title: Philip Barry

texts:
<mask>  (June 18, 1896 – December 3, 1949) was an American dramatist best known for his plays Holiday (1928) and The Philadelphia Story (1939), which were both made into films starring Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on June 18, 1896, in Rochester, New York to <mask> and <mask>. James died from appendicitis a year after <mask>'s birth, and the family's marble-and-tile business faltered from then on. His oldest brother, Edmund, who was 16 at the time, left school to take over the business and became a father figure for <mask>. <mask>'s play, The Youngest, written when he was 28, is an autobiographical account of his family history following his father's death. In 1910, at the age of 14, <mask> discovered that a New York State interpretation of his father's will entitled him to a share of his father's estate that eventually left him the entire business. Family conflicts ensued; he later claimed he never intended to keep the money, and he eventually signed over the estate to his mother and brothers.Because of his poor eyesight, <mask> was rejected for military service during World War I; but, he eventually found a wartime job deciphering cables at the U.S. Embassy in London and left Yale to assume his duties. At the end of the war, he returned to college, where he studied writing with Henry Seidel Canby, and earned his B.A. His mother and two elder brothers strongly demanded that he return to the family in Rochester after college and take a place in the family business. He was, however, determined to strike out on his own and, knowing that he wanted to be a writer, enrolled in George Pierce Baker's renowned playwriting course "47 Workshop" at Harvard University. (Other alumni of Baker's course include Eugene O'Neill, Sidney Howard, S.N. Behrman, and Thomas Wolfe, as well as numerous critics, directors, and designers.) Writing career
<mask>'s life as a writer started at the age of nine when he had a story called Tab the Cat published by a Rochester newspaper.Four precocious years later, he wrote a three-act drama called No Thoroughfare, which went unproduced. When he was at Yale, he devoted his time to writing poetry and short fiction while working for the Yale Literary Magazine. In 1919, when he returned from London, the Yale Dramatic Club staged his one-act play Autonomy. By the time he had enrolled in Baker's class at the end of the year, he was spending all his time writing plays. His first full-length play for the class was A Punch for Judy, written in the spring 1921. The Harvard workshop took "A Punch for Judy" on tour to Worcester, Massachusetts; Utica, New York; Buffalo, New York; Cleveland; and Columbus, Ohio, but it failed to win the backing of a New York producer. Playwright Robert E. Sherwood met <mask> at this time and thought him an "exasperating young twirp."Sherwood would eventually become a good friend and colleague who came to appreciate what he termed <mask>'s "Irish, impish sense of comedy." Many years later, Sherwood would finish writing Second Threshold, left incomplete at the time of <mask>'s death. While still living in Cambridge, <mask> became engaged to Ellen Semple (aunt of Lorenzo Semple Jr.) but was determined to establish himself as a playwright before settling down. Ellen lived in New York while he remained in Cambridge, and there he wrote The Jilts, which reflected his own concern that marital obligations might thwart an artistic career and force him into the business world. The play won the Herndon Prize in 1922 as the best drama written in Baker's workshop. (On July 15, 1922, his doubts calmed, <mask> and Semple were married, and their first son, <mask> <mask>, was born the following year.) Renamed You and I, the play opened on Broadway on February 19, 1923, and was a critical and commercial success.<mask>'s Broadway career was launched. Theater critic Brooks Atkinson wrote "If [his story of a businessman who gives up art for the sake of money and family] did not make <mask> exactly a revolutionary, it made him a dissenter from the materialistic mythology of America. The story spoke to the tenor of the times, a decade that both glamorized and questioned the energetic pursuit of financial success. You and I ran for 170 performances, was followed by a successful tour and many productions in college and regional theaters, and was later included in Burns Mantle's Best Plays anthology series. One person who was not happy with <mask>'s success was a classmate in Baker's seminar, Thomas Wolfe, who struggled to be a playwright before finding fame as a novelist. Wolfe was both envious of <mask>'s facility and quick rise and unforgiving about his barbed wit; <mask> had written a play for their class about North Carolina bootleggers, parodying Wolfe, his background, and his stumbling efforts to write a play. <mask>'s second work for the stage, The Youngest, was produced the following year to considerably less acclaim.The story dealt with a rich, provincial family who cannot accept the unconventional ways of one of its members. (This would eventually become a common <mask> theme, handled more deftly in later plays.) <mask>'s third Broadway play, In a Garden (1925), served as a prototype for his classic comic works in which a gracious tone seems at odds with the often disturbing implications. In a Garden contains echoes of Luigi Pirandello and in its ending alludes to the famous final scene that concludes Ibsen's A Doll's House when Nora Helmer leaves her unsympathetic husband Torvald. The play also makes use of phallic symbolism and refers to Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious. Theater historians W. David Sievers and David C. Gild wrote that the play is an "innovative 'psychodrama' that enacts therapeutic Freudian techniques in a theatrical context," a method <mask> employed in later plays such as Hotel Universe (1930) and Here Come the Clowns (1938). It featured a well-received performance by Laurette Taylor.Even though he knew it "would probably ruin the man who produced it" because of its calculated departures from Broadway formulae, White Wings was produced in 1926. It was a complete failure. Seen as a precursor to Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, the play follows a group of proud street cleaners at the turn of the twentieth century; its theme is the increasing mechanization of life. Archie Inch, the protagonist, is caught between the "White Wings" (the men who clean up after horse-drawn carriages) and his sweetheart Mary Todd, who loves her father and the automobiles he designs which are a threat to the older way of life. The symbolism was not subtle, with the horses representing tradition and the motorcars representing progress. In comparison to other plays of that era about the modern work force, such as  Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape and Dynamo, Elmer Rice's The Adding Machine, and the dramas of Ernst Toller and Georg Kaiser, <mask>'s was taken less seriously and weakened by its comedic resolution. It closed after 27 performances.In 1927, a year after the birth of his second son, Jonathan Peter, <mask> took his family to France. He lived the good life on the Riviera for a year in a circle that included Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, Gerald and Sara Murphy, Cole Porter, and Archibald MacLeish, and began work on two new plays. One of these plays, John, was not a success, lasting only several days. The plot dealt with events in the life of John the Baptist as he awaited the arrival of the Messiah. The writing was cited as being both grandiose and mundane, and the casting (with Yiddish actor Jacob Ben-Ami as John and British actress Constance Collier as Herodias) was strongly criticized. The second play, Paris Bound, a comedy about infidelity, opened a few weeks later and ran in New York for 234 performances. It became <mask>'s first major hit and, as it was picked up by theaters around the country, provided him with royalties for many years.<mask> then strove to write a crowd-pleaser, Cock Robin (1928), with Elmer Rice, whom he had met on his European trip en route to Cannes. That play ran for only 100 performances. Holiday (1928), a well-crafted comedy which ran for 230 performances, was far more popular with critics and audiences and is considered to be one of <mask>'s best depictions of an affluent American family and its confrontation with less convention-bound values. The New Yorker writer Brendan Gill called it "a kindly comedy, whose precepts are <mask>'s own." It was filmed twice, first in 1930, when it garnered an Academy Award nomination for actress Ann Harding, and then, notably, in a 1938 version by George Cukor starring Katharine Hepburn as the elder daughter of a stiff-necked wealthy businessman and Cary Grant as the younger daughter's quirky, charismatic suitor who has no plans, once he makes enough money to live happily, to spend his entire life on Wall Street making more. The play was revived on Broadway in 1973 and 1995 and often was performed in regional theaters through the late 20th century. <mask>'s was not a smooth career: hit followed flop followed hit.Hotel Universe (1930) lasted for only eighty-one performances and added to the financial woes of the Theatre Guild, the famed organization of which <mask> was an original member. Set in a villa in southern France based on the home of the famous expatriates Gerald and Sara Murphy, Hotel Universe tells the story of six unhappy characters in search of meaning, if not an author, though in effect they find one in Stephen Field, the aging invalid whose lonely daughter, Ann, they have all come to visit. When Field arrives in the later half of the play, the suicidal disillusionment, dark pasts, and unresolved issues of the other characters emerge. Each visitor begins to act out roles based on past traumas. In the view of theater historian Eleanor Flexner, the play's psychologizing and philosophizing are "little more than a jaunt to a Never-Never land." Other students of <mask>'s work consider it his most unjustly underrated play. Tomorrow and Tomorrow was produced in 1931 and compared favorably to Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude.The story concerns Eve Redman, the young wife of a businessman whose grandfather founded the college in the Indiana town where the Redmans live. Dr. Nicholas Hay, a young psychologist and visitor from out of town, lectures at the college, advocating education for women, an opportunity Eve seizes. He teaches her the "science of the emotions," and her outlook evolves. They fall in love and eventually produce the child that Eve has always longed for, the one that her husband cannot give her. Her husband believes the child is his. For its time, the story was regarded as daring and sophisticated, and the screen rights were sold for a staggering $85,000. Though remembered today for his vintage "comedies of manners" playfully skewering the rich and fashionable, <mask> (a practicing Roman Catholic whose sister was a nun) wrote many serious dramas, often on religious themes.Brooks Atkinson, noting this dichotomy between the successful, high-living Broadway playwright of light fare and the serious-minded writer, wrote of <mask> that, at heart, "[he] liked the role of prophet; he was attracted to moralistic themes about mankind." His 1927 play John is a New Testament story, and <mask> described his 1938 allegory Here Come the Clowns as a study of "the battle with evil" in which his hero, Clancy, "at last finds God in the will of man." The Joyous Season (1934) is an admiring portrait of a strong-willed nun who has devoted her life to her faith. (The Joyous Season starred Lillian Gish in its original production and <mask> in a 1946 Chicago revival that did not do well enough at the box office to bring it to New York, despite the many parish priests in Chicago who urged their parishioners to see it.) <mask>'s best-known, most frequently revived work is The Philadelphia Story (1939), which was made into a popular 1940 film starring Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant, and James Stewart. Hepburn, a close friend of <mask>, had appeared in the play on Broadway, but she had doubts about its commercial possibilities and, proven wrong by its box-office success, bought the movie rights with the help of her ex-boyfriend Howard Hughes. She successfully restarted her previously flagging Hollywood career with the film version.The movie was remade as High Society, starring Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly and Louis Armstrong. The popular play ran for 417 performances on Broadway. In 1949 at the age of 53, <mask> died of a heart attack in his family apartment on Park Avenue. "It was his misfortune," Atkinson wrote, "to be at the peak of his powers during a skeptical age that resisted moral instruction." He also noted a fundamental conservatism and didacticism in <mask>: "Although <mask>'s literary style was modern, his mind was closer to Langdon Mitchell than to S.N. Behrman." He was appreciated by the many actresses (e.g., Laurette Taylor, Katharine Hepburn, <mask>) who felt that he wrote great parts for women, even if the vehicles themselves were not always as strong as the performances they inspired.Plays
Autonomy (1919)
A Punch for Judy (1921)
You and I (1923), filmed in 1931 as The Bargain
The Youngest (1924)
In a Garden (1925)
White Wings (1926), adapted as an opera by Douglas Moore, premiered in 1935
John (1927)
Paris Bound (1927), filmed in 1929 by Edward H. Griffith
Holiday (1928), filmed in 1930 by Edward H. Griffith and in 1938 by George Cukor
Cock Robin (with Elmer Rice) (1928), filmed as Who Killed Cock Robin? in 1938
Hotel Universe (1930)
Tomorrow and Tomorrow (1931), filmed in 1932 by Richard Wallace
The Animal Kingdom (1932) filmed in 1932 by Edward H. Griffith and as One More Tomorrow in 1946 by Peter Godfrey
The Joyous Season (1934)
Bright Star (1935)
Spring Dance (1936), filmed as Spring Madness in 1938 by S. Sylvan Simon
Here Come the Clowns (1938)
The Philadelphia Story (1939), filmed in 1940 by George Cukor and as High Society by Charles Walters in 1956
Liberty Jones (1941)
Without Love (1942), filmed in 1945 by Harold S. Bucquet
Foolish Notion (1945)
My Name is Aquilon (1949), adapted from Jean-Pierre Aumont's play
Second Threshold (1951), completed by Robert Sherwood

References

Sources
Anderson, Donald R. Shadowed Cocktails: The Plays of <mask> from 'Paris Bound' to 'The Philadelphia Story.''' Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois State University Press, 2010. Ashley, Leonard R.N. "'Not Enough'? The High Comedy of <mask>" (pp. 45–52) in Arthur Gewirtz (ed.), Art, Glitter, and Glitz: Mainstream Playwrights and Popular Theater in the 1920s. New York: Praeger, 2004. Atkinson, Brooks. Broadway. New York: Atheneum, 1970. Eisen, Kurt. Twentieth-Century American Dramatists.Detroit: Gale Publishers, 2000. Gill, Brendan. "The Dark Advantage," introduction to States of Grace: Eight Plays by <mask>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975. Mordden, Ethan. All That Glittered: The Golden Age of Drama on Broadway, 1919–1959. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007.Roppolo, Joseph Patrick. <mask>.'' New York: Twayne, 1965. External links

<mask> Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1896 births
1949 deaths
Burials at Most Holy Trinity Catholic Cemetery
Writers from Rochester, New York
Yale University alumni
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Philip Jerome Quinn Barry
Philip Barry
James Corbett Barry
Mary Agnes Quinn Barry
Philip
Philip
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Philip Semple
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Ethel Barrymore
Barry
Barry
Philip Barry
Barry
Barry
Ethel Barrymore
Philip Barry
Philip Barry
Philip Barry
Philip Barry
Philip Barry


title: Jacob Weinberg

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1 July 1879 – 2 November 1956) was a Russian-born Jewish composer and pianist who composed over 135 works for piano and other instruments. He was one of the founders of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U.S. where he became "an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music" from the 1940s until his death. Life and career
<mask> was born in Odessa, Ukraine, to Dora and Wolf (Zev) <mask>. His family was middle class and his father was a merchant who died when <mask> was only 12. <mask> wrote an essay about how he had been sent to a synagogue to say the Kaddish prayer in mourning for his father. He wrote that he had not been raised in an Orthodox home and he was not familiar with the sounds of the Hebrew language in the prayer but he fell in love with the music of the language and the rhythm of the prayer. This sparked his interest in Jewish religion and Jewish music.His uncle was <mask>, a prominent translator of Shakespeare and Heine into Russian. <mask> completed law school at Moscow University, but he never practiced, preferring his piano studies. He studied at the Moscow Conservatory of Music from 1901-1906, under many prominent teachers including Taneyev and Ippolito-Ivanov. In addition, he studied composition for a year in Vienna, under Sergei Taneyev. He taught piano as well; among his students were Josef Yasser, with whom he remained friends for many years to come. <mask> toured Russia as a pianist and also toured with Emil Rosenoff in their two-piano concerts from 1912 to 1916. He adapted Rachmaninoff's works to create a two-piano piece he called Rachmaniana.It was published and performed by <mask> and Rosenoff. He was also very interested in preserving the unique melodies and music scales of Jewish religious and secular folk tunes. When the St. Petersburg Society for Jewish Folk Music was formed in 1908 by Joel Engel, Lazare Saminsky, and others, <mask> and his Moscow-based peers formed the Moscow branch of this society. Then he returned to Odessa, where he taught at the Odessa Conservatory of Music. With the advent of the Bolshevik Revolution, <mask> spent two months in prison and then fled with his wife Theresa (née Bernstein) and his only child, a son, Walter, in 1922 to Palestine (now Israel). There he composed the first Hebrew opera, The Pioneers (Hechalutz). It won First Prize in an international composition contest, sponsored by the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial.There was a performance in Jerusalem in April, 1925. He taught piano; among his students was the pianist Mordecai Sandberg. With the competition prize money of $1500, <mask> took his family to New York. <mask> produced concert versions of his opera The Pioneers at Carnegie Hall in 1941 and 1947, and at the Mecca Temple (now New York City Center) in the 1930s. In addition, there was a performance in Berlin, Germany in the 1930s, by the Kulturbund, the soprano Mascha Benya in one of the leading roles. It was performed in a synagogue since the Nazi party banned Jewish works, even masterpieces, from being performed in a proper concert hall. His many other works include religious Jewish works; he set the Sabbath service to music in several versions.These works are still performed at Temple Emanu-el, a prominent Reform synagogue in Manhattan. He also composed many non-religious works. He was very interested in Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and set it to music for a chorus and in three other non-singing versions. Aaron Copland attended one of the Lincoln concerts prior to composing his own Lincoln Portrait. He joined the music faculty of the New York College of Music in 1929 where he taught for many years and later joined the faculty at Hunter College. <mask> died of lung disease in New York on November 2, 1956 at the age of 77. His remains are buried at the Stephen Wise Cemetery in Ardsley, New York.<mask>'s widow, Theresa Bernstein <mask>, was a brilliant woman who spoke four languages and raised their only child, Walter, when <mask> was pursuing his work. After <mask>'s death, Theresa donated his music papers to <mask>, the collector and philanthropist, whose foundation, in turn, donated the collection to the National Library of Israel, which is located on the campus of Hebrew University at Givat Ram, in Israel. There are over 10,000 pages in this archive which has been carefully curated by its director, Dr. Gila Flam, a distinguished musicologist. <mask> also donated a second large volume of <mask>'s musical scores, personal letters, academic papers, and photos to the archive at the Glinka Museum of Music in Moscow, at 4 Fedeeva St. These papers can be viewed by request. Among the Glinka collection are <mask>'s masterpiece "Sonata for Two Pianos", and "Encyclopedia of Piano Technique, Part I and Part II." His papers from his student days at the Moscow Conservatory of Music (1901-1906) are also donated here.In addition to being <mask>'s helpmate and supporter, Theresa Bernstein <mask> was a gifted watercolor artist and avid maker of scrapbooks. In 1960 she formally signed a paper donating 67 scrapbooks of her clippings (of <mask>'s work and also popular culture) to the NY Public Library system. These have yet to be found. Her grandchildren have been searching extensively for them. They are most likely in the basement storage areas of the NY Public Library at Bryant Park. Theresa passed away in 1962 and is interred at Ferncliff Cemetery, in Westchester County. <mask>'s works continue to be enjoyed and performed today.His Klezmer works for clarinet, in particular, are widely performed. These include "Canzonetta" and "The Maypole". <mask> was one of the in-house composers at Temple Emanu-el in Manhattan. His works are often performed during the High Holy days and during the weekly Sabbath services. Also, see YouTube for videos of contemporary performances of <mask>'s  works. See the Milken Archives for some recordings of his works. Compositions
 Hechalutz (The Pioneers of Palestine) – Opus 18
 Sonata in E-flat major for Two Pianos
 Concerto #2 in C Major
 String Quartet – Opus 55
 Taps
 Romanze
 <mask>'s Dream
 Canzonetta
 Speed Ahead (Perpetual Motion) for Violin and Piano – Op.31, No.2
 Kol Nidrei, op.25. Suite for violoncello and piano
 Causerie
 The Cabalist
 The Maypole - Klezmer
 Rabbi Meir's Dance
 Trio on Hebrew Themes
 Prelude, Passacaglia and Finale, Op. 68. for piano
 Berceause Palestinienne (1929) for violin and piano

Opera
 The Pioneers (1924)

Oratorios
 Isaiah – An Oratorio
 The Life of Moses – An Oratorio

Choral
 I See A New America
 Gettysburg Address – 4 versions
 The Gettysburg address Abraham Lincoln's immortal words set for mixed voices, S.A.T.B. Shabbat ba'aretz (Sabbath in the Holy Land Service)
 Sabbath Evening Service
 Sabbath Morning Service (Shabath baarets), Op. 41. for cantor (baritone), mixed chorus and organ
 Sabbath Service
 Psalm 29 for cantor and congregation, or two antiphonal choirs (1951)

Songs
 Song for Heroes (1944) for voice and piano (lyrics by Nahum Ben-Horim)
 Six Hebrew songs for voice and piano
 From the Dead Sea Scrolls for baritone and piano

Arrangements
Rachmaniana for Two Pianos

Discography
 1938 - Shir Hakerem (<mask>), Zvee Aroni and Helen Marie Stolz, 78 RPM RCA E2-KB-1531
 1954 - Yo Adir (<mask>), Sidor Belarsky, 33 RPM, RCA Victor LPM-3197 (E3VL-4989)
 1969 - Yankl Der Shmid ("<mask> the Blacksmith"), Dovid Pinski - <mask>, Moishe Oysher, 33 RPM, The Greater Recording GRC 154
 1977 - Berceause Palestinienne (<mask>nberg) David Sella & Paul Posnak, 33 RPM, Musique Internationale M-7504
 2004 - Klezmer Concertos and Encores The Maypole, Canzonetta (Jacob Weinberg), Naxos 8559403
 2005 - Weinberg: Piano Concerto No. 2, String Quartet Op. 55, Shabbat Ba'aretz - American Classics, Naxos 8559457

References

Further reading
Heskes, Irene (1998).The St. Petersburg Society for Jewish Folk Music. Rockwell, John (7 April 1988). "Review: Works by Russian Jewish Composers. New York Times
Mausner, M,D., Ellen "<mask>: Musical Pioneer" (KDP Amazon, New York, 2020)

External links
 <mask> (Milken Archive)
  Biography and albums on Naxos

1879 births
1956 deaths
New York College of Music faculty
Russian composers
Russian male composers
Jewish opera composers

masks:
Jacob Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob
Jacob
Peter Weinberg
Jacob
Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob Michael
Theresa Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob
Weinberg
Jacob
Jacob Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob Wei
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg


title: Olaf Frederick Nelson

texts:
<mask> (24 February 1883 – 28 February 1944) was a Samoan businessman and politician. He was one of the founding leaders of the anti-colonial Mau movement. Biography
<mask> was born on 24 February 1883 in Safune on the island of Savai'i to Swedish trader <mask> and his Samoan wife, Sina Tugaga, whose family had links to the Sa Tupua, a prominent chiefly family. His name Ta'isi is a matai chief title from his mother's family from the Savai'i village of Asau. <mask> grew up in the family's home village of Faleolo until the age of eight, when he was sent to the Marist Brothers School in Apia. He left the school at the age of thirteen and became an apprentice at the DH & PG firm. He worked at DH & PH for four years, during which time he founded Samoa's first brass band.After leaving DH & PG, <mask> returned to Savai'i and took over his father's business, which had started on 1895 under the name - Nelson and Robertson Limited. He expanded his father's copra trading business throughout the islands, and by the time he was thirty-five, <mask> was one of the wealthiest members of the Apia community. He was influential in both the Samoan and European communities. Under German rule, the colonial administrators treated <mask> as an equal, but after New Zealand seized control in 1914, <mask> was excluded and alienated by the new government. Despite being elected to the Legislative Council in 1924, he could do little as he and the other elected members were constantly overruled by the more numerous government appointees. This treatment turned <mask> into one of the major forces in the Samoan independence movement, known as the Mau. In May 1927 <mask> founded a newspaper, the Samoa Guardian, to support its claims.In response to his growing public dissent, the New Zealand administration tried to brand <mask> as unscrupulous and a trouble maker. The colonial administration's desperation to silence <mask> led them to exile him in January 1928, along with two other part-European members of the Mau. During his five years of exile, <mask> took his protests as far as the League of Nations in Geneva. He returned to Samoa in May 1933, and continued his advocacy. General Hart, the New Zealand administrator, demanded that <mask> be excluded from any meeting (fono) swith the leadership of the Mau. The Mau insistence that <mask> should be one of its delegates. General Hart ordered police raids on the Mau’s headquarters at Vaimoso and <mask>’s residence at Tuaefu, which occurred on 15 November 1933.Eight Samoan chiefs, leaders of the Mau, who were members of a conference of 100 assembled at Tuatuanu’u were arrested on charges of collecting monies for unlawful purposes and engaging in Mau activities. A week later a further 7 chiefs were arrested at Savaii. Six months after his return to Samoa, <mask> was convicted of 3 charges of being connected to the Mau, for which he was sentenced to ten additional years in exile as well as eight months imprisonment in New Zealand. His appeal to the Full Court of the New Zealand Supreme Court quashed the sentence of imprisonment but upheld the ten years of exile. The Privy Council in London rejected his appeal. However, his exile was cut short in 1936, after Labour won the New Zealand general election in 1935. He returned to Samoa on 22 July 1936, and helped in the signing of the co-operation agreement between Samoan leaders and the New Zealand administration.He was subsequently elected to the Legislative Council in 1938, and re-elected in 1941. <mask> died in 1944, and it was not until 1962 that his dream of Samoan independence was realised. Legacy
Ta'isi had six daughters. Viopapa Lucy, Irene Gustave Noue, Olive Virginia Malienafau, Joyce Rosabel Piliopo, Sina Hope and Calmar Josephine Taufau and one son, Ta'isi who died as a result of the influenza epidemic in 1919 aged 4. Malienafau was the first Pacific Island graduate of the University of Auckland, graduating with a law degree in 1936. Ta'isi's daughter Noue went on to marry Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole, who became Joint Head of State when Samoa attained Independence in 1962. They sired Olf "Efi" <mask> who went on to become Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Ta'isi Efi, the third Prime Minister of Samoa and from 2007 to 2017, the Head of State of Samoa.The Nelson Memorial Public Library was donated to the Samoan people by the Nelson Family in Ta'isi's memory. His other grandson Misa Telefoni Retzlaff (Hermann Theodor Retzlaff) was in parliament from 1988 to 2010, and the Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa from 2000 to 2010. Retzlaff's son is Lemalu Hermann Retzlaff (Taisi's great-grandson), who was appointed Attorney General of Samoa in 2016. Ta-isi's grand-daughter is Dr Viopapa Annandale–Atherton. In 1964 she was the first Samoan woman to graduate in medicine from the University of Otago and has committed her career to improving the health and welfare of women and children in the Pacific Islands. References

Patricia O'Brien, Tautai: Sāmoa,  World History and the Life of Ta'isi O. F. <mask> (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2017)

O'Brien, Patricia "Ta'isi O. F. <mask> and Sir Maui Pomare: Samoans and Maori Reunited", Journal of Pacific History, 49:1 2014 http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cjph20/current#.VDdbMl7rPG4

 Laracy, Hugh. '<mask>, <mask> 1883 - 1944'.Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
‘Guardians and Wards’ : (A study of the origins, causes, and the first two years of the Mau in Western Samoa.) Albert Wendt New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

20th-century Samoan businesspeople
Samoan chiefs
Samoan exiles
1883 births
1944 deaths
Plantation owners
Western Samoa Trust Territory people
Prisoners and detainees of New Zealand
Samoan prisoners and detainees
Samoan people of Swedish descent
Members of the Legislative Council of Samoa
1910s in Samoa
1920s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1930s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1940s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
Samoan independence activists

masks:
Ta isi Olaf Frederick Nelson
Nelson
August Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Olaf Frederick


title: Sheila Cameron (artist)

texts:
<mask> is an American artist, blogger, graphic designer and producer based in California. She is mostly known for initiating the "Free Katie" campaign, in which she designed and sold merchandise in response to the news of Katie Holmes's engagement to Tom Cruise. Hollywood
After graduating from Maryland's Loyola University, having double-majored in creative writing and fine art, Ohio native <mask> moved to Hollywood, to focus on painting and writing. While living there, she worked as a graphic designer, and also a producer and developer of content for film, television and websites, with clients and employers including HBO's original pictures department, Jagged Films, and Project Greenlight. Free Katie
In response to the news of Katie Holmes's engagement to Tom Cruise in 2005, <mask> designed and began selling merchandise online bearing slogans including "Free Katie", "Run Katie Run", and (in a reference to Cruise's  Oprah interview) "Stop Sofa Abuse", among other designs. Items for sale included buttons, hats, mugs, stickers, T-shirts and undergarments. Imitators soon copied <mask>'s designs and began selling Free Katie merchandise as well.In less than a month, the Free Katie website received more than half a million visitors, and sold thousands of shirts and other merchandise to customers both in the US and around the world. Free Katie shirts were worn on the red carpet in 2005 and made reference to by Iggy Pop in a 2006 interview, and in 2008 a group of fans picketed Katie Holmes's Broadway debut, their signs bearing <mask>'s "Free Katie" and "Run Katie Run" slogans. As late as 2012, a group of people wearing Free Katie shirts had an unexpected encounter with Holmes herself when they all dined at the same restaurant. Shortly thereafter, the then-recently divorced Holmes was seen wearing a Free Katie shirt of her own. Free Katie's popularity also led to the creation of an online forum community, which is still active as of 2015. <mask> was deluged with emails from fans, and she had to buy more bandwidth multiple times to accommodate the traffic the Free Katie website and forums generated. <mask>'s Free Katie campaign was covered by U.S. media including ABC News, Los Angeles Times, NBC News, Newsweek, and The New York Times; she was interviewed by NPR and a British TV program; and the phenomenon was covered internationally by news outlets in Australia, Brazil, India, Spain and Sweden, among others.<mask> clarified that she did not actually believe Holmes to be in need of rescue from her relationship with Cruise, but added, "I think we need to let her know that we support her if she wants to get out of it." She also said she originally created the Free Katie campaign for the amusement of herself and some friends, but that interest in the merchandise snowballed. The success of Free Katie merchandise motivated <mask> to produce T-shirts featuring other "pop-culture satire political commentary" as well. <mask> called the Free Katie campaign her "Dear John letter to Hollywood," citing the intra-industry response to criticism of mega-stars like Tom Cruise by people at her echelon of the Hollywood ladder. She left Hollywood not long after the campaign achieved widespread notoriety. Works and exhibitions

<mask> is part of two artist collectives: Nevada County Yarn Bombers, which focuses on textile art, especially knitted and crocheted works; and DANK (Do Art Now Kids), whose "pop-up gallery" initiative, to bring art into otherwise unused spaces, she helped pioneer. Blog
<mask> maintains a noted blog, Watching the Paint Dry, that contains essays about creativity, family life and other topics, and which also serves as a storefront for her artwork.She has characterized her blogging as a way to "illustrate what it means to be an artist." <mask> began the blog in June 2010, immediately embarking on a project of posting art on a daily basis for a full year. Magazine covers
The August 2012 issue of Style magazine's Roseville Granite Bay Rocklin edition featured <mask>'s painting "Sit" as its cover image, and included a profile of her inside the magazine. Jerry Saltz's challenge

In 2013, Jerry Saltz, senior art critic for New York magazine, issued a challenge to <mask> via Facebook:"<mask>, All right. You asked for it. Make 55 works with NO allusion to Fairytale. And experiment with various mediums and finishes and touches and surfaces and ideas-of-finish.Start today; you'll be in hell by the end of this VERY simple challenge...
Maybe remove figures for these works as well. Or just get to work. See you in Hell … … … maybe." In response, <mask> created the requisite 55 works, a three-month project she described approaching as a performance piece. The resulting collection was exhibited as a Facebook event, and some pieces were auctioned via eBay. Saltz himself, in reviewing the collection, said, "<mask> did magnificently." ArtSlant competition
ArtSlant magazine named <mask>'s submission, "Original Super Power", a finalist in its 2013 juried competition.Exhibitions
Beautiful Monsters. At Miner's Foundry Cultural Center. Solo exhibition. 2011
At Art Works Gallery. Juried shows. 2012–2013

Wild & Scenic Film Festival Art Exhibition. At multiple venues.A juried exhibition, for which <mask> was one of 40 artists chosen from among 500 applicants. 2013
Smallworks. At Artist Studio in the Foothills. Group show of works measuring 12 inches or less. 2013
Two Johns and a Whore. At Los Angeles's Coagula Curatorial. A curated show with a theme of "art, love, sex, and commerce" and how they interrelate.2014
Art Walk program. At multiple venues including "pop-up" galleries. A project of the Nevada City-based art collective DANK. 2014– 2015
Wild & Scenic Film Festival Art Exhibition. Osborne Woods Gallery. Juried exhibition. 2015
Discover.At Off Center Stage, part of Grass Valley's Center for the Arts. Solo show, but part of a multidisciplinary exhibition matching visual art with live music, readings and other creative works. 2014
ArtExpo. At a former factory space in San Diego. Curated exhibition presented as an alternative to the concurrently-running San Diego Comic-Con International. 2014
Every Angeleno Counts. At outdoor display along route.Curated exhibition combined with a 5K () run/walk. 2014
LORE: The Art of Story. At Miner's Foundry Cultural Center. DANK group show. 2015
New Works. At Miner's Foundry Cultural Center. DANK group show.2015
Cinema. At Miner's Foundry Cultural Center. DANK group show. 2015

Personal life
<mask> and her husband Greg have two daughters. In 2008, <mask> and her family relocated from West Hollywood to the Grass Valley, California area, settling in Nevada City. References

External links

<mask>'s blog, Watching the Paint Dry

20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American painters
21st-century American women artists
New media artists
American graphic designers
Women graphic designers
American women bloggers
American bloggers
Film producers from California
Television producers from California
Internet activists
Living people
American women painters
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women film producers
American women television producers

masks:
Sheila Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Sheila Cameron
Cameron
Sheila Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron


title: Ralph E. Gomory

texts:
<mask> (born May 7, 1929) is an American applied mathematician and executive. Gomory worked at IBM as a researcher and later as an executive. During that time, his research led to the creation of new areas of applied mathematics. After his career in the corporate world, Gomory became the president of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, where he oversaw programs dedicated to broadening public understanding in three key areas: the economic importance of science and research; the effects of globalization on the United States; and the role of technology in education. Gomory has written extensively on the nature of technology development, industrial competitiveness, models of international trade, social issues under current economics and law, and the function of the corporation in a globalizing world. Biography
Gomory is the son of Andrew L<mask> and Marian Schellenberg. He graduated from George School in Newtown, PA in 1946.He received his B.A. from Williams College in 1950, studied at Cambridge University, and received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1954. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1954 to 1957. While serving in the Navy, he shifted his focus to applied mathematics in operations research. Among his mathematical achievements were founding contributions to the field of integer programming, an active area of research to this day. He was Higgins lecturer and assistant professor at Princeton University, 1957-59. He joined the Research Division of IBM in 1959.In 1964 he was appointed IBM Fellow. In 1970, <mask> became Director of Research with line responsibility for IBM's Research Division. During his tenure IBM researchers made major contributions to the understanding of memory devices (Dennard Scalling), made major advances possible in high-density storage devices and produced advanced silicon processing methods. They also invented the relational database (Codd) and the RISC computer architecture. His researchers also won two successive Nobel Prizes in Physics and it was at IBM Research that Benoit Mandelbrot created the now widely accepted concept of fractals. He continued in a leadership role for the next 20 years eventually becoming IBM Senior Vice President for Science and Technology. In 1979, the book Science and Technology, A Five Year Outlook was published, collaborated with the National Academy of Sciences by W.H.Freeman and Company, with Gomory took the role of Study Chairman. In 1975, Gomory was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the fields of linear and integer programming, and leadership in the development of computer technology. After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 60 for corporate officers at IBM, Gomory became president of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation in 1989. During his tenure as president he led the foundation’s effort to sponsor research in numerous fields relevant to major national issues. The foundation’ work in the field of online learning predated the public Internet; its continued support has resulted in nearly seven million people taking online courses for credit as of 2012. The foundation started the now-widespread program of industry studies, and launched a program advocating a more flexible workplace. It developed an approach to overcoming the problem of underrepresented minority Ph.D.’s in scientific and technical fields.Among scientific achievements, the foundation supported the widely recognized Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which has made major contributions to the problem of dark energy, and initiated a worldwide effort to survey life in the oceans known as the Census of Marine Life. Under <mask>'s leadership the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation also supported programs on public understanding of science and the development of the Professional Science Masters, designed to allow students to pursue advanced training in science or mathematics while simultaneously developing workplace skills. In December 2007, after 18 years as President of the Sloan Foundation, <mask> became president emeritus and joined the Stern School of Business at New York University as a research professor. Currently he focuses his work on addressing the increasing complexities of the globalized economy and the differing goals of countries and companies. His 2001 book, co-written with Professor William Baumol, Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests, focuses on the roles and responsibilities of American corporations in the modern American economy. He served on the U.S. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) from 1984 to 1992, and again from 2001 to 2009, advising three Presidents that included Ronald Reagan, George H.W Bush, and George W. Bush. He has also served as director of The Washington Post Company and The Bank of New York, and he currently serves on the Board of the National Academies Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy.Gomory currently blogs at The Huffington Post and his work has been profiled in The Nation and The Wall Street Journal. Awards and honors
Gomory has been awarded eight honorary degrees and many significant awards including the National Medal of Science. Awards: Lanchester Prize of the Operations Research Society, 1963; Harry Goode Memorial Award of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies, 1984; John von Neumann Theory Prize of INFORMS, 1984; IRI Medal of the Industrial Research Institute, 1985; National Medal of Science, 1988; IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognition Award, 1988; Arthur M. Bueche Award of the National Academy of Engineering, 1993; the 4th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment, 1998; Madison Medal of Princeton University, 1999; Sheffield Fellowship Award of the Yale University Faculty of Engineering, 2000;  International Federation of Operational Research Societies’ Hall of Fame, 2005; Harold Larnder Prize of the Canadian Operational Research Society, 2006. 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. <mask> has been elected to many honorific societies including the National Academy of Science, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Philosophical Society. He was also elected to the governing councils of all three of these societies. Additionally three awards have been established in Gomory’s honor.The National Academy of Science’s Award for the industrial application of science, established by IBM, the Ralph Gomory Prize of the Business History Conference, established by the Sloan Foundation, and the Ralph E. Gomory Award for quality online education presented annually by the On-Line Consortium. Publication
In addition to the book Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests, <mask> has published more than 80 articles on a great variety of subjects including mathematics, economics, the management and impact of science and technology, and the role and function of corporations. His articles were published in various platforms and sites, including American Philosophical Society, Scientific American, Harvard Business Review, etc.

masks:
Ralph Edward Gomory
. Gomory
Gomory
Gomory
Gomory
Gomory
Gomory


title: Abu Musa al-Ash'ari

texts:
<mask>'ari, better known as <mask>-Ash'ari () (died c. 662 or 672) was a companion of Muhammad and an important figure in early Islamic history. He was at various times governor of Basra and Kufa and was involved in the early Muslim conquest of Persia. Life
<mask> came originally from Zabid, in the region of Yemen, where his tribe, the Asha'ir, lived in the pre-Islamic period. He accepted Islam at Mecca prior to the hijra and returned to his native Yemen to propagate the faith. He lived in Habasha after some time until following the conquest of Khaybar in 628, when he came to Muhammad in Medina with more than fifty converts from Yemen, including his two brothers <mask> and <mask>. Following the conquest of Mecca in 629, <mask> was named among those sent by Muhammad on the expedition to Awtas. Two years later he was appointed as one of the governors over Yemen, where he remained until the caliphate of <mask>, whom he joined in fighting the local leader of the ridda (lit.apostasy) movement. During Muhammad's era

He was present during the Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa. Some scholars claim that the expedition took place in Nejd (a large area of tableland in the Arabian Peninsula) in Rabi‘ Ath-Thani or Jumada Al-Ula, 4 A.H (or beginning of 5AH). They substantiate their claim by saying that it was strategically necessary to carry out this campaign in order to quell the rebellious bedouins in order to meet the exigencies of the agreed upon encounter with the polytheists, i.e. minor Badr Battle in Sha‘ban, 4 A.H. Muhammed received the news that certain tribes of Banu Ghatafan were assembling at Dhat al-Riqa with suspicious purposes. Muhammad proceeded towards Nejd at the head of 400 or 700 men, after he had mandated Abu Dhar - in the Umayyad version, the Umayyad chief : Uthman ibn Affan was given this honor- to dispose the affairs of Madinah during his absence. The Muslim fighters penetrated deep into their land until they reached a spot called Nakhlah where they came across some bedouins of Ghatfan.The most authentic opinion according to "Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri", however, is that Dhat Ar-Riqa‘ campaign took place after the fall of Khaibar (and not as part of the Invasion of Nejd). This is supported by the fact that <mask>rah and <mask> Ashaari witnessed the battle. <mask> embraced Islam only some days before Khaibar, and <mask> Al-Ash‘ari came back from Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and joined Muhammad at Khaibar. The rules relating to the prayer of fear which Muhammad observed at Dhat Ar-Riqa‘ campaign, were revealed at the Asfan Invasion and this scholars say, took place after Al-Khandaq (the Battle of the Trench). After the Caliphate of Abu Bakr
The appointments of <mask> to the governorates of Basra and Kufa were made during the caliphates of Umar and Uthman, but the exact dates and circumstances are not clear. However, during the period that he was governor of one or the other of the two Muslim garrison towns in Iraq, <mask> is frequently mentioned in connection with the early Muslim conquest of the Sasanian Empire. In the Battle of Tostar (642) he distinguished himself as a military commander.The Persian commander, Hormuzan, had withdrawn his forces to the fortified city of Tostar. The Caliph Umar did not underestimate the strength of the enemy and he mobilized a force to confront Hormuzan. Among the Muslim forces were dedicated veterans like Ammar ibn Yasir, Al-Baraa ibn Malik al-Ansari and his brother Anas, Majra'a al-Bakri and Salamah ibn Rajaa. Umar appointed <mask> as commander of the army. Tostar was impossible to take by storm and several unsuccessful attempts were made to breach the walls. However, a Persian defector opened the city's gates from within making way for <mask>'s army. When Basra was established during 'Umar's period, he started building some canals for conveying drinking water and for irrigation.Al-Tabari reports that 'Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage. After the city was built, 'Umar appointed <mask> al-Ash'ari as the first governor. Al-Ash'ari governed during the period 17-29/638-650. He began building two important canals linking Basra with the Tigris River. These were al-Ubulla River and the Ma'qil River. The two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. 'Umar also devised the policy of cultivating barren lands by assigning such lands to those who undertook to cultivate them.This policy continued during the Umayyad period and it resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals. During the time of Caliph Uthman he was replaced by Abdullah ibn Aamir as governor of Basra. He didn't show resentment about his replacement, instead he praising his Abdullah Ibn Aamir as the worthy and adequate successor. Following the assassination of Uthman
There are many unresolved issues regarding the First Fitna (literally "trial") period of dissension and civil war, which split the Muslim community following the assassination of the Caliph Uthman. When Ali arrived in Kufa in 656 seeking support against Aishah bint Abi Bakr and the Basrans it is agreed that <mask> (then the governor of Kufa), urged his subjects not to support Ali and avoid participation in the upcoming battle. When his advice was rejected and the people of Kufa supported Ali, <mask> was forced to leave and Ali disposed him from his Governorate. However, the next year <mask> is named as the arbitrator (hakam) chosen by defactors in Ali's party in accordance with the terms agreed between Ali Muawiyah after the battle of Siffin.There are many historical versions of the result of the arbitration court. According to an academic research done by Khalid Kabir Alal in University of Algeria, the most authentic version is that both <mask> and 'Amr ibn al-'As, the arbitrator appointed by Muawiyah I, decided that Muawiyah will be deposed, and the fate of the murderers of Uthman will be decided by the remaining of The Ten Promised Paradise. After this <mask> died in Mecca and some say in Kufa. There are a number of different dates given for his death, the most common being 662 and 672. Contributions to Islamic learning
Despite <mask>’s reputation as a soldier and politician, he was also praised for his beautiful recitation of the Qur'an, and he is associated with one of the early versions (mashahef), which was superseded by Uthman's recension. Some of the variants of <mask>'s version have been preserved. He was also a respected faqih and was regarded among the leading judges in early Muslim history.People used to say: "The judges in this ummah are four: Umar, Ali ibn Abi Talib, <mask> and Zayd ibn Thabit." <mask> is also credited with narrating numerous hadith, as well as being the ancestor of the founder of the Ash'ari theological school within Islam, <mask>-Hasan al-Ash'ari (d.935). See also
Al-Asha'ir Mosque
Sunni view of the Sahaba
Dhikr
Al Haleem
List of battles of Muhammad

Notes

External links
Sunni view
<mask> al-Ashari

Year of birth unknown
6th-century Arabs
7th-century Arabs
7th-century deaths
Companions of the Prophet
Rashidun governors of Kufa
Rashidun governors of Basra
Sahabah hadith narrators

masks:
Abu Musa Abd Allah ibn Qays al Ash
Abu Musa al
Abu Musa
Abu Ruhm
Abu Burdah
Abu Musa
Abu Bakr
Abu Hurai
Abu Musa
Abu Hurairah
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu Musa
Abu al
Abu Musa


title: W. Walter Menninger

texts:
<mask> (born October 23, 1931), known by his peers as "Dr. <mask>", is an American psychiatrist in the third generation of the <mask> family, which has run the Menninger Foundation since 1925. He served as dean of the Karl Menninger School of Psychiatry and Mental Health Science and he was the CEO of the Menninger Clinic from the 1993 to 2001. During his tenure as CEO, the clinic began negotiations to move from Topeka, Kansas, to Houston, Texas, where it is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine. Menninger has special interests in psychoanalysis and forensic psychiatry. He has served on several boards or committees related to prisons, police work and violence prevention. His research with Peace Corps volunteers resulted in his development of the Menninger morale curve, a schematic used to predict responses among people who are in new environments. Menninger wrote a nationally syndicated newspaper column for several years; he has served as editor of Psychiatry Digest and the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in 1931 in Topeka, Kansas, to <mask><mask> and the former <mask>. His father was a doctor and psychiatrist in practice with his brother Karl and father C. F<mask>. They had founded the Menninger Clinic in 1925. The younger <mask> attended Stanford University, where he graduated in 1953. He joined Alpha Phi Omega. He wrote for The Stanford Daily for four years and ultimately served as its managing editor. He earned a medical degree from Cornell University Medical College.Career

Early career
Early in his career, Menninger became affiliated with Topeka State Hospital. In the early 1970s, he spoke out about budget cuts that affected the training and hiring of personnel at the hospital. By that time, Menninger was also seeing psychiatric patients at his family's Menninger Foundation. By the mid-1970s, Menninger had taken leave from the foundation to focus on administration of the state hospital. Menninger conducted research on the morale of volunteers in the Peace Corps and in Volunteers in Service to America. As a result, he created the Menninger morale curve, which reflects the responses that can be expected when a person faces life changes. Menninger created a curve for positive life changes and one for negative changes.The curves identify four crisis points that a person must surmount when entering a new environment. Menninger Foundation

<mask>'s grandfather, C. F<mask>, father, <mask><mask>, and uncle, <mask>, established The Menninger Foundation in 1925 in Topeka, Kansas. With years of managing the large state hospital, in 1993 <mask> succeeded his older brother, Roy W<mask>, as the leader of the foundation. Menninger named Efrain Bleiberg as the president of the organization. He realized that he was probably the last family member to lead the organization; his plan included grooming Bleiberg for the CEO position when he decided to step down. Retiring from the Menninger Foundation in 2001, Menninger became the chairman of Menninger Trustees. The Menninger Clinic moved from Topeka to Houston in 2003, becoming affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine.While his older brother Roy was bothered by the move, <mask> backed the change in location. Consultants had recommended that the clinic be moved to an urban area near a medical school and an airport. In 2000, <mask> had said that the clinic would be out of business in a few years unless it moved. In the summer of 2001, negotiations between Menninger and Baylor College of Medicine were briefly called off, but the two institutions were able to work out an affiliation before the move. Relationships between the Menninger brothers and with other family members have sometimes been contentious, especially over moving the clinic after decades in Topeka, determining where to locate its archives, and the leadership of the organization in general. Psychiatrist <mask> has described the battles at the Menninger Clinic, saying, "First Dr. Roy pushed Dr. <mask> aside, and he went into exile at the state mental hospital. Then Dr. <mask> [came back and] pushed Dr. Roy aside."Other affiliations and awards
Menninger was the editor of Psychiatry Digest for several years in the 1970s. He authored close to 1,000 articles in a national newspaper column known as In-Sights in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as editor of the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic for more than ten years until 2014. He has specific interests in psychoanalysis, forensic psychiatry and administrative psychiatry. He was called as an expert witness at the competency hearing of Sara Jane Moore. He served on the U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence and was a consultant to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. He was a member of the board of trustees of the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (now PCA America).He is on the board of directors for the Police Foundation, a nonprofit organization that works to enhance policing techniques. In 1982, he testified before the Kansas legislature in support of the establishment of the guilty but mentally ill legal verdict. Menninger is president of the Tower Mental Health Foundation, which assists mental health organizations in Kansas. Personal
Menninger met his wife Connie while attending Stanford University. They had six children together: Fritz, John, Eliza, Marian, <mask>, and David. Daughter Eliza Menninger became a psychiatrist affiliated with Harvard Medical School. <mask> died in 2008.Menninger was a member of the Boy Scouts of America National Health and Safety Committee. He served on the BSA Executive Board and is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. He received the BSA Silver Buffalo Award in 2001. Legacy and honors
Menninger has received honorary doctorates from Dominican University, Middlebury College, Washburn University, Ottawa University and Heidelberg College. He received the Distinguished Service Award from the American Psychiatric Association. Popular culture
Menninger served as a consultant for the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby, which begins and ends in a sanatorium, based on the Menninger Clinic. As a nod to Menninger, the psychiatrist in the movie is named <mask>.Selected publications
 <mask>, W. W. (1976). Happiness Without Sex: And Other Things Too Good to Miss. Sheed Andrews and McMeel. <mask>, W. W. (ed.) (1987). Military Psychiatry: Learning from Experience.Menninger Foundation. <mask>, W. W. (ed.) (1996). Coping with Anxiety: Integrated Approaches to Treatment. J. Aronson. Notes

External links
Search on W<mask> <mask> in Menninger Foundation Archives from Kansas State Historical Society

1931 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
Writers from Topeka, Kansas
Stanford University alumni
<mask>ll Cornell Medical College alumni
American health care chief executives

masks:
William Walter Menninger
Walt
Menninger
William Walter
Menninger
William C
. Menninger
Catherine Wright
. Menninger
William
Menninger
. Menninger
William C
. Menninger
Karl Menninger
Walt
. Menninger
Walt Menninger
Walt Menninger
William Simpson
Walt
Walt
Will
Connie Menninger
Walter Perkins
Menninger
Menninger
Menninger
. Walter
Menninger
Wei


title: Robert Arthur Johnstone

texts:
<mask> (1843 – 16 January 1905) was an officer in the Native Police paramilitary force which operated in the British imperial colony of Queensland. He was stationed at various locations in central and northern Queensland between 1867 and 1880 conducting regular punitive expeditions against clans of Indigenous Australians who resisted British invasion. He also participated in several surveying expeditions in Far North Queensland, including those under the leadership of George Elphinstone Dalrymple, providing well-armed protection for the British explorers. As a result of being at the frontier of British colonial expansion in this region of Australia, a number of geographical and zoological entities are named after him, such as the Johnstone River and the freshwater crocodile. After resigning from the Native Police in 1880, <mask> was a police magistrate in various locations around Queensland before he retired from government service in 1891. In his years of duty for the Native Police, <mask> led many investigations, punitive expeditions and "dispersals". Whilst the activities of the Native Police were consistent with both Government policy and popular expectation, thousands of Aboriginal people were killed or displaced from their traditional lands by the Native Police.Early life and family history
<mask> <mask> was born in Richmond, Tasmania in 1843 to parents <mask> (alias Johnston Need) and Annie Elizabeth Easton. His paternal grandfather was Lieutenant-General Samuel Need. Lieutenant-General Need married an Indian woman, most likely the daughter of Saadat Ali Khan II, and had several children with her, one of whom was <mask>'s father. After the death of his wife, Samuel Need returned with his children to Britain and remarried. Due to their Indian heritage and the strong racial prejudices present in English society, the sons were disinherited. One of the sons, Johnston Need, changed his name to <mask>, married Annie Easton, and moved to Tasmania in 1835 where <mask> was born. It is notable that a number of other Native Police officers, such as Lieutenant John Murray have similar family backgrounds involving Indian grandmothers.In 1850, at the age of seven, <mask> <mask> was sent to England to be educated at Norwich Grammar School. His father, in the meantime, had remarried and changed residence across Bass Strait to Tower Hill near Warrnambool in the British colony of Victoria. After his schooling, <mask> re-joined with his father and siblings at this location in around 1860. During this time <mask> claimed that he came in frequent contact with the remnants of the local Aboriginal population (probably the Koroit gundidj clan of the Gunditjmara) and with those residing on the Wannon River. In 1865, at the age of 22, <mask> decided to move to Queensland to pursue a career in pastoral land management along the colonial frontier. Property manager in Mackay region
After an apparently brief period of managing a pastoral property in the Apis Creek area northwest of Rockhampton, <mask> became property manager of the Greenmount run 10 km west of Mackay in North Queensland. Here he became acquainted with the operations and personnel of the local detachment of Native Police based at Fort Cooper.This government funded paramilitary force had been in existence in various forms throughout British colonised Australia since 1837 and consisted of white officers in command of mounted and armed Aboriginal troopers. The duty of the Native Police was to conduct punitive raids on Aboriginal communities that interfered in colonial expansion. <mask> became a cadet in this force and was appointed Acting sub-Inspector to the Native Police in 1867. In this year he also married Maria Ann Gibson at Lansdowne near Mackay. Gibson was the daughter of a Royal Navy captain. Native Police operations around Mackay
Johnstone was based at the Fort Cooper barracks, now known as Nebo, in the ranges to the west of Mackay. One of his first duties was patrolling the north side of the Pioneer River in April 1867, where he encountered several Aboriginal camps, one of which contained more than 200 people.These camps "were dealt with in the usual and only effectual mode for restraining their savage propensities", which meant indiscriminate shooting of the occupants by <mask> and his troopers to clear them from the area. The brutal operations of the Native Police were well known throughout the colony and beyond, where troopers would usually "make a night attack on the slumbering tribe and generally slay a large number". A large group of Aboriginal men, women and children were pursued by a Native Police force led by Sub-Inspector <mask>, in April 1867. The group was camping on Balnagowan pastoral lease where cattle had been speared in February 1867. They sought refuge in caves at the top of a mountain, but were forced to jump off a cliff on Mount Mandarana of several hundred feet, rather than be face the carbines of the Native Police Force. The area is still known as Black Gin's Leap. Later in the same year, after some Yuibera men had speared five head of cattle at Koumala, <mask> chased members of the clan to some islands offshore and when they tried to return to the mainland "such a lesson was administered" to keep them from "committing outrages in that locality".In 1868 a large group of Aboriginals killed 7 cattle at Greenmount with <mask> and his troopers "administering a lesson to the blackskins...who richly merit a severe one". Also in 1868, <mask> "meted out...the customary chastisement" to Aboriginals who were frightening shepherds and livestock at the Cardowan run on the Connors River. <mask> himself describes in his memoirs other punitive expeditions he led while stationed at Nebo, including that of "punishing blacks" for the killing of a shepherd at May Downs. When he returned from this mission, he found a group of Aboriginals camped near his barracks. He chased them off and then later tracked them into the ranges where he shot a number of the "would-be murderers". He also reported how after punishing a group of Aboriginals at Collaroy station on the Connors River, his troopers, while returning to Nebo, were shot at by panic stricken workers at the Tierawoomba station. When taking cover from this unexpected attack, <mask> found a large Aboriginal weapon-making site in a ravine between Tierawoomba and Blue Mountain.In early 1869, a pastoral squatter by the name of James Collins was killed by Yuibera near Fort Cooper at North Creek. <mask> and his troopers mustered two local family groups of Aboriginals living in the area and coerced confessions from a number of them by holding family members hostage and tying others to the stirrup irons of their horses and forcing them to run along with the horses. Retributions against those identified were conducted with local squatter Sylvester "West" Fraser from Grosvenor Downs. Fraser was a survivor of the 1857 Hornet Bank massacre and his brother was the notorious William Fraser who killed many Aboriginals both as a private citizen and as a Native Police officer in the years after the events at Hornet Bank. Although having armed settlers partake in the punitive expeditions of the Native Police was against official orders, <mask> allowed West Fraser to participate on the "promise of secrecy and obedience". In fact, it was relatively common for armed civilians to ride with the Native Police on these missions either as volunteers or as special constables. Albert Wright of Avon Downs wrote in his diary that "about 60 blacks were shot at Grosvenor Downs" as part of the armed excursions following the killing of James Collins.These punitive operations have now become known as the Nebo killings of early 1869. In March of the same year, <mask> was again out with his troops endeavouring to punish "the blacks" after the killing of a Chinese shepherd at Mt Heilcalong station near Lake Elphinstone. Property manager at Bellenden Plains
<mask> resigned from the Native Police in 1869. While in the Mackay region, <mask> had evidently become acquainted with John Ewen Davidson, a sugar planter who had formed plantations in several parts of Queensland. One of these was the Bellenden Plains property north of Cardwell. The Bellenden Plains was an open area of around 600 acres amongst the rainforest on the Murray River of Queensland downstream from the Murray Falls. John Ewen Davidson, however, still remained a co-owner of the property with fellow blackbirder and sugar planter John Raymond Trevelian.In 1869, they appointed <mask> as property manager to continue the Bellenden Plains project. <mask> moved to Bellenden Plains with his wife and newborn child. He had numerous violent encounters with the local Dyirbal and Girramay people while re-establishing the property. He went on several punitive missions with his "own black-boy" and also with the local Native Police led by John Murray. The Kanakas who worked on the cane farm also participated in violent raids against the Aboriginals as part of their duties. <mask> describes one incident early in his stay where "the blacks" used their wooden shields as a movable barricade and the cover of smoke from deliberately lit fires in a counter-attack on the property's homestead. <mask> shot at them continuously from the verandah with multiple firearms pre-loaded by his wife.He "followed up" the Aboriginals as far as Tam O'Shanter Point with John Murray to punish them. After this experience, he sent his family to reside in Cardwell, while he stayed on at Bellenden Plains with the farmworkers. <mask> "had a lively time of it" on the property until it was sold in 1871 to F.J.W. Beardmore. Reappointed to the Native Police
<mask> was reappointed to Acting sub-Inspector in the Native Police in 1871. He was posted at various locations throughout coastal Far North Queensland until his resignation from the force in 1881. Some of the barracks in which he was stationed include Cardwell, Valley of Lagoons Station, Herbert Vale and Fort Herbert near Ingham.During this decade of service, <mask> was involved in numerous patrols, expeditions and massacres. Descriptions of the most notable are outlined chronologically below. Gould Island killings (January 1872)

In January 1872, dugong fishermen Henry Smith and Charles Clements were killed by Aboriginals on Gould Island. Accompanied by a number of local Cardwell squatters including Philip Frederic Sellheim, <mask> and his troopers scoured the island and nearby Hinchinbrook Island, finding a fishing net and two boxes. Punitive expeditions after the wreck of the Maria (March 1872)

On 26 February 1872, the brig Maria carrying 75 people of a gold prospecting expedition to New Guinea was wrecked upon Bramble Reef. The survivors escaped the sinking ship on 3 boats and 2 rafts. Two of the boats made it safely to the nearest British settlement of Cardwell, but the other three craft were washed up on beaches to the north of the town.Up to ten of these crew members, including the captain, were found to have been killed by Aboriginals residing in this region. Lieutenant Sabine of the Royal Navy happened to be in Cardwell at this time and led a mission to recover the boat, which they found and were preparing to re-float. As the men were preparing a meal about 120 Aboriginal men rushed to the boat. In response, the group open fire, killing 8 native people. Brinsley Sheridan, who wanted to secure the safety of Cardwell, ordered <mask> with his troopers "to inflict decisive punishment". <mask> was significantly aided by another Royal Navy officer in Captain John Moresby who also had sailed into Cardwell as part of his expedition to New Guinea. Moresby provided additional armed marines and a large schooner for <mask> to fulfil his mission.Moresby described how the Aboriginal Native Police troopers surprised one camp of Aboriginals with "unrestrained ferocity", resulting in the deaths of several Aboriginal people. A six-year-old boy was brought back from the raid and sent for education to England by Mr. Hayter. The boy died there from disease of the lungs three years later. <mask> and his troopers, together with armed sailors and volunteers, scoured the coast from Cardwell north to Cooper Point, searching every Aboriginal camp they came across. A member of this party later wrote that <mask> "spoke of killing whole camps, not merely men but girls and piccaninnies" during these raids. <mask> apparently bragged that the Premier of Queensland, <mask> Palmer, approved of his methods and protected him from any possible recriminations. The statements were denied by <mask> in 'the most emphatic manner'.Newspapers reported that <mask>'s detachment of Native Police killed a total of 93 local Aboriginals in the Maria reprisals. Accusations of mass murder by <mask> even reached the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, <mask>. A subsequent investigation by the Queensland government condoned <mask>'s actions on the grounds that the Aboriginals of the north were "savage and treacherous". Wyandotte Station killings (July 1872)

A travelling correspondent to the Valley of Lagoons area by the name of Richard Bird Hall wrote several letters to the Queensland Government and to various newspapers about the murderous actions of <mask> and his troopers. In particular, a massacre of Aboriginals working on Walter Jervoise Scott's Wyandotte run conducted by <mask> caused a minor scandal. Eight Gugu-Badhun men and two women were killed with most of the corpses "left exposed on the roadside till they stank". The government and the commissioner of police, David Thompson Seymour, defended <mask>'s actions and he was promoted to full sub-Inspector not long after this.Valley of Lagoons dispersals (1872)

During the early 1870s, <mask> was stationed at various outposts of the massive

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 Valley of Lagoons Station owned by Walter Jervoise Scott. <mask> describes how the Gugu-Badhun who speared livestock on this property which was once their land were punished in most cases by general massacre. However, he does point out that on one occasion he only shot dead the dogs of the Aboriginals when it was discovered the main target, a man named Tallboy, had previously saved the life of a white man. Herbert River dispersals (February and March 1873)

<mask> reported to Police Commissioner Seymour that on 14 March near Mt Leach "I dispersed a large mob and returned to camp...on 21 February I succeeded in dispersing three mobs on the Seaview Range...and on 27 March on the Lower Herbert River I dispersed a large mob." Green Island killings (April and July 1873)

In April 1873, the Goodwill vessel arrived at Green Island with 3 European crew and 5 Manbarra people press-ganged from Palm Island to collect and process beche de mer. The Aboriginals, including 3 men and 2 women, resented their treatment and killed two of the whites and stole the "Goodwill". The third, Daniel Kelly, escaped to nearby Oyster Quay Island to report the killings to another beche-de-mer fisherman named Philip Garland.The incident was reported to authorities in Cardwell and Police Commissioner Seymour ordered <mask> via telegram to organise a punitive mission. <mask> and his troopers sailed to the area in their police boat and found the "Goodwill" abandoned and burnt on a beach in Trinity Bay where the modern-day community of Yarrabah is now located. "The blacks were given a proper warm reception" when <mask> arrived and after proceeding inland for 3 miles his troopers dispersed another group of local Yidinji people first by firing on them from a distance and then charging amongst them. <mask>'s section then sailed to the mouth of what is now called the Mulgrave River and dispersed "a large mob of blacks" with gunfire. They then sailed further south to the Gladys Inlet (which is now known as the Johnstone River) where a large group of Aboriginals led by a very tall man decorated with pipeclay resisted the troopers' approach. <mask> punished their "insolence" with gunfire and this leader was one of those killed in the shooting. <mask> sailed a little further up the river towards its bifurcation, noting the dense jungles and thick soil which could be exploited for sugarcane farming despite the area being populated with Aboriginal people.The Northeast Coast Expedition (September to December 1873)

In the latter quarter of 1873, <mask> accompanied George Elphinstone Dalrymple in his Northeast Coast Expedition funded by the colonial Queensland government. This group was heavily armed with thirteen Native Police troopers assigned to the expedition. After leaving Cardwell and exploring Mourilyan Harbour, they sailed north to Gladys Inlet. Here Dalrymple renamed the river entering the inlet as the Johnstone River after his Native Police travelling companion. After several days evaluating the potential of clearing this region of thick jungle for exploitation of cash crops such as sugar, the group sailed back to the mouth of the river. The expedition then sailed north to Trinity Bay and camped on Double Island. Needing water, Dalrymple directed Mr. Thompson towards the smoke from an Aboriginal beach camp on the mainland at a place now known as Palm Cove and <mask> and his troopers proceeded there in the police boat.The group obtained water from a narrow lagoon about 2 miles long that ran parallel to the shore. While approaching the lagoon, a large number of Aboriginals came out of the camps and prevented <mask>'s advance. According to instructions, <mask> did not fire a shot. When the Aboriginal group advanced to about 30 yards and were shipping their spears into their woomeras and were poised to throw, Dalrymple reporting that the "sniders opened upon them". After this, the expedition sailed north to the Endeavour River where the land was quickly deemed unsuitable for agriculture. Whilst at anchor during midday, a local Aboriginal man was spotted taking a survey flag that was set up on a sandbank in the river. For this action, <mask>, his troopers and others aboard the ship opened fire on this man who managed to escape despite many rounds being fired at him.The troopers "were wild to go over for the purpose of teaching the myalls better behaviour". Two men followed the tracks for about a mile but failed to reach the camp. The expedition briefly returned to Cardwell before heading north again to another river inlet which Dalrymple named the Mulgrave River. Again this area was found to be populated by Aboriginals with numerous gunyah style houses, rafts and canoes observed along the banks. <mask> and a number of troopers set out from here and managed to climb to the summit of Mount Bellenden Ker. At Constantine Point at the mouth of the Mulgrave River, <mask> found a large gunyah and stole the mummified remains of an Aboriginal woman from it. Dalrymple's description was "The head of this mummy is small — the animal organs being developed to distortion, the mental being next to nil; in fact, it is of the very lowest type of human formation."<mask> left two blankets and a tomahawk for "the bereaved relatives, who would doubtless rightly appreciate the exchange". The preserved corpse was given to the Museum of Brisbane. The expedition then travelled to rivers further to the north which Dalrymple named the Mossman River and the Daintree River. The final leg of their journey in December involved returning south to Cardwell. Along the way, they again stopped at the mouth of the Johnstone River where <mask> found that a group of Aboriginals had dug up the remains of one of the crew members from the Maria shipwreck. Albert and Edward incident (June 1874)

The crew of a sugar trading cutter by the name of Albert and Edward which anchored in Challenger Bay off Palm Island, kidnapped some local Aboriginal women for sexual purposes. In response, the vessel was attacked by Palm Island men, who attempted to burn down the ship and kill the captain and the mate.Despite newspaper reports describing the attack as a "murderous outrage", both sailors were only wounded and escaped to report the incident at Cardwell. <mask> was sent to Palm Island to punish the natives. On arriving there he found that the islanders had not run away because they thought they would all be shot if found in other localities. <mask> demanded they give up the ringleaders otherwise "everyone will be punished". He decided not to indiscriminately kill the islanders on this occasion considering the kidnapping of the women, but told them they would be punished in the future if a similar attack on whites occurred. Seymour River dispersal (January 1875)

After "the blacks" had robbed a hut at Dalrymple's Gap, sub-Inspectors <mask> and Burrowes and their troopers tracked them to the coast at Seymour River estuary where they were "dispersed". Retribution after the Conn killings (April 1875)

British settler William Conn and his wife were murdered by Aboriginals on their selection near what is now the modern town of Bemerside.For three days, <mask> and his troopers searched all the native camps they could find in the mountains around the immediate region. At one of the camps they came across three Aboriginal women, one of who was gnawing on the dismembered feet of Mr. Conn. Another group "got their just deserts" when they were killed trying to flee to Hinchinbrook Island. After going to Cardwell to obtain some re-inforcements, <mask> returned to the area and went on another punitive mission "until we caught them". Founding of Cairns (1876)

Up until 1876, the area around what is now Cairns was simply known to the British either as Trinity Bay or Smith's Landing. It was also known as Battle Camp after beche-de-mer fisherman Philip Garland killed a number of Aboriginals there while stealing a canoe. In 1876, <mask> with other Native Police officers in Alexander Douglas-Douglas and George Townsend, aided in the creation of a track from the Hodgkinson goldfields to the coast where Battle Camp became a port for the miners. This port was later named Cairns.In the same expedition, <mask> sailed into the river to the north of Cairns, naming it the Barron River. He walked through the rocky areas and went as far as the Barron Falls, noting that the local Aboriginals were constantly indicating (from a safe distance) for his exploring group to go away. Chilcott Islet and Dunk Island killings (February 1877)

Captain Thomas Harris of the schooner Douglas had three Aboriginals from the Dunk Island area to work loading guano and beche-de-mer from Chilcott Islet. During the night while the crew were sleeping, the Aboriginal men killed four of the crew after they had arrived at the islet, and took control of the ship. Two of the Dunk Islanders were killed by the ships crew during the re-taking of the ship, but the remaining one, a man by the name of Dungaree, escaped by swimming to a nearby island. He was later picked up and transported to Sydney for trial. Ominously, <mask> himself describes a later patrol on Dunk Island as unnecessary as he "knew there was no blacks furthermore on this island."Dungaree was acquitted in Sydney but was forced to become a Native Police trooper under the command of <mask>. After several years in the Native Police, Dungaree was advised by <mask> that he could return to his tribe but "if ever they murdered a white man we would return and shoot all the men". Dungaree decided to stay in the force, but was killed not long after by "Burdekin blacks". The Riser killings (1878)

The two man crew of the cutter Riser were found dead, supposedly killed by Aboriginals, after their vessel was wrecked near Sisters Island. <mask> and troopers scoured the South Barnard Islands and along the mainland around Kurrimine Beach for Aboriginals. He "searched the camps..punished the murderers" and returned to his barracks at Cardwell. Tam O'Shanter Point incident (November 1879)

Two white brothers who were robbed of their belongings and horses by around "40 male blacks" at Tam O'Shanter Point, reported the incident to <mask>.He and troopers went out after them and <mask> had the matter "satisfactorily seen to". Molonga cattle property
The area that had been used for the Native Police barracks at Palm Creek just east of Ingham became the property of <mask> when he retired from the Native Police in 1881. He called the property "Molonga" which somewhat appropriately meant "Devil" in a local Indigenous language. Interestingly, the term Molonga was later used by Aboriginal people in western Queensland such as the Pitta Pitta to describe a corroborree depicting a white spirit who would cause havoc and steal young girls away. <mask> utilised Molonga for cattle grazing, but later it was sold and became a famous lychee plantation. One of <mask>'s daughters, Ruby, continued the tradition of naming properties Molonga. She and her husband gave this title to their house in the Brisbane suburb of Graceville and Molonga Terrace in Graceville exists today where the property once was.She also called her beachside land at Burleigh Heads by the name of Molonga. This land was sold off and subdivided in the 1920s. Amateur naturalist
Throughout his career as a Native Police officer, <mask> had the opportunity to collect plant and animal specimens that had not been seen by Europeans before. Probably the most notable was the freshwater crocodile which he found in abundance around the headwaters of the Herbert River. <mask> sent the preserved remains of one to zoologist Gerard Krefft, who gave the scientific name Crocodilus johnstoni to the species in honour of <mask>. Promotion to Police Magistrate
In 1881, <mask> was promoted to Police Magistrate and posted at Winton. Here he broke his kneecap while riding and was transferred to Cooktown as a clerk of petty sessions in 1882.After a brief period back in Ingham as police magistrate and inspector of Pacific Islanders, he was transferred to Bundaberg as police magistrate there until 1887. From 1887 til 1891 he was police magistrate for the Maryborough region. In 1891, <mask> retired from public service and in 1896 moved near to one of his married daughters in Beenleigh. In the early 1900s, <mask> moved to the Brisbane suburb of Toowong. Spinifex and Wattle autobiography
By the early years of the 20th century the policy of the Queensland government towards Aboriginals had switched from one of violent repression to a system of control and incarceration. Archibald Meston, a government appointed Protector of Aborigines, started to publicly criticise the methods of the Native Police. These criticisms were acknowledged and publicly refuted by <mask>.<mask> wrote a series of autobiographical articles for The Queenslander newspaper giving details of his career in the Native Police. These were originally published in that paper in the years 1903 to 1905 and later were collated and published in book form in 1984. Death and legacy
Late in his life, <mask> moved into a house on Archer Street in the Brisbane suburb of Toowong. He died here on 16 January 1905 and is buried at Toowong cemetery. He had nine children and some of his daughters married into notable families in Queensland society. His second daughter married one of the sons of Sidney Yeates a prominent landowner at Adavale. His third daughter married into the orchard owning Mullett family of Monduran, while his eldest married Edgar Young a prominent Beenleigh resident.While having the Johnstone River and the scientific term for the freshwater crocodile being named after him, a tragic aspect of <mask>'s legacy was his role in the destruction of Aboriginal society in northern Queensland. References

1843 births
1905 deaths
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