title: Eileen Nearne

texts:
<mask>Didi<mask> MBE, Croix de Guerre (15 March 1921 – 2 September 2010 (date body found)) was a member of the UK's Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. She served in occupied France as a radio operator under the codename "Rose". (French Resistance operative Andree Peel is also known as Agent Rose.) Early life and career
Born in 1921 in London to an English father, <mask>, and Spanish mother, Marie de Plazoala, she was the youngest of four children. Her elder sister, <mask>, and one of her two brothers, Francis, would also become SOE operatives. In 1923, the family moved to France, where Nearne became fluent in French. After the German invasion in 1940, the two young women made their way to London via Barcelona, Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Glasgow, while the rest of the family remained in Grenoble.On her arrival in England she was offered service in the WAAF working on barrage balloons, but turned this down and was recruited by the SOE. Enrolled into the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry FANY, Nearne worked as a home-based signals operator, receiving secret messages from agents in the field, usually written with invisible ink on the back of typewritten letters. Her sister Jacqueline was sent to France to work as a courier. The sisters were supposed to keep their roles secret from one another, but were unsuccessful. She was flown by a Westland Lysander aircraft to a field near Les Lagnys, Saint-Valentin in Indre, France, in the late hours of 2 March and the early hours of 3 March 1944 with Jean Savy to work as a wireless operator for the Wizard network as part of Operation Mitchel. Her cover story was that she was Mademoiselle du Tort (also using the aliases Jacqueline Duterte and Alice Wood). Using the code name "Rose", she was given the mission of helping Savy set up a network in Paris called "Wizard"; its aim, unlike the networks dedicated to sabotage, was to organise sources of finance for the Resistance.<mask>'s role was to maintain a wireless link to London, and in the course of the next five months she transmitted 105 messages. Savy had returned to London with important information about German V-1 flying bombs, leaving <mask> on her own. Although she did not know it at the time, the same aircraft which took Savy home also carried her sister, Jacqueline, who had just completed 15 months in the field. <mask> then worked for the "Spiritualist" network. She was arrested on 25 July 1944 after her transmitter was detected. She had gone to her safe house to transmit an urgent message against her chief's orders. As she was finishing she heard banging from the house next door so packed up and hid her equipment and destroyed her messages.When she heard banging on her door she opened it and was confronted by a man pointing a pistol at her face. The house was searched and her radio gear and gun were discovered so she was arrested, handcuffed and driven to Paris. Nearne "survived, in silence, the full revolting treatment of the baignoire" in the torture chamber of the Paris headquarters of the Gestapo on the Rue des Saussaies. She reportedly managed to convince her captors, under torture, that she had been sending messages for a businessman, unaware that he was British. On 15 August 1944, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she refused to do prison work. Her head was shaved and she was told she would be shot if she continued to refuse. She was then transferred to a forced-labour camp in Silesia.While in one of these prisons she was reportedly tortured. On 13 April 1945 she escaped with two French girls from a work gang by hiding in the forest, later travelling through Markkleeberg, where they were arrested by the S.S. but released after fooling their captors and reportedly hidden by a priest in Leipzig until the arrival of United States troops. Awards and honours
After World War II, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government. On 19 February 1946 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by King George VI for "services in France during the enemy occupation". Later years and death
After the war <mask> lived in London with her sister, Jacqueline, where, The New York Times reported, she suffered from "psychological problems brought on by her wartime service". After her sister's death in 1982, she moved to Torquay and lived there quietly. In 1993 she travelled to Ravensbruck with fellow SOE agents, members of the Special Forces Club, the FANY and the WAAF to dedicate a plaque to the four agents executed there in 1945.<mask> talked about her wartime activities on a Timewatch television documentary in 1997, but she wore a wig, and spoke in French under her codename "Rose", and her wartime activities were not generally known about. She died alone from a heart attack in her seaside flat. Her body is thought to have remained undiscovered for some time until found on 2 September 2010; she was 89 years old.It was only when her flat was being searched by council workers to try to establish her next of kin that medals and other papers related to her war service were found. Her next of kin, a niece, was located living in Italy and has said she was upset that <mask> had been portrayed as being "alone or unloved", adding, "Although I don't live in the UK, I was very close to Aunt <mask> and visited her often. I only saw her six months ago. She was always cherished by the family." <mask>'s funeral, which was provided free of charge by the Torbay & District Funeral Service of Torquay, was held on 21 September 2010 at Our Lady Help of Christians and St Denis Roman Catholic Church, Torquay.The eulogy was made by Adrian Stones, Chairman of the Special Forces Club. Her body was cremated, and her ashes scattered at sea, according to her wishes. <mask> died intestate and her estate of around £13,000 went to her niece in Tuscany, Italy, according to BBC One's programme Heir Hunters; series 6, episode 1. References

External links
"<mask>'s war heroism revealed in National Archives" The Guardian
9/1089/2—Item reference HS 9/1089/2—<mask> NEARNE, aka Alice WOOD, aka Jacqueline DUTERTE - born 15.03.1921, The Catalogue, The National Archives, Part one of file also available online. An insight to WIZARD

1921 births
2010 deaths
British people of French descent
Female wartime spies
Escapees from Nazi concentration camps
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
British Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Torquay
British Special Operations Executive personnel

masks:
Eileen Mary "
" Nearne
John Nearne
Jacqueline Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Nearne
Eileen
Nearne
Nearne
Eileen Nearne
Eileen Mary


title: Puankhequa

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; 171410January 1788), also known as Pan Wenyan or Zhencheng, was a Chinese merchant and member of a cohong family, which traded with the Europeans in Canton (now known as Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). He owned a factory in the Thirteen Factories district where his firm was favored by the English, Swedes, "Imperials" and Danes. Biography

<mask>'s family originated from a poor fishing village near Changchow (now known as Zhangzhou), but <mask>'s father P'u-chai had relocated them to Canton. <mask> had seven sons, two of whom were engaged in trade and providing market intelligence about tea and silk for the Canton firm from other parts of China and Japan. A third son, Chih-hsiang, would later succeed his father as head of the firm in Canton, thus inheriting his father's trading name and becoming <mask> II. Growing up, Puankhequa would travel on junks in Southeast Asia, even as far as Manila. According to Liang Chia-pin and Louise Dermigny, Puankhequa was in the Canton trade by the late 1730s.As a young man he learned to speak, read and write Spanish and had some skills in pidgin English, which facilitated trading with the Europeans. His ability to deliver goods and his skills in creating special, long-term relationships with foreigners and officials attracted and retained the custom of foreign traders, which contributed to his success. In a portrait of <mask> in the Museum of Gothenburg, he carries the attributes of a wealthy mandarin: hat-pin, necklace and the mandarin square on his surcoat. According to professor Jan Wirgin it is a "...robe of a third rank mandarin, with a sapphire hat-pin in his hat. He achieved this rank around 1780." He had bought a title and was raised to the third class of the mandarinate for his contributions to a military campaign. <mask> enjoyed trading and spent most of his waking time doing business.He lived in a mansion, "Chiu-lung" (named after the Jiulong River of his ancestral city), on the south bank of the Pearl River near Honam Island (the modern day Haizhu District of Guangzhou). To save as much time as possible for business, he ate on the boat taking him to and from work. In promoting his business, he had no scruples when it came to manipulating officials or bribing the "Hoppo" (The Guangdong Customs Supervisor) and passing the costs on to the Europeans. <mask> died on 10January 1788, and was interred in the foothills of Fu-t'ing near his country seat in Ch'uanchow. Most of the hong firms established before 1790 had failed by 1798, except that of <mask> II, who had succeeded his father as head of the firm. By then it was the most prosperous house and <mask> II was the wealthiest merchant in Canton. A year later, the European companies had all gone except for the Swedes (who left in 1831) and the Spaniards (who left in 1834).<mask> II retained the Swedes as clients until the Swedish East India Company folded in 1813. When the Hong merchants were disestablished in 1834, his firm was still active and by then the longest-surviving firm in the history of the merchants. Trading

<mask> was Chief Merchant in Canton between 1760 and 1788. He had made his name in the silk trade, but traded in a number of other goods. From the 1740s to 1760, <mask> traded out of the Dafeng Hang 達豐行, which he managed in partnership with his Chen family accomplices and his brother Seequa 潘瑟官. All of his trade with foreigners in Canton at this time, and his trade with Southeast Asia via the Chinese junks, was conducted out of the Dafeng Hang. In 1760, <mask> established a new firm called the Tongwen Hang 同文行, which in the 1810s was renamed Tongfu Hang 同孚行.Although ruthless in business, <mask> remained sentimental about his family's origin and his Fukienese identity. He founded the Fukien mai-ch'iao, the Fukien merchants in temporary residence in Canton, an association for business and social events. The firm owned a factory which was situated close to the Swedish factory. The Swedes joined in the East India trade later than most of the national European trading companies. The first ship arrived in September 1732. They were seen as naïve by the rest of the European traders and Puankhequa treated them haughtily, but they nevertheless regarded him as a friend and benefactor. Mostly they bought tea from him.The tasting of different lots and negotiations about the price usually went on for weeks. He also served as a mediator when this was called for; in 1761, he was asked by the captain on one of the Swedish ships to help out in a conflict with some Dutch merchants. The Dutch had set up a punsch tent in Wampoa near the ships and the captain had trouble keeping his crew away from the place. <mask> managed to get the mandarins in Whampoa to forbid the selling of alcohol on land while the ships were there. In September 1768, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt at selling Swedish woollen cloth and camlet to the Chinese traders. The cloth was deemed too coarse and nobody wanted to buy it, except for <mask> who gave the Swedes a fair price. Some Swedish supercargos stayed in Canton for several years, one of them was Jean Abraham Grill who became friends with <mask> and made several profitable deals with him when buying tea.The usual order of business was that trade began as soon as the ships came to Canton. When the ships docked, the price of tea, silk and all the other coveted goods, immediately began to rise, and as soon as the ships left, prices started to fall again. Grill would buy tea privately from Puankhequa when the price was at its lowest and sell the tea to his employer, the Swedish East India Company, at a slightly higher price when the next ship came in. Thus, <mask> was able to do business during the off-season and Grill could net himself a profit at his employer's expense. Several contracts for this trade between <mask> and Grill are kept in the Gothenburg University Library. At first, the English were wary of Puankhequa because of his many schemes and debts, but in the 1780s they started to accept him and talked about him as "a merchant the most to be depended on". They still kept their options open, nevertheless, through dealings with other merchants.The French admired <mask>'s ability to control officials and pay bribes in the right places at the right times, but they also saw him as seductive, devious and, according to one French merchant, in possession of "the most evil soul ever to have inhabited a human body". Few foreigners could trade in Canton without having to make deals with him at some point. In order to facilitate trade <mask> would on occasion give informal dinners for  foreign traders at his country house. These dinners lasted a couple of days, with one day being dedicated to Chinese culture and the next à la mode Anglaise (in an English style). There were also humorous plays about the two cultures and guests could choose whether they wanted to use chopsticks or cutlery. In 1806, <mask> II was in correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks who thanked him for botanical specimens he had supplied for Kew Gardens. In return Banks sent him other plants which he thought would be useful in China.Sweden
According to tradition and numerous sources, <mask> made the journey to Sweden and stayed or lived in Gothenburg for some time at the invitation of Niclas Sahlgren, but further research in 2007 by LarsOlof Lööf disproved this and concluded that <mask> never visited Sweden. He gave a portrait of himself to Sahlgren, an oil painting on a mirror. The painting is now in the collection of the Museum of Gothenburg. The documentation regarding the painting mentions him as personal friend of Sahlgren and adviser to the Swedish East India Company. <mask> is also depicted in a big mural in the museum (formerly the East India House) where he is seen negotiating with Swedish merchants on the shore of the Pearl River. The first recorded visit by a Chinese to Sweden was made by the merchant and linguist (translator) for the Swedish East India Company, Choi A-fuk (or Afock), in 1786. Legacy

The mansion where <mask> lived in the Haizhu District of Guangzho has been recognised as important.The Chinese government planned in 2011 to renovate the  site and make it available as a tourist attraction. Over the years it has been divided and sub-divided into spaces for both business, manufacturing and living. The government plan to restore the interior and renovate the wooden carvings and the faded paintings which are still extant. <mask> II was included in an 1807 painting of a joint British and Chinese court, which was set up in October 1807, to try English sailors who had killed a Chinese person. One sailor from the ship "Neptune" was convicted and over 50 others were released. The convicted sailor was later released. In popular culture
<mask> appears as a character in the novel Trade Winds by Christina Courtenay (2010), under the name "Poan Key-qua" or simply "Key-qua".Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Contract between J A Grill and Puankhequa about the buying of tea. The contract is in Swedish and Chinese. Correspondence between J A Grill and Puankhequa in the Digitized Archive of the Nordic Museum. Search/Click on: Digitala arkivet (left column) -1:Utgående brev -3.5:J.A. Grills privata affärer -12:J.A. Grills privata affärer -2:Privata affärer med bröderna Hahr -20–25:"My Good and old friend Mr. Poankeyqua!", six pages in English. 1714 births
1788 deaths
Chinese merchants
History of Hong Kong
History of foreign trade in China
Qing dynasty people
People from Zhangzhou
Businesspeople from Fujian
18th-century Chinese businesspeople

masks: Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa Puankhequa


title: Jonathan Blow

texts:
<mask> (born ) is an American video game designer, programmer and Twitch streamer, who is best known as the creator of the independent video games Braid (2008) and The Witness (2016), both of which were released to critical acclaim. From 2001 to 2004, <mask> wrote the Inner Product column for Game Developer Magazine. He was the primary host of the Experimental Gameplay Workshop each March at the Game Developers Conference, which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games. In addition, <mask> was a regular participant in the Indie Game Jam. <mask> is also a founding partner of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1971. His mother was a devout ex-nun.<mask>'s father, an aerospace engineer manager, worked for the defense contractor TRW. <mask> would say in an interview with The Atlantic, "Early on, I detected that there weren't good examples at home, so I kind of had to figure things out on my own ... I had to adopt a paradigm of self-sufficiency." <mask> grew up in La Palma until he was 8, then he moved to Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, where he attended Mt. Carmel High School. He then studied computer science and creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley and was president of the Computer Science Undergraduate Association for a semester. He left the university in 1994, a semester before he would have graduated.He worked in San Francisco in contracting jobs, including one with Silicon Graphics to port Doom to a set-top device, until forming the game design company Bolt-Action Software with Bernt Habermeier in 1996. Their initial game project was to be a hovertank-based combat game called Wulfram, but at the time, the video game industry was undergoing a transformation of focusing heavily on three-dimensional graphics, making it difficult for them to complete the project; the team was forced to take some online database work to cover their expenditures. Subsequently, in the wake of the crash of dot-com bubble, they opted to fold the business after four years in 2000, with them $100,000 in debt. Following Bolt-Action, <mask> continued to perform contract work for companies like Ion Storm, and writing for industry publications such as Game Developer Magazine. He also worked on a project with IBM to create a technology demo similar to the Wulfram idea that would highlight the features of the Cell processor that IBM was collaborating on, which would become a part of the PlayStation 3. <mask> attempted to get additional funding to turn the demo into a full game from both Sony and Electronic Arts but was unsuccessful. Career

Braid

In December 2004, feeling inspired during a trip in Thailand, <mask> made a prototype for a time manipulation puzzle platform game.The demo had crude graphics, but featured the ability of the player to rewind all the objects on screen backwards in time to a previous state. Encouraged by feedback from his peers, <mask> worked on the game from about April 2005 to about December that year before having the final prototype of his game, titled Braid. This version won the Independent Games Festival Game Design Award at the 2006 Game Developers Conference. He continued work on the game mostly focusing on art and music while polishing some of the design until its release in 2008 on Xbox Live Arcade. By then, <mask> was $100,000 in debt and had invested $200,000 into the game's development. The game was released on August 8, 2008, to critical acclaim and achieved financial success, receiving an aggregate score of 93% on Metacritic, making it the top-rated Xbox Live Arcade game. Braid was purchased by more than 55,000 people during the first week of release.<mask>'s next project was The Witness, a first-person game in which the player explores an island while solving a large variety of puzzles on panels. The panel puzzles require the player to draw a path on the panel, and the puzzle is solved if the path satisfies a number of rules. <mask> desired to create a game utilizing non-verbal communication, and as such, the puzzle rules are never explained with words. Instead, the puzzles themselves teach the player the rules. <mask> felt that solving puzzles in this way could generate epiphanies for players, and tried to design the game so that the player experiences "miniature epiphanies over and over again". The game includes around 650 panels, and <mask> estimated that solving every puzzle in the game would take more than 80 hours.Work on The Witness began shortly after the release of Braid in 2008. <mask> created prototypes of several different game ideas before choosing the one he liked the most, despite it being a 3D game which he "absolutely didn't want to". By the time the game was revealed to the public in 2010, three people were working on the game full-time, and by 2015 this number had grown to eight. <mask> had hoped to release the game as a launch title for the PS4 in 2013, however work on the game continued until its release in 2016. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for an small independent game studio to spend more than seven years on a game. <mask> said that The Witness ending up being "a much bigger game than I thought", and that "as long as it looked like we were going to have the money and time... we decided to make it the best thing we can." The game was released on Windows and the PlayStation 4 in January 2016 to critical acclaim and commercial success.The Windows and PS4 versions hold scores of 87 on review aggregator Metacritic, and several popular gaming publications awarded the game perfect scores. The game received several BAFTA and Game Developers Choice Awards nominations. The Witness debuted at $39.99, a price point that was met in some gaming forums with outcry. <mask> stated that the price point was "fairly reflective of what the game is",  and journalists noted that other independent games of a similar scope and quality debuted with the same price. <mask> reported that the first week sales revenue of The Witness totaled over $5 million USD, and that it had sold more than 100,000 units. <mask> noted that after release The Witness was one of the top downloads on illegal BitTorrent websites, and was pirated "just as heavily" as Braid. He noted that piracy "will not help [Thekla] afford to make another game!:("

Untitled Programming Language and Untitled Sokoban Game
Towards the end of development of The Witness, <mask> began to become frustrated with C++, the language the game's engine was written in. While he liked recent feature additions to C++, he felt they "were encumbered by the rest of the language" and thought that C++ had "reached critical complexity". He considered switching to Go, D, and Rust, but thought that each had its drawbacks. <mask> felt it would be possible to create a new programming language for game development which would increase programming efficiency by at least 20%, and make the job more enjoyable. Further, he predicted that it would actually be easier to make a new programming language for professional game engine programmers than to make a videogame. In 2014 <mask> begun work on designing and programming the new programming language, which has the codename Jai. When asked about the real name of the language in 2020, <mask> noted that in many projects "people put all their effort into the cool name" before a project has had much effort put into it, and that he is "doing things in the opposite way".For about a year and a half work on Jai was part time since Thekla was shipping The Witness during that period. It was around the middle of 2016 when full time work on Jai and a sokoban game whose game engine is written in Jai begun. By working on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai at the same time, <mask> is able to test out the design of Jai, and adjust it early in its lifetime to make it better. <mask> has noted that no previous programming languages have debuted with a piece of software in that language as large and complex as a game. By doing so he is able to demonstrate the capability of the language. During a 2018 conference talk <mask> demonstrated that a clean non-optimized compilation of the 80,000 line sokoban game took less that two seconds on his laptop. <mask> predicted that as work on the compiler continued the compilation rate would increase significantly, with a target compilation rate of a million lines of Jai per second for a clean non-optimized build.<mask> intends to release much of the source code of the sokoban game upon release, and said Thekla is trying to structure the code of the game to be "very malleable", so that when it's released it can "provide an in for people who actually want to start experimenting with a program." The Jai compiler reached beta version 100 in December 2021, and is currently in closed beta. The sokoban game combines puzzle elements from a variety of other sokoban games, as well as adding elements of its own. For example, the majority of characters from Jonah Ostroff's Heroes of Sokoban trilogy appear in the game, as do the lilypads and skipping stones from Alan Hazelden's Skipping Stones To Lonely Homes. By combining so many puzzle elements together <mask> is able to "explode out the combinatorics [of the puzzle space] even way further than The Witness did." As of May 2021, the sokoban game has over 700 levels, and <mask> stated that it will probably have more than 1000 upon release. Work on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai are regularly streamed by <mask> on his twitch channel.Long-term project
Since 2012 or 2013, <mask> has been working on a separate project that will be broken into different installments and elaborations on the same game over the course of 20 years, making it bigger and more complex. They will be individual playable games, each related thematically and deepening in investigation of subject matter for each chapter. <mask> stated that the game would not be puzzle-related and that it would be built with the Jai language and engine. Other work
In March 2010, <mask>, along with several independent game developers including Ron Carmel and Kellee Santiago, became a founding member of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. In 2012, <mask> was one of the subjects of the independent documentary film, Indie Game: The Movie, where he discussed his views on the role of independent video games and his work on Braid. Philosophy and views
<mask> has spoken many times about his views on independent video games both in interviews and in public speeches, although he has said on his blog that he has gotten what he wanted out of conferences from speaking at them. For his sometimes controversial views, he has received praise, notably being called "the kind of righteous rebel video games need" and "a spiritual seeker, questing after truth in an as-yet-uncharted realm."<mask> often speaks of the potential for games to be more. He has said that he tries to make games that are more adult for people with longer attention spans and noted that games could have a "much bigger role" in culture in the future, but current game development does not address this potential, instead aiming for low-risk, high-profit titles. As a former physics major, <mask> has expressed that games could examine the universe in similar ways that a physicist could. In referring to the progression of development in his games, <mask> stated at the PlayStation Experience that he prefers to, "keep them playable and just make them better." This was stated during the live-cast panel while overseeing Justin Massongill on the playable demo. <mask> has spoken out against some games for immoral game design. On World of Warcraft, he has said it causes societal problems by creating a false image of the meaning of life, calling it "unethical."On FarmVille, he has said that the design of the game reveals the developers' goal to degrade the quality of players' lives, ultimately calling it "inherently evil." Despite Braids success on the platform, <mask> has claimed that Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade certification process would turn away developers because "they kind of make themselves a pain in the ass" and that they would lose market share to Steam as a result. <mask> is a member of Giving What We Can, a community of people who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities. References

External links

1971 births
American computer programmers
American video game designers
American video game programmers
Independent video game developers
Living people
People from San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video game writers

masks:
Jonathan David Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
Blowlow
Blow
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title: Tomás Chávez Morado

texts:
<mask> (December 29, 1914 – December 21, 2001) was an artist from Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico. He taught at public schools, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura, and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas at the Universidad de Guanajuato, where he served as the director of the School of Visual Arts. His civic installations include El Paraguas and the national shield carving displayed at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City as well as 260 monumental eagle head sculptures marking the route of Hidalgo the Liberator (see Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla). Homenajea UG a <mask> Con Exposición Plástica. University of Guanajuato, 9 Dec. 2014. Web. 02 Nov. 2015.<http://www.ugto.mx/noticias/noticias/6668-homenajea-ug-a-tomas-chavez-morado-con-exposicion-plastica>.</ref> According to Mexican Life, Mexico's Monthly Review, the work of <mask> "creates visions of typical life in the streets, images of people one might find in the markets, at the ferias or inside the tenement patios, with a thematic emphasis on love and the mother and child." Life
<mask> was one of four children born to José Ignacio <mask> de Oca, a shop keeper, and María de la Luz <mask> Cabrera, an amateur painter. His three brothers include <mask> <mask>, Gabriel, and Salvador (who died as a young boy). His mother and maternal uncles who drew sketches were among his first examples of artists. His father also encouraged his creativity by providing him with materials to practice. During the 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the “Spanish flu,” his mother, María de la Luz Cabrera <mask>, fell ill and died from influenza. José Ignacio <mask> de Oca remarried and started a new family while his sisters cared for <mask> and his brothers.While in the care of their paternal aunts who often sang, played guitar, and painted, <mask> and José both took a greater interest in art. <mask> completed his primary school education. During this time he worked in his father's grocery store, where it appeared that he might become a merchant like his father. <mask> felt that this type of work seemed "tedious, enslaving, and boring" and instead immersed himself in the libraries of his paternal grandfather and of the father-in-law of José Ignacio <mask> de Oca. At one point he also worked for the father-in-law of José Ignacio <mask> de Oca (who was a sculptor and print maker who repaired religious images) as a printer and a bookbinder. In 1928, as a teenager, <mask> decided to move to Mexico City to pursue a career in art and teaching at the Escuela Normal Superior and also to connect with his brother, José. His father, who wanted to discourage <mask> from this decision, gave him only two pesos when <mask> asked for money to help him on his new journey.José and <mask> faced a difficult financial situation in Mexico City, having no place to sleep until granted permission by Fernando Leal to sleep at the Centro Popular de Pintura de Nonoalco where José, and eventually <mask>, took classes. After seeing monolith carvings at the Museum of Archaeology, <mask> reaffirmed his commitment to sculpture. He was also exposed to the work of Diego Rivera while visiting La Escuela Muralista. Taking experience and skill from El Centro Popular de Pintura Nonoalco, <mask> began teaching modeling and drawing at primary and secondary public schools in Mexico City. At the same time, he was working in the Department of Museology at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes where he helped rescue the work of José Guadalupe Posada. In 1940, he accepted a commission from the Department of Indian Affairs to lead an indigenous boarding school in the Sierra Tarahumara for the Tarahumara people, an experience that impassioned him to indigenous causes. After four years there, he returned to Mexico City to attend the Escuela Normal Superior (Mexico) to study and become a professor in the field of Visual Arts.He graduated in 1948 with a masters of arts education in the Department of Fine Arts and eventually joined the faculty to depart his knowledge of sculpture onto others. In 1968, after 33 years of teaching under the Secretaría de Educación Pública, <mask> moved back to Guanajuato to retire and dedicate himself to his sculpture. Many students sought out his advice during this time, which lead him to start teaching again in 1985, this time, at the Universidad de Guanajuato. Because the University of Guanajuato did not have appropriate facilities, <mask> instructed his students in his own studio. Between 1990 and 1993, <mask> directed the school of fine arts, improving studio facilities and making needed changes that lead to official approval of the visual arts bachelor's degree program. <mask> continued teaching until health problems (diabetes, blindness, and hearing loss) hindered his teaching and, eventually, his sculpting. Selected works

Commissioned Works

1960       Eagle heads monument

 In 1960, <mask> worked with the Secretariat of Public Education of Mexico to design and execute an educational and cultural monument that commemorated the 150th anniversary of Mexico's independence in 1910.The monument includes 260 concrete eagle heads inscribed with the word “Libertad” which Tomás supervised the casting of. The ministry installed the eagle heads at various locations along the route of Hidalgo the Liberator, or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who is known for “El Grito de Dolores,” the battle cry of the Mexican Independence. The route starts in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, and ends in Monte de las Cruces in the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua. "Presentan UG Libro <mask> <mask>rado: El Maestro Escultor." Presentan UG Libro <mask> <mask>rado: El Maestro Escultor. University of Guanajuato, 27 Jan. 2015. Web.02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ugto.mx/noticias/noticias/6793-presentan-ug-libro-tomas-chavez-morado-el-maestro-escultor>. The ministry also held cultural and educational festivals at the site of every eagle head to celebrate the installation. President Adolfo Lopez Mateo and Governor of the state of Chihuahua, Teofilo Borunda, participated by placing bronze plaques on the first and last eagles of the route. Each stele is marked with a plaque inscribed: “Ruta de Hidalgo, 1810-1811, Año de la Patria 1960.”

1964      National shield in marble on the main façade of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. 1960      Monumento a Jesús Gonzalez Ortega located in the state of Guanajuato. ----         Masks of Jiménez and Guerrero at the Heroes section of the Museo del Caracol and replicas of these for the community of Charco de Pantoja in Moroleón.1974      Homenaje del Pueblo: Monumento al Padre Hidalgo sculpted with bronze reliefs for the city of Acámbaro. 1976      Sculptures dedicated to Alonso García Bravo (the first urban planner of Mexico City) located at the Plaza de la Merced in Mexico City. ----         Sixteen wood carved boards that are part of the gigantic doors for the Nikko National Park in Shimoimachi, Japan. 1962      493 busts of Ignacio Zaragoza for the primary schools of the Mexican Republic. Collaborative Works with <mask> Morado

1958      The frieze and the decoration of the classrooms of the Centro Médico de México D.F., now the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. 1960      Bronze doors titled Componentes Raciales y Culturales del Mexico Moderno at the Museo del Caracol in Mexico City. 1964      El Paraguas (The Umbrella) bronze column located in the central courtyard of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.Approximately two months before the 1964 grand opening of the National Museum of Anthropology, José and <mask> <mask> were commissioned to design and execute the veneer for the central court yard column. The 11 meters tall column is often referred to as El Paraguas, or Umbrella, a function of the piece, which appears to hold a cantilevered roof over the courtyard, protecting visitors from the rain. The piece is titled Imagen de Mexico, or Image of Mexico, and highlights “an Indian head and the head of a Spanish person that coalesce into a new race. In modern times, the atom [represents] the struggle for peace.”

1968         Imagen de México (Image of Mexico) bronze column located at the entrance of the historic estate Sunnylands, the former winter home of Walter and Leonore Annenberg. Other Works

1982      Monumento a la Victoria de los Liberales Sobre los Conservadores, a gift to the city of Silao. 1961      Homenaje a los Constructores de la Ciudad de Mexico, the main piece of an exhibition produced by the Salon of Mexican Plastic Arts. ----         Maquette of the City of Guanajuato and its Surroundings for the permanent exhibitions hall at the Museo Regional de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas.Exhibitions
<mask> <mask> has exhibited independently and collectively in multiple locations including Galería de la Arte Plástica Mexicana, Galería Merckuper, Galería Chapultepec, Galería Posada, Galería Romano, Galería Misrachi; and in Mexican cities including Morelia, Michoacán, León, Silao, Irapuato, San Francisco del Rincón, Celaya, and Aguascalientes. His paintings have been exhibited in cities such as León, Celaya, Guanajuato, Silao, and Romita . There is a permanent collection of his works at the Museo del José y Tomás Chávez Morado in Silao, Guanajuato. His works have shown posthumous in exhibitions, such as in Deseando lo real Austria Contemporánea in October, 2012, and Formas de Libertad at the University of Guanajuato in August, 2014. List of Exhibitions

Sources
Gabriela Mijangos.<mask> <mask>rado: Escultor. México, D. F.: La Rana, 2003. Print.Vázquez Figueroa, María De Jesús.<mask> <mask>: El Maestro Escultor. Guanajuato: Universidad De Guanajuato, 2014. Print. References

1914 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century male artists
Mexican male painters
20th-century Mexican sculptors

masks:
Tomás Chávez Morado
Tomás Chávez Morado
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Montes
Morado
José Chávez
Morado
Morado
Chávez Montes
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Chávez Montes
Chávez Montes
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Tomás
Chávez Mo
Tomás
Chávez Mo
José Chávez
Tomás
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Morado
Tomás
Chávez Mo
Tomás
Chávez Morado


title: Kikkan Randall

texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1982) is an American, Olympic champion cross-country skier. She has won 17 U.S. National titles, made 29 podiums on the World Cup, made five trips to the Winter Olympic Games and had the highest finish by an individual American woman at the World Championships, second in the Sprint in Liberec in 2009. She was the first American female cross-country skier to take a top ten finish in World Cup competition, to win a World Cup race and to win a World Cup discipline title. She won the silver medal in the individual sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, becoming the first American woman to win a medal in cross country skiing at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, and in 2013 teamed up with Jessie Diggins to win the first ever American FIS Nordic World Ski Championships gold medal in the team sprint. She and Diggins won the United States' first ever cross-country skiing gold medal at the Winter Olympics in women's team sprint at Pyeongchang in 2018. Early years
<mask>'s parents, Ronn and Deborah (née Haines) originally met at a California ski resort. Kikkan's name was the result of a compromise between her parents: her father wanted to name her Kikki, after Kiki Cutter, the first American to win a race on the Alpine Skiing World Cup, whilst her mother wanted to name her Meghan.Ronn started teaching Kikkan to ski one day after her first birthday. She is the niece of former cross-country skiing Olympians Betsy Haines (1980) and Chris Haines (1976). <mask> lived in Salt Lake while her mother attended law school at the University of Utah. In the mid-1980s, she moved to Anchorage, Alaska with her parents, where her younger siblings, Tanner and Kalli were born. Originally she had ambitions to race as an alpine skier, as well as to run for an NCAA Division I college. She ran a 6:06 minute mile in sixth grade at Scenic Park Elementary, but Kikkan's goal was to run a five minute mile by high school. Kikkan Randell wanted to attend East High school because she wanted to wear red and blue just like her mom and aunt and that lead to <mask> winning 10 state titles at East Anchorage High School — seven in track and three in cross-country running.She was announced the fastest girl on skies and she is the last Alaskan state speed-skiing champion. <mask> took up cross-country skiing in 1998, when her track coach suggested using it as a means of keeping fit during the winter. Skiing career

Early career
After completing High School in Anchorage, Alaska at Bettye Davis East High school, <mask> <mask> decided to stay in her home town, Anchorage to start her undergraduate studies and train with Alaska Pacific University Nordic Ski Center to start her new beginning. Her sixth-place finish in the sprint at the 2001 Junior World Championships was the best ever result by an American woman. <mask> made her Olympic debut as a 19-year-old at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and finished 44th in the inaugural Olympic individual sprint. In January 2006, <mask> returned to Soldier Hollow, Utah, the site of the 2002 Olympic cross-country competition, and won national titles in the 5-kilometer freestyle, the 10-km classical and the sprint. At the 2005 World Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany, she finished 30th in the individual sprint.2006–2011
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, <mask> finished ninth in the Olympic Sprint, the best ever Olympic result in cross-country skiing by an American woman. Shortly thereafter, she finished fifth in a World Cup sprint. On January 21, 2007, she captured bronze in the women's 1.2-kilometer sprint in Rybinsk, Russia, the best ever cross-country World Cup result by an American woman. Later that calendar year, in the following season, she took the first World Cup win for an American female skier since the introduction of women's competition in 1978 in another 1.2 kilometre sprint at the same venue. Kikkan won a silver medal in February 2009, at the Nordic Skiing World Championship for the 1.3 Kilometer sprint; she was the first American to take home a World Championship medal since Bill Koch's win in 1982. In January 2010, <mask> qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, where she earned a US best finish of sixth in the team sprint and her best individual finish of eighth in the individual sprint event. In the 2010-11 season, she finished third in the Sprint World Cup standings.2011–2012
<mask> became the first American woman to win a World Cup discipline title in cross-country by topping the season's Sprint standings. Her season included wins in the World Cup freestyle sprints in Düsseldorf and Davos. She also finished fifth in the Overall World Cup that season. 2012–2013

<mask> won four World Cup freestyle sprint events, in Quebec, Val Mustair, Sochi, and Lahti. She also won the 3 km freestyle prologue of the Tour de Ski in Oberhof. She won a team freestyle sprint in Quebec with teammate Jessie Diggins. <mask> finished first in the final World Cup sprint standings and third in the overall standings.Third place is the highest ever by a U.S. woman. <mask>, with Diggins, won the first-ever team sprint gold for U.S. women at the World Ski Championships. 2013–2014
<mask> qualified for the U.S. Olympic team at Sochi, and went into the 2014 Winter Olympics as heavily favored to win the USA's first medal in cross-country skiing since 1976, but missed qualifying to advance in the sprint quarterfinals by .05 of a second. Subsequently, she suggested that her focus on peaking for the Olympics was disrupted by a back injury which she sustained whilst training in Davos in December 2013. <mask> topped the overall World Cup sprint standings for a third time. She won the World Cup freestyle sprint events in Nove Mesto, Szklarska Poreba, and Lahti. 2014–2015
<mask> placed third in the Lahti freestyle sprint.In October 2015 <mask> announced that she was expecting her first child in April, and would take a break from competition in the 2015-16 season before returning in 2016-17 with a focus on the 2017 World Championships in Lahti and the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. 2016–2017
Upon returning to competition, <mask> initially struggled, failing to advance beyond qualifying in the first two World Cup Sprint competitions of the season. However she was able to make steady progress, and in January 2017 finished fifth in a World Cup Sprint in Falun, Sweden - her best result in nearly two years. Subsequently, at the 2017 World Nordic Ski Championships in Lahti, Finland, <mask> took the bronze medal in the freestyle sprint, catching Hanna Falk in the last 100 metres to pip her for third place by 0.1 seconds, one place behind team-mate Diggins in second. 2017–2018
In December 2017 <mask> took her first World Cup podium finish in almost three years when she finished third in a sprint in Davos, Switzerland. During the 2018 Winter Olympics, she and Jessie Diggins became the first American cross-country skiers to win a gold medal by winning the women's team sprint at the Alpensia Cross-Country Centre in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).Olympic Games
 1 medal – (1 gold)

World Championships
 3 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)

World Cup

Season titles
 3 titles – (3 sprint)

Season standings

Individual podiums
 13 victories – (11 , 2 )
 29 podiums – (22 , 7 )

Team podiums
 1 victory – (1 )
 5 podiums – (2 , 3 )

Other achievements
In 2009, <mask> was elected to the International Ski Federation's Athletes Commission, which she served on for eight years. Subsequently, in 2018 she was elected to the International Olympic Committee's Athletes Commission, succeeding American ice hockey player Angela Ruggiero. <mask> defeated teammate Holly Brooks to win the Mount Marathon Race in 2011, following in the footsteps of her mother Debbie (who won the Race in 1975) and aunt Betsy (who won it three years in succession from 1979 to 1981). <mask> was inducted into the Alaska Sports Hall of Fame in 2011. Personal life
<mask> was married to former Canadian ski racer Jeff Ellis. They divorced in October 2021. The couple have a son, Breck, who was born in April 2016.In April 2008 she was diagnosed with the genetic blood clotting disorder Factor V Leiden after being hospitalized twice due to blood clots in her left leg. <mask> mixes studies at Alaska Pacific University with skiing for the APU Nordic Ski Center program run by former national-level ski racer, Erik Flora. On May 31, 2018, three months after winning a gold medal and just a few weeks after officially retiring from skiing, <mask> received a shocking diagnosis of an aggressive form of breast cancer." She announced her diagnosis on her social media accounts that July, as well as her plans to return to Anchorage to undergo chemotherapy. References

External links

USOC profile
U.S. Ski Team Bio

1982 births
Alaska Pacific University alumni
American female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Living people
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in cross-country skiing
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Tour de Ski skiers
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Skiers from Salt Lake City
International Olympic Committee members
21st-century American women

masks:
Kikkan Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Kikkan
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall


title: John Ogbu

texts:
<mask> (May 9, 1939 – August 20, 2003) was a Nigerian-American anthropologist and professor known for his theories on observed phenomena involving race and intelligence, especially how race and ethnic differences played out in educational and economic achievement. He suggested that being a "caste-like minority" affects motivation and achievement, depressing IQ scores. He also concluded that some students did poorly because high achievement was considered "acting white" among their peers. <mask> was also involved in the 1996 controversy surrounding the use of African American Vernacular English in public schools in Oakland, California. The 2000 book Eminent Educators: Studies in Intellectual Influence focused on him as one of "four intellectual giants of the 20th century." Early life and education
Born in the village of Umudomi, in Onicha Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, <mask> attended Hope Waddell Training Institute and Methodist Teachers' Training College where he taught Latin, mathematics and geography. He enrolled at Princeton Theological Seminary with the intention to become a minister in Nigeria, but soon transferred to the University of California, Berkeley to study anthropology.At Berkley he earned his baccalaureate in 1965, his master's degree in 1969, and his Ph.D. in 1971. He taught at UC Berkeley from 1970 until his death. Involuntary minorities
<mask> argues  that cultural differences alone cannot account for differences in minority education, since some minority communities do quite well and others do not. In addition, he observes that in some cases groups of people of the same race but located in different countries manifested different ability and/or achievement levels according to some measures. <mask> points out that there are two kinds of differences between cultures. There are primary differences, which existed before cultures came into contact with each other. Then, there are secondary differences, which come into existence when two cultures interact with each other.He says that many of these secondary differences are created by subordinate groups in opposition to the cultural references of the dominant group. In the U.S. context, <mask> concluded that among U.S. Americans there are "voluntary minorities" (groups of immigrants who chose to come to the United States, and their descendants) versus "involuntary" or "caste-like" minorities (descendants of groups of persons who found themselves in the United States, or under United States jurisdiction, against their will). Voluntary minorities (e.g. Korean-Americans) tend to manifest non-oppositional secondary differences with the dominant culture. On the other hand, involuntary minorities (e.g. Native Americans) tend to manifest oppositional secondary differences with the dominant culture. However, both voluntary non-oppositional cultural subjects and involuntary oppositional cultural subjects are required to adhere to dominant (white) American cultural frames of reference if they want to acquire upward social mobility.In Minority Education and Caste (1978), <mask> argued that involuntary minorities often adopted an oppositional identity to the mainstream culture in response to a glass ceiling imposed or maintained by white society on the job-success of their parents and others in their communities. Therefore, he reasoned, some non-whites "failed to observe the link between educational achievement and access to jobs." Often, the oppositional culture/identity created by the involuntary minority involves the incorporation of attitudes, behaviors, and speech styles that are stigmatized by the dominant group, which, of course, precludes those who adopt the manifestations of the oppositional culture from external success in the dominant culture. When immigrant minorities (voluntary minorities) acquire the language of the dominant culture, it is seen as an addition to the first language (non-oppositional primary differences). However, when nonimmigrant minorities (involuntary minorities) acquire the language of the dominant culture, it is the negation of their oppositional culture, and thus their cultural reality. Acting white
In 1986 Signithia Fordham co-authored, along with Ogbu, a study which concluded that some African American students in a Washington, D.C., high school did not live up to their academic potential because of the fear of being accused of "acting white." <mask> further echoed these findings in his 2003 book Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (which summarized his nine-month research on the educational gap between white and African-American students in the Shaker Heights City School District located in the upscale Cleveland suburb of Shaker Heights, Ohio).His book presents a cultural-ecological theory which highlights two sets of factors that shape minority students’ academic performance: 1) the system (the way society and institutions have historically treated and do treat minorities) and 2) community forces (how minorities respond to and interpret their treatment, which is highly dependent upon their unique history and minority status in America). He concluded that these students' cultural attitudes hindered their own academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected by parents, educators and/or policymakers. Though the study's conclusions gained a popular foothold and have been espoused by such noted figures as Bill Cosby, a later study obtained different results. In 2003, Karolyn Tyson, a sociologist, and William Darity Jr, an economist, both at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, directed an 18-month study at eleven North Carolina schools which found that white and black students have essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achievement; students in both groups want to succeed in school and show higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in school. The results of this study have been published in a book by Stanford sociologist Prudence Carter

A 2006 study titled An Empirical Analysis of "Acting White" by Roland G. Fryer, Jr. at Harvard University and Paul Torelli suggested that the phenomenon has a statistically significant effect on black student achievement, but only in certain school contexts. In public schools with high interracial contact and among high achieving students, there was an effect, but there was little or no effect in predominantly black or private schools. African American Vernacular English

In 1996, Ogbu played a prominent role in the debate about the utility of African American Vernacular English.As a member of a task force on African American education in Oakland, California he noted that linguists (e.g., William Labov, <mask>, Walt Wolfram, and others) have long distinguished between the "standard" or "proper" English required in the classroom and black vernacular English spoken at home and with peers. Ogbu encouraged teachers to become familiar with and to make use of this variety (called "Ebonics" by the Oakland Unified School District) in helping speakers of African American Vernacular English acquire Standard American English in addition to their "home" variety. Awards

 1979, Margaret Mead Award from the Society for Applied Anthropology. 1997, Elected Chancellor's Professor at University of California, Berkeley. 1997, Elected Fellow of the International Academy of Education. 1998, Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award from the American Educational Research Association. Death
He died in 2003 after suffering from a post-surgery heart attack at the Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center.He is survived by his wife, Marcellina <mask>, and his children Elizabeth, Nnanna, Grace, Cecilia, and Christina. He was buried in Nigeria. See also
 List of people from Ebonyi State

References

Further reading
Berube MR (2000). Eminent Educators: Studies in Intellectual Influence. Greenwood Press. .
Beuchling O (2012). Bildung als Adaptation? <mask><mask> und der kulturökologische Ansatz der Minderheiten- und Sozialisationsforschung.Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin. .
Brandes S, Dundes A, Nader L. In memoriam: <mask>. via University of California. Freedberg L (August 23, 2003). <mask>—Expert on Ethnic Success. San Francisco Chronicle. Gardner-Kitt Black student achievement: The influence of racial identity, ethnic identity, perception of school climate, and self-reported behaviorespse.ed.psu.edu/schoolpsych/126
Gibson MA, Ogbu JU (eds.). Minority Status and Schooling: A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Involuntary Minorities.New York: Garland, 1991. Goleman D (April 10, 1988). An Emerging Theory on Blacks' I.Q. Scores. New York Times Education Life, p. 23. Maclay K (August 26, 2003). Anthropology Professor <mask> Dies At Age 64.UC Berkeley News. Ogbu's Theory (December 1996). Special issue of Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4. Ogbu JU (1978). Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective.San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Ogbu JU (1981). Origins of Human Competence: A Cultural-Ecological Perspective. Child Development. Fordham S, Ogbu JU (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of 'acting white'." The Urban Review.Ogbu JU (1992). Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning. Educational Researcher. Ogbu JU (1987). Variability in Minority School Performance: A Problem in Search of an Explanation. Anthropology & Education Quarterly. Ogbu JU (2002).Cultural Amplifiers of Intelligence: IQ and Minority Status in Crosscultural Perspective, J. M. Fish Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Ogbu JU, Davis A (2003). Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. .
Ogbu JU, Simons HD (1998). Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly.Staff report (November 21, 1997). "What 15 Top Anthropologists Are Working On Now." The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. B7-B8. Tang HH (2003) New Arrival Students in Hong Kong: Adaptation and School Performance sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B29803810

1939 births
2003 deaths
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
Nigerian scientists
American social scientists
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Hope Waddell Institute alumni
People from Ebonyi State

masks:
John Uzo Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
Ogbu
John Rickford
Ada Ogbu
John U
. Ogbu
John Ogbu
John Ogbu
John Ogbu


title: Joan Hendriks

texts:
<mask> (born 1936), also known as Aunty <mask>, is a Ngugi elder of one of the three groups of Quandamooka people in Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia. She is the first Indigenous person appointed to the National Catholic Education Commission, and has brought Indigenous issues to the forefront at the United Nations and International Interfaith Forums. Hendriks is an elder at the Cleveland Murri Court. She is also a Catholic theologian and has written extensively on the conjunction of Aboriginal spirituality and Christianity. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1936 in Brisbane, Queensland, and raised in the suburb of Bulimba. She is the eldest of four children, with her mother being an Aboriginal woman, and her father of Irish-American descent. Hendriks attended Saints Peter and Paul’s Catholic Primary School in Bulimba as a young girl, and in 1947 she began studying at Lourdes Hill College in Brisbane, Queensland, which she was later appointed as an elder in residence.Her mother was part of one of the first Aboriginal groups in Queensland, Australia to be moved to a mission station on Stradbroke Island, Australia. Growing up, Hendriks struggled with balancing the two different cultures of which she was a member: Christianity and Aboriginal spirituality. Alongside this, Hendriks struggled to live as a daughter of a mixed-race marriage and witnessed the segregation of her parents from the Catholic church. As an Aboriginal woman, Hendriks felt as though her early life was dominated by Western ideals and social constructs, and sought her connection to her Aboriginality through her mother and Stradbroke Island. Marriage and children
Hendriks is married with four children. Education
Hendriks completed a degree at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia in the 1980s. She began her PhD in Theology at age 68.In a Western society this seems late to begin studying, but in her Aboriginal culture it is appropriate as with age comes wisdom, balance and trust. She graduated in 2008 and is currently completing her doctorate at the Australian Catholic University. Work
In the past, Hendriks has presented many workshops at primary schools, secondary schools, churches, local community organisations, and universities on the borderlands between Christianity and Aboriginal spirituality. In the 1980s she worked in the field of Aboriginal Education and Reconciliation and Justice for the Indigenous peoples of Australia. In 2004 she spoke internationally at the United Nations Indigenous Peoples Forums. She has also spoken at the United Nations Interfaith Forums on Aboriginal spirituality and Christianity. She has previously worked with Gerald Hall, a theologian and Catholic priest.He is now her mentor and friend. She currently works at the Australian Catholic University where she is a sessional lecturer in both the Diploma in Indigenous Education and the Bachelor of Primary Education (Indigenous Studies). As a sign of respect, many people - including her students - call her Aunty <mask>. Her work remains an important aspect in her life as she uses it as a forum for discussion between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians without resentment or tension. Philosophical and/or political views
Hendriks was raised with a Catholic background and continues to practice Christianity. She uses her spirituality to pave the way for other Christian Aboriginal Australians and continues to teach others how to find a balance between the two, speaking of both having equal parts of her soul. Hendriks promotes acceptance and understanding, believing that we should listen to one another’s stories to acknowledge, accept and move through past experiences.Hendriks values family greatly, stating that “ your family and where you come from creates a powerful interactive process that realizes an interconnected relationship with the great spirit of our dreaming”. Published Works
Hendriks published many works alone and with others, as well as participated as a special guest in media projects. In 2006, Hendriks published Moving the Way Forward on the Australasian Catholic Record. Collaborating with her friend and mentor Gerald Hall, Hendriks participated in Spirit of Religion: A Project for Meeting and Dialogue directed by Raimon Panikkar. Also alongside Gerald Hall, she presented The Natural Mysticism of Indigenous Australian Traditions at a Conference on Mysticism, Fullness of Life: Homage to Raimon Panikkar in Venice, Italy

In Aunty <mask> Goes to Venice, Hendriks discusses Australian Indigenous identity and faith to commemorate NAIDOC Week 2009 on ABC1. Hendriks is also featured in episode 5 of Coast Australia: Gold Coast to Sunshine Coast which was published on the Australian History Channel in 2013. Hendriks has also responded to Ronald Wilson’s Reconciliation: the key to the future, which was first published in 1997.Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
<mask> has received many awards and distinctions throughout her life so far. In 2007, Hendriks received the Honorary Fellowship from the Australian Catholic University. In 2008, she won the Australian Catholic University’s Indigenous Research Award and Scholarship for her study A Dialogue Between Christian Theology and Indigenous Spirituality. In May 2012, she was awarded the Doctor of the University by the Australian Catholic University for her work in Aboriginal education and relations. In 2013, she was a State Finalist for Senior Australian of the Year for her work in promoting reconciliation between all Australians. Also in 2013, she received the Lourdes Hill College International Women’s Day Woman of the Year Award. In addition to these awards and distinctions, Hendriks also regularly performs the Traditional Acknowledgment (of Indigenous land) at many major university functions in Queensland, Australia.<mask> is also a member of the Australian Catholic University Weemala Advisory Committee and the National Indigenous Advisory Committee. References

External links

Australian indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
1936 births
Living people
Australian Roman Catholic theologians
Women Christian theologians
Australian women activists

masks:
Joan Patricia Hendriks
Joan
Joan Hendriks
Joan
Joan
Hendriks
Hendriks


title: Rodrigo Riera

texts:
<mask> (19 September 1923 – 19 August 1999), was a Venezuelan guitarist and composer. He wrote a vital and important body of works for the guitar, inspired by and dedicated to the rich musical legacy of his region in the Lara state (Capital city: Barquisimeto) in Western Venezuela, displaying a loving nationalism that led him to be associated with the work of Antonio Lauro but with a technique that is more accessible to beginners and intermediate guitar players. He was also an important educator of the classical guitar. Many guitarists active today studied with him in the 1980s and 1990s. Lastly, he had an important career as a concert guitarist, but his recordings are relatively scarce and hard to find. Biography

Family and youth
<mask> was born in the township of Barrio Nuevo, in the city of Carora, in the state of Lara, in midwestern Venezuela. His father, Juan Teodosio Querales, was a music teacher.He grew up with his mother, Paula Antonia <mask> and his five older siblings. In addition to his music talent, <mask> inherited a congenital foot defect from his father. Despite this, he was able to have a normal childhood, even excelling in certain sports and physical activities. Like many other Venezuelan musicians, his first instrument was the cuatro and his first teachers were his peers and his own will. His first public recital took place in Carora at age thirteen. In 1937 he moved to Barquisimeto to look for better opportunities. In 1939, he was part of a guitar and vocal group called "Hermanos Riera" (founded by his brother Ruben).That year, he met fellow Carora guitarist Alirio Díaz, who wasn't planning to have a career in music at the time. In 1941, he and his group travelled to Caracas for a series of radio presentations. During that trip, he met guitarists Antonio Lauro and Manuel Enrique Perez Díaz, both fellow students of Raúl Borges. Lauro was so impressed with Riera's playing, that he wrote a letter recommending him to his teacher. Life's circumstances made it difficult for Riera to start studies under Borges until 1945. Studying under Raúl Borges
In September 1945, Riera's and Alirio Díaz' paths crossed again, this time at the footsteps of the Escuela de Música de Caracas to meet and audition for the guitar classes of Raúl Borges. They graduated in 1949 with the highest of grades.In March of that year, they were introduced to Andrés Segovia, who was visiting Venezuela at the time. Segovia was impressed enough with the pair, because he invited them to his master classes that were to start the following year in Siena, Italy. Studies in Europe
Despite their obvious qualities as promising guitarists, it took some time for Díaz and <mask> to establish themselves in Europe. <mask> started his studies in the Real Conservatorio de Música y Declamación in Madrid in 1952. He obtained a "First Class Diploma" in 1953. In this year, he started his career as a classical guitar performer. During the Summer of 1954, he was able to attend Segovia's master classes at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena.Segovia led him to perfect his already highly developed technique. It was generally accepted that both he and Díaz were above average in terms of technique and repertoire. Furthermore, they renewed the rather stale (at the time) guitar repertoire, by bringing to Europe the works of important Latin-American composers, which were largely unknown at the time. Graduation and concert tours
In 1954, <mask> married Julia Esteban Esteban in Spain and established Madrid as his main place of residence. They had four children together, all of whom were to become musicians: María Josefina, Rubén, Andrés Raúl and Juan José. The second half of the 1950s was spent touring Europe and Venezuela, playing the repertoire that Segovia had established, as well as the works of Latin-American composers such as the aforementioned Lauro, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Agustín Barrios Mangoré, Manuel Ponce, Vicente Emilio Sojo and his old master, Raúl Borges. During those touring years, he started introducing his own pieces in his repertoire.<mask> also performed many guitar duo concerts with his friend Alirio Díaz. In 1956, the two recorded an LP of popular Latin American pieces under a pseudonym to avoid incurring the wrath of Segovia, who frowned at the popular repertoire for the guitar (the album was released as El Uno y El Otro i.e. "One and the Other"). New York: the consolidation of a triple career
In 1962, Venezuelan writer and composer Conny Méndez invited Riera to stage a concert in New York, where she was residing. The recital was very successful in a city which, although traditionally is rich in culture, was thirsty for good classical guitar. <mask> ended up staying for years, consolidating his triple career as composer, concert guitarist and teacher. During those years, <mask> composed many important works, the best known today being the Preludio Criollo, which is a required piece in the guitar syllabi in Europe and the Americas.He also composed the prelude Elorac which features a very daring harmonic structure and style that predates the works of modern guitar composers such as Leo Brouwer, Roland Dyens and Carlo Domeniconi. <mask> also performed many times on different stages and concert halls in the U.S. East Coast both as a solo guitarist and as featured soloist with an orchestra. <mask> was a popular member of New York's Society of the Classic Guitar. He frequented Mirko's Restaurant, a salon frequented by luminaries of the New York guitar scene, namely Vladimir Bobri, Gregory d'Alessio, and Segovia's inner circle. Known as the leading improviser on the classic guitar he created spontaneous accompaniments to many standard etudes. <mask> collaborated with the Robert Joffrey Ballet Company arranging a work for guitar and orchestra, Antonio Vivaldi's Concerto in D-Major for Violin, Strings, a Cembalo, Pincherle 151 which he performed many times. The work, Viva Vivaldi, remains a mainstay in the Joffrey repertoire.The return to Venezuela: Self-realization as educator
In 1969 he decided to move back to Venezuela with his family. He established himself in Barquisimeto, in 1971, where he created a music studies program for the Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado. Additionally, in the summer months, he opened a teaching practice similar to what he had experienced in Siena. In 1971, he ran the first Curso Internacional de Guitarra between July 1 and August 30. Many Venezuelan and foreign-born guitarists attended. The last one took place in 1991. Last years
He spent his last years composing and teaching further.His presence was often a cherished sight at guitar festivals in Caracas and other cities, where he held informal meetings and fraternal conversations with other guitarists of fame, like Alirio Díaz, Leo Brouwer, David Russell, Carlos Barbosa-Lima, and of course his many pupils, several of which are now celebrities. A composer's competition was established bearing his name. <mask> died in Barquisimeto on August 9, 1999. Guitar works
The work of <mask> concentrates on Latin American forms. He once said that he "would feel silly [...writing...] fugues and minuets, when we don't have that kind of music [in Latin America]." Therefore, his compositions are a reflection of the music that was popular in the early 20th century. He wrote valses, danzas, joropos, golpes, gaitas, merengues and even a few choros.Most popular pieces
<mask>'s compositions are not easy to catalog or categorize, as there is a copious assortment of notable compositions from his years in Spain, like Choro (1960). Merengue Venezolano (1962), Serenata Ingenua (1963), and Canción Caroreña (1964); from his years in New York, as Preludio Criollo (1963), Elorac, (1964), A Venezuelan triptych - Melancolía, Monotonía, Nostalgia (1968), Golpe al Diablo de Carora (1969); and those compositions he created in Venezuela, the most popular of which are: Chorinho, Homenaje a la Chicachagua, Pajarillo con Revoltillo (1980s), and Suite Popular - Homage to Maestro Antonio Lauro (1990). Complete list of works

Disclaimer: Though fairly accurate, this list may prove to be confusing (especially to the non-fluent in Spanish language) due to several reasons: first, <mask> was not so prolific at inventing names for his compositions as he was at creating music, so there are many repeated names corresponding to distinct compositions; second, the names that he chose consist mostly of the genre of the piece, which adds to the confusion: i.e., Estudio (étude), Preludio (prélude), and Valse (waltz) were his favorite words for naming his creations. Obviously, there is a strong need for a numbered catalogue if <mask>'s works are ever to be orderly published. Dedications (ded. ), dates and places of the compositions have been included whenever available. WORKS FOR THE GUITAR

 Aire venezolano, 17.Mar.1963;
 Perfil gitano, New York, 1964;
 Estudio to put a kitten to sleep, 25.May.1972;
 Sugerente, waltz, Barquisimeto, 12.Mar.1976, ded.to his son Andrés Raúl;
 Preludio (Estudio), Caracas, 14.Jun.1976, ded. to his friend Francisco Andrés, inspired on J.S.Bach;
 Paseo, 25.Nov.1978;
 Joropito, 25.Dec.1978;
 Aguinaldo, Barquisimeto, 4.Dec.1978;
 Melodía para dos guitarras, Barquisimeto, 6.Dec.1978 (there is a transcription for guitar and bassoon);
 Preludio estudio, 1978;
 Valse Estudio, Barquisimeto, 3.Mar.1979;
 Valse (Suite to sing to the Peoples);
 Valse Estudio, Barquisimeto, 5.Jun.1979;
 Seis por derecho, 20.Jun.1979,
 Estudio preludio, Barquisimeto, 18.Nov.1979;
 Preludio, Barquisimeto, 28.Nov.1979;
 Estudio, 25.Jun.197? ; Preludio, 27.Jan.1980;
 Melodía (in waltz form), Barquisimeto, 5.Apr.1980;
 El Poeta, Barquisimeto, 5.Apr.1980;
 Valse al negro Tino, Barquisimeto, 16.May.1980;
 Preludio Ingenuo, 9.Jul.1980;
 Canción y Danza, Barquisimeto, 18. VII.1980, ded. to his cousin Ignacio Ramos Silva, guitarist;
 Preludio, Barquisimeto, 22.Jul.1980;
 Preludio estudio. 28.Sep.1980;
 Julita, Barquisimeto, 1980, waltz;
 El simplón, Barquisimeto, 9.Jun. 1981, tres Guitarras, waltz etude;
 Pajarillo con revoltillo, Barquisimeto,1 981, ded.to his son Rubén;
 Valse en forma de preludio, 10.Mar.1982;
 Pequeño Valse, 1.Apr.1982;
 Valse lento, 10.Jun.1982;
 Estudio in danza zuliana form, Barquisimeto, 15.Nov.1982;
 Danza popular venezolana, Barquisimeto, 23.Dec.1982;
 Estudio, Barquisimeto, 9.Feb.1983;
 Estudio, 21.Mar. 1983;
 Estudio, 24.Mar.1983;
 Estudio-danza, Barquisimeto, 6. IV. 1983;
 Preludio a Luis, 16.May.1983;
 Valse, Barquisimeto, 15.Jul. 1983, waltz etude;
 Estudio, Barquisimeto, 25.Oct.1983;
 Merengue venezolano, Barquisimeto, 27.Oct. 1983, etude;
 Merengue venezolano, ?.Mar.1984;
 Preludio, 20. XI.1984, Preludio in etude form;
 Pequeña danza, Barquisimeto, 17.Apr.1985, etude;
 Merengue, 23.Apr.1985, etude;
 Danza, 24.Apr.1985, etude;
 Canción, 25.Apr.1985, etude;
 Preludio, Barquisimeto, 24.Apr.1985;
 Danza, 6.May.1985;
 Danza infantil, 6.May.1985;
 El Carne, 21.May.1985, merengue-etude;
 Valse Estudio, Barquisimeto, 21.May.1985;
 Preludio, Barquisimeto, 22.V. 1985;
 Danza en forma de estudio, Barquisimeto, 3.Jun. 1985;
 Danza, Barquisimeto, 18.Jun.1985;
 Preludio, 21.Nov. 1985, etude;
 Lección en forma de chôro, Barquisimeto, 5.Mar.1986, ded. to Felipe Sangiorgi (Musicologist);
 Preludio criollo, Editado por ´´Edition Sikorsk´´i NR, Germany, c.1963, recorded by the composer;
 Danza a Maracaibo, recorded by the composer;
 Serenata ingenua, recorded by the composer;
 Merengue Venezolano, recorded by the composer;
 Canción Caroreña, recorded by the composer;
 Choro (Publ. by Unión Musical Española), Madrid, 1964, recorded by the composer;
 Nana, (Publ. by Unión Musical Española), Madrid, 1964;
 Melancolía (Published in the Cuatro Piezas Venezolanas collection, Halstan y Co. Lid, England, c. 1984);
 Monotonía Nostalgia, ídem. ;
 Valse, ded.to Nando Riera, recorded by the composer;
 Elorac, ded. to Carole Warner, (Published by Unión Musical Española),  Madrid, 1964, recorded by the composer;
 Estudio; a simple melody in country waltz form;
  Joropo; Etude;
 El Encandilador de Zamuros, based on a store by the same name;
 Danza a Manolay;
 Preludio a la Cruz;
 Melody for an Etude by Sor, ded. Etta Zaccaria and  Gustavo Lopez;
 Oración al Jueves Santo, Preludio;
 Alegre Golpe; Canción I; Canción II; Valse ded. to don Manuel Guerrero;
 Estudio Lento; El juguetón, etudes in waltz form; Canción, recorded by the composer;
 Joropo, improvisation while being recorded by the composer;
 Merengue, etude;
 Valse, etude;
 Preludio; Manotolo; Estudio in merengue form;
 Valse Estudio; etude in joropo form;
 Aire venezolano;
 Valse etude;
 Danza venezolana;
 Preludio en terceras;
 Andante;
 Danza infantil, merengue infantil;
 Canción, etude;
 Danza Estudio, Andante, etudes;
 Valse, waltz ded. to Agapito Pérez Cordero, guitarist;
 Estudio; Estudio de simples accordes; Vals campestre, ded. to his son Andrés Raúl;
 Homenaje a La Chica Chagua;
 Canción a mi hija María Josefina, ded. to daughter María Josefina;
 Danza al Zulia, zulian dance;
 Aire zuliano, ded.to his student Darío González;
 Valse a mi Nacha Mosquera, waltz ded. to Nacha Mosquera;
 Canción blanda y Valse estudio, ded. to his son Rubén;
 Homenaje a Teresa Rojas; Golpe al diablo de Carora; Ysabel, Mercedes, waltzes;
 Pequeña suite para guitarra a la manera de mi pueblo, Canción, Danza, Pequeño Valse, song, dance, little waltz;
 El popular, waltz, ded. to his friend the artist Jesús Soto;
 Canción, ded. to Raúl Borges;
 Preludio; Dance; Study; Autograph; Venezuelan profile for two guitars. TRANSCRIPTIONS & ARRANGEMENTS:

 Fernando Sor, Two small works for guitar, for three guitars;
 Antonio Lauro, Natalia, waltz, Barquisimeto, 13.May.1981, arr. for two guitars;
 Flavio Herrera, Polka;
 (anonymous) Tonada.Bibliography
 Bruzual, Alejandro - <mask> - La Parábola de la Tierra Ediciones Farmatodo, 1999

Other sources:
 Interviews
 Enciclopedia de la Música en Venezuela, ed. Fundación Bigott (), Caracas, Venezuela, 1998)
 Personal files of <mask>. 1923 births
1999 deaths
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century classical composers
Composers for the classical guitar
Male classical composers
People from Lara (state)
Venezuelan composers
Venezuelan classical guitarists
Male guitarists
20th-century guitarists
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Rodrigo Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Riera
Rodrigo
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Riera
Rodrigo Riera
Rodrigo Riera


title: Andrew Millar (scientist)

texts:
<mask>, FRS, FRSE is a Scottish chronobiologist, systems biologist, and molecular geneticist. <mask> is a professor at The University of Edinburgh and also serves as its chair of systems biology. <mask> is best known for his contributions to plant circadian biology; in the Steve Kay lab, he pioneered the use of luciferase imaging to identify circadian mutants in Arabidopsis. Additionally, <mask>'s group has implicated the ELF4 gene in circadian control of flowering time in Arabidopsis. <mask> was elected to the Royal Society in 2012 and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2013. Life
<mask> was raised in Luxembourg. He later attended Cambridge University where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1988, studying genetics and winning University Prizes for botany in 1987 and genetics in 1988.After graduation, he began doctoral study in the United States at The Rockefeller University under the mentorship of Nam-Hai Chua, FRS, and graduated in 1994 with a PhD in plant molecular genetics. He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Science Foundation (NSF) Center for Biological Timing at the University of Virginia under the guidance of Steve A. Kay and Gene D. Block in 1995. In 1996, he joined the faculty of the University of Warwick, where he began to work on synthetic and systems biology in conjunction with plant chronobiology. He remained at Warwick until 2005, when he joined the faculty at The University of Edinburgh. <mask> helped found SynthSys, a centre for synthetic and systems biology research partnered with the University of Edinburgh, in 2007. Research

Luciferase and plant circadian biology
As a pioneering chronobiologist, <mask> is known for his use of luciferase reporters for the purpose of studying plant circadian biology. <mask> began experimenting with the firefly luciferase reporter gene as a graduate student at The Rockefeller University.In 1992, <mask> and colleagues fused the Arabidopsis cab2 promoter and the firefly luciferase gene to establish a real-time reporter for circadian-regulated gene expression in plants. <mask> tracked the rhythm of transcription from the cab2 promoter using a low-light video imaging system which tracks luciferase bioluminescence. <mask> hypothesized that this model could be used to isolate mutants in the plant circadian clock. In 1995, <mask> and colleagues used this luciferase model to identify mutant Arabidopsis plants with abnormal cycling patterns. <mask>'s group found cab2 expression to oscillate with a shorter period in toc1 mutant plants compared to wild type plants. These methods and discoveries were published in and featured on the cover of Science magazine in February 1995. <mask>'s luciferase experiments have contributed immensely to the current understanding of the circadian clock in plants.Specifically, <mask>'s work in 1995 and 2012 have been integral in the development of the repressilator model in plants. Role of ELF3 and ELF4
With Kay's group, Millar identified roles for the ELF3 and ELF4 genes in the plant circadian system. Plants with loss-of-function mutations in elf3 exhibited arrhythmicity in constant light conditions but not in constant darkness, suggesting that elf3 was necessary for proper control of the clock by light. Additionally, <mask> and colleagues showed that ELF3 and its paralog ELF4 are necessary for the proper rhythmic expression of two other important genes involved in the plant circadian clock, Circadian Clock Associated 1 (CCA1) and Late Elongated Hypocotyl (LHY). These early efforts greatly contributed to efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying the function of the plant circadian oscillator. ELF3 and ELF4 have been shown to be important mediators of light input into the plant circadian oscillator. The mechanisms underlying the oscillator's function, specifically the full extent of "ELF3" and "ELF4"'s interactions with other parts of the clock, are an active area of research.Evolutionary biology of plant circadian clocks
In 2005, <mask> and his colleagues discovered how plant circadian clocks increase photosynthesis and growth, thereby offering a selective advantage. First, they compared the survivability of wild-type Arabidopsis, which has a circadian period of about 24 hours, when grown in a 20-hour, then 24-hour, and lastly 28-hour light-dark cycle. Then they examined long (28-hour) and short (20-hour) period mutants grown in light-dark cycles that were similar to, or dissimilar from, their endogenous clock periods. In all three strains, leaves contained more chlorophyll when the period of the plant matched that of the environment. Additionally, both short and long period mutants fixed around 40% more carbon when exogenous periods matched their endogenous rhythms, consistent with the hypothesis of circadian resonance. <mask>'s experiments demonstrated one possible mechanism that has selected for circadian clock function during plant evolution. Current research
In 2017, <mask> and colleagues quantitatively explained and predicted canonical phenotypes of circadian timing in a multicellular, model organism.The research team used metabolic and physiological data to combine and extend mathematical models of rhythmic gene expression, photoperiod-dependent flowering, elongation growth, and starch metabolism within a framework model for Arabidopsis. The model predicted the effect of altered circadian timing upon particular phenotypes in clock-mutant plants. Whole-plant growth rate decreased, which was attributed to altered night-time metabolism of stored starch in addition to altered mobilisation of secondary stores of organic acids. Positions
 BBSRC Research Development Fellow (2002–2007)
 Manager of the Interdisciplinary Program for Cellular Regulation (2003–2004)
 Professor of Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh (2005–present)
 Founding Director of the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh (2007–2011)
 Elected EMBO member (2011)
 Fellow of the Royal Society (2012)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2013)

Awards
 Society for Experimental Biology President's Medal (1999)
 British Association for the Advancement of Science Charles Darwin Award Lecture (2000)
 Saltire Award for Scottish Research (2009)
 Aschoff's Rule (2015)

See also
 Circadian Rhythm
 ELF4
 Steve A. Kay
 Gene D. Block

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rockefeller University alumni
British geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization

masks:
Andrew John McWalter Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Andrew Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar
Millar


title: Cal Bruton

texts:
<mask>,  (born 29 September 1954) is an American-born Australian former professional basketball player and coach. He has been an integral part of the National Basketball League (NBL) since its inception. <mask> won an NBL championship with the Brisbane Bullets in 1985, was a two-time member of the All-NBL First Team while playing for the Geelong Supercats and was named NBL Coach of the Year while he was a player-coach for the Supercats in 1982. He also won a second NBL championship while coaching the Perth Wildcats in 1990. As a result, <mask> became one of the first inductees into the NBL Hall of Fame when it opened in 1998. Originally an American import, <mask> became a naturalised Australian in 1983. He renounced his American citizenship to play for the Australia men's national basketball team in 1986.<mask>'s son, C. J., played in the NBL and became successful in his own right. Professional career
<mask> was a basketball playground legend from Jamaica, Queens in New York City. <mask> played his high school basketball at Springfield Gardens. Bruton attended Wichita State University on a basketball scholarship and as a senior was first team all Missouri Valley Conference on an NCAA Tournament Team and was rated as one of the top point guards in the nation despite being only  tall. <mask> was one of the first imports to play in the NBL, joining the Brisbane Bullets for the inaugural 1979 NBL season. <mask> led all scorers in the NBL's first year, averaging over 33.2 points per game. <mask> later joined the Geelong Supercats in 1982 as a playing coach where he would win the NBL Coach of the Year in his first season.During his tenure with the Supercats, <mask> was also named to the All-NBL First Team in 1983 and 1984. As coach of Geelong, <mask> led the team to the 1982 NBL Grand Final where they were defeated 80–74 by the West Adelaide Bearcats at the Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium in Newcastle. In their 15 seasons of NBL competition from 1982 to 1996, this would prove to be Geelong's only NBL Grand Final appearance. <mask> rejoined the Bullets in 1985 and helped them to their first NBL championship with a 121–95 win over the Adelaide 36ers. This success was followed in 1986 when the naturalised <mask> represented the Australian Boomers at the 1986 FIBA World Championship in Spain. After returning from Spain Bruton helped the Bullets into their fourth straight Grand Final where they would again face the Adelaide 36ers. For 1986 the NBL had extended the Grand Final to a best-of-three series.Game 1 was played in front of a record crowd of 11,000 at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre and saw a 122–119 win for Adelaide in overtime saw them overwhelming favourites (the 36ers had gone 24–2 during the season) to go home and wrap up the championship at the Apollo Stadium where they had an imposing 14–0 record up until that point of the season (and in fact had not lost since June 1985, a streak of 20 straight home wins). Brisbane, led by <mask> with 38 points, Ron Radliff and Larry Sengstock, stunned the 36ers with a 104–83 win to force a third and deciding game just two days later. Bruton's best friend off the court also happened to be Adelaide's point guard Al Green who was also a native of New York. The two, best friends off the court but the fiercest of rivals on it, had a running battle in Game 3 with Green eventually coming out on top leading Adelaide to a 113–91 victory for the 36ers' first NBL title. <mask> led all scorers, averaging 30.0 points, plus he had 3.3 assists per game over the Grand Final series. Following the 1986 Grand Final series, <mask> had a public falling out with Bullets coach Brian Kerle and was sacked from the club under controversial circumstances. He was immediately snapped up as playing coach of perennial easy-beats the Perth Wildcats for the 1987 NBL season and immediately set about building a championship contending team.He recruited two players who would become stars with the Wildcats,  centre/power forwards James Crawford (a teammate of Bruton's at Geelong in 1982 known as the "Alabama Slamma" for his dunking ability) and former Harlem Globetrotter Kendal "Tiny" Pinder. As playing coach of the Wildcats Bruton built a team to beat the reigning NBL champions, the Adelaide 36ers. His plan paid off when the Wildcats defeated Adelaide 2–1 in the semi-finals (both wins were on Adelaide's home court were the 36ers had only lost twice during the season). Perth were unable to overcome Bruton's old team Brisbane and went down 2–0 in the Grand Final series. Bruton played three seasons in Perth (two of which he shared playing and coaching duties), before becoming the head coach in 1990 in somewhat controversial circumstances. Alan Black was the head coach for the Wildcats at the beginning of the 1990 season, but after only two matches he was replaced by Bruton. Despite this eventful start to the season Bruton guided the Wildcats to its first NBL championship when they defeated the Brisbane Bullets (still coached by Kerle) 2–1 in the Grand Final series.<mask> himself was replaced the following year by Murray Arnold. <mask> sat out the 1991 NBL season, but returned in 1992 with another of the NBL's perennial easy-beats, the Hobart Devils. This would again later result in <mask> becoming the head coach for the Devils in their final season in 1996. In the 1999–2000 NBL season, <mask> once again returned to coaching, this time for the Canberra Cannons. Like with the Hobart Devils, the Cannons were in financial difficulty at the time and their future was looking bleak. The 2002–03 season saw the financial difficulties of the Cannons reaching boiling point and it was announced their license would be sold. This series of events resulted in <mask> quitting the Cannons and not following the club in their move to Newcastle as the Hunter Pirates.During the 2006–07 NBL season, <mask> was signed as interim head coach of the West Sydney Razorbacks, taking over in the middle of the season though he wasn't retained as coach for 2007–08. Bruton now also helps out coaching for junior teams in his spare time, as a role model to the junior basketball players. He was also once in a celebrity episode of 1980s gameshow It's a Knockout where he dressed in a horse suit alongside Big Sports Breakfast co-host and journalist Terry Kennedy. Bruton was awarded an Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in the 2021 Australia Day Honours, for "For service to basketball as a player and coach." Honour roll

NBL career stats

References

External links
<mask> at ozhoopsalmanac.com

1954 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American emigrants to Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American men's basketball players
Australian men's basketball players
Basketball players from New York City
Brisbane Bullets players
Geelong Supercats players
Hobart Devils players
Perth Wildcats players
Point guards
National Basketball League (Australia) coaches
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball players
1986 FIBA World Championship players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Calvin Thomas Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Cal
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Bruton
Cal Bruton