title: Norma McCorvey

texts:
<mask> (September 22, 1947 – February 18, 2017), also known by the pseudonym "Jane Roe", was the plaintiff in the landmark American legal case Roe v. Wade in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that individual state laws banning abortion were unconstitutional. Later in her life, <mask> became a Evangelical Protestant, and thereafter a Roman Catholic, and took part in the anti-abortion movement. McCorvey stated then that her involvement in Roe was "the biggest mistake of [her] life." During an interview shortly before her death, in what McCorvey referred to as her "deathbed confession", she said she had been paid to speak against abortion, and added that she continued to have abortion-rights beliefs. Early life
<mask> was born in Simmesport, Louisiana. She was raised at her family's residence in Lettsworth in Pointe Coupee Parish. Later in her childhood, the family moved to Houston.McCorvey's father, Olin Nelson, a TV repairman, left the family when she was 13 years old, and her parents subsequently divorced. She and her older brother were raised by their mother, Mary (née Gautreaux), a violent alcoholic. <mask>'s father died on September 27, 1995. <mask>'s mother was raised a Pentecostal but <mask>'s father led her and the family as Jehovah's Witnesses. McCorvey had minor troubles with law enforcement that started at the age of ten, when she robbed the cash register at a gas station and ran away to Oklahoma City with a friend. They tricked a hotel worker into letting them rent a room, and were there for two days when a maid walked in on her and her female friend kissing. McCorvey was arrested and taken to court, where she was declared a ward of the state and a judge sent her to a Catholic boarding school, even though she didn't become Catholic until 1998.Later, <mask> was sent to the State School for Girls in Gainesville, Texas, on and off from ages 11 to 15. She said this was the happiest time of her childhood, and every time she was sent home, would purposely do something bad to be sent back. After being released, <mask> lived with her mother's cousin, who allegedly raped her every night for three weeks. When McCorvey's mother found out, her cousin said <mask> was lying. While working at a restaurant, <mask> met <mask> (born 1940), and she married him at the age of 16 in 1963. She later left him after he allegedly assaulted her. She moved in with her mother and gave birth to her first child, Melissa, in 1965.After Melissa's birth, <mask> developed a severe drinking and drug problem. Soon after, she began identifying as a lesbian. In her book, she stated that she went on a weekend trip to visit two friends and left her baby with her mother. When she returned, her mother replaced Melissa with a baby doll and reported <mask> to the police as having abandoned her baby, and called the police to take her out of the house. She would not tell her where Melissa was for weeks, and finally let her visit her child after three months. She allowed <mask> to move back in. One day, she woke <mask> up after a long day of work; she told <mask> to sign what were presented as insurance papers, and she did so without reading them.However, the papers she had signed were adoption papers, giving her mother custody of Melissa, and <mask> was then kicked out of the house. Her mother disputed that version of the events, and said that <mask> had agreed to the adoption. The following year, <mask> again became pregnant and gave birth to a baby, Jennifer, who was placed for adoption. Roe v. Wade

In 1968, at the age of 21, McCorvey became pregnant a third time and returned to Dallas. According to McCorvey, friends advised her that she should assert falsely that she had been raped by a group of black men and that she could thereby obtain a legal abortion under Texas's law, which prohibited most abortion; sources differ over whether Texas law had such a rape exception. Due to a lack of police evidence or documentation, the scheme was not successful, and <mask> later said it was a fabrication. She attempted to obtain an illegal abortion, but the recommended clinic had been closed down by authorities.Her doctor, Richard Lane, suggested that she consult Henry McCluskey, an adoption lawyer in Dallas. <mask> stated that she was only interested in an abortion, but agreed to meet with McCluskey. Eventually, <mask> was referred to attorneys Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, who were looking for pregnant women who were seeking abortions. The case, Roe v. Wade (Henry Wade was the district attorney), took three years of trials to reach the Supreme Court of the United States, and McCorvey never attended a single trial. During the course of the lawsuit, <mask> gave birth and placed the baby up for adoption. <mask> told the press that she was "Jane Roe" soon after the decision was reached, stating that she had sought an abortion because she was unemployable and greatly depressed. In 1983, <mask> told the press that she had been raped; in 1987, she said the rape claim was untrue.Anti-abortion activism
In 1994, <mask> published her autobiography, I Am Roe. At a book signing, <mask> was befriended by Flip Benham, an evangelical minister and the national director of the anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue. She converted to Evangelical Protestantism and was baptized on August 8, 1995, by Benham, in a Dallas, Texas, backyard swimming pool – an event that was filmed for national television. Two days later, she announced that she had quit her job at an abortion clinic and had become an advocate of Operation Rescue's campaign to make abortion illegal. She voiced remorse for her part in the Supreme Court decision and said she had been a pawn for abortion activists. On August 17, 1998, <mask> was received into the Catholic Church in a Mass celebrated by Father Edward Robinson and concelebrated by Father Frank Pavone, director of Priests for Life, at Saint Thomas Aquinas Church in Dallas. <mask>'s second book, Won by Love, described her religious conversion and was published in 1998.In the book, she said that her change of heart occurred in 1995, when she saw a fetal development poster in an Operation Rescue office. In 2004, <mask> sought to have the U.S. Supreme Court overturn Roe v. Wade, saying that there was now evidence that the procedure harms women, but the case was ultimately dismissed in 2005. On January 22, 2008, <mask> endorsed Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul because of his anti-abortion position. <mask> remained active in anti-abortion demonstrations, including one she participated in before President Barack Obama's commencement address to the graduates of the University of Notre Dame. <mask> was arrested on the first day of U.S. Senate hearings for the confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States of Sonia Sotomayor, after McCorvey and another protester began shouting during Senator Al Franken's opening statement. <mask> appeared in the 2013 film Doonby, in which she delivers an anti-abortion message. Relationship with Connie Gonzalez and death
Soon after giving birth a third time, as Roe v. Wade made its way through the courts, McCorvey met and began a long-term relationship with Connie Gonzalez.They lived together in Dallas for 35 years. After converting to Christianity, McCorvey continued to live with Gonzalez, though she described their relationship as platonic. Later in life, McCorvey stated that she was no longer a lesbian, although she later said that her religious conversion and  renouncement of her sexuality were financially motivated. <mask> moved out of the house she shared with Gonzalez in 2006, shortly after Gonzalez suffered a stroke. <mask> died of heart failure in Katy, Texas, on February 18, 2017, at the age of 69. AKA Jane Roe documentary

On May 22, 2020, a documentary titled AKA Jane Roe aired on FX, describing McCorvey's life and the financial incentives to change her views on abortion. In an interview conducted for the film shortly before her death, in what she referred to as her "deathbed confession", McCorvey said her anti-abortion activism had been "all an act", which she did because she was paid, stating that she did not care whether a woman got an abortion."I was the big fish. I think it was a mutual thing. I took their money and they'd put me out in front of the cameras and tell me what to say. That's what I’d say," <mask> said. "If a young woman wants to have an abortion, that's no skin off my ass. That’s why they call it choice," she added. Robert Schenck, an evangelical pastor who worked with McCorvey, supported what was in the documentary.He acknowledged that his group had paid <mask> to speak against abortion and stated: "Her name and photo would command some of the largest windfalls of dollars for my group and many others, but the money we gave her was modest. More than once, I tried to make up for it with an added check, but it was never fair." According to tax documents, McCorvey received at least $450,000 from anti-abortion groups during her years as an activist. Schenck said that he was surprised that McCorvey said that she was pro-choice, although he said that he knew she "harboured doubts about the pro-life message she was telegraphing." Pavone, who had a decades long association with <mask>, said that she was not on the payroll of his organization, Priests for Life, and said that he did not believe that McCorvey's activism was disingenuous. "I can even see her being emotionally cornered to get those words out of her mouth, but the things that I saw in 22 years with her—the thousands and thousands of conversations that we had—that was real," he said. He later wrote, "So abortion supporters are claiming <mask>, the Jane Roe of Roe v. Wade, wasn’t sincere in her conversion.She was. I was her spiritual guide for 22 years, received her into the Catholic Church, kept regular contact, spoke with her the day she died, and conducted her funeral." Abby Johnson, who worked for Planned Parenthood before joining the anti-abortion movement, said that <mask> called her on the phone days before her death to express remorse for abortion. Johnson said that she believed McCorvey was a damaged woman who should not have been thrust into the spotlight so quickly after turning against abortion. "I don’t have any problem believing that in the last year of her life that she tried to convince herself abortion was OK. But I know at the end of her life, she did not believe that," she said. Books

References

External links
 <mask> speaking at the 1998 March for Life (C-SPAN)

1947 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
Activists for African-American civil rights
American autobiographers
American people of Acadian descent
Cajun people
Former feminists
American anti-abortion activists
American women activists
Bisexual women
Converts to Protestantism from atheism or agnosticism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Evangelicalism
Former Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
People from Houston
People self-identified as ex-gay
Roman Catholic activists
Writers from Houston
Writers from Louisiana
Women autobiographers
Activists from Texas
American women non-fiction writers
Catholics from Texas
Catholics from Louisiana
LGBT people from Louisiana
21st-century American women

masks:
Norma Leah Nelson McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
Norma
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
Woody McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma McCorvey
McCorvey
Norma McCorvey


title: Tom Kundig

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1954) is an American principal and owner of the Seattle-based firm Olson Kundig Architects. His honors include some of the highest design awards, including a 2008 National Design Award in Architecture Design from the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt; a 2007 Academy Award in Architecture from The American Academy of Arts and Letters; selection as a finalist for the 2005 National Design Award for Architecture; a MacDowell Colony Fellowship; and selection as an Emerging Architect by the Architectural League of New York. He has also received eleven National American Institute of Architects awards. In 2011, he was included in The Wallpaper* 150, Wallpaper (magazine)'s list of the 150 people who have most influenced, inspired and improved the way we live, work and travel over the last 15 years. In 2010, the Pierre was named World Architecture News' House of the Year and in 2011, Art Stable was named Project of the Year by the Residential Architect Design Awards. Architectural Record has chosen two of Kundig’s projects for Record Houses—the Rolling Huts and Delta Shelter. Olson Kundig Architects received the 2009 National AIA Architecture Firm Award (as Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects) and has twice been named one of the Top Ten Most Innovative Companies in Architecture by Fast Company (magazine).In 2015, Princeton Architectural Press released <mask>g: Works, a collection of Kundig's recent projects, including commercial spaces and public buildings. In 2011, Princeton Architectural Press released <mask>ndig: Houses 2, the follow up to the 2006 book, <mask>ndig: Houses, one of the Press’s bestselling architecture books of all time. Kundig has been published over 450 times in publications worldwide, including the Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, Architectural Record, Dwell, Architectural Digest and The New York Times. Kundig’s undergraduate and graduate architecture degrees are from the University of Washington. Early life and career
<mask> was born on October 9, 1954 in Merced, California and raised in Spokane, Washington. As a teenager, he found early influences in his work at sawmills, his surroundings and his time spent hiking, skiing and climbing. "I experienced being relatively humble in the landscape," Kundig says about his childhood."Mountaineering and architecture have many parallels—they're about solving the problem in as clear and economic means as possible—it's not about getting to the top." He also took inspiration from the sculptor Harold Balazs, who taught him that building a project is the most important part of the design process as well as how tough it is to be an artist. In college, Kundig originally trained as a geophysicist before switching to architecture, his father's profession. In an interview with the National Building Museum, he says:
When I left for college, I was more interested in the hard sciences—physics and especially geophysics. I was fascinated by the movement of Earth tectonics and geology. The idea of these large forces that shape our Earth is still a really fascinating sidebar interest. In fact, I’d almost say it is a focus; I’m often as interested in that as I am in architecture.Ultimately, I came to understand pretty early that I did not have a natural propensity for the larger geophysics requirements and I really missed what architecture is: the intersection between the rational and the poetic. I was just in the rational world of physics and I missed the poetic. Architecture lets me have both. After working for other firms around the world, <mask> joined Olson Kundig Architects in 1986. He first came to national attention with Studio House, a private residence that he completed in 1998. In 2002, he completed Chicken Point Cabin, a private residence that remains one of his most "iconic and poetic" designs that includes one of his most recognized gizmos: a 20-foot by 30-foot window-wall that opens with a hand crank. Kundig regularly serves on design juries and lectures around the world on architecture and design.He has been a university studio critic throughout the United States and in Japan, including at Harvard University and the University of Oregon, and has served as the John G. Williams Distinguished Professor at the University of Arkansas School of Architecture and the D. Kenneth Sargent Visiting Design Critic at Syracuse University’s College of Architecture. Recent lectures include presentations at the Royal Academy of Arts in London and the New York Public Library. His award-winning work has been exhibited at the American Academy of Arts and Letters in New York City, Syracuse University, and at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. In the winter of 2010/2011, he was the sole North American architect chosen to represent the continent in an exhibit at TOTO GALLERY MA in Tokyo, Japan. Quotes
Asked about the origins of Kundig’s interest in gizmos: “When I was a kid, I grew up amongst industry: mining, logging, farming. Naturally, with that there was a lot of machinery, a lot of practically-designed – and in its way, beautiful – machinery. And when I lived in Alaska, I would go way out in the country, hiking and mountain climbing, and I would see these pieces of machinery way the heck back there, powered by wind or by water coming off the side of a mountain.The guys who designed these were geniuses! As I was developing an architectural voice, I realized there was something similar about buildings that I found fascinating: that buildings could be changed by people using them. You can literally move walls or furniture and move it on a scale that reminds you that, in fact, you’re capable –with geometry and physics– of moving these things.”

On the importance of detail: “Detail is important because it’s at that lever that you interact directly with the building. You touch, move, and handle detail at the most intimate levels. I think If you can’t walk into a house and smile about something, there’s something missing in that house. I want the people I build houses for to love their house to death, and hopefully to call me two or three years later and say the place is just getting better and better. It’s what I do this stuff for: to be involved with a landscape and with these personalities.”

On the influence of artist Harold Balazs: “Sometimes you just luck out in life and you meet a force of nature.I benefited tremendously from my family’s friendship with sculptor Harold Balazs. A sculptor and humanitarian, Harold instilled in my youth a sense of courage and enthusiasm to embrace this lucky moment we have on earth. As a kid I watched fantastic sculptures being fabricated at his shop and home in Mead, Washington. I witnessed his experiments and ideas with different medium and materials and how all of it related to the culture and politics of our time. He said to me out of the blue: ‘If you want to see what art can be, look at hot rods.’ This was around 1968. The point he was making was they were challenging the status quo and re-inventing the commodities with their own ideas and craft. He saw their craft as an incredible source of inspiration for his work, and that left a lasting impression.”

"One is tempted to label Kundig's architecture as an example of Northwestern regionalism, yet his houses built in other geographical and climatic settings respond appropriately to these different conditions.""I believe <mask>'s success is grounded in the relaxedness and centeredness of one that devoutly performs a strong and personal vocation, which allows him to master the personas that he chooses to present. Rejecting the self-indulgent, <mask> doesn't shy away from the profession's extremes of making a personal work dedicating his efforts to his clients." "<mask>'s larger contributions should also be acknowledged; his public works of architecture will bring inspired spaces with intense connections of material and detail to the joy of a greater number of individuals in the future. His positive mental thoughts, his core values, perhaps these are the conception of a 'spirit of architecture', which is passed on and thrives in continuity and zeal." Recognition and awards
Kundig is recipient of numerous awards and honors including the prestigious National Design Award in Architecture Design from the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (2008). Kundig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2007. 14 projects by Kundig have been recognized by The American Institute of Architects National Awards, including the AIA Honor Awards for Art Stable (2013), Outpost (2010) and Delta Shelter (2008).The AIA has also awarded Kundig's project with AIA Northwest & Pacific Region Honor Award for The Rolling Huts (2009), Montecito Residence (2008) and Delta Shelter (2007). Other awards and distinctions include several American Architecture Awards from the Chicago Athenaeum for Outpost (2009), The Rolling Huts (2009), Montecito Residence (2008), Delta Shelter (2007) and Tye River Cabin (2007). Also, Kundig was named the Architectural League of New York's, Emerging Architect in 2004. The <mask>ndig Collection includes cabinet pulls, rollers, door knockers and knobs. Kundig collaborated with Seattle-based fabricator 12th Avenue Iron to manufacture the line. The architect explains in an interview in Dwell magazine, that the “simplest-looking pieces” (the Peel, Ear and Droop Ear cabinet pulls) are also the most rewarding—“they represent the collection at its most elemental.” He calls the higher-priced Roll and Disc rollers a “wink and a nod” to their complex fabrication. Their edited forms are, as Kundig says, “honest about how they are made and what they are made from.”

According to Kundig, this line is the very first of many; now that he has begun to focus in this direction, he wants to keep going.“There are so many other products that I can’t find in the commodity market. Designing them myself and putting them out there for others to use seems like the right evolution.” The <mask>ndig Collection won a 2012 “Best of Year” award in the hardware category from Interior Design Magazine. In 2013, Kundig designed The Final Turn, a funerary urn, with Greg Lundgren, owner of Lundgren Monuments in Seattle. The urn consists of two halves of an eight- inch-diameter blackened steel or bronze sphere—the halves are threaded with a noticeable offset from one another when they meet. While the sphere implies perfection and eternity, the offset nature of the urn is inspired by the people left behind—those whose lives are thrown off-kilter by the passing of a loved one. “It’s a quiet reminder.” Kundig noted in a New York Times interview. A threaded cap atop the stem on the lower half provides access to the receptacle for the remains.The upper half includes a compartment designed to house mementos. Flat surfaces on the exterior accommodate inscriptions, if desired. Films and videos
 Shadowboxx, 2012 – Three minute stop-motion film captures the ever-changing natural conditions of a place and the ability of a house to morph and respond to those changes over the course of a day. The Art Of: Tom Kundig Collection by 12th Avenue Iron, 2012 – Created and produced by Kontent Partners, The Art Of series celebrates the craft, passion, and people who make desired and sought-after objects of design. This short format vignette focuses on the <mask>ndig hardware line created and produced in partnership between 12th Avenue Iron and Olson Kundig Architects. An Interview with Jim Olson and <mask>g, 2012 – Created for the 28th Annual Interior Design Magazine Hall of Fame Award, this video introduces the work of Jim Olson and <mask>g. Video produced by C & M City Inc.Between Light and Shadow, 2011 – Discussion between <mask>, Carol Bobo and Amber Murray about two houses that Kundig created for Bobo: Studio House in Shoreline, Seattle, and Shadowboxx in Lopez Island. Art Stable Time Lapse, 2011 – Art Stable is an urban infill project in the rapidly developing South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle. Built on the site of a former horse stable, the seven-story mixed-use building carries its working history into the future with highly adaptable live/work units. <mask>g: Prototypes and Moving Parts, 2010 – A collection of projects by <mask>g. Moving Mazama, 2013 - Short by Katie Turinski depicting the differing viewpoints behind the Flagg Mountain controversy. Flagg Mountain hut legal dispute
In 2012, <mask> and Jim Dow built a cabin on top of Flagg Mountain in Mazama, Washington that has been opposed by a coalition including a number of area residents and adjoining property owners, who claim that the building, which is cantilevered over a rock cliff, is visually obtrusive and breaks an unwritten agreement among residents not to build atop the ridgeline. Those opponents have filed a lawsuit claiming that the structure violates protective viewshed covenants that were placed on the property by earlier owners.The cabin's owners (including Kundig and Dow) assert that the cabin's location is legal, that it is not as visible as opponents claim, that placement elsewhere would have intruded on other neighbors, and that once its exterior siding is completed, it will blend in more with its surroundings. The case is being heard in Superior Court of Okanogan County, Washington. Notable works
Berkshire Residence, The Berkshires, Massachusetts, 2015
Sawmill, Tehachapi, California, 2014
Studhorse, Winthrop, Washington, 2012
Charles Smith Wines Tasting Room and World Headquarters, Walla Walla, Washington, 2011
The Pierre, San Juan Islands, Washington, 2010
Art Stable, Seattle, Washington, 2010
Slaughterhouse Beach House, Maui, Hawaii, 2010
Studio Sitges, Sitges, Spain, 2010
Shadowboxx, San Juan Islands, Washington, 2010
Outpost, Central Idaho, 2007
Montecito Residence, Montecito, California, 2007
Rolling Huts, Mazama, Washington, 2007
Delta Shelter, Mazama, Washington, 2005
Chicken Point Cabin, Northern Idaho, 2002
The Brain, Seattle, Washington, 2001
Ridge House, Eastern Washington, 2001
Mission Hill Winery, Westbank, British Columbia, 2000
Studio House, Seattle, Washington, 1998

Publications
 <mask>ndig: Working Title, Princeton Architectural Press, 2020. ()
 <mask>g: Works, Princeton Architectural Press, 2015. ()
 <mask>g: Houses 2. Princeton Architectural Press, 2011. Ngo, Dung.<mask>: Houses. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Ojeda, Oscar Riera, ed. Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects: Architecture, Art, and Craft. The Monacelli Press, 2001. References

External references
 Olson Kundig Architects website
 Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards
 E-Architect listing for <mask>g
 2008 AIA Honor Awards Press Release
 Architectural Digest, AD 100

Living people
American architects
Architects from Washington (state)
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
1954 births
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni

masks:
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Kundig
Kundig
Tom
Tom
Tom
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Ku
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Ku
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundi
Tom Kundig
Tom Kundi


title: Hugh Childers

texts:
<mask> (25 June 1827 – 29 January 1896) was a British Liberal statesman of the nineteenth century. He is perhaps best known for his reform efforts at the Admiralty and the War Office. Later in his career, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his attempt to correct a budget shortfall led to the fall of the Liberal government led by William Gladstone. Early life
<mask> was born in London, the son of <mask> and his wife Maria Charlotte (née Smith),
sister of Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet and granddaughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley. He was educated at Cheam School under Pestalozzi and then both Wadham College, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. from the latter in 1850. Influential on his intellectual development were Adam Smith's theories of free trade, and capital returns.<mask> then decided to seek a career in Australia and on 26 October 1850 arrived in Melbourne, Victoria along with his wife Emily Walker. Australia
<mask> joined the government of Victoria and served as Inspector of Denominational schools (meaning Protestant and Catholic schools) and immigration agent. In 1852 he became a director of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company. <mask> became auditor-general on 26 October 1852 and was nominated to the Victorian Legislative Council. In 1852 he placed a bill before the state legislature proposing the establishment of a university for Victoria, the second in Australia following the foundation of the University of Sydney in 1850. With the receipt of the Royal Assent in 1853, the University of Melbourne was founded, with <mask> as its first vice-chancellor. Childers was Collector of Customs from 5 December 1853 to 28 November 1855 and Commissioner of Trade & Customs 28 November 1855 to 25 February 1857.<mask> was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Assembly for Portland in November 1856, a seat he held until resigning in February 1857. Return to Britain
<mask> retained the vice-chancellorship until his return to Britain in March 1857 and received an M.A. from Cambridge in the same year. Enters British politics
In 1860 he entered the House of Commons as a Liberal member for Pontefract, and within a few years joined the government of Lord Palmerston, becoming a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1864 and then Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1865. First Lord of the Admiralty

With the election of Gladstone's government in December 1868, he rose to greater prominence, serving as First Lord of the Admiralty. Childers "had a reputation for being hardworking, but inept, autocratic and notoriously overbearing in his dealing with colleagues." He "initiated a determined programme of cost and manpower reductions, fully backed by the Prime Minister, Gladstone described him [<mask>] as 'a man likely to scan with a rigid eye the civil expenses of the Naval Service'.He got the naval estimates just below the psychologically important figure of £10,000,000. Childers strengthened his own position as First Lord by reducing the role of the Board of Admiralty to a purely formal one, making meetings rare and short and confining the Sea Lords rigidly to the administrative functions... Initially Childers had the support of the influential Controller of the Navy, Vice-Admiral Sir [Robert] Spencer Robinson." "His re-organisation of the Admiralty was unpopular and poorly done." Childers was responsible for the construction of HMS Captain in defiance of the advice of his professional advisers, the Controller (Robinson) and the Chief Constructor Edward James Reed. Captain was commissioned in April 1870, and sank on the night of 6/7 September 1870. She was, as predicted by Robison and Reed, insufficiently stable."Shortly before the battleship sank, <mask> had moved his son, Midshipman <mask> from Reed's designed HMS Monarch onto the new ship-of-the-line; Leonard did not survive." Childers "faced strong criticism following the Court Martial on the loss of HMS Captain, and attempted to clear his name with a 359-page memorandum, a move described as "dubious public ethics". Vice Admiral Sir Robert Spencer Robinson wrote 'His endeavors were directed to throw the blame which might be supposed to attach to himself on those who had throughout expressed their disapproval of such methods of construction'." Childers unfairly blamed Robinson for the loss of the Captain, and as a result of this Robinson was replaced as Third Lord and Controller of the navy in February 1871. "Following the loss of his son and the recriminations that followed, Childers resigned through ill health as First Lord in March 1871." 1871–1880
Following his resignation he spent some months on the Continent, and recovered sufficiently to take office in 1872 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The consequent ministerial by-election on 15 August 1872 was the first Parliamentary election to be held after the Ballot Act 1872 required the use of a secret ballot.Secretary for War

When the Liberals regained power in 1880, <mask> was appointed Secretary for War, a position he accepted reluctantly. He therefore had to bear responsibility for cuts in arms expenditure, a policy that provoked controversy when Britain began fighting; first the Boers in South Africa in 1880 and then the invasion of Egypt in 1882. <mask> was also very unpopular with Horse Guards for the reinforcement and expansion of the Cardwell reforms. On 1 May 1881 he passed General Order 41, which outlined a series of improvements known as the Childers reforms. Chancellor of the Exchequer
Childers became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1882, a post he had coveted. As such, he attempted to implement a conversion of Consols in 1884. Although the scheme proved a failure, it paved the way for the subsequent conversion in 1888.He attempted to resolve a budget shortfall in June 1885 by increasing alcohol duty and income tax. His budget was rejected by Parliament, and the government - already unpopular due to events in Egypt - was forced out of office. <mask>'s colleague the Earl of Rosebery commented resignedly: "So far as I know the budget is as good a question to go out upon as any other, and Tuesday as good a day." Home Secretary
At the subsequent election in December 1885 Childers lost his Pontefract seat, but returned as an independent Home Ruler for Edinburgh South (one of the few Liberals who adopted this policy before Gladstone's conversion in 1886). <mask> then served as Home Secretary in the short-lived ministry of 1886. He was critical of the financial clauses of the First Home Rule Bill, and their withdrawal was largely due to his threat of resignation. Nevertheless, the bill still failed to pass, and its rejection brought down the Liberal government.Retirement and the Childers Commission

He retired from parliament in 1892, and his last piece of work was the drafting of a report for the 1894 "Financial Relations Commission" on Irish financial matters, of which he was chairman (generally known as the Childers Commission). This found that, compared to the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland had been overtaxed on a per capita basis by some £2 or £3 million annually in previous decades. The matter was finally debated in March 1897. In the following decades Irish nationalists frequently quoted the report as proof that some form of fiscal freedom was needed to end imperial over-taxation, which was prolonging Irish poverty. Their opponents noted that the extra tax received had come from an unduly high consumption of tea, stout, whiskey and tobacco, and not from income tax. His younger cousin Erskine <mask> wrote a book on the matter in 1911. Childers' 1894 report was still considered influential in 1925 in considering the mutual financial positions between the new Irish Free State and the United Kingdom.In 1926 an Irish Senate debate included claims by some Senators that, with compound interest, Ireland was owed as much as £1.2 billion by Britain. This, however, ignored the changed economic conditions since 1894, and at the eve of secession Southern Ireland was being heavily subsidised by the British taxpayer. This economic reality forced the initial Irish Free State government to cut the old age pension from five to four shillings. In 1932 on the start of the Anglo-Irish Trade War, the Irish government made a claim for £400 million in respect of past overtaxation, amongst others, but this was not mentioned when the dispute was settled in 1938. Family, later life and death
Childers married Emily Walker in 1850. They had six sons and two daughters. One of their daughters, Emily "Milly" <mask>, was a portrait and landscape painter.His first wife died in 1875 and Childers married Katherine Anne Gilbert in 1879. A cousin, Erskine <mask>, was the author of the spy novel The Riddle of the Sands, an important figure in the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War (during which he was executed), and father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine <mask>. Towards the end of his ministerial career "HCE" Childers was known for his girth, and so acquired the nickname "Here Comes Everybody", which was later used as a motif in Finnegans Wake by James Joyce. Childers died in January 1896, aged 68. He is buried on the south side of the central enclosed roundel in Brompton Cemetery, London. See also
 Childers, Queensland, town named after Childers
 HMAS Childers (ACPB 93), Australian ship named after the town

Footnotes

Further reading
Childers Commission

Biography
  Vol. I; Vol.II
 The Educational Activities in Victoria of the Right Hon. H. C. E. <mask>, E. Sweetman, 1940

External links

A Portrait from the New York Public Library Archives

 Childers and Cardwell Reforms

1827 births
1896 deaths
Hugh
Politicians from London
People educated at Cheam School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
English people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Melbourne
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
First Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1886–1892
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Fellows of the Royal Society
Agents-General for Victoria
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies

masks:
Hugh Culling Eardley Childers
Childers
Reverend Eardley Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Leonard Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Childers
Hamilton Childers
Childers


title: Gerolf of Holland

texts:
<mask> or Gerulf (c. 850 – 895/896) was the second count of this name who is attested in the area of Friesland (which also included Holland at the time). Gerolf's main area of power seems to have been in Kennemerland. Count <mask> is often regarded as the founder of the County of Holland, although the actual name "Holland" is from a later time. His ancestry is unclear, but he may have been a son or, more likely, a grandson of the earlier Gerolf, who was a count in the area of Frisia at the time of the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious (fl. 833) and who later joined a monastery. The earlier Gerolf died in 855. There is some limited and vague evidence that this earlier Gerolf was a son of a certain Theodoric, who in turn supposedly descended from the Frisian king Redbad (d. 719).Count <mask> is often identified as the father of Count Dirk I and seen as the founder of the first house of the Counts of Holland, which ruled the county until it was inherited by John II of Hainaut in 1299. Formation of the County of Holland

Since the Treaty of Verdun (concluded in 843) Frisia and other parts of the present-day Netherlands had become a part of, at first Middle Francia, then after 855 Lotharingia, and finally after the Treaty of Meerssen it was incorporated into East Francia in 870. However, ever since the 840s a series of Viking leaders had been installed in the region (as a means of defense against further incursions) and they were the de facto rulers of the region. It was not until 885 that this situation was put to an end by the murder of Godfrid, Duke of Frisia at a place called Herespich (identified as modern Spijk). According to some sources Count <mask> and Eberhard Count of Hamaland (who was later appointed Margrave of Frisia) were foremost amongst the conspirators in this plot. In the Chronicon of Regino of Prüm, on the other hand, there is no mention of Gerulf as taking part of this plan. Instead, according to this version, the murdering scheme would have been instigated by Emperor Charles and a certain Duke Henry.If so, it was, possibly, then, effectuated by Eberhard. The same Eberhard was hunted out and killed by <mask>'s son Waldger in 898, but the origin of that conflict is unknown, a possible explanation being that Waldger (who probably descended from Frisian royalty, see below) contested Eberhard's recent appointment as Margrave. It might be important remembering, in face of this scenario, how Merovingian and, most particularly, Carolingian leaders had hunted heathen Frisians just before the Frankish society had to deal with the Viking expansion. In this sense, it is interesting, as well, to observe how far the Gerulfingian House of Holland, during the centuries to follow, would pose an obstacle for the full grasp of this region by the Holy Roman Empire. On 4 August 889, Count <mask> received a reward for his role in the defeat of the Vikings. On this date Arnulf of Carinthia, King of East Francia, granted him a number of lands and properties in full ownership. Firstly, he was granted an area outside his county, in Teisterbant, which consisted of a number of farms and houses in, amongst others, Tiel, Aalburg and Asch.Also he was granted additional property in his own county, consisting of a forest and agricultural lands, situated somewhere between the mouth of the Old Rhine and (presumably) Bennebroek. Doubts about the founding of the House of Holland

Only since the late nineteenth century is <mask> regarded as the founder of the House of Holland. This is based on a poem composed around 1120. It locates the tombs where members of the house were interred. The poem begins with: "The first Dirk, brother of Waldger was a glorious man ..." In another work Waldger is named: "Waldgarius Freso, Gerulfi filius", which translates as: "Waldger the Frisian, son of Gerolf". However, it appears unusual that, following the death of <mask>, the eldest son Waldger received Teisterbant, while the younger brother Dirk inherited the comital title, although the title wasn't necessarily inheritable, but often rather by appointment. Also surprising is that Waldger's eldest son was named Radboud and a possible second son (or other relation) of his was named Hatto.It was customary in those days, that the eldest son received the name of his father's father. It is therefore thought that Gerolf was not the father but the foster-father of Waldger and Dirk. Filius in this case meaning foster-son. The most likely candidate for the biological father of Dirk and Waldger is Redbad II, prince of the Frisians. Waldger's nickname Freso may also be indicative of this origin. This prince Radboud fell in battle in 874, while repelling a Viking incursion together with Reginar "Longneck" (Count of Maasgau, later Duke of Lorraine). At this time Dirk and Waldger were still infants.It is further speculated that because <mask>'s sister may have been Dirk and Waldger's mother, her brother acted as her children's guardian after their father had been killed. While Dirk and Waldger were still minors, Gerolf, as guardian, presumably was then appointed count of the threatened area to protect it from the Vikings. Later on, after Gerolf had died without leaving any sons of his own, Dirk then inherited the fief or was appointed as its next count. Possibly Waldger may have received (the properties in) Teisterbant because this was an allodium of the family, the comital title and territories being an imperial appointment. Yet another possibility is that Dirk was called Waldger's brother because one of them was married to the other's sister (i.e. Gerolf's daughter, making him a son-in-law of Gerolf's). Alternatively, Gerolf may have simply been, as is often assumed, the father of Dirk.The reason that Dirk and not (the elder) Waldger was appointed count is possibly also Waldger's feud with Eberhard of Hamaland, the newly appointed Margrave of Frisia, whom he murdered in 898. Notes

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20080413063227/http://www.geerts.com/holland/holland-1.htm

  Charles Cawley Medieval Lands: Holland & Frisia 2007
D Arn 57, page 81
Koch, A. C. F. (editor) (1970) Oorkondenboek van Holland en Zeeland tot 1299 (Martinus <mask>, The Hague) 21, page 36
B.K.S. Dijkstra, Een stamboom in been, Amsterdam 1991. Medieval Frisian rulers
Counts of Holland
9th-century rulers in Europe

masks: Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Gerolf Nijhoff


title: Louis Cyr

texts:
<mask>  (; born <mask>, October 10, 1863 - November 10, 1912) was a Quebecois strongman with a career spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His recorded feats, including lifting  (1/4 ton) with one finger and backlifting (2 tons), show Cyr to be, according to former International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness chairman Ben Weider, one of the strongest men ever to have lived. Early years
Cyr was born in Saint-Cyprien-de-Napierville, Quebec, Canada. Coming from a robust French-Acadian family, he began developing his extraordinary strength at an early age. From the age of twelve Cyr worked in a lumber camp during the winters and on the family's farm the rest of the year. Discovering his exceptional strength at a very young age, he impressed his fellow workers with his feats of strength. After learning of the tale, Cyr attempted to mimic the practice of legendary strongman Milo of Croton, who as a child carried a calf on his shoulders, continuing to carry it as it grew into a full-grown bull and he into a grown man.Cyr's calf, however, bolted one day, kicking him in his back, after which he instead began carrying a sack of grain  every day, adding  each day. According to one of his biographers, his mother decided "He should let his hair grow, like Samson in the Bible". She curled it regularly. <mask> started his strong man career at the age of 17, after some publicity came about due to an incident when the young <mask> was reported to have lifted a farmer's heavily laden wagon out of the mire in which it had become stuck. He was matched in a contest against Michaud of Quebec, who was recognized as Canada's strongest man of the time. Cyr beat him in tests of lifting of heavy stones by hoisting a granite boulder weighing . In 1878 the Cyr family immigrated to Lowell, Massachusetts in the United States.In Lowell, Cyr changed his name from Cyprien-Noé to <mask>, as it was easier to pronounce in English. Again his great strength brought him fame. At 17 years old he weighed . He entered his first strongman contest in Boston at age 22, lifting a horse off the ground; the fully grown male horse was placed on a platform with 2 iron bars attached enabling Cyr to obtain a better grip. The horse weighed at least . Rise to fame

In 1882, while working as a logger, <mask> married Melina (née Gilbert dit Comtois). The following year he and his wife returned to Lowell, hoping to capitalize on his fame there.A tour of the Maritimes was organized, and while it may have benefited the organizer, Cyr gained no profit financially. He then began touring Quebec with his family in a show they called "The Troupe Cyr". Soon proving his immense strength, he was urged by friends to enter the exciting, albeit highly precarious world of professional strong men, lifting mainly crude solid or shot filled weights. From 1883 to 1885, Cyr served as a police officer in Montreal, Quebec. Following this he went on tour with a troupe that included a wrestler, a boxer, and a weightlifter. He entered a strongman competition in March 1886, at Quebec City, against the reigning Canadian strongman, David Michaud. Cyr lifted a  barbell with one hand (to Michaud's ) and a weight of  on his back, to his opponent's  to win the title of strongest man in the country.With little reward at this early foray into professional weightlifting, <mask> was forced to seek other employment. Cyr became a police officer after breaking up a knife fight and carrying both participants to the police station. Prudent with his earnings, <mask> left the police force and purchased a tavern/restaurant in St. Cunégonde, where he also featured a gymnasium which became a mecca for strength athletes and fighters. Cyr was well acquainted with John L. Sullivan, being one of the few to defy Sullivan's commands to drink when he drank. Sullivan was known as The Boston Strong Boy and was very powerful, but not in Cyr's class. Cyr, happy in his own environment, beat all comers when challenged to perform. Cyr's exploits had been well publicized in the 'Pink Un' or Police Gazette published by Richard K. Fox, the proprietor and promoter of other strength athletes, e.g.Travis, Eugen Sandow, etc. Fox offered a side bet of $5,000 to anyone who could beat Cyr at any of his strength feats. Promoted by Fox, <mask> went on tour circa 1885–1891 beating, amongst others: Sebastian Miller, Bienkowski, or Cyclops, August Johnson, and Richard Pennell, plus continually challenging, without success, Eugen Sandow, with a genuine diamond studded belt to be awarded to the winner, should such an event ever take place. It never did. Sandow avoided any such challenges throughout his esteemed career after early mistakes, like the time he was beaten by McCann. There was no doubt that Cyr was an unusual man regarding size and measurements, the latter often causing debate. Although Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, famous Harvard University physical director recorded measuring Cyr in 1895 when Cyr was 32 years old and weighed .Sargent listed Cyr's height as 5'8.5". Other measurements, most on the conservative side as compared to other biographers, were neck – , biceps – , forearms – , wrists – , chest (normal) – , chest expanded – , waist - , hips – , thighs – , knees – 17", and calves - , far short of the quoted 28", but perhaps a possible 23" later when of higher body weight. Ankle  and Shoulder width with calipers ... across the deltoids . The above details were just one set of figures relating to Cyr's size, others being recorded by Willoughby when for example Cyr was 47 years old (in 1910) gave him calf 23", neck 22 3/4", biceps 21 1/2". chest normal 59 1/2" and thighs 33" with other parts to match the increase in weight, being at the time a heavier 365 lbs. Ben Weider, who was privileged to access family archives, was even more generous giving arm size , forearms , and calves, the disputed , following a similar line to Jowett. Reputation as a Strongman

While several of Cyr's feats of strength may have been exaggerated over the years, some were documented and remain impressive.These included:
 lifting a platform on his back holding 18 men for a total of
 lifting a  weight with one finger
 pushing a freight car up an incline
 At 19 years old, he lifted a rock from ground up to his shoulder, officially weighted at 514 pounds
 He beat Eugen Sandow's bent press record (and therefore the heaviest weight lifted with one hand) by  to a total of . Perhaps his greatest feat occurred in 1895, when he was reported to have lifted  on his back in Boston by putting 18 men on a platform and lifting them. One of his most memorable displays of strength occurred in Montreal on 12 October 1891. <mask> resisted the pull of four draught horses (two in each hand) as grooms stood cracking their whips to get the horses to pull harder, a feat he again demonstrated in Ottawa with Queen Victoria's team of draught horses during her royal visit. While in Ottawa he volunteered with the police when they took deputies to round up a local gang of miscreants; they turned him away claiming he would be too slow due to his bulk. He challenged the regular officers to a foot race, beating the majority, and they took him on. He patrolled as a police officer between 1883 and 1885 in Sainte-Cunégonde, known now as Petite-Bourgogne (Little Burgundy) in Montreal.Both the Parc Louis-Cyr and the Place des Hommes-Forts ("Strongmen's Square") are named after him. Statues of him are located at Place des Hommes-Forts and the Musée de la Civilisation in Quebec City. The high school in his hometown of Napierville is also named after him. Through no fault of his own, many of Cyr's lifts, like his measurements, have been exaggerated or misquoted. In particular, his celebrated back lift done in Boston, of 18 men on a platform, is usually generously estimated at 4,300 lb, which allowing for a very heavy platform of at most 500 lb, meant that each man on average would have weighed approximately 211 lb. Cyr was also credited with side pressing  with one arm (the right), a lift witnessed by Britain's great champion Tom Pevier, who described it more like a 'Jerk Press.' The dumbbell, a huge thick handled one, was lifted to the shoulders with two hands, before the single-handed overhead move.Cyr's dumbbells were often so unwieldy that many respectable strongmen  were unable to lift them off the floor, let alone lift them over head. One particular dumbbell of Cyr's weighed, when empty, . It was the same bell that had defeated a drove of former strength athletes, and it was exchanged by its owner, 280 lb. police chief Joseph Moquin of Quebec (who could and did bent press the weight) for a modern set of York weights. Thus, it came into the possession of the late Bob Hoffman and Mike Dietz. According to Strength & Health magazine, Hoffman, after several attempts, was able to bent press it, as did the much lighter 150 lb. Sig Klein.John Grimek later also bent pressed it, half a dozen times or so one afternoon, when the weight was increased to 269.5 lb, by adding, as it happened, the lead type from Mark Berrys' classic tome Physical Training Simplified. Hence the reason the book was never reprinted. Cyr was a big man in all ways, both heart and size, being a great trencherman, eating more than four normal men. Up to 6 lb of meat at one meal ... a genuine gourmand, increasing weight enormously in his later years. His lightest bodyweight was when he competed against August Johnson, then just 270 lb, although his normal contest condition was nearer 320 lb. Cyr's wife, Melina, by contrast, never weighed more than 100 lb. In 1886 Cyr met and defeated Richard Pennell, then Pennell being 40, and <mask> just 23.In 1888 on 1 October at Berthierville, Quebec, he lifted 3,536 lb/1, 604 kg of pig iron for his first record in the back lift. On 1 December 1891 at Sohmer Park in Montreal, before some 10,000 people, Cyr resisted the pull of four draught horses, two on each side, despite grooms cracking their whips to encourage the horses to pull harder and strain their haunches. In January 1892 Cyr embarked in England with partner Horace Barré, arousing much interest and curiosity at his London debut at the Royal Aquarium, with 5,000 people packing the theater to watch Cyr's act and witness his open challenge to the wide world of strongmen, many celebrities of which were in the audience, with a side wager of £1,000 (Equivalent to about £98,070.00 as of 2015). It was on this historical occasion, on 19 January 1892 that Cyr pressed the pre-mentioned 273.75 lb. dumbbell. Many years later Doc Aumont, son-in-law of <mask>, loaned Cyr's famous dumbbell to the Weider's Your Physique office in Montreal for a month, during which time over 500 people tried and failed to lift the weight. During his first London show, many other feats followed, all exceeding contemporary records, culminating in the famous Backlift.Placing a number of men upon a heavy platform resting across two trestles, <mask> ducked beneath the platform, placed his back below the center, and raised both the contraption and the passengers clear off the trestles. Weight on this occasion was estimated at 3,635 lb. Traveling extensively throughout the UK he also visited Scotland, raising and carrying for a distance one of the famed Dinnie Stones. Cyr was very popular in Britain, being feted by celebrities and Royalty alike, including the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria. After returning to the U.S.A. on 27 May, Cyr did his best back lift in Boston, with over 4,000 lb estimated. Consisting of 18 'bulky' men. During his most active period, circa 1896, on March 31 he did a clean and jerk (the clean is a misnomer) of 347 lb, then a World record, without science or skill, little if any dipping.Reputable witness Oscar Mathes said the lift was closer to a straight-legged press. Cyr did a one-handed deadlift with a dumbbell weighing , made harder by the fact that the bar was 1.5 inches thick. On 7 and 8 May 1896, he performed a crucifix with  in his right hand, and  in his left. Some authors often credit him with holding out with one arm.- . He also dumbbell pressed 162 lb for 36 reps, did a one finger lift, first with 552 lb and the next day made it . Lifted via one hand, style not specified, but most suspect using hand and thigh method, . plus again, using hand and thigh, .For years <mask> pictured himself as a modern Biblical Samson with tresses to match. In the folds of his long hair he would tie three fifty pound weights, one on each side, and one in the center, with the three weights dangling from his scalp, he would also spin around, swirling the weights around his head. By co-incidence on his visit to Britain, the top of the pops was a ditty entitled 'Get Your Hair Cut'...<mask> must have taken the hint, as afterwards he always sported short hair. More power of the arm and shoulder was demonstrated by his stunt of stacking four fifty pound weights one on top of the other on his half flexed arm, balancing them whilst walking across the room. Wrestling a giant
Cyr learned boxing and wrestling for a match. While in Montréal, Que., 25 March 1901, <mask> wrestled Édouard Beaupré, who was known as a giant man. Cyr's height was measured at  and he weighed .Beaupré's height was measured at  and he weighed . Cyr won. Death

By 1904 Cyr's health began to fail due to excessive eating and inactivity. At the time, he weighed . He slimmed down as best he could for his last contest of strength, with Hector De Carrie. Cyr retained his title and retired unvanquished. Cyr died on November 10, 1912, in Montreal, of chronic nephritis and was interred at St-Jean-De-Matha.Great homage was paid by all of Canada, with immense crowds attending the funeral and floral tributes coming from all over the world. He was portrayed by Antoine Bertrand in the 2013 biographical film <mask>, l'homme le plus fort du monde. World record
As shown in movie Louis Cyr
 Crucifix:  left hand and   right hand
 One-handed snatch:
 One-handed press:
 Back lift:
 Two-handed lift:

References

Bibliography
 Weider, B. 1976. The Strongest Man in History: <mask>, Amazing Canadian. Translation of <mask>, l’homme le plus fort du monde. Vancouver: Mitchell Press.Debon, Nicolas. 2007. The Strongest Man in the World: <mask>r. Toronto: Groundwood Books. External links

 Heroes of Yore and Lore: Canadian Heroes in Fact and Fiction
 Sandow Plus website featuring a link to a vintage biography of Cyr..

1863 births
1912 deaths
Canadian folklore
Canadian strength athletes
Deaths from nephritis
People associated with physical culture
People from Montérégie
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Sportspeople from Quebec
Canadian male sport wrestlers
French Quebecers
People from Lowell, Massachusetts

masks:
Louis Cyr
Cyprien Noé Cyr
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis Cyr
Louis Cyr
Louis Cyr
Louis Cyr
Louis Cy


title: Edward Glover (psychoanalyst)

texts:
<mask> (13 January 1888 – 16 August 1972) was a British psychoanalyst. He first studied medicine and surgery, and it was his elder brother, <mask> (1882–1926) who attracted him towards psychoanalysis. Both brothers were analysed in Berlin by Karl Abraham; indeed, the "list of Karl Abraham's analysands reads like a roster of psychoanalytic eminence: the leading English analysts <mask> and <mask>" at the top. He then settled down in London where he became an influential member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society in 1921. He was also close to Ernest Jones. Amongst <mask>'s most lasting achievements in the combined field of psychotherapy and criminology – aside from his clinical work and extensive publications – are his roles as: co-founder of the Psychopathic Clinic (renamed the Portman Clinic in 1937) and the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, joint founder of The British Journal of Criminology – he was co-editor until his death – and co-founder of the British Society of Criminology. He was one-time chairman of the medical section of the British Psychological Society.He is publicly remembered in the annual <mask> lecture, delivered under the auspices of the Portman Clinic. Early life
<mask> was the third son of a highly gifted country schoolmaster who was a professed Darwinian agnostic. He suffered family tragedies throughout his life. His second brother died at the age of 6 when <mask> was 4, and James, his much-admired elder brother, died in his 30s. Later in life his first wife died in childbirth along with their child. From his second marriage he had a daughter who suffered from Down's Syndrome, whom <mask> and his wife cared for at home for many years. <mask> entered the medical school in Glasgow at the age of 16 and graduated at 21 with distinction.It is reported that as a student he was prominent in socialist politics and was involved in a revolutionary move to propose Keir Hardie as rector of the university. There followed several years of academic medicine, working first in Glasgow with the professor of medicine and paediatrics and then in pulmonary medicine in London. With the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed medical superintendent of a sanatorium for the treatment of early chest diseases in Birmingham. Early texts (1924–1939)
Between 1924 and 1939, <mask> published his first book as well as some eighteen articles on psychoanalytic subjects ranging from "Notes on Oral Character" through "The Screening Function of Traumatic Memories" to "A Note on Idealisation". '<mask> once [1931] wrote a very interesting paper in which he investigated the ways in which incomplete or inexact interpretations, and also other psychotherapeutic procedures, influence the patient's mind...[as] artificial substitute symptoms, which may make the spontaneous symptoms superfluous. Lacan would make use of <mask>'s findings to support his exploration of "The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis" on more than one occasion: 'Mr <mask> in a remarkable paper...[suggests] not only is every spoken intervention received by the subject in terms of his structure, but the intervention takes on a structuring function in him in proportion to its form'. Thus '<mask>...finds interpretation everywhere, being unable to stop it anywhere, even in the banality of a medical prescription'.<mask>'s "Lectures on Technique in Psychoanalysis"(1927–28) would seem to have offered a dry, neutral, asceptic classical psychoanalysis. Thus on the question of whether analysis should close with a "cooling-off" period, he followed the classical line 'that "to the very end we continue the analytic process", as the English analyst <mask> wrote in The Technique of Psychoanalysis, first published in 1928 and revised in 1955. <mask> sternly continues, "In the first session we laid down the association rule, and this remains in force to the last minute of the last session". Similarly on the question of the early "deep interpretation" favoured for example by Melanie Klein, <mask> argued: 'Once the analyst departs from sparing, provisional interpretations, he not only disturbs the listening situation but has made it difficult to re-establish it'. Psychoanalytic controversies
<mask> was a combative intellectual personality who took a principled stand on many of the variegated controversies of the first psychoanalytic half-century, promoting a 'pure Freudianism'. In the early 1920s, when Karl Abraham 'feared that Ferenczi and, far worse, Rank, were caught in an act of "scientific regression". English psychoanalysts, notably Ernest Jones and the brothers <mask> and <mask>, wholly agreed with Abraham'.In the later 1920s, when Freud made something of a minority stand in support of Lay analysis, 'some of the British psychoanalysts, among them <mask> and John Rickman, saw no harm in nonmedical therapists conducting analysis, provided one kept therapy "sharply divided from diagnosis: the latter must be left to medically qualified persons"'. <mask> worked with Jones in the British Medical Association in obtaining the so-called "Psycho-Analytical Charter" – '<mask> and myself had for over three years fought at heavy odds against our twenty-five bitter opponents'. In the thirties, <mask> found himself increasingly opposed to the innovations and influence of Melanie Klein, who found "from 1934 onwards, a hostility within the British Psycho-Analytic Society" led by "<mask> [who] was scientific secretary of the British Society" – "hostility which lasted for the best part of a decade until the 'vituperative opposition from <mask> and Melitta Schmideberg had vanished when <mask> gave up his membership of the British Psycho-analytical Society the 24th January 1944, confirmed the next 1 February'". At this point, <mask> declared that 'The British Psycho-Analytical Society is no longer a Freudian society' and its 'deviation from psychoanalysis'; and the following year, the fundamental Kleinian position paper by Susan Sutherland Isaacs on "Phantasy" was publicly 'attacked by <mask> (1945)', in the first volume of The Psychoanalytic Study of the child, where he described what he called "the Klein System of Child Psychology" as 'a bio-religious system which depends on faith rather than science...a variant of the doctrine of Original Sin'. In the following decade, <mask> turned his fire from Klein to Jung: his book, Freud or Jung? (1956) is a partisan Freudian—though defensible—polemic'. In it he argued (incidentally) for the firm conceptual separation of art and psychopathology.'<mask> put this view most trenchantly: "Whatever its original unconscious aim, the work of art represents a forward urge of the libido seeking to maintain its hold on the world of objects...not the result of a pathological breakdown". In the 1960s, <mask> aroused the ire of Lacan by way of his attack on Franz Alexander's concept of the corrective emotional experience: 'When I read in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly an article like the one by Mr <mask>, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander, I sense a sordid smell of stuffiness,...Alexander being counter-attacked in the name of obsolete criteria'. Publications
 War, Sadism and Pacifism: Three Essays, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1933. War, Sadism and Pacifism. Further essays on group psychology and war, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1947. Freud or Jung ?, Publisher: Meridian Books, NY, 1957
 Psycho-Analysis, Publisher: Roberts Press, 2007,

References

Further reading

 Paul Roazen : Oedipus in Britain: <mask> and the Struggle over Melanie Klein, Publisher: Other Press, 2001,
Franz Alexander et al., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (1995)
Pearl King/Riccardo Steiner, The Freud-Klein Controversies (London 1992)

External links
 <mask>

1888 births
1972 deaths
British psychoanalysts
Translators of Sigmund Freud
Analysands of Karl Abraham

masks:
Edward George Glover
James Glover
Edward
James Glover
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title: Imogene Coca

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American comic actress best known for her role opposite Sid Caesar on Your Show of Shows. Starting out in vaudeville as a child acrobat, she studied ballet and wished to have a serious career in music and dance, graduating to decades of stage musical revues, cabaret and summer stock. In her 40s, she began a celebrated career as a comedian on television, starring in six series and guest starring on successful television programs from the 1940s to the 1990s. She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for Your Show of Shows, winning Best Actress in 1951 and singled out for a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting in 1953. <mask> was also nominated for a Tony Award in 1978 for On the Twentieth Century and received a sixth Emmy nomination at the age of 80 for an episode of Moonlighting. She possessed a rubbery face capable of the broadest expressions — Life magazine compared her to Beatrice Lillie and Charlie Chaplin and described her characterizations as taking "people or situations suspended in their own precarious balance between dignity and absurdity, and push(ing) them over the cliff with one single, pointed gesture". The magazine noted a "particularly high-brow critic" as observing, "The trouble with most comedians who try to do satire is that they are essentially brash, noisy and indelicate people who have to use a sledge hammer to smash a butterfly.Miss <mask>, on the other hand, is the timid woman who, when aroused, can beat a tiger to death with a feather." Aside from vaudeville, cabaret, film, theater and television, she voiced children's cartoons and was even featured in the 1984 MTV music video "Bag Lady" by the band EBN-OZN, ultimately working well into her 80s. In a 1999 interview, Robert Ozn said during the shoot she was required to sit on the sidewalk in snow for hours during a blizzard with 15 degree (F) temperatures. "While the rest of us 20-somethings were moaning about the weather, warming ourselves by a heater, this little 75-year-old lady never once complained - put us all to shame. She was the most professional artist I've ever worked with." Early life
Born Emogeane <mask> in Philadelphia, <mask> was the daughter of Joseph Fernandez <mask>, a violinist and vaudeville orchestra conductor and Sadie Brady, a dancer and magician's assistant. <mask>'s father was of Spanish descent (the family surname was originally Fernández y <mask>), the son of Joseph F<mask>, Sr. and his wife, Laura.<mask> took lessons in piano, dance and voice as a child and while still a teenager moved from Philadelphia to New York City to become a dancer. She got her first job in the chorus of the Broadway musical When You Smile and became a headliner in Manhattan nightclubs with music arranged by her first husband, Robert Burton. She gained prominence when she began to combine music with comedy; her first critical success was in New Faces of 1934. A well-received part of her act was a comic striptease, during which <mask> made sultry faces and gestures but would manage to remove only one glove. She committed this routine to film in the Educational Pictures comedy short The Bashful Ballerina (1937) and co-starred opposite another newcomer to films, Danny Kaye, in Educational's 1937 short Dime a Dance. Both of these comedies were filmed in New York. Career
She played opposite Sid Caesar on The Admiral Broadway Revue (January to June 1949), and then in the sketch comedy program Your Show of Shows, which was immensely popular from 1950 to 1954, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953.The 90-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. She won the second-ever Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. Her success in that program earned her her own series, The Imogene Coca Show, which ran 1954-55. Prior to working with Caesar she had starred in an early ABC series, Buzzy Wuzzy, which lasted four episodes in 1948. She went on to star in two more series. In the 1963–64 TV season, <mask> portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom Grindl.It competed with the second half of The Ed Sullivan Show and lasted only one season. <mask> later starred as a cave woman with Joe E. Ross in the 1966–67 time-travel satire sitcom It's About Time. She continued to appear on comedy and variety series throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s including several appearances each on The Carol Burnett Show, The George Gobel Show, The Hollywood Palace and Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town and Bob Hope specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by Dean Martin, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Lewis, Dick Clark, Danny Kaye and Andy Williams. The Sid Caesar, <mask> <mask>, Carl Reiner and Howard Morris Special won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special. She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms including two appearances on Bewitched, The Brady Bunch and Mama's Family. She appeared with Milton Berle and Your Show of Shows co-star Howard Morris in "Curtain Call", a 1983 episode of Fantasy Island.<mask> appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960 she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline for Shirley Temple's Storybook. In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye, a Rankin/Bass version of Hans Christian Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes. In 1978, she appeared in A Special Sesame Street Christmas. In 1985, she played The Cook in Alice in Wonderland, an all-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by Lewis Carroll. Among her final roles was voicing characters in Garfield and Friends. In 1988, <mask> appeared as the mother of Allyce Beasley's Agnes in the Moonlighting episode "Los Dos Dipestos", written by David Steinberg.She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual American Comedy Awards, alongside male recipient George Burns. <mask> appeared only sporadically in films such as The Incredible Incident at Independence Square, filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963), Nothing Lasts Forever, Papa Was a Preacher, Buy & Cell and National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), as "Aunt Edna". After having appeared in several Broadway musical-comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, <mask> returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a Tony Award-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in On the Twentieth Century, a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film Twentieth Century (1934). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for <mask>. She appeared in the Broadway run with Kevin Kline and Madeline Kahn, continued with the national tour starring Rock Hudson and Judy Kaye and returned for a later tour revival in the mid-1980s with Kaye and Frank Gorshin. She also co-starred with singer Maxine Sullivan in My Old Friends and touring productions including musicals such as Once Upon a Mattress and Bells Are Ringing and plays such as The Prisoner of Second Avenue and Luv.She rejoined Sid Caesar in 1961–62, 1977 and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and Howard Morris at Comic Relief VI in 1994. One of <mask>'s early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a bag lady and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by Carol Burnett for her 60s series and by Red Skelton as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner. New wave group Ēbn-Ōzn featured <mask> as the title character in the music video to their song "Bag Lady (I Wonder)", which was a top-40 dance hit in 1984. Personal life and legacy

<mask> had no children, but was married twice: for 20 years to Bob Burton, from 1935 until his death in 1955, and later for 27 years to King Donovan, from 1960 until his death in 1987. Burton's death came only one month after her mother had died. <mask> was a practicing Roman Catholic. <mask> was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election.Hours after <mask> and Donovan completed their New Year's Eve 1972 performance of  "Fourposter" at the Showboat Dinner Theater in  St. Petersburg, Florida, they were involved in a serious auto accident. They had been driving in foggy weather to their home in Clearwater, Florida, when Donovan collided with another car driven by 19-year-old Cheryl Lynn Rice. Rice was unharmed, but Donovan sustained a slight leg injury, and the rear-view mirror entered <mask>'s right eye, smashing her cheekbone. Transported to the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, <mask> underwent plastic surgery and a cosmetic lens covered her now-blind eye for the rest of her career, which resumed with her long stint in Broadway's On the Twentieth Century beginning in 1978. Performers citing <mask> as an influence include Carol Burnett, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg and Tracey Ullman. Your Show of Shows is considered a television classic and was the basis for a well-received 1982 film, My Favorite Year. A 1992 musical version of the film made its way to Broadway, in which comedic actress Andrea Martin won a Tony Award for her portrayal of Alice Miller.In 1995, <mask> was honored with the second annual Women in Film Lucy Award, honoring women's achievement in television and named after Lucille Ball. Death
On June 2, 2001, <mask> died at her home in Westport, Connecticut, aged 92, from natural causes incidental to Alzheimer's disease. She was cremated and her ashes scattered. Filmography

Television
 Buzzy Wuzzy (1948; cancelled after 4 weeks)
 The Admiral Broadway Revue (1949–1950)
 Your Show of Shows (139 episodes 1950–1954)
 The Imogene Coca Show (1954–1955)
 Playhouse 90 ("Made in Heaven" 1956)
 General Electric Theater ("Cab Driver" 1957)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, U.S.)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, UK [BBC])
 The George Gobel Show (4 episodes 1959–1960)
 Shirley Temple's Storybook: Madeline (1960)
 Grindl (32 episodes 1963–1964)
 It's About Time (18 episodes 1966–1967)
 The Sid Caesar, <mask> <mask>, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special (1967)
 The Carol Burnett Show (4 episodes 1967–1969)
 Love, American Style (2 episodes 1970, 1972)
 Bewitched (2 episodes 1971)
Rod Serling's Night Gallery (The Merciful)- with husband, King Donovan. The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes (1972)
 The Brady Bunch (1972)
 The Incredible Incident at Independence Square
 Trapper John, M.D. ("Quarantine" 1980)
 Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner (1981)
 Return of the Beverly Hillbillies (1981)
 Fantasy Island ("Curtain Call" 1983)
 Mama's Family ("Aunt Gert Rides Again" 1983)
 One Life to Live (cast member from 1983–1984)
 As the World Turns (cast member in 1983)
 Alice in Wonderland (1985)
 Moonlighting ("Los Dos Dipestos" 1988)
 Monsters ("The Face" 1989)
 Garfield and Friends (Voice, 14 episodes 1994)
 Comic Relief VI (1994)

Film
 Bashful Ballerina (1937)
 Dime a Dance (1937)
 They Meet Again (1941)
 Promises! Promises!

masks:
Imogene Coca
Emogeane Coca
Coca
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. Coca
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title: Jeanne Arnold

texts:
<mask><mask>, Ph.D., is an archaeologist who teaches in the anthropology department at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her fields of research cover many topics, but she specializes in the prehistoric and early contact era of the Pacific Coast of North America, in California and British Columbia. Her work in these areas has been directed to resolving the economies and political evolutionary trajectories of complex hunter-gatherer groups. Background

<mask> was born in northern Ohio and had an early start on her decision to pursue a career in archaeology and anthropology when she attended a National Science Foundation field school in western Pennsylvania during high school. Her B.A. in anthropology came from the University of Michigan in 1976. From there she attended graduate school at the University of California, Santa Barbara to receive her M.A.in 1979 and Ph.D. in 1983. In the 1970s, she assisted on a University of Michigan project in the Netherlands investigating Neolithic and Mesolithic cultures and served as a field co-director in Michigan surveying the Raisin River region, but once attending graduate school in California, her work turned to the Pacific Coast. In 1980, she began her research in the Channel Islands of California, followed in the late 1980s and 1990s by several major National Science Foundation projects under her direction, analyzing the development of complex hunter-gatherer-fisher groups. Her excavations and research on the Chumash people of the Channel Islands have been continuous since then. Most recently, the Channel Islands Household Archaeology Project aims to understand household and community organization of maritime complex hunter-gatherers located along the Pacific Coast. <mask> has worked with students and colleagues to better understand these complex groups and their political economies. Many articles also detail maritime resources, the origins of ocean-going canoes, and their relation to emerging sociopolitical complexity.<mask>'s work on the Fraser River Valley Project in British Columbia (2002–2006) has explored late pre- and post-contact village sites along one of the world's richest salmon rivers and enhanced knowledge about local Sto:lo First Nations culture. Since 2001, <mask> has been a member of the UCLA Center on Everyday Lives of Families, directed by Elinor Ochs, participating in a long-term, systematic study of modern-day middle-class families and their built spaces in the Los Angeles area. <mask> designed the ethnoarchaeology part of the research. Using “systematic recording of each family member’s uses of home spaces at closely timed intervals, a digital archive of photographs of each home’s indoor and outdoor spaces, detailed floor plans of homes and yards, and self-narrated video home tours by parents and older children explaining their perceptions of their homes,” an analysis of modern American homes and their changes emerges. Employment history

<mask> has been professor of anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, since 1988 and was Vice Chair from 2001–2007 and Associate Director of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA for 11 years. She has been principal investigator for several excavation projects funded by the National Science Foundation on the Channel Islands. Also, she has directed many archaeological field schools in California.She has served as a Research Associate in Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History since 1989. Awards and honors

In 2003, <mask> was commended by the U.S. Department of the Interior for her 14 years of serving on the Society for American Archaeology National Historic Landmarks Committee

Key excavations

Excavations in the California Channel Islands have included extended fieldwork on Santa Cruz Island, CA, from 1980 through the present and direction of  UCLA archaeological field classes from 1990-1998. She has also co-directed, along with colleagues from Simon Fraser University, University of British Columbia, and Sto:lo Nation, excavations in the Fraser River Valley in British Columbia, beginning in 2002. Research emphases

<mask>'s research emphasizes the complex hunter-gatherer-fisher societies on the Pacific Coast of North America. She has examined the households and complex organization of the Chumash Indians as well as the Sto:lo people in British Columbia. Her findings highlight the importance of securing control over the labor of unrelated members of society by aspiring leaders in the emergence of these societies, using the Channel Islands data as a case study. <mask>'s model suggests that emerging complex societies reorganize fundamental labor relations, often in the context of stressful social and/or ecological conditions.The research included analyzing the importance of various marine food resources and significant paleoclimatic shifts to these societies. <mask> has been working on the Channel Islands since 1980, most recently on well-preserved house remains and large-scale, specialized craft production industries of central importance to the Island Chumash such as shell-bead manufacturing. She has emphasized the daily lives of politically complex hunter-gatherer societies on the Pacific Coast and how technologies such as sophisticated boats and the reorganization of key production and trade systems led to their increasing complexity. Selected books and monographs

2001. <mask>, J.E. (Editor). The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands.University of Utah Press. 1996. <mask>, J.E. (Editor). Emergent Complexity: The Evolution of Intermediate Societies. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor. 2004.<mask>, J.E. (Editor). Foundations of Chumash Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles. 1987. <mask>, J.E. Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California.University of California Press, Berkeley. Selected papers

1992 Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Prehistoric California: Chiefs, Specialists, and Maritime Adaptations of the Channel Islands. American Antiquity, 57:60-84. 1993 Labor and the Rise of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 12:75-119. 1995 Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer Societies. American Anthropologist 97:733-747.1995 Social Inequality, Marginalization, and Economic Process. In Foundations of Social Inequality, T.D. Price and G.M. Feinman (eds. ), pp. 87–103. Plenum, New York.1996 The Archaeology of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:77-126. 2000 Revisiting Power, Labor Rights, and Kinship: Archaeology and Social Theory. In Social Theory in Archaeology. M.B. Schiffer ed. University of Utah Press.2000 The Origins of Hierarchy and the Nature of Hierarchical Structures in Prehistoric California. In Hierarchies in Action: Cui Bono? (M.W. Diehl, ed. ), pp. 221–240. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 27, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.2004 (w/ M. Walsh and S. Hollimon) The Archaeology of California. Journal of Archaeological Research 12:1-73
2004 A Transcontinental Perspective on the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways on the Plateau: Discussion and Reflection. In Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America (W. Prentiss and I. Kuijt, eds. ), pp. 171–181. University of Utah Press. 2005 (w/ J. Bernard) Negotiating the Coasts: Status and the Evolution of Boat Technology in California.World Archaeology 37:109-131. 2006 Households on the Pacific Coast: The Northwest Coast and California in Comparative Perspective. In Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast (E. A. Sobel, D. A. Trieu Gahr, and K. M. Ames, eds. ), pp. 270–285. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor. 2007 Credit Where Credit is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe.American Antiquity 72:196-209. Notes

External links
Faculty Info Page
Center on Everyday Lives of Families homepage
California Channel Islands Laboratory
Fraser River Valley Project

American archaeologists
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
American women archaeologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

masks:
Jeanne E
. Arnold
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title: Jørgen Jensen (soldier)

texts:
<mask>,  (15 January 1891 – 31 May 1922) was a Danish-born Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces. <mask> emigrated to Australia in 1909, becoming a British subject at Adelaide, South Australia, in 1914. A sailor and labourer before World War I, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in March 1915, serving with the 10th Battalion during the latter stages of the Gallipoli campaign. After the Australian force withdrew to Egypt, <mask> was transferred to the newly formed 50th Battalion, and sailed for France with the unit in June 1916. On the Western Front, he was wounded during the battalion's first serious action, the Battle of Mouquet Farm in August, and only returned to his unit in late January 1917. On 2 April, his battalion attacked the Hindenburg Outpost Line at Noreuil, where his actions leading to the capture of over fifty German soldiers resulted in the award of the Victoria Cross. In June 1917, the 50th Battalion was involved in the Battle of Messines; the following month, <mask>, now a corporal, was posted to a training unit in the United Kingdom.He returned to his battalion in October, and was promoted to temporary sergeant in November. In March 1918, the German spring offensive was launched, and <mask> fought with his battalion at Dernancourt and Villers-Bretonneux. Shortly after the fighting at Villers-Bretonneux, <mask> was on patrol when he received a severe head wound, and was evacuated to the United Kingdom, then repatriated to Australia, where he was discharged in Adelaide at the end of the war. He worked as a marine store dealer and married in 1921, but died the following year, having never fully recovered from his war wounds. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 January 1891 in Løgstør, Denmark, the son of <mask> <mask> and Christiane Sørensen, who was apparently also known as <mask>. Sørensen was a single mother who worked in agriculture. The younger <mask>'s early life was difficult, but he was a good student, and entered the fishing industry.In 1908, aged 17, he travelled to the United Kingdom before emigrating to Australia. He sailed to Melbourne in March 1909, then moved to Morgan, South Australia, and later Port Pirie, working respectively as a sailor on river steamers on the Murray River, and as a labourer. He was naturalised as a British subject in Adelaide on 7 September 1914. World War I
On 23 March 1915, <mask> enlisted as a private in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) for service in World War I; he was allotted to the 6th reinforcements to the 10th Battalion. His reinforcement draft embarked on HMAT Borda at Outer Harbor on 23 June, and joined the battalion at Gallipoli, Turkey, on 4 August. By the time <mask> arrived, nearly half of the battalion had been evacuated sick with dysentery. For the remainder of the Gallipoli campaign, the 10th Battalion rotated through various positions in the line defending the beachhead until withdrawn to Lemnos in November.<mask> remained with his unit throughout, except for a week in September–October that he spent in hospital. The battalion embarked for Egypt in late November and spent the next four months training and assisting in the defence of the Suez Canal. While in Egypt, the battalion was split into two, one half forming the nucleus of the new 50th Battalion, which was part of the 13th Brigade, 4th Division. In April 1916, <mask> and several other 10th Battalion men were transferred to the 50th Battalion; later that month <mask> was charged for not being in his tent at tattoo. On 5 June the battalion embarked for France, arriving in Marseilles six days later. The unit then entrained for the Western Front, entering the trenches for the first time on 28 June near Fleurbaix. The 50th Battalion saw its first serious action during the Battle of Mouquet Farm in mid-August 1916.During the battle, the 50th Battalion suffered 414 casualties, largely from the heavy German artillery bombardment. On 14 August, <mask> was hit in the left shoulder by a piece of shrapnel. He was evacuated to the UK and admitted to Graylingwell War Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex. While in the UK, he was charged with more disciplinary infractions in September, December and January, on one occasion being sentenced to 28 days field punishment for missing the troop train to return to France, and on another serving 12 days detention for being absent without leave. He did not rejoin his unit until 28 January 1917. The 50th Battalion continued to rotate through front line, support and reserve positions, and underwent training in rear areas. The battalion was also involved in pursuing the Germans as they withdrew to the Hindenburg Line of fortifications.On 2 April, the 13th Brigade attacked the Hindenburg Outpost Line at Noreuil. The attack consisted of the 51st Battalion attacking the village from the north, and the 50th Battalion from the south. During this assault, which was preceded by a weak artillery barrage, the 50th Battalion suffered extraordinary difficulties, and the centre company, to which <mask> belonged, was forced to detach a party of men equipped with a large number of hand grenades (then known as bombs) to deal with a strongly barricaded German post that was holding out between their company and the one on their right. <mask> was a member of this party. His actions during the reduction of this post resulted in a recommendation for the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at that time. He was assisted in his actions by Private William Quinlan O'Connor and four others. The recommendation read:

During the assault on Noreuil, <mask> also freed Australian prisoners, and assisted in the "mopping-up" of German resistance in the village itself when he captured a German officer or non-commissioned officer, who pointed out which building the fire was coming from.The 50th Battalion suffered 360 casualties, including 95 dead, and captured 70 Germans, nearly all of whom were taken by <mask> and his party. O'Connor was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his part in capturing the German post. On 4 April, <mask> was promoted to lance corporal. His award of the Victoria Cross appeared in The London Gazette on 8 June, by which time the 50th Battalion was involved in the Battle of Messines, suffering 149 casualties. After being relieved, the battalion continued its rotation through front line, support and reserve positions. In July 1917, <mask> was temporarily promoted to corporal and transferred to the 13th Training Battalion at Codford in the UK as an instructor. While there, he was entertained by Danish residents of Kingston upon Hull.He was invested with his VC by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 21 July. After another disciplinary infringement, he returned to France, rejoining his battalion on 6 October. He was temporarily promoted to sergeant in early November, and the battalion spent the winter of 1917–18 rotating through the front line. In late March 1918, the battalion left its rest area and, along with many other Australian units, was quickly deployed to meet the German spring offensive south of the River Ancre. On 5 April, the battalion took up positions at Dernancourt and there contributed to the defeat of the "largest German attack mounted against Australian troops during the war" during the Second Battle of Dernancourt. The fighting at Dernancourt was followed by a move to the Villers-Bretonneux sector, where, on 25 April, the battalion took part in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux that drove the Germans from that village, at a cost to the battalion of 254 casualties. On 5 May, <mask> was on patrol near Villers-Bretonneux when he was shot in the head.Severely wounded, he was admitted to hospital in France, and on 18 May was evacuated to the UK, where he was admitted to the Richmond Military Hospital in Surrey. <mask> reverted to the rank of corporal on being evacuated. Following two weeks' leave, he was repatriated to Australia, along with nine other Victoria Cross recipients, in August 1918 to take part in a recruiting campaign on the invitation of Prime Minister Billy Hughes. He disembarked in Adelaide on 11 October, and was discharged from the AIF on 2 December. He was assessed to be partially disabled, and received a small pension. For his service during the war, as well as his Victoria Cross he was issued the 1914–15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medal. Post-war

After his discharge, <mask> worked for a short time as a barman in Truro, then as a marine store dealer in Adelaide.He married Katy Herman ( Arthur), a divorcée, at the Adelaide Registry Office on 13 July 1921. Their marriage was heavily affected by his wartime experiences. In April 1922, a photograph of <mask> and his horse-drawn cart, with "J. C. Jensen V.C." painted on the side, was published on the front page of The Sunday Times newspaper in Sydney; the caption noted that he employed several men in his business. On 28 May, <mask> was admitted to the Adelaide Hospital, and died of congestion of the lungs three days later, aged 31. He had never fully recovered from the wounds he had received during the war. On 2 June, <mask>'s casket was carried on a horse-drawn gun carriage to the West Terrace Cemetery, followed by hundreds of former members of the 50th Battalion, and he was buried with full military honours in the AIF section of the cemetery.It was reported as "one of the most impressive funerals which have passed through the gates of the West Terrace Cemetery", and "probably one of the largest military funerals ever held in Adelaide". The pastor at the service said that <mask> was, "modest always... ever ready to enlarge on the bravery of others, without touching on his own accomplishments". <mask>'s medal set, including his Victoria Cross, was donated by a family member to the Australian War Memorial in 1987 at a ceremony attended by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and is displayed in the Hall of Valour of the memorial. In 2006, a memorial to <mask> was unveiled in Løgstør by the Australian ambassador to Denmark, and a book about him was published in Denmark in the same year. Each year, wreaths are placed at the memorial in memory of <mask>, and in 2014 a wreath was placed by the Australian ambassador, Damien Miller. Footnotes

References

Books

News

Websites

External links

1891 births
1922 deaths
Australian Army soldiers
Australian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
Danish emigrants to Australia
People from Vesthimmerland Municipality

masks:
Jørgen Christian Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
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Jørgen
Christian Jensen
Jørgen
Christian Jensen
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