title: Silas X. Floyd

texts:
<mask> (1869 – September 19, 1923) was an African-American educator, preacher, and journalist. Active in Augusta, Georgia, he was a writer and editor at the Augusta Sentinel and later wrote for the Augusta Chronicle. In 1892 he co-founded the Negro Press Association of Georgia. He was pastor at Augusta's Tabernacle Baptist Church and was a prominent agent of the International Sunday School Convention. He was also a public school principal and an officer of the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools. Personal life
<mask>'s father, <mask> was born in 1829 in Sandersville, Georgia. He was likely born a slave and married a woman named Sarah Jane and had seven children.<mask> was born in Augusta on October 2, 1869, four years after the end of the American Civil War and six years after the Emancipation Proclamation. <mask> was a preacher and a model for his son. <mask> worked as a boy, delivering papers and shining shoes. One noted customer of <mask>'s was merchant J. B. White, with whom <mask> would have a lifelong relationship. <mask> also began following a religious path early in his life, aiding in holding religious services at a jail with the YMCA in 1883.<mask> attended Ware High School where he was valedictorian and was an outstanding and honored student. He graduated from Atlanta University in May 1891. <mask> gave an oration at the graduation and his class numbered five graduates of the college course including educator Julius Clifton Styles and physician Loring Brainard Palmer and nine graduates of the normal (teaching) course, including Helena Brown Cobb and Adrienne McNeil Herndon. In 1894 he received an A.M. from the school. On May 6, 1900, <mask> married Ella Drayton James, who had one child, Marietta, with her former husband barber Owen C. James. Ella had three sisters, Katie, Henrietta and Mary. Mary married a sea captain and moved to Jacksonville, Florida.Their daughter, Ella's niece, Nora, married composer J. Rosamond Johnson. Ella was the daughter of Samuel and Nora Drayton. <mask><mask> died in Augusta on September 19, 1923. Career
After graduation, <mask> continued to be associated with the Augusta Sentinel, for which he was an editor by 1891. In 1892 he was cofounder of the Negro Press Association of Georgia and later served as the body's president. <mask> was active in religious life, joining a Baptist church at the age of 12, being licensed to preach in 1896, and soon after being ordained. In 1899 he was pastor of Tabernacle church.<mask> was also an agent of the International Sunday School Convention beginning at the Boston convention of the organization in 1896. In 1900, Charles T. Walker of Augusta's Tabernacle Baptist Church moved to lead a church in New York City, and <mask>, who had been his assistant, stepped in to lead the body. In 1901, <mask> became representative of the American Baptist Publication in Alabama and Georgia. In 1903 he received a degree of Doctor of Divinity from Morris Brown University. While a college student he taught school in the region during the summers and spent one year working in Boston. He returned south and served as principal of a public school in Augusta from the early 1890s into the late 1910s. Starting in 1915, <mask> was the corresponding secretary and the chairman of the publicity committee of the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools then led by John Manuel Gandy.In 1918, the association established the National Note-Book quarterly magazine with <mask> its editor. <mask> was an outspoken proponent of religious education, industrial education, and labor rights. He also spoke in favor of limiting black involvement in politics, recommending focus on development and advancement of African Americans. This position was similar to that of Booker T. Washington, who influenced <mask>. <mask> was appointed secretary of the Colored State Food Conservation Board of Georgia by governor Hugh Dorsey in early 1918. <mask> became an important civic leader. In 1916, <mask> chaired the Colored Charitable Relief Fund in the aftermath of the Great Augusta Fire.<mask> and Walker were liaisons between the black and white communities in Augusta. After the death of his old friend and benefactor, J. B White, <mask> was a member of the committee to decide how his money would be spent, advocating for some of the money to be put towards the building of a new grammar school for black students. Politically, <mask> was a Republican and was a member of the Richmond County and State Executive Committees. <mask>’s published writings include a biography of Charles T. Walker, a children’s book titled <mask>’s Flowers, a book of sermons titled The Gospel of Service and Other Sermons, and numerous poems and articles in national publications including Lippincott's Monthly Magazine. In 1902 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and the Augusta Chronicle called <mask> the "Paul Laurence Dunbar of the South". <mask>'s Flowers argued for optimism, hard work, and determination in the face of violence and racial lynching and is often paired with books by Edward A. Johnson in its literary reevaluation of slavery and reconstruction by African American post-Reconstruction authors.After <mask>'s death, his library was donated to Atlanta University. Members of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity purchased the house where he lived from 1906 to his death for their chapter house in 1953 and placed a historical marker about <mask> in the front of the building. <mask> was a member of the historic Bannaker Lodge #3 F & A.M. PHA, the third oldest Prince Hall-affiliated masonic lodge in the state of Georgia. The former <mask> X. <mask> Elementary School was named for <mask>. Notes

References

African-American educators
African-American journalists
1869 births
1923 deaths
People from Augusta, Georgia
Atlanta University alumni
African-American religious leaders
Morris Brown College alumni
People from Sandersville, Georgia
American Prince Hall Freemasons
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Silas Xavier Floyd
Floyd
David Floyd
Silas
David Floyd
Silas
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Silas
Silas X
. Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Silas
Floyd
Floyd


title: Frank Lauterbur

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1925 – November 20, 2013) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of Toledo from 1963 to 1970 and at the University of Iowa from 1971 to 1973, compiling a career college football record of 52–60–3. <mask> was also an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL). Early life and playing career
<mask> was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, but when his widowed mother remarried, he moved north to Michigan. He played high school football at University of Detroit Jesuit High School. <mask> served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II before going to college. He returned to Ohio and played three years of college football at Mount Union College.Early coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career at Wickliffe and Collinwood high schools near Cleveland, Ohio. He spent two years as an assistant coach at Kent State University from 1953 to 1954, followed by two years as an assistant coach with the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> wanted to return to college football, so he left the Colts to take a job as the offensive line coach at the United States Military Academy under head coach Earl Blaik in 1957. He spent five years at West Point, including the undefeated 1958 season that featured Heisman Trophy winner Pete Dawkins. He then served as an assistant coach for one season at the University of Pittsburgh in 1962. <mask> was offered his first college head coaching job by the University of Toledo before the 1963 season. He was Toledo's head football coach and athletic director for eight years, from 1963 to 1970.<mask> struggled his first four seasons at Toledo, compiling an 11–27–1 record from 1963 to 1966. But he eventually turned the program around, going 9–1 in 1967 and winning the first Mid-American Conference title in school history. He then led Toledo to consecutive undefeated seasons in 1969 and 1970. Toledo was riding a 23-game winning streak and had won consecutive Tangerine Bowls at the end of the 1970 season. <mask> had led Toledo to a 37–5–1 record in his final four years, including three conference titles, two bowl victories, and a number 14 ranking in the final AP Poll in 1970. All these accomplishments caught the eye of Bump Elliott, the athletic director of the University of Iowa. Iowa coaching career
<mask> was hired as the 22nd head coach in the history of Iowa football before the 1971 season.He was expected to bring strong defense to Iowa, since his 1970 Toledo team had led the nation in total defense and pass defense and ranked second in the nation in scoring defense. Iowa went just 1–10 in <mask>'s first season in 1971, which was not a big surprise, considering that Iowa had graduated 17 starters off of a team that had won just three games the previous season. In 1972, Iowa improved to 3–7–1 and played competitively in most of the losses. Several players were set to return in 1973, and it looked as though progress was being made. The 1973 season was a disaster. Iowa finished with the worst record in school history. The Hawkeyes lost all 11 games in 1973 to finish the year 0–11.The only other winless season in Iowa history occurred in 1889, their inaugural campaign, when they lost the only game they scheduled that year. Despite the 0–11 record, <mask> had two years left on a five-year contract, and Elliott considered retaining him. Iowa fans were unhappy with Lauterbur, obviously, but they were more unhappy with defensive coordinator Ducky Lewis. Lewis' defensive units, so spectacular at Toledo, were horrible at Iowa. In 1973, Iowa yielded 401 points on the season, the most in school history. In addition, Lewis was notoriously profane in public, which embarrassed and appalled several fans. That might be tolerated if Iowa was winning, but not at 0–11.Elliott approached <mask> about firing Lewis as defensive coordinator. <mask> refused, stating that he had to have full control of his staff and that it was his right, not Elliott's, to hire and fire assistant coaches. Elliott agreed, but then reminded Lauterbur that it was his right, as athletic director, to hire and fire head football coaches by relieving him of his duties as Iowa head coach. Lauterbur's loyalty to his assistant backfired, as now Lauterbur and Lewis were both out of a job. Ron Maly, a reporter for the Des Moines Register, wrote, "On the day he was fired, Lauterbur held an umbrella over my head so he could protect the notepad I was using from the rain that was falling near the stadium. He was a good guy, but Iowa clearly was not the right place for him." Later career
Lauterbur spent the rest of his career as a pro assistant.He worked for years as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Rams, coaching in Super Bowl XIV in 1980. He also coached in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Pittsburgh Maulers. After retiring from coaching, <mask> worked for a decade with the National Scouting Service. Retirement
<mask> retired in 1993 and lived in Ohio. He had a wife, Mary, as well as four children and two grandchildren. He died at a Toledo nursing home of dementia and Parkinson's disease in 2013, aged 88. Head coaching record

References

External links

1925 births
2013 deaths
Army Black Knights football coaches
Baltimore Colts coaches
Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches
Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Mount Union Purple Raiders football players
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Toledo Rockets athletic directors
Toledo Rockets football coaches
United States Football League coaches
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy alumni
Sportspeople from Detroit
Players of American football from Cincinnati
Players of American football from Detroit
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Educators from Ohio
Educators from Michigan
Neurological disease deaths in Ohio
Deaths from dementia

masks:
Francis Xavier Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur
Lauterbur


title: Fathimath Fareela

texts:
<mask> (24 October 1984) is a Maldivian film actress. Career
<mask> made her film debut in Ahmed Nimal's romantic film Vaaloabi Engeynama (2006), starred alongside Yoosuf Shafeeu, Mariyam Afeefa and Fauziyya Hassan which was a critical and commercial success, considered to be the most successful Maldivian release of the year. The film follows a conflicted husband struggling to convey equal affection towards his two spouses. Her performance as the grumbling wife received critical appreciation, winning her a Gaumee Film Award as the Best Supporting Actress. In 2009, <mask> starred as the valiant and fearless girl who unintentionally falls in love with her sister's love interest in Loaiybahtakaa which was written and directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu. The romantic drama, co-starring Shafeeu, Sheela Najeeb and Mohamed Faisal, tells the story of unrequited love, and proved to be a commercial success. This was followed by a horror film, Mendhamuge Evaguthu (2010) co-written and co-directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu alongside Amjad Ibrahim.It follows a group of ten friends watching a horror film which is being influenced by a narration in it. The last release of 2010, featured <mask> in Yoosuf Shafeeu's drama film Heyonuvaane (2010), opposite Shafeeu and Sheela Najeeb. The story revolves around a male who is victimised of domestic abuse. She played the role of Dr. Rizna Zareer, who meets her lover after six years settled with a marriage. The film received majorly negative reviews from critics though her performance was commended. Twenty two housefull shows of the film were screened at cinema, declaring it a Mega-Hit and second highest grossing Maldivian release of the year. <mask> began 2011 with Amjad Ibrahim's suspense thriller film Hafaraaiy alongside Ali Shameel, Mariyam Shakeela, Yoosuf Shafeeu and Amira Ismail, which was a critical and commercial failure.Based on a real incidence, the film narrates a story of a cannibal woman who is addicted to eats human flesh, how she victimised the inhabitants with her face covered in a veil. The film received criticism for its "fragile" plot, "unnecessary" characters though its makeup was appreciated. Ahmed Naif from Sun wrote: "neither scientifically nor psychologically, it has been proven in the film how a chicken addict turns to be a cannibal. The film slides from a suspense thriller to a comedy for its inclusion of inconceivable details". He was displeased with <mask>'s role citing it "small and unnecessary". She next appeared in Yoosuf Shafeeu's family drama E Bappa (2011), featuring an ensemble cast including Hassan Manik, Yoosuf Shafeeu, Mohamed Manik, Sheela Najeeb, Lufshan Shakeeb, Amira Ismail and Mariyam Shakeela. A film about fatherhood and how he has been treated by his family, received negative reviews for its "typical stereotype style" and was a box office failure.In 2013, Fareela featured in Ali Shifau-directed horror film Fathis Handhuvaruge Feshun 3D which serves as a prequel to Fathis Handhuvaru (1997) starring Reeko Moosa Manik and Niuma Mohamed in lead roles. It was based on a story by Ibrahim Waheed, Jinaa: Fathis Handhuvaruge Feshun (2009), which itself is a prequel to the story Fathishandhuvaru (1996) written by himself which was later adapted to a film by same name in 1997. The film was marketed as being the first 3D release for a Maldivian film and the first release derived from spin-off. She played the role of Nihaa, the love interest of a ghost, Jinaa—played by Yoosuf Shafeeu that seeks revenge from humans for killing its wife. Upon release the film received generally negative reviews from critics. Ahmed Nadheem from Haveeru Daily wrote: "Everyone in the cast gave a forgettable performance. Fareela [still] needs to handle major scenes more efficiently such as in the climax where the entire ongoing things were revealed, her expressions and acting doesnt work there".Despite the negative reviews, at the 7th Gaumee Film Awards she was nominated in the Best Actress award category for her performance in the film. In 2014, she played a supporting character in Mohamed Nimal-directed family drama Aniyaa alongside Ismail Rasheed and Mohamed Jumayyil and Niuma Mohamed.They were introduced by a common friend, Mohamed Hashim, a Maldivian diplomat based in UAE. The story of the film revolves around a boy who has been deprived of love from his parents. Due to several technical errors and struggle caused during the screening of the film, it failed to garner enough hype ultimately doing average to poor business at boxoffice. Next she starred opposite Ali Seezan and Aishath Rishmy in Seezan's directorial venture, psychological thriller Insaana, playing the friend of Hana who is murdered by her husband. It revolves around a murder and how the murderer tries to evade from the crime. Made on a budget of MVR 220,000, the film was inspired by Ryan Connolly's short psychological horror film Tell (2012) which is loosely based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".Upon release, the film received widespread critical acclaim. Hassan Naail from Vaguthu called it "one of the best Maldivian release till date" and was satisfied with the performance of whole cast. At the 2015 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Film Festival, Insaana was bestowed with Bronze Medal as Best Film, competing with seventeen regional films. In 2016, she appeared in Ibrahim Wisan's debut direction Vee Beyvafa which was shot in 2011. The film received a negative response from critics where Ahmed Adhushan of Mihaaru concluded his review calling the film "a step backward" in the progress of cinema. In 2019, first Maldivian anthology film was released which featured Fareela in the segment directed by Ali Shifau, titled Foshi. The project was shot in 2013 and digitally released six years later due to several delays in post-production.Filmography

Feature film

Television

Short film

Accolades

References

External links

Living people
People from Malé
21st-century Maldivian actresses
Maldivian film actresses
1984 births
People from Kulhudhuffushi

masks:
Fathimath Fareela
Fareela
Fareela
Fareela
Fareela
Fareela


title: Griselda Blanco

texts:
<mask> (February 15, 1943 – September 3, 2012), known as La Madrina, the Black Widow, the Cocaine Godmother and the Queen of Narco-Trafficking, was a Colombian drug lady of the Medellín Cartel and a pioneer in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld during the 1980s through the early 2000s. It has been estimated that she was responsible for up to 200 murders while transporting cocaine from Colombia to New York, Miami and Southern California. She was shot and killed on September 3, 2012, at the age of 69. At the height of her notoriety, <mask> was one of the richest and most dangerous women in the world, and was one of the most powerful drug kingpins in the world. She became the first-ever billionaire female criminal. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Cartagena on the country's north coast. She and her mother, Ana Black, moved to Medellín when she was three years old.Upon arriving there, she adopted a criminal lifestyle. <mask>'s former lover, Charles Cosby, recounted that at the age of 11, <mask> allegedly kidnapped, attempted to ransom and eventually shot a child from an upscale flatland neighborhood near her own neighborhood. <mask> had become a pickpocket before she even turned 13. To escape the sexual assaults of her mother's boyfriend, <mask> ran away from home at the age of 19 and resorted to looting in Medellín until the age of 20. Drug business

<mask> was a major figure in the history of the drug trade from Colombia to Miami, New York, and California. In the mid-1970s, <mask> and her second husband Alberto Bravo illegally immigrated to the US with fake passports, settling in Queens, New York. They established a sizable cocaine business there, and in April 1975, <mask> was indicted on federal drug conspiracy charges along with 30 of her subordinates.She fled to Colombia before she could be arrested, but returned to the United States, settling in Miami in the late 1970s. <mask>'s return to the US from Colombia more or less coincided with the beginning of very public violent conflicts that involved hundreds of murders and killings yearly which were associated with the high crime epidemic that swept the City of Miami in the 1980s. Law enforcement's struggle to put an end to the influx of cocaine into Miami led to the creation of CENTAC 26 (Central Tactical Unit), a joint operation between Miami-Dade Police Department and DEA anti-drug operation. <mask> was involved in the drug-related violence known as the Miami Drug War or the Cocaine Cowboy Wars that plagued Miami in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This was a time when cocaine was trafficked more than marijuana. It was the lawless and corrupt atmosphere, primarily created by <mask>'s operations, that led to the gangsters being dubbed the "Cocaine Cowboys" and their violent way of doing business as the "Miami drug war". Her distribution network, which spanned the United States, brought in  per month.Her violent business style brought government scrutiny to South Florida, leading to the demise of her organization and the free-wheeling, high-profile Miami drug scene of those times. In 1984, <mask>'s willingness to use violence against her Miami competitors or anyone else who displeased her, led her rivals to make repeated attempts to assassinate her. In an attempt to escape the hits that were called on her, she fled to California. Arrest
On February 18, 1985, she was arrested by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in her home and held with full bail. After they sent her to prison she tried to escape, <mask> was sentenced to more than a decade in jail. While in prison, she continued to effectively run her cocaine business with the help of her son <mask>. By pressuring one of <mask>'s lieutenants, the Miami-Dade State Attorney's Office obtained sufficient evidence to indict <mask> for three murders.However, the case collapsed due to technicalities relating to a phone sex scandal between the star witness and female secretaries in the District attorney's office. In 2002, <mask> suffered a heart attack while imprisoned. In 2004, <mask> was released from prison and deported to Medellín, Colombia. Before her death in 2012, the last sighting of <mask> was in May 2007 at Bogotá Airport. Murder
On the night of September 3, 2012, <mask> died after being shot twice; once in the head and once in the shoulder by a motorcyclist in Medellín, Colombia. She was shot at Cardiso butcher shop on the corner of 29th Street, after having bought $150 worth of meat; the middle-aged gunman climbed off the back of a motorbike outside the shop, entered, pulled out a gun, and shot <mask> two times before calmly walking back to his bike and disappearing into the city. She was 69.Personal life
<mask>'s first husband was Carlos Trujillo. Together they had three sons, Dixon, Uber, and Osvaldo, all of them poorly educated, and all of whom were killed in Colombia after being deported following prison sentences in the United States. Her second husband was Alberto Bravo. In 1975, <mask> confronted Bravo, who was also her business partner, in a Bogotá nightclub parking lot about millions of dollars missing from the profits of the cartel they had built together. The Guardian reports: "<mask>, then 32, pulled out a pistol, Bravo responded by producing an Uzi submachine gun and after a blazing gun battle he and six bodyguards lay dead. <mask>, who suffered only a minor gunshot wound to the stomach, recovered and soon afterwards moved to Miami, where her body count – and reputation for ruthlessness – continued to climb." <mask> had her youngest son, Michael Corleone <mask>, with her third husband, Darío Sepúlveda.Sepúlveda left her in 1983, returned to Colombia, and kidnapped Michael when he and <mask> disagreed over who would take custody. <mask> paid to have Sepúlveda assassinated in Colombia, and her son returned to her in Miami. According to the Miami New Times, "Michael's father and older siblings were all killed before he reached adulthood. His mother was in prison for most of his childhood and teenage years, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and legal guardians." In 2012, Michael was put under house arrest after a May arrest on two felony counts of cocaine trafficking and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. He appeared on a 2018 episode of the Investigation Discovery documentary series, Evil Lives Here, to recount his lonely childhood. In 2019, he was featured in the VH1 docuseries Cartel Crew, which follows the descendants of drug lords.He also runs a clothing brand, "Puro Blanco," that refers to his infamous mother. According to her youngest son Michael, <mask> became a born-again Christian. Popular culture
<mask> has been featured in multiple documentaries, series, films, and songs, including several upcoming projects. <mask> is set to be portrayed by the Colombian-American actress Sofia Vergara in an upcoming Netflix limited series titled Griselda, announced in November 2021. As of 2020, there were plans to produce a film titled The Godmother, starring Jennifer Lopez as <mask>. <mask> <mask> is portrayed by the Colombian actress Luces Velásquez in 2012 TV Series Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord as the character of Graciela Rojas. In a television biopic Cocaine Godmother, which premiered in 2018 on Lifetime, <mask> is portrayed by Catherine Zeta-Jones.In 2018, Griselda was mentioned in the chorus of NBA Young Boy's song "Slime Belief". In 2012, American rapper Westside Gunn formed a record label called Griselda Records naming it after the infamous drug lord. She features prominently in the documentary films Cocaine Cowboys (2006) and Cocaine Cowboys 2 (2008; also written as Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' With the Godmother). "Griselda Blanco", a song by Toronto rappers Pengz and Two two, certified Platinum in Canada. In 2010, Florida rapper Jacki-O released a mixtape "La Madrina - Griselda Blanco"
 In the 2018 song "Portland" by Drake featuring Quavo and Travis Scott, she is mentioned in the second verse. In the 2019 remix of song “Suge (Yea Yea)” by DaBaby featuring Nicki Minaj, she is mentioned. See also
 List of people deported or removed from the United States
 Pablo Escobar
 Enedina Arellano Félix, another well-known female alleged cartel leader

References

Sources

 Pablo Escobar and Colombian Narcoculture by Aldona Bialowas Pobutsky

External links
 Griselda <mask> pagina web Link may not work (last checked 2.April, 2017)
 Washington Post: Drugs
 Red Orbit: Cocaine 'Godmother' Released From Prison
 Female Scarface
 U.S. v. Griselda <mask>, 861 F.2d 773
 <mask> <mask> – War with Pablo Escobar | Video, Check123 – Video Encyclopedia

1943 births
2012 deaths
20th-century criminals
Bisexual women
Colombian Christians
Cocaine in the United States
Colombian emigrants to the United States
Colombian female murderers
Female organized crime figures
Colombian mass murderers
Colombian crime bosses
Colombian people imprisoned abroad
Deaths by firearm in Colombia
LGBT people from Colombia
Medellín Cartel traffickers
Murdered gangsters
People from Santa Marta
People deported from the United States
Colombian drug traffickers
Colombian people convicted of murder

masks:
Griselda Blanco Restrepo
Blanco
Griselda
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Michael Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Griselda
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Griselda
Blanco


title: Franz Schnabel

texts:
<mask> (18 December 1887, Mannheim – 25 February 1966, Munich) was a German historian. He wrote about German history, particularly the "cultural crisis" of the 19th century in Germany as well as humanism after the end of the Third Reich. He opposed Nazism during the Second World War. Life and career
Schnabel was born in Mannheim as the son of the merchant <mask> and his wife Maria Anna, née Guillemin. Schnabel's parents - the father, a Protestant, the mother a Catholic - had married in 1885 and raised their three children n the Roman Catholic Church faith: the second born <mask> had an older and a younger sister. Schnabel grew in the milieu of liberalism in Baden. The bourgeoisie of his native city and, looking back, the close relationship to France that existed through his mother's family, had a formative influence on his personal development: "Thanks to my mother's relatives I came to Normandy and Paris as a boy.But whoever treads French soil in his youth will always take with him a sense of the great contours of world history". Schnabel attended the  from which he graduated in 1906. He then studied History, German studies, French and Latin at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg. In 1910 he passed the Staatsexamen for the teaching profession at grammar schools and was awarded his doctorate in the same year under Hermann Oncken with the thesis The Unification of Political Catholicism in Germany in 1848. In 1911 Schnabel entered the Baden teaching profession as a teacher's candidate, but took leave of absence at the beginning of 1914 to work on a History of the Baden Estates on behalf of the . The project could not be realised due to the outbreak of the First World War: Schnabel was drafted in April 1915, served on the Western Front throughout the war and was not released from the army until February 1919. He immediately returned to the Baden school system and taught Latin, French and history at Karlsruhe schools: 1919/20 at the , Germany's first grammar school for girls, and 1920 to 1922 at the Goethe-Gymnasium Karlsruhe, a secondary school for boys.Parallel to his teaching, Schnabel, encouraged by the teacher Oncken, pursued his scientific career and habilitated as early as 1920 at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with the paper Geschichte der Ministerverantwortlichkeit in Baden, supervised by Hermann Wätjen. As early as 1922 he was appointed to the historical chair at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, which he held until his dismissal in 1936. In addition to his professorship, Schnabel served as director of the  from 1924 to 1927. Schnabel's years at the Karlsruhe chair were characterised by extraordinary productivity. Following his habilitation thesis, he continued his research on early constitutionalism in Baden and in 1927 published two concise biographies of the Baden politicians, compiled from archival material Sigismund von Reitzenstein and Ludwig von Liebenstein. Already in 1920 Schnabel had taken over the elaboration of a source study, which was to achieve for modern history what Wilhelm Wattenbach had achieved for the Middle Ages; the work, published in 1931 and still relevant today, made the sources of the Reformation period accessible until 1550, but was not continued by Schnabelt. In the same year 1931, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Schnabel published a brief biography of the Prussian reformer, who was accused by Gerhard Ritter of instrumentalizing Stein for current political purposes; Schnabel and Ritter discussed this question controversially.In the Weimar years, <mask> also emerged as a textbook author: his textbook Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, first published in 1923 by B. G. Teubner Verlag, was also published as an independent work for other circles, had several editions and was still relevant for students after 1945. Above all, however, Schnabel's main work since the mid-1920s was the Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, which appeared in four volumes in 1929, 1933, 1934 and 1937. In this unfinished work, which did not go beyond the year 1840, Schnabel attempted to analyse the political history as well as the social, cultural, economic and technological history of the 19th century in their interaction and to interpret them as prerequisites for the "cultural crisis" of the 20th century. A fifth volume entitled Das Erwachen des deutschen Volkstums was completed by Schnabel as a manuscript, but could not be published because of the Nazi censorship. In contrast to most historians of his time, Schnabel had a positive attitude towards the Weimar Republic, which he expressed in public, in lectures and in his scientific work, but without becoming involved in party politics. His campaign reached a climax in October 1932, when he spoke out in the Hochland magazine against the Preußenschlag of the Papen government. His text Neudeutsche Reichsreform began with the dramatic words: "Even if the discussion should be closed and in the future will only be dictated in the German fatherland, it remains the duty of the spiritual leading class to raise its voice as long as this is possible".Despite his clear commitment to the rule of law and federalism, a phase can be discerned after his accession to power, in which Schnabel took part in efforts to build a bridge between Catholicism and National Socialism, for example by taking up the concept of the Ständestaates or the Reich concept. This phase ended in 1935 at the latest, when Schnabel was indirectly affected by Walter Frank's actions against his teacher Hermann Oncken: In his article against Oncken, Frank casually referred to Schnabel as a "clerical historian" and insinuated regime hostility. On 15 July 1936, Schnabel was released in Karlsruhe. He immediately moved to Heidelberg, where he lived as a private scholar until 1945. In these years, Schnabel published mainly articles on cultural history in the daily press, especially in the Frankfurter Zeitung In addition he published essays and numerous reviews in the magazine Hochland, until it had to be discontinued in 1941, as well as in other journals. In 1944, Schnabel would almost still have been called up for military service, despite his 57 years in the meantime, but was released through the intervention of the friendly ex-general . In September 1945 Schnabel was appointed state director for education and culture in the district of Baden, the northern part of the newly formed state Württemberg-Baden.He owed this appointment to his acquaintance with Heinrich Köhler, who was the district president at that time. In October 1945 Schnabel was also reinstated as professor in Karlsruhe. However, he now aspired to a professorship at a university, preferably in Heidelberg. An opportunity arose in 1946 when Willy Andreas had to vacate his chair under pressure from the American occupying power. Schnabel pursued his appointment, against which the philosophical faculty in Heidelberg massively resisted. In the background were Schnabel's statements from 1945, in which he had reproached the University of Heidelberg in particular for having attracted the future Nazi elites even before 1933. Against the attempt of the state government to enforce its cult official Schnabel in Heidelberg, the university gave an expert opinion that was devastating for Schnabel and was able to prevent the appeal.<mask> drew the consequences from his broken relationship with the university and resigned as state director. Already in the summer of 1945 the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich approached Schnabel with the question whether he would accept an appointment. In Munich in early summer 1945, numerous professors had been dismissed under pressure from the American occupying forces, including Heinrich Köhler, who had held the chair of Middle and Modern History. Schnabel showed interest in this professorship, but did not definitely accept it. This for two reasons: on the one hand he would have preferred an appointment in Heidelberg, on the other hand he disliked the fact that it was considered to rededicate said chair to a  in order to be able to appoint the Protestant Hermann Heimpel to the previous Concordat Chair of Medieval History. Schnabel did not accept the chair in Munich until February 10, 1947, after his Heidelberg ambitions had been shattered and the rededication of the chair after Heimpel's failed appointment was off the table. Schnabel was already teaching as a visiting professor in Munich in the summer of 1947 and took over the chair of Medieval and Modern History, which  had held as a substitute, on 1 November 1947.When <mask> had reached retirement age in 1955, he was privileged to determine the date of his retirement himself. In fact, he was only retired at his own request after the 1962 summer semester at the age of almost 75 and continued to lecture until 1964. He was the only professor in Munich who represented the history of modern times and always resisted an increase in the teaching staff; thus the chair was divided only after his retirement into one for early modern history and one for modern history, to which Fritz Wagner and  were appointed. In Katharina Weigand (ed. ): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Munich 2010, , here  in the Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften of which he was president from 1951 to 1959.Since 1948 he was also a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. <mask>'s years at the Munich chair differed markedly from his time in Karlsruhe. While his own research had been the focus of his work there, in Munich he concentrated entirely on his role as an academic teacher. The expert in constitutional law Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, who received his doctorate in history under <mask>, passed on Schnabel's statement in this regard: "I am of the opinion that in today's world everyone should be able to carry out a socially necessary activity. And I believe that teaching to students is socially more necessary than writing your own books. It was clear to me when I accepted the call to Munich that I would not be coming here to continue my work on my German history." Schnabel's lectures in the Große Aula or in the Auditorium maximum, always held on Monday and Tuesday afternoon for two hours each, always had 800 to 1200 listeners.They were also well attended by students of other subjects and from the Münchner Stadtgesellschaft. Schnabel became a magnet for the University of Munich, attracting students, comparable only with Romano Guardini. It was only in the Munich years that Schnabel was able to train his own academic students, including <mask>, Heinrich Lutz, Karl Otmar von Aretin, Friedrich Hermann Schubert, Eberhard Weis, Erich Angermann, Lothar Gall, Hans Schmidt, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Krüger, Adelheid von Saldern and Karl-Egon Lönne. Schnabel's four-volume Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert was reprinted unchanged between 1947 and 1951, appeared in 1964/65 in an eight-volume paperback edition and was last published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag in 1987. Schnabel did not work on a continuation of his main work after 1945, nor did he print the fifth volume of the work. After his death his appearance was announced, later still asked for from time to time, bis heute aber nicht realisiert. Thomas Hertfelder vertrat die Auffassung, dies sei "zu Schnabels Glück" nicht geschehen: Schnabel habe in diesem Band in einer Mischung aus Zensur und Selbstzensur liberale Positionen preisgegeben und sich von der westeuropäischen politischen Tradition abgewandt.<mask> continued his career as a textbook author after the war. Other publications of the Munich years were mostly the result of lectures that were initiated by anniversaries, such as in 1951 on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Verlag Herder or 1958 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Munich Historical Commission. Schnabel's great concern after the end of the Third Reich and as a reaction to it was the renewal of the humanistic educational idea, for which his 1955 academy lecture Das humanistische Bildungsgut im Wandel von Staat und Gesellschaft is characteristic. Schnabel took part in the debates after 1945 about the person and work of Otto von Bismarck, and in a review of the Bismarck biography of Erich Eyck he argued that the Kleindeutsche Lösung of the German Question had been a mistake. Well-known colleagues, including Gerhard Ritter, who had already criticized Schnabel's liberal interpretation of Freiherr vom Stein in the early 1930s, argued against Schnabel's position. The grave of his parents Karl and Maria (née Guillemin) as well as his sister Katharina were laid to rest. Next to Schnabel his sister Maria (1889-1971) was buried, who took care of him for decades.Honours
In 1954 Schnabel was awarded honorary citizenship of the city of Mannheim, and in 1961 he received the Bavarian Order of Merit. Schnabel was an honorary doctor of engineering and political science (Aachen and Munich) and an honorary member of the British Historical Association and the American Historical Association. A street in  and in Karlsruhe-Hagsfeld and a building of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology are named after him. The <mask> Memorial Medal, an award of the Upper Rhine Foundation for History and Culture for high school graduates in Baden-Württemberg, which is presented to the best student of the year for outstanding achievements in the subject history, was named after him. Publications
A bibliography of <mask>'s publications compiled by Karl-Egon Lönne appeared in <mask>l: Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. edit. by Heinrich Lutz.Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 1970, . Der Zusammenschluß des politischen Katholizismus in Deutschland im Jahre 1848. Winter, Heidelberg 1910 (Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur mittleren und neueren Geschichte, 29). Geschichte der Ministerverantwortlichkeit in Baden. G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1922. Freiherr vom Stein. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig/Berlin 1931.Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1929–1937; Nachdruck: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1987. Vol. 1: Die Grundlagen. 1929, Reprint: . Vol. 2: Monarchie und Volkssouveränität.1933; Reprint: . Vol. 3: Erfahrungswissenschaften und Technik. 1934; Reprint: . Vol. 4: Die religiösen Kräfte. 1937; Reprint: .Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. Edit. by Heinrich Lutz. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Vienna 1970. Literature
 : "Kritik und Erneuerung. Der Historismus bei <mask>abel." In  25 (1996), .<mask> – zu Leben und Werk (1887–1966). Vorträge zur Feier seines 100. Geburtstages. Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, . Thomas Hertfelder: <mask>l und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft. Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Historismus und Kulturkritik (1910–1945) (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol.60). 2 volumes. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, , (online: Vol. 1, Vol. 2). Thomas Hertfelder: "<mask>l." In Katharina Weigand (ed.): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Utz, Munich 2010, , pp. 233–258. Thomas Hertfelder: Historie als Kulturkritik. Zu einem Interpretationsmuster in <mask>ls ""Deutscher Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert". In  116 (1996), .Karl-Egon Lönne: <mask>l. In Hans-Ulrich Wehler: Deutsche Historiker. Vol. IX. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, , . Clemens Rehm (ed. ): <mask>l – eine andere Geschichte.Historiker, Demokrat, Pädagoge. Begleitpublikation zur Ausstellung des Generallandesarchivs Karlsruhe und des Instituts für Geschichte der Universität Karlsruhe (TH). Freiburg im Breisgau 2002, . Peter Steinbach, Angela Borgstedt (ed. ): <mask> – Der Historiker des freiheitlichen Verfassungsstaates. Ausstellungskatalog mit zahlreichen Fachbeiträgen, Berlin 2009, . Bernhard Stier: "<mask>l (1887–1966)."In Technikgeschichte 76 (2009), issue 4,  (online). References

External links

 Short biography of <mask> from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with further links to the stages of his life as a historian, professor, in the Nazi era and as a state politician. 1887 births
1966 deaths
Writers from Mannheim
20th-century German historians
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

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Franz Schnabel
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Franz Herre
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title: Elisabeth Scott

texts:
<mask> (20 September 1898 – 19 June 1972) was a British architect who designed the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This was the first important public building in Britain to be designed by a female architect. Early life
<mask> was born in Bournemouth, England, one of ten children of <mask>, a surgeon. She was a great-niece of the architects <mask> and George Frederick Bodley and second cousin of <mask>, architect of Liverpool Cathedral. She was educated at home until the age of fourteen, when she enrolled at the Redmoor School, Bournemouth. In 1919 she became one of the early students at the Architectural Association's new school in Bedford Square, London, graduating in 1924. <mask>'s first position was with the architects David Niven and Herbert Wigglesworth, a practice specialising in the Scandinavian style.In turn she became an assistant to Louis de Soissons, a progressive architect producing buildings in the contemporary style for the new garden city of Welwyn, Hertfordshire (where she worked on the design for the iconic Shredded Wheat Factory, now a listed building) and the modernist Oliver Hill. Shakespeare Memorial Theatre
In 1927 a competition for a replacement to the burnt-out Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was announced and <mask> entered, with a confidence in her own abilities taken from the sound theoretical grounding at the Architectural Association's school. At the time she was working for Maurice Chesterton's practice at Hampstead, London, and Chesterton agreed to oversee her proposals for feasibility. (Maurice Chesterton was a cousin of the theatre's publicist A. K. Chesterton.) Maurice Chesterton's daughter Elizabeth Chesterton, herself an architect, claimed in a late interview that the competition entry had been falsely "submitted under <mask>'s name", suggesting that all research into the practical requirements of theatre function had been her father's. Maurice Chesterton himself "disclaimed any personal share whatever in the successful design".<mask> was assisted by two fellow AA students: Alison Sleigh and John Chiene Shepherd. On winning the competition  (against seventy-one other entries) the four formed a partnership to prepare the detailed plans and supervise the construction. The reaction to <mask>'s design was mixed. The Manchester Guardian suggested that, although the design reflected the building's purpose, its bulk in the small town was "startling...monstrous [and] brutal." The Times did not agree, noting how well the building "adapt[ed] itself to the lines of the river and landscape". Sir Edward Elgar, then 75, was to be the theatre's new musical director but, after visiting the building, he so was furiously angry with that "awful female" and her "unspeakably ugly and wrong" design that he would have nothing further to do with it, refusing even to go inside. On the other hand, playwright George Bernard Shaw (a member the SMT committee notwithstanding his earlier telegram of congratulations to its chairman on having the unsuitable old building burnt down) was a firm supporter of <mask>'s design as the only one to show any theatrical sense.<mask> herself acknowledged that in her design she had not intended to conceal the functionality of the building. Although most criticism was directed at the building's external form, in the auditorium the performers—although acknowledging that <mask> had been at the mercy of her theatrical advisors: William Bridges-Adams, Barry Jackson and stage designer Norman Wilkinson (1882–1934, since 1920 a governor of the SMT)—found that it was curiously difficult to connect with their audience: evidently the large, plain expanse of the cream-painted side walls had the effect of diffusing attention from the stage. Only in 1951, when the gallery seating was extended along the sides, was this overcome. However the building's lack of "meaningless decoration" was one of the features enthusiastically praised in the special June 1932 edition of the modernist Architectural Review. From today's viewpoint the theatre, now called the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, is regarded as a "nationally significant building" representing the "best modern municipal style of architecture". It was made a Grade II* listed building on 14 October 1980. Later practice

<mask> was joined in the partnership by John Breakwell and—as John Shepherd and Alison Sleigh had married—the practice became "Scott, Shepherd and Breakwell".None of their subsequent commissions had the prominence of the SMT, although their 1938 work on the Fawcett Building at Newnham College, Cambridge, is of note. In the Post-war period <mask> returned to Bournemouth, working with the practice of Ronald Phillips & Partners. In the 1960s she joined the public sector, working for Bournemouth Borough Architect's Department on such projects as the new Pavilion Theatre on Bournemouth Pier. These relatively mundane schemes were no reflection of <mask>'s early talent; largely forgotten, she was "unable to live up to her perceived early promise". She retired in 1968. Feminism
In 1924, when <mask> entered practice, there were no prominent women architects and her selection for the project to rebuild the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre after it was destroyed by fire was only through her success in an international competition. Her achievement, and her decision to employ where possible women architects to assist her on the Stratford design, was instrumental in opening up the profession to women.<mask> was not an outspoken feminist but was identified with the progressive movement to overturn traditional assumptions about women and the professions. She was by nature more of a quiet and practical feminist, ensuring that women were represented on her design projects and working through the Fawcett Society to promote wider acceptance. Above anything else, she disliked being labelled as a 'female architect' rather than simply an 'architect'. <mask> was a Soroptimist and an active member of Soroptimist International of Bournemouth. Family
In 1936 she married George Richards. She died in Bournemouth on 19 June 1972. UK passport
In November 2015 it was announced <mask> would be one of only two prominent British women (the other being Ada Lovelace) to be featured in the design of the new UK passport, to be used for the next 5 years.See also
Women in architecture

References

Sources

Pringle, Marian : The Theatres of Stratford-upon-Avon 1875 – 1992: An Architectural History, Stratford upon Avon Society (1994)
Jellicoe, Geoffrey Alan (1933), The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, Ernest Benn
Walker, Lynne (1984), Women architects: their work, Sorella Press

1898 births
1972 deaths
20th-century English architects
British women architects
Feminist artists
Feminism and history
People from Bournemouth
Modernist architects from England
English feminists
<mask> from Dorset

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title: Spike Lee

texts:
Shelton Jackson "<mask>" <mask> (born March 20, 1957) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor. His production company, 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced more than 35 films since 1983. He made his directorial debut with She's Gotta Have It (1986). He has since written and directed such films as Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Malcolm X (1992), Crooklyn (1994), Clockers (1995), 25th Hour (2002), Inside Man (2006), Chi-Raq (2015), BlacKkKlansman (2018) and Da 5 Bloods (2020). <mask> also acted in ten of his films. <mask>'s work has continually explored race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. He has won numerous accolades for his work, including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Student Academy Award, a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, two Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and the Cannes Grand Prix.He has also received an Academy Honorary Award, an Honorary BAFTA Award, an Honorary César, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Early life
Shelton Jackson <mask> was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll ( Shelton), a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James <mask> III, a jazz musician and composer. <mask> has three younger siblings, Joie, David, and Cinqué, each of whom has worked in many different positions in <mask>'s films. Director Malcolm D<mask> is his cousin. When he was a child, the family moved from Atlanta to Brooklyn, New York. His mother nicknamed him "<mask>" during his childhood.He attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyn's Gravesend neighborhood. <mask> enrolled in Morehouse College, a historically black college in Atlanta, where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B.A. in mass communication from Morehouse. He did graduate work at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in film and television. Career

1980s
In 1983, <mask> premiered his first independent short film titled, Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads. <mask> submitted the film as his master's degree thesis at the Tisch School of the Arts.<mask>'s classmates <mask> and Ernest R. Dickerson worked on the film as assistant director and cinematographer, respectively. The film was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Center's New Directors New Films Festival. <mask>'s father, <mask>, composed the score. The film won a Student Academy Award. In 1985, <mask> began work on his first feature film, She's Gotta Have It. The film filmed in black-and-white, concerns a young woman (Johns) who is seeing three men, and the feelings this arrangement provokes. The film was <mask>'s first feature-length film, and launched <mask>'s career.<mask> wrote, directed, produced, starred and edited the film with a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks. When the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7 million at the U.S. box office. New York Times film critic A.O. Scott wrote that the film "ushered in (along with Jim Jarmusch's Stranger Than Paradise) the American independent film movement of the 1980s. It was also a groundbreaking film for African-American filmmakers and a welcome change in the representation of blacks in American cinema, depicting men and women of color not as pimps and whores, but as intelligent, upscale urbanites." In 1989, <mask> made perhaps his most seminal film, Do the Right Thing, which focused on a Brooklyn neighborhood's simmering racial tension on a hot summer day. The film's cast included <mask>, Danny Aiello, Bill Nunn, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Giancarlo Esposito, Rosie Perez, John Turturro, Martin Lawrence and Samuel L. Jackson.The film gained critical acclaim as one of the best films of the year from film critics including both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert who ranked the film as the best of 1989, and later in their top 10 films of the decade ( for Siskel and  for Ebert). Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies. To many people's surprise, the film was not nominated for Best Picture or Best Director at the Academy Awards. The film only earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay, <mask>'s first Oscar nomination, and for Best Supporting Actor for Danny Aiello. At the Academy ceremony Kim Basinger, who was a presenter that evening, stated that Do the Right Thing also deserved a Best Picture nomination stating, "We've got five great films here, and they are great for one reason, because they tell the truth, but there is one film missing from this list because ironically it might tell the biggest truth of all and that's Do the Right Thing". The film that did win Best Picture was Driving Miss Daisy, a film that focused on race relations between an elderly Jewish woman (Jessica Tandy) and her driver (Morgan Freeman). <mask> said in an April 7, 2006, interview with New York magazine that the other film's success, which he thought was based on safe stereotypes, hurt him more than if his film had not been nominated for an award.1990s

After the 1990 release of Mo' Better Blues, <mask> was accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League and several film critics. They criticized the characters of the club owners Josh and Moe Flatbush, described as "Shylocks". <mask> denied the charge, explaining that he wrote those characters in order to depict how black artists struggled against exploitation. <mask> said that Lew Wasserman, Sidney Sheinberg, or Tom Pollock, the Jewish heads of MCA and Universal Studios, were unlikely to allow antisemitic content in a film they produced. He said he could not make an antisemitic film because Jews run Hollywood, and "that's a fact". In 1992, <mask> released his biographical epic film Malcolm X based on the Autobiography of Malcolm X, starring Denzel Washington as the famed civil rights leader. The film dramatizes key events in Malcolm X's life: his criminal career, his incarceration, his conversion to Islam, his ministry as a member of the Nation of Islam and his later falling out with the organization, his marriage to Betty X, his pilgrimage to Mecca and reevaluation of his views concerning whites, and his assassination on February 21, 1965.Defining childhood incidents, including his father's death, his mother's mental illness, and his experiences with racism are dramatized in flashbacks. The film received widespread critical acclaim including from critic Roger Ebert ranked the film No. 1 on his Top 10 list for 1992 and described the film as "one of the great screen biographies, celebrating the sweep of an American life that bottomed out in prison before its hero reinvented himself." Ebert and Martin Scorsese, who was sitting in for late At the Movies co-host Gene Siskel, both ranked Malcolm X among the ten best films of the 1990s. Denzel Washington's portrayal of Malcolm X in particular was widely praised and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Washington lost to Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman), a decision which <mask> criticized, saying "I'm not the only one who thinks Denzel was robbed on that one." His 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls, about the girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary.In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 2000s

In 2002, <mask> directed 25th Hour starring Edward Norton, and Philip Seymour Hoffman which opened to positive reviews, with several critics since having named it one of the best films of its decade. Film critic Roger Ebert added the film to his "Great Movies" list on December 16, 2009. A. O. Scott, Richard Roeper and Roger Ebert all put it on their "best films of the decade" lists. It was later named the 26th greatest film since 2000 in a BBC poll of 177 critics. The film was also a financial success earning almost $24 million against a $5 million budget. In 2006, <mask> directed Inside Man starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Willem Dafoe and Christopher Plummer.The film was an unusual film for <mask> considering it was a studio heist thriller. The film was a critical and financial success earning $186 million off a $45 million budget. Empire gave the film four stars out of five, concluding, "It's certainly a <mask> film, but no Spike <mask> Joint. Still, he's delivered a pacy, vigorous and frequently masterful take on a well-worn genre. Thanks to some slick lens work and a cast on cracking form, <mask> proves (perhaps above all to himself?) that playing it straight is not always a bad thing." On May 2, 2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored <mask> with the San Francisco Film Society's Directing Award.In 2008, he received the Wexner Prize. In 2013, he won The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the American arts worth $300,000. 2010s
In 2015, <mask> received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his contributions to film. Friends and frequent collaborators Wesley Snipes, Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson presented <mask> with the award at the private Governors Awards ceremony. <mask> directed, wrote, and produced the MyCareer story mode in the video game NBA 2K16. Later that same year, after a perceived long dip in quality, <mask> rebounded with a musical drama film, Chi-Raq. The film is a modern-day adaptation of the ancient Greek play "Lysistrata" by Aristophanes set in modern-day Chicago's Southside and explores the challenges of race, sex, and violence in America.Teyonah Parris, Angela Bassett, Jennifer Hudson, Nick Cannon, Dave Chappelle, Wesley Snipes, John Cusack, and Samuel L. Jackson starred in the film. The film was released by Amazon Studios in select cities in November. Chi-Raq received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has rating of 82% with the site's critical consensus stating, "Chi-Raq is as urgently topical and satisfyingly ambitious as it is wildly uneven – and it contains some of <mask>'s smartest, sharpest, and all-around entertaining late-period work." <mask>'s 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, a true crime drama set in the 1970s centered around the true story of a black police officer, Ron Stallworth infiltrating the Ku Klux Klan. The film premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix and opened the following August. The film received near universal praise when it opened in North America receiving a 96% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "BlacKkKlansman uses history to offer bitingly trenchant commentary on current events – and brings out some of <mask>'s hardest-hitting work in decades along the way."In 2019, during the awards season leading up to the Academy Awards, <mask> was invited to join a Directors Roundtable conversation run by The Hollywood Reporter. The roundtable included Ryan Coogler (Black Panther), Yorgos Lanthimos (The Favourite), Alfonso Cuarón (Roma), Marielle Heller (Can You Ever Forgive Me? ),  and Bradley Cooper (A Star is Born). It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director (<mask>'s first ever nomination in this category). <mask> won his first competitive Academy Award in the category Best Adapted Screenplay. When asked by journalists from the BBC if the Best Picture winner Green Book offended him, <mask> replied,

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title: Spike Lee

texts:
 "Let me give you a British answer, it's not my cup of tea". Many journalists in the industry noted how the 2019 Oscars with BlacKkKlansman competing against eventual winner Green Book mirrored the 1989 Oscars with <mask>'s film Do the Right Thing missing out on a Best Picture nomination over the eventual winner Driving Miss Daisy.2020s
<mask>'s Vietnam war film Da 5 Bloods was released on Netflix. The film starred Delroy Lindo, Jonathan Majors, Clarke Peters, Isiah Whitlock Jr., Mélanie Thierry, Paul Walter Hauser and Chadwick Boseman. The film was released worldwide on June 12, 2020. The film's plot follows a group of aging Vietnam War veterans who return to the country in search of the remains of their fallen squad leader, as well as the treasure they buried while serving there. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was originally scheduled to premiere out-of-competition at the 2020 Cannes Film Festival, then play in theaters in May or June before streaming on Netflix. The film received widespread critical acclaim with the website Rotten Tomatoes' approval rating being 92% based on 252 reviews, with the critical consensus reading: "Fierce energy and ambition course through Da 5 Bloods, coming together to fuel one of <mask>'s most urgent and impactful films." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<mask>'s next project will be a movie musical about the origin story of Viagra, Pfizer's erectile dysfunction drug. Most recently, he had signed an overall deal with Netflix to direct and produce newer movies. Academic career and teaching
In 1991, <mask> taught a course at Harvard about filmmaking. In 1993, he began to teach at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in the Graduate Film Program. It was there that he received his master of fine arts. In 2002 he was appointed as artistic director of the school. He is now a tenured professor at NYU.Commercials
In mid-1990, Levi's hired <mask> to direct a series of TV commercials for their 501 button-fly jeans. Marketing executives from Nike offered <mask> a job directing commercials for the company. They wanted to pair <mask>'s character, Mars Blackmon, who greatly admired athlete Michael Jordan, and Jordan in a marketing campaign for the Air Jordan line. Later, <mask> was asked to comment on the phenomenon of violence related to inner-city youths trying to steal Air Jordans from other kids. He said that, rather than blaming manufacturers of apparel that gained popularity, "deal with the conditions that make a kid put so much importance on a pair of sneakers, a jacket and gold". Through the marketing wing of 40 Acres and a Mule, <mask> has directed commercials for Converse, Jaguar, Taco Bell, and Ben & Jerry's. Artistic style and themes

<mask>'s films are typically referred to as "Spike Lee Joints".The closing credits always end with the phrases "By Any Means Necessary", "Ya Dig", and "Sho Nuff". His 2013 film, Oldboy, used the traditional "A Spike Lee Film" credit after producers had it re-edited. Themes
<mask>'s films have examined race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. His films are also noted for their unique stylistic elements, including the use of dolly shots to portray the characters "floating" through their surroundings, which he has had his cinematographers repeatedly use in his work. Influences
In 2018, during an interview with GQ, <mask> cited some of his favorite films as Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954) and A Face in the Crowd (1957), as well as Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets (1973). <mask> says that he befriended Scorsese after attending a screening of After Hours at NYU. Filmography

Awards and honors

In 1983, <mask> won the Student Academy Award for his film Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads.He won awards at the Black Reel Awards for Love and Basketball, the Black Movie Awards for Inside Man, and the Berlin International Film Festival for Get on the Bus. He won BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for BlacKkKlansman. <mask> was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay for Do the Right Thing and Best Documentary for 4 Little Girls, but did not win either award. In November 2015, he was given the Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to filmmaking. In 2019, he received his first Best Picture and Best Director nominations. In 2015, at the age of 58, <mask> became the youngest person ever to receive an Honorary Academy Award. <mask> received the award as "a champion of independent film and an inspiration to young filmmakers".Frequent collaborators Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson, and Wesley Snipes presented <mask> with the award at a private ceremony at the Governors Awards. In 2019, <mask>lansman went on to receive 6 Academy Award nominations. <mask> himself was nominated for 3 Oscars for <mask>lansman won the Grand Prix in 2018. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls, and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". On May 18, 2016, <mask> delivered the Commencement address for The Johns Hopkins University Class of 2016.Personal life

<mask> met his wife, attorney Tonya <mask>, in 1992, and they were married a year later in New York. They have one daughter, Satchel, born in 1994, and a son, Jackson, born in 1997. <mask> is a fan of the American baseball team the New York Yankees, basketball team the New York Knicks, the ice hockey team the New York Rangers and the English football team Arsenal. One of the documentaries in ESPN's 30 for 30 series, Winning Time: Reggie Miller vs. The New York Knicks, focuses partly on <mask>'s interaction with Miller at Knicks games in Madison Square Garden. In June 2003, <mask> sought an injunction against Spike TV to prevent them from using his nickname. <mask> claimed that because of his fame, viewers would think he was associated with the new channel.When asked by the BBC if he believed in God, <mask> said: "Yes. I have faith that there is a higher being. All this cannot be an accident." While <mask> continues to maintain an office in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, he and his wife live on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. In May 2020, he published a 3-minute short film titled NEW YORK NEW YORK on Instagram that was later featured on the city's official website. <mask> celebrated Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential election with champagne amid a crowd on the streets of Brooklyn. Photos and videos went viral on Twitter.Controversies
In May 1999, the New York Post reported that <mask> made an inflammatory comment about Charlton Heston, president of the National Rifle Association, while speaking to reporters at the Cannes Film Festival. <mask> was quoted as saying the National Rifle Association should be disbanded and, of Heston, someone should "Shoot him with a .44 Bull Dog." <mask> said he intended it as a joke. He was responding to coverage about whether Hollywood was responsible for school shootings. "The problem is guns", he said. Republican House Majority Leader Dick Armey condemned <mask> as having "nothing to offer the debate on school violence except more violence and more hate". In October 2005, <mask> responded to a CNN anchor's question as to whether the government intentionally ignored the plight of black Americans during the 2005 Hurricane Katrina catastrophe by saying, "It's not too far-fetched.I don't put anything past the United States government. I don't find it too far-fetched that they tried to displace all the black people out of New Orleans." In later comments, <mask> cited the government's past including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, <mask>, who was then making Miracle at St. Anna, about an all-black U.S. division fighting in Italy during World War II, criticized director Clint Eastwood for not depicting black Marines in his own World War II film, Flags of Our Fathers. Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the Marines who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black Marines did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was racially segregated during World War II, and none of the men who raised the flag were black. He angrily said that <mask> should "shut his face". <mask> responded that Eastwood was acting like an "angry old man", and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers, "there was not one black soldier in both of those films".He added that he and Eastwood were "not on a plantation". <mask> later claimed that the event was exaggerated by the media and that he and Eastwood had reconciled through mutual friend Steven Spielberg, culminating in his sending Eastwood a print of Miracle at St. Anna. <mask> has been criticized for his representation of women. For example, bell hooks said that he wrote black women in the same objectifying way that white male filmmakers write the characters of white women. Rosie Perez, who was in an acting role for the first time as Tina in Do the Right Thing, said later that she was very uncomfortable with doing the nude scene in the film:

In March 2012, after the killing of Trayvon Martin, <mask> was one of many people who used Twitter to circulate a message that claimed to give the home address of the shooter George Zimmerman. The address turned out to be incorrect, causing the real occupants, Elaine and David McClain, to leave home and stay at a hotel due to numerous death threats. <mask> issued an apology and reached an agreement with the McClains, which reportedly included "compensation", with their attorney stating "The McClains' claim is fully resolved".Nevertheless, in November 2013, the McClains filed a negligence lawsuit which accused <mask> of "encouraging a dangerous mob mentality among his Twitter followers, as well as the public-at-large". The lawsuit, which a court filing reportedly valued at $1.2 million, alleged that the couple suffered "injuries and damages" that continued after the initial settlement up through Zimmerman's trial in 2013. A Seminole County judge dismissed the McClains' suit, agreeing with <mask> that the issue had already been settled previously. In March 2020, a video of <mask> was released on Twitter showing the director having an altercation with the security team near the elevators at Madison Square Garden. Speculation arose as to whether <mask> was being removed from the building. The New York Knicks released a statement saying, "The idea that <mask> is a victim because we have repeatedly asked him to not use our employee entrance and instead use a dedicated VIP entrance — which is used by every other celebrity who enters The Garden — is laughable. He is welcome to come to The Garden anytime via the VIP or general entrance; just not through our employee entrance, which is what he and Jim (James Dolan) agreed to [Monday] night when they shook hands."<mask> refuted Dolan's story alleging that he had been using the same entrance for the past 28 years. <mask> stated he wouldn't attend the rest of the games for the season. In June 2020, <mask> defended filmmaker Woody Allen despite his sexual abuse allegation during a radio interview stating: "I'd just like to say Woody Allen is a great, great filmmaker and this cancel thing is not just Woody. And I think when we look back on it we are going to see that short of killing somebody, I don't know you that you can just erase somebody like they never existed. Woody's a friend of mine. I know he's going through it right now." Following social media backlash, <mask> issued an apology on Twitter.<mask> has also defended Nate Parker, who was accused and charged with sexual

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title: Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

texts:
General <mask> (2 April 1779 – 21 September 1866) was a French soldier who played a major role in the fortifications of Lyon. Origins

The <mask> family originated in Abbeville. Jean-<mask>, a cloth and silk merchant, established himself in Paris on the rue Saint-Honoré in the middle of the 18th century. He married into the nobility. His son, <mask>-<mask>, born in 1750, was an advocate of the Parliament of Paris and keeper of the records of the Company of the Indies. <mask>-Baptiste had two sons. <mask> was born on 2 July 1777, and went on to become a prominent architect.<mask> <mask> was born in Paris in 1779. He attended the college of Juilly. At the age of 16, he entered the École Polytechnique and graduated in 1798. He entered the School of Engineering at Metz and left the school in 1800 as a lieutenant. Military career
During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> <mask> was promoted to captain in 1801, and served in the campaign in Portugal, then was transferred to Boulogne. He joined the Army of Germany and fought in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. During this campaign, he was attached to the corps of Marshall Jean Lannes, who tried to obtain his promotion to battalion commander.This was rejected by General Henri Gatien Bertrand, who considered that he was too young for such a senior rank. <mask> <mask> fought at the Battle of Jena in 1806. He assisted in the sieges of Stralsund and Colberg.In 1808, he was sent to Catalonia. After the defense of Barcelona, he was named battalion commander at the start of 1809. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1809 at the Third Siege of Gerona, where he led the first assault on the fort of Montjouy and was seriously wounded. He was made a lieutenant-colonel in 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> <mask> gave his allegiance to Louis XVIII of France and remained faithful to the King during the Hundred Days in 1815.He was promoted to colonel in 1816, and for six year commanded the 2nd Engineers Regiment. In 1822, he was appointed deputy governor of the École Polytechnique, but did not hold this position for long. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1823, in command of the engineers of the Army of Catalonia under Marshall Moncey. After the July Monarchy was established in 1830, <mask> <mask> was named senior commander of the defensive works of Lyon. The goal was to create an immense fortified place that could serve as a military capital and place of refuge for the government of France in the event of the loss of Paris. He adapted and extended the works started by General Haxo, adding a series of new forts and fortification works. In 1831 and again in April 1834, he was involved in suppression of the Canut revolts in Lyon.In 1837, he participated in the capture of Constantine, Algeria as commander of the engineers. He was appointed to the Chambre de Pairs (House of Lords) in 1837, but his military duties left him little time to attend the sessions of the house. <mask> <mask> died in 1866. Fortifications of Lyon

The extensive system of fortifications of Lyon included:

 Fort de la Duchère
 Fort de Caluire
 Fort de Montessuy
 Redoute Bel-Air
 Fort de Sainte-Foy
 Lunette du Petit Sainte-Foy
 Fort Saint-Irénée
 Lunette du Fossoyeur
 Fort de Loyasse
 Fort de Vaise
 Fort Saint-Jean
 Bastion Saint-Laurent
 Redoute du Haut-Rhône
 Redoute de la Tête d'Or
 Lunette des Charpennes
 Fort des Brotteaux
 Redoute de la Part-Dieu
 Fort Montluc
 Redoute des Hirondelles
 Fort Lamothe
 Fort du Colombier
 Fort de la Vitriolerie

The fortifications of Lyon were improved according to Rohault <mask>'s plans. The existing Croix-Rousse fort retained its layout, but the bastion of St-Jean on the Saône side was made into a powerful artillery position. The Fourvière fort was rebuilt from 1834 to 1838, and the outworks progressively improved until 1854. On the right bank of the Saône the fortifications were Sainte-Foy, now the CRS barracks, Petit Sainte-Foy, Saint-Irénée (1831), Vaise (1835), Loyasse (1838) and Duchère (1844), now disappeared.Between the Saône and the Rhône, in front of the Croix-Rousse fortification were the forts of Caluire (1831), now replaced by the stade Henri Cochet, and Montessuy (1831). Fortifications on the left bank of the Rhône were the haut-Rhône battery (1854), demolished fifteen years later, and the forts of Brotteaux (1831), Villeurbanne or Montluc (1831 – now a police station), Tête d'Or (1832) and Charpennes (1842). The Colombier fort (1831) was demolished. The La Motte fort (1832), adapted from the Château de La Motte, was later transformed into a barracks and then became the "Parc Blandan". Of the Vitriolerie fort (1840) on the bank of the Rhone, only the fortified barracks in the middle of the Général Frère neighborhood remains. Selected publications

Publications by Rohault <mask>leury include:
Journal de l'expédition de Constantine en 1837 National Library of France
Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841.Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris  National Library of France
Rapport fait à la Chambre par M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, au nom d'une commission spéciale chargée de l'examen du projet de loi relatif à l'ouverture d'un crédit de 3.930.000 francs pour la construction de divers ponts  National Library of France
Opinion de M. le bon <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France
Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France
Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841. Opinion de M. le baron <mask> <mask>leury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris

References
Citations

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1779 births
1866 deaths
French generals
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

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title: Michael Rennie

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<mask> (born <mask>; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was a British film, television and stage actor, who had leading roles in a number of Hollywood films, including his portrayal of the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). In a career spanning more than 30 years, Rennie appeared in more than 50 films and in several American television series. Early years and career
<mask> was born in Idle near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, the second son of a Scottish wool mill owner, <mask>, and his English wife Amelia (née Dobby). He had an elder brother William, younger brother Gordon and sister Edith. Rennie's family owned a wool business which had operated for over 150 years and were relatively well off. He was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge. He went to work at the family wool mill in Bradford, but did not enjoy it.He worked in a number of occupations, including a stint as a car salesman, and sweeping floors in his uncle's steel ropes factory. He eventually decided (at the time of his 26th birthday, in 1935) on a career as an actor. He retained his surname but adopted <mask> as his professional name. He cited Ronald Colman as his role model. Early British films
The 6' 4" tall Rennie attracted the interest of a casting director at Gaumont British who took him on as an extra. Rennie said this was a deliberate strategy so he could learn how films were made. Head of production <mask> said Rennie was taken on  "because he was good-looking and athletic.He knew nothing of acting, but was given a contract to play small parts and to work as stand-in for players such as Robert Young and John Loder." Rennie's first screen acting was an uncredited bit part in the Alfred Hitchcock film Secret Agent (1936), standing in for Robert Young. Balcon says he saw Rennie act in a scene in East Meets West (1936) and fired him immediately afterwards. Balcon wrote "I had seen the rushes of that day's filming and had at once decided that Rennie was far too inexperienced to justify big screen parts." The 1937 screen test, which exists in the British Film Institute (BFI) archives under the title "Marguerite Allan and Michael Rennie Screen Test", did not lead to a film career for either performer. Balcon says Rennie "took his setback well, left the studios, and went off to learn his job in repertory." Rennie worked mostly in Yorkshire, eventually becoming a star with the York Repertory Company.Among his roles were as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion. He also played other bit parts and minor unbilled roles in other films, including The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936), Conquest of the Air (1937), The Squeaker (1937), Gangway (1937), The Divorce of Lady X (1938), Bank Holiday (1938), This Man in Paris (1939) and The Briggs Family (1940). He later said he strove to perfect a "mid-Atlantic accent" that could easily be understood by American as well as British audiences which resulted in people thinking he was Canadian. World War II

Rising fame
Shortly after the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939, Rennie began to receive offers for larger film roles, including This Man Is Dangerous (1940), Dangerous Moonlight (1941) and Pimpernel Smith (1941). Rennie auditioned again for <mask>, now head of Ealing Studios, and was cast in Ships with Wings. While that film was being prepared, Rennie continued repertory work and accepted a one-line role in George Formby's Turned Out Nice Again. Balcon says Rennie "declared that he enjoyed it as he was playing a motor salesman, and this reminded him of the days when he tried to sell cars – without securing a single buyer."<mask> had his first big film role in the suspense drama Tower of Terror (1941). This starred Wilfrid Lawson in the lead role as a crazed Dutch lighthouse keeper in the German-occupied Netherlands, while the second-billed <mask> and third-billed Movita had the romantic leads. In a 1951 interview <mask> said this was his worst part. <mask> also used him in The Big Blockade (1942). He was called a "rapidly rising newcomer". Another profile referred to him as an "athletic, Gable-ish young man." War service
<mask> enlisted in the RAF Volunteer Reserve on 27 May 1941."There has been a pause in <mask>'s film career", wrote Balcon in 1942. "But there will be parts awaiting him when the war is over". He was officially discharged on 4 August 1942, and then on the following day, he was commissioned "for the emergency" as pilot officer number 127347 on probation in the General Duties Branch of the RAFVR. On 5 February 1943, he was promoted to flying officer on probation. He resigned his commission on 1 May 1944 (not discharged on disability, as the studio publicity stated). <mask> had carried out his basic training near Torquay in Devon, after which he was sent to the United States for fighter pilot training under the Arnold Plan. In this programme, pilots of the RAF were trained by United States Army Air Forces instructors.One of his fellow students was RAF Sgt Jack Morton, who told an anecdote about when he and Rennie were in the same class:
At the end of our primary course we were posted to a Basic Flying School at Cochran Field, Macon, Georgia. The class which completed the course at Cochran Field was now split up, half were posted to Napier Field, Dothan, Alabama, to train on single-engine planes, and the remainder were posted to twin-engine schools. Like Cochran, Napier Field was a large permanent Air Corps Base and most of us were quite content to stay on the camp when we had time off. One of the cadets on our course had told us that he was a film actor, but no one took him seriously. We had to admit that he was right however when a film came to the camp cinema called Ships with Wings starring <mask>. Film stardom

I'll Be Your Sweetheart and The Wicked Lady
With the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Rennie was given his first film break, when cast alongside Margaret Lockwood, then at the peak of her popularity, in the musical I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945), directed by Val Guest for Gainsborough Studios. Rennie was billed below Lockwood and Vic Oliver, given an "introducing" credit, but his character was the actual protagonist of the film.The movie was not a large hit but <mask> received excellent notices, including a review from the US trade paper Variety who said his performance made the film "noteworthy" and that he was "likely Hollywood material... the best bet in the way of a new male star to have come out of a British studio in many years. <mask> not only has a lot on the ball as a straight lead, he knows the value of visual tricks. Femmes will go for him in a big way." He followed this in another movie with Lockwood at Gainsborough, the sensual costume adventure The Wicked Lady (both 1945). <mask> was the fifth lead, beneath Lockwood, James Mason, Patricia Roc and Griffith Jones. but it was a good part (the one true love of Lockwood's character) and an excellent project to be associated with – the year's biggest box-office hit, subsequently being listed ninth on a list of top ten highest-grossing British films of all time. <mask>'s prestige was also raised when he was given a single prominent scene as a commander of Roman centurions in Gabriel Pascal's production of George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra (also 1945), starring Vivien Leigh and Claude Rains.The film's expense caused it to lose a large amount of money, despite it being highly successful at the box office, particularly in the U.S.

Rennie was now established as a leading actor. One report called him "the bobbysoxers' dark idol... Gainsborough's 1945 discovery." He was mobbed by female fans on a personal appearance tour. Gainsborough teamed him with one of their biggest female stars Phyllis Calvert in the melodrama The Root of All Evil (1947). In July 1946 it was announced <mask> had signed a five-year contract with Maurice Ostrer's new company, Premiere Productions, worth  £300,000 – making him the highest paid film star in Britain. Maurice Ostrer
<mask>'s first film under the new contract was White Cradle Inn (1947), shot in Switzerland with Madeleine Carroll. <mask> had been "loaned out" to another company to make it but then he made his first for Ostrer at Premiere, The Idol of Paris (1948).The film did so badly that Ostrer left the film industry. Rennie made films for independent producers and his career momentum began to fade: Uneasy Terms (1948); Golden Madonna (1949) (again with Calvert); and two comedies for Val Guest: Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1949) and The Body Said No! (1950). He had what may be considered Rennie's only role as one of two central characters in a fully-fledged love story in the 47-minute episode "Sanatorium", the longest of the Somerset Maugham tales constituting the omnibus film Trio (1950); the 40-year-old <mask> and the 20-year-old Jean Simmons play patients and doomed lovers in the title institution, which caters to victims of tuberculosis. Hollywood career

20th Century Fox
Rennie was one of several English actors cast in the 20th Century Fox medieval adventure story The Black Rose (1950), shot in England starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles. <mask> was specifically cast as the 13th-century King Edward I, whose 6' 2" (1.88 m) frame gave origin to his historical nickname "Longshanks". He was fifth-billed after Cécile Aubry and Jack Hawkins.<mask> became good friends with Power, who spoke well of the actor to Fox executives. <mask>'s performance impressed Fox's studio head, Darryl F. Zanuck, who offered him a role in a film shot in Canada, The 13th Letter (1951). Directed by Otto Preminger, it was a remake of the French film Le Corbeau (The Raven, 1943), with the setting changed to the Canadian province of Quebec. Fox was so pleased with <mask>'s work that it offered him a seven-year contract in November 1950. The Day the Earth Stood Still

After Claude Rains turned down the role, Rennie received top billing in his next film, The Day the Earth Stood Still (also 1951), the first postwar, large-budget, "A" science-fiction film. It was a serious, high-minded exploration of mid-20th century suspicion and paranoia, combined with a philosophical overview of humanity's coming place in the larger universe. <mask> said director Robert Wise told him to do the role "with dignity but not with superiority".(The story was later dramatised in 1954 on Lux Radio Theatre, with <mask> and Billy Gray recreating their original film roles. Seven years later, on 3 March 1962, when The Day the Earth Stood Still made its television premiere on NBC's NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, <mask> appeared in a two-minute introductory prologue before the start of the film.) <mask> went on to support Power in I'll Never Forget You (1951) then had good roles in the ensemble drama Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) (where he played an American) and in the wartime spy thriller, 5 Fingers (1952), as the agent who tracks down James Mason's spy. He did some narration for The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) and would provide voice overs for several Fox films, such as Pony Soldier (1952), Titanic (1953), The Desert Rats (1953), Prince Valiant (1954). Les Misérables
Buoyed by the strong critical reception and profitability of The Day the Earth Stood Still, Fox assigned much of the credit to the central performance of <mask>. Convinced that it had a potential leading man under contract, the studio decided to produce a new version of Les Misérables (1952) as a vehicle for him. The film was directed by Lewis Milestone, known for his early sound version of All Quiet on the Western Front.<mask>'s performance was respectfully, but not enthusiastically, received by the critics. Ultimately, Les Misérables returned an extremely modest profit and put an end to any further attempts to promote the 43-year-old Rennie as a potential star. This caused the studio to cancel a project he was attached to in 1952 — Arms of Venus. He was, however, launched on a thriving career as a top supporting actor at Fox, often playing figures of authority, such as military officers or

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