title: Charles Makley

texts:
<mask> (November 24, 1889 – September 22, 1934), also known as <mask> and <mask>, was an American criminal and bank robber active in the early 20th century, most notably as a criminal associate of John Dillinger. Early life and education
<mask> (Pronounced Make-lee) was born in St. Marys, Ohio, to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was the oldest of five, with two brothers, George and Fred, and two sisters, Florence and Mildred. <mask> dropped out of school in the eighth grade and turned to crime in his teens, first with petty theft, then bootlegging and bank robbery in at least three Midwestern states.<ref name="checkmark">Newton, M. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists, and Capers. Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc. . pp. 183-184.</ref> <mask>'s father worked as a stone cutter and in the 1910 Ohio census a 20-year-old <mask> is listed as working in his father’s profession.His parents had divorced by this time. On his prison paperwork, <mask> often listed his occupation as salesman. He also listed his wife as Edith Slife <mask>, a woman married to his brother Fred. Early criminal career

<mask> did not begin a criminal career in earnest until his early thirties. On November 21, 1921, he was arrested for receiving stolen property in Detroit, Michigan. He was found not guilty. Over the next three years, <mask> was arrested various times in Missouri.On July 30, 1924, he was arrested in Wichita, Kansas, for bank robbery, under the alias of <mask>. He was sentenced to 15 years, but was paroled in May 1928. A few days later, he robbed a bank in Hammond, Indiana. He was apprehended on June 2, 1928, and sentenced to 10 to 20 years. <mask> entered Indiana State Prison in Michigan City on June 25, 1928. Meeting John Dillinger
At the time of <mask>’s incarceration, Indiana State Prison was on the silent system. Prisoners remained silent during work hours and in the dining hall.<mask> was not a model prisoner, but incurred only minor infractions during his stay at Indiana State: possessing contraband cigarette papers, having an electric stove, and wearing first grade uniform to a ball game. It was here that <mask> became friends with a number of prominent bank robbers, including Harry Pierpont, Homer Van Meter, John Hamilton, Russell Clark, and John Dillinger. Dillinger was paroled in May 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had pistols smuggled in to <mask>, Pierpont, Hamilton, Clark, and several other convicts. The pistols were smuggled in a crate of thread that was delivered to the prison shirt shop. On September 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men escaped from the main gate of Indiana State Prison. The ten escapees were Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, <mask>, John Hamilton, James Jenkins, Ed Shouse, Walter Dietrich, James Clark, Joseph Fox and Joseph Burns. Crime spree
The ten escapees immediately split into two groups.Dietrich, Fox, Burns and James Clark commandeered a car at gunpoint from a sheriff that was taking a prisoner to Michigan city and split from the others. <mask> remained with the group headed by Harry Pierpont. They went to the home of Pierpont's girlfriend, Mary Kinder, to change out of their prison uniforms, and then hid out at a farm owned by Pierpont's parents near Leipsic, Ohio. It was around this time that the gang learned that Dillinger had himself recently been arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the Allen County jail in Lima, Ohio. Determined to free Dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. On October 3, 1933, the gang robbed the First National Bank of St. Mary's, Ohio. Nine days later, on October 12, gang members converged on the jail where Dillinger was being held.Pierpont, <mask>, and Russell Clark entered the facility, while Ed Shouse remained outside as a lookout. The three men confronted Sheriff Jesse Sarber—in the presence of Deputy Wilbur Sharp and Sarber's wife—and stated that they were from Indiana State Prison with a transfer request for John Dillinger. When the sheriff asked to see their credentials, Pierpont shot him in the abdomen. <mask> and one other man then physically assaulted the sheriff, mortally injuring him. They locked the deputy and Sarber's wife in a cell and left Sarber for dead while they made their escape. On October 14, Dillinger, <mask>, and the gang stole guns, ammunition and bulletproof vests from a police station in Auburn, Indiana. On October 20, they pulled a similar heist at a police station in Peru, Indiana.On October 23, the gang used its new arsenal to rob a bank in Greencastle, Indiana, escaping with $74,782. By the end of the year, <mask> ranked fourth on Illinois' list of "public enemies", behind Dillinger, Pierpont, and Hamilton. Capture and trial for murder
On January 25, 1934, while the gang was lying low in Tucson, Arizona, a fire broke out in a leaky furnace at the Hotel Congress, where <mask> and Clark were staying. They were rescued by the fire department, and bribed a fireman, William Benedict, to retrieve their suitcases, which contained their guns. Days after the fire, Benedict identified <mask> from his mugshot in a True Detective magazine. <mask> was apprehended at the Crabtree Electric Company, shopping for a radio, using the alias "J.C. Davies". The rest of the gang was apprehended shortly afterwards.Dillinger was extradited to Crown Point, Indiana to stand trial for the murder of Officer William O'Malley during the gang's robbery of the First National Bank in East Chicago on January 15, while Pierpont, <mask> and Clark were sent back to Indiana State Prison under the supervision of Sheriff Don Sarber, the son of the Allen County sheriff they had killed. All three were later extradited to Lima, Ohio, to stand trial for Sheriff Sarber's murder. Testimony from Ed Shouse saw <mask>, Clark and Pierpont convicted in three consecutive trials over the course of two weeks in March 1934, while Dillinger, who had escaped Crown Point and joined up with Baby Face Nelson, robbed banks in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Mason City, Iowa. On March 24, 1934, <mask> and Pierpont received death sentences, while Clark received a life sentence. On March 27, the three were transferred to the Ohio State Prison in Columbus. Final escape attempt

While waiting for their turn in the electric chair, <mask> and Pierpont carved a pair of revolvers from large bars of soap, and blackened them with shoe polish. On September 22, 1934, the two used these props to attempt an escape.They assaulted a guard and freed Clark from his cell nearby. Before they had gone far, Clark, who was not looking at an imminent death sentence, lost his nerve and retreated to his cell. Moments later, armed guards arrived and shot <mask> and Pierpont. <mask>, hit in the thorax and abdomen, died on the scene. Pierpont was seriously wounded, but survived and was later executed. <mask>'s death certificate states that internal hemorrhaging from these wounds caused his death. He is buried in the Sugar Ridge Cemetery in Leipsic, Ohio.Temperament
While a habitual criminal, <mask> cultivated the appearance and demeanor of a prosperous legitimate businessman. In between crimes he worked as a salesman and insurance agent, and could easily pass for a respectable citizen. A story often told of <mask> is that some time in the mid-1920s after robbing a bank he went straight to a civic luncheon at which he was giving the keynote speech. The story itself is most likely apocryphal, but its popularity gives an insight into the man's charisma. Other media
In the 2009 film Public Enemies'', <mask> is played by Christian Stolte

References

Footnotes

Other sources
 1910 United States Census Ohio
 Prison Record for <mask> Indiana State Prison Michigan City

1889 births
1934 deaths
American bank robbers
American people convicted of murdering police officers
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to death
Depression-era gangsters
Deaths by firearm in Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Prisoners who died in Ohio detention
Prisoners sentenced to death by Ohio
People convicted of murder by Ohio
People from St. Mary's, Ohio

masks:
Charles Omer Makley
Charles McGray
Fat Charles
Makley
Edward Makley
Martha Sunderland Makley
Charles
Makley
Makley
Charles
Charles
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles McGray
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles Makley


title: Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 2 November 1965) is a Turkish medical doctor (pulmonologist), human rights activist and an MP (Member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly - TBMM) for the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). He has dedicated his political career to fighting against the human rights violations in Turkey. Educational life
<mask>şma Derneği'). At the local level in Kocaeli, he led various activities from freedom of expression to women's rights. He pioneered drafting reports and organizing petitions. He initiated the 'Freedom to headscarf' campaign and oversaw it for years.In 2007, the General Assembly of MAZLUMDER appointed him as the President at the national level. Despite the calls from the General Assembly to continue his function, Gergerlioglu decided to leave the presidency in 2009. He was one of the co-signatories of the I apologize campaign, in which several personalities of the Turkish-Kurdish society encouraged Turkey to take responsibility for their role regarding the massacres suffered by the Armenians. He became the spokesperson of Kocaeli Peace Platform (2013), which consisted of various NGOs that are active in Kocaeli, and the spokesperson of Rights and Justice Platform, which was founded in March 2017. He attended countless human rights events both in Turkey and abroad, and organized various human rights campaigns, including drafting reports on specific issues. Since 2007, he has been writing about national and global political issues in local, national and international newspapers and websites. He has given countless interviews on websites and makes podcasts on human rights violations.He makes weekly broadcasts on Periscope named 'OFG TV'. Gergerlioglu is a supporter of Kurdish rights. After Sur and Cizre operations, he and other human rights activists released a declaration criticizing excessive usage of force and human rights violations of security forces. In the aftermath of the 15 July 2016, coup attempt in Turkey, he has been mainly focused on the legal and social effects of the State of Emergency (OHAL), particularly the decree-laws (KHK). He played the leading role in revealing torture cases (such as the case of tortured Turkish diplomats) and in bringing human rights tragedies to the public attention (such as the case of Ahmet Burhan Atac). Examples of his activities
 He was the head researcher of the field study on 'Ethnic and Religious Discrimination in Turkey. Examples of his articles and interviews
 'Turkey's political prisoners at grave risk from COVID-19', Washington Examiner (11 May 2020).His interview about the bill on execution of sentences in Turkey, Al Arabiya (15 May 2020). Legal prosecution and controversies
On the 11 October 2016, an investigation against <mask> was initiated for having shared an image on twitter in support of a Kurdish Turkish peace process, depicting mothers behind a symbolic coffin draped with a Turkish flag and an other one with the flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The image was taken during a manifestation of the Peace Mothers on the World Peace Day. On the 13 October, he was summoned by his superior at the state hospital in İzmit  and suspended from his duties. Nacho Sánchez Amor, the current rapporteur for Turkey of the European Parliament, condemned the confirmation the sentence in February 2021. Gergerlioğlu is still able to appeal the verdict at the Constitutional Court. In February 2018, <mask> was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison after sharing an article on Twitter with the title "PKK: if the state takes the initiative, peace can be achieved within a month".The online newspaper who published the article, T24, was not prosecuted. Due to this conviction, <mask> <mask> <mask> was stripped of his parliamentary membership on the 17 March 2021. Following he would not leave the building of the Turkish Parliament and initiated a so-called "Justice Watch" together with other Member of Parliaments from the HDP. The same day his Parliamentary immunity was revoked, the Turkish state prosecutor before the Court of Cassation Bekir Şahin filed a lawsuit before the Constitutional Court demanding for him and 686 other HDP politicians a five-year ban to engage in politics. The lawsuit was filed together with the request for a closure of the HDP due to the parties alleged organizational links with the PKK and its politicians role in terrorist activities. On 21 March 2021 in the morning he was detained by the Turkish police and dragged out of the Turkish Parliament. He was released shortly after he delivered testimony regarding him not leaving the Turkish Parliament while being expelled from it.On 2 April 2021 he was arrested. Hours later he was brought to hospital to get an emergency operation. After the operation he was brought out of intensive care again to the prison. The Constitutional Court restored <mask>'s parliamentary membership on 1 July 2021, stating that his rights had been violated when he was convicted. He was released from jail on 6 July and the ruling of the court was read out in the Grand National Assembly on 16 July. Political career

At the parliamentary elections of 24 June 2018, he was elected to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) representing Kocaeli for the People's Democratic Party (HDP). He is a member of the Parliamentary Commission of Human Rights Inquiry.He draws attention to human rights violations and campaigns to improve the rights of Kurds, prisoners and people who have been purged after July 15, 2016 coup attempt. In January 2018, he signed a petition against Turkey's Operation Olive Branch against Afrin, Syria. Honors and prizes

 The Intellectual of the Year Award by Feta Initiative and Sakarya Voluntary Educators Association (2013)
Selected as the 'Person of the Year (2019)' by the Ahval News

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People's Democracy Party politicians
People from Isparta Province
Anadolu University alumni
People expelled from public office
Turkish pulmonologists
Members of the 27th Parliament of Turkey

masks:
Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu
Gergerlioğluı
Gergerlioğlu
Gergerlioğlu
Ömer
Faruk
Gergerlioğlu
Gergerlioğlu


title: Charles of Mount Argus

texts:
<mask> of Mount Argus (11 December 1821 – 5 January 1893), was a Dutch Passionist priest who served in 19th-century Ireland. He gained a reputation for his compassion for the sick and those in need of guidance. His reputation for healings and miracles was so great at the time that a reference is made to him in the famous novel Ulysses by James Joyce. He has been canonized by the Catholic Church. His feast day is January 5. Life
Born Joannes Andreas Houben on 11 December 1821 in the village of Munstergeleen in the Province of Limburg in the  Kingdom of the Netherlands, to Peter Joseph Houben and his wife, Johanna Elizabeth Luyten. He was named after his maternal uncle and godfather, but to the family he was known as Andrew.His father was a miller by trade. As a boy Andrew attended the village primary school. One of 11 children in a poor family, he was a slow learner in his youth. To those outside his family he seemed quiet and extremely shy. A slow learner, for ten years he walked the two miles to a secondary school at nearby town of Sittard. When Houben was 19 years old he was enrolled for military service in the First Infantry Regiment of the Netherlands. During his time as a soldier there was a disturbance in the town; the army were called out and ordered to fire.Afraid that he might hit someone, Andrew pointed his rifle the wrong way and narrowly missed shooting his superior officer. On 18 February 1845 his period as a reserve in the army came to an end and he was formally discharged. Passionist

Feeling called to religious life, in 1845 Houben was admitted to the novitiate of the Passionists, who had recently arrived in Belgium, in the village of Ere, near Tournai. He professed his religious vows the following year and was given the religious habit and the religious name of <mask> of St. Andrew. His father died in 1850, just before <mask>' ordination as a priest. The family were so poor they could not afford to go to his ordination because of the expenses of the funeral. Even happy days were lonely days.He was sent to serve in England in 1852. He did parochial ministry in the Parish of St. Wilfred and neighboring areas. Serving there, <mask> first came in contact with the Irish who were moving to England in the wake of the devastating famine taking place there. In July 1857 <mask> was transferred to Ireland to the newly founded monastery of Mount Argus, in Harold's Cross, Dublin. Traditionally Passionists are supposed to conduct missions and retreats and, through preaching, spread devotion to the Passion of Christ. <mask> was not a good preacher. He never really mastered the English language, but it was in the confessional and in comforting the sick that he excelled, and he became fond of the Irish people.In community he was cheerful and often was heard humming the Dutch national anthem as he walked around the house. Healer
It was <mask>' gift of healing the sick which is most clearly remembered. Another member of the Passionist community in Dublin, Sebastian Keens, C.P., told of a 12-year-old boy who had lost the use of his leg and was brought to him. Without delay he called <mask> and shortly afterwards found the boy walking up and down in front of the house completely cured. He became so popular with the people that the diocesan authorities, as well as the medical profession, grew suspicious of him. Some medical doctors complained to Cardinal Cullen, the Archbishop of Dublin, that he discouraged people from going to the doctor, a claim later retracted. Unscrupulous persons took holy water blessed by <mask> and unbeknownst to him began to sell it throughout Ireland.In order to discourage this practice, <mask> was transferred back to England in 1866 and remained there for eight years. <mask> returned to Dublin in 1874. A trap in which he was travelling overturned near St Clare's Convent at Harold's Cross, causing a fracture which never set right. He remained in Dublin until his death that took place at dawn on 5 January 1893. Veneration

At his funeral, attended by people from all of Ireland, there was definite proof of the popular devotion that had surrounded him throughout his life. The Superior of the monastery wrote to his family: "The people have already declared him a saint." The cause for <mask>' canonization was introduced on 13 November 1935.After the declaration of a miracle attributed to his intercession, on 16 October 1988, Pope John Paul II beatified the man whom everyone called the Saint of Mount Argus. The miracle that led to his canonization was the healing of Adolf Dormans of Munstergeleen, <mask>' birthplace, who was cured of "perforated, gangrenous appendicitis with generalized peritonitis that was multi-organically compromising" and which cure was "not scientifically explainable". The theologian consultors and the Ordinary Congregation of Cardinals and Bishops gave their unanimous approval of the claimed supernatural aspect of the said alleged healing. <mask> was canonized on 3 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI. From December 2021 to January 2023, a special holy year has been given recognition by Pope Francis to commemorate the bicentenary of the birth of <mask>. The Apostolic Penitentiary has granted the possibility of gaining a plenary indulgence to those faithful who visit the tomb and shrine of St Charles at Mount Argus or the place of his birth at Munstergeleen in the Netherlands. See also

 Passionists
 Dominic Barberi
List of Catholic saints

References

External links
<mask> of Mount Argus at Catholic Forum
Passionist community at Mount Argus in Dublin
 Biography of Fr.<mask> of St. Andrew (1821–1893)

1821 births
1893 deaths
People from Sittard-Geleen
Passionists
19th-century Dutch Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Dutch expatriates in Ireland
Wonderworkers
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Irish Roman Catholic saints
Dutch Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Christian saints
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Pope Clement XIII

texts:
<mask> (; ; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death in 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758. His pontificate was overshadowed by the constant pressure to suppress the Society of Jesus but despite this, he championed their order and also proved to be their greatest defender at that time. He was also one of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism with the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Low Countries. These efforts ultimately bore little fruit. Biography

Early life
Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was born in 1693 to a recently ennobled family of Venice, the second of two children of the man who bought the unfinished palace on the Grand Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) and finished its construction. His parents were Giovanni Battista Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo, and he had a brother called Aurelio.Carlo received a Jesuit education in Bologna and later studied at the University of Padua where he obtained his doctorate in canon law and civil law. From there, he travelled to Rome where he attended the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles. In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano. He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1731 in Rome. <mask> XII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. He also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia. Rezzonico was chosen as Bishop of Padua in 1743 and he received episcopal consecration in Rome by <mask> XIV himself, in the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.Rezzonico visited his diocese on frequent occasions and reformed the way that the diocese ran, paying attention to the social needs of the diocese. He was the first to do this in five decades. He later opted to become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to become the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755. Pontificate

Election to the papacy

<mask> XIV died of gout in 1758 and the College of Cardinals gathered at the papal conclave in order to elect a successor. Direct negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the election of Rezzonico. On the evening of 6 July 1758, Rezzonico received 31 votes out of a possible 44, one more than the required amount. He selected the pontifical name of "<mask> XIII" in honor of <mask> XII, who elevated him to the cardinalate.Rezzonico was crowned as pontiff on 16 July 1758 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani. Actions
Notwithstanding the meekness and affability of his upright and moderate character, he was modest to a fault (he had the classical sculptures in the Vatican provided with mass-produced fig leaves) and generous with his extensive private fortune. He also permitted vernacular translations of the Bible in Catholic countries. The Jesuits
<mask>'s pontificate was repeatedly disturbed by disputes respecting the pressures to suppress the Jesuits coming from the progressive Enlightenment circles of the philosophes in France. <mask> placed the Encyclopédie of D'Alembert and Diderot on the Index, but this index was not as effective as it had been in the previous century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain, the Two Sicilies, and Portugal. In 1758 the reforming minister of Joseph I of Portugal (1750–77), the Marquis of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia, as a "gift for the <mask>."In 1760, Pombal sent the papal nuncio home and recalled the Portuguese ambassador from the Vatican. The pamphlet titled the Brief Relation,  which claimed the Jesuits had created their own sovereign independent kingdom in South America and tyrannised the Native Americans, all in the interest of an insatiable ambition and avarice, did damage to the Jesuit cause as well. On 8 November 1760, <mask> issued a Papal bull Quantum ornamenti, which approved the request of King Charles III of Spain to invoke the Immaculate Conception as the Patroness of Spain, along with its eastern and western territories, while continuing to recognize Saint James the Greater as co-patron. In France, the Parliament of Paris, with its strong upper bourgeois background and Jansenist sympathies, began its campaign to expel the Jesuits from France in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts from Jesuit writings, the Extrait des assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were made to look worse than they were through judicious omission of context). Though a congregation of bishops assembled at Paris in December 1761 recommended no action, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated a royal order permitting the Society to remain in France, with the proviso that certain essentially liberalising changes in their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent of the general in Rome. When the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 suppressed the Jesuits in France and imposed untenable conditions on any who remained in the country, <mask> protested against this invasion of the Church's rights and annulled the arrêts. Louis XV's ministers could not permit such an abrogation of French law, and the King finally expelled the Jesuits in November 1764.<mask> warmly espoused the Jesuit order in a papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: by 1768 the Jesuits had been expelled from France, the Two Sicilies and Parma. In Spain, they appeared to be safe, but Charles III of Spain (1759–88), aware of the drawn-out contentions in Bourbon France, decided on a more peremptory efficiency. During the night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses of Spain were suddenly surrounded, the inhabitants arrested, shipped to the ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled onto ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to <mask> promised that his allowance of 100 piastres each year would be withdrawn for the whole order, should any one of them venture at any time to write anything in self-defence or in criticism of the motives for the expulsion, motives that he refused to discuss, then or in the future. Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of the Bourbon Duke Philip of Parma and Piacenza, who was advised by the liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, <mask> issued a strong protest (monitorium) against the policy of the Parmese government. The question of the investiture of Parma aggravated the Pope's troubles.The Bourbon Kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, and united in a peremptory demand for the total suppression of the Jesuits (January 1769). Driven to extremes, <mask> consented to call a consistory to consider the step, but on the very eve of the day set for its meeting he died, not without suspicion of poison, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence. Ecumenism

<mask> made attempts at engaging with Protestants. This made little progress since <mask> refused to compromise on doctrine with Protestants. In support of this policy, he recognised the Hanoverians as Kings of Great Britain despite the long-term residence in Rome of the Catholic House of Stuart. When James Francis Edward Stuart, aka James III died in 1766, <mask> refused to recognise his son Charles Edward Stuart as Charles III, despite the objections of his brother Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart. Other activities
<mask> created    52 new cardinals in seven consistories in his pontificate.The pope created his nephew Carlo as a cardinal in his first consistory and later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope <mask>—as a cardinal. The pope approved the cultus for several individuals: Andrew of Montereale and Vincent Kadlubek on 18 February 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi on 7 March 1761, Antoine Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Augustine Novello in 1759, Elizabeth Achler on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi on 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix of Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768 and Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761. <mask> canonized four saints in his pontificate: Jerome Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph of Cupertino, and Serafino of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767. Death
<mask> died during the night of 2 February 1769 in Rome of an apoplexy. He was laid to rest on 8 February 1769 in the Vatican but his remains were transferred on 27 September 1774 to a monument in the Vatican that had been sculpted by Antonio Canova at the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of the late pontiff. He was described in the Annual Register for 1758 as "the honestest man in the world; a most exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."

See also

 Cardinals created by <mask>
List of popes

Notes

External links

 Monument to <mask> in St Peter's Basilica by Canova

|-

1693 births
1769 deaths
Bishops of Padua
Popes from Venice
18th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Republic of Venice
Popes
18th-century popes

masks:
Pope Clement XIII
Pope Clement
Pope Benedict
Pope Benedict
Clement
Pope Clement
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Pope
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement
Clement
Clement XIII
Clement XIV
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII


title: Ernie Moss

texts:
<mask> (19 October 1949 – 11 July 2021) was an English footballer, most associated with his home town club, Chesterfield, where in three separate spells he made 539 appearances, scoring a club record 192 goals. He was later voted PFA Fans' Favourites and cult hero number one by the club's supporters. His total of 749 league appearances puts him in the top 20 all-time list for Football League appearances. With Chesterfield he won the Fourth Division title in 1969–70 and 1984–85. He was also promoted out of the fourth tier with Port Vale in 1982–83 and with Doncaster Rovers in 1983–84. He also won the Third Division title with Mansfield Town in 1976–77, and finished second in the Conference with Kettering Town in 1988–89. In addition to these achievements, he was also voted Port Vale F.C.Player of the Year in 1982. Other Football League clubs he played for include Peterborough United, Lincoln City, Stockport County, Scarborough, and Rochdale. He also turned out for non-league sides Matlock Town and Shepshed Charterhouse. He later embarked on a fifteen-year career as a manager at the non-league level of the English football pyramid, taking charge at Gainsborough Trinity, Leek Town, Matlock Town, Hucknall Town, and Belper Town. He led Gainsborough to a Northern Premier League Challenge Cup and Peter Swales Shield double in 1997, as well as a further Challenge Cup final appearance in 1998. He also won promotion out of the Northern Premier League First Division with Matlock Town in 2003–04. He also worked as Peter Morris's assistant at Boston United and Kettering Town.Playing career

<mask> worked as a clerk in the Derbyshire County Council education offices at Matlock at the time of his joining his hometown club Chesterfield, in April 1967, from the local Tube Works side. He made his debut at Bradford Park Avenue on 26 October 1968, signing professional forms a few days later before going on to make sixteen further appearances in the season. The club were at a low ebb, and finished 1968–69 just two points above the re-election zone in the Fourth Division. The "Spireites" were promoted as champions in 1969–70, winning nineteen of their 23 league games at Saltergate. <mask> was a major factor in the upturn in form, scoring twenty goals in the campaign, including four past Newport County. In 1970–71 he hit double figures by October, but was then sidelined for a period of months after rupturing his ligaments at Vetch Field. Chesterfield were on the up though, and finished the season fifth in the Third Division, two points off fallen giants Aston Villa.Chesterfield dropped back down to thirteenth in 1971–72, and finished just two points above the relegation zone in 1972–73. They again finished fifth in 1973–74, ending up five points shy of promotion. The club dropped back into the lower half of the table in 1974–75. After 95 goals in 271 league games he was sold to Peterborough United, manager Joe Shaw having found a replacement in Steve Cammack. Peterborough United and Mansfield Town
Noel Cantwell's "Posh" finished tenth in the Third Division in 1975–76, and <mask> then spent the latter half of the 1976–77 season with promotion winning Mansfield Town, who under Peter Morris's stewardship topped the Third Division table on 64 points. After playing for the "Stags" in their first ever season in the Second Division, he returned to the third tier with Chesterfield in January 1979, now managed by Arthur Cox. Return to Chesterfield
He helped the club to avoid relegation by just four points in 1978–79.The 1979–80 and 1980–81 seasons saw Chesterfield come close to promotion, missing out by one point and three points respectively. He helped the club to win the 1981 Anglo-Scottish Cup. However, he fell out with the club over a £5 pay rise, and in June 1981 he chose to move on to Port Vale. Port Vale
The Fourth Division club splashed out £12,000 for his services and were to find the sum a good investment. In his debut season he became the club's top scorer with seventeen goals, and picked up the Player of the Year award at the end of the campaign. Vale won promotion from the fourth tier in 1982–83, though <mask> had been sold to Colin Murphy's Lincoln City for £1,500 in March 1983, despite still being a regular in the first eleven. Despite his tally of 11 goals in 33 games in 1982–83, manager John McGrath claimed that 'age caught up with him'.McGrath nicknamed <mask> and strike partner Bob Newton as the "Kray twins" due to their dominance of opposition defenders. Later career
His time at Sincil Bank was brief and he finished the 1983–84 season with Doncaster Rovers, as Rovers were promoted from the Fourth Division as runners-up under the management of Billy Bremner. In 1984 <mask> signed with Chesterfield for a third time, now under the leadership of John Duncan. He won promotion from the fourth tier for the fourth time, Chesterfield coming up as champions in his first season back at Saltergate. The 1985–86 season was one of consolidation for Chesterfield, and his goals helped greatly. The Saltergate faithful were therefore taken by surprise when he was sold to Fourth Division Stockport County in December 1986, along with Phil Brown, for a combined fee of £10,000. County finished in mid-table, and <mask> left at the end of the 1986–87 campaign.He was with Conference champions Scarborough for their first season in the Football League under Neil Warnock. He also had a short spell with strugglers Rochdale, scoring twice in ten games for Eddie Gray's side, before his career in the Football League came to an end. Refusing to hang up his boots, he went on to play for Kettering Town of the Conference, and hit seventeen goals in 1988–89, making him the club's top-scorer at the age of forty. His goals helped Kettering to finish the season as runners-up, eight points behind Maidstone United. He later played for Matlock Town and Shepshed Charterhouse, before he retired in his second spell with Kettering, in 1992. Style of play
When <mask> was just starting his career, Chesterfield manager Jimmy McGuigan described him as:"A big, willing bloke, a charming fellow who had raw potential. His balance was nil, therefore his ball control was nil.He knew where the goal lay but he couldn't often hit it." McGuigan worked hard to rectify this aspect of <mask>' game and his hard work paid off, the youngster soon formed a deadly partnership with Kevin Randall. McGuigan's training improved his overall abilities, though his heading skills had always been present. <mask> always posed an aerial threat and scored many of his goals by towering over defenders and directing the ball into the net. A big man, he was closer to a 'gentle giant' than a dirty player. Football historian Jeff Kent described him as a "wholehearted striker". <mask> claimed that "For me competing was all about the pride and dignity of honest endeavour, - and winning wasn't all about riches and rewards, it was about preserving ones sporting integrity, it was about honour."None of his goals came from penalty kicks. <mask> missed the only penalty he ever took, in his 1986 testimonial match against Sheffield United. Management career
Also a well travelled non-league manager, he spent 1992 to 1994 as assistant manager to Peter Morris at Boston United. The "Pilgrims" were relegated out of the Conference in 1992–93, and spent 1993–94 in the Northern Premier League. He was appointed manager of Gainsborough Trinity in 1995. He led Trinity to a fifth-place finish in the Northern Premier League in 1995–96, three points behind champions Bamber Bridge. His team finished tenth in 1996–97 but did a cup double, beating Boston United in the final of the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, and lifting the Peter Swales Shield after victory over league champions Leek Town.Trinity finished fifth again in 1997–98, and lost out to Altrincham in the final of the Challenge Cup. In June 1998 he took charge at Conference outfit Leek Town, though was dismissed the following year after Leek were relegated, finishing nine points below the safety of Welling United. He was back in charge at Gainsborough by November 1999, replacing Steve Richards. He led the club to another tenth-place finish in 1999–2000. In 2000, he was appointed assistant manager of Kettering Town under Peter Morris, though the pair were sacked in February 2001, with the club bottom of the Conference. He took the reins at Northern Premier League First Division club Matlock Town in 2001, and took the club to a fourteenth-place finish in 2001–02. He took the "Gladiators" to eighth place in 2002–03, finishing three points off the play-offs.Promotion was achieved in 2003–04, as a second-place finish was enough to take the club in the Premier Division. He was appointed manager at Conference North club Hucknall Town in 2004, but lost his job after just three months. He returned to the Northern Premier League First Division in January 2005, when he was named manager of Belper Town. Belper finished seventeenth in 2004–05, but moved up to ninth in 2005–06, eight points off the play-offs. The "Nailers" dropped down to nineteenth in 2006–07, and <mask> was sacked. <mask> went on to coach youngsters at Chesterfield's community scheme and performed scouting missions. Personal life
He married wife Jenny, a nurse, in 1971.They had two daughters; Nikki born in December 1974, and Sarah, in May 1977. <mask> established the Moss & Miller sports shop with former England cricketer Geoff Miller. He was diagnosed with Pick's disease in October 2014. On 11 January 2015, Chesterfield declared their home match with Port Vale as "Ernie Moss Day", where money was raised for dementia charities. On 25 April 2017, a road adjacent to the Proact Stadium was named <mask> Way in his honour. A second "Ernie Moss Day" was celebrated when Port Vale played at Chesterfield on 19 August 2017. At this match a mosaic portrait of <mask> by artist Rob Lally was unveiled in the Proact Stadium foyer.He contracted Coronavirus disease 2019 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom and had beaten the disease by the end of May 2020. <mask> died on 11 July 2021, aged 71. Career statistics

Honours

References

1949 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Association football forwards
English footballers
English football managers
Chesterfield F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C.players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Matlock Town F.C. players
Shepshed Dynamo F.C.players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. managers
Leek Town F.C. managers
Matlock Town F.C. managers
Hucknall Town F.C. managers
Belper Town F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Northern Premier League managers
Association football coaches
Association football scouts

masks:
Ernest Moss
Chesterfield Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Ernie Moss
Moss
Moss


title: Xenocrates

texts:
<mask> (; ; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He was also an avid student of the council of the thirty-three. He distinguished three forms of being: the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. He considered unity and duality to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and the mortal, which consist in conditions of the soul. He held that mathematical objects and the Platonic Ideas are identical, unlike Plato who distinguished them.In ethics, he taught that virtue produces happiness, but external goods can minister to it and enable it to effect its purpose. Life
<mask> was a native of Chalcedon. By the most probable calculation he was born 396/5 BC, and died 314/3 BC at the age of 82. His father was named Agathon () or Agathanor (). Moving to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of Aeschines Socraticus, but subsequently joined himself to Plato, whom he accompanied to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death, he paid a visit with Aristotle to Hermias of Atarneus. In 339/8 BC, <mask> succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus of Pyrrha and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes.On three occasions he was member of an Athenian legation, once to Philip, twice to Antipater. <mask> resented the Macedonian influence then dominant at Athens. Soon after the death of Demosthenes (c. 322 BC), he declined the citizenship offered to him at the insistence of Phocion as a reward for his services in negotiating peace with Antipater after Athens' unsuccessful rebellion. The settlement was reached "at the price of a constitutional change: thousands of poor Athenians were disenfranchised," and <mask> said "that he did not want to become a citizen within a constitution he had struggled to prevent". Being unable to pay the tax levied upon resident aliens, he is said to have been saved only by the courage of the orator Lycurgus, or even to have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then emancipated. In 314/3, he died from hitting his head, after tripping over a bronze pot in his house. <mask> was succeeded as scholarch by Polemon, whom he had reclaimed from a life of profligacy.Besides Polemon, the statesman Phocion, Chaeron (tyrant of Pellene), the academic Crantor, the Stoic Zeno and Epicurus are said to have frequented his lectures. Wanting in quickness of apprehension and natural grace he compensated by persevering and thorough-going industry, pure benevolence, purity of morals, unselfishness, and a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and trust even from the Athenians of his own age. <mask> adhered closely to the Platonist doctrine, and he is accounted the typical representative of the Old Academy. In his writings, which were numerous, he seems to have covered nearly the whole of the Academic program; but metaphysics and ethics were the subjects which principally engaged his thoughts. He is said to have made more explicit the division of philosophy into the three parts of Physics, Dialectic and Ethics. When Alexander the Great sent him 30 talents of gold, he sent it back, saying that a king, not a philosopher, needs money. Writings
With a comprehensive work on Dialectic (τῆς περὶ τὸ διαλέγεσθαι πραγματείας βιβλία ιδ΄) there were also separate treatises On Knowledge, On Knowledgibility (περὶ ἐπιστήμης α΄, περὶ ἐπιστημοσύνης α΄), On Divisions (διαιρέσεις η΄), On Genera and Species (περὶ γενῶν καὶ εἰδῶν α΄), On Ideas (περὶ ἰδεῶν), On the Opposite (περὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου), and others, to which probably the work On Mediate Thought (τῶν περὶ τὴν διάνοιαν η΄) also belonged.Two works by Xenocrates on Physics are mentioned (περὶ φύσεως ϛ΄ - φυσικῆς ἀκροάσεως ϛ΄), as are also books On the Gods (περὶ Θεῶν β΄), On the Existent (περὶ τοῦ ὄντος), On the One (περὶ τοῦ ἑνός), On the Indefinite (περὶ τοῦ ἀορίστου), On the Soul (περὶ ψυχῆς), On the Emotions (περὶ τῶν παθῶν α΄) On Memory (περὶ μνήμης), etc. In like manner, with the more general Ethical treatises On Happiness (περὶ εὐδαιμονίας β΄), and On Virtue (περὶ ἀρετῆς) there were connected separate books on individual Virtues, on the Voluntary, etc. His four books on Royalty he had addressed to Alexander (στοιχεῖα πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον περὶ βασιλείας δ΄). Besides these he had written treatises On the State (περὶ πολιτείας α΄; πολιτικός α΄), On the Power of Law (περὶ δυνάμεως νόμου α΄), etc., as well as upon Geometry, Arithmetic, and Astrology. Besides philosophical treatises, he wrote poetry (epē) and paraenesis. Philosophy

Epistemology
Xenocrates made a more definite division between the three departments of philosophy, than Speusippus, but at the same time abandoned Plato's heuristic method of conducting through doubts (aporiai), and adopted instead a mode of bringing forward his doctrines in which they were developed dogmatically. Xenocrates recognized three grades of cognition, each appropriated to a region of its own: knowledge, sensation, and opinion.He referred knowledge (episteme) to that essence which is the object of pure thought, and is not included in the phenomenal world; sensation (aisthesis) to that which passes into the world of phenomena; opinion (doxa) to that essence which is at once the object of sensuous perception, and, mathematically, of pure reason - the essence of heaven or the stars; so that he conceived of doxa in a higher sense, and endeavored, more definitely than Plato, to exhibit mathematics as mediating between knowledge and sensuous perception. All three modes of apprehension partake of truth; but in what manner scientific perception (epistemonike aisthesis) did so, we unfortunately do not learn. Even here <mask>'s preference for symbolic modes of sensualising or denoting appears: he connected the above three stages of knowledge with the three Fates: Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. We know nothing further about the mode in which <mask> carried out his dialectic, as it is probable that what was peculiar to Aristotelian logic did not remain unnoticed in it, for it can hardly be doubted that the division of the existent into the absolutely existent, and the relatively existent, attributed to Xenocrates, was opposed to the Aristotelian table of categories. Metaphysics
We know from Plutarch that <mask>, if he did not explain the Platonic construction of the world-soul as Crantor after him did, nevertheless drew heavily on the Timaeus; and further that he was at the head of those who, regarding the universe as unoriginated and imperishable, looked upon the chronological succession in the Platonic theory as a form in which to denote the relations of conceptual succession. Plutarch unfortunately, does not give us any further details, and contented himself with describing the well-known assumption of Xenocrates, that the soul is a self-moving number. Probably we should connect with this the statement that Xenocrates called unity and duality (monas and duas) deities, and characterised the former as the first male existence, ruling in heaven, as father and Zeus, as uneven number and spirit; the latter as female, as the mother of the gods, and as the soul of the universe which reigns over the mutable world under heaven, or, as others have it, that he named the Zeus who ever remains like himself, governing in the sphere of the immutable, the highest; the one who rules over the mutable, sublunary world, the last, or outermost.If, like other Platonists, he designated the material principle as undefined duality, the world-soul was probably described by him as the first defined duality, the conditioning or defining principle of every separate definitude in the sphere of the material and changeable, but not extending beyond it. He appears to have called it in the highest sense the individual soul, in a derivative sense a self-moving number, that is, the first number endowed with motion. To this world-soul Zeus, or the world-spirit, has entrusted - in what degree and in what extent, we do not learn - dominion over that which is liable to motion and change. The divine power of the world-soul is then again represented, in the different spheres of the universe, as infusing soul into the planets, Sun and Moon, - in a purer form, in the shape of Olympic gods. As a sublunary

masks: Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates


title: Xenocrates

texts:
 daemonical power (as Hera, Poseidon, Demeter), it dwells in the elements, and these daemonical natures, midway between gods and men, are related to them as the isosceles triangle is to the equilateral and the scalene. The divine world-soul which reigns over the whole domain of sublunary changes he appears to have designated as the last Zeus, the last divine activity. It is not until we get to the sphere of the separate daemonical powers of nature that the opposition between good and evil begins, and the daemonical power is appeased by means of a stubbornness which it finds there congenial to it; the good daemonical power makes happy those in whom it takes up its abode, the bad ruins them; for eudaimonia is the indwelling of a good daemon, the opposite the indwelling of a bad one.How Xenocrates tried to establish and connect scientifically these assumptions, which appear to be taken chiefly from his books on the nature of the gods, we do not learn, and can only discover the one fundamental idea at the basis of them, that all grades of existence are penetrated by divine power, and that this grows less and less energetic in proportion as it descends to the perishable and individual. Hence he also appears to have maintained that as far as consciousness extends, so far also extends an intuition of that all-ruling divine power, of which he represented even irrational animals as partaking. But neither the thick nor the thin, to the different combinations of which he appears to have tried to refer the various grades of material existence, were regarded by him as in themselves partaking of soul; doubtless because he referred them immediately to the divine activity, and was far from attempting to reconcile the duality of the principia, or to resolve them into an original unity. Hence too he was for proving the incorporeality of the soul by the fact that it is not nourished as the body is. It is probable, that, after the example of Plato, he designated the divine principium as alone indivisible, and remaining like itself; the material, as the divisible, partaking of multiformity, and different, and that from the union of the two, or from the limitation of the unlimited by the absolute unity, he deduced number, and for that reason called the soul of the universe, like that of individual beings, a self-moving number, which, by virtue of its twofold root in the same and the different, shares equally in permanence and motion, and attains to consciousness by means of the reconciliation of this opposition. Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, recognized amongst contemporary Platonists three principal views concerning the ideal numbers, and their relation to the ideas and to mathematical numbers:

those who, like Plato, distinguished ideal and mathematical numbers;
those who, like Xenocrates, identified ideal numbers with mathematical numbers
those who, like Speusippus, postulated mathematical numbers only

Aristotle has much to say against the Xenocratean interpretation of the theory, and in particular points out that, if the ideal numbers are made up of arithmetical units, they not only cease to be principles, but also become subject to arithmetical operations. In the derivation of things according to the series of the numbers he seems to have gone further than any of his predecessors.He approximated to the Pythagoreans in this, that (as is clear from his explanation of the soul) he regarded number as the conditioning principle of consciousness, and consequently of knowledge also; he thought it necessary, however, to supply what was wanting in the Pythagorean assumption by the more accurate definition, borrowed from Plato, that it is only insofar as number reconciles the opposition between the same and the different, and has raised itself to self-motion, that it is soul. We find a similar attempt at the supplementation of the Platonic doctrine in Xenocrates's assumption of indivisible lines. In them he thought he had discovered what, according to Plato, God alone knows, and he among men who is loved by him, namely, the elements or principia of the Platonic triangles. He seems to have described them as first, original lines, and in a similar sense to have spoken of original plain figures and bodies, convinced that the principia of the existent should be sought not in the material, not in the divisible which attains to the condition of a phenomenon, but merely in the ideal definitude of form. He may very well, in accordance with this, have regarded the point as a merely subjectively admissible presupposition, and a passage of Aristotle respecting this assumption should perhaps be referred to him. Ethics
The information on his Ethics is scanty. He tried to supplement the Platonic doctrine at various points, and at the same time to give it a more direct applicability to life.He distinguished from the good and the bad something which is neither good nor bad. Following the ideas of his Academic predecessors, he viewed the good as that which should be striven after for itself, that is, which has value in itself, while the bad is the opposite of this. Consequently, that which is neither good nor bad is what in itself is neither to be striven after nor to be avoided, but derives value or the opposite according as it serves as means for what is good or bad, or rather, is used by us for that purpose. While, however, <mask> (and with him Speusippus and the other philosophers of the older Academy) would not accept that these intermediate things, such as health, beauty, fame, good fortune, etc. were valuable in themselves, he did not accept that they were absolutely worthless or indifferent. According, therefore, as what belongs to the intermediate region is adapted to bring about or to hinder the good, Xenocrates appears to have designated it as good or evil, probably with the proviso, that by misuse what is good might become evil, and vice versa, that by virtue, what is evil might become good. Still he maintained that virtue alone is valuable in itself, and that the value of every thing else is conditional.According to this, happiness should coincide with the consciousness of virtue, though its reference to the relations of human life requires the additional condition, that it is only in the enjoyment of the good things and circumstances originally designed for it by nature that it attains to completion; to these good things, however, sensuous gratification does not belong. In this sense he on the one hand denoted (perfect) happiness as the possession of personal virtue, and the capabilities adapted to it, and therefore reckoned among its constituent elements, besides moral actions conditions and facilities, those movements and relations also without which external good things cannot be attained, and on the other hand did not allow that wisdom, understood as the science of first causes or intelligible essence, or as theoretical understanding, is by itself the true wisdom which should be striven after by people, and therefore seems to have regarded this human wisdom as at the same time exerted in investigating, defining, and applying. How decidedly he insisted not only on the recognition of the unconditional nature of moral excellence, but on morality of thought, is shown by his declaration, that it comes to the same thing whether one casts longing eyes, or sets one's feet upon the property of others. His moral earnestness is also expressed in the warning that the ears of children should be guarded against the poison of immoral speeches. Mathematics
<mask> is known to have written a book On Numbers, and a Theory of Numbers, besides books on geometry. Plutarch writes that Xenocrates once attempted to find the total number of syllables that could be made from the letters of the alphabet. According to Plutarch, Xenocrates result was 1,002,000,000,000 (a "myriad-and-twenty times a myriad-myriad").This possibly represents the first instance that a combinatorial problem involving permutations was attempted. Xenocrates also supported the idea of "indivisible lines" (and magnitudes) in order to counter Zeno's paradoxes. See also
On Indivisible Lines

Notes

References

Attribution

External links

 University of St Andrews, Scotland, Biography of <mask>

4th-century BC Greek people
4th-century BC philosophers
Academic philosophers
Ancient Athenians
Ancient Chalcedonians
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek metaphysicians
Greek educators
Metic philosophers in Classical Athens
390s BC births
310s BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great
4th-century BC

masks: Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates


title: Ehsan Hajsafi

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 February 1990) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and captains the Iran national team. <mask> is regarded as a utility player, being able to play as left midfielder, left-back, defensive midfielder, and winger. In 2009, <mask> was selected by Goal.com as the most promising player in Asian football. <mask> has represented Iran at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups and also 2011, 2015 and 2019 AFC Asian Cup tournaments, in addition to Sepahan at the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup. Club career

Sepahan

<mask> started his career in Zob Ahan in 2000 and left the club in 2006, joining Sepahan. He was extracted from Sepahan youth academy by Luka Bonačić. <mask> played two matches from the start in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup and has been a regular for Sepahan during recent seasons.Sepahan came second in the 2007 AFC Champions League. <mask> takes set pieces for Sepahan and plays both in central and left midfield, having scored six league goals for Sepahan in the 2007–08 season. In the last game of the league match against Persepolis, <mask> scored a goal for Sepahan that could have granted Sepahan the title, but Persepolis scored the vital winning goal in stoppage time to win the title. He continued to perform well and scored wonderful goals for Sepahan in the 2008–09 season. He was tested as the left back in the 2009–10 season when Sepahan won the league, and extended his contract with Sepahan for two another years. Tractor (loan)
In June 2011, <mask> signed a one and a half year loan conscription contract with Tractor, reuniting him with former coach Amir Ghalenoei. Tractor finished second in the league, their best results in club history.His contract with Tractor ended in January 2012, and he returned to Sepahan. Return to Sepahan
<mask> returned to Sepahan in January 2012, beginning this time with coach Zlatko Kranjčar. He won the Hazfi Cup with the team and extended his contract with Sepahan for another two seasons at the end of the season. In August 2014 after the end of his contract <mask> was close to signing with Championship side Fulham, but the deal fell through due to work permit issues. <mask> returned to Iran and extended his contract for another two seasons with Sepahan. FSV Frankfurt
On 30 August 2015, <mask> joined FSV Frankfurt in the 2. Bundesliga on a two-year contract.He made his league debut on 13 September 2015 as a second-half substitute against Eintracht Braunschweig. He made his first start a week later as a left-back on 20 September in a 1–0 league win over MSV Duisburg. <mask> quickly established himself as the set-piece taker. <mask> scored his first goal for FSV Frankfurt on 2 March 2016 in a 3–3 draw against MSV Duisburg. On 13 March 2016, he scored from 50 yards against SC Freiburg. After FSV was relegated to the 3. Liga, the club announced that they had annulled the contract of <mask> and he was a free agent and could sign with any club.Panionios
On 24 June 2017, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Greek Super League side Panionios. He is set to team up with fellow countryman Masoud Shojaei at Panionios. <mask> became the third Iranian in recent years to play for the club. <mask> made his first appearance for the club on 13 July 2017 in a second round Europa League qualifying match against Slovenian club Gorica. On 20 August 2017, on his league debut with Panionios, <mask> recorded an assist from a corner kick. Olympiacos
On 29 December 2017, after six months with Panionios, Hajisafi reached an agreement with Greek side Olympiacos, signing a three and a half years' contract for a transfer fee of €600,000. His contract, was worth €400,000 per year.The 27-year-old player was the team's first transfer in the January window. On 11 February 2018, he made his debut with the club in the Superleague Greece as a starter, scoring a late goal as he bundled home the rebound to sealed a point for Olympiacos when Atromitos keeper Andreas Gianniotis saved Uros Djurdjevic’s penalty-kick. Tractor
On 2 September 2018, Hajisafi returned to Tractor on a three-year contract. AEK Athens
On 3 August 2021, Iran international midfielder <mask> <mask> joined Greek football team AEK Athens. The 31-year-old winger was a member of Iranian team Sepahan in the last half of the season. <mask> had played for another Greek Super League club Olympiacos in 2018. On 24 October 2021, he came in as a late substitute and sealed a 3–1 away win against Volos, after a magnificent run from Steven Zuber.International career
<mask> competed for the Iran U17 national team at the 2006 AFC Youth Championship. He later went on to appear for the U-20 and U-23 teams. On 25 May 2008, <mask> played his first A national team match for the senior national team in a friendly game against Zambia. He shone in his debut with two brilliant assists in Iran's 3–2 win at Azadi Stadium. On 2 June, he then played in Iran's 2010 FIFA World Cup World Cup qualification against United Arab Emirates at home. In the return game, <mask> came on as a substitute to help Iran win the crucial away game. His first international goal was against Qatar in the 2008 West Asian Football Federation Championship, when Iran went on to win 6–1.He played in 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification, which was considered the best left side of the competition. He also played for the team in the tournament, in which Iran was eliminated in the Round 16 by South Korea. In March 2014, he was assigned as captain for the first time in his 57th national cap against Kuwait. On 1 June 2014, he was called into Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz. He played the full 90 minutes in Iran's first match against Nigeria which ended 0–0. He then started in a match against Argentina and was one of the key players in the match. He substituted in the 88th minute and then Argentina scored their lone goal by Lionel Messi.He also played 63 minutes in Iran's final match against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Iran were eliminated in the group stages. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz. On 11 January 2015, in Iran's opening match of the tournament, <mask> scored the first goal and was named man of the match in a 2–0 win against Bahrain. On 10 August 2017, <mask> was banned from the national team, along with teammate Masoud Shojaei, for playing with their club Panionios against Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv. His ban was rescinded after posting a religious message on his Instagram. In May 2018 he was named in Iran's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.He played his 100th international game on 15 November 2018 at the age of 28 in Azadi Stadium against Trinidad and Tobago. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hajsafi goal. Honours
Sepahan
Persian Gulf Pro League: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2014–15
Hazfi Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2012–13
AFC Champions League: runner-up 2007

Tractor
Hazfi Cup: 2019–20

Iran
WAFF Championship: 2008

Individual
 Persian Gulf Pro League Young Player of the Year: 2007–08
 Persian Gulf Pro League Top Goal Assistant: 2009–10 (13), 2011–12 (11), 2016–17 (8)
 Persian Gulf Pro League Defender of the Year: 2009–10, 2011–12
 Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Year: 2011–12, 2016–17

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

1990 births
Living people
People from Kashan
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
Association football utility players
Iranian footballers
Iran international footballers
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Tractor S.C. players
FSV Frankfurt players
Panionios F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
2. Bundesliga players
Super League Greece players
FIFA Century Club
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Asian Games competitors for Iran
Iranian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Greece

masks:
Ehsan Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Ehsan
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Ehsan
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi


title: Giovanni Bottesini

texts:
<mask> (22 December 1821 – 7 July 1889), was an Italian Romantic composer, conductor, and a double bass virtuoso. Biography

Born in Crema, Lombardy, he was taught the rudiments of music by his father, an accomplished clarinetist and composer, at a young age and had played timpani in Crema with the Teatro Sociale before the age of eleven. He studied violin with Carlo Cogliati, and probably would have continued on this instrument except for a unique turn of events. His father sought a place for him in the Milan Conservatory, but due to the <mask> family's lack of money, <mask> needed a scholarship. Only two positions were available: double bass and bassoon. He prepared a successful audition for the double bass scholarship in a matter of weeks. At the conservatory, he studied with Luigi Rossi, to whom he would later dedicate his Tre grandi duetti per contrabasso.Only four years later, a surprisingly short time by the standards of the day, he left with a prize of 300 francs for solo playing. This money financed the acquisition of an instrument of Carlo Giuseppe Testore, and a globe-trotting career as "the Paganini of the Double Bass" was launched. On leaving Milan, he spent some time in America and also occupied the position of principal double-bass in the Italian opera at Havana, where he later became director. Here his first opera, Cristoforo Colombo, was produced in 1847. In 1849 he made his first appearance in England, playing double bass solos at one of the Musical Union concerts. After this he made frequent visits to England, and his extraordinary command of his unwieldy instrument gained him great popularity in London and the provinces. Apart from his triumphs as a performer, <mask> was a conductor of European reputation, and was conductor at the Théâtre des Italiens in Paris from 1855 to 1857 where his second opera, L'Assedio di Firenze, was produced in 1856.In 1861 and 1862 he conducted in Palermo, supervising the production of his opera Marion Delorme in 1862, and in 1863 in Barcelona. During these years he diversified the toils of conducting by repeated concert tours through Europe. In 1871 he conducted a season of Italian opera at the Lyceum theatre in London, during which his opera Ali Babà was produced, and he was chosen by Verdi to conduct the first performance of Aida, which took place at Cairo on 24 December 1871. When conducting opera, <mask> would frequently bring his double bass on stage during the intermission to play fantasies on the evening's opera. His fantasies on Lucia di Lammermoor, I puritani and Beatrice di Tenda are virtuosic tours de force that are still popular with those who are highly accomplished on the instrument. <mask> wrote three operas besides those previously mentioned: Il Diavolo della Notte (Milan, 1859); Vinciguerra (Paris, 1870); and Ero e Leandro (Turin, 1880), the last named to a libretto by Arrigo Boito, which was subsequently set by Luigi Mancinelli. He also wrote The Garden of Olivet, a devotional oratorio (libretto by Joseph Bennett), which was produced at the Norwich festival in 1887, eleven string quartets, a quintet for string quartet and double bass, and many works for the double bass, including two concertos for solo double bass, the Gran Duo Concertante (originally) for two double basses, Passione Amorosa for two double basses, numerous pieces for double bass and piano, and an instructional book ("Complete Method for Double Bass").Shortly before his death, in 1888 he was appointed director of Parma Conservatory on Verdi's recommendation. <mask> died in Parma on 7 July 1889. His solo works remain standard repertoire for accomplished double bassists to this day. <mask> was a freemason, initiated 20 June 1849, in the Bank of England Lodge No. 263, London. The Paganini of the double bass

<mask> was widely acclaimed, and his virtuosic skill in the bass paralleled that of Paganini himself on the violin. Because of the contributions of <mask> (along with those of Sperger and Dragonetti) to bass technique, many have come to view the double bass as a diverse and versatile instrument.Most notably there are many virtuoso bass players who draw inspiration from the early renaissance of the double bass. <mask>'s bass was said to be a unique instrument with a remarkable sound. It was built by Carlo Antonio Testore in 1716. The instrument was owned by several unknown bass players. It nearly met its end in the 1830s as it sat backstage in a marionette theater in Milan. <mask> purchased the Testore in 1838 for 900 lire. The Testore bass was later converted back to a four-stringed instrument, and then to a three.Eventually, it was changed back to a four-string configuration and is now in the possession of a private collector in Japan. <mask> was also one of the first performers to adopt the French-style bow grip for the double bass. This style was previously used solely by violinists, violists and cellists. List of selected works

Selected works for solo double bass
Adagio melanconico e appassionato
Allegretto Capriccio "Alla Chopin"
Allegro di Concerto "Alla Mendelssohn" (aka "Gran Allegro")
Capriccio Di Bravura
Concerto Di Bravura No.1 [Concerto No.1] (1840)
Concerto/Concertino No. 2 in B minor for double bass and orchestra [Concerto No.2] (1853)
Concerto in F minor [Concerto No.3] (1871) for double bass and orchestra. Accidentally miscredited or published as concerto No.1 (also known as Concerto for Students in some publications/arrangements/lower transpositions, studienkonzert in German publications)
Gran Duo Concertante
Gran Duo for clarinet in A and bass and orchestra
 Duo for cello and double bass – Rossini
Elegia in re no. 1
Elegia No.2, "Romanza Drammatica"
Elegia No. 3, "Romanza Patetica"
Fantasia sulla "Beatrice di Tenda" di Bellini
Fantasia sulla "Cerrito"
Fantasia sulla "La Sonnambula" di Bellini
Fantasia sulla "Norma" di Bellini
Fantasia sulla "Straniera" di Bellini
Fantasia sulla "Lucia de Lammermoor" di Gaetano Donizetti
Fantasia sulla "I Puritani" di Bellini
Gran Duo Passione Amorosa per due contrabassi
Introduzione e Bolero
Introduzione e Fuge
Introduzione e Gavotta
Introduzione e Variazione di "Carnivale di Venezia" di Rossini
Meditazione (Aria di Bach) (an arrangement of the Air from Bach's Orchestral Suite in D major)
Melodia No. 1
Melodia No. 2
Rêverie (originally for violoncello and orchestra)
Tarantella in la minore (frequently paired with Elegia No. 1 and referred to as Elegia e Tarantella. Numerous manuscripts by Bottesini himself show that these two pieces were clearly intended to be performed together)
Tre gran due per contrabassi
Variazione sulla "Nel cor più non mi sento" di Paisiello

Other chamber music
Tutto il mondo serra – soprano, double bass and piano
Un Bacio solo – soprano, double bass and piano
Guardami ancor – soprano, double bass and piano
È il pianto del mio cor – soprano, double bass and piano
Canta Roberto! – soprano, double bass and piano
Retourner a la paix des champs – soprano, double bass and piano
Une bouche Aimée – soprano, double bass and piano
Duetto – clarinet, double bass and piano

Notes

References

External links
The Bottesini Urtext Project
Bottesini's Catalogue
Books and Resources on Bottesini

"Bottesini, Giovanni", by Alberto Pironti, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, via Treccani
bottesini.com

Complete Method for Double Bass by Bottesini
In Search of Bottesini, Thomas and George Martin

1821 births
1889 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male conductors (music)
19th-century conductors (music)
Composers for double bass
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Italian classical composers
Italian classical double-bassists
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian male classical composers
Italian Romantic composers
Male double-bassists
Milan Conservatory alumni
People from Crema, Lombardy

masks:
Giovanni Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini
Bottesini


title: Pinchas Goldschmidt

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1963) has been the Chief Rabbi of Moscow, Russia since 1993. serving at the Moscow Choral Synagogue. He also founded and heads the Moscow Rabbinical court of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) since 1989, and since 2011 serves as President of the Conference of European Rabbis (CER) which unites over seven hundred communal rabbis from Dublin to Khabarovsk. Biography
Rabbi <mask>, who was born in Zurich, Switzerland, is a central figure in the Russian Jewish community and has served as Chief Rabbi of Moscow since 1993. He is the spiritual leader of the central synagogue of Moscow and founded and heads the Moscow Rabbinical Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He is a senior figure in the Congress of the Jewish Religious Organizations and Associations in Russia, a major umbrella organization of Jewish communities in Russia. In 1990 he created the guidelines in conjunction with the Israeli Ministry of Interior to reconfirm Jews who have hidden their Jewish identity during Soviet times. Goldschmidt arrived in Russia in 1989 and began playing an instrumental role in re-establishing Jewish life and the communal structures of the community, including schools, kindergartens, a rabbinical court, a burial society, kosher restaurants, soup kitchens, rabbinical schools and political umbrella structures, such as the Russian Jewish Congress and the Congress of the Jewish Religious Organizations and Associations in Russia (CJROAR).Goldschmidt represents the Russian Jewish community politically. He published op-eds in the international press pertaining to the issues of the day. He has also addressed the US Senate, the EU Parliament, the Council of Europe, the Israeli Knesset, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu's  "Neeman Commission", Oxford University, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Berlin Conference on anti-Semitism, and Harvard University, discussing the state of the Jewish Community and threats to it. In January 2005, five hundred people, including newspaper editors, public intellectuals and 19 Duma deputies published an appeal to the Prosecutor General of Russia. The petitioners called for the closure of Jewish organized life in Russia. A subsequent television call-in show, during which 100,000 people phoned in, revealed that 54% of the participants supported the idea of banning all Jewish organizations in Russia. Goldschmidt wrote a detailed response to all the accusations and addressed the letter to Dmitriy Rogozin, leader of the nationalist Rodina (Motherland) party, who, after receiving Goldschmidt's letter, apologized and distanced himself from the petition.Goldschmidt was deported from Russia during September 2005, but was allowed to return to the community after three months, after an international campaign. In 2010 by special order of Russia's president, Dmitry Medvedev, he was made a citizen of Russia. He takes an active part in interfaith dialogue gatherings with Christians and Muslims in New York, Paris, Astana, Seville, Vienna and Moscow. He also leads the Conference of European Rabbis, a rabbinical umbrella group of Europe (uniting four hundred rabbis from Dublin to Khabarovsk) as the Chairman of the Standing Committee. Goldschmidt, besides his rabbinical ordination, possesses an MA from Ner Israel Rabbinical College, as well as a MS from Johns Hopkins University. He also studied at Ponevezh Yeshiva, (1979–1981), Telshe Yeshiva, Chicago, Il (1981–1982), Shevet Umechokek Institute for Rabbinical Judges headed by Rabbi Zalman Nechemia Goldberg, (1985–1986) and Harry Fischel Institute for Talmudic Research, Jerusalem, Israel (1986–1987). He has authored articles on issues of Jewish law regarding post-Soviet Jewry and has published a collection of responsas with a compilation of Russian Jewish names "Zikaron Basefer", (Moscow 1996).<mask> has been awarded Certification as candidate for the Position of Chief Rabbi in Israel or in one of the cities in Israel by the Council of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel in the year 2002. <mask> is married and has seven children. In the spring of 2009, Goldschmidt was Visiting Scholar at the Davis Center in Harvard. Since July 2011, Goldschmidt is the new president of the Conference of European Rabbis. He was elected by the CER's Standing Committee meeting in London and succeeds the former Chief Rabbi of France (1987–2009), Joseph Sitruk, who had held the post since 1999. Only the fourth president of the CER in its 54-year history, <mask> is the first to hold the post from outside Western Europe. In his role as president of the CER, Goldschmidt has focused on ensuring Jewish continuity in Europe, as well as fighting legislation across European countries against ritual slaughter and circumcision.Under Goldschmidt, the CER has also engaged in interfaith dialogue and was a leading figure in authoring and gaining endorsement for the 2016 document “From Jerusalem to Rome”, the first Jewish theological response to the Catholic church’s Nostra Aetate, issued 51 years ago, which repudiated the notion of the collective guilt of the Jewish people for Jesus’s death. The rabbi also established the Muslim Jewish Leadership Council to help create a dialogue between Europe’s Muslims and Jews and to renew respect and appreciation of religious identities. On July 27, 2016 the Government of the French Republic awarded to Rabbi <mask> Goldschmidt the title of Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honor for his paramount contribution to the strengthening of relations between Russia and France. The Jerusalem Post in its yearly list of the fifty most influential Jews in the world, in 2018 placed Rabbi Goldschmidt on 31st place. In November 2018 Rabbi Goldschmidt has made an appeal to Israel and the Jewish world to stay away from nationalistic, populist and xenophobe parties and not to encourage controversial relationships in exchange for loud defences of the Jewish State and unacceptable declarations of friendship. References

External links
Reportsbetsygidwitz.com

Russian rabbis
Swiss rabbis
1963 births
Living people

masks:
Pinchas Goldschmidt
Pinchas Goldschmidt
Rabbi Goldschmidt
Rabbi Goldschmidt
Rabbi Goldschmidt
Pinchas


title: Rudy Boesch

texts:
Rudolph "<mask><mask> ( ; January 20, 1928 – November 1, 2019) was a United States Navy SEAL, and two-time competitor on the reality competition show Survivor. Born and raised in Rochester, New York, <mask> enlisted in the United States Navy at age 17. He became an Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) Frogman in 1951, serving on two UDT Teams. He was chosen as one of the first SEALs, becoming chief of the boat of newly created SEAL Team TWO in 1962. Starting in 1968 and 1970, <mask> completed two combat deployments during the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star for heroic action. During that time and later, <mask> set physical and operational standards at SEAL Team TWO. In 1987, he became Senior Enlisted Advisor for United States Special Operations Command.Designated the "Bullfrog", the longest-serving SEAL still on active duty, <mask> achieved considerable renown within the force for his physical fitness training regimens and his military appearance. After 45 years of continuous service, he retired from the Navy in 1990 as a master chief petty officer. The oldest competitor on the inaugural Survivor: Borneo at 72 years of age, <mask> finished in third place. The program was the top-rated show on American television during summer 2000, and with his gruff, cantankerous manner, and his politically incorrect "Rudyisms", he became one of the show's most popular contestants. <mask> set the age record again when he competed on Survivor: All-Stars at 75. He parlayed his fame into several other television appearances, including hosting the show Combat Missions in 2002. Early life
<mask> was born in Rochester, New York on January 20, 1928, the son of Austrian immigrants Clara (a housewife) and August (a butcher).<mask> credited his parents' Central European upbringing for instilling him with discipline and work ethic. He attended a Catholic primary school in Rochester; he later recalled that the nuns teaching there "beat intelligence into you. We did a little bit of everything – arithmetic, geography, honesty. Those were the things we learned." <mask>'s father fought for the German Army during World War I, inspiring him to seek military service as well. Military career
Too young to join the Marines, <mask> dropped out of high school and enlisted in the United States Navy in April 1945 at age 17. Following boot camp at Naval Training Station Sampson in New York, he volunteered for the Amphibious Scouts and Raiders at Fort Pierce, Florida, where he was tentatively assigned to conduct covert reconnaissance of China's coastline.The Second World War ended before the training completed, but he was still sent to China. For a while he and a few others guarded a decommissioned ship in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. He then had a stint as a boatswain's mate (BM) on board USS Massey, a destroyer ported on the Chinese coast. That was followed by a period of shore duty in London. He volunteered for UDT Frogman training in late 1950, graduating in Underwater Demolition Team Replacement Class #6 in 1951. <mask> met his future wife, Marge, at a wedding circa 1950–1951. They married in 1955 and had three daughters in the following years.Meanwhile, he served in UDT Team 2 and later UDT Team 21 alongside Richard Marcinko. In 1962, Roy Boehm selected <mask>, a Chief Boatswain's Mate (BMC), to be chief of the boat of newly created SEAL Team Two. One of the first opportunities for the team came later that year during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when they were put on alert for possible action. Orr Kelly's 1995 Never Fight Fair: Navy SEALs' Stories of Combat and Adventure contains a description by Marcinko, also a member of the team, of a near-suicidal mission that never took place – to parachute into Havana Harbor and attack strategic targets – and of Boesch fielding direct calls from President John F. Kennedy inquiring as to their readiness. In 1967, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Master Chief Petty Officer. In 1968, <mask> was sent on a combat deployment to the Vietnam War, as a platoon chief based in Mỹ Tho in the Mekong Delta. The general combat mission of SEALs in Vietnam was to do intelligence gathering and to conduct raids and ambushes and make prisoner grabs.In <mask>'s own 1995 retelling, he did all those things on that tour. In the 2010 Vietnam-era memoir SEAL Warrior: The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday, Thomas Keith describes <mask> leading a platoon in nighttime ambush raids against the Viet Cong during the war, operating in the delta and using LCM-8 "Mike boats" for access. <mask> earned the Bronze Star for heroic action during more than 45 combat operations. Another primary mission for SEALs during the conflict was to train South Vietnamese special forces. When <mask> deployed to Vietnam again, in 1970, as he later related, he was sent to Cam Ranh Bay, where he conducted training for the Liên Đoàn Người Nhái, the South Vietnamese equivalent of the UDT, as part of the so-called "Vietnamization" strategy. <mask> later concluded that these allied forces were capable, but overly dependent upon the U.S., and that "Vietnamization was an idea that came too late to do enough good." Between the Vietnam deployments, Boesch trained and competed for the U.S. Navy's bobsled team.One was the Kennedy Memorial Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, in early 1970. <mask> also competed with the Hurricane Bobsled Club of the Adirondacks in competitions at Lake Placid. During and after his stint in Vietnam, <mask> set physical and operational standards at SEAL Team Two. With the creation of Special Operations Command (SOCOM) in 1987, its first Commander-in-chief General James J. Lindsay selected BMCM <mask> to serve as SOCOM's first Senior Enlisted Advisor. Before his retirement, <mask> was designated the "Chief SEAL" (a.k.a. "Bullfrog"), a title identifying the longest-serving SEAL still on active duty. Upon his retirement from the Navy on August 1, 1990, as a command master chief petty officer, he was awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal.<mask>'s time and character as a SEAL has been described in a number of books and other publications. Editor Bill Fawcett included his story as the opening, 30-page recollection in his 1995 Hunters & Shooters: An Oral History of the U.S. Navy SEALs in Vietnam. Orr Kelly's aforementioned 1995 volume included descriptions by <mask> (and Marge as well) of their parachuting experiences, along with a few of <mask>'s recollections of Vietnam. In his 1998 memoir, Good to Go: The Life and Times of a Decorated Member of the U.S. Navy's Elite SEAL Team Two, former SEAL Harry Constance describes Boesch as giving a no-nonsense introduction to SEALs in training and then later giving him informal advice not to take a posting that would involve troublesome superiors. A 1999 documentary on the SEALs on the History channel featured Boesch (it was released later that year as the DVD The Complete History of the U.S. Navy SEALs). In an early 2000s interview, a SEAL said that Boesch was "a walking Bible on Special Operations." In his aforementioned 2010 memoir, Thomas Keith portrayed Boesch as a master of the military art of gathering resources: "From weapons to the men who would use them, <mask> could scrounge like nobody else in the SEAL Teams.He wasn't going to let anything or anybody get in the way of putting together the best platoon he could build, beg, borrow, coerce, or dig out of the Operations Department." <mask> was a physical training fanatic whose dog tag listed "PT" as his religion and who through the decades gained a reputation for leading grueling runs that men would look for ways to avoid by faking injuries or hiding in bushes. In former SEAL James Watson's 1995 memoir Point Man, he states of 1964 training that, "We had to be physically fit to perform what was expected of us. And for all our trying [to get out of the runs], <mask> made sure that we stayed in condition." Kevin Dockery's 2003 work Navy Seals: A History Part III – Post-Vietnam to the Present includes three different SEALs relating how, when Boesch was 50 to 57 years old, he could keep up with or surpass trainees less than half his age in five-mile runs, obstacle courses, and open sea swimming. In his 2011 memoir, SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper, former SEAL Howard E. Wasdin tells of being assigned to SEAL Team TWO in the late 1980s, where Boesch, though nearly 60 years old, nevertheless ran with the trainees over an obstacle course; he then made every person who finished behind him run it again. Even <mask>'s physical appearance made a mark:  Wasdin refers to him as an exemplar of military form; another account talks of his haircut and uniform being perfect at 5 or 6 o'clock in the morning; and, in 2002's One Perfect Op, former SEAL Dennis Chalker said that, among SEALs based on the U.S. East Coast in the late 1970s, the style was known as a "<mask>esch haircut", an even more severe version of the normal military crew cut.Overall, in his history of SEAL operations in Vietnam, former SEAL T.L. Bosiljevac writes that <mask> symbolizes much of what the SEAL teams represent and that, "There are a lot of colorful personalities among the teams, but even considering the best of those, <mask> is a legend. Everybody knows <mask>, and you can bet that <mask> knows everyone in return ... [including] some of the Navy's top brass." Several of these other accounts have also referred to <mask> as a legend within the SEALs. Survivor: Borneo
In 2000, <mask> appeared in Survivor: Borneo, the name later assigned to the inaugural season of the U.S. version of Survivor, filmed on the remote Malaysian island of Pulau Tiga. Initially placed with Tagi tribe, he befriended the former West Point student Richard Hatch. Despite his discomfort with Hatch's homosexuality and penchant for nudity, <mask> aligned with Hatch and admonished his tribemates to "shut up and let [Hatch] lead."Despite his earlier life of athleticism, <mask> struggled against the ageism of the younger castaways and needed Richard's alliance for his own safety. <mask> found his niche in camp life cooking for his tribe, using the resourcefulness learned from his tours in Vietnam. His preparation area was dubbed "Rowdy <mask>'s Diner". While his tribemates relied on boiling water to avoid pathogens, he drank unpurified water, advising, "If I'm not still standing at noon, don't drink it", and explaining that his lack of fear was

masks:
Rudy
" Ernst Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Boesch
Rudy Boesch
Boesch
Rudy Bo
Boesch
Rudy Boesch
Rudy
Rudy
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Boesch
Rudy