title: Moshe Lang

texts:
<mask> (born 1939) is an Australian family therapist, clinical psychologist (MAPS) and author. Born in Israel, <mask> migrated to Australia as a young man and settled there in 1961. He is one of the pioneers of family therapy in Australia; one of the nation's best known family therapists. <mask> has published and taught extensively in his professional area, both in Australia and worldwide. Education and career
<mask> studied psychology at the University of Melbourne. From 1965 to 1979, he was senior psychologist at the Bouverie Clinic, as well as director of training. During a sabbatical, in 1975, <mask> worked in Ramat-Chen Mental Health Clinic in Israel.In 1979, <mask> founded Williams Road Family Therapy Centre - the first independent centre of its kind in Australia. He was co-director of the Centre, with Dr Brian Stagoll,  from 1981 to 1997. <mask> remained involved with the Centre until 2012, when he became director of Williams Road Psychotherapy Centre. <mask> was Foundation President of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy (ANZJFT) from 1979 to 1988 and President of the Victorian Association of Family Therapists (VAFT), now known as the Australian Association of Family Therapy (AAFT), from 1982 to 1984. In 1994, <mask> was Recipient of the Inaugural Award of Special Services to Family Therapy from ANZJFT and, in 1992, he was awarded Life Membership from AAFT. In 1980, <mask> gave the keynote address at the Inaugural Family Therapy Conference in Melbourne 1980. In addition to his clinical practice, <mask> is a prolific author and educator.His work includes a number of books, an educational DVD set, as well as radio and podcast interviews. Key interest areas
<mask> has published extensively on themes ranging from therapy with children and adolescents, couples therapy, depression, eating disorders, holocaust survivors and their families, trans-generational trauma, school refusal, suicide and teaching family therapy. Publications
<mask> has authored and co-authored numerous peer-reviewed journal articles, chapters in compilations, and books. His work has been translated and published in other languages. The Children's Depression Scale (CDS), co-authored with Miriam Tisher, has been used in many countries to research depression in children, and has been translated into Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Japanese, Hindu and Arabic. His other books are similarly highly regarded, having been extensively reviewed and on best seller lists, with some titles have been translated and published in other languages, such as Hebrew and French. Storytelling and critical appraisal
Much of <mask>'s published work demonstrates two core values.The first being the value of storytelling as a medium for learning. In his books Corrupting the Young and Resilience, co-authored with his wife Tesse <mask>, <mask> uses a collection of short to medium stories to give readers a view into the clinician's room and insight into how family therapy works. <mask> offers "a journeyman style of learning... the reader being left to come to their own construction; where the author, therapist and teacher facilitates rather than instructs". With the story format, <mask> "calls upon the imagination as well as the intellect and leads to deeper insight". The other core value demonstrated in <mask>'s work is the importance of exposing one’s practice for critical appraisal. He was one of the pioneers in Australia of video recording his work and writing in some depth about the subtleties of doing family therapy. Further, he invited other psychotherapy professionals to provide commentary on his clinical practice, such as in his book A Family in Therapy, co-authored with Peter McCallum, and its updated republication The Answer Within.<mask> continued this practice of invited commentary for a number of his major journal articles. With the release of his highly praised DVD-set Behind Closed Doors, <mask> further expanded the format of making his work transparent by demonstration, and thereby open to review. Bibliography

Books
 <mask>, T. & <mask>, M. (1986). Corrupting The Young: And Other Stories of a Family Therapist. Victoria, Australia: Rene Gordon. McCallum, P. & <mask>, M. (1989). A Family in Therapy.Victoria, Australia: McPhee Gribble/Penguin. <mask>, M. & McCallum, P. (2000). The Answer Within: A Family in Therapy Re-Examined. Melbourne, Australia: ACER Press. <mask>, M. & Tisher, M. (2004). Children’s Depression Scale (CDS) (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: ACER Press.<mask>, M. & <mask>, T. (2007) Resilience: Timeless Stories of a Family Therapist (revised ed.). Melbourne, Australia: PsychOz Publications. DVD
 <mask>, M. (2012). Behind Closed Doors: Two therapy session with <mask> <mask> [2-DVD Set]. James, T. (Producer/Director) & Wright, T. (Executive Producer). Filmed by December Media. Melbourne, Australia: Psych Oz Publications.Selected articles / chapters
 Stagoll, B., <mask>, M. & Goding, G.A. (1979). A Model for Family Therapy Training: Based on the Parallel Processes between Training and Treatment. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 1(1), 35-42. <mask>, M. & McCallum, P. (1980). Strategic Family Therapy: Three Case Histories. Australian Family Physician, 9(11), 780-784.Stagoll, B. & <mask>, M. (1980). Climbing the Family Tree: Working with Genograms. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 1(4), 161-170. <mask>, M. (1981). Key Note Address: First Australian Family Therapy Conference: ‘Family Therapy for the Eighties’. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 2(2), 48–55.<mask>, M. & McCallum, P. (1981). Incompletely Fractured Families. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 2(4), 169-174. <mask>, M. & <mask>, T. (1981). Debbie and Her Slurping Stomach. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 3(1), 3-26. <mask>, M. (1982).School Refusal: An Empirical Study and System Analysis. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 3(2), 93-107. <mask>, M. (1982). Bad Therapy – A Way of Learning. In F. Kaslow (Ed. ), International Book of Family Therapy (pp. 447–459).New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel Publishers. <mask>, M. (1984). Bad Therapy: A Way of Learning. Family Therapy Networker, 3(2), 40-44. Tisher, M., <mask>, E. & <mask>, M. (1992). The Children’s Depression Scale: Review of Australian and Overseas Experience. Australian Journal of Psychology, 44(1), 27-35.<mask>, M. (1994). The Long Shadow. Generation, 4(1), 22-32. <mask>, M. (1995). Silence: Therapy with Holocaust Survivors and their Families. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 16(1), 1-10. <mask>, M. (1995).The Shadow of Evil. The Family Therapy Networker, Sept-Oct. ed., 54-67. <mask>,  M. (1998). After the Holocaust: Therapy with Survivors and their Families. In U.P. Gielen & A.L.Comunian (Eds. ), The Family and Family Therapy in International Perspective (pp. 314–354). Trieste, Italy: Edizioni LINT Trieste. <mask>. (2002). ‘Then and Now’: How being Jewish has influenced my work as a Psychotherapist. Psychotherapy in Australia, 8(3), 22-28.Teaching family therapy
<mask> spent his early career at the Bouverie Clinic under Dr Geoff Goding - broadly regarded as the person most instrumental in introducing family therapy to Australia. In 1979, when he founded Williams Road Family Therapy Centre, <mask> envisioned "an independent family therapy institute away from the constraints of bureaucracies", according to Stagoll. The founding of the Centre was a positive development that made its own contribution to the flourishing of family therapy in Australia. It created a collegial atmosphere for learning through its summer schools, in addition to having an open system of working and an "open door policy" for its students. In addition to his work at Williams Road Family Therapy Centre, <mask> has delivered numerous other presentation lectures and workshops on clinical psychotherapy and family therapy. According to Stagoll, <mask> is a "master therapist, with an extraordinary ability to listen and find solutions without ever getting boxed into whatever the reigning ideology is. He taught me to always attend to the experience and requests of the patient and family.Our loyalty is not to the system, but to our clients." <mask> is well known for his unique teaching style which is marked by clarity, humour and empathy. Carolyn Quadrio states that "<mask>’s charm [comes] from his gentle worldliness". Commentary on family therapy
As an expert commentator, <mask> has spoken on family therapy and clinical psychology both in his professional sphere and to the wider public audience. He has been regularly interviewed in print, and on radio and podcast. In 2016, after being interviewed on We All Wear It Differently, a podcast for psychologist professionals, <mask> was invited to be a regular commentator on the segment Mondays with <mask>. <mask> speaks on a broad spectrum of topics - from ones of levity, such as 'Humour in Life and Therapy', to more solemn ones, such as his work with Holocaust survivors.According to Stagoll, it is <mask>'s "courage to enter terrible and violent realms of abuse, torture and terror", such as with Holocaust survivors, that demonstrate "the very best work in Family Therapy". He goes on to say that "together with [his] clients, [<mask> has] been able to maintain a moral clarity and find a capacity to imagine words and stories that can help people move beyond deadly shames and amnesias. [<mask> dares] to speak the unspeakable, and name that which has never been named. By doing this [he helps] reconnect people to both their old communities, and new ones, including communities dedicated explicitly to Human Rights. This work does not deny reality, but openly and honestly confronts it, to find ways to a better place, of justice and remembering." References

External links
 www.moshelang.com.au
 www.williamsroadpsychotherapy.com.au

1939 births
Living people
Australian psychologists

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title: Vitaly Petrov

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; born 8 September 1984) is a Russian racing driver who drove in Formula One for Renault F1 Team in 2010, Lotus Renault GP in 2011 and Caterham F1 Team in 2012. Born in Vyborg, he is known as the "Vyborg Rocket". He was the first Russian to compete in the Formula One World Championship. Early career

Unlike most top drivers, <mask> did not begin his career in karting, as there was very little motorsport where he lived. He began competing in motorsport in 1998, when he took part in rally sprints and ice races. Afterwards he began competing in the Russian Lada Cup in 2001 and gained  as his manager in 2001. He remained in the series for 2002 dominating the championship, winning each round to amass the maximum points total of 500.In 2003, <mask> began racing in the Formula Renault championships. His main campaign was in the Italian Formula Renault Championship for Euronova Racing, finishing 19th overall. During the year he competed in several rounds of the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0, the Formula Renault 2.0 UK series, and finished fourth in the British Formula Renault Winter Series at the end of the year, taking one win. He also made his debut in Euro Formula 3000 at Cagliari. In 2004, <mask> turned his attention to the inaugural season of the Russian Lada Revolution championship. He started every race from pole position, but finished as runner-up. He also made selected appearances in Formula Renault and Euro F3000.<mask> remained in Russia for 2005, winning the Lada Revolution Championship with ten wins and the Russian Formula 1600 series with five wins. European series

In 2006, <mask> raced in Euroseries 3000 with Euronova Racing. He finished third in the standings, scoring nine podiums in eighteen races including four wins at Hungaroring, Mugello Circuit, Silverstone Circuit and Circuit de Catalunya. Also he participated in the Brno round of the 2006 F3000 International Masters season, where he took a pole position. During the 2006 season <mask> made his debut in the GP2 Series for David Price Racing. He replaced French driver Olivier Pla, who lost his sponsorship from Direxiv in the team from the German round onwards. In 2007 he moved to Campos Grand Prix, where he joined Giorgio Pantano.He scored five-point-scoring positions from 21 races and took his first victory at Valencia on his way to finishing 13th in the standings. He competed in several Le Mans Series races throughout the year, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Courage Compétition LMP2 car. The car completed 198 laps before retiring from the race, being classified in 38th. <mask> finished in third position with one win at Sepang International Circuit in the 2008 GP2 Asia Series season for Campos, behind champion Romain Grosjean and Sébastien Buemi. In the main series <mask> remained with the Campos team. He finished seventh in final standings, taking a win at the Valencia Street Circuit. He finished fifth, with a win in the Sepang sprint race, in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for Campos.He stayed with the team for 2009, now rebranded as Barwa Addax, and finished as runner-up to the dominant Nico Hülkenberg in the championship, winning twice at Istanbul Park and Valencia Street Circuit. Formula One

Renault (2010–2011)

2010

<mask> was linked to joining Sauber, Renault F1 and Campos for the  season. He was announced as a Renault driver on 31 January and thus became the first Russian driver in the Formula One World Championship. He was signed for a one-year deal, with an option for a further two. He was very close to signing for Campos but he felt Renault was the best option for him. He also mentioned that he had no major sponsors from Russia backing him just his dad and some of his friends. Some of his dad's friends included Vladimir Putin who drove the Renault F1 car and on 4 January 2011 revealed that Sergei Chemezov of Rostec and Leonid Mikhelson of Novatek would provide financial assistance to the Renault F1 team and its driver <mask>.Previously, on 1 March 2010, Carlos Ghosn met with Putin to announce that Renault F1 would have <mask> as its driver after <mask>'s manager, , had sent a letter to Putin asking Putin for assistance. <mask>, <mask>'s father, admitted that his best friend "Antiquary" or Ilya Traber, who is the leader of the Vyborg Russian Mafia and is a close friend of Putin, is a major sponsor of the Renault F1 team and its driver <mask> <mask>, too. <mask> stated that his goal is to start scoring points by mid-season. His teammate for his debut season with the new Renault R30 car was Robert Kubica. After qualifying seventeenth, <mask>'s first race ended prematurely when the team found his right-front suspension strut to be damaged, which the Russian suspected to have been caused by hitting a kerb too hard. He had been chasing Rubens Barrichello for tenth place and a World Championship point at the time of the incident. He finished his first race at the , and in doing so, scored his first F1 points, as he finished in seventh position.This race was also noted for his overtakes of Michael Schumacher and Mark Webber under heavy rain. After qualifying for the  he started ninth. But after a collision with Fernando Alonso in the closing laps, he suffered a puncture and was forced to make a pitstop. On returning to the track he set the fastest lap of the race, finishing fifteenth. In Hungary, <mask> qualified seventh, ahead of much respected teammate Robert Kubica. He finished in 5th place, his highest finish to date, while in Belgium, <mask> started in 23rd place, after failing to set a time in qualifying because of a first-session crash. He made up 14 places in changeable conditions to finish 9th, resulting in his third consecutive points finish.<mask> retired on the first lap of the  after colliding with Nico Hülkenberg, and crashed out of seventh place in the . He qualified tenth for the final round of the season in Abu Dhabi, ahead of Kubica who qualified eleventh. In the race, <mask> pitted under an early safety car period which moved him up the order when drivers ahead of him pitted. Fernando Alonso and Mark Webber both came out behind him and <mask> remained ahead of them until the end of the race, which stopped the title contenders' progress and enabled Sebastian Vettel to win the title. 2011

After the  season ended Renault team boss Éric Boullier said that there was a good chance of <mask> remaining with the team in . On 22 December 2010, he was retained by the team on a two-year deal. During the close season, the team were rebranded 'Lotus Renault GP' following a sponsorship deal with Lotus Cars.Teammate Robert Kubica suffered serious injuries in a rallying accident, with <mask> being joined by Nick Heidfeld for the start of the season. In the first race of the season in Australia, <mask> qualified sixth – a career-best – and secured his first Formula One podium, finishing in third place behind race-winner Sebastian Vettel and Lewis Hamilton. In Malaysia, <mask> again ran in the points until he ran wide at a corner and left the circuit; attempting to rejoin, he hit a bump caused by a drainage gully which launched his car into the air and broke the steering column on landing. During qualifying for the , <mask>'s car suffered a technical problem after he had posted the fourth fastest time of Q2. As a result, he could not compete in Q3, leaving him to start tenth on the grid. He drove a consistent race and made good strategy calls and made his way to ninth after passing several cars after his last stop of a two stop strategy on Lap 37. An eighth place in Turkey added to his points tally before an eleventh-place finish in Spain.In Monaco, <mask> was taken to hospital after a crash, from sixth place, involving Adrian Sutil, Lewis Hamilton and Jaime Alguersuari. The crash halted the race for 20 minutes before it eventually restarted. He was released from hospital the same day, and returned to the cockpit with a fifth-place finish in Canada. <mask> had a difficult weekend in Valencia, where he finished 15th, having started from 11th on the grid. He finished 12th at the , as new restrictions on blown diffusers were introduced. In Germany, <mask> returned to Q3 for the first time since Canada before finishing ninth. A non-points finish in Hungary was followed by a ninth at the .<mask> qualified seventh at Monza, but while battling with Nico Rosberg on the first lap, the HRT of Vitantonio Liuzzi crashed into the side of both of them, eliminating all three cars. Renault suffered their worst performance of the season in Singapore, where <mask> qualified in 18th and finished 17th, before a ninth-place finish in Japan. At the , <mask> qualified eighth but retired after crashing into the back of Michael Schumacher on lap 16, causing a safety car. It became the third contact between the pair in 2011, when <mask> appeared to be too involved in trying to outbrake Alonso on the long straight before Turn 3. He incurred a five-place grid penalty for the incident at the inaugural , which meant that he had to start the race from sixteenth place. He finished the race eleventh, just in front of teammate Bruno Senna, and just missing out on the points-scoring positions. After finishing 13th in Abu Dhabi, <mask> launched an attack on his team in an interview on Russian television, citing lack of development, strategy mistakes, and criticisms of the drivers by team management.<mask> apologised for the outburst with an email to all Renault staff, with Éric Bouiller claiming the matter was closed. <mask> ended the season with a tenth-place finish in Brazil, but with Adrian Sutil finishing sixth in the race, Sutil moved ahead of <mask> for ninth place in the final championship standings. In December 2011, it was announced that Romain Grosjean would partner Kimi Räikkönen at the team in , leaving <mask> without a drive. Caterham (2012)

2012

On 17 February it was announced that <mask> would drive for the Caterham F1 Team in 2012, replacing Italian Jarno Trulli and partnering Heikki Kovalainen. <mask> qualified 20th for the , and was running 15th when a steering problem forced him to retire on lap 36. In Malaysia, <mask> drove a clean race to finish 16th, ahead of Kovalainen. It became apparent that the Caterham lacked the pace of midfield cars, but was evidently faster than Marussia and HRT.<mask> had another clean race at the  where he qualified in 20th, and made his way up through the race to finish 18th, again ahead of Kovalainen who lost two laps in the pits. At the , <mask> managed to qualify well over a second faster than the closest Marussia, cementing the Caterham's position as the fastest of the new teams for the third year running; he managed to finish the race in 16th place, equalling his best result in Malaysia earlier in the year. The  was the first time <mask> had qualified ahead of his teammate by just under two-tenths, however, he finished behind him for the first time in the season. The  was a bad run for <mask>, after qualifying nearly nine-tenths down from Kovalainen, he retired from the race on lap 15 with electrical failure, giving him his second retirement of the season. At the , <mask> managed to qualify in 19th, ahead of the Toro Rosso of Jean-Éric Vergne, but was unable to keep ahead at the start and went on to finish exactly where he started, albeit, one lap behind the leaders. After starting the race on the tenth row of the grid, <mask> ran as high as tenth at the  – a result that would have earned Caterham their first Formula One point – but was involved in a collision with Daniel Ricciardo and finished thirteenth. After initially being outpaced by Kovalainen, once <mask> had adjusted to the car he began to turn the tables on his Finnish teammate.He finished ahead of Kovalainen in four of the last five races of the season. In the final race of the season in Brazil, <mask> finished a season's best eleventh, making a crucial pass on Marussia's Charles Pic in the closing stages of the Grand Prix. The result meant Caterham moved back ahead of Marussia to claim 10th place in the Constructors' Championship, a position worth millions of pounds more in prize money. <mask> was not retained by Caterham as the team replaced both him and Kovalainen with Charles Pic and Giedo van der Garde for the 2013 season. DTM

<mask> signed with Mercedes to drive in the German touring car series DTM. But after a scoreless season and finishing last in the Drivers' Championship, he left the sport after one year. Endurance

Personal life
In 2007, he began residing in Valencia, Spain where he lived while he was a F1 driver.<mask> voiced a character based on himself in the Russian release of the 2011 Pixar film Cars 2. <mask>'s brother Sergei is a music composer graduated from Vienna's Conservatory. <mask>'s father Aleksandr was an influential businessman and municipal deputy in his home city of Vyborg before he was assassinated in 2020 – his death requiring <mask> to stand down from his role as a temporary steward at the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix. Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Driver did not finish, but was classified as he had completed 75% of the race distance. Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Le Mans Series results

Notes

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vyborg
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Russian racing drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Auto GP drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
International Formula Master drivers
Russian Formula One drivers
Renault Formula One drivers
Caterham Formula One drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers
Eurotek Motorsport drivers
Euronova Racing drivers
David Price Racing drivers
Charouz Racing System drivers
Campos Racing drivers
Mücke Motorsport drivers
SMP Racing drivers
Manor Motorsport drivers

masks:
Vitaly Aleksandrovich Petrov
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Alexander Petrov
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title: Kazim Azimov

texts:
<mask> (; born February 10, 1951, Astara, Azerbaijan SSR, USSR) – is an Azerbaijani historian of philosophy, culture, sociologist, Orientalist, specialist in the field of history of ancient and medieval philosophy of the Middle East and Azerbaijan. He received a doctorate of sciences in philosophy (1989) and became a professor (1991). Biography
<mask>v was born on February 10, 1951 in Astara, Azerbaijan. His parents were secondary school teachers. His maternal grandfather was engaged in philanthropic activities, and his paternal grandfather was a connoisseur of the Qur’an and Islamic knowledge. His father was a public figure and was awarded an “Honored Teacher of the Azerbaijan SSR”. After finishing secondary school in 1968, he studied at the faculty of English and Azerbaijani languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages (now the Azerbaijan University of Languages - AUL).He graduated with honors from AUL in 1973. In the same year he was assigned as a teacher of the English language at AUL. He served in the Soviet army in 1974. He continued his studies at the Moscow State University postgraduate school (Aspirantura) for a PhD (Kandidat nauk) in philosophy (1975-1978). He defended his PhD thesis (Kandidat nauk) in 1979, titled “Ethical Thought of Medieval Azerbaijan and Critique of Western Orientalism”, at the philosophy faculty of Moscow State University after M. V. Lomonosov. In 1980-1982 he continued learning Arabic and Persian languages at the faculty of Oriental Studies at the Azerbaijan State University (now Baku State University). After completing his doctoral studies (doktorantura) in 1983-1986   for a doctor in sciences in philosophy at the philosophy faculty of Moscow State University after M. V. Lomonosov, he successfully defended therein his doctoral thesis in 1989, titled “Man in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy of Azerbaijan (in the context of Middle East)”.In 1990 he became a professor of Social Sciences. Scientific and pedagogical activity
Since the 1970s, Prof. Azimov has been combining the scientific research with his teaching activity at different universities. In 1979, Prof. Serafim Timofeevich Melyukhin, then the Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Moscow State University, Corresponding (Associate) Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, recommended Azimov as a teacher of philosophy for foreign students at the Moscow University of Friendship of Peoples named after Patrice Lumumba (now Peoples' Friendship University of Russia). In 1980-1998s he worked as a teacher, Associate Professor, Professor, Head of the Department of Social Sciences at the Azerbaijan State Institute of Arts, Head of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at the Khazar University in Baku. From 1998 to the present, he is a professor of sociology, history and methodology of sociology at Baku State University. Since 2000s he has taught and researched at universities of United States and Europe as a visiting professor and senior research fellow. Key ideas and concepts
In his monograph “Azerbaijani thinkers about human nature” (Baku, 1986), <mask> Azimov considers Azerbaijani medieval philosophical thought in the context of the philosophy of the Middle East, and compares it with classical Greek, in particular, Hellenistic philosophy.For the first time in the Soviet and Western academic literature, he has undertaken a semiotic approach to the medieval Middle Eastern and Azerbaijani culture and philosophy. As a result, the idea of polyfunctionality of medieval Muslim cultural texts, and the classification of the languages of medieval cultures, including philosophy of Middle East and Azerbaijan, were theoretically grounded. Medieval Islamic philosophical thought was usually defined as materialistic pantheism in soviet academic literature. For an accurate terminological and conceptual definition of God and His relationship to the world and man in medieval Islamic philosophy, <mask> Azimov thought up a new term - “Theopantism”  (Greek words, “theos” – “God”, and  “panth”, “pass” - “all”,  which literally means that “God is all”). <mask> Azimov redefined the Islamic medieval philosophy as a “universal undivided all-unity in diversities”. In this connection, <mask> Azimov proposes two alternative conceptions for medieval Islamic philosophy - the “mythological-poetic panentism” and the “transcendental philosophy of the all-unity”, i.e. religious, mystical and philosophical-intellectualistic Theopantism.He substantiates that Middle Eastern, including Azerbaijani medieval religious, mystical-poetic and philosophical thoughts are adequate to these two forms. He also advocates the non-dialectical nature of binary oppositions or “dual code” in medieval Islamic thought, in which, according to Prof. Azimov, the medieval Islamic thinkers themselves have clearly distinguished between the logical basis of knowing and the immanent ontological causality of the material world. The meanings of binary oppositions in Islam refer to the highest order of traditional metaphysical Reality, devoid of material space-time dimensions. In the meantime, modern researchers, beginning with the pantheist Baruch Spinoza, identify, confuse, and finally mix the logical basis of the knowledge of the Superior Reality with ontological basis (causality) of the existence or formation of the material world. And thus they blur the line between transcendentalism of God, manifested in the worlds of noumena and phenomena, and the immanent ontological causality of material beings. <mask> Azimov also analyzed the modern Western concepts of Orientalism in colonial and post-colonial perspectives. The second monograph by <mask> Azimov “The problem of man in the religious and philosophical doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Islam” (Baku, 2009) continues his studies in eternally “old” and “new” questions about human existence - ideas related to the valuable world of man in the religious and philosophical doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Islam.The problems of religious and philosophical anthropology of Zoroastrianism and Islam in domestic and foreign academic literature have not been analytically studied before. <mask> Azimov has made the problem of man as the object of his studies in this monograph. In it, the author adheres to the concept of continuity//discontinuity of philosophical thoughts in the countries of the Middle East, including Azerbaijan, Central Eurasia and the Mediterranean, which is based on a contrasting examination of cultures and civilizations in the given region. In connection with this development, within the framework of a strict chronology of the era of antiquity, more precisely before the emergence of Islam in the East and Christianity in the West, it introduces the concept of a Central Eurasian geocultural continuum. <mask> Azimov emphasizes that Zoroastrian philosophical tradition is an integral part of the given cultural space and time. In the past it was a kind of universal language of the ancient Middle East and Azerbaijan. According to this conception, the direction of philosophical developments in the region changes due to the emergence of Christianity and Islam.For the first time, <mask> Azimov exposes the paradigms of the Zoroastrian and Islamic religious-philosophical anthropologies, picks up their convergences. The Zoroastrian and Islamic religious, mystical and philosophical anthropologies are considered not only as an aggregate of beliefs, cults, rituals, but also as definite historical forms of values-laden knowledge about human existence. K. Azimov argues that the sociocultural context, the ideological and worldview contents of Zoroastrianism and Islam, in which traditions play a significant role, set up a common base for philosophical paradigms on the issues of man. According to this conception, the state of things is intimately connected with the nature of the prophetic cultures, which represent not a type of free will, but an exemplar of knowing the totality of immutable truths, revealed by a true creator, i.e. God and his messengers. Reception and review
Soviet specialists spoke positively about the Zoroastrian and Islamic religious, mystical and philosophical anthropology, argued by <mask> Azimov. This is evidenced by the positive feedbacks, comments and recommendation letters written by well-known Western experts in the field .Modern Western experts gave both the positive and critical assessments. Michael Weinstein, a professor of sociology at the University of Hawaiʻi and Harvard University, wrote:

Anne Sheppard, Professor of Classical Greek Philosophy and Literature at the University of London, concludes:

Professor and Chair of Islamic Studies at the University of Michigan Alexander Knysh writes:

Professor of Philosophy of Islam and Central Asia at the University of Hawaiʻi Tamara Albertini writes:

Visiting professorships
Since the 2000s, Kazin Azimov was invited by a number of foreign universities as a visiting professor:
 2000-2001 - University of Harvard and University of Hawaiʻi (USA, 1 year). 2003 - Central European University, Budapest (7 months). 2004 - George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, (USA, 3 months). 2004 - British Academy, University of London and University of Liverpool (1 month). 2004 - Boğaziçi University, Istanbul (1 month). 2005 - Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany (4 months).2006 - Free University of Berlin, Germany (4 months). 2009 - Free University of Berlin, Germany (4 months). 2011 - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (7 months). 2017 - University of Malmö, Faculty of Culture and Society, Sweden (4 months). Selected Scientific Works

Monographs
 Problema cheloveka v religiozno-filosofskikh doktrinakh zoroastrianizma i islama. Baku 2003, 303 P. (The Problem of Man in the Religious and Philosophical Doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Islam. Baku, 2003, 303 P.) Available at the Harvard Widener Library.Azerbaydjanskie misliteli o cheloveke. Baku 1986, 207 P. (Medieval Azerbaijani Thinkers about the Human nature. Baku, 1986, 207 p. ). Available at the Harvard Widener Library. Tsennostniy mir cheloveka v religiozno-filosofskoy doktrine Zoroastrianizma. Baku 1991, 122 P. (The Valuable World of Man in the Religious and Philosophical Doctrines of Zoroastrianism. Baku "Society of Knowledge” 1991, 122 P.).Problema cheloveka i obshestva v drevney i srednevekovoy sosialnoy filosofii Azerbaydjana i Tsentralnoy Azii. Moskva “INION” Akademiya Nauk, 1987 (No. 25485), 350 P. (The Problem of Man in Ancient and Medieval Social Philosophy of Azerbaijan and Central Asia. Moscow,  deposited in Academy of Sciences. Moscow, 1987,  (No. 25485), 350 P.). Sources
 Professor.K.A.Azimov. Müstəqil Azərbaycanda Fəlsəfə və Filosoflar. Bakı 2007, S.234-236. (Philosophy and Philosophers in Sovereign Azerbaijan. Bakı, 2007, pp. 234–236). Avesta.Bakı 2017, S. 2-3. (Avest. Baku, 2017, pp. 2–3). <mask>, Kiazim. Problema cheloveka v religiozno-filosofskikh doktrinakh zoroastrianizma i islama. Baku 2003.Available at the Harvard Widener Library. <mask>, Kiazim. Azerbaydjanskie misliteli o cheloveke. Baku 1986.Available at the Harvard Widener Library. Online Lectures for students at Malmö University, Sweden, by Prof. Azimov:
 Part 1. Azerbaijani Multiculturalism Model. Part 2.Multiculturalism as a response to ethnic and linguistic diversities. Part 3. Multiculturalism and religious diversity in Azerbaijan. Социальные, этические и эстетические взгляды аль-Фараби. Под. ред. А. Сагадеев, М. Бурабаев, Г. Курмагалиева.М., Наука, 1984. ALexander Murinson. Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan State identity and security in the Middle East and Caucasus. New York: Routledge 2010. Vitalie Nicon Marinuta. Evolution of Transdniestrian Conflict in the Republic of Moldova: Prospects for its Solution. Thesis.California, Monterey 2004. Ien B. Philosophy of the Caucasus and the Central Asia in the Soviet period. – In: Studies in Soviet Thought. Dordrecht (Holland), Boston (USA), 1982, vol. 23, No. 4, pp.285–299. References

External links
 The Caspian Studies Program (CSP) newsletter highlights CSP events, publications, and research activities. Meeting with Prof. Dr. <mask> Azimov, visiting professor at Berlin University . Prof. Dr, Wilfried Fuhrmann. Социальные, этические и эстетические взгляды аль-Фараби. Под. ред.А. Сагадеев, М. Бурабаев, Г. Курмагалиева. М., Наука, 1984.
 https://caucasusstudies.mah.se/2017/10/13/lecture-by-visiting-professor-kazim- azimzade/. http://socialogy.bsu.edu.az/en/content/professor_kaazimov_557. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o24Tewd4Aqc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=120&v=ZTbrAGVzyjM. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP4_x5o-2lY. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/603674828.pdf.https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a424634.pdf/

Azerbaijani sociologists
Azerbaijani professors
1951 births
Living people

masks:
Kazim Azimov Agamirza
Kazim Azimo
Kazim
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Kazim
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Kazim
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Azimov
Azimov
Kazim


title: Stelian Tănase

texts:
<mask> (born  February 17, 1952) is a Romanian writer, journalist, political analyst, and talk show host. Tănase was from November 2013 to October 2015 the president of TVR. Having briefly engaged in politics during the early 1990s, after the fall of the Communist regime, he has remained a leading figure of the Romanian civil society. <mask> founded 22 magazine in January 1990 and was its first editor-in-chief. A founding member of both the Group for Social Dialogue and the Civic Alliance, <mask> was the latter's vice-president between 1991 and 1993. In 1992, he founded Sfera Politicii; he is a managing editor of both, as well as a regular contributor to various Romanian newspapers. Over the years, he was the host of several talk shows (2 plus 1 and Orient express for Antena 1; Maşina de tocat for TVR 1; Zece şi un sfert, Zece fix, Tănase şi Dinescu, and 3 X 3 for Realitatea TV).Tănase is also vocal in the campaign to declassify all files kept in Securitate archives; in March 2002, he invited on his talk show a discussion his best friend, after it was revealed that the latter had been a Securitate informant who regularly furnished information on Tănase himself. Biography
Born in Bucharest, he graduated from the local university's Faculty of Philosophy in 1977. Before 1989, two out of his first three books were banned by the Communist regime censorship apparatus. Tănase became a public figure soon after the Romanian Revolution of 1989: in 1990, he was one of the main organizers of Piata Universitatii marathon protest, Golaniada, the protest movement against former members of the Romanian Communist Party who had gained power during the Revolution. After July 1991, Tănase sided with the group inside the Civic Alliance that called for the organization's transformation into a political party. As a member of the newly created Civic Alliance Party inside the opposition alliance (the Romanian Democratic Convention), he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the 1992–1996 legislature, representing the city of Bucharest. He was vice-president of the Parliamentary Committee for Foreign Affairs (until April 1995) and member of the Special Committee for the Advancing a Legislative Proposal Regarding the Functioning of Political Parties.In 2006, he was chosen member of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania by its president, Vladimir Tismăneanu. The Commission was founded by President Traian Băsescu in order to provide for an official and academic basis for condemning the Romanian communist regime. This took place on December 18, 2006, when the President presented the Commission's 660 pages report to Parliament, making Romania the first Eastern Bloc country to officially condemn its communist regime. Academia
In 1996, he was granted a Ph.D. in political sociology by the University of Bucharest. A visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles Sociology Department in 1997, he currently teaches at the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Political Sciences. Tănase was the recipient of several fellowships: he was Visiting Short-Term Fellow (1993) and Visiting Scholar (1994) at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, granted a Visiting Short Term Collaborative research project at the University of California, Los Angeles (with Gail Kligman in 1996); a Fulbright scholar, post-Ph.D. grant, The New School for Social Research (1997); Visiting Short Term Scholar at the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. (1998). He has held conferences in Rome, Paris, Oslo, Vienna, Budapest, Washington, D.C., and also at prestigious American universities: the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, New York University, Columbia University, the University of Maryland, and The New School for Social Research.Works

Novels
 1982 - Luxul melancoliei ("The Luxury of Melancholy"); 2 nd ed. 1993
 1990 - Corpuri de iluminat ("Lighting Bodies"), written 1985-1987; 2 nd ed. 1998, 3 rd ed. 2004
 1995 - Playback; 2 nd ed. 2004
 2008 - Maestro
 2010 - "Dracul şi Mumia" ("The Old Nick and the Mummy)
 2011 - "Moartea unui dansator de tango" ("The death of the tango dancer"), translated into Italian and Spanish
 2012 - "Skepsis. Cartea cu Poveşti". 2017 - "Nocturna cu vampir Opus 1".("Nocturne with a Vampire opus no. 1")
 2018 - "Partida de vânătoare" ("The Hunting")

Studies and essays
 1993 - Şocuri şi crize ("Shocks and Crises"), collected political articles
 1995 - Ora oficială de iarnă ("Official Winter Time"), diary 1986–1990
 1996 - Sfidarea memoriei. Convorbiri cu Alexandru Paleologu ("Defying Memory. Conversations with Alexandru Paleologu")
 1996 - Revoluţia ca eşec. Elite şi societate ("Revolution as Failure. Elites and Society"), political studies
 1997 - Anatomia mistificării. Procesul Noica-Pillat ("Anatomy of Mystification.The Noica-Pillat Trial")
 1998 - LA vs NY. Jurnal american ("LA vs NY. American Diary")
 1998 - Elite şi societate. Guvernarea Gheorghiu-Dej (1948–1965) ("Elites and Society. The Gheorghiu-Dej Government")
 1999 - Miracolul revoluţiei. O istorie politică a căderii regimurilor comuniste ("The Miracle of Revolution. A Political History of the Fall of Communist Regimes")
 2002 - Acasă se vorbeşte în şoaptă, Dosar & jurnal din anii târzii ai dictaturii ("At Home There is Only Speaking in a Whisper: File and Diary Recording in the Late Years of the Romanian Dictatorship"); contains excerpts from his file at the political police Securitate
 2004 - Zei şi semizei la început de secol ("Gods and Demigods at the Dawn of the Century")
 2005 - Clienţii lu' tanti Varvara.Poveşti clandestine ( "Aunt Varvara's Clients.

masks:
Stelian Tănase
Stelian Tănase
Stelian Tănase


title: Patrick White

texts:
<mask> (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian writer who published 12 novels, three short-story collections, and eight plays, from 1935 to 1987. <mask>'s fiction employs humour, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and stream of consciousness techniques. In 1973 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature", as it says in the Swedish Academy's citation, the only Australian to have been awarded the prize. <mask> was also the inaugural recipient of the Miles Franklin Award. Childhood and adolescence
<mask> was born in Knightsbridge, London, to <mask> and Ruth (née Withycombe), both Australians, in their apartment overlooking Hyde Park, London on 28 May 1912. His family returned to Sydney, Australia, when he was six months old. As a child he lived in a flat with his sister, a nanny, and a maid while his parents lived in an adjoining flat.In 1916 they moved to a house in Elizabeth Bay that many years later became a nursing home, Lulworth House, the residents of which included Gough Whitlam, Neville Wran, and <mask>'s partner Manoly Lascaris. At the age of four, <mask> developed asthma, a condition that had taken the life of his maternal grandfather. <mask>'s health was fragile throughout his childhood, which precluded his participation in many childhood activities. He loved the theatre, which he first visited at an early age (his mother took him to see The Merchant of Venice at the age of six). This love was expressed at home when he performed private rites in the garden and danced for his mother's friends. At the age of five, he attended kindergarten at Sandtoft in Woollahra, in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs. At the age of ten, <mask> was sent to Tudor House School, a boarding school in Moss Vale in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, in an attempt to abate his asthma.It took him some time to adjust to the presence of other children. At boarding school, he started to write plays. Even at this early age, <mask> wrote about palpably adult themes. In 1924, the boarding school ran into financial trouble, and the headmaster suggested for <mask> to be sent to a public school in England, a suggestion that his parents accepted. <mask> struggled to adjust to his new surroundings at Cheltenham College, England. He later described it as "a four-year prison sentence". <mask> withdrew socially and had a limited circle of acquaintances.Occasionally, he would holiday with his parents at European locations, but their relationship remained distant. However he did spend time with his cousin Jack Withycombe during this period, and Jack's daughter Elizabeth Withycombe became a mentor to him while he was writing his first book of poems, Thirteen Poems between the years 1927–29. While at school in London, <mask> made one close friend, Ronald Waterall, an older boy who shared similar interests. <mask>'s biographer, David Marr, wrote that "the two men would walk, arm-in-arm, to London shows; and stand around stage doors crumbing for a glimpse of their favourite stars, giving a practical demonstration of a chorus girl's high kick... with appropriate vocal accompaniment". When Waterall left school, <mask> withdrew again. He asked his parents if he could leave school to become an actor. The parents compromised and allowed him to finish school early if he came home to Australia to try life on the land.His parents felt that he should work on the land rather than become a writer and hoped that his work as a jackaroo would temper his artistic ambitions. <mask> spent two years working as a stockman at Bolaro, a  station near Adaminaby, on the edge of the Snowy Mountains, in southeastern Australia. Although he grew to respect the land and his health improved, it was clear that he was not cut out for this life. Travelling the world

From 1932 to 1935, <mask> lived in England, studying French and German literature at King's College, Cambridge University. During his time at Cambridge he developed a romantic attraction to a young man who had come to King's College to become an Anglican priest. <mask> dared not speak of his feelings for fear of losing the friendship and, like many other gay men of that period, he feared that his sexuality would doom him to a lonely life. Then, one night, the student priest, after an awkward liaison with two women, admitted to <mask> that women meant nothing to him sexually.That became <mask>'s first love affair. During <mask>'s time at Cambridge he published a collection of poetry entitled The Ploughman and Other Poems, and wrote a play named Bread and Butter Women, which was later performed by an amateur group (which included his sister Suzanne) at the tiny Bryant's Playhouse in Sydney. After being admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1935, <mask> briefly settled in London, where he lived in an area that was frequented by artists. There, the young author thrived creatively for a time, writing several unpublished works and reworking Happy Valley, a novel that he had written while jackarooing. In 1937, <mask>'s father died, leaving him ten thousand pounds in inheritance. The fortune enabled him to write full-time in relative comfort. Two more plays followed before he succeeded in finding a publisher for Happy Valley.The novel was received well in London but poorly in Australia. He began writing another novel, Nightside, but abandoned it before its completion after receiving negative comments, a decision that he later admitted regretting. In 1936, <mask> met the painter Roy De Maistre, 18 years his senior, who became an important influence in his life and work. The two men never became lovers but remained firm friends. In <mask>'s own words, "He became what I most needed, an intellectual and aesthetic mentor". They had many similarities: they were both gay and they both felt like outsiders in their own families; as a result they both had ambivalent feelings about their families and backgrounds, yet both maintained close and lifelong links with their families, particularly their mothers. They also both appreciated the benefits of social standing and connections and Christian symbolism and biblical themes are common in both artists' work.<mask> dedicated his first novel Happy Valley to De Maistre and acknowledged De Maistre's influence on his writing. In 1947, De Maistre's painting Figure in a Garden (The Aunt) was used as the cover for the first edition of <mask>'s The Aunt's Story. <mask> bought many of De Maistre's paintings. In 1974 <mask> gave all his paintings by De Maistre to the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Towards the end of the 1930s, <mask> spent time in the United States, including Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and New York City, which were artistic hotbeds at the time, where he wrote The Living and the Dead. By the time World War II broke out, he had returned to London and joined the British Royal Air Force. He was accepted as an intelligence officer, and was posted to the Middle East.He served in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece before the war was over. While in the Middle East, he had an affair with a Greek army officer, Manoly Lascaris, who was to become his life partner. <mask> and Lascaris lived together in Cairo for six years before moving to a small farm purchased by <mask> at Castle Hill, near Sydney, in 1948. After the death of <mask>'s mother in 1963, they moved into a large house, Highbury, in Centennial Park, where they lived for the rest of their lives. Growth of writing career

After the war, <mask> once again returned to Australia, buying an old house in Castle Hill, now a Sydney suburb but then semi-rural. He named the house "The Dogwoods," after trees he planted there. In this house, he settled down with Lascaris, the Greek he had met during the war.They lived there for 18 years, selling flowers, vegetables, milk, and cream as well as pedigree puppies. During these years he started to make a reputation for himself as a writer, publishing The Aunt's Story and The Tree of Man in the United States in 1955 and shortly after in the United Kingdom. The Tree of Man was released to rave reviews in the United States, but in what had become a typical pattern, it was panned in Australia. <mask> had doubts about whether to continue writing after his books were largely dismissed in Australia (three of them having been called 'un-Australian' by critics), but, in the end, he decided to persevere. His first breakthrough in Australia came when his next novel, Voss, won the inaugural Miles Franklin Literary Award. In 1961, <mask> published Riders in the Chariot. It was to become both a bestseller and a prizewinner, gaining him a second Miles Franklin Award.In 1963, <mask> and Lascaris decided to sell the house at Castle Hill. A number of <mask>'s works from the 1960s depict the fictional town of Sarsaparilla, including his collection of short stories, The Burnt Ones, and the play, The Season at Sarsaparilla. By now, he had clearly established his reputation as one of the world's great authors, but remained an essentially private person, resisting opportunities for interviews and public appearances although his circle of friends had widened significantly. In 1968, <mask> wrote The Vivisector, a searing character portrait of an artist. Many people drew links to the Sydney painter John Passmore (1904–84) and <mask>'s friend, the painter Sidney Nolan, but <mask> denied the connections. <mask> was an art collector who had, as a young man, been deeply impressed by his friends Roy De Maistre and Francis Bacon, and later said he wished he had been an artist. By the mid-1960s, he had also become interested in encouraging dozens of young and less established artists, such as James Clifford, Erica McGilchrist, and Lawrence Daws.<mask> was later friends with <mask>, the young star of Australian painting, in the 1970s. That friendship ended when <mask> felt that <mask>, a heroin addict, was deceitful and pushy about selling his paintings. A portrait of <mask> by Louis Kahan won the 1962 Archibald Prize. <mask> decided not to accept any more prizes for his work, and he declined both the $10,000 Britannia Award and another Miles Franklin Award. <mask> was approached by Harry M. Miller to work on a screenplay for Voss but nothing came of it. He became an active opponent of literary censorship and joined a number of other public figures in signing a statement of defiance against Australia's decision to participate in the Vietnam War. His name had sometimes been mentioned as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but in 1971, after losing to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he wrote to a friend: That Nobel Prize!I hope I never hear it mentioned again. I certainly don't want it; the machinery behind it seems a bit dirty, when we thought that only applied to Australian awards. In my case to win the prize would upset my life far too much, and it would embarrass me to be held up to the world as an Australian writer when, apart from the accident of blood, I feel I am temperamentally a cosmopolitan Londoner. Nevertheless, in 1973, <mask> did accept the Nobel Prize "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has

masks:
Patrick Victor Martindale White
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White
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Victor Martindale White
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White
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White
White
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Patrick White
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Brett Whiteley
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Whiteley
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title: Patrick White

texts:
 introduced a new continent into literature". His cause was said to have been championed by a Scandinavian diplomat resident in Australia. <mask> enlisted Nolan to travel to Stockholm to accept the prize on his behalf. The award had an immediate impact on his career, as his publisher doubled the print run for The Eye of the Storm and gave him a larger advance for his next novel.<mask> used the money from the prize to establish a trust to fund the Patrick <mask> Award, given annually to established creative writers who have received little public recognition. He was invited by the House of Representatives to be seated on the floor of the House in recognition of his achievement. <mask> declined, explaining that his nature could not easily adapt itself to such a situation. The last time such an invitation had been extended was in 1928, to Bert Hinkler. <mask> was made Australian of the Year for 1974, but in a typically rebellious fashion, his acceptance speech encouraged Australians to spend the day reflecting on the state of the country. Privately, he was less than enthusiastic about it. In a letter to Marshall Best on 27 January 1974, he wrote: "Something terrible happened to me last week.There is an organisation which chooses an Australian of the Year, who has to appear at an official lunch in Melbourne Town Hall on Australia Day. This year I was picked on as they had run through all the swimmers, tennis players, yachtsmen". Personal life
<mask> and Lascaris hosted many dinner parties at Highbury, their Centennial Park home, in a leafy part of the affluent Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. In <mask>, A Life, his biographer David Marr portrays <mask> as a genial host but one who easily fell out with friends. <mask> supported the conservative, business oriented Liberal Party of Australia until the election of Gough Whitlam's Labor government and, following the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, he became particularly antiroyalist, making a rare appearance on national television to broadcast his views on the matter. <mask> also publicly expressed his admiration for the historian Manning Clark, satirist Barry Humphries, and unionist Jack Mundey. Failing health
During the 1970s, <mask>'s health began to deteriorate: he had issues with his teeth, his eyesight was failing and he had chronic lung problems.It was during this time that <mask> became more openly political. He began to occasionally comment on current issues. He was among the first group of the Companions of the Order of Australia in 1975 but resigned in June 1976 in protest at the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. In 1979, his novel The Twyborn Affair was shortlisted for the Booker Prize, but <mask> requested that it to be removed to give younger writers a chance to win. (The prize was won by Penelope Fitzgerald, who ironically was just four years younger than <mask>.) Soon after, <mask> announced that he had written his last novel, and from then on, he would write only for radio or the stage. Director Jim Sharman introduced himself to <mask> while walking down a Sydney street.This occurred some time after <mask> had seen a politically loaded stage revue by Sharman, Terror Australis, which had been panned by Sydney newspaper critics. <mask> had written a letter to the editor of a newspaper defending the show. There a significant difference in their ages. However, after a while the two men became friends and Sharman and his theatrical circle, as well as his visual style as a director, would inspire <mask> to write a couple of new plays, notably Big Toys with its satirical portrayal of a posh and vulgar upper-class Sydney society. A few years later, Sharman asked <mask> if he could make a film of The Night the Prowler. <mask> agreed and wrote the screenplay for the film. In 1981, <mask> published his autobiography, Flaws in the Glass: a self-portrait, which explored issues about which he had publicly said little, such as his homosexuality, his dislike of the "subservient" attitude of Australian society towards Britain and the Royal family, and also the distance he had felt from his mother.On Palm Sunday, 1982, <mask> addressed a crowd of 30,000 people, calling for a ban on uranium mining and for the destruction of nuclear weapons. In 1986 <mask>jian Gray" with <mask> named as editor. In the same year, Voss was turned into an opera, with music by Richard Meale and the libretto adapted by David Malouf. <mask> refused to see it when it was first performed at the Adelaide Festival of Arts, because Queen Elizabeth II had been invited, and chose instead to see it later in Sydney. In 1987, <mask> wrote Three Uneasy Pieces, which incorporated his musings on ageing and society's efforts to achieve aesthetic perfection. When David Marr finished his biography of <mask> in July 1990, his subject spent nine days going over the details with him. <mask> died in Sydney on 30 September 1990.Legacy
In 2009, The Sydney Theatre Company staged <mask>'s play The Season at Sarsaparilla. In 2010 <mask> received posthumous recognition for his novel The Vivisector, which was shortlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize for 1970. In 2011 Fred Schepisi's film of The Eye of the Storm was released with screenplay adaptation by Judy Morris, Geoffrey Rush playing the son Basil, Judy Davis as the daughter Dorothy, and Charlotte Rampling as the dying matriarch Elizabeth Hunter. This is the first screen realisation of a <mask> novel, fittingly the one that played a key role in the Swedish panel's choice of <mask> as Nobel prize winner. List of works

Novels
Happy Valley (1939)
The Living and the Dead (1941)
The Aunt's Story (1948)
The Tree of Man (1955)
Voss (1957)
Riders in the Chariot (1961)
The Solid Mandala (1966)
The Vivisector (1970)
The Eye of the Storm (1973)
A Fringe of Leaves (1976)
The Twyborn Affair (1979)
Memoirs of Many in One (1986)
The Hanging Garden (2012) (Unfinished, posthumous)

Short story collections
The Burnt Ones (1964)
The Cockatoos (1974)
Three Uneasy Pieces (1987)

Poetry
Thirteen Poems / under the pseudonym <mask> Martindale. – Sydney : Privately printed, (ca. 1929)
The Ploughman and Other Poems.– Sydney : Beacon Press, (1935)

Plays
Bread and Butter Women (1935) Unpublished. The School for Friends (1935) Unpublished. Return to Abyssinia (1948) Unpublished. The Ham Funeral (1947) prem. Union Theatre, Adelaide, 1961. The Season at Sarsaparilla (1962)
A Cheery Soul (1963)
Night on Bald Mountain (1964)
Big Toys (1977)
Signal Driver: a Morality Play for the Times (1982)
Netherwood (1983)
Shepherd on the Rocks (1987)

Screenplay
 The Night the Prowler (1978)

'AutobiographyFlaws in the Glass (1981)

Honours and awards
In 1970, <mask> was offered a knighthood but declined it. Both <mask> and Nugget Coombs were members of the first group of six people appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the civil division, (now called the general division).The awards were announced in the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours List. They both resigned from the order in 1976, when the Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) was created. <mask> resigned in protest at the November 1975 dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr. Commemoration

<mask> is commemorated by the <mask> Lawns adjacent to the National Library of Australia in Canberra. The lawns are on two levels, with the part nearest the library about  wide from the approximately  retaining wall of the main library entrance esplanade and  higher than the lower lawn. The lawns extend from the library north to Lake Burley Griffin and provide a venue for concerts and other large scale public events under the auspices of the National Capital Authority. Notes

References

Further readingA Conversation with <mask>, Australian Writers in Profile, Southerly, No.3 1973
Barry Argyle, <mask>, Writers and Critics Series, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1967
Peter Beatson, The Eye in the Mandala, <mask>: A Vision of Man and God, Barnes & Noble, London, 1976
John Docker, <mask> and Romanticism: The Vivisector, Southerly, No.1, 1973
Simon During, <mask>, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, VIC, 1996.Michael Wilding, Studies in Classic Australian Fiction, Sydney Studies in Society and Culture, 16, 1997
Ian Henderson and Anouk Lang (eds.) <mask> Beyond the Grave, Anthem Press, 2015
Helen Verity Hewitt, <mask> and the Influence of the Visual Arts in his Work, Doctoral Thesis, Dept. of English, University of Melbourne, 1995. Clayton Joyce (ed.) <mask>: A Tribute, Angus & Robertson, Harper Collins, North Ryde, 1991. Brian Kiernan, <mask>, Macmillan Commonwealth Writers Series, The Macmillan Press, London, 1980. Alan Lawson (ed.)<mask>: Selected Writings, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1994
David Marr, <mask> – A Life, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1991. David Marr (ed. ), <mask> Letters, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1994. Irmtraud Petersson, ‘'New "Light" on Voss: The Significance of its Title, World Literature Written in English 28.2 (Autumn 1988) 245-59. Laurence Steven, Dissociation and Wholeness in <mask>'s Fiction, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Ontario, 1989. Elizabeth McMahon, Brigitta Olubas. Remembering <mask> : contemporary critical essays, Rodopi, Amsterdam, New York, 2010.Denise Varney, <mask>'s Theatre: Australian Modernism on Stage, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 2021. <mask>, <mask> Speaks, Primavera Press, Sydney, Publisher Paul Brennan, 1989. Stephen Michael Sasse, Companion notes to the Aunt's story by <mask>, WriteLight, 2012. Cynthia Vanden Drissen, Writing the nation : <mask> and the indigene, Rodopi, Amsterdam, New York, 2009. William Yang, <mask>: The Late Years, PanMacmillan Australia, 1995

External links

<mask> – Existential Explorer—essay by Karin Hansson at the official Nobel Prize website. Why Bother With <mask>?—excerpts from <mask>'s novels, as well as a range of critical interpretations of his work and personal remembrances of <mask> as a man, courtesy of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <mask> reappraised from the Times Literary Supplement
Press release from the National Library of Australia (NLA) to announce the acquisition of a large collection of <mask>'s personal documents and manuscripts.Online catalogue of the documents and manuscripts acquired by the NLA. Detailed analysis of <mask>'s acclaimed novel Voss, by Len Webster. <mask> on Trove
"Autobiography", Nobel prize

1912 births
1990 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Australian anti–nuclear weapons activists
Anti–Vietnam War activists
Australian dramatists and playwrights
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australian male short story writers
Australian gay writers
LGBT writers from the United Kingdom
Nobel laureates in Literature
People educated at Cheltenham College
People from Knightsbridge
Writers from Sydney
Writers from London
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Australian Nobel laureates
Miles Franklin Award winners
ALS Gold Medal winners
Adaminaby
20th-century Australian novelists
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Australian LGBT novelists
LGBT Nobel laureates
Former Companions of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian short story writers
Australian male

masks:
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Patrick White
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title: Yu Youjun

texts:
<mask> (; born January 1953) is a retired Chinese politician. Among other positions, he was once the Mayor of Shenzhen, Executive Vice-Governor of Hunan province, and Governor of Shanxi province. He resigned as Shanxi governor in 2007 and then transferred to serve as Party Branch Secretary and Vice Minister of Culture. In October 2008, <mask> was unexpectedly removed from the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and his party membership was put on probation for two years, a disciplinary measure that is considered to be just short of expulsion. He eventually re-joined government as a deputy director of the Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of the State Council. He retired in 2015 and joined the faculty of his alma mater, Sun Yat-Sen University as a full-time professor. Political career
A native of Feng County in Jiangsu, <mask> holds a doctorate in philosophy.He joined the CPC in June 1976. Working in Guangdong province, he eventually served as the party secretaries of various districts in the city of Guangzhou. From 1994 to 2000 he was a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee and concurrently head of the provincial party organization's propaganda department, holding a sub-provincial level office. <mask> came to prominence as Mayor of Shenzhen, China's first and arguably most successful Special Economic Zone (SEZ), from 1999 to 2003. In November 2002, an 18,000-character essay "Shenzhen, who has abandoned you?" published online by a netizen 'Crazy for her' (wǒwèiyīkuáng) attracted much attention for its comprehensive and data-rich examination of various public policies pertaining to the SEZ and the implications of extending them to other parts of the country. <mask> met with the author of the essay Guo Zhongxiao () on January 19, 2003, to discuss his essay and exchange views on Shenzhen and its development.His act was hailed in various media as a great step forward in boosting communication and dialog between high officials and Internet users. <mask> was promoted to Vice Governor of Hunan province and deputy secretary of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee in June 2003. In 2005 he was promoted again to become governor of the coal-rich province of Shanxi. During his time in Shanxi, he undertook several key initiatives including the closure of several thousand illegal coal mines and the improvement of the environment. <mask> was also known for attracting investment into the province, which was credited with fostering the province's explosive economic growth. <mask> came onto the international spotlight following the 2007 Chinese slave scandal involving children and migrant workers who were forced to work in kilns located in Shanxi province. He publicly apologized for the mishap and offered a self-criticism, an act virtually unheard of in Chinese politics.<mask> resigned as governor in September 2007, and was succeeded by Meng Xuenong. As part of a wider Party reshuffle in preparation for the formation of the new Cabinet in 2008, <mask> resigned his party and government positions in Shanxi in September and October 2007 respectively. He was then appointed the party secretary and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Culture. <mask> was chosen as a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2007,

Departure from politics
Following his assumption of the position of party secretary, <mask>jun was unexpectedly passed over for promotion to Minister of Culture in the March 2008 Cabinet reshuffle. However, eventually the post went to Cai Wu. In October 2008, during the Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection submitted a report on disciplinary offenses committed by <mask>, which was approved by the party rank-and-file. <mask> was then removed him from the Central Committee; his party membership was also subject to a two-year probationary period.No details on <mask>'s apparent impropriety were officially confirmed or released, but Hong Kong media speculated that this may have been related to political maneuvering at the Ministerial level. Probation implied that <mask> had lost many of his rights as a senior party member including the right to vote for party representatives and the right to stand for party offices. However, according to party rules he could be restored as a full member should he show "remorse" for his actions. He was the only member of the 17th Central Committee to have been given this treatment, which also led to widespread belief that his removal was politically motivated. During his probation, <mask> took the time to write two books, one focused on Chinese history from 1919 to 1965, trying to piece together an accurate account of historical events during that time period; the other was entitled The 500 Year History of Socialism. The books were well received and awarded several state awards. South-North Water Diversion Project
<mask> was officially restored to a government post in February 2011 when he was appointed as deputy director of the Office of South-North Water Transfer Project.This project is widely acknowledged to be largest and most ambitious water diversion project in history, with a budget several times that of the Three Gorges Dam. This indicated that he had re-gained favour and his case was not serious. After taking on the post, <mask> routinely inspected and directed work, and helped to complete the East and Middle segments of the massive project. In January 2015, <mask> retired from his government post due to reaching of the mandatory retirement age. State media cited that <mask> was the oldest member of the leadership team of the Water Diversion Project. Upon retirement, <mask> joined the faculty of his alma mater, Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangdong Province. References

External links
 <mask>'s official biography Xinhua
 <mask>'s biography at the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission
 “明星领导”于幼军落马祸起深圳 'Star leader' <mask>'s downfall: trouble originated in Shenzhen (profile of <mask>'s political career) Yangtse Evening Post (2008-11-04)

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Living people
1953 births
Politicians from Xuzhou
Governors of Shanxi
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Mayors of Shenzhen
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Political office-holders in Hunan
Vice-governors of Hunan

masks:
Yu Youjun
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Mayor Yu
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Yu You
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title: Thomas Fuller

texts:
<mask> (baptised 19 June 1608 – 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his Worthies of England, published in 1662, after his death. He was a prolific author, and one of the first English writers able to live by his pen (and his many patrons). Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of <mask>, rector of Aldwinkle St Peter's, Northamptonshire. He was born at his father's rectory and was baptised on 19 June 1608. Dr John Davenant, bishop of Salisbury, was his uncle and godfather. According to John Aubrey, <mask> was "a boy of pregnant wit".At thirteen he was admitted to Queens' College, Cambridge, then presided over by John Davenant. His cousin, Edward Davenant, was a tutor there. He did well academically; and in Lent 1624–1625 he became B.A. and in July 1628, at only 20 years of age, received his M.A. After being overlooked in an election of fellows of his college, he moved to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in November 1628. In 1630 he received from Corpus Christi College the curacy of St Bene't's, Cambridge. <mask>'s oratory soon attracted attention.In June 1631 his uncle gave him a prebend in Salisbury, where his father, who would die in the following year, already held a canonry. The rectory of Broadwindsor, Dorset, then in the diocese of Bristol, was his next preferment (1634); and on 11 June 1635 he achieved the degree of Bachelor of Divinity from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 1640, he was elected proctor for Bristol in the memorable Convocation of Canterbury, which assembled with the Short Parliament. On the sudden dissolution of the latter he joined those who urged that convocation should likewise dissolve. That opinion was overruled; and the assembly continued to sit by royal writ. <mask> wrote a valuable account of the proceedings of this synod in his Church History, although he was fined £200 for remaining. Civil War period
At Broadwindsor, early in 1641, <mask>, his curate Henry Sanders, the churchwardens, and five others certified that their parish, represented by 242 adult males, had taken the Protestation ordered by the speaker of the Long Parliament.<mask> was not formally dispossessed of his living and prebend on the triumph of the Presbyterian party, but he relinquished both preferments about this time. For a short time he preached with success at the Inns of Court, and then at the invitation of the master of the Savoy, Walter Balcanqual, and the brotherhood of that foundation, became lecturer at their chapel of St Mary Savoy. Some of the best discourses of the witty preacher were delivered at the Savoy to audiences which extended into the chapel-yard. In one he set forth with searching and truthful minuteness the hindrances to peace, and urged the signing of petitions to the king at Oxford, and to the parliament, to continue their care in advancing an accommodation. In his Appeal of Injured Innocence <mask> says that he was once deputed to carry a petition to the king at Oxford. This has been identified with a petition entrusted to Sir Edward Wardour, clerk of the pells, Dr Dukeson, "Dr <mask>," and four or five others from the city of Westminster and the parishes contiguous to the Savoy. A pass was granted by the House of Lords, on 2 January 1643, for an equipage of two coaches, four or six horses and eight or ten attendants.On the arrival of the deputation at the Treaty of Uxbridge, on 4 January, officers of the Parliamentary army stopped the coaches and searched the gentlemen; and they found upon the latter "two scandalous books arraigning the proceedings of the House," and letters with ciphers to Lord Viscount Falkland and the Lord Spencer. A joint order of both Houses remanded the party; and <mask> and his friends were briefly imprisoned. The Westminster Petition reached the king's hands; and it was published with the royal reply. When it was expected, three months later, that a favourable result would attend the negotiations at Oxford, <mask> preached a sermon at Westminster Abbey, on 27 March 1643, on the anniversary of Charles I's accession, on the text, "Yea, let him take all, so my Lord the King return in peace." On Wednesday 26 July, he preached on church reformation, satirising the religious reformers, and maintaining that only the Supreme Power could initiate reforms. He was now obliged to leave London, and in August 1643 he joined the king at Oxford, where he lodged in a chamber at Lincoln College. Thence he put forth a witty and effective reply to John Saltmarsh, who had attacked his views on ecclesiastical reform.<mask> subsequently published by royal request a sermon preached on 10 May 1644, at St Mary's, Oxford, before the king and Prince Charles, called Jacob's Vow. The spirit of <mask>'s preaching, characterised by calmness and moderation, offended the high royalists. To silence unjust censures he became chaplain to the regiment of Sir Ralph Hopton. For the first five years of the war, he "had little list or leisure to write, fearing to be made a history, and shifting daily for my safety. All that time I could not live to study, who did only study to live." After the defeat of Hopton at Cheriton Down, <mask> retreated to Basing House. He took an active part in its defence, and his life with the troops caused him to be afterwards regarded as one of "the great cavalier parsons."He compiled in 1645 a small volume of prayers and meditations – the Good Thoughts in Bad Times – which, set up and printed in the besieged city of Exeter, where he had retired, was called by himself "the first fruits of Exeter press." It was inscribed to Lady Dalkeith, governess to the infant princess, Henrietta Anne (b. 1644), to whose household he was attached as chaplain. The corporation gave him the Bodleian lectureship on 21 March 1646, and he held it until 17 June following, soon after the surrender of the city to the parliament. The Fear of losing life Old Light (1646) was his farewell discourse to his Exeter friends. Under the Articles of Surrender <mask> made his composition with the government at London, his "delinquency" being that he had been present in the king's garrisons. In Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician (1646), partly authentic and partly fictitious, he satirised the leaders of the Revolution; and for the comfort of sufferers by the war he issued (1647) a second devotional manual, entitled Good Thoughts in Worse Times, abounding in fervent aspirations, and drawing moral lessons in beautiful language out of the events of his life or the circumstances of the time.In grief over his losses, which included his library and manuscripts (his "upper and nether millstone"), and over the calamities of the country, he wrote his work on the Cause and Cure of a Wounded Conscience (1647). It was prepared at Boughton House in his native county, where he and his son were entertained by Edward Lord Montagu, who had been one of his contemporaries at the university and had taken the side of the parliament. For the next few years of his life <mask> was mainly dependent upon his dealings with booksellers, of whom he asserted that none had ever lost by him. He made considerable progress in an English translation from the manuscript of the Annales of his friend Archbishop Ussher. Under the Commonwealth

Amongst his benefactors was Sir John Danvers of Chelsea, the regicide. <mask> in 1647 began to preach at St Clement's, Eastcheap, and elsewhere in the capacity of lecturer. While at St Clement's he was suspended; but soon recovered his freedom and preached wherever he was invited.At Chelsea, where he also occasionally officiated, he covertly preached a sermon on the death of Charles, but he did not break with his Roundhead patrons. James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle made him his chaplain, and presented him in 1648 or 1649 to the curacy of Waltham Abbey. His possession of the living was in jeopardy on the appointment of Oliver Cromwell's "Tryers"; but he evaded their inquisitorial questions by his ready wit. He was not disturbed at Waltham in 1655, when the Protector's edict prohibited the adherents of the late king from preaching. There is good reason to suppose that <mask> was at the Hague immediately before the Restoration, in the retinue of Lord Berkeley, one of the commissioners of the House of Lords, whose last service to his friend was to interest himself in obtaining him a bishopric. A Panegyrick to His Majesty on his Happy Return, one of the many contemporary poems celebrating the restoration of Charles II, was the last of <mask>'s verse efforts. After the Restoration
On 2 August 1660, by royal letters, he was admitted Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge.He resumed his lectures at the Savoy, where Samuel Pepys heard him preach; but he preferred his conversation or his books to his sermons. <mask>'s last promotion was that of Chaplain Extraordinary to Charles II. Death

In the summer of 1661 <mask> visited the West in connection with the business of his prebend, which had been restored to him. On Sunday 12 August, while preaching at the Savoy, he was seized with typhus fever, and died at his new lodgings in Covent Garden on 16 August. He was buried in St Dunstan's Church, Cranford, Middlesex (of which he was rector). A mural tablet was afterwards set up on the north side of the chancel, with an epitaph which contains a conceit worthy of his own pen, to the effect that while he was endeavouring (i.e. in the Worthies) to give immortality to others, he himself attained it.Works

 David's Heinous Sinne, Heartie Repentance, Heavie Punishment (1631). <mask> published a poem on the subject of David and Bathsheba. The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639). A history of the Crusades from the fall of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 AD through 1290. Includes critical commentary, a complete chronology, and bibliography. With an introduction by English classical scholar James Duport (1606–1679). The History of the Holy War is an 1840 edition of the work.Joseph's party-coloured Coat (1640). His first published volume of sermons. The Holy State and the Prophane State (1642). This work describes the holy state as existing in the family and in public life, gives rules of conduct, model "characters" for the various professions and profane biographies. It was perhaps the most popular of all his writings. A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon (1650). With facsimiles of all the quaint maps and illustrations of the original edition.Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, who lived at Copt Hall, near Waltham, gave him what remained of the books of the lord treasurer his father; and through the good offices of the marchioness of Hertford, part of his own pillaged library was restored to him. <mask> was thus able to prosecute his literary labours, producing successively his descriptive geography of the Holy Land. Abel Redevivus: or The dead yet speaking. The lives and the deaths of the moderne divines. Written by severall able and learned men (whose names ye shall finde in the epistle to the reader.) And now digested into one volumne, for the benefit and satisfaction of all those that desire to be acquainted with the paths of piety and virtue. (1651).London, John Stafford. Church-History of Britain, from the birth of Jesus Christ until the year 1648 (1655). Church-History was printed with The History of the University of Cambridge since the Conquest and The History of Waltham Abbey. These works were furthered by his connection with Sion College, London, where he had a room. The Church History was angrily attacked from the high-church side by Peter Heylin. At the Oxford Act of 1657, Robert South, who was Terrae filius, lampooned <mask>, whom he described in this Oratio as living in London, ever scribbling and each year bringing forth new folia like a tree. At length, continues South, the Church-History came forth with its 166 dedications to wealthy and noble friends; and with this huge volume under one arm, and his wife (said to be little of stature) on the other, he ran up and down the streets of London, seeking at the houses of his patrons invitations to dinner, to be repaid by his dull jests at table.His last and best patron was George Berkeley, 1st Earl Berkeley (1628–1698), of Cranford House, Middlesex, whose chaplain he was, and who gave him Cranford rectory (1658). <mask> afterwards dedicated The Appeal of Injured Innocence (1659), his reply to Heylyn's Examen Historicum, to Berkeley. In An Alarum to the Counties of England and Wales (1660) <mask> argued for a free and full parliament—free from force, as he expressed it, as well as from abjurations or previous engagements. Mixt Contemplations in Better Times (1660), dedicated to Lady Monk, tendered advice in the spirit of its motto, "Let your moderation be known to all men: the Lord is at hand". 'Notes upon Jonah', (1657). John Stafford. History of the Worthies of England (1662).<mask>'s best-known work. The Poems and translations in verse, including fifty-nine hitherto unpublished epigrams of <mask> and his much-wished form of prayer for the first time collected and edited with introduction and notes, by rev. Grosart, 257 pp., Liverpool, printed for private circulation (1868). A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine – Gallery

Reception
<mask>'s sense of humour kept him from extremes. "By his particular temper and management", said Laurence Echard in his History of England, "he weathered the late great storm with more success than many other great men". He was known as "a perfect walking library". Antithetic and axiomatic sentences abound in his pages."Wit," wrote Coleridge after reading the Church History, "was the stuff and substance of <mask>'s intellect". Charles Lamb made some selections from <mask>, and admired his "golden works." Family
In about 1640 <mask> married Eleanor, daughter of Hugh Grove of Chisenbury, Wiltshire. She died in 1641. Their son, John, baptised at Broadwindsor by his father on 6 June 1641, was afterwards of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, saw his father's Worthies of England through the press in 1662, and became rector of Great Wakering, Essex, where he died in 1687. About 1652 <mask> married his second wife, Mary Roper, youngest sister of <mask>, 1st Viscount Baltinglass, by whom he had several children. Notes

References
Bailey, J. E. (1874) The Life of <mask>, with Notices of his Books, his Kinsmen and his Friends.800 p. London: B. M. Pickering (with a detailed bibliography (pp. 713–762) of his works)
 <mask>, <mask> (1840) The History of the University of Cambridge: from the Conquest to the year 1634. Cambridge University Press (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
<mask>, <mask> (1811) The Worthies of England, reprinted by John Nichols (1811) and by P. A. Nuttall (1840) Vol.1 Vol.2  Vol.3 at books.google. <mask>, <mask> (1891) Collected Sermons; edited by J. E. Bailey; completed by W. E. A. Axon. 2 vols. London: Unwin Bros

Attribution

External links

 Thomae <mask>i Pharmacopoeia extemporanea oder die sichere, vollständige und auserlesene Apotheke : worinnen mehr als tausend Hülfsmittel zu finden, die bey allen dem Menschen zustossenden Krankheiten, sicher und mit Nutzen gebraucht werden können ; zum allgemeinen Besten derer, so auf dem Land und entfernten Orten wohnen. Basel : Im Hof, 1750.Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

<mask>, The History of the Holy War (1840 edition, at the Internet Archive)
<mask>, Joseph's Party-Coloured Coat (1867 edition)

1608 births
1661 deaths
Doctors of Divinity
English Anglicans
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Historians of the Crusades
People from Aldwincle

masks:
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Thomas Roper
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Thomas Fuller


title: Pieter Jeremias Blignaut

texts:
<mask> (Paarl, 26 June 1841 – Bloemfontein 1 November 1909) was a South African (Boer) civil servant, Government Secretary of the Orange Free State (1879–1902), and served twice as Acting State President, first after the death of President Brand (1888–1889), and again after the resignation of President Reitz in 1895–1896. After the conclusion of the South African War, Blignaut served as member of both the legislative council and the Legislative Assembly of the Orange River Colony. He was also a member of several state commissions. Biography

<mask> was a member from an old Cape family, the son of <mask> and Johanna Emerentia de Villiers. He was named after his grandfather <mask>, a burgher of Stellenbosch, who married 25 October 1801 with Maria Dorothea de Villiers. Blignaut himself was married twice, first with Caroline Erskine (1850 – 11 February 1883), and after her death with Ms. C.J. Steyn, sister of President Steyn.From his two marriages Blignaut had six children. Early life and career
Blignaut went to the State School in his birthplace Paarl, where he subsequently attended the Gymnasium (Grammar School). After his exams Blignaut went to Cape Town, where he joined the colonial administration. In 1861 he passed the examination for the State Service Certificate of the Cape Colony and in 1862 he moved to the Orange Free State. Here he was appointed to the position of clerk to the Landdrost and Justice of the Peace of Philippolis (17 September 1862). At the time, civil, judicial, and military administration were still very much in the same hand. In view of Basotho threats, President Brand ordered the reorganisation of the Orange Free State defence, and the formulation of clear regulations for the different Volunteer Corps, which were administered by the Landdrosts' offices.For Philippolis <mask> and J.G. Fraser attended the conference. Blignaut held the position of clerk for four years, from 12 January 1865 working in that position in Fauresmith. Here he was promoted to Landdrost on 25 October 1866 and another four years later, on 28 September 1870 he was transferred to Kroonstad in the same position. Government Secretary

When Government Secretary Höhne died in April 1879, Blignaut was asked to fill the position and was appointed as such by the State President on 20 May. Blignaut held the position of Government Secretary for twenty-one years, first through a period of growing economic prosperity for the country, and then through the South African War (Second Boer War). In both periods Blignaut showed himself an efficient and dedicated civil servant, with a keen eye for both home and foreign affairs.Already in 1880 Blignaut was entrusted with the difficult task of mediating between the British and the Transvaal. In later years Blignaut was regularly charged with difficult tasks. Blignaut had a sociable and open personality, which made him popular with both the burghers of the Orange Free State and the civil servants, who showed their high regard at his 30-year jubilee, in 1892. Blignaut also had the full confidence of the Volksraad and the three State presidents he worked with. The length of his tenure made that he became one of the most knowledgeable persons in the Orange Free State where affairs of the state were concerned. In view of all these qualities, Blignaut was the natural candidate to fill the position of Acting State President when President Brand suddenly died in 1888 and after the unexpected resignation of President Reitz in 1895. When war broke out in October 1899, and British troops stood to conquer Bloemfontein in March 1900, Blignaut organised the removal of the government to Kroonstad, including the state archives.Afterwards he stayed with the government in the field, moving from place to place. In January 1901, gravely ill, he was issued with a laissez-passer to travel to his farm Secretarispan near Bloemfontein, where he stayed for the remainder of the war, effectively on leave from his position as Government Secretary. His wife, C.J. Steyn, was also active in the war. She set up a Ladies' Committee, initially to supply Boer prisoners of war with clothes, and later also to look after the welfare of the women and children in the British concentration camps. British service
After the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902, Blignaut quickly adapted to the new political situation. Where his counterpart in the South African Republic, State Secretary Reitz, signed the treaty, but on principle did not want to take the oath of allegiance to the British government, Blignaut did so without qualms within a week, on 6 June 1902.Perhaps his months of illness and contact with the British authorities during the last phase of the war influenced <mask>'s thinking about the future of the Orange Free State and his own position therein. The British government almost immediately appointed Blignaut as member of the Central Repatriation Committee for the Orange River Colony, that was charged with the repatriation and resettlement of the thousands of Free Staters who had fled their homes, were incarcerated in concentration camps, and had been in the field to fight the war. The Central Repatriation Committee was part of the Treaty of Vereeniging. Privately, Blignaut pointed the administration of the Orange River Colony at the poverty and destitution of many white Free Staters, arranging for employment opportunities to be created for them. In 1903 the British government appointed him to the legislative council of the colony, and in 1907 after the return to responsible government, Blignaut became a member of the Legislative Assembly. A better civil servant than politician, his impact on the proceedings of these two institutions was limited. His expertise was put to better use with his appointment as delegate to the South African Customs Conference of 1903 and as member of the Central Committee of the Conference of Landdrosts in Bloemfontein.In 1909, while still working, Blignaut got septicaemia and despite a successful operation, he died the day after in his residence. He was a South African Freemason. He was buried in Bloemfontein with a Freemason's ceremony, conducted by the members of the Rising Star Lodge, of which he had been a member. References

Notes

Literature

External links

1841 births
1909 deaths
People from Paarl
Afrikaner people
State Presidents of the Orange Free State
Alumni of Paarl Gimnasium
 South African Freemasons

masks:
Pieter Jeremias Blignaut
Family Blignaut
Johannes Jeremias Cornelis Blignaut
Pieter Jeremias Blignaut
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Blignaut