title: T. E. Lawrence

texts:
 and forces including Auda <mask>, who had previously been in the employ of the Ottomans, against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba on the Red Sea.Aqaba could have been attacked from the sea, but the narrow defiles leading through the mountains were strongly defended and would have been very difficult to assault. The expedition was led by Sharif Nasir of Medina. <mask> carefully avoided informing his British superiors about the details of the planned inland attack, due to concern that it would be blocked as contrary to French interests. The expedition departed from Wejh on 9 May, and Aqaba fell to the Arab forces on 6 July, after a surprise overland attack which took the Turkish defences from behind. After Aqaba, General Sir <mask>, the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, agreed to <mask>'s strategy for the revolt. <mask> now held a powerful position as an adviser to Faisal and a person who had Allenby's confidence, as Allenby acknowledged after the war:

Dera'a
<mask> describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitring Dera'a in disguise, when he was captured by the Ottoman military, heavily beaten, and sexually abused by the local bey and his guardsmen, though he does not specify the nature of the sexual contact. Some scholars have stated that he exaggerated the severity of the injuries that he suffered, or alleged that the episode never actually happened.There is no independent testimony, but the multiple consistent reports and the absence of evidence for outright invention in <mask>'s works make the account believable to some of his biographers. Malcolm Brown, John E. Mack, and Jeremy Wilson have argued that this episode had strong psychological effects on <mask>, which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life. <mask> ended his account of the episode in Seven Pillars of Wisdom with the statement: "In Dera'a that night the citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost." Fall of Damascus

<mask> was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender, much to his disappointment. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9 am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the 10th Australian Light Horse Brigade led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who formally accepted the surrender of the city from acting Governor <mask> Said. <mask> was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as the capital of an Arab state. Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the battle of Maysaloun when the French Forces of General Gouraud entered Damascus under the command of General Mariano Goybet, destroying <mask>'s dream of an independent Arabia.During the closing years of the war, <mask> sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests, but he met with mixed success. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work. Post-war years
<mask> returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel. Immediately after the war, he worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a Handley Page Type O/400 taking <mask> to Egypt crashed at the airport of Roma-Centocelle. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; <mask> survived with a broken shoulder blade and two broken ribs. During his brief hospitalisation, he was visited by King <mask> III of Italy.In 1918, <mask> went to Jerusalem where he met <mask>, "whose enigmatic figure in Arab uniform fired his imagination", in the words of author Rex Hall. <mask> and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs involving <mask>. <mask> produced a stage presentation entitled With Allenby in Palestine which included a lecture, dancing, and music and engaged in "Orientalism", depicting the Middle East as exotic, mysterious, sensuous, and violent. The show premiered in New York in March 1919. He was invited to take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either Drury Lane or Covent Garden. He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land". Initially, <mask> played only a supporting role in the show, as the main focus was on Allenby's campaigns; but then <mask> realised that it was the photos of <mask> dressed as a Bedouin which had captured the public's imagination, so he had <mask> photographed again in London in Arab dress.With the new photos, <mask> re-launched his show under the new title With Allenby in Palestine and <mask> in Arabia in early 1920, which proved to be extremely popular. The new title elevated <mask> from a supporting role to a co-star of the Near Eastern campaign and reflected a changed emphasis. <mask>' shows made the previously obscure <mask> into a household name. <mask> worked with <mask> on the creation of the presentation, answering many questions and posing for many photographs. After its success, however, he expressed regret about having been featured in it. <mask> served as an advisor to Winston Churchill at the Colonial Office for just over a year starting in February 1920. He hated bureaucratic work, writing on 21 May 1921 to Robert Graves: "I wish I hadn't gone out there: the Arabs are like a page I have turned over; and sequels are rotten things.I'm locked up here: office every day and much of it". He travelled to the Middle East on multiple occasions during this period, at one time holding the title of "chief political officer for Trans-Jordania". He campaigned actively for his and Churchill's vision of the Middle East, publishing pieces in multiple newspapers, including The Times, The Observer, The Daily Mail, and The Daily Express. <mask> had a sinister reputation in France during his lifetime and even today as an implacable "enemy of France", the man who was constantly stirring up the Syrians to rebel against French rule throughout the 1920s. However, French historian Maurice Larès wrote that the real reason for France's problems in Syria was that the Syrians did not want to be ruled by France, and the French needed a scapegoat to blame for their difficulties in ruling the country. Larès wrote that <mask> is usually pictured in France as a Francophobe, but he was really a Francophile. Having seen and admired the effective use of air power during the war, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman, under the name John Hume Ross in August 1922.At the RAF recruiting centre in Covent Garden, London, he was interviewed by recruiting officer Flying Officer W. E. Johns, later known as the author of the Biggles series of novels. Johns rejected <mask>'s application, as he suspected that "Ross" was a false name. <mask> admitted that this was so and that he had provided false documents. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger who carried a written order that Johns must accept <mask>. However, <mask> was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with G. B. and Charlotte Shaw) and joined the Royal Tank Corps later that year. He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925.A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of Revolt in the Desert resulted in his assignment to bases at Karachi and Miramshah in British India (now Pakistan) in late 1926, where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities. He purchased several small plots of land in Chingford, built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. The hut was removed in 1930 when Chingford Urban District Council acquired the land; it was given to the City of London Corporation which re-erected it in the grounds of The Warren, Loughton. <mask>'s tenure of the Chingford land has now been commemorated by a plaque fixed on the sighting obelisk on Pole Hill. <mask> continued serving in the RAF based at RAF Mount Batten near Plymouth, RAF Calshot near Southampton, and RAF Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire. He specialised in high-speed boats and professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.In late August or early September 1931 he stayed with Lady Houston aboard her luxury yacht, the Liberty, off Calshot, shortly before the Schneider Trophy competition. In later letters Lady Houston would ask <mask>'s advice on obtaining a new chauffeur for her Rolls Royce car ('Forgive my asking, but you know everything') and suggest that he join the Liberty, for she had discharged her captain, who had turned out to be a 'wrong 'un.' In the inter-war period, the RAF's Marine Craft Section began to commission air-sea rescue launches capable of higher speeds and greater capacity. The arrival of high-speed craft into the MCS was driven in part by <mask>. He had previously witnessed a seaplane crew drowning when the seaplane tender sent to their rescue was too slow in arriving. He worked with Hubert Scott-Paine, the founder of the British Power Boat Company (BPBC), to introduce the  long ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1 into service. These boats had a range of 140 miles when cruising at 24 knots and could achieve a top speed of 29 knots.<mask> was a keen motorcyclist and owned eight Brough Superior motorcycles at different times. His last SS100 (Registration GW 2275) is privately owned but has been on loan to the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu and the Imperial War Museum in London. He was also an avid reader of <mask>'s Le Morte d'Arthur and carried a copy on his campaigns. He read an account of <mask>'s discovery of the Winchester Manuscript of the Morte in The Times in 1934, and he motorcycled from Manchester to Winchester to meet Vinaver. Death

On 13 May 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset close to his cottage Clouds Hill, near Wareham, just two months after leaving military service. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935, aged 46.The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial at the roadside. One of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns, who consequently began a long study of the loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists. The Moreton estate borders Bovington Camp, and <mask> bought it from his cousins the Frampton family. He had been a frequent visitor to their home Okers Wood House, and had corresponded with Louisa Frampton for years. <mask>'s mother arranged with the Framptons to have his body buried in their family plot in the separate burial ground of St Nicholas' Church, Moreton. The coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier.Mourners included Winston Churchill, E. M. Forster, Lady Astor, and <mask>'s youngest brother Arnold. Writings
<mask> was a prolific writer throughout his life, a large portion of which was epistolary; he often sent several letters a day, and several collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including George Bernard Shaw, <mask>, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, Noël Coward, E. M. Forster, Siegfried Sassoon, John Buchan, Augustus John, and Henry Williamson. He met Joseph Conrad and commented perceptively on his works. The many letters that he sent to Shaw's wife Charlotte are revealing as to his character. <mask> was a competent speaker of French and Arabic, and reader of Latin and Ancient Greek. <mask> published three major texts in his lifetime.The most significant was his account of the Arab Revolt in Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Homer's Odyssey and The Forest Giant were translations, the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction. He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first. Seven Pillars of Wisdom

<mask>'s major work is Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of his war experiences. In 1919, he was elected to a seven-year research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, providing him with support while he worked on the book. Certain parts of the book also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. He rewrote Seven Pillars of Wisdom three times, once "blind" after he lost the manuscript.There are many alleged "embellishments" in Seven Pillars, though some allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's authorised biography. However, <mask>'s own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the Sinai Peninsula from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality, this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping, which <mask> omitted when he wrote his book. In the preface, <mask> acknowledged George Bernard Shaw's help in editing the book. The first edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by Herbert John Hodgson and Roy Manning Pike, with illustrations by <mask>, Augustus John, Paul Nash, Blair Hughes-Stanton, and Hughes-Stanton's wife Gertrude Hermes. <mask> was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs, leaving him in substantial debt.As a specialist in the Middle East, Fred Halliday praised <mask>'s Seven Pillars of Wisdom as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless." Revolt in the Desert

Revolt in the Desert was an abridged version of Seven Pillars that he began in 1926 and that was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions. He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to Seven Pillars who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from Seven Pillars was paid off. As <mask> left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of Revolt in the Desert. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if Revolt turned out a best seller."The resultant trust paid off the debt, and <mask> then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgement in the United Kingdom. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income. The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the RAF Benevolent Fund. Posthumous
<mask> left The Mint unpublished, a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this, he worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself. The book is stylistically very different from Seven Pillars of Wisdom, using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in Seven Pillars. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother Professor A. W<mask>.After <mask>'s death, A. W<mask> inherited <mask>'s estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the US copyright of Seven Pillars of Wisdom (subscribers' text) outright to Doubleday Doran in 1935. Doubleday still controls publication rights of this version of the text of Seven Pillars of Wisdom in the US, and will continue to until the copyright expires at the end of 2022 (publication plus 95 years). In 1936, A. W<mask> split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the National Trust, and then set up two trusts to control interests in his brother's residual copyrights. He assigned the copyright in Seven Pillars of Wisdom to the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, and it was given its first general publication as a result. He assigned the copyright in The Mint and all <mask>'s letters to the Letters and Symposium Trust, which he edited and published in the book T. E. <mask> by his Friends in 1937. A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent

masks:
Abu Tayi
Lawrence
Edmund Allenby
Lawrence
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Emir
Lawrence
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Victor Emmanuel
Lowell Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas
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Thomas Malory
Eugene Vinaver
Lawrence
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Edward Elgar
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Eric Kennington
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title: T. E. Lawrence

type: original

texts:
 Fund and to archaeological, environmental, and academic projects.The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and the unified trust acquired all the remaining rights to <mask>'s works that it had not owned on the death of A. W<mask> in 1991, plus rights to all of A. W<mask>'s works. The UK copyrights on <mask>'s works published in his lifetime and within 20 years of his death expired on 1 January 2006. Works published more than 20 years after his death were protected for 50 years from publication or to 1 January 2040, whichever is earlier. Writings
Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of <mask>'s part in the Arab Revolt. ()
Revolt in the Desert, an abridged version of Seven Pillars of Wisdom. ()
The Mint, an account of <mask>'s service in the Royal Air Force. ()
Crusader Castles, <mask>'s Oxford thesis.London: Michael Haag 1986 (). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the Golden Cockerel Press, in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 editions. The Odyssey of Homer, <mask>'s translation from the Greek, first published in 1932. ()
The Forest Giant, by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, <mask>'s translation from the French, 1924. The Letters of T. E. <mask>, selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 ()
The Letters of T. E. <mask>, edited by David Garnett.()
T. E<mask>. Letters, Jeremy Wilson. (See prospectus)
Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets, edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. <mask>'s commonplace book includes an introduction by Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected <mask>'s life and thoughts. Guerrilla Warfare, article in the 1929 Encyclopædia Britannica
The Wilderness of Zin, by C. Leonard Woolley and T. E<mask>. London, Harrison and Sons, 1914. Sexuality
<mask>'s biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.There is no reliable evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between <mask> and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was asexual, and <mask> himself specifically denied any personal experience of sex in multiple private letters. There were suggestions that <mask> had been intimate with Dahoum, who worked with him at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish, and fellow serviceman R. A. M. Guy, but his biographers and contemporaries found them unconvincing. The dedication to his book Seven Pillars is a poem titled "To S.A." which opens:

<mask> was never specific about the identity of "S.A." Many theories argue in favour of individual men or women, and the Arab nation as a whole. The most popular theory is that S.A. represents (at least in part) his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who apparently died of typhus before 1918. <mask> lived in a period of strong official opposition to homosexuality, but his writing on the subject was tolerant. He wrote to Charlotte Shaw, "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."He refers to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" on one occasion in Seven Pillars, when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war. He wrote in Chapter 1 of Seven Pillars:

There is considerable evidence that <mask> was a masochist. He wrote in his description of the Dera'a beating that "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me," and he also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing. In later life, <mask> arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him, and to be subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina. John Bruce first wrote on this topic, including some other statements that were not credible, but <mask>'s biographers regard the beatings as established fact. French novelist André Malraux admired <mask> but wrote that he had a "taste for self-humiliation, now by discipline and now by veneration; a horror of respectability; a disgust for possessions". Biographer <mask> wrote that the evidence suggested a "strong homosexual masochism", noting that he never sought punishment from women.Psychologist John E. Mack sees a possible connection between <mask>'s masochism and the childhood beatings that he had received from his mother for routine misbehaviours. His brother Arnold thought that the beatings had been given for the purpose of breaking his brother's will. Angus Calder suggested in 1997 that <mask>'s apparent masochism and self-loathing might have stemmed from a sense of guilt over losing his brothers Frank and Will on the Western Front, along with many other school friends, while he survived. Aldington controversy
In 1955 Richard Aldington published <mask> of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry, a sustained attack on <mask>'s character, writing, accomplishments, and truthfulness. Specifically, Aldington alleges that <mask> lied and exaggerated continuously, promoted a misguided policy in the Middle East, that his strategy of containing but not capturing Medina was incorrect, and that Seven Pillars of Wisdom was a bad book with few redeeming features. He also revealed <mask>'s illegitimacy and strongly suggested that he was homosexual. For example: "Seven Pillars of Wisdom is rather a work of quasi-fiction than history.", and "It was seldom that he reported any fact or episode involving himself without embellishing them and indeed in some cases entirely inventing them." It is significant that Aldington was a colonialist, arguing that the French colonial administration of Syria (strongly resisted by <mask>) had benefited that country and that Arabia's peoples were "far enough advanced for some government though not for complete self-government." He was also a Francophile, railing against <mask>'s "Francophobia, a hatred and an envy so irrational, so irresponsible and so unscrupulous that it is fair to say his attitude towards Syria was determined more by hatred of France than by devotion to the 'Arabs' - a convenient propaganda word which grouped many disharmonious and even mutually hostile tribes and peoples." Prior to the publication of Aldington's book, its contents became known in London's literary community. A group Aldington and some subsequent authors referred to as "The Lawrence Bureau", led by B. H. Liddell Hart tried energetically, starting in 1954, to have the book suppressed. That effort having failed, Liddell Hart prepared and distributed hundreds of copies of Aldington's 'Lawrence': His Charges--and Treatment of the Evidence, a 7-page single-spaced document. This worked: Aldington's book received many extremely negative and even abusive reviews, with strong evidence that some reviewers had read Liddell's rebuttal but not Aldington's book.Aldington wrote that <mask> embellished many stories and invented others, and in particular that his claims involving numbers were usually inflated - for example claims of having read 50,000 books in the Oxford Union library, of having blown up 79 bridges, of having had a price of £50,000 on his head, and of having suffered 60 or more injuries. Many of Aldington's specific claims against <mask> have been accepted by subsequent biographers. In Richard Aldington and <mask> of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale, Fred D. Crawford writes "Much that shocked in 1955 is now standard knowledge--that TEL was illegitimate, that this profoundly troubled him, that he frequently resented his mother's dominance, that such reminiscences as <mask>. <mask> by His Friends are not reliable, that TEL's leg-pulling and other adolescent traits could be offensive, that TEL took liberties with the truth in his official reports and Seven Pillars, that the significance of his exploits during the Arab Revolt was more political than military, that he contributed to his own myth, that when he vetted the books by Graves and Liddell he let remain much that he knew was untrue, and that his feelings about publicity were ambiguous." This has not prevented most post-Aldington biographers (including Fred D. Crawford, who studied the Aldington claims intensely) from expressing strong admiration for <mask>'s military, political, and writing achievements. Awards and commemorations

<mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 7 August 1917, appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 10 May 1918, awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) on 30 May 1916 and awarded the Croix de guerre (France) on 16 April 1918. King George V offered <mask> a knighthood on 30 October 1918 at a private audience in Buckingham Palace for his services in the Arab Revolt, but he declined.He was unwilling to accept the honour in light of how his country had betrayed the Arabs. A bronze bust of <mask> by <mask> was placed in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 29 January 1936, alongside the tombs of Britain's greatest military leaders. A recumbent stone effigy by Kennington was installed in St Martin's Church, Wareham, Dorset, in 1939. An English Heritage blue plaque marks <mask>'s childhood home at 2 Polstead Road, Oxford, and another appears on his London home at 14 Barton Street, Westminster. <mask> appears on the album cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles. In 2002, <mask> was named 53rd in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.In 2018, <mask> was featured on a £5 coin (issued in silver and gold) in a six-coin set commemorating the Centenary of the First World War produced by the Royal Mint. In popular culture

Film
 Alexander Korda bought the film rights to The Seven Pillars in the 1930s. The production was in development, with various actors cast as the lead, such as Leslie Howard. Peter O'<mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask> in the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia. <mask> was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the 2014 biographical drama about Gertrude Bell, Queen of the Desert. Peter O'<mask>'s portrayal of <mask> inspired behavioural affectations in the synthetic model called David, portrayed by Michael Fassbender in the 2012 film Prometheus, and in the 2017 sequel Alien: Covenant, part of the Alien franchise. Literature
 T.E.<mask> (T.E.ロレンス) is a seven-volume manga series by <mask> Kosaka, which retells <mask>'s life story from childhood onward. The Oath of the Five Lords tells a fictional story including several references to T.E<mask> and his memoirs in which he describes how the United Kingdom did not honour its promises to the Arab nation. The comic is the twenty-first book in the Blake and Mortimer comic series. The story was written by Yves Sente and drawn by André Juillard and was released in 2012. The T.E. <mask> Poems was published by Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen in 1982.The poems rely heavily, and quote directly from, primary material including Seven Pillars and the collected letters. Television
 He was portrayed by Judson Scott in the 1982 TV series Voyagers! Ralph Fiennes portrayed <mask> in the 1992 British made-for-TV movie A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia. Joseph A. Bennett and Douglas Henshall portrayed him in the 1992 TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He was also portrayed in a Syrian series, directed by <mask> Mousa, called <mask> Al Arab. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length. Theatre
<mask> was the subject of <mask>'s controversial play Ross, which explored <mask>'s alleged homosexuality.Ross ran in London in 1960–61, starring Alec Guinness, who was an admirer of <mask>, and Gerald Harper as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had originally been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made. In January 1986 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, on the opening night of the revival of Ross, Marc Sinden, who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed <mask>, played by Simon Ward), was introduced to the man on whom the character of Dickinson was based. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to <mask>gan and years later, the silly devil told him the story." Alan Bennett's Forty Years On (1968) includes a satire on <mask>; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle."Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken." The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play Too True to Be Good was inspired by <mask>. Meek is depicted as thoroughly conversant with the language and lifestyle of the native tribes. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion. <mask> attended a performance of the play's original Worcestershire run, and reportedly signed autographs for patrons attending the show. <mask>'s first year back at Oxford after the War to write was portrayed by <mask> in a play, The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion, written by Canadian playwright Stephen Massicotte (premiered Toronto 2006).The play explores <mask>'s reactions to war, and his friendship with Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the American premiere in New York City in October 2007; <mask> was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy. <mask>'s final years are portrayed in a one-man show by Raymond Sargent, The Warrior and the Poet. His 1922 retreat from public life forms the subject of Howard Brenton's play Lawrence After Arabia, commissioned for a 2016 premiere at the Hampstead Theatre to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the Arab Revolt. A highly fictionalised version of <mask> featured in the 2016 Swedish-language comedic play Lawrence i Mumiedalen. Video games

 A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who assists the party in Shadow Hearts: Covenant (2004). A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who appears in cutscenes and guides the player through missions in Battlefield 1 (2016).<mask> and his work are referenced multiple times throughout the video game Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011). See also

 Hashemites, ruling family of Mecca (10th–20th century) and of Jordan since 1921
 Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
 Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E<mask> by Jeremy Wilson (1989)
 The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, US TV series (1992–1993) with episodes depicting moments from <mask>'s life
Related individuals
 Richard Meinertzhagen (1878–1967), British intelligence officer and ornithologist, on occasion a colleague of <mask>'s
 Rafael de Nogales Méndez (1879–1937), Venezuelan officer who served in the Ottoman Army and was compared to <mask>
 Suleiman Mousa (1919–2008), Jordanian historian who wrote about <mask>
 Oskar von Niedermayer (1885–1948), German officer, professor and spy, sometimes referred to as the German <mask>
 Max von Oppenheim (1860–1946), German-Jewish lawyer, diplomat and archaeologist. <mask> called his travelogue "the best book on the [Middle East] area I know". Wilhelm Wassmuss (1880–1931), German diplomat and spy, known as "Wassmuss of Persia" and compared to <mask>

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Digital collections

T. E<mask>'s Original Letters on Palestine Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Works by T. E. <mask> at Wikilivres

Physical collections
T. E<mask>'s Collection at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center
"Creating History: <mask> and <mask> of Arabia" online history exhibit at Clio Visualizing History. Europeana Collections 1914–1918 makes 425,000 World War I items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts, photographs and diaries by or relating to Lawrence
T. E. Lawrence's Personal Manuscripts and Letters

News and analysis
The Guardian 19 May 1935 – The death of Lawrence of Arabia
The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero
T. E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia article by O'Brien Browne
Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff

Documentaries
Footage of Lawrence of Arabia with publisher FN Doubleday and at a picnic
Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World, directed by James Hawes. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)

Societies
T. E. Lawrence Studies, built by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson (no longer maintained)
The T. E. Lawrence Society

1888 births
1935 deaths
20th-century archaeologists
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Arab Bureau officers
Arab Revolt
British archaeologists
British Army General List officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British guerrillas
British people of Irish descent
Castellologists
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
French–English translators
Greek–English translators
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Motorcycle road incident deaths
People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys
People from Caernarfonshire
People of Anglo-Irish descent
Road incident deaths in England
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Royal Tank Regiment soldiers
Welsh people of Irish descent
Translators of

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title: Futoshi Matsunaga

texts:
is a Japanese serial killer who both defrauded and tortured his victims in what is collectively known as the Kitakyūshū Serial Murder Incident (). <mask> was convicted of six counts of murder and one count of manslaughter between 1996 and 1998 and sentenced to death. He murdered his victims with an accomplice, Junko Ogata, who received a life sentence. <mask>'s crimes were so atrocious that most Japanese media were not willing to report the details. The Japan Times reported that prosecutors said the case is without comparison in the criminal history of Japan. Several writers, including Ryūzō Saki, published the details of the crimes. Early life

<mask> was born in Kokurakita Ward of the city of Kitakyūshū in Fukuoka Prefecture, and grew up in Yanagawa.Matsunaga received good grades in school and had a charming personality, but tended to exhibit disciplinary problems. He was transferred to another high school after engaging in a relationship with a junior high school girl. He married at 19 and had a son. Despite being married, Matsunaga was involved with at least ten mistresses. In October 1982, during his marriage, he became involved with Junko Ogata, one of his former schoolmates from Yanagawa. In 1984, Matsunaga promised to marry Junko, but her mother, Shizumi Ogata, did not approve of the relationship because of Matsunaga's abuse of her daughter. Matsunaga raped Shizumi as a result.In 1985, Matsunaga convinced Junko that her family hated her because of a suicide attempt and persuaded her to move in with him. That same year, <mask> also purchased a building in which he could operate a futon business. Afterwards, he began to electrically shock employees on the third floor. Matsunaga would sometimes suddenly shout towards other men, saying things like, "There is a spirit behind you! It is sucking away your fortune!" He also made references to religious terms like saṃsāra and kami. By 1992, Matsunaga had stolen 180 million yen (about US$2.2 million) through fraud or blackmail.He and Junko evaded police capture and were put on Japan's most wanted list. Murders
<mask> lived in a condominium in Kokurakita-ku. His first victim was a married woman with three children. In April 1993, he convinced her to leave her husband and run away with him, telling the woman that Junko was his sister. One of her children died under mysterious circumstances in September 1993. Her two other children went to live with their father and grandfather the following month. During their relationship, Matsunaga defrauded the woman for 11.8 million yen (about US$145,510).She died mysteriously in March 1994, and the police were unable to prove that Matsunaga had killed the woman or her child. Later that year, Matsunaga began victimizing Kumio Toraya and his daughter. Kumio had previously confided to <mask> about his previous criminal history; Matsunaga used this information to blackmail Kumio. Kumio and his daughter were held captive in <mask>'s apartment, where Matsunaga tortured him with electric shocks, forced him to eat his own feces, and forced his daughter to bite her father. Kumio died as a result of this abuse on February 26, 1996. Matsunaga convinced Kumio's daughter that she had murdered her father. He told Junko and the girl to dispose of the remains, which were thrown into the sea near the Kunisaki Peninsula after being pulverized.Soon after, Matsunaga found another target in a female acquaintance of Kumio. He convinced the woman that he was a graduate of Kyoto University and promised to marry her. Instead, he defrauded her of 5.6 million yen (about US$69,066). As before, the woman and her daughter were confined to Matsunaga's apartment. The woman escaped by jumping from the second floor in March 1997. She was put into the care of a mental hospital and her daughter was released. The following month, Junko left for work and did not return.Matsunaga contacted her family, threatening them and blackmailing Shizumi over the 1985 rape. <mask> then faked his own suicide, prompting Junko to return, whereupon she was subjected to continued abuse. He also raped Junko's married sister, Rieko. Junko's family gave 63 million yen (about US$777,116) to Matsunaga, after which he held them captive and psychologically controlled them in ways similar to the methods of cult-leader Shoko Asahara. On December 21, 1997, Matsunaga coerced Junko to shock her 61-year-old father, Takashige, to the point of death. When Shizumi's mental state began to deteriorate, Matsunaga commanded Rieko and her husband, Kazuya, to strangle her on January 20, 1998. Several weeks later, he commanded Kazuya to strangle Rieko while their 10-year-old daughter, Aya, held her down.Matsunaga and Junko then confined Kazuya to a bathroom, where he starved to death on April 13, 1998. Matsunaga then forced Junko and Aya to kill Rieko's 5-year-old son, Yuki. During the trial, Kumio's daughter testified that <mask> and Junko had tortured Aya with electricity. Junko's testimony differed, saying the girl's recollections might have been inaccurate because of guilty feelings about committing her first murder. Kumio's daughter strangled Aya on June 7, 1998. <mask> and Junko dismembered and boiled their victims' remains in pots, then finally disposed of them in washrooms or into the sea. Matsunaga blamed the murders on Junko, who, with their two children, were the only survivors in her family.In July 2000, Matsunaga convinced another woman to go away with him, lured by the prospect of marriage. In August 2001, she gave her twin children to him and Junko. <mask> and Junko then convinced the woman to give them 20 million yen (about US$246,580), telling her that they would need the money to bring up her children. Arrest and trial
Kumio's daughter, who was being held captive, escaped from Matsunaga on January 30, 2002, but Matsunaga found the girl on February 15 and took her back into captivity. He then tortured the girl with electric shocks. On March 6, the girl escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old.The police arrested <mask> and Junko the next day when they tried to retrieve the girl. The twins and the couple's two children were taken into police protection. The media initially reported only that <mask> and Junko had held their victims captive, similar to the case of Fusako Sano, until details of the couple's murders emerged. The pair were charged with Aya's murder on September 18, 2002; Takashige's murder on October 12, 2002; Shizumi's murder on December 6, 2002; Yuki's murder on January 11, 2003; Kumio's murder on February 3, 2003; Rieko's murder on February 25, 2003; and Kazuya's murder on May 30, 2003. No murder charges were brought against Kumio's daughter. Junko calmly confessed to her part in the murders, but <mask> insisted that the women had fabricated their stories about him. Police never recovered any human remains and found no physical evidence, so they relied primarily upon the testimonies of Kumio's and Junko's daughters during the investigation.On September 28, 2005, a district court in Fukuoka sentenced <mask> and Junko to die by hanging. The court tried six cases, but considered that they had not killed Takashige directly, but had only injured him by electric shocks which later resulted in his death. The pair appealed the verdict. On September 26, 2007, the Fukuoka High Court upheld <mask>'s original sentence, but Junko's sentence was changed from death to life imprisonment because <mask> had exerted control over Junko to force her to kill the victims. Victims
  – The girl's father, 35 year-old, his daughter escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old. – Junko's father, 61 year-old
  – Junko's mother, 58 year-old
  – Junko's sister, 33 year-old
  – Rieko's husband, 38 year-old
  – Junko's nephew, 5 year-old
  – Junko's niece, 10 year-old

In film
In 2019, Sion Sono announced the making of his project The Forest of Love, which is based on Matsunaga's crimes.It was released by Netflix on October 11, 2019. See also
Milgram experiment – experiment using electric shocks
Murder of Junko Furuta – another high-profile torture murder in Japan
Capital punishment in Japan
List of serial killers by country

Further reading
Ryūzō Saki (2005)  (Naze kazoku wa koroshiatta noka, translation; Why did the family kill each other?)

masks:
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Futoshi Matsunaga
Matsunaga
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title: Jamaaladeen Tacuma

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<mask> (born Rudy McDaniel; June 11, 1956) is an American free jazz bassist born in Hempstead, New York. He was a bandleader on the Gramavision label and worked with Ornette Coleman during the 1970s and 1980s, mostly in Coleman's Prime Time band. Tacuma showcased a unique style of avant-garde jazz on Coleman's 1982 album Of Human Feelings, and became widely viewed as one of the most distinctive bassists since Jaco Pastorius. He formed his own group, and recorded albums that incorporated commercially accessible melodies while retaining Prime Time's elaborate harmonies. Biography
<mask>, raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, showed interest in music at a young age, performing with the organist Charles Earland in his teens. Through Earland, <mask> came to know the record producer Reggie Lucas, who introduced <mask> to Ornette Coleman in 1975 at age 19. As the electric bassist for Coleman's funky harmolodic Prime Time group, <mask> rose to prominence quickly; guitarist Bern Nix was another band member.While with Prime Time, <mask> relied mostly on traditional technique, picking with his fingers. His later work revealed a master improviser and showcased a more rhythmic, thumb-slapping funk approach. The first three Prime Time recordings (Dancing in Your Head, Body Meta, and Of Human Feelings, all recorded in the late 1970s) feature <mask>'s work on a Rickenbacker bass, a model popular among progressive rock musicians, but rarely used on jazz recordings. He switched to a Steinberger bass in the 1980s, an instrument that helped him create his readily identifiable sound. <mask>'s work with Prime Time landed him his most high-profile gig to date: an appearance with the band on Saturday Night Live on April 14, 1979, which <mask> later cited in Musician magazine as his "best live performance ever". Besides the work with such musicians as James "Blood" Ulmer, Walt Dickerson, Chuck Hammer, and David Murray, he collaborated with the upcoming artists of the New York Downtown scene like Kip Hanrahan, David Moss, Bill Laswell and Anton Fier (The Golden Palominos, 1983) that further heightened his reputation. <mask>'s first solo album, Show Stopper, came in 1983 on the Gramavision label; the album grew out of the jazz-funk style he developed in his work with Coleman.His other works as leader at Gramavision followed that formula. In the 1980s, he started to perform in a relatively straightforward funk/R&B setting with his group Cosmetic. He was frequently featured in music magazines thanks to his aggressive, driving playing style and his angular fashion sense. In 1981, <mask> received the highest number of votes ever for an electric bassist in the "talent deserving wider recognition" category of the DownBeat magazine critics poll. Since the early 1990s, he has remained active but has maintained a lower profile. He has made numerous solo and collaborative recordings, including several CDs of duets with saxophonist Wolfgang Puschnig. AllMusic cited Mirakle, a recording that features <mask>, drummer Grant Calvin Weston, and guitarist Derek Bailey as one of the "most important recordings of year 2000."In 2006, he returned to the jazz spotlight with an appearance on the World Saxophone Quartet's Political Blues. In 2007, he joined with Weston and guitarist Vernon Reid (known for his work in Living Colour and with Ronald Shannon Jackson) to form the power trio Free Form Funky Freqs. He has also recorded two albums with Basso Nouveau, a group that features multiple bassists playing together on a variety of instruments, including electric bass, upright bass and acoustic bass guitar, and that also includes bassist Gerald Veasley. He has received the following awards and fellowships : "Parallel Culture" Award 2009, Marcus Garvey Foundation 50th Anniversary Award 2011,  The Pew Fellowship in the Arts 2011 and The Uptown Theater Hall of Fame Award in 2014, Gerald Veasely's Bass Boot Camp "Living The Dream Award - 2016, The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz Best Bassist 2017. He has received The MacDowell Colony 2011, Headlands Center for the Arts 2012 and Civitella Ranieri 2014 residency fellowship. In 2017 he received The Philadelphia Club Club of Jazz Best Bassist Award, in 2018 he received the City of Philadelphia's Benny Golson Award, The Benny Golson Award includes a City proclamation and the Liberty Bell award - one of the highest honors from the City of Philadelphia . Since 2015, Tacuma presents the annual Outsiders Improvised & Creative Music Festival in Philadelphia and continues to tour, produce and record worldwide.

masks:
Jamaaladeen Tacuma
Tacuma
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Jamaaladeen
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title: John George Alexander Leishman

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<mask> (March 28, 1857 – March 27, 1924) was an American businessman and diplomat. He worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company and later served as an ambassador for the United States. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 28, 1857. He was the only son of Scots-Irish immigrants <mask><mask> (1827–1857) and Amelia Henderson (1832–1905). His father drowned in the Allegheny River the same year in which he was born. Leishman began a lifetime of work at age ten, as an assistant for a Pittsburgh physician. Over the next seventeen years, Leishman would rise to become a trusted confidant of both Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie.Career
Prior to his entry into the Carnegie service, <mask>man had been in the service of Shoenberger Steel Company, as what was termed a "mud clerk". Mud clerks were the steel industry's representatives on the river wharf, responsible for tracking the shipping of goods: the arrival of raw materials and the departure of finished products. To guarantee efficiency and success, mud clerks lived 24 hours a day in small sheds on the riverbank. This work led first to an unsuccessful venture as an independent steel broker and then a successful partnership with his friend and colleague from Shoenberger Steel, William Penn Snyder. As senior partner in Leishman and Snyder, Leishman caught the attention of Andrew Carnegie, who convinced Leishman to enter Carnegie's service on October 1, 1884, as Special Sales Agent. Carnegie saw more than a little of himself in the younger man; throughout his life, Carnegie continued to think of Leishman as one of his "boys" and included Leishman in the official "History of the Carnegie Veterans Association". Leishman occupied the following positions: Vice Chairman, Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd.; Vice President and Treasurer, Carnegie Steel Company and President, Carnegie Steel Company.The Leishmans' social and business connections provided entrée into an extraordinarily exclusive circle of sixty-odd families, called the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. It was conceived as an idyllic summer colony, bought and developed by Henry Clay Frick in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, a short, convenient train ride away from the smoke and soot of Pittsburgh's industry. To create the summer colony, an abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad earthen dam was rebuilt and increased in size to create a mountaintop reservoir for pleasure boating, which was named Lake Conemaugh. Among the Club's members were Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon. The Club's earthen dam failed on May 31, 1889, contributing to the Johnstown Flood disaster. Many of the Pittsburgh members of the Club were hastily assembled in an ad hoc meeting and formed "The Pittsburgh Relief Committee." Two decisions were made at that meeting.One was to make immediate, generous and tangible gifts to help the flood relief efforts. The other was a pledge never to speak of the Club or the Flood in public or in private. All litigation was handled by attorneys Philander Knox and his partner James Hay Reed, of the firm Knox and Reed (now Reed Smith LLP), both of whom were themselves South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members. On July 23, 1892, <mask>, a self-proclaimed anarchist, sought to destroy Henry Clay Frick, the man Berkman blamed for the carnage of the Homestead steel strike in the preceding weeks. Armed with a pistol and a sharpened rat-tailed file, Berkman gained easy access to the headquarters of Carnegie Steel and found his way into the second floor private office of the chairman, 43-year-old Henry Clay Frick. Berkman forced his way into Frick's private office on the heels of a porter who had taken in his card. He opened fire, and Frick fell to the ground with three bullets in his body.Berkman was fended off by <mask>, Frick's second in command, who was in Frick's office at the time. Amid the growing rancor between Frick and Carnegie, Leishman attempted to steer a middle course. This was thwarted when Frick engaged a stratagem to orchestrate the ouster of the man who had saved his life from the presidency of Carnegie Steel, and his removal from the Western Pennsylvanian business scene. Frick alerted Carnegie to Leishman's speculation in the stock market, a practice that Carnegie engaged in freely, but abhorred in his subordinates. Frick worked behind the scenes, with Philander Knox to see that Leishman would be offered the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Diplomatic career

Under pressure from both men, Leishman withdrew from Carnegie service in June 1897, to accept the appointment by President William McKinley as United States Ambassador to Switzerland. Thereafter, Leishman became United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire in 1900 (raised to Ambassador in 1906) , United States Ambassador to Italy in 1909 and United States Ambassador to Germany in 1911.Years later, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick used a similar scheme to arrange the removal of James Hazen Hyde (the founder's only son and heir) from the United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become United States Ambassador to France. Unlike Leishman a decade before, Hyde rebuffed the offer. However, he did go to live in France, where he met and eventually married Leishman's eldest daughter, Marthe. While serving in the Ottoman Empire, Leishman was instrumental in effecting the safe release of missionary Miss Ellen Stone as well as bringing about the purchase of the first overseas property to serve as a United States embassy, the Palazzo Corpi. He also distinguished himself for diplomatic tact and dexterity in his negotiations with the Ottomans for full rights for American citizens and schools in that country, and in his pressing with equal success his insistence that the American minister should have access to the Sultan. His office was elevated to the rank of Extraordinary Ambassador and Plenipotentiary in 1906. While serving in Italy, Leishman purchased the much beloved and often reproduced painting called the Madonna of the Streets.The painting's current whereabouts is not known. Personal life
On September 9, 1880, at Homewood Chapel, Leishman married Julia Crawford (1864–1918), the daughter of Edward Crawford and Nancy Harriet (née Ferguson) Crawford of Pittsburgh. They were the parents of three children:

 <mask> (1882–1944), who later styled herself Marthe, married first Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron on June 27, 1904. In Switzerland in 1898 she was painted by the Swiss-born American portrait painter Adolfo Müller-Ury. As the Countess de Gontaut-Biron, Marthe was a society hostess and couturier Coco Chanel's first aristocratic client. Marthe was a favorite of <mask> and a close personal friend of Mr. and Mrs. Cole Porter and Francis Poulenc. After the death of her husband in 1907, she married James Hazen Hyde in Paris on November 25, 1913.Hyde was the only son and heir of Henry Baldwin Hyde and the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company fortune. Their son was Henry Baldwin Hyde of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II. Nancy Louise <mask> (1894–1983), who married Karl Rudolf, 13th Duke of Croÿ (1899–1974), amid extensive newspaper coverage in Europe and the United States of a notoriety not to be surpassed until the romance between Wallis Simpson and Edward VIII, because Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to give his official permission for their marriage; Nancy, being a commoner and an American, was not considered a good match for the prince who ranked among the highest nobility of titled Europeans. Karl's aunt, the formidable Princess Isabella of Croÿ, wife of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen, was chief among the European nobility who vehemently protested the match. Nancy married secondly to Andreas d'Oldenberg, the Danish Ambassador to France. <mask>. A<mask> Jr. (1887–1942), who married to New York socialite Elizabeth Helene Demarest, daughter of Warren G. Demarest. They divorced and she remarried to Lord Alastair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (son of the Duke of Sutherland), becoming the mother of Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland.Leishman's daughters made European marriages that were much talked of at the time. The American press considered these notably brilliant matches even among the many monied American young ladies (those "lovely trans-Atlantic invaders" as Edith Wharton called them) who found suitable titled European husbands in the pre-World War I marriage market. However, some titled Europeans felt that the Leishman girls had wed above their social station. While serving abroad, the Leishmans were often in Paris, at Deauville, Monte Carlo, or in the Swiss or Italian lakes, always a part of a glittering circle of celebrated American and European friends. <mask> was instrumental in forming and serving as the first president of the Paris Skating Club; among her intimate friends who shared in this Paris innovation was the Baroness Henri de Rothschild. Later life
As a result of the impasse between himself and Kaiser Wilhelm II which was created by his daughter Nancy's marriage to Karl von Croy, Leishman left Berlin and retired to private life in 1914. His wife Julia died in 1918 in Monte Carlo.He died on March 27, 1924 in Monte Carlo. They are buried in the Cimetière de Monaco. References

External links

1857 births
1924 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
19th-century American diplomats
20th-century American diplomats

masks:
John George Alexander Leishman
John George Alexander Leishman
John B
. Leishman
John Leish
Alexander Berkman
Leishman
Martha Leishman
George V
Leishman
John G
. Leishman
Julia Leishman


title: Joseph Plunkett

texts:
<mask>  (Irish: Seosamh Máire Pluincéid; 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. <mask> married Grace Gifford in 1916, seven hours before his execution. <mask> was born at 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street in one of Dublin's most affluent districts. Both his parents came from wealthy backgrounds, and his father, <mask>, had been made a papal count. <mask> contracted tuberculosis (TB) at a young age and spent part of his youth in the warmer climates of the Mediterranean and North Africa. He spent time in Algiers where he studied Arabic literature and language and composed poetry in Arabic. He was educated at the Catholic University School (CUS) and by the Jesuits at Belvedere College in Dublin and later at Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, England where he acquired some military knowledge from the Officers' Training Corps.Throughout his life, <mask> took an active interest in Irish heritage and the Irish language, and also studied Esperanto. <mask> was one of the founders of the Irish Esperanto League. He joined the Gaelic League and began studying with Thomas MacDonagh, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. The two were both poets with an interest in theatre, and both were early members of the Irish Volunteers, joining their provisional committee. <mask>'s interest in Irish nationalism spread throughout his family, notably to his younger brothers George and John, as well as his father, who allowed his property in Kimmage, south Dublin, to be used as a training camp for young men who wished to escape conscription in Britain during the First World War. IRB involvement

Sometime in 1915, <mask> joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and soon after was sent to Germany to meet with Roger Casement, who was negotiating with the German government on behalf of Ireland. Casement's role as emissary was self-appointed, and, as he was not a member of the IRB, that organisation's leadership wished to have one of their own contact Germany to negotiate German aid for an uprising the following year.He was seeking (but not limiting himself to) a shipment of arms. Casement, on the other hand, spent most of his energies recruiting Irish prisoners of war in Germany to form a brigade to fight instead for Ireland. Some nationalists in Ireland saw this as a fruitless endeavour and preferred to seek weapons. <mask> successfully got a promise of a German arms shipment to coincide with the Rising. According to Ernest Blythe, <mask>'s republicanism did not prevent him from suggesting, at a briefing of Irish Volunteer organisers in January 1915, that in certain circumstances it would be in Irish interests for a German Catholic prince to be crowned king of Ireland, nor did anyone present object. During the Easter Rising, <mask> and Patrick Pearse argued in a conversation with Desmond Fitzgerald that it would be beneficial for Prince Joachim of Prussia to be crowned king. Easter Rising
<mask> was one of the original members of the IRB Military Committee that was responsible for planning the Easter Rising, and it was largely his plan that was followed.Shortly before the rising was to begin, <mask> was hospitalised following a turn for the worse in his health. He had an operation on his neck glands (probably goiter) days before Easter and had to struggle out of bed to take part in what was to follow. Still bandaged, he took his place in the General Post Office with several other of the rising's leaders such as Patrick Pearse and Tom Clarke, though his health prevented him from being terribly active. His energetic aide de camp was Michael Collins. Marriage and execution
Following the surrender, <mask> was held in Kilmainham Gaol, and faced a court martial. Seven hours before his execution by firing squad at the age of 28, he was married in the prison chapel to his sweetheart Grace Gifford, a Protestant convert to Catholicism, whose sister, Muriel, had married his best friend Thomas MacDonagh, who was also executed for his role in the Easter Rising. Grace never married again.Aftermath

His brothers George Oliver <mask> and <mask> joined him in the Easter Rising and later became important IRA men. His father's cousin, <mask>, was a Protestant and unionist who sought to reconcile unionists and nationalists. <mask>'s home was burned down by the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Civil War. <mask> named his sister, Geraldine, literary executor of his will. She published a volume of his poetry a month after his execution in June 1916. The main railway station in Waterford City is named after him as was <mask> Tower in Ballymun which has since been demolished. Plunkett barracks in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also named after him.In popular culture
The Irish ballad "Grace", written by Seán and Frank O'Meara, is a monologue of <mask> expressing his love to Grace and his love for the cause of Irish independence in the small hours before his execution. The ballad has been notably covered by
Jim McCann. He is also mentioned in the Irish rebel song “Seán South of Garryowen”. His religious poem "I See His Blood upon the Rose" is well-known in Ireland. References

Further reading
 Augusteijn, Joost (ed. ), The Irish Revolution 1913-1923 (Basingstoke 2002)
 Boyce, George D., Nationalism in Ireland (London 1982)
 Kee, Robert, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London 1972)
 Kelly, Matthew, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism 1882-1916 (Woodbridge 2006)
 Mansergh, Nicholas, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing (New Haven and London 1991)
 Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 (London 1967)
 Novick, Ben, Concerning Revolution: Irish Nationalist Propaganda during the First World War (Dublin 2001)
 O Brolchain, Honor, <mask> (Dublin 2012)
 <mask> Dillon, Geraldine (edited Honor O Brolchain): All in the Blood (A. & A. Farmar)
 Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London 2005)

External links

Grace – By Seán and Frank O' Meara
The Poems of <mask> <mask> (1916)

1887 births
1916 deaths
20th-century poets
Executed participants in the Easter Rising
Executed writers
Irish Catholic poets
Irish Esperantists
Irish nationalists
Irish poets
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
People educated at Belvedere College
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People from County Dublin
Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic
People educated at Catholic University School

masks:
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Background Plunkett
George Noble Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Jack Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Mary
Plunkett


title: Clara Rockmore

texts:
<mask> (9 March 1911 – 10 May 1998) was a Lithuanian classical violin prodigy and a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument. She was the sister of pianist Nadia Reisenberg. Life and career

Early years

<mask> was born in Vilnius, then in the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian Jews. She had two elder sisters, Anna and Nadia. Early in her childhood she emerged as a violin prodigy. At the age of four, she became the youngest ever student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where she studied under the prominent violinist Leopold Auer. After the October Revolution the family moved back to Vilnius, and then to Warsaw, before obtaining visas and leaving for the United States in 1921.In America, <mask> enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music. As a teenager, tendinitis affected her bow arm, attributed to childhood malnutrition, and resulted in her giving up the violin. However, after meeting fellow immigrant Léon Theremin and being introduced to his electronic instrument, the theremin, she became its most prominent player. She performed widely and helped Theremin to refine his instrument. Career
<mask> made orchestral appearances in New York and Philadelphia and went on coast-to-coast tours with Paul Robeson, but it was not until 1977 that she released a commercial recording called The Art of the Theremin. The album, which was produced by Bob Moog and Shirleigh Moog, featured <mask>'s theremin playing with piano accompaniment by her sister Nadia. <mask>’s approach to theremin playing emphasized physical and emotional control.As she described it herself in an interview: "You must not only hit a note, but you must hit the center of it. You cannot register any of your internal emotion at all. You cannot shake your head, for instance, or sway back and forth on your feet. That would change your tone." Personal life and death
Although Léon Theremin had proposed to her once, she married attorney <mask>, and thereafter used his name professionally. They had no children. She died in New York City on May 10, 1998, aged 87.Although her health had been in rapid decline for almost a year, she declared her determination to live to see the birth of her great-grandniece, who was born just two days before her death. Contributions to the theremin
<mask>'s classical training gave her an advantage over the many other theremin performers of the time. The intonation control she acquired as a violinist and her innate absolute pitch were both helpful in playing the instrument. She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She developed a unique technique for playing the instrument, including a fingering system that allowed her to perform accurately fast passages and large note leaps without the more familiar portamento, or glide, on theremin. She also discovered that she could achieve a steadier tone and control the vibrato by keeping the tips of her right-hand thumb and forefinger in contact. Developmental influence
<mask> saw limitations of the original instrument and helped to develop the theremin to fulfill her needs.Working together with Léon Theremin her suggestions and changes included increasing the sensitivity of the theremin's volume control to facilitate rapid staccato, lowering the profile of the instrument so the performer is more visible, increasing the sensitivity of the pitch antenna, and increasing range from three octaves to five. Public influence
By the time Rockmore was playing large scale public concerts, such as New York City's Town Hall in 1938, she was becoming increasingly known for impressing critics with her artistry of the theremin during a time in which much of the general public had come to rather negative conclusions of what was possible on the instrument. These performances with world class orchestras were also critical in establishing “electronic and experimental music as a viable art form in the public imagination.”

<mask> owned an RCA theremin given to her and substantially modified by Theremin. Through his modifications, the instrument's normal 5 to 5.5 octave playable range was expanded by 1.5 octaves. Theremin made several other customizations including improvements to tonal quality and its responsiveness to hand movements. The tubes are also customized and labeled in Theremin's own writing. This instrument was later restored by Robert Moog in October 1998; it can be viewed at the <mask>more exhibit in the Artist's Gallery of the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix, Arizona and is on long-term loan to the museum by Peter Sherman of the Reisenberg family.Albums
 The Art of the Theremin (1977)
 <mask>'s Lost Theremin Album (2006)
Music in and on the air. (2011) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (2020) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (Bonus Album) (2020) Romeo Records. Film and video

In popular culture
The Irish electropop band The Garland Cult included the song "<mask>more" on their 2007 album Protect Yourself from Hollywood. Sean Michaels' novel Us Conductors, the winner of the 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize, is a fictionalized account of the relationship between <mask> and Léon Theremin. <mask> was the subject of a Google Doodle on March 9, 2016, which would have been her 105th birthday.In Bill & Ted Face the Music, Bill's daughter Thea compliments Ted's theremin playing at Missy's wedding, saying that it rivaled <mask>. Ted admits she was an inspiration for him. See also
Electronic musical instrument
Léon Theremin
Synthesizer

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 The Official Nadia Reisenberg Clara Rockmore Foundation Website
 The <mask> papers at Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland
 In <mask>'s Words – An interview <mask> gave to Bob Moog in 1977. In <mask>’s Home – Her Last Years, and the Summer of 1997 – An essay, written by Steve J. Sherman, <mask>'s great-nephew and Nadia Reisenberg's grandson, providing an in-depth account of <mask>’s life during her last decade, up until her death in 1998. A MySpace page devoted to <mask>
 Nadia Reisenberg / Clara Rockmore Foundation
 Streamable NPR "All Songs Considered" show featuring 'Summertime' performed by <mask>
 <mask>. La diva del éter (Spanish bio by Audionautas)
 Clara Rockmore's Lost Theremin Album, notes on sources and production

1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American musicians
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Jewish musicians
Lithuanian electronic musicians
Lithuanian Jews
Musicians from New York City
People from Vilensky Uyezd
Musicians from Vilnius
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Theremin players
Women in electronic music

masks:
Clara Reisenberg Rockmore
Clara Reisenberg
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Robert Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rock
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rock
Rockmore
Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore


title: C. S. Fly

texts:
<mask>Buck<mask> (May 2, 1849 – October 12, 1901) was an Old West photographer who is regarded by some as an early photojournalist and who captured the only known images of Native Americans while still at war with the United States. He took many other pictures of life in the silver-mining boom town of Tombstone, Arizona and the surrounding region. He recognized the value of his photographs to illustrate periodicals of the day and took his camera to the scenes of important events where he deliberately recorded them and resold pictures to editors nationwide. He was an eyewitness on October 26, 1881 to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, which took place outside his photography studio. He took pictures of a number of Tombstone residents including Tombstone founder <mask>lin, pioneer surgeon Dr. George E. Goodfellow, Wyatt Earp's wife Josephine, and others. He served as Cochise County Sheriff from 1895 to 1897.Most of his negatives were destroyed by two fires that burned his studio to the ground. His widow, photographer Mary E. "Mollie<mask>, donated his remaining images to the Smithsonian Museum before she died in 1925. His photographs are legendary and highly prized. Early life
His parents were originally from Andrew County, Missouri. Shortly after Camillus' birth, his family migrated to California, eventually settling in Napa County. He became a farmer and on September 29, 1879, he married Mary ("Mollie") (née McKie) Goodrich in San Francisco. Both were skillful photographers.She had previously been married to <mask>. Goodrich but divorced him after two years of marriage. They left California and arrived in the booming mining town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory in December 1879. Life in Tombstone

In Tombstone they immediately opened a temporary photography studio inside of a tent. In July, 1880, they completed construction on a 12-room boarding house at 312 Fremont Street in Tombstone that housed their photography studio and gallery in the back, called the "Fly Gallery". Mollie <mask> actively managed Fly's Gallery when her husband was away. She was one of the few female photographers of the era, taking pictures of anyone who could pay the studio price of 35 cents. It's unknown how they divided photographic duties between them, although all known photographs are attributed to him.<mask> had a brother Webster who was also a photographer. Webster lived with Buck and Mary from June 4 1880 through to at least June 1882. In June 1880, <mask> partnered with C. A. Halstead in a studio at the Harshaw mining camp near the Mexican border. Veteran journalist Thomas Gardiner, publisher of The Arizona Quarterly Illustrated, was seeking contributions and welcomed <mask>'s photographs. The premier July 1880 issue featured two of <mask>'s photographs as engravings. On October 26, 1881, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurred in an alley adjacent to his studio and boarding house.During the shootout, Ike <mask> ran away from the gunfight, telling Wyatt Earp that he was unarmed, and hid in their studio. <mask>, armed with a Henry rifle, disarmed <mask> as he lay dying against the house next door. On November 6, 1894, <mask> was elected Cochise County sheriff, and served until January 1897. <mask> and Mollie temporarily raised a girl named Kitty, though it's not known whether she was adopted or was from another relationship. Mollie ran the boarding house and studio while her husband traveled around the region taking photographs. Pictures of Geronimo

In March, 1886, Department of Arizona General <mask> received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would meet him in Cañon de los Embudos, in the Sierra Madre Mountains about  from Fort Bowie. <mask> learned of the meeting and on March 20, 1886, took his equipment and attached himself to the military column.During the three days of negotiations, <mask> took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inch glass negatives. One of the pictures of Geronimo with two of his sons standing alongside was made at Geronimo's request. <mask>'s images are the only existing photographs of Geronimo's surrender. He coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. John Bourke described how <mask> took the historic photographs:

The Mayor of Tucson, C. M<mask>, was present. He later wrote that:

Geronimo, who was camped on the Mexican side of the border, agreed to the surrender terms. A soldier who sold them whiskey said that his band would be murdered as soon as they crossed the border.Geronimo and 25 of his followers slipped away during the night, costing <mask> his command. Earthquake study

<mask> became a heavy drinker and Molly briefly left him in Tombstone in 1887, taking Kitty with her to Florence. On May 3, 1887, a large earthquake struck Bavispe in Sonora, Mexico, destroying most of the adobe houses in Bavispe and killing 42 of the town's 700 residents. Tombstone Dr. George E. Goodfellow was fascinated by the earth movement and studied the earthquake's effects. He obtained a commission from the U.S. government to travel to the earthquake area, and on his second trip in July 1887 he brought C.S. <mask> with him to help study and record the effects. They traveled over  through the Sierra Madre mountains recording observations, mostly on foot.Goodfellow used <mask>'s images of the effects of the earthquake, the damaged and ruined buildings, and survivors to illustrate his report. As the Tombstone mines played out or flooded, <mask> traveled to Fort Huachuca and Bisbee to take photographs of soldiers on their payday. On December 17, 1887 he toured Arizona with his camera and photographs. When the Tombstone economy further deteriorated, <mask> made extended trips to Bisbee and Phoenix where he operated temporary studios. The Tombstone Epitaph noted his departure: "Mr. C.S<mask>, the well known photographer, leaves today for Florence, Phoenix and other points in the Territory … During his absence, Mrs. <mask> also an accomplished photographic artist, will conduct the gallery in this city as usual."In November, 1893, they moved to Phoenix and opened a studio there. When the business failed, <mask> returned to Tombstone in 1894, and <mask> accepted the Democratic nomination for Sheriff. Role as photojournalist

More than a century before the idea of photojournalism was born, <mask> apparently recognized the value of his images as illustrations and furnished high-quality prints to editors of journals, magazines, and newspapers. He sent 16 of his photographs of Geronimo and his Apache band to the popular publication Harper's Weekly, which published six of them in their April 24, 1886 issue, giving <mask> nationwide exposure. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26th, are only the known photographs taken of an American Indian while still at war with the United States. Unlike most of his contemporaries, he wasn't content to remain in his portrait studio, and took his camera to the scenes of important events, where he deliberately recorded them as candidly as his limited technology allowed. <mask> capitalized on the popularity of the images and hired assistants to fill orders for 50 cents each, or $4.00 per dozen.<mask> gained national attention again in 1888 when Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published four more of his images taken during his trip to Mexico with Goodfellow. In 1891, <mask>'s Sons of New York published On the Border with <mask> by Captain John G. Bourke, who had accompanied <mask> on the expedition. It included the image of Geronimo's warriors lined up on a hill, but using the new halftone process, the first time a <mask> photograph was printed using this technique. Though his drinking was becoming more and more heavy, he was elected as the Cochise County Sheriff in 1894 and served for two years. He chose not to run for Sheriff a second time in 1896. The town of Tombstone continued to suffer from a poor economy and he and Mollie relocated to the more prosperous industrial copper mining town of Bisbee. He produced pictures to illustrate the Copper King Mining Company's brochure in 1898.In 1900, the Arizona Graphic press printed Souvenir of Bisbee, the first tourist brochure for Bisbee, including pictures by <mask>. The first image was <mask>'s picture of miner George Warren, the "discoverer of the Copper Queen Mine." Famous photographs

Death

<mask> ran a ranch in the Chiricahua Mountains for a period. Though <mask> and his wife had been separated for years, she was at his bedside when he died at Bisbee on October 12, 1901. She made arrangements to have his body returned to Tombstone, where it was buried in the new Tombstone Cemetery. <mask>'s Peak, the second highest named summit of the Chiricahua Mountains, is named in his honor. <mask> continues business
<mask> continued to run the Tombstone gallery on her own after her husband's death and in 1905, she published a collection of her husband's Indian campaign photographs entitled Scenes in Geronimo's Camp: The Apache Outlaw and Murderer.<mask>, a young girl who the Flys cared for after her parents died, described Mollie as "about five feet of pure dignity, very plainly dressed, but in manner Queen Victoria had nothing on her." In 1912, the boarding house burned to the ground for the second time. A replica has since been built. The fire prompted Mary to retire and she moved to Los Angeles. Before she died, she donated her husband's collection of images to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. She died in 1925. In popular culture

His images are very collectible and command premium prices today. A cabinet card of the image "Geronimo, Son, and Two Braves" was auctioned by the Heritage Auction Galleries in Dallas, Texas for $10,157.50 in 2010.A 6-5/8" x 9-1/2" albumen print photograph of "Geronimo and his warriors", taken in 1886, sold at auction on April 14, 2014 for $1,375. C.S. Fly appears in Elmore Leonard's western novel Gunsights (1979). References

Further reading
 "Ask the Marshall" in True West Magazine January/February 2009 issue, page 94

External links
 Article on C.S. Fly by Kathy Weiser
 1886 Geronimo photos at the Library of Congress
 Legendsofamerica.com
 Library.umkc.edu

1849 births
1901 deaths
People from Andrew County, Missouri
People from Tombstone, Arizona
Lawmen of the American Old West
Chiricahua Mountains
Cochise County conflict
People of the American Old West
Arizona pioneers

masks:
Camillus "
" Sydney Fly
Ed Schieffe
" Fly
Samuel D
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Clanton
Fly
Billy Clanton
Fly
Fly
George Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
. Strauss
Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
. Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Charles Scribner
Crook
Crook
Fly
Fly
Fly
Fly
Camillus
Fly
Molly Fly
Mary Fly
Coral Henry


title: Terry O'Quinn

texts:
Terrance Quinn (born July 15, 1952), known professionally as <mask>'Quinn, is an American actor. He played John Locke on the TV series Lost, the title role in The Stepfather and Stepfather II, and Peter Watts in Millennium, which ran for three seasons (1996–1999). He has also hosted Mysteries of the Missing on The Science Channel. Early life
O'Quinn was born at War Memorial Hospital in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, one of 11 siblings, and grew up in nearby Newberry, Michigan. He is of Irish descent, and was raised Catholic. He attended Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, and the University of Iowa in Iowa City.He changed his surname from Quinn to O'Quinn as another registered actor already had the name Terrance Quinn. In the 1970s, he went to Baltimore to act in the Center Stage production of Tartuffe. He remained at Center Stage for some years and often appeared with the late Tana Hicken, most notably as Benedick to her Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. His first movie role was in Heaven's Gate. Career
O'Quinn began acting in the 1970s during his time at Central Michigan University. He not only was an actor but also playwright/director. He wrote and directed the musical Orchestrina.This musical featured five main characters: The Man (played by Jeff Daniels), The Boy (Harold Downs), The Woman (Ann O'Donnell), The Girl (Debbie Penwarden), and The Drunk (James Hilliker), plus a female and a male chorus. He was roommates at CMU with actor Brad Slaight. Starting in 1980, O'Quinn has appeared in various feature films such as Silver Bullet, Tombstone, Heaven's Gate, Young Guns, alongside Rutger Hauer in Blind Fury, and as Howard Hughes in The Rocketeer. O'Quinn also appeared in the Canadian horror movie, Pin (1988) alongside British-born Canadian actor, David Hewlett. His early television roles include guest appearances on Miami Vice (episode "Give a Little, Take a Little"), Moonlighting, Star Trek: The Next Generation (episode "The Pegasus"), The Twilight Zone (1985 revival; episode "Chameleon"), Homicide: Life on the Street (episode "Hate Crimes"), a recurring role on Earth 2, another recurring role as Captain (later Rear Admiral) Thomas Boone on JAG, as well as Colonel Will Ryan in episode 15 of season 1 on the JAG spin-off series NCIS (episode "Enigma"). Around 1995, O'Quinn made guest appearances in The X-Files and Harsh Realm, produced by Chris Carter, who also cast him in the film The X-Files: Fight The Future and then once again in the final season. In 1996 O'Quinn started acting in the television series Millennium as Peter Watts, also produced by Chris Carter.O'Quinn held this role for all three seasons of the series. O'Quinn holds the distinction of having played four different characters within the extended X-Files/Millennium continuum (the two shows being classed together since both Lance Henriksen's character of Frank Black and Charles Nelson Reilly's character of Jose Chung have appeared in both shows). The Stepfather films

O'Quinn made his breakthrough by starring as the title character in The Stepfather, a deranged serial killer going by the name "Jerry Blake" (his character's real name and identity are never revealed), who is obsessed with having an ideal family. When a widowed mother and daughter do not comport with his expectations, he spirals into a spell of madness and attempts to brutally murder them. O'Quinn was praised by critics, including Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times, who commented, "The Stepfather has one wonderful element: <mask>'Quinn's performance." Ebert wrote, "He is a journeyman actor from TV and many movies, usually in supporting roles, and you may or may not recognize him. What's clear at once is that he is a strong actor, and given this leading role he brings all kinds of creepy dimensions to it.He has the thankless assignment of showing us a completely hateful, repellent character – and he approaches the task as an exercise in cloying middle-class good manners." O'Quinn was nominated for both a Saturn Award and an Independent Spirit Award for his performance. A sequel, Stepfather II, was released two years later, in which his character escapes from an insane asylum. It grossed almost a million dollars less at the box office. Not impressed with the second movie, O'Quinn declined to appear in the third installment, in which the stepfather character was portrayed by Robert Wightman. O'Quinn was approached by director of the 2009 reboot of The Stepfather, Nelson McCormick, to make a cameo appearance in the film, but according to the producers O'Quinn turned down the offer. Lost

After a string of recurring appearances on Alias (2002–2003), as the FBI Director Kendall, O'Quinn became a favorite of television producer J.J. Abrams.Following a seven-episode guest run on The West Wing in 2003–2004, O'Quinn received a call from Abrams indicating that the producer wanted to cast him in his new television drama Lost without any audition. In 2005 O'Quinn received an Emmy nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama for his work as John Locke on the series Lost. O'Quinn admitted on the TV Guide Channel that he did not have much faith in Lost at first, calling it "The Mysterious Gilligan's Island of Dr. Moreau". The show, however, became one of the most popular on television, and on September 16, 2007, he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Drama Series for his role, and was nominated again for an Emmy for the role in 2010, which he did not win. In a TV.com interview O'Quinn commented that the reason he felt comfortable playing this character is because he's a bit like him. 2010–present
O'Quinn has made a number of television appearances since Lost. From 2012–2013, O'Quinn starred in the short-lived series 666 Park Avenue as Gavin Doran.In 2012, he appeared in the second season of Falling Skies. Additionally, O’Quinn starred for two seasons in Amazon Studios' Patriot. In 2016, it was announced that O'Quinn would be joining the second season of Secret and Lies. In 2019, O'Quinn starred in the only season of Perpetual Grace, LTD on Epix. In February 2021, it was announced that O'Quinn was cast as Martin Queller in the upcoming Netflix thriller series Pieces of Her, which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name. Volunteer work
<mask> joined the Cameo platform shortly after its launch in 2017. He has since been creating videos for fans and donating all of the proceeds to the Virginia Beach SPCA.<mask> has raised thousands of dollars on Cameo, and continues to create videos weekly. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
People from Reistertown, Maryland
People from Newberry, Michigan
People from Mount Pleasant, Michigan
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
American people of Irish descent
Male actors from Michigan
American male film actors
American male television actors
Central Michigan University alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
University of Iowa alumni
Catholics from Michigan
Catholics from Maryland

masks:
Terry O
Terry O
Terry
Terry