title: Stephen Larigaudelle Dubuisson

texts:
<mask>  (born Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson; 21 October 1786 – 14 August 1864) was a French Catholic priest and Jesuit missionary to the United States. Born to a wealthy family in Saint-Domingue, <mask> fled the Haitian Revolution for France, where he entered the civil service and rose to senior positions in Napoleon's imperial court. In 1815, he decided to enter the Society of Jesus and sailed for the United States. He engaged in pastoral work in Maryland and Washington, D.C., before becoming the president of Georgetown College in 1825. An austere personality, his leadership of the school was not successful. He suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to recover in Rome in 1826, where he met Jan Roothaan, the Jesuit Superior General. Upon returning to the United States, he acted as a close confidant of Roothaan.<mask> spent the next two decades engaged in pastoral work in Maryland, Virginia, and Philadelphia. He also traveled Europe, fundraising for the American Jesuits among the royalty and nobility. In 1841, he permanently returned to France and spent his later years as chaplain to the family and manor of Duke Mathieu de Montmorency in Borgo San Dalmazzo, and then as a parish priest in Toulouse. Early life
Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson was born on 21 October 1786, in the town of Saint-Marc in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue, where the La Rigaudelle du Buisson family owned two plantations that produced cotton and indigo dye. His mother was Marie-Elizabeth-Louise Poirer, who was born in Fort-Dauphin. His father, Anne-Joseph-Sylvestre de La Rigaudelle du Buisson, was born in Saint-Marc in 1748, at the family's home in the center of Saint-Marc. His family was wealthy and enjoyed the high social status of the grand-blancs; it also had connections to the French minor nobility.Du Duisson was the second son of his parents and was reared by one of the family's house slaves, who acted as his wet nurse. Étienne was named after his godfather, François-Étienne Théard, the French lieutenant governor of Saint-Marc. His mother died in December 1791, and his father married Adélaïde-Marie Favereau of Saint-Nicolas in May of that year. Their marriage produced several daughters. Escape to France
In light of the impending Haitian Revolution, du Buisson's father sent him (at the age of five) and his brothers, Noël-Marie and Joseph, to Nantes, France, sometime between March and May 1791. It would be many years before du Buisson would see his father again, who remained in Saint Domingue; he would never see his mother again. Though they were escaping impending violence in Saint-Domingue, the brothers soon encountered a very different kind in France.Arriving in the midst of the French Revolution, the boys survived the Reign of Terror, and the massacres of the War in the Vendée, including the occupation of Nantes by the Catholic and Royal Armies in 1792. Du Buisson never received a formal education in his youth, a fact that he lamented later in life. Nonetheless, he likely studied in secret under the tutelage of a non-juror priest who had not sworn allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. In addition, du Buisson studied literature and poetry on his own, and came to be fluent in English by the age of 15. He would eventually come to speak seven languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Ancient Greek, and have a working knowledge of Hebrew. French civil service

Du Buisson received some education at a military school in Paris, and in 1804 or 1805, du Buisson sat for and passed the agrégation (the French civil service exam) at the Congrégation de la Sainte-Vierge in Nantes. One of his assignments was in the receiver general's office of the French Army, where he was stationed in Germany during the Napoleonic Wars and worked in the Army of the Rhine from May 1809 to March 1810.He was then assigned to occupied Vienna from 1811 to 1814, first as assistant cashier of the special crown land and then as assistant cashier of the crown treasury. Du Buisson then returned to France, where he resided in an apartment in the royal Tuileries Palace in Paris, serving as the cashier-comptroller of the crown from December 1814 to June 1815. During this time, he befriended Baron François Roullet de La Bouillerie, a member of the Conseil d'État and the intendant of the treasury of the civil list. Du Buisson retained his employment in the civil service through the abdication of Napoleon and the restoration of Louis XVIII as King of France, which allowed him to support his family members. During this time, he would pay visits to the sick in Parisian hospitals alongside young nobles, including Viscount Mathieu de Montmorency and Count Alexis de Noailles. He also undertook independent study and learned to play the violin. Missionary to the United States
When du Buisson first expressed his desire to enter religious life at the age of 29, his family was staunchly opposed.Nonetheless, he decided to enter the Society of Jesus, whose suppression by the pope had been recently lifted. Unbeknownst to his family, Dubisson set sail for the United States with the Sulpician priest Simon Bruté, whose order was active in North America. He arrived in New York City on 21 November 1815 and then traveled south to Georgetown College in Washington, D.C., arriving on 1 December. From there, he proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate at White Marsh Manor in Prince George's County, Maryland, entering the Jesuit order 15 December 1815. At this time, he also began anglicizing his name as <mask> <mask>. Georgetown College

Before long, <mask> returned to Georgetown for his religious studies. <mask> found himself in the midst of tensions between the Anglo-American Jesuits, who adopted republicanism and American culture, and their Continental European counterparts who were more traditional and austere.For this reason, he was disliked by his Anglo-American peers, despite being considered refined; likewise, <mask> regarded them as irreverent. In 1816, he was appointed prefect by the president of the college, Giovanni Grassi; his appointment was renewed again for the 1817–1818 academic year under Grassi's successor, Anthony Kohlmann. In this role, Kohlmann charged him with enforcing stricter discipline among the students. The students were so incensed by this that in 1818 they plotted to ambush Dubuisson and kill him with penknives and stones. Kohlmann discovered the plot moments before it was to be carried out, causing a revolt during supper. Between six and eight students were expelled as a result. While prefect, Dubisson continued his study of Latin, English, logic, and metaphysics.He professed his first vows on 26 December 1817, and was made the director of the Jesuit scholastics. That year, he began his four-year course of theology at the Washington Seminary (later known as Gonzaga College High School), and on 7 August 1821, was ordained a priest at Georgetown College by the Archbishop of Baltimore, Ambrose Maréchal. Following his ordination, <mask> began his pastoral work, first at St. Patrick's Church, where he was made an assistant to William Matthews. During this time, he was involved in what some considered to be the miraculous cure of Ann Mattingly, an ill Washingtonian. He presented a sworn public statement of his account of the events and purported miracle, and published a pamphlet, whose French language version was circulated around Europe. <mask> also developed a reputation as an eloquent preacher among Washington's high society. Presidency
On 9 September 1825, <mask> was appointed to succeed Benedict Joseph Fenwick as the president of Georgetown College, despite the fact that he not only considered himself unsuited for administration but desired to leave Georgetown altogether.Concurrent with his presidency, <mask> served as the pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown. His reputation as a severe disciplinarian resulted in declining student enrollment, and he soon requested that the Jesuit Superior General, Luigi Fortis, relieve him of the office. During his short tenure, he experienced what one historian described as a nervous breakdown. While in the infirmary, <mask> reported hearing a voice that told him to draw strength from the Sacred Heart. After just seven months, in April 1826, Fortis allowed <mask> to resign as president, and named William Feiner as his successor. European interlude
Recognizing that <mask> was experiencing a crisis of faith, the Jesuit mission superior, Francis Dzierozynski, sent him to Rome at his own expense and without the permission of the Superior General in the hope that he could resolve his doubts there. As a pretext for his departure, Dzierozynski charged him with visiting various French cities to raise money to finance the return voyage of a group of Maryland Jesuits who had gone to Europe, and he resided in Marseille for a time.This fundraising effort was not successful. <mask> settled in Rome on 1 November 1826, to begin his tertianship. For the next year, he would also serve as an advisor to the Superior General on American affairs, before being sent to the University of Turin. Dubuisson became proficient in Italian and enjoyed the religious life in Turin. When Jan Roothaan succeeded Fortis as Superior General, he called <mask> to Rome, where Dubuisson professed his final vows in 1829, becoming a full member of the Jesuit order. Return to the United States

In August 1829, Roothaan sent <mask> back to the United States with the responsibility of keeping him informed about the affairs of the Jesuits' Maryland mission. During his travels through Europe on the way to America, he was successful in raising funds for the Maryland Jesuits among wealthy French and Italian nobles.On 23 October, <mask> departed Le Havre, France for New York City, from where he traveled to Frederick, Maryland. Soon thereafter, the Archbishop of Baltimore, James Whitfield, assigned him to Newtown Manor, from where he would oversee all the Jesuit parishes in St. Mary's County. <mask>'s assignment to rural Maryland did not last long, as by the following year, he again returned to Georgetown as the prefect of studies. He also taught French there, and became the de facto confessor of the nuns of the Georgetown Visitation Monastery and of the students at their school, the Georgetown Visitation Academy. With the arrival of Peter Kenney as visitor to the Maryland mission in 1830, Roothaan appointed <mask> as one of Kenney's four consultors. As the Jesuits debated whether to sell their farms in Maryland, which would significantly change the character of the order in the United States, <mask> argued against such a decision, believing landownership afforded them security in the event of economic disaster. <mask>'s position was also motivated by the fact that the farms were worked by slaves owned by the Jesuits.He believed that while the institution of slavery was not itself immoral, the Jesuits had an obligation not to sell their slaves to immoral slaveowners who would abuse them or deprive them of food, clothing, some degree of education, and the right to marry. He viewed abolitionism as dangerously idealistic and capable of producing a Reign of Terror similar to the one he lived through in France, while also ultimately harming the freed slaves. However, he would later oppose on moral grounds the Maryland Jesuits' sale of their slaves in 1838. <mask> also praised the racially integrated Masses he observed in parts of Maryland, where blacks and whites received the Eucharist and sang in the choir on equal status. Maryland and Pennsylvania pastoral work
Despite his experience in academia, <mask>'s primary talents were in pastoral work. Therefore, soon after arriving, Kenney sent <mask> back to Frederick, where he assisted John McElroy in running St. John's Literary Institution and in his pastoral work. This transfer was due in part to the fact that Kenney believed it improper for a Jesuit, especially a young one, to be the confessor of nuns and female students, as it created opportunity for sexual impropriety.His pastoral work took ranged from St. Patrick's Church in Washington to St. Francis Xavier Church on the rural Newtown Manor. As such, he ministered to a wide diversity of parishioners, including prominent, established Maryland families, white immigrants who fled Haiti, black slaves, and Protestant converts. Over time, Dubuisson became a close confidant of Kenney, and the visitor eventually sent Dubuisson to Philadelphia in 1831, where he was to organize the return of the Jesuits to Old St. Joseph's Church. In August of that year, <mask> was transferred back to Georgetown, once again becoming the pastor of Holy Trinity Church, where he replaced John Van Lommel. There, he revived the parochial school's Sodality of Our Lady. The parochial school had long suffered from sporadic funding, which forced it to intermittently close. Dubuisson secured a grant from Congress and raised additional funds, which put the school on stable financial footing.In 1831, <mask> also was made  to the superior of the Jesuits' Maryland mission, and continued as  to Peter Kenney, when he took over leadership of the mission as visitor. In February 1833, <mask> returned to Philadelphia as a priest at Old St. Joseph's Church, newly returned to Jesuit control; he became the pastor of the church in April of that year. He was succeeded at Holy Trinity Church by James F. M. Lucas. While assigned to St. Joseph's, <mask> also made a trip to Silver Lake, as the Catholics of northeastern Pennsylvania had few priests. During this time, with the support of Archbishop Whitfield of Baltimore, <mask> was nominated for several bishoprics. His name was first proposed to become the Bishop of Cincinnati, and then as the Archbishop of New Orleans; John England, the Bishop of Charleston then sought to convince him to become the Archbishop of Saint-Domingue or a missionary to Liberia. However, <mask> desired to remain a pastor, and appealed directly to Pope Gregory XVI.Fundraising abroad
<mask> returned to Maryland in 1835, for the Jesuits' provincial congregation, where he was elected as the Maryland province's delegate to a meeting of procurators from every Jesuit province in the world, the first such delegate from North America to attend a procurators' meeting. In anticipation of the congregation, he prepared a report on the state of affairs of the Maryland province, which he would present to the Superior General upon his arrival in Rome. After a long journey through Europe, he arrived in Rome on 23 November 1835. After the congregation, <mask> traveled extensively throughout Europe, paying frequent visits to the royal courts of Vienna, Munich, Milan, Turin, Lyon, and Paris, and became well acquainted with many of the royalty and nobility. To this end, he was the first of the American Jesuits sent to Europe to succeed in raising a substantial amount of money, and improved the European perception of the American Jesuits. Virginia ministry

In 1837, <mask> returned to the United States. The provincial superior, William McSherry, assigned him as the acting pastor of St. Mary's Church in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was to repair the divisions among parishioners that persisted from an attempted schism 20 years earlier.On 8 July 1837, McSherry made his appointment permanent, replacing John Smith, who McSherry considered to have poorly managed the parish. In addition to his pastoral duties, <mask> taught French at St. Mary's parochial school, three-quarters of whose students were Protestant, and held catechism classes for both the church's white and black parishioners. He was successful in reducing the church's debt that had accrued under Smith. He also returned to his position as confessor to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery. During his pastorate, he made trips to the small churches of rural St. Mary's County, Maryland. From 1837 to 1839, <mask> was also the principal of St. John's Academy in Alexandria, the only Catholic military school in the United States at the time. In 1838, <mask> contracted a severe case of laryngitis, which physicians in Washington and Philadelphia were unable to treat.Therefore, <mask> once again sailed for France, ending his tenure at St. Mary's on 1 January 1841. The French physicians recommended that a change of climate might improve his symptoms, and <mask> left for Rome later that year. His condition, however, would develop into laryngeal dystonia and remained with him for the rest of his life. Later years
In Rome, <mask> once again represented the Maryland province at the Jesuit procurators' meeting of 1841. After the meeting, he took up residence in Marseille, France. During this time, he sought the help of the Norman physician and Trappist monk . On 17 November 1842, <mask> arrived at the manor of his longtime friend, Duke Mathieu de Montmorency, in Borgo San Dalmazzo, where he became the chaplain to the ducal family and manor.During the 1848 revolutions that swept Europe, the Jesuits were expelled from Northern Italy. Despite persecution of the Jesuits, <mask> was able to remain due to the intervention of the American chargé d'affaires in Turin; therefore, he was likely the last remaining Jesuit in Northern Italy. With the death of Duke Mathieu in 1851, Dubuisson became the de facto interim mayor of the Montmorency manor. In November 1852, Roothaan granted <mask>'s request to rejoin a Jesuit community, and transferred him to the Jesuit province of Toulouse, where he became a parish priest. In October 1861, <mask> moved to the Jesuit retirement home in Pau, Basses-Pyrénées, where he died on 14 August 1864. Notes

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Further reading

1786 births
1864 deaths
People of Saint-Domingue
19th-century French civil servants
19th-century French Jesuits
19th-century American Jesuits
18th-century Haitian people
Presidents of Georgetown University
Pastors of Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)
Catholic chaplains
French chaplains

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Stephen Larigaudelle Dubuisson
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title: Fabian Bourzat

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 19 December 1980) is a French retired ice dancer. With partner Nathalie Péchalat, he is a two-time World bronze medalist (2012, 2014), a two-time European champion (2011–2012), and a five-time French national champion (2009, 2011-2014). They have won five medals at the Grand Prix Final (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) and thirteen other Grand Prix medals, including three golds at Cup of China and two at Trophée Eric Bompard. Personal life
<mask> was born 19 December 1980 in Nantes, France. He has two older brothers. As a child, he traveled extensively with his family due to his father's work, returning to France when he was seven. Bourzat studied osteopathy at the Higher Institute of Osteopathy of Lyon.Early years in skating
Bourzat began skating at the age of six or seven, from the start in ice dancing. Dominique Kernersson coached him in his early years. His early partners included Caroline Truong, Emeline Leroux and Albane Saillou. Partnership with Péchalat

In 2000, Bourzat was partnered with Nathalie Péchalat by then-coach Muriel Zazoui. The two did not get along well at first but became friends over time. In a 2011 interview, Péchalat said they had different personalities but that he was the ideal skating partner for her: "He is very gifted. He works through feeling and inspiration.As soon as he feels a move, he can reproduce it and interpret it. He does not need to intellectualize." According to Bourzat, "Nathalie is always pulling the couple ahead and pushing us to work. She brings her extraordinary capacity to work. She always wants to do everything perfectly." Péchalat/Bourzat were coached by Muriel Boucher-Zazoui and Romain Haguenauer from 2000 to mid-2008 in Lyon, France. From 2000 to 2003, they also worked with Pasquale Camerlengo.They skated as juniors for two years, winning two Junior Grand Prix medals. 2003–2006
Péchalat/Bourzat moved up to seniors at the beginning of the 2002–3 season. They won bronze medals at the 2003 and 2005 Winter Universiade. They made their Worlds debut in 2004, finishing 20th, and their Europeans debut in 2005, placing 12th. The duo competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they came in 18th. 2006–2008
In the 2006–07 season, Péchalat/Bourzat won their first senior Grand Prix medal, a bronze at the 2006 Skate America. Péchalat lost around eight weeks of training in the winter due to a broken hand.The two missed the 2007 European Championships but were able to compete at the 2007 World Championships, where they finished in 12th place. In the 2007–08 season, Pechalat/Bourzat won silver at both Skate America and the Cup of Russia, and qualified for their first Grand Prix Final, where they finished 6th. They were forced to miss the 2008 French National Championships after Bourzat underwent knee surgery for a torn meniscus, but returned to the ice in time for the 2008 Europeans, finishing 5th. They were 7th at the 2008 Worlds. In July 2008, Péchalat/Bourzat moved to Moscow to train under Alexander Zhulin, with whom they had spent a few weeks in 2007, and his assistant Oleg Volkov. They said the move was difficult at first due to not knowing the Russian language and Moscow being a very expensive city to live in, however, from a skating perspective they felt it was a good move. 2008–2009 season
Péchalat/Bourzat's 2008–2009 Grand Prix events were Skate Canada and the NHK Trophy.They made some changes to their programs following their 3rd-place finish at Skate Canada, and finished a close second at the NHK Trophy, winning both the original dance and the free dance. They did not qualify for the 2008–2009 Grand Prix Final. In December 2008, Pechalat/Bourzat won their first national title. At the 2009 Europeans, they were second in the free dance and fourth overall, missing out on a medal by less than half a point. They finished 5th at 2009 Worlds. 2009–2010 season
For the 2009–10 season, Péchalat/Bourzat were assigned to the Trophee Eric Bompard and Skate Canada as their Grand Prix events. They finished in second place, behind Canadians Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir, in both events.These results qualified them for their second Grand Prix Final. Prior to the final, Bourzat suffered an ankle injury, but they were able to skate well enough to earn their first GPF medal, a bronze. Following a second consecutive 4th-place finish at Europeans and a 7th place at the Vancouver Olympics, Pechalat/Bourzat elected to return to their Circus free dance from the 2008–9 season. They then finished 4th at 2010 Worlds with new personal best scores in the compulsory dance, the free dance, and overall. They won the small bronze medal for the free dance. 2010–2011 season

Péchalat/Bourzat began the 2010–11 season with wins at the Nebelhorn Trophy and the Finlandia Trophy; the former was their first international gold medal at any level. They initially used Amélie for their short dance but replaced it with Doctor Zhivago prior to the 2010 Cup of China.Their programs scored well and they won their first Grand Prix by a large margin. They won their second Grand Prix title at 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard. They also set new personal best scores of 65.48 in the short dance and 96.34 in the free dance. Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. Their went on to French nationals, and won their second national title. At the 2011 European Championships they placed first in both the short dance and the free dance to win the gold medal, setting new personal bests in both segments of the competition. It was their first medal at an ISU Championship.They produced France's fifth ice dancing European title. In mid-February 2011, Péchalat/Bourzat performed in galas in North Korea along with other international skaters. Bourzat said, "Traveling there was not a political act at all. We came as open-minded people, who wanted to discover and exchange." At the 2011 Worlds, Péchalat/Bourzat set a new personal best in the short dance and were in bronze medal position going into the free dance. They dropped to fourth overall after Bourzat tripped and both fell during a step sequence. Following the event, reports surfaced that Péchalat / Bourzat would move to Michigan to train with Anjelika Krylova and Pasquale Camerlengo.2011–2012 season

In May 2011, Péchalat/Bourzat confirmed their move to the Detroit Skating Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan for the 2011–2012 season. They said that Camerlengo was the only coach they considered, based on their past experience of working with him during their time as juniors at Lyon, as well as wanting to continue the technique they learned under Zhulin: "[Krylova] is exactly in Zhulin's footsteps as she perpetuates the basics and technique he taught us." The French dancers remained on good terms with Zhulin and Volkov. In Michigan, they trained three hours a day on the ice and then did off-ice training. They lived close to the rink. They also spent time during the summer in Lyon to work with choreographer Kader Belmoktar on their Egypt-themed free dance. Péchalat/Bourzat took up the new option of competing at three Grand Prix events and were assigned to 2011 Skate America, 2011 Skate Canada, and 2011 Trophee Eric Bompard.Although Bourzat was ill with bronchitis, they were able to win the silver medal at Skate America. They withdrew from Skate Canada due to Bourzat's bronchitis. After winning the silver medal at the Trophee Eric Bompard, they qualified for their fourth Grand Prix Final. They set a new personal best in the free dance to win the bronze medal at the Final. Their next competition was the French Championships, where they won their third national title. At the 2012 European Championships, Péchalat/Bourzat were second after the short dance, but rallied in the free dance to win their second consecutive European title. Péchalat sustained a broken nose in training on 13 March.She said: "We just made a mistake during our twizzles, and I got knocked out." She began wearing a mask but decided to delay an operation until after the 2012 World Championships. On March 25, Péchalat/Bourzat confirmed they would compete at the event and said surgery would not be necessary. At the World Championships, they recorded a season's best score in the short dance and a personal best score in the free dance on their way to winning the bronze, their first World medal. 2012–2013 season

Péchalat/Bourzat won gold at both of their events, the 2012 Cup of China and 2012 Trophee Eric Bompard, and qualified for their fourth Grand Prix Final, where they won bronze. On 9 January 2013, Bourzat sustained a partial tear of the adductor muscle of his right leg, resulting in the team's withdrawal from the 2013 European Championships. The duo decided to compete at the 2013 World Championships, motivated in part by the desire to obtain two spots for French ice dancers at the 2014 Olympics.They finished 6th at the event. On 20 May 2013, at the French skating federation's suggestion, Péchalat/Bourzat announced a coaching change to Igor Shpilband in Novi, Michigan. 2013–2014 season
Péchalat/Bourzat won gold at the 2013 Cup of China ahead of Bobrova/Soloviev. They were bronze medalists at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard behind Virtue/Moir and Ilinykh/Katsalapov. At the Grand Prix Final in Fukuoka, Japan, the French won the bronze medal, their fifth medal at the event, and then ended 2013 with their fifth national title. They withdrew from the 2014 European Championships to focus on the Olympics. Péchalat/Bourzat placed fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.Although they initially planned to retire right after the Olympics, they ultimately decided to end their competitive career at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama, Japan. Ranked third in the short dance and second in the free dance, Péchalat/Bourzat ended the competition in third overall, 0.06 of a point behind Italy's Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte and 0.04 behind Canada's Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje. They came away with their second World bronze medal. They then retired from competition but said they would continue performing together in shows for one or two years. Bourzat also intended to pursue coaching in collaboration with Shpilband. Programs

(with Pechalat)

Competitive highlights
(with Pechalat)

References

External links

French male ice dancers
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nantes
French expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Olympic figure skaters of France
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season's world number one figure skaters
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for France
Medalists at the 2003 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade

masks:
Fabian Bourzat
Fabian Bourzat


title: Rachel Reinert

texts:
<mask> (born March 10, 1989) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician from Santa Ana, California. Reinert began her career as a recording artist in 2008 as a member of the country group Gloriana, contributing to gold and platinum singles and opening tours for Taylor Swift, Sheryl Crow, Rascal Flatts, Alan Jackson, Jason Aldean, Brooks & Dunn, and Zac Brown Band. In 2016, she left Gloriana and began a career as a solo artist. Reinert signed to Nashville-based independent label Green Iris Records and released her debut solo album Into the Blue in March, 2020. Early life
Reinert was born on March 10, 1989 in Sarasota, Florida. Her family moved to Marietta, Georgia, where she lived until age 6 when they relocated to Santa Ana, California. Reinert attended Orange County School of the Arts where she took lessons in singing, guitar, and piano and also participated in the musical theater program.Reinert began writing poetry at a young age and setting her words to music. At the age of 15, Reinert took her first trip to Nashville, Tennessee with a friend. Later that same year, she signed her first publishing deal and began traveling back and forth from Orange County to Nashville while finishing high school through independent study. Reinert moved to Nashville full time at the age of 17 after graduating from high school. Career

2007–2016: Gloriana

After moving to Nashville to pursue her career in country music full-time, Reinert began posting her songs on her Myspace page. In 2007, brothers Mike and Tom Gossin discovered Reinert's music online and reached out to ask her to get together to write. Reinert and the Gossin brothers began writing songs together regularly and performing around Nashville as a trio.After a performance at local Nashville venue 3rd and Lindsley, <mask>, Mike, and Tom were introduced to musician Cheyenne Kimball. Kimball joined the group and the four began writing and performing together. The band met producer and Emblem Records label head Matt Serletic and signed a joint deal with Emblem and Warner Bros. Records in July 2008. They began recording a record under the name Gloriana. Gloriana released their first single "Wild at Heart" in early 2009 and began touring, opening for artists including LeAnn Rimes, Brooks & Dunn, and joined Taylor Swift on her Fearless Tour from 2009 to 2010. "Wild at Heart" became the highest selling single for a new country artist or band in 2009. In August 2009, the band released their first album, the self-titled Gloriana, debuting at #2 on the Billboard Country Album Chart and #3 on Billboard’s Top 200.Reinert was a cowriter on the last track of the album, "Time To Let Me Go." Gloriana released two more singles from their debut album: "How Far Do You Wanna Go?" and "The World Is Ours Tonight." The success of the album lead to multiple awards and recognitions for Gloriana, including the 2009 American Music Awards Breakthrough Artist of the Year award and the 2010 Academy of Country Music award for Top New Vocal Group. Gloriana released "Wanna Take You Home," the first single off of their second album, in 2011. Cheyenne Kimball abruptly departed from Gloriana in July 2011, but <mask>, Mike, and Tom continued as a trio and kept working on their next album. "(Kissed You) Good Night" was released as the next single and the first without Kimball, in October 2011.This single was the most successful of the band's lifespan. "(Kissed You) Good Night" was recognized as country radio's most played single by a group for 2012 and earned RIAA Platinum certification in 2013. A Thousand Miles Left Behind, Gloriana's second studio album, was released on July 31, 2012. Reinert cowrote 3 tracks on the album: "Go On...Miss Me," "Doing It Our Way," and "Where My Heart Belongs." In September 2012, Gloriana released "Can't Shake You" as the last single from A Thousand Miles Left Behind. The band put out the song "Best Night Ever" in December 2013 as a standalone single. They released "Trouble" in October 2014 as the first and only single from their third album.Gloriana's third studio album, Three, was released on June 2, 2015 featuring 5 tracks cowritten by Reinert: "Trouble," "Wanna Get To Know You," "Let's Take a Shot," "Get Back That Goodbye," and "Lighters." On January 6, 2016, Reinert announced her decision to part ways with Gloriana. She shared the news with fans via Twitter and disclosed that she would be pursuing a career as a solo artist. 2016–Present: Solo Career
After 8 years with Gloriana, Reinert began writing towards her first solo project. Reinert's producer and cowriter Davis Naish (Eric Church, Katelyn Tarver) helped to sculpt her sound into what she describes as her own brand of "California country." Reinert independently released her first solo single "Cool," cowritten by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Melissa Fuller, on July 18, 2018. Reinert shared the official music video for "Cool" on August 7, 2018, directed by Elizabeth Olmsted."Cool" was followed up on October 26, 2019 by her second independently released single "Dark Star," cowritten by Reinert, K.S. Rhoads, and Joe Pisapia. The official music video for "Dark Star" was directed by Jeremiah Dunlap and premiered on December 1, 2018. The song "Cool" caught the attention of songwriter, producer, and head of A&R for Green Iris Records, Jon Randall. On February 20, 2019, it was announced that Reinert simultaneously signed a multi-album deal with Nashville-based independent record label Green Iris Records and a publishing agreement with Still Working Music. Both companies are under the umbrella of Roy Orbison's estate and run by president and Roy Orbison's youngest son, Alex Orbison. Reinert released "All We Have," her first single with Green Iris and third as a solo artist, on April 26, 2019."All We Have" was cowritten by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Melissa Fuller (the same team that wrote "Cool"). The music video for "All We Have" was directed by Josh Kranich and premiered with CMT on September 26, 2019. In late January 2020, <mask> announced that her debut solo album would be out in March 2020. Soon after, on February 14, 2020, Reinert released her next single, "Some Kind of Angel," written by Reinert, Davis Naish, and Autumn McEntire. Reinert also made the track "Secret," written by Reinert, Naish, and Fuller, available for listening one week prior to the album release. Into the Blue
On March 13, 2020, Reinert released her debut solo album Into the Blue. The album consists of 11 songs, all cowritten by Reinert and produced by Davis Naish.Some collaborators on the album include Tommy Lee James (cowriter), Rob McNelley (electric guitar), Rosi Golan (cowriter), Garrison Starr (cowriter), Ryan Hewitt (mixing), and more. Reinert's husband Caleb Crosby, drummer in the rock band Tyler Bryant & The Shakedown, played percussion on the majority of the tracks. Into the Blue was met with praise from many, including notable music journalist Bob Paxman, Billboard, American Songwriter, E! News, and more. Reinert premiered her official music video for the song "Here" off of Into the Blue on May 12, 2020. The video was directed by Josh Kranich and was shot in Nashville shortly before the city was shut down due to Coronavirus safety precautions. The "Here" video features a professional dancer throughout name Andrew Rincon.Andrew has been Reinert's best friend since they met in middle school while both attending OCSA. Personal life
In 2014, Reinert began dating Caleb Crosby after meeting when Crosby was hired to play drums for a limited run on tour with Gloriana. The couple became engaged on Valentine's Day of 2019 after over 4 years of dating. On August 31, 2019 in Bloomington Springs, Tennessee, <mask> and Caleb Crosby married in a bohemian-inspired ceremony. Reinert and Caleb's wedding was featured on the cover of the Spring 2020 issue of Southern Bride magazine. Discography

Studio albums

With Gloriana

 Gloriana (2009)
 A Thousand Miles Left Behind (2012)
 Three (2015)

Official Music Videos

References

1989 births
People from Sarasota, Florida
People from Santa Ana, California
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
Musicians from Marietta, Georgia
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from California

masks:
Rachel Reinert
Reinert
Reinert
Rachel
Rachel Reinert


title: Joel Rafael

texts:
<mask> is an American singer-songwriter and folk musician from San Diego County, California. <mask>'s second volume to celebrate the songs of Woody Guthrie, was released on Appleseed in 2005. The first volume, Woodeye, was released on Inside Recordings in 2003. <mask> and his acoustic band have been performing and touring nationally since 1993. In 2000, the <mask> Band, comprising <mask>, (lead vocals and guitar), his daughter Jamaica (violin, viola and vocals), Carl Johnson (acoustic lead guitar) and Jeff Berkley (ethno-percussion), released their third album, Hopper on Inside Recordings, an independent label created by Jackson Browne and his management. The album was nominated in 2001 for an Association For Independent Music (AFIM) Best Contemporary Folk award. Early life
<mask> was born in 1949 in Chicago and raised in the San Gabriel Valley suburbs of Los Angeles.His music education began with grade school music lessons beginning with accordion lessons at age eight closely followed by the snare drum. <mask> played in the school band through junior high school. It was not until high school that he picked up the guitar. During high school he also began writing songs, including the theme song for a play produced by his school's drama department. Career
Although he was exposed to and loved music from the time he was a child, it was the folk music of the early 1960s that began to stir his interest in writing as he studied the writing and performing styles of Woody Guthrie, The Limelighters, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Ian and Sylvia, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and dozens of others. Although <mask> moved to the Northwest in the late 60s, he and his wife eventually returned to California settling in the rural foothills of North San Diego County. There, while raising a family, <mask> continued to chronicle his life and times in song.During the 1970s, 80s and early 90s, <mask> performed around southern California in various groups including as a duo with Rosie Flores. As a solo performer and with his band, he opened shows throughout the southwestern United States for artists including Crosby, Stills and Nash, Sheryl Crow, Laura Nyro, Taj Mahal, Iris DeMent, Emmylou Harris and the legendary John Lee Hooker. In the early 1990s, when the AAA radio format came into being, KKOS in Carlsbad, California was one of the first radio stations to adopt the diverse format. <mask> found himself on the air along with artists from a variety of genres. "Because the format allowed something new, when I put my album out, it got added to the regular rotation" at KKOS, he said. KKOS was a commercial station paying royalties for the songs it aired and filing logs of its playlists with national reporting agencies – providing <mask> with his first national exposure. In 1994, the <mask> Band released their first CD on <mask>'s own Reluctant Angel Records.The album won the San Diego CCMA award that year. In 1995, <mask> was recognized with the Kerrville Folk Festival's New Folk Emerging songwriter award. In 1996, the band released a second CD, Old Wood Barn, which was an Americana Hot Pick in GAVIN. Their third release Hopper was released in 2000 and produced by <mask> with the help of Dan Rothchild (Better than Ezra, The Lost Butterfield Tapes), who also played bass. Paul Dieter engineered and mixed the recording. In 2003 <mask> was invited to perform in the Ribbon of Highway, Endless Skyway tribute show to honor Woody Guthrie. The ensemble show, which was the brainchild of Texas singer-songwriter Jimmy Lafave, toured around the country and included a rotating cast of singer-songwriters individually performing Guthrie's songs.Interspersed between songs were Guthrie's philosophical writings read by a narrator. In addition to LaFave members of the rotating cast included Ellis Paul, Slaid Cleaves, Eliza Gilkyson, husband-wife duo Sarah Lee Guthrie (Woody Guthrie's granddaughter) and Johnny Irion, Michael Fracasso, and The Burns Sisters. Oklahoma songwriter Bob Childers, sometimes called "the Dylan of the Dust," served as narrator. Also in 2003 <mask>'s first collection of Woody Guthrie songs, Woodeye: Songs of Woody Guthrie, was released. The album included 14 songs, 12 which were penned by Guthrie, one by <mask>, and one unpublished lyric, "Dance A Little Longer", is a co-write with words by Guthrie and music by <mask>. The album also includes guest appearances by Jennifer Warnes, Ellis Paul, Van Dyke Parks, and Matt Cartsonis. "I really wanted to make a recording that would be a Woody Guthrie experience for a new audience: a collection of songs, both familiar and rare, that would bring Woody's material within reach of the ears of today's listeners," explains <mask>.In her review of Woodeye for the North County Times, Kathy Klassen said, "Truly, this entire CD is memorable, and not just because of the songs of Woody Guthrie. <mask>, his band and collaborators offer a cohesive and interesting musical presentation that is only occasionally a tad overproduced. For the most part this album is a gift." Two years later in 2005, <mask> released Woodyboye: Songs Of Woody Guthrie And Tales Worth Telling, Vol. 2, an album that includes four previously unpublished Guthrie lyrics. Special guests Jackson Browne, Van Dyke Parks, Jimmy LaFave and Jennifer Warnes cameo with <mask> and his core band that includes daughter Jamaica on violin and vocals, Carl Johnson on acoustic lead, Will Landin on bass, and Mauricio Lewak on drums. "Together they authentically and emphatically bring Guthrie – the man and his music – into the new century as vibrantly as the first day Woody hit the dusty roads."In July 2007, <mask> was one of seven performers honored at the Woody Guthrie Folk Festival. Festival organizers honored those artists who had performed at all ten festivals since the first in 1998. The honorees performed at a benefit show titled "In the Spirit of Woody Guthrie". In addition to <mask>, honorees were Jimmy LaFave, Don Conoscenti, Ellis Paul, Bob Childers, Terry "Buffalo" Ware and the Red Dirt Rangers. In April 2008, <mask> released Thirteen Stories High, the first album of original material since Hopper was released in 2000. Thirteen Stories High opens with a simply-worded protest song "This Is My Country," featuring backing vocals by David Crosby and Graham Nash. Nash said "I wish I had written this song.So powerful and profound – a call from his heart to ours." Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Record Label
|-
|2015
|Baladista
|Inside
|-
|2012
|America Come Home
|Inside
|-
|2008
|Thirteen Stories High
|Inside
|-
|2005
|Woodyboye: Songs Of Woody Guthrie And Tales Worth Telling, Vol. 2
|Appleseed
|-
|2003
|Woodeye: Songs of Woody Guthrie
|Inside
|-
|2000
|Hopper
|Inside
|-
|1996
|Old Wood Barn
|Reluctant Angel
|-
|1994
|<mask> Band
|Reluctant Angel
|}

References

External links

American folk singers
American singer-songwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Inside Recordings artists

masks:
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Joel
Joel Rafael
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Joel Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael
Joel Rafael


title: Léon Walras

texts:
Marie-Esprit-<mask> (; 16 December 1834 – 5 January 1910) was a French mathematical economist and Georgist. He formulated the marginal theory of value (independently of William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger) and pioneered the development of general equilibrium theory. <mask> is best known for his book Éléments d'économie politique pure, a work that has contributed greatly to the mathematization of economics through the concept of general equilibrium. The definition of the role of the entrepreneur found in it was also taken up and amplified by Joseph Schumpeter. For <mask>, exchanges only take place after a Walrasian tâtonnement (French for "trial and error"), guided by the auctioneer, has made it possible to reach market equilibrium. It was the general equilibrium obtained from a single hypothesis, rarity, that led Joseph Schumpeter to consider him "the greatest of all economists". The notion of general equilibrium was very quickly adopted by major economists such as Vilfredo Pareto, Knut Wicksell or Gustav Cassel.John Hicks and Paul Samuelson used the Walrasian contribution in the elaboration of the neoclassical synthesis. For their part, Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu, from the perspective of a logician and a mathematician, determined the conditions necessary for equilibrium. Biography
<mask> was the son of a French school administrator <mask>. His father was not a professional economist, yet his economic thinking had a profound effect on his son. He found the value of goods by setting their scarcity relative to human wants. <mask> enrolled in the École des Mines de Paris, but grew tired of engineering. He worked as a bank manager, journalist, romantic novelist and railway clerk before turning to economics.<mask> received an appointment as the professor of political economy at the University of Lausanne. <mask> also inherited his father's interest in social reform. Much like the Fabians, Walras called for the nationalization of land, believing that land's productivity would always increase and that rents from that land would be sufficient to support the nation without taxes. He also asserts that all other taxes (i.e. on goods, labor, capital) eventually realize effects exactly identical to a consumption tax, so they can hurt the economy (unlike a land tax). Another of <mask>'s influences was Augustin Cournot, a former schoolmate of his father. Through Cournot, Walras came under the influence of French rationalism and was introduced to the use of mathematics in economics.As Professor of Political Economy at the University of Lausanne, <mask> is credited with founding the Lausanne school of economics, along with his successor Vilfredo Pareto. Because most of <mask>'s publications were only available in French, many economists were unfamiliar with his work. This changed in 1954 with the publication of William Jaffé's English translation of <mask>'s Éléments d'économie politique pure. <mask>'s work was also too mathematically complex for many contemporary readers of his time. On the other hand, it has a great insight into the market process under idealized conditions so it has been far more read in the modern era. Although <mask> came to be regarded as one of the three leaders of the marginalist revolution,
he was not familiar with the two other leading figures of marginalism, William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger, and developed his theories independently. Elements has <mask> disagreeing with Jevons on the applicability, while the findings adopted by Carl Menger, he says, are completely in alignment with the ideas present in the book (even though expressed non-mathematically).Life and career

General equilibrium theory

In 1874 and 1877 <mask> published Éléments d'économie politique pure (1899, 4th ed. ; 1926, éd. définitive), in English, Elements of Pure Economics (1954), trans. William Jaffé. That work that led him to be considered the father of the general equilibrium theory. The problem that <mask> set out to solve was one presented by A. A. Cournot, that even though it could be demonstrated that prices would equate supply and demand to clear individual markets, it was unclear that an equilibrium existed for all markets simultaneously.<mask>'s law implies that the sum of the values of excess demands across all markets must equal zero, whether or not the economy is in a general equilibrium. This implies that if positive excess demand exists in one market, negative excess demand must exist in some other market. Thus, if all markets but one are in equilibrium, then that last market must also be in equilibrium. While teaching at the Lausanne Academy, <mask> began constructing a mathematical model that assumes a "regime of perfectly free competition", in which productive factors, products, and prices automatically adjust in equilibrium. <mask> began with the theory of exchange in 1873 and then he proceeded to map out his theories of production, capitalization and money in his first edition. His theory of exchange began with an expansion of Cournot's demand curve to include more than two commodities, also realizing the value of the quantity sold must equal the quantity purchased thus the ratio of prices must be equal to the inverse ratio of quantities. <mask> then drew a supply curve from the demand curve and set equilibrium prices at the intersection.His model could now determine prices of commodities but only the relative price. In order to deduce the absolute price, <mask> could choose one price to serve as a unit of account, coined by <mask> as the numeraire and state all other prices in units of this commodity. The term numeraire, meaning unit of account, has become part of the international vocabulary of economics and for many economists, the only French word they know. Using this numeraire he determined that marginal utility, or rarete, divided by the price must be equal for all commodities. <mask> felt that because the value of what an individual consumer consumes is equal to the value of that individual's stock of goods, that the aggregate, the value of total sales must equal the value of total purchase, must hold true. This became known as <mask>' Law which held that equilibrium equations can be derived from the others until only m-1 equations in the m-1 relative prices remain. <mask> then expanded the theory to include production with the assumption of an existence of fixed coefficients in said production making possible a generalization that the marginal productivity of the factors of production varied with the amount of input, making factor substitution possible.<mask> constructed his basic theory of general equilibrium by beginning with simple equations and then increasing the complexity in the next equations. He began with a two-person bartering system, then moved on to the derivation of downward-sloping consumer demands. Next he moved on to exchanges involving multiple parties, and finally ended with credit and money. <mask> wrote down four sets of equations—one representing the quantity of goods demanded, one relating the prices of goods to their costs of production, one for the quantities of inputs supplied, and one showing the quantities of inputs demanded. There are four sets of variables to solve for, namely, the price of each good, the quantity of each good sold, the price of each factor of production, and the quantity of each of those factor bought by businesses. To simplify matters, <mask> added one further equation to his model, requiring that all the money received must be spent, one way or the other. But there are now more equations than unknowns.From the theory of equations, one learns that a necessary but insufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution to a system of equations is that the number of equations must equal the number of variables. Walras tackled this problem by selecting an arbitrary good, G1, whose price is designated as the standard against which the prices of the other goods shall be compared. The system of equations can now be solved for the prices of all goods in terms of G1, though not for the absolute price levels. The crucial step in the argument was <mask>'s law which states that any particular market must be in equilibrium, if all other markets in an economy are also in equilibrium. <mask>'s law hinges on the mathematical notion that excess market demands (or, inversely, excess market supplies) must sum to zero. This means that, in an economy with n markets, it is sufficient to solve n-1 simultaneous equations for market clearing. Taking one good as the numéraire in terms of which prices are specified, the economy has n-1 prices that can be determined by the equation, so an equilibrium should exist.Although <mask> set out the framework for thinking about the existence of equilibrium clearly and precisely his attempt to demonstrate existence by counting the number of equations and variables was severely flawed: it is easy to see that not all pairs of equations in two variables have solutions. A more rigorous version of the argument was developed independently by Lionel McKenzie and the pair Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu in the 1950s. A significant part of the general equilibrium theory as introduced by <mask> has become known as the Walrasian auction which is a type of simultaneous auction where each agent calculates its demand for the good at every possible price and submits this to an auctioneer. The price is then set so that the total demand across all agents equals the total amount of the good. Thus, a Walrasian auction perfectly matches the supply and the demand. Walras suggests that equilibrium will be achieved through a process of tâtonnement (French for "trial and error"), a form of incremental hill climbing. Economic value definition of utility

<mask> provides a definition of economic utility based on economic value as opposed to an ethical theory of value:

I state that things are useful as soon as they may serve whatever usage, as soon as they match whatever need and allow its fulfillment.Thus, there is here no point to deal with 'nuances' by way of which one classes, in the language of everyday conversation, utility beside what is pleasant and between the necessary and the superfluous. Necessary, useful, pleasant and superfluous, all of this is, for us, more or less useful. There is here as well no need to take into account the morality or immorality of the need that the useful things matches and permits to fulfill. Whether a substance is searched for by a doctor to heal an ill person, or by a assassin to poison his family, this is an important question from other points of view, albeit totally indifferent from ours. The substance is useful, for us, in both cases, and may well be more useful in the second case than in the first one. In economic theories of value, the term "value" is unrelated to any notions of value used in ethics, they are homonyms. Legacy
In 1941 George Stigler wrote about <mask>:  What caused the re-appraisal of <mask>'s consideration in the US, was the influx of German-speaking scientists – the German version of the Éléments was published in 1881.According to Schumpeter:

Major works

Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure

The Éléments of 1874/1877 are the work by which <mask> is best known. The full title is
 Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale. The half title page uses only the title ('Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure') whereas inside the body (e.g. p. 1 and the contents page) the subtitle ('Théorie de la richesse sociale') is used as if it were the title. Plan of work
The work was issued in two instalments (fascicules) in separate years. It was intended as the first of three parts of a systematic treatise as follows:
 1re partie:– Éléments d'Économie Politique Pure, ou Théorie de la richesse sociale. Section I. Objet et divisions de l'économie politique et sociale.Section II. Théorie mathématique de l'échange. Section III. Du numéraire et de la monnaie. Section IV. Théorie naturelle de la production et de la conommation de la richesse. Section V. Conditions et conséquences du progrès économique.Section VI. Effets naturels et nécessaires des divers modes d'organisation économique de la société. 2e partie:– Éléments d'Économie Politique Appliquée, ou Théorie de la production agricole, industrielle et commerciale de la richesse. 3e partie:– Éléments d'Économie Sociale, ou Théorie de la répartition de la richesse par la propriété et l'impôt. Works with titles echoing those proposed for Parts II and III were published in 1898 and 1896. They are included in the list of other works below. Editions
 First (1874/1877).Most readily available. Described by Walker and van Daal as a 'brilliant expression of pure originality, containing many theoretical innovations' which 'needed alteration and development in a variety of important respects'. Second (1889). Revised, corrected and enlarged. Third (1896). A minor revision with new appendices. This is considered the best edition by Walker and van Daal.Fourth (1900). Revised and extended. According to Walker and van Daal, 'these changes resulted in an incomplete, internally contradictory, and occasionally incoherent text'. Fifth (1926). Posthumous; published by his daughter Aline. 'Édition définitive, revue et augmentée'. Follows the fourth.Derived work
The 'Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale' included in the list of other works (below) is described by the National Library of Australia as 'a series of lectures and articles that together summarize the mathematical elements of the author's Élements '. English Translations
 William Jaffé (1954) of the fifth edition as Elements of Pure Economics. Donald A. Walker and Jan van Daal (2014) of the third edition as Elements of Theoretical Economics. Walker and van Daal describe Jaffé's translation of the word crieur as 'a momentous error that has misled generations of readers'. Online and facsimile editions
 Online:
 Facsimile: cheap photographic reprints are produced by . Both of these are made from the first edition and are defective in respect of illustrations. The original figures were included as folding plates (presumably at the end of each fascicule).The online edition contains only Figs. 3, 4, 10, and 12 whereas the facsimile contains only Figs. 5 and 6. Other works
 Francis Saveur, 1858. "De la propriété intellectuelle", 1859, Journal des économistes. "Paradoxes économiques I", 1860, Journal des économistes. "Théorie critique de l'impôt", 1861.De l'impôt dans le Canton de Vaud, 1861. "La bourse et le crédit", 1867, Paris Guide. "Correspondance entre M. Jevons, professeur a Manchester, et M. <mask>, professeur a Lausanne", 1874, Journal des économistes. "Un nuovo ramo della matematica. Dell' applicazione delle matematiche all' economia politica", 1876, Giornale degli economisti. Théorie mathématique de la richesse sociale, 1883. "Notice autobiographique de <mask>", 1893.Études d'économie sociale; Théorie de la répartition de la richesse sociale, 1896. Études d'économie politique appliquée; Théorie de la production de la richesse sociale, 1898. "Théorie du crédit", 1898, Revue d'économie politique. "Sur les équations de la circulation", 1899, Giornale degli economisti
 "Cournot et l'Économique Mathématique", 1905, Gazette de Lausanne. "La Paix par la Justice Sociale et le Libre Échange", 1907, Questions Pratiques de Legislation Ouvrière. L'état et le chemin de fer (1875). "<mask>, Autobiografia", 1908, Giornale degli Economisti."Un initiateur en économie politique, A.A. <mask>", 1908, La Revue du Mois. "Économique et méchanique", 1909, Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise de Sciences Naturelles
 Correspondence of <mask> and related papers (ed. by William Jaffé, 3 vols. ), 1965. See also
 <mask>'s law
 Walrasian auction
 General equilibrium
 Cost the limit of price
 Progressive theory of capital

Note

References

Further reading
 Jaffé, William, and Donald A. Walker (ed.) (1983). Essays on Walras.Cambridge University Press. Morishima, Michio (1977). <mask>' economics : a pure theory of capital and money. Cambridge University Press. Medema S.G. & Samuels W.J. (2003). "The history of economic thought: a reader" Routledge, London and New York.External links

 Biography and major works

Mines ParisTech alumni
1834 births
1910 deaths
People from Évreux
General equilibrium theorists
French economists
19th-century economists
20th-century economists
University of Lausanne faculty
Georgist economists
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economists

masks:
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Auguste Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Leone Walras
Walras
Léon Walras
Walras
Walras


title: Nick Leeson

texts:
<mask> (born 25 February 1967) is an English criminal and former derivatives trader whose fraudulent, unauthorized and speculative trades resulted in the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank, the United Kingdom's oldest merchant bank, for which he served time in prison. Between 2005 and 2011, Leeson had senior management roles at League of Ireland club Galway United. After it suffered financial difficulties, he resigned from his position as chief executive officer. He is also active on the keynote and after-dinner speaking circuit, where he advises companies about risk and corporate responsibility. Early life
<mask> was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, and attended Parmiter's School in nearby Garston. Born to working-class parents on a council estate, his father was a self-employed plasterer, his mother a nurse. After finishing sixth form in 1985 with six O Levels and two A level passes in English Literature and History with C and D grades respectively, failing his third subject, Mathematics, he was hired as a clerk with the Lombard Street branch of the Coutts private bank, where he settled paper cheques, crediting and debiting client accounts.In 1987, <mask> moved to Morgan Stanley's Futures and Options back office, clearing and settling listed derivatives transactions. With few prospects for a front office role, he joined Barings Bank two years later, at £12,000 a year. With four other settlement specialists, he was briefly seconded to Hong Kong to troubleshoot Barings' back office in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. He returned to London in September 1991 to investigate a case of fraud in which a Barings employee had used a client's account to trade on a proprietary basis until margin calls from the clearinghouses unraveled the scheme. Career
In April 1992, Barings decided to open a Future and Options office in Singapore, executing and clearing transactions on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). Barings had held a seat on SIMEX for some time, but did not activate it until <mask>, appointed general manager, was sent over to head both front office and back office operations. Prior to leaving, <mask> was denied a broker's licence in the UK because of committing fraud on his application.He had failed to report a judgment against him entered by the National Westminster Bank. Neither <mask> nor Barings disclosed this denial when he applied for his licence in Singapore. From 1992, <mask> made unauthorised speculative trades that at first made large profits for Barings: £10 million, which accounted for 10% of Barings' annual profit. He earned a bonus of £130,000 on his salary of £50,000 for that year. <mask>'s luck soon went sour and he used one of Barings' error accounts (accounts used to correct mistakes made in trading) to hide his losses. He says that this account was first used to hide an error made by one of his subordinates; she had been assigned to buy twenty futures contracts for Fuji Bank, but had sold them instead, costing Barings £20,000. However, <mask> used this error account to cover further bad trades by himself and others.For example, he used it to cover a number of mistakes made by one of his traders who frequently came to work after long nights of partying. <mask> believes that he first crossed into out-and-out criminal conduct when he forgot to reconcile a discrepancy of 500 contracts, costing Barings US$1.7 million. He concluded that the only way to hide such a massive error and keep his job was to hide it in the error account. Leeson insists that he never used the account for his own gain. In 1996 investigators had located approximately $35 million in various bank accounts tied to him. Downfall and imprisonment
By the end of 1992, the error account's losses exceeded £2 million, increasing to £23 million in late 1993. This amount ballooned to £208 million by the end of 1994.<mask> had followed a "doubling" strategy: every time he lost money, he would bet double the amount that was lost in order to recoup the amount. This had been successful for him in the past, including once in 1993 where he was able to cover a £6 million negative balance in the error account and after which he vowed not to use the account again. However, <mask> had to maintain his reputation as a trading genius and soon found himself hiding his losses there again. As the losses grew higher and higher, Leeson fabricated cover stories to explain why he needed more cash from London; his sterling reputation protected him from close scrutiny. The beginning of the end occurred on 16 January 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on 17 January, sending Asian markets, and Leeson's trading positions, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new trades (using a long-long future arbitrage), this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery.However, the recovery failed to materialise. <mask> left a note reading, "I'm sorry" and fled Singapore on 23 February. Losses eventually reached £827 million (US$1.4 billion), twice Barings' available trading capital. After a failed bailout attempt, Barings, which had been the UK's oldest merchant bank, was declared insolvent on 26 February. After fleeing to Malaysia, Thailand and finally Germany, <mask> was arrested in Frankfurt and extradited back to Singapore on 20 November 1995. <mask> pleaded guilty to two counts of "deceiving the bank's auditors and of cheating the Singapore exchange", including forging documents. District judge Richard Magnus, who convicted <mask>, decided to sentence Leeson to six and a half years in Changi Prison in Singapore.<mask> was released in July 1999 after serving at least two-thirds of his sentence (4 years and 4 months) for good behaviour, and having been diagnosed with colon cancer, which he survived despite grim forecasts at the time. In 1996, <mask> published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts. A review in the financial columns of The New York Times stated, "This is a dreary book, written by a young man very taken with himself, but it ought to be read by banking managers and auditors everywhere." In 1999, the book was made into a film of the same name starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel. The events also form the subject matter of a 1996 television documentary made by Adam Curtis, titled Inside Story Special: £830,000,000 – <mask> and the Fall of the House of Barings. Later career
In 2003, as a mature student, <mask> completed a BSc in Psychology at Middlesex University, and then married Leona Tormay, an Irish beautician. He is a guest on the after-dinner and keynote speaking circuits.He still deals in the stock markets, but only with his own money. Galway United F.C. Leeson was appointed commercial manager of Galway United F.C. in April 2005, rising to the position of general manager in November 2005. By July 2007 he had become the club's chief executive officer. In February 2011, after the club encountered financial problems, he resigned his position. Media appearances
In June 2005, Leeson released a new book, Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress.It picks up his story where Rogue Trader left off, including in-depth conversations with psychologist Ivan Tyrrell. In 2013 he appeared in Celebrity Apprentice Ireland on TV3. In July 2015, Singapore's national daily newspaper The Straits Times published an e-book titled Guilty As Charged: 25 Crimes That Have Shaken Singapore Since 1965, which included the <mask> case as one of the top 25 crimes that shocked the nation since its independence in 1965. The book was borne out of collaboration between the Singapore Police Force and the newspaper itself. The paperback edition of the book was published and first appeared on the bookshelves in late June 2017. The paperback edition first entered the ST bestseller list on 8 August 2017, a month after its publication. On 5 April 2007, The Guardian reported that KPMG, the liquidators of Barings, had sold a trading jacket thought to have been worn by Leeson while trading on SIMEX in Singapore.The jacket was offered for sale on eBay but it failed to reach its reserve price despite a highest bid of £16,100. It was subsequently sold for £21,000. In October 2007 a similar jacket used by <mask>'s team but not thought to have been worn by <mask> himself sold at auction for £4,000. Works

See also
 Chia Teck Leng
 Clarence Hatry
 Speculation in financial markets
 List of trading losses
 Jérôme Kerviel
 Kweku Adoboli
 Toshihide Iguchi
 Galway United
 CITIC Group
 White collar crime

References

External links

1967 births
1992 crimes in Singapore
Living people
20th-century English criminals
Alumni of Middlesex University
British people imprisoned abroad
English bankers
English businesspeople
English fraudsters
Fugitive financiers
People from County Galway
People from Watford
Prisoners and detainees of Singapore
Rogue traders
People educated at Parmiter's School, Garston
Galway United F.C. Irish expatriates in England
Fugitives wanted by Singapore

masks:
Nicholas William Leeson
Nick Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Leeson
Nick Leeson
Leeson
Nick Leeson
Leeson
Leeson


title: Alauddin Husain Shah

texts:
Ala-ud-<mask> (;  1494–1519) was an independent late medieval Sultan of Bengal, who founded the <mask>i dynasty. He became the ruler of Bengal after assassinating the Abyssinian Sultan, Shams-ud-<mask>, whom he had served under as wazir. After his death in 1519, his son <mask> succeeded him. The reigns of <mask> and <mask> are generally regarded as the "golden age" of the Bengal sultanate. Early life and accession
<mask>'s original name is Sayyeed Husain. According to a 1788 chronicle, Riyaz-us-Salatin, Husain was the son of Sayyeed <mask>kki, a Sharif of Mecca and an inhabitant of Tirmiz (in Turkestan). Besides both historians Salim (writer of Riyaz-us-Salatin) and Firishtah (from late 16th century) mentioned him as Sayyed - this indicates Husain's Arab descent.Besides, the term <mask> <mask> bin Sayyeed Ashraf-<mask> (<mask> <mask>, son of Sayyed Ashraf-<mask>) frequently appeared on his coins. But it is not yet known how he came to Bengal and occupied the post of Vizier of Sultan Shamsuddin Muzaffar <mask>. Most likely he first settled in Chandpara, a village in Murshidabad district. Because a number of inscriptions of <mask> <mask>'s early years found in the villages around Chandpara and also a mosque called Kherur Mosque is constructed by Sultan Husain in the locality in 1494. A lake, Sheker Dighi, is also associated with <mask> <mask>. Initially, he secretly sympathized with the rebels but ultimately he put himself openly as their head and besieged the citadel, where Muzaffar <mask> shut himself with a few thousand soldiers. According to the 16th-century historian Nizamuddin, the Sultan was secretly assassinated by Husain with the help of the paiks (palace-guards), which ended the Abyssinian rule in Bengal.Reign
<mask> <mask>'s long reign of more than a quarter of a century was a period of peace and prosperity, which was strikingly contrast to the period that preceded it. The liberal attitude of <mask> <mask> towards his Hindu subjects is also an important feature of his reign. Initial administrative actions
Immediately after accession to the throne, <mask> <mask> ordered his soldiers to refrain from plundering Gaur, his capital city. But being annoyed with their continuous plundering, he executed twelve thousand soldiers and recovered the looted articles, which included 13,000 gold plates. Subsequently, he disbanded the paiks (the palace guards) who were the most significant agitators inside the palace. He removed all Habshis from administrative posts and replaced them with Turks, Arabs, Afghans and the local people. Engagement with the Delhi Sultanate
Sultan <mask> Sharqi, after being defeated by Bahlol Lodi, retired to Bihar, where his occupation was confined to a small territory.In 1494, he was again defeated by Sultan Sikandar Lodi and fled to Bengal, where he was granted asylum by Sultan Ala-ud-<mask> <mask>. This resulted in an expedition against Bengal in 1495 by Sultan Sikandar Lodi. <mask> <mask> of Bengal sent an army under his son Sayyid Danyal to fight with the Delhi army. The armies of Delhi and Bengal met at Barh near Patna. Sikandar Lodi halted the advance of his army and concluded a treaty of friendship with Ala-ud-<mask> <mask>. According to this agreement, the country west of Barh went to Sikandar Lodi while the country east of Barh remained under <mask> <mask> of Bengal. The final dissolution of the Jaunpur Sultanate resulted in the influx of the Jaunpur soldiery in the Bengal army, which was further strengthened by it.Kamata-Kamrup expedition
From 1499 to 1502, <mask> <mask>'s general <mask> Ghazi led an expedition to the Kamata kingdom and annexed the territory up to Hajo. They took Nilambara, King of Kamata, as prisoner and pillaged the capital city. This was publicly recorded in an inscription at Malda. Odisha campaigns
According to the Madala Panji, <mask> Ghazi commenced his campaign from the Mandaran fort (in the present-day Hooghly district) in 1508-9 and reached Puri, raiding Jajpur and Katak on the way. The Gajapati ruler of Orissa, Prataparudra was busy in a campaign in the south. On hearing this news, he returned and defeated the invading Bengal army and chased it into the borders of Bengal. He reached the Mandaran fort and besieged it, but failed to take it.Intermittent hostilities between the Bengal and Orissa armies along the border continued throughout the reign of <mask> <mask>. Capture of Pratapgarh
When Gouhar Khan, the Bengali governor of Sylhet (in present-day Bangladesh) died, the district was seized by ruler of the neighbouring kingdom of Pratapgarh, Sultan Bazid. One of <mask> <mask>'s nobles, a Hindu convert named Surwar Khan was sent to confront Bazid and when attempts at negotiations failed, fought against the Sultan and his allies. Bazid was defeated and captured and was forced to give heavy concessions in order to keep his kingdom, though under the suzerainty of Bengal. In reward for his actions, Surwar Khan was named the new governor of Sylhet and the defeated Sultan's daughter was given in marriage to his son, Mir Khan. Expeditions to Tripura and Arakan
According to Rajmala, a late royal chronicle of Tripura, <mask> <mask> despatched his army four times to Tripura, but the Tripura army offered stiff resistance and did not yield any territory. But the Sonargaon inscription of Khawas Khan (1513) is interpreted by a number of modern scholars as an evidence of annexure of at least a part of Tripura by <mask> <mask>'s army.During <mask> <mask>'s expeditions to Tripura, the ruler of Arakan helped Dhanya Manikya, the ruler of Tripura. He also occupied Chittagong and expelled <mask> <mask>'s officers from there. In 1513, <mask> <mask> assigned the charge of Arakan expedition to Paragal Khan. Paragal Khan advanced from his base on the Feni River. After Paragal's death, his son Chhuti Khan took over the charge of the campaign until Chittagong was wrested from Arakanese control. The expedition of territory to the western bank of Kaladan river was placed under his governorship administration. The hostilities probably ended in 1516.The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, arrived India by sea in 1498. Consequently, a Portuguese mission came to Bengal to establish diplomatic relations towards the end of <mask> <mask>'s reign. Cultural contribution

The reign of <mask> <mask> witnessed a remarkable development of Bengali literature. Under the patronage of Paragal Khan, <mask> <mask>'s governor of Chittagong, Kabindra Parameshvar wrote his Pandabbijay, a Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata. Similarly, under the patronage of Paragal's son Chhuti Khan, who succeeded his father as governor of Chittagong, Shrikar Nandi wrote another Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata. Kabindra Parameshvar in his Pandabbijay eulogised <mask> <mask>. Bijay Gupta wrote his Manasamangal Kāvya also during his reign.He eulogised <mask> <mask> by comparing him with Arjuna (samgrame Arjun Raja prabhater Rabi). He mentioned him as Nrpati-Tilak (the tilak-mark of kings) and Jagat-bhusan (the adornment of the universe) as well. An official of <mask> <mask>, Yashoraj Khan, wrote a number of Vaishnava padas and he also praised his ruler in one of his pada. During <mask> <mask>'s reign a number of significant monuments were constructed. Wali Muhammad built Chota Sona Masjid in Gaur. During his reign, an Islamic scholar known as Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali visited Ekdala where he transcribed Sahih al-Bukhari and gifted it to the Sultan in Sonargaon. The manuscript is currently kept at the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library in Bankipore, Patna, Bihar.Religious tolerance
The reign of <mask> <mask> is also known for religious tolerance towards his subjects. However, R.C. Majumdar write that during his Orissa campaigns, he destroyed some Hindu temples, which Vrindavana Dasa Thakura has mentioned in his Chaitanya Bhagavata. However the destruction of the temples was not carried out by the orders of the Sultan himself. The celebrated medieval saint, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his followers preached Bhakti (Nath-Gopi) throughout Bengal during his reign. When <mask> <mask> came to know about Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's huge following amongst his subjects, he ordered his qazis not to injure him in any way and allow him to go wherever he liked. Later, two high level Hindu officers in <mask> <mask>'s administration, his Private Secretary, (Dabir-i-Khas) Rupa Goswami and his Intimate Minister (Saghir Malik) Sanatana Goswami became devoted followers of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.In return the Hindus honoured the sultan as an incarnation of Lord Krishna.Issue
<mask> <mask> had eighteen sons and at least eleven daughters. Among these are:
Sayyid Danyal: likely the eldest son. May have been killed at the end of the campaign on Kamata kingdom. Nasiruddin Nasrat <mask>: succeeded his father. Reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1519 to 1532. Ghiyasuddin Mahmud <mask>: reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1533 to 1538. Raushan Akhtar Banu: possibly a granddaughter.Married Ibrahim Danishmand, a Sufi saint and landowner. See also
 List of rulers of Bengal
 History of Bengal
 History of Bangladesh
 History of India

Notes

Rulers of Bengal
1519 deaths
Year of birth unknown
16th-century Indian monarchs
<mask>i dynasty

masks:
din Husain Shah
Hussain Shah
Din Muzaffar Shah
Nusrat Shah
Husain Shah
Nusrat Shah
Husain Shah
Ashraf Al Husaini Al Fatimi Al Ma
Sultan Husain
Shah
ul Husaini
Sultan Husain
Shah
ul Husaini
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Hussain Shah
Din Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
din Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah Ismail
Shah Ismail
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Husain
Shah
Shah
Shah
Hussain Shah


title: Lane Evans

texts:
<mask> (August 4, 1951 – November 5, 2014) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 until 2007, representing the 17th District of Illinois. <mask> announced that he would not seek reelection in November 2006 and retired at the end of the 109th Congress, due to the increasingly debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease. Background

<mask> was born in 1951 in Rock Island, Illinois, and attended Alleman High School and Augustana College there. He served in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, stationed in Okinawa. After leaving the Marines in 1971, <mask> enrolled at Augustana College in Rock Island, graduating in 1974. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University in 1977 and he started his legal career as an attorney with the Quad Cities Legal Clinic [Mid America Law Offices, Ltd.] in Moline. In 1982, <mask> ran for and won the Democratic nomination for Illinois' 17th congressional district, which included most of Illinois' share of the Quad Cities area.It had been renumbered from the 19th District since Illinois lost two districts after the 1980 census. The district had been in Republican hands for all but two years since 1939. However, the brand of Republicanism that prevailed in the district had traditionally been a moderate one. <mask> got a significant boost when 16-year incumbent Tom Railsback was defeated for renomination by the more conservative Republican, State Senator Kenneth McMillan. Taking advantage of hardships from that year's recession, <mask> won by around 5 percentage points. <mask> earned the highest opposition (90%) to President Reagan's agenda of any congress member during his first congressional session and  then handily defeated McMillan in a 1984 rematch. Despite Ronald Reagan's gigantic 1984 landslide victory that year, <mask> pulled in 57% to Reagan's 54% -besting the president by more than 5,000 votes in the 17th Congressional District.This was one of the few congressional districts where Reagan's percentage in the two-way was lower than the three-way in 1980. <mask> faced opposition in his next four campaigns, and beat his republican 1990 opponent by more than 50,000 votes with 67% of the vote. In 1994, Republicans retook the House, yet <mask> held his seat and won by nine points over a little-known Republican, Jim Anderson, who spent almost no money. This emboldened the Republicans for 1996, when <mask> faced Mark Baker, an anchor at WGEM-TV in Quincy (the third-largest city in the district). Presidential candidate Bill Clinton carried the district by a healthy 30,000 votes, and <mask> defeated Baker by 11,000 votes. A 1998 rematch was closer, with <mask> only winning by 6,000 votes. A third run by Baker in 2000 saw <mask> win by 10 points.Redistricting after the 2000 census made <mask> safer. Decatur and part of Springfield were added while some more rural areas were taken out. The redistricting process, guided by House Speaker and 14th District Congressman Dennis Hastert and 3rd District Congressman Bill Lipinski, solidified the holdings of many Illinois incumbents. <mask> was re-elected in 2002 and 2004. <mask> is credited with passage of the Agent Orange Act of 1991 which he sponsored. In 1995 he was awarded the Silver Helmet award from American Veterans Group (AMVETS). <mask> was also instrumental in the election of Barack Obama during the 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois.Beginning in 1995, <mask> battled Parkinson's disease. While his previous opponents did not make an issue of it, his 2004 opponent, Andrea Zinga (a former anchorwoman at KWQC-TV and WQAD-TV in the Quad Cities) claimed he was not able to fully represent the members of his district due to his health concerns. However, this tactic backfired, and <mask> won handily. During his tenure, <mask> was one of the most liberal members of the House, and probably Illinois' most liberal congressman from outside Chicago. A founding member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and the House Populist Caucus  he had a near-perfect lifetime rating from Americans for Democratic Action, while the American Conservative Union gave him its lowest rating of any congressman outside Chicago. <mask> was one of 31 Democrats in the House of Representatives to vote to reject Ohio's 20 electoral votes in the 2004 Presidential Election, despite Republican President George Bush winning the state by 118,457 votes. In 2019 his biography "Guts: The <mask> Story" was published by Strong Arm Press, authored by Devin Hansen.FEC actions
On June 27, 2005, <mask>' campaign committee agreed to pay $185,000 to settle an investigation by the Federal Election Commission. The inquiry stemmed from allegations of illegal coordination between the 17th District Victory Fund, the Rock Island Democratic Central Committee and the congressman's campaign during the 1998 and 2000 election cycles. According to the FEC press release:

The Rock Island Democratic Central Committee, for its part, agreed to a civil penalty of $30,000. Retirement and death
<mask> won the Democratic primary in 2006 and was poised for a rematch against Zinga. On March 28, 2006, however, <mask> announced that he would not stand for a 13th term in November 2006. He made a brief return to Washington in June 2006. His withdrawal from the general election left local Democrats with the task of finding a replacement candidate.Their choice was Congressman <mask>' district director, Phil Hare, who was elected. On November 5, 2014, <mask> died at the age of 63 in a nursing home in East Moline, Illinois, from complications brought on by Parkinson's disease.

masks:
Lane Allen Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Lane Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Sergei Garmash

texts:
<mask> (; born 1 September 1958) is a Soviet and Russian film and stage actor. He is a People's Artist of Russia. In 2013 he was a member of the jury at the 35th Moscow International Film Festival. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 1, 1958 in the city of Kherson of the Ukrainian SSR, in a family of workers. His mother, Lyudmila Ippolitovna was from a small village in Western Ukraine, she graduated after seven classes and spent her whole life working as a dispatcher at a bus station. <mask>'s father, <mask> was a driver at first, then graduated from the institute and began to work in leadership positions. <mask> was a difficult child, he was expelled from school several times.After school, he wished to enter the nautical institute, but ended up filing documents for the Dnepropetrovsk theatrical school. He graduated from the school with a degree in "Puppet Theater Artist". Then he worked in Kherson, traveling with tours to nearby villages and collective farms. Two years later <mask> was called up for military service in the ranks of the Soviet Army in the building battalion. He served in the town of Bologoye. After serving in the army, in 1980 <mask> went to Moscow to apply to theater schools. Initially he filed application documents for three theatrical institutions at the same time.Later he picked the Moscow Art Theater School for his studies. Upon completion of Moscow Art Theatre School (class I. M. Tarhanova) in 1984, Garmash was accepted into the troupe of the "Contemporary" Moscow theater. Career
<mask> made his cinematic debut in 1984. His first work was the role of Urin in the heroic ballad of Alexei Simonov's Detachment with Aleksandr Feklistov. Then he acted in the films "In the Shooting Wilderness" (1985) by Vladimir Khotinenko, Wild Pigeon (1986) by <mask>, "Ivan the Great" (1987) by Gabriel Yeghiazarova, Stalingrad (1989) by Yuri Ozerov, The Master and Margarita (1994) by Yuri Kara, Voroshilov Sharpshooter (1999) by Stanislav Govorukhin and many other films and series, before the beginning of the new millennium he starred in more than fifty films. In 2001, for the role of the teacher of labor Semen Bespalchikov in the successful drama of <mask>'s Tender Age Garmash was awarded the prizes Nika Award and Golden Eagle. Later, <mask> received the Nika award for his roles in the films My Half-Brother Frankenstein (2004), 12 (2008) and Home (2011).Garmash's significant roles include Major Korotkov in the detective series Kamenskaya, where he acted for five seasons, Yevgeny Markerants in the Mechanical Suite (2001) by Dmitry Meskhiev, Ivan in "Lover" (2002) by Valery Todorovsky, senior warrant officer Nikolai Krauz in the film 72 Meters by Vladimir Khotinenko, drunkard Yasha in Poor Relatives (2005) by Pavel Lungin, Major Popov in Katyn (2007) by Andrzej Wajda, Mels's father in the hit 1960s set musical Stilyagi (2008) by Valery Todorovsky. Additionally, <mask> acted in the films Soundtrack of Passion (2009), Black Lightning (209), Lucky Trouble (2010), "Once" (2013), "The End of the Beautiful Era" (2015), The Duelist (2016), the series The Hethers of Major Sokolov (2014), Leningrad 46 (2015), The Investigator Tikhonov (2016) and Murka (2017), etc. In 2017, the actor appeared in the films Attraction and "Cold Tango". He also appeared in Going Vertical, Matilda, as well as the comedy-adventure Partner, where he played a major police officer Khromov, whose soul and mind were transferred to the body of a year-old child. Personal life
His wife is the Russian actress Inna Timofeeva (born 1963), a graduate of the Moscow Art Theatre School, theater actress of the Moscow theater "Contemporary".

masks:
Sergei Leonidovich Garmash
Sergei Garmash
Sergei
Leonid Trofimovich Garmash
Garmash
Garmash
Garmash
Sergei
Sergei Solovyov
Sergei Solovyov
Sergei
Sergei


title: Noriko Hidaka

texts:
, better known by the stage name of , is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and narrator. She played Minami Asakura in Touch, Akane Tendo in Ranma ½, Satsuki Kusakabe in My Neighbor Totoro, Near in Death Note, Yuki Tsukumo in Jujutsu Kaisen, Jean Roque Raltique in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water,  Kikyo in Inuyasha and Patricia O'Sullivan of Mischievous Twins: The Tales of St. Clare's. She is also the dub actress for Jayma Mays in the American TV series Glee, as well as in The Smurfs film series. Biography
Hidaka was born in the Kudan area of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, where she attended Fujimi Elementary School. Her parents owned a Western-style clothing store named "Tailor Itō". She began her career as an idol star, but switched to voice acting, and was employed by the talent management firm 81 Produce. Hidaka used to use the kanji variant 日髙 (note that the second kanji is different).She switched to the current usage (日高) around 1995 when she found that it was written that way already on many things and after friends recommended the kanji with the lower stroke count. Her fans have given her the affectionate name "Nonko" (ノン子). In 1982, during her time as an idol star, Hidaka appeared in the commercial for Nivea skin milk. She has also done voice-over commercials for programs and games, in which she plays a role for 3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha: To the End of the Galaxy. Filmography

Anime television
 Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross (1984, Musicaa (debut))
 Touch (1985–1987, Minami Asakura)
 City Hunter (1987–1988, Megumi)
 Tsuide ni Tonchinkan (1987–1988, Amago Shirai)
 Anime Sanjushi (1987–1989, Constance)
 City Hunter 2 (1988–1989, Mitsuko Shimizu)
 Patlabor (1989–1994, Prince Uru)
 Parasol Henbē (1989–1991, Megeru)
 The Adventures of Peter Pan (1989, Peter Pan)
 T.P. Pon (1989, Yumiko Yasugawa)
 Ranma ½ (1989–1992, Akane Tendo, Kanna)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–1991, Jean Roque Raltique)
 Ochame na Futago: Kurea Gakuin Monogatari (1991, Patricia Sullivan)
 Honō no Tōkyūji: Dodge Danpei (1991–1992, Danpei Ichigeki)
 Miracle Girls (1993 Mikage Matsunaga (Mika Morgan))
 Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (1993–1994, Kazumi Endō)
 Akazukin Chacha (1994–1995, Shiine)
 Omakase Scrappers (1994–1995, Sayuri Tachibana)
 Soar High!Isami (1995–1996, Sōshi Yukimi)
 Harimogu Harley (1996–1997, Harley)
 Rurouni Kenshin (1996–1998, Seta Sōjirō)
 Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! MAX (1998, Retsuya Ichimonji)
 Pocket Monsters (1999, Kaoruko)
 Zoids: Guardian Force (1999–2000, Riize)
 Ojarumaru (1998-ongoing, Bispaniora-go)
 One Piece (1999-ongoing, Belle-Mère)
 InuYasha (2000–2004, 2009–2010, Kikyo)
 Rockman EXE (2002–2003, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Shuryou)
 Sonic X (2003–2004, Helen)
 Di Gi Charat Nyo! (2003–2004, Di Gi Charat's Mama)
 Rockman EXE AXESS (2003–2004, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)
 Croket! (2003–2005, Anchovie)
 Rockman EXE Stream (2004–2005, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)
 Samurai Champloo (2004–2005, Yatsuha)
 Major (2004-ongoing, Chiaki Honda (Gorō's mother))
 Nanami-chan (2004-ongoing, Yōko Aoba)
 The Snow Queen (2005–2006, Nina)
 Death Note (2007, Near)
 Chi's Sweet Home (2008-ongoing, Mom)
 Star Driver (2010, Fujino Yō)
 Suite PreCure (2011-2012, Aphrodite)
 Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream (2011 - 2012, Omi Harune / Bear-chi)
 Detective Conan (2012, Masumi Sera)
 Hunter × Hunter (Second Series) (2012, Shalnark)
 Psycho-Pass (2012, Dominator's voice)
 Love Live School Idol Project (Principal Minami / Kotori's mom)
 Wake Up, Girls! (2014 - 2018, Junko Tange)
 Seiyu's Life! (2015, Herself)
 Garo: Guren no Tsuki (2015-2016, Izumi Shikibu)
 Little Witch Academia (2017, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)
 Pop Team Epic (2018, Pipimi (Episode 1-A))
 Shinya! Tensai Bakabon (2018, Bakabon's mother)
 Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale (2019, Arudi)
 Mix (2019, narrator)
 Symphogear XV (2019, Shem-Ha Mephorash)
 Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga (2020, Ichiko's mother)
 Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!(2020, Tsubame's mother)
 Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou (2021, Eua)
 Komi Can't Communicate (2021, Narrator)

Sources:

 Original video animations (OVAs)
 Salamander (1988, Stephanie)
 Top wo Nerae! Team Ranma vs. the Legendary Phoenix (1994, Akane Tendo)
 Hunter × Hunter (1998, Kurapika)
 Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday (1998, Minami Asakura)
 Touch: Cross Road (2001, Minami Asakura)
 Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time (2001, Kikyo)
 Inuyasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass (2002, Kikyo)
 Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2004, Tory Lund)
 Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island (2004, Kikyo)
 Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (2005, Mother)
 Gunbuster vs. Diebuster (2006, <mask> Takaya)
 Detective Conan: Dimensional Sniper (2014, Masumi Sera)
 Psycho-Pass: The Movie (2015, Dominator's voice)
 Love Live! 2: Yami no Bank to Ban Joō (Anchovie)
 Croquette! 3: Guranyū Ōkoku no Nazo (Anchovie)
 Croquette! Great: Jikū no Bōken-tachi (Anchovie)
 Croquette! DS: Tenkū no Yūsha-tachi (Anchovie, Sardine)
 Evil Zone (aka Eretzvaju) (Midori Himeno)
 Grandia (Feena)
 Minna no Golf Portable (Sagiri)
 Idol Janshi Suchie Pai (series) (Kotori Ninomiya)
 InuYasha (Kikyo)
 Neon Genesis Evangelion: Battle Orchestra (Noriko Takaya)
 Panther Bandit (Kasumi)
 Puyo Puyo CD (Panotti)
 Puyo Puyo CD Tsū (Panotti)
 Ranma ½ (Akane Tendo)
 Rurouni Kenshin: Enjō! Kyoto Rinne (Sojiro Seta)
 Sakura Wars (series) (Erica Fontaine)
 Super Robot Wars (series) (Noriko Takaya, Mina Likering, Lenii Ai, Makibi Hari)
 Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2 (Thanatos)
 Tengai Makyou III: Namida (Iyo)
 TwinBee RPG (Molte)
 Ultima: Kyōfu no Exodus (game character introduction voice)
 VitaminR (Board Chairman)
 Wonder Project J2: Koruro no Mori no Josette (Josette)
 Zoids vs. (Atorē Arcadia, Riize)

Sources:

 TV shows

 Regular appearances
 Bakeruno Shōgakkō Hyūdoro-gumi Battle Fever J - Keiko Nakahara
 Cool Japan - Narrator
 Let's Go Young Minna Ikiteiru Ohayou Studio Shin Afternoon Show 1987 Tamiya RC Car Gran Prix Zawa Zawa Mori no Ganko-chanRessha Sentai ToQger - Miiss Glitta/Empress of Darkness GlittaRessha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S.Miiss Glitta
 Koe Girl! (2018) – Mari Kikuchi
 Kamen Rider Zero-One - Zatt

 Guest appearances
 Quiz Nattoku Rekishikan (xxxx)
 Run Run Asa 6-sei Jōhō (xxxx)
 Sumai no 110-ban (xxxx)
 Tochūgesha Junjō (xxxx)Voice II (2021)

 Radio
 Asakura Minami no All Night Nippon - September 29, 2004 Clair de Lune (Banana Fritters)
 Earth Conscious Dream Hidaka Noriko no Happy @ Hidaka Noriko no Tokyo Wonder Jam: Uri! Uri! Urihō! KBS Kyoto Hyper Night Hidaka Noriko no Aromatic Night Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Getsuyōbi Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Kinyōbi Nisseki Doyō Omoshiro Radio Nonko to Nobita no Anime Scramble Nonko's Cheerful Mind "Urara" Saturday Tokimeki Station Shōfukutei Tsuruko no All Night Nippon Theatrical roles
 Play a Song Sakura Taisen Dinner Show (Erica Fontaine)
 Sakura Taisen Kayō Show (Erica Fontaine)
 The Star Spangled Girl CDs

 Albums
 Breath of Air Hidaka Noriko Best Kazumi (as Kazumi Endō)
 Mega Babe Minami no Seishun Minamikaze ni Fukarete Nonko Otakara Song Book Paradise Personal Personal 2 Ranma ½ Utagoyomi Heisei 3 Nendoban (as Akane Tendo, includes Yasashii, ii Ko ni Narenai (a.k.a. the "Baka Song"))
 Time Capsule Touch in Memory (as Minami Asakura)

Sources:

 Singles
 Anata ga Uchū ～By My Side～ Ashita he no Tsubasa / Niji no Kanata Be Natural / Megami ga Kureta Ichibyō Watashi Datte (as Kazumi Endō)

Sources:

 Books
 Nonko'' ()

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese idols
Japanese stage actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
People from Chiyoda, Tokyo
Voice actresses from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
81 Produce voice actors