title: Thucydides

texts:
<mask> (; ;  BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. <mask> has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of  impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work. He also has been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the political behavior of individuals and the subsequent outcomes of relations between states as ultimately mediated by, and constructed upon, fear and self-interest. His text is still studied at universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue is regarded as a seminal work of international relations theory, while his version of Pericles' Funeral Oration is widely studied by political theorists, historians, and students of the classics. More generally, Thucydides developed an understanding of human nature to explain behavior in such crises as plagues, massacres, and civil war.Life

In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about <mask>'s life. The most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War, in which he mentions his nationality, paternity, and birthplace. <mask> says that he fought in the war, contracted the plague, and was exiled by the democracy. He may have also been involved in quelling the Samian Revolt. Evidence from the Classical period
Thucydides identifies himself as an Athenian, telling us that his father's name was Olorus and that he was from the Athenian deme of Halimous. A somewhat doubtful anecdote of his early life still exists. While still a youth of 10–12 years, he and his father were supposed to have gone to the agora of Athens where the young Thucydides heard a lecture by the historian Herodotus.According to some accounts, the young Thucydides wept with joy after hearing the lecture, deciding that writing history would be his life's calling. The same account also claims that after the lecture, Herodotus spoke with the youth and his father, stating: Oloros your son yearns for knowledge. In all essence, the episode is most likely from a later Greek or Roman account of his life. He survived the Plague of Athens, which killed Pericles and many other Athenians. He also records that he owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle (literally "Dug Woodland"), a coastal area in Thrace, opposite the island of Thasos. Because of his influence in the Thracian region, Thucydides wrote, he was sent as a strategos (general) to Thasos in 424 BC. During the winter of 424–423 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas attacked Amphipolis, a half-day's sail west from Thasos on the Thracian coast, sparking the Battle of Amphipolis.Eucles, the Athenian commander at Amphipolis, sent to Thucydides for help. Brasidas, aware of the presence of <mask> on Thasos and his influence with the people of Amphipolis, and afraid of help arriving by sea, acted quickly to offer moderate terms to the Amphipolitans for their surrender, which they accepted. Thus, when Thucydides arrived, Amphipolis was already under Spartan control. Amphipolis was of considerable strategic importance, and news of its fall caused great consternation in Athens. It was blamed on <mask>, although he claimed that it was not his fault and that he had simply been unable to reach it in time. Because of his failure to save Amphipolis, he was exiled:

I lived through the whole of it, being of an age to comprehend events, and giving my attention to them in order to know the exact truth about them. It was also my fate to be an exile from my country for twenty years after my command at Amphipolis; and being present with both parties, and more especially with the Peloponnesians by reason of my exile, I had leisure to observe affairs somewhat particularly.Using his status as an exile from Athens to travel freely among the Peloponnesian allies, he was able to view the war from the perspective of both sides. <mask> claimed that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out, because he thought it would be one of the greatest wars waged among the Greeks in terms of scale:<mask>, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it.This is all that <mask> wrote about his own life, but a few other facts are available from reliable contemporary sources. Herodotus wrote that the name Olorus, Thucydides's father's name, was connected with Thrace and Thracian royalty. Thucydides was probably connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades and his son Cimon, leaders of the old aristocracy supplanted by the Radical Democrats. Cimon's maternal grandfather's name also was Olorus, making the connection quite likely. Another Thucydides lived before the historian and was also linked with Thrace, making a family connection between them very likely as well. Combining all the fragmentary evidence available, it seems that his family had owned a large estate in Thrace, one that even contained gold mines, and which allowed the family considerable and lasting affluence.The security and continued prosperity of the wealthy estate must have necessitated formal ties with local kings or chieftains, which explains the adoption of the distinctly Thracian royal name Óloros into the family. Once exiled, <mask> took permanent residence in the estate and, given his ample income from the gold mines, he was able to dedicate himself to full-time history writing and research, including many fact-finding trips. In essence, he was a well-connected gentleman of considerable resources who, after involuntarily retiring from the political and military spheres, decided to fund his own historical investigations. Later sources

The remaining evidence for <mask>' life comes from later and rather less reliable ancient sources; Marcellinus wrote <mask>' biography about a thousand years after his death. According to Pausanias, someone named Oenobius had a law passed allowing Thucydides to return to Athens, presumably shortly after the city's surrender and the end of the war in 404 BC. Pausanias goes on to say that <mask> was murdered on his way back to Athens, placing his tomb near the Melite gate. Many doubt this account, seeing evidence to suggest he lived as late as 397 BC, or perhaps slightly later.Plutarch preserves a tradition that he was murdered in Skaptē Hulē and that his remains were returned to Athens, where a monument to him was erected in Cimon's family plot. There are problems with this, since this was outside <mask>' deme and the tradition goes back to Polemon, who asserted he had discovered just such a memorial. Didymus mentions another tomb in Thrace. <mask>' narrative breaks off in the middle of the year 411 BC, and this abrupt end has traditionally been explained as due to his death while writing the book, although other explanations have been put forward. Inferences about <mask>' character can be drawn (with due caution) only from his book. His sardonic sense of humor is evident throughout, as when, during his description of the Athenian plague, he remarks that old Athenians seemed to remember a rhyme which said that with the Dorian War would come a "great death". Some claimed that the rhyme originally mentioned a [death by] "famine" or "starvation" (, ) and was remembered only later as [death by] "pestilence" (, ) due to the current plague.Thucydides then remarks that should another Dorian War come, this time attended with a great famine (λιμός), the rhyme will be remembered as "famine", and any mention of "plague" (λοιμός) forgotten. Thucydides admired Pericles, approving of his power over the people and showing a marked distaste for the demagogues who followed him. He did not approve of the democratic commoners nor of the radical democracy that Pericles ushered in, but considered democracy acceptable when guided by a good leader. Thucydides' presentation of events is generally even-handed; for example, he does not minimize the negative effect of his own failure at Amphipolis. Occasionally, however, strong passions break through, as in his scathing appraisals of the democratic leaders Cleon and Hyperbolus. Sometimes, Cleon has been connected with Thucydides' exile. It has been argued that Thucydides was moved by the suffering inherent in war and concerned about the excesses to which human nature is prone in such circumstances, as in his analysis of the atrocities committed during the civil conflict on Corcyra, which includes the phrase "war is a violent teacher" ().The History of the Peloponnesian War

<mask> believed that the Peloponnesian War represented an event of unmatched importance. As such, he began to write the History at the onset of the war in 431 BC. He declared his intention was to write an account which would serve as "a possession for all time". The History breaks off near the end of the twenty-first year of the war (411 BC), in the wake of the Athenian defeat at Syracuse, and so does not elaborate on the final seven years of the conflict. The History of the Peloponnesian War continued to be modified well beyond the end of the war in 404 BC, as exemplified by a reference at Book I.1.13 to the conclusion of the war. After his death, Thucydides's History was subdivided into eight books: its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War. This subdivision was most likely made by librarians and archivists, themselves being historians and scholars, most likely working in the Library of Alexandria.<mask> is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus, known as "the father of history", <mask> places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants about the events that he recorded. Unlike Herodotus, whose stories often teach that a hubris invites the wrath of the deities, Thucydides does not acknowledge divine intervention in human affairs. <mask> exerted wide historiographical influence on subsequent Hellenistic and Roman historians, although the exact description of his style in relation to many successive historians remains unclear. Readers in antiquity often placed the continuation of the stylistic legacy of the History in the writings of <mask>' putative intellectual successor Xenophon. Such readings often described Xenophon's treatises as attempts to "finish" Thucydides's History.Many of these interpretations, however, have garnered significant scepticism among modern scholars, such as Dillery, who spurn the view of interpreting Xenophon qua Thucydides, arguing that the latter's "modern" history (defined as constructed based on literary and historical themes) is antithetical to the former's account in the Hellenica, which diverges from the Hellenic historiographical tradition in its absence of a preface or introduction to the text and the associated lack of an "overarching concept" unifying the history. A noteworthy difference between <mask>'s method of writing history and that of modern historians is <mask>'s inclusion of lengthy formal speeches that, as he states, were literary reconstructions rather than quotations of what was said—or, perhaps, what he believed ought to have been said. Arguably, had he not done this, the gist of what was said would not otherwise be known at all—whereas today there is a plethora of documentation—written records, archives, and recording technology for historians to consult. Therefore, <mask>'s method served to rescue his mostly oral sources from oblivion. We do not know how these historical figures spoke. <mask>'s recreation uses a heroic stylistic register. A celebrated example is Pericles' funeral oration, which heaps honour on the dead and includes a defence of democracy:
The whole earth is the sepulchre of famous men; they are honoured not only by columns and inscriptions in their own land, but in foreign nations on memorials graven not on stone but in the hearts and minds of men.(2:43)

Stylistically, the placement of this passage also serves to heighten the contrast with the description of the plague in Athens immediately following it, which graphically emphasizes the horror of human mortality, thereby conveying a powerful sense of verisimilitude:
Though many lay unburied, birds and beasts would not touch them, or died after tasting them [...]. The bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead creatures reeled about the streets and gathered round all the fountains in their longing for water. The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons who had died there, just as they were; for, as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became equally contemptuous of the property of and the dues to the deities. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends having died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes getting the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the stranger's pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. (2:52)

Thucydides omits discussion of the arts, literature, or the social milieu in which the events in his book take place and in which he grew up. He saw himself as recording an event, not a period, and went to considerable lengths to exclude what he deemed frivolous or extraneous.Philosophical outlook and influences

Paul Shorey calls <mask> "a cynic devoid of moral sensibility". In addition, he notes that <mask> conceived of human nature as strictly determined by one's physical and social environments, alongside basic desires. Francis Cornford was more nuanced: <mask>' political vision was informed by a tragic ethical vision, in which:
Man, isolated from, and opposed to, Nature, moves along a narrow path, unrelated to what lies beyond and lighted only by a few dim rays of human 'foresight'(γνώμη/gnome), or by the false, wandering fires of Hope. He bears within him, self-contained, his destiny in his own character: and this, with the purposes which arise out of it, shapes his course. That is all, in Thucydides' view, that we can say: except that, now and again, out of the surrounding darkness comes the blinding strokes of Fortune, unaccountable and unforeseen.' Thucydides' work indicates an influence from the teachings of the Sophists that contributes substantially to the thinking and character of his History. Possible evidence includes his skeptical ideas concerning justice and morality.There are also elements within the History—such as his views on nature revolving around the factual, empirical, and the non-anthropomorphic—which suggest that he was at least aware of the views of philosophers such as Anaxagoras and Democritus. There is also evidence of his knowledge concerning some of the corpus of Hippocratic medical writings. Thucydides was especially interested in the relationship between human intelligence and judgment, Fortune and Necessity, and the idea that history is too irrational and incalculable to predict. Critical interpretation

Scholars traditionally view Thucydides as recognizing and teaching the lesson that democracies need leadership, but that leadership can be dangerous to democracy. Leo Strauss (in The City and Man) locates the problem in the nature of Athenian democracy itself, about which, he argued, Thucydides had a deeply ambivalent view: on one hand, Thucydides's own "wisdom was made possible" by the Periclean democracy, which had the effect of liberating individual daring, enterprise, and questioning spirit; but this same liberation, by permitting the growth of limitless political ambition, led to imperialism and, eventually, civic strife. For Canadian historian Charles Norris Cochrane (1889–1945), Thucydides's fastidious devotion to observable phenomena, focus on cause and effect, and strict exclusion of other factors

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title: Thucydides

type: original

texts:
 anticipates twentieth-century scientific positivism. Cochrane, the son of a physician, speculated that <mask> generally (and especially in describing the plague in Athens) was influenced by the methods and thinking of early medical writers such as Hippocrates of Kos.After World War II, classical scholar Jacqueline de Romilly pointed out that the problem of Athenian imperialism was one of <mask>'s central preoccupations and situated his history in the context of Greek thinking about international politics. Since the appearance of her study, other scholars further examined Thucydides's treatment of realpolitik. More recently, scholars have questioned the perception of Thucydides as simply "the father of realpolitik". Instead they have brought to the fore the literary qualities of the History, which they see as belonging to the narrative tradition of Homer and Hesiod and as concerned with the concepts of justice and suffering found in Plato and Aristotle and problematized in Aeschylus and Sophocles. Richard Ned Lebow terms Thucydides "the last of the tragedians", stating that "Thucydides drew heavily on epic poetry and tragedy to construct his history, which not surprisingly is also constructed as a narrative." In this view, the blind and immoderate behaviour of the Athenians (and indeed of all the other actors)—although perhaps intrinsic to human nature—ultimately leads to their downfall. Thus his History could serve as a warning to future leaders to be more prudent, by putting them on notice that someone would be scrutinizing their actions with a historian's objectivity rather than a chronicler's flattery.The historian J. B. Bury writes that the work of <mask> "marks the longest and most decisive step that has ever been taken by a single man towards making history what it is today". Historian H. D. Kitto feels that <mask> wrote about the Peloponnesian War, not because it was the most significant war in antiquity, but because it caused the most suffering. Indeed, several passages of <mask>'s book are written "with an intensity of feeling hardly exceeded by Sappho herself". In his book The Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl Popper writes that <mask> was the "greatest historian, perhaps, who ever lived". <mask>'s work, however, Popper goes on to say, represents "an interpretation, a point of view; and in this we need not agree with him".In the war between Athenian democracy and the "arrested oligarchic tribalism of Sparta", we must never forget <mask>'s "involuntary bias", and that "his heart was not with Athens, his native city":
Although he apparently did not belong to the extreme wing of the Athenian oligarchic clubs who conspired throughout the war with the enemy, he was certainly a member of the oligarchic party, and a friend neither of the Athenian people, the demos, who had exiled him, nor of its imperialist policy. Comparison with Herodotus

<mask> and his immediate predecessor, Herodotus, both exerted a significant influence on Western historiography. Thucydides does not mention his counterpart by name, but his famous introductory statement is thought to refer to him:To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession than to be rehearsed for a prize. (1:22)

Herodotus records in his Histories not only the events of the Persian Wars, but also geographical and ethnographical information, as well as the fables related to him during his extensive travels. Typically, he passes no definitive judgment on what he has heard.In the case of conflicting or unlikely accounts, he presents both sides, says what he believes and then invites readers to decide for themselves. Of course, modern historians would generally leave out their personal beliefs, which is a form of passing judgment upon the events and people about which the historian is reporting. The work of Herodotus is reported to have been recited at festivals, where prizes were awarded, as for example, during the games at Olympia. Herodotus views history as a source of moral lessons, with conflicts and wars as misfortunes flowing from initial acts of injustice perpetuated through cycles of revenge. In contrast, <mask> claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts, although, unlike Herodotus, he does not reveal his sources. Thucydides views life exclusively as political life, and history in terms of political history. Conventional moral considerations play no role in his analysis of political events while geographic and ethnographic aspects are omitted or, at best, of secondary importance.Subsequent Greek historians—such as Ctesias, Diodorus, Strabo, Polybius and Plutarch—held up <mask>'s writings as a model of truthful history. Lucian refers to Thucydides as having given Greek historians their law, requiring them to say what had been done (). Greek historians of the fourth century BC accepted that history was political and that contemporary history was the proper domain of a historian. Cicero calls Herodotus the "father of history"; yet the Greek writer Plutarch, in his Moralia (Ethics) denigrated Herodotus, notably calling him a philobarbaros, a "barbarian lover", to the detriment of the Greeks. Unlike Thucydides, however, these authors all continued to view history as a source of moral lessons, thereby infusing their works with personal biases generally missing from Thucydides' clear-eyed, non-judgmental writings focused on reporting events in a non-biased manner. Due to the loss of the ability to read Greek, Thucydides and Herodotus were largely forgotten during the Middle Ages in Western Europe, although their influence continued in the Byzantine world. In Europe, Herodotus become known and highly respected only in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century as an ethnographer, in part due to the discovery of America, where customs and animals were encountered that were even more surprising than what he had related.During the Reformation, moreover, information about Middle Eastern countries in the Histories provided a basis for establishing Biblical chronology as advocated by Isaac Newton. The first European translation of Thucydides (into Latin) was made by the humanist Lorenzo Valla between 1448 and 1452, and the first Greek edition was published by Aldo Manuzio in 1502. During the Renaissance, however, <mask> attracted less interest among Western European historians as a political philosopher than his successor, Polybius, although Poggio Bracciolini claimed to have been influenced by him. There is not much evidence of <mask>'s influence in Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince (1513), which held that the chief aim of a new prince must be to "maintain his state" [i.e., his power] and that in so doing he is often compelled to act against faith, humanity, and religion. Later historians, such as J. B. Bury, however, have noted parallels between them:

If, instead of a history, Thucydides had written an analytical treatise on politics, with particular reference to the Athenian empire, it is probable that ... he could have forestalled Machiavelli ... [since] the whole innuendo of the Thucydidean treatment of history agrees with the fundamental postulate of Machiavelli, the supremacy of reason of state.To maintain a state, said the Florentine thinker, "a statesman is often compelled to act against faith, humanity and religion". ... But ... the true Machiavelli, not the Machiavelli of fable ... entertained an ideal: Italy for the Italians, Italy freed from the stranger: and in the service of this ideal he desired to see his speculative science of politics applied. <mask> has no political aim in view: he was purely a historian. But it was part of the method of both alike to eliminate conventional sentiment and morality. In the seventeenth century, the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan advocated absolute monarchy, admired <mask> and in 1628 was the first to translate his writings into English directly from Greek. <mask>, Hobbes, and Machiavelli are together considered the founding fathers of political realism, according to which, state policy must primarily or solely focus on the need to maintain military and economic power rather than on ideals or ethics.Nineteenth-century positivist historians stressed what they saw as <mask>'s seriousness, his scientific objectivity and his advanced handling of evidence. A virtual cult following developed among such German philosophers as Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Schlegel, and Friedrich Nietzsche, who claimed that, "[in <mask>], the portrayer of Man, that culture of the most impartial knowledge of the world finds its last glorious flower." The late-eighteenth-century Swiss historian Johannes von Müller described <mask> as "the favourite author of the greatest and noblest men, and one of the best teachers of the wisdom of human life". For Eduard Meyer, Thomas Babington Macaulay and Leopold von Ranke, who initiated  modern source-based history writing, <mask> was again the model historian. Generals and statesmen loved him: the world he drew was theirs, an exclusive power-brokers' club. It is no accident that even today Thucydides turns up as a guiding spirit in military academies, neocon think tanks and the writings of men like Henry Kissinger; whereas Herodotus has been the choice of imaginative novelists (Michael Ondaatje's novel The English Patient and the film based on it boosted the sale of the Histories to a wholly unforeseen degree) and—as food for a starved soul—of an equally imaginative foreign correspondent from Iron Curtain Poland, Ryszard Kapuscinski. These historians also admired Herodotus, however, as social and ethnographic history increasingly came to be recognized as complementary to political history.In the twentieth century, this trend gave rise to the works of Johan Huizinga, Marc Bloch, and Fernand Braudel, who pioneered the study of long-term cultural and economic developments and the patterns of everyday life. The Annales School, which exemplifies this direction, has been viewed as extending the tradition of Herodotus. At the same time, <mask>'s influence was increasingly important in the area of international relations during the Cold War, through the work of Hans Morgenthau, Leo Strauss, and Edward Carr. The tension between the Thucydidean and Herodotean traditions extends beyond historical research. According to Irving Kristol, self-described founder of American neoconservatism, Thucydides wrote "the favorite neoconservative text on foreign affairs"; and Thucydides is a required text at the Naval War College, an American institution located in Rhode Island. On the other hand, Daniel Mendelsohn, in a review of a recent edition of Herodotus, suggests that, at least in his graduate school days during the Cold War, professing admiration of Thucydides served as a form of self-presentation:
To be an admirer of Thucydides' History, with its deep cynicism about political, rhetorical and ideological hypocrisy, with its all too recognizable protagonists—a liberal yet imperialistic democracy and an authoritarian oligarchy, engaged in a war of attrition fought by proxy at the remote fringes of empire—was to advertise yourself as a hardheaded connoisseur of global Realpolitik. Another contemporary historian believes that, while it is true that critical history "began with Thucydides, one may also argue that Herodotus' looking at the past as a reason why the present is the way it is, and to search for causality for events beyond the realms of Tyche and the Gods, was a much larger step."See also

 Speech of Hermocrates at Gela
 Thucydides Trap

Notes

References and further reading

Primary sources

 Herodot iz Halikarnasa. Zgodbe. Ljubljana: Slovenska Matica v Ljubljani (2003). Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910). . The classic translation by Richard Crawley. Reissued by the Echo Library in 2006.<mask>, The Peloponnesian War. Indianapolis, Hackett (1998);  translation by Steven Lattimore.  .
 Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920). perseus.tufts.edu. Pausanias, Description of Greece, Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). .  perseus.tufts.edu. Plutarch, Lives, Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London.William Heinemann Ltd. (1914). perseus.tufts.edu. The Landmark Thucydides, Edited by Robert B. Strassler, Richard Crawley translation, Annotated, Indexed and Illustrated, A Touchstone Book, New York, 1996

Secondary sources
 Cornelius Castoriadis, "The Greek Polis and the Creation of Democracy" in The Castoriadis Reader. Translated and edited by David Ames Curtis, Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1997, pp. 267–289 [Cornelius Castoriadis, "La polis grecque et la création de la démocratie" in Domaines de l’homme. Les Carrefours du labyrinthe II. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1986, pp.261–306]. Cornelius Castoriadis, Thucydide, la force et le droit. Ce qui fait la Grèce. Tome 3, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2011. Connor, W. Robert, Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. .
 Dewald, Carolyn, Thucydides' War Narrative: A Structural Study. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006 (hardcover, ).Finley, John Huston, Jr., <mask>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1947. Forde, Steven, The ambition to rule: Alcibiades and the politics of imperialism in Thucydides. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. .
 Hanson, Victor Davis, A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War. New York: Random House, 2005. .
 Hornblower, Simon, A Commentary on Thucydides. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991–1996.(vol. 1),  (vol. 2). Hornblower, Simon, <mask>. London: Duckworth, 1987. .
 Kagan, Donald, The Archidamian War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974.  .
 Kagan, Donald, The Peloponnesian War. New York: Viking Press, 2003. .
 Luce, T.J., The Greek Historians.London: Routledge, 1997. .
 Luginbill, R.D., Thucydides on War and National Character. Boulder: Westview, 1999. .
 Momigliano, Arnaldo, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (= Sather Classical Lectures 54). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Novo, Andrew and Jay Parker, Restoring Thucydides. New York: Cambria Press, 2020. .
 Orwin, Clifford, The Humanity of Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. .
 Podoksik, Efraim, "Justice, Power, and Athenian Imperialism: An Ideological Moment in Thucydides’ History" in History of Political Thought 26(1): 21–42, 2005. Romilly, Jacqueline de, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism.Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963. .
 Rood, Tim, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. .

 de Sainte Croix, The origins of the Peloponnesian War. London: Duckworth, 1972. pp. xii, 444. Strassler, Robert B, ed, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: Free Press, 1996. .
 Strauss, Leo, The City and Man Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964. Zagorin, Perez, Thucydides: an Introduction for the Common Reader.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.  . External links

 Works by Thucydides at Perseus Digital Library

 Short Bibliography on Thucydides Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University
 Perseus Project: Thucydides, Table of Contents
 Thomas Hobbes' Translation of Thucydides
 Anthony Grafton, "Did Thucydides Really Tell The Truth?" in Slate, October 2009. Bibliography at GreatThinkers.org
 Works by Thucydides at Somni:
 Thucididis Historiarum liber a Laurentio Vallensi traductus. Italy, 1450–1499. De bello Peloponnesiaco. Naples, 1475.470s BC births
400s BC deaths
5th-century BC Athenians
5th-century BC historians
Ancient Athenian generals
Ancient Athenian historians
Classical-era Greek historians
Ancient Greek agnostics
Ancient Greek merchants
Ancient Thracian Greeks
Athenians of the Peloponnesian War
Attic Greek writers
Ostracized Athenians
Philaidae
Political

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title: John Kelsall

texts:
<mask> (31 July 1947 – 4 November 1986) was a British composer, conductor and lecturer. <mask> was born in East Retford and studied composition, piano and organ at Aberdeen University, gaining an MA, with composition a major part of his final submission. His PhD (Compositional Techniques in the Music of Stockhausen (1951–1970)) was completed at Glasgow University in 1975. He completed a Cert. Ed in 1975 and was awarded the FLCM in Composition in 1979. He wrote a considerable amount of sacred and secular repertoire for choir and organ, and numerous chamber works. Academic work
<mask> was a lecturer at Kingston Polytechnic, now Kingston University, from 1977 until his untimely death in 1986.He founded the Polytechnic's Chamber Choir, becoming its first director, composing for the group and establishing a demanding calendar of concerts and cathedral residencies. The Chamber Choir under <mask> became one of the Polytechnic's premier ensembles, performing at major venues up and down the UK, as well as giving a Purcell Room performance. He died in Kingston-upon-Thames on 4 November 1986, aged 39. Much of <mask>'s output has remained unjustly neglected since his death. <mask>'s music is currently published by Benjamin Costello and Re-edimensions. On Monday 28 July 2008 the <mask> Memorial Recital took place at St Michael's, Cornhill, London, given by the resident organist and Director of Music Jonathan Rennert. The School of Music, Kingston Polytechnic
Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s the Music Centre at Kingston Polytechnic was offering a BA Hons Mus Ed degree (CNAA), designed to develop the wider range of skills required in music education, with an emphasis on combining academic and practical aspects of music-making.Other courses were offered including a one-year post-graduate/post-diploma course, a BEd Hons (CNAA) course, a BEd in-service course for teachers already in the profession, and supervision of approved research for MPhil and PhD (CNAA). A wide variety of ensembles were available for the students to partake in, and the Music Centre was situated (as it is today) in an elegant Regency mansion set in extensive grounds adjacent to Richmond Park. The professional ensembles based at the Music Centre included the Medici Quartet and the London Sinfonietta, and the International Society for the Study of Tension in Performance was also established at the Music Centre. After <mask>'s death in 1986, the Chamber Choir was directed by <mask> until his move to Birmingham Conservatoire in 1990. <mask> Retrospective
This event celebrating the life and work of <mask> and directed by Benjamin Costello, took place at St. Andrew's Church, Surbiton, Surrey, England, on Saturday, 4 November 2006. It marked the exact twenty-year anniversary of <mask>'s death, which occurred on 4 November 1986. Choral Evensong led by the Reverend Val Cory was followed by a reception and a brief panel discussion regarding <mask>'s life and work.The evening concluded with a short chamber concert featuring a selection of <mask>'s secular works. Choral evensong
Introit: <mask> – Eternal God, we look to thee (1979); Preces and Responses: <mask> (Fourth Set, 1979); Canticles: <mask> – Magnificat (1986) and Nunc Dimittis (Kelsall/Costello, 2006); Psalm 22: Chants by S. S. Wesley, B. Costello and J. <mask>; Anthem: <mask> – I call with my whole heart (1969); Organ Voluntary: <mask> – Rhapsody No. 3 (1986)

The choirs of St Andrew and St Mark, Surbiton, and guests, members of the Clerkes of Old Sarum, members of Kingston Chamber Singers. Organist – Simon Harvey. Choirmaster – Benjamin Costello

Panel discussion
Speakers: <mask>, <mask>e, Benjamin Costello

Chamber concert
Yes (1978), Sonata for Bassoon and Piano (1978), Three Miniatures (1979), Prelude and Fugue (1979)

Performers: Heather Keens (soprano), Victoria Medcalf (bass clarinet), Ingrid Pearson (clarinet), Neil Strachan (bassoon), Julia Crowell (flute), Mary Parker (flute), Roger Beeson (piano), Benjamin Costello (piano)

Works by <mask>

Original choral works
Ave plena gracia (unacc. anthem for Tr solo and SATB)
Text: 15th Century; Anon / Completed: unknown (revised on 25 August 1973)
Bless ye the Lord! (anthem for SATB and organ)
Text: from the Benedicite / Completed: 14 September 1982
Burning Babe, The (unacc.carol-anthem for SATB with divisions)
Text: Robert Southwell / Completed: 1985 (published by Oecumuse in 1985) / Commissioned by the John Bate Choir (now Thames Philharmonic Choir)
Canite tuba in Sion (unacc. anthem for SATB with divisions)
Completed: unknown
Christus factus est (unacc. anthem for trebles)
Completed: 1978
Dove Descending, The (Anthem for Pentecost) (unacc. anthem with divisions)
Text: T S Eliot / Completed: 1983
Ecce, Agnus Dei (unacc. setting and solos, with some divisions) / Completed: 29 September 1970
Easter Past (unacc. anthem with divisions)
Text: I Corinthians vs. 15 and 20, and Wie Schön Leuchtet / Completed: 1986
Epsom Mass (setting for congregation, SATB and organ)
Text: ICET Text (adapted) / Completed: 1985
Eternal God, we look to Thee (unacc. anthem for SATB with divisions)
Text: Gloria, with poem of 1763 by James Merrick (1720–69) / Completed: 24 January 1979
First Shorter Litany, The (unacc.setting for SATB with divisions) / Completed: unknown
I call with my whole heart (unacc. anthem for SATB with divisions)
Text: from Psalm 119 (office of None) / Completed: 1 May 1969 (Aberdeen)
I sing of a myden (unacc. anthem for solos and SATB)
Text: Early 15th Century (slms 2593) to be sung in Middle English / Completed: 24 October 1969
I will lift up mine eyes (unacc. anthem for SATB with some divisions)
Text: From Psalm 121 / Completed: unknown
Jesus Christ the Apple Tree (1st version) (unacc. S solo and SATB with divisions)
Text: “Divine Hymns” compiled by J. Smith, USA, 1784 / Completed: 1980
Jesus Christ the Apple Tree (2nd version) (unacc. S solo and SATB)
Text: “Divine Hymns” compiled by J. Smith, USA, 1784 / Completed: 1980
Jubilate Deo (anthem for SATB choir and organ)
Completed: 1970 (MA submission) May to June 1969, revised September 1969. Like as the hart desireth the waterbrooks (anthem for SATB with divisions and organ)
Text: from Psalm 42 / Composed: March 1969 (Aberdeen, Scotland)
Love Came Down at Christmas (carol for SATB with divisions and organ)
Text: Christina Rossetti / Completed: 5 October 1975
Magnificat (SATB with divisions and organ)
Completed: 19 September 1986
Mass (St Alban’s Mass) (unison setting for choir and organ of the Rite A Communion Service)
Completed: 1981
Matin Responsory (First Responsory) (unacc.SATB)
Completed: unknown
Matin Responsory (Responsory of Mattins) (unacc. SATB with divisions)
Completed: unknown
Matin Responsory (St Dunstan’s) (unacc. SATB)
Completed: unknown
Missa Brevis (unacc. SMA soloists and choir with multiple divisions)
Text: Latin Mass / Completed: 1978
Missa Super Hodie Beata Virgo Maria (unacc. SATB for Candlemas)
Noctem Quietam (Benediction) (unacc. anthem for S solo and double SATB choir)
Completed: 16 May 1974
Nunc Dimittis (unacc. SSAATB)
Completed: April 1979
Nunc Dimittis Written to partner the Magnificat of 1986 (setting for baritone solo, SATB with divisions and organ)
Music: Benjamin Costello, after <mask> / Completed: August 2006
Preces and Responses in E (Nuthall) 1st set (setting for unacc.SATB with divisions)
Text: BCP / Completed: 24 June 1967 (Nuthall)
Preces and Responses (Festal) 2nd set (setting for unacc. SSATB with occasional divisions)
Text: BCP / Completed: 1972
Preces and Responses (Ferial) 3rd set (setting for unacc. SATB)
Text: BCP / Completed: unknown
Preces and Responses (Festal) 4th set (setting for unacc. SSATB with occasional divisions)
Text: BCP / Completed: 1979
Prothalamion (unacc. anthem for SATB with divisions)
Text: I Corinthians 13 (vs. 11 – 13) / Completed: 24 January 1984
Psalm Chant in C (Double Chant for SATB)
Rex Pacificus (unacc. anthem for SATB with divisions)
Text: late 15th Century, from Trinity College, Cambridge MS 0.3.58 (adapted) / Completed: 1982
Save us, Lord (unacc. short anthem for SATB with occasional divisions)
Completed: 1963
Set me as a seal upon thy heart (unacc.anthem for soprano solo and five-part choir)
Text: The Song of Songs Ch. 8 vs. 6 and 7 / Completed: 14 January 1980
Song for Fidele (Cymbeline) (anthem for accompanied SATB with divisions)
Text: Shakespeare / Completed: 18 July 1983
Sursum Corda (setting for unacc. TTBB)
Words: Christina Rossetti / Composed: 1985
Thre Kingés (unacc. carol-anthem for soprano solo and SAB)
Text: National Library of Scotland Ms. Advocates 193.1; f.59a / Completed on 26 December 1983
Veni Creator Spiritus (unacc. short introit for SATB with occasional divisions)
Text: attrib. Rabanus Maurus (776–856) / Completed: 7 December 1974
Virgin’s Lullaby, The (carol for two-part choir, with two treble recorders and ‘cello (flutes or descant recorders may be substituted, ‘cello may be substituted for euphonium)) / Text: from William Ballet's Lute Book, 17th Century, Mss in Trinity Coll., Dublin / Completed: 2 September 1969 (Nuthall, Nottingham)

Choral arrangements
Little Jesus (Rocking) (unacc.anthem for SATBaB with divisions)
Music: Traditional Czech Christmas carol / Text: Shawn Colvin / Arranged: 1981
My Dancing Day (anthem for SATB with divisions and organ)
Music: Traditional / Text: Traditional 16th Century / Arranged: 1976
Infant King, The (unacc. carol for SSAA)
Music: Basque Noel / Text: S. Baring-Gould / Arranged: unknown
Lord’s Prayer, The (unacc. setting for SATB)
Music: Maurice Duruflé (orig. F major) / Text: The Lord's Prayer / Arranged: c. 1979
Scarborough Fair / Canticle (unacc. Text: Romance IX – San Juan de la Cruz / Completed: 15 October 1982
Prelude and Fugue (pF)
Completed: April 1979
Romance (hn and pF)
Completed: 1983
Rhapsody No.1 (org)
Completed: 1983
Rhapsody No.2 (org)
Completed: 15 March 1986
Rhapsody No.3 (org)
Completed: 1 July 1986
Serenade (brass quintet)
Completed: 29 June (?) 1983
Sonata for Bassoon and Piano (bsn, pF)
Completed: 1978
Three Miniatures (ob or fl)
Completed: 2 September 1979
Triptych (string quartet)
Completed: Easter 1970 (MA Aberdeen submission)
Toccata in D (org)
Completed: 1985

Instrumental works with voice
Metamorphoses XIII (sop, bar, rec, choir, tape and small ensemble)
Text: Anne Muir (b. 1948)
Yes (m-s, fl, cl, bass cl)
Text: words taken from the closing lines of Joyce's Ulysses (1914–1921) / Completed: 1978
Three songs for mezzo-soprano (m-s solo, 2 fl (dbl.picc. ), 2 bs, 2 cl, alt sx, ten sx, 2 tpts, 2 tbn, elec. piano, perc.) Text: Various / Completed: Christmas 1978
Rosemoundé (soprano and small ensemble)
Sunwards (alt, fl, ob, 2 bsn)
Text: George Mackay Brown / Completed: 23 March 1978
Three Songs for Feste (voice, fl)
Text: Shakespeare / Completed: 27 August 1979

Editions
Thomas Ebdon – Responses (1756–1811)
Edited by <mask> in 1982
Sacred music composed for the use of the choir of Durham (1790–1811) (p. 104 BL: I.219)
William Smith (of Durham) – Preces and Responses
Edited by <mask> in 1978
Daniel Purcell – Ode to Saint Cecilia
Edited by <mask> in 1978
Orlande de Lassus (c.1530–1594) – Missa Super Osculetur Me (1582)
Edited by <mask> in 1986
Orlande de Lassus – Ne reminiscaris, Domine (Munich, 1577)
Edited by <mask> in 1984

(List correct as at July 2008.) External links

1947 births
1986 deaths
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British composers

masks:
John Lawrence Kelsall
Studies Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
John Kelsall
Kelsall
Peter Johnson
John Kelsall
John Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Kelsall
Peter Johnson
John Bat
John Keall
John Kelsall
John Kelsall
John Kelsall
John Kelsall
John Kelsall
John Kelsall


title: Robert Burton

texts:
<mask> (8 February 1577 – 25 January 1640) was an English writer and fellow of Oxford University, best known for his encyclopedic book The Anatomy of Melancholy. Born in 1577 to a comfortably well-off family of the landed gentry, <mask> attended two grammar schools and matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford in 1593, age 15. <mask>'s education at Oxford was unusually lengthy, possibly drawn out by an affliction of melancholy, and including an early transfer to Christ Church. <mask> received an MA and BD, and by 1607 was qualified as a tutor. From as early as 1603, <mask> indulged early literary interests at Oxford, including some Latin poems, a now-lost play performed before and panned by King James I himself, and his only surviving play: an academic satire called Philosophaster. This work, though less well regarded than <mask>'s masterpiece, has notably "received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama". Sometime after obtaining his MA in 1605, <mask> was making some attempt to leave the university.Though he never fully succeeded, he managed to obtain the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford through the university, and external patronage for the benefice of Walesby and the rectorship of Seagrave. As a fellow of Oxford, he served in many minor administrative roles and as the librarian of Christ Church Library, from 1624 until his death. Over time he came to accept his "sequestered" existence in the libraries of Oxford, speaking highly of his alma mater throughout the Anatomy. <mask>'s most famous work and greatest achievement was The Anatomy of Melancholy. First published in 1621, it was reprinted with additions from <mask> no fewer than five times. A digressive and labyrinthine work, <mask> wrote as much to alleviate his own melancholy as to help others. The final edition came to more than 500,000 words total.The book is permeated by quotations from and paraphrases of many authorities, both classical and contemporary, amounting to the culmination of a lifetime's worth of erudition. <mask> died in 1640. His large personal library was split between the Bodleian and Christ Church. The Anatomy was used and plagiarised by many authors during his lifetime and after his death, but entered a lull in popularity through the 18th century. It was only the revelation of Laurence Sterne's plagiarism that revived interest in his work into the 19th century, especially among the Romantics. The Anatomy received more academic attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. Whatever his popularity, <mask> has always attracted distinguished readers, including Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, John Keats, William Osler, and Samuel Beckett.Early life and education

Family and grammar school

<mask> was born on 8 February 1577, to <mask> (1547–1619) and his wife, Dorothy (; 1560–1629), in Lindley, Leicestershire. <mask> believed himself to have been conceived on 9 PM on 25 May 1576, a time he often used in his astrological calculations. He was the second of four sons and fourth of ten children; his elder brother, William, is the only member of the family for whom we know more than minor biographical details, as he later became a noted antiquarian and topographer. Both his parents' families were members of the landed gentry, with the <mask>s from an old, if undistinguished, pedigree. <mask> may have inherited his medical interest; in the Anatomy, he writes of his mother's "excellent skill in chirurgery". William states a member of their mother's family, Anthony Faunt, was said to have died from "the passion of melancholy", and speaks fondly the family's maternal relation to Arthur Faunt, a Jesuit controversialist and uncle to William and <mask>. <mask> probably attended two grammar schools, the King Edward VI College, Nuneaton and Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield.<mask> wrote in the Anatomy that students "think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a Grammar Scholar", which some writers have taken as suggestion that he was an unhappy schoolboy. More modern biographers, such as R. L. Nochimson and Michael O'Connell, have regarded it as <mask> merely presenting what was a popular sentiment, rather than hinting at any personal dislike or source of childhood melancholy. Oxford education

In July 1593, aged 15, <mask> matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford, where his elder brother was already attending. <mask> did not receive his Bachelor's until 30 June 1602, and only after he migrated to Christ Church College in 1599. For the time between his matriculation and his transfer, almost nothing is known of <mask>. According to Anthony à Wood, <mask> "made considerable progress in logic and philosophy" at Brasenose, though the college left an impression sufficiently weak that <mask> himself made no mention of Brasenose in his corpus. Most Oxford students would have completed their education at nineteen, but by 1602, <mask> was twenty-six.Some biographers, such as Michael O'Connell and J. B. Bamborough, have cited this as evidence <mask> suffered some lengthy illness while a student, possibly melancholy. Record has been found of one "Robart <mask> of 20 yeres", a patient of London doctor and astrologist Simon Forman, who was treated for melancholy over a period of five months in 1597. "Robart <mask>"'s connection to the scholar <mask> is suggested not only by the "coincidence of name and age", but by <mask>'s later familiarity towards London, and the indication he was closely acquainted with Foreman from <mask>'s astrological notebooks. When he entered Christ Church in 1599, Wood reports <mask> was assigned the tutor of John Bancroft, "for form sake, tho' he wanted not a tutor"; though Bancroft was only three years his senior, he was six or seven years ahead of <mask> in his studies, and was well-connected within the church, later becoming the Bishop of Oxford. It seems some friendship developed between the two; <mask> praised Bancroft's construction at Cuddesdon in the Anatomy, implying he was a frequent visitor. At Christ Church, <mask> proceeded to an MA on 9 June 1605, and a BD in May 1614.Simultaneously, <mask> rose through the college ranks, attaining disciplus in 1599, philosophus secundi vicenarii in 1603, and philosophus primi vicenarii in 1607, the last of which qualified him as a tutor. Sometime after he obtained his MA, Bamborough considers it likely <mask> was attempting to leave the university. The college statutes required <mask> to take a BD after his MA, and <mask> chose not to proceed to DD. Early writings and plays
While at Oxford, <mask> indulged his literary interests alongside these academic ones. In 1603, on the accession of James I, <mask> contributed a short Latin verse celebrating the event to a commemorative Oxford volume; he made similar offering of twenty-one poems upon James's royal Oxford visit in 1605. On this visit, <mask> took active part in the "praeparation for the Kinges cominge", including a play he composed for the occasion. This play, since lost, has been identified with Alba, a pastoral comedy with a mythological subject matter, probably written in Latin.The play was performed before James I on 27 August 1605. According to a witness of the events, Philip Stringer, <mask>'s play was poorly received by James and his court. The queen consort and her ladies took offence at several "almost naked" male actors, probably portraying satyrs, and the king was so displeased by the production that the chancellors of both Oxford and Cambridge had to plead for him to stay, as otherwise he "would have gone before half the Comedy had been ended". However <mask> reacted to this royal pan, he was already at work on another play by 1606. This play, Philosophaster—which is fully extant across three manuscripts—was finished by 1615, by which time <mask> was revising and correcting it. <mask> speaks briefly of Philosophaster in the Anatomy, mentioning that it was performed at Christ Church on 16 February 1617, during the Shrovetide festivities. The play was acted by the students alongside three local townsmen.<mask> likely took a view towards pleasing the administration in this production. The play cast the son of John King, then Dean of Christ Church, in a leading role, and departed from Alba controversial mythological themes for the less contentious ones of an academic satire. Appointments and the Anatomy

Offices at St Thomas's, Walesby, and Seagrave

<mask> initially struggled to find any patrons for promotion out of the university, but after some time, he managed to obtain an ecclesiastical office in the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford, located in the western suburb of Oxford. He was nominated to this by the dean and chapter of Christ Church on 29 November 1616. He was licensed to preach on 3 December 1618. <mask> held this vicarage at St Thomas's, until his death; he was responsible for the building or rebuilding of the church's south porch in 1621, where his arms were placed on the gable. In 1624, Lady Frances Cecil, dowager Countess of Exeter presented <mask> to the Lincolnshire benefice of Walesby.<mask> was perhaps the tutor of Frances' son, <mask>. <mask> chose not to reside in Walesby, though he probably visited it at some point. He took little interest in the daily affairs of the parish—all the parish records were signed by his curate, Thomas Benson—but did win for it nine acres of land which had been taken by Frances's predecessor. <mask> resigned from this post in 1631. In the 1632 edition of the Anatomy, appended below a mention of his Walesby appointment, <mask> tersely added: "Lately resigned for some special reasons". After his resignation, Lady Frances temporarily turned over the duty to appoint <mask>'s successor to her friend, the first Earl of Middlesex, suggesting that <mask> resigned over Middlesex's pressure to appoint his own favourite. In 1632, shortly after this resignation from Walesby, <mask> was presented to a much more valuable office by his patron, Lord Berkeley: the rectorship of Seagrave.Berkeley had been a patron of <mask> since at least 1621, when <mask> dedicated the Anatomy to Lord Berkeley. Their relationship may have begun even earlier, in 1619, when Berkeley matriculated from Christ Church, and perhaps entered the tutelage of <mask>. In any case, on 3 September 1624, Lord Berkeley granted <mask> the advowson (i.e. the right to decide the next occupant) of the wealthy living of Seagrave. This right necessitated that the holder of the advowson pick a candidate other than himself, but three days later <mask> assigned three of his family members to this position, so he could procure his own future appointment. On 15 June 1632, promptly after the previous incumbent was buried, the relatives presented him to the office. <mask> did not cultivate much of a reputation as a preacher while at Seagrave, choosing not to publish any of his sermons, but discharged the pastoral and charitable roles of the rectory dutifully and punctually.<mask> probably  visited Lindley often while at Seagrave, as the villages were only 20 miles apart. The office was the most valuable <mask> ever held; in 1650, the rectory was valued at £100. University life
Other than that afforded to him by the Countess of Exeter and Lord Berkeley, <mask> received little preferment. Because of this, even as he received appointments outside the university, <mask> remained an Oxford student for the rest of his life. <mask> seems to have been, at first, unhappy with this situation; in the 1621 edition of the Anatomy, <mask> wrote that his "hopes were still frustrate, and I left behind, as a Dolphin on shore, confined to my Colledge, as Diogenes to his tubbe". This exasperation seems to have been passing; by the Anatomy final edition, he had revised the passage in praise of his "monastick life [...] sequestered from those tumults & troubles of the world", unindebted for his lack of preferment. Bamborough has gone as far as to claim it is unlikely <mask> ever truly wanted to leave the college he spoke so highly of, as the "most flourishing College of Europe", one which "can brag with Jovius, almost, in that splendor of Vaticanish retirement, confined to the company of the distinguished".The 1602 reopening of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, which by 1620 held over 16,000 volumes, gave some truth to <mask>'s proud comparison of the scholarship at Oxford to that of Jovius's Vatican. <mask> did not spend all his time in this "Vaticanish retirement" as a scholar. He held various minor offices in Oxford. On three occasions–in 1615, 1617, and 1618–<mask> was chosen to be the clerk of the Market, one of two MA students tasked with regulating the various goods of Oxford's markets. Now a sinecure, the office was an important institution in <mask>'s time. This occupation has been cited by two biographers, O'Connell and Nochimson, to suggest, contrary to the bookish image given by his Anatomy, <mask> had some knowledge of the day-to-day affairs of Oxford. Perhaps closer befitting his image, on 27 August 1624, <mask> became the librarian of Christ Church Library.The office was a recent creation—the first librarian was appointed in 1599, and library had been

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title: Robert Burton

texts:
 founded only a half-century earlier—but a recent donation by an Otho Nicholson had ensured it was a profitable one, tripling the incumbent's wages to 10s a term. The duties, however, were sparse—limited to enforcing the loose regulations of the institution, and opening and closing it at the appropriate times—probably allowing <mask> more than enough time to accumulate the erudition exhibited in the Anatomy. <mask> held this position until his death. In 1635, painter Gilbert Jackson produced an oil portrait of <mask>; this painting is now held at Brasenose College. Publication of the Anatomy

Whatever other activities he engaged in, composing the Anatomy was the most important pursuit and accomplishment of <mask>'s life. <mask>, as he claims in the preface, was "as desirous to suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs", but admits that melancholy is the subject upon which he is "fatally driven", and so he was compelled to compose the work. <mask> left no record of when he began his work on the Anatomy.O'Connell speculates the project grew piecemeal, with research begun in his twenties, and the work well on its way by his thirties. <mask> explicitly states that the study of melancholy was a lifelong fascination of his, and regularly "deducted from the main channel of my studies". However long the work took, he had certainly concluded it by 5 December 1620, aged 43, when he signed the "Conclusion to the Reader". The book was printed in 1621 and, despite <mask>'s indication in the Anatomy of troubles finding a publisher, it quickly sold well. Wood wrote that the publisher, Henry Cripps, made such a "great profit" off the book that he "got an estate by it". <mask>'s subject was well chosen; similar treatises by Timothie Bright and Thomas Wright had gone through several editions soon after their publication. Though <mask> never divulged the extent of his profits, the size of his estate and library at death suggests they were considerable.<mask> printed the Anatomy under the pseudonym of "Democritus Junior", alluding to the Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, Democritus, sometimes known as the Laughing Philosopher. The use of an established classical figure in a pseudonym was common practice in <mask>'s time, used to ensure the reader held no negative preconceptions about the author. <mask> did not resolutely stick to this pseudonymity; the first edition betrayed it as he signed the "Conclusion to the Reader" with his real name, and though this was removed in later editions, the portrait of <mask> added from the third edition onwards hardly preserved his anonymity. <mask> did not rest on his laurels after the first printing, continually editing and improving the work throughout his life. The first edition of <mask>'s Anatomy was, with marginalia, over 350,000 words long; by his final edition this count came to over 500,000. The additions were largest for the second and third editions; the original quarto volume had to be expanded to a folio for the second edition (1624) to accommodate the expansions. For the third edition (1628), an allegorical frontispiece was added, engraved by Christian Le Blon, with a portrait of <mask> atop his moniker "Democritus Junior".After these two additions, <mask> vowed: " [do not do too much]. I will not hereafter add, alter, or retract; I have done." However, once again, <mask> returned to the Anatomy, producing two more editions in 1634 and 1638. Shortly before his death in 1640, <mask> entrusted an annotated copy of the Anatomy to his publisher, which was published posthumously in 1651. In total, <mask> made contributions to six editions. Two more reprints of the Anatomy were made before the end of the century. Death

<mask> drew up his will on 15 August 1639.Five months later, aged 62 and on 25 January 1640, he was dead. The will divided his inherited estates up amongst his elder brother, William, and William's heirs. Outside of his family, his largest bequests went, unsurprisingly, to the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries, with gifts of £100 each, and <mask>'s large library split between the institutions. He also laid out several smaller monetary donations: those to his servants; the servants at Christ Church; the poor in Seagrave, Nuneaton, and Higham; the library at Brasenose; and various friends and colleagues, including John Bancroft. <mask> was buried in the north aisle of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, on 27 January. William erected a monument to <mask> in the cathedral: a coloured effigy of <mask>, flanked by an astrological representation of his nativity and geometric instruments, with a short Latin epitaph below, said to have been composed by <mask>. Writing near the close of the 17th century, John Aubrey records a rumour circulated among Oxford students, asserting that <mask> took his own life.Writing around the same time, in an early biography of <mask>, Wood added that <mask> was supposed to have done this so his date of death would fit his exact astrological calculations. This rumour is dubious, and has been largely rejected by biographers as far back as Wood. Angus Gowland, in his 2006 study of <mask>, is among the few who take the allegation seriously, though he admits it is "no more than a melancholy rumour". <mask> rejected the endorsements of suicide by classical authors in the Anatomy, and if the rumours were taken to have any veracity after his death, <mask> would not have been buried in Christ Church cathedral. Gowland counters this evidence, citing the charity shown by <mask> in the Anatomy for those tempted by suicide, and  conjecturing a conspiracy of the "notoriously close-knit College" to keep <mask>'s suicide secret. The Anatomy of Melancholy

Though <mask> wrote elsewhere, Bamborough regards <mask>'s one truly great work as The Anatomy of Melancholy. Ostensibly a three-part treatise on depression and its treatment, the book consists of quotations from, paraphrases of and commentary on numerous authors, from many fields of learning, and ranging from classical times to his contemporaries, in a "tangled web of opinion and authority".According to Wood, <mask> was apparently famed at Oxford employing this prose style in his speech, effortlessly recalling passages as he spoke. The Anatomy is digressive and confusing in its structure; <mask> himself apologetically admitted to "bring[ing] forth this confused lump", excusing himself over a shortage of time. Over the five editions, he did little to amend this confusion, preferring to append more to the labyrinthine text. The book is the fruit of a lifetime's worth of learning, though <mask> emphasised in the Anatomy that erudition is ultimately pointless, and that it is perhaps better to remain ignorant. <mask> wrote The Anatomy of Melancholy largely to write himself out of being a lifelong sufferer from depression. As he described his condition in the preface "Democritus Junior to the Reader", "a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this ... I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy.There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business". In his view, melancholy was "a disease so frequent ... in our miserable times, as few there are that feele not the smart of it", and he said he compiled his book "to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universall a malady, an Epidemicall disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind". For <mask>, "melancholy" describes a range of mental abnormalities, from obsession to delusion to what we would now call clinical depression. <mask> at once gives a multitude of remedies for melancholy, and warns they are all ultimately useless, in characteristic self-contradiction. Philosophaster

Philosophaster is a play, satirising on the 17th-century university, composed in Latin during <mask>'s time as an Oxford student. The plot of Philosophaster follows the university of Osuna in Andalusia, recently founded by one Desiderius, Duke of Osuna, in hope of attracting scholars. However, the university actually attracts a crowd of philosophasters—pseudo-philosophers, Jesuits, and prostitutes—who con the Duke and townspeople into believing their disguises, capitalising on their naivete in a series of farcical scenes.Amidst this chaos, two true philosophers, Polumathes and Philobiblos (their names literally meaning "Much-Learned" and "Lover of Books") appear and unmask the philosophasters. The resultant controversy among the townspeople nearly causes the Duke to close the university, but he is persuaded otherwise by Polumathes. In the comic climax, the fraudsters are branded and exiled, two characters marry, and the play concludes with a "hymn in praise of philosophy [...] to the tune of Bonny Nell". As Connie McQuillen has put it, the distinguishing quality Philosophaster is the "patchwork of borrowings" with which it was written. Stylistically, Philosophaster is declared on the title page to be a Comoedia Nova (or New Comedy) a satirical genre Kathryn Murphy describes as "in the tradition of Plautus and Terence." <mask> borrowed many elements from these Roman comedies: the tendency of characters to burst into song; the character of the clever slave; the love between a high-born man and low-born girl, who is later revealed to be of noble birth. <mask> also borrows episodes from contemporary academic satires—dealing with the perennial feuds between town and gown, the distinction between "true" and "false" scholars, the ridicule of pedants—and characters from humanist satirists, chiefly Erasmus and Giovanni Pontano.The play's depiction of alchemy bears some passing resemblance to Ben Jonson's play The Alchemist, but <mask> takes strains to point out in the introduction to a manuscript that his play was written before the first staging of Jonson's play, in 1610. In interpreting the Philosophaster, many authors have understood it solely in relation to the Anatomy, as an academic satire on the excesses of university life, especially that of Oxford. Angus Gowland, describing the University of Osuna as a "thinly disguised Oxford", asserts that "the purpose of the play was to ridicule contemporary scholarship and provoke reform", in anticipation of the Anatomy satirical themes. As O'Connell put it more succinctly, the play's "main satiric thrust, that pseudolearned charlatans find a ready haven in a university, is meant to find its general target in Oxford". This much is obvious in certain characters—such as Theanus, an elderly college administrator who has forgotten all his scholarship, but still earns an exorbitant salary tutoring the sons of the gentry—whom the audience were expected to be familiar with within academia. However, critic Kathryn Murphy has pointed out that Philosophaster contains a significant, and often underappreciated, undercurrent of anti-Catholicism. <mask>'s philosophasters are joined by the representatives of Roman Catholicism, including scholastics and Jesuits, in their mockery of philosophy and the university.Murphy has suggested these themes reflect the pervading cultural influence of the Gunpowder Plot in <mask>'s lifetime, which took place a year before the play was set. Personal life

Character

Despite his eccentric portrayals as such by some later Romantic authors, there is "no evidence that <mask> was a recluse, and testimony that he had some real practical interests", Bamborough emphasises. He was no doubt an active part in the non-academic daily life of Oxford, through his university-appointed roles in its church and market life, and Bamborough adds that in his day he "was known as a mathematician and as both an astrologer and an astronomer, and even had some reputation as a surveyor". Wood also notes that <mask>'s unsurpassed skill at including "verses from the poets or sentences from classical authors" in his everyday speech, "then all the fashion in the university", allowed him some popularity. However, <mask>'s "most significant occupations during his life were reading and writing", and his large library is evidence enough of this prodigious bookishness. Of his character, Wood wrote:

Religious views
Gowland has suggested the <mask> family had some Catholic sympathies, because of their close relation to Jesuit Arthur Faunt. Faunt's godson and <mask>'s brother, William, spoke admiringly of Faunt as "a man of great learning, gravity and wisdome"; William was a vigorous supporter of Laudian reforms in his home county, siding with High Church Anglicanism, which was sometimes seen as Catholic-sympathising and at St Thomas's, <mask> was apparently one of the last few 17th-century Church of England priests to use unleavened wafers in the Communion, an outmoded Laudian practice.However, as an Oxford scholar, <mask> could have taken a personal dislike to Archbishop Laud; as the Chancellor there from 1630 to 1641, Laud was in perpetual squabbles with its body of scholars, which would not endear him to <mask>. <mask> was an apparent supporter of James I's anti-Catholic measures, listed among those at Christ Church who took his Oath of Allegiance. The anti-Catholic portions of Philosophaster were revised shortly

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 after James released the Oath, possibly to satirise the ensuing Catholic backlash. As Adam Kitzes put it, <mask> "makes no bones about his allegiance to the king and the Church of England". <mask> also claimed part of his reasoning in not proceeding to a DD (Doctor of Divinity) was his reluctance to participate in the endless argument surrounding religion, for which he "saw no such great neede". Library

According to Bamborough, "to describe <mask> as 'bookish' can only be called ridiculous understatement". <mask> owned 1738 books in total, tenfold the library of a typical Oxford don, though not as vast as those of some other contemporary humanist scholars.He accumulated the collection over a forty-six year period, from 1594 to 1640. The profits from the Anatomy probably funded most of the library, larger than his modest academic and ecclesiastical income would have been able to cover. The majority of the library's contents was in Latin, but the number of English volumes was untypically large. <mask> seems to have been uncomfortable reading outside these two primary languages; he owned only a handful of titles in Italian, German, Spanish, and Hebrew, and none in Greek, the last despite his humanist reputation and the recurring Grecian references in the Anatomy. Again despite this reputation, the majority of <mask>'s library was contemporary. He owned hundreds of cheap pamphlets, satires, and popular plays: all works which had been excluded from the recently founded Bodleian Library, perhaps why <mask> felt the need to purchase them. Though religious works composed the largest category in his library (about one quarter), the remaining three quarters were made up by an eclectic collection of literary, historical, medical, and geographical volumes, testifying to <mask>'s broad scholarship.<mask> was an avid annotator of books, with marginal notes in around one-fifth of his books, from the tangential to the bluntly hostile. <mask>'s library was divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries after his death. In the early 20th century, Oxford Regius Professor of Medicine William Osler, an enthusiast for <mask>, found <mask>'s bequests "scattered indiscriminately" throughout the two libraries, and, from 1907 to 1908, set about having them gathered together in one collection, rediscovering over a thousand of <mask>'s volumes. In Christ Church Library, Osler set up an elaborate display of these books surrounding a copy of the Brasenose Portrait of Burton. Osler delivered an address on the contents of <mask>'s library the following year. In 1964, Christ Church Library disassembled Osler's Burton collection, moving the books to the Archiva Superiora on the second floor. This collection comprises 1530 of the 1738 books and two manuscripts owned by <mask>.The remaining 210 were distributed to either various acquaintances of <mask>; gifted or traded to other libraries or bookshops; or by selling duplicates, some of which are unrecorded. Of the 140 books yet to be located, it is thought that around half of these are extant. Christ Church Library has referred to <mask>'s library as "one of the most important surviving English private libraries from the period before the Civil War". Reputation and legacy

<mask>'s Anatomy was an extremely popular work in <mask>'s lifetime, and throughout the 17th century, going through eight editions from 1621 to 1676, as its readers interpreted and employed it to varied, personal ends. Wood wrote that the Anatomy, as "a Book so full of variety of reading", prompted hack authors to borrow shamelessly from the work. Some authors, "who have lost their time and are put to a push for invention" poached his numerous classical quotations, in a show of erudition. In the 18th century, George Steevens retrospectively noted it as "a book once the favourite of the learned and witty, and a source of surreptitious learning".Certainly, scholars copied and emulated the Anatomy to their own ends: William Vaughan repurposed <mask>'s critique of court patronage towards an anti-Catholic end in The Golden Fleece (1626); Nathanael Carpenter imitated <mask>'s intimate articulation of his own melancholy and defence of scholarship for his Geography delineated forth (1625); and Richard Whitlock, in his Zootomia (1654), plagiarised <mask>'s defence of scholarship wholesale in defending the university from contemporary Puritan attacks. For the dramatists such as John Ford, <mask>'s treatise "was virtually an authoritative psychiatric textbook", used as a reference work for their depictions of melancholy. Richard Holdsworth, when Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1637–43), recommended it as a comprehensive digest to "serve for [the] delight and ornament" of young gentlemen, bestowing that learning expected of a gentleman rather than that of a serious scholar. The earliest biography of <mask> appeared in 1662, as part of Thomas Fuller's Worthies of England; this was followed by Anthony à Wood in his 1692 volume of Athenae Oxonienses. Into the 18th century, <mask> experienced something of a lull in popularity. The Anatomy did still obtain a few distinguished readers in this period. Samuel Johnson, himself a melancholic, was an avid reader of <mask>; Boswell's Life of Johnson reports that Johnson remarked the Anatomy was "the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise".Though no American edition was published until 1836, <mask>'s work procured a few prominent readers in early America. One such reader was American Founding Father Benjamin Franklin, who marvelled to a friend "that, in the last Century, a Folio, <mask> on Melancholy, went through six Editions in about twenty years. We have, I believe, more Readers now, but not such huge Books." <mask>'s influence during this period was chiefly as reservoir of quotes and anecdotes for less sophisticated authors to borrow from. One such borrower was Laurence Sterne, who shamelessly incorporated passages of <mask> throughout his Tristram Shandy (1759), an act of plagiarism which was not revealed for nearly thirty years, until the publication of John Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne (1798). After Ferriar made this influence known, <mask> and his work experienced a revival of interest. A new edition, the first in over a century, was published in 1800; more than forty were published throughout the 19th century.The Romantics, especially Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, admired the work as an erudite curiosity. Lamb illustrated <mask> in his "Detached Thoughts on Books and Reading" (1833) as "that fantastic great old man", creating the image of <mask> as an eccentric and erudite academic which has since stuck, for whatever truth it possessed. The Anatomy was among John Keats's favourite books, and was used as a major source for the plot of his poem "Lamia" (1820). <mask>'s prose style wasn't universally appreciated, appearing pedantic and pretentious to some 19th-century critics. The Victorian poet and literary critic T. E. Brown disparaged the Anatomy as "the sweepings of the medieval dustbin" or some "enormous labyrinthine joke". Into the early 20th century, this romantic view transitioned into the more academic study of <mask>'s masterpiece. William Osler—widely regarded as the father of modern medicine—was a lifelong devotee of <mask> and described the Anatomy as "the greatest medical treatise written by a layman".According to one scholar, "the revival of critical interest in The Anatomy of Melancholy owes not a little to Osler's direct influence". Following Osler's influence, Burtonian studies were primarily bibliographical in the early 20th century, with the exception of an influential essay by critic Morris Croll on the "Senecan style" in <mask>'s late Renaissance prose. By the middle of the 20th century, psychoanalytic critics of the Anatomy emerged, regarding <mask>'s masterpiece as a work of psychological autobiography. In The Psychiatry of <mask> (1944), for instance, critic Bergen Evans and psychiatrist George Mohr combed the Anatomy for references to mothers in an attempt to reconstruct <mask>'s own relationship with his mother. This psychoanalytic tendency has been criticised by more modern biographers of <mask>, especially by R. L. Nochimson, who dedicated an article to amending the "amazing carelessness" with which <mask>'s literary and real personae have been confused. Stanley Fish's 1972 monograph Self-Consuming Artifacts inaugurated the postmodern interpretation of <mask>'s Anatomy, which alternatingly saw it as a satirical indictment of humanistic encyclopedism, or a desperate suppression of <mask>'s anxiety over the immensity of his subject matter. However, in total, <mask>'s Anatomy only accrued a small handful of monographs in the second half of the 20th century.The most detailed study of this period was a French monograph by <mask> Simon, a fact which, according to one scholar, "speaks volumes about the marginalization of the Anatomy in Anglophone early modern studies [of that period]." <mask> earned a new generation of enthusiasts in the 20th and 21st centuries. As journalist Nick Lezard observed in 2000, though not often reprinted, "<mask>'s Anatomy of Melancholy survives among the cognoscenti". Samuel Beckett drew influence from <mask>'s Anatomy, both in the misogynistic depiction of women in his early fiction, and the Latin quotations (via <mask>) found throughout in his work. The eminent literary critic Northrop Frye was an admirer of the Anatomy; he characterized it as "an enormous survey of human life" which "ranks with Chaucer and Dickens, except the characters are books rather than people". Psychiatrist and historian of ideas Jacques Barzun held up <mask> as "the first systematic psychiatrist", praising him for the collection of "widely scattered case histories" of melancholia for his Anatomy, and treating the mentally ill with a "tender sympathy" uncharacteristic of subsequent psychiatrists. American writer Alexander Theroux has named <mask> as one of his influences, and sometimes imitates his style.English novelist Philip Pullman praised the work in a 2005 article for The Telegraph as a "glorious and intoxicating and endlessly refreshing reward for reading". For Pullman, it is "one of the indispensable books; for my money, it is the best of all." Australian singer/songwriter Nick Cave listed <mask>'s Anatomy as one of his favourite books. Though <mask>'s legacy lies almost exclusively in his authorship of the Anatomy, his Philosophaster has increasingly been examined alongside it. As Murphy observed, Philosophaster "has received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama." Since its first, mid-19th-century publication in Latin, it has been published three more times, twice with original translations into English. In 1930, it was even performed at the University of California.The play has received a mixed reception from modern scholars. Literary critic Martin Spevack dismissed it as "an obvious and elementary string of transparent sketches". O'Connell has, however, described it as "perhaps the most appealing of <mask>'s Latin works", he notes that the "liveliness in its representation of university life" redeems the "weak plotting and flat characterization." The 19th-century critic of Elizabethan drama Arthur Henry Bullen wrote of it that the philosophasters "are portrayed with considerable humour and skill, and the lyrical portions of the play are written with a light hand". Bamborough summed it up as "not without genuine merit, particularly in the satirical portraits of pretenders to learning." Notes

References

Sources

Further reading
<mask>, <mask> (1989–2000). Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K.; Blair, Rhonda L.; Bamborough, J.B.; Dodsworth, Martin (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (6 vols.) — First three volumes are the Anatomy text, next three are a chapter-by-chapter commentary by Bamborough and Dodsworth. Gowland, Angus (2006). The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: <mask> in Context.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. .
Babb, Lawrence (1959). Sanity in Bedlam: A Study of <mask>'s The Anatomy of Melancholy. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. O'Connell, Michael (1986). <mask>. Twayne Publishers. .
Mueller, William R. (1952). The Anatomy of <mask>'s England.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Simon, <mask> (1964). <mask> (1577–1640) et l'Anatomie de la mélancolie (in French). Paris: Didier. External links

 Review and quotes at Complete Review
 Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia
 The BBC's "In Our Time" discusses The Anatomy of Melancholy. Online texts

Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Burials at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
16th-century English medical doctors
17th-century English medical doctors
English non-fiction writers
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
People from Lindley, Leicestershire
17th-century English Anglican priests
1577 births
1640 deaths
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
17th-century Latin-language

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title: George Hoey

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<mask> (born November 14, 1946) is a former American football defensive back, punt returner and kickoff returner. He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines (1966–1968) and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Arizona Cardinals (1971), New England Patriots (1972–1973), San Diego Chargers (1974), Denver Broncos (1975), and New York Jets (1975). In high school, Hoey was an All-State halfback. At the University of Michigan,  College Football Hall of Fame halfback Ron Johnson was in <mask>'s class, and Hoey was therefore used principally as a defensive back. <mask> is most remembered for his work as a punt returner at Michigan. He led the Big Ten Conference in punt return yards in 1967 and 1968, and still holds Michigan's modern era (post-1949) records for most punt return yards in a game (140), most return yards per punt in a season (24.3) and most return yards per punt in a career (17.1). <mask> was also a record-setting sprinter on Michigan's track and field team.In five seasons in the NFL, <mask> was principally a kickoff returner. In 1971, he set a St. Louis Cardinals club record with six kickoff returns for 206 yards, including one for 103 yards and a touchdown. He had 534 kickoff return yards in his career. Since 1993, <mask> has worked in administration at the University of Colorado. He worked first in academic services for the athletic department. After controversies in the late 1990s concerning eligibility of University of Colorado athletes, <mask> accepted a position in the school's career services department providing career counseling to student athletes. High school athlete at Flint Central
<mask> was born in Gaffney, South Carolina.He moved with his family from South Carolina to Flint, Michigan at age 13. At Flint Central High School, he excelled in both football and track. When No. 1 ranked Flint Central met No. 2 ranked Bay City Central in 1963, it was billed as the "Game of the Year." Flint Central won the game 25–18, as <mask> (then only a junior) scored three touchdowns, including a 63-yard punt return for a touchdown, and a pass interception that <mask> ran back 35 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the game. As a senior in 1964, <mask> was named an All-State halfback by The Detroit News and UPI.In naming him to its All-State team, the UPI noted: "<mask>, a 5-foot-10, 165-pounder, gained 502 yards in 64 carries and caught 17 passes. He scored 11 touchdowns to lead the Saginaw Valley Conference for the second straight year. A great broken-field runner, he has scored eight touchdowns on kickoff or punt returns during his two-year stint with the varsity." He also led the Saginaw Valley Conference in scoring for two seasons. On his high school track team, <mask> won the 60-yard dash at the Central Michigan Relays Invitational indoor meet with a time of 6.3 seconds. He was All-State in track at the 1965 Michigan High School Athletic Association Class A track meet. University of Michigan track and football star
In 1965, <mask> became the first African-American athlete from Flint to earn a University of Michigan scholarship.At Michigan, <mask> excelled in both football and track. In track, <mask> set a 60-yard dash record with a time of 6.1 in 1966. He was a member of the Wolverines' record-setting 4 × 100 metres relay with a time of 40.6. In football, <mask> did not make the team as a halfback, having the misfortune to be in the same class as College Football Hall of Famer Ron Johnson. He started only three games at halfback during his time at Michigan (and one at fullback). With Ron Johnson playing halfback, <mask> was used principally as a defensive back and punt returner. Playing against Navy in 1968, <mask> had two interceptions which he returned for 31 yards, and punt returns of 63 and 36 yards.He was named an All-Big Ten defensive back in 1968. Punt return records at Michigan
Though he was also an All-Big Ten defensive back, <mask> is most remembered as one of the leading punt returners in Michigan history. He led the Big Ten in punt return yards in 1967 and 1968, and holds several Michigan school records for punt returns, including most return yards in a game and most yards per return in a season and a career. Most yards in a game
On October 28, 1967, <mask> gained 140 yards on four punt returns against Minnesota—still Michigan's single-game record for punt return yardage. <mask> and Steve Breaston are the only two Michigan players with two games in the top ten single-game performances by a Michigan punt returner. Most yards per return in a season
Hoey also holds the modern (post-1949) Michigan school record for yards per return in a season. His 1967 average of 24.3 yards/return exceeds any other modern Michigan punt returner by more than eight yards per return (minimum 1.2 return per team game played).<mask>'s 1967 average ranks sixth in NCAA Division I-A history behind the all-time Michigan leader Gene Derricotte who ranks fifth. However, the Michigan record books base single-season leadership based upon minimum 15 returns per game and <mask>'s name is omitted. N.B. :The database used here includes stats since 1949. Totals before 1949 are not included here; for example, Gene Derricotte averaged over 24 yards per return prior to 1949. Most yards per return in a career
<mask> also holds the Michigan school record for punt return yards per return in a career with an average of 17.1 yards per return. NFL football player
<mask> was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 14th round of the 1969 NFL Draft.He played five seasons in the NFL for the St. Louis Cardinals (1971), New England Patriots (1972–1973), San Diego Chargers (1974), Denver Broncos (1975) and New York Jets (1975). <mask> played in 53 NFL games and had four punt returns for 38 return yards, 21 kickoff returns for 534 return yards, and two interceptions for 45 return yards. He set a Cardinals club record with six kickoff returns for 206 yards, one for 103 yards and a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles. The club record for longest return was broken in 1979 by Roy Green, who posted a 106-yard return. <mask> had the misfortune of playing with losing teams throughout his NFL career. The best team that he played for was the 1975 Denver Broncos, who recorded a 6–8 record. Professional career at the University of Colorado
Hoey has worked in various capacities at the University of Colorado.From 1993–1999, <mask> was involved in academic services in Colorado's athletic department. Hoey "came under fire for an eligibility problem of a prospective CU athlete," including linebacker Anwawn Jones who lost a year of eligibility and was forced to sit out the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season due to an error in calculating his transfer credits. In 1999, <mask> transferred out of the athletic department and began working in the university's career services department. That October, Jones told The Denver Post that <mask> "wasn't necessarily a scapegoat, but there were definitely mistakes  made in his department." Recruiting issues arose after Rick Neuheisel departed as Colorado's head football coach and were part of broader problems that resulted in the school's being placed on two years' probation for 53 rules violations, 51 occurring while Neuheisel was the Colorado coach. In 2004, the Colorado Daily reported that Hoey was a career counselor working with all students to help them prepare for their future careers. I provide information that will hopefully have them taking advantage of many services and resources."In May 2007, <mask> was the University of Colorado's career development coordinator and a co-chair of the Black Faculty/Staff Association, and the Virginia Patterson Chapter of Mortar Board Honors Society at the University of Colorado honored <mask> for his efforts to educate students. Family and honors
Herb Washington, former Oakland A and world-class sprinter, is <mask>'s cousin. <mask> is married to Erin Hoag and has two sons, William and Sean. He was inducted into the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame in 2001, and he was inducted into the Greater Flint Area Sports Hall of Fame in 2003. Career statistics

See also
 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders

References

1946 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football defensive backs
American football return specialists
Denver Broncos players
Flint Central High School alumni
Michigan Wolverines football players
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
New England Patriots players
New York Jets players
People from Gaffney, South Carolina
Players of American football from Flint, Michigan
San Diego Chargers players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
University of Colorado Boulder people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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