title: Vladimir Kulich

texts:
<mask>  (born 14 July 1956) is a Czech-Canadian actor. He is known for his roles as Buliwyf in the film The 13th Warrior, Tiberius in the film Ironclad, Erik in the television series Vikings, as well as the voice of Ulfric Stormcloak in  The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and as The Beast in the television series Angel. In 1995 he appeared as Olafsson in the X-Files episode "Død Kalm." While living in Montreal, Quebec, Canada as a young adult, he was a professional ice hockey player. He has often volunteered in celebrity charity games including skating with the Los Angeles Kings Alumni Association. Early life (1956–1977)
<mask> was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia to a family that was already involved in the acting industry. His uncle operated a theater company in the city, which allowed the young <mask> to experience what the stage was like.<mask> visited the theatre often, and when he was approximately five years of age, his uncle allowed him to run errands, which mostly involved fetching pitchers of beer between intermissions. <mask> became interested in acting and believed that an acting career would be his future. He began by performing in various small parts in the State Theatre of Czechoslovakia. His first paying job as an actor was in a low-budget Czech film as a crying boy who had lost his balloon. However, his acting career was soon set back by his parents' divorce and the subsequent relocation of <mask> and his mother to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. <mask> was twelve years old when he and his mother settled in Quebec. He and his mother eventually took up residence in a tenement located in the poorest segment of their otherwise financially comfortable neighborhood.However, <mask> was disheartened to discover that no theaters or other acting opportunities existed in the immediate area. He therefore turned to hockey as a pastime. As his mother struggled to find work, <mask> became more engaged in the sport. As <mask> became more dedicated to ice skating, he temporarily gave up acting. In his ice skating, he was offered additional encouragement from John Ferguson, Sr., who was a notable Montreal Canadiens' player and frequent audience member of <mask>'s games. Ferguson developed an affinity for the boy, and, upon becoming head coach for the New York Rangers, he offered <mask> the opportunity to try out for the team. <mask> failed to make the cut, but soon he began playing for one of the team's minor league farming affiliates at Port Huron, Michigan.Despite the continued possibility of being called up, <mask> opted to retire from professional hockey after a year at 21 years of age. Early film and television work (1978–1999)
After voluntarily ending his hockey career, <mask> explored a variety of callings. He took a job at a summer camp that catered to handicapped children, began reading more, and tried his hand at painting. Unable to find a definite focus, <mask> eventually moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he started a whitewater river rafting business located near Chilliwack, B.C. <mask> would serve as owner, operator, and occasional guide for the rugged outings over the course of the next ten years. In time, it was this venture that helped to reopen another important door. In Vancouver, the acting industry was gaining momentum.Some had even dubbed the city "Hollywood North" because of the burgeoning number of television and film projects in development there. One weekend, a couple of producers from the program 21 Jump Street scheduled a whitewater rafting trip with <mask>'s company and were impressed by the unique look of the Czech-Canadian. They offered to give him a small role on an episode of their show, which <mask> accepted. The part was nothing of note. <mask> appeared as a doorman, speaking only a single word of welcome to those with whom he shared the scene. Still, it was enough to reintroduce <mask> to the world of acting and put him on the road to even greater recognition. Before long, <mask> began to land guest-starring roles on other television programs such as MacGyver and Wiseguy.In January 1990, he decided to try his luck in Hollywood and drove from Vancouver to Los Angeles, California with the intention of giving himself one month to get his foot in the proverbial door. Relying on his rafting business to keep him grounded, <mask> knew he would need to return to Canada in the spring to get the operation up and running if the move didn't work out. The month had nearly drawn to a close when <mask> finally received a call indicating that he had been accepted by an agent. Still constrained by practicality, <mask> decided to give himself an additional month to find work. His agent directed him to an audition for the television miniseries The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake. The experience left <mask> feeling somewhat daunted due to the perceived lack of interest his efforts had been shown, and he elected to return to Vancouver a few days earlier than originally planned. Despite his departure, the undertaking still proved successful.As the month was ending, he received a call informing him that he was needed back in L.A. He had gotten the part. Through the mid-1990s, <mask> continued to pursue work in feature film projects as well as guest-starring roles on various television programs. Opting to remain based primarily in Vancouver, he worked steadily, making appearances on such shows as The Commish and Highlander. He made the most memorable appearance of his early career on The X-Files, portraying the only unaffected crewmember of a ship caught up in supernatural circumstances. The episode, which required <mask> to learn lines in Norwegian, was to be the actor's first truly rewarding production experience. Once again, his thoughts turned irresistibly to Hollywood.Though he enjoyed living in Canada, the allure of L.A. and the possibility of achieving even greater success there simply could not be ignored. <mask> obtained his green card and made his move to the US soon after. The 13th Warrior
Upon relocating, <mask> found himself struggling financially. After repeatedly being sent to audition for roles as Nazis and terrorists he had grown so dissatisfied with his agent that he fired him without bothering to arrange for other representation first. Shortly thereafter, as <mask> was considering his options, his ex-agent contacted him. Though <mask> was technically no longer his client, a Viking-themed film had just come to his attention for which he felt the actor might be perfect. The project was called Eaters of the Dead, though the title would later be changed to The 13th Warrior.<mask> was told very little about the production and the audition was similarly low-key. Two months passed before he was informed that the director, John McTiernan, wished to meet with him. By the time of his screen test, <mask> had recognized the potential of the high-profile project and had hopes that it would provide him with the "big break" he needed. Filming was lengthy and arduous at times, taking place amongst the familiar landscapes of British Columbia. Despite having never ridden a horse prior to portraying Buliwyf, a character based loosely upon the mythical hero Beowulf, <mask> naturally took to the role. When the movie finally hit theaters in the summer of 1999, his contributions did not go unnoticed by audiences and critics alike. Unfortunately, the film never lived up to its initial promise due in part to creative differences between producer/author Michael Crichton and McTiernan, the eventual departure of the latter from the project, and the studio's resultant hesitancy to promote the finished product.Still, the experience was a favorable one for <mask>, earning him newfound recognition and a larger, more pronounced fan base. In subsequent years, his performance would prove to be a veritable stepping stone on the path to other significant roles as well. 2000–present
After completing work on The 13th Warrior, <mask> returned to the Czech Republic with his earnings and considered buying a home there and quietly retiring. In the end, he decided to continue his US acting career, though the trip did serve to reignite his interest in his heritage and strengthen his ties to his homeland. Once back in LA, <mask> resumed his search for prominent film and television roles. In 2002, he received a call regarding just such a part. When casting agents for the television series Angel, a Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin-off, first contacted <mask> about portraying The Beast, the actor knew little about the show.He was aware of it, however, thanks to having shared the same manager as the program's star, David Boreanaz, for a year. Upon reading for the role, <mask> was shown concept art depicting the character. Initially, he was a bit apprehensive. The part would oblige him to be buried in prosthetics, make-up and an elaborate costume, the combination of which would render him utterly unrecognizable. Only his voice would remain unaltered. Still, he realized that being considered for such a role demonstrated an inherent trust in his acting abilities with little regard for much else. After arriving for a subsequent reading, <mask> was approached by the show's executive story editor, Mere Smith, who took a moment to express her appreciation for his performance in The 13th Warrior.Though he was still less-than-excited about what was sure to be an exhausting production schedule, <mask> was reassured by the compliment and accepted the part. The recurring role of The Beast spanned eight episodes during Angel'''s 2002-2003 season, with the shooting taking place over an 11-week period in the fall. <mask>’s on-set transformations involved a fiberglass bodysuit which weighed roughly 50 lb and took an hour to don in addition to the elaborate make-up and prosthetics, which required four hours to apply. But it was the accompanying silver dollar-sized contacts that caused him the most anxiety. <mask> had recently undergone laser eye surgery to correct a vision problem and was worried that the contacts might inadvertently cause damage. Though the costume left him feeling cocooned, the experience was ultimately a positive one, providing <mask> with a great deal more promotion as an actor than he had received for The 13th Warrior. Additionally, it gave him the opportunity to share his first on-screen kiss with Angel co-star Charisma Carpenter.In the wake of his stint on Angel, <mask> appeared at a few fan gatherings and conventions including the February 2003 Posting Board Party that raised $30,000 for the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the Make-A-Wish Foundation. He was also a noted guest at the June 2005 Starfury: Quor'Toth convention in London, England. In May 2004, <mask> again signaled his intention to give back to fans and aspiring artists alike by signing on as a guest speaker for 15 Minutes Plus, an entertainment industry symposium that took place at the University of Southern California and offered workshops and demonstrations on such topics as film, theatre, music, animation and screenwriting. <mask> returned to acting in late 2005 when he was offered the role of the enigmatic character known only as The Swede in the action movie Smokin' Aces. Though his screen time was limited, he was a significant figure within the context of the film's story. Upon first meeting with <mask>, Joe Carnahan, the project's writer and director, professed his admiration for the actor's work in The 13th Warrior and did not hesitate in offering him the job. When released in theaters in early 2007, Smokin' Aces was considered a moderate financial success and has since garnered even greater attention on DVD.A direct to DVD prequel has been announced for which <mask> has been approached. In 2006, <mask> initiated a meeting with his two half-brothers, his father's sons from a subsequent remarriage. Prior to establishing contact, the three had never met or spoken, and <mask> had known little about them beyond the fact that they shared his last name. Once the siblings had taken the time to become acquainted, they agreed to cement their new relationship by forming a production company, Charles Bridge Productions, based in Prague. The name refers to the Charles Bridge, a historic structure within Prague which dates back to 1357 and is one of the city's most famous landmarks. <mask> intends for the venture to provide assistance to foreign companies seeking to utilize his homeland for future film projects. <mask> portrayed the leader of the Danish mercenaries, Tiberius, in the 2011 independent film Ironclad.The movie's plot centers on King John's siege of Rochester Castle in the year 1215. In 2011, <mask> voiced Ulfric Stormcloak, the leader of the Stormcloak rebellion, in Bethesda Softworks' critically acclaimed video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Other interests, activities, and charity appearances
As a result of his travels, <mask> speaks four languages fluently—Czech, French, English, and Hungarian. He has expressed an interest in someday writing and developing his own film projects and possibly taking a turn in the director's chair as well. But <mask> has never forgotten the athletic pursuits of his youth either. Though he no longer plays hockey professionally, he remains an avid fan of the sport. Of late, <mask> has made a return of sorts to the game, which he considers to be a form of nostalgic physical therapy.His talents have been put to good use as a participant in numerous charity match-ups sponsored by the LA Kings and the LA Kings Alumni Association. Among the more prominent of these were the 2005, 2006, and 2007 "Freeze the Disease" Pro/Celebrity Hockey Games. The Freeze the Disease Foundation is a volunteer organization that sponsors an annual "friendly" hockey match-up benefiting children and young adults suffering from cystic fibrosis. A devout dog lover, especially of large breeds <mask> has adopted multiple dogs from animal shelters over the years. His dog Spanky, a 95 lb pit bull terrier, was permitted to visit <mask> on the set of Angel'' during his last day of filming for the series and was welcomed warmly by series star David Boreanaz, who also has a soft spot in his heart for canines. <mask> has been known to lend his time to a rescue organization that uses behavioral psychology to rehabilitate pit bulls that have been abused. Additionally, the actor has developed a profound appreciation for architecture, and has participated in several house renovation projects.Though he has been trained to tackle woodworking and electrical tasks, his favorite aspect is house redesign, which includes such major alterations as removing walls to add more space. The work has helped to supplement his income at times and has proven to be therapeutic as well. <mask> has also taken the time to indulge his musical side by learning to play the guitar. He has written songs for the instrument, though strictly for his own amusement. <mask> has been an aficionado of motorcycles for many years, an interest that his father also shared. The actor did, however, suffer a rather serious motorcycle accident in late April 2007 while riding in Prague. His injuries, which included a ruptured spleen and five broken ribs, required a three-day hospital stay that was extended to ten days after he suffered an allergic reaction to the pain medication he was being given.On reflection, <mask> views the incident as a life-changing experience and has stated his gratefulness for having survived it. Filmography

References

External links
The Official <mask> Web Site

1956 births
Living people
Czech male film actors
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Prague

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Vladimir Kulich


title: Gilbert R. Mason

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask>. (October 7, 1928 – July 8, 2006), was a physician who was a family practitioner and civil rights leader in Biloxi, Mississippi. He is noted for organizing three wade-ins, from 1959 to 1963, to desegregate the city's public beaches, which had been made with federal funds. This was the first nonviolent civil disobedience action conducted in Mississippi in the 1950s. After conducting the second protest on April 24, 1960, which was attacked by white mobs, <mask> helped found the Biloxi chapter of the NAACP, and was elected president. He served in that position for more than 30 years, as well as head of the Mississippi state NAACP. In addition to his practice, <mask> gained full privileges at Biloxi Regional Hospital and later served as chairman of family practice there. Late in life he wrote a memoir about his early political activities, called Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor's Civil Rights Struggle (2000).Biography
<mask> was born in Jackson, Mississippi, the capital, to Willie Atwood <mask> and Adeline (Jackson) <mask>. He received his secondary education in Jackson. In 1949, <mask> graduated from Tennessee State University with a BS degree and received an MD degree in 1954 from Howard University, a historically black college. He served his internship in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1955, Dr<mask> moved to the Gulf Coast and established a family medical practice in Biloxi, Mississippi. He was the second African-American doctor in Harrison County, after Dr. Felix Dunn from Biloxi. Dunn had established his practice in Gulfport, where he also led the local NAACP branch.The two doctors became colleagues. <mask> had married Natalie Hamlar in 1950. They had children together, including a son, <mask> Jr., who became a doctor like his father. During his medical career, <mask> quickly gained respect, but due to local racial conditions, he did not have full privileges at Biloxi Hospital for 15 years. He eventually became chairman of the family practice section at Biloxi Regional Hospital. In 1997, <mask> suffered a stroke, and his wife Natalie died in 1999. <mask> retired from his medical practice in 2002.In 2004 he married again, to Gwendolyn Lewis Anderson. Civil rights leader

Dr. <mask> is most notable for organizing and participating in Mississippi's first nonviolent civil disobedience action, known as the Biloxi wade-ins, which took place from 1959 to 1963. He and some other men concerned about local conditions set up a Citizens Action Committee, hoping to lessen discrimination. In 1959 he and Dr. Felix Dunn and their families, including children, went swimming at the Biloxi beach to protest the racial segregation of the 26-mile long public waterfront. He and Dunn were taken to the police station and told they could not use the sand beaches, that these were claimed as private property by adjacent homeowners. In April 1960, <mask> returned to the beach and was arrested. When other African Americans learned of this, they expressed their support of him.A week later on April 24, 1960, he and others gathered at the beach in a second wade-in to assert their rights to use the public lands. The group of 125 people included elderly men and women, as well as younger adults, teenagers and children. They were attacked by groups of whites across the beaches, in what became known as "Bloody Sunday". The Biloxi police stood by without taking action. <mask> led a third wade-in protest at the beach in the spring 1963, two weeks after the funeral for Medgar Evers, who was assassinated. The protesters faced a much larger group of nearly 2000 white protesters, but this time the police prevented violence against them. A legal challenge to the segregation had been initiated by the US Department of Justice in May 1960, but had been delayed in getting a court hearing.It was not decided until 1968, when the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Mississippi beaches were public (private homeowners had claimed territory on the beach and into the water) and had to be desegregated by federal law. The state decided against appealing the decision to the US Supreme Court. Next actions
In 1960, <mask> and other activists organized a grassroots effort for a voter registration drive. African Americans had been largely disenfranchised since the turn of the century by the 1890 constitution that imposed poll taxes and literacy tests as barriers. Administration by white officials meant that rulings were subjectively decided against African Americans. After the wade-in protests, <mask> and other activists formed the first chapter in Biloxi of the NAACP; he was chosen as president and served in that position for the next 34 years.<mask> also served as president of the Mississippi state NAACP for 33 years. In 2000, <mask> published a memoir about the wade-ins, entitled Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor's Civil Rights Struggle. It was written with James Patterson Smith and published by University Press of Mississippi. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 8, 2006, in Ocean Springs, Mississippi. He was interred in Biloxi City Cemetery, Biloxi, Mississippi. <mask>'s contributions to the civil rights movement were honored posthumously in May 2009 and 2010. The state of Mississippi designated a section of U.S. Highway 90 near Biloxi as the "Dr. <mask> Sr. Memorial Highway."In addition, the state installed historic markers commemorating these civil rights events on the beach in 2009 and at the Biloxi Light in 2010, to mark the 50th anniversaries of two of the wade-in events. A Head Start center in Biloxi was named for him in 2010. In 2019, the National Science Foundation announced that its third Regional Class Research Vessel would be named in <mask>'s honor. The Research Vessel <mask> R. <mask> will have dual homeports at the Port of Gulfport and Houma, LA, and will be operated by the Gulf – Caribbean Oceanographic Consortium, led by the University of Southern Mississippi (USM) and the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). References

External links

Biloxi, Mississippi
Civil rights protests in the United States
1959 in Mississippi
1963 in Mississippi
History of Mississippi
Conflicts in 1960
1960 in Mississippi
Activists for African-American civil rights
Civil disobedience
1928 births
2006 deaths
Howard University College of Medicine alumni
Tennessee State University alumni

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title: Ricky Whittle

texts:
<mask> (born 31 December 1981) is a British actor. <mask> first came to prominence as a model for Reebok in the early 2000s. He is known in the United Kingdom for his role as Calvin Valentine in the soap opera Hollyoaks. In 2009, he finished second in the BBC reality competition Strictly Come Dancing. In 2012, <mask> crossed over to American television when he booked a recurring role on VH-1's Single Ladies, followed by a recurring role on ABC's Mistresses in 2014. From 2014 to 2016, <mask> appeared in The CW's post-apocalyptic drama The 100 as Lincoln. As of 2017, <mask> appears in the lead role of Shadow Moon in the Starz television series American Gods.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Oldham, England, to Harry and Maggie (Goodwin) <mask>. He is the oldest of three children. His mother is from England and his father is from Jamaica. His father was in the Royal Air Force so the family moved to a different country every few years. However, <mask> was primarily raised in Northern Ireland and revealed that he'd been bullied as a child because he was the only black child in school. At one point, <mask> told his mother he wanted to be white so he could fit in. <mask> studied law at Southampton Solent University where he was football team captain.In order to pay for text books, he started to model. However, <mask> left university just before graduation. Career

2002–2011: Career beginnings and Hollyoaks
<mask> took up modelling in college. He would go on to become the face of Reebok in 2000. <mask> made his acting debut in 2002 the television series Dream Team which aired on Sky 1. The actor said the show was a "dream job" for a young actor just starting out. <mask>'s agent surprised him and sent him to audition for Dream Team.<mask> credits his career to his co-star Terence Maynard whom he auditioned with. <mask> left the show in 2006 after series 9 and in May 2006, it was announced that <mask> had joined the cast of the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks in the role of Calvin Valentine. In December 2009, it was announced that <mask> would leave Hollyoaks and the character would be killed off in 2010. In an interview with Digital Spy explained his reasons for leaving Hollyoaks and revealed his plans to try his hand at American television and film. He only planned to do four years with the series. In the summer of 2009, <mask> joined series 7 of the BBC reality series, Strictly Come Dancing. He was paired with professional dancer Natalie Lowe.<mask> would place second after sports presenter Chris Hollins. He permanently relocated to Los Angeles in the summer of 2011 to further his career. 2012–2016: American TV breakthrough and The 100
Upon his arrival in the US, <mask> met with someone to put a reel together. The meeting led to him signing with manager Ken Jacobsen. Jacobsen has also represented James Franco, Michelle Williams and Hilary Swank. Not long after, <mask> was cast in the feature film Austenland opposite Keri Russell, Jane Seymour and Jennifer Coolidge. <mask> joked that he only booked the role because of his body as the audition tape he submitted cut off his head.He found it ironic that it filmed on location in the UK when he travelled to Los Angeles to pursue American TV projects. After that, <mask> had no problem booking gigs. However, his immigration status caused him to pull out of a few projects. <mask> was set to film an episode of the NBC sitcom Up All Night when his management contacted him the night before to inform him that the network wouldn't accept his visa. After this incident, <mask> decided to apply for his green card. In March 2012, it was announced that <mask> was cast in the recurring role of Charles, a love interest of Denise Vasi's character, in the second season of the VH1 comedic-drama Single Ladies. <mask> submitted his audition tape just as he returned to the UK for Christmas.While he was too young for the role he initially auditioned for, the producers found another role for him. <mask> was initially supposed to appear in two episodes, and that turned into six. However, <mask> made such an impression on producer Stacy A. Littlejohn that she wrote him into the rest of the season. <mask> filmed the series in Atlanta from January to June 2012. In 2013, <mask> appeared in an episode of the CBS drama NCIS, "Detour." In 2014, <mask> joined the cast of The CW's post-apocalyptic drama The 100 in the role of Lincoln. On 25 July 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that <mask> had been promoted to series regular for season 2.Around the same time, <mask> booked the recurring role of Daniel on ABC's prime-time drama Mistresses. <mask> wrapped filming for The 100 the week before he was scheduled to start production on Mistresses. Daniel Zamora is the love interest for April played by Rochelle Aytes. <mask> appeared in 10 episodes. In January 2016, it was reported that <mask> was in talks for the lead role on another series. During an interview with AfterBuzz TV in April 2016, <mask> announced his decision to leave The 100. <mask> controversially accused the show's creator Jason Rothenberg of bullying him into leaving the series by marginalizing his character.The actor explained that once Warner Bros. Television President Peter Roth and The CW President Mark Pedowitz were made aware of the situation, he was allowed to audition for other projects. 2017–present: American Gods and Nappily Ever After
In January 2016, it was announced that <mask> had been cast as Shadow Moon, the lead role in Starz television adaptation of Neil Gaiman's 2001 novel American Gods opposite Ian McShane. Though <mask> had no prior knowledge of the novel, he was a fan favourite pick to play Shadow when Starz announced the series in August 2015. Out of the 2,000 audition tapes submitted, <mask> was chosen out of approximately 600 actors that met with the producers. <mask> submitted 16 audition tapes over the five-month process. In September 2017 <mask> was cast opposite Sanaa Lathan in the Netflix original film, Nappily Ever After based on the novel of same name by Trisha R. Thomas. On 16 April 2018 it was announced that <mask> signed with talent agency William Morris Endeavor.Personal life
<mask> dated his Hollyoaks co-star Carley Stenson from 2007 to 2009. The two have remained close friends. <mask> dated Kirstina Colonna from 2016 until 2018. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask> interview

1981 births
Living people
Male actors from Oldham
People from Burghfield
Alumni of Solent University
Black British male actors
English male models
English male television actors
Male actors from Greater Manchester
21st-century English male actors
English people of Jamaican descent

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Richard Whittle
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Ricky Whittle


title: Eduardo Soutullo

texts:
<mask> (born May 16, 1968) is a Spanish composer who began his musical education at the Conservatorio Superior de Música de Vigo. Later, he moved to Madrid and to Paris completing his studies in Harmony and Composition with Isabelle Duha (Conservatoire d'Issy les Molineaux-Paris XIII)

He has studied musical composition with David del Puerto, Jesús Rueda,  (Köln Conservatory), Richard Steinitz (Huddersfield University) and with Cristobal Halffter and Tomás Marco (Villafranca del Bierzo, Spain). He has a master's degree from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and has a Doctorat (PhD) from the Universidad de Vigo (thesis about Spanish contemporary music)

He has been a professor at the Conservatory of Vigo and Conservatory of Ourense (Spain). He has been composer in residence at Academy of Spain in Rome (Real Academia de España en Roma – RAER) in the course 2019-2020

He is also the author of the novel "Olozábal, el último zarzuelista, en el Madrid de la movida" published on Amazon () and Smashwords ()

He is also the author of several documentaries such as Film me (on Cuba) winner of awards at international festivals such as CinemAmbiente (Torino, Italy) and Festival International de Programs Audiovisuels (FIPA, Biarritz, France)

Style
Musicologist Robert Fallon has written, "<mask>'s triptych All the Echoes Listen, But in Vain and They Hear no Answering Strain, dedicates each movement to Messiaen, Takemitsu and Grisey. Melodies in All the Echoes Listen have the "Chant d'extase" contour and They Hear no Answering Strain sounds a five-note descending octatonic scale in strings much like Le tombeau resplendissant." Awards and honors

 First Prize "X Edition of the AEOS-BBVA Foundation Composition Prize" (Spanish Association of Symphony Orchestras)
First Prize "VII Composition Competition New Note – Croatia 2018" – Croatian Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra – 43rd Samobor Music Festival
First Prize "Lawson-May Award for Composition 2020" (Solent Music Festival, Lymington, United Kingdom)
 Finalist "RED NOTE New Music Festival Composition Competition - Illinois State University Symphony Orchestra (November 2018)
 Honourable Mention in  Lutoslawski Award 2007, (Warsaw, December 17, 2007), Chairman of the jury, Zygmunt Krauze
 Finalist at International Profofiev Competition (St. Petersburg, april 2008), Chairman of the jury, Rodion Shchedrin
 Third Prize International Composition Competition ITALY 150,  Chairman of the jury, Magnus Lindberg)
 Third Prize International Composition Competition Auditorio Nacional - Fundación BBVA, Chairman of the jury, Tristán Murail. Finalist at GESAMT project organized by filmmaker Lars von Trier  with Copenhagen Art Festival, the Danish Film Institute and Zentropa
 Finalist at  XXVI Queen Sofía Composition Prize 2008 with his PIano Concerto
 First Prize in "Ciutat de Tarragona International Award for Musical Composition" in 2005.First Prize  in "7th Manuel Valcárcel International Piano Composition Competition" (Marcelino Botín Foundation). The work has been premiered by Ananda Sukarlan in Santander International Festival, august 2008
 He has been one of the three composers selected to represent Spain at the World Music Days 2009 ( ISCM / International Society of Contemporary Music). Works

Opera

 Romance de lobos (2017) based on the theatrical play Romance de lobos written by Ramón María del Valle-Inclán

Orchestral (selection)

 All the echoes listen (2005), winner of the Ciutat de Tarragona International Award for Musical Composition". But in vain (2006), commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Real Filharmonia de Galicia
 They Hear no Answering Strain (2008), commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Sinfónica de Galicia and conductor Josep Pons
 Erfahrung und sonst nichts (2010), winner of Third Prize in International Composition Competition Auditorio Nacional - Fundación BBVA, premiered by Orquesta Nacional de España conducted by José Luis Temes
 Jobs and Gates at dawn (2015) commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Ciudad de Granada and conductor Virginia Martínez
Alén (2019), winner of "X Edition of the AEOS-BBVA Foundation Composition Prize"

Soloist and orchestra

 That scream called silence (Piano Concerto) (2007), finalist of the Queen Sofía Composition Prize 2008, premiered by Ananda Sukarlan (piano) and Orquesta Sinfónica de RTVE conducted by Adrian Leaper
 The other face of the wind (Clarinet concerto) (2010), commissioned and premiered by José Luis Estellés (clarinet) Joven Orquesta Nacional de España and conductor Patrick Davin

Chamber, vocal and solo works (selection)

 Have you said spectral? (2007, for solo piano), winner of "7th Manuel Valcárcel International Piano Composition Competition" (Marcelino Botín Foundation). Premiered at New York   by Isabel Pérez Dobarro
Lira de sombra -Isaac Albéniz in memoriam (2009, for solo piano), commissioned by Fundacion Albéniz. Performed by Gustavo Díaz-Jerez
 Cantigas de Martín Codax (2010, for soprano and piano), with the text of Cantigas de Amigo.Premiered at Carnegie Hall, New York. Aut Caesar, aut nihil (2012, for mixed choir), premiered at "Semana de Música Religiosa de Cuenca"
Noh Quartet, (2014, for string quartet), Premiered at "Xornadas de Música Contemporánea" (Santiago de Compostela) by Breton String Quartet
 Le sourire d'Isabelle H. (2017 for ensemble, fl. cl. vl. vch. and piano), commissioned and premiered by Grup Instrumental de Valencia conducted by Joan Cerveró. Recordings (selection)

All the echoes listen, by Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by B Tommy Andersson.Sverige Radio (Live recording)
All the echoes listen (abridged version) by Orchestre national de Lorraine conducted by Jacques Mercier. IRCAM. But in vain, by Orquesta Real Filharmonia de Galicia. Fundacion SGAE Records New symphonic works 1
 Erfahrung und sonst nichts, by Orquesta Nacional de España. Verso Records. Recitativ, Aria, Scherzo, by Roberto Alonso Trillo, Ouvirmos Records
 I've got you under my string, by Adam Levin (guitar). NAXOS Records

External links

 <mask>o official web site http://eduardosoutullo.com/
List of works (selection) at Biblioteca Nacional de España
Scores published in Trito Ed.Interview with Jose Luís García del Busto, Mario Carro and Joan Magrané. Fundación Maphre, July 15, 2011. Interview in Diario de León, July 28, 2011. Interview with Arturo Reverter, May 6, 2012. Interview in Televisión de Galicia, November 21, 2012
Interview in Televisión de Galicia, November 2, 2018. Further reading

 Fallon, Robert. 2013.Messiaen Perspectives 2: Techniques, Influence and Reception, pp 259, 261. Notes

"<mask>ullo puesta por rescartar la emotividad de la música en Santander", ABC, August 23, 2008. "<mask>, clásico aos 40 anos", EL PAIS, December 12, 2008. "La Sinfónica de Galicia homenajea a los grandes compositores en Lisboa", El Progreso, March 7, 2009
 "El gallego <mask>, finalista de los Premios Reina Sofía", La voz de Galicia, March 12, 2009
 "Soutullo y los ecos en soledad", EL PAIS, April 17, 2009
"Concierto de obras finalistas del XXVI Premio Reina SofÍa de composición musical", Agencia EFE, December 8, 2009. "La Sinfónica estrena a Soutullo bajo la batuta de Rizzi", EL PAIS, February 8, 2011. "-La otra cara del viento- es la segunda obra de <mask>utullo para solista", Diario de León, July 21, 2011
"La música del vigués Eduardo Soutullo sonará en Chicago", Atlántico Diario, August 12, 2014
"Una mirada española a la leyenda de Ibn Battuta, el viajero del tiempo", EL MUNDO, October 17, 2016. "La OCG estrena 'Jobs and gates at dawn', de <mask> Soutullo", Granada Hoy, November 4, 2016."Una orquesta de Hong Kong estrena una pieza del compositor <mask>ullo", Faro de Vigo, March 20, 2017
 "Del amanecer a la Feria", EL PAIS, October 28, 2017. "Vanguardia en marcha", Diario de Sevilla, November 13, 2017. "Tres estrenos en el Ciclo de Música Contemporánea de la Quincena", Gara, August 19, 2018
"<mask>ullo gana el primer premio de la Orquesta Sinfónica de la Radio-Televisión de Croacia", Faro de Vigo, September 30, 2018. "Soutullo triunfa en EE.UU.

masks:
Eduardo Soutullo
Eduardo Soutullo
Eduardo Soutull
Eduardo Sout
Eduardo Soutullo
Eduardo Souto
Eduardo So
Eduardo
Eduardo Sout
Eduardo Sout


title: Tanya Stephens

texts:
<mask> (born 2 July 1973),"STAR FILES ...<mask> – musical rebel ", Jamaica Star, 14 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012 known by her stage name <mask>, is a Jamaican reggae singer and deejay who emerged in the late 1990s. She is most known for her hits "Yuh Nuh Ready Fi Dis Yet" — later featured on the Reggae Gold 1997 compilation album — and "It's a Pity", for which <mask> achieved international recognition. She and business partner Andrew Henton have together co-founded Tarantula Records. Biography
<mask> was born in 1973 and grew up in St. Mary and St. Ann, attending Zion Hill and Ocho Rios primary schools and St Mary High. She has three brothers and three sisters (one sister deceased). She began recording in the mid-1990s for producers such as Dave Kelly and Philip "Fatis" Burrell.Her 1996 single "Yuh Nuh Ready Fi Dis Yet", produced by Kelly, brought her to the attention of the Jamaican public, and she had further success with singles such as "Draw fi Mi Finger", "Freaky Type", and "Cry and Bawl". Her debut, Big Things a Gwaan, was released in 1994 (featuring Yami Bolo on a cover version of Suzanne Vega's "Tom's Diner" and Prezident Brown on a remix of the title track), and second album Too Hype followed in 1997. She moved to Sweden, where she signed a record deal with Warner Music Sweden and recorded the 2001 pop album Sintoxicated. After returning to Jamaica she released the critically acclaimed Gangsta Blues album in 2004. Her album Rebelution was released in August 2006, and the first single "These Streets" was a number one hit in the Caribbean staying on Tempo's Chart at number 1 for more than 4 weeks. The album was totally sold out in Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean. The track "Come A Long Way" is a dedication to black leaders.Infallible, was released in 2010, initially given free with the Jamaican base German magazine Riddim then made available for free download for more than a year. In 2019, <mask> was honoured by the Jamaica Reggae Industry Association (JaRIA) for her contribution to the reggae industry as a songwriter. Legal issues
In 2006, <mask> sued American rapper Lil' Kim for plagiarism on her song "Durty" from The Naked Truth asking for all rights to the song, past, present & future. <mask> claimed that Kim used the lyrics from her song "Mi and Mi God", stating that "she even used a west Indian accent". She claimed that in 1999 <mask> was flown out to New York by Kim, who claimed to be a huge fan & owned her albums, Kim wanted her to record for an album, but her vocals were never used. Lyrical content

Her early material was lyrically typical of dancehall and drew comparisons with Lady Saw, along with whom she was proclaimed "the top female artists in Jamaica" in 1998 by the Washington Post, but later developed beyond what she called "the same old four topics" to 'reality' themes and even lyrics critical of homophobia. Social scientist Clinton Hutton said of her: "She is very intuitively intelligent and deftly tackles relevant social issues".In a talk in 2011 at the University of the West Indies, she urged her fellow artists to be more socially responsible, and spoke out against the objectification of women in dancehall lyrics and the promotion of bigotry and violation of human rights, saying "The music that once spoke to and spread messages of peace and love, now merely judges, condemns and provokes." Her song "Still Alive" deals with discrimination against people with HIV, and it was used in a television campaign dealing with the issue. Other work
In 2007, <mask> was awarded a scholarship by Resource Development International to study for a Business Management degree via the internet from the University of Sunderland. In 2009 she made her acting debut, playing Nurse Tracey in the CVM TV series Royal Palm Estate. She also opened the restaurant 'H2O' the same year in the Coconut Grove Shopping Centre in Ocho Rios. <mask> also owns Tarantula Records, founded in 2004 with business partner & producer Andrew Henton which has handled all of her music since then. Personal life
<mask> has a daughter, Kelly, born in 1994."Wuk and Bruk" (1999), RC-ONE
 "Dis Name" (1999), Pure & Clean
 "Wuk Dat" (2000), Kings of Kings
 "Shetengae" (2000), Studio 2000
 "Big Up Di Cash" (2000), Fan Club
 "Bad Luck Boy" (2000), Flynn & Flynn
 "Back to Haunt Me" (2001), Telegram Records Stockholm
 "Galang So" (2001), First Name – B-side of Cobra's "Standing"
 "What a Day" (2002), Xterminator
 "It's Over Now" (2002), Dubz House
 "Soft Inside" (2002), Topaz
 "Forever" (2002), Silly Walks Productions
 "Leave Me Alone" (2002), M.U.S.S.E.L.

masks:
Vivienne Tanya Stephenson
Tanya Stephens
Tanya Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Tanya
Stephens
Tanya
Stephens
Tanya
Stephens


title: William Lewinski

texts:
<mask><mask> () is a retired psychology professor and expert on police use of force at his own Force Science Institute, founded in 2004. He provides training to police and serves as an expert witness in court cases. Early career
Born in Canada, Lewinski started his career as a school teacher in Winnipeg, Ontario. He received his doctorate from the distance-learning Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1988, in a self-designed major of police psychology. The school isn't accredited in psychology, his police psychology major isn't recognized by the American Psychological Association, and Lewinski has never been licensed to practice as a psychologist. He was a tenured professor at Minnesota State University in Mankato, Minnesota, and founded the Center for the Study of Performance in Extreme Encounters in 2004. It was later renamed Force Science Research Center, moved off-campus, and removed its affiliation with the school.He retired from the university after 28 years. Police use of force philosophies
<mask>'s career is as a researcher and expert witness in police use of force cases. In two court cases, Lisa Fournier, editor of the American Journal of Psychology, has testified that Lewinski's work lacked basic elements of legitimate research, drew conclusions unsupported by data, and was pseudoscience. In response Lewinski stated she was "naïve or her ethics are seriously compromised". He was described as an "opportunist" by Michael Haddad, president of the National Police Accountability Project. Haddad also called him "charming" but "his opinions can be pretty flaky". Paul Wright of Prison Legal News said Lewinski is "firmly in the category of junk science".Shoot first and reaction time
Lewinski published three studies between 1999 and 2002 showing that test subjects could raise and fire a previously hidden gun faster than a police officer could react, termed "action/reaction". The studies were published in The Police Marksman, which is a magazine, not a peer-reviewed journal. <mask>'s has defended police on the basis of his policies, even in cases where someone was unarmed, facing away from the police, or the officer's testimony did not match video evidence. Chuck Wexler, director of Police Executive Research Forum, has objected to Lewinski's "shoot first" view. Christy Lopez, Obama Justice Department attorney and Georgetown University law professor, said "the <mask> show" was part of an insidious trend in police training that used pseudoscience to justify excessive force. Dan Handelman of Portland Copwatch dubs the "shoot first" philosophy as the "Superman theory", describing how "many suspects are shot in the back because they turn before the officer's bullet hits them". Inattentional blindness
Lewinski's testimony often cites inattentional blindness for any flaws or omissions in an officer's testimony.Arien Mack, one of the psychologists who coined the term, called his use of the term "completely inappropriate", stating "I hate the fact that it’s being used in this way. When we work in a lab, we ask them if they saw something. They have no motivation to lie. A police officer involved in a shooting certainly has a reason to lie." Excited delirium
Lewinski has also promoted the term "excited delirium", captured in a discussion while officer Derek Chauvin was choking George Floyd. The Los Angeles Times noted that Force Science had over 20 articles using the term on its website. The Marshall Project has noted the term is controversial despite being used frequently in use-of-force cases.Axon Enterprise has also lobbied use of the term to explain deaths, rather than from excessive use of their Taser. Cooling-off periods
Lewinski is also a strong advocate for "cooling-off periods" before police officers document an officer-involved shooting, a position that is not afforded to other testimonies in a shooting and is contrary to studies. In an opinion for the Washington Post, author Radley Balko discussed the cooling-off period and called Lewinski "an unapologetic partisan who pushes pseudoscience in order to clear cops of wrongdoing", noting Lewinski advocates that officers shoot without hesitation yet should be provided time for their shooting statements. Cases
Lewinski's testimony has been used in the following cases:

 Tycel Nelson, 1990, Minneapolis
 Anthony Lee, 2000, Los Angeles Police Department
 Willie Wilkins, 2001, undercover police officer shot to death by Oakland Police Department. City settled for $3.5 million. Timothy Thomas, 2001, Cincinnati
 Shooting by Officer Robert Murtha, 2003, Hartford Connecticut
 Darryl Hamilton, 2003, Chicago Police Department  (Lewinski also provided testimony for at least six other Chicago cases by 2015)
 Duy Ngo, 2003, Minneapolis Police Department officer shot and killed by a follow officer. City paid Ngo's family $4.5 million.Deborah King, 2003, use of force by Minnesota's Ramsey County Sheriff's Office. Lewinski made a medical diagnosis of King from the stand, though he has no medical endorsements. City paid King $450,000. James Jahar Perez, 2004, Portland Police Bureau
 Devin Brown, 2005, Los Angeles Police Department
 Elio Carrion, 2007, wounded in shooting by San Bernardino County sheriff’s deputy Ivory Webb. Settled civil suit with the County for $1.5 million; Webb was acquitted of felony charges. Philip Miller, 2007, Los Angeles. Lewinski's testimony was disputed by expert witness Roger Clark and Lewinski's qualifications were disputed.Lewinski's testimony was thrown out. The City still won the case, however. Paul Boyd (animator), 2007, Vancouver Police Department, British Columbia. After <mask>'s bias in the case was questioned, BC's oversight board (Office of the Police Complaint Commissioner) stated they would not hire him again. Oscar Grant III, 2009, Bay Area Rapid Transit police, Oakland. Shot while face-down, hands behind his back, with another officer's knees on his neck. Lewinski bolstered the theory that the officer accidentally used his gun rather than his Taser.James Boyd, 2014, Albuquerque Police Department
 Andy Lopez, 13-year-old carrying a toy gun, 2014, Sonoma Countysheriff
 Stephon Clark, 2018, Sacramento

Departments trained by Lewinski or Force Science Institute
 Minneapolis Police Department cadet training, 1990-1993
 US Justice Department
 Los Angeles Police Department, further training cancelled
 90 officers from 13 states for a national seminar at Madison Area Technical College, 2014
 Chicago Independent Police Review Authority, 2015
 Rochester Police Department, 2017, city funds for attendance of officers withdrawn after objections, was still hosted by RPD's union, the Locust Club
 National seminar for International Union of Police Associations, 2018
 National seminar held at St. Paul Police Department, Minnesota, 2019
 Ohio State University police department, 2020, cancelled after objections. The training included a description explaining how "investigators can ‘mine’ officers’ memories and avoid interviewing mistakes that can put the officer, the investigator, and the entire department in jeopardy." See also
 Slips and capture

References

1940s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
William J
. Lewinski
Lewinski
Lewinski
Bill Lewinski
Lewinski


title: Marc Weigert

texts:
<mask> (born June 3, 1970) is a film producer and film/TV visual effects supervisor and 2nd unit director. Early career
<mask> was born in Bad Harzburg, Germany. While in Christian-von-Dohm-Gymnasium, a grammar school in Goslar, Germany, he developed an interest in filmmaking. He moved on to study directing and producing from 1991 to 1994 at the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg. There he met Volker Engel, who would later win the Academy Award for the visual effects of Independence Day and become Weigert's business partner in the production company Uncharted Territory, LLC. During his studies, Weigert was visual effects producer for Volker Engel on the television film Der Letzte Kosmonaut, directed by Nico Hofmann. The film won the "Prix Futura".He also produced several commercials and award-winning short films for German TV. Weigert moved to Los Angeles in 1994, after receiving a scholarship from a German producer's association. Later career
In 1995, Weigert founded the company Dreamscape Imagery Inc. with his wife Stacey. He became VFX Project Manager for the film Independence Day (1996), for which Weigert created "Digital Assistant for Visual Effects", a project management software to manage, schedule and track the filming of VFX elements. In conjunction with the software, Weigert also developed a design for a visual effects production board, in conjunction with manufacturing company Hollywood Production Boards. Between 1996 and 2000, he created new software versions to include the post-production process. Digital Assistant for Visual Effects has been used for several feature films, including Stuart Little, Alien Resurrection, Flubber, Volcano, Godzilla, Wing Commander, Monkeybone, Bless the Child and X-Men, as well as on television films and series.Dreamscape Imagery Inc. sold the source code to the Internet company Creative Planet Inc. in 2000. As visual effects supervisor for Dreamscape, Weigert worked on a plethora of international feature films, television films, series and commercials, most notably Disney's Flubber, Seven Days to Live, Muppets from Space and The Drew Carey Show. He also worked on several documentaries, earning Dreamscape the CINE Golden Eagle award. In 1997, Weigert held the master class "action with effects" for the European Film Academy. In 2014, he taught a second master class for the EFA and thus became the only instructor to hold two EFA master classes in his lifetime. He also taught digital compositing classes at the Art Institute of California - Los Angeles, was speaker at the iHollywood Forum and the Producers Guild of America (PGA)'s first "produced by" conference in Los Angeles in 2009. He also spoke at the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) conference, SIGGRAPH Los Angeles and Vancouver conferences, FMX Germany, the University of Applied Sciences in Salzburg, Austria and the HPI School of Design Thinking at the Hasso Plattner Institute, Berlin

In 1999, he founded the production company Uncharted Territory LLC with long-time friend and colleague Volker Engel.The first production, and Weigert's first film as a producer, Coronado, was shot in 2001 in Mexico. The film was written by Weigert, Engel and director Claudio Faeh. In 2003, Weigert co-produced the film Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King and served as visual effects director together with Volker Engel. Dark Kingdom, aka Ring of the Nibelungs is based on the same Germanic myth as Richard Wagner's opera series Der Ring des Nibelungen. In-between film productions, Uncharted Territory also created the Intermedia logo animation which premiered before Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and provided visual effects services for Roland Emmerich's The Day After Tomorrow in 2004. In 2005, Weigert wrote the screenplay Southern Skies and produced the miniseries The Triangle together with Engel and Kelly Van Horn, for executive producers Bryan Singer and Dean Devlin. In 2006, Weigert won the Emmy Award for The Triangle.In 2006, Weigert wrote the screenplay Force Majeure und co-wrote Raising Phoenix and Red Sea with writer Kurt Frey and Volker Engel. He also served as visual effects supervisor on the Canon EOS commercial "Welcome to the Playground". In 2007, he served as visual effects supervisor for Kellogg's and Tropicana commercials, and as vfx producer for Cafe FX, working - amongst other projects - on the Hogwarts castle ride film for the new Harry Potter Island of Adventure at Universal Studios Florida. In 2008-2009, Weigert co-supervised and co-produced Roland Emmerich's 2012 for Sony Pictures with his business partner Volker Engel. In 2010, Weigert was executive producer and VFX supervisor for the film Anonymous, again for director Roland Emmerich. In 2012/13, Weigert was VFX supervisor, co-producer, and 2nd unit director for Emmerich's "White House Down". He led a 70-people strong 2nd Unit for exterior Montreal and Washington, D.C. shoots, including the iconic car chase between the presidential limousine ("the beast" ) and secret service vehicles on the White House lawn.In July 2014, Weigert was named President of Method Studios worldwide. Method Studios is headquartered in Los Angeles, California, and has 9 facilities, including New York, London, Vancouver, Chicago, Detroit, Atlanta, Sydney and Melbourne. He left Method after one year in June 2015. In July 2015, Weigert joined the production of Independence Day: Resurgence as VFX Producer, 20 years after the first Independence Day. In the same year, he was voted into the prestigious American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) as associate member. In June 2016, he started as co-producer and VFX producer on "Nutcracker and the four realms" for the Walt Disney Company, released worldwide in November 2018. Weigert is a member of the Directors Guild of America (DGA), Producers Guild of America (PGA), the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS) and the Visual Effects Society (VES).He was part of the ASC/ADG/VES subcommittee on Previsualization and the joint committee on virtual production of the ASC, ADG, VES, PGA and Previsualization society. He also writes a blog called "tracking marc" for Animation World Network (AWN) at http://www.awn.com/blogs/tracking-marc.

masks:
Marc Weigert
Weigert


title: Václav Havel

texts:
<mask> (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, playwright, and former dissident, who served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. He was the first democratically elected president of either country after the fall of communism. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs. His educational opportunities having been limited by his bourgeois background, when freedoms were limited by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, <mask> first rose to prominence as a playwright. In works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum, Havel used an absurdist style to criticize the Communist system. After participating in the Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives, including Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the StB secret police, and he spent multiple periods as a political prisoner, the longest of his imprisoned terms being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983.<mask>'s Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was re-elected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. <mask> was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and enlargement of NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the treatment of Sudeten Germans, such as the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II, and granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under the Communist era, were very controversial domestically. By the end of his presidency, he enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. <mask> continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference. <mask>'s political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy.He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century. The international airport in Prague was renamed to Václav Havel Airport Prague in 2012. Early life

<mask> was born in Prague on 5 October 1936 into a wealthy family celebrated in Czechoslovakia for its entrepreneurial and cultural accomplishments. His grandfather, Vácslav <mask>, a real estate developer, built a landmark entertainment complex on Prague's Wenceslas Square.His father, <mask> <mask>, was the real estate developer behind the suburban Barrandov Terraces, located on the highest point of Prague—next door to which his uncle, Miloš <mask>, built one of the largest film studios in Europe. <mask>'s mother, Božena Vavrečková, also came from an influential family; her father was a Czechoslovak ambassador and a well-known journalist. In the early 1950s, because of his class background, <mask> entered into a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant and simultaneously took evening classes at a gymnasium. He completed his secondary education in 1954. For political reasons, he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program; therefore, he opted for studies at the Faculty of Economics of the Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years. On 9 July 1964, <mask> married Olga Šplíchalová. Early theatre career

The intellectual tradition of his family was essential for Havel's lifetime adherence to the humanitarian values of the Czech culture.After finishing his military service (1957–59), <mask> had to bring his intellectual ambitions in line with the given circumstances, especially with the restrictions imposed on him as a descendant of a bourgeois family. He found employment in Prague's theatre world as a stagehand at Prague's Theatre ABC – Divadlo ABC, and then at the Theatre on Balustrade – Divadlo Na zábradlí. Simultaneously, he was a student of dramatic arts by correspondence at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (DAMU). His first own full-length play performed in public, besides various vaudeville collaborations, was The Garden Party (1963). Presented in a series of Theatre of the Absurd, at the Theatre on Balustrade, this play won him international acclaim. The play was soon followed by The Memorandum, one of his best known plays, and The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, all at the Theatre on Balustrade. In 1968, The Memorandum was also brought to The Public Theater in New York, which helped to establish <mask>'s reputation in the United States.The Public Theater continued to produce his plays in the following years. After 1968, <mask>'s plays were banned from the theatre world in his own country, and he was unable to leave Czechoslovakia to see any foreign performances of his works. Political dissident

During the first week of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, <mask> assisted the resistance by providing an on-air narrative via Radio Free Czechoslovakia station (at Liberec). Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. He took a job at Krakonoš brewery in Trutnov, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to <mask>'s reputation of being a leading dissident (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic rock band The Plastic People of the Universe; Havel had attended their trial, which centered on the group's non-conformity in having long hair, using obscenities in their music, and their overall involvement in the Prague underground movement.<mask> co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple imprisonments by the authorities, and constant government surveillance and questioning by the secret police (Státní bezpečnost). His longest period in prison, from May 1979 to February 1983, is documented in letters to his wife that were later published as Letters to Olga. He was known for his essays, most particularly The Power of the Powerless (1978), in which he described a societal paradigm in which citizens were forced to "live within a lie" under the Communist regime. In describing his role as a dissident, <mask> wrote in 1979: "we never decided to become dissidents. We have been transformed into them, without quite knowing how, sometimes we have ended up in prison without precisely knowing how. We simply went ahead and did certain things that we felt we ought to do, and that seemed to us decent to do, nothing more nor less."Samuel Beckett's 1982 short play, Catastrophe, was dedicated to <mask> while he was held as a political prisoner in Czechoslovakia. Presidency

On 29 December 1989, while he was leader of the Civic Forum, <mask> became President of Czechoslovakia by a unanimous vote of the Federal Assembly. He had long insisted that he was not interested in politics and had argued that political change in the country should be induced through autonomous civic initiatives rather than through the official institutions. In 1990, soon after his election, <mask> was awarded the Prize For Freedom of the Liberal International. In 1990, Czechoslovakia held its first free elections in 44 years, resulting in a sweeping victory for Civic Forum and its Slovak counterpart, Public Against Violence. Between them, they commanded strong majorities in both houses of the legislature, and tallied the highest popular vote share recorded for a free election in the country. <mask> retained his presidency.Despite increasing political tensions between the Czechs and the Slovaks in 1992, <mask> supported the retention of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic prior to the dissolution of the country. <mask> sought re-election in 1992. Although no other candidate filed, when the vote came on 3 July, he failed to get a majority due to a lack of support from Slovak deputies. The largest Czech political party, the Civic Democratic Party, let it be known that it would not support any other candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as president on 20 July, saying that he would not preside over the country's breakup. However, when the Czech Republic was created as one of two successor states, he stood for election as its first president on 26 January 1993, and won. Although he was nominally the new country's chief executive, the framers of the Constitution of the Czech Republic intended to vest most of the real power in the prime minister.However, owing to his prestige, he still commanded great moral authority, and the presidency acquired a greater role than the framers intended. For instance, largely due to his influence, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM), successor to the KSC's branch in the Czech Lands, was kept on the margins for most of his presidency. <mask> suspected that the KSCM was still an unreformed Stalinist party. <mask>'s popularity abroad surpassed his popularity at home, and he was often the object of controversy and criticism. During his time in office, <mask> stated that the expulsion of the indigenous Sudeten German population after World War II was immoral, causing a great controversy at home. He also extended general amnesty as one of his first acts as president, in an attempt to lessen the pressure in overcrowded prisons as well as to release political prisoners and persons who may have been falsely imprisoned during the Communist era. Havel felt that many of the decisions by the previous regime's courts should not be trusted, and that most of those in prison had not received fair trials.However, critics claimed that this amnesty led to a significant increase in the crime rate: the total number of crimes doubled, as did the number of murders. Several of the worst crimes in the history of the Czech criminology were committed by criminals released in this amnesty. Within four years of the Velvet revolution (and following another two amnesties declared by Havel), criminality had more than tripled since 1989. According to <mask>'s memoir To the Castle and Back, most of those who were released had less than a year to serve before their sentences ended, but statistics contradict <mask>'s claims. In an interview with Karel Hvížďala (included in To the Castle and Back), <mask> expressed his feeling that it was his most important accomplishment as president to have contributed to the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. According to his statement the dissolution was very complicated. The infrastructure created by the Warsaw Pact was part of the economies of all member states, and the Pact's dissolution necessitated restructuring that took many years to complete.Furthermore, it took time to dismantle the Warsaw Pact's institutions; for example, it took two years for Soviet troops to fully withdraw from Czechoslovakia. Following a legal dispute with his sister-in-law Dagmar Havlová (wife of his brother Ivan M<mask>), <mask> decided to sell his 50% stake in the Lucerna Palace on Wenceslas Square in Prague, built from 1907 to 1921 by his grandfather, also named <mask> <mask> (spelled Vácslav,) one of the multifunctional "palaces" in the center of the once booming pre-World War I Prague. In a transaction arranged by Marián Čalfa, <mask> sold the estate to <mask> Junek, a former Communist spy in France and head of the soon-to-be bankrupt conglomerate Chemapol Group, who later openly admitted that he bribed politicians of the Czech Social Democratic Party. His near friend was Ivan Medek, who become the chef of the president office. In January 1996, Olga Havlová, his wife of 32 years, died of cancer at 62. In December 1996, <mask> who had been a chain smoker for a long time, was diagnosed with lung cancer. The disease reappeared two years later.He quit smoking. In 1997, he remarried, to actress Dagmar Veškrnová. <mask> was among those influential politicians who contributed most to the transition of NATO from being an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to its present form. Havel advocated vigorously for the inclusion of former-Warsaw Pact members, like the Czech Republic, into the Western alliance. <mask> was re-elected president in 1998. He had to undergo a colostomy in Innsbruck when his colon ruptured while he was on holiday in Austria. On 30 January 2003, <mask> signed The letter of the eight.<mask> left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003. <mask> Klaus, one of his greatest political adversaries, was elected his successor as president on 28 February 2003. Margaret Thatcher wrote of the two men in her foreign policy treatise Statecraft, reserving the greater respect for Havel. <mask>'s dedication to democracy and his steadfast opposition to communist ideology earned him admiration. Post-presidential career

Beginning in 1997, Havel hosted Forum 2000, an annual conference to "identify the key issues facing civilisation and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components". In 2005, the former president occupied the Kluge Chair for Modern Culture at the John W. Kluge Center of the United States Library of Congress, where he continued his research on human rights. In November and December 2006, <mask> spent eight weeks as a visiting artist in residence at Columbia University.The stay was sponsored by the Columbia Arts Initiative and featured "performances, and panels centr[ing] on his life and ideas", including a public "conversation" with former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Concurrently, the Untitled Theater Company No. 61 launched a Havel Festival, the first complete festival of his plays in various venues throughout New York City, including The Brick Theater and the Ohio Theatre, in celebration of his 70th birthday. <mask> was a member of the World Future Society and addressed the Society's members on 4 July 1994. His speech was later printed in THE FUTURIST magazine (July 1995). Havel remained an admired individual by Czech citizens. In The Greatest Czech TV show (the Czech spin-off of the BBC 100 Greatest Britons show) in 2005, Havel received the third biggest amount of voices, so he was elected to be third greatest Czech when he was still alive.<mask>'s memoir of his experience as president, To the Castle and Back, was published in May 2007. The book mixes an interview in the style of Disturbing the Peace with actual memoranda he sent to his staff and modern diary entries and recollections. On 4 August 2007, <mask> met with members of the Belarus

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 Free Theatre at his summer cottage in the Czech Republic in a show of his continuing support, which has been instrumental in the theatre's attaining international recognition and membership in the European Theatrical Convention. <mask> went on a hunger strike in 2007 to support Kurdish doctor and human rights activist Yekta Uzunoglu in his legal battle. A former president going on a hunger strike to support the legal battle of a foreigner in his country was a first in world history. <mask>'s first new play in almost two decades, Leaving, was published in November 2007, and was to have had its world premiere in June 2008 at the Prague theater Divadlo na Vinohradech, but the theater withdrew it in December as it felt it could not provide the technical support needed to mount the play. The play instead premiered on 22 May 2008 at the Archa Theatre to standing ovations.<mask> based the play on King Lear, by William Shakespeare, and on The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov; "Chancellor Vilém Rieger is the central character of Leaving, who faces a crisis after being removed from political power." The play had its English language premiere at the Orange Tree Theatre in London and its American premiere at The Wilma Theater in Philadelphia. <mask> subsequently directed a film version of the play, which premiered in the Czech Republic on 22 March 2011. Other works included the short sketch Pět Tet, a modern sequel to Unveiling, and The Pig, or Václav <mask>'s Hunt for a Pig, which was premiered in Brno at Theatre Goose on a String and had its English language premiere at the 3LD Art & Technology Center in New York, in a production from Untitled Theater Company No. 61, in a production workshopped in the Ice Factory Festival in 2011 and later revived as a full production in 2014, becoming a New York Times Critic's Pick. In 2008, <mask> became a Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation. He met U.S. President Barack Obama in private before Obama's departure after the end of the European Union (EU) and United States (US) summit in Prague in April 2009.<mask> was the chair of the Human Rights Foundation's International Council and a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. <mask> was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system. From the 1980s, <mask> supported the green politics movement, partly due to his friendship with the co-founder of the German Alliance '90/The Greens party Milan Horáček. From 2004 until his death, he supported the Czech Green Party. Death

<mask> died on the morning of 18 December 2011, at age 75, at his country home in Hrádeček. A week before his death, he met with his longtime friend, the Dalai Lama, in Prague; Havel appeared in a wheelchair. Prime Minister Petr Nečas announced a three-day mourning period from 21 to 23 December, the date announced by President <mask> Klaus for the state funeral.The funeral Mass was held at Saint Vitus Cathedral, celebrated by the Archbishop of Prague Dominik Duka and <mask>'s old friend Bishop <mask> Malý. During the service, a 21 gun salute was fired in the former president's honour, and as per the family's request, a private ceremony followed at Prague's Strašnice Crematorium. <mask>'s ashes were placed in the family tomb in the Vinohrady Cemetery in Prague. On 23 December 2011, the Václav Havel Tribute Concert was held in Prague's Palác Lucerna. Reactions

Within hours <mask>'s death was met with numerous tributes, including from U.S. President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister David Cameron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former Polish President Lech Wałęsa. Merkel called Havel "a great European", while Wałęsa said he should have been given the Nobel Peace Prize. The Russian Embassy sent an official condolence on behalf of the President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.At news of his death, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a native of Czechoslovakia, said, "He was one of the great figures of the 20th Century", while Czech expatriate novelist Milan Kundera said, "Václav <mask>'s most important work is his own life." Communists took the opportunity to criticize <mask>. Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia leader Vojtěch Filip stated that <mask> was a very controversial person and that his words often conflicted with his deeds. He criticized <mask> for having supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, repeating the charge that <mask> had called the event a "humanitarian bombing", although <mask> had expressly and emphatically denied ever using such a phrase. An online petition organized by one of the best-known Czech and Slovak film directors, Fero Fenič, calling on the government and the Parliament to rename Prague Ruzyně Airport to Václav Havel International Airport attracted—in a week after 20 December 2011—support of over 80,000 Czech Republic and foreign signatories. It was announced that the airport would be renamed the Václav Havel Airport Prague on 5 October 2012. Reviewing a new biography by Michael Žantovský, Yale historian Marci Shore summarized his challenges as president: "<mask>'s message, 'We are all responsible, we are all guilty,' was not popular.He enacted a general amnesty for all but the most serious criminals, apologized on behalf of Czechoslovakia for the post-World War II expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and resisted demands for a more draconian purge of secret police collaborators. These things were not popular either. And as the government undertook privatization and restitution, Havel confronted pyramid schemes, financial corruption and robber baron capitalism. He saw his country fall apart (if bloodlessly), becoming in 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Awards
<mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 1986, <mask> received the Erasmus Prize, in 1989 the Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, and in 1990, he received the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize for his outstanding contributions to the well-being of the wider community. In the same year he received the Freedom medal.In 1993, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. On 4 July 1994, <mask> <mask> was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal. In his acceptance speech, he said: "The idea of human rights and freedoms must be an integral part of any meaningful world order. Yet I think it must be anchored in a different place, and in a different way, than has been the case so far. If it is to be more than just a slogan mocked by half the world, it cannot be expressed in the language of departing era, and it must not be mere froth floating on the subsiding waters of faith in a purely scientific relationship to the world." <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995. In 1997, <mask> received ex aequo the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities and the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.In 2001, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2002, he was the third recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In 2003, he was awarded the International Gandhi Peace Prize by the government of India for his outstanding contribution towards world peace and upholding human rights in most difficult situations through Gandhian means; he was the inaugural recipient of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award for his work in promoting human rights; he received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom; and he was appointed as an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2008 he was also awarded the Giuseppe Motta Medal for support for peace and democracy. As a former Czech President, <mask> was a member of the Club of Madrid. In 2009 he was awarded the Quadriga Award, but decided to return it in 2011 following the announcement of Vladimir Putin as one of the 2011 award recipients. <mask> also received multiple honorary doctorates from various universities such as the prestigious Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 2009, and was a Foreign Associate Member of the French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from October 1992 until his death.On 10 October 2011, <mask> was awarded by the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili with the St. George Victory Order. In November 2014, he became only the fourth non-American honored with a bust in the U.S. Capitol. State honours and awards

Honours

Awards
 : Geuzenpenning (1995), Vlaardingen
 : Indira Gandhi Peace Prize (1993), New Delhi
 : Gandhi Peace Prize (08/2003), Dehli

Memorials

Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent
In April 2012, <mask>'s widow, Dagmar Havlová, authorized the creation of the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent. The prize was created by the New York-based Human Rights Foundation and is awarded at the annual Oslo Freedom Forum. The prize "will celebrate those who engage in creative dissent, exhibiting courage and creativity to challenge injustice and live in truth." Václav Havel Library
The Václav Havel Library, located in Prague, is a charitable organization founded by Dagmar Havlová, Karel Schwarzenberg and Miloslav Petrusek on 26 July 2004. It maintains a collection of pictorial, audio and written materials and other artefacts linked to Václav Havel.The institution gathers these materials for the purpose of digitisation, documentation and research and to promote his ideas. It organises lectures, holds conferences and social and cultural events that introduce the public to the work of Václav Havel and club discussion meetings on current social issues. It runs educational activities for second-level students. It is also involved in the issuing of publications. The library makes accessible Václav <mask>'s literary, philosophical and political writings, and provides a digital reading room for researchers and students in the Czech Republic and elsewhere. In May 2012, the library opened a branch in New York City named the Václav Havel Library Foundation. In 2014, the Václav Havel Library moved to larger premises at Ostrovni 13, in the centre of Prague.Václav Havel Building of the European Parliament
In July 2017, the European Parliament opened a new building on its official Strasbourg site. The building was named after <mask> Havel Memory in Zagreb
On 4 October 2016, the day before what would have been the 80th birthday of <mask> <mask>lav Havel Boulevard and memorial plaque in Kyiv
In November 2016, Václav Havel Boulevard was opened in Kyiv, Ukraine. The new name has replaced the one given during Soviet era when boulevard was named in honor of the Communist politician Jānis Lepse. In December, First Deputy Chairman Iryna Herashchenko along with Minister of Culture of Czech Republic Daniel Herman and Minister of Culture of Ukraine Yevhen Nyshchuk opened memorial plaque in honor of <mask> <mask>.Václav Havel Bench
The Václav Havel Bench (Havel's Place) is an artistic and urban utility project, created by Czech architect and designer Bořek Šípek. It is composed of two wooden garden chairs connected by a round table, which has a hole inside. A linden, national tree of Czechia, is growing through this hole. These benches can be found in many Czech towns as well as in some foreign locations such as Washington, D.C., Dublin, Lisbon, and Barcelona. Sculptures and busts
On 19 November 2014, a bust of <mask>, created by Czech-American artist Lubomír Janečka, was unveiled at the U.S. Congress, commemorating the 25-year anniversary of the Velvet Revolution. <mask> is the fourth European ever to be honored by having a bust of himself in the U.S. Congress, after Winston Churchill, Raoul Wallenberg and Lajos Kossuth. Another sculpture of Havel is placed in a boardroom of Leinster House in Dublin, the historical seat of the Oireachtas, the Irish National Parliament.On 22 June 2017 a statue of <mask> <mask> created by Georgian sculptor Jumber Jikia was unveiled in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Václav Havel Library Foundation donated a bust of <mask> to Columbia University in New York City. This bust was unveiled on 27 September 2018 while Havel was being honored by former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Online]
 Living in Truth (1986)
 Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
 Disturbing the Peace (1991)
 Open Letters (1991)
 Summer Meditations (Letní přemítání) (1992/93)
 Towards a Civil Society (1994)
 The Art of the Impossible (1998)
 To the Castle and Back (2007)

Fiction books for children
 Pizh'duks

Films
 Odcházení, 2011

Music
 Havel was a major supporter of The Plastic People of the Universe, and close friend of its leader, Milan Hlavsa, its manager, Ivan Martin Jirous, and its guitarist/vocalist, Paul Wilson (who later became Havel's English translator and biographer) and a great fan of the rock band The Velvet Underground, sharing mutual respect with the principal singer-songwriter Lou Reed, and was also a lifelong Frank Zappa fan. Havel was also a great supporter and fan of jazz and frequented such Prague clubs as Radost FX and the Reduta Jazz Club, where U.S. President Bill Clinton played the saxophone when Havel brought him there. Cultural references
<mask> <mask> has been portrayed, as himself or a character based on him, in a number of feature and television films:
 Czech Century is a 2013 historical television series chronicling Czech history from 1989. Havel is portrayed by Marek Daniel.Marek Daniel also portrayed <mask> in a satirical web series, Kancelář Blaník. Havel is a 2020 historical film about <mask>'s (Viktor Dvořák) life before 1989. The Prog-related Art-rock band, Toy Matinee, recorded a song about Havel, entitled "Remember My Name" from their 1990 eponymous album released by Reprise Records. See also
 Civil resistance
 Hrad (politics)
 List of peace activists
 Nonviolent resistance
 Mlýny, Czech comedy play
 Václav Havel Human Rights Prize

References

Primary sources
Works by Václav Havel
 Commentaries and Op-eds by Václav <mask> and in conjunction between Václav <mask> and other renowned world leaders for Project Syndicate. "Excerpts from The Power of the Powerless (1978)", by Václav <mask>. "Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text provided by Bob Moeller, of the University of California, Irvine." "The Need for Transcendence in the Postmodern World" (Speech republished in THE FUTURIST magazine).Retrieved 19 December 2011
 . Czech.cz (Official website of the Czech Republic), 10 September 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007. On personal responsibility, freedom and ecological problems. Two Messages <mask> <mask> on the Kundera affair, English, salon.eu.sk, October 2008

Media interviews with <mask> Havel
 After the Velvet, an Existential Revolution? dialogue between <mask> <mask> and Adam Michnik, English, salon.eu.sk, November 2008
 Warner, Margaret. "Online Focus: Newsmaker: Václav <mask>".The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS, broadcast 16 May 1997. Retrieved 21 December 2007. (NewsHour transcript.) Biographies
 Keane, John. <mask> <mask>: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts. New York: Basic Books, 2000. . (A sample chapter [in HTML and PDF formats] is linked on the author's website, "Books" .)Kriseová, Eda. <mask> <mask>. Trans. Caleb Crain. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. .
 Pontuso, James F<mask> <mask>: Civic Responsibility in the Postmodern Age. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. .
 Rocamora, Carol. Acts of Courage.New York: Smith & Kraus, 2004. .
 Symynkywicz, Jeffrey. Václav <mask> and the Velvet Revolution. Parsippany, New Jersey: Dillon Press, 1995. .
Williams, Kieran. <mask> <mask>. London: Reaktion Books, 2016. ISBN

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