title: Denis Buican

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 21 December 1934 in Bucharest) is a Romanian-French scientist, bilingual writer, biologist, philosopher and a historian of science. He has studied genetics. Background
His father Dumitru Peligrad a boyar and philanthropist was placed under house arrest after the invasion of Romania by the Red Army (starting 23 August 1944), but he refused to submit to regular police checks. Although belonging to a class deemed "unhealthy" by the then communist regime, the young researcher was a brilliant undergraduate at the University of Bucharest. Pioneer of Romanian radio-genetics (his first studies focused on the influence of electricity on the life of plants), agronomist (1956), Doctor (Ph.D) in Genetics (1961), then a professor at the University of Bucharest, he fought theories of Lysenkoism, imposed by the ex-USSR in the former so-called "popular democratic" countries of Central and Eastern Europe. After 1948 his laboratories were destroyed three times and he was banned from the university in the late 1950s. In his first book, published in Romanian, in 1969, General Biology, Genetics and Improvement, <mask> did not hesitate to formally confront Lysenkoism amidst repressive political and social campaigns undertaken in science and agriculture by the powerful Stalinist director Trofim Lysenko and his followers, starting year 1920.History of Science
Naturalized French in 1972, he undertook a work of history and philosophy of science, embodied by his thesis of Doctor (Ph.D) of State (1983), History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, the first true history of this science published in France. In 1989, his book The Revolution of Evolution received a Grand Prize from the French Academy. In 1997, he presided over the "Biology and Medical Science" section of the twentieth International Congress of History of Science (Liege, Belgium). Professor of history of science at the French University of Paris X-Nanterre (1983–2003), he is the author of a new theory of evolution, the "Synergistic Theory of Evolution". Publications
A writer in Romanian and French, <mask> has published several collections of poems, in sensitivity close to poems written by Romanian poets Mihai Eminescu, Lucian Blaga and Tudor Arghezi. Haunted by nothingness, these short poems, very dense, open up a universe that is not unlike that of Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran. Romania's First Radiobiology Laboratory
In 1955 he founded the first radiobiology laboratory of Romania and, the following year, he graduated this university as an agricultural engineer.Fighting tirelessly Lysenkoism's theories (which caused to his lab to be destroyed three times: in 1956, 1960 and 1962), he continues his research on plants' resistance to cold and on the heterosis (or hybrid vigor) for hybrids of Zea mays (the maize). His works, which were initially the subject of a first doctorate (Ph.D) thesis, in natural science (defended and published in Bucharest, Romania, in 1961), will be extended, completed and introduced, after his arrival in France, in a second doctoral thesis (defended and published at the Faculty of Sciences, in Paris, France, in 1970). Theorist of biology, <mask> has developed a new model called "Synergistic Theory of Evolution". It updates and complements the previous "Synthetic Theory" having in view that the natural selection underlined by Charles Darwin is to be applied only to phenotype, so that certain phenomena (such as lethal mutations) were not sufficiently taken into account by this old model. <mask>'s theory and model have introduced "a new concept in the evolutionary and hereditary process - i.e the pre-selection genotyping" - which may be defined as "the natural operation which eliminates a priori, to genotype level, any genetic combination or mutation which is unfit for the survival of it" (The revolution of evolution, 1989). Guided by the "Systems Theory" of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, <mask>'s theory envisages synergistic multi-pole selection which would be able to act within every living (from the atom to human being). French Teacher
Philosopher and historian of science Visiting professor at the Sorbonne University (1969–1974), senior lecturer at the University of Dijon (1974–1980) and at the University of Paris I (1980–1983), <mask> Buican teaches Philosophy and History of biological sciences, while preparing a third (state) doctoral thesis on the history of genetics in France, under the direction of .Philosopher of sciences, he redefines notably the place of chance in evolution, in departing positions adopted by Jacques Monod: beyond the absolute chance postulated by the Nobel Prize, he introduces an "oriented chance" (called "evolving orthodromic") and considers (in "Chance, necessity and logic of living", La Nouvelle Revue Française, 225, 1971) the opportunities to be offered by genetic manipulation – which will be confirmed by the first genetic engineering work done in 1974. New Theory
<mask> has also developed a new theory of knowledge, called Biognoséologie, which attempts to exceed the Kantian distinction between phenomena and noumènes (those "things by themselves" which, according to Kant, can not be investigated by human beings) : based on ethology's data and on advances in molecular biology, he considered the so-called "relative noumènes", which would likely capture a probable reality. Historian, based on the epistemological model of Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962), he also considered the introduction of genetics in France as a "run with obstacles": the science of heredity was accepted only in 1945, not without some resistance by biologists themselves, most of them being attached to . He is also the author of an essay, "The eternal return of Lysenko" (1978) dedicated to the interpretation of Lysenkoism: denouncing the theories of the philosopher Dominique Lecourt (author of the essay Lysenko published in 1976), which denied any liability to Marxism in the emergence then the triumph of Stalin's Lysenkoism theses. On the contrary he shows that the roots of Lysenkoism are to be found in the messianism and determinism of Marx and Engels. Becoming a professor at University of Paris X – Nanterre, in 1983, <mask> Buican devoted most of his research on the history of Darwinism, Evolution and Genetics, he publishes many books. Respect For The Individual
A free man without illusions about Western democracies - which he did not consider to be truly democratic and readily qualified them as being only "police- and plutocratic demagogies" - he calls, on contrary, for an open, meritocratic society, based on the principles of power separation and reciprocal control of powers (according to Montesquieu), on the respect for the individual value and on equal opportunities.Probabilistic, he wished that the human society will enable everyone to freely and fully develop her/ his hereditary potential. Very critical in respect to the French university system - which he readily denounces as having a clan structure, attitudes and behaviors - he considers that "a society aiming to be simultaneously equitable and efficient does require a selective - and even a micro-selective - educational system being able to offer to everyone, from cradle to the grave, the possibility to develop herself / himself without any discrimination of class or race, of religion or customs, as far as her/ his genetic heritage does allow." (The university as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2004, p. 127). Bibliography

Epistemology and History of science
 General Biology, Genetics and Improvement, in collaboration with Bogdan Stugren,  Bucharest, Didactic and Pedagogic Editions, 1969 (in Romanian). The Eternal Return of Lysenko, Paris, Copernicus, 1978 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1983). Heredity and the Future of the Man, Paris, Serge Fleury, 1983.History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, Paris, PUF, 1984. Preface by Pierre Chaunu. The Genetics and Evolution, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1986 reissue.,1993 (translated into Portuguese by Editions Europa America, 1987). Genetics and Evolutionary Thinking, Paris, SEDES, 1987. Darwin and Darwinism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1987 reissue., 1994 (translated into Portuguese - Brazil - Editions Zahar, 1990, Turkish, Ilev, 1991 and Chinese, 1999). Lysenko and Lysenkoism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1988. The Revolution of Evolution, Paris, PUF, 1989.Preface by Pierre Chaunu (translated into Romanian, Scientific Editions, 1994). The evolution and Evolutionism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1989; reissued under the title The Darwinism and Evolutionism, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2005. The biological explosion, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991. Charles Darwin, Paris, Criterion, 1992 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1996, Romanian, All editions, 1999). Mendel and genetics of yesterday and today, Paris, Criterion, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1997). Biognoséologie.Evolution and revolution of knowledge, Paris, Kimé, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1993). Jean Rostand, the iconoclastic patriarch of Ville d'Avray, Paris, Kimé, 1994. History of biology. Heredity-Evolution, Paris, Nathan, 1994 (translated into Spanish, Acento editorial, 1995, in Greek, Ed. Savalas, 1996, in Portuguese, Ed. Europa-America, 1996).Evolution of Biological Thought, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Evolution today, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Comparative Ethology, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Evolution, the great adventure of life, Paris, Nathan, 1995. Evolution and evolutionary theories, Paris, Masson, 1997. Dictionary of biology. Essentials, Paris, Larousse, 1997 (translated into Romanian, enciclopedic Universe, 2001, in Portuguese, Circulo de lettore, 2002).Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science (Liège, 20–26 July 1997). (ed. with D. Thieffry): Biological and Medical Sciences, Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols Publishers, 2002. The epic life. The evolution of the biosphere and human avatars, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2003 (translated into Romanian, CD Press, 2004). The Odyssey of evolution, Paris, Ellipses, 2008. Darwin in the history of biological thought, Paris, Ellipses, 2008.Mendel in the history of genetics, Paris, Ellipses, 2008. Biology. History and philosophy, Paris, CNRS éditions, 2010. Evolution. History and controversies (co-author: Cédric Grimoult), Paris, CNRS éditions, 2011. Darwin and the Evolutionism's epic, Paris, Perrin, 2012. Essays

 Dracula and his avatars – from Vlad the Impaler to Stalin and Ceausescu, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991.The changing face of Dracula. The history and legend, Paris, Le Feline, 1993. The University as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, François-Xavier de Guibert, 2004. Memoirs (A stormy life between East and West), Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2007. Secular Mosaic, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2010. (French-Romanian edition)

Literary Works

 Single Tree (poems), Price Cino del Duca, Paris, Pierre-Jean Oswald, 1974. Blind Light (poems), Paris, Editions Saint-Germain-des-Pres, 1976.Mamura (poems), Bucharest, Editura Demiurg, 1993. (in Romanian)
 SPICE - Old and New Poems, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2006. (in Romanian)
 Black Jewellery, Bucharest, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2008. (in Romanian)
 Torture wheel - Light wheel, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2009. (French-Romanian edition)

References

External links
 Gilles Smadja, « Le mauvais dissident » Gilles Smadja, "The poor dissident," Humanity, 19 December 1990
 Decision of the Administrative Court of Appeal of 15 December 2005
 Cédric Grimoult,Cédric Grimoult, "History of thought scientific, historical, philosophical: <mask> and the Biosphere", Organon (Warsaw), 34-2005, 217-238.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103516/http://membres.lycos.fr/denisbuican/
 Kaleidoscope (excerpt), texts translated from the French, published in The Black Herald, issue 3, 2012

1934 births
Living people
Romanian emigrants to France
University of Burgundy faculty
French biologists
Scientists from Bucharest
University of Bucharest faculty
Historians of biology
Paris Nanterre University faculty

masks:
Denis Buican
Dumitru Buicangrad
Denis Buican
Denis Buican
Denis Buican
Buican
Buican
Denis
Denis Buican
Denis
Denis Buican


title: Doug Davis (pitcher)

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (born September 21, 1975) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Chicago Cubs. <mask> was born in Sacramento, California, and went to Northgate High School in Walnut Creek, California, where he played football and baseball. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers following his senior year in high school, but did not sign. <mask> attended Diablo Valley College after high school and played baseball. He later attended the City College of San Francisco, where he earned Second Team All-Conference honors as a pitcher in his junior season. Minor league career
<mask> was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 10th round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft.<mask> began his minor league career for the Texas Rangers rookie league affiliate, the Gulf Coast Rangers, in 1996 where he went 3–1 with a 1.90 ERA in 8 games and 42 innings. In 1997 <mask> started his season with the Gulf Coast Rangers going 3–1 with a 1.70 ERA in 4 games before being promoted to the High-A Charlotte Rangers where he spent the rest of 1998 and 1998, going 16–10 over that period. In 1999, <mask> began the season in AA Tulsa posting an impressive 2.42 ERA over 74 innings with a record of 4–4, which earned him a promotion to the AAA Oklahoma RedHawks where he finished the season with a 7–0 record, 3.00 ERA. <mask> made his major league debut in 1999, and then spent time between AAA and the Major Leagues from 1999 to 2003 before becoming a full-time major league player, going 17–6 during that period. Major league career

Texas Rangers
<mask> made his MLB debut on August 9, 1999 for the Rangers, appearing in only 2 games. <mask> pitched out of the bullpen for the majority of the season while also making 13 starts. He also threw a complete game against the Red Sox on August 21.<mask> was inserted into the Rangers rotation, making 30 starts. He finished 11–10 in 186 innings. <mask>' 2002 season was cut short due to injury, managing to make just 10 starts for the Rangers. In 2003, <mask> only made 1 start, pitching 3 innings while allowing 4 runs. Toronto Blue Jays
<mask> was claimed off waivers on April 30 by the Blue Jays. He started 11 games for them, going 4–6 with a 5.00 ERA. Milwaukee Brewers
<mask> signed with the Milwaukee Brewers after becoming a free agent in mid July.He made 5 starts in AAA before being called up on August 11, 2003. On September 19, he allowed a home run to Hall of Fame pitcher Randy Johnson, the only home run of his career. <mask> was an anchor for the Brewers in 2004. He had career bests in all pitching categories, notching 12 wins while allowing a career low 14 home runs. <mask> continued with the Brewers in 2005, going 11–11 with a 3.84 ERA. On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, <mask> was one of more than 50 batters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Breast Cancer Foundation. <mask> made a brief appearance in 2005 as a potential home buyer on the A&E television program Flip This House episode "It's a Rat Race".He finished the 2006 season 11–11 with a 4.91 ERA and 102 walks. Arizona Diamondbacks
On November 25, 2006, <mask> was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with pitcher Dana Eveland and outfielder Dave Krynzel, for catcher Johnny Estrada, and pitchers Greg Aquino and Claudio Vargas. The Diamondbacks and <mask> agreed to a three-year, $22 million deal. In his first season for the Diamondbacks, <mask> went 13–12 with a 4.25 ERA and 144 strikeouts in 192 innings. On July 29, 2008, <mask> took a perfect game into the bottom of the 7th inning at Petco Park. <mask>' 2008 season was cut short due to injury, making 26 starts, and finishing with a record of 6–8. On August 12, 2009, <mask>' former team, the Milwaukee Brewers, put a waiver claim on him, but he was not traded.<mask> ended the season with a 9–14 record, with a 4.12 ERA and 1.51 WHIP. He tied for the major league lead in errors by a pitcher with 5, and also led the league in walks with 103. Second Stint with Brewers
On January 22, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers for $4.25 million in 2010, with a $6.5 million mutual option for 2011 with a $1 million buyout. <mask> endured a rough season in 2010, making only 8 starts and going 1–4 with a 7.51 ERA. He spent most of the season on the disabled list. His option was declined after the season. Chicago Cubs
On April 12, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs, stipulating that if he were to join the Cubs major league team that season, he would make $900,000 with possible bonuses that could bring his total salary to nearly $2 million.The Cubs purchased his contract on May 14. <mask> was released on June 29 by the Cubs after going 1–7 with a 6.50 ERA in 9 starts. Chicago White Sox
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox on July 15, 2011. Kansas City Royals
On May 12, 2012, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. He remained the whole season at AAA, going 9–4 with a 4.66 ERA in 16 starts for the Omaha Storm Chasers. Pitching style
<mask> threw four pitches: a four-seam fastball at 84–87 mph, a cutter at 80–84, a curveball at 68–72, and a changeup at 78–81. <mask>'s four-seamer was the slowest fastball among left-handed starters in the 2011 season.<mask> typically had a high walk rate throughout his career. He has finished in the top 2 in the National League in walks four times, including first in 2009. He was known for his windup, a slow process that could be compared to the "two-stage" motions many Japanese pitchers have used. Personal life
<mask> is married to Chantelle <mask>, with whom he has two children, Dylan and Gavin. He also has a daughter, Drew, and a son, Jordan, with his ex-wife. In his off time, he enjoys golf, chess, fishing, and spending time with his kids. On March 28, 2008, <mask> was diagnosed with thyroid cancer.<mask> made two starts in the regular 2008 season before having surgery to remove his thyroid, a procedure scheduled for April 10. Following surgery, <mask> was given a radioactive iodine treatment to kill any remaining cancer. He was expected to take 4–6 weeks to recover, and doctors reported a 97% chance of full recovery. On May 9, 2008, it was announced by the Diamondbacks that <mask> had undergone a series of tests, the results of which indicated that he was, by then, cancer-free. He was expected to make two rehab starts in the minor leagues before returning to the Diamondbacks' Major League roster. He returned to the Diamondbacks rotation on May 23, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves. He pitched seven innings, allowing only one run and striking out five in an 11–1 win for Arizona.His father was in the stands for his return. References

External links

Doug <mask> Foundation

1975 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Sacramento, California
Charlotte Knights players
Charlotte Rangers players
Chicago Cubs players
City College of San Francisco Rams baseball players
Daytona Cubs players
Diablo Valley College alumni
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Tulsa Drillers players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players

masks:
Douglas N
. Davis
Youth Davis
College Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Doug Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Renee Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


title: Charles Clough (artist)

texts:
<mask> (born February 2, 1951 in Buffalo, New York) is an American painter. His art has been exhibited in over 70 solo and over 150 group exhibitions throughout North America and Europe and is included in the permanent collections of over 70 museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art, and Smithsonian American Art Museum. <mask> has received fellowships and grants from the New York State Council on the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, and the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Buffalo, New York where he attended Hutchinson Central Technical High School. He then attended Pratt Institute in Brooklyn from 1969-1970 where the two-dimensional design teacher Joseph Phillips, introduced Artforum magazine to him. <mask> dropped out and on January 5, 1971 decided that he would devote his life to art. He traded his sculptor's assistant services for studio space with artist Larry W. Griffis Jr., at the Ashford Hollow Foundation's 30 Essex Street former ice-house facility.From 1971-1972 he attended the Ontario College of Art and was introduced to the artists and galleries of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He observed closely the organization of A-Space, a not-for-profit gallery which exhibited emerging artists. This model along with that of Artists Space in New York provided the example that <mask> followed in forming Hallwalls Center for Contemporary Art. By 1973 many of the University at Buffalo's and Buffalo State's art professors had rented studios at 30 Essex Street. One of these, Joseph Panone, brought his student, Robert Longo and introduced him to <mask>, which resulted in the program of exhibitions and artists' visits which became Hallwalls in 1974. Larry W. Griffis Jr. and the Ashford Hollow Foundation shared its space and its Internal Revenue Service's 501 c3 status to seek and be awarded grants by the National Endowment for the Arts and New York State Council on the Arts. Artists whose works were presented during the early years of Hallwalls include, amongst others Vito Acconci, Kathy Acker, Laurie Anderson, Lynda Benglis, Ross Bleckner, Barbara Bloom, Eric Bogosian, Jonathan Borofsky, Chris Burden, Robert Creeley, Eric Fischl, Philip Glass, Jack Goldstein, Dan Graham, Robert Irwin, Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Malcolm Morley, David Salle, Julian Schnabel and Michael Snow.In 1978 after separating Hallwalls from the Ashford Hollow Foundation, establishing its board of directors and obtaining its own 501 c3 status, <mask> returned to New York City to pursue his art. Artwork
<mask> has said, of his artwork, "What I like most about painting, all kinds of painting, is that it ain't what it looks like. Not that it's simply an illusion. I like the contradiction, that my things can have an old master look, the look of Abstract Expressionism and a look of shiny smoothness. I like those paradoxes—flatness and its opposite, the way the photo reveals and the paint conceals. Shuffling and reshuffling, then adding another deck and reshuffling that." In his autobiographical book of images, Pepfog Clufff, <mask> has written of the period following his commitment to art that: "my examination of impulses, desires, and intentions finally began to coalesce in my journal-like Studio Notes with which I have developed the themes and procedures which articulate my meanings to this day.At that point I had abandoned illustrational strategies for paint-as-material processes, generally, as established by Pollock and his progeny. My wood carving gave way to making maquettes for Tony Smith-like sculptures. My photographs reflected Walker Evans on the one hand and Jan Dibbets on the other." Pepfog Clufff includes the following categories of works: 1. The Arrow 2. The Composites 3. Flung, Stroked, Squeegeed, and Ground 4.The Studio Notes 5. The Photo Reveals and the Paint Conceals 6. Clouds 7. Paint Creatures 8. Male and Female 9. Group Portraits 10.The History of Foolish Hope 11. Old Masters and Utopias 12.C-notes 13. Display Models 14. The Airbrush Detour 15. The Big Finger 16. The Vortices 17. Sun Wei 18. Arena Painting 19.The Stereos 20. Sticks and Stones 21. The Polychromes 22. Tinnitus and the Movies 23. Caesura 24. The Zodiac Conclusion 25. The Zodiac Macros 26.The Terminal Painting 27. Stream 28. The Tributaries 29. The Westerly Sculpture 30. The Books 31. The Segue 32. Pepfog.Pepfog Clufff includes "Chance and Choice," <mask>'s statement of concerns, excerpted here: "My subject is a web of metaphysical categories including:
1. Unity: wholeness, integrity, fragmentation, connectedness, and cosmic parameters. 2. Identity: similarities and differences, sums of distinguishing characteristics, units of consciousness and processes of projection, introjection, and transference. 3. Freedom: the fixed limits of nature, the shifting limits of society, the free exchange of ideas, and the boundless imagination. 4.Creation: the process of nature as a metaphor for thought and action and the correlation of form and content to establish the symbolic realm. 5. Truth: the limits of nature, the nature of belief, and the interpretation of the ambiguous. 6. Utopia: progress or a timeless ideal, perfect moments or a state of grace. 7. Nothingness: death, oblivion, the absolute, the infinite and/or the unimaginable."Beginning in 1978 Herbert and Dorothy Vogel (New York City) began collecting <mask>'s art and since then acquired over four hundred works, many of which were distributed to a museum in each of the fifty (United) States through a project implemented by the National Gallery of Art (Washington). <mask> has been awarded grants by National Endowment for the Arts (1982, 1989), New York State Council on the Arts (1983) and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation (2009). [1] His work was included in The Metropolitan Museum of Art's The Pictures Generation, 1974–84, from April 21-August 2, 2009. As of July, 2015 <mask> established his studio, and the Clufffalo Institute, on the Roycroft Campus in East Aurora, New York, outside of Buffalo, New York. Personal life
<mask> is married to book designer Liz Trovato, and they are the parents of Edward George <mask> (b. 1980) and Nicolas Henry <mask> (b. 1982).References

External links
 Official Website
 Vogel 50x50
 Pollock-Krasner Foundation

1951 births
Living people
Artists from Buffalo, New York
Pratt Institute alumni
Artists from New York City
OCAD University alumni

masks:
Charles Sidney Clough
Clough
Charles Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Charles Clough
Clough
Clough


title: Krishnadevaraya

texts:
<mask> was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, who reigned from 1509 to 1529. He was the third ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. He ruled the largest empire in India after the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. <mask> earned the titles Karnatakaratna simhasanadeeshwara (lit. "Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), Yavvana raja pratistaphanacharya (lit. "Establishment of young king to Bahmani throne"), Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit."Lord of the Kannada empire), Andhra Bhoja (lit. "Scholar of Andhra"), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. "Protector of Brahmins and Cow") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. "Lord of three kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India. When the Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. He earned the titles of 'Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana', 'Andhra Bhoja' and 'Mooru Rayara Ganda'.Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign. Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The poet Muku Timmana praised him as the destroyer of the Turks. <mask> benefited from an able prime minister Timmarusu, whom he regarded as a father figure responsible for his coronation. Krishnadevaraya was well advised by the witty Tenali Ramakrishna. Early life
Krishna Deva Raya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and his concubine Nagamamba.Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi),  Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Aliya Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya. Military career
His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade. Success in Deccan
The raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, <mask>'s armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated.Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagar and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler. The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya. War with Kalinga
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising Bengal, Andhra region and Odisha. Krishna Deva Raya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into Coastal Andhra region which was in control of the Gajapati Raja Prataparudra Deva. The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu, where the armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties. Then Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack that culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva. Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayak took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter. <mask> planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra, learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat Krishandevaraya and the Vijayanagara Empire at the fort of Kalinganagar. But the wily Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom.Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Sri Krishnadevaraya. Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagar and Gajapati Kingdoms. <mask> established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to Vijayanagara City. Final conflict and death

The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah, and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of .The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya. It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used in the Battle of Raichur. Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate. His empire extended over the whole of South India. In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned.Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishna Deva Raya had him blinded. At the same time, <mask> was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, <mask> fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya. Internal affairs
During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds. He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee. To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the deforestation of some areas and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagar. Foreign travelers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagar spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth. Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit." Art and literature

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages,.The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror. Telugu literature

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya is known as golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada.During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada. In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced. Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry).Svarocisha Sambhava or Manucharita, his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya
Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam
Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu
Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu
Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu
Pingali Surana wrote Raghava Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana
--Raghavapandaveeyamu is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. --Kalapurnodayam ("full bloom of art") has been considered the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature. Battumurthy, alias Ramarajabhushanudu, wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitra, Narasabhupaliyam and Harischandranalopakhyanamu, a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti
Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work. However, he later converted to Vaishnavism and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor. Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote KavikarnaRasayana, Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa, the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the Ramayana, Kamsali Rudraya, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana, and Addanki Gangadhara, who wrote Basavapurana. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work called Hayalakshana Sastra.Kannada literature
He patronised the Kannada poet Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta, Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe, Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha''' and Timmanna Kavi, who wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata.Prof K.A.N. Sastri, History of South India pp 355-366 Vyasatirtha, the great Dvaita saint from Mysore of the Madhva tradition was his Rajaguru. Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work. The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself. Tamil literature

Krishna Deva Raya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by. Sanskrit literature
In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedo-jjivana, Tat-parya-chandrika, Nyaya-mrita (a work directed against the Advaita philosophy) and Tarka-tandava.Krishna Deva Raya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.Prof K.A.N. Sastri, History of South India pg.239-280

Religion and culture

Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship. He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai. He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems. Krishna Deva Raya made Venkateshwara his patron deity.He visited the temple seven times. Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishna Deva Raya. A statue of Krishna Deva Raya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built. Krishna Deva Raya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya. He wrote a Telugu work on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada.Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishna Deva Raya's Rajaguru, and he was considered influential. The Madhwa text Vyasayogicarita claims that the Madhwa seer Vyasatirtha was the rajaguru of Krishna Deva Raya. However, given the lack of supporting epigraphical evidence, this claim has been dismissed as "hyperbolic." References

 Sources

 Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306–307, and 312–313. Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002). Prof K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

External links

The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
<mask>aya and his wives at Tirupati. Gold coins issued during <mask>'s reign
A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'' written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell)

Indian monarchs
People of the Vijayanagara Empire
People from Karnataka
History of Karnataka
1529 deaths
Indian Hindus
Hindu monarchs
Culture of Andhra Pradesh
16th-century Indian monarchs
Indian military leaders
Vijayanagara Poets

masks: Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevarayavar Krishnadevaraya


title: Gwyneth Van Anden Walker

texts:
<mask> (born 22 March 1947) is an American music educator and composer. Biography
<mask> was born in New York to a Quaker family and grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut. She began her first efforts at composition at an early age and went on to receive BA, MM and DMA degrees in Music Composition from Brown University and the Hartt School of Music, where she studied under Arnold Franchetti. She married composer David Burton on September 12, 1969; they divorced in 1974. She taught music for fourteen years at Hartt School of Music, the Hartford Conservatory and the Oberlin College Conservatory, and then moved to a dairy farm in Vermont and went to work as a full-time composer. In 1988, she helped found the Consortium of Vermont Composers and later became the director of the organization. Awards
1999 Brock Commission (American Choral Directors Association)
2000 Lifetime Achievement Award (Vermont Arts Council)
2008 Athenaeum Award for Achievement in the Arts and Humanities (St. Johnsbury, Vermont, Athenaeum)
2012 Elected as a Fellow of the Vermont Academy of Arts and Sciences
2017 Composer in Residence with the Great Lakes Chamber Orchestra in Petoskey, Michigan

Works and discography
<mask>'s compositions include song cycles, jazz, folksongs and spirituals, rock-and-roll, choral music, traditional folk songs, ballads and cantatas.Orchestral:
An American Concerto for Violin and Orchestra on the CD "from the Mid-Columbia
An American Concerto for Violin and Orchestra on the CD Paul Freeman Introduces... Siegmeister, <mask>, Creston, Staar-Levy

Instrumental:
A Vision of Hills, Fantasy Etudes for violin and piano,
New World Dances for piano trio, Craftsbury Trio for piano trio, Touch the Sky for cello and piano, and Vigil for violin and piano on the CD A Vision of Hills
Fantasy Etudes for violin and piano on the CD Done e Doni
Five Pieces for Flute and Guitar on the CD Returning the Muse to Music
Five Pieces for Flute and Guitar and Silvermine Suite for flute and guitar on the CD Celestials
Four American Folk Songs on the CD Birds
Four Pieces for Lute on the CD The Renaissance Lute
Raise the Roof! for brass quintet on the CD Americana: A University of Iowa Celebration and Strophes of the Night and Dawn
Shaker Tunes for brass quintet on the CD Season to Dance
Theme and Variation for flute and piano on the CD Legacy of the American Woman Composer

Choral:
An Hour to Dance for SATB chorus and piano
Harlem Songs for SATB chorus and piano
Love -- By the Water for SATB chorus and piano
Three Days by the Sea for SATB chorus and piano
This Train for SATB chorus
God's Grandeur for SATB chorus on the CD An Hour to Dance
Now Let Us Sing! for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
How Can I Keep From Singing? for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
Peace, I Ask Of Thee O River for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
Songs for Women's Voices for SSA chorus and piano
I Thank You God for SSA chorus and piano
Crossing the Bar for SSA chorus and piano
Hebrides Lullaby for SSA chorus
Let Evening Come for SSA chorus and piano
The Spirit of Women for SSA chorus
Gifts from the Sea for SSA chorus and piano on the CD Now Let Us Sing! Come All Ye Fair and Tender Ladies and Shenendoah on the CD Sounds So Entrancing
The Christ-Child's Lullaby on the CD Christmas a cappella: Songs from around the World
Three American Portraits for String Quartet, The Golden Harp for Chorus and String Quartet, and White Horses for SATB Chorus and Piano, and Cheek to Cheek for SATB Chorus and Piano on the CD The Golden Harp
Hebrides Lullaby on the CD A Retro Christmas With CONCORA
Hebrides Lullaby on the CD Christmas in Our Time
How Can I Keep from Singing? on the CD Abbondanza! Abundant Joys
I Thank You God on the CD ACDA Raymond W. Brock Endowment, Commissioned Compositions, Volume I
I Thank You God on the CD Amazing Day, 20th Century Music for Women's Choir
My Girls on the CD Celestial Sirens Demo 2000
My Love Walks in Velvet on the CD Vox Femina Los Angeles -- 2000 LA Regional ACDA Convention
Rejoice!-- Christmas Songs on the CD Juletide 2001 -- Luther College
River Songs on the CD Sounds & Colors of Vermont
Songs for Women's Voices on the CD When I Sing
Mornings Innocent and In Autumn on the CD Taking Shape
Sounding Joy on the CD Sounding Joy
This Train on the CD 1998 All-OMEA Festival Concert

Vocal Works:
Song cycles though love be a day, Mornings Innocent, The Sun is Love, and solo piano Semplice and Rhythms from the North Country are on the CD "The Sun Is Love" performed by Michelle Areyzaga, soprano and Jamie Shaak, piano
Song cycles though love be a day, Songs of the Night Wind, No Ordinary Woman! and selected opera arias are on the CD Scattering Dark and Bright: Song Cycles and Arias by <mask> <mask>
As A Branch in May and Weave No Cloak Against Tomorrow are on the CD Music Sweet as Love
Four American Folk Songs and Songs for Voice and Guitar on the CD Arise: Music of the Americas for Voice and Guitar
maggie and millie and mollie and may on the CD "Women's Voices"
No Ordinary Woman! on the CD "No Ordinary Woman! "though love be a day on the cassette "Music of Her Own"though love be a day on the CD "though love be a day"I Speak for the Earth on the CD "Donne e Doni Vol. II"

Keyboard Works:Cantos for the End of Summer on the CD Character SketchesEvensong from Cantos for the End of Summer for piano on the CD Piano Portraits of the SeasonsIn Celebration for organ on the CD "Women Composers for Organ"Rhythms from the North Country for piano on the cassette Alive and Well''

External links
Composer's website

References

1947 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American music educators
American women music educators
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
Brown University alumni
Oberlin College faculty
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century women composers
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Gwyneth Van Anden Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Gwyneth
Walker


title: Bertha Kalich

texts:
<mask> (also spelled Kalish, born Beylke Kalakh; 17 May 1874 – 18 April 1939) was a Ukrainian-Jewish-American actress. Though she was well-established as an entertainer in Eastern Europe, she is best remembered as one of the several "larger-than-life" figures that dominated New York stages during the "Golden Age" of American Yiddish Theatre during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Historians estimate that, during her career, <mask> performed more than 125 different roles in seven different languages. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born Beylke Kalakh in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (today Lviv, Ukraine), the only child of Solomon Kalakh, a poor brush manufacturer and amateur violinist. Her mother was Babette Halber Kalakh, a seamstress who often made costumes for local theaters. Babette was an active opera fan and her devotion inspired a love for the stage in her daughter. They often attended performances together and when young Bertha came of age, her parents scraped together their meager funds to send her to private music and drama schools.At age thirteen, she joined the chorus of the local Polish theater and later attended the prestigious Lemberg Conservatory. While still barely a teen, <mask> sang in the chorus for La Traviata in the Lviv Polish Theatre Opera. A fellow actor, Max Gimpel then offered her a job at his pioneering Yiddish-language theater group, Yankev Ber Gimpel. During this period of her life, <mask> had been performing in Polish, Russian, and German, but when Gimpel's leading lady left for America, <mask> became his prima donna, winning the title role in  Avrom Goldfaden's operetta Shulamis. After a series of performances in Budapest, Goldfaden offered her a permanent position with his company, and <mask> left later that year for Romania. She was able to pick up Romanian in a matter of months, and was subsequently able to appear in major roles there with the state theater. According to historian Daniel Soyer, "she was such a success that anti-Semitic theatergoers, who had come with the intention of pelting her with onions, threw flowers instead."<mask> married Leopold Spachner in 1890 at the age of 16. They had two children, a son Arthur (who died young) and a daughter Lilian. Coming to America

Even at that age, <mask> already had a major career in at least three countries and four languages. Her success prompted jealousies, however and in 1894 there was rumored to be an assassination plot in the works by some of her rivals. Joseph Rumshinsky, whom she had met during her the Shulamis tour, introduced her to Joseph Edelstein of the People's Theatre who offered to sponsor her to New York. His newly founded Thalia Theater was looking for fresh talent, and there <mask> appeared in Di Vilde Kenigin (The wild queen) and a Yiddish production of La Belle Hélène (Beautiful Helen). She took reprised former roles of Shulamis, Juliette, and Desdemona in a number of Yiddish-language productions.In her new home, <mask> set out to emphasize her dramatic skills over her musical talents, working hard as a proponent of the Yiddish theater movement, hoping to help the theatres gain credibility in addition to notoriety. Anti-semitism in America had initially led audiences to believe that Jewish immigrants were incapable of producing anything more than low-brow, minstrel entertainment, but Thalia had made a name for itself with its revolutionary Yiddish-language translations of Shakespeare. <mask> played a number of roles in these landmark works, even beating out the other male stars for a chance to play the coveted role of Hamlet. According to Yiddish theatre scholar Joel Berkowitz, Shakespeare's plays served "as both sources and symbols" in helping Jewish immigrants "cross the bridge from Yiddish to American culture." It didn't hurt that fans compared Kalich to another famous female Hamlet of the era, Sarah Bernhardt, and in fact many newspapers would go on to call her the "Jewish Berhardt" in the years to come. In addition to her work with Shakespeare, <mask>'s performance in Leon Kobrin's The East Side Ghetto won enormous critical praise and increased <mask>'s fanbase outside of the Jewish community. This production in combination with her performances in playwright Jacob Gordin's didactic plays brought unprecedented attention to the Yiddish stage.In 1900, she starred as Freydenyu in the premiere of Gordin's God, Man and the Devil, and that prompted Gordin to write the role of Etty in The Kreutzer Sonata and the title role in his Sappho and Phaon especially for Kalich. These productions made it out of the Yiddish playhouses, going all the way to Broadway, and establishing <mask> as a household name. Along with her male counterpart, Boris Thomashefksy (1868–1939), <mask> became a darling of the press, admired by her fans and critics alike. According to theatre historian Henry Bial, minorities in American had not yet seen such accolades:

[They] were celebrated in the Yiddish press and idolized by Jewish audiences. They were the royalty of American Jewry, embodying the immigrant success story and enjoying a celebrity attained by few Jewish artists before or since. Thanks to the exalted status of its stars, the Yiddish theatre itself has come to play a central role in the narrative of Jewish inmmigration to the United States. Her roles tended to be "women of the world", such as the title characters she played in Pierre Berton and Charles Simon's play Zaza, Victorien Sardou's Fédora (1905), Sappho and Phaon, and Magda in Hermann Sudermann's Heimat.Under the tutelage of Harrison Grey Fiske, she gained in reputation, eventually going on to star in plays such as Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna. She picked up English easily, however, her accent was slow to fade. She worked with Minnie Maddern Fiske for months to correct her speech, but was never completely successful. <mask> acted in a number of plays for Fiske, both original works and adaptations of roles that she had created in Yiddish. On the decline
By 1910, though, "she was having trouble finding suitable roles in the light American theater for her more emotional and tragic style." Although she would go on to work with heavy hitters such as producers Lee Shubert and Arthur Hopkins, her Broadway career had already begun to fade. She left New York for Hollywood in 1914, where she appeared in a few notable films, including a reprise of her hit Broadway role in Marta of the Lowlands.Success was short-lived, however, and by 1915, <mask> was frequently returning to Yiddish roles to supplement her income. Her mainstream success in the American theatrical world enhanced her prestige there, and she began to receive top billing at the Second Avenue Theatre alongside stars like David Kessler. Later years

By the late 1920s, <mask>'s eyesight was failing, and she gradually became blind. Though she officially retired in 1931, she continued to appear onstage occasionally, especially at evenings mounted in her honor that served to elevate her legacy in the Yiddish theatre community. Late in her life, she recorded scenes from Goldfaden's historical plays for "The Forward Hour" on radio station WEVD, but her poor health meant that she needed to rehearse long, grueling hours even for short parts. Her last public appearance came on February 23, 1939, at a benefit for her at the Jolson Theater, where she recited the final scene of Louis Untermeyer's poem Heine's Death. Death
<mask> <mask> died on 18 April 1939, aged 64, from undisclosed causes.Her remains were interred at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens, New York. Fifteen hundred people attended her funeral, considered a disappointing turnout, considering her status in the Jewish community. She had come to be seen as "a relic of the theatrical past, with a manner too romantic and grand even for the Yiddish stage", Soyer notes. "But, nevertheless, in the prime of her career at the beginning of the twentieth century, <mask> played an important role in efforts to improve the artistic standards of the Yiddish theater, whose status she also helped to raise with her success with English-speaking audiences." Works

Theatre
 Fedora [Revival] by Victorien Sardou. Prod. George Fawcett.American Theatre, New York. 22 May 1905 - May 1905. Monna Vanna by Maurice Maeterlinck, Trans. John Severance. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Manhattan Theatre, New York.23 October 1905 - December 1905. [Giovanna]
 The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play written by Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy. Dir. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 10 September 1906 - September 1906. [Miriam Friedlander]
 Sappho and Phaon by Percy MacKaye, music by A.A. Stanley. Des. Frank E. Gates, E. A. Morange, and Percy Anderson. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 21 October 1907 - October 1907.Marta of the Lowlands by Àngel Guimerà. Des. Frank E. Gates and E. A. Morange. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Garden Theatre, New York. 24 March 1908 - April 1908.The Witc''' by Hans Wiers-Jenssen, book adapted by Hermann Hagedorn. Prod. Lee Shubert and J.J. Shubert. New Theatre, New York. 14 February 1910
 Rachel by Carina Jordan. Prod. F. C. Whitney.Knickerbocker Theatre, New York. 1 December 1913 - December 1913. The Riddle: Woman by Charlotte E. Wells and Dorothy Donnelly. Prod. George Mooser. Harris Theatre, New York. 23 October 1918 - March 1919
 Jitta's Atonement by George Bernard Shaw, adapted from the play by Siegfried Trebitsch.Dir. Lester Lonergan. Prod. Lee Shubert. Comedy Theatre, New York. 17 January 1923 - February 1923. [Jitta Lenkheim]
 The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy.Prod. Lee Shubert. Frazee Theatre, New York. 14 May 1924 - June 1924. [Miriam Friedlander]
 Magda [Revival] by Hermann Sudermann, Trans. Charles Edward Amory Winslow. Dir.Edgar J. MacGregor. 49th Street Theatre, New York. 26 January 1926 - February 1926. [Magda]

Film
 The Bomb Boy by Bertram Millhauser. Dir. George Fitzmaurice. Manhattan Film Company, 1914.Marta of the Lowlands based on the play by Àngel Guimerà. Dir. J. Searle Dawley. USA, 1914. [Marta]
 Slander, by Will S. Davis. Dir. Will S. Davis.with Eugene Ormonde and Mayme Kelso. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helene Ayers]
 Ambition by Mary Murillo. Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Marian Powers]
 Love and Hate'' by Mary Murillo, based on a story by James R. Garey.Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helen Sterling]

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> papers, 1866-1955, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 <mask> <mask> portrait gallery at NYP Library
 —,
 Stuber, Irene, Women of achievement and Herstory, May 17, retrieved February 28, 2004. <mask> <mask> portrait Otto Sarony

1874 births
1939 deaths
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
Jewish American actresses
Yiddish theatre performers
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Austro-Hungarian Jews
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Lviv Conservatory alumni
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
Actors from Lviv
Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)

masks:
Bertha Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich
Bertha
Kalich


title: Mari K. Eder

texts:
<mask><mask> is a retired major general of the United States Army. She served as the Deputy Chief of the United States Army Reserve and Deputy Chief of United States Army Public Affairs, prior to be appointed Commanding General of the United States Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops Support Command (redesignated as the 76th Operational Reserve Command in 2013) in October 2009. She retired from the army in 2013. Early life and education
A native of Grove City, Pennsylvania, <mask> graduated from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1975 and a Master of Arts in English in 1976. <mask> entered the United States Army in 1977, and, after receiving her commission as a second lieutenant in the Signal Corps, she served at Fort McClellan, Alabama and then Fort George G. Meade, Maryland until leaving active duty in September 1982 and transitioning to the Army Reserve. Eder's military education includes the Signal Officer Basic Course, the Military Police and Military Intelligence Officer Advanced Courses, the Public Affairs Officer Course, the Command and General Staff College, and the Army War College. She holds bachelor's and master's degrees in English from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and a master's degree of strategic studies from the United States Army War College.She is also a graduate of Senior Executive and leadership programs at the National Defense University and the Army War College. She is also a graduate of the advanced program in mass communications at the University of South Carolina and completed the Training with Industry Fellowship with Fleishman-Hilliard Public Relations in Washington, DC. She is an experienced speaker and guest lecturer and has served as an adjunct professor at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, the NATO School, and Sweden's International Security Command. Eder received a Doctor of Humane Letters (honors causa) from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania on December 14, 2013. Career

Eder served over 36 years in the army, inclusive of both Active and Army Reserve service. Eder commanded at the company, battalion, brigade and division level. Her previous assignments include the United States Army's Deputy Chief of Public Affairs, commander of the 6th Brigade (Professional Development), 80th Division (Institutional Training) while concurrently serving on active duty as the Chief of Staff with the Reserve Forces Policy Board (RFPB) in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.Eder had additional joint experience, serving with the United States European Command in Stuttgart, Germany where she was assigned as the Deputy Director of Public Affairs. There she directed theater media relations during NATO operations in Kosovo and at the inception of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Eder consults, advises, and speaks frequently at colleges and universities on national security issues, communications (including cyber and AI), ethics, and leadership. She has spoken on "The Information Apocalypse" to audiences ranging from the Atlanta Council on International Relations to the World Affairs Council Ambassador's Roundtable in Connecticut, and at George Mason University's Character Assassination and Populism conference in Arlington, Virginia. Eder has an established record of scholarship, research, and publishing. Her book, Leading the Narrative: The Case for Strategic Communication, is used in a number of university communications courses. She is the author of numerous case studies and articles on military ethics, leadership, and strategic communications as well as two books of children's stories.<mask> was named an Honorary Member of the United States Army Judge Advocate General Corps in 2011, an accolade only accorded to two other individuals previously. She was named to the Communications Hall of Fame at Edinboro University of PA in 2013 and inducted into the Army Public Affairs Hall of Fame in 2017 and became the fourth recipient of the Joe Galloway Lifetime Achievement Award. Now in her second term as Trustee with the United States Army War College Foundation, she was elected to the Executive Committee in March, 2017 and serves as Board Secretary. Personal life
As a civilian, <mask> served as the Director of Public Affairs at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. There she built the Center's strategic plan for marketing communications from the ground up and taught the role of a free press in democratic societies to government officials from over 36 nations. In addition to serving as an adjunct professor and lecturer at the NATO School, Sweden's International Security Command and at Norway's military Command and Staff Centre. She has led and spoken at communications and public diplomacy conferences in Croatia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy, and Jordan and at the National Defense University, the Army War College, and the Naval War College.Her articles in the "Information Apocalypse" series are used in international relations and communications courses at universities ranging from Appalachian State University to the University of Tokyo. A book based on these articles, American Cyberscape, was released in November 2020. An inspirational book of stories about women in World War II and their influence today will be published in August 2021. She is active in animal rescue and supports a number of groups that support dog adoption. Awards and decorations
Eder's awards and decorations include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with silver oak leaf cluster, the Joint Service Commendation Medal with three oak leaf cluster, the Army Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Joint Service Achievement Medal, the Army Achievement Medal, the Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge, and the Army Staff Identification Badge. Eder received the Vatican award of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great from Pope Benedict XVI in 2011. References

External links
 General Officer Management Office
 U.S. Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops Support Command Official Website

Female generals of the United States Army
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Grove City, Pennsylvania
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

masks:
Mari K
. Eder
Eder
Eder
Eder
Eder


title: John Atkinson Grimshaw

texts:
<mask> (6 September 1836 – 13 October 1893) was an English Victorian-era artist best known for his nocturnal scenes of urban landscapes. Today, he is considered one of the great painters of the Victorian era, as well as one of the best and most accomplished nightscape and townscape artists of all time. He was called a "remarkable and imaginative painter" by the critic and historian Christopher Wood in Victorian Painting (1999). <mask>'s love for realism stemmed from a passion for photography, which would eventually lend itself to the creative process. Though entirely self-taught, he is known to have used a camera obscura or lenses to project scenes onto canvas, which made up for his shortcomings as a draughtsman and his imperfect knowledge of perspective. This technique, allegedly also used by Caravaggio, as well as Vermeer, was condemned by a number of his contemporaries who believed it demonstrated less skill than painting by eye, with some claiming that his paintings appeared to "show no marks of handling or brushwork", while others "were doubtful whether they could be accepted as paintings at all". However, many recognised his mastery of colour, lighting and shadow, as well as his unique ability to provoke strong emotional responses in the viewer.James McNeill Whistler, who <mask> worked with in his Chelsea studios, stated, "I considered myself the inventor of nocturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures." His early paintings were signed "JAG", "J. A. <mask>", or "<mask> Grimshaw", though he finally settled on "<mask>". Life

He was born on 6 September 1836 in a back-to-back in Park Street, Leeds to Mary and <mask>. In 1856 he married his cousin Frances Hubbard (1835–1917). In 1861, at the age of 24, to the dismay of his parents, he left his job as a clerk for the Great Northern Railway to become a painter. He first exhibited in 1862, mostly paintings of birds, fruit, and blossom, under the patronage of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.He and his wife moved in 1866 to a semi-detached villa, which is now numbered 56 Cliff Road in Headingley and has a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque, and in 1870 to Knostrop Old Hall. Grid Reference: SE 32125 32100. He became successful in the 1870s and rented a second home, Castle-by-the-Sea in Scarborough, Scarborough became a favourite subject. He died on 13 October 1893 of tuberculosis and is buried in Woodhouse Cemetery, now called St George's Fields, in Leeds. Four of his children, Arthur E<mask> (1864–1913), Louis H<mask> (1870–1944), Wilfred <mask> (1871–1937), and <mask> (1877–1970) also became painters. Work

<mask>'s primary influence was the Pre-Raphaelites. True to the Pre-Raphaelite style, he created landscapes of accurate colour and lighting, vivid detail and realism, often typifying seasons or a type of weather.Moonlit views of city and suburban streets and of the docks in London, Hull, Liverpool, and Glasgow also figured largely in his art. His careful painting and his skill in lighting effects meant that he captured both the appearance and the mood of a scene in minute detail. His "paintings of dampened gas-lit streets and misty waterfronts conveyed an eerie warmth as well as alienation in the urban scene." Dulce Domum (1855), on whose reverse <mask> wrote, "mostly painted under great difficulties", captures the music portrayed in the piano-player, entices the eye to meander through the richly decorated room, and to consider the still and silent young lady who is listening. <mask> painted more interior scenes, especially in the 1870s, when he worked under the influence of James Tissot and the Aesthetic Movement. On Hampstead Hill is considered one of <mask>'s finest works, exemplifying his skill with a variety of light sources, in capturing the mood of the passing of twilight into night. In his later career his urban scenes under twilight or yellow streetlighting were popular with his middle-class patrons.His later work included imagined scenes from the Greek and Roman empires, and he painted literary subjects from Longfellow and Tennyson — pictures including Elaine and The Lady of Shalott. <mask> named his children after characters in Tennyson's poems. In the 1880s, <mask> maintained a London studio in Chelsea, not far from the studio of James Abbott McNeill Whistler. After visiting <mask>, Whistler remarked that "I considered myself the inventor of Nocturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures." Unlike Whistler's Impressionistic night scenes, <mask> worked in a realistic vein: "sharply focused, almost photographic", his pictures innovated in applying the tradition of rural moonlight images to the Victorian city, recording "the rain and mist, the puddles and smoky fog of late Victorian industrial England with great poetry." <mask>'s paintings depicted the contemporary world but eschewed the dirty and depressing aspects of industrial towns. Shipping on the Clyde, a depiction of Glasgow's Victorian docks, is a lyrically beautiful evocation of the industrial era.<mask> transcribed the fog and mist so accurately as to capture the chill in the damp air, and the moisture penetrating the heavy clothes of the few figures awake in the misty early morning. Reputation and legacy
<mask> left behind no letters, journals, or papers. His reputation rested on, and his legacy is based on, his townscapes. There was a revival of interest in <mask>'s work in the second half of the 20th century, with several important exhibitions devoted to it. A retrospective exhibition "<mask> – Painter of Moonlight" ran from 16 April – 4 September 2011 at Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate and subsequently in the Guildhall Art Gallery, London. Gallery

References

Further reading
Alexander Robertson, <mask>, London, Phaidon Press, 1996
Yorkshire Art Journal <mask> <mask>, York, 2014 - Historical Feature

External links

Artcyclopedia.com

19th-century English painters
English male painters
Fantasy artists
1836 births
1893 deaths
Artists from Leeds
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
People from Knowsthorpe

masks:
John Atkinson Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
John Atkinson
Atkinson Grimshaw
David Grimshaw
. Grimshaw
. Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Elaine Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Grimshaw
Atkinson Grimshaw
Atkinson Grimshaw
John Atkinson
Grimshaw


title: Hans Clevers

texts:
Johannes Carolus (<mask><mask> (born 27 March 1957) is Principal Investigator at the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research (KNAW) and the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Professor at Utrecht University and Oncode Investigator. Clevers was the first to identify living stem cells in the intestine and is one of the world's leading researchers on adult stem cells, their role in cancer and their potential for regenerative therapy. He will be appointed the head of Roche Pharma Research and Early Development in March 2022. By culturing living stem cells from the intestinal tract, he developed the first organoids: 3D-mini-organs that behave cellularly and molecularly like the organ the stem cell derived from. Organoids can now be grown from a large number of tissues and are increasingly being used to study the physiology and pathology of many human organs and to develop personalized treatments and new drugs. Early life and education
<mask> began studying biology at the University of Utrecht in 1975, then began studying medicine as well. He spent part of his seven years of biological study in Nairobi, Kenya, and also, in his words, “did some rotations” at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda.He received an M.Sc. in Biology in 1982, an M.D. in 1984 and a Ph.D. in 1985. For his Ph.D. he studied under Rudy Ballieux. From 1986 to 1989 he did postdoctoral work under the direction of Cox Terhorst at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard University. After his stay at Harvard, he returned to the Netherlands to start his own research group at the department of Clinical immunology of the UMC Utrecht. Describing his path to his career as a medical researcher, Clevers said the following: “There was a bit of an awkward route.I actually studied biology first, and then took up medical school at about the same time....Did two separate studies, graduated from both, was going to be a pediatrician, then decided to spend a year in science, liked it so much more that I realized I didn’t – I shouldn’t become a real doctor. I was not good with – I liked patients, but I was a little bit impatient with them. I then decided to go for a post-doc at Boston to Dana Farber, where I really learned the trade.”

Career
In 1991 Clevers became a professor of immunology at the University Medical Center in Utrecht. Since 2002 he has been a professor of molecular genetics at UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University. From 2002 to 2012 he was director of the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem-Cell Research at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2008 and 2015 he received ERC Advanced Investigator Grants. In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.In March 2012, <mask>, who since 2000 had been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was elected its president, succeeding Robbert Dijkgraaf. In connection with his election to this position, he resigned as director from the Hubrecht Institute but kept his research lab there. From 2012–2015 he was President of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). From 2015–2019 he was director Research of the Princess Maxima Center for paediatric oncology, located on the Utrecht Science Park close to the Hubrecht where he maintains his lab. Presently, <mask> leads research groups, at the Hubrecht Institute as well as at the Princess Maxima Center. Research

Highlights of research
To summarise his scientific highlights, <mask> identified the crucial downstream component of the Wnt signaling cascade, TCF, and the mechanism by which Wnt signals activate specific TCF target genes. With these insights and in a collaboration with Bert Vogelstein, he proposed that in APC-deficient colon cancer, it is the inappropriate activation of the Wnt pathway that transforms cells.He was the first to link Wnt signaling with adult stem cell biology, when he showed that TCF4 gene disruption leads to the abolition of crypt stem cell compartments of the gut. He went on to show that the Tcf4-driven target gene program in colorectal cancer cells is the malignant counterpart of a physiological crypt stem cell program. Clevers then described the Wnt target Lgr5 as a marker for adult stem cells and wth this, discovered the stem cells of intestinal crypts. By the creation of several ingenious Lgr5-based transgenic mice, he established the intestinal crypt as one of the pre-eminent models to visualize and study adult stem cells in mammals. He described several counter-intuitive characteristics for crypt stem cells: Lgr5 stem cells are abundant, they cycle rapidly, they divide symmetrically, and utilize their Paneth cell-daughters as their niche. He then identified the Wnt signal-enhancing Rspondins as ligands of Lgr5, and exploited the Rspondin/Lgr5 axis to develop a 3D organoid culture system for indefinite expansion of normal intestinal epithelium starting from a single adult Lgr5 stem cell. Similar results were then reported by him for multiple additional human and mouse tissues.This has opened ways to replace animal experimentation, to generate disease models directly from patients as well as avenues for regenerative medicine. Asked in a 2008 interview what had been the highlights of his research up to that point, Clevers said there would probably be three. There was a first one, when I just started my lab, within the first few months we cloned the gene that they call TCF1, T-cell factor 1, I used to be a T-cell embryologist when we first started out. And that paper was published in EMBO in ’91. So in that paper we described cloning of this vector, which at that time maybe on the world scale was not great but for my own lab to clone this gene was my first thing I ever did alone. This gene then in ’96 we found to be the crucial missing component of what’s called the Wnt signaling pathway. Clevers and his team thus showed that “there is that this TCF transcription factor, there is a small family of them, they occur in every animal on the planet, they are the end point of the signal transcription cascade, and they control virtually every decision in a developing animal.When we realized this we started changing our model systems, we used to work on lymphocytes, and we changed it, first to frogs and flies, drosophila, where the Wnt pathway had been studied by many other people that way we could use assays of those people. We then realized that in mammals Wnt signaling...was not only important in embryos but also crucial in adults, which is novel. And we switched to the gut, we found that one of our knockouts, the TCF4 knockout, one of the four members of that family had no stem cells in the gut. And this is the first link in the literature, this was also a ’97 paper in Nature Genetics, between Wnt signaling and stem cells in adults. And in that same year we found in a collaboration with Bert Vogelstein that colon cancer comes about by the disregulation of TCF4, and those two phenomena are really linked. So stem cells need TCF4, cancers disregulate TCF4 by mutating a gene upstream in that pathway called APC. After this, Clevers' team continued to work on the intestine.Other activities

Corporate boards
Clevers is inventor on multiple patents and was involved in the establishment of the biotech firm Ubisys, which, with Ton Logtenberg as CEO, later merged with Introgene to become Crucell. In addition, his corporate roles include:
 Roche, Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)
 Decibel Therapeutics, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board (since 2016)
 Surrozen, Co-Founder

Editorial boards
He is on the editorial board of several scientific journals, including Cell, Cell Stem Cell, Stem Cell Reports. He is also an honorary professor at Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, China and honorary director of the organoid center of Fudan University, Shanghai. All his publications can be found on pubmed. References

External links

 Homepage

1957 births
Living people
Dutch geneticists
Dutch immunologists
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
People from Eindhoven
Spinoza Prize winners
Stem cell researchers
Utrecht University alumni
Utrecht University faculty
Winners of the Heineken Prize

masks:
Hans
) Clevers
Hans Clevers
Clevers
Clevers
Hans Clevers


title: Nicol Williamson

texts:
<mask> (14 September 1936 – 16 December 2011) was a British actor, once described by playwright John Osborne as "the greatest actor since Marlon Brando". He was also described by Samuel Beckett as "touched by genius" and viewed by many critics as "the Hamlet of his generation" during the late 1960s. Early life
<mask> was born on 14 September 1936 (he would later claim 1938 in Who's Who) in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of a factory owner. When he was 18 months old, his family moved to Birmingham, England. <mask> was sent back to Hamilton to live with his grandparents during World War II due to Birmingham's susceptibility to bombing, but returned when the war ended, and was educated at the Central Grammar School for Boys, Birmingham. He left school at 16 to begin work in his father's factory and later attended the Birmingham School of Speech & Drama. He recalled his time there as "a disaster" and claimed "it was nothing more than a finishing school for the daughters of local businessmen".Career

Stage and screen
After his national service as a gunner in the Airborne Division, <mask> made his professional debut with the Dundee Repertory Theatre in 1960 and the following year appeared with the Arts Theatre in Cambridge. In 1962 he made his London debut as Flute in Tony Richardson's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Royal Court Theatre. His first major success came in 1964 with John Osborne's Inadmissible Evidence, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award when it transferred to Broadway the following year. In spring 1981, he and original director Anthony Page revived the play for a six-week engagement at the Roundabout Theatre (23rd Street) in New York, fifteen years after the original Broadway run. The same year, he appeared as Vladimir in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot at the Royal Court. He starred in the film version in 1968. <mask>'s Hamlet for Tony Richardson at the Roundhouse caused a sensation; it was later transferred to New York and made into a film, with a cast including Anthony Hopkins and Marianne Faithfull.Faithfull later stated in her autobiography Faithfull that she and <mask> had an affair while filming Hamlet. His most celebrated film role was as Merlin the magician in the King Arthur epic Excalibur in 1981. Director John Boorman cast him opposite Helen Mirren as Morgana over the protests of both actors; the two had previously appeared together on stage in Macbeth, with disastrous results, and they disliked each other intensely. It was Boorman's hope that the very real animosity that they had towards each other would generate more tension between them on screen. <mask> gained recognition from a much wider fanbase for his performance as Merlin. A review of Excalibur in The Times in 1981 states: "The actors are led by <mask>'s witty, perceptive Merlin, missed every time he's off the screen." According to Mirren, she and <mask>, free from the problems with Macbeth, "wound up becoming very good friends" during Excalibur.Some of his other notable cinematic performances include as a troubled Irish soldier in the 1968 Jack Gold film The Bofors Gun; in 1975 as an intelligence officer in apartheid South Africa in The Wilby Conspiracy (starring Sidney Poitier and Michael Caine); as Sherlock Holmes in the 1976 Herbert Ross film The Seven-Per-Cent Solution; and as Little John in the 1976 Richard Lester film Robin and Marian. Additionally, he portrayed an MI6 bureaucrat in The Human Factor (1979) (adapted from a novel by Graham Greene), an alcoholic attorney in I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can (1982); a colonel in the Cincinnati Gestapo in the Neil Simon comedy The Cheap Detective; Lord Louis Mountbatten in Lord Mountbatten - The Last Viceroy (1985); the dual roles of Dr. Worley/The Nome King in Return To Oz (1985); Father Morning in The Exorcist III (1990); Badger in the 1996 movie adaptation of Kenneth Grahame's Wind in the Willows; and as Cogliostro in the 1997 movie adaptation of Todd McFarlane's comic book Spawn. <mask> made a major contribution to the documentary John Osborne and the Gift of Friendship, recalling episodes from his long professional relationship with Osborne. Recorded excerpts of his award-winning stage performance in Inadmissible Evidence also feature in the video. <mask> was known for throwing onset tantrums and onstage antics. During the Philadelphia tryout of Inadmissible Evidence, a play in which he delivered a performance that would win him a Tony Award nomination in 1965, he punched the equally mercurial producer David Merrick. In 1968, he apologised to the audience for his performance one night while playing Hamlet and then walked off the stage, announcing he was retiring.In the early 1970s, <mask> left The Dick Cavett Show prior to a scheduled appearance, leaving the host and guest Nora Ephron to fill the remaining time. In 1976, he slapped actor Jim Litten during the curtain call for the Broadway musical Rex. In 1991, he hit co-star Evan Handler on the backside with a sword during a Broadway performance of I Hate Hamlet. Other work
Following a late-night chat show appearance in which he showcased his singing talents, <mask> released an album of songs in 1971 on the CBS label (S 64045). The album contained songs such as "Didn't We", "It's Impossible" and "Help Me Make It Through the Night". In 1974, <mask> recorded an abridged reading of The Hobbit for Argo Records, authorisation for the abridgement having been provided by J.R.R. Tolkien's publisher.The recording was produced by Harley Usill. According to his official website, <mask> re-edited the original script himself, removing many occurrences of "he said", "she said", and so on, as he felt that an over-reliance on descriptive narrative would not give the desired effect; he performed each character in a distinctive voice. In 1978, he portrayed a murderous behaviour expert in the Columbo episode "How To Dial A Murder". Personal life
In 1971, <mask> married actress Jill Townsend, who had played his daughter in the Broadway production of Inadmissible Evidence. They had a son, Luke, but divorced in 1977. Despite concerns over his health in the 1970s, <mask> admitted drinking heavily and claimed to smoke 80 cigarettes a day. In an episode of The David Frost Show in the 1960s, during a discussion about death, which also involved poet John Betjeman, <mask> revealed that he was very much afraid of dying, saying that "I think of death constantly, throughout the day" and that "I don't think there is anything after this, except complete oblivion."Death
<mask> died on 16 December 2011, aged 75, two years after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer. In accord with <mask>'s wish the news of his death was released a month later, as he did not want a fuss made over his death. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Awards
<mask> <mask> was nominated for three BAFTA Awards, a Saturn Award, two Tony Awards, and won the Silver Shell for the Best Actor from the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 1969 for his performance in Laughter in the Dark. BAFTA Awards

|-
| 1969
| The Bofors Gun
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
|
|-
| 1970
| Inadmissible Evidence
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
|
|-
| 1973
| The Gangster Show: The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui
| Television Award for Best Actor
|

Drama Desk Awards

|-
| 1969
| Hamlet
| Outstanding Performance
|
|-
| 1974
| Uncle Vanya
| Outstanding Performance
|
|-
| 1976
| Rex
| Outstanding Actor in a Musical
|

Saturn Awards

|-
| 1982
| Excalibur
| Best Supporting Actor
|

Tony Awards

|-
| 1966
| Inadmissible Evidence
| Best Actor in a Play
|
|-
| 1974
| Uncle Vanya
| Best Actor in a Play
|

References

Further reading
Dowsing, Martin. Beware of the Actor! The Rise and Fall of <mask> <mask>. Createspace / Testudines, 2017.Hershman, Gabriel. Black Sheep – The Authorised Biography of <mask> <mask>. The History Press, 2018. External links

 Obituary, The Independent, 26 January 2012
 Obituary, The Guardian, 26 January 2012
 Obituary, Financial Times, 27 January 2012
 Reading Samuel Beckett

1936 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Scottish male actors
Alumni of Birmingham School of Acting
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Drama Desk Award winners
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
People from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors

masks:
Thomas Nicol Williamson
Thomas Nicol Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Nicol
Williamson
Nicol
Williamson
Nicol
Williamson


title: Chokri Belaid

texts:
<mask> (; 26 November 1964 – 6 February 2013), also transliterated as Shokri Belaïd, was a Tunisian politician and lawyer who was an opposition leader with the left-secular Democratic Patriots' Movement. Belaïd was a vocal critic of the Ben Ali regime prior to the 2011 Tunisian revolution and of the then Islamist-led Tunisian government. On 6 February 2013, he was fatally shot outside his house in El Menzah, close to the Tunisian capital, Tunis. As a result of his assassination, Tunisian Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali announced his plan to dissolve the existing national government and to form a temporary "national unity" government. Early and personal life
Belaïd was born in the town of Djebel Jelloud in Tunisia on 26 November 1964. He was a student activist in the 1980s. He worked as a lawyer and was also part of the defence team of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein during his trial for crimes against humanity.He spoke out against a 2008 clampdown on miners, and was a noted political critic of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the strongman Tunisian leader in office for 23 years, whose 2011 self-exile to Saudi Arabia was the first tangible result of the Arab Spring uprisings. <mask> was also a poet, and one of his poems is dedicated to Lebanese intellectual Husayn Muruwwa, who was assassinated by Islamists in the late 1980s. <mask> was married and had two daughters. The family lived in a rented apartment. Politics
Belaïd was the coordinator of the far-left Democratic Patriots' Movement, which was part of a 12-member umbrella organisation called the Popular Front. He identified with pan-Arabism and was active opponent of normalizing relations with Israel. and was a strong critic of the supporters of fundamentalist Islam, sometimes referred to as Salafists, whose confrontational tactics since the change of government in 2011 have prevented some plays and music concerts from being held in Tunisian cities.The Salafists also have been blamed for attacking the US Embassy in Tunisia in 2012. <mask> was succeeded by Ziad Lakhdhar as secretary general of the party. Assassination
On 6 February 2013, as Belaïd was leaving his house in the neighborhood of El Menzah 6, Tunis, he was shot by Kamel Gaghgadhi, who later fled with an accomplice on a motorbike, four times in the head and chest. He was rushed into the Ennasr clinic, and died there. According to Tunis Afrique Presse, Belaïd died in hospital. <mask> had reportedly received multiple death threats in the days prior to his death. The night before he was killed, <mask> said; "All those who oppose Ennahda become the targets of violence."Earlier that week, Belaïd said that the committees established out of the revolution were a "tool" used by the Islamists. Following news of his death, police used tear gas to disperse thousands of people demonstrating in front of the Interior ministry in Tunis. Other protests spontaneously occurred in cities throughout the country, including Mezzouna, Gafsa and Sidi Bouzid, where tear gas was also used to disperse protesters. The interim President of Tunisia Moncef Marzouki cut short an overseas trip to Cairo as a result of the protests and assassination. Perpetrators
On 26 February, four radical Islamists were detained due to their alleged connections to the assassination of <mask>. The suspect in the murder was identified as Boubacar Hakim, a hardline Salafist. On 2 October, Chokri Belaid defence committee spokesman Tayeb Oqaili claimed that, according to official documents, Abdulhakim Belhadj was involved in the killings of both <mask> <mask> and Mohamed Brahmi, pointing to links between the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Ansar al Sharia and the Ennahda Movement.The left-wing leader maintained that Belhadj apparently intended to carry out terrorist attacks in Tunisia, and trained the Ansar al-Sharia cell that killed the opposition politicians, all under close observation by Ennahda leaders Rashid al-Ghannushi, Hamadi Jebali and Samir Dilou, among others. Reactions
Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali called the killing "a political assassination and the assassination of the Tunisian revolution." In a televised address, Jebali announced the formation of a caretaker government composed of technocrats, which would rule the country until a new election is held. The Islamist political party Ennahda issued a statement calling the attack a "heinous crime" that targeted the "security and stability of Tunisia". The premises of Ennahda in the central town of Mezzouna and in the north-eastern town of El Kef were torched by demonstrators and the party's office in Gafsa was ransacked. Four opposition parties, Belaid's own Popular Front bloc, Nidaa Tounes, the Al Massar party, and the Republican Party, announced that they were pulling out of the national assembly and called for a general strike. International reactions included:
 – The ruling Muslim Brotherhood said that assassinations were a crime and must be stopped; while the National Salvation Front expressed its fear of similar political assassinations happening in Egypt.– Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle expressed his "horror" and "sadness." – President François Hollande stated that "this murder robs Tunisia of one of its most courageous and free voices". – The Foreign Office released a statement condemning the killing and calling it a "cowardly and barbaric act aimed at destabilising Tunisia's democratic transition." – The spokesperson for the State Department, Victoria Nuland, condemned the killing and called it an "outrageous and cowardly act." She also called for a "fair, transparent and professional investigation to ensure that the perpetrators are brought to justice consistent with Tunisian law and international norms". The assassination of <mask> <mask> prompted responses from the Tunisian intellectual community. Funeral
<mask>'s funeral service was held in Tunis on 8 February.It was attended by at least a million people amid clashes between police and protesters His body was buried at Jellaz cemetery. The following day en Nahda called for its supporters to gather in Tunis. See also
 Mohamed Brahmi
 Nahed Hattar

References

External links

1964 births
2013 deaths
African democratic socialists
Arab socialists
Assassinated Tunisian politicians
Deaths by firearm in Tunisia
People from Jendouba Governorate
People murdered in Tunisia
Popular Front (Tunisia) politicians
Tunisian Arab nationalists
Tunisian lawyers
Tunisian secularists
Tunisian socialists

masks:
Chokri Belaïd
Belaid
Belaid
Belaid
Belaid
Belaid
Belaid
Chokri
Belaid
Chokri
Belaid
Belaid