title: Chu Ki-chol

texts:
<mask> (, born <mask>-bok, 25 November 1897 – 21 April 1944) was a Korean Presbyterian minister and martyr. After having dropped out of Yonhi College due to poor health and being briefly associated with the March 1st Movement for the independence of Korea, <mask> attended a faith meeting of . Thereafter, he sought a career in ministry, enrolling first at the Pyongyang Theological Seminary becoming a deacon. <mask> was ordained a minister in 1926 and served as one in Pusan, Masan, and Pyongyang. <mask> opposed Shinto practices forced on Korean Christians by the Japanese occupiers. He was first arrested in February 1938 and tortured in prison. Still defiant, the  relieved him from ministry and the authorities arrested him three more times.His last arrest was in July 1940. He died of torture in prison on 21 April 1944. After his death, the South Korean government has given recognition for him, including conferring upon him Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class. He was declared  in November 2007. Despite him being revered as a Korean nationalist, in his sermons he explained that his actions emanated from his Christian faith. Early life
<mask> was born to <mask>-sung and Cho Jae-sung on 25 November 1897 in Book-boo-ri, Woong-chung-myun, Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province, Korea. He was the fourth of seven children of a Christian family.His birth name was Ki-bok, but he changed it to Ki-chol (, meaning "devotee") to reflect his faith. <mask> went to a private elementary school at age eight in Woong-chun-eup in 1904. In 1912 he moved on to Osan School, a hotbed of both Korean nationalism and Christianity that were agitated there by  and Cho Man-sik. After graduating in 1916, he went to Yonhi College in Seoul in 1917, majoring in commerce on the advice of his father. In his second year in Yonhi, his sight began to deteriorate and he was diagnosed with cataracts. He was forced to drop out and return to his hometown. In 1919, <mask> participated in the March 1st Movement for the independence of Korea.He was elected chairman of the Joseon Youth Corps, representing the Woongjin Youth Activist Group. But after having attended a faith meeting hosted by , and allegedly regaining his sight there, he chose to pursue a different path. He enroll at the Pyongyang Theological Seminary, becoming a deacon. <mask> was ordained a minister on 10 January 1926. He served as one at the Cho Rang Church in Pusan, South Gyeongsang Province. During the time of <mask>'s ministry, Korea was under Japanese occupation and the occupiers . <mask> refused, calling the practice out as idolatry.In 1931 <mask> organized local protests against the practice in South Gyeongsang Province. From 22 September 1931, <mask> was minister at the Moon Chang Church in Masan. From the summer of 1936, he became minister of Sanjunghyun Church in Pyongyang. There he broadened the scope of his campaign against forced shrine visits making it a nationwide movement whose center was Sanjunghyun Church. He opposed the order to house kamidana (miniature Shinto altars) in churches. <mask> had a habit of retreating to the mountains to pray. In the summer of 1938 he went to fast on Myohyangsan with two friends.He would also pray on the Moranbong overnight. <mask> began to be considered the successor of Gil Seon-ju as the leader of the Presbyterian movement in Korea. Imprisonment and death
For his defiance, <mask> was arrested in February 1938 and taken into prison, where he was tortured until he was released months later. After his release, <mask> defended his views in a sermon called "Determination for Death" in September 1938. In it, he explained that his conviction was based on faith, not nationalism. His opposition was based in his conservative theology and its implications on his thinking about idolatry. That same month <mask> was arrested again, briefly, to keep him out of the general assembly of the Korean Presbyterian Church that the Japanese authorities forced to accept Shinto practice.He continued his protest and was subsequently jailed two more times. His time in prison totaled five years. In February 1939, <mask> was allowed to pay a visit to his home and his church for three days. During this time, he gave a sermon entitled "My Five Fold Prayer". Although thoroughly conservative in theology, this sermon has been interpreted as a radical nationalist outburst in South Korea. In August 1940, a Japanese pastor dispatched by the government gave a speech in <mask>'s Sanjunghyun Church. He claimed that Christians worshiping at Shinto shrines was not a sin.<mask> confronted the pastor, embarrassing him greatly. The Japanese retaliated, ordering the  to relieve him of his pastoral duties and expel his family from church property. <mask> was imprisoned for the last time; the charges were treason and breaching  the Maintenance of the Public Order Act. After his death the Sanchonghyon Church was closed down by the Japanese authorities. He was tortured again. Torture left him weakened and he died in Pyongyang Prison's medical ward on 21 April 1944. His last words were "God of my soul, hold me firm."<mask> was buried in a public cemetery in Pyongyang. Legacy
On 10 July 1968, the South Korean government declared <mask> an Honored Patriot. In 1990, <mask> was posthumously awarded the South Korean Independence Medal (Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class). In 2007, the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs chose him as  for November, marking the 110th anniversary of his birth. There is a memorial to <mask> at the National Military Cemetery in Seoul, as well as in his native Changwon. Works

See also

Choe Sang-rim
Christianity in Korea
Korean independence movement
Minjung theology
Presbyterianism in South Korea

References

Works cited

External links
<mask>-chol at the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

1897 births
1944 deaths
People from Changwon
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Korean people who died in prison custody
Korean Presbyterian ministers
20th-century Protestant martyrs

masks:
Chu Ki chol
Chu Ki
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu Hyun
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu
Chu Ki


title: Adam Gee (producer)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1963 in London, England) is a London-based interactive media and TV producer and commissioner. Prominent interactive productions and commissions include MindGym, Embarrassing Bodies multiplatform, Big Art Mob, Big Fish Fight and Don't Stop the Music multiplatform. Prominent video productions include Missed Call and They Saw The Sun First. He is currently Commissioning Editor at Little Dot Studios where he commissions documentaries. From 2003 to 2016 he was at Channel 4 Television, London, where he was Multiplatform and Online Video Commissioner (Factual). He is a specialist in multiplatform interactive projects around TV, commissioning factual and documentary interactive media, as well as short form and online video content. He was responsible for setting up Ideasfactory (renamed 4Talent), the Channel's creative industries talent development initiative.In 2014 he helped establish original Short Form Video on All 4, Channel 4's video on demand platform. <mask> was formerly Director of Production of pioneering broadband production company Redbus CPD. He began his career in 1983 at Solus Enterprises, the co-operative of cinematographers/film technicians Roger Deakins ASC BSC, Jack Hazan, Dick Pope BSC and David Mingay. He has won over 90 international awards for his productions – including five British Academy Awards (BAFTA), an Emmy, three Royal Television Society (RTS) Awards, a Design Council Millennium Award and the Grand Award at the New York International Film & Television Festival. Embarrassing Bodies Online won the Interactivity category of the TV BAFTAs in 2009. Both Lost Generation and Breaking the News were nominated for TV BAFTAs in 2006 and Big Art Mob was nominated for three TV BAFTAs in 2008. Empire's Children won the London Design Festival People's Choice (Y Design) Award in 2007.Big Art Mob won the RTS Innovation Award for mobile in 2007 and the Media Guardian Innovation Award for community engagement in 2008. Landshare won the RTS Innovation Award for user-generated content in 2009. Life Begins/One Born Every Minute was nominated for the New Media category of the TV BAFTAs in 2010 and Embarrassing Bodies: Live won the TV Craft BAFTA in 2010 for Interactive Creative Contribution. Big Fish Fight was nominated in 2011 for the TV Craft BAFTA for Digital Creativity and Live from the Clinic won the category in 2012; Live from the Clinic was nominated again in 2013 alongside The Great British Property Scandal. He has won several BIMA (British Interactive Media Assoc. Awards) including two in 2015 for Don’t Stop the Music made with international pianist James Rhodes and Jamie Oliver's Fresh One production company. Missed Call won the TV BAFTA for best Short Programme in 2019.The documentary was shot entirely on an iPhone X. It was the first film made primarily for YouTube to win an academy award. Take Me to Prom won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Short Documentary at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Live from the Clinic won the International Digital Emmy for Non-Fiction in 2012 in Cannes. Embarrassing Bodies: Live was nominated for an International Digital Emmy in 2011 and The Great British Property Scandal was nominated in 2013. In 2015, Don't Stop the Music was nominated for the International Digital Emmy for Non-Fiction and Reverse the Odds won the International Digital Emmy for Children/Young People. <mask> has served on BAFTA's Television and Interactive Entertainment committees and is a voting member of the European Film Academy.He has served on the board of ICA's The Club at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and was a trustee of Culture24. <mask> is a non-executive director of UK-based online marketing agency Hot Cherry and of Blue Door Creative Development. He was formerly a non-executive director of video dictionary Wordia with Michael Birch. <mask> is a director/trustee of the Phoenix Cinema, the oldest purpose-built cinema in the UK. <mask> won the very first BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award (with Tim Wright and Rob Bevan) which was for Comedy presented by Stephen Fry in 1998. This was for a CD-ROM game to do with creative thinking entitled 'MindGym'. He conceived the project, and co-wrote the script with interactive writer Tim Wright and writer/actor Ben Miller (Johnny English, etc.)<mask> served as an advisor on the UK government's Byron Review of Children and New Technology (child safety with regard to internet and video games) published in March 2008. He was educated at the direct grant The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree in Hertfordshire. He was made a Freeman of the City of London through the Worshipful Company of Cutlers in 2006 and a Liveryman in 2009. He worked as a volunteer on the London 2012 Olympic Games website/online media presence (for LOCOG) and on the London 2012 Paralympics site (for Channel 4). Productions

<mask>'s multiplatform/transmedia productions include:
 Bedtime Live
 Big Art Mob
 Big Art Project
 Big Fish Fight, a campaign led by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall
 Don't Stop the Music, a campaign with James Rhodes
 Embarrassing Bodies
 4thought.tv
 The Great British Property Scandal, a campaign led by George Clarke with Phil Spencer and Jon Snow
 Jamie's DreamSchool featuring Jamie Oliver
 Landshare
 Live from the Clinic, featuring Dr Christian Jessen and Dr Dawn Harper
 My Healthchecker
 One Born Every Minute
 Was It Something I Said? - with David Mitchell
 Quotables
 Sexperience, a sex education project
 The Sexperience 1000, a data visualiser
 Was It Something I Said
 Surgery Live, a collaboration with Wellcome Trust
 Osama Loves
 Empire's Children
 Picture This, a collaboration with Flickr
 Medicine Chest, a collaboration with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 Breaking the News, a collaboration with ITN
 Lost Generation, a collaboration with the Imperial War Museum, London
 4mations - online hub for animation with Aardman Animations

<mask>'s short form video projects as Executive Producer/Commissioner include:
 Brittle Bone Rapper
 Tattoo Twists
 The Black Lesbian Handbook
 My Secret Tattoo
 24 Hour Party Politics - with Bez of the Happy Mondays
 Futurgasm
 Drones in Forbidden Zones
 Circus Girls
 WTF is Cosplay? Body Mods
 L.A. Vice
 Naked & Invisible, with double world body painting champion Carolyn Roper
 Young & Minted: I Won the Lottery

<mask> Gee's other documentary commissions/productions include:
 Vanished: The Surrey Schoolgirl - with Martin Bright
 Missed Call, the first documentary shot on an iPhone X
 Take Me to Prom
 Sorry I Shot You - with Stana, about restorative justice
 Social Media Addicts Anonymous
 Travelling on Trash, about plastic pollution in the Mississippi river
 Absent from our Own Wedding, about proxy marriage in Montana
 In Your Face: Confronting tattoo prejudice
 Pure O, about an extreme form of OCD
 How to Save a Tribe: the women who rescued the Samaritans - with Leon McCarron
 Violet Vixen

External links
 Simple Pleasures part 4, Adam Gee's blog
 Adam Gee on IMDB
 Adam Gee on Twitter
 The Byron Review
 Hot Cherry

References

1963 births
Living people
Television people from London
Channel 4 people
Emmy Award winners
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge

masks:
Adam Jonathan Gee
Gee
Gee
Gee
Gee
Gee
Gee
Adam Gee
Adam Gee
Adam


title: Lynne C. Quiggle

texts:
<mask> (22 May 1906 – July 1958) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy. He saw service in World War II and in the Cold War before he was lost at sea in 1958. Early life

<mask> was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, on 22 May 1906, the son of H. G<mask> and Frances  <mask> nee Kalous. He attended Kearney High School in Kearney, Nebraska. Naval career

Early career
After graduating from high school, Quiggle enlisted in the U.S. Navy on 12 September 1924 and received an honorable discharge on 17 June 1926. In June 1926, he accepted an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. He graduated from the academy on 5 June 1930 and was commissioned as an ensign that day.<mask>′s first tour after graduation was aboard the battleship  based at San Pedro, California, which conducted training operations while he was on board. In September 1931 he transferred to the battleship  in the United States Pacific Fleet, which took part in Fleet Problems during his tour. He detached from New York in April 1934 and was assigned to the new heavy cruiser , which then was fitting out at the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington, and he joined Astoria upon her commissioning on 28 April 1934. He was aboard Astoria for a lengthy shakedown cruise she made in the Pacific Ocean during the summer of 1934 in which she visited the Hawaiian Islands; American Samoa; Fiji; Sydney, Australia; and Nouméa on New Caledonia. Thereafter she was based at San Pedro as a unit of Cruiser Division Seven and took part in a Fleet Problem each year. In April 1936, he transferred from Astoria to the target-towing ship , which operated from San Diego, California, towing targets for surface ships, submarines. and aircraft.Detaching from Lamberton, <mask> took a course in general ordnance engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School, then located at Annapolis, Maryland, between June 1937 and May 1939, then continued instruction until September 1939 at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. He then assisted in the fitting out of the destroyer  at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in San Pedro. He became her executive officer upon her recommissioning on 28 October 1939. During his tour, Aaron Ward served as flagship of Destroyer Division Five in the Pacific Fleet until December 1939, when she was transferred to the United States Atlantic Fleet. Based at Key West, Florida, Aaron Ward operated as part of the Neutrality Patrol in the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies until September 1940, when she was decommissioned and transferred to the United Kingdom for service in the Royal Navy under the terms of the destroyers-for-bases deal. Quiggle detached from Aaron Ward upon her transfer and reported for duty aboard the heavy cruiser . With <mask> aboard, Chester steamed from the U.S. West Coast to the United States East Coast, where she underwent an overhaul, becoming one of the first six ships to acquire the CXAM radar, and conducted exercises until January 1941; she then steamed to her new home port at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, arriving there in February 1941 and from which she conducted exercises in the Hawaiian Islands, made a voyage to the U.S. West Coast, and escorted United States Army transports to Manila in the Philippines.Upon completion of the Philippines voyage in November 1941, <mask> transferred from Chester to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in the United States Department of the Navy in Washington, D.C.

World War II

The United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941. In February 1942, <mask> became aide to the Chief of Naval Operations, first Admiral Harold R. Stark and from 2 March 1942 Admiral Ernest J. King. He left this position in April 1942 and in May 1942 took command of the destroyer , which performed convoy escort and antisubmarine warfare operations in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea under his command. He left Overton in December 1942 and reported for duty aboard the new battleship , then fitting out at the Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia. He became her gunnery officer upon her commissioning on 22 February 1943. During his tour aboard her, Iowa transported President Franklin D. Roosevelt to and from the Teheran Conference in Tehran, Iran in November–December 1943, then steamed to the Pacific, where she supported U.S. Navy air strikes against Kwajalein and Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands during the Marshall Islands campaign in January–February 1943, against Truk in the Caroline Islands during Operation Hailstone on 17–18 February 1944, and against Tinian in the Mariana Islands.He received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for his tour aboard Iowa, the citation for the award stating:

For meritorious service as Gunnery Officer of the USS Iowa from February 1943 to March 1944...By his ability to organize and train the personnel of his department, [he] was in large measure responsible for bringing the gunnery crew of this newly commissioned battleship to a high state of efficiency with excellent results during her first encounter with the enemy...

From May 1944 to June 1945, <mask> performed duties at the Bureau of Ordnance in the U.S. Department of the Navy. For his tour there, he received a letter of commendation for from the chief of the bureau for his "great determination to the tremendous task of planning the production of the weapons of war..." He then returned to Iowa as her executive officer. The war ended on 15 August 1945. Postwar and Cold War

On 1 March 1946 <mask> received a promotion to the temporary rank of captain, and that month he detached from Iowa and became a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet. During his tour there, he received a promotion to the permanent rank of captain on 1 January 1948, with the permanent rank dating to 1 March 1946. In September 1948, he became the commander of Destroyer Division 152, and in April 1949 he took command of Destroyer Division 32. In November 1949 he began a tour as Head of the Atlantic, European, and Middle East Section of the Strategic Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.<mask> returned to sea in February 1953 when he became commanding officer of , the flagship of Commander, Amphibious Ready Group Two, United States Atlantic Fleet. In October 1953 he began a tour with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as executive officer of the Plans and Operations Division on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe. He left that position in December 1955, and in February 1956 he took command of Transport Amphibious Squadron Eight, with the attack transport  as his flagship. President Dwight Eisenhower approved his promotion to rear admiral on 17 July 1956. In August 1956 he assumed duty as Resident Member, United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission. He was assigned to the Joint Staff, Commander-in-Chief, Far East, in March 1957 and in July 1957 he became Deputy Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, Commander, United States Forces Japan. On 1 August 1957, his promotion to rear admiral went into effect.Personal life
<mask> was married to the former Anne Griffith of Washington, D.C. They had one son. Death
In July 1958, <mask> was aboard the ocean liner  with his wife Anne on his way from Tokyo to California to take up duties as the commander of Amphibious Group 1 at San Diego when <mask> reported him missing from the ship. Press reporting disagrees on whether he disappeared early on the morning of 22 July or 23 July, but sources agree that his disappearance occurred when President <mask> was in the North Pacific Ocean about  off California during a voyage from Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, to San Francisco, California. President <mask>′s captain reported Quiggle′s disappearance to authorities when the ship docked in San Francisco on 24 July 1958 and told the press that Quiggle had disappeared during calm weather, could not have fallen overboard, and therefore must have committed suicide by jumping overboard, adding that Quiggle had kissed his wife on the morning he disappeared and told her, "You are better off as a widow." Passengers aboard the liner told the press that Quiggle had acted peculiarly during the voyage and also conveyed the story of Quiggle′s statement to his wife. U.S. Navy personnel from the 12th Naval District immediately launched an investigation into Quiggle′s disappearance and <mask> reportedly denied that her husband had told her she would be better off as a widow before he vanished.He was presumed lost at sea, and no trace of him ever was found. Quiggle was the second of only two U.S. Navy admirals ever lost at sea. See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea

Honors and awards

 Bronze Star with Combat "V"
 American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two engagement stars
 World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Occupation Service Medal with Asia Clasp
 National Defense Service Medal

SOURCE:

Notes

References

External links
Lynne <mask> Quiggle at Find-A-Grave

1906 births
1958 deaths
1958 suicides
People from Grand Island, Nebraska
People from Kearney, Nebraska
Military personnel from Nebraska
People lost at sea
Suicides by drowning
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy personnel of World War II

masks:
Lynne Cline Quiggle
Quiggle
. Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Quiggle
Anne Quiggle
Cleveland
Cleveland
Anne Quiggle
Cline


title: Tony Lucca

texts:
<mask>  (born January 23, 1976), is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He is perhaps best known for starting his career on  The Mickey Mouse Club. After the Mickey Mouse Club, <mask>, Kelly Clarkson, *NSYNC, Marc Anthony, Josh Hoge, Sara Bareilles, Matt Duke, Tyrone Wells, and the late Chris Whitley. He finished in third place on the second season (2012) of the American reality television singing competition talent show, The Voice, broadcast on NBC. Early life
<mask> was born in Pontiac, Michigan, the son of Sally and <mask>. <mask> is of Italian, Welsh, French, and English descent.Lucca grew up around a large and musical extended family, as his mother Sally was tenth of twelve children of the Detroit jazz piano player James "Jimmy" Stevenson. <mask> grew up in Waterford, Michigan, and began singing at age 3 and child modeling at age 9. When he was 12, he began playing in Detroit-area bands with his cousin, Cole Garlak. Professional and musical career

Early career
When Lucca was 14, he went to Detroit to audition for the Disney movie Newsies, only to find out the audition was for  The Mickey Mouse Club instead. Encouraged by his sister, he auditioned for the show and was picked for callbacks in Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, he was selected along with 8 other kids to join the cast for the fourth season of the show. Lucca moved to Orlando, Florida, with his mother and lived in an apartment complex with other castmates and traveled back to Michigan between seasons.He remained with the show for four seasons, until being let go during the seventh season when the show was canceled. In 1995, after the cancellation of the Mickey Mouse Club, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to begin an acting career. He lived with fellow Mickey Mouse Club castmate Keri Russell, his girlfriend at the time. Russell and <mask> were cast and played leads together on the Aaron Spelling-produced Malibu Shores, a television teen drama series, which lasted for one season. During this time he filmed commercials for Levi Jeans, J.C. Penney, and Blockbuster Video. He had minor success in movies, appearing in an NBC movie of the week, Her Last Chance with Kellie Martin and Jonathan Brandis, as well as two independent features. He left acting in 1997 to pursue music.In 1997, <mask> self-released his first music album, So Satisfied, which he also co-produced. In 1998, he launched his website www.tonylucca.com and began to sell his debut CD and its self-released follow-up, Strong Words Softly Spoken through the website and at live shows he later released two EPs and a limited series of Live & Limited CDs through his site; each CD sold was numbered and signed. In 2001 and 2002, he served as opening act for boy band NSYNC, which featured fellow Mickey Mouse Club co-stars Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez. <mask>'s third full-length album and his first commercially distributed, Shotgun, was released in 2004 in conjunction with Lightyear and New Vibe Records; the album was executive co-produced by JC Chasez, who <mask> toured with to support the album. 2006 saw the release of Canyon Songs, recorded in both Laurel and Beachwood Canyons, and Live in Hollywood, a live concert album; both albums were distributed by Rock Ridge Music. Come Around Again was released in 2008. <mask> participated in a cooperative tour with Jay Nash and Matt Duke, which resulted in the 2009 EP entitled TFDI.The collaboration, which stands for "Totally Fuckin' Doing It" was recorded in the Evanston, Illinois, studio SPACE during an impromptu visit to the studio, after the three artists formed a friendship during the tour. <mask> briefly returned to acting in 2010, starring in a 901 Silver Tequila commercial, which was directed by the brand's founder Justin Timberlake. He also played himself on an episode of Parenthood, appearing as a performing musician. Lucca's sixth album was released in 2010, entitled Rendezvous With the Angels, on Rock Ridge Music. Solo, an acoustic CD composed of b-sides and previously unreleased recordings was released in November 2010, and given away for free in conjunction with Amazon.com's MP3 web store. Lucca recorded a second collaborative CD with Jay Nash and Matt Duke, TFDI II, which was released mid-2011. The Voice and 222 Records (2012–2018)
On February 5, 2012, <mask> appeared on the Blind Auditions of the American reality talent show The Voice in its second season.He performed Ray LaMontagne's "Trouble", and all four judges hit their red "I Want You" button for him. He chose to join Adam Levine's team. It was also in this show he reunited with fellow Mouseketeer Christina Aguilera. He advanced to the semi-finals, which he performed "How You Like Me Now" by The Heavy and moved on to the final round. For the final round on May 7, he performed Hugo's country-styled version of the Jay-Z song, "99 Problems". On May 8, 2012, <mask> made his last performance on the show duetting with fellow contestant Jordis Unga formerly of Team Blake on the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go Your Own Way". Later that night, it was announced he had placed third in the competition, barely placing ahead of Mann by one quarter of a percentage point and coming behind winner Jermaine Paul from Team Blake and first runner-up Juliet Simms from Team Cee Lo.Lucca was later signed to Adam Levine's record label, 222 Records. Lucca released a six-song EP, With The Whole World Watching, on July 16, 2013. Lucca toured extensively following the release, including six dates on the Honda Civic Tour opening for Kelly Clarkson and Maroon 5. Lucca joined Patreon in 2013. On November 12, 2013, while plugging Patreon on his YouTube channel, <mask> announced he is no longer with Adam Levine's record label 222 Records. Excerpt: "Some of you know that recently I was signed to a fairly high profile record deal. -Super cool.What most of you don't know is that, said "record deal", has since come to an end. -Not as cool. Your basic record business 101 really..."

<mask> then moved to Nashville, Tennessee to further develop his songwriting. He funded his 2015 album <mask>ca via crowd-funding platform Kickstarter, also releasing a corresponding collection of songs called Made To Shine – The Kickstarter Sessions. <mask> would later share that the 2015 album took a personal toll on him, like "going through a really bad breakup," and told Billboard that after the record he "was in no hurry to get back in the studio" but instead elected to co-write as many songs as he could with Nashville collaborators. In 2018, <mask> partnered with Nashville startup company RootNote and began work on his new record Ain't No Storm, which he recorded with Nashville-based producer and former Wilco drummer Ken Coomer. He released the first single and music video, "Everything's Changing," in November 2018.At the end of 2018, he signed a publishing deal with Demolition Music. Ain't No Storm (2019–present)
<mask> independently released Ain't No Storm on March 29, 2019. The album received critical acclaim, with PopMatters calling it an "expanding of his musical boundaries" and likening <mask> to contemporaries Amos Lee, Jason Isbell, and Ben Schneider. Others called it "one helluva record," "highly crafted songwriting," and "more inspired than ever." Other ventures
Many of <mask>'s songs have been featured in various TV shows, including Friday Night Lights, Brothers & Sisters, Shark and Felicity and in the movie Open Range. He appeared in an episode of the E! True Hollywood Story series, covering his time spent on The Mickey Mouse Club in 2007.He has performed numerous times on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly as a part of the show's band. Personal life
<mask> dated fellow Mouseketeer (and eventual Malibu Shores co-star) Keri Russell on-and-off for eight years

On July 7, 2007 <mask> married. True Hollywood Story: The Mickey Mouse Club as Himself

DVDs
2005: Anatomy of a Blackbird (Recorded live at Mama Juana's in Los Angeles, CA.) 2009: A Night at The Mint (Recorded live at The Mint in Los Angeles, CA.) References

External links

Mouseketeers
American male singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
21st-century American singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American male actors
20th-century American male actors
American people of Italian descent
American people of Welsh descent
American people of French descent
American people of English descent
The Voice (franchise) contestants
1976 births
Living people
Musicians from Pontiac, Michigan
Rock Ridge Music artists
People from Waterford, Michigan
222 Records artists
Singer-songwriters from Michigan

masks:
Anthony James Lucca
Luccaoon 5
Lucca
Tony Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Tony
Lucca
Tony
Tony Lucca
Tony Luc
Lucca
Lucca
Tony Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca
Lucca


title: Archimedes

texts:
<mask> of Syracuse (; ; ; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Considered to be the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including: the area of a circle; the surface area and volume of a sphere; area of an ellipse; the area under a parabola; the volume of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution; the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution; and the area of a spiral. Archimedes' other mathematical achievements include deriving an approximation of pi; defining and investigating the spiral that now bears his name; and devising a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers. He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena, founding hydrostatics and statics. Archimedes' achievements in this area include a proof of the principle of the lever, the widespread use of the concept of center of gravity, and the enunciation of the law of buoyancy. He is also credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion.Archimedes died during the siege of Syracuse, when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. Cicero describes visiting <mask>' tomb, which was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder, which Archimedes had requested be placed on his tomb to represent his mathematical discoveries. Unlike his inventions, Archimedes' mathematical writings were little known in antiquity. Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him, but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until  by Isidore of Miletus in Byzantine Constantinople, while commentaries on the works of Archimedes by Eutocius in the 6th century opened them to wider readership for the first time. The relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance and again in the 17th century, while the discovery in 1906 of previously lost works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results. Biography

Archimedes was born c. 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia. The date of birth is based on a statement by the Byzantine Greek historian John Tzetzes that Archimedes lived for 75 years before his death in 212 BC.In the Sand-Reckoner, <mask> gives his father's name as Phidias, an astronomer about whom nothing else is known. A biography of <mask> was written by his friend Heracleides, but this work has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure. It is unknown, for instance, whether he ever married or had children, or if he ever visited Alexandria, Egypt, during his youth. From his surviving written works, it is clear that he maintained collegiate relations with scholars based there, including his friend Conon of Samos and the head librarian Eratosthenes of Cyrene. The standard versions of <mask>' life were written long after his death by Greek and Roman historians. The earliest reference to Archimedes occurs in The Histories by Polybius ( 200–118 BC), written about 70 years after his death. It sheds little light on Archimedes as a person, and focuses on the war machines that he is said to have built in order to defend the city from the Romans.Polybius remarks how, during the Second Punic War, Syracuse switched allegiances from Rome to Carthage, resulting in a military campaign to take the city under the command of Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Appius Claudius Pulcher, which lasted from 213 to 212 BC. He notes that the Romans underestimated Syracuse's defenses, and mentions several machines Archimedes designed, including improved catapults, cranelike machines that could be swung around in an arc, and stone-throwers. Although the Romans ultimately captured the city, they suffered considerable losses due to Archimedes' inventiveness. Cicero (106–43 BC) mentions Archimedes in some of his works. While serving as a quaestor in Sicily, Cicero found what was presumed to be Archimedes' tomb near the Agrigentine gate in Syracuse, in a neglected condition and overgrown with bushes. Cicero had the tomb cleaned up and was able to see the carving and read some of the verses that had been added as an inscription. The tomb carried a sculpture illustrating Archimedes' favorite mathematical proof, that the volume and surface area of the sphere are two-thirds that of the cylinder including its bases.He also mentions that Marcellus brought to Rome two planetariums Archimedes built. The Roman historian Livy (59 BC–17 AD) retells Polybius' story of the capture of Syracuse and <mask>' role in it. Plutarch (45–119 AD) wrote in his Parallel Lives that Archimedes was related to King Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse. He also provides at least two accounts on how Archimedes died after the city was taken. According to the most popular account, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet Marcellus, but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. This enraged the soldier, who killed Archimedes with his sword.Another story has Archimedes carrying mathematical instruments before being killed because a soldier thought they were valuable items. Marcellus was reportedly angered by Archimedes' death, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset (he called Archimedes "a geometrical Briareus") and had ordered that he should not be harmed. The last words attributed to Archimedes are "Do not disturb my circles" (Latin, "Noli turbare circulos meos"; Katharevousa Greek, "μὴ μου τοὺς κύκλους τάραττε"), a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by the Roman soldier. There is no reliable evidence that Archimedes uttered these words and they do not appear in Plutarch's account. A similar quotation is found in the work of Valerius Maximus (fl. 30 AD), who wrote in Memorable Doings and Sayings, "" ("... but protecting the dust with his hands, said 'I beg of you, do not disturb this). Discoveries and inventions

Archimedes' principle

The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape.According to Vitruvius, a votive crown for a temple had been made for King Hiero II of Syracuse, who had supplied the pure gold to be used; Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the dishonest goldsmith. Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. In Vitruvius' account, Archimedes noticed while taking a bath that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the crown's volume. For practical purposes water is incompressible, so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying "Eureka!"(, heúrēka!, ). The test on the crown was conducted successfully, proving that silver had indeed been mixed in. The story of the golden crown does not appear anywhere in Archimedes' known works. The practicality of the method it describes has been called into question due to the extreme accuracy that would be required while measuring the water displacement. Archimedes may have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the crown to that of pure gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a pure gold reference sample of the same weight, then immersing the apparatus in water.The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo Galilei, who in 1586 invented a hydrostatic balance for weighing metals in air and water inspired by the work of Archimedes, considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself." Archimedes' screw

A large part of Archimedes' work in engineering probably arose from fulfilling the needs of his home city of Syracuse. The Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis described how King Hiero II commissioned Archimedes to design a huge ship, the Syracusia, which could be used for luxury travel, carrying supplies, and as a naval warship. The Syracusia is said to have been the largest ship built in classical antiquity. According to Athenaeus, it was capable of carrying 600 people and included garden decorations, a gymnasium and a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite among its facilities. Since a ship of this size would leak a considerable amount of water through the hull, Archimedes' screw was purportedly developed in order to remove the bilge water.Archimedes' machine was a device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder. It was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a  body of water into irrigation canals. Archimedes' screw is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids such as coal and grain. Described in Roman times by Vitruvius, Archimedes' screw may have been an improvement on a screw pump that was used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The world's first seagoing steamship with a screw propeller was the SS Archimedes, which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw. Claw of Archimedes
The Claw of Archimedes is a weapon that he is said to have designed in order to defend the city of Syracuse. Also known as "the ship shaker", the claw consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended.When the claw was dropped onto an attacking ship the arm would swing upwards, lifting the ship out of the water and possibly sinking it. There have been modern experiments to test the feasibility of the claw, and in 2005 a television documentary entitled Superweapons of the Ancient World built a version of the claw and concluded that it was a workable device. Heat ray

Archimedes may have used mirrors acting collectively as a parabolic reflector to burn ships attacking Syracuse. The 2nd-century author Lucian wrote that during the siege of Syracuse (c. 214–212 BC), Archimedes destroyed enemy ships with fire. Centuries later, Anthemius of Tralles mentions burning-glasses as Archimedes' weapon. The device, sometimes called the "Archimedes heat ray", was used to focus sunlight onto approaching ships, causing them to catch fire. In the modern era, similar devices have been constructed and may be referred to as a heliostat or solar furnace.This purported weapon has been the subject of an ongoing debate about its credibility since the Renaissance. René Descartes rejected it as false, while modern researchers have attempted to recreate the effect using only the means that would have been available to Archimedes. It has been suggested that a large array of highly polished bronze or copper shields acting as mirrors could have been employed to focus sunlight onto a ship. Lever
While Archimedes did not invent the lever, he gave a mathematical proof of the principle involved in his work On the Equilibrium of Planes. Earlier descriptions of the lever are found in the Peripatetic school of the followers of Aristotle, and are sometimes attributed to Archytas. There are several, often conflicting, reports regarding Archimedes' feats using the lever to lift very heavy objects. Plutarch describes how Archimedes designed block-and-tackle pulley systems, allowing sailors to use the principle of leverage to lift objects that would otherwise have been too heavy to move.According to Pappus of Alexandria, Archimedes' work on levers caused him to remark: "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth" (). Olympiodorus later attributed the same boast to Archimedes' invention of the baroulkos, a kind of windlass, rather than the lever. Archimedes has also been credited with improving the power and accuracy of the catapult, and with inventing the odometer during the First Punic War. The odometer was described as a cart with a gear mechanism that dropped a ball into a container after each mile traveled. Astronomical instruments
Archimedes discusses astronomical measurements of the Earth, Sun, and Moon, as well as Aristarchus' heliocentric model of the universe, in the Sand-Reckoner. Despite a lack of trigonometry and a table of chords, Archimedes describes the procedure and instrument used to make observations (a straight rod with pegs or grooves), applies correction factors to these measurements, and finally gives the result in the form of upper and lower bounds to account for observational error. Ptolemy, quoting Hipparchus, also references Archimedes' solstice observations in the Almagest.This would make <mask> the first known Greek to have recorded multiple solstice dates and times in successive years. Cicero mentions Archimedes briefly in his dialogue De re publica, which portrays a fictional conversation taking place in 129 BC. After the capture of Syracuse c. 212 BC, General Marcus Claudius Marcellus is said to have taken back to Rome two mechanisms, constructed by Archimedes and used as aids in astronomy, that showed the motion of the Sun, Moon and five planets. Cicero mentions similar mechanisms designed by Thales of Miletus and Eudoxus of Cnidus. The dialogue says that Marcellus kept one of the devices as his only personal loot from Syracuse, and donated the other to the Temple of Virtue in Rome. Marcellus'

masks: Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes


title: Archimedes

texts:
 to its anonymous owner. The treatises in the Archimedes Palimpsest include:
 On the Equilibrium of Planes
 On Spirals
 Measurement of a Circle
 On the Sphere and Cylinder
 On Floating Bodies
 The Method of Mechanical Theorems
 Stomachion
 Speeches by the 4th century BC politician Hypereides
 A commentary on Aristotle's Categories
 Other works

Legacy

Sometimes referred to as the father of mathematics and mathematical physics, Archimedes had a wide influence on mathematics and science. Mathematics and physics

Historians of science and mathematics almost universally agree that Archimedes was the finest mathematician from antiquity.Eric Temple Bell, for instance, wrote:

Likewise, Alfred North Whitehead and George F. Simmons  said of Archimedes:

Reviel Netz, Suppes Professor in Greek Mathematics and Astronomy at Stanford University and an expert in Archimedes notes:

Leonardo da Vinci repeatedly expressed admiration for Archimedes, and attributed his invention Architonnerre to Archimedes. Galileo referred to him as a "superhuman" and as "my master", while Huygens remarked "I think Archimedes is comparable to no one" and modeled his work after him. Leibniz said "He who understands Archimedes and Apollonius will admire less the achievements of the foremost men of later times." Gauss' heroes were <mask> and Newton, and Moritz Cantor, who studied under him in the University of Göttingen, reported that he once remarked in conversation that “there had been only three epoch-making mathematicians: Archimedes, Newton, and Eisenstein." The inventor Nikola Tesla praised him, saying:

Attempts at reconstruction

In a 12th-century text titled Mappae clavicula there are instructions on how to perform the weighings in the water in order to calculate the percentage of silver used, and to solve the problem. The Latin poem Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris of the 4th or 5th century describes the use of a hydrostatic balance to solve the problem of the crown, and attributes the method to Archimedes. A test of the Archimedes heat ray was carried out in 1973 by the Greek scientist Ioannis Sakkas.The experiment took place at the Skaramagas naval base outside Athens. On this occasion 70 mirrors were used, each with a copper coating and a size of around . The mirrors were pointed at a plywood  of a Roman warship at a distance of around . When the mirrors were focused accurately, the ship burst into flames within a few seconds. The plywood ship had a coating of tar paint, which may have aided combustion. A coating of tar would have been commonplace on ships in the classical era. In October 2005 a group of students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carried out an experiment with 127 one-foot (30 cm) square mirror tiles, focused on a  wooden ship at a range of around .Flames broke out on a patch of the ship, but only after the sky had been cloudless and the ship had remained stationary for around ten minutes. It was concluded that the device was a feasible weapon under these conditions. The MIT group repeated the experiment for the television show MythBusters, using a wooden fishing boat in San Francisco as the target. Again some charring occurred, along with a small amount of flame. In order to catch fire, wood needs to reach its autoignition temperature, which is around . When MythBusters broadcast the result of the San Francisco experiment in January 2006, the claim was placed in the category of "busted" (i.e. failed) because of the length of time and the ideal weather conditions required for combustion to occur.It was also pointed out that since Syracuse faces the sea towards the east, the Roman fleet would have had to attack during the morning for optimal gathering of light by the mirrors. MythBusters also pointed out that conventional weaponry, such as flaming arrows or bolts from a catapult, would have been a far easier way of setting a ship on fire at short distances. In December 2010, MythBusters again looked at the heat ray story in a special edition entitled "President's Challenge". Several experiments were carried out, including a large scale test with 500 schoolchildren aiming mirrors at a  of a Roman sailing ship  away. In all of the experiments, the sail failed to reach the  required to catch fire, and the verdict was again "busted". The show concluded that a more likely effect of the mirrors would have been blinding, dazzling, or distracting the crew of the ship. Honors and commemorations

There is a crater on the Moon named Archimedes () in his honor, as well as a lunar mountain range, the Montes Archimedes ().The Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of <mask>, along with a carving illustrating his proof on the sphere and the cylinder. The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to 1st century AD poet Manilius, which reads in Latin: Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri ("Rise above oneself and grasp the world"). <mask> has appeared on postage stamps issued by East Germany (1973), Greece (1983), Italy (1983), Nicaragua (1971), San Marino (1982), and Spain (1963). The exclamation of Eureka! attributed to Archimedes is the state motto of California. In this instance, the word refers to the discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848 which sparked the California Gold Rush. See also

Concepts
 Arbelos
 Archimedean point
 Archimedes' axiom
 Archimedes number
 Archimedes paradox
 Archimedean solid
 Archimedes' twin circles
 Methods of computing square roots
 Salinon
 Steam cannon
 Trammel of Archimedes

People
 Diocles
 Pseudo-Archimedes
 Zhang Heng

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

Boyer, Carl Benjamin.1991. A History of Mathematics. New York: Wiley. .
Clagett, Marshall. 1964–1984. Archimedes in the Middle Ages 1–5. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Dijksterhuis, Eduard J.[1938] 1987. Archimedes, translated. Princeton: Princeton University Press. .
Gow, Mary. 2005. Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Enslow Publishing. .
Hasan, Heather. 2005.Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics. Rosen Central. .
Heath, Thomas L. 1897. Works of Archimedes. Dover Publications. . Complete works of Archimedes in English. Netz, Reviel, and William Noel. 2007.The Archimedes Codex. Orion Publishing Group. .
Pickover, Clifford A. 2008. Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them. Oxford University Press. .
Simms, Dennis L. 1995. Archimedes the Engineer. Continuum International Publishing Group. .
Stein, Sherman.1999. Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?. Mathematical Association of America. . External links

Heiberg's Edition of Archimedes. Texts in Classical Greek, with some in English. The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland

 Testing the Archimedes steam cannon

3rd-century BC Greek people
3rd-century BC writers
People from Syracuse, Sicily
Ancient Greek engineers
Ancient Greek inventors
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek physicists
Hellenistic-era philosophers
Doric Greek writers
Sicilian Greeks
Mathematicians from Sicily
Scientists from Sicily
Geometers
Ancient Greeks who were murdered
Ancient Syracusans
Fluid dynamicists
Buoyancy
280s BC births
210s BC deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
3rd-century BC

masks: Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes


title: Lev Navrozov

texts:
<mask> (; 26 November 1928 – 22 January 2017)  was a Russian author, historian and polemicist, born in Moscow and father of poet Andrei Navrozov. A leading translator of Russian texts into English under the Soviet regime, Navrozov emigrated to the United States in 1972, where he published a best-selling memoir, The Education of <mask>v, and became a prominent Russian dissident. Biography

Early life
Navrozov was born to playwright <mask> (after whom his son was named), a founding member of the Soviet Writers' Union, who volunteered in World War II and was killed in action in 1941. After completing the course at Moscow Power Engineering Institute, did not take the degree, switching to the exclusive Referent Faculty of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages, a faculty created by Joseph Stalin's personal order to produce a new generation of experts with a superior knowledge of Western languages and cultures. On graduation in 1953 was offered a "promising position" at the Soviet Embassy in London, with the attendant obligation to join the Communist Party. Declined both offers, and thenceforth refused all government posts or academic affiliations as a matter of principle. Regarded as a unique expert on the English-speaking countries, but only ever worked as a freelance.Position as translator
<mask> was the first, and to date the last, inhabitant of Russia to translate for publication works of literature from his native tongue into a foreign language, including those by Dostoevsky, Hertzen and Prishvin, as well as philosophy and fundamental science in 72 fields. In 1965, still freelance but now exploiting what amounted to his virtual monopoly over English translations for publication, acquired a country house in Vnukovo, sixteen miles from Moscow, in a privileged settlement where such Soviet nabobs as Andrei Gromyko, then Foreign Minister, and former Politburo member Panteleimon Ponomarenko had their country houses. Dissident historian
In 1953 he began his clandestine documented study of the history of the Soviet regime, working on a cycle of books in the hope of smuggling the manuscript abroad. During this period he published translations only, publishing no original work in view of the unacceptable limits imposed by censorship. In 1972 he emigrated to the United States  with wife and son, after receiving a special invitation from the U.S. State Department arranged through the intercession of several politically influential American friends. During 1972-1980 he contributed articles to Commentary, including the scandalous 1978 publication of the articles "What the CIA Knows About Russia," which Admiral Stansfield Turner publicly admitted he was unable to rebut, and "Notes on American Innocence," which resulted in an unsuccessful $3 million action for defamation brought against the author by the former Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir. The Education of <mask>v
In 1975, Harper & Row published the first volume of his study of the Soviet regime from within, The Education of <mask>v.The book recounts the contemporary effects of Joseph Stalin's public relations campaign in the aftermath of the assassination of rival Sergei Kirov. "It bids fair to take its place beside the works of Laurence Sterne and Henry Adams," wrote the American philosopher Sidney Hook, "... but it is far richer in scope and more gripping in content." Eugene Lyons, author of the pioneering 1937 work Assignment in Utopia, described the book as "uniquely revealing," while Robert Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, wrote of the author's "individual genius." Saul Bellow, the Nobel Prize–winning novelist, responded to The Education by using Navrozov as the model for a modern Russian dissident thinker in two of his books, thereby beginning a lively correspondence that continued until the American novelist's death. In particular, the narrator of More Die of Heartbreak describes Navrozov, along with Sinyavsky, Vladimir Maximov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, as one of his epoch's "commanding figures" and "men of genius." Later life
After 1975, Navrozov published several thousand magazine articles and newspaper columns, which, however diverse the subjects drawing his attention and commentary, have a common theme, namely the incapacity of the West to survive in the present era of increasingly sophisticated totalitarianism. He was the founder, in 1979, of the Center for the Survival of Western Democracies, a non-profit educational organisation whose original Advisory Board brought together Saul Bellow, Malcolm Muggeridge, Dr. Edward Teller, Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, the Hon.Clare Boothe Luce, Mihajlo Mihajlov, Sen. Jesse Helms, and Eugène Ionesco. Later work
Navrozov was concerned with the possibility that China is developing deadly weapons based on nanotechnology. He often cites Eric Drexler as the inspiration for this interest. As early as 2003, Canadian science writer George Dvorsky, chairman of the board of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, noted that "<mask>, the Russian weapons expert who believes that China will eventually try to take over the world using nanoweapons, is declaring K. Eric Drexler to be the Einstein of nanotechnology. Specifically, Navrozov is comparing Einstein's famous warning to President Roosevelt about the viability of atomic weapons to Drexler's 1986 book, Engines of Creation, where he warns about the possibility of the development of nanoweapons. Navrozov is concerned, however, that Drexler is not being taken seriously by the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), an organization that Navrozov compares to the Manhattan Project. But as Navrozov notes, the irony in all this is that the NNI has denied the military
aspects of nanotechnology.'Imagine,' says Navrozov, 'the U.S. Manhattan Project policy of tacit denial of the military importance of nuclear power, the implication being that the Manhattan Project, with all the money allocated for it, should concentrate on the development of nuclear power as fuel.' Disturbingly, while the Chinese have been startlingly open about the potential military uses of
molecular assemblers, Navrozov notes that 'the current government-NNI policy completely excludes research involved in molecular nano assemblers because of the false non-feasibility argument as put forward by Richard Smalley with peremptory categorical zeal.' Ultimately, as the debate between Drexler and Smalley rages, Navrozov sees no harm in assuming that Drexler is right, that we should err on the side of caution. 'Now, let us conjecture, for the sake of argument, the opposite,' argues Navrozov, 'What would be the danger? That the
West, including Dr. Smalley and his carbon nanotubes, would be reduced to dust or would surrender unconditionally to become a vast Hong Kong.'" He died on 22 January 2017 at the age of 88. Notes

External links
 Columns by <mask>v at WorldTribune.com
 Biography at the Lifeboat Foundation
 Interview with Navrozov at Worldthreats.com

1928 births
2017 deaths
Soviet dissidents
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Soviet historians
20th-century historians
Soviet writers

masks:
Lev Navrozov
Lev Navrozo
Andrei Navrozov
Navrozov
Lev Navrozo
Lev Navrozo
Lev Navrozov
Lev Navrozo


title: Libby Black

texts:
<mask> (born in 1976, Toledo, Ohio) is an American contemporary artist working primarily in drawing, painting, and sculpture. <mask> lives and works in Berkeley California. <mask> holds a B.F.A. in Painting from Cleveland Institute of Art, (1999) and an M.F.A. in Painting and Drawing from the California College of the Arts (2001). Work and Themes
Through painting, drawing and sculptural installation, <mask> work explores the course of her personal history and broader cultural contexts, examining the intersection of feminism, LGBTQ+ identity, politics, consumerism, notions of value, and desire. <mask>'s sculptural representations are life sized re-creations of objects which she makes from paper, hot glue, and acrylic paint.In some exhibitions she arranges her sculptures of domestic objects, books, magazines, handbags, and shoes into still life arrangements, creating installations blending the real and the imaginary. Her two-dimensional paintings and drawings are based on imagery gathered from various sources such as fashion magazines, newspapers, and books. Exhibitions

Solo
2001 “The Best of the Best,” a.o.v., San Francisco, CA. 2003 “Louis Vuitton,” Manolo Garcia Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2003 “BENZ,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA. 2005 “Caught Up In The Moment,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2007 “The Past is Never Where You Think You Left It,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA.2008 “In Between Things,” University of Georgia, Broad Street Gallery, Athens, GA.
2009 “Timeless,” Charlie James Gallery, Los Angeles, CA. 2010 “Be Here Now,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA. 2010 “If Nothing Else Matters,” PEEL, Houston, TX. 2010 “Work Out,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA. 2012 “Nothing Lasts Forever,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA
2015 “There's No Place Like Home,” Joshua Liner Gallery, New York, NY
2016 “A Light That Never Goes Out,” Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA
2018 “Little Girl Blue,” Guerrero Gallery, San Francisco, CA

Group
2001: “Memory and History of Place,” Euphart Museum of Art, Los Altos, CA. 2001: “Belief System,” The Luggage Store, San Francisco, CA. 2002: “Openings,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.2002: “Rolex,” Musee D'Honneur Minuscule, New Langton Arts, San Francisco, CA. 2004: “2004 California Biennial,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2004: “The Hunt: Ritual and Narrative,” Sun Valley Center for the Arts, Sun Valley, ID. 2005: “Bay Area Now 4,” Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, CA. 2005: “The Superfly Effect,” Jersey City Museum, Jersey City, NJ. 2005: “The Real World,” Kala Institute Gallery, Berkeley, CA. 2006: “Strictly Graphite,” College of Marin Art Gallery, Kentfield, CA.2006: “Smoke and Mirrors: Deception in Contemporary Art,” Visual Arts Gallery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
2007: “GRAPHIC: New Bay Area Drawing,” di Rosa Preserve, Napa, CA. 2007: “Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA,” Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA. 2008: “Art on Paper 2008,” Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC. 2009: “Tigersprung: Obscure Couture,” The McKinney Avenue Contemporary, Dallas, TX. 2010: “New Art for a New Century: Contemporary Acquisitions 2000-2010,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2011: “New Image Sculpture,” McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX. 2011: “Queer States,” Visual Arts Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX.2012: “Simulacrum,” Columbus College of Art and Design, Columbus, OH. 2013: “Faux Real,” Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA. 2014:“The Stuff of Legends,” Grey Matter, Dallas, TX. 2014: “Pencils Down,” Palo Alto Art Center, Palo Alto, CA. 2015: “Misappropriations: New Acquisitions,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2016: “Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA. 2017: “Sanctuary City: With Liberty and Justice for Some,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.2017: “With Liberty and Justice for Some,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA. 2017: “Detritus,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA. 2017: “Pulped Fictions,” The Torrance Museum, Torrance, CA. 2018: “California Love,” Galerie Droste, Wuppertal, Germany. 2018: “Vanity of Earthly Achievements,” Orth Contemporary, Tulsa, OK.
2018: “Superset,” Fused, San Francisco CA. 2018: “Art Is Where The Heart Is,” Galerie LJ, Paris, France. 2019: “Closer Look: Intimate-Scale Sculpture from the Permanent Collection,” Orange County Museum of Art, Santa Ana, CA.2019: EPOCH: <mask>, Josephine Taylor, and Taravat Talepasand, Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA. Publications

Publications with contributions by Black
2004 California Biennial. New Port Beach: Orange County Museum of Art, 2005. Bay Area Now 4. San Francisco: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, 2006, pages 16–17. Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster, by Dana Thomas. London: penguin press, 2007, page 170.Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA, San Francisco: California College of the Arts, 2007. New Image Sculpture, by Eleanor Heartney, and Rene Paul Barilleaux. San Antonio: McNay Art Museum, 2011, pages 32–39. Beautiful Decay, Book 9: The Seven Deadly Sins, by Amir H Fallah. Los Angeles: Beautiful/Decay, 2012. One Painting a Day,by Timothy Callaghan. Beverly: Quarry Books, 2013.Boxed: A Visual History and the Art of Boxing, by Franklin Sirmans. New York: Damiani/Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2014, pages 64–65. Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis, by By Ann Trinca. Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 2016, pages 1–20. Much Love and Respect. San Francisco: Gallery 16, 2019. Find Your Artistic Voice, by Lisa Congdon.San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2019, pages 86–91

Collections
<mask>'s work is held in the following public and private collections:
Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA. Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco, CA. The West Collection, Philadelphia, PA. Awards
2020 Marcus Early Career Research Award

References

1976 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
People from Berkeley, California
California College of the Arts alumni
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Libby Black
Black
Education Black
Blacks
Black
Libby Black
Black


title: Kamal Amrohi

texts:
<mask> (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993), popularly known as <mask>, was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was also an Urdu and Hindi poet. His Hindi films include Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958. Early life
<mask> was born in Amroha, United Provinces in British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh) and later took on the name <mask> (or Amrohvi). He was a first cousin to Pakistani writers Jaun Elia and Rais Amrohvi. Career
In 1938, he left Amroha to study in Lahore, now part of Pakistan, where singer K. L. Saigal discovered him and took him to Mumbai (Bombay) to work for Sohrab Modi's Minerva Movietone film company, where he started his career working on films like Jailor (1938), Pukar (1939), Bharosa (1940), A. R. Kardar's film (Shahjehan 1946).He made his debut as a director in 1949, with Mahal, starring Madhubala and Ashok Kumar, which was a musical hit, with songs by Lata Mangeshkar and Rajkumari Dubey. He directed only four films; of these were Mahal (1949) for Bombay Talkies, Daaera (1953) with Meena Kumari and Nasir Khan, Pakeezah, which was conceived in 1958 but was not brought to the screen until 1972. He also wrote the screenplay, lyrics and produced the latter. Film Pakeezah (1972) has been called one of the extraordinary musical melodramas ever made in India, although flawed but noble. Meena Kumari herself, in her public comments to the press, after seeing the movie, said that it was <mask>'s tribute to her. This was followed by Razia Sultan (1983), his last film. Though, he started a film, Majnoon with Rajesh Khanna and Rakhee Gulzar as leads, however the film got shelved.He wrote scripts for the movies made by Sohrab Modi, Abdul Rashid Kardar and K. Asif. He was one of the four dialogue writers for the latter's famous 1960 movie, Mughal-e-Azam, for which he won the Filmfare Award. As a director, he developed a style that combined a stylised direction with minimalist performances. This style was different from the one with expressive acting that was common in Indian cinema of his period. In 1958, he started Kamaal Studios for his banner Mahal Films, though it closed down after three years and later changed hands to become Natraj Studios. It was mentioned that the last movie he wanted to make was called Aakhri Mughal. He had written a substantial portion of the script.But it went into oblivion after his death. Noted film maker J P Dutta was to revive the film in the late 1990s which was supposed to have been Abhishekh Bachchan's debut movie. But later Dutta scrapped the project. He was again planning to revive the film in 2007 after the debacle of his costume drama Umrao Jaan (2006) remake from the cult film from the 1980s. Personal life
<mask> married four times: His first wife was Bilkis Bano (who was a maid to Nargis's mother, Jaddan Bai). After her passing away, he married Sayeda Al-Zehra Mehmoodi, daughter of Jamal Hasan. She died on 9 April 1982.He met Meena Kumari during the filming of Tamasha. Veteran actor Ashok Kumar introduced them. They fell in love and married on 14 February 1952, on Valentine's Day in a much private ceremony. Only <mask>'s friend Baaqar Ali and Meena Kumari's younger sister Madhu were aware of this development. The couple then made Daera (1953 film), a film based on their love story, however the movie tanked at the box office. During the filming of Azaad in 1954, both of them planned another movie, Pakeezah. The film went on studio floors by 1956, but as the craze of colour films increased, particularly after the release of Mother India (1957), the black & white scenes were re-shot to colour sequences.After the release of Guru Dutt's classic Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959 film) which marked the arrival of Cinemascope technique, the film was again shot, this time in Cinemascope. By the 1960s, Meena Kumari was at the peak of her career which caused tensions between the couple and ultimately led to a mutual separation in March 1964. Film Pakeezah got shelved. In March 1969, the film was revived with an ill Meena Kumari, (due to her alcoholism) in the lead. They lived together for a total of 11 years. Raaj Kumar was roped in, as by that time, Ashok Kumar- the original lead was too old to portray the hero of the film. Pakeezah was released on 4 February 1972, 14 years after it first began.Unfortunately, it received a lukewarm response from the critics. Although the film received warm reception from the audience, it was Meena Kumari's untimely death on 31 March 1972 which acted as an ultimate push and made it one of the top grossers of that year. The film is now considered as a cult classic and has a status much similar to K. Asif's 1960 magnum opus, Mughal-E-Azam. <mask> got married for the fourth time with his physician. During his last years, he used to regularly visit the hospital for minor ailments. There he met his fourth wife, who was actually his doctor. After the death of Mehmoodi in 1982, <mask> felt lonely and in order to avoid being a burden on his children, he decided to get married, drawing sharp reactions from the media.<mask> had three children with Mehmoodie: two sons, Shandaar and Taajdaar, both of whom worked with him in Razia Sultan, and a daughter, Rukhsar <mask>. He had no children with Bilkis Bano, Meena Kumari and his fourth wife. Shandaar died on 21 August 2011 in Goa. He was survived by his wives, Shahida <mask> and Khursheed Naqvi <mask>. He was laid to rest in Mumbai the following day. <mask>'s grandsons Mashhoor <mask> and Bilal <mask> are also actors. Kamal Amrohi Studios
Kamal Amrohi Studios (Kamalistan Studios) was established in 1958, spread over 15 acre, it is situated in Jogeshwari East, off Jogeshwari – Vikhroli Link Road in Mumbai.It continues to run, managed by <mask>'s son, Tajdar <mask>; despite 2010 news reports of it being sold, and continued litigation thereafter. Over the years, it has been venues of films like Razia Sultan (1983) <mask>'s last film as a director, Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and Kaalia (1981),  Khalnayak (1993), Koyla (1997), and recently the first schedule of film, Dabangg 2 was shot there in 2012, apart from the television shows are also shot at the complex. Death and legacy

<mask> died on 11 February 1993 in Mumbai, twenty one years after his wife Meena Kumari's death  and ten years after making his last film, Razia Sultan (1983). He was buried next to Meena Kumari in Rehmatabad Qabristan, an Indian-Iranian graveyard in Mumbai. <mask>'s only daughter from his second wife, Mehmoodie, Rukhsaar <mask> gave a newspaper interview describing her version of life-events, which she witnessed, between her father <mask> and Meena Kumari. In February 2022, Music label Saregama and actor Bilal <mask> (grandson of <mask>) announced a web series on the love story of <mask> and Meena Kumari against the backdrop of making of the film Pakeezah. The series which will be helmed by Yoodlee films is expected to go on floors in 2023.Filmography

Soundtrack
1998 Such a Long Journey (writer: "Thare Rahiyo")

Awards and recognition
 1961: Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue: Mughal-e-Azam (1960)
 1972: Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Director for film Pakeezah (1972). References

External links

  website
 Filmography of <mask> on Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website

1918 births
1993 deaths
Urdu-language film directors
Indian male screenwriters
Indian Shia Muslims
People from Amroha district
Hindi-language film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
Film directors from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian screenwriters
Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers

masks:
Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
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Kamal Amrohi
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Kamal Amrohi
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Kamal Amrohi
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Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi


title: George Washington Carver

texts:
<mask> ( 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He was the most prominent black scientist of the early 20th century. While a professor at Tuskegee Institute, <mask> developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. Although he spent years developing and promoting numerous products made from peanuts, none became commercially successful. Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, <mask> was also a leader in promoting environmentalism.He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP. In an era of high racial polarization, his fame reached beyond the black community. He was widely recognized and praised in the white community for his many achievements and talents. In 1941, Time magazine dubbed <mask> a "Black Leonardo". Color film of <mask> shot in 1937 at the Tuskegee Institute by African American surgeon Allen Alexander was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2019. The 12 minutes of footage includes <mask> in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings. The film was digitized by The National Archives as part of its multi-year effort to preserve and make available the historically significant film collections of the National Park Service.Early years

<mask> was born into slavery, in Diamond Grove (now Diamond), Newton County, Missouri, near Crystal Place, sometime in the mid 1860s. The date of his birth is uncertain and was not known to <mask>; but it was before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January 1865, during the American Civil War. His master, <mask>, was a German American immigrant, who had purchased <mask>'s parents, Mary and Giles, from William P. McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $700. Giles died before <mask> was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas. <mask>'s brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the trio in Kentucky. <mask> hired John Bentley to find them, but he found only the infant <mask>.Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return, and rewarded Bentley. After slavery was abolished, <mask> and his wife, Susan, raised <mask> and his older brother, James, as their own children. They encouraged <mask> to continue his intellectual pursuits, and "Aunt Susan" taught him the basics of reading and writing. Black people were not allowed at the public school in Diamond Grove. <mask> decided to go to a school for black children 10 miles (16 km) south, in Neosho. When he reached the town, he found the school closed for the night. He slept in a nearby barn.By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room. When he identified himself as "<mask>'s <mask>", as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was "<mask>". <mask> liked Mariah Watkins, and her words "You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people" made a great impression on him. At age 13, because he wanted to attend the academy there, he moved to the home of another foster family, in Fort Scott, Kansas. After witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of whites, <mask> left the city. He attended a series of schools before earning his diploma at Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas. During his time spent in Minneapolis there was another <mask> in town, which caused confusion over receiving mail.<mask> chose a middle initial at random, and began requesting letters to him be addressed to <mask><mask>. Someone once asked if the "W" stood for Washington, and <mask> grinned and said "Why not?" But he never used Washington as his middle name, and signed his name as either <mask><mask> or simply <mask>. College education

<mask> applied to several colleges before being accepted at Highland University in Highland, Kansas. When he arrived, however, they refused to let him attend because of his race. In August 1886, <mask> traveled by wagon with J. F. Beeler from Highland to Eden Township in Ness County, Kansas. He homesteaded a claim near Beeler, where he maintained a small conservatory of plants and flowers and a geological collection.He manually plowed  of the claim, planting rice, corn, Indian corn and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery. He also earned money by odd jobs in town and worked as a ranch hand. In early 1888, <mask> obtained a $300 loan at the Bank of Ness City for education. By June he left the area. In 1890, <mask> started studying art and piano at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa. His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized <mask>'s talent for painting flowers and plants; she encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames. When he began there in 1891, he was the first black student at Iowa State.<mask>'s Bachelor's thesis for a degree in Agriculture was "Plants as Modified by Man", dated 1894. Iowa State University professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced <mask> to continue there for his master's degree. <mask> did research at the Iowa Experiment Station under Pammel during the next two years. His work at the experiment station in plant pathology and mycology first gained him national recognition and respect as a botanist. <mask> received his Master of Science degree in 1896. <mask> taught as the first black faculty member at Iowa State. Despite occasionally being addressed as "doctor," <mask> never received an official doctorate, and in a personal communication with Pammel, he noted that it was a "misnomer", given to him by others due to his abilities and their assumptions about his education.With that said, both Simpson College and Selma University awarded him honorary doctorates of science in his lifetime. Iowa State later awarded him a doctorate of humane letters posthumously in 1994. Tuskegee Institute

In 1896, Booker T<mask>, the first principal and president of the  Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), invited <mask> to head its Agriculture Department. <mask> taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency. <mask> designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers. He called it a "Jesup wagon" after the New York financier and philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup, who provided funding to support the program.To recruit <mask> to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty. Because he had earned a master's in a scientific field from a "white" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant. Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute. One of <mask>'s duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute. He soon proved to be a poor administrator. In 1900, <mask> complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much.In 1904, an Institute committee reported that <mask>'s reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and <mask> confronted <mask> about the issue. <mask> replied in writing, "Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal." During <mask>'s last five years at Tuskegee, <mask> submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, to manage an experiment station elsewhere, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14. In each case, <mask> smoothed things over. <mask> started his academic career as a researcher and teacher. In 1911, <mask> wrote a letter to him complaining that <mask> had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station. This revealed Washington's micro-management of <mask>'s department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then.<mask> at the same time refused <mask>'s requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes. <mask> praised <mask>'s abilities in teaching and original research but said about his administrative skills:

When it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability. When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again in ability. In 1911, <mask> complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which <mask> had promised 11 months before. He also complained about Institute committee meetings. <mask> praised <mask> in his 1911 memoir, My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience. <mask> called <mask> "one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted."After <mask> died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on <mask> for administrative tasks. While a professor at Tuskegee, <mask> joined the Gamma Sigma chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He spoke at the 1930 Conclave that was held at Tuskegee, Alabama, in which he delivered a powerful and emotional speech to the men in attendance. From 1915 to 1923, <mask> concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time. Rise to fame

<mask> developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton.Together with other agricultural experts, he urged farmers to restore nitrogen to their soils by practicing systematic crop rotation: alternating cotton crops with plantings of sweet potatoes or legumes (such as peanuts, soybeans and cowpeas). These crops both restored nitrogen to the soil and were good for human consumption. Following the crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields and gave farmers alternative cash crops. To train farmers to successfully rotate and cultivate the new crops, <mask> developed an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State. To encourage better nutrition in the South, he widely distributed recipes using the alternative crops. Additionally, he founded an industrial research laboratory, where he and assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them. They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes, which they collected from others.<mask> distributed his information as agricultural bulletins. <mask>'s work was known by officials in the national capital before he became a public figure. President Theodore Roosevelt publicly admired his work. Former professors of <mask>'s from Iowa State University were appointed to positions as Secretary of Agriculture: James Wilson, a former dean and professor of <mask>'s, served from 1897 to 1913. Henry Cantwell Wallace served from 1921 to 1924. He knew <mask> personally because his son Henry A. Wallace and the researcher were friends. The younger Wallace served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1933 to 1940, and as Franklin Delano Roosevelt's vice president from 1941 to 1945.The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor William C. Edenborn of Winn Parish, Louisiana, grew peanuts on his demonstration farm. He consulted with <mask>. In 1916, <mask> was made a member of the Royal Society of Arts in England, one of only a handful of Americans at that time to receive this honor. <mask>'s promotion of peanuts gained him the most notice. In 1919, <mask> wrote to a peanut company about the potential he saw for peanut milk. Both he and the peanut industry seemed unaware that in 1917 William Melhuish had secured  for a milk substitute made from peanuts and soybeans. The United Peanut Associations of America invited <mask> to speak at their 1920 convention.He discussed "The Possibilities of the Peanut" and exhibited 145 peanut products. By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the Republic of China. In 1921, peanut farmers and industry representatives planned to appear at Congressional hearings to ask for a tariff. Based on the quality of <mask>'s presentation at their convention, they asked the African-American professor to testify on the tariff issue before the Ways and Means Committee of the United States House of Representatives. Due to segregation, it was highly unusual for an African American to appear as an expert witness at Congress representing European-American industry and farmers. Southern congressmen, reportedly shocked at <mask>'s arriving to testify, were said to have mocked him. As he talked about the importance of the peanut and its uses for American agriculture, the committee members repeatedly extended the time for his testimony.The Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922 was passed including one on imported peanuts. <mask>'s testifying to Congress made him widely known as a public figure. Life while famous

During the last two decades of his life, <mask> seemed to enjoy his celebrity status. He was often on the road promoting Tuskegee University, peanuts, and racial harmony. Although he only published six agricultural bulletins after 1922, he published articles in peanut industry journals and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Professor <mask>'s Advice". Business leaders came to seek his help, and he often responded with free advice. Three American presidents—Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and Franklin Roosevelt—met with him, and the Crown Prince of Sweden studied with him for three weeks.From 1923 to 1933, <mask> toured white Southern colleges for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation. With his increasing notability, <mask> became the subject of biographies and articles. Raleigh H. Merritt contacted him for his biography published in 1929. Merritt wrote:

At present not a great deal has been done to utilize Dr. <mask>'s discoveries commercially. He says that he is merely scratching the surface of scientific investigations of the

masks:
George Washington Carver
Carver
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Moses Carver
George
George
George
Moses Carver
George
Moses Carver
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George Carver
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George W
. Carver
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George Carver
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