title: Thomas Felton (KG)

texts:
Sir <mask>  (died 2 April 1381) was an English landowner, military knight, envoy and administrator. He fought at the Battle of Crécy in 1346, and the Capture of Calais in 1347. He was also at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. A recurrent figure in the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, he was a signatory to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360. In 1362 he was appointed Seneschal of Aquitaine. He accompanied Edward the Black Prince on his Spanish campaign. He was taken prisoner by Henry of Trastámara's forces in 1367.In 1372 he was appointed joint-governor of Aquitaine and seneschal of Bordeaux. He  caused Guillaume de Pommiers and his secretary to be beheaded for treason in 1377. He was invested a Knight of the Garter in 1381. Origins
The de Feltons of Norfolk derived in a junior line from William Bertram, Baron of Mitford, Northumberland. William's great-grandson Roger (died 26 Henry III, 1242) had an elder son Roger (from whom the Barons of Mitford descended), and a younger son Pagan, of Upper Felton, Northumberland, whose son William FitzPagan, called <mask>, was governor of Bamburgh Castle in 1315. At much the same time, in 1311, William's son Sir Robert de <mask> was governor of Scarborough Castle, and in the next years was summoned to Parliament before he was slain at Stirling in 1314. According to <mask> <mask>'s inquisition post mortem, Sir Robert had married Matilda (Maud), kinswoman of John le Strange of Knockin, Shropshire, who bestowed on the marriage and their heirs male the lordship of the manor of Litcham, an ancient seat of the Le Strange family in Norfolk.This descended through Sir John de <mask> of Shropshire and Norfolk, against whom various actions for debt survive from the 1330s. Sir John de <mask> had three sons, Hamo, <mask> and Edmund. Sir Hamo, the senior heir, inherited the lordship of Litcham and was Knight of the Shire (M.P.) for Norfolk in 1372 and 1377. He married and had a daughter, but made his will in 1379 and died in that year without heir male, and was buried at the Carmelite Friary, King's Lynn. Sir <mask> <mask>, who married Joan Walkefare in or before 1356, inherited Litcham as the brother and male heir of Hamo, and died without male heir living in 1381, survived by Joan and their three daughters. He was therefore lord of Litcham for only two years.Sir <mask> and Dame Joan occupied certain Norfolk lands of Joan's kinsman Sir Richard Walkfare after his death in 1370–1371, including Gelham Hall at Dersingham, which Sir Richard had conveyed to John and Elizabeth de Reppes in 1354, at about the time of Joan's marriage. Other Walkfare lands were formally released to Joan during her widowhood in 1384. The manor of Fordham Feltons (Cambridgeshire) came to the Feltons in 1375, through the 1362 betrothal of their daughter Mary to Edmund Hengrave, who died overseas in 1374. Edmund de <mask>, who was living in 1364, married a daughter of Robert Gerrard of Coddenham, Suffolk. Career
Crécy and Poictiers
<mask> <mask> was with the expedition commanded by Edward III which invaded France in 1346, and he took part in the Battle of Crécy, the capture of Calais and the other important events of that campaign. He became an important figure in the service of Edward the Black Prince. When Prince Edward went to take possession of Gascony in 1355, Felton went with him, and followed him to the Battle of Poitiers.His marriage to Joan de Walkfare and the birth of his children followed in the later 1350s. He was one of the commissioners who signed the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) and took oath to see it executed. He is named among the principal witnesses to the marriage of Prince Edward to Joan, Countess of Kent in 1361, as "miles" (i.e., Knight), and appears elsewhere as "chivaler", through most of his career. Seneschal of Aquitaine
By letters dated 8 February 1362, Sir <mask> <mask>, as Seneschal of Aquitaine, represented Prince Edward's authority there, and served as Steward of his household during 1363. He made Richard de Walkfare an attorney for his affairs in England during his absence. He was deputed to receive Peter I, King of Cyprus, who came to Aquitaine to visit the prince in 1364. He also had power to treat with Pedro, king of Castile.When Don Pedro asked to be reinstated to the Crown of Castile, the prince referred the matter to Sir John Chandos and to <mask>. Chandos was opposed, but <mask> recommended that the barons and knights of Aquitaine should be consulted in the matter, and the prince replied, "It shall be done". The larger council decided that <mask> should be sent to Spain with a fleet of twelve ships to bring Don Pedro. <mask>'s expedition landed at Bayonne, where Don Pedro had already arrived, and returned with him and his suite to Bordeaux. Campaigns in Spain and Poitou
The invasion of Spain having been agreed upon, <mask> and Chandos obtained leave from the King Charles II of Navarre to cross the mountain passes into Spain. <mask> in March 1367 preceded the prince with an advance force of 200 men-at-arms and archers, and found the enemy encamped near Navarrete. They were attacked by a large body of Spaniards, and all were either killed or taken prisoner in a battle at Aríñez.Sir William de <mask>, <mask>'s kinsman and Seneschal of Poitou, was among the slain. <mask> was taken prisoner, and was later exchanged for Arnoul d'Audrehem, Marshal of France, who was captured by the English at the Battle of Nájera (Navarrete) in April 1367. He afterwards took part in combats and sieges at Monsac, at Duravel, and at Domme. The lands and barony of Chaumont in Gascony were given by Edward III to Sir John Chandos (died 1369), with a reversion at his death to <mask>. <mask>'s near kinsman <mask> was Seneschal of Quercy and Périgord, and his brother Richard Walkfare Seneschal of Agenois, and also Mayor of Bordeaux 1366–69. <mask> was recalled to Angoulême by the prince, and sent into Poitou with John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke. He secured La Linde on the Dordogne when it was about to be betrayed to the French.He joined John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster in an attack on the town of Mont-Paon, and made an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the garrison of Thouars. In spite of his efforts Monsac was lost to the English. In 1372, when the Black Prince had surrendered the principality of Aquitaine into the king's hands, it was granted by royal commission to <mask> and Sir Robert Wykford. Upon the final withdrawal of the Duke of Lancaster, <mask> was appointed Seneschal of Bordeaux. Capture and ransom, 1377–1380
In February 1375 he returned to England. A year later he received orders to put the truce into effect, and, in December 1376, to negotiate with the King of Navarre. He caused Guillem-Sanche IV de Pommiers, Vicomte de Fronsac (heir of the ancient rulers of Gascony), and his confessor Coulon, to be beheaded at Bordeaux for treason.These events coincided with the close of the reign of Edward III. <mask> was at length again taken prisoner by the French near Bordeaux on 1 November 1377. In c. 1378 Dame Joan de <mask>, his wife, petitioned the king that a French prisoner in England, the Count of Saint Pol (Waleran III, Count of Ligny), should not be ransomed until her husband had been set at liberty. In April 1380 a procuration had been signed by the Comte de Foix to set him at liberty. In August the king granted to <mask> for the payment of his ransom thirty thousand francs, from the ransom of two French prisoners. During the same year <mask> received letters of protection in England to enable him to return to France for matters connected with the payment of his ransom. At his death his lands and barony of Chaumont in Gascony, over which his governance had been lacking, were granted by King Richard II to Sir Perducas d'Albret.Death and chantry
<mask> was made a Knight of the Garter in January 1381, and his plate is still to be seen in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, in the tenth stall, on the sovereign's side. He died 2 April 1381. Besides the manor of Litcham, Norfolk, Felton owned the manor called Felton's at Barrow, Suffolk, and other property in the neighbourhood. In 1384 John le Strange and his wife Eleanor, daughter and heir in the blood of Sir Richard de Walkefare, released to Joan de <mask> certain manors from the inheritance of Sir Richard de Walkefare. In the same year Joan de <mask> enfeoffed the nominees of John de Snoryng, Prior of Walsingham, with the Walkfare manors of Great Ryburgh and Little Ryburgh, and the advowson of Great Ryburgh: they were to enfeoff the Prior, to find four chaplains to sing perpetually for the souls of Sir <mask> and Dame <mask> in a chapel to be made over the tomb of Sir <mask> at Walsingham. Joan made warranty against the claims of John and Eleanor Strange and their heirs, upon the manor of Great Ryburgh. After her death the feoffees were to grant an annual rent of £20 each to her daughters Dame Sibill de Morley, nun (and later to be abbess) in the Abbey of Barking, and Dame Mary de <mask>, minoress in the Abbey of St Mary without Aldgate, and one of 100 shillings to John Sturmy of Incheton.Her tenant, Sir Stephen de Hales, could make the payments himself if preferred. The Prior and Convent were to keep the anniversary obits of Sir <mask> and Dame <mask> and their son <mask>. Joan lived until at least March 1408. Family
Around 1357 <mask> married Joan de Walkefare, and their three daughters and coheiresses were born soon afterwards. There was also a son, <mask>mefield's guess, in making Joan a daughter of Sir Richard de Walkefare of Great Ryburgh, Ingoldisthorpe, Isleham, etc. (died 1371).However Walkfare's only daughter and heiress named as such in primary sources is Alianore, wife of John Le Strange, who was born c. 1357 and betrothed in childhood. Although closely connected with them, Joan's life-dates and land transactions suggest that Joan may have been rather a sister of Sir Richard, and daughter of Sir Robert de Walkefare (died 1334), patron of Binham Priory and Lancastrian rebel. An account of the Walkfare descent is traced for the manors of Isleham, and a pedigree is attempted by Walter Rye. The arms and crest of Sir <mask> <mask> are illustrated in colour on the dustjacket cover of Joan Corder's Dictionary of Suffolk Crests. The children of Sir <mask> <mask> and Joan de Walkfare were:
 <mask> (born c. 1357), was betrothed in infancy, c. 1362 and married first to
 (1) Edmund Hemgrave, of Hengrave, Suffolk, who died overseas in 1374. She is then said to have married
 (2) Sir <mask> Breton in 1374 (in the chapel of Sir <mask> <mask>'s mansion house in Candlewick Street, London), and after him
 (3) Sir Geoffrey de Workeseley (Worsley), around 1376 at Leamington, "for his advancement", whose manors of Worsley and Hulton were settled upon the marriage. However these were seized in 1376 by the sheriff in respect of a debt of 6000 marks.It was later found that Mary's former husband had not died until November or December 1380, in Aquitaine, and the marriage to Sir Geoffrey was declared null. Sir <mask> died in 1381. Sir Geoffrey, who had been in the Spanish war and had been a prisoner of war, claimed that the divorce was urged on her by his servant <mask>, who, being charged to protect Mary during Geoffrey's absence abroad, had dishonoured her (and, as he asserted, had married her). Returning, Geoffrey (who was re-enfeoffed in his manor of Worsley) had attacked and injured Pulle, who sometime later died. Geoffrey brought a petition disclaiming responsibility for Pulle's death. He remarried to Isabel, daughter of Sir <mask> Lathom, by whom he had a daughter Elizabeth (born November 1383), but he also soon afterwards died, on 30 March 1385. By 1383 Mary had become a sister among the minoresses at Aldgate, London, where her mother endowed her with the reversion of a lifetime rent from certain manors which Joan had held in jointure with Sir <mask>lton.A warrant for Mary's arrest as an "apostate vagabond sister", to be returned to the abbess for punishment, was issued in November 1385. After Sir Geoffrey's death, Sir Robert de Workeseley, guardian of Elizabeth, brought a second petition: Mary had quit the cloister claiming that she had entered it out of fear, and had begun lawsuits to reverse the grounds of her divorce, a process which would illegitimize and disinherit Elizabeth. The manors of Worsley and Hulton therefore passed to Sir Geoffrey's sister Alice, wife of Sir John Massey. Mary was now remarried to
 (4) Sir John de Curson of Beck Hall, who conducted suits on her behalf both at the Common Bench and under Church law, by which the Pope confirmed her return to secular life. Woodger makes her the mother of the younger John Curson, but also identifies her as the same Maria de <mask> who became Prioress of Campsey Priory, Suffolk, who received grants from John Le Strange, and who died in 1394. Sibyll <mask> (born c. 1359), wife of Sir <mask> Morley. The Cursons were tenants of the Lords Morley at Foulsham in Norfolk.Sibill was a nun at Barking Abbey by 1384, and became abbess of that monastery for 26 years, from 1393 until her death in 1419. <mask> (c. 1361–1400), married
 (1) Sir Robert Ufford, de jure Lord Clavering, of Wrentham, Suffolk (died 1393), son of Edmund Ufford and Sibilla Pierpoint, and heir male of the de Ufford family after the death of his cousin William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. By him she had three daughters, Ela, Sibilla and Joan. Ela and Joan Ufford married the brothers Richard and Sir William Bowett respectively, while Sibill Ufford joined her aunt Sibill <mask> (or Morley) as a nun at Barking. Joan's daughter Ela Bowett married into the Dacre family. (2) Sir <mask> of Mulbarton, Norfolk (died 1420), by whom she became the mother of <mask>, Baron Hoo and Hastings. <mask>, mentioned by his mother to be remembered in prayer in her chantry.<mask> <mask>'s brother, Sir <mask>, who was living in 1364, was ancestor of <mask> of Shotley (died 1506). Robert, by his marriage with Margaret Sampson of Playford, Suffolk, acquired the Playford property, and was grandfather of Sir <mask>, K.B. (died 1613). Sir Anthony's son, Henry (died 1659), was created a baronet 20 July 1620. References

Attribution

Rymer's Fœdera; Archives de la Gironde; Anstis (ed. ), Black Book'' (Rolls Series). 1381 deaths
14th-century English landowners
14th-century English military personnel
Knights of the Garter
Medieval English knights
People of the Hundred Years' War

masks:
Thomas de Felton
de Felton
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Thomas
Felton
Felton
Thomas Walkfare
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Joan Felton
Thomas
Felton
Thomas
Joan Felton
Thomas Felton
Felton
Thomaslo
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Mary Felton
Thomas de
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas Felton
Thomas Pulle
Thomas de
Thomas Fe
Felton
Felton
Thomas de
Eleanor Felton
Felton
Thomas Hoo
Thomas Hoo
Thomas Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Edmund Felton
Robert Felton
Anthony Felton


title: John Walter Gregory

type: original

texts:
Prof <mask>, FRS, FRSE FGS LLD (27 January 1864 – 2 June 1932) was a British geologist and explorer, known principally for his work on glacial geology and on the geography and geology of Australia and East Africa. The Gregory Rift in the Great Rift Valley is named in his honour. Early life
<mask> was born in Bow, London, the only son of a <mask>, a wool merchant, and his wife Jane, née Lewis. <mask> was educated at Stepney Grammar School and at 15 became a clerk at wool sales in London. He later took evening classes at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution (now Birkbeck, University of London). He matriculated in 1886, graduated BSc with first-class honours in 1891 and D. Sc. (London) in 1893.In 1887 he was appointed an assistant in the geological department of the Natural History Museum, London. Career
<mask> remained at the museum until 1900 and was responsible for a Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in three volumes (1896, 1899 and 1909), and a monograph on the Jurassic Corals of Cutch (1900). He obtained leave at various times to travel in Europe, the West Indies, North America, and East Africa. The Great Rift Valley (1896), is an interesting account of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo made in 1892–3. <mask> was the first to mount a specifically scientific expedition to the mountain. He made some key observations about the geology which still stand. He made the first known attempt to climb the mountain, penetrating the montane forest zone and climbing past the Afro-alpine moorland to the glaciers, rocks and snow.The <mask> Glacier, of which little now remains, on the North side of the mountain, was named after him. Although he never saw this glacier he named the Lewis, Darwin, Heim, Forel and Tyndal Glaciers after eminent Victorian scientists. In 1896 he did excellent work as naturalist to Sir Martin Conway's expedition across Spitsbergen. His well-known memoir on glacial geology written in collaboration with Edmund J. Garwood belongs to this period. <mask>'s polar and glaciological work led to his brief selection and service in 1900-1 as director of the civilian scientific staff of the Discovery Expedition. The expedition was in planning during this period, and had not yet set sail for Antarctica when <mask> was compelled to resign from his position upon learning that he was outranked by the expedition's commander, Robert Falcon Scott. Australia
The University of Melbourne had created new chair in geology and mineralogy created after the death of Frederick McCoy; on 11 December 1899 <mask> was appointed professor of geology and began his duties in the following February.<mask> was less than five years in Australia but his influence lasted for many years after he left. He succeeded in doing a large amount of work, his teaching was most successful, and he was personally popular. But he came to the university when it was in great financial trouble, there was no laboratory worthy of the name, and the council could not promise any immediate improvement. In 1904 he accepted the chair of geology at Glasgow, and he was back in Great Britain in October of that year. Besides carrying out his professional work he had many other activities during his stay in Australia; during the summer of 1901–2 he had spent his vacation in Central Australia and made a journey around Lake Eyre. An account of this, The Dead Heart of Australia, was published in 1906, dedicated to the geologists of Australia. He also published a popular book on The Foundation of British East Africa (1901), The Austral Geography (1902 and 1903), for school use, and The Geography of Victoria (1903).Another volume, The Climate of Australasia (1904), was expanded from his presidential address to the geographical section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science which met at Dunedin in January 1904. The Mount Lyell Mining Field, Tasmania, was published in 1905. This does not give a complete impression of <mask>'s activities in Australia, for he was director of the Geological Survey of Victoria from 1901, in which year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, London, and he was able also to find time for university extension lecturing. Glasgow
In 1904 <mask> was awarded the chair in Geology at Glasgow University winning against Thomas James Jehu, Philip Lake and others. He occupied his chair at Glasgow for 25 years and obtained a great reputation both as a teacher and as an administrator. In 1905 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir <mask> Kerr, <mask>, Ben Peach, and Lionel Wordsworth.He served as the Society's vice president from 1920 to 1923 and won their Keith Prize for 1921–23. His students included <mask> Harrison who was greatly impacted by <mask>. After his retirement in 1929, he was succeeded by Sir Edward Battersby Bailey (Glasgow chair in geology 1929–1937). He made several expeditions including one to Cyrenaica in North Africa in 1908, where he showed the same interest in archaeology as in his own subjects; another was to southern Angola in 1912. His journey to Tibet with his son is recorded in To the Alps of Chinese Tibet by J. W. and C. J. <mask> (1923). His other books on geology and geography include:
Geography: Structural Physical and Compartitive (1908)
Geology (Scientific Primers Series) (1910)

The Nature and Origin of Fiords (1913)
Geology of To-Day (1915)
, in the Cambridge manuals of science and literature
The Rift Valleys and Geology of East Africa (1921), a continuation of the studies contained in his volume published in 1896
The Elements of Economic Geology (1927)
General Stratigraphy (in collaboration with B. H. Barrett) (1931)
Dalradian Geology (1931)

He wrote books in other subjects as well, such as The Story of the Road (1931), and he dabbled in eugenics with The Menace of Colour (1925) and Human Migration and the Future (1928). Death

In January 1932 <mask> went on an expedition to South America to explore and study the volcanic and earthquake centres of the Andes.The expedition, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society in London, made the first geological traverse of the central Andes of Peru. His boat overturned and he was drowned in the Urubamba River in southern Peru on 2 June 1932. One of his companions on this expedition was the diplomat, artist and author Victor Coverley-Price who painted extensively whilst on the expedition. He was in <mask>'s canoe and narrowly escaped death when it overturned and later wrote about the expedition in his own autobiography and for the Royal Geographical Society. Legacy
He was president of the Geological Society of London from 1928 to 1930, and was awarded many scientific honours including the Bigsby Medal in 1905. Apart from his books he also wrote about 300 papers on geological geographical, and sociological subjects. <mask> was a modest man, sincere, with wide interests.A fast thinker who did an extraordinary amount of work, it is possible that as a geologist he sometimes generalised from insufficient data; his last work Dalradian Geology was adversely reviewed in the Geological Magazine. Nevertheless, he was one of the most prominent geologists of his period, widely recognised outside his own country. Most of his books could be read with interest by both people of science and the general public, and as scientist, teacher, traveller, and man of letters, he had much influence on the knowledge of his time. Honours
The Gregory Rift in the Great Rift Valley and are named in his honour. He visited central Kenya in 1893 and again in 1919 and his 1896 book The Great Rift Valley is considered a classic. He was the first to use the term "rift valley", which he defined as "a linear valley with parallel and almost vertical sides, which has fallen owing to a series of parallel faults". The mineral gregoryite, first found in the Great Rift Valley, is named after him.Racial views
Like many other intellectuals and writers during the 1920s, <mask> held Scientific Racist views based on Galtonism and the belief that opposition to cross-breeding in animals could be applied to miscegenation. In 1931, with Sir Arthur Keith, he delivered the annual Conway Hall lecture entitled Race as a Political Factor. The lecture contained as its abstract:
The three primary racial groups within the human species are the Caucasian, mongoloid and negroid. From analogy with cross-breeding in animals and plants, and from experience of human cross-breeding, it can be asserted that inter-marriage between members of the three groups produces inferior progeny. Hence racial segregation is to be recommended. However, the different races can still assist, and co-operate with, each other, in the interests of peace and harmony. Family

<mask> married Audrey Chaplin, daughter of the Rev.Ayrton Chaplin, and had a son and a daughter. Selected works
The living races of mankind: a popular illustrated account of the customs, habits, pursuits, feasts and ceremonies of the races of mankind throughout the world By Henry Neville Hutchinson, <mask> <mask>, Richard Lydekker (1902) D. Appleton. The Living Races of Mankind By Richard Lydekker, Henry Neville Hutchinson, <mask> <mask> (1985) Mittal Publications Volume 2

<mask>, J.W. 1911. The terms "Denudation," "Erosion," "Corrosion," and "Corrasion". The Geographical Journal 37(2):189–195. <mask>, J.W.1914. The lake system of Westralia. The Geographical Journal 43(6):656–664. <mask>, J.W., Evans, J.W., Lamplugh, Mr. and Freshfield, D. 1917. Erosion and resulting land forms in sub-arid Western Australia, including the origin and growth of dry lakes: discussion. The Geographical Journal 50(6):434–437. Biography
Leake, B. E. 2011.The Life and Work of Professor J. W<mask> FRS (1864– 1932): Geologist, Writer and Explorer. Geological Society,
London, Memoirs, 34.,  and

References

J. F. Lovering, '<mask>, <mask> (1864–1932)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, MUP, 1983, pp 100–101. Retrieved on 27 December 2008

Archives
The archives for <mask> <mask> are maintained by the  Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS). External links

1864 births
1932 deaths
English geologists
English geographers
British eugenicists
People from Bow, London
Deaths by drowning
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Accidental deaths in Peru
Victoria Medal recipients

masks:
John Walter Gregory
Gregory
John James Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
John Graham
John Horne
John Vernon
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
John Walter
Gregory
John Walter
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
. Gregory
Gregory
John Walter
John Walter
Gregory


title: Ola Bini

texts:
<mask>, (born <mask> in 1982) is a Swedish programmer and Internet activist, working for the Digital Autonomy Center in Ecuador on issues of privacy, security and cryptography. He has been in Ecuador since 2013. In April 2019 <mask> was arrested in Ecuador apparently due to his association with Julian Assange and WikiLeaks. Work
<mask> has been involved in the design and implementation of programming languages (JRuby, Ioke, Seph). According to his website, he works on technologies to improve privacy. Karolinska Institutet
According to his 2007 book, <mask> worked at the Karolinska Institutet from 2001 to 2007 as a systems developer and systems architect. ThoughtWorks
In June 2007, <mask> left the Karolinska Institutet to join ThoughtWorks for work on the Ruby programming language, including the JRuby core.That year <mask> authored the book Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: Bringing Ruby on Rails to Java, referencing his work for "ThoughtWorks Studios, the product development division of ThoughtWorks, Ltd."  He spoke about JRuby and Ioke at Google I/O 2009. In 2011 he authored a second book about creating web development applications, Using JRuby: Bringing Ruby to Java. The company has since described him as "the creator of programming languages Seph and Ioke", and noted him as a speaker at the Swecha Freedom Fest doing outreach to students in India. At ThoughtWorks, <mask> was a co-worker of Aaron Swartz, whose loss he lamented, saying "We’ve spent some time together, and we work for the same company. I was hoping to one day actually be able to work on a project with him." <mask> moved to Ecuador in 2013 as part of his work doing cybersecurity consulting for ThoughtWorks, which contracted with the government of Ecuador that year to advise them on a new law affecting software development. Two weeks after his arrival, he gave a talk "Ecuador as a Privacy Paradise" at a state university event.The Jan/April 2015 issue of LineaSur Foreign Policy Journal, published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility of Ecuador, cited an interview with Bini in shaping the government's perspective on Internet privacy policy:With the arrival of the “Internet of things” and the accumulation of data by companies that process and resell “big data,” the need for clear rules and guarantees of rights is urgent. Many Internet connected devices that are already for sale do not have the necessary securities and expose the population to technical failures, improper surveillance, and criminal acts. (See the interview with <mask> <mask> [“Desafíos técnicos,” 2015]). An interview of <mask> with this title was published in El Ciudadano in May 2015, in which he called attention to the dangers of cars and other devices vulnerable to internet intrusion. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, <mask> is "a free software developer, who worked to improve the security and privacy of the Internet for all its users. He has worked on several key open source projects, including JRuby, several Ruby libraries, as well as multiple implementations of the secure and open communication protocol OTR. <mask>’s team at ThoughtWorks contributed to Certbot, the EFF-managed tool that has provided strong encryption for millions of websites around the world."<mask> joined Centro de Autonomía Digital after leaving ThoughtWorks in 2017. The Centro de Autonomía Digital, a small non-profit organization incorporated in Ecuador and Spain "with the purpose of making the internet a safer place for everyone", of which he is the technical director, published a statement in 2019 detailing his contributions and noting that he had been ranked by Computerworld as Sweden's number 6 developer (in 2008), and that he "created two programming languages" and is "a long time Free Software and privacy and transparency activist." The statement listed his contributions to loke, Seph, JesCov, JRuby, JtestR, Yecht, JvYAMLb, JvYAML-gem, RbYAML, Ribs, ActiveRecord-JDBC, Jatha, Xample, and JOpenSSL. DECODE Project
Bini contributed to the European Union's DECODE Project, aimed at "giving people ownership of their personal data", as an advisory board member. Arrest in Ecuador
<mask> <mask> was arrested in an action that appeared to be coordinated with the revocation of asylum and arrest of Julian Assange, whom he counted as a personal friend and visited a dozen times during the time while he was being granted refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy. The government did not file charges, but made a statement that <mask> had been arrested for an "alleged participation in the crime of assault on the integrity of computer systems" that was being investigated.The action appeared to reflect a broad repudiation of the political goals of Rafael Correa by his former Vice President Lenin Moreno: in reference to <mask>'s arrest, Interior Minister María Paula Romo told media  "It’s up to the justice system to determine if he committed a crime. But we can’t allow Ecuador to become a center for piracy and spying. That period in our history is over." The Ecuadorian president, Lenin Moreno, announced on July 27, 2018 that he had begun talks with the British authorities to withdraw the Assange asylum. On April 11, 2019, the asylum was removed and Assange was arrested. <mask> <mask> was arrested the same day at the Quito airport when he was preparing to board a long-scheduled flight to Japan, to which he had planned to travel for training in Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu, a martial art he had practiced since 2007. He was initially sentenced to  90 days in prison in north Quito and his bank accounts were frozen.The arrest came a few hours after Assange was evicted from the Ecuadorian embassy in London. Bini carried at least 30 electronic storage devices. In response defense attorney Carlos Soria told Reuters "They are trying to link him with some sort of possible espionage case without any proof or evidence. He is a personal friend of Julian Assange, he is not a member of WikiLeaks, and being friends with somebody is not a crime — neither is having computers in your home." The attorney published a more detailed list of objections. Romo alleged that Bini had been involved in the plot with two Russian hackers and the former Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño, who had granted asylum to Assange in 2012, asserting that Bini had travelled with the Foreign Minister to Peru, Spain, and Venezuela. Patiño responded, "The interior minister said the Swedish man that was arrested yesterday worked with me.I have never met him. Worse travelled with him. Nor do I know Russian hackers. The only Russians I know are: President Putin, the foreign minister Lavrov and the Russian ambassador." The following week Ecuador requested an Interpol Red Notice for Patiño, who fled the country after prosecutors attempted to charge him for encouraging protestors to block roads and enter public institutions the previous year. <mask>'s parents, Dag Gustafsson and Gorel Bin, said that their son had been threatened in prison and they would remain in Ecuador until he was released. They spoke at a press conference concerning his appeal and gave a half-hour interview with TeleSUR English.<mask>'s lawyers lodged an appeal against his detention on the grounds that he was arrested without a warrant and no evidence of an alleged crime was provided. Bin's appeal with the Provincial Court of Pichincha was decided 2-1 against <mask> on May 3: Judge Inés Romero favored the appeal, but judges Juana Pacheco and Fabián Fabara opposed it. On 20 June 2019, after <mask> had been in prison for 70 days, the Pichincha provincial court ruled that his detention was illegal and arbitrary and granted his habeas corpus request, ordering that he be released the following day. The charge of assault on a computer system remained in place. He was required to remain in Ecuador and to attend the prosecutor’s office weekly. On May 18 a server was taken from the offices of Telconet, which Ola Bini was described as renting for US$5000 per month. This action was initially described as a seizure during a search of company offices, but the company maintained that no search had occurred and the server was handed over under a mutual agreement.Sources in the Ecuadorian prosecutor's office and the United States Justice Department told Associated Press that <mask> would be questioned by the United States on June 27. A pre-trial hearing on 16 December 2020 ruled that there was enough evidence against <mask> to proceed to trial. After several delays, judge Yadira Proaño issued on June 27, 2021 the order to begin the trial. Two weeks later, Proaño was removed from the trial after the defense alleged "procedural fraud" related to delays in the case. Reactions

Analysis and commentary
<mask>'s lawyer Carlos Soria, said the case was created to justify the removal of Assange from the embassy and to improve Moreno's public image which had been tarnished by the corruption scandal known as the INA papers. News reports of the case have suggested that it, like the revocation of Assange's asylum, might be a response to the publication of the "INA Papers" in March 2019, which detailed offshore financial transactions of Lenin Moreno and family members. The papers, which prompted investigation by the legislature, may have been referred to by Interior Minister Romo when she claimed to have "sufficient evidence that [Bini] was collaborating in attempts to destabilize the government."The papers were published on an independent web site and were disclosed in a news story by La Fuente;  Wikileaks has denied any role in obtaining or publishing the documents, and claims Assange himself was closely monitored and cut off from communication within the embassy. An open letter from a group of concerned leading citizens, including Noam Chomsky, Pamela Anderson, and Brian Eno, was published as an editorial in Aftonbladet. It called on the Swedish government to become politically involved in the case at a level beyond ordinary consular assistance. Organizations
The Electronic Frontier Foundation issued a statement that Ecuadorean authorities have "no reason" to detain <mask>, writing that "One might expect the Ecuadorean administration to hold up <mask> as an example of the high-tech promise of the country, and use his expertise to assist the new administration in securing their infrastructure — just as his own European Union made use of Ola’s expertise when developing its government-funded DECODE privacy project...  At EFF, we are familiar with overzealous prosecutors attempting to implicate innocent coders by portraying them as dangerous cyber-masterminds, as well as demonizing the tools and lifestyle of coders that work to defend the security of critical infrastructure, not undermine it. These cases are indicative of an inappropriate tech panic, and their claims are rarely borne out by the facts." Article 19 called for <mask>'s release, stating "ARTICLE 19 is concerned that the arrest and illegal detention of <mask> <mask> is part of a crackdown against the community of developers who build digital security technology tools which enable Internet freedoms and secure communication online." Amnesty International has also commented on his case.A Free Ola Bini website was established, with a solidarity letter citing many supporting organizations, which urges readers to join a Code Pink campaign supporting his release. Luis Enríquez, coordinator of the cyber-rights observatory at the Universidad Andina Simon Bolívar in Ecuador said "the Ecuadorian justice system has not acted independently". Amnesty International said it was concerned that <mask>’s right to the presumption of innocence had been affected by the actions and statements of  high-ranking Ecuadorian officials. In August 2021, the organisations Access Now and the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society published a report into internet security that included a discussion of <mask>'s case. The report said the case contained irregularities and was an example of the Ecuadorian government's persecution of the internet security community. Valeria Betancourt, from the Association for Progressive Communications, described <mask>'s case as the "antithesis of due process and the rule of law". References

1982 births
Living people
Swedish computer programmers

masks:
Ola Bini
Ola Martin Gustafsson
Bini
Ola Bini
Ola Bini
Bini
Bini
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Ola
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Binii
Ola
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title: Bafétimbi Gomis

texts:
<mask> (; born 6 August 1985) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for Süper Lig club Galatasaray. <mask> played youth football with Saint-Étienne before making his professional debut for the club in 2004, also spending time on loan at Troyes in Ligue 2. In 2009, he joined Saint-Étienne's Derby du Rhone rivals Lyon for a fee of €13 million. Over five seasons at the Stade Gerland, he played 244 official matches and scored 95 goals, winning the Coupe de France and the Trophée des Champions in 2012. In 2014, he moved to Premier League club Swansea City on a free transfer. After a loan back in France at Marseille, he signed for Galatasaray, where he was top scorer as they won the Süper Lig in 2018. <mask> made 12 appearances for the French national team from 2008 to 2013, scoring three goals.He was a member of the squad for UEFA Euro 2008. Club career

Saint-Étienne

Born in La Seyne-sur-Mer, Var, <mask> made 13 appearances for Saint-Étienne in his first season with the club, scoring two league goals. In the next season, he made six goalless appearances for the club before going on loan to Troyes AC in a successful six-month loan deal, where he scored six goals in 13 matches. The 2005–06 season was not as successful as the previous season as he made 24 league appearances for Saint-Étienne, scoring only two league goals. The 2006–07 season was when <mask> established himself with Saint-Étienne, scoring ten goals in 30 appearances. <mask> continued this form into the 2007–08 season where he scored an impressive 16 goals in 34 appearances. In the 2008 summer transfer window, Newcastle United under manager Kevin Keegan reportedly offered a transfer fee of £10 million for <mask>' services.However, a move did not materialise and <mask> remained at Saint-Étienne. In an interview with French newspaper L'Équipe, <mask> stated he was attracted by a possible move to England, but revealed Serie A would be his preference. In the weeks leading up to the 2009 January transfer window, his name was again touted in speculation surrounding various Premier League sides, though he moved to allay the rumours, stating his desire to see out the Ligue 1 season with his current club. <mask>' form in the 2008–09 season was scrutinized more heavily than it was in the previous season. Despite this, <mask> successfully netted five times in 17 league appearances, and excelled with his performances in the UEFA Cup, scoring three times in four matches. Lyon
On 29 July 2009, Olympique Lyonnais announced that they had signed the striker for €13 million and the player had agreed to a five-year contract. With the move, <mask> became just the sixth player in French football history to transfer directly from Saint-Étienne to Derby du Rhône arch-rivals Lyon.On the first day of the 2011–12 Ligue 1 campaign, <mask> scored the winning goal in a 3–1 victory over Nice on 6 August 2011. On 24 September, he scored a first-half brace against Girondins de Bordeaux firing his side to a 3–1 away victory. <mask> bagged four goals in the last round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage, helping Lyon to a 7–1 victory over Dinamo Zagreb and progression to the Round of 16 on goal difference. He also created a new record for the fastest Champions League hat-trick ever scored, beating the record owned by Mike Newell. On 25 February 2012, <mask> scored on a volley to bring his side level with league leaders PSG 1–1; the match finished in a dramatic 4–4 draw, after Lyon was winning 4–2. He replaced Alexandre Lacazette in the 70th minute in a derby match against former club Saint-Étienne on 17 March, and ten minutes later scored a 30-yard strike to earn his side a 1–0 victory. He continued his rich vein of form against relegation-threatened Sochaux on 24 March when he converted an Anthony Réveillère cross to earn his side a 2–1 victory.Swansea City
On 27 June 2014, <mask> signed a four-year contract at Swansea City after leaving Lyon at the end of the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season on a free transfer. He made his competitive debut in the opening match of the season on 16 August, replacing Wilfried Bony for the last 13 minutes of an eventual 2–1 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. On 26 August he scored his first competitive goal for the club in a 1–0 victory over Rotherham United in the Second Round of the League Cup. <mask> scored his first Premier League goal on 9 November 2014 scoring the winner barely a minute after entering the field, as his side came from behind to beat Arsenal 2–1. At the beginning of 2015, with Bony leaving to the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations <mask> became the main forward for the Swans, starting the year with a brace at Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park in a 2–6 win in the FA Cup. On 10 January, after equalising in a 1–1 home draw against West Ham United, he displayed a French flag in support of victims of recent shootings in Paris. On 4 April 2015, <mask> scored in the 38th minute against Hull City with a volley and further sealed the victory by chipping the ball over the Hull City keeper giving him his first Premier League brace and Swansea City a 3–1 victory.Loan to Marseille
On 29 July 2016, <mask> signed on loan to Marseille for the 2016–17 season. On 14 August, he made his debut in a 3–1 loss against Toulouse at the Stade Vélodrome. On 21 November, coach Rudi Garcia made him the captain of the squad for the remainder of the season. Across all competitions, <mask> scored 21 goals in 33 matches for l'OM. This included a hat-trick on 27 January 2017 in a 5–1 win over Montpellier. Galatasaray
On 28 June 2017, <mask> joined the Turkish club Galatasaray for an undisclosed fee. He was convinced to join by their former players and his friends, Didier Drogba and Aurélien Chedjou.He made his debut for the Istanbul-based club on 13 July in the first leg of the second qualifying round of the Europa League away to Östersunds FK, a 2–0 loss. On 14 August, he made his Süper Lig debut as his team opened the season with a 4–1 win over Kayserispor. <mask> scored twice and assisted Younès Belhanda. In a game against Akhisarspor on 9 December, <mask> equalised in a 4–2 comeback win at the Türk Telekom Stadium but was later given a red card. On 23 February 2018, <mask> scored his first hat-trick in Turkey, in a 5–0 home win over Bursaspor. He added four more goals on 3 March in a 7–0 victory at Kardemir Karabükspor, between the 17th and 33rd minutes. He finished the campaign with 29 goals from 33 games, including the sole goal away to Göztepe to win the league title on the last day, making him the Gol Kralı (top scorer).Al-Hilal
On 24 August 2018, <mask> signed for Saudi champions Al-Hilal, on a two-year deal for a €7 million fee. The club finished as runners-up to Riyadh rivals Al-Nassr due to a dip of form in the final stretch of the season from <mask> and the rest of the team. With 21 goals, he was joint second top scorer behind the rivals' Abderrazak Hamdallah. <mask> scored 11 goals in the 2019 AFC Champions League, finishing the tournament as the top scorer, and contributing to winning the competition for Al-Hilal for the third time in 19 years. In the second leg of the 2019 AFC Champions League Final on 24 November, he scored the second goal in a 2–0 away win over Urawa Red Diamonds, which saw Al-Hilal win the title with a 3–0 aggregate victory; the title also allowed the team to qualify for the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup. <mask> was also awarded with the tournament MVP award for his role in delivering the title to Al-Hilal and became the first European player to be top scorer in the competition. On 14 December, <mask> de Tunis.On 21 December, he played in the second half of the third place game against CONCACAF champion Monterrey and scored a goal in the 64th minute that leveled the match 2–2. He also scored in the penalty shoot-out, but his team still lost the shoot-out 4–3. Overall, <mask> played three games in the Club World Cup and scored two goals. International career
Born in France, <mask> was also eligible to play for Senegal through his ancestry. On 8 May 2008, he said regarding his international future "I don't have to choose between the French or Senegalese teams, as I have not been called yet. The French team? It would be pretentious to ask for it, but I am not adverse to the French team."On 18 May 2008, <mask> was called up for the provisional French UEFA Euro 2008 squad, ahead of experienced striker David Trezeguet, due to his particularly good form towards the end of Saint-Étienne's season. <mask> scored two goals in 26 minutes in a warm-up match against Ecuador on 27 May. He was the first player to score twice on his debut for the national team since Zinedine Zidane. On 28 May, he was selected in the French squad ahead of Olympique de Marseille striker Djibril Cissé. On 9 June, <mask> won his third cap by coming on as a substitute for Nicolas Anelka in the scoreless draw against Romania. On 7 October 2009, he collapsed in the training for the match against the Faroe Islands. In 2011, after a good start of the season with Lyon, Laurent Blanc called up <mask> for UEFA Euro 2012 qualification matches against Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina.Personal life
Gomis has a medical condition, suspected to be reflex syncope, which means he is liable to faint during times of stress. This has caused him to faint during a number of matches. He is the cousin of fellow footballers Nampalys Mendy and Alexandre Mendy. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gomis goal. Honours
Saint-Étienne
Ligue 2: 2003–04

Lyon
Coupe de France: 2011–12
Trophée des Champions: 2012

Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 2017–18

Al-Hilal
Saudi Professional League: 2019–20, 2020–21
King Cup: 2019–20
Saudi Super Cup: 2021
AFC Champions League: 2019, 2021

Individual
UNFP Player of the Month: January 2007
Gol Kralı: 2017–18
 Saudi Professional League Player of the Month: February 2019
AFC Champions League Top Scorer: 2019
AFC Champions League Most Valuable Player: 2019
AFC Champions League Fans' Best XI: 2019
AFC Champions League OPTA Best XI: 2019
Saudi Professional League top scorer: 2020–21

References

External links

France U-17 season 2001–02

1985 births
Living people
People from La Seyne-sur-Mer
Sportspeople from Var (department)
French footballers
France youth international footballers
France international footballers
Association football forwards
AS Saint-Étienne players
ES Troyes AC players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Al Hilal SFC players
Ligue 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Süper Lig players
Saudi Professional League players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Wales
French expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Black French sportspeople
French people of Senegalese descent

masks:
Bafétimbi Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
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Gomis


title: Louise Erdrich

texts:
<mask> ( ; born <mask>, June 7, 1954) is an American author of novels, poetry, and children's books featuring Native American characters and settings. She is an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, a federally recognized tribe of the Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe and Chippewa). <mask> is widely acclaimed as one of the most significant writers of the second wave of the Native American Renaissance. She has written 28 books in all, including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and children's books. In 2009, her novel The Plague of Doves was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and received an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. In November 2012, she received the National Book Award for Fiction for her novel The Round House. She is a 2013 recipient of the Alex Awards.She was awarded the Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction at the National Book Festival in September 2015. In 2021, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel The Night Watchman. She was married to author Michael Dorris and the two collaborated on a number of works. The couple separated in 1995. She is also the owner of Birchbark Books, a small independent bookstore in Minneapolis that focuses on Native American literature and the Native community in the Twin Cities. Personal life
<mask> was born on June 7, 1954, in Little Falls, Minnesota. She was the oldest of seven children born to <mask>, a German-American, and Rita (née Gourneau), a Chippewa woman (of half Ojibwe and half French blood).Both parents taught at a boarding school in Wahpeton, North Dakota, set up by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. <mask>'s maternal grandfather, Patrick Gourneau, served as tribal chairman for the federally recognized tribe of Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians for many years. Though not raised in a reservation, she often visited relatives there. She was raised "with all the accepted truths" of Catholicism. While <mask> was a child, her father paid her a nickel for every story she wrote. Her sister Heidi became a poet and also lives in Minnesota; she publishes under the name Heid E<mask>. Another sister, Lise <mask>, has written children's books and collections of fiction and essays.<mask> attended Dartmouth College from 1972 to 1976. She was a part of the first class of women admitted to the college and earned an A.B. in English. During her first year, <mask> met Michael Dorris, an anthropologist, writer, and then-director of the new Native American Studies program. While attending Dorris' class, she began to look into her own ancestry, which inspired her to draw from it for her literary work, such as poems, short stories, and novels. During that time, she worked as a lifeguard, waitress, researcher for films, and as an editor for the Boston Indian Council newspaper The Circle. In 1978, <mask> enrolled in a Master of Arts program at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.She earned the Master of Arts in the Writing Seminars in 1979. <mask> later published some of the poems and stories she wrote while in the M.A. program. She returned to Dartmouth as a writer-in-residence. After graduating from Dartmouth, <mask> remained in contact with Michael Dorris. He attended one of her poetry readings, became impressed with her work, and developed an interest in working with her. Although <mask> and Dorris were on two different sides of the world, <mask> in Boston and Dorris in New Zealand for field research, the two began to collaborate on short stories.The pair's literary partnership led them to a romantic relationship. They married in 1981, and raised three children whom Dorris had adopted as a single parent and three biological children together (Persia, Pallas, Madeline, Reynold Abel, Sava and Aza Marion). Reynold Abel suffered from fetal alcohol syndrome and in 1991, at age 23, he was killed when he was hit by a car. In 1995 their son Jeffrey Sava accused Dorris of committing child abuse; in 1997, after Dorris's death, their adopted daughter Madeline claimed that Dorris sexually abused her and <mask> had neglected to stop the abuse. Dorris and <mask> separated in 1995, and Dorris died by suicide in 1997. In his will, he only named his biological children with <mask>. In 2001, at age 47, Erdrich gave birth to a daughter, Azure, fathered by a Native American man <mask> declines to identify publicly.She discusses her pregnancy with Azure, and Azure's father, in her 2003 non-fiction book, Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country. She uses the name "Tobasonakwut" to refer to him. He is described as a traditional healer and teacher, who is eighteen years <mask>'s senior and a married man. In a number of publications, Tobasonakwut Kinew, who died in 2012, is referred to as <mask>'s partner and the father of Azure. When asked in an interview if writing is a lonely life for her, <mask> replied, "Strangely, I think it is. I am surrounded by an abundance of family and friends and yet I am alone with the writing. And that is perfect."<mask> lives in Minneapolis. Work
In 1975, <mask> won the American Academy of Poets Prize. In 1979 she wrote "The World's Greatest Fisherman", a short story about June Kashpaw, a divorced Ojibwe woman whose death by hypothermia brought her relatives home to a fictional North Dakota reservation for her funeral. She wrote this while "barricaded in the kitchen." At her husband's urging, she submitted it to the Nelson Algren Short Fiction prize in 1982, which it won, and eventually it became the first chapter of her debut novel, Love Medicine, published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston in 1984. "When I found out about the prize I was living on a farm in New Hampshire near the college I'd attended," <mask> told an interviewer. "I was nearly broke and driving a car with bald tires.My mother knitted my sweaters, and all else I bought at thrift stores ... The recognition dazzled me. Later, I became friends with Studs Terkel and Kay Boyle, the judges, toward whom I carry a lifelong gratitude. This prize made an immense difference in my life." Love Medicine won the 1984 National Book Critics Circle Award. It has also been featured on the National Advanced Placement Test for Literature. In the early years of their marriage, <mask> and Michael Dorris often collaborated on their work, saying they plotted the books together, "talk about them before any writing is done, and then we share almost every day, whatever it is we've written" but "the person whose name is on the books is the one who's done most of the primary writing."They got started with "domestic, romantic stuff" published under the shared pen name of "Milou North" (Michael + <mask> + where they live). In 1982, <mask>'s story, "The World's Greatest Fisherman," won $5,000 in the Nelson Algren fiction competition. She expanded the story into the novel Love Medicine (1984), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction. It is the only debut novel ever to receive that honor. <mask> later turned Love Medicine into a tetralogy that includes The Beet Queen (1986), Tracks (1988), and The Bingo Palace (1994). During the publication of Love Medicine, <mask> produced her first collection of poems, Jacklight (1984), which highlights the struggles between Native and non-Native cultures, as well as celebrating family, ties of kinship, autobiographical meditations, monologues, and love poetry. She incorporates elements of Ojibwe myths and legends.<mask> continues to write poems, which have been included in her collections. <mask> is best known as a novelist, and has published a dozen award-winning and best-selling novels. She followed Love Medicine with The Beet Queen (1986), which continued her technique of using multiple narrators and expanded the fictional reservation universe of Love Medicine to include the nearby town of Argus, North Dakota.The action of the novel takes place mostly before World War II. Leslie Marmon Silko accused <mask>'s The Beet Queen of being more concerned with postmodern technique than with the political struggles of Native peoples. Tracks (1988) goes back to the early 20th century at the formation of the reservation. It introduces the trickster figure of Nanapush, who owes a clear debt to Ojibwe figure Nanabozho. Tracks shows early clashes between traditional ways and the Roman Catholic Church.The Bingo Palace (1994), set in the 1980s, describes the effects of a casino and a factory on the reservation community. Tales of Burning Love (1997) finishes the story of Sister Leopolda, a recurring character from all the previous books, and introduces a new set of European-American people into the reservation universe. The Antelope Wife (1998), <mask>'s first novel after her divorce from Dorris, was the first of her novels to be set outside the continuity of the previous books. She subsequently returned to the reservation and nearby towns. She has published five novels since 1998 dealing with events in that fictional area. Among these are The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse (2001) and The Master Butchers Singing Club (2003). Both novels have geographic and character connections with The Beet Queen.In 2009, <mask> was a Pulitzer Prize finalist for The Plague of Doves and a National Book Award finalist for The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse. It focuses on the historical lynching of four Native people wrongly accused of murdering a Caucasian family, and the effect of this injustice on the current generations. Most recently, her Pulitzer-Prize winning novel The Night Watchman (2020) concerns a campaign to defeat the 'termination bill' (introduced by Senator Arthur Vivian Watkins), and <mask> acknowledged her sources and its inspiration being her maternal grandfather's life. She also writes for younger audiences; she has a children's picture book Grandmother's Pigeon, and her children's book The Birchbark House, was a National Book Award finalist. She continued the series with The Game of Silence, winner of the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction; and The Porcupine Year. Nonfiction and teaching
In addition to fiction and poetry, <mask> has published nonfiction. The Blue Jay's Dance (1995) is about her pregnancy and the birth of her first child.Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country traces her travels in northern Minnesota and Ontario's lakes following the birth of her last daughter. <mask> and her two sisters have hosted writers' workshops on the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in North Dakota. Influence and style
Her heritage from both parents is influential in her life and prominent in her work. Although many of <mask>'s works explore her Native American heritage, her novel The Master Butchers Singing Club (2003) featured the European, specifically German, side of her ancestry. The novel includes stories of a World War I veteran of the German Army and is set in a small North Dakota town. The novel was a finalist for the National Book Award. <mask>'s interwoven series of novels have drawn comparisons with William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha novels.Like Faulkner's, <mask>'s successive novels created multiple narratives in the same fictional area and combined the tapestry of local history with current themes and modern consciousness. Birchbark Books
Her bookstore hosts literary readings and other events. <mask>'s new works are read here, and events celebrate the works and careers of other writers as well, particularly local Native writers. <mask> and her staff consider Birchbark Books to be a "teaching bookstore". In addition to books, the store sells Native art and traditional medicines, and Native American jewelry. Wiigwaas Press, a small nonprofit publisher founded by <mask> and her sister, is affiliated with the store.

masks:
Louise Erdrich
Karen Louise Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Ralph Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
. Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Louise
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich
Erdrich


title: William Flinn

texts:
<mask> (1851–1924) was a powerful political boss  and construction magnate in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Along with Christopher Magee (1848–1901), his political partner, the two ran the Republican Party machine that controlled the city for the final twenty years of the 19th century. Early life
He was born in Manchester, England, on May 26, 1851, to <mask>, an Irish immigrant, and <mask>, an Englishwoman by birth. The family emigrated later that year to the United States and settled in Pittsburgh's Sixth Ward, famous for its hard-scrabble politics, where his father established a small contracting business. Educated in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, Flinn dropped out at age 9 to deliver newspapers, shine shoes, and later apprentice in the gas and steam fitting trades. Politics
Flinn became politically active in the Republican Party as a ward boss collecting stray votes. He soon attained office in 1877 as a member of the Board of Fire Commissioners.Flinn quickly partnered with Christopher Magee, the city's Republican Party political boss. In 1877, he was elected to the State House to represent the Pittsburgh area by holding one of Allegheny County's allotted at-large seats. In 1882, <mask> was appointed chairman of the executive committee of the Pittsburgh Republican party, a position he held for the next 20 years, and in 1890 he was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate, where he sponsored the Good Roads Act, which became law in 1895. He remained there until his resignation in 1902. From 1884 until 1912 he served as a delegate to every Republican National Convention. He was elected chairman of the State Republican Party at its May 1912 convention. His election was seen as a victory for the progressive wing of the party, which essentially took control of the party away from the more conservative Boies Penrose.Penrose, who had previously served as state committee chairman himself from 1903 through 1905, did not attend the convention, and did not seek re-elected to the post of Republican National Committeeman. <mask>, however, resigned the chairmanship after less than two months in office. A longtime supporter of Theodore Roosevelt, he expressed disappointment that the Republican Party chose not to nominate Roosevelt for President in the 1912 election, and instead nominated incumbent President <mask> Taft. He therefore followed Roosevelt out of the Republican Party, and would later become active in the state's Progressive Party. Penrose, for his part, would go on to wrest control of the State Party from Henry Wasson, one of Flinn's lieutenants who was left to lead the party following Flinn's departure. Business
Flinn's chief business interest was large-scale contracting. His firm of Booth and Flinn was formed in 1876 in association with James J. Booth.As a result of politics and a "lowest responsible bidder" scheme, Booth & Flinn won most large construction and paving contracts in Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania, where they built streets, trolley lines, and bridges, usually amid charges by competitors of graft. The firm built the Liberty Tunnels, Wabash Tunnel, and Armstrong Tunnels in Pittsburgh, and in the later years of the company's continuation, the Holland Tunnel between New York City and New Jersey. (Booth retired from the firm in 1898; George H. Flinn, son of the founder, succeeded him, and in 1924 two other sons, <mask> and A. Rex Flinn joined the company). In The Shame of the Cities, the landmark 1903 book by Lincoln Steffens on political corruption in American cities, Steffens wrote about the alleged Flinn-Magee collusion: "Magee wanted power, Flinn wealth...Magee spent his wealth for more power, and Flinn spent his power for more wealth.... Magee attracted followers, Flinn employed them. He was useful to Magee, Magee was indispensable to him....Molasses and vinegar, diplomacy and force, mind and will, they were well mated." Reformers eventually reined in Flinn by passing legislation to curb corruption and kickbacks. Flinn was also president of the Duquesne Lumber Company and the Pittsburgh Silver Peak Gold Mining Company.He sat on the board of directors of the Arkansas Fuel Oil Company, the Arkansas Natural Gas Company, the Gulf Oil Corporation, and the Pittsburgh Coal Company. Personal life
He married Nancy Galbraith in 1874 and the couple had seven children: five boys (Howard died at the age of 2 years), two girls. His sons—<mask>, George, Ralph, and A. Rex—became prominent in business, three of them in their father's construction firm. His daughters, Mary and Edith, were important figures in local society. The family home, called Braemar, was in the city Highland Park district. Though raised Roman Catholic, Flinn was a member of Pittsburgh's Sixth United Presbyterian Church. Retirement
Flinn's political and business organization began to crumble in the late 1890s when a flap over the rigged bidding system came to a head with Edward Manning Bigelow, director of public works.By the 1902 elections reformers held sway and citizens voted down the machine. Magee himself had died in 1901 after a short illness. Flinn withdrew from local politics, as a result, and retired to a country estate north of the city called Beechwood Farm. He became a gentleman farmer of Guernsey cattle, German police dogs, and Belgian hares. During the winter months Flinn resided  in Florida, where at St. Petersburg he died on February 19, 1924, at the age of 72. He is interred at Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh. According to the Register of Wills of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, J.N.Mackrell, Flinn's personal property and real estate at his death exceeded $11 million. Flinn is honored with several monuments throughout the city of Pittsburgh and the Allegheny County segment of Pennsylvania State Route 8 is named the <mask> Highway. His country estate is now a nature reserve, Beechwood Farms Nature Reserve, operated by the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania. Flinn's daughter Mary used some of her inheritance to build a country estate nearby Beechwood called Hartwood; today it is open to the public as a part of Hartwood Acres Park. References

1851 births
1924 deaths
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania state senators
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Chairs of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania
American political bosses from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
Burials at Homewood Cemetery

masks:
William Flinn
John Flinn
Mary Hamilton Flinn
Flinn
Flinn
William Howard
William
William
William Flinn


title: Mahalia Jackson

texts:
<mask> ( ; born <mask>; October 26, 1911 – January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. With a career spanning 40 years, <mask> was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. During a time when racial segregation was pervasive in American society, she met considerable and unexpected success in a recording career, selling an estimated 22 million records and performing in front of integrated and secular audiences in concert halls around the world. The granddaughter of enslaved people, <mask> was born and raised in poverty in New Orleans. She found a home in her church, leading to a lifelong dedication and singular purpose to deliver God's word through song. She moved to Chicago as an adolescent and joined the Johnson Singers, one of the earliest gospel groups. <mask> was heavily influenced by blues singer Bessie Smith, adapting her style to traditional Protestant hymns and contemporary songs. After making an impression in Chicago churches, she was hired to sing at funerals, political rallies, and revivals.For 15 years she functioned as what she termed a "fish and bread singer", working odd jobs between performances to make a living. Nationwide recognition came for <mask> in 1947 with the release of "Move On Up a Little Higher", selling two million copies and hitting the number two spot on Billboard charts, both firsts for gospel music. <mask>'s recordings captured the attention of jazz fans in the U.S. and France, and she became the first gospel recording artist to tour Europe. She regularly appeared on television and radio, and performed for many presidents and heads of state, including singing the national anthem at John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Ball in 1961. Motivated by her experiences living and touring in the South and integrating a Chicago neighborhood, she participated in the civil rights movement, singing for fundraisers and at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. She was a vocal and loyal supporter of Martin Luther King, Jr. and a personal friend of his family. Throughout her career <mask> faced intense pressure to record secular music, but turned down high paying opportunities to concentrate on gospel.Completely self-taught, <mask> had a keen sense of instinct for music, her delivery marked by extensive improvisation with melody and rhythm. She was renowned for her powerful contralto voice, range, an enormous stage presence, and her  ability to relate to her audiences, conveying and evoking intense emotion during performances. Passionate and at times frenetic, she wept and demonstrated physical expressions of joy while singing. Her success brought about international interest in gospel music, initiating the "Golden Age of Gospel" making it possible for many soloists and vocal groups to tour and record. Popular music as a whole felt her influence and she is credited with inspiring rhythm and blues, soul, and rock and roll singing styles. Early life (1911 – )

<mask> <mask> was born to Charity Clark and <mask>, a stevedore and weekend barber. Clark and <mask> were unmarried, a common arrangement among black women in New Orleans at the time.He lived elsewhere, never joining Charity as a parent. Both sets of Mahalia's grandparents were born into slavery, her paternal grandparents on a rice plantation and her maternal grandparents on a cotton plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish about  north of New Orleans. Charity's older sister, Mahala "Duke" Paul, was her daughter's namesake, sharing the spelling without the "I". Duke hosted Charity and their five other sisters and children in her leaky three-room shotgun house on Water Street in New Orleans' Sixteenth Ward. The family called Charity's daughter "Halie"; she counted as the 13th person living in Aunt Duke's house. As Charity's sisters found employment as maids and cooks, they left Duke's, though Charity remained with her daughter, Mahalia's half-brother Peter, and Duke's son Fred. Mahalia was born with bowed legs and infections in both eyes.Her eyes healed quickly but her Aunt Bell treated her legs with grease water massages with little result. For her first few years, Mahalia was nicknamed "Fishhooks" for the curvature of her legs. The Clarks were devout Baptists attending nearby Plymouth Rock Baptist Church. Sabbath was strictly followed, the entire house shut down on Friday evenings and did not open again until Monday morning. As members of the church, they were expected to attend services, participate in activities there, and follow a code of conduct: no jazz, no card games, and no "high life": drinking or visiting bars or juke joints. Dancing was only allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit. The adult choir at Plymouth Rock sang traditional Protestant hymns, typically written by Isaac Watts and his contemporaries.<mask> enjoyed the music sung by the congregation more. These songs would be lined out: called out from the pulpit, with the congregation singing it back. They had a stronger rhythm, accentuated with clapping and foot-tapping, which <mask> later said gave her "the bounce" that carried with her decades later. She dutifully joined the children's choir at age four. Next door to Duke's house was a small Pentecostal church that <mask> never attended but stood outside during services and listened raptly. Music here was louder and more exuberant. The congregation included "jubilees" or uptempo spirituals in their singing.Shouting and stomping were regular occurrences, unlike at her own church. <mask> later remembered, "These people had no choir or no organ. They used the drum, the cymbal, the tambourine, and the steel triangle. Everybody in there sang, and they clapped and stomped their feet, and sang with their whole bodies. They had a beat, a rhythm we held on to from slavery days, and their music was so strong and expressive. It used to bring tears to my eyes." When <mask> was five, her mother became ill and died, the cause unknown.Aunt Duke took in <mask> and her half-brother at another house on Esther Street. Duke was severe and strict, with a notorious temper. <mask> split her time between working, usually scrubbing floors and making moss-filled mattresses and cane chairs, playing along the levees catching fish and crabs and singing with other children, and spending time at Mount Moriah Baptist Church where her grandfather sometimes preached. The full-time minister there gave sermons with a sad "singing tone" that <mask> later said would penetrate to her heart, crediting it with strongly influencing her singing style. Church became a home to <mask> where she found music and safety; she often fled there to escape her aunt's moods. She attended McDonough School 24, but was required to fill in for her various aunts if they were ill, so she rarely attended a full week of school; when she was 10, the family needed her more at home. She dropped out and began taking in laundry.<mask> worked, and she went to church on Wednesday evenings, Friday nights, and most of the day on Sundays. Already possessing a big voice at age 12, she joined the junior choir. She was surrounded by music in New Orleans, more often blues pouring out of her neighbors' houses, although she was fascinated with second line funeral processions returning from cemeteries when the musicians played brisk jazz. Her older cousin Fred, not as intimidated by Duke, collected records of both kinds. The family had a phonograph and while Aunt Duke was at work, <mask> played records by Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, and Ma Rainey, singing along while she scrubbed floors. Bessie Smith was <mask>'s favorite and the one she most-often mimicked. <mask>'s legs began to straighten on their own when she was 14, but conflicts with Aunt Duke never abated.Whippings turned into being thrown out of the house for slights and manufactured infractions and spending many nights with one of her nearby aunts. The final confrontation caused her to move into her own rented house for a month, but she was lonely and unsure of how to support herself. After two aunts, Hannah and Alice, moved to Chicago, <mask>'s family, concerned for her, urged Hannah to take her back there with her after a Thanksgiving visit. Rise of gospel music in Chicago ()

In a very cold December, <mask> arrived in Chicago. For a week she was miserably homesick, unable to move off the couch until Sunday when her aunts took her to Greater Salem Baptist Church, an environment she felt at home in immediately, later stating it was "the most wonderful thing that ever happened to me". When the pastor called the congregation to witness, or declare one's experience with God, <mask> was struck by the spirit and launched into a lively rendition of "Hand Me Down My Silver Trumpet, Gabriel", to an impressed but somewhat bemused audience. The power of <mask>'s voice was readily apparent but the congregation was unused to such an animated delivery.She was nonetheless invited to join the 50-member choir, and a vocal group formed by the pastor's sons, Prince, Wilbur, and Robert Johnson, and Louise Lemon. They performed as a quartet, the Johnson Singers, with Prince as the pianist: Chicago's first black gospel group. Initially they hosted familiar programs singing at socials and Friday night musicals. They wrote and performed moral plays at Greater Salem with offerings going toward the church. <mask>'s arrival in Chicago occurred during the Great Migration, a massive movement of black Southerners to Northern cities. Between 1910 and 1970, hundreds of thousands of rural Southern blacks moved to Chicago, transforming a neighborhood in the South Side into Bronzeville, a black city within a city which was mostly self sufficient, prosperous, and teeming in the 1920s. This movement caused white flight with whites moving to suburbs, leaving established white churches and synagogues with dwindling members.Their mortgages were taken over by black congregations in good position to settle in Bronzeville. Members of these churches were, in <mask>'s term, "society Negroes" who were well educated and eager to prove their successful assimilation into white American society. Musical services tended to be formal, presenting solemnly delivered hymns written by Isaac Watts and other European composers. Shouting and clapping were generally not allowed as they were viewed as undignified. Special programs and musicals tended to feature sophisticated choral arrangements to prove the quality of the choir. This difference between the styles in Northern urban churches and the South was vividly illustrated when the Johnson Singers appeared at a church one evening and <mask> stood out to sing solo, scandalizing the pastor with her exuberant shouts. He accused her of blasphemy, bringing "twisting jazz" into the church.<mask> was momentarily shocked before retorting, "This is the way we sing down South!" The minister was not alone in his apprehension. She was often so involved in singing she was mostly unaware how she moved her body. To hide her movements, pastors urged her to wear loose fitting robes which she often lifted a few inches from the ground, and they accused her of employing "snake hips" while dancing when the spirit moved her. Enduring another indignity, <mask> scraped together four dollars () to pay a talented black operatic tenor for a professional assessment of her voice. She was dismayed when the professor chastised her: "You've got to learn to stop hollering. It will take time to build up your voice.The way you sing is not a credit to the Negro race. You've got to learn to sing songs so that white people can understand them." Soon <mask> found the mentor she was seeking. Thomas A. Dorsey, a seasoned blues musician trying to transition to gospel music, trained <mask> for two months, persuading her to sing slower songs to maximize their emotional effect. Dorsey had a motive: he needed a singer to help sell his sheet music. He recruited <mask> to stand on Chicago street corners with him and sing his songs, hoping to sell them for ten cents a page. It was not the financial success Dorsey hoped for, but their collaboration resulted in the unintentional conception of gospel blues solo singing in Chicago.Fish and bread singer ( – 1945)

Steadily, the Johnson Singers were asked to perform at other church services and revivals. When larger, more established black churches expressed little interest in the Johnson Singers, they were courted by smaller storefront churches and were happy to perform there, though less likely to be paid as much or at all. Newly arrived migrants attended these storefront churches; the services were less formal and reminiscent of what they had left behind. <mask> found an eager audience in new arrivals, one calling her "a fresh wind from the down-home religion." Black Chicago was hit hard by the Great Depression, driving church attendance throughout the city, which <mask> credited with starting her career. Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more open to <mask>'s singing style. As many of them were suddenly unable to meet their mortgage notes, adapting their musical programs became a viable way to attract and keep new members.When she first arrived in Chicago, <mask> dreamed of being a nurse or a teacher, but before she could enroll in school she had to take over Aunt Hannah's job when she became ill. <mask> became a laundress and took a series of domestic and factory jobs while the Johnson Singers began to make a meager living, earning from $1.50 to $8 (equivalent to $ to $ in ) a night. Steady work became a second priority to singing. <mask> began calling herself a "fish and bread singer", working for herself and God. She made her first recordings in 1931, singles that she intended to sell at National Baptist Convention meetings, though she was mostly unsuccessful. But as her audiences grew each Sunday, she began to get hired as a soloist to sing at funerals and political rallies for Louis B. Anderson and William L. Dawson. In 1932, on Dawson's request, she sang for Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential campaign. She had become the only professional gospel singer in Chicago.Sometimes she made $10 a week () in what historian Michael Harris calls "an almost unheard-of professionalization of one's sacred calling". As opportunities came to her, an extraordinary moral code directed <mask>'s career choices. Her lone vice was frequenting movie and vaudeville theaters until her grandfather visited one summer and had a stroke while standing in the sun on a Chicago street. <mask> pleaded with God to spare him, swearing she would never go to a theater again. He survived and <mask> kept her promise, refusing to attend as a patron and rejecting opportunities to sing in theaters for her entire career. She furthermore vowed to sing gospel exclusively despite intense pressure. In 1935, <mask> met Isaac "Ike" Hockenhull, a chemist working as a postman during the Depression.Impressed with his attention and manners, <mask> married him after a year-long courtship. Hockenhull's mother gave the couple 200 formulas for homemade hair and skincare products she had sold door to door. Hockenhull and <mask> made cosmetics in their kitchen and she sold jars when she traveled. It was not steady work, and the cosmetics did not sell well. At one point Hockenhull had been laid off and he and <mask> had less than a dollar between them. He saw that auditions for The Swing Mikado, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place. He demanded she go; the role would pay $60 a week ().Plus, he saw no value in singing gospel. He did not consider it artful. He had repeatedly urged her to get formal training and put her voice to better use. She refused and they argued about it often. Wracked by guilt, she attended the audition, later calling the experience "miserable" and "painful". When she got home she learned that the role was offered to her, but when Hockenhull informed her he also secured a job she immediately rejected the role to his disbelief. She furthermore turned down Louis Armstrong and Earl "Fatha" Hines when they offered her jobs singing with their bands.In 1937, <mask> met Mayo "Ink" Williams, a music producer who arranged a session with Decca Records. She recorded four singles: "God's Gonna Separate the Wheat From the Tares", "You Sing On, My Singer", "God Shall Wipe Away All Tears", and "Keep Me Every Day". <mask> told neither her husband or Aunt Hannah, who shared her house, of this session. The records' sales were weak, but were distributed to jukeboxes in New Orleans, one of which <mask>'s entire family huddled around in a

masks:
Mahalia Jackson
Mahala Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Mahalia
Jackson
Johnny Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
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Jackson
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Jackson
Jackson
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Jackson
Jackson