title: Ludwig Büchner

texts:
<mask> (29 March 1824 – 30 April 1899) was a German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th-century scientific materialism. Biography
<mask> was born at Darmstadt on 29 March 1824. From 1842 to 1848 he studied physics, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, philosophy and medicine at the University of Giessen, where he graduated in 1848 with a dissertation entitled Beiträge zur Hall'schen Lehre von einem excitomotorischen Nervensystem (Contributions to the Hallerian Theory of an Excitomotor Nervous System). Afterwards, he continued his studies at the University of Strasbourg, the University of Würzburg (where he studied pathology with the great Rudolf Virchow) and the University of Vienna. In 1852 he became lecturer in medicine at the University of Tübingen, where he published his magnum opus Kraft und Stoff: Empirisch-naturphilosophische Studien (Force and Matter: Empiricophilosophical Studies, 1855). According to Friedrich Albert Lange (Geschichte des Materialismus, 1866), Kraft und Stoff was imbued with a fanatical enthusiasm for humanity. Büchner sought to demonstrate the indestructibility of matter, and the finality of physical force.The scientific materialism of this work, which contemporaries often lumped together with the publications of other 'materialists' like Karl Vogt and <mask>, caused so much opposition that he was compelled to give up his post at Tübingen, and he retired to Darmstadt. He practiced as a physician and contributed regularly to pathological, physiological and popular magazines. He continued his philosophical work in defense of materialism, and published Natur und Geist (Nature and Spirit, 1857), Aus Natur und Wissenschaft (From Nature and Science, vol. I., 1862; vol. II., 1884), Der Fortschritt in Natur und Geschichte im Lichte der Darwinschen Theorie (Progress in Nature and History in the Light of the Darwinian Theory, 1884), Tatsachen und Theorien aus dem naturwissenschaftlichen Leben der Gegenwart (Facts and Theories in the Scientific Life of Present, 1887), Fremdes und Eigenes aus dem geistligen Leben der Gegenwart (Strangers and Selves in the Spiritual Life of the Present, 1890), Darwinismus und Socialismus (Darwinism and Socialism, 1894), Im Dienste der Wahrheit (In the Service of Truth, 1899). <mask>'s materialism was the founding ground for the freethinkers' movement in Germany. In 1881 he founded in Frankfurt the "German Freethinkers League" ("Deutsche Freidenkerbund").He died at Darmstadt on 30 April 1899. Philosophical work
In estimating <mask>'s philosophy it must be remembered that he was primarily a physiologist, not a metaphysician. Matter and force (or energy) are, he maintained, infinite; the conservation of force follows from the imperishability of matter, the ultimate basis of all science. <mask> is not always clear in his theory of the relation between matter and force. At one time he refuses to explain it, but generally he assumes that all natural and spiritual forces are indwelling in matter. Just as a steam engine, he says in Kraft und Stoff (7th ed., p. 130), produces motion, so the intricate organic complex of force-bearing substance in an animal organism produces a total sum of certain effects, which, when bound together in a unity, are called by us mind, soul, thought. Here he postulates force and mind as emanating from original matter, a materialistic monism.But in other parts of his works he suggests that mind and matter are two different aspects of that which is the basis of all things, a monism which is not necessarily materialistic. <mask> was much less concerned to establish a scientific metaphysics than to protest against the romantic idealism of his predecessors and the theological interpretations of the universe. Nature according to him is purely physical; it has no purpose, no will, no laws imposed by extraneous authority, no supernatural ethical sanction. Büchner endorsed Charles Darwin's theory of evolution within a decade of its first issuance, writing the book Man in the Past, Present and Future in 1869 about what he felt were Darwinism's implications. He believed that this included humanity moving into a kinder state of being, where a primitive struggle for life would no longer apply or at least be replaced with purely intellectual struggles, and war would end. To achieve this, Büchner advocated government social programs which would aid greater equality, including the collective ownership of land and women's rights (however he did not extend this to them receiving suffrage, deeming that premature at the time). Modern Christian apologists consider Büchner the father of atheistic evangelism in Germany, a counterpart to Thomas Huxley.<mask> was the brother of <mask>, a famous playwright, and Luise Büchner, a women's rights advocate; and the uncle of <mask>, inventor of the Büchner flask. Notes

References
Andreas Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, . Fredrick Gregory: Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century Germany, Springer, Berlin u.a. 1977,
Attribution

External links

Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Complete scanned text of Büchner's Force and Matter

1824 births
1899 deaths
19th-century atheists
19th-century German non-fiction writers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German philosophers
Atheist philosophers
Consciousness researchers and theorists
Critics of religions
Freethought writers
German atheists
German humanists
German male non-fiction writers
German neuroscientists
19th-century German physicians
German physiologists
Materialists
Members of the Second Chamber of the Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Ontologists
Physicians from Darmstadt
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of technology

masks:
Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner
Büchner
Ludwig Moleschott
Ludwig Büchner
Büchner
Büchner
Büchner
Ludwig Büchner
Georg Büchner
Ernst Büchner


title: Kevin Richardson (zookeeper)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 8 October 1974), known as "The Lion Whisperer", is a South African YouTube personality, wildlife conservationist and self-taught sanctuary owner who works with African lions, black leopards, spotted hyenas and striped hyenas. Early life
<mask> was born in the Nightingale Clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa, on the 8th of October, 1974. He spent his childhood in the neighbourhood of Orange Grove. His mother, Patricia, worked for Barclays Bank and was also born in South Africa. <mask>'s father, who worked for a pharmaceutical company, was born in the United Kingdom and moved to South Africa from Reading, Berkshire. <mask> is the youngest of four children: he has an older brother and two sisters who are twins. His father died when <mask> was thirteen years old.When he was about sixteen, he met Stan Schmidt and began his career as a "self-taught behaviourist." Career
<mask> went to college and studied zoology, but quit following two years of repetitive lessons on marine biology instead of mammals. As an adult, <mask> believed that he would never have a career working with animals and that it would remain a hobby of his. He started taking courses in physiology and anatomy in college and started a career in exercise physiology and became an exercise physiologist. When he was twenty-three, he had the opportunity to work as a handler and cared for two six-month-old lion cubs, Tau and Napoleon which he later rescued. His early years took place at the Lion Park near the outskirts of his home in Johannesburg. He still runs with the now full grown cubs in the wild.The facility owner, Rodney Fuhr, started him off with a part-time job at the Lion Park. <mask> and his team work with animals for the commercial filming industry and make documentaries to generate income to fund the facility. They also have a volunteer programme which generates income, and volunteers who help to run the sanctuary. Facilities
<mask> worked within a  Lion Park in Broederstroom, a town 35 miles north of his hometown, Johannesburg, in South Africa. Whilst primarily specializing in lions, he has also interacted with hyenas and black panthers. The park, which was set up with the help of Rodney Fuhr, is  and was built for the set of the 2010 movie White Lion. <mask> cares for thirty-nine lions at this facility.the facility was private, but there were plans  to open it to the public. The sanctuary's Web site said in 2020 that it was open for guided group tours and had a volunteering program. In 2015 the Kevin Richardson Wildlife Sanctuary relocated to Welgedacht Private Game Reserve near Pretoria. Lion care

He has slept next to, fed, and lived with lions. He has also worked with cheetahs, leopards, and hyenas. He prefers lions to any other big cat. His relationship with the animals, however, has not been an instant one.He has known all of the lions he works with since they were cubs. He still continues his bond with Tau and Napoleon, the lion brothers who were his introduction to big cats. Despite his prior involvement in lion cub petting, <mask> rejects the traditional notion that lions should be mastered and dominated, preferring to develop a relationship over time, based on love and respect. "A lion is not a possession; it's a sentient being, so you must pay attention and develop your bond like with any relationship." Dangers
<mask> has been scratched, punctured, and bitten but is not dissuaded by these dangers. In an interview, he mentions, "Obviously one realizes the danger when working with animals of this caliber, I've weighed the pros and I've weighed the cons, and the pros far outweigh the cons." He warns about following in his footsteps, however.All the pictures of his adventures do not portray his years of experience and bonding. "People like to take things out of context. They don't know the relationship I have with this lion." As a rule, <mask> only interacts with lions he has been with since their birth. <mask> also differentiates his work from that of zoologists interacting with completely wild animals they have not raised, or that of trainers whose animals are required to perform on stage day after day. Controversy
<mask> worked as a lion handler for the lion park that featured in a 2014 segment of the CBS program 60 Minutes, which revealed that the Lion Park in Lanseria bred lions to ensure a supply of cubs year-round. When the lions reached maturity, they were shipped out to canned hunting operations because they were too dangerous to be near tourists.The Lion park has been criticised for allowing lion petting  and for supplying lions to the canned lion industry. He has also been criticised by many in the conservation community, members of whom state that experiences which expressly bring people and lions together on "walks" are risky because of the unpredictable nature of the wild animals. <mask>'s role as a conservationist was also questioned with experts stating that more care was needed in private reserves to ensure they mirror what has been developed in national parks. Conservationists Luke T.B. Hunter, Paula White, Philipp Henschel, and Laurence Frank, in a 2012 article titled "Walking with lions: why there is no role for captive-origin lions Panthera leo in species restoration", concluded that parks in Africa with plans to reintroduce lions into the wild including <mask>'s had yet to do so as of 2013 and found little of conservation value that justifies the use of captive-origin lions for reintroduction. February 2018 fatal attack
On 27 February a young woman was mauled to death in the Dinokeng Game Reserve by a lioness that was under his care. <mask> lost track of the lioness when she pursued an impala for some , whereupon the lioness assaulted the day visitor to the reserve.Wildlife biologist Luke Dollar responded to the killing in an article by National Geographic, stating that "behaviors and programs that skirt the reality of our place in the food chain seem to be an accident waiting to happen." Works/publications

<mask> has been featured in many documentaries, movies, and commercials. It was during his stint at the Lion Park that Michael Rosenberg decided to use <mask> in documentaries such as Dangerous Companions and In Search of a Legend. Growing Up Hyena is a documentary in which <mask> sets out to change the misconception of the hyena as a feared and loathed scavenger. <mask>'s work in the Okavango Delta and Lydenberg had brought forth the documentary concerning black leopards entitled In Search of a Legend. Because of the frequency of filming, <mask> moved all of the animals to one facility at the Kingdom of the White Lion property. <mask> produced the 2010 documentary White Lion: Home is a Journey, about a young white lion, "Letsatsi," who survives against all odds.This film is the first to star native lions instead of the regularly imported ones. Rodney Fuhr and his wife, Ilana, independently funded the movie and served as executive producers. The film was shot at the Kingdom of the White Lion, SA Lion Park, Nash's farm, Glen Afric, and Entabeni Game Reserve. The South African-based company Peru Productions Pty. Ltd.'s first feature film was White Lion. See also
 Wildlife conservation

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
White South African people
People from Johannesburg
Zookeepers
South African conservationists

masks:
Kevin Rene Richardson
Kevin Richardson
Richardson
Kevin Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


title: Bartolo Colón

texts:
<mask> (born May 24, 1973), nicknamed "Big Sexy", is a Dominican-American professional baseball pitcher for the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. He has played for eleven different Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Cleveland Indians (1997–2002), Montreal Expos (2002), Chicago White Sox (2003, 2009), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2004–2007), Boston Red Sox (2008), New York Yankees (2011), Oakland Athletics (2012–2013), New York Mets (2014–2016), Atlanta Braves (2017), Minnesota Twins (2017), and Texas Rangers (2018). <mask> made four MLB All-Star Games: for the Indians (1998), Angels (2005), Athletics (2013), and Mets (2016). He won the American League Cy Young Award with the Angels in 2005, when he led the American League in wins. Early in the 2016 season, <mask> was 42 when he became the oldest  player to hit his first career home run. At age 45 during the 2018 season, <mask> was the oldest active MLB player and the last active Major Leaguer who played for the Montreal Expos. He holds the record for most career wins by a Latin American-born pitcher.In his most recent season (2018), he and Rangers teammate Adrián Beltré were the last active MLB players to have played in the 1990s. On February 14, 2020, <mask> signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. Early life
<mask> grew up in the town of Altamira in the Dominican Republic. He worked long days alongside his father, Miguel, harvesting coffee beans and fruit from the age of 9 to 14. <mask> credited his childhood job with the development of his strength. He does major charity work for his old community. <mask>'s mother, Adriana, died in 2014 of breast cancer.MLB pitching career

Cleveland Indians
<mask> was signed by the Cleveland Indians as an amateur free agent in 1993 and began his career in their minor league system. In 1995, pitching for Kinston of the Single-A Carolina League, he finished second in wins with 13 and ERA with 1.96, and led the circuit with 152 strikeouts. He was named the league's Pitcher of the Year, despite shutting down on August 1 with a bruised elbow. He was named the Indians' 1995 Minor League Player of the Year (receiving the "Lou Boudreau Award"). He played Triple-A ball with the Buffalo Bisons in 1997 and on June 21 became the only player in team history to throw a no-hitter at  Sahlen Field, then called North AmeriCare Park. <mask> made his Major League Baseball debut against the Anaheim Angels on April 4, 1997, receiving a no decision. In his first MLB season, <mask> went 4–7 with a 5.65 ERA.The following year, he set the modern-day but unofficial MLB record for throwing the most pitches (20) in a single at bat on June 26, 1998 against Ricky Gutiérrez, who eventually struck out. That record would not be broken until 2018. Later that season, <mask> won his only start of the 1998 American League Championship Series, pitching a four-hit, one-run complete game. In his 1999 season, <mask> finished 18–5, pitching over 200 innings with 161 strikeouts and a 3.95 ERA. On September 18, 2000, he tossed a one-hitter against the New York Yankees. In both 2000 and 2001, <mask> posted over 200 strikeouts, making him the first Indians pitcher since Gaylord Perry to record at least 200 strikeouts in back-to-back seasons. Montreal Expos
Just before the 2002 trade deadline, <mask> and Tim Drew were traded to the Montreal Expos in exchange for Lee Stevens, Brandon Phillips, and prospects Grady Sizemore and Cliff Lee.<mask> finished 2002 with a combined 20–8 record and a 2.93 ERA, including 76 earned runs with 70 walks in  innings, three shutouts, and eight complete games. He was the last active player to have played with the Expos. Chicago White Sox
Before the 2003 season, <mask> was traded to the Chicago White Sox with minor leaguer Jorge Nunez for Orlando Hernández, Rocky Biddle, Jeff Liefer and cash. Anaheim Angels

A free agent after the previous season, he signed with the Anaheim Angels in 2004. <mask> won 18 games with Anaheim in 2004. During the 2005 season, he went 21–8 with a 3.48 ERA, and became the first Angels pitcher to win the Cy Young Award since Dean Chance in 1964. Due to a partially torn rotator cuff that he received in a playoff game against the Yankees in 2005, <mask> spent much of the 2006 season on the disabled list with soreness or inflammation in his right shoulder.In 10 starts, <mask> went 1–5 with a 5.11 ERA. On April 21, 2007, his first start of the 2007 season following his return from the disabled list, <mask> pitched 7 innings, allowing one run on seven hits for his first win in 2007. Boston Red Sox

On February 25, 2008, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox and was invited to spring training. On May 15, 2008, he threw a one-hitter for the Red Sox' Triple-A team, the Pawtucket Red Sox. Six days later, <mask>'s contract was purchased by the Red Sox, and he was added to the active roster. <mask> pitched his first major league game for the Red Sox on May 21, 2008, against the Kansas City Royals. He earned his 150th career win on June 11, 2008, against the Baltimore Orioles.On September 19, 2008, <mask> was placed on the suspended list by the Red Sox after leaving for the Dominican Republic to handle "personal matters" and deciding to stay, effectively ending his Red Sox career. He was placed on the restricted list on September 25, 2008. <mask> spent the postseason on the restricted list as the Red Sox won the 2008 ALDS against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 4 games, but lost the 2008 ALCS against the Tampa Bay Rays in 7 games. He filed for free agency after the end of the 2008 season. Second stint with the White Sox

<mask> agreed to a one-year, $1 million contract to return to the Chicago White Sox in January 2009, shortly after they traded Javier Vázquez to the Atlanta Braves. He competed for the fourth and fifth starters' positions in the White Sox rotation. <mask> made his comeback from off-season surgery to remove bone chips from his pitching arm elbow during the White Sox Spring training, in the Cactus League in Arizona.Manager Ozzie Guillén named him the White Sox' fifth starter before the start of the regular season. <mask> won his first start in his second stint in Chicago, pitching six strong innings of three-hit ball as the Sox blanked Minnesota 8–0 on April 11, 2009. In doing so he became the first White Sox starting pitcher to win a regular season game in 2009. <mask> then suffered another injury and did not pitch again for the remainder of the season. New York Yankees

<mask> did not pitch in 2010 due to ongoing right shoulder and elbow pain and damage to the rotator cuff, ligaments and tendons. In March 2010, he received a transplant of stem cells to repair the damaged tissues in his right shoulder. The orthopedic surgeon who performed the surgery said he had used human growth hormone in previous surgeries of the same type but not with <mask>.The surgery was scrutinized by MLB but no wrongdoing was found. <mask> then played in the Pre-World Championship in Puerto Rico, winter ball with the Aguilas and the Leones del Escogido, and the Puerto Rican winter league., and announced that he would attempt a comeback to MLB for the 2011 season. He signed a minor league deal with the New York Yankees on January 26, 2011. <mask> was invited to spring training, competing for a spot on the 25-man roster, despite coming into camp 30 pounds overweight. He was named to the Yankees' Opening Day roster in the bullpen. <mask> made his first start for the Yankees on April 20, taking the rotation spot of the injured Phil Hughes. Through May, Colon was 3–3 with a 3.26 ERA.On May 30, 2011, he threw a 4-hit complete-game shutout, his first since 2006 against the Athletics. He sustained a hamstring injury on June 11, 2011, against the Cleveland Indians. When he was injured, he was in the seventh inning of a shutout game, but he limped off the field after covering first base on a ground ball to Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira. <mask> then ended up on the 15-day disabled list. He said that he'd be back pitching right when eligible. On July 2, <mask> returned to the Yankees and threw six shutout innings against the New York Mets. On July 14 against the Blue Jays, <mask> exited after recording only two outs in the first inning while yielding eight runs, the shortest outing of his career.<mask>'s 2011 season was somewhat of a resurgence, going 8–10 with a 4.00 ERA and a WHIP of 1.29. He was demoted to the bullpen when the Yankees made the postseason and the team lost to the Detroit Tigers in the 2011 ALDS. Oakland Athletics

On January 14, 2012, <mask> agreed to a one-year, $2 million contract with the Oakland Athletics. He started the second game of the season for the Athletics in the Opening Series in Tokyo, Japan, throwing eight innings, giving up one run over three hits while recording six strikeouts. On April 18 <mask> threw 38 consecutive strikes, the most since 1988, when the MLB began to collect pitching data in-depth, in a start against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He started the 2012 season with a 3–1 record and 2.64 ERA, but faltered with a 1–4 record and 5.80 ERA in his next seven starts. On August 22, 2012, MLB suspended <mask> for 50 games after he tested positive for synthetic testosterone, a performance-enhancing substance in violation of MLB's Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program.He was the second MLB player to be suspended within a two-week time frame for testosterone (along with San Francisco Giants star Melky Cabrera). The Athletics signed <mask> to a one-year, $3 million deal for 2013. He was selected for his third All-Star team in July after posting an 11–3 record with a 2.78 ERA. New York Mets

2014
On December 11, 2013, <mask> agreed to a 2-year, $20 million contract with the New York Mets. On June 18, he got his first hit in nine years when he hit a double off Lance Lynn. On August 8, 2014, <mask> recorded his 200th win in a 5–4 victory over the Phillies. He is the third Dominican-born pitcher to do so, after Juan Marichal and Pedro Martínez, and the third pitcher to do so in a Mets uniform, after Orel Hershiser and Martínez.<mask> finished the 2014 season with 31 starts, 15–13 record, 202.1 innings pitched, 151 strikeouts, and a 4.09 ERA while giving up 218 hits, 30 walks, 22 home runs, and 97 runs (92 of them earned). 2015

On Opening Day 2015 against the Washington Nationals, <mask> became the 3rd Opening Day pitcher over 40 years old to strike out eight batters, after Cy Young and Nolan Ryan. On April 12, 2015, against the Atlanta Braves, <mask> hit an RBI single off Alex Wood, the 6th RBI of his career. On April 23, 2015, <mask> completed an unassisted pickoff of Atlanta Braves catcher A. J. Pierzynski en route to becoming the first pitcher aged 40 years or older to win his first four starts in a season in the past 80 years. He also tallied one more RBI, a double on May 31, 2015. <mask> became the first pitcher ever to record wins against one team (the Baltimore Orioles) for seven different clubs. Six pitchers held the previous record of six clubs.On June 9, 2015, <mask> set a new Mets franchise record of most consecutive decisions as a starting pitcher, achieving 26 decisions in 26 consecutive starts. This record was previously held by Dwight Gooden. On September 5, 2015, Justin Bour of the Miami Marlins hit a chopper down the first-base line; <mask> charged and made a behind-the-back flip to first for the out. Video of the play garnered widespread media acclaim. In 33 games (31 starts), he finished the 2015 year with a 14–13 record and a 4.16 ERA. On October 21, 2015, <mask> pitched 1.1 innings in relief to earn the win in game 4 of the NLCS and help the Mets sweep the Chicago Cubs. On October 27, 2015, <mask> pitched 2.1 innings in relief and took the loss at the end of Game 1 of the World Series, becoming the oldest man ever to lose a World Series game.It was his first World Series appearance since he was a rookie with the Indians in 1997, and the Mets lost the series in five games to the Kansas City Royals. 2016

On December 16, 2015, <mask> re-signed with the Mets on a 1-year, $7.25 million contract. He entered the 2016 MLB season as the oldest active player in Major League Baseball. He is also, following the retirement of Maicer Izturis, the last active MLB player who appeared for the Montreal Expos. On May 7, <mask> hit his first major league home run, against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park off of James Shields. At age 42 years and 349 days, <mask> broke a record, becoming the oldest major league player to hit his first home run. On June 21, he was injured when Whit Merrifield hit his pitch right to the pitcher's mound, striking <mask> in the thumb.He was immediately taken out of the game. On July 8, <mask> was named to the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, replacing Madison Bumgarner. On August 15, he drew a walk after having not been walked in his previous 281 plate appearances, achieving a new MLB record. On October 1, <mask> became the 47th player ever to make 500 career starts. Atlanta Braves
On November 17, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year, $12.5 million contract with the Atlanta Braves. The Braves designated him for assignment on June 29, 2017, after he put up a 2–8 record with an 8.14 ERA and 1.78 WHIP in 13 starts. He was released on July 4.Minnesota Twins
On July 7, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. <mask> was called up on July 18 to start against the New York Yankees. On August 4, he threw a complete game against the Texas Rangers; at age 44, he became the oldest American League pitcher to record a 9-inning complete-game win since 45-year-old Nolan Ryan did the same in 1992. Later that month he became the 18th pitcher to record a win against all 30 MLB teams, completing the feat against the Arizona Diamondbacks. Texas Rangers
On February 4, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers that included an invitation to spring training. He was released on March 24, and signed another minor league contract with Texas on March 26. <mask> was called up on April 2 to start against the Oakland Athletics.On April 15, <mask> took a perfect game through 7 innings until walking Carlos Correa. <mask> went through 7 innings, allowing one run as the Rangers won 3–1 in 10 innings. On April 28, 2018, he pitched seven innings while allowing six hits and three runs on 98 pitches, being the winning pitcher in a 7–4 result against the Toronto Blue Jays. This was the eleventh team with which he recorded at least one win. A career win on June 18 against Kansas City moved him past Juan Marichal, the "Dominican Dandy", to become the pitcher with most career wins from the Dominican Republic. On August 7, in an 11–4 victory against the Seattle Mariners, <mask> earned his 246th career pitching win, moving him past Dennis Martinez for the most victories all time by a Latin American-born pitcher. He elected free agency on October 29, and was not signed for the 2019 season.Acereros de Monclova
On February 14, 2020, <mask> signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. However, he never played in 2020, since the Mexican League season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He made his first pre-season appearance for the team on May 1, 2021. Colon made his regular season debut on May 21 and pitched 5 innings, giving up 5 hits and 1 run. Pitching style
<mask> throws four pitches. Early in his career, he had excellent velocity on his four-seam fastball, throwing it in the mid-90s and occasionally touching 100 mph. In his later career, <mask>'s four-seamer sat at 86–91 mph, and he paired it with a two-seamer at 84–88 mph.This combination of fastballs makes up nearly 90% of <mask>'s pitches, but he also throws a changeup to left-handed hitters, and a slider. He is primarily known as a control pitcher, with an exceptional ability to spot pitches at any location. This keeps the number of walks he allows to a minimum, but leads to more hits as he will attempt to throw strikes. Awards and accomplishments

Awards
 Cy Young Award (2005)
 4× MLB All-Star (1998, 2005, 2013, 2016)
 4× Pitcher of the Month Award (June 1998, May 2002, August 2005, June 2013)
 5× Player of the Week Award (June 21, 1998; September 24, 2000; September 14, 2003; September 6, 2016; May 8, 2016)
 Players Choice Award for Outstanding Pitcher (2005)
 The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year (2005)
 Set record for most wins by a Latin American pitcher (247 – August 7, 2018)

League statistical leader
 2× NL bases on balls per nine innings leader (2015, 2016)
 2× MLB complete games leader (2002, 2003)
 NL hits allowed leader (2015)
 MLB shutouts leader (2013)
 AL wins leader (2005)

Nickname

<mask> is known as "Big Sexy" by his teammates and the media. He applied for a trademark on the Big Sexy nickname and plans on making apparel out of it. Personal life
<mask>'s wife, Rosanna, and their sons, <mask> Jr., Emilio, Wilder, and Randy live in New Jersey. On September 30, 2014, <mask> and his wife became US citizens.<mask> met his wife in the Dominican Republic when he was 13 years old. In 2015, <mask> was sued in Manhattan by a Washington Heights woman seeking child support for her son and daughter, who were fathered by <mask> during his marriage. On June 17, 2016, <mask> and Alexandra Santos agreed to a deal that included child support payments.

masks:
Bartolo Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
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Colón
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Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Bartolo
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón
Colón


title: Michael Pennington

texts:
<mask> (born 7 June 1943) is an English actor, director and writer. Together with director <mask>, he founded the English Shakespeare Company in 1986 and was its Joint Artistic Director until 1992. He has written ten books, directed in the UK, US, Romania and Japan, and is an Honorary Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He is popularly known as Moff Jerjerrod in the original Star Wars trilogy film Return of the Jedi. <mask> was born in Cambridge, the son of a Scottish mother and a Welsh father, and grew up in London. He was educated at Marlborough College, became a member of the National Youth Theatre and then read English at Trinity College, Cambridge. Theatre work
He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company on graduation and remained in a junior capacity from 1964 to 1966, playing among other things Fortinbras in David Warner's 1965 Hamlet.He then left the company for eight years and worked in London, both on the stage (in John Mortimer's The Judge, Christopher Hampton's Savages and Tony Richardson's production of Hamlet with Nicol Williamson), and on TV in many single dramas. He returned to the RSC in 1974 to play Angelo in Measure for Measure, beginning a relationship with the company as a leading actor which culminated in his own performance of Hamlet in 1980/81: he also played Berowne in Love's Labour's Lost, Edgar in King Lear, and in new work by David Rudkin, David Edgar and Howard Brenton and classic works by Sean O'Casey, Euripides and William Congreve. He then left the company for a further eight years before appearing in Stephen Poliakoff's Playing with Trains, and ten years after that in the title role of Timon of Athens. In the meanwhile he appeared at the National Theatre in 1984 in Tolstoy's Strider, for which he was nominated for an Olivier Award, in Thomas Otway's Venice Preserv'd, and also premiered his solo show Anton Chekhov which he has been regularly touring internationally ever since. He also played Raskolnikov in Yuri Lyubimov's famous adaptation of Crime and Punishment, and Henry in Tom Stoppard's The Real Thing in London's West End and played the title role in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex on BBC TV in 1985. In 1986, <mask> and director <mask> together founded the English Shakespeare Company. As joint artistic director, he starred in the company's inaugural productions of The Henrys and, in 1987, the seven-play history cycle of The Wars of the Roses, which toured worldwide and was televised.Pennington played such parts as Richard II, Prince Hal/Henry V and Jack Cade (Olivier Award Nomination). In subsequent seasons with the ESC, he played Leontes in The Winter's Tale and the title roles in Macbeth and Coriolanus (Olivier Award Nomination) and directed Twelfth Night, which he then also directed for the Haiyuza Theatre Company in Tokyo and for the Chicago Shakespeare Theatre. Since the 1970s, he has appeared frequently with Judi Dench and also with her husband <mask>. The third time he played opposite Dench was in Peter Shaffer's play The Gift of the Gorgon, in 1992, in which they appeared as a married couple. His other West End work in the 1990s included Archie Rice in The Entertainer, Claudius and the Ghost in Hamlet, Major Arnold in Taking Sides (Ronald Harwood), Oscar Wilde in Gross Indecency, Sir John Brute in Farquhar'sThe Provok’d Wife, Henry Trebell in Harley Granville Barker's Waste, Trigorin in The Seagull, and the title role in Molière's The Misanthrope. In the first Harold Pinter Festival in Dublin he played in Pinter's Old Times and One for the Road. In 1998, he worked with Sir Peter Hall and other actors to run a workshop at the National Theatre Studio, which received considerable plaudits.His stage work in the 2000s included Joe Orton's What the Butler Saw (National tour), the title role in
The Guardsman (West End), David Mamet's The Shawl (Crucible Theatre Sheffield), Walter Burns in The Front Page, (Chichester Festival Theatre), the title roles in Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman and Alan Bennett's The Madness of George III, and Dr Dorn in Chekhov's The Seagull, directed by Peter Stein for the Edinburgh Festival)
In 2003 he directed A Midsummer Night's Dream in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre and The Hamlet Project
for the National Theatre in Bucharest. In 2005 he appeared in David Greig's The Cosmonaut's Last Message... (Donmar Warehouse); Colder Than Here (Soho Theatre), and in the title role in Nathan the Wise (Hampstead Theatre). He also played a sequence of real-life characters such as Sidney Cockerell in The Best of Friends (Hampstead Theatre 2006), 2007 : Robert Maxwell in The Bargain by Ian Curteis (2007), Charles Dickens in Little Nell by Simon Gray (2007), Wilhelm Furtwangler in Pinter's Taking Sides and Richard Strauss in Collaboration by Ronald Harwood (Chichester and West End, 2008–9) He had previously played the other central role in Taking Sides in the West End, with Pinter directing. In 2006 he premièred his second one-man show, this one on Shakespeare, Sweet William, and in 2009 he worked with Peter Brook for the first time in Love is My Sin for a European Tour and in New York. In 2010 he returned to Chichester to play the title role in Ibsen's The Master Builder, and the following year Dr Fabio in The Syndicate by Eduardo de Filippo opposite Ian McKellen. In 2012 he played his fifth consecutive Chichester season as Antony in Antony and Cleopatra opposite Kim Cattrall. Notable performances since then have been as Edgar in Strindberg's The Dance of Death, adapted by Howard Brenton, at the Gate Theatre, as John of Gaunt in Richard II (RSC), and as Anthony Blunt in Alan Bennett's Single Spies, at the Rose Theatre Kingston.In 2014 he performed the title role in King Lear for Theatre for a New Audience in New York, before undertaking a further tour of his solo Shakespeare show Sweet William (Oregon, Tel Aviv, France). He recorded the part of Euripides in Macedonia by David Rudkin for Radio 3, and in 2015 plans to take his solo show Anton Chekhov to Moscow. In 2015 he performed Sweet William in Argentina and Uruguay at the Festival Shakespeare Buenos Aires and Festival Shakespeare Uruguay, organized by Yorick Entertainment Group. He played <mask> in The Iron Lady with Meryl Streep; and among his notable TV appearances have been in the title role of Oedipus Rex and in the television movie The Return of Sherlock Holmes. He has also played Holmes's nemesis, Professor Moriarty in two BBC Radio dramatizations of the Holmes short stories The Final Problem in 1992 and The Empty House in 1993. He is the author of the book Are You There, Crocodile? which combines biographical material about the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov with an account of the writing of his highly successful one-man show about Chekhov; the full text of which is included.He has also written three books about individual Shakespeare plays, "Sweet William - Twenty Thousand Hours with Shakespeare", and most recently Let Me Play the Lion Too - How to Be an Actor for Faber and Faber. His solo show "Sweet William" is available as a DVD. <mask> has also worked as a narrator on many TV documentaries. In April 2004 he became the second actor, after Harley Granville-Barker in 1925, to deliver the British Academy's annual Shakespeare lecture. The lecture was entitled Barnadine's Straw: The Devil in Shakespeare's Detail. Personal life
In 1964, <mask> married actress Katharine Barker, with whom he had a son, Mark, before they divorced in 1967. Beginning in 1978, when they appeared together in Love's Labour's Lost, he shared a flat with actress Jane Lapotaire in St John's Wood, London, though at the time Lapotaire said they were "just friends".Inventing Anton Chekhov (2003)
 A Pocket Guide to Ibsen, Chekhov and Strindberg (2004)
 A Midsummer Night's Dream: A User's Guide (2005)
 Sweet William: Twenty Thousand Hours with Shakespeare (2012)
 Let Me Play the Lion Too - How to Be an Actor (2015)
 King Lear in Brooklyn (2016)

References

Sweet William: A User's Guide to Shakespeare Nick Hern books, Published 2012

External links

Website dedicated to <mask>ington

1943 births
Living people
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male film actors
English people of Scottish descent
English people of Welsh descent
People from Cambridge
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members

masks:
Michael Vivian Fyfe Pennington
Michael Bogdanov
Background Pennington
Pennington
Michael Bogdanov
Michael Williams
Michael Foot
Pennington
Pennington
Michael Penn


title: Y. V. Reddy

texts:
<mask> (born 17 August 1941) is an Indian economist and a retired Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of the 1964 batch belonging to Andhra Pradesh cadre. <mask> served as governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank, from September 2003 until September 2008. In 2010, he was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 August 1941 in a Telugu family in Patur village, Kadapa district of present-day Andhra Pradesh, India. Education and honours
<mask> received his M.A. in economics from Madras University, India, and his PhD from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He also holds a diploma in economic planning from the Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands.<mask> was awarded the degrees of Doctor of Letters (Honoris Causa) by Sri Venkateswara University, India; and Doctor of Civil Law (Honoris Causa) by the University of Mauritius. On 17 July 2008, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics. He has been a Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics, a full-time UGC Visiting Professor in Department of Business Management, Osmania University; full-time Visiting Faculty, Administrative Staff College of India and continues to be Honorary Professor at Centre for Economic and Social Studies at Hyderabad. <mask> was also Distinguished Professor of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras. Positions held
In 1996, <mask> had been appointed deputy governor of RBI. He has also worked with the International Monetary Fund as executive director in 2002. Prior to joining the Indian Administrative Services (IAS), he worked as a lecturer from 1961.While in the IAS, he held the positions of secretary (banking) in Ministry of Finance and principal secretary in Government of Andhra Pradesh and has worked with the governments of China, Bahrain, Ethiopia and Tanzania. <mask> was Member of The Commission of Experts of the president of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of International Monetary and Financial System. In addition to the chair, Professor Joseph Stiglitz (USA), members of this UN Commission were drawn from Japan, Western Europe, Africa, Latin America, South and East Asia. <mask> was president of the Indian Econometric Society during 2011. <mask> was on the advisory board of Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET). The INET advisory board includes Nobel laureates as well as other prominent economists. <mask> was on International Advisory Board of the Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies, Columbia University, New York.He was a Member of an informal international group of prominent persons on International Monetary Reforms. He was also on Advisory Group of eminent persons to advise the finance minister of India on G-20 issues. He was the chairman of the Fourteenth Finance Commission of India since 3 January 2013. <mask> was appointed the twenty-first governor of the Reserve Bank of India on 6 September 2003 and served in that position for five years. Contributions
<mask> has worked on piloting a calibrated approach to financial sector reforms. A 19 December 2008 article in the New York Times has credited the tough lending standards he imposed on the Indian banks as RBI Governor for saving the Indian banking system from the sub-prime and liquidity crisis of 2008. At the Reserve Bank, he was Member-Secretary of two high level committees chaired by RBI governor Dr. C. Rangarajan: one on Balance of payments and the other on Public Sector disinvestments.<mask> was also a member of the Reserve Bank of India's Policy Group on External Debt Statistics. <mask> is credited to have played a crucial role in framing macro-economic policies that helped quarantine the country from the domino effect of the financial crisis encountered by the South-East Asian countries during the later part of the 1990s. He, along with Dr. C. Rangarajan, is also credited with the formulation of the course to be steered by the country to come out of the then Balance of Payments crisis. In the Indian context, he was the first to use the term 'financial inclusion' in April 2005 in his Annual Policy Statement as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. Banks were urged in the Annual Policy Statement to review their existing practices to align them with the objective of financial inclusion. As Governor, he saw his job as making sure Indian banks did not get too caught up in the bubble mentality. He banned the use of bank loans for the purchase of raw land, and sharply curtailed securitisations and derivatives, and essentially prohibited off-balance sheet financing.He increased risk weightings on commercial buildings and shopping mall construction and increased bank reserve requirements. In one of his interview, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Professor of Economics at Columbia University and Nobel Laureate, had said 'If America had a central bank chief like Y.V<mask>, the US economy would not have been in such a mess.' Less well-discussed is his work on rural banking, particularly on reviving co-operative banks and his focus on the common person. His term was marked by an emphasis on financial inclusion with the aid of information technology. He is widely consulted on many financial issues by institutions both in India as well as the world over. Publications

<mask> authored a book titled "India and The Global Financial Crisis : Managing Money and Finance" in 2009.This book provides insights into the making of public policies across a spectrum of areas between the years 2003 and 2008, a period of rapid growth of the Indian economy. He came out with a sequel "Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery" which provided a thinker and experienced policymaker's understanding of the genesis, anatomy and impact of the financial crisis, and of the lessons it offered. Navigating through the debates between 2010 and 2012 on the continuing global financial crisis, his 2013 book "Economic Policies and India's Reform Agenda: New Thinking" reflected the confidence of <mask> who steered the nation's banks to safer waters. "Advice & Dissent" published in 2017 is <mask>'s memoir. Speeches and remarks

23 speeches given by <mask> during his term as RBI governor (2003 to 2008) are in the public domain. Other speeches are also in the public domain, for example:

<mask>'s presidential address on "A Tale of Two Commissions and Missing Links"  at the 97th Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association (IEA) in Udaipur on 27 December 2014, dwelt at length on the origin, evolution, linkages, achievements, limitations and the debates relating to the two major commissions on economic affairs in India. He also cited the success of the Chinese model where the concept of 'plan' had been replaced by 'guideline' in the country's 11th Five Year programme.He noted "The change led to China's transition from a Soviet-style planned economy to a socialist market economy and gained greater responsibility and power in overseeing China's economic development". <mask> was invited to deliver the prestigious The Per Jacobsson Foundation Lecture in June 2012 at the Bank for International Settlements in Switzerland. In this lecture on 'Society, Economic Policies and the Financial Sector', the main message he gave was that society has put its trust in central banks and as such it expects central bank to ensure trust and confidence in money and finance and serve the interest of the masses. In popular culture
Timothy Geithner, former US Secretary of the Treasury and president of Federal Reserve Bank of New York, in his book Stress Test: Reflections on Financial Crises, published in May 2014, wrote about his brief encounter with India's former Central Bank Governor Y.V<mask> who gave him a copy of  "Complications: Notes from the Life of a Young Surgeon" by Atul Gawande. [<mask>] told me it was the best book I would ever read about central banking, and the parallels with financial crisis management really are striking. It's about making life-or-death decisions in a fog of uncertainty, dealing with the constant risk of catastrophic failure.Later while talking with Martin Wolf during his lunch with the Financial Times, Geithner mentions "It was a fascinating book, in part because he [Gawande] described how in that profession they do things that in economics we don’t that well. They have these things they call morbidity and mortality reviews every Friday, where they go over mistakes." This story received mention in several book reviews. In a book review, Sam McNerney notes <mask>'s recommendation is surprising but sensible. Gawande, a surgeon by trade, has knack for elucidating the inefficiencies of modern medicine and contrasting hospital management with business management. In another review of this book, Eric Warters write "To be clear, this book has absolutely nothing to do with central banking, at least not on the surface of it. This book is Dr. Gawande's retellings of myriad medical emergencies he encountered as a surgeon and how he managed the stress, uncertainty, and challenges that they brought on.For Geithner, the parallels were striking, as both men had to act quickly with limited information, sometimes on a hunch, with dire consequences at stake." Controversies
<mask> often courted controversy for deliberately guiding the Indian Rupee lower through verbal intervention. Some of his media talks were perceived as ill-timed. In December 2003, <mask> was dragged into a controversy, when someone impersonating him called the then regional director of RBI Bhopal, Uma Subramaniam and asked her to lend  for a personal emergency. Subramaniam was able to collect only INR 9,00,000 by various means which included coercing her staff members. She then handed over the money to an accomplice of the impostor. She did not get back to <mask> regarding this incident.The sensational fraud rocked and embarrassed the RBI, and infuriated <mask>, who insisted on a full inquiry. References

External links

 India's Financial Secret Weapon
 Reserve Bank of India

20th-century Indian economists
1941 births
Living people
University of Madras alumni
Osmania University alumni
Governors of the Reserve Bank of India
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs
People from Kadapa
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Indian civil servants
Indian Administrative Service officers
Institute for New Economic Thinking
Reserve Bank of India
Telugu people

masks:
Yaga Venugopal Reddy
Reddy
Yaga Venugopal Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
. Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
. Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy
Reddy


title: Kempe Gowda I

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask>wda was a chieftain under the Vijayanagara Empire. The city of Bengaluru, which is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka, was fortified by <mask>da in 1537. He erected many Kannada inscriptions in the region. <mask> was one of the well-educated and successful rulers of his time. Being a successor of Kempananje Gowda, descendants of Morasu Gowda lineage started as Yelahankanadu Prabhus (ruler of Yelhankanadu). The Yelahankanadu Prabhus were Gowdas or tillers of the land. Fourth in succession from Rana Bhairave Gowda, founder of the dynasty of Avati Nadu Prabhus and great grandson of Jaya Gowda, who established separate dynasty, is the famous Yelahanka Nadu Prabhus, <mask> who ruled for 46 years commencing his reign from 1513.Jaya Gowda accepted the sovereignty of the Vijayanagar emperor. He later left Yelankanadu and was successful in planning and building Bengaluru Fort and Bengaluru Pete, the foundation of the current city of Bengaluru. He is also noted for his societal reforms and contribution to building temples and water reservoirs in Bengaluru. His ancestral origin is near Denkanikottai town in Krishnagiri District

Kempegowda's birth anniversary celebrations are organized by the state government every year across Karnataka from 27 June 2017, and is seen as Kempegowda day or ′Kempegowda Jayanthi′. An award is established and named after the ruler, called Kempegowda Award, which is presented annually at ceremony held by BBMP. Early life and concept of Bengaluru
Hiriya <mask> Gowda was born in Yelahanka and was the son of Morasu Vokkaliga  Kempananje Gowda, who had ruled Yelhankanadu for more than 70 years. The powerful chiefly family had moved from Kanchi in Tamil Nadu to Karnataka in the early fifteenth century and served the Vijaynagar Empire.They were originally from Karnataka and were a Kannada speaking community, although well versed in Telugu. <mask> <mask>, who is reputed to have shown leadership skills during his childhood, was educated at Gurukula in Aivarukandapura (Aigondapura), a village near Hesaraghatta, for nine years. <mask> <mask> assumed the chieftaincy from his father in 1513. It is said that <mask> Gowda got the vision of building a big futuristic city during a hunting expedition when he went towards Shivanasamudra (near Hesaraghatta) from Yelahanka with his Minister Veeranna and Advisor Gidde <mask>. He envisioned the city to have a fort, a cantonment, tanks (water reservoirs), temples and people of all trades and professions to live in it. He conquered Sivaganga principality,  from Bangalore on Bangalore-Pune highway. Next he annexed Domlur, which is on the road from Bangalore to the old Bangalore airport.Within this vast forest area, with the necessary Imperial permission of the Vijayanagar Emperor, Achyutharaya (Dasarahalli record dated 1532) he built Bangalore Fort and the town in AD 1537, and moved his capital from Yelahanka to the new Bengaluru Pete. Construction of Bengaluru
<mask> Gowda built a red fort with eight gates and a moat surrounding it. Inside the fort two wide roads ran from North to South and East to West. The other roads were made parallel or perpendicular to them. On an auspicious moment fixed by an astrologer, <mask> Gowda harnessed the bullocks to the ploughs at the central Doddapete square, at the junction of Doddapete (Avenue Road) and Chikka pete, got the ground ploughed and worked the four main streets running in four directions. One ran from Halasoor (Ulsoor) Gate to Sondekoppa Road from East to West, and another from Yelahanka Gate to the Fort running from North to South. These roads are the present Nagarthapete and Chikka pete; and Doddapete respectively.The streets and the Blocks were demarcated for the purpose they were meant, like for business or residences etc. Streets of Doddapete, Chikkapete, Nagartha-pete were for marketing of general merchandise; Aralepete (Cotton pet), Tharagupete, Akki pete, Ragipete, Balepete etc. were for marketing of commodities like cotton, grain, rice, ragi, and bangles respectively: kurubarapete, Kumbara-pete, Ganigarapete, Upparapete etc. were for trades and crafts, and residences of Kuruba, Kumbara, Ganiga, Uppara castes respectively and similar petes' (Blocks). Halasoorpete, Manava-rthepete, Mutyalapete (Ballapurapete) etc. were meant for other groups of the society. The Agraharas were for the priests and learned classes.He got skilled artisans and craftsmen from the neighboring as well as far off places and got them settled so that they could pursue their vocations. Temples of Vinayaka and Anjaneya were built at the Northern Yelahanka Gate of the fort (near the present head office of State Bank of Mysore). Dodda Basavannanagudi (The Bull Temple) and in its neighbourhood, Dodda Vinayaka and Dodda Anjaneya and Veerabhadhra temples were also built outside the fort on the southern side. Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple was also built by <mask> Gowda. <mask> <mask> I encouraged the construction of temples and lakes and planned residential layouts, or agraharams, around each temple. The construction of the mud fort and several temples and lakes transformed Bangalore from a sleepy village to a centre of culture based on vedic traditions. Tanks were built for the water supply to the town, to the moat around the fort and for the irrigation of crops.Inside the fort, a big pond enclosed by masonry of dressed granite stones was dug and built (on the South-Western corner of the present Sri Krishnarajendra Market). Dhar-mambudhi tank, which supplied water to the town (present Subhash Nagar, BMTC bus stand and KSRTC bus stands, in front of the city Railway Station), Kempambudhi tank (named after Ranabhaire Gowda's family Goddess, Doddamma or Kempamma), in Gavi-pura Guttahalli and Samp-igambudhi tank (named after one of the daughters-in-law: present Sree Kanteerava Stadium), which were meant for irrigation, were also built. Irrigational facilities gave much impetus to agriculture and horticulture and also encouraged laying of gardens and raising groves of fruit crops. The Emperor of Vijayanagara pleased with his activities bestowed him with near-by villages of Halasooru (Ulsoor), Begur, Varthur, Jigani, Thalagattapura, Kumbalgodu, Kengeri and Banavara. Social reforms and interest in art
One of his social reforms was to prohibit the custom of amputating the last two fingers of the left hand of the unmarried women during "Bandi Devaru", an important custom of Morasu Vokkaligas. He was a patron of art and learning. Despite belonging to a purely Kannada speaking community, he was multilingual and authored Gangagaurivilasa, a yakshagana play in Telugu, the court-language of the time.Later life and legacy

In the mid 16th century due to a complaint from neighbouring Palegar, Jagadevaraya of Channapattanathe, Emperor Sadashivaraya of Vijayanagara Empire under the supervision of Aliya Ramaraya, imprisoned <mask> <mask> for minting his own coins without the Emperor's prior approval and for fear of rise in power at Penukonda. His territories were also confiscated. He was later released after being imprisoned for five years. After being released, he was awarded back his territories. He died in 1569, having ruled for about 56 years. A metal statue of <mask> Gowda was posthumously installed in 1609 at Gangadhareshwara temple at Shivagange. In 1964, another statue was erected in front of the Corporation Office, Bangalore.According to some literary sources, Bengaluru <mask> Gowda's elder son Gidde Gowda, took over control after his death. On 14 December 2013, Bengaluru's main international airport was renamed as Kempegowda International Airport. Bengaluru's prominent Kempegowda Bus Station has been named so to honour <mask>wda. The Bangalore Development Authority developed the Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Layout. The prominent Majestic metro station on the Purple Line (Namma Metro) of Bengaluru's Namma Metro has been renamed in <mask>wda's honour. Educational institutions such as the Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kempegowda Institute of Physiotherapy, Kempegowda College of Nursing, and the Kempegowda Residential PU College have been named after Kempegowda. A locality and a park in Bengaluru are named in <mask>wda's honour.A busy thoroughfare in Bengaluru has been named as the Kempegowda Road. The Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Convention Center is located in Bengaluru. On 27 June 2020 commemorating the 511th birth anniversary of <mask> Gowda, work on a 108-feet tall Kempegowda Statue and a 23-acre Central park around the statue formally began on with Chief Minister B. S. Yediyurappa performing a Bhoomi Pooja at the Kempegowda International Airport. Lineage
The lineage of <mask> Gowda lasted for a century in Magadi, where they built many temples, forts and tanks. Nelapattana, a subterranean town was built on the foot of the Savandurga, to protect themselves from Muslim invasions. However, in 1728, the Dalawayis of Mysore Kingdom defeated Kempe Gowda and annexed the principality. The last ruler was imprisoned in Srirangapatana till his death.The family members were moved to Hulikal village in Magadi, where the lineage continues to survive. Some other family members were pensioned off by Dewan Purnaiah by granting jagirs in Hosur, present day Tamil Nadu, where the lineage continues to exist as farmers. Tomb of <mask>wda
The inscription of 16th century in Kannada on the tomb proclaims that Hiriya <mask>wda had died at the spot while returning from Kunigal. Reportedly after settling a dispute, Kempagowda was returning to Bengaluru from Kunigal. On 7 March 2015 the tomb was accidentally found by Prashanth Marur, a college official turned historian while he was driving by Kempapura village in Magadi. It was also authenticated by group of historians who visited the tomb. It is believed that <mask> <mask>, son of <mask> I, built the tomb when his father died.After the confirmation Prashanth Marur wrote an article and published in Vijayavani newspaper on September 3, 2015..

References

General
 Dr. B. S. Puttaswamy. KEMPEGOWDA OF BENGALURU, 160 pp. Bengaluru: Manoj Publications, 2017. Price 200 INR Released at Dubai. . Cell +919448522310

Further reading
 Puttaswamy, B. S. Yalahanka Nadaprabhu <mask>wda Mattu Atana Vamshastaru,(In Kannada) 240 pp. Bengaluru: Manoj Publications, 2011. External links

 City founder <mask>wda's tomb is traced to Magadi; bangaloremirror.com

Indian royalty
1510 births
1570 deaths
People from Bangalore
People of the Vijayanagara Empire
16th-century Indian monarchs
History of Bangalore

masks:
Nadaprabhu Hiriya Kempe Gowda
Kempe Go
Kempe Gow
Kempe Gowda
Kempe Gowda I
Kempe
Kempe
Gowda
Kempe
Gowda
Kempe
Gowda
Kempe
Kempe
Kempe
Kempe
Gowda
Kempe
Gowda
Kempe
Kempe
Kempego
Kempego
Kempego
Kempe
Kempe
Kempego
Kempego
Immadi
Kempegoda
Kempegoda
Kempego
Kempego


title: Amalia von Dyhrn

texts:
Baroness <mask>yhrn-Czettritz-Neuhaus née <mask> (30 July 1790 in Breslau – 14 June 1866 in Herzogswaldau) was a well-known German multi-millionaire heiress and a philanthropist. Family

Baroness <mask>hrn was born into the Prussian noble family of Rabenau. Her father Baron <mask>, a tax officer and a former major in the army, was an impoverished aristocrat, who owned a bankrupted estate in Schwiebus. Her mother Johanna “Jeanette<mask> was an illegitimate daughter of the Prussian general Baron <mask>; because of her opportunistic and promiscuous nature she had a quite bad reputation in the society. <mask>'s parents were divorced in 1791. She moved with her mother and her older sister Henrietta to Breslau, where they lived very modestly in a small apartment at a monastery. In 1794 her father Friedrich committed suicide and <mask> never got to know him.Early life

<mask> was known as a beautiful, dark-haired and black-eyed young lady, whose origin is actually still not quite clear. Especially because of her looks, the rumors were circling around, that she was a product of her mother's affair with a Gipsy from a South-European country. These rumors were however never confirmed as truth. As an impecunious divorcée Jeanette <mask>, who was a close relative of the Lichnowsky princely family, had to take care of herself and her two daughters. She established a small private tailor school for noble ladies in Breslau and her older daughter Henrietta, who was old enough to work, was sent to the estate of the Counts von Schweinitz-Krain in Niebusch (county of Freystadt in Schlesien), where she worked as a governess of the young Countess <mask> Schweinitz-Krain, who was a granddaughter of Baroness Helene <mask>yhrn (née Countess von Schweinitz). Henrietta stayed unmarried. In 1810 <mask> and her mother attended a high society ball at the family <mask> Berge-Herrndorf's house in Breslau.There she met the young Baron <mask> Dyhrn, with whom she was officially engaged two years later. The Dyhrn family strongly disapproved of this union, because of the bride's trivial background and her low economic status, but Julius was determined to marry the woman he fell in love with. They married in April 1814 in Freystadt. Her mother Jeanette was overjoyed, especially because this marriage meant the end of her family's financial problems. Later life

After the marriage <mask>, now a Baroness <mask>yhrn moved to the Dyhrn family's mansion in Herzogswaldau together with her mother and her older sister. <mask>'s mother-in-law Baroness <mask> Dyhrn (née <mask> Berge), who was actually a stepmother of Julius, was so disappointed with her stepson's choice, that she decided to leave the family residence and move alone to her house in Freystadt. In 1825 Julius took the name <mask> Dyhrn-Czettritz und Neuhaus of his uncle Ernest Carl <mask>yhrn-Czettritz-Neuhaus, who had no children, and inherited his fortune and his large properties in Waldenburg.<mask> and Julius moved to their manor house in Neuhaus (county of Waldenburg), leaving Herzogswaldau to Julius’ younger brother Heinrich von Dyhrn. The couple had no children, but their marriage was said to be a very happy one. It was only a few years before Julius’ death, when the things got bad. The Baron lost his reason and was transmitted to a psychiatric institution. A few years earlier <mask>, born and married into Protestant families, converted in Catholicism and began a close friendship with a catholic priest from Herzogswaldau, named Franz Gyrdt. After her husband Julius died in 1841, the priest moved to the new-build mansion of the Dyhrn family in Hermsdorf. <mask> inherited this mansion and all the properties and buildings, that previously belonged to her husband.She was also very successful in leading the Dyhrn family mining business. The estate, which <mask> <mask>yhrn inherited, was enormous; estimated to be 10 million Prussian thalers (nowadays approx. 165 million US dollars). It was because of this princely wealth that people very often referred to her as »Princess« instead of »Baroness«. Although she had no children, <mask> and Julius took care of two of their closest relatives. Since 1822 their nephew <mask> Dyhrn was living at their mansion in Hermsdorf, and later <mask> also took care of her niece Baroness Anette <mask>yhrn. Dyhrn family versus Catholic Church

The priest Franz Gyrdt became the closest friend of the Baroness and was also the administrator of her finances.He was encouraging her to make several donations for Catholic Church and for catholic institutions in the province of Silesia. <mask>, as a humanitarian person, made numerous donations also for poor and less fortunate people during her life. Franz Gyrdt had a very big influence on the Baroness; it was probably because of him that the Baroness <mask>yhrn converted to Catholicism. In the middle of the 1860s she got very ill and in June 1866 she died. Surprisingly, the principal heir of her fortune was her longtime friend and advisor Gyrdt. Her closest relatives –the Dyhrns from Herzogswaldau, were extremely unpleasantly surprised by the content of <mask>'s testament. The part of the Dyhrn family fortune, estimated to something more than 12 million thaler (nowadays approx.200 million US dollars), which at the time was in <mask>'s hands, was being inherited by a person who was not even a member of the family and who was actually Catholic. She left more than 9 million thaler (nowadays approx. 149 million US dollars) to Gyrdt, only 1,5 million thaler to her niece Anette (married to Count Heinrich Wilhelm <mask>yhrn from the Dolzig estate), half of a million thaler to her nephew Alfred and the rest to charities in Breslau and for rebuilding of her mansion in Hermsdorf into an orphanage. She also left some of her money to her loyal longtime servants – especially appreciated was her personal maid and companion Clara Jäschke. The Dyhrn family was not prepared to give up the fortune. But after more than 10 years of lawsuits between the family and Gyrdt nothing could be done in favor of the family, because the will was constructed perfectly, allowing neither a refutation nor the right for jurisdiction of the government. The Dyhrn family, who was always convinced, that the priest either forged the testament or forced <mask> to appoint him the main heir of the family fortune, was powerless.Even the Emperor Wilhelm himself could not help them. After Franz Gyrdt received his share of the assets, his lifestyle changed dramatically. He bought new properties, traveled a lot and he also gave up working as a priest. After Gyrdt's death the fortune of this Protestant family was inherited by the Diocese of Breslau (elevated to Archdiocese in 1930) and was being administrated by the Prince-Bishop of Breslau dr. Heinrich Förster, who already in 1866 also directly inherited a share from <mask> <mask>hrn's estate, and by dr. Adolph Franz. When dr. Franz was leading the German Catholic newspaper Germania, this was also being, among many other Catholic institutions, financially supported by the Protestant Dyhrn family's fortune. The story was mentioned in several European newspapers, being one of the biggest scandals in the German Catholic Church in the 19th Century. Legacy

 The Dyhrn palace in Hermsdorf was later in fact rebuilt and modernized, and named after the Baroness as <mask> <mask>yhrn-Czettritz Waisenhaus in Hermsdorf-Waldenburg.Several hospitals were established in Lower Silesia under the Baroness <mask>n's supervision and financial support. Sources
 Archiv für schlesische Kirchengeschichte, Bands 8-9. A. Lax
 F. Petermann: Das Priestererbe. Selbstverlag, 1890. 1790 births
1866 deaths
Nobility from Wrocław
German philanthropists
German women philanthropists
19th-century Prussian people
19th-century Prussian women
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century German businesspeople
19th-century businesswomen

masks:
Amalia Frederica Wilhelmina von D
Baroness von Raau
Amalia von Dy
Friedrich George von Raau
” von Schlichting
Samuel von Schlichting
Amalia
Amalia
Amalia
von Schlting
Johanna von
von D
Amalia
von
Julius von
Amalia
von D
Amalia
Caroline von
Baroness von
von
von D
Amalia
Amalia
Amalia
Amalia
von D
Amalia
Alfred von
Amalia
von D
Amalia
von D
Amalia
Amalia
von D
Amalia
Amalia
von Dy
Amalia
von D
von Dhr


title: Jérôme Rothen

texts:
<mask> (born 31 March 1978) is a French former professional footballer who played as a winger. Rothen won 13 caps for the French national team. He represented his country at the 2004 European Football Championship and won the FIFA Confederations Cup with France in 2003. At club level, Rothen won the Coupe de France once and the Coupe de la Ligue twice with Paris Saint-Germain. He also won the Coupe de la Ligue with Monaco. Rothen was a skilled winger who specialised in free kicks, crossing and passing. Club career

Early career
Rothen underwent training at the famous Clairefontaine National Football Academy in France.Caen
He started his career with Caen. Troyes
He then played for Troyes AC under Alain Perrin. AS Monaco
He was brought to AS Monaco on 1 January 2002 for €5 million. <mask> was one of the players of the Monaco side that reached the 2004 final of the Champions League, in May 2004. Paris Saint-Germain

A native of the Paris metropolitan area, he fulfilled a childhood dream when he signed for the capital side Paris Saint-Germain in 2004 for €11 million. He rejected lucrative offers from more powerful European clubs such as Manchester United, Chelsea and Valencia in order to join PSG, the club he supported during his youth. In the French capital, his dream soon turned sour.Often injured, <mask> appeared in only 18 league games and 2 Champions League fixtures in his debut season. 2005-06 was equally disappointing. Under the orders of Laurent Fournier and then Guy Lacombe, the left winger struggled to reproduce the kind of displays that had made him famous at Monaco. Often injured, he nonetheless took part in a Coupe de France win over fierce rivals Olympique de Marseille. In the second half of 2006, returning from injury, <mask> found himself cast aside by Guy Lacombe. In December 2006, he faked an injury in order to organize a transfer deal that would materialize during the January transfer window. He was then tipped to join Lille OSC, but then learned about Lacombe's imminent sacking from Paris Saint-Germain.The arrival of new coach Paul Le Guen in January 2007 convinced him to stay put. Gradually, he began to recover his best form. With the club battling against relegation, <mask>'s revival was one of the factors that enabled PSG to save their spot in the top flight. In the summer of 2007, several clubs expressed interest for the midfielder, including champions Olympique Lyonnais, who were looking for a replacement for the outgoing Florent Malouda. <mask> stayed in Paris, and following a great start to the 2007-08 season, was voted as the league's player of the month in September. He regained a spot in the French national football team and even netted a free-kick on 13 October 2007 against the Faroe Islands. In 2007-08, Paris Saint-Germain struggled even more than the previous season.In such a context, <mask> became an increasingly important player due to his creativity and crossing ability. Such was his importance to the club that French media would describe PSG as "dependent upon Rothen" and "playing a game that is excessively left-sided", the flank which the player occupied. During those years, several signings like Sergey Semak, Bonaventure Kalou and Williamis Souza were made with the aim of reducing the side's dependence on Rothen and introduce some kind of creative threat on the right flank too. None of these solutions worked, and PSG continued to rely upon Rothen to pull them out of the relegation trap in May 2008. 2008-09 was his last season in Paris. He managed to make 34 league appearances, his best tally in a single season since 2003-04 in Monaco at AS Monaco. However, he had lost much of his importance to the club, with the arrival of other creative players such as Stéphane Sessègnon and former Monaco team mate Ludovic Giuly.In the summer of 2009, Paul Le Guen left the club to be replaced by Antoine Kombouaré, who deemed Rothen surplus to requirements and banished him to the reserves squad. Rangers
On 1 September 2009 <mask> agreed to join Scottish Premier League club Rangers on a one-year loan deal from PSG. He made his debut for the club on 12 September 2009 against Motherwell. He made his first appearance in the Champions league for Rangers in their 1–1 draw away to Stuttgart. Ankaragücü
After going back to France <mask>'s relationship with Rangers soured and the club were looking to move Rothen on, as he was deemed surplus to requirements, rather than pay his salary for the remainder of the season when it looked like he would not figure in the squad. <mask> flew to Turkey on 22 January 2010 to sign a six-month loan deal with Ankaragücü after rejecting advances from Greek sides Larissa, Kavala and Iraklis. On 29 January 2010, he signed a six-month contract with Ankaragücü.Bastia
Almost a year after Paris resigned his contract, <mask> signed in May 2011 a two-year contract with the Corsican club of SC Bastia, newly promoted to the French Ligue 2. <mask> made his team debut on 29 July 2011 against Istres, and Bastia won the match 3–1. He won the Ligue 2 title with the team in the 2011-12 season and was selected as the Ligue 2 Player of the Year. Return to Caen
In July 2013, <mask> rejoined his first senior club, Caen. On 1 January 2014, he announced his retirement from football. International career
<mask> made his debut on 29 March 2003 against Malta. He was a member of the French national squad at Euro 2004, where he made a brief substitute appearance in their defeat by Greece in the quarter-finals.<mask> was not selected in the 2006 FIFA World Cup squad for France. He was recalled to the squad for Euro 2008 qualifying and, on 10 October 2007, marked his comeback with a superbly taken free-kick against the Faroe Islands, the last scored free-kick for France as of 13 June 2015. Autobiography
On 8 October 2008, <mask> published his autobiography You're Not Going To Believe Me. The book has generated significant attention in the media, notably for its description of an incident concerning Zinedine Zidane, his former teammate in the France national team. According to Rothen, the incident occurred during the second leg of Monaco's 2004 Champions League quarter-final win over Real Madrid. Monaco had overturned a 4–2 first leg deficit, and were 3–1 up with seconds left to play when Zidane tackled Rothen from behind. "It was a foul and I went down, admittedly I made a bit more of it, but anyone would have done the same, as we were trying to buy some seconds," Rothen wrote."Zidane leant over me and said: 'Get up, you son of a bitch.'" The expression <mask> claims Zidane used, 'fils de pute', is a variation on what Marco Materazzi is alleged to have said to Zidane before the head-butt that proved the iconic moment of the 2006 World Cup final. "I was surprised but put it down to his frustration, and I expected him to apologise at the end of the game, but he said nothing," Rothen continued. "I thought the next time we saw each other with the France team he would say sorry, and then it would be forgotten, but he didn't and that disappointed me." In a subsequent interview with the French newspaper L'Equipe, <mask> stated he did not intend to smear Zidane's image by publicizing the incident. He also denies having received pressure from the latter's camp to remove the offending passage, as had been reported in the press. Career statistics

Club
Source:

International
Source:

Honours
Troyes
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Monaco
Coupe de la Ligue: 2002–03
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2003–04

Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de France: 2005–06; runner-up: 2007–08
Coupe de la Ligue: 2007–08
Trophée des Champions runner-up: 2004, 2006

Bastia
Ligue 2: 2011–12

France
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2003

Individual
Ligue 2 Team of the Year: 1999–2000, 2011–12
Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2002–03
LFP Player of the Month: February 2003
UNFP Player of the Month: September 2007 (Ligue 1), February 2012 (Ligue 2)
Ligue 2 Player of the Year: 2011–12

References

External links

FFF profile

1978 births
Living people
People from Châtenay-Malabry
Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine
Association football midfielders
French footballers
France international footballers
French expatriate footballers
Stade Malherbe Caen players
ES Troyes AC players
AS Monaco FC players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.players
Rangers F.C. players
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
SC Bastia players
Ligue 1 players
Scottish Premier League players
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
INF Clairefontaine players
FC Versailles 78 players
Süper Lig players
Ligue 2 players
Expatriate footballers in Monaco
French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco

masks:
Jérôme René Marcel Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen
Rothen


title: Aaron Robinson (composer)

texts:
<mask> is an American composer, conductor, and musicologist. He is the author of Does God Sing? – A Musical Journey. He created the musical work Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration. He also served as conductor and musical director in the PBS documentary On This Island. In 2013, he was nominated for an Emmy Award for composing Maine Public Broadcasting Network's Maine Arts series theme music. Personal background
<mask> attended Medomak Valley High School in Waldoboro, Maine.At 16 years of age—a self-taught musician who never took piano lessons—he became the organist at both the Broad Cove Community Church in Cushing and the Friendship United Methodist Church. By his late teens, he was creating, performing and producing concerts and theatrical productions, including the musical Moody Blue for which he wrote both the music and lyrics. According to a 2013 interview, <mask> studied composition and piano performance at the Boston Conservatory of Music with composer John Adams and Lawrence Thomas Bell, as well as film scoring with John Williams at the Berklee School of Music; but chose not to graduate with a degree. Instead, <mask> "went out and lived the life of music," as he said in a 2017 interview. In 2001, he became organist and choirmaster for “Music at Immanuel” at the Immanuel Baptist Church in Portland, Maine. In 2009, he retired from public performing due to illness. During which time <mask> wrote the memoir, Does God Sing – A Musical Journey.It reached #5 on the Barnes & Nobles best-sellers non-fiction paperback list for March 2013. <mask> lives on the coast of Maine with his wife and son. Career
<mask> has conducted works for the concert and theatrical stage, including Leonard Bernstein's Candide – The Concert Version. In 1997, <mask> conducted Treemonisha: The Concert Version by ragtime composer Scott Joplin at the Rockport Opera House in Rockport, Maine, with a new libretto by Judith Kurtz Bogdanove. In 2001, he orchestrated, arranged, and conducted the musical Islands, which was produced on Broadway at the New Victory Theater by John Wulp, with music and lyrics by Cidny Bullens. <mask> conducted the world premiere performance of his Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration in 2001 at the Immanuel Baptist Church. The concert version recreated the original performance of Langston Hughes's Gospel Song-Play Black Nativity that opened in 1961 at the 41st Street Theatre in New York City.In 2004, the documentary film Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration was made about the world premiere performance, production, and creation under the direction of <mask> with the original cast. In December 2013, <mask> collaborated with Dr. Anthony Antolini and the Bowdoin College Chorus and Down East Singers to mount a revised version of his 2004 creation. <mask> composed An American Requiem, which had its New England Premiere under the direction of Dr. Robert Russell and the USM Chorale. He also wrote Driving Old Memories (The Rockland Maine Song) with his father Ervin <mask>. On June 2, 2021, the Mayor of Rockland, Maine presented a key to the city and proclaimed June 2021 “Driving Old Memories” month. In 2012 he wrote the music for the independent documentary In the Shadows of Grey Gardens In an article entitled “Robinson and Ragtime”, David Welker called him “one of today’s leading proponents of early jazz and ragtime music”. He is perhaps best known for his composition “The New England Ragtime Suite” for piano.In 2014, the opening of Maine Public Broadcasting’s “Maine Arts!” Series received an Emmy Award at the 36th annual New England Emmy Awards for which <mask> contributed the series’ theme music and was nominated for a separate Emmy Award. <mask> composed the Maine-based musical, The Legend of Jim Cullen - A Dramatic Musical, which received its world premiere at the Heartwood Regional Theater Company in the summer of 2014. In May 2017, <mask> premiered two choral works in Studzinski Hall at Bowdoin College: "Requiem For a New World" and "This Will Be Our Reply To Violence" with words by Leonard Bernstein. With a famous line taken from an address Bernstein gave a few days after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, according to a 2017 interview, it was the first time the Bernstein Estate had ever granted a composer the rights to set the words to music. It was performed later that year by the Vox Nova Chamber Choir. <mask> received acclaim for his compositions from Maine's Senators Angus King and Susan Collins, who remarked: "With the scourge of violence unabated in our times, we all must increase our devotion to the highest ideals of humanity. Through your remarkable career as a composer, performer, and author, you are helping to elevate our nation as you bring distinction to our great state of Maine.”

<mask> collaborated with children's book author and illustrator Ashley Bryan in 2018 on an African-American Requiem titled "A Tender Bridge".The work celebrates Bryan's life and career based on his writings; and uses "jazz, ragtime, Negro spirituals, Southern hymns and other musical idioms, along with a full choir, gospel choir, children’s choir, orchestra jazz ensemble and multiple narrators." Published works
 <mask>, <mask> (2013). Does God Sing? : A Musical Journey, Tate Publishing. 182 pages. Langston, Hughes (1961) <mask> (2004). Black Nativity, Dramatic Publishing.34 pages. Filmography

Television

Film

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Maine Public Broadcasting Network "<mask> - "Does God Sing - A Musical Journey" (audio re-broadcast)
 “Voices of 'pure joy' ; 'Black Nativity' boasts spiritual songs and poetry of Langston Hughes”
 The Camden Herald “A ’Nativity’ with Soul”
 Boothbay Register “Alna author tells stories of music’s power”
 WCSH 6 “Composer and Author <mask>”

1970 births
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Living people
Ragtime composers
People from Camden, Maine
Musicians from Maine
Boston Conservatory at Berklee alumni
Berklee College of Music alumni

masks:
Aaron Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Aaron
Aaron Robinson
Aaron Robinson
Aaron Robinson


title: Nick Laird

texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Northern Irish novelist and poet. Education
Laird was born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, where he attended the local comprehensive school. He then gained entry to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he initially studied Law but switched to English, in which he attained a first-class degree and won the "Arthur Quiller-Couch Award for Creative Writing." He went on to work at the law firm Allen & Overy in London for six years, before leaving to concentrate on his writing. Personal life
Laird met Zadie Smith at Cambridge University. They married in 2004 in the Chapel of King's College, Cambridge. Smith dedicated her third novel, On Beauty, to "my dear Laird."The couple lived in Rome from November 2006 to 2007 and now live in New York City and Queen's Park, London. They have two children. Poetry

To a Fault
To a Fault is Laird's first collection of poems, and was nominated for the Forward Prize for Best First Collection. To a Fault was published by Faber and Faber in January 2005. On Purpose
On Purpose is his follow-up book of poems, published also by Faber and Faber in 2007. The collection further explores the concept of relationships, loosely based on the tract The Art of War by Sun Tzu. The book won the Somerset Maugham Award and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 2008.Go Giants
Go Giants is Laird's third collection, published by Faber and Faber in 2015. Feel Free
Laird's fourth collection, published by Faber and Faber in August 2018, was shortlisted for the 2018 T. S. Eliot Prize. Novels

Utterly Monkey
Utterly Monkey was published in May 2005 by Fourth Estate, and by Harper Perennial in the US. It follows the relationship of two childhood friends from Northern Ireland. One of them, Danny, grows up to be a lawyer after attaining an education in London, while the other, Geordie, works as a labourer, and does not pursue extensive studies after school. Laird has described Geordie as "more feckless than Danny," and "a kind of a drifter." The novel also explores the ongoing political and military conflict within Northern Ireland known as The Troubles.When asked whether or not Americans can comprehend and identify with the experiences of people in Northern Ireland, Laird replied: "I think they can, but I don't think they do,” and cited the "low level of discourse" that he has encountered in regard to this subject when he travels to America. Glover's Mistake
Review from The New York Times:
A blog called The Damp Review figures prominently in <mask>'s new novel. On it David Pinner, once an art student, now a teacher who dabbles in cultural criticism, writes about "whatever took his fancy. Or didn't," Mr. <mask> writes. "He found it easier to write on disappointments. Hatreds, easier still." At the beginning of the book David goes to an art opening for Ruth Marks, a feminist American artist who is in London on a yearlong residency.Ruth was once David's teacher, and they strike up a friendship. But Ruth strikes up more with David's much-younger roommate, James Glover, who plays the innocent to David's cynic. And, as the romance between Ruth and James develops, so does David's anger and unhappiness. Mr. Laird is also a poet, a day job he reveals in sentences like "David realized he'd been unconsciously pushing his nails into his palms, leaving little red falciform marks." The Village Voice also featured the book. Modern Gods
Published in 2017. Influences and themes
In a January 2006 appearance on The Leonard Lopate Show, Laird explained how travelling out of Northern Ireland for an education in Cambridge had expanded his horizons and opened him up to opportunities that he believes would have otherwise been closed to him: "I met a Jewish person for the first time.I met a black person for the first time." He also described the freedom that moving away from Northern Ireland gave him with respect to adopting a new, or broader, identity. "It does mean freedom in a way to reinvent." One of the themes in Laird's writing is the interpersonal relationships forged between men and women, and in the Lopate interview, he cited Ian McEwan and <mask> as writers whom he admired for their ability to weave this element into their work. Laird is also one of the post-Troubles young novelists from Belfast, who have emerged to articulate the identity of the generation whose childhoods were experienced amid some of the region's worst violence, but who also matured in an era of problematic reconciliation. Along with Robert McLiam Wilson, whose novel Eureka Street was widely acclaimed, the most successful young novelists from Belfast are Glenn Patterson, author of six novels and a collection of essays, and Colin Bateman, a very prolific and commercially successful author of comic novels about contemporary Belfast including Divorcing Jack. Laird also cited the enduring influence of Irish poet Seamus Heaney on his life and work, tracing his love of literature back to reading some of Heaney's early work, which he claimed "seems to be written out of the same place that you live."Recognition and prizes
To a Fault and Utterly Monkey were both long-listed for the inaugural Dylan Thomas Prize. To a Fault won the Jerwood Aldeburgh Prize, the Ireland Chair for Poetry Award and the Rupert and Eithne Strong Award. It was also shortlisted for the Forward Poetry Prize for First Collection; it was shortlisted for the Poetry Now Award in 2006; and it was longlisted for the Guardian First Book Award. Laird won the Eric Gregory Award in 2004 and was also the recipient of the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature in 2005. Utterly Monkey won the Betty Trask Prize for best first novel in 2005. It was also shortlisted for the Commonwealth best first novel award, the Irish novel of the year award, and the Kerry Group Listowel Fiction prize. On Purpose won a Somerset Maugham Award and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 2007.He participated in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six Books, with a piece he wrote based upon a book of the King James Bible. Bibliography

Novels

Poetry
Collections

Contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue between East and West, Gingko Library, 2019. List of poems

See also

List of Northern Irish writers

References

External links
 "It's nothing to do with me". Guardian profile/interview of <mask>rd. Mr and Mrs Smith Interview by the Daily Telegraph. <mask>rd Biography, courtesy of British Council Arts. Lad Lit Interview on WNYC's Leonard Lopate Show.John Redmond Reviews To a Fault
 Utterly Monkey, by <mask>rd PopMatters book review. "Cuttings," by <mask>rd
 <mask>rd: "The Bearhug"
 Michiko Kakutani reviews Utterly Monkey, by <mask>rd

1975 births
Living people
21st-century British poets
21st-century British male writers
Alumni of Allen & Overy
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Male novelists from Northern Ireland
Male poets from Northern Ireland
People from Cookstown
People educated at Cookstown High School
The New Yorker people

masks:
Nicholas Laird
Nick Laird
Laird
Nick Hornby
Nick Lai
Nick Lai
Nick Lai
Nick Lai
Nick Lai
Nick Lai


title: Lucas Martins

texts:
<mask> (born 11 November 1988) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division of Brave Combat Federation, where he is a former interim lightweight champion. A professional mixed martial artist since 2011, <mask> has also competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> started his MMA career in 2011; before that he competed in muay thai, achieving a 34–2 record. He fought only for Brazilian-based promotions such as Jungle Fight and MMA Rocks. With a record of twelve wins and no losses, <mask> signed with the UFC. <mask> is managed by Wade Hampel of Big Fight Management. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his promotional debut on short notice, replacing an injured Justin Salas against Edson Barboza on 19 January 2013 at UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Bisping.<mask> had his first defeat due to TKO (retirement) in the first round. <mask> faced Jeremy Larsen, a contestant of The Ultimate Fighter: Live, on 18 May 2013, at UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Rockhold. Despite taking a significant amount of damage in the first two rounds, <mask> knocked Larsen out early in the third round. The performance earned both participants Fight of the Night honors. <mask> next dropped from lightweight to bantamweight and faced promotional newcomer Junior Hernandez on 4 September 2013, at UFC Fight Night: Teixeira vs. Bader. He won the fight via technical submission in the first round. <mask> was expected to face Johnny Eduardo on 9 November 2013, at UFC Fight Night 32.However, both fighters were removed from the card due to injury. <mask> was expected to face Bryan Caraway on 22 February 2014, at UFC 170. However, Caraway pulled out of the bout citing and injury and was replaced by UFC newcomer Aljamain Sterling. <mask> was expected to face Jim Alers in a featherweight bout on 16 July 2014, at UFC Fight Night 45. However, Alers pulled out of the bout citing injury and was replaced by Alex White. <mask> won the back and forth fight via knockout in the third round. The win also earned him his first Performance of the Night bonus award.<mask> faced Darren Elkins on 25 October 2014, at UFC 179. Elkins defeated <mask> via split decision. <mask> faced Mirsad Bektić on 30 May 2015, at UFC Fight Night 67, replacing Renato Moicano. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round. <mask> faced Robert Whiteford on 10 April 2016, at UFC Fight Night 86. <mask> won the fight via split decision. Subsequently, the UFC elected not to renew Martin's contract – allowing him to sign elsewhere.Brave CF
After racking a couple of wins in Brazil's regional circuit, <mask> signed with Brave Combat Federation. In the promotional debut <mask> faced Fabian Galvan at Brave CF 3 and won the bout via Brabo choke in the second round. On 13 April 2018, <mask> faced Luan Santiago Carvalho for the interim lightweight championship. <mask> was behind in the scorecards coming into the fifth and final round. In the final seconds of the round, Santiago dislocated his elbow when he was taken down by <mask> and couldn't continue. <mask> became a free agent after fighting out his two-fight contract with Brave, but elected to rapidly sign a new, five-fight contract with the organization. <mask> faced Abdul-Kareem Al-Selwady for the undisputed lightweight championship at Brave CF 18 on 16 November 2018.<mask> injured his left leg when he was taken down by Al-Selwady in the first round and referee stopped the fight. On 25 July 2019, <mask> was defeated by Bubba Jenkins at Brave 24 by TKO at 2:48 of the first round by way of unanswered strikes. Jenkins retained the Brave CF Featherweight Championship. <mask> was next scheduled to face Felipe Silva at Brave CF 35 on 28 March 2020, but Silva withdrew from the bout and was replaced with Abdul-Rakhman Makhaziev. However, the event has been postponed until a to-be-determined date due to the COVID-19 pandemic

<mask> was next expected to face Luan Santiago in a rematch at Brave CF 41 on 17 September 2020. However, <mask> was forced to withdraw due to an injury and the bout was scrapped. <mask> was scheduled to face Marcel Grabinski on 4 June 2021 at Brave CF 51.Hoewever, Grabinski has to pull out from the fight due to medical condition. The bout has been called off. <mask> scheduled again to face Marcel Grabinski on 21 August 2021 at Brave CF 53. According to BRAVE CF officials, Grabinski was forced to withdraw from the rescheduled bout a little bit less than week prior to the event due to Covid-19 protocols. Marcel hadn’t traveled to Kazakhstan and was  replaced by local standout Olzhas Eskaraev. In an upset, <mask> lost the bout via rear-naked choke in the second round. Personal life
<mask> owns a gym, Capital da Luta, in São Paulo.

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