title: Piero Camporesi

texts:
<mask> (15 February 1926, in Forlì – 1997, in Bologna) was an Italian historian of literature and an anthropologist. He was a professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna. Works
(English translations)

Il Brodo Indiano (Exotic Brew, English translation by Christopher Woodall)
La casa dell'eternità (The fear of hell: images of damnation and salvation in early modern Europe, English translation by Lucinda Byatt)
 Le officine dei sensi (The anatomy of the senses: natural symbols in medieval and early modern Italy, English translation by  Allan Cameron)
Il sugo della vita (Juice of life: the symbolic and magic significance of blood, English translation by Robert R. Barr, foreword by Umberto Eco)
Bread of Dreams
La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (The magic harvest : food, folklore and society, English translation by Joan Krakover Hall)

(Works published in Italy)

 "Petrarca 66: l'aer gravato e l'importuna nebbia" (in Giornale italiano di filologia, a. 4, n. 4, 28 novembre 1951, pp. 320–22)
 "Giuseppe D'Alessandro poeta barocco tra seicento e settecento" (in Convivium 1952, pp. 397–426)
 "Biltri, blittri" (Lingua nostra, vol. 13, 3, 1952, pp.70–72)
 Il tema dell'Adynaton nel Canzoniere del Petrarca (Milano: De Silvestri, 1952)
 "Una lettera inedita di Lodovico di Breme al Ginguene" (Torino: Societa editrice internazionale, 1953, pp. 255–62)
 "Documenti per la storia del romanticismo italiano: pensieri inediti di Pietro Borsieri" (in Convivium, 1955, pp. 192–97)
 "Goldoni, Venezia e i romantici" (in Convivium, n.s., 1958, pp. 170–73)
 (edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Il Romitorio di sant'Ida (Bologna: Commissione per i testi di lingua, 1961)
 "Una vita romantica di Maria Antonietta" (in Convivium, n.s. 1961, pp. 80–84)
 (edit by) Ludovico di Breme, Lettere (Torino: Einaudi 1966)
 (review to) "Pietro Borsieri, Avventure letterarie di un giorno e altri scritti editi e inediti" (Lettere italiane, a. 20., n. 3 luglio-settembre 1968, pp.424–25)
 (edit by) Vittorio Alfieri, Estratti d'Ossian e da Stazio per la tragica (Asti: Casa d'Alfieri, 1969)
 (edit by) Pellegrino Artusi, La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene (Torino: Einaudi 1970 e 2001)
 (edit by) Il libro dei vagabondi: lo Speculum cerretanorum di Teseo Pini, Il vagabondo di Rafaele Frianoro e altri testi di furfanteria (Torino: Einaudi 1973)
 "La cucina popolare emiliano-romagnola: continuità e cambiamento" (Atti del 4° convegno dell'Accademia italiana della cucina, Parma-Bologna, 8-10 giugno 1973, pp. 109–33)
 (edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le sottilissime astuzie di Bertoldo (Torino: Einaudi 1973 e Milano: Berlusconi 1994)
 "Italo Calvino", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 449–64)
 "Giuseppe Mazzini", in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana (Torino: Utet 1974, pp. 545–60)
 "Lo stereotipo del Romagnolo" (Studi romagnoli, XXV, 1974, pp. 393–411)
 "Carnevale, cuccagna e giuochi di villa" (Studi e problemi di critica testuale, 1975, 10, pp. 57–97)
 La maschera di Bertoldo: G.C. Croce e la letteratura carnevalesca (Torino: Einaudi 1976 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 (edit by) Giulio Cesare Croce, Le astuzie di Bertoldo e le semplicità di Bertoldino (Torino: Einaudi 1978 e Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 "Alimentazione e cucina" (in Storia della Emilia-Romagna, vol.2, 1978, pp. 501–16)
 Il paese della fame (Bologna: Il mulino 1978 e 1985, Milano: Garzanti 2000)
 Il pane selvaggio (Bologna: Il mulino 1980, Milano: Garzanti 2004)
 Alimentazione, folklore, società (Parma: Pratiche 1980 e 1983)
 (introduction to) Giuseppe Cocchiara, Il mondo alla rovescia (Torino: Boringhieri 1981)
 "Cultura popolare e cultura d'élite fra Medioevo ed età moderna" (in Storia d'Italia, vol. 4: Intellettuali e potere, Torino: Einaudi 1981)
 "Le erbe del sogno e della sopravvivenza" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 54–78)
 "Speziali e ciarlatani" (Medicina, erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana 1981, pp. 138–59)
 "La ruota del tempo" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, strutture rurali e vita contadina, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 36–49)
 "Il campo, il fuoco, la tavola" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, espressioni sociali e luoghi d'incontro, Milano: Silvana, 1977, pp. 50–73)
 "La condizione vegetale: uomini, erbe, bestie" (Cultura popolare nell'Emilia-Romagna, medicina erbe e magia, Milano: Silvana, s.d., pp.118–35)
 La carne impassibile: salvezza e salute tra Medioevo e Controriforma (Milano: Il saggiatore 1983 e Garzanti 1994)
 Odori e sapori: (introduction to) Alain Corbin, Storia sociale degli odori. XVIII e XIX secolo (Milano: Mondadori, 1983 e 2005)
 (preface to) Aureliano Bassani, Eminenza, il pranzo e servito : le ricette di Alberto Alvisi cuoco del card. Chiaramonti vescovo di Imola (1785-1800) (Bologna: Aniballi 1984)
 Il sugo della vita: simbolismo e magia del sangue (Milano: Comunità 1984, Mondadori 1988 e Garzanti 1997)
 Le officine dei sensi (Milano: Garzanti 1985 e 1991)
 La casa dell'eternità (Milano: Garzanti 1987 e 1998)
 I balsami di Venere (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 2007)
 "La sestina del Petrarca e l'interpretazione di un passo di Benvenuto da Imola" (Giornale italiano di filologia, s.d.) La terra e la luna: alimentazione folclore societa (Milano: Il saggiatore 1989 e Garzanti 1995)
 La miniera del mondo: artieri inventori impostori (Milano: Il saggiatore 1990)
 Il brodo indiano: edonismo ed esotismo nel Settecento (Milano: Garzanti 1989 e 1998)
 Rustici e buffoni: cultura popolare e cultura d'elite fra Medioevo ed eta moderna (Torino: Einaudi 1991)
 Le belle contrade: nascita del paesaggio italiano (Milano: Garzanti 1992)
 Le vie del latte: dalla Padania alla steppa (Milano: Garzanti 1993)
 Il ghetto: Bologna, storia e rinascita di un luogo (Bologna: Grafis 1993)
 Il palazzo e il cantimbanco (Milano: Garzanti 1994)
 Il governo del corpo: saggi in miniatura (Milano: Garzanti 1995 e 2008)
 "Schede secentesche" (Studi secenteschi, vol. 38, 1997, pp. 396–414)
 Camminare il mondo: vita e avventure di Leonardo Fioravanti medico del Cinquecento (Milano: Garzanti 1997 e 2007). Studies on Piero Camporesi
 Elide Casali (edit by), "Academico di nulla academia".Saggi su <mask> Camporesi, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2006 (con prefazione di Gian Mario Anselmi e saggi di Emilio Pasquini, Renato Badalì, Albano Biondi, Marco Belpoliti, Peter Burke, Glauco Sanga, Lucio Gambi, Ezio Raimondi, Maurice Aymard. Completa l'opera una Bibliografia degli scritti di <mask> Camporesi a cura di Paolo Tinti). Marco Belpoliti (edit by), <mask> <mask>, in «Riga», n. 26, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, 2008 (con saggi di Maria Corti, Giorgio Manganelli, Carlo Ossola, Marco Belpoliti, Ottavio Cecchi, Alfredo Giuliani, Philippe Ariès, Giovanni Giudici, Antonio Porta, Alfonso Maria Di Nola, Franco Cardini, Georges Balandier, Guido Almansi, Giancarlo Mazzacurati, Umberto Eco, Pierre Lepape, René de Ceccatty, Inuhiko Yomota, Hidenobu Jinnai, Marino Biondi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino, Elide Casali, Pierpaolo Antonello, Marco Antonio Bazzocchi, Etsuko Nakayama, Alberto Natale, Diego Zancani). Elide Casali, Marcello Soffritti (edit by), Camporesi nel mondo. L'opera e le traduzioni, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi. Forlì, 5-6-7- marzo 2008, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2009 (con interventi di Maria Gioia Tavoni, Paolo Tinti, Marino Biondi, Giuseppe Ledda, Francesca Gatta, Umberto Eco, Diego Zancani, Stijn Van Hamme, Luisa Rubini, David Gentilcore, Etsuko Nakayama, Maria Carrerars i Goicoechea, Adele D'Arcangelo, Anabela Cristina Costa da Siva Ferreira, Licia Reggiani, Marcello Soffritti, Elide Casali). External links
 Brief biography of Piero Camporesi
 Il ponte e il cuneo.On some works of Piero Camporesi, Oliviero Ponte di Pino
 Letteratura e cucina - Camporesi, critico controcorrente, "la Repubblica", marzo 2008
 Camporesi, un sapere con tanto sugo - "La stampa" – Tuttolibri, 1-03-08
 Un ghiottone di parole... "L'Espresso", marzo 2008 - Umberto Eco
 Una nota sul metodo di ricerca di Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
 Percorsi infernali in Piero Camporesi, Alberto Natale - "griseldaonline", numero I, marzo - ottobre 2002
 Commemorative biography edit by Elide Casali in "Bollettino 900: News 3", 2-11-1997
 Centro Studi Camporesi.Dipartimento di Filologia classica e Italianistica dell'Università di Bologna, su centri.unibo.it. More informations: <mask> <mask> (The Italian page of Wikipedia)

Italian historians
1926 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Italian historians

masks:
Piero Camporesi
Piero
Piero
Piero
Camporesi
Piero
Camporesi


title: Antón Losada Diéguez

type: original

texts:
<mask> (b. Moldes, (Boborás), Galicia, 22 December 1884 - d. Pontevedra, Galicia, 15 October 1929) was a writer, Galician politician, member of the Irmandades da Fala of Ourense, promoter of the magazine Nós and correspondent of the Royal Galician Academy. He was author of half a dozen books of poetry, seven books, two political writings, the incomplete work A domeadora and the speech Ouservacións encol da prosa galega. He became a member in the Seminar of Galician Studies. He was honoured on the Day of the Galician Letters of 1985. Biography

Early years
<mask> belonged to a Hidalgo family of traditional ideology and deeply Catholic. He was the son of <mask> (1860-1913) and <mask> (1850-1888), who died of tuberculosis. He spent five years as an intern at the Santiago Apostol School of the Society of Jesus in Pasaxe (province of Pontevedra).He studied literature at the University of Deusto, graduating in 1906. He took a law course at the University of Santiago de Compostela between 1902 and 1903, where he also acted as assistant professor of Armando Cotarelo Valledor. His first writings were never published. In 1904, he went to Madrid where he obtained a doctorate in philosophy and literature. During these years, he wrote four plays in Spanish that were submitted to a number of contests. In 1907, he returned to Galicia to take part in the agricultural movement. He founded the agricultural unions in A Estrada and in other areas of Galicia.During 1910, he relocated to Galicia, where he attained political appointment to the jaimismo and was chosen as secretary of the Traditionalistic Xunta of Santiago de Compostela. In 1911, he left Galicia again for Madrid in order to prepare for the civil service examination. In 1913, he won a position as professor of secondary education in the Canary Islands. He completed his degree in law in Santiago, where he met Lois Porteiro. On 25 June 1915, he married Albina Espinosa Cervela, daughter of Laurentino Espinosa Valladares, with whom he had his first son, Antón. She died of typhus on 17 December 1916. From 1916, he supported the jaimismo movement and began to praise Catalan regionalism.On 31 December 1920, <mask> married for the second time, this time marrying the sister of his first wife, Mercedes Espinosa Cervela, with whom he had six more children. Entrance in the Galicianist movement
Year 1917 was to be fundamental in the political path of Losada, as he became a member of the Irmandades da Fala and embraced Galicianism. On 17 October, he wrote to Porteiro requesting information and, by 30 October, he had already been integrated into the Irmandades. During that year, he traveled to Barcelona with a delegation of the Irmandades to celebrate a Galician Week and got in contact with the Lliga. When <mask> went back to Ourense he was responsible for receiving Francesc Cambó, and was responsible, together with Rodrigo Sanz and Lois Porteiro, for organizing the Galician autonomy candidatures in the province of Ourense before the Spanish general election held in 1918 (in coalition with the mauristas of José Calvo Sotelo). The electoral defeat provoked a general demoralization in the Irmandades and Losada concentrated his efforts in consolidating the group. In order to do so, he wrote many articles in the press, especially in El Emigrado, La Región, O Tío Marcos d'a Portela, A Nosa Terra, El Estradense and Alborada wherein his writings in Galician could be found, and at the same time continuing his work as Catholic propagandist in Pontevedra acting as president of Catholic Action and of the local Circle of Catholic Workers venues.He also tried to promote some of the first shy attempts to have Galician language adopted in the liturgy. He even translated Salve Regina into that language. In November 1918, he chaired the I Nationalist Assembly of Lugo. Along with Risco and Arturo Noguerol, in 1920, he founded the Nós magazine. He accompanied Risco in the training of the Irmandade Nazonalista Galega during 1922, and was his Propaganda Minister for a year, failing in his attempts to reunify the Galicianist movement. On May 12, 1924, <mask> <mask> became a member of the Seminar of Galician Studies, giving the speech "Ouservacións encol da prosa galega" (Observations about Galician Prose). In reliance on Calvo Sotelo's promises, <mask> collaborated initially with Primo de Rivera's dictatorship as a provincial deputy in Pontevedra.During that period, <mask> took part in the failed attempts to establish a Mancomunity of Galicia, leading to his capitulation at the beginning of 1925. During the rest of the dictatorship, he participated in cultural activities such as founding the Choral Polifónica of Pontevedra, the Eiriña Football Club and his work in the Seminario de Estudos Galegos, but without forgetting the aspirations for autonomy for Galicia. He was only 45 years old when he died in Pontevedra in 1929. <mask> was a corresponding member of the Royal Galician Academy (May 22, 1928) and was honoured on the Day of the Galician Letters in 1985. Work
From joining the Irmandades until his death, <mask> is known to have written a half-dozen poems, seven short stories, an unfinished fragment of a comedy, two articles about art and some other articles. In 1985, his Obra completa (Complete works) were published. Some titles are:
 Simbólica e ideas filosóficas contenidas en "La vida es sueño": drama en tres jornadas y en verso de D. Pedro Calderón de la Barca, 1910."Valentín Lamas Carvajal". Article published in O Tio Marcos d'a Portela nº 32 o 31/5/1918, p. 4. "Os camiños d'o agrarismo galego". Article published in A Nosa Terra nº 96 o 5/8/1919. "Conto" (Dous rapaciños rifaron...), tale published on Nós magazine n.º 5 on 24/6/1921. "Adiante" in A Nosa Terra nº 167, 1922/7/25. "Ouservacións encol da prosa galega", discurso de ingreso no SEG o 12 de maio de 1924.Excavaciones en Montealegre (Domayo), provincia de Pontevedra : memoria de los trabajos realizados y descubrimientos hechos por el concesionario Don Antonio <mask> y Diéguez. 1927. MAN. "Inéditos do Lousada", published in Nós magazine nº 71 on November 15, 1929. Include:
 "Lonxe", dous poemas. O primeiro asinado: Pontevedra, Nadal, 1926, p. 191. "Soneto XV da Vita nuova, do Dante".From Italian «Tanto gentile e tanto onesta pare...», p. 192. "Un conto" (Boteime a camiñar pol-o Ceo, brincando...), p. 192. "Outro conto" (Cando me erguín aquela mañán dixéronme...), p. 193
  A domeadora, pp. 193–203. Obra teatral incompleta. Reedited in 1985 and 2005. "A significación profunda do galeguismo" in Pensamento galego I, C. Baliñas, 1977. .
 <mask> <mask> Diéguez.Escolma edited by Filgueira Valverde. Royal Galician Academy Publications. 1985. Obra completa. Ed. de J. Beramendi. Texts in Galician and Spanish.Xerais, 1985. .
 Antoloxía de <mask> Diéguez (1985). Limiar de Anxo Tarrío. USC. .
 Arredor do noso futuro. Campus Universitario Ourense (1997). .
 Traduccións poéticas de Antón Losada Diéguez. Ed: Marchisio, C. Bibliófilos Gallegos, 1999, . Na estrada da vida: ensaio de comedia dramática, en tres actos e un prólogo. Fervenza.2006. .
 Os que soñan. Fervenza Edicións. A Estrada. 2006. .
 Virilidade : ensaio cómico, orixinal e en prosa. Fervenza. 2006. .
 O mellor de... <mask> <mask> Diéguez (1884-1929), ed. de Teresa Seara, 2010, La Voz de Galicia. .

Gallery

See also
 Vicente Risco
 Irmandades da Fala
 José Calvo Sotelo

References

Bibliography
 José Antonio Durán Iglesias (1981)."<mask> Diéguez, la derecha gallega y los nacionalistas", p. 263-303 in Crónicas-3, Akal, . Xoán Carlos Garrido Couceiro (2005). "Días de Losada na Estrada", intro. in  A domeadora, Fervenza, . Henrique Monteagudo (1995). "Ideas sobre a lingua de Antón <mask> Diéguez" in Antón <mask> Diéguez, 10 anos dun premio. O Carballiño. .

 Homenaxe a Antón <mask> Diéguez: centenario 1884-1984.Concello do Carballiño, 1984. . External links

 RAG. Figures paid tribute to. Antón Losada Diéguez
 Foundation Antón Losada Diéguez
 Galician Virtual Library
 130 aniversario do nacemento de Antón Losada Diéguez Biblioteca Ánxel Casal, Santiago . Galician nationalists
Writers from Galicia (Spain)
1884 births
1929 deaths

masks:
Antón Losada Diéguez
Antón Losada
Miguel Losada y Losada
Carmen Diéguez Arias y Belt
Antón
Antón
Antón
Losada
Losada
Antón
Losada
Losada
Losada
Antón
Losada
Antonio Losada
Antón
Losada
Antonio Losada
Losada
Losada
Losada


title: Paul Huntington

texts:
<mask> (born 17 September 1987) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End. He’s made over 300 appearances for the club to date. Club career

Newcastle United
<mask> joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004. He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience. He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough, and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0, partnered with David Wheater at centre back. He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs. Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw. He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005.His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the club's Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005. In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy. He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town. He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo. On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme "Match Of The Day". On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle, appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League. In that game, he received the Man Of The Match accolade.He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007, the first equaliser in Newcastle's 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar, losing on away goals over the two legs. He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season. Leeds United
On 31 August 2007, he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee. He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United. On 9 October 2007, he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage. He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008.He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April. There were controversies surrounding whether it was <mask> or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal, but was officially given to <mask>. <mask> was Leeds' first-choice centre-back. He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season. Manager Gary McAllister said <mask> has a bright future ahead of him. <mask> played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster, losing 1–0. He was handed the captain's armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne.He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations. At this time, Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson. On 10 September 2009, <mask> joined League One rivals Stockport County on a month's loan. He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town, and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield. After nine appearances for Stockport, his two-month loan ended. Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but <mask> was told to return by Leeds United. Stockport County
After leaving Leeds, he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season.Yeovil Town
On 16 July 2010 <mask> signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week. He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale. On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match. He won the League One Player of the Month for January, beating competition from Brighton's Elliott Bennett, Craig Dawson from Rochdale, and AFC Bournemouth's Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton. During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons, and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets. He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place, their second highest finish.He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Year's Eve defeat against Bournemouth. On 22 May 2012, the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown. Preston North End
Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town, he joined Preston North End. He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss. He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe, On Tuesday 9 October 2012. <mask> scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012.On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra. On 11 April 2013 <mask> was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets. His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win. On 17 December 2013, <mask> extended his contract with Preston North End, thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015. His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win. He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win.His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory, heading into the top left corner. On 6 December <mask>'s left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town; it was his 4th goal in 13 games. His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County, in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy. He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015. He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win. <mask>'s 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win. He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season, scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley.<mask> won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters. He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017. On 16 November 2015 <mask> won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season. Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion. <mask> signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year. His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017, scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week. <mask> extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019.A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season

He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw. Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018, finishing 7th. On 10 July 2018 <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End. On 28 December 2020 <mask> signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022. Career statistics

Honours
Preston North End
Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15

Individual
Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15
North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Carlisle, Cumbria
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football central defenders
Premier League players
English Football League players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Stockport County F.C.players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
People from Aspatria

masks:
Paul David Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington
Huntington


title: Adelaida Gertsyk

texts:
<mask> (, 16 February 1874 – 25 June 1925) was a Russian translator, poet and writer of the Silver Age. Her literary salons of the 19th and early 20th century brought many of the poets of the age together. Almost forgotten after her lifetime, scholarship renewed on Gertsyk at the end of the Soviet era and she is now deemed one of the significant poets of her age. Early life
<mask> was born on 16 February 1874 in Alexandrov of the Moscow Governorate in the Russian Empire to Sofia Maximilianovna (née Tidebel) () and <mask> (). Her father was descended of an impoverished Polish-Lithuanian noble family and worked as an engineer for the railroad, heading the construction of the Moscow-Yaroslavl line. Her paternal uncle, <mask>, built the Baranov Manufacturing plant in the Alexandrovsky District town of Karabanovo. Her paternal aunt, <mask> was married to the painter Lev Lagorio.Her mother, who died when Gertsyk and her sister, Eugenia, were young children was of German and Swiss heritage, though the family was entirely Russified, they were Lutheran. After their mother's death in 1880, Gertsyk's father remarried Eugenia Antonovna Vokach () and a half-brother Vladimir was born in 1885. Because of the nature of her father's work, Gertsyk grew up moving often, as her father constructed the rail line. After her birth in Alexandrov, they lived in Moscow then back to Alexandrov, and later Sevastopol and Yuriev-Polsky. All the children received a broad early education from by tutors and governesses, which included the study of five languages encompassing Polish and Italian, among others. They also traveled to Europe to experience diverse cultures during their childhood. Continuing her education, she was prepared for gymnasium following the curriculum of the Moscow Nobles Boarding School (ru) by the poet, M. A. Carlin (), from whom she developed a passion for writing.Gertsyk studied at the Moscow Women's Gymnasium and after graduating, studied art history, literature and philosophy on her own. Career
Fascinated by Russian folklore, Gertsyk taught the subject in a school in Tsarskoe Selo as well as at her family's estate in the Crimea. Her first works were translations which she began publishing in 1899. These included works by Alfred de Musset, Selma Lagerlöf, Friedrich Nietzsche, John Ruskin, and others. She also produced translations with her sister, Eugenia and began writing poetry during her relationship with , a married lawyer and poet. He was much older than she, but their relationship inspired her to write and influenced her later works. He died suddenly in 1903 and as a result of the shock, Gertsyk partially lost her hearing.Beginning in 1905, she worked as a collaborator on the journal Libra, publishing critiques and reviews of new books under the pseudonym V. Syrin. 1906 she published an essay Из мира детских игр (From the world of Children's Games), which was an acclaimed introspection. Her first significant publication of her own poems appeared in the almanac of the Symbolists known as Flower Garden of First Ashes that same year, as the cycle Golden Key. The poems depict philosophical and religious symbols with references to folkloric myth. She gained praise for the works from such artists as Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Maximilian Voloshin, and others. Around the same time as her publication, she spent the summer of 1908 at the family estate in Sudak and remained there until the first of October. Among the guests were Vyacheslav Ivanov,  and Dmitry Evgenievich Zhukovsky.In January, 1909, in Paris, Gertsyk married Zhukovsky, a biologist, publisher, and translator of philosophical literature, who was a member of the Russian aristocracy and well-to-do. The poet Maximilian Voloshin served as the best man at the wedding. By the following August, their first child, Daniyl was born. In 1910, her collection Стихотворения (Poems) was published and earned responses from the same group of noted poets, which was unusual praise for a Russian woman. In 1911, she published an autobiographical novella, О том, чго не было (About That Which Never Was) in the journal Russian Thought. From 1910 to 1917, Gertsyk published in the journals "Северные записки" (Northern Notes), "Альманах Муз" (Muses' Almanac) among others pursuing aesthetic themes. The couple hosted literary salons which were widely attended by some of the most noted intellectuals of the day.She became friends with and was influenced by Sergei Bulgakov to convert from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy. At one of these events in early 1911, Voloshin brought the young poet Marina Tsvetaeva. The two became steadfast friends and it would later be Gertsyk who introduced Tsvetaeva to Sophia Parnok in 1914. In 1913, she gave birth to her second son, Nikita. Following the autobiographical novella cycle, Gertsyk published two more, Мои романы (My Loves, 1913) and Мои блуждания (My Wanderings, 1915). During the war years encompassing World War I and the Russian Civil War, the family lived in the Crimea, first staying in the home Gertsyk's father had built in 1880. As they had in Moscow, the couple hosted salons for members of the intelligentsia, which included their friends from Moscow, and others like Lyudmila Erarskaya, Parnok, , Alexander Spendiaryan, as well as the threesome Polyxena Solovyova, her partner, Natalia Manaseina, and Manaseina's husband Mikhail.The group discussed literature and philosophy, staged performances and even published a literary newsletter. In 1914, as the older home needed renovations, the couple decided to build their own house in Sudak, which took two years to complete. They moved in in 1916, but did not enjoy it for long, as when the Red Terror reached the Crimea in 1920, their gatherings were banned. The famine seriously impacted her children, nearly killing them and then in January, 1921, Gertsyk was arrested. She spent three weeks imprisoned in Sudak and used the time to write a cycle of poems called Подвальные (The Cellar). After her release, she expanded some of these into a series of longer pieces, Подвальные очерки (Cellar Essays, 1924-1925). Some of these were printed in 1926 in the magazine Перезвоны (Chimes) in Riga.All dealt with the question of the border between life and death wherein people on the verge of death leave behind their earthly pleasures and seek truth. Death and legacy
In 1924, the family homes in Sudak were nationalized. Living in abject poverty and unable to find publishers, she and her son were forced to share a single pair of shoes. Finding the Soviet regime to be one of “coarse materialism”, she tried to emigrate with her family to France, but was unsuccessful. She died in a hospital in Sudak after suffering an acute attack of nephritis on 25 June 1925 and was buried in the Sudak Cemetery. The cemetery was destroyed in the 1980s and no trace of her burial remains. After the demise of the Soviet Union, interest in Gertsyk revived.A museum named in honor of her and her sister, the Adelaide and Eugenia Gertsyk Museum of Silver Age, was established in Sudak and poetry readings of their work commenced in 1996. In 2006, Natalia K. Bonetskaia published a book, Русская Сивилла и её современники: творческий портрет Аделаиды Герцык (Russian Sibyl and her contemporaries: Artistic portrait of <mask> <mask>) re-examining the significance of Gertsyk in light of her peers, and found that she was "one of the least known but brightest figures of the Russian Silver Age". References

Citations

Bibliography

1874 births
1925 deaths
People from Moscow Governorate
Russian women poets
19th-century Russian women writers
19th-century Russian writers
20th-century Russian women writers
20th-century Russian writers
19th-century Russian translators

masks:
Adelaida Gertsyk
Adelaida Kazimirovna Gertsyk
Kasimir Antonovich Luny Gertsyk
Joseph Antonovich Lubny Gertsyk
Elena Antonovna Lubny Gertsyk
Adelaida
Gertsyk


title: Geoffrey Ostergaard

texts:
<mask> (25 July 1926 – 22 March 1990) was a British political scientist best known for his work on the connections between Gandhism and anarchism, on the British co-operative movement, and on syndicalism and workers' control. His books included The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, and Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985), both dealing with the Sarvodaya movement. He spent the majority of his academic career at the University of Birmingham. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 July 1926 near Huntingdon, the son of a Danish immigrant. He attended Huntingdon Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied philosophy, politics and economics, graduating in 1950. <mask> became an anarchist while serving in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War after reading Herbert Read's Poetry and Anarchism. Work and career

<mask> taught and conducted research at the University of Birmingham from 1953 until his death.He was also a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, and a visiting professor at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Colin Ward wrote that "in his quiet, ironical way [<mask>] always relished the absurdities of the job he held" at Birmingham. Ward described <mask> as "a rock-like defender of academic freedom", and noted his "moral staunchness" in his support for the student revolts of the 1960s and for David Selbourne in his conflict with Ruskin College. <mask> regularly contributed to anarchist and pacifist periodicals, sometimes publishing under the name Gaston Gerard (an anagram of G. N. <mask>), and was a trustee of Peace News and the Friends of Freedom Press. He was one of a number of writers who contributed to the development of anarcho-pacifist thought and action during and shortly after the Second World War; others included Read, Alex Comfort, Nicolas Walter, David Thoreau Wieck, Dorothy Day, and Paul Goodman. Drawing on Gandhism, he argued that nonviolence offered a way to reconcile political principles with tactics and to envision of a society without organized coercion. Early career
<mask> pursued doctoral studies under G. D. H. Cole at the Nuffield College, Oxford, completing a thesis entitled Public Ownership in Great Britain: A Study in the Development of Socialist Ideas in 1953.In the 1950s <mask> published a series of articles on the co-operative movement. In Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964) he identified beats, beatniks and hipsters as "latter-day anarchists" sharing an eschatological or apocalyptic, rather than utopian, outlook, and the practice of Zen, which he described as "an intensely personal, subjective religion". Work on the Sarvodaya movement
<mask> was a lifelong Gandhian. His work on Gandhism sought to reframe the thought of Mohandas Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan in terms of anarchism. The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell, is a comprehensive study of the Sarvodaya movement. <mask> and Currell identify Sarvodaya as an Indian form of anarchism or communitarian socialism and identify points of continuity between Sarvodaya and the anarchist tradition, including rejection of private property and representative government, belief in decentralization and a synthesis of freedom and equality, emphasis on local communities, and support for direct action. The bulk of the book is based on the findings from a survey of the movement's leaders, inquiring into their backgrounds, motivations, political beliefs and attitudes.Reviewing the book in the India Quarterly, Usha Mehta wrote that it evinced "the authors' deep understanding of Indian society and people and of their sympathy for the Sarvodaya movement." In his review for The Journal of Asian Studies, Anthony Parel described The Gentle Anarchists as "a most welcome addition to the literature of modern Indian politics in general and to Gandhian politics in particular". In a review in the Journal of Asian and African Studies, Frank F. Conlon questioned <mask> and Currell's methodology but identified the book as "an important first step" that would "reveal much about the condition of sarvodaya in contemporary India and ... stimulate further historical and sociological lines of enquiry." Marvin Dicker, reviewing in Social Forces, similarly questioned Ostergaard and Currell's methodology and noted their sympathy for the movement as a further weakness, but described the book as "a valuable contribution to the literature on social movements." The Gentle Anarchists was followed by Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985). <mask>'s account of the Sarvodaya movement here focuses on the period from 1969 to 1977 and on the figures of Bhave and Narayan and their differences, including their respective approaches to the Emergency of 1975–77 and the premiership of Indira Gandhi. <mask> argues for the superiority of Narayan's approach over Bhave's, though with significant caveats.<mask> also identifies the Sarvodaya movement as the only significant social movement motivated by the belief in nonviolent revolution. Looking to the movement's future, he argues the movement ought to adopt a more overtly anarchistic position including election boycotts and the construction of alternative political institutions from below. Reviewing the book in The Round Table, Antony Copley described the book as "scrupulously fair" and likely to "establish itself as amongst the most important books to appear on the extraordinary drama of Mrs Gandhi's India." In his review for Our Generation, Robert Graham wrote that "<mask> has provided a great service to all those interested in nonviolent social revolution by writing such a thorough and thoughtful analysis", but argued the book fails to provide sufficient background on Indian politics and political groupings. Personal life
<mask> married Eva Dryden in 1948. He and Eva spent several years living in India while he researched and wrote about Gandhism. They had a son, Magnus.Death and legacy
<mask> died of leukaemia in Birmingham on 22 March 1990. His papers are held at the University of Bradford Library. See also
 List of peace activists

List of works
 Latter-day Anarchism: The Politics of the American Beat Generation (1964)
 Power in Co-operatives: A Study of the Internal Politics of British Retail Societies (1965), coauthored with A. H. Halsey
 The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-Violent Revolution in India (1971), coauthored with Melville Currell
 Nonviolent Revolution in India (1985)
 Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition (1985)
 The Tradition of Workers' Control: Selected Writings by <mask> (1997)

References

External links
 Works by <mask> hosted by Libcom.org
 Works by <mask> hosted by the Satyagraha Foundation for Nonviolence Studies

1926 births
1990 deaths
British political scientists
British anarchists
Anarcho-pacifists
British political writers
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Anarchist writers
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Osmania University faculty
Nonviolence advocates
Gandhians
Non-Indian Gandhians

masks:
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Geoffrey Nielsen Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Overview Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard
Geoffrey Ostergaard


title: Irtash

texts:
<mask> (born 1091 or 1092) was a Seljuk emir of Damascus in 1104. <mask> was born to Taj ad-Dawla Tutush, the brother of the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah I who established a principality in Syria after his brother gave the region and the adjacent areas to him. Following the death of Malik-Shah, Tutush claimed the Seljuk crown, but he was killed by the forces of his nephew Berkyaruq near Ray. Subsequently, <mask>'s brother Ridwan moved to Aleppo and proclaimed himself the new emir. <mask>'s other brother Duqaq's declaration of a new emirate in Damascus separated the Syrian Seljuk state into two and started a rivalry between the two brothers. Duqaq then imprisoned Irtash for nine years in Baalbek. Toghtekin, atabeg of Damascus, elevated the twelve-year-old <mask> to emir after Duqaq's death in 1104.He ruled there for three months until sneaking out of the city to ally with Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, against Toghtekin, who <mask> thought was conspiring against him. However, preoccupied with the Fatimid threat from Egypt, Baldwin did not assist <mask> and his ally Aytakin al-Halabi, the emir of Bosra. They left Baldwin's side and moved to Bosra which was surrendered to Toghtekin in 1106. <mask> then moved to al-Rahba, which was the scene of a war between the Seljuk emir Chavli Saqaveh and Muhammad Ibn Sabbak, the fort's ruler who had pledged loyalty to Saqaveh's opponent, Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm. Chavli captured al-Rahba and <mask> joined his ranks. There is no further information about <mask>, and he is regarded as one of the most unknown figures in Seljuk history. Background
<mask> ibn Tutush was born in 1091 or 1092.He was one of five sons of Tutush, the brother of the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, and the mayor of Ganja in Arran. In 1078, Malik-Shah sent Tutush to conquer Syria and the adjacent areas, creating a principality there. Tutush besieged and conquered Aleppo next year, while a Fatimid army simultaneously besieged Damascus. Thereupon, the ruler of Damascus, Atsiz ibn Uwaq (), asked for help from Tutush. Having heard that Tutush was coming, the Fatimid forces retreated. Even though Atsiz accepted Tutush's suzerainty, Tutush had Atsiz strangled with the bowstring of his bow on the pretext that he was late to greet him and that he was conspiring against him with his brother. Tutush conquered Southern Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem, Damascus, Acre, Tyre, Tripoli, Jaffa, and Arish, as well as the region of Galilee, previously held by Atsiz, and founded the Syrian Seljuk State.Tutush struggled with the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Suleiman ibn Qutalmish (), who had claimed Aleppo. Suleiman was defeated and killed in a battle that took place near Aleppo on 4 June 1086. Malik-Shah I died in November 1092, leaving no princes of age to inherit the Seljuk empire. Tutush claimed the Seljuk throne, as he was the only surviving adult in the dynasty, though he gained little support from the Turkic elite. He then captured Mosul, Aleppo, and the Diyar Bakr. One of Malik-Shah I's wives, Terken Khatun, who was trying to install her four-year-old son Mahmud to the throne, then attempted to reach out to Tutush, but died suddenly in 1094. By 1094, Tutush, accompanied by his son Duqaq, had invaded the Jazira and western Iran, seizing Ray.However, Tutush was killed by his nephew Berkyaruq's forces near the same city on 25 February 1095. Duqaq and his brother Ridwan returned to Aleppo after their father's death. Ridwan took over the Syrian Seljuk throne in Aleppo. Ridwan, fearing they might gain power and overthrow him, strangled his two brothers, Abu Talib and Behram, while Duqaq, accompanied by atabeg Janah ad-Dawla al-Husain, then fled Aleppo and moved to Damascus, founding an independent Emirate of Damascus there. Ridwan did not recognize Duqaq's domain and proclaimed himself as the sole legitimate ruler of the Syrian Seljuks. Thereupon, Ridwan besieged the city, but was unsuccessful in seizing it and had to return to Aleppo. Thus, the Syrian Seljuk sultanate was divided into two, Aleppo and Damascus.Sometime during this period, Duqaq imprisoned <mask>, who was three or four years old, at Baalbek, fearing that he might try to seize the crown. The town, located north of Damascus, was a three-day ride from the city and was ruled by Fakhr al-Dawla Gümüshtegin al-Taji, one of Tutush's freed slaves. The rivalry between Duqaq and Ridwan continued after the Crusaders arrived in 1097, though they both fought against the Crusaders, who established their own state in the Holy Land. Reign

Rule in Damascus

Duqaq died of tuberculosis on 6 June 1104, and was succeeded by his son, Tutush II. Soon after, his atabeg Toghtekin set aside Tutush II and his relatives. Toghtekin then freed the 12-year-old <mask>, who had been imprisoned for the previous nine years. According to contemporary Muslim chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi and modern Egyptian historian Taef Kamal Al-Azhari, <mask> was crowned on 10 October 1104.However, modern Turkish historian İbrahim Duman believes that to be an error, and suggests that <mask> was actually crowned on 18 September 1104. He also argues that Toghtekin, who was opposed by many after becoming the vizier of Duqaq, sought to unite the notables of Damascus under <mask>'s rule, thus aiming to maintain a strong position within the domain. <mask>'s mother convinced him that Toghtekin and his wife, Khatun Safwat al-Mulk, who was Duqaq's mother, were conspiring against <mask>. It is not known if Toghtekin brought Irtash to Damascus to have him killed, while Safwat al-Mulk may have wanted to reinstate the rulership of her grandson Tutush. <mask>'s supporters and Toghtekin's opponents were recommending he leave Damascus and go to Baalbek, and depose Toghtekin with the help of the Crusaders. Because of the rumours, Irtash had to move away from Damascus in October or November 1104. Toghtekin then gave khutbah in Tutush's name in Damascus, crowning him for the second time.Al-Qalanisi details a narrative in which Toghtekin advised <mask> to seize the al-Rahba. When <mask> returned from his successful expedition, Toghtekin did not let him into the city, and Irtash had to go to one of his castles. One of Toghtekin's opponents, Aytekin al-Halabi, emir of Bosra, also joined <mask>. Al-Azhari claimed Aytekin left Damascus after <mask> had already secretly fled, though Turkish historians Coşkun Alptekin and Ali Sevim believe Aytekin was with <mask> when he left the town. They moved to Hauran, south of Damascus and gathered men there. They also persuaded Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, that Toghtekin had posed a threat to the Crusaders and to aid them against him. Alliance with Baldwin I
In August 1105, the Fatimids launched a war on the Crusaders to expel them from Palestine.The Fatimids asked Toghtekin for help; Al-Qalanisi states that Toghtekin initially turned down the Fatimids' request and besieged Bosra; though he later changed his mind, knowing that Irtash was with them. The Fatimid army of ten thousand horsemen and infantry under the command of Sharaf al-Ma'ali, the son of al-Afdal Shahanshah, moved towards Ascalon. Toghtekin also joined the Fatimid army with 1,300-strong cavalry. The Crusaders positioned two armies between Jaffa and Ascalon, with <mask> also contributing to the Crusader army with 100 Turcoman archers. In the battle that took place on 27 August 1105, neither side could gain the upper hand, however, the Fatimids suffered more casualties than the Crusaders. The Fatimid emir of Ascalon, Gamal al-Mulk, was killed, and the Crusaders captured some other emirs. The Fatimid army then retreated, and the expedition failed.Baldwin I was to help Irtash against Toghtekin after the failed Fatimid expedition, however, he did not. Al-Azhari states Baldwin I thought that his army could not defeat Toghtekin's forces and Damascus. Contrary to this, Duman argues Baldwin sought to make the Muslim emirs even more hostile to each other and to cause turmoil in Damascus, which he had desired for a long time. The rivalry between <mask> and Toghtekin was a very important opportunity for Baldwin I to take over Damascus, and by using Irtash, he could have eliminated his nemesis, Toghtekin, and captured Damascus at the same time. <mask> and Aytekin got wind of this, and left the Crusaders' side for Bosra, ending the three-month-long alliance. Final years
Toghtekin besieged Bosra in 1106. During the siege, <mask> and Aytekin fled the town.After some time, Aytekin grew tired of the siege and agreed to hand over Bosra to Toghtekin in September. Toghtekin achieved a victory against Irtash and Aytekin in their weakened state. There is little information on Aytekin after the loss of Bosra, but it is known that <mask> went to al-Rahba. In 1107, the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appointed Chavli Saqaveh as the emir of Mosul. Chavli launched an expedition on the incumbent emir of Mosul, Jikirmish, and Kilij Arslan I. Chavli also besieged al-Rahba to punish its ruler, Muhammad ibn Sabbak, who had pledged loyalty to Kilij Arslan. Irtash was in a fortress during this siege. Ibn Sabbak was previously a vassal of Duqaq and later ruled the fort on behalf of Kilij Arslan.Duman argues this meant that Ibn Sabbak had taken a stand against Toghtekin, and <mask> had taken refuge in al-Rahba because of this. Chavli, who was angered as he had spent too much time besieging the city, ordered his men to pillage the fort's environs. The locals demanded Ibn Sabbak surrender the fort, and Chavli became victorious on 23 May 1107. Although Chavli reinstated Ibn Sabbak as the ruler of al-Rahba, he then imprisoned him. Chavli thought Ibn Sabbak was provoking the populace against him. <mask> joined Chavli's ranks after the capture of the fort. There is little information available on <mask>'s life after this event, and his date of death is unknown.Sevim assumes that <mask> died in 1105 on his way to al-Rahba, but this is disputed by Duman. The latter argues <mask> may have died in 1107, when he was fifteen. Though he also considers the possibility of him living for many years, as he was only fifteen in 1107; though he ruled no city, nor was he in the foreground of subsequent events. Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Seljuk rulers
People of medieval Syria
Muslims of the First Crusade
Emirs of Damascus
11th-century Turkic people
12th-century Turkic people
Turkic rulers
1090s births
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown

masks: Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash Irtash


title: Kevin Keen

texts:
<mask> (born 25 February 1967) is an English football coach and former player. Keen is currently the coach of West Ham United under-18 team. Keen began his career with Wycombe Wanderers before joining West Ham United in 1983. He spent seven seasons with the "Hammers" twice gaining promotion and twice suffering relegation. He left for Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1993 before joining Stoke City in October 1994. He helped Stoke reach the play-offs in 1995–96 losing out to Leicester City. Stoke then made the move to the Britannia Stadium but were relegated to Division Two in 1998.He spent two more seasons at Stoke helping the club again reach the play-offs and win the Football League Trophy in 2000. He then spent two seasons with Macclesfield Town during which time he had a spell as caretaker manager. After three spells as caretaker manager at West Ham, Keen left the club in July 2011 to take up the role of first team coach at Liverpool, where he would be reunited with old West Ham colleague Steve Clarke. He remained in this post until June 2012 leaving on the appointment of new manager Brendan Rodgers. In July 2012 he was again reunited with Clarke when he was appointed joint assistant head coach at West Bromwich Albion, and his next job was assistant manager at Reading. He managed League One club Colchester United between December 2015 and April 2016, but left the club after failing to avoid relegation to League Two. He joined Crystal Palace's coaching staff in July 2016.Playing career

Early career
Keen is the son of former professional footballer Mike Keen who played in midfield for Luton Town, Watford and Queens Park Rangers. He attended the John Hampden Grammar School, High Wycombe and was a member of the High Wycombe U15 team that won the English Schools Trophy in 1981 and won several England schoolboy caps. A year later, Keen became the youngest ever player to appear in a first-team game for Isthmian League side Wycombe Wanderers, making his debut at 15 years and 209 days, in September 1982. He played three games for Wycombe before joining West Ham United as a 16-year-old apprentice. West Ham United
Keen joined West Ham as an apprentice in 1983 and signed professional forms a year later in March 1984. He helped the reserve side to win the Combination League and won 15 England Youth caps. He made his debut as a substitute for Geoff Pike in a 5–2 home defeat against Liverpool in September 1986.He made 17 league and cup appearances in the 1986–87 as West Ham finished 15th in the First Division table. This season saw his first West Ham goal, in a 4–1 home win against Leyton Orient Orient in the 3rd round of the FA Cup on 31 January 1987. He made another 25 appearances in the 1987–88 season and 33 appearances in the 1988–89 season as West Ham reached the semi-finals of the League Cup and were relegated to the Second Division. A change of West Ham manager from Lou Macari to Billy Bonds saw him become almost ever present in the 1989–90 season, making 57 league and cup appearances and scoring 13 goals, as West Ham finished seventh in the table and again reach the semi-finals of the League Cup. He made 51 appearances in the 1990–91 season helping West Ham to promotion to the First Division and to the semi-finals of the FA Cup, and 39 appearances in 1991–92 as West Ham were relegated once more. The 1992–93 season saw his best form as he played in every league and cup game, making 56 appearances, as West Ham were promoted. His final game for West Ham was the 2–0 home win over Cambridge United in May 1993 that clinched promotion to the newly created Premiership.He was runner-up in the Hammer of the Year award for 1993. Due for a contract renewal, a poor offer by West Ham and manager Bonds after what Keen considered to be a good season for him at West Ham, saw him drop down a division and join Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wolverhampton Wanderers
Keen joined Wolves for a fee of £600,000 in July 1993, where he made 50 appearances in the 1993–94 season, scoring nine goals, and helping Wolves to seventh place in the table. A year later, he was on the move again and joined up with former West Ham manager, Lou Macari, at Stoke City. Stoke City
Keen joined Stoke City in October 1994 for a fee of £300,000. He marked his arrival at Stoke by scoring against his old club Wolves in his second match for the club. He formed a decent midfielder partnership with Ray Wallace as Stoke made a push for promotion to the Premier League in 1995–96 season.Unfortunately for Keen he picked up an injury against Luton Town in April 1996 and he missed the rest of the season. Stoke made the end of season play-offs and lost out 1–0 to Leicester City. He struggled for starts in 1996–97 as he recovered from his injury but was a regular in 1997–98 in what was Stoke's first season at the Britannia Stadium. He scored the winning goal in the first Potteries derby at the new stadium but it was a terrible season for Stoke as they finished in 23rd position and were relegated to Division Two. He played in 49 of the club's 52 fixtures in 1998–99 as Stoke failed to mount a consistent promotion challenge under Brian Little. He spent one more season at Stoke before leaving for Macclesfield Town. Macclesfield Town
Keen joined Macclesfield Town on a free transfer and made his debut in a 3–1 home defeat to Middlesbrough in the 3rd round of the League Cup in September 2000.He made 71 league and cup appearances, including a 3rd round tie at home in the FA Cup against former club West Ham in January 2002, which West Ham won 3–0. Keen also had a brief spell as caretaker manager of the club for one month following manager Gil Prescott's decision to concentrate on a role as director of football in October 2001. He was released in 2002 after his contract was not renewed and returned to West Ham in a coaching role. Coaching career

Keen rejoined West Ham in July 2002 as under-17 academy coach. He was later appointed reserve team coach and became first-team coach in October 2006. Following the sacking of manager Alan Pardew in December 2006, he was very briefly placed in temporary charge of first-team affairs until Alan Curbishley was appointed two days later. He reverted to his previous role as reserve team coach when Glynn Snodin was appointed as first-team coach in June 2007.He was formally announced as caretaker manager on 3 September 2008 after the resignation of manager Alan Curbishley. Keen took charge of West Ham for one game only; a 3–2 away defeat to West Bromwich on 13 September 2008 before handing over the manager's role to Gianfranco Zola. Keen was appointed again as caretaker-manager of West Ham, for their last game of the 2010–11 season, following the sacking of their previous manager, Avram Grant on 15 May 2011. On 3 July 2011, Keen left West Ham to join Liverpool as first-team coach in the backroom team under Kenny Dalglish. On 8 June 2012, it was confirmed that Keen had left Liverpool after the arrival of Brendan Rodgers as manager. On 3 July 2012 it was announced Keen had joined West Bromwich Albion as joint assistant head coach. On 14 December 2013 it was announced that <mask>en had been sacked along with head coach Steve Clarke.In July 2014, Keen began work as Head of Coaching and Under-18s Manager at Fulham. On 20 December 2014 he was appointed assistant manager to Steve Clarke at Reading. Keen was sacked alongside Clarke on 4 December 2015. After leaving his managerial role at Colchester United, Keen returned to coaching by joining Crystal Palace in July 2016. In February 2018, Keen joined Southend United as an assistant manager to Chris Powell. In June 2019, Keen returned to West Ham as coach to their under-18 team. Managerial career
Keen was handed his first permanent managerial position on 21 December 2015 when he was named Tony Humes' successor at League One club Colchester United.Keen's first match in charge was the Boxing Day Essex derby against Southend United. His side, already on a seven-game losing run, were defeated 2–0. He earned his first win as Colchester manager on 9 January 2016 against Championship opposition as his side defeated Charlton Athletic 2–1 in the FA Cup third round. Following a winless league run of 19 League One games stretching back to October 2015, Keen oversaw his first league victory for Colchester on 1 March 2016 as they defeated Bradford City 2–1 at Valley Parade courtesy of two Darren Ambrose goals. He was nominated for the League One 'Manager of the Month' award for March after improving Colchester's fortunes, but lost out to Barnsley caretaker manager Paul Heckingbottom. Despite Keen leading his side to a late season upturn in form, Colchester were relegated to the fourth tier of English football for the first time in 18-years after suffering a 3–0 home defeat to Burton Albion on 23 April 2016. He departed the club by mutual consent three days later.Career statistics
Source:

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Anglo-Italian Cup, Full Members Cup, Football League play-offs, and Football League Trophy. Honours

Club
 West Ham United
 Football League Second Division runner-up: 1990–91, 1992–93

 Stoke City
 Football League Trophy winner: 2000

Individual
 Stoke City player of the year: 1999

Managerial statistics

References
 Specific

General

External links

1967 births
Living people
People from Amersham
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C.players
English football managers
Macclesfield Town F.C. managers
Premier League managers
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
England youth international footballers
West Ham United F.C. managers
Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff
People educated at John Hampden Grammar School
West Bromwich Albion F.C. non-playing staff
Fulham F.C. non-playing staff
Reading F.C.non-playing staff
Colchester United F.C. managers
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Southend United F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League managers
Association football coaches

masks:
Kevin Ian Keen
Kevin Ke


title: Natalya Kochanova

texts:
<mask>va (born 25 September 1960) is a Belarusian politician who has been Speaker of the Council of the Republic of Belarus since December 2019. Early life and education
Kochanova was born on 25 September 1960 in Polotsk. Her father was a blacksmith and her mother worked in a garment factory. She has two brothers. She grew up in a communal apartment and studied at the Novopolotsk Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1982. In 2006, she graduated from the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus. Career
Kochanova worked as a remote control operator at Polotsk's water treatment facility from 1982 until 1987.She was promoted to the public service and was head of the housing department and member of the city's Executive Committee until 2002. In November 2007, she became mayor of Novopolotsk. In 2012, Kochanova became Deputy Chairperson of the Standing Commission Council of the National Assembly for legislation and state building. In 2014, Kochanova was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by President Alexander Lukashenko. On 21 December 2016, Kochanova was appointed Chief of Staff to the President of Belarus and Head of the Presidential Administration of Belarus by Lukashenko, who is known as Europe's "last dictator". At the time Lukashenko called her an "ardent supporter of the state policy. She is one of his key supporters and advisors.Political scientist Dmitry Bolkunets has suggested that <mask> could be seen by Lukashenko as a possible successor. However, Lukashenko himself has previously said that a woman cannot be the President. In December 2019, Lukashenko sent Kochanova to the Council of the Republic under the presidential quota, replacing her as head of the Presidential Administration with former Deputy Chair of the KGB Igor Sergeenko. Kochanova was elected speaker of the Council on 6 December 2019, receiving 59 of the 60 votes. She is the first woman to hold the position. In January 2020, Kochanova met with United Kingdom Ambassador Jacqueline Perkins seeking to deepen ties between the two countries. In April 2020, Kochanova was asked by Lukashenko to invite the World Health Organization to assess the performance of Belaru's healthcare system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.She said there was no need for emergency measures and the economy should keep working as usual. 2020 Presidential election and aftermath

<mask> was Chief of Staff for Lukashenko's election campaign in August 2020, who covers the bloody regime and repressions of Lukashenko's forces. After over 7,000 people were arrested during August 2020 protests calling for Lukashenko's resignation after the disputed election, Kochanova spoke on Lukahsenko's behalf about the release of 1,000 of those arrested, saying they were now "under the obligation not to participate in unauthorized activities." She said, "We don't need unrest. We don't need war." On 15 August, thousands of protestors outside the state television building demanded full coverage of the protests. After television staff joined them, Kochanova arrived, but was unable to pacify the crowd.The following day, state television reported on the protests for the first time. Opening the fourth session of the National Assembly on 2 October 2020, Kochanova said, "The election campaign was held in difficult conditions. We witnessed unconcealed external pressure on our country and the aggravation of an unhealthy public situation by internal destructive forces. People made their choice in support of the incumbent President, in favor of stability, peace, tranquility, and the policy pursued in the country." She also said, "Lies and misleading information about the country is being spread ... We, the members of the Council of the Republic, strongly condemn the gross interference of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine and other foreign countries in the internal affairs of Belarus." Later in October, the Council of Europe issued a statement condemning any further use of violence in Belarus, including "disproportionate use of force by the authorities against protestors." Kochanova issued a statement in response, saying the West receives "one-sided information" on the situation in Belarus from people who “do not represent the majority of citizens who supported the country’s course during the presidential election."She said Belarus was "ready to discuss the situation in the country with foreign partners, subject to mutual respect, objectivity, consideration of the parties’ interests and non-interference with internal affairs." After the German Bundestag adopted a resolution on 4 November 2020 rejecting the results of the presidential election as neither free nor fair, denying the legitimacy of Lukashenko and calling for a new vote, Kochanova and Chair of the House of Representatives, Vladimir Andreichenko, issued a joint statement. They called the resolution "blatant interference" in Belarus' affairs, saying they were "utterly bewildered" by German support for open calls for "terrorist activities". The statement said, "By the Resolution the Bundestag undermines the progress achieved in relations between Belarus and Germany, and panders to the mercenary interests of individual politicians who are trying to earn political capital on the image of “fighters for democracy in Belarus” while ignoring the harsh repressive actions of law enforcement agencies in their own country." In November 2020, Kochanova held an unsuccessful meeting with student protesters at Belarusian State University. She denied vote rigging and torture of those detained, but the students protested her comments. She said, "I thought that we will come out of here and ... be friends.But I am very saddened by the fact that today the framework of human norms and morality is being shattered ... when an adult woman like me is standing in front of you, and you shout in her face, this is rude and unacceptable." While answering the students' questions, Kochanova used "Dulles' Plan" conspiracy theory to explain the situation in Belarus. On 18 November 2020, Kochanova had a meeting with local deputies and officials of Polotsk and Novopolotsk. According to the leaked audio recording, she claimed that the protests had been organized from abroad, declared the photos of the people beaten by the police to be fake, supported expulsion of students from the universities for political reasons. On 27 November 2020, the Council of the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly awarded Kochanova with its medal "For Strengthening Parliamentary Cooperation." Due to her role, Kochanova was sanctioned by the EU, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland; she is also subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions. In 2021, ethnologist  fired from the Polack State University claimed that his forced leave was the result of pressure of <mask> <mask> and Ihar Marzaliuk on the university.Personal life
<mask> is married with two daughters. References

Living people
1960 births
People from Polotsk
Presidential Administration of Belarus
Political chiefs of staff
Mayors of places in Belarus
Women legislative speakers
Speakers of the Council of the Republic of Belarus
Alexander Lukashenko
20th-century Belarusian people
21st-century Belarusian politicians
21st-century Belarusian women politicians
Belarusian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List

masks:
Natalya Ivanovna Kochano
Kochanova
Kochanova
Natalya
Kochanova
Kochanova


title: Dada Bhagwan

texts:
<mask> (7 November 1908 – 2 January 1988), also known as <mask>, born Ambalal Muljibhai Patel, was a spiritual leader from Gujarat, India who founded the Akram Vignan Movement. He was religiously inclined from the early age. He worked as a contractor for a company maintaining dry docks in Bombay before attaining "self-realization" in 1958. He left business and focused on his spiritual goals. The movement around his teaching grew into the Akram Vignan movement gaining followers in western India and abroad. Biography

Early life
Ambalal Muljibhai Patel (A. M. Patel) was born on 7 November 1908 in Tarsali, a village near Baroda (now in Gujarat, India). His parents, Muljibhai and Jhaverba, were Vaishnava Patidars.He grew up in Bhadran, Kheda district in central Gujarat. A. M. Patel credited his mother for instilling an early appreciation of the values of nonviolence, empathy, selfless generosity, and spiritual penance within him. It is said that he was blessed by a saint when he was thirteen who told that he would attain liberation. He married a local village girl named Hiraba in 1924. Their children (born in 1928 and 1931) died a few months after birth so they had no surviving children. During this period, he was also influenced by the writings of Shrimad Rajchandra a Jain Monk who was also the spiritual Guru of Mahatma Gandhi and householder and religious teacher whose teaching inspired new religious movement later. He began practising temporary celibacy and later vowed lifelong celibacy.He was a contractor by profession. He moved to Bombay where he worked successfully as a contractor for the company Patel & Co. The company used to maintain and construct dry docks in the Bombay harbour. <mask> Bhagwan
He claimed to have attained self-realisation in June 1958 at Surat railway station while sitting on a bench at platform number 3. It was about 6 pm and it lasted 48 minutes. However this was not revealed initially by him. After his experience, a close relative began to address him by the spiritual name of <mask> (a Gujarati term for "Revered Grandfather") Bhagwan (Lord) became his spiritual name.The experience or self-realization is described as revelation or manifestation of the god within, or pure self, supreme self manifested through body; which he later called <mask> Bhagwan. He had differentiated between self and his empirical self as Patel and <mask> Bhagwan. He left his business to his partners to concentrate on his spiritual goals. He continued to live on the dividends of his shares of company. He continued his householder life as his teaching did not require renunciation or asceticism. Akram Vignan movement
Dada Bhagwan formed a movement which he termed Akram Vignan Movement. Unlike the step-by-step purification according to Jain principles,  Akram Vignan promises instant salvation through the grace of Simandhar Swami, for whom <mask> Bhagwan serves as a medium.His followers believe that they will be reborn in two lives in Mahavideha, a mythical land described in Jain cosmology from where they can achieve Moksha (liberation) as they are in connection with Gyani (knower). Flügel regards the movement to be a form of Jain-Vaishnava syncretism, a development analogous to the Mahayana in Buddhism. Initially, he had not revealed his experiences to the public but his some close relatives and friends knew it. In 1962, during a conversation with him, a person named Chandrakant Patel from Uganda experienced sudden self-realization. Such experience is described in traditional Jainism as kshayaka samyatva which is only achieved in presence of Tirthankara. Kanubhai K. Patel was the second person, who was also his business partner, who received instant knowledge in 1963 from <mask> <mask>. Expansion of movement
Between 1962 and 1968, very few close people received "knowledge" through <mask> Bhagwan.Following 1968, he bestowed "knowledge" who requested to be blessed. This is the foundation of the movement. He said that he was initially reluctant due to fear of public opinion as in case of Shrimad Rajchandra but after his visit to a Rishabha temple in Khambhat he decided to public performance of Gnanvidhi, a practice to transfer of "knowledge" for self-realisation. In 1968, the first Gnanvidhi was held at Bombay. Over the years, the Gnanvidhi became more elaborate and achieved its present form in 1983. He continued to give spiritual discourses all over the world. He emphasized contact of "knower" (jnani) to gain knowledge over scriptural or ritual knowledge.His followers were initially spread in his hometown Vadodara and Bombay. The movement expanded in the 1960s and 1970s to southern Gujarat and Maharashtra and in Gujarati diaspora in East Africa, North America and UK. In 1983, he had reportedly around 50,000 followers. When he died on 2 January 1988, his funeral was attended by about 60000 followers. Succession
Soon after the death of <mask> <mask>, the movement split into two factions. One led by Kanubhai Patel and backed by Jay Sachchidannad Sangh and other led by Niruben Amin. Niruben claimed that she was instructed and trained in Gnanvidhi by <mask> <mask>.Niruben formed her own organisations; Dada Bhagwan Foundation Trust and Simandhar Swami Aradhana Trust in Ahmedabad and Mahavideh Foundation in Mumbai. She became a popular leader of the movement and was addressed as Niruma by her followers from 1999. After death of Niruben in 2006, she was succeeded by Deepakbhai Desai. Recognition
In 2012, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a stretch of road between Visat crossroads and Sabarmati crossroads as Pujya Dada Bhagwan Road and the Zundal circle as Dada Bhagwan circle. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> was portrayed by Gulshan Grover in a 2012 independent film Desperate Endeavors directed by French-Algerian director Salim Khassa. Bibliography
<mask> <mask> has authored the following books now translated in English:
 Who Am I ? ;
 Generation Gap;
 Harmony In Marriage;
 Life Without Conflict;
 Anger;
 Worries;
 The Science Of Karma;
 Life Without Conflict;

Further reading

References

Indian spiritual teachers
Mystics
1908 births
1988 deaths
Gujarati people
Syncretists
People from Vadodara district
Hindu reformers
Jain reformers
Gujarati-language writers

masks:
Dada Bhagwan
Dadashri
Dada
Dada
Dada
Dada
Dada
Dada
Bhagwan
Dada
Dada
Bhagwan
Dada
Bhagwan
Dada
Bhagwan
Dada
Bhagwan


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
<mask> (Vittorio Amedeo Francesco; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of Prince of Piedmont, Duke of Montferrat, Marquis of Saluzzo and Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nice. Louis XIV organised his marriage in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy, but <mask>us soon broke away from the influence of France. At his father's death in 1675, his mother, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours, was regent in the name of her nine-year-old son and would remain in de facto power until 1684 when <mask>us banished her further involvement in the state. Having fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, he became king of Sicily in 1713, but he was forced to exchange this title and instead became king of Sardinia. <mask>us left a considerable cultural influence in Turin, remodeling the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi, as well as building the Basilica of Superga where he rests. Infancy and regency
<mask>us was born in Turin to <mask>, Duke of Savoy and his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours.Named after his paternal grandfather <mask> I he was their only child. As an infant he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont, traditional title of the heir apparent to the duchy of Savoy. A weak child, his health was greatly monitored. As an infant he had a passion for soldiers and was noted as being very intelligent. His father died in June 1675 in Turin at the age of forty after a series of convulsive fevers. His mother was declared Regent of Savoy and, known as Madame Royale at court, took power. In 1677, during her regency, she tried to arrange a marriage between <mask>us and his first cousin Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal, the presumptive heiress of her father, Peter II and <mask>us' aunt.His mother urged him to agree to the marriage, as this would have left Marie Jeanne permanently in control of the Duchy of Savoy as Regent because her son would have had to live in Portugal with his new wife. The duchy would then revert to the Kingdom of Portugal at her death. <mask>us refused, and a party was even formed which refused to recognise his leaving Savoy. Despite a marriage contract being signed between Portugal and Savoy on 15 May 1679, the marriage between <mask>us and the Infanta came to nothing and was thus cancelled. Other candidates included Maria Antonia of Austria, a Countess Palatine of Neuburg and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici. <mask>us was keen on the match with Tuscany and negotiations were kept secret from France even though the match never happened. Under the influence of Louis XIV and Marie Jeanne, <mask>us was forced to marry a French princess Anne Marie d'Orléans.His mother was keen on the match and had always promoted French interests having been born in Paris a member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy. He asked for Anne Marie's hand in March 1684, <mask>, who had been using political allies to gain support to end his mother's grip on power, succeeded in 1684 when she was banished from further influence in the state. Salt wars
A significant event of his mother's regency was the Salt Wars of 1680. These rebellions were caused by the unpopular taxes on salt in all cities in Savoy. The system had been put in place by Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy in order to raise money for the crown. The annual payment of a tax which had been in place for over 100 years caused great discontent and rebellion finally broke out in Mondovì, where the people refused to pay taxes to the emissary of Savoy, Andrea Cantatore di Breo. The unrest caused an army to be sent to stop the unrest in the town, which was pacified quickly.However, in the town of Montaldo, the unrest began again and was more serious than before. 200 soldiers were killed in warfare which lasted for several days. The news of these rebellions soon reached a wider scope and it became clear that soon the whole of Piedmont was on the verge of revolt. Power at this point still being with <mask>us' mother, she ordered representatives of the town of Mondovì to go to Turin to conclude treaties and were cordially welcomed by the young <mask>us, who agreed to the treaties. The event had allowed <mask>us a chance to exert some power. Duke of Savoy

Having succeeded in ending his mother's power in Savoy, <mask>us looked to his oncoming marriage with the youngest child of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (brother of Louis XIV) and Henrietta of England. The contract of marriage between Anne Marie and the Duke of Savoy was signed at Versailles on 9 April; On 10 April 1684, Anne Marie was married at Versailles, by proxy, to <mask>us.The couple were married in person on 6 May 1684. The Vaudois

At the urging of Louis, <mask> II began a large-scale persecution of the Vaudois (Piedmontese and Savoyard Protestants) in 1685. The state had been bankrupted due to various conflicts and a famine in 1679 which had used all last resources. Due to his alliances with England and the Dutch Republic during the Nine Years' War, he was forced to cease this practice from 1688, and in 1694 granted an Edict of Toleration. However, in 1698 Louis XIV forced him to expel all Protestant immigrants from Savoy in accordance with a treaty of 1696. During this period he became anxious to free himself of domination by Louis, and his first sign of independence was his independent visit to Venice in 1687, where he conferred with Prince Eugene of Savoy and others. Louis discovered this and demanded that <mask>us launch another expedition against the Vaudois; he grudgingly complied, but as described below soon chose the allies countering France.Internal reforms

<mask> II undertook sweeping administrative reforms within Savoy. In 1696 he established a system of intendants, based on the French model, responsible for collecting taxes and law enforcement. In 1697 he began a land survey which was largely completed by 1711, the Perequazione, to examine the land holdings and privileges of the Church and nobility. In 1717 he reformed the secretariat system in Turin establishing individual secretaries for war, internal affairs and foreign affairs. From the 1670s he also had a new administrative zone built in Turin, around the ducal palace. This zone included a military academy, the ministry of war, a mint, and a customs house. This work was still ongoing upon his death.<mask>us also undertook a number of military reforms. Often when one of his key fortresses was under attack, he would replace its commanding officer with one of his most reliable and trusted leaders. In 1690 he established a select militia within his territories, and he later overhauled the militia system in 1714 and strictly codified it. This included an obligation for each region under his rule to provide a number of men for the militia based on population. From 1713 he also began to establish his own navy based on the limited Sicilian naval forces he had been granted. <mask>us was able to use the experienced armies he developed in foreign wars to establish more firm control within his own territories. Faced with rebellion by Mondovì at the end of the century, he brought a force of veterans from the Nine Years War there and re-established his authority.He employed a similar strategy against an anti-tax riot in Cigliano in 1724. Foreign affairs
Under his mother's regency Savoy, despite being a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was closely linked to and heavily dependent upon France, essentially becoming a French satellite. <mask> II broke this link by joining alliances against France in both the Nine Years War and the War of the Spanish Succession. Savoy was considered a valuable ally in both wars due to its geographical position, enabling a second front to be opened against France in the south. Savoy relied heavily on foreign subsidies, particularly from England and the Dutch Republic, in both wars to maintain its armies. Nine Years War
At the start of the Nine Years War, Savoy had three regiments in the service of France in Flanders. <mask>us struggled throughout the early part of the war to bring those troops back into his own use.Part of the agreement he reached with the Grand Alliance against France was that they would enable him to recover Pinerolo, which his predecessor and namesake had lost decades before. In 1692, he was the only member of the Grand Alliance to bring the war to French lands, invading the Dauphiné. In 1695 and 1696, he secretly negotiated a separate treaty with Louis XIV of France which included the return of Pinerolo to Savoy. Throughout the war, he greatly increased the size of the army of Savoy from about 8500 to more than 24000. War of the Spanish Succession
During the War of the Spanish Succession, foreign subsidies amounted for almost half of the revenue raised by Savoy to fight the war. The end of the Nine Years' War had helped to design a new balance on the continent: at the death of the childless <mask> of Spain he left his throne to Philip, grandson of Louis XIV. The will stated that should Philip not accept it would go to his brother Charles.<mask>us was himself in line to succeed, as a great-grandson of Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain. As a result, <mask>us expected compensation in the form of a territory which had been owned by the vast Spanish empire. <mask>us had his eye on the Duchy of Milan which, having signed a treaty with Louis XIV, had support in conquering the duchy. With the Treaty of Vigevano in October 1696, however Louis XIV's support waned. <mask>us subsequently allied himself with Emperor Leopold I.

England and Austria ignored his claim, the latter of which had a candidate in the person of Archduke Charles, who immediately proclaimed himself King of Spain. The Grand Duke of Tuscany also ignored his claims. In the meantime he pursued the expansion of

masks:
Victor Amadeus II
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Charles Emmanuel II
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amadeus
Victor Amade
Charles II
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade
Victor Amade


title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

texts:
 Savoy and bought various fiefdoms of the Holy Roman Empire.<mask>us was in a position where on most sides of Savoy was a Bourbon ruler, the enemy of Philip V, and he was forced to let French troops enter his lands in order to get Milan which <mask>us had wanted so greatly. Forced to ally himself again this time to Louis XIV and his grandson in Spain, his daughter Maria Luisa was used as a pawn to seal this alliance. His daughter subsequently married Philip V in 1701. In 1701, he fought bravely at the Battle of Chiari, fought in the name of Bourbon control of Milan. By 1702, <mask>us was considering changing allegiance to the emperor again having entered secret correspondence with the emperor who promised him the Duchy of Montferrat. In order to appease him, the emperor increased his bribe, adding various territories in Lombardy, <mask>us having ignored him. In 1703, <mask>us switched sides, joining the Grand Alliance as he had in the Nine Years War.Savoy fared particularly badly against the larger French forces resulting in a siege of Turin in 1706. Anne Marie's uncle, Louis XIV (along with Spanish forces from Anne Marie's second cousin Philip V of Spain), besieged Turin during the Battle of Turin. French troops were under the control of Anne Marie's half brother, the Duke of Orléans. She and her sons were forced to flee Turin with the grandmother for the safety of Genoa. Turin was saved by the combined forces of <mask> and Prince Eugene of Savoy in September 1706. King of Sicily

As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession, <mask> <mask> gained the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo in December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714.As ruler of an independent kingdom and a key player in the recent war, <mask>us significantly expanded his foreign relations. As a duke, he had envoys and embassies in France, the Empire, and Rome. In 1717, he established his own foreign office. King of Sardinia

<mask>us in 1720 was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia after objections from an alliance of four nations, including several of his former allies. The duke was a marquis and Prince and Perpetual Vicar in the Holy Roman Empire. Abdication and later years

Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, <mask>us took the decision to abdicate in September 1730. The previous month the lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son the Prince of Piedmont, and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana.The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having obtained permission from Pope Clement <mask>. Still attractive in her forties, <mask>us had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno. The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to the dismay of the court. A month later, <mask> announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel <mask>. Taking the style of King <mask>us, he and Anna moved into the château de Chambéry outside the capital. The couple took a small retinue of servants and <mask>us was kept informed of matters of state.He insisted on having a Louis XIV-style wig with him at all times as his only luxury. Under the influence of Anna, in 1731 having suffered a stroke, <mask>us decided he wanted to resume his tenure on the throne and informed his son of his decision. Arrested by his son, he was transported to the Castle of Moncalieri and Anna was taken to a house for reformed prostitutes at the Castle of Ceva but was later allowed to return to the Castle of Rivoli where her husband was moved. She was returned to him on 12 April. The stroke seemed to have affected <mask>us in a way which caused him to later turn violent towards his wife, blaming her for his misfortunes. King <mask>us died in September 1732 and was buried in the Convent of San Giuseppe di Carignano. His son decided not to bury him in the Basilica of Superga which <mask>us had built and where he asked to be buried, as his son did not want to remind the public of the scandal which his abdication had caused.Anna was moved to the Convent of the Visitation in Pinerolo where she died aged 88. Cultural legacy
Despite his political reforms and his passion for trying to increase the importance of Savoy in Europe, <mask>adeus left a considerable cultural legacy in the city of his birth. In 1697 <mask>us commissioned Le Notre to lay out large gardens at the Palace of Turin where he had previously commissioned the Viennese Daniel Seiter to paint a famous gallery which exists to this day. <mask>us subsequently had Seiter knighted. He also encouraged musical patronage in Savoy and the court became a centre for various musicians of the period. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo in December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714. From Palermo he brought back Filippo Juvarra, an Italian architect who had spent many years in Rome.Juvarra was patronised by <mask>us and was the mind behind the remodelling of the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi as well as building the Basilica of Superga. The architect was also responsible for various roads and piazza's in Turin. <mask>us' mother also used Juvarra for the famous staircase within the Palazzo Madama where she lived after being banished. In 1997 the UNESCO added a group of buildings which were connected to <mask> and his family to be added to have World Heritage status. These buildings including the Royal Palace, the Palazzo Madama, the Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi and his wife's Villa della Regina were grouped as the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Family and issue

His distant relationship with his mother was always strained and has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne spent most of her time relegated to state business which she enjoyed and had little time for her only child whom she kept under close supervision in order to make sure he would not try to assume power.Anne Marie gave her husband six children but also had two stillbirths of each gender, one in 1691 and again in 1697. Three of these children would go on to have further progeny, including the eldest Maria Adelaide, who was the mother of Louis XV of France. His second daughter Maria Luisa, known in the family as Louison, would marry Philip V of Spain in 1701 and was also regent of Spain for various periods. These two marriages were tactics used by Louis XIV to keep <mask>us close to France prior to the War of the Spanish Succession. Anne Marie would remain a devoted wife. She quietly accepted his extramarital affairs; the longest one being with the famed beauty Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes by whom he had two children. Jeanne Baptiste was his mistress for eleven years and eventually fled Savoy due to <mask>us' obsession with her.<mask>us subsequently had his daughter with Jeanne Baptiste, Maria Vittoria, marry the Prince of Carignano from which the present Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples is a direct descendant. His favourite child was <mask> born in 1699 and given the title Prince of Piedmont as heir apparent. The Prince of Piedmont later died in 1715 from smallpox. Anne Marie died in 1728 after a series of heart attacks. His relationship with his younger son and eventual successor Charles Emmanuel was a cold one and the two were never close. <mask>us organised the first two marriages of Charles Emmanuel, the first one being to Anne Christine of Sulzbach, daughter of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach, which produced a son who died in infancy. The second marriage was to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, a first cousin of Anne Christine and mother of six children, including the future <mask> III of Sardinia.Legitimate issue
 Maria Adelaide of Savoy (1685–1712), married Louis, Duke of Burgundy, eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and had issue including Louis XV of France;
 Maria Anna of Savoy (1687–1690);
 Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688–1714), married Philip V of Spain, second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and had issue including two kings of Spain;
 <mask> of Savoy (1699–1715) died unmarried;
 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1701–1773), Duke of Savoy then later King of Sardinia;
 Emanuele Philibert of Savoy (1705–1705), died in infancy;

Illegitimate issue
 Maria Vittoria of Savoy (1690–1766), married <mask> I, Prince of Carignano and had issue;
 Vittorio Francesco of Savoy (1694–1762), married Maria Lucrezia Franchi di Pont, had no issue. Ancestors

References and notes

Sources

 The Gentleman's and London magazine: or monthly chronologer, 1741–1794, J. Exshaw., 1741

 Frézet, Jean: Histoire de la Maison de Savoie, Volume 2, Alliana et Paravia, 1827

 Storrs, Christopher: War, diplomacy and the rise of Savoy, 1690-1720, Cambridge University Press, 1999,

 Vitelleschi, Marchese: The romance of Savoy, <mask>us II. and his Stuart bride Volume I, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905
 Vitelleschi, Marchese: The romance of Savoy, <mask>us II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905

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1666 births
1732 deaths
18th-century kings of Sardinia
18th-century Kings of Sicily
17th-century Dukes of Savoy
18th-century Dukes of Savoy
Italian royalty
Modern child rulers
Monarchs who abdicated
Princes of Piedmont
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