title: Lloyd Doggett

texts:
<mask> II (born October 6, 1946) is an American attorney and politician who is a U.S. representative from Texas. A member of the Democratic Party, he has represented a district based in Austin since 1995, currently numbered as Texas's 35th congressional district. Doggett is the only Democrat to represent any part of Austin in Congress. Doggett was previously a member of the Texas State Senate and a justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Early life and education
Doggett was born in Austin, the son of Alyce Paulin (Freydenfeldt) and <mask>. His maternal grandparents were Swedish. Doggett graduated Omicron Delta Kappa and received both a bachelor's degree in business administration and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas at Austin, where he served as student body president his senior year.While attending the University of Texas at Austin, he also joined Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Early career
Doggett served as a member of the Texas Senate from 1973 to 1985. He was the Democratic nominee for the 1984 United States Senate election in Texas, losing to the Republican candidate, Phil Gramm. Doggett authored the bill creating the Texas Commission on Human Rights, as well as a law outlawing "cop killer" bullets and a "sunset law" requiring periodic review of government agencies. He gained attention in 1979 as a member of the "Killer Bees", a group of 12 Democratic state senators who opposed a plan to move the state's presidential primary to March 11. The intent was to give former governor John Connally a leg up on the 1980 Republican nomination. The Killer Bees wanted a closed primary.When this proposal was rejected, they walked out of the chamber and left the Senate two members short of a quorum. The bill was withdrawn five days later. In 1989, Doggett became both a justice of the Texas Supreme Court and an adjunct professor at the University of Texas School of Law. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
Before 2012
<mask> was elected to the House of Representatives in 1994 in what was then the 10th district after 32-year incumbent Jake Pickle retired. He was one of the few Democrats to win an open seat in that year's massive Republican landslide. Running for reelection in 1996, Doggett defeated Republican nominee <mask>, to whom he is no relation. It marked the second election in a row in which he defeated a black female Republican.In the years following his first reelection, <mask> consistently won around 85% of the vote, facing only Libertarian opponents. The 10th, which had once been represented by Lyndon Johnson, had long been a liberal Democratic bastion in increasingly Republican Texas. Redistricting by the Texas Legislature in 2003 split Austin, which had been entirely or almost entirely in the 10th district for more than a century, into three districts. Through Republican gerrymandering, <mask>'s home wound up in a new, heavily Republican 10th district stretching from north central Austin to the Houston suburbs. Most of his former territory wound up on the 25th district, which consisted of a long tendril stretching from Austin to McAllen on the Mexican border. It was called "the fajita strip" or "the bacon strip" because of its shape. Doggett moved to the newly configured 25th and entered the Democratic primary—the real contest in the heavily Democratic, majority-Hispanic district.He won the primary and the general election. On June 28, 2006, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the nearby 23rd district's lines violated the rights of Latino voters. As part of the 2003 redistricting, heavily Democratic and majority-Latino Laredo had largely been cut out of the 23rd and replaced by several heavily Republican areas near San Antonio. The decision turned on the fact that the 23rd was a protected majority-Latino district—in other words, if the 23rd was ever redrawn to put Latinos in a minority, an acceptable majority-Latino district had to be created in its place. While the new 23rd was 55% Latino, only 46% of its voting population was Latino. The Court therefore found that the 23rd was not an acceptable Latino-majority district. It also found that the 25th was not compact enough to be an acceptable replacement because the two Latino communities in the district were more than 300 miles apart, creating the impression that it had been deliberately drawn to pick up as many Latinos as possible without regard to compactness.Due to the 23rd's size, the ruling forced the redrawing of five districts between El Paso and San Antonio, including the 25th. For the 2006 election, <mask> regained most of his old base in Austin (though not the area around the University of Texas at Austin, which stayed in the 21st), and also picked up several suburbs southeast of the city. After skating to reelection in 2006 and 2008, he was held to only 52 percent of the vote in 2010—his closest race since 1996. 2012

It was reported that the new Congressional maps in Texas turned <mask>'s district from a strongly Democratic district into a strongly Republican one. The new map split <mask>'s old territory among five districts. His home was placed in a new, heavily Republican 25th district stretching from east Austin all the way to the fringes of Fort Worth. Much of his old base was placed in the newly created 35th district, a majority-Hispanic district stretching from San Antonio to eastern Austin.Doggett's home was approximately five blocks east of the 35th. It appeared that the Republican-controlled state legislature had gerrymandered the district by packing as many Democrats in the San Antonio-Austin corridor into it as possible. Doggett accused the Republicans of wanting to make it difficult, if not impossible, for an Anglo Democrat to be elected to Congress from Texas, saying, "The Republican Party is determined to make the Democratic Party a party of minorities—that is what this is about, as well." He added that the Republicans were deliberately trying to reduce Austin's clout in Congress by "deny[ing] the capital city an opportunity to have a district that reflects the capital city." He was faced with the choice between running in the reconfigured 25th or moving, joking that he would live in a Winnebago to be able to run in the newly created 35th. Doggett was set to face State Representative Joaquin Castro in the 35th district primary election. The race was described as the biggest threat to Doggett's survival yet, with Castro seen as a "rising star" in the Democratic party.Doggett accused Castro of working alongside Republicans throughout the redistricting process. The Republican House Redistricting Committee later said that any discussions with Castro took place after the area for the district was decided. Castro opted to run in the neighboring 20th district after its incumbent, Charlie Gonzalez, announced his retirement. Doggett eventually decided to run in the 35th district, facing Bexar County assessor Sylvia Romo. Before the primary, he said that he would move into the district if he won. Political commentators suggested that Romo had the district numbers in her favor, but was attempting the difficult leap from local office to Congress, while Doggett had a huge amount of funding. Doggett stressed his long tenure as a progressive Democrat, saying he wanted to "stoutly defend Social Security, Medicare, and national health care", and also touted his strong support for higher education programs and public education.By contrast, Romo's campaign stressed her tax knowledge and CPA license, focusing on her potential to help with Congressional tax reform and economic growth. <mask> won the primary with 73.2% of the vote. He performed strongly in San Antonio, an area he had never before represented. The district is so heavily Democratic that he was heavily favored to win the general election in November. He easily defeated Republican nominee Susan Narvaiz in the general election to become the first Anglo Democrat to represent a significant portion of San Antonio since Chick Kazen left office in 1985. 2016
<mask> won his 12th House term in 2016. With 124,612 votes (63.1%), he again defeated Narvaiz, who polled 62,384 (31.6%).Two other contenders held the remaining 5.4% of the vote. 2022

Texas's population growth resulted in its gaining two congressional seats after the 2020 census. In October 2021, <mask> announced that he would run for reelection in the state's new 37th district rather than his current 35th. Austin was split between five districts on the previous congressional map, and the Republican members of Congress who represented the area began facing closer reelection margins later in the decade due to the city's overwhelmingly Democratic voting patterns. Republican state legislators decided to draw a new district almost entirely within Travis County in order to bolster Republican margins in surrounding districts. <mask>'s decision to run in the 37th district creates a vacancy in the 35th, which runs along Interstate 35 from the Austin to San Antonio. Both seats are overwhelmingly Democratic, meaning the winner of the Democratic primary will almost certainly be sworn in to the 118th Congress in January 2023.Tenure
Described as an "endangered species", Doggett was one of only three white male Democratic House members from Texas in the 113th Congress (the others being Gene Green and Beto O'Rourke) in a state with mostly Republicans and minority members of the Democratic Party. Since Green's and O'Rourke's retirements after the 2018 election, <mask> is the only white male Democrat representing Texas in Congress. He is one of the most liberal white Democrats from a Southern district, and one of the most liberal people ever to represent Texas in Congress. David Hawkings of Roll Call described his tax and environmental policies as "muscular progressivism". Doggett was a frequent critic of former Speaker Newt Gingrich while allying with David Bonior, the Democratic whip, when Bonior was leading "an effort to diminish Gingrich's power by raising continual questions about his ethics." He has been a close ally of Nancy Pelosi. In 2002, he supported her successful bid for Democratic leader over fellow Texan Martin Frost, a more moderate candidate.On the local level, Doggett helped ensure the development of the Austin Outpatient Clinic, which opened in 2011 as the largest veterans' clinic of its kind in the country. In 2014, he secured passage of legislation to expand the Missions National Park and supported it being named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Doggett has long supported more open government, and is also a leading advocate for campaign finance reform. On the Ways and Means Committee, he has sought to close many overseas tax shelters. Doggett has authored legislation to create tax incentives for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and to create a nationwide

masks:
Lloyd Alton Doggett
Lloyd Alton Doggett
Doggett
Teresa Doggett
Doggett
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Doggett
Doggett
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Doggett
Doggett
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title: Lloyd Doggett

type: original

texts:
 Silver Alert system. From 2011 to 2016, he served as ranking member of the Human Resources Subcommittee and in 2017 became ranking member of the Tax Policy Subcommittee. His priorities there included education, health care, preventing child abuse, reducing prescription drug prices, fighting poverty, and eliminating multinational tax shelters and loopholes.Abortion
Doggett is pro-choice. In 2003 he voted against a bill that would have banned all partial-birth abortions. He was given a 100% by the NARAL. He voted in favor of a bill to provide federal funding for embryonic stem cell research in 2007. Environment
Doggett supports environmental preservation. He is one of the leading opponents in the House of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve in Alaska. The League of Conservation Voters gave Doggett a 100% rating, an indication that he supports the group's interpretation of environmental preservation.In the 110th Congress (2007–08), he wrote climate change legislation that would have gone further to reduce greenhouse gases than bills his party's leaders supported. In June 2009, Doggett voted for the American Clean Energy and Security Act, a bill that would have established an emissions trading system for American producers of carbon dioxide. He said, "It has been a difficult and significant decision". "I just decided that I will have a better chance to make changes later in the process if I acted in good faith now. But don't think this means I'm signing off on the conference report", he added. In 2018, Doggett was rated 100% by the group Clean Water Action. Gay rights
Doggett voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment in the 109th Congress.He voted against HR 4380 and HR 2587, bills that would have banned adoption by same-sex couples. In 1996, Doggett voted for the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), but in 2011 he co-sponsored the Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal DOMA. Taxes
Doggett introduced legislation focused on restricting American companies from using overseas strategies to reduce their corporate tax rates. When Obama unveiled his plan in May 2009 to significantly change how U.S.-based multinationals are taxed, it included aspects of <mask>'s proposals to crack down on tax dodgers. He voted against the 2010 tax compromise, criticizing the renewal of the Bush tax cuts, saying "This bill is largely a mishmash of rejected Republican ideas that cost too much to accomplish too little." He led a group of Democrats who "criticized the inclusion of a Social Security payroll tax reduction, saying it would endanger the soundness of the program." In 2010, Doggett was responsible for an amendment to an education jobs bill that would mandate that Texas keep the same amount of education funding for three years in order to receive $832 million in federal money.Rick Perry called it "an unconstitutional anti-Texas amendment" and later filed a lawsuit after the Department of Education declined the application for funds. In 2015, Doggett introduced legislation to close a loophole that allows tax writeoffs for senior executive bonuses, calling it "a perverse incentive for companies: the more you pay your executives, the less you'll pay in taxes." Energy
Doggett has backed bills to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and supports cap-and-trade as well as clean technologies. He supported the 2009 climate-change bill, "despite claiming it didn't do enough to protect the environment." He said it stripped the EPA of too much power and was too beneficial to coal plants and "other polluters." Doggett supports auctioning carbon allowances, and has worked to make legislation usually associated with the House Ways and Means Committee to be associated with the Energy and Commerce Committee. In June 2015, Doggett voted against fast-track Trade Promotion Authority, calling it a "charter for corporate America rather than a high-level trade agreement."He criticized the U.S. Trade Representative for failing to enforce labor and environmental standards. "Usually, the reason that USTR fails is that it doesn't really try," he said. 'Asleep at the Wheel' is a great Texas swing band, but it is a horrible philosophy for trade law enforcement." In 2015, Doggett's continued interest in international affairs was reflected in his support for the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the Iran nuclear deal. Together with Representatives David Price and Jan Schakowsky, Doggett organized a successful whip effort to ensure Congress did not obstruct nuclear negotiations with Iran. Health care
In March 2010, Doggett voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Before his vote, he cited concerns that the bill did not include enough affordability, insurance competition provisions, and consumer protection provisions.Originally an advocate of a public option, he conceded the option in the final vote. In 2015, Congress passed <mask>'s NOTICE Act, which ensures that hospitalized seniors are notified whether they are in outpatient observation or inpatient care, saving them the sticker shock from realizing Medicare may not cover their skilled nursing facility care as expected. Doggett sponsored the Medicare Identity Theft Prevention Act, which was enacted in 2015 and protects seniors from identity theft by removing Social Security numbers from Medicare cards. Another of Doggett's sponsored bills, the Ensuring Access to Clinical Trials Act, was enacted that same year. It allows patients with rare diseases to receive some compensation for clinical trial participation, without that compensation counting toward income eligibility limits for Social Security income or Medicaid. Doggett has said Republicans in Congress and "ideological groups that have never accepted the idea of social insurance" pose a greater threat to Social Security than the country's aging population. Doggett founded the House Prescription Drug Task Force to tackle the cost of prescription drugs.Doggett co-sponsored the Medicare for All Act of 2019. Criticism of healthcare opponents
In August 2009, a "rally" against Obamacare broke out after Doggett said that he would support it even if his constituents opposed it. The protesters, who chanted "just say no", were later criticized by Doggett, who called them a "mob" and "extremists", and said the group was part of the "party of no." Of the situation, he said: "Their fanatical insistence on repealing Social Security and Medicare is not just about halting health care reform but rolling back 75 years of progress." Doggett said he was committed to individual choices. Doggett reportedly tried to answer questions, but felt the demonstrators opposed all government programs, including Social Security and Medicare, in addition to the health care plan. He said that "[i]n Texas, not only with the weather but with the politics, it is pretty hardball around here ...I have a pretty thick skin about all of this. But this really goes over the line.'" Immigration
Doggett supports a guest worker program for undocumented immigrants. In 2004, he voted against a bill that would have required hospitals to report undocumented immigrants who received hospital treatment to the Department of Justice. The Federation for American Immigration Reform, an anti-immigration organization classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a hate group, gave Doggett a score of 0% in 2003. Doggett also supports the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which grants undocumented immigrants brought to the U.S. at a young age, known as "Dreamers", access to work permits and deportation relief. Iraq
Doggett was one of the leading opponents of the authorization of the Iraq War in 2003 and called for a timetable for U.S. troops pulling out of Iraq.On May 24, 2007, he was one of 140 Democrats and two Republicans to vote against HR 2206, a bill that would provide emergency supplemental appropriations for funding the war, and in 2009 he was one of only 30 representatives to vote against HR 2346, which provided funding to continue war. Education
In 2009, as part of the Obama administration's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Doggett authored the American Opportunity Tax Credit, which provides a refundable credit for some tuition and related expenses. Other social service issues
In January 2013, Doggett passed a bill into law setting up a national commission to examine ways to reduce the number of children who die of abuse and neglect. More children die in Texas of abuse and neglect than in any other state. The tax and spending deal approved that month to avoid a so-called "fiscal cliff" included an extension of a higher-education tax credit he had proposed. He also worked with Representative Sam Johnson to pass a bill through the House in December 2012 to authorize the phased removal of Social Security numbers from Medicare cards to crack down on identity theft. Trump administration
Doggett was a vocal critic of President Donald Trump, skipping his inauguration to speak at the Women's March at the State Capitol in Austin, which observers described as the largest protest in Texas history.He has played a leading role in seeking disclosure of Trump's tax returns and in opposing the repeal of the Affordable Health Care Act. Doggett also sponsored a resolution to formally censure Trump for his failure regarding violence at Charlottesville, Virginia. Committee assignments
 Committee on Ways and Means
 Subcommittee on Health (chair)
 Select Revenue Measures Subcommittee
 Joint Committee on Taxation
 House Budget Committee

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
 House Songwriters Caucus (co-chair)
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Safe Climate Caucus
 Congressional Progressive Caucus
 House Baltic Caucus
 Afterschool Caucuses
 Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus

Electoral history

Personal life
Doggett is married to <mask> (née Belk), with whom he has two children. The Sunlight Project estimates his average net worth in 2006 was over $13 million. In 2008, the Sunlight Foundation reported that of the 435 House members, Doggett has the 11th-highest amount of investment in oil stocks. References

External links

 Congressman <mask>t official U.S. House website
 <mask> for Congress

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1946 births
21st-century American politicians
American legal scholars
American United Methodists
Austin High School (Austin, Texas) alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
People from Austin, Texas
Presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate
Texas Democrats
Texas state senators
Justices of the Texas Supreme Court
University of Texas School of Law alumni
McCombs School of Business

masks:
Doggett
Doggett
Libby Doggett
Lloyd Dogget
Lloyd Doggett


title: Niralamba Swami

texts:
Jatindra Nath Banerjee (<mask>) (19 November 1877 – 5 September 1930) was one of two great Indian nationalists and freedom fighters – along with Aurobindo Ghosh (Sri Aurobindo) – who dramatically rose to prominence between 1871 and 1910. Biography

<mask> was born as Jatindra Nath Banerjee on 19 November 1877 at Channa village in Burdwan district. His father, Kalicharan Banerjee, worked as a government official at Bangaon of Jessore district (now North Twenty Four Parganas) of Bengal.His early education was completed at the village school. Then he passed FA (First Arts) from Burdwan Raj College, which was then affiliated with the University of Calcutta with high marks. He was admitted to B.A. class in the college. Freedom struggle
While at college, Jatindra Nath (Jatindra Nath Banerjee) began developing interest in political activities of India.He was drawn towards radical and revolutionary methods of attaining independence. He felt that revolutionary methods were necessary to attain independence and he became the first to preach the adoption of revolutionary methods for attaining independence. For using revolutionary methods, a large army was needed and so martial training of countrymen was essential. So Jatindra Nath left his studies halfway in search of martial training. He tried to get himself enlisted in the British army but did not succeed. Baroda
Having failed to enlist himself in the British army, Jatindra Nath began wandering in search of a job. He reached Baroda.At Baroda he met Aurobindo Ghose Sri Aurobindo. Aurobindo was highly impressed by his robust health and helped him in finding a job in the Baroda army. In the year 1897, Jatindra Nath joined the Baroda army as a bodyguard of the king of Baroda. He also became an associate of Aurobindo. Aurobindo began devoting energy towards national activities. When Anushilan Samity was formed at Kolkata, Aurobindo sent a request to Jatindra Nath to join the organisation. So Jatindra Nath left his job in Baroda to join Anushilan Samity.He became one of its prominent members. Jatindra Nath's father did not like the fact that his son had left his studies and that he had involved himself in anti-British activities. To divert his son's attention towards family matters, he married him off. But still Jatindra Nath became more deeply involved in the freedom movement of the country. The Alipore bomb case and repression of all revolutionary activities in Bengal forced Jatindra Nath lose interest in the nationalist activities. He went back to his native village. (Channa village)Soon he was married off by his parents to Hiranmoyee.Spiritual transformation

Early indication
During his childhood Jatinindra Nath Banerjee was known to be unruly, but as a teenager he became thoughtful. He began to frequently visit the temple of goddess Bishalakshi (also known as Bishalaxmi, another name of the goddess Durga), where he would sit for hours in deep contemplation. Sannyasa
After the suppression of revolutionary activities in Bengal, Jatin (Jatinindra Nath Banerjee) went back to his native village. His mind became engrossed in spiritual thoughts. He would frequently visit the temple of Bishalaakshi ('Large-eyed Goddess') and would remain there for hours. He would pray for spiritual strength self-purification and spiritual knowledge. He began to feel the need for a guru.Meanwhile, his parents died and a daughter was born to him. He felt a deep need to get rid of worldly ties. Consequently, one night he became a wandering monk (i.e. he took Sannyasa). Jatin felt that for gaining spiritual knowledge he needed the help of a guru and hence he began to search for one. He wandered many places in search of a guru but could not find any genuine ones. Wanderings
During his wanderings he reached Varanasi.There he met a monk who suggested him to go to Nainital where he (Jatin) would find his destined guru

Nainital
When Jatindra Nath reached Nainital from Varanasi he became very tired and exhausted. Yet he managed to find Soham <mask>, his destined guru. Soham <mask> had established an ashram near the bank of a river. He welcomed Jatindra Nath with open arms and made him his disciple on the same day. Soham <mask> was one of the most eminent disciples of Tibbetibaba, the legendary yogi of India. He was the author of books like 'Soham Gita', 'Soham Samhita', 'Truth' (this book was the only book written by him in English poetry. It was published in Calcutta, now Kolkata, in 1913) and 'Common Sense.’

In his autobiographical work, Why I Am An Atheist, Bhagat Singh, a prominent freedom fighter, wrongly referred to <mask> <mask> as the author of a book titled Common Sense.<mask> in fact wrote only the introduction to it.<ref>'‘Why I am an Atheist: Bhagat Singh, People's Publishing House, New Delhi, India. Page available:  </ref><mask>, Soham, "Common Sense", Bangladesh: Surja Kanta Banerjee, Gandharia Press, Dacca (Dhaka) (1928). pp. 1–3. Haridwar
Soham <mask> asked Jatindra Nath Banerjee to go to Haridwar, where he had established an ashram. At this place Jatindra Nath began scaling great spiritual heights and finally attained knowledge of Brahman or God in His form without any attributes. Soham <mask> was very pleased with the spiritual success of Jatindra Nath Banerjee and so he was rechristened with the name of Srimat <mask> <mask>.But he became popular with the name of <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> now had many admirers and devotees from Punjab, Haryana, and regions around Delhi. His fame for spiritual knowledge and wisdom spread far and wide. After staying in Haridwar for some years he developed a desire to establish an ashram at Channa village. He conveyed his request to his guru and was granted the permission to establish an ashram at his native village. Channa village
After staying in the northern India for many years, <mask> <mask> reached Channa village, his native place. Many people of his village and other nearby villages had gathered to have a glimpse of their famous man.He first visited his home to meet his wife. Through her he came to know that his only child (his daughter) had expired. He managed to convince his wife to spend the rest of her life with him as the Mother of the soon to be constructed ashram at the village. She was re-christened as 'Chinmoyee Devi'. Soon an ashram was constructed by the side of the village river bank and <mask> <mask> began staying at the ashram with his wife and some devotees and disciples. <mask> <mask>'s fame as a great Guru and a yogi spread even more in India. His life at the ashram was spent both as a 'bhogi' (enjoyer) and a yogi.He would daily consume the best quality betel leaves and tobacco available at the time. It did not remain unknown that the former freedom fighter had become a famous yogi of India. So many former comrades of <mask> <mask> (formerly Jatindra Nath Banerjee) and many freedom fighters began visiting him for spiritual guidance and inspiration. Among the notable freedom fighters to have visited <mask> <mask> was the legendary Bhagat Singh. He had met <mask> <mask> at Channa ashram at Channa village in the beginning of 1929(1927– 1928 according to some). Another famous person associated with <mask> <mask> was Prajnanapada (1891–1974).He was popular with the name of <mask>. He became <mask> <mask>'s disciple in 1924–25 at Channa ashram.He also became a monk (took to Sannyasa). Prajnanapada was a follower of Advaita Vedanta philosophy and taught realisation of Self-knowledge using Jñāna Yoga method (the path of self-realisation using knowledge). Many distinguished persons had also visited <mask> <mask> at his Channa ashram at Channa village. Among them was Tibbetibaba. <mask> <mask> had hailed Tibbetibaba as one of the greatest exponent of Advaita Vedanta after Adi Shankara. He died on 5 September 1930. Teachings
Wake up and realise Self-Consciousness.Know yourself. If you do not know yourself, then how can you know your country? If you want to get rid of the sufferings of your country, then you have to become strong. To make yourself strong you have to first acquire Self-Knowledge. Self-strength makes human beings to cross difficult deserts and mountains. Nothing is impossible for a race possessing Self-strength

Notes

References

Chakravorty, Subodh, "Bharater Sadhak – Sadhika"(Bengali edition), India: Kamini Publication, 115, Akhil Mistry Lane, Kolkata – 700 009 (1997.Bengali calendar year – 1404), Volume 1, pp. 500–522
Grover, G.L.& Grover, S., A New Look At Modern Indian History (17th ed. ), India: S. Chand Publication (2000). , pp. 283–284. Sanyal, Jagadiswar, Guide To Indian Philosophy (1996 ed. ), India: Sribhumi Publishing Company (1999), 79, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata – 700 009. Hornby, A S, "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English" (5th ed.), UK: Oxford University Press (1998). , pp. 1433–175.Why I am an Atheist: Bhagat Singh'', People's Publishing House, New Delhi, India. Sharma, I. Mallikarjuna, “In retrospect: Sagas of heroism and sacrifice of Indian revolutionaries”, Ravi Sasi Enterprises, India (edition: 1999). p. 94. <mask>, Soham, "Common Sense", Bangladesh: Surja Kanta Banerjee, Gandharia Press, Dacca(Dhaka)  (1924). pp.1–3
Municipal Corporation, Calcutta (India), “Calcutta municipal gazette”, Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press, India (edition: 1972). p. 127. Jatinder Nath Sanyal, Kripal Chandra Yadav, Bhagat Singh, Babar Singh, The Bhagat Singh Foundation, “Bhagat Singh: a biography”, Hope India Publication, India (edition: 2006). p. 84. University, Banaras Hindu, “Prajña”, Banaras Hindu University, Benaras, India (edition: 1972). p. 110.Jadavpur University. Dept. of International Relations Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, “Jadavpur Journal of International Relations”, Dept. of International Relations, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. (edition: 2001). pp. 117 and 122.Indian Bibliographic Centre. Research Wing, Indian Bibliographic Centre
“Dictionary of Indian biography”, Indian Bibliographic Centre (edition 2000). , . p. 32. Durga Das Pvt. Ltd, “Eminent Indians who was who, 1900–1980, also annual diary of events”, Durga Das Pvt. Ltd., India.(edition 1985). p. 25. Sen, Siba Pada, “Dictionary of national biography”, Institute of Historical Studies, India (edition 1972). p. 114. Mukherjee, Uma, “Two great Indian revolutionaries: Rash Behari Bose & Jyotindra Nath Mukherjee”, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. (edition 1966). p. 101.University of Burdwan Dept. of History, “History: journal of the Department of History”, University of Burdwan, India. (edition 1998). p. 85. Heehs, Peter, “The bomb in Bengal: the rise of revolutionary terrorism in India, 1900–1910”, Oxford University Press. (edition 1993). p. 62.Gupta, Gopal Dass, “Glossary and index of proper names in Sri Aurobindo's works”, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, India. (edition 1989). , . p. 34
Majumdar, Bimanbehari, “Militant nationalism in India and its socio-religious background, 1897–1917”, General Printers & Publishers, India (edition 1966. p. 101. Luzac & Co. (London, England), “Luzac's oriental list and book review”, Luzac and Co.. (edition 1924). p. 33. Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule
Advaitin philosophers
Bengali Hindus
Tibbetibaba
1930 deaths
1877 births
University of Calcutta alumni
19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu religious leaders

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Niralamba Swami
Niralamba Swami
Swami
Swami
Swami
Niralamba
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Swami
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Niralamba
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Niralamba
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Niralamba
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Niralamba
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Niralamba
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Swami Prajnanapada
Niralamba
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Niralamba
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Niralamba
Swami
Swami


title: Javanshir Vakilov

texts:
<mask> (Azerbaijani: Cavanşir Mehdixan oğlu Vəkilov) (February 7, 1951 – August 23, 2013) was an Azerbaijani diplomat, candidate of historical science since 1988, public and political figure, writer and pedagogue. <mask> was born on February 7, 1951, in Baku. He graduated from secondary school number 190 in 1967. He studied the philology of Iran in the faculty of East Studies at the Azerbaijan State University (present: Baku State University) from 1967 to 1972. After graduation he worked as an interpreter in Afghanistan from 1972 to 1975 and in Iran in 1978, and witnessed anti-monarchist revolutions in both countries. He went from head laboratory assistant to the scientific worker during last months of 1975 at the Manuscript Fond of Azerbaijan Academy of Science and, from 1976 to 1992, at the East Studies Institute of Azerbaijan Academy of Science, and defended his thesis on the topic of “Participation of Azerbaijan Republic in the Cultural Relations between USSR and Iran (1941-1946 years)” in 1988. Activities abroad and in motherland
After the independence of Azerbaijan, he changed his profession to the field of diplomacy in March 1992 and became Secretary First and Secretary Second at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and worked as a Secretary Second at the embassy of Azerbaijan in Tehran from May 1, 1995, to November 5, 1998.He took part in Diplomatic Courses held in Ankara (1993), Tehran (1994, as a head of representation) and in Cairo (2002, as a head of representation). He participated in the talks of President of Azerbaijan Republic, Heydar Aliyev with the delegations of Iran as an interpreter from Persian in 1993–1995, and was in the delegation during the visits of President to Tehran (1994, 2000, 2002), Ashgabat (1994) and Mashhad (1996). He made contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Slovenia. After the end of diplomatic activity in Iran, he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in November 1998, and took a position of the head of the department of Middle East and South Asia of the Second Territory Office since 2000. <mask> was risen to the rank of the second degree counselor on July 1, 2003. On September 15, 2003, he was appointed a counselor of the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Islamic Republic of Iran. After the earthquake occurred on 26 December 2003 in Bam, Kerman province, Iran, <mask> received an official message of thanks for his support to the brigade of doctors (16 people), the group of rescuers (24 people), the members (2 people) of ANC TV channel in their work of broadcasting events to the world on an official journey on 27–31 December, and for his support to the arrangement of the work of the delegation of the Republic of Azerbaijan sent on a journey to Islamic Republic of Iran, for his exemplary and professional work done in a very bad conditions, in cold weather, in the lack of water and food, in a tent set up in a desert while earthquake continued to shake.The official letter of thanks was sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to be included in his curriculum vitae. On October 20, 2004, he organized the opening of Consulate General of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Tabriz and was a first substitute of Consul General there until March 7, 2005 (unofficially till the beginning of April). The appointment of nephew of national poet Samad Vurghun to this position was welcomed by Iran Azerbaijan's intellectuals, and articles about this were published in the press of Tabriz (“Mahd-e azadi”, 25.10.2004; Journal “Körpü” (in Azerbaijani, with Latin graphics), Tabriz, N46. Winter, 2005, page 5). He was risen to the diplomatic rank of first degree counselor on January 7, 2007. He was awarded to the Jubilee Medal of the Republic of Azerbaijan “90 years of Diplomatic Service organizations of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1919-2009)". He was a member of editorial boards of books of Jamil Hasanli "Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyətinin xarici siyasəti (1918-1920)" (Foreign Policy of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920)), Baku, 2009 and “Внешняя политика Азербайджанской Демократической Республики (1918-1920)” (Foreign Policy of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)), Москва.Изд. "Флинта", Изд. "Наука" published on the occasion of 90 years jubilee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Pedagogical and other activities
Parallel with his work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vakilov gave lectures on “Foreign policy of the Near and Middle East countries”, “Modern Diplomacy”, “Diplomatic documents”, “Diplomatic negotiations” at the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan from 2001 to 2003 and 2007–2013. He wrote manuals for the subjects “Foreign policy of the Near and Middle East countries” and “Modern Diplomacy” and gave them to the library of the academy. He also was the head of the State Attestation Commission for the bachelor's degree of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the academic years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 (extract from the orders of the rector of the Academy of Public Administration No. 10/60, dated 30.04.2009 and No.10/52, dated 21.04.2010). <mask> wrote 23 scientific works and 49 articles about Azerbaijan–Iran relations and Azerbaijan literature. They were published in several languages including Azerbaijani, Russian and Persian in the different newspapers and journals of Baku, Teheran, Tabriz, Moscow and Dushanbe. He also published the poems of Samad Vurgun and Vagif Samadoglu, his articles and the article “Samad Vurgun and Iran” by Aybaniz <mask>a in the journals “Varlig”(“Creature”, editor Javad Heyat), “Azeri” (editor Behzad Behzadi), “Khudafarin”(editor Hussein Shargi), which printed in Teheran and in the newspapers “Fajr-e Azerbaijan” and Mahd-e azadi” (editor Seyid Masud Payman) which printed in Tabriz both in Persian and Turkish. He has a huge role in the introduction of Samad Vurgun and his literary activities, as well 90th and 100th anniversaries of poet in the Iran media. <mask> had a role in the investigation of unknown sides of Samad Vurgun's heritage. He introduced the narrative “Ömür dedikləri bir karvan yolu”( “What’s called  the Life is a caravan way”  – 1986, after the death of his father Mehdikhan <mask>), “Javanshir” novel (1992), “Anadillər” narrative (“Mother Languages”, 1991) and “Civilized revolution in Azerbaijan: 1920-1940s” monograph (2005) to public.“Javanshir” novel was published in the publishing house “Akhtar” (the owner is Samad Asyabi) in Tabriz in 2004. “Anadillər” narrative was published in the journal “Azeri” (Nation language and literature) under the editorship of Behzad Behzadi in Azerbaijani but with Arab scripts. One of his books, “Azerbaijan Republic and Iran: 1940s”, was published in Baku in 1991. He was a specialist on Iran and participated in several international conferences since the beginning of his diplomatic career. Orientalist Tadeusz Swietochowski of the United States relied upon the <mask>'s works in his book “Russia and a borderland in transition Azerbaijan”. <mask> is an author of articles such as “Tarixi keçmişimizə bir nəzər”  (A look to our historical past) ["Kürün sahilində var əski bir köy"(There is an old village on the bank of the River Kur), “Vətən səsi” 25.7.1991]. <mask> was a football champion of Kabul (three times) at the championship among foreign country teams within the USSR team while he was working in Afghanistan from 1972 to 1975.He was playing together with Sergey Salnikov – champion of Melbourne Olympics, former forward of Moscow “Spartak”, Yuri Sedov – 2nd trainer of USSR national team, defender of “Spartak”, Vladimir Streshnıy – former forward of Moscow CASP, Victor Chigirin – world champion on hockey. The above-mentioned sportsmen were coaching in different football teams of Afghanistan. <mask> also participated in the championship among foreign diplomatic representatives while working in Iran from 1995 to 1998 and Azerbaijani team took 3rd place in this championship. Asaf Namazov, former defender of “Neftci”, who was working as a trainer in Tehran also played for the benefit of our team. <mask> took part in mini-football championships among CIS embassies’ teams when he was 56. He also sent several recommendations to USSR Football Federation regarding the amendments in football rules and got feedback from them. When he was studying at school in 1967 he was one of the winners of football competition held by “Sportivniye iqri” (Moscow) magazine.Family
Vakilov married Elmira Khanim, a daughter of well-known biologist, academic Mirza Agha Alizadeh. Elmira <mask>a is a senior scientist of Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences. She is author of 41 scientific papers (of which 15 were published abroad) and is a doctor of agricultural sciences. Publications
 "Azərbaycan Respublikası və İran: 40-cı illər (mədəni əlaqələr)". Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran: 1940s (cultural relations). Baku, Publishing house "Elm", Year 1991. Print page 7,3.Look at the comments on the book: PhD Tağı İbrahimov. "Azərbaycan Respublikası və İran: 40-cı illər (mədəni əlaqələr)". Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran: 1940s (cultural relations), Newspaper "Elm", 20.2.1992. S.Hacılı. "Oxunmalı səhifələr" (Pages should be read), Newspaper "Ədəbiyyat və incəsənət", 24.4.1993. Dilşad Cabbarova. "Azərbaycan və İran: 20-ci əsrin birinci yarısı (mədəni əlaqələr)" (Azerbaijan and Iran: in the first half of the 20th century), Newspaper "Respublika", 19.7.2003.Also, 23 papers and 49 articles and writings. See also
 Mehdixan Vəkilov
 Səməd Vurğun
 Mirzəağa Əlizadə
 Yusif Səmədoğlu
 Vaqif Səmədoğlu
 Aybəniz Vəkilova

References

 "Nazim Hikmətlə iki görüş" (Two meetings with Nazim Hikmat) by Cavanşir Vəkilov - Newspaper "Aydınlıq", 31.1.1992. İsmayıl Umudlu. "Vəkiloğulları". Publishing house QAPP-Poliqraf, Baku, 2003, pages 61–62. "Təbrizdə Baş Konsulluğumuz açıldı" (Our Consulate General was opened in Tabriz) - Newspaper “Ayna”, 21.10.2004. "Təbriz ziyalıları konsulluğun açılmasını yaxşı qarşılayıblar" (Intellectuals of Tabriz welcomed the opening of the consulate) - Newspaper “Ayna”, 29.10.2004."Səməd Vurğunun adı İranda bu gün də ehtiramla anılır" (The name of Samad Vurghun still today is being remembered with a great respect) by Elmira Mirzağaqızı - Newspaper "Ayna", 8.10.2004. "Səməd Vurğun və İran" (Samad Vurghun and Iran) by Elmira Mirzağaqızı -  Journal "Körpü". (in the Azerbaijan language, with Latin scripts), Tabriz, N 48, May, 2005, page 23. "Təbrizdə konsulluğumuzun açılması tarixi hadisədir" (Opening of our consulate in Tabriz is a historical event) by Əli Eşqi - Newspaper “Respublika”, 22.2.2005. etc. "Təbrizdən Bakıya təyyarə gəldi" (An aircraft flew from Tabriz to Baku) by İsmayıl Umudlu - Newspaper "Ayna", 29.3.2005. "Cavanşir Vəkilov keçib gəldiyi yola uğurla baxır" (<mask> <mask> can look bask at the way he has passed with pride) by İsmayıl Umudlu - Newspaper "Dəli Kür", 30.01.2011. "Tarixçi alim - diplomat" (Historian scientist-diplomat) by İsmayıl Umudlu - Newspaper "Respublika", 01.02.2010."Tarixi hadisələri şəxsi taleyində yaşamaq..." (Witnessing historical events personally) by İsmayıl Umudlu - Newspaper "Ayna", 05.02.2010

External links
 Azərbaycanın diplomatiya tarixi üç cilddə çıxacaq (History of Azerbaijan Diplomacy will be published in three volumes)
 Mehdixan Vəkilovun şəxsi arxivi mühafizəyə təhvil verildi (The personal archive of Mehdikhan <mask> was given protection)
 Diplomatiya aləmi - Cavanşir Vəkilov. Bakı yarmarkaları və İran: XX əsrin 20-ci illəri (The World of Diplomacy - Javanshir Vakilov. Baku fairs and Iran: 1920s)
 Diplomatiya aləmi - Cavanşir Vəkilov. XX əsrin 20-30-cu illərində Azərbaycan-İran mədəni əlaqələri (The World of Diplomacy - Javanshir Vakilov. The cultural relations between Azerbaijan and Iran in the 1920s and 1930s)
 Diplomatiya aləmi - Cavanşir Vəkilov, Azərbaycan Respublikası və İran:XX əsrin birinci yarsı. İqtisadi əməkdaşlığın təməli. (The World of Diplomacy - <mask> Vakilov.The Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran: the first half of the 20th century. Foundation of the economic cooperation)
 Dövlət İdarəçilik Akademiyasında qış imtahan sessiyasına uğurla (Successfully, toward the winter session at the Academy of Public Administration)
 Ищите Посольства и Консульства Азербайджана? (Are you looking for the embassies and Consulates of Azerbaijan?) <mask> <mask>'s obituary
 Thuoc xit chong xuat tinh som

Azerbaijani diplomats
Azerbaijani historians
1951 births
2013 deaths

masks:
Javanshir Mehdikhan Vаkilov
Life Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Vakilov
Javanshir
Vakilov
Vakilov
Javanshir
Javanshir
Vakilov


title: Stéphane Guivarc'h

texts:
<mask>'h (born 6 September 1970) is a French former professional footballer who played as striker. He featured in the France squad that won the 1998 FIFA World Cup on home soil. His early career was spent in France with the Breton clubs Stade Brestois and En Avant Guingamp before moving to AJ Auxerre, where he won Ligue 1 in 1996. He returned to Brittany with Stade Rennais with whom he won Ligue 1's Golden Boot. At a second spell at Auxerre he retained the Golden Boot in Ligue 1 and also won the Golden Boot for the 1997–98 UEFA Cup. That summer he started in the World Cup Final. Guivarc'h left France for Newcastle United of the Premier League after the World Cup but left after three months having failed to make an impact at St James' Park.He finished the season at Rangers FC of the Scottish Premier League with medals in the league and Scottish League Cup, of which he scored in the final. He then returned to Auxerre before retiring after the 2001–02 season with En Avant Guingamp. Early life
Guivarc'h was born in Concarneau, Finistère. Club career

Brest, Guingamp, Auxerre and Rennes
Guivarc'h's career started at the Breton club Stade Brestois in 1989. In 1991, he moved to another club in the region, En Avant Guingamp, where his goalscoring rate was better than one every two games (68 in 110 league games), prompting a move to AJ Auxerre in 1995. He played for the club as they won a double of Ligue 1 and Coupe de France in 1995–96, under manager Guy Roux, but only scored 3 goals in 23 league appearances. After a season at Auxerre, he returned to a third Breton club, Stade Rennais for a single season, where he won the Ligue 1 Golden Boot for 22 goals in 36 appearances.Auxerre 1997–98
Guivarc'h's Golden Boot-winning season prompted a return to Auxerre only one year after leaving them. He retained the Ligue 1 Golden Boot, rewarded for 21 goals in 32 league appearances. Guivarc'h scored seven times in the UEFA Cup in 1997–98 to earn its Golden Boot. The first goal came in the First Round's First leg against Deportivo La Coruña of Spain in a 2–1 win. The second leg was goalless. In the second round against OFI Crete of Greece, he scored twice in the home leg in a 3–1 victory (Antoine Sibierski got the other goal) and once in the second in a 3–2 defeat (5–4 on aggregate). In the third round's second leg against Twente Enschede of the Netherlands, he scored an 82nd-minute penalty in the 2–0 victory at home to send Auxerre through 3–0 on aggregate.In the quarter-finals against Lazio of Italy, Auxerre lost the first leg 1–0 away. In the second leg Guivarc'h struck twice in a 2–2 draw which meant that Lazio advanced 3–2 on aggregate. Newcastle United and Rangers
Guivarc'h was signed for Newcastle United by their manager Kenny Dalglish in the 1998 close season. He played four league games, scoring on his debut against Liverpool, then was sold to Rangers for £3.5m on 6 November 1998 by new manager Ruud Gullit. At Rangers he won the treble under Dick Advocaat: the Scottish Premier League, Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup. Two days after signing, he scored two goals away at St Johnstone after coming on as a substitute in a 7–0 win. He also scored two away at Heart of Midlothian in a 3–2 win.He scored Rangers' first in the League Cup final versus St Johnstone, which they won 2–1. Auxerre and Guingamp
After only one season at Rangers he joined Auxerre for a third spell, then for his final season as a professional returned to Guingamp once more. During his two spells at the Breton club he scored 69 goals, a club record. International career
As a result of his domestic goalscoring record Guivarc'h was selected as the lone striker in the World Cup winning France team of 1998. He was given the number 9 shirt by manager Aime Jacquet. In the opening victory over South Africa (3–0) Guivarc'h was substituted for Christophe Dugarry in the 29th minute. He did not play at all in the following 4–0 victory over Saudi Arabia.In the Last 16 against Paraguay he came on in the 76th minute for his Auxerre teammate Bernard Diomede. France won 1–0 after extra-time with a golden-goal from Laurent Blanc. Guivarc'h was booked in the quarter-final against Italy and substituted in the 65th minute with Christian Karembeu for Thierry Henry and David Trezeguet. France won on penalties when the game finished 0–0 after extra-time. In the semi-final versus Croatia Guivarc'h was again substituted for Trezeguet in the 68th minute as France won 2–1. In the final against Brazil he was substituted in the 66th minute for Christophe Dugarry as France won 3–0. Personal life
Guivarc'h was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1998 after the World Cup victory.Since retirement as a player, Guivarc'h has returned to his hometown of Concarneau and become a swimming pool salesman. He is married and has three children. Despite the criticism, France's World Cup-winning manager Aimé Jacquet supported Guivarc'h's performances for his ability to contribute as a pivot despite not scoring in the tournament. He remains incredulous that the striker is perceived as a flop. International goals
Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Guivarc'h goal. Honours
Auxerre
Division 1: 1995–96

Rangers
Scottish Premier League: 1998–99
Scottish League Cup: 1997–98

France
FIFA World Cup: 1998

Individual
Division 1 Golden Boot: 1996–97, 1997–98
UEFA Cup Golden Boot: 1997–98

Orders
Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998

References

External links
http://www.fff.fr/servfff/historique/historique.php?cherche_joueur=GUIVA&submit=go

1970 births
Living people
People from Concarneau
Sportspeople from Finistère
Association football forwards
French footballers
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
France international footballers
Footballers from Brittany
AJ Auxerre players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Rangers F.C.players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
En Avant Guingamp players
Stade Brestois 29 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Premier League players
Scottish Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Trégunc
French people of Breton descent


title: Charles Cornelisz. de Hooch

texts:
<mask><mask> (c.1600 – 2 July 1638), was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter and etcher. Biography
He became known as <mask> from being listed in Samuel Ampzing's lof der Haerlem as a painter of ruins, along with Pieter Molyn,  Jacob Pinas and <mask>, who was born in 1597. He is best known today for his so-called grotto paintings. Grotto painting as an independent genre was probably initiated by a group of followers of Cornelis van Poelenburch, which included <mask> along with Abraham van Cuylenborch and Dirck Stoop. His contemporaries in landscape painting included Esaias and <mask>, Pieter Dircksz Santvoort, Pieter Molyn and Salomon Ruysdael. <mask> was probably born in Haarlem, since Ampzing included him, but this is not totally certain.It is accepted that he lived in Haarlem up until 1628, the year of publication of Ampzing's book. Ampzing wrote a whole verse of poetry about him:

 (And would I hereby deem <mask> worthy)
 (of enhancing his dignity with praise?) (Do you want to see ruins, true to life?) (You recognize his mastery and refinement.) After his Haarlem period he moved to Utrecht, where he died 2 July 1638 leaving underage children. His life can thus be divided in his Haarlem period (from birth up until at least 1628) and his Utrecht period (From 1628 up until his death in 1638). In Utrecht he belonged to a group of painters that included Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Abraham van Cuylenburch, Rombout van Troyen and P. van Hattick.<mask><mask> <mask> was married to Claesgen van Thiel (1629-07-11 - 1671-06-20) and they had one son Horatius (? - after 1686) who in turn married Wilhelmina van Swoll. After he donated a painting to the ‘St. Jobs Gasthuis’ in 1628, he was introduced into the Utrecht Guild of St. Luke in 1633. <mask><mask> <mask> is not the father of the famous painter of interiors <mask> <mask>, as is often mentioned.C.H.C. Flugi van Aspermont argues that this is not true, though Het schildersregister by Jan Sysmus, doctor of the city of Amsterdam, which was published by Dr. Abraham Bredius in Oud Holland VIII, mentions (p. 222) ‘Karel <mask>, vader van Pieter’ and on p. 307 ‘’. P. Haverkorn van Rijsewijk writes in Oud-Holland X, p. 172, that he found a testament (dating 21 dec 1657) saying: “Henrick <mask>, metselaer benoemt SIJN SOON <mask> <mask>, schilder”. Which implies that not <mask>z. <mask>, but Henrick <mask> is Pieter’s father. <mask> Hoogh lived in the same street as Hendrik <mask>h during his marriage. A Hendrik <mask>h was a witness during the baptism of Pieter’s daughter Anna.Pieter’s age coincides with the age on Hendrik’s son Pieter’s baptising. Works and style
His works are very rare, but most of them are easily recognised by his distinguished signature. Works of Haarlem Period (1624-1628)
The earliest works of <mask> are dated around 1620, and were produced in Haarlem. These realistic paintings of the Dutch landscape belong, according to Flugi van Aspermont to the oldest school of Haarlem landscape painters, which distanced itself from the Flemish school of landscape painting. An example of one of those landscapes can be found in his Landscape with Travelers underneath a Dovecote. In the centre of this panel there is a wooden dovecote build on three trees ; a man in a red shirt and blue pants is standing on a ladder which is placed to it. On the right is a ruin of a castle with a stork’s nest.In front of it there is a man accompanied by a dog. In the background there are trees surrounded by a clouded sky. This theme of a dovecote is also painted in a canvas painting in 1628, the year he moved to Utrecht , which <mask> painted in Haarlem. At the bottom of the right is it signed “Chaerles dhooch”

These two paintings of dovecotes look largely the same in terms of content, with the exception of the buildings in the right side. On the panel this is a ruin of a castle, while on the canvas this is a regular building. <mask> was particularly admired for his ability to paint ruins, according to Ampzing. Works of Utrecht Period (1628-1638)
His Utrecht period is characterized by Italianate landscapes and grotto paintings.The seventeenth century Dutch Italianate grotto painting that is characteristic of <mask>’s Utrecht period owes its inception to Cornelis van Poelenbergh of Utrecht. Poelenbergh traveled to the south and, upon his return to Utrecht in the mid-1620s, he continued to depict Italianate landscapes featuring ruins and grottos. <mask> was most likely involved in initiating this subject matter as an independent genre, along with other followers of Poelenbergh. <mask>’s Italianate landscapes can be clearly associated with those of Poelenburgh and Breenbergh, however it is not known whether he learned about Italianate motifs on a trip south or from Poelenburgh and Breenbergh after they returned to Holland from their own trips to south. <mask> is known for his intriguing paintings of dramatically lit and spooky grottos which feature classical sculpture and architectural fragments. In his painting Italian landscape with ruins and duck hunters, which is estimated to be completed sometime between 1630 and 1635, a clear connection to the work of Poelenburgh and Breenbergh can be seen. The simple design of the piece and the “solid, monumental composition is accompanied by firmer, more tangible modeling details”.Best known works
‘De duiventil - <mask>’, Panel 27x32, in Museum Kunstliefde in Utrecht
‘De grot - <mask><mask> f.’ Panel, 53x79, in Fredensborg Palace in Kopenhagen
‘De Catacomben, panel 68x93, in the collection <mask> d’Arenberg in Brussel

An interesting case are two landscapes with ruins in Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum of Aken (nr 67 and 68 of their 1883 catalogue), are both wrongly attributed to <mask> <mask> (according to Dr. <mask> <mask>), because Pieter never painted landscapes. Although Arnold Houbraken thought that he was a pupil of Nicolaes Berchem, it could be that these were Carel <mask>’s paintings. De Hooch family of artists
<mask>z. <mask> is not the father of the famous painter of interiors <mask> <mask>, as is often mentioned. C.H.C. Flugi van Aspermont argues that this is not true, though Het schildersregister by Jan Sysmus, doctor of the city of Amsterdam, which was published by Dr. Abraham Bredius in Oud Holland VIII, mentions (p.222) ‘Karel <mask>, vader van Pieter’ and on p. 307 ‘’. P. Haverkorn van Rijsewijk writes in Oud-Holland X, p. 172, that he found a testament (dating 21 dec 1657) saying: “Henrick <mask>ge, metselaer benoemt SIJN SOON <mask> <mask>, schilder”.Which implies that not <mask>. <mask>, but Henrick <mask> is Pieter's father. <mask> Hoogh lived in the same street as Hendrik <mask> during his marriage. A Hendrik <mask>h was a witness during the baptism of Pieter's daughter Anna. Pieter's age coincides with the age on Hendrik's son Pieter's baptising. <mask> <mask> was possibly the brother of Dirck Cornelis <mask>. References

<mask>.<mask> on Artnet

1600s births
1638 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Artists from Haarlem
Painters from Utrecht

masks:
Charles Cornelisz
. de Hooch
Karel de Hooge
Salomon de Bray
De Hooch
Jan van de Velde
Charles
de Hooch
Charles Cornelisz
. de
Hooch
Charles Cornelisz
. de
Hooch
Pieter de
Hooch
de Hoogh
de Hoge
Pieter de
Hooch
Charles Colis
de Hooch
de Hoge
Pieter de
de Hoog
de Hoog
de Hooch
de Hooch
De Hooch
De Hooch
De Hooch
De Hooch
De Hooch
Charles DHooch
Charles D
. Hooch
Prince Charles
Pieter de
Hooch
Hofstede
de Groot
de Hooch
Charles Colis
de Hooch
Pieter de
Hooch
de Hoogh
de Ho
Pieter de
Hooch
Charles Cornelisz
de Hooch
de Hoge
Pieter de
de Hoogh
de Hoog
Charles Cornelisz
de Hooch
de Hooch
Charles Cornelisz
De Hooch


title: Feliciano de Silva

texts:
<mask> (1491 – June 24, 1554) was a Spanish writer. <mask> was born in Ciudad Rodrigo to a powerful family, <mask> wrote “sequels” to La Celestina and Amadis de Gaula. <mask> was a prolific writer. His first chivalresque work, Lisurate de Grecia (nephew of <mask>a), was published in 1514. It is a relatively short work. His Amadis of Greece (1530) continued the success enjoyed by this first work. Amadis of Greece is divided into two parts which deal with the adventures of Amadis of Greece, Knight of the Burning Sword, son of Lisuarte of Greece and Onoloria of Trabizond (Trapisonda), as well as his love for both Princess Lucela of France and Princess Niquea of Thebes, whom he subsequently marries.<mask> followed this work with two others: Don Florisel <mask> (Sir Florisel of Nicaea) (1532) – which deals with the knightly adventures and loves of first-born son of Amadís <mask> and Princess Niquea – and Don Rogel <mask> (Sir Rogel of Greece) (1535). In 1551, he published the voluminous Cuarta parte de don Florisel. Many of his chivalreque works were translated into English and French. <mask>'s sequels to Amadis of Gaul:
 Book VII : 1514 Lisuarte de Grecia
 Book IX : 1530 Amadis de Grecia
 Book X : 1532 Don Florisel de Niquea
 Book XI : 1535 & 1551 Don Rogel <mask>recia

His Segunda Celestina, his sequel to Celestina, is an original work in its own right, and is a mixture of Erasmian satire, picaresque themes, and high-quality verses. One of many imitations of Celestina, <mask>’s was the most popular, and features the love shared between Felides and Polandria. He also wrote Sueño de Feliciano <mask> (<mask> <mask>’s Dream), added to the end of Amadis of Greece, which deals with the history of <mask>’s romance with the woman who would become his wife (in 1520), Gracia Fe, daughter of the converso Hernando <mask>, against the wishes of his family. <mask> died in Ciudad Rodrigo, and was buried in the convent of Santo Domingo (no longer extant).Florisel of Niquea
Florisel of Niquea is a Spanish Chivalric romance of the sixteenth century , tenth in the series of Amadís de Gaula , and continues the action. It was first printed in Valladolid in 1532. Its full title is 'The Chronicle of the Very Brave and Hard-working and Invincible Knights Don Florisel <mask>a and the Strong Anaxartes, sons of the very excellent Prince Amadís of Greece'. The work is divided into two books, the first of which has sixty-nine chapters and the second sixty-four. In accordance with the topic of false translation , the text is said to have been originally written in Greek language by Zirfea, queen of Argines, and later translated into Latin , from which <mask> supposedly translated it into Spanish. Summary
In the pages of the work the adventures of Don Florisel <mask>, son of Amadís of Greece and Niquea, and of his half-brothers Anaxartes and Alastraxerea, extramarital children of Amadís of Greece and Zahara, queen of the Caucasus, and others are recounted. many knights and maidens.The main characters are built on the Amadisian models of Amadís and Galaor, except that in this work the main protagonist, Don Florisel, is the fickle and fickle lover and Anaxartes, the secondary protagonist, is exemplary faithful. First book
The twins Anaxartes and Alastraxerea, sons of Queen Zahara of the Caucasus , who believe they are children of the god Mars but whose real father is Amadís of Greece, are armed knights and set out in search of adventure. Florisel <mask>a is deceived by the princess Arlanda of Thrace , a relationship from which Florarlán will be born. Silvia, who is Florisel's aunt but thinks her parents are shepherds from Alexandria , arrives in Niquea and finds Alastraxerea, and together they decide to try to free Prince Anastarax, whom Silvia is in love with and who is enchanted in the Tower of the Universe. On the way they join a group in which they travel Zair of Trabzon (son of Lisuarte from Greece and his second wife Abra), his twin Leonoria and second Oriana, daughter of Olorius from Spain and Luciana from Greece . Silvia manages to disenchant Anastarax and it is discovered that she is the daughter of Lisuarte <mask>recia and the late Onoloria. Florisel <mask>a falls in love with Elena, daughter of King Brimartes of Apollonia ( Poland ), fiancee of Prince Lucidor of France.Florisel manages to evade Arlanda's harassment by pretending that she is Alastraxerea, whom she remarkably resembles; Alastraxerea tries to free him by pretending that she is Florisel, but falls prey to Arlanda. Wanting to escape from there, Florisel, who is supposed to be Alastraxerea, accepts the commission to defend the Tower of the Universe. Arlanda discovers the deception and orders Alastraxerea to go kill the Guardian of the Tower. However, before his arrival, Anaxartes appears in the Tower and confronts Florisel, without knowing their identities. Their combat is very violent and both fall senselessly to the ground, which breaks the enchantment of the Tower and all the princes who were enchanted there are released, among which were Amadís <mask>, Esplandián, Lisuarte <mask>recia and Amadís from Greece. Florisel goes to Apolonia, to try to prevent the marriage of Lucidor and Elena. Alastraxerea, still under the identity of Florisel, is kidnapped by Don Falanges <mask>, extramarital son of the King of Trapobana, who has fallen in love with her.To rescue her, Florisel disguises herself as Alastraxerea, is captured by Phalanges, and achieves her sister's freedom. Phalanges forgives the deception and decides to accompany Florisel to Apolonia, where they arrive shortly before Lucidor. Florisel secretly marries Elena and they escape to Constantinople, where the weddings are held. Second book
Prince Lucidor, seized with anger, swears revenge on the Greek imperial house and a war breaks out between France and Greece. After several battles and challenges, the support of Lucidor from the troops of Breo, king of Russia , who until then was an ally of the Greeks, forces them to retreat, but later the king of Russia decides to attack the French. The Greeks support Lucidor's army and together they defeat the traitor. After the war, Amadís of Greece feels his old love for Princess Lucela reborn and he retires to an uninhabited mountain, where he is the victim of an enchantment.Florisel and other gentlemen looking for him. In the course of this search, and to save Don Falanges <mask> from death, Florisel is forced to marry, under the feigned identity of Morayzel, the beautiful Sidonia, queen of the Guindaya island. Sidonia becomes pregnant with Florisel, but he abandons her as soon as possible. Sidonia gives birth to a daughter, Diana, whose hand is offered by the spiteful mother to whom she brings Florisel's head. During a trip to Constantinople , Lucela manages to disenchant Amadís from Greece. At the end of the play, the main characters congregate in Rhodes, where, through the intervention of Zirfea, Alquife and 'Urganda the Unknown' , Amadís of Greece recognizes Anaxartes and Alastraxerea as children. Again in Constantinople, the weddings of Falanges and Alastraxerea, Anaxartes and the second Oriana, Florisel and Elena, Anastarax and Silvia and Lucidor and Leonoria are celebrated.Reception
The work presents the peculiarity, very rare in the chivalric genre, of beginning with its chronological location, since as it is said in the first lines of chapter I of the first book, Queen Zahara gave birth to twins Anaxartes and Alastraxerea in May of the year 115 AD. Florisel <mask>a was a significantly popular work among readers of chivalric books, as it had at least six reprints: three in Seville (one in 1536 and two in 1546 ), one in Lisbon ( 1566 ) and two in Zaragoza ( 1584 and 1587 ). Translations
Florisel <mask>quea was translated into Italian language and published in that language in Venice in 1551 . It was also translated into French language , but its two books were published as separate works, the first in 1551 and the second in 1552 , as Books IX and X of the French Amadisian cycle. Thus divided, the work was translated into German language and published as books IX ( 1573 ) and X ( 1574 ) of the so-called Amadís cycle of France , and into Dutch language ( 1596 and 1597 ). Sequels
<mask> <mask> continued the action of the book in Rogel de Grecia , which is the third part (or third book) of Florisel <mask>quea and was published in 1535 . This work was continued by <mask> Luján in Silves de la Selva , published in 1546 .<mask> ignored Luján's work and in 1551 published a voluminous Fourth Part of Don Florisel <mask>a , which was the last work in the Spanish Amadisian cycle. Mambrino Roseo wrote in Italian a continuation of Silves de la Selva , the First part of Esferamundi of Greece, first published in Venice in 1558. In 1554 the same Mambrino Roseo published in Italian another continuation of the Florisel called Florarlán de Thracia , in which the adventures of this son of Don Florisel <mask> and Princess Arlanda of Thrace are related. Legacy

<mask>’s style was subsequently mocked by <mask> Cervantes, who made <mask> <mask> Don Quixote's favorite author:

Translation:

The majority of Don Quixote commentators and scholars have sided with Cervantes in mocking <mask>’s works, though many of them had neglected to read them. Though he is hardly remembered today, <mask> enjoyed considerable success during the sixteenth century. His works are currently being re-evaluated and examined for their contribution to Spanish literature in the Siglo de Oro. External links
Ecos celestinescos en el "Lisuarte de Grecia" de Feliciano <mask>
 Reading guide for Books I and II by Florisel <mask> .Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, [1] 2003. Preview in Google Books . Antología de libros de caballerías castellanos Florisel <mask>a , Books I and II: fragments in Anthology of books of Castilian chivalry , pp. 53 - 58. Copy in Google Docs of the text in PDF of the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library . Reading guide for Book III by Florisel <mask> . Center for Cervantine Studies, 1999.Preview in Google Books. Florisel <mask> , Book III. Center for Cervantine Studies, 1999. Preview in Google Books. 1491 births
1554 deaths
People from the Province of Salamanca
Spanish male writers
Don Quixote
16th-century Spanish writers
16th-century Spanish novelists
16th-century male writers

masks:
Feliciano de Silva
de Silva
Silva
de Silva
Amadis de Gaul
Silva
de Niquea
de Gcia
de Gcia
Feliciano
de G
Silva
de Silva
Feliciano
de Silva
Silva
de Caracena
de Silva
de Nique
Silva
de Niquea
de Nique
de G
de Nique
de Gaula
de G
de Astra
de Astra
de Nique
de Ni
Feliciano
de Silva
de Ni
Pedro de
Silva
de Nique
de Niquea
Silva
Miguel de
Feliciano
de Silva
Silva
de Silva
de Silva
de Niquea
de Nique
de Niquea
de Niquea


title: Nadja Swarovski

texts:
<mask> (born 5 May 1970) is an Austrian-American businesswoman. She joined the Swarovski family company in 1995, 100 years after it was founded by her great-great-grandfather Daniel Swarovski in 1895 in Wattens, Austria. She was the first female member of the executive board, and led the global brand strategy and communications of the business, which turned over approximately €3.5 billion in 2017. She served as the Chair of the Swarovski Foundation and headed the global Swarovski Waterschool program. She stepped down from the company at the end of December 2021. Early life and education
Swarovski was born in Germany and grew up in Austria, the fifth generation of her family to be involved in the Swarovski Crystal Business. Her great-great-grandfather Daniel supplied Swarovski crystals to embellish dresses for Queen Victoria; and her grandfather Manfred Swarovski worked with Christian Dior to create the iconic 'Aurora Borealis' stones.Her father Helmut Swarovski ensured that Swarovski remained at the forefront of technological advances and new market opportunities. She received a BA in Art History and Foreign Languages with a minor in Latin American Studies at Southern Methodist University in Texas, and studied at Sotheby's Institute of Art and the Gemological Institute of America in New York City. Career
Swarovski's career began at the Gagosian Gallery, before she went on to work for New York fashion PR Eleanor Lambert. She first worked for the Swarovski Crystal Business in Hong Kong before developing its branding and creative services functions in New York, followed by Paris, London and Singapore. On joining the family business in the mid-1990s she initiated a program of collaborations between the Swarovski brand and leading figures in fashion and jewelry, design and architecture, and stage and screen. Through these collaborations she sought to position the company at the vanguard of creative and lifestyle trends and established herself as a leading patron of creativity. In fashion, Swarovski initiated and oversaw Swarovski's collaborations with more than 200 designers, including Alexander McQueen, Philip Treacy, Jason Wu, Hussein Chalayan, Erdem and Mary Katrantzou, as well as supporting emerging and established design talent through the Swarovski Collective initiative.In addition, Swarovski supported the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Awards since 2002; and partnered with the British Fashion Council as official partner sponsor of the Fashion Awards, held annually in London. In 2002, Swarovski launched Swarovski Crystal Palace, a program of commissions that reimagined the traditional chandelier through collaborations with designers in the medium of Swarovski crystal. Featured designers included Zaha Hadid, John Pawson, Tom Dixon, Ross Lovegrove, Arik Levy and Yves Behar. Swarovski also furthered the company's long relationship with the film industry through collaborations with costume and set designers. Swarovski crystals have appeared in silver screen classics since the 1930s, including Blonde Venus, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Breakfast at Tiffany’s. In recent years, Swarovski crystals have featured in movies including Moulin Rouge!, Black Swan, Skyfall and Disney's live-action Cinderella. In the music industry Swarovski oversaw collaborations with costume designers for performers such as Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, Jennifer Lopez and Madonna.In 2007, Swarovski set up Atelier Swarovski, a luxury fashion jewelry and accessories line which offered cutting-edge pieces created in collaboration with designers, highlighting creativity, innovation and craftsmanship with crystal. Collaborators included Christopher Kane, Viktor & Rolf, Jean Paul Gaultier and Karl Lagerfeld. In 2016, Atelier Swarovski launched its home décor range, partnering with designers such as Daniel Libeskind, Ron Arad, Tord Boontje, and Fredrikson Stallard. In 2017, Swarovski oversaw the launch of Atelier Swarovski Fine Jewelry made with Swarovski Created Diamonds. This launch saw the brand further its commitment to ‘conscious luxury’, a concept it defined as creating beautiful products with the best available materials in a responsible way. In 2018, Swarovski collaborated with two-time Oscar-nominated filmmaker Eric Valli and fashion designer Jean-Paul Gaultier on The Soul of Swarovski, a documentary short which captures the creative process behind a Swarovski crystal collaboration. From 2012 to 2020, Swarovski led the company's Sustainability strategy and oversaw its Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives.Building on <mask>'s founding principles of doing business in a way that respects the wellbeing of people and the planet, she steered the company in the direction of designing and manufacturing luxury goods that prioritize sustainable and ethical practices, while aligning Swarovski's efforts with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Swarovski champions gender equality on international platforms and promotes women's empowerment through the Swarovski Foundation. Swarovski is a signatory of the United Nations’ Women's Empowerment Principles (WEPs), and part of the UN Women UK National Committee Corporate Advisory Group. In 2018, the company supported a research program with BSR (Business for Social Responsibility) to explore and improve the lives of women in the jewelry supply chain. <mask> set up and chairs the philanthropic Swarovski Foundation, which was established in 2013 to support charitable initiatives and organizations working in three areas: culture and creativity, promoting human empowerment and preserving the environment. Key Swarovski Foundation partners include Women for Women International, Barefoot College, Nest, and The Nature Conservancy, while major capital projects have included the creation of the Swarovski Foundation Centre for Learning at the Design Museum in London. <mask> leads the efforts of Swarovski Waterschool, the company's flagship community investment program, which educates students in six continents across the globe about safe and sustainable water use.In 2018, Swarovski collaborated with the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television to create WATERSCHOOL, a feature-length documentary which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was released globally on Netflix. In 2015, she was appointed UK ambassador for the non-profit Women for Women International, which empowers women survivors of war. In 2018 she was also made its German ambassador. Swarovski holds Board level positions at UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, FIT Foundation and the German Fashion Council and is a member of The Nature Conservancy's European Council for Global Conservation. In December 2021, she announced resignation from her family firm after 26 years to start a new chapter in her career, and that she would remain involved with the Swarovski Foundation as Chair Emeritus. Recognition
In 2020, Swarovski was named to the Business of Fashion’s BoF 500 professional index of the people shaping the fashion industry. In 2020, she received the Business Leader of the Year Award from Positive Luxury for her sustainability initiatives.In 2019, she received the Fashion Institute of Technology Social Impact in Sustainability Award. In 2019, she received an honorary doctorate from University of the Arts London. In 2018, she received the Fellowship Award at the Society of British and International Design awards. In 2018, she was awarded the Luxury Briefing Award for Outstanding Individual. In 2018, the Canadian Arts & Fashion Awards named <mask> as the recipient of the Global Fashion Business Leader Award. In 2018, she received the Visionary Award from the Women's Jewelry Association. In 2017, she received a Stephan Weiss Apple Award from Donna Karan's Urban Zen Foundation.In 2016, she was made a Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, in recognition of <mask>'s support for the Palace of Versailles in France. In 2013, she received the NatWest UK Fashion & Textile Award for Outstanding Achievement. In 2012, she received the Making a Difference Award 2012 from Women for Women International. In 2011, the Council of Fashion Designers of America honored Nadja for the company's continued support of the American fashion industry. In 2007, <mask> received a Visionaries Award from New York's Museum of Arts and Design. Personal life
<mask> is married to hedge-fund manager Rupert Adams. They have a son and two daughters.References

Women business executives
Living people
1970 births
Austrian women in business
20th-century Austrian businesspeople
21st-century Austrian businesspeople
20th-century businesswomen
21st-century businesswomen

masks:
Nadja Lyn Swarovski
Daniel Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski


title: Marlene van Niekerk

texts:
<mask> (born 10 November 1954) is a South African poet, writer, and academic. She is best known for her novels, the satirical tragicomedy Triomf (1994) and the Herzog-winning Agaat (2004), which explore themes including the family, the change in power dynamics occasioned by the end of Apartheid, and inequalities of race, gender, and class. <mask> is also an award-winning poet. She writes in her native tongue, Afrikaans, and teaches at Stellenbosch University. Biography

<mask> was born on 10 November 1954 on Tygerhoek farm near Caledon in the Western Cape of South Africa. She attended school in Riviersonderend and Stellenbosch, matriculating from Hoërskool Bloemhof. She studied languages and philosophy at Stellenbosch University.She published her literary debut while still a student – Sprokkelster (1977), a volume of poetry, won the Eugène Marais Prize and the Ingrid Jonker Prize. In 1978, she obtained a Master's degree, with a thesis titled "Die aard en belang van die literêre vormgewing in 'Also sprach Zarathustra'" ("The nature and significance of the literary design in 'Also sprach Zarathustra'"). In 1985, she obtained a Dutch doctorandus in philosophy from the University of Amsterdam. Her thesis was on the works of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Paul Ricoeur, and was titled "Taal en mythe: een structuralistische en een hermeneutische benadering" ("Language and myth: a structuralist and a hermeneutic approach"). <mask> later taught philosophy at the University of Zululand and the University of South Africa, and from 1989 taught Afrikaans and Dutch literature at the University of the Witwatersrand. Currently, she is associate professor at Stellenbosch University's Afrikaans and Dutch department, where she teaches creative writing. She has published two novels, five volumes of poetry, and several short story collections.Theatre

While an undergraduate, <mask> wrote three plays for amateur theatre. In 1979, between her Master's and her doctorate, she moved to Germany to study directing as an apprentice at theatres in Stuttgart and Mainz. In April 2011, her play Die korstondige raklewe van Anastasia W, set in a funeral parlour, was staged in Stellenbosch under the direction of Marthinus Basson. It divided audiences (and provoked several angry letters to the editor in Afrikaans newspapers), with one favourable review calling it "a baroque assault of forms, idioms, wordplay, lyricism, operatic tragic-comic interludes, Brechtian theatrical alienation, and ripping symbolic violence." Novels

Triomf (1994)
Triomf (1994) is a tragicomedy about the Benade family: Mol, her brothers Treppie and Pop, and her son Lambert. Unemployed, they live in Triomf (“triumph”), a poor white suburb of Johannesburg, which was built on the ruins of Sophiatown, the famous black township, after the Apartheid government razed it down in the 1950s. The book opens in late 1993, with South Africa’s first democratic elections impending, and chronicles the Benades’ relationships with each other – they reel between hostility and (sometimes incestuous) intimacy – and their difficulties adapting to the new, post-Apartheid South Africa.Among other themes, the novel explores Apartheid's class dimensions and the status of poor whites in South Africa, who, <mask> suggests, were ostensibly the beneficiaries of Apartheid, but in fact became downtrodden and disfigured by its ideology. It received generally, but not exclusively, positive reviews, both in South Africa and abroad. The New York Times called it South Africa's "only world-class tragicomic novel, the kind of book that stabs at your heart while it has you rolling on the floor." Reviewers complimented the effectiveness of <mask>'s satirical treatment of the Benades' racism and sexism. Triomf was dramatised in a 2008 film, directed by Michael Raeburn. Agaat (2004)
Agaat (2004), <mask>'s second novel, takes place in 1996, when Kamilla (Milla) de Wet is in the late stages of motor neurone disease, deteriorating daily into complete paralysis and able to communicate only by blinks and glances. Agaat is the name she has given to her longstanding maid, on whom she now relies for her care.In this way, the shift in the power dynamics between Milla and Agaat mirror those occurring on a national level in post-Apartheid South Africa. By way of first-person narrative and extracts from her diaries from the 1950s, Milla reflects on her earlier life, as her relationship with Agaat begins to take on extraordinary significance in her memories, dwarfing her relationships with her son and with other men. The novel was met with critical acclaim. Liesl Schillinger of the New York Times called its register "more generous and humane" than that of Triomf, and said that it exemplified "the reason people read novels, and the reason authors write them." Writing in Bookforum, Mary Gaitskill said it was "extraordinary. "Agaat won seven South African literary awards, and Michiel Heyns won the 2007 Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation for his translation of Agaat into English. Asked about Agaat's depiction of the separation between men and women, <mask>k said that she was inspired by gender dynamics in Afrikaner culture, and by her experience of being treated, as a lesbian, as an outsider in the Afrikaner community.Bibliography

Novels
Triomf (1994; English version: Triomf, trans. Leon de Kock, 2000)
Agaat (2004; English version: Agaat or The Way of the Women, trans. Michiel Heyns, 2007)
Memorandum: 'n verhaal met skilderye, with pictures by Adriaan <mask> (2006, English version: Memorandum: A Story with Paintings, trans. Michiel Heyns)

Poetry
Sprokkelster, 1977
Groenstaar, 1983
Kaar, 2013
Gesant van die mispels: gedigte by skilderye van Adriaen Coorte ca. 1659-1707 (2017)
In die stille agterkamer: gedigte by skilderye van Jan Mankes 1889-1920 (2017)

Short stories
Die vrou wat haar verkyker vergeet het (1992)
Die verleiding van Margarethe <mask>liet deur die misbruik van die poësie en ander verhale (1999) (erotic stories in Dutch)
Die sneeuslaper: verhale (2010; English version: The Snow Sleeper, trans. Marius Swart, 2019)
The Swan Whisperer (2015; trans. <mask>k and Marius Swart)
<mask>'s work has also been translated into French, Danish, Italian, Swedish, and, frequently, Dutch.Awards
Novels

M-Net Literary Award (1995) for Triomf
 CNA Prize (1995) for Triomf
 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (1995) for Triomf
 M-Net Literary Award (2005) for Agaat
 W.A. Hofmeyr Prize (2005) for Agaat
 University of Johannesburg Prize for Afrikaans Creative Writing (2005) for Agaat
Hertzog Prize (2007) for Agaat
Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns C.L. Engelbrecht Prize (2007) for Agaat
 Sunday Times Literary Award (2007) for Agaat
 Helgaard Steyn Prize (2008) for Agaat
Shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (2008) for Agaat

Poetry and short stories
Eugène Marais Prize (1977) for Sprokkelster
 Ingrid Jonker Prize (1978) for Sprokkelster
 University of Johannesburg Prize for Afrikaans Creative Writing (2011) for Die Sneeuslaper
University of Johannesburg Prize for Afrikaans Creative Writing (2014) for Kaar
 Elisabeth Eybers Prize (2014) for Kaar
 Hertzog Prize (2014) for Kaar
In 2011, the South African president awarded <mask>k the Order of Ikhamanga (Silver) or her "outstanding intellectual contribution to the literary arts and culture." She was nominated for the 2015 Man Booker International Prize, and has honorary doctorates from Tilburg University and Stellenbosch University. References

External links
Journal of Literary Studies 25(3), 2009 (special issue dedicated to <mask>'s work)
Interview with the White Review, 2016

South African women novelists
1954 births
Living people
Afrikaans-language writers
White South African people
Lesbian writers
Hertzog Prize winners for prose
Stellenbosch University alumni
Stellenbosch University faculty
University of the Witwatersrand academics
LGBT writers from South Africa
LGBT novelists

masks:
Marlene van Niekerk
Van Niekerk
Marlene van Niekerk
Van Niekerk
van Niekerk
van Niekerk
van Niekerk
van Niekerk
van Nieker
van Zyl
van V
van Nieker
Van Niekerk
van Nieker
van Niekerk


title: Alberto Pérez (musician)

texts:
<mask> (Sigüenza, Guadalajara, 1950) is a Spanish singer, composer, guitarist and music producer. He has also been involved in radio and cinema throughout his career. Professional biography

1956–80 early years
He took his first steps in the music world in the choir of the Sagrada Familia (1956) and the so-called Rondalla Seguntina (1961), where he set foot on a stage and went on tours for the first time. At 16 he formed a pop group called "Somos" ("This is us") for which he composed his first songs and recorded his first demo tape. While doing military service in Madrid (1968–70), he got to know musicians from Guinea and for the first time had the chance to experiment with non-European music. He moved permanently to Madrid (1972), studied Spanish Philology (Linguistics) at the Complutense University and music, harmony and counterpoint at the Royal School of Music. In those years he travelled extensively around different European countries, where he worked as a 'troubadour' and theatre musician.1981 "La Mandrágora" (The Mandrake)
In 1981 he formed "La Mandrágora" together with Joaquín Sabina and Javier Krahe, a trio to which he brought his romantic touch as well as a sense of showmanship, and with whom he would make a record of the same name that is still being re-released. 1984–96 "Si yo fuera presidente" (If I were the President) – RTVE. The Alberto Pérez Orchestra
In 1984 he was invited to take part in the Spanish television programme "Si yo fuera presidente" for which he created a character inspired in the vocalists and crooners of the 1940s and 1950s who sung a selection of around 100 famous if long-forgotten songs. He formed the Alberto Pérez Orchestra that he would conduct for 12 years. His record "Amar y Vivir" (To Love and To Live) belongs to that period. 1989 "Corazón loco" (Crazy Heart) – Radio 3
In 1989 he accepted a proposal from Spanish Radio 3 to produce and host a programme about the history and evolution of Afrocuban music. It would be the origin of "Corazón Loco", a radio space that <mask> would conduct with a guitar in his hands and conversing with the listeners.Although with the unexplained closure of Radio 3 so too the programme had to end. 1990–99 "Sobre la pista" (On the dance floor) y "Tiempo de baile" (Time to dance): meeting Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio
Meeting Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio – with whom <mask> would have a fifteen-year-long friendship till Chicho's death in 2003 – was fruitful in the way of a collection of 20 dance songs, of various genre, that were composed as stylistic exercises. This enterprise would keep them busy for over two years and would eventually take form in "Sobre la pista" (1990) and "Tiempo de baile" (1997), produced and interpreted by <mask> himself and in which musicians from different generations and nationalities took part. Another project they both worked on was composing the soundtrack to the film Buenaventura Durruti, anarchist (1999), this time performed by Chicho. 1994–95 Voice and vibraphone: <mask> y <mask>
He met <mask> in 1994 while on a tour in Morocco and managed to arrange and perform, using only vocals and vibraphone, an overview of the history of the 'bolero'. Their collaboration lasted for about two years until the return of the Venezuelan vibraphonist, <mask>, to his home country. 1995 Coming back to songwriting and solo music tours.A new guitar-playing technique. After his experience with the vibraphonist, <mask>, <mask> set about developing a new guitar-playing technique so as to be able to interpret some of his dance songs, as it were, in troubadour fashion. He put it to the test in a show called  "Más allá de la Mandrágora", that is, "Beyond the Mandrágora" (1995), which most unexpectedly brought him back to the solo singing tours, leading him to give up his role as orchestra conductor. 1997–2000 "Avizor Records" and Carmen Martín Gaite
In 1997 <mask> and the writer Carmen Martín Gaite launched the record company "Avizor Records", with a view to giving publicity to new poets and musicians. The project was solely funded with earnings made from their own recitals and it lasted until Carmen's death in 2000. 2005 "Alberto Pérez y su Orquesta Volátil" (The Volatile Orchestra)
In 2005 he set up the show "Alberto Pérez y su Orquesta Volátil" –entirely done a cappella- in order to pay tribute to his friend Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio. This half-spoken, half-sung proposal with elements from the troubadour tradition would take <mask> on theatre tours.Working for the radio. Workshops and lectures. Acting. <mask> has directed and conducted various radio programmes, among which the most noteworthy include "Corazón loco" (RNE, 1989–90) and "A vivir, que son dos días" or "Live it up, life's too short" (SER, 1994–95). He has also been invited to lecture at various universities and academic institutions, most especially to talk about the 'bolero' and Central and South American music; and he has also taken part in workshops for professional musicians aimed at enabling them to identify various genre and rhythms. As to his film acting, his most popular contribution was in the film "El viaje a ninguna parte" (Voyage to Nowhere) by Fernando Fernán Gómez (1986). Records
 "La mandrágora (Album)".CBS, 1981
 "Amar y Vivir", Ariola, 1984
 "Sobre la pista", BMG, 1990
 "Tiempo de baile", Avizor Records, 1997

External links

Video
 His channel at Vimeo

Audio
 Orquesta volátil at MySpace

Photographies
 Photographies at Flickr

Sources and References

 AquíNoHueleAPapel (Here it does not smell of paper) (Irene Ferradas Torre-Marín blog, 2010). "Vivo con los mismos anhelos que cualquier otra persona: dedicarme a lo que me gusta, viajar y disfrutar de una buena compañía”. (I live with the same longings as everyone else: to devote my time to what I like doing, to travel and be in good company.) Spanish male singers
Spanish guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Spanish songwriters
1950 births
Living people
A cappella musicians
Musicians from Castilla–La Mancha
Singers from Castilla–La Mancha
People from Sigüenza

masks:
Alberto Pérez Lapastora
Alberto Pérez
Alberto Pérez
Alberto Pérez
Alberto Pérez
Alberto Vergara
Alberto Vergara
Alberto Vergara
Alberto Vergara
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez