title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (; died 12 May 705) was the Umayyad governor and de facto viceroy of Egypt between 685 and his death. He was appointed by his father, Caliph <mask> (r. 684–685). <mask>-Aziz's reign was marked by stability and prosperity, partly due to his close relations and reliance on the Arab military settlers of Fustat. Under his direction and supervision, an army led by Musa ibn Nusayr completed the Muslim conquest of North Africa. He was removed from the line of succession to the caliphal throne and, in any case, died before his brother, Caliph <mask>-Malik. However, one of <mask>-Aziz's sons, Umar II, would become caliph in  717. Early life and career
<mask> was the son of a senior member of the Umayyad clan, <mask>m, and one of the latter's wives, Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb tribe.He may have visited Egypt when the province was governed by Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari (667–682), the appointee of Mu'awiya I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 682, <mask>-Aziz was part of an embassy, alongside his elder half-brother <mask>-Malik, sent by Marwan to the anti-Umayyad rebel <mask> <mask>-Zubayr in Mecca. When the inhabitants of Medina, the home of much of the Umayyad clan, rebelled against Mu'awiya's successor, Caliph Yazid I (), and besieged the Umayyad family in Marwan's neighbourhood in 683, <mask>-Aziz is not mentioned as being present. The historian Wilhelm Barthold speculates he could have been in Egypt at the time. In any case, in the summer of 684, when <mask> was elected caliph by pro-Umayyad loyalist tribes, chief among them the Banu Kalb, <mask>-Aziz was in his father's company. He fought alongside his father and the Banu Kalb against al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and the Qaysi tribes, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, who had declared himself caliph in 683 and gained widespread recognition in the Caliphate, at the Battle of Marj Rahit near Damascus in August. <mask>-Aziz was thrown off his horse during the battle, which ended in a crushing Umayyad–Kalbite victory.Afterward, he played a leading role in <mask>'s conquest of Egypt from its Zubayrid governor Ibn Jahdam al-Fihri, serving as the commander of a contingent which crossed into the province through the Sinai Peninsula, via the Red Sea port town of Ayla. There he confronted Ibn Jahdam and his deputy Zuhayr <mask> al-Balawi, the latter of whom ultimately defected to <mask>-Aziz. After Marwan returned to Syria, he designated <mask>-Malik as his successor, to be followed by <mask>-Aziz. <mask>-Malik acceded as caliph upon <mask>'s death in April 685. Governor of Egypt
<mask>-Aziz is most notable for his twenty-year-long tenure as governor (āmīr) of Egypt, from AH 65 (685 CE) until his death in AH 86 (705 CE). He was placed in the post by Marwan after the Marwan departed Egypt for Syria in February 685. He enjoyed wide autonomy in the governance of Egypt, and functioned as a de facto viceroy of the country.<mask>-Aziz also supervised the completion of the Muslim conquest of North Africa; it was he who appointed <mask> Nusayr to his post as governor of Ifriqiya. Foundation of Hulwan and building works in Fustat
During the early years of his reign, <mask>-Aziz resided chiefly at Fustat, leaving it only for two visits to the Caliph's court at Damascus and four visits to Alexandria. Fustat was the capital of the province, established in the 640s by the Arab conqueror and first governor of Islamic Egypt, Amr <mask>-As. <mask>-Aziz was a major patron of architecture and his rule marked the heyday of Umayyad-era building works in the city. Several houses, palaces, roofed markets and fountains were built under his direction. <mask>-Aziz completely rebuilt and expanded the Mosque of Amr, Fustat's congregational mosque. To its west, in 686/87 he erected the Dar al-Mudhahabba (the Gilded Palace).The residential complex was also known in the contemporary Arabic sources as al-Madina (the City), giving an indication of its size, covering up to  including gardens and it comprising some buildings of at least two storeys. It overlooked the Nile and likely included the house and surrounding land of the high-ranking official Kharija ibn Hudhafa (d. 661), which <mask> purchased from Kharija's son for 10,000 gold dinars. According to the historian Wladyslaw Kubiak, the Dar al-Bayda (the White Palace) built by Marwan in Fustat may have been viewed by <mask>-Aziz as below his stature and the new palace became the official residence of Egypt's Marwanids (descendants of Caliph Marwan). He built a bath in the city named after his son Zabban, upon whom it was bestowed, which became the subject of a celebrated verse: Whoever has in his soul a place for white, let him have that white in the Bath of Zabban  It has no breath, no eyelashes, however, it is an idol in the creation of man. At least four roofed markets, each specializing in a type of merchandise, were built during <mask>-Aziz's reign. In August/September 688, he also built the Qantara bridge over the Khalij Amir al-Mu'minin (Canal of the Commander of the Faithful), which passed through Fustat and connected Heliopolis (Ayn Shams) to the Nile. The bridge, located in the Hamra al-Quswa neighborhood, was likely meant to serve a major circulatory road in Fustat and its remains were still visible in the 12th century.It was one of a number of bridges constructed in the city by <mask>-Aziz. When the plague struck Fustat in 689 or 690, <mask>-Aziz moved his residence and seat of government about  south of the city and founded Hulwan. According to the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi, <mask>-Aziz had relocated due to flooding in Fustat in 690 and chose the site of Hulwan for his new capital because its elevation,  above the banks of the Nile, was higher than the river's flood line. The foundation of Hulwan began a custom of establishing "satellite residence town[s]", which was "repeated countless times by later rulers in various regions of the Islamic world", according to Kubiak. <mask>-Aziz constructed in Hulwan a mosque, a number of churches (see below) and palaces, and planted vineyards and palm trees. He erected a nilometer in the new city, although it was replaced by the nilometer built on the Nile river island of al-Rawda in 715. Hulwan was well known for the glass pavilions patronized by the governor and an artificial lake fed by an aqueduct.The city's prosperity under <mask>-Aziz was praised by the poet Ubayd <mask> Qays al-Ruqayyat. Domestic affairs
<mask>-Aziz proved a capable governor, and his rule was a period of peace and prosperity, marked by his conciliatory and co-operative attitude towards the leaders of the local Arab settlers (the jund). Throughout his tenure, <mask>-Aziz relied on them rather than the Syrians, who elsewhere were the main pillar of the Umayyad regime. <mask>-Aziz was known for his generosity. The 10th-century Egyptian historian al-Kindi quotes a report that he arranged for one thousand bowls of food to be set up around his palace and had another one hundred bowls supplied to the tribal settlers of Fustat, both on a daily basis. These bowls are also mentioned in a well-known eulogy by Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat:

That is Laylā's son, <mask>-'Azīz: at Bābilyūn [Babylon Fortress]
his food bowls are full to overflowing. According to al-Kindi, <mask>-Aziz introduced an Islamic ritual in Egypt consisting of a sitting held in the mosques during afternoon prayers on the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Day of Arafa.<mask>-Aziz opposed a higher tax burden on indigenous Muslim converts. He had been called on by <mask>-Malik to follow the example of the caliph's governor of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who imposed the poll tax (jizya) on the inhabitants of his province even after their conversion to Islam. Instead, <mask>-Aziz took the advice of the qadi (chief Islamic judge) and treasurer of Egypt, <mask>-Rahman ibn Hubayra, and did not implement the measure. The medieval Egyptian historian <mask> al-Hakam (d. 971) relates that <mask>-Aziz had a different copy of the Qur'an produced from the version of al-Hajjaj, which had been sent to him. The revised version was said to have contained grammatical corrections and was inherited, in succession, by <mask>-Aziz's son Abu Bakr, and then <mask>-Aziz's daughter Asma and son al-Hakam. The Baghdad-based writer Abu Ubayd Allah al-Marzubani (d. 995) praised <mask>-Aziz for promoting the Arabic language. Having caused misunderstandings by his own erroneous pronunciation of Arabic, <mask>-Aziz endeavoured to learn the correct pronunciation and later made gifts to his petitioners dependent on their mastery of the Arabic language.Relations with Christians
According to the 10th-century Melkite Christian patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, <mask>-Aziz permitted his Melkite servants to establish a small church in Hulwan dedicated to Saint George. One of the governor's Jacobite secretaries, Athanasios, was also allowed the construction of a church in close proximity to the Babylon Fortress (Qasr al-Sham) in the vicinity of Fustat. Apart from personal favours to the Christians in his circle, <mask>-Aziz pursued a restrictive policy towards Egypt's indigenous Christian population. In 693/94, on one of his visits to Alexandria, he arrested the Christian leaders of the city and dispersed them across the country's villages and rural districts. He then obliged each district to pay taxes according to the yield of its fields and gardens. <mask>-Aziz had his son al-Asbagh take a census of all the monks of the province, imposed on each of them a poll tax—from which they had previously been exempted—of one gold dinar, and forbade the recruitment of new monks. He also closely monitored the elections of the Coptic patriarchs and obliged the patriarchs to take their seat in Hulwan.The public display of Christian symbols was banned, and a Christian source reports that <mask>-Aziz had all the crosses in Egypt destroyed. Death and legacy
Marwan had named <mask>-Aziz his second heir after <mask>-Malik. The latter, however, wanted his son al-Walid I () to succeed him, and <mask>-Aziz was persuaded not to object to this change. In the event, <mask>-Aziz died on 13 Jumada I AH 86/12 May 705 CE, four months before <mask>-Malik. <mask>-Aziz was succeeded as governor by <mask>-Malik's son <mask>, whose aim was to restore the caliphate's control over the province and, in the words of the historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "remove all traces of <mask>-Aziz's administration". By dint of his major architectural works in Fustat and Hulwan, roughly coinciding with the period of monumental Islamic architecture's earliest stages under the caliphs <mask>-Malik and al-Walid I, Kubiak calls <mask>-Aziz perhaps "the true father of Islamic architecture". His patronage activities initiated a trend continued by later governors and caliphs.Though he spent large sums in the course of his rule, <mask>-Aziz's personal lifestyle was austere. At his death, he left the relatively small fortune of 7,000 gold dinars, according to his treasurer, and tattered clothing. In an indication of his piety, he stated on his deathbed his wish to have been a mere cameleer roaming the Hejaz (western Arabia), a man of no consequence or a collection of dust. Family and descendants
According to the historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), <mask>-Aziz had children from three wives and two slave women. He married Umm Asim Layla bint Asim, a granddaughter of Caliph Umar (), while they were both residing in Damascus in . <mask>-Aziz highly valued this marital link with the family of the former caliph and spent 400 gold dinars for the wedding. While Ibn Sa'd counts four sons from Umm Asim—Asim, Umar II, Abu Bakr and Muhammad—al-Baladhuri and <mask> al-Hakam count two: Abu Bakr Asim and Umar II.Twelve years after <mask>-Aziz's death Umar II was appointed caliph and ruled until 720. From another wife, Umm <mask> bint <mask>, a granddaughter of Amr ibn al-As, <mask>-Aziz had his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. From a third wife, Layla bint Suhayl, he had his daughter Umm al-Banin. <mask>-Aziz was also married to Hafsa, a daughter of Asma bint <mask>-Rahman ibn al-Harith of the prominent Qurayshite clan of Banu Makhzum. Five of his children, including his eldest son al-Asbagh, were born to slave women. According to the Egyptian historian al-Kindi (d. 961), <mask>-Aziz appointed al-Asbagh as a temporary governor of Alexandria and, during <mask>-Aziz's visit to Syria in 695, as his placeholder over the whole of Egypt. <mask>-Aziz intended that al-Asbagh—for whom he nurtured hopes in the caliphal succession—would succeed him as governor of Egypt, making the province into a hereditary appendage for his household, but al-Asbagh died a few months before <mask>-Aziz.Other sons of <mask>-Aziz from his slave women included Zabban and Juzayy (d. 757). The latter was one of the first Umayyads to relocate to al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula, where an Umayyad emirate was established in 756) in the aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution in 750, moving soon after the fall of the last Umayyad caliph <mask> II (). <mask> al-Hakam notes a third slave woman, of Greek or Coptic origin, named Maria, with whom <mask>-Aziz had a son named Muhammad. In honour of Maria, <mask>-Aziz built a palace in Fustat called Qasr Mariya (Maria's Palace). <mask>-Aziz's descendants remained influential in Egyptian affairs until the early Abbasid period. <mask>-Aziz's grandsons Muhammad and Amr, both sons of Sahl, are mentioned several times in the traditional Islamic sources, and Amr was counted among the supporters of the Alid rebel <mask> <mask> when the latter fled Merv for Egypt in 747. In the immediate aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution, <mask>-Aziz's grandson Umar <mask> and great-grandson <mask> al-Walid ibn Umar were deported to Qalansuwa from Egypt and executed, while his grandsons <mask> <mask> al-Asbagh, <mask>-Malik ibn Abi Bakr and al-Asbagh ibn Zabban were killed in the massacre of the Umayyad family at Nahr Abi Futrus.His grandsons Asim and Umar (both sons of Abu Bakr) and Asim's sons Maslama, Aban and <mask>-Malik found safety with Coptic villagers in Upper Egypt but were pardoned by the Abbasid governor Salih <mask> and returned to Fustat. A great-grandson of <mask>-Aziz, al-Asbagh ibn Sufyan ibn Asim, upheld support for the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur () in Egypt, and another great-grandson, Dihya ibn Mus'ab ibn al-Asbagh, led a revolt in the country against Caliph al-Hadi (). References

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading
Mabra, Joshua. Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid State: The Life of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān (d. 86/705). Gorgias Press: Piscataway, NJ, 2017. 7th-century births
705 deaths
7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
8th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
Sons of Umayyad caliphs
Umayyad governors of Egypt
Heirs apparent who never acceded
7th-century Arabs
8th-century Arabs
City founders
People of the Second Fitna

masks:
Marwan I
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al Aziz
Marwan ibn al Haka
Abd al
Abd al
Abd Allah
ibn al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al
Abd al
Marwan
ibn Qays
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al
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Musa ibn
Abd al
ibn al
Abd al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al
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Abd al
Allah ibn
Abd al
Abd al
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Ibn Abd
Abd al
Abd al
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Abd al
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Abd al
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Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abdallah
Abd al
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Abd al
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Ibn Abd
Abd al
Abd Allah
Abd Allah
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Marwan
Ibn Abd
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abdallah
ibn Muawiya
Abd al
ibn Suhayl
Isa ibn
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ibn
Abd al
Abd al
ibn Ali
Abd al


title: Mark Tushnet

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 18 November 1945) specializes in constitutional law and theory, including comparative constitutional law, and is currently the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. <mask> is identified with the critical legal studies movement. <mask> is a main proponent of the idea that judicial review should be strongly limited and that the Constitution should be returned "to the people." In 2020, <mask> published a book extending his previous writing about judicial overreach concerning the process of judicial review, which he originally started discussing in his 1999 book on this subject. Career
In 1967, <mask> received his A.B. from Harvard College. He later received an M.A.in history from Yale University and his J.D. from the Yale Law School. <mask> has been a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and he taught for many years at the Georgetown University Law Center. Tushnet served as a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court between 1972 and 1973. In a 1996 congressional hearing on President Bill Clinton's veto of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, <mask> testified about his involvement in Roe v. Wade, the 1973 case that struck down state laws prohibiting abortion. During questioning it was alleged that a memorandum written by <mask> to Marshall had a significant influence on the outcome of the case. More recently, he commented on the power of the president to pardon himself, composition of the Court, and the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy.He is also widely quoted in the press as an expert on the First Amendment right to free speech and the scope of presidential powers. In 2016, <mask> was listed among the ten most frequently cited law professors. One of the more controversial figures in constitutional theory, he is identified with the 'critical legal studies' movement and once stated in an article that, were he asked to decide actual cases as a judge, he would seek to reach results that would "advance the cause of socialism". <mask> is a main proponent of the idea that judicial review should be strongly limited and that the Constitution should be returned "to the people." <mask> is, with Harvard Law Professor Vicki Jackson, the co-author of a casebook entitled Comparative Constitutional Law (Foundation Press, 2d ed. 2006). In 2020, Tushnet published a book extending his previous writing about judicial overreach concerning the process of judicial review, which he originally started discussing in his 1999 book on this subject.Personal life
<mask> is Jewish. His wife, Elizabeth Alexander, is a Unitarian, and formerly directed the National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union. She now works in private practice. Their daughter <mask> is also a professor of law at Harvard Law School. Their other daughter Eve is a celibate lesbian Roman Catholic author and blogger. Bibliography
Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law, (Yale U. Press, 2020).In the Balance: Law and Politics on the Roberts Court, (W. W. Norton & Company, 2013) . I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases, (Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256, 2008)
Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law, (Princeton University Press, 2007). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law (W. W. Norton & Company, 2005)
The New Constitutional Order (Princeton U. Press 2003). Slave Law in the American South: State v. Mann in History and Literature (University Press of Kansas 2003). The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (Peter Cane & <mask>. Tushnet eds., Oxford University Press 2003).Defining the Field of Comparative Constitutional Law (Vicki C. Jackson & <mask> eds., Praeger 2002). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Constitutional Law (Little, Brown and Co. 4th ed. 2001). Et al., Federal Courts in the 21st Century: Cases and Materials (LexisNexis 2001). Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991 (Oxford University Press 1997). Brown v. Board of Education: The Battle for Integration (Franklin Watts 1995). The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective (<mask>. Tushnet ed., 1993).Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1956–1961 (1994). The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925–1950 (1987). The American Law of Slavery, 1810–1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest (1981). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Constitutional Law (Little, Brown and Co. Supp. 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2d ed. 1991, Supp. 1992, 1995, 1996, 3d ed.1996, Supp. 1998, 4th ed. 2001). And Vicki C. Jackson, Comparative Constitutional Law (Foundation Press 1999). Taking the Constitution Away From the Courts (Princeton University Press 1999), excerpted in Great Cases in Constitutional Law (Robert P. George ed., Princeton University Press, 2000) (reprinting chapter 1 in substance). Symposium of Commentaries on this book: 34 University of Richmond Law Review 359–566 (2000). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Teacher's Manual to The First Amendment (Aspen Law & Business 1999).And Francisco Forrest Martin, The Rights International Companion to Constitutional Law: An International Human Rights Law Supplement (Kluwer Law International 1999). And L. Michael Seidman, Remnants of Belief: Contemporary Constitutional Issues (Oxford University Press 1996). Constitutional Issues: The Death Penalty (Facts On File, Inc. 1994). Constitutional Law (International Library of Essays in Law & Legal Theory) (<mask><mask>, ed., New York University Press 1992). Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America (<mask><mask>, ed., Greenwood Press 1990). Central America and the Law: The Constitution, Civil Liberties, and the Courts (South End Press 1988). Red, White, and Blue: A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Law (Harvard University Press 1988).Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can't End the Battle over Guns (Oxford University Press 2007). References

External links
 Harvard Law School faculty page for Professor <mask>
 Georgetown profile of Professor Tushnet

1945 births
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
American legal scholars
20th-century American Jews
Living people
Yale Law School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Georgetown University Law Center faculty
University of Wisconsin Law School faculty
Scholars of constitutional law
Legal historians
People from Maplewood, New Jersey
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Mark Victor Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Tushnet
Rebecca Tushnet
Mark V
Mark Tushnet
Mark V
Mark V
. Tushnet
Mark V
. Tushnet
Tushnet


title: Yoon Tae-ho

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1969) is a South Korean manhwa artist. He is best known for writing the webtoons Moss and Misaeng. Early life
<mask>-ho grew up in a rural town of Gwangju, South Jeolla Province. He came from a poor family with an abusive, strict father, and Yoon suffered from the skin disease eczema which severely affected his self-esteem as a child. Transferring schools frequently due to his father's ups and downs in business, Yoon didn't have many friends. Drawing was his outlet to escape from reality, and he began at a young age, with a four-frame comic strip in the newspaper of his elementary school in Gunsan, North Jeolla Province. His single-mindedness about art won him special treatment from his teachers, who would sometimes allow him to paint watercolors instead of finishing his homework.Career
When he wasn't accepted by the university he applied for and with his family circumstances showing no signs of improving, <mask> moved to Seoul at the age of 19 to pursue his dream of becoming an artist. Since he didn't know anyone in the city, at first he was homeless for a while. He then met renowned manhwa artist Huh Young-man, and when he learned that Huh lived on the street close to where he was staying, <mask> hounded him until he was finally accepted as Huh's pupil and assistant in 1988. He also became an assistant to cartoonist Jo Woon-hak. Yoon described himself as an angry man during his twenties, always getting into fights with strangers whom he assumed looked down on him for his small physique. But his new job filled him with hope and passion, and he spent all of his free time at night practicing drawing. He was rejected eight times by publishers, before making his writing debut in 1993 with Emergency Landing (), a serial comic published in the magazine, Monthly Jump ().His own worst critic, he later derided his first work, "The story was terrible and the drawings were too showy." So he put more emphasis on storylines rather than the details of the drawings, with the goal of reflecting the spirit of an era. <mask> became best known for writing the webtoon (called "webtoon" in Korea) Moss () and Misaeng (), leading literary critics to call him as one of the leading voices of the next generation of Korean cartoonists. Anchored in a classic murder mystery, Moss tells the story of one man's journey into the heart of darkness in a small town deep in the backwoods of the Korean countryside to uncover the truth behind his father's death. With twists and turns seemingly inspired by American southern gothic literature, the 80-part graphic novel was published online from 2008 to 2009, and it became an internet sensation. Readers praised the labyrinthine "whodunit" plot which was accentuated by the richly detailed illustrations of the decaying village that gave it an ambiance of dread, as well as its subtext of social commentary. In 2010, it was adapted into the film Moss starring Park Hae-il and Jung Jae-young and directed by Kang Woo-suk.It drew more than 3.4 million moviegoers, becoming the top grosser among webtoon-based films. Misaeng, which means "an incomplete life," ran from 2012 to 2013 online and drew 1 billion hits; it was also published in paperback form in nine volumes and sold 900,000 copies. After failing to become a professional baduk player, the protagonist Jang Geu-rae takes a job as an intern at a Korean corporation, and the compelling narrative follows flawed and layered characters as they deal with the fierce competition for survival, claustrophobic work relationships and office politics. Yoon used the game of baduk as a metaphor for the cutthroat trading industry culture, and his painstaking research of the realities at trading companies provide a vivid description of life as a corporate underling. Misaeng gained immense popularity among white-collar workers in Korea and is considered a must-read comic in the country. In 2013, six 10-minute mobile short films were shown on internet portal Daum, with each short focusing on the six main characters of Misaeng (Yim Si-wan played Jang Geu-rae) but the storylines are prequels to the comic instead of a direct adaptation. Directed by Son Tae-gyum and Kim Tae-hui, these shorts were later compiled into the omnibus film titled Incomplete Life: Prequel (), which screened at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.Yim later reprised his role in the television series adaptation, also titled Misaeng. Directed by Kim Won-seok and written by <mask>-jung, it was a ratings hit when it aired on cable channel tvN in 2014. With the TV series' popularity, Yoon confirmed that he will begin serializing a sequel to Misaeng in March 2015. In March 2012, <mask> led several groups of cartoonists (from the Korea Cartoonists' Association, the Cartoon and Animation Society in Korea, the Corea Cartoon Art Association, Cartoon Boomer and the Korea Comic Writers Association) in protesting the plan of state censorship body Korea Communications Standards Commission to designate 23 webtoons as "harmful to youth," saying it undermines freedom of expression. Yoon said, "This is the sad reality of cartoons -- cartoons are praised and highlighted as a new cultural growth engine on the one hand, while they are the most frequently criticized contents for "harmfulness" on the other. The government hasn't taken much action on violence in other cultural genres, but has attacked cartoons only. With such repetitive attacks, we are losing our freedom to create."In August 2013, Yoon launched A-Comics, a webzine specializing in comic books with content ranging from webtoons to mobile cartoons (regardless of origin), as well as reviews, recommendations, and interviews with cartoonists. Yoon said, "For a specific cultural genre to prosper, it is important for writers to come up with a good work, but at the same time a medium that bridges creators and consumers is very crucial. I hope A-Comics revitalizes the Korean comic book scene." In 2014, Lee Byung-hun and Cho Seung-woo were cast in Inside Men (), an upcoming film adaptation directed by Woo Min-ho based on Yoon's 2010 webtoon The Insiders. Lee plays Sang-goo, a shady hoodlum who operates within the halls of powers, doing dirty work for crooked politicians. When the tables are turned against him, he sets out to get his revenge. Works
Emergency Landing (비상착륙, 1993)
혼자사는 남편 (1996)
춘향별곡 (1997)
Yahoo (야후, 1998)
수상한 아이들 (1999)
Romance (로망스, 2001)
Moss (이끼, 2008-2009)
열풍학원 (2009)
당신은 거기 있었다 (2009)
주유천하 (2009) (written by Lee Won-ho, illustrated by <mask> Tae-ho)
The Insiders (내부자들, 2010–present)
Misaeng (미생, 2012-2013)
Operation Chromite (인천상륙작전, 2013–present)

Screen adaptations
Moss (2010)
Incomplete Life: Prequel (2013)
Misaeng (2014)
Inside Men (2015)

Awards
1999 Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Our Manhwa of Today (Yahoo)
2002 Korean Publication of Manhwa Awards: Best New Artist (Romance)
2007 Korean Publication of Manhwa Awards: Excellence Award (Moss)
2008 Bucheon Manhwa Awards: General Comic Award (Moss)
2010 Korea Content Awards: Presidential Award, Manhwa category

State honors

Notes

References

External links
 Yoon Tae-ho at Naver
 Yoon Tae-ho at the Korea Cartoonists Association

South Korean webtoon creators
South Korean manhwa artists
South Korean manhwa writers
Living people
1969 births

masks:
Yoon Tae ho
Yoon Tae
Yoon
Yoon
Yoon
Jung Yoon
Yoon
Yoon


title: William Becknell

texts:
<mask> (1787 or 1788 – April 30, 1865) was an American soldier, politician, and freight operator who is credited by Americans with opening the Santa Fe Trail in 1821. He found a trail for part of the route that was wide enough for wagon trains and draft teams, making it easier for trader and emigrants along this route. The Santa Fe Trail became an early major transportation route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico, serving both trading and emigrant parties. It served as a vital commercial highway from the 1820s until 1880, when the railroad was introduced to Santa Fe. <mask> made use of long-established trails made by Native Americans, and Spanish and French colonial explorers and traders for centuries before his trip. French colonists in St. Louis had a monopoly on trade with Santa Fe, which was granted by the Spanish crown before the Louisiana Purchase. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821, it opened up trade to its territories; residents of Santa Fe were eager for more trade goods.In 1822, <mask> altered his route to Santa Fe in order to find a trail more suitable for wagon trains so that he could enable transport of more trade goods. Earlier travelers had ridden on horseback, trailing packhorses. By 1825, he assisted a surveyor with the federal government in mapping the trail, so that it could be available for commercial and military use. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in the Rockfish Creek area of Amherst County, Virginia to parents Micajah and Pheby (Landrum) <mask>. Conflicting sources say his year of birth was 1787 or 1788. <mask>'s father and grandfather were veterans of the American Revolution, as were two uncles who died in the war. <mask> married Jane Trusler in 1807 in Virginia.In 1810 the young family migrated to the new Missouri Territory, homesteading west of present-day St. Charles. During the War of 1812, <mask> served in the United States Mounted Rangers under Captain Daniel Morgan Boone, a son of the famed explorer. He participated in several engagements, including the Battle of Credit Island and the defense of Fort Clemson, near St. Louis. In the latter engagement, he took control of the defense after senior officers fell. For this he was promoted to the rank of captain, and was long known as <mask>. Following his discharge from Federal service in June 1815, <mask> moved west to the area known as the Boonslick in central Missouri along the Missouri River. <mask> died of unknown circumstance, possibly in childbirth, around the time of her husband's military discharge.In January 1817 the widower married again, to Mary Cribb. According to U.S. Census Bureau records, <mask> was the father of at least five children in total: Mary Jane born in 1815, John Calhoun born in 1817, <mask> Jr. also born in 1817, Lucy born in 1818, and Cornelia born in 1827. <mask> supported his family by working as a ferryman on the Missouri river and by managing the Boone's Lick Salt Works. In early 1820 he purchased 180 acres in Howard County, Missouri and moved the family there. Trailblazer
In 1821 <mask> faced substantial debt. He had bought out the Boone family interest in the salt works around 1818. In 1820 he ran unsuccessfully for the Missouri Legislature, having borrowed money to finance the campaign.The Panic of 1819 took its toll on his business activities by limiting the amount of credit and hard currency available. Owing creditors more than $1,200 dollars ($20,000 in today's money), <mask> was briefly jailed until a friend posted bail. The judge in the case gave <mask> until early 1822 to pay his creditors or face more jail time. Under pressure, <mask> left Franklin in September 1821 on an extended trading trip, including hunting and trapping for furs, as the fur trade was still lucrative. He bought $300 worth of trade goods for his trip. According to an advertisement <mask> placed in the Missouri Intelligencer newspaper, his intent was "trading for horses and mules and catching wild animals of every description." <mask> and his group were not the only ones searching for a convenient trade route to Santa Fe, but that fall they were the first to reach the city, in mid-November 1821.<mask>'s timing was near perfect. Mexico had recently become independent of Spain. It lifted the ban against trade with outsiders. French colonists from St. Louis had traded with Santa Fe when both were still under Spanish rule before the Louisiana Purchase. The Chouteau brothers of St. Louis had been given a monopoly with the Spanish for trade in Santa Fe, and this trade contributed greatly to the wealth of the city on the Mississippi River. The people of Santa Fe were eager for the variety of goods which <mask> offered from his string of pack horses. They were willing to pay high prices: some cotton cloth and calico brought the then-unheard of sum of three dollars a yard.After a month of trading, <mask> and his party left Santa Fe on December 13 with their saddlebags overflowing with silver. His investment of $300 in trading goods had returned approximately $6000 in coin. Reaching Missouri in January 1822, <mask> almost immediately began planning his next trading trip to Santa Fe. For his second journey, he chose to haul trade goods by wagon instead of pack horse. He had to slightly alter his original route in order to accommodate the width of wagons and draft teams. The wagon train left Franklin in May 1822 and suffered considerable hardship, with both animals and people nearly dying of thirst in the parched Cimarron Desert. The 'train' arrived in Santa Fe forty-eight days later.The second trip proved to be even more profitable than the first. Taking an estimated $3,000 in goods to Santa Fe, <mask>'s party returned with a profit of around $91,000. They paid some of that total as dividends to shareholders who had helped fund the trip, and even the smallest investor reaped great returns. <mask> made a third profitable trip to Santa Fe in 1824. The following year in 1825, he helped map the trail for surveyors hired by the U.S. Congress. For his efforts in opening up an improved route for regular traffic and military movement, <mask> became known as the Father of the Santa Fe Trail

Later life
In 1827 <mask> was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for Saline County, Missouri. The following year he was elected to the first of two terms in the Missouri House of Representatives.Retaining his rank of captain, <mask> served in the Missouri state militia during a Native American uprising in 1829 and again during the 1832 Black Hawk War. In 1835 <mask> sold all his Missouri property and business interests and moved to present-day Red River County, Texas in northeast Texas. During the Texas War of Independence, <mask> organized and led a cavalry unit known as the Red River Blues. Later he would serve briefly as a Texas Ranger. He was also elected as a member of the legislature in the newly established Republic of Texas. <mask> died on April 30, 1865, at his home. He is buried in a private family cemetery.US 82 passes by the site a few miles west of Clarksville, Texas. References

External links

 <mask> and the Santa Fe Trail
 Santa Fe Trail Research

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - <mask>, William
 Santa Fe Trail Association

United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
American people of the Black Hawk War
Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
1780s births
1856 deaths
County officials in Missouri
Republic of Texas politicians
1st Congress of the Republic of Texas
People of the Texas Revolution
People from Amherst County, Virginia
19th-century American politicians
United States Army officers

masks:
William Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
William Alexander
Becknell
Becknell
Young Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Captain Becknell
Becknell
Jane Becknell
Becknell
William Alexander
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
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William Becknell
Becknell
Becknell
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William Becknell
Becknell


title: Sydney Stubbs

texts:
<mask>MG (19 July 1861 – 30 July 1953) was an Australian politician who served twice in the Parliament of Western Australia: in the Legislative Council from 1908 to 1911, and then in the Legislative Assembly from 1911 to 1947. He was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1930 to 1933, and had been Mayor of Claremont and then Mayor of Perth prior to entering parliament. Early life and mayorships
<mask> was born in Warrnambool, Victoria, to Agnes (née Aitken) and <mask>. He worked as a schoolteacher for a time in the late 1870s before securing a position with John Danks & Son, a hardware company with which he was employed from 1879 to 1894, working variously as a clerk, travelling salesman, and engineer. <mask> arrived in Western Australia in 1895, and with a partner established a hardware firm in Perth, Drake & Stubbs. The firm was eventually bought out by another hardware merchant, Alfred Sandover, in 1907. In 1901, <mask> (a resident of the suburb of Claremont) was elected mayor of the Claremont Municipality unopposed, replacing Joseph Langsford.In 1903, it was initially reported that would contest the vacancy in the Legislative Council left by the death of Barrington Clarke Wood, but he did not go on to nominate for the election. Opting not to contest the 1903 Claremont mayoral election, two years later <mask> ran for Mayor of Perth against Thomas Molloy. On a then-record turnout of almost 8,000 voters, he polled 54.01 percent of the vote, replacing Harry Brown (who did not re-contest) as mayor. The following year, <mask> was re-elected unopposed, the first mayor since Alexander Forrest in 1899 to be returned in that fashion. He left office in December 1907 without re-contesting, and was replaced by his previous opponent, Molloy. However, <mask> re-entered the public arena the following year, when he was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council's Metropolitan-Suburban Province, replacing the retiring Zebina Lane. Parliament and later life
Although he represented a Perth constituency, <mask> had bought a property near Wagin in 1907 (named Boyalling Estate), and in 1911 he resigned his Legislative Council seat in order to contest the new seat of Wagin in the Legislative Assembly at the 1911 state election.Standing as a "Ministerialist" (a supporter of the government of Frank Wilson), his platform included support for a railway from Wagin to Darkan, an expansion of the Legislative Council franchise, and the abolition of state land tax. <mask> went on to defeat the Labor candidate, Julius Nenke, with 68.73% of the vote. Wilson's government was defeated, and the Ministerialists that had not been defeated (including <mask>) subsequently formed a new Liberal Party at the state level, not yet affiliated with the Commonwealth Liberal Party. Prior to the 1917 state election, <mask> switched to the Country Party, one of several Liberals in regional seats to do so after the Country Party's foundation in 1913. In 1923, when the Country Party split into two rival factions – the Majority (or Ministerial) Country Party (MCP), supporting the government of James Mitchell, and the Executive (or Opposition) Country Party, opposing it, and backed by the Primary Producers' Association (PPA). <mask>, who the PPA had refused to endorse, joined the MCP, and was comfortably re-elected under that banner at the 1924 state election. The MCP was merged into the Nationalists following the election (which saw the defeat of Mitchell's government), and the combined group contested the March 1927 election as the "United Party", with <mask> again comfortably defeating two Country Party candidates.However, his time in that party was short-lived, as he returned to the Country Party fold in December 1927 (alongside Charles Latham). At the 1930 state election, James Mitchell, leading a Nationalist–Country coalition, was elected to a second term as premier. <mask> was nominated as the coalition's candidate for Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and was duly elected to the post by parliament. Known for his habit of returning a full bow to members exiting the chamber, <mask> was praised by the opposition leader, Philip Collier, for his "impartial manner" in the position. One of his duties as speaker was to entertain visitors to Parliament House, and in that capacity he hosted the English cricket team, captained by Douglas Jardine, that toured Australia during the 1932–33 season – the Bodyline series. <mask> was elected unopposed at the 1933 election, but Mitchell's government was defeated, and he was consequently replaced as speaker by Labor's Alexander Panton. There would not be another from the coalition side of the house until Charles North was elected in 1947, and it was not until Grant Woodhams was elected in 2008 that the Country Party (now the National Party) provided another speaker.<mask> was re-elected unopposed for a second time at the 1936 state election, but at the 1939 election was challenged by three independent candidates. He secured 82.59% on first preferences, with his nearest rival gaining only 13.85%. <mask> finally announced his retirement in April 1946, but remained in parliament until the 1947 election, by which time he was 85 years old. He consequently set a new record as Western Australia's oldest parliamentarian, which lasted only until September 1949, when it was broken by Sir Norbert Keenan. <mask> was made a CMG in 1947, for his services to parliament. He died at St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, in July 1953, aged 92. He had married Martha Harriet Jeffery in June 1891, with whom he had four daughters and a son.The couple had celebrated their diamond wedding anniversary in 1951, and his wife died only eight days after him. See also
 Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
 Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council

References

1861 births
1953 deaths
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian schoolteachers
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Mayors of places in Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
People from Warrnambool
Speakers of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly

masks:
Sydney Stubbs C
Stubbs
William Alexander Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
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Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs
Stubbs


title: Pierre Contant d'Ivry

texts:
<mask>'Ivry (11 May 1698 in Ivry-sur-Seine – 1 October 1777 in Paris), was a French architect and designer working in a chaste and sober Rococo style and in the goût grec phase of early Neoclassicism. Early career
An Architecte du Roi from 1728, he spent his career working for the French Crown and for an aristocratic private clientele: the contrôleur-général des finances Machault d'Arnouville, the princes de Soubise and de Croÿ, and baron Bernstorff, the Danish ambassador. Though he was not formally received into the Académie royale d'architecture until 1751, he was the architect attached to Louis François I de Bourbon, prince de Conti, between 1737 and 1749. He was replaced in this position by Jean-Baptiste Courtonne. Palais-Royal

Later Contant d'Ivry worked for Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans, for whom he transformed interiors of the Palais-Royal, Paris, in 1754, designs that were widely admired and published by Diderot and d'Alembert in the Encyclopédie, 1762, where Jacques-François Blondel praised their "correct middle pathway between two excesses, that of the heavy weight of our ancients and that of frivolity". Surviving examples include the dining room of the Duchesse d'Orléans (now the Salle du Tribunal des Conflits of the Conseil d'État), which is in a neo-classical style with pilasters, and another of her rooms (now the Salle des Finances), in which his surviving decoration of the ceiling and door panels is lighter and more reminiscent of the earlier French Regency period. Contant d'Ivry was also responsible for the exteriors of the northern part of the east wing (now on the Rue de Valois), the avant corps of which, "with its giant balcony brackets and rather inventive detailing, combines Rococo-style decorative charm with a certain Classical solidity in its massing."In 1763 a fire which started in the east wing in the opera house, the Salle du Palais-Royal, destroyed not only the theatre but also the adjoining sections of the palace. While the municipality of Paris was responsible for the opera house and hired its own architect, <mask>-Louis Moreau-Desproux, who also designed the new facades on the Rue Saint-Honoré side of the building, Louis Philippe engaged <mask> d'Ivry, who designed the interiors of the reconstructed corps de logis, the facades of the Cour d'Honneur (on the garden side), and a grand staircase, the "splendid escalier d'honneur, [which] with its domed covering and dramatic curved descent, is justly famous." Église de la Madeleine

In 1757, he presented a project for the new Église de la Madeleine in Paris, for which he drew inspiration from Jacques-Germain Soufflot's Église Sainte-Geneviève. Though the foundation stone was laid by Louis XV in 1763, funds lagged, and after <mask> d'Ivry's death, the plans were modified, then the partially built structure was razed and begun anew. Principal commissions
 Château de Bizy, Vernon (Eure), for the maréchal de Belle-Isle (ca 1740, partly destroyed). Hôtel d'Évreux, 19 Place Vendôme, Paris : grand staircase and boiseries (1747). Château d'Arnouville at Arnouville-lès-Gonesse, for Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville.He collaborated there with Jean-Michel Chevotet, (1751–1757). Palais-Royal, Paris: In 1752 he provided décors for two main rooms, the salle de la section des Finances du Conseil d'État, (notably for the carved fielded panels of its double doors and its ceiling cornice) and the neoclassical salle à manger of the duchesse d'Orléans (now the salle du Tribunal des conflits), one of the earliest neoclassical interiors in Paris. After a fire in 1763, <mask> d'Ivry rebuilt the central block, with its facade on the cour d'honneur and the monumental staircase (1765). Château de Saint-Cloud
 Project for the Abbey and church of Pentemont, rue de Bellechasse at rue de Grenelle, Paris (published 1769). Hôpital général, Valenciennes (1750)
 The new palace Saint-Vaast d’Arras, Arras. Église Saint-Wasnon, dedicated to Saint Wasnon, at Condé-sur-l'Escaut (1751). Château de Stors (Oise): Chapel for the prince de Conti.Garden designs
 Château de Chamarande (Essonne).He provided a theater en plein air, an orangerie, a buffet d'eau, belvedere and designs for an ornamental vegetable garden. Château d'Heilly (Somme). Château de Bizy at Vernon (Eure). Château des Conti at L'Isle-Adam (Val-d'Oise). Château de Stors at L'Isle-Adam (Val d'Oise). The park and the monumental terraces. Furniture designs
 Console table, gilded wood, c 1750-55; set of four wall lights, 1756.The Getty Center, Los Angeles. Gallery of designs for churches

Footnotes

Sources
 Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. .
 Baritou, Jean-Louis (1987). Chevotet, <mask>, Chaussard: un cabinet d'architectes au Siècle des lumières. Lyon: La Manufacture. .
 Blondel, Jacques-François (1752–1756). Architecture françoise, 4 volumes.Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert. Vols. 1, 2, 3, & 4 at Gallica. Bourbon de Conti, Louis François de, editor (2000). Les Trésors des Princes de Bourbon Conti. Paris: Editions Somogy. .
 Braham, Allan (1980). The Architecture of the French Enlightenment.Berkeley: University of California Press. .
 Dassas, Frédéric (1995). Les Résidences du Prince de Conti, mémoire de maîtrise d’histoire de l’art sous la direction d’Antoine Schnapper, Paris IV-Sorbonne. Ericson, Svend (1974). Early Neo-Classicism in France. London: Faber. .
 Gallet, Michel (1995). Les architectes parisiens du XVIIIe siècle: dictionnaire biographique et critique. Paris: Editions Mengès. .
 Joudiou, Gabrielle (1987)."<mask> d’Ivry" in Baritou 1987, pp. 86–181. Joudiou, Gabrielle (1993). "Contant d’Ivry et les jardins classiques au XVIIIe siècle " in Jardins du Val-d’Oise. Joudiou, Gabrielle (1998). "L’art des jardins chez Contant d’Ivry" in Annales du Centre Ledoux II. Joudiou, Gabrielle (2000).L’Architecte Contant d’Ivry à L’Isle-Adam et à Stors in Bourbon de Conti 2000, pp. 107–111. Olivier-Valengin, Elyne (2000). "Le château des princes de Bourbon Conti à L’Isle-Adam" in Bourbon de Conti 2000, pp. 112–123. External links

 Getty Museum: <mask> d'Ivry (biographical note)

 Les Oeuvres d'architecture de <mask> d'Ivry, architecte du Roi. Première partie (1769) at INHA

1698 births
1777 deaths
People from Ivry-sur-Seine
18th-century French architects
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture
French Rococo architects

masks:
Pierre Contant d
Pierre
Contant
Contant
Contant
Contant
Pierre Contant
Pierre Contant
Pierre Contant


title: Jessie Craigen

texts:
<mask>  (c.1835–5 October 1899), was a working-class suffrage speaker in  a movement which was predominately made up of middle and upper-class activists. She was also a  freelance (or 'paid agent') speaker in the campaigns for Irish Home Rule and the cooperative movement and against vivisection, compulsory vaccination, and the Contagious Diseases Acts. Early life
It is not certain where in the UK she was born, although the Dover Express in 1866 described her as a 'Scotch lady'. The 1871 census, however, shows her living with an adopted 18-year-old child, Rosetta Vincent, and a married sister, Emma Henley, in Ordsall near Retford and describing herself as a ‘lecturer’, born in London. By 1881 she is in Clifton, Bristol, and in the census she describes herself as a London-born, ‘Lecturer on Social Subjects’. She reportedly had a seafaring father from the Scottish Highlands, who died when she was an infant, and a mother who was an Italian actress. As a child she appeared on the stage and this may have given her the skills and the confidence for paid public speaking.She began in the late 1850s giving readings from plays and  recitations, before moving onto delivering orations at temperance meetings, and was described on one such occasion in 1861 as a 'clever Quakeress'. By December 1868, she was addressing suffrage meetings. A newspaper reporter wrote in 1869 at Alnwick that her talks were well attended,  but added that this was because a lady lecturer was a novelty, recalling Dr Johnson's comments on the subject, ‘…a woman's preaching is like a dog's walking on his hind legs. It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all.’

As a suffragist
She is recorded as speaking on behalf of women's rights between 1868 and 1884. Her main supporters were the radical suffragists Priscilla Bright McLaren, Lilias Ashworth Hallett and the Quaker sisters Anna Maria and Mary Priestman, who had realised the necessity of gaining support from the working classes for the suffrage movement. The feminist and campaigner for women's rights, Helen Blackburn called her ‘that strange erratic genius’ who spoke with a tone like a 'mighty melodious bell'. Blackburn noted that she planned and carried out her tours by herself, travelling all over the kingdom from John O'Groats to Lands End, accompanied only by her little dog,  and that, with the power of her voice, she was able to gather audiences and hold them riveted, ‘from miners in Northumberland…  and fishers in Cornwall... to agricultural labourers in the market-places of country towns’.<mask> also visited Stornoway in the Scottish Hebrides, the writer and politician Henry Hyndman wrote vividly of her:
<mask> was ugly, self-taught, roughly attired, and uncouth in her ways.Yet all this was soon overlooked when once the lady began to speak...She came forward, dumped down on the table in front of me an umbrella, a neck wrapper, and a shabby old bag.Then she turned round to face the audience. She was greeted with boisterous peals of laughter. No wonder! Such a figure of fun you never saw. It was Mrs. Gamp come again in the flesh – umbrella, corkscrew curls and all. There she stood with a battered bonnet on her straggling grey hair, with a rough shawl pinned over her shoulders, displaying a powerful and strongly marked and somewhat bibulous physiognomy, with a body of portly development and as broad as it was long...In two minutes the whole audience was listening intently; within five she had them in fits of laughter, this time not at her but with her. A little later tears were in every eye as she told some terribly touching story of domestic suffering, self-sacrifice, and misery.So it went on. This ungainly person was producing more effect than all the rest of the speakers put together. By 1879 she was appearing on platforms with the principal figures of the suffrage movement and at Manchester, in October of that year, Helen Blackburn said that she 'held the meeting enchained by her grand voice and her strong and witty words, delivered with practised power'. On 3 February 1880 she spoke at the ‘Great Demonstration of Women’ in the Free Trade Hall, alongside such notables as Mrs McClaren,  Lydia Becker and Josephine Butler. In 1881-2 she may have formed a romantic friendship with the feminist and suffragist Helen Taylor, a woman from a very different social background. This relationship faced challenges, since class differences in late-Victorian England meant that women like Craigen, who took payment for their suffrage work, were likely to be regarded on the same terms as personal servants by the middle-class leadership of the movement. However, this friendship actually faded, to Craigen's great regret, over differences of opinion concerning Ireland and Charles Stewart Parnell, who was often a houseguest of Miss Taylor.As the suffrage movement split, after its failure to win any measure for women's right to vote under the Third Reform Act of December 1884,   <mask>'s position, as a paid agent speaker, became more difficult and she gradually faded from the women's rights scene. She continued to protest on behalf of other causes however, contributing an article to the Nineteenth Century Review against proposals to build a Channel Tunnel,  and when speaking at an anti-vivisection, anti-vaccination demonstration in Chelsea, in April 1894, she was described as ‘a stout, elderly lady of dark complexion, with a stubby beard and a strong moustache…’

Later life and death
The Local Government Act 1894 had created a system of urban and rural district councils, and had permitted women to be councillors. In December 1894, <mask> stood, as the only woman candidate, in the election for Ilford Urban District Council, on behalf of the Women's Liberal Association. She was unsuccessful, coming fourteenth out of seventeen candidates. She died in her lodgings 2, Grove-villas, Ilford Lane, Ilford, Essex on 5 October 1899 when local newspapers described her as a ‘well-known old maiden lady’ and ‘miser’, who had shared her house with fifteen dogs. Her obituary in the Zoophilist declared that 'as a woman of the people, she exercised a great influence over the working classes...  We shall miss her courageous and outspoken advocacy... her racy and eloquent speeches'. Her belongings were left to Rosetta Blanche Vincent, spinster, of Church House, Uckfield, Sussex, who was granted probate on the will as sole executrix.Posthumous recognition
Her name but no picture as there is no known photograph or drawing of her,   (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018. See also
 Selina Cooper,  working class suffragist. Annie Kenney,  working class suffragist. Dora Thewlis,  working class suffragist. Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
 Representation of the People Act 1918
 Representation of the People Act 1928

References

1835 births
1899 deaths
Anti-vivisectionists
British anti-vaccination activists
English suffragists

masks:
Jessie Hannah Craigen
Craigen
Jessie Craigen
Jesse Craigen
Jessie Craigen


title: Hendrika Gerritsen

texts:
<mask> "Kiky" <mask> (12 April 1921 – 27 December 1990) was recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations on 15 September 1989, and was also awarded the Verzetsherdenkingskruis (Resistance Memorial Cross) by the Dutch government. A member of the Dutch Resistance who actively helped Dutch men and women escape Nazi persecution, she survived imprisonment at three Nazi concentration camps – Herzogenbusch (Vught) in the Netherlands and Ravensbrück and Dachau in Germany, as well as the harsh working conditions of the Munich-Giesing satellite camp known as Agfa-Commando, becoming one of those liberated from Dachau at the end of April, 1945. She was known to family and friends as "Kiky". Formative years
Born in Amsterdam, Netherlands on 12 April 1921, her birth name was <mask>. Following her marriage to <mask>, she became <mask>. World War II
 Residing alone in Amsterdam and employed at that city's famed department store, De Bijenkorf, during the opening years of World War II, Kiky Heinsius was intimately acquainted with the dangers faced by Jewish men, women and children. Within the span of just a few months, two of her friends were targeted by Nazi officials in the Netherlands.Following the June 1941 death of her closest friend, Rudolph Richter, at the Mauthausen concentration camp, her movements were monitored after she tried to intervene on behalf of another friend, Leo Zwart, who had been arrested, interrogated and deported to Westerbork. Despite the threat to her personal security, she then actively intervened on behalf of a third individual, Siegfried Goldsteen, a Jewish labor camp fugitive who had been befriended by her co-worker, Anna Maass. Hiding him at her home in early 1943, according to Yad Vashem, Kiky Heinsius "stole ration cards from her employer to provide for him" before helping him locate and move to "a safer hideout." She then also relocated, moving "to a larger apartment with a hiding place ... took in Judith Fransman, an acquaintance of Sieg’s," and persuaded another friend to help secure extra ration cards. Approached by members of the Amsterdam Resistance, she was soon making frequent trips "to Drenthe to pick up forged papers for people in hiding" while helping to transport others to more secure locations. When her apartment was raided on 2 February 1944, both she and Goldsteen were captured. According to Yad Vashem, "Sieg perished somewhere in Central Europe in June 1944" while Kiky was sent to Vught (Herzogenbusch), Ravensbrück, and a subcamp of Dachau, from where she was liberated on 30 April 1945."The Verzetsmuseum in Amsterdam places the date of her arrival at Dachau as 15 October 1944 while a list of prisoners being transported to that camp in 1944 noted that her inmate number there would be "123202." Records preserved from the concentration camp at Dachau also provide further confirmation of many of her vital statistics, including that her name was "<mask> Heinsius", that her inmate number was "123202," that she had been born in Amsterdam on 12 April 1921, and that she had been sent from Ravensbrück to Dachau; however, these records also state that she did not arrive at Dachau until 12 November 1944. In addition, the Dachau records confirm that she had been designated by Nazi officials as a "Schutzhäftling" from the Netherlands. Translated roughly as "protective custody prisoner," the term "Schutzhäftling" was a euphemism used by Nazis to describe political prisoners or others they deemed to be threats to the Third Reich or otherwise undesirable, many of whom were detained without trial. Having survived imprisonment at both Ravensbrück and Dachau, according to Dachau's records, she was finally liberated from that camp with her fellow prisoners on 30 April 1945. Prison life at Agfa-Commando
According to Jack van Ommen, author of The Mastmakers' Daughters, his mother, Rennie van Ommen-de Vries, and <mask> <mask> were two of the women who performed forced labor at Agfa-Commando, which was a satellite camp of Dachau, located at Munich-Giesing roughly 14 miles from the Dachau main camp. Both women had been members of the Dutch Resistance, and had also been imprisoned at the Nazi's Herzogenbusch (Vught) and Ravensbrück concentration camps prior to their 15 October 1944 transfer to Agfa with a group of former Resistance members and other Dutch women.Beginning each day with a prisoner count at 5:00 in the morning, they were marched to the plant, which was part of the vast network of factories operated by IG Farben. Ordered to assemble ignition timers for Nazi weapons, including artillery ammunition, bombs, and V1 and V2 rockets, they sabotaged production efforts whenever possible. At the end of each work day at 6:00 p.m., they were marched back to Munich-Giesing, where they slept six or seven to a room in a bombed-out apartment block. Surrounded by a high barbed wire fence, the substandard housing was monitored by guards in watch towers at each of the block's four corners. Prisoners' strike at Agfa-Commando
The prisoners at Dachau and its subcamps were often at risk from Allied bombing, which targeted factories and railroads in and around Munich more than 70 times over a five-year period in order to destroy or at least disrupt and delay armament production. Despite the danger, the prisoners at these facilities "were not permitted to seek shelter in bunkers", according to the Bavarian House of History; as a result, many "lived in constant fear of air raids." Consequently, van Ommen writes, the 14-mile road between Dachau and Agfa was impassable by January 1945, preventing food and other supplies from being delivered.As salt and other staples ran out, the factory's managers began watering down prisoners' soup rations "while at the same time trying to raise the production quotas." Many women, malnourished and overworked, fell ill with typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other diseases, but fought to remain at Agfa as long as possible since being sent to the overcrowded hospital at Dachau would likely result in their deaths. It was at this point, says the Bavarian House of History, that "the Dutch prisoners stopped working, even though this was regarded as sabotage and was punished by death." <mask> <mask>, when penning her memoir later in life, observed:

What finally gave the decisive effect on 12 January 1945, I do not really remember. ... shortly after the lunch break the work was suddenly put down in front of the hall. 'No, we do not want to work any more, we are hungry.' Ella Lingens, one of the women who was later held "partially responsible for the strike," stated that the prisoner revolt started when one woman "turned off the conveyor belt and ... crossed [her] arms and when the commandant, completely enraged ... asked why she wasn't working" was told "because we don't want to anymore."Afterward, Mary Vaders, one of the Dutch prisoners, was fingered as the instigator by one of the other nationals in the camp and sent to the Bunker in the Dachau concentration camp but, due to fortunate circumstances, the threatened execution was never carried out. According to van Ommen, the other strike participants "were punished with hours standing in formation in the court yard" at Agfa. Three months later, the factory was shut down. <mask> <mask>'s recollections about her time at Agfa-Commando and other Nazi concentration camps continue to be shared through special events across the Netherlands and Germany, including readings of her unpublished memoir, The World Was White, and the 2017 exhibition of Alexander Steig's "Camera," a sculpture "dedicated to the memory of the approximately 550 forced laborers of the Giesinger satellite camp Agfa-Kamerawerke. Death
Following a brief illness, <mask> "Kiky" <mask>-Heinsius died in Amsterdam on 27 December 1990. Members of the community were given the opportunity to bid farewell to her at the Osdorp event center in Amsterdam on 31 December 1990 and 2 January 1991. Her cremation ceremony was then held later in the day on 2 January at the Crematorium Westgaarde in Amsterdam's Memorial Park Westgaarde.Awards

 <mask> <mask> was honored nationally and internationally for her work with the Dutch Resistance during World War II. On 15 September 1989, she was awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, and her name was inscribed on the far right panel of the Netherlands Wall, 13th name from the bottom, in the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations, which is located on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, Israel. The organization's website explains the significance of the honor as follows:

Rescue of Jews took many forms and required varying degrees of involvement and self-sacrifice. The title of the Righteous is reserved for the smaller group of those who actively risked their lives or their liberty for the express purpose of saving Jews from persecution and murder. There is a wider circle of men and women who assisted the persecuted in the darkest hour of Jewish history, but whose help did not involve the taking of risks. These humane people have our greatest appreciation and their deeds are being documented by us. Nevertheless, even though their aid was crucial to the Jews' survival, in the absence of risk, they do not qualify for recognition within the framework of the Righteous program.<mask> <mask> was also awarded the Verzetsherdenkingskruis (Resistance Memorial Cross) by the Dutch government. According to Erik Müller, who has been researching and writing about Dutch medals for the Orders and Medals Research Society, "the cross was awarded to members of the Dutch Underground Movement for active resistance to the enemy," and is inscribed with the words, "De Tyrannie Verdryven" ("To get rid of tyranny"). The photograph (at right in this section) is a general image, provided here to illustrate what <mask>'s Resistance Memorial Cross would have looked like. References

External resources
 Database of Righteous Among the Nations (online). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. Lagrou, Peter. The legacy of Nazi occupation: patriotic memory and national recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965, pp.74–77. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 . Liberation of Dachau. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Morse, Steve and Peter Landé. Dachau Concentration Camp Records (online database). Righteous Among the Nations (explanation of the honor and criteria for consideration).Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. van Ommen, Jan. Het Agfa Kommando (The Agfa Commando). Reinbek near Hamburg, retrieved 6 April 2018. Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
Recipients of the Resistance Memorial Cross
Resistance members from Amsterdam
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Women in war in the Netherlands
1921 births
1990 deaths
Female resistance members of World War II
20th-century Dutch women

masks:
Hendrika Jacoba
Gerritsen Heinsius
Hendrika Jacoba Heinsius
Piet Gerritsen
Hendrika Jacoba Gerritsen Heinsius
Hendrika
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Hendrika
Gerritsen
Gerritsen


title: Diane E. Benson

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 10, 1954) is an Alaskan politician, inspirational speaker, video production consultant, published writer and dramatist. On August 24, 2010, she became the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor of Alaska, defeating three other opponents in the Democratic primary. <mask>'s running mate for governor was former state House minority leader <mask>; they lost in the general election to the Republican ticket of Sean Parnell and Mead Treadwell by 22% of the vote. In March 2007, <mask> filed in Alaska to make her second bid for the U.S. House of Representatives, but was defeated in the August 2008 Democratic primary by <mask>—the same person with whom she ran on the 2010 governor-lieutenant governor ticket—who was that year a "Red to Blue" candidate supported by the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. <mask> ran for Alaska governor in 2002 and for the U.S. House in 2006. Life and education
According to <mask>'s official biography from her website, unlike her older brothers, she was born outside of Alaska in Yakima, Washington in 1954, while her mother was being treated for tuberculosis. Of Norwegian ancestry on her father's side and Tlingit ancestry on her mother's side, her tribal identity is T'akdeintaan (Sea Tern crest of the Raven Moiety) and Tax' Hit (Snail House).<mask> grew up in southeastern Alaska in foster homes and boarding school as well as logging camps with her father and in Sitka with her grandparents. She began volunteer work with senior citizens at Ketchikan Hospital at the age of 12, and although often homeless, worked a variety of social-service–oriented jobs with the underprivileged and the elderly until she took a position with the Fairbanks Native Association. At the age of 18 <mask> was the youngest person ever to serve on the FNA Executive Board, and was invited by then-U.S. Senator Mike Gravel to work in Washington, D.C.  She was accepted to study at Stanford University but could not attend due to personal and family reasons. <mask> acquired a job as one of the first female tractor-trailer truck drivers on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, in 1975. In 1977, after working on a gill-netter (fishing boat) in Bristol Bay, and after completion of the pipeline, she worked numerous jobs including as a researcher for the Alaska Federation of Natives human resources department, layout artist and writer for the Tundra Times, researcher for North Pacific Rim, and other contracts. She paid for two years of college by driving trucks in the early 1980s as Alaska's first female union concrete-mixer driver.She did volunteer research work for the Berger Commission, and from 1986 until 1988 was a paralegal for Alaska Legal Services. Through the 1990s <mask> ran the Northern Stars Talent Agency, promoting Alaska's talent in films and commercials nationally and internationally. In 2001 <mask> made local and national news when she objected to her master's degree advisor's use of her clan (Snail House) in a controversial sexual abuse poem, Indian Girls. She filed a grievance regarding disparate classroom treatment but the U.S. Department of Education found in favor of the professor. <mask> completed her master's in creative writing in 2002 at another campus and under the tutelage of Pulitzer Prize winner N. Scott Momaday. She continues graduate studies, on a master's in public policy, at New England College. Theatre and writing
<mask> began performance work in 1980 and has worked with most major Alaskan theatre companies in such productions as Crimes of the Heart, Wonderland, and Keet Shagoon.She taught stagecraft to inmates in Alaska prisons; led at-risk kids in summer theatre and video programs with Out North Contemporary Art House, created the first contemporary Alaska Native theatre in the state of Alaska in 1985; The Alaska Native Dance & Story Theatre; toured nationally with Naa Kahidi Theatre; directed in Canada for the Nakai Theatre Ensemble, was project coordinator for the Silamiut Greenlandic Theatre Project, several time Artist-in-Residence in rural Alaska, and wrote a number of plays including Sister Warrior and When My Spirit Raised Its Hands. Her one-woman show centering on early civil rights leader <mask>ich has earned <mask> acclaim from Native journals and writers' groups, and was performed in Washington D.C. in March 2006 as part of the Smithsonian Institution's contribution to Women's History Month . She moved into film production work and co-produced a video, Pathways to Hope: Healing Child Sexual Abuse. Thereafter, she worked as researcher, writer and actor on the PBS documentary For the Rights of All: Ending Jim Crow in Alaska. She has appeared in the television film Christmas with a Capital C, Disney's White Fang, the award-winning Box of Daylight, television's Real Stories of the Highway Patrol, and the International Animated Film Festival award-winning Sacajawea (1989) and the Alaska film Kusah Hakwaan as well as numerous industrials and commercials. <mask> has received recognition for her literary and public service work and has been nominated for the Pushcart Prize in Poetry (2000), the Alpert Award in the Arts (2004), and a USA Fellowship (2005). She received a gold medal from the International Committee, the Mayor's Certificate, and an Alaska State Legislature Citation for outstanding work as the 1996 Arctic Winter Games Cultural Coordinator, received a Goldie Award (2005) for her work on the radio program Today in Alaska Native History, received an Outstanding Service Award (2006) from the Anchorage Equal Rights Commission and a Trailblazer Award (2007) from Delta Sigma Theta sorority.In 2012 <mask> received a national Bonnie Heavy-Runner Victim Advocacy Award for outstanding service to victims of crime in Indian country. Political career
<mask> entered the world of politics a week after completing her master's degree in creative writing to run as a Green Party candidate (2002) with Desa Jacobson as the first two Native women to fill a ticket for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively. They received 1.26 percent of the vote. In 2006, <mask> returned to the Democratic Party and defeated former state representative Ray Metcalfe, among others, to win the nomination in Alaska's at-large congressional district, but lost in the general election to longtime Republican incumbent Don Young, finishing with just over 40 percent of the vote to Young's 57 percent. <mask> ran a mostly volunteer campaign, with little support from the state or national Democratic parties until near the campaign's end. Her campaign spent about $200,000, about one-tenth of what the Young campaign spent. After her son sustained severe injuries while in service in Iraq, <mask> focused her campaign on a call to end the Iraq War, and for improved outfitting of the troops.She criticized Young over his relationship with lobbyist Jack Abramoff and the Northern Mariana Islands business interests that Abramoff represented. <mask> was Young's third opponent in 33 years to obtain a high percentage of the vote, and the first in 16 years. She made history when just before the election she was the first to debate the incumbent in a live televised debate on the local NBC station. <mask> also succeeded in breaking a long-held policy omitting congressional challengers at the state's largest Alaskan conference, when she took the stage at the Alaska Federation of Natives Convention to speak as a congressional candidate at the insistence of the convention delegates. In the August 2010 primary, <mask> defeated multimillionaire Jack Powers and taxi driver Lynette Moreno-Hinz to become the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor. Ironically, <mask> ran on the same ticket with the man who defeated her in 2008 for the congressional nomination, former state representative <mask>. The two made an uncomfortable pair and they lost the general election. Since that campaign, <mask> continues to teach and advocate for veterans and victims of crime.Personal life
<mask> lives in Chugiak, Alaska, a community of Anchorage, and has one foster daughter and one son. Her son, Latseen <mask>, is an Army veteran who was severely wounded in Iraq in November 2005. Bibliography
 "Standing Up Against the Giant", in American Indian Quarterly, 27.1&2 (2003) pp. 67–79, reproduced on line. Witness to the Stolen, Raven's Word Press, 2002. Sister Warrior, 2002. (play)
 When My Spirit Raised its Hands: The Story of <mask>ich and Alaska Civil Rights, 2001.(one-act play, see article below)
 Spirit of Woman
 Freight, Moon and Inconvenience, 2000. When Raven Cries (with Kadashan and Bertrand J. Adams), 1997. Umyuugwagka: My Mind, My Consciousness. An Anthology of Poetry from the Arctic Regions . <mask>'s history of the Tlingit peoples (encyclopedia entry)
 "Recovery" and "Potlatch Ducks", in Callaloo, 17:1 (Winter 1994) (Available via JSTOR, requires login.) Notes

External links
 <mask> for Lt. Governor
 Library of congress Web Archive of 2002 Gubernatorial Campaign Website
 Article on <mask>'s play, in "Canku Ota"
 Profile at SourceWatch

1954 births
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Actresses from Alaska
Alaska Democrats
Alaska Greens
Alaska Native people
American people of Norwegian descent
Living people
Native American politicians
Native American women in politics
Native American writers
New England College alumni
People from Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
People from Sitka, Alaska
Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska
Politicians from Fairbanks, Alaska
Politicians from Yakima, Washington
Tlingit people
Women in Alaska politics
Writers from Fairbanks, Alaska
Writers from Anchorage, Alaska
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women
Native American women writers

masks:
Diane E
. Benson
Benson
Ethan Berkowitz
Benson
Ethan Berkowitz
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Elizabeth Peratrov
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
. Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Ethan Berkowitz
Benson
Benson
Benson
Elizabeth Peratrov
Benson
Diane Benson
Benson


title: Diana White (artist)

texts:
<mask> (19 June 1868  - 21 January 1950) was a British artist and translator. She painted Impressionist-style landscapes and translated, into English, books authored in French and Danish. Her most sought-after work is the 1903 book The Descent of Ishtar of which only 226 copies were printed. Life
<mask> was born on 19 June 1868 in Hackney, London, England. She was the daughter of <mask> and Anne Moate. From around the age of 12 she attended Missender House Ladies School, on Dover Street in Ryde, Isle Of Wight within a short walking distance from the Ryde School of Art. It is interesting to note that one of the teachers at the school, Marie Gervuex, was from Canton de Berne, Switzerland.She then moved back to London to live with her mother, who by then had been widowed, and to study art (c.1886-1891). <mask>, having never married, died on 21 January 1950. At that time she was living at Wotton Burwash Common, Sussex. Career

Artist
<mask> painted still lifes and Impressionist-style landscapes. She studied at the Crystal Palace School of Art under Archibald Macgregor. Macgregor, an artist and architect, was father of John Macgregor. <mask>'s fellow student was Esther Bensusan, who later married Lucien Pissarro.Macgregor particularly admired <mask>'s features and she often sat for him. She remained close friends with both Macgregor and Esther throughout her life. While a student <mask> was awarded: a certificate for watercolour painting (1886);  a certificate and the Scholarship in Art for 1889-90 for a model in plaster (1889). and, a silver medal for 'head modelled from the life' (1890).' The Pissarros: Esther, Lucien and Orovida
Her friendship with the Pissarros began with Esther while they were both students at the Crystal Palace School of Art. Esther met Lucien Pissarro on his first visit to London in 1883. Lucien returned to London in 1890 and married Esther two years later.Through Esther, <mask> also became a friend of Lucien, who was devoted to Impressionism. In time, <mask> became a trusted friend and mentor to Esther and Lucien's daughter, Orovida Pissarro. Over the years <mask> and Orovida exchanged hundreds of letters discussing art, theory, philosophy and literature. Although <mask> was a follower of Lucien, she had her doubts about Impressionism. She wrote to Orovida: Everyday I feel more certain that impressionism took a wrong turn in that it ignored that art is art and not nature...I would not, for the world depress your father by stating my convictions. - <mask>, c.1916White advised Orovida to study Palaeothic cave drawings, Chinese paintings, Persian miniatures, and a wide range of other art, insisting on the supremacy of Chinese art and art theory. Orovida became an outlet for <mask>'s philosophical discourses on art as Orovida found herself freer than <mask> to reject Impressionism.<mask> and Orovida planned a joint exhibition but it never materialised. She wrote to Orovida:We must have a two woman show next year and show 'The London Group' a thing or two. I should dearly like to give them a real reason for hating me, which up to now I think they have lacked, would it not be a heavenly lark!...Oh work hard, hard, hard and we'll make them sit up. – <mask>ucien had proposed that <mask> be included in a group exhibition at the Carfax Gallery in 1914. When a student from Sickert was chosen in her place, Lucien threatened to withdraw, and the committee promptly admitted two of <mask>'s paintings. The Manchester Courier writes that while the other exhibitors 'illustrate various phases of Impressionism, Miss <mask> asserts her individuality with some clever drawings.' It is possible that Lucien's reaction, to <mask>'s initial exclusion from the Carfax Gallery exhibition, could be explained, at least in part, by circumstances preceding the event.Walter Sickert had been associated with the Carfax Gallery from the start. At the time it was known for exhibiting work of the Camden Town Group, a group who declared itself a 'male club' where women were not eligible. Both Lucien and Sickert were members. According to Charles Ginner, Sickert was one of two that introduced the ban of women members. In 1911 Esther, Lucien's wife, had requested that <mask> be elected a member of the Camden Town Group but her request was denied. I admire <mask>'s work & I am sorry it has been rejected by the N.E.A.C. especially as there are a lot of bad pictures there....It is difficult to make a woman a member off-hand especially as the time is so limited before the next exhibition...But I see no reason why the Group should not give Miss <mask> a special invitation to exhibit without actually making her a member until the matter has been discussed at a meeting. - James Bolivar Manson, 1911After Lucien died, Orovida returned to naturalism and to oil paints. On hearing of Orovida tackling a new line of art and her return to oils <mask> wrote to her, 'Beloved OCP, what glorious news that you have taken to oils, how joyous, and how much I envy you.' Exhibitions
She exhibited frequently at the Goupil Gallery (1908 – 1922) and also exhibited at the: Royal Albert Hall (1908); galleries of the Royal Society of British Artists (1909 – 1913);  Dore Gallery (1914); Whitechapel Art Gallery (1914); and, Carfax Gallery (1914). At the first exhibition or 'Salon' of the Allied Artists' Association held at the Royal Albert Hall in 1908, <mask> showed: five water colour drawings; seven pen and ink drawings; five chalk drawings; and, two water colour paintings, An Essex Cottage and A Road in Norfolk. Each exhibitor was limited to showing a total of five works. <mask> 'framed' her drawings into three groups of, five or seven, individual drawings.So, although she showed 19 individual drawings and paintings, these three groups and two paintings formed only five exhibits. She also showed for three years in the Exhibition for Modern Pictures (New English Art Club, 1909-1913); the Post-Impressionist and Futurist Exhibition (Dore Gallery, 1914); and, the Twentieth Century Art. A Review of Modern Movements (Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1914). Translator

French to English
Her first and last translations were from books written in French: Tombouctou la Mystérieuse and Album de Poèmes tirés du Livre de Jade. In Tombouctou la Mystérieuse Felix Dubois wrote about his travels along The Niger, Jenne, Songhois, Sudan and to Timbuktu. He described the commerce, life, politics, literature and people of the places he visited.Timbuctoo the Mysterious...An indescribably fascinating book of travel almost reflecting as much credit on the translator as on the author. It is being widely read.– The National Review, 1897Album de Poèmes tirés du Livre de Jade, translated into French from the original Chinese, by Judith Gautier was first published in 1911 by Eragny Press (see The Descent of Ishtar below). Gautier's book included a preface by <mask>. <mask> wrote her version in English, Preface to an Album of Poems from the Livre de Jade, which was reprinted privately, only 60 copies, for Orovida Pissarro in 1948. The Descent of Ishtar

Because of its rarity, her most sought after book is The Descent of Ishtar, or Ishtar's descent to the nether world. Only 226 copies were printed. and was printed by Eragny Press which was established by Lucien Pissarro and his wife Esther (née Bensusan). <mask>'s book is a translation of the Seventh Tablet in the Deluge Series and is the story of Inanna-Ishtar's descent into the Underworld.<mask> is attributed as the translator however she relied on others to translate the tablet and then 'prepared [it] for the press'.Cuneform being a closed book to me, I wish to express my entire indebtedness for the present version of the legend to its various translators: Mr. George Smith, Professor Sayce, Professor Shrader, and MM. Joachim Menant, Julius Oppert, and Francois Lenormant – D[iana] W[hite], 1897Translators had been working on the tablet for some years before <mask> published her book in 1903. George Smith, for example, had relied on Fox Talbot's translation, as well as others, and first published his translation of it in 1872 in The Daily Telegraph. However, in writing and 'preparing' her book it may be that some translation was required from French or German. The book's colophon states that the frontispiece was "designed by <mask> & engraved on the wood by Esther Pissarro. The double border and initial letters were designed by Lucien Pissarro and engraved by Esther Pissarro." The book is 30 pages of poetry and illustrations in Art Nouveau design.At the time it received mixed reviews:On...'The Descent of Ishtar,' by <mask>, both the decoration (or undecoration) border and the woodcut seem to us failures, nor are we able to admire by any means all the specimen illustrations...modelled on that by Mr. Cockrell of Morris's. But the book tells an interesting story, and is worth buying by everyone who cares for modern experiments in printing.' – The Library, 1905

Collections

 The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology

Books

French to English

Timbuctoo the Mysterious, by Felix Dubois. Translated by <mask> (1896)
Preface to an Album of Poems from the Livre de Jade, by <mask> (1948)

Danish to English

William Shakespeare: A Critical Study, by Georg Brandes – Third Book translated by <mask> with the assistance of Mary Morison (1898)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 1. The Emigrant Literature, by Georg Brandes. Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 2. The Romantic School in Germany, by Georg Brandes.Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 3. The Reaction in France, by Georg Brandes. Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 4. Naturalism in England, by Georg Brandes. Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 5. The Romantic School in France, by Georg Brandes. Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)
Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature – Vol 6.Young Germany, by Georg Brandes. Translated by <mask> and Mary Morison (1905)

Various to English

The Descent of Ishtar, by <mask> (1903)

References

External links

The Descent of Ishtar by <mask>  at Books and Vines
Timbuctoo the mysterious, by Felix Dubois; translated by <mask>  at HathiTrust
Main currents in nineteenth century literature Vols 1-6, by Gerog Brandes; translated by Mary Morison and <mask> at HathiTrust
William Shakespeare: a critical study, by Georg Brandes. v.2; translated by Mary Morison and <mask> at HathiTrust

1868 births
1950 deaths
20th-century English painters
English women painters
British translators
British artists
20th-century English women

masks:
Diana White
Diana White
Henry White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
Diana White
White
White
White
Diana WhiteL
White
White
Diana White
White
White
Miss White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana white
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White
Diana White


title: Gary Whitta

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1972) is an English screenwriter, author, game designer, and video game journalist. He was editor-in-chief of both the UK and US editions of PC Gamer magazine and contributor to gaming magazine ACE. <mask> was the screenwriter of The Book of Eli (2010), co-wrote After Earth (2013) with M. Night Shyamalan, and co-developed the story for Rogue One (2016). Career
<mask> began his career as a writer and games journalist for ACE magazine. When ACE closed down in 1992, he became deputy editor of The One for Amiga Games and was involved with founding the original PC Gamer magazine in the UK. He subsequently served as the editor of Total Football. A few years later, he moved to the United States to become editor-in-chief of the newer, US version, of PC Gamer.Magazine publishing
Besides his involvement setting up PC Gamer, <mask> has a long history of involvement with print and online magazines of all kinds. ACE magazine was owned by UK publisher Future Publishing, and in early 2000 <mask> worked with Future to establish a film magazine, Total Movie magazine. Due to financial difficulties at the publisher, Total Movie was canceled after only four issues in early 2001. While no longer managing or editing, <mask> still contributes game reviews and opinion pieces for a number of gaming publications. His articles can be found in various places, including PC Gamer and 1Up.com. He also shows up in industry podcasts, for example with Tested.com, PC Gamer and Next Generation. Screenwriting
In addition to contributing to periodicals, <mask> has written a number of screenplays and TV episodes.A partial list, including the text of those which were not picked up, could at one time be found on his homepage. <mask> has found Hollywood success as the screenwriter of the film The Book of Eli. He was also working on a script known as the "Monkey Project" with Chris Weston, which would have reimagined the classic Buddhist novel Journey to the West (and the related classic television series Monkey) as an animated series. However, Weston pulled out of the project. He wrote the script for the action thriller film Undying. His latest screenwriting work was the sci-fi film After Earth. He was hired to script the first Star Wars stand-alone film, Rogue One, directed by Gareth Edwards.On 9 January 2015, he was announced to have amicably parted ways with the film. On 27 October 2016, Variety reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow and Team Downey had put together a writers' room for the third of the Guy Ritchie Sherlock Holmes movies, with several top names, including <mask>, Nicole Perlman, Justin Malen, Geneve Dworet-Robertson and Kieran Fitzgerald. Game development
<mask> has written for Duke Nukem Forever, Prey, and Gears of War. He has also consulted on general game design for Microsoft, Electronic Arts, Activision, Midway Games, and others. More recently, <mask> was tapped to oversee the narrative development of Telltale Games' episodic video game adaptation of The Walking Dead, while writing its fourth episode. Though he left Telltale after completing the first season, he returned to help complete The Walking Dead: The Final Season. He serves as a story consultant on Halo 5: Guardians.Comic books

<mask> is also the writer behind a popular short series of comic books based on the Death, Jr. character, together with cover artist Mike Mignola and illustrator Ted Naifeh. Having been extended to a second three-part series, the writing has received praise as "charming and cleverly subversive" and for its "quirky characters and slick humor". <mask> spoke about his experience writing this comic with Silver Bullet Comics in May 2005. <mask> is currently co-creating the comic OLIVER with Transmetropolitan/The Boys co-creator and illustrator Darick Robertson for a 2015 release from Image Comics. Podcasts
<mask> was a frequent commentator on the PC Gamer podcast and he co-hosted the Game Theory podcast with Colin Campbell, which has since stopped being produced. In September 2011, <mask> and Campbell, then News and Features Editor at IGN, started a new podcast in the same vein as Game Theory, called IGN's Game Business Show. He also commentated on the Next Gen podcast until the podcast was canceled.He was a weekly co-host of This is Only a Test (Tested) and an occasional guest on Behind the Screened Door (Screened), the Giant Bombcast (Giant Bomb) the Comic Vine Podcast, before Whiskey Media was sold in two deals to CBS Interactive and BermanBraun. In October 2011, <mask> helped raise over $50,000 for Child's Play when he co-hosted a 24-hour-long, live-streamed edition of This is Only a Test with Tested creators Will Smith and Norman Chan. <mask> continues to chair the Octoberkast charity event every year, creating the "Space Rocks" game in 2013. <mask> has returned as a guest on Giant Bomb's Giant Bombcast in recent years. In November 2017, <mask> became an official co-host for the video game podcast, Kinda Funny Games Daily after numerous guest appearances on the show and one on Kinda Funny's flagship podcast The GameOverGreggy Show. Additionally, <mask> has been a co-host for Kinda Funny's Xbox-centric podcast, the Kinda Funny Xcast, since its premiere in July 2020. In April 2020, <mask> launched a late-night talk show in the form of an online live stream set in the video game Animal Crossing: New Horizons, called Animal Talking.The show has featured several celebrity guests, including Elijah Wood, Brie Larson, and Danny Trejo. On 21 August 2020, <mask> announced Talk Guys, a talk show based in the game Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout. Personal life
<mask> resides in the San Francisco Bay Area, California with his wife Leah, and has two children. In 2009, he became a US citizen.

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