hui Hui. Ngerng was ultimately not selected as an NMP in August 2014. The People's Action Party team headed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong defeated the Reform Party by 135,115 to 36,711 (78.63% to 21.37%) in the election.Taiwan
Since October 2016, Ngerng has been residing in Taipei after he was terminated from his previous job. In 2018, Ngerng took part in an Al Jazeera documentary, Singapore: The House that Lee Built. The documentary is <mask>'s first media appearance since his participation in the 2015 Singapore general election and reveals a snippet of Ngerng's life in Taiwan. Controversies

Libel suit over CPF blog post (2015)

On 15 May 2014, Ngerng made a post entitled "Where Your CPF Money Is Going: Learning From The City Harvest Trial" on his blog the Heart Truths. Within the post, Ngerng created a chart which mapped the relationships between Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the Central Provident Fund (CPF), the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Temasek Holdings and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC). Ngerng claimed there was an "uncanny resemblance" between this chart and another chart by news agency Channel News Asia regarding the relationship among City Harvest Church leaders, who were being charged with misappropriating funds. The CPF has been described as "a forced savings scheme" for Singaporeans with "monthly contributions into the fund" to be saved for retirement, or for expenses on "property, healthcare, and their children's education", while the GIC has been described to have "indirectly invested" funds from the CPF.On 18 May, Lee's lawyer, Senior counsel Davinder Singh of Drew & Napier, stated that the blog post alleged that Lee "is guilty of criminal misappropriation of the monies paid by Singaporeans to the CPF" and that the allegations were "false and baseless". It was demanded that Ngerng issue an apology and take down the blog post within three days, as well as pay damages and legal fees, failing which Ngerng could be sued for defamation. On 19 May, <mask> took down the offending blog post but did not apologise and said that the offending article was a call for greater transparency on the CPF, the GIC and Temasek Holdings. He then posted another blog post entitled "Your CPF: The Complete Truth And Nothing But The Truth". Around this time, Singapore human rights non-governmental organisation Maruah called for Lee to rebut the points made in Ngerng's blog post. After an extension for the deadline for Ngerng's written response was granted, Ngerng apologised "unreservedly" on 23 May, admitting that his allegation was "false and completely without foundation". Ngerng also asked that he not pay for damages and legal fees, while requesting an "open dialogue" with Lee on the CPF.Ngerng's appeal to drop damages and costs was rejected. On 26 May, Singh sent a letter to Ngerng, saying that four further blog posts by Ngerng and a 24 May YouTube video showed that Ngerng's apology was not "genuine". If Ngerng did not take down this material, aggravated damages would be claimed. Ngerng agreed to remove the additional posts and video. On 27 May, Ngerng offered S$5,000 in damages "with each party to bear their own costs", which was rejected by Singh as "derisory". Meanwhile, Singh said that Ngerng had once again "misled" Lee and the public by not removing his YouTube video as agreed upon, claimed that the video was merely made private, and alleged that Ngerng had sent two emails with links to the posts and video to "a far wider audience" including local and international media. In response, Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, claimed no knowledge of the emails.On 29 May, Lee filed a defamation lawsuit against Ngerng. In response, Ngerng made an online plea for help in settling his legal fees through crowdfunding, leaving instructions on how to transfer money to his bank account. Within a week, Ngerng said that he had raised more than his targeted S$70,000. It was later reported that Ngerng had managed to raise more than S$110,000 from over a thousand contributions. While Lee did not address the case directly, he wrote on Facebook that "freedom of speech does not come free from the need to be responsible for what one says, either online or offline". Singaporean writer Catherine Lim has criticised the lawsuit against Ngerng. On 17 June, Ngerng's defence was filed in court by his lawyer, M Ravi, who stated that Ngerng had never intended to accuse Lee of criminal misappropriation of CPF funds.In July 2014, Lee applied for summary judgment for the case. In a 4 August affidavit, <mask> argued that his blog post had been misunderstood, and that he was merely asking for more transparency and accountability for CPF monies. In August, it was also reported that Ngerng was working part-time at his father's chai tow kway stall. At a 19 September closed hearing, Lee's lawyers asserted that Ngerng had "no defence" and asked for an injunction, while Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, argued that the blog post was not defamatory if read in its entirety. On 7 November, the High Court found Ngerng liable of defamation with damages to be assessed, which was the first such ruling in Singapore over a purely online article. The court ruled that there was "no triable defence" and "no doubt that it is defamatory to suggest that the plaintiff is guilty of criminal misappropriation". An injunction against Ngerng was granted, barring him from publishing future similar accusations regarding Lee and the CPF.Ngerng expressed disappointment at the verdict, but maintained that he would "still continue to speak up on the CPF and other issues that concern Singaporeans". On 12 January 2015, the High Court ordered Ngerng to pay Lee S$29,000 for costs of legal fees and related expenses; with damages yet to be settled. After missing the payment deadline twice, Ngerng paid on 6 February after a public spat with his lawyer, M Ravi. On 12 June, Ngerng's application to be represented by a Queen's Counsel in the damages hearing scheduled for 1 to 3 July 2015 was denied by the High Court and he was ordered to pay costs of S$6,000 to Lee's lawyers from Drew & Napier. The damages hearing proceeded as scheduled from 1 to 3 July 2015 with Ngerng representing himself and Lee being represented by Singh. Citing a lack of funds, Ngerng represented himself after dismissing his third lawyer in this case – George Hwang of George Hwang LLC. Ngerng's first lawyer in the case, M Ravi, was suspended by the Law Society for mental health reasons.During a hearing, Ngerng broke down in tears while he was being cross-examined by Singh. The hearing prompted much comment from international press freedom advocacy groups and a legal opinion in favour of minimal damages against defendant from the International Commission of Jurists: "It is humbly submitted that a decision awarding a disproportionately high amount of damages to the plaintiff in this case would cast a chilling effect on freedom of expression in Singapore". The High Court requested both parties to make written submissions on their respective cases by 31 August 2015. No date was given for the court's decision. On 17 December, the court handed down a judgement ordering Ngerng to pay S$100,000 in general damages and S$50,000 in aggravated damages. Ngerng, through his lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam, proposed to pay the S$150,000 in instalments. Lee granted Ngerng his request on the condition that Ngerng paid the S$30,000 in hearing costs immediately, i.e., by 16 March 2016.Ngerng is expected to repay S$100 a month from 1 April 2016 onwards over five years until 1 April 2021 when instalments are increased to S$1,000 until the full sum has been paid by the year 2033. Lee also rejected Ngerng's request to reimburse part of the damages, i.e., S$36,000. By 16 April 2021, a crowdfunding campaign had raised the S$144,389.14 required to pay the outstanding damages in full. Hong Lim Park protests
Ngerng was a speaker at the Return Our CPF protest organised by blogger Han Hui Hui at Hong Lim Park on 7 June 2014. In his speech, he demanded transparency and accountability for CPF monies. Organisers claimed a turnout of 6,000, while international news agencies reported about 2,000. Ngerng also spoke at the second (which drew "hundreds") and third Return Our CPF protests at the same venue on 12 July and 23 August 2014.A controversial incident occurred on 27 September 2014 when another Return Our CPF protest, again organised by Han Hui Hui, took place at Hong Lim Park at the same time as the YMCA Proms @ the Park event, a charity carnival attended by the elderly and disabled, featuring performances by children. Agence France-Presse described Ngerng and Han as having "led a march ... despite having only a permit to stage a rally at a fixed spot". The Straits Times described that Han had led the protesting group in "marching around the park" together with Ngerng, with the group "heckling special needs children and confronting" Minister of State Trade and Industry Teo Ser Luck, who attended the YMCA event. A few days later, Teo confirmed that Ngerng had issued an apology for the disruption; Teo himself apologised due to his "presence" causing the protesters to "go after" him. In a joint statement, the National Parks Board (NParks) and the Singapore Police Force (SPF) said that "each event was allocated a lawn" and that Han did not heed their advice "to speak at the allocated space". They described that "Han's group encroached into the YMCA event area, holding placards and shouting slogans, disrupted performances and frightened participants, including special needs children who were performing at the charity event". NParks and SPF also said that final approval to hold the event was given to YMCA on 9 September 2014, while Han's application for the protest was received and approved on 22 September 2014.The YMCA stated that NParks on 11 April 2014 had acknowledged their intent to hold the carnival. On 27 October 2014, in relation to the YMCA event disruption, Ngerng, Han, and four others were charged for public nuisance, which can incur a maximum fine of S$1,000; Ngerng and Han were also charged for organising a demonstration without approval, which can incur a maximum fine of S$5,000. In October 2015, Ngerng pleaded guilty to charges of public nuisance and organising a demonstration without approval. His lawyer, Eugene Thuraisingam, said he committed the offence because of ignorance. Ngerng was fined S$1,900. Personal life
Ngerng attended the now-defunct Hong Dao Primary School for a few years then transferred to Ang Mo Kio Primary School. He later studied at Mayflower Secondary School and then Serangoon Junior College before going to the National University of Singapore to major in sociology.During his junior college and university years, he excelled and got the top grade in English literature, Geography and arts. He was also on the dean's list of his university for one semester. Raised in a family of five, Ngerng has an elder sister and a younger sister. His father is a hawker chef. During his early life, Ngerng and his family lived in Ang Mo Kio and later moved to Sembawang. Ngerng is gay, as stated in his personal blog, My Right To Love, in 2011. He has written on topics related to the LGBT community, such as relationship woes and AIDS.Ngerng's family has long accepted his homosexuality even though they did not react positively when first revealed of his sexual orientation decades ago; his mother initially cried and for a few years refused to acknowledge his homosexuality. References

LGBT writers from Singapore
Living people
Singaporean activists
Singaporean bloggers
Gay politicians
Reform Party (Singapore) politicians
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
1981 births
Male bloggers

masks:
Roy Ngerng Yi Ling
Ngerng
Ngerng
Ngerng
Ngerng


title: Lord Nicholas Hervey

texts:
Lord <mask> () (26 November 1961 – 26 January 1998) was a British aristocrat and political activist. He was the second son of <mask>, 6th Marquess of Bristol, but the only child by his second wife, the heiress Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam. As his elder half-brother was unmarried he was heir presumptive to the Marquessate. At Yale University, he founded the Rockingham Club, a society for aristocracy and royalty. He died in 1998. Origins
Lord <mask>'s father was <mask>, 6th Marquess of Bristol (1915–1985) of Ickworth House in Suffolk, a very wealthy aristocrat once described as "Mayfair's No. 1 Playboy," in a series of "life story" articles he wrote after serving a jail sentence for jewel robbery, a crime he claimed he had committed for a dare.Lord <mask>'s mother, his father's second wife whom he had married in 1960 he being her first husband, was Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam the only child and sole heiress of the very wealthy Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam (d.1948) who died in a small aircraft crash when she was aged 13. Also killed was his intended second wife, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, a daughter-in-law of the Duke of Devonshire and a sister of US President John F. Kennedy. Lady Juliet thus inherited her father's estate of estimated value £45 million, and later managed the family stud farm. After his father's death in 1985 Lord <mask> was thus the heir presumptive to the title and any entailed estates of the Marquess of Bristol after his unmarried and childless elder half-brother <mask>, 7th Marquess of Bristol (1954–1999), who inherited in 1985, the only child of his father's first marriage. <mask> and John were fond of one another. <mask> was also the heir presumptive of the vast Fitzwilliam inheritance, through his mother. When <mask> was eleven years old, his mother divorced his father and re-married to his 60-year-old friend, Somerset de Chair (d. 1996) by whom five years later she had a daughter, Helena de Chair, who in 2007 married Jacob Rees-Mogg.In 1996 his mother re-married for a third time and is now known as Lady Juliet Tadgell. <mask>'s father also re-married, to his private secretary, Yvonne Sutton by whom he had three further children, <mask>, 8th Marquess of Bristol (born 1979), who inherited in 1999 and at whose Roman Catholic christening <mask> had been a godfather, and two daughters Lady <mask> and Lady <mask>. Education and clubs
<mask> was known as a keen traditionalist. He was educated at Eton, Yale and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Eton
At Eton he was "an industrious boy with plenty of initiative" who took part in the House debate and during his last two-halves (terms) was in the House Library (i.e., a house prefect), founded and was president of the Burlington Society, a fine arts society with an emphasis on modern art and was a member of the Agricultural and Political Societies. He left Eton at Christmas 1979 with A-levels in French, Spanish and Economics. Yale
At Yale he took a degree in History of Art, requiring six years to graduate, which occurred in 1986.In 1981 whilst at Yale he founded the Rockingham Club, social club for descendants of royalty and aristocracy, which was later modified to allow membership to the children of the "super-wealthy". The Club and <mask> were profiled in Andy Warhol's Interview magazine but the Club was dissolved shortly thereafter in 1986. <mask>' older half-brother John, a homosexual, was posthumously reported to be a special friend of Andy Warhol. <mask> was a member, through his mother, of the Turf Club, a London gentlemen's club connected to horse racing. Monarchist League and politics

He was a leading member of the International Monarchist League, founded by his father. He was elected President of its International Youth Association (under 21s) in February 1979 and recruited numerous new members. In 1985 he became a Vice-Chancellor of the League proper, and on 1 April 1986 made the formal toast to the guests Armin, Prince of Lippe and his wife at the League's Annual Dinner in the Cholmondeley Room of the House of Lords.In later years he allowed his membership and vice-chancellorship to lapse. Through the League, which his father had subsidised for many years, he became friendly with Gregory Lauder-Frost, who introduced him to numerous right-wing conservative activities. One such event, on 25 September 1989, was the Western Goals Institute dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand, chaired by Lord Sudeley, for the President of El Salvador, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet. Illness, bankruptcy, and death
In 1983 Lord <mask> was diagnosed with mild schizophrenia which was treated with medication. His mental health worsened when
it was discovered that the principal heirs of the unentailed estate of his father, who had died in 1985, were not <mask> and his elder brother, the latter who had however inherited Ickworth House and a large fortune, but rather his third wife and her young children. <mask> and John launched a lawsuit to have the will overturned. In 1991 <mask> voluntarily underwent treatment in a clinic and was forced to declare bankruptcy due to debts to his lawyers of £38,000 which his trustees refused to fund, His own mother, while on the Sunday Times Rich List (in 2003 her wealth was estimated at £45,000,000), did not act to prevent the bankruptcy, which appears to have triggered his entry into the clinic.She subsequently declared that "he was never himself again" after the clinic stay. <mask> suffered severe depression and became increasingly reclusive. His landlady said that he "drew no shred of comfort from the high rank and great riches to which he was born" and that "he was a recluse, in the sense that he was heavily sedated and slept all day – a typical schizophrenic. He was very quiet, very Old Etonian. He was a nice guy, but very 'out of it'. Nobody visited him here, except sometimes we would hear someone come and take him out to dinner." Lord <mask> died on 26 January 1998 at the age of 36; the cause was suicide by hanging.He never married and had no children. His half-brother, <mask>, 7th Marquess of Bristol, died less than a year later, also unmarried and childless, having been a habitual heroin addict for many years. References
Notes

Citations

External links
 Bats in the family belfry: a review of The House of Hervey published in The Spectator, 12 May 2001

Further reading
 Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage edited by Peter Townend, 105th edition, London, 1970. De-la-Noy, Michael. The House of Hervey. London, 2001. <mask>, <mask>.The Monarchist League Today and its Role and Goals for the Future, in The Monarchist, July 1979, no. 55, UK
 — — The [Monarchist League] Youth Association Spreading its Wings, in The Monarchist, July 1981, no. 59, UK
 Iovine, Juli V. Lipsticks and Lords: Yale's New Look, in The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 1987, p. 1. Ray, Jonathan, Rake's Progress in the New Statesman, 30 October 2000, vol. 13, issue 629, p. 56. Utley, Tom, article on <mask> in The Daily Telegraph, London, 29 January 1998, (see also news item the previous day). 1961 births
1998 deaths
British monarchists
People educated at Eton College
Suicides by hanging in England
Younger sons of marquesses
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
<mask>
People with schizophrenia
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
1998 suicides

masks: Frederick William Charles Nicholas Wentworth Hervey