title: Birdman (rapper)

texts:
Bryan Christopher Williams ( Brooks; February 15, 1969), better known by his stage name <mask> (also known as Baby), is an American rapper and record executive. He is the co-founder and public face of Cash Money Records which he founded with his older brother Ronald "Slim" Williams in 1992. Birdman released his debut album in 2002, and has gone on to release four solo studio albums in total. Aside from his solo career, he is also a member of the hip-hop duo Big Tymers, along with producer Mannie Fresh. Along with his solo work and numerous releases with the Big Tymers, Birdman has released a collaboration album and numerous tracks with fellow rapper and protégé Lil Wayne, whom he discovered and took under his wing at age twelve. Birdman has also made his name by contributing to the making of YMCMB (Young Money Cash Money Billionaires), a combination of the former's "Cash Money" and Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, formerly an imprint under the label. Birdman has also founded the project and hip hop supergroup Rich Gang, bringing attention to artists such as Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan.BirdMan has also made an album with YoungBoy Never Broke Again. Early life
Birdman was born Bryan Christopher Brooks on February 15, 1969, at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Johnnie Williams and Gladys Brooks. Williams did not sign the birth certificate, which led to Bryan initially taking his mother's surname. For almost a month after his birth, he did not have a given first name and was simply referred to as "Baby", a nickname he retains to this day. As a small child, Brooks and his family lived on top of a bar owned by his father. His mother, Gladys, became ill and died in 1975 when Bryan was five years old. After their mother's death, Birdman and his siblings Kim, Ronald and Ray were taken in by their uncle and spent two years living in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, followed by two years in foster care upon their return to New Orleans.After Johnnie learned that they were in the foster home, a long legal battle took place in the mid-'70s which eventually ended with Johnnie and his wife Patricia gaining full custody of the children and Bryan's name changing to Bryan Williams. He and his siblings moved in with Johnnie and Patricia and lived in the Magnolia Projects in Central City, New Orleans, where Bryan developed a close friendship with his step-brother, Eldrick Wise. While living in the Magnolia, Williams and Wise soon began committing robberies and sold heroin together before both getting arrested at the age of 16. At 18, both were again arrested for drug possession and sentenced to three years in Elayn Hunt Correctional Center. Bryan served 18 months before he was acquitted of all charges. Career

1990–1998: Cash Money Records

After Bryan was released from prison, he and Slim both began paying attention to the emerging bounce sub-genre of hip-hop, a sound that was quickly becoming popular in nightclubs all over New Orleans. In 1992, Bryan came up with the idea to form their own record label, and wanted to name it "Cash Money Records".Bryan and Slim would then travel to nightclubs all over Louisiana to see who was playing and try and recruit artists to the fledgling label. Their first signed artist was a local rapper named Kilo G, who released the label's first ever project, a horrorcore album titled "The Sleepwalker" in 1992. Bryan and Slim continued to recruit more and more artists, and Bryan was able to convince his friend and local DJ Mannie Fresh to become Cash Money's in-house producer. By the mid-1990s, Cash Money had grown to a popular independent label in the south, with most of their fanbase located in New Orleans and the surrounding areas. In 1995, Cash Money artist Lil' Slim was introduced to 12-year-old Dwayne Carter at a local block party, and after hearing him rap, brought him to Baby's attention, and soon after Carter was signed to Cash Money as the youngest artist on the label. Carter was placed into a group with another young rapper, 14-year-old Christopher Dorsey, and the two would be known as "Baby D" and "Lil Doogie" respectively; The B.G.'z. During this time, Baby himself also began to rap as a member of the group 32 Golds, going by the name B-32.Despite their regional popularity, the label suffered many setbacks in the mid-1990s, with a number of the "first generation" of Cash Money artists leaving the label citing financial issues as the main reason. In addition to this, Kilo G, Pimp Daddy and Yella Boy were all murdered in the mid-90s. The only two artists to remain were Baby D and Lil Doogie, who renamed themselves Lil Wayne and B.G. respectively in 1997. The same year, Baby and Slim recruited two new artists, Turk and Juvenile, and the four were placed together in a new group, known as the Hot Boys. The Hot Boys soon took Cash Money to new heights, and the label was able to sign a $30 million deal with Universal Records in 1998. 1998–2003: Big Tymers

After Cash Money's nationwide success, Baby and Mannie Fresh formed their own group, dubbing themselves the Big Tymers.Big Tymers debuted in 1998 with the album How Ya Luv That? and went on to release I Got That Work in 2000 and Hood Rich in 2002. I Got That Work contained the popular singles "Get Your Roll On" and "#1 Stunna". Although the singles failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, I Got That Work was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 1 million copies in the United States. Hood Rich contained the hit single "Still Fly", which was nominated for a Grammy award and peaked at #11 on the Hot 100. Hood Rich was also certified platinum in the US. Big Money Heavyweight followed in 2003, and was again successful, being certified Gold in the US.2002–2005: Solo career

After the departure of Juvenile and B.G. from Cash Money, Baby was forced to focus on his solo career and began marketing himself as the new public face of Cash Money Records. He released his major label debut, Birdman on November 26, 2002, and by January 15, 2003, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for the shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. The album peaked at #24 on the Billboard 200, and featured guest appearances from Jazze Pha, Mannie Fresh, Lil' Wayne, Toni Braxton, Clipse, Jermaine Dupri, Cam'ron, T.I., Keith Murray and Puff Daddy among others. Due to the album's success, Baby became more widely known to the public as "Birdman", and soon after changed his stage name to reflect this. After Lil Wayne achieved worldwide success with his critically acclaimed and commercially successful album Tha Carter in 2004, on which Birdman was featured numerous times, Wayne became the flagship artist of Cash Money, with <mask> and Lil Wayne being viewed as the two public faces of the label. Birdman's second album, Fast Money, was released in 2005 and was once again a success, debuting at number 9 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 65,000 copies in the United States.2006–2010: Like Father, Like Son & solo albums

Lil Wayne and <mask> released their first collaborative album, Like Father, Like Son, on October 31, 2006. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200, was certified gold and spawned two singles, "Stuntin' Like My Daddy" and "Leather So Soft". The former peaked at number twenty-one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, won the 2007 BET Viewer's Choice Award, and was named the 94th best song of 2006 by Rolling Stone magazine. <mask>'s third solo studio album, 5 * Stunna, was released on December 11, 2007, and debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200, selling 80,000 copies in the first week. It spawned the hit single "Pop Bottles" which features Lil Wayne and peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100. To date, the album has sold 372,000 copies in the United States. <mask> released his fourth studio album Priceless on November 23, 2009.The album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number thirty-three, selling 34,000 copies in its first week. The album's first single, was "Always Strapped", featuring Lil Wayne, and the second was "Written on Her", featuring British singer Jay Sean. "Southside", featuring Lil Wayne, was the third single. "Money to Blow" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fourth single. "4 My Town (Play Ball)" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fifth single. "Written on Her" also became Birdman's first UK release in December 2009. 2010–present: Rich Gang
In 2010, <mask> announced plans to release an album titled Priceless 2, a sequel to his previous album, but changed the title to Bigga Than Life.The first promotional single was titled "Loyalty" and featured Lil Wayne and Tyga. Other collaborations will come from Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Bun B and Drake. The album was scheduled to be released in early 2011. He released a music video for a possible future single, "My Jewel", which featured Bun B and Young Jeezy. On November 22, 2010, he released the first official single, "Fire Flame", which featured Lil Wayne. Birdman released another single called "I Get Money" featuring T-Pain, Young Money artist Mack Maine and Lil Wayne. On September 13, 2011, Birdman released "Y.U.MAD", featuring Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne. He collaborated with Mack Maine as a duo named White Boys to release a mixtape titled Billionaire Minds on November 2, 2011. On May 22, 2012, he released "Born Stunna", featuring Rick Ross. The remix, featuring Lil Wayne and Nicki Minaj, was released July 10, 2012. The most recent single, "Shout Out" featuring Gudda Gudda and French Montana, was released October 16, 2012.

masks: Birdman Birdman Birdman Birdman Birdman Birdman


title: Birdman (rapper)

type: original

texts:
 During 2008, it was announced Birdman was set to release a mixtape with his long-time friend Rick Ross titled The H. On May 16, 2013 <mask> and Rick Ross announced that The H would be released as a mixtape hosted by DJ Khaled on May 23, 2013. The project was recorded during a couple days in 2008.A new compilation album, titled Rich Gang: Flashy Lifestyle, hosted by Birdman, was previously set to be released June 25, 2013. The album would feature appearances from the many members of Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment among others such as Meek Mill, French Montana and Future. A mixtape titled Rich Gang: Allstars was released prior to the release of that album. This mixtape included singles from artists of Rich Gang, such as "Started From the Bottom" by Drake, "Bugatti" by Ace Hood featuring Rick Ross and Future, "Karate Chop" (Remix) by Future, "Love Me" by Lil Wayne featuring Drake and Future, "Freaks" by French Montana featuring Nicki Minaj, "Rich As Fuck" by Lil Wayne featuring 2 Chainz, and "Champions" by Kevin Rudolf featuring Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Birdman, and Lil Wayne. In 2014, Birdman began promoting Atlanta-based rappers Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The two had already collaborated extensively with each other. Birdman released a single titled "Lifestyle" featuring Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan from a Rich Gang album.He also released a second Rich Gang mixtape titled Rich Gang: Tha Tour Pt. 1 featuring new music from Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The mix-tape featured no music from Young Money or Cash Money artists except Birdman himself, and instead had guest features from artists such as PeeWee Longway, Nipsey Hu$$le, Jacquees and Yung Ralph. Birdman, Young Thug, and Rich Homie Quan had a joint tour planned. Forbes magazine estimated his personal fortune at US$125 million in 2012. In 2013 he was listed by Forbes.com as the fifth highest-earning star in hip hop, taking in $21 million in the year to September 2013. Birdman and Lil Wayne had supposedly reconciled from their beef in 2016 after being seen at Drake's NYE Party, at Miami's Club Liv, and in studio.However, a contract dispute still exists between them, with the latter trying to get out of the contract; in 2016, Birdman called off the negotiations to settle their lawsuit. Birdman announced the release date of his mixtape with his protege Jacquees on April 26, 2016. This went on to be released on May 27, 2016. Personal life

Family and relationships

Birdman's mother, Gladys Brooks (August 29, 1935 – January 21, 1975), whom he exclusively refers to as Ms. Gladys, became ill and died when he was 5 years old. Birdman has made numerous references to her in his music, including releasing a song named after her. His father, Johnnie Williams (September 20, 1920 – July 13, 1996), owned a number of small businesses in the New Orleans area, including multiple bars and a laundrette. Johnnie was killed in a car accident in 1996.Birdman has ten brothers and twelve sisters, including Ronald "Slim" Williams. Ronald is the co-founder of Cash Money Records, alongside Birdman. One of Birdman's younger sisters, Tamara, was killed in a car accident in 2006. Due to their mother passing away at a young age, Birdman primarily raised his younger sister and referred to her as his daughter. Birdman also had a close relationship with his step-brother Eldrick Wise, who was killed in an unsolved murder in 1991. Birdman has two children, Bryan Jr. (born 1997) and Bria (born 1998). In addition to his biological children, he formed a close parental-like bond with protégée Lil Wayne, whom he has often referred to as his other son, despite no familial connection between the two.Birdman began dating singer Toni Braxton in May 2016, and the couple announced their engagement in February 2018. In January 2019, the couple called off the engagement. However, in April 2019, both Braxton and Birdman confirmed that they were still together. Legal issues

In November 2007, Birdman was arrested in Kingsport, Tennessee and charged with possession of nearly a pound of marijuana. In October 2009, <mask>, Lil Wayne, Cash Money Records and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who claims his voice was used without permission. Both rappers asked him to record some "Italian-styled spoken word recordings" in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on "Respect" and other tracks from the rappers' collaboration album Like Father, Like Son and Birdman's 5 * Stunna.Conflict with Lil Wayne
On December 4, 2014, just five days before Tha Carter V was scheduled to be released, Wayne issued a statement saying the album would not be released due to his displeasure with Birdman refusing to release the album, although it had been completed. Wayne also expressed his feelings by stating he felt he and his creative partner were being held "prisoner". Lil Wayne filed a lawsuit. On January 20, 2015, Wayne self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V. Upon the release of Sorry 4 the Wait 2, it was noted that Wayne dissed Birdman and Cash Money Records several times throughout. Birdman was reportedly upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne filed a $51 million lawsuit against Birdman and Cash Money over the delay of Tha Carter V.

In January 2015, Wayne also stated that when he left Cash Money, he would take Drake and Nicki Minaj with him. On June 22, TMZ reported new details on the lawsuit.According to documents filed by Lil Wayne, Birdman and Cash Money had mismanaged Young Money, including Drake and Minaj. The documents alleged that Birdman and Cash Money hadn't paid people. "Free C5" became the mantra to get money to the unpaid artist. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's Tidal as an artist owner and exclusively released a single on the service titled "Glory". On July 4, 2015, Wayne released Free Weezy Album exclusively through Tidal under Young Money and Republic Records. Prosecutors alleged on July 15 that Birdman and Young Thug conspired to murder Lil Wayne and were involved in a April 26 shooting. On July 16, Birdman filed a $50-million lawsuit against Jay Z's Tidal streaming service over Lil Wayne's Free Weezy Album, alleging that Cash Money Records exclusively owned the rights to Lil Wayne's music.Due to frustration with the situation, Lil Wayne tweeted in 2016 that he planned to retire because he felt "mentally defeated". Many rappers rushed to his defense and pleaded with him not to retire, including Kendrick Lamar, one of the delayed album's featured performers. On April 12, 2017, Birdman announced that he had accepted a plaque in honor of Cash Money Records having sold one billion units. On September 13, 2018, it was announced that Young Money was no longer a joint business venture with Cash Money. Ownership of the imprint was granted entirely to Lil Wayne as part of the legal settlements with Birdman that were finalized. Other ventures

Oil business
In early 2010, Birdman formed an oil and gas exploration company, Bronald Oil and Gas, LLC. The company was a joint venture founded by Birdman and his brother Slim, and the name was a combination of the brothers' first names, Bryan and Ronald.Evidence of the company's actual business operations was scant, limited mostly to a website and the appearance of a "pumpjack" tattoo on the side of Birdman's head. The website indicated that the company's strategy would be to first develop existing land holdings and seek out new oil and gas leases. In February 2010, Birdman told Ozone magazine that he had been in the oil business for "4 or 5 years" and was "making very good money off that". However, by March 2010, Birdman had almost completely covered the pumpjack tattoo, which sparked speculation that the Bronald Oil project had stalled. An investigative report from Bloomberg revealed that official regulators in charge of oil and gas permits had never heard of Bronald. Clothing line
On April 22, 2016, Birdman disparaged the hosts of hip-hop radio show The Breakfast Club during a live interview, telling them to "stop playing with my fucking name". He later issued an apology for his outburst after being awarded the "Donkey of the Day" appellation from one of the hosts, Charlamagne Tha God.The video went viral, and on April 27, 2016, Birdman launched a merchandise line, "Respek", featuring catchphrases from the interview. Discography

Studio albums
 Birdman (2002)
 Fast Money (2005)
 5 Star Stunna (2007)
 Priceless (2009)

Collaboration albums
 Baller Blockin' with Cash Money Millionaires (2000)
 Like Father, Like Son with Lil Wayne (2006)
 Rich Gang with Rich Gang (2013)
 Lost at Sea with Jacquees (2016)
 Lost at Sea 2 with Jacquees (2018)
 Just Another Gangsta with Juvenile (2019)
 From the Bayou with YoungBoy Never Broke Again (2021)

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American businesspeople
African-American male rappers
American businesspeople in the oil industry
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives in the media industry
American corporate directors
American hip hop record producers
American male rappers
American music industry executives
American music publishers (people)
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Cash Money Records artists
Gangsta rappers
Rappers from New Orleans
Southern hip hop musicians
Universal Motown Records artists
Cash Money Millionaires

masks: Birdman Birdman


title: Igor Grant

texts:
<mask> (born March 26, 1942) is an American psychiatrist. He is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry in the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. He is Director of the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) and the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR). <mask> is the founding Editor of the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society and founding co-editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior. His work focuses on effects of HIV and drug use, particularly alcohol, medical marijuana, and methamphetamine. Early life

<mask> was born in Shanghai China, spending the early years of his life in what was formerly known as the French Concession, attending primary school at the Ecole Ste Jeanne D'Arc. The Grants (Alexander.Antonina, and <mask>) emigrated to Vancouver, Canada in 1951. Alexander, who became blind due to an accident in his teens, worked for the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, while Antonina worked in mail order sales at Sears, Roebuck. <mask> attended Kitsilano High School Kitsilano Secondary School where he was active in student government and the United Nations club. In 1958 he became one of a group of students who travelled across Canada and the USA to visit the UN after winning public speaking competitions (<mask>'s speech was "Canada's Role in the UN"). Career
After graduating from KHS in 1959 <mask> attended the University of British Columbia, earning his doctor of medicine degree in 1966, and receiving several honors including the Frank Horner Medal for the Highest Standing in Medicine. He then went to the University of Pennsylvania. From 1966 to 1967 he did his internship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, then received his psychiatry training in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania.He served as Chief Resident in Psychiatry from 1970 to 1971, Instructor in Psychiatry from 1970 to 1972, and was Staff Psychiatrist for Psychiatric Inpatient Service at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1972. In 1972, he began his affiliation with the University of California, San Diego and the VA San Diego Healthcare System. At UCSD <mask> rose from Assistant Professor to full Professor in 1982, Distinguished Professor in 2006 and Mary Gilman Marston Professor in Psychiatry in 2016. He served as Chair of the UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry from 2014-2019. <mask> also is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychology at the San Diego State University. He was a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Neurology University of London for a year in both 1980 and 1987, and Visiting Professor of Immunology at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School (now part of the Imperial College School of Medicine). Contributions to science
<mask>'s primary research has focused on the effects of diseases and substance abuse on brain and behavior.His work on alcoholism demonstrated that long-term abstinence was associated with normalization in neurocognitive functions and long-term survival. He led the Collaborative Neuropsychological Study of Polydrug Users in the 1970s, one of the earliest studies into the effects of multiple drug use on the brain. In the next decade he coordinated studies into the effects of hypoxemia, and oxygen treatment, on cognitive functions in people with COPD. He established the multidisciplinary and translational HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) in 1989. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program https://hnrp.hivresearch.ucsd.edu/index.php has contributed to understanding of how HIV can disrupt brain function, and how abuse of drugs such as methamphetamine can compound this injury. In 2000 he established the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu, focused on potential uses, and limitations, of cannabinoids as medicines. Another theme in <mask>'s research focused on the effects of stress on health.He reported that stressful life events were associated with onset and worsening of symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Work on the stress experienced by elderly spousal caregivers of dementia patients explored how negative affect, sleep disturbance, and sympatho-adrenal-medullary arousal contributed to cardiovascular risk in care providers. Contributions to education
At the UCSD School of Medicine <mask> coordinated the development of a multipart interdisciplinary core course in Social and Behavioral Sciences. He co-chaired a task force to establish a Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, a unique collaboration between UCSD's School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and SDSU's College of Sciences Department of Psychology. <mask> has served as dissertation chair for over 20 PhD graduate students, many of whom have established independent academic careers. <mask> received the Paul Satz International Neuropsychological Society Career Mentoring Award in 2016. Other professional activities
<mask> was Founding Editor of the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.With Thomas Patterson, PhD. he co-founded the journal AIDS and Behavior. He has been a member of many scholarly societies. He was President of the International Neuropsychological Society from 2007-2008. <mask> served on several NIH review groups, and on the National Advisory Councils of NIDA and the Office of AIDS Research. In his role as CMCR Director he has provided consultation to State and Federal governments, including testimony to House committees, FDA, California Legislature, and the Medical Board of California on various issues concerning medicinal cannabis. Recognitions
In 2007, he won the Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Neuropsychology Award, and in 2013 the Nelson Butters Award for Research Contributions to Clinical Neuropsychology, both from the National Academy of Neuropsychology.In 2016 he received the Paul Satz International Neuropsychological Society Career Mentoring Award. In 2019 UC San Diego established the Dr. <mask> and JoAnn <mask> Chair in Psychiatry, an endowed chair to be held by future heads of the Department of Psychiatry. Personal
While an intern at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania <mask> met JoAnn Nallinger, RN, who was part of a team developing parenteral hyperalimentation. The <mask>s have two daughters, <mask> PhD and <mask> MFA. They have three grandsons. JoAnn Nallinger <mask> passed away in 2019. References

External links
<mask> M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) via University of California, San Diego
Igor <mask> list of publications

1942 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of British Columbia alumni

masks:
Igor Grant
Grant
Grant
Igor
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Igor
Grant
Grant
Grant
Jenna Grant
Leslie Grant
Grant
Igor Grant
Grant


title: Mary Ward (scientist)

texts:
<mask> (née King; 27 April 1827 – 31 August 1869) was an Irish naturalist, astronomer, microscopist, author, and artist. She was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. As the event occurred in 1869, she is the first person known to have been killed by a motor vehicle. Early life
She was born <mask> in Ballylin near present-day Ferbane, County Offaly, on 27 April 1827, the youngest child of the Reverend Henry King and his wife Harriette. She and her sisters were educated at home, as were most girls at the time. However, her education was slightly different from the norm because she was of a renowned scientific family. She was interested in nature from an early age, and by the time she was three years old she was collecting insects.Interests
<mask> was a keen amateur astronomer, sharing this interest with her cousin William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse. Parsons built the Leviathan of Parsonstown, a reflecting telescope with a six-foot mirror which remained the world's largest until 1917. <mask> was a frequent visitor to Birr Castle, producing sketches of each stage of the process. Along with photographs made by Parson's wife <mask>e, <mask>'s sketches were used to aid in the restoration of the telescope. <mask> also drew insects, and the astronomer James South observed her doing so one day. She was using a magnifying glass to see the tiny details, and her drawing so impressed him that he immediately persuaded her father to buy her a microscope. A compound microscope made by Andrew Ross (model 112) was purchased for £48 12s 8d.This was the beginning of a lifelong passion. She began to read everything she could find about microscopy, and taught herself until she had an expert knowledge. She made her own slides from slivers of ivory, as glass was difficult to obtain, and prepared her own specimens. The physicist David Brewster asked her to make his microscope specimens, and used her drawings in many of his books and articles. Distinctions
Universities and most societies would not accept women, but <mask> obtained information any way she could. She wrote frequently to scientists, asking them about papers they had published. During 1848, Parsons was made president of the Royal Society, and visits to his London home meant that she met many scientists.She was one of only three women on the mailing list for the Royal Astronomical Society (the others were Queen Victoria and <mask>, a scientist for whom Somerville College at Oxford University was named). Marriage
On 6 December 1854, she married <mask> of Castle Ward, County Down, who in 1881 succeeded to the title of Viscount Bangor. They had three sons and five daughters, including <mask>, 6th Viscount Bangor. Her best-known descendants are her grandson <mask>, the foreign correspondent and seventh viscount, and his daughter, the Doctor Who actress Lalla <mask>. Publications
When <mask> wrote her first book, Sketches with the microscope (privately printed in 1857), she apparently believed that no one would print it because of her gender or lack of academic credentials. She published 250 copies of it privately, and several hundred handbills were distributed to advertise it. The printing sold during the next few weeks, and this was enough to make a London publisher take the risk and contract for future publication.The book was reprinted eight times between 1858 and 1880 as A World of Wonders Revealed by the Microscope. A new full-colour facsimile edition at €20 was published in September 2019 by the Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society, with accompanying essays. (). Her books are: A Windfall for the Microscope (1856), A World of Wonders, Revealed by the Microscope (1857), Entomology in Sport, and Entomology in Earnest (1857, with Lady Jane Mahon), Microscope Teachings (1864), Telescope Teachings (1859). She illustrated her books and articles herself, as well as many books and papers by other scientists. <mask> was the first automobile fatality. William Parsons' sons had built a steam-powered car.On 31 August 1869, she and her husband, Henry, were travelling in it with the Parsons boys: the Hons. Richard Clere Parsons and the future steam turbine pioneer Charles Algernon Parsons, and their tutor, Richard Biggs. She was thrown from the car on a bend in the road at Parsonstown (present-day Birr, County Offaly). She fell under its wheel and died almost instantly. A doctor who lived near the scene arrived within moments, and found her cut, bruised, and bleeding from the ears. The fatal injury was a broken neck. It is believed that the grieving family destroyed the car after the crash.Legacy
Ward's microscope, accessories, slides and books are on display in her husband's home, Castle Ward, County Down. William Parsons' home at Birr Castle, County Offaly, is also open to the public. Her great-granddaughter is the English actress and author Lalla <mask>. See also

 Bridget Driscoll – (born in Ireland, 1851/1852–1896) first pedestrian death by automobile in Great Britain
 Henry H. Bliss – (1830–1899) first automobile death in the Americas

Further reading
 The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume IV, Irish Women's Writing and Traditions, p. 653, edited by Angela Bourke et al., NYU Press, 2002. The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing – a short biography and an overview of further work. A Pair of New Eyes, a play by A. L. Mentxaka, deals with the life of <mask> and her friendship with the pioneer photographer, designer, and architect <mask> (née Field). – the play was premiered at the Sean O'Casey Theatre Dublin on 5 November 2013.A second production was staged in Smock Alley Theatre Dublin in August 2014. Article in August bank holiday 2019 edition of the Irish Examiner Did you know

Notes

References

External links

 Entomology in sport : and Entomology in earnest (1859)

1827 births
1869 deaths
Irish writers
Irish astronomers
Irish entomologists
Women entomologists
Irish women scientists
19th-century women scientists
Road incident deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish women artists
People from County Offaly
19th-century Irish scientists
19th-century astronomers
Women astronomers

masks:
Mary Ward
Mary King
Ward
Ward
Mary Ross
Ward
Ward
Ward
Mary Somerville
Henry Ward
Maxwell Ward
Edward Ward
Ward
Ward
Death Ward
Ward
Mary Ward
Mary Rosse


title: Renos Apostolidis

texts:
<mask> (; 2 March 1924 – 10 March 2004) was a Greek writer, philologist and literary critic. His father was Heracles N<mask>, a notable journalist and director of the National Library between 1945 and 1959. His mother Elpiniki (née Zambeli) was a teacher. Early life
<mask> was born in Athens in 1924. His father was Heracles N<mask>, who was a journalist, chief editor in several newspaper agencies, head of Encyclopaedia of Pyrsos publishing, head of the National Library (1945–1959) and creator of the first Poetry and Short Stories Anthology. His mother, Elpiniki, was a teacher. After primary school, he attended Varvakeios High School (1935–1941), where on 28 October 1941 organized student abstention.Apostolidis participated in the banned, by Papandreou government, march on 3 December 1944 with EAM followers. From 1945, <mask> studied in the department of History and Archaeology of the University of Athens, but was forced to suspend his studies in order to pay his duties in the Greek Army during the Civil War, where he participated as Second lieutenant of the National Army. Living so close with destruction and death, <mask> stated that he swore to himself not to shoot a single bullet, but to record what he was going through for two and a half years in Grammos, Vitsi and during the cleansing operations of Roumeli and Peloponnese. As soon as he was released from his duties, he published Pyramid 67, a text about the Civil War. He was dismissed characterized as a second rank nationalist. In 1950 he completed his studies and had taught Ancient and Modern Greek, History and Latin in private high schools of Athens. He emerged as a writer in 1944, with the publishing of the essay "Kairos tou einai" in Grammata periodical.A year later, he issued his first essay collection Three stations of a march. He collaborated with several newspapers and periodicals of Athens as an editor of Eleutheria, Niki, Eikones, Gnoseis, Neoteron Lexicon Iliou, Aneksartitos Typos and other publications, as well as book critic in Grammata, Fititiki Foni, Deltion tou Vivliou, Kiklos, Kochlias, Nea Estia, Neoi Rithmoi, Nees Ikones, Ethnos, Ethnikos Kirikas, Epoptia and Nea Koinoniologia. Since 1951, he worked as chief editor and critic in the periodical Our Aeon, and in 1952, established with his father the periodical The New Greek. From the latter's pages he exercised intense criticism "against the political and literary establishment", and particularly against the "Generation of the '30s", accusing them of "spiritual and ethical inadequacy". For this posture of him, M. Karagatsis sued him and his father for reasons of copyright. In 1966 <mask> started publishing in serials in The New Greek fragments from the "Diary" of Ioannis Metaxas accompanied with his own sarcastic commentary. These publishes caused the reaction of the newly established organisation Party of 4 August, leader of which was Konstantinos Pleuris, who attacked <mask> from the organisation's newspaper and after Apostolidis's response Pleuris filed a lawsuit against him.The trial took place after the Coup of 21 April 1967, and the establishment of military dictatorship, and so the circulation of "The New Greek" stopped, which until then had published five articles related to the first two volumes of Metaxas's diary. In court, <mask> was sentenced, but in the Court of Appeal stated that it was not his intention to touch on the members of the Party of 4 August and the lawsuit was recalled. Politics
From 1962 to 1964, <mask> served as a collaborator with the Directorate-General of the National Radio Foundation. In the parliamentary elections of 1963 he participated as a candidate under Spyridon Markezinis, while already since 1961 had written for the periodical of the youth of the Progressive party. In the municipal elections of 1964 descended as candidate for municipal consultant in Athens's municipality in the line up of Georgios Plytas. In 1964, <mask> was the head of an wrathful crowd of extreme Right-wings who entered the Parliament with the slogan Traitor Papandreou, Karamanlis, Papandreou Imposter. The crowd fought with parliament members of the center, an act for which <mask> was arrested and sentenced to two and a half years in prison, however, he served three months in total.Dictatorship
During the dictatorship in Greece, in 1969, Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos imposed compulsory issue of the Short stories Anthology of Heracles N<mask> in the Athenian Press, under condition of not being censored. Thus, in this way texts belonging to dissidents were published like those of the politically exiled Demetris Hantzis. However, the publication in two newspapers part of <mask> <mask>'s novel The A2, written in 1968 about the Greek Civil War, provoked the intervention of censorship and the suspension of the publishing after direct interference of Ioannes Ladas, the general secretary of the Ministry of Public Order and one of the orchestrators of the 1967 coup d'état. Later years
After the end of the dictatorship, until 1979, <mask> continued writing critics in the periodical Tetramina and published several of his works. In his later years he published lectures and appeared on television for matters regarding the Greek language, education and literature. He was also honorary guest in presentations of his works. He was a supporter of the polytonic writing, the historical Greek orthography and the teaching of ancient Greek from prototypes in schools.Death
<mask> died on 10 March 2004 after acute stroke. He received a non-religious burial, due to him being an agnostic and libertarian. Works
Renos <mask> was a prolific writer. During his lifetime he published over 30 books. His first published work was Three Stations a Path (1945). Some of his most famous works are Wings of The Stork (1949), Poet Letters (1949), Pyramid 67 (1950), Modern Greek (1952), His Nipples and Manuscripts of Max Tod (1960), Criticism of War (1962), Corridors (1979), The Furies (1980) and Cats (1989), and Vortex (1993). One book, Centauri'' was published posthumously, in 2012.References

1924 births
2004 deaths
Greek writers
Greek educators
Greek philologists
20th-century philologists

masks:
Renos Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Renos
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis


title: Arthur Giry

texts:
Jean-Marie-Joseph-<mask> (29 February 184813 November 1899) was a French historian, noted for his studies of France in the Middle Ages. He was born at Trévoux. After rapidly completing his classical studies at the lycée at Chartres, he spent some time in the administrative service and in journalism. He then entered the École Nationale des Chartes, where, under the influence of J. Quicherat, he developed a strong inclination to the study of the Middle Ages. The lectures at the École pratique des hautes études, which he attended from its foundation in 1868, revealed his true bent; and henceforth he devoted himself almost entirely to scholarship. He began modestly by the study of the municipal charters of Saint-Omer. Having been appointed assistant lecturer and afterwards full lecturer at the École des Hautes Études, it was to the town of Saint-Omer that he devoted his first lectures and his first important work, Histoire de la ville de Saint-Omer et de ses institutions jusqu'au XIVe siècle (1877).He, however, soon realized that the charters of one town can only be understood by comparing them with those of other towns, and he was gradually led to continue the work which Augustin Thierry had broadly outlined in his studies on the Tiers Etat. A minute knowledge of printed books and a methodical examination of departmental and communal archives furnished him with material for a long course of successful lectures, which gave rise to some important works on municipal history and led to a great revival of interest in the origins and significance of the urban communities in France. Giry himself published Les Établissements de Rouen (1883-1885), a study, based on very minute researches, of the charter granted to the capital of Normandy by Henry II, King of England, and of the diffusion of similar charters throughout the French dominions of the Plantagenets; a collection of Documents sur les relations de la royauté avec les villes de France de 1180 à 1314 (1885); and Étude sur les origines de la commune de Saint-Quentin (1887). About this time personal considerations induced Giry to devote the greater part of his activity to the study of diplomatics, which had been much neglected at the École des Chartes, but had made great strides in Germany. As assistant (1883) and successor (1885) to Louis de Mas Latrie, Giry restored the study of diplomatics, which had been founded in France by Dom Jean Mabillon, to its legitimate importance. In 1894 he published his Manuel de diplomatique, a monument of lucid and well arranged erudition, which contained the fruits of his long experience of archives, original documents and textual criticism; and his pupils, especially those at the École des Hautes Études, soon caught his enthusiasm. With their collaboration he undertook the preparation of an inventory and, subsequently, of a critical edition of the Carolingian diplomas.By arrangement with Engelbert Mühlbacher and the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, this part of the joint work was reserved for Giry. Simultaneously with this work he carried on the publication of the annals of the Carolingian epoch on the model of the German Jahrbücher, reserving for himself the reign of Charles the Bald. Of this series his pupils produced in his lifetime Les Derniers Carolingiens (by Ferdinand Lot, 1891), Eudes, comte de Paris et roi de France (by Édouard Favré, 1893), and Charles le Simple (by Auguste Eckel, 1899). The biographies of Louis IV and Hugh Capet and the history of the kingdom of Provence were not published until after his death, and his own unfinished history of Charles the Bald was left to be completed by his pupils. The preliminary work on the Carolingian diplomas involved such lengthy and costly researches that the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres took over the expenses after Giry's death. In the midst of these multifarious labours Giry found time for extensive archaeological researches, and made a special study of the medieval treatises dealing with the technical processes employed in the arts and industries. He prepared a new edition of the monk Theophilus' celebrated treatise, Diversarum artium schedula, and for several years devoted his Saturday mornings to laboratory research with the chemist Aimé Girard at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, the results of which were utilized by Marcellin Berthelot in the first volume (1894) of his Chimie au moyen âge.Giry took an energetic part in the Collection de textes relatifs a l'histoire du moyen âge, which was due in great measure to his initiative. He was appointed director of the section of French history in La Grande Encyclopédie, and contributed more than a hundred articles, many of which, e.g. "Archives" and "Diplomatique", were original works. In collaboration with his pupil André Réville, he wrote the chapters on L'émancipation des villes, les communes et les bourgeoisies and Le Commerce et l'industrie au moyen âge for the Histoire générale of Lavisse and Rambaud. <mask> took a keen interest in politics, joining the republican party and writing numerous articles in the republican newspapers, mainly on historical subjects. He was intensely interested in the Dreyfus case, but his robust constitution was undermined by the anxieties and disappointments occasioned by the Zola trial and the Rennes court-martial, and he died in Paris in 1899. La Donation de Rueil à l'abbaye de Saint-Denis, examen critique de trois diplômes de Charles le Chauve, 1895
 La France et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1899.Étude critique de quelques documents angevins de l'époque carolingienne, 1900
 Notices bibliographiques sur les archives des églises et des monastères de l'époque carolingienne, 1901
 Monuments de l'histoire des abbayes de Saint-Philibert (Noirmoutier, Grandlieu, Tournus), 1905
 Recueil des actes de Charles II le Chauve, roi de France, commencé par <mask>, continué par Maurice Prou, terminé et publ. sous la dir. de MM. Ferdinand Lot et Clovis Brunel, 1955

References

1848 births
1899 deaths
People from Trévoux
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
École Nationale des Chartes faculty
19th-century French historians
French medievalists
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Human Rights League (France) members
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male writers

masks:
Arthur Giry
Giry
Arthur Giry


title: Maria Firmina dos Reis

texts:
<mask> (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel Úrsula (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Life and work

<mask> was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. "At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher." She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. "At the age of fifty-five, she founded a school for poor children."In 1859, <mask> <mask> published her single major novel Úrsula (the same year, Harriet Wilson published her Our Nig). ″Úrsula, the main character, is a weak and sweet girl with whom two men are in love: one is a good person, the other a villain. Úrsula is expected to fall in love with the good man. However, she falls for the villain and becomes a victim of his cruelty. She is condemned and mistreated for having made the wrong choice. Reis shows through her characters that whenever women and slaves deviate from the established rules of the patriarchal system or refuse to accept the rules of society, they are punished. Furthermore, Úrsula, her mother, and some female slaves are portrayed from an inside perspective, showing a truthful historical point of view from Colonial Brazil.″

Besides Úrsula, "<mask> <mask> wrote poetry and short stories.While still in her twenties she began to collaborate with several local newspapers in her hometown of São Luis, an activity she sustained for many years. It was the only opening available for getting her works published.″ She also "wrote an intimate, melancholic diary written dating from 1853 to 1903 in which the themes of regilious self-denial, death, and suicide recur". In 1975 by the Brazilian scholars Antônio de Oliveira and Nascimento Morais Filho recovered the long forgotten Úrsula 1975 in a facsimile edition. As a "privileged free black woman within nineteenth-century colonial slave society″, <mask> <mask> ″stands out because she was very well-educated and a vigorous opponent of slavery". Dawn Duke considers <mask> <mask>, together with Cuban writer María Dámasa Jova Baró, "as eminent precursors to a distinguished line of subsequent women writers" in the Afro-Latin American context. "Horácio de Almeida believed <mask> <mask> to be the first Brazilian woman writer. [...] Luiza Lobo has since opposed the allegation by presenting Ana Eurídice Eufrosina de Barandas of Porto Alegre as the first female Brazilian novelist."But the "long-term symbolic value of <mask> <mask>'s only novel Úrsula (1859) rests in its distinction as a work that lays the foundations for an Afro-Brazilian female literary consciousness." For Rita Terezinha Schmidt, "<mask> <mask> inscribes a black voice in the construction of national subjectivities engendering what Homi Bhabha defines as a counter narrative of the nation that 'continually evoke and erase its totalizing boundaries – both actual and conceptual – disturb those ideological maneuvers through which "imagined communities" are given essentialist identities'". In her Ph.D thesis Life Among the Living Dead, Carolyn Kendrick-Alcantara (2007) analyzes "the Gothic as a powerful abolitionist discourse in Brazil and Cuba through [her] readings of <mask> <mask>′ Ursula and Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda y Arteaga′s Sab". Tribute
On October 11, 2019, Google celebrated her 194th birthday with a Google Doodle. On June 9, 2021, Google announced on their Google Cloud blog that they will name a new undersea cable that is being constructed between Brazil and the United States after her. Bibliography

By <mask> <mask>

 Ursula, "Romance original brasileiro, por Uma Maranhense". São Luís: Typographia Progresso, 1859.199 pages. Facsimile: Maranhão: Governo do Estado; 2nd edition, 1975, with a foreword by Horácio de Almeida. Reprint: Rio de Janeiro: Presença; Brasília: INL, 1988; with an introduction by Charles Martin, updated and annotated by Luiza Lobo, Coleção Resgate. Gupeva, “romance brasileiro indianista”. Published in O jardim dos Maranhenses, 1861/62. This novel was republished in 1863 in the journal Porto Livre, as well as in the literary review Eco da Juventude. Transcripted in: FILHO, José Nascimento Morais.<mask> – Fragmentos de uma vida. Maranhão: Imprensa do Governo do Maranhão, 1975. A Escrava. Story published in A Revista Maranhense, nr. 3, 1887. Republished in: FILHO, José Nascimento Morais. <mask>rmina – Fragmentos de uma vida.Maranhão: Imprensa do Governo do Maranhão, 1975. Cantos à beira-mar. Poetry. São Luís do Maranhão: Typographia do Paiz. Reprint by “M.F.V. Pires”, 1871. 2nd edition, facsimile, by José Nascimento Morais Filho: Rio de Janeiro: Granada, 1976.Hino da libertação dos escravos. 1888. <mask> <mask> is included in the poetry anthology Parnaso maranhense: collecção de poesias, edited by Flávio Reimar and Antonio Marques Rodrigues. She published poems in the following literary journals: Federalista; Pacotilha; Diário do Maranhão; A Revista Maranhense; O País; O Domingo; Porto Livre; O Jardim dos Maranhenses; Semanário Maranhense; Eco da Juventude; Almanaque de Lembranças Brasileiras; A Verdadeira Marmota; Publicador Maranhense; y A Imprensa. English translations

 Ursula. Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey.Dartmouth, MA: Tagus P, 2021. “The Slave Woman.” Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey. Afro-Hispanic Review. 32. 1 (Spring 2013): 209-18. Selected further reading

 Alzira Rufino; Nilza Iraci; <mask> Pereira.A mulher negra tem história. Santos, SP: Coletivo de Mulheres Negras da Baixada Santista, c. 1986. Notes

External links
 Digital editions (in Portuguese)

 <mask> <mask> at Google Books
 "Author’s Portrait: <mask> <mask>", Edith's Miscellany, November 26, 2014. 1825 births
1917 deaths
19th-century Brazilian educators
Brazilian abolitionists
Brazilian women novelists
People from Maranhão
19th-century Brazilian women writers
19th-century Brazilian novelists

masks:
Maria Firmina dos Reis
Maria Firmina dos Reis
Firmina
dos Reis
Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
Maria Fi
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Rosa
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis


title: Sean Long

texts:
<mask> (born 24 September 1976), also known by the nickname of "<mask>", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. An England and Great Britain international , <mask> is regarded by many as one of the finest British players of his generation. He began his career with the Wigan Warriors, and also played for the Widnes Vikings and Hull FC, but is best known for his time playing for St Helens in the Super League with whom he won a total of four Super League championships and five Challenge Cups, as well as numerous individual accolades including the Man of Steel award, and three Lance Todd Trophies. Early life
Between the ages of eleven and thirteen <mask> attended St Joseph's Catholic Comprehensive School in Horwich but moved to the Deanery High School on Frog Lane in Wigan because the former only played football, not rugby. Playing career (RL)

1990s
After signing from local amateur side, Wigan St Judes, <mask> started his career at Wigan. After Wigan released him from his contract, <mask> moved to Widnes, where he attracted the attention of several of the European Super League's top clubs. He was signed by St Helens in 1997.In the 1997 post season, <mask> was selected to play for Great Britain from the interchange bench in two matches of the Super League Test series against Australia. <mask> played for St. Helens from the interchange bench, kicking two goals in their 1999 Super League Grand Final victory over Bradford Bulls. 2000s
<mask> twice set the St. Helens record for the number of points scored in a Super League season, gaining 284 points in 1999 and 352 points in 2000. Having won the 1999 Championship, St. Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League Premiers the Melbourne Storm, with <mask> playing at scrum half back and kicking a goal in the loss. <mask> played for St. Helens at scrum half and kicked four goals in their 2000 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan Warriors, and was named as Man of Steel in 2000. As Super League V champions, St. Helens played against 2000 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2001 World Club Challenge. <mask> played at scrum half, scoring a try, three goals and a field goal in Saints' victory.<mask> played for St. Helens at scrum half, scoring a try, a goal and the match-winning drop goal in their 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against the Bradford Bulls. Having won Super League VI, St Helens contested the 2003 World Club Challenge against 2002 NRL Premiers Sydney Roosters. <mask> played at stand-off in Saints' 38–0 loss. In 2004, <mask> served a three-month ban for his part in the 2004 rugby league betting scandal. Despite this, <mask> was selected in the Great Britain team to compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played at scrum half in the Lions' 44–4 loss. By 2005, <mask> had scored 2,000 points for St Helens.During the 2005's Super League X, he sustained a broken cheek bone in a challenge by Wigan Warrior' Terry Newton in an incident that saw Newton receive a 12-match ban, the heaviest for an on-field action in Super League history at the time. <mask> played for St Helens at scrum half and scored a try in their 2006 Challenge Cup Final victory over Huddersfield Giants, and won the Lance Todd Trophy as man-of-the-match in a Challenge Cup final for a record third time. St Helens reached the 2006 Super League Grand final to be contested against Hull FC, and <mask> played at scrum half in Saints' 26–4 victory. Following the season, <mask> was selected for Great Britain in the Tri nations. <mask> played in the first game between Great Britain and Australia, which resulted in Great Britain's first victory in Sydney in 18 years, with a score of 23–12. However, on 13 November 2006, <mask> returned home from the Tri-Nations tour, with 'personal reasons' cited as the reason by Great Britain coach Brian Noble. As 2006 Super League champions, St Helens faced 2006 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge.<mask> captained Saints from scrum half in their 18–14 victory. St. Helens in 2007 took all honours apart from the Super League title when they were beaten by Leeds at Old Trafford in the Grand Final. In 2007 <mask> received a testimonial match for St Helens against Leigh. Former St Helens players returned for the game, including Chris Joynt, Tommy Martyn and Paul Newlove. St Helens won the game 40–10. <mask> officially retired from international football on 16 April 2007, wishing to concentrate on his club career. He played in 2008's Super League XIII Grand Final defeat by Leeds.On 1 June 2009 it was announced that <mask> had signed a two-year contract with Hull F.C. for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, leaving St Helens after 12 seasons. Also in 2009 an Autobiography, Longy: Booze, Brawls, Sex and Scandal was published. <mask> kicked his 1,000th goal for St. Helens on 22 February 2009 in a game against Huddersfield. He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford. 2010s
<mask> announced his retirement from playing rugby league on the morning of 10 August 2011. Playing career (RU)
On 1 November 2011 it was announced he had signed a playing contract with Rugby Union side Preston Grasshoppers in SSE National League 2 North.In 2017, he joined rugby union side Orrell RUFC. Coaching career

Salford
Following his retirement as a player, <mask> began a coaching career, and began an assistant coaching job with Salford. Samoa
In 2013, <mask> was appointed assistant coach of Samoa's 2013 Rugby League World Cup campaign. In 2014 <mask> reprised his role as Samoa played in the Four Nations. <mask> was appointed assistant coach for Samoa for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. St Helens
In November 2014, <mask> left Salford and took up the assistant coach role at St. Helens following former teammate Keiron Cunningham's appointment as head coach from 2015 onwards. Harlequin FC (RU)
He was assistant coach of Harlequin FC after leaving St Helens.Leeds Rhinos
On 26 October 2020 <mask> was confirmed as the Assistant Coach at Leeds Rhinos marking his return to rugby league. France
On 29 Mar 2021 <mask> was named as assistant coach for France as they prepare for the forthcoming 2021 Rugby League World Cup, alongside his responsibilities at Leeds Rhinos. References

External links
<mask> St Helens Career Page on the Saints Heritage Society Website''. <mask> Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
(archived by web.archive.org) <mask> makes début for Saints

1976 births
Living people
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Lance Todd Trophy winners
Orrell R.U.F.C. players
Preston Grasshoppers R.F.C. players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby union players from Wigan
St Helens R.F.C.captains
St Helens R.F.C. players
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan Warriors players

masks:
Sean Bernard Long
Longy
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Sean
Long
Long
Long
Sean Long
Long
Sean Long
Long
Long
Long
Sean Long
Sean Long
Long


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
was a Japanese noble and statesman of the late Heian period and early Kamakura period. Serving in the courts of seven different emperors, he brought the Murakami Genji to the peak of their success. He is also commonly known as , and in Sōtō Zen buddhism as . Life

Aide to Emperor Takakura
Born the heir of the Murakami Genji branch of the Minamoto clan in 1149, and in 1158 was granted the , via the Minamoto family head's prerogative to thus promote one individual each year. The Murakami Genji had previously enjoyed prosperity as the maternal relatives of Emperor Horikawa, but after this were pushed back by descendants of Fujiwara no Kinsue's branch of the Fujiwara clan, the . Michichika's father Masamichi served Bitokumon-in during Emperor Toba's cloistered rule, but changed his role under the cloistered rule of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. In 1168, when Go-Shirakawa's wife  became kōtaigō, Masamichi became .Michichika was permitted entry into the court along with Emperor Takakura's ascension in the same year, serving as a close aid to the young emperor. <mask>'s first wife was a daughter of the daijō-daijin , but he soon took a daughter of Taira no Norimori or Michimori as his second wife, strengthening his ties with that powerful clan. In 1179, <mask> became head of the Kurōdo-dokoro, and in 1180 he was promoted both to sangi, thus joining the ranks of the kugyō, and to . After Taira no Kiyomori's coup d'etat in late 1179, Emperor Takakura reluctantly abdicated the throne to begin his own cloistered rule, and <mask> supported his inexperienced efforts as head of his cloistered government. <mask> joined the imperial outing to Itsukushima and relocation of the capital to Fukuhara-kyō in the first half of the year, but as the country fell into upheaval after the first battle of Uji, he returned to Heian-kyō in the autumn. The retired emperor Takakura's physical condition worsened and he fell ill. <mask> composed a poem praying for his recovery, but in 1181, Takakura died at 21 years old. As a close attendant of the dead sovereign, Michichika was bestowed an undyed white mourning dress.Lamenting the death of his longtime master, he recorded his plaintive feelings in the . Genpei War
Shortly thereafter Taira no Kiyomori died and Go-Shirakawa reopened his cloistered rule, and the center of power continued to change at a dizzying pace. Meanwhile, Michichika avoided relying on the patronage of any particular power, but participated passionately in debates at Go-Shirakawa's palace and worked diligently at the business of government, increasing his presence in the court. When the Taira clan fled the capital in 1183, he went visited Go-Shirakawa in order to bid them farewell. When Emperor Go-Toba took the throne in the next month, the Imperial Regalia were in the possession of the Taira. Michichika raised the examples of Emperor Guangwu of Han and Emperor Yuan of Jin, who obtained their imperial seals only after assuming the throne, in order to help Go-Toba ascend smoothly. He was present at Hōjūjidono during the Siege of Hōjūjidono that autumn.Michichika's loyalty was recognized, and in spring of 1185 he was promoted to provisional chūnagon, and that winter was appointed as one of ten ministers appointed to oversee the court, called . He was granted Inaba Province as a fief and recommended his second son  as its governor. He married Emperor Go-Toba's wetnurse, , and adopted her daughter . As <mask> headed the event teams for Kujō Kanezane's proclamations as nairan and head of the sekkan Fujiwara clan, and Kanezane praised <mask>'s hard work in turn, the relationship between the two appears to have been healthy at the time. Under Kanezane's conservative administration, though, <mask>'s promotion stalled. In 1188, Michichika protested against the promotion of Kanezane's younger and less experienced son Kujō Yoshitsune over him to the , requesting that he too be promoted. Kanezane criticized Michichika harshly, calling him ungrateful for his promotion to  the previous year, and in this no different from a bird or animal.After this, their relationship soured, and Michichika began to look for an opportunity to take Kanezane down. Guardian to Senyōmon-in
In late 1189, Michichika invited Go-Shirakawa to the Koga estate and presented him with various gifts. A month and a half later, Go-Shirakawa's youngest daughter  was proclaimed an imperial princess, and Michichika was appointed as her guardian, strengthening his relationship with her birth mother . In 1191, Princess Kinshi was bestowed the Buddhist name of , and Michichika became the steward of her household, appointing his sons Michitomo and Michimune to positions within it. When Go-Shirakawa died in 1192, it was Senyōmon-in who inherited his largest territory , and as <mask> was its effective manager, he brought the courtiers in control of it into his jurisdiction, forming a strong political foothold for himself. When <mask> no Yoritomo entered the capital in 1190, Michichika remembered to curry favor with him by acting as event manager for his appointment to , but also planned to strengthen his relationship with Yoritomo's confidant Ōe no Hiromoto. In 1191, he broke with tradition by appointing Hiromoto as a  in the Daigaku-ryō and .After Go-Shirakawa's death, Kujō Kanezane controlled the court through the young Emperor Go-Toba, but his strict adherence to tradition and stress on lineage in personnel affairs fostered opposition amongst the middle and lower ranking nobles, and he gradually lost popularity in the court. Michichika won over the noble families of Fujiwara no Akisue and the  branch of the Fujiwara, who Kanezane had treated coldly, as allies. Meanwhile, he used Takashina no Eishi as an intermediary to alienate Yoritomo, who wanted to marry his daughter Ō-hime to the Emperor, from Kanezane, who had already married his own daughter Kujō Ninshi to said emperor. In 1195, Michichika was promoted to dainagon, and when his adopted daughter Zaishi bore the Emperor a prince, the future Emperor Tsuchimikado, his position in the court suddenly solidified. In 1196, he made Kujō Ninshi leave the palace and overthrew Kanezane, replacing him with <mask>e Motomichi in a coup d'etat. <mask> Hakuriku
In 1198, Michichika forced the enthronement of Emperor Tsuchimikado against both precedent and the opposition of the shogunate. Though Michichika tried to use the case of Emperor Kōnin as a precedent for the sudden enthronement, Fujiwara no Teika scathingly commented "If Tsuchimikado is Kōnin, then who is Dōkyō?"After this, <mask> reached the height of his power as the Emperor's maternal grandfather, and was called . The term "Hakuriku" here refers to the position of kampaku, although <mask> himself never officially held the title. In 1199, <mask> became a . He tried to lessen the shogunate's opposition by appointing the heir <mask> Yoriie as , but shortly thereafter received news that Yoritomo had fallen seriously ill. Once Yoritomo's death was publicly announced, it would become necessary to delay Yoriie's promotion, and so <mask> hurriedly conducted both appointments in a simplified fashion. Teika once again criticized <mask> for enforcing the appointment while knowing of Yoritomo's demise and then expressing his condolences and making a show of mourning the next day, calling this an "egregious plot". Yoritomo's death upset the political situation, and in the capital  plotted an attack on Michichika, forcing him to hide in the retired emperor's palace. Executives of the shogunate, with Ōe no Hiromoto at the center, supported Michichika, suppressing the movement to remove him and restoring peace to the capital.Michichika made various preparations, rebuilding Tsuchimikado's palace and adding a gate, and that summer was promoted to naidaijin. While respecting the viewpoint of the now-mature retired emperor Go-Toba, Michichika placed Kujō Yoshitsune as sadaijin and <mask>e Iezane as udaijin to preserve peace between and with both families. Since both were still young, Michichika was effectively in control of the Daijō-kan. Around this time, he also married Fujiwara no Motofusa's daughter Ishi. In 1200 Go-Toba's third son Prince Morinari, the future Emperor Juntoku, became crown prince. Michichika became his , while his brother-in-law  became , and his heir  provisionally assumed the same title, filling the Crown Prince's Quarters with the Murakami Genji and his Fujiwara relatives. Even 1202 he appeared vigorous, acting as event manager when his adopted daughter Zaishi received the Buddhist name , and welcoming Go-Toba to a palace built by his sworn friend , but he suddenly died that autumn at age 54. When <mask>e Iezane heard of his death, he recorded in his diary that Michichika had handled all the business of government, and the court granted him the posthumous .Go-Toba was also said to have expressed his sorrow by stopping holding poetry contests. After <mask>'s death, there was nobody left who could dissuade Go-Toba, and he began his cloistered rule in earnest. <mask> was also a skilled poet and also served in the , where he led the planning for a new poetry collection that would later become the Shin Kokin Wakashū. However, he died without seeing its completion. That collection, along with many others, includes some of <mask>'s waka. Famous works
, written in 1180, is <mask>'s travel diary from retired Emperor Takakura's Imperial visit to Itsukushima in Aki Province. , written in 1181, records the state of affairs at the time of Emperor Takakura's death and mourns him.Both are written in a mix of kana and kanji, as is modern Japanese. The two together are known as . Genealogy
Father:
Mother: daughter of , court lady of Bifukumon-in
Wife: daughter of
Eldest son:
Wife: daughter of  or , court lady of Emperor Takakura
Second son: , descendants became Horikawa clan (died out in Muromachi period)
Wife: , , daughter of
Third son: , descendants carried on Koga clan
Fourth son: , descendants became Tsuchimikado clan (died out in Muromachi period)
Fifth son: , descendants became Nakanoin clan
Adopted daughter: , aka , biological daughter of , wife of Emperor Go-Toba and birth mother of Emperor Tsuchimikado
Wife: , daughter of Fujiwara no Motofusa
Son? : , possibly instead a grandchild via Michitomo
Wife: , lady-in-waiting of Shōmeimon-in
Sixth son:
Other children:
Son:
Son:
Son:
Daughter: , wetnurse of Emperor Go-Saga
Adopted son:
Adopted son: , heir of Ōe no Hiromoto

Michichika's eldest son Michimune rose to the  and position of sangi, as well as , but in 1198 he died at the age of 31. However, Michimune's daughter  and Emperor Tsuchimikado's son became Emperor Go-Saga, and so Michichika's family gained the position of maternal relatives to both Tsuchimikado and Go-Saga. Later, the Saionji family rose to power, and Michichika's clan never regained the stature it had during his life. Even so, his children Michitomo, Michiteru, Sadamichi, and Michikata split the family into the Horikawa clan, Koga clan, Tsuchimikado clan, and Nakanoin clan.The Horikawa and Tsuchimikado clans died out in the Muromachi period, but the Koga and Nakanoin families persisted until the Meiji restoration, joining the Kazoku peerage upon its creation. Meanwhile, the Nakanoin clan produced its own branch family in the , while the Koga went on to spawn the . Michichika's most famous descendant was the Zen monk Dōgen, who returned from Song dynasty and created the Sōtō school 24 years after Michichika's death. Michichika's adopted son Shōkū became a disciple of Hōnen, and became the founder of the Seizan sub-sect of Jōdo-shū buddhism. Notes

References

Fujiwara clan
1149 births
1202 deaths
People of Heian-period Japan
People of Kamakura-period Japan
Japanese diarists
Heian period Buddhists
Kamakura period Buddhists

masks: Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Minamoto Kono Minamoto Michichika Michichika Michichika Minamoto Michichika Michichika Kono Kono Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
<mask> (27 December 1868, Płock – 7 June 1932, Warsaw) was a Polish neurologist and psychiatrist. He was a co-founder of the modern Polish neurology, an authority on the physiology and pathology of meningitis, co-founder of medical journals  Neurologia Polska and Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie, and member of the Polish Academy of Learning. His name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia (type 1), Flatau-Schilder disease, and <mask>'s law. His publications greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component. Life
He was born in 1868 in Płock, the son of Anna and <mask> of assimilated Jewish family. In 1886, he graduated from high school (gymnasium) in Płock (now Marshal Stanisław Małachowski High School, Płock, also known as "Małachowianka").From 1886, <mask> attended medical school at the University of Moscow, where he graduated eximia cum laude. In Moscow, he was greatly influenced by the psychiatrist Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854–1900) and the neurologist Alexis Jakovlevich Kozhevnikof (1836–1902). <mask> became a medical doctor in 1892. He spent the years 1893–1899 in Berlin in the laboratories of Emanuel Mendel (1839–1907) and in the University of Berlin under Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836–1921). During that time, he worked together with Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935), Ernst Viktor von Leyden (1832–1910), Hermann Oppenheim, Louis Jacobsohn, Ernst Remak, and Hugo Liepmann. Though he was offered a position of professorship of neurology in Buenos Aires, he returned to Poland and in 1899 settled in Warsaw. He was married twice.He had two daughters, Anna and <mask>. His first wife Zofia and daughter Anna are described in a book by Antoni Marianowicz. Some stories about his personal life are printed in reminiscences of Wacław Solski and Ludwik Krzywicki. Scientific accomplishments
Flatau dealt with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, treatment of muscle diseases, child neurology, peripheral nerve surgery, anatomy of the nervous system, histopathology of the nerve tissue, experimental oncology, neurophysiology, and nervous system pathophysiology. His scientific career is described in number of works. The most comprehensive are biographies written in Polish by his pupil and subsequent professor of neurology in the postwar Poland, Eugeniusz Herman. Other Polish publications include
Besides these contributions there are several written in English and German
A good source of information is the Jubilee Book of <mask> (written in German, French and Polish), published during his lifetime, which contains contributions from his scientific collaborators as well as a bibliography and biography written by his student Maurycy Bornsztajn.<ref name=fla29a>Księga Pamiątkowa <mask> <mask>, Warszawa 1929, s. V-XXIIL, Gebethner i Wolff.</ref>
In 1937 Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie published special edition devoted to Flatau contributed mostly by his pupils.Mackiewicz, J., Badania <mask> Flatau nad nowotworami układu nerwowego, „Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie", 1937, nr 21-22, s. 411–413.Brain atlas and spinal cord
In 1894 at the age of 26, he published the influential Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres, which was published in German, English, French, Russian, and in 1896 in Polish. The Polish edition was dedicated "To the memory of a noble man and an eminent physician Profesor Tytus Chałubiński author dedicates this work." The atlas was based on long-exposure photographs of fresh brain sections (up to 10 minutes for flat and 30 minutes for uneven surfaces, by means of small diaphragms). These studies were done in Berlin under Professor Emanuel Mendel. In a review, Sigmund Freud wrote: "The plates with their clarity deserve to be called excellent educational material, suitable as an utterly reliable reference. A schematic plate in the beginning gives an overview of our knowledge on the fibre pathways in the CNS, incorporating the accounts of Mendel, Bechterew and Edinger and continuing with the differing views on the structure of nervous tissue of Camillio Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. The price of the work is minimal if one considers its completeness and beauty.The author and publisher deserve thanks from the medical community for this valuable work." In 1899, he published the second edition, which was extended and composed of two parts: an atlas and supplement. The preface to the second edition and supplement was written by <mask> in Warsaw. In the second edition, <mask> added the description of his discovery on Das Gesetz der excentrischen Lagerung der langen Bahnen im Ruckenmark. <mask>'s brain atlas was published two years before the workDas Menschenhirn of Gustaf Retzius, but the first publication of images of the brain was work of Jules Bernard Luys in 1873. Sigmund Freud and <mask> were together editors of the magazine Annual report on progress in neurology and psychiatry in 1897. Both were at the time neurologists.<mask>'s Law
His law played an important role in the initial studies of the spinal cord. With the Berlin neurobiologist Johannes Gad, <mask> performed experiments on dogs and criticized the Bastian-Bruns law concerning the loss of function following spinal cord injury (1893). On the basis of numerous clinical spinal cord surgeries, experiments, and subsequent observations, he discovered that the "greater the length of the fibres in the spinal cord the closer they are situated to the periphery" (<mask>'s law). He provided evidence for the laminar arrangement of spinal pathways. He also described the fifth, seventh, and eighth cranial nerves, and carefully outlined their nuclei. The paper on this topic, Das Gesetz der excentrischen Lagerung der langen Bahnen im Rückenmark, was published in 1897. For this work he received a PhD in medical sciences in Moscow in 1899 (dissertation )

This work was presented in 1949, next to a portrait of the author, on display at the IV International Congress of Neurologists in Paris.The neuron theory
<mask> began working at the Center for Anatomy of the Charité in Humboldt University of Berlin two years after the Wilhelm Waldeyer introduced the term neuron (Heinrich Waldeyer himself advocated and popularized the work of Ramón y Cajal). Thus, in 1895, <mask> became interested in neuron theory recently developed by Ramón y Cajal and Heinrich Waldeyer, and became one of its proponents. In several publications, he attempted to establish a unity between the physiology and anatomy of the neuron. Together with Alfred Goldscheider, he worked on the structure of nerve cells and their changes under mechanical, thermal, and toxic influences. They published results of their experiments in 1897 and 1898 in Fortschritte der Medizin and Polish Gazeta Lekarska, which were subsequently published as a special monograph. They state that the character of changes in neuron cells could provide information about the type of influences acting on them. This work, in which the normal and pathologic anatomy of the V, VII, and VIII (cochlear) cranial nerves was included, created much discussion and was adversely criticized by Franz Nissl, who opposed the neuron theory.He modified Golgi's method of tissue staining
and on the basis of studies of physiological effects of transverse intersection of the spinal cord in dogs carried out together with Johannes Gad, he provided criticism of the Bastian–Bruns sign of disappearance Patellar reflex as a result of this treatment (1896). Together with his friend Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, he continued anatomy work. In 1895 and 1896, <mask> and Jacobsohn received 1500 marks from duchess Louise von Bose, probably to develop presentation for an international medical congress in Moscow in 1897. Along with Jacobsohn, <mask> wrote a well-known textbook of comparative anatomy of the nervous system of mammals (1899). In 1906, he visited the Munich psychiatric clinic of Emil Kraepelin. In 1910 and 1911, he wrote three chapters on tumors of the brain and spinal cord for the two volumes of the handbook edited by the Berlin neurologist Max Lewandowsky. Together with the Warsaw surgeon Bronislaw Sawicki, he published a work on surgery of the spinal-cord cysts and treatment of tumors of the spine, in which he pointed out histopathological issues important for the surgical procedure.This publication was the culmination of several years of cooperation between the two doctors. <mask> was the first in Poland to describe the cases of encephalitis lethargica and on occasion the name "Economo-Flatau disease" was used to identify this disease in Polish medical literature. Neurology and early human genetics
In 1911, <mask> and Wladyslaw Sterling published an article on progressive torsion spasm in children. The authors pointed out that the disease was associated with genetic factors. In the same year, Theodor Ziehen and Hermann Oppenheim published a paper claiming that dystonia is related to a disease of the muscles. However, <mask> and Sterling noted that the intellectual capacity of these patients was higher than average. In 1976, Eldridge suggested that the publication of Flatau and Sterling was one of the first to describe the genetic factors of neurological diseases.In 1927, <mask>, independently of Emil Redlich in Vienna, described the first cases of encephalomyelitis epidemica disseminata (Flatau-Redlich disease). <mask> was convinced that this illness is caused by a virus which was later confirmed by Mergulis. In 1925, <mask> described in detail Schilder disease
and suggested new name  "encephaloleukopathia scleroticans progressive". Between 1921 and 1923, he described the meningeal symptoms characteristic during tuberculosis-related inflammation of meningitis: namely,  the pupil extension when bending head and  erection of the penis during repeated bending of the torso forward. Migraine and headaches
In 1912, he published in German and Polish one of the first modern monographs in the 20th century about migraine headaches
which is still referenced in scientific literature. It was the first Polish textbook devoted to migraine. In a review of the historical background of general aspects of the headaches, Isler and Rose say, "His unique monograph of 1912, Die Migrane, contains a thoroughly structured survey of most earlier authors, precise clinical observations, a critical evaluation of pathophysiology, and uncritical opinions on treatment, including arsenic cures."In his monograph, <mask> presented the full clinical picture of migraine and described the disease as an innate disposition to pathological metabolic processes in the nervous system and described its distinguished characters – ocular, epileptic, mental and facial. The book was based on observations of himself and about 500 cases from his own practice. In the introduction to the monograph, he wrote,"Migraine, as such, is not an independent or autonomous disease; it is just one  set of symptoms in the great chain of changed neurometabolism, whose crucial aspect are chemical changes and endocrine glands. Migraine attack is the expression of brain disorders; however, an exact mechanism which may be responsible is currently just a matter of conjecture and supposition. Today [1912] we cannot describe  mechanisms that come to play and express them in well defined anatomical and physiological aspects. The forces that govern such mechanisms are also not known to us. We can only guess and make assumptions as to their operation.Nevertheless, great progress characterizing the development of neurology in the second half of the nineteenth century is visible in the field of research into migraine as well. As a result, one can describe some of the ideas on more reliable anatomical and physiological grounds." Psychiatry
In addition to neurology, <mask> was a psychiatrist. Irena Solska, famous Polish actress, describes in her memoirs that playing

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title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Maria, a mad wife in
nondivine comedy of Zygmunt Krasinski around 1920, she visited the psychiatric hospital (ward) of <mask>. Another of his patients was well-known Polish poet Jan Lechoń.Wanda Nowakowska. Jan Lechoń: zarys życia i twórczości. Tow.Literackie im. Adama Mickiewicza 1996, s. 15 . In the story of Isaac Bashevis Singer, "The Power of Darkness",
<mask> is even called to cure the demons. Excerpt from Singer's story reads: "The word soon spread through Krochmalna Street and the surrounding streets that a dybbuk had settled in Tzeitel's ear, and that it chanted Torah ... A Warsaw nerve specialist became interested in the case – Dr. <mask>, who was famous not only in Poland, but [also] in all Europe and maybe in America, too. And an article about the case appeared in a Yiddish newspaper. The author borrowed its title from Tolstoy's play The power of darkness." Medical practice
In addition to his scientific work, he had a private practice in Warsaw.In 1904, he became head of the Department of Neurology at the Szpital Starozakonnych w Warszawie, which he led for 28 years. There, many of the Polish neurologists were making their first steps. His pupil Eufemiusz Herman recalls:
"Traditionally on Mondays, patient cases were reviewed. At the bedside of each patient, <mask> discussed their cases, he listened to the voice of everyone, even the youngest doctor ... As a teacher and a boss, he was deeply attached to each and every one who worked with him. They could draw richly from his great experience and extensive knowledge. He was patient, forgiving, always cheerful, treating students as their beloved family. Thinking forehead, deep dark eyes with a keen, yet warm gaze, low voice with a wide range of modulation – these are the features which, apart from the deep knowledge and great experience, attracted and charmed anyone who was in the circle of his indefatigable activity."In 1908, he lived  on the  Marszałkowska 150 Street in Warsaw on the first floor of the House of Fashion of Boguslaw Herse. He also lived for some time in the apartment on Chmielna Street 60. Other stories associated with <mask> and his Warsaw traces can be found in the articles of Jerzy KasprzyckiKasprzycki, J. Gdzie wygasła Zbarska, w książce Korzenie Miasta, Warszawskie Pożegnania, Tom IV, Mokotów i Ochota, Wydawnictwo VEDA, Warszawa 1999, .Kasprzycki, J., Mokotowskie kliniki, Życie Warszawy, Nr 62, 17–18 marca 1979, s. 12 (seria Warszawskie pożegnania) (dom opisany w artykule nigdy nie był kliniką). Social activities

 Beginning of neurology in Poland
By 1899, <mask> had established a name for himself both in Germany and abroad, and returned to Poland during that year. <mask> was closely associated with attempts to re-establish Polish science during and after Russian occupation. After his return, he formed a private microscopy laboratory at his apartments in Warsaw, and worked in Warsaw hospitals as a consultant. In 1911, he established a neurological laboratory in the Warsaw Psychologic Society, and he became in 1913 the first head of the Department of Neurobiology of the Warsaw Scientific Society (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
and from 1911 to 1923, head of the Department of Neurobiology at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology.For many years, he shared his responsibilities as experimentator and neurologist between the laboratory and the hospital. He was influential in establishing Polish medical periodicals  Neurologia Polska and Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie. Especially at the beginning of his career, he was involved in popular science activities in Poland. He published in popular medicine journals such as Zdrowie, Gazeta Lekarska, and Nowiny Lekarskie. <mask>'s law, originally published in German, was reprinted in Polish in the journal Nowiny Lekarskie  together with the basic introduction. His brain atlas and a book about migraine were translated into Polish, as well. He was interested in history of Polish medicine.In 1899, he notes: "Quite important for the history of Polish medicine is the fact that Robert Remak, one of the greatest histologists and neuropathologists, was born in Poznań in 1815 and published his fundamental work in the Polish language. This historical information was communicated to me by his son – Professor Ernst Remak in Berlin. He was also kind enough to give me a copy of this epic work in the Polish language." He was co-editor of the German journal Jahresbericht Leistungen und über die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Since its inception in 1897 until 1900, and afterwards as a collaborator, he contributed to the journal and was summarizing Polish neurological and psychiatric literature. According to the comments of Henryk Higier in 1932,
"<mask> being convicted of the shameful behavior of the German occupying forces during the World War I stopped his friendly relations with Germany, to which scientist he felt deep affection, and moved entirely his scientific affinity towards medical sciences in France ..." . Analysis of his publications in that period indicates that he indeed increased significantly, after the World War I, publications in French journals, but still on occasion published in German.In the same article, Higier writes "In social life, Flatau ... [had] a sense of responsibility for the state of Polish intellectual culture and the level and extent of Polish research ideas." In the early 20th century, the world neurology was beginning to be organized in international structures. In 1929, <mask> wrote to Henry Riley - secretary of the organizing committee of the I International Congress of Neurology which was to be held in 1931 - "as a representative of the Polish Committee, I express astonishment and grief that none of the vice-presidents of the Congress nor any of the honorary members ... are from Poland. Polish neurologists were relentless in their efforts during all the years of political dependence and their work has intensified since gaining independence." Neurobiological Laboratory and Nencki Institute
<mask> has played an important role in the development of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw (it exists to this day), and he created the first experimental neurobiological laboratory in Poland, and was member and contributed to development of the Warsaw Scientific Society (he was a member since 19 January 1908). As Poland was under occupation in that time, this society played an important role in re-establishing Polish science in the years to come. The neurological laboratory at the Nencki Institute had rather humble origin.In the early 20th century, after settling in Warsaw, <mask> established in his private apartment, microscopy laboratory in the building where the fashion house of Herse was located on Marszałkowska 150 street. The anecdote about this laboratory is:
"[A] carriage would take us to building on Marszalkowska Street, the same building where were mannequin ladies stood in shopping windows of House of Fashion of Boguslaw Herse (...) In this house lived, on the first floor, my uncle <mask>, who – just like my father – was a neurologist and psychiatrist (...) There was a St. Bernard dog that had its idiosyncrasies. In the long, narrow room of the apartment stood, preserved in alcohol and covered, brains of animals and humans that uncle studied. At night, the St. Bernard used his paws to remove the cover and ate a brain, always just one. He was taking off the cover gently and quietly placed it on the table. Flatau would not detect it for several days because he did not work in the laboratory every day. Then he announced that St. Bernard would be thrown out (...).St. Bernard looked at my uncle with reproach and would leave the room in protest against these threats..."

Subsequently, this laboratory moved on Jerozolimska Avenue 85 under auspices of the Psychological Society. In October 1911, <mask> donated to the Warsaw Scientific Society his neurological laboratory, along with the entire inventory and allowance of 2,000 rubles. In that time (1911), the Warsaw Scientific Society received as a gift from Józef Potocki, a house on Śniadeckich 8, where the laboratory was located. This is the same building where in 1913, Maria Skłodowska-Curie funded a radiology laboratory and was its honorary director. For many years, <mask> was the director of the neurological laboratory and was assisted by Teofil Simchowicz. According to Herman
"Every day at 9 am, <mask>wski cafe at the intersection of Koszykowa and Marszałkowska Streets, and after 15 minutes, he would go to the hospital on Czyste on Dworska 15 street." The laboratory conducted research in the fields of comparative anatomy, general and nervous system, physiology, pathological anatomy, experimental pathology, and experimental therapy of the nervous system. He collaborated with an assistant of Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Ludwik Wertenstein, on experimental oncology (use of radioactivity). The Institute of Experimental Biology of Marcel Nencki was established in Warsaw at the initiative of students and colleagues of Marceli Nencki. At the end of 1918, Kazimierz Białaszewicz, along with <mask> and Romuald Minkiewicz, head of just created Department of General Biology (Zakład Biologii Ogólnej) applied to the board of the Warsaw Scientific Society with an initiative to separate these three laboratories and create an organization under the name of "Institute of Experimental Biology. Marcel Nencki". <mask> headed the Laboratory of Neurobiology, between 1911 and 1923.Last months
In January 1932, he diagnosed himself with a brain tumor. He kept notes about his illness, but they were lost during the war. He died five months later, and he is buried at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw (section 10, row 2). At his grave, Dr. A. Goldman said:
"reticent in colloquial conversations,  strong in resolving professional and academic difficulties, <mask> died as a result of the suffering that he recognized himself and during the course of his illness he carefully and stoically made notes about its progress  (...). His friend Samuel Goldflam mentioned: (...) I have to speak over the grave of my late friend ... He was a fanatic of work and he worked relentlessly, since January he knew perfectly well that he was afflicted with an incurable disease, but he did not confide it to anyone, he did not let anyone know." Several thousand people came to his funeral.His headstone was done by sculptor Mieczysław Lubelski. He died in 1932, the same year as two other notable Polish neurologists and friends, Samuel Goldflam and Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski (Polish-French neurologist). Bibliography
 <mask> and Alfred Goldscheider: Normale und pathologische Anatomie der Nervenzellen: auf Grund der neueren Forschungen, Berlin, H. Kornfeld, 1898, 140 pages. Atlas of the human brain, and the course of the nerve-fibres, by <mask>, with a preface by E. Mendel. Berlin, S. Karger, 1894. 25 pages. Handbuch der Anatomie und vergleichenden Anatomie des Centralnervensystems der Säugetiere.With Louis Jacobsohn (Berlin neurobiologist). Berlin, S. Karger, 1899. Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie des Nervensystems. With L. Jacobsohn, Karl Anders Petrén (1868–1927) and Lazar Salomowitch Minor (1855–1942). Berlin, 1903–1904. Tumeurs de la moelle épinicre et de la colonne vertebrale, Paris, 1910, 175 pages. Migrena.La migraine. Warszawa, Nakladem Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego, 1912, vi, 313 pages. Series title: Wydawnictwa Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego. III.- Wydzial nauk matematycznych i przyrodniczych. In Polish. Die Migräne. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912.Series title: Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Hft. 2. Ernst Julius Remak and E<mask>: Neuritis und Polyneuritis. 2 parts. Wien, A. Hölder, 1899–1900. In Carl Wilhelm Hermann Nothnagel (1841–1905), et al., publisher: Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. IX, Bd.3, Abt. 3–4. (24 volumes, Vienna, 1894–1905). <mask> wrote the parts on anatomy and pathological anatomy. See also
 List of Poles
 Poles

References

1868 births
1932 deaths
History of neuroscience
Polish neurologists
19th-century Polish Jews
Members of the Polish Academy of

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