title: Toni Elster

texts:
Meta Antonie "<mask>" <mask> (5 October 1861 – 15 December 1948) was a German painter. Her focus was on landscapes, and she painted many "harbour" paintings. As a young woman she traveled extensively, but the paintings for which she is chiefly remembered mostly show the north German flatlands of her home region. Biography
<mask> was born into an established Bremen merchant family. As a young woman she traveled extensively, notably in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Those experiences left her with an enduring love both of nature and of art. She was evidently still unmarried when she fell seriously ill at the age of 36.Being still unmarried would have been regarded as unusual for middle class women of this generation, although for the generation born a couple of decades later the impact on the gender balance of wars in Africa (and elsewhere) would leave Germany, Britain, and other colonial powers each with a significant surplus of sometimes reluctant spinsters. It was at the age of 36 that <mask> was confined to bed by a lengthy and serious illness, and it was only then that she reached the (also unconventional) decision that she should become an artist. On her recovery, in 1897 she relocated to Munich where she produced her early works which were mostly water colours. She also began to take lessons from the well regarded Munich-based landscape artist Fritz Baer (1850–1919). At some point during the later 1890s, after bringing her technique as a water colour artist up to standard, she took an extended trip to Scotland where she was able to work on her landscape painting technique with the young water colour painter, Glasgow-born John Terris (1865–1914). During and after this developmental phase the pattern was set. Elster produced numerous etchings, lithographs and, most notably, water colours depicting landscapes, often showing the same scenes at different times of day.Back in Germany she made it her habit to work from her studio at Leopoldstraße 31 in Munich during the summers months, returning to Bremen during the winters. While in Bremen, and before heading south for the summer, she would spend the spring months as a member of the nearby Dötlingen Artists' Colony. She formed a particular friendship with another Bremen artist, Marie Stumpe. Stumpe lived more or less permanently at the "Dötlingen  Colony" while her husband, a businessman, generally stayed in Bremen during weekdays, spending weekends with Stumpe and her fellow artists. <mask> and Stumpe often explored the artistic possibilities of the area together, seeking out "landscape motifs" to sketch. In 1904, during one of her summer stays in Bavaria, <mask> became a member of the so-called Luitpold Group of artists which had been created a few years earlier by her mentor Fritz Baer to represent a younger generation of contemporary artists and strive to improve the quality of the artistic output being produced at that time. Later, between 1931 and 1937, <mask> was supporting herself as an artist based at Richard-Wagner-Straße 3 in Bremen.<mask> died in Munich on 15 December 1948. Artistic approach
<mask>'s work employs a bold and muscular technique. The use of colour and the appreciation of light and shading suggest an appreciation of John Constable's landscapes. Rudolf Alexander Schröder identified a level of audacity reminiscent of Constable's work (ein "Constable gemahnenden Kühnheit"). <mask>'s harbour paintings, in particular, show off her own very distinctive style, the sense of space frequently emphasized with an "empty" foreground which sometimes extends far into the heart of the picture, evoking associations with photography or with Japanese woodcut images. Some of these same influences can also be inferred in <mask>'s over-emphasizing of contours, using black outlines. Her graphic power is even more evident in her charcoal drawings.And there is a heightened tension created in the contrast between linear grids overlaying the motifs and the more impressionist "flood-lighting" effect with which it is combined. Other Elster paintings, such as "Der Sommertag" ("The Summer Day"), appear to owe more to Vincent van Gogh than to John Constable. Exhibitions
<mask> exhibited in the Munich "Glaspalast" as early as 1900. From 1904, as a member of the Luitpold Group, she participated almost every year in their exhibitions in cities such as Berlin, Munich, Düsseldorf, Hannover, Hamburg, and Bremerhaven. Her debut in Bremen came in 1922 thanks to the "North-West Germany Art Association" ("Nordwestdeutsche Künstlerbund"). Two years later her exhibits took a major part of city's spectacular Kunsthalle exhibition: almost all of the 22 Elster paintings on display found buyers. The last significant exhibition in which <mask>'s works featured while she was still alive took place in 1941 and was arranged to mark her eightieth birthday at the "Print Room" ("Graphische Kabinett") in Bremen, where her work had already been included in exhibitions on a number of earlier occasions.However, it would be more than another fifty years before a collection of her work would be presented in an exhibition. That rediscovery took place thanks to an exhibition organised in 1992 by the Overbeck Foundation. In 2011 her work was celebrated again in an extensive exhibition arranged by the Arts Foundation at Lilienthal (Bremen). Press
"They say Miss <mask> is an old lady. If that is true, how is it possible that so much ability remained undiscovered for so long?" The newspaper report that opened with this question reflects the warm reception that <mask>'s work received at the 1924 Kunsthalle exhibition. It was perhaps no more than a reflection of the attitudes common in those times that another enthusiastic critic, after commending her paintings for their "well judged line", the frugal and clever "economy of her handiwork" and a talent that bore comparison with a "thoroughly male artistry and balance".went on to compare her (favourably) only with three female artists: Paula Modersohn-Becker, Anna Plate and Clara Rilke-Westhoff. Legacy
Most of <mask>'s work, which includes various large format canvas print, is today in private hands, and not readily accessible to scholars or critics. But some of pictures have found their way into the Bremen Kunsthalle collection, the "Print Room" ("Graphische Kabinett") and the Focke Museum (both also in Bremen). Further afield the State Museum for Art and Cultural History in Oldenburg holds and normally has on display two characteristic Elster paintings: "Kutter im Hafen" and "Moorlandschaft (Schneeschmelze)" ("Cutters in harbour" and "Moorland landscape under melting snow"). These both demonstrate her talent. One commentator, enthusiastically commending both paintings, added that they were typical of her work both in terms of composition and of subject matter. He nevertheless thought it nothing short of astonishing that she had discovered the harbours as a recurring theme.At that time a woman of <mask>'s social background would not normally be expected to turn up unchaperoned with an easel in the Bremen harbour district. But <mask>'s interest in the many aspects of the maritime scene more than outweighed any conventional scruples. The various artistic testimonies that she created of her wanderings among the warehouses, sheds and cargo ship form a portfolio of swiftly completed and confidently contoured charcoal drawings that express <mask>'s artistic temperament with stark clarity. She commanded a formidable level of graphic craftsmanship which then found its way into her paintings when she returned to her studio, and added in her own unique impressionistic flavour. Notes

References

German landscape painters
Artists from Bremen
German women painters
1861 births
1948 deaths
19th-century German women artists
20th-century German women artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists

masks:
Toni
Elster
Toni Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster
Toni Elster
Elster
Elster
Elster


title: Óscar Sonejee

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 26 March 1976) is an Andorran former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He began his club career as a youth player with Sant Julià before playing for several teams based in Andorra, including three spells with FC Andorra and three with Lusitanos. He also spent four years with FC Santa Coloma, helping the side win two Primera Divisió titles. He retired from playing at the age of 40 in January 2017 during his third spell with Lusitanos. He made his international debut for Andorra in 1997 during a defeat to Estonia and scored the goal in 2000 that secured the nation's first ever point in a competitive international fixture when they drew 1–1 with Malta. He went on to become his country's most capped international player until 2015 when his record was surpassed by Ildefons Lima and was the first Andorran player to reach 100 international caps. He finished his career with 106 caps and four goals for the Andorra national team, placing him second to Ildefons Lima in both categories.Between 2016 and 2017, he managed the Andorra under-17 side. Early life
<mask> was born on 26 March 1976 in Santa Coloma, Andorra. His parents were both Indian but had decided to emigrate from their home in Delhi in the 1970s with their first two sons before <mask> was born. After living in Paris, his father moved to Barcelona where he spent a year. However, he quickly looked to move on after believing the city was too suited to tourists and instead moved to Andorra, a small principality in the Pyrenees mountains, on the recommendation of other local Hindu merchants. After settling in the country, his wife and two sons moved to live with him and the family remained there once it gained independence in March 1993. <mask> was born soon after, being the only member of the family born outside India.Sonejee's first sporting participation was in winter sports, traditionally more popular in the mountainous region. However, in sixth grade, he played football for the first time and quickly took up the game. He speaks fluent Catalan and Hindi and can speak some English. Club career
Sonejee began his career as a youth player with his local side Sant Julià. His early performances for Andorra at youth level led to him being offered a trial with La Liga side Valencia after being spotted by one of the club's scouts. However, the trial was ultimately unsuccessful. He instead joined FC Andorra, an Andorran team that competes in the Spanish football league system.He featured eleven times for the club in the Segunda División B during the 1997–98 season as they suffered relegation. In 2008, Sonejee was approached over a potential move to his parents' homeland India, receiving offers from East Bengal and Churchill Brothers. He originally signed a deal with East Bengal but later decided to accept the offer from Goa-based Churchill Brothers as he believed the culture in the city was more European based and would be easier to acclimatise to and the club was closer to the home of his wife's parents. However, he later discovered that his original contract with East Bengal was still valid and both clubs claimed ownership. When Churchill attempted to register Sonejee, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) blocked the move as they had already received a registration request by East Bengal. The situation eventually led to Sonejee backing out of a move to India, having spent a month training with Churchill, and instead signing for Santa Coloma in his home nation. The most successful period of his career came during a four-year spell with FC Santa Coloma between 2008 and 2012 where he helped the side to win back-to-back Primera Divisió titles during the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons.He also won two Copa Constitució titles in 2009 and 2012. After returning to his first team Sant Julià in 2015, Sonejee undertook his coaching badges alongside his playing career, obtaining a UEFA A and B Licence. He returned to Lusitanos the following year after being convinced by coach Raul Canete to postpone his retirement for another season. However, in January 2017, he officially announced his retirement from playing at the age of 40.

International career

Sonejee began his career at the same time as Andorra declared independence and formed its own footballing governing body, the Andorran Football Federation (AFF) in 1994. As such, he was present in his nation's youth sides as they began competing in international matches. He made his international debut in 1997 in a 4–1 friendly loss to Estonia at the Kuressaare linnastaadion in Andorra's second international fixture following their independence. In his second game three days later, he scored his first goal, in a defeat by the same margin to Latvia at the Daugava Stadium in Riga.He captained the team for the first time on 12 October 2005 against Armenia, scoring an own goal in a 0–3 home defeat in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. Despite making his debut, Sonejee was still eligible to represent his parents' country India as he did not possess an Andorran passport at the time. He later admitted that, had he received a call up, he would have switched allegiance to India but stated "since I saw nobody was interested, I decided to continue playing for Andorra, and obtained that passport." In February 2000, he scored for Andorra, helping the side gain their first ever point in an international fixture by drawing 1–1 with Malta in the 2000 Rothmans International Tournament. On 28 March 2007, during a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier, he was involved in a spat with England striker Wayne Rooney, resulting with both players being booked and Rooney was substituted soon after by England manager Fabio Capello for fear of being sent off. Sonejee later accused Rooney of being arrogant and insulting him during the match. On 6 June 2015, Sonejee became the first Andorran to earn 100 caps, when he captained the side to a 1–0 friendly home defeat to Equatorial Guinea.Prior to kick-off, he was presented with an honorary cap and medal by Victor Santos, the president of the AFF. Sonejee retired from international football on 12 November 2015, with his final game for Andorra coming in a 1–0 friendly home defeat to Saint Kitts and Nevis; his national record of 106 caps was surpassed by Ildefons Lima in August 2017. At the time of his last cap, he was also Andorra's oldest ever international player at 39 years and 230 days. However, his record was surpassed in 2018 by Juli Sánchez. Managerial career
Sonejee managed the Andorra under-16 team at two UEFA youth tournaments, in Luxembourg in 2014 and Montenegro in 2015. He was appointed as manager of the Andorra under-17 side in January 2016, remaining in charge until October 2017. Personal life
Sonejee is of Indian heritage and works as an insurance salesman.His wife is also from India, hailing from Bandra, and the pair married in Jaipur. They have two children together. He is a fan of Bollywood cinema. Career statistics

International statistics

International goals
Scores and results list Andorra's goal tally first

Honours
FC Santa Coloma
 Primera Divisió winner: 2009–10, 2010–11
 Copa Constitució winner: 2009, 2012

FC Lusitanos
 Andorran Supercup winner: 2013–14

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links
RSSSF profile
Federació Andorrana de Futbol profile

1976 births
Living people
People from Andorra la Vella
Andorran people of Indian descent
Andorran footballers
UE Sant Julià players
Association football midfielders
Andorra international footballers
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
FC Andorra players
FIFA Century Club
FC Santa Coloma players
FC Lusitanos players
Primera Divisió players

masks:
Óscar Sonejee Masand
Sonejee
Sonejee
Sonejee


title: Caitlin Clark

texts:
<mask> (born January 22, 2002) is an American college basketball player for the Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference. She plays the point guard position. At Dowling Catholic High School in West Des Moines, Iowa, <mask> earned McDonald's All-American honors and was ranked among the top players in her class by ESPN. In her first season at Iowa, <mask> led the NCAA Division I in scoring, three-pointers and total assists. She was named a second-team All-American, won the Dawn Staley Award and shared national freshman of the year accolades. As a sophomore, she set the Big Ten single-season record for triple-doubles and the program single-game record for assists. <mask> has won three gold medals representing the United States at the youth international level.She was named Most Valuable Player of the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup. Early life
<mask> is the daughter of <mask> and Anne Nizzi-<mask>. Her father played basketball and baseball at Simpson College. She has two brothers, Blake, who plays football for Iowa State, and Colin. She started playing basketball at age five. Her favorite basketball player growing up was Maya Moore and her favorite NBA player is Kevin Durant. High school career
<mask> was a four-year starter at West Des Moines Dowling High School under head coach Kristin Meyer.As a freshman in 2016–17, she started in all 24 games and averaged 15.3 points, 3.3 rebounds, 4.7 assists, and 2.25 steals per game to help her team to a 19–5 record and the state quarterfinals. As a sophomore in 2017–18, <mask> averaged 27.1 points, 6.5 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 2.3 steals, while aiding her team to a 20–4 record and the state quarterfinals. During her junior year, <mask> averaged 32.5 points, seven rebounds, 3.5 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, and helped Dowling High School to a 17–8 record with an appearance in the Iowa Class 5A semifinals. She holds two state records, including the 5A record for most points in a game (60) and most 3-pointers made in a game (13). She received honors including the Iowa Miss Basketball and Gatorade State Player of the Year, as well as being named a McDonald's All-American. College career
On November 25, 2020, <mask> made her collegiate debut for Iowa, recording 27 points in a 96–81 win over Northern Iowa. She set the Iowa freshman record with 26.6 points per game, recorded the fourth-highest points per game in single season in Iowa history, and was the 2020-21 NCAA Division I scoring leader.During the season, <mask> was the only player to record 12 games of 30 points or more, the most by an NCAA Division I freshman since 2000. She led the nation in total assists (214), total points (799), points per game (26.6), field goals made (266), 3-pointers made (116), and ranked second in assists per game (7.1) and 3-pointers per game (3.87). Her total points scored (799) were the most ever by a freshman, and her single game high of 39 points is a school record. She recorded 214 assists, the most by a freshman in program history. She won five Big Ten Conference Player of the Week awards, more than any other player in the Big Ten. <mask> was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week a conference record 13 times. At the end of the regular season, she was named Big Ten Freshmen of the Year and unanimous First Team All-Big Ten and Big Ten All-Freshman Team selection.<mask> shared two major NCAA Division I freshman of the year awards with Paige Bueckers of UConn: the Tamika Catchings Award, presented by the United States Basketball Writers Association, and the WBCA Freshman of the Year award, presented by the Women's Basketball Coaches Association. During her sophomore season in 2021–22, she reached the 1,000-point mark in Iowa's first game of calendar 2022 and the 40th of her career, making her the fastest Big Ten women's player to reach that milestone. She is also only the second D-I women's player in the 21st century to reach that milestone in 40 or fewer career games, with the first being Elena Delle Donne (38 games with Delaware). <mask> has also recorded five triple-doubles so far in 2021–22, a feat previously accomplished in a single season by only four NCAA Division I women's players. On January 16 and 20, 2022, she recorded 30-point triple-doubles against Nebraska and Minnesota, making her the first D-I player of either sex to score 30 points in consecutive triple-doubles, and also the first Big Ten women's player with consecutive triple-doubles regardless of scoring total. <mask>'s feat of consecutive 30-point triple-doubles had also never been accomplished in the WNBA, and had only been accomplished by six NBA players in the 21st century. <mask> compiled 304 points, 77 rebounds, and 91 assists in January 2022, making her the only D-I player, male or female, with a 300–75–75 stat line for a calendar month in the past 20 years.After the regular season, she was named the Big Ten Player of the Year in separate votes by Big Ten coaches and media. National team career
<mask> represented the United States at the 2017 FIBA Under-16 Women's Americas Championship in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She came off the bench and averaged 8.8 points per game, helping her team achieve a 5–0 record and win the gold medal. <mask> played at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup in Bangkok, Thailand. In seven games, she averaged 5.3 points per game and won another gold medal, as her team finished with a 7–0 record. <mask> competed at the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup in Debrecen, Hungary and led the United States to the gold medal. She averaged a team-high 14.3 points, 5.6 assists and 5.3 rebounds per game, was named Most Valuable Player and made the All-Tournament Team.See also
List of NCAA Division I women's basketball season scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I basketball career triple-doubles leaders

Footnotes

References

External links
 Iowa Hawkeyes bio

Living people
2002 births
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Des Moines, Iowa
Shooting guards
Iowa Hawkeyes women's basketball players
McDonald's High School All-Americans

masks:
Caitlin Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Brent Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Bruno Maddox

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1969) is a British literary novelist and journalist who is best known for his novel My Little Blue Dress (2001) and for his satirical magazine essays. After graduating from Harvard University in 1992, <mask> began his career reviewing books for The New York Times Book Review and The Washington Post Book World. In early 1996, he was appointed to an editorship at Spy magazine and within a few months he was promoted to editor-in-chief, a position he held until the magazine shut down in 1998. <mask> wrote My Little Blue Dress between 1999 and 2001. Since its publication, he has focused on writing satirical essays for magazines such as GEAR and Travel + Leisure; he also contributes a monthly humor column to Discover magazine called "Blinded by Science", drawing on his early exposure to science and technology. <mask> is likewise a contributing editor to the American edition of The Week magazine. Early years
<mask> was born in London in 1969 to former Nature editor, the late  Sir <mask>, a writer on science and nature, and <mask>, a biographer of Rosalind Franklin, W. B. Yeats, Nora Barnacle and several others.He has one sister, Bronwen <mask>, who became a journalist, was Chief Foreign Commentator of The Times and Editor of Prospect magazine and is now Director of the Institute for Government. <mask> enjoyed a privileged life during his childhood and youth, because of his father's position as editor of Nature, encountering some of the leading scientific thinkers of the day and enjoying dinners with figures such as James Watson and Sir Fred Hoyle. Despite his family's background in science, <mask> was interested in the humanities while he attended Westminster School, an independent boys' school in London. <mask> went on to study English literature at Harvard University and graduated in 1992. He published his only article in the student newspaper The Harvard Crimson during his senior year. He won the undergraduate Thomas Temple Hoopes Prize for his senior thesis "on the use of adjectives in restaurant menus" titled Maltese: A Gastrosophic Theory of Reading. After graduation <mask> moved from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Moscow—where he worked for three weeks as the English-language editor of a Russian magazine—and then to New York City, where he spent two years working odd jobs, including hand-delivering celebrity invitations to local parties.<mask>'s freelance writing career began in 1994, when he became a book reviewer for The New York Times Book Review and The Washington Post, where he developed a reputation for writing scathing reviews that would later help him land a job as an editor at Spy magazine. <mask> described his book reviewing style as "pretty vicious", and quipped that he "was a frustrated, twenty-something guy, sitting in his bedroom venting existential rage on these nasty academics". His last book review for The Washington Post was in late 1996; however, he continued reviewing for The New York Times up until 1998, contributing only a couple of reviews thereafter. At the beginning of the dot-com boom, <mask> found full-time work at an information technology company, where he worked for a year and a half. Editorship of Spy magazine
In mid-1996, <mask> was hired as a senior editor at Spy magazine, a satirical monthly, in New York City. Spy had ceased publication in 1994 but was quickly resuscitated under new ownership by Sussex Publishers Inc., which reduced the magazine's frequency from ten to six issues a year. At Spy, <mask> was assisted by deputy editor Adam Lehner, a satirist.In December 1996, <mask> was promoted to editor-in-chief; his editorial team included Jared Paul Stern and, beginning in late 1997, future screenwriter William Monahan. <mask> wanted to turn Spy into a national magazine rather than build on its legacy of covering stories that centered on New York. According to <mask>, two factors motivated the shift of target market. The magazine's past objects of satire, the "cheesy villains who anointed themselves as targets" in the 1980s, were no longer on the national stage. Meanwhile, the "sins of the '90s [were] those of a private, quiet cultivation of a sense of purity", and were harder to expose or ridicule. In early 1998, Sussex Publishers increased Spy's frequency from six to nine issues a year in an effort to boost readership and ad pages. Spy'''s paid circulation continued to drop during <mask>'s tenure, and in March 1998, the magazine once again ceased publication.Sussex's President and CEO John Colman concluded that "[despite the] great work by <mask> and his team, there just wasn't the [advertiser and consumer] acceptance that we need to make it financially viable". <mask> conceded that "a satirical magazine in New York in the late Nineties really had no function", because "everyone was being very modest and coy". My Little Blue Dress

In 1999, <mask> sold the advance rights to his first novel, My Little Blue Dress, to a German publisher based on a five-page fax proposal he sent on the advice of his literary agent John Brockman. Within a week Brockman managed to sell the rights to the novel to publishers in an additional eight countries on the strength of the proposal alone. (<mask> had not yet written even an initial manuscript. )My Little Blue Dress was published in 2001 by Viking Press, a Penguin Group imprint. The novel begins as a memoir of a hundred-year-old woman, but several chapters later reveals itself to be a spoof of the genre.The protagonist is a fictional <mask> who is desperately attempting to create a forgery of an old woman's memoir in a single night. Several book reviewers avoided spoiling the novel's satire but others gave away its premise, reasoning that the publisher "reveal[s] all on the book jacket anyway". The novel's intrigue lies in the mysterious reason compelling the fictional <mask> to forge a memoir. Critics applauded My Little Blue Dress but also expressed some reservations. For example, Salon.com's Maria Russo cautioned that the novel "is one of those 'don't try this at home' literary experiments that could easily have turned into an unreadable, pretentious disaster", but concluded that <mask> "pulls it off with a kind of fearless pizzazz". The New York Times' Emily Barton conceded that "for all its blunders", <mask> delivers "a winsome and vastly entertaining novel". In an interview, <mask> praised Bret Easton Ellis's 1991 novel American Psycho, stating that he drew inspiration from protagonist Patrick Bateman's long-winded monologues about Phil Collins, restaurants, clothes, and how to remove blood from his carpets.In 2001, <mask> promoted his first novel on a joint book tour billed as the "Minor Novelists Tour" with his friend William Monahan, another former Spy editor, but it was interrupted by the 9/11 attacks. Monahan's Light House: A Trifle was also published by a Penguin imprint. Several years later, <mask> gave some indication that he was working on a film adaptation of My Little Blue Dress, but it is unknown whether <mask> completed the script. Recent essays
After the publication of My Little Blue Dress in 2001, <mask> was reportedly working on a second novel set in California, where "everyone's aspirational and deluded" and the "people are quite happy being waiters and dreaming of stardom". As of 2009, however, no manuscript has been forthcoming. Since 2001, <mask> has written numerous articles for popular magazines, such as the now-defunct GEAR. Published one year after the 11 September 2001 attacks, his essay "Before It Was Real" describes the callousness of the terrorists who flew into the World Trade Center through the experience of playing a flight simulator game.Another example of <mask>'s work is his 2003 profile of Karl Wenclas, leader of the Underground Literary Alliance, titled "The Angriest Book Club in America" and published in the fashion magazine BlackBook. Wenclas later derided <mask> for distorting the Underground Literary Alliance in his BlackBook essay and summed up the article as "riddled with falsehoods". In late 2003, <mask> began to contribute articles regularly to Travel + Leisure. His first article in the magazine was called "The Concorde, R.I.P. ", which chronicled his flight aboard the supersonic Concorde airplane before it was decommissioned; it was later included in The Best Travel Writing 2005, the second volume of the annual Travelers' Tales series. In 2004 <mask> began working as a contributing editor for the American edition of The Week magazine and as of 2007 continues to contribute weekly to the print issue, handling sections including "Main Stories", "Talking Points", and "Only in America". He also reviewed several books for The New York Post in 2004 and 2005.In 2006, <mask> began contributing a regular humor column called "Blinded by Science" to Discover magazine. His writing draws upon his childhood exposure to science; due to his father's career, his family was immersed in science and he was regularly exposed to scientists at social events. <mask>'s first year's columns earned him a nod as a finalist in the 2007 National Magazine Awards' "Columns and Commentary" category. <mask>'s Discover columns are occasionally criticized; his essay "Fictional Reality", in particular, has been controversial. <mask> declared science fiction obsolete in his essay "Fictional Reality" and was roundly criticized in the blogosphere, most notably by Scientific American's J.R. Minkel. <mask> wrote that "fiction—all fiction—finally became obsolete as a delivery system for big ideas" as a result of the "scarcity of foreseeable future", citing the decline of author Michael Crichton's work as evidence. Minkel lambasted <mask> and pointed to author Neal Stephenson's cutting-edge work as proof to the contrary, venturing that "science fiction writers can dictate the future if they have the vim and vision".One of <mask>'s most recent Discover essays, "The James Watson Affair", examines comments made by James Watson in an article in London's Sunday Times which led to Watson's suspension at the laboratory where he worked and his eventual retirement, and is skeptical of critics who found Watson's comment about black employees "not that big a deal" yet charged him with racism for his proposition on black African intelligence; in conclusion, <mask> derides the views held by several critics, stating that in comparison to Watson's statements, "the most ignorant and hurtful idea of all, of course, is that the entire topic of race and genes and intelligence is off-limits to all right-thinking, compassionate people, just on principle", which pejoratively assumes "that some races are innately and immutably much less intelligent than others". <mask>'s essay, although published in the March 2008 printed edition of Discover, has not been published online. Style
Satire is evident in much of <mask>'s work, from his years as editor-in-chief for Spy magazine to his numerous articles in Travel + Leisure, and his novel My Little Blue Dress. <mask>'s satirical tendencies extend to his interviews and publicity materials. In one interview he made the preposterous claim that he once "spent 2 days being a personal assistant to a mafia boss in New York". <mask>'s Penguin biography skewers his own career, claiming he "elevated [Spy] to within spitting distance of its former glory, then accidentally bankrupted it after two short years", which led The Harvard Crimson, his alma mater's student newspaper, to speculate that "<mask> himself had a hand in writing" it. <mask>'s popular science columns for Discover'' magazine impart his own personal views on science with a markedly humorous and skeptical bent.Selected bibliography
Novel

References and notes

1969 births
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, London
Harvard University alumni
21st-century English novelists
Critics employed by The New York Times
The Washington Post people
Writers from London
English expatriates in the United States
English people of Welsh descent
English people of American descent
English male novelists
21st-century English male writers

masks:
Bruno P
. Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
John Maddox
Brenda Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Bruno
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Bruno Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox
Maddox


title: Lysander Spooner

texts:
<mask> (January 19, 1808May 14, 1887) was an American individualist anarchist. He was also an abolitionist, entrepreneur, essayist, legal theorist, pamphletist, political philosopher, Unitarian, writer and a member of the International Workingmen's Association (First International). Spooner was a strong advocate of the labor movement and anti-authoritarian and individualist anarchist in his political views. His economic and political ideology has usually been identified as libertarian socialism, free-market socialism, and mutualism. His writings contributed to the development of both left-libertarian and right-libertarian political theory within libertarianism in the United States. Spooner's writings include the abolitionist book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery and No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, which opposed treason charges against secessionists. Spooner is also known for competing with the Post Office with his American Letter Mail Company.However, it was closed after legal problems with the federal government. Biography

Early life

Spooner was born on a farm in Athol, Massachusetts on January 19, 1808. Spooner's parents were Asa and <mask>. One of his ancestors, <mask>, arrived in Plymouth in 1637. <mask> was the second of nine children. His father was a deist and it has been speculated that he purposely named his two older sons Leander and <mask> after pagan and Spartan heroes, respectively. Legal career
Spooner's activism began with his career as a lawyer, which itself violated Massachusetts law.Spooner had studied law under the prominent lawyers, politicians and abolitionists John Davis, later Governor of Massachusetts and Senator; and Charles Allen, state senator and Representative from the Free Soil Party. However, he never attended college. According to the laws of the state, college graduates were required to study with an attorney for three years while non-graduates like <mask> would be required to do so for five years. With the encouragement from his legal mentors, Spooner set up his practice in Worcester, Massachusetts, after only three years, defying the courts. He regarded three-year privilege for college graduates as a state-sponsored discrimination against the poor and also providing a monopoly income to those who met the requirements. He argued that "no one has yet ever dared advocate, in direct terms, so monstrous a principle as that the rich ought to be protected by law from the competition of the poor". In 1836, the legislature abolished the restriction.He opposed all licensing requirements for lawyers, doctors, or anyone else that was prevented from being employed by such requirements. For Spooner, to prevent a person from doing business with a person without a professional license was a violation of the natural right to contract. Spooner advocated natural law, or what he called the science of justice, wherein acts of initiatory coercion against individuals and their property, including taxation, were considered criminal because they were immoral, while the so-called criminal acts that violated only man-made arbitrary legislation were not necessarily criminal. After a disappointing legal career and a failed career in real estate speculation in Ohio, Spooner returned to his father's farm in 1840. American Letter Mail Company
Being an advocate of self-employment and opponent of government regulation of business, in 1844 Spooner started the American Letter Mail Company, which competed with the United States Post Office, whose rates were very high. It had offices in various cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City. Stamps could be purchased and then attached to letters, which could be brought to any of its offices.From here, agents were dispatched who traveled on railroads and steamboats and carried the letters in handbags. Letters were transferred to messengers in the cities along the routes, who then delivered the letters to the addressees. This was a challenge to the Post Office's legal monopoly. As he had done when challenging the rules of the Massachusetts Bar Association, Spooner published a pamphlet titled "The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress Prohibiting Private Mails". Although Spooner had finally found commercial success with his mail company, legal challenges by the government eventually exhausted his financial resources. A law enacted in 1851 that strengthened the federal government's monopoly finally put him out of business. The legacy of Spooner's challenge to the postal service was the reduction in letter postage from 5¢ to 3¢, in response to the competition his company provided which lasted until late 1950's or early 1960's.Abolitionism
Spooner attained his highest profile as a figure in the abolitionist movement. His book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery, published in 1845, contributed to a controversy among abolitionists over whether the Constitution supported the institution of slavery. The disunionist faction led by William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips argued that the Constitution legally recognized and enforced the oppression of slaves as in the provisions for the capture of fugitive slaves in Article IV, Section 2. More generally, Phillips disputed Spooner's notion that any unjust law should be held legally void by judges. Spooner challenged the claim that the text of the Constitution permitted slavery. Although he recognized that the Founding Fathers had probably not intended to outlaw slavery when writing the Constitution, Spooner argued that only the meaning of the text, not the private intentions of its writers, was enforceable. He used a complex system of legal and natural law arguments to show that the clauses usually interpreted as supporting slavery did not in fact support it and that several clauses of the Constitution prohibited the states from establishing slavery.Both the above discounted reality that slavery was in place before the Constitution was ever ratified and framers were forced to use compromise with existance of established investments whether those were illegal or not to gain it's ratification. Spooner's arguments were cited by other pro-Constitution abolitionists such as Gerrit Smith and the Liberty Party, the twenty-second plank of whose 1849 platform praised Spooner's book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery. Frederick Douglass, originally a Garrisonian disunionist, later came to accept the pro-Constitution position and cited Spooner's arguments to explain his change of mind. From the publication of this book until 1861, Spooner actively campaigned against slavery. He published subsequent pamphlets on jury nullification and other legal defenses for escaped slaves, and offered his legal services to fugitives, often free of charge. In the late 1850s, copies of his book were distributed to members of Congress. Even Senator Albert G. Brown of Mississippi, a slavery proponent, praised the argument's intellectual rigor and conceded it was the most formidable legal challenge he had seen from the abolitionists to date.In 1858, Spooner circulated a "Plan for the Abolition of Slavery", calling for the use of guerrilla warfare against slaveholders by black slaves and non-slaveholding free Southerners, with aid from Northern abolitionists. Spooner also "conspir[ed] with John Brown to promote a servile insurrection in the South" and participated in an aborted plot to free Brown after his capture following the failed raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia (now part of the state of West Virginia). Although he had advocated the use of violence to abolish slavery, Spooner denounced the Republicans' use of violence to prevent the Southern states from seceding during the American Civil War. He published several letters and pamphlets about the war, arguing that the Republican objective was not to eradicate slavery, but rather to preserve the Union by force. He blamed the bloodshed on Republican political leaders such as Secretary of State William H. Seward and Senator Charles Sumner, who often criticized slavery yet would not attack it on a constitutional basis, and who pursued military policies Spooner described as vengeful and abusive. While denouncing the institution of slavery, Spooner recognized the right of the Confederate States of America to secede as the manifestation of government by consent, a constitutional and legal principle fundamental to Spooner's philosophy. In contrast, the Northern states were trying to deny the Southerners that right through military force.He vociferously opposed the Civil War, arguing that it violated the right of the Southern states to secede from a Union that no longer represented them. He believed the Northern States were attempting to restore the Southern states to the Union against the wishes of Southerners. He argued that the right of the states to secede derives from the natural right of slaves to be free. This argument was unpopular both in the North and in the South after the Civil War began, as it conflicted with the official position of both governments. Later life and death

Spooner continued to write and publish extensively during the decades following Reconstruction, producing works such as his essay "Natural Law or the Science of Justice" and the short book Trial by Jury. In Trial by Jury, he defended the doctrine of jury nullification which holds that in a free society a trial jury not only has the authority to rule on the facts of the case, but also on the legitimacy of the law under which the case is tried. This doctrine would further allow juries to refuse to convict if they regard the law by which they are asked to convict as illegitimate.Spooner became associated with Benjamin Tucker's American individualist anarchist journal Liberty which published all of his later works in serial format and for which he wrote several editorial columns on current events. Spooner argued that "almost all fortunes are made out of the capital and labour of other men than those who realize them. Indeed, except by his sponging capital and labour from others". Spooner defended the Millerites, who stopped working because they believed the world would soon end and were arrested for vagrancy. Spooner spent much time in the Boston Athenæum. He died on May 14, 1887, at the age of 79 in his nearby residence at 109 Myrtle Street, Boston. He never married and had no children.Tucker arranged his funeral service and wrote a "loving obituary" entitled "Our Nestor Taken From Us" which appeared in Liberty on May 28 and predicted "that the name <mask> Spooner would be 'henceforth memorable among men'". Political views
Anarchist George Woodcock, among others, describes Spooner's essays as an "eloquent elaboration" of American anarchist Josiah Warren and the early American development of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's mutualist ideas and associates his works with that of American individualist anarchist Stephen Pearl Andrews. Woodcock also reports that both <mask> and William Batchelder Greene had been members of the socialist First International. According to Peter Marshall, "the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists" such as <mask> and Benjamin Tucker have been overlooked. Spooner was an advocate for absolute property rights based on Lockean principles of initial acquisition. He wrote:

As an individualist anarchist, Spooner advocated for pre-industrial living in communities of small property holders so that they could pursue life, liberty, happiness and property in mutual honesty without ceding responsibility to a central government. Spooner felt that an expansive government created virtual slaves and its demands of obedience expropriated the role of the individual.By letting the government make and enforce laws, Spooner contended that Americans "have surrendered their liberties unreservedly into the hands of the government". In addition to his extra-governmental post service and views on abolitionism, Spooner wrote No Treason in which he contends that the Constitution is neither a contract nor a text to which citizens are bound. Spooner argued that the national Congress should dissolve and let citizens rule themselves as he held that individuals should make their own fates. Spooner believed that it was beneficial for people to be self-employed so that they could enjoy the full benefits of their labor rather than having to share them with an employer. He argued that various forms of government intervention in the free market made it difficult for people to start their own businesses. For one, he believed that laws against high interest rates, or usury, prevented those with capital from extending credit because they could not be compensated for high risks of not being repaid, writing:
If a man have not capital of his own, upon which to bestow his labor, it is necessary that he be allowed to obtain it on credit. And in order that he may be able to obtain it on credit, it is necessary that he be allowed to contract for such a rate of interest as will induce a man, having surplus capital, to loan it to him; for the capitalist cannot, consistently with natural law, be compelled to loan his capital against his will.All legislative restraints upon the rate of interest, are, therefore, nothing less than arbitrary and tyrannical restraints upon a man's natural capacity amid natural right to hire capital, upon which to bestow his labor. [...] The effect of usury laws, then, is to give a monopoly of the right of borrowing money, to those few, who can offer the most approved security. Spooner believed that government restrictions on issuance of private money made it inordinately difficult for individuals to obtain the capital on credit to start their own businesses, thereby putting them in a situation where "a very large portion of them, to save themselves from starvation, have no alternative but to sell their labor to others" and those who do employ others are only able to afford to pay "far below what the laborers could produce, [than] if they themselves had the necessary capital to work with". Spooner said that there was "a prohibitory tax – a tax of ten per cent – on all notes issued for circulation as money, other than the notes of the United States and the national banks" which he argued caused an artificial shortage of credit and that eliminating this tax would result in making plenty of money available for lending. Spooner was opposed to wage labor, arguing: "All the great establishments, of every kind, now in the hands of a few proprietors, but employing a great number of wage labourers, would be broken up; for few or no persons, who could hire capital and do business for themselves would consent to labour for wages for another." In response to anarcho-capitalists arguing that Spooner was a right-libertarian and anarcho-capitalist, Iain MacSaorsa argues that because Spooner was opposed to wage labor, he was a socialist of a particular kind, particularly market socialism, since capitalism is not the only market system. Spooner's membership to the socialist First International and opposition to wage labor is why the authors of An Anarchist FAQ and anarchist historians such as James Martin and Peter Marshall consider him an anti-capitalist left-libertarian, libertarian socialist, and market socialist.Others have referred to Spooner as a libertarian, an anarcho-capitalist, and a propertarianist. Influence

Spooner's influence extends to the wide range of topics he addressed during his lifetime. He is remembered primarily for his abolitionist activities and for his challenge to the Post Office monopoly which had a lasting influence of significantly reducing postal rates, according to the Journal of Libertarian Studies. Spooner's writings were a major influence on Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard and right-libertarian law professor and legal theorist Randy Barnett. His writings were often reprinted in early libertarian journals such as the Rampart Journal and Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. While influencing anarcho-capitalists such as Rothbard, MacSaorsa argues that Spooner was an "anti-capitalist" who preferred to see "a society of self-employed farmers, artisans and cooperating workers, not a society of wage slaves and capitalists". MacSaorsa further argues that Spooner was opposed to wage labor, "wanting that social relationship destroyed by turning capital over to those who work in it, as associated producers and not as wage slaves".In January 2004, Laissez Faire Books established the Lysander Spooner Award for advancing the literature of liberty. The honor is awarded monthly to the most important contributions to right-libertarian literature, followed by an annual award to the winner. In 2010, the Libertarian, Agorist, Voluntaryist and Anarch Association of Authors and Publishers (LAVA) created the Lysander Spooner Award for Book of the Year which has been awarded annually since 2011. The LAVA Awards are held annually to honor excellence in books relating to the principles of liberty, with the Lysander Spooner Award being the grand prize award. Spooner's The Unconstitutionality of Slavery was cited in the 2008 Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller which struck down the federal district's ban on handguns. Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the court, quotes Spooner as saying the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery. It was also cited by Justice Clarence Thomas in his concurring opinion in McDonald v. Chicago, another firearms case, the following year.Publications
Virtually everything written by Spooner is contained in the six-volume compilation The Collected Works of <mask> Spooner (1971). The most notable exception is Vices Are Not Crimes, not widely known until its republication in 1977. "The Deist's Immortality, and An Essay on Man's Accountability for His Belief" (1834)
 "The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity" (1836)
 "Constitutional Law, Relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking" (1843)
 "The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress, Prohibiting Private Mails" (1844)
 The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1845)
 "Poverty: Its Illegal Causes, and Legal Cure" (1846)
 "Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster" (1850)
 "An Essay on Trial by Jury" (1852)
 "The Law of Intellectual Property" (1855)
 "A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South" (1858)
 "Address of the Free Constitutionalists to the People of the United States" (1860)
 "A New System of Paper Currency" (1861)
 "A Letter to Charles Sumner" (1864)
 "Considerations for Bankers, and Holders of United States Bonds" (1864)
 No Treason No. I (1870)
 No Treason No. II: The Constitution (1870)
 [http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2194/Spooner_1485_Bk.pdf No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority] (1870)
 "Forced Consent" (1873)
 "Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty" (1875)
 "Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations and Frauds" (1877)
 "Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them" (1878)
 "Natural Law, or the Science of Justice" (1882)
 "A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard" (1882)
 "A Letter to Scientists and Inventors, on the Science of Justice" (1884)
 "A Letter to Grover Cleveland, on His False Inaugural Address, the Usurpations and Crimes of Lawmakers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People" (1886)
 "Two Treatises on Competitive Currency and Banking" (2018)

Archival material
There are collections of letters written by Spooner in the Boston Public Library and the New York Historical Society.

masks:
Lysander Spooner
Dolly Spooner
William Spooner
Lysander
Lysander
Lysander
Lysander
Spooner
Spooner
Lysander


title: Anthony Galla-Rini

texts:
<mask> (January 18, 1904 – July 30, 2006) was a celebrated American accordionist, arranger, composer, conductor, author, and teacher, and is considered by many to be the first American accordionist to promote the accordion as a "legitimate" concert instrument. Early life

Galla-Rini was born in Manchester, Connecticut, the third of seven children to John and Angela Galla-Rini, an Italian immigrant family. His father started teaching Galla-Rini the cornet at the age of four. In the same year, he made his debut on the Vaudeville circuit with the family band, and an encore performance of "Casey Jones" on the cornet. It was at this time that Galla-Rini also learned to play the accordion, a three-row button instrument. Galla-Rini performed on the Vaudeville circuit for twenty years, in that time learning to play 11 woodwind and brass instruments in addition to the accordion, as well as theory in harmony and counterpoint, and operatic and symphonic conducting. He toured the United States with his family, playing with such Vaudeville stars as Mae West, The Marx Brothers, Jack Benny, Jimmy Durante, and Eddie Cantor.After his sisters dropped out of the family's act when he was twelve, Galla-Rini's accordion playing became more important to the act as his father John played a more diverse range of instruments. It was at this time Galla-Rini realized the accordion was a complete musical instrument in itself, devoting more time and attention to the accordion and eventually abandoning all other musical instruments in favor of the accordion. Career

In 1924 Galla-Rini dropped out of his father's Vaudeville act due to disputes over salary, and joined his sisters, forming a separate act that lasted until 1932. Their salary peaked at around $600 per week. The Vaudeville ended with the advent of motion pictures with sound, forcing Galla-Rini's family to find other forms of work. Galla-Rini decided to open an accordion studio in San Francisco. He established himself as a teacher, writing both accordion instruction books and also various music for the instrument.In 1933, Galla-Rini married Dina Petromilli, and their son Ronald Pascal was born three years later. Eventually Galla-Rini moved from California to New York City, to be closer to various music publishers, Galla-Rini eventually writing music for more than 30 publishing houses. Galla-Rini was one of the founding members of the American Accordionists' Association (AAA) in 1938 in New York City, and is in fact their first member. He also founded the International Accordion Teachers' Guild (ATG), in 1941 in Chicago serving as President Emeritus of that society throughout his career. In addition, Galla-Rini also served as a Vice-President of the Confédération Internationale des Accordéonistes (CIA), a member of the United Nations' International Music Council (IMC). In 1941 Galla-Rini also composed his Accordion Concerto in G Minor (no. 1), and premiered it with the Oklahoma City University Symphony Orchestra on November 15, 1941.Since then there have been more than 39 performances of this concerto in the United States as well as additional performances in England, Finland, Norway and Canada. This concerto was recorded by Swedish accordionist and Galla-Rini protégé Jörgen Sundeqvist with organist Håkan Dahlen and released in 2005 on a CD by Courthourse Music of Sweden. Galla-Rini returned to California in 1942, and began teaching accordion again. He joined a rumba band playing at the Trocadero on Sunset Boulevard, leading to invitations to record soundtracks for the Hollywood film industry, playing in many films, including Rhapsody in Blue, High Noon, and The Gunfighter. During the next decade, he performed on concert tours in various theaters across the United States. He also toured England, Scotland, Norway and Sweden in 1950, taking his family with him. In 1951 he represented the ATG at the CIA General Assembly and Coupe Mondiale in Paris, resulting in the CIA accepting the ATG as a member organization.In 1958 and 1959, he performed as a guest artist in Carnegie Hall. In 1968, Dina Galla-Rini died. Three years later, <mask> married Dolly Cortella. He was married to her until she died at the age of 101. In 1975, the President of Italy conferred on him the title of "Cavalier of the Star of Solidarity" in recognition of his efforts towards strengthening the cultural bonds between Italian and American people and for his interest in the development of the Italian accordion in America. Galla-Rini was also the first person to be inducted in the ATG Hall of Fame on his 99th birthday in 2003. In 1976 he composed "Accordion Concerto No.2 in E minor" (in three movements) for the free-bass system. And in 1983 he composed "Sonata in D minor" for accordion (also in three movements). Death and legacy

Galla-Rini died of a heart attack in a hospital in Corona, CA at the age of 102 after a nurse reported problems at the nursing home where he lived. Galla-Rini's career spanned 98 years as a professional accordionist, and more than 74 years as an accordion teacher. He has arranged literally hundreds of transcriptions for accordion ensembles, orchestras and soloists. He has also played a major part in pioneering the development of the modern accordion, developing the treble and bass registers, as well as standardizing the stradella bass system on the accordion. References

Bibliography

A Collection of Lectures for Accordionists (Music Graphics Press, San Diego: 1981)

External links

 Galla-Rini discography by Petosa Accordions
 Galla-Rini biography by Petosa Accordions
 Galla-Rini memorial at Accordions Worldwide
 Galla-Rini memorial by student Joan Sommers
 Galla-Rini with harpist Charlotte Laughton Tinsley

American accordionists
American classical accordionists
Vaudeville performers
American people of Italian descent
American centenarians
Men centenarians
1904 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century accordionists

masks:
Anthony Galla Rini
Anthony


title: Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax

texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask>  (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885), known as <mask>, 3rd Baronet, between 1846 and 1866, was a British Whig politician and Member of the British Parliament. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1846 to 1852. Background
<mask> was the son of Sir Francis Lindley Wood, 2nd Baronet of Barnsley, and his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, where he studied classics and mathematics. Political career
A Liberal and Member of Parliament from 1826 to 1866, Wood abandoned the seat of Great Grimsby and was returned in 1831 for the pocket borough of Wareham, probably as a paying guest, which arrangement enabled him to remain in London in preparation for the reading of the Reform Bill. He confided his views to his father: the reform is an efficient, substantial, anti-democratic, pro-property measure, but it sweeps away rotten boroughs and of course disgusts their proprietors. The main hope therefore of carrying it, is by the voice of the country, thus operating by deciding all wavering votes ...The radicals, for which heaven be praised, support us ...He voted meticulously for the bill at every stage, and it received the Royal assent in the following year. Wood served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord John Russell's government (1846–1852), where he opposed any further help for Ireland during the Great Famine there. In his 1851 budget, Sir <mask> liberalized trade, reducing import duties and encouraging consumer goods. In the succeeding Tory government, the new Chancellor Benjamin Disraeli, a former protectionist, referred to Wood's influence on economic policy in an interim financial statement on 30 April 1852, setting a trend for the way budgets are presented in the Commons. This reduction in tariffs led to a noticeable increase in consumption. For Wood, Disraeli was 'petulant and sarcastic', qualities he disliked. Wood later served as President of the Board of Control under Lord Aberdeen (1852–1855), as First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's first administration (1855–1858), and as Secretary of State for India in Palmerston's second government (1859–1866).He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1846, and in 1866 he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Halifax, of Monk Bretton in the West Riding of the County of York. After the unexpected death of Lord Clarendon necessitated a reshuffle of Gladstone's first cabinet, <mask> was brought in as Lord Privy Seal, serving from 1870 to 1874, his last public office. Role in the Irish Famine
The Great Famine in Ireland (1845 to 1851) led to the death of 1 million, and over 1 million emigrating from the country. On 30 June 1846, Peel's Tories were replaced by a Whig government led by Lord John Russell. The government sought to embed free trade and laissez faire economics. Sir <mask>, a senior civil servant at the Treasury, in close cooperation with Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir <mask>, sought to oppose intervention in Ireland. Extreme parsimony of the British Government towards Ireland while Wood was in charge of the Treasury greatly enhanced the suffering of those affected by famine.Wood believed in the economic policy of Laissez-faire and preferred to leave the Irish to starve rather than "undermine the market" by allowing in cheap imported grain. Wood also shared Trevelyan's anti-Irish, moralistic views, with Wood believing the famine should eliminate the "present habits of dependence", and obliging Irish property to support Irish poverty. Wood believed the famine was not accidental, but willed, and would bring along a social revolution: "A want of food and employment is a calamity sent by Providence", it had "precipitated things with a wonderful impetus, so as to bring them to an early head". He hoped the famine would clear small farmers, and lead to a "better" economic system. Wood's despatch

As the President of the Board of Control, Wood took a major step in spreading education in India when in 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India. It was recommended therein that:

 An education department was to be set in every province. Universities on the model of the London university be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.At least one government school be opened in every district. Affiliated private schools should be given grant in aid. The Indian natives should be given training in their mother tongue also. In accordance with Wood's despatch, education departments were established in every province and universities were opened at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857, in Punjab in 1882, and at Allahbad in 1887. Family
Lord <mask> married Lady Mary Grey (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884), fifth daughter of <mask>, 2nd Earl Grey, on 29 July 1829. They had four sons and three daughters:

 Hon Blanche Edith Wood (d. 21 July 1921) married 21 September 1876, Col Hon Henry William Lowry-Corry (30 June 1845 – 6 May 1927). Hon Alice Louisa Wood (d. 3 June 1934)
 <mask> Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 January 1839 – 19 January 1934)
 Hon Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) married Hugo Francis Meynell-Ingram (1822 – 26 May 1871)
 Capt Hon Francis Lindley Wood, RN (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
 Lt Col Hon Henry John Lindley Wood (12 January 1843 – 5 January 1903)
 Fredrick George Lindley Wood (later Meynell) (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)

Lady Halifax died in 1884.Lord <mask> survived her by just over a year and died in August 1885, aged 84. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son <mask>, who was the father of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax. References

Bibliography

External links

1800 births
1885 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Lords Privy Seal
Lords of the Admiralty
British Secretaries of State
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Wood, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, Charles
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Wood family
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Great Grimsby
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

masks:
Charles Wood
Halifax
Sir Charles Wood
Halifax
Charles
Halifax
Charles Trevelyan
Charles Wood
Halifax
Charles Grey
Charles Lindley
Halifax
Charles
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood


title: Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe

texts:
Father Frédéric-<mask> (雷鳴遠) (19 August 1877 — 24 June 1940) was a Roman Catholic missionary to China whose advocacy led Pope Pius XI to appoint the first native Chinese bishops. Born in Belgium, he chose to become a Chinese citizen at a time when missionaries, like all Westerners, enjoyed legal privileges in China, including immunity from Chinese law. He was captured by the Chinese Communists in 1940 and died later that year. Life and Works
<mask> was born on 19 August 1877 in Ghent, Belgium into a devout Catholic family. His father was Flemish a public notary, and his mother was of half French and half English descent. He was the eldest son and was baptized under the name Frédéric. When he was 11 years old, he read about the martyrdom of French Catholic missionary Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, a member of the Lazarists, in Wuchang, China in 1840, inspiring him want to become a missionary in China.In 1895, in Paris, <mask> entered the Lazarist order. While <mask> was a seminary student in 1900, the Boxer Rebellion occurred in China, and the Belgian missionary Ferdinand Hamer was martyred in Inner Mongolia. <mask> nonetheless decided to go to China to promote Catholicism. In 1901, <mask> followed Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier, Bishop of Beijing, to China. He was ordained in Beijing on 28 October 1901, and was then sent to do mission work in Xiaohan village of Wuqing County (now part of Tianjin Municipality) and elsewhere in the Beijing-Tianjin region. In 1903, <mask> presided over the rebuilding of the Xiaohan church, damaged during the Boxer Rebellion. Upon reaching China, Lebbe strove to study Chinese culture, and learned to read Chinese books, speak fluent standard Mandarin, and write beautiful calligraphy.<mask> eventually dressed in Chinese clothes, lives according to Chinese customs, and interacted primarily with Chinese friends and coreligionists. In 1912, the Apostolic Vicariate of Tianjin was established, and <mask> was able to achieve spectacular results in his miss work, being promoted to the position of vicar for the new Vicariate (a position second only to the Vicariate's Bishop). On 10 October 1915, <mask> and the Chinese Catholics founded the Catholic newspaper  (益世報) in Tianjin's Nanshi District on Rongye Street (outside of the Concessions), which is considered one of the "Four Great Newspapers of the Republican period" (民国四大报刊). <mask>'s command of Chinese allowed him to interact with the Chinese intelligentsia of Tianjin, converting dozens and attracting the attention of many more, especially with lecture hall discussions on religion, ethics, and patriotism. Along with Anthony Cotta (汤作霖), <mask> criticized various foreign religious organizations for the practice of controlling Chinese Catholicism to the benefit of their home countries, proposing the slogan "Return China to the Chinese and the, Chinese will go to Christ", and actively promoted that the Vatican appoint bishops of Chinese nationality. For these actions, <mask> drew the ire of his Lazarist superiors. In 1916, the Laoxikai affair (老西開事件) occurred in Tianjin.The basis of the struggle was that the French Consul of Tianjin with the support of the Church leadership in Tianjin attempted to expand the French Concession by appropriating land adjacent to St. Joseph's Cathedral and incorporating it into the Concession. Yishibao published many objections to these actions, including one written by <mask> himself, bringing <mask> into conflict with Tianjin Bishop Paul-Marie Dumond. As a result of the disagreement, <mask> was demoted and transferred Ningbo diocese in April 1920, and he soon afterwards returned to Europe. Nonetheless, the protests of <mask> and Cotta to the Vatican influenced Pope Benedict XV's 1919 apostolic letter Maximum illud, which aimed to indigenize the Church in China and curb the worst abuses of Western missionaries, including actions undertaken in the interest of one's country rather than the Church as a whole. While in Europe, <mask> assisted Chinese students and engaged in missionary work among them, where he competed for their allegiance with a former leader in the Tianjin Student Union and Yishibao reporter, Zhou Enlai. He also helped establish the Society of Auxiliaries of the Missions and the Women Lay Auxiliaries of the Missions during this time. <mask> continued to lobby the Vatican to reform the China mission, even meeting with the Pope to make his case, and he was influential in the appointment of the first six Chinese bishops, whose consecration he attended, on 28 October 1926 in St. Peter's Basilica.The six were Zhu Kaimin in Haimen (朱开敏,海门教区), Cheng Hede in Puqi (成和德, 蒲圻教区), Chen Guodi in Fenyang (陈国砥,汾阳教区), Zhao Huaiyi in Xuanhua (赵怀义, 宣化教区), Hu Ruoshan in Taizhou (胡若山, 台州教区), and Sun Dezhen in Anguo (孙德桢, 安国教区). In 1927, <mask>'s applied for and was granted Chinese citizenship and returned to China in 1928, aiding Bishop Sun Dezhen in Anguo, Hebei and helping establish two Chinese religious orders, the Little Brothers of St. John the Baptist (Les Petits frères de Saint-Jean-Baptiste, 耀汉小兄弟会) and the Little Sisters of St. Theresa of the Holy Child (Les Petites soeurs de Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus, 德来小姊妹会), the latter named for Saint Thérèse of Lisieux). <mask> strongly advocated on behalf of the Chinese people against Japanese imperialism. During the Battle of Rehe in 1933, <mask> led his congregation to rescue and treat wounded soldiers. After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, <mask> organized and led a Catholic battlefield rescue and relief team which aided wounded soldiers at Taihangshan (太行山) and Zhongtiaoshan (中条山), and led refugee relief efforts, including providing education for students whose schools had been closed by the fighting. In the midst of a clash between Lu Chung-lin's Kuomintang forces and the Communist Eighth Route Army, <mask> (who supported the KMT) was captured by the Communists on 9 March 1940 and held captive in Liao County, Taihang District of Shanxi Province (today's Zuoquan County). Treated as a Kuomintang spy, Lebbe endured six weeks of brainwashing and physical mistreatment, and was seriously ill when released more than 40 days later.He died of exhaustion at Geleshan in Chungking on 24 June 1940. Legacy
<mask> was instrumental in promoting the inculturation of the Catholic Church in China, a movement which was only partially underway when the new Communist regime expelled all foreign missionaries after 1949. The <mask> Archives are maintained at the Faculté de théologie at the l'Université Catholique de Louvain in Louvain, Belgium. The case for <mask>'s beatification was opened in 1988 by the Little Brothers of St. John the Baptist of Taichung, Taiwan. Many schools and institutions bear his name, and he received official praise from the ROC government after his death, including a memorial tablet at the National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine in Taipei. Writings
Oeuvres de <mask>
Memoria sullo stato dell'evangelizzazione in Cina e sulla formazione del Clero indigeno, Sagra Congregazione De Propaganda Fide, Ponente, Rome 1922. Que sera la Chine demain?, 1925
En Chine, il y a du nouveau, Paris 1930
Histoires chinoises, Louvain 1937

References

Further reading
 Jacques Leclercq, Thunder in the Distance.The Life of Père <mask>, New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958, 322 p.
Huang Fadien, Le Père <mask> et les Étudiants Chinois en Europe (1920-1927). Mémoire de licence en sciences historiques présenté à l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 1972
Vincent Thoreau, Le tonnerre qui chante au loin. Vie et mort du Père Lebbe, apôtre des Chinois (1877-1940), Bruxelles, 1990

External links

 http://www.vincentlebbe.net/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOBK38saMac (in French)

Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Clergy from Ghent
1877 births
1940 deaths

masks:
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe


title: Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)

texts:
<mask> ( – June 13, 1861) was an English-American house painter who was the first known person to attempt the assassination of a sitting president of the United States. <mask> attempted to shoot President Andrew Jackson outside the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835. At trial, <mask> was found not guilty by reason of insanity and spent the remainder of his life in insane asylums. Early life
<mask> was born in England, most likely around 1800 or 1801. His family emigrated to the United States when he was 12 years old and settled in Virginia, near Washington, D.C. <mask>'s childhood and early adult years were apparently normal. At his trial, he was described by acquaintances and relatives as a "relatively fine young boy" who was "reserved in his manner; but industrious and of good moral habits." <mask> later found work as a house painter.Historians have speculated that exposure to the toxic chemicals in the paints that he used may have contributed to his mental illness, which manifested itself in his thirties, and he later became violent to his siblings. Mental illness
By November 1832, <mask>'s behavior and mental stability had inexplicably changed. He abruptly announced to his family that he was returning to England, and he left Washington shortly thereafter. He returned a month later telling his family he decided not to travel abroad as it was too cold. Shortly after returning, he again announced that he was returning to England to study landscape painting. <mask> left once again and briefly stayed in Philadelphia before returning home. He told his family that "unnamed persons" had prevented him from traveling abroad and that the U.S. government also disapproved of his plan to return to England.<mask> also claimed that while he was in Philadelphia, he read several stories about himself in the newspaper that were critical of his travel plans and his character. <mask> told his family that he had no choice but to return to Washington until he could afford to buy a ship and hire a captain who would sail the ship to England for him. Around this time, <mask> abruptly quit his house painting job. When questioned by his sister and brother-in-law with whom he was living, <mask> claimed that he did not need to work because the U.S. government owed him a large sum of money. <mask> had come to believe that he was owed money because he was <mask> of England and owned two English estates. <mask> became convinced that he was not receiving the money because of President Andrew Jackson's opposition to the Second Bank of the United States. He felt that if Jackson were no longer in office, Vice President Martin Van Buren would establish a national bank and allow Congress to pay him the money for his English estate claims.<mask>'s personality and outward appearance changed dramatically around this time. Once conservatively dressed, <mask> grew a mustache and began buying expensive and flamboyant clothing, which he would change three or four times a day. He took to standing in the doorway of his home for hours and gazing out into the street. Neighborhood children would jokingly address him as "King <mask>", which typically pleased <mask>, who failed to realize the children were teasing him. He also became paranoid and hostile towards others. On one occasion, he threatened to kill a maid who he thought was laughing at him. <mask> also began verbally and physically abusing his family, mainly his sisters, over imagined slights.In one instance, he threatened to hit his sister with a paperweight because he believed that she had been talking about him. At <mask>'s trial, witnesses described the bizarre behavior that he exhibited. Several people testified that <mask> would engage in nonsensical conversations with himself, and others stated that he would have laughing and cursing fits. Assassination attempt

In the weeks leading up to the assassination attempt, <mask> began observing Jackson's movements. Witnesses later testified that <mask> was often seen sitting in his paint shop muttering to himself about Jackson. On Friday, January 30, 1835, the day of the assassination attempt, <mask> was seen sitting in his paint shop with a book in his hand while laughing. <mask> suddenly got up, left the shop and stated, "I'll be damned if I don't do it."On January 30, Jackson was attending the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis at the U.S. Capitol. <mask> originally planned to shoot Jackson as he entered the service but was unable to get close enough to him. However, by the time Jackson left the funeral, <mask> had found a space near a pillar on the East Portico, where Jackson would pass. As Jackson walked by, <mask> stepped out and fired his first pistol at Jackson's back; it misfired. <mask> quickly made another attempt with his second pistol, but that also misfired. It was later determined that the weapons that he had chosen were noted for being vulnerable to moisture, and the weather on that date was humid and damp. <mask>'s unsuccessful attempts were noticed by Jackson, who proceeded to beat him with his cane.The crowd, which included U.S. Representative "Davy" Crockett, eventually intervened and wrestled <mask> into submission. Trial and commitment
<mask> was brought to trial on April 11, 1835, at the District of Columbia City Hall. The prosecuting attorney was Francis Scott Key. At his trial, <mask> was prone to wild rants and he refused to recognize the legitimacy of the proceedings. At one point he said to the courtroom, "It is for me, gentlemen, to pass judgment on you, and not you upon me." After only five minutes of deliberation, the jury found <mask> "not guilty by reason of insanity". In the years following his acquittal, <mask> was held by several institutions and hospitals.In 1855, he was committed to the newly-opened Government Hospital for the Insane (later renamed St. Elizabeths Hospital), in Washington, D.C., where he remained until his death on June 13, 1861. Aftermath
As with later assassinations, there was speculation that <mask> was part of a conspiracy. While nobody denied <mask>'s involvement, many people, including Jackson, believed that he might have been supported in or put up to carrying out the assassination attempt by the President's political enemies. U.S. Senator (and Jackson's former vice president) John C. Calhoun made a statement on the Senate floor that he was not connected to the attack. Nevertheless, Jackson believed that Calhoun, an old enemy, was at the bottom of the attempt. Jackson also suspected a former friend and supporter, Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi, who had used <mask> to do some house painting a few months earlier.Because Poindexter was unable to convince his supporters in Mississippi that he was not involved in a plot against Jackson, he was defeated for re-election. However, no evidence was ever discovered that connected <mask> with either Calhoun or Poindexter in a plot to kill Jackson. References

Sources

External links
This Day In History: Andrew Jackson narrowly escapes assassination at History.com

1800 births
1861 deaths
19th-century English people
Andrew Jackson
Deaths in mental institutions
English emigrants to the United States
Failed assassins of presidents of the United States
House painters
People acquitted by reason of insanity
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Richard Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Richard III
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Richard
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


title: Cameron Hepple

texts:
<mask> (born 19 May 1988) is a Bahamian footballer who plays for Lyford Cay. Early career

Youth, amateur and college
At 9 years old Hepple was selected for the first Centre of Excellence program created for the Bahamas by English coach Gary White. After impressing at the U-17 World Cup Qualifiers in Cuba, Hepple was scouted to go on trials in England with fellow Bahamian International Demont Mitchell. Hepple had trials with Southampton and Wolverhampton Wanderers in England, before going on to play domestically for Bears FC in the Bahamian New Providence Football League at 13 years of age. <mask> left the Bahamas to play college soccer in the United States in 2005, eventually settling at Bowling Green State University. During his time there he was named to the MAC 2nd team in 2007 and also in 2009. Club career
Following his graduation from Bowling Green State University, Hepple signed a two-year contract to play for the Kitsap Pumas of the Premier Development League in April 2010.Kitsap Pumas
In his first season with the Pumas Hepple was a regular in the side contributing eight goals and seven assists for the season gaining the honours of Western Conference Team for 2010. The Pumas also qualified for the US Open Cup after winning the first five matches of the season, however they lost in the second round to the Portland Timbers. The Kitsap Pumas ended the season second in the league behind the Portland Timbers U23's, and then went on to lose 2–1 in the play off finals to the Portland Timbers U23's, who continued their success to become the 2010 PDL Champions. During his second season at the Pumas Hepple was again a regular in the side playing a part in the clubs undefeated run for the 2011 season and also the US Open Cup competition. Hepple went on to score against the Real Colorado Foxes in the second round of the US Open Cup, pushing the Pumas to the third round of the competition to face the 2010 US Open Cup Champions the Seattle Sounders FC. On 29 June 2011, the Pumas faced the Seattle Sounders in the third round of the US Open Cup Competition at Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila, Washington, the Pumas lost 2–1 to the Sounders. The next day Hepple was on a flight to the Bahamas representing his country in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifications on 2 July 2011 against Turks and Caicos Islands at the TCIFA National Academy in Providenciales, Turks and Caicos.The Bahamas won the match 4–0, with <mask> tallying an assist to Nesley Jean and a goal. During the month of June the Bahamian attacker had been receiving various enquires from clubs including some from Europe where Hepple would be able to utilise his British citizenship and would not be affected by non-EU quotas and restrictions. After discussing his options with his family, he and his club ultimately decided to sign a deal with the Albanian club KF Tirana the biggest team in the Albanian Superliga. Before signing for Tirana, Hepple also trialed with Varese of Serie B but was not offered a contract. KF Tirana
On 5 July 2011, <mask> was sold by the Pumas to KF Tirana of the Albanian Superliga. He arrived in Albania just one day before KF Tirana's UEFA Europa League encounter with Slovakian side Spartak Trnava, following a 32-hour trip from Bahamas to Tirane. He arrived in Tirane in the early hours of Wednesday morning and managed to attend training the same day after just a few hours sleep, where he went on to impress the manager Julián Rubio enough to offer him a place in the starting line-up for the game the very next day.On 14 July 2011, he became the first Bahamian to play in the Europa League, when KF Tirana played Spartak Trnava in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League Second Qualifying Round, KF Tirana tied 0–0 in the first leg and lost in the second leg 3–1 in Trnava on 21 July. Hepple then played in the Albanian Supercup match on 18 August 2011 against the 2010–11 Superliga champions Skënderbeu Korçë played at Skënderbeu Stadium. The match was postponed 50 minutes due to the KF Tirana supporters being denied access to the stadium, KF Tirana refused to play until their fans were allowed into the stadium. Once the away supporters were allowed to enter the stadium the game then commenced for only 10 minutes before flares were thrown onto the pitch by the entering supporters, thus creating a riot between the fans resulting in the expulsion of the KF Tirana supporters. Riots then broke out on the pitch where fans for the home team Skënderbeu began entering the pitch and throwing rocks at the KF Tirana players forcing them to retreat to their locker room for safety. After crowd settled with police intervention, the match then restarted, KF Tirana won the match 1–0, becoming the first trophy Hepple has won since the start of his professional career. Farnborough
On 22 March 2012, Hepple signed a contract until the end of the 2012 season with Farnborough of the Conference South division in the English football league system pending international clearance.<mask> was unable to receive international clearance due to previous club KF Tirana withholding on his ITC due to a FIFA claim against the club in January. Alcobendas Sport
On 31 January 2013, <mask> signed a contract with Madrid-based side Alcobendas Sport of the Tercera Division group 7 until the end of the 2013 season. In January and March 2013, Hepple had trials with Queens Park Rangers and Watford, both of high levels in the English football league system, but was not offered a contract despite an early interest from the latter. At the end of the season, Hepple left the club and had trials with clubs from Japan's J. League Division 2. Hepple decided to wait until the January transfer window before deciding on his next club after earning interest from clubs while in Japan. Hepple also expressed interest in Major League Soccer clubs, especially Toronto FC, because he holds a Canadian passport.He had previously generated interest from clubs in Major League Soccer in 2010, at which time he trialed with Seattle Sounders and Colorado Rapids. International
<mask> is a full international for the Bahamas national football team. He played for the Bahamas U-17 and U-23 teams before making his senior debut in a World Cup qualification match against Dominica in March 2004, when just 15 years old. <mask> has since earned 13 caps, 8 of those in World Cup qualification games. He scored his first goal for Bahamas in a 4–0 rout of Turks and Caicos in a 2014 qualification game. International Goals
Scores and results list the Bahamas's goal tally first. Personal life
<mask> has a British father.He also holds a Canadian passport. After returning to the Bahamas, he started his own travel company and now works as a sales agent for a real estate company where former Bahamian international Gavin Christie is managing partner. He also coaches at Lyford Cay. References

External links
 BGSU Falcons Bio

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nassau, Bahamas
Association football midfielders
Association football forwards
Bahamian footballers
Bahamas international footballers
Bowling Green Falcons men's soccer players
IMG Academy Bradenton players
Kitsap Pumas players
KF Tirana players
CD Paracuellos Antamira players
USL League Two players
BFA Senior League players
Bahamian expatriate footballers
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Albania
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Bahamas under-20 international footballers
Bahamas youth international footballers

masks:
Cameron Robert Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple
Hepple


title: Alan Cobham

texts:
<mask>, KBE, AFC (6 May 1894 – 21 October 1973) was an English aviation pioneer. Early life and family
As a child he attended Wilson's School, then in Camberwell, London. The school relocated to the former site of Croydon Airport in 1975. In the summer of 1922 he married Gladys Lloyd, and subsequently they had two sons, Geoffrey (b.1925) and Michael (b.1927). After National Service and a short career at the Bar, <mask> followed him into the Flight Refuelling business, and for many years was in charge of it. Lady Cobham died in 1961 aged 63. Career
<mask> began work as a teenage commercial apprentice in the City of London.He enjoyed the outdoors, and after completing his apprenticeship spent a year working on his uncle's farm, hoping to make a career in estate management. After a brief return to London commercial work, in August 1914 he joined the British Army, being directed to the Royal Army Veterinary Corps due to his farming experience. He served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1917, attaining the rank of Staff Veterinary Sergeant mainly dealing with injured horses. After transfer to the Royal Flying Corps then Royal Air Force, he became a Pilot Officer flying instructor. After the war Cobham became a test pilot for the de Havilland aircraft company, and was the first pilot for the newly formed de Havilland Aeroplane Hire Service. In 1921 he made a 5,000-mile air tour of Europe, visiting 17 cities in three weeks. Between 16 November 1925 and 13 March 1926, he made a trip from London to Cape Town and return in his de Havilland DH.50, in which he had replaced the original Siddeley Puma engine with a more powerful, air-cooled Jaguar.On 30 June 1926, he set off on a flight from Britain (from the River Medway) to Australia, where 60,000 people swarmed across the grassy fields of Essendon Airport, Melbourne, when he landed his de Havilland DH.50 floatplane (it had been converted to a wheeled undercarriage earlier, at Darwin). During the flight to Australia, Cobham's engineer of the D.H.50 aircraft, Arthur B. Elliot, was shot and killed after they left Baghdad on 5 July 1926. The return flight was undertaken over the same route. Cobham was knighted the same year. On 25 November 1926, Cobham attempted but failed to be the first person to deliver mail to New York City by air from the east, planning to fly mail from the White Star ocean liner RMS Homeric in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth floatplane when the ship was about 12 hours from New York harbour on a westbound crossing from Southampton. After the Moth was lowered from the ship, however, Cobham was unable to take off owing to rough water and had to be towed into port by the ship. The same year Cobham was awarded the gold medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.Cobham starred as himself in the 1927 British war film The Flight Commander directed by Maurice Elvey. In 1927–28 he flew a Short Singapore flying boat around the continent of Africa landing only in British territory. Cobham wrote his own contemporary accounts of his flights, and recalls them in his biography. The films With Cobham to the Cape (1926), Round Africa with Cobham (1928) and With Cobham to Kivu (1932) contain valuable footage of the flights. Recent commentaries contextualize his flights across the British Empire in the wider events and culture of the time. In 1929 Cobham mounted his first tour of Britain, called the Municipal Aerodrome Campaign. This was an ambitious plan to encourage town councils to build local airports in the hope of drumming up business for his activities as an aviation consultant.Each event would start with free flights to local dignitaries followed by free flights for local schoolchildren, the latter funded by Sir Charles Wakefield, the founder of Castrol, who paid the fares for ten thousand such flights. The day would finish with as many paid-for pleasure flights as could be managed for the public, the income from which would pay his expenses and make him a profit. The tour visited 110 venues between May and October 1929 using a ten-passenger de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth G-AAEV named Youth of Britain. Cobham declared the tour to have been a great success.<ref name=

In 1932 he started the National Aviation Day displays – a combination of barnstorming and joyriding. This consisted of a team of up to fourteen aircraft, ranging from single-seaters to modern airliners, and many skilled pilots. It toured the country, calling at hundreds of sites, some of them regular airfields and some just fields cleared for the occasion. Generally known as "Cobham's Flying Circus", it was hugely popular, giving thousands of people their first experience of flying, and bringing "air-mindedness" to the population.In 1933 there were two simultaneous tours throughout the season, named Number 1 and Number 2. In 1935 there again were two, but only from 1 July, named Astra and Ferry. These continued until the end of the 1935 season. In the British winter of 1932–33, Cobham took his aerial circus to South Africa (with the mistaken view that it would be the first of its kind there). Cobham was also one of the founding directors of Airspeed Limited, the aircraft manufacturing company started by Nevil Shute Norway (perhaps better known as the famous novelist, Nevil Shute), together with the designer Hessell Tiltman; who, having been discharged by the Airship Guarantee Company (a subsidiary of Vickers) after the R101 disaster also caused the grounding of the more successful R100, decided to found their own small aircraft business. Cobham was an early and enthusiastic recruit: indeed, it was thanks to Sir <mask> who placed early orders for two "Off Plan" aircraft (the three-engined ten-seater Airspeed Ferry) for his National Aviation Day Limited company – that Airspeed managed to commence manufacturing at all. Cobham's early experiments with in-flight refuelling were based on a specially adapted Airspeed Courier.This craft was eventually modified by Airspeed to Cobham's specification, for a non-stop flight from London to India, using in-flight refuelling to extend the aeroplane's flight duration. In 1935 he founded a small airline, Cobham Air Routes Ltd, that flew from London Croydon Airport to the Channel Islands. Months later, after a crash that killed one of his pilots, he sold it to Olley Air Service Ltd and turned to the development of inflight refueling. Trials stopped at the outbreak of World War II until interest was successfully revived by the RAF and United States Army Air Forces in the last year of the war. He once remarked: "It's a full time job being <mask>m!" He retired to the British Virgin Islands, but returned to England, where he died in 1973. In 1997, Cobham was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.The company he formed is still active in the aviation industry as Cobham plc. In 2015 the Royal Air Force Museum in London staged an exhibition about Cobham. In 2016 the RAF exhibited his Flying Circus. In 2016 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Hall of Fame. See also
 Aerofilms, the UK's first commercial aerial photography company. Richard Haine alumnus of the Flying Circus
 Round the Bend, the novel by Nevil Shute, features Cobham's National Aviation Day flying circus as an integral part of the plot. The principal character Tom Cutter is said to have been modelled upon one of Cobham's pilots, Martin Hearn, who was a pioneer of wing walking stunts and who later ran his own aircraft assembly plant at Hooton Park in Cheshire.Philip Stenning, hero of Shute's Marazan, is a character modelled upon Cobham and others. References

External links
 .
 . Biography at Cobham Plc

1894 births
People educated at Wilson's School, Wallington
Royal Flying Corps officers
1973 deaths
English aviators
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
English test pilots
Britannia Trophy winners
British Army personnel of World War I
Croydon Airport

masks:
Sir Alan John Cobham
Michael Cobham
Alan Cobham
Alan –
Alan Cobha