title: Hermon F. Titus

texts:
<mask> (1852–1931) was an American socialist activist and newspaper publisher. Originally a Baptist minister before becoming a medical doctor, <mask> is best remembered as a factional leader of the Washington state affiliate of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) during the first decade of the 20th century and as editor of The Socialist, one of the most-widely circulated radical newspapers of that period. <mask> led a party split from the Socialist Party of Washington in 1909 and helped found a short-lived organization called the Wage Workers Party. His paper failed with that organization and he died in self-chosen obscurity in New York City, a medical doctor working in a low paying service job. Biography

Early years

<mask><mask> was born in January 1852 in Pepperell, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> and <mask>. As a boy Hermon worked on a farm, in a butcher shop, and in a paper mill, all the while attending school. In 1864, in the midst of the American Civil War, the 12-year-old Hermon attempted to run away and enlist, but his father successfully tracked him down and returned him home.<mask> studied at Eastman's Business College in 1867, thereafter taking a job as a bookkeeper and clerk in a dry goods store in New York City, studying at night so that he could attend college. <mask> was an 1873 graduate of Madison University and of its theological seminary in 1876. After graduating the seminary, <mask> had spent over a decade as a Baptist preacher in Ithaca, New York and Newton, Massachusetts before leaving the church owing to feelings that it did not adequately represent the teachings of Jesus. Thereafter, <mask> decided to become a medical doctor, enrolling in Harvard Medical School, from which he graduated in 1890. Upon graduation, <mask> practiced medicine for two years in Newton  before taking a job as a company doctor for the Great Northern Railway which brought him to Seattle in 1893, where he continued to work as a medical practitioner for the rest of the decade. <mask> was married and his wife, Hattie, worked as the manager of a small Seattle hotel that was widely used by radical speakers during their stops while making speaking tours of the Pacific Northwest. The pair would eventually separate with "Mother" <mask> remaining in town after her former husband's departure as a venerated member of Seattle's radical community.Political career

Toward the end of the 1890s, <mask> was exposed to the ideas of Laurence Gronlund through the Fabian Society of Seattle and began to take an active interest in the ideas of municipal reform. <mask> helped to draft a new city charter for Seattle and formed a Citizens' Non-Partisan League in 1900 to attempt to end the monopoly power wielded by the Seattle Electric Company. It was around this time that <mask> was exposed to Marxist ideas for the first time. He became involved in a strike of Seattle telephone operators, attempting to win support for a proposed general strike from the Western Central Labor Union, but without success. The candidacy of radical trade union organizer Eugene V. Debs for President of the United States in 1900 on the ticket of the Social Democratic Party of America inspired <mask> and brought him to the next chapter of his diverse life story. After becoming the State Organizer of the Social Democratic Party of Washington in the summer of 1900, <mask> launched Seattle's first explicitly socialist weekly newspaper on August 12 under the simple and direct title The Socialist. A total of 500 tabloid-sized copies were printed at a cost of $13.The first editorial office of the publication was the basement of Social Democratic Party headquarters, located at 220 Union Street in Seattle. <mask> also stood for office himself in the fall of 1900, running on the Social Democratic Party's ticket for U.S. Congressman. Although initially conceived as a temporary publication associated with the needs of  the Debs campaign, <mask> soon came to see his new newspaper as a more permanent vehicle. <mask> emerged as an aggressive opponent of the neo-Populist agrarian-oriented socialism touted by J.A. Wayland and his newspaper, The Appeal to Reason and thereby emerged as a leading national voice for a more assertive "proletarian" orientation. Young enthusiasts gathered around <mask> and his newspaper, with <mask> continuing to play the role of leader of the SPW's "Red faction" until about 1909.<mask> <mask>'s second plunge into electoral politics came in the fall of 1901, when he and his party comrade John T. Oldman, ran for three year terms as directors on the King County Board of Education in Seattle. Together the pair received about 25 percent of the vote in a losing effort. <mask> ran in the December 1901 party election to be the SPW's National Committeeman, delegate to an annual governing convention. He was defeated in a seven-person race by just 3 votes by George Boomer — with an additional 8 votes for <mask> from Local Tacoma arriving in the mail just after the deadline for counting. In the fall election of 1902, <mask> stood as the Socialist Party's candidate for Washington State Senate in the state's 36th Electoral District. As a leader in the Socialist Party of Washington, <mask> was regarded by some as a "dogmatic, dictatorial" personality, albeit with considerable intelligence and speaking skill. <mask> regularly attacked those whom he deemed insufficiently stalwart in their commitment to revolutionary socialism, running on his front page the fire-breathing 1903 platform of Local Seattle next to the civic reform-oriented platform of Local Spokane under the headings "As Much Socialism as Possible" and "As Little Socialism as Possible," respectively and leading the charge to suspend and reorganize the local.Public ridicule of this sort at the expense of erstwhile comrades did little to advance the goal of a united Socialist Party of Washington. To his supporters, on the other hand, <mask>'s unflinching salvos at the temporizing half-measures of others were red meat for the faithful. Local Seattle was deeply divided between radical and moderate faction, with some branches, such as Titus's Pike Street Branch, dominated by the left wing, while others, such as the Finnish branch and (after 1903) Central Branch, were firmly on the side of the centrist forces which had steadily come to dominate the national Socialist Party. Pike Street Branch included radical true-believers such as Alfred Wagenknecht (future head of the Communist Labor Party), Elmer Allison (future editor of the Communist Party weekly, The Toiler), and Emil Herman (a political prisoner during World War I and Socialist Party organizer after his release). The Branch dedicated itself to attempts at winning over the working class to the socialist cause through soapbox speaking and public meetings — activities which frequently brought it into conflict with civic authorities. The moderate wing of the party, on the other hand, sought to build an electoral organization of broad popular appeal, in the hopes of winning political power through the ballot box and initiating a series of fundamental political reforms. These differing orientations, combined with <mask>'s pugnacious use of his newspaper as a tool for factional warfare, kept the Washington Socialist Party in a state of nearly perpetual internecine warfare.Despite a healthy national circulation of about 7,000, The Socialist consistently ran at a deficit — money made good by <mask> and a handful of his closest supporters. Effective with its June 26, 1904 issue, The Socialist abruptly shifted from a heavily illustrated 4-page formate to a sparse 2-page sheet, running a headline on the front entitled "Shall The Socialist Live or Die?" This article noted that while the publication had been basically covering its expenses over a period of several months, for the past two months the publication had suddenly begun running at a deficit of $100 per month, an amount deemed unsustainable by the 35 members of the "Socialist Educational Union" headed by <mask> <mask> back of the publication. After a year of financial struggle, marked by an experimental change of the publication's name to Next and an attempt at making it a newspaper targeted to the broad public rather than limited to active Socialist Party members, the decision was made to revive the old name and to move The Socialist to Toledo, Ohio, effective in September 1904. This more central geographic location would give the newspaper a better chance for a wide national readership, it was hoped. <mask> further expanded the paper's cachet by adding former National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party William Mailly to the editorial staff. The paper continued to cover the activities of the Socialist Party of Washington in its pages each week, coverage written by correspondents.In 1905 the moderate faction which dominated Central Branch of Local Seattle launched a referendum vote on new bylaws for the city which would have the effect of eliminating the existing branches in favor of a single organization broken down by electoral districts, with Local Seattle immediately taking possession of all assets belonging to its various branches. This proposal was regarded as a direct assault on the left-wing Pike Street Branch and was bitterly fought by <mask> and his associates, which actively campaigned for defeat of the proposal. Part of this effort by <mask> included an attempt to get members who had already hastily voted in favor of the measure to retract their votes. When the Seattle City Central Committee refused to provide adequate ballots for this purpose to the Pike Street Branch, <mask> had small forms printed declaring the intention of the signatory to vote against the proposal. This provoked <mask>'s enemies in Central Branch of Local Seattle to prefer charges against <mask> and the Pike Street Branch for election fraud for this and other smaller technical matters. When <mask> was cleared of these charges at a meeting of the full Seattle City Central Committee, a heated gathering which lasted 7 hours, Central Branch launched a statewide referendum vote against <mask>. This vote closed on June 1, 1905, and exonerated <mask> by a vote of 4-to-1.Of the 41 votes cast against <mask> in the state, fully 35 came from Seattle Central Branch. A further move of the paper brought it to Caldwell, Idaho, before finally returning to Seattle later in the decade. Later years

In July 1909, outmaneuvered and outnumbered at the State Convention of the Socialist Party of Washington, <mask> led the left-wing delegates out of the meeting hall to hold their own parallel convention and to elect their own officers, with a view to holding a referendum of Washington Socialists as to which of the dual State Committees was legitimate. The National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America intervened however, declaring the actions of the dissident radicals unconstitutional and recognizing the moderate-dominated regular convention. Locked out of the Socialist Party, the left-wing dissidents decided against joining the existing Socialist Labor Party of America, instead seeking to build a new political organization from the ground up — a group called the Wage Workers Party (WWP). Future Communist Party leader William Z<mask> played a leading role in this organization and later recalled it in his memoirs.In connection with this change of status, <mask> renamed his weekly The Workingman's Paper. The new organization was virtually stillborn, however, dissipating and dead by 1910. <mask>'s newspaper died with the new group, many of whom went on to join the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). <mask> was broken as an effective leader of Washington state's radicals by the loss of his paper. Death and legacy

In his later years the former Baptist preacher and medical doctor moved to New York City, where he worked in the wintertime as the uniformed doorman of a posh hotel. During the summer <mask> returned to his roots as a physician, practicing medicine in upstate New York. <mask> produced one more political work before his death, a small and poorly circulated political pamphlet which came off the press in 1922 calling for unity between communists, socialists, and revolutionary industrial unionists.Only a single copy of this document seems to have survived. Neither <mask> nor Hattie <mask> are found in the census of 1930. <mask> <mask> died in obscurity in New York City in 1931. See also

 Socialist Party of Washington

Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets
 Poison Ivy and Poison Sumac. Newton, MA: Newton Journal Press, 1882. The ABC of Socialism. Toledo, OH: The Socialist, n.d. [c. 1906].The Old Ethics and the New: Two Editorials Reprinted from The Workingman's Paper of Seattle. Seattle: Trustee Publishing Co., n.d. [1910]. Insurgency; or, the Economic Power of the Middle Class. With William Z<mask>. Seattle: Trustee Publishing Co., 1910. —Reprinted from The Workingman's Paper, issue of September 10, 1910.The Revolution in America: An Appeal to Socialists, Communists, Industrial Unionists, and All Radical Proletarians, to Adopt a Common Program of Action. New York: <mask> C. <mask>, 1922.

Notable articles
 "The ABC of Socialism," The Socialist, whole no. 178 (Jan. 3, 1904), pg. 5. "An Object Lesson in Referendums," The Socialist, whole no. o. 241 (May 6, 1905), pg.3. External links
 The Labor Press Project: Labor and Radical Newspapers in the Pacific Northwest. Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies, University of Washington. Retrieved March 24, 2010. Further reading

 Paul B. Bushue, Dr. <mask> F. <mask> and Socialism in Washington State, 1900-1909. M.A. Thesis.Seattle: University of Washington, 1967. Terry R. Willis, Unemployed Citizens of Seattle: Hulet Wells, Seattle Labor, and the Struggle for Economic Security. PhD dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington, 1997. 1852 births
1931 deaths
Businesspeople from Seattle
Businesspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Businesspeople from New York City
American newspaper editors
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America politicians from Washington (state)
American Marxists
American socialists
Washington (state) socialists
Social Democratic Party of America politicians
Harvard Medical School alumni
People from Pepperell, Massachusetts

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title: Charles Grafly

type: original

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<mask>, Jr. (December 3, 1862May 5, 1929) was an American sculptor, and teacher. Instructor of Sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for 37 years, his students included Paul Manship, Albin Polasek, and Walker Hancock. He created heroic sculpture for international expositions and war memorials, but also was noted for his small bronzes and portrait busts. His work is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the National Academy of Design, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and other museums. <mask> was born in the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of the 8 children of <mask> and Elizabeth (Simmons<mask>. His family were Quaker farmers, and of German and Dutch heritage. He attended Philadelphia public schools, and developed an interest in art at an early age.At 17 he apprenticed himself to John Struthers & Sons Marble Works, at that time one of the largest stone carving ventures in the country. He spent four years carving ornament and figures for Philadelphia City Hall, under the direction of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder. To improve his understanding of anatomy and his skill at carving figures, he began attending night classes at the Spring Garden Institute. He studied under Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1884, and followed Eakins to the Art Students' League of Philadelphia in 1886. He returned to PAFA the following year, and studied under Thomas Anshutz. Grafly moved to Paris in 1888, where he studied for a year at the Académie Julian—drawing under Tony Robert-Fleury, painting under William-Adolphe Bouguereau, and sculpture under Henri Chapu. He shared a flat with fellow American art students Robert Henri, Harry Finney, William Hoefeker, and James Randolph Fisher.In 1889 he gained admittance to the École des Beaux Arts, but only stayed one year. He exhibited two ideal busts, Saint John and Daedalus at the Paris Salon of 1890. He exhibited his first major work, a life-size female nude, Mauvais Presage, at the Salon of 1891, which received an Honorable Mention. It is now at the Detroit Institute of Arts. Career

The death of his father brought <mask> back to Philadelphia in early 1892, and he began teaching at the Drexel Institute and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. PAFA created the position of "Instructor of Sculpture" for <mask>, and under him the sculpture department was put "on an equal footing with painting for the first time". He took a one-year sabbatical in 1895, to get married and create what he hoped would be his masterpiece.In Paris, he began work on The Vulture of War, a nightmarish sculpture group depicting carnage and death. It quickly evolved from a two-figure work to a three-figure work, and ultimately a four-figure work. These consisted of the colossal figure of War; who wields the uncomprehending Man as a weapon (swings him like a scythe); a lifeless woman (Death and Destruction); and the sinister figure of Plunder, who holds the globe under his foot. Sculptor Jean Dampt provided Grafly with weekly critiques as the work progressed. Of the four figures, only the plunderer was completed by the end of his sabbatical. Grafly returned to teaching at PAFA in Fall 1896, but continued to work on the sculpture group. A heroic-sized plaster of the plunderer was exhibited at PAFA's 1898 annual exhibition, and was part of Grafly's gold medal-winning exhibit at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris.The plaster was also part of <mask>'s exhibit at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, but he abandoned it there rather than paying the freight fees to ship it back to Philadelphia. <mask> was commissioned in 1898 to create two colossal busts for the Smith Memorial Arch, a Civil War monument in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Following sculptor William Ordway Partridge's withdrawal, <mask> also created the memorial's 15-foot (4.6 m) statue of General John F. Reynolds. Expositions

Fountain of Man
<mask> and architect <mask> Arnold were commissioned to create a fountain for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, in Buffalo, New York. The Fountain of Man was crowned by an eerie half-hooded central figure, Man, the Mysterious, with faces on the front and back of his head representing the two natures of Man. Supporting the fountain's upper basin were nude figures representing the 5 senses, and supporting the lower basin were four pairs of crouching male and female atlantes, each couple representing contrasting emotions— love and hate, ambition and despair, etc. Sculptor Lorado Taft wrote: When opportunity comes, and with it demand for a man's highest abilities, he who has always done his best has himself well in hand.Such an opportunity came to Mr. Grafly at the Pan-American Exposition. While the sculptural decorations of that most charming of fairs were as a rule well suited to their purpose, and contributed much to its beauty, there were few features of striking originality. The one which stands out in memory as of permanent value, as a lasting contribution to the art of this country, is Mr. Grafly's "Fountain of Man". Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, and designed the medal that was awarded to winning artists. Following sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward's withdrawal, Grafly created a heroic-size seated figure of Thomas Jefferson for the Cascade Garden. His Vérité (Truth) was carved in marble, and installed in a niche flanking the main entrance to the Palace of Fine Arts (now the Saint Louis Art Museum). His sculpture group, Electricity, was installed over an entrance to the Palace of Electricity.Pioneer Mother Monument

<mask>'s best known sculpture is probably the Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), in San Francisco, California. John E. D. Trask, a museum administrator and former managing director of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, headed the Fine Arts Department for the planned 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Pioneer Mother Monument Association raised $22,500 for the project, and Trask commissioned Grafly to create the sculpture in 1913. <mask>'s plaster sketches are preserved at Wichita State University's Ulrich Museum of Art, and an early iteration of the work bordered on comical—a stalwart mother balancing screaming twin infants, one on each arm. <mask>'s final model went in another direction, granting the woman and her two naked toddlers a simple dignity. The casting took longer than expected, and the sculpture was not in place for the exhibition's March 2, 1915 opening. Set atop a 26-foot (7.9 m) stepped concrete base, the monument was dedicated on June 30, 1915.The Pioneer Mother monument, by <mask>, is a permanent bronze, a tribute by the people of the West to the women who laid the foundation of their welfare. It is to stand in the San Francisco Civic Center, where its masterful simplicity will be more impressive than in this colorful colonnade. It is a true addition to noteworthy American works of art and fully expresses the spirit of this courageous motherhood, tender but strong, adventurous but womanly, enduring but not humble. It has escaped every pitfall of mawkishness, stubbornly refused to descend to mere prettiness, and lived up to the noblest possibilities of its theme. The strong hands, the firmly set feet, the clear, broad brow of the Mother and the uncompromisingly simple, sculpturally pure lines of figure and garments are honest and commanding in beauty. The children, too, are modeled with affectionate sincerity and are a realistic interpretation of childish charm. Oxen skulls, pine cones, leaves and cacti decorate the base; the panels show the old sailing vessel, the Golden Gate, and the transcontinental trails.Relocation of the monument to San Francisco's Civic Center never happened, and the sculpture was rediscovered during the Great Depression, weather-beaten and vandalized, amidst the ruins of the 1915 world's fair. Civic and historical groups, notably the Native Daughters of the Golden West, raised money to restore the sculpture for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. After the exposition, it was installed in Golden Gate Park and rededicated on December 8, 1940. Works exhibited
1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois – portrait bust of Daedalus (bronze), A Bad Omen (plaster). The group was awarded a medal "for excellence". 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, Portrait of My Mother. The bust was awarded a silver medal.1900 Exposition Universelle, Paris, France – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1901 Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife, an architectural medal for Cornell University. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1902 South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, Charleston, South Carolina – The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, In Much Wisdom; portrait busts of his wife, Dr. Louis Starr, artist Joseph R. DeCamp, and politician James McManes.Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards. 1910 Exposition Internacional de Arte del Centenario, Buenos Aires, In Much Wisdom. It was awarded the Grand Prize in Sculpture. 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, California – Marble Head [Ideal Head of a Woman? ], The Oarsman, Maidenhood; portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, George Harding, Dr. Joseph Price, Edward W. Redfield, Joseph R. DeCamp, Edwin Swift Clymer, Henry L. Viereck, William M. Paxton and Thomas P. Anshutz. Grafly served as an advisor to the exposition.His works were not in competition for awards. 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Aeneas and Anchises, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, Head of War (Meade Memorial); portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, Thomas P. Anshutz, and The Evangelist Felix. Grafly served as director of its Department of Fine Arts and head of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards. Other works

Portrait busts

Grafly modeled dozens of portrait heads and busts; many as commissions, but also of friends and family members. In 1898, he modeled a bust of Hugh H. Breckenridge, the first in what became a three-decade series of busts of fellow artists. The sitter sometimes painted a portrait of Grafly in exchange.Lorado Taft claimed "there is no sculptor in this country who can make a finer bust". Critic Helen W. Henderson wrote:
The bust of Henry Lorenz Viereck, entomologist, is the unique work of <mask> in Washington. [D.C.] It is owned by the sitter. This bust, made about 1908, is one of the most successful of that series of portrait busts commenced by the sculptor a few years ago, and including at the present time, many distinguished artists, doctors, and specialists in other fields. In the department of portrait busts Grafly stands unrivalled in his generation. The head of Viereck is extremely typical of the quality and character of the sculptor's achievement. In the 1920s, Grafly created four busts of historical figures for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in Bronx, New York City.New York Custom House
<mask> modeled two of the colossal figures for the façade of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Manhattan, New York City. His allegorical figure of England (1903–07) depicts a young Queen Victoria dressed in armor, holding the wand of Hermes and accompanied by the shield of St. George and a ship's wheel. His allegorical figure of France (1904–07) depicts a goddess crowned with a laurel wreath, holding a sceptre, a sheaf of wheat and a bronze statuette representing the Fine Arts, and accompanied by a Gallic rooster and a herm of the ancient god Dusios. Both figures were carved in limestone by the Piccirilli Brothers. Meade Memorial

The most prestigious commission of Grafly's career was the Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1915–27), a monument for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. General Meade (1815–1872) had been commander of the decisive Union victory at Gettysburg, and the memorial was the gift of Pennsylvania to the

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title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 nation. It was originally installed south of Pennsylvania Avenue, between 2nd and 3rd Streets NW—a site now mostly covered by the Capitol Reflecting Pool.This was opposite and slightly north of the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. On January 21, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution of Congress creating the federal commission for the Meade Memorial. On November 23, 1915, the commission chose <mask> as sculptor and Simon & Bassett (later Simon & Simon) as architects for the project. <mask>'s sculpture program went through several iterations before it was granted preliminary approval by the D.C. Commission of Fine Arts, three years later. His design mixed the literal, the allegorical and the fantastical, and was granted final approval in January 1922. The memorial features eight figures grouped in a circle. The primary figure of General Meade, dressed in his Civil War uniform, faces south.He is flanked by six nude allegorical figures – Loyalty, Fame and Energy on the west side; Chivalry, Progress and Military Courage on the east side – representing qualities that Grafly "believed were necessary for the character of a great general". Facing north is the dark angel of War, "unchanged since war first ravaged the world", who wears a helmet, breastplate and cape, and before whom stands a knightly sword, ready to be taken up when necessary. "War... holds in his grim clutch two memorial tablets [on which are listed Meade's military battles]. His wings, in long sweeping curves, stretch toward the standard held by Loyalty... The side groups are thus outlined against the ominous shadow of the wings of War." Loyalty and Chivalry remove General Meade's "cloak of battle". "Loyalty also raises aloft over Meade's head a standard [ Legion eagle ] of wreaths and garlands, in commemoration of great achievement."The Piccirilli Brothers carved the figures from white Tennessee marble. The cylindrical base is gray granite, and its stepped circular platform is Milford pink granite. The memorial was dedicated on October 19, 1927. The Meade Memorial was dismantled in 1969, to make way for excavation of the 3rd Street Tunnel under the National Mall and construction of the Capitol Reflecting Pool. Following fourteen years in storage, the memorial underwent restoration, and was installed on the entrance plaza of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in 1983, one block northwest of its original site. Pennypacker Memorial

Grafly was commissioned to create a memorial to Major General Galusha Pennypacker for Logan Square, Philadelphia. A valorous Civil War officer, Pennypacker had been promoted to general at age 22.<mask>'s concept was to depict him in the prime of his manhood—as a burly, bare-chested Roman general, flanked by tigers and straddling a chariot-like cannon. Grafly invited his former student Albert Laessle to model the tigers, and worked on the project, 1921–26, before setting it aside to complete the Meade Memorial. In 1934, five years after <mask>'s death, Laessle completed the Pennypacker Memorial based on his teacher's designs. Other honors
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts awarded <mask> its 1899 Converse Gold Medal of Honor "for distinguished services to art and to the Academy". The National Sculpture Society awarded him its 1905 J. Q. A. Ward Prize.At its 1913 annual exhibition, PAFA awarded him the first Widener Gold Medal for Sculpture for his portrait bust of Thomas Anshutz. The Philadelphia Water Color Club awarded him its 1916 Lea First Prize (for drawing). The National Academy of Design awarded him its 1919 Watrous Gold Medal, for his portrait bust of Childe Hassam. The Chicago Art Institute awarded him its 1921 Potter Palmer Gold Medal for his portrait bust of Frank Duveneck, and the Concord Art Association awarded him its 1922 Medal of Honor for the same work. <mask> was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society (1893), served on its council, and was later elected a Fellow. He was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1902, and an Academician in 1905. (Robert Henri painted Grafly's NAD diploma portrait.)He was a member of the Philadelphia Art Club, the Architectural League of New York, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and other arts organizations. Personal
Grafly married Frances Sekeles of Corinth, Mississippi, on June 7, 1895. They had one daughter, Dorothy (1896–1980), born in Paris during his sabbatical from PAFA. The <mask>s lived at 2140 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, and he had a studio at 2200 Arch Street. In 1905, Grafly bought property in Lanesville, Gloucester, Massachusetts, and built a house and studio that he named "Fool's Paradise". Favored PAFA students were invited to visit and use his studio. Following the 1917 death of sculptor Bela Pratt, Grafly taught (additionally) at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.He made "Fool's Paradise" his residence year-round, and commuted to Philadelphia or Boston by train. <mask>'s protégé, Walker Hancock, considered him "the pre-eminent instructor of sculpture in this country", and came to PAFA in 1920 specifically to study under him. Hancock won awards for his work as a student, two traveling scholarships and, after graduation, the 1925 Prix de Rome in sculpture. In April 1929, on the day Hancock returned to Philadelphia from the American Academy in Rome, he heard the news—<mask> had been struck by a hit-and-run driver the night before. During the ensuing days, even though he was gradually failing, we had the opportunity to talk about things that concerned him. Two things were very much on his mind. He asked me to make sure that the wreath behind the head of General Meade in the Meade Memorial in Washington would be freshly gilded.His other worry was that the landscaping around his statue of James Buchanan in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, had not been carried out. He wanted me to see that this was done. In the period of his hospitalization and suffering, Grafly told Mr. [John Andrew] Myers [Director of PAFA] that he wanted me to take his place as instructor of sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy. He lived only two weeks after the accident. Hancock was among those who eulogized Grafly at his memorial service. The pall bearers at his funeral included former students Albert Laessle and Albin Polasek; and artists Hugh Breckenridge, Edward Redfield, Robert Henri and Albert Rosenthal. Legacy
Except for his sabbatical in 1895–96, <mask> taught at PAFA from 1892 to his death in 1929.Among his students were sculptors Eugene Castello, Nancy Coonsman, George Demetrios, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Walker Hancock, <mask>, Albert Laessle, Paul Manship, Eleanor Mary Mellon, Louis Milione, Albin Polasek, Dudley Pratt, Lawrence Tenney Stevens, and Katherine Lane Weems. The collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts includes about twenty Grafly bronzes. The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University possesses more than two hundred of his works, mostly plaster casts, a bequest of <mask> Drummond (the artist's daughter). <mask> became an art critic and author. Her 1929 biography of her father, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), was reissued by Wichita State University in 1996. Selected works
Aeneas and Anchises (1893), Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, Delaware. The sculpture depicts Aeneas carrying his aged father, Anchises, out of the burning city of Troy.The Vulture of War (1895–99), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Symbol of Life (1897), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The young man leans on a scythe; the young woman holds an orb from which grows a stalk of wheat. From Generation to Generation (1897–98), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A youth and an old man walking side by side past a winged zodiac clock. Smith Memorial Arch, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bust of Admiral David Dixon Porter (1898–1901)
Bust of John B. Gest (1901)
General John F. Reynolds (1901–02)
Fountain of Man (1901), Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York.In Much Wisdom (1902), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. A nude, helmeted goddess stands with a snake draped over her shoulders, looking into a hand mirror. Vérité (Truth) (1904), Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri. Mother and Child (1905, cast in bronze 1989), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Maidenhood (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. An anatomical study, it was part of <mask>'s exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. U.S.Custom House, Manhattan, New York City, Cass Gilbert, architect. Allegorical figure of England (1903–07)
Allegorical figure of France (1904–07)
Ideal Head of a Woman (1908), Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University. The Oarsman (1910), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Modeled at Grafly's Lanesville studio, probably as an anatomical study, it was part of his exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. James Buchanan (1924–28), Buchanan Park, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1927), E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, Washington, D.C.
Head of War (1921), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City.Another cast is at the Art Institute of Chicago. Head of Chivalry (1927), Smithsonian American Art Museum. Major General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial (1921–34), Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Albert Laessle completed the monument from Grafly's designs. Portrait busts

Daedalus (1890), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Exhibited at PAFA in 1891, and purchased by the Temple Fund.My Mother – Bust of <mask> (1892, cast in bronze 1990), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Icarus (1894, cast in bronze 1973), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Henry O. Tanner (1896), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hugh H. Breckenridge (1898), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Joseph R. DeCamp (1902), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Edward Hornor Coates (1903), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. W. Elmer Schofield (1905), National Academy of Design, New York City.The Surgeon—Portrait of Joseph Price (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Emily Clayton Bishop (1907), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Edward W. Redfield (1909), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
William M. Paxton (1909), Museum of Fine Arts Boston. The Entomologist—Portrait of Henry L. Viereck (1909), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. <mask> Lea (1910), Library Company of Philadelphia. Thomas P. Anshutz (1912), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Awarded PAFA's first Widener Gold Medal, in 1913.Frank Duveneck (1915), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Paul Wayland Bartlett (1916), National Academy of Design, New York City. Childe Hassam (1918), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Morris Gray (1923), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City
 James Buchanan Eads (1924)
 Jonathan Edwards (1926)
 David Glasgow Farragut (1927)
 John Paul Jones (1928)

Notes

Further reading
Drummond, <mask>, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), Edwin A Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas (1929, reprinted 1996). Moissaye Marans, "<mask>ly as Teacher", National Sculpture Review, vol. 21 (Fall 1972). Pamela H. Simpson, The Sculpture of <mask>, PhD.dissertation, (University of Delaware, 1974). Anne d'Harnoncourt, "<mask> (1862–1929)", Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), pp. 439–40. Susan James-Gadzinski and Mary Mullen Cunningham, "<mask>, 1862-1929", American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA, 1997), pp. 118–41. External links

1862 births
1929 deaths
American architectural sculptors
Sculptors from Pennsylvania
Drexel University faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts faculty
Students of Thomas Eakins
Alumni of the Académie Julian
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
National Sculpture Society members
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Artists from Philadelphia
American people of German descent
American people of Dutch descent
19th-century male

masks:
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Charles Harley
Dorothy Grafly
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly
Grafly
Elizabeth Grafly
Henry Charles
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Graf
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly


title: William Keogh

texts:
<mask> PC (1817– 30 September 1878) was an unpopular and controversial Irish politician and judge, whose name became a byword in Ireland  for betraying one's political principles. Background
He was born in Galway, son of <mask>, clerk of the Crown for Kilkenny,  and his wife Mary ffrench,  daughter of  Austin ffrench of Rahoon, near Galway. He went to Dr Huddard's school in Dublin, and graduated from the University of Dublin: he  was called to the Bar in 1840, and became Queen's Counsel  in 1849. No-one has ever questioned his intellectual abilities. He was a superb speaker both in public and private and he founded a well-known debating society, the Tail-end Club. He published several books on law, politics and literature, including a book on the prose writings of John Milton. Despite his later reputation for eccentricity and bad temper, as a young man he was considered  to be the best of company:  genial, good humoured and a superb conversationalist.He joined the Connaught circuit where he rapidly acquired a large practice, due less to any great legal skill than to his eloquence and  impressive presence; these gifts soon turned him towards politics. He married Kate Rooney, daughter of Thomas  Rooney,  a Galway surgeon, in  1841; they had one son, and a daughter Mary,  who married James Murphy (1823-1901), judge of the High Court, and had six children, including Edward Sullivan Murphy. Political career
In 1847 <mask> was elected MP for Athlone. In 1851 he was one of the  founders  of the Catholic Defence Association  which championed the cause of tenant reform; he was re-elected for  Athlone in 1852.In the latter year he helped found the Independent Irish Party, which was  popularly known as "the Pope's Brass Band". The new party  was pledged to repeal  the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and to further the cause of  tenant reform, and most crucially, its  members gave an explicit promise  not to take office but  instead to hold the balance of power at Westminster. In this they were at first successful, helping to vote out the administration of Lord Derby, who was replaced by Lord Aberdeen. Within months of promising  not to take office, Keogh (together with  his colleague John Sadleir) made the decision which destroyed his reputation  in his own lifetime and long  after his death: he accepted office in the Aberdeen Government, becoming first   Solicitor-General for Ireland, and  then Attorney-General for Ireland in 1855.His decision was seen by the Irish electorate  as an unforgivable betrayal of a solemn pledge and his name,  along with Sadleir's, entered the Irish political vocabulary. Even a century later, John A. Costello turned down the offer by Éamon de Valera to make him a Supreme Court judge on the ground that he "did not wish face charges of being another Sadleir or Keogh". Judicial career
In 1856 <mask> was appointed a judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas. On the grounds of legal ability no one could dispute that he was highly qualified for judicial office, and in non-political cases he had a good reputation: if not a profound lawyer, he had the ability to quickly see the essential point of a case. Unfortunately his conduct as a judge did nothing to restore the damage to his reputation. He was a man of strong opinions, which were  always expressed forcefully, and his hot temper led to frequent quarrels with counsel. On one occasion Peter O'Brien, the future Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, was threatened with removal from Court.It must be said in Keogh's defence that, having recovered his temper, he apologised to O'Brien in open court in the presence of the assembled Bar. This suggests that Keogh, who as a young man had been famed for geniality and good humour, was not acting out of malice, but rather suffering from stress and ill-health. Keogh's conduct of the "Fenian Trials" of 1865–6 and the savage sentences which were handed down were much criticised, although his defenders said that Charles Kickham at least had been treated as leniently as the evidence allowed. Further damage was done to his reputation by his decision on the Galway election petition case of 1872, where <mask> Poer Trench, the unsuccessful candidate, petitioned to unseat the winner, John Philip Nolan, on the grounds of intimidation and undue pressure from the Catholic clergy. According to Delaney, Keogh's judgment took nine hours to read and "was delivered in an extremely biased manner and did nothing to enhance the reputation of the judiciary". Much of it seems to have been a diatribe against the Catholic hierarchy, which struck the audience as coming very strangely from a former member of the "Pope's Brass Band". There was a public uproar, and the Government had to move to defeat a motion in the House of Commons calling for Keogh's removal from the bench.On foot of the judgment the Government's Law Officers, much to their own embarrassment, felt obliged to prosecute Patrick Duggan, Bishop of Clonfert, and were clearly relieved when he was acquitted.Friendship with Father Healy
Keogh developed a close friendship with Father Healy of Little Bray and the two used to dine at each other's houses every week. Father Healy's broad mindedness and sense of humour struck a chord with the unconventional judge. Father Healy remained supportive of Keogh throughout Keogh's disputes with the Church and periods of mental illness. The following exchange was recorded by Father Healy's biographer:
"My dear Healy," said Keogh, with a very solemn face, "I'll do anything you wish - only name it. I'd turn Turk or Mohammedan if it serves you." "Turn Catholic," replied Healy. Last years and death
In his last years, Keogh showed increasing signs of eccentricity,  in the face of unrelenting  public hostility  from much of the Catholic population.His public  clash with Peter O'Brien, which probably occurred in 1877, suggests that his bad temper was the result of stress rather than ill nature, and the reminisces of Oliver Burke demonstrate  that he could still show considerable  charm and good humour on occasion.In 1878 he travelled abroad to Belgium and Germany  in an effort to regain his health, but on 19 August 1878 he attacked his valet with a straight razor in a fit of delirium, and was confined to a hospital. While he may have recovered his sanity, he continued to decline physically and died in Bingen am Rhein 30 September 1878. He was buried in Bonn. Reputation

Keogh's death did nothing to lessen  the hostility to him at home; the Irish newspapers heaped abuse on him, causing The Times of London to protest that in any country but Ireland his talents would have won him popularity and respect. There is no doubt of his intellectual gifts, while his  friends recalled the charm and good humour he had shown in his earlier years, and his son-in-law, Mr Justice  James  Murphy,  to whom he had been close,  championed him to the end. The picture of him in Burke's Anecdotes of the Connaught Circuit, published a few years after Keogh's death,  is largely favourable. However, as McCullagh points out, not many politicians so damage their reputations that they are still spoken of with contempt a century later; and despite Keogh's gifts,  one must conclude that much of  the damage to his reputation was self-inflicted.The inscription on the Cormack brothers memorial at Loughmore – placed there 32 years after <mask>'s death – was typical of the continuing hostility to him. Arms

References

External links

1817 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Galway
Irish barristers
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Athlone
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
Justices of the Irish Common Pleas

masks:
William Nicholas Keogh
William Keogh
Keogh
Keogh
William Le
Keogh


title: Bernardo Mercado

texts: <mask> (January 16, 1952 – June 11, 2021) was a heavyweight boxer briefly ranked as the top contender for the title of champion in 1980 by the WBC. Born in Montería, Colombia, <mask> won a bronze medal in the light-heavyweight category at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games. <mask> was once a sparring partner for Argentine heavyweight Oscar Bonavena, before turning professional on November 15, 1975. Of his first 20 bouts, the  power puncher won 17 by knockout, nine in the first round. <mask>'s first loss as a pro came in 1978, at the hands of future champion "Big" John Tate. He went on to fight other future champions Mike Weaver and Trevor Berbick, knocking Berbick out in the first round of their meeting on April 3, 1979. In 1980, he earned a seventh round technical knockout over dangerous contender and multiple-time world title challenger Earnie Shavers and was ranked as the number one contender to Larry Holmes' WBC belt.He was defeated in an elimination bout with former champion Leon Spinks by 9 round technical knockout. He would go on to fight such name fighters as Randall "Tex" Cobb and Jimmy Thunder (with whom he fought in his last bout on December 8, 1989).

masks:
Bernardo Mercado
Mercado
Mercado
Mercado


title: Tadeusz Szeligowski

texts:
<mask> (13 September 1896 - 10 January 1963) was a Polish composer, educator, lawyer and music organizer. His works include the operas The Rise of the Scholars, Krakatuk and Theodor Gentlemen, the ballets The Peacock and the Girl and Mazepa ballets, two violin concertos, chamber and choral works. As a music teacher, Szeligowski was very well established in Vilnius, Lublin, Poznań and Warsaw. He was also a respected music writer who frequently wrote for journals and magazines specialized in music such as the Kurier Wileński, Tygodnik Wileński, Muzyka and the Kurier Poznański. His achievements include the creation of the Poznan´ Philharmonic, where he served as its first director between the years 1947-1949, and the founding of the Poznań Musical Spring, one of the most important festivals of contemporary music at the time. Life and work

Musical education
<mask> was born on 13 September 1896 in Lemberg, then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia and now in western Ukraine. Szeligowski’s first music and piano teacher was his mother.Later he began studying music at the Conservatory of Music of the Polish Society in L'vov in the years 1910-1914, where he studied piano under the direction of Vilem Kurz, and then from 1918-1923 in Kraków, where he studied piano with H. Peters, and composition with Bolesław Wallek-Walewski.<ref>{{cite web|title=Szeligowski Tadeusz|last=Encyklopedia Muzyczna PWN|url=https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Muzyczna_PWM/Szeligowski_Tadeusz|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Szeligowski's further education included musicology with Zdzisław Jachimecki and law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where he received his doctorate in 1922. There he found work as repetiteur at the Kraków Opera House, allowing him to become well acquainted with the opera repertoire. He complemented his studies in music in the years 1929-1931 in Paris, where he met many composers of his time such as Sergei Prokofiev, George Enesco and Arthur Honegger. There he studied composition with Nadia Boulanger and orchestration with Paul Dukas. There he attended many concerts and intensely experienced the latest compositions by Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, ballet productions of many famous companies, as well as highly acclaimed performances by Jascha Heifetz, Vladimir Horowitz, Arthur Rubinstein and Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Musical career
In 1923 Szeligowski worked in Vilnius, Lithuania (then part of the Second Polish Republic), as lawyer and lecturer at the Conservatory of Music. There he met Karol Szymanowski and became a great admirer of his music.He also worked with a dramatic theatre called Reduta, composing music for many of its productions. Shortly after his return to Poland in 1931, he began teaching music in Poznań until 1939, and then moved to Lublin for a little while after World War II. From 1947-1962 he worked for The State Higher School Of Music () in Poznań, and from 1947-1950 he became director of the National Opera Academy, when on his own initiative the Poznań Philharmonic was created. In addition, he was the initiator of the festival of contemporary music, the "Poznań Musical Spring", where modern music was then presented in all its glory, and one of the organizers of the H. Wieniawski International Violin Competition. From 1951-1962 Szeligowski worked in Warsaw, first for the faculty of the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music in Warsaw, and later as director of the Polish Society of Composers. A large group of his graduates on composition include: Zbigniew Bargielski, Augustyn Bloch, Joanna Bruzdowicz, Wojciech Lukaszewski, <mask> Wojciech Maklakiewicz, Boleslaw Ocias, Witold Rudzinski, Marek Sart, Aleksander <mask> and Antoni Szuniewicz. As a music writer
Lvov’s musical scene at that time included a city opera, a symphonic orchestra, a music society and also a conservatory of music, and there Szeligowski was very active as a social organizer.Musicians such as Felix Weingartner and Oscar Nedbal usually visited the city and frequently performed works by Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner. From 1951-1954 he served as chairman of the Polish Composers Union, and from 1953 he worked for the Board of Polish Music Publishers and the Central Pedagogical Office for Arts Education (COPSA). <mask> Szeligowski died in Poznań on 10 January 1963 and since 1965 he has been buried in the Poznań Skalka crypt of Merit. Awards

Szeligowski received numerous awards, among them:

Also, he received numerous prizes and awards, including:
 The City of Poznań Music Prize

Compositions

Instrumental

Orchestral worksThe Peasant King - Overture to the comedy of Piotr Baryka for orchestra (1926)Kaziuki - St. Casimir's Day, suite for orchestra (1928–29)Concerto for Orchestra (1930)Archaic Suite for orchestra (1930)Little Suite for orchestra (1931)Clarinet Concerto (1933)Andante for clarinet and orchestra (1933)Blue Bird - suite for orchestra (1936)Epitaph on the death of Karol Szymanowski for string orchestra (1937)Carol Suite for string orchestra (1939)Piano Concerto (1941)Suite for small orchestra of Lublin (1945)Kupałowa night - suite for orchestra (1945)Nocturno for orchestra (1947)Comedy Overture for small symphony orchestra (1952)The peacock and girl ballet suite for orchestra (1953)Four Polish Dances for symphony orchestra (1954)

Chamber musicLithuanian Song for violin and piano (1928)String Quartet No. 1 (1928–29)Ricercar for 4 voices, instrumental or vocal (1931)String Quartet No. Says <mask> Szeligowski, Movement Music 1959
Podhajski, Marek; Tadeusz Szeligowski: counterpoint studies with Nadia Boulanger, Res Fact No. 8, PWM, Kraków 1977
Szantruczek, Tadeusz; Compose... and die.The thing about <mask> <mask>, Ars Nova, Poznan 1997
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: Encyclopedia of Music, ed. by A. Chodkowski, OWN, Warsaw 2001, p. 866
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: M. Hanuszewska B. Schaeffer, Polish Almanac of contemporary composers, PWM, Kraków 1982, p. 263-265
<mask>, <mask>; Studies and Memories, edited by F. Wozniak, Pomerania, Bydgoszcz 1987
<mask>, <mask>; Around the author and his works, ed. by T. Brodniewicz, J. Kempinski, J. Tatar, Ars Nova, Poznan 1998
<mask>, <mask>; The 10th anniversary of the composer's death, the materials of the scientific session, Academy of Music, Gdańsk 1973

ReferencesThis article is based on the translation of the corresponding article on the Polish Wikipedia. A list of all contributors can be found there at the History section''. External links

The Poznan School of Music

1896 births
1963 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Composers for piano
Chopin University of Music faculty
Musicians from Lviv
Polish male classical composers
Polish classical musicians
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Polish Romantic composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
19th-century male musicians
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)

masks:
Tadeusz Szeligowski
Tadeusz Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Tadeusz
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
<mask> (, March 10, 1865 – September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng (), pseudonym Zhuangfei (), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker, and reformist in the late Qing dynasty (1644–1911). He was executed at the age of 33 when the Hundred Days' Reform failed in 1898. <mask> was one of the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform, and occupies an important place in modern Chinese history. To many contemporaries, his execution symbolized the political failure of the Qing dynasty's reformation, helping to persuade the intellectual class to pursue violent revolution and overthrow the Qing dynasty. Early life

<mask> was one of nine siblings and was born in Beijing, although his family originally came from Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father, <mask> (), was the governor of Hubei, and his mother, a traditional Chinese housewife named Xu Wuyuan (), was very strict with her children. <mask> spent his childhood in Beijing and his youth in Liuyang.He began his formal education at 5 and was tutored by a famous scholar called Ouyang Zhonggu () when he was 10. Although he was talented at essay writing, he objected to the conventional form of the essay that was required for examinations. As a result, he only achieved the title of "student member" (shengyuan; 生員), a very low educational level. At the age of 12, <mask>'s mother, eldest brother, and second eldest sister died within a span of five days due to diphtheria that had spread during a visit to a cousin. He also fell gravely ill but recovered three days later, which many people deemed to be a miracle. After <mask> lost his mother, his father’s concubine treated him badly. In 1879, <mask> studied under another scholar, Xu Qixian (), with whom he began a systematic study of representative works in Chinese, as well as natural science.In 1884, he left his home and traveled to several different provinces of China, including Hebei, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanxi. He composed more than 200 poems during the trip. At the age of 19, <mask> married a woman named Li Run () and had a son named <mask>heng (), who died within a year of being born. Reforming campaign

Background
National isolationism began in the late 18th century, and resulted in a wide technological gap between China and the Western world, which had exacerbated corruption among the feudal authorities. One effect of this gap was a push by Western countries to develop and invest in underdeveloped nations, including China. This led to the First Opium War between China and Britain, which ushered in a period of foreign invasion and colonization in China, at the time ruled by the Qing dynasty. During this time, Chinese intellectuals and officials sought ways to improve Chinese life and national prospects.In 1895, after a defeat by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki, under which Taiwan was occupied and 250 million taels were paid to Japan. Astonished and indignant by the defeat, <mask> realized the necessity of a thorough reformation in China, and he and his colleagues searched for new approaches to improve national standing. In 1896, he wrote the poem My Feelings ():

世间无物抵春愁，合向苍冥一哭休。四万万人齐下泪，天涯何处是神州？Nothing in this world can withstand the longing for spring, These longings join together until they reach the shadowy netherworld in tears. The wailing 400 million people are asking the same question:Oh where, oh where on this earth can we find our divine China? Between 1896 and 1897, he finished writing a book called Ren Xue (仁学, Theory of Benevolence), which was considered to be the first philosophical work of the Reform. In the book, he said absolute monarchy greatly oppressed human nature. In 1898, he founded a new academy called the South Academy, which attempted to introduce Reformation ideals in southern China, specifically the Hunan district.He later created the newspaper Hunan Report () to publicize the advantage of reform policies. Hundred Days Reform

Early in 1898, <mask> was introduced to Emperor Guangxu（光绪皇帝）, who was considering enacting reform policies. He was appointed a member of the Grand Council, and within two months the Hundred Days' Reform began with the issuing of an Imperial order titled Ming Ding Guo Shi (). However, some of the new policies appeared to challenge the existing interests of many government officials, which led to objections from Manchu aristocrats and they reported the case to Empress Dowager Cixi（慈禧太后）,  who was the de facto leader of the central authority as she was holding much more political leverage than the Emperor, even though he had been literally in power for more than two decades. As a result, the Reform policies did not gain wide and effective support officially. In September 1898, <mask> and his counterparts thought the Dowager and conservative officials were planning to interfere with the Reformation campaign, and he visited general Yuan Shikai（袁世凯）, in the hope that Yuan's army could support the Reformation Movement by murdering Ronglu (荣禄，a Manchu official who was in charge of the capital and its surrounding regions then) and imprisoning Cixi in the Summer Palace（颐和园）. After returning to Tianjin,  he immediately betrayed the Reform movement by divulging the conspiracy.Cixi was also informed that the reformists were trying to engage Itō Hirobumi (伊藤博文，a Japanese politician and reformist who was touring in China) as a government consultant and provide him with a certain amount of power, which worried her significantly about the dynasty's stability. As a result, Cixi returned to the Forbidden City（紫禁城） from the Summer Palace on Sep 21 and led a coup, where she seized the throne power from Emperor Guangxu and ordered the arrest of all those involved in the Reformation. The short-lived Reformation Movement ended 103 days after it began and it has been known ever since as the Hundred Days' Reform. Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned at Ying Tai (a tiny isiand in the middle of a lake) in Zhongnanhai, allowing Cixi to absolutely consolidate her public standing and authority. All the Reformation policies were abolished except for Jing Shi Da Xue Tang (京师大学堂), the first government-established tertiary educational institution in China’s history, which later on became Peking University. <mask> was arrested at the Guild Hall of Liuyang () in Beijing on September 24. He had been encouraged to escape to Japan, where the government had expressed sympathy for Reformist scholars.However, <mask> refused to go with the reason that his sacrifice would serve as a catalyst for Reformation ideals among the nation. His words on this were as follows:

各国变法，无不从流血而成。今中国未闻有因变法而流血者，此国之所以不昌者也。有之，请从嗣同始。Seen from the world, no successful reforms were made without bleeding. So far, within China, it has never been heard that anyone sacrificed his life to reform the nation, for which the country lacks prosperity. If there is anyone to be, just start from me. After being captured, <mask> was put in the Xing Bu Da Lao (刑部大牢), the jail belonging to the then-Ministry of Justice, and charged with treason and attempting a military coup. The legal inquiry process was interrupted by an abrupt order from the Emperor (effectively made by Cixi) calling for an immediate execution due to the severity of his crimes. Consequently, <mask> was escorted to the Caishikou Execution Grounds outside Xuanwu Gate of Peking on the afternoon of September 28, 1898, where he was executed by beheading along with five others: Yang Shenxiu, Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Kang Guangren (younger brother of Kang Youwei), and Yang Rui.Historically, these men are called the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform. There were originally another two officials to be executed along with the six, Zhang Yinhuan and Xu Zhijing, but they survived the execution due to rescues by high-ranked officials and foreign interventions. <mask>'s last words on the execution ground are well-known in China, translated as follows:
有心杀贼，无力回天。死得其所，快哉! 快哉! Having got the intention to kill the robbers, I lacked the strength to transform my destiny. Sacrificing at the place where I should die, it is exciting! exciting!Death and legacy
After the execution, <mask>'s remains were collected and stored by some of his friends. In 1899, the remains were sent to and buried in his hometown, Liuyang, Hunan. His father, despite his disagreement with his son's reform efforts, was stripped of all official duties, and returned to his hometown, where he died three years later. <mask>'s wife, Li Run （李闰）, became active in promoting girls’ education and also volunteered as a foster mother in Hunan in her later years. She died in 1925, 14 years after the collapse of the Qing dynasty and 27 years after her husband's death. See also
Former Residence of <mask>ong
Lin Xu
Tang Caichang

References

External links

1865 births
1898 deaths
People from Wuwei
Philosophers from Gansu
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty politicians from Gansu
Executed Qing dynasty people
Executed people from Gansu
People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation
19th-century executions by China

masks:
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Jixun
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan Lans
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan Sit


title: José Sosa

texts:
<mask>

<mask> played for Estudiantes between 2002 and 2007. He was a favorite of interim coach Carlos Bilardo, and together with Marcelo Carrusca started helping the team improve their standing in the Argentine league. The highlight of his tenure with Estudiantes was being a key piece in the 7–0 defeat of derby rivals Gimnasia on 15 October 2006, and then his role in helping the team win their first league title since 1983 by scoring the equalizing goal from a free kick against Boca Juniors in the 2006 Apertura final playoff game. Bayern Munich
On 24 February 2007, a deal was announced between Estudiantes and Bayern Munich, in which <mask> would be transferred to Bayern Munich for an undisclosed fee. <mask> stayed with Estudiantes for the remainder of the Clausura 2007 tournament. On 29 October 2009, Bayern Munich announced that the Argentine midfielder will be loaned to his former club Estudiantes for the remainder of the season, even though he was not registered to play the 2009 World Club Championship finals.Napoli
On 30 August 2010, <mask> joined Italian side Napoli for €2 million fee (including €100,000 solidarity contribution to youth clubs of Sosa), signing a four-year deal. Metalist Kharkiv
On 26 July 2011, it was announced that <mask> had joined the Ukrainian team Metalist Kharkiv for €1.9 million. For his tenure with Metalist, <mask> adopted the number 11 jersey honoring his admired ex-teammate Juan Sebastián Verón, and has been instrumental in the team's successful Europa League campaign. On 28 June 2012, <mask> was named as the new captain of FC Metalist Kharkiv. On 1 January 2014, it was announced that he will join Atlético Madrid on six-month loan. With the Spaniards, he won the Spanish Liga and played in the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, coming on as a substitute, as Atlético lost 4–1 after extra time. Beşiktaş
On 31 August 2014, <mask> was signed by Turkish club Beşiktaş on loan from Metalist Kharkiv.On 15 October 2014, the club announced that the buying option has been used, making <mask>'s move to the Turkish side definitive, for €3.4 million. In the 2015–16 season, <mask> served 12 assists in 2015–16 Süper Lig, at least 4 more than any other player. Milan
On 17 August 2016, <mask> joined Italian club A.C. Milan for €7.5 million fee, signing a two-year deal. He made his debut for Milan on 27 August 2016, coming off the bench in the 80th minute during a 4–2 loss away against his former club Napoli. Following Riccardo Montolivo's long-term injury sustained in October 2016, <mask> assumed the role of a deep-lying playmaker, alternatively known as regista, operating in front of the team's defense line in 4–3–3 formation. Adapting to the change of position from his usual attacking midfielder role, he cited Juan Sebastián Verón as inspiration. Trabzonspor
On 8 September 2017, <mask> moved back to Turkey, joining Süper Lig club Trabzonspor on loan with an option to make the deal permanent until 2020.On 15 January 2018, Trabzonspor exercised the option and paid a €3.4 million fee to Milan. Fenerbahçe
On 22 August 2020, <mask> signed a two-year contract with another Süper Lig club, Fenerbahçe. He made his debut for Fenerbahçe on 11 September 2020, coming off the bench in the 77th minute against Çaykur Rizespor, and scored from the penalty spot in 87th minute. International career
<mask> played for Argentina Under-20 team during the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship. National coach Alfio Basile drafted <mask> for the senior national team on 28 February 2007. <mask> said to the press that he will "never forget this Tuesday" in which he achieved two of his childhood dreams (the transfer to a major European club and the call to the national team). He made his debut as a substitute at a friendly match against Mexico on 9 March 2007.He started his first match against Chile, on 18 April 2007. His first goal with the Albiceleste arrived on 23 January 2010, in a 3–2 win in a friendly match against Costa Rica, scoring the opening goal of the game with a header on 10 minutes. <mask> was not called to the World Cup 2010 team by then-manager Diego Maradona, but was reinstated by new coach Alejandro Sabella for the World Cup 2014 qualifiers, and has been featured in several games since 2011. Career statistics

Club
. International

International goals

|-
|align=center|1||26 January 2010||San Juan, Argentina||||align=center|1–0||align=center|3–2||Friendly
|}

Honours

Club
Estudiantes de La Plata
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2006

Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 2007–08
DFB-Pokal: 2007–08
DFL-Ligapokal: 2007
DFL-Supercup: 2010

Atlético Madrid
La Liga: 2013–14

Beşiktaş
Süper Lig: 2015–16

Milan
Supercoppa Italiana: 2016

Trabzonspor
Turkish Cup: 2019–20

International
Argentina
 Summer Olympics Gold Medal: 2008

Individual
 Süper Lig top assists: 2015–16 (12 assists)

References

External links

 Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI

1985 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentina under-20 international footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football wingers
Argentine Primera División players
Bundesliga players
Serie A players
Ukrainian Premier League players
La Liga players
Süper Lig players
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
FC Bayern Munich footballers
S.S.C. Napoli players
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
A.C. Milan players
Trabzonspor footballers
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Argentina
Olympic gold medalists for Argentina
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
People from San Lorenzo Department

masks:
José Ernesto Sosas
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Jose Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa


title: Enisa Nikaj

texts:
<mask> (; born March 5, 1996), known professionally as <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter and model. She is best known for her singles "Burn This Bridge", "Love Cycle", "Count My Blessings" and "Tears Hit The Ground." She began her career in 2015 performing cover songs before releasing original music starting in 2016. In December 2019, she signed to Atlantic Records and rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie's Highbridge The Label. Early life

<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York to ethnic Albanian parents from Tuzi, Montenegro. Her father emigrated from the SFR Yugoslavia to the United States at age 25, and was later followed by her mother who married his father. <mask> is a middle child, and has an older and a younger brother, both of whom took up playing basketball while <mask> leaned towards music.She began singing at home as a young child. <mask> attended PS 130 The Parkside elementary school, where she participated in theater and the school choir, and was the valedictorian. At age seven, she played the role of Dorothy in a school play of The Wizard of Oz in the fourth grade. <mask> attended Edward R. Murrow High School, graduating in 2015. Rapper Joey Badass was one of her classmates. She attended Brooklyn College, graduating early with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 2018. She plays the piano, and has done internships at advertising and marketing agencies.She grew up listening to hip-hop artists such as Jay-Z and Usher in addition to Albanian music through her parents. <mask> began uploading cover songs on her YouTube channel in 2015. Musical career

2015–2019: Beginnings

In 2015, <mask> began performing cover songs to artists such as David Guetta and Sia ("Titanium"), Hozier ("Take Me To Church"), Justin Timberlake ("Cry Me A River") and Adele ("Hello"). After graduating from high school she had wanted to get into the music industry, and filmed her first video with a photographer friend who wanted to get into videography. Her cover of Hozier's song hit 100,000 views on YouTube within three months, while a reupload posted by a Facebook page amassed one million views in three days. <mask> has stated in interviews that her lack of connections in the industry prompted her to post herself performing cover songs as a way to showcase her talent and she hoped that it would grab the attention of a music producer or a manager. In 2016, she released her debut single "Burn This Bridge" on September 15, with the music video being released on November 23.<mask> had been inspired to write the song after being discouraged by someone in the industry who she thought would help her instead tell her that "I didn't have what it takes and I wasn't good enough basically ... I just took it out on the studio. I wrote a song and I was feeling it like 'I don't need you, I could do this on my own.'" The song went on to be used in a Beats Electronics advertisement starring soccer player Alex Morgan in June 2017. In 2017, she released her sophomore single "Glory Days" on May 26. It went on to be her first placement on a film soundtrack when it was featured in the opening scene of Miss Virginia (2019). <mask> released her third single "Freedom" on August 25, with the music video being released on September 10.She was featured on Statik Selektah's single "Ain't a Damn Thing Change," alongside G-Eazy and Joey Badass, released on November 30. In 2018, she released her fourth single "Reunite" and its music video on February 4. It was a tribute song to her uncle who had died years earlier. In May, <mask> graduated from Brooklyn College and began pursuing her music career full-time at age 22. On October 19, she teased a collaboration track with French singer Scridge, which went on to be "Karma (Remix)." Following prolonged delays, <mask> confirmed in June 2019 that the French label had canceled its release. After the track was leaked in October 2019, it was officially released on November 15.2019–2021: Record deal

Someone from Highbridge The Label heard <mask>'s music while at a Phillipe Chow restaurant in Manhattan, New York in 2017. A waiter had been playing <mask>'s song "Freedom" and introduced him to her music after being asked about it. <mask> was eventually invited to the studio by rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie and his team in January 2018. Two years later, while she was speaking with RCA Records, <mask> had a chance encounter with A Boogie and was invited to the studio again to play her unreleased music. She was later introduced to higher-ups at Atlantic Records and was eventually offered a contract in May 2019, and subsequently signed her first record deal on December 6, 2019. In 2019, she released her fifth single "Wait For Love" and its music video on July 6. <mask> was featured on Termanology and Dame Grease's single "Travel The World," alongside Bun B, released on September 19, with the music video releasing on January 29, 2020.She released her sixth single "Something Beautiful" and its music video on December 15. It was a tribute to the victims of the 2019 Albania earthquake which had struck on November 26. In 2020, she released her seventh single "Love Cycle" and its music video on September 18. After it became viral and gained particular attention among Nigerian fans, she adopted the Nigerian-given name 'Eniola' in December 2020. <mask> released her eighth single "Dumb Boy" and its music video on November 20. She recorded the song at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic which forced her to become proficient with video editing and Ableton audio software. <mask> styled her own hair and makeup, and recorded, edited and color corrected all her video releases that year.In 2021, she was featured on Tanzanian singer Rayvanny's "Number One (Remix)" released on February 1, with the music video releasing on February 24. <mask> released her ninth single "Count My Blessings" and its music video on February 26. The song sampled Tunisian singer Saber Rebaï's rendition of "Sidi Mansour." <mask> released her single "Love Cycle (Remix)" featuring Nigerian singer Davido on March 26. She released her tenth single "Tears Hit The Ground" on July 4, which went on to serve as the lead single for her debut EP. 2022–present: Fake Love EP
On February 18, 2022, <mask> released her debut EP titled Fake Love. The music video for its single "One Thing" was released on January 28 and for "Get That Money" was released on February 18.Modeling career

<mask> was the cover model on the annual 2014 edition of Prom Guide magazine. In November 2013, she had been shortlisted as one of the top five contestants selected from nationwide submissions before gracing the cover in January 2014. After her foray into music in 2015, <mask> was approached through social media by record labels and managers. She chose to sign with Wilhelmina Models in January 2016 and was managed by Bobby Gutierrez. During this period, she appeared in fashion magazine editorials for C-Heads in February 2016, Vulkan in April 2016, Slimi in November 2016, and Twelv in October 2017. She has described her style as being "timeless and classic with a modern edge and a hint of Brooklyn attitude," and as being "more conservative. Rather than being flashy and all that.But it’s very New York City." <mask> describes the city as her biggest inspiration, stating, "I'm influenced just by walking down the street in SoHo, or on 5th Avenue. I just get influenced by so many people," and admires the style of Victoria Beckham. She appeared in the promotional campaign for Puma's "GRL PWR" Nova sneaker in January 2019. She appeared in editorials for Flaunt in March 2021, and Out Now in June 2021. Discography

Singles
 "Burn This Bridge" (2016)
 "Glory Days" (2017)
 "Freedom" (2017)
 "Reunite" (2018)
 "Something Beautiful" (2019)
 "Wait for Love" (2019)
 "Love Cycle" (2020)
 "Dumb Boy" (2020)
 "Count My Blessings" (2021)
 "Love Cycle (Remix)" (2021)
 "Tears Hit the Ground" (2021)

Extended play
 Fake Love (2022)

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
American people of Albanian descent
American people of Montenegrin descent
Montenegrin people of Albanian descent
American contemporary R&B singers
American soul singers
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
Brooklyn College alumni
Edward R. Murrow High School alumni
Female models from New York (state)
Models from New York City
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

masks:
Enisa Nikaj
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa


title: Emily Penrose

texts:
Dame <mask>,  (18 September 1858 – 26 January 1942) was an ancient historian and principal of three early women's university colleges in the United Kingdom: Bedford College from 1893 until 1898, Royal Holloway College from 1898 until 1907, and Somerville College, Oxford University from 1907 until 1926. She was the first woman to achieve First Class honours in Classics at Oxford University, and was instrumental in securing the admission of women as full members of the university in 1920. She became Oxford's first Dame in 1927. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London in 1858. She was the second of five siblings, and oldest daughter of <mask> and his wife Harriette Gibbes, the daughter of Francis Gibbes, a surgeon of Harewood in West Yorkshire. Her paternal grandmother was the well-known author <mask>, who published under the name Mrs Markham. <mask> studied in a private school in Wimbledon before studying languages in Versailles, Paris, Dresden and Berlin.She also trained as an artist with her father; a watercolour of the Parthenon attributed to her is in the collection of the British Museum. She lived with her family in Athens during 1886–87 while her father was director of the British School, during which time she kept a diary detailing her life in Athens and travels around Greece, and learned modern Greek. Her diary, now held at the British School, records her participation in the academic and social life of Athens, especially that of the foreign archaeological schools (which included the British School, the American School of Classical Studies, the German Archaeological Institute, and the French School). The British School also has at least one watercolour painting probably by her. <mask> read for her degree at Somerville College at the University of Oxford, where she started as a scholar of Greats (Classics) in 1889; this involved her learning both Latin and ancient Greek from scratch. At the time, Honour Moderations for Classics were not open to women, so she moved straight to Finals without taking any other examinations during her course of study. She chose to specialise in archaeology after her experiences in Athens, and in 1892 became the first woman to achieve First Class honours in Greats (Classics).As women were not able to gain a degree from the University of Oxford at that time, she was awarded an ad eundem University of Dublin Master of Arts degree in 1904. These degrees were awarded by the University of Dublin regularly between 1904 and 1907, in recognition of the work of women whose own universities did not award degrees to women at the time. Career
Upon completing her undergraduate studies, <mask> was offered a post by Agnes Maitland, the principal of Somerville, designed to keep her at the college as a combined tutor, librarian and secretary, but instead moved to London. She taught for a short time as an extension lecturer in Oxford and London before being appointed as Principal of Bedford College in 1893. <mask> was the first principal at Bedford, combining the former roles of Lady Resident, responsible for resident students, and Lady Superintendent, responsible for day students. She was given the additional post of Professor of Ancient History in 1894, "without additional stipend". According to Margaret Tuke's history of the college, "It is a tribute to her character and statesmanship that, in spite of the limited sphere accorded to her by the authorities, she should have accomplished so much in so few years."<mask> then moved in 1898 to Royal Holloway College to become the college's second principal, following Matilda Bishop who had been its first. Bishop's resignation followed disagreement about Sunday Services with the college governors. During <mask>'s time as principal, the students' social life developed as their numbers increased, even though <mask> had an unexpected weakness of shyness. In her history of the college Caroline Bingham argued that "<mask>, in a formative decade, set the college on the path which it would follow successfully". She was instrumental in gaining the college admission to the newly formed University of London in 1900. This change led to increasing numbers of students studying for and being awarded London degrees, and a movement away from studying Oxford courses (where the female students at Royal Holloway were not allowed to receive degrees, but instead received only a notification that they had completed the class). In her final year as principal at Royal Holloway, eight of the students were awarded First Class University of London degrees <mask> was also the chairman of the classical board and a member of the senate council of the University of London.<mask> was followed as principal at Royal Holloway by Ellen Charlotte Higgins. In 1907 <mask> was appointed as Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, following the death of her predecessor, Agnes Maitland. Given her own academic qualifications, <mask> was described by the noted author and activist Vera Brittain in her history of Women's Education at Oxford as "the first genuine scholar among women [college] principals", and part of the significant transition towards colleges headed by figures with academic careers in their own right. In the beginning of her time at the college <mask> also served as the tutor for Greats in Classics, but eventually was forced by her administrative load to stop tutoring and focus on her work as college principal. <mask> was closely involved in the establishment of a university delegacy for women students in 1910, on which she served as an elected member. This delegacy led ten years later to the admission of women to full membership of the university. By 1914, under her influence, Somerville had stopped admitting students to the college who would not take the degree course, in order to build up a cohort of women students who were clearly qualified to receive degrees, a stance described as "forward-thinking."<mask> had also introduced an entrance examination for students seeking to join Somerville in 1908, making it the first women's college to do so. She was responsible for adding additional tutors, including Helen Darbishire and Margaret Hayes Robinson to the Somerville staff, and enabled tutors to become part of Somerville's council for the first time in 1921. <mask>'s work for women's education had her involved in multiple national committees on education: she became a member of the Advisory Committee on University Grants in 1911, the only female member of the Royal Commission on University Education in Wales in 1916, and a member of the Royal Commission on the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge in 1919. <mask> became the statutory commissioner for the University of Oxford in 1923. During her time as Principal of Somerville, <mask> presided over many changes, including plans for new buildings, major constitutional changes and temporary accommodation of the college in Oriel College during World War I. She had responsibility for a range of war-time roles, including organization of the National Registration in  Oxford, and management of the Belgian Visitors' Committee. On her retirement in 1926, she was given a large sum as a farewell present, which she returned to the college to establish a student loan fund.She moved to London after her retirement, later moving to Bournemouth on the outbreak of World War II, where she died on 26 January 1942. Legacy

The success of the 1920 campaign to admit women as full members of the University of Oxford owed much to the diplomatic skills and academic reputation of <mask>. On her retirement in 1926, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by Oxford, the second woman given this title after Queen Mary; Sheffield University also awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Laws (LLD). In 1927 she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for her work for education, making her Oxford's first Dame, and made the first Honorary Fellow of Somerville College. A 1946 obituary of <mask> concluded on her qualities, "For all her masculine powers and feminine accomplishments, her great qualities were neither masculine nor feminine, but simply those that belong to great persons." <mask> was the subject of numerous photographs and portraits, including by Francis William Helps, Philip de László, and the Rhomaides Brothers. References

1858 births
1942 deaths
First women admitted to degrees at Oxford
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Principals of Somerville College, Oxford
People associated with Bedford College, London
People associated with Royal Holloway, University of London
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Women classical scholars
British diarists
Steamboat ladies

masks:
Emily Penrose
Emily Penrose
Francis Cramer Penrose
Elizabeth Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose
Penrose