title: James George Barbadoes

texts:
<mask> ( 1796–June 22, 1841) was an African-American, community leader, and abolitionist in Boston, Massachusetts in the early 19th century. Dedicated to improving the lives of people of color at the local level, as well as the national level. Family History

Grandparents

<mask><mask>' grandfather <mask> (xxxx-1757) perhaps from Barbados was a slave of John Simonds (1729-1812) Lexington, Massachusetts. Abel and Kate were "received into the church" on April 19, 1754 in Lexington, Massachusetts. Quawk died three years later. They had three children: <mask> (1755-1777) who died in service to his country, 15th Massachusetts Regiment, Revolutionary War, <mask> (1755-xxxx), and <mask> (1756-1817). Parents

<mask>. Barbadoes father <mask> (1756-1817) was born in Lexington, Massachusetts and his mother and Chloe Holloway (1759-1843), was born in Hollowell, Maine.Abel and Chloe were married on September 27, 1782 at the First Baptist Church in Boston, Massachusetts. They had nine children: Abel Bardadoes (1785-1820), <mask> (1790-1859) married Charles Elsbury (1790-xxxx), Clarissa <mask> (1795-xxxx) married Coffin Pitts (1788-1871), Robert H<mask> (1799-xxxx), Catherine L<mask> (1802–1888), <mask> (1805–1873) married Susan Bensen (1812-1875). The 1798 Federal Dwellings Tax showed Abel and <mask> and their family living at the rear of 19 Belknap Street on the north slope of Beacon Hill before the filling process was completed on the south side by 1805. This should lay to rest the notion that the African American community on the north slope "developed as servant quarters for blacks employed by wealthy Beacon Hill families," for it preceded the lion's share of development of the affluent part of Beacon Hill, considering the intervening embargoes and War of 1812, by more than two decades. Wives and Children

<mask><mask> married his first wife, Almira Long, on May 28, 1818 in Boston, Massachusetts. He married his second wife, Mary Ann Willis (1803-1828), on October 14, 1821 in the Second Congregational Church Dorchester, Massachusetts. They had four children: Mary Ann <mask> (1822-1858) married Osmore Lew Freeman (1820-1905) grandson of Barzillai Lew, <mask> <mask> Jr. (1823-1823), Frederick G<mask> (1825-1899) married Rebecca A. Cowes (1836-xxxx), <mask> <mask> Jr. (1826-1841).He married his third wife, Rebecca Brint (1802-1874), on December 22, 1829 in Boston, Massachusetts. They had seven children: <mask><mask> (1831-1832), William G<mask> (1832-1832), Rebecca B<mask> (1833-1921), Garrison K<mask> (1834-xxxx), Jeanette <mask> (1836-1915) married Lewis H. Williams (1845-xxxx), Elizar S<mask> (1838-xxxx), Emeline / Evelyne <mask> (1839-xxx) married Horace Wycoff Fleet (1849-xxx). Community and Abolition Activities

Prince Hall Freemasonry

African Lodge #1

Prior to 1775, Prince Hall and fourteen other free black men petitioned for admittance to the white Grand Lodge of Massachusetts and were turned down. Having been rejected by colonial Freemasonries, Hall and the others sought and were initiated into the Masonry by members of the Grand Lodge of Ireland on March 6, 1775 - African Lodge #1 was established and Hall was named Grand Master. African Lodge #459

In 1784, the African Lodge #1 applied to and received a charter from the Premier Grand Lodge of England and was renamed African Lodge #459. In 1827, the African Lodge #459 declared its independence from the Grand Lodge of England and became the Prince Hall Freemasonry. Prominent African Lodge #459 Members:

 <mask>, Tailor
 <mask><mask>, Hairdresser
 Thomas Dalton, Bootblack, husband of Lucy Lew, son-in-law of Barzillai Lew
 Aaron Gaul, Sawyer
 John T. Hilton, Hairdresser
 Peter Lew, son of Barzillai Lew
 Walker Lewis, Hairdresser
 David Walker, Clothing Dealer

Massachusetts General Colored Association

In 1826, several members of the African Lodge #459 Prince Hall Freemasonry in Boston, Massachusetts, including <mask> G. Barbadoes, met and established the Massachusetts General Colored Association "to promote the welfare of the race by working for the destruction of slavery."The Association was an early supporter of William Lloyd Garrison. Association members were also active in organizations to furthered their objectives, such as the African Society, the Abiel Smith School, and the African Meeting House. The organization was especially concerned with the following Issues:

 Abolishing discriminatory Massachusetts's laws
 Integrating public schools and accommodations
 Abolishing the prohibition of inter-racial marriages
 Abolishing slavery in the South
 Uplifting African Americans through education and religion

Elected Officers:

 Thomas Dalton, President
 William G. Nell, Vice President
 <mask><mask>, Secretary

Other Founding Members included:

Frederick Brimley; Thomas Cole; Hosea Easton; Joshua Easton; John T. Hilton; Walker Lewis; Coffin Pitts, husband of Clarissa <mask>, brother-in-law of <mask><mask>; John E. Scarlett; David Walker. The Liberator

One month before the first edition of The Liberator, December 10, 1830, William Lloyd Garrison spoke to a gathering of "colored citizens" in Boston, Massachusetts; among those present was <mask>, who writes to Garrison in a February 12, 1831 edition of the paper. The Editor is addressed as "Esteemed Friend", and his speech is commended. Barbadoes says, "...nothing was ever uttered more important and beneficial to our color...full of virtue and consolation, perfect in explanation, and it furnished a rule to live by and to die by." First Annual Convention of Free People of Color

In 1831, the following African Americans represented Massachusetts as delegates to the First National Convention of Free People of Color, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - <mask><mask>, a hairdresser, Reverend Hosea Easton, Henry H. Moody, Robert Roberts, a printer, and Reverend Samuel Snowden.<mask> was appointed vice president. American Colonization Society

On February 15, 1831, pursuant to public notice, a meeting was held by the colored citizens of Boston, Massachusetts, at their school-house, for the purpose of expressing their sentiments in a remonstrance against the doings of the State Colonization Society a chapter of the American Colonization Society. It was called to order by <mask>. Barbadoes. Mr. Robert Roberts was elected President, and <mask><mask>, secretary. New England Anti-Slavery Society

In 1831, the New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1835) was organized by William Lloyd Garrison editor of The Liberator. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, members of the New England Anti-Slavery Society supported immediate abolition and viewed slavery as immoral and non-Christian. It was particularly opposed to the American Colonization Society which proposed sending African Americans to Africa.The Society sponsored lecturers or "agents" who traveled throughout New England and New York, speaking in local churches or halls, and also selling abolitionist tracts or "The Liberator." Whenever possible, the Society's agents would encourage the formation of local anti-slavery societies. By 1833 there were 47 local societies in ten northern states, 33 of them in New England. The Society also sponsored mass mobilizations such as yearly anti-slavery conventions. Memoir of William Cooper Nell

"The colored race have been generally considered by their enemies, and sometimes even by their friends, as deficient in energy and courage. Their virtues have been supposed to be principally negative ones. This little collection of interesting incidents, made by a colored man, will redeem the character of the race from this misconception, and show how much injustice there may often be in a generally admitted idea."I remember, when a boy, in January, 1832, looking in at the vestry window of Belknap Street Church, while the Editor of The Liberator and a faithful few organized the first Anti-Slavery Society. The immediate result of the labors of the Anti-Slavery press and the public lecturers, was the formation of exclusive organizations among the colored people. They, and the great body of the Abolitionists, did not then see eye to eye in the matter of combined action, for many of the latter supposed their Anti-Slavery mission was ended when they had publicly protested against slavery, without being careful to exemplify their principles in every-day practice. Many of the colored people, too, seemed to think that enough of heaven was opened unto them, when white people would talk Anti-Slavery; the idea of social political equality seemingly never being dreamed of by them. In accordance with this view, a society was formed, called the Massachusetts General Colored Association. The object of this Association was the promulgation of Anti-Slavery truth. In January, 1833, it made application to be received as an auxiliary to the Massachusetts then New England Anti-Slavery Society through the following letter:-- At this meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, Rev.Samuel Snowden was elected a Counsellor; the next year, <mask>. Barbardoes and Joshua Easton; and subsequently, John T. Hilton was appointed, who, with Charles Lenox Remond, is now Vice President. The Massachusetts General Colored Association, cordially approving the objects and principles of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, would respectfully communicate their desire to become auxiliary thereto. They have accordingly chosen one of their members to attend the annual meeting of the Society

masks:
James George Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Quak Abel Barbadoes
Isaac Barbadoes
Mercy Barbadoes
Abel Barbadoes
James G
Abel Barbadoes
Mary Barbadoes
Ann Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
Isaac Barbadoes
Chloe Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Barbadoes
James George
Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
James George
Barbadoes
James A
. Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
Pier Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
Barbadoes
Isaac Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
James
James G
. Barbadoes
Ann Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
James Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Barbadoes
James G
James G
. Barbadoes
James G


title: James George Barbadoes

type: original

texts:
 as their delegate, Mr. Joshua Easton, North Bridgewater, solicit his acceptance in that capacity." Thomas Dalton, President
 William G. Nell, Vice President
 <mask><mask>, Secretary

Of course, this request was cordially granted; but they and their white friends soon learned that complexional Anti-Slavery societies, as such, were absurdities, to say the least, and hence, such distinctions soon melted into thin air; and if the spirit of Susan Paul takes cognizance of events familiar to her when in the flesh, she is now rejoicing in her association with the Anti-Slavery societies of that time, their "Martyr Acre," and her share in the perils consequent upon the burning of Pennsylvania. Affidavit of <mask>, Barbadoes

In 1833, <mask><mask>, Boston, a member of the New England Anti-Slavery Society Convention states, among five cases of kidnapping within his knowledge, one was of his own brother. About eighteen years ago, Robert H<mask> was kidnapped in New Orleans, imprisoned, handcuffed and chained, for about five months or longer, and deprived every way of communication his situation to his parents. His protection was taken from him, and torn up.He was often severely flogged, to be made submissive, and deny that that he was free born. He was unluckily caught with a letter wrote with a stick, and with the blood drawn from his own veins, for the purpose of communicating to his father his situation; but this project failed, for the letter was torn was away from him and destroyed, and he very severely flogged. He then lost most every hope; but at length the above Peter Smith was kidnapped again in this garden of paradise of freedom, and being lodged in the same cell with his, he communicated to Smith the particulars of his suffering. At the examination of Smith, he was found to have free papers, signed by the Governor, in consequence of which, he was set at liberty, He then wrote Barbadoes' parents, and likewise arrived in Boston as soon as the letter. Free papers were immediately obtained, and signed by his father and Mrs. Mary Turel, Mr.  Giles, and Thomas Clark, town clerk; and by the Governor of the State, demanding him without delay. He was returned to his native town, Boston, where all these persons belonged. The above wrote by <mask>. <mask>.Testified by him and others of the connexions. Suffolk, as: Boston, Nov. 20, 1833. Subscribed and sworn, before me, David L. Child, Justice of the Peace. American Anti-Slavery Society

On his way to the 1833 National Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, "<mask><mask> was compelled (though in feeble state of health) to remain on the deck of a Providence, Rhode Island steamboat all night, without shelter, in the wintery month of December: in consequences of which exposure, he was prostrated with sickness for many weeks, and perhaps never fully recovered from the effects of it to the day of his death. So brutal, so murderous, is the spirit of prejudice in this country toward our colored population." Perhaps recalling the service of his Uncle <mask> during the Revolutionary War to his country, it is reported that while on this miserable passage to Philadelphia, <mask><mask> warned: "that in the revolutionary struggle for Britain, our fathers were called upon to fight for liberty, and promptly did they obey the summons--gallantly contenting, shoulder to shoulder, with those who then made no distinction as to the color of a man's skin, that they might secure to themselves and their children the rights and privileges of freemen." In December 1833, <mask><mask>, Massachusetts, was one of sixty-two delegates from eleven States who met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to establish demanding immediate emancipation.This organization would become one of the most important American abolition groups the American Anti-Slavery Society. Delegates represented a cross-section of those who were to lead the abolition movement over the next three decades. <mask> was elected to the American Antislavery Society's Board of Managers. Signers of the American Anti-Slavery Society's "Declaration of Sentiments" included white Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Samuel J. May, Arthur Tappan, Lewis Tappan, John G. Whittier, Elizur Wright, and three African Americans: <mask> <mask>, Boston, <mask>, Philadelphia, a barber and dentist, and Robert Purvis, Philadelphia, handsome and urbane, who, despite his light complexion, proudly identified himself as an African American. Whereas the Most High God "hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth," and hath commanded them to love their neighbors as themselves...we believe that it is practicable, by appeals to the consciences, hearts, and interests of the people, to awaken a public sentiment throughout the nation [to oppose] the continuance of Slavery in any part of the Republic. The Split in the Antislavery Movement

When William Lloyd Garrison reported in 1836 that the American Anti-Slavery Society's "impetus is increasing," he could not foretell that in four years the society would be rent asunder by the defection of the anti-Garrisonian abolitionists.There were strong personality issues in the split. Various charges were brought against Garrison personally. He was charged with having a "deliberate and well-matured design to make the anti-slavery organization subservient to the promotion of personal and sectarian views on the subjects of Women's Rights … Civil Government, the Church, the Ministry, and the Sabbath." Basically, however, the split was the result of genuine ideological differences. African American abolitionists also split on the same issues dividing white antislavery men and women. <mask><mask>, William Cooper Nell, Charles Remond, and William P. Powell supported William Lloyd Garrison and continued to work inside the American Anti-Slavery Society, while Samuel Cornish, Christopher Rush (founder and second bishop of the African Episcopal Zion church), and Charles B. Ray, then an editor of the Colored American, became members of the first executive committee of the new American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Henry Highland Garnet, too, was one of the founders of the new organization and a speaker for the Liberty Party.A resolution published in The Liberator concluded:

...of Mr. Garrison we can truly add, that we doubt not that the day will come, when many an emancipated slave will say of him, while weeping over his monument, "This was my best friend and benefactor. I here bathe his tomb with the tears of that liberty, which his services and sufferings achieved for me. Resolved, That to slander Garrison, and pronounce him a hypocrite is certainly the most unkind and ungrateful expression that could ever escape the lips of any colored man, and in what we least expected to hear, after so much toil and suffering in our behalf; and we rejoice that such spirits are few and far between. On the other side, Charles B. Ray wrote an interesting letter to Henry Stanton and <mask>, suggesting that people of color might be feeling somewhat "less warmth of feeling" for Garrison because there were now so many efficient antislavery workers in addition to the editor of The Liberator and also because there was something left to be desired in the "spirit with which Brother Garrison has conducted his own paper since the controversy commenced." Although Garrison was able to maintain his hold over Boston's black population, most African Americans elsewhere were not so firm in their support. The rivalry between those who supported Garrison and those who opposed him was to become a major feature in the North during the two decades before the Civil War. Education for Boston's Children of Colored

African School

In 1787, Prince Hall petitioned the Massachusetts legislature for African American access to the public school system, but was denied.Eleven years later, after petitions by the black parents for separate schools were also denied, black parents organized a community school in the home of Primus Hall, Prince Hall's son, on the corner of West Cedar and Revere Streets on Beacon Hill. In 1808, the grammar school in the Hall home on the northeast corner of West Cedar and Revere Streets was moved to the first floor of the African Meeting House. In 1815, white businessman Abiel Smith died and bequeathed $4,000 to the Town of Boston for the education of African American children. Boston's School Committee used the money to fund the already existing African School and establish two primary schools in the 1820s. Businesses

Obituary

The Obituary for <mask> <mask> appeared in The Liberator on August 6, 1841. Intelligence has been received that our late worthy colored citizen,  Mr. <mask><mask>, died at St. Ann's Bay, (Jamaica) on the 22nd of June last, of the 'West Indies fever,' aged 45. Mr. <mask> was among the emigrants who went from this section of the country, last year, to the island of Jamaica, hoping to better his condition; but in common  with them, he soon found that he had been duped by the flattering representations that had been held out by persons in the pay of the West India proprietors.Two of his children died before him. His afflicted widow, with the remainder of her family, is now probably on her way to Boston. See also
 Dalton, Thomas
 Lew, Barzillai
 Lew, Harry

References

1790s births
1841 deaths
African-American abolitionists
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Abolitionists from

masks:
James G
. Barbadoes
James G
James G
. Barbadoes
. Barbadoes
James G
Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Isaac Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Barbadoes
James George
Barbadoes
James McCrummill
James G
. Barbadoes
James Birney
James George
Barbadoes
James G
. Barbadoes
Barbadoes


title: Don Heinrich

texts:
<mask> (September 19, 1930 – February 29, 1992) was an American football player, coach, and announcer. He played professionally as a quarterback in National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys, and in the American Football League (AFL) for the Oakland Raiders. <mask> played college football at the University of Washington. Early years
Born in Chicago, <mask> was raised in western Washington and graduated from Bremerton High School, west of Seattle, in 1948. As a senior in the fall of 1947, he led the Wildcats to the mythical state title. That winter, he contributed to the basketball team finishing in second-place at state. College career

<mask> played quarterback at Washington in Seattle, leading the nation in passing in 1950 and 1952, and setting many of the school's passing records.His 60.9 completion percentage in 1950 set an NCAA record. <mask> missed the 1951 season due to a pre-season shoulder separation, and was selected in the third round of the 1952 NFL Draft, but stayed in college and played his fifth-year senior season with the Huskies in 1952. He was inducted into the U.S. Army that November, prior to the Apple Cup in Spokane against Washington State, but was granted a pass to play. The Cougars had won the previous year in Husky Stadium while <mask> was sidelined, but he led the Huskies to a 33–27 victory in 1952, and finished 3–0 in his career against WSC. <mask> played two seasons (1949, 1950) with hall of fame running back Hugh McElhenny. They were expected to play together for three, but <mask>'s shoulder injury put junior Sam Mitchell and sophomore Dean Rockey at quarterback in 1951; after three wins in their first four games, Washington went winless and fell to 3–6–1. Professional career

New York Giants
<mask> was selected by the New York Giants in the third round (35th overall) of the 1952 NFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over.He served in the military for just under two years, and also got a chance to play football for Fort Ord. He missed the 1953 season and reported to the Giants in 1954. While in the army, he played for the Fort Ord Warriors, which included running back Ollie Matson. In his six seasons with the Giants, he saw action in three NFL championship games (1956, 1958, 1959), while being the starting quarterback of the 1956 title team. With Vince Lombardi as the Giants' offensive coordinator (1954–58), <mask> split time at quarterback with Charlie Conerly, with him being used to probe defenses and Conerly coming into the games to capitalize on weaknesses. Dallas Cowboys
<mask> was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 expansion draft. The head coach was Tom Landry, the defensive coordinator with the Giants through the 1959 season.<mask> again shared time at quarterback, with veteran Eddie LeBaron and rookie <mask>. Oakland Raiders
He returned as a player in 1962 after the American Football League Oakland Raiders bought his rights from the NFL's Cowboys. The Raiders needed quarterback depth after learning that the previous year's No. 1 draft choice, Tom Flores, would miss the season due to a lung infection. Coaching career
In 1961, <mask> returned to the Giants as a backfield coach under newly-promoted head coach Allie Sherman. From 1963 to 1964, he was the backfield coach for the Los Angeles Rams, under former Giants teammate Harland Svare. In 1965, he was hired as a scout for the expansion Atlanta Falcons.From 1966 to 1968, he was the assistant for offense and called the plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers under former Giants teammate Bill Austin. From 1969 to 1970, he was the backfield coach for the New Orleans Saints under Tom Fears. From 1971 to 1975, he began as the defensive backfield coach before being moved to the passing-receiving coach for the San Francisco 49ers under Dick Nolan. Broadcasting career
In 1976, <mask> began his broadcasting career, working first on Washington Huskies games and also as the first radio game analyst for the Seattle Seahawks Radio Network (working with Pete Gross and Wayne Cody) and then becoming an analyst for the 49ers' games. In 1983 and 1984, <mask> was a color analyst for ESPN and ABC broadcasts of the United States Football League (USFL). <mask> worked with Preview Sports Publications, with whom he published the magazines <mask>'s College Football and <mask>'s Pro Preview, until his death. In 1991, he was the analyst for Pac-10 games on Prime Ticket, a cable channel based in Los Angeles.Honors and death
In 1974, he was inducted into the State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame. In 1981, he was inducted into the Husky Hall of Fame. In 1987, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1990, he was named the starting quarterback on Washington's Centennial Team. <mask> was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in June 1991, and died at age 61 at his home in Saratoga, California. See also
 List of American Football League players
 List of college football yearly passing leaders

References

External links

 State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame – Football – <mask>
 Sports Press Northwest – Wayback Machine: 'Deadeye' <mask>

1930 births
1992 deaths
People from Saratoga, California
Sportspeople from Chicago
People from Bremerton, Washington
Players of American football from Washington (state)
American football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Dallas Cowboys players
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Atlanta Falcons scouts
New Orleans Saints coaches
New York Giants coaches
New York Giants players
Oakland Raiders players
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
San Francisco 49ers announcers
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Seattle Seahawks announcers
Washington Huskies football players
United States Football League announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American Football League players
Players of American football from Chicago

masks:
Donald Alan Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Don Meredith
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Heinrich
Don Heinrich
Don Heinrich
Heinrich
Don Heinrich
Don Heinrich


title: Joseph L. Lengyel

texts:
<mask> (born 1959) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who last served as the 28th chief of the National Guard Bureau from August 2016 to August 2020. As chief, he was responsible for ensuring that nearly 460,000 Army National Guard and Air National Guard personnel are accessible, capable and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat capabilities to the United States Army and the United States Air Force. <mask>el is a command pilot with more than 3,000 flying hours primarily in the F-16. Prior to his current assignment, <mask>el served as the 10th vice chief of the National Guard Bureau. His previous general officer assignments include Senior United States Defense Official; Chief, Office of Military Cooperation; and Defense Attaché, Cairo, United States Central Command, Cairo, Egypt. He retired from the Air Force on August 3, 2020, after over 38 years of service. Early life
<mask> is the son of <mask> and <mask>.His father was a career Air Force officer and Vietnam War veteran who was held as a prisoner of war; he received the Silver Star and retired a lieutenant colonel. <mask>el has two brothers and a sister; one of his brothers, Gregory J<mask>, is a retired major general and was a career Air Force special operations officer. <mask>el was commissioned into the United States Air Force in 1981 through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program at North Texas State University. Military career

<mask>el served in various operational and staff assignments, primarily as an Instructor Pilot and unit Weapons Officer in the F-16 Fighting Falcon. His experience in the F-16 includes tours in Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command, Pacific Air Forces, United States Air Forces in Europe and the Texas Air National Guard. He has commanded a fighter squadron, operations group, air expeditionary group and the Air National Guard Readiness Center. Education
1981 Bachelor's degree in chemistry, University of North Texas
1984 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
1988 Air Force Fighter Weapons Instructor Course, Nellis AFB, Nevada
1994 Air Command and Staff College, by seminar
2001 Air War College, by correspondence
2008 National Security Management Course, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, N.Y.
2009 Capstone General and Flag Officer Course, National Defense University, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
2010 Combined Force Air Component Commander Course, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
2010 Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government, Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, Cambridge, Mass.2011 University of Tennessee, Master of Business Administration

Assignments
 March 1982 – March 1983, Student, undergraduate pilot training, 47th Flying Training Wing, Laughlin AFB, Texas
 March 1983 – May 1983, Student, fighter lead-in training, 479th Tactical Training Wing, Holloman AFB, New Mexico
 May 1983 – January 1984, Student, F-16 upgrade training, 56th Tactical Training Wing, MacDill AFB, Florida. June 2009 – July 2010, Military Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
 July 2010 – June 2011, Vice Commander, 1st Air Force (Air Forces Northern), Tyndall AFB, Florida
 June 2011 – August 2012, Senior U.S. Defense Official; Chief, Office of Military Cooperation and Defense Attaché, Cairo, U.S. Central Command, Cairo, Egypt
 August 2012 – August 2016, Vice Chief, National Guard Bureau, Washington, D.C.
 August 2016 – August 2020, Chief, National Guard Bureau, Washington, D.C. Flight information
Rating: Command Pilot
Flight hours: more than 3,000
Aircraft flown: T-37, T-38 and F-16

Awards and decorations

Other achievements
1983 Distinguished graduate, undergraduate pilot training
2009 Maj. Gen. I.G. Brown Command Excellence Award
Multiple civilian pilot ratings, including Airline Transport Pilot

Effective dates of promotion
Second Lieutenant Dec. 21, 1981
First Lieutenant Dec. 21, 1983
Captain Dec. 21, 1985
Major Dec. 13, 1994
Lieutenant Colonel Dec. 23, 1998
Colonel Sept. 18, 2002
Brigadier General Sept. 26, 2008
Major General April 1, 2011
Lieutenant General  Aug. 18, 2012
General Aug. 3, 2016

References

External links

Official biography

1959 births
American people of Hungarian descent
United States Air Force personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Chiefs of the National Guard Bureau
Living people
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
University of North Texas alumni

masks:
Joseph Lauren Lengyel
Lengy
Lengy
Joseph Lauren Lengyel
Lauren
Margaret Lengyel
Lengy
. Lengyel
Lengy
Lengy


title: Alexander Kipnis

texts:
<mask> ( – May 14, 1978) was a Ukrainian-born operatic bass. Having initially established his artistic reputation in Europe, <mask> became an American citizen in 1931, following his marriage to an American. He appeared often at the Chicago Opera before making his belated début at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1940. Early life
<mask> was born in Zhytomyr, the capital of the Volhynian Governorate, in the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). His impoverished family of seven lived in a Jewish ghetto. After his father died, when he was aged 12, he helped support the family as a carpenter's apprentice and by singing soprano in local synagogues and in Bessarabia (now Moldova) until his voice changed. As a teenager he took part in a Yiddish theatrical group, until he entered the Warsaw Conservatory at age 19.The conservatory did not require a high-school diploma. His education included the study of the trombone, double bass and conducting. All the while he continued to sing in synagogues. On the recommendation of the choirmaster, he traveled to Berlin and studied voice with Ernst Grenzebach who was also a teacher of Lauritz Melchior, Meta Seinemeyer, and Max Lorenz. At the same time he sang second bass in Monti's Operetta Theater. When the First World War started, <mask> was interned as an alien in a German holding camp. While singing to himself he was overheard by an army captain whose brother was general manager of the Wiesbaden Opera.<mask> was released from custody and he was engaged by the Hamburg Opera. He made his operatic debut in 1915, singing three Johann Strauss songs as a "guest" in the party scene of the operetta Die Fledermaus. In 1917, he moved to the Wiesbaden Opera, having gained invaluable stage experience. He sang in more than 300 performances at Wiesbaden until 1922, when he joined the Berlin Staatsoper. International career
The following year <mask> visited the United States with a touring Wagnerian company. For nine seasons, between 1923 and 1932, he was on the roster of the Chicago Civic Opera. In 1927, at the Bayreuth Festival, he appeared as Gurnemanz in Wagner's Parsifal under Karl Muck and recorded the Good Friday Music under Siegfried Wagner.(A purported live performance recording in 1933 under Richard Strauss has been generally discounted.) He also appeared at the Salzburg Festival. <mask> was under contract with the Berlin Opera until 1935, when he was able to break his contract and flee Nazi Germany. He appeared for three seasons as a guest performer with the Vienna State Opera in 1936–1938. Just after the Anschluss he left Europe and settled permanently in the United States. By the time he was finally signed by the Metropolitan in 1940 he had appeared in most of the world's major opera houses. In addition to those European and American theatres already mentioned in this article, he was heard at the United Kingdom's foremost venue for singers, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, (in 1927 and 1929–1935), and also at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires (1926–1936).<mask> was regarded throughout the inter-war years as being one of the greatest basses in the world. He was praised for the beauty of his smooth and mellow voice and the excellence of his musicianship. As befitted his status, he was invited to appear with the top conductors of his day. They included Ernest Ansermet, John Barbirolli, Thomas Beecham, Leo Blech, Fritz Busch, Albert Coates, Karl Elmendorff, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Robert Heger, Herbert von Karajan, Josef Krips, Erich Kleiber, Otto Klemperer, Hans Knappertsbusch, Serge Koussevitzky, Erich Leinsdorf, Willem Mengelberg, Dimitri Mitropoulos, Pierre Monteux, Karl Muck, Arthur Nikisch, Eugene Ormandy, Hans Pfitzner, Fritz Reiner, Artur Rodziński, Hans Rosbaud, Hermann Scherchen, Richard Strauss, George Szell, Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter and Felix Weingartner. <mask> showed signs of vocal deterioration during the 1940s and he retired from the Met in 1946. He made his last concert appearance in 1951. Since his debut in 1915, he had sung at least 108 roles, often in more than one language, and his performances in opera and oratorio numbered more than 1600.He died in Westport, Connecticut in 1978, aged 87. Critical appreciation
Among <mask>'s most celebrated roles were the bass parts in operas by Mozart and Wagner, as well as the title role in Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov and the part of Rocco in Fidelio by Beethoven. In Germany he also was renowned as a Verdi singer. He was a distinguished interpreter of German lieder and Russian songs, too. During the 1920s and 1930s, <mask>'s chief bass rivals were the vibrant Italians Nazzareno De Angelis, Ezio Pinza and Tancredi Pasero in the Verdi repertoire, and the black-voiced Norwegian Ivar Andresen in the Wagner repertoire. His recordings of lieder by Brahms, Wolf and Schubert are highly prized today, as are his many impressive operatic recordings, especially those dating from the 1920s and 1930s. Family
In 1925 <mask> married Mildred Eleanor Levy, whose father, Heniot Levy, a noted pianist and composer, had emigrated from his native Poland to Chicago.Their son <mask> (1930–2002) was a celebrated harpsichordist. Following in similar creative footsteps, <mask>'s grandson, Jeremy R<mask> (born 1965), has become known as a photographer, record producer, film director, and recently creator of  The Kipnis Studio Standard – The 21st Century Ultimate Screening Room Design, an evolution of George Lucas's and Tom Holman's THX Motion Picture & Sound Standards. Recordings
CD reissues of his recorded work include:
 The Best of <mask> – arias and songs by Wagner, Mozart, Verdi, Gounod, Brahms, Meyerbeer, Wolf and Halevy in recordings selected by his son, <mask>, and issued by Pearl (Pavilion Records Ltd.), GEMM CD 9451. "<mask>, Mussorgsky, Boris Godunov" contains excerpts from Boris recorded in 1945 by RCA and a selection of Russian arias and songs. album 60522-2-RG
 Austrian Preiser Records issued several well-filled CD recitals devoted to <mask>. German TIM AG, Die Zauberflöte, 2 CD's. <mask> as Sarastro, Vienna Philharmonic (conducted by Toscanini) 1937 Order No.205179 EAN 4011222051790

References

Sources
 Shawe-Taylor, Desmond: <mask>, <mask> in 'The New Grove Dictionary of Opera', ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)

External links

1891 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Russian male opera singers
20th-century American male opera singers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Operatic basses
People from Zhytomyr
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Jews of the Russian Empire
Jewish opera singers

masks:
Alexander Kipnis
Kipnis
Aleksandr Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Kipnis
. Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Alexander


title: Christine Holgate

texts:
<mask> (born 1963/1964) is a British-Australian business executive who is the chief executive of Toll Global Express having held similar roles at Australia Post and Blackmores. She is also a board member of the Collingwood Football Club. She is also an inaugural chair of the board of the Australia-ASEAN Council. She was one of only 20 business leaders invited to the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. She is also the first woman awarded the "CEO of the Year" by CEO Magazine. In 2015, <mask> was ranked in the top “100 Women of Influence” by the Australian Financial Review. Early life and education
<mask> grew up with her four siblings, in Cheshire, England.<mask>'s father was an entrepreneur and ran a construction company. From when she was young, her father insisted that she run “little businesses” to earn her pocket money. When Holgate was 15, she cleaned windows with a friend and had a van selling ice–creams. By the time Holgate turned 18 in 1982, she left Cheshire for London. In London, Holgate met Florence Knight, who financially supported her to pursue a business degree at the University of North London. Holgate has three post-graduate diplomas in management, marketing, and purchasing and supply. She gained her diploma in management in 1986 and completed her Master of Business Administration degree in 1991.Career

Early career
<mask> first worked as postie for the Christmas season when she was 18. After graduating from university, she worked for Allied Healthcare and BBC News. In 1988, she joined the telecommunication company Cable & Wireless and started her international career. During her 12 years at Cable & Wireless, <mask> directed the company’s marketing department, and conducted projects across Caribbean, Europe and Hong Kong. In 2000, <mask> joined J.P. Morgan as the "Managing Director of Marketing" of its European subsidiary. She was the only woman in J.P. Morgan's executive team in Europe during her incumbent period. <mask> worked for J.P. Morgan for 18 months before joining telecommunications company Energis in May 2001, as the Group Director of Strategy and Marketing.Her job was to lead the Energis strategy and planning teams in Europe, and monitor its marketing activities. In November 2002, <mask> received a job invitation from David Thodey, the group managing director of Telstra Mobiles, and became the marketing director. While she continued to lead its marketing team, <mask>'s role was expanded into building Telstra's business sales and managing the operations of its channels. Blackmores
In 2008, <mask> left Telstra to join health supplements company Blackmores as chief executive officer and managing director. Her sister's death from cancer spurred her to join the company. Within her first two months, <mask> identified that Blackmores operations in Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan were neglected. In 2009, she appointed Peter Osborne to direct Blackmores business in Asia and minimise the entry barriers.Osborne had worked in Asia for more than 20 years before his appointment. From 2008 to April 2012, Holgate increased Blackmores' annual sales to $234 million. The company increased its profits from the Thai and Malaysian markets, and prepared to enter the Chinese market. The profits from the Asian market accounted for nearly 25% of Blackmores' profits. In 2011, Holgate was confronted by a crisis related to a deal between Blackmores and The Pharmacy Guild of Australia. Under the deal, pharmacists "would be prompted to promote" Blackmores health supplements to their patients during the prescription process. The proposal of Blackmores caused "national outrage" and the "strong level of public concern".<mask> was criticised for referring the deal as a "Coke and fries" option. She explained the phrase was quoted out of context, having said that the proposal "would add the "Coke and fries" to the prescribed medication, and provide pharmacies with a "new and important revenue stream". She conceded that linking medicine with junk food "was highly unfortunate". In 2014, <mask> was one of the only 20 business leaders invited to that year's 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. To help increase sales of Blackmores in the Chinese market, she was photographed with the president of China Xi Jinping and Australian prime minister Tony Abbott. At that time, Blackmores' Chinese sales were under $1million, while the required capital for labour and marketing was around $10 million. Her picture with the two leaders was widely circulated in China and helped attract local consumers.At the end of 2014-15, Blackmores sales in the Chinese market increased to $50 million and they reached $500 million in 2015-16. In September 2015, Blackmores joined the ASX200 index, comprising the top 200 most prominent companies in Australia, and <mask> was named the first female CEO of the Year in November. During <mask>’s nine years at Blackmores, its share price rose from $18 to $90 and peaked at $220 in 2016. <mask> had transformed Blackmores, a member of the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), into the major health supplement exporter to Asia. Australia Post
<mask> resigned from Blackmores in 2017 to become CEO of Australia Post, the first woman in that role. Her appointment came as Australia Post began to position itself as the leading Australian e-commerce postal delivery service. Her job was to manage the modernisation of Australia Post’s logistics system and its 33,000 workforce.<mask> had no previous experience in managing logistics systems. Her appointment was partly based on her strategic ability to exploit the potentials in the Asian markets and enhance the business profitability. She also had direct experience as a Christmas postal worker while a student in North London. <mask> visited branches across Australia to meet postal employees and noticed the scepticism of the workforce. Before her arrival, Australia Post had divided its business into two product lines, the profitable transport and logistics operation StarTrack and the traditional postal service. After consulting staff, <mask> received agreement to unify the two businesses, which was done preserving traditional red livery and name Australia Post. In 2018, <mask> launched the "Everyone Matters" promotion, an advertising campaign supporting postal workers and post offices in regional areas.The net promoter score increased over 30 percent in six months. She also tackled the trust problems of employees and launched an "equal pay for equal work" campaign. She invested $300 million to upgrade parcel processing systems using automation and tracking devices. She restructured the Australia Post's executive team to align with her customer-oriented and Asian-focused strategies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> had to deal with a number of problems at Australia Post, including significant delays and cuts in service, allegations of the intrusive surveillance of staff, the planned payment of executive bonuses at a time when public servants were expected to take pay cuts, a bipartisan Senate committee accusing <mask> of attempting to avoid parliamentary scrutiny of Australia Post, and <mask>'s personal intervention in the attempted delivery of Pauline Hanson's One Nation-branded stubby holders to locked-down public housing towers in Melbourne after Hanson made inflammatory comments about tower residents. Further controversy arose when <mask> revealed at an appearance before a Senate committee on 22 October 2020 that Australia Post had purchased four Cartier watches valued approximately around $20,000 in total as gifts for senior management executives who secured a lucrative deal with three Australian banks. Communications minister Paul Fletcher announced an investigation into Australia Post and asked <mask> to step aside as CEO.During question time in the House of Representatives that day, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that if <mask> wished not to stand aside then she could go. On 2 November 2020, she offered her resignation, stating that she would not seek financial compensation. A subsequent report by law firm Maddocks, commissioned by the government, found that no specific policy that would support provision of Cartier watches had been identified, and that there was no evidence of fraud or corruption. In May 2021, <mask> was appointed CEO of Toll Global Express. Awards and recognition

In 2011, <mask> won a Chief Executive Women scholarship and attended the Women's Leadership Forum at the Harvard Business School. In 2015, <mask> won the "Women in Leadership" award at the Australian Growth Company Awards. In October 2015, <mask> was named one of the "100 Women of Influence" in Australia by The Australian Financial Review.In November 2015, <mask> was awarded "Australian CEO of the Year" by The CEO Magazine, the first woman to win the award. In 2016, <mask> was runner-up in the Australian CEO of the Year award. In 2019, <mask> received the Sir Charles McGrath award from the Australian Marketing Institute. Family
In January 2016, <mask> married Michael Harding, the chairman of the Downer Group, in Aldeburgh, England. She has a close relationship with her nephews Brian and Eddie, the sons of <mask>'s late sister, Elizabeth, which was the reason for the wedding being held in England. References

Living people
Australian chief executives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of North London
1960s births
English expatriates in Australia

masks:
Christine Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Christine Holgate
Holgate
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Holgate
Holgate
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Holgate
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Holgate


title: Keb Darge

texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a Scottish DJ and music producer, in the genres of Northern soul, Deep funk, Garage punk, and Rockabilly music. He is credited with inventing the term "deep funk". Early life
Darge has described himself as "a bit of a thug" in his youth. In his late teens, he "picked a fight with the only English boy in the town" and the other teenager gave him a drubbing, using taekwondo moves. Surprised, Darge asked him how he had done it, then began taking taekwondo classes. He eventually became Scottish taekwondo champion. Darge began Northern soul dancing in his late teens and entered local disco dance competitions (dancing in the "northern soul style") in the North of Scotland.He made an appearance in the nationally televised 1979 UK disco dance finals. Along with his Scottish dancing, he also danced at the Wigan Casino. Darge began buying records for what would eventually become his ultimate passion and career for the rest of his life. Career
Soon after he began dancing, he was DJing in Wigan at a club next to the casino, and around Scotland as well with his record collection throughout the 1970s. At the age of 22, <mask> moved to London, ceasing to be a DJ. Music promoters from then approached him, asking him to come back to DJing. He obliged, and gave the Northern soul phenomenon exposure in London through his performances, bringing in people from northern England to London who were previously associated with Wigan's Northern soul scene before it dissolved.Meanwhile, he worked in various jobs, including butcher's boy, window cleaner and delivering leaflets. During the 1970s, his work in tracking down vintage funk and soul music led to friendships with American musicians including Isaac Hayes, Curtis Mayfield, Harold Melvin and George Clinton. In 1987, he sold many of his Northern soul records to pay for his divorce but he had left over in his loft many other records of what he then referred to as "junk music" that he had picked up in the United States on his many jaunts to find Northern soul records there and in the UK. This "junk music" would be the beginning of what Keb would later call "Deep Funk", having underestimated the potential of these leftover records. In 1989, during the heyday of acid house in the UK, Keb decided to play these funk records, and managed for a short while to get a night to perform regularly at "The Wagclub", a club specializing in acid jazz. After his night there ended around 1992–93, he met fellow funk record collector Mark Cotgrove, aka Snowboy, at Club Ormonds in London where the first funk-only night in the city was held, called 'Deep Funk'. The night was named by Keb (he would later go on to use the name to describe the sound of the funk records he would play), but arranged by the club owners.After this, <mask> and Snowboy wanted to further expand on the "deep funk" sound, and decided to start their own all-funk night in on old restaurant, but this failed to catch on after a few months due to the burgeoning popularity of house music in the UK at the time, forcing Keb and Snowboy to close up shop there. After this Snowboy left to focus on his jazz dance events. Shortly afterwards, Keb heard about Madame Jojo's, a strip club located in the Soho district of London. He managed to arrange with the club a night for himself and various guests to perform weekly. The club accommodated him and Keb's funk nights there became an instant success (and still are the leading club nights for funk in London today). Madame Jojo's closed down their strip nights, becoming a full-time music club, partly due to Keb's success there. Until early 2010, Keb held a funk night at the club every Friday, called "Legendary Deep Funk".He also tours around the world DJing and runs a record label, Kay-Dee, with Kenny Dope. He has released several albums of compiled classic deep funk tracks, most notably the Funk Spectrum: Real Funk For Real People and <mask> <mask>'s Deep Funk compilations released on BBE Records. <mask> <mask> is a leading authority on deep funk and soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. He has also helped to produce the modern-day funk group The New Mastersounds. In 1995, <mask> had a cameo part in the surf film, Blue Juice, starring Sean Pertwee and Catherine Zeta-Jones, where he can be seen dancing in the village hall. Personal life
Darge has been married four times. His middle two marriages ended in divorce with hefty settlements, and caused him to sell off much of his prized record collection.He is currently married to a woman from the Philippines, and decided to move to the Philippines in the early months of 2012. After Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines in 2013. Keb provided food and shelter to victims of the storm. He also criticized the stockpiling of food aid by corrupt local politicians on his Facebook page. He has a passion for militaria and is an avid collector of military miniatures. Discography

Compilation albums
 <mask> <mask>'s Legendary's Deep Funk vol. 1 - BBE (1997) CD/LP
 <mask> Darge's Legendary's Deep Funk vol.2 - BBE (1998) CD/LP
 Keb Darge's Legendary's Deep Funk vol. 3 - BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Soul Spectrum - with Bob Jones, BBE (1998) CD/LP
 Soul Spectrum II - BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Jazz Spectrum: Real Jazz For Real People - with Bob Jones, BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum: Real Funk For Real People - with Josh Davis, BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum II: Real Funk For Real People - with Kenny Dope, BBE (2000) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum III: Real Funk For Real People - with Pete Rock, BBE (2001) CD/LP
 Keb Darge Presents Funk For The 21st Century - Do Right! Music (2002) CD
 Beams Presents The Keb Darge Experience - Beams (1999) CD/LP
 Beams Presents Keb Darge Deep Funk - Beams (2002) CD
 Keb Darge Digs For... P&P Records - P&P Records (2007) CD
 The Kings Of Funk - with RZA, BBE (2007) CD/LP
 Keb Darge and Cut Chemist present Lost And Found - BBE (2007) CD/LP (LP released in 2013)
 Keb Darge and Cut Chemist present The Darkside - BBE (2017) CD/LP
 Kenny Dope & Keb Darge present Kay-Dee Records - Kay-Dee (2006) CD
 Kenny Dope & Keb Darge present Kay-Dee Volume 2 - Kay-Dee (2008) CD
 This Is Dj's Choice Vol.

masks:
Keb Darge
Darge
Keb
Keb
Darge
Keb
Darge
Keb
Keb
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Keb


title: Autumn Peltier

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 2004) is an Anishinaabe Indigenous rights advocate from the Wiikwemkoong First Nation on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. She was named Chief Water commissioner for the Aniishnabek Nation in 2019. In 2018, at the age of thirteen, <mask> addressed world leaders at the UN General Assembly on the issue of water protection. Early life
<mask> lives on Lake Huron, one of the largest groups of freshwater lakes on Earth. She comes from the territory of Wikwemkoong, a First Nations reserve. She attended St. Mother Teresa High School and currently lives in Ottawa.<mask> grew up understanding the importance of water and the need to protect it. She advocates for the universal right to clean drinking water, raising awareness towards water rights and ensuring communities have access to clean, safe and reliable drinking water. By the age of eight, <mask> was attending water ceremonies on First Nation reserves. At one particular ceremony in Serpent River First Nation in Ontario, she witnessed warning signs of “toxic” drinking water, caused by factors such as pipeline leaks and pollution. When her mother informed her of the 20-year boil-water advisory in the community, <mask> was shocked. This experience served as a catalyst for <mask>’s work as a water protector, as she soon began partaking in water ceremonies across Ontario. She continues her work for the access of clean water concerning indigenous peoples across the world.Much of her inspiration and early knowledge comes from her great-aunt, Josephine Mandamin,  a well-known activist for clean water and the previous Chief Water Protector for the Aniishnabek Nation, a title awarded to <mask> after Mandamin's death in 2019. Positions on water conservation
<mask>’s views on conservation justice are in line with traditional Indigenous perspectives and can be characterized as relational, which entails a kinship as well as an interdependent human relationship with nature and all its beings. She says that:

<mask> is also a strong believer in the role of women in water advocacy, explaining that the first two teachings all humans experience when in the womb are to love the water and to love one’s mother. Thus, according to <mask>, women are truly connected to water in a spiritual way, as the nine months of carrying a baby is believed to be a ceremony. Peltier also believes strongly in the power of young people to create change. She supports the advocacy of other youth to collectively effect change, as youth will make future decisions for their countries. She expresses frustration at how young people must “[pay] for the mistakes that older people made”.Despite this frustration, she describes feeling good about her own work and other young people stepping up to take action. One major facet of <mask>’s work is her environmental justice activism. She has discussed the challenge of environmental racism against First Nations communities in Canada in the context of water rights. <mask> has argued that the demands of Indigenous peoples in Canada are consistently ignored and minimized by virtue of their indigeneity. <mask> has drawn attention to disparities in treatment of Indigenous people in Canada relative to non-indigenous Canadians, comparing the experience of First Nations citizens (who often face police brutality, political repression, and racism), with that of white Canadians living in remote communities, who are never denied access to water. Water advocacy and impact
Peltier gained national and international notice at a 2016 meeting of the Assembly of First Nations when she presented Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau with a copper water pot and, although she did not have time to deliver her prepared speech, confronted Trudeau on his record on water protection and his support for pipelines. She said:

Upon reflecting on the confrontation with Prime Minister Trudeau in a 2020 interview, Peltier recalled how she questioned how the public could trust Prime Minister Trudeau considering his lacklustre environmental record, highlighting the hypocrisy of Trudeau’s authorization of the construction of the Kinder-Morgan pipeline (which was preceded by a significant oil spill in British Columbia).Her act inspired the Assembly of First Nations to create the Niabi Odacidae fund. <mask> further gained attention when she spoke at The Global Landscapes Forum in New York City in September 2018, where she addressed the United Nations and important decision-makers. This conference also allowed <mask> to further spread awareness for her cause globally. <mask> was also invited to speak at the United Nation Secretary-General's Climate Action Summit in New York, in 2018 and 2019. <mask> is active on various social media platforms, where she has over 100 thousand followers, using them to spread awareness of water advocacy issues, receiving support from youth, politicians, and other activists. She has brought attention to the absence of clean drinking water in Indigenous communities in Canada. In April 2019, <mask> was named the chief water commissioner by the Anishinabek Nation.This position was previously held by her great-aunt, Josephine Mandamin, who died in 2019. At the time of her selection, current Anishinabek Nation Ground Council Chief Glen Hare explained how it was quite a simple decision to make: “Autumn has extensive nibi giikendaaswin (water knowledge). She has been bringing global attention to the water issues in our country for a few years now.”  In her role as Chief Water Commissioner, <mask> represents 39 First Nations in Ontario and is responsible for relaying community concerns to the Anishinabek Council. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> spoke up about the increased importance of clean water access as a public health issue for First Nations communities, where outbreaks have been particularly severe. <mask> believes that the response to the COVID-19 pandemic globally has paved a way for a response to the issue of the drinking water crisis for First Nations in Canada and is hopeful that change is possible. Awards and recognition

 Nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize, 2017, 2018, 2019. Canadian Living Me to We Award Youth in Action under 12, 2017.Ontario Junior Citizens Award, Ontario Newspaper Association, 2017. Sovereign Medal of Exceptional Volunteerism, by Governor General of Canada and Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario, March 2017
 Ottawa Riverkeeper Award, 2018. Water Warrior Award at the Water Docs Film Festival in Toronto, 2019. Young Leader Award, Ontario Municipal Social Services Association Award, 2019. Named Top 30 under 30 in North America for Environmental Education making a difference, 2019. Named to the BBC 100 Women list for 2019. Named to Maclean's list of 20 to Watch in 2020.Named to Huffington Post's list of 15 Canadian Icons Who Stole our Hearts in 2019. Named to the Union of Concerned Scientists list of 2019 Science Defenders. Named as a Chatelaine 2019 Woman of the Year. "Planet in Focus" Rob Stewart Youth Eco-Hero, 2019. Feature in Short Documentary Film The Water Walker, 2020
 RevolutionHer Community Vision Youth Award, 2021

References

Living people
2004 births
Anishinaabe people
Canadian child activists
Canadian women environmentalists
Canadian environmentalists
First Nations activists
First Nations women
People from Manitoulin Island
BBC 100 Women
Youth climate activists

masks:
Autumn Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
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Peltier
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Peltier


title: Francis Jue

texts:
<mask> (born September 29, 1963) is an American actor and singer. Jue is known for his performances on Broadway, in national tours, Off-Broadway and in regional theatre, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area and at The Muny in St. Louis. His roles in plays and musicals range from Shakespeare to Rodgers and Hammerstein to David Henry Hwang. He is also known for his recurring role on the TV series Madam Secretary (2014–2019). Jue's Broadway credits include Pacific Overtures (1984; 2004), M. Butterfly (1989) and Thoroughly Modern Millie (2002), in which he created the role of Bun Foo. Among his acting awards are an Obie Award and a Lortel Award, for his role in Yellow Face at the Public Theater (2008), a Dramalogue Award in Kiss of the Spider Woman at TheateWorks (1997), an Elliot Norton Award in Miss Saigon at North Shore Music Theatre (2013), another Obie Award for Wild Goose Dreams at the Public (2018) and a second Lortel Award in Cambodian Rock Band at the Signature Theatre (2020). He has been nominated for three Drama Desk Awards (one in 2008 and two in 2020).He has also appeared in film and in other television roles. Life and career
Jue was born in San Francisco, California, the sixth of nine children of Chinese Americans Frank (an engineer for the U.S. Navy) and Jennie Jue. He grew up in the Richmond District of San Francisco and attended St. Ignatius College Preparatory high school, taking part in the school's drama program. He received his B.A. degree at Yale University. NY Theatre
Jue first appeared in New York in 1984 in a production of Pacific Overtures as the boy in the tree and the Dutch Admiral. He appeared in a California production of the same musical in 1988, and later, he appeared in the show on Broadway as the Dutch Admiral and Madam (2004–05).He also appeared on Broadway in the original Broadway production of M. Butterfly, where he understudied the title character, Song Liling, and Comrade Chin (1989–90), also acting as understudy for these characters in the first national tour (1990–91); he then starred as Song Liling in the second national tour (1991–92). In the original Broadway production of Thoroughly Modern Millie, he created the role of Bun Foo (2002–04). Jue's Off-Broadway credits include Dr. Mendel in the 2006 National Asian American Theater Festival's revival of William Finn's Falsettoland; numerous roles with the New York Shakespeare Festival in Hamlet, King Lear, The Tragedy of Richard II, Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Timon of Athens and The Winter's Tale; Dream True: My Life with Vernon Dixon (Vineyard Theatre); Oscar in Chay Yew's A Language of Their Own (2005); the father in Kevin So's musical, Victor Woo: The Average Asian American; and Vice-Principal Huang in No Foreigners Beyond This Point, by Warren Leight (2005). He won the 2008 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor and a 2008 Obie Award for his performance in David Henry Hwang's Yellow Face at the Public Theater. He was also nominated for a 2008 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. Of this role, writer Lia Chang observed: "Jue distinguishes himself as Hwang's father, Henry Y. Hwang. ... Jue's moving and heartfelt portrayal ... has been earning [him] rave reviews."<mask> has said, "For me, Hwang's work has been a seminal part of being Asian-American in this culture. It's about feeling alienated in your own country." In 2009, after recovering from a back injury sustained in a 15-foot fall during rehearsals for a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Jue appeared in Coraline with MCC Theater at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the role of Father. He returned to the Public Theater in 2011 as Sir Nathaniel in Love's Labor's Lost. In early 2014, <mask> played the title character's father off-Broadway in Signature Theatre Company's premiere of Hwang's Kung Fu. He appeared in The World of Extreme Happiness, a play by Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig, that premiered at Goodman Theatre in Chicago in September and October 2014 and reopened at Manhattan Theatre Club in New York City in February and March 2015. In between these two runs, with York Theatre Company in December 2014, he appeared in My Favorite Year.From October to December 2018, Jue appeared in Wild Goose Dreams, a new play by Hansol Jung, at the Public Theater, receiving another Obie Award for his performance. In 2019, <mask> reprised his role in Soft Power at the Public Theater beginning in September 2019. In 2020, he played Duik in Lauren Yee's Cambodian Rock Band at Signature Theatre. Jue was nominated for 2020 Drama Desk Awards and Lucille Lortel Awards for both roles; he won the Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for the latter role. He was also nominated for the
Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in Soft Power, and the show's cast album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. Other theatre
Jue has also appeared widely in regional theatre as Jeffrey in A Song for a Nisei Fisherman at Asian American Theatre Company (1988); the title character in M Butterfly at Hippodrome Theatre (1992), TheatreWorks in California (1992, 2007), Arizona Theatre Company (1993) and Vineyard Playhouse (1994); the MC in Cabaret at Cider Mill Playhouse (1993) and TheatreWorks (1996, Bay Area Critics Circle Award), Sacramento Music Theatre (1998); Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream at Arizona Theatre Company (1995); Amanuensis and Geronte in The Illusion at Arizona Theatre Company (1997, winning a ZONI award); Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman at TheateWorks (1997, Dramalogue Award); Thomas in A Question of Mercy at Magic Theatre (1998); Mike, Ronald and Skunk in As Bees in Honey Drown and the title character in Amadeus, both at TheatreWorks (1999); The Parsi Man in Just So at North Shore Music Theatre (2001); Skeets Miller in Floyd Collins at TheatreWorks (2001); Hua in Red at Wilma Theatre (2003) and TheatreWorks (2004; "Jue ... is utterly convincing. He is self-righteous, stern and yet completely sympathetic."); the narrator in Into the Woods, which he also choreographed, at TheatreWorks (2006, Bay Area Critics Circle Award; "Jue ... shows his amazing physical acting talent. ... He has a true theatrical voice when doing the splendid narration of the story. "); the King in The King and I at American Music Theatre of San Jose (2006) and Carousel Dinner Theatre (2008); and Mr. Oji in Philip Kan Gotanda's After the War at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco (2007). At The Muny in St. Louis, he starred in the title roles of The King and I (2006) and Peter Pan in 2007 and as The Engineer in Miss Saigon in 2008. In 2009, he reprised his role in Yellow Face at Theatreworks. In 2010, Jue played Smokey in Damn Yankees at The Muny.That fall, he starred as Dr. Givings in The Actors Theatre production of In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) in Phoenix, Arizona (for which he won a ZONI award). In 2011, he was back at The Muny as Sebastian in The Little Mermaid. CBS St. Louis wrote: "The consummate acting, dancing and singing skills of <mask> as Sebastian are a joy to experience." In early 2012, he appeared in The Winter's Tale at Yale Repertory Theatre and returned to The Muny that summer in Thoroughly Modern Millie (this time as Ching Ho) and Kassim in Aladdin. Later in the year, Jue created two roles in You for Me for You, a new play by Mia Chung, debuted at the Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company. Jue appeared as Salvatore "Sally" Camatoy in a stage adaptation of Paper Dolls, by Philip Himberg, at the Tricycle Theatre in London from 28 February 2013 to 13 April 2013. The Daily Telegraph wrote: "Jue gives a haunting performance as Sally".The Times commented, "At [the musical's] heart is the relationship (which repeatedly made me cry) between Chaim ... and the wonderful <mask> as Salvatore – 'Sally'." In June, he appeared at the New Haven International Arts Festival in the musical Stuck Elevator, with music by Byron Au Yong and a libretto by Aaron Jafferis, directed by Chay Yew about a delivery man trapped in a Bronx elevator for 81 hours. In November, Jue returned to North Shore and to the role of the Engineer in Miss Saigon. A review in The Boston Globe commented: "Jue delivers an indelible portrait of a Mephistophelean hustler who doesn’t so much walk as slither, a cannily corrupt survivor adept at switching allegiances. ... Jue excels in one of the show’s best numbers, "The American Dream". Jue won an Elliot Norton Award for his performance and was nominated for an IRNE Award. In October 2015, Jue created several roles, including the father, in a new comic play, Tiger Style!by Mike Lew at Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. "Jue steals the show as he rapidly modulates between characters, performing with charisma and humor". In early 2016, Jue played sushi master chef Koji in Tokyo Fish Story by Kimber Lee at Theatreworks. Later in the year, he reprised his roles in Tiger Style! in Boston. The following year, he played Larry Yee in "King of the Yees", by Lauren Yee, in Chicago and Los Angeles. A reviewer for Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "You will, without any question, fall madly in love with Larry Yee, or more precisely, with <mask>e, the wiry, wide-eyed, shrewdly comic, comically un-hip and altogether remarkable actor who plays him with such effortless guile."Jue repeated the role in 2019 at the San Francisco Playhouse. A reviewer for The San Diego Union-Tribune commented that in Wild Goose Dreams at La Jolla Playhouse in September and October 2017, "Jue portrays the father with a winning, playfully comic touch". Jue starred in David Henry Hwang and Jeanine Tesori's new "play with a musical", Soft Power, which opened at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in May 2018 and moved to San Francisco's Curran Theatre in June. In mid-2019, Jue played Resten in The Language Archive at TheatreWorks Silicon Valley. Television, film and radio
Jue's television credits include Dorian on Talk to Me (2000, ABC), voice of James in Nikki (2000, Cartoon Network), Dr. Yamagatchi on One Life to Live, Dr. Fong and later Judge Ong on Law and Order: SVU (2004–06; 2013, NBC), Dr. Tom Li on The Good Wife (2009–10, CBS) and Dr. Halberton on Law & Order (2010, NBC). From 2014 to 2019, he played the recurring role of Chinese Foreign Minister Ming Chen on the CBS TV series Madam Secretary. In 2020, Jue appeared as the recurring character Fred on season 1 of the Starz series Hightown.On film, Jue appeared in the 1999 comedy short, Puppet, Love & Mertz, as Mertz; and he made his feature film debut as Ang Hsu in Joyful Noise'', in 2012, starring Dolly Parton and Queen Latifah. He played Chris in the 2019 short suspense-thriller Rendezvous. In 2021, Jue starred in San Francisco Mime Troupe's radio serial "Tales of the Resistance, Volume 2: Persistence", Episode 2. Notes

References
 2004 profile of Jue
 Photo and profile of Jue
 Information from a 1996 interview of Jue

External links

 Photos from M. Butterfly

American male musical theatre actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male actors of Chinese descent
1963 births
Living people

masks:
Francis Jue
Jue
Jue
Jue
Francis Jue
Francis Jue
Francis Ju


title: Kwon Hyeok-ung

texts:
<mask> (Hangul 권혁웅; born 1967) is a South Korean poet, literary critic, and professor. He was born in Chungju, South Korea and studied Korean literature at Korea University, where he also received his doctoral degree. He has been teaching creative writing at Hanyang Women's University since 2003. Life
<mask>g was born in Chungju, South Korea. He began his literary career when he won the Joongang Ilbo New Writer's Contest in 1996 for criticism and the Munye Joongang Literary Award in 1997 for poetry. As a critic, he was closely involved in a heated controversy over South Korean Futurist literature in the mid-2000s. Experimental works by young South Korean poets in that decade were attracting criticism for their abstruseness, but <mask> defended them arguing that they simply used “a different style of communication” from conventional poetry.He was in fact the first one to call them “Futurist” poetry, and despite the controversy surrounding the subject, the name stuck. It became an important term to explain South Korean poetry in the 2000s and sparked various other discussions on new poetics. <mask>'s own poetry, however, was not the kind of work he praised as a critic. He preferred to write lyrical and romantic poetry. He earned a number of accolades for his work, including the 6th Modern Poetry Coterie Award in 2000, the 4th Yushim Award for Best Criticism in 2006, the 2nd Society of Korean Poets Award for Emerging Poets in 2006, the 15th Contemporary Poetry Award in 2010, and the 12th Midang Literary Award in 2012. He served on the editorial board of literary journals Munye Joongang and Hyeondaesihak. He currently teaches creative writing at Hanyang Women's University.Writing
<mask> Hyeok-ung's poetry has a lyricism that subtly balances emotion with logic. His first poetry collection Hwanggeumnamu areseo (황금나무 아래서 Beneath the Golden Tree) (2001) observes the interior and exterior of objects. His second collection Majingga gyebohak (마징가 계보학 A Genealogy of Mazinger) (2005) nostalgically portrays the hardships of the 1970s and 80s in South Korea by alluding to comic books, erotica, and other cultural memes that were popular among the lower middle class during that time. Geu eolgure ipsureul daeda (그 얼굴에 입술을 대다 I Pressed My Lips on That Face) (2007) is a collection of love poems set in a fantastical universe, featuring mythical creatures from around the world such as centaurs, werewolves, unicorns, and jiangshi. Kwon captures everyday scenes using different motifs for each collection. From his fourth collection Somundeul (소문들 Rumors), his poems start taking on a more subversive character. In particular, they advocate a type of semantics where signifiers resist and gain independence from the “tyranny” of meaning, explore the meaning of resisting meaning, and seek a counterpower to cause power to implode.Such satirical poetry allowed him to perceive the world in a new light and experience the constant tension between language and reality. From parodies and love poems through political satires to poems about everyday life, <mask>'s poems have diversified in their sensibility and expression. Literary critic Shin Hyeong-cheol argues that <mask> is “an intelligent poet” who takes easy-to-miss “people and objects and turns them into protagonists of his stories, then casually nudges them toward us.<mask> has also been noted for his lyricism, experimental style, ability to create images from mundane subjects, imagination, and extensive knowledge of poetry. Works

Poetry collections

1. 『마징가 계보학』(창비, 2005) { A Genealogy of Mazinger. Changbi, 2005. } 2.『그 얼굴에 입술을 대다』(민음사, 2007) { I Pressed My Lips on That Face. Minumsa, 2007. } 3. 『소문들』(문학과지성사, 2010) { Rumors. Moonji, 2010. } 4. 『애인은 토막난 순대처럼 운다』(창비, 2013) { The Lover Wails Like a Chopped up Sausage.Changbi, 2013. } Essay collections

1. 『태초에 사랑이 있었다』(문학동네, 2005) { In the Beginning There Was Love. Munhakdongne, 2005. } 2. 『두근두근』(랜덤하우스코리아, 2008) { Pitapat. Random House Korea, 2008. }3. 『몬스터 멜랑콜리아』(민음사, 2011) { Monster Melancholia. Minumsa, 2011. } 4. 『당신을 읽는 시간』(문예중앙, 2012) { Time to Read You. Moonye Joongang, 2012. } 5.『꼬리치는 당신』(마음산책, 2013) { You’re Flirty. Maumsanchaek, 2013. } 6. 『미주알 고주알』(난다, 2014) { Every Last Detail. Nanda Books, 2014. } 7. 『생각하는 연필』(난다, 2014) { Thinking Pencil.Nanda Books, 2014. } 8. 『외롭지 않은 말』(마음산책, 2016) { Unlonely Words. Maumsanchaek, 2016. } Criticism

1. 『미래파』(문학과지성사, 2005) { Futurism. Moonji, 2005. }2. 『시론』(문학동네, 2010) { Poetics. Munhakdongne, 2010. } 3. 『입술에 묻은 이름』(문학동네, 2012) { The Name Stained on Your Lips. Munhakdongne, 2012. } 4.『시적 언어의 기하학』(새미, 2013) { The Geometry of Poetic Language. Saemi, 2013. } Works in translation
1. 現代詩手帖 2007年 8月号 (Japanese)

Awards
1. 2000: 6th Modern Poetry Coterie Award

2. 2005: 3rd Aeji Literary Award for Best Criticism

3. 2006: 4th Yushim Award for Best Criticism

4.2006: 2nd Society of Korean Poets Award for Emerging Poets

5. 2010: 15th Contemporary Poetry Award

6. 2012: 12th Midang Literary Award

Further reading
1. 최현식, ｢파문의 기원과 궤적｣, 『실천문학사』 봄호, 2002. { Choi, Hyeon-sik. “The Origins and Trajectory of Scandal.” Literature and Practice, Spring 2002 Issue. } 2.김종훈, ｢시어 수집가의 기록 보관소｣, 『문학과사회』 봄호, 2011. { Kim, Jong-hoon. “The Archives of a Poetic Words Collector.” Literature and Society, Spring 2011 Issue. } 3. 신형철, ｢우주의 지도를 그리다가 심장 부근에서 : 권혁웅의 시｣, 『열린시학』 봄호, 2007. { Shin, Hyeong-cheol. “Mapping the Universe but Near the Heart: The Poetry of <mask> Hyeok-ung.” Open Poetics, Spring 2007 Issue. }4. 강동호, ｢메타적 상상력의 미래를 위하여 : 권혁웅 비평집 『시론｣, 『창작과비평』 봄호, 2011. { Gang, Dong-ho. “For a Future of Meta-Imagination: <mask> Hyeok-ung’s Critical Essay Collection Poetics.” Changbi, Spring 2011 Issue. } External links
1. 백(白)형제의 문인보](24) 시인 권혁웅 { “Writer Bios of the White Brothers: Poet <mask> Hyeok-ung.” The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Last modified September 28, 2014. }2. 미당문학상 받는 시인 권혁웅 씨 "술 취한 샐러리맨에서 현대인 상처 봤죠“ { “Poet <mask> Hyeok-ung, Winner of Midang Literary Award, Says He Saw the Scars of Modern Society in a Drunk Office Worker.” Hankyung News. Last modified September 25, 2012. } References

1967 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean poets
South Korean literary critics
South Korean male poets
Midang Literary Award winners
21st-century male writers

masks:
Kwon Hyeokg
Kwon Hyeok un
Kwon
Kwon
Kwon
Kwon
Kwon
” Kwon
Kwon
Kwon
Kwon
Kwon


title: Leonas Bistras

texts:
<mask> (20 October 1890 in Liepāja – 17 October 1971 in Kaunas) was one of the most prominent Lithuanian politicians of the interwar period. A Christian Democrat, he rose to the peak of his career in 1925, when he was appointed as the Prime Minister of Lithuania. <mask> also headed the ministries of education, defense and foreign affairs in several different governments throughout 1920s and 1930s and twice served as the speaker of the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. After the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état and the subsequent fall of parliamentary democracy, <mask> led the Christian Democrats and, despite persecution, acted as an outspoken leader of the opposition to the authoritarian President Antanas Smetona. After the Soviet occupation and annexation of Lithuania, <mask> was arrested, sentenced without a trial and deported from Lithuania, only returning permanently after the death of Josef Stalin. <mask> lived the remaining years of his life in obscurity and poverty, supported only by the local people of Kaunas. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1890 to a working-class family in Liepāja, Courland Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Latvia), where his father had emigrated.He graduated from the Liepāja Gymnasium in 1911. <mask> attempted studying medicine at the University of Geneva, switching to philosophy at the University of Freiburg a year later. He then returned to studying medicine in Dorpat (now Tartu), but was unable to finish due to the complex international environment leading up to World War I. Upon the start of the war, <mask> was conscripted to the Imperial Russian Army and served in Russia until the Bolshevik Revolution, initially as a private and later as a medic. After the war, Bistras returned to Lithuania and helped to establish the Kaunas municipality, and worked for the press office in Lithuania and Switzerland. <mask> finally graduated from the University of Freiburg in 1921, with a PhD in Philosophy. Between 1922 and 1940 he taught at the faculty of Theology and Philosophy at the Kaunas University.Throughout his life, <mask> did not publish a single article in philosophy (other than his doctoral thesis), but was proud of his doctoral degree, signing his name "Dr. <mask> <mask>" throughout his political career. Political career

Entry into politics
<mask> first ventured into politics during the World War I. The February Revolution liberalized the political environment and allowed for discussions on the status of Lithuania. In Voronezh, <mask> met other active Lithuanian Catholics and edited the newspaper Voice of the Lithuanians (Lietuvių balsas), giving him his first experience in journalism – an activity that would take much of his interest in the coming decades. In 1917, Bistras joined the activities of the emerging Lithuanian Christian Democratic movement. The political situation during the war led to the formation of two parties styling themselves as the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. One was originally established by Lithuanian refugees in Russia, led by priest Mykolas Krupavičius, and was radicalized by the ongoing revolution there.The other, established in Lithuania, was led by Aleksandras Stulginskis and was more moderate in its goals. In November 1918, a conference was called to unite the two parties. During the conference, <mask> emerged as one of the leaders of the movement and proposed a solution once an impasse was reached – both radical and moderate Christian Democrats would be represented in the joint leadership of the party and both programs would remain in place until they could be aligned. This goal was eventually achieved and the party remained united. <mask> officially joined the party as a member in 1921 and from 1922 onward was regularly elected to its central committee. Member of the Seimas
<mask>' growing prominence in the Lithuanian politics was evident when, in 1922, he was elected to the First Seimas from the constituency of Raseiniai and became its speaker. He played a role in the election of Stulginskis as the President of Lithuania, dismissing complaints from the opposition politicians that the Seimas did not have the necessary quorum when voting on his candidacy.The first Seimas, however, had a short and troubled life – no clear majority had emerged in the elections (Christian Democrats and their allies won 38 of the 78 seats allocated), making governing difficult. In fact, Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas failed twice to get his cabinet approved by the Seimas and Stulginskis dissolved the First Seimas on 12 March 1923. However, the Seimas did play a role in the history of interwar Lithuania, authorizing the Klaipėda Revolt that would see the Klaipėda Region become an autonomous part of Lithuania between 1923 and 1939. <mask> was reelected to the Second Seimas in 1923. Between June 1923 and January 1925, he served as the minister of education in the successive cabinets headed by Galvanauskas and Antanas Tumėnas. As a minister, he took a hard line insisting on religious instruction in public schools, drawing criticism from political opponents. Between January and September 1925, <mask> again served as the speaker of the Seimas.Prime Minister
In September 1925, the government of Vytautas Petrulis opened negotiations with Poland over the navigation of the Neman as required by the Klaipėda Convention. Successive Lithuanian governments bitterly contested the Polish possession of the Vilnius region and refused to open diplomatic relations. Although Petrulis' government saw negotiations as technical and not constituting a diplomatic recognition, the public and military discontent was widespread. An ultimatum from military offices forced Petrulis to resign and <mask> was appointed as the Prime Minister of the 12th cabinet on 25 September 1925. He also served as the minister of defense and, after the resignation of Mečislovas Reinys, as the minister of foreign affairs. His government was in power for less than a year, until the Seimas elections the following spring. <mask>' cabinet withdrew from the negotiations with Poland.Feeling isolated in the international arena, Bistras started negotiations with the Soviet Union on the Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact that would eventually be signed by the government of Mykolas Sleževičius in 1926. Bistras later regretted this shift in political direction. Seeing the growing power of the Soviet Union and Germany in mid-1930s, he advocated for stronger ties with Latvia, Estonia and, above else, Poland, even if it meant accepting the Polish possession of Vilnius. A major challenge for the Bistras' government was managing relations with the Holy See in the Vatican. While Christian Democrats were naturally aligned with the Church in their views on a number of matters, organization of the Catholic Church presented the Lithuanian government with a headache. Even after the declaration of independence in 1918, Catholic churches in Lithuania continued to be organized under ecclesiastical provinces based in foreign countries. The issue escalated in 1925, when the Holy See signed the Concordat of 1925 with Poland and assigned the contested Archdiocese of Vilnius to the Polish ecclesiastical province.While this did not confer a diplomatic recognition of the Polish possession of Vilnius, public opinion in Lithuania turned against Vatican and the Christian Democrats, who were perceived as their allies. Despite protests, Bistras accepted the establishment of the Lithuanian ecclesiastical province without Vilnius in 1926. <mask> was elected to the Third Seimas in 1926, this time in Marijampolė, but Christian Democrats and their allies did not fare well in the elections. For the first time in six years, the party was in opposition to a left-leaning coalition that attempted to normalize the life in Lithuania by lifting the martial law and introducing far-reaching reforms. Christian Democrats proved to be an active opposition in the parliament, with multiple interpellations to the government, many of them co-authored or signed by Bistras. Christian Democrats voted against the treaty with the Soviet Union that was originally conceived under Bistras' government and criticized other government decisions, as support for the government waned, especially among the military officers and the clergy. Coup d'état and Smetona's rule
In December 1926, military officers executed a coup d'état, removing Mykolas Sleževičius as the Prime Minister and Kazys Grinius as the President.Although <mask> and the Christian Democrats were not directly involved in the coup, they participated in implementing its outcome. Christian Democrats voted to elect Antanas Smetona as the President, thus giving him constitutional legitimacy, and initially joined the government, with <mask> appointed as the minister of education. <mask>, ever trying to reach a compromise, initially hoped that a new election would be called, allowing the Christian Democrats to return to power. As the prospect of new elections waned and the Third Seimas was dissolved, <mask>, together with the other Christian Democrats, resigned from the government, leaving Smetona's Nationalists Union of Lithuania as the sole governing party. <mask> assumed the leadership of the Christian Democrats in 1927, leading it through a difficult period. Smetona did not call for new elections to the parliament until 1936, severely limiting the activities and influence of the party. Party leadership was constantly persecuted and put under surveillance, and party congresses were banned in 1929.Apart from the pressure from the government, the Christian Democrats also struggled to maintain unity with their traditional allies (the Farmers' Association and the Labour Federation) as well as within their own ranks. The party, along with other opposition political parties, was finally banned in 1936. <mask> was openly critical of the government during the period. In 1927, he was alleged to have influenced several military officers who attempted to force Smetona to form a coalition government. The intervention failed and Brisas fled Lithuania for Germany, only returning the following year. Starting with 1930, he, together with other Catholic leaders, criticized the government for their attempt to curtail the activities of religious organizations and, in 1935, he openly criticized the government in a speech at the Global Lithuanian Congress. Until 1936, <mask> also edited newspaper Rytas (The Morning) giving a voice to Christian Democrats in Lithuania.The newspaper was often critical of the ruling Nationalists and Smetona, and was often a target of censure and fines. In 1928, the publication of the newspaper was suspended as a result of "infractions" and Bistras started publishing Sutemos (The Dusk) instead, expressing the editor's view of the situation in the country. Bistras had many political articles published in minority (especially Jewish) press, which was less subject to censure. For his activities in inciting protests against the government, <mask> was sentenced in 1938 and sent to a three-month exile to Alytus, separating him from the political elite in Kaunas. His sentence was cut short and Bistras even returned to the government after Lithuania lost the Klaipėda Region after the German ultimatum of March 1939, serving on the 20th cabinet as the minister of education. Even as part of the government, Bistras maintained an explicitly cold relationship with Smetona, refusing to present the president with the work plan for his ministry. Later life and death
In July 1940, <mask> was arrested, imprisoned in the Kaunas Prison and, without a trial, deported to the region of Archangelsk in 1941.Charges laid against him were related to the suppression of the Lithuanian Communist Party in the interwar Lithuania. Proving <mask>' involvement in implementing the suppression was not seen as necessary, his mere participation in the government and the Christian Democratic Party was enough. Due to health reasons, he was transferred to Atbasar in Kazakhstan, where he worked as a medic. In January 1945, he was sentenced again, for allegedly providing a fake certificate of absence, but was released seven months later and allowed to return to Lithuania. In Lithuania, he worked at the library of the Archdiocese of Vilnius. In 1950, he was again arrested, sentenced and sent to Siberia, only returning in 1954 or 1956. As he was not granted a pension or given work by the Soviet government, <mask> lived on donations from the people of Kaunas, where he died in 1971, three days before his 81st birthday.He was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery in Kaunas. References

1890 births
1971 deaths
Politicians from Liepāja
People from Courland Governorate
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Geneva alumni
Vytautas Magnus University faculty
Lithuanian people of World War I
Russian military personnel of World War I
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Lithuania
Ministers of Education of Lithuania
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania
Ministers of Defence of Lithuania
Speakers of the Seimas
Lithuanian journalists
Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery
20th-century journalists

masks:
Leonas Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Leonas
Bistras
Bistras
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