title: Jon Sobrino

texts:
<mask>  (born 1938) is a Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian, known mostly for his contributions to Latin American liberation theology. He received worldwide attention in 2007 when the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a notification for what they termed doctrines that are "erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful." Life
Born 27 December 1938 into a Basque family in Barcelona, Sobrino entered the Society of Jesus when he was 18. The following year, in 1958, he was sent to El Salvador. He later studied engineering at Saint Louis University, an American Jesuit university, and then theology at Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt in West Germany for his Doctor of Theology (Dr.theol.) degree. Returning to El Salvador, he taught at the Jesuit-run University of Central America (UCA) in San Salvador, which he helped to found.On 16 November 1989 he narrowly escaped the murder of the UCA scholars by the Atlacatl Battalion, an elite unit of the Salvadoran Army. By a coincidence, he was away from El Salvador when members of the military broke into the rectory at the UCA and brutally murdered his six fellow Jesuits, Ignacio Ellacuría, Segundo Montes, Juan Ramón Moreno, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Amando López, and Joaquín López y López, and their housekeeper Elba Ramos and her 16-year-old daughter Celina Ramos. The Jesuits were targeted for their outspoken work to bring a resolution to the brutal El Salvador Civil War that left about 75,000 men, women, and children dead, mostly civilians. Investigated by the Vatican throughout his career as a professor of theology, he has remained an outspoken proponent of peace, joining protests in 2008 of the continued training of Latin American military officers in torture techniques at the School of the Americas at Fort Benning. Works
Sobrino's main works are Jesus the Liberator (1991) and its sequel Christ the Liberator (1999), along with Christology at the Crossroads (1978), The True Church and the Poor (1984), Spirituality of Liberation (1990), The Principle of Mercy: Taking the Crucified People from the Cross (Orbis, 1994), No Salvation Outside the Poor, and Prophetic-Utopian Essays (Orbis, 2008). Vatican notification
Because of the theological positions he took in his works, Sobrino was the subject of a theological notification; a critique statement and an admonishment by the Vatican and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in March 2007. The congregation declared that Sobrino placed too great an emphasis on the human nature of Jesus Christ, downplaying Jesus' divine nature, and that his "works contain propositions which are either erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful."While certain of his teachings were declared false, the congregation did not condemn or censure him, or prohibit him from teaching or lecturing. However, Federico Lombardi at the Vatican Press Office hinted at the possibility that his bishop or superior in the Jesuit order might choose to take action. The congregation emphasized in the notification that it was issued as part of its service "to the people of God, and particularly to the simple and poorest members of the Church." They emphasized the people's "right to know the truth ... about Christ" and therefore their corresponding duty to intervene. The notification was premised on Benedict XVI's teaching that "the first poverty among people is not to know Christ." According to the Notification, <mask>'s erroneous propositions concerned: "1) the methodological presuppositions on which the Author bases his theological reflection, 2) the Divinity of Jesus Christ, 3) the Incarnation of the Son of God, 4) the relationship between Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God, 5) the Self-consciousness of Jesus, and 6) the salvific value of his Death." At the root of what the Vatican saw as <mask>'s error is his affirmation that "the 'Church of the poor' is the ecclesial 'setting' of Christology and offers it its fundamental orientation."However, the Vatican believes that it is "only the apostolic faith which the Church has transmitted through all generations that constitutes the ecclesial setting of Christology and of theology in general." Contrary to criticisms that the Vatican acted without due consultation and unfairly, the Vatican says that a Notification is made after notifying the author of the statements that are seen to be problematic and after awaiting a reply from the author who is given 3 months whereby to respond. Retired professor of theology Peter Hünermann (then Tübingen, Germany) declared in April 2007 that the Vatican notification was a "shock" for all theologians, because along with Sobrino "the most distinguished exegetes and systematic theologians – both Catholic and Protestant – stood in the dock". Supported by more than 100 professors of Catholic theology, Hünermann also demanded an "intelligent redevelopment" of the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, because, as successor organization of the Holy Office, it still had the structure of an "early modern board of censors". <mask>'s work was reviewed by a number of theologians, including , , Javier Vitoria, Carlo Palacio of Belo Horizonte, and Martin Maier, editor of the German Jesuit periodical Stimmen der Zeit. These theologians found no doctrinal errors in Sobrino's works. It is not apparent that their findings have been considered by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.References

External links

  An anthology written in response to the notification. full text of Vatican rebuke

 Video clip of <mask> discussing Salvadoran war

1938 births
20th-century Spanish Jesuits
21st-century Spanish Jesuits
People of Basque descent
Christian radicals
Dissident Roman Catholic theologians
Jesuit missionaries
Jesuit theologians
Liberation theologians
Living people
Clergy from Barcelona
Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador
Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology alumni
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
Central American University faculty

masks:
Jon Sobrino
Sobrino
Sobrino
Sobrino
Sobrino


title: John Currence

type: original

texts:
<mask> is an American chef based in Oxford, Mississippi. he owns four restaurants in the city of Oxford: City Grocery, Big Bad Breakfast, Bourè, and Snackbar in addition to a catering business, The Main Event. Currence also owns numerous Big Bad Breakfast locations in Alabama, Florida, Tennessee and South Carolina. He won a James Beard Award in 2009 for the category of Best Chef, South, at City Grocery. He later also participated in the third season of the Bravo television competition Top Chef Masters. Early life
<mask> was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. The majority of his childhood was spent in the American South, but in the early 1970s his family moved to the United Kingdom.His father worked for Texaco Oil. His mother, a teacher at Isidore Newman School, took Currence and his brother out of that same school for four-day weekends to travel around Europe and experience the cuisines of Italy, Germany, and France. After returning to the Carolinas and graduating high school, Currence attended Hampden-Sydney College and the University of North Carolina. One of his part-time jobs while at the university was as a dishwasher at Bill Neal's Crook's Corner restaurant, which had recently been profiled by The New York Times. His first cooking job was on a tugboat in the Gulf of Mexico, but his professional career began under Bill Neal at his Chapel Hill, North Carolina restaurant, Crooks Corner. In 1989, Currence returned to New Orleans to be sous chef at Gautreau's, co-owned by Larkin Selman. In 1992, Currence began to plan a restaurant of his own.He was inspired to re-open City Grocery, a restaurant in Oxford, Mississippi that had been built inside a Reconstruction era livery stable. Career

Restaurants
Currence owns four restaurants in Oxford, Mississippi: City Grocery, Bourè, Snackbar, and Big Bad Breakfast, which he expanded to include locations in Charleston, South Carolina, Inlet Beach, Florida, Florence, Alabama, Homewood, Alabama,  Birmingham, Alabama, Franklin, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, TN and Louisville, KY. He also owns The Main Event, a catering business based in Oxford for in-house and off-site catering events. A fifth Oxford-based venture, Lamar Lounge, since closed. According to Vogue, "[y]ou can't visit Oxford without hearing someone sing the praises of Chef <mask>urrence." City Grocery was Currence's first restaurant, with a Southern and traditional Creole French menu, opened in 1992, and has been in Oxford Courthouse Square since 1996. The New York Times recommended "its rowdy upstairs bar and elegant dining below".It was named one of the "South's Best Bars" by Southern Living in 2013. In fall 1999, it won its first of several Wine Spectator Awards of Excellence. Big Bad Breakfast started in Oxford in 2008, but later spawned additional locations in Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina. It has received recognition from publications like The Culture Trip, which named it one of the best diners in the South by in 2016, The Daily Meal, Serious Eats, and Travel and Leisure. Snackbar opened in 2009, and its chef Vishwesh Bhatt won the James Beard Award for Best Chef in the South in 2019. Currence bought barbecue restaurant Lamar Lounge in 2012. It received attention from publications like Sports Illustrated and Garden & Gun, but closed in 2016.It reopened as Fat Eddie's, an American Italian restaurant, which itself closed in 2017. TV appearances
Currence was featured as a contestant on season 3 of the reality television cooking competition Top Chef Masters. He won the second week of the competition, "Everything Old is New Again", but was knocked out in the third episode. Bravo TV, the network on which Top Chef Masters is hosted, released <mask>'s pre competition interview. Currence joined Andrew Zimmern on the Travel Channel's Bizarre Foods, exploring The Blues Trail to try unusual BLT sandwiches, including one made with testicles. He has also appeared on an episode of Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations: Parts Unknown, about the Mississippi Delta and southern culture. In 2009 he was featured on the CBS Early Show during a segment called "A Chef on a Shoestring".The segment featured how to cook a three-course meal for four for under $35. Publications
Currence has published th books, Pickles, Pigs & Whiskey: Recipes from My Three Favorite Food Groups and Then Some, Big Bad Breakfast: The Most Important Book of the Day and Tailgreat: How to Crush It at Tailgating. He was a contributor to the cookbook Wild Abundance: Ritual, Revelry & Recipes of the South's Finest Hunting Clubs. Pickles, Pigs & Whiskey was featured or reviewed by The New York Times Book Review, which called it "a culinary rebel yell in a new key", as well as The Washington Post, Eater, and others. Big Bad Breakfast was featured as the Los Angeles Times Cookbook of the Week. Awards and recognition
<mask> was the recipient of the James Beard Award in 2009 for Best Chef South. The Southern Documentary Project filmed the announcement and his acceptance speech.The Mississippi Restaurant Association awarded him the Restaurateur of the Year and Chef of the Year awards. In 2008, Currence won The Great American Seafood Cookoff hosted annually in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Southern Foodways Alliance awarded Currence the Guardian of Tradition award in 2006, and he was awarded the Mississippi State Tourism Investment Award in 2015. In 2014 the Southern Independent Booksellers Alliance (SIBA) awarded Currence Best Cookbook Award for Pickles, Pigs & Whiskey. Philanthropy and activism
Currence was featured in The New York Times for launching the Big Gay Mississippi Welcome Table, a protest against Governor Phil Bryant's signing of the anti-gay House Bill 1523. When interviewed for Top Chef Masters, he emphasized that if he won the competition, he would donate prize money to No Kid Hungry, a fund to end childhood hunger in the United States. References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from New Orleans
American chefs
American male chefs
American restaurateurs

masks:
John Currence
John Curce
John C
John Curce
John Cce


title: Harl Pease

texts:
<mask>. (April 10, 1917 – October 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Corps officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest award, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during World War II. He was the namesake for Pease Air Force Base, now Pease Air National Guard Base. Biography

<mask> was born and raised in Plymouth, New Hampshire, and graduated from Tilton School, a college-preparatory school. He then attended the University of New Hampshire, where he became a brother of Theta Chi fraternity. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in business administration and enlisted in the Army Air Corps. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in June 1940 and awarded pilot rating upon completion of flight training at Kelly Field, Texas. <mask> was assigned to the 19th Bombardment Group (19th BG) as a B-17 pilot at Albuquerque Army Air Base, and in October 1941 flew with the group to Clark Field in the Philippines.As part of the Far East Air Force, <mask> was present at Clark Field when it was bombed by Japanese aircraft on December 8, 1941, flew missions in defense of the Philippines, and evacuated with the group to Darwin, Northern Territory, on December 20, 1941. <mask> continued to fly missions with the group in defense of Java until the end of February 1942. As the Japanese advanced in the Philippines, <mask> was ordered to lead three B-17s of the 19th BG to Del Monte Field on Mindanao to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur, along with the general's family and staff, to Australia. One of the battered planes was forced to abort early, while another developed engine trouble and crashed south of Del Monte. <mask> landed his Fortress safely, despite its inoperative wheel brakes. MacArthur was shocked at the sight of <mask>'s aircraft, upon which the ground crews of the undersupplied 19th BG had used cut-up ration cans to patch bullet holes, as well as <mask> himself, whom MacArthur described as a "child". MacArthur flatly refused to place his wife and son aboard <mask>'s B-17 and instead waited for another plane to arrive two days later.In May, from a base near Townsville, Queensland, the 19th BG supported naval carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Coral Sea, and bombed targets on the north coast of New Guinea, 16–18 hour missions that necessitated staging through Port Moresby. During the first six months of the war, the 19th BG was awarded four Distinguished Unit Citations. On August 6, 1942, one engine of <mask>'s B-17 failed during a mission, forcing a return to its base at Mareeba Airfield for repairs. The 19th BG had already scheduled a "maximum effort" mission against Rabaul, New Britain, on August 7 but <mask> and his crew, with their aircraft out of commission, were not scheduled. <mask> understood the importance of the mission and was determined to rejoin the group. Only one B-17 at Mareeba was able to fly, a "war-weary" bomber relegated to training. Its engines needed an overhaul, some armament had been dismounted, and the electric fuel-transfer pump had been used for replacement parts.<mask> had a fuel tank installed in the bomb bay, with a handpump rigged to transfer fuel, and in less than three hours, was en route to Port Moresby with his crew, all of whom had also volunteered for the mission. They landed at 1:00 a.m. after working or flying almost continuously since 6:00 a.m. the previous day. With only three hours' crew rest, <mask> took off with the group to attack Rabaul's Vunakanau airdrome. While  from the target, the group was attacked by more than 30 Japanese fighters. <mask> and his crew claimed several of the fighters, fought their way to the target, and bombed successfully, but sustained heavy damage in the attacks. After leaving the target area, <mask>'s crippled B-17 fell behind the rest of the formation. Once again attacked by fighters, he was seen to jettison the burning bomb bay fuel tank before falling back out of sight.<mask> and his crew were presumed killed in action. Before the B-17 crashed, however, <mask> and another crew member were able to bail out; both were captured and taken to a POW camp in Rabaul. <mask> languished there until October 8, 1942. On that date, <mask>, three other Americans, and two Australians were forced to dig their own grave, then were beheaded. Postwar, the remains of three of <mask>'s crew were found and identified; however, the remains of <mask> and those killed with him were not recovered. On December 2, 1942, the Medal of Honor, awarded posthumously to <mask>, was presented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his parents. The recommendation for the award had been issued by Major General George Kenney, with an endorsement General MacArthur had personally written when Kenney notified him of <mask>'s death.In June 1957, Portsmouth Air Force Base in New Hampshire was renamed Pease Air Force Base in his honor. It closed in March 1991; a portion continues to operate as Pease Air National Guard Base. Medal of Honor citation
<mask>, <mask>, Jr.
(Air Mission)

Rank and organization: captain, U.S. Army Air Corps, 93rd Bombardment Squadron. Place and date near Rabaul, New Britain, 6 – August 7, 1942. Entered service at: Plymouth, N.H. Birth: Plymouth, N.H. G.O. No.: 59, November 4, 1942. Citation

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy on 6–7 August 1942. When 1 engine of the bombardment airplane of which he was pilot failed during a bombing mission over New Guinea, Capt. <mask> was forced to return to a base in Australia. Knowing that all available airplanes of his group were to participate the next day in an attack on an enemy-held airdrome near Rabaul, New Britain, although he was not scheduled to take part in this mission, Capt. <mask> selected the most serviceable airplane at this base and prepared it for combat, knowing that it had been found and declared unserviceable for combat missions. With the members of his combat crew, who volunteered to accompany him, he rejoined his squadron at Port Moresby, New Guinea, at 1 a.m. on 7 August, after having flown almost continuously since early the preceding morning.With only 3 hours' rest, he took off with his squadron for the attack. Throughout the long flight to Rabaul, New Britain, he managed by skillful flying of his unserviceable airplane to maintain his position in the group. When the formation was intercepted by about 30 enemy fighter airplanes before reaching the target, Capt. <mask>, on the wing which bore the brunt of the hostile attack, by gallant action and the accurate shooting by his crew, succeeded in destroying several Zeros before dropping his bombs on the hostile base as planned, this in spite of continuous enemy attacks. The fight with the enemy pursuit lasted 25 minutes until the group dived into cloud cover. After leaving the target, Capt. <mask>'s aircraft fell behind the balance of the group due to unknown difficulties as a result of the combat, and was unable to reach this cover before the enemy pursuit succeeded in igniting 1 of his bomb bay tanks.He was seen to drop the flaming tank. It is believed that Capt. <mask>'s airplane and crew were subsequently shot down in flames, as they did not return to their base. In voluntarily performing this mission Capt. <mask> contributed materially to the success of the group, and displayed high devotion to duty, valor, and complete contempt for personal danger. His undaunted bravery has been a great inspiration to the officers and men of his unit. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

Sources

References

Further reading

External links

1917 births
1942 deaths
United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II
Aviators killed by being shot down
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Air Medal
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Plymouth, New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire alumni
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents

masks:
Harl Pease Jr
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Harl
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease
Pease


title: John La Gerche

texts:
<mask> was a pioneering forester on the Victorian goldfields at Creswick, Australia in the late 1800s. Early life
<mask> was born on 22 May 1845 on the island of Jersey as the only son of <mask> and <mask>e. His surname is a remnant of the island's Norman heritage, and he would have spoken fluent French as well as English. The <mask> family were not only prominent farmers on the island, but his father was the local constable and lieutenant of the local militia. <mask> grew up on a 14-acre farm which had been owned by the family since 1670. Between 1857 and 1862 he attended Victoria College for boys and excelled at his studies, winning prizes for proficiency in languages, (English, French and German), as well as mathematics. He emigrated to Victoria on the Agra from London as an “unassisted cabin passenger”, and arrived in Hobsons Bay near Melbourne on 30 March 1865.He listed his occupation on the manifest as "gentleman", and it is likely he had come to take up land as a new settler rather than as a gold miner. Elizabeth Nora Bendixon, also of Jersey, immigrated to Australia with her widowed mother and four sisters in 1859, and she worked as a housemaid to a wealthy family at Gisborne. It is uncertain where they met, but <mask> <mask> and Elizabeth married at Geelong on 17 July 1871. The Victorian Gold Rush – Impact on the forests

Before European settlement in the early 1800s, around 88% of the 23.7-million-hectare colony of what was to become the State of Victoria in 1851 was tree covered. However, the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s combined with widespread and indiscriminate land clearing for mining, agriculture and settlement became one of the major causes of forest loss and degradation. Over the next three decades, the forests were denuded in the wasteful scramble to produce timbers for mining operations, such as poppet legs, props, laths, sawn timber and firewood for boilers. The forests were being rapidly and recklessly cleared in ever-widening circles around the goldfields.By 1873 it was estimated that were some 1150 steam engines in the gold mining industry, devouring over one million tons of firewood. Forest management, government regulation and enforcement during this period was chaotic. Ironically it was the timber needs of the mining industry, on which much of the colony's wealth was founded, that led the Government to finally act and set aside forest reservess. So in 1862, the assistant commissioner of Crown Lands, Clement Hodgkinson, withheld some 35,000 acres near the goldfields. The forests around Creswick were reserved later in 1866. At the urging of the Governor of Victoria, Lord Henry Brougham Loch, who had served in Bengal cavalry and maintained an interest in forests, the Government invited Conservator Frederick D'A. Vincent from the Imperial Forest Service in India to visit in 1887 and make recommendations.But to seek advice was one thing; to take it was another, and Vincent's scathing report was never tabled in Parliament. It was not until 14 June 1888, that the first conservator of forests for Victoria, George Samuel Perrin, was appointed. He had previous experience in South Australia and Tasmania and despite having little power or authority, was able to appoint a number of foresters over the next 12 years. Sawmilling enterprise
Meanwhile, in 1870 <mask> <mask> and his partner Dodd were operating a small sawmill in the Bullarook Forest (now known as Wombat Forest) between Leonards Hill and Daylesford. But it fell into financial difficulties and closed in 1875. Fierce competition from neighbouring sawmills like James Wheeler who had powerful political connections claimed an area of 640 acres where <mask>che and Dodd had been operating and a shortage of trees was partially to blame. They took their grievances to Clement Hodgkinson but he didn't intervene and sent them home to reach a gentleman's agreement.The absence of clear forest policies and regulations generally encouraged a sawmillers free-for-all. No doubt this had an effect on La Gerches' long term attitude to the ineffectiveness of government controls. In 1871, Hodkinson introduced local Forest Boards in a vain attempt to exercise control, but the task of regulating wasteful clearing proved formidable. The board employed only three bailiffs for the entire Wombat, Creswick- Ballarat districts: an impossible task on horseback. The Forest Boards were abolished in 1876. Meanwhile, timber licenses had been issued to sawmillers over 1000-acre blocks of the Wombat forest in 1873 but they allowed unlimited cutting and encouraged wastage. By 1897 the entire Wombat state forest was officially declared a "ruined forest".It is not clear what <mask> subsequently did for the next six years after the collapse of his sawmilling enterprise. Crown Land Bailiff and Forester
Aged thirty-six and with a growing family <mask> chose a more secure job in 1881 with the Public Works Department as a timekeeper. Later in October 1882, he was appointed as one of sixteen Crown Lands Bailiffs and Foresters within the Agriculture Branch of the Department of Lands. Their appointment held out a promise to end the forest destruction under the 1884 Land Act which recognised the significance of forests for public purposes but the budget allocation was a paltry £4000. His particular assignment was to supervise the Ballarat and Creswick State Forest, an area almost the third the size of his native Jersey and his principal focus was to enforce regulations against illegal cutting of timber. No doubt a thankless task. His predecessor had been W. Llewelyn Jones.The distinction between Foresters and Bailiffs was one of both uniforms and jurisdiction. Bailiffs wore broad-brimmed hats and their authority extended over both Crown Lands and State Forests, whereas Foresters wore a smaller cap (<mask> Gerche wore a beret) and were responsible for activities only upon State Forest. Only Bailiffs were able to prosecute matters in court but <mask> Gerche held dual roles. However, as Bailiff, <mask> Gerche had to work with poorly framed regulations. The licensing system was permissive and the courts and magistrates were more often sympathetic to the mining industry and woodcutters. He was also pitted against expert lawyers aiming to dismiss forest offences. Convictions proved hard to achieve unless he had personally observed the illegal cutting.It's reported that <mask> rode the boundaries of the forest on his horse alone and often stayed overnight to guard the site. He could then hear the sound of the axes and follow the trails of the buggies illegally removing produce in the early morning mist. But the most successful and notorious timber cutters simply avoided him which wasn't hard to do so in the undulating forest. His diligence was not always supported by his distant superiors, and not surprisingly his tactics made him locally unpopular. But it is also reported that <mask> resisted pressure to clear out the Chinese from the forest. Reforestation and repair
Part of <mask> Gerche responsibilities required him to grow and nurture a new crop of trees and to restore the landscape scared by mining but he complained he couldn't achieve that until he controlled illegal cutting. However, Vincent's withering report in 1887 proved a watershed moment and <mask> <mask>'s responsibilities shifted more to managing forests and plantations and less towards enforcement as a bailiff.Correspondingly, in 1887 <mask> Gerche recommended that forest reserves should be closed until the trees had attained a diameter of 12 inches. During that time special licenses could be given for the purposes of cutting the scrub and crooked timber, leaving the straight saplings. Without any formal forestry training or guidance, <mask> Gerche initiated a pioneering thinning experiment on 100 acres of Creswick forest to remove scrub and crooked trees but retain the healthy straight saplings. Messmate, Eucalyptus obliqua, was the preferred species compared to less valuable peppermints and it responded well to the treatment. <mask> <mask> was able to accompany Frederick D'A. Vincent during his visit to the Creswick forest in June 1887 and Vincent was later complimentary of his work to restore the forest landscape. He began the immense task of restocking of the forest modestly in 1883 by experimenting with one pound of blue gums seeds.The seedlings were not successful, but he was not easily discouraged. <mask> <mask> undertook more trials of establishing Eucalyptus globulus and raised Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cladocalyx seedlings in the nursery in the late 1890s. Sawpit Gully Nursery

Not long after commencing his new role, <mask> began repairing the denuded Creswick forest. Earlier in 1872, a government nursery had been established at Macedon by Victoria's first “Overseer of Forests and Crown Land Bailiff", William Ferguson. <mask>che worked closely with Macedon to obtain seedlings and advice. In 1887, <mask> <mask> established a small plantation in Sawpit Gully north of Creswick by enclosing a 2-acre plot and transplanting over 700 seedlings. <mask> chose the Sawpit Gully site because he was advised that its slopes and soils were “the very thing for growing pines”.The location was highly disturbed by old gold diggings, but it had a water race snaking around the spurs. He established a nursery in 1888. The owner, Albert Wade, prepared the land for planting and agreed to become caretaker. By 1889 La Gerche had planted over 19,000 trees in the plantation areas near the nursery. Aided by Albert Wade, a retired miner, the enormous task of fencing, digging holes and planting seedlings had the adjoining plantation reaching its largest size ten year later in 1899, covering 300 acres with 24,000 trees. But the Creswick climate proved harsh on the first plantings, with low rainfall and some characteristic severe frosts. In 1889 about 100,000 seedlings raised at sawpit gully nursery we moved to the abandoned New Australia Mine site just north of Creswick.The forester in charge of the Ballarat Water Commission, Christopher Mudd, also supported <mask>che by exchanging seeds, plants and ideas. From 1888 the Conservator of Forests, George Perrin also took a special interest in the nursery and plantation. <mask> was resourceful and obtained new trees and seedlings from any sources he could find, including some trees from the Ballarat botanical gardens. With the encouragement of Perrin new species were introduced to include planes, oaks, English maples, limes, several species of pines, sycamore, elms and poplar. Meanwhile, and perhaps exemplifying the influence of Indian forestry throughout the British Empire, the State Government invited Inspector-General Berthold Ribbentrop, also from the Imperial Forest Service in 1895 to inspect and report on Victoria's forests. He underscored "State forest conservancy and management are in an extraordinary backward state". Ribbentrop's report prompted yet another Royal Commission which commenced in 1897 and produced 14 separate reports before closing in 1901.By 1897, the year of his departure from Creswick, nearly three-quarters of the forest had been thinned, much of it fenced and many plantations established. Mining was in decline and pilfering had practically ceased. The number of cattle in the forest had greatly diminished and their owners departed. While <mask>che had personally planted over 100,000 seedlings. Departmental restructuring is not new. Between 1856 and 1907 the responsibility for administration of Victoria's forest estate shunted back and forth at least eleven times between three Government Departments including Lands and Survey, Agriculture and Mines. The State Forest Department was finally created in 1908 and <mask> was appointed one of its founding Inspectors along with W J Code, and J Firth.The State Forests Department later became the Forests Commission Victoria in December 1918. Later in 1908, <mask> Gerche's original nursery was moved back to its present site further down the gully to coincide with the opening of the Victorian School of Forestry. Legacy

<mask> <mask> died on 18 November 1914 and was buried in the Ballaarat old Cemetery  with his wife Nora. <mask> was largely forgotten until the 1960s when his detailed pocket books turned up at the Victorian School of Forestry (VSF) at Creswick and then later in the 1980s his letters were found in a dusty cupboard in the old forest office at Melbourne. A bushfire swept through much of the Creswick forest in February 1977 and destroyed many of the stands of trees he planted but it is possible to still to find some remnants. In 1998, the La Gerche Trail was opened to commemorate his life and works. The walking trail was established by a senior lecturer from the nearby Forestry School, Ron Hateley, and students of the University of Melbourne, in collaboration with Victorian Landcare Centre which was based at the old nursery at that time.It is now managed by Parks Victoria. A commemorative statue of <mask> <mask> can be found on the trail which was carved by the Creswick Railway Workshops Association in 2014 from a fallen 112-year old Sequoia sempervirens (Californian Redwood), believed to have been planted in 1902 by <mask>'s successor, <mask> who was then the Superintendent of State Plantations. The Sawpit Gully area, including the nursery site and plantation, was granted heritage status in 2015. References

External links

 McHugh, Peter. (2020). Forests and Bushfire History of Victoria : A compilation of short stories, Victoria. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2899074696/view
FCRPA - Forests Commission Retired Personnel Association (Peter McHugh) - https://www.victoriasforestryheritage.org.au
 https://omeka.cloud.unimelb.edu.au/cchc/

1845 births
1914 deaths
Forestry in Australia

Australian foresters

masks:
John La Gerche
John La Gerche
Jean La Gerche
Marguerite La Motte
La Gerche
John
John La
Gerche
John La
Gerche
La Ger
La Gerche
La Gerche
La
La
La
La Gerche
La Gerche
John La
John La
Gerche
La
La
John La
Gerche
John La
Gerche
La Gerche
La Ger
John La
Gerche
La Gerche
La Ger
La Gerche
La Ger
La Gerche
La
John La
Gerche
La Gerche
John La
Gerche
La Gerche
John Johnson


title: Naeim Giladi

texts:
<mask> (, )
(18 March 1926 – 6 March 2010) was an anti-Zionist Iraqi Jew, and author of an autobiographical article and historical analysis titled "The Jews of Iraq". The article later formed the basis for his originally self-published book Ben-Gurion's Scandals: How the Haganah and the Mossad Eliminated Jews. Biography

Early life in Iraq
<mask> was born <mask> () on 18 March 1926 to an Iraqi Jewish family and later lived in Israel and the United States. <mask> describes his family as, "a large and important" family named "Haroon" who had settled in Iraq after the Babylonian exile. According to <mask>, his family had owned 50,000 acres (200 km²) devoted to rice, dates and Arabian horses. They were later involved in gold purchase and purification, and were therefore given the name, 'Khalaschi', meaning 'Makers of Pure' by the Ottoman Turks who occupied Iraq at the time. He states that he joined the underground Zionist movement at age 14, without his parents' knowledge and was involved in underground activities.He was arrested and jailed by the Iraqi government in 1947, when he was 17 years old. During his two years in Abu Ghraib prison, he expected to be sentenced to death for smuggling Iraqi Jews out of the country to Iran, where they were then taken to Israel. He managed to escape from prison and travel to Israel, arriving in May 1950. Experiences in Israel
<mask> reports that upon entering Israel in 1950, he was "asked where I wanted to go and what I wanted to do," and that he volunteered to go to Dafna, a farming kibbutz in the Galilee. He relates that he lasted only a few weeks because, "the new immigrants were given the worst of everything…the food was the same, but that was the only thing everyone had in common. For the immigrants, bad cigarettes, even bad toothpaste. Everything.I left." After leaving Dafna, <mask> went to the Jewish Agency to seek reassignment. He says he was told to go to al-Mejdil, an Arab town about nine miles from Gaza, and now a part of Ashkelon, that was to be transformed into a farming community. When the officials at the Labor Office there discovered that he was fluent in Arabic, he relates that they encouraged him to seek employment with the Military Governor's office. He says he was assigned the task of procuring the signatures of the Palestinian inhabitants of al-Mejdil on a set of government forms that stated that they were willingly giving up their lands to go to Gaza, at the time under Egyptian occupation. He relates how he realised in short time that those Palestinians signing such documents were doing so under duress. He argues that they were denied the right to access their agricultural lands and penned up in a small area and so some signed simply to end their agony.He wrote, "Those Palestinians who didn't sign up for transfers were taken by force – just put in trucks and dumped in Gaza." He left the job disgusted and attempted to procure government work elsewhere. <mask> states he subsequently had difficulty finding employment because of discrimination against Arab Jews. He recalls that when he arrived in Israel, in May 1950, his Iraqi passport had his name as written in Arabic and transliterated using the Latin alphabet. <mask> states that because, "the English couldn't capture the "kh" sound…it was rendered simply as Klaski." At the border, Israeli immigration officials applied what he calls the "English" version of his name, which had an Eastern European, Ashkenazi sound to it. <mask> writes that "in one way, this 'mistake' was my key to discovering very soon just how the Israeli caste system worked.After leaving al-Mejdil, he reports that he wrote letters trying to get a government job elsewhere and got many interviews, but when it was discovered that his face didn't match his Polish/Ashkenazi name, he was rebuffed, advised time and again that "we'll give you a call." Eventually, he changed his name to "<mask>", which he writes was "close to the code name, Gilad, that he had in the Zionist underground." While living in Israel, his views of Zionism changed. He writes that, he "was disillusioned personally, disillusioned at the institutionalized racism, disillusioned at what I was beginning to learn about Zionism's cruelties. The principal interest Israel had in Jews from Islamic countries was as a supply of cheap labor, especially for the farm work that was beneath the urbanized Eastern European Jews. Ben-Gurion needed the "Oriental" Jews to farm the thousands of acres of land left by Palestinians who were driven out by Israeli forces in 1948". <mask> relates that he became politicized after an experience at the Socialist/Zionist Party headquarters.He had received a letter asking for help with their Arabic newspaper, and when he showed up at the headquarters and tried to show them the letter, he was dismissively told to report to the "Department for Jews from Islamic Countries" by many people who had not even looked at his letter to see why he had been invited. He says that he "was disgusted and angry. Either I am a member of the party or I'm not. Do I have a different ideology or different politics because I am an Arab Jew? It's segregation, I thought, just like a Negroes' Department. I turned around and walked out. That was the start of my open protests.That same year I organized a demonstration in Ashkelon against Ben-Gurion's racist policies and 10,000 people turned out." After serving in the Israeli Army between 1967 and 1970, <mask> was active in the Israeli Black Panthers movement. Life in the United States
In the 1980s, he left Israel for New York City. In the U.S., he wrote about an autobiographical account and historical analysis of Zionist misdeeds in Iraq, Palestine, and later Israel in an article titled "The Jews of Iraq" The article later formed the basis for his originally self-published book Ben-Gurion's Scandal: How the Haganah and the Mossad Eliminated Jews. He died on 6 March 2010, in a rehabilitation center in New York City after battling a lengthy illness, and was buried in the Jewish tradition by the Hebrew Free Burial Association. Controversy

Anti-Zionism
<mask> has strong views on Zionism and its negative effects and his article begins with the following passage: "I write this article for the same reason I wrote my book: to tell the American people, and especially American Jews, that Jews from Islamic lands did not emigrate willingly to Israel; that, to force them to leave, Jews killed Jews; and that, to buy time to confiscate ever more Arab lands, Jews on numerous occasions rejected genuine peace initiatives from their Arab neighbors. I write about what the first prime minister of Israel called 'cruel Zionism'.I write about it because I was part of it." <mask>'s position that the 1950–1951 Baghdad bombings were "perpetrated by Zionist agents in order to cause fear amongst the Jews, and so promote their exodus to Israel" is shared by a number of anti-Zionist authors, including the Israeli Black Panthers (1975), David Hirst (1977), Wilbur Crane Eveland (1980), Uri Avnery (1988), Ella Shohat (1986), Abbas Shiblak (1986), Marion Wolfsohn (1980), and Rafael Shapiro (1984). In his article, <mask> notes that this was also the conclusion of Wilbur Crane Eveland, a former senior officer in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) who outlined that allegation in his book "Ropes of Sand". Alternatively, historian Moshe Gat argues that there was little direct connection between the bombings and the exodus of Jewish refugees. Gat questions the guilt of the alleged Jewish bombthrowers who were found guilty in an Iraqi court of having perpetrated one of the bombings. He cites a rumour that a Christian Iraqi army officer "known for his anti-Jewish views", was initially arrested for the crime, but was evidently not charged despite the large number of explosive materials matching those used in an earlier synagogue bombing that were allegedly found in his home. He further cites a long history of anti-Jewish bomb-throwing incidents in Iraq.Contemporary Israeli officials and mainly Mordechai Ben Porat and Shlomo Hillel, prominent figures at the Iraqi Zionist underground, vehemently deny the charges. An internal investigation conducted in Israel in 1960 found no proof of an order to execute such an attack. More possible responsible parties have been suggested, such as the Iraqi CID and the Muslim Brotherhood. There is however, little in the way of completely definitive evidence either way. Jewish studies scholar, Philip Mendes suggests that, "It therefore remains an open question as to who was responsible for the bombings," claiming that "memories and interpretations of the events have further been influenced and distorted by the unfortunate discrimination which many Iraqi Jews experienced on their arrival in Israel (Black Panthers 1975:132–133; Shohat 1988; Swirski 1989; Massad 1996)." He does say, however, that Gat argues "convincingly" that there was "little direct connection between the bombings and exodus.". Historian Dr. Yosef Meir, an Iraqi Zionist underground operative, argues in a rebuttal article that while there is a direct connection, the culprits are the Iraqi government or Arab nationalists.He points to the fact that the bombings in question occurred after the Citizenship relinquishment act of 1950 had already expired and therefore no Jews could register for exit. He also notes that the two Zionist operatives hanged were never charged with the Masouda Shem-Tov bombing, but rather three unrelated bombings which occurred later. On the other hand, he lists the motives of the government and the pressure it exerted on "Near-East" (the company performing the airlifts). Yosef Meir's criticism points to circumstantial evidence that the Zionist movement had no motive while the Iraqi government and Arab nationalists did, and accuses <mask> of withholding this information on purpose, calling it "an obvious attempt to mislead readers." <mask> also mentions Mordechai Ben Porat, a former Israeli Member of the Knesset, and a Cabinet minister, who was a key figure in the Zionist underground, as having been cited as one of the figures responsible for the bombings by one of the Iraqi investigators into the bombings, in a book titled Venom of the Zionist Viper. Ben-Porat was one of several Israeli undercover Mossad agents arrested in Baghdad after the explosion; he was able to skip bail and flee to Israel. Mordechai Ben-Porat has vigorously denied this allegation, which he characterizes as akin to "blood libel", and which prompted him to write his 1998 book, "To Baghdad and Back".In it, Mordechai contends that the false charge against him was conceived at Iraq police headquarters. The affair has also been the subject of an anti-libel lawsuit by Ben Porat against a journalist who published <mask>'s accusations. The lawsuit has been settled out of court with the journalist publishing an apology. For his 2006 book Occupied Minds, British journalist Arthur Neslen interviewed Yehuda Tajar, a Mossad agent who spent ten years of a 25-year prison sentence in Iraq, after being convicted for the explosions. Tajar insists that, although his undercover cell was prepared to carry out such acts, they did not in fact do so. The actual explosions, he claims, were the work of the Muslim Brotherhood. After several members of the cell were arrested, however, those still at liberty carried out other grenade attacks, in an attempt to show the innocence of those arrested.<mask>'s article is regularly cited by anti-Zionists, including Jewish anti-Zionists, who claim that Zionism has a negative effect for Jews. <mask> also maintains a controversial stance regarding the Farhud, alleging that the British government bear the bulk of responsibility for the event as he claimed they instigated it to blacken the image of the Rashid Ali government. Cover Banner: "This book banned in Israel and United States"

In 2003, Dandelion Books published a second edition of Gilad's book. The book is marked with a banner that reads, "Banned in Israel and the United States". The press release accompanying the book reads, "Banned in Israel and the United States…Dandelion Books, rapidly becoming known for its 'uncensored books and unfettered fiction' has just released a revised edition of this highly controversial book. The details of a direct ban enacted by either the American or Israeli governments are not supplied by the author or publisher. In the foreword of the book, <mask> writes that he did not submit a manuscript in Israel for fear of retribution."Before," he wrote, "one can publish a book in Israel, permission had to be granted by the censors.... When I was contemplating writing and publishing this book, two of my colleagues and well known Israeli journalists (Maxim Gilan and Samuel Mour) were arrested and put in jail for exposing the involvement of the Israeli secret police ... in the kidnapping in Paris of Mehdi Ben Barka ..., charged with crimes against national security and ... locked up for six months. Moreover, the Israeli media were gagged and not even allowed to mention that the two journalists had been arrested. If the authorities had wished, the two men would have been kept in jail for the rest of their lives." Also in the foreword, <mask> writes that upon emigrating to the United States in 1980, he found several publishers interested in publishing his work. He says he declined to publish because all interested publishers wanted to reserve the right of editorial control over the finished manuscript and he did not want to agree to this. Twelve years after his arrival in the US, he self-published at a cost of $60,000, which he reports was almost all of the proceeds of the sale of his Israeli property.References

1929 births
2010 deaths
Mass media about the Arab–Israeli conflict
Iraqi emigrants to Israel
Jewish anti-Zionism in Iraq
Jewish anti-Zionism in Israel
Jewish anti-Zionism in the United States
Jewish socialists
American people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Israeli emigrants to the United States
People from Hillah
Jewish Iraqi writers

masks:
Naeim Giladi
Giladi
Naeim Khalasch
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi
Giladi


title: Erik A. Frandsen

texts:
<mask> (born April 20, 1957) is a Danish contemporary artist. In the early 1980s <mask><mask> was part of the artistic movement de unge vilde (the young wild ones red.) and in 1981, he co-founded the artist collective Værkstedet Værst with prominent working with artists such as Lars Nørgård and Christian Lemmerz. He currently works from studios in Copenhagen, Nordfalster and Como, Italy. Early life
<mask><mask> was born and grew up in a middle-class home in a small village outside of Randers, Denmark with his parents and as the second of four siblings. As a teenager <mask><mask> saw the Danish artist Poul Gernes (1925-1996) wrapping himself head to toe in toilet paper on the evening news. The contrast, discrepancy of this act to his own suburban everyday life appealed to <mask><mask> immensely.He wanted to become an artist himself. In the years 1976-79, <mask><mask> travelled to hone his craft. He spent time in Greece studying ceramics, in Carrara, Italy working with sculptures and in Paris, France exploring graphics. In 1981 he moved to Copenhagen to pursue a career in arts. Work / Career
<mask><mask> is an autodidact artist and has no formal academic training. His career took off in the early 1980s and he played a major role in the breakthrough happening on the Danish art scene at the time. <mask> finds inspiration for his artworks in the intimate situations in everyday life, in the history of art and from the artists he has encountered and worked alongside through time.His inspiration is diverse, and he gazes towards the art-deco and rococo art as well as pop- and neo-pop artists such as <mask>, Jeff Koons and Gary Hume. To this day <mask><mask> still continues an ongoing exploration of lines and perspectives that is central to his artistic expression. Style
The mediums and materials explored by <mask><mask> are extensive and varied. From rubber, photographs, boxes and fluorescent tube lights to mere traditional oil on canvas. Later materials and techniques include, but are not limited to, monumental venetian glass-mosaics as well as large reflective stainless-steel surfaces that have been treated with polishing tools to “paint” sensuous flowers. It is a bold choice, creating an obvious and intense clash between material and motive by letting heavy metal and the honing of a drilling machine replace canvas and brush. <mask><mask>’s oeuvre is characterized by experimentation but also by a recycling of motives and an application of these to various mediums.When applied to the different mediums the same motive resume radically different expressions, allowing for new perspectives and meaning to surface. Among the recurrent motives are the artist's family, classic still lifes and flower compositions. Though these motives are widely represented and generally easily recognizable in the arts throughout history, <mask><mask> manages to rethink and grant them new life. His flower motives are not flower motives the traditional sense, but weeds such as thistles and dandelions placed in urine bottles and kitsch vases as is seen in his pieces for the decoration of the royal home in Frederik VIIIs Palace in 2010. Selected public works / commissions
 2020 Til J. H. mosaic staircase at Rigshospitalets Nordfløj, Copenhagen
 2014 Landstingssalen at Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen
 2010 Frederik VIII’s Palace, Amalienborg, Copenhagen
 2004 The Royal Danish Opera

Selected solo exhibitions
 2019 <mask><mask> I museets samling Horsens Kunstmuseum
 2017 Flower Angels Hans Alf Gallery
 2015 Pilgrimage for an Armchair Explorer Horsens Kunstmuseum and Hans Alf Gallery
 2012 Between Memory and Theft Red Brick Contemporary Art Museum
 2009 Frozen Moment Desert Faurschou Foundation Beijing
 2008 The Double Space. Retrospective exhibition of works from 1982-2008 ARoS
 2007 The Real. Unnaturalism Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
 2004 Glansbilleder Nationalmuseet and Faurschou Foundation CPH
 2002 In the Shadow of Light Kunstmuseet Brandts
 2002 Gidsel Galerie Asbæk
 1993 Frandsen til Kirkeby ARoS

Selected group exhibitions
 2018 34 år 34 værker Horsens Kunstmuseum
 2017 Kunsten i lyset – lyset i kunsten Sophienholm
 2015 Fantasi og følelser: ekspressionistisk grafik ARoS
 2014 På kant med Kirkegaard Kunstcentret Silkeborg Bad
 2013 Flora Danica Statens Naturhistoriske Museum
 2012 Underværker – mesterværker fra danske privatsamlinger Kunsten Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
 2012 Dansk og international kunst efter 1900 Nationalmuseet
 2010 De vilde 80ere Arken Museum of Modern Art
 2005 Michael Kvium, Christian Lemmerz, Erik A. Frandsen  Galleri Brandstrup
 2005 Carnegie Art Award 2005 Henie Onstad Kunstsenter
 2005 Flower Myth.Vincent van Gogh to Jeff Koons Foundation Beyler, Switzerland
 2005 Særudstilling i Cisternerne Cisternerne og Museet for Moderne Glaskunst
 2004 Blomsten som billede Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Humlebæk

<mask><mask> exhibited his work for the first time in 1981. Selected awards / recognitions
Thorvaldsens medalje (2016)
Ridderkorset af Dannebrogsordenen (2015)
Statens Kunstfonds livsvarige hædersydelse (2014)
Eckersberg medalje (1996)
 Elected for Documenta IX in Kassel (1992) – as the first Danish artist in history

In 2010 <mask><mask> was chosen to decorate the royal Frederik VIII’s Palæ together with acclaimed artists like Tal R, Olafur Eliasson and Jesper Christiansen. Collections
Arken Museum of Modern Art. ARoS. Esbjerg Kunstmuseum. Fuglbjerg Kunstmuseum. HEART.Horsens Kunstmuseum. Kanstrupgårdsamlingen. Kunsten Museum of Modern Art Aalborg. Kupferstich Kabinett. Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Humlebæk. Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst. Nationalmuseet (DK).Nasjonal Museet for Kunst, Arkitektur och Design (NO). Randers Kunstmuseum. Shenzhen Art Museum. Scherings Museum of Realist Art. Storstrøm Kunstmuseum. Trapholt. Trondheim Kunstmuseum.Trondheims Kunstforenings samling. Vestsjællands Kunstmuseum. Vejle Kunstmuseum. Art Market
<mask><mask> in represented by  Galleri Brandstrup in Oslo, Copenhagen based Hans Alf Gallery and Galleri Profilen in Aarhus. His work has been exhibited at international art fairs, such as Art Brussels, Market Art Fair in Stockholm, Enter Art Fair in Copenhagen, Art Cologne and Pulse Contemporary. References

 https://erikafrandsen.dk/biography/
 https://kunstonline.dk/profil/erik_frandsen.php
 http://denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Billedkunst/Billedkunst%2c_Danmark_generelt/Værkstedet_Værst

1957 births
Living people
Danish contemporary artists

masks:
Erik August Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Frandsen
Andy Warhol
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen
Erik A
. Frandsen


title: James B. Jacobs

texts:
<mask> (April 25, 1947 – March 19, 2020) was the Warren E. <mask> Professor of Constitutional Law and the Courts at New York University School of Law, where he was a faculty member since 1982. He was a specialist in criminal law, criminal procedure, and criminal justice. <mask> was born in Bronxville, New York. He and his brother Daniel (born 1952) grew up and attended public school in Mt. Vernon, New York, where his father, <mask>, had a law practice. In 1975, <mask> met Jan Sweeney, a British-born academic accountant. They married in 1977.Their first child, Thomas, was born in 1978 and their second child, Sophi, was born in 1980. They have 4 young granddaughters (Rowan and Aurora Krause and Anna and <mask>). <mask> lived in Greenwich Village and had a keen interest in classical music, opera, ballet, and modern dance. Until 2019, when he was diagnosed with ALS, he was an avid skier. <mask> died on March 19, 2020. Professional
<mask> earned his BA (1969) at Johns Hopkins University, where he majored in sociology and minored in Russian. After completing military training (U.S. Army Reserves), he spent most of 1970 in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow.In the fall of 1970, <mask> began study at the University of Chicago Law School. During the summer of 1971, he served as a research assistant to the eminent criminal law professor Norval Morris. Professor Morris enjoyed a close relationship with the Illinois Director of Corrections, <mask>, and arranged for <mask> to spend his 1972 summer doing research at Stateville Penitentiary in Joliet, Illinois. <mask>’ research, focusing on how several Chicago-based super gangs operated within the prison, resulted in “Street Gangs Behind Bars,” published in the sociology journal Social Problems in 1973. This was the first scholarly article to deal with gangs in prison and launched <mask>' career. After graduating with a JD with high honors from the University of Chicago Law School in 1973, <mask> became a full-time PhD student in the University of Chicago's Department of Sociology. The renowned sociologist Morris Janowitz was the chair of his PhD committee, which also included Norval Morris, <mask>, and Edward Shils.Under Janowitz’s guidance, <mask>’ prison research grew into a dissertation (PhD 1975) and a book, Stateville: The Penitentiary in Mass Society, now regarded as a classic in American penology. In the fall of 1975, <mask> became an assistant professor of law and sociology at Cornell University. He received tenure in both departments in 1980, but subsequently switched his appointment full-time into the law school, where he taught criminal law. During these years, <mask> wrote Guard Unions and the Future of the Prisons (Institute of Public Employment, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1978), Individual Rights and Institutional Authority: Cases and Materials (Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1979), and began work on New Perspectives on Prisons and Imprisonment (Cornell University Press, 1983). <mask> served as a visiting professor of law at New York University School of Law for the 1981-82 academic year. He arrived at NYU the same day as John Sexton, who later became the law school’s dean and NYU’s president, and with whom <mask> has shared a close and lasting friendship. At the end of that academic year, <mask> resigned from Cornell University to become professor of law at NYU and director of the law school’s Center for Research in Crime and Justice.<mask> has been a member of the NYU Law faculty ever since, regularly teaching criminal law, criminal procedure, and such other courses as federal criminal law, juvenile justice, and specialty criminal justice area seminars on such topics as drunk driving, gun control, corruption and corruption control, prison law and policy, labor racketeering and organized crime control, the drug war, vice crimes, sentencing, privatization of criminal justice, criminal records policy and jurisprudence, cyber crime, and asset forfeiture and money laundering. <mask> has co-taught seminars at NYU Law with David Garland, Ron Goldstock, Robert Stewart, Norval Morris, Jerome Cohen, Ronald K. Noble, Sharon Levin, Chester Mirsky, Joseph Viteritti, Anne Milgram, Judith Germano, Thomas Wiegand, John Gleeson, and Peter Kougasian. As a champion of the law school’s criminal law program, <mask> has been instrumental in recruiting to the law school some of its most distinguished faculty members, including David Garland, Stephen Schulhofer, <mask>, Erin Murphy, and Jerome Skolnick, who became co-director of the Center for the Research in Crime and Justice upon joining the NYU Law faculty in 1997. <mask> has also, over the years, undertaken research collaborations with dozens of students of the law school and fellows of the Center for Research in Crime and Justice, including co-authoring books with Frank Anechiarico, Kimberly Potter, Coleen Friel, Robert Raddick, Christopher Panarella, Jay Worthington, Kerry Cooperman, and Zoe Fuhr, as well as co-authoring scores of scholarly articles. And he has maintained strong ties with criminologists and other scholars from around the world, including Cyrille Fijnaut (Netherlands), Elena Larrauri (Spain), Xiuimei Wang (China), Dirk van Zyl Smit (South Africa and UK), and Henner Hess (Germany). With the support and encouragement of NYU alumnus, Alan Fortunoff, Jacobs launched the law school’s monthly Fortunoff Criminal Justice Colloquium in 1983. Fifteen years later, when Fortunoff died, the distinguished criminal defense lawyer, Jack Hoffinger, became the colloquium's benefactor.The multidisciplinary Criminal Justice Colloquium meets each month during the academic year. It features a public lecture by a leading criminal justice or criminology scholar, followed by questions and discussion. The Hoffinger Colloquium serves as a magnet for criminal justice professors, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners from the metropolitan area and beyond. With Ron Goldstock’s support, <mask> also established the law school’s weekly criminal law faculty seminar, which has furthered community-building among NYU Law’s diverse full-time and adjunct criminal law faculty, criminal law fellows, and visiting researchers. In 1995, <mask> served as Fulbright teaching fellow at the University of Cape Town South Africa. In 1988, <mask> was visiting professor of law at Columbia University. In 1998, then dean (and later NYU president) John Sexton awarded <mask> the Warren E. <mask> Chair of Constitutional Law and the Courts.Since 2000, <mask> has been a fellow of the American Society of Criminology. He served for many years as chair of the advisory board of NYU Press. For many years, he also served on the advisory board of the NYC Criminal Justice Agency. In 2010, Attorney General Holder appointed <mask> to the National Institute of Corrections’ advisory board; Holder renewed the appointment in 2011. In 2012, the International Association for the Study of Organized Crime awarded <mask> its lifetime achievement award. In 2012, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation named <mask> a 2012–2013 fellow. On October 3, 2019, his colleagues honored him with a gala tribute celebrating his scholarship and his community-building at the law school.Speakers included U.S. and foreign scholars. Publications
<mask> is the author, or co-author, of seventeen books. In 1989, he published Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma, a wide-ranging jurisprudential and policy analysis of drunk driving as a social phenomenon, criminal offense and target of socio-legal control. He also took up a multi-year consulting position with the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (OCTF), whose director was Ronald Goldstock. <mask> worked with the OCTF on a study and investigation of Cosa Nostra penetration of the NYC construction industry. The study was published in 1990 as Corruption and Racketeering In The New York City Construction Industry: The Final Report of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force. It was the first of five books that <mask> was to write over the next twenty years on various aspects of the government's legal attack on the Cosa Nostra.<mask>’ collaboration with OCTF also brought him in touch with Hamilton College’s public administration scholar, Frank Anechiarico, with whom <mask> published a pathbreaking book on corruption and corruption control, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective (University of Chicago Press, 1996). <mask> has also written books on political corruption, hate crime, gun control, and criminal records. Research for The Eternal Criminal Record was supported by a 2012–13 Guggenheim Fellowship. He has also written well over one hundred articles on diverse criminal law and criminology topics, most recently on the jurisprudential and policy issues related to gun control. Many of his articles, and several books, have been collaborations with students associated with the Center for Research in Crime and Justice. His most recent book, The Toughest Gun Control Law in the Nation, was co-authored with Zoe Fuhr, a recent NYU Law LLM graduate. Published works
 The Toughest Gun Control Law in the Nation: The Unfulfilled Promise of New York's SAFE Act (New York University Press, 2019) (with Zoe Fuhr)
 The Eternal Criminal Record (Harvard University Press, 2015)
 Breaking the Devil’s Pact: The Battle to Free the Teamsters from the Mob (New York University Press, 2011) (with Kerry Cooperman)
 Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement (New York University Press, 2006)
 Can Gun Control Work?

masks:
James Barrett Jacobs
Burger
Personal Jacobs
Milton Jacobs
Jacobs
Alma Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Peter Bensinger
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Barry Schwartz
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Rachel Barkow
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Burger
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs
Jacobs


title: Idi Amin

texts:
<mask> (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer, the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979 and de facto military dictator. He is considered one of the most brutal despots in world history. <mask> was born in Koboko to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946, he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army as a cook. He rose to the rank of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and <mask> remained in the army, rising to the position of major and being appointed commander of the Uganda Army in 1965. He became aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he launched the 1971 Ugandan coup d'état and declared himself president.During his years in power, <mask> shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Muammar Gaddafi, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union, and East Germany. In 1975, <mask> became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states. Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1977 to 1979. The UK broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and <mask> declared that he had defeated the British and added "CBE" to his title for "Conqueror of the British Empire". As <mask>'s rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to <mask>'s support for the terrorist hijackers in Operation Entebbe. He then attempted to annex Tanzania's Kagera Region in 1978, so Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere caused his troops to invade Uganda; they captured Kampala on 11 April 1979 and ousted <mask> from power. <mask> went into exile, first in Libya, then Iraq, and finally in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003.<mask>'s rule was characterised by rampant human rights abuses, including political repression, ethnic persecution and extrajudicial killings, as well as nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000 and 500,000 people were killed under his regime. Biography

Early life
<mask> did not write an autobiography, and he did not authorize an official written account of his life. There are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born. Most biographical sources claim that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state <mask>'s year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928. <mask>'s son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928.According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, <mask> was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889–1976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to <mask> Dada. He named his first-born son after himself. Abandoned by his father at a young age, <mask> <mask> grew up with his mother's family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amin's mother was Assa Aatte (1904–1970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Some sources have also described Amin as being of mixed Kakwa-Nubian origin. <mask> joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941.After a few years, he left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education, and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer. King's African Rifles
<mask> joined the British King's African Rifles (KAR) in 1946 as an assistant cook, while at the same time receiving military training until 1947. In later life he falsely claimed to have served in the Burma Campaign of World War II. He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the 21st KAR infantry battalion in Gilgil, Kenya Colony until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to northern Kenya to fight against Somali rebels in the Shifta War. In 1952, his brigade was deployed against the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953.In 1959, <mask> was made afande class 2 (Warrant Officer), the highest rank possible for a black African in the colonial British military of that time. <mask> returned to Uganda the same year and received a short-service commission as a lieutenant on 15 July 1961, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers. He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's Karamojong and Kenya's Turkana nomads. According to researcher Holger Bernt Hansen, <mask>'s outlook, behaviour and strategies of communication were strongly influenced by his experiences in the colonial military. This included his direct and hands-on leadership style which would eventually contribute to his popularity among certain parts of Ugandan society. Rise in the Ugandan Army
In 1962, following Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom, <mask> was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army.In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces. <mask> was an athlete during his time in both the British and Ugandan army. At  tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. <mask> was also a formidable rugby forward, although one officer said of him: "<mask> <mask> is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter". In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC. There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by the East Africa rugby union team for their 1955 tour match against the British Lions. <mask>, however, does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list.Following conversations with a colleague in the military, Amin became a keen fan of Hayes F.C. – an affection that remained for the rest of his life. In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and <mask> were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander.<mask> led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, South Sudanese, and other ethnic groups from the West Nile area bordering South Sudan. The South Sudanese had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that <mask>'s army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers. Seizure of power

Eventually a rift developed between <mask> and Obote, exacerbated by the support <mask> had built within the Uganda Army by recruiting from the West Nile region, his involvement in operations to support the rebellion in southern Sudan and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing <mask> from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of the commander of the Uganda Army. Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, <mask> seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore.Troops loyal to <mask> sealed off Entebbe International Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. <mask>, who presented himself a soldier, not a politician, declared that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elections, which would be held when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all political prisoners. <mask> held a state funeral in April 1971 for Edward Mutesa, former king (kabaka) of Buganda and president who had died in exile; freed many political prisoners; and reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period possible.Presidency

Establishment of military rule
On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, <mask> declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Uganda Army Chief of Staff, and Chief of Air Staff. He suspended certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution, and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers with himself as the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts and government-owned corporations, and informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military courtesy. <mask> ruled by decree; over the course of his rule he issued approximately 30 decrees. <mask> renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to "The Command Post". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of Nakasero became the scene of torture and capital punishment over the next few years.Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the military police and the Public Safety Unit (PSU). Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised coup attempt. Persecution of ethnic and political groups
Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972, by purging the Uganda Army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups. In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers were massacred in the Jinja and Mbarara barracks. By early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared.The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile. The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight years in control. The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organisations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000.Among the most prominent people killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka, a former prime minister and chief justice; Janani Luwum, the Anglican archbishop; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of the central bank of Uganda; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice-chancellor of Makerere University; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers, Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth Ofumbi. Amin recruited his followers from his own ethnic group, the Kakwas, along with South Sudanese. By 1977, these three groups formed 60 percent of the 22 top generals and 75 percent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80 percent and 87.5 percent of these groups even though they were only 5 percent of the population. This helps explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups. The Uganda Army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's military was largely a mercenary force.Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 percent Congolese, with only 24 percent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa. In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an "economic war", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda in search of prosperity when India was still a British colony. Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy. On 4 August 1972, <mask> issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 50,000 Asians who were British passport holders. This was later amended to include all 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens. Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK.Others went to Commonwealth countries such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, and Fiji, or to India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sweden, Tanzania, and the United States. <mask> expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and the Europeans and handed them over to his supporters. Without the experienced owners and proprietors, businesses were mismanaged and many industries collapsed from lack of operational expertise and maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining Ugandan economy. In 1975, Emmanuel Blayo Wakhweya, <mask> <mask>'s finance minister and longest-serving cabinet member at the time, defected in London. This prominent defection helped Henry Kyemba, Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime, to defect in 1977 and resettle in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published A State of Blood, the first insider exposé of <mask>'s rule.On 25 June 1976, the Defence Council declared <mask> president for life. International relations

Initially, <mask> was supported by Western powers such as Israel, West Germany, and, in particular, Great Britain. During the late 1960s, Obote's move to the left, which included his Common Man's Charter and the nationalisation of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the Soviet Union. <mask>, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the Mau Mau uprising prior to Ugandan independence, was known by the British as "intensely loyal to Britain". This made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that <mask> was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme. Throughout the first year of his presidency, <mask> received key military and financial support from the United Kingdom and Israel.In July 1971 he visited both countries and asked for advanced military equipment, but the states refused to provide hardware unless the Ugandan government paid for it. <mask> decided to seek foreign support elsewhere and in February 1972 he visited Libya. <mask> denounced Zionism, and in return Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi pledged Uganda an immediate $25 million loan to be followed by more lending from the Libyan–Ugandan Development Bank. Over the following months <mask> successively removed Israeli military advisers from his government, expelled all other Israeli technicians, and finally broke diplomatic relations. Gaddafi also mediated a resolution to long-standing Ugandan–Sudanese tensions, with <mask> agreeing to stop backing Anyanya rebels in southern Sudan and instead recruit the former guerilla fighters into his army. Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part of his "economic war", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom and nationalised all British-owned businesses.The United Kingdom and Israel ceased all trade with Uganda, but this commercial gap was quickly filled by Libya, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union grew interested in Uganda as a strategic counterbalance to perceived Chinese influence in Tanzania and Western influence in Kenya. It dispatched a military mission to Uganda in November 1973. While it could not supply the level financial available from the Western powers, the Soviet Union opted to provide Amin with military hardware in exchange for his support. The Soviet Union quickly became Amin's largest arms supplier, sending Uganda tanks, jets, artillery, missiles, and small arms. By 1975, it was estimated that the Soviets had provided <mask>'s government with $12 million in economic assistance and $48 million in arms. Amin also sent several thousand Ugandans to Eastern Bloc countries for military, intelligence, and technical training, especially Czechoslovakia.East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies that were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies. In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner from Tel Aviv to Paris hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German

masks:
Idi Amin Dada Oumee
Idi Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Idi
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Idi
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Idi
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin