title: Don Shirley

texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1927 – April 6, 2013) was an American classical and jazz pianist and composer. He recorded many albums for Cadence Records during the 1950s and 1960s, experimenting with jazz with a classical influence. He wrote organ symphonies, piano concerti, a cello concerto, three string quartets, a one-act opera, works for organ, piano and violin, a symphonic tone poem based on the 1939 novel Finnegans Wake by James Joyce, and a set of "Variations" on the 1858 opera Orpheus in the Underworld. Born in Pensacola, Florida, <mask> was a promising young student of classical piano. Although he did not achieve recognition in his early career playing traditional classical music, he found success with his blending of various musical traditions. During the 1960s, <mask> went on a number of concert tours, some in Deep South states. For a time, he hired New York nightclub bouncer Tony "Lip" Vallelonga as his driver and bodyguard.Their story was dramatized in the 2018 film Green Book, in which he was played by Mahershala Ali. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on January 29, 1927, in Pensacola, Florida, to Jamaican immigrants, Stella Gertrude (1903–1936), a teacher, and Edwin S<mask> (1885–1982), an Episcopal priest. His birthplace was sometimes incorrectly given as Kingston, Jamaica, because his label advertised him as being Jamaican-born. <mask> started to learn piano when he was two years old. By age three, he was playing the organ. He briefly enrolled at Virginia State University and Prairie View College, then studied with Conrad Bernier and Thaddeus Jones at Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he received his bachelor's degree in music in 1953. He was known as "Dr. <mask>" for his two honorary doctorates.According to some sources, <mask> traveled to the Soviet Union to study piano and music theory at the Leningrad Conservatory of Music. According to his nephew, Edwin, his record label falsely claimed that he studied music in Europe to "make him acceptable in areas where a Black man from a Black school wouldn’t have got any recognition at all." According to trio cellist Juri Taht, <mask> never studied in Soviet Union. Career: 1945–1953
In 1945, at the age of 18, <mask> performed the Tchaikovsky B-flat minor concerto with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. A year later, <mask> performed one of his compositions with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1949, he received an invitation from the Haitian government to play at the Exposition Internationale du Bi-Centenaire de Port-au-Prince, followed by a request from President Estimé and Archbishop Joseph-Marie Le Gouaze for a repeat performance the next week. <mask> was married to Jean C. Hill in Cook County, Illinois on December 23, 1952, but they later divorced.Discouraged by the lack of opportunities for black classical musicians, <mask> abandoned the piano as a career for a time. He studied psychology at the University of Chicago and began work in Chicago as a psychologist. There he returned to music. He was given a grant to study the relationship between music and juvenile crime, which had broken out in the postwar era of the early 1950s. While playing in a small club, he experimented with sound to determine how the audience responded. The audience was unaware of his experiments and that students had been planted to gauge their reactions. Career: 1954–2013
At Arthur Fiedler's invitation, <mask> appeared with the Boston Pops in Chicago in June 1954.In 1955, he performed with the NBC Symphony at the premiere of Ellington's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall. He also appeared on TV on Arthur Godfrey and His Friends. <mask>'s first album as a leader was Tonal Expressions, for Cadence Records. It reached No. 14 on Billboard'''s Best-Selling Pop Albums chart in 1955. During the 1950s and 1960s, he recorded many albums for Cadence, experimenting with jazz with a classical influence. In 1961, his single "Water Boy" reached No.40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed on the chart for 14 weeks. He performed in New York City at Basin Street East, where Duke Ellington heard him and they started a friendship. During the 1960s, <mask> went on a number of concert tours, some in Southern states, believing that he could change some minds with his performances. For his initial tour, in 1962, he hired New York nightclub bouncer Tony "Lip" Vallelonga as his driver and bodyguard. Their story is dramatized in the 2018 film Green Book, the name of a travel guide for black motorists in the segregated United States. While the film depicts <mask> as estranged from his family and alienated from other African Americans, <mask>'s surviving family members dispute this. They say he was involved in the Civil Rights Movement, attended the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march, and knew other African American artists and leaders.He also had three brothers which, according to his family, he kept in touch with. Author David Hajdu, who met and befriended <mask> in the 1990s through composer Luther Henderson, wrote: "the man I knew was considerably different from the character Ali portrayed with meticulous elegance in Green Book. Cerebral but disarmingly earthy, mercurial, self-protective, and intolerant of imperfections in all things, particularly music, he was as complex and uncategorizable as his sui generis music." In late 1968, <mask> performed the Tchaikovsky 1st Piano Concerto with the Detroit Symphony. He also worked with the Chicago Symphony and the National Symphony Orchestra. He wrote symphonies for the New York Philharmonic and Philadelphia Orchestra. He played as soloist with the orchestra at Milan's La Scala opera house in a program dedicated to George Gershwin's music.Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky, who was an admirer of <mask>'s, said of him, "His virtuosity is worthy of Gods." Death

<mask> died of heart disease on April 6, 2013, at the age of 86.

masks:
Donald Walbridge Shirley
Shirley
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. Shirley
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Donald
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title: Aurel Stein

type: original

texts:
Sir <mask>,
(; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at Indian universities. <mask> was also an ethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His collection of books and manuscripts bought from Dunhuang caves is important for the study of the history of Central Asia and the art and literature of Buddhism. He wrote several volumes on his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia and Innermost Asia. Early life
<mask> was born to <mask> and Anna Hirschler, a Jewish couple residing in Budapest in the Kingdom of Hungary. His parents and his sister retained their Jewish faith but <mask> and his brother, Ernst Eduard, were baptised as Lutherans.At home the family spoke German and Hungarian, <mask> attended Catholic and Lutheran gymnasiums in Budapest, where he mastered Greek, Latin, French, and English before going on for advanced study at Universities of Vienna, Leipzig and Tübingen. He graduated in Sanskrit and Persian and received his PhD from Tübingen in 1883. In 1884 he went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. In 1886, <mask> met the Indologist and philologist Rudolf Hoernlé in Vienna at a conference of Orientalists, learning about an ancient mathematical manuscript discovered in Bakhshali (Peshawar). In 1887 <mask> went to India, where he joined the University of the Punjab as Registrar. Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore. Expeditions

Genesis
<mask> was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1898 work Through Asia.In June 1898, he sought the help of Hoernle and a collaboration to find and study Central Asian antiquities. Hoernle was enthusiastic as he had already deciphered the Bower Manuscript and Weber Manuscript by then, found these to be respectively the oldest known birch bark and paper manuscripts of ancient India at the time, had received more artefacts and manuscripts but was concerned about the circumstances of their discovery and their authenticity. He recommended that <mask> prepare an expedition proposal and submit it to the Governments of Punjab and India. <mask> sent a draft proposal to Hoernle within a month. Hoernle discussed it with Lt Governor of Punjab (British India), who expressed enthusiasm. <mask> then submitted a full proposal to explore, map and study the antiquities of Central Asia as per the recommendations of Hoernle, who personally petitioned both the Government of Punjab and Government of India, lobbying for a quick approval. Within weeks, <mask>'s proposal was informally approved.In January 1899, <mask> received the formal approval and funds for his first expedition. <mask> thereafter received approval and support for additional expeditions to Chinese Turkestan, other parts of Tibet and Central Asia where the Russians and Germans were already taking interest. He made his famous expeditions with the financial support of Punjab government and the British India government. The four expeditions

<mask> made four major expeditions to Central Asia—in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 and 1930. He brought to light the hidden treasure of a great civilization which by then was practically lost to the world. One of his significant finds during his first journey during 1900–1901 was the Taklamakan Desert oasis of Dandan Oilik where he was able to uncover a number of relics. During his third expedition in 1913–1916, he excavated at Khara-Khoto.The British Library's <mask> collection of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, and documents in Khotanese, Uyghur, Sogdian and Eastern Turkic is the result of his travels through central Asia during the 1920s and 1930s. <mask> discovered manuscripts in the previously lost Tocharian languages of the Tarim Basin at Miran and other oasis towns, and recorded numerous archaeological sites especially in Iran and Balochistan. When <mask> visited Khotan he was able to render in Persian a portion of the Shahnama after he came across a local reading the Shahnama in Turki. During 1901 <mask> was responsible for exposing forgeries of Islam Akhun, as well as establishing the details and the authenticity of manuscripts that had been discovered before 1896 in northwest China. <mask>'s greatest discovery was made at the Mogao Caves also known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", near Dunhuang in 1907. It was there that he discovered a printed copy of the Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls (all removed by gradually winning the confidence and bribing the Taoist caretaker). He took 24 cases of manuscripts and 4 cases of paintings and relics.He was knighted for his efforts, but Chinese nationalists dubbed him a burglar and staged protests against him. His discovery inspired other French, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on the collection. During his expedition of 1906–1908 while surveying south of the Johnson Line in the Kunlun Mountains, <mask> suffered frostbite and lost several toes on his right foot. When he was resting from his extended journeys into Central Asia, he spent most of his time living in a tent in the alpine meadow called Mohand Marg which lies at the mouth atop the Sind Valley where from he translated Rajatarangini  from Sanskrit to English. A memorial stone was erected in Mohand Marg on 14 September 2017 where <mask> used to pitch his tent. The fourth expedition to Central Asia, however, ended in failure. <mask> did not publish any account, but others have written of the frustrations and rivalries between British and American interests in China, between Harvard's Fogg Museum and the British Museum, and finally, between Paul J. Sachs and Langdon Warner, the two Harvard sponsors of the expedition.Personal life

<mask> was a lifelong bachelor, but was always accompanied by a dog named "Dash" (of which there were seven). He became a British citizen in 1904. He died in Kabul on 26 October 1943 and is buried there in the Sherpur Cantonment. Great Game
<mask>, as well as his rivals Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband and Nikolai Przhevalsky, were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game. Their explorations were supported by the British and Russian Empires as they filled in the remaining "blank spots" on the maps, providing valuable information and creating "spheres of influence" for archaeological exploration as they did for political influence. The art objects he collected are divided between the British Museum, the British Library, the Srinagar Museum, and the National Museum, New Delhi. Honours
<mask> received a number of honours during his career.In 1909, he was awarded the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society 'for his extensive explorations in Central Asia, and in particular his archaeological work'. In 1909, he was awarded the first Campbell Memorial Gold Medal by the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay. He was awarded a number of other gold medals: the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie in 1923; the Grande Médaille d’or of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1932; and the Gold Medal of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1935. In 1934, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. In the 1910 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) for his service as Inspector-General of Education and Archaeological Surveyor in the North-West Frontier Province. Two years later, in the 1912 Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) for his service as Superintendent of the Archaeological Department, North-West Frontier Circle. He was made an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the University of Oxford in 1909.He was made an honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) by the University of Cambridge in 1910. He was made an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) by the University of St Andrews in 1939. In 1919, <mask> became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1921, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). Publications
 1896. "Notes on the Ancient Topography of the Pīr Pantsāl Route." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol.LXIV, Part I, No. 4, 1895. Calcutta 1896. 1896. Notes on Ou-k'ong's account of Kaçmir. Wien: Gerold, 1896. Published in both English and German in Vienna.1898. Detailed Report on an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force, Lahore, Punjab Government Press. 1900. – A Chronicle of the Kings of , 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979. 1904 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan, London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan: vol.1
 1905. Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan, Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Frontier Province. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.Ancient Khotan: vol.1 Ancient Khotan: vol.2
 1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, 2 vols. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990. Ruins of Desert Cathay: vol.1 Ruins of Desert Cathay: vol.2
 1918."Routes from the Panjab to Turkestan and China Recorded by William Finch (1611)." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Mar., 1918), pp. 172–175. 1921a. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols.London & Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. Serindia: vol.1 Serindia: vol.2 Serindia: vol.3 Serindia: vol.4 Serindia: vol.5
 The Thousand Buddhas: ancient Buddhist paintings from the cave-temples of Tung-huang on the western frontier of China. The Thousand Buddhas: vol.1
 1921b "A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747". Indian Antiquary 1923.1923 Memoir On Maps Of Chinese Turkistan
 1923 Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu: vol.1
 1925 Innermost Asia: its geography as a factor in history. London: Royal Geographical Society. Geographical Journal, Vol. 65, nos. 5-6 (May- June 1925)
 1927 Alexander’s Campaign On The Indian North-west Frontier. The Geographic Journal, (Nov/Dec 1927)]
 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, 5 vols.Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981. Innermost Asia: vol.1 Innermost Asia: vol.2 Innermost Asia: vol.3 Innermost Asia: vol.4
 1929. On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier of India. London, Macmillan & Co.Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972. 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999. 1933 [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/ On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks: vol.1
 1937 Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and South-Eastern Īrān: vol.1
 1940 Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Journey Carried out and Recorded, MacMillan and co., limited. St. Martin's Street, London.1944. "Archaeological Notes from the Hindukush Region". J.R.A.S., pp. 1–24 + fold-out. A more detailed list of <mask>'s publications is available in Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK, pp. 49–61. See also
 Three hares
 Sándor Kőrösi Csoma
 Ármin Vámbéry
 Amluk-Dara stupa

Footnotes

References and further reading
 Baumer, Christoph.2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir <mask> <mask> and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok. Brysac, Shareen. "Sir <mask> <mask>’s Fourth 'American' Expedition." Archeology Archive Viewed 21 December 2014.Deuel, Leo. 1965. Testaments of Time; the Search for Lost Manuscripts and Records. Knopf, New York, 1965. paperback reprint: Pelican, Baltimore, 1970. Falconer, John et al. 2002. Catalogue of the Collections of Sir <mask> <mask> in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.Budapest, LHAS and British Museum. .
 Falconer, John et al. 2007. "Supplement to the Catalogue of the Collections of Sir <mask> <mask> in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS. .
 Hansen, Valerie. 2012. The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford University Press  . Hopkirk, Peter.1980. Foreign Devils on the Silk Road. John Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, University of Massachusetts Press 1984. .
 Ikle, Frank W. "Sir <mask> <mask>. A Victorian Geographer in the Tracks of Alexander", Isis 59, no. 2 (1968): 144-55. Accessed March 24, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228275.Kelecsényi, Ágnes, 2004. "<mask> (1862–1943) És a Magyar Tudomány Kapcsolatok a Magyar Tudományos Akadémiával – Stein-gyűjtemények a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Könyvtárában" [PhD thesis: <mask> <mask> and Hungarian academia]

 Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Conrad, Journeys on the Silk Road: a desert explorer, Buddha’s secret library, and the unearthing of the world’s oldest printed book, Picador Australia, 2011, . Pandita, S.N., <mask> <mask> in Kashmir: Sanskrit of Mohand Marg. Om Publications, 2004. .
 Walker, Annabel. 1999. <mask> <mask>: Pioneer of the Silk Road. University of Washington Press. .
 Wang, Helen (ed.).1999. Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK. British Museum Occasional Paper 129. , fully available online. Wang, Helen (ed.). 2002. Sir <mask> <mask> in The Times. London, Saffron Books. .
 Wang, Helen (ed.).2004. Sir <mask> <mask>. Proceedings of the British Museum Study Day, 2002. British Museum Occasional Paper 142. .
 Wang, Helen (ed.). 2012. Sir <mask> <mask>, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Research Publication 184, . (This an online publication only) fully available online
 Wang, Helen and Perkins, John (eds).2008. Handbook to the Collections of Sir <mask> <mask> in the UK. British Museum Research Publication 129 (updated and expanded edition of Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK, 1999). .
 Wang Jiqing, Photographs in the British Library of Documents and Manuscripts from Sir <mask> <mask>'s Fourth Central Asian Expedition. Whitfield, Susan. 2004. <mask> <mask> on the Silk Road. Serindia Publications.; also: The British Museum Press, London. . External links

 Central Asian Antiquities  at the National Museum of India, New Delhi. <mask> <mask> in Kashmir, Kashmir Bhawan Center, Luton, United Kingdom. The International Dunhuang Project Website of the project to conserve, catalogue, digitise and research the artefacts found in the Dunhuang Caves. Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books Digital versions of books by <mask> <mask>. https://web.archive.org/web/20011107203059/http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/xha71/Stein.htm A page about <mask> <mask> in Hungarian
 <mask> <mask> and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. An exhibition of his archive photos in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2007.Life of <mask> <mask>. Web catalog in four languages. A Hong Kong exhibition of his archive photos and documents conserved in the Oriental Collection of the LHAS, 2008. Preliminary articles on the web publication: 1 and 2
 British Museum – Sir <mask> <mask> at www.britishmuseum.org Sir <mask> <mask>, proceedings of the British Museum study day, 23 March 2002 (online publication)
 Expedition map

 The Collections of Sir <mask> <mask> at the British Museum

 <mask> <mask> in Encyclopaedia Iranica

1862 births
1943 deaths
Hungarian people of Jewish descent
British people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
British archaeologists
British explorers
Hungarian explorers
Explorers of Central Asia
Fasori Gimnázium alumni
Central Asian studies scholars
Hungarian Lutherans
Fellows of the British Academy
University of Vienna alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
University of the Punjab faculty
Writers from Budapest
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People associated with the British Museum
People from Lahore
Oriental College faculty
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to England
Hungarian emigrants to England
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Burials in Afghanistan

masks:
Marc Aurel Stein
Stein
Stein
Náthán Stein
Stein
Stein
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title: George Henry Burgess

texts:
<mask> (8 June 1831 – 22 April 1905) was an English American painter, wood engraver and lithographer. In London, he received training in lithography. With two other brothers preceding them, in 1850 <mask> traveled to California in the company of his brother Charles. Once there, the <mask> brothers set up a jewelry and watch repair business in Sonora. Unsuccessful at mining, <mask> spent time sketching the gold fields and mining activity. In 1856, he made the first of three trips to Hawaii, where he painted the royal family and made preparations for lithographic views of Honolulu. In San Francisco, his primary source of income was painting portraits, but he often revisited the Gold Rush theme.<mask>' most well-known work is the massive San Francisco in July, 1849, now located at the Oakland Museum of California. Life and work
<mask> <mask> was born in London on 8 June 1831, One of four sons of a prominent London physician. <mask> studied "artistic lithography" at the Somerset School House School of Design, and then apprenticed at a commercial lithography firm in London. <mask>'s eldest brother, Edward, had journeyed to San Francisco in 1847, eventually setting up a trading business between California and Hawaii. Another brother, Hubert, a professional artist, in 1850 set out for California from New York on news of the California Gold Rush. In the same year, <mask> and his brother Charles, a portrait painter and photographer, traveled over the Great Plains in search of their fortune. After initial gold prospecting attempts, Hubert, Charles, and <mask> opened a jewelry shop in Sonora.Operating out of a tent, they repaired watches and made gold chains for the miners. Due to local disturbances, the brothers disbanded their operations. Hubert and <mask> continued to hunt together, supplying meat for restaurants and boardinghouses. They  also engaged in sketching trips around the Mother Lode area. <mask>'s pictures are noteworthy for their attention to factual detail and reduced emphasis of romantic characteristics. He frequently worked on location using pencil, or pen and ink on paper, supplanted at times by watercolor. His production included minaitures, genre scenes and landscapes.<mask> periodically returned to the Gold Rush theme in the ensuing decades, In 1854, he lithographed a view of San Francisco city and harbor, based on a daguerrotype by the photographer <mask> Johnson. <mask> made three trips to Hawaii. His longest stay was 1855–1856, with shorter visits in 1866 and 1871. On his first visit he advertised himself as 'Artist and Wood Engraver'. <mask>'s brothers lived in Honolulu for various periods of time. Hubert ran a jewelry business, receiving royal commissions; Charles worked as a paperhanger; and Edward ran a coffee shop and sold his brothers’ artwork. Noteworthy among <mask>'s Honolulu output were his pendant portraits of King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma.The oil on paper works were based on preliminary sketches and possibly daguerrotype images. Upon his return to San Francisco, <mask> lithographed a series of  Honolulu views, printed by the firm of Britton & Rey. However, <mask> gave up lithography after quarrels over his production time and perceived credit as the principal draftsman. <mask> is listed in the 1858 San Francisco directory as a wood engraver. In that year as well, seeking gold once again, <mask> followed the Fraser River Gold Rush in British Columbia, voyaging upriver by canoe. He sold one of his paintings to Governor James Douglas. <mask> returned with many sketches, which he then transferred to glass and exhibited by magic lantern show.In San Francisco, <mask> opened a studio and began his career as a professional artist. For the next few decades, portrait commissions formed the bulk of his livelihood. He was especially noted for his skill in depicting ladies' gowns, which he would ask to borrow a few weeks before sittings in order to capture the decorative details. He also worked on photographic overpainting and retouching, a low-cost alternative to traditional portraits. Opportunities to display his work in San Francisco were few at first. In 1857, at the First Industrial Exhibition at the Mechanics' institute, he showed portraits,  as well as three Honolulu views, the first to be shown in the country. The following year he exhibited watercolor landscapes.The 1864 exhibition showcased works from Puget Sound and the Yosemite Valley. In 1871, <mask> was one of the founding members of the San Francisco Art Association, and afterwards there were regular exhibitions and opportunities for patronage. On 18 July 1872, in London, <mask> married Emma Clint, daughter of the artist Alfred Clint. The couple had two daughters together. In 1877, <mask> was commissioned to paint a full-length portrait of the mining baron James Clair Flood. While it is unknown if the painting still exists, Flood also commissioned View of San Francisco in 1850, for which <mask> received $650 and $100 for the frame. In 1882, <mask> began work on his magnum opus, the painting San Francisco in July, 1849.It measured a monumental five feet high by twelve feet long, and he spent four years in preparation. <mask>' main source was an 1849 watercolor triptych by William Birch McMurtrie. He also consulted sketches, daguerrotypes, and lithographs. In his quest for authenticity he obtained testimonials from two hundred pioneers. Prior to its completion in 1886, <mask> began a lengthy and unsuccessful search for a buyer, his asking price being ten thousand dollars. He didn't sign and copyright the work until 1891. The painting was exhibited at the 1892 California State Fair and the 1894 San Francisco Mid-Winter Fair.<mask> lost possession of the painting in 1897 when he effectively pawned it for two thousand dollars and was unable to redeem it. The work, which is now at the Oakland Museum of California, is the one for which he is best remembered today. <mask> continued to paint until becoming an invalid in 1903. He died on 22 April 1905, in Berkeley. Collections
Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth), Texas
Bancroft Library (University of California, Berkeley)
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu
Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California)
Yosemite Museum (Yosemite National Park, California)

Gallery

Footnotes

Citations

References

1831 births
1905 deaths
English engravers
English lithographers
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Hawaii artists
English watercolourists
20th-century British printmakers

masks:
George Henry Burgess
Burgess
Burgess
George
Burgess
George Henry
Burgess
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George
George
George Burgess
George
George
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George Howard
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title: Charles Coughlin

texts:
<mask> ( ; October 25, 1891 – October 27, 1979), commonly known as <mask> or the radio priest, was a Canadian-American Roman Catholic priest who was based in the United States near Detroit. He was the founding priest of the National Shrine of the Little Flower church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience: during the 1930s, an estimated 30 million listeners tuned to his weekly broadcasts. <mask> was born in Canada to working-class Irish Catholic parents. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1916, and, in 1923, was assigned to the National Shrine of the Little Flower in Detroit, Michigan. Coughlin began broadcasting his sermons during a time of increasing anti-Catholic sentiment across the globe. As his broadcasts became more political, he became increasingly popular.Initially, <mask> was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, but he became a harsh critic of Roosevelt, accusing him of being too friendly to bankers. In 1934, he established a political organization called the National Union for Social Justice. Its platform called for monetary reforms, nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of labor rights. The membership ran into the millions, but it was not well organized locally. After hinting at attacks on Jewish bankers, Coughlin began to use his radio program to broadcast antisemitic commentary. In the late 1930s, he supported some of the fascist policies of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. The broadcasts have been described as "a variation of the Fascist agenda applied to American culture".His chief topics were political and economic rather than religious, using the slogan "Social Justice". After the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939, the Roosevelt administration forced the cancellation of his radio program and forbade distribution by mail of his newspaper, Social Justice. Coughlin largely vanished from the public arena, working as a parish pastor until retiring in 1966. He died in 1979. Early life and work
<mask> was born in Hamilton, Ontario, the only child of Irish Catholic parents, Amelia (née Mahoney) and <mask>. Born in a working-class neighborhood, his modest home was situated between a Catholic cathedral and convent. His mother, who had regretted not becoming a nun, was the dominant figure in the household and instilled a deep sense of religion in the young Coughlin.After his basic education, he attended St. Michael's College in Toronto in 1911, run by the Congregation of St. Basil, a society of priests dedicated to education. After graduation, <mask> entered the Basilian Fathers. He prepared for holy orders at St. Basil's Seminary, and was ordained to the priesthood in Toronto in 1916. He was assigned to teach at Assumption College, also operated by the Basilians, in Windsor, Ontario. In 1923, a reorganization of Coughlin's religious order resulted in his departure.The Holy See required the Basilians to change the congregational structure from a society of common life patterned after the Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice, to a more monastic life. They had to take the traditional three religious vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. Coughlin could not accept this. Leaving the congregation, Coughlin moved across the Detroit River to the United States, settling in the booming industrial city of Detroit, Michigan, where the automotive industry was expanding rapidly. He was incardinated (or formally enrolled) by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit in 1923. After being transferred several times to different parishes, in 1926 he was assigned to the newly founded Shrine of the Little Flower, a congregation of some 25 Catholic families among the largely Protestant suburban community of Royal Oak, Michigan. His powerful preaching soon expanded the parish congregation.Radio broadcaster

In 1926, disturbed by Ku Klux Klan-orchestrated cross burnings on his church grounds and aware that he was unable to pay back the diocesan loan which had paid for his church, Coughlin began broadcasting his Sunday sermons from local radio station WJR. In response, Coughlin's weekly hour-long radio program denounced the KKK, appealing to his Irish Catholic audience. When WJR was acquired by Goodwill Stations in 1929, owner George A. Richards encouraged Coughlin to focus on politics instead of religious topics. Becoming increasingly vehement, the broadcasts attacked the banking system and Jews. Coughlin's program was picked up by CBS in 1930 for national broadcast. The tower where he would broadcast his radio sermons from was completed in 1931. Stances
In January 1930, Coughlin began a series of attacks against socialism and Soviet Communism, which were both strongly opposed by the Catholic Church.He criticized capitalists in America whose greed had made communist ideologies attractive. He warned, "Let not the workingman be able to say that he is driven into the ranks of socialism by the inordinate and grasping greed of the manufacturer." In 1931, the CBS radio network dropped <mask>'s program when he refused to accept network demands to review his scripts prior to broadcast. He raised independent money to fund his own national network, which soon reached millions of listeners through a 36-station syndicate originating from flagship station WJR, for the Golden Hour of the Shrine of the Little Flower, as the program was called. Throughout the 1930s, <mask>'s views changed. Eventually he was "openly antidemocratic", according to Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, "calling for the abolition of political parties and questioning the value of elections." Coughlin was critical to Prohibitionism, which he claimed was the work of "fanatics".Support for FDR
Against the deepening crisis of the Great Depression, <mask> strongly endorsed Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1932 Presidential election. He was an early supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal reforms and coined the phrase "Roosevelt or Ruin", which entered common usage during the early days of the first FDR administration. Another phrase he became known for was "The New Deal is Christ's Deal". In January 1934, Coughlin testified before Congress in support of FDR's agenda, saying, "If Congress fails to back up the President in his monetary program, I predict a revolution in this country which will make the French Revolution look silly!" He also said to the Congressional hearing, "God is directing President Roosevelt." Opposition to FDR

Though he received them politely, President Roosevelt had little interest in enacting Coughlin's economic proposals. <mask>'s support for Roosevelt and his New Deal faded in 1934 when he founded the National Union for Social Justice (NUSJ), a nationalistic workers' rights organization.Its leaders grew impatient with what they considered the President's unconstitutional and pseudo-capitalistic monetary policies. Coughlin preached increasingly about the negative influence of "money changers" and "permitting a group of private citizens to create money" at the expense of the general welfare. He spoke of the need for monetary reform based on "free silver". Coughlin claimed that the Great Depression in the United States was a "cash famine" and proposed monetary reforms, including the nationalization of the Federal Reserve System, as the solution. <mask> was also upset by Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union. According to a 2021 study in the American Economic Review, Coughlin's broadcasts reduced Roosevelt's vote shares in the 1936 election. Economic policies
Coughlin urged Roosevelt to use silver to increase the money supply and also reorganize the financial system.These and other such ideas did not find a receptive audience. However, investment in silver was increased for a limited period following the Silver Purchase Act of 1934, which resulted in U.S. silver mines being nationalized between 1934 and 1943 through stamp taxes. Among NUSJ's articles of faith were work and income guarantees, nationalizing vital industry, wealth redistribution through taxation of the wealthy, federal protection of workers' unions, and limiting property rights in favor of government control of the country's assets for public good. Illustrative of Coughlin's disdain for free-market capitalism is his statement:

Radio audience
By 1934, Coughlin was perhaps the most prominent Roman Catholic speaker on political and financial issues with a radio audience that reached tens of millions of people every week. Alan Brinkley wrote that "by 1934, he was receiving more than 10,000 letters every day" and that "his clerical staff at times numbered more than a hundred." He foreshadowed modern talk radio and televangelism. However, the University of Detroit Mercy claims that Coughlin's peak audience was in 1932.It is estimated that at his peak, one-third of the nation listened to his broadcasts. In 1933, The Literary Digest wrote, "Perhaps no man has stirred the country and cut as deep between the old order and the new as Father <mask><mask>." In 1934, when <mask> began criticizing the New Deal, Roosevelt sent Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Frank Murphy, both prominent Irish Catholics, to try to influence him. Kennedy was reported to be a friend of <mask>. Coughlin periodically visited Roosevelt while accompanied by Kennedy. In an August 16, 1936 Boston Post article, <mask> referred to Kennedy as the "shining star among the dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration."Increasingly opposed to Roosevelt, Coughlin began denouncing the President as a tool of Wall Street. The priest supported populist Huey Long as governor of Louisiana until Long was assassinated in 1935. He supported William Lemke's Union Party in 1936. Coughlin opposed the New Deal with growing vehemence. His radio talks attacked Roosevelt and capitalists, and alleged the existence of Jewish conspirators. Another nationally known priest, John A. Ryan, initially supported <mask>, but opposed him after Coughlin turned on Roosevelt. Joseph Kennedy, who strongly supported the New Deal, warned as early as 1933 that Coughlin was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as an opponent of Roosevelt and "an out and out demagogue."Kennedy worked with Roosevelt, Bishop Francis Spellman, and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII) in a successful effort to get the Vatican to silence <mask> in 1936. In 1940–41, reversing his own views, Kennedy attacked the isolationism of <mask>. In 1935, Coughlin proclaimed, "I have dedicated my life to fight against the heinous rottenness of modern capitalism because it robs the laborer of this world's goods. But blow for blow I shall strike against Communism, because it robs us of the next world's happiness." He accused Roosevelt of "leaning toward international socialism on the Spanish question" (referring to the Spanish Civil War). <mask>'s NUSJ gained a strong following among nativists and opponents of the Federal Reserve, especially in the Midwest. Michael Kazin has written that Coughlinites saw Wall Street and Communism as twin faces of a secular Satan.They believed that they were defending those people who were joined more by piety, economic frustration, and a common dread of powerful, modernizing enemies than through any class identity. One of Coughlin's campaign slogans was: "Less care for internationalism and more concern for national prosperity," which appealed to the 1930s isolationists in the United States. <mask>'s organization especially appealed to Irish Catholics. At its peak in the early-to-mid 1930s, Coughlin's radio show was phenomenally popular. His office received up to 80,000 letters per week from listeners. Author Sheldon Marcus said that the size of Coughlin's radio audience "is impossible to determine, but estimates range up to 30 million each week." He expressed an isolationist, and conspiratorial, viewpoint that resonated with many listeners.Antisemitism

The Jewish American TV producer Norman Lear recounts in his autobiography how his discovery of <mask>'s radio broadcasts at the

masks:
Charles Edward Coughlin
Father Coughlin
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title: Charles Coughlin

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 age of 9 disturbed him deeply and made him aware of the alarming and widespread antisemitism in American society. After the 1936 election, Coughlin expressed overt sympathy for the fascist governments of Hitler and Mussolini as an antidote to Communism. He believed Jewish bankers were behind the Russian Revolution, backing the Jewish Bolshevism conspiracy theory. Coughlin promoted his controversial beliefs by means of his radio broadcasts and his weekly rotogravure magazine, Social Justice, which began publication in March 1936. During the last half of 1938, Social Justice reprinted weekly installments of the fraudulent, antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. On various occasions, Coughlin denied that he was antisemitic. In February 1939, when the American Nazi organization the German American Bund held a large rally in New York City, <mask> immediately distanced himself from the organization, and in his weekly radio address, he said: "Nothing can be gained by linking ourselves with any organization which is engaged in agitating racial animosities or propagating racial hatreds.Organizations which stand upon such platforms are immoral and their policies are only negative." On November 20, 1938, two weeks after Kristallnacht (the Nazi attack on German and Austrian Jews, their synagogues, and businesses), <mask>, referring to the millions of Christians who had been killed by the Communists in Russia, said, "Jewish persecution only followed after Christians first were persecuted." After this speech, some radio stations, including those in New York City and Chicago, began refusing to air <mask>'s speeches without subjecting his scripts to prior review and approval. In New York City, his programs were cancelled by WINS and WMCA, and in New Jersey, Coughlin's programs were only broadcast on the part-time Newark station WHBI. On December 18, 1938, thousands of Coughlin's followers picketed the studios of station WMCA in New York City to protest the station's refusal to carry the priest's broadcasts. A number of protesters yelled antisemitic statements, such as "Send Jews back where they came from in leaky boats!" and "Wait until Hitler comes over here!"The protests continued for several months. Coughlin received indirect funding from Nazi Germany during this period. After 1936, Coughlin began supporting a far-right organization called the Christian Front, which claimed that he was an inspiration. In January 1940, a New York City unit of the Christian Front was raided by the FBI for plotting to overthrow the government. Coughlin had never been a member of it. Cancellation
While members of the Catholic hierarchy did not approve of Coughlin, only Coughlin's superior—Bishop Michael Gallagher of Detroit—had the canonical authority to curb him, and Gallagher supported the "Radio Priest". Owing to Gallagher's autonomy, and the prospect of the Coughlin problem leading to a schism, the Roman Catholic leadership took no action.In 1938, Cardinal George Mundelein, archbishop of Chicago, issued a formal condemnation of Coughlin: "[Coughlin was] not authorized to speak for the Catholic Church, nor does he represent the doctrine or sentiments of the Church." Coughlin increasingly attacked the president's policies. The administration decided that, although the First Amendment protected free speech, it did not necessarily apply to broadcasting, because the radio spectrum was a "limited national resource", and as a result, it was regulated as a publicly owned commons. The authorities imposed new regulations and restrictions for the specific purpose of forcing Coughlin off the air. For the first time, the authorities required regular radio broadcasters to seek operating permits. When Coughlin's permit was denied, he was temporarily silenced. Coughlin worked around the new restrictions by purchasing air time, and playing his speeches via transcription.However, having to buy the weekly air time on individual stations severely reduced his reach and also strained his financial resources. Meanwhile, Bishop Gallagher died, and he was replaced by a prelate who was less sympathetic to <mask> than Bishop Gallagher had been, Edward Aloysius Mooney. In 1939, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis used Coughlin's radio talks to illustrate propaganda methods in their book The Fine Art of Propaganda, which was intended to show propaganda's effects against democracy. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939, Coughlin's opposition to the repeal of a neutrality-oriented arms embargo law resulted in additional and more successful efforts to force him off the air. According to Marcus, in October 1939, one month after the invasion of Poland, "the Code Committee of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) adopted new rules which placed rigid limitations on the sale of radio time to 'spokesmen of controversial public issues'." Manuscripts were required to be submitted in advance. Radio stations were threatened with the loss of their licenses if they failed to comply.This ruling was clearly aimed at <mask>, owing to his opposition to prospective American involvement in World War II. In the September 23, 1940, issue of Social Justice, Coughlin announced that he had been forced off the air "by those who control circumstances beyond my reach." Newspaper shutdown and end of political activities
Coughlin said that, although the government had assumed the right to regulate any on-air broadcasts, the First Amendment still guaranteed and protected freedom of the written press. He could still print his editorials without censorship in his own newspaper, Social Justice. After the devastating Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. declaration of war in December 1941, anti-interventionist movements (such as the America First Committee) rapidly lost support. Isolationists such as Coughlin acquired a reputation for sympathizing with the enemy. The Roosevelt Administration stepped in again.On April 14, 1942, U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle wrote a letter to the Postmaster General, Frank Walker, in which he suggested that the second-class mailing privilege of Social Justice be revoked, in order to make it impossible for Coughlin to deliver the papers to its readers. Under the Espionage Act of 1917, the mailing permit for Social Justice was temporarily suspended on April 14, confining distribution to the Boston area, where it was distributed by private delivery trucks. Walker scheduled a hearing on permanent suspension for April 29, which was postponed until May 4. Meanwhile, Biddle was also exploring the possibility of bringing an indictment against Coughlin for sedition as a possible "last resort". Hoping to avoid such a potentially sensational and divisive sedition trial, Biddle arranged to end the publication of Social Justice by meeting with banker Leo Crowley, a Roosevelt appointee and friend of Bishop Mooney. Crowley relayed Biddle's message to Bishop Mooney that the government was willing to "deal with Coughlin in a restrained manner if he [Mooney] would order Coughlin to cease his public activities." Consequently, on May 1, Bishop Mooney ordered that <mask> should stop his political activities and confine himself to his duties as a parish priest, warning him that his priestly faculties could potentially be removed if he refused to comply with the order.Coughlin complied with the order and was allowed to remain the pastor of the Shrine of the Little Flower. The pending hearing before the Postmaster General, which had been scheduled to take place three days later, was canceled. Later life
Although he had been forced to end his public career in 1942, Coughlin served as a parish pastor until his retirement in 1966. <mask> died in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in 1979 at the age of 88. Church officials stated that he had been bedridden for several weeks. He was buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan. References in popular culture
Sax Rohmer's novel President Fu Manchu (1936) features a character based on Coughlin named Dom Patrick Donegal, a Catholic priest and radio host who is the only person who knows that a criminal mastermind is manipulating a U.S. presidential race.Joe Steele by Harry Turtledove briefly features <mask> as an outspoken critic of President Steele, an alternate universe Joseph Stalin. Steele silences Coughlin by accusing him of spying for the Nazis, and has him sentenced to death. Ironically, Coughlin's defense attorney in the trial is Jewish. Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel) attacked Coughlin in a series of 1942 political cartoons. The producers of the HBO television series Carnivàle (2003–2005) have said that Coughlin was a historical reference for the character of Brother Justin Crowe. Philip Roth's novel The Plot Against America (2004) mentions <mask> and his anti-Semitic radio addresses of the 1930s in several passages. See also

 Huey Long
 John Francis Cronin
 Frank J. Hogan, ABA president who rebutted Coughlin on the air
 Jozef Tiso

References

Citations and references

Works cited

Abzug, Robert E. American Views of the Holocaust, 1933-1945.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. Athans, Mary Christine. "A New Perspective on Father <mask><mask>". Church History 56:2 (June 1987), pp. 224–235. Athans, Mary Christine. The Coughlin-Fahey Connection: Father <mask><mask>, Father Denis Fahey, C.S.Sp., and Religious Anti-Semitism in the United States, 1938-1954. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1991. Carpenter, Ronald H. "Father <mask><mask>: Delivery, Style in Discourse, and Opinion Leadership", in American Rhetoric in the New Deal Era, 1932-1945. E. Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2006, pp. 315–368. General Jewish Council. <mask>: His "Facts" and Arguments.New York: General Jewish Council, 1939. Hangen, Tona J. Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion and Popular Culture in America. Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. O'Connor, John J. "Review/Television: <mask>, 'The Radio Priest. The New York Times.December 13, 1988. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt: The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. (Originally published in 1960.) Sherrill, Robert. "American Demagogues".The New York Times. July 13, 1982. Smith, Geoffrey S. To Save A Nation: American Counter-Subversives, the New Deal, and the Coming of World War II. New York: Basic Books, 1973. Spivak, John L. Shrine of the Silver Dollar. New York: Modern Age Books, 1940. External links

 <mask> & The Search For "Social Justice" Text
 Brief information on Coughlin, including an audio excerpt

 Video of <mask> attacking Roosevelt
 History Channel Audio File- <mask> denouncing the New Deal
 American Jewish Committees extensive archive on Coughlin; includes contemporary pamphlets and correspondence
 Father <mask>lin FBI Files at the Walter P. Reuther Library
 Am I An Anti-Semite?by <mask> at archive.org
 Father <mask>lin radio broadcasts at archive.org

1891 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
American anti-communists
American anti-war activists
American radio personalities
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
American fascists
American nationalists
Anti-Masonry
American anti–World War I activists
Anti–World War II activists
Burials in Michigan
Canadian people of Irish descent
20th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Catholics from Michigan
Catholicism and far-right politics
Christian fascists
History of Catholicism in the United States
Radio personalities from Detroit
People from Hamilton, Ontario
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Roman Catholic conspiracy theorists
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
Religious leaders from Michigan
St. Michael's College, Toronto, alumni
University of Windsor faculty
American political party founders
Race-related controversies in radio
Religious controversies in radio
American conspiracy theorists
American social justice activists
Activists from

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title: George Gosse

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Lieutenant Commander <mask>,  (16 February 191231 December 1964) was an Australian recipient of the George Cross, the highest award for heroism or courage, not in the face of the enemy, that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at the time. <mask> served in the Royal Australian Navy between 1926 and 1933, reaching the rank of sub-lieutenant and receiving training and experience with the British Royal Navy. In 1940, he joined the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RANVR) for service in World War II. Quickly sent back to the United Kingdom, he served on several shore establishments before being sent to British India as a naval mine clearance specialist. He returned to the UK in late 1944, and in April 1945 he was given command of a naval party responsible for mine clearance in the recently captured Bremen Harbour in Germany. He displayed exceptional courage in defusing three mines under very difficult conditions between 8 and 19 May 1945, which resulted in him being awarded the George Cross. <mask> continued to serve in the RANVR after the war, reaching the rank of lieutenant commander before retiring in 1958, and died of a heart condition in 1964.His medal set is displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 16 February 1912 at Harvey, Western Australia, the elder child of William Hay <mask>, a farmer, and his wife Muriel  Davidson. He was a grandson of the explorer <mask> and a nephew of the businessman Sir James Hay <mask>. His father had served in the 2nd South Australian Mounted Rifles in the Second Boer War in South Africa, and joined the British Army as an artillery officer in World War I. He was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry and was killed in action in 1918. Muriel died in 1920; <mask> and his younger sister were then cared for by their paternal grandmother. <mask> was schooled at St Peter's College, Adelaide, South Australia from 1920 to 1925, and entered the Royal Australian Naval College (RAN College) at Jervis Bay in 1926, aged 13.According to a family member he was "so like his father, gay, feckless, fearless and gregarious". While at the RAN College he excelled at field hockey, and upon graduation in 1930 received the prize for engineering theory. Beginning in January 1930 he served aboard both Australian County-class heavy cruisers, first  then . He was promoted to midshipman in May of that year. In July 1931, he sailed for the United Kingdom for further training with the British Royal Navy. His first assignment was to the Mediterranean Fleet, aboard the  super-dreadnought battleship . He also attended an air course on the  aircraft carrier , and was familiarised with the employment of destroyers during a stint aboard .In September 1932 he was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant, and entered the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. The social and sporting temptations of London beckoned, and <mask>'s studies suffered. After he failed the examination for lieutenant, he was returned to Australia and his naval career ended on 30 October 1933. <mask> then worked at odd jobs for a few years, and on 1 October 1938 he married Diana Skottowe at his old school chapel. The couple had two daughters. World War II
On 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, <mask> attempted to rejoin the RAN, but was rebuffed. <mask> managed to enlist as an ordinary seaman in the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve on 21 October 1940.He initially underwent training at the shore establishments HMAS Torrens and HMAS Cerberus, before sailing for the UK in December. After serving at the shore establishment HMS Collingwood, in April 1941 he was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant while posted to the shore establishment HMS King Alfred. He next served at the shore establishment HMS President, then in December of that year he was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy shore establishment HMIS Hooghly in Calcutta, British India, as a naval mine disposal officer. In February 1942 he was promoted to provisional lieutenant. In August he was transferred to the shore establishment HMS Lanka. This was followed by a posting to the shore establishment HMS Braganza in Bombay in October 1942. Although his 1940 annual report had described him as "below average, for whom it was doubtful a niche could be found", two years later his report indicated that he was reliable and keen, and displayed ingenuity.When faced with difficulties, he was always cheerful, and was "a daring character" who was very interested in mines. Transferred back to the UK in November 1944, <mask> was posted to the shore establishment HMS Vernon at Brixham, Devon, which was the European port clearance diving base for the Royal Navy. Clearance diving teams were responsible for removing naval mines from British waters, and from the waters of captured ports on the European mainland. He brought a Japanese mine back with him to the UK, as he considered it would be of use at HMS Vernon. According to his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, he was a bit of a "law unto himself" in this period, but was fascinated with mechanical devices and exhibited inventiveness. He qualified as a shallow-water diver in January 1945. Following the capture of Bremen, Germany, in April, <mask> led Naval Party 1571 to the port to clear mines laid by the retreating Germans in the Überseehafen.Prior to being sent forward to Bremen, <mask> had interrogated a German prisoner of war (POW) who had been involved in the demolition of the Überseehafen and its facilities who described a mine known as an "Oyster", which was "impossible to sweep for and could never be rendered safe". After arriving in Bremen, <mask> risked his life many times in defusing mines. When his divers reported a sighting of what appeared to be a new form of mine, on 8 May <mask> dived himself and verified that it was a "D-type mine with additional fittings", the "Oyster" mine described by the German POW. This mine was pressure-operated, and its detonation train included magnetic and acoustic elements. About 18:00 the next day, <mask> examined the mine by touch, as the visibility was so poor that his waterproof torch was of no use. In order to maintain his depth, he had to tether himself to the mine marker buoy rope. Using tools he had improvised, <mask> interrupted the detonation train by removing the primer release and the primer, which had to be extracted from about  down a  wide tube.Having made the mine safe, <mask> was releasing his tether when there was a small explosion. Later examination of the mine showed that water had entered the primer tube and actuated a water pressure trigger set to fire the detonator if the mine was raised. <mask> personally defused two more "Oyster" mines at Bremen between 9 and 19 May, and in both cases, the detonator fired before the mine reached the surface. Another officer from Naval Party 1571 said later that "if <mask> hadn't found an answer to the ["Oyster"], Bremen Harbour would have been unusable". He was promoted to acting lieutenant commander on 30 September 1945 and was demobilised on 20 March 1946. For his service in World War II, <mask> was awarded the 1939–1945 Star, the Burma Star, the France and Germany Star, the Defence Medal, the War Medal 1939–1945, and the Australia Service Medal 1939–1945. On 26 April 1946, <mask>'s award of the George Cross (GC) was promulgated in The London Gazette.The citation read:

Three days after his GC was promulgated, <mask> was visited at home by a journalist from The Advertiser daily newspaper and was surprised to learn he was to receive an award for doing something he enjoyed so much. He joked, "<mask>, <mask>. Sounds like a test of sobriety". Later life
<mask> was invested with his <mask> in Adelaide on 3 June 1948 by the Governor of South Australia, Lieutenant General Sir Willoughby Norrie. He continued to serve in the RANVR and was substantively promoted to lieutenant commander on 30 June 1955 before retiring in 1958. He remained an inventive designer, creating many useful domestic gadgets and fittings, but his interest waned once a challenge had been met. According to his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, his work was mostly "unspectacular".He was president of the Sporting Car Club of South Australia from 1946 to 1948. During 1950, <mask> was part of an Australian armed forces recruiting campaign throughout South Australia, before collapsing from nervous strain at a rally in Renmark. In 1953 he was part of the contingent sent to the UK for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, and was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal. In 1964, he travelled to the UK for a reunion and joined the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association. <mask> died of a coronary occlusion at Maslin Beach on 31 December 1964, and was cremated. The Victoria Cross recipient Brigadier Sir <mask> Smyth wrote that <mask> "always lived right on top of the world, as though every day was his last". He is commemorated on the Returned and Services League Walls at the Centennial Park Cemetery in Pasadena, South Australia.His medal set is displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. A ward at the former Repatriation General Hospital, Hollywood in Western Australia (now Hollywood Private Hospital) has been named in his honour. Footnotes

References

1912 births
1964 deaths
Australian recipients of the George Cross
Graduates of the Royal Australian Naval College
People from Harvey, Western Australia
Royal Australian Navy officers
Royal Australian Navy personnel of World War II

masks:
George Gosse
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William Gosse
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George Cross
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title: Richard Garrick

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<mask> (December 27, 1878 – August 21, 1962) was an Irish-born American actor and director. Life and career
Garrick was born <mask>'Brien in the townland of Portlaw, County Waterford, Ireland. His father, James E. O'Brien, was a master tailor in that town, counting among his clients Lord Waterford as well as other nobility and landed gentry. In 1882, James left Portlaw for the United States. He landed in North Adams, Massachusetts, where there were cotton mills and the need for a clothesmaker. Two years later, his wife Johanna and children followed. In 1898, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army.He served as a corporal in Company M, U.S. 26th Infantry Regiment stationed in Miagao, Iloilo, in the Philippines in 1900 during the Philippine–American War. When he returned to North Adams, he worked for a time in his father's tailor shop, then struck out on his own. He ventured to New York City where he landed roles in stage productions, among them The Boys of Company B (1907), The Flag Lieutenant (1909), The Fourth Estate, (1909), and The Monkey's Paw. By 1912 <mask> was in Los Angeles and became a charter member of The Reel Club. Through the early 1910s, <mask> acted in, as well as directed, silent films, including Colonel Custard's Last Stand (1914). In 1915, he joined the Gaumont Company and was placed in charge of the second Rialto Star Feature Company. By 1916, <mask> was the director general of Gaumont's Jacksonville, Florida, studios.He left Gaumont to open Garrick Studios Company, offering a five-acre (20,000 m2) facility in Jacksonville that would house enough equipment and space for 20 companies to work simultaneously. As the 1916–1917 season approached, however, the mood towards making films in Jacksonville shifted, and many residents opposed the industry's presence. <mask> went overseas in 1919 and directed films in London and Paris. In 1922, he was named production manager of a new film corporation in Italy. Overall, he directed 30 silent films during his career. When he returned to the United States, it was to pursue his first love — stage acting. During World War II, he was among the cast of Ten Little Indians, a production of the U.S. Army Special Service/USO Camp Shows in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.In 1947, <mask> was once again on stage in New York City, performing as the mental-health doctor or "stranger" in the original production of A Streetcar Named Desire, which co-starred Marlon Brando and Jessica Tandy. He reprised that role in the 1951 film version of the play. His appearances in both the play and film adaptation marked the start of a second film career for <mask>. During the 1950s, he played small supporting roles in numerous Hollywood movies. His television acting credits include the role of Benjamin Franklin in Night Strike on Calvacade of America (April 29, 1953 and October 19, 1954); and the role of Thaddeus Grimshaw in the episode Royal Carriage on My Friend FlickaMy Friend Flicka (March 16, 1956). Throughout his career, <mask> performed along with some of the brightest actors and actresses in stage and film history, including James Arness, Ed Begley, Marlon Brando, Lee J. Cobb, James Dean, Julie Harris, Brian Keith, Charles Laughton, Vivien Leigh, Karl Malden, Victor Mature, Ethel Merman,  Marilyn Monroe, Patricia Neal, Donald O'Connor, Maureen O'Sullivan, Anthony Quinn, Ronald Reagan, Ginger Rogers, Jean Simmons, <mask>, Spencer Tracy, Robert Wagner, John Wayne, Dennis Weaver and <mask>. <mask> taught at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, and in 1930 he opened the Richard Garrick Studio in Santa Ana, California, to teach drama, English, public speaking, and other subjects to aspiring actors.<mask> died on August 21, 1962, in Los Angeles and is buried as a U.S. veteran at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego, California.

masks:
Richard Garrick
Richard Thomas O
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Garrick
Richard Todd
Richard Wmark
Garrick
Garrick


title: John Hammond (record producer)

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<mask> II (December 15, 1910 – July 10, 1987) was an American record producer, civil rights activist, and music critic active from the 1930s to the early 1980s. In his service as a talent scout, <mask> became one of the most influential figures in 20th-century popular music. He is the father of blues musician <mask><mask>. <mask> was instrumental in sparking or furthering numerous musical careers, including those of Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Benny Goodman, Harry James, Charlie Christian, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, Teddy Wilson, Big Joe Turner, Pete Seeger, Babatunde Olatunji, Aretha Franklin, George Benson, Freddie Green, Leonard Cohen, Arthur Russell, Jim Copp, Asha Puthli, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Mike Bloomfield. He is also largely responsible for the revival of delta blues artist <mask>'s music. Early years and family
<mask> was born in New York, christened <mask>., although both his father and grandfather shared the same name. He was the youngest child and only son of <mask> and Emily Vanderbilt Sloane.His mother was one of three daughters of William Douglas Sloane and Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, and a granddaughter of William Henry Vanderbilt. His father attended Yale University, graduating with a law degree from Columbia Law School. His grandfather was Civil War General <mask> <mask>, who married Sophia Vernon Wolfe. His father was a brother of Ogden H<mask>, ambassador to Spain, and uncle to politician Millicent Fenwick. Despite the family fortune from his mother's side of the family, which included wealth from the W. & J. Sloane chain, his father worked to provide for his family and maintain the family fortune. He worked "as a banker, lawyer, and railroad executive". <mask> had four sisters: Emily, Adele, Rachel, and Alice.The youngest, Alice, married first Arthur Duckworth in 1927, and then, after divorcing him, the musician Benny Goodman in 1942. Well-known clergyman and peace activist William Sloane Coffin Jr. was a cousin. <mask> showed interest in music from an early age. At four he began studying the piano, only to switch to the violin at age eight. He was steered toward classical music by his mother but was more interested in the music sung and played by the servants, many of whom were black. He was known to go down to his basement to listen to the upbeat music in the servants' quarters. He loved Sir Harry Lauder's "Roamin' in the Gloamin'".While he was in the basement, the rest of his family in the greater part of the five-story mansion would listen to "the great opera tenor Enrico Caruso, as well as to standard classics by Beethoven, Brahms, and Mozart". <mask> became interested in social reform at a young age. His mother also promoted social reform as a means to give back some of her fortune to the community. She often found solace in religion. <mask> shared her desire to help the community with his privilege. <mask> notes that the first jazz music that he heard was in London in 1923 on a trip with his family. He heard a band called The Georgians, a white Dixieland jazz group, and saw an African American show called From Dixie to Broadway, that featured Sidney Bechet.This trip changed the way that he thought about music. Upon his return to the states, <mask> searched for records by black musicians but could not find them in the greater Manhattan area. He learned that African American music was sold in different stores, so he began to search for this music in Harlem. In 1925 <mask> graduated from the elementary institution St. Bernard's School at the age of 14. He persuaded his family to allow him to attend Hotchkiss School due to its liberal curriculum. <mask>'s love for music flourished. However, he felt limited within the confines of a boarding school.<mask> succeeded in convincing the headmaster to allow him to go into the city every other weekend, a rare privilege, so that he could take lessons from Ronald Murat. However, the headmaster was not aware that outside his formal lessons, <mask> would go up to Harlem to hear jazz. During this time, he said that he heard Bessie Smith perform at The Harlem Alhambra, but her biographer disagrees about the dates. The summer after graduating from Hotchkiss in 1929, <mask> went to work for a newspaper in Maine, the Portland Evening News. Its editor Ernest Gruening was also a Hotchkiss alumnus, class of 1903, who was interested in social issues and social justice. In the fall of 1929, <mask> entered Yale University as a member of the class of 1933. He studied the violin and, later, viola.He felt a disconnect with his fellow students at Yale and felt that he was already well acquainted with the professional world. He made frequent trips into New York city and wrote regularly for trade magazines. In the fall semester of 1930, <mask> had to withdraw due to a recurring case of jaundice. <mask> had no desire to a repeat a semester, which contributed to his dissatisfaction with the university lifestyle. Much to the disappointment of his father, a Yale alumnus, in 1931 he dropped out of school for a career in the music industry, first becoming the U.S. correspondent for Melody Maker. Career
In 1931, <mask> funded the recording of pianist Garland Wilson, marking the beginning of a long string of artistic successes as record producer. He moved to Greenwich Village, where he claimed to have engaged in bohemian life and worked for an integrated music world.He set up one of the first regular live jazz programs, and wrote regularly about the racial divide. As he wrote in his memoirs, "I heard no color line in the music.... To bring recognition to the Negro's supremacy in jazz was the most effective and constructive form of social protest I could think of." This pre-occupation with social issues was to continue, and in 1941 he was one of the founders of the Council on African Affairs. In 1932, <mask> acquired a nonpaying job on the WEVD radio station as a disc jockey. He did not discriminate when choosing which musicians to air; the station allowed <mask> complete freedom on the station as long as he paid for his time slot. Through this position, <mask> gained a reputation as a well-educated jazz fan. Various musicians were guests on his show, including Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, and Art Tatum.When the station transferred from the Broadway Central Hotel to the Claridge Hotel, the new venue would not allow the black musicians to use the main elevator. For this reason, <mask> quit his work with WEVD. By 1932–33, through his involvement in the UK music paper Melody Maker, <mask> arranged for the faltering US Columbia label to provide recordings for the UK Columbia label, mostly using the specially created Columbia W-265000 matrix series. <mask> recorded Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, Joe Venuti, Benny Goodman, and other jazz performers during a time when the economy was bad enough during the Great Depression that many of them would not have otherwise had the opportunity to enter a studio and play real jazz (a handful of these in this special series were issued in the US). In 1934, <mask> is known to have introduced Benny Goodman and Fletcher Henderson. It is said that <mask> convinced the musicians to 'swing' the current jazz hits, so that they could play in a free manner like the original New Orleans Jazz. <mask> always strived for racial integration within the musical scene.For this purpose, he frequently visited musicians in Harlem in order to connect with musicians in their own area. While initially his race proved a problem in connecting with this community, he formed relationships with various musicians that allowed him to surpass this barrier. His friendship with Benny Carter gave him a status that allowed him to enter this musical community. He played a role in organizing Benny Goodman's band, and in persuading him to hire black musicians such as Charlie Christian, Teddy Wilson and Lionel Hampton. In 1933 he heard the seventeen-year-old Billie Holiday perform in Harlem and arranged for her recording debut, on a Benny Goodman session. Four years later, he heard the Count Basie orchestra broadcasting from Kansas City and brought it to New York, where it began to receive national attention. In 1938, <mask> organized the first From Spirituals to Swing concert at Carnegie Hall, presenting a broad program of blues, jazz and gospel artists, including Ida Cox, Big Joe Turner, Albert Ammons, <mask>, Meade "Lux" Lewis, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, the Count Basie orchestra, Sidney Bechet, Sonny Terry, James P<mask>, and Big Bill Broonzy (who took the place of the murdered <mask>).He coordinated a second From Spirituals to Swing concert in 1939. After serving in the military during World War II, <mask> felt unmoved by the bebop jazz scene of the mid-1940s. Rejoining Columbia Records in the late 1950s, he signed Pete Seeger and Babatunde Olatunji to the label, and discovered Aretha Franklin, then an eighteen-year-old gospel singer. In 1961, he heard folk singer Bob Dylan playing harmonica on a session for Carolyn Hester; he signed him to Columbia and kept him on the label despite the protests of executives, who referred to Dylan as "<mask>'s folly". He produced Dylan's early recordings, "Blowin' in the Wind" and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall". <mask> oversaw the highly influential posthumous reissues of <mask>'s recorded work (produced by Frank Driggs), convincing Columbia Records to issue the album King of the Delta Blues Singers in 1961. Musicians <mask> signed to the label included Leonard Cohen and Bruce Springsteen.<mask> retired from Columbia in 1975 but continued to scout for talent. In 1983, he brought guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan to Columbia and was credited as executive producer on his debut album. Personal accounts
<mask> recognized jazz music to have originated as an African-American musical genre. When <mask> entered the jazz community, integration had not yet begun. Black and white musicians rarely played together and often the prestigious locations permitted only white audiences. <mask> remembers that before the 1920s, black musicians could always find jobs, even if they were low paying. After the instatement of Local 802, a union of professional musicians within New York City, <mask> saw more white people receiving jobs than black people.However, this did not stop the African-American musicians. Through burlesque and record making, these musicians continued to be a presence. 1933 was a defining year for <mask>. He remembers this year being extraordinary due to his establishment of relationships with British record companies. <mask> was able to secure contracts for various musicians. He was an attractive producer to these companies because he did not desire a profit for himself. In 1933, he helped Benny Goodman receive a record deal with Columbia Records, which at the time was only known as English Columbia.During this time, Goodman was in need of a big break, as he was getting a reputation as being difficult to work with. <mask> proposed that Goodman produce a multiracial record; however, Goodman believed this route would hurt his musical reputation. In this year, <mask> broke out of the traditional role of a producer and became a talent scout, after hearing Billie Holiday. He remarks that he was astounded to discover that she was the daughter of Clarence Holiday from Fletcher Henderson's band. That same year, he was able to get her involved in the Benny Goodman Orchestra. <mask> attributes fate to his finding of Holiday. After hearing her sing for the first time, he wrote, "She weighs over 200 pounds, is incredibly beautiful, and sings as well as anybody I have ever heard."Later in 1933, he heard Teddy Wilson, a jazz pianist, on the Chicago radio. While he did not discover him, he was able to provide significant opportunities for him, even some collaboration with Billie Holiday. <mask>'s work with civil rights came from multiple angles. In 1933, he traveled South to attend a trial regarding the Scottsboro case, a case in which two white girls accused nine black boys of raping them. The testimonies of the two girls did not align with the story. While all nine boys were convicted, <mask> viewed this trial as a "catalyst for black activism". Record integration became an important component of jazz music.Starting in 1935, musicians began to record in mixed-race groups. While some of this integration had already taken place, <mask> remembers it as being hidden. However, in 1935, the Goodman Trio began recording. In 1936, the group appeared in a live concert at the Chicago Hot Jazz Society. <mask> fondly remembers this as an innovative moment in jazz history. FBI investigation
J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director, investigated <mask>'s link to the Communist Party. Due to the various benefits and fund-raisers that <mask> hosted for the popular front, his name was often listed in The Daily Worker, a communist newspaper.Furthermore, his name often appeared on the letterheads of left-wing organizations for which he was a donor or member. However, <mask> was not a communist. Personal life
<mask> had four sisters: Alice, Rachel, Adele, and Emily. Early in his career, <mask> focused more on his work than his love life. While he was seen publicly with various women, the relationships were never substantial. However, in 1940 at a Manhattan party, <mask> met Jemison "Jemy" McBride. On March 8, 1941, <mask> married Jemy in New Haven, Connecticut.The couple had a small, non-denominational wedding with only about ten guests. Although both sets of parents approved of the couple, neither set attended the wedding. In 1942, <mask> took his wife on a road trip to Los Angeles. Shortly after this trip, Jemy realized that she was pregnant. In November 1942, Jemy gave birth to their first son, <mask><mask>. On March 21, 1942, <mask>'s sister, Alice married Benny Goodman. She had previously been married to Englishman Arthur Duckworth, a member of the British House of Commons.<mask> did not look kindly upon her marriage to Goodman. After years of arguments and disagreements about the musical directions of Goodman's band, <mask> and Goodman had a complete falling out, some of which has been attributed to their differing class and educational backgrounds (Goodman had been born into poverty and had quit high school in order to help support his family as a musician). <mask>, however, could be dogmatic and controlling in his interactions with various musicians, as well as in his published writings on jazz and on specific performers. Goodman eventually grew weary of <mask>'s contentious nature. However, out of a sense of shared grief following Alice's death in 1978, <mask> and Goodman reconciled. In November 1943, after the United States entered World War II, <mask> began military training. He underwent his basic training at Fort Belvoir.<mask> was much older than the majority of the other men, and he had a rough time adjusting to the military life. While he was still in basic training, Jemy gave birth to their second child, Douglas, early in 1944. Douglas came down with a serious illness. While Jemy sent <mask> a telegram to alert him of his newborn's condition, <mask> said that he never received it. Jemy speculated that <mask> was in a concert and disregarded the letter; however, that claim has been proven unlikely due to <mask>'s strict schedule in basic training. Douglas died shortly after birth from his illness, and Jemy had to undergo the family tragedy without her husband. <mask> returned after basic training on a three-day pass, but he and his wife were distant.After basic training, <mask> reported to Camp Plauche, where he was placed to organize activities for the black soldiers. During this time period, African-American soldiers were given little to do within the military. The armed forces were still segregated and discriminatory. <mask> began his efforts by organizing concerts for the soldiers featuring African-American musicians. He noted that shortly after these concerts began, an integrated sports team formed. Toward the end of World War II, <mask> was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, known for its intense racism. <mask> was not the only jazz fan irritated with racism.During this time period, bebop music grew out of late night jam sessions of black musicians. <mask> was not much a part of the bebop movement, but he shared the sentiment against racism. In 1946, <mask> was discharged from the military. His family moved to Greenwich Village, where Jemy gave birth to their third son, Jason. <mask> threw himself back into his work, which greatly upset his wife. In 1948, Jemy asked <mask> for a divorce. While he was originally reluctant, <mask> agreed to the divorce.Jemy never remarried. A year later, in 1949, <mask> met Esme Sarnoff, originally Esme O'Brien, the former wife of NBC chairman Robert Sarnoff, and a daughter of Mary and Esmond O'Brien. Esme shared <mask>'s musical passion and was planning to divorce her husband. That year, <mask> married Esme Sarnoff. By this marriage <mask> had one stepdaughter, (Esme) Rosita Sarnoff (born 1943). During this time, <mask>'s father died on a golf course. Left a widow, <mask> became infatuated with Frank Buchman.In 1985, <mask> had his first stroke. Although this impaired him physically, his wife's death left him in despair. Esme <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer. While treatments worked for some time, she died May 19, 1986, of complications of AIDS, which she had contracted from a blood transfusion. <mask> was distraught and died on July 10, 1987, after a series of strokes. It is said that he died listening to the music of Billie Holiday. Legacy
"<mask>'s Idea", originally titled "I May Be Wrong It's <mask>'s Idea", is a tribute to <mask> written by Count Basie.<mask> received a Grammy Trustees Award for being credited with co-producing a Bessie Smith reissue in 1971, and in 1986 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <mask>'s son, <mask><mask>, became an American blues musician. <mask> was one of the first men to racially integrate the American music industry. Before the Civil Rights Act passed, Tom Wilson, an African American, replaced <mask> as Bob Dylan's record producer. In December 2015 Guinness featured <mask> in its UK advertising campaign. Prince's song "Avalanche" mentions <mask> in the lyric "Mr. <mask> with his pen in hand... Sayin' 'Sign your kingdom over to me and be known throughout the land!'" References

Bibliography

Berger, Edward."<mask>, <mask> (Henry Jr.)". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Web. Dunstan Prial (2006) The Producer: <mask> and the Soul of American Music, Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
<mask>, "An Experience in Jazz History", in Dominique-René de Lerma, ed., Black Music in Our Culture: Curricular Ideas on the Subjects, Materials, and Problems (Kent State University Press, 1970), pp. 42–53. <mask> with Irving Townsend (1977) <mask> On Record: An Autobiography, Ridge Press – Summit Books,
"Swing". The Subject Is Jazz.WNBC. New York, New York, 1958. Television. External links
<mask> on American Masters (PBS)
Induction to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
<mask> Papers at Yale University Music Library

20th-century American businesspeople
1910 births
1987 deaths
A&R people
American military personnel of World War II
American people of Dutch descent
Businesspeople from New York City
Hotchkiss School alumni
Jazz record producers
Record producers from New York (state)
<mask>
Yale University alumni
Burials at Moravian Cemetery

masks:
John Henry Hammond
Hammond
John P
. Hammond
Hammond
Robert Johnson
Hammond
John Henry Hammond Jr
John Henry Hammond
John Henry
Hammond
. Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
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Hammond
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Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Pete Johnson
. Johnson
Robert Johnson
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Robert Johnson
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
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Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
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Hammond
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John
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
John P
. Hammond
Hammond
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Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Emily Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
John
John
John Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
John P
. Hammond
Hammond
Hammond
John Hammond
Hammond
John Hammond
Hammond
John
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond
John Hammond


title: Martin Murray (boxer)

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<mask> (born 27 September 1982) is a British former professional boxer who competed 2007 to 2020. He has held the WBA interim middleweight title from 2011 to 2014, the British and Commonwealth middleweight titles between 2010 and 2012, and challenged five times for a world title. Professional career

Early career
<mask>'s professional debut came in September 2007 with a victory over Jamie Ambler at the Robin Park Arena in Wigan. He fought once more that year to finish 2007 with a record of 2-0. A busy 2008 saw <mask> fight seven more times scoring seven victories over a series of journeyman opponents. On 22 November 2008, he stepped into the limelight by taking part in the fourth series of the Prizefighter tournament shown live on sky. He scored wins over Joe Rea and  Danny Butler before beating former English title challenger Cello Renda in the final to claim the £25,000 first prize.Following the tournament victory <mask> marked time with wins over fellow prospect Kevin Concepcion in April 2009 and former Commonwealth title challenger Thomas Awinbono in July of the same year. Ricky Hatton Promotions
<mask> left VIP Promotions after the Awinbono fight to sign with Hatton Promotions. His first fight was on the undercard of Matthew Macklin's European Title win at the Manchester Velodrome. <mask> faced George Aduashvili of Georgia on 25 September 2009 and scored a first-round knockout victory. Following the win <mask> said that former British champion Wayne Elcock was on his radar as a man he'd like to beat in order to push himself into future title contention. <mask>'s next fight on 27 November 2009 instead saw the man from St Helens outpoint Belarus boxer Sergey Khomitsky with a points victory over 8 rounds (Khomitsky was the first opponent, who managed to knock <mask> down to the canvas for the first time in his pro career). In his first fight of 2010 <mask> continued his winning run against international opposition with a victory over the Georgian middleweight champion Shalva Jomardashvili.A shot at the Commonwealth title against Tanzanian boxer Francis Cheka should then have subsequently followed. However, Cheka was refused a work permit and on 24 May 2010 in Sheffield, <mask> instead defeated late replacement Lee Noble in another non-title fight en route to recording his 19th straight victory. Two years later, <mask> gave Nick Blackwell the first loss of his career and won the vacant British Middleweight title on 18 July 2011. Commonwealth champion
On 16 July 2010 <mask> finally fought for a first professional title, the middleweight version of the Commonwealth crown. His opponent at the fight in the Bolton Arena was Australian Peter Mitrevski Jr.  <mask> went the full 12 round distance for the first time in his career and won on a unanimous points decision. Despite the win <mask> claimed that he had felt "sluggish" throughout the fight adding that "I know I can perform much better". He followed up the win on 26 November 2010 with a fight for a second title in a row at the Bolton Arena.His opponent, Brazilian Carlos Nascimento, was the co-challenger for the WBA version of the inter-continental title with <mask> winning by stoppage in the third round. <mask> fought against Felix Sturm on 2 December 2011 at the SAP-Arena in Mannheim, Germany for the WBA Middleweight Title. The fight went 12 rounds and ended up being scored a controversial draw. Second world title attempt
It was confirmed going into his with fight Jorge Navarro at Manchester Arena on 24 November 2012 for the interim WBA World Middleweight Championship, that if <mask> were to defeat Navarro, he would be the next in line for a shot at the WBA World Middleweight Championship currently held by Gennady Golovkin. <mask>, now 25-0-1, defeated the undefeated Venezuelan by TKO and would fight for the world title against World Middleweight Champion Sergio Martínez in Argentina on 27 April 2013. <mask> lost a close, controversial decision in a fight where he put <mask> on the canvas twice but with the referee only counting one knockdown. Third world title attempt

Following four solid decision victories in the aftermath of his loss to Sergio Martínez, <mask> was given the opportunity to face off against the WBA and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin.Despite a spirited effort (that of which saw him fight into the 11th round, the second time in Golovkin's career he went ten rounds or more), <mask> was ultimately stopped for the first time in his career after referee Luis Pabon witnessed him take several hard unanswered shots from Golovkin. Fourth world title attempt
After three comeback wins, all of them ending early, <mask> was set to challenge for a world title for the fourth time in his career, against Artur Abraham for the WBO super-middleweight title. <mask> fought very well on Abraham's home turf in Germany, however, that was not enough for the judges, who scored the fight, 116-111, 115-112 and 112-115 in favor of the home fighter, awarding him the split-decision win. After the fight, a gutted <mask> said he was contemplating retirement after another failed attempt to win a world title. On 25 June 2016, <mask> fought George Groves in a WBA final eliminator. Groves pressed <mask> throughout most of the fight, earning him a unanimous decision win, with scores of 118-110 on all three judges' scorecards. On 23 June 2018, <mask> fought and defeated Roberto Garcia in a foul-filled fight.<mask> had some success with his jab and landed more punches compared to Garcia, which was enough for all three judges to call the fight in favor of <mask>. In his next fight, <mask> fought against former champion Hassan N'Dam. Despite scoring a knockdown, <mask> did not do enough to earn the win. N'Dam won the fight via majority decision, with only one judge scoring the fight a draw, 114-114, while the other two saw it 117-112 and 116-112 in favor of N'Dam. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement 3 weeks after his loss to Saunders. He ended his career with 39 wins (17KOs), 6 loses, and
a Draw. Professional boxing record

References

External links

<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

English male boxers
Middleweight boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
1982 births
Living people
Prizefighter contestants
Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
British Boxing Board of Control champions

masks:
Martin Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
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Martinez
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Martin Murray