title: Oleg Deripaska

texts:
 strategic partner. In May 2007, Magna International chairman Frank Stronach announced that Deripaska was becoming a strategic partner in Magna. <mask> is also a member of the International Council at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. During the West African Ebola virus epidemic Deripaska personally initiated construction of the Centre for Epidemic and Microbiological Research and Treatment in the Guinean Kindia province. The centre was designed and constructed by RUSAL specialists with the assistance of Rospotrebnadzor scientists (RUSAL has invested $10 million). He sits on the board of trustees of the School of Business Administration, the School of Public Administration, and the School of Economics at Moscow State University as well as the School of Business Administration at St. Petersburg State University.Deripaska is a co-founder of the National Science Support Foundation and the National Medicine Fund. In 1999, he was awarded the Order of Friendship, a state award of the Russian Federation. He was named businessman of the year in 1999, 2006, and 2007 by Vedomosti, a Russian business daily. Deripaska also sits on the board of trustees of the Bolshoi Theatre, and has financed ballet performances like Flames of Paris, La Sylphide, and Paquita as well as operas like The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya, Carmen, and Wozzeck. Other activities

Volnoe Delo
In 1998, <mask> established Volnoe Delo, Russia's largest private charitable foundation. The fund supports over 400 initiatives across Russia aimed at developing education and science, preserving spiritual and cultural heritage, and improving standards in public health. Since 1998, <mask> <mask> has invested more than RUB10.6 billion in more than 500 charity programs in 50 regions of Russia.Volnoe Delo has supported research activities in the 2,550-year-old city of Phanagoria since 2004. More than $10 million has been allocated to Phanagoria fieldwork over the past 14 years. Today, Phanagoria is one of the best-equipped archeological expeditions in Russia and has its own scientific and cultural center, cutting-edge equipment and technology for above-ground and underwater excavation as well as a large team of specialists involved in the excavation process. In 2014, Volnoe Delo foundation launched a programme on students' early career guidance and professional training—JuniorSkills. The first, pilot, championship on professional skills, JuniorSkills Hi-Tech, was held in the Urals city of Yekaterinburg in 2014, part of the nationwide championship on cross-industry blue-collar professions in high-tech WorldSkills. In 2020 during the pandemic of COVID-19 Volnoe Delo foundation has already bought new ambulances and sent them to twelve Russian towns in Siberia and the Urals. Other
In February 2014, Deripaska financed the construction of makeshift kennels to house stray dogs that had been abandoned by construction workers after completing work on the Sochi Olympic Village.In 2020 during the pandemic Deripaska donated money to construct hospitals in Siberia. <mask>a claimed that Morgan Stanley abused its duties and engaged in unlawful insider trading that resulted in significant financial damage to Veleron, estimated at $15 million to $25 million. A New York jury determined in November 2015 that Morgan Stanley had "acquired inside information and traded on it despite a duty to keep it confidential and not trade on it", finding as well that Morgan Stanley did not have the intent to defraud Veleron. Veleron strongly disagreed with and said it would file an appeal. In July 2006, whilst <mask> was involved in a bid to buy the Daimler Chrysler Group, it was reported that the United States canceled his entry visa; the unnamed official declined to give a reason for the revoking of the visa. The Wall Street Journal reported that it could have been because Deripaska has been accused of having links to organized crime in Russia and cited as their sources two unnamed U.S. law enforcement officials. The New York Times reported on 27 August 2018 that the visa had been revoked on concerns Deripaska might attempt to launder money through real estate transactions.Deripaska had received a multiple-entry visa in 2005; a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation spokesman refused to comment. Lobbying on his behalf had been done by former Senate Republican leader and 1996 presidential candidate Bob Dole and his law firm, Alston & Bird, Senate records show. Alston & Bird was paid about US$260,000 in 2005 for work on "Department of State visa policies and procedures" tied to Deripaska. In 2009, Deripaska was again allowed entry and visited the United States twice. The Wall Street Journal reported that according to two unnamed FBI administration officials, Deripaska met with agents regarding a continuing criminal probe, the details of which were not known or reported. During Deripaska's visits, he met with leading management figures from investment banks Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. The aluminum company that Deripaska headed, United Company RUSAL, was in preparations for an initial public offering.The easing of Deripaska's visa issues, which were an issue for possible investors, helped to reassure bankers. The State Department has never said why it revoked his visa and refused to comment on his 2009 visits. The visits were arranged outside of the usual process as the U.S. continues to have concerns about Deripaska's business associations. Deripaska has repeatedly denied a connection to any organized crime and said business rivals have caused the visa to be revoked by smearing him. When interviewed by the BBC in July 2009, Deripaska said that the authorities in the United States had been attempting to blackmail him by revoking his visa and thus affecting possible investors in a negative way and thereby hoping to push Deripaska into cooperating with them. NBC News reported in October 2021 that Russia had recently given Deripaska diplomatic status, allowing him to enter the U.S. with immunity. Spanish investigation
Deripaska and Iskander Makhmudov (head of UGMK) were asked by Spanish police to answer questions in relation to a money-laundering enquiry.While Deripaska had been interrogated previously as a witness in Spain and England and by the FBI about money laundering, he was never charged with any crimes. On 25 January 2010, the Financial Times published a story titled "Rusal: A lingering heat" exploring Deripaska's business relations with Sergei Popov and Anton Malevsky, alleged heads of Russian organized crime groups. Deripaska has accused Michael Chernoy of using Malevsky and the Izmailovskaya syndicate to extort US$250 million from him as part of a protection racket. However, <mask> has himself been accused of having similar links to Malevsky, who, with his brother Andrei, owned a 10% stake in Deripaska's company. Deripaska denies the claims. In November 2011, Spain's High Court sent the criminal cases against Deripaska to the Russian General Prosecutor's office because the root of the cases is Russian. Terra Services Ltd
Deripaska-linked U.K. company Terra Services Ltd was raided in December 2018.Political relationships

Vladimir Putin
Deripaska is known for his close ties with Russian president Vladimir Putin. Their relationship became visibly strained amidst Deripaska's financial struggles in 2009. In an incident broadcast on Russian television, Putin visited a stalled cement factory owned by Deripaska and berated its management. He forced Deripaska to sign a contract promising to pay nearly $1 million in unpaid wages. Their relationship recovered, however, and Deripaska has been described as "Putin's favorite industrialist". Leaked U.S. diplomatic cables from 2006 described Deripaska as "among the 2–3 oligarchs Putin turns to on a regular basis" and "a more-or-less permanent fixture on Putin's trips abroad". In an interview with The Globe and Mail,  Kinross Gold CEO Tye Burt, who knows Deripaska, said "I believe Russia recognizes Oleg's major role in building a renewed economic base in a broad range of domestic businesses and rejuvenating ailing companies and infrastructure."Nathaniel Rothschild and Peter Mandelson
Deripaska is a friend of Nathaniel Rothschild, a major investor in both Glencore and United Company RUSAL. Together Deripaska and Rothschild hosted George Osborne and Peter Mandelson on Deripaska's yacht in Corfu in the summer of 2008. Osborne was then Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom and a friend of Rothschild from school and university. Peter Mandelson has reportedly maintained private contacts over several years with <mask> Deripaska

News of the contacts sparked criticism because, as European Union Trade Commissioner, Mandelson had been responsible for decision to cut aluminium tariffs from 6 to 3%, a decision that had benefited Deripaska's Company RusAl. Mandelson insisted that he had never discussed aluminium tariffs with Deripaska. On 26 October 2008 the Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague claimed the "whole country" wanted "transparency" about Mandelson's previous meetings with Deripaska. In response, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said Mandelson's dealings with Deripaska had been "found to be above board".Mandelson said that meeting business figures from "across the range" in emerging economies was part of his brief as EU Trade Commissioner. On 29 October 2008, while Mandelson was on a ministerial visit to Moscow, it was alleged in the British press that Valery Pechenkin, the head of security at Deripaska's company Basic Element, organised a swift entry visa for Mandelson when he came to Moscow to visit Deripaska in 2005. Paul Manafort
On 22 March 2017, the Associated Press published a report alleging that Paul Manafort, Donald Trump's former presidential campaign manager, negotiated a $10 million annual contract with Deripaska to promote Russian interests in politics, business, and media coverage in Europe and the United States, starting in 2005. Both Deripaska and Manafort confirmed working together in the past, but rejected the contents of the AP story. Manafort argued that his work had been inaccurately presented, and that there was nothing “inappropriate or nefarious" about it. Responding to the allegations, on 28 March 2017, Deripaska published open letters in the print editions of The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal in which he denied having signed a $10 million contract with Manafort in order to benefit the Putin government. He also stated willingness to testify before the United States Congress about these allegations, and argued that the accusations were part of "the negative context of current US-Russian relations."Congressional sources cited by The New York Times said lawmakers declined Deripaska's request after he had asked for immunity. Unnamed officials argued that "immunity agreements create complications for federal criminal investigators". On 15 May 2017, Deripaska filed a defamation and libel lawsuit against the Associated Press in U.S. District Court in D.C., arguing that the report falsely claimed that Deripaska had signed a contract with Manafort to advance the goals of the Russian government. The lawsuit was dismissed in October 2017 on the grounds that Deripaska had not disputed "any material facts" in the story by the Associated Press. During the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, it is alleged that Manafort, via Kyiv-based operative Konstantin Kilimnik, offered to provide briefings on political developments to Deripaska  Behaviors such as these were seen as an attempt by Manafort to please an oligarch tied to Putin's government. Navalny video
In February 2018, Alexei Navalny published a video about a meeting between Deripaska and Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Sergei Eduardovich Prikhodko on a yacht traveling near Norway. According to Navalny, Deripaska probably served as a middle man between the Russian government represented by Prikhodko and Paul Manafort during Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.Prikhodko denied the allegations, accusing Navalny of "mixing the facts" about his "friend" Deripaska, Donald Trump and Paul Manafort, while also voicing his wish to have talk with Navalny as a "man with a man". A day after the video was published the Roskomnadzor added the video to the Federal List of Extremist Materials, thus making accessing the video illegal for all Russian citizens. It also ordered YouTube to remove seven videos and Instagram to take down 14 points that were cited in the investigation; neither YouTube nor Instagram had responded as of 12 February 2018. According to a Roskomnadzor representative who spoke to Vedomosti, a "court injunction of this sort against content hosted on Instagram and YouTube is unprecedented for Russia". The New York Times noted that this may presage a "more aggressive approach by the Russian government" to control online activities. Fearing her own death while incarcerated in Bangkok, Anastasia Vashukevich, a Belarusian escort who claimed to have an intimate history with Deripaska, claimed to have over 16 hours of audio recordings she said could shed light on possible Russian interference in American elections. She offered the recordings to American authorities in exchange for asylum, but was deported and arrested in a Russian airport.Vashukevich said the recordings from August 2016 include Deripaska discussing the United States presidential election with three English-speakers who Vashukevich believed were American. "Deripaska had a plan about elections", Vashukevich said. In court, Vashukevich apologized to Deripaska, and said Russian agents visited her in jail to urge her to cease public statements about him. The New York Times argued that her claims might be easily dismissed were it not for the Navalny video. Deripaska denies an intimate history with Vashukevich. U.S. sanctions

In April 2018, the United States imposed sanctions on <mask> Deripska and 23 other Russian tycoons and officials. The statement of the United States Department of the Treasury said that Deripaska "ha[d] been accused of threatening the lives of business rivals, illegally wiretapping a government official, and taking part in extortion and racketeering".In October 2018, the U.S. Treasury announced it had extended until 12 December a deadline for the full imposition of sanctions against Rusal and its parent company En+ Group, pending the review of the proposals presented by En+ Group to the U.S. government that would see Deripaska reduce his stake in En+ to below 45 per cent from around 70 per cent. In January 2019, the U.S. Treasury lifted the sanctions on companies formerly controlled by Deripaska. Sanctions on Deripaska himself remained in effect. In April 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department nonetheless allowed Deripaska to transfer 10.5 million shares of his holding company En+ Group to a trust fund for his children as part of a divorce settlement with his ex-wife Polina Yumasheva, which had been finalized before the sanctions were put in place. The deal to have U.S. sanctions removed from En+ Group was brokered by Greg Barker, a UK legislator, who in February 2019 went on to be appointed chairman of En+ Group. In March 2019, Deripaska sued the United States, alleging that it had overstepped its legal bounds in imposing sanctions on him and made him the "latest victim" in the U.S. probe into Moscow's alleged election interference. U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta dismissed the suit in June 2021, ruling it lacked merit.Personal life

<mask> was married to Polina Yumasheva, the daughter of Boris Yeltsin's top adviser Valentin Yumashev and stepdaughter of Yeltsin's daughter Tatyana. While Yeltsin was president, Deripaska's close ties put him in Yeltsin's inner circle, dubbed "The Family". In 2017 <mask> and Yumasheva had divorced. The Deripaskas have two children: a son, Pyotr (born 2001), and daughter, Maria (born 2003). Deripaska practices yoga, swimming, horseback riding, and hiking. At his home near Moscow, he has seven horses and six dogs. In March 2018, it was reported that Deripaska had successfully purchased Cypriot citizenship in 2017 under Cyprus' "golden visa" that generates billions of revenue for the island nation.According to documents seen by The Guardian, <mask>'s first attempt to become a citizen of a country in the EU was unsuccessful because of a preliminary inquiry into his activities in Belgium. The inquiry was dismissed in 2016. Net worth
In 2008, Forbes estimated his wealth at US$28 billion, making him the then ninth richest man in the world. In 2009, <mask>'s ranking fell to a ranking of No. 164, with Forbes stating: "[H]e may not withstand collapsing markets and heavy debts". In 2010, however, his estimated $10.7 billion fortune allowed him to rise to No. 57 of the World's Billionaires list.According to Forbes magazine, he removed the heads of his two largest companies and personally negotiated with the Russian government, banks, and other creditors to restructure his loan obligations. <mask> himself in 2007 was reported to have consistently said that the estimate of his wealth was exaggerated, that it did not completely account for the amount of debt he incurred, and that he should be ranked far below the top ten on the list of the Russian billionaires. Deripaska's Cypriot registered company Edenfield Investments acquired the Grade II listed Hamstone House in the St George's Hill district of Weybridge, Surrey, in 2001. <mask> has owned the Haft mansion near Embassy Row in Washington, D.C., through a company incorporated in Delaware since 2006. Forbes estimated his fortune at $3.3 billion in 2015, $5.2 billion in 2017, and $3.3 billion in 2019. See also

List of Russian billionaires
Mueller report
Russian oligarchs
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)
Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2020–2021)

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
People from Dzerzhinsk, Russia
Businesspeople in metals
Oligarchs
Russian billionaires
Russian businesspeople
Moscow State University alumni
Basic Element (company)
Kuban Cossacks
Russians associated with interference in the 2016 United States elections
Cypriot billionaires
Cypriot businesspeople
Russian emigrants to Cyprus
Naturalized citizens of Cyprus
GAZ Group
People named in the Paradise Papers
Russian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury

masks: Deripaska Deripaska Oleg Deripaska Deripaskask Deripaska Deripaska Oleg Oleg Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska


title: Raymond Harry Brown

type: original

texts:
<mask>Ray" <mask> (born November 7, 1946) is an American composer, arranger, trumpet player, and jazz educator. He has performed as trumpet player and arranged music for Stan Kenton (early 1970s), Bill Watrous, Bill Berry, Frank Capp – Nat Pierce (Juggernaut Big Band), and the Full Faith and Credit Big Band. Career
<mask> joined Kenton in September 1971, succeeding Gary Lee Pack [b. 1950; Director of Jazz Studies (retired), University of Southern Maine], holding the jazz trumpet chair and serving as an improv clinician. The Kenton trumpet section included Mike Vax, Jay Saunders, and Dennis Noday. <mask> also contributed arrangements for Kenton, including "Mi Burrito" and "Neverbird." <mask> remained with the Kenton Orchestra until November 1972.Before joining the Kenton Orchestra, <mask> had served as arranger and trumpeter with the Studio Band of The United States Army Field Band at Fort Meade, Maryland (1968–71). His tenure with the Army Band and Kenton coincided closely with that of Jay Saunders — trumpet player, and jazz educator, who, while with the Kenton Orchestra, eventually played lead trumpet. <mask> also has performed with Mundell Lowe, Leroy Vinnegar, <mask>, Thad Jones, Jimmy Heath, Steve Gadd, and Billy Hart. <mask> conducted the recording session of the Roy Hargrove Quintet entitled Roy Hargrove with Strings, Moment to Moment, released May 2000 on Verve. He has appeared at the Monterey Jazz Festival frequently as conductor of his wife Susan Cahill <mask>'s Monterey Jazz Festival Chamber Orchestra in collaboration with Charlie Haden, Kenny Barron, Michael Brecker, Ralph Towner, Gary Burton, and Terence Blanchard. <mask> currently leads his own big band, the Great Big Band, which has performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, the San Jose Jazz Festival, the Santa Cruz Jazz Festival, the  Lake Tahoe Music Festival, and jazz venues in the San Francisco Bay area. Ray is currently on the faculty of Cabrillo College in Aptos, California, teaching jazz improvisation, arranging, and jazz ensembles.Formal education
 1964 — graduated Freeport High School (New York)
 1968 — Bachelor of Music, Ithaca College School of Music (attended 1964-68)
 19?? — Master of Science, C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University
 19?? — arranging lessons from Willie Maiden
 19?? — arranging lessons from Manny Albam
 19?? — arranging lessons from Rayburn Wright (1922–1990)
 19?? — arranging lessons from Hank Levy
 19??— arranging lessons from Glenn Earl <mask> (Ray's father)
 19??-?? — four summers, Lake Shore Music Camp, headed by Ray's father, Glenn Earl <mask>

Early career
 1968-71 — arranger and trumpet player for the Studio Band of The United States Army Field Band, Fort Meade, Maryland
 Sept. 1971 – Nov. 1972 — trumpet player (jazz chair) and improv clinician with the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 1973 — became a member of ASCAP
 1973-74 — trumpet player for Bill Watrous Band in New York
 1973-75 — led own rehearsal band in New York City
 Mar. 1975 — Grant: Jazz, Category I, National Endowment for the Arts (to write a composition for the rehearsal band)
 1974-75 — teacher of improv. in nine New Jersey schools through a grant from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts
 1974-75 — faculty member (teaching arranging, improv, brass), Five Towns College, Merrick, NY
 1974-79 — played trumpet with the New York Orchestra, Thad Jones, Joe Newman, <mask> (bassist), Leroy Vinnegar, Mundell Lowe, Bill Berry (William Richard Berry) Big Band
 1980 — Nat Pierce & Frankie Capp Big Band

Musical family
Ray's wife, <mask>  (b. 1949, New York), is a violinist and teacher of strings – violin, viola, chamber music, and orchestra. She holds a Bachelor of Music from Ithaca College (1971) and a Master of Fine Arts from Sarah Lawrence College (1974), where she studied with Dorothy DeLay. She also did post-grad work at the University of Colorado (1975).Ray and Sue were married on August 26, 1973, and together, they have three daughters, one of whom, Karin, is a violinist and is married to cellist Daniel Levitov. Karin earned degrees in music from Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1998) and Juilliard. Daniel is a member of the preparatory faculty at the Peabody Institute. Ray, born 1946 in Oceanside, New York, grew up in Freeport, New York. He has three older brothers, Glenn Edward <mask> (1937–2007), Stephen Charles <mask>, Roger V. <mask> and a younger sister, Jeanne De Martino. Glenn taught music for 28 years. Steve is a jazz guitarist, bassist, drummer, composer, and arranger.For 45 years, Steve was professor of music and director of jazz studies at the Ithaca College School of Music (retired 2008). One of Steve's many life achievements is that he formalized jazz studies in 1968 at Ithaca College School of Music, a long-standing, well-known music institution within a well-known liberal arts college that was founded in 1892 solely as a conservatory of music. Roger, a civil engineer, played bass. He did two tours with Astrud Gilberto. Jeanne, a pre-school teacher, played flute. Glenn, Steve, and Ray all earned music degrees from Ithaca College – Steve: Bachelor of Music (1964) and a Master of Music (1968); Ray: Bachelor of Music (1968). Ray's nephew (Steve's son) –  <mask> – is a jazz bassist, performer, and music educator.Ray's father, Glenn Earl <mask> (1914–1965; 1936 graduate of Ithaca College School of Music), was the District Music Supervisor of Public Schools for Long Beach, New York. He was also director of bands at Long Beach Jr. Sr. High School from 1938 to 1965. As a pioneer in jazz education at the scholastic level, he introduced stage bands to Long Beach public schools in 1939. He also ran a music camp — Lake Shore Music Score — at Lake Winnipesaukee, Center Harbor, New Hampshire. <mask> had been, for more than 14 years, a marimba soloist with the Xavier Cugat Orchestra. Ray's mother, <mask> ( Ward) (1916–2002), taught English at Boardman Junior High School in Oceanside for 28 years, where, before retiring from the Oceanside School District in 1982, she served as curriculum coordinator and English department chairwoman. She earned a Bachelor of Music degree from the Ithaca College School of Music in 1935, where she played piano, saxophone, and clarinet.She also held a Masters in English from Hofstra University. Selected compositions/arrangements
Compositions/arrangements for the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 "Call Me Mister" (Kenton Chart Nos. 565 & 1168)
 "Hit and Run" – EP305104 © 1972 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 488)
 "Is There Anything Still There?" – EP304505 © 1972 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 800)
 "Mi Burrito" – EP354892 © 1973 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 975)
 "Neverbird" (Kenton Chart No.564)

Arrangement for the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 "Angel Eyes", Matt Dennis & Tom Adair, arr. <mask>
Other compositions/arrangements
 "Route 81 North" (arrangement)
 "Clyde's Glides"
 "Double Fault Blues"
 "AfterThoughts"
 "The Opener"
 "My Man Willie"
 "Tomas Gatos"
 "Arthur Author"
 "Two Rare T-Bones"
 "Procrastination City" – copyright no. EP354893 © 1973 V1718P086
 "Big D and Me" – copyright no. PA0000398365 © 1988
 "Blues for the two K's" – copyright no. PAu000444456 © 1982
 "Got the time?" – PA0000398368 © 1985
 "Haziness" – copyright no. PA0000250024 © 1984
 "Hop, skip, and a Jump" – copyright no.PAu000313614 © 1981

 "Little Jeannette Leigh" – copyright no. PA0000250023 © 1983
 "No Timeouts Left" – copyright no. PA0000398361 	© 1988
 "Spectrum" – copyright no. PA0000250025 © 1984
 "Three to go" – copyright no. PA0000398367 © 1985
 "Straightahead City"
 "Bossa Barbara" by <mask>, arr. <mask>
 "Embraceable You/Quasimodo" – Gershwin / Charlie Parker, arr. <mask>
 "The Telephone Song" – Music by Menescal, Portuguese words by Boscoli, English words by Gimbel, arr.<mask>
 "Bittersweet" – Willie Maiden, transcribed by <mask>
 "Our Love Is Here To Stay" – George Gershwin, arr. <mask>
 "Del Sasser" – Sam Jones, arr. <mask>
 "Kayak" – Kenny Wheeler, arr. <mask>
 "Barbara" – Horace Silver, arr. <mask>
 "I Could Write a Book" – Rodgers & Hart, arr. <mask>
 "The Thumb" – Wes Montgomery, arr. <mask>
 "The Ballad of Thelonious Monk" – Jimmy Rowles, arr.<mask>
 "Stella By Starlight" – Victor Young, arr. <mask>
 "I.C. Light" – <mask> (commissioned for the retirement of <mask>, March 2008)
 "Turn Out The Stars", by Bill Evans, arr. <mask>
 "Louie's Prima"

Selected discography

 The Session, Studio Band of the United States Army Field Band (<mask> is one of three arrangers), recorded Washington, D.C., Nov. 1972
 "Route 81 North", arr. <mask>
 "Is There Anything Still There?" arr. <mask>

As a member (jazz trumpet/flugelhorn) of the Stan Kenton Orchestra

 Stan Kenton Today (recorded live, Fairfield Halls, Croydon, Surrey, UK, February 10, 1972, 2nd show), originally released in 1972 by Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), re-released by Dutton Vocalion (2 CDs), 2005
Selections from a Feb 6, 1972, live audience BBC recording (same band) (Ray is 25 years old in these recordings.), by Hank Levy (<mask> is one of the jazz soloists.) The Four Freshmen:  Live at Butler University, with Stan Kenton and his Orchestra, Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), 1972; re-released by GNP Crescendo Records (CDs), 1986
 National Anthems Of The World, Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), 1972
 Clearwater 72 (recorded at the Fort Harrison Hotel, Clearwater, FL, Mar 1972), Hitchcock Media (1 CD), 2002
 Rhapsody in Blue (Live, Las Vegas), 1972

Arrangement recorded by the Stan Kenton Orchestra

 Kenton For Collectors Vol. "The Night" (composer/arranger unknown)
 b. "American Dreams" (Charlie Haden)
 c. "Trends" (composer/arranger unknown) (possibly titled Travels by Pat Metheny & Lyle Mays)
 d. "Prism" (Keith Jarrett)
 e. "No Lonely Nights" (Keith Jarrett)
 f. "Ron's Place" (Brad Mehldau)
 g. "Nightfall" (Charlie Haden)
 h. "Bird Food" (Ornette Coleman)
 i. "America the Beautiful" (Samuel A. Fujitsu Concord Jazz Festival, filmed at Kan-i Hoken Hall, Japan, November 11, 1990 (film for television)
 Personnel:  <mask>, Pete Minger, Joe Newman, Snooky Young, trumpet; Arthur Baron, Grover Mitchell, Dennis Wilson, Douglas Purviance, trombone; Bill Ramsay, Curtis Peagler, alto sax; Frank Wess, tenor sax, flute; Billy Mitchell, tenor sax; Babe Clarke, baritone sax; Tee Curson, piano; Ted Dunbar, guitar; Eddie Jones, acoustic double bass; Dennis Mackrel, drums, Mel Torme, vocal, drums. Honors and awards
Ithaca College School of Music
Brown family who studied at the Ithaca College School of Music:  As part of the Ithaca College School of Music expansion (2001), a chamber jazz room was added as a gift from Steve McCluski '74 and Kim Joslyn McCluski '74 in honor of the Brown family.

masks:
Raymond Harry "
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Sue Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Miles Brown
Brown
Glenn Brown
Marie Brown
Ray Brown
Steve Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Steve Brown
Ray Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown


title: Nicolás de Piérola

texts:
<mask>  (known as "El Califa" ("The Caliph"); January 5, 1839 – June 23, 1913) was a Peruvian politician and Minister of Finance who served as the 23rd and 31st President of the Republic of Peru, from 1879 to 1881 and 1895 to 1899. Early years
<mask> was born and educated in the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa. He moved to Lima to study theology at the Seminario de Santo Toribio, and later obtained his law degree from the Faculty of Law. His parents died in 1857. He married Doña <mask>, believed to be the illegitimate daughter of <mask> the son of Emperor <mask> of Mexico. Political life

Minister of Economy
From 1868 to 1871, he became Minister of Finance under President José Balta. He requested, from the Parliament, broad powers in order to negotiate with several companies and to get the best possible deal.The result of his negotiations, the so-called "Hires Dreyfus" treaty was signed with a French company, the "Dreyfus Brothers". The treaty granted the Dreyfus house of Paris the monopoly of the Peruvian guano exports. Though successful at first, he was later accused and impeached under Pardo's administration of misappropriating funds, but was honorably acquitted of dishonest practice after he managed to obtain the support of Congress. Coup attempt against Prado
On May 6, 1877, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Mariano Ignacio Prado the ironclad Huáscar was seized at Callao port by followers of <mask>. Led by the retired Navy Captain Germán Astete, it took part in the inconclusive Battle of Pacocha in which, at the helm of the monitor "Huáscar", they were forced to flee by two British ships, the "Amethyst" and the "Shah". Huáscar surrendered to the government two days later, after almost one month of sabotage actions. <mask> was taken to Callao after he surrendered, he preferred to remove himself to Valparaíso and later to Europe.War of the Pacific

Coup against Prado
<mask> was finally allowed to come back to Peru in 1879, taking advantage of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) with Chile. In the course of these deliberations, President Mariano Ignacio Prado left his vice president, Luis La Puerta in charge of the government and decided to leave for Europe to buy more armament and secure more money for the war. Many Peruvians (and parts of the Armed Forces) took this as an excuse for his inability to govern in the middle of the war. During the course of these events, <mask> took advantage of President Prado's absence and proclaimed himself "Supreme Commander in Chief" on December 21. With part of the Army supporting his actions, he launched a successful coup d'état, with heavy fighting and casualties between both factions. <mask> assumed full power on December 23, 1879. Supreme Commander-in-Chief

Piérola, after securing the loyalty of the troops that were in the capital, launched a ruthless campaign to censor the press."El Comercio", the oldest newspaper in the capital, did not appear for 3 years. The Army was purged, and in several cases the seniority was ignored. Officers loyal to Pierola were put in charge based only in their political allegiance rather than experience. General Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Admiral Lizardo Montero Flores viewed their influence severely diminished. After several defeats that the Peruvian Army suffered in Tacna and Arica, Piérola ordered what was left of the Army to protect the capital. In this way, the Peruvian army and poorly armed citizens that volunteered to the fight were set up to defend Lima. Fooled by the enemy, Piérola expected a Chilean assault from the north of the city, and marched with a large contingent of troops to the city of Ancón.At the end, the Chilean assault was launched from the south. In this way, and with no reinforcements available, the Peruvian forces were defeated in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, and the city of Lima fell in January 1881 to the forces of General Baquedano. The southern suburbs of Lima, including the upscale beach area of Chorrillos, were sacked and burned to the ground. After Chilean forces invaded Lima in 1881, Piérola had to abandon the capital and leave for Ayacucho, yet was unsuccessful commanding Peruvian forces from there also. To make matters worse, Chile had never recognized his government. Chile installed its own Government in Lima, and <mask> was soon forced to resign in the midst of the conflict on November 28 of that same year. What remained of his forces was gathered by Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who was able to launch a guerrilla war against the invading Chilean forces.Reconstruction

Coup against Cáceres
However, this was not the end of Piérola as he would prove himself president of Peru years later as the leader of the Democratic Party of Peru, which he had founded in 1882. In 1894, after associating his party with the Civil Party of Peru to organize guerillas with fighters to occupy Lima, he ousted Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who had taken control of the government after the death of Remigio <mask>, whose Vice President was prevented by Cáceres from taking office. Pierola was successful in overthrowing Cáceres and once again became president of Peru in 1895. The politician's second coup became very controversial for it was realized in a messianic and very violent fashion: over a thousand people were murdered in what was supposed to be Pierola's triumphal entry into Lima

Presidency

For the Peruvian Elections of 1895, <mask>'s platform included several members of the Civilista Party, and thus he was not challenged by any other candidate. He was elected President after receiving 4150 votes out of 4310 valid votes. It is generally accepted that his Presidency inaugurated the "Aristocratic Republic", a period in which the economic and political "elite" was the sole and undisputed ruling class of the country. This period was marked with the reconstruction of a devastated Peru by initiating fiscal, military, religious, and civil reforms.One of his most successful reforms was the issuing of the "Libra Peruana", gold currency of the same value as the British Sovereign, which gave Peru unprecedented monetary stability. The country started a slow but steady economic reform that effectively minimized the recession, while at the same time allowed an effective modernization of the State. He also sponsored the immigration of Japanese citizens to Peru. Thus, his second term was successfully completed in 1899 and, in the same year, Eduardo López <mask>, a prominent member of the Civilista Party, was elected president. Post-presidency
In 1900, Pierola intended to return to politics, this time running for the Mayorship of Lima. This was widely seen as a terrible political mistake, since he was defeated by an independent coalition led by Agustín Elguera. He ran again for the presidency in 1904, but withdrew before the election took place.His influence in politics faded away and he made another political mistake by supporting his brothers Carlos, Isaías and <mask> in their attempt to overthrown President Augusto B. Leguía. His political influence continued to decline during his final years. He died in Lima in 1913. In the 1990 presidential election, his great-nephew  <mask> <mask> Balta (also a great-grandson of President José Balta) was a candidate. See also
 Politics of Peru
 List of presidents of Peru

References

External links

1839 births
1913 deaths
People from Arequipa
Presidents of Peru
Peruvian Ministers of Economy and Finance
Peruvian people of the War of the Pacific
Peruvian people of Spanish descent
Democratic Party (Peru) politicians

masks: Jose Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena


title: Ernest Bennett (politician)

texts:
<mask> (12 December 1865 – 2 February 1947) was a British academic, politician, explorer and writer. Lineage
<mask>'s grandfather, <mask> (of Roseacre, Lancashire), was born in 1785 and died in 1868. He married Rachel Diggle in 1812, by whom he had a number of children, three of which obtained scholarships to go on to university from Kirkham Grammar School. They were <mask> (vicar of Forcett, Yorkshire), <mask> (of whom presently), and <mask> (vicar of Laneham, Nottinghamshire). <mask> (1826–1897) was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he received a M.A. degree. Like his two brothers (above), George became a clergyman and was canon of St. Paul's on the island of St. Helena in the 1850s.He followed Piers Claughton (the first Bishop of St. Helena) to Colombo, Sri Lanka, where he was Warden of St. Thomas' College and chaplain to the Bishop from 1863 to 1866. Upon his return to the UK, George became Master of Kirby Hill Grammar School (which closed in 1957 and is now owned by the Landmark Trust). He concluded his ecclesiastical career as the Rector of Rede, Suffolk (1885–96). George married Eliza, the daughter of Captain Thomas Fewson of the East India Company, in 1856, by whom he had three children: Mary (eldest), <mask>, and Gertrude. <mask> <mask> was born in 1865 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Academic career
<mask> was educated at Durham School and went up to Wadham College, Oxford in 1885. He transferred from Wadham to Hertford College on a five-year scholarship in the same year.<mask> obtained a First in Classical Moderations (the first part of Literae Humanores, or "Greats") in 1887, and a First also in the final exams in 1889. He then studied for a second B.A. degree in Theology, for which he secured another First in the exams in 1890. <mask> was elected a Fellow of Hertford in 1891. He continued to be actively involved in the work of the college, while also lecturing for Wadham, Pembroke and Lincoln colleges, until 1906 when he was elected to Parliament. <mask> remained a non-resident Fellow until 1915, when his marriage required his resignation (many college Fellowships of that era required that holders be unmarried). He published a number of academic studies during this period.War correspondent
<mask> served as a war correspondent during the Cretan insurrection in 1897. He was registered with the Turks, but was captured by the Greeks, threatened with execution, and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford. In 1898, he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener, again as a war correspondent. He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman, in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar (or Dervish) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi. The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force. He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British atrocities against wounded Dervishes after the battle, which provoked a hostile reaction from patriotic readers in Britain. He exchanged views on this and other matters with Winston Churchill (also present at the battle and whom he met en route), and the subsequent books of both authors on the subject of the battle acknowledged the other.In 1899 he joined the Voluntary Ambulance Corps in South Africa at the outset of the Boer War, and wrote a book about his experiences. In 1911, <mask> was accredited as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian to cover the Italo-Turkish War in what is now Libya. He was attached to the Turkish Army, and during this time he got to know Kemal Atatürk. <mask> later worked as a press censor for the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Balkan War, and was made a Pasha in reward. Military and Red Cross service
In 1900 (through 1902), <mask> assumed command (as a Lieutenant) of a platoon of Oxford University Volunteers of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in the Orange River Colony during the Boer War. Too old to serve on the front line in the First World War, <mask> was initially a British Red Cross (BRX) Commissioner in Belgium, France and Serbia (1914–15). <mask> sailed for Serbia in January 1915 with Sir Thomas Lipton in the latter's yacht, the Erin, which had been dedicated to the transport of medical personnel and supplies for the BRX, initially to France and subsequently to the Balkans.The BRX Mission was responding to a catastrophic outbreak of typhus which had started in Serbian camps holding Austrian prisoners of war and was spreading rapidly to the Serbian population. Some 150,000 people are believed to have died from typhus during this epidemic, which was so virulent that it interrupted military action in Serbia for nearly six months until it was brought under control. Of the 350 Serbian doctors in the country, more than a third also died of the disease while treating their patients. <mask> (though not medically qualified himself) was put in charge of the second BRX unit (of two units deployed). The Serbian Commander in Chief Radomir Putnik personally commended <mask> on the conditions in his unit's hospital at the Villa Zlatibor in Vrnjačka Banja, and <mask> was later awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle (third class) in recognition of his services. <mask> left Serbia in June 1915, by which time the epidemic had been largely subdued. A few months after this, military activity resumed, the Serbian front collapsed and the hospital was overrun by the Austrians.<mask> later joined the Staff of the 11th Infantry Brigade, British Expeditionary Force, and was then attached to the IX Army Corps H.Q. in 1917, with the rank of Captain. He also worked with the Admiralty Intelligence Division. He concluded his military service, with the British Army of the Rhine HQ, in 1919. Political career
<mask> was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Woodstock, Oxfordshire, in 1906. He campaigned, inter alia, in favour of women's suffrage. In 1904, he tried (as prospective candidate) to recruit the support of Winston Churchill (a fellow Liberal at the time) for women's suffrage, asking him to speak to the subject in Bicester, Oxfordshire.Churchill declined the offer. <mask> lost the Woodstock seat in 1910. In 1916, <mask> left the Liberal Party and joined the Labour Party. He contested a number of seats as a Labour candidate in successive elections, until he finally secured Cardiff Central in 1929. He retained this seat in 1931 and 1935, before retiring from politics in 1945. <mask> was highly critical of the terms of the Versailles Treaty (concluding the First World War in 1919), which he considered to be inconsistent with Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (the basis of the Armistice with Germany), too harsh and liable to sow the seeds of renewed conflict. Quite apart from the excessive financial burden that the reparations placed on Germany, <mask> believed that the Treaty put too much blame on Germany for starting the War, when in reality the whole of Europe had been dragged into unintended global conflict by a multitude of bilateral treaties and alliances triggered by a relatively local dispute between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.By virtue of his marriage into the Kleinwort dynasty (of which more presently), <mask> had acquired a significant German dimension to his family. He was anxious to avoid another war, especially one which would involve strife within his new enlarged family. Through his involvement with the Labour Party, <mask> became close to Ramsay MacDonald, Labour Party leader from 1922 to 1935. MacDonald was likewise opposed to the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and sought to mollify them in his first brief period as Prime Minister of the short lived Labour government in 1924. <mask> was also friendly with Philip Snowden, who became godfather to <mask>'s eldest son. When MacDonald formed a new government in 1929, Snowden became his Chancellor of Exchequer. In 1931, the economic situation had deteriorated significantly.The cabinet was split on how to address the situation. MacDonald supported further austerity, and unable to carry his Labour party on the issue, he was asked by the King to lead a National coalition government with the Liberals and Conservatives. The formation of the new National Government was quickly followed by a General election, with many candidates putting themselves forward as coalition ("National") candidates. The National ticket won the day, and MacDonald achieved the largest ever mandate for a government in parliamentary history. Unfortunately for him, the vast majority of former Labour members of parliament deserted him (and lost their seats), and only a handful of his former party (including <mask> and Snowden) followed him on the National Labour ticket. Under the coalition sharing of jobs, Snowden retained the position of Chancellor of Exchequer, and <mask> was rewarded (in 1932) with a junior ministerial position (Assistant Postmaster-General). When MacDonald agreed to tariff increases in 1932, Snowden (who believed in free trade) resigned.Macdonald's increasing political isolation sapped his morale, and his health began to deteriorate. In 1935 he resigned in favour of Stanley Baldwin as leader of the National government. Baldwin led the National government to victory again at the 1935 general election. <mask> retained his seat for National Labour, but with a Conservative now in command <mask> lost out in the subsequent ministerial reshuffle and returned to the back benches. He retired from the House of Commons in 1945. Despite the growing European tensions of the 1930s, <mask> remained sympathetic to German grievances originating from the Versailles Treaty. Having visited Germany during the economic chaos of the Weimar Republic, <mask> admired the way in which the new Nazi government had rebuilt the country's economy and restored its confidence—in sharp contrast to the apparent malaise afflicting the UK in the early 1930s.He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, a society committed to furthering understanding between the two countries. This organisation can be seen as an instrument of Anglo-German appeasement, which effectively it was. The appeasement of Germany is now viewed by the majority of historians as having been a mistake. But to some English men and women, including <mask>, who had lived through the First World War and were keen to avoid another seemingly pointless European bloodbath, it offered (at the time) hope for peace. In 1940, as the Second World War unfolded and France fell, Archibald Ramsay (a Scottish Unionist MP) was interned under Defence Regulation 18b as a security risk and potential traitor. Ramsay was a man who professed extreme right wing opinions, was pro-German and also avowedly anti-Semitic. In 1941, it was revealed that he had compiled a book (the "Red Book") of members of his "Right Club", which as the name suggests included people who he deemed to hold the "right" views and to be "right" wing.Despite pressure to reveal the names to the House of Commons, the then Home Secretary (Herbert Morrison) refused to do so, on the grounds that it was impossible to know if all the 235 names in the book were really members. The list of names was not made public until 1989. <mask>'s name was among them. Although it is possible that his name was included by Ramsay without his permission (to encourage others), it seems more probable that <mask> was indeed a member. Without a written constitution or rule book, and without ready access to the list of members (which was secret), new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned, other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment. In the case of <mask>, Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Club's pro-German, pro-peace, and anti-Bolshevik line, which would have been broadly consistent with <mask>'s views. However, historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club (via Ramsay's opinions) would have been at odds with <mask>'s own expressed position.<mask> made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government, stating (for example) in 1936 that he "frankly deplore[d] Germany's harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects", and again in 1939, that he "could not accept" German explanations "of Jewish arrogance, their mutual control of the legal and medical professions, and so on ... as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution". While <mask> did side (on a balance of the arguments) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine, this did not make him an anti-Semite. He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine, which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world, but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded (but not politically dominant) Jewish presence in Palestine. If <mask> faces criticism on this score, it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause, as he saw it, of avoiding another war with Germany. Natural and supernatural interests
<mask>'s intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries. In the winter of 1896/7, he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent (who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel). <mask> closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum, Oxford.This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year. <mask> was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species, some of which were named after him. <mask> wrote about his experiences more generally, as did Bent (though his work was published posthumously). <mask>'s other more unconventional interest was in ghosts. He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research, and spent much time investigating haunted houses. While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings, his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end. He wrote extensively on the subject, and was regularly interviewed by the BBC.Marriage and children
<mask> married Marguerite Kleinwort, eldest daughter (of five) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort, and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort, who founded the eponymous bank. The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked <mask> to Kleinwort's German cousins, as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law (née Marguerite Gunther). <mask> was comparatively old (within two months of his fiftieth birthday) for a first marriage, and his wife, though fifteen years younger, was also not in her first youth. Nevertheless, the couple produced three healthy children, Francis (1916–2005), Frederic (1918–2002), and Marguerite (1922–2012). Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War, reaching the rank of Captain (Royal Artillery) and Major (Royal Artillery) respectively. <mask> subsequently engaged in local politics in London, obtained a CBE in 1963, and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6. <mask> also entered politics, and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987.He was knighted in 1964. Sir <mask> died in February 1947 aged 81, less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon. Ruth Gordon Catto, daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto, Governor of the Bank of England. He is buried in Oxford. Works
 Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries, Rivingtons, London, 1900
 The downfall of the dervishes: being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898, London: Methuen, 1898
 With Methuen's Column on an Ambulance Train, Swan Sonnenshein, London, 1900
 With the Turks in Tripoli; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911, 	London: Methuen, 1912
 Problems of village life, London: Williams and Norgate, 1914
 (tr.) The German army in Belgium, the white book of May 1915, London: Swarthmore Press, 1921. Apparitions and haunted houses; a survey of evidence, London: Faber and Faber, 1939
 Apollonius; or, The present and future of psychical research, London: Kegan Paul, [n.d.].In the series Today and Tomorrow. Notes and references

External links

 Portrait of Sir <mask> in the National Portrait Gallery, London, UK

1865 births
1947 deaths
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cardiff constituencies
Parapsychologists
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Welsh Labour Party MPs
National Labour (UK) politicians
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
British Army personnel of World War I

masks:
Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett
Ernest Bennett
Thomas Bennett
Peter Bennett
George Bennett
Edward Bennett
George Bennett
Ernest
Ernest Nathaniel
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Francis Bennett
Frederic Bennett
Ernest Bennett
Ernest Bennett


title: Violent J

texts:
<mask> (born April 28, 1972), known by his stage name Violent <mask>, is an American rapper, record producer, professional wrestler, and part of the hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. He is co-founder of the record label Psychopathic Records, with fellow ICP rapper Shaggy 2 Dope (<mask>ler) and their former manager, Alex Abbiss. Also along with Utsler, Bruce is the co-founder of the professional wrestling promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling. Early life
<mask> is a native of Berkley, Michigan. He was the last born of three children. His father, Richard Bruce, stole all of the family's money and left when Bruce was two years old. <mask>'s mother, Linda, was forced to care for him and his siblings, Robert and Theresa, off the income she made as a janitor.At age seven, <mask> and his brother caught a butterfly, and both were fascinated by the vibrant colors and overall peacefulness of the creature. They kept the butterfly in a jar overnight, and intended to free it the following morning. When they awoke, the brothers found the butterfly had died, and felt as if they had committed a murder. The brothers made a vow that "one day, [they] will make it to heaven, so that [they] can [...] apologize to that Butterfly face-to-face." On every Insane Clown Posse album and EP it reads "Dedicated to the Butterfly." Bruce received all of his clothes from rummage sales, and his food from canned food drives held at his own school. After moving to Oak Park, Bruce met <mask>, and his little brother <mask>.He also began his gang life by reluctantly getting involved in criminal activity in Royal Oak Township. Along with <mask> and <mask>, Bruce got heavily into rap music. In 1989, Bruce, as <mask>agged <mask>, <mask>, as Kangol <mask>, and <mask>, as <mask>, released the single titled Party at the Top of the Hill under the name of JJ Boys, but they did not pursue a serious career in music. Bruce dropped out of school in ninth grade, and moved in with his friend, Rudy, in River Rouge. There he formed his own gang called Inner City Posse, which would terrorize people with Army-issued tear gas and steal car radios for money. One night, <mask>'s mother, who had just moved to Ferndale, had her house attacked by rival gang, Hazel Park Posse (HPP), from Hazel Park. Fearing for his mother's life, <mask> fled to Bonnie Doone, North Carolina, a trailer park town just outside Fort Bragg, where his brother was staying with the U.S. Army.It was there that Bruce witnessed the open racism which would later emerge as the hate for bigots referenced in Insane Clown Posse's lyrics. At seventeen, <mask> returned to Ferndale. He was soon jailed, and the experience convinced him to get away from gang life. In 1989, after a short career in professional wrestling, Bruce and his friend Dale Miettinen <mask>. recorded Intelligence and Violence on a karaoke machine, which marked the debut of Bruce's stage name Violent J. <mask> bought his own karaoke machine and, along with <mask> and <mask>,  formed the music group Inner City Posse, named after their gang. After the release of the album Bass-Ment Cuts, the group hired record store owner Alex Abbiss as their manager, and established the Psychopathic Records record label with him in 1991. Musical career

Solo career (1990–present)
In 1990, Bruce recorded his first solo release, Enter the Ghetto Zone, using two cassette players. One played the beat, while the other recorded, and Bruce stuck his head between the two and rapped.In 2003, Bruce released his second solo release Wizard of the Hood, which was an extended reference to the Wizard of the Hood songs which he recorded on Inner City Posse's Intelligence and Violence and Dog Beats, and Insane Clown Posse's Carnival of Carnage. In 2009, Bruce released the LP The Shining, which was initially given away for free at the 2008 Gathering of the Juggalos before being nationally released. During ICP's GOTJ 2013 seminar <mask> and Shaggy stated that they were wanting to do solo albums. On December 10, 2015, with the release of "Phantom: X-tra Spooky" EP two flyers were released. One for Shaggy 2 Dope's new solo album titled "F.T.F.O.M.F." said to be released in 2016. The other flyer was for Violent J's new solo album titled "Karma Forest" said to be released in 2016.Insane Clown Posse (1989-present)

In late 1991, Inner City Posse changed their style, look, and name. Bruce recalled a dream of a clown running around in Delray, which became the inspiration for the group's new name: Insane Clown Posse. Upon returning home that night, Bruce had a dream in which spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him—an image that would become the basis for the Dark Carnival mythology detailed in the group's Joker's Cards series. These stories each offer a specific lesson designed to change the "evil ways" of listeners before "the end consumes us all." Insane Clown Posse has a dedicated following, often referred to by the group as Juggalos and Juggalettes. <mask> left the group about a month before the release of Carnival of Carnage and Insane Clown Posse has since been composed of <mask> and <mask>, who perform under the respective personas of the murderous, wicked clowns Violent <mask> and Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as horrorcore, and is known for its dark, violent lyrics and elaborate live performances.Insane Clown Posse has earned two platinum and five gold albums. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the entire catalog of the group has sold 6.5 million units in the United States and Canada as of April 2007. Golden Goldies (1995)
Golden Goldies was a comical group whose lyrics focused solely on gold. The group consisted of Psychopathic Record's employees and friends; <mask> (Golden Jelly), <mask> (Gold D), Robert Bruce (Golden Gram), Billy Bill (Gold Double B), Alex Abbiss (Gold Rocks), Mike E. Clark (Gold Digger), Rich Murrell (Golden Warrior), Frank Giammanco (Golden Frank), <mask>x (Gold Teeth), <mask>stein (Rold Gold), Kelly Eubanks (Gold Spud), Dave Fink the East Side G (Golden Toby), and Matt Mackalantie (Gold Spakalantie). Their only LP, Gimme Them Fuckin' Nuggets Bitch, Or I'll Punch Your Fuckin' Face, was recorded in 1995 in a span of one week, and was not publicly released. Golden Goldies was a project put together by Insane Clown Posse for entertainment purposes only. To add more humor to the album, each artist was given only five minutes to write their verses, and had only one take to record them, which resulted in some artists messing up their lines, and lyrics containing "some very strange things."The group held only one live performance, which occurred at the record release party for Insane Clown Posse's Riddle Box. Dark Lotus (1998-2017)

Formed in 1998, Dark Lotus consisted of Bruce and Utsler of Insane Clown Posse, <mask> and Paul Methric of Twiztid, and Chris Rouleau. Each member was said to "act as a 'petal' of the lotus," and it was announced that there would be six members. After switching between two different "sixth members," Marz, and Anybody Killa, Dark Lotus decided to keep the group to only five. On January 19, 2017, via an interview with Faygoluvers, Insane Clown Posse announced that the group disbanded. Psychopathic Rydas (1999–present)

Psychopathic Rydas formed in 1999, and consists of Psychopathic Records-associated rappers performing under alternate stage names in the style of mainstream gangsta rap.<ref name="Valdivia">{{cite web |url= |title=Review of Psychopathic Rydas Dumpin |access-date=June 28, 2008 |last=Valdivia |first=Victor W. |website=Allmusic}}</ref> The group's current lineup consists of Bruce (Bullet), Utsler (Full Clip), Methric (Foe Foe), Spaniolo (Lil' Shank), Rouleau (Cell Block), Lowery (Sawed Off) and Hutto (Yung Dirt). Psychopathic Rydas reuses the beats of popular rappers within the genre without paying to license the original songs or requesting permission from copyright owners to use the music, effectively making their albums bootlegs and resulting in the releases becoming difficult to find in some markets.Soopa Villainz (2002–2005)

Formed in 2002, Soopa Villainz consisted of Detroit rappers L.A.V.E.L. (Mr. Heart), Bruce (Mr. Diamond), Esham (Mr. Spade) and Utsler (Mr. Club). The group made appearances on Insane Clown Posse's The Wraith: Shangri-La and Esham's Acid Rain and Repentance before releasing their debut album, Furious, in 2005. Following Esham and Lavel's departure from Psychopathic Records in October 2005, the group disbanded. Style and influences
Bruce has cited the artists Esham, N.W.A, Ice Cube, Awesome Dre, Geto Boys, Gong, Pearl Jam, and <mask> as influences on his music. Allmusic reviewer <mask> has referred to Bruce's style as an "onslaught of Midwest Dirty Rap." Professional wrestling career

Early career (1983–1986)
Bruce began wrestling alongside his friends <mask> and <mask>.The three got involved in backyard wrestling, and created two backyard wrestling rings for their made up promotion Tag Team Wrestling, later renamed National All-Star Wrestling. The trio staged National All-Star Wrestling's first show, NAW Wrestling Extravaganza, in front of friends and family. Among others, the show featured Bruce wrestling under the moniker Darryl "Dropkick" Daniels, and <mask> wrestling as both Rhino, and the masked NAW World Champion White Tiger. Bruce stopped wrestling after becoming involved in gang life and forming Inner City Posse. Independent circuit (1990, 1994–2004)
After being released from jail in 1990, Bruce decided to get away from gang life and start a career in professional wrestling. Bruce's friend, Rudy Hill, got him booked in a local wrestling promotion. Rudy had lied to the promoter by telling him that Bruce had been trained at the Chris Adams Wrestling School in Texas.At the event, Bruce met Rob Van Dam and Sabu, two other first-timers with whom he became very good friends. Bruce wrestled as Corporal Darryl Daniels, wearing a U.S. Army uniform that his brother had sent him while in the Gulf War, and had his first match against "Irish" Mickey Doyle at Azteca Hall in Southwest Detroit. Training alongside Rob Van Dam, Bruce went on to wrestle for Al Snow, including the event which featured the debut of Van Dam. After a short run in the business, <mask> realized his dislike for the backstage politics, and decided to take up a career in music, taking the name Violent <mask>.

Bruce returned to wrestling in the independent circuit in 1994, under the name Hector Hatchet. He competed for Midwest Championship Wrestling throughout the next year, wrestling in between recording sessions and touring. From 1996 to 1998, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Sewer Dwella in Insane Championship Wrestling. He continued to compete in several independent promotions for the next three years, including IWA Mid-South and NWA Mid American Wrestling.In 2001, Bruce appeared in Xtreme Pro Wrestling at XPW Rapture to aid Utsler. After Bruce suffered a real-life injury from a sloppy clothesline, the duo left the company. On October 5, 2002, he and Utsler wrestled in Ring of Honor and defeated Oman Tortuga and Diablo Santiago. Bruce was later made a playable character in both Eidos Interactive's video games Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home and Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood as Violent <mask>. To help promote the games, he competed in a series of matches for Backyard Wrestling in 2003 and 2004. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1997)
In August 1997, Bruce received a telephone call from friends Rob Van Dam and Sabu. They asked if he and Utsler could appear on Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)'s second pay-per-view (PPV) program, Hardcore Heaven.The duo went to Florida to discuss the ECW program's content with Van Dam, Sabu, and Paul Heyman. Heyman was pleased that Bruce and Utsler were former wrestlers, which meant that they could surprise the crowd by taking bumps. Heyman also favored the idea of using Insane Clown Posse, because it was unlikely that anyone knew of the relationship the group had with Van Dam and Sabu. Heyman presented his idea to Bruce and Utsler, who agreed to participate. Insane Clown Posse opened the ECW program by performing songs and exciting the crowd. Then Van Dam and Sabu, the main villains at the time, attacked Bruce and Utsler. The top fan favorite, The Sandman, came in and saved them by chasing away Van Dam and Sabu with his signature Singapore cane.ICP's Strangle-Mania Live (1997)
Being avid wrestling fans, Bruce and Utsler owned, and were fascinated by, the death match wrestling collection Outrageously Violent Wrestling from Japan. The duo decided to create a compilation of their favorite matches, recording their own sports announcing under the personas named "Handsome" Harley Guestella a.k.a. "Gweedo" (Utsler) and "Diamond Donovan Douglas" a.k.a. "3D" (Bruce). The compilation video was released nationwide under the title ICP's Strangle-Mania. The video's success allowed Bruce and Utsler to host their own wrestling show, ICP's Strangle-Mania Live, to a sold-out performance at St. Andrew's Hall. The main event featured Insane Clown Posse versus The Chicken Boys, who were played by two friends of Bruce and Utsler.With local wrestling booker Dan Curtis, other wrestlers such as Mad Man Pondo, 2 Tuff Tony, Corporal Robinson, King Kong Bundy, and Abdullah the Butcher were also booked on the show to wrestle in the same death match style as shown in ICP Strangle-Mania. World Wrestling Federation (1998)
In 1998, Insane Clown Posse were asked by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to perform the entrance theme for the wrestling group The Oddities. The WWF also wanted Bruce and Utsler to appear on their SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) program in August 1998 and rap live while The Oddities entered the ring. Once the duo arrived at the arena, they realized their wrestling dreams had come true; they had been contacted by wrestling's top company and were now set to appear on their PPV program at the company's most historic venue, Madison Square Garden. Bruce and Utsler were assigned to the locker room with Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker, who were to wrestle during the main event that night. The duo immediately felt the animosity of the locker room that had previously driven them away from wrestling. Insane Clown Posse performed and was asked to return for the live broadcast of Monday Night Raw the following night.At the broadcast, Bruce and Utsler requested for more than just a rapping role; they wanted to wrestle. Vincent McMahon favored the idea and allowed them to participate. Insane Clown Posse was put in a feud with The Headbangers. In the first wrestling match, The Headbangers were stiff, throwing real punches and kicks. In the rematch, a move was planned where The Headbangers would be flipped over by Bruce and Utsler. When the time came to flip over, however, The Headbangers refused to move, forcing Insane Clown Posse to genuinely flip them over and begin throwing punches. Realizing that the match was getting too heated, McMahon ended the feud after that match.Bruce and Utsler were put into other matches along with The Oddities. Vince Russo told Bruce and Utsler to "make it seem like you don't know anything about wrestling, and you guys keep choking and digging into their eyes". During this time, Bruce and Utsler had no contract with WWF. They, however, did have an agreement that the WWF would occasionally play Insane Clown Posse commercials, and in return, Bruce and Utsler would wrestle for free. Bruce and Utsler knew that airtime cost significantly more than any monetary compensation they would receive and were thus satisfied with the agreement. The duo were told they were to suddenly turn on The Oddities in their match against The Headbangers, then join them in beating up the group. They were also informed that their commercial would air the very next week, which had

masks:
Joseph Francis Bruce
J
Joseph Uts
Joseph Bruce
Joe
Joe
John Utsler
Joey
John
Joey
J
Joe
Joseph Utsler
Joe
John Utsler
Master J
Joe
Joe
Joe
Jr
Joe
Joey
John Utsler
J
John Utsler
Joseph Bruce
Joseph Utsler
J
Joseph Bruce
Joseph Utsler
Keith Je
Josh Silver
Jamie Spaniolo
Michael Jackson
James Monger
Joseph
John Utsler
Joey Utsler
Joe
J
J


title: Violent J

texts:
 still not aired after three months of being involved with the WWF.The next week Insane Clown Posse and The Headbangers had a match with Steve Austin. Backstage, Austin made it clear to Bruce and Thrasher that Thrasher would receive the first Stone Cold Stunner, after which Bruce would turn around and receive the second. During the match, Austin gave Bruce the Stunner first, catching him off guard, thus having Bruce sell the move awkwardly. Although disappointed over the events during the match, Bruce and Utsler continued in hopes that McMahon would air the commercial as promised. Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. Hellfire Wrestling (1998)
While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse brought Dan Curtis with them.After leaving the WWF, Curtis suggested that Insane Clown Posse start its own promotion while continuing with its music. He came to Bruce's house each night to discuss ideas about the promotion. Curtis convinced Bruce to coordinate another Strangle-Mania Live show, to be followed by an eighty-city "Hellfire Wrestling" tour. Curtis booked the talent and wrote the scripts. Strangle-Mania Live sold out the Majestic Theater in Detroit. Two days after the show, Curtis was found dead in his apartment, due to a sudden diabetic problem. The "Hellfire Wrestling" tour was subsequently canceled.World Championship Wrestling (1999–2000)
Bruce then went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling with Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, The Dead Pool, consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as The Dark Carnival. On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio<mask>., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, <mask>. another.At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000, episode of WCW Thunder, Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio<mask>. and <mask> Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999–2006)
On December 19, 1999, Bruce and Utsler created their own wrestling promotion, Juggalo Championshit Wrestling (now known as Juggalo Championship Wrestling). That night, the duo defeated the team of two Doink the Clowns to become the first ever JCW Tag Team Champions.The event was taped and released as JCW, Volume 1. Commentary was provided by Bruce and Utsler under their "3D" and "Gweedo" announcing personas. In 2000, Insane Clown Posse was involved in a rivalry with The Rainbow Coalition (Big Flam, Bob, and Neil). That April, the duo teamed with Vampiro to defeat The Rainbow Coalition. They defeated the Coalition again when they teamed with Evil Dead later that year, and the match that was featured on JCW, Volume 2. In 2003, Insane Clown Posse defended, and retained, their JCW Tag Team Championships against Kid Cock (a parody of Kid Rock) and Feminem (a parody of Eminem). The match was featured on JCW, Volume 3.At the 2006 Gathering of the Juggalos, Bruce, Nosawa, and Vampiro lost to Mad Man Pondo and The Headhunters, but defeated Pondo and Powers of Pain the next day. Bruce continued to wrestle for JCW, which could only be seen at live events until the 2007 start of JCW SlamTV!. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004, 2006)
On January 21, 2004, Bruce appeared alongside Utsler on an episode of the weekly NWA Total Nonstop Action PPV. The duo were shown partying in the crowd alongside the Juggalos in attendance. In the main event of the night, which featured <mask> going against El Leon, <mask> and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in <mask>'s eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves.As they started making kayfabe negative remarks toward <mask>, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to <mask>, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever <mask> threw at them next in a "Juggalo Street Fight". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a "Dark Carnival match" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young."The Alpha Male" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with the company. On March 17, 2006, Insane Clown Posse hosted and booked TNA's first ever house show, which took place in Detroit, Michigan. The duo defeated Team Canada members Eric Young and Petey Williams. Return to the independent circuit (2004–present)
On December 12, 2004, Bruce and Utsler competed in the event A Night of Appreciation for Sabu, teaming with the Rude Boy to defeat the team of Corporal Robinson, Zach Gowen, and Breyer Wellington. Utsler received surgery on his neck the following year, forcing Bruce to compete as a singles competitor and as a member of the Hatchet Boys, alongside Corporal Robinson and 2 Tuff Tony.In late 2006, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Pro Wrestling Unplugged. On November 18, he turned on Corporal Robinson, the then JCW Heavyweight Champion and PWU Hardcore Champion, provoking a series of matches between JCW and PWU. At Pro Wrestling Unplugged's "PWU vs JCW", Team PWU (The Backseat Boyz and Corporal Robinson) defeated Team JCW (2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, and Dyson Pryce). The following month, Team PWU (Trent Acid, Corporal Robinson, <mask>, Pete Hunter, and Gary Wolfe) took on Team JCW (Nosawa, 2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, Mad Man Pondo, and Raven) in a War Games match. Raven, however, attacked both teams, provoking all members of Team PWU and Team JCW to join forces and attack Raven. Bruce continues to appear as Violent J at various promotions in the independent circuit. Return to JCW (2007–present)
In 2007, JCW launched SlamTV!.With it came the first broadcast of JCW since the three initial DVDs. Bruce returned to commentary as Diamond Donovan Douglas, and Utsler returned as "Handsome" Harley Guestella. 3D and Gweedo announced in an episode of SlamTV! that Insane Clown Posse had been stripped of the JCW Tag Team Championships due to them not defending the title. At the first annual Bloodymania, JCW's premier wrestling event, Insane Clown Posse teamed with Sabu to defeat Trent Acid and The Young Alter Boys w/ Annie Social the Nun. Later that night, Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, and Violent <mask> formed the Juggalo World Order (JWO). Shaggy 2 Dope, Nosawa, Kevin Nash, 2 Tuff Tony, and Sid Vicious later joined the group.On January 26, 2008, Bruce and Tony won the JCW Tag Team Championship. However, their victory was declared void, stricken from the record, and the title was vacated. On November 9, 2008, the Juggalo World Order (Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, 2 Tuff Tony, and Corporal Robinson) "invaded" Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Turning Point PPV by purchasing front row tickets to the event. They proceeded to promote their faction by flashing their JWO jerseys, which each member had on, before being removed from the building. At Bloodymania III, Juggalo World Order (Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, and Sid Vicious) defeated Trent Acid and the Alter Boys (Tim, Tom, Terry, and Todd). On February 10, 2011, Bruce took the on-screen role of commissioner of the company. During their GOTJ seminar on July 24, 2015, Violent <mask> said he is hoping to wrestle again by next year but he wants to "get in a better space".Acting career
Bruce starred in the Psychopathic Records crime comedy Big Money Hustlas, as Big Baby Sweets, in 2000. A sequel, Big Money Rustlas followed in 2010, in which Bruce portrayed Big Baby Sweets' ancestor, Big Baby Chips. In 2001, Bruce was offered a role in the musical Prison Song, in which he was asked to play a bigoted prison guard. The producers offered Bruce the role on the basis of his appearances on The Howard Stern Show, and told him that they wanted "a big white dude with urban slang to his voice", and on the basis of his radio appearances, thought that Bruce was perfect for the role. While Bruce had interest in acting outside of Psychopathic Records projects, as well as being willing to act without face paint, he did not want to play a racist, and turned the role down. In preparation for Big Money Rustlas, Bruce starred in the film Death Racers in 2008. According to Bruce, "We just did it for fun.We knew it was gonna be basically garbage." Personal life

Family
<mask> has two siblings: a younger sister, and an older brother, <mask>, who was known as the "Psychopathic Records Don" from 1992 until he left in 2005 to become a paramedic. He regained the position when he returned in 2012. <mask>steady has released 2 albums on Psychopathic Records (The Chaos Theory and Master of the Flying Guillotine). Bruce has one niece through <mask>steady, named Samantha. Bruce has two children with ex-wife Michelle "Sugar Slam" Rapp: a son named <mask> "<mask>" Bruce II, born in 2005, and a daughter named Ruby Bruce, born in 2006. Bruce and Rapp married on Father's Day, June 16, 2013.On the same day he released a single titled "Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)". In February 2016 it was announced in the Hatchet Herald that he and Sugar Slam decided to mutually separate, but will always remain good friends and will always put the needs of the other before their own. Bruce has recorded tracks specifically for his children  entitled "Song 4 Son" for his son and "Ruby Song" for his daughter. In 2016 Bruce began dating artist Blahzay Roze, but they broke up later that year. On June 17, 2017, he released the music video for the 2013 Father's Day Single titled "Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)" and featured appearances from Lyte, Shaggy 2 Dope, <mask>steady, their younger sister Denise, and Violent J's kids Ruby and <mask>J. In support of his daughter's interest in the furry fandom, he declared himself "a juggalo furry" and attended Midwest Furfest with her in December 2018. During the convention, he sometimes dressed in a fursuit with sewn-in juggalo makeup made by "DraconicKnight".In 2021 he announced he was suffering from heart failure and subsequently announced ICP's farewell world tour taking place the following year. He assures he will continue to play live when he is physically able. Legal troubles
Bruce, along with his bandmate <mask>, has had numerous run-ins with the law, having been arrested multiple times starting at the age of seventeen:

Bruce was jailed for ninety days in 1989–1990 for death threats, robbery, and violating probation; this experience convinced him to reduce his involvement in gang life. On November 16, 1997, Bruce was arrested on an aggravated battery charge after allegedly striking an audience member thirty times with his microphone at a concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bruce was held for four hours before being released on US$5,000 bail. After a show in Indianapolis, Insane Clown Posse's tour bus stopped at a Waffle House in Greenfield, Indiana. When a customer began to harass Spaniolo and Bruce, a fight broke out between the customer and all of the bands' members.Months later on June 4, 1998, Bruce and Utsler pleaded guilty to misdemeanor disorderly conduct charges (reduced from battery) in an Indiana court and were fined US$200 each. Members of Twiztid, Myzery, and Psycho Realm were charged with battery. On June 15, 2001, Bruce was arrested in Columbia, Missouri for an outstanding warrant in St. Louis stemming from an incident in February 2001. That incident involved Insane Clown Posse allegedly attacking employees of a St. Louis radio station over disparaging remarks that a disc jockey made on the air. The police used several squad cars to detain Bruce, Utsler, and two associates a few miles from a venue where the group had completed a concert. Bruce was transferred to St. Louis the following day and released on bail without charge on June 18. On February 6, 2002, Bruce plead guilty to two counts of misdemeanor assault in the second degree and was sentenced to 12 months' unsupervised probation.Discography

Solo (1990–present)
Wizard of the Hood EP (July 22, 2003) (Psychopathic Records)
The Shining (April 28, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)
Brother EP (E & J Tour - 01/03/2019-02/13/2019) (Psychopathic Records)
American Life/Lives (2019) (Psychopathic Records)
Walking Home (2021) (Psychopathic Records)
Karma Forest (TBA) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Insane Clown Posse (1991–present)
Dog Beats (February 4, 1991) (Psychopathic Records)
Carnival of Carnage (October 18, 1992) (Psychopathic Records)
Beverly Kills 50187 (July 16, 1993) (Psychopathic Records)
Ringmaster (January 28, 1994) (Psychopathic Records)
Riddle Box (October 10, 1995) (Psychopathic Records)
The Great Milenko (June 25, 1997) (Psychopathic Records)
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (May 25, 1999) (Psychopathic Records)
Bizaar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)
Bizzar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)
The Wraith: Shangri-La (November 5, 2002) (Psychopathic Records)
The Wraith: Hell's Pit (August 31, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)
The Tempest (March 20, 2007) (Psychopathic Records)
Bang! Pow! Boom! (September 1, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)
The Mighty Death Pop! (August 14, 2012) (Psychopathic Records)
The Marvelous Missing Link: Lost (April 28, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)
The Marvelous Missing Link: Found (July 31, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)
Fearless Fred Fury (February 15, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Dark Lotus (1998–2017)
Tales from the Lotus Pod (July 17, 2001) (Psychopathic Records)
Black Rain (April 6, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)
The Opaque Brotherhood (April 15, 2008) (Psychopathic Records)
The Mud, Water, Air & Blood (July 29, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Psychopathic Rydas (1999–2017)
Dumpin' (1999) (Joe & Joey Records)
Ryden Dirtay (GOTJ 2001) (Joe & Joey Records)
Check Your Shit In Bitch! (GOTJ 2004) (Joe & Joey Records)
Duk Da Fuk Down (GOTJ 2007) (Joe & Joey Records)
EatShitNDie (GOTJ 2011) (Joe & Joey Records)

w/Soopa Villainz (2002–2005; 2018–present)
Furious (August 16, 2005) (Psychopathic Records)
T.B.A. (GOTJ 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Bloody Brothers (2005; 2018–present)
T.B.A.(July 5, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Killjoy Club (2013–2016; 2018)
Reindeer Games (September 2, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Loony Goons

masks:
, Jr
Jr
, Jr
Juventud
Jeff Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett
Jeff Jarrett
Johnny Kashmere
J
J
Joe Bruce
Jumpy
Jump
Jump
Joseph
JJ
Jump
J
Joseph Utsler


title: Jonathan R. Davis

texts:
<mask><mask> was an American gold rush prospector. On December 19, 1854, he single-handedly killed eleven armed outlaws at Rocky Canyon near Sacramento, California using two Colt revolvers and a Bowie knife. This episode became one of the deadliest small arms engagements in American history involving one man against multiple foes. Michael Trcic depicted the event in the sculpture "One Man With Courage is a Majority". He was educated at South Carolina College, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society. The unit, the Palmetto Regiment of Volunteers, was accepted into federal service in December 1846 and disbanded at the close of the war in June and July 1848. <mask> is listed as a second lieutenant in Mexican War Veterans: A Complete Roster of the Regular and Volunteer Troops ... By <mask> (1887) who notes that he was wounded in the Battle of Churubusco.He was not alone in being wounded since five of his brother officers died and another eight were wounded in leading the regiment that day. Among those who fell were Col. Pierce M. Butler (killed), Lt. Col. James P. Dickenson (mortally wounded), Adjutant 2nd Lt. James Cantey (severely wounded), Capt. Keith S. Moffat (wounded), Capt. William D. Desaussure (twice wounded), 1st Lt. James R. Clark (mortally wounded), 1st Lt. Kennedy G. Billings (severely wounded), 2nd Lt. Joseph Abney (severely wounded), 2nd Lt. David Adams (killed), 2nd Lt. Wilson R. Williams (killed), 2nd Lt. Sebastian Sumter (wounded), 2nd Lt. James W. Stein (wounded, and subsequently mortally wounded on 13 Sept. at Mexico City's Belén Gate gate and died 10 Oct.),  and 2nd Lt. George W. Curtis (wounded). The fight
On December 19, 1854, while trekking on a miner's trail along the North Fork of the American River, Dr. Bolivar Sparks, James McDonald, and Captain <mask> were bushwhacked by an international band of bandits. The bandits, a Frenchman, two Americans, two Britons, four Mexicans, and four Australians, had robbed and killed four American miners on the previous day and six Chinese miners on the day before that. Several of the bandits were members of the Sydney Ducks gang.<ref>Bell, Bob Boze, "The Gang Slayer: Captain <mask> vs 14 Polyglot Kilers, True West; History of the American Frontier.June 2014, Vol. 61, No. 6</ref> McDonald was killed instantly and Dr. Sparks was fatally wounded; however, Captain <mask>, an Army veteran, pulled out both of his pistols and killed seven of the bandits in short order. Out of bullets, Captain <mask>, an expert fencer, pulled out his Bowie knife and killed four more of his attackers. The surviving bandits fled for their lives. The shootout was witnessed by a group of miners, who buried the bodies of the dead. Afterwards
Some have suggested that <mask> disappeared "into the sunset" after the episode, but "<mask> <mask>" appears in California documents in the decades following his famous encounter as he continued his mining pursuits and other business ventures in several counties of northern California.Just a month after his battle he seems to be the "Jon. R<mask>" who was selected for a coroner's jury at Sonora on 18 January 1855. They heard six hours of evidence in the murder of Joseph Heslep, county treasurer of Tuolumne County, which resulted in the confession of Edward Crane Griffiths. The people of Sonora had seen enough of due process by that point, ignored Sheriff Solomon's plea for law and order, and hanged Griffiths the next day on the outskirts of town after he had been allowed to write two letters to his wife asking for her forgiveness (Daily Alta California, Volume 6, Number 20, 21 January 1855, reprinted from the Sonora Herald''). A <mask> is found in the 1860 U.S. census for Township No. 2 in Placer County and perhaps was living in a boardinghouse since the names of the five residents are unrelated. This man was a miner, age 50, born in Virginia (page 144).The name and occupation are accurate, the locale is in the gold country which is fitting, but his age is off by about six years (he should be 44) and his birth state is southern but not South Carolina. However, such inconsistencies in the census are common, especially if one person provided the information for the entire household. A <mask> appears in federal tax records for 1862, '64, and '65 in Napa County. In the first two he was a cattle broker paying $10 and $4.10 respectively. For the latter he is taxed on personal property of 1 carriage and one gold watch in Sonoma. <mask> is listed as a miner, age 60, in the 1875 Great Register of voters in for Scott Valley, Siskiyou County (this is the earliest extant document with his complete middle name <mask>ledge). In the 1877 Great Register for Douglas City, Trinity Co. his occupation listed as lawyer.There are two places where he appears in the 1880 U.S. census. For Township No. 2, Shasta County he is <mask><mask> recorded in an apparent rooming house as age 64, single, of South Carolina birth, occupation miner, and with South Carolina as the birthplace of his parents (line 1984, page 24 B). However, he is also recorded in a rooming house as "Johnathan <mask>" in nearby Weaverville, Trinity County with the same age, birthplace, and occupation; the birthplace of his father is then given as West Virginia and that of his mother is South Carolina (page 571 A). In 1882 he is named "<mask><mask>" in the Great Register again in Douglas City, Trinity County, incorrectly stated as age 62 but with correct birth state (page 3). For the 1884 Great Register he gave the same version of his name in Shasta County, Shasta Township, age 68 and born in South Carolina (page 13). The Great Register of 19 Feb. 1886 uses his full middle name at Ophir Township, Butte County, age 70, also South Carolina birth, and he again is a miner (page 15).For 1888 his name appears as "Janathan <mask> <mask>" for the register in Yount, Napa County with an age of 72 and occupation lawyer. His complete name is also used in the 1890 Great Register for "Homestead" in San Joaquin County with a somewhat inaccurate age of 77 but correct birth state and still a lawyer occupation (page 19). In 1887 <mask> received a veteran's pension for his service in the Mexican–American War. His California application, number 8,007, was dated 31 March 1887, and he received certificate number 3,543 (GS Film number 537003, Digital Folder Number 005189112, Image Number 01802). The application notes he served in company G of the Palmetto Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers. See also
Davis Family Collection – Furman University Special Collections

John Boessenecker, Gold Dust and Gunsmoke: Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes. New York:  John Wiley & Sons (1999)

References

1816 births
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Gunslingers of the American Old West
People from Fairfield County, South Carolina
People of the California Gold Rush
Year of death missing

masks:
Jonathan R
. Davis
Davis
William Hugh Robarts
Jonathan Davis
Jonathan Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Jonathan Rutledge
Davis
. Davis
Jonathan Davis
Jonathan Davis
Davis
Rut
Jonathan R
. Davis
Davis
Jonathan R
. Davis
Rutledge
Davis
Davis