title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

texts:
<mask>, 1st Marquess of <mask>  (c. 1431 – 14 April 1471) was a major magnate of fifteenth-century England. He was a younger son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the younger brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker". From an early age he was involved in fighting for his House, particularly in the feud that sprang up in the 1450s with the Neville family's major regional rivals, the Percy family. <mask> was personally responsible for much of the violence until, with his brothers, they defeated and imprisoned their enemies. This was taking place against the backdrop of a crisis in central government. The king, Henry VI, already known to be a weak ruler, suffered a mental collapse which led to a protectorate headed by <mask>'s uncle, Richard, Duke of York. Within two years an armed conflict had broken out, with York openly in rebellion against the king, and his Neville cousins supporting him.<mask> fought with his father and Warwick against the king at the first Battle of St Albans, at which they had the victory. Following a few years of uneasy peace, the Yorkists' rebellion erupted once again, and <mask> fought alongside his father and elder brother Thomas at the Battle of Blore Heath in September 1459. Although the Earl of Salisbury fought off the Lancastrians, both his sons were captured, and <mask>, with Thomas, spent the next year imprisoned. Following his release in 1460, he took part in the Yorkist government. His father and brother died in battle just after Christmas 1460, and in February the next year, <mask> – now promoted to the peerage as Lord <mask> – and Warwick fought the Lancastrians again at St Albans. <mask> was once again captured and not released until his cousin Edward, York's son, won a decisive victory at Towton in March 1461, and became King Edward IV. <mask> soon emerged, with Warwick, as representatives of the king's power in the north, which was still politically turbulent, as there were still a large number of Lancastrians on the loose attempting to raise rebellion against the new regime.As his brother Warwick became more involved in national politics and central government, it devolved to <mask> to finally defeat the last remnants of Lancastrians in 1464. Following these victories, <mask>, in what has been described as a high point for his House, was created Earl of Northumberland. At around the same time, however, his brother Warwick became increasingly dissatisfied with his relationship with the king, and began instigating rebellions against Edward IV in the north, finally capturing him in July 1469. At first, <mask> helped suppress this discontent, and also encouraged Warwick to release Edward. Eventually, however, his brother went into French exile with the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence, in March 1470. During Warwick's exile, King Edward stripped <mask> of the Earldom of Northumberland, making him Marquis of Montagu instead. <mask> appears to have seen this as a reduction in rank, and accepted it with poor grace.He seems particularly to have complained about the lack of landed estate that his new marquisate brought with it, calling it a "pie's nest". When the Earl of Warwick and Clarence returned, they distracted Edward with a rebellion in the north, which the king ordered <mask> to raise troops to repress in the king's name. <mask>, however, having raised a small army, turned against Edward, almost capturing him at Olney, Buckinghamshire; the king, with his other brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled into exile in Burgundy. While in exile, Warwick had allied with the old king, Henry VI and his Queen, Margaret of Anjou, Henry was restored to the throne, and Warwick now effectively ruled the kingdom, This return to Lancastrianism did not, however, last long; within the year, Edward and Gloucester had returned. Landing only a few miles from Montagu in Yorkshire – who did nothing to stop them – the Yorkists marched south, raising an army. <mask> followed them, and, meeting up with his brother at Coventry, they confronted Edward over a battlefield at Barnet. <mask> was cut down in the fighting, Warwick died soon after, and within a month Edward had reclaimed his throne and Henry VI and his line was extinguished.Youth and early career
<mask> was the third son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury, and a younger brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker." <mask>'s upbringing and career was entwined with that of the north of England and specifically, the marcher areas, the eastern and western borders between Scotland and England, controlled from Berwick and Carlisle respectively. His Early activity there consisted of diplomatic meetings with the Scots, at which he acted as a witness, between 1449 and 1451. He was also one of three men who were instructed, in a letter of 3 February 1449, to not attend the forthcoming parliament and remain in the north guarding the border. He was knighted by King Henry VI at Greenwich on 5 January 1453, alongside Edmund and Jasper Tudor, his brother Thomas Neville, William Herbert, Roger Lewknor, and William Catesby. Feud with the Percys

Sir <mask> was from the branch of the Neville family based at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire, rather than that of Westmorland. It has been claimed that he, as a "landless younger son" was partially to blame for his family's long-running feud with the Lancastrian Percy family of Northumberland.The first outburst of violence that took place was a result of the 1 May 1453 royal licence for <mask>'s brother, Thomas Neville to marry Maud Stanhope being issued. News of this must have reached the north within the fortnight, for by the twelfth, one of the Earl of Northumberland's younger sons, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, began recruiting men. In August 1453, <mask> raided the Percy castle of Topcliffe, possibly with the intention of seizing Egremont. Failing to find him, Neville resorted to threatening the Percy tenantry who were in residence. He and Egremont were subsequently summoned to appear before the Royal Council, a summons which was ignored by both. Feuding continued through summer 1453, and even though they had been instructed to keep the peace, by the 27 July, the council was issuing letters to Northumberland and Salisbury regarding their sons. This was followed by more letters to the sons.In Knaresborough, the locals generally aligned themselves with <mask> due to the unpopularity of Sir William Plumpton (the king's man), from whom they began stealing with impunity, which resulted in severe injuries when the Neville brothers demonstrated a "show of force" in January 1454. <mask> was with his brother's wedding party when Egremont ambushed them on the return from Tattershall Castle. This took place on Heworth Moor on 24 August 1453. The next month, <mask> took a raiding party and ransacked Egremont's Catton manor, "breaking windows and shattering tiles." With his brothers, Thomas and Richard, as well as the Earl of Salisbury, they faced the Earl of Northumberland and his sons at Topcliffe on 20 October 1453, although a peace was then negotiated. The feud continued for much of the next year, and only came to a halt with a battle at Salisbury's manor of Stamford Bridge, near York on 31 October 1454. Thomas and <mask> confronted, and decisively beat, Egremont and Richard Percy, whom the Nevilles captured.Marriage

<mask> married Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441 – 20 May 1476), of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire, on 25 April 1457; Archbishop Thomas Bourchier officiated the marriage at Canterbury Cathedral. Isabel was not only the heiress of her father, Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (who had died on 2 September 1456), but also the heiress of her maternal uncle, <mask> and his Earldom of Worcester. It may have been that Earl of Worcester had engineered the match. A letter to <mask> on 1 May 1457 described how "the Erle [of Warwick's] yonger broþere maryed to Ser Edmund Ynglthorp's doughter upon Seynt Markes Day; the Erle of Worcestre broght aboute the maryage." She was a greater heiress than might have been expected for a youngest son like <mask>. <mask> was granted seven southern manors by his father and mother, the Earl and Countess of Salisbury, for his part. <mask>'s marriage caused a dispute with Queen Margaret: even though Isabel was over fourteen years-old (and therefore of legal age), the Queen claimed that Isabel was still her ward.As a result, Queen Margaret insisted that <mask> pay her a fine for his marriage to Isabel: he was bound to pay her £1,000 in ten instalments. Wars of the Roses

The king had become incapacitated in August 1453, which had led to the Duke of York being appointed protector and controlling the government. By Christmas of 1454, however, King Henry had recovered from his illness, which removed the basis for York's authority. Having reconvened the court at Westminster by mid-April 1455, Henry and a select council of nobles decided to hold a great council at Leicester. York and the Nevilles anticipated that Somerset would bring charges against them at this assembly. <mask> included, they gathered an armed retinue and marched to stop the royal party from reaching Leicester, intercepting them at St Albans. Although only a small affray, it resulted in the deaths of some important people; viz.the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford. It has been suggested that, whilst Somerset might have been targeted by York, the latter too might have been intentionally slain by the Neville brothers. It was <mask> who, after the battle, appears to have been responsible for the victorious Duke of York removing Sir William Skipwith from the household offices the latter held of the Duke. Neville was said to have achieved this by pointing out how Skipwith failed to join York in battle; <mask> subsequently shared in the profits of York's redistribution of Skipwith's ex-offices. In December 1456, the new Duke of Somerset tried to attack <mask> in London's Cheapside; Somerset had already attempted something similar to <mask>'s brother Warwick the previous month. <mask>'s encounter, reported contemporary chroniclers, would have become a "skirmish" if the mayor had not intervened. As it had been <mask> who had "spearheaded" the Neville retaliation to the Percies during their feud, Salisbury entered into a bond for Thomas and <mask>'s behaviour on 23 March 1458.<mask>, however continued to receive commissions from the government. He was part of a delegation of twenty-two Ambassadors nominated to discuss breaches of the Truce with Burgundy on 14 May that year, and two months later he was investigating the murder of a royal serjeant. In 1459, he was appointed steward of the Honour of Pontefract. Reconciliation between the crown and the sons of the dead lords of St Albans on the one half and of York and his Neville allies did not last, however. In mid-September 1459, the Earl of Salisbury, intending to meet York at the latter's castle at Ludlow, marched south from Middleham Castle with his household, retainers, and a force of around five-thousand men. <mask> and Thomas were with him. Salisbury's force was engaged by a much larger royal army under the command of Lord Audley on 23 September at Blore Heath, near Mucklestone, Staffordshire.Even though he had numerical superiority the result was defeat for Audley, who was killed. However at some point <mask> – along with his brother Thomas and their father's retainer James Harrington were captured. This might have occurred in their pursuit of fleeing Lancastrians the next day or alternatively they may have been injured in battle and had been sent home. Either way, captured at Acton Bridge near Tarporley, Cheshire, the four were imprisoned in Chester Castle. <mask> was not released until July 1460. As a result, he was not present at the Yorkists' rout at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, which resulted in his father and brother's exile in Calais. He had still been attainted at the Parliament of Devils in October 1459 and only restored in August the next year.He was not released until June that year, and remained in London with during York's return from exile, and his claiming of the throne. On 1 November 1460, York appointed <mask> the king's Chamberlain for a crown-wearing ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral. He stayed in London as word arrived that Lancastrians were gathering an army in the north; York, Salisbury, and <mask>'s brother Thomas marched north to confront them. On 30 December 1460 they went down to a crushing defeat outside York's castle at Sandal, at the Battle of Wakefield where York and Thomas were killed, and Salisbury captured and beheaded the next day. <mask> appears to have been Lieutenant of the castle of Calais, whilst Warwick served as its Captain. During the Protector's absence that winter, and after York's and Salisbury's death, alongside his brothers Warwick and George (the Chancellor) Neville was part of the head of government. Elevation to the peerage and war in the north
According to Benet's Chronicle, <mask> was elevated to the peerage as Lord <mask> in the January 1461 parliament.It was also at this parliament that he presented a petition, regarding his wife, in which he reiterated that in common law women receive livery of their lands at fourteen years of age, and he requested parliament to reaffirm this. In February he was elected to the Order of the Garter. He was installed on 21 March 1462, when he took his father's choir stall in Windsor Castle's St. George's Chapel. By February 1461 Queen Margaret's army was marching south. Warwick and <mask>, with their "frantically raised" army, collected the King and marched north to confront the Queen's army on the Great North Road. The two armies met on 17 February at the Second Battle of St Albans – this time, just outside the town. In the resulting encounter, Warwick was "outflanked and now outmatched," whereas <mask> seems to have kept his army together up until the point the King's person was regained by the Lancastrians.<mask> commanded the left flank of the Yorkist army, which itself was subdivided into a group of archers in the town itself, with the majority posted on Bernards Heath, stretching eastwards towards Warwick's vanguard. This "bloody and bitter encounter" saw Warwick and <mask>'s army defeated. The Earl escaped; <mask> was captured and sent to York Castle. It seems probable that he escaped execution after the battle because, as the Milanese Ambassador wrote, "a brother of my lord of Somerset is a prisoner [of Warwick's] at Calais." As a result of his capture and imprisonment in York, <mask> escaped participation in the biggest and probably bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses which took place on 29 March 1461 at Towton in Yorkshire. This decisive Yorkist victory led to <mask> being released the next day, when the son of the Duke of York – and England's de facto new king – Edward IV entered York in triumph. <mask> and Warwick then stayed in the north to attempt the recapture of northern castles still in Lancastrian hands; as <mask> has put it, "the unfinished military business would have to be left to the Nevilles."And on 10 May 1461 <mask> was commissioned to raise troops against both the Lancastrian remnants and the king of Scotland. One of <mask>'s first actions was to successfully raise the siege of Carlisle, "with prompt action." Carlisle had had its suburbs burnt and been under siege from June by a Scottish-Lancastrian force, but was easily relieved by him, apparently killing 6,000 Scots and Lord Clifford's brother in the process, before Warwick had even arrived. The military campaign that followed was focussed on the recapture of strategically vital castles on the Northumbrian border. Alnwick Castle was commanded by a shell keep, to which extra towers had been added, as well as to the curtain wall, with a solid barbican and gatehouse. Bamburgh Castle was on a high spur ridge with three baileys, a large keep, and fortified gateways. Dunstanburgh Castle stood on a dolerite spur which had the sheer drop of a cliff on one side.<mask> besieged Bamburgh, the most important of these northern bulwarks, due to its distance from London and proximity to Scotland. By 26 December 1462, when the garrison surrendered, they "had been reduced to eating their horses." <mask> joined Warwick in escorting the chariot of six horses in the funeral cortege conveying the mortal remains of their father and brother from Pontefract Castle to the family mausoleum at Bisham Abbey, on 14–15 February 1463. On 6 May he was appointed Warden of the Eastern March; Warwick was his counterpart on the western marches. Later that year, he led an expedition to Norham Castle, which had been besieged by the Scots for the previous eighteen days, and relieved it on 26 July; this was followed by a Chevauchée into Scotland which only ceased when <mask>'s force ran out of supplies. Royal patronage
In the meantime though, <mask> received the first royal patronage of the reign, being granted the royal gold and silver mines in Devon and Cornwall worth £110 annually, for life. This was followed by duty payments from York and Kingston upon Hull and manors belonging to the dead Lancastrian Viscount Beaumont.In June 1461 he received the wardship of <mask>, the heir of <mask>, during his minority, and also the lands of Lord Clifford (who had died at Ferrybridge in a sharp encounter the night before Towton). Professor A. J. Pollard has noted, ironically, that Neville "had to earn his rewards." In 1462 he was appointed Steward of the Household of the Palatinate of Durham, for which he received around £40 a year. This was twice the salary his legally-trained and "non-noble" successors would receive from the Bishop in later years, and has been described as a "unique post." Hexham and Hedgeley Moor

In spite of <mask>'s and Warwick's northern successes in the years following Towton, a not-insubstantial Lancastrian army was still active in the area; it had been slowly

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title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

type: original

texts:
 been re-taking castles, like Bamburgh, Hexham, Langley, Norham, and Prudhoe Castles, between February and March 1464. This threatened Newcastle, a major Yorkist supply centre. Local Lancastrians were returning to their estates, such as the Cliffords, who regained their castle at Skipton Craven with no royal response, military or otherwise.They "virtually controlled most of the country immediately south of the Scottish border", wrote Charles Ross, although very few local gentry directly supported them. The situation was severe enough that in April 1464 he was too occupied with the northern situation to travel to London, and was exempted from attending the Order of the Garter Chapter meeting on the 29th of the month. He has been described as the king's 'resident commander' in the north and a "confident and aggressive commander." In early 1464, the Lancastrians having coalesced in the East March, the ongoing peace negotiations with the Scots were moved from Newcastle to York. <mask> was sent to escort their embassy through now-unfriendly territory. On his way to pick them up at Norham, he only avoided an ambush near Newcastle, by a small force of eighty spear and bowmen under Sir Humphrey Neville, by changing his route. The Scottish embassy he eventually collected at Norham had been delayed, and it was on the return journey that the Duke of Somerset with Lords Roos and Hungerford, Sir Richard Turnstall, and Sir Thomas Findern and the bulk of the Lancastrian army (approximately 5,000 men) ambushed <mask> at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464.The assault failed, and left Sir Ralph Percy dead on the field. <mask>, having delivered the Scottish embassy to Newcastle, left there on 14 May, either with Lords Greystoke and Willoughby or picking them up en route with other supporters, to seek out the Lancastrians. The next day, at Hexham – having crossed the Tyne "either at Bulwell or Corbridge" – he attacked the rebels in their camp which was on the south side of Devil's Water river. <mask>, his army swelled with new recruits from Newcastle, and men raised by <mask>'s brother, the Archbishop of York, may have had up to 10,000 men. Leading his army "forward at the charge," <mask>'s attack soon became a rout, with the Lancastrian army dissolving and attempting escape over the bridge. Lords Roos, Hungerford, Findern, and Tallboys survived the battle only to be executed, on <mask>'s order – and probably in his presence – with the Duke of Somerset in Newcastle. Following Hexham, <mask> ordered the largest number of beheadings the civil wars had yet seen.Earl of Northumberland

In May 1464, Hexham, Langley and Bywell castles surrendered to <mask>. Eight days later, on 27 May, he was created Earl of Northumberland, while Henry Percy was imprisoned in the Tower. The Earldom gave an income of between £700 and £1,000 a year. This, wrote Cora L<mask>, was his reward for his decisive victories, since the Crown "had played no direct part in them." That summer <mask> recaptured the three Northumberland castles – Dunstanburgh, Alnwick, and Bamburgh – that had been previously lost. Later that year – the "high watermark of his House, the zenith of the Nevilles" – <mask>'s brother George was appointed Archbishop of York, with <mask> his Treasurer at his enthronement feast. During the feast, <mask>'s wife Isabel, sat at the children's table, supervising Warwick's two daughters and the young Duke of Gloucester.Later years
Following the final crushing of the Lancastrian resistance, <mask>'s role focussed on diplomacy and peace keeping. In June 1465 he was commissioned to contract marriages "between English and Scottish subjects" as well as to treat for a perpetual peace with Scotland, as a result of which, <mask> returned the captured Duke of Albany to Scotland, for which he was paid fifty marks. It was during this time (Hicks has suggested around January 1465) that <mask> and Lord Scales were requested by the Duke of Brittany to accompany a force of 3,000 Breton archers supplied by him, for the League of the Public Weal against Louis XI of France. However, due to commitments in the north with Warwick, <mask> ended up taking no part in this campaign. In 1465 <mask> received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates, and on 25 March the following year he was granted the constableships and honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles, which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463. On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.Warden of the Marches
The Wardens were the military guardians of the border from the late fourteenth-century, and their salaries made them the highest-paid among Crown officers, but this was inclusive of the cost of raising troops and maintaining defence. This has also been described as controlling "private armies raised at the Crown's expense." By the mid-fifteenth century, the Wardenship of the East March was the most important of the two northern marcher lordships. Marcher Wardens were granted the right to recruit by their being "explicitly" exempted from the 1468 Statute of Livery, which restrained- or attempted to restrain- retaining. <mask>, however, was allowed to continue retaining in times of peace as well as war. At this point Humphrey Neville was still on the run, and <mask> required troops to be raised on various occasions; in 1467, for example, Beverley sent him troops to deal with Humphrey's resistance. Warwick's rebellion
In 1467, as part of his brother's plan for a closer relationship with the French, <mask> and Isabelle accompanied Warwick in escorting the French King's envoys to Canterbury.However, by this time, it was being rumoured that Warwick was moving towards supporting the House of Lancaster, as a result of dissatisfaction over the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and his pursuit of an anti-French foreign policy. In 1469, Warwick organised Robin of Redesdale's rebellion against Edward IV in Yorkshire and in July that year the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence married Warwick's daughter Isabelle whilst anchored off Calais; this was in direct defiance of the king's own wishes. It seems that <mask>, however, reacted strongly against his brother's machinations, and, unlike him, was satisfied with his current position. On 27 October 1469, Henry Percy had taken his oath of fealty to the King, and had been released from the Tower. The following year saw the return of Robin of Redesdale and another rebellion on behalf of Warwick. <mask> was forced to come down from the Scottish border to suppress it; this he did, but, one historian has suggested, albeit that he "allowed the leaders to escape ... ensuring that the rebellion could rise again" at a more opportune moment. Almost immediately, <mask> was forced to crush another rebellion, this time lead by a Robin of Holderness, but calling for the return of Percy to the Northumberland Earldom.The Redesdale rebels soon reformed into an army big enough to march south and defeat a royal force at the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26 July 1469. King Edward still accepted that <mask> was uninvolved in his brother's rebellion, and in the event, <mask> was the only Neville to accompany the king on his journey from the north back to London. However, it was while Edward was in York that he ordered the rehabilitation of Henry Percy to his family Earldom on 25/27 March 1470. On the same day <mask> was elevated to the Marquessate of Montagu, and now outranked his brother, an Earl, in the English peerage. Historians have since questioned, however, whether his new title had the gravitas that his previous Earldom had had, and have even suggested that the king was "walking a tightrope" as to whether <mask> would actually accept it or not. To compensate him for the loss of the Percy estates <mask> was granted the lands of the dead Earl of Devon, and <mask>'s son, George was created Duke of Bedford. These were substantial estates, providing an income of at least £600 per annum.<mask> was to be the new regional magnate – as he had been in the north – to fill an existing power vacuum. Rebellion and death
<mask>, though, was not happy with the new arrangements, and King Edward has been held responsible for turning <mask> from a friend to an enemy. Warkworth's Chronicle describes him as condemning these grants to him as "a [mag]pyes] nest." <mask> had been on the Scottish border since at least January 1470. Following unrest in Lincolnshire and the subsequent Lincolnshire rebellion, the king marched from London to crush the rising. This he did at the Battle of Empingham. Following the battle, Edward headed north where he was met by <mask> and Northumberland at Doncaster.Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the Lincolnshire uprising had by now been established, and they fled to Calais. Further trouble broke out in the summer of 1470 in the north, with friends and relatives of Warwick in open rebellion. The new Earl of Northumberland was unable to put down these risings, so the king, once again marched north to deal with it personally. Modern historians generally consider that these rebellions were a deliberate trap, instigated by Warwick and Clarence from Calais. On 24 June 1470 the Wardenship of the East March was stripped from <mask> and given to Percy. Edward was still in the north with Percy when he received word that the Warwick and Clarence had landed in Dartmouth. At Doncaster, the king awaited <mask>, who was in the north raising a substantial force in Edward's name.Edward waited; but on 29 September 1470, marching to the King, <mask> declared for Warwick. His last-minute, surprise defection from the king has been called "decisive". The king was trapped; disbanding his army, and with a few followers, he escaped to Bishop's Lynn, sailing for Burgundy on 2 October. Readeption of Henry VI

On 3 October, with Edward IV in exile, Henry VI was released from the Tower and returned to the throne by Warwick. Almost immediately, <mask> was granted the wardship of the executed Earl of Worcester's heir and estates, as well as of the young Lord Clifford. He was reappointed to the Wardenship of the East March, with its salary, on 22 October 1470. However, <mask> did not profit from the new regime as he probably expected to.He did not regain the Earldom of Northumberland. Further, he lost some of the Courtney lands that had come with his Marquessate to the newly returned Earl of Devon. <mask> had no active role in government, and does not seem to have sat in Council, although he was appointed Chamberlain to the King's Household. Although he was confirmed in command of the new King's forces in the north and in possession of the manor of Wressle on 21 March 1471, he did not regain any other Percy estates. Indeed, it has been suggested that his loyalty might still have been suspect by the newly arrived Lancastrians: having been summoned to the November 1470 parliament, Polydor Virgil states that he had to apologise there for his prior support of Edward. <mask> even had to pay cash for the king's pardon, which he only received after making a lengthy speech, declaring that he had only remained faithful to Edward out of fear. <mask>, having responsibility for the defence of the north, received various commissions of array, which reflected the government's knowledge that King Edward was equipping a Burgundian-backed fleet in order to re-invade.<mask> was to raise men from all across the north. On 14 March 1471, King Edward landed at Ravenspur, on the coast of Yorkshire; he had intended to land in East Anglia, but this had been established as being unsafe. <mask>, it has been suggested, could have "snuffed out" Edward's army almost immediately had he moved fast enough. <mask> was in Pontefract Castle as Edward passed by (where even his castle bailiff deserted him for the returning king, taking the castle's funds with him). <mask>'s army, composed of local militias, was probably in the region of several thousand men, between 6,000 and 7,000, and increased as he trailed Edward south. <mask> arrived at Coventry, where the Earl of Warwick was camped, in early April 1471; this was probably the day after Clarence had defected back to his brother Edward, and taken his army with him. Battle of Barnet Heath

By 12 April 1471, <mask>, with his brother Warwick and the Duke of Exeter, the Earl of Oxford, and Viscount Beaumont were approaching London with their army.Edward, having arrived in London on 11 April and been reunited with his queen, met <mask> and Warwick a few miles north of London, outside the village of Barnet. It is possible that he commanded a smaller army, perhaps of only 9,000 men, and probably no more than 14,000. The battle on 14 April was a "confused affair" and fought in fog. It has been suggested that it was <mask> who persuaded Warwick to fight on foot at Barnet, leaving the horses tethered at the rear, in order to demonstrate their commitment to the cause by taking the same risks as the common soldier. <mask> probably controlled the centre battle of Warwick's army, facing Edward's own section, on the Great North Road from Barnet to St. Albans. Warkworth's Chronicle states that Warwick had an army of 20,000 men and that the battle beginning at 0400, lasted until ten o'clock that morning. Contemporaries have favourably described <mask>'s martial skill at Barnet.Philippe de Commines called him as "a very courageous knight," and the Burgundian observer Jean de Waurin wrote that, in the thick of the fighting, <mask> was "cutting off arms and heads like a hero of romance." The Earl of Oxford, commanding the right wing of the Neville army, broke the opposing Yorkist line, under William, Lord Hastings, early in the battle. Oxford's men proceeded to chase the fleeing soldiers, and ended up looting away from the battlefield. Oxford managed to regroup his men, but, returning to the battlefield, as James Ross has put it, "disaster struck." In the time he and his force had been absent, the line of battle had shifted almost ninety degrees, so instead of returning to attack Edward's rear, he crashed into <mask>'s section. The fog prevented identification, and Oxford's men fought with <mask>'s. <mask> may, one chronicler suggests, have mistakenly seen Oxford's "Streaming star" banner as the king's "Sunne in splendour," and thus believe that the Earl had gone over to York.Recently though, one historian has pointed out that, in fact, Oxford had never previously used such a cognizance, and it was more prosaically just a case of men confused by fog. At some point, possibly around this time, <mask> was killed; he was certainly dead before his brother. The Arrivall chronicler states this occurred "in plain battle," and in the thick of the fighting, rather than in the rout that later followed. Aftermath
The bodies of Warwick and <mask> were laid out "on the morrow after" and "openly shewed and naked" in St. Paul's, to prevent rumour starting that they had in fact survived the battle; Warkworth too said that the King personally directed this, and arranged for the corpses "to be put in a cart ... to be laid in the church of Paul's, on the pavement, that every man might see them; and so they lay for three or four days" before granting permission to their brother George for their burial at Bisham Priory. Issue
By his wife Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441-1476), daughter and heiress of Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (d.1456) of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire (who survived him and remarried, on 25 April 1472 (as his second wife), to Sir William Norreys of Yattendon), he had a son and five daughters:
George Neville, Duke of Bedford (c. 1461–1483), eldest son and heir. It appears that <mask> had wanted to marry George to Anne Holland, heiress of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter; however by 1466 she had already married Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset . He died without issue, having been stripped of his dukedom in 1478.Anne Neville, eldest daughter, who married Sir William Stonor of Stonor in Pyrton, Oxfordshire, a grandson of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Elizabeth Neville, who married firstly Thomas Scrope, 6th Baron Scrope of Masham, a dedicated Yorkist, and secondly Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead. Margaret Neville, who married firstly Sir <mask> (died before 12 November 1504), only son of Sir Hugh Mortimer and Eleanor Cornwall; secondly Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and thirdly Robert Downes, Gentleman. Lucy Neville, who married firstly Sir Thomas FitzWilliam of Aldwark, North Yorkshire, and secondly Sir Anthony Browne. Isabel Neville, who married firstly Sir Thomas Huddleston of Millom, Cumberland (an important regional family and old allies of the Nevilles), and secondly Sir William Smythe of Elford in Staffordshire. Arms
Montagu took for his crest "a griffin issuing from a ducal crown". His coat of arms was the Neville "Gules a saltire argent" with a label "gobony argent and azure crescent" for differencing, as a younger son, being a reference to the arms of Beaufort (Neville arms with label compony of Beaufort, borne as a difference to the paternal Neville arms (Gules, a saltire argent) by the descendants of the second marriage of w:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (d.1425) to Joan Beaufort, a legitimised daughter of <mask> Gaunt, 4th son of King Edward III).This coat, when he was made Marquis of Montagu, was later augmented with further quarterings. Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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1430s births
1471 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Marquesses in the Peerage of England
Earls of Northumberland
Knights of the Garter
People of the Wars of the Roses
English military personnel killed in action
<mask> sons of earls
Burials at Bisham Abbey
Barons

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. Scofield
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John of
John Younger


title: Ricky Landell

texts:
<mask> (born April 25, 1982) is an American former professional wrestler. He is best known for competing in various independent promotions, the most notable being Ring of Honor, Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX / Pro Wrestling Zero1 and AWA Superstars of Wrestling / Wrestling Superstars Live. Professional wrestling career

Debut (2003–2004)
After training under Steve Corino, <mask> made his professional wrestling debut on November 1, 2003 where he wrestled fellow debuting wrestler Alex Law to a ten-minute draw. After both debuted, <mask> and Law began teaming with each other to compete in several tag team matches for Pro Wrestling WORLD-1 beginning in 2004. Following a six-man tag team where he, Law and their partner Greg Spitz lost to the Extreme Horsemen (C.W. Anderson, Justin Credible and Simon Diamond) on April 10, <mask> was inducted into the Horsemen as its newest member. In mid-2004, <mask>, less than a year into his career, made an excursion to Japan to receive further training and briefly trained under Tatsuhito Takaiwa while touring with Shinya Hashimoto's Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX.<mask> made his debut for the promotion on July 9, where he competed in his first championship match at the legendary Korakuen hall in Tokyo, Japan. He lost to Tommy Wilson in a cage match to determine who would win the vacant BS American Championship. The following day, <mask> teamed with Wilson to defeat Fuyuki Takahashi and Shinsuke Z Yamagasa in a tag team cage match. Independent circuit and championship success (2005–2008)
Beginning in 2005, <mask> made his Ring of Honor debut on January 15 at their event It All Begins, where he and four other men lost to Roderick Strong in a four-on-one handicap match. He returned to the promotion on February 19 at their event Do Or Die IV, where he teamed with his old partner Alex Law to defeat Anthony Franco and Davey Andrews. On March 12, <mask> made his third and final ROH appearance as he and Law lost to The Ring Crew Express at the event Back To Basics. On January 29, 2006, <mask> defeated Masato Tanaka to win Pro Wrestling WORLD-1's Heavyweight Championship, giving him the first championship of his career.Upon becoming champion, <mask> became the face of promotion and would go on to defend the title in WORLD-1 in various Independent Promotions around the country, including a notable victory over his trainer and mentor Steve Corino on April 9 in Pottstown, PA. <mask> would ultimately become the longest reigning champion in the promotion's history, as he held the title for 1279 days with his reign only ending due to his retirement from wrestling in early 2009. <mask> would continue his championship success as he teamed with Corino to win the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Tag Team Championship on June 14, 2006 after defeating Team MackTion (Kirby Mack and T.J. Mack). Despite holding two titles simultaneously, <mask> won a battle royale on July 22 to become the number one contender for the AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship. Later on that day, he wrestled then-champion Ric Converse for the title in a losing effort. <mask> and Corino would later lose the World Tag Team Titles to Converse and Xsiris on March 23, 2007. <mask> soon began competing more frequently for AWA Superstars of Wrestling, becoming a travelling brand talent for the promotion, competing nationally for various AWA territorial promotions as well as the home company. He became the promotion's first United States Champion on June 13, 2007 after defeating Zach Gowen in Rochester, MN.The win also simultaneously made him Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX's new United States Heavyweight Champion due to the AWA and ZERO1-MAX splitting from each other. His reign with the AWA's version of the title ended on March 29, 2008 after the title was deactivated and <mask> became the first Fighting World Champion of the now-renamed Wrestling Superstars Live following a victory over Keith Walker. On August 13, <mask> lost the Fighting World Title to Walker in a rematch. Aside from WORLD-1 and WSL, <mask> returned to the now-renamed Pro Wrestling Zero1 in early May 2008 and defeated Sterling James Keenan on June 1 to win the promotion's United States Heavyweight Title for the second time. He would go on to hold the title for over two months before losing it to King Kaluha on August 22. After several attempts, <mask> finally won the WSL World Heavyweight Championship on October 11 in Indianapolis, IN in front of 3000 fans at the famed Indianapolis Speedrome after defeating "The Living Legend" Larry Zbyszko, whom he had previously lost to in a title match back on May 3 when the championship was under the AWA Superstars banner. Retirement
On February 21, 2009, <mask> lost the World Heavyweight Title to Keith Walker in a screw job like finish where afterwards WSL Owner Dale Gagne publicly fired <mask>.Soon afterwards, <mask>'s official Myspace profile page and website were taken down and it was later announced that he had retired from wrestling. His retirement resulted in the Pro Wrestling WORLD-1 Heavyweight Championship being vacated and ending his reign at 1,279 days, the longest reign of any kind in the promotion's history. On June 12, 2011, <mask> made what was to be a one-night only return as he wrestled against and lost to Corino at Pro Wrestling WORLD-1's event The Last Stampede. <mask> ended up making 2 more appearances for the promotion in 2011 and 2012. Championships and accomplishments
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / Wrestling Superstars Live
AWA Superstars of Wrestling United States Championship (1 time)
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / WSL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
AWA Superstars of Wrestling / WSL World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Steve Corino (1) and Jonnie Stewart (1)
WSL Fighting World Championship (1 time)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Future Legend Award (2008)
Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kid America
PWF Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 275 of the 500 top wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009
Pro Wrestling WORLD-1
WORLD-1 Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX / Pro Wrestling Zero1
Zero1 United States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

Notes

External links

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Plymouth State University alumni

masks:
Ricky Landell
Ricky Landell
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title: Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud

texts:
<mask> bin <mask> ( ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin Muḥammad Āl Suʿūd; 1720–1803) was the second ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah. He was the eldest son of <mask> and the son-in-law of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab. Abdulaziz ruled the First Saudi State from 1765 until 1803. He was nicknamed by his people as the savior of his time (mahdi zamanihi in Arabic) due to his fearless activities. Early life
Abdulaziz was born in 1720 and was the eldest son of <mask>. He was educated by <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and became a Wahhabi scholar. From 1750 Abdulaziz was the chief military commander of the Emirate due to his father's old age.Long before the death of his father <mask> was also announced the ruler of the state at the request of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab. Reign
Although his father was titled as Emir, <mask> bin <mask> was given the titles of both Emir and Imam. The latter title was a reflection of his religious education by <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and his deeply religious personality. His younger brother, Abdullah, unsuccessfully challenged the rule of <mask>. <mask>'s father, <mask> bin <mask>, initiated attacks against the ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in 1747. However, following the battles for nearly 25 years only in 1773 Riyadh was captured by Abdulaziz and became part of the Emirate. Their military success and orthodox approach to religion won them great support in the area.Their standing was also boosted by Abdulaziz's practice of holding open meetings where tribal elders could meet with him, allowing access to their ruler. During his reign <mask> Abdul Wahhab was his major advisor and dealt with all major activities, including treasury. However, following the capture of Riyadh <mask> bin <mask> himself began to control the budget of the state due to the significant increase in revenues. From 1789 Abdulaziz's supremacy was recognised by all Najdi people. The expansion continued with the capture of Qatif in 1794 and Hasa in 1795 where Shiites were dominant. Abdulaziz's attacks against Hasa which had been under the rule of Banu Khalid began in 1792. From 1797 the relations between Abdulaziz and the Ottoman authorities both in Baghdad and in Mecca became tense.In 1802 Hejaz, namely Taif and Khurma, was captured, and the people, particularly men, living there were slaughtered. In Taif <mask>'s forces took women and children as slaves. They also demolished the heterodox texts and innovative household equipment such as mirrors and window frames and robbed the wealth of the local people. Zubayr and other settlements in the region witnessed similar violence, too. In 1802 Bahrain was invaded and captured by the ruler of Muscat. <mask> bin <mask> recaptured it in addition to Qatar and appointed there a governor, Abdullah bin Ufaysan, there. The rulers of Bahrain, Abdullah and Salman, together with their families were sent to Diriyah where they were all detained.Therefore, the Wahhabi influence also extended to Qatar and Bahrain. However, due to the Ottoman attacks in Hejaz <mask> bin <mask> did not manage to fully consolidate his power in Bahrain and had to reduce his forces there which allowed the Al Khalifa to reestablish their rule. Abdulaziz's governor, <mask> Ufaysan, was detained by the Al Khalifa. In 1803 Mecca was taken by <mask>'s forces, and the religious figures in the city declared their alliance to Wahhabis. The attacks of the Saudi forces reached Syria, Iraq and Yemen where Abdulaziz managed to establish his authority. Sack of Karbala

In 1802 <mask> bin <mask>'s forces led by his heir and son <mask> attacked Karbala and Najaf in Iraq. Unlike other attacks the goal of Saudi forces was not to rule or control the region.They massacred thousands of the Shia population, stole enough precious loot to load 4,000 camels, and destroyed the dome over the shrine of Imam Husayn. They also stole the gold, jewels, and rare minerals in the shrine. This incident also had another and much more significant effect: it added a sectarian nuance to the Sunni-Shia divide in the Moslem world. The observations of Lieutenant Francis Warden, a British military official, about the attack are as follows:

They pillaged the whole of it [Karbala], and plundered the Tomb of Hussein...slaying in the course of the day, with circumstances of peculiar cruelty, above five thousand of the inhabitants... Personal life and death
<mask> married to the daughter of <mask> bin Abdul Wahhab and the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, the ruler of Uyayna. He had four sons: <mask>, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah and Umar. Of them <mask> was born through <mask>'s marriage to the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar.Abdulaziz was much more adhered to the Wahhabi cause and more aggressive than his father. Shortly after his capture of Mecca <mask> returned to Diriyah where he was assassinated by a Persian man who was a darwish when Abdulaziz was leading Asr Salat in the mosque of Turaif in November 1803. The motive of the assassin was to take revenge against him due to the killing of his sons in the Karbala attack. The British newspaper London Times dated 12 March 1804 reported the following about the assassination:

<mask> <mask> was assassinated by Ibadgi Osman, a Mussulman of the sect of <mask>. He had profaned the tomb of <mask>, and thus excited the fury of the disciples of that prophet. Ibadgi Osman resolved to avenge the ashes of <mask>. He crossed the desert of Arabia on a dromedary, entered the tent of Abdulaziz while he was at prayers, and plunged a cangiar into his breast crying, "Let this avenge the tomb of <mask>, for thy profanations."The brother of Abdulaziz, hearing the noise, ran into the tent, where he found his brother bathed in his blood, and the assassin, who squatted himself down, saying his prayers, and calmly awaiting death. He attacked him; but Ibadgi Osman, who was the strongest of the two, got up and killed his assailant with the same cangiar which was still stained with the blood of his brother. The soldiers then entered, and cut the assassin in pieces with their sabers. Abdulaziz was succeeded by his eldest son, <mask>. Writings
A student of his father-in-law, Abdul Wahab, Abdulaziz followed his footsteps in writing on tawhid and the avoidance of grave-worshiping and other such related matters, his epistles being praised by <mask>-Shawkani, a scholar. References

External links

18th-century murdered monarchs
18th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1720 births
1803 deaths
Abdulaziz
<mask>
Abdulaziz
People of the Wahhabi War
Saudi Arabian Wahhabists

masks:
Abdulaziz
Muhammad Al Saud
Muhammad bin Saud
Muhammad
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Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Muhammad
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ibn Muhammad
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Abdulaziz


title: Charles E. F. Millard

texts:
<mask>. F<mask> is the former Director of the United States Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Currently a senior advisor for Amundi Pioneer, <mask> is also a consultant/advisor for multiple companies through Cardinal Advisors LLC, and serves on the Board of Directors of Ross Corporate Services, a UK-based pension services firm. Previously <mask> was Managing Director in charge of Pension Relations with Citigroup. He has also been an advisor for McKinsey, AQR Capital, and the Kiski Group. In his role at Citigroup, <mask> led international pension conferences and has been a leading speaker at numerous pension-related conferences. He has appeared on CNBC and has been published in The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, Financial Times, and elsewhere on a variety of pension topics. In March 2016, <mask> led the publication of the report "The Coming Pensions Crisis."The report was noteworthy for highlighting $78 trillion in unfunded retirement obligations in twenty countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The report on "The Coming Pensions Crisis" also advocated the development of more pooled defined contribution systems such as Collective Defined Contribution, Target Benefit, and Defined Ambition as methods to increase retirement security. During his time with Citigroup, he also taught at the Yale School of Management on pensions and public policy. <mask> was the first Director of the PBGC to be Presidentially appointed and confirmed by the United States Senate and ran the agency from 2007 to 2009. As Director, <mask> was the chief executive officer of the PBGC and carried the rank of Under Secretary. <mask> served as the President and chief executive officer of the New York City Economic Development Corporation from 1995 to 1999 and was responsible for much of the redevelopment of 42nd St and Times Square. He was previously a member of the New York City Council, representing the Upper East Side of Manhattan.Tenure at the PBGC

During his tenure at PBGC, the agency's deficit shrank from $18.9 billion to $11.2 billion in 2008. The PBGC is governed by a three-person Board; the Secretaries of Treasury, Commerce, and Labor. In February 2008, the Board adopted a new investment policy presented to it by Millard. The investment policy intended to put 45 percent of the Corporation's $55 billion in equities, 45 percent in fixed income assets, and 10 percent in alternative investments. No assets were transitioned into equities during fiscal year 2008 and the PBGC only began the transition of some assets from fixed-income to equities in late 2008. The New York Times noted in May 2009, that the PBGC had not fully implemented this transition. Peter R. Orszag (then director of the Congressional Budget Office) stated the following about Millard's plan:

"The change in investment strategy represents an effort on the part of PBGC to increase the expected returns on its assets and to diminish the likelihood that taxpayers will be called on to cover some of its liabilities.The new strategy is likely to produce higher returns, on average, over the long run. But the new strategy also increases the risk that PBGC will not have sufficient assets to cover retirees’ benefit payments when the economy and financial markets are weak. By investing a greater share of its assets in risky securities, PBGC is more likely to experience a decline in the value of its portfolio during an economic downturn—the point at which it is most likely to have to assume responsibility for a larger number of underfunded pension plans." Some proposed that the new policy was still relatively conservative when compared to private pension funds, according to "Pensions and Investments", a trade publication. Ron Gebhardtsbauer, former PBGC actuary and head of the Actuarial Science Program at Penn State's Smeal College of Business, stated on June 16th, 2010, "If the PBGC had followed Millard and invested in stocks in 2009, it could have $10 billion more in assets today." In May 2009, The New York Times reported that Millard was criticized by PBGC's Inspector General for certain ethical matters related to Millard's relationships with companies and executives involved with the award of a PBGC contract. <mask> relied on his Fifth Amendment right not to testify before a Senate investigative committee.March 2010, the Inspector General advised Senators Grassley, Baucus, <mask>zi and Harkin that the investigation was completed and no charges would be filed. Earlier career

<mask> was previously a Managing Director with Lehman Brothers and was a cabinet official in the administration of New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. Public Sector

Under Mayor Giuliani, <mask> served as President of the New York City Economic Development Corporation and Chairman of the New York City Industrial Development Agency. <mask> was twice elected to the New York City Council, and was the first Republican elected Councilman from Manhattan in twenty-five years. In that role he drafted the original legislation to eliminate pornography stores from many New York neighborhoods. <mask> also ran for Congress in 1994 against Representative Carolyn Maloney. He lost 64% to 35%.His 35% of the vote is ten points higher than that of any Republican candidate in that district since then. Private Sector
In the private sector, <mask> served as a Managing Director at both Lehman Brothers and Prudential Securities, and immediately prior to joining the PBGC, <mask> was a Managing Director at Broadway Partners, a national real estate investment and management firm in New York. <mask> also served as an attorney with Davis Polk & Wardwell where his activities included constitutional litigation in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. <mask> was also an op-ed columnist for the New York Post. In 1979–80, he worked as a VISTA volunteer in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and in 1982–83, he served as Legislative Assistant for Foreign Affairs for Congresswoman Millicent <mask>. Education

According to his 2007 profile at the PBGC website, "Mr. <mask> holds a B.A. Honors Degree, cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from the College of the Holy Cross and a J.D.from Columbia Law School, where each year he was ranked a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar." Personal

<mask> and his wife are parents of nine children. References

New York (state) Republicans
New York City Council members
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Davis Polk & Wardwell lawyers
American chief executives

masks:
Charles E
. Millard
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title: Andrei Platonov

texts:
<mask> (, ;  – 5 January 1951) was the pen name of <mask> (), a Soviet Russian writer, philosopher, playwright, and poet, whose works anticipate existentialism. Although Platonov regarded himself as a communist, his principal works remained unpublished in his lifetime because of their skeptical attitude toward collectivization of agriculture (1929–1940) and other Stalinist policies, as well as for their experimental, avant-garde form. His famous works include the novels  (1928) and The Foundation Pit  (1930). The short story collection The Fierce and Beautiful World was published in 1970 with an introduction by Yevgeny Yevtushenko and became <mask>'s first book in English. During 1970s, Ardis published translations of his major works, such as The Foundation Pit and Chevengur. In 2000, the New York Review Books Classics series issued a collection of short stories, including his most famous story, "The Potudan River" (1937), with an introduction by Tatyana Tolstaya. In 2007, New York Review Books reissued a collection of <mask>'s work including the novella Soul (1934), the short story "The Return" (1946), and six other stories.This was followed by a reissue of The Foundation Pit in 2009, and in 2012 by Happy Moscow, an unfinished novel (not published in <mask>'s lifetime). Early life and education

<mask> was born in the settlement of Yamskaya Sloboda on the outskirts of Voronezh in the Chernozem Region of Central Russia. His father was a metal fitter (and amateur inventor) employed in the railroad workshops and his mother was the daughter of a watchmaker. He attended a local parish school and completed his primary education at a four-year city school and began work at age thirteen, with such jobs as an office clerk at a local insurance company, smelter at a pipe factory, assistant machinist, warehouseman, and on the railroad. Following the 1917 revolutions, he studied electrical technology at Voronezh Polytechnic Institute. When Civil War broke out in 1918 Platonov assisted his father on trains delivering troops and supplies and clearing snow. Early career

Meanwhile, Platonov had begun to write poems, submitting them to papers in Moscow and elsewhere.He was also a prolific contributor to local periodicals. These included  ("Railroad"), the paper of the local railway workers' union; the Voronezh Region Communist Party newspapers  ("Red countryside") and  ("Voronezh commune"); and , the nationwide journal of the "Smithy" group of proletarian writers. From 1918 through 1921, his most intensive period as a writer, he published dozens of poems (an anthology appeared in 1922), several stories, and hundreds of articles and essays, adopting in 1920 the pen-name Platonov by which he is best-known. With remarkable energy and intellectual precocity, he wrote confidently across a range of topics including literature, art, cultural life, science, philosophy, religion, education, politics, the civil war, foreign relations, economics, technology, famine and land reclamation, and others. It was not unusual around 1920 to see two or three pieces by Platonov, on quite different subjects, appear daily in the press. He has also been involved with the local Proletcult movement, joined the Union of Communist Journalists in March 1920, and worked as an editor at  ("Red countryside"), and the paper of the local railway workers' union. in August 1920, <mask> was elected to the interim board of the newly-formed Voronezh Union of Proletarian Writers and attended the First Congress of Proletarian Writers in Moscow in October 1920, organized by the Smithy group.He regularly read his poetry and gave critical talks at various club meetings. In July 1920, <mask> was admitted to the Communist Party as a candidate member on the recommendation of his friend Litvin (Molotov). He attended Party meetings, but was expelled from the Party on 30 October 1921 as an "unstable element". Later, he said the reason was "juvenile". He may have quit the party in dismay of the New Economic Policy (NEP). like a number of other worker writers (many of whom he had met through Kuznitsa and at the 1920 writers' congress). Troubled by the famine of 1921, he openly and controversially criticized the behaviour (and privileges) of local communists.In spring, 1924 Platonov applied for re-admission to the Party, offering reassurance that he had remained a communist and a Marxist, but he was denied then or on the next two occasions. In 1921 Platonov married Maria Aleksandrovna Kashintseva (1903–1983); they had a son, Platon, in 1922, and a daughter, Maria, in 1944. In 1922, in the wake of the devastating drought and famine of 1921, Platonov abandoned writing to work on electrification and land reclamation for the Voronezh Provincial Land Administration and later for the central government. "I could no longer be occupied with a contemplative activity like literature", he recalled later. For the next years, he worked as an engineer and administrator, organizing the digging of ponds and wells, draining of swampland, and building a hydroelectric plant. In 1925, he published a book about the Black Sea Revolt of 1905. This was the same year that Sergei Eisenstein's film Battleship Potemkin was made.<mask>'s book was published in Leningrad, as part of the official history of the Communist Party. Three critical works
When he returned to writing prose in 1926, a number of critics and readers noted the appearance of a major and original literary voice. Moving to Moscow in 1927, he became, for the first time, a professional writer, working with a number of leading magazines. Between 1926 and 1930, the period from NEP to the first five-year plan (1928–1932), Platonov produced his two major works, the novels Chevengur and The Foundation Pit. With their implicit criticism of the system, neither was then accepted for publication although one chapter of Chevengur appeared in a magazine. The two novels were only published in the USSR during the late 1980s. In the 1930s, <mask> worked with the Soviet philosopher Mikhail Lifshitz, who edited The Literary Critic (Literaturny Kritik), a Moscow magazine followed by Marxist philosophers around the world.Another of the magazine's contributors was the theoretician György Lukács and <mask> built upon connections with the two philosophers. A turning point in his life and career as a writer came with the publication in March 1931 of For Future Use (″Vprok″ in Russian), a novella that chronicled the forced  collectivisation of agriculture during the First Five Year Plan. According to archival evidence (OGPU informer's report, 11 July 1931), Stalin read For Future Use carefully after its publication, adding marginal comments about the author ("fool, idiot, scoundrel") and his literary style ("this isn't Russian but some incomprehensible nonsense") to his copy of the magazine. In a note to the publishers, the Krasnaya nov monthly, Stalin described Platonov as "an agent of our enemies" and suggested in a postscript that the author and other "numbskulls" (i.e. the editors) should be punished in such a way that the punishment served them "for future use". In 1933, an OGPU official Shivarov wrote a special report on <mask>. Attached were versions of The Sea of Youth, the play "14 Red Cabins" and the unknown "Technical Novel".The report described For Future Use as "a satire on the organizing of collective farms," and commented that <mask>'s subsequent work revealed the "deepening anti-Soviet attitudes" of the writer. Official support and censure

<mask> published eight more books, fiction and essays, between 1937 and his death in 1951. In 1934, Maksim Gorky arranged for <mask> to be included in a “writer’s brigade” sent to Central Asia with the intention of publishing a collective work in celebration of ten years of Soviet Turkmenistan. (In early 1934, a collective work by over 30 Soviet writers was published about the construction of the White Sea Canal.) <mask>’s contribution to the Turkmen volume was a short story titled “Takyr” (or “Salt-flats”) about the liberation of a Persian slave girl. <mask> returned to Turkmenistan in 1935 and this was the basis for his novella Soul (or Dzhan). Dzhan is about a “non-Russian” economist from Central Asia, who leaves Moscow to help his lost, nomadic nation called Dzhan, of rejects and outcasts possessing nothing but their souls.The book was censored because of its graphic content and failure to fit the socialist realist framework; the uncensored text was published in 1999. In the mid-1930s <mask> was again invited to contribute to a collective volume, about rail workers. He wrote was two stories "Immortality" and "Among Animals and Plants". Neither was officially approved or supported by fellow writers. In August 1936, The Literary Critic published "Immortality" with a note explaining the difficulties the author had faced when proposing the story to other periodicals. The following year, this publication came under criticism in Krasnaya Nov, damaging <mask>'s reputation. In 1939, the story was republished in the intended collective volume, Fictional representations of Railway Transport (1939) dedicated to the heroes of the Soviet railroad system.Stalin's ambivalence and <mask>'s son

Stalin was ambivalent about <mask>'s worth as a writer. The same informer's report in July 1931 claimed that he also referred to the writer as "brilliant, a prophet". For his part, <mask> made hostile remarks about Trotsky, Rykov, and Bukharin but not about Stalin, to whom he wrote letters on several occasions. "Is <mask> here?" asked Stalin at the meeting with Soviet writers held in Moscow at Gorky's villa in October 1932 when the Soviet leader first called writers "engineers of the human soul". In January 1937, <mask> contributed to an issue of Literaturnaya gazeta in which the accused at the second Moscow Show Trial (Radek, Pyatakov and others) were denounced and condemned by 30 well-known writers, including Boris Pasternak. His short text "To overcome evil" is included in his collected works.It has been suggested that it contains coded criticism of the regime. In May 1938, during the Great Terror, <mask>'s son was arrested as a "terrorist" and "spy". Aged 15 years old, Platon was sentenced in September 1938 to ten years imprisonment and was sent to a corrective labour camp, where he contracted tuberculosis. Thanks to efforts by <mask> and his acquaintances (including Mikhail Sholokhov), Platon was released and returned home in October 1940, but he was terminally ill and died in January 1943. <mask> himself contracted the disease while nursing his son. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), <mask> served as a war correspondent, but his disease worsened. In 1946, his last published short story, "The Return", met with official disapproval.His last publications were two collections of folklore. After his death in 1951, Vasily Grossman spoke at his funeral. Legacy

Although <mask> was relatively unknown at the time of his death, his influence on later Russian writers is considerable. Some of his work was published or reprinted during the 1960s' Khrushchev Thaw. Because of his political writings, perceived anti-totalitarian stance, Joseph Brodsky called him the world's strangest writer. In journalism, stories, and poetry written during the first post-revolutionary years (1918–1922), <mask> interwove ideas about human mastery over nature with scepticism about triumphant human consciousness and will, and sentimental and even erotic love of physical things with fear and attendant abhorrence of matter. Platonov viewed the world as embodying at the same time the opposing principles of spirit and matter, reason and emotion, nature and machine.He wrote of factories, machines, and technology as both enticing and dreadful. His aim was to turn industry over to machines, in order to "transfer man from the realm of material production to a higher sphere of life." Thus, in <mask>'s vision of the coming "golden age" machines are both enemy and savior. Modern technologies, <mask> asserted paradoxically (though echoing a paradox characteristic of Marxism), would enable humanity to be "freed from the oppression of matter." <mask>'s writing, it has also been argued, has strong ties to the works of earlier Russian authors like Fyodor Dostoevsky. He also uses much Christian symbolism, including a prominent and discernible influence from a wide range of contemporary and ancient philosophers, including the Russian philosopher Nikolai Fedorov. His Foundation Pit uses a combination of peasant language with ideological and political terms to create a sense of meaninglessness, aided by the abrupt and sometimes fantastic events of the plot.Joseph Brodsky considers the work deeply suspicious of the meaning of language, especially political language. This exploration of meaninglessness is a hallmark of existentialism and absurdism. Brodsky commented, "Woe to the people into whose language <mask> can be translated." Elif Batuman ranked Soul as one of her four favorite 20th century Russian works. (Batuman is author of The Possessed: Adventures With Russian Books and the People Who Read Them and was Pulitzer Prize finalist for her novel The Idiot.) Novelist Tatyana Tolstaya wrote, "<mask> is an extraordinary writer, perhaps the most brilliant Russian writer of the twentieth century". Each year in Voronezh the literature exhibition is held in honour of <mask>, during which people read from the stage some of his works.The style and subject matter
One of the most striking distinguishing features of <mask>'s work is the original language, which has no analogues in world literature. It is often called "primitive", "ungainly", "homemade". Platonov actively uses the technique of ostraneny, his prose is replete with lexical and grammatical "errors" characteristic of children's speech. Yuri Levin highlights <mask>'s characteristic techniques:

 syntactically incorrect constructions, such as verb+place circumstance. «Think on head», «answered... from his dry mouth», «recognized the desire to live into this fenced-off distance». redundancy, pleonasm. «Voschev... opened the door to space», «his body was thin inside the clothes».extremely generalized vocabulary. "Nature", "place", "space" instead of specific landscape descriptions. «Prushevsky looked around the empty area of the nearest nature», «an old tree grew... in bright weather». active use of subordinate clauses about the cause (“Nastya ... hovered around the rushing men, because she wanted to”), as well as subordinate clauses about purpose (“It's time to eat for the day's work”). Moreover, they are often superfluous or logically unmotivated. active use of typical Soviet bureaucracies, often in an ironic way (“confiscate her affection”), but rarely. According to the researcher Levin, with the help of these turns, Platonov forms a "panteleological" space of the text, where "everything is connected with everything", and all events unfold among a single "nature".In the works of Andrey <mask>, form and content form a single, indissoluble whole, that is, the very language of <mask>'s works is their content. Among the key motives of <mask>'s work is the theme of death and its overcoming. Anatoly Ryasov writes about Platonov's " metaphysics of death». <mask> in his youth came under the influence of Nikolai Fedorov and repeatedly refers to the idea of raising the dead. In the minds of his characters, it is associated with the coming arrival of communism. Tribute
A planet discovered in 1981 by Soviet astronomer  L.G. Karachkina was named after Platonov.Joseph Barnes)
 The Foundation Pit, a bi-langued edition with preface by Joseph Brodsky, Ardis Publishing, 1973 (tr. Mirra Ginsburg)
 Chevengur, Ardis Publishing, 1978 (tr. Anthony Olcott)
 Collected Works, Ardis Publishing, 1978 (tr. Thomas P. Whitney, Carl R. Proffer, Alexey A. Kiselev, Marion Jordan and Friederike Snyder)
 Fierce, Fine World, Raduga Publishers, 1983 (tr. Laura Beraha and Kathleen Cook)
 The River Potudan, Bristol Classical Press, 1998 (tr. Marilyn Minto)
 The Foundation Pit, Harvill Press, 1996 (tr. Robert Chandler and Geoffrey Smith)
 The Return and Other Stories, Harvill Press, 1999 (tr.Robert Chandler and Angela Livingstone)
 The Portable Platonov, New Russian Writing, 1999 (tr. Robert Chandler)
 Happy Moscow, introduction by Eric Naiman, Harvill Press, 2001 (tr. Robert Chandler and Elizabeth Chandler)
 Soul, Harvill Press, 2003 (tr. Robert Chandler and Elizabeth Chandler)
 Soul and Other Stories, New York Review Books, 2007 (tr. Robert Chandler with Katia Grigoruk, Angela Livingstone, Olga Meerson, and Eric Naiman). The Foundation Pit, New York Review Books 2009 (tr. Robert Chandler, Elizabeth Chandler and Olga Meerson).Fourteen Little Red Huts and Other Plays, Columbia University Press, 2016 (The Russian Library) (ed. by Robert Chandler; tr. by Robert Chandler, Jesse Irwin, and Susan Larsen; with notes by Robert Chandler and Natalya Duzhina)

References

Further reading
Philip Ross Bullock (2004), "<mask>nov", The Literary Encyclopedia.
.
Mirra Ginsburg (1975), translator's introduction to The Foundation Pit. Thomas Seifrid (2009), A Companion To <mask>'s "The Foundation Pit", Academic Studies Press . External links

 Chevengur. Full text in English at Monoskop.org
 Fourteen Little Red Huts. Full text in English.From SovLit.net
 From the Notebooks of <mask>. From SovLit.net

 Андрей Платонович Платонов Works in Russian at ImWerden

1899 births
1951 deaths
Russian male novelists
Russian male short story writers
Soviet short story writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Writers from Voronezh
Soviet people of World War II
Russian people of World War II
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in the Soviet Union
Tuberculosis deaths in Russia
Modernist writers

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Andrei Platonov
Andrei Platonovich Klimentov
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Andrei Platonov


title: Carlos Quintana (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born November 6, 1976) is a retired Puerto Rican professional boxer. As an amateur <mask> represented Puerto Rico. He debuted as a professional in 1997. On February 24, 2006, he participated in his first professional championship fight, defeating Raul Bejerano for the World Boxing Organization's Latino welterweight championship. His first defense took place on June 24, 2006 when he defeated Joel Julio by unanimous decision in a welterweight title eliminator. In this fight he also won the World Boxing Council's Latino welterweight championship. His first world title fight took place on December 2, 2006, when he fought against Miguel Cotto for the World Boxing Association welterweight title.Cotto won the fight by technical knockout. On February 9, 2008, <mask> challenged Paul Williams for the WBO welterweight championship, winning the fight by unanimous decision. He entered the Light Middleweight division to face Deandre Latimore, knocking Latimore out to win the NABO Light Middleweight championship. Personal life
<mask> was born on November 6, 1976 to <mask> and Adelina Velázquez. He has 7 siblings, six sisters named Aida, Nydia, Awilda, Magdalena, Omayra and Mabel and one brother named Arturo. <mask> is married to Moraima <mask> and lives with her and the couple's four children, three daughters and a son. He uses his property in Moca as a farm, which he maintains when he is not working.Over the course of his life, <mask> has worked administrating a gasoline station and as the owner of a gymnasium. <mask>'s training is managed by José Bonilla, who trained him and was a member of his corner staff during fights. Early and amateur career
<mask> was born and raised in Moca, Puerto Rico. He became interested in boxing when he was ten years old and debuted as an amateur five years later. When interviewed <mask> noted that he was winning his fight and enjoy the experience until he received a hit on the troath. After this fight <mask> continued his career, winning multiple national championships in Puerto Rico. In 1996 <mask> was part of the team selected to represent Puerto Rico in the 1996 Summer Olympics.<mask> finished his amateur career with a record of sixty-two wins in seventy fights, with forty-eight of these wins being by knockout. Professional career
Known as "El Indio", <mask> turned pro in 1997 and won his first 23 professional fights, including 18 by way of KO. On December 5, 2003 <mask> competed against Candy Robertson in a ten-round fight. <mask> controlled the fight's tempo throughout the contest, which featured several holds. In the seventh round Robertson was docked a point, after losing his mouthpiece on several occasions. The fight ended in the eight round, when <mask> connected several combinations to Robertson's head after trapping him in one of the ring's corners, one of these punches connected on his opponent's face and he collapsed unable to recover before the count of ten. On March 5, 2004 <mask> fought against Edwin Cassiani in the undercard of a fight organized in  Pala, California.<mask> scored the fight's first knockdown in the first round, when he connected a combination to his adversary's body. Following this round both fighter traded combinations. In the third round <mask> connected six consecutive punches to Cassiani's face, which made him collapse to the ring's canvas, the referee immediately stopped the fight. <mask>'s next fight was against Kemal Kolonivic in a fight that took place on August 24, 2004. Kolonivic was used as a late replacement and was scheduled to fight in the undercard of a card  that included Jose Nieves vs. Alberto Ontiveros. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. The judges awarded him scores of 80-72, 80-72 and 79-73.<mask>'s next fight was against Nurhan Suleyman, on February 25, 2005. The card was organized in Miami, Oklahoma, and was scheduled for ten rounds. Early in the first round <mask> connected a solid punch on Suleyman's chin, and subsequently began boxing while his opponent followed him around the ring, he closed the first round connecting two combinations. This pattern continued in the second round when <mask> relied on boxing and connecting jabs, the round closed with both men trading punches. <mask> controlled the fight's tempo in the third and began the fourth round on the offensive scoring solid punches while trading combinations with his adversary, with one minute remaining in the round <mask> scored a knockdown and the fight was stopped seconds after when Suleyman didn't respond to his attack. On July 12, 2005 <mask> was scheduled to fight against Francisco Campos. <mask> began the fight on the offensive, connecting punches while boxing.In the third round of his punches connected solidly on Campos' chin. In the fourth round Campos tried to fight inside, but was countered by his opponent's strategy. Santos began the fifth round on the offensive, while <mask> used combinations to the body. <mask> began the sixth by connecting a solid punch that made his opponent switch to a defensive stance. This pattern continued until the round ended, the fight was stopped between rounds when Santos informed the referee that he was unable to continue, thus awarding <mask> a technical knockout victory. On February 24, 2006, <mask> had his first professional championship fight, when he fought against Raul Bejerano of Argentina for the vacant World Boxing Organization's Latino welterweight title, in an event that took place in Ponce, Puerto Rico. In the tenth round <mask> scored a knockdown when one of his punches injured Berejano.Once his opponent recovered he continued in the offensive and connected several combinations before the fight was stopped by technical knockout. Prior to this fight Berjerano had never been knocked down in his career. On June 24, 2006 <mask> fought against Joel Julio of Colombia in a welterweight title eliminator sanctioned by the World Boxing Association. The boxing card was organized at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Quitana dominated the fight's tempo throughout the contest relying on his boxing skills while Julio tried to utilize his strength. The judges awarded <mask> a unanimous decision with scores of 118-110, 117-111 and 115-112. In this match <mask> defended the WBO's Latino welterweight title and won the World Boxing Council's Latino welterweight title.This was regarded as one of <mask>'s most important fights, prompting future championship opportunities. On December 2, 2006, <mask> fought fellow undefeated Puerto Rican Cotto, who moved up in weight from Jr. Welterweight. <mask> started the fight boxing and connecting right jabs, the round concluded with both users exchanging combinations. This pattern continued in the second round, with Cotto connecting two solid body punches to <mask>. <mask> began the third round connecting a solid jab to Cotto's face, but the round concluded with Cotto connecting several combinations to the body. In the fifth round Cotto had control of the fight's tempo, and connected several combinations to the body, scoring a knockdown while switching between the orthodox and southpaw stances. Between rounds <mask> indicated that he was unable to continue, the corner wanted to continue but <mask> was unresponsive when the referee asked if he wanted to proceed.The fight was stopped and Cotto was declared the winner, when interviewed <mask> noted that he: "underestimated his velocity. He has very quick hands, you have to give all the respect to Miguel, he's very fast and he hit me pretty good." Winning and defending the welterweight title
Williams, the reigning World Boxing Organization welterweight champion, had been scheduled for a unification bout against IBF welterweight champion Kermit Cintron on February 2, 2008. However, Cintron injured his right hand in November 2007, and was forced to pull out of the fight. After Judah reportedly turned down an offer to take Cintron's place, an offer was instead extended to <mask>. The fight took place on February 9, 2008 and <mask> scored an impressive win over Williams, outboxing him in the bout. On June 7, 2008, <mask> was defeated by Paul Williams in the first round at 2:15 to lose the welterweight title.Light middleweight division
<mask> returned to action on October 25, 2008, this time competing in the light middleweight division. His first fight in this category was against Joshua Onyango, serving as the main event of a card titled "Final Decision" which was held in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. He was able to establish control of the fight's tempo from an early stage, eventually scoring a knockdown in the third. In the fourth round, the referee decided to stop the contest when Onyango was unable to respond to a combination, awarding <mask> a technical knockout victory. Following the outcome of this fight, he announced his decision to move up in weight in a definitive manner. Return to welterweight division

<mask> would return to the welterweight division on April 11, 2010 to take on WBC welterweight champion, Andre Berto for the latter's WBC belt. In a rough and rugged slug-fest, <mask> was eventually overwhelmed by the speed and power of the younger Berto and would go on to lose the fight by an 8th-round TKO.On May 5, 2012 <mask> defeated Deandre Latimore by KO in the 6th round to win the NABO light middleweight title. In November 2012, <mask> (29-4, 23KOs) finally decided to call it a day. The Puerto Rican boxer announced his retirement after suffering a fourth-round TKO defeat to Keith Thurman (19-0, 18KOs) at the Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California on the 24th of that month. Throughout his career he won 29 of 33 professional contests, only coming up short against fellow world champion fighters Miguel Cotto, Paul Williams, Andre Berto and Keith Thurman. Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|29 Wins (23 Knockouts), 4 Losses (4 Knockouts), 0 Draws
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.

masks:
Carlos Quintana
Quintana
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Arturo Quintana
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Carlos Quintana
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Carlos Quintana
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