title: Ed Case

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1952) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician serving as the U.S. representative for Hawaii's 1st congressional district, which covers the urban core of Honolulu. He represented the 2nd district, which covers the rest of the state, from 2002 to 2007. A Blue Dog Democrat, <mask> first came to prominence in Hawaii as majority leader of the Hawaii State Legislature and in his 2002 campaign for governor of Hawaii. First elected to the House of Representatives in 2002 in a special election to fill the seat of Patsy Mink, who died of pneumonia, <mask> represented Hawaii's 2nd congressional district until 2006, when he unsuccessfully challenged Daniel Akaka in the Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate. In 2010, <mask> was one of two Democratic candidates in the special election for Hawaii's 1st congressional district. With the Democratic vote split, Republican Councilman Charles Djou's 39% of the vote earned him the seat. <mask> ran again in the Democratic primary for the November general election, but suspended his campaign in May.Colleen Hanabusa, <mask>'s fellow Democrat in the special election, won the primary and the general election against Djou. <mask> again ran for the Senate in 2012 after Akaka announced his retirement, but lost to Mazie Hirono. In July 2013, <mask> announced that he was joining Outrigger Enterprises Group and that his political career was "likely" over. In June 2018, <mask> announced he would run again in Hawaii's 1st congressional district. He won the crowded Democratic primary election in August and the general election. He took office in January 2019. Early life, education, and legal career
<mask> was born in Hilo, the eldest of six children.In 1970, he graduated from Hawaii Preparatory Academy in Kamuela. After high school, <mask> traveled for a year in Australia, where he worked as a jackaroo on a New South Wales sheep station, and in New Zealand. He then attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he obtained his bachelor's degree in psychology in 1975. In 1981, <mask> graduated from the University of California Hastings College of Law in San Francisco with a Juris Doctor. From 1981 to 1982, <mask> served as law clerk to Hawaii Supreme Court Chief Justice William S. Richardson. From 1983 to 2002, he worked at the law firm Carlsmith Ball in Honolulu, where he became a partner in 1989, and served as managing partner from 1992 to 1994, when he was first elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives. <mask> resigned his partnership upon winning election to the United States Congress in 2002.In 2007 he said he would work for the Honolulu-based law firm of Bays Deaver Lung Rose & Baba. Early political career
<mask> got his first taste of political life as a legislative assistant to Congressman and then Senator Spark Matsunaga from 1975 to 1978. In 1985, he won his first election, to the Mānoa Neighborhood Board of Honolulu. He became its chairman in 1987, a position he held until leaving the board in 1989. Hawaii House of Representatives

Elections
In 1994, <mask> ran for Hawaii's 23rd House district. He won the Democratic primary with 51% of the vote in a five-candidate field. In the general election, he defeated Green party nominee Toni Worst 59%–41%.In 1996, he was reelected with 67% of the vote. In 1998, he was reelected to a third term with 70% of the vote. In 2000, he was reelected to a fourth term unopposed. Tenure
<mask> served four two-year terms in the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1994 to 2002, where he focused on basic change in Hawaii governance. In 1999, after he led an effort to replace the State House leadership, his Democratic peers elected him Majority Leader. A conservative Democrat by Hawaii standards, <mask> sought to change the way state government operated and repeatedly warned that Hawaii was not addressing long-term fiscal challenges. On the last legislative day of 2000, he said in a floor speech: "If you cannot make those choices, please get out of the way, because you are just making it harder for the rest of us."On January 21, 1997, in the House Judiciary Committee, <mask> cast the lone vote against advancing HB117, which would allow a referendum to effectively constitutionally ban gay marriage. He and six others opposed the bill again in the full House vote. When he was up for reelection in November 1998, he publicly opposed the referendum because, he said, "changing the Constitution would go against its intended purpose—protecting the rights of the minority against the will of the majority." Leading up to the November election, polls consistently predicted that the measure would pass by 70–75%, a prediction that was accurate. Due to the measure's popularity, only three other politicians or candidates in Hawaii joined his position. In 2001, <mask> co-sponsored an unsuccessful civil unions bill. Committee assignments
House Judiciary Committee

2002 gubernatorial election

In early 2001, at the beginning of his fourth term in the Hawaii State House, <mask> chose not to continue as Majority Leader.In October 2001, he announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii in 2002. <mask>'s initial opponent was the early favorite in the race, Mayor of Honolulu Jeremy Harris, also a Democrat. <mask> supporters were discontented with the "Democratic Party of Hawaii machine" that had ruled the state for 40 years and was perceived to have left the economy stagnant, a "machine" to which Harris was closely tied. Despite high polling numbers, Harris abruptly dropped out of the race in May 2002 because of ongoing campaign spending investigations. Lieutenant Governor Mazie Hirono dropped out of her race for mayor of Honolulu to challenge <mask> in the primary. A later entrant into the Democratic primary was D. G. "Andy" Anderson, the former Republican state chair and aide to former Honolulu Mayor Frank Fasi. <mask> told Hawaii voters that his campaign was one of government reform and the future, as opposed to Hirono and Anderson, who represented the "Old Boys' Network" and a status quo past.In one of the closest primary elections for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in Hawaii history, Hirono beat <mask>, 41% to 40%, with Anderson a distant third with 17%. In the general election, Hirono lost to Republican nominee Linda Lingle. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2002

U.S. Representative Patsy Mink died on September 28, 2002, one week after the primary election, leaving her 107th Congress (2001–2003) seat vacant. She was posthumously reelected to the 108th Congress (2003–2005) in November. On November 30, 2002, <mask> was elected in a special election to serve the remaining two months of Mink's term, gaining over 50% of the vote in a field of over 40. Although he didn't live in the 2nd, the U.S. Constitution requires only that a House candidate be a resident of the state he or she wishes to represent. During the special election, <mask> pointed out that he grew up on the Big Island.2003

<mask> ran in a second special election on January 4, 2003, for Mink's 108th Congress seat, facing more than three dozen other candidates. Other Democrats included Matt Matsunaga and Colleen Hanabusa. Republicans included Barbara Marumoto, Bob McDermott, and Frank Fasi. <mask> won with 43% of the vote. 2004

In 2004, <mask> defeated Republican challenger Mike Gabbard, a social conservative who focused almost exclusively on gay marriage issues. He won his first full term with 63% of the vote. 2018

In June 2018, <mask> ran in the crowded Democratic primary, set for August 11.He won with 40% of the vote, defeating six other challengers, including Doug Chin, the incumbent lieutenant governor. In the general election, <mask> carried Hawaii's 1st congressional district by a 50-point margin, 73.1%—23.1%, defeating Republican Campbell Cavasso. Tenure

2002–2007
<mask> sponsored 36 bills between 2003 and 2006. Of those bills, Congress passed H.Con.Res.218 recognizing 100 years of Filipino-American immigration to America, the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park Addition Act (H.R.546 / Public Law No. 108-142), legislation (H.R. 2030 / Public Law No: 108-5) designating the U.S. Postal Service facility in Paia, Hawaii, as the Patsy Takemoto Mink Post Office Building, and the Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge Expansion Act (H.R.2619 / Public Law No. 108-481). Two of his other bills were included in subsequent legislation. H.R. 3535, to include country of origin labeling for macadamia nuts, was included in the 2008 Farm Bill. Hirono reintroduced the Kalaupapa Memorial Act (H.R. 4529), which she added to Public Law No.111-11. <mask> entered the House of Representatives too late to cast a vote on the Iraq War Resolution, but supported the Iraq War throughout his tenure in the House. As late as 2006, he opposed a firm timetable for withdrawal. <mask> often sided with Republicans on major tax legislation. He was one of only 34 Democrats (who sided with 196 Republicans) to support reducing the estate tax. He also was one of 15 Democrats (who sided with 229 Republicans) to support lower taxes on investment income. In 2005, <mask> voted for an amendment by Jeb Hensarling that would eliminate funding for PBS, NPR, and Title X family planning, including money for Planned Parenthood.He was the only Democrat to support the amendment, which failed 102–320. <mask> also introduced the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Refuge Act (H.R. 2376), which would have protected the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by making them a national marine refuge. In June 2006, President George W. Bush achieved much of the bill's goals by issuing a public proclamation creating the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument under the authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906. <mask> co-sponsored 808 bills during the same period. He missed 148 (6%) of 2435 votes in his tenure. 2019-present
<mask> rejoined the Blue Dog Coalition on January 29, 2019.On July 25, 2019, <mask>, Don Young, Brad Sherman and Ted Yoho founded the Congressional Pacific Islands Caucus in order to increase Congressional attention to the Indo-Pacific region. The caucus was also formed to encourage greater education for House members on the unique environmental, defense and economic issues of island nations and states in the Pacific Ocean. On August 27, 2019, <mask> introduced H.R. 4547, the Safe and Quiet Skies Act. The bill would regulate tour airplane and helicopter flights and, among other things, set decibel limits over residential neighborhoods, prohibit overflights of military facilities, national parks, and residential areas by air tours and require a sterile cockpit. The introduction followed two fatal air tour helicopter crashes in Hawaii that killed 14 people. On December 18, 2019, <mask> voted to impeach President Donald Trump.In August 2021, <mask> joined a group of conservative Democrats, dubbed "The Unbreakable Nine", who threatened to derail the Biden administration's $3.5 trillion budget reconciliation package meant to tackle the nation's infrastructure. Committee assignments
2002-2007
 Committee on the Budget
 Committee on Agriculture
 Subcommittee on Livestock (Ranking member, 109th Congress)
 Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Rural Development and Research
 Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management
 Committee on Education and the Workforce
 Subcommittee on Education Reform
 Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
 Committee on Small Business
 Subcommittee on Tax, Finance, and Exports
 Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform and Oversight
 Subcommittee on Rural Enterprises, Agriculture and Technology
 Subcommittee on Workforce, Empowerment and Government Programs
2019–present
Committee on Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch
 Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States
Subcommittee on Water, Oceans and Wildlife

Caucus memberships
Case's caucus memberships include:

 Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (executive board member)
 New Democrat Coalition
 Blue Dog Coalition

2006 U.S. Senate election

<mask> challenged Senator Daniel Akaka in the Democratic primary election. He lost the September primary, 53-46%. Akaka centered his campaign on the difference in support for the U.S. intervention in Iraq. He was one of only a handful of Democratic senators to vote against the use of force resolution against Iraq in 2002; <mask>, while not in Congress at the time of the vote, had said he would have voted in support of the resolution. Despite his loss, <mask> decided to stay in politics. 2010 special congressional election

On March 29, 2009, <mask> announced his candidacy for Hawaii's 1st congressional district seat, being vacated by Neil Abercrombie.His main opponents were fellow Democrat Colleen Hanabusa and Republican Charles Djou. <mask> and Hanabusa represented different wings of the party, <mask> being a conservative Blue Dog Democrat, while Hanabusa was preferred by the progressive wing. Hanabusa was endorsed by EMILY's List, the local party establishment, and local labor unions. <mask> was at odds with the party establishment over his primary challenge to Akaka in 2006 when he was still Representative of the 2nd district. <mask> and Hanabusa each proposed that the other drop out for the sake of party unity. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) dispatched an aide to the state in the hopes of at least ensuring no other Democrats enter the race. It was unlikely either Democrat would drop out; they represented different views and had already faced off in a 2002 special election for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district, which <mask> won.On May 10, 2010, the DCCC said it would not spend any further resources on the race, preferring to save those resources for the November election. The election was held on May 22, 2010. Djou became the first Republican to win a Hawaii congressional election since 1988. He won with a plurality of 39% of the vote. Hanabusa came in second with 31% and <mask> came in third with 28% of the vote. <mask> initially said he would run in the next primary against Hanabusa, but later changed his mind and dropped out of the race, citing party unity and his third-place finish. 2012 U.S. Senate election

On April 10, 2011, <mask> announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate, to replace retiring U.S.Senator Daniel Akaka. In a rematch of the 2002 gubernatorial primary, Hirono once again defeated him, this time by a 17-point margin, 58%–41%. Papers
The <mask> Papers were donated to the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library and are held in the Hawaii Congressional Papers Collection of the Library's Archives & Manuscripts Department. The Papers consist of materials from his years in Congress and the Hawaii legislature, as well as campaign material from his successful and unsuccessful campaigns. The papers were processed in 2007 by archivist Ellen Chapman, and will be opened for research on January 3, 2037. Personal life
<mask> has two children from his first marriage from 1988 to 1998. In 2001 <mask> married Audrey Nakamura, a former classmate from Hawaii Preparatory Academy, who is a flight attendant with United Airlines.He became reacquainted with her at their 30th class reunion. "I was in a definite, major-league crush with her for two years back in seventh and eighth grade," <mask> said in an interview. Nakamura also had two children from a previous marriage. <mask>'s cousin <mask> is the co-founder of America Online, as well as the former chairman of Time Warner. References

External links

Congressman <mask> official U.S. House website
<mask> for Congress official campaign website

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1952 births
21st-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Hawaii Democrats
Hawaii lawyers
Living people
Members of the Hawaii House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Hawaii
People from Hilo, Hawaii
University of California, Hastings College of the Law alumni
Williams College alumni

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title: William Stearns Davis

type: original

texts:
<mask> (April 30, 1877 – February 15, 1930) was an American educator, historian, and author. He has been cited as one who “contributed to history as a scholarly discipline, . . . [but] was intrigued by the human side of history, which, at the time, was neglected by the discipline.”  After first experimenting with short stories, he turned while still a college undergraduate to longer forms to relate, from an involved (fictional) character’s view, a number of critical turns of history. This faculty for humanizing, even dramatizing, history characterized <mask>’ later academic and professional writings as well, making them particularly suitable for secondary and higher education during the first half of the twentieth century in a field which, according to one editor, had “lost the freshness and robustness . . . the congeniality” that should mark the study of history. Both <mask>’ fiction and non-fiction are found in public and academic libraries today. <mask> was born April 30, 1877 in the presidential mansion of Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, where his mother's father had been president for the twenty-two years preceding his birth.His father was Congregational minister <mask> <mask>; his mother Francis Stearns. Due both to childhood illnesses and to family moves occasioned by his father's call to new congregations, <mask> was largely educated at home until he entered Worcester Academy in 1895. In 1897 he matriculated at Harvard. Fascinated by maps and by historical figures, he had begun writing stories for himself while still at home. He now turned this experience and his desire to humanize history to writing historical novels, the first of which, A Friend of Caesar, was published in the year he graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He continued at Harvard, being the first first-year graduate student to receive the Harvard Thayer Graduate Scholarship, and earning his A.M. in 1901 and his PhD in 1905. During these same years he continued publishing historical fiction.In 1904, <mask> began his formal teaching career, beginning as a lecturer at Radcliffe College while finishing his doctorate. He continued thereafter at Beloit College (instructor, 1906–07), Oberlin College (Assistant Professor of Medieval and Modern European History, 1907–1909), and finally at the University of Minnesota (Professor of History, 1909–1927). “He was an excellent teacher with the ability to put life into his lectures.”  His steady output of non-fiction in both history and the historical background to contemporary world affairs began with his time at Minnesota. Professionally, he was a member of the American Historical Association. In 1911, he married <mask> Redfield of Minneapolis. He retired from teaching in 1927, moving back to New England and taking up residence in Exeter, New Hampshire, with the intention of devoting all of his time to writing. However, he died of pneumonia following an operation at the age of 52 on February 15, 1930.Writings

Fiction

<mask>’ books are characterized by his desire to tell a story. For his historical fiction, he chose subjects with dramatic flavor, such as the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis, the coming to power of Julius Caesar, Leo the Isaurian’s defense of Constantinople, the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, and the start of the American Revolution. Stylistically, they use narrative of the kind which Josephine Tey called “history-with-conversation”, and his earliest novels have some of the attributes of scholarly publication, including meticulous (and copious) footnotes or appendices. Indeed, a reviewer of a later fictional work noted that previously “Mr. <mask> has erred in overabundance of detail. Knowing much is sometimes more troublesome than knowing little, and Mr. <mask>'s knowledge has in times past seemed too large for his story. In Falaise, however, this fault is to a most felicitous degree overcome .. . .”  The American National Biography noted that his fictional works “were not classics, . . . but they were accurate and maintained an interesting story line.”  He himself would become deeply involved in such writings, to the point of depression when one was finished. Non-fiction

In a similar manner, the elements of narrative and drama are part of his non-fiction, much of which was written for teaching purposes. His 1910 work on wealth and money in first-century Rome begins with an almost journalistic daily-weekly narrative of bank failures and trading house suspensions leading to a financial panic in 33 AD (which must have read all too familiarly to those who had just weathered the 1907 crash). The opening of The Roots of the War, perhaps his most contemporaneously widely read nonfiction book, portrays Bismarck, Moltke, and Roon at dinner in 1870, planning what would become the Franco-Prussian War. Among his last works, Europe Since Waterloo (and all the revisions based upon it) begins with a narrative picture of Napoleon on the deck of the British man-o'-war transporting him to his final exile in St. Helena. Forty years later, Kurt Schmeller, producing the latest revision of that work, would say that he “sought to retain the powerful and dramatic narrative of earlier editions”, and Theodore H. Von Laue’s foreword to the same edition would cite <mask>’ “forceful, lively, and down-to-earth style” as a motive to retain the core of a work then moving towards a half-century of use.<mask>’ strong anti-German sentiment colored much of his later non-fiction writing, particularly in his articles and letters to various periodicals. He was a forceful advocate of military preparedness in the years leading up to World War I, for which he was duly criticized in the widely pacifistic feeling of the times (see for example the 1916 exchange of letters in The Survey). During World War I, <mask> and many other academic historians desired to support the war but hesitated between a professionally ethical approach to history and a firm belief in President Wilson’s expressed ideals in advocating American intervention in the War. <mask> chose to participate in the work of the government-sponsored Committee on Public Information (CPI). <mask> in particular provided historical background and context to the Committee's pamphlet on Wilson’s war message to Congress. For this work, in the years following the War, he and the other participants were criticized by some contemporaries belonging to the "revisionist" historical school, such as Harry Elmer Barnes. Succeeding next-generation scholars in the same tradition were equally critical.A particularly outspoken critic, C. Hartley Gratton, said of <mask>' CPI efforts and of his 1918 The Roots of the War that there was "free use of gossip, and the 'revelations' of the Creel Bureau are accepted as definitive truth". <mask> himself would write in 1926 of the earlier work that “very little of [that] hastily prepared material has endured under the cold scrutiny demanded by added information and years of retrospect.”. In view of <mask>' retirement and early death, what long-term effect such criticisms might have had upon him is unknowable. Blakey sums up the revisionists' efforts by saying that, however they changed the practice of historical writing, "their impact on the subsequent lives and careers of the embattled historians was slight to the point of being negligible," and this could apply fairly to <mask>. Historical approach

Throughout his writing career, both of fiction and non-fiction, <mask>’ "angle" to history, as he himself put it in his preface to Europe Since Waterloo, included:
“a belief in a just form of nationalism, and that a devoted loyalty to native land is entirely reconcilable with an ardent love for wide humanity. “an intense belief in democracy, . . . and that the modern age is bound to resume the old, old battle against the vicious assumption that some select group of men .. . is competent to decree the destinies of an entire people. “Finally, . . . a matured belief that only as the spirit of Christianity penetrates the hearts of men will human brotherhood and wide-spread, enduring happiness be achieved . . . . If the so-called Christian nations and rulers have all too often failed unworthily, their failure has been because they knew not the essence of Christianity, however eagerly they have usurped the name.”
Stylistically, <mask> never gave up on writing stories as a medium to convey his love for history as he saw it, and his intense conviction that the knowledge of history should matter to his contemporaries. He had a faculty for describing critical scenes, such as the expulsion of the tribunes in A Friend of Caesar or Luther before the Diet of Worms in The Friar of Wittenberg. In his day, he was known for his “vivid, almost melodramatic prose style”. Twentieth Century Authors would credit him with having welded “fact and fiction without loss of narrative intensity or historical plausibility.”

Books published

Non-fiction

Outline History of the Roman Empire (44 B.C.to 378 A.D.) (1909)
The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome (1910)
Readings in Ancient History. Two volumes. Vol. I: Greece and the East (1912). Vol. II: Rome and the West (1913)
A Day in Old Athens: A Picture of Athenian Life (1914). This work was recently adapted by Charles Douglas Smith and republished as Now That You Asked: Ancient Athens (2007)
A History of Mediaeval and Modern Europe for Secondary Schools (with Norman Shaw McKendrick) (1914)
The Roots of the War: A Non-technical History of Europe, 1870–1914, A.D. (with <mask> and Mason W. Tyler) (1918), published in the United Kingdom as Armed Peace (1919)
A History of France from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Versailles (1919)
A Short History of the Near East, from the Founding of Constantinople (330, A.D. to 1922) (1922)
Life on a Mediaeval Barony: A Picture of a Typical Feudal Community in the Thirteenth Century (1923)
A Day in Old Rome: A Picture of Roman Life (1925)
Europe Since Waterloo (1926).This work was revised and extended four times by Walter Phelps Hall under the title The Course of Europe Since Waterloo (1941, 1947, 1951, 1957). A still later revision by Kurt R. Schmeller was published as Hall & Davis’ The Course of Europe Since Waterloo (1968). The French Revolution as Told in Fiction (1927)
Life in Elizabethan Days: A Picture of a Typical English Community at the End of the Sixteenth Century (posthumous, 1930)

Fiction

A Friend of Caesar: A Tale of the Fall of the Roman Republic (1900). "God Wills It! ": A Tale of the First Crusade (1901)
Belshazzar: A Tale of the Fall of Babylon (1902)
The Saint of the Dragon's Dale: A Fantastic Tale (1903)
A Victor of Salamis: A Tale of the Days of Xerxes, Leonidas, and Themistocles (1907)
The Friar of Wittenberg (1912)
The Beauty of the Purple: A Romance of Imperial Constantinople Twelve Centuries Ago (1924)
Falaise of the Blessed Voice (1904), republished as The White Queen (1925)
Gilman of Redford: A Story of Boston & Harvard College on the Eve of the Revolutionary War, 1770–1775 (1927)
The Whirlwind: An Historical Romance . . . of the French Revolution (1929)

Notes

References
Adams, Oscar Faye. A Dictionary of American Authors.5th ed., rev. & enlarged. Boston: Houghton Mifflen, 1904. Rpt. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1969. The American Historical Review (abbreviated as AHR). "Historical News: Personal".Pub. American Historical Association. Vol. 35, No. 3 (Apr., 1930). Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838466. Accessed: September 9, 2008 10:36.Barnes, Harry Elmer. In Quest of Truth and Justice: De-Bunking the War Guilt Myth. Chicago: National Historical Society, 1928. Blakey, George T.  Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the Great War. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.  .
Committee on Public Information (abbreviated as CPI). The War Message and the Facts Behind It: Annotated Text of President Wilson's Message, April 2, 1917. War Information Series No.1 [No. 101 in some listings]. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1917. Google Book Search: "The War Message and the Facts Behind It", accessed October 20, 2008. <mask>, <mask>. Europe Since Waterloo: A Non-technical History of Europe from the Exile of Napoleon to the Treaty of Versailles, 1815–1919. New York: The Century Company, 1926.<mask>, <mask>, with <mask> and Mason W. Tyler. The Roots of the War, A Non-technical History of Europe 1870–1914 A.D.  New York: The Century Company, 1918. Internet Archive: “Roots of the War”, accessed September 25, 2008. Gratton, C. Hartley. “The Historians Cut Loose.”  American Mercury 11.44 (August 1927):414–430. Reprinted New York: Johnson Reprint Co., 1968. Krosch, Penelope."<mask>, <mask>." American National Biography. Vol. 6. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.  .
Kunitz, Stanley J., and Howard Haycraft. "<mask>, <mask>." Twentieth Century Authors: A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Literature.New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1942. Lawrence, Alberta, ed. Who's Who Among North American Authors. Vol IV (1929–30), Vol. V (1931–32). Los Angeles: Golden Syndicate Publishing Co.
MacDonald, Quentin. “Fiction that Many Will Read: Falaise of the Blessed Voice”.Book News, an Illustrated Magazine of Literature and Books. Philadelphia: John Wanamaker, publisher. Vol. 23, No. 267 (Nov 1904). Google Book Search: “Falaise of the Blessed Voice”, accessed October 22, 2008. The Nation."Current Fiction". Vol 95:2463 (September 12, 1912). Schmeller, Kurt R.  Hall & <mask>’ The Course of Europe Since Waterloo. Foreword by Th. H. Von Laue. One volume (hardback); two volumes (paperback). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.Survey Associates. The Survey. Vol. 35 (October 1915 – March 1916). Google Book Search, “<mask> <mask>”, accessed October 22, 2008. Tey, Josephine (Elizabeth MacKintosh). The Daughter of Time, 1951.Rpt. in Four, Five, and Six by Tey. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1952.
 Who's Who in America. Ed. Albert Nelson Marquis. vols. iii (1903), xv (1928–29), xvi (1930–31).The <mask> Papers are in the Archives of the University of Minnesota Library, Collection Number UARC 702. External links

1877 births
1930 deaths
American historians
American historical novelists
Worcester Academy alumni
Harvard University alumni
American male novelists
American male non-fiction writers
Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period

masks:
William Stearns Davis
Davis
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Life Davis
William Vail
Wilson Davis
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Alice Williams
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William Anderson
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William Stearns
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William Stearns
William Anderson
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William Stearns
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William Stearns
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Davis


title: Amber Rose

texts:
<mask> (born October 21, 1983) is an American model and television personality. Early life
<mask> was born on October 21, 1983, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and Michael Levonchuck. Her father is of Irish and Italian descent and her mother is of Cape Verdean African and maternal Scottish descent from Ayrshire. She has one brother named Antonio Hewlett. <mask> grew up in South Philadelphia. <mask> claimed to have begun stripping at the age of 15 under the pseudonym "Paris", to provide for her family after her parents' divorce. On Van Lathan's "The Red Pill" podcast, she claimed that she also attempted to sell crack cocaine, but wasn't successful.Modeling career
<mask>'s appearance in Young Jeezy and Kanye West's "Put On" video in 2008 caught the attention of West. <mask> then gained more exposure after posing for a Louis Vuitton print advertisement featuring West's sneaker line. <mask> walked the runway at New York Fashion Week for "Celestino". <mask> has also made cameos in music videos such as Nicki Minaj's "Massive Attack", Young Jeezy's "Vacation", Wiz Khalifa's "No Sleep", Fabolous' "You Be Killin' Em", Ludacris' "What Them Girls Like" and Future's "Mask Off". She was signed with modeling agency Ford Models from 2009 to 2010. In 2010, she appeared in Russell Simmons's reality show about his two assistants, Running Russell Simmons. She also starred in a PSA by NOH8 Campaign.In 2011, <mask> was a guest judge on Season 3 of RuPaul's Drag Race. She was also a judge on Season 2 of Master of the Mix. In November 2011, she became the spokesperson for Smirnoff and appeared in television ads and billboards for the company's new flavors Whipped Cream and Fluffed Marshmallow. Musical pursuits
<mask> released her debut single "Fame", which features Wiz Khalifa, on January 10, 2012, followed by a second single, titled "Loaded", released on February 6, 2012. She then rapped on the eleventh track of her ex-husband's album O.N.I.F.C., titled "Rise Above", along with rappers Tuki Carter and Pharrell Williams, who produced the song. She was managed by Leticia "Tish" Cyrus, mother of singer Miley Cyrus, who is <mask>'s and her ex-husband Wiz Khalifa's close friend. Business endeavors

In September 2009, <mask> announced plans to launch her own eyewear line.In 2012, <mask> opened a clothing line with her friend Priscilla Ono called Rose & Ono. <mask> guest-starred on an episode of Wild 'N Out on MTV2, and had a role as "MaryWanna" in the film School Dance, which was directed by her manager, Nick Cannon in 2014. Simon & Schuster published her first book, How to Be a Bad Bitch, in which she offers advice and personal anecdotes on everything from finances and career to love and fashion. The cover features an image shot by famed photographer David LaChapelle. In 2015, <mask> filmed "Walk of No Shame with <mask>" with Funny or Die. The viral video helped promote <mask>'s SlutWalk, which took place on October 3, 2015, in Los Angeles, California. In March 2016, <mask> launched an emoji app called MuvaMoji, featuring 900 emoji icons that she curated.In May 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star in her own talk show entitled The <mask> Show on VH1, which debuted on July 8, 2016. On September 8, 2016, <mask> began hosting Loveline. Dancing with the Stars
On August 30, 2016, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on the 23rd season of Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with professional dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy. They were eliminated on October 17 and finished in 9th place. Personal life

Relationships
<mask> dated rapper Kanye West for two years, starting in 2008. She began dating rapper Wiz Khalifa in early 2011.The couple got engaged on March 1, 2012, and married on July 8, 2013. Their son was born in 2013. <mask>, Khalifa, and their son divided their time between homes in Los Angeles and Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> filed for divorce from Khalifa on September 22, 2014, citing irreconcilable differences and planned to take full custody of their son. As of 2015, <mask> and Khalifa have joint custody of their son. Beginning in summer 2017, <mask> was dating rapper 21 Savage. As of March 2018, the couple have separated.In 2009, in regard to her sexual orientation, <mask> stated, "I'm extremely open with my sexuality. I can be in love with a woman, I can be in love with a man. As far as humans go, I definitely find beauty in everybody, whether they're heavy-set, super-skinny, if they're white, black, Indian, Asian, Spanish. I can see beauty in anybody. If I see a woman and I think she's beautiful and I like her, and she likes me back we can definitely try to be in a relationship together." In 2016, <mask> disclosed to guest Margaret Cho during an episode of her podcast Love Line with <mask> that she once dated a trans man. On April 3, 2019, <mask> disclosed via an Instagram post that she is expecting a baby boy with Def Jam record label executive Alexander Edwards.In October 2019, <mask> gave birth to a son. SlutWalk
On October 3, 2015, <mask> led the Los Angeles-based SlutWalk to honor all women who have been judged and demeaned for their sexual behavior. As part of the event, <mask> spoke publicly about the instances of shaming she has experienced, specifically mentioning an incident at the age of 14, when a male classmate pulled his genitals out while in a closet with her playing the kissing game "seven minutes in heaven". <mask> related that he tricked her into kneeling down in front of him, then threw open the closet door for all of their friends to see, suggesting oral sex had taken place. <mask> grew visibly agitated while speaking about the bullying that followed, demonstrating for her audience the depth of the trauma the experience caused. <mask> has since been associated with the event annually. Filmography

References

External links

<mask> at SKAM Artist

1983 births
Living people
Actresses from Philadelphia
American cosmetics businesspeople
American female erotic dancers
American erotic dancers
American people of Cape Verdean descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American people of Scottish descent
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American socialites
21st-century American actresses
Hip hop models
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Philadelphia
People from Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
LGBT actresses
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Amber Rose Levonchuck
Amber Levonchuck
Dorothy Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Amber Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Amber Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Amber Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Amber Rose


title: Eugène Atget

texts:
<mask> (; 12 February 1857 – 4 August 1927) was a French flâneur and a pioneer of documentary photography, noted for his determination to document all of the architecture and street scenes of Paris before their disappearance to modernization. Most of his photographs were first published by Berenice Abbott after his death. Though he sold his work to artists and craftspeople, and became an inspiration for the surrealists, he did not live to see the wide acclaim his work would eventually receive. Biography

Jean-<mask>-<mask> was born 12 February 1857 in Libourne. His father, carriage builder Jean-<mask>, died in 1862, and his mother, <mask> née Hourlier died shortly after; he was an orphan at age seven. He was brought up by his maternal grandparents in Bordeaux and after finishing secondary education joined the merchant navy. <mask> moved to Paris in 1878.He failed the entrance exam for acting class but was admitted when he had a second try. Because he was drafted for military service he could attend class only part-time, and he was expelled from drama school. Still living in Paris, he became an actor with a travelling group, performing in the Paris suburbs and the provinces. He met actress Valentine Delafosse Compagnon, who became his companion until her death. He gave up acting because of an infection of his vocal cords in 1887, moved to the provinces and took up painting without success. When he was thirty he made his first photographs, of Amiens and Beauvais, which date from 1888. In 1890, Atget moved back to Paris and became a professional photographer, supplying documents for artists: studies for painters, architects, and stage designers.Starting in 1898, institutions such as the Musée Carnavalet and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris bought his photographs. The latter commissioned him ca. 1906 to systematically photograph old buildings in Paris. In 1899 he moved to Montparnasse. While being a photographer <mask> still called himself an actor, giving lectures and readings. During World War I <mask> temporarily stored his archives in his basement for safekeeping and almost completely gave up photography. Valentine's son Léon was killed at the front.In 1920–21, he sold thousands of his negatives to institutions. Financially independent, he took up photographing the parks of Versailles, Saint-Cloud and Sceaux and produced a series of photographs of prostitutes. Berenice Abbott, while working with Man Ray, visited Atget in 1925, bought some of his photographs, and tried to interest other artists in his work. She continued to promote Atget through various articles, exhibitions and books, and sold her Atget collection to the Museum of Modern Art in 1968. In 1926, Atget's partner Valentine died, and before he saw the full-face and profile portraits that Abbott took of him in 1927, showing him “slightly stooped…tired, sad, remote, appealing”, Atget died on 4 August in 1927, in Paris. Photographic practice

Atget took up photography in the late 1880s, around the time that photography was experiencing unprecedented expansion in both commercial and amateur fields. Atget photographed Paris with a large-format wooden bellows camera with a rapid rectilinear lens, an instrument that was fairly current when he took it up, but which he continued to use even when hand-held and more efficient large-format cameras became available.The optical vignetting often seen at some corners of his photographs is due to his having repositioned the lens relative to the plate on the camera—exploiting one of the features of bellows view cameras as a way to correct perspective and control perspective and keep vertical forms straight. The negatives show four small clear rebates (printing black) where clips held the glass in the plate-holder during exposure. The glass plates were 180×240mm Bande Bleue (Blue Ribbon) brand with a general purpose gelatin-silver emulsion, fairly slow, that necessitated quite long exposures, resulting in the blurring of moving subjects seen in some of his pictures. Interest in <mask>'s work has prompted the recent scientific analysis of <mask>'s negatives and prints in Parisian collections and in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In Intérieurs Parisiens, a series of photographs he took for the Bibliotéque Nationale, he included a view of his own simple darkroom  with trays for processing negatives and prints, a safelight, and printing frames. After taking a photograph, Atget would develop, wash, and fix his negative, then assign the negative to one of his filing categories with the next consecutive number that he would write the negative number in graphite on the verso of the negative and also scratch it into the emulsion. He contact-printed his negatives onto pre-sensitized, commercially available printing-out papers; albumen paper, gelatin-silver printing-out paper, or two types of matte albumen paper that he used mainly after WW1.The negative was clamped into a printing frame under glass and against a sheet of albumen photographic printing out paper, which was left out in the sun to expose. The frame permitted inspection of the print until a satisfactory exposure was achieved, then Atget washed, fixed and toned his print with gold toner, as was the standard practice when he took up photography. Atget did not use an enlarger, and all of his prints are the same size as their negatives. Prints would be numbered and labelled on their backs in pencil then inserted by the corners into four slits cut in each page of albums. Additional albums were assembled based on a specific themes that might be of interest to his clients, and separate from series or chronology. Subject matter

By 1891 Atget advertised his business with a shingle at his door, remarked later by Berenice Abbott, that announced “Documents pour Artistes”. Initially his subjects were flowers, animals, landscapes, and monuments; sharp and meticulous studies centred simply in the frame and intended for artists' use.<mask> then embarked on a series of picturesque views of Paris which include documentation of the small trades in his series Petits Métiers. He made views of gardens in the areas surrounding Paris, in the summer of 1901, photographing the gardens at Versailles, a challenging subject of large scale and with combinations of natural and architectural and sculptural elements which he would revisit until 1927, learning to make balanced compositions and perspectives. Early in the 1900s, <mask> began to document “Old Paris,” reading extensively in order to sympathetically focus on Paris architecture and environments dating prior to the French Revolution, concern over the preservation of which ensured him commercial success. He framed the winding streets to show the historic buildings in context, rather than making frontal architectural elevations. <mask>'s specialisation in imagery of Old Paris expanded his clientele. Amongst his scant surviving documents was his notebook, known by the word Repertoire on its cover (the French repertoire meaning a thumb-indexed address book or directory, but also defined, aptly in actor <mask>'s case, as 'a stock of plays, dances, or items that a company or a performer knows or is prepared to perform'). The book is now in the MoMA collection, and in it he recorded the names and addresses of 460 clients; architects, interior decorators, builders and their artisans skilled in ironwork, wood panelling, door knockers, also painters, engravers, illustrators, and set designers, jewellers René Lalique and Weller, antiquarians and historians, artists including Tsuguharu Foujita, Maurice de Vlaminck and Georges Braque, well-known authors, editors, publishers Armand Colin and Hachette, and professors, including the many who donated their own collections of his photographs to institutions.The address book lists also contacts at publications, such as L’Illustration, Revue Hebdomadaire, Les Annales politiques et litteraires, and l’Art et des artistes. Institutional collectors of Old Paris documents, including archives, schools, and museums were also a keen clientele and brought him commercial success, with commissions from the Bibliotèque Historique de la Ville de Paris in 1906 and 1911 and the sale of various albums of photographs to the Bibliotèque Nationale

Atget's photographs attracted the attention of, and were purchased by, artists such as Henri Matisse, Marcel Duchamp and Picasso in the 1920s, as well as Maurice Utrillo, Edgar Degas and André Derain, some of whose views are seen from identical vantage-points at which Atget took pictures, and were likely made with the assistance of his photographs bought from the photographer for a few cents. By the end of his career, Atget had worked methodically and concurrently on thirteen separate series of photographs including 'Landscape Documents', 'Picturesque Paris', 'Art in Old Paris', 'Environs', 'Topography of Old Paris', 'Tuileries', 'Vielle France', 'Interiors', 'Saint Cloud', 'Versailles', 'Parisian Parks', 'Sceaux' and a smaller series on costumes and religious arts, returning to subjects after they had been put aside for many years. Surrealist appropriation
Man Ray, who lived on the same street as Atget in

masks:
Eugène Atget
Eugène
Auguste Atget
Eugène Atget
Clara Adeline Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget


title: Eugène Atget

texts:
 Paris, the rue Campagne-Première in Montparnasse purchased and collected almost fifty of Atget's into an album embossed with the name 'Atget', "coll. Man Ray" and a date, 1926. He published several of Atget's photographs in his La Révolution surréaliste; most famously in issue number 7, of 15 June 1926, his Pendant l’éclipse made fourteen years earlier and showing a crowd gathered at the Colonne de Juillet to peer through various devices, or through their bare fingers, at the Solar eclipse of 17 April 1912. Atget however did not regard himself as a Surrealist.When Ray asked <mask> if he could use his photo, Atget said: "Don't put my name on it. These are simply documents I make." Man Ray proposed that Atget's pictures of staircases, doorways, ragpickers, and especially those with window reflections and mannequins, had a Dada or Surrealist quality about them. Recognition in America

After <mask>'s death his friend, the actor André Calmettes, sorted his work into two categories; 2,000 records of historic Paris, and photographs of all other subjects. The former, he gave to the French government; the others he sold to the American photographer Berenice Abbott,

Atget created a comprehensive photographic record of the look and feel of nineteenth-century Paris just as it was being dramatically transformed by modernization, and its buildings were being systematically demolished. When Berenice Abbott reportedly asked him if the French appreciated his art, he responded ironically, "No, only young foreigners." While Ray and Abbott claimed to have 'discovered' him around 1925, he was certainly not the unknown 'primitive' 'tramp' or 'Douanier Rousseau of the street' that they took him for; he had, since 1900, as counted by Alain Fourquier, 182 reproductions of 158 images in 29 publications and had sold, between 1898 and 1927 and beyond the postcards he published, sometimes more than 1000 pictures a year to public institutions including the Bibliothèque Nationale, Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Musée de Sculpture Comparé, École des Beaux-Arts, the Directorate of Fine Arts and others.During the Depression in the 1930s Abbott sold half of her collection to Julian Levy, who owned a gallery in New York. Since he had difficulty selling the prints, he allowed Abbott to keep them in her possession. In the late 1960s Abbott and Levy sold the collection of Atgets to The Museum of Modern Art. As MoMA bought it, the collection contained 1415 glass negatives and nearly 8,000 vintage prints from over 4,000 distinct negatives. The publication of his work in the United States after his death and the promotion of his work to English-speaking audiences was due to Berenice Abbott. She exhibited, printed and wrote about his work, and assembled a substantial archive of writings about his portfolio by herself and others. Abbott published Atget, Photographe de Paris in 1930, the first overview of his photographic oeuvre and the beginning of his international fame.She also published a book with prints she made from Atget's negatives: The World of Atget (1964). Berenice Abbott and <mask> was published in 2002. As the city and architecture are two main themes in Atget's photographs, his work has been commented on and reviewed together with the work of Berenice Abbott and Amanda Bouchenoire, in the book Architecture and Cities. Three Photographic Gazes, where author Jerome Saltz analyzes historicist perspectives and considers their aesthetic implications: "(...) the three authors coincide in the search for and exaltation of intrinsic beauty in their objectives, regardless of quality and clarity of their references." Legacy
In 1929, eleven of <mask>'s photographs were shown at the Film und Foto Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart. The U.S. Library of Congress has some 20 prints made by Abbott in 1956. The Museum of Modern Art purchased the Abbott/Levy collection of <mask>'s work in 1968.MoMA published a four-volume series of books based on its four successive exhibitions of <mask>'s life and work, between 1981 and 1985. In 2001, the Philadelphia Museum of Art acquired the Julien Levy Collection of Photographs, the centerpiece of which includes 361 photographs by Atget. Many of these photographs were printed by Atget himself and purchased by Levy directly from the photographer. Others arrived in Levy's possession when he and Berenice Abbott entered a partnership to preserve Atget's studio in 1930. Eighty-three prints in the Levy Collection were made by Abbott posthumously as exhibition prints that she produced directly from Atget's glass negatives. Additionally, the Levy Collection included three of Atget's photographic albums, crafted by the photographer himself. The most complete is an album of domestic interiors titled Intérieurs Parisiens Début du XXe Siècle, Artistiques, Pittoresques & Bourgeois.The other two albums are fragmentary. Album No. 1, Jardin des Tuileries has only four pages still intact, and the other lacks a cover and title but contains photographs from numerous Parisian parks. In total, the Philadelphia Museum of Art holds approximately 489 objects attributed to <mask>. Atget, a Retrospective was presented at the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris in 2007. The Atget crater on the planet Mercury is named after him, as is Rue <mask> in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Although no statement by Atget about his technique or aesthetic approach survives, he did sum up his life's work in a letter to the Minister of Fine Arts;

Copyright
The U.S. Library of Congress was unable to determine the ownership of the twenty Atget photographs in its collection, thus suggesting that they are technically orphan works.Abbott clearly had a copyright on the selection and arrangement of his photographs in her books, which is now owned by Commerce Graphics. The Library also stated that the Museum of Modern Art, which owns the collection of Atget's negatives, reported that Atget had no heirs and that any rights on these works may have expired. Collections
The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
International Center of Photography – New York, NY
 International Photography Hall of Fame – St. Louis, MO
 The J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles, CA

Gallery

Notes and references

Bibliography

<mask>, <mask>. Atget: Photographe de Paris (Paris, 1930)
Badger, Gerry. "Eugene Atget: A Vision of Paris" British Journal of Photography 123, no 6039 (23 April 1976): 344–347. Barberie, Peter. Looking at Atget (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2005) 53–56
Barbin, Pierre.Colloque Atget (Paris: Collège de France, 1986). Buerger, Janet E. The Era of the French Calotype (New York: International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, 1982). Buisine, Alain. <mask>get ou la melancolie en photographie (Nîmes: Editions Jacqueline Chambon, 1994). Kozloff, Max. "Abandoned and Seductive: Atget's Streets" in The Privileged Eye: Essays on Photography (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987). Koetzle, Hans-Michel.Photographers A–Z (Taschen, 2011)
Krase, Andreas. Archive of Visions – Inventory of Things: <mask>'s Paris

Leroy, Jean. Atget: Magicien du vieux Paris en son époque (Paris: P.A.V., 1992). Nesbit, Molly. Atget's Seven Albums (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). Reynaud, Françoise. Les voitures d'Atget au musée Carnavalet (Paris: Editions Carre, 1991).Rice, Shelley. Parisian Views (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997). Russell, John. "Atget", The New York Times Magazine, 13 September 1981. Szarkowski, John. Atget (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2000). Szarkowski, John and Maria Morris Hamburg.The Work of Atget: Volume 1, Old France (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1981). Szarkowski, John and Maria Morris Hamburg. The Work of Atget: Volume 2, The Art of Old Paris (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1982). Szarkowski, John and Maria Morris Hamburg. The Work of Atget: Volume 3, The Ancien Régime (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1983). Szarkowski, John and Maria Morris Hamburg. The Work of Atget: Volume 4, Modern Times (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1985).Saltz, Jerome. Estructura y armonía. Ciudades y arquitecturas. Tres visiones fotográficas: <mask>, Berenice Abbott, Amanda Bouchenoire" (México: Greka Editions. Schedio Biblio, 2020). The World of Atget, 1964.Atget's Gardens: A Selection of <mask>'s Garden Photographs, 1979.Eugene Atget: A Selection of Photographs from the Collection of Musee Carnavalet, Paris'', 1985. External links

Atget collection in the Eastman Museum
<mask> at Luminous Lint
Eugene Atget and Haunted Paris: Trees, Parks and Architecture
Atget's Portfolio at Photography-now
Rauschenberg rephotographs, a project to reconstruct some of Atget's photographs nearly 100 years later
"Photography View: <mask> – His Art Bridged Two Centuries," New York Times, March 10, 1985
Bibliothèque numérique INHA – Fonds photographique <mask>get de l'ENSBA
Estructura y armonia.Ciudades y arquitecturas. Tres visiones fotograficas: <mask>, Berenice Abbott, Amanda Bouchenoire

1857 births
1927 deaths
People from Libourne
Pioneers of photography
Landscape photographers
Street photographers
Architectural photographers
19th-century French

masks:
Atget
Atget
Eugene Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Atget
Eugène Atget
Atget
Eugène
Eugène At
Eugene Atget
Eugène Atget
Eugene Atget
Eugène Atget
Eugene Atget
Eugène At
Eugene Atget


title: Aris Alexanian

texts:
<mask> (Արիստակէս Ղուկաս Ալիքսանեան) (1901–June 27, 1961) was a noted world traveller, prominent Armenian Canadian and business man. Also referred to in articles and publications as A. L. Alexanian and <mask>. Alexanian. Early life
Little is known of Alexanian's early life. He was born in Ağın in the Ottoman Empire in 1901. His exact date of birth is unknown. He was orphaned at an early age with the untimely death of both his parents. He went into hiding for 6 months, in the Anatolia region of the empire, to escape from the Armenian genocide.He was shot and wounded during this period. Eventually he was able to escape. He arrived in New York City in 1920 and then moved to Canada in 1921. Armenian Boys' Farm
In 1923 Alexanian moved to Georgetown, Ontario, to become a teacher and assistant superintendent at a school and farm for Armenian orphans called the Armenian Boys' Farm. The boys were victims of the Armenian genocide. Between 1900 and 1914 Canada took in some 1500 Armenian refugees. Then in the early 1920s thousands more came to Canada, including a group that came to be called the Georgetown Boys.The Georgetown school took in 110 boys who were educated and trained for farming. During this period Alexanian founded and organized the publishing of a monthly newsletter called "Ararat", which featured the art and writing of the orphan boys. The newsletter helped develop the English language skills of the boys before it was transformed into an Armenian-only publication. Alexanian was included as a character in a play set around the Georgetown orphanage. The play "The Georgetown Boys" was premiered at the John Elliot Theatre in Georgetown in 2008. Alexanian is also featured as a character in a children's book titled "Call Me Aram", which is also about the Georgetown Boys. More recently he was portrayed as a character in a musical titled "The Georgetown Boys: A Musical" performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in April 2009.Marriage and Family
In January 1927 in Georgetown, Alexanian married Mary Boghosian, who had recently arrived in Canada from Egypt. They lived for a time at the orphanage, before moving to Hamilton. They eventually had three sons together, Aram, Armen and Albert. Move to Hamilton, Ontario
Alexanian moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1927 where he opened an oriental rug store, called Oriental Art Galleries. His first year's sales totaled $64. He imported handmade carpets from around the world and eventually travelled extensively in the Middle East to buy carpets for his business. During this period he also started a rug cleaning operation.World Traveller
During the late 1940s and early 1950s Alexanian travelled extensively to the Middle East to buy carpets. Few people in the Hamilton area at the time travelled to these exotic lands, so his trips were a source of local interest. His travels were often chronicled in The Hamilton Spectator. A map in the window of his downtown Hamilton store was used to trace his journeys. Upon his return from these travels he would often lecture to local community and church groups and show photographs and films from his trips. By 1958 he claimed to have travelled 304,000 miles outside the country since the war. Alexanian was also an accomplished linguist and could speak six languages, which he used to his advantage for business negotiations in the more that 15 countries he typically visited during his travels.Expanding the Carpet Business
Alexanian began to expand his carpet business in 1950, and opened a second store in Ottawa Ontario. He also expanded the rug cleaning operation in Hamilton. In 1955 the company was incorporated under the name of Alexanian and Sons Limited. Community involvement
Alexanian was involved in numerous community groups. He was a supporter of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Ancient Landmarks of Hamilton group, and the Kiwanis Club. Alexanian, through his travels, developed many friendships and connections around the world. He was a personal friend of Mirza Osman Ali Baig, the Pakistani High Commissioner to Canada, who visited Hamilton in May 1955 and was a guest speaker at the Hamilton Kiwanis Club.Death
Alexanian died on June 27, 1961. The biography and obituary printed in the Hamilton Spectator announcing his death described him as "one of Canada's leading rug importers and probably Hamilton's most widely travelled merchant". Legacy
Alexanian through his commitment to public service has inspired a long tradition of community involvement within his family and business. Alexanian Carpet and Flooring has been a long time patron of the arts, in particular, theatre, music and opera. Albert is a member of the Ontario Arts Council, a volunteer executive with the Council for Business and the Arts in Canada and with the Canadian Association of Family Enterprises. Armen has been honoured for nearly 50 years of service with the Kiwanis Club, and has held numerous position in the organization, including President. He is also special advisor to the University of Waterloo Circle K Club.Aram was a supporter of the Armenian Church of Canada and a founding member of St. Mary Armenian Church in Hamilton. References

Further reading
 Apramian, Jack (2009). The Georgetown Boys. Edited and revised by Lorne Shirinian. Toronto: Zoryan Institute. First published in 1976. Ohanian, Daniel (2017)."Sympathy and Exclusion: The Migration of Child and Women Survivors of the Armenian Genocide from the Eastern Mediterranean to Canada, 1923–1930." Genocide Studies International 11, no. 2: 197–215. doi: 10.3138/gsi.11.2.04

External links
 Multicultural Canada
 Play written about the Armenian Georgetown Boys
 Call Me Aram Book
 Alexanian Carpet and Flooring website

1901 births
1961 deaths
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Canada
Armenian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Ontario
Canadian people of Armenian descent
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
Armenian refugees
People from Hamilton, Ontario
20th-century Canadian businesspeople

masks:
Aris Luke Alexanian
Aris L


title: Frank Zane

texts:
<mask> (born June 28, 1942) is an American retired professional bodybuilder and author. He is a three-time Mr. Olympia, and his physique is considered one of the greatest in the history of bodybuilding due to his meticulous focus on symmetry and proportion. He was inducted in the IFBB Hall of Fame in 1999. Biography
<mask> was born in Kingston, Pennsylvania on June 28, 1942. He started bodybuilding as a teenager after reading Muscle Magazine. He went from  at 14 to  at 17 through weightlifting. In 1964, he received a Bachelor of Science from Wilkes University.For 13 years, he taught mathematics and chemistry while living in Florida and California. He also taught mathematics and chemistry at Watchung Hills Regional High School (in New Jersey) for the 1965–1966 school year. He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from California State University, Los Angeles in 1977. <mask> was awarded a master's degree in experimental psychology from California State University, San Bernardino in 1992. Bodybuilding career
<mask> is a three-time Mr. Olympia (1977 to 1979). His reign represented a shift in emphasis from mass to aesthetics. <mask>'s physique featured the second-thinnest waistline of all the Mr. Olympias (after Sergio Oliva), with his wide shoulders making for a distinctive V-taper.He stood at  and had a competition weight of less than 190 pounds when he won all three of his Mr. Olympias. He was given the nickname "The Chemist" due to his Bachelor of Science degree and, as he puts it: "Back in the day I took a lot of supplements and tons of amino acids. Still do. But back then it was pretty unusual. That's how I got the nickname The Chemist." He famously trained with light weights which saw him to many victories, but Joe Weider urged him to train with heavier weights. <mask> then found the size necessary for success at the Olympia.After his three consecutive Mr. Olympia titles came the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Shortly before the competition he suffered a poolside accident in his home and he lost  of muscle mass. This saw the end to his reign, as Arnold Schwarzenegger controversially placed at the top of the podium in his comeback, with <mask> in third. <mask> is one of only three men to have beaten Schwarzenegger (with Chester Yorton and Sergio Oliva) in a bodybuilding contest and one of the very few Mr. Olympia winners under . Overall, he competed for over 20 years (retiring after the 1983 Mr. Olympia) and won Mr. America, Mr. Universe, Mr. World, and Mr. Olympia during his career. In 1985, <mask> and his wife Christine owned and operated "Zane Haven" in Palm Springs, California where they conducted one-on-one sessions with clients who wished to possess a symmetrical physique. Today, the <mask>s live in San Diego, California, and his learning center is now called "Zane Experience".He is the founder of Zane Gallery in Laguna Beach, CA which features bodybuilding art and photography and is dedicated to bringing Golden Era Bodybuilding back into the mainstream. In addition to this, he operates a commerce site selling books, supplements and training equipment. In 1994, <mask> was inducted into the Joe Weider Hall of Fame. Since 1998, <mask> has written a newsletter entitled Frank <mask> Newsletter, that provides the latest information in all aspects of bodybuilding. He received the Arnold Schwarzenegger Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2003 Arnold Classic for his dedication and longtime support of the sport. In 2005, <mask> played the IFBB Announcer and worked as the consulting producer in the movie "See Arnold Run". As of 2006, <mask> currently runs his own website, and appears at seminars and book signings.In 2011 <mask> appeared in the documentary Challenging Impossibility describing the weightlifting odyssey of spiritual teacher and peace advocate Sri Chinmoy. The film was an official selection of the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival. In June 2020, <mask> began filming a feature documentary on his life directed and produced by filmmaker Alex Ardenti.

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Frank Zane
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Frank Zane
Frank Zane


title: Antonio Donnarumma

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<mask> (; born 7 July 1990) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for  club Padova. Club career

Early career
A native of Castellammare di Stabia, <mask> started his football career with local team Juve Stabia, before joining AC Milan at the age of 15. He spent five seasons in the club's youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007, as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010, 25 years after the team's last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension. <mask> was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008, but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench. In spite of that, Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently. Piacenza
In the end, however, <mask> was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season, in order to gain some first team experience. He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010, in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano; he played the whole 120 minutes, as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time.However, the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season. His second appearance came on 27 October, in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat, <mask>'s performance was considered good. <mask> continued to serve as Cassano's understudy throughout the season, but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee. This allowed <mask> to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011, in a home game against Albinoleffe; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half, Piacenza lost the game 3–1. The following week, he was still in the starting line up, as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese. Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and were set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe. <mask> played in the first leg, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw, but he was benched in favour of the returning Cassano for the second leg, a 2–2 away draw, which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione.Gubbio
For the 2011–12 season, AC Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell, with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season. <mask> made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011, in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out, helping his team to win 3–2. The following week, he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round. <mask> retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season, a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto, on 27 August. He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season, as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione. While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012, <mask> stated that he was "99.9% sure" he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan, which was due to expire the following year. However, he also pointed out that he was "not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper" and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly, hopefully with "a Serie B team that fights for promotion".Genoa
Despite his earlier statements, on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – <mask> was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee on a 3-year contract, as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan, also for a €1.8 million transfer fee. <mask> spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas, making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day. He kept the same role in the following season, backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri. Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season, in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018. Bari
For the 2014–15 season, <mask> moved to Serie B club Bari on loan. He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side, before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February. Asteras Tripolis
On 27 July 2016, <mask> moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee.On 30 October 2016, he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria. Return to AC Milan
On 12 July 2017, <mask> re-joined his brother Gianluigi at AC Milan, signing a four-year deal. Due to injuries to both Milan's first choice keeper and Donnarumma's brother, Gianluigi, as well as the club's second goalkeeper, Marco Storari, <mask> made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia, keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time. He made his European debut on 22 February 2018, in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League. After a season without appearances, <mask> was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market, primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper. However, as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019, he remained in the squad. On 15 January 2020, <mask> made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L.in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia, once again keeping a clean sheet. As a result, he became the first goalkeeper in Milan's history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance. Padova
On 20 August 2021, <mask> moved to Padova. Personal life
He has a younger brother, Gianluigi, who currently plays for Paris Saint Germain. The pair played together for Milan from 2017 to 2021. Career statistics

References

External links
 <mask> at aic.football.it

1990 births
Living people
People from Castellammare di Stabia
Footballers from Campania
Italian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
S.S. Juve Stabia players
A.C. Milan players
Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
A.S. Gubbio 1910 players
Genoa C.F.C. players
S.S.C.Bari players
Calcio Padova players
Super League Greece players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Greece

masks:
Antonio Donnarumma
Donnarumma
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Antonio
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Donnarumma
Antonio Donnarumma


title: Rik Fox

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Richard Suligowski (born December 28, 1955), better known today as <mask>, is an American heavy metal bassist. He was active mainly during the 1970s and 1980s, in the New York City and Hollywood area rock and metal scenes. Early life
<mask> was born in Amityville, New York, on Long Island, and raised in the Polish neighborhood of Greenpoint, Brooklyn. While in high school, <mask> was interested in rock music and photography, choosing as his subjects, the flashy personalities of the New York City glam scene of the early 1970s. Among many other famous New York City bands performing on the city's club scene at such famous locales as Max's Kansas City and CBGB (clubs he would also later perform in with a group he joined during the height of the New York City club scene marking his professional debut on Halloween in 1975 at Max's, the Martian Rock Band), he also photographed early Kiss. During this period, he dated a younger sister of original Kiss drummer Peter Criss. <mask> and Criss became friends and <mask> witnessed the formation of legendary rock band Kiss from the very beginning, including the addition of lead guitarist Ace Frehley.During his formative club band years, after establishing himself on the 'scene', with the Martian Rock Band and performing at the famed NYC club Max's Kansas City and CBGB, in 1976, <mask> found himself joining a well-established New Jersey glam-heavy club band making the rounds named Virgin. Virgin eventually became known as SIN upon <mask>'s suggested band name change. From the band's biography: "SIN was originally formed in New York/New Jersey in 1976 -77, coming out of the ashes of New Jersey club circuit bands VIRGIN and LUST, with the name SIN first being coined by bassist <mask> <mask>, bringing with him, drummer Basil Stanley (Stan Bassel from Long Island), joining Ian Criss and Keith (Vinny Matthews) Starz. In this line-up the band performed until 1978-79, when Criss left to join another band called Angelface. <mask> retained the rights to the name SIN and, after moving to L.A. in 1982 to join Sister and name the heavy metal band W.A.S.P. After departing W.A.S.P., <mask> networked around L.A. and eventually rehearsed for a short time with both Warlord and Hellion (although never recording or performing live with either band), eventually joining Steeler for one album and after leaving Steeler,  with now-proven club-drawing power, reformed two Los Angeles versions of SIN once again." Career

W.A.S.P.After moving to Los Angeles, California, at the invitation of Blackie Lawless, and arriving on February 4, 1982, <mask> played bass-guitar in several bands, including Steeler, Sin, and W.A.S.P.. Although the band was called Sister upon his arrival, relatively speaking, he was only associated with W.A.S.P. for four months, February 1982-the end of May, 1982), and recorded a 'live' three-track cassette demo. He came up with the name "W.A.S.P. ", (there were no periods in the band name at this time—which was validated in an interview by former W.A.S.P. guitarist Randy Piper). The idea is said to have occurred to him after he stepped on a wasp in the courtyard of the house where he lived with band leader Blackie Lawless.The story of W.A.S.P. is retold in the books Bang Your Head: The Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal by David Konow, and "W.A.S.P. ; A Sting in the Tale" by Darren P. Upton, As stated, this is confirmed by W.A.S.P. guitarist Randy Piper at a time of Piper's height of drug and alcohol abuse, as well as in several online interviews with him. On the other hand, some who witnessed the formation of W.A.S.P. explain that <mask> <mask> participated in the band after drummer Tony Richards showed up in the scene; according to Richards, the name was not Circus Circus when he joined the band. <mask> contends that to his recollection, the band was named Sister when he joined.Lawless has since begrudgingly confirmed that <mask> <mask> had indeed, been a band member but, 'only for a couple of rehearsals', which may not be entirely accurate, since <mask> spent some 4 months rehearsing and writing with the band. <mask> is also shown in early band photographs taken by Don Adkins Jr. during the band's first photo session. Causing a firestorm of controversy thirty years later after the fact, despite the grumblings by some die-hard W.A.S.P. fans desperately attempting to re-write a revisionist history of the band, it should be submitted for consideration that, since <mask> created the bands' name while he was, in fact, an early co-founding band member, at that moment of the creation of it becoming the band now-known as W.A.S.P., technically speaking, no matter what happened to the band after <mask> left, that historic point still qualifies him as an original founding member along with Lawless, Piper and Richards. All this, has been verified and validated by former W.A.S.P. guitarist Chris Holmes who has stated he agrees to all of the information as being true. Many unverified allegations usually follow band membership changes, and <mask> was no stranger to that.Both Lawless and Richards' narrative, allege that "<mask> <mask> couldn't do it in the band, his playing was just not right", so they "let him go in a very short period of time." Which comes off as plausible, only because of Lawless's career being much stronger. However, <mask>'s bass tracks, found on the now rare, collectible live, 'original' W.A.S.P. 3-track demo recorded at Pipers' studio tell a very different story; showing a very solid and melodic bass style by <mask> and how much Lawless' narrative was apparently incorrectly misinforming the public. Further, it should also be considered that since it is widely recognized that 'power associates itself with power', it is abundantly clear that if <mask> had moved on to a larger successful career, that, thirty years later, nobody would bother attempting to dismiss or dispute his membership in W.A.S.P. ; it would have obviously been openly acknowledged by Lawless. Case in point; New York City guitarist Ivan Kral co-founded the band Blondie and left before the band's first album, similar to <mask>'s relation to W.A.S.P.Nobody contends or disputes that point, but for <mask>'s situation, such is the case of being denied membership or credit in the band's history. Furthermore, the question has been put forth in many interviews: "What would W.A.S.P. have been called, if not for <mask>'s membership in that first original line-up and suggestion in the first place?" Steeler
After leaving W.A.S.P., <mask> spent a short time rehearsing briefly with both Warlord  and Hellion, and then joined the Ron Keel fronted band Steeler in 1983. He'd put an ad in a Los Angeles music magazine looking for a gig and got a call from Keel himself. <mask> auditioned for Steeler and was offered the job, but before he'd accepted it, he was offered the bassist duties in the band Angel by keyboardist Greg Giuffria. <mask> had a bit of a dilemma, being tempted by Giuffria's offer since Angel was his 'dream band'.After considering both offers, <mask> decided to join the hot, up and coming Steeler. <mask> spent five months in Steeler, long enough to record the self-titled album and play some amazing gigs before being unceremoniously let go from the band. This apparently happened to many musicians in L.A. at the time, known for its 'revolving door' with many players constantly switching membership in bands. The decision to release <mask> was apparently made by Keel and drummer Mark Edwards (who was responsible for informing <mask>) for 'unspecified reasons', and caught <mask> completely by surprise. Considering that the band was gaining huge momentum and doing well, this move confused both <mask> and the fans, with Steeler changing line-ups twice more again within several months before finally becoming the band Keel. According to <mask>, Edwards has since spoken with him in 2009 and stated that he "regretted the way the dissolution of the album line-up occurred", further stating that "had that line-up been able to stay together, that a major label signing would definitely have been forthcoming, and the band would have moved to the next plateau of national and international success." <mask> actually received more mileage from his time with Steeler after his tenure with W.A.S.P., and contends that Steeler "was one of the seminal cornerstones of the Hollywood rock scene in the early 1980s."This laid the groundwork that was integral for many of the bands yet to follow, such as Poison and Guns N' Roses, just as the MTV era was being introduced to rock music fans. At the time of the original membership change, after <mask>'s membership was confirmed, Steeler acquired the services of a young, up-an-coming Swedish guitar-whiz virtuoso named Yngwie J. Malmsteen, which gave the band some much-garnered attention, selling out venues and opening for the likes of Hughes/Thrall, Vandenberg, and Quiet Riot at a high point in their respective careers. Unfortunately, Steeler changed their line-up several more times before calling it quits, with Ron Keel eventually forming KEEL under his surname Keel. In addition to the 'classic' Steeler debut album, two more Steeler releases have surfaced over the years in the Steeler legacy: Steeler; Excited '83 (Perkins Palace, Pasadena, CA, USA, supporting Quiet Riot- a rare, excellent quality, live, collectors bootleg), and the Ron Keel released Metal Generation: The Steeler Anthology. <mask> <mask> appears on all three albums. There are also several YouTube live bootleg Steeler performances recorded off the 'board mix' showing how talented as musicians this band really was. With show host Eddie Trunk admittedly being a big fan of Steelers' (small by comparison but equally integral) contribution to heavy metal music history, the question on the minds of the fans of That Metal Show, is the oversight, 'while Yngwie Malmsteen has been a guest of the show several times, why then, has Steeler (as a band-together) been denied consideration as guests?'*Updated note: May 10, 2019 saw a long-awaited Steeler reunion during the KEELFEST concert event held at the Alrosa Villa club in Columbus, Ohio, featuring legendary guitarist Mitch Perry. Going solo with SIN
Meanwhile, after leaving Steeler, <mask> was now 'on the map' and had a bankable reputation and sizable following, enough to now attempt to sell out clubs on his name alone. And so, <mask> re-founded the band SIN. (This happened when he formed a band and referred back to the band name he used back in his New Jersey club days going back to 1977-SIN). <mask>'s first L.A. line-up began to sell out clubs rapidly drawing attention, following on the heels of his popular notoriety from Steeler. However, within six months, despite recording and releasing a 'heavy' Angel-meets Judas Priest sounding, now-rare, snake-shaped collectors' picture disc single of the Fox/Drossin penned "On the Run" backed with "Captured in Time", disagreements erupted over a potential new band management direction that <mask> questioned, which resulted in the previously unknown band members beginning to publicly entertain ideas of stealing the SIN band name and kicking <mask> out of his own band and replace him. Things came to a head during recording what would have been their first album when, after apologizing to the producer of these sessions, Bill Metoyer, <mask> stormed out of the session.Wasting no time, <mask> quickly re-formed another line up using three newly relocated members of the New York band, Mongol Horde recording artists Alien, who had recently disbanded in New York, contacted <mask> and came to Los Angeles to join him in reforming a new line-up of SIN. This line-up enjoyed some well-noticed success, and outstandingly outdid his previous band's accomplishments, finding themselves being voted in a Los Angeles music magazine's fans poll for 'The top drawing rock/metal band cumulative for 1984 over Keel, Stryper and Odin.' They headlined in dozens of packed-house concerts and shows, including the annual 'Los Angeles Street Scene' before some 5,000 people. This line-up of Sin also co-headlined a show with Christian metal band Stryper and directly supported a show with his former Steeler bandmate band Ron Keel's band Keel. Doors were now opening for Fox and SIN. After being approached and picked up by Jerry Weintraub's 'Management 3' in Beverly Hills, <mask> was 'advised' (coerced) to replace vocalist Frank C. Starr (see The Four Horsemen) and drummer Mark Anthony Benquechea who were replaced by musicians of producer Dana Strum's choosing and, with singer Mark Slaughter singing the tracking vocals they entered Encore Studios in 1985 to record album master demos, being produced by Vinnie Vincent bassist Dana Strum (who also produced among other L.A. bands, the band Burn). Showing promise, SIN now began receiving attention from the major record labels.However, despite <mask> trying desperately to keep it together, misfortune struck again and the band's internal chemistry and Management issues caused <mask> to disband Sin which then fell apart. To add insult to injury, producer Strum then openly violated copyright laws by handing over <mask>' song "On the Run" to Vincent Vincent who changed the lyrics and re-recorded it as "Let Freedom Rock" for his own album All Systems Go (Vinnie Vincent Invasion album). When <mask> attempted to sue, Strum threatened with a counter-suit to 'bleed <mask> dry' and then following, Vincent claimed bankruptcy. (See also, the Number 1 fan -voted Decibel Geek Podcast episode: http://dbgeekshow.blogspot.com/2011/07/vinnie-vincent-special-part-1.html ). New band life - Burn and Surgical Steel
Upon the break-up of Sin, <mask> was quickly approached by Niji Management (associated with Wendy Dio, wife of Ronnie James)'s band Burn (formerly Hellion), who shared the same producer (Dana Strum), and was accepted into the band, spending several months rehearsing with them in 1986. Shortly after, the band eventually dismissed their singer, Richard Parico. <mask> then approached a fellow New Yorker, former Anthrax lead singer Neil Turbin to offer him the gig, which Turbin turned down in favor of his own project.During a break in rehearsals, <mask> flew to Arizona to scout potential gigs for Burn. At a Loudness concert there, he was approached to join Arizona heavy metal band Surgical Steel, (a band formerly fronted by Jeff Martin later in Badlands and Racer X, and featuring Judas Priest frontman Rob Halford on one of their demos). This meeting led to spending several months performing and recording an album with them and supporting the Lita Ford band for a 1987 New Year's Eve concert. Unfortunately, misfortune struck again when Surgical Steel's financial backing fell through to finish the album, and the recording deal fell through leaving the album unfinished. <mask> eventually left the band, returning to Hollywood, (with apparently no 'playing issues' at fault claimed there, either). <mask> had successfully recorded with Dokken drummer Mick Brown (musician) for the Surgical Steel sessions. <mask> stated in his interviews that "this pattern of bad luck began to take on the appearance of his developing a penchant for joining popular name bands that, despite looking very promising going in, were, in effect, already sinking ships... it began to look like I couldn't stay with a band for very long, which, despite outward appearances, as anyone can easily see, was not the case, since they fell part on their own soon after I left them and I had moved on to other ventures."However, in the waning years of the 1980s, <mask> <mask> has had the good fortune to have shared the stage and performed with some of Rock's Legends, including the late Ronnie James Dio and rock comedian Sam Kinison, Little Steven, Ozzy Osbourne drummer Randy Castillo, as well as Kiss guitarist Mark St. John, and Bruce Springsteen's drummer, ‘Mighty’ Max Weinberg, (in the late 1970s),  Roseanne's John Goodman, producer Jean Beauvoir, as well as the band Warrant and Guns N' Roses, among others at various all-star jams, or, jamming with the likes of Steppenwolf's legendary guitarist Michael Monarch. 1990s

Not one to stand still, despite some mistaken rumors being circulated that <mask> has 'not done anything significant since he left Steeler', nothing could be further from the truth; <mask>'s music career may have taken a slight turn, but never entirely ended. After he abandoned his last popular band, Thunderball, and then Flyboyz, in the early 1990s. He abandoned his 'pretty-boy look' and played in a local, low-key

masks:
Rik Fox
Fox
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Rik
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Rik
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