title: Domentius IV of Georgia

texts:
<mask> IV (, Domenti IV, secular name Damian Bagrationi, ; 1677–1741) was the Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia from 1705 to 1724 and again from 1739 to 1741. He was a member of the royal Mukhrani branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, born as a younger son of Levan of Kartli (Shah-Quli Khan) and his first wife Tuta Gurieli. Domentius was energetically involved in the politics of Kartli and, according to some contemporary accounts, he even had regal ambitions. The split in his patriarchal tenure was due to his opposition to the accession of the Ottoman regime in Kartli and he spent thirteen years in the Ottoman captivity from 1725 to 1737. A man of letters, Domentius compiled a collection of Georgian hagiography. He also sponsored reconstruction and repair of several churches and monasteries in Georgia. His regnal name is sometimes given as <mask> III.Family and early life
<mask> was born in 1677 into the royal family of Kartli. His father was Levan, the Georgian prince royal and a nominal convert to Islam as Shah-Quli Khan, who was briefly titular king of Kartli in 1709. His mother, Tuta Gurieli, of the princely dynasty of Guria, died a year after. Among the siblings of Domentius were three future kings of Kartli, Kaikhosro and Vakhtang VI—his brothers—and Jesse, his half-brother. Almost nothing is known of Domentius's early life. After his mother's death, Domentius was cared for by the certain Barbara, whom he mentions in his Jerusalemite records of 1699. Domentius was tonsured as a monk at an early age under the name of Damian and spent some time in Jerusalem.He traveled extensively, visiting also Turkey, Iran, and Russia. First patriarchal term

In 1705, <mask>, then aged around 28, was elected the head of the Georgian Orthodox Church after the synod convened by his brother Vakhtang, regent of Kartli for his absent uncle, George XI (Gurgin Khan), accused the catholicos Eudemus II of "ignorance" and removed him from the position. The Safavid government of Iran, claiming sovereignty over Kartli, tolerated Vakhtang's support of the church owing to the contribution of the Georgian royals fighting on the Afghan front. By the time of Domentius's accession, the Georgian church had been split into the two, eastern and western counterparts, reflecting the political division of the country back in the 15th century. Domentius, albeit holding sway only of the eastern church, embarked on a program to restore the prestige and influence of the Georgian catholicosate. Inclined to underscore his hierarchical supremacy, the new prelate resumed using the title of patriarch, for a time forgotten by the Georgian catholicoi as their church had experienced decline under the Iranian hegemony. He exploited his royal origin and wealth to restore the churches and monasteries across the country, commissioned copies of old manuscripts, had the Greek Breviary translated and published—one of the first books printed in Georgia—in Tbilisi in 1719.In 1708, Domentius reclaimed the former catholicosal holdings from David II (Imam-Quli Khan), a Muslim Georgian king of Kakheti. To this end, the patriarch had traveled, in 1707, to Iran in order to convince the shah to force his reluctant vassal in Kakheti into concessions. The 18th-century European authors such as Judasz Tadeusz Krusinski and the Capuchin missionary Pierre d'Issoudun report that Domentius, while visiting Iran, offered to unfrock himself, marry and convert to Islam, hoping to accede to the throne of Kartli. For this, Krusiński claims, Levan, himself a Muslim, had him thrashed on the soles of his feet. While the trustfulness of these reports remain disputed to this day, the rumors were current in Domentius's time as suggested in the historical poem Bakariani written by the catholicos's companion Iese Tlashadze. In 1712, the shah Sultan Husayn summoned Vakhtang VI to Kirman and detained him for refusing Islam. Vakhtang sent his relative, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, to Pope Clement XI and King <mask> of France, pleading for pressure on the shah to release Vakhtang, hinting that the Georgian church might accept the pope's authority, a proposition which Domentius supported.The nobles of Kartli did not support these efforts, fearing the Iranian retribution. Vakhtang would eventually accede and convert to Islam to end the intrigues which plagued the country in his absence and also involved the catholicos Domentius. While Vakhtang was in Iran, his half-brother and a lieutenant in charge of Kartli, Prince Svimon, arrested Domentius and sent for punishment to Vakhtang's heir Bakar, but the prelate was saved through the intervention of Vakhtang's wife Rusudan. When Vakhtang's pro-Iranian and Muslim half-brother Jesse was installed as king in 1714, Bakar retreated to the mountains and Domentius was restored to favor. Exile and the second term
In 1719, Vakhtang VI, having accepted Islam, returned to rule Kartli. Domentius's tenure remained undisturbed until 1723, when Kartli was invaded by the Ottoman army, forcing Vakhtang VI into exile to Russia. The catholicos himself withdrew to Lore and then to the mountainous Ksani valley and was stripped of his office by his half-brother Jesse, now in power under the Ottoman protection.The priest Bessarion was installed in his stead. In 1725, <mask> was summoned to Constantinople, where his catholicosal land holdings were confirmed by the sultan Ahmed III. But the Ottoman government decided that he was too unreliable to be allowed back in Georgia and, in December 1727, sent him into exile on the Aegean island of Tenedos, where he remained until 1736. Domentius was not able to return to Kartli until November 1739 and was immediately restored to his office with the approval of Nader Shah of Iran, Kartli's new overlord, whom he and many other Georgian dignitaries met at Derbend. He died in 1741 and was buried at the cathedral of Mtskheta. Ancestry

Notes

References

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1677 births
1741 deaths
Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)
17th-century people from Georgia (country)
18th-century people from Georgia (country)
Writers from Georgia (country)
House of Mukhrani
Georgian princes
17th-century people of Safavid Iran
People of the Afsharid Empire
Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire
18th-century people of Safavid Iran

masks:
Domentius
Domentius
Domentius
Domentius
Louis XIV
Domentius


title: Sally Lindsay

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 8 July 1973) is an English actress and television presenter known for her roles as Shelley Unwin in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street, Lisa Johnson in the Sky One comedy series Mount Pleasant and Kath Agnew in the BBC sitcom Still Open All Hours. Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Stockport, Cheshire. Her first television appearance was at the age of seven on Top of the Pops when her school choir, the St Winifred's School Choir, released There's No One Quite Like Grandma, which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1980. <mask> attended St. Winifred's Primary School in Heaton Mersey, Stockport until 1984 when she attended St Anne's RC High School in Heaton Chapel, Stockport. <mask> studied English at the University of Hull and had aspirations of becoming a journalist. However, she was cast in a play and enjoyed the experience, and then studied at North Cheshire Theatre School before dabbling in stand up comedy. When she was 24, she met and became friends with comedian Peter Kay.Subsequently they appeared together in Phoenix Nights and in the video for the Comic Relief single Is This the Way to Amarillo?. In 2000, she appeared in an episode of The Royle Family, playing Twiggy's girlfriend, Michelle. Career

Coronation Street

After winning the "Best Actress" category in the Inside Soap 2005 Awards, <mask> announced that she would be leaving Coronation Street at the end of her contract to pursue comedy projects, after playing Shelley for five years. She returned for several episodes in September 2006. <mask> was spotted on the set of Coronation Street in 2019 before it was revealed that she was filming a documentary for the show to celebrate its 60th anniversary. She has narrated numerous shows for the programme. Acting after Coronation Street
<mask> voiced the character of Piella Bakewell in the 2008 BBC Wallace and Gromit film A Matter of Loaf and Death which aired on Christmas Day.She was handpicked for the role by Wallace and Gromit creator Nick Park after he heard her voice on the radio. In 2008, <mask> took first place on an episode of Celebrity Mastermind on the subject of the Carry On films. <mask> also appears as a regular guest contributor to the Radcliffe and Maconie Show on BBC Radio 2 and she launched a DVD <mask>'s Party Pub Quiz (2008), shot a role in a comedy pilot Till I Die for the ITV network and starred in a radio comedy for Radio 4 Pick-Ups with John Thomson. In 2010, <mask> joined the cast of BBC Three sketch show Scallywagga on BBC Three. She also appeared as the tea lady in the second series of the BBC One comedy drama Reggie Perrin co-starring Martin Clunes. The ITV detective series Scott & Bailey, which began airing in 2011, was developed from an idea conceived by <mask> and fellow Coronation Street actress Suranne Jones. As a fan of television programmes such as Cagney & Lacey, <mask> was interested in the concept of a programme detailing the lives of two professional women.She had originally been set to portray the character Janet Scott, but due to the birth of twin sons was not able to commit to this role. <mask> appears instead as Alison Bailey, the sister of Jones's character in episodes of all five series but only limited appearances in the first series due to her pregnancy. From 2011 to 2018, <mask> appeared in the Sky 1 comedy series Mount Pleasant as Lisa, described as a "real woman in a real marriage living in a real part of Manchester". Since 2013, <mask> has played Kath Agnew in BBC sitcom Still Open All Hours. In 2014, she made a guest appearance in an episode of Citizen Khan playing the role of care worker, Sam. In 2015, she played the role of Kathy in the BBC television drama Ordinary Lies. <mask> has appeared in the RTS award-winning series Moving On.She later appeared in Channel 5 drama Cold Call, alongside Mount Pleasant co-star Daniel Ryan and Dial M for Middlesbrough on Gold in 2019. She appeared with actor Nigel Havers in the Channel 5 show <mask> and Nigel’s Posh Hotel, which was followed up by a show in which they became British Airways cabin crew and a spin-off show in 2021 (without Havers) called <mask>’s Posh Sleepover, featuring <mask> looking at the lifestyles of the rich and the expensive houses they live in (with places like a townhouse in Mayfair featured). In April 2021, <mask> became the interim host of the ITV quiz show Tenable, replacing Warwick Davis for a run of 25 episodes over a five-week period as a result of Davis being unable to film due to scheduling conflicts. In October 2021, her Saturday night drama series The Madame Blanc Mysteries became one of the most popular new shows on Channel 5, with episodes bringing in around 2.5 million viewers to the channel. Loose Women

In September 2011, <mask> became a permanent panellist on Loose Women, replacing Coleen Nolan, who decided to leave the show the previous series. On 20 March 2014, she made her final appearance as a panellist. In Series 16, she appeared a total of 53 times.In Series 17 she appeared a total of 22 times. In Series 18 she appeared 25 times. Theatre
After leaving Coronation Street in 2006, <mask> concentrated on theatre work. In 2006, she played Marilyn Monroe in the musical Ella, meet Marilyn by Bonnie Greer opposite Rain Pryor at the Pleasance Ace Dome in Edinburgh and appeared in The Ho-Ho Club at the King's Head Theatre, Islington, London. In summer 2007, <mask> played Beatrice in an open-air run of Much Ado About Nothing at Stafford Castle. <mask> played Helen in Shelagh Delaney's acclaimed drama A Taste of Honey in November and December 2008 at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester. <mask> returned to the Royal Exchange in July 2009, playing Linda in the world premiere of Niel Bartlet's 'Everybody Loves a Winner' for the Manchester International Festival.She then toured with Eve Ensler's "The Vagina Monologues", which ended in November 2009. <mask> appeared in pantomime in Sleeping Beauty at the Grove Theatre, Dunstable, in December 2017, as the wicked fairy Carabosse, alongside John Partridge (EastEnders) and Rebecca Keatley (CBeebies). In 2018/19 she appeared in Canterbury in the pantomime Cinderella. Personal life
In 2013 <mask> married the former drummer of The Style Council and Paul Weller Band, Steve White. They have twin boys, Vic and Louie. She appeared in an episode of Through the Keyhole in December 2018, where it was revealed that she lived in Heaton Mersey. Filmography

Film

Television

Non-acting television

References

External links

1973 births
Alumni of the University of Hull
English television actresses
English stage actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English radio actresses
English voice actresses
Labour Party (UK) people
Living people
Actors from Stockport
English Shakespearean actresses

masks:
Sally Jane Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Sally Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Sally
Sally
Sally Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay
Sally
Lindsay


title: Vicente Cerna y Cerna

texts:
<mask> (22 January 1815 – 27 June 1885) was president of Guatemala from 24 May 1865 to 29 June 1871. Loyal friend and comrade of Rafael Carrera, was appointed army's Field Marshal after Carraera's victory against Salvadorian leader Gerardo Barrios in 1863. He was appointed Carrera's successor after the caudillo's death in 1865 even though Guatemalan leaders would have preferred Field Marshal José Víctor Zavala. After the presidential elections of 1869, that <mask> won over liberal candidate Zavala, there were severe fraud accusations, and from then on <mask>'s presidency was marred by constant uprising until he was eventually ousted by the liberal leaders Miguel Garcia Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios on 30 June 1871. Biography

<mask> y <mask> was from Ipala, Chiquimula where he later served as major and "Corregidor". He was a loyal friend and camarade of Rafael Carrera and was a distinguished officer of the caudillo's army. He was one of the Guatemalan officers in the Battle of La Arada as colonel, when he was Chiquimula in 1851.Later on, he was among those who signed the act that declared Carrera, "Guatemalan president for life" in 1854. His high army and government ranks allowed him to reach the presidency after Carrera's death in 1865. Battle of La Arada

Salvadorian president Doroteo Vasconcelos granted asylum to many Guatemalan liberals, among which was José Francisco Barrundia who started a newspaper to attack Carrera's conservative regime. Vasconcelos also supplied money and weapons and supported for a whole year the rebels of "La Montaña" in the east of Guatemala. By the en of 1850, Vasconcelos grew tired of the slow war against Guatemala and decided to act openly. Then, he started a liberal crusade against the conservative regime of Guatemala and invited Honduras and Nicaragua to join; however, only Honduran president Juan Lindo accepted to join the invasion. Meanwhile, in Guatemala, where they well aware of Vasconcelos' plans, president Paredes made the necessary preparations for an invasion and archbishop Francisco de Paula García Peláez asked his archdioceses to pray for peace.On 4 January 1851, in Ocotepeque met the presidents from Honduras and El Salvador, to seal the alliance against Guatemala. The Salvadorian forces were four thousand men well equipped and with artillery support, while the Honduras forces were two thousand men. The main force settled in Metapán, as this place was close to all three countries. The "Battle of La Arada", in which <mask> y <mask> had a brilliant role commanding one of the Guatemalan battalions, was fought on 2 February 1851 close to Chiquimula in Guatemala. The battle was the largest threat to Guatemala republican sovereignit;  however, Guatemalan Commander in Chief Carrera's strategy resulted in a complete victory for his forces who only suffered 125 casualties between dead and wounded, while the enemy forces had more than 1500 casualties. After Battle of La Arada, on 22 October 1851 president Paredes resigned; the National Assembly then named Carrera his successor, being inaugurated on 6 de November 1851 after modifying the Constitution to suit his needs. Paredes went on to the army staff and was a loyal officer until his death in 1856.Campaign against Gerado Barrios

In 1863 Honduran general José María Medina, along his Army Staff -which included Florencio Xatruch, and lieutenant colonel Juan Antonio Medina Orellana, were in talks with Rafael Carrera, who formed an army of Hondurans, Salvadorians and Guatemalans who, led by brigadier general <mask> <mask> invaded Honduras. Cerna forces took Cucuyagua on 10 June 1863 and then "Los Llanos" de Santa Rosa on 15 June, eventually occupying Gracias a Dios and declaring José María Medina as President of Honduras;. Finally, Cerna and his men marched over capital Comayagua to overthrow interim president José Francisco Montes Fonseca. Government forces set Comayagua in flames before fleeing given the superiority of Cerna's army. Gobierno

Several liberal authors, like Alfonso Enrique Barrientos describe Marshal <mask>'s government as this:

"A conservative and archaic government, badly organized and with worse intentions, was in charge of the country, centralizing all powers in <mask>, ambitious military man, who not happy with the general rank, had promoted himself to the Army Marshal rank, even though that rank did no exist and it does not exist in the Guatemalan military. The Marshal called himself President of the Republic, but in reality he was the foreman of oppressed and savaged people, cowardly enough that they had not dared to tell the dictator to leave threatening him with a revolution". It is necessary to make the following observations about the liberal comments:

 By "conservative and archaic government, badly organized and with worse intentions", Barrientos means that State and Church were a single unit and that the conservative regime was strongly allied to the power of regular clergy of the Catholic Church, who then were among the largest landowners in Guatemala.The tight relationship between Church and State had been ratified by the Concordat of 1852, which was the law until Cerna was deposed in 1871. Oppressed and savaged people: Barrientos refers here to the liberal criollos, who had not dare to rise against Rafael Carrera presidency (1840-1865). Even the liberal generals like Serapio Cruz had realized the undeniable Carrera's political and military presence who was practically invincible, and even fought under his command. Actually, the liberals waited for a long time until Carrera's death to begin their revolt against the more tamed Cerna. The Army Marshal rank did exist in the Conservative Guatemalan Army: after the invasion to El Salvador, officers Serapio Cruz -Tata Lapo- and José Víctor Zavala also were promoted to the Marshal rank, along <mask>. They all were of great importance to the military life of Guatemala during Carrera's presidency. During his presidency liberal party members were prosecuted and sent into exile; among them, those who started the Liberal Revolution of 1871.Around that time, Honduran liberal intellectual Ramón Rosa lived in Guatemala and started publishing a newspaper called El Centroamericano (The Central American), a liberal pamphlet that strongly attacked the conservative regime. Finally, the Mexican president Benito Juárez sent reinforcement to the troops in Chiapas, commanded by Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios. After two devastating defeats on 23 June in Totonicapán and on 28 June in San Lucas Sacatepequez, Cerna resigned on 28 June 1871. Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

Presidents of Guatemala
People from Jalapa Department
Conservative Party (Guatemala) politicians
1815 births
1885 deaths
19th-century Guatemalan people
Rafael Carrera

masks:
Vicente Cerna y Cerna
Cerna
Cerna
Cerna
Cerna
Cerna
Cerna
Vicente Cerna
y Cerna
Cerna
Vicente Cerna
Cerna


title: Stephen Downing (producer)

texts:
<mask> (born October 28, 1938) is a screenwriter, producer, activist, and investigative journalist who began his screenwriting career in the 1960s while still working as a Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer. Most of <mask>'s pre-1980 writing and producing credits appeared under pseudonyms to escape notice of the LAPD. <mask> is active in the movement to end the international war on drugs and the militarization of police in America. In 2011, <mask> became a board member of Law Enforcement Action Partnership, formerly known as Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP), after years representing the group as a speaker. He left the board in 2019, but is still an Advisory Board member who gives speeches and writes op-ed pieces on behalf of the group. He also volunteers his time as an investigative journalist, with a focus on police corruption and reform, for a local print newspaper in Long Beach, CA. As a television producer and screenwriter he is best known for the series Walking Tall, RoboCop: The Series, T. J. Hooker and MacGyver.Law Enforcement Career

<mask> retired from the LAPD in 1980 after more than 20 years of service, during which he saw firsthand the destructive nature of the war on drugs. <mask> left his mark on the LAPD with many of his assignments. As Captain of Detectives, he established homicide investigation techniques still in use today. As Commanding Officer of Juvenile Division, he established and published a file that brought an end to abuses in state probation subsidy programs. As Commanding Officer of Southwest Area, he designed and implemented the first functionally integrated police operation in law enforcement aimed at combating gang activity - a program that became a national model. As a Commanding Officer of the Personnel and Training Bureau, he chaired the Shooting Review Board and provided the leadership to adopt the first use of force policy in the nation that had as its preamble a reverence for human life and its taking to be at last resort. <mask>'s son also served as an LAPD Deputy Chief.Michael P<mask> served as the Commanding Officer of Counter-Terrorism & Special Operations Bureau, and was interim Chief of Police after Chief William J. Bratton stepped down in 1990. Since retirement, he has been an outspoken advocate to end both the militarization of police and the war on drugs. Activism Against War on Drugs

Downing became opposed to the war on drugs after the senseless death of a fellow officer in an undercover drug sting in 1973. Since then, the countless senseless deaths of civilians and officers from drug violence, and deaths of addicts who overdose due to impure and unpredictable street drugs, have cemented <mask>'s opposition to the drug war. He opposes the war on drugs not only due to its negative impact on minority communities, but also on account of the drug war's corrupting influence on law enforcement. Downing believes the drug war is a distraction from law enforcement's true purpose, and has made police departments dependent on drug investigations as a source of funding obtained through civil assets forfeiture. As LEAP board member, <mask> took part in the 2012 Caravan for Peace—joining Mexican poet, novelist, and peace activist Javier Sicilia to raise awareness of the disastrous effects drug prohibition has had on both the U.S. and Mexico.<mask> has written opinion pieces advocating for the end of the drug war in publications such as the Huffington Post, New York Magazine, and the L.A. Times. After cannabis prohibition was ended in California, he served as a director, and later, for two years as Chairman of the Board of Directors for Cannabis Sativa, Inc, a publicly-traded cannabis corporation. Hollywood career
<mask>'s Hollywood credits include writing or producing credits on over 500 hours of television dating back to the 1965. His first Hollywood job was as a technical advisor on Adam-12, advising Jack Webb who would later buy <mask>'s first script for the T.V. show Dragnet. While an LAPD officer he used three screen names to stay off the department's radar. He used the pseudonyms Michael Donovan, Sean Baine, and Adrian Leeds for his screenwriting credits.As Michael Donovan, Downing wrote for ten shows, including episodes of Dragnet, Adam-12, Emergency, and Police Story. As Sean Baine, he wrote for 16 shows, including Kojak, Quincy M.E., Get Christie Love!, and the Streets of San Francisco. As Adrian Leeds, he wrote for five shows, including Baretta and Police Woman. <mask> would write on weekends and his wife, Adrienne Allen, would deliver his scripts to producers. After retiring from the LAPD, <mask> began exclusively using his real name for television projects. <mask> has served as executive producer/show-runner/writer on fourteen television shows as himself. His TV production credits include the series MacGyver, T.J Hooker, Knight Rider, F/X: the Series, and RoboCop (the TV series).He has written and produced numerous made-for-television movies and mini-series including  “Without Warning: Terror in the Tower”(about the first bombing of the New York World Trade Center in 1993), Crisis in Mid-Air, Alone in the Neon Jungle, Command in Hell, and numerous projects adapting the novels of John Jakes. Additional writing-only credits under his real name include ChiPs, Nero Wolfe, Sierra, McClain's Law, and Walking Tall. Downing has also been featured as himself many documentaries, including Legalize It, The Culture High, American Drug War 2: Cannabis Destiny, and With Justice and Dignity: A Caravan for Peace. His most recent work, HATE TRAIN, a screenplay about a Black female homicide detective who derails a murderous PAC supported white supremacist conspiracy launched from Palm Beach Florida, was completed and taken to the production marketplace in May 2021. He is currently working on a screenplay about Shona Banda, a mother suffering from Crohn's Disease who became a victim of the state of Kansas’ War on Cannabis. Work On Macgyver
<mask> worked on the show MacGyver since its first season in 1985, eventually serving as the executive producer/showrunner. <mask>'s wife, Adrienne Allen, served as show publicist and their daughter, Julie, acted in multiple episodes of the series.<mask> was the supervising producer/“show-doctor”responsible for MacGyver's refusal to use a gun, a character trait he pushed for after he was brought in after the pilot episode (in which MacGyver used a gun). <mask> became an advocate for curbing access to guns, especially handguns, after seeing the effects of gun violence firsthand as a police officer. He was a witness to the LAPD's role in perpetuation of that violence by auctioning off seized guns—only for those guns to subsequently be used in a crime. This position earned criticism, including a call from the NRA to boycott MacGyver. Investigative Journalism Efforts
Currently in his 80's, <mask> lives in Long Beach, CA where he frequently publishes articles investigating the Long Beach Police Department. <mask>'s investigative journalism efforts began after the LBPD shooting of Douglas Zerby by Long Beach police in 2010. The Los Angeles District Attorney declined to prosecute the shooting, but a subsequent civil case resulted in a $6.5 million judgement against the city.<mask> does not take payment for his investigative journalism work, seeing it as a community service. Since 2010, <mask> has uncovered innumerable scandals at the Long Beach Police Department. His writings have uncovered mismanagement, incompetence, corruption, abuse, and financial fraud at LBPD. This work has received praise from the community, but also criticism from the LBPD and its supporters (including a death threat from a former LBPD officer). In 2018, after developing a whistleblower source within the LBPD, <mask> worked with the ACLU and Al Jazeera to uncover the LBPD's secret use of disappearing messaging app TigerText. Al Jazeera and Downing's publisher, the Long Beach Beachcomber, would publish simultaneous articles on the scandal on September 18, 2018—resulting in LBPD Chief of Police Robert Luna issuing an order that very day ending his departments use of the disappearing message app his department had been using for the last four years. References

External links

American television producers
American television writers
American film producers
American screenwriters
Living people
1938 births

masks:
Stephen Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
. Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing
Downing


title: Igor Kolyvanov

texts:
<mask> (; born 6 March 1968) is a Russian football manager and a former player. During his playing career, he played as a striker, accumulating 90 goals scored in 333 games at the top level in the Soviet Union as well as in Italy. He was the head coach of the Russia U17 national team that won the UEFA U-17 Championship in 2006. During his playing career he played for Dynamo Moscow, Foggia Calcio, and Bologna F.C. 1909, and was a regular member of the Russia national side. Youth
Born in Moscow, Soviet Union, now Russia, <mask> began playing organized football at the age of 9, when he was approached by Viktor Abayev. After training with Abaev for a year with children a year older than himself, <mask> moved to the youth sport school of Soviet Region in Moscow, coached by <mask>.He attributes the core development of many of his skills to this stage. At the age of 14 he moved to another youth team, called FShM Moscow, and after a two-year stint with it, he was picked up by the famous Spartak Moscow youth system. Although Spartak was one of the leading teams in the Soviet Union at that time, <mask> did not see a chance in breaking into the starting line-up, and when Dynamo Moscow called him in 1986, at the age of 17, he agreed to a move. Playing career

Soviet Union & Russia
After transferring to Dynamo Moscow, <mask> was injured in his very first game for the reserve team. However, after a recovery that took two months, he almost immediately began playing for the main team. In the same season, Dynamo almost won the Soviet Top League, being passed by Dynamo Kiev at the last second. While Dynamo Moscow would never achieve the level of that season, <mask> improved his game significantly over the next few years, scoring 11 goals in the 1989 season of the Soviet Top League.It was then that he received his first call up for the Soviet national team, while still being a member of the Soviet U21 national team. In the Soviet Top League he established himself as a fine long shot striker that is able to score easily from outside the "penalty box". One of his biggest triumphs came for the latter of the two – in the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, he scored nine goals in seven matches, winning the best scorer award en route to winning the Championship. He followed up this performance by scoring 18 goals in 27 matches for Dynamo Moscow in 1991, once again winning the top-scorer award. The same year, his playing for the national team caught Foggia Calcio's attention, and after Dynamo reached the third-round of the UEFA Cup, he was allowed to transfer to Italy. Foggia Calcio
After his transfer to Foggia Calcio, Kolyvanov was initially overwhelmed by the emphasis placed on conditioning, by then coach Zdeněk Zeman. The 4–3–3 system also took adjustment because Kolyvanov was used to playing as a center forward, while he had to assume a more pulled-back role now.During the time it took for these adjustments, coupled with slight injuries, <mask> did not start for the team, but rather came on as a substitute. However starting with his second season he became a cornerstone of Foggia's attack, consistently placing in the middle of the Serie A until the 1994–95 season. That season he experienced another injury (right before a planned transfer to Inter Milan which consequently fell through), and Foggia slumped to the bottom of the Seria A and being relegated to Serie B. Although <mask> was persuaded to stay by the management of the club another season, by the promise of promotion next season. In 1996 when Foggia failed to win promotion to Serie A he transferred to a team that did achieve promotion, Bologna F.C. 1909. Bologna
At Bologna, <mask> was able to play as a pure striker once again, without having responsibilities across the entire field like in Foggia.This immediately reflected on his goal scoring, and he was Bologna's top striker in his first season, with 11 goals in 27 games. The next few years he continued to score consistently, until the 1999–2000 season where a back problem resurfaced and he was forced to undergo an operation, essentially missing almost the entire season. An attempted comeback in mid-2000 was hampered by further injuries, and in 2001 <mask> retired from professional football. Coaching career
After a brief stint as the Russia U19 national team assistant coach in 2002, and enrollment in a football coaching institute, <mask> took over the Russia U15 national team as the head coach. He took a number of tours throughout the country to select the players, who eventually became the Russia U17 national team that won the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. <mask>'s achievement as a coach was exemplified by the very organized and consistent tactical play of the team, especially for players of that age, along with extreme motivation. Although never listed amongst the tournament's favorites, and without star players, Russia was able to win because of these traits.After the victory, <mask> was offered an extension to his contract, along with a salary raise. He remained the head coach of the same age group national team, when it effectively turned into the U19 team. On 20 November 2008, he was announced as the new head-coach of the Russia U21 team. After returning FC Torpedo Moscow to the second-tier Russian Football National League at the end of the 2018–19 season, he was replaced by Sergei Ignashevich on 4 June 2019. Career statistics

Honours

Player
 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990
 Soviet Top League: runner-up 1986; third place 1991
 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998

Individual
 Soviet Footballer of the Year: 1991
 UEFA European Under-21 Championship top scorer: 1990 (nine goals in seven games)
 Soviet Top League top scorer: 1991 (18 goals in 27 games)
 Bologna top scorer: 1996–97 (11 goals in 27 matches)
 Member of Grigoriy Fedotov Club: 117 goals in professional competition
 Co-holder of Soviet Top League record for goals in one match – five

Managerial
 UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2006
 Russian Professional Football League Zone best coach (2018–19). References

External links
 Extensive Interview in Russian

 International Appearance Statistics
 Playing Career Statistics
 UEFA.com news article after victory in UEFA U-17 Championship
 UefaU17.com – A Russian Revolution? Player profile

1968 births
Living people
Soviet footballers
Soviet Union under-21 international footballers
Soviet Union international footballers
Russian footballers
Footballers from Moscow
Russia international footballers
Dual internationalists (football)
FC Dynamo Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
Calcio Foggia 1920 S.S.D.players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
Soviet Top League players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
Russian football managers
FC Ufa managers
Russian Premier League managers
Russian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
FC Torpedo Moscow managers
FC FShM Torpedo Moscow players
FC Ararat Yerevan managers
Russian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Armenia

masks:
Igor Vladimirovich Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Igor Shvykov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov
Kolyvanov


title: John Corbet of Sundorne

texts:
<mask> (1751–1817) of Sundorne, was an English sportsman of the Shropshire landed gentry and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1775 to 1780. Family and inheritance
<mask> was born into the wealthy Corbet family, who trace their ancestry to a <mask>, a Norman who accompanied William I in his conquest of England. <mask>'s father, also <mask>, had inherited Sundorne Estate from his brother Andrew, who died unmarried in 1741. <mask>'s mother, Barbara Letitia Mytton, daughter of <mask> of Halston, was his father's second wife. Corbet had a brother <mask>, who rose to Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Horse Guards, and a sister <mask>, who married Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet. Corbet inherited Sundorne Estate after the death of his father in 1759. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford on 7 January 1770 aged 18.Public life

<mask>  led an active public life in Shrewsbury and throughout Shropshire. In 1775 he was Treasurer of the Royal Salop Infirmary, he served as Lieutenant Colonel of the Shropshire Militia and in 1793 he was High Sheriff of Shropshire. <mask>'s estate at Sundorne was within several miles of Shrewsbury, which gave him an interest in the constituency. On 17 March 1775, following the death of Lord Clive, he was returned unopposed at a by-election as Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury. There is no record of his having spoken in Parliament and he did not stand again at the 1780 general election. Warwickshire Hunt

<mask> was a keen fox hunter and in 1791 he founded the Warwickshire Hunt, with which he hunted almost the whole county of Warwickshire. Corbet personally covered almost all of the hunt's expenses, requesting only a £5 contribution from each member towards earth stopping.He established a Hunt Club at the White Lion Inn, Stratford-upon-Avon, where once a fortnight the club's members would meet for a dinner. During the dinner the first toast was always to "the King" and the second to "the blood of the Trojans", Trojan being a favourite hound from which most of the hunt's hounds descended. During the hunting season, the pack was kept at the White Lion, and in the summer it returned to Sundorne. In <mask>'s time, the Warwickshire hunt was very well supported by the nobility of Warwickshire. On the first Monday of November of every year, <mask>-Verney, 14th Baron Willoughby de Broke of Compton Verney would host a dinner for the club's members at the White Lion to mark the beginning of the hunting season. Other staunch supporters of the hunt included Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford, Thomas Scott, 2nd Earl of Clonmell and Henry Greville, 3rd Earl of Warwick. In 1810, <mask>'s health began to fail and following the entreaties of his family, he agreed to give away his prized pack of hounds.In 1811, he sold the pack, at the time consisting of over 70 couples of hounds (140 hounds), for 1,200 guineas to Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton. With the cheque for the money, Lord Middleton included a note to Corbet in which he stated he saw the transaction as more of a gift than a purchase. <mask>et was extremely popular throughout Warwickshire, particularly with the farmers whose country he hunted over and to whom he was renowned for his generosity. For many years after his death a print of him, mounted on a white horse with hounds at foot, was found in many houses throughout the county. Family and estate

<mask> married twice and had ten children from the two marriages. His first wife was Emma Elizabeth Leighton, daughter of Sir Charlton Leighton, 3rd Baronet; they married in 1774 and she died in 1797. His second wife was Anne Pigott, daughter of the Reverend William Pigott, Rector of Edgmond and Chetwynd; they married in 1800.With his first wife Emma, Corbet had five children:
 Emma Elizabeth <mask>, born 1776, who married Sir Richard Puleston, 1st Baronet in 1798. <mask>, who died in infancy. <mask>, who died in infancy. <mask> <mask>, born 1790, who died aged 15 on 22 April 1806. Jane Elizabeth <mask>, born 1790. With his second wife Anne, Corbet had another five children:
 Andrew William <mask>, born 1801, who succeeded his father to Sundorne Estate in 1817. Andrew married Mary Emma Hill in 1823 and died without children in 1856.Annabella <mask>, born 1803, who married Sir Theodore Brinckman, 1st Baronet in 1841. Arrabella succeeded her brother Dryden to Sundorne Estate in 1859 and died without children in 1864. Dryden <mask>, born 1804, who succeeded his brother Andrew to Sundorne Estate in 1856. Dryden died unmarried in August 1859. <mask>, born 1806, who died unmarried in 1843. Kynaston <mask>, born 1808, who died unmarried in May 1859. Upon the death of Annabella, Sundorne Estate passed to her cousin the Reverend <mask> Pigott, the son of her mother Anne's brother, who subsequently adopted the surname Pigott-<mask>.Death
On 19 May 1817 <mask> died at Mudeford surrounded by his family, having suffered a brain hemorrhage the previous day. His body was returned to Sundorne on 31 May, and on 2 June 1817 he was interred in the family vault in St Mary Magdalene's Church, Battlefield. A gothic monument, designed by Hugh Owen, Archdeacon of Salop, was erected in the east end of the church bearing his arms together with the arms of his two wives. It bears the inscription:

An obituary to <mask>et in The Gentleman's Magazine in June 1817 stated of him:
Mr Corbet was a gentleman well known beyond the precincts of his own county, particularly in Warwickshire, where, at his sole expense, he kept a pack of fox hounds for nearly 30 years and where, by his liberal and gentlemanly conduct, he conciliated the respect and esteem of all ranks. In his own country Mr Corbet will not only be lamented by a numerous tenantry, to whom he was the best of landlords, but also by a large circle of friends and acquaintance, to whom his hospitable doors were always open. To the poor he was a liberal and unceasing benefactor; and, in every sense of the word, he may truly be said to have kept up the character of the independent country gentleman, firmly attached to our glorious Constitution in Church and State, and always anxiously wishing his powerful interest in the borough of Shrewsbury to tend to its support. See also
 Warwickshire Hunt

References

1751 births
1817 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1774–1780
Masters of foxhounds in England
English hunters
High Sheriffs of Shropshire

masks:
John Corbet
John Corbet
Roger Corbet
Corbet
John Corbet
John Corbet
John Mytton
Andrew Corbet
Mary Elizabeth Corbet
John Kynaston Powell
John Corbet
Corbet
John Corbet
John Corbet
John Peyto
John Corbet
John Corb
John Corbet
Corbet
Louisa Corbet
Matilda Corbet
John Kynaston
Corbet
Corbet
Corbet
Corbet
Robert Corbet
Vincent Corbet
Corbet
John Dryden
Corbet
John Corbet
John Corb


title: Emily Freeman

texts:
<mask> (born 24 November 1980) is a retired British athlete from West Yorkshire, England, personal trainer and co-founder of training and mindset company Totally Runable. <mask> competed both nationally and internationally between 2006 and her retirement from athletics in 2014. She represented England and Team GB in the Olympic Games, World Championships, Commonwealth Games and European Championships, specialising in 100m, 200m sprints and 4 × 100 m relay. <mask> worked for several years as a personal trainer with Pro Fit Personal Training at Total Fitness Gym in Wakefield. She co-founded Totally Runable after her retirement and now works full-time for that social enterprise company in and with schools, pupils, staff and parents, with the aim of inspiring and empowering others to be the people they dream of being. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, the daughter of <mask>, a GP and <mask>, a Nurse. She has 1 younger sister, <mask>.Growing up in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, <mask> attended Primary School in Battyeford before Heckmondwike Grammar School, where she completed her GCSEs. From 1997 to 1999 she attended Greenhead College to take A-Levels in PE, Maths and Chemistry. <mask> began her degree at the University of Birmingham in 1999, where she lived until 2001. Following the unexpected death of her father in 2000, she transferred to UCL to complete a Masters in Civil Engineering (MEng). She graduated from UCL with a 2:1 in 2004. Athletics career

Childhood
<mask> began her athletics career aged 10 at Spenborough AC in Liversedge, West Yorkshire, England. She was taken to her local track by her grandparents after showing promise in races at school.She continued to train with Spenborough AC and later with Mike Williams at Beckett's Park Athletics Centre and Wakefield District Harriers & AC. She continues to hold Wakefield club records for all outdoor sprint distances. English Schools Athletics Championships
<mask> first competed at the English Schools Athletics Championships in Telford when she was aged 13. The following year she failed to qualify for the competition in Nottingham and watched from the stands. In 1996 she made a return, finishing 6th in the 200m. She went on to compete in the 200m in Sheffield in 1997 (finishing 2nd) and 1998 (finishing 5th) before moving to the 100m at Bury St Edmonds in 1999, to win the competition in a time of 12.34. Junior career
<mask>'s first domestic success came in 1997, aged 16, when she won the U17 200m at the AAA Junior Indoor Championships in a time of 24.19, a then all time UK record.She went on to win the 100m at the AAA U20 Championships in 1999 before competing at the 1999 European Athletics Junior Championships in Riga, Latvia. Senior career
Moving up to Senior level, <mask> came 2nd in the 200m at the 2001 AAA Indoor Championships. 2002 then saw victory at the BUSA Athletics Championships in the 100m and 200m, along with 2nd place in the 60m at the BUSA Indoor Championships and 200m 3rd place at the AAA Championships. It also saw another 1st place in the AAA U23 Championships along with 3rd place in the English Commonwealth Games Trials 200m, followed by competing for England in the 200m in Manchester at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. 2003 and 2004 were frustrating for <mask>, with Achilles problems ruling her out of competing. These were managed in 2005 to allow her to compete, finishing 8th in the World University Games 100m in Izmir, Turkey and competing in the 4 × 100 m relay at the World Championships in Helsinki. 2006 saw a European Silver Medal in the 4 × 100 m relay, 200m 2nd place in the AAA Championships and 3rd place in the 60m at the AAA Indoor Championships.In 2007 <mask> finished 2nd in the Norwich Union World Championship Trials 200m, qualifying to compete in the World Championships in 2007 in Osaka, Japan in the 200m. Disappointment followed however when a false start resulted in disqualification from her first individual 200m race in a World Championships. At the same competition she did however finish 4th as part of the 4 × 100 m relay team, narrowly missing out on a Bronze Medal by only 0.02 seconds. The following year she won the 200m British Olympic Trials and competed at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, finishing 7th in the 200m semi-final. She also competed as part of the 4 x 100 relay team, reaching the final with a qualifying time which would have earned an Olympic Bronze Medal had the team finished the race. In an event which saw 4 DNFs and 4 DQs over the heats and finals, Team GB failed to transfer the baton from the 2nd to the 3rd leg of the race, ending in a DNF, along with Jamaica, to add to Poland's disqualification from the final. In 2008 <mask> was ranked UK number 1 in the 200m, competing (in addition to the Olympics) in France, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland, as well as all over the UK.2009 was even better for <mask>, competing in Germany, Portugal, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and all over the UK. She came 1st in the 200m GB Aviva World Championship Trials and went on to reach a World Final, finishing 7th in the 200m and running a PB in the semi-final, a time of 22.64. The same year she won Gold at the European Team Championships 100m in a time of 11.42, the first British woman to win the event. She was ranked UK number 1 in both 100m and 200m, having retained her 200m UK National title winning by the largest margin in the race's history. 2010 was a frustrating year, with recurring Achilles issues limiting how well <mask> could capitalise on her successes of 2009. She continued to compete as much as possible, travelling to Spain, Norway and New York to do so, most notably finishing with a 5th place over 200m at the European Team Championships in Bergen and 5th place semi-final finish in the 200m at the European Championships in Barcelona. Continuing Achilles problems ruled <mask> out of competition in 2011, 2012 and 2013, including what would have been a home Olympic Games in London in 2012.Following recovery from injury <mask> switched to the 400m for the last season of her athletic career. She returned to fitness winning the 2014 Yorkshire Championships in a time of 55.31, retiring after that event, aged 33, to pursue a career outside athletics. Throughout her career <mask> was coached by Brian Hall. <mask> received lottery funding from 2007 until December 2010 and was a full-time athlete until 2012. Athlete Committees
Since 2010 <mask> has been an athlete representative on the UK Anti-Doping Athlete Committee, whose role on behalf of UKAD is to engage with athletes to ensure that their views are represented and to collect feedback on UKAD programmes. Between November 2010 and November 2012 <mask> was an Athlete Committee Member for the British Olympic Association. Since retirement
Since retirement <mask> has continued to run longer distances for fun.She regularly runs at Dewsbury, Nostell Priory, Concord, Wakefield Thornes and Rother Valley parkruns. In October 2015 she ran the Yorkshire Marathon, finishing in a time of 4 hours 22 minutes 58 seconds, to fundraise for the Disabilities Trust. Personal bests

Personal life
In 2004 <mask> moved from London back to Yorkshire, living in Thorpe Hesley, Rotherham. She began working for JNP Group as Graduate Engineer in 2004, and worked there until October 2007. Whilst working for JNP Group she met her now husband Philip Cantrell, whom she married in December 2009.

Business
<mask> qualified as a Personal Trainer in late 2012 and began working at Total Fitness in Wakefield with Pro Fit Personal Training the same year. She was a Pro Fit Level 5 Personal Trainer until January 2017. Following retirement in 2014, <mask> co-founded Totally Runable, a coaching and mindset training company.Totally Runable began working with adult beginner and challenge runners, companies and charities. Since February 2016 Totally Runable has been working with schools and children, particularly girls, with the aim of improving confidence and self-esteem, both in and out of sport. References

Wakefield Harriers Club Records

External links

Totally Runable website

1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Huddersfield
Athletes from Yorkshire
English female sprinters
British female sprinters
Olympic female sprinters
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Great Britain
European Athletics Championships medalists
British Athletics Championships winners
Alumni of University College London
People educated at Heckmondwike Grammar School

masks:
Emily Kaye Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Paul David Freeman
Susan Elizabeth Freeman
Amy Jane Freeman Hughes
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Emily
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


title: Evelin Lindner

texts:
<mask> (born May 13, 1954) is a German-Norwegian medical doctor, psychologist, transdiciplinary scholar and author who is known for her theory of humiliation. Lindner is originally a physician and a clinical psychologist, and holds doctorates in both psychological medicine and social psychology. Her research focuses on human dignity, and she believes that the humiliation of honor and dignity may be among the strongest obstacles on the way to a decent world community. She founded the Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies network. Born in Germany, she is now mainly based in Norway, where she has partially lived since 1977. She has also lived in a number of other countries, including Egypt during most of the 1980s, and is an advocate of global citizenship. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Hameln, Germany in 1954, into a family that was deeply scarred by the two World Wars, particularly World War II.Her parents were displaced from Silesia in 1946 to Lower Saxony, which later became part of West Germany. She has stated that her family's traumatic experiences have formed the background of her work. She graduated in psychology in 1978, and in medicine in 1984, both from the University of Hamburg. She has also studied law and sinology at the Goethe University Frankfurt and philosophy at the University of Hamburg. In 1994, she obtained her first doctorate, in Medicine (Dr. med.) from the University of Hamburg.Her thesis addressed the topic of quality of life in a comparative manner, examining the notion of a "good life" in Egypt and in Germany. In 1997 she became a research fellow at the University of Oslo Department of Psychology, where she obtained her second doctorate, in psychology, in 2001. She speaks English, German, Norwegian and French fluently and is familiar with a number of other languages, among others, Egyptian Arabic, modern Hebrew, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese. Work

Her global life and work started in 1974, first working as a psychologist and psychological counselor and later giving seminars and talks all around the world. She has lived in many countries within Africa, Asia, Europe, and America, among others for longer periods in Norway (regularly since 1977), Germany (regularly since 1974), Egypt (1984–1991), Switzerland (regularly since 2000), France (regularly since 2001), Belgium (1984–1991), the Middle East (regularly since 1975), Somalia (1998), the Great Lakes in Africa (1999), Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma (1981), China (regularly since 1983), Japan (2004–2007), New Zealand (1983), Australia (2007, 2011), the United States (regularly since 1982). One of her main bases is Norway since 1977. (Marriage to a Norwegian in 1981, divorced in 1987.)In 1993 she founded the NGO "Better Global Understanding" in Hamburg, where she organized a peace festival under the motto "Global Responsibility", attended by more than 20,000 people. In 1994, she was a candidate in the 1994 European Parliament election. In 2001, Lindner began to develop the Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies network (HumanDHS), and in 2003 her longtime collaborator, the relational-cultural theorist Linda Hartling, joined her in her work. HumanDHS is a global transdisciplinary network and fellowship with more than 1,000 members and in the meantime over 8,000 interested persons on the address list. Since 2001, she has been affiliated with Columbia University's Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity in New York and since 2003 she has also been affiliated with the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme in Paris. (see external links, Dignity Conferences 2003 and 2004)

Since 2003, she is the main organizer of two Dignity Conferences each year, one conference in a different world region and the other each December at Columbia University in New York City. In 2011, the World Dignity University initiative together with Dignity Press were launched, and Dignity Press has so far (01/2020) published more than thirty books addressing human dignity and humiliation from a variety of perspectives.In 2015, 2016, and 2017 <mask> <mask> was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by a group of critical scientists in Norway. Books and awards

<mask> <mask> has received several awards. In 2006, she was the recipient of the "2006 Swiss Association of Applied Psychology (SBAP) Award for Applied Psychology", for her unique research and independent project management skills, as well as for her advocacy for humanity in a global society. In 2009, she received the Prisoner's Testament Award in Norway. Her first book, Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict (2006), has been honored as an "Outstanding Academic Title" by the journal Choice for 2007. In 2009 she published her second book, Emotion and Conflict: How Human Rights Can Dignify Emotion and Help Us Wage Good Conflict. Her third book, Gender, Humiliation, and Global Security was published in 2010 with a foreword by Desmond Tutu, and was highly recommended by Choice.Selected publications
Chipamong Chowdhury, Michael Britton, and Linda Hartling (Editors) (2019): Human Dignity: Practices, Discourses, and Transformations. Essays on Dignity Studies in Honor of <mask> G<mask>, Lake Oswego, OR: Dignity Press, 2019,
A Dignity Economy: Creating an Economy Which Serves Human Dignity and Preserves Our Planet, Lake Oswego, OR: World Dignity University Press, 2012, . Gender, Humiliation, and Global Security: Dignifying Relationships from Love, Sex, and Parenthood to World Affairs, with a foreword by Desmond Tutu, Praeger, ABC-CLIO, 2010,
Emotion and Conflict: How Human Rights Can Dignify Emotion and Help Us Wage Good Conflict, with a foreword by Morton Deutsch, Praeger Security International, Greenwood, 2009
Making Enemies:  Humiliation and International Conflict, with a foreword by Morton Deutsch, Praeger Security International, Greenwood, 2006,
 The Psychology of Humiliation. Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany, Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo (dissertation, dr. psychol. ), 2000
Women in the Global Village: Increasing Demand for Traditional Communication Patterns. In Breines, Ingeborg, Gierycz, Dorota, & Reardon, Betty (Ed.), Towards a Women's Agenda for a Culture of Peace. Paris: UNESCO, 1999,

References

External links
Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies

Norwegian social scientists
German social scientists
Norwegian women psychologists
German women psychologists
University of Oslo faculty
1954 births
Living people
Norwegian women academics
German women academics
University of Hamburg alumni

masks:
Evelin Gerda Lindner
Evelin Lindner
Evelin
Lindner
Evelin
Lindner
Evelin
. Lindner


title: Mary Cassatt

texts:
<mask> (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh's North Side), but lived much of her adult life in France where she befriended Edgar Degas and exhibited with the Impressionists. <mask> often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children. She was described by Gustave Geffroy as one of "les trois grandes dames" (the three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot. In 1879,  Diego Martelli compared her to Degas, as they both sought to depict movement, light, and design in the most modern sense. Early life

<mask> was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh. She was born into an upper-middle-class family: Her father, Robert Simpson Cassat (later <mask>), was a successful stockbroker and land speculator.The ancestral name had been Cossart, with the family descended from French Huguenot Jacques Cossart, who came to New Amsterdam in 1662. Her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. <mask>, educated and well-read, had a profound influence on her daughter. To that effect, <mask>'s lifelong friend Louisine Havemeyer wrote in her memoirs: "Anyone who had the privilege of knowing <mask>'s mother would know at once that it was from her and her alone that [<mask>] inherited her ability." A distant cousin of artist Robert Henri, <mask> was one of seven children, of whom two died in infancy. One brother, Alexander Johnston <mask>, later became president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The family moved eastward, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then to the Philadelphia area, where she started her schooling at the age of six.<mask> grew up in an environment that viewed travel as integral to education; she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. While abroad she learned German and French and had her first lessons in drawing and music. It is likely that her first exposure to French artists Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix, Camille Corot, and Gustave Courbet was at the Paris World's Fair of 1855. Also in the exhibition were Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro, both of whom were later her colleagues and mentors. Though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, <mask> began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia at the early age of 15. Part of her parents' concern may have been <mask>'s exposure to feminist ideas and the bohemian behavior of some of the male students. As such, <mask> and her network of friends were lifelong advocates of equal rights for the sexes.Although about 20% of the students were female, most viewed art as a socially valuable skill; few of them were determined, as <mask> was, to make art their career. She continued her studies from 1861 through 1865, the duration of the American Civil War. Thomas Eakins was among her fellow students; later Eakins was forced to resign as director of the Academy. Impatient with the slow pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers, she decided to study the old masters on her own. She later said: "There was no teaching" at the Academy. Female students could not use live models, until somewhat later, and the principal training was primarily drawing from casts. <mask> decided to end her studies: At that time, no degree was granted.After overcoming her father's objections, she moved to Paris in 1866, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones. Since women could not yet attend the École des Beaux-Arts, <mask> applied to study privately with masters from the school and was accepted to study with Jean-Léon Gérôme, a highly regarded teacher known for his hyper-realistic technique and his depiction of exotic subjects. (A few months later Gérôme also accepted Eakins as a student.) <mask> augmented her artistic training with daily copying in the Louvre, obtaining the required permit, which was necessary to control the "copyists", usually low-paid women, who daily filled the museum to paint copies for sale. The museum also served as a social place for Frenchmen and American female students, who, like <mask>, were not allowed to attend cafes where the avant-garde socialized. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Jane Gardner met and married famed academic painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Joshua Chaplin, a genre artist.In 1868, <mask> also studied with artist Thomas Couture, whose subjects were mostly romantic and urban. On trips to the countryside, the students drew from life, particularly the peasants going about their daily activities. In 1868, one of her paintings, A Mandoline Player, was accepted for the first time by the selection jury for the Paris Salon. With Elizabeth Jane Gardner, whose work was also accepted by the jury that year, <mask> was one of two American women to first exhibit in the Salon. A Mandoline Player is in the Romantic style of Corot and Couture, and is one of only two paintings from the first decade of her career that is documented today. The French art scene was in a process of change, as radical artists such as Courbet and Édouard Manet tried to break away from accepted Academic tradition and the Impressionists were in their formative years. <mask>'s friend Eliza Haldeman wrote home that artists "are leaving the Academy style and each seeking a new way, consequently just now everything is Chaos."<mask>, on the other hand, continued to work in the traditional manner, submitting works to the Salon for over ten years, with increasing frustration. Returning to the United States in the late summer of 1870—as the Franco-Prussian War was starting—<mask> lived with her family in Altoona. Her father continued to resist her chosen vocation, and paid for her basic needs, but not her art supplies. <mask> placed two of her paintings in a New York gallery and found many admirers but no purchasers. She was also dismayed at the lack of paintings to study while staying at her summer residence. <mask> even considered giving up art, as she was determined to make an independent living. She wrote in a letter of July 1871, "I have given up my studio & torn up my father's portrait, & have not touched a brush for six weeks nor ever will again until I see some prospect of getting back to Europe.I am very anxious to go out west next fall & get some employment, but I have not yet decided where." <mask> traveled to Chicago to try her luck, but lost some of her early paintings in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Shortly afterward, her work attracted the attention of Roman Catholic Bishop Michael Domenec of Pittsburgh, who commissioned her to paint two copies of paintings by Correggio in Parma, Italy, advancing her enough money to cover her travel expenses and part of her stay. In her excitement she wrote, "O how wild I am to get to work, my fingers farely itch & my eyes water to see a fine picture again". With Emily Sartain, a fellow artist from a well-regarded artistic family from Philadelphia, <mask> set out for Europe again. Impressionism

Within months of her return to Europe in the autumn of 1871, <mask>'s prospects had brightened. Her painting Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival was well received in the Salon of 1872, and was purchased.She attracted much favorable notice in Parma and was supported and encouraged by the art community there: "All Parma is talking of Miss <mask> and her picture, and everyone is anxious to know her". After completing her commission for the bishop, <mask> traveled to Madrid and Seville, where she painted a group of paintings of Spanish subjects, including Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla (1873, in the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution). In 1874, she made the decision to take up residence in France. She was joined by her sister Lydia who shared an apartment with her. <mask> opened a studio in Paris. Louisa May Alcott's sister, Abigail May Alcott, was then an art student in Paris and visited Cassatt. <mask> continued to express criticism of the politics of the Salon and the conventional taste that prevailed there.She was blunt in her comments, as reported by Sartain, who wrote: "she is entirely too slashing, snubs all modern art, disdains the Salon pictures of Cabanel, Bonnat, all the names we are used to revere". <mask> saw that works by female artists were often dismissed with contempt unless the artist had a friend or protector on the jury, and she would not flirt with jurors to curry favor. Her cynicism grew when one of the two pictures she submitted in 1875 was refused by the jury, only to be accepted the following year after she darkened the background. She had quarrels with Sartain, who thought <mask> too outspoken and self-centered, and eventually they parted. Out of her distress and self-criticism, <mask> decided that she needed to move away from genre paintings and onto more fashionable subjects, in order to attract portrait commissions from American socialites abroad, but that attempt bore little fruit at first. In 1877, both her entries were rejected, and for the first time in seven years she had no works in the Salon. At this low point in her career she was invited by Edgar Degas to show her works with the Impressionists, a group that had begun their own series of independent exhibitions in 1874 with much attendant notoriety.The Impressionists (also known as the "Independents" or "Intransigents") had no formal manifesto and varied considerably in subject matter and technique. They tended to prefer plein air painting and the application of vibrant color in separate strokes with little pre-mixing, which allows the eye to merge the results in an "impressionistic" manner. The Impressionists had been receiving the wrath of the critics for several years. Henry Bacon, a friend of the <mask>s, thought that the Impressionists were so radical that they were "afflicted with some hitherto unknown disease of the eye". They already had one female member, artist Berthe Morisot, who became <mask>'s friend and colleague. <mask> admired Degas, whose pastels had made a powerful impression on her when she encountered them in an art dealer's window in 1875. "I used to go and flatten my nose against that window and absorb all I could of his art," she later recalled."It changed my life. I saw art then as I wanted to see it." She accepted Degas' invitation with enthusiasm and began preparing paintings for the next Impressionist show, planned for 1878, which (after a postponement because of the World's Fair) took place on April 10, 1879. She felt comfortable with the Impressionists and joined their cause enthusiastically, declaring: "we are carrying on a despairing fight & need all our forces". Unable to attend cafes with them without attracting unfavorable attention, she met with them privately and at exhibitions. She now hoped for commercial success selling paintings to the sophisticated Parisians who preferred the avant-garde. Her style had gained a new spontaneity during the intervening two years.Previously a studio-bound artist, she had adopted the practice of carrying a sketchbook with her while out-of-doors or at the theater, and recording the scenes she saw. In 1877, <mask> was joined in Paris by her father and mother, who returned with her sister Lydia, all eventually to share a large apartment on the fifth floor of 13, Avenue Trudaine, (). <mask> valued their companionship, as neither she nor Lydia had married. A case was made that <mask> suffered from narcissistic disturbance, never completing the recognition of herself as a person outside of the orbit of her mother. <mask> had decided early in life that marriage would be incompatible with her career. Lydia, who was frequently painted by her sister, suffered from recurrent bouts of illness, and her death in 1882 left <mask> temporarily unable to work. <mask>'s father insisted that her studio and supplies be covered by her sales, which were still meager.Afraid of having to paint "potboilers" to make ends meet, <mask> applied herself to produce some quality paintings for the next Impressionist exhibition. Three of her most accomplished works from 1878 were Portrait of the Artist (self-portrait), Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, and Reading Le Figaro (portrait of her mother). Degas had considerable influence on <mask>. Both were highly experimental in their use of materials, trying distemper and metallic paints in many works, such as Woman Standing Holding a Fan, 1878–79 (Amon Carter Museum of American Art). She became extremely proficient in the use of pastels, eventually creating many of her most important works in this medium. Degas also introduced her to etching, of which he was a recognized master. The two worked side by side for a while, and her draftsmanship gained considerable strength under his tutelage.One example of her thoughtful approach to the medium of drypoint as a mode for reflecting on her status as an artist is 'Reflection' of 1889–90, which has recently been interpreted as a self-portrait. Degas in turn depicted <mask> in a series of etchings recording their trips to the Louvre. She treasured his friendship but learned not to expect too much from his fickle and temperamental nature after a project they were collaborating on at the time, a proposed journal devoted to prints, was abruptly dropped by him. The sophisticated and well-dressed Degas, then forty-five, was a welcome dinner guest at the Cassatt residence, and likewise they at his soirées. The Impressionist exhibit of 1879 was the most successful to date, despite the absence of Renoir, Sisley, Manet and Cézanne, who were attempting once again to gain recognition at the Salon. Through the efforts of Gustave Caillebotte, who organized and underwrote the show, the group made a profit and sold many works, although the criticism continued as harsh as ever. The Revue des Deux Mondes wrote, "M. Degas and Mlle.<mask> are, nevertheless, the only artists who distinguish themselves... and who offer some attraction and some excuse in the pretentious show of window dressing and infantile daubing". <mask> displayed eleven works, including Lydia in a Loge, Wearing a Pearl Necklace, (Woman in a Loge). Although critics claimed that <mask>'s colors were too bright and that her portraits were too accurate to be flattering to the subjects, her work was not savaged as was Monet's, whose circumstances were the most desperate of all the Impressionists at that time. She used her share of the profits to purchase a work by Degas and one by Monet. She participated in the Impressionist Exhibitions that followed in 1880 and 1881, and she remained an active member of the Impressionist circle until 1886. In 1886, <mask> provided two paintings for the first Impressionist exhibition in the US, organized by art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel. Her friend Louisine Elder married Harry Havemeyer in 1883, and with <mask> as advisor, the couple began collecting the Impressionists on a grand scale.Much of their vast collection is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. <mask> also made several portraits of family members during that period, of

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title: Mary Cassatt

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 which Portrait of <mask> and His Son Robert Kelso (1885) is one of her best regarded. <mask>'s style then evolved, and she moved away from Impressionism to a simpler, more straightforward approach. She began to exhibit her works in New York galleries as well. After 1886, <mask> no longer identified herself with any art movement and experimented with a variety of techniques. Feminist Viewpoints and the "New Woman"

<mask> and her contemporaries enjoyed the wave of feminism that occurred in the 1840s, allowing them access to educational institutions at newly coed colleges and universities, such as Oberlin and the University of Michigan. Likewise, women's colleges such as Vassar, Smith and Wellesley opened their doors during this time.Cassat was an outspoken advocate for women's equality, campaigning with her friends for equal travel scholarships for students in the 1860s, and the right to vote in the 1910s. <mask> depicted the "New Woman" of the 19th century from the woman's perspective. As a successful, highly trained woman artist who never married, <mask>—like Ellen Day Hale, Elizabeth Coffin, Elizabeth Nourse and Cecilia Beaux—personified the "New Woman". She "initiated the profound beginnings in recreating the image of the 'new' women", drawn from the influence of her intelligent and active mother, <mask>, who believed in educating women to be knowledgeable and socially active. She is depicted in Reading 'Le Figaro' (1878). Although <mask> did not explicitly make political statements about women's rights in her work, her artistic portrayal of women was consistently done with dignity and the suggestion of a deeper, meaningful inner life. <mask> objected to being stereotyped as a "woman artist", she supported women's suffrage, and in 1915 showed eighteen works in an exhibition supporting the movement organised by Louisine Havemeyer, a committed and active feminist.The exhibition brought her into conflict with her sister-in-law Eugenie <mask>, who was anti-suffrage and who boycotted the show along with Philadelphia society in general. <mask> responded by selling off her work that was otherwise destined for her heirs. In particular The Boating Party, thought to have been inspired by the birth of Eugenie's daughter <mask>, was bought by the National Gallery, Washington DC. Relationship with Degas

<mask> and Degas had a long period of collaboration. The two painters had studios close together, <mask> at 19, rue Laval, (), Degas at 4, rue Frochot, (), less than a five-minute stroll apart, and Degas developed the habit of looking in at <mask>'s studio and offering her advice and helping her gain models. They had much in common: they shared similar tastes in art and literature, came from affluent backgrounds, had studied painting in Italy, and both were independent, never marrying. The degree of intimacy between them cannot be assessed now, as no letters survive, but it is unlikely they were in a relationship given their conservative social backgrounds and strong moral principles.Several of Vincent van Gogh's letters attest Degas' sexual continence. Degas introduced <mask> to pastel and engraving, both of which <mask> quickly mastered, while for her part <mask> was instrumental in helping Degas sell his paintings and promoting his reputation in America. Both regarded themselves as figure painters, and the art historian George Shackelford suggests they were influenced by the art critic Louis Edmond Duranty's appeal in his pamphlet The New Painting for a revitalization in figure painting: "Let us take leave of the stylized human body, which is treated like a vase. What we need is the characteristic modern person in his clothes, in the midst of his social surroundings, at home or out in the street." After <mask>'s parents and sister Lydia joined <mask> in Paris in 1877, Degas, <mask>, and Lydia were often to be seen at the Louvre studying artworks together. Degas produced two prints, notable for their technical innovation, depicting <mask> at the Louvre looking at artworks while Lydia reads a guidebook. These were destined for a prints journal planned by Degas (together with Camille Pissarro and others), which never came to fruition.<mask> frequently posed for Degas, notably for his millinery series trying on hats. Around 1884, Degas made a portrait in oils of <mask>, <mask> Seated, Holding Cards. A Self-Portrait (c. 1880) by <mask> depicts her in the identical hat and dress, leading art historian Griselda Pollock to speculate they were executed in a joint painting session in the early years of their acquaintance. <mask> and Degas worked most closely together in the fall and winter of 1879–80 when <mask> was mastering her printmaking technique. Degas owned a small printing press, and by day she worked at his studio using his tools and press while in the evening she made studies for the etching plate the next day. However, in April 1880, Degas abruptly withdrew from the prints journal they had been collaborating on, and without his support the project folded. Degas' withdrawal piqued <mask> who had worked hard at preparing a print, In the Opera Box, in a large edition of fifty impressions, no doubt destined for the journal.Although <mask>'s warm feelings for Degas were to last her entire life, she never again worked with him as closely as she had over the prints journal. Mathews notes that she ceased executing her theater scenes at this time. Degas was forthright in his views, as was <mask>. They clashed over the Dreyfus affair (early in her career she had executed a portrait of the art collector Moyse Dreyfus, a relative of the court-martialled lieutenant at the center of the affair). <mask> later expressed satisfaction at the irony of Lousine Havermeyer's 1915 joint exhibition of hers and Degas' work being held in aid of women's suffrage, equally capable of affectionately repeating Degas' antifemale comments as being estranged by them (when viewing her Two Women Picking Fruit for the first time, he had commented "No woman has the right to draw like that"). From the 1890s onwards their relationship took on a decidedly commercial aspect, as in general had <mask>'s other relations with the Impressionist circle; nevertheless they continued to visit each other until Degas died in 1917. Later life

<mask>'s reputation is based on an extensive series of rigorously drawn and tenderly observed paintings and prints on the theme of the mother and child.The earliest dated work on this subject is the drypoint Gardner Held by His Mother (an impression inscribed "Jan/88" is in the New York Public Library), although she had painted a few earlier works on the theme. Some of these works depict her own relatives, friends, or clients, although in her later years she generally used professional models in compositions that are often reminiscent of Italian Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child. After 1900, she concentrated almost exclusively on mother-and-child subjects, such as Woman with a Sunflower. Viewers may be surprised to find that despite her focus on portraying mother-child pairs in her portraits, "<mask> rejected the idea of becoming a wife and mother..."

The 1890s were <mask>'s busiest and most creative period. She had matured considerably and became more diplomatic and less blunt in her opinions. She also became a role model for young American artists who sought her advice. Among them was Lucy A. Bacon, whom <mask> introduced to Camille Pissarro.Though the Impressionist group disbanded, <mask> still had contact with some of the members, including Renoir, Monet, and Pissarro. In 1891, she exhibited a series of highly original colored drypoint and aquatint prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure, inspired by the Japanese masters shown in Paris the year before. (See Japonism) <mask> was attracted to the simplicity and clarity of Japanese design, and the skillful use of blocks of color. In her interpretation, she used primarily light, delicate pastel colors and avoided black (a "forbidden" color among the Impressionists). Adelyn D. Breeskin, the author of two catalogue raisonnés of <mask>'s work, comments that these colored prints, "now stand as her most original contribution... adding a new chapter to the history of graphic arts...technically, as color prints, they have never been surpassed". Also in 1891, Chicago businesswoman Bertha Palmer approached <mask> to paint a 12' × 58' mural about "Modern Woman" for the Women's Building for the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in 1893. <mask> completed the project over the next two years while living in France with her mother.The mural was designed as a triptych. The central theme was titled Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science. The left panel was Young Girls Pursuing Fame and the right panel Arts, Music, Dancing. The mural displays a community of women apart from their relation to men, as accomplished persons in their own right. Palmer considered <mask> to be an American treasure and could think of no one better to paint a mural at an exposition that was to do so much to focus the world's attention on the status of women. Unfortunately the mural did not survive following the run of the exhibition when the building was torn down. <mask> made several studies and paintings on themes similar to those in the mural, so it is possible to see her development of those ideas and images.<mask> also exhibited other paintings in the Exposition. As the new century arrived, <mask> served as an advisor to several major art collectors and stipulated that they eventually donate their purchases to American art museums. In recognition of her contributions to the arts, France awarded her the Légion d'honneur in 1904. Although instrumental in advising American collectors, recognition of her art came more slowly in the United States. Even among her family members back in America, she received little recognition and was totally overshadowed by her famous brother. <mask>'s brother, <mask>, was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1899 until his death in 1906. She was shaken, as they had been close, but she continued to be very productive in the years leading up to 1910.An increasing sentimentality is apparent in her work of the 1900s; her work was popular with the public and the critics, but she was no longer breaking new ground, and her Impressionist colleagues who once provided stimulation and criticism were dying. She was hostile to such new developments in art as post-Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism. Two of her works appeared in the Armory Show of 1913, both images of a mother and child. A trip to Egypt in 1910 impressed <mask> with the beauty of its ancient art, but was followed by a crisis of creativity; not only had the trip exhausted her, but she declared herself "crushed by the strength of this Art", saying, "I fought against it but it conquered, it is surely the greatest Art the past has left us ... how are my feeble hands to ever paint the effect on me." Diagnosed with diabetes, rheumatism, neuralgia, and cataracts in 1911, she did not slow down, but after 1914 she was forced to stop painting as she became almost blind. <mask> died on June 14, 1926 at Château de Beaufresne, near Paris, and was buried in the family vault at Le Mesnil-Théribus, France. Legacy
 <mask> inspired many Canadian women artists who were members of the Beaver Hall Group.The SS Mary Cassatt was a World War II Liberty ship, launched May 16, 1943. A quartet of young Juilliard string musicians formed the all-female Cassatt Quartet in 1985, named in honor of the painter. In 2009, the award-winning group recorded String Quartets Nos. 1–3 (Cassatt String Quartet) by composer Dan Welcher; the 3rd quartet on the album was written inspired by the work of <mask> as well. In 1966, <mask>'s painting The Boating Party was reproduced on a US postage stamp. Later she was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 23-cent Great Americans series postage stamp. In 1973, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.In 2003, four of her paintings – Young Mother (1888), Children Playing on the Beach (1884), On a Balcony (1878/79) and Child in a Straw Hat (circa 1886) – were reproduced on the third issue in the American Treasures stamp series. On May 22, 2009, she was honored by a Google Doodle in recognition of her birthday. <mask>'s paintings have sold for as much as $4 million, the record price of $4,072,500 being set in 1996 at Christie's, New York, for In the Box. A public garden in the 12th arrondissement of Paris is named 'Jardin <mask>' in her memory. Gallery

Notes

References

Bibliography

 (mentions family relationship to <mask>)

Further reading
 Adelson, Warren; Bertalan, Sarah; Mathews, Nancy Mowll; Pinsky, Susan; Rosen, Marc (2008). <mask>: Prints and Drawings from the Collection of Ambroise Vollard. New York: Adelson Galleries. .
 Barter, Judith A., et al.<mask>: Modern Woman. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Art Institute of Chicago in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1998. Breeskin, Adelyn D. <mask>: A Catalogue Raisonné of the Oils, Pastels, Watercolors, and Drawings. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970. Conrads, Margaret C. American Paintings and Sculpture at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990.Pinsky, Susan; Rosen, Marc; Adelson, Warren; Cantor, Jay E.; Shapiro, Barbara Stern (2000). <mask>: Prints and Drawings from the Artist's Studio. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. .
 Pollock, Griselda. <mask>: Painter of Modern Women. World of Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Stratton, Suzanne L. Spain, Espagne, Spanien: Foreign Artists Discover Spain 1800–1900.Exhibition catalogue. New York: The Spanish Institute in association with the Equitable Gallery, 1993. (see index)

External links

 Jennifer A. Thompson, "On the Balcony by <mask> <mask> (W1906-1-7)" in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication. <mask>'s Cat Paintings
 A finding aid to the <mask> letters, 1882–1926 at the Archives of Art, Smithsonian Institution
 <mask> at the National Gallery of Art
 <mask>att Gallery at MuseumSyndicate.com
 <mask> at the WebMuseum. <mask> prints at the National Art History Institut (INHA) in Paris
 The Havemeyer Family Papers relating to Art Collecting <mask> was a close personal friend of Louisine Havemeyer and acted as an art collecting advisor and buying agent for the Havemeyer family. This archival collection includes original letters from <mask> to Louisine and Henry Osborne Havemeyer. The foundation in France for the remembrance of <mask>, located in the village of Mesnil-Theribus, where <mask> lived and is buried
 Bibliothèque numérique de l'INHA – Estampes de Mary Cassatt

1844 births
1926 deaths
Artists from Pittsburgh
American Impressionist painters
American expatriates in France
American printmakers
American women painters
Painters from Pennsylvania
American women printmakers
American portrait painters
19th-century American painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists
Color engravers
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Blind people from the United States
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
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title: Desmond Kuek

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<mask> is a Singaporean business executive and former lieutenant-general who served as the Chief of Defence Force between 2007 and 2010. He also served as the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Environment and Water Resource between 2010 and 2012, and the president and chief executive officer of the SMRT Corporation between 2012 and 2018. Education
<mask> studied in Anglo-Chinese School and Anglo-Chinese Junior College. He was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship in 1982. He holds Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in Engineering Science from the University of Oxford, as well as a Master of Public Administration degree (Macroeconomics and Statistics) from Harvard University. Career

Singapore Armed Forces (1981–2010)
<mask> was enlisted in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1981. He attended the Infantry Officer Basic Course in Fort Benning, USA and was awarded the Distinguished Allied Leadership Graduate in 1985.He was the top student at the Army's Company Tactics Course in 1987 and Battalion Tactics Course in 1989, held in SAFTI, Singapore. He also attended the Command and Staff Course at Camberley Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1991. As a scholar, he rose rapidly through the ranks, receiving the following appointments:
 Commanding Officer, 41st Battalion Singapore Armoured Regiment;
 Head of Defence Studies Department, Ministry of Defence;
 Commander, 4th Singapore Armoured Brigade;
 Assistant Chief of the General Staff (Operations);
 Commander, 3rd Division;
 Chief of Staff, General Staff;
 Director, Joint Intelligence Directorate;
 Chief of Army (2003–2007). On 23 March 2007, he succeeded Ng Yat Chung as the Chief of Defence Force (CDF). <mask> relinquished his appointment as the CDF on 31 March 2010 and was succeeded by Neo Kian Hong. Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (2010–2012)
After leaving the military, <mask> served as a Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources from 1 July 2010 to 30 September 2012. During his tenure, he co-chaired the Environment and Water Technologies (Clean Water) Executive Committee and the Steering Committee on CleanTech Park.SMRT Corporation Limited (2012–2018)
On 1 October 2012, <mask> was appointed President and Group CEO of SMRT Corporation Limited (SMRT), a transport company providing rail, bus, and taxi services. As group CEO, he was also responsible for taking the company private by selling it to Temasek Holdings on 29 September 2016. In a press statement on 18 April 2018, SMRT announced that former Chief of Defence Force (CDF) Neo Kian Hong will replace <mask> as group CEO from 1 August. <mask> led SMRT's rail transformation effort to renew and improve the ageing North-South and East-West Lines, Singapore's oldest, longest and most heavily-used MRT lines . The multi-year, multi-project renewal effort spearheaded by Singapore's Land Transport Authority (LTA) involves six major components and will stretch into the early 2020s. These are the six major components that SMRT has been working on together with LTA:

 Sleeper replacement: 188,000 wooden sleepers were replaced with concrete sleepers. Power rail replacement: Some 200 km of Third Rails (Power Rails) and insulators were renewed.Re-signalling project: The legacy Westinghouse fixed-block system (used since the late 1980s) was replaced by a communications-based train control system supplied by Thales. Power supply system renewal
 Track circuit replacement
 Introduction of new trains

Working in partnership with LTA, three of the six projects were completed under <mask>'s watch. These are the projects to renew the sleepers and power rails, and the re-signalling effort. A project with Otis Elevator Company to renew NSEWL escalators throughout the network began in August 2016 and is expected to be completed in the early 2020s. In his review of <mask>'s tenure, the Straits Times Senior Transport Correspondent Mr Christopher Tan noted that <mask> led SMRT "during what was probably its most tumultuous period". Tan wrote: "But even though his tenure was marred by incidents such as track deaths and tunnel flooding, he was part of the team – along with SMRT Trains chief Lee Ling Wee – which rebuilt the reliability of the North-South and East-West lines. As of the end of March this year, the North-South Line clocked an average of 604,000 train-km before a delay lasting more than five minutes; for the East-West Line, the figure was 272,000 train-km.These were some 10 times better than the lines' performance in 2011. The number of major breakdowns – those lasting more than 30 minutes – on Singapore's two oldest lines has also decreased to just one in the first quarter. At their worst, the two lines chalked up nearly one such breakdown each month. The Circle Line, which is likewise operated by SMRT, also posted a tenfold improvement in reliability over the same period to 1.8 million train-km between delays." Founder, Genium & Co (2018–present)
On 24 November 2018, the Straits Times reported that <mask> had founded a leadership consultancy called Genium & Co. The company is helmed by two former SAF officers, Mr Fred Tan and Mr Ang Yau Choon, who serve as managing directors. Mr Tan headed the Singapore Armed Forces' Centre for Leadership Development while Mr Ang, 51, served as commander of the SAF Commando Training Institute.Genium's principal activities are in organisational transformation, strategy execution, crisis leadership, experiential learning and performance excellence. UBS (2019)
<mask> joined Swiss investment bank UBS on 18 February 2019 as its Singapore-based divisional vice-chairman for global wealth management. UBS announced <mask>n Tentara (Kehormat), Malaysia in 2008. Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Thailand in 2008.Darjah Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang Yang Amat Gemilang Darjah Pertama, Brunei in 2007. Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama, Indonesia in 2006. References

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Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglo-Chinese Junior College alumni
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Living people
Chiefs of Defence Force (Singapore)
Chiefs of the Singapore Army
Singaporean people of Hokkien descent
1963 births

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Desmond Kuek Bak Chye
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