title: Roman Polanski

texts:
 Fearless Vampire Killers, and during the production, the two of them began dating.On  1968, <mask> and Tate married in London. In February 1969 <mask> and Tate began renting a Los Angeles home. In August, while <mask> was in Europe working on a film, Tate remained home, eight-and-a-half months pregnant. The Manson Family cult broke into the home late in the evening of August 8 and proceeded to murder Tate and four others. Tate's unborn child was posthumously named Paul Richard <mask>. Charles Manson, along with members of the cult, was arrested in late 1969, eventually tried, and found guilty in 1971 of first-degree murder. <mask> has said that his absence on the night of the murders is the greatest regret of his life.He wrote in his autobiography: "Sharon's death is the only watershed in my life that really matters", and commented that her murder changed his personality from a "boundless, untroubled sea of expectations and optimism" to one of "ingrained pessimism ... eternal dissatisfaction with life". Polanski was left with a negative impression of the press, which he felt was interested in sensationalizing the lives of the victims, and indirectly himself, to attract readers. He was shocked by the lack of sympathy expressed in various news stories:

Among the media-generated sensationalism were rumors that claimed Tate and her visitors were taking drugs, despite the coroner's announcing that no traces of drugs were found after Tate's autopsy. For years afterward, notes Sandford, "reporters openly speculated about the Polanskis' home life" and their personalities in order to create more media gossip about the private lives of Hollywood celebrities. In 1989, Polanski married actress Emmanuelle Seigner. They have two children, daughter Morgane and son Elvis. Polanski and his children speak Polish at home.In May 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences voted to expel <mask> from its membership. The same year, his wife Emmanuelle Seigner rejected the invitation to join the Academy, denouncing the "hypocrisy" of a group that expelled <mask>. Legal history
In 1977, <mask> was arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, after learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. A number of other women have later accused <mask> of raping them when they were teenagers. An Interpol red notice was issued for his arrest, and he rarely leaves France.Sexual abuse case

On 11 March 1977, three years after making Chinatown, <mask> was arrested at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel for the sexual assault of 13-year-old Samantha Gailey. Gailey had modeled for <mask> during a Vogue photoshoot the previous day around the swimming pool at the Bel Air home of  <mask> was indicted on six counts of criminal behavior, including rape. At his arraignment, he pleaded not guilty to all charges. Many executives in Hollywood came to his defense. Gailey's attorney arranged a plea bargain in which five of the six charges would be dismissed, and <mask> accepted. As a result of the plea bargain, Polanski pleaded guilty to the charge of "unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor", and was ordered to undergo 90 days of psychiatric evaluation at California Institution for Men at Chino. Upon release from prison after 42 days, Polanski agreed to the plea bargain, his penalty to be time served (the time he had already served in jail) along with probation.However, he learned afterward that the judge, Laurence J. Rittenband, had told some friends that he was going to disregard the plea bargain and sentence <mask> to 50 years in prison: "I'll see this man never gets out of jail," he told Polanski's friend, screenwriter Howard E. Koch. Gailey's attorney confirmed the judge changed his mind after he met the judge in his chambers:

Polanski was told by his attorney that "the judge could no longer be trusted" and that the judge's representations were "worthless". Polanski decided not to appear at his sentencing. He told his friend, producer Dino De Laurentiis, "I've made up my mind. I'm getting out of here." the day before sentencing, Polanski left the country on a flight to  where he had a home. One day later, he left for  As a French citizen, he has been protected from extradition and has lived mostly in France since then.Since he fled the United States before final sentencing, the charges are still pending. In 1988, Gailey sued <mask>. Among other things, the suit alleged sexual assault, false imprisonment, seduction of a minor, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. In 1993, <mask> agreed to settle with his victim. In August 1996, <mask> still owed her $604,416; court filings confirm that the settlement was completed by 1997 via a confidential financial arrangement. The victim, now married and going by the name Samantha Geimer, stated in a 2003 interview with Larry King that the police and media had been slow at the time of the assault to believe her account, which she attributed to the social climate of the era. In 2008, she stated, "I don't wish for him to be held to further punishment or consequences."On 26 September 2009, <mask> was arrested while in Switzerland at the request of United States authorities. The arrest brought renewed attention to the case and stirred controversy, particularly in the United States and Europe. <mask> was defended by many prominent individuals, including Hollywood celebrities and European artists and politicians, who called for his release. American public opinion was reported to run against him, and polls in France and Poland showed that strong majorities favored his extradition to the United States. <mask> was jailed near Zürich for two months, then put under house arrest at his home in Gstaad while awaiting the results of his extradition appeals. On 12 July 2010, the Swiss rejected the United States' request, declared Polanski a "free man" and released him from custody. An Interpol red notice was issued in 1978 after he fled the United States, limiting his movements to France, Switzerland, and Poland.His name is no longer found on Interpol's wanted list. During a television interview on 10 March 2011, Geimer blamed the media, reporters, the court, and the judge for having caused "way more damage to me and my family than anything <mask>ki has ever done", and opined that the judge was using her and <mask> for the media exposure. In January 2014, newly uncovered emails from 2008 by a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge, Larry P. Fidler, indicated that if <mask> returned to the United States for a hearing, the conduct of the judge who had originally presided over the case, Laurence A. Rittenband, might require that <mask> be freed. These emails were related to a 2008 documentary film by Marina Zenovich. In late October 2014, Polanski was questioned by prosecutors in Kraków. On 30 October 2015, Polish judge Dariusz Mazur denied a request by the United States to extradite <mask> (a dual French-Polish citizen) for a full trial, claiming that it would be "obviously unlawful". The Kraków prosecutor's office declined to challenge the court's ruling, agreeing that Polanski had served his punishment and did not need to face a U.S. court again.Poland's national justice ministry took up the appeal, arguing that sexual abuse of minors should be prosecuted regardless of the suspect's accomplishments or the length of time since the suspected crime took place. In a December 2016 decision, the Supreme Court of Poland dismissed the government's appeal, holding that the prosecutor general had failed to prove misconduct or flagrant legal error on the part of the lower court. Preparations for An Officer and a Spy had been stalled by the extradition request. On 3 May 2018, <mask> was removed from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, with the decision referencing the case. <mask> has blamed Harvey Weinstein for the renewed focus on his sexual abuse case in the 2000s and claimed that Weinstein tried to brand him a "child rapist" to stop him from winning an Oscar in 2003. In a 2018 interview with Quillette, Samantha Geimer (previously Gailey) gave her thoughts on the case:

In her book, Geimer states: "As wrong as he was to do what he did, I know beyond a doubt that he didn't look at me as one of his victims. Not everyone will understand this, but I never thought he wanted to hurt me; he wanted me to enjoy it.He was arrogant and horny. But I feel certain he was not looking to take pleasure in my pain." In the interview, Geimer clarifies some of the notions that have been written in the media: "...why do others insist I must suffer, and that if I do not display the correct amount of agony and shame, that there must be something wrong with me? I don't have to be injured to prove what <mask> did was wrong. His intent was certainly not to injure or frighten me. People don't like facts that don't fit with their preconceptions." Towards the end of the interview she concludes:

Documentary films
In 2008, the documentary film by Marina Zenovich, <mask>ki: Wanted and Desired, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards.The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge "didn't care what happened" to her or <mask>, but "was orchestrating some little show", while Gunson added, "I'm not surprised that <mask> left under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus." Former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning against <mask>, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the press to "play up" his own role. In December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied <mask>'s request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was "deeply concerned" by the allegations, and that the allegations were "in many cases supported by considerable evidence", it also found that "Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option."It said dismissal of the case, which would erase <mask>'s guilty plea, would not be an "appropriate result", and that he still had other legal options. In September 2011, the documentary film Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir had its world premiere in Zürich, Switzerland. During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: "She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press." On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier. Vanity Fair libel case
In 2004, <mask> sued Vanity Fair magazine in London for libel. A 2002 article in the magazine claimed that Polanski promised he would "make another Sharon Tate out of you" in an attempt to seduce a Scandinavian model while he was travelling to Tate's funeral. He received supporting testimony from Mia Farrow, and Vanity Fair "was unable to prove that the incident occurred".<mask> was awarded £50,000 in damages plus some of his legal costs. Matan Uziel libel case
In December 2017, Polanski filed a ₪1.5 million suit in Herzliya Magistrates' Court against Israeli journalist and filmmaker Matan Uziel. Polanski maintained that Uziel, through his website, www.imetpolanski.com, falsely reported that five women had come forward to accuse him of raping them. <mask> was suing for libel and defamation of character. Herzliya Magistrates' Court rejected <mask>'s request to be exempt from appearing in court after filing the libel suit. While <mask> gave various reasons for his inability to appear, the presiding judge, Gilad Hess, dismissed them one by one and ordered Polanski to pay Uziel ₪10,000 in costs. In November 2018, it was published that Polanski decided to drop the lawsuit, and was ordered by the court to pay Uziel ₪30,000 (US$8,000) for court costs.The court accepted Uziel's request that the suit not be dropped, but rather that it be rejected, making <mask> unable to sue Uziel again over the same issue in the future. In late December 2019, in <mask>'s interviews with Paris Match and Gazeta Wyborcza, the latter accused Matan Uziel of carefully orchestrating the attacks on his character and for playing a major role in designing an international campaign to besmirch his name and reputation in order to make his career fall from grace. Charlotte Lewis
In 2010, British actress Charlotte Lewis said that <mask> had "forced himself" on her while she was auditioning for a role in Paris in 1983, when she was 16 and he was 50. In 1999, Lewis had given a very different account of events in an interview with the UK's News of the World, which was unearthed by the French daily Libération. In that interview, Lewis asserted that she had a six-month tryst with <mask> when she was 17: "I knew that <mask> had done something bad in the United States, but I wanted to be his mistress," Lewis said, according to Liberation. "I wanted him probably more than he wanted me." Lewis never mentioned any sexual abuse, and she said that their relationship ended when <mask> introduced her to Warren Beatty, and she claimed that they soon began an affair.She was cast in <mask>'s 1986 film Pirates, appeared at the Cannes film festival on his arm years after the alleged incident, and in an interview the year of the film's release, Lewis stated, "I'd love to have had a romantic relationship with [<mask>], and a physical one. You can't help falling in love with him. But he didn't want me that way." Additional allegations, 2017 onwards
In October 2017, a woman named Renate Langer interviewed by Swiss police said Polanski raped her in Gstaad when she was 15, in 1972. That same month, Marianne Barnard accused Polanski of having assaulted her in 1975, when she was 10 years old. In November 2019, French actress Valentine Monnier said Polanski violently raped her at a ski chalet in Gstaad in 1975. Filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

Bibliography

 <mask>, <mask> (1973) <mask>'s What?From the original screenplay, London: Lorrimer. 91p. <mask>, <mask> (1973) What?, New York: Third press, 91p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1975) Three film scripts: Knife in the water [original screenplay by Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg and <mask>; translated by Boleslaw Sulik]; Repulsion [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach]; Cul-de-sac [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach], introduction by Boleslaw Sulik, New York: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 275p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1984) Knife in the water, Repulsion and Cul-de-sac: three filmscripts by <mask>ki, London: Lorrimer, 214p,  (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (1984, 1985) Roman by Polanski, New York: Morrow. , London: Heinemann. London: Pan. 456p. (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (2003) Le pianiste, Paris: Avant-Scene, 126p,
 Visser, John J.2008 Satan-el: Fallen Mourning Star (Chapter 5). Covenant People's Books. Young, Jordan R. (1987) The Beckett Actor: Jack MacGowran, Beginning to End. Beverly Hills: Moonstone Press

 Further reading
 Bugliosi, Vincent, with Gentry, Kurt, (1974) Helter Skelter, The Shocking Story of the Manson Murders, Arrow, London. Cronin, Paul (2005) <mask>: Interviews, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. 200p
 Farrow, Mia (1997). What Falls Away: A Memoir, New York: Bantam.Feeney, F.X. (text); Duncan, Paul (visual design). (2006). <mask>, Koln: Taschen. Jacke, Andreas (2010): <mask>—Traumatische Seelenlandschaften, Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. ,
 Kael, Pauline, 5001 Nights At The Movies, Zenith Books, 1982. King, Greg, Sharon Tate and The Manson Murders, Barricade Books, New York, 2000.Moldes, Diego:

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title: Frederick Wheeler

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1853–1931) (FRIBA) was a British architect, born in Brixton, Surrey, in October 1853. His parents were Christopher and <mask>. He was articled to Charles Henry Driver (1832–1900), whose offices were at 7 Parliament Street, London SW1, and who is best known as the architect for the Victoria Embankment and Abbey Mills. <mask> began his career as an architect working on a number of commissions in south London. In 1880 Sussex House, on the corner of Tooting Bec Gardens and Ambleside Avenue, was constructed as the Sussex House School (now residential). He designed a number of terraces around Mitcham Lane and Streatham station in what Pevsner calls a 'competent Queen Anne style'. At that time he favoured the use of dark red brick often carved into swags and floral designs.He was the architect for the 1880 Sussex House, on Garrads Rd, Wandsworth

In 1891 <mask> lived with his wife Elizabeth (born in Dublin) at 21 Carfax, Horsham, and in 1897 he designed the Westminster bank in the town's main square – one of his many commissions for this bank. Major works

<mask>'s best known work is St Paul's Studios on Talgarth Road, London, W14 in 1890 which have much in common with the hundreds of other domestic studios constructed towards the end of the 19th century. St Paul's studios were built by <mask> for James Fairless, a fineart publisher, to house bachelor artists. <mask> had previously built a similar house on the same street, at number 151, for Sir Coutts Lindsay, founder of the Grosvenor Gallery, which was the main showroom for artists of the aesthetic movement such as Whistler. Sir Edward Burne-Jones painted his last canvas there, and his son, also a painter, lived there for many years. The spaces for art and life at St Paul's Studios comprised three rooms on the ground floor, a studio 30 feet long and 22 ft wide () with a  ceiling on the top floor, and a basement flat (which was originally for the housekeeper). In 2003, one of these studios was on the market at £1,100,000 – one thousand times the cost of its original construction.In 2007, another was on the market for £1,200,000. £220,000 in 1993 article on artists' studios in London

In 1895 his office was at 22 Chancery Lane, London but he had also been present in Horsham since 1891 at the latest. Most of his work is in London, although he also designed banks, a community centre and library at Cowfold in Sussex and St James's church at Littlehampton. In 1899 (KD) his partner was Percy Dean Lodge (who may have worked at Horsham only). From 1903, when this partnership was dissolved, until 1907 he was alone and then from 1907 to 1921 C R B Godman joined him and also his son, C W <mask>. Father and son remained partners after 1921 in London only. Lit: BAL Biog file

In 1896 he designed an electricity transformer sub-station adjacent to the Roman Catholic church at the junction of Tooting Bec Gardens and Streatham High Road in Lambeth.It was built in coarse rubble with ashlar dressings in what is called a '15th century Gothic style' with large traceried windows. The building is listed but in 2012 appears to be in a poor state of repair. Also on Streatham High Road, <mask> designed a number of grand shopping parades in the 1880s and 90s, one of the finest being The Triangle (Nos. 324-342) which has a dramatic roofline of Dutch gables, a curved fish-scale tiled roof to No. 324 and elevations of red brick with horizontal stone banding. In 1897 <mask> was commissioned by Sir Henry Harben, President of the Prudential Assurance Co., to design a convalescence home on the sea front at Rustington, Sussex. Pevsner describes this as '...dashing free-Wren design done with enough panache to give it a life of its own – a very good seaside building'.This is listed grade II. As well as St Paul's Studios, one of <mask>'s finest buildings is the Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex (still intact) (1902–04) and an associated chapel which incorporates Art Nouveau designs and motifs. This was commissioned by the London County Council as a replacement for the London Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest formerly at 7 Fitzroy Square, London W1. The chapel is listed grade II*. Later works

Whilst living for many years in Horsham, <mask> also lived in Sutton at least from 1911 in Cambourne Road and in 1922 designed a new house for his family at Cotlands, 86 Mulgrave Road, Sutton, in a style which for the first time included influences of the Modern Movement. He died here in 1931. He clearly knew Sutton well because he also designed Russettings, a house for George Smith, in 1899, at 25 Worcester Road, Sutton, which is now the London Borough of Sutton's Register Office.He was also responsible for a Westminster Bank in Sutton Court Road in 1902 and the Sutton Adult School, Benhill Avenue, Sutton, commissioned in 1909 by Thomas Wall, a local benefactor and CEO of the family's company: ice cream and sausage manufacturer. Other buildings by <mask>'s practice

Altered/extended: Holy Innocents Church, Southwater, West Sussex, was built in 1848 to a design by James Park Harrison (1817–1902) of London. In 1909 work commenced on the construction of a new vestry to the south of the chancel in accordance with plans prepared by local architects, Wheeler & Godman. The work cost £280, of which £200 was donated by the Fletcher family, and was completed in 1910. Horsham
The Carfax 1898

Rustington
convalescent home 1897

Partners

Charles Richard Bayly Godman (1879–1946) was from 1907 the partner of <mask> and his son, William Trevor <mask>, in Horsham (KD). By 1921 both Wheelers were in London and the partnership was dissolved. From then until his death Godman’s partner was Claude John Kay (b.1878), <mask>’s former assistant.They built many banks and houses. His grandson Stephen Attwood <mask> was also an established architect, responsible for many shopping arcades, cinemas, banks and some grand and multiple occupancy houses in Surrey. References

External links
Remember the Window, a blog dedicated to the St. Paul's Studios
http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=1043

1853 births
1931 deaths
Architects from Surrey
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects

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title: Johnny Marr

texts:
<mask> (born John Martin Maher, 31 October 1963) is an English musician, songwriter and singer. He first achieved fame as the guitarist and co-songwriter of The Smiths, who were active from 1982 to 1987. He has since performed with numerous other bands and embarked on a solo career. Born in Manchester, to Irish parents, Marr formed his first band at the age of 13. He was part of several bands with Andy Rourke before forming the Smiths with Morrissey in 1982. The Smiths attained commercial success and were critically acclaimed, with Marr's jangle pop guitar style becoming distinctive of the band's sound, but separated in 1987 due to personal differences between Marr and Morrissey. Since then, Marr has been a member of the Pretenders, The The, Electronic, Modest Mouse, and the Cribs, and he has become a prolific session musician, working with names such as Talking Heads and Hans Zimmer.Having released an album titled Boomslang in 2003 under the name <mask> and the Healers, Marr released his first solo album, The Messenger, in 2013. His second solo album, Playland, was released in 2014, followed by a third, Call the Comet, in 2018. Marr's autobiography, Set the Boy Free, was published in 2016. Marr was voted the fourth-best guitarist of the last 30 years in a poll conducted by the BBC in 2010. Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief of Mojo, described him as "arguably Britain's last great guitar stylist". In 2013, NME honoured Marr with its "Godlike Genius" award: "Not content with rewriting the history of music with one of the world's greatest ever bands, the Smiths, he's continued to push boundaries and evolve throughout his career, working with some of the best and most exciting artists on the planet." Early life
Marr was born John Martin Maher on 31 October 1963 in Saint's Mary's Hospital in Manchester,  He is son of John Joseph Maher and Frances Patricia Doyle, Irish emigrants to England from County Kildare.The family moved to Wythenshawe in 1972. From 1975, he attended St Augustine's Catholic Grammar School, which in 1977 merged with other schools to form St John Plessington High School. Marr had aspirations to be a professional football player. He was approached by Nottingham Forest and had trials with Manchester City. At the age of 13, Marr's family moved him to a new neighbourhood in Manchester where he met up with "a bunch of guitar players" which "changed his life". The Cult guitarist Billy Duffy was in a high school band that practised across the street from Marr's new house, and Marr would hang out listening to them rehearsing. He learned to play the guitar with LP vinyl records and a guitar chords dictionary without a teacher.Marr formed his first band, the Paris Valentinos, at the age of 13, with Andy Rourke (who had gone to the same high school as Duffy) and Kevin Williams (who later became an actor, known as Kevin Kennedy), performing for the first time at a Jubilee party in Benchill in June 1977, playing Rolling Stones and Thin Lizzy covers. In 1979, he played a single gig at Wythenshawe Forum with a band called Sister Ray and re-united with Rourke in a band called White Dice. White Dice entered a demo-tape competition organised by the NME and won an audition for F-Beat Records, which they attended in April 1980 but were not signed. Around the age of 14, he began spelling his name "<mask>" to simplify the pronunciation for those who had difficulty with his birth name "Maher", and to avoid confusion with Buzzcocks drummer John Maher. In October 1980, Marr enrolled at Wythenshawe College, serving as President of the school's Student Union. White Dice dissolved in 1981. Marr and Rourke then formed a funk band, Freak Party, with Simon Wolstencroft on drums.Around this time, Marr first met Matt Johnson, with whom he would later collaborate. The Smiths

By early 1982, Freak Party had fizzled out, being unable to find a singer. Marr approached Rob Allman, singer in White Dice, who suggested Steven Morrissey, a singer with the short-lived punk band the Nosebleeds. Marr approached a mutual friend asking to be introduced and they visited Morrissey at his house in Kings Road, Stretford in May. Marr's jangly Rickenbacker and Fender Telecaster guitar playing became synonymous with the Smiths' sound. Marr's friend Andy Rourke joined as bass player and Mike Joyce was recruited as drummer. Signing to indie label Rough Trade Records, they released their first single, "Hand in Glove", on 13 May 1983.By February 1984, the Smiths' fanbase was sufficiently large to launch the band's long-awaited eponymous debut album to number two in the UK chart. Early in 1985, the band released their second album, Meat Is Murder. This was more strident and political than its predecessor, and it was the band's only album (barring compilations) to reach number one in the UK charts. During 1985 the band completed lengthy tours of the UK and the US while recording the next studio record, The Queen Is Dead. In 1989 Spin magazine rated The Queen is Dead as number one of "The Greatest Albums Ever Made". Spin was not alone in this designation—numerous periodicals rank the Smiths and their albums, especially The Queen is Dead, high on their best ever lists. NME, for example, has dubbed the Smiths the most important rock band of all time.A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule. He later told NME, "'Worse for wear' wasn't the half of it: I was extremely ill. By the time the tour actually finished it was all getting a little bit... dangerous. I was just drinking more than I could handle." Meanwhile, Rourke was fired from the band in early 1986 due to his use of heroin, although he was reinstated in short order. Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band – including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr—saw them on the verge of splitting. In July 1987, Marr left the group, and auditions to find a replacement for him proved fruitless. By the time Strangeways, Here We Come (named after Strangeways Prison, Manchester) was released in September, the band had split up.The breakdown in the relationship has been primarily attributed to Morrissey's becoming annoyed by Marr's work with other artists and Marr's growing frustration with Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Referring to the songs recorded in the band's last session together (B-sides for the "Girlfriend in a Coma" single, which preceded the album's release), Marr said "I wrote 'I Keep Mine Hidden', but 'Work Is a Four-Letter Word' I hated. That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs." In 1989, in an interview with young fan Tim Samuels (who later became a BBC journalist), Morrissey claimed the lack of a managerial figure and business problems were to blame for the band's eventual split. In a 2016 interview, Marr agreed with this. In 1996, Smiths' drummer Mike Joyce took Morrissey and Marr to court, claiming that he had not received his fair share of recording and performance royalties.Morrissey and Marr had claimed the lion's share of the Smiths' recording and performance royalties and allowed ten per cent each to Joyce and Rourke. Composition royalties were not an issue, as Rourke and Joyce had never been credited as composers for the band. Morrissey and Marr claimed that the other two members of the band had always agreed to that split of the royalties, but the court found in favour of Joyce and ordered that he be paid over £1 million in back pay and receive 25% thenceforth. Marr and Morrissey have repeatedly stated they will not reunite the band. In 2005, VH1 attempted to get the band back together on its Bands Reunited show but abandoned its attempt after the show's host, Aamer Haleem, failed to corner Morrissey before a show. In December 2005 it was announced that <mask> and the Healers would play at Manchester v Cancer, a benefit show for cancer research being organised by Andy Rourke and his production company, Great Northern Productions. Rumours suggested that a Smiths reunion would occur at this concert but were dispelled by Marr on his website.In an October 2007 interview on BBC Radio Five Live, Marr hinted at a potential reformation in the future, saying that "stranger things have happened so, you know, who knows?" Marr went on to say that "It's no biggy. Maybe we will in 18 or 32 years' time when we all need to for whatever reasons, but right now Morrissey is doing his thing and I'm doing mine, so that's the answer really." This was the first indication of a possible Smiths reunion from Marr, who previously had said that reforming the band would be a bad idea. In 2008 <mask> and Morrissey met and discussed the possibility of a reunion, but after initial enthusiasm from both parties, neither pursued the idea. Marr's guitar playing "was a huge building block" for more Manchester bands that followed the Smiths. The Stone Roses guitarist John Squire has stated that Marr was a major influence.Oasis lead guitarist Noel Gallagher credited the Smiths as an influence, especially <mask>, whom he described as a "fucking wizard", also stating that "he's unique, you can't play what he plays." Post-Smiths

The Pretenders, The The, Electronic (1987–1999)
In August 1987, he was very briefly an official member of the Pretenders. In late 1987, he toured with the band and appeared on the single "Windows of the World" b/w "1969". He then left the Pretenders, and recorded and toured with The The from 1988 to 1994, recording two albums with the group. He simultaneously formed Electronic with New Order's Bernard Sumner. Electronic were intermittently active throughout the 1990s, releasing their final album in 1999. Session work (1987–2002)
In 1992 he recorded a cover version of Ennio Morricone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly for the NME compilation Ruby Trax together with Billy Duffy.He has also worked as a session musician and writing collaborator for artists including Pet Shop Boys, Bryan Ferry, Billy Bragg, Kirsty MacColl, Black Grape, Jane Birkin, Talking Heads, and Beck. Marr played guitar on four songs on Talking Heads' final album Naked, including the single "(Nothing But) Flowers", and he prominently appears in that song's music video. Marr played guitar on several Pet Shop Boys songs; he continues to have guest appearances on their albums, with his most significant contribution on Release (2002). The only remix that Marr has ever done was for Pet Shop Boys—it was a mix of his favourite track from their 1987 album, Actually, called "I Want to Wake Up", and was released as the b-side to 1993's "Can You Forgive Her?" He later worked as a guest musician on the Oasis album Heathen Chemistry. He also joined Oasis on stage at a gig in 2001, playing "Champagne Supernova" and "I Am the Walrus". <mask>r and the Healers (2000–present)
In 2000, Marr recruited drummer Zak Starkey (son of Ringo Starr), Cavewaves guitarist Lee Spencer and former Kula Shaker bassist Alonza Bevan for his new project, '<mask>r and the Healers'.The band had taken two years to come together as Marr had wanted members to be chosen "by chemistry". Their debut album Boomslang was released in 2003, with all lyrics and lead vocals by Marr. A second album was originally scheduled for release in April 2005, and a short tour was expected soon after, but Marr has since stated that the band is on the "side burner" for the time being. 7 Worlds Collide (2001–2009)

In 2001, Marr performed two Smiths songs and music by others with a supergroup called 7 Worlds Collide consisting of members from Pearl Jam, Radiohead, Split Enz and others, assembled by Neil Finn of Split Enz and Crowded House in 2001. A second set of concerts took place in December 2008/January 2009, and an album of new studio material titled The Sun Came Out was released in August 2009 to raise money for Oxfam. Modest Mouse (2006–2009)
In addition to his work as a recording artist, Marr has worked as a record producer. In 2006, he began work with Modest Mouse's Isaac Brock on songs that eventually were featured on the band's 2007 release, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank.The band subsequently announced that Marr was a fully fledged member, and the reformed line-up toured extensively throughout 2006–07. The new album reached number one on the American Billboard charts in late March 2007. For Marr, this was the first time he had had a number one record in the US. The highest chart position before that was with Electronic, who made the Top 40 in the singles chart with "Getting Away With It". In 2007 Marr was appointed as a Visiting Professor in Music at the University of Salford, where he delivered an inaugural lecture (on 4 November 2008), and a series of workshops and masterclasses to students on the BA (Hons) Popular Music and Recording programme. In July 2012, Marr gained an honorary doctorate from the University of Salford, following his contribution to popular music, and the guidance he gave to students in his workshops and visits. While touring in Los Angeles with Modest Mouse, Marr spent a day in John Frusciante's home studio and contributed to Frusciante's album The Empyrean.He recorded several guitar tracks on songs "Enough of Me" and "Central". The Cribs (2008–2011)

In 2009, he recorded an album with the Cribs titled Ignore the Ignorant, which was released on 7 September. On Soccer AM on 9 September he explained he met up with the Cribs' bass player in Portland and it has gone from strength to strength. He says the Cribs last album with Marr, Ignore the Ignorant, which came out in 2009, is "as good as anything I've done". In April 2011 it was confirmed that Marr would no longer be part of the band. Marr, who had been understood to officially leave the band in January, released a statement in which he affirmed that he would be working on solo material "over the next year or so." <mask>r returned to play with the Cribs during the second of two special Christmas shows at Leeds Academy on 19 December 2013.Further session work and solo albums (2011–present)
In the late 2007, Marr's daughter Sonny performed backing vocals on the track "Even a Child" on Crowded House's album Time on Earth, on which her father Marr played guitars. He played a large role in making the score for the 2010

masks:
Johnny Marr
Johnny Marr
Marr
Johnny Marr
Marr
Marr
Johnny Mar
Johnny Mar
Johnny Mar


title: Johnny Marr

texts:
 science-fiction/drama film Inception, which was written and directed by Christopher Nolan. Using a 12-string-guitar, he produced repetitive, simple melancholic tones that became a character theme for the protagonist, played by Leonardo DiCaprio. "I kept coming up with this phrase 'churned-up,'" Marr said, "You've got this character who all the way through the film has this underlying turmoil." Longtime Nolan collaborator, composer Hans Zimmer, penned the soundtrack. Marr has been working since 2007 with Fender to develop and design his own guitar. American Songwriter writes that "Fender had to modify their manufacturing process due to some of Marr's changes, but it will still sell for around the same price as other American-made Fenders."On 25 February 2013, Marr released his début solo album, The Messenger, in the UK through Warner Bros. and on 26 February in the US through Sire. The album was preceded by the single "Upstarts", released in the UK on 18 February 2013. Marr recorded music for the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 with Hans Zimmer, Pharrell Williams, Michael Einziger and David A. Stewart. His second solo album, entitled Playland, was released on 6 October 2014. He also announced a worldwide tour around the release of the "Playland" album that commenced in the UK on 13 October 2014. The album's lead single was "Easy Money". After the supporting tours, he is planning to work on a new album with Zimmer contributing the arrangements.In October 2014, Marr appeared as a guest musician for Hans Zimmer at his two concerts, Hans Zimmer: Revealed, at London's Hammersmith Apollo. In December 2014, Marr announced the cancellation of the remainder of his US tour, in support of Playland, due to a close family illness. In January 2016, Marr announced new and rescheduled dates as part of his West Coast 'California Jam' tour, which took place in the US throughout February and March 2016. Marr features on "Ballad of the Mighty I", the second single from Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds' Chasing Yesterday, playing lead guitar, and joined the band for this song at a concert in Manchester. Marr contributed the track "My Monster" for the Blondie album Pollinator, released on 5 May 2017. On 12 March 2018 Marr announced his third solo album, Call the Comet. Marr performed a set on The Other Stage at the 2019 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June, and later joined The Killers during their headline set on the Pyramid Stage to play guitar on "This Charming Man" and "Mr. Brightside" as part of the band's encore.As Hans Zimmer composed for the James Bond film No Time to Die, Marr was brought in to perform in the score. He also played guitar in the theme song performed by Billie Eilish, and was present during the track's live debut at the 2020 Brit Awards. On 6 August 2020, Marr posted a photo on Instagram with the caption "Joe's Corner. Crazy Face Factory. Album 4. ", indicating he is in-progress recording his 4th solo album. In August 2021, Marr signed a new worldwide album deal with BMG.On 31st August, 2021, Marr debuted a new single titled "Spirit Power & Soul" on his social media platforms, a song taken from a forthcoming EP, Fever Dreams Pt 1, for release on 15th October, 2021. On October 13th, 2021 he announced that his fourth solo album, Fever Dreams Pts 1-4 would be a double LP to be released on February 25th, 2022. Style and influences
Marr's jangly guitar-playing was influenced by Neil Young's work with Crazy Horse, George Harrison (with the Beatles) and James Honeyman-Scott of the Pretenders. During his time in the Smiths, Marr often tuned his guitar up a full step to F to accommodate Morrissey's vocal range, and also used open tunings and is known for creating arpeggio melodies and (sometimes) unusual chord progressions and makes wide use of open strings while chording to create chiming. Citing producer Phil Spector as an influence, Marr said, "I like the idea of records, even those with plenty of space, that sound 'symphonic'. I like the idea of all the players merging into one atmosphere". Marr's other favourite guitarists are James Williamson of the Stooges, Rory Gallagher, Pete Townshend of the Who, Nile Rodgers, Jimi Hendrix and John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees.According to Marr, since his teenage years, he praised the work of James Williamson on Raw Power and considered it as a reference album. On songs like "This Charming Man" and "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now", Marr's African highlife influences can be heard. When forming the Smiths, the Velvet Underground was a key influence, along with Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones. Marc Bolan of T. Rex also had a strong impact on him because of the groove and the sound that put the listener in a daze. Talking about his instrument, he explained : "I try to think about the guitar along the spectrum of James Williamson, who was in the Stooges during the Raw Power era, on the one hand to John McLaughlin and his solo record, My Goal's Beyond. I like all the spectrum in between, and that might be – and is – Richard Lloyd of Television, John McGeoch from Siouxsie and the Banshees, Nile Rodgers. To me these people are magicians and artists."When performing with the Smiths, he wanted to play a music which was pop. "100% of my focus was on providing interesting guitar hooks and putting some kind of space-age twist on the guitarist's role. The pop guitarist crossed with the mad professor. That's how I thought of myself." In a 2007 interview for the BBC, Marr reported that with The Smiths his goal was to "pare down" his style and avoid rock guitar clichés. Marr forbade himself from using power chords, distortion, lengthy solos, or "big rock chord changes", instead relying on sophisticated arpeggios to create his signature chiming guitar work for the band. When Marr started to sing as a solo artist in 2012, he explained his decision saying : "[The frontpersons] I related to were Peter Perrett, Colin Newman, Pete Shelley, Siouxsie Sioux.They were singing from the mind and had integrity." He also added : "I'm absolutely not interested in being the frontman in a band that bares my soul or feelings in song. Siouxsie Sioux, or Ray Davies, or Howard Devoto don't sing from some weird, shlocky, sentimental place. What's wrong with singing from the brain?". He also expressed admiration for Bert Jansch, Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Nick Zinner, and Franz Ferdinand's guitarists Alex Kapranos and Nick McCarthy. Guitars

Marr has used a variety of guitars throughout his career, but these are his most notable instruments:
Fender Jaguar – He has played a Jaguar since 2005, and in 2012 Fender issued the Johnny Marr Signature Fender Jaguar, which has several modifications, including specially voiced <mask>r custom pickups and a four position blade switch. Rickenbacker 330 – This guitar is most often associated with Marr due to its 'jangly' sound for which he is known.He played it with the Smiths and it can also be seen in the promotional video for "Vivid" by Electronic. He also owns a "360" 12-string model that belonged to Pete Townshend. Marr acknowledged that many of the songs that were thought to have been recorded on this Rickenbacker were, in fact, recorded on a Fender Telecaster. Fender Stratocaster - <mask>r used a 1962 Fender Stratocaster to record "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" and for much of The Smiths 1986 UK and US tours. He also used a 1963 Fender Stratocaster to record "The Boy with a Thorn in his Side" which was one of his main guitars on the 1986 tour. Fender Telecaster - while Marr was associated with the Rickenbacker 330, he admitted that many of the "jangly" songs that were recorded by The Smiths were in fact done with John Porter's 1954 Telecaster, including "This Charming Man". Gibson Les Paul – Marr owns several, including a rare 1960 model.His cardinal red Les Paul was acquired in 1984 and was used extensively with the Smiths and with The The, appearing in the video for "Dogs of Lust". He has now added a Bigsby tremolo system to this guitar as well as Seymour Duncan pick-ups with coil taps. He gave his 1960 model (also previously owned by Pete Townshend) to Noel Gallagher during Oasis's formative years. Gallagher broke the guitar's neck hitting a fan who jumped on stage. Marr then gave Gallagher yet another vintage (black) Gibson Les Paul (used on much of The Queen is Dead) so Oasis could carry on touring. Gibson ES-355 – His cherry red model was used heavily with the Smiths during 1984 and inspired Suede guitarist Bernard Butler and Noel Gallagher to buy one for themselves. It was bought for him by Seymour Stein in New York as an incentive for the Smiths to sign to his label, Sire Records.He also owns a black model, which appears in the videos for "Forbidden City" and "For You" by Electronic, and a sunburst, 12-string model that was used heavily on the Smiths' final LP, "Strangeways, Here We Come". This 12 string model was later given to Bernard Butler. Gibson SG – Marr used a cherry red SG as his main guitar when playing with the Healers. He also owns a unique, blonde SG. Fender Jazzmaster – Marr used several Jazzmasters while he was a member of Modest Mouse. Amplifiers and effects
Marr has used Fender Amplifiers almost exclusively throughout his career. During his time with the Smiths, he used a Twin Reverb, a Deluxe Reverb and a Bassman amongst others.He also used a Fender Champ with  and the Cribs. When playing with the Cribs, he used a Super Reverb. Marr's love of the Fender sound continues to this day with his Deluxe Reverb. He has used other amps, including the Roland JC-120, Vox AC30, Mesa Boogie and Marshall cabinets. Marr typically uses Boss effects units notably that company's CE-2 chorus effect, the TW-1 touch wah wah pedal and the OD-2 overdrive pedal. Honours, honorary doctorate
On 19 July 2012, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Salford for "outstanding achievements" and "changing the face of British guitar music". On 3 November 2018, Marr unveiled a plaque in his parents' hometown of Athy in County Kildare, Ireland.This was part of the Made of Athy project. On 19 January 2021, Marr received the Boss Lifetime Achievement Award as part of NAMM music industry trade show. In popular culture
Marr was the titular subject of the 2007 single "Johnny Marr" by the Canadian singer Carole Pope, formerly of the band Rough Trade. Pope described her inspiration and choice of Marr thus: "I was actually getting nostalgic, which I never really do, about living on a certain street in Toronto in the '80s. The Smiths were the soundtrack of that time. I love [...] Morrissey, but I know he's trouble." Marr is the subject of "Johnny Marr Is Dead" by The Brian Jonestown Massacre; however, he is not mentioned in the lyrics.He is also the subject of Clear's 2003 single satirising the music industry "Johnny Marr Was a Mistake"

Marr is also mentioned in the 1988 single "John Kettley Is a Weatherman" by British band A Tribe of Toffs. Personal life
Marr and his wife Angie have been together since 1979, before the Smiths formed. They have two children, Sonny and Nile Marr. Nile is also a musician, and was frontman of the band Man Made before going solo. After residing in Portland, Oregon, for more than five years, the family returned to Britain for Marr to record his solo album in Manchester. Marr gave up eating meat around 1985 in solidarity with Morrissey and Angie. He stated: "It's not a good idea to have a number one album called Meat Is Murder and be seen eating a bacon sarnie."After meeting American rap group Naughty by Nature, he was inspired by their philosophy of strength through health, and soon after quit drinking, smoking and converted to veganism. Marr is a keen runner, and completed the 2010 New York Marathon in a time of 3:54:18. Marr has been a supporter of Manchester City F.C. since 1972, and has been seen attending games. Marr is a patron of the Manchester Modernist Society. Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Albums (as band member)
The Smiths

 The Smiths (1984)
 Meat Is Murder (1985)
 The Queen Is Dead (1986)
 Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)

The The
 Mind Bomb (1989)
 Dusk (1992)

Electronic

 Electronic (1991)
 Raise the Pressure (1996)
 Twisted Tenderness (1999)

Modest Mouse
 We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007)
 No One's First and You're Next (2009)

The Cribs
 Ignore the Ignorant (2009)

7 Worlds Collide
 7 Worlds Collide (2001)
 The Sun Came Out (2009)

Albums (as a guest musician)

In the 1980s and 1990s, Marr played on three Billy Bragg recordings. In the late 1980s, he performed on albums by Bryan Ferry and Talking Heads.In the 1990s and 2000s, he performed on three Pet Shop Boys albums, and also plays guitar and harmonica on their Xenomania-produced album, Yes, released in 2009. In the 1990s, he also performed on albums by M People, Beck and Tom Jones. In the 2000s, he played on albums by bands such as Oasis, Pearl Jam, Jane Birkin, Lisa Germano and Crowded House. He also plays guitar on Girls Aloud's fifth album, Out of Control, on a track entitled "Rolling Back the Rivers in Time", as well as harmonica on the track "Love Is the Key". He also appeared on two tracks ("Enough of Me" and "Central") on John Frusciante's album The Empyrean which was released January 2009. Marr's recording of "Life Is Sweet", the theme song he wrote for the Channel Four Sitcom The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, was released on Echo Records and is available digitally. Marr's cover version of the Depeche Mode track “I Feel You” was in support of Record Store Day.Its B-side was a version of "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want" (live). Both tracks are also available digitally. The non-album single "Armatopia" was selected for the soundtrack for eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020. References

Sources

External links

 Official The Smiths Website

1963 births
English expatriates in the United States
English male singers
Alternative rock guitarists
English people of Irish descent
English record producers
English rock guitarists
English songwriters
British harmonica players
Living people
Musicians from Manchester
Academics of the University of Salford
People from Ardwick
The Pretenders members
The Smiths members
The The members
NME Awards winners
Warner Records artists
Modest Mouse members
The Cribs members
Electronic (band) members
English male guitarists
English

masks:
Johnny Mar
Johnny Mar


title: Gabriel Traversari

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> y Debayle on September 7, 1963) is a Nicaraguan American actor, director, writer, singer, songwriter, painter and photographer. Early life
Traversari was born in Los Angeles, California, but grew up in El Crucero, a municipality just outside Managua, Nicaragua. He attended the Rectory School, a junior boarding school in Pomfret, Connecticut and graduated from Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. Traversari went on to graduate from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting. While in school he performed on stage in Twelfth Night (as Antonio), The Apple Tree (as Adam), Princess Ida (as Cyril), Macbeth (as Macduff), Infancy (as Avonzino), What the Butler Saw (as Nick), The Sea Gull (as Trigorin), Romeo and Juliet (as Romeo), The Lost Colony (as A. Dare/J. Borden) and Camino Real (as Abdullah). Career
Once Traversari graduated from college he moved to Miami, where he was hired as the co-host of Univision’s first major original production, TV Mujer (1988–1990), an international talk show which he co-hosted for three years.<mask> also starred in other popular television programs which aired in Latin America and Spain including "Mejorando su Hogar", the first home improvement show produced in Spanish in the United States, and "Casa Club Magazine". <mask> went on to produce, direct and host "Un Día de Fama" and many episodes for the "Behind the Scenes" series for E! Entertainment, in Latin America. He also became that network´s Miami-based entertainment correspondent for over three years. In 2004 he began hosting "Esotérica" on Cosmopolitan Television. He was also cast as one of the lead voices for the Spanish version of Duckman, the Emmy-award-winning cartoon, and as the voice of "Juan del Diablo" in the English translation of the soap opera, Corazón Salvaje. He has appeared on various television series such as Miami Vice (1988), as well as small credited appearances in movies such as Something Wild (1986), Once Upon A Time in America (1984) and Two Much (1995).He was cast as the lead in the independent low budget feature, Murder on the Border, where he starred alongside Mexican actress Alpha Acosta (2005). He has also appeared in various Spanish speaking TV shows such as "Decisiones" and "Lotería" and three Telemundo soap operas Anita no te Rajes, El Cuerpo del Deseo and Pecados Ajenos. Traversari produced, directed and hosted the TV series "Las Espectaculares Casas" for Casa Club TV, a subdivision of MGM Networks, Latin America. He returned to his country, Nicaragua, in 2008. He created and managed "Myla Vox", a young musical group. The group lasted for 5 years before disbanding. <mask> also founded the "Central American Music Conference" as an opportunity to unite regional talent with top international record industry executives.The first conference, held in Nicaragua, brought grammy winner KC Porter, music empresario Bruno del Granado, producer/composers such as Marco Flores and Victor Daniel, record label executives such as Jorge Mejía (Sony/ATV Publishing) and Aldo Gonzalez (Machete Music) and music promoters like Joe Granda. He is also the creator of the Nicaraguan Music Awards, a platform that has honored and recognized Nicaragua´s varicolored music community. He wrote his first book of poetry, Before the Dawn, in 1996. It was during the writing of that book that he became interested in drawing. He has since begun to showcase his work publicly, and in 2014 he completed and presented an exhibit entitled: "Akropolis: Rasgos y Restos de una Cultura Helénica." He launched his first photography book entitled, "Vernaculo: Encuentros con mi Tierra" which had its debut presentation at the Palace of Culture in Nicaragua in the summer of 2008, and is currently promoting his latest book, a journalistic experiment called: "La Hija del Dictador" ("The Dictator´s Daughter"), a biographical account based on the life of Lillian Somoza Debyale, daughter of Nicaragua´s notorious military dictator, Anastasio Somoza García. He founded the Fundación Cultural Hispanoamericana in the 1990s for the purpose of promoting the vision of young Hispanic artists.He has now traded his work there to support another foundation, The Future of Nicaragua Foundation, founded by his aunt Julia Sevilla. Traversari has aided in several culturally driven projects including a musical concert in the national stadium in Managua that brought together more than 50 Nicaraguan artists and some special international personalities such as Laura León, Victor Noriega and Sebastian Ligarde. Throughout his career, Traversari has hosted many beauty pageants including Miss Nicaragua, Miss Panama, Nuestra Belleza- El Paso and Miss Carnaval; song festivals such as La OTI- Nicaragua, La OTI- Nueva York and La OTI -Tampa, and television specials such as Fiesta en America and La Casa de sus Sueños for Pepsi Cola, Año Nuevo, Vida Nueva for Golden Hill Productions and numerous guest hosting appearances for Televisa Espectaculos. He has served as jury member for the OTI Nacional and Nuestra Belleza. In 2002 Traversari shot his first documentary project entitled Por Los Caminos, a 24-hour journey through the streets of Managua that was screened at eight film festivals all over the world, including the Miami International Film Festival, the Havana Film Festival (Festival del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano), the London Latin Film Festival and others. He also made a cameo appearance in TLC's 90 Day Fiancé. Traversari launched his first CD, Luna de Piel, in 2002.Discography
Luna de miel

Awards and recognition
Acrin; Host of the Year – (twice) by the North American Critics Association
"Güegüense de Bronze" – by the Lions' Club Miami/Managua
"Mundaje de Oro" – by the Association of Nicaraguan Artists
"Punk of the Year" – by the Galaxy of Stars association. References

External links
 His webpage

 Planet CD article
 Miami Film Festival

1963 births
Living people
Florida State University alumni
American male television actors
American male film actors
Nicaraguan artists
Nicaraguan male film actors
Nicaraguan male television actors
20th-century Nicaraguan poets
Nicaraguan male poets
Nicaraguan male writers
American writers of Nicaraguan descent
21st-century Nicaraguan male singers
Middlesex School alumni

masks:
Gabriel Traversari
Gabriel Augusto Traversari
Traversari
Traversari
Gabriel


title: Frank Broyles

texts:
<mask> (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a career coaching record of 149–62–6. <mask> was also the athletic director at Arkansas from 1974 to 2007. His mark of 144–58–5 in 19 seasons at the helm of the Arkansas Razorbacks football gives him the most wins and the most coached games of any head coach in program history. With Arkansas, <mask> won seven Southwest Conference titles and his 1964 team was named a national champion by a number of selectors including the Football Writers Association of America. <mask> attended Georgia Tech, where was the starting quarterback for the Yellow Jackets and also lettered in baseball and basketball. Following his playing career, he was an assistant football coach at Baylor University, the University of Florida, and his alma mater, Georgia tech.<mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1983. Playing career
After his graduation from Decatur Boys High School, <mask> studied at Georgia Tech, where he was a quarterback from 1944 to 1946. He graduated from Georgia Tech with a degree in Industrial Management. <mask> started all of Tech's games as quarterback during his senior season, and led the Yellow Jackets to the 1945 Orange Bowl. Tech lost the bowl game, but in defeat <mask> set an Orange Bowl record for passing yards with 304. The record stood for 55 years until eclipsed by Michigan quarterback Tom Brady in the 2000 Orange Bowl. <mask> is a member of the Orange Bowl (1991), Gator Bowl (1995), and Cotton Bowl Classic (1999) halls of fame, and the Georgia Tech Hall of Fame.<mask> was later drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 1946 NFL Draft. Coaching career
<mask> entered coaching in 1947 as an assistant coach under head coach Bob Woodruff at Baylor University. In 1950, <mask> followed Woodruff when the latter took the head coach position at the University of Florida. In 1951, he left Florida and returned to Georgia Tech as an assistant under coach Bobby Dodd. <mask> sought the head coaching position at Northwestern University in 1954, and ultimately left Georgia Tech in 1957 when he was offered the position of head coach at the University of Missouri. <mask> stayed at Missouri only one season when he was offered the head coaching job at Arkansas. During his nineteen years as head coach there, he was offered other major coaching and leadership positions, but remained at Arkansas.During his tenure at Arkansas, <mask>' Razorbacks and the University of Texas Longhorns under legendary coach Darrell Royal. Among <mask>' most memorable victories while coaching the Razorbacks was the 14–13 win over No. 1 Texas in 1964 in Austin, the 1965 Cotton Bowl victory over Nebraska to complete an undefeated season, the 1969 Sugar Bowl victory over Georgia, beating No.2 Texas A&M in the 1975 season finale to win a share of the SWC championship, and then beating Georgia in the 1976 Cotton Bowl. The two most painful losses in his tenure at Arkansas, included the 1966 Cotton Bowl loss to LSU that snapped Arkansas' 22 game winning streak, and, most famously, the 1969 Game of the Century that saw No. 1 Texas come from behind to beat No. 2 Arkansas, 15–14. Broadcasting career
After his retirement from coaching, but concurrent with the early part of his tenure as men's athletic director at Arkansas, <mask> served as the primary color commentator for ABC Sports television coverage of college football, normally alongside top play-by-play man Keith Jackson. <mask>' time as a broadcaster at ABC lasted from 1977 to 1985. <mask> was often assigned games involving Southeastern Conference or Southwest Conference teams, but if the primary game of a particular week involved the Razorbacks, <mask> was paired with another play-by-play man, many times Al Michaels or Chris Schenkel, while Jackson called the game with another color commentator, many times Ara Parseghian.<mask>' commentary was normally focused on play calling and coaching strategy, and while paired with Jackson, resulted in an all-Georgian booth (Jackson was a native of Roopville). As a member of Augusta National Golf Club, <mask> from 1972 to 1977 co-hosted (with tournament chairmen Clifford Roberts and William Lane) the green jacket presentation ceremony at the end of the Masters Tournament from Butler Cabin televised on CBS. Athletic director
In 1974 <mask> was appointed Men's Athletic Director of the University of Arkansas. (Arkansas had a completely separate women's athletics department from 1971 until the men's and women's programs were merged in 2008.) <mask> continued as head football coach for three years. Since stepping down as head coach, the University of Arkansas men's athletic programs under his leadership as athletic director won 43 national championships. The Razorbacks won 57 Southwest Conference championships and 47 Southeastern Conference championships during his tenure.<mask> disbanded the men's swimming and diving program to satisfy new regulations from the SEC of having two more women's sports than men's sports. On February 17, 2007, <mask> announced his plans to retire as Men's Athletic Director, effective December 31, 2007, ending his half-century association with Arkansas. Criticism
In 2000, following an expansion of Razorback Stadium, <mask> announced that one home game would move from War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock to Fayetteville, and that, in the near future, all home games might be played on campus. In the end, a long term agreement was reached to keep 2–3 games in Little Rock, while the rest would be played in Fayetteville. As of the Fall 2022 season, all home games (7 for 2022) will be played in Fayetteville. Legacy

Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. <mask>les Award, the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him.Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all served under <mask> and have combined to win five collegiate national championships and six Super Bowls. <mask>' assistants have won more than 40 conference titles. Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones played on <mask>' 1964 Championship team. <mask>' tenure as men's athletic director has seen the construction of world-class facilities for basketball, football, track and field (indoor and outdoor), golf, and baseball at Arkansas. <mask> was selected as the 20th century's most influential Arkansas sports figure. <mask> will be remembered as the only SEC athletic director that had to drop a men's sport, bringing into questions the health of the athletic department under his leadership. <mask> was known as a fierce competitor both as a head coach and athletic director.<mask> led Arkansas out of the Southwest Conference and into the Southeastern Conference. In 1983 <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, and in 1996, the Broyles Award was established to recognize the top assistant coaches in college football. He was a member of the Augusta National Golf Club. In 2005, after his wife Barbara was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, <mask> became an outspoken advocate for Alzheimer's awareness and established the <mask>les Foundation to support caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. With the assistance of the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, he published and distributed 100,000 free copies of a book titled Coach Broyles' Playbook for Alzheimer's Caregivers to pharmacies throughout the state of Arkansas. In 2007 and again in 2009, <mask> successfully raised funds to distribute 500,000 copies of the book nationally, plus 100,000 copies in Spanish. Since then, the book has been translated into 11 different languages and distributed digitally worldwide.<mask> himself would eventually succumb to complications of the same disease on August 14, 2017. Head coaching record

See also
 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football statistical leaders

References

External links

1924 births
2017 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American men's basketball players
American television sports announcers
Guards (basketball)
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title: Tony Fryklund

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<mask> (born March 26, 1971) is an American retired professional mixed martial artist who last competed in the Lightweight division. A professional competitor from 1997 until 2013, he competed for the UFC, the WEC, Bellator, Strikeforce, Cage Rage, and Titan FC. Background
Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, <mask> was adopted when he was three months old. He began boxing and kickboxing when he was 13, and was often drawn into fights that arose when he tried to defend victims of bullying. He attended Winchester High School and also began karate in his late teens, eventually earning a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Shotokan. He later attended Northeastern University and spent two years in the United States Coast Guard, but did not finish his education as he was focused on his job, which was working as a safety manager for a construction company. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> made his professional MMA debut in 1997, fighting twice at UFC 14.His first bout in the UFC was a win in an alternate qualifier, however, controversy ensued after the referee stepped in to stop the fight and <mask> rained down an egregious hammer fist and then stomped on the chest of his defeated opponent. During the first five years of his career, he built up a record of 8 wins and 1 loss. In Starting 2003, <mask> fought a who's who of MMA fighters including David Loiseau, Brian Ebersole, Eugene Jackson, Matt Lindland, Ivan Salaverry, and Anderson Silva. His loss to Silva was one of the highlight reel KOs from the British Cage Rage promotion as <mask> fell to an unconventional reverse elbow. Strikeforce
In 2006, <mask> joined the Strikeforce promotion. He lost both fights there against Duane Ludwig in December 2006 and against Cung Le in June 2007. Bellator Fighting Championships
<mask> returned to fighting after a nearly six-year hiatus as he faced Patrick Cenoble at Bellator 94 on March 28, 2013.The bout was ruled a draw after Cenoble was docked one point in round two.

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Anthony James Fryklund
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title: L. Patrick Gray

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<mask> (July 18, 1916 – July 6, 2005) was Acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 2, 1972 to April 27, 1973. During this time, the FBI was in charge of the initial investigation into the burglaries that sparked the Watergate scandal, which eventually led to the resignation of President Nixon. <mask> was nominated as permanent Director by Nixon on February 15, 1973, but failed to win Senate confirmation. He resigned as Acting FBI director on April 27, 1973, after he admitted to destroying documents that had come from convicted Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt's safe—documents received on June 28, 1972, 11 days after the Watergate burglary, and given to <mask> by White House counsel John Dean. <mask> remained publicly silent about the Watergate scandal for 32 years, speaking to the press only once, near the end of his life; this was shortly after <mask>'s direct subordinate at the FBI, FBI Deputy Director Mark Felt, revealed himself to have been the secret source to The Washington Post known as "Deep Throat". Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 18, 1916 in St. Louis, Missouri, the eldest son of <mask>, Jr., a Texas railroad worker. He worked three jobs while attending schools in St. Louis and Houston, Texas, graduating from St. Thomas High School in 1932, at the age of 16 (having skipped two grades).<mask> initially attended Rice University; however, his true goal was to be admitted to the United States Naval Academy. He was finally admitted to the Naval Academy in 1936 and he immediately dropped out of Rice University in his senior year so he could attend. At the time, however, <mask> could not afford the bus or train fare to Annapolis, so he hired on as an apprentice seaman on a tramp steamer out of Galveston. During the journey to Philadelphia (the closest the steamer could get him to Maryland), <mask> taught calculus to the ship's captain, a Bulgarian named Frank Solis, in return for basic lessons in navigation. Once in Philadelphia, <mask> hitchhiked to Annapolis. Once at the academy, <mask> walked onto the football team as the starting quarterback, played varsity lacrosse and boxed as a light heavyweight. In 1940, <mask> received a Bachelor of Science degree from the Naval Academy.Naval career
The United States Navy commissioned <mask> as a line officer, and he served through five submarine war patrols in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. He suffered a ruptured appendix at the start of his sixth patrol and was unable to get to a hospital for 17 days, an ordeal that should have killed him. In 1945, <mask> visited Beatrice Castle Kirk (1923–2019), the widow of his Naval Academy classmate, Lieutenant Commander Edward Emmet DeGarmo (1917–1945). They were married in 1946. He adopted her two sons, Alan and Ed; and they had two of their own, <mask> and Stephen. In 1949, <mask> received a Juris Doctor degree from George Washington University Law School, where he edited the law review and became a member of the Order of the Coif. He was admitted to practice before the Washington, D.C., Bar in 1949; later, he was admitted to practice law by the Connecticut State Bar, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the United States courts of appeals, the United States Court of Claims, and the Supreme Court of the United States.By 1960, <mask>'s achievements in the Navy included commanding the U.S.S. Tiru (SS-416) and two other submarines on war patrols during the Korean War; earning the rank of captain two years before he was legally allowed to be paid for it; and serving as congressional liaison officer for the United States Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Chief of Naval Operations. He indicated his desire to retire from the Navy, but Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh Burke told him, "If you stay, you'll have my job some day." He did not stay, but joined a Connecticut law firm in 1961. Department of Justice
In 1969, <mask> returned to the federal government and worked under the Nixon administration in several different positions. In 1970, President Nixon appointed him as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division in the Department of Justice. In 1972, <mask> was nominated to be Deputy Attorney General, but before he could be confirmed by the full United States Senate his nomination was withdrawn.Acting Director of FBI
Instead, President Nixon designated him as Acting Director of the FBI after the death of J. Edgar Hoover. <mask> served for less than a year. Day-to-day operational command of the Bureau remained with Associate Director Mark Felt. Watergate involvement

Watergate and the FBI's investigation
On June 17, 1972, just six weeks after <mask> took office at the FBI, five men were arrested after breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel complex in Washington, D.C.

<mask> first learned of the Watergate break-ins on June 17 from Wes Grapp, the Special Agent in Charge of the Los Angeles field office. <mask> immediately called Mark Felt, his second in command. At the time, Felt only had limited information, remaining unclear as to whether it was a burglary or bombing attempt. Felt had more information the next day, when he informed <mask> that the burglars had connections to the Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP), that one burglar (McCord) was head of security for the committee, and that at least one listening device had been found.<mask> recalled the conversation concluding with the exchange:

"Are you absolutely certain that we have jurisdiction?" I asked. "I'm sure of it," he [Felt] answered. "Just check it and be absolutely certain," I ordered. "And then investigate it to the hilt with no holds barred." On the same day, June 18, 1972, <mask> also met later-identified Watergate conspirator <mask> in California. The two discussed Watergate, according to <mask>ue, and made arrangements to meet again back in Washington, D.C.In his own memoir, <mask> relates the <mask> meeting as a chance encounter at a hotel swimming pool and quotes their entire Watergate-related conversation:

"The Watergate thing is a hell of a thing," he said. "You bet it is, Fred," I answered. "We're going to investigate the hell out of it." That was all either of us said about it. For the first six months of the investigation, <mask> remained heavily involved. It was only when it became apparent that the White House was involved that <mask> recused himself from the investigation and handed control over to Mark Felt. Cover-up
On June 23, 1972, White House Chief of Staff Bob Haldeman and President Nixon held one of the infamous "smoking gun" conversations in which they conspired to use the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to block the FBI investigation into the money trail leading from the Watergate burglars to the Committee to Re-elect the President, which would constitute hard evidence that Committee members were involved in the planning of the burglaries.According to <mask>, this plan was first put into action when he had a meeting with Vernon Walters, then deputy director of the CIA, in which he quotes Walters as falsely saying, "If the investigation gets pushed further south of the border… it could trespass onto some of our covert projects. Since you've got these five men under arrest, it will be best to taper the matter off here." This conversation implicitly stated that the FBI should not interview Manuel Ogarrio and Kenneth Dahlberg, individuals connected with the money used to fund the Watergate burglars. This would later be backed up by the Director of the CIA, Richard Helms, when he specifically told <mask> that Karl Wagner and John Caswell should also not be interviewed, as they were, he stated, active CIA agents at the time. The basis for such a request came from a long-standing understanding between the CIA and the FBI that they would not reveal each other's informants. This effort by the White House and the CIA succeeded in delaying the interviews of both Ogarrio and Dahlberg for a little more than one week, at which point <mask> and his senior FBI staff, including Mark Felt, Charlie Bates, and Bob Kunkel, decided that, due to the increasing importance of these individuals in the investigation, they needed a written request from the CIA not to interview them, which would have to state in greater detail the reasons for not interviewing these individuals. Once the decision was made, <mask> called Vernon Walters and demanded that written request the next morning, or he would order the interviews to go forth.The next morning, Vernon Walters arrived and delivered a three-page memorandum, marked "SECRET", that did not ask the FBI to hold off on the interviews. The meeting concluded with Walters suggesting to <mask> that he should warn the President that some members of the White House staff were hindering the FBI's investigation. After the conversation, <mask> ordered the interviews to proceed immediately. Ultimately, the CIA cover-up delayed the FBI investigation no more than two weeks. While not active in any Watergate activities per se, <mask> was aware through his dealings with John Dean that the White House was concerned about what might be discovered from a full-field FBI investigation and explored what he could do to limit the investigation or shift it away from the Bureau's jurisdiction. As Dean wrote in his Watergate memoir "Blind Ambition," he used <mask> as a shill knowing that "we could count on <mask> to keep the Hunt material from becoming public, and he did not disappoint us." In fact, even though he thought of this as a political not criminal situation and that he was ultimately serving the President as the "nation's chief law enforcement officer," <mask> would come dangerously close to collusion because he chose to be useful to the White House without asking the hard questions.Dean goes on to say, "I met <mask> secretly at his home in southwest Washington. We were both apprehensive about the meeting as we walked to a park and sat down on a bench overlooking the Potomac, discussing my request to obtain FBI 302s and AirTels on the Watergate investigation." 11 days after the Watergate burglary, on June 28, 1972, <mask> received from John Dean documents removed from the safe of Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt. In 1973, <mask> would admit to destroying these documents and resign. When the missing Hunt material came to light, <mask> reportedly said to Dean, "Goddammit John. You have got to hang tight. Who else knows

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title: L. Patrick Gray

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 about it?"By early July 1972, however, <mask> had an alarming picture of the apparent conspiracy as conveyed to him by Vernon Walters and he changed tack. Although he arguably should have made it his business to know before helping Dean in any way, once he did know for certain that the White House was somehow involved, he was no longer a predictable and reliable ally they could count on. Felt and the search for the source
The Nixon White House tapes reveal that Bob Haldeman told Nixon that Felt was the source of leaks of confidential information contained in the FBI's investigation to various members of the press, including Bob Woodward of The Washington Post. <mask> claimed that he resisted five separate demands from the White House to fire Felt, stating that he believed Felt's assurances that he was not the source. Eventually, <mask> demanded to know who was claiming Felt to be leaking. Attorney general Richard Kleindienst told <mask> that Roswell Gilpatric, former deputy secretary of defense under John F. Kennedy and now outside general counsel to Time, had told John Mitchell that Felt was leaking to Sandy Smith of Time magazine. After Felt admitted in the May 2005 Vanity Fair article that he lied to <mask> about leaking to the press, <mask> claimed that Felt's bitterness at being passed over was the cause of his decision to leak to Time, The Washington Post, and others.Confirmation hearings
In 1973, <mask> was nominated as Hoover's permanent successor as head of the FBI. This action by President Nixon confounded many, coming at a time when revelations of involvement by Nixon administration officials in the Watergate scandal were coming to the forefront. Under <mask>'s direction, the FBI had been accused of mishandling the investigation into the break-in, doing a cursory job and refusing to investigate the possible involvement of administration officials. <mask>'s Senate confirmation hearing was to become the Senate's first opportunity to ask pertinent questions about the Watergate investigation. During the confirmation hearing, <mask> defended his bureau's investigation. During questioning, he volunteered that he had provided copies of some of the files on the investigation to White House Counsel John Dean, who had told <mask> he was conducting an investigation for the President. <mask> testified that before turning over the files to Dean, he had been advised by the FBI's own legal counsel that he was required by law to comply with Dean's order.He confirmed that the FBI investigation supported claims made by The Washington Post and other sources, about dirty tricks committed and funded by the Committee to Re-Elect the President, and in particular, activities of questionable legality committed by Donald Segretti. The White House had for months steadfastly denied any involvement in such activities. During the hearings, <mask> testified that Dean had "probably lied" to the FBI, increasing the suspicions of many of a cover-up. The Nixon administration was so angered by this statement that John Ehrlichman told John Dean that <mask> should be left to "twist slowly, slowly in the wind." Destruction of documents and resignation from the FBI
On June 21, 1972, <mask> met with John Dean and John Ehrlichman in Ehrlichman's office. During this meeting, <mask> was handed several envelopes full of documents from the personal safe of E. Howard Hunt. Dean instructed <mask>, in the presence of John Ehrlichman, that the documents were "national security documents.These should never see the light of day." Dean further repeatedly told <mask> that the documents were not Watergate-related. Six months later, <mask> said he finally looked at the papers as he burned them in a Connecticut fireplace. "The first set of papers in there were false top-secret cables indicating that the Kennedy administration had much to do with the assassination of the Vietnamese president (Diem)," <mask> said. "The second set of papers in there were letters purportedly written by Senator Kennedy involving some of his peccadilloes, if you will." After learning from Ehrlichman that John Dean was cooperating with the U.S. attorney and would be revealing to him what happened on June 21, <mask> told his staunchest congressional supporter, Senator <mask>, so that he might be prepared for that revelation. As a result, Senator Weicker leaked this revelation to some chosen reporters.Following this revelation, <mask> was forced to resign from the FBI on April 27, 1973. Legal struggles
For the next eight years, <mask> defended his actions as Acting Director of the FBI, testifying before five federal grand juries and four committees of Congress. On October 7, 1975, the Watergate Special Prosecutor informed <mask> that the last Watergate-related investigation of him had been formally closed. <mask> was never indicted in relation to Watergate, but the scandal dogged him afterwards. In 1978, <mask> was indicted, along with and Assistant Director Edward Miller, for allegedly having approved illegal break-ins during the Nixon administration. <mask> vehemently denied the charges, which were dropped in 1980. Felt and Miller, who had approved the illegal break-ins during the tenures of four separate FBI directors, including Hoover, <mask>, William Ruckelshaus, and Clarence M. Kelley, were convicted and later pardoned by President Ronald Reagan.Exonerated by the Department of Justice after a two-year investigation, <mask> returned to his law practice in Connecticut. Later life
After his time in Washington, <mask> returned to practicing law at the firm of Suisman, Shapiro, Wool, Brennan, Gray & Greenberg (SSWBGG) in New London, Connecticut. In a 2005 Vanity Fair article, Deputy Director Mark Felt claimed to be Deep Throat, the infamous source of leaks to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. Woodward, Bernstein, and Post executive editor Benjamin C. Bradlee confirmed the claim. <mask>'s claim. "It was like I was hit with a tremendous sledgehammer."<mask> died on July 6, 2005. He was working on his memoirs with his stepson <mask>, using his extensive and never-released personal Watergate files. His stepson finished the book In Nixon's Web: A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate, which disputes the claim that Felt was Deep Throat, citing Woodward's own notes and other evidence as proof that Deep Throat was a fictional composite made up of several Woodward sources, only one of whom was Felt. <mask> and the New York Times
In 2009, Bob Phelps, a former editor of The New York Times, and Robert M. Smith, a former reporter for the Times, claimed that they had received information from <mask> that would have allowed the Times to break the Watergate story before The Washington Post, but they failed to act upon it. In August 1972, <mask> and Smith had lunch. According to Smith, during this lunch <mask> mentioned details of Donald Segretti and John Mitchell's involvement in the Watergate burglaries. Smith quotes <mask>:

"[<mask>] told me about a guy who burned his palm, and about Donald Segretti (by name).And when he intimated over the entrée that the wrongdoing went further, I leaned back against the wall on my inside banquette and looked at him in frank astonishment. "The attorney general?" I asked. He nodded. I paused. "The president?" I asked.He looked me in the eye without denial—or any comment. In other words, confirmation. After the lunch, Smith reportedly rushed to his editor, Phelps, with the story, but it amounted to nothing. Smith left his job the next day for Yale Law School, and Phelps lost track of the story while covering the 1972 Republican Convention. However, while only <mask> and Smith knew exactly what was said at that lunch, <mask>'s son, Edward, denies that his father could have implicated either the Attorney General or the President, stating:

The truth is that at the time of this luncheon—as my father testified multiple times under oath—neither he nor anyone else in the FBI had any evidence whatsoever that the president was involved. <mask> goes on to point out that at the time of this lunch the Attorney General was Richard Kleindienst, who was never implicated in any of the Watergate scandals. Even if Smith meant that he was talking about John Mitchell, the former Attorney General, <mask> further points out that no one (outside of the conspirators) knew of Mitchell's involvement until the following April, when John Dean admitted as much to special prosecutors.Documents
<mask> was a meticulous record-keeper, which is most easily evidenced by the 40 boxes of personal records he took with him from his year with the FBI. The archive would grow even after <mask> left the FBI as a direct result of the legal proceedings in which he was forced to take part in the years to follow. This archive has become what is undoubtedly the "most complete set of Watergate investigative records outside the government." Selected Navy awards
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Korean Service Medal
United Nations Korea Medal

See also

 Helen Gandy

Notes

References

External links
<mask> <mask>, III, www.fbi.gov. L. <mask>, Deep Throat's Boss at F.B.I., Dies at 88. New York Times, July 6, 2005. Ex-F.B.I.Chief Calls Deep Throat's Unmasking a Shock. New York Times, June 27, 2005. 'Deep Throat's' Ex-Boss Shocked by Revelation. ABC News This Week, June 26, 2005. Obituary. Seattle Times, July 7, 2005. White House Tapes relating to FBI.National Security Archives, July 2, 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512042429/http://www.sths.org/about/hallofhonor/hohgraynews.html Biographical entry]. St. Thomas High School Hall of Honor, July 2, 2008. <mask> on "Morning Joe." MSNBC, March 7, 2008. Ex-F.B.I. Chief's Book Revisits Watergate New York Times, March 9, 2008.In Nixon's Web: Watergate and the FBI
Gray in Black and White. The American Spectator'', June 2008. 1916 births
2005 deaths
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Connecticut lawyers
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
George Washington University Law School alumni
Lawyers from St. Louis
Military personnel from St. Louis
Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal
Rice University alumni
St. Thomas High School (Houston, Texas) alumni
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy

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