title: Morton Feldman

texts:
<mask> (January 12, 1926 – September 3, 1987) was an American composer. A major figure in 20th-century classical music, Feldman was a pioneer of indeterminate music, a development associated with the experimental New York School of composers also including John Cage, Christian Wolff, and Earle Brown. Feldman's works are characterized by notational innovations that he developed to create his characteristic sound: rhythms that seem to be free and floating, pitch shadings that seem softly unfocused, a generally quiet and slowly evolving music, and recurring asymmetric patterns. His later works, after 1977, also explore extremes of duration. Biography
<mask> was born in Woodside, Queens, into a family of Russian-Jewish immigrants. His parents, <mask> (1893–1985) and <mask> (1897–1984), emigrated to New York from Pereiaslav (father, 1910) and Bobruysk (mother, 1901). His father was a manufacturer of children's coats.As a child he studied piano with Vera Maurina Press, who, according to the composer himself, instilled in him a "vibrant musicality rather than musicianship". Feldman's first composition teachers were Wallingford Riegger, one of the first American followers of Arnold Schoenberg, and Stefan Wolpe, a German-born Jewish composer who studied under Franz Schreker and Anton Webern. <mask> and Wolpe spent most of their time simply talking about music and art. In early 1950 Feldman heard the New York Philharmonic perform Anton Webern's Symphony, op. 21. After this work, the orchestra was going to perform a piece by Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Feldman left immediately, disturbed by the audience's disrespectful reaction to Webern's work. In the lobby he met John Cage, who was at the concert and had also decided to step out.The two quickly became friends, with Feldman moving into the apartment on the second floor of the building Cage lived in. Through Cage, he met sculptor Richard Lippold (who had a studio next door); artists Sonia Sekula, Robert Rauschenberg, and others; and composers such as Henry Cowell, Virgil Thomson, and George Antheil. With Cage's encouragement, Feldman began to write pieces that had no relation to compositional systems of the past, such as traditional harmony or the serial technique. He experimented with nonstandard systems of musical notation, often using grids in his scores, and specifying how many notes should be played at a certain time but not which ones. Feldman's experiments with chance in turn inspired Cage to write pieces like Music of Changes, where the notes to be played are determined by consulting the I Ching. Through Cage, Feldman met many other prominent figures in the New York arts scene, among them Jackson Pollock, Philip Guston and Frank O'Hara. He found inspiration in the paintings of the abstract expressionists, and in the 1970s wrote a number of pieces around 20 minutes in length, including Rothko Chapel (1971, written for the building of the same name, which houses paintings by Mark Rothko) and For Frank O'Hara (1973).In 1977, he wrote the opera Neither with original text by Samuel Beckett. <mask> was commissioned to compose the score for Jack Garfein's 1961 film Something Wild, but after hearing the music for the opening scene, in which a character (played by Carroll Baker, incidentally also Garfein's wife) is raped, the director promptly withdrew his commission, opting to enlist Aaron Copland instead. The director's reaction was said to be, "My wife is being raped and you write celesta music?" Feldman's music "changed radically" in 1970, moving away from graphic and arhythmic notation systems and toward rhythmic precision. The first piece of this new period was a short, 55-measure work, "Madame Press Died Last Week at Ninety", dedicated to his childhood piano teacher, Vera Maurina Press. In 1973, at the age of 47, Feldman became the Edgard Varèse Professor (a title of his own devising) at the University at Buffalo. Until then, Feldman had earned his living as a full-time employee at the family textile business in New York's garment district.In addition to teaching at SUNY Buffalo, Feldman held residencies during the mid-1980s at the University of California, San Diego. Later, he began to produce very long works, often in one continuous movement, rarely shorter than half an hour in length and often much longer. These include Violin and String Quartet (1985, around 2 hours), For Philip Guston (1984, around four hours) and, most extreme, the String Quartet II (1983, over six hours long without a break). These pieces typically maintain a very slow developmental pace and are mostly very quiet. Feldman said that quiet sounds had begun to be the only ones that interested him. In a 1982 lecture, he asked: "Do we have anything in music for example that really wipes everything out? That just cleans everything away?"Feldman married the Canadian composer Barbara Monk shortly before his death. He died of pancreatic cancer in 1987 at his home in Buffalo, New York. Works
See: List of compositions by <mask>man

Notable students

Footnotes

Sources

Further reading
 Cline, David. The Graph Music of <mask>. Cambridge University Press, 2016
 Eldred, Michael The Quivering of Propriation: A Parallel Way to Music, Section II.4.4 A musical subversion of harmonically logical time (Feldman) www.arte-fact.org 2010
 <mask>, <mask>. <mask> Says. Chris Villars, ed.London: Hyphen Press, 2006. <mask>, <mask>. <mask> in Middelburg. Lectures and Conversations. Raoul Mörchen, ed. Cologne: , 2008. <mask>, <mask>.Give my regards to Eighth Street: Collected Writings of <mask>. B. H. Friedman, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Exact Change, 2000. Gareau, Philip. La musique de <mask> ou le temps en liberté. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006. Hirata, Catherin (Winter 1996)."The Sounds of the Sounds Themselves: Analyzing the Early Music of <mask>", Perspectives of New Music 34, no. 1, 6–27. Herzfeld, Gregor. "Historisches Bewusstsein in <mask>mans Unterrichtsskizzen", Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, vol. 66, no. 3, (Summer 2009), 218–233. Lunberry, Clark."Departing Landscapes: <mask>'s String Quartet II and Triadic Memories". SubStance 110: vol. 35, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 17–50. (Available at http://www.cnvill.net/mftexts.htm [#105 on the list])
 Noble, Alistair. Composing Ambiguity: The Early Music of <mask>. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.

masks:
Morton Feldman
Feldman
Irving Feldman
Frances Breskin Feldman
Feldman
Feldman
Morton Feld
Morton Feldman
Feldman
Morton
Morton Feldman
Feldman
Morton
Morton Feldman
Feldman
Morton
Morton Feldman
Morton Feldman
Morton Feldman
Morton Feld
Morton Feldman
Morton Feldman


title: Armando Galarraga

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born January 15, 1982) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. <mask> made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Texas Rangers on September 15, 2007. He was traded to the Detroit Tigers at the end of the 2007 season where he spent three seasons and also played in MLB for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Houston Astros. In 2010, <mask> was one out from a perfect game when first base umpire Jim Joyce mistakenly called the runner safe. Playing career

Texas Rangers
He originally signed as a free agent with the Montreal Expos on October 31, 1998. He was acquired by the Texas Rangers from the Washington Nationals as part of the deal that sent Alfonso Soriano to the Nationals in 2005. <mask> made his Major League debut on September 15, 2007 against the Oakland Athletics.He entered the game in the eighth inning, and pitched a scoreless inning. He allowed no hits and one base on balls. Detroit Tigers

2008

On February 5, 2008, <mask> was traded to the Detroit Tigers for Michael Hernandez, an outfielder that had spent the last season playing for the AA Erie SeaWolves. As a minor league call up for the injured Dontrelle Willis, <mask> earned his first career win April 16, 2008 in a 13–2 victory over the Cleveland Indians. On June 13, 2008, <mask> pitched seven shutout innings in a 5–0 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers. He finished the 2008 campaign with a 13–7 record, a 3.73 earned run average (ERA), and 126 strikeouts in 178 innings. When batters did hit the ball against him, they only managed a .237 batting average on balls in play, the lowest in the Major Leagues.<mask> threw sliders 38.9% of the time in 2008, more than any other starting pitcher in the majors. After a superb rookie season, <mask> finished fourth in the balloting for the 2008 American League Rookie of the Year Award. 2009
On April 10, 2009, <mask> pitched the home opener at Comerica Park. Tigers manager Jim Leyland said <mask> deserved to pitch Opening Day after having an impressive 2008 season. The Tigers won the game 15–2, which included a grand slam by Miguel Cabrera. On April 29, prior to a game against the New York Yankees, <mask> received his 2008 Tigers Rookie of the Year award from the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association. Statistically, <mask> did not approach the success he achieved in the 2008 season.His 2009 ERA was a below average 5.64, and opposing batters hit a high .284 against him. 2010

In seven innings of work in spring training of 2010, <mask> allowed nine runs, 14 hits and seven walks. That, coupled with his attitude ("They've seen my stuff; they know what I can do", <mask> said during his ineffective spring training stint), prompted the Tigers to option him to the Tigers Triple-A affiliate Toledo on March 18, 2010. <mask> was called up to the Tigers in May 2010 and was put into the starting rotation. He had an ERA of 4.50 as of June 1. <mask> was optioned to Toledo on July 6, 2010 but Tigers GM Dave Dombrowski has said he would return on July 20 and start against Texas. On July 19, the Tigers recalled <mask>."The 28-out perfect game"

On June 2, 2010, <mask> pitched 8 perfect innings, but the perfect game disappeared on the 27th batter after what was ruled an infield hit. Rookie Jason Donald hit a ground ball to first baseman Miguel Cabrera, who tossed to <mask>—who was covering first base—but first base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly called Donald safe, ending the perfect game and no-hitter. <mask> retired the next batter, completing the one-hitter, though many in the Tiger press preferred to call it "the 28-out perfect game." <mask> threw 88 pitches, 67 of them for strikes. If he had completed the perfect game (83 pitches), it would have been the lowest number of pitches thrown since Addie Joss's 74 in 1908, and the shortest game since Sandy Koufaxs perfect game in 1965. It would have been the second perfect game in the Major Leagues in just four days, Philadelphia's Roy Halladay having thrown his on May 29, and the third in 24 days (Dallas Braden of Oakland on May 9). Joyce later issued a direct apology to <mask>, saying that the call was incorrect.<mask> accepted the mistake gracefully, saying later, "Nobody's perfect." Observers pointed to the handling of the situation as an example of good sportsmanship on both sides. He was presented with a "Medal of Reasonableness" for his reasoned response to Joyce's call at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear. Arizona Diamondbacks
During the 2010–11 offseason, <mask> was designated for assignment by the Tigers. On January 24, 2011 he was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks in exchange for pitchers Kevin Eichhorn and Ryan Robowski. On May 17, 2011, <mask> was designated for assignment and spent the rest of the season with the AAA Reno Aces After the 2011 season, he became a free agent. Baltimore Orioles
<mask> signed as a minor league free agent with the Baltimore Orioles on January 18, 2012.The Orioles released him on April 6. Houston Astros
He signed a minor league contract as a free agent with the Houston Astros on May 21, 2012. He pitched in five games for the Astros between July 28 and August 19, losing four of them. <mask> was designated for assignment on August 22 and released on August 25, 2012. Cincinnati Reds
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds in January 2013. Colorado Rockies
He was traded to the Colorado Rockies for Parker Frazier on July 15, 2013. He was assigned to AAA affiliate Sky Sox.Texas Rangers
In January 2014, <mask> joined the Texas Rangers on a minor league deal. He was released on March 24. Chinatrust Brother Elephants
Galarraga signed a contract with the Chinatrust Brother Elephants of Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League in April 2014. He pitched 10 games and posted an ERA of 4.470. He was released by the club on July 5, 2014. Pericos de Puebla
In 2015, <mask> signed a contract with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican League. In between, <mask> played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas club of the Venezuelan League in parts of seven seasons spanning 1999–2014.<mask> retired from professional baseball in December 2015. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

, or Retrosheet, or The Baseball Gauge, or Venezuela Winter League

1982 births
Living people
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Arizona League Rangers players
Bakersfield Blaze players
Brother Elephants players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Houston Astros players
Leones del Caracas players
Lexington Legends players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
People from Cumaná
Pericos de Puebla players
Potomac Nationals players
Reno Aces players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Spokane Indians players
Sportspeople from Caracas
Texas Rangers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
2009 World Baseball Classic players

masks:
Armando Antonio Galarraga Barreto
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga
Galarraga


title: Shakeel Badayuni

texts:
<mask> (3 August 1916 – 20 April 1970) was an Indian Urdu poet, lyricist and songwriter in Hindi / Urdu language films. Early life
<mask> was born in Badaun, Uttar Pradesh. His father, Mohammed Jamaal Ahmed Sokhta Qadiri, wanted him to have a good career, thus he arranged Arabic, Urdu, Persian, and Hindi tuition for Shakeel at home. His inclination towards poetry was not hereditary like other . One of his distant relatives, Zia-ul-<mask>, was a religious . <mask> was influenced by him and the contemporary environment of Badayun led him to poetry. When he joined Aligarh Muslim University in 1936, he started participating in inter-college, inter-university mushairas and won frequently.In 1940, he married Salma, who was his distant relative and had been living in a common house with him since childhood, however, the purdah system was vogue in their family and they were not close. After completing his BA, he moved to Delhi as a supply officer, but continued participating in mushairas, earning fame nationwide. Those were the days of  who wrote about the downtrodden sections of society, their upliftment, the betterment of society and all. But Shakeel had an altogether different taste – his poetry was romantic and close to the heart. Shakeel used to say:

Main Shakeel Dil Ka Hoon Tarjuman
Keh Mohabbaton Ka Hoon Raazdaan
Mujhe Fakhr Hai Meri Shayari
Meri Zindagi Se Juda Nahin

During his Aligarh days, Badauni also started learning Urdu poetry formally from Hakim Abdul Waheed 'Ashk' Bijnori. Career
<mask> moved to Bombay in 1944, to write songs for films. He met film producer, A.R.Kardar and music composer, Naushad Ali, who asked him to sum up his poetic skills in one line. <mask> wrote, Hum Dard Ka Afsana Duniya Ko Suna Denge, Har Dil Main Mohabbat Ki Ek Aag Laga Dengey. Naushad immediately retained him for Kardar's film, Dard (1947). The songs of Dard proved to be very successful, especially Uma Devi (Tun Tun)'s Afsana Likh Rahi Hoon. Only a few are so lucky that they attain success in their first film, but <mask> deserved success which started with Dard and continued on over the years. Together, he and Naushad became one of the most sought after composer/lyricist duos in the industry. Among the scores they churned out together, are those of   (1951), Baiju Bawra (1952), Mother India (1957), and Mughal-e-Azam (1960), that stand out.Other films they scored together include Dulari (1949), Shabab (1954), Ganga Jamuna (1961), and Mere Mehboob (1963). Although <mask> <mask> worked most extensively with Naushad, he also collaborated with Ravi and Hemant Kumar as well. His lyrics for the song Husnwale Tera Jawab Nahin and Ravi's music score both won Filmfare Awards for the hit film Gharana. His other notable film with Ravi is Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960), while Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962) is his biggest hit with Hemant Kumar. The title song from Chaudhvin Ka Chand, rendered by Mohammed Rafi, won Badayuni the Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist in 1961. <mask> penned numbers for around 89 films. In addition, he wrote many popular ghazals sung by Begum Akhtar, and which are still sung by vocalists like Pankaj Udhas and others.The Indian government had honoured him with the title Geet Kar-e-Azam. Association with Naushad

<mask> shared a close friendship with Naushad, Ravi and Naushad's former assistant, Ghulam Mohammed, with whom he enjoyed his life to the fullest. Naushad used <mask> as the lyricist for his tunes for most of his films for a period of 24 years. Baiju Bawra, which was a milestone in both of their careers, was supposed to go to Kavi Pradeep. Vijay Bhatt, the director of the movie was insistent on using Kavi Pradeep as lyricist, since the film was supposed to have many devotional songs. Naushad requested Vijay Bhatt to hear the lyrics written by <mask>. Vijay Bhatt agreed.When <mask> <mask> was diagnosed with tuberculosis, he was put up in a sanatorium in Panchgani for treatment. Naushad knowing that his financial condition was not well, took 3 films to him, getting the lyrics written in the sanatorium, and got him a payment of nearly 10 times more than his normal fees. Association with Ravi

<mask> also wrote a substantial chunk of his songs for music director Ravi Sharma. Prominent amongst those were Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960),  Gharana (1961), Ghunghat, Grahasti (1963), Nartaki (1963), as well as Phool Aur Patthar and Do Badan (both released in 1966). Association with Hemant Kumar

<mask> wrote for Hemant Kumar for movies like Bees Saal Baad (1962), Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962), Bin Badal Barsaat. Association with S.D. Burman

<mask> penned lyrics for the tunes of S.D.Burman for movies Kaise Kahoon & Benazir. Others

C.Ramachandra – Zindagi Aur Maut, Wahan Ke Log. Roshan – Bedaag, Noorjahan. Personal life
<mask> <mask> succumbed to diabetes complications at the age of fifty-three, on 20 April 1970, at Bombay Hospital leaving behind his wife, two sons and two daughters. One daughter, Najma, died soon afterwards, while still a college student. His elder son Javed and grand son Zeeshan work in the travel and tourism industry. His other son's name is Tariq.<mask>'s friends Ahmed Zakaria and Rangoonwala formed a trust called Yaad-e-Shakeel after his death and this trust became the source of some income to his bereaved family. <mask> loved to play badminton, go on picnics and hunting trips and fly kites with his friends from the industry, Naushad and Mohammed Rafi. Sometimes Johnny Walker would join them in kite-flying competitions. Dilip Kumar, writers Wajahat Mirza, Khumar Barabankvi and Azm Bazidpuri were among <mask>'s other close friends within the industry. His 20 best songs
<mask> penned several memorable songs in his career. Some of his popular works include the musical Baiju Bawra (1952), historical epic Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and social Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962). Suhani Raat Dhal Chuki (Dulari)
Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj (Baiju Bawra)
O Duniya Ke Rakhwale (Baiju Bawra)
Madhuban Me Radhika Naache Re (Kohinoor)
Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya?See also
 Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya, a song by <mask> Badayuni
 Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe, song by Shakkel <mask>

References

Urdu-language poets from India
Indian lyricists
Filmfare Awards winners
1916 births
1970 deaths
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Indian Muslims
People from Budaun
People of British India
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers

masks:
Shakeel Badayuni
Shakeel Badayuni
Qadiri Badayuni
Shakeel Masoodi
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Badayuni
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Badayuni
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Badayuni
Shakeel
Shakeel
Shakeel
Badayuni
Shakeel
Badayuni


title: Jeanette Wässelius

texts:
<mask> (23 August 1784 – 5 December 1853) was a Swedish opera singer. She is referred to as the leading prima donna of the Royal Swedish Opera in the early 19th-century. She was a Hovsångare (1815) as well as an associé of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (1817). She is also known as Mamsell Wässelia or only Wässelia. Life

<mask> was born in Stockholm. She was the daughter of a tapestry manufacturer, and the sister of Justina Casagli. The home was reportedly a poor one.She was enrolled as a student of the Royal Dramatic Training Academy in 1793, where she became the student of Anne Marie Milan Desguillons. As such, she was active as a child actor in the student plays arranged by the school, as well as in minor children's roles of the Opera productions. Career

<mask> <mask> was contracted as a singer at the Royal Swedish Opera on 1 April 1800. In 1806, the Royal Swedish Opera was (temporarily) closed by order of king Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, and remained closed for three years. During this period, many artists of the Opera lost employment or retired. Wässelia, however, was engaged as an actress at the adjoining Royal Dramatic Theatre. This was not a problem for her, as she was reportedly as capable as an actress as she was as a singer.In the season of 1809-10, the Royal Swedish Opera was opened again, and Wässelia was praised for "appealing modesty and naive love" for her performance in Le calife de Bagdad by Boieldieu opposite Gustav Åbergsson and Inga Åberg on the reopened Opera. <mask> <mask> was often referred to as simply "Wässelia". She was highly respected for her professionalism, and according to director Gustav Löwenhielm, she never allowed neither her physical health nor her personal feelings ever to effect her work. Wässelia was said to unite an excellent lyric voice with an equally capable dramatic talent. Her voice was described as colorful and versatile, her posture graceful and her acting as "mute" but "admirably expressive". She was considered perfect for the parts of heroine and queen, except for the fact that she was seen as somewhat too short. She is however known to have been caricatured in the press and given the sobriquet "Miss Cucumber" because of her flat figure, a fact which was further highlighted by the fashionable Empire silhouette.<mask> <mask> has been referred to as the successor of the prima donna Caroline Frederikke Müller and the leading lady of the Swedish opera stage in the early 19th-century. Initially noted in light operetta, she was given many of the women's main parts of the opera performances in the first two decades of the 19th-century and was considered to have few rivals there. Her position also signified her being assigned to perform at certain state occasions. One such occasion was when she performed a cantata with Christoffer Christian Karsten at a grand ball hosted at the Royal court in celebration of the Union of Sweden and Norway in 1814. Wässelia was appointed official singer of the royal court or Hovsångare in 1815, and inducted as an associé to the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1817. Later life

<mask> <mask> retired from the stage in 1820. She was succeeded as the prima donna by Henriette Widerberg who, despite having benefited by the retirement of Wässelia, claims that <mask> Wässelius was unjustly dismissed.According to Henriette Widerberg, Wässelia was in 1820 at the age of 36 at the very high point of her ability, highly respected by most for her talent as well as her professional conduct, and that there had been no valid reason whatever to fire her other than the fact that she was involved in an intense conflict with her colleague Edvard du Puy, a man whom Widerberg referred to as "as mean as he was beautiful" and who was at that time also prefect of the opera stage, and who according to Widerberg successfully had Wässelia unjustly dismissed as the result of an intrigue and abuse of his power as prefect. Wässelia is not noted to have been professionally active after her retirement. She was discharged with a full royal pension and lived in Stockholm, where she died. She never married. Roles

Her most noted parts were the interpretations of Armide by Gluck, Laura in Léon, ou Le château de Monténéro by Dalayrac, Sophie in Sargino, ossia L'allievo dell'amore by Paër, Antigone in Oedipe uti Athen (Oidipus in Athens) by Sacchini, Constance in Les deux journées, ou Le porteur d'eau by Cherubini and Juliet in Roméo et Juliette composed by Daniel Steibelt (opposite Karl Gustaf Lindström), (1814–15 season) and Iphigénie in Iphigénie en Aulide by Gluck. She made a success in the main part of Iphigénie en Aulide by Gluck in the benefit performance of Elisabeth Forsselius, who played Clitemnestre (1810); she played the protective angel of Sweden in Gustav Vasa by Gustav III and "did remarkably well" in Fästmännerna (The fiancees) opposite Inga Åberg. Among her other parts were Lisette in Musikvurmen (Music craze) by Grenier during the 1796–97 season, Melisse in Renaud by Haeffner, (1800–01), Lina in L'opéra comique by F. P. Della Maria (1803–04), Amelina in Léhéman by Dalayrac (1804–05), Madame de Villeroux in Monsieur Des Chalumeaux by Pierre Gaveaux (1807–08), Elise in Une heure de mariage by Dalayrac (1808–09), Clorinde in Nicolas Isouard's Cendrillon opposite Elisabeth Frösslind (1810–11), Emilie in Les maris garçons by Berton (1812–23), Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail by Mozart, and Mathilda in Joconde by Isouard (1819–20).References

 Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon  (Swedish biographical dictionary) 1906
 Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare, Signum, Lund, 1990 1990 (Swedish)
 Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 ['Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from Gustav III to our days. First book 1772–1842'] (Swedish)
 "Kungliga teaterns repertoar 1773-1973" (The repertoire of the royal theatre) 1974
 Nils Bohman: "Svenska män och kvinnor. Book 2" (Swedish men and women. Dictionary)

 Minne af Kongl. Dramatiska Teatern med en Repertoire (To the memory of the royal dramatic theatre with a repertoire)

Further reading

1784 births
1853 deaths
Swedish operatic sopranos
19th-century Swedish women opera singers

masks:
Marie Jeanette Wäius
Jeanette Wässelius
Jeanette
Wässelius
Jeanette
Wässelius
Jeanette
Wässelius
Jeanette
Wässelius
Jeanette


title: Jeremy Hardy

texts:
<mask> (17 July 19611 February 2019) was an English comedian. Born and raised in Hampshire, <mask> studied at the University of Southampton and began his stand-up career in the 1980s, going on to win the Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1988. He is best known for his appearances on radio panel shows such as the News Quiz and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Early life
<mask> was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, the fifth and youngest child of rocket scientist Donald D<mask> (1925–2016) and Sheila Stagg (1924–2012). He attended Farnham College and studied modern history and politics at the University of Southampton. He subsequently failed to obtain a place on a journalism course, and considered becoming an actor or poet. Career
<mask> started scriptwriting before turning to stand-up comedy in London in the early 1980s, funded in part by the Enterprise Allowance Scheme.He won the Perrier Comedy Award in 1988 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. He made his television debut in the late 1980s, featuring regularly as <mask> the boom operator in the Rory Bremner-led comedy show Now – Something Else on BBC Two, along with guest appearances on programmes including the BBC One talk show Wogan. He went on to feature in various comedy shows including Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), and presented a television documentary about the political background to the English Civil War as well as an edition of Top of the Pops in 1996. He was one of the two team captains on the BBC Two game show If I Ruled the World that ran for two series in 1998–1999. Kit Hollerbach featured alongside him in the BBC radio sitcoms Unnatural Acts and At Home with the Hardys. <mask> worked extensively on BBC Radio 4, particularly on The News Quiz, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue and his long-running series of monologues <mask> Speaks to the Nation. His excruciatingly off-key singing was a long-running joke on the radio panel show I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue — on which he appeared regularly — as well as the spin-off radio series You'll Have Had Your Tea: The Doings of Hamish and Dougal.He appeared in the Radio 4 sitcom Linda Smith's A Brief History of Timewasting, and he also appeared as a panellist on the first and second series of QI. His experiences in Palestine during the Israeli army incursions of 2002 became the subject of a feature documentary <mask> vs. the Israeli Army (2003), directed by Leila Sansour. A four-episode series entitled <mask> Feels It was broadcast on Radio 4 in December 2017 to January 2018. <mask> wrote a regular column for The Guardian until 2001. He then wrote a column in the London Evening Standards magazine. His first book, When Did You Last See Your Father, was published by Methuen in 1992. My Family and Other Strangers, based on his research into his family history, was published by Ebury Press on 4 March 2010.An anthology of <mask>'s writing, <mask> Speaks Volumes, was published in February 2020. It was edited by his wife Katie Barlow and his long-time radio producer David Tyler. Political views
<mask> was a committed socialist, and a supporter of the Labour Party. He performed at Labour Party rallies and Labour leader <mask> considered him a "dear, lifelong friend". His comedy embodied his radical politics, including outspoken opposition to former Labour leader Tony Blair – he was conflicted during the Blair and Gordon Brown leadership period, quoted as saying "To me, voting Labour is like wiping your bottom: I can't say I like doing it but you've got to – because you're in a worse mess if you don't." <mask> was banned from voting in Labour internal elections in 2015 because he had also raised funds for the Green Party. He strongly supported Corbyn in the leadership election of 2015.He was also an outspoken opponent of the Trident programme. <mask> supported Irish nationalist Róisín McAliskey, the then-pregnant daughter of Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, when the former was accused of involvement in an IRA mortar attack in Germany, and put up part of the bail money to free her. He also supported the campaign to free Danny McNamee, who remained unconvicted (but later found liable for) his involvement in the Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) Hyde Park bombing on 20 July 1982. In an edition of <mask> Speaks to the Nation on BBC Radio 4 "How to be Afraid", broadcast in September 2004, <mask> said during one of his comedy routines that "if you just took everyone in the BNP and everyone who votes for them and shot them in the back of the head, there would be a brighter future for us all." This sparked complaints and caused Burnley Borough Council to cancel a show in the town over fears that it could be "disruptive" in an area with a recent history of racial tension. In September 2016 <mask> performed at the Keep Corbyn rally in Brighton in support of <mask>'s campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. On <mask>'s death, Corbyn said "He always gave his all for everyone else and the campaigns for social justice."Personal life
In 1986 <mask> married the actress and comedian Kit Hollerbach and in 1990 they adopted a daughter, <mask>. He later married the photographer and filmmaker Katie Barlow. <mask> was a close friend of the comedian Linda Smith; when she died of ovarian cancer on 27 February 2006 he publicly eulogised her in many media outlets and wrote her obituary in The Guardian. <mask> died of cancer on 1 February 2019, at the age of 57. Julia McKenzie, the head of Radio team at BBC Studios, said of <mask> "I will remember him as someone who could convulse an audience with laughter at a comic image whilst at the same time making a point of substance that reverberated on a much deeper level and spoke to his principles and unflinching concern for the less fortunate." Miles Jupp, then-host of The News Quiz and a longtime friend, wrote his obituary in The Guardian. Appearances

Television

Helping Henry (1988) – the voice of Henry
Blackadder Goes Forth (1989) ("Corporal Punishment") – Corporal Perkins
Jack and <mask>'s Real Lives (1996) (with Jack Dee)
If I Ruled the World (1998)
QI (2003)
Grumpy Old Men (2004)
Mock the Week (2005)
Countdown (2007) (Dictionary Corner)
The Voice (2008)

Radio

The News Quiz
I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue
Just a Minute
<mask> Speaks to the Nation
Unnatural Acts
At Home with the Hardys
You'll Have Had Your Tea: The Doings of Hamish and Dougal
Chain Reaction
Comic to Comic
The Unbelievable Truth
 <mask> Feels It (2018)

Film

Hotel (2001)
<mask> vs. the Israeli Army (2003)
How to Be (2008)

References

External links

1961 births
2019 deaths
Comedians from Hampshire
English male comedians
English socialists
People from Aldershot
Alumni of the University of Southampton
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians
Deaths from cancer in England

masks:
Jeremy James Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
. Hardy
Hardy
Jeremy
Hardy
Jeremy Hardy
Jeremy Hardy
Jeremy Hardy
Hardy
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Jeremy Hardy
Hardy
Jeremy Corbyn
Hardy
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Jeremy Hardy
Hardy
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Jeremy Corbyn
Hardy
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Elizabeth Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
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Jeremy
Jeremy Hardy
Jeremy Hardy
Jeremy Hardy


title: Robin Vos

texts:
<mask><mask> (born July 5, 1968) is an American Republican politician and the 79th speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, serving in that role since 2013. He has been a member of the Assembly since 2005, representing most of the southern half of Racine County. <mask> is also president of National Conference of State Legislatures. <mask> came to prominence for his role in shepherding legislation to weaken bargaining rights and labor unions in Wisconsin while Scott Walker was governor, which culminated in the 2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election. During the governorship of Tony Evers, a Democrat, <mask> has sought to curb the governor's powers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> blocked Evers's efforts to increase the safety and accessibility of elections, sought to hinder public health measures to mitigate the pandemic, such as mask mandates, and opposed vaccine requirements by private businesses. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1968, in Burlington, Wisconsin, in Racine County.He graduated from Burlington High School in 1986. <mask> attended the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, where he studied political science and public relations. While at Whitewater, he roomed with Reince Priebus, who later became chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin, chairman of the Republican National Committee, and White House chief of staff. In 1989, Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson appointed <mask> as a student representative on the University of Wisconsin board of regents. <mask> graduated in 1991.

Business career and early political career
After graduation, <mask> worked as a legislative assistant to state representatives Jim Ladwig and Bonnie Ladwig. In 1994, <mask> was elected to the Racine county board of supervisors. He remained on the board for the next 10 years.Also in 1994, <mask> worked as district director for U.S. representative Mark Neumann of Wisconsin. In 1996 <mask> purchased the RoJos Popcorn Company in Burlington. In 2020, his popcorn business, Robin J. Vos Enterprises, received more than $150,000 in coronavirus relief from the Paycheck Protection Program. Vos has an ownership stake of $4.8 million in rental properties in Whitewater, Wisconsin. In 2021, <mask> led Republican efforts in the Wisconsin legislature to redirect COVID-19 relief payments so that they would go directly to landlords, such as <mask>, rather than renters. Wisconsin state legislature
In 2004, <mask> ran for the Wisconsin state assembly to succeed Ladwig in the 63rd district. He was unopposed in the 2004 primary and general elections.After Republicans won full control of state government in Wisconsin in 2010, <mask> rose to prominence pushing the controversial budget restructuring act alongside governor Scott Walker. The law curtailed collective bargaining rights and public education funding in Wisconsin, and led to massive protests around the state, culminating in the 2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election. In 2013, <mask> was elected speaker of the Wisconsin assembly. Between 2014 and 2018 he received about $57,000 in travel and perks from lobbyists and organizations. He said he was certain he had followed ethics rules with his travel. <mask> supports deregulating the payday loan industry. He opposes Medicaid expansion and spearheaded Republican efforts to block Medicaid expansion in Wisconsin.<mask> argued against Medicaid, saying "Trapping people in the life of poverty is not something that there's ever the right amount of money to do." In 2016 <mask> endorsed Marco Rubio for the Republican nomination for president. After Rubio dropped out of the race, Vos endorsed Ted Cruz. In August 2016, <mask> wrote in a column on a conservative website that he was "embarrassed" that Donald Trump was "leading our ticket" as the presumptive Republican nominee; the next month, <mask> said that he was "proud" to support Trump's candidacy due to his belief that Trump would energize Republican voters. In February 2019 Vos defended Brian Hagedorn, a judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals running for a seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court, amid reports that Hagedorn had founded a school in 2016 that allowed for the expulsion of students and faculty if they were gay. <mask> said he believed Hagedorn could rule fairly on LGBT issues. In July 2019 <mask> was widely criticized for refusing to prohibit overnight floor sessions or allow Democratic lawmaker Jimmy Anderson, who is paralyzed and uses a wheelchair, to phone into committee meetings.He later accused Anderson of political grandstanding and attempting to sabotage him as <mask> took on his new national role as head of the National Conference of State Legislatures. In November 2020, <mask> was reelected by 16 percentage points. In November 2020, days after the unofficial count of the 2020 presidential election showed Joe Biden winning Wisconsin by 20,000 votes, <mask> directed an investigatory committee to review how the election was administered. This came as Trump made false claims of election fraud. <mask> also made misleading claims about the election process. In May 2021, <mask> appropriated $680,000 in taxpayer money to fund an investigation into fraud in the 2020 election; there was no evidence of substantial fraud in the election and all lawsuits that claimed fraud were dismissed by courts. When asked whether it was a conspiracy theory that the 2020 election was stolen, <mask> said it was not.In February 2021, <mask> sent a letter to the governor asking him to order that flags on state buildings be lowered in honor of right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh, who had recently died. Lauded by conservatives, Limbaugh was a divisive figure criticized for his derogatory comments about women, racial minorities and LGBT people, as well as on-air promotion of conspiracy theories and falsehoods. <mask> praised Limbaugh as "a pioneer in talk radio, a best-selling author and a commentator who inspired generations to become active in politics." In October 2021, <mask> defended a heavily pro-Republican gerrymandered redistricting map for Wisconsin. Curbing the powers of the Evers administration
<mask> has been described as having a significant role in countering Governor Tony Evers. After Evers, the Democratic nominee, won the 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, defeating incumbent governor Scott Walker, <mask> was the first public official to propose curbing the incoming governor's powers. He claimed it was to restore a balance of power between the governor and the legislature, despite having previously voted to expand gubernatorial power.<mask> also said the changes were intended to lock in laws passed by Republicans and to prevent the incoming Democratic administration from fulfilling its campaign pledges, particularly a pledge to withdraw Wisconsin from a lawsuit seeking to overturn the federal Affordable Care Act. The Republican-led legislature was called into a December lame duck session and passed laws decreasing the powers of the incoming governor, limiting early voting, and giving the legislature more control. Walker then signed the bills. Christopher Beem of the McCourtney Institute of Democracy at Pennsylvania State University described Wisconsin Republicans' power grab as a "deeply undemocratic act" that, while possibly legal, eroded democratic norms by frustrating the expressed will of a majority of the electorate, immediately after an election, to make it "more difficult for the incoming administration to undertake actions that the majority has just shown that it wants." In June 2019, the Wisconsin Supreme Court rejected a challenge brought by the League of Women Voters and other groups to the laws enacted in the December 2018 lame-duck session, ruling in a 4–3 decision that extraordinary sessions are constitutional. In 2021, Politico wrote that <mask> was effectively a shadow governor of Wisconsin as he and the Republican majority in the state senate had used their powers "to block, thwart or resist almost every significant move made by Democratic Gov. Tony Evers."COVID-19 pandemic

In April 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic, <mask> opposed calls by Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers, a Democrat, to delay the state's primary election from early April to late May, to make it a mail-in election, and to mail ballots to all registered voters. The legislature adjourned without taking action on any of those proposals. When the governor then issued a last-minute emergency order to suspend in-person voting, <mask> and the state senate majority leader appealed the order to the state supreme court, which overturned it, and the election was held as scheduled. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, it was estimated that many voters would be effectively disenfranchised, and in-person voting was also considered a public health risk. According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "<mask> had no answer to how local election officials are supposed to keep people safe as a massive shortage of poll workers has resulted in the closure or reduction of polling locations, forcing more people to vote at a single site." <mask> said, "If you are bored at home and sick of watching Netflix, volunteer to go and help at the polls." On election day, <mask> served as an election inspector.While dressed in full-body personal protective equipment, he said it was "incredibly safe" to vote at the polls. <mask> later clarified that the city he was volunteering for required that he wear the protective equipment. Because the Republican-controlled Wisconsin Legislature did not timely waive a requirement that unemployed Wisconsinites wait a week before they can be reimbursed unemployment benefits, Wisconsin lost $25 million in federal funding from the CARES Act. <mask> and Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald had been warned that this would happen if the waiver was not passed in time. In October 2020, during the pandemic, <mask> and Fitzgerald filed a brief in support of a lawsuit by the right-wing law firm Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty that sought to block a statewide mandate, issued by Governor Evers, requiring the wearing of face masks in indoor public places to prevent the spread of the virus. Evers issued the mandate at a time when cases and hospitalizations in Wisconsin were surging, straining the state's hospital systems. The legislature could have convened a session to terminate the health emergency declaration and strike down Evers's mandate, but Wisconsin Republicans opted to go to court instead, so as to prevent vulnerable Republican legislators from having to vote against face mask mandates just before an election.A state judge rejected the attempt to strike down Evers's order, finding that state law "gives the governor broad discretion to act whenever conditions in the state constitute a public health emergency" and considering the fact that "The legislature can end the state of emergency at any time, but so far, it has declined to do so." In March 2021, after Congress passed a $1.9 trillion COVID-relief stimulus package, <mask> suggested that Wisconsin should reject the federal government's assistance to provide the unemployed with unemployment benefits for their first week of unemployment. In November 2021, <mask> said that members of the bipartisan Wisconsin Elections Commission (WEC) should "probably" face felony charges for easing some of the regulations around voting in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> opposes vaccine requirements for private businesses' employees and customers. In December 2021, he criticized vaccine requirements for health care workers, blaming the requirements for bed shortages at hospitals. Memberships
<mask> is second vice-chair of the board of directors of the State Legislative Leaders Foundation. A member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), <mask> is the group's former Wisconsin state chair.Electoral history

Wisconsin Assembly (2004–present)

References

External links
Representative <mask> - Speaker at Wisconsin Legislature
 National Conference of State Legislatures website
 Vos for Assembly (Campaign site)

 RoJo's Popcorn (Family business)

|-

1968 births
21st-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Living people
United States congressional aides
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from Burlington, Wisconsin
Speakers of the Wisconsin State Assembly
University of Wisconsin–Whitewater alumni
Wisconsin Republicans

masks:
Robin J
. Vos
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Robin Vos


title: Sanford Wallace

texts:
<mask> 'Spamford' <mask>  (born c. 1968) is an internet spammer. He initially started sending junk faxes before coming to notoriety in 1997, promoting himself as the original "Spam King". <mask>'s prolific spamming has resulted in encounters with the United States government, anti-spam activists, and large corporations such as Facebook and MySpace. Early career
In the late 1990s, his company, Cyber Promotions, aka Cyberpromo, was widely blacklisted as a source of unsolicited email. <mask>'s high-profile pro-spam stance and unrepentant persistence earned him the derisive nickname 'Spamford'. Prior to his email spam ventures, <mask> had gained notoriety in other questionable marketing circles, as a heavy utilizer of junk fax marketing, a practice outlawed in the United States since 1991. In 1995, <mask> formed Cyber Promotions, entering the spam market.Thanks to a self-marketing campaign, Cyberpromo rapidly became the most successful seller of email marketing—as well as the number one source of unsolicited email. In 1996 he was sued by Concentric Network, an ISP, and entered into a consent decree not to use their network again. After Cyberpromo failed to become a legitimate business, <mask> returned to junk faxing in late 1997. <mask>'s company brought a number of spam-blocking evasion tactics to the fore of the spam battle. False return addresses, relaying, and multihoming were among the questionable practices used by Cyberpromo to ensure the penetration of their advertising. Retirement and reemergence
In April 1998, <mask> publicly announced that he was quitting the spam business. Cyberpromo was converted to what he claimed was an "opt-in" email marketing company and renamed GTMI.The revised company was plagued by major financial problems, as well as the spectre of its former self, with large numbers of people unconvinced of <mask>'s change of heart. <mask> pulled out of the new venture quickly. GTMI's problematic origin led to its rapid demise. After <mask>'s internet connection was disconnected for spamming in 1999, he filed a lawsuit against anti-spam activist Mark Welch, but abandoned the suit a month later. , <mask> was working as a DJ in New Hampshire, making weekly appearances at area nightclubs. <mask> performed under the name DJ MasterWeb. He was also the owner of a night club in New Hampshire called Plum Crazy, which filed for bankruptcy in 2004.It appears that <mask> did not leave the Internet marketing business entirely. In 2001 he was linked to a website, passthison.com, which utilized multiple-window launching to snag Web viewers, an advertising practice rarely seen outside of the online pornography industry. <mask> was also involved in another opt-in project, SmartBotPRO.NET, which is now apparently also defunct. On October 8, 2004, the Federal Trade Commission filed suit against <mask> and his company, SmartBOT, for infecting computers with spyware then offering a solution to remove the problem for $30. In January 2005, it was announced that <mask> had agreed to stop distributing the software until the charges with the FTC are settled. Subsequently, a default judgment was issued against <mask> forbidding him and associates from distributing spyware or any other software without consumer's consent. In March 2006, the FTC filed a suit again against <mask> and SmartBOT for practices similar to the 2004 suit.This time <mask> and his co-defendants were ordered to pay $5,089,550.48 in fines. In 2007, MySpace filed suit against <mask> for phishing and spamming. <mask> had used automated software not allowed by MySpace to create 11,000 fake profiles, in order to direct MySpace users to other websites. In July 2007, US District Judge Audrey B. Collins issued an order prohibiting <mask> from creating or maintaining MySpace profiles, and from using MySpace to post public comments, or send private messages. In April 2008, the California Central District Court issued a default judgment against <mask> in MySpace's lawsuit, after <mask> failed to turn over documents or appear in court. On January 26, 2008, The Register reported that the FTC has asked the Judge overseeing the 2006 settlement to find <mask> and partner Walter Rines in civil contempt of court for their use of malware and social engineering on MySpace to promote porn and gambling sites. In May 2008 <mask> and Rines were ordered to pay $230 million to MySpace by the L.A. District Court when they failed to appear for trial.Facebook sued <mask> in California District Court for posting spam messages on members' walls. <mask> has already been fined $4 million for installing ad-related spyware on peoples' computers, and was fined $230 million for his activities on MySpace, according to MediaPost. <mask> filed for bankruptcy in June 2009. On October 29, 2009, federal judge Jeremy D. Fogel awarded Facebook $711 million in damages. Although Facebook believed it was unlikely to collect due to <mask>'s bankruptcy, the presiding judge in the case also recommended criminal contempt charges against <mask>, which carry the possibility of incarceration. On August 4, 2011, <mask> was indicted by a federal grand jury in San Jose, California, on various counts of electronic mail fraud, intentional damage to a protected computer, and criminal contempt. The indictment followed a two-year investigation by the FBI into his alleged infiltration of Facebook accounts in order to spam its users.<mask> denied the charges and was released on $100,000 bail. In August 2015, <mask> pleaded guilty to electronic mail fraud and criminal contempt of court as well as admitting to mass spamming in 2008 and 2009. He also pleaded guilty to violating a court order to not access Facebook's computer network. Conviction
In June 2016, <mask> was sentenced to thirty months in prison and ordered to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in restitution for bombarding Facebook users. U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila also sentenced <mask> to mental health treatment and five years of probation once he is released. Judge Davila barred <mask> of possessing or using any computer without the permission of the probation order. He pleaded guilty to one count of fraud and related activity in connection with electronic mail and one count of criminal contempt of court.<mask> served his sentence in Colorado, where he was assigned Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate number 16075-111. He was released from prison on May 21, 2018, after serving 21 months. See also
Oleg Nikolaenko
Leo Kuvayev

References

External links
 Mike Hammer and Brian Shapiro interview with <mask> September 7, 2016

News articles
 <mask> mini-bio and interviews from archive.org, originally at AnnOnline
 CNET: Return of the Spam King November 20, 1997
 CNET: Spam site killed under threats January 19, 1998
 Wired: <mask>: Back to the Fax? January 23, 1998
 FTC files case against spyware companies October 7, 2004
 U.S. files first suit against Internet 'spy ware' October 8, 2004
 Notorious Net marketer to halt spyware ads January 4, 2005
 FTC Orders Former Spam King To Pay $4 Million For Spyware Scam May 4, 2006
 MySpace files phishing and spam suit against <mask> March 27, 2007
 Spamford Wallace's MySpace riches come under attack January 26, 2008
 MySpace Wins Record $230m in Case Against 'Spam King' May 14, 2008

Court cases
 Concentric Network Corporation v Cyber Promotions
 Cyber Promotions v AOL
 Cyber Promotions v CompuServe
 Cyber Promotions v Earthlink Wallace case archives
 <mask> v. Welch (1999)
 Spamford Wallace banished from MySpace

1968 births
21st-century American criminals
American computer criminals
American people convicted of fraud
Email spammers
Living people

masks:
Sanford
Wallace
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Wallace


title: Frederick C. Finkle

texts:
<mask><mask> (May 3, 1865 - April 7, 1949)  was an American consulting engineer and geologist. He was Chief Engineer or Consulting Engineer on eighteen major dams to impound water for domestic use, power and irrigation in California and other Western States. Background
<mask><mask> was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin. He was the son of Thurston (born Torstein Finkelsen) and Sophie Amalie (born Michelet) <mask>. His father and grandparents emigrated to the U.S. in 1850 from Vestre Slidre in the Oppland, Norway. His mother's family also emigrated in 1850 from Lillehammer, Norway. His mother’s family had emigrated from Metz, France to Norway in the 17th century.<mask> <mask> (baptized as <mask> <mask>) was educated at the district grammar schools and high school of Westby, and Viroqua, Wisconsin. He  graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1887, where he majored in hydraulics and geology. He could speak, write and read eight languages including English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. He also had a thorough knowledge of classical Latin and Greek. Career

Early years
He began his career  in California as a hydraulic engineer and geologist in January, 1887. Between 1887 and 1914, He served as:
Chief Engineer of North Riverside Land & Water Co., 1887 to 1890, in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, Calif.
City Engineer of San Bernardino, Calif., 1890 to 1892
Chief Engineer of water resources and sanitation for California State Public Institutions, 1894 to 1895
Chief Engineer of Redlands Electric Light & Power Co., 1895 to 1896
Chief Engineer of Southern California Power Co., and California Power Co., 1896 to 1901
Chief Hydraulic Engineer and Geologist for Southern California Edison Co., Ltd., 1901 to 1908
Consulting Engineer and Geologist for Southern California Edison Co., Ltd., 1908 to 1914, during which years he was also Consulting Engineer and Geologist for The Central Colorado Power Co., and Denver Union Water Co. of Denver, Colorado; Mount Hood Railway and Power Co. of Portland, Oregon; Arrowhead Lake Co. of San Bernardino, California. Private practice
Starting in 1914 he was in private practice as a consulting engineer and geologist, during which time he served as consulting engineer for many cities, among them, Denver Union Water Co., before the City of Denver acquired its properties; and consulting engineer for the cities of San Bernardino, San Diego, Glendale, Burbank, Beverly Hills, Ontario and others in the State of California.He had charge of flood protection works on the Colorado River, after the great flood and overflow in 1922. He was consulting engineer for the Imperial Valley Irrigation Project for three years. He was considered an expert in hydraulic engineering and historical and structural geology, and one of the highest authorities on the market value of water rights for power and irrigation in the Western States. He  held the world’s record for expert testimony on hydraulics and geology, having testified for 121 days in court during 1927-28 in the trial of the water rights case of Rancho Santa Margarita vs. Vail Co., et al., in San Diego County, California. He reported on the defects in design and construction of the St. Francis Dam for Los Angeles, and predicted its failure four years before it failed with property loss of $20,000,000 and loss of 631 lives. He also reported on the defects of Mulholland Dam in Hollywood, which was reconstructed to make it safe by strengthening the down slope, and lowering the spillway. During his long professional career, he reported against political schemes which were not for public benefit.This resulted in attacks upon him by politicians, against all of which he successfully defended and completely vindicated himself. In 1927-28, when the "Forks Dam" project was proposed on San Gabriel River by Los Angeles County, but condemned by him as impracticable, which was later demonstrated as so after wasting $5,000,000 on the project, he was employed as expert in a suit whereby most of the money was recovered for the taxpayers, and was presented with an engraved resolution of commendation by the Harbor District Chambers of Commerce. Politicians in Orange County, California, published a libelous attack on him when he reported against the location they proposed for the Prado Dam on Santa Ana River. He brought suit against the signer of the libelous letter, in which suit, case No. 26483 in Orange County. He was vindicated by securing judgment for both actual and exemplary damages with costs. This happened in 1929-30.Later, the U. S. Army Engineers sustained him by rejecting the location he had condemned and constructing the Prado Dam where he had suggested. During 1941, he gave a 49-day deposition in ease No. 764-RJ-Civil, in the U. S. District Court, Southern District of California, Central Division, as an expert on the values of water rights sold by the Nevada—California Electric Corp. to the City of Los Angeles, which involved capital gains tax on profit from the sale. Because his testimony showed that the government appraiser was not qualified and his figures were erroneous, this agent secured a secret indictment from the Grand Jury charging perjury. This indictment was nullified by the 1942 Federal Grand Jury upon his appearance before it, and the U. S. Attorney General directed the dismissal of the whole matter in 1942. He contributed articles to some of the "Water Supply and Irrigation Papers" published by the United States Geological Survey, and to the National Irrigation Congress, Engineering Magazine and Engineering News-Record. He was a vigorous and vocal opponent of Prohibition who wrote to President Hoover urging him to support modifying the restrictive liquor laws that he believed were adversely affecting the vitality and economic life of the nation.Civic affiliations
President of the Southwest Chamber of Commerce, later Southside Chamber of Commerce  (1924 to 1925)
Member of the  Los Angeles Rapid Transit  Commission  1925 to 1926)
Vice President of the  Harbor District Chambers of Commerce  (1928 to 1931) and its President during the year 1941
Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,  American Association of Engineers, American Water Works Association, and a life member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

Personal life
He was married in 1889 to Louisa Thoma Beckstead. He had two children by this marriage, William and Roy. Later he married Priscilla Ann Jones in 1901. There was one child from this union, <mask>, Jr. In 1924, he married <mask> Billette. They adopted a daughter Yvette <mask>. At the time of his death, he resided in Beverly Hills, California and was survived by his wife Henrietta.References

Other sources
 Biographical Encyclopedia of the World (1948), pages 135-6
 Who's Who in America (1948–49), page 797

Related reading
 Mulholland,  <mask> Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles (University of California Press, 2002)

1865 births
1949 deaths
American geologists
People from Viroqua, Wisconsin
People from Beverly Hills, California
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Engineers from Wisconsin
American people of Norwegian descent
Engineers from California

masks:
Frederick C
. Finkle
Frederick C
. Finkle
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Frederick Cecil
Finkle
Frederick Christian
Finkle
Frederick
Henrietta Catherine
Catherine
Catherine William


title: Madhaviah Krishnan

texts:
<mask> (30 June 1912 – 18 February 1996), better known as M<mask>, was a pioneering Indian wildlife photographer, writer and naturalist. Early life

M<mask> was born in Tirunelveli on 30 June 1912 and was the youngest of eight siblings. His father was a Tamil writer and reformer A<mask> who worked with the Salt and Abkari Department of the Government of Madras. His father's writings included one of the first realistic Tamil novels, Padmavathi Charithram published in 1898 and an English novel Thillai Govindan published in 1916. His father voluntarily retired from Government service and started a press from which he published a Tamil magazine called Panchamritam. When his father died in 1925, he was taken care of by his eldest sister, Lakshmi. Krishnan studied in the Hindu High School and developed an interest in literature, art and nature.His family lived in Mylapore, and in those days it was covered in shrub and teemed with bird life, jackals and blackbucks. Krishnan even had a pet mongoose. In 1927 Krishnan joined the Presidency College and graduated with a BA in 1931. He also took a keen interest in botany, taught by Professor P. F. Fyson. He accompanied Fyson on field trips to the Nilgiris and the Kodaikanal hills and also acquired watercolour painting techniques from Professor Fyson's wife. Krishnan did not do well in his education and jobs were not easy. One of his older brother's who was married to the daughter of Sir T. Vijayaraghavacharya of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, took Krishnan to his father-in-law for advice.Krishnan was told that unless he managed to do well in studies, he could not be helped. Writing
For a while he made a living by writing to small magazines and publishing some of his drawings and caricatures. He initially wrote in several Tamil magazines. In 1942, he was offered employment by the Maharaja of Sandur near Bellary in Karnataka. Krishnan took up this position and the works he undertook included being a schoolteacher, judge, publicity officer and a political secretary to the Maharaja. He spent a lot of his time wandering in the wilderness, observing nature, tried grazing sheep, breeding pigeons to work in a pigeon postal system and writing. His essays on wildlife photography were published in The Illustrated Weekly of India in a series entitled Wildlife Photographers Diary.He also wrote in The Hindu by the pen-name of Z. In the Sunday Statesman he wrote under his own name. In 1949, Sandur was unified in the Indian republic. From 1950 he wrote a bi-weekly column in The Statesman of Calcutta called 'Country Notebook'. In this column he wrote about various aspects of natural history. This column continued for 46 years, from 1950 to 18 February 1996, the day he died. Natural history
Krishnan was an ecological patriot in that he opposed the introduction of exotic trees.He was once asked to speak at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore and in late February, the Tabebuia trees were ablaze in flowers. Asked about his opinion on the flowers, he declared it as 'Disgraceful' and suggested that ... you should uproot all those foreign trees, and plant some of our own. Krishnan was responsible for the declaration of Vedanthangal as a bird sanctuary. He was aware that he was different from most conservationists of his time – who were either European or were from the Indian aristocracy of Muslims and Rajputs often former hunters – in being a vegetarian. It has been noted that in 1972, Krishnan foresaw the possibility that elephants could communicate using sounds that were inaudible to the human ear. This infrasound communication was confirmed by later studies by Katherine Payne. Photography
Along with his whimsical prose, poetry and drawing he used photography as another tool for expression.He worked only with black and white film. His equipment was, according to naturalist E. P. Gee, 'a large, composite affair, with the body of one make and a tele lens of another, and other parts and accessories all ingeniously mounted together by himself. I cannot swear that I saw proverbial bootlace used to fix them all together, but I am sure there must have been some wire and hoop somewhere!' He called his equipment the Super Ponderosa. Krishnan was a not a big fan of technological advances and was unimpressed by the display of India's first jet aircraft. He declared them as mechanical, chemical and inhuman and was impressed more by the living muscular speed of animals... and if you want to see something sustained in its effortless, rhythmic impetuosity, you should watch a herd of blackbuck going all out for a few miles-there is tangible, real speed for you. Philosophy
Krishnan was unhappy with the Indian system of school education.In a 1947 essay, Krishnan wrote,

In 1967 he asked several university graduates to name two red-flowered tree or an exclusively Indian animal. Nobody passed his test and he wrote

Writing about the Indian consciousness of nature he wrote

He refused a paid invitation from Air India for a trip to London for eminent Indians. He refused on another occasion an invitation from the Smithsonian Institution. He was a fierce individualist and a recluse. Author Ramachandra Guha called him a self-reliant, Thoreauvian individualist who would not allow a mere government to pay for him. He however accepted the Padma Shri from the Indian Government in 1970. In some of his writings he was critical and opinionated and was not well known for his diplomacy.He would refuse to let editors change his texts and that was his condition when asked to contribute a column. He fiercely argued that the usage Himalaya was correct and that a redundant 's' at its end did not respect its Sanskrit origin. Honours

<mask> was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government in 1960 for his work. and the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1968. His birth centenary in 2012, was commemorated by the Madras Naturalists' Society, Prakriti Foundation and the IIT Wildlife Club. The Madras Naturalists' Society which featured most of Krishnan's writings in their journal Blackbuck in the 1990s gives away the "M<mask> Memorial Nature Writing Award" annually. Notes

References
 Baskaran, S. T.(ed.) (2002) Mazhiakalamum Kuyilosaiyum. Ma. KrishnanIyarkaiyiyal katturaikal. Kalachuvadu Pathipagam. Pages 208. A collection of his Tamil writings including his line drawings.Ramachandra Guha (ed). 2000. Nature's Spokesman : M. Krishnan and Indian wildlife. Delhi, Oxford University Press. .
 Chandola, Ashish, Shanthi Chandola, T.N.A. Perumal (compilers) (2006) Eye in the Jungle/M. Krishnan. Hyderabad, Universities Press. .External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060505102642/http://ncf-india.org/pubs/Madhusudan%202001.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061201232624/http://in.news.yahoo.com/060505/48/641nx.html

Indian wildlife photographers
1912 births
1996 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
20th-century Indian photographers
People from Tirunelveli district
Photographers from Tamil Nadu

masks:
Madhaviah Krishnan
. Krishnan
. Krishnan
. Madhaviah
Krishnan
. Krishnan


title: Nicholas Bayard

texts:
<mask> (c. 1644–1707 or 1709) was a government official and slave trader in colonial New York. Bayard served as the mayor of New York City from 1685 to 1686. He is historically most notable for being Peter Stuyvesant's nephew and for being a prominent member of the <mask> family, which remained prominent in New York City history into the 20th century. Early life
<mask> was born in Alphen, Holland, the son of a Huguenot refugee to <mask> (c. 1615–c. 1647) and Ann Stuyvesant (1613–1683), the sister of Governor Petrus Stuyvesant. In May 1647, he accompanied his widowed mother to America. Three other children, Balthazar (who married Maria Lockerman in 1664), Petrus (who married Blandina Kierstede in 1674) and Catharine (who married William De Meyer), also arrived in New Amsterdam.His Aunt <mask> (c. 1615–1687), the sister of <mask>, married Director General Stuyvesant, and thus there was a double relationship between the families. Career
In 1664, Stuyvesant, whose patronage supported Bayard's career, appointed him clerk of the Common Council, and soon afterward became private secretary to Stuyvesant and received the additional appointment of surveyor of the province. After the re-conquest of New York by the Dutch in 1672, <mask> became secretary of the province. Under the second English regime, in 1685, when Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, was governor, Bayard was mayor of New York; prior to 1680, New York mayors served one-year terms but thereafter they served two-year terms, with few exceptions. <mask> was one of the exceptions and served only one year. As a member of the governor's council, <mask> drew up the Dongan Charter that was granted in 1686. In 1688, he received, at the head of the regiment of militia of which he was colonel, the restored but cordially detested Governor Edmund Andros.As one of the three resident members of the governor's council, and commander-in-chief of the militia of the province, he was the object of popular hatred during Leisler's Rebellion, and fled to Albany to escape assassination. Returning to attend an only son on his sickbed, he was arrested and briefly imprisoned. He was released upon the arrival of the new governor, Henry Sloughter, who put down the rebellion and sat on the Common Council. A Narrative of an Attempt made by the French of Canada upon the Mohaque's Country, by Colonel <mask> and his friend Lieut.-Colonel Charles Lodowick was published in London in 1693. <mask> was a slaveholder and owner of slave ships throughout much of his adult life. According to Alan J. Singer, he
was the mayor of New York City under the English from 1685 to 1686 and a nephew of Dutch colonial superintendent Peter Stuyvesant, the largest private slaveholder in the Dutch colony.Samuel was a member of the colonial assembly and related through marriage to the prominent slaveholding Van Cortlandt, Van Rensselaer, and Schuyler families. <mask> and then Samuel owned and operated sugar mills processing slave-produced commodities in the city. The Bayard’s owned stakes in at least eight slave-trading ships. There are Bayard Streets in lower Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island, and in the Westchester County towns of New Rochelle and Larchmont. Aside from his sizeable farm in the "Out Ward" of New York, Bayard received a license from the notoriously corrupt Governor Benjamin Fletcher in 1694 to buy 4,000 acres along the Schoharie Creek from the Indians, for some £100. When Fletcher chartered his staunch ally's purchase in 1695, the original 4,000 acres became a tract forty miles long and thirty miles broad on both sides of the Schoharie Creek, some 768,000 acres, the Manor of Kingsfield. The Indians were unhappy and repudiated the deal.They found an ally in Governor Bellomont, who replaced Fletcher in 1697 and revoked some of Fletcher's most outrageous land grants, including <mask>'s. Colonel <mask> did not relinquish his claim on these lands and went to London to clear his title before the Lords of Trade. Accused in 1702 of high treason before Chief Justice William Atwood, on the basis of a remonstrance signed by him and others, as libelous, he was sentenced to death; but after the death of the New York governor and the removal of Atwood on a corruption charge, the proceedings were annulled by an order in council, and he was reinstated in his property and honors. Personal life
On 23 May 1666, he married Judith Verlet or Varleth, daughter of Casper Varleth whose brother <mask>h was Ambassador to Virginia from New Amsterdam. Together, they were the parents of:

 <mask> (1669–1746), a member of the Colonial Assembly who married Margaretta Van Cortlandt (b. 1674), daughter of Stephen Van Cortlandt and his wife, Gertruj Schuyler, daughter of Philip Pieterse Schuyler, and established the Bayard family in colonial New York, on 12 March 1696. The Bayard Farm
Many historic buildings in SoHo and elsewhere in lower Manhattan stand on land formerly belonging to his Bayard Farm.This includes Sullivan Street. The old <mask> house, erected in 1751 by a later <mask>roix into a new site for his popular resort, known as "Vauxhall Gardens." The only other residences within sight in pre-Revolutionary days were the Robert De Lancey mansion, on the east side of the Bowery, and Peter Stuyvesant's seat to the north. Not far distant rose "Bayard's Mount", fortified as "Bunker's Hill" in the early stage of the American Revolution. Descendants
Through his son Samuel, he was the grandfather of <mask>, who married Elizabeth Rynders (b. 1673), granddaughter of Jacob Leisler, July 3, 1729, <mask>, who married Peter Kemble (1704-1789), a prominent New Jersey businessman and politician, and <mask>, who married Alida Vetch, and served as the 39th Mayor of New York City. He was the great-grandfather of <mask> (b.1736), who married Catharine Livingston (1743–1775), daughter of Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792) and Mary Alexander, on April 20, 1762, <mask>, who married Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (1738–1810), son of Johannes Van Rensselaer (1708–1793) and Engeltie "Angelica" Livingston (1698–1746/47) in 1760. References
Notes

1640s births
1700s deaths
American members of the Dutch Reformed Church
American slave owners
American slave traders
<mask>
Mayors of New York City
People from Alphen aan den Rijn
People of colonial New York
People of New Netherland
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Nicholas Bayard
Bayard
Bayard
Samuel Bayard
Judith Bayard
Samuel Bayard
Bayard
Bayard
Bayard
Bayard
Bayard
Nicholas
Bayard
Bayard
Nicholas Varlet
Samuel Bayard
Bayard
Nicholas Bayardac
Nicholas Bayard
Gertrude Bayard
Stephen Bayard
Nicholas Bayard
Judith Bayard
Nicholas


title: Yechezkel Landau

texts:
<mask>  (8 October 1713 – 29 April 1793) was an influential authority in halakha (Jewish law). He is best known for the work Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה), by which title he is also known. Biography
<mask> was born in Opatów, Poland, to a family that traced its lineage back to Rashi, and attended yeshiva at Ludmir and Brody. In Brody, he was appointed dayan (rabbinical judge) in 1734. In 1745 <mask> became rabbi of Yampol. While in Yampol, he attempted to mediate between Jacob Emden and Jonathan Eybeschütz in a debate—"The Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy"—that "had disrupted Jewish communal life for many years". Emden had accused Eybeschuetz of being a crypto Sabbatean, primarily based on amulets Eybeschuetz had written, which Emden believed contained Sabbatean kabbalah.<mask> proposed a compromise, in which all amulets allegedly written by Eybeschuetz would be hidden away, and Eybeschuetz would accept to refrain from producing any amulets in the future. Furthermore, all accusations against Eybeschuetz would stop, and no further polemics would be published. <mask>'s role in the Emden - Eybeschuetz controversy is described as "tactful" and brought him to the attention of the community of Prague—where, in 1755, he was appointed rabbi. He also established a yeshiva there; Avraham Danzig, author of Chayei Adam, is amongst his best known students. <mask> was highly esteemed not only by the community, but also by others; and he stood high in favor in government circles. Thus, in addition to his rabbinical tasks, he was able to intercede with the government on various occasions when anti-Semitic measures had been introduced. Though not opposed to secular knowledge, he objected to "that culture which came from Berlin", in particular Moses Mendelssohn's translation of the Pentateuch.His son, <mask> (1752 – 31 October 1834, Prague), was chief dayyan of Prague. <mask> was the champion of Orthodox Rabbinism, and when, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Austrian emperor planned the establishment of Jewish theological seminaries, <mask> was one of the rabbis that objected thereto. He had a controversy on this subject with Baruch Jeiteles (Phinehas Hananiah Argosi di Silva), who, under the title of Ha-Oreb, published (Vienna, 1795) <mask>'s letter to him and his own rejoinder. <mask> published his responsa under the title of Shibat Ẓiyyon (Prague, 1827). He edited his father's Ahabat Ẓiyyon and Doresh le-Ẓiyyon (ib. 1827), adding to the former work four homilies of his own, and to the latter a number of halakic discourses. [Jewish Encyclopedia]

Works
His main work of responsa, titled Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה, "Known in Judah", a reference to Psalms 76:2 and his father's name), is one of the principal sources of Jewish law of his age.Famous decisions include those limiting autopsy to prevent a clear and present danger in known others. This collection was esteemed by rabbis and scholars, both for its logic and for its independence with regard to the rulings of other Acharonim as well as its simultaneous adherence to the writings of the Rishonim. Other works
Dagul Mervavah on the Shulkhan Arukh (cf. Song of Solomon 5:10)
Tziyun le-Nefesh Chayah (abbreviated as Tzelach, named in reference to his mother, whose name was Chayah) on the Talmud. Drushei HaTzlach, a collection of sermons. Ahavas Tzion
Doresh LeTzion

Notable views

Returning to the Talmud
Landau was disturbed by the increasing influence of non-Talmudic sources on the Jewish community. He believed that many kabbalistic concepts were being understood in a heretical fashion, and was especially concerned with the prospect of the kabbalistic ideology of the Sabbatean movement infiltrating the populace.<mask> frequently spoke against teaching Kabbalah to the masses, and was echoed in this regard by his student, Elazar Fleckeles, who praised the government for instituting laws limiting the study of kabbalah. In his responsa, when asked about matters that had no source in the Talmud, <mask> would often respond, "it is not my way to study any issue which is not discussed in the Talmud". He responded in such a manner to inquiries about the ethical will of Rabbi Yehuda haChasid, which contains various instructions not found in the Talmud, a question about the proper manner of writing certain letters in the Torah scroll according to kabbalistic literature, and other similar questions. Opinion on the Zohar
In his sefer Derushei HaTzlach, <mask> argued that the Zohar can not be considered reliable, since it only came into the hands of the Jewish people many hundreds of years after Rashbi's death, and thus lacks an unbroken mesorah as to its authenticity, among other reasons. Clashes with the haskalah movement
<mask> condemned the haskalah movement in harsh terms. In numerous public sermons, he campaigned against the study of heretical philosophy. He particularly singled out Hartwig Wessely for criticism after the publication of the latter's Divrei Shalom V'emes, which advocated abandoning the traditional Jewish educational system, in favor of one with an emphasis on secular studies.Opposition to Chasiddus
<mask> was a staunch opponent of the nascent Hasidic movement. In one response, he writes "...In this generation of ours [people] have abandoned God’s Torah and the source of living waters–the two Talmuds, Bavli and Yerushalmi–to dig for themselves broken cisterns. And in the haughtiness of their hearts they exalt themselves; each one says "I am the one who sees, to me the gates to heaven have opened, and on my account the world is sustained". These [people] are the destroyers of the generation and of this orphaned generation I say that God's ways are just, and the righteous shall walk in them, and the Chasidim shall stumble in them [This is an alteration of Hoshea 14:14, in which the prophet says that sinners will stumble in them.]..." Opposition to the Sabbatean movement
According to Sid Z. Leiman and Maoz Kahana, although <mask> was extremely active in combating the Sabbatean movement, he believed the most effective means of eradicating it would be to aggressively counter overt Sabbateanism, while ignoring those Sabbateans who stayed hidden. Simultaneously, Landau sought to weaken the appeal of kabbalah (the study of which often lured people to the Sabbatean movement). Thus, <mask> aimed to deprive the Sabbateans of any platform, and cause the Sabbatean movement to wither on its own.Besides the specific debate over the status of Jonathan Eybeschuetz, Jacob Emden expressed strong disagreement with <mask>'s approach, advocating instead for a far more aggressive anti Sabbatean strategy.

masks:
Yechezkel ben Yehuda HaLevi Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Samuel Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau


title: Harold Taylor Wood Grant

texts:
Vice-Admiral <mask>,  (March 16, 1899 – May 8, 1965) was a Canadian naval officer and a post-war Chief of the Naval Staff. The son of Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, <mask>, <mask> entered the Royal Canadian Navy as a cadet in 1914. He spent most of the First World War in training until 1917, when he became a midshipman aboard a British Royal Navy ship. Considered an above average officer, he was earmarked for early promotion during the interwar period and by 1938, commanded the destroyer . During the Second World War, <mask> was sent to command the British cruisers  and  as training in preparation for the Canadian acquisition of the ship type later in the war. During his time in command of Enterprise, he took part in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay, earning his Distinguished Service Order, the invasion of Normandy and bombardment of Cherbourg where he was wounded. He then commanded the Canadian cruiser  until war's end.Following the war, <mask> served as a staff officer and deputy to the Chief of the Naval Staff, Howard E. Reid. <mask> succeeded Reid as Chief of the Naval Staff on September 1, 1947 and was made vice admiral. He commanded the Royal Canadian Navy through the early years of the Cold War and the Korean War, during which a series of personnel unrest, the restructuring of the navy, and the beginning of the anti-submarine warfare specialisation took place. <mask> retired from the navy on December 1, 1951. Early life
<mask> was born on March 16, 1899 in Halifax, Nova Scotia to Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia MacCallum <mask> and Laura MacNeill <mask>. He had one sister and five brothers, one of whom was John Moreau <mask>. He studied at the Royal Naval College of Canada at Halifax from 1914 to 1917.As a cadet, <mask> was often ill but considered of good character and graduated with a first-class certificate. Naval career

Early career
During the First World War, <mask> was sent to the British Royal Navy for further training and was a midshipman with  in February 1917. He then served aboard  and  in the Atlantic and North Sea. In 1919, <mask> was promoted to sub-lieutenant and posted aboard  that saw service in the Baltic Sea. He returned to Canada in 1923. That year he was posted to  based at Halifax and  based at Vancouver, British Columbia the following year. Beginning in 1927, <mask> served in several Royal Navy warships including the battleships  and .He returned to Canada again in 1934. Considered an above average officer by senior Canadian officers Leonard W. Murray and George C. Jones, <mask> was earmarked for early promotion and reached the rank of commander in 1935. <mask> chose navigation as his specialty and attended Royal Navy staff courses. Upon his return to Canada, he was appointed to . In 1932, he married Christian Mitchell of Halifax, from an old Haligonian family and a secretary to the deputy minister of Defence. He served as Director of Canadian Naval Plans and Director of Naval Reserves. It was during this period that the Chief of the Naval Staff, Percy W. Nelles rebuked <mask>, having thought his promotion had gone to his head and earned a reprimand for poor behaviour.In 1936, <mask> was sent back overseas to join the staff of the Royal Navy Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet and take further staff courses. In 1938, he returned to Canada and was appointed commanding officer of the destroyer . Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was a member of the command staff of the Atlantic Coast. Promoted to captain in 1940, he became Director of Naval Personnel. It was during this period that <mask> suggested that the expansion of the navy be halted to consolidate and train the existing personnel. He was overruled. <mask> was then sent east where he appointed Captain (D) in St. John's in command of the destroyers assigned to the Newfoundland Escort Force.Six months later he was made commanding officer of the Royal Navy cruiser  in March 1943. This was done by Nelles to give Canadian officers experience with larger ships as the Royal Canadian Navy was intending to acquire cruisers and aircraft carriers as the war continued. Six months later, he shifted his command to the cruiser . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for "gallantry and skill and good service in command of HMS Enterprise in an action with enemy destroyers". On December 28, 1943, in the Bay of Biscay, Enterprise and fellow light cruiser,  took on 11 German destroyers. The two ships sank three German ships, damaged several other German ships and chased the rest of the German ships into a French port. He was Mentioned in Despatches for his service during the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.During the invasion, Enterprise conducted shore bombardment in support of the invasion forces at Utah Beach. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal by the United States for his actions during the naval bombardment of Cherbourg on June 25, 1944, during which he was wounded in an exchange with shore batteries. After leaving Enterprise, <mask> returned to Royal Canadian Navy service and commissioned the cruiser  and deployed to the Pacific. However, the surrender of Japan ended the war before Ontario could arrive and instead <mask> and the cruiser helped re-establish British control over Hong Kong. <mask> was awarded the Companion of the Order of the British Empire in January 1946. Chief of the Naval Staff
<mask> was promoted rear admiral in February 1946 and was appointed Chief of Administration Services and Supply in Ottawa, Ontario. He served as deputy to Chief of the Naval Staff Howard E. Reid, but for the most part, influenced the policy of the time more than Reid.Following the end of the war, the Royal Canadian Navy was greatly reduced in size, with fewer ships and those ships in service only partially manned. <mask> had a tendency to promote regular force officers over those of reserve backgrounds. He also maintained that senior officers did not require formal staff training. <mask> was considered "blunt, arbitrary, a firm decision-maker and a sea-dog to the core." By the time of <mask>'s promotion to vice admiral, appointment as the Chief of the Naval Staff and successor to Reid on September 1, 1947, the Minister of National Defence, Brooke Claxton sought to focus the navy's efforts on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) defence. <mask> approved of Canada's new commitments to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). However, he disapproved of Claxton's interference in naval affairs and some of these, including the re-arrangement of ranks within Canada's armed forces was one of the factors that led to a series of personnel unrest in 1949.Following the unrest, a commission was set up by Claxton headed by Rear-Admiral Rollo Mainguy. <mask> wanted the commission to be internal, but Claxton refused. Mainguy was <mask>'s man on the commission while Claxton chose Louis Audette, a former naval reservist who disliked <mask>. The report latter found that several deficiencies in morale, training and leadership. It also affirmed that a Canadian identity for the navy should be expanded. <mask> had already put in motion several initiatives to correct them, with the exception of the Canadian identity. <mask> initially refused to support this recommendation and it was only  with Claxton's pushing that <mask> acted on it.In 1950, the Korean War began and the Royal Canadian Navy was the only Canadian force able to send units immediately to the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, <mask> was pushing for increased support for naval aviation and the new s. The Korean War allowed <mask> to seek funds for naval expansion and seven of the  St. Laurents were authorised, along with increased personnel and active ships. The first of the St. Laurents,  was launched on November 30, 1951. On December 1, <mask> retired. The launch of St. Laurent established Canada's naval identity for the remainder of the Cold War as an ASW-specialised force. <mask> was succeeded as Chief of the Naval Staff by Vice-Admiral Rollo Mainguy. After retiring, he continued with naval life, serving as the president of the Royal Canadian Naval Benevolent Fund from 1956 to 1963.<mask> died in Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Ontario on May 8, 1965. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Halifax. He was survived by his wife and three children. Citations

Sources

1899 births
1979 deaths
Canadian admirals
Canadian military personnel from Nova Scotia
Operation Overlord people
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Royal Canadian Navy officers
Commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy

masks:
Harold Taylor Wood Grant
MacCallum Grant
Harold Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Parker Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
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