title: Grant Jones

texts:
<mask> (August 29, 1938 – June 21, 2021) is an American landscape architect, poet, and founding principal of the Seattle firm Jones & Jones Architects, Landscape Architects and Planners. In more than four decades of practice, his work in ecological design has garnered widespread recognition for its broad-based and singular approach, one that is centered on giving voice to the land and its communities (Enlow, 6–7). Called the “poet laureate of landscape architecture” (Miller, 7) <mask>'s poetry informs his designs (<mask>, 10). His firm—co-founded with <mask> in 1969—has been at the forefront of the fields of landscape aesthetics, environmental planning, design for cultural spaces, and scenic and wildlife conservation (Woodbridge, 29, 60). Jones & Jones is perhaps best known for pioneering the habitat immersion method of zoo design at Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo, but their work has also transformed design and scenic planning practices for highways, rivers, parks, forests, watersheds, and communities (Streatfield, 20). Jones & Jones is the recipient of more than 100 awards, including the first-ever Firm of the Year Award from the American Society of Landscape Architects (2003), the Richard J. Neutra Award for Professional Excellence (2007), and the President's Award of Excellence from the American Society of Landscape Architects (1980). Early life and influences

<mask> grew up in Richmond Beach, Washington, a small community on Puget Sound located 10 miles north of Seattle.His father was architect Victor N<mask>. His mother, Ione <mask>, encouraged his exploration of nature, particularly the tide flats below the family farm. This early, intimate connection with his home landscape would shape <mask>'s language and his understanding of place (Amidon, 14). <mask> received a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Washington in 1962, and remained at UW as a Graduate Poet under Theodore Roethke until Roethke's death in 1963. His study with Roethke further strengthened his awareness of the connection between language and the natural world. With the encouragement of his professor and mentor, landscape architect Richard Haag, <mask> entered the graduate program for landscape architecture at Harvard University, where he received a master's degree in 1966. While at Harvard, <mask> theorized that the distinct geologic and living forms that together define a landscape are just as much a language as the linguistic units that together comprise a poem.He created a Fortran model to catalog and measure the various intrinsic elements of a landscape and evaluate their influence on its overall aesthetic value. This early Fortran computer program would later inform his firm's ground-breaking work in visual resource assessment, including plans for the Nooksack River and Puget Sound (Miller, 7). In 1966, <mask> won Harvard's Frederick Sheldon Traveling Fellowship and spent the next two years exploring South America and Europe, searching for examples of regionally distinctive community planning, architecture, and culture. As Sheldon Fellow, <mask> sought to revitalize the concept of environmental determinism, the idea that plants, animals, and people—as well as human culture and language—all evolve from their landscape, or physical environment. He also sought to demonstrate that the study of diverse cultural and architectural adaptations to place could serve as a model to improve development practices in American communities (Amidon, 19). Jones & Jones

Grant <mask> returned to Seattle in 1969 and established Jones & Jones with his then-wife, Ilze Grinbergs <mask>. Ilze and <mask> had studied together at the University of Washington, and both shared the conviction that architecture and landscape architecture are inseparable disciplines (Enlow, 6–7).They had traveled together during the Sheldon Fellowship and were both strongly influenced by the principles of bioregionalism (Amidon, 21). Ilze <mask> influenced the new practice through her love of the urban built environment and her interest in public green infrastructure, community building, and broad-scale environmental planning. In 1973, the two were joined by Johnpaul <mask>, an architect of Cherokee-Choctaw descent whose work designing cultural spaces has received wide acclaim. Deeply rooted in his Native American heritage and closely connected to the land, Johnpaul's designs include museums and other cultural spaces that honor and share the living heritages of indigenous people. Notable among them is the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall in Washington, D.C., for which he served as lead design consultant. Jones & Jones has grown in subsequent years to include partner Mario Campos and a staff of more than a dozen architects and landscape architects. (Enlow, 7).Landscape historian David C. Streatfield writes, “Their designs interpret place as bio-physical processes, and as intertwined acts of cultural will and transformation. […] Ever since its inception this firm has established new standards of excellence in analysis and creative design.” (Streatfield, 20)  In conferring its highest honor, the Firm of the Year Award, the ASLA recognized Jones & Jones for “the unique culture it has created and its philosophy of embracing that which is challenging and unexplored. Its work and its commitment to future generations have created an enduring legacy…”

Selected projects

In the early 1970s, Jones & Jones was commissioned by the Whatcom County Park Board to develop a preservation plan for the Nooksack River in northwest Washington State. The plan identified intrinsic landscape features of high aesthetic value and made recommendations for their preservation, while suggesting other areas that would be suitable for recreational uses. The study involved mapping the river's watershed and viewshed and then breaking it up into its component drainage basins, branches, channels, and floodplains. Each distinct river segment was then analyzed using a series of quantitative and qualitative measurements based on integrity, health, uniqueness, and resiliency. This was the first plan ever developed for a river, and the project received an Honor Award from the American Society of Landscape Architects (Amidon, 43).The analytic methods employed by Jones & Jones in the study of the Nooksack River proved valuable to other projects requiring the careful management of visual resources. These included corridor planning for utilities and the design of roads. The firm has become well known for the design of scenic roadways and wildlife highways, considering them a vital form of green infrastructure. In 1990, <mask> was asked to join the design team for the expansion of the Paris to Lexington Road (aka Paris Pike), an historic 12-mile road leading from Lexington to Paris, Kentucky. The old two-lane highway could no longer handle the demands of increased traffic, but expanding the road to four lanes threatened the mature trees, historic stone fences, and original farm entrances along the route. It was the first time since World War II that a landscape architect had been approached to design a highway (Amidon, 34). <mask>’ solution was to break the highway into two separate ribbons that weave through the landscape independently, while ensuring that the most characteristic features of the landscape remain intact.U.S. Highway 93 crosses the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana, nation of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation (CSKT). The 55-mile stretch of road runs north from Evaro to Polson, Montana, traversing a majestic landscape of expansive valleys and mountain ranges that is home to a great diversity of wildlife, including grizzly bears, deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and painted turtles. For much of its history, the highway sliced straight through the landscape, through small communities and towns, and through wildlife habitat, resulting in the decline of some species and in numerous roadway fatalities (Jones & Jones, 1–4). Working closely with the CSKT, along with the Federal Highway Administration and the Montana Department of Transportation, Jones & Jones redesigned the highway to respond to and respect the unique aesthetic and ecological characteristics of the landscape, seeking ways for the land to influence the road. As the firm notes, “The design of the reconstructed highway is premised on the idea that the road is a visitor” (Jones & Jones, 1). The design concepts for the highway, begun in 2000, sought to simultaneously encourage understanding of the land and of the communities that call it home, including the Salish and Kootenai people and rich populations of plants and animals (Jones & Jones, 1). In addition to following the topography and respecting cultural concerns, a key objective of the design process was the development of numerous wildlife crossing areas designed to ensure the safe passage of animals over or under the roadway.Road-kill data was analyzed, along with historic migration patterns, to determine where to site crossings in an effort to restore traditional wildlife movement routes. U.S. Highway 93 now features forty wildlife crossing structures. The project received the Transportation Planning Excellence Award from the Federal Highway Administration in 2008. Jones & Jones pioneered the habitat immersion approach to zoo design with the development of the gorilla and African savannah exhibits at Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo (Hyson, 23; Hancocks, 118). In 1978, zoo director David Hancocks approached the firm for a master plan. Rather than the traditional arrangement of animal enclosures behind concrete walls and bars, Hancocks and his design team, led by <mask>, sought to recreate the animals’ natural habitat. The gorilla forest was developed in the first phase of the project: careful manipulation of landform, plants, and sight lines immersed not only the gorillas but also the visitors in the animals’ native habitat.The landscape immersion method has been described as “an astonishing departure from conventional zoo design because it reflected a pronounced shift in philosophy” from a homocentric to a biocentric view of the world (Hancocks, 118). The philosophy is now widespread (Hyson, 23), and since the late 1970s, Jones & Jones has developed master plans and specialized habitat designs for scores of zoos on four continents. ILARIS (Intrinsic Landscape Aesthetic Resource Information System) is a GIS model developed by Jones & Jones to assess the intrinsic aesthetic value of Puget Sound. In 2002, the firm was commissioned by the Trust for Public Land to develop a system to evaluate and protect important landscape features of Puget Sound and its near-shore areas. ILARIS was based on <mask>’ early Fortran program from his days at Harvard, as well as on Jones & Jones’ breakthrough scenic planning work for rivers such as the Nooksack and Alaska's Susitna. The model is a framework to synthesize and assess the biologic, cultural, and aesthetic values of intrinsic landscape features, and the result is a language that gives voice to the landscape and assists conservation and planning organizations in making land-use decisions. In 2005 ILARIS received a Research and Communication Merit Award from the Washington Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects (WASLA), and in 2006 the model won the National ASLA Professional Award of Honor in the Research Category.Selected awards
Landscape Architecture Foundation Medal, Landscape Architecture Foundation. First recipient was <mask>, FASLA, in 2016. This award is conveyed to a landscape architect for distinguished work over a career in applying the principles of sustainability to landscapes. The award may recognize academic research and publication; public practice and policy; or private practice in built or designed landscapes. The honoree exemplifies the ethics of LAF and demonstrates a significant advancement of the profession with a clear and demonstrable focus on sustainability in landscape architecture. Roll of Honor, University of Washington College of Built Environments Roll of Honor. <mask> was inducted into the Roll of Honor, April 29, 2015.Transportation Planning Excellence Award, Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration. Design for the Reconstruction of US Highway 93, Flathead Indian Reservation, Evaro to Polson, Montana, 2008. Honor Award, Research Category; American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). ILARIS: Intrinsic Landscape Aesthetic Resource Information System, 2006. Distinguished Member Award, )Honor Society of Sigma Lambda Alpha. Given to <mask> for his continued high quality contributions to the scholarship of landscape architecture and the outstanding quality of design work that he has brought to the profession of landscape architecture, 2005. Merit Award, Design; ASLA.Cedar River Watershed Education Center, Cedar Falls, Washington, 2004. First Recipient—Firm of the Year Award, ASLA, 2003. Award for Public Open Space and Recreation, Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. Trail of Elephants, Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne, Australia, 2003. Environmental Award of Excellence, Federal Highway Administration. Paris Lexington Road, Lexington, Kentucky, 2003. National Merit Award in Communications, ASLA, Time Places Heritage Signs, Mountains to Sound Greenway, Seattle, 2000.Best Exhibit of the Year Award, American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA), Thai Elephant Forest, Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, 1990. President’s Award of Excellence, ASLA, New Exhibits and Public Spaces, Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, 1980. Honor Award, ASLA, The Nooksack River Plan, Bellingham, Washington, 1974. Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>. and Walter Henze, editors., Okanogan Poems Vol. 3 Eighteen Poets: Landscapes are Observatories (Seattle: Skookumchuck Press with CreateSpace an Amazon Company, 2016). <mask>, <mask>. and Mike Robinson., Naming Water 48 Poems: Voices for Beaches, Marshes, Swamps, Creeks & Rivers (Seattle: Skookumchuck Press, 2014). <mask>, <mask>.editor., Okanogan Poems Vol. 2 Seventeen Poets (Seattle: Skookumchuck Press, 2013). <mask>, <mask>. editor., Okanogan Poems Vol. 1 Five Poets (Seattle: Skookumchuck Press, 2009). <mask>, <mask>., Cory Parker, and Charles Scott, “Designing America’s Wildlife Highway: Montana’s U.S. Highway 93,” The Western Planner, December 2008, 6–9. <mask>, <mask>., et al., “Architectural Poetry: Jones & Jones Builds on the Ideas of People and Place,” Western Art and Architecture, Fall-Winter 2008–2009.<mask>, <mask>., What Rocks Know: Selected Poems (Seattle: Skookumchuck Press, 2008). <mask>, <mask>., et al., “Applying Visual Resource Assessment for Highway Planning” and “Zoo Design,” in Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards ed. Leonard J. Hopper (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2006). <mask>, <mask>., “The Fullness,” Landscape Journal 20, no. 1 (2001), 4–12. <mask>, <mask>. and Megan Atkinson, “Making a Marriage with the Land: The Future of the Landscape,” Landscape and Urban Planning: A Journal of Landscape Ecology, Planning, and Design, vol. 45, nos.2–3 (October 1997), 61–92. <mask>, <mask>., Dennis Oost, and Ron Thomas, “Bioregional Design,” Arcade: The Journal of Architecture/Design in the Northwest, Spring 1997. <mask>, <mask>., Brian Gray, and Michael Sweeney, “Saving the Nooksack,” in Water and the Landscape ed. Grady Clay (New York: McGraw Hill, 1979), 130–137. <mask>, <mask>., “Landscape Assessment...Where Logic and Feelings Meet,” Landscape Architecture, vol. 68, no. 3 (March 1978), 113–115.<mask>, <mask>., An Inventory and Evaluation of the Environmental, Aesthetic and Recreational Resources of the Upper Susitna River, Alaska. Department of the Army, Alaska District Corps of Engineers, Contract no. DACW85-74-C-0057, March 1975. <mask>, <mask>., “A Method for the Quantification of Aesthetic Values for Environmental Decision Making,” Nuclear Technology, vol. 25, April 1975. <mask>, <mask>., “Design as Ecogram,” Development Series, University of Washington, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, vol. 1, no.1, Spring 1975. References

 Amidon, Jane, ed. <mask> / Jones & Jones, ILARIS: The Puget Sound Plan (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007). Enlow, Clair, Living Places: The Architecture and Landscape Architecture of Jones & Jones (Washington, DC: Spacemaker Press, 2006). Hancocks, David, A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and Their Uncertain Future (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001). Hyson, Jeffrey, “Jungles of Eden: The Design of American Zoos,” in Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture ed. Michel Conan (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000), 23–44.<mask>, <mask>., “The Fullness,” Landscape Journal 20, no. 1 (2001), 4–12. Miller, Bill, forward to Grant Jones / Jones & Jones, ILARIS: The Puget Sound Plan, edited by Jane Amidon, 7–9. (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007). Streatfield, David C., “Regionalism in Landscape Design,” in Process Architecture No. 126: Jones & Jones, edited by Koichi Kobayashi et al. (Tokyo: Process Architecture Co., Ltd., 1995), 20.Woodbridge, Sally B. and Roger Montgomery, A Guide to Architecture in Washington State (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1980). External links
 Jones & Jones website: www.jonesandjones.com
 Master of Landscape Architecture: <mask><mask>, FASLA
 2002 ASLA Award Winners - Paris Lexington Road
 Inside-Out Cage
 Zoos

1938 births
Living people
American landscape architects
People from Shoreline, Washington
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni

masks:
Grant Richard Jones
Jones
Jones
Ilze Grinbergs Jones
Grant Jones
. Jones
Thomas Jones
Jones
Jones
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Jones
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Grant
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. Jones


title: Jacob de Bie

type: original

texts:
<mask>, known in France also as <mask> (Antwerp, 1581 – Arnhem (? ), c. 1640) was a Flemish engraver, publisher and numismatist who worked in Antwerp, Brussels, Paris and Arnhem. As a reproductive artist he made engravings after designs of other artists of his generation. He was engaged in numismatic collecting and categorisation and was an official at the mint in Brusssels. He is now mainly known for his publication of portraits of French kings. Life
<mask> was born in Antwerp, where he became the pupil of the prominent engraver Adriaen Collaert in 1594. He was admitted to the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as a master and  'copper engraver' ('plaatsnyer in ‘t coper') in 1607.Around 1610 he was appointed by Duke Charles III <mask> as keeper of the Duke's extensive ancient coin collection. <mask> <mask> moved to Brussels where the Duke was living. He began to work on an edition of the collection. When the Duke died in January 1612 <mask> <mask> was left without a job. He only finished and published the book on <mask>'s ancient coin collection in 1615 in Antwerp under the title Imperatorum Romanorum numismata aurea a Julio Cæsare ad Heraclium continua serie collecta Et Ex Archetypis Expressa (A continual series of gold coins of the Roman Emperors from Julius Cesar to Heraclius collected and expressed through the originals). The publication contains 64 plates reproducing the Roman coin collection of Charles. The frontispiece was engraved by <mask> after a design by Peter Paul Rubens.Not long after losing his employment the Archdukes Albert and his consort Isabella, who were the then joint governors of the Southern Netherlands, appointed the painter Otto van Veen as the waerdeyn ('warden') of the revived Brussels Mint. With this nomination, the Archduke Albert and his consort Isabella fulfilled two very different goals. Firstly, they wanted to find a decent position for their beloved but ageing painter, and merely followed what had previously been done in 1572 when the great sculptor and medalist Jacques Jonghelinck had been made waerdeyn of the Antwerp Mint. Secondly, they needed to put at the head of the Brussels Mint a competent person, since they were then involved in launching a new series of coins as part of a general monetary reform. Otto van Veen appears not to have been very enthusiastic about his new appointment as he tried to resign not long after taking up his office. This may have been linked to the difficult relaunch of the Brussels Mint. Otto van Veen who knew of <mask> <mask>'s interest in ancient coins offered him the position of maître particulier at the Brussels Mint.The maître particulier was in charge of buying the required quantity of precious metals and organizing the coin production. <mask> <mask> accepted the position, but he soon found himself in trouble because he was blamed for the low quality of the coins produced. The blame rested in fact with the essayeur, the person responsible for the quality of the coins struck at the Mint. This essayeur was a certain Frans <mask> Driessche who was, however, not personally responsible for the quality problem. It was his two sons who, when they replaced their father during his absences, only produced low-quality coins. When this was discovered, <mask> <mask> was held responsible and he went on the run. Although his name was subsequently cleared, he had again lost his position.After his failure at the Brussels Mint, <mask> <mask> finally published his book on <mask> Croÿ's ancient coin collection in 1615-1616. Due to his passion for coins, he had bought old stocks of numismatic books written by Hubert Goltzius together with an original and unpublished manuscript by the same author. Goltzius was famous in his time for the important books on ancient numismatics that he had published in the 1560-70s. <mask> <mask> managed to publish the unpublished manuscripts of Goltzius, but he was bankrupted by the small print run and its poor quality. In a letter of 1623 the French antiquarian <mask> Fabri <mask> wrote to his close friend Rubens about la mala sorte del Signor de Bie (the bad luck of mister <mask>ie). De Peiresc offered his help. Peiresc wanted to buy Goltzius' manuscripts from <mask> <mask>.Nothing came of all this and it was left to the Plantin Press in Antwerp to eventually publish Goltzius' books twenty years later. Again out of work and without money, <mask> <mask> left for Paris. Here he published several well-printed and successful books on numismatics. In Paris he also published in 1634 the work, which would ensure his fame, entitled Les vrais portraits des rois de France tirez de ce qui nous reste de leurs monumens, sceaux, medailles, ou autres effigies, conseruées dans les plus rares & plus curieux cabinets du royaume : au tres-chrestien roy de France et de Nauarre, Louis XIII ('The real portraits of the kings of France as taken from what remains of their monuments, seals, medals, or other effigies, preserved in the rarest & most curious cabinets of the kingdom: to the very Christian king of France and Navarre, Louis XIII'). Dedicated to the French king Louis XIII, this was the first well-researched and complete series of portraits of the Kings of France. In the preface <mask> explained his source material for creating the images: he used tombs for the 'première race' (i.e. the Merovingian kings), seals for the 'seconde race' (i.e.the Carolingian kings), and paintings and medals for the 'troisième race (i.e. the Capetian kings). For instance, for the portrait of Louis XI <mask> relied on a painting he saw in Fontainebleau. In the rare cases where he was unable to find a portrait, either because there was no true likeness or because there was not reliable likeness, he left the portrait blank, as Hubert Goltzius had previously done. <mask>'s collection of portraits was copied frequently over the next two centuries. As late as the nineteenth century, <mask>'s vrais portraits des rois de France were regarded as reliable sources of iconography. His portraits en medals served as models for real medals.In 1636 <mask> published another book called La France métallique, contenant les actions célèbres tant publiques que privées des rois et des reines remarquées en leurs médailles d'or, d'argent & de bronze. Tirées des plus curieux cabinets. Au tres-chrestien roy de France et de Navarre Louis XIII ('Metallic France, containing the famous public and private actions of kings and queens noticed in their gold, silver & bronze medals. Taken from the most curious cabinets. To the very Christian king of France and Navarre Louis XIII'). He was either the writer or designer of the book. It consists mainly of imaginary coins depicting key events during the reigns of the Kings of France.While <mask> designed the medals, the idea for it clearly went back to the custom in various countries, including the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic, of striking medals (jetons) to commemorate important events. One side of the jeton would bear the arms of the country or the portrait of its ruler, while its reverse would show an allegorical representation of the event. In the France métallique, <mask> did not copy real jetons but rather invented imaginary jetons representing the noble deeds of the French monarchs. <mask>'s book proved to be very influential, opening the way for the Médailles sur les principaux événements du règne entier de Louis le Grand (Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1723), a major achievement in its field. Jean Baudoin translated Cesare Ripa's Iconologia of 1593 into French and published it in Paris in 1636 under the title Iconologie. The Iconologia of Ripa was a highly influential emblem book based on Egyptian, Greek and Roman emblematical representations, many of them personifications. For the French translation, <mask> translated the woodcuts from Ripa's original book into linear figures inside circular frames, thus turning Ripa's allegories into the reverse side of Roman coins.The preface to the second edition of 1644 of the Iconologie states that <mask> had died and that his plates had been retrieved from the pawnshop. This suggests that <mask> had again fallen on hard times and had to pawn the plates and had then died. There exists some doubt as to whether <mask> had actually died. A few books (including an illustrated one) published in Arnhem a few years later refer to a <mask> <mask> paying the expenses for printing it or designing it. It is therefore possible that <mask> left Paris for Arnhem where he continued his publishing activities. Work
The principal achievements of <mask> are his ability to create systematic and clear publications on numismatics and his creativity in devising new ways to combine numismatics and history. His earliest known works are the prints he contributed to the Vita, passio et Resvrrectio Iesv Christi published by <mask>'s master Adriaen Collaert in 1598.This was a series of prints depicting the life of Christ, based on illustrations by the Flemish painter and draughtsman Marten <mask>. Four other engravers produced engravings for this publication. Still, the 50 prints show a strong stylistic unity..

Notes

External links

Flemish engravers
Flemish printmakers
Flemish Baroque painters
Artists from Antwerp
Flemish numismatists
Painters from Antwerp
16th-century engravers
17th-century engravers
Flemish publishers
1581 births
1640 deaths

masks:
Jacob de Bie
Jacques de Bie
Jacob de Bie
de Croÿ
Jacob de
Bie
Jacob de
Bie
de Croÿ
de Bie
Jacob de
Bie
Jacob de
Bie
van den
Jacob de
Bie
Jacob de
Bie
Charles de
Jacob de
Bie
Nicolas Claude
de Peiresc
de B
Jacob de
Bie
Jacob de
Bie
de Bie
de Bie
De Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Bie
De Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Bie
Jacob de
Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Bie
de Vos


title: Jari-Matti Latvala

texts:
<mask> (born 3 April 1985) is a Finnish rally driver who has competed in the World Rally Championship (WRC). His co-driver for most of his career was Miikka Anttila, who co-drove for Latvala between the 2003 Rallye Deutschland and 2019 Rally Catalunya. He is well known for his aggressive driving style, which earns him many plaudits, and comparisons to the late Colin McRae. With 18 event victories in the WRC, he is the most successful driver to not have won a championship. <mask> is also the driver with the most World Rally starts in the sport which he achieved in 2019, 17 years after his debut. Starting in 2021, he served as the team principal of Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT, replacing Tommi Mäkinen. Career
Latvala began driving when he was eight years old, after receiving a Ford Escort from his father <mask>, also a rally driver and 1994 national champion in the Group N class.At the age of ten, Latvala started practicing with an Opel Ascona on a frozen lake. 2000s
Latvala's first world rally was the 2002 Rally Great Britain at the age of 17. He finished in 17th position with a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI. In 2003, Latvala competed in four WRC events with a Ford Focus WRC, finishing tenth at the Acropolis Rally, 17th at the Rallye Deutschland, 14th at the Neste Oil Rally Finland and tenth at the Rally Great Britain. In 2004, Latvala mostly competed with an S1600 class Junior World Rally Championship car. His best overall result in the World Rally Championship was 21st with a Group N Subaru Impreza WRX STI at the Tour de Corse. In the 2005 season, Latvala competed in nine world rallies; six with the Group N Impreza and three with a World Rally Car.His best overall result was 16th, which he managed three times; at the Swedish Rally with a Toyota Corolla WRC and at the Tour de Corse and the Rally d'Italia Sardegna with the Impreza. 2006–2007: Stobart Ford

In 2006, Latvala competed in 11 world rallies. He drove the Subaru Impreza WRX STI in six, a Ford Focus WRC in four and a Toyota Corolla WRC at his home event, the Neste Oil Rally Finland. His best results came in the last three rallies. At the Telstra Rally Australia, he won the Production Car World Rally Championship (PCWRC) class, and finished sixth overall. At the Propecia Rally New Zealand, he finished eighth overall and also won the PCWRC. With the Focus WRC, he recorded his career-best result by finishing fourth at the last event of the season, the Rally Great Britain.Points from these rallies then placed Latvala 13th overall in the drivers' championship. In 2007, Latvala competed a full 16-event programme for Stobart M-Sport Ford with Matthew Wilson and Henning Solberg as teammates. He started the season with retirements in Monte Carlo and Sweden. At the Rally Norway, Latvala was in contention for his first podium place, but had to settle for fifth after a 90 seconds time penalty. He did, however, take his first stage win on SS5. Latvala later took his first podium at the 2007 Rally Ireland. At the last rally of the season, Rally GB, he lost 10 minutes on the last stage of day one due to windscreen wiper failure, but went on to win ten of the remaining 11 stages under the SupeRally rules, finishing 10th overall.2008: Ford's factory team

In 2008, <mask> joined Ford's factory team as a number two driver, partnering Mikko Hirvonen and replacing Marcus Grönholm who had announced his retirement from the WRC at the end of 2007. The opening round of the season wasn't lucky for the young Finn – he suffered a puncture after cutting a corner too deep on the very first stage and lost even more time because of a non-fully operative pneumatic wrench. <mask> continued to fight and was ninth overall before SS12, but he made another mistake there and heavily damaged the front left suspension in his Focus, forcing himself to retire for good. At the second rally of the season, 2008 Swedish Rally, he had good pace from the beginning – he won all regular special stages on day one, pulling away from the runner-up spot slowly, but consistently. He later had some problems and wasn't the fastest on any of the remaining stages, but managed to keep his position throughout the rally. The 22-year-old therefore took his first WRC win to become the youngest winner in the history of the World Rally Championship. The previous record was held by Henri Toivonen who was 24 years and 86 days old when he won the 1980 RAC Rally.For his performance during the Swedish rally <mask> was given the Abu Dhabi Spirit Of The Rally award. At the first gravel event of the season, the 2008 Rally México, despite officially claiming no intentions to win the event, he was the fastest driver on the first two stages and was leading the rally throughout the first day, pulling out from the current World Rally Champion, Sébastien Loeb. Unfortunately for the young Finn, the turbo in his Ford Focus was malfunctioning during the second day, making his car uncompetitive. This, along with having to be the opening driver on the stages 9–16, having to sweep the track of the loose gravel, cost him a substantial amount of time and Latvala finished the rally third. 2009 season

For 2009 the expectation was for Latvala to progress in his performance as number two driver for Ford's factory team. However the start of the season became a big disappointment for the team, as Latvala went off the road in three of the first four rallies of the year. In Portugal, he and his co-driver Miikka Anttila were lucky to escape injury in the most serious crash in Latvala's career.They went off the road on a left-hand bend and rolled 17 times, 150m down a steep hill, and finally came to rest against a tree. Latvala had specifically been focusing to combat his driver weaknesses going into this rally, so the accident put some extra pressure on him for the future, although he also admitted that he would fully understand if the team did not require his services because of his erratic reputation. However, after a consistent, steady drive in Argentina, Latvala went on to take his second WRC win of his career on Rally Sardinia ahead of teammate Mikko Hirvonen. He led from beginning to end, hence driving as first car on the road on both day two and three. 2010 season

<mask> remained with the Ford factory team for 2010. Following his many crashes in 2009, he now had the official position of number two driver whereas in the previous year there was no official distinction between him and his teammate Mikko Hirvonen. After Round 1 in Sweden, Latvala came 3rd.In Mexico, Jari-Matti came 5th and in Round 3 - Rally Jordan, he came 2nd. He crashed on stage 10 in Turkey and he took a dramatic win in New-Zealand. In Round 6, Rally of Portugal, he crashed out and in Bulgaria he was 6th. In this year's 8th round, the Finnish Rally, he claimed his second win of the season, while his teammate Mikko Hirvonen crashed out. Latvala was now ahead of his teammate by 19 points in 4th. After his fourth place in Germany, the third place in Japan and the two fourth places in France and Spain, Latvala managed to finish the season on the podium in Wales. His third place brought him the second place in the overall classification behind record-champion Loeb.2012 season
For 2012 <mask> was promoted to Ford's number one after the departure of Hirvonen to Rival's Citroen Total. For the first round in Monte-Carlo Jari-Mati-Latvala took the first stages wins before going off the road at the last stage of day 1, without having rally 2 rules in the event(a.k.a. formidably known as superrally rules) he retired. Round 2 in Sweden and Latvala took his first win of the season and the first as Ford's number one. Mexico saw another retirement of Latvala, and it continued to round 4 in Vodafone Rally de Portugal. Recently Latvala was injured during the testing for the 5th round in Argentina, he is due to be replaced by Prodrive's Dani Sordo, but should be able to compete by the next round in Greece. 2013-2016
For 2013, Latvala signed a contract with the new Volkswagen WRC team, announced on October 17.He described Ford's decision to end its works programme as the key factor that influenced his decision to change teams. The Finn claimed a win at Greece, and collected seven podiums in 13 races, ranking third in points teammate Ogier and Ford driver Neuville. In 2014, <mask> won four races at Sweden, Argentina, Finland and Alsace, while collecting eight podiums in 13 races. Therefore, he finished runner-up in the overall standings, behind Ogier who claimed eight wins. In 2015, the driver got three wins at Portugal, Finland and Corsica, while claiming four runner-up finishes. Again he ranked second in points, behind Volkswagen teammate Ogier who won eight races. In 2016, <mask> won at Mexico, and finished second in Italy and Finland, but finished sixth in the overall standings.2017-2020
Following Volkswagen's withdrawal from the WRC, Latvala and co-driver Miikka Anttila joined the Toyota Gazoo factory team for the 2017 season. He claimed a win at Sweden, second place finishes at Monte Carlo and Italy, and a fourth place finish at Corsica. He finished fourth in points, behind Ford drivers Ogier and Ott Tänak, and Hyundai driver Neuville. The 2018 season started well with third place in Monaco, and ended competitively with 4 podiums in the last six events, and a win on the final round of the year, Kennards Hire Rally Australia. This was his first victory in 21 months, having made the best of the tricky conditions of the event. He finished fourth in the 2018 driver championship. For 2019, Jari-Matti remained with the Toyota Gazoo Racing Team.He scored a podium in two events; third place at his home rally in Finland, after colliding with a loose rock during the event. Then third place again at the next round in Germany. <mask> finished the season in 7th position, his lowest since 2007. The 2020 driver announcements meant Jari-Matti was struggling to find a seat with Toyota. Failure to secure a deal with M-Sport Ford forced him to look at other options. <mask> is confirmed for two events, Sweden and Finland, in a privately-run Toyota Yaris WRC, while looking to finance a further three events at rallying's top level. He is registered under the Latvala Motorsport banner, with Juho Hänninen confirmed as co-driver.2021 - present
On the 18th of December 2020, it was announced Jari-Matti <mask> will become Team Principal at Toyota Gazoo Racing in 2021, to replace Tommi Mäkinen. Other ventures

Latvala Motorsport
Jari-Matti <mask> also manages the private enterprise Latvala Motorsport with his wife and family, administered from a custom-built location in Tuuri. This is home to a museum of rally cars from his personal collection, memorabilia and official merchandise, a rentable business auditorium, and a rally simulator. The facility is open to the public during the summer months. Personal life
In 2008, <mask> moved from Finland to Monaco. In 2020, he relocated to Tuuri, Finland. Latvala was engaged to Finnish celebrity  from 2017 to 2019.WRC victories
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Jari Matti Latvala
Latvala
Jari Latvala
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Latvala
Latvala
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title: Tom Daschle

texts:
<mask> ( ; born December 9, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist who served as a United States senator from South Dakota from 1987 to 2005. A member of the Democratic Party, he became U.S. Senate Minority Leader in 1995 and later the Majority Leader in 2001. After leaving the United States Air Force, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1978 and served four terms. In 1986, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, becoming Minority Leader in 1995 and Majority Leader in 2001, becoming the highest-ranking elected official in South Dakota history. In 2004, he was defeated for reelection in a remarkable upset. Later, he took a position as a policy advisor with a lobbying firm, became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and co-authored a book advocating universal health care. Daschle was an early supporter of Barack Obama's presidential candidacy, and was nominated by President-elect Obama for the position of Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services after the 2008 election.However, <mask> withdrew his name on February 3, 2009, amid a growing controversy over his failure to properly report and pay income taxes. He is currently working for The Daschle Group, a Public Policy Advisory of Baker Donelson, a large law firm and lobbying group. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota, the son of Elizabeth B. (née Meier) and Sebastian C<mask>, both of German descent. His paternal grandparents were Volga Germans. He grew up in a working-class Roman Catholic family,  the eldest of four brothers. He became the first person in his family to graduate from college when he earned a B.A.from the Department of Political Science at South Dakota State University in 1969. While attending South Dakota State University, <mask> became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega. From 1969 to 1972, <mask> served in the United States Air Force as an intelligence officer with the Strategic Air Command. In the mid-1970s Daschle was an aide to Senator James Abourezk. House of Representatives (1979–1987)
In 1978 <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives at the age of 31, winning the race by a margin of 139 votes, following a recount, out of more than 129,000 votes cast. <mask> served four terms in the House of Representatives and quickly became a part of the Democratic leadership. Although <mask> was not seeking the Vice-Presidency, he received 10 (0.30%) delegate votes for Vice President of the United States at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.Several others also received protest votes, but incumbent Vice President Walter Mondale was nevertheless renominated easily. United States Senate (1987–2005)

In 1986, <mask> was elected to the U.S. Senate in a close victory over incumbent Republican James Abdnor. In his first year, he was appointed to the Finance Committee. Party leadership
In 1994, he was chosen by his colleagues to succeed the retiring Senator George Mitchell as Democratic minority leader. In the history of the Senate, only Lyndon B. Johnson had served fewer years before being elected to lead his party. In addition to the minority leader's post, <mask> served as a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. South Dakotans reelected <mask> to the Senate by overwhelming margins in 1998.At various points in his career, he served on the Veterans Affairs, Indian Affairs, Finance, and Ethics Committees. When the 107th Congress commenced on January 3, 2001, the Senate was evenly divided—that is, there were 50 Democrats and 50 Republicans. Outgoing Vice President Al Gore acted in his constitutional capacity as ex officio President of the Senate, and used his tie-breaking vote to give the Democrats the majority in that chamber. For the next two weeks, Daschle served as Senate Majority Leader. Upon the commencement of the Bush administration on January 20, 2001, Dick Cheney became president of the senate, thereby returning Democrats to the minority in that body; <mask> reverted to the position of Senate Minority Leader. However, on June 6, 2001, Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont announced that he was leaving the Senate Republican caucus to become an independent and to caucus with Democrats; this once again returned control of the body to the Democrats and Daschle again became majority leader. Democratic losses in the November 2002 elections returned the party to the minority in the senate in January 2003, and Daschle once more reverted to being minority leader.Daschle recounted his senate experiences from 2001 to 2003 in his first book, Like No Other Time: The 107th Congress and the Two Years That Changed America Forever, published in 2003. With Charles Robbins, he has also written the book The U.S. Senate, part of the Fundamentals of American Government series. Anthrax case in 2001
In October 2001, while he was the Senate Majority Leader, Daschle's office received a letter containing anthrax, becoming a target of the 2001 anthrax attacks. Some of his staffers were confirmed to have been exposed, as well as several of Senator Russ Feingold's staffers and Capitol police officers. His suite at the Hart Senate Office Building was the focus of an intensive cleanup led by the Environmental Protection Agency. Views on abortion
Daschle has a mixed voting record on abortion-related issues, which led the pro-choice organization NARAL to give him a 50% vote rating. In 1999 and 2003, Daschle voted in favor of the ban on partial-birth abortion, and supported legislation making it a crime to harm an unborn child when someone attacks a pregnant woman.(Investigators into the 2001 anthrax attacks, which included Senator <mask>'s Capitol Hill office, suspect that alleged anthrax mailer Bruce Ivins may have chosen to target Daschle over his views on abortion, although Ivins's lawyer disputed this alleged motive.) In 2003, Roman Catholic Bishop Robert Carlson reportedly wrote to Daschle, criticizing his stance on abortion as conflicting with Roman Catholic teaching, and stating that Daschle should no longer identify himself as a Catholic. 2004 Senate election

In the 2004 Senate election, John Thune defeated <mask> by 4,508 votes, 50.6% to 49.4%. It was the first time that a Senate party leader had lost a bid for reelection since 1952, when Barry Goldwater defeated Ernest McFarland in Arizona. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist visited South Dakota to campaign for Thune, breaking an unwritten tradition that a leader of one party would not actively campaign for the defeat of the other. Throughout the campaign, Thune, along with Frist, President George W. Bush, and Vice President Cheney, frequently accused Daschle of being the "chief obstructionist" of Bush's agenda and charged him with using filibusters to unjustly block confirmation of several of Bush's nominees. The Republican candidate also drove home his strong support for the war.In a nationally televised debate on NBC's Meet the Press, Thune accused Daschle of "emboldening the enemy" in his skepticism of the Iraq War. When the race began in early 2004, Daschle led by 7% in January and February. By May, his lead was just 2% and summer polls showed a varying number of trends: <mask> or Thune led by no more than 2%, but some polls showed a tie. Throughout September, <mask> led Thune by margins of 2–5% while during the entire month of October into the November 2 election, most polls showed that Thune and Daschle were dead even, usually tied 49–49 among likely voters. Some polls showed either Thune or <mask> leading by extremely slim margins. Post-Senate career and Controversies

Career and public service and Ethics Controversies
Following his reelection defeat, Daschle took a position with the lobbying arm of the K Street law firm Alston & Bird. Because he was prohibited by law from lobbying for one year after leaving the Senate, he instead worked as a "special policy adviser" for the firm.Alston & Bird's healthcare clients include CVS Caremark, the National Association for Home Care and Hospice, Abbott Laboratories, and HealthSouth. The firm was paid $5.8 million between January and September 2008 to represent companies and associations before Congress and the executive branch, with 60% of that money coming from the healthcare industry. Daschle was recruited by the former Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. Daschle's salary from Alston & Bird for the year 2008 was reportedly $2 million. <mask> was also a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. In addition, he served as National Co-Chair of ONE Vote ‘08, along with former senator Bill Frist. He and former senators George Mitchell, Bob Dole, and Howard Baker formed the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC), dedicated to finding bipartisan solutions for policy disputes.Daschle is also a co-chair of BPC's Health Project. In 2003, Daschle received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Senator Bill Frist. In May 2005, South Dakota State University, Daschle's alma mater, conferred upon him an honorary doctorate for public service. In May 2011, Daschle was further honored with an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by Northern State University in his hometown of Aberdeen. In late September 2005, <mask> caught the attention of the media by reactivating his political action committee, changing its name from DASHPAC to New Leadership for America PAC and procuring a speaking slot at the Iowa Democratic Party's annual Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner. He continued to keep a relatively high-profile among Democratic interest groups. These moves were interpreted by the media as an exploration of a potential 2008 Presidential candidacy.On December 2, 2006, he announced he would not run for president in 2008. In an appearance on Meet the Press on February 12, 2006, Daschle endorsed a controversial warrantless surveillance program conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA), explaining that he had been briefed on the program while he was the Democratic leader in the Senate. In addition, Senator Daschle is a member of the board of trustees for the Richard C. Blum Center for Developing Economies at the University of California, Berkeley. The center is focused on finding solutions to address the crisis of extreme poverty and disease in the developing world. <mask> is a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former

masks:
Thomas Andrew Daschle
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. Daschle
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Tom Daschle


title: Tom Daschle

texts:
 heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them.Daschle also served as vice chair of the board of directors of National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. <mask> is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. <mask> is the co-chair of the national advisory board at the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD). The institute was created at the University of Arizona after the 2011 shooting of former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords that killed six people and wounded 13 others. In 2019, Daschle was named to the advisory board of Northern Swan Holdings Inc., a cannabis investment firm. Said Daschle: "I believe it is imperative to loosen the restrictions on cannabis so we can research its properties and fully understand how patients can benefit from its medicinal use." In 2020, Daschle endorsed Constitutional Amendment A, a ballot initiative to legalize cannabis for recreational use in South Dakota.In a 2021 op-ed, <mask> co-wrote an op-ed for The Hill criticizing proposed cuts to pandemic preparedness programs, describing them as "unthinkable" in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Obama campaign

On February 21, 2007, the Associated Press reported that Daschle, after ruling out a presidential bid of his own in December 2006, had thrown his support behind Senator Barack Obama of Illinois for the 2008 presidential election, saying that Obama "personifies the future of Democratic leadership in our country." In January 2005, having suggested that Obama take on some of his staffers, Daschle exited the Senate just as Obama entered. These included <mask>'s outgoing chief-of-staff Pete Rouse who helped to create a two-year plan in the Senate that would fast-track Obama for the presidential nomination. Daschle himself told Obama in 2006 that "windows of opportunity for running for the presidency close quickly. And that he should not assume, if he passes up this window, that there will be another." During the 2008 presidential campaign, Daschle served as a key advisor to Obama and one of the national co-chairs for Obama's campaign.On June 3, 2008, Obama lost to Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary in <mask>'s home state of South Dakota, although that night Obama clinched his party's nomination anyway. Two days later, sources indicated Daschle "is interested in universal health care and might relish serving as HHS secretary." In the general election campaign, Daschle continued to consult Obama, campaign for him across swing states, and advise his campaign organization until Obama was ultimately elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008. Obama administration nomination
On November 19, 2008, the press reported that Daschle had accepted Obama's offer to be nominated for Health and Human Services Secretary. His selection was announced at a news conference with Obama on December 11, 2008. Some organizations objected to Daschle's selection, arguing that his work at Alston & Bird was tantamount to lobbying and therefore his selection violated Obama's promise to keep special interests out of the White House. According to Ellen Miller, executive director of the Sunlight Foundation, Daschle technically complies with the transition rules against lobbyists but "many power brokers never register as lobbyists, but they are every bit as powerful."Stephanie Cutter, a spokeswoman for the Obama transition, responded that Daschle's work "does not represent a bar to his service in the transition" since "he was not a lobbyist, and he will recuse himself from any work that presents a conflict of interest." Ron Pollack, executive director of Families USA, praised Daschle on his nomination to Secretary of Health and Human Services for his "deep commitment to securing high-quality, affordable health care for everyone in our nation." When <mask> was officially nominated for his Cabinet position on January 20, 2009, confirmation by the Senate was required. The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee held a confirmation hearing for Daschle on January 8, 2009. A second Senate committee, the Finance Committee, also traditionally reviews HHS Secretary nominees; the committee discussed his nomination behind closed doors on February 2, 2009. Withdrawal
On January 30, 2009, it was reported that Daschle's friendship and business partnership with businessman Leo Hindery could cause problems for Daschle's Senate confirmation. Daschle has been a paid consultant and advisor to Hindery's InterMedia Partners since 2005, during which time he received from Hindery access to a limousine and chauffeur.Daschle reportedly did not declare this service on his annual tax forms as required by law. A spokeswoman for Daschle said that he "simply and probably naively" considered the use of the car and driver "a generous offer" from Hindery, "a longtime friend." Daschle told the Senate Finance Committee that in June 2008—just as he was letting the press know he would like to be HHS secretary in an Obama administration—that "something made him think that the car service might be taxable" and he began seeking to remedy the situation. Daschle reportedly also did not pay taxes on an additional $83,333 that he earned as a consultant to InterMedia Partners in 2007; this was discovered by Senator <mask>'s accountant in December 2008. According to ABC News, Daschle also took tax deductions for $14,963 in donations that he made between 2005 and 2007 to charitable organizations that did not meet the requirements for being tax deductible. The former senator paid the three years of owed taxes and interest—an amount totaling $140,167—in January 2009, but still reportedly owed "Medicare taxes equal to 2.9 percent" of the value of the car service he received, amounting to "thousands of dollars in additional unpaid taxes." On February 3, 2009, <mask> withdrew his nomination, saying that he did not wish to be a "distraction" to the Obama agenda.Health policy
<mask> co-wrote the 2008 book Critical: What We Can Do About the Health-Care Crisis . He and his co-authors point out that "most of the world’s highest-ranking health-care systems employ some kind of 'single-payer' strategy – that is, the government, directly or through insurers, is responsible for paying doctors, hospitals, and other health-care providers." They argue that a single-payer approach is simple, equitable, provides everyone with the same benefits, and saves billions of dollars through economies of scale and simplified administration. They concede that implementing a single-payer system in the United States would be "politically problematic" even though some polls show more satisfaction with the single-payer Medicare system than private insurance. A key element of the single-payer plan that <mask> and his co-authors propose in the book is a new "Federal Health Board" that would establish the framework and fill in the details. The board would somehow be simultaneously "insulated from political pressure" and "accountable to elected officials and the American people." The board would "promote 'high-value' medical care by recommending coverage of those drugs and procedures backed by solid evidence."This proposal has been criticized by conservatives and libertarians who argue that such a board will lead to rationing of health care, and by progressives who believe the board will, as one writer put it, "get defanged by lobbyists immediately." One of Daschle's co-authors, Jeanne Lambrew, had been slated before his withdrawal to serve as his deputy in the White House Office of Health Reform. Daschle also served as a panelist on the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a body that recommended changes to U.S. policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former senator Joe Lieberman and former governor <mask>, the Study Panel assembled in Washington, D.C., for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget.These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. 9/11
Daschle claims he was asked by vice president Dick Cheney "not to investigate" the events of 9/11. He told reporters, "the vice president expressed the concern that a review of what happened on September 11 would take resources and personnel away from the effort in the war on terrorism. I acknowledged that concern, and it is for that reason that the Intelligence Committee is going to begin this effort, trying to limit the scope and the overall review of what happened. But clearly, I think the American people are entitled to know what happened and why." Personal life
<mask> has been married to Linda Hall, who was Miss Kansas in 1976, since 1984, one year after his marriage to his first wife, Laurie, later-U.S. Ambassador to Denmark, ended in divorce.Hall was acting administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration in the Clinton administration; she is now a Washington lobbyist. Her lobbying clients have included American Airlines, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing, Senate lobbying records show. <mask> has three children from his first marriage: Kelly, Nathan, and Lindsay. Nathan is the CEO of Ruck.us and former executive director of the Democratic Governors Association. See also
Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States

Notes

References

External links

 Alston + Bird – Biography of Senator Daschle

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1947 births
21st-century American politicians
American people of German-Russian descent
Businesspeople in the cannabis industry
Catholics from South Dakota
Center for American Progress people
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Georgetown University faculty
Living people
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota
Politicians from Aberdeen, South Dakota
Rejected or withdrawn nominees to the United States Executive Cabinet
South Dakota Democrats
South Dakota State University alumni
United States Air Force officers
United States senators from South

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title: Max Hall

texts:
<mask> (born October 1, 1985) is a former American National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League quarterback. After playing college football for BYU, he was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2010. <mask> played in a total of six NFL games for the Cardinals. <mask> spent 2012 as an assistant coach for BYU. He then played the 2013 CFL season for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Early years
<mask> went to the same high school as John Beck, the quarterback he succeeded at BYU. As a junior in 2003, he earned the starting quarterback job for the Mountain View High School Toros, and led the team to the Arizona state championship (14-0), earning MVP and offensive player of the year.As a senior in 2004 he led his team to another state title game only to lose the game in triple overtime (an Arizona 5A state record). He broke several Toro career passing records just two years after Beck had broken them. <mask> was named the All-Arizona quarterback for his senior year by The Arizona Republic. College career
<mask> redshirted at Arizona State in 2004. In 2006, after being sent home early from his LDS mission to Iowa,  <mask> transferred to BYU and quarterbacked the scout team while sitting out the season. In 2007, John Beck's departure from BYU left a wide open competition for the starting quarterback position. Cade Cooper, a junior college transfer from Snow College, and Brenden Gaskins, a junior college transfer from Glendale Community College, joined <mask> and Jacob Bower to compete for the position.Bower transferred to Bakersfield College soon after, and the competition came down to <mask> and Cooper. Cooper suffered a season-ending injury in the annual Spring game. BYU head coach Bronco Mendenhall immediately named <mask> as the starting quarterback and Gaskins as the backup for the 2007 season. <mask> was named first-team All-Mountain West Conference as a sophomore after throwing for 3,848 yards, 26 touchdowns, and only 12 interceptions. His 137.7 rating was the 21st best in BYU history, and the fifth best by a sophomore. His 3,848 yards ranked 8th in the NCAA and his 26 touchdown throws tied <mask> for 22nd in the NCAA. His record in his first season as BYU starting quarterback was 11-2, with a Pioneer Las Vegas Bowl victory over UCLA.On November 22, 2008 <mask> was intercepted five times and lost one fumble, contributing to a 24-48 loss to the University of Utah. After the game, he proclaimed that Utah didn't beat BYU but that BYU beat themselves. On September 5, 2009 <mask> led his team to a win over then third-ranked Oklahoma, throwing for 328 yards and two touchdowns in a 14-13 victory. This performance garnered the Cougars a No. 9 ranking in the following AP poll. However, BYU was then beaten by Florida State and TCU at home. On December 1, 2009, <mask> was named to the Mountain West Conference football All-Conference Second Team.On December 22, 2009, <mask> led his team to a 44-20 win over 18th-ranked Oregon State, completing 19 out of 30 passes for 192 yards and three touchdowns to end his senior season. Collegiate statistics

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Professional career

Arizona Cardinals
After not being selected in the 2010 NFL Draft, <mask> signed as an undrafted free agent with the Arizona Cardinals. In the preseason, <mask> competed with John Skelton, another rookie and a 5th round selection from Fordham, for the third-string quarterback spot behind veterans Derek Anderson and Matt Leinart. On September 4, the Cardinals released Leinart and told <mask> that he would be the primary backup quarterback behind Anderson for 2010. While playing the Atlanta Falcons on September 19, 2010, <mask> relieved Anderson, throwing two passes for three yards and one interception. In an October 3 game against the San Diego Chargers, Anderson threw two interceptions and was taken out in favor of <mask>. <mask> completed 8 of his 14 passes for 82 yards.On October 10, <mask> was named the starting quarterback for the Cardinals, and won the first NFL game he started, against the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. He completed 17 of his 27 passes and passed for 168 yards and 0 touchdowns. He also threw 1 interception and fumbled twice. The Cardinals won the game 30–20. After this performance, <mask> was named the Pepsi Rookie of the Week for Week 5. On October 31, <mask> threw his only career touchdown pass as an NFL quarterback against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The score came off of a 3-yard pass to Larry Fitzgerald in the first quarter.<mask> would be pulled in the second quarter though in favor of Derek Anderson. <mask> would complete 8 of 16 passes passing for 71 yards with two interceptions. <mask> was waived/injured on August 24, 2011, and was reverted to injured reserve after passing through waivers unclaimed on August 25. After being released by the Cardinals, <mask> did not play professional football throughout the remainder of 2012. Winnipeg Blue Bombers

On April 8, 2013 the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League announced they signed <mask> for the 2013 season. <mask> made his first CFL start on August 16, 2013 (Week 8) against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. <mask> got the start because of 'poor' play by both Buck Pierce and Justin Goltz.He completed 18 of 30 passing attempts for 241 yards with 1 touchdown and 2 interceptions. <mask> went on to post a 1-8 record as a starter. NFL statistics

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Coaching career
<mask> served as a student assistant coach for BYU in 2012. He currently serves as the varsity offensive coordinator at American Leadership Academy High School in Queen Creek, Arizona. <mask> is a nephew to Danny White and grandson of Wilford White, ASU Hall-of-Famers. He is a second cousin to Arizona Cardinals tight end Todd Heap. <mask> is married to Mckinzi Gissel, making him the brother-in-law-by-marriage of his BYU teammate and former Ravens' tight end, Dennis Pitta, who is married to Gissel's sister Mataya.He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. On August 30, 2014, Gilbert police were called to the Best Buy near Loop 202 and Williams Field Road about 11:30 a.m. after a store employee told police he saw <mask> taking merchandise out of boxes and stuffing them in his backpack, according to the police report. Police found $286 worth of electronics inside <mask>'s backpack. Investigators also confiscated hypodermic needles, a metal spoon, a lighter and cocaine, stored in a pill bottle. <mask> told police he had used the cocaine that morning. <mask> immediately apologized to police and begged for forgiveness from the store's employees. He is quoted as saying, "I'm really sorry, I'll pay for the stuff.If I get arrested, I'll get fired. I've never done this before." On September 5th, 2014, <mask> was fired from his job as an offensive coordinator at Gilbert High School. See also
List of Division I FBS passing yardage leaders

References

External links

Arizona Cardinals bio
BYU Cougars football bio
Arizona State Sun Devils football bio
Rivals.com bio

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mesa, Arizona
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Players of American football from Arizona
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
BYU Cougars football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
BYU Cougars football coaches

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title: Victor Cousin

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<mask> (; 28 November 179214 January 1867) was a French philosopher. He was the founder of "eclecticism", a briefly influential school of French philosophy that combined elements of German idealism and Scottish Common Sense Realism. As the administrator of public instruction for over a decade, Cousin also had an important influence on French educational policy. Biography

Early years

The son of a watchmaker, he was born in Paris, in the Quartier Saint-Antoine. At the age of ten he was sent to the local grammar school, the Lycée Charlemagne, where he studied until he was eighteen. Lycées being organically linked to the University of France and its Faculties since their Napoleonic institution (the baccalauréat was awarded by juries made of university professors)  Cousin was "crowned" in the ancient hall of the Sorbonne for a Latin oration he wrote which  owned him a first prize at the concours général, a competition between the best pupils at lycées (established under the Ancien Régime and reinstated under the First Empire, and still extant). The classical training of the lycée strongly disposed him to literature, or éloquence as it was then called.He was already known among his fellow students for his knowledge of Greek. From the lycée he graduated to the most prestigious of higher education schools, École Normale Supérieure (as it is now called), where Pierre Laromiguière was then lecturing on philosophy. In the second preface to the Fragments philosophiques, in which he candidly states the varied philosophical influences of his life, <mask> speaks of the grateful emotion excited by the memory of the day when he heard Laromiguière for the first time. "That day decided my whole life." Laromiguière taught the philosophy of John Locke and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, happily modified on some points, with a clearness and grace which in appearance at least removed difficulties, and with a charm of spiritual bonhomie which penetrated and subdued." That school has remained ever since the living heart of French philosophy; Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre and Jacques Derrida are among its past students. Early influence on Cousin's philosophical thought

Cousin wanted to lecture on philosophy and quickly obtained the position of master of conferences (maître de conférences) in the school.The second great philosophical impulse of his life was the teaching  of Pierre Paul Royer-Collard. This teacher, he tells us, "by the severity of his logic, the gravity and weight of his words, turned me by degrees, and not without resistance, from the beaten path of Condillac into the way which has since become so easy, but which was then painful and unfrequented, that of the Scottish philosophy." The "Scottish Philosophy" being the "Common Sense" Philosophy of Thomas Reid and otherswhich taught that both the external world and the human mind (introspection proving the existence of "free will" by the fact of consciousness) had an objective existence. In 1815–1816 <mask> attained the position of suppliant (assistant) to Royer-Collard in the history of modern philosophy chair of the faculty of letters. Another thinker who influenced him at this early period was Maine de Biran, whom Cousin regarded as the unequalled psychological observer of his time in France. These men strongly influenced Cousin's philosophical thought. To Laromiguière he attributes the lesson of decomposing thought, even though the reduction of it to sensation was inadequate.Royer-Collard taught him that even sensation is subject to certain internal laws and principles which it does not itself explain, which are superior to analysis and the natural patrimony of the mind. De Biran made a special study of the phenomena of the will. He taught him to distinguish in all cognitions, and especially in the simplest facts of consciousness, the voluntary activity in which our personality is truly revealed. It was through this "triple discipline" that <mask>'s philosophical thought was first developed, and that in 1815 he began the public teaching of philosophy in the Normal School and in the faculty of letters. He then took up the study of German, worked at Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, and sought to master the Philosophy of Nature of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, which at first greatly attracted him. The influence of Schelling may be observed very markedly in the earlier form of his philosophy. He sympathized with the principle of faith of Jacobi, but regarded it as arbitrary so long as it was not recognized as grounded in reason.In 1817 he went to Germany, and met Hegel at Heidelberg. Hegel's Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften appeared the same year, and <mask> had one of the earliest copies. He thought Hegel not particularly amiable, but the two became friends. The following year <mask> went to Munich, where he met Schelling for the first time, and spent a month with him and Jacobi, obtaining a deeper insight into the Philosophy of Nature. Political troubles disrupt career

France's political troubles interfered for a time with his career. In the events of 1814–1815 he took the royalist side. He adopted the views of the party known as doctrinaire, of which Royer-Collard was the philosophical leader.He seems to have gone further, and to have approached the extreme Left. Then came a reaction against liberalism, and in 1821–1822 <mask> was deprived of his offices in the faculty of letters and in the Normal School. The Normal School was swept away, and <mask> shared the fate of Guizot, who was ejected from the chair of history. This enforced abandonment of public teaching was a mixed blessing: he set out for Germany with a view to further philosophical study. While at Berlin in 1824–1825 he was thrown into prison, either on some ill-defined political charge at the instance of the French police, or as a result of an indiscreet conversation. Freed after six months, he remained under the suspicion of the French government for three years. It was during this period that he developed what is distinctive in his philosophical doctrine.His eclecticism, his ontology and his philosophy of history were declared in principle and in most of their salient details in the Fragments philosophiques (Paris, 1826). The preface to the second edition (1833) and the third (1838) aimed at a vindication of his principles against contemporary criticism. Even the best of his later books, the Philosophie écossaise, the Du vrai, du beau, et du bien, and the Philosophie de Locke, were simply matured revisions of his lectures during the period from 1815 to 1820. The lectures on Locke were first sketched in 1819, and fully developed in the course of 1829. During the seven years when he was prevented from teaching, he produced, besides the Fragments, the edition of the works of Proclus (6 vols., 1820–1827), and the works of René Descartes (II vols., 1826). He also commenced his Translation of Plato (13 vols. ), which occupied his leisure time from 1825 to 1840.One sees in the Fragments very distinctly the fusion of the different philosophical influences by which his opinions were finally matured. For <mask> was as eclectic in thought and habit of mind as he was in philosophical principle and system. It is with the publication of the Fragments of 1826 that the first great widening of his reputation is associated. In 1827 followed the Cours de l'histoire de la philosophie. Reinstatement at the University

In 1828, de Vatimesnil, minister of public instruction in Martignac's ministry, recalled <mask> and Guizot to their professorial positions in the university. The three years which followed were the period of Cousin's greatest triumph as a lecturer. His return to the chair was the symbol of the triumph of constitutional ideas and was greeted with enthusiasm.The hall of the Sorbonne was crowded as the hall of no philosophical teacher in Paris had been since the days of Pierre Abélard. The lecturer's eloquence mingled with speculative exposition, and he possessed a singular power of rhetorical climax. His philosophy showed strikingly the generalizing tendency of the French intellect, and its logical need of grouping details round central principles. There was a moral elevation in <mask>'s spiritual philosophy which touched the hearts of his listeners, and seemed to be the basis for higher development in national literature and art, and even in politics, than the traditional philosophy of France. His lectures produced more ardent disciples than those of any other contemporary professor of philosophy. Judged on his teaching influence, <mask> occupies a foremost place in the rank of professors of philosophy, who like Jacobi, Schelling and Dugald Stewart have united the gifts of speculative, expository and imaginative power. The taste for philosophy—especially its history—was revived in France to an extent unknown since the 17th century.Influence on others
Among those influenced by Cousin were Edgar Allan Poe, Théodore Simon Jouffroy, Jean Philibert Damiron, Adolphe Garnier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, Charles de Rémusat, Orestes Brownson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Jules Simon, Paul Janet, Adolphe Franck and Patrick Edward Dove, who dedicated his "The Theory of Human Progression" to him—Jouffroy and Damiron were first fellow-followers. students and then disciples. Jouffroy always kept firm to the early—the French and Scottish—impulses of Cousin's teaching. <mask> continued to lecture for two and a half years after his return to the chair. Sympathizing with the revolution of July, he was at once recognized by the new government as a friend of national liberty. Writing in June 1833 he explains both his philosophical and his political position:
"I had the advantage of holding united against me for many years both the sensational and the theological school. In 1830 both schools descended into the arena of politics.The sensational school quite naturally produced the demagogic party, and the theological school became quite as naturally absolutism, safe to borrow from time to time the mask of the demagogue in order the better to reach its ends, as in philosophy it is by scepticism that it undertakes to restore theocracy. On the other hand, he who combated any exclusive principle in science was bound to reject also any exclusive principle in the state, and to defend representative government." Effect on primary instruction
The government was not slow to honour him. He was induced by the ministry of which his friend François Guizot was the head to become a member of the council of public instruction and counsellor of state, and in 1832 he was made a Peer of France. He ceased to lecture, but retained the title of professor of philosophy. Finally, he accepted the position of minister of public instruction in 1840 under Adolphe Thiers. He was in addition director of the Normal School and virtual head of the university, and from 1840 a member of the Academy of the Moral and Political Sciences in the Institut de France.His character and his official position at this period gave him great power in the university and in the educational arrangements of the country. The most important work he accomplished during this period was the organization of primary instruction. It was to the efforts of Cousin that France owed her advance, in relation to primary education, between 1830 and 1848. Prussia and Saxony had set the national example, and France was guided into it by Cousin. Forgetful of national calamity and of personal wrong, he looked to Prussia as affording the best example of an organized system of national education; and he was persuaded that "to carry back the education of Prussia into France afforded a nobler (if a bloodless) triumph than the trophies of Austerlitz and Jena." In the summer of 1831, commissioned by the government, he visited Frankfurt and Saxony, and spent some time in Berlin. The result was a series of reports to the minister, afterwards published as Rapport sur l'Etat de l'instruction publique dans quelques pays de l'Allemagne et particulièrement en Prusse (Compare also De l'instruction publique en Hollande, 1837) His views were readily accepted on his return to France, and soon afterwards through his influence there was passed the law of primary instruction.(See his Exposé des motifs et projet de loi sur l'instruction primaire, présentés à la chambre des députés, séance du 2 janvier 1837.) In the words of the Edinburgh Review (July 1833), these documents "mark an epoch in the progress of national education, and are directly conducive to results important not only to France but to Europe." The Report was translated into English by Sarah Austin in 1834. The translation was frequently reprinted in the United States of America. The legislatures of New Jersey and Massachusetts distributed it in the schools at the expense of the states. Cousin remarks that, among all the literary distinctions which he had received, "None has touched me more than the title of foreign member of the American Institute for Education." To the enlightened views of the ministries of Guizot and Thiers under the citizen-king, and to the zeal and ability of Cousin in the work of organization, France owes what is best in her system of primary education,a national interest which had been neglected under the French Revolution, the Empire and the Restoration (see Exposé, p. 17).In the first two years of the reign of Louis Philippe more was done for the education of the people than had been either sought or accomplished in all the history of France. In defence of university studies he stood manfully forth in the chamber of peers in 1844, against the clerical party on the one hand and the levelling or Philistine party on the other. His speeches on this occasion were published in a tractate Défense de l'université et de la philosophie (1844 and 1845). Writing period 1830 to 1848

This period of official life from 1830 to 1848 was spent, so far as philosophical study was concerned, in revising his former lectures and writings, in maturing them for publication or reissue, and in research into certain periods of the sophical history of philosophy. In 1835 appeared De la Métaphysique d'Aristote, suivi d'un essai de traduction du premier et du douzième livres; in 1836, Cours de philosophie professé à la faculté des lettres pendant l'année 1818, and Œuvres inédites d'Abélard. This Cours de philosophie appeared later in 1854 as Du vrai, du beau, et du bien. From 1825 to 1840 appeared Cours de l'histoire de la philosophie, in 1829 Manuel de l'histoire de la philosophie de Tennemann, translated from the German.In 1840–1841 we have Cours d'histoire de la philosophie morale au XVIIIe siècle (5 vols.). In 1841 appeared his edition of the Œuvres philosophiques de Maine-de-Biran; in 1842, Leçons de philosophie sur Kant (Eng. trans. AG Henderson, 1854), and in the same year Des Pensées de Pascal. The Nouveaux fragments were gathered together and republished in 1847. Later, in 1859, appeared Petri Abaelardi Opera. Also during this period <mask> seems to have turned with fresh interest to those literary studies which he had abandoned for speculation under the influence of Laromiguière and Royer-Collard.To this renewed interest we owe his studies of men and women of note in France in the 17th century. As the results of his work in this line, we have, besides the Des Pensées de Pascal, 1842, Audes sur les femmes et la société du XVII siècle 1853. He has sketched Jacqueline Pascal (1844), Madame de Longueville (1853), the marquise de Sable (1854), the duchesse de Chevreuse (1856), Madame de Hautefort (1856). <mask> was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855. When the reign of Louis Philippe came to a close through the opposition of his ministry, with Guizot at its head, to the demand for electoral reform and through the policy of the Spanish marriages, <mask>, who was opposed to the government on these points, lent his sympathy to Cavaignac and the

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