title: Ravi Shankar (poet)

texts:
Dr<mask> (born 1975) is an American poet, editor, and former literature professor at Central Connecticut State University and City University of Hong Kong and Chairman of the Asia Pacific Writers & Translators (APWT). He is the founding editor of online literary journal Drunken Boat. He has been called "a diaspora icon" by The Hindu and "one of America's finest younger poets" by former Connecticut poet laureate Dick Allen. Career
<mask> received his bachelor's degree from the University of Virginia, his M.F.A. in poetry from the Columbia University School of the Arts and his PhD as an international research fellow at the University of Sydney. He moved to Chester from Brooklyn, and joined the Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) as a faculty member in 2002. He was also a guest teacher of the masters program at Fairfield University.He was elected Chairman of the Connecticut Young Writers Trust in 2011. In 2014, he was promoted from the rank of associate professor to professor at CCSU. He also served as co-director of the creative writing minor at CCSU. He has appeared on PBS  and on National Public Radio. He received the University-level Trustees Research Award as a faculty member at CSUS in 2009. In the same year, he also received a fellowship award from The Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism and Summer Literary Seminars fellowship to Kenya. He has taught around the world including at Wesleyan University Summer Writing Conference, City University of Hong Kong, Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus, Sun Yat Sen University in China and his poetry has been translated into over a dozen languages, including French, German, Spanish, Hindi, Italian, Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, Slovenian, Russian, Greek, Mandarin, and Japanese.In 1999, he founded Drunken Boat. As of 2018, he was a teacher at the New York Writers Workshop and City University of Hong Kong. He is Chairman of the Asia Pacific Writers & Translators Organization . and a Board Member of the New York Writers Workshop. He has held fellowships from Yaddo, the MacDowell Colony, Djerassi Artists Residency, Ragdale, the Blue Mountain Center, the Jentel Foundation, iPark, and he received the prestigious University of Sydney International Research Fellowship to complete work on his memoir "Correctional" and to do research on the Puritanical roots and racial demographics of mass incarceration in the United States of America. Literary career
<mask>'s collections of poetry include A Field Guide to Southern China (2019) written with T. S. Eliot Prize winner George Szrites, The Many Uses of Mint (2018), What Else Could it Be (2015), Instrumentality (2004), a finalist for the 2005 Connecticut Book Awards, and Deepening Groove (2011), winner of the National Poetry Review Prize. He has also served as an editor for other works such as Language for a New Century (2008), which was hailed as "a beautiful achievement for world literature" by Nobel laureate in Literature Nadine Gordimer.He won a Rhode Island State Council on the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship in 2017  His translations with Priya Sarukkai Chabria of the 8th century Tamil poet/saint Andal won the 2016/2017 Muse India Translation Award at the Hyderabad Literary festival. He also appeared as a guest speaker at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2018. His literary works appeared in Paris Review, Fulcrum, McSweeney's, the AWP Writer's Chronicle, and Scribner's Best American Erotic Poems. In 2014, he won Glenna Luschei Award from Prairie Schooner. Controversies
<mask> became the subject of several controversies during 2010. He won a settlement against the NYPD, after being racially profiled under the stop-and-frisk policies later found illegal by New York Superior Court Judge Shira Scheindlin, and appeared on NPR to discuss his wrongful arrest. He was later arrested and convicted in a few public cases including driving under the influence.He served 90 days in Hartford Correctional Center as a pretrial confinement, an experience which he wrote about in The Hartford Courant. In 2015, <mask> resigned from teaching at Central Connecticut State University. He also filed multiple charges against the public university system of Central Connecticut. All of the pending cases filed by both parties were dismissed with a settlement of $60,409, paid by the college authority to <mask>, in exchange for his resignation. He has a forthcoming memoir about his experiences entitled  "Correctional," excerpts from which have been published in The New York Times, the Hartford Courant, The Common (magazine)  and the Michigan Quarterly Review.

masks:
. Ravi Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar


title: Georg Schmitt

type: original

texts:
<mask> (11 March 1821 - 7 December 1900), in French Jean-<mask>, was a Paris-based composer and organist, originally from the Prussian Lower Rhine province. He was only 14 when he took over as organist at Trier Cathedral:  the position had fallen vacant three years earlier through the early death of the previous incumbent, his father. Life
<mask> was born at Zurlauben, a riverside fishing hamlet on the northern edge of Trier (into which it has subsequently been subsumed). His birth took place in the little hotel run by his parents, <mask> (1787-1832) and his wife, born Catharina Marx  (1809-1868). Two hundred years later, there is still a hotel on the site:  it is now named "Gasthaus Mosellied", after a song which during the nineteenth century became one of <mask>'s more widely appreciated compositions. The elder <mask> combined his business as an hotelier with the post of cathedral organist between 1810 and his death in 1832. During his final illness his son frequently deputised for him, despite being aged only 11 at the time of the father's death.Over the next two years the boy, whose early music lessons had been provided by his father, was sent to Münster in order to master the craft of a cathedral organist, studying with the Münster organist and choirmaster, Franz Joseph Antony (1790–1837). His study was funded by the Trier Cathedral chapter. On 1 March 1835, still not quite fifteen years old, <mask> was officially appointed to his father's old job of cathedral organist. In 1836 he accepted a teaching appointment at the adjacent cathedral music school. It was a most promising start. However, difficulties soon emerged in terms of his relationship with the cathedral chapter. The young man was unreliable:  he arrived late for services, or failed to turn up at all.Worse still, he took to incorporating folksy and frivolous elements in the improvised organ passages played before and after services or while the priests celebrated and administered the Eucharist. The cathedral administrators reacted by forfeiting amounts from his salary. He even found himself threatened with the sanction of a "Drillarrest". Matters took a turn for the worse in 1838 when the cathedral chapter appointed a "Director of Cathedral Music". It seems to have been a newly created position. Johann Baptist Schneider (1801-1864) arrived with his own ideas on church music. Inspired by Cäcilian ideas which were by now spreading north across Germany, he almost immediately, in 1839, arranged for the cathedral to incorporate orchestral music in worship.He promoted the incorporation of sixteenth century masses and motets by Palestrina and Lassus as well as contemporary works by Mendelssohn. <mask> was involved in exploiting and reworking much of the old music, and quickly became a prolific adaptor of existing works. The period was important for his development as a composer, but there was much scope for differences of approach, interpretation and opinion. When Schneider reacted to these "artistic differences" by complaining to the cathedral authorities he generally found them supportive, and in 1842 it was <mask> whom the cathedral chapter summarily dismissed. In 1844 <mask> moved to Paris. It is far from clear whether, at this stage, he intended for this to be the start of a permanent emigration. He took charge of the music at a succession of churches including, eventually, St-Joseph-des-Allemands, known at that time as the church of the city's growing German expatriate community.There are indications that alongside his skills as an organist, <mask> was an outstanding pianist. During his early years in Paris he supported himself by giving piano lessons. According to one source he was also taking lessons himself, during this period, from the Paris-based composers Fromental Halévy and Louis Niedermeyer. He and they were in any events part of a network in Paris of music professionals whose family origins went back to German-speaking central Europe. It was not till 1846 that, after two years away, <mask> undertook his first visit back to Trier. He was still enjoying his break in the Mosel region when he composed his "Mosellied" ("Mosel Song"). The song is a setting of "Im weiten deutschen Lande" (loosely, "In the far German lands"), a poem by Theodor Reck (1815–1873), which amounts to a hymn celebrating the beauty of the Mosel valley and the people living there.It was written in response to a competition organised by the casino at the health resort of Traben-Trarbach which attracted 171 entries. <mask>'s submission only came second in the competition, and the prize of 1350 bottles of local wine was accordingly shipped to Dresden, home of Julius Otto, the composer of the winning melody (which according to one possibly scurrilous suggestion he had "borrowed" from his father). In Trier and the surrounding countryside the "Mosellied" established <mask> as a composer of note, the composer's reputation being no doubt enhanced by the song's inclusion in the school song book used in the region. The song has also served to ensure that the composer continues to enjoy a significant posthumous reputation with Schlager fans in Germany. It seems not to have resonated in the composer's adopted home city of Paris, however. Back in Paris, in 1847 <mask> married the pianist Léontine Aline Pau who came from a family of painters. She, like him, was also a piano teacher.Three of the couple's five children would become painters-artists. Revolution returned to the streets of Paris early in 1848:  in August 1848 <mask>, whose studying and teaching work had been disrupted by the political developments of the time, set off for the America. He would be away from Paris for more than a year. He settled, briefly, in Louisiana and was employed for a time as the organist or the assistant organist (sources differ) at the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans. He remained at the cathedral for long enough to supervise the installation of a new three manual organ at the cathedral, build and installed by  Matthias Schwab (1808-1862) of Cincinnati. Towards the end of 1849 <mask> returned to Paris, "lured", according to one source, by the offer of the organist's post at Saint-Sulpice, filling the position vacated through the death earlier that year of Louis-Nicolas Séjan. <mask>'s incumbency commenced, formally, on 1 January 1850 and lasted slightly more than 13 years.It was at <mask>'s instigation that between 1857 and 1862 the organ was greatly enlarged by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, a celebrity among nineteenth century organ builders among. The resulting 100 register instrument was sufficiently impressive to persuade one of <mask>'s most illustrious successors at Saint-Sulpice, Charles-Marie Widor, to remain in post for more than 60 years, and can still be enjoyed today (2021):  it has "never been electrified", though necessary maintenance has been undertaken during the intervening century and a half: most notably a meticulous and "respectful" dusting exercise was performed between 1988 and 1991. When <mask> left his job at Saint-Sulpice at the end of April 1863, the move was made at the instigation of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, who indicate that he would prefer that his "masterwork of an instrument" should be entrusted to the hands (and feet) of his friend Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély. There were suggestions that <mask>'s style was considered too classical-contrapuntal (so "too German"?) for the "operatic" style that had by this time become fashionable in "post-revolutionary" Paris under France's new dictatorship. <mask> seems to have had no difficulty in finding alternative work as choirmaster and organist at other Paris churches. He was also employed for a number of years at the prestigious Church Music Academy of Louis Niedermeyer.A number of <mask>'s pupils from that time went on to occupy important organist posts across France. <mask> was particularly influential in terms of his own influence in support of the church music reform movement. He rejected the use in churches of what he regarded as "secular" music, and backed a return to the old "real" church music repertoire. He was able to pursue these objectives in "Musée de musique religieuse", a religious music compilation containing 48 organ pieces which he published. A number of friends and colleagues among the leading Paris church organists of the time contributed, including César Franck, Alexis Chauvet, Charles Colin and Camille Saint-Saëns. Schmitt was also one of the organisers of the "Congress of the restoration of plain-chant and church music" held in November/December 1860, thereby increasing the level of his own networking and that of colleagues among church musicians in the city. He also contributed numerous articles to "Revue de musique sacrée religieuse", a specialist periodical publication on sacred and religious music, in which he expounded on his vision of the "Cäcilianism" movement which, throughout the nineteenth century, was becoming more influential in respect of church music selection and performance.He thereby became a mediator between the differing music cultures on each side of the Rhine. As a leading Paris church organist and as an effective proponent of the Cäcilian reforms, <mask> enjoyed a successful career. A side of his musical personality that failed to resonate on the same scale involved his determination to master the light-opera genre. He was persistent. And he did succeed in having his four act comic opera "La belle Madeleine" produced at the (private) "Théâtre Déjazet". There were also small-scale productions of some of his other operettas, in several cases with the active support of his compatriot Jacques Offenbach. But a breakthrough into the world of the French musical stage nevertheless eluded him, while the continuing success in western Germany of the "Mosellied" always remained something of a "one-off".Commercial success for a man whose name and demeanour marked him out as a "German" composer became harder after the humiliation of military defeat at Sedan and the ensuing four month Siege of Paris. <mask> himself had managed, with his family, to escape the brief but brutal civil war that erupted in Paris during 1870/71 by fleeing to Brittany. With a French-born wife and five French born children in the process of transferring to adulthood, <mask> formally - and perhaps belatedly - took French citizenship only in 1872, but audiences for his operettas for the most part nevertheless stayed away. He submitted, in the end, three great choral symphonies (all evoking the great choral-orchestral traditions associated with Berlioz) for Paris composition contests, as well as several cantatas, but - possibly unfairly - he failed to win prizes with them. There was, perhaps, consolation to be had for the composer in him from the fact that during his lifetime a number of his piano pieces and songs for piano accompaniment found publishers and were sold commercially. "Le Sinai", a "dramatic symphony" composed by Schmitt in 1879, was re-discovered performed at Trier in 2014 as part of the Mosel Music Festival. Death and celebration
<mask> died in Paris on 7 December 1900.His body was buried in what would become a family grave in the city's Père Lachaise Cemetery. An organ recital was given at Saint-Sulpice on October 2000 by Josef Still, the organist from the Cathedral at Trier / Trèves in order to celebrate the (then imminent) centenary of <mask>'s death. The programme included three pieces by Schmitt and two more by Eugène Gigout and Théodore Dubois, two of Schmitt's pupils. For most purposes, however, <mask> is little remembered in France. His name resonates more powerfully in Germany, and especially in and around Trier, where his  "Mosellied" ("Mosel Song") continues to feature in Schlager performances. The renaming of his parents' hotel, in which Schmitt was born, as the "Gasthaus Mosellied" ("Mosel Song Hotel") encourages recognition of the ballad. Close to the hotel is the Georg-Schmitt-Platz (loosely, "Georg Schmitt Square"), a piece of open ground by Trier's principal road bridge across the river.For two decades, starting in the early 1950s, Georg-Schmitt-Platz accommodated the "Tankhaus Ernst Schwickert", a BP filling station. Today the address is used for a small adjacent shopping area and car park. Scores

Notes

References

1821 births
1900 deaths
People from Trier
Musicians from Paris
German Romantic composers
19th-century German composers
Classical composers of church music
German classical organists
Cathedral organists

masks:
Johann Georg Gerhard Schmitt
Georges Gérard Schmitt
Johann Georg Gerhard Schmitt
Johann Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Johann Georg Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
George Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georges Schmitt
Georges Schmitt
Schmitt
Georges Schmitt


title: Claude Hendrix

texts:
<mask> (April 13, 1889 – March 22, 1944) was a professional baseball pitcher who played in the National League for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1911–13) and Chicago Cubs (1916–20) and in the Federal League with the Chicago Whales (1914–15). He pitched a no-hitter in 1915 and was the first pitcher to record a victory at Wrigley Field, then named Weeghman Park. In 1921, he was accused of tipping off a gambler to a possibly fixed game in 1920; an allegation that, while not proven, likely ended his career in baseball. Biography
<mask> was born in Olathe, Kansas. His father was a banker who had also served as the Johnson County sheriff. In 1908, he attended and played baseball for Fairmount College, the predecessor to Wichita State University. After college, he played for Lincoln in the Western League.In 1909, he played for the Salina Trade Winners of the Central Kansas League. He had a good season in 1910 with an independent minor league team in Cheyenne, Wyoming with a record of 17 wins and four losses with 208 strikeouts. The season earned him a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates for 1911. His second season in Pittsburgh was a breakout year where <mask>, a spitballer, went 24-9 with a 2.59 earned run average. As a 23-year old player, he was second in strikeouts, behind only Grover Cleveland Alexander and received a few votes for Most Valuable Player. In 1913, his win-loss record was only 14-15, but he had a good ERA of 2.84 with 138 strikeouts. In 1914, <mask> sought an increase in his salary to $7,500 per season.After manager Fred Clarke offered him a contract with a lesser increase, <mask> failed to provide Pittsburgh with an answer and owner Barney Dreyfuss rescinded the contract and offered him one with no increase instead. He instead sighed with the Chicago Whales of the new Federal League. On April 23, 1914, <mask> pitched in the first game at Wrigley Field, now Wrigley Field and became the first pitcher to record a win in the stadium with a five-hitter against the Kansas City Packers. That season, he went 29-10 for Chicago, leading the league in wins, ERA and complete games. On May 15, 1915, <mask> pitched a no-hitter against the Pittsburgh Rebels, allowing only three batters to reach base on walks. However, his 1915 campaign was more pedestrial with only 16 victories and a 3.00 ERA. Still, the Chi-Feds captured the Federal League pennant in 1915.In 1916, <mask> signed a contract with the Chicago Cubs in the wake of the Federal League's collapse. <mask> started the first game for the Cubs at Wrigley Field, which Chicago won 7-6 in 11 innings. His first two seasons in Chicago, he posted ERA of 2.68 and 2.60 but had an record of 18-28 as the Cubs struggled. In 1918, the team and <mask> had a resurgence. <mask> went 20-7 with a 2.78 ERA and the Cubs won the National League Pennant. <mask> helped clinch the league title on August 24 winning the first game of a doubleheader against the Brooklyn Robins. <mask> did not start in the 1918 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, the first to feature Babe Ruth.The left-handed Ruth was notoriously tough on right-handed pitchers and the Cubs started only Hippo Vaughn and Lefty Tyler to try and hold Ruth in check. In his only appearance of the series, he singled off Ruth and then was replaced by Bill McCabe aftger reaching second. After the season, <mask> went to work at a shipyard in Superior, Wisconsin. The Secretary of War Newton D. Baker issued a "work-or-fight" order that required baseball players to work in essential industries during World War I for face the draft. Baker allowed the baseball season to continue until September, after which, players like <mask> had to begin working toward the war effort. Toward the end of the 1920 season, <mask>, who had a record of 9-12 with a 3.58 ERA, was scheduled to start on August 31 against the Philadelphia Phillies, who were in last place. The Cubs were informed that money had been bet heavily against the Cubs in that game.The Cubs replaced <mask> with Grover Cleveland Alexander who lost 3-0. With a grand jury investigating the Black Sox scandal in the 1919 World Series, the media paid great attention to rumors of potential game fixing. The Kansas City Times reported that $10,000 had been wagered on Philadelphia in the game. Immediately after the grand jury indicted the Black Sox, The New York Times reported that American League president Ban Johnson had obtained evidence against <mask> regarding the Philadelphia game. A Kansas City sportswriter, Otto Floto, learned of a telegram sent to a local gambler named H.A. "Frock" Thompson (which was misprinted as "Frog" by The New York Times) saying "Bet $5,000 on opposition" and claimed to recall that <mask> had sent the telegram. <mask> did not testify before the grand jury, but told reporters that he had never met Thompson and Thompson stated that he did not know <mask>.On February 7, 1921, <mask> received his release from the Cubs. The next day, <mask> told reporters that he would no longer pitch in the majors, but would continue his career in semi-pro baseball back in the Midwest. Cubs owner Bill Veeck stated that <mask>'s release had nothing to do with the allegations but was moving away from older veterans. Later articles did indicate that <mask> was forced out. <mask> himself said that he had already planned to leave the Cubs after the 1920 season as he had a good job as a car salesman. later, <mask> and his father purchased the Liberty Theater in Kansas City. He continued to work in Kansas City until 1923 when his wife Mabel died.The following year, he moved to Pennsylvania, playing baseball in Emmaus. In 1924, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis communicated that <mask> was free to play baseball after fans of other teams called him an "outlaw". He played for the Allentown Dukes with other former major leaguers. <mask> died on March 22, 1944 in Allentown, Pennsylvania at the age of 54. See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

External links

1889 births
1944 deaths
Allentown Dukes players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago Whales players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Lincoln Railsplitters players
Salina Trade Winners players
Wichita State Shockers baseball players
Baseball players from Kansas
People from Olathe, Kansas
Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania

masks:
Claude Raymond Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix


title: Ivan the Terrible

texts:
<mask> (; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as <mask> (from , romanized: , lit. "<mask> Formidable" or "<mask> Fearsome", , monastic name: Jonah), was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Moscow ruler who declared himself Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584. <mask> was the first Moscow ruler born after its independence. The son of Vasili III, the Rurikid ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, he was appointed grand prince after his father's death when he was three years old. A group of reformers known as the "Chosen Council" united around the young <mask>, declaring him tsar (emperor) of All Rus' in 1547 at the age of 16 and establishing the Tsardom of Russia with Moscow as the predominant state. <mask>'s reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to an empire under the tsar but at an immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economy. During his youth, there was a conquest of the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.After he had consolidated his power, <mask> got rid of the advisers from the "Chosen Council" and triggered the Livonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss of Livonia and Ingria but allowed him to establish greater autocratic control over Russia's nobility, which he violently purged with the Oprichnina. The later years of <mask>'s reign were marked by the Massacre of Novgorod and the burning of Moscow by Tatars. Contemporary sources present disparate accounts of <mask>'s complex personality. He was described as intelligent and devout but also prone to paranoia, rage, and episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with age. In one fit of anger, he murdered his eldest son and heir, <mask>, and he might also have caused the miscarriage of the latter's unborn child. This left his younger son, the politically ineffectual Feodor <mask>, to inherit the throne, a man whose rule and subsequent childless death directly led to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the beginning of the Time of Troubles. Nickname
The English word terrible is usually used to translate the Russian word Грозный in <mask>'s nickname, but that is a somewhat-archaic translation.The Russian word Грозный reflects the older English usage of terrible as in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English terrible such as "defective" or "evil". Vladimir Dal defines grozny specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars, including 'formidable'. Early life

<mask> was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya. Vasili's mother was a Greek princess and member of the Byzantine Palaiologos family. She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, the younger brother of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos ().Elena's mother was a Serbian princess and her father's family, the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), claimed descent both from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335–1380.) Born on August 25, he received the name <mask> in honor of St. John the Baptist, the day of the Beheading of which falls on August 29. In some texts of that era, it is also occasionally mentioned with the names Titus and Smaragd, in accordance with the tradition of polyonyms among the Rurikovich. Baptized in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Abbot Joasaph (Skripitsyn), two elders of the Joseph-Volotsk monastery were elected as recipients—the monk Cassian Bossoy and the hegumen Daniel. Tradition says that in honor of the birth of <mask>, the Church of the Ascension was built in Kolomenskoye. When <mask> was three years old, his father died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning. The closest contenders to the throne, except for the young <mask>, were the younger brothers of Vasily.Of the six sons of <mask> III, only two remained: Prince Andrey Staritsky and Prince Dmitrovsky Yuri. <mask> was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow at the request of his father. His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died in 1538 when <mask> was only eight years old; many believe that she was poisoned. The regency then alternated between several feuding boyar families that fought for control. According to his own letters, <mask>, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In a letter to Prince Kurbski <mask> remembered, "My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest. What have I suffered for want of garments and food!"That account has been challenged by the historian Edward Keenan, who doubts the authenticity of the source in which the quotations are found. On 16 January 1547, at 16, <mask> was crowned at the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin. The Metropolitan placed on <mask> the signs of royal dignity: the Cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas, and the cap of Monomakh; <mask>vich was anointed with myrrh, and then the metropolitan blessed the tsar. He was the first to be crowned as "Tsar of All the Russias", partly imitating his grandfather, <mask> the Great, who had claimed the title of Grand Prince of all Rus'. Until then, rulers of Muscovy were crowned as Grand Princes, but <mask> the Great had styled himself "tsar" in his correspondence. Two weeks after his coronation, <mask> married his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa. By being crowned tsar, <mask> was sending a message to the world and to Russia that he was now the only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned."The new title symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by former Byzantine Emperor and the Tatar Khan, both known in Russian sources as Tsar. The political effect was to elevate <mask>'s position". The new title not only secured the throne but also granted <mask> a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion. He was now a "divine" leader appointed to enact God's will, as "church texts described Old Testament kings as 'Tsars' and Christ as the Heavenly Tsar". The newly appointed title was then passed on from generation to generation, and "succeeding Muscovite rulers... benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch... crystallized during <mask>'s reign". Domestic policy

Despite calamities triggered by the Great Fire of 1547, the early part of <mask>'s reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. <mask> revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy), established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country.He introduced local self-government to rural regions, mainly in northeastern Russia, populated by the state peasantry. <mask> ordered in 1553 the establishment of the Moscow Print Yard, and the first printing press was introduced to Russia. Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. The new technology provoked discontent among traditional scribes, which led to the Print Yard being burned in an arson attack. The first Russian printers, <mask> and Pyotr Mstislavets, were forced to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Nevertheless, the printing of books resumed from 1568 onwards, with Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son <mask> now heading the Print Yard. <mask> had St.Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan. There is a legend that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architect, Postnik Yakovlev, blinded so that he could never design anything as beautiful again. However, Postnik Yakovlev really went on to design more churches for <mask> and the walls of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 1560s as well as the chapel over St. Basil's grave, which was added to St. Basil's Cathedral in 1588, several years after <mask>'s death. Although more than one architect was associated with that name, it is believed that the principal architect is the same person. Other events of the period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to serfdom and were instituted during the rule of the future Tsar Boris Godunov in 1597.(See also Serfdom in Russia.) Oprichnina

The 1560s brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of <mask>'s policies. Russia was devastated by a combination of drought, famine, unsuccessful wars against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Tatar invasions, and the sea-trading blockade carried out by the Swedes, the Poles, and the Hanseatic League. His first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, died in 1560, which was suspected to be a poisoning. The personal tragedy deeply hurt <mask> and is thought to have affected his personality, if not his mental health. At the same time, one of <mask>'s advisors, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, defected to the Lithuanians, took command of the Lithuanian troops and devastated the Russian region of Velikiye Luki. That series of treasons made <mask> paranoically suspicious of nobility.On 3 December 1564, <mask> departed Moscow for Aleksandrova Sloboda, where he sent two letters in which he announced his abdication because of the alleged embezzlement and treason of the aristocracy and the clergy. The boyar court was unable to rule in <mask>'s absence and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizens. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg <mask> to return to the throne. <mask> agreed to return on condition of being granted absolute power. He demanded the right to condemn and execute traitors and confiscate their estates without interference from the boyar council or church. <mask> decreed the creation of the oprichnina. That was a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north.<mask> held exclusive power over the territory. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. <mask> also recruited a personal guard known as the Oprichniki. Originally, it numbered 1000. The oprichniki were headed by Malyuta Skuratov. One known oprichnik was the German adventurer Heinrich von Staden. The oprichniki enjoyed social and economic privileges under the oprichnina.They owed their allegiance and status to <mask>, not heredity or local bonds. The first wave of persecutions targeted primarily the princely clans of Russia, notably the influential families of Suzdal. <mask> executed, exiled or forcibly tonsured prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. Among those who were executed were the Metropolitan Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. In 1566, <mask> extended the oprichnina to eight central districts. Of the 12,000 nobles, 570 became oprichniki and the rest were expelled. Under the new political system, the oprichniki were given large estates but, unlike the previous landlords, could not be held accountable for their actions.The men "took virtually all the peasants possessed, forcing them to pay 'in one year as much as [they] used to pay in ten. That degree of oppression resulted in increasing cases of peasants fleeing, which, in turn, reduced the overall production. The price of grain increased ten-fold. Sack of Novgorod

Conditions under the Oprichnina were worsened by the 1570 epidemic, a plague that killed 10,000 people in Novgorod and 600 to 1,000 daily in Moscow. During the grim conditions of the epidemic, a famine and the ongoing Livonian War, <mask> grew suspicious that noblemen of the wealthy city of Novgorod were planning to defect and to place the city itself into the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A Novgorod citizen Petr Volynets warned the tsar about the alleged conspiracy, which modern historians believe to be false. In 1570, <mask> ordered the Oprichniki to raid the city.The Oprichniki burned and pillaged Novgorod and the surrounding villages, and the city has never regained its former prominence. Casualty figures vary greatly from different sources. The First Pskov Chronicle estimates the number of victims at 60,000. According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. The massacre of Novgorod consisted of men, women and children that were tied to sleighs and run into the freezing waters of the Volkhov River, which <mask> ordered on the basis of unproved accusations of treason. He then tortured its inhabitants and killed thousands in a pogrom. The archbishop was also hunted to death.Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned, but the official death toll named 1,500 of Novgorod's big people (nobility) and mentioned only about the same number of smaller people. Many modern researchers estimate the number of victims to range from 2,000 to 3,000 since after the famine and epidemics of the 1560s, the population of Novgorod most likely did not exceed 10,000–20,000. Many survivors were deported elsewhere. The Oprichnina did not live long after the sack of Novgorod. During the 1571–72 Russo-Crimean War, the Oprichniki failed to prove themselves worthy against a regular army. In 1572, <mask> abolished the Oprichnina and disbanded his oprichniki. Pretended resignation
In 1575, <mask> once again pretended to resign from his title and proclaimed Simeon Bekbulatovich, his statesman of Tatar origin, the new Grand Prince of All

masks:
Ivan IV Vasilyevich
Ivan the Terrible
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Ivan Ivanovich
Ivanovich
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title: Ivan the Terrible

texts:
 Rus'''.Simeon reigned as a figurehead leader for about a year. According to the English envoy Giles Fletcher, the Elder, Simeon acted under <mask>'s instructions to confiscate all of the lands that belonged to monasteries, and <mask> pretended to disagree with the decision. When the throne was returned to <mask> in 1576, he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest. Foreign policy
Diplomacy and trade

In 1547, Hans Schlitte, the agent of <mask>, recruited craftsmen in Germany for work in Russia. However, all of the craftsmen were arrested in Lübeck at the request of Poland and Livonia. The German merchant companies ignored the new port built by <mask> on the River Narva in 1550 and continued to deliver goods in the Baltic ports owned by Livonia. Russia remained isolated from sea trade.<mask> established close ties with the Kingdom of England. Russian-English relations can be traced to 1551, when the Muscovy Company was formed by Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot, Sir Hugh Willoughby and several London merchants. In 1553, Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow, where he visited <mask>'s court. <mask> opened up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the company and granted it privilege of trading throughout his reign without paying the standard customs fees. With the use of English merchants, <mask> engaged in a long correspondence with Elizabeth I of England. While the queen focused on commerce, <mask> was more interested in a military alliance. During his troubled relations with the boyars, <mask> even asked her for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England if his rule was jeopardised.Elizabeth agreed if he provided for himself during his stay. <mask> corresponded with overseas Orthodox leaders. In response to a letter of Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria asking him for financial assistance for the Saint Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai Peninsula, which had suffered by the Turks, <mask> sent in 1558 a delegation to Egypt Eyalet by Archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople before he could reach Egypt. From then on, the embassy was headed by Smolensk merchant Vasily Poznyakov, whose delegation visited Alexandria, Cairo and Sinai; brought the patriarch a fur coat and an icon sent by <mask> and left an interesting account of his two-and-a-half years of travels. <mask> was the first ruler to begin cooperating with the free cossacks on a large scale. Relations were handled through the Posolsky Prikaz diplomatic department; Moscow sent them money and weapons, while tolerating their freedoms, to draw them into an alliance against the Tatars. The first evidence of cooperation surfaces in 1549 when <mask> ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea.Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan

While <mask> was a child, armies of the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia. In the 1530s, the Crimean khan formed an offensive alliance with Safa Giray of Kazan, his relative. When Safa Giray invaded Muscovy in December 1540, the Russians used Qasim Tatars to contain him. After his advance was stalled near Murom, Safa Giray was forced to withdraw to his own borders. The reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. In 1545, <mask> mounted an expedition to the River Volga to show his support for the pro-Russians.In 1551, the tsar sent his envoy to the Nogai Horde, and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. The Ar begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well. In 1551, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down the Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan. It was used as the Russian place d'armes during the decisive campaign of 1552. On 16 June 1552, <mask> led a strong Russian army towards Kazan. The last siege of the Tatar capital commenced on 30 August. Under the supervision of Prince Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky, the Russians used battering rams and a siege tower, undermining and 150 cannons.The Russians also had the advantage of efficient military engineers. The city's water supply was blocked and the walls were breached. Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. Many Russian prisoners and slaves were released. <mask> celebrated his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, most famously Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. The fall of Kazan was only the beginning of a series of so-called "Cheremis wars". The attempts of the Moscow government to gain a foothold on the Middle Volga kept provoking uprisings of local peoples, which was suppressed only with great difficulty.In 1557, the First Cheremis War ended, and the Bashkirs accepted <mask>'s authority. In campaigns in 1554 and 1556, Russian troops conquered the Astrakhan Khanate at the mouths of the Volga River, and the new Astrakhan fortress was built in 1558 by <mask> to replace the old Tatar capital. The annexation of the Tatar khanates meant the conquest of vast territories, access to large markets and control of the entire length of the Volga River. Subjugating Muslim khanates turned Muscovy into an empire. After his conquest of Kazan, <mask> is said to have ordered the crescent, a symbol of Islam, to be placed underneath the Christian cross on the domes of Orthodox Christian churches. Russo-Turkish War

In 1568, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, who was the real power in the administration of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim, initiated the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and its future northern rival. The results presaged the many disasters to come.A plan to unite the Volga and Don by a canal was detailed in Constantinople. In the summer of 1569, a large force under Kasim Paşa of 1,500 Janissaries, 2,000 Spakhs and a few thousand Azaps and Akıncıs were sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and to begin the canal works while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. In early 1570, <mask>'s ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar. Livonian War

In 1558, <mask> launched the Livonian War in an attempt to gain access to the Baltic Sea and its major trade routes. The war ultimately proved unsuccessful and stretched on for 24 years and engaging the Kingdom of Sweden, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Teutonic Knights of Livonia. The prolonged war had nearly destroyed the economy, and the Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government. Meanwhile, the Union of Lublin had united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired an energetic leader, Stefan Batory, who was supported by Russia's southern enemy, the Ottoman Empire.<mask>'s realm was being squeezed by two of the time's great powers. After rejecting peace proposals from his enemies, <mask> had found himself in a difficult position by 1579. The displaced refugees fleeing the war compounded the effects of the simultaneous drought, and the exacerbated war engendered epidemics causing much loss of life. Batory then launched a series of offensives against Muscovy in the campaign seasons of 1579–81 to try to cut the Kingdom of Livonia from Muscovy. During his first offensive in 1579, he retook Polotsk with 22,000 men. During the second, in 1580, he took Velikie Luki with a 29,000-strong force. Finally, he began the Siege of Pskov in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army.Narva, in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581. Unlike Sweden and Poland, Frederick II of Denmark had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy. He came to an agreement with John III of Sweden in 1580 to transfer the Danish titles of Livonia to John III. Muscovy recognised Polish–Lithuanian control of Livonia only in 1582. After Magnus von Lyffland, the brother of Fredrick II and a former ally of <mask>, died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in the Duchy of Courland, and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. Except for the island of Saaremaa, Denmark had left Livonia by 1585. Crimean raids

In the later years of <mask>'s reign, the southern borders of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly to capture slaves.(See also Slavery in the Ottoman Empire.) Khan Devlet I Giray of Crimea repeatedly raided the Moscow region. In 1571, the 40,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army launched a large-scale raid. The ongoing Livonian War made Moscow's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not even delay the Tatar approach. Unresisted, Devlet devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow and caused the Fire of Moscow (1571). Historians have estimated the number of casualties of the fire to be 10,000 to 80,000. To buy peace from Devlet Giray, <mask> was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was only a diplomatic maneuver and was never actually completed.The defeat angered <mask>. Between 1571 and 1572, preparations were made upon his orders. In addition to Zasechnaya cherta, innovative fortifications were set beyond the Oka River, which defined the border. The following year, Devlet launched another raid on Moscow, now with a numerous horde, reinforced by Turkish janissaries equipped with firearms and cannons. The Russian army, led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, was half the size but was experienced and supported by streltsy, equipped with modern firearms and gulyay-gorods. In addition, it was no longer artificially divided into two parts (the "oprichnina" and "zemsky"), unlike during the 1571 defeat. On 27 July, the horde broke through the defensive line along the Oka River and moved towards Moscow.The Russian troops did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. The Khan stopped only 30 km from Moscow and brought down his entire army back on the Russians, who managed to take up defense near the village of Molodi. After several days of heavy fighting, Mikhail Vorotynsky with the main part of the army flanked the Tatars and dealt a sudden blow on 2 August, and Khvorostinin made a sortie from the fortifications. The Tatars were completely defeated and fled. The next year, <mask>, who had sat out in distant Novgorod during the battle, killed Mikhail Vorotynsky. Conquest of Siberia

During <mask>'s reign, Russia started a large-scale exploration and colonization of Siberia. In 1555, shortly after the conquest of Kazan, the Siberian khan Yadegar and the Nogai Horde, under Khan Ismail, pledged their allegiance to <mask> in the hope that he would help them against their opponents.However, Yadegar failed to gather the full sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and so <mask> did nothing to save his inefficient vassal. In 1563, Yadegar was overthrown and killed by Khan Kuchum, who denied any tribute to Moscow. In 1558, <mask> gave the Stroganov merchant family the patent for colonising "the abundant region along the Kama River", and, in 1574, lands over the Ural Mountains along the rivers Tura and Tobol. The family also received permission to build forts along the Ob River and the Irtysh River. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich to protect their lands from attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. In 1580, Yermak started his conquest of Siberia. With some 540 Cossacks, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum.Yermak pressured and persuaded the various family-based tribes to change their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russia. Some agreed voluntarily because they were offered better terms than with Kuchum, but others were forced. He also established distant forts in the newly conquered lands. The campaign was successful, and the Cossacks managed to defeat the Siberian army in the Battle of Chuvash Cape, but Yermak still needed reinforcements. He sent an envoy to <mask> the <mask> with a message that proclaimed Yermak-conquered Siberia to be part of Russia to the dismay of the Stroganovs, who had planned to keep Siberia for themselves. <mask> agreed to reinforce the Cossacks with his streltsy, but the detachment sent to Siberia died of starvation without any benefit. The Cossacks were defeated by the local peoples, Yermak died and the survivors immediately left Siberia.Only in 1586, two years after the death of <mask>, would the Russians manage to gain a foothold in Siberia by founding the city of Tyumen. Personal life
Marriages and children

<mask> <mask> had at least six (possibly eight) wives, although only four of them were recognised by the Church. Three of them were allegedly poisoned by his enemies or by rivaling aristocratic families who wanted to promote their daughters to be his brides. Anastasia Romanovna (in 1547–1560, death):
 Tsarevna <mask>na (10 August 154820 July 1550)
 Tsarevna <mask>na (17 March 1551young)
 Tsarevich Dmitri <mask> (October 155226 June 1553)
 Tsarevich <mask> (28 March 155419 November 1581)
 Tsarevna Eudoxia <mask>na (26 February 1556June 1558)
 Tsar Feodor I of Russia (31 May 15576 January 1598)
 Maria Temryukovna (in 1561–1569, death):
 Tsarevich Vasili <mask> (21 March 15633 May 1563)
 Marfa Sobakina (28 October – 13 November 1571, death)
 Anna Koltovskaya (in 1572, sent to monastery). This was the last of his church-authorized weddings. She was later canonized as Saint Daria (locally-venerated saint). Anna Vasilchikova (in 1575/76, sent to monastery)
 Vasilisa Melentyeva (?–1579) (existence disputed)
 Maria Dolgorukaya (1580) (existence disputed)
 Maria Nagaya (from 1580), widow:
 Tsarevich Dmitri <mask> (19 October 158215 May 1591) He was later canonized as Saint Right-Believing Demetrius of Uglich and Moscow, tsarevich.In 1581, <mask> beat his pregnant daughter-in-law, Yelena Sheremeteva, for wearing

masks:
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
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Terrible
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Terrible
Anna Ivanov
Maria Ivanov
Ivanovich
Ivan Ivanovich
Ivanov
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Ivan


title: Ivan the Terrible

texts:
 immodest clothing, which may have caused her to suffer a miscarriage. Upon learning of the altercation, his second son, also named <mask>, engaged in a heated argument with his father. The argument ended with the elder <mask> fatally striking his son in the head with his pointed staff. The event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, <mask> the <mask> and his son <mask> on Friday, 16 November 1581, better known as <mask> the Terrible killing his son. Arts
<mask> was a poet and a composer of considerable talent. His Orthodox liturgical hymn, "Stichiron No. 1 in Honor of St. Peter", and fragments of his letters were put into music by the Soviet composer Rodion Shchedrin.The recording, the first Soviet-produced CD, was released in 1988 to mark the millennium of Christianity in Russia. Epistles
D. S. Mirsky called <mask> "a pamphleteer of genius". The letters are often the only existing source on <mask>'s personality and provide crucial information on his reign, but Harvard professor Edward L. Keenan has argued that the letters are 17th-century forgeries. That contention, however, has not been widely accepted, and most other scholars, such as John Fennell and Ruslan Skrynnikov, have continued to argue for their authenticity. Recent archival discoveries of 16th-century copies of the letters strengthen the argument for their authenticity.Martin, pp. 328–29. Religion

<mask> was a devoted follower of Christian Orthodoxy but in his own specific manner.He placed the most emphasis on defending the divine right of the ruler to unlimited power under God. Some scholars explain the sadistic and brutal deeds of <mask> the <mask> with the religious concepts of the 16th century, which included drowning and roasting people alive or torturing victims with boiling or freezing water, corresponding to the torments of Hell. That was consistent with <mask>'s view of being God's representative on Earth with a sacred right and duty to punish. He may also have been inspired by the model of Archangel Michael with the idea of divine punishment. Despite the absolute prohibition of the Church for even the fourth marriage, <mask> had seven wives, and even while his seventh wife was alive, he was negotiating to marry Mary Hastings, a distant relative of Queen Elizabeth of England. Of course, polygamy was also prohibited by the Church, but <mask> planned to "put his wife away". <mask> freely interfered in church affairs by ousting Metropolitan Philip and ordering him to be killed and accusing of treason and deposing the second-oldest hierarch, Novgorod Archbishop Pimen.Many monks were tortured to death during the Massacre of Novgorod. <mask> was somewhat tolerant of Islam, which was widespread in the territories of the conquered Tatar khanates, since he was afraid of the wrath of the Ottoman sultan. However, his anti-Semitism was so fierce that no pragmatic considerations could hold him back. For example, after the capture of Polotsk, all unconverted Jews were drowned, despite their role in the city's economy. Death
<mask> died from a stroke while he was playing chess with Bogdan Belsky on . Upon <mask>'s death, the Russian throne was left to his unfit middle son, Feodor, a weak-minded figure. Feodor died childless in 1598, which ushered in the Time of Troubles.Appearance

Little is known about <mask>'s appearance, as virtually all existing portraits were made after his death and contain uncertain amounts of artist's impression. In 1567, the ambassador Daniel Prinz von Buchau described <mask> as follows: "He is tall, stout and full of energy. His eyes are big, observing and restless. His beard is reddish-black, long and thick, but most other hairs on his head are shaved off according to the Russian habits of the time". According to <mask>-Rostovsky, the son-in-law of Michael I of Russia, <mask> had an unpleasant face with a long and crooked nose. He was tall and athletically built, with broad shoulders and a narrow waist. In 1963, the graves of <mask> and his sons were excavated and examined by Soviet scientists.Chemical and structural analysis of his remains disproved earlier suggestions that <mask> suffered from syphilis or that he was poisoned by arsenic or strangled. At the time of his death, he was 178 cm tall (5 ft. 10 in.) and weighed 85–90 kg (187–198 lb.). His body was rather asymmetrical, had a large amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his age and contained excessive concentration of mercury. Researchers concluded that <mask> was athletically built in his youth but, in his last years, had developed various bone diseases and could barely move. They attributed the high mercury content in his body to his use of ointments to heal his joints. Legacy

<mask> completely altered Russia's governmental structure, establishing the character of modern Russian political organisation.<mask>'s creation of the Oprichnina, answerable only to him, afforded him personal protection but also curtailed the traditional powers and rights of the boyars. Henceforth, Tsarist autocracy and despotism would lie at the heart of the Russian state. <mask> bypassed the Mestnichestvo system and offered positions of power to his supporters among the minor gentry. The empire's local administration combined both locally and centrally appointed officials; the system proved durable and practical and sufficiently flexible to tolerate later modification. <mask>'s expedition against Poland failed at a military level, but it helped extend Russia's trade, political and cultural links with other European states. Peter the Great built on those connections in his bid to make Russia a major European power. At <mask>'s death, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest and Western Siberia to the east.His southern conquests ignited several conflicts with the expansionist Turkey, whose territories were thus confined to the Balkans and the Black Sea regions. <mask>'s management of Russia's economy proved disastrous, both in his lifetime and afterward. He had inherited a government in debt, and in an effort to raise more revenue for his expansionist wars, he instituted a series of increasingly-unpopular and burdensome taxes. Successive wars drained Russia of manpower and resources and brought it "to the brink of ruin". After <mask>'s death, his empire's nearly-ruined economy contributed to the decline of his own Rurik dynasty, leading to the "Time of Troubles". Posthumous reputation
<mask>'s notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority but only to God. Tsarist absolutism faced few serious challenges until the 19th century.The earliest and most influential account of his reign prior to 1917 was by the historian N.M.Karamzin, who described <mask> as a 'tormentor' of his people, particularly from 1560, though even after that date Karamzin believed there was a mix of 'good' and 'evil' in his character. In 1922, the historian Robert Wipper - who later returned to his native Latvia to avoid living under communist rule - wrote a biography that reassessed <mask> as a monarch "who loved the ordinary people" and praised his agrarian reforms. In the 1920s, Mikhail Pokrovsky, who dominated the study of history in the Soviet Union attributed  that the success of the Oprichnina to their being on the side of the small state owners and townsfolk in a decades class long struggle against the large landowners, and downgrade <mask>'s role to that of the instrument of the emerging Russian bourgeoisie. But in February 1941, the poet Boris Pasternak observantly remarked in a letter to his cousin that "the new cult, openly proselytized, is <mask> the Terrible, the Oprichnina, the brutality." Joseph Stalin, who had read Wipper's biography had decided that Soviet historians should praise the role of strong leaders, such as <mask>, Alexander Nevsky and <mask> Great, who had strengthened and expanded Russia. In post-Soviet Russia, a campaign has been run to seek the granting of sainthood to <mask> IV. but the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea.A consequence was that the writer Alexei Tolstoy began work on a stage version of <mask>'s life, and Sergei Eisenstein began what was to be a three part film tribute to <mask>. Both projects were personally supervised by Stalin, at a time when the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Nazi Germany. He read the scripts of Tolstoy's play and the first of Eisenstein's film in tandem after the Battle of Kursk in 1943, praised Eisenstein's version but rejected Tolstoy's. It took Tolstoy until 1944 to write a version that satisfied the dictator. Eisenstein's success with Ivan the Terrible Part 1 was not repeated with the follow-up, The Boyar's Revolt, which angered Stalin because it portrayed a man suffering pangs of conscience. Stalin told Eisenstein: "<mask> the Terrible was very cruel. You can show that he was cruel, but you have to show why it was essential to be cruel.One of <mask> <mask>'s mistakes was that he didn't finish off the five major families." The film was suppressed until 1958. The first statue of <mask> <mask> was officially open in Oryol, Russia in 2016. Formally, the statue was unveiled in honor of the 450th anniversary of the founding of Oryol, a Russian city of about 310,000 that was established as a fortress to defend Moscow's southern borders. Informally, there was a big political subtext. The opposition thinks that <mask> the <mask>'s rehabilitation echoes of Stalin's era. The erection of the statue was vastly covered in international media like The Guardian, The Washington Post, Politico, and others.The Russian Orthodox Church officially supported the erection of the monument. <mask> was a popular character in Russian and Bulgarian folklore. In classic Russian literature, <mask> appears in such famous works as Prince Serebrenni, The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov, The Tsar's Bride and others. The image of <mask> is played out in numerous operas (The Maid of Pskov, The Tsar's Bride, <mask> of Bizet etc.) and ballet <mask> Terrible of Prokofiev. The Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein made two films based on <mask>'s life and reign, <mask> the Terrible. The first part is about <mask>'s early years.The second covers the period of his maturity. A third was planned but never completed. In Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, <mask> <mask> is the one the trio of henchmen that assist Kahmunrah to conquer the world, alongside Napoleon and Al Capone. Tsar is a 2009 Russian drama film directed by Pavel Lungin. <mask> <mask> is a major character in the Soviet-era fiction comedy <mask>vich: Back to the Future, based on a play by Mikhail Bulgakov. It was one of the most popular films in the Soviet Union in 1973 and sold more than 60 million tickets. <mask> appears as a major character in the novel The Ringed Castle (1971), the fifth of the six novels in Dorothy Dunnett's historical fiction series, the Lymond Chronicles.<mask> was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by David Threlfall in the radio play <mask> Terrible: Absolute Power, written by Mike Walker and which was the first play in the first series of Tsar. The play was broadcast on 11 September 2016. A monstrous Rider version of <mask> the Terrible was depicted as a major character in the mobile game Fate Grand Order on the second chapter 'Cosmos in the Lostbelt's first story arc 'Permafrost Empire: Anastasia'. He appears as a slumbering titan and king of the human-monster hybrid locals called Yaga, forced into eternal sleep because of the sheer power of his ability to destroy his people and kept it under his rule for nearly 450 years. He later appears as a summonable character with the body of the monstrous version from the Lost Belt. See also
 Illustrated Chronicle of <mask> the Terrible
 Tsars of Russia family tree
 Tsardom of Russia, history of the Tsardom of Russia

References

Notes

Bibliography

General references

 Bobrick, Benson. <mask> the Terrible.Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1990 (hardcover, ). (Also published as Fearful Majesty)
 Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia and the Russians: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004 (paperback, ). Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita. Ivan the Terrible. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press, 2002 (paperback, ).Troyat, Henri. Ivan the Terrible. New York: Buccaneer Books, 1988 (hardcover, ); London: Phoenix Press, 2001 (paperback, ). Ivan IV, World Book Inc, 2000. World Book Encyclopedia. Further reading
 Cherniavsky, Michael. "Ivan the Terrible as Renaissance Prince", Slavic Review, Vol.27, No. 2. (Jun. 1968), pp. 195–211. Hunt, Priscilla. "Ivan IV's Personal Mythology of Kingship", Slavic Review, Vol.52, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 769–809. Menken, Jules. "Ivan the Terrible." History Today (Mar 1953) 3#3, Vol.3 Issue 3, pp. 167–73. Perrie, Maureen. The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore(Cambridge University Press, 1987; ). Perrie, Maureen. The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia. (New York: Palgrave, 2001  ).Platt, Kevin M.F. ; Brandenberger, David. "Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan IV under I.V. Stalin", Russian Review, Vol. 58, No. 4. (Oct. 1999), pp.635–54. Isolde Thyrêt, "The Royal Women of <mask> IV's Family and the Meaning of Forced Tonsure," in Anne Walthall (ed), Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History'' (Berkeley, Univ. California Press, 2008), 159–71. External links

 The throne of <mask> <mask>
 The holy gospel of <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask> with videos, images and translations from the Russian Archives and State Museums
 , versions of a poem by Felicia Hemans. |-

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Antireligion
1530 births
1584 deaths
16th-century Grand Princes of Moscow
Filicides
Folk saints
Modern child rulers
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Rurik dynasty
Rurikids
Russian people of Serbian descent
Russian people of Tatar descent
Russian tsars
People of the Livonian

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title: Tawfiq Canaan

texts:
<mask> () (24 September 1882 – 15 January 1964) was a pioneering Palestinian physician, medical researcher, ethnographer, and Palestinian nationalist. Born in Beit Jala during the rule of the Ottoman Empire, he served as a medical officer in the Ottoman army during World War I. During British rule, he served as the first President of the Palestine Arab Medical Association founded in 1944, and as the director of several Jerusalem area hospitals before, during, and after the 1948 war. Over the course of his medical career, he authored more than thirty-seven studies on topics including tropical medicine, bacteriology, malaria, tuberculosis, and health conditions in Palestine, and contributed to research that led to a cure for leprosy. Deeply interested in Palestinian folklore, popular beliefs, and superstitions, <mask> collected over 1,400 amulets and talismanic objects held to have healing and protective properties. His published analyses of these objects, and other popular folk traditions and practices, brought him recognition as an ethnographer and anthropologist. The several books and more than 50 articles he wrote in English and German serve as valuable resources to researchers of Palestinian and Middle-Eastern heritage.<mask> also published works in Arabic and was fluent in Hebrew. An outspoken public figure, he also wrote two books on the Palestine problem, reflecting his involvement in confronting British imperialism and Zionism. He was arrested by the British authorities in 1939. The last two decades of his life were lived in the shadow of several personal tragedies: the loss of his brilliant son in an accident at Jerash, the loss and destruction of his family home, and of his clinic in Jerusalem during the 1948 war. <mask> managed to re-establish his life and career in East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule. First taking sanctuary in a convent in the Old City for two years, he was appointed director of the Augusta Victoria Hospital on the Mount of Olives, where he lived with his family through his retirement until his death in 1964. Early life

Born in the village of Beit Jala in Palestine during the rule of the Ottoman Empire, <mask> studied as a child at the Schneller School, founded by German missionaries in nearby Jerusalem.His father Bechara, who was also schooled there, founded the first Lutheran church, YMCA, and co-ed school in Beit Jala and the first Arab pastor for the German Protestant Palestine Mission. His mother, Katharina, was raised in a German orphanage in Beirut and met Bechara while working at a hospital in Jerusalem. In 1898-9, <mask> went to Beirut to study medicine at the Syrian Protestant College (today the American University of Beirut). Obliged to work while studying as his father died of pneumonia shortly after his arrival, he graduated with distinction in 1905. His valedictory speech, "Modern Treatment", was likely his first published piece and broached the use of serums, animal organs and X-rays. <mask> attributed his love of, interest in, and dedication to the people, culture and land of Palestine to his upbringing and the influence of his father who regularly took the family with him on his trips around the country. In the Jerusalem Quarterly, Khaled Nashef suggests <mask>'s knowledge of nature in Palestine as exhibited in writings such as "Plant-lore in Palestinian Superstition" (1928) among others were informed by these trips.Medical career

Returning to Jerusalem from Beirut, <mask> began work in the German Deaconesses Hospital [German], co-administering it with Dr. Adalbert Einsler (1848–1919) during a senior physician’s absence in 1906. He was also sought as a manager at the German-Jewish Hospital (Shaare Zedek). His first published medical article as a practicing physician, “Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis in Jerusalem" (1911), was based on studies he conducted with the director there. Between 1912-1914, <mask> travelled to Germany several times to further his knowledge of microbiology and tropical diseases. He met his wife, Margot Eilender, in an Esperanto class on his first trip there. Margot's father was a German importer and she was born and raised in Palestine. They were quickly married, having their first child Yasma that same year, and built their family home in the al-Musrarah district of Jerusalem in 1913, where their three other children (Theo, Nada, and Leila) were born.In that home, <mask> also opened the only Arab clinic operating in Jerusalem at the time. One of the physicians <mask> collaborated with in Germany was Hans Müch, head of a mission to Palestine whose 1913 report on tuberculosis included three research papers authored by <mask>. That same year, he was appointed director of the Malaria Branch of the International Health Bureau, a world center for medical research and microscopic examination founded by The German Society for Fighting Malaria, The Jewish Health Bureau, and The Jewish Physicians and Scientists for Improving Health in Palestine. He also served patients at the Arab General Hospital in the hilltop village of Sheikh Badr next to Jerusalem. World Wars I & II
<mask> was working in the German Hospital in Jerusalem in 1914 when World War I began in October. As a citizen of the Ottoman Empire, which administered Palestine at the time, <mask> was drafted as an officer into the Ottoman army. First assigned as a physician to a contingent in Nazareth, he was transferred that same year to 'Awja al-Hafeer.He was appointed Head of the Laboratories on the Sinai Front by the German chief physician in charge there, a position that allowed Canaan to travel between Bir as-Saba, Beit Hanoun, Gaza, and Shaykh Nouran, as well as Damascus, Amman, and Aleppo. During this period, he collected more than 200 amulets to add to a collection he had begun in the early 20th century. He contracted both cholera and typhus during the war and survived, though his brother Wadia was killed in the fighting and buried at the Zion cemetery in Jerusalem. Soon after the end of the war, in 1919, <mask> was appointed Director of The Leprosy Hospital (Asylum of the Lepers Jesushilfe, now Hansen House) in Talbiyyah, the only leprosy hospital in Syria, Palestine, and the Transjordan. Considered an incurable disease at the time, Canaan contributed to research in the fields of bacteriology and microscopic examination that resulted in the discovery of a cure using chaulmoogra oil. With the reopening of the German Hospital in 1923, <mask> was appointed head of the Internal Medicine Division, a position he held until the hospital had to cease operations in 1940. The onset of World War II meant that most German citizens had either left Palestine or been arrested by the British Mandatory authorities as enemy aliens.Over the course of his medical career, <mask> treated people from all classes and segments of Palestinian and Arab society. He was one of a number of physicians from Jerusalem to examine Sherif Hussein of Mecca in Amman before his death in 1931, and removed a bullet from the thigh of Abu Jildah, a notorious Palestinian rebel, in 1936. An entry on Canaan is included in the book Famous Doctors in Tropical Medicine (1932) by Dr. G. Olpp, director of the tropical medicine center in Tübingen, indicating he was well known & regarded within the medical community. Research & writings on Palestine
Canaan's interest in Palestinian peasantry (fellaheen) found its first public expression in an Arabic lecture he gave on "Agriculture in Palestine" in 1909. Published in German translation in the geographical journal Globus in 1911, it continues to be recognized as a useful historical reference for basic information on the development of Palestinian agriculture in the early 20th century. In this first article outside the field of medicine, Canaan exhibits his deep familiarity with the field of "Oriental Studies", referencing the work of Schumacher, Bauer, Guthe and Burckhardt, alongside classical sources, like Strabo and Josephus, and Arab sources like Mujir ad-Din. Influenced too by the Old Testament studies of Gustaf Dalman, Albrecht Alt, and Martin Noth, all of whom were personal acquaintances, Canaan used the Bible as a basic source to compare past and present agricultural practices.<mask> and Dalman co-headed The Evangelical German Institute beginning in 1903, and they shared the idea that it is not possible to understand the Old Testament without studying Palestinian folklore. In "The Calendar of Palestinian Peasants," published by the Journal of the German Palestine Society () in 1913, Canaan focused on traditional beliefs organizing the agricultural practices of Palestinian fellaheen. A significant observation recorded in this paper was that people in southern Palestine divided the year into 7 periods of 50 days, a type of pentecontad calendar. Subsequent scholars referencing his work traced the origins of this calendar system to Western Mesopotamia circa the 3rd millennium BCE, suggesting it was also used by the Amorites. <mask>'s first book on Palestinian folklore practices was published in 1914 and entitled Superstition and Popular Medicine. Palestine Oriental Society & its journal

A member of the American School for Oriental Research (established 1900), the Jerusalem branch of which was headed from 1920 to 1929 by the American archaeologist William Foxwell Albright, Canaan was also a member of the Palestine Oriental Society, (established in 1920 by Albert Tobias Clay). Albright was a lifelong friend of <mask>'s, and edited his book 'Mohammedan Saints and Sancruaries (1927), as well as several of his articles, the last in 1962.<mask> played a very active role in the Palestine Oriental Society, serving as a member of the board, as well as secretary and sometime treasurer from early in the 1920s through until 1948, though the last article he published in its journal was in 1937. Other articles <mask> published for the Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (1920-1948) – such as, "Haunted Springs and Water Demons in Palestine" (1920–1921), "Tasit ar-Radjfeh" ("Fear Cup"; 1923), and "Plant-lore in Palestinian Superstition" (1928) – exhibit his deep interest in superstition. Salim Tamari, director of the Institute of Jerusalem Studies, describes <mask> as the most prominent member of a school of "nativist" ethnographers who published their works in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (JPOS). Their research and contributions were motivated by their belief that the "native culture of Palestine" was best represented in the traditions of the fellaheen, and that this ancient "living heritage" had to be urgently documented as the modern world encroached upon the Palestinian countryside. These Palestinian ethnographers included Omar Saleh al-Barghouti, Stephan Hanna Stephan, Elias Haddad, and Khalil Totah, and all of them (excepting Totah) were Jerusalemites, like Canaan.

masks:
Tawfiq Canaan
Canaan
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title: Tawfiq Canaan

texts:
 Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine
Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine (1927) is identified by Meron Benvenisti as <mask>'s "most outstanding contribution to the ethnography of Arab Palestine and to the annals of his country." In the introduction to the book, <mask> makes explicit his urgent motivation to document ancient, still practiced Palestinian traditions & beliefs threatened by Western influence and the spread of European educational models: "The primitive features of Palestine are disappearing so quickly that before long most of them will be forgotten."The shrines (awlia), sanctuaries (maqamat) and cults that made up popular Islam and popular religion in Palestine, and local Christian, Jewish and Muslim rituals held in common are outlined in Canaan's work. While local saints worshipped in Palestine can be said to be rooted in Muslim traditions, "they are actually ennobled sheikhs, who after their death, have been elevated to sainthood." Local Muslims, many of whom had never stepped into a mosque, honoured these village saints at awlia, often situated by trees or other natural landmarks, some at or nearby ancient sites of worship for the "local Baals of Canaan" given, as John Wilkinson puts it, a 'Muslim disguise'. Canaan saw these practices as evidence that the fellaheen were heirs to the practices of the earlier pre-monotheistic inhabitants of Palestine, "who built the first high places." Also covered in this work are therapeutic bathing rituals people undertook to cure diseases and ailments, with descriptions of the specific water sources perceived to be especially holy or effective. Canaan noted how people with fevers, many from malaria, would drink from al-Suhada cistern in Hebron and bathe in springs in Silwan, Kolonia (Ein al-Samiya) and Nebi Ayyub (Ein al-Nebi Ayyub) and a well in Beit Jibrin for al-Sheikh Ibrahim. Specific swamps were also considered to be sacred healing places.Al-Matbaa at Tel al-Sammam in the Plain of Esdraelon, associated with the wali ("saint") al-Sheik Ibrek, was widely renowned for curing sterility, rheumatism and nervous pains. <mask> noted that after washing in its water, women seeking to conceive would offer a present to al-Sheikh Ibrek. Archaeology & ethnography
Among <mask>'s acquaintances were a number of specialists in the field of Palestinian archaeology, including William Foxwell Albright, Nelson Glueck, and Kathleen Kenyon, and his interest in the history of the region naturally extended to the field of archaeology. In 1929, he participated in an archaeological expedition in Petra organized by George Horsfield, and discovered at its northern boundary a Kebaran shelter that he named Wadi Madamagh. That same year he published a five chapter article, "Studies in the Topography and Folklore of Petra", in the JPOS that included topographical maps with Arabic names for the features and sites that he collected from the local Bedouin population, along with oral histories associated with them. He also devoted a chapter to an ethnographic study of the Lijatne tribe, and politely dispelled their erroneous identification as "Simeonites or other Beni-Israel" by non-Arabic speaking authors, due to their sidelocks, noting it just happened to be a recent fashion among them at the time. Nationalist writings

<mask>'s politics and strong sense of nationalism find clear expression in two of his published works: The Palestine Arab Cause (1936) and Conflict in the Land of Peace (1936).Published in English, Arabic, and French, The Palestine Arab Cause was a 48-page booklet that collated a series of articles <mask> authored for the local and foreign press following the outbreak of the 1936 Arab revolt. <mask> described British policy in Palestine as, "a destructive campaign against the Arabs with the ultimate aim of exterminating them from their country." He questioned the nationality laws enacted by the Mandatory authorities which prevented Palestinian immigrants in the Americas, who had been citizens of the Ottoman Empire, from obtaining Palestinian citizenship in Mandate Palestine. Directed at influencing British public opinion, the writings were seen by the Mandatory authorities as subversive. Conflict in the Land of Peace was penned to respond to an anonymous rebuttal of "The Palestine Arab Cause" that claimed European Jewish immigration to Palestine brought benefits, such as improvements in agriculture and the general health of the peasantry. <mask> delves more deeply into the Palestine problem and deconstructs the alleged benefits. For example, he concedes that Zionist settlers did contribute to controlling the malaria epidemic in Palestine through the draining of swamps, but notes that the workers who performed the actual task were Arabs, who thus transformed lands purchased by Zionist owners at very low prices into more valuable agricultural lands for their exclusive benefit.Recalling that dozens of the Egyptian labourers employed to dig the drainage channels died in the process, <mask> writes: "Baron De Rothschild supplied the money and the Egyptians gave their lives." <mask> further notes that the anonymous pamphleteer ignores that Palestinians and Arabs drained swamps in dozens of sites throughout Palestine, under the supervision of the Department of Health, with Arab financial support and volunteer labour, caring for and improving their own lands and lives. <mask> was also co-signatory to a document sent to the Higher Arab Committee on 6 August 1936, and there is reason to believe that he supported Arab armed resistance. From 1936 onward, <mask>, clearly expressed his rejection of British policies, in particular the policy of Zionist immigration to Palestine. Published works
(Partial list)

Folklore and ethnography

Alternative:  See also Jumana Emil Abboud

Alt:

  (translated from German by William Templer)
orig:

Politics
  (48-page booklet)
  (Published in English, Arabic, and French)

Medical

War & Nakba

Imprisonment of <mask>, his wife, and his sister
<mask> was arrested by the British Mandate authorities the same day that Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. Ordered released at his second court session, the Criminal Investigation Department intervened and had him imprisoned for nine weeks in Acre. His wife Margot and his sister Badra were also arrested, and imprisoned at a women's facility for criminal prisoners in Bethlehem; Margot for nine months, and Badra for four years.They were then held in Wilhelma, a German colony turned British detention camp for German Palestinians until their release in 1943. Though Margot's arrest was primarily because of her German ancestry, both women were politically active, having helped found the Arab Women's Committee in Jerusalem in 1934.This charitable society took strong political stances, calling for civil disobedience and the continuation of the general strike that kicked off the 1936 revolt. Badra also served as the assistant secretary in the Palestinian delegation to The Eastern Women's Conference that was held in support of Palestine in Cairo in October 1938. These arrests of the Canaan family were part of the general British policy of suppressing  Palestinian resistance to Zionism & British rule. Arab Medical Society of Palestine
The Arab Medical Society of Palestine was established in August 1944, based on a decision taken at the Arab Medical Conference in Haifa ten years earlier. A coordinating body for medical associations in cities throughout Palestine, Canaan was its first president. He was also a member of the editorial board for the Society's journal,  ("The Palestinian Arab Medical Journal"), the first issue of which was published in Arabic and English in December 1945.The Society also organized medical conferences, the first of which was in July 1945. As the situation in Palestinian cities and villages became increasingly insecure, the Society trained and organized relief units and centers to provide medical aid to civilians and the Palestinian and Arab militants fighting to defend them. Contacting and coordinating with the Red Cross to protect hospitals and other humanitarian institutions, the Society also made appeals to medical associations  to send help, and limited medical aid was sent by some in the Arab world. Canaan was also a founding member of the Higher Arab Relief Committee, established on 24 January 1948, to receive aid coming to the country and supervise its distribution. The Nakba

Bombs and mortar shells hit Arab houses in al-Musrarah quarter of Jerusalem where the Canaan family home was located on 22 February 1948. Shortly thereafter, the children were moved to a safer location, but <mask>, Margot, Badra, and Nora (his sister-in-law) stayed, until the house sustained a direct hit on 9 May 1948. The extended family all then went to stay at a convent in the Old City in a room given to them by the  Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, where they lived for two and a half years.<mask>'s daughter Leila Mantoura wrote of this time: "Mother and father would go daily to the top of the Wall of Jerusalem to look at their home. They witnessed it being ransacked, together with the wonderful priceless library and manuscripts, which mother guarded jealously and with great pride. They saw mother's Biedermeyer furniture being loaded into trucks and then their home being set on fire." <mask>'s family home, library, and three manuscripts ready for publication were destroyed in the process. His collection of amulets and icons was spared, as it had already been entrusted to an international organization in the western part of Jerusalem earlier that same year for safekeeping. Awards
 Order of the Red Crescent (in World War I)
 Iron Cross of 1914
 Holy Sepulchre Cross with a red ribbon, awarded by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch (1951)
 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1951)

See also
 Saint George Interfaith shrine
Palestinian Christians

References

Bibliography

  Originally presented in 1988 as author's thesis (doctoral) at Fachbereich Evangelische Theologie of Philipps-Universität in Marburg

External links
 The Tawfiq <mask> Collection of Palestinian Amulets – A virtual gallery
The Great War in Palestine: Dr <mask> <mask>’s Photographic Album, Norbert Schwake, 2014, Jerusalem Quarterly, Institute for Palestine Studies

1882 births
1964 deaths
People from Beit Jala
Arab people in Mandatory Palestine
Ottoman Army personnel
Ottoman military personnel of World War I
Palestinian Lutherans
20th-century Palestinian physicians
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914)
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Arabs in Ottoman Palestine
Palestinian Christians
20th-century physicians of the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Lutherans
Palestine

masks: Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Canaan Tawfiq Canaan Canaan Canaan Tawfiq Canaan


title: Aqualung (musician)

texts:
Matthew Nicholas Hales (born 17 January 1972) is an English songwriter, musician, and record producer who has been performing professionally under the name Aqualung since the early 2000s. <mask> is best known in the UK for his song "Strange and Beautiful," which was featured on a television advertisement for the new Volkswagen Beetle during the summer of 2002 and went on to become a Top 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart later that year. In the United States, Aqualung is also known for the song "Brighter Than Sunshine," which had considerable airplay and was used in the film A Lot Like Love and various television spots. Hales has released six albums as Aqualung. The most recent, 10 Futures, appeared in 2015. As a songwriter and record producer, Hales has collaborated with Lianne La Havas, Bat for Lashes, Tom Chaplin, Mika, Daniel Wilson, Kina Grannis, Andreya Triana, The Fray, Kwabs, Jason Mraz, Reignwolf, Sara Bareilles, Jacob Banks, Paloma Faith, Disclosure, Alex Clare, Mansionair, Mikky Ekko, For King & Country and many others. Hales' work has earned him various awards and nominations, including two Grammy and three Ivor Novello nominations.Life and career

Early life
Hales grew up in Southampton, where his parents ran an independent record shop. He aspired to be a musician from an early age, writing songs using the family piano when he was just 4 years old. When he was 16, Hales was awarded a scholarship to study music composition at Winchester College. Within a year, he wrote his first symphony titled "Life Cycle," and formed his first band, which carried several different names during its lifespan. In the spring of 1990, the band (known at the time as Mecano Pig) produced their debut self-titled album, but broke up soon afterwards. That same year, Hales moved to London to study music at City University, and in 1992 formed a new band with his brother Ben called Gravel Monsters. RUTH / the 45s
Gravel Monsters became a quartet that featured Matt & Ben Hales, Matt Vincent-Brown, and Stephen Cousins.The band's name was changed to RUTH in 1992, and although it enjoyed a minor hit in 1997 ("I Don't Know") which earned them a loyal fan base, the indie rock quartet failed to find commercial success in their seven years together. Arc Records released RUTH's debut album Harrison in 1999. After the band parted ways with Arc Records in the Summer of 2000, they renamed themselves the 45s and signed a short-term contract with Mercury Records (part of the Universal Music Group). Despite releasing two well-received singles, the label declined to renew the band's contract in March 2002, leading the band to split up. It was at this moment that Matt Hales began to concentrate on a solo project that he would call Aqualung. In 2003 a double CD "Donut (A Collection Of Songs For Fellow Appreciators Of RUTH)" was compiled by the bands's former guitarist Ben Hales and independently released on the Vanity Press label. It featured re-mastered studio, demo and live tracks on one CD and three promo videos on a second CD.Aqualung
Almost immediately after the 45s split, Aqualung's debut single "Strange and Beautiful (I'll Put a Spell on You)" gained popularity when it was used as the soundtrack on a television commercial for the new Volkswagen Beetle. It was released as a single on B-Unique Records in September 2002, and reached No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart. Later that month, B-Unique released the eponymous debut album Aqualung, which according to the sleeve notes was recorded entirely in Hales' hallway. It peaked at No. 15 on the UK Albums Chart, and achieved Gold status before year's end. The album's second single "Good Times Gonna Come" was released on 2 December 2002.It was featured on the British television show Skins, and reached No. 71 on the UK Singles Chart. Several singles followed into the next year, as did Aqualung's second album Still Life, which spawned the single "Brighter Than Sunshine". The song attracted the attention of film and television music supervisors in both Europe and North America, and was featured in the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and the motion picture A Lot Like Love. "Brighter Than Sunshine" enjoyed Top 40 airplay success in the United States, leading <mask> to a worldwide recording contract with Columbia Records in 2005, and the US release of Strange and Beautiful, a compilation of tracks from his first two UK albums. It reached No. 3 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, eventually selling more than 250,000 copies in the US.Throughout the mid and late 2000s, Aqualung's music was used in television shows such as Grey's Anatomy, The O.C., CSI: Miami, Gossip Girl, Cold Case, Scrubs, One Tree Hill, Eli Stone, and Brothers and Sisters. Hales and his touring band spent the next two years performing throughout North America, participating in the Hotel Cafe Tour, which also featured Cary Brothers, Meiko, Greg Laswell, Tom McRae, Joe Purdy, and Jim Bianco. While on the road, Hales would routinely switch up the Aqualung show with different musicians, settings, and approaches. The diverse elements he explored during these tours (including the use of an echo device called the Memory Man) subsequently drove the creative process behind what would become Aqualung's next album, Memory Man. It was released in March 2007, and the liner notes credit Hales with playing the following instruments: piano, Fender Rhodes, glockenspiel, electric guitar, Stairwell Drums, harmonium, Moog bass and vocoder. Hales completed his first UK tour since his debut album was released, and concluded the run at the newly re-opened Tabernacle, Notting Hill. 2008 brought the release of Words and Music, Hales' first album for Verve Forecast Records.It featured acoustic versions of two songs from his debut album Aqualung, as well as new songs written in a similar style. In 2010, Hales moved to Los Angeles, to begin the production of his sixth studio album titled Magnetic North. In reference to the album on his Facebook page, Hales said, "It's hard to describe. It's like 12 kids who you would never guess were in the same family until you hear them speaking." The album's first single "Fingertip" was released on 2 March 2010, and reviews of Magnetic North make reference to the indication of Los Angeles' influence on Hales as a writer, with songs containing words like "California," "Sundowning," and "Hummingbird," which were not used prior to his moving Stateside. In 2013, Hales announced on his Facebook page that he had begun work on a new Aqualung album. Also in 2013, Aqualung is featured on the song "Surrounded" on the album A Song Across Wires by EDM artist BT.Songwriter and producer
As early as 2004, Hales began collaborating with other artists as a songwriter and producer. He co-wrote "UR" by Tiësto which featured his lead vocal, and was released as a single and featured on the album Just Be. He worked with Leona Lewis on her album Echo in 2009, and in 2010 he co-wrote songs appearing on albums by Brooke Fraser, Christophe Willem, and Boyzone. After co-writing and producing the song "Pick Up Your Tricks" with Australian pop rock band Amy Meredith in 2011, Hales wrote and produced "Cold" which featured himself and Lucy Schwartz and appeared on The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (soundtrack), which sold more than 500,000 copies in the United States. 2012 proved to be the breakout year for Hales in the recording studio. He co-wrote and produced Is Your Love Big Enough? by British singer/songwriter Lianne La Havas.It debuted at No. 4 on the UK Albums Chart, was named iTunes UK album of the year, and was nominated at the 2012 Barclaycard Mercury Prize. In addition to this, Hales co-wrote "Everything Is Sound" on Jason Mraz's Grammy nominated album Love Is A Four Letter Word, and worked with Paloma Faith on the single "Just Be" from her album Fall to Grace. He also co-wrote and produced Diane Birch's single "Unfucked", and the single "Same Heart (feat. Tom Chaplin)" by Laura Jansen. Hales has recently spent time in the studio collaborating with Christina Perri, The Fray, Sara Bareilles, Birdie, Alex Clare, Katharine McPhee, Ginny Blackmore, Kina Grannis, Matt Nathanson, among others. Discography

Aqualung

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

DVDs

Other releases/promos

RUTH

Selected songwriting discography

Selected production discography

References

External links

English male singers
English songwriters
1972 births
Living people
Columbia Records artists
21st-century English singers
21st-century British male singers
British male songwriters

masks: Aqualung Aqualung