title: Pedro José Lobo

texts:
Pedro José Lobo  Order of the Colonial Empire, Order of Infante D. Henrique  (Manatuto, Timor-Leste, January 12, 1892 – Hong Kong, October 1, 1965) was an important entrepreneur, politician, philanthropist, civil servant, musician, leader and cultural facilitator of Macau, a prominent member of the Macanese elite of the time. As head of the Central Bureau of Economic Services, <mask> distinguished himself during World War II, in the resolution of the 1952 Portas do Cerco Incident, and in the gold trade, which enriched him. He was also owner and manager of the Macau Water Supply Company and founder of the Macau Air Transport Company (MATCO), in 1948. He was also a patron and promoter of Macau's cultural, musical and artistic life. He founded Rádio Vila Verde and the Cultural Circle of Macau. <mask> was president of the Municipal Council of Macau (1959–1964) and member of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia. In religious terms, he was a member of the Congregation of Our Lady of Fatima, which brought together Catholic local devotees to Our Lady of Fatima.Biography

On January 12, 1892, <mask> <mask> was born in Manatuto, in Timor-Leste. Of Portuguese nationality, he was a mestizo Portuguese-descendant or Macanese from Timor, with Malay, Chinese, Dutch and Portuguese ancestors. <mask>'s adoptive father was the lawyer Belarmino <mask>, born in Goa on May 21, 1849 and died in Dili on November 9, 1914. On October 20, 1917, the government official in Timor, César Augusto Rocha de Abreu Castelo Branco released him, "upon request, from the position of member of the Dili Municipal Commission". <mask> studied at the prestigious São José Seminary in Macau. On October 16, 1920, <mask> married in Hong Kong Branca Helena Hyndman, the daughter of an old Macanese family that lived in Macau in the 18th century and in Hong Kong in the early years of its foundation. The Hyndman family, influential in Hong Kong, has Scottish, Portuguese and Asian ancestry.<mask> had six children with Branca Hyndman: Marieta Hyndman <mask>, Olivia Maria Hyndman <mask>, Rogério Hyndman <mask> (or Sir Roger <mask>), Natércia Hyndman <mask>, Orlando dos Passos Hyndman Lobo and <mask> <mask>. World War II

During World War II, <mask>, as director of the Central Bureau of Economic Services (also called the Bureau of Economic Services of Macau) had to deal with the Japanese to solve the desperate problem of scarcity of food and other necessities. The Japanese had seized the Hong Kong region in December 1941 and thus de facto controlled the borders of the officially neutral Portuguese colony. To deal with this problem, <mask>, representing the Government of Macau, proceeded to nationalize all food items in Macau's private businesses and stores. This nationalization consisted of buying all the necessary food items, such as rice, cereals and preserved cans, at a fair market price, and storing them in government stores created for this purpose. However, this solution failed to free Macau from long-term hunger, as many people, especially refugees, were unable to afford the increasingly astronomical prices of food, resorting to and emptying these public stores. As the problem worsened, the Government of Macau, headed by Governor Gabriel Maurício Teixeira and represented by <mask>, had to deliver to the Japanese everything that had value, including ships, cannons and communication equipment, in exchange for food.Thus, the Japanese were able to control Macau's economic and political activity. In fact, Colonel Sawa, a commander of the Kempeitai, was effectively the shadow chief of the Macau Bureau of Economic Services, then formally led by <mask>. To manage trade between the Government and the Japanese, the latter created the Macau Cooperative Company (CCM), a monopoly company owned by the Government (33.3%), the Japanese army (33.3%) and several wealthy entrepreneurs (33.3%), most of whom were from Hong Kong. These entrepreneurs, among whom Sir Robert Ho Tung stood out, managed to take refuge and transfer their business and goods to Macau, even before Hong Kong was occupied by the Japanese. Officially, this monopoly company was managed by <mask> <mask>, the delegate of the Government of Macau. But in fact it was controlled by the Japanese and served the Japanese political-military objectives of controlling the circulation of essential goods in Macau. In addition to the Japanese, the Macau Cooperative Company (CCM) also served the interests of its business shareholders and speculators, who were able to profit from the food shortages caused by the war.However, the Macau Government, more concerned with keeping Japanese food permits and meeting the basic needs of its population, did not care that the private shareholders profited from it. From this and other businesses Stanley Ho, who achieved a prominent position at CCM because of his great uncle Robert Ho Tung, and <mask> <mask>, became rich. Near the end of the war, on January 16, 1945, the gas tanks of the Outer Harbor and several strategic points in Macau were bombed and machine-gunned by American planes, despite the fact that Macau was neutral territory. The air raid left five dead and several injured. Gasoline, which was to be sold to the Japanese that day in exchange for rice, was set on fire. <mask>, who was the exchange negotiator and was present in the warehouses at the time of the attack, fled immediately to his car, which was also strafed and machine-gunned. He managed to survive because he threw himself on the ground, abandoning the car.Gold trading

After the Second World War, the gold trade became one of the most important economic activities in Macau, because Macau was not currently covered by the 1944 Bretton Woods agreements. These international agreements fixed exchange rates and restricted world trade in gold, banning imports of gold for individual use and stipulating that each troy ounce of gold legally cost US$35. At that time, the lucrative but obscure trade in gold was effectively controlled by a restricted group of businessmen from Macau and Hong Kong, among whom were Ho Sin Hang, Cheng Yu Tung, YC Liang, Ho Yin and <mask> <mask>. With his involvement in the gold trade, <mask> became one of the wealthiest men in Macau and Far East, in the 1950s. However, not all historians agree that the concession of the monopoly of the gold trade was attributed to <mask>. In addition to being an entrepreneur, he also controlled the issuing and granting of licenses for import, including gold, since he was at the time the head of the Central Bureau of Economic Services of Macau. With this control, <mask> managed to create "a group of strong allies, who gave him information, who told him what was going on".At the time, it was said that <mask> was the only citizen of Macau who could smuggle gold without being arrested by the authorities. This gold was purchased in countries that did not adhere to the Bretton Woods Agreements (e.g. Russia and Mexico) at a price much lower than the international reference value stipulated by the Agreements. The gold was transported from Hong Kong to Macau every Saturday by a seaplane Catalina from Macau Air Transport Company (MATCO). It was said that the police themselves helped to unload this gold, which was then sold at an international reference price ($35 per ounce) in Macau, entering the official circuit and thus giving <mask> a good profit. <mask> José <mask> also profited from the Macau-Hong Kong air link made by Macau Air Transport Company (MATCO) seaplanes, which was founded in 1948 by <mask> and the Cathay Pacific founders. At the time, this company was the only company that flew the Macau-Hong Kong air route and served to transport gold from Hong Kong to Macau.This gold, which arrived in Hong Kong from several different countries, could not be traded in Hong Kong, because this British colony was covered by the Bretton Woods Agreements at that time. Due to this fact, a Macau-Hong Kong trade axis was established, in which Hong Kong, British, French, Swiss, and American businessmen also participated, thus using Macau to "legalize [their] business". Due to his importance and wealth, several magazines and writers wrote about <mask>, as was the case with Life magazine and the book "Thrilling Cities" (1959) by Ian Fleming, best known for being the creator of James Bond. Ian Fleming, who visited Macau in 1959, interviewed <mask> about the gold trade and his impressions of Macau. Some authors claim that <mask> <mask> served as the basis for the creation of the characters Goldfinger and Oddjob, who appear in the adventures of James Bond. Siege Gate Incident

In 1952, during Joaquim Marques Esparteiro, the Portas do Cerco Incident took place, a series of small armed conflicts between Portuguese and Chinese soldiers at the Portas do Cerco, the land border between Macau and Mainland China. At that time, this boundary was not yet well-defined, thus generating confusion and disputes.The incident was mainly caused by the fact that the Government of Macau decided, under pressure from the governments of Portugal and the United States of America, to increase control of the movement of goods between Macau and the People's Republic of China, which at that time was under a Western embargo. The Government planned to set up a Trade Coordinating Commission, independent of the Sino-Macanese elite, to exercise control of movement. Armed conflicts intensified in May, June, and mainly in July, when the Chinese authorities unilaterally imposed a blockade on commercial, land, river, and sea communications between Macau and mainland China. This blockade caused a major shortage of basic goods, mainly food, in Macau. In August, after intense negotiations through local diplomatic intermediaries, the authorities in Macau and mainland China were able to resolve the incident. These diplomatic intermediaries were members of the local Sino-Macanese elite, among whom Ho Yin, Ma Man-kei, and <mask> <mask> stood out. In fact, it was <mask> who managed to resolve the impasse of the negotiations, by suggesting offering his personal regret for the incident, thus not compromising the Portuguese administration of Macau.In August 1952, <mask> eventually signed a written apology on behalf of the Portuguese administration in Zhuhai and provided compensation for the Chinese casualties. The resolution of the incident allowed the People's Republic of China to continue to use Macau as a gateway for necessary and strategic goods prohibited by the Western embargo. According to Portuguese historian Moisés Silva Fernandes, the increased status that <mask> <mask> and Ho Yin came to enjoy after the incident allowed them to prevent, during the next ten years, any increase in taxes and fees on the gold monopoly previously granted to <mask> and Ho Yin by the Government of Macau. <mask>'s importance was also revealed in the great influence he had on the newly created Trade Coordinating Commission, which was supposed to be theoretically independent from the local elite. In fact, before the incident Governor Esparteiro had secretly ordered the commission to "maintain an intimate collaboration" with <mask>, because he "has extensive experience in the matter and [his] indications and advice can be very useful", this support being "indispensable for the smooth running of the work under the responsibility of the Commission". Culture and arts
Being a great lover of culture and especially music, <mask> directed operettas and wrote several musical works, some of which were praised by the Musical Academy of Lisbon. His musical compositions were grouped into several albums.One of his most important and famous compositions was an operetta in three acts, called "Cruel Separation", first presented to the public in 1950/1951. In 1950, <mask> founded the Cultural Circle of Macau (CCM), which aimed to "promote the dissemination of artistic-literary culture, especially Portuguese [...] and make Macau, under all its multiple aspects, better and more perfectly known in the Metropolis, in the other Portuguese colonies, and in all parts of the world where the mother tongue" is spoken. Among other things, the CCM published the cultural magazine "Mosaico", written in Portuguese, Chinese and English. The main contributors to "Mosaico" were Graciette Batalha, Father Fernando Herberto Maciel, Henrique de Senna Fernandes, <mask> Machado, Luís Gonzaga Gomes, Captain Pimentel Bastos, Lígia Pinto Ribeiro and António Nolasco. Basically, the various activities sponsored and organized by the CCM marked and enriched Macau's cultural life in the 1950s. References

1892 births
1965 deaths
20th-century Portuguese businesspeople
20th-century Portuguese politicians
20th-century Portuguese musicians

masks:
Pedro José Lobo
Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Pedro Hyndman
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Lobo
Pedro José
Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
Pedro Lobo
José Silveira


title: Rajendra Srivastava

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is Novartis Professor of Marketing Strategy and Innovation at the Indian School of Business. He has been a tenured professor and an academic administrator and has worked in the United States, Singapore, and India. He has been listed in the Forbes's Tycoons of Tomorrow 2018. He is also a member of the board of directors of Happiest Minds, a publicly listed company in India. Early life and education
Born in Lucknow, India, <mask> did his schooling at the La Martiniere College, Lucknow and he holds a B.Tech. (Honors) in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, MS (Industrial Engineering) from the University of Rhode Island, and MBA and Ph.D. in business from the University of Pittsburgh. Education:
1979	Ph.D. (Business Administration), University of Pittsburgh
1978	MBA, University of Pittsburgh
1974	MS (Industrial Engineering), University of Rhode Island
1972	B.Tech.(Mechanical Engineering), Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Academic career

<mask> has served as Provost and Deputy President at Singapore Management University, and as Senior Associate Dean at both the McCombs Business School at the University of Texas at Austin and at the Goizueta Business School at Emory University. He has held the George Kozmetsky Centennial Chair at UT-Austin and the Roberto C. Goizueta Chair in Marketing and Digital Commerce at Emory University. <mask> serves as a Research Fellow at the Institute for Studies in Business Markets (ISBM), Smeal College of Business, Penn State University and at IC-Sq. Institute, the University of Texas at Austin. He is also a Mack Institute Senior Fellow, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. He has been a Visiting Professor at London Business School, Indian School of Business and Helsinki School of Economics. He has led innovation-driven and research-informed changes in academic programs.He is a strong advocate for a balance between theory and practice as well as for relevant research that informs and influences both management practices and public policy. Professional activities and research

Srivastava is committed to cross-functional integration in the management of business processes. He has championed inter-disciplinary research and academic programs and has nurtured multi-disciplinary areas of excellence in financial markets, innovation, and business analytics at SMU. This interest is also reflected in his work related to technology commercialization at ATI and IC2 Institute at UT Austin. A highly cited scholar, his research, spanning marketing and finance/economics, has been published in Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science and Journal of Banking and Finance. He was a guest editor for the Journal of Marketing Research's Special Issue on Brand Management and Equity, and the Journal of Marketing Special Issues on Marketing Strategy Meets Wall Street (2009 and 2016 [in process]). Additionally, he has served on the editorial boards of several academic journals including Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) and International Journal for Research in Marketing (IJRM).Srivastava's research interests include Marketing Strategy, Marketing Metrics, and Brand/Customer Management. His current work focuses on Business Model Innovations, especially in Services, B2B, Technology and Emerging Markets. His current teaching interests include Business Model Innovation, Strategic Performance Management, Marketing Accountability and Driving Growth and Shareholder Value. He is best known for his work on measuring the impact of market-facing business processes (innovation, supply-chain and customer management) that create value for customers, and the value of market-based assets (customers, channels, brands and value networks). He is also well known for his work in competitive market structures and brand equity/strategic brand management. Awards and accolades

Srivastava was inducted as an AMA Fellow by the American Marketing Association in 2020. He is the recipient of the 2004 AMA Marketing Strategy SIG Mahajan Award for Career Contributions to Marketing Strategy.He also received the 1985 Alpha Kappa Psi Award from the American Marketing Association for the article in the Journal of Marketing judged to contribute most to the practice of marketing. In 1993 and 2002 he received the highest recognition for research at The University of Texas – the CBA Foundation Awards for Outstanding Research Contributions and Excellence. His paper on Market-Based Assets in the Journal of Marketing received both the 1998 Maynard Award for the article judged to contribute most to the development of theory in marketing and the MSI/Paul Root Award for the article judged to contribute most to the practice of marketing, the only time a single paper has won both awards. This same paper went on to win the AMA/Sheth Foundation Award for Long-Term contributions to the discipline of marketing. He is also a recipient of the Marketing Science Institute's Research Awards on Brand Equity and on Assessment of the Value of Information Technology. 2010	Sheth Foundation Best Paper Award for Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (Volume 37, 2009) (May 2010)
 2009	Lifetime Achievement Award, Academy of Marketing, Brand SIG (April 2010)
 2007	Award for Most Relevant (Bridging Theory and Practice) Executive MBA Course, Modular EMBA program, Emory University
 2007	Sheth Foundation Award for the article written in Journal of Marketing during the previous five to ten years that is judged to contribute most to the marketing discipline (February)
 2005	Nominated for Educator of the Year Award, Academy of Marketing Science
 2004	AMA Marketing Strategy SIG Mahajan Award for Career Contributions to Strategy
 2002	Chair for The Outstanding Submission for the 2002 ISBM Business Marketing Doctoral Support Award Competition (Maria Merino's Dissertation on Impact of Marketing on Corporate Risk)
 2002 University of Texas CBA Foundation Award for Research Excellence (for Contributions to Research on Marketing-Finance Interface)
 2002	Nominated for Teaching Excellence in Executive Programs, University of Texas
 1999	Maynard Award by the American Marketing Association for 1998 Journal of Marketing article judged to contribute most to the development of theory in marketing
 1999	Marketing Science Institute/Paul Root Award by the American Marketing Association for 1998 Journal of Marketing article judged to contribute most to the practice of marketing
 1999	MSI Best Paper Award for all manuscripts published during 1997 in the MSI Working Paper Series. Trustees of the MSI member companies confer this award.Tassu Shervani)
 Organized a team of students (BBA, MBA, and Advertising candidates) to enter the 1982 General Motors Intercollegiate Competition. The project required the development of a Marketing/Advertising campaign for the Oldsmobile Cutlass Diesel automobile. The University of Texas team placed second, nationwide. Professor Robert P. Leone was co-coordinator. Nominated the Joe D. Beasley Award (MBA Marketing Management Core Course) (1993 and 1994)
 Nominated by Marketing Department for University Level Graduate Teaching Award (for contributions to PhD Education) (1984, 1991 & 1992)
 Nominated by MBA students for "Outstanding (MBA) Core Professor," (Spring 1984, Spring 1987, Spring 1988). Teaching Excellence in Executive Programs (Runner-Up), UT-Austin (2002)

References

 Harold H. Maynard Award Previous Winners, AMA
 MSI/H. Paul Root Award Previous Winners, AMA
 Sheth Foundation/Journal of Marketing Award Previous Winners, AMA
 Vijay Mahajan Award Previous Winners, AMA
 Subscription as a service: The Netflix playbook] (6 January 2020) Fortune India
 Business School Deans Live the Crisis, Not Just Teach About It (16 June 2020) Bloomberg Businessweek
 With unpredictability comes flexibility: ISB Dean (24 June 2020) Hindu Business Line
 B-schools face a moment of reckoning (July 8, 2020) Live Mint
 B-schools should flourish under India’s revised education policy (24 September 2020) Live Mint
 Short term post-experience management courses enhance peer-to-peer learning (4 February 2019) Times of India.India’s ISB keen to partner with Bangladesh institutions (18 April 2019) The Independent
 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/why-india-lags-as-a-study-destination/articleshow/70504221.cms Why India lags as a study destination] (3 August 2019) Economic Times
 Bitner, Mahajan, and Srivastava Named Newest AMA Fellows] (12 December 2019) AMA
 Trends That Will Shape Business Education In 2018, According To Top Deans Business Because (15 January 2018)
 Most MBAs know the theory but can't convert ideas into actions: <mask> Srivastava] Forbes India (18 January 2018)
 ISB May Be The Most Interesting B-School In The World Poet & Quants (26 November 2018)
 Setting the table by reharmonizing innovation, industrial and competition policy in India (23 February 2018) Live Mint
 Blending Theory with Practice Business world (25 November 2017)

External links
 ISB Professor, Indian School of Business
 Blending Theory With Practice

La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni
American businesspeople of Indian descent
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
IIT Kanpur alumni
University of Rhode Island alumni
Indian business speakers
Marketing people
Marketing theorists
Emory University faculty
1951 births

masks:
Rajendra K
. Srivastava
Rajendra Srivastava
Srivastava
Srivastava
Rajendra


title: Pope Clement VI

texts:
<mask> (; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death in 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. <mask> reigned during the first visitation of the Black Death (1348–1350), during which he granted remission of sins to all who died of the plague. Roger steadfastly resisted temporal encroachments on the Church's ecclesiastical jurisdiction and, as <mask> VI, entrenched French dominance of the Church and opened its coffers to enhance the regal splendour of the Papacy. He recruited composers and music theorists for his court, including figures associated with the then-innovative Ars Nova style of France and the Low Countries. Early life

Birth and family
Pierre Roger (also spelled Rogier and Rosiers) was born in the château of Maumont, today part of the commune of Rosiers-d'Égletons, Corrèze, in Limousin, France, the son of the lord of Maumont-Rosiers-d'Égletons. He had an elder brother, Guillaume, who married three times and had thirteen children; and a younger brother, Hugues, who became Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso and who could have become pope in 1362.Pierre also had two sisters: Delphine, who married Jacques de Besse; and Alienor, who married Jacques de la Jugie. His brother Guillaume became Seigneur de Chambon, thanks to his wife's dowry, and, with the benefit of his papal brother's influence on King <mask>, became Vicomte de Beaufort. Monk and scholar
Roger entered the Benedictine order as a boy in 1301,  at the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu in the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne. After six years there, he was directed to higher studies by the Bishop of Le Puy, Jean de Cumenis, and his own abbot, Hugues d'Arc. In 1307 he took up studies in Paris at the College de Sorbonne, where he entered the Collège de Narbonne. To support him, beyond what was supplied by his bishop and his abbot, he was granted the post of Prior of St. Pantaléon in the diocese of Limoges. In the summer of 1323, after Pierre had been studying both theology and canon law in Paris for sixteen years, the Chancellor of Paris was ordered by Pope John XXII, on the recommendation of King Charles IV, to confer on him the doctorate in Theology, a chair, and a license to teach.Pierre was in his thirty-first year. He lectured publicly on the Sententiae of Peter Lombard, and defended and promoted the works of Thomas Aquinas. He was appalled by the Defensor Pacis of Marsilius of Padua, and wrote a treatise in 1325 condemning its principles and defending Pope John XXII. He was granted the priory of St. Baudil, a dependency of the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu, on 24 April 1324, at the personal order of Pope John XXII; and then, on 23 June 1326, he was named Abbot of Fécamp, a royal abbey and one of the most important monasteries in France. He held the position until 1329. Pierre Roger was called to Avignon through the influence of his friend and protector, Cardinal Pierre de Mortemart (who was named a cardinal on 18 December 1327), both of whom were close to King Charles IV. Unfortunately, King Charles IV died on 1 February 1328, the last Capetian king of France in the direct line.As Abbot of Fécamp, and therefore a feudal subject of Edward III, Pierre  was assigned the task in 1328 of summoning Edward III of England to pay homage to <mask> of France for the duchy of Aquitaine. He received no reply, however, from King Edward, and was forced to return to France, his mission unaccomplished. Episcopacy
On 3 December 1328 Peter Roger was named Bishop of Arras, in which capacity he became a royal councilor of King <mask>. He held the diocese of Arras only until 24 November 1329, less than a year, when he was promoted to the Archdiocese of Sens. He held the Archbishopric of Sens for one year and one month, until his promotion to the See of Rouen on 14 December 1330. In 1329, while Pierre Roger was still Archbishop-elect of Sens, a major assembly of the French Clergy was held at Vincennes in the presence of King <mask> (1328–1350), to deal with issues involving the judicial powers of ecclesiastical authorities. Many propositions were put forward against ecclesiastical jurisdiction, which were ably argued by Pierre de Cugnières (Petrus de Cugneriis).Pierre Roger made the rejoinders on 22 December 1329, on behalf of the ecclesiastical authority. When Pierre Roger became Archbishop of Rouen in December 1330, he was expected to swear allegiance to his feudal overlord. King <mask> had recently given his son Jean the Dukedom of Normandy as an apanage, and Pierre was worried about what might happen if someone other than a member of the French royal family might become Duke of Normandy. He therefore asked the King for time to consider his position, but the King was firm and seized the temporalities of the Archbishop. Pierre was forced to go to Paris, where an agreement was worked out that, should someone other than a member of the royal family become Duke, then the Archbishop would swear fealty directly to the King. As Archbishop of Rouen, Roger was one of the Peers of France and he was a member of the embassy sent by King Philip to his son John, in 1333, to swear in their name to take the cross and serve in a crusade in the Holy Land. Later in the year, in Paris in the Prés des Clercs, the King received the cross personally from the hands of Archbishop Roger.It is said that he was promoted to the office of Chancellor of France, though there is no documentary proof. The earliest claim that he was Chancellor is made by Alfonso Chacon (Ciaconius) (1530–1599). In 1333, the issue of the Beatific Vision, which had been under discussion since a sermon of Pope John XXII in 1329, reached a serious stage. The French Royal Court had been hearing complaints from various quarters, and the King and Queen finally decided to seek competent advice. The <mask> knew that the University of Paris was hostile to his ideas, and so he sent Gerard Odonis, the Minister General of the Franciscans, and a Dominican preacher, to Paris to preach the <mask>'s views in public. King Philip responded to the general indignation by summoning the Masters of Theology of the University to Vincennes just before Christmas 1334, where it appeared that there was general agreement against the Pope. The King privately informed the Pope of their opinions, but the Pope harshly responded to the King that he should stop favoring an opinion which the Pope had not yet definitively settled.The Pope ordered the Archbishop of Rouen, Pierre Roger, to set the Pope's view down in writing and explain it to the King. Ironically, Pierre Roger was not on the Pope's side of the argument. A committee, which included Archbishop Roger, the theologian Pierre de la Palud (Petrus Paludensis), the Chancellor of France Guillaume de Sainte-Maure, the Archdeacon of Rouen Jean de Polenciac, and others, attempted to talk the Pope out of his notions. Early in 1334 Pope John XXII informed the King that he had ordered the Cardinals and prelates and Doctors of theology and of Canon Law at the Papal Court to look into the propositions thoroughly and report to him their findings. John XXII was attempting to save face by placing the matter in the hands of a committee, but in the end, on his deathbed, he was compelled to repudiate his opinions, which were formally condemned by his successor, Benedict XII. On 14 April 1335, Pierre Roger's friend and patron, Cardinal Pierre de Mortemart died, naming Pierre Roger as one of the executors of his Testament. In September 1335 Archbishop Roger held a provincial council at Rouen in the Priory of Nôtre-Dame-du Pré (later called Bonne-nouvelle).Two of his bishops were present, the other four were represented by procurators. The cathedral chapters of the province and the abbots of monasteries were invited as well. The council issued a dozen canons, urging the lower clergy to be diligent in their assigned duties. The most notable item was the encouragement given to bishops to facilitate the business of those who wished to join the King on crusade. Cardinalate
Pierre Roger was created a Cardinal Priest by Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342) on 18 December 1338, in his only Consistory for the creation of cardinals. He created six new cardinals: four were fellow monks (two Benedictines, a Cistercian, and a Mercedarian); one was from Rimini, the rest from southern France. Four were lawyers, two were theologians.One died before he received the red hat, and was replaced by another candidate. Pierre Roger entered the Curia in Avignon for the first time on 5 May 1339, and received the titulus of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. Papacy
Cardinal Napoleone Orsini died during Lent of 1342, on 23 March. The funeral took place on Monday in Holy Week in the Franciscan church in Avignon, and the funeral sermon was preached by Cardinal Pierre Roger. A month later, on 25 April 1342, Pope Benedict XII died in the Papal Palace in Avignon. King <mask> immediately sent his eldest son, Prince John, to press the candidacy of Pierre Roger, but he arrived too late to have any effect. Eighteen of the nineteen cardinals assembled for the Conclave to elect his successor.Fourteen were French, three were Italian, one was Spanish. Only Cardinal Bertrand de Montfavez, who was ill with podagra (gout), was unable to attend. The Conclave began on Sunday, 5 May 1342, and on the morning of Tuesday, 7 May, agreement was reached. Two cardinals wrote to King Edward III of England on 8 May that the election had been accomplished "with no preliminary politicking and with only Divine Inspiration." Cardinal Pierre Roger was chosen to succeed Benedict XII as pope. He was crowned on Pentecost Sunday, 19 May, in the church of the Dominicans, the largest church in Avignon. Present were Prince John of France, Duke of Normandy; Jacques, Duke of Burgundy, Imbert,  Dauphin of Vienne, and many others.Cardinal Roger chose the regnal name <mask> VI. During the season of Pentecost immediately following his coronation, as Peter de Herenthal writes, when a new Pope customarily gratifies the expectations of his family, his followers, his supporters, his cardinals, and the Roman Curia,  Pope <mask> promised gifts to every cleric who presented himself at Avignon within two months. Such a multitude of poor clerics appeared in Avignon that a computation was made that the number of poor clerics in all the dioceses of the world was around 100,000,  a number which Peter de Herenthal was quite prepared to accept. When <mask>, at the very beginning of his pontificate was making reservations of abbacies and prelatures,  and declaring elections in monasteries and Chapters void, in order to acquire benefices for papal use in granting favors, it was intimated to him that his predecessors had not engaged in reservations of such a sort. <mask> is said to have replied, "Our predecessors did not know how to be pope." New cardinals
One of the greatest ways in which a pope can reward his supporters is to raise them to the cardinalate. On 20 September 1342, four months after his coronation, <mask> VI held a Consistory for the creation of cardinals.He appointed ten prelates, including three nephews, Hugues Roger, Ademar Roberti and Bernard de la Tour d'Auvergne. He also elevated Guy of Boulogne, the archbishop of Lyon and son of

masks:
Pope Clement VI
Clement
Clement
Philip VI
Philip VI
Philip VI
Philip VI
Philip VI
Pope
Pope
Philip VI
Clement
Clement
Clement VI
Clement
Clement


title: Pope Clement VI

texts:
 Count <mask> of Auvergne, and Gerard de Daumar, the master-general of the Dominicans and a papal cousin, who died a year after his creation, on 27 September 1343. Five of his appointments were from his own native area of Limoges and one from Périgueux. Only one was Italian, Andrea Ghini Malpighi, a Florentine, who died on 2 June 1343. The College of Cardinals was now thoroughly French, with a strong accent of the Auvergne. On 19 May 1344 the two new cardinals who had died were replaced by two more Frenchmen: the Provençal Pierre Bertrand, the nephew of Cardinal Pierre Bertrand; and Nicolas de Besse, yet another papal nephew. Like his immediate predecessors, <mask> was devoted to France, and he demonstrated his French sympathies by refusing a solemn invitation to return to Rome from the city's people, as well as from the poet Petrarch.To placate the Romans, however, <mask> issued the bull Unigenitus Dei filius on 27 January 1343, reducing the interval between one Great Jubilee and the next from 100 years to 50 years. In the document he elaborated for the first time the power of the pope in the use of indulgences. This document would later be used by Cardinal Cajetan in the examination of Martin Luther and his 95 Theses in his trial at Augsburg in 1518. By then, Unigenitus was firmly fixed in Canon Law, having been added in the collection called Extravagantes. On 23 February 1343 Pope <mask> appointed Pons Saturninus as his "Provisor of Works of the Palace", thereby beginning a program of construction and decoration that continued throughout his reign. It was immediately clear that the Pope had no intention of returning to Rome, and that he intended to provide offices and quarters for the various organs of the Roman Curia in the Palace. <mask> XII, his predecessor, had built a palace, sufficiently accommodating for a Cistercian monk, but Pierre Roger had spent much of his career at the French Court and had imbibed its tastes for far greater display and ceremony.The Pope was, after all, a sovereign, and <mask> intended to live and work in an appropriate state. He commissioned the new Tower of the Garde-Robe, the Audience (for the Auditors of the Rota), the new Papal Chapel and the grand staircase that led to it, and the Tour de la Gache (where the Audientia contradictarum, the appellate court for countersuits, had its offices). He was also responsible for the two new entrance façades. He also purchased the sovereignty of Avignon from Queen Joan I of Naples in 1348 for the sum of 80,000 crowns. The Black Death
<mask> VI was on the papal throne when the Black Death first struck Europe in 1347. This pandemic swept through Asia and the Middle East and into Europe between 1347 and 1350, and is believed to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population. During the plague, <mask> attributed the plague to divine wrath.But he also sought the opinions of astrologers for an explanation. Johannes de Muris was among the team "of three who drew up a treatise explaining the plague of 1348 by the conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars in 1341" <mask>'s physicians advised him that surrounding himself with torches would block the plague. However, he soon became skeptical of this recommendation and stayed in Avignon supervising sick care, burials, and the pastoral care of the dying. He never contracted the disease, even though there was so much death around him that the cities ran out of ground for cemeteries, and he had to consecrate the entire Rhône River so that it could be considered holy ground and bodies could be thrown into it. One of Pope <mask>'s physicians, Gui de Chauliac, later wrote a book called the Chirurgia magna (1363), in which he correctly distinguished between bubonic and pneumonic plague, based on his own observations of his patients and himself. Perhaps feeling the pressure of mortality, having lost no fewer than six cardinals in the year 1348 alone, <mask> <mask> named a new cardinal on 29 May 1348,  his nephew and namesake, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who was not yet eighteen years old. On 17 December 1350, he added twelve more cardinals, nine of them French and only three from Limoges, including two relatives, Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille and Pierre de Cros.Popular opinion blamed the Jews for the plague, and pogroms erupted throughout Europe. <mask> issued two papal bulls in 1348 (6 July and 26 September), the latter named Quamvis Perfidiam, which condemned the violence and said those who blamed the plague on the Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil." He went on to emphasise that “It cannot be true that the Jews, by such a heinous crime, are the cause or occasion of the plague, because through many parts of the world the same plague, by the hidden judgment of God, has afflicted and afflicts the Jews themselves and many other races who have never lived alongside them.” He urged clergy to take action to protect Jews as he had done. Pope and Empire
<mask> continued the struggle of his predecessors with Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV. On 13 April 1346, after protracted negotiations, he excommunicated the Emperor, and directed the election of Charles IV. After the death of Louis in October 1347  Charles received general recognition, ending the schism which had long divided Germany. <mask> proclaimed a crusade in 1343, but nothing was accomplished beyond a naval attack on Smyrna on 29 October 1344.He also had a role in the Hungarian invasion of the Kingdom of Naples, which was a papal fief; the contest between Louis I of Hungary and Joanna I of Naples, accused of ordering the assassination of her husband and the former's brother, concluded in 1348 in a trial held in Avignon, at which she was acquitted. Among the other benefits, <mask> took advantage of the situation to obtain by her the rights over the city of Avignon. Pope <mask> was also involved in disputes with King Edward III of England as a result of the latter's encroachments on ecclesiastical jurisdiction. He also faced problems with the kings of Castile and Aragon. His  negotiations for reunion with the Armenians and the Byzantine emperor, <mask> Kantakouzenos turned out to be fruitless. In Italy the Papacy faced a serious challenge to its authority with the commencement of Cola di Rienzo's agitation in Rome. Pope <mask> had appointed Cola to a civil position (Senator) at Rome, and, although at first approving of Rienzo's establishment of the tribunate, he later realized the implications of a permanent antagonist to papal government in the form of a popularly elected Tribune, and sent a Papal Legate who excommunicated Rienzo and, with the help of the aristocratic faction, drove him from the city in December 1347.Poland and Bohemia
<mask> also had warned King Casimir III of Poland, who was already under an interdict laid against him by the bishop of Kraków and the Apostolic See, because he had oppressed the Church of Kraków with intolerable burdens and then harassed the clergy who observed the interdict, that he was attracting more severe penalties to himself. In 1345 <mask> sent a nuncio to King Casimir and King John of Bohemia, soliciting them to make peace between themselves, and threatening that, if they turned deaf ears to his pleas, he would anathematize them and bar them from the sacraments. Responding to numerous complaints against the highhanded behavior of the archbishop of Mainz, Prague's metropolitan, <mask> made Prague an archbishopric on 30 April 1344, and assigned the Bishopric of Olomouc as its suffragan. The archbishop of Prague acquired the right to crown the king of Bohemia. Private life
Unlike the Cistercian Benedict XII,  the Benedictine <mask> VI was devoted to an openhanded and generous lifestyle, and the treasury which he inherited from his predecessor made that lifestyle possible. He claimed to have "lived as a sinner among sinners" in his own words. During his pontificate, he added a new chapel to the Papal Palace and dedicated it to St. Peter.He commissioned the artist Matteo Giovanetti of Viterbo to paint common hunting and fishing scenes on the walls of the existing papal chapels, and purchased enormous tapestries to decorate the stone walls. To bring good music to the celebrations, he recruited musicians from northern France, especially from Liège, who cultivated the Ars Nova style. He liked music so much that he kept composers and theorists close to him throughout his entire pontificate, Philippe de Vitry being among the more famous. The first two payments he made after his coronation were to musicians. Death, burial, and monument

<mask> had been ill for some time in 1352, not just with kidney stones, which had troubled him for many years, but also with a tumor, which broke out into an abscess with fever during his last week. <mask> <mask> died on 6 December 1352, in the eleventh year of his reign. After his death, his Almoner, Pierre de Froideville, distributed the sum of 400 livres to the poor of Avignon,  and on the day of the solemn funeral another 40 livres were distributed during the procession to the Cathedral to the poor who were present.<mask> left the reputation of "a fine gentleman, a prince munificent to profusion, a patron of the arts and learning, but no saint". His body was placed on exhibit in the Notre Dame-des-Doms, where it was buried temporarily. Three months later the body was transferred in a splendid procession to the abbey of La Chaise-Dieu, passing through Le Puy on 6 April. On arrival, the coffin was placed in the church of the Carmelites. Later in April it was permanently interred in a tomb in the center of the Choir of the Church. The funeral procession was accompanied by his brother Count William Roger of Beaufort, and by the five cardinals who were his family members: Hugues Roger, Guillaume de la Jugié, Nicolas de Besse, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, and Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille. In 1562 the tomb was attacked by the Huguenots and severely damaged, losing the forty-four statues of <mask>'s relatives which surrounded the sarcophagus.Only the sarcophagus and tomb cover survived, making the present tomb a mere shadow of its former architectural and decorative glory. The tomb cover, in white marble, was made by master sculptor Pierre Roye, and his two assistants Jean de Sanholis and Jean David. The construction of the tomb began in 1346, and was completed in 1351. It cost 3500 florins, to which were added 120 écus d'or, as a gratuity for the master sculptor. See also

List of popes

References

Citation

Bibliography

Déprez, Eugene (1900). "Les funerailles de Clément VI, et d' Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale," Mélanges d' histoire et d'archéologie publiés par l'École Française de Rome 20 (1900), 235-250. (in French)

  (in Latin)

 [fawning]

Acknowledgments

 N. A. Weber,

External links
Bernard Guillemain (2000), "<mask>e VI,"  Enciclopedia dei Papi (Treccani) [in Italian]

See also
 Plague doctor
 Smyrniote crusades

1291 births
1352 deaths
Popes
People from Corrèze
French Benedictines
Benedictine abbots
Fécamp Abbey
Bishops of Arras
Archbishops of Rouen
Archbishops of Sens
14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
French popes
Benedictine popes
Avignon Papacy
Roger family
Burials in Haute-Loire
14th-century popes
Smyrniote

masks:
Robert VII
Clement
Clement VI
Clement
Pope Benedict
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement VI
Clement
Pope Clement
VI
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
John VI
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
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Pope Clement
VI
Clement
Clement
Clement


title: John Pappageorge

texts:
<mask> (born July 19, 1931) is a former member of the Michigan State Senate. Biography
<mask> was born to a Greek family on the east side of Detroit, Michigan. Pappageorge entered the United States Army after graduating from high school in Detroit, enrolling in the United States Military Academy at West Point. From West Point he received a B.S. in engineering in 1954. He later obtained a M.A. in Government and Politics from the University of Maryland in 1971 and attended the U.S. Army War College in 1973.Pappageorge served 30 years of active duty in the Infantry, including two combat tours in Vietnam. During the second tour, he served as a battalion commander. There he was highly decorated, including receiving the Distinguished Service Medal, Superior Service Medal, four Legions of Merit, the Bronze Star, nine Air Medals, the Combat Infantryman Badge, and the Vietnam Gallantry Cross. He is also Airborne, Ranger, and Pathfinder qualified. While in the Army, Pappageorge served as Special Assistant to General Alexander Haig, who was then the Commander in Chief, U.S. European Command (CinCUSEUR) and Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) (and later U.S. Secretary of State). Pappageorge conducted shuttle diplomacy between Greece and Turkey that returned Greek forces to NATO's integrated military structure. He spent his last four years in the Army, 1981–1984, as a member of the Secretary of State's Policy Planning Council.He retired as a colonel in 1984, settling in Troy, Michigan in Oakland County. After retirement from the Army, Pappageorge became Director of Business and Strategic Planning at General Dynamics Land Systems Division. From 1989 to 1992, Pappageorge served as an Oakland county commissioner. He was the Republican candidate for Congress in Michigan's 12th congressional district in 1992, 1994, and 1996. In 1995, he served as First Vice-Chair of the Republican Party of Michigan. Pappageorge was married for thirty-five years to his first wife, Helen. She died in 1993 of pancreatic cancer.He married Cristina Burnard (now Cristina Pappageorge) in 1997. Pappageorge has a son and two daughters. His son George is an Army reserve Lieutenant Colonel who has served in Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Congressional campaigns

1992 election
In 1992, he ran for the United States House of Representatives against Sander Levin. This was the first serious Republican opposition against Levin, after his congressional district absorbed a Republican-leaning spur of Oakland County in redistricting. Levin won by 7%. 1994 election
Pappageorge ran against Levin for the second time in 1994, this time managing to pull within 5%, despite being outspent more than 3-to-1.Pappageorge benefitted from Newt Gingrich's Contract with America and the 1994 Republican Revolution. 1996 election
In his third consecutive run against Levin, he was not able to shore up as much support, losing 57.4%-40.5%. Michigan House of Representatives
Pappageorge served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1999 to 2004, when he retired due to term limits. He spent four years on the House Appropriations Committee, and served his final two years as Chair of the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules and as a member of the Employment Relations, Training and Safety Committee, the Judiciary Committee, the Senior Health, Security, and Retirement Committee, and the Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security Committee. 1998 election
In 1998, he ran for the Michigan State House 41st District seat, which then encompassed southern Troy, Clawson and northern Royal Oak in Oakland County. He defeated Troy City Councilmember Matt Pryor in the Republican Primary. He went on to defeat Democrat David Richards in the November general election. .

2000 election
In 2000, he was re-elected facing nominal opposition with no primary challengers.2002 election
He was again re-elected again to his final term under term-limits in 2002 in the newly created 41st District (through decennial redistricting), a district which composed roughly the same area. He faced nominal opposition and no primary challengers. 2004 election remarks
In 2004, Pappageorge was quoted in the Detroit Free Press as saying "If we do not suppress the Detroit vote, we're going to have a tough time in this election cycle." The New York Times cited this comment in an editorial on the "suppression of minority votes." Detroit's population is more than 80 percent African American, and tends to vote heavily Democratic. 2006 State Senate campaign
Pappagoerge was persuaded by the Michigan Republican Party to run for the 13th District State Senate seat after Congressman Sander Levin's son, Andy Levin announced he was going to enter the race. After Pappageorge joined the race, Gosselin dropped out in order to run for County Commissioner in Troy.Pappageorge won the August Republican primary 58.5% to Taub's 41.5%. Charges of mudslinging and dirty politics continued in the general election between Pappageorge and Levin. The race became hotly contested, with over $2 million spent by the two campaigns, and with negative television ads from each side (a rarity in State Senate races in metro-Detroit). The Michigan Republican Party, on behalf of Pappageorge's campaign, distributed flyers alleging that Levin had stances on issues, including same-sex marriage, illegal immigration and gun control, that were too liberal for the district. They also accused Levin of being a carpetbagger, as Levin had recently moved back to Michigan after working for the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C. Levin's campaign fired back, claiming that Pappageorge cut more than $500 million from schools in Michigan and was fired from the Bush Presidential campaign in 2004. Pappageorge defeated Levin in November by a slim margin, 776 votes. Pappageorge's margin of victory was less than the number of votes obtained by Green Party candidate Kyle McBee, who received 3,118 votes.2010 State Senate campaign
In the 2010 election, <mask> was the only incumbent in Oakland County to seek re-election. He defeated two challengers in the August 3 primary. In the general election, Pappageorge was challenged by newcomer Aaron Bailey, a West Point graduate and Afghanistan veteran. Days before the election, Bailey received the endorsement of the Detroit Free Press. On election day, <mask> defeated Bailey. Notes

External links
Michigan Votes information on Pappageorge

1931 births
Living people
Military personnel from Michigan
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
American politicians of Greek descent
County commissioners in Michigan
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Republicans
Michigan state senators
Politicians from Detroit
People from Troy, Michigan
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

masks:
John George Pappageorge
John Pappagege
Pappageorge
Pappageorge


title: George Seaton

texts:
<mask> (April 17, 1911 – July 28, 1979) was an American screenwriter, playwright, film director and producer, and theatre director. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in South Bend, Indiana, of Swedish descent, the son of Olga (Berglund) and Charles Stenius, who was a chef and restaurant manager. He was baptized as Roman Catholic. He grew up in a Detroit Jewish neighborhood, and described himself as a "Shabas goy". So he went on to learn Hebrew in an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva and was even bar mitzvahed. He attended Exeter and was meant to go to Yale but instead auditioned for Jesse Bonstelle's drama school in Detroit. She hired him for her stock company at $15 a week.Actor
<mask> worked in stock and on radio. He worked as an actor on radio station WXYZ. John L. Barrett played the Lone Ranger on test broadcasts of the series in early January 1933, but when the program became part of the regular schedule <mask> was cast in the title role. In later years, he claimed to have devised the cry "Hi-yo, Silver" because he couldn't whistle for his horse as the script required. <mask> also wrote several plays, one of which was read by an executive at MGM who offered him a contract. Writer at MGM
<mask>, along with fellow writer and friend Robert Pirosh, joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a contract writer in 1933. He was credited on the scripts for Student Tour (1934) and The Winning Ticket (1935) and did some uncredited work with Robert Pirosh on A Night at the Opera (1935).<mask>'s first major screen credit was the Marx Brothers comedy A Day at the Races (1937). He left MGM in 1937, unhappy at being restricted to comedies. He did some uncredited work on the script for Stage Door (1937) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). He wrote a play But Not Goodbye. Columbia
Seaton went to Columbia where he was credited on the scripts for The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940), This Thing Called Love (1940) and Bedtime Story (1941). At Columbia <mask> first met William Perlberg. 20th Century Fox
In the early 1940s, he joined 20th Century Fox, where he remained for the rest of the decade, writing scripts for That Night in Rio (1941) with Don Ameche and Alice Faye.For a time he specialised in musicals and comedy: Moon Over Miami (1941), with Betty Grable and Ameche, and Charley's Aunt (1941), with Jack Benny. <mask> wrote a historical war film, Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942), then did the comedies The Magnificent Dope (1942) with Ameche and Henry Fonda, and The Meanest Man in the World (1943) with Jack Benny. <mask> wrote The Song of Bernadette (1943) which was a big success. It was produced by William Perlberg who would have an important influence on <mask>'s career. <mask> followed it with the Betty Grable musical Coney Island (1943). He also wrote The Eve of St. Mark (1944). But Not Goodbye, <mask>'s 1944 Broadway debut as a playwright, closed after only 23 performances, although it later was adapted for the 1946 MGM film The Cockeyed Miracle by Karen DeWolf.Director
<mask> had been so successful as a writer he was able to turn director. His first film was Diamond Horseshoe (1945) with Grable, which he also wrote. It was produced by William Perlberg, who would go on to produce all of <mask>'s films from this time on. The film was very successful. <mask> did some uncredited directing on Where Do We Go from Here? (1945) then wrote and directed Junior Miss (1945), based on a popular play, with Peggy Ann Garner. <mask> wrote and directed The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) with Grable.He followed it with Miracle on 34th Street (1947), which quickly became acknowledged as a classic. <mask> won an Oscar for his screenplay. <mask> wrote and directed two comedies, Apartment for Peggy (1948) with William Holden and Jeanne Crain, and Chicken Every Sunday (1949) with Dan Dailey. He did a drama about the Berlin Airlift with Montgomery Clift, The Big Lift (1950), then did another comedy, For Heaven's Sake (1950), with Clifton Webb. Perlberg-Seaton Productions
In November 1950 <mask> and Perlberg signed a multi-million-dollar contract with Paramount for six years. <mask> would write and direct films, and they would also produce films from others. They produced, but did not write or direct, the comedy Rhubarb (1951), Aaron Slick from Punkin Crick (1952), and Somebody Loves Me (1952) with Betty Hutton.<mask>'s first film as writer director for Paramount was Anything Can Happen (1952), a comedy with José Ferrer. <mask> made two films with Bing Crosby. Little Boy Lost (1953) was not a success but The Country Girl (1954), based on the play by Clifford Odets was a notable triumph. Grace Kelly earned an Oscar for Best Actress and <mask> won an Oscar for his screenplay. <mask> and Perlberg The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954), directed by Mark Robson, with Holden and Kelly. It was a huge hit. In 1955 <mask> was elected president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.He would serve three terms. <mask> directed the 28th Academy Awards in 1956. <mask> wrote and directed The Proud and Profane (1956) with William Holden and Deborah Kerr, which was a box office disappointment. He directed a short film Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot (1957) and produced The Tin Star (1957), directed by Anthony Mann. <mask> and Perlberg were borrowed by MGM to direct and produce a comedy with Clark Gable and Doris Day, Teacher's Pet (1958). He did not write. In April 1958 <mask> announced he and Perlberg would produce six more films for Paramount.The first of these were But Not for Me (1959) and The Rat Race (1960), directed by Robert Mulligan. <mask> worked as director only on The Pleasure of His Company (1961) with Fred Astaire and Debbie Reynolds. He wrote and directed The Counterfeit Traitor (1962) with Holden. They ended to follow it with The Hook then Night Without End adapted by Eric Ambler from an Alistair MacLean novel. MGM
Perlberg-Seaton Productions moved to MGM where <mask> directed Kirk Douglas in The Hook (1963) a Korean War drama. He was uncredited producer on Twilight of Honor (1963) and directed some additional scenes on Mutiny on the Bounty (1963). <mask> announced he would make Merrily We Roll Along but the film was never made.<mask> wrote and directed 36 Hours (1964), a war time thriller based on a story by Roald Dahl. Broadway
In May 1965 <mask> announced the end of his partnership with Perlberg. He returned to Broadway to direct Above William. (1965)

He then directed the Norman Krasna play Love in E Flat, which was a critical and commercial flop. The musical Here's Love, adapted from his screenplay for Miracle on 34th Street by Meredith Willson, proved to be more successful. Universal
<mask> went to Universal where he signed a three-picture contract. The first film was the comedy What's So Bad About Feeling Good?(1968) which <mask> produced and directed as well as writing with Robert Pirosh, with whom he had cowritten A Day at the Races (1937). <mask> disliked writing, producing and directing. "It's too much work," he said. <mask> then had the biggest hit of his career with the all-star Airport (1970), which <mask> adapted from the novel by Arthur Hailey. It was produced by Ross Hunter. <mask>'s script earned him an Oscar nomination. <mask>'s last film as director was his third for Universal Showdown (1973), which he also produced.He announced he was looking for another film to make but none eventuated. <mask> died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California in 1979. He had been suffering from it for two years. Partial filmography

 A Day at the Races (1937)
 The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940) (writer)
 Bedtime Story (1941) (writer only)
 The Song of Bernadette (1943)
 The Meanest Man in the World (1943)
 Junior Miss (1945)
 The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)
 Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
 Apartment for Peggy (1948)
 Chicken Every Sunday (1949)
 The Big Lift (1950)
 For Heaven's Sake (1950)
 Anything Can Happen (1952)
 Little Boy Lost (1953)
 The Country Girl (1954)
 The Proud and Profane (1956)
 Williamsburg: the Story of a Patriot (1957)
 Teacher's Pet (1958)
 The Pleasure of His Company (1961)
 The Counterfeit Traitor (1962)
 The Hook (1963)
 36 Hours (1964)
 What's So Bad About Feeling Good? (1968)
 Airport (1970)
 Showdown (1973)

References

External links

<mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. 1911 births
1979 deaths
American theatre directors
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Writers from South Bend, Indiana
Lone Ranger
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners
American people of Swedish descent
Film directors from Indiana
20th-century screenwriters

masks:
George Seaton
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George Edward Stenius
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George Seaton


title: Henry Eugene Davies

texts:
<mask> (July 2, 1836 – September 7, 1894) was an American soldier, writer, public official and lawyer. He served in the Union Army as a brigadier general of volunteers in cavalry service during the American Civil War ("Civil War") and was promoted to the grade of major general of volunteers at the end of the war. <mask> was one of the few nonprofessional soldiers in the Union cavalry in the East to be promoted to the grade of general. He led his brigade in several major battles, especially during the Overland Campaign, the Battle of Trevilian Station, the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign at the end of the war. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the eldest son of Judge <mask><mask>. He was educated at Harvard, Williams, and Columbia colleges, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. On August 10, 1858, he married Julia Rich, daughter of John T. Rich and Julia Van Voorhies, at Fishkill-on-Hudson, New York.They had one son, <mask>. <mask> was the nephew of Union Army Brigadier General and Brevet Major General Thomas Alfred <mask>. Civil War service
At the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask><mask> became a captain of the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought in one of the first battles of the war, the Battle of Big Bethel, Virginia on June 10, 1861. In August 1861, <mask> was appointed major of the 2nd New York Cavalry Regiment. The regiment was attached to Major General Irvin McDowell's corps on the Rappahannock River line during the Peninsula Campaign. The regiment was heavily engaged in the campaign of Second Manassas. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December 1862 and to colonel in June 1863.In June 1863, the 2d New York Cavalry suffered heavy casualties at Beverly's Ford, Virginia during the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863 and at the Battle of Aldie, Virginia on June 17, 1863. The regiment was stationed at the Union Army supply base at Westminster, Maryland during the Battle of Gettysburg. <mask> was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on September 16, 1863, although his appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate until April 1, 1864. He served with distinction in the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac in brigade and three brief periods of temporary division command until the end of the war. <mask> was one of the few nonprofessional soldiers in the Union cavalry in the Eastern theater of the Civil War to be promoted to the grade of general. <mask>'s brigade initially was the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac. In late 1863, the brigade participated in the inconclusive Bristoe Campaign.Before the Overland Campaign, it became the 1st Brigade of the 2d Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac, commanded until early February 1865 by Brigadier General and later Brevet Major General David McMurtrie Gregg. The brigade included the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry, the 10th New York Volunteer Cavalry, the 24th New York Volunteer Cavalry, five companies of the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry and Battery A of the 2d United States Artillery. During the Overland Campaign, <mask>'s brigade participated in cavalry corps commander, Major General Philip Sheridan's May 1864 raids toward Richmond, Virginia and in the Battle of Trevilian Station in June 1864. At the Battle of Haw's Shop on May 28, 1864, <mask>'s saber was cut in half by a Minié ball and his horse's tail was shot off. The brigade was involved in several engagements during the siege of Petersburg, including the defense of the Union position along the Vaughan Road against a much larger force during the Battle of Vaughan Road, which was related to the larger Battle of Peebles' Farm. <mask>'s brigade participated in raids on the Weldon Railroad in December 1864. <mask> was wounded during the Battle of Hatcher's Run on February 6, 1865.After Gregg's resignation in early February 1865, the brigade had temporary commanders, including <mask> between March 14 and March 27, 1865. On March 8, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated <mask> for the award of the grade of brevet major general of volunteers to rank from October 1, 1864 for his role in the Battle of Vaughan Road during the Battle of Peebles' Farm. The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 10, 1865. On March 26, 1865, Major General George Crook was appointed commander of the 2d Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac to replace Gregg. <mask>'s brigade was heavily engaged in cavalry operations, including those during the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House on March 31, 1865, that contributed to the Union breakthrough at Petersburg and the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates on the night of April 2, 1865. The brigade also was engaged in the Appomattox campaign, including its role as the main Union force in the Battle of Amelia Springs, Virginia in which the brigade, near Paineville, Virginia, destroyed about 200 wagons of a Confederate supply train, captured equipment and animals and took more than 300 and perhaps as many as 1,000 prisoners and several battle flags. The campaign ended with the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.A staff officer of Major General Crook, Major <mask>. Tremain, stated that <mask>'s men were "as fine a body of cavalry for their size as could be found in the service." On June 7, 1865, <mask> was appointed to the full substantive grade of major general of volunteers to rank from May 4, 1865. The promotion was not confirmed by the U. S. Senate until February 23, 1866. Following the war, <mask> stayed in the army briefly, but resigned on January 1, 1866 while commanding the military Middle District of Alabama. Later life
General <mask><mask> subsequently became a prominent New York lawyer and held the public offices of Public Administrator of the City of New York from January 1, 1866 to January 1, 1869 and Assistant District Attorney of the United States for the Southern District of New York from July, 1870 to January 1, 1873. He then returned to the private practice of law. He later moved to Beacon, New York.<mask> was the author of Ten Days on the Plains (1871), <mask> Memoir (1895 posthumous) and General Sheridan (1895 posthumous), in the "Great Commander Series." General <mask> died suddenly on September 7, 1894 while visiting friends in Middleboro, Massachusetts and was buried in St. Luke's Churchyard in Beacon, New York. He was survived by his wife and son. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 <mask>, <mask>. Genealogical and Biographical Monograph on the Family and Descendants of <mask> of Litchfield, Connecticut. Privately Printed, 1895. . Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Antiquarian Books, Inc., undated. . Retrieved January 28, 2011. <mask>, <mask>.General Sheridan. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1895. . Retrieved December 27, 2010. Davis, Burke. To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865. New York: Eastern Acorn Press reprint, 1981. . First published New York: Rinehart, 1959
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Grimsley, Mark. And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. .
 Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Appomattox: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations During the Civil War's Climactic Campaign, March 27 – April 9, 1865. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
 Longacre, Edward G. Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. .
 Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .68-4.Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Tremain, <mask>. The Last Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry. New York: Bonnell, Silvers and Bowers, 1904. Reprint of 1871–1872 publication. Retrieved December 22, 2010.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. . External links

1836 births
1894 deaths
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Harvard University alumni
Williams College alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American non-fiction writers
New York (state) lawyers
19th-century American lawyers

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Henry Edwin


title: Cato the Younger

texts:
<mask> "Uticensis" ("of Utica"; ; 95 BC – April 46 BC), also known as <mask> the <mask> (), was a conservative Roman senator in the period of the late republic. A noted orator and a follower of the Stoic philosophy, he is remembered for his stubbornness and tenacity (especially in his lengthy conflict with Julius Caesar), as well as his immunity to bribes, his moral integrity, and his famous distaste for the ubiquitous corruption of the period. His epithet "the Younger" distinguishes him from his great-grandfather, <mask> the Elder. Early life

<mask> was born in 95 BC, the son of <mask> and his wife, Livia. His parents died when he was young, and he was cared for by his maternal uncle, Marcus Livius Drusus, who also looked after <mask>'s sister Porcia, half-brother Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, and two half-sisters, Servilia Major and Servilia Minor. <mask> was four when his uncle was assassinated in 91 BC, an event which helped to spark the Social War. <mask>'s stubbornness began in his early years.Sarpedon, his teacher, reports a very obedient and questioning child, although slow in being persuaded of things. A story told by Plutarch tells of Quintus Poppaedius Silo, leader of the Marsi and involved in controversial business in the Roman Forum, who made a visit to his friend Marcus Livius and met the children of the house. In a playful mood, he asked the children's support for his cause. All of them nodded and smiled except <mask>, who stared at the guest suspiciously. Silo demanded an answer from him and, seeing no response, took <mask> and hung him by the feet out of the window. Even then, <mask> would not say anything. Plutarch recounts a few other stories as well.One night, as some children were playing a game in a side room of a house during a social event, they were having a mock trial with judges and accusers as well as a defendant. One of the children, supposedly a good-natured and pleasant child, was convicted by the mock accusers and was being carried out of the room when he cried out desperately for <mask>. <mask> became very angry at the other children and, saying nothing, grabbed the child away from the "guards" and carried him away from the others. Plutarch also tells a story about <mask>'s peers' immense respect for him, even at a young age, during the Roman ritual military game, called "Troy", in which all aristocratic teenagers participated as a sort of "coming of age" ceremony, involving a mock battle with wooden weapons performed on horseback. When one of the adult organizers "appointed two leaders for them, the boys accepted one of them for his mother's sake (he was a son of Metella, Sulla's wife), but would not tolerate the other, who was a nephew of Pompey, named Sextus, and refused to rehearse under him or obey him. When Sulla asked them whom they would have, they all cried 'Cato', and Sextus himself gave way and yielded the honour to a confessed superior." Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the Roman dictator, liked to talk with <mask> and his brother Caepio, and often requested the child's presence even when the boy openly defied his opinions and policies in public.Sulla's daughter Cornelia Sulla was married to the boys' uncle Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus. According to Plutarch, at one point during the height of the civil strife, as respected Roman nobles were being led to execution from Sulla's villa, <mask>, aged about 14, asked his tutor why no one had yet killed the dictator. Sarpedon's answer was thus: "They fear him, my child, more than they hate him." <mask> replied to this, "Give me a sword, that I might free my country from slavery." After this, Sarpedon was careful not to leave the boy unattended around the capital, seeing how firm he was in his republican beliefs. Political development

After receiving his inheritance, <mask> moved from his uncle's house and began to study Stoic philosophy and politics. He began to live in a very modest way, as his great-grandfather Marcus Porcius <mask> the Elder had famously done.<mask> subjected himself to violent exercise, and learned to endure cold and rain with a minimum of clothes. He ate only what was necessary and drank the cheapest wine on the market. This was entirely for philosophical reasons; his inheritance would have permitted him to live comfortably. He remained in private life for a long time, rarely seen in public. But when he did appear in the forum, his speeches and rhetorical skills were most admired. <mask> was known to drink wine generously. <mask> was first engaged to Aemilia Lepida, a patrician woman, but she was married instead to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, to whom she had been betrothed.Incensed, <mask> threatened to sue for her hand, but his friends mollified him, and <mask> was contented to compose Archilochian iambics against Scipio in consolation. Later, <mask> was married to a woman called Atilia. By her, he had a son, Marcus Porcius <mask>, and a daughter, Porcia, who would become the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus. <mask> later divorced Atilia for unseemly behavior. In 72 BC, <mask> volunteered to fight in the war against Spartacus, presumably to support his brother Caepio, who was serving as a military tribune in the consular army of Lucius Gellius. Gellius is often remembered as an indifferent commander, but his army inflicted the only defeat on Spartacus before Crassus raised his six legions and ultimately defeated the slave uprising. As a military tribune, <mask> was sent to Macedon in 67 BC at the age of 28 and given command of a legion.He led his men from the front, sharing their work, food, and sleeping quarters. He was strict in discipline and punishment but was nonetheless loved by his legionaries. While <mask> was in service in Macedon, he received the news that his beloved brother Caepio, from whom he was nearly inseparable, was dying in Thrace. He immediately went to see him but was unable to arrive before his brother died. <mask> was overwhelmed by grief, and for once in his life, he spared no expense to organize, as his brother had wished, lavish funeral ceremonies. At the end of his military commission in Macedon, <mask> went on a private journey through the Roman provinces of the Near East. The Optimates

On his return to Rome in 65 BC, <mask> was elected to the position of quaestor.As with everything else in his life, <mask> took unusual care to study the background necessary for the post, especially the laws relating to taxes. One of his first moves was to prosecute former quaestors for illegal appropriation of funds and dishonesty. Cato also prosecuted Sulla's informers, who had acted as head-hunters during Sulla's dictatorship, despite their political connections among <mask>'s own party and despite the power of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, who had been known as the "teenage butcher" for his service under Sulla. Sulla's informers were accused first of illegal appropriation of treasury money, and then of homicide. At the end of the year, <mask> stepped down from his quaestorship amid popular acclaim, but he never ceased to keep an eye on the treasury, always looking for irregularities. As senator, <mask> was scrupulous and determined. He never missed a session of the senate and publicly criticized those who did so.From the beginning, he aligned himself with the Optimates, the conservative faction of the senate. Many of the Optimates at this time had been Sulla's personal friends, whom <mask> had despised since his youth, yet <mask> attempted to make his name by returning his faction to its pure republican roots. In 63 BC, he was elected tribune of the plebs for the following year, and assisted the consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in dealing with the Catiline conspiracy. Lucius Sergius Catilina, a noble patrician, led a rebellion against the state, raising an army in Etruria. Upon discovery of an associated plot against the persons of the consuls and other magistrates within Rome, Cicero arrested the conspirators, proposing to execute them without trial. In the senate's discussion on the subject, Gaius Julius Caesar agreed that the conspirators were guilty, but argued for distributing them among Italian cities "for safekeeping". In contrast, <mask> argued that capital punishment was necessary to deter treason and that it was folly to await the ultimate test of the conspirators' guilt—the overthrow of the state—because the very proof of their guilt would make it impossible to enforce the laws.Convinced by <mask>'s argument, the Senate approved Cicero's proposal, and after the conspirators had been executed, the greater portion of Catiline's army quit the field, much as Cato had predicted. Cato's political and personal differences with Caesar appear to date from this time. In a meeting of the senate dedicated to the Catiline affair, Cato harshly reproached Caesar for reading personal messages while the senate was in session to discuss a matter of treason. Cato accused Caesar of involvement in the conspiracy and suggested that he was working on Catilina's behalf, which might explain Caesar's otherwise odd position—that the conspirators should receive no public hearing yet be shown clemency. Caesar offered it up to Cato to read. Cato took the paper from his hands and read it, discovering that it was a love letter from Caesar's mistress Servilia, Cato's half-sister. After divorcing Atilia, Cato married Marcia, daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus, who bore him two or three children.While <mask> was married to Marcia, the renowned orator Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, who was <mask>'s admirer and friend, desired a connection to <mask>'s family and asked for the hand of Porcia, <mask>'s eldest daughter. <mask> refused because the potential match made little sense: Porcia was already married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, who was unwilling to let her go; and Hortensius, being nearly 60 years old, was almost 30 years Porcia's senior. Denied the hand of Porcia, Hortensius then suggested that he marry <mask>'s wife Marcia, on the grounds that she had already given Cato heirs. On the condition that Marcia's father consented to the match, <mask> agreed to divorce Marcia, who then married Hortensius. Between Hortensius' death in 50 BC and <mask>'s leaving Italy with Pompey in 49 BC, <mask> took Marcia and her children into his household again. Ancient sources differ on whether they were remarried. The First Triumvirate

After the Catiline conspiracy, <mask> turned all of his political skills to oppose the designs of Caesar and his triumvirate allies, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had among them held the reins of power in a finely balanced near-monopoly.Caesar gained influence over the senate through Pompey and Crassus. Pompey gained influence over the legions of Rome through Crassus and Caesar. Crassus enjoyed the support of the tax-farmers and was able to gain a fortune by exploitation of the provinces controlled by Caesar and Pompey. <mask>'s opposition took two forms. First, in 62 BC, Pompey returned from his Asian campaign with two ambitions: to celebrate a Triumph and to become consul for the second time. In order to achieve both goals, he asked the senate to postpone consular elections until after his Triumph. Due to Pompey's enormous popularity, the senate was willing to oblige Pompey at first, but <mask> intervened and convinced the senate to force Pompey to choose.In opposition to this action, Quintus Metellus Celer, Pompey's brother-in-law, attempted to repeal the act, but he was unsuccessful. Pompey did not run for the consulship that year, choosing instead to hold his third Triumph, one of the most magnificent ever seen in Rome. When faced with the same request from Caesar, <mask> used the device of filibuster, speaking continuously until nightfall, to prevent the senate from voting on the issue of whether or not Caesar would be allowed to stand for consul in absentia. Thus Caesar was forced to choose between a Triumph or a run for the consulship. Caesar chose to forgo the Triumph and entered Rome in time to register as a candidate in the 59 BC election, which he won. Caesar's consular colleague was Marcus Bibulus, the husband of <mask>'s daughter Porcia. The next year Cato attempted to obstruct the syndicate tax contractors seeking to collect taxes in the province of Asia.The syndicate's winning bid was far greater than the syndicate was able to recoup through the tax collection. Because the bid was paid in advance, the heavy losses prompted them to ask the senate to renegotiate and thus refund a fraction of the bid. Crassus gave strong support to the plea, but Cato then promptly succeeded in vetoing it, regardless of the likelihood of a backlash from other equites with business interests the Roman government could affect. When Caesar became consul, <mask> opposed the agrarian laws that established farmlands for Pompey's veterans on public lands in Campania, from which the republic derived a quarter of its income. Caesar responded by having Cato dragged out by lictors while Cato was making a speech against him at the rostra. Many senators protested this extraordinary and unprecedented use of force by leaving the forum, one senator proclaiming he would rather be in jail with Cato than in the senate with Caesar. Caesar was forced to relent but countered by taking the vote directly to the people, bypassing the senate.Bibulus and <mask> attempted to oppose Caesar in the public votes but were harassed and publicly assaulted by Caesar's retainers. Eventually, Bibulus confined himself to his home and pronounced unfavorable omens in an attempt to lay the legal groundwork for the later repeal of Caesar's consular acts. <mask> did not relent in his opposition to the triumvirs, unsuccessfully attempting to prevent Caesar's 5-year appointment as governor of Illyria and Cisalpine Gaul and the appointment of Crassus to an Eastern command. Cyprus

Publius Clodius Pulcher, who worked closely with the triumvirate, desired to exile Cicero, and felt that <mask>'s presence would complicate his efforts. He, with the support of the triumvirs, proposed to send Cato to annex Cyprus. Plutarch recounts that Cato saw the commission as an attempt to be rid of him, and initially refused the assignment. When Clodius passed legislation conferring the commission on Cato "though ever so unwillingly", Cato accepted the position in compliance with the law.His official office while in Cyprus was Quaestor pro Praetore, an extraordinary quaestorship with praetorian powers. <mask> appeared to have two major goals in Cyprus. The first was to enact his foreign policy ideals, which, as expressed in a letter to Cicero, called for a policy of "mildness" and "uprightness" for governors of Roman-controlled territories. The second was to implement his reforms of the quaestorship on a larger scale. This second goal also provided <mask> with an opportunity to burnish his Stoic credentials: the province was rich both in gold and opportunities for extortion. Thus, against common practice, <mask> took none, and he prepared immaculate accounts for the senate, much as he had done earlier in his career as quaestor. According to Plutarch, Cato ultimately raised the enormous sum of 7,000 talents of silver for the Roman treasury.He thought about every unexpected event, even to tying ropes to the coffers with a big piece of cork on the other end, so they could be located in the event of a shipwreck. Unfortunately, luck played him a trick. Of his perfect accounting books, none survived: the one he had was burnt, the other was lost at sea with the freedman carrying it. Only <mask>'s untainted reputation saved him from charges of embezzlement. The senate of Rome recognized the effort made in Cyprus and offered him a reception in the city, an extraordinary

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