title: Oleksandr Zavarov

texts:
<mask>, also spelt <mask> (, ) – (born 26 April 1961 in Luhansk, Ukrainian SSR) is a former Ukrainian football midfielder and the former head coach at FC Arsenal Kyiv. In 1986, he was named the best footballer in the USSR and Ukraine and the 6th best footballer in Europe according to France Football. <mask> is widely regarded to be among the greatest footballers in the history of the USSR and Ukraine, and in 2000 he was included in the Ukrainian Team of The Century according to a poll by the Ukrainsky Futbol weekly. Club career
<mask> started off his career in his home city of Zorya Luhansk. He played in the USSR Premier League for Zorya Luhansk (1977–79, 1982), and also SKA Rostov (1980–81). In 1983–88, he played for the Soviet-Ukrainian giants, Dynamo Kyiv, with whom he won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1985–86, scoring in the final itself. <mask> later played for Juventus between 1988 and 1990, becoming the first Soviet player to play in Serie A; he won the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Cup under manager Dino Zoff in 1990, and also wore the iconic number 10 shirt in his first season with the team, which had formerly belonged to club legend Michel Platini, although he later switched to the number 9 shirt, and the number 10 shirt was given to Giancarlo Marocchi the following season.Although much was initially expected of <mask> at the Turin-based club, his time with Juventus was considered to be less successful, despite his two title victories; in spite of the arrival of compatriot Sergei Aleinikov in his second season with the team, <mask> also had difficulties settling in at the club, due to his strenuous relationship with the club's manager, Dino Zoff, and also as he struggled to learn Italian. He subsequently transferred to Nancy in 1990, where he remained for five seasons, before finally moving to Saint-Dizier in 1995, retiring after three seasons, in 1998.

International career
<mask> had 41 caps for the USSR, scoring six goals including two in the World Cup finals in 1986 and 1990. He also played in the Euro 1988 in which the USSR team were runners-up. Style of play
A creative, quick, agile and skilful midfielder, <mask> was primarily known for his excellent technical ability, two-footedness, stamina, and tactical intelligence, and was usually deployed as an attacking midfielder or as a supporting striker, although he was also capable of playing as a deep-lying playmaker, due to his versatility, vision, and long passing accuracy. <mask> played a key role in Valeri Lobanovski's successes with Dynamo Kyiv, and his dribbling skills and playmaking ability led his Dynamo Kyiv coach to compare him to Diego Maradona. Despite the talent he demonstrated and the success he had both with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv and the Soviet national team at Euro 1988, which earned him a reputation as one of the greatest players to ever come out of the Soviet Union, his time in Italy with Juventus was less successful, and he failed to live up to initial expectations in Serie A. Due to his inconsistent displays and his lack of accuracy in front of goal, he drew criticism from the press, who also singled out his surprisingly poor work-rate and movement off the ball; he was also accused of lacking confidence, and of not being an effective assist-provider for the team.Because of his timid character, it was also argued that he lacked the necessary leadership skills to carry the team, and fill the void left by Michel Platini in the advanced midfield playmaking role during the post-Trapattoni crisis. Managerial career
<mask> began his coaching career with Saint Dizier CO as a player-coach. He had a short spell as a head coach of FC Wil in 2003–04, however because he lacked the necessary UEFA licence, he was given the position of director of football with the club. He is currently manager of Ukrainian team Arsenal Kyiv. Career statistics

International goals

Honours

Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Winner
 USSR Premier League (2): 1985, 1986
 USSR Cup (3): 1981, 1985, 1987
 UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1985–86

Juventus
Winner
 Coppa Italia: 1989–90
 UEFA Cup: 1989–90

International
Soviet Union
 UEFA European Football Championship runner-up: 1988

Individual
 IOC European Footballer of the Season: 1985–86
 Soviet Footballer of the Year: 1986
 Ukrainian Footballer of the Year: 1986
 Ukrainian Team of the Century (poll by "Ukrainsky Futbol"): 2000
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1985–86 top scorer. Ballon d'Or
 1986 – 6th
 1987 – 17th
 1988 – 8th
 1989 – 23rd

References

External links
 Player profile and statistics at Ukrsoccerhistory.com

 Profile of Zavarov on Arsenal Kiev official site

1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Luhansk
Ukrainian footballers
Soviet footballers
Soviet Union international footballers
Soviet expatriate footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in France
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in France
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
AS Nancy Lorraine players
Juventus F.C. players
Serie A players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Zorya Luhansk players
Soviet Top League players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players
FC Metalist Kharkiv managers
FC Arsenal Kyiv managers
Expatriate football managers in France
Expatriate football managers in Switzerland
Expatriate football managers in Kazakhstan
FC Astana-1964 managers
Ukrainian Premier League managers
FC Saint Dizier CO managers
FC Wil managers
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian football managers
Ukrainian expatriate football managers
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Association football midfielders
UEFA Cup winning players
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 2nd class

masks:
Oleksandr Anatoliyovych Zavarov
Aleksandr Anatoljević Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov


title: Jeffrey Jowell

type: original

texts:
Sir <mask>  is a practising barrister at Blackstone Chambers specialising in public law (including constitutional, administrative, human rights and the design and implementation of national constitutions). He was the inaugural Director of the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law from 2010 - 2015. He is Emeritus Professor of Public Law at University College London where he was Dean of the Law Faculty and a Vice Provost. He is the author of leading publications in his field (see selected bibliography). In 2011 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) for "services to human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe". He is a Bencher of Middle Temple and holds honorary degrees from the Universities of Athens, Ritsumeikan, Cape Town and Paris 2. He is an Honorary Fellow of University College London and Hertford College, Oxford.In 2016 he was awarded the National Order of the Southern Cross by the President of Brazil for his contribution to constitutionalism and the rule of law internationally. In 2020 he was elected as a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has variously been listed as one of The Times' most influential lawyers. <mask> has held a number of public appointments including Non-Executive Director of the Office of Rail Regulation; Member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution; Chair of the British Waterways Ombudsman Committee, Chair of the Council of the Institute for Philanthropy, and Trustee of a number of charities, including the Sigrid Rausing Trust and the UK Branch of the South African Constitutional Court Trust. He is a member of the Foreign Secretary's Advisory committee on Human Rights. Between 2000 - 2011 he was the UK's member on the Council of Europe's Commission for Democracy through Law ("The Venice Commission"). Professional life
<mask>'s professional career includes a mix of academic scholarship, academic and other administration, and practice as a barrister and constitutional advisor.Scholarship
<mask> has produced leading publications on a number of legal issues, but his principal work can be divided into four strands. His first published paper made the case for a statute against racial and religious discrimination at a time when the UK had none. That paper (which influenced the campaign to introduce anti-discrimination laws in the mid-sixties) also dealt with the institutional means to achieve the most effective implementation of such laws (rejecting a criminal approach). This interest in institutional design led to his second major area of interest, the merits and demerits of judicial control of administrative discretion, challenging the widely held view at that time that such as welfare recipients needed no right to challenge decisions to grant or refuse their benefits. He then turned to a third issue, neglected at the time, of the extent to which judges could interfere with the substance of, rather than the procedure by which, decisions are made by public bodies (under the notions of ‘unreasonableness’ and ‘proportionality’). This was followed by work on the related issue of ‘judicial deference’ more generally. After his involvement in the drafting process of the South African constitution,  he turned to a fourth issue: the extent to which certain principles or rights are implied in the UK’s uncodified constitution, and in particular, whether the principles of equality and the rule of law are inherent components of the UK's constitution, and indeed of any constitutional democracy.In 1993, <mask> joined Lord Woolf as joint author of the leading text, de Smith’s Judicial Review (then in its third edition, now in its eighth), which proved to be an important channel through which to advance his ideas to the practising profession. Academic Administration
During the course of his academic career <mask> was, on two occasions, Dean  of University College London’s Law Faculty In between, he was a Vice Provost of UCL and Head of its Graduate School, where he advocated its new School of Public Policy. In both roles he advanced programmes to make UCL more connected to London intellectual life and to involve practitioners and judges in its legal work. He was one of the first law deans to engage in successful fundraising, concentrating on developing the Faculty into a leading international centre of comparative law, with the opportunity for students to study in the great universities of Europe and elsewhere. This attracted outstanding scholars, such as Professor Ronald Dworkin, to UCL’s Law Faculty, which was consistently rated as one of the top law schools in the country. In 2010 <mask> was appointed the inaugural Director of the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, which soon established itself as a significant centre for the study and promotion of the rule of law, considering issues such as devolution, closed trials, schools programmes, immigrants’ rights, the rule of law in Parliament etc. The Centre also worked on rule of law matters abroad, in countries such as Myanmar, Bahrain and Turkey.Practice and advice
<mask> has always combined his academic life with  practice at the English Bar, in Blackstone Chambers. He advises over a broad range of public law and human rights issues, particularly in relation to the powers and accountability of public officials. He has appeared in the UK Supreme Court, the Privy Council, and also the courts of countries such as Malawi, the Southern African Development Community Tribunal in Namibia, in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. As one of a small number of experts on the drafting of national constitutions, he has been involved in the constitutions of South Africa, the Cayman Islands, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Georgia, the Gambia and elsewhere. He has regularly advised on the constitutions of a number of British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. As the UK’s member on the Venice Commission (the Council of Europe’s Commission for Democracy Through Law) he advised on the constitutions and public law of a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans, chairing the committee which produced the Commission’s influential document on The Rule of Law. Personal life

<mask> was born on 4 November 1938 in Cape Town, South Africa.He attended the University of Cape Town (BA. LL.B 1961), where he was active in the student resistance to the growing apartheid measures at that time. He then studied at Oxford University (MA 1963), where he was President of the Oxford Union, and at Harvard Law School (LLM 1966;  SJD 1970). In 1963 he married Frances Suzman, an art historian, daughter of the physician Moses Suzman and Helen Suzman, the anti-apartheid activist and politician. They have two children, <mask> QC and <mask>, and four grandchildren. <mask>'s younger brother Sir <mask> is a social statistician who also settled in the UK. Selected publications
 Jowell J., Lord Woolf et al,.de Smith's Judicial Review (8th ed. 2018). Thomson Reuters. <mask> J. (Ed. with O'Cinneide, C). The Changing Constitution (9th ed.2018). Oxford University Press. <mask> J. The Rule of Law. The Changing Constitution (2018) p. 3. <mask> J. and Rose D., Beyond Anisminic: The Rule of Law and Ouster Clauses after Privacy International  in D.Clarry (ed. ), The Supreme Court Yearbook (2018-19) p 140.Jowell J. Brexit Judicialised: Crown v Parliament Again. The UK Supreme Court Yearbook (2016–17) p. 238. Jowell J. Proportionality and Unreasonableness: Neither Merger nor Takeover. H.Wilberg and M. Elliott (Ed.) The Scope and Intensity of Substantive Review (2015) page 41 (Bloomsbury). Jowell J et al, The Barclay Case : Beyond Kilbrandon. The Jersey and Guernsey Law Review (Feb. 2017).<mask>, J. (2006). Parliamentary Sovereignty under the New Constitutional Hypothesis. Public Law, Autumn 2006, 562-579. <mask>, J. (2003). Administrative Law.In V. Bognador (Ed. ), The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (pp. 373–400). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <mask>, J. (2003). Judicial Deference and Human Rights: A Question of Competence.In P. Craig, R. Rawlings (Eds. ), Law and Administration in Europe: Essays in Honour of Carol Harlow (pp. 67–81). Oxford University Press. <mask>,J. The Road to Constitutionalism in the UK. In G.Nolte (ed.), European and US Constitutionalism. Science and Technique of Democracy Series, no.37, COE 2003, p.21
 <mask>, J. (2003). Judicial deference: servility, civility or institutional capacity?. Public Law, Winter 2003, 592-601. <mask>, J. (2002).Administrative Justice and the New Constitutionalism in the United Kingdom. In H. Corder, L. Vijver (Eds. ), Realising Administrative Justice. <mask>, J. (2000). "Beyond the Rule of Law: Towards Constitutional Judicial Review". Public Law, Winter, 671-683.<mask>, J. L. (1999). Of Vires and Vacuums: the Constitutional Context of Judicial Review. Public Law, 448-460. <mask>, J. L. (1997). European Administrative Law: A Case Study in Convergence. In H. Corder, T. Maluwa (Eds. ), Administrative Justice in Southern Africa (pp.177–184). Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Jowell J. Is Equality a Constitutional Principle? Current Legal Problems (1994). Jowell J (with Lester A). Beyond Wednesbury: Substantive Principles of Judicial Review.Public Law, 1987. <mask> J. The Legal Control of Administrative Discretion. Public Law 1973. <mask>, J. Lord Denning’s Contribution to Administrative Law, in J.<mask> and JPWB McAuslan (ed), Lord Denning: The Judge and the Law. 1984. <mask> J Law and Bureaucracy: Administrative Discretion and the Limits of Legal Action (Dunellen Press) (1975).<mask> J. The Administrative Enforcement of Laws Against Discrimination. Public Law. 1965. References

External links
 Biography at Blacksone Chambers

Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Harvard Law School alumni
English Queen's Counsel

masks:
Jeffrey Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jeffrey Jowell
Daniel Jowell
Joanna Jowell
Jowell
Roger Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell


title: Chris Buttars

texts:
D<mask> (April 1, 1942 – September 10, 2018) was an American politician who served in the Utah State Senate representing the 10th Utah Senate District. He began his service as a state senator in 2001 and resigned in 2011 citing health problems. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Logan, Utah on April 1, 1942, and graduated from Utah State University with a B.S. in Marketing/Economics in 1967. Upon graduating from Utah State University he was employed at Amoco Oil Company from 1967 to 1976 as a Retail Sales Manager. In 1976 he became the Executive Director of the Petroleum Retails Organization. He was director of the Utah Boys Ranch, now known as West Ridge Academy, a boarding school for boys.<mask> was married to Helen; they had six children and lived in West Jordan, Utah. He successfully ran for the West Jordan City Council in 1970, and served on the City Council until 1983. <mask> ran for the Utah Senate in 2000, and served as Utah State Senator for district 10 from 2001 to 2011. <mask> served in various Republican Party leadership positions. <mask> was also a recipient of the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Beaver Award for distinguished service to the BSA. He died in 2018 after a period of declining health. Legislation and policy
Buttars sponsored legislation against gay straight alliances in public schools, introduced a resolution urging companies to have their employees say "Merry Christmas" rather than "Happy Holidays" to customers, as well as an Intelligent Design Bill.Buttars sponsored legislation to fund drug treatment programs, supported raising the minimum wage and assisting child crime victims. In February, 2010, Buttars proposed eliminating the 12th grade from Utah high schools to close a budget shortfall. Intelligent design
During the 2006 General Session of the 56th Utah State Legislature <mask> sponsored S.B. 96, an Intelligent Design Bill. The bill would allow instructors to teach students that evolution is a controversial theory and counter it with the pseudoscience of Creationism, using the term "Divine Design." The New York Times called the bill "Anti-Darwin" and critics have pointed to Buttars' words "Divine Design" as evidence for its religious undertow. The bill passed in the Senate but failed in the House of Representatives.Accusations of racism
In an interview with radio hosts Tom Grover & Ryan Yonk, <mask> said that he "[doesn't] know of an example where the minority is being jeopardized by legislative action." When Grover mentioned Brown v. Board of Education, which desegregated American schools, <mask> responded that he thought "Brown v. Board of Education is wrong to begin with." In response to public reaction to his statements and accusations of racism, <mask> responded, "I don't think there's a racial [sic] bone in my body..." and "I don't see black and white. I see people. I always have." During a debate of a school-funding bill on the floor of the State Senate in February 2008, the bill's sponsor compared the bill to the baby involved in the Biblical story of King Solomon. <mask> responded saying, "This baby is black, I'll tell you.This is a dark, ugly thing." <mask> apologized for a remark on the State Senate floor, saying, "I got a little carried away, and I made a comment that I think a lot of people could take as racist. I certainly did not mean that in any way, but it was wrong and could easily be taken in just that way. I apologize to anyone who took offense." In an interview, <mask> said, "We live in a very, very sensitive world. Although what I said had literally nothing in my mind to do with a human being at all — we were talking about an ugly bill — I made a statement that could be easily misinterpreted, and it was." Accusations of racism were made an issue in his 2008 re-election bid against Democrat John Rendell.Less than six months after <mask>' re-election, he was recorded saying of the ACLU, "bless their black little hearts," in an interview with documentary maker and former KTVX ABC 4 reporter Reed Cowan. Cowan’s documentary is called,  "8: The Mormon Proposition." Gay rights
Buttars was outspoken on issues dealing with homosexuality, and co-sponsored Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 with Utah Boys Ranch colleague LaVar <mask>, which defined marriage in Utah as consisting "only of the legal union between a man and a woman." Buttars criticized the domestic partnership executive order signed by Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson. Buttars also introduced legislation that would ban gay clubs and gay-straight alliances in public schools. In 2008 Salt Lake City's newly elected Mayor Ralph Becker introduced a domestic partnership registry that was unanimously approved by the City Council. On February 11, 2008 Buttars introduced a counter bill, SB0267, designed to prevent cities or counties from operating any kind of domestic partnership registry, on the grounds that such registries would violate Utah Constitutional Amendment 3's ban on same-sex marriage and domestic unions.The bill failed. In a January 2009 interview with openly gay documentary filmmaker Reed Cowan, for the documentary 8: The Mormon Proposition, <mask> said that gays and lesbians were "the greatest threat to America going down," comparing members of the LGBT community to radical Muslims. "I believe they will destroy the foundation of the American society," he said. On February 20, 2009, <mask> was removed as chairman and member of the Utah State Senate Judicial Standing Committee because of these remarks. Democrats pushed for further sanctions, demanding his removal from the Rules Committee and for his demotion on the Health and Human Services Committee. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued a statement urging "civil and respectful dialogue." It said, "From the outset, the Church's position has always been to engage in civil and respectful dialogue on this issue.Senator <mask> does not speak for the church." Electoral history

2000

2004

2008

See also
 Utah Boys Ranch
 List of Utah State Legislatures
 Utah Republican Party
 Utah Senate

References

1942 births
2018 deaths
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Utah Republicans
Utah city council members
Utah state senators
Utah State University alumni
Politicians from Logan, Utah
21st-century American politicians
People from West Jordan, Utah

masks:
. Chris Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Christensen
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars


title: Maria Schmitz

texts:
<mask> (5 February 1875 - 9 July 1962) was a German teacher, a persistent campaigner for women's education, and a politician of the Catholic Centre Party. She served as a member of the Weimar National Assembly ("pre-parliament"), convened to agree a post-imperial German constitution, during 1919/1920. Biography
<mask> was born into a Catholic family in Aachen. <mask> (1842–1921), her father, was an architect and an Aachen city councillor. Her mother, born Pauline Bohlen (1848–1917), was the eldest of four siblings, of whom two had become nuns. As a small girl she was privately educated at home. Then she attended an all-girls' secondary school, also finding time to study abroad in order to improve her foreign languages.Girls' schools did not prepare pupils for university admission at this time, but she did successfully complete a first level course at a teacher's training academy, so that by the time she was seventeen she was employed as a teacher at the "Höheren Mädchenschule Caspari" (girls' secondary school) in Trier, where she remained till 1900. It was also in 1892 that she joined the Union of German Catholic women teachers ("Verein katholischer deutscher Lehrerinnen" / VkdL). By this time she had also, as a teenager, spent a "youth year" as a member of a Franciscan convent. Between 1900 and 1902 she attended the "Senior Women Teacher's Course" ("Oberlehrerinnenkurse") provided by the University of Münster. The focus of her studies was on the teaching of History, German, Philosophy and Theology. Although this two year course was not a standard "university degree course", her participation in it supports the assertion appearing in at least one source that <mask> was one of the first women in German who was able to study at a university. In 1903 she was offered and rejected a post as a private tutor to the daughter of Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, thereby turning down the opportunity to educate a grand-daughter of the Emperor of Austria.Instead she took a senior teaching post at the Ursuline School in her native Aachen. Quite soon she moved on to St Leonards, another all-girls' secondary school in Aachen. She was also actively engaged in teacher training. during this period. From the start of the century <mask> placed herself in the front-line of the struggle for access to a comprehensive range of properly designed and respected study options for women. However, unlike many of the more high-profile women's rights activists of the time, her objective was not that girls' education should as far as possible be the same as boys' education. <mask>'s vision was for education provision appropriate to what were then seen as a conventional female lifestyles, appropriate in terms both of professional and family duties.This approach, which was clearly at the heart of her own pedagogical activism, was in many ways not too far removed from the distilled wisdom, on the subject of education, to be found in many of the more progressive parts of the church. <mask> was actively involved with the Catholic Women's Movement, alongside Hedwig Dransfeld (1871–1925). On 17 May 1907 she founded the Hildegardis-Verein, recognised today as Germany's oldest organisation dedicated to promoting women's education. She was a member of its executive board between 1907 and 1962, and its chair or deputy chair between 1907 and 1921. In 1908 Schmitz became a deputy chair of the VkdL. She moved to Berlin in order to work full-time for the association in 1912. In 1916 she took over the chairmanship from Pauline Herber (1852-1921).She remained in position till 1953, apart from an enforced hiatus under the Hitler government between 1937 and 1945, during which the VkdL was suppressed. After 1953 she stayed on as an honorary chairwoman. Between 1912 and 1922 Schmitz also served as content controller ("Schriftleiterin") of the VkdL journal, "Kath. Frauenbildung" (loosely, "Catholic women's education"). She also engaged actively with various other Catholic organisations. Military defeat in 1918 was followed by a period of political and social upheaval sometimes accompanied by violence. Schmitz was elected as a Catholic Centre Party member to the Weimar National Assembly, convened to agree a post-imperial German constitution.She was one of only 36 women elected to the 421 seat assembly. With others, she campaigned strongly in favour of full voting rights for women. She was also a member of the National Conference on Schools in June 1920. Schmitz worked collaboratively (for the most part) with other (female) parliamentarians, such as Agnes Neuhaus, Christine Teusch, Helene Weber and Marie Zettler on the schools legislation. It was on the initiative of <mask> that the "Deutsches Institut für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik" ("Catholic Teaching Institute") was set up at Münster. Ten years later she was instrumental in securing a teaching position at the institute for the remarkable Edith Stein. In the first part of 1945 <mask>itz joined the millions fleeing Berlin towards the west.She ended up in Recklinghausen (north of Essen and Dortmund) where she reorganised what briefly became a new (West) German national headquarters for the VkdL. (The 1937 ban had been lifted following the collapse of the Hitler régime.) Still under her chairmanship, the VkdL moved its national head office again, to a more permanent location in Essen, in 1949. Under Schmitz the VkdL developed from being an advocacy body to becoming an educational institution in its own right, creating programmes for training, education and schools policy. A particular priority for Schmitz involved the establishment of pedagogic academies as places for teacher training and, more specifically, backing the academic education of women. The consistency and wisdom with which <mask> backed the preservation of Christian values in education earned her great respect from pupils and colleagues alike. However, her continuing advocacy of "celibacy" for women teachers, even if it met with the approval of the church establishment, was already beginning to look rather out of date by the end of the 1950s.(For an earlier generation, across and beyond Catholic Europe, it would have been completely normal for women teachers to abandon teaching and concentrate on their duties as wives and mothers in the event of marriage.) Honours and awards

References

People from Aachen
Members of the Weimar National Assembly
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1875 births
1962 deaths
20th-century German women politicians

masks:
Maria Schmitz
Maria Schmitz
Carl Hubert Matthias Schmitz
Maria Schmitz
Maria Schmitz
Schmitz
Schmitz
Maria Schmitz
Maria Schm
Maria Schmitz


title: Lori Swanson

texts:
<mask> (born December 16, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the Attorney General of Minnesota from 2007 to 2019. She was the first female Attorney General elected in Minnesota. In 2018, she ran for Governor of Minnesota with running mate U.S. Representative Rick Nolan finishing in third place in the Democratic-Farmer-Labor primary. After leaving public office, <mask> founded a law firm with Mike Hatch, her predecessor as Attorney General. Early life and education
<mask> was born on December 16, 1966. She earned her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her J.D. magna cum laude from William Mitchell College of Law in Saint Paul.Early legal career
Swanson served as Deputy Attorney General during Mike Hatch's first term, and as Solicitor General during his second term. She also served as chair of the Consumer Advisory Council to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington D.C. in 2006. <mask> was appointed to the Consumer Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington D.C. in 2004. <mask> was appointed as Vice-Chair of the Council in 2005. She was appointed Chair of the Council in 2006. Attorney General of Minnesota

2007–2010: First term

She was elected Minnesota Attorney General on November 7, 2006 and took office on January 2, 2007, becoming the first woman to serve as Minnesota's Attorney General. She also became the first William Mitchell College of Law grad to serve as the Minnesota Attorney General, ending the University of Minnesota Law School's continued streak of holding the office since in 1929.After being sworn in as Attorney General, <mask> filed a series of lawsuits against life insurance companies that sold unsuitable annuities to senior citizens. She argued that the insurance companies were responsible for agents who sold long-term annuities with high surrender charge to the elderly. In 2007 and 2008, she sued several insurers, including Allianz Life Insurance Company,  American Equity Life Insurance Company,  Midland National Life Insurance company,  AmeriUs Life Insurance Company and American Investors Life Insurance. The lawsuits resulted in settlements that provided for industry-wide reforms and hundreds of millions of dollars in refund offers to senior citizens. <mask> testified in the U.S. Senate Committee on Aging about the need for insurance companies to require sales agents to ensure the suitability of the sale of an insurance product. As <mask> took office, the country was beginning to face a housing crisis and eventual recession spurred by predatory subprime mortgage lending. Before she took office, <mask> announced a predatory lending working group to make recommendations to legislators for reforming abuses in the mortgage industry.The group made a number of recommendations, such as the elimination of “no doc” mortgages in which a loan is issued without proof of a borrower's ability to repay it. Many of these proposals were enacted into law, and the Martin Luther King-inspired Drum Major Institute called them one of the 10 best public policy proposals in the United States. A New York Times editorial heralded the law in 2009. Swanson was asked to testify before the United States Congress  and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors about the Minnesota reforms. During the housing crisis, Swanson filed 19 lawsuits against mortgage foreclosure companies that defrauded homeowners by charging thousands of dollars and falsely promising to help save their homes from foreclosure. Swanson entered into settlements with a number of national banks for their role in the foreclosure crisis, giving the money back to homeowners who were victimized by the banks’ conduct. In 2007, a group of attorneys working for Swanson attempted to form a union with the help of AFSCME council 5 to improve their working conditions and provide some protection from being asked to violate the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct by bringing baseless lawsuits against individuals and organizations to suit Swanson's political aspirations.As of April 2017, three months into <mask>'s tenure, at least 30 members of <mask>'s staff had left the office. On March 7, 2008, MinnPost reported on the internal fight for unionization that was still ongoing, including reports that attorneys who did not support <mask> politically were given punishment assignments or were removed from cases. Later on that spring, in May 2008, an attorney who publicly advocated for the formation of a union, Amy Lawler, was fired by Swanson. In 2009, <mask> filed a lawsuit against National Arbitration Forum (NAF), at that time the largest consumer arbitration organization in the country. NAF had been criticized by consumer advocacy groups, U.S. Senators, and Public Citizen for bias against consumers. Swanson alleged that NAF was owned by a group of equity funds that also were simultaneously affiliated with a national debt collection agency, Axiant, and the administration of the largest collection law firm at the time, Mann Brakken.In July 2009 NAF signed a consent order with Swanson agreeing to stop arbitrating consumer claims. Shortly thereafter, Axiant and Mann Bracken went out of business. <mask> was re-elected on November 2, 2010, defeating Republican challenger Chris Barden. 2011–2014: Second term
In January 2012, Swanson sued Accretive Health, a billing and revenue consulting firm hired by two Twin Cities hospitals, for losing patient data on a lap top. At the time, Accretive was a multibillion-dollar publicly-traded company. The lawsuit expanded when Swanson discovered that, unbeknownst to the patients, the data was being used to calculate the “frailty condition” of patients, complete with a “complexity score” of the physical condition of patients. In April 2012, the lawsuit again expanded when Swanson alleged that Accretive embedded bill collectors in the emergency rooms of hospitals and demanded payment by patients before and during treatment.Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel then intervened on behalf of Chicago-based Accretive to stop the litigation, which <mask> declined to do. The litigation ended with Accretive paying a $2.5 million penalty and being banned from the state. Accretive is believed to be the first NYSE company to be banned from doing business in a state. In April 2013, <mask> intervened in a proposed merger of South Dakota-based Sanford Health and Fairview Health Systems. The merger would have included the control of the University of Minnesota Hospital System by the out-of-state Sanford. <mask> convened a hearing on the proposed merger in the State Capitol, grilling executives of the three organizations about the impact of the merger on the 23,000 Fairview employees in Minnesota and the $1.2 billion in assets held by the non-profit Fairview. The hearing was hotly contested.On April 10, 2013, Sanford withdrew from the merger discussion. In 2013 and 2014 Swanson took on for-profit colleges. Pointing out that over 70% of graduates of for-profit colleges earn less than high school drop outs, Swanson took action against colleges who misrepresented job placement rates, who steered students to high interest rates loans, and who misrepresented the transferability of credits to other institutions. In November, 2013 Swanson reached a settlement that required a for-profit college to make restitution to students whom it enrolled in a medical assisting degree program costing over $30,000 that wasn't properly accredited to train medical assistants to work for Minnesota employers. In September, 2016 the district court in Hennepin County ruled that another for-profit college sued by Swanson violated the consumer fraud laws by enrolling students who wanted to become police officers in a criminal justice program that was not certified by the state to train police officers. In July, 2017 the Minnesota Supreme Court found in Swanson's lawsuit that the school made illegal usurious loans to students at interest rates as high as 18 percent. In 2015, Swanson became one of the first attorneys general in the country to file lawsuits against student loan assistance companies that charged students thousands of dollars for bogus help in supposedly alleviating student loan debt.In 2014, Swanson issued a scathing report on charities that contract with Savers, Inc., a for profit company that collects and sells second hand clothing through the United States and Canada. Swanson said that the charities and Savers were engaged in deceptive activities because the charities received only a few pennies in exchange for the dollars received by Savers for the sale of donated clothing. Swanson settled the matter in 2015 when Savers agreed to disclose that it is a for-profit company, that it will no longer commingle goods donated to specific charities, that it will disclose the amount of the revenue it receives which is donated to charity, that it will compensate charities for non-clothing items donated to the charity, and that it pay $1.8 million to the charities it serviced in the state of Minnesota. In 2014 <mask> was re-elected Attorney General, winning seven of the eight Congressional Districts in Minnesota. She won with 52.6% of the vote, beating Republican Scott Newman's 39%. 2015–2018: Third term

Swanson was active in pharmaceutical litigation. In June 2016, she secured a $10.3 million recovery from Wyeth Pharmaceutical for failing to properly issue rebates to the state.In September 2016, <mask> sued Indivior PLC, a manufacturer of the opioid withdrawal medicine Suboxone, for unlawfully keeping out generic competition by tweaking the drug's structure to obtain a separate patent. She also wrote to insurance companies that month asking them to remove pre-authorization approval barriers to prevent or delay patients from getting access to opioid withdrawal treatment. In November 2016, <mask> issued a report on the opioid epidemic, calling for legislative and regulatory reforms as it relates to protocols on prescribing pain killers. The Report received 2017 Notable Mention Award from the National Council of State Legislatures. In December, 2016, she filed an antitrust lawsuit against six major drug manufactures alleging they colluded to fix the prices of generic prescription drugs for widely used diabetes, antibiotic, and other medicines. The lawsuit said that a significant player in the litigation was a salesperson based in Minnesota. In June 2017, <mask> opened an investigation concerning the role of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the opioid epidemic.In May 2018, <mask> sued Insys Therapeutics for deceptive marketing of Subsys, a fentanyl painkiller. In October 2017, <mask> expanded her lawsuit against generic drug companies for fixing the prices of popular medicines by naming a dozen more companies. In July 2018, <mask> filed sued against Purdue Pharma, claiming that it misrepresented the addictive nature of OxyContin. <mask> has also been active in cases involving deceptive practices aimed at senior citizens. She obtained a $7 million judgment  against a company that sold living trusts to senior citizens as a guise to sell them insurance products. In 2014, she filed a lawsuit against another company that sold “estate plans” to senior citizens costing $2,000 that it falsely claimed were prepared by an attorney. Swanson filed several lawsuits against outfits that bilked senior citizens with the sale of coins that were overpriced or not delivered.<mask> then worked with the legislature to secure enactment of legislation to curb abuses within the industry. Swanson also brought a number of cases on behalf of patients who were harmed by various health care practices besides those listed above. In 2009, she filed a lawsuit against a major hospital system for charging 18 percent interest on unpaid medical bills in violation of Minnesota usury laws. The hospital settled with Swanson by agreeing to make over $1 million in refunds to patients. In 2007, 2012, and 2017, she renewed agreements first reached by her predecessor in 2005 with all Minnesota hospitals to reform the manner in which they collect unpaid medical bills and charge uninsured patients. In 2009 she took action against medical providers for signing patients up for health care credit cards without their permission and placing thousands of dollars in debt on the credit cards. In 2009 and 2010 Swanson sued several companies that sold phony health insurance coverage to uninsured patients.In 2013, Swanson intervened to assist rural critical access hospitals after a large insurance company cut their contract payments. Also in 2013, Swanson asked the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to investigate a large insurer that sold Medicare policies after receiving complaints about shoddy payment practices. In 2016, Swanson required Minnesota hospitals to refund rape survivors who were improperly charged for sexual assault exams. In 2017, after the Minnesota Legislature authorized for-profit HMOs do business in Minnesota, Swanson sounded the alarm about the need to protect the nonprofit assets held by Minnesota HMOs from being acquired by for-profit companies. After Swanson pushed for legislation to regulate such nonprofit conversions, the legislature enacted a two-year moratorium on such transactions. In 2017 Swanson intervened after the state's largest insurance company and children's hospital failed to agreeing on a contract, bringing the two chief executive officers together to help forge a solution that would ensure continuity of care for 60,000 child patients. In 2018 Swanson filed a lawsuit against the federal government for cutting over $100 million in year in funding for MinnesotaCare, the state's 25 year old bipartisan health care program for the working poor.During her tenure as Attorney General, <mask> received recognition for bringing a number of cases to hold bill collectors and predatory lenders accountable for unlawful collection practices or other illegal practices. She brought the first lawsuit by a regulator in the country against one of the nation's largest collection agencies for “robo-signing” thousands of legal documents without verifying their accuracy. The alleged debts were often 10 years old or more and brought against people who did not owe the money. In a settlement with <mask>'s office, the company agreed to reform its practices and substantiate that debts were owed before filing collection lawsuits. <mask> later got enacted bipartisan legislation that required debt buyers to provide evidence they are targeting the correct person in the right amount before filing collection lawsuits. <mask> also got millions of dollars of bills written off after suing a Minnesota collection company that added 22 percent interest to old bank overdraft fees. In 2017, she sued an outfit that got senior citizens to sign over large portions of their future pensions at high costs for military benefits in exchange for small loans.Starting in 2011, Swanson filed suit against many online “payday” lenders for making high-cost unlicensed loans to Minnesota residents, winning an $11 million settlement against one such company in 2016. In 2015 Swanson secured a favorable ruling from the Minnesota Supreme Court that Minnesota lending laws apply to online lenders against a lender that claimed that the Dormant Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution prohibited the application of such laws. On February 1, 2017, <mask> joined the attorneys general of the states of Washington, New York, Virginia, and Massachusetts in bringing a lawsuit against the administration of President Donald Trump. The suit challenged the president's executive order that bans refugees and travelers from a list of predominantly Muslim nations from entering the United States. The suit alleges that the order is unconstitutional and should not be enforced. Swanson issued a statement saying restricting people from certain countries "does not pass constitutional muster, is inconsistent with our history as a nation, and undermines our national security." In February 2018, Swanson reached a settlement of a major environmental lawsuit she filed in 2010 against 3M Company over its disposal of chemicals for several decades into the drinking water in the east metropolitan area of the Twin Cities.The lawsuit was settled for $850 million, or 100 times more than the next biggest environmental settlement in Minnesota history. Under the court-approved settlement, the money was to be used to clean up the drinking water. On June 2, 2018, <mask> withdrew from seeking the DFL endorsement for Attorney General despite receiving 52% of the endorsement vote in the first round of balloting (with 60% required for endorsement). Her opponent, Matt Pelikan, had received 47% in the first round of balloting. After her withdrawal, Pelikan was endorsed as the DFL candidate for Attorney General. Awards and honors
<mask> was named one of the "Top Ten Lawyers in America" by the national publication Lawyers USA in 2009. In December, 2012 Health Leaders Magazine named <mask> one of 20 Americans who is making a difference in health care.She also received the Robert Drinan "Champion of Justice" award from the National Consumer Law Center, a Washington-based non-profit organization that acts as a national clearing center and publisher for consumer lawyers and other legal advocates. She was also a recipient of the Pro Patria award by the Department of Defense for her work on behalf of armed service personnel. In 2010, <mask> was named Public Official of the Year by the Minnesota Nurses Association. The Drum Major Institute of New York designated <mask>'s predatory mortgage legislation on one of the ten top public policies proposed in 2008. In 2014, the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism awarded <mask> the Distinguished Service Award. Electoral history

2006

2010

2014

2018

See also
 Politics of Minnesota
 Washington, Minnesota attorneys general's lawsuit against Trump immigration ban
 List of female state attorneys-general in the United States

References

External links

 Attorney General of Minnesota

1966 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American women lawyers
Living people
Minnesota Attorneys General
Minnesota Democrats
Minnesota lawyers
People from Eagan, Minnesota
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
William Mitchell College of Law alumni
Women in Minnesota politics

masks:
Lori Swanson
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title: Joseph H. Stuart

texts:
<mask><mask>, also known as J. H<mask> (1854–1910), from the British West Indies, settled in Colorado and in 1891 was the second black lawyer that practiced law. In 1895, he became the second African American legislator in the state's history, after Rep. John T. Gunnell. He worked on a bill to ensure equal access to public places, regardless of a person's race. The bill passed, but was not very effective due to racial discrimination and lack of resources to enforce it. Before coming to Denver, he was an educator in South Carolina and a lawyer in Kansas. Early life and education

<mask><mask> was born in 1854 in the British West Indies. He graduated from Codrington College in Barbados, after which he moved to South Carolina.He attended the Cedar Hall Academy and he became a teacher. <mask> received his law degree in 1877 from the University of South Carolina. At the time, there were just a few decades after the Civil War when most African Americans were not taught to read or write. Most schools would not accept blacks to attend their universities and colleges and many states prevented them from being admitted to the bar. The education required to get a law degree was generally limited to two five-month courses. In some cases, legal scholars worked as an apprentice with other lawyers to learn the trade more practically. Schools of higher learning were often split politically as to whether they remained loyal to British royalty or supported the constitution after the American Revolutionary War, the spirit of which educators passed down to their students.Since the colonial days, lawyers had generally been well-connected gentry that took part in political and societal discussions. The American system of jurisprudence was intended to provide a means for people who were harmed in some way to resolve illegal conduct in the courts. It was known at the time that lawyers played an important role in society and politics, but generally attorneys were not prepared to be as effective and in the number that was needed. George Wythe, a legal instructor of John Marshall and <mask>, thought that lawyers should be leaders and prevent the passage of unconstitutional laws. Career

Lawyer
He opened a law practice in Topeka, Kansas in 1879, but he was not admitted to the Kansas Bar Association until 1883. <mask> moved to San Diego, California in 1890, based upon feedback from the South Caroline Supreme Court, he was admitted to the bar. That made him the first African American male lawyers in San Diego County, California.It was not likely, though, that he could make enough money to support himself. There were about 329 African Americans in San Diego, but Denver had ten times that number. He moved to Denver, Colorado around 1891 to improve his health, as many did in the 19th century. He was admitted to the Colorado Bar Association on December 1, 1891, which made him the second black man to be admitted to the bar in the state; <mask> <mask> was the first. He established a law practice in the Kittredge Building in downtown Denver. He was a member and counsellor of the board of directors of the Afro-American Life and Benefit Association. <mask> practiced law after end of his two-year term (1895–1897) as a legislator.In 1907, he travelled to Trinidad to defend Grattan Turner, a black man from Denver who was charged with the murder of Manuel Chavez at Starkville. Chavez died a few weeks before the start of the trial. <mask> had a client who was being harassed, according to the Franklin's Paper the Statesman. The Anti-Saloon League worked through the Berlew Detective Agency to target the one drug store owned by an African American out of hundreds of drug stores in the city. Charges asserted that <mask>'s client, George A. Allen, had sold liquor at his drugstore on Sunday. The charges were "uncertain and conflicting" and Allen was acquitted by March 26, 1910. Legislator

<mask> was nominated to run for a seat in the state's legislature by the city's "politically active black community".He campaigned to represent Arapahoe County, Colorado. In 1894, he addressed Republicans, where he was said to have issued "one of the ablest speeches" of the campaign. During his speech he said "This large crowd assures me that the people of Pueblo county are awakened to the fact that Colorado must be redeemed from populist misrule. The colored man is always found on the right side during a contest." <mask> also provided a general statement that blacks want principled leadership, for which they have fought in the country's history. The second black state legislator he served one term from 1895 to 1897. He sponsored a bill that was meant to end racial discrimination, and should have provided equal access to public places, like lodging, restaurants, entertainment, and transportation.Elitch Gardens was required to serve black patrons. Some legislators did not want to pass the measure, but they acquiesced, and the bill was signed into law in 1895. In Colorado, the bill was not as effective as it could have been due to Jim Crow laws, racial discrimination, and the lack of resources to enforce the law. There was not much improvement until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. <mask> was nominated to run for office in 1906, but he did not become a representative a second time. Other

In January 1900, Booker T. Washington stayed at the Brown Palace Hotel in Denver and gave a lecture about "the Negro question" at the Central Presbyterian Church. Afterwords, he attended a reception held in his honor at the Arapahoe Cafe.It was attended by African American businessmen, editors, committee members of the Ministerial Alliance, and members of fraternities and lodges. <mask> read a poem, written for the occasion by Paul Laurence Dunbar, entitled His Public Work. <mask> was elected secretary in 1908 of the local chapter of the National Negro Business League to support businesses of African Americans. <mask> was naturalized as an American citizen on November 5, 1894. Death

<mask> died on April 4, 1910 at his home in Denver. A funeral was held for him by April 16 at the Shorter Community M.E. Church.He was interred at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. Mrs. <mask><mask>, a woman of color, lived at 2421 Ogden in Denver in 1910. Gallery

See also
 African American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era
 List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes

References

1854 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century educators
African-American state legislators in Colorado
Members of the Colorado House of Representatives
Alumni of Codrington College
People of the British West Indies
People from Denver
University of South Carolina alumni
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Joseph H
. Stuart
. Stuart
Joseph H
. Stuart
Stuart
Henry Clay
Stuart
Edwin Henry
Hackley
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Stuart
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Joseph H
. Stuart


title: John Henderson (hurler)

texts:
<mask> (born 14 October 1957) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a corner-back and as a full-back for the Kilkenny and Wicklow senior teams. Born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny, <mask> first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Coláiste Mhuire. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1979 championship. <mask> immediately became a regular member of the team and won three All-Ireland medals, six Leinster medals and four National Hurling League medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions <mask> won one Railway Cup medal.At club level he is a one-time championship medallist with Fenians while he also won a championship medal with Glenealy. His brothers, Pat and Ger, won a combined total of eight All-Ireland medals with Kilkenny. Throughout his career <mask> made 34 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1991 championship. In retirement from playing <mask> became involved in team management and coaching. At inter-county level he managed the Wicklow senior team and the Dublin under-21 team while at club level he took charge of Cuala, Bray Emmets and Glenealy. <mask> also served as an analyst on the Sunday Game.Early life
<mask> was born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny in 1957, where he was educated locally at Johnstown's National School, where his interest in hurling reportedly first began. Later, <mask> and his two brothers, Pat and Ger, would form the backbone of the great Kilkenny team of the 1970s and early 1980s. He went to college in Carlow RTC  where he won an All Ireland college's football medal. Playing career

Club

<mask> was a key member of the Feniains senior team that reached the 1977 championship decider. An Eddie Keher-inspired Rower-Inistioge provided the opposition, however, <mask> won a Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship medal following a 3–11 to 1–10 victory. Almost twenty years later and <mask> was lining out with Glenealy in County Wicklow. In 1996 was at full-forward as the club faced Carnew Emmets in the championship decider.A 3-7 to 0-9 victory secured the victory and a championship medal for <mask>. Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team in 1974. He was an unused substitute during that year's campaign and collected a Leinster medal on the bench following an 8-19 to 3-5 trouncing of Dublin. The following year <mask> was included as a regular member of the starting fifteen. A 2-18 to 3-4 defeat of Dublin secured a fifth successive provincial title for the team and a first Leinster medal on the field of play for <mask>. On 6 September 1975 Kilkenny faced Cork in the All-Ireland decider. The Cats proved much too strong and powered to a 3-19 to 1-14 victory, giving <mask> an All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship medal.Two years later in 1977 <mask> was a key member of the Kilkenny under-21 team. He won a Leinster that year as Wexford were downed on a score line of 3-11 to 1-10. Cork were once again waiting for Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider. Having been beaten the previous year, Kilkenny secured a narrow 2-9 to 1-9 victory giving <mask> an All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship medal. Senior

<mask> made his senior championship debut on 24 June 1979 in a 4-15 to 4-11 Leinster semi-final defeat of Dublin. He later won a Leinster medal as Wexford were defeated by 2-21 to 2-17. On 2 September 1979 Kilkenny faced Galway in the All-Ireland final.Bad weather and an unofficial train drivers’ strike resulted in the lowest attendance at a final in over twenty years. The bad weather also affected the hurling with Kilkenny scoring two freak goals as Galway ‘keeper Séamus Shinnors had a nightmare of a game. A Liam “Chunky” O’Brien 70-yard free went all the way to the net in the first half, while with just three minutes remaining a 45-yard shot from Mick Brennan was helped by the wind and dipped under the crossbar. Kilkenny won by 2-12 to 1-8 with <mask> winning his first All-Ireland medal. After a fallow two-year period, Kilkenny bounced back in 1982 with <mask> winning his first National Hurling League medal following a 2-14 to 1-11 defeat of Wexford. He later added a second Leinster medal to his collection following a 1-11 to 0-12 defeat of three-in-a-row hopefuls and reigning All-Ireland champions Offaly. On 5 September 1982 Kilkenny and Cork renewed their rivalry in the All-Ireland decider.The Cats were rank outsiders on the day, however, a brilliant save by Noel Skehan was followed by two quick goals by Christy Heffernan just before the interval. Éamonn O'Donoghue pegged a goal back for Cork, however, Ger Fennelly added a third for Kilkenny who secured a 3-18 to 1-13 victory. It was a second All-Ireland medal for <mask>. <mask> won a second consecutive league medal in 1983 following a narrow 2-14 to 2-12 defeat of Limerick before later collecting a third Leinster medal as Offaly were accounted for by 1-17 to 0-13. The All-Ireland final on 4 September 1983 was a replay of the previous year with Cork hoping to avenge that defeat. Billy Fitzpatrick was the star with ten points, giving Kilkenny a 2-14 to 1-9 lead with seventeen minutes left, however, they failed to score for the remainder of the game. A stunning comeback by Cork just fell short and <mask> collected a third All-Ireland medal following a 2-14 to 2-12 victory.He later won an All-Star. In 1986 Kilkenny bounced back with <mask> collecting a third league medal following a 2-10 to 2-6 defeat of Galway. He later collected a fourth Leinster medal following a 4-10 to 1-11 defeat of reigning champions Offaly. <mask> won a fifth Leinster medal in 1987 as Offaly were downed once again by 2-14 to 0-17. On 6 September 1987 Galway, a team who were hoping to avoid becoming the first team to lose three finals in-a-row, faced a Kilkenny team who for many of its players knew it would be their last chance to claim an All-Ireland medal. Galway ‘keeper <mask>ins saved two goal chances from Ger Fennelly, while at the other end substitute Noel Lane bagged a decisive goal as Galway claimed a 1-12 to 0-9 victory. Offaly dominated the provincial series over the next three years, however, Kilkenny emerged once again in 1990.An 0-18 to 0-9 defeat of New York gave <mask> a fourth league medal. <mask> won a sixth Leinster medal in 1991 but not without difficulty. With seconds left in the game the Dubs were winning by a single point, however, a last-gasp goal sealed a 1-11 to 0-13 victory. On 1 September 1991 Kilkenny faced old rivals Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. The opening thirty-five minutes saw both sides trade score-for-score, however, a controversial 20-metre free, miss-hit by Michael Cleary, landed in the net and gave Tipperary a lead which they never surrendered. The final score of 1–16 to 0–15 resulted in defeat for <mask>. After retiring from Kilkenny, <mask> joined the Wicklow senior team.Managerial career
In retirement from playing, <mask> turned his hand to inter-county management. He spent a short period in charge of the Wicklow senior hurling team, however, he had little success. He has managed several Bray Emmets juvenile teams to success. He managed the Cuala senior hurling team in Dublin prior to his management role with Dublins under 21 team. He managed the Bray Emmets Senior team to their first Wicklow Senior Hurling Championship in 61 years in 2014, along with a Division 2 Leinster League. He backed that up by managing Bray Emmets to another County Hurling title in 2015. References

1957 births
Living people
Fenians hurlers
Glenealy hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Wicklow inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling managers
Hurling selectors
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

masks:
John Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
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John Comm
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Henderson


title: Robert Mitchum

texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1917 – July 1, 1997) was an American actor, director, author, poet, composer, and singer. He rose to prominence
with an Academy Award nomination for the Best Supporting Actor for The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), followed by starring in several classic film noirs. His acting is generally considered a forerunner of the antiheroes prevalent in film during the 1950s and 1960s. His best-known films include Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944),   Out of the Past (1947), River of No Return (1954), The Night of the Hunter (1955), Thunder Road (1958), Cape Fear (1962), El Dorado (1966), Ryan's Daughter (1970) and The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973). He is also known for his television role as U.S. Navy Captain Victor "Pug" Henry in the epic miniseries The Winds of War (1983) and sequel War and Remembrance (1988). <mask> is rated number 23 on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema.Early life

<mask> was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on August 6, 1917, into a Scots-Irish/Norwegian Methodist family. His father, James Thomas <mask>, was a shipyard and railroad worker of Scots-Irish descent, and his mother, Ann Harriet Gunderson, was a Norwegian immigrant and sea captain's daughter. His older sister, Annette (known as <mask> during her acting career), was born in 1914. James was crushed to death in a railyard accident in Charleston, South Carolina, in February 1919. His widow was awarded a government pension, and soon realized she was pregnant. Her third child, John, was born in September of that year. Ann married Lieutenant Hugh "The Major" Cunningham Morris, a former Royal Naval Reserve officer.They had a daughter, Carol Morris, born July 1927 on the family farm in Delaware. When all of the children were old enough to attend school, Ann found employment as a linotype operator for the Bridgeport Post. As a child, <mask> was known as a prankster, often involved in fistfights and mischief. In 1929 his mother sent the twelve-year-old to live with her parents in Felton, Delaware; the boy was promptly expelled from middle school for scuffling with the principal. A year later he moved in with his older sister in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen. After being expelled from Haaren High School he left his sister and traveled throughout the country, hopping freight cars and taking a number of jobs, including ditch-digging for the Civilian Conservation Corps and professional boxing. He later stated that at age 14 in Savannah, Georgia, he was arrested for vagrancy and put in a local chain gang.By <mask>'s account, he escaped and returned to his family in Delaware. During this time, while recovering from injuries that nearly cost him a leg, he met Dorothy Spence, whom he would later marry. He soon went back on the road, eventually "riding the rails" to California. Acting

Getting established

In the mid-1930s <mask> moved to the West Coast in the hope of acting in movies, and the rest of the <mask> family soon followed her to Long Beach, California. <mask> arrived in 1936. During this time, Mitchum worked as a ghostwriter for astrologer Carroll Righter. Julie convinced him to join the local theater guild with her.At The Players Guild of Long Beach, <mask> worked as a stagehand and occasional bit-player in company productions. He also wrote several short pieces which were performed by the guild. According to Lee Server's biography (<mask>: Baby, I Don't Care), Mitchum put his talent for poetry to work writing song lyrics and monologues for Julie's nightclub performances. In 1940, he returned to Delaware to marry Dorothy Spence, and they moved back to California. He gave up his artistic pursuits at the birth of their first child James, nicknamed Josh, and two more children, Chris and Petrine, followed. Mitchum found steady employment as a machine operator during World War II with the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, but the noise of the machinery damaged his hearing. He also suffered a nervous breakdown (which resulted in temporary vision problems), due to job-related stress.He then sought work as a film actor, performing initially as an extra and in small speaking parts. His agent got him an interview with Harry Sherman, the producer of Paramount's Hopalong Cassidy western film series, which starred William Boyd; <mask> was hired to play minor villainous roles in several films in the series during 1942 and 1943. He went uncredited as a soldier in the 1943 film The Human Comedy starring Mickey Rooney. His first on-screen credit came in 1943 as a Marine private in the Randolph Scott war film Gung Ho! <mask> continued to find work as an extra and supporting actor in numerous productions for various studios. After impressing director Mervyn LeRoy during the making of Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, <mask> signed a seven-year contract with RKO Radio Pictures. He was groomed for B-Western stardom in a series of Zane Grey adaptations.Following the moderately successful Western Nevada, RKO lent <mask> to United Artists for a prominent supporting actor role in The Story of G.I. Joe (1945). In the film, he portrayed war-weary officer Bill Walker (based on Captain Henry T. Waskow), who remains resolute despite the troubles he faces. The film, which followed the life of an ordinary soldier through the eyes of journalist Ernie Pyle (played by Burgess Meredith), became an instant critical and commercial success. Shortly after filming, <mask> was drafted into the United States Army, serving at Fort MacArthur, California, as a medic. At the 1946 Academy Awards, The Story of G.I. Joe was nominated for four Oscars, including <mask>'s only nomination for an Academy Award, for  Best Supporting Actor.He finished the year with a Western (West of the Pecos) and a story of returning Marine veterans (Till the End of Time), before migrating to a genre that came to define <mask>'s career and screen persona: film noir. Film noir

<mask> was initially known for his work in film noir. His first foray into the genre was a supporting role in the 1944 B-movie When Strangers Marry, about newlyweds and a New York City serial killer. Another early noir, Undercurrent, featured him as a troubled, sensitive man entangled in the affairs of his tycoon brother (<mask>) and his brother's suspicious wife (Katharine Hepburn). John Brahm's The Locket (1946) featured <mask> as a bitter ex-boyfriend to Laraine Day's femme fatale. Raoul Walsh's Pursued (1947) combined the Western and noir genres, with <mask>'s character attempting to recall his past and find those responsible for killing his family. Crossfire (also 1947) featured <mask> as a member of a group of returned World War II soldiers embroiled in a murder investigation for an act committed by an anti-Semite in their ranks.The film, directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring <mask> and <mask>, earned five Academy Award nominations. Following Crossfire, <mask> starred in Out of the Past (also called Build My Gallows High), directed by Jacques Tourneur and featuring the cinematography of Nicholas Musuraca. In his best-known noir role, <mask> played Jeff Markham, a small-town gas-station owner and former investigator, whose unfinished business with gambler Whit Sterling (Kirk Douglas) and femme fatale Kathie Moffett (Jane Greer) comes back to haunt him. On September 1, 1948, after a string of successful films for RKO, <mask> and actress Lila Leeds were arrested for possession of marijuana. The bust was the result of a sting operation designed to capture other Hollywood partiers as well, but <mask> and Leeds did not receive the tipoff. After serving a week at the county jail (he described the experience to a reporter as being "like Palm Springs, but without the riff-raff"), Mitchum spent 43 days (February 16 to March 30) at a Castaic, California, prison farm. Life  photographers were permitted to take photos of him mopping up in his prison uniform.The arrest inspired the exploitation film She Shoulda Said No! (1949), which starred Leeds. <mask>'s conviction was later overturned by the Los Angeles court and district attorney's office on January 31, 1951, after being exposed as a setup. Despite <mask>'s legal troubles and problems without his studio, his popularity was not harmed and films released immediately after his arrest were box-office hits. Rachel and the Stranger (1948) featured <mask> in a supporting role as a mountain man competing for the hand of Loretta Young, the indentured servant and wife of William Holden. In the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's novella The Red Pony (1949), he appeared as a trusted cowhand to a ranching family. He returned to  in The Big Steal (also 1949), where he reunited with Jane Greer in an early Don Siegel film.Mainstream stardom in the 1950s and 1960s

In Where Danger Lives (1950), <mask> played a doctor who comes between a mentally unbalanced Faith Domergue and cuckolded Claude Rains. The Racket was a noir remake of the early crime drama  The Racket  (1928), and featured <mask> as a police captain fighting corruption in his precinct. The Josef von Sternberg film, Macao (1952), had <mask> as a victim of mistaken identity at an exotic resort casino, playing opposite Jane Russell. Otto Preminger's Angel Face was the first of three collaborations between <mask> and British stage actress Jean Simmons. Mitchum plays an  ambulance driver who allows a murderously insane heiress to fatally seduce him. Mitchum was fired from Blood Alley (1955) over his conduct, reportedly having thrown the film's transportation manager into San Francisco Bay. According to Sam O'Steen's memoir Cut to the Chase, Mitchum showed up on-set after a night of drinking and tore apart a studio office when they did not have a car ready for him.<mask> walked off the set of the third day of filming Blood Alley, claiming he could not work with the director. Because <mask> was showing up late and behaving erratically, producer John Wayne, after failing to obtain Humphrey Bogart as a replacement, took over the role himself. Following a series of conventional Westerns and , as well as the Marilyn Monroe adventure vehicle River of No Return (1954), <mask> appeared in The Night of the Hunter (1955), Charles Laughton's only film as director. Based on a novel by Davis Grubb, the thriller starred <mask> as a monstrous criminal posing as a preacher to find money hidden by his cellmate in the man's home. His performance as Reverend Harry Powell is considered by many to be one of the best of his career. Stanley Kramer's melodrama Not as a Stranger, also released in 1955, was a box-office hit. The film starred <mask> against type, as an idealistic young doctor, who marries an older nurse (Olivia de Havilland), only to question his morality many years later.However, the film was not well received, with most critics pointing out that <mask>, Frank Sinatra, and Lee Marvin were all too old for their characters. Olivia de Havilland received top billing over <mask> and Sinatra. On March 8, 1955, <mask> formed DRM (Dorothy and Robert Mitchum) Productions to produce five films for United Artists; four films were produced. The first film was Bandido (1956). Following a succession of average Westerns and the poorly received Foreign Intrigue (1956), <mask> starred in the first of three films with Deborah Kerr. The John Huston war drama Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison, cast <mask> as a Marine corporal shipwrecked on a Pacific Island with a nun, Sister Angela (Deborah Kerr), as his sole companion. In this character study they struggle with the elements, the Japanese garrison, and their growing feelings for one-another.The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, including Best Actress and Best Adapted Screenplay. For his role, <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor. In the World War II submarine classic The Enemy Below (1956), <mask> played the captain of a US Navy destroyer who matches wits with a wily German U-boat captain Curt Jurgens, who starred with <mask> again in the  1962 World War II epic The Longest Day. Thunder Road (1958), the second DRM Production, was loosely based on an incident in which a driver transporting moonshine was said to have fatally crashed on Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, somewhere between Bearden Hill and Morrell Road. According to Metro Pulse writer Jack Renfro, the incident occurred in 1952 and may have been witnessed by James Agee, who passed the story on to <mask>. He starred, produced, co-wrote the screenplay, and is rumored to have directed much of the film. It costars his son James, as his on-screen brother, in a role originally intended for Elvis Presley.<mask> also co-wrote (with Don Raye) the theme song, "The Ballad of Thunder Road". <mask> returned to Mexico for The Wonderful Country (1959) with Julie London, and Ireland for A Terrible Beauty/The Night Fighters for the last of his DRM Productions. <mask> and Kerr reunited for the

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 Fred Zinnemann film The Sundowners (1960), playing an Australia husband and wife struggling in the sheep industry during the Depression. The film received five Oscar nominations, and <mask> earned the year's National Board of Review award for Best Actor for his performance. The award also recognized his performance in the Vincente Minnelli Western drama Home from the Hill (also 1960). He was teamed with former leading ladies Kerr and Simmons, as well as Cary Grant, for the Stanley Donen comedy The Grass Is Greener the same year. <mask>'s performance as the menacing rapist Max Cady in Cape Fear (1962) brought him further renown for playing cold, predatory characters.The 1960s were marked by a number of lesser films, including the Shirley MacLaine comedy-musical What a Way to Go! (1964), the Howard Hawks Western El Dorado (1967), a remake of Rio Bravo (1959) (in which <mask> took over Dean Martin's role of the drunk who comes to the aid of John Wayne's character), and another WWII epic, Anzio (1968). He teamed with Martin again for the 1968 Western 5 Card Stud, playing a homicidal preacher. Later work

<mask> made a departure from his typical screen persona with the 1970 David Lean film Ryan's Daughter, in which he starred as Charles Shaughnessy, a mild-mannered schoolmaster in World War I–era Ireland. At the time of filming <mask>'s recent films had been critical and commercial flops, and he was going through a personal crisis that had him considering  suicide. Screenwriter <mask> told him that he could do so after the film was finished and that he would personally pay for his burial. Though the film was nominated for four Academy Awards (winning two) and <mask> was much publicized as a contender for a Best Actor nomination, he was not nominated.George C. Scott won the award for his powerful performance in Patton, a project <mask> had rejected as glorifying war. The 1970s featured <mask> in a number of well-received crime dramas. The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973) had the actor playing an aging Boston hoodlum caught between the Feds and his criminal friends. Sydney Pollack's The Yakuza (1974) transplanted the typical  story arc to the Japanese underworld. He also appeared in 1976's Midway about a crucial 1942 World War II battle. <mask>'s stint as an aging Philip Marlowe in the Raymond Chandler adaptation Farewell, My Lovely (1975) (a re-make of 1944's Murder My Sweet) was sufficiently well received by audiences and critics for him to reprise the role in 1978's The Big Sleep, a remake of the 1946 film of the same title. In 1982, <mask> played Coach Delaney in the film adaptation of playwright/actor Jason Miller's 1973 Pulitzer Prize-winning play That Championship Season.At the premiere for That Championship Season, <mask>, while intoxicated, assaulted a female reporter and threw a basketball that he was holding (a prop from the film) at a female photographer from Time magazine, injuring her neck and knocking out two of her teeth. She sued him for $30 million for damages. The suit eventually "cost him his salary from the film". That Championship Season may have indirectly led to another debacle for <mask> several months later. In a February 1983 Esquire interview, he made several racist, anti-Semitic and sexist statements, including, when asked if the Holocaust occurred, responded "so the Jews say." Following the widespread negative response, he apologized a month later, saying that his statements were "prankish" and "foreign to my principle". He claimed that the problem had begun when he recited a racist monologue from his role in That Championship Season, the writer believing the words to be his own.<mask>, who claimed that he had only reluctantly agreed to the interview, then decided to "string... along" the writer with even more incendiary statements. <mask> expanded to television work with the 1983 miniseries The Winds of War. The big-budget Herman Wouk story aired on ABC, starring <mask> as naval officer "Pug" Henry and Victoria Tennant as Pamela Tudsbury, and examined the events leading up to America's involvement in World War II. He returned to the role in 1988's War and Remembrance, which continued the story through the end of the war. In 1984, <mask> entered the Betty Ford Center in Palm Springs, California for treatment of alcoholism. He played George Hazard's father-in-law in the 1985 miniseries North and South, which also aired on ABC. <mask> starred opposite Wilford Brimley in the 1986 made-for-TV movie Thompson's Run.A hardened con (<mask>), being transferred from a federal penitentiary to a Texas institution to finish a life sentence as a habitual criminal, is freed at gunpoint by his niece (played by Kathleen York). The cop (Brimley) who was transferring him, and has been the con's lifelong friend and adversary for over 30 years, vows to catch the twosome. In 1987, <mask> was the guest-host on Saturday Night Live, where he played private eye Philip Marlowe for the last time in the parody sketch, "Death Be Not Deadly". The show ran a short comedy film he made (written and directed by his daughter, Trina) called Out of Gas, a mock sequel to Out of the Past. (Jane Greer reprised her role from the original film.) He also was in Bill Murray's 1988 comedy film, Scrooged. In 1991, <mask> was given a lifetime achievement award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, in the same year he received the Telegatto award and in 1992 the Cecil B. DeMille Award from the Golden Globe Awards.<mask> continued to act in films until the mid-1990s, such as in Jim Jarmusch's Dead Man, and he narrated the Western Tombstone. He also appeared, in contrast to his role as the antagonist in the original, as a protagonist police detective in Martin Scorsese's remake of Cape Fear, but the actor gradually slowed his workload. His last film appearance was a small but pivotal role in the television biographical film, James Dean: Race with Destiny, playing Giant director George Stevens. His last starring role was in the 1995 Norwegian movie Pakten. Music

One of the lesser-known aspects of <mask>'s career was his foray into music as a singer. Critic Greg Adams writes, "Unlike most celebrity vocalists, <mask>um actually had musical talent." Mitchum's voice was often used instead of that of a professional singer when his character sang in his films.Notable productions featuring <mask>'s own singing voice included Rachel and the Stranger, River of No Return, and The Night of the Hunter. After hearing traditional calypso music and meeting artists such as Mighty Sparrow and Lord Invader while filming Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison in the Caribbean islands of Tobago, he recorded Calypso – is like so ... in March 1957. On the album, released through Capitol Records, he emulated the calypso sound and style, even adopting the style's unique pronunciations and slang. A year later, he recorded a song he had written for Thunder Road, titled "The Ballad of Thunder Road". The country-style song became a modest hit for Mitchum, reaching number 69 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. The song was included as a bonus track on a successful reissue of Calypso ... and helped market the film to a wider audience. Although <mask> continued to use his singing voice in his film work, he waited until 1967 to record his follow-up record, That Man, <mask>um, Sings.The album, released by Nashville-based Monument Records, took him further into country music, and featured songs similar to "The Ballad of Thunder Road". "Little Old Wine Drinker Me", the first single, was a top-10 hit at country radio, reaching number nine there, and crossed over onto mainstream radio, where it peaked at number 96. Its follow-up, "You Deserve Each Other", also charted on the Billboard Country Singles chart. He sang the title song to the Western Young Billy Young, made in 1969. Albums

Singles

Personal life

<mask>'s sons, James and Christopher, were actors, and his daughter, Petrine <mask>, a writer. His grandchildren, <mask> and <mask>, are actors, as was his younger brother, John, who died in 2001. Another grandson, Kian, is a successful model.A lifelong heavy smoker, <mask> died on July 1, 1997, in Santa Barbara, California, due to complications of lung cancer and emphysema. He was five weeks shy of his 80th birthday. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered at sea, though there is a plot marker in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Delaware. He was survived by his wife of 57 years, <mask> (May 2, 1919 – April 12, 2014, Santa Barbara, California, aged 94). Reception, acting style and legacy

<mask> is regarded by some critics as one of the finest actors of the Golden Age of Hollywood. Roger Ebert called him "the soul of film noir". <mask>, however, was self-effacing; in an interview with Barry Norman for the BBC about his contribution to cinema, Mitchum stopped Norman in mid-flow and in his typical nonchalant style, said, "Look, I have two kinds of acting.One on a horse and one off a horse. That's it." He had also succeeded in annoying some of his fellow actors by voicing his puzzlement at those who viewed the profession as challenging and hard work. He is quoted as having said in the Norman interview that acting was actually very simple and that his job was to "show up on time, know his lines, hit his marks, and go home". <mask> had a habit of marking most of his appearances in the script with the letters "n.a.r. ", which meant "no action required", and also possessed a photographic memory that allowed him to remember lines with relative ease. <mask>'s subtle and understated acting style often garnered him criticism of sleepwalking through his performances.The directors who worked with him however had nothing but praise for him. Charles Laughton, who directed him in The Night of the Hunter, considered <mask> to be one of the best actors in the world and believed that he would have been the greatest Macbeth. John Huston felt that Mitchum was on the same pedestal of actors like Marlon Brando, Richard Burton and Laurence Olivier. Howard Hawks praised Mitchum for being a hard worker, labeling the actor a "fraud" for pretending to not care about acting. <mask> Niro, Clint Eastwood, Michael Madsen and Mark Rylance have cited <mask> as one of their favorite actors. AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars lists <mask> as the 23rd-greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema. AFI also recognized his performances as the menacing rapist Max Cady and Reverend Harry Powell as the 28th and 29th greatest screen villains of all time as part of AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains.He provided the voice of the famous American Beef Council commercials that touted "Beef ... it's what's for dinner", from 1992 until his death. A "Mitchum's Steakhouse" operated in Trappe, Maryland, where <mask> and his family lived from 1959 to 1965. Documentaries
 2017 : James Stewart/<mask>: The Two Faces of America directed by Gregory Monro

Filmography

References

Citations

General sources

 <mask>, John. Them Ornery Mitchum Boys: The Adventures of <mask> and <mask>. Pacifica, California: Creatures at Large, 1989. .
 Olson, James and <mask>. John Wayne: American. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books, 1997. .
 O'Steen, Sam.Cut to the Chase: Forty-Five Years of Editing America's Favorite Movies. Los Angeles: Michael Wiese Productions, 2002. .
 <mask>, Jerry. <mask>: In His Own Words. New York: Limelight Editions, 2000. .
 Server, Lee. <mask>: "Baby, I Don't Care". New York: St Martin's Press, 2001. .
 Sound, Owen. TCM Film Guide: Leading Men: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era.San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books, 2006. .
 Tomkies, Mike. The <mask>um Story: "It Sure Beats Working". New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. . External links

 Profile at Turner Classic Movies
 Photographs and literature

1917 births
1997 deaths
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
American country singer-songwriters
American male composers
American male film actors
American male poets
American Methodists
American baritones
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American people of Norwegian descent
California Republicans
Capitol Records artists
Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners
Civilian Conservation Corps people
Combat medics
Connecticut Republicans
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from lung cancer
Haaren High School alumni
Male actors from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Male Western (genre) film actors
Military personnel from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut
Mitchum family
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Overturned convictions in the United States
People from Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
RKO Pictures contract players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Singer-songwriters from New York

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title: Robert de Bethune

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<mask> (died 1148) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford. From a knightly family, he became a teacher before becoming a canon by 1115. He was elected prior of Llanthony Priory in the middle 1120s, and was named bishop by King Henry I of England in 1130. As bishop, he was often appointed a judge by the papacy, and was known for the care he took of his diocese. After Henry's death in 1135, Bethune first supported King Stephen, who seized the throne from Henry's heiress the Empress Matilda, but when Matilda's forces captured Stephen, Bethune switched sides to support Matilda. When Matilda did not secure the throne, Bethune once more switched back to supporting Stephen. Construction of Hereford Cathedral was completed under Bethune's episcopate, and consecrated in 1142 and 1148.Stephen appointed Bethune as one of the English bishops that the king allowed to attend the Council of Reims in 1148, and Bethune died there in April 1148. A hagiography is the only surviving evidence of Bethune's cathedral chapter's attempts to promote him as a saint. Early life
Bethune was the youngest son of a knight, and was at first educated by his eldest brother, who was named Gunfrid and was a schoolmaster. Although the medieval chronicler <mask> Torigni describes Bethune as Flemish, Bethune's medieval biographer, William of Wycombe says that he and Bethune grew up in neighbouring villages in Buckinghamshire. It thus is likely that Bethune was born near Wingrave, Buckinghamshire, to a family descended from Flemish settlers. He was a schoolmaster in England, teaching elementary subjects, before he went to study theology under William of Champeaux and Anselm of Laon. He was a canon of Llanthony Priory before 1115, and was elected prior of that house in the middle 1120s.Before becoming prior, he was entrusted with establishing a cell of the priory at Weobley, which had been established by <mask> Lacy shortly before Lacy's death around 1115. Bishop of Hereford

The see of Hereford had been vacant since 1127, and in 1130, King Henry I of England took the advice of the local magnates and nominated Bethune to the see. Bethune's diocesan bishop as prior, Urban, the Bishop of Llandaff, at first refused permission for Bethune's elevation. However, the archbishop of Canterbury, William of Corbeil, advised that the matter be referred to the papacy. Pope Innocent II ordered that Bethune be allowed to accept the see of Hereford in 1131. He was consecrated on 28 June 1131 at Rochester. In nominating Bethune, the king is said to have felt that he needed one "godly bishop" around.Most of Henry's bishops were given their sees as rewards for royal service, and were not particularly noted for piety. Bethune was known as a strict Augustinian canon, a priest living a monastic life but not a monk. Bethune was often appointed a judge delegate by the papacy to try cases and disputes, which had been referred back to England by the popes. The historian David Knowles said of Bethune that he was a man of wide outlook, with a great desire for reform. He was praised by contemporaries for the care with which he selected men to serve as clergy in his diocese. He also held synods in his diocese, including two during the first year of his episcopate. Stephen's reign

After the accession of King Stephen of England, Bethune supported Stephen and was often at his court.Stephen had seized the throne at King Henry's death, depriving Henry's surviving legitimate daughter and heiress, Matilda, of the throne. Matilda is usually known as the "Empress" because of her first marriage to the German Emperor Henry V, who died in 1125. Bethune accompanied Thurstan, the Archbishop of York, when Thurstan secured a truce between Stephen and the King of Scots, David shortly after the Battle of the Standard in 1138. When the Empress Matilda landed in England in September 1139 in pursuit of the throne, one of the local magnates of Hereford, Miles of Gloucester supported Matilda, while Bethune continued to support Stephen. Miles' hostility drove Bethune from his diocese, and Miles was in control of Hereford in 1140, leaving Bethune to perform his episcopal duties in Shropshire. During this time, Bethune assisted Theobald of Bec, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, in consecrating Maurice as Bishop of Bangor. Bethune had earlier persuaded the bishop-elect to swear fealty to King Stephen, after Maurice had originally refused.<mask>'s standing as a bishop known for his piety and independence of the king helped persuade Maurice that the homage was canonical. Sometime after Stephen was captured by the Empress' forces in 1141, <mask> switched sides, and he was with the Empress Matilda at Winchester on 4 March 1141, when Matilda claimed the throne of England. He also was present at the council that proclaimed Matilda "lady of the English" shortly thereafter. His diocese of Hereford was in the center of the lands that Matilda controlled, and he was one of the few bishops who was often in Matilda's court. However, Matilda was never crowned, being driven from London before her planned coronation could take place. One of her chief supporters was captured in late 1141, and to secure his release, Matilda released Stephen from captivity, thus prolonging the conflict. Between 1142 and 1148, England was in a state of civil war, with parts of the country supporting Matilda and parts supporting Stephen.Welsh raids at the beginning of Stephen's reign had driven Bethune's former canons from Llanthony and the bishop gave them refuge at Hereford before establishing them at a new site near Gloucester. The land the canons were settled on had belonged to the diocese, and this led Bethune into conflict with his cathedral chapter, led by their dean, Ralph. Bethune was forced to travel to Pisa to secure an order from Innocent II declaring that the chapter obey their bishop. Around 1142, Bethune was involved with a conflict with Miles of Gloucester, who was now the Earl of Hereford, which led to the bishop excommunicating Miles and all the inhabitants of the city of Hereford, and "had the doors of the church blocked with thorns and the crosses taken down and placed on the ground". This dispute arose over an attempt by Miles to tax the churches in his earldom, which Bethune regarded as unlawful. Miles died in 1143 which ended the dispute over the taxes. Also after his death Bethune was free to leave Empress' faction and thus returned to supporting Stephen.In 1142, Hereford Cathedral, which had begun under <mask> Losinga around 1079, was finally ready for consecration. The work was finally completed in 1148, and it was once consecrated in that year. The year 1148 also saw the departure of Matilda from England, as her support had dwindled over the previous few years and Stephen was able to secure control of most of England. He was never able to completely remove Matilda's supporters, however. King Stephen gave permission for some of England's bishops, including <mask>, to attend the Council of Reims in 1148. Stephen had expelled the papal legates, or representatives, who arrived in England to summon the bishops to Reims, and after that appointed three of the bishops as representatives of the English Church. These three, <mask>, Hilary of Chichester, and <mask> Turbeville, were allowed to attend the council.Theobald of Bec was expressly forbidden to attend, but he managed to evade those watching him and arrived in Reims along with his clerk, Thomas Becket. Death and legacy

Bethune died on 16 April 1148 at Reims just after the close of the Council of Reims. As his corpse returned to Hereford, miracles were alleged to have taken place along its route. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral. Bethune's episcopal acta, or his decisions and other documents relating to his episcopal career, have been published in the English Episcopal Acta series, in the volume relating to the diocese of Hereford. A medieval catalogue of works at Llanthony Priory also recorded that they owned a collection of letters by Bethune, but this has not survived. A Life, or hagiography, giving his life and miracles, was written about him, by one of the Bethune's canons, William of Wycombe.It contains few details of <mask>'s life itself. Instead, it is an attempt by his canons to secure sainthood for <mask>. Although the life describes miracles that took place at <mask>'s tomb, no evidence survives of a formal cult being developed, and he was never canonised. The historian Avram Saltman called him "the model bishop of his time", because of his care for his diocese and his abilities. Notes

Citations

References

Bishops of Hereford
12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
1148 deaths
Burials at Hereford Cathedral
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Robert de Bethune
Robert de
Hugh de
Bethune
Bethune
Robert de
Bethune
Bethune
William de
Bethune
Bethune
Bethune