title: Csanád Telegdi

texts:
 tenth belonged to them communally. The lawsuit was settled only at the time of Telegdi's successor.During his 8-year episcopate, Telegdi's sole vicar was a certain magister Peter, the archdeacon of Zemplén. Archbishop of Esztergom

Confidant of the Anjous
Boleslaus of Esztergom died in December 1328. The collegiate chapter initially elected his protege Nicholas Dörögdi as his successor in the beginning of next year. However the royal couple, King Charles and Queen Elizabeth were dissatisfied with his person for unknown reasons. As a result, Pope John XXII refused to confirm Dörögdi's election despite the fact that the prelate personally visited the papal court at Avignon after some trouble with robber knights during his travel. Charles made it clear that he supported Csanád Telegdi to fill the position. To resolve the diplomatic conflict, Pope John decided to perform personal exchange between the sees of Esztergom and Eger; he transferred Telegdi from the Diocese of Eger to the Archdiocese of Esztergom on 17 September 1330, while Dörögdi was made Bishop of Eger two weeks later, on 1 October.According to the bull of Pope John XXII, dated 15 January 1331, he gave Telegdi's pallium to envoys cleric Nicholas of Várad (his nephew) and Benedictine friar Anselm to bring it to Hungary. To express his gratitude, Telegdi donated the village of Demjén, Heves County to the cathedral chapter of Eger on 3 March 1331, for their assistance in his promotion to the metropolitan seat. As Telegdi argued this land donation contributed to strengthen and secure the episcopal castle. Telegdi paid his servitium commune in full as Archbishop of Esztergom in November 1331. Upon his request, Charles I renewed the privilege of the archdiocese on 15 March 1332, regarding the collection of tithe beyond the Drava river, which right was donated by Béla IV and Stephen V to the archbishopric. Thereafter Charles I confirmed all privileges of Esztergom on 14 June by transcribing the royal charter of Béla IV, issued in 1262 on the occasion of Philip Türje's appointment. Becoming his godfather, Telegdi baptized the royal couple's youngest son Stephen, who was born on 20 August 1332.On this solemn occasion, he was granted oppidum Kürt in Komárom County (present-day Strekov in Slovakia). When Charles visited his uncle, Robert, in Naples in July 1333, Telegdi was among the dignitaries, who escorted the royal. There Charles' second son, Andrew, was betrothed to Robert's granddaughter, Joanna, who had been made her grandfather's heir. Simultaneously, Pope John XXII issued a document on 1 August, in which he provisionally authorized to the archbishop of Kalocsa and the bishops of Várad and Zagreb to crown Charles' eldest son Louis in the absence, prevention or death of the archbishop of Esztergom. The pope did this as a precaution, since Charles suffered from febrile illness during his trip. Other historians – István Katona and István Sugár – argued, however, Charles intended to crown his eldest surviving son Louis still in his own life, but Telegdi refused to do that, referring to the traditional role of the Hungarian Estates in the royal succession process. This assumption does not seem probable, as Telegdi retained his good relationship with the monarch until the latter's death.For instance, when a group of bishops made a complaint to Pope Benedict XII against Charles in 1338, because he had taken possession of Church property, in addition to his ecclesiastical policy, which "would jeopardize their interests", Telegdi did not join their movement and remained loyal to the king. The pope sent his reply letter to the bishops via Archbishop Telegdi and Bishop Dörögdi in February 1339. Under his archiepiscopate, the jurisdiction conflict with the Archdiocese of Kraków over the Szepesség region has ended in 1332, when papal legate and provost Prot ruled in favour of Kraków, however Telegdi invoked the privilege granted by Pope Innocent IV in 1254, which made a special order for the application of ecclesiastical punishment against the Archidocese of Esztergom for papal delegates, legates, conservators and executors, or their deputies. During the trial, in 1333, Telegdi turned to the abbots of Pilis and Zirc for assistance, as the document of 1254 authorized these Cistercian superiors to ensure that the privilege granted to the archbishop was respected. As a result, the document in which the said abbots forbade the bishops of Eger and Veszprém – Nicholas Dörögdi and Henry, respectively –, who should have acted on the instructions of the provost Prot, to excommunicate Telegdi and chapter of Esztergom and to place the church of Esztergom under interdict. Charles I died in Visegrád on 16 July 1342. His corpse was first delivered to Buda where a Mass was said by Telegdi for his soul.In his speech, which portions were preserved by the Buda Chronicle, the Dubnic Chronicle and Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum, the archbishop used same trope and terminology, as twenty-seven years ago. He described Charles' death with Biblical parallels, referring to the "original sin"  and hence "the general and unchangeable law of death". Its structure is largely the same as that of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer. Arriving to Székesfehérvár, Telegdi crowned Louis I king with the Holy Crown of Hungary on 21 July. He delivered a praising speech there too, but it has not been preserved in contemporary sources or later chronicles. When the young Louis launched his Neapolitan campaign against his brother's murderer Joanna, Telegdi acted as royal governor (viceroy) in the Kingdom of Hungary between 1347 and 1348. <mask> Telegdi died between around September and December 1349.He was succeeded by his nephew Nicholas Vásári. Restoration of the Cathedral

Pope John XXII proclaimed the compulsory delivery of the tenth of church income in the whole Christian world to the Holy See in the upcoming six years, in order to liberate the Holy Land. During the archiepiscopal tenure of Telegdi, papal tax collectors visited the dioceses of Hungary between 1332 and 1337. As the dioceses refused to fulfill the command, the pope sent his two liquidators Jacobus Berengarii and Raymundus de Bonofato to Hungary. In response, Charles I allowed the collection of the papal tithe (the tenth part of the Church revenues) in his realms only after the Holy See agreed to give one third of the money collected to him. The collection process in the Archdiocese of Esztergom was supervised by Bonofato, then Jacobus de Lengres after his death. Telegdi did not seem to be cooperative according to the letter of Pope Benedict XII in August 1339, when the archbishop allegedly refused to present a list of assets previously counted.Telegdi recovered several lands for his metropolitan seat during his episcopate: for instance, he regained Nezsider (today Neusiedl am See, Austria) in 1332, which Boleslaus had failed years earlier. He exchanged Bogdány (present-day Bohdanovce nad Trnavou, Slovakia) for Bél and Sáró (today eľký Biel and Šarovce in Slovakia, respectively) and two mills in Szentgyörgyfalva across the Garam (Hron) river in 1339. Telegdi increased his own wealth simultaneously: Louis I donated the village of Tárnok and its revenues and river duty in Csanád County for his family in April 1343. Upon the intercession of Telegdi, Franciscan friars were settled down in his family centre Telegd in 1339. The archbishop caused controversy when increased the strictly hierarchical staff (38 members) of the collegiate chapter of Esztergom with one person. He re-established the provostship of Szentgyörgymező (today a borough of Esztergom) and raised the number of its canons from four to eight persons. Despite the intention of Louis I and Pope Clement VI, Telegdi successfully prevented the establishment of the Diocese of Szepes (Spiš) in 1348 (finally, it was created only three centuries later, in 1776).Continuing the efforts of his predecessors Thomas and Boleslaus in the previous decades, Telegdi finished the complete restoration and reconstruction of St. Adalbert Cathedral in Esztergom. The contemporary so-called Acephalus Codex reported in detail on the construction works. According to the chronicle, Telegdi ordered to rebuild the sanctuary "with polished and carefully carved stones, columns, strong foundations, wonderfully crafted stone beams and great vault", and decorate it with stained glass windows, while the exterior walls were strengthened in order to avoid such devastation like in 1304 by the Bohemian troops. Telegdi also rebuilt the old and collapsed towers of the cathedral. During his tenure, the archbishop's palace, uninhabited for a long time, was also restored and built two chapels in the neighborhood. He erected a stone wall around Víziváros () too, while established many churches there. He invited painters from Italy, who belonged to the Sienese School and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, to decorate the castle chapels with frescoes.These works represent the earliest and purest examples of the Italian Trecento art in Central Europe. Eight saints were portrayed at the nave of the cathedral, while two fragments of the Christ in Majesty () preserved above the Archbishop's throne. The depictions of the life of Jesus were definitely made just before the outbreak of the Black Death. References

Sources

1280s births
1349 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Bishops of Eger
13th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in


title: John V. Tucker

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 4 February 1952) is a British computer scientist and expert on computability theory, also known as recursion theory. Computability theory is about what can and cannot be computed by people and machines. His work has focused on generalising the classical theory to deal with all forms of discrete/digital and continuous/analogue data; and on using the generalisations as formal methods for system design; based on abstract data types and on the interface between algorithms and physical equipment. Biography
Born in Cardiff, Wales, he was educated at Bridgend Boys' Grammar School, where he was taught mathematics, logic and computing. He read mathematics at University of Warwick (BA in 1973), and studied mathematical logic and the foundations of computing at University of Bristol (MSc in 1974, PhD in 1977). He has held posts at Oslo University, the CWI Amsterdam, and at Bristol and Leeds Universities, before returning to Wales as Professor of Computer Science at Swansea University in 1989. In addition to theoretical computer science, <mask> also lectures on the history of computing and on the history of science and technology and Wales.<mask> founded the British Colloquium for Theoretical Computer Science in 1985 and served as its president from its inception until 1992. He is a Fellow of the British Computer Society and editor of several international scientific journals and monograph series. At Swansea, he has been Head of Computer Science (1994–2008), Head of Physical Sciences (2007–11) and Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor (2011–2019). He is Member of Academia Europaea. Outside of Computer Science, <mask> has been a Trustee of the Welsh think-tank, the Institute of Welsh Affairs and the chair of the Swansea Bay branch. He is also a Trustee of the South Wales Institute of Engineers Educational Trust, and the Gower Society. Professor <mask> is married to Dr. T.E.Rihll, formerly a Reader in Ancient History at Swansea University. In the early 1990s, he began to lobby for a national academy for Wales. In 2008 a process to create such an academy began sponsored by the then University of Wales. Professor <mask> is a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and in July 2010 he was appointed as its inaugural General Secretary, a post he held until May 2017. Work on computability and data types
Classical computability theory is based on the data types of strings or natural numbers. In general, data types, both discrete and continuous, are modelled by universal algebras, which are sets of data equipped with operations and tests. <mask>'s theoretical work tackles the problems of: how to define or specify properties of the operations and tests of data types; how to program and reason with them; and how to implement them.In a series of theorems and examples, starting in 1979, Jan Bergstra and <mask> established the expressive power of different types of equations and other algebraic formulae on any discrete data type, guided by theorems of the form:
On any discrete data type, functions are definable as the unique solutions of small finite systems of equations if, and only if, they are computable by algorithms. Their program comprehensively classified specification methods for data types. The results combined techniques of universal algebra and recursion theory, including term rewriting and Matiyasevich's theorem. For the other problems, he and his co-workers have developed two independent disparate generalisations of classical computability/recursion theory, which are equivalent for many continuous data types. The first generalisation, created with Jeffrey Zucker, focuses on imperative programming with abstract data types and covers specifications and verification using Hoare logic. For example, they showed that:
All computable functions on the real numbers are the unique solutions to a single finite system of algebraic formulae. The second generalisation, created with <mask> Stoltenberg-Hansen, focuses on implementing data types using approximations contained in the ordered structures of domain theory.The general theories have been applied as formal methods in microprocessor verifications, data types, and tools for volume graphics and modelling excitable media including the heart. Work on computability and physics
Since 2003, <mask> has worked with Edwin Beggs and Felix Costa on a general theory analysing the interface between algorithms and physical equipment. The theory answers various questions concerning:

how algorithms can be boosted by special purpose physical devices acting as "oracles";
how algorithms control physical experiments that are designed to make measurements. By transforming the idea of oracle in computability theory, they combine algorithmic models with precisely specified models of physical processes. For example, they ask the question:
If a physical experiment were to be completely controlled by an algorithm, what effect would the algorithm have on the physical measurements made possible by the experiment?Their central idea is that, just as Turing modelled the human computer in 1936 by a Turing machine, they model a technician, performing an experimental procedure that governs an experiment, by a Turing machine. They show that the mathematics of computation imposes fundamental limits on what can be measured in classical physics:There is a simple Newtonian experiment to measure mass, based upon colliding particles, for which there are uncountably many masses m such that for every experimental procedure governing the equipment it is only possible to determine finitely many digits of m, even allowing arbitrary long run times for the procedure. In particular, there are uncountably many masses that cannot be measured.Work on history of science and technology
In 2007 <mask> founded the History of Computing Collection at Swansea University. He has lectured on the history of computation since 1994, with interests in computing before computers, and theories of data and computation. He is a founding member of the editorial board of the Springer book series History of Computing. He also lectures on the history of science and technology in Wales and is a founding member of the editorial board of the University of Wales Press book series Scientists of Wales. References
 J A Bergstra and J V <mask>, Equational specifications, complete term rewriting systems, and computable and semicomputable algebras,  Journal of the ACM, Volume 42 (1995), pp1194–1230. <mask>-Hansen and J V <mask>, Effective algebras, in S Abramsky, D Gabbay and T Maibaum (eds. ), Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, Volume IV: Semantic Modelling, Oxford University Press (1995), pp357–526.<mask>-Hansen and J V <mask>, Computable rings and fields, in E Griffor (ed. ), Handbook of Computability Theory, Elsevier (1999), pp363–447. J V <mask> and J I Zucker, Computable functions and semicomputable sets on many sorted algebras, in S Abramsky, D Gabbay and T Maibaum (eds. ), Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, Volume V: Logic and Algebraic Methods, Oxford University Press (2000), pp317–523. J V <mask> and J I Zucker, Abstract computability and algebraic specification, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Volume 5 (2004), pp611–668. J A Bergstra, Y Hirschfeld and J V <mask>,  Meadows and the equational specification of division, Theoretical Computer Science, 410 (2009), 1261–1271. E J Beggs, J F Costa, B Loff and J V <mask>, Computational complexity with experiments as oracles, Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 464 (2008) 2777–2801.E J Beggs, J F Costa, B Loff and J V <mask>, Computational complexity with experiments as oracles II: Upper bounds, Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 465 (2009) 1453–1465. E J Beggs, J F Costa and J V <mask>, Limits to measurement in experiments governed by algorithms, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 20 (2010) 1019–1050. J V <mask>, Robert Recorde: data, computation and the Tudor knowledge economy, in G Roberts and F Smith (ed), Robert Recorde: Life and Work, University of Wales Press, 2012, 165–187. J V <mask>, Richard Price and the History of Science,'' Transactions of the Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion, New Series 21 (2017), 69–86. External links
 Home page

 Interview with <mask>
 The Learned Society of Wales
 History of Computing Collection
 History of Computing Book
 University of Wales Press
 History of Computing Collection Main Page
 Images from The HOCC
 HOCC Youtube Channel

1952 births
Living people
Academics of Swansea University
Scientists from Cardiff
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Welsh computer scientists
Formal methods people
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Alumni of the University of Bristol
People educated at Ysgol Brynteg

masks:
John Vivian Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Viggo
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
V Stoltenberg
Tucker
V Stoltenberg
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
John Tucker


title: Antonio Gasparinetti

texts:
<mask> (3 June 1777 – 1824) was an Italian poet, playwright and military officer in Napoleon's Armée d'Italie. Born in the Province of Treviso, he joined a light cavalry regiment as a lieutenant in 1797 and rose to the rank of colonel by the end of his career in 1814. He distinguished himself in several major battles of the Napoleonic wars, including the Battle of Wagram when he was awarded the Legion of Honor by Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, he was deeply involved in the Congiura di Brescia-Milano, a plot to overthrow Austrian rule in northern Italy. When the conspiracy was discovered, he was arrested and spent nearly four years in prison. Following his release in 1818 he devoted himself to literary pursuits and collecting military memorabilia. <mask> was married to the opera singer Elisabetta Gafforini from 1812 until his death in Milan at the age of 47.Biography

Early years
Gasparinetti was born in Ponte di Piave in the Province of Treviso, the third child of Francesca née Davanzo and Nicolò <mask>. His father was a prosperous rural landholder, while other members of the family had held prominent positions in the local government. As a young boy he was sent to Treviso to be educated by his paternal uncle who taught humanities and rhetoric at the city's seminary. In 1792 he enrolled at the University of Padua, initially intending to study medicine, but later switching to law. He began his literary activity while still a student there, producing a play and a novella in verse and several sonnets and odes. At the university  he also formed what would be lifelong friendships with the poets Ugo Foscolo and Giuseppe Giulio Ceroni. All three of them shared ardent republican sympathies and all three became officers in Napoleon's Armée d'Italie.Of the three, <mask> would have the longest and most distinguished military career, although as with Foscolo and Ceroni, the political sentiments expressed in his poetry and oratory sometimes got him into trouble with his commanding officers. Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoleon's Viceroy in Italy and the commander of the Armée d'Italie, later recalled that <mask>, Foscolo, and Ceroni gave him more trouble than the rest of the army combined. Military career and marriage

Gasparinetti had inexplicably left the University of Padua in 1796 shortly before taking his final examinations and returned to his family's home in Ponte di Piave. The following year, he enlisted in the Armée d'Italie. Over six feet tall and skilled in both firearms and horseback riding, he was given the rank of lieutenant in the newly formed light cavalry regiment (Chasseurs à Cheval). He distinguished himself in the Battle of Genola and the Siege of Genoa where both he and Foscolo were wounded and rose to the rank of captain. His military service was interspersed with periods of leave during which he dedicated himself to his literary pursuits.After one such period in 1809, he planned to retire permanently from the army, but his regiment was called up for the War of the Fifth Coalition. <mask> participated in several battles of that campaign, most notably the Battle of Wagram where he was wounded and taken prisoner by the Austrians. On his release, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by Napoleon. <mask> was promoted to major in January 1812 as Napoleon was preparing for the invasion of Russia. Prior to his departure for the front, he married the opera singer Elisabetta Gafforini at the Chiesa di San Fedele in Milan on 1 April 1812. They had known each other since 1806 when he had published a sonnet and ode in her honour on the occasion of her return to La Scala from Lisbon. Their daughter and only child was born towards the end of 1812.They named her Eugenia after Eugène de Beauharnais. Napoleon's attack on Russia and the subsequent disastrous retreat from Moscow ultimately decimated <mask>'s regiment. Wounded at the Battle of Vyazma, he managed to survive by feigning death, even when a Russian soldier cut off his finger to steal his ring as he lay on the ground. The loss of so many Italian commanding officers led to his promotion to the rank of colonel in 1813. His regiment was sent into further battle in Germany but by then its remains had been absorbed into the I Corps led by General Vandamme. <mask> was taken prisoner at the Battle of Kulm when the French troops were defeated with heavy losses. He was not able to return to Milan and his young family until May 1814.Plot of 1814 and later years

The fall of Napoleon led to Austria re-taking control of Milan in May 1814. <mask> was dismissed from the army along with many other officers who had been known to be ardent supporters of Napoleon. Already a Freemason and member of the Grand Orient of Italy, he became a prominent member of the Centri, a secret organization composed of military officers and intellectuals based in Mantua but with adherents throughout Lombardy and the Veneto. Their goal, according to Gian Bernardo Soveri Latuada, a lawyer and leading member of the Centri, was "to work for the moral and civil regeneration of the Italian people". However, many of them were also strongly in favour of a united Italy free from foreign domination. A number of Centri members, including <mask>, Soveri Latuada, the physician Giovanni Rasori, Brigadier General Gaspare Bellotti, and severa other high-ranking ex-military officers, were involved in the Congiura di Brescia-Milano ("Brescia-Milan Conspiracy"), a plot to overthrow Austrian rule in northern Italy. When the plot was discovered by the Austrian authorities in December 1814, <mask> and his co-conspirators were arrested and taken to Mantua for questioning.All of them were ultimately condemned to prison, Gasparinetti for five years. In December 1815, the Emperor of Austria Francis I visited Milan for the first time. <mask>'s wife, Elisabetta Gafforini, along with the wife of Rasori, the mother of Bellotti, and the brothers of several other conspirators submitted fulsome supplications to the emperor asking for their relatives' sentences to be commuted. Earlier that year Gafforini had come out of retirement to sing at La Scala in the premiere of Il mistico omaggio, a cantata celebrating the return of Austrian rule which was performed in the presence of Archduke John of Austria. In the end, the emperor reduced <mask>'s sentence by 18 months, and he was finally freed on 9 March 1818. <mask> lived out his remaining years in Milan, devoting himself to his writing, including two more plays. The first of them, Bibli,  was dedicated to his wife.He also built up a collection of military memorabilia and became a benefactor of the main hospital in Milan. He died in 1824 in his 47th year. Elisabetta Gafforini lived on until 1847 and was survived by their daughter Eugenia. Literary works
While still a student at the University of Padua, <mask>'s play in free verse, Amore vendicato, was performed at the Teatro Obizzi in Padua in May 1795. Although it was not a particular success with the audiences, it drew favourable notice from the critic of the Gazzetta Urbana Veneta. He also wrote several poems during this time, including a sonnet, Tacea la notte, which was published in a collection marking the marriage of Agostino Nani and Pisana Savorgnan, members of two prominent families in the Veneto. Towards the end of 1795, he published a novella in ottava rima entitled Giannuccio e Cecilia.It recounts the story of two young lovers from noble Neapolitan families who, after many vicissitudes, are finally able to marry. The literary critic Guido Mazzoni noted that despite the fluency of <mask>'s verse and its cultured style, Giannuccio e Cecilia was a particularly insipid example of the late 18th-century vogue for "naively erotic" novellas. [[File:Extract from Apoteosi di Napoleone by <mask>, 1809.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Concluding lines of Gasparinetti's 'Apoteosi di Napoleone Primo Imperadore e Re]]
Once he began his military career, Gasparinetti's poetry was largely devoted to patriotic republican themes and celebrations of Napoleon's victories. Several of his early poems in this vein were published in a two-volume anthology, Parnasso democratico ("Democratic Parnassus"). Subtitled Raccolta di poesie repubblicane de' più celebri autori viventi ("A collection of republican poetry by the most celebrated living authors"), the anthology was published in Bologna in 1801 and contained poetry by <mask>, Giuseppe Giulio Ceroni, Vincenzo Monti, Ugo Foscolo, and a dozen other Italian poets. In 1809, Gasparinetti published Apoteosi di Napoleone Primo Imperadore e Re ("Apotheosis of Napoleon First Emperor and King"). Consisting of four cantos containing sixty tercets each, the Apoteosi was one of the few Italian poetic works that attempted to chronicle Napoleon's exploits in detail.Its closing lines repeated those spoken by <mask> five years earlier during a mime depicting Napoleon in the Elysian Fields. The mime was enacted at La Scala on 3 June 1804, a national holiday celebrating the newly-created Italian Republic. After his release from prison Gasparinetti completed his five-act tragedy Bibli which he had begun ten years earlier. It was published by Sonzogno in 1819 and dedicated to his wife Elisabetta with an accompanying sonnet entitled A Nabitte ("To Nabitte", an anagram of her diminutive name, "Bettina"). Mazzoni described the play, which is based on the Greek myth of Byblis, as carefully versed, at times outstandingly so, and a work that was a credit to the culture and intelligence of its creator but lacking the true force of a tragedy. Mazzoni's views were similar to those expressed by Giovanni Battista De Cristoforis in Il Conciliatore. That same year, the Milanese publisher Niccolò Bettoni announced that he was bringing out a new series of works on Italian history.The first of them was to be Pierre Daru's 7-volume history of the Venetian Republic which had been recently published in Paris. Bettoni had engaged Gasparinetti to translate the work into Italian for the series, but the project was soon aborted by the Austrian authorities. Daru was viewed with great suspicion by the Austrians because of his close ties to Napoleon, his support for democratic ideals, and the praise he had received from the Italian patriot Silvio Pellico. <mask>'s last major work was Imelda Lambertazzi, another five-act tragedy. Mindful of the criticisms of Biblis neoclassical subject, this time Gasparinetti chose a medieval historical theme more in tune with the Romantic movement taking hold in Italian literature. A variation of the story of Romeo and Juliet, the play is based on the real-life figures of Imelda Lambertazzi and Bonifacio Geremei, lovers who belonged to two warring families in 13th-century Bologna—the Lambertazzi were Ghibellines while the Geremei were Guelphs. The story has been the subject of several plays written both before and after <mask>'s version, as well as Donizetti's opera Imelda de' Lambertazzi.<mask>'s version was published in 1821 in a collection of plays selected and annotated by Gaetano Barbieri. Imelda Lambertazzi appeared in Volume 8 of the collection paired with an Italian translation of Casimir Delavigne's five-act comedy Comédiens. An anonymous review in the journal Biblioteca italiana praised Gasparinetti for tackling the subject and his level of erudition but observed that the over-complexity of the plot at times detracted from the play's impact. In 1831, seven years after <mask>'s death and with revolutionary sentiment for a unified Italy in resurgence, three of his poems originally published in Parnasso Democratico thirty years earlier were re-published in Antologia repubblicana ("Republican Anthology"). Notes

References

Further reading
Del Negro, Piero (2007). "I percorsi di carriera degli ufficiali: le vite parallele dei veneti Francesco Cortese e <mask>" in  Adele Robbiati Bianchi (ed.) La formazione del primo Stato italiano e Milano capitale 1802-1814, pp.551–574. LED. External links
Alla Signora Elisabetta Gafforini, a sonnet and ode to his future wife by Gasparinetti. It was published in 1806 under the initials "A. G."

1777 births
1824 deaths
18th-century Italian poets
18th-century Italian male writers
19th-century Italian poets
19th-century Italian male writers
18th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
18th-century Italian military personnel
19th-century Italian military personnel
People from the Province of Treviso

masks:
Antonio Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Antonio Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Gasparinetti
Antonio Gasparinetti


title: Mathews Athanasius (born 1907)

texts:
<mask>pa (18 February 1907 – 30 November 1973) was the first missionary bishop of the Mar Thoma Church. As a diocesan Episcopa he did remarkable pioneering work in organising parishes and new mission fields. His evangelical ardour and concern for the unreached area, made him forge ahead expansion programmes and colonisation schemes besides establishing of several institutions. He was noted for his deep personal dedication to Jesus Christ and his zeal for the spread of the Gospel, continuity in the Evangelical tradition of the Mar Thoma Church. He was full of energy and sacrificial spirit. Early days
<mask>pa was born on 18 February 1907 at Ayroor, in Kerala. He was the son of Thomas Kurudamannil, Ayroor.His mother was Aleyamma, sister of Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan, Palakunnathu, Maramon. Parents called him Mathaichen. Education
Primary education was at Ayroor, Kozhencherry and at Kottayam. For higher studies he joined Kolkata (Calcutta) Bishops College high school and Saint Paul's College. In 1925 he was able to obtain a BA degree and in 1929 a BEd degree. In 1934, he proceeded to join Wycliffe College at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Keezhillam school
At the age of 21 he left home to go to the North Travancore which was an underdeveloped area.It had been selected as a mission field of the Evangelistic Association. In 1929 he and fellow workers started a school at Keezhillam as a means to reach out and help the people living in that area, with a group of fellow workers, having only their faith in God as their resource. They worked hard and opened the way for education for hundreds of children in poor families. In those days education wasn't free and many of the people couldn't afford schooling. By giving concessions in fees to such students, they were encouraged to study and the money for their education was taken from the meagre salary of the teachers who were gracious enough to accept it as a way of serving the Lord. Gradually education began to spread in those areas and people began to see the truth of the Gospel in the lives of their teachers. Perumbavoor School
Rev.C T Mathew (Mar Athanasius) moved to Perumbavoor seeing the need of that area. He was supported by a small group of friends including Rev.C.I. Abraham and Mr.A. Cherian (who later became a judge). A High School was opened and classes began on 1 June 1931. Here teachers worked on fellowship basis, on the pattern of the Union Christian College, Aluva and of Madras Christian College, Chennai. A group of dedicated teachers under the leadership of Rev.C T Mathew, the headmaster, became the nucleus of an Ashram. The school was known as the Ashram High School. The teachers shared everything in common and lived a life of fellowship as the first century Christians, devoting all their time to the welfare of the students. The boarding home and the school became highly reputed across the state. Ordination
Soon after opening the school at Keezhillam, he was ordained as a Semmasan (deacon) by Abraham Mar Thoma in 1929. While at Perumbavoor, in 1933 he was made a Kassessa (priest). Then while he was studying at Wycliffe College, Rev.C.T.Mathew was selected by the Prathinidhi Mandalam (Church Parliament) to be an episcopa of the church. Consecration
Rev.C.T. Mathew along with Rev.C.M. John were consecrated as Episcopas on 30 December 1937 at Tiruvalla, by Titus II Mar Thoma Metropolitan assisted by Abraham Mar Thoma Suffragan Metropolitan and Kuriakose Mar Koorilose of Malabar Independent Syrian Church. Rev. C.T. Mathew was given the episcopal title <mask> Mar Athenasius and Rev.C.M. John, Juhanon Mar Timotheous (later Juhanon Mar Thoma and Metropolitan.) As an episcopa

North Kerala area
His deep devotion and sacrificial life and the spirit of fellowship were the special characteristics of his service as Bishop. This spirit of adventure and trust in God made him a master builder of the Church. Wherever he saw the need, he ventured into action even when no resources were in sight. Undeveloped areas in Malabar became his concern as the Diocesan Bishop. He went to un-accessed areas and helped small congregation of people who had migrated from Central Travancore, seeking opportunity to make a living.They were helped to settle down and developed as on small communities in a spirit of co-operation. Nilambur and Chungathara and other places up to Gudalloor were all reached by him and the small congregations were encouraged and supported in various ways. Travancore area
Later when he was in charge of the diocese in Central Travancore, he concentrated his efforts in developing the congregations among the new settlers in Chittar, Seethathodu, Angamoozhy and other places which were very difficult to reach in those days. Outside Kerala
When the Evangelistic work of the Church expanded he was the first Missionary Bishop of the Church, travelling all over India, visiting the scattered congregations and encouraging the Ashrams. He was present in many international Evangelistic conferences in Tokyo and other places. Other developments
He opened dispensaries and clinics and schools while also caring for their spiritual needs. The Olivet Aramana at Chengannur, the Retreat Centre at Maramon and the Kalalayam at Ayroor came into being as a result of his enterprising spirit.It was owing to his farsight that the Charal Mount which has since become a favourite camp sight was bought and made available for the church. Last days
Even though suffering from diabetes for many years, nothing could stop him from all out endeavour in the cause of the spread of the Gospel. After a short period, he succumbed to his illness and died on 30 November 1973 at the age of 73. He was buried in the Bishops' cemetery in the SCS Compound, Tiruvalla. See also
 Mar Thoma Church
 Syrian Malabar Nasrani
 Saint Thomas Christians
 List of Syrian Malabar Nasranis

References

Bibliography
English
Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church.. Pub: K.M.Cherian. Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. London, England. Malayalam. Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V.(2001). Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram. (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam. Mathew, N.M. Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1. (2006), Volume II (2007). Volume III (2008) Pub.E.J. Institute, Thiruvalla

External links
 http://marthomasyrianchurch.org

People from Pathanamthitta district
1907 births
1973 deaths
Bishops of the Mar Thoma Church
Metropolitans of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church
Saint Thomas Christians

masks:
Mathews Mar Athenasius Episco
Mathews Mar Athenasius Episco
Mathews


title: Rodolphus Agricola

texts:
<mask> (; August 28, 1443, or February 17, 1444 – October 27, 1485) was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the Northern Low Countries, famous for his knowledge of Latin and Greek. He was an educator, musician, builder of church organs, a poet in Latin and the vernacular, a diplomat, a boxer and a Hebrew scholar towards the end of his life. Today, he is best known as the author of De inventione dialectica, the father of Northern European humanism and as a zealous anti-scholastic in the late fifteenth century. Biography

<mask> was born in Baflo in the Dutch province of Groningen as the illegitimate son of the cleric and future abbot Hendrik Vries and Zycka Huesman, a rich farmer's daughter. He was originally named Roelof Huesman, or Huisman, his mother's surname. The Latin adjective Phrisius identifies him as a Frisian. Educated first by the school of St. Maarten in Groningen, <mask> matriculated at the University of Erfurt with his father's assistance and received a BA in 1458.He then studied at Louvain University, receiving an MA in 1465; he was renowned for the purity of his Latin and skill in disputation. He concentrated his studies on Cicero and Quintilian, but also added French and Greek to his ever-growing list of languages during his university years. At the end of his life, he would learn Hebrew to be able to read the Old Testament, especially the Psalms, unadulterated by translation. In the 1460s <mask> travelled to Italy, where he became associated with humanist masters and statesmen. From circa 1468 until 1475, he studied civil law at the University of Pavia and later went to Ferrara (1475–1479). There, he became the protégé of Prince d'Este of Ferrara, and was a pupil of Theodor Gaza and attended lectures by Battista Guarino. He devoted himself to the study of classical texts and gained fame for the elegance of his Latin style and his knowledge of philosophy.While in Ferrara, <mask> gained formal employment as the organist to the opulent ducal chapel. He held that post until 1479, after which he returned to the North, becoming secretary to the city of Groningen. Here, at the Cistercian Abbey of St Bernard at Aduard, near Groningen, and at 's-Heerenbergh near Emmerich in the south-east, he was at the center of a group of scholars and humanists, with whom he kept up a lively exchange of letters. His correspondents included the musician and choirmaster of Antwerp Jacobus Barbirianus (Barbireau), rector of the Latin School at Deventer Alexander Hegius von Heek and Johannes Reuchlin, the humanist scholar and later student of Hebrew. In 1470, he taught a deaf child how to communicate orally and in writing; his work, De inventione dialectica, documents this pioneering educational effort. Once in Germany again, he spent time in Dillingen, where he continued to correspond with humanist friends and colleagues throughout Europe. In correspondence, he primarily advocated for his project to promote the study of classical learning and the Studia humanitatis.<mask> remained an independent scholar, unattached to a university or religious establishment. This independence became a hallmark of humanist scholars. In 1479, <mask> completed his De inventione dialectica (On Dialectical Invention) in Dillingen, which argued for the precise application of loci in scholarly argumentation. From 1480 to 1484 he held the post of secretary of the city of Groningen. In 1481, <mask> spent six months in Brussels at the court of Archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I, the Holy Roman Emperor). Friends attempted to dissuade him from accepting the archduke's patronage as they feared that the archduke's influence would undermine his philosophical ideals. He also declined the offer to become the head of a Latin school at Antwerp.In 1484, <mask> moved to Heidelberg by invitation of Johann Von Dalberg, the Bishop of Worms. The two men had met in Pavia, and they became close friends in Heidelberg. The bishop was a generous benefactor of learning. At this time <mask> began studying Hebrew, and he is said to have published an original translation of the Psalms. In 1485, Dalberg was sent as an ambassador to Pope Innocent VIII in Rome, with <mask> accompanying him; the latter was struck gravely ill on their journey. He died shortly after their return to Heidelberg and Ermolao Barbaro composed an epitaph for him. Legacy

De inventione dialectica was influential in creating a place for logic in rhetorical studies and was of significance in the education of early humanists.It was a critical and systematic treatment of ideas and concepts related to dialectics. The significance of De inventione dialectica for the history of argumentation is that it assimilated the art of dialectic to that of rhetoric. Argumentation focused not on truth but on what might be said with reason. Accordingly, Agricola focused on the Topics rather than the Analytics of Aristotle and on Cicero, but also on the writings of historians, poets, and orators. Thus, for Agricola, dialectic was an open field; the art of finding "whatever can be said with any degree of probability on any subject." (Hamilton, David. From Dialectic to Didactic).<mask> was also important to the deaf community, since he believed that people who are born deaf can express themselves by putting their thoughts into writing. His statement that deaf people can be taught a language is one of the earliest positive statements about deafness on record (Gannon, 1981). <mask>'s De formando studio—his long letter on a private educational program—was printed as a small booklet and influenced pedagogy of the early sixteenth century. <mask> was also important for his personal influence over others. Erasmus admired <mask>, eulogizing him in "Adagia" and calling him "the first to bring a breath of better literature from Italy." Erasmus claimed him as a father/teacher figure and may have met him through his own schoolmaster Alexander Hegius (most probably one of Agricola's students) at Hegius's School in Deventer. In addition to Hegius, <mask>'s students include Conrad Celtis (in Heidelberg).Erasmus made it his personal mission to ensure that several of <mask>'s major works were printed posthumously. <mask>'s literary executor was Adolphus Occo, a physician of Augsburg. By about 1530 disciples and followers had gathered the manuscripts left by <mask>, and these were edited by Alardus of Amsterdam. Works
 De Inventione Dialectica libri tres (1479): This is the work for which <mask> is particularly known. There is a modern edition (and translation into German) by Lothar Mundt, <mask>. De inventione dialectica libri tres (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1992). Parts are translated into English in .Letters: The letters of <mask>, of which fifty-one survive, offer an interesting insight into the humanist circle to which he belonged. They have been published and translated with extensive notes in: <mask>, Letters; edited by Adrie van der Laan and Fokke Akkerman (2002). A Life of Petrarch (Vita Petrarcae / De vita Petrarchae, 1477)
 De nativitate Christi
 De formando studio (= letter 38 [to Jacobus Barbireau of Antwerp on June 7, 1484, when <mask> was in Heidelberg]: see the edition of the letters by Van der Laan / Akkerman, pp. 200–219)
 His minor works include some speeches, poems, translations of Greek dialogues, and commentaries on works by Seneca, Boethius and Cicero
 For a selection of his works with facing French translation: Rodolphe <mask>, Écrits sur la dialectique et l'humanisme, ed. Marc van der Poel (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1997)
 For a bibliography of <mask>'s works: Gerda C. Huisman, <mask>. A Bibliography of Printed Works and Translations (Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1985)

References

Sources
 <mask>, R., from "Three Books Concerning Dialectical Invention." Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric.ed. & trans. W.A. Rebhorn. pp. 42–56. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U P. 2000.Gallaudet University Library: - Earliest Known Deaf People:  https://web.archive.org/web/20051220092919/http://library.gallaudet.edu/dr/faq-earliest-deaf.html
 Hamilton, David. "From Dialectic to Didactic." http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/westbury/textcol/HAMILTO1.html
 The History Guide - Renaissance Humanism: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html
 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia - Rudolph Agricola: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01231b.htm
 <mask> <mask> Phrisius (1444–1485). Proceedings of the International Conference at the University of Groningen 28–30 October 1985, eds. Fokke Akkerman and Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 1988). Wessel Gansfort (1419–1489) and Northern Humanism, eds. Fokke Akkerman, Gerda Huisman, and Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 1993).<mask> 1444-1485. Protagonist des nordeuropäischen Humanismus zum 550. Geburtstag, ed. Wilhelm Kühlman (Bern: Peter Lang, 1994). Northern Humanism in European Context. From the 'Adwert Academy' to Ubbo Emmius, ed. Fokke Akkerman, Arjo Vanderjagt, and Adrie van der Laan (Leiden: Brill, 1999).Agricola's logic and rhetoric are treated in Peter Mack, Renaissance Argument. Valla and <mask> in the Traditions of Rhetoric and Dialectic, (Leiden: Brill, 1993); see also Ann Moss, Renaissance Truth and the Latin Language Turn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. For <mask>'s knowledge of Hebrew: A.J. Vanderjagt, 'Wessel Gansfort (1419–1489) and <mask> (1443?-1485): Piety and Hebrew', in Frömmigkeit - Theologie - Frömmigkeitstheologie: Contributions to European Church History. Festschrift für Berndt Hamm zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Gudrun Litz, Heidrun Munzert, and Roland Liebenberg (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp.159–172. Further reading

1443 births
1485 deaths
15th-century Dutch philosophers
Dutch musicians
Dutch Renaissance humanists
Dutch rhetoricians
Dutch Roman Catholics
People from Winsum
15th-century Latin writers
15th-century jurists

masks:
Rodolphus Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolf Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolph Agricola
Agricola
Rodolphus
Agricola
Rudolf Agricola
Agricola
Agricola
Rudolph Agricola


title: Takekaze Akira

texts:
<mask> (born June 21, 1979 as <mask>) is a former professional sumo wrestler from  Akita Prefecture, Japan. A former amateur sumo champion, he turned professional in 2002, reaching the top makuuchi division the following year. He was a runner-up in one tournament, earned two special prizes for Fighting Spirit, and one gold star for defeating a yokozuna. <mask> is in first place for the slowest promotion from makuuchi debut to the third highest sekiwake rank in  history. Aged 35 years and 2 months, he is in first place for the eldest to make his sekiwake debut post World War II. He was a member of Oguruma stable. He retired in January 2019 to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Oshiogawa Oyakata.Early life and sumo background
Born in Moriyoshi, Kitaakita District, Narita practised sumo in college and was a very dominant player, having achieved the student equivalent of yokozuna after winning the Kokutai (Japan Games) and All Japan University Championship sumo tournaments in 2001, his fourth year at Chuo University. He made his professional debut in May 2002, joining former ōzeki Kotokaze's Oguruma stable. Career
Upon entry he was given makushita tsukedashi status and allowed to enter at the rank of makushita 15 due to his amateur achievements. He reached sekitori level in just two tournaments, and was promoted to the top makuuchi division in March 2003, the first wrestler from his stable to achieve this. Takekaze had to pull out of his debut tournament in the top division due to injury and fell back to the jūryō division. However upon winning the jūryō championship in September 2003 with a 13–2 record he was promoted back to the top division. He took time to adjust to the stronger opposition in makuuchi and did not achieve a kachi-koshi or winning record above the mid maegashira ranks until May 2007.However, in January 2008 he produced his best score in the top division, 12–3, which included a defeat of ōzeki Kotoōshū. He was awarded his first special prize, for Fighting Spirit. Consequently, in the March, 2008 tournament he debuted at the komusubi rank, finally breaking into san'yaku. He was the first wrestler from his stable to make the titled ranks. Takekaze could manage only three wins in his komusubi debut and was demoted to maegashira 8 for the May 2008 tournament. However, an 8–7 score at maegashira 4 in March 2009, which included a defeat of ōzeki Kotomitsuki, saw him climb to maegashira 2 for the May 2009 tournament. He also reached maegashira 1 in November 2009.In September 2010 he finished runner-up in a tournament for the first time, and was awarded his second Fighting Spirit prize, shared with stablemate Yoshikaze. In July 2014 Takekaze earned his first kinboshi or gold star for a defeat of a yokozuna with a win over Harumafuji. His 9–6 score at maegashira 4 was enough to earn him promotion to sekiwake for the first time, as everyone else in the division from sekiwake down to maegashira 3 had a losing score, with the exception of sekiwake Gōeidō who was promoted to ōzeki. Not only did Takekaze become the oldest sekiwake debutant since the end of World War II at the age of 35 years two months, but the 64 tournaments it took to reach the sekiwake rank from his top division debut is also a record. He performed creditably in the September 2014 tournament, only just missing out on kachi-koshi with a 7–8 record. He remained in the san'yaku ranks at komusubi for the following tournament in November, but could only score 2–13. In 2015 he managed only two winning tournaments and dropped down the rankings.By January 2016 he had fallen to maegashira 13, his lowest rank for seven years but secured his top division status with a 10–5 result. He went on to secure four winning records out of six tournaments in 2016. In September 2017 Takekaze appeared in his 83rd top division tournament, a record for a college graduate and 10th all-time. He has also fought more top division matches than any other former amateur champion and is in the top ten all-time. His 5–10 record in the January 2018 tournament saw him demoted to jūryō for the first time since 2005, but he resolved to continue wrestling, and earned immediate promotion back to makuuchi, becoming at 38 years and 10 months the second oldest wrestler to do so since the beginning of the Showa era after Aminishiki. However he lasted only one tournament and was demoted back to jūryō after the May 2018 basho. Retirement from sumo
He announced his retirement during the January 2019 tournament after his eighth loss at the low rank of  jūryō 12 made demotion to the makushita division virtually certain.He is the owner of the Oshiogawa toshiyori kabu and stayed in sumo as a coach at Oguruma stable. His danpatsu-shiki was held in front of a 9000 crowd at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan on 1 February 2020, with his son taking part in a bout with him, and around 200 to 300 people participating in the hair-snipping ritual. In February 2022 Oguruma stable closed and he branched out to open his own Oshiogawa stable, taking former makuuchi wrestlers Yago and Amakaze and a number of other personnel with him. Fighting style
Takekaze was almost entirely reliant on oshi-sumo or pushing techniques, and usually lost if his opponents grabbed hold of his mawashi or belt. He commented, "Sumo at the mawashi is not my style – I haven't learned to do it." He has won only around four percent of his career matches by yori-kiri (force out), which is the most popular overall technique in sumo. As well as oshi-dashi (push out) he also regularly employed hiki-otoshi, the pull-down, and tsuki-otoshi, the thrust over.At just 172 cm (5 ft  in) he was of the shortest wrestlers in the top division. Personal life
Takekaze was married in August 2006. He has a son, born at the end of 2007. Career record

See also
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of sumo tournament second division champions
List of sumo record holders
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sekiwake
List of sumo elders

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sumo people from Akita Prefecture
Sekiwake
Chuo University alumni

masks:
Takekaze Akira
Akira Narita
Takekaze


title: John Cale

texts:
<mask>  (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer, singer, songwriter and record producer who was a founding member of the American rock band the Velvet Underground. Over his six-decade career, <mask> has worked in various styles across rock, drone, classical, avant-garde and electronic music. He studied music at Goldsmiths College, University of London, before relocating in 1963 to New York City's downtown music scene, where he performed as part of the Theatre of Eternal Music and formed the Velvet Underground. Since leaving the band in 1968, <mask> has released 16 solo studio albums, including the widely acclaimed Paris 1919 (1973) and Music for a New Society (1982). <mask> has also acquired a reputation as an adventurous producer, working on the debut albums of several innovative artists, including the Stooges and Patti Smith. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 9 March 1942 in Garnant in the industrial Amman Valley of Wales to <mask>, a coal miner, and Margaret Davies, a primary school teacher. Although his father spoke only English, his mother spoke and taught Welsh to <mask>, which hindered his relationship with his father, although he began learning English at primary school, at around the age of seven.<mask> was molested by two different men during his youth: an Anglican priest who molested him in a church and a music teacher. He played organ at Ammanford church. The BBC recorded <mask> playing a toccata he composed primarily on the black keys of the piano in the style of Aram Khachaturian. His mother was institutionalized for breast cancer when he was 11. Having discovered a talent for viola, <mask> joined the National Youth Orchestra of Wales at age 13. Receiving a scholarship, <mask> studied music at Goldsmiths College, University of London. While he was there he organised an early Fluxus concert, A Little Festival of New Music, on 6 July 1964.He also contributed to the short film Police Car and had two scores published in Fluxus Preview Review (July 1963) for the nascent avant-garde collective. He conducted the first performance in the UK of Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra, with the composer and pianist Michael Garrett as soloist. In 1963, he travelled to the United States to continue his musical training with the assistance and influence of Aaron Copland. Upon arriving in New York City, <mask> met a number of influential composers. On 9 September 1963 he participated, along with <mask> and several others, in an 18-hour and 40 minute piano-playing marathon that was the first full-length performance of Erik Satie's "Vexations". After the performance <mask> appeared on the television panel show I've Got a Secret. <mask>'s secret was that he had performed in an 18-hour concert, and he was accompanied by Karl Schenzer, whose secret was that he was the only member of the audience who had stayed for the duration.<mask> would later attribute Cage's writings with his own "relaxed" artistic outlook, having hitherto been raised to believe that European composers were obliged to justify their work. <mask> played in La Monte Young's ensemble the Theatre of Eternal Music. The heavily drone-laden music he played there proved to be a big influence in his work with his next band, the Velvet Underground. One of his collaborators on these recordings was the Velvet Underground guitarist Sterling Morrison. Three albums of his early experimental work from this period were released in 2001. The Velvet Underground (1964–1968)

Despite his background in art music and the avant-garde, <mask> had enjoyed and followed rock music from a young age; on a visit to Britain in 1965, he procured records by the Kinks, the Who and Small Faces that remained unavailable in the United States. Early that year, he co-founded the Velvet Underground with Lou Reed, recruiting his flatmate Angus MacLise and Reed's college friend Sterling Morrison to complete the initial line-up.Just before the band's first paying gig for $75 at Summit High School in New Jersey, MacLise abruptly quit the band because he viewed accepting money for art as selling out; he was replaced by Moe Tucker as the band's drummer. Initially hired to play that one show, she soon became a permanent member and her tribal pounding style became an integral part of the band's music, despite the initial objections of <mask> to the band having a female drummer. On his aforementioned visit to Britain in the summer of 1965, <mask> shopped a crudely recorded, acoustic-based Velvet Underground demo reel to several luminaries in the British rock scene (including Marianne Faithfull) with the intention of securing a record deal. Although this failed to manifest, the tape was disseminated throughout the UK underground over the following eighteen months by such figures as producer Joe Boyd and Mick Farren of the Deviants. As a result, the Deviants, the Yardbirds and David Bowie had all covered Velvet Underground songs prior to the release of their debut album in 1967. The very first commercially available recording of the Velvet Underground, an instrumental track called "Loop" given away with Aspen Magazine, was a feedback experiment written and conducted by <mask>. His creative relationship with Reed was integral to the sound of the Velvet Underground's first two albums, The Velvet Underground & Nico (recorded in 1966, released in 1967) and White Light/White Heat (recorded in 1967, released in 1968).On these albums he plays viola, bass guitar and piano, and sings occasional backing vocals. White Light/White Heat also features <mask> on organ (on "Sister Ray") as well as two vocal turns: "Lady Godiva's Operation", an experimental song where he shares lead vocal duties with Reed, and "The Gift", a long spoken word piece written by Reed written during his time at Syracuse University. Though <mask> co-wrote the music to several songs, his most distinctive contribution is the electrically-amplified viola. He also played celesta on "Sunday Morning". <mask> also played on Nico's 1967 debut album, Chelsea Girl, which includes songs co-written by Velvet Underground members <mask>, Reed and Morrison, who also appear as musicians. <mask> makes his debut as lyricist on "Winter Song" "Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams", and "Little Sister". Apart from appearing on the Velvet Underground's first two albums, he also played organ on the track "Ocean" during the practice sessions to produce demos for the band's fourth album Loaded, nearly two years after he left the band.He was enticed back into the studio by the band's manager, Steve Sesnick, "in a half-hearted attempt to reunite old comrades", as <mask> put it. Although he does not appear on the finished album, the demo recording of "Ocean" was included in the 1997 Loaded: Fully Loaded Edition CD re-issue. Finally, five previously unreleased tracks recorded in late 1967 and early 1968 were included on the albums VU (1985) and Another View (1986). With tensions between Reed and <mask> growing, Reed gave an ultimatum to Morrison and Tucker, declaring that unless <mask> was fired, he would quit the band. Morrison and Tucker reluctantly went along with the scheme. In September 1968, <mask> played his final gig with the Velvet Underground at the Boston Tea Party and according to Tucker, "When <mask> left, it was really sad. I felt really bad.And of course, this was gonna really influence the music, 'cause, <mask>'s a lunatic (laughs). I think we became a little more normal, which was fine, it was good music, good songs, it was never the same though. It was good stuff, a lot of good songs, but, just, the lunacy factor was... gone." After his dismissal from the band, <mask> was replaced by Boston-based musician Doug Yule, who played bass guitar, keyboards and who would soon share lead vocal duties in the band with Reed. Michael Carlucci, who was friends with Robert Quine, has given this explanation about <mask>'s dismissal, "Lou told Quine that the reason why he had to get rid of <mask> in the band was <mask>'s ideas were just too out there. <mask> had some wacky ideas.He wanted to record the next album with the amplifiers underwater, and [Lou] just couldn't have it. He was trying to make the band more accessible." Arguably, the artistic frictions between <mask> and Reed are what shaped the band's early sound much more than any other members. The pair often had heated disagreements about the direction of the band, and this tension was central to their later collaborations. When <mask> left, he seemed to take the more experimental tendencies with him, as is noticeable in comparing the proto-noise rock of White Light/White Heat (which <mask> co-created) to the comparatively dulcet, folk rock–influenced The Velvet Underground, recorded after his departure. <mask> has favorably compared the dissonance of his Velvet Underground compositions to the indecipherable lyricism of certain strains of Southern hip hop: "If I can use out-of-tune stuff, [rappers] don't need words to make sense. There's definitely a lineage".Solo career

1970s
After leaving the Velvet Underground, <mask> worked as a record producer and arranger on a number of albums, most notably the Stooges' highly influential 1969 self-titled debut and a trilogy by Nico, including The Marble Index (1969), Desertshore (1970) and The End... (1974). On these he accompanied Nico's voice and harmonium using a wide array of instruments to unusual effect. While meeting with Joe Boyd (who co-produced Desertshore), he came across Nick Drake's music and insisted on collaborating with the fledgling artist. He appeared on Drake's second album, Bryter Layter (1971), playing viola and harpsichord on "Fly" and piano, organ, and celesta on "Northern Sky". In addition to working as a producer, <mask> initiated a solo recording career in early 1970. His first studio album, Vintage Violence, is a lushly produced roots rock effort indebted to a range of disparate influences, including the Band, Leonard Cohen, the Byrds, Phil Spector and Brian Wilson. The more experimental Church of Anthrax (a collaboration with minimal music pioneer Terry Riley) followed in February 1971, although it was actually recorded nearly a year prior to its release.While his explorations in art music briefly continued with 1972's The Academy in Peril, he would not compose in the classical mode thereafter until he began working on film soundtracks in the 1980s. In 1972, he signed with au courant Reprise Records as a recording artist and staff producer. The Academy in Peril was his first project for Reprise. The subsequent Paris 1919 (1973) steered back towards the singer-songwriter mode of Vintage Violence with a backing band that included Lowell George of Little Feat and Wilton Felder of the Crusaders, as well as the UCLA Symphony Orchestra. Composed of highly melodic songs with arcane and complex lyrics, it has been cited by critics as one of his best. While affiliated with the label, he produced albums by Jennifer Warnes (her third, Jennifer), Chunky, Novi & Ernie, and the self-titled debut of the Modern Lovers, which Reprise chose not to release; it subsequently appeared on Beserkley Records, the latest in a series of important Cale-produced proto-punk records. In 1974 he signed to Island Records as an artist, while continuing to produce a variety of artists, mostly for other labels, including Squeeze, Patti Smith and Sham 69.He worked as a talent scout with Island's A&R department. 1974–1979
In 1974, <mask> moved back to London. As his second marriage began to dissolve, he made a series of solo albums which moved in a new direction. His records now featured a dark and threatening aura, often carrying a sense of barely suppressed aggression. A trilogy of albums – Fear (1974), Slow Dazzle (1975), and Helen of Troy (1975) – were rapidly recorded and released over the course of about a year with other Island artists, including Phil Manzanera and Brian Eno of Roxy Music and Chris Spedding, who played in his live band. A showpiece of his concerts from the era was his radically transformed cover of Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel," initially performed by <mask> on Slow Dazzle and the live album June 1, 1974, recorded with Kevin Ayers, Nico and Eno. Both "Leaving It Up to You" and "Fear Is a Man's Best Friend" (from Fear) begin as relatively conventional songs that gradually grow more paranoid in tone before breaking down into what critic Dave Thompson calls "a morass of discordance and screaming".<mask> released Animal Justice in 1977, an EP notable particularly for the epic "Hedda Gabler", based very loosely on the play of the same name by Henrik Ibsen. His loud, abrasive and confrontational live performances fitted well with the punk rock scene developing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. <mask> took to wearing a hockey goaltender mask onstage (as evinced by the cover of Guts (1977), a compilation drawn from the Island trilogy after the label withheld Helen of Troy in the United States); this look predated the creation of Friday the 13th's villain, Jason Voorhees, by several years. During one concert in Croydon, south London, <mask> chopped the head off a dead chicken with a meat cleaver, leading his band to walk offstage in protest. <mask>'s drummer – a vegetarian – was so bothered he quit the band. <mask> mocks his decision on "Chicken Shit" from the Animal Justice EP. <mask> has admitted that some of his paranoia and erratic behaviour at this time was associated with heavy cocaine use.In 1979, he began a relationship with Austin, Texas-based groupie/journalist Margaret Moser. <mask> named the group of women that Moser hung out with the Texas Blondes. His relationship with Moser lasted about five years, overlapping with the beginning of his third marriage. In December 1979, <mask>'s embrace of the punk rock ethic that he helped to inspire culminated in the release of Sabotage/Live. This record, recorded live over three nights, at CBGB that June, features aggressive vocal and instrumental performances. The album consists entirely of new songs, many of which grapple confrontationally with global politics, militarism and paranoia. The band included Deerfrance on vocals and percussion.An earlier live set, consisting mostly of new material, was recorded at CBGB the previous year. It was released in 1987 as Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. The band on that recording includes Ivan Král (best known for his work with Patti Smith) on bass and longtime Brian Eno associate Judy Nylon on vocals. 1980s

In 1980, <mask> signed with A&M Records and moved in a more commercial direction with the album Honi Soit (1981). He worked with producer Mike Thorne towards this end. Andy Warhol provided the cover art, in black and white, but against Warhol's wishes, <mask> colourised it. The new direction did not succeed commercially, however, and his relationship with A&M ended.He signed with ZE Records, a company he had influenced the creation of and which had absorbed SPY Records, the label he had co-founded with Jane Friedman. In 1982, <mask> released the sparse Music for a New Society. Seeming to blend the refined music of his early solo work with the threatening music that came later, it is by any standard a bleak, harrowing record. It's been called "understated, and perhaps a masterpiece." He followed up with the album Caribbean Sunset (1984), also on ZE Records. This work, with much more accessible production than Music for a New Society, was still

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title: John Cale

texts:
 extremely militant in some ways. It has never seen release on CD.A live album, <mask> Comes Alive, followed it and included two new studio songs, "Ooh La La" and "Never Give Up on You". Different mixes of the two studio tracks appeared on both sides of the Atlantic. During this period, <mask> was born to <mask> and his third wife Risé Irushalmi in July 1985. In a last effort at commercial success, <mask> recorded Artificial Intelligence (1985), his only album for Beggars Banquet Records. Written in collaboration with High Times/National Lampoon editor Larry "Ratso" Sloman, the album was a pop effort characterised by synthesizers and drum machines. It was not significantly more successful than its predecessors, despite the relative success of the single "Satellite Walk". However, "Dying on the Vine" is generally regarded as one of <mask>'s best songs.That same year, he played a neo-Nazi organizer on an episode of The Equalizer, and wrote the music for a dramatization of the Kurt Vonnegut short story, Who Am I This Time? (1982), which aired on PBS and starred Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon. <mask> again returned to producing, this time for Happy Mondays on their first studio album: Squirrel and G-Man Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt Smile (White Out) in 1987. In part because of his young daughter, <mask> took a long break from recording and performing. He made a comeback in 1989 with the Brian Eno-produced album Words for the Dying. The album consists mainly of oral work, read or sung by <mask>. It was written in 1982 as a response to the Anglo-Argentinian Falklands War, using poems written by fellow Welshman Dylan Thomas.There are also two orchestral interludes, two other solo piano pieces "Songs Without Words", and finally a song by <mask>, "The Soul of Carmen Miranda". 1990s
Following Warhol's death in 1987, <mask> again collaborated with Lou Reed on the album Songs for Drella (1990), a song cycle about Warhol, their mentor. The album marked an end to a 18-year estrangement from Reed. In his autobiography, <mask> revealed that he resented letting Reed take charge of the Songs for Drella project. The longstanding friction between Reed and <mask> contributed to the passion and lurching frustration evident in the sound of the album, as did the ambivalent relationship Reed had to Warhol. In 1990, following a 20-year hiatus, the Velvet Underground reformed for a Fondation Cartier benefit show in France. He again collaborated with Eno in the same year on Wrong Way Up, a joint album characterised by an up-tempo accessibility at odds with <mask>'s description of the fraught relationship between the pair.A year later, <mask> contributed one song, "Hallelujah", to the tribute album to Leonard Cohen, I'm Your Fan. <mask>'s mid-tempo acoustic version was performed on piano, and his arrangement formed the basis of most subsequent covers of the song, which has since become a standard. In 1992, <mask> performed vocals on two songs, "Hunger" and "First Evening", on French composer and producer Hector Zazou's album Sahara Blue. All lyrics on the album were based on the poetry of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1994, <mask> performed a spoken-word duet with Suzanne Vega on the song "The Long Voyage" on Zazou's album Chansons des mers froides. The lyrics were based on the poem "Les Silhouettes" by Oscar Wilde, and <mask> co-wrote the music with Zazou. It was later released as a single (retitled "The Long Voyages" as it featured several remixes by Zazou, Mad Professor and more).In 1996, <mask> released Walking on Locusts which turned out to be his only solo album of the decade. The record featured appearances by Talking Heads' David Byrne, the Soldier String Quartet, and original Velvet Underground drummer Moe Tucker. <mask> composed an instrumental score for a Ballet titled Nico, performed by the Scapino Ballet in Rotterdam in October 1997 and was released as Dance Music. <mask> has written a number of film soundtracks, often using more classically influenced instrumentation. In 1998, <mask> mainly spent the year on tour with singer Siouxsie Sioux. In February, he was the curator of one day festival called "With a Little Help from My Friends" that took place at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands, with the presence of the Metropole Orchestra. The concert was shown on Dutch national television and featured a song specially composed for the event and still unreleased, "Murdering Mouth", sung in duet with Siouxsie and her second band the Creatures.<mask> and Siouxsie then did a double bill tour in the US for two months from late June until mid-August, both artists collaborating on stage on several songs including a version of "Venus in Furs". <mask>'s autobiography, What's Welsh for Zen?, was written in collaboration with Victor Bockris and published in 1999 by Bloomsbury Publishing. 2000s–present

<mask> recorded a cover of "Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen for the 1991 album "I'm Your Fan." Cohen's original version of the song had not garnered much interest; it was only through <mask>'s arrangement and recording of it (and Jeff Buckley's subsequent cover of <mask>'s arrangement) that it achieved popularity. It was used in the 2001 animated film Shrek, although it did not appear in the film's soundtrack due to licensing issues. Signing to EMI in 2003 with the EP 5 Tracks and the album HoboSapiens, <mask> again returned as a regular recording artist, this time with music influenced by modern electronica and alternative rock. The well-received album was co-produced with Nick Franglen of Lemon Jelly.It was followed by his 2005 album blackAcetate. In 2005, <mask> produced Austin singer-songwriter Alejandro Escovedo's eighth album, The Boxing Mirror, which was released in May 2006. In June 2006, <mask> released a radio and digital single, "Jumbo in tha Modernworld", which was a standalone single. A video was created for the song as well. In March 2007, a 23-song live retrospective, Circus Live, was released in Europe. This two-disc album, composed of recordings from both the 2004 and 2006 tours, featured new arrangements and reworkings of songs from his entire career. Of particular interest is the Amsterdam Suite, a set of songs from a performance at the Amsterdam Paradiso in 2004.A studio-created drone has been edited into these songs. The set also included a DVD, featuring electric rehearsal material and a short acoustic set, as well as the video for "Jumbo in tha Modernworld", a 2006 single. In May 2007, <mask> contributed a cover of the LCD Soundsystem song "All My Friends" to the vinyl and digital single releases of the LCD Soundsystem original. <mask> has continued to work with other artists, contributing viola to Replica Sun Machine, the Danger Mouse-produced second album by London psychedelic trio the Shortwave Set and producing the second album of American indie band Ambulance LTD.

On 11 October 2008, <mask> hosted an event to pay tribute to Nico called "Life Along the Borderline" in celebration of what, five days later, would have been her 70th birthday. The event was reprised at the Teatro Communale in Ferrara, Italy on 10 May 2009. <mask> represented Wales at the 2009 Venice Biennale, collaborating with artists, filmmakers, and poets, and focusing the artwork on his relationship with the Welsh language. In January 2010, <mask> was invited to be the first Eminent Art in Residence (EAR) at the MONA FOMA festival curated by Brian Ritchie held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.His work for the 2009 Venice Biennale 'Dyddiau Du (dark days)' was shown at the festival, along with a number of live performances at venues around Hobart. The Paris 1919 album was performed, in its entirety, at the Coal Exchange in Cardiff on 21 November 2009, at the Royal Festival Hall in London on 5 March 2010, and the Theatre Royal in Norwich on 14 May 2010. These performances were reprised in Paris, France, on 5 September 2010; Brescia, Italy, on 11 September 2010; Los Angeles, California, on 30 September 2010 at UCLA's Royce Hall; Melbourne, Australia, on 16 October 2010; Barcelona, Spain, on 28 May 2010 and Essen, Germany, on 6 October 2011. In February 2011, <mask> signed a record deal with Domino Records subsidiary Double Six and released an EP, Extra Playful, in September 2011. In May 2011, he and his band appeared at the Brighton Festival, performing songs to the theme of Émigré/Lost & Found. <mask> appeared at the invitation of the Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, who was the festival's guest director. In the autumn of 2012, <mask> released Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood, his first full-length studio album since 2005.The album features a collaboration with Danger Mouse, "I Wanna Talk 2 U". Critical reception of the album was mixed to positive, with the Guardian newspaper describing it as "an album that combines the 70-year-old's experience with the glee of a small child." In 2014, he appeared as vendor in an episode "Sorrowsworn" of the crime drama television series The Bridge. <mask> released his sixteenth solo album M:FANS in January 2016. It features new versions of songs from his 1982 album Music for a New Society. In July 2016, <mask> performed the songs "Valentine's Day", "Sorrow" and "Space Oddity" at a late-night BBC Prom concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London, celebrating the music of David Bowie. At the 2017 Grammy Salute to Music Legends ceremony, <mask> performed with, amongst others, Moe Tucker, two Velvet Underground classics, "Sunday Morning" and "I'm Waiting for the Man".The Velvet Underground were also the recipients of the 2017 Merit Award. In February 2019, <mask> collaborated with Marissa Nadler on her new single "Poison". In September 2019, he gives three concerts titled 1964–2019 Futurespective at the Paris' Philharmonie, inviting his compatriot Cate Le Bon to join the band. <mask> features on the track "Corner of My Sky" from Kelly Lee Owens' album Inner Song due out on 28 August 2020. On 6 October 2020, <mask> released a new track and accompanying video called "Lazy Day". Honours and legacy
<mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Velvet Underground in 1996. At the ceremony, <mask>, Reed, and Tucker performed a song titled "Last Night I Said Goodbye to My Friend", dedicated to Sterling Morrison, who had died the previous August.<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. Personal life
<mask> married fashion designer Betsey <mask> in 1968. The couple divorced in 1971 having been married three years. In 1971, <mask> met Cynthia "Cindy" Wells, better known as Miss Cindy of the GTOs, and they married soon afterward. Their marriage was rocky and they divorced in 1975. On 6 December 1981, <mask> married his third wife, Risé Irushalmi. They had one daughter together, <mask>.They divorced in 1997. For his 2004 appearance on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs <mask> chose "She Belongs to Me" by Bob Dylan as his favourite track; he also selected  Repetition by Alain Robbe-Grillet as his chosen book and an espresso coffee machine as his luxury item. Substance abuse
As a child, <mask> suffered from severe bronchial issues, which led to a doctor prescribing him opiates. He would come to rely on the drug in order to fall asleep. Biographer Tim Mitchell claims <mask>'s early dependence on medicine was a "formative experience". <mask> later told an interviewer that, "When I got to New York, drugs were everywhere, and they quickly became part of my artistic experiment". He was heavily involved in New York City's drug scene of the 1960s and 1970s, with cocaine as his drug of choice.He is said to have "taken most of the available drugs in the United States." <mask> has said that, "In the '60s, for me, drugs were a cool experiment... In the '70s, I got in over my head." <mask> feels his drug addiction negatively affected his music during the 1980s. He decided to clean up following a series of embarrassing concerts and the birth of his daughter. According to a 2009 BBC interview, the "strongest drug" he was then taking was coffee. <mask> has also hosted a documentary called Heroin, Wales and Me to promote awareness of the problems of heroin addiction, easy availability and low cost of the drug in his native Wales and thousands of addicts.Discography

 Studio albums

 Vintage Violence (1970)
 The Academy in Peril (1972)
 Paris 1919 (1973)
 Fear (1974)
 Slow Dazzle (1975)
 Helen of Troy (1975)
 Honi Soit (1981)
 Music for a New Society (1982)
 Caribbean Sunset (1984)
 Artificial Intelligence (1985)
 Words for the Dying (1989)
 Walking on Locusts (1996)
 HoboSapiens (2003)
 blackAcetate (2005)
 Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood (2012)
 M:FANS (2016)

 Live albums
 Sabotage/Live (1979)
 <mask> Comes Alive (1984)
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1991)
 Fragments of a Rainy Season (1992)
 Circus Live (2007)
 Live at Rockpalast (2010)

 Collaborative albums
 Church of Anthrax (1971) (with Terry Riley)
 Songs for Drella (1990) (with Lou Reed)
 Wrong Way Up (1990) (with Brian Eno)
 Last Day on Earth (1994) (with Bob Neuwirth)

 Soundtracks and Scores
 Straight and Narrow (Short) (1970)
 Women in Revolt (1971)
 Heat (1972)
 Caged Heat (1974)
 American Playhouse (TV Series) (1 episode)- Who Am I This Time? (1982)
 Something Wild (1986)
 The Houseguest (short) (1989)
 Dick: A Film by Jo Menell (Documentary short) (1989)
 Songs for Drella (Video) (1990)
 Paris Awakens (1991)
 Healing Hurts (1991)
 Primary Motive (1992)
 The Birth of Love  (1993)
 Life Underwater (1994)
 Ah Pook Is Here (short) (1994)
 Don't Forget You're Going to Die/N'oublie pas que tu vas mourir (1995)
 Antarctica (1995)
 I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)
 Basquiat (1996)
 Rhinoceros Hunting in Budapest (1997)
 Somewhere in the City (1998)
 Night Wind (1999)
 Wisconsin Death Trip (1999)
 The Virgin (1999)
 American Psycho (2000)
 Love Me (2000)
 The King's Daughters / Saint-Cyr (2000)
 The Farewell: Brecht's Last Summer (2000)
 Y Mabinogi / Otherworld (2003)
 New Scenes from America (2003)
 Paris (2003)
 Process (2004)
 About Face: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Soldiers of World War II (2005)
 A Burning Hot Summer (2011)
 Of Women and Horses (2011)
 Paul Sanchez Is Back! (2018)

References

Sources

 The New Musical Express Book of Rock, 1975, Star Books;

External links

1942 births
Living people
People from Garnant
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British experimental musicians
British rock violists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Protopunk musicians
ROIR artists
The Velvet Underground members
Welsh male singers
Welsh multi-instrumentalists
Welsh pianists
Welsh record producers
Welsh rock bass guitarists
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh rock singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh songwriters
Welsh expatriates in the United States
Welsh keyboardists
Welsh artists
Welsh classical violists
Welsh classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Welsh organists
British male organists
Island Records artists
ZE Records artists
Double Six Records artists
All Saints Records artists
Welsh violists
Beggars Banquet Records artists
I.R.S. Records artists
Reprise Records artists
Art rock musicians
Pupils of Cornelius Cardew
Columbia Records artists
A&M Records artists
Pupils of La Monte Young
People associated with The Factory
British male pianists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century organists
Welsh-language singers
Welsh-speaking musicians
Welsh contemporary

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title: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio

texts:
<mask> (c. 95 – 46 BC), often referred to as Metellus <mask>, was a Roman senator and military commander. During the civil war between Julius Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompey, he was a staunch supporter of the latter. He led troops against Caesar's forces, mainly in the battles of Pharsalus and Thapsus, where he was defeated. He later committed suicide. Ronald Syme called him "the last Scipio of any consequence in Roman history." Family connections and name
The son of Publius <mask>sica, praetor about 95 BC, and Licinia, Scipio was the grandson of Publius <mask>sica, consul in 111, and Lucius Licinius Crassus, consul in 95. His great-grandfather was <mask>ca Serapio, the man who murdered Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC.Through his mother Cornelia, Serapio was also the grandson of <mask> Africanus. <mask>'s father died not long after his praetorship, and was survived by two sons and two daughters. The brother was adopted by their grandfather Crassus, but left little mark on history. Publius <mask>, as he was referred to in contemporary sources early in his life, was adopted in adulthood through the testament of <mask> Caecilius <mask> <mask>, consul in 80 BC and pontifex maximus. He retained his patrician status: "<mask>'s ancestry," notes Syme, "was unmatched for splendour." As Jerzy Linderski has shown at length, this legal process constitutes adoption only in a loose sense; <mask> becomes a Caecilius Metellus in name while inheriting the estate of Metellus <mask>, but was never his "son" while the pontifex maximus was alive. He was sometimes called "Metellus <mask>", or just "Scipio", after his adoption.The official form of his name as evidenced in a decree of the senate was "Q. Caecilius Q. f. Fab. Metellus Scipio." <mask> married Aemilia Lepida, daughter of Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, consul in 77 BC, but was not without rival in seeking to marry Aemilia Lepida. The virginal Cato had also wanted to marry Aemilia but lost out:

The couple had one son, a Metellus <mask> who seems to have died when he was only 18. Another son may have been born around 70, or a son may have been adopted. The couple's much more famous daughter was born around that time as well. <mask> first married off the celebrated Cornelia Metella to Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus.After Publius's death at Carrhae, <mask> decided to succeed Caesar as the father-in-law of Pompey, and approached Pompey with an offer to marry him to Cornelia, which Pompey accepted. Pompey was at least thirty years older than Cornelia. This marriage was one of the acts by which Pompey severed his alliance to Caesar and declared himself the champion of the optimates. He and <mask> were consuls together in 52. Political career
Cicero names "P. Scipio" among the young nobiles on his defence team when Sextus Roscius was prosecuted in 80 BC. He is placed in the company of Marcus Messalla and <mask> Celer, both future consuls. <mask> <mask> was probably tribune of the plebs in 59 BC, but his patrician status argues against his holding the office.It is possible that <mask>'s adoption into a plebeian gens may have qualified him for a tribunate on a technicality. He may have been curule aedile in 57 BC, when he presented funeral games in honour of his adopted father's death, six years earlier. He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. In 53 BC, <mask> was interrex with Marcus Valerius Messalla. He became consul with Pompeius in 52 BC, the year he arranged the marriage of his newly widowed daughter to him. Indisputably aristocratic and conservative, <mask> <mask> had been at least a symbolic counterweight to the power of the so-called triumvirate before the death of Crassus in 53 BC. "Opportune deaths," notes Syme, "had enhanced his value, none remaining now of the Metellan consuls."He is known to have been a member of the College of Pontiffs by 57 BC, and was probably nominated upon the death of his adoptive father in 63, and subsequently elected. Role in civil war

In January of 49 BC, Scipio persuaded the senate to issue the ultimatum to Caesar that made war inevitable. That same year, <mask> became proconsul of the province of Syria. In Syria and Asia, where he took up winter quarters, he used often oppressive means to gather ships, troops, and money:

Scipio put to death Alexander of Judaea, and was acclaimed Imperator for claimed victories in the Amanus Mountains — as noted disparagingly by Caesar. In 48 BC, <mask> brought his forces from Asia to Greece, where he manoeuvred against Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Lucius Cassius until the arrival of Pompeius. At the Battle of Pharsalus, he commanded the centre. After the optimates' defeat by Caesar, Metellus fled to Africa.With the support of his former rival-in-romance Cato, he wrested the chief command of Pompeius' forces from the loyal Publius Attius Varus, probably in early 47. In 46, he held command at the Battle of Thapsus, "without skill or success," and was defeated along with Cato. After the defeat, he tried to escape to the Iberian Peninsula to continue the fight, but was cornered by the fleet of Publius Sittius. He committed suicide by stabbing himself, so he would not fall into the hands of his enemies. Dignity in death
Facing death, <mask> <mask> achieved an uncharacteristic dignity, famously departing from his soldiers with a nonchalant Imperator se bene habet ("Your general's just fine"). These last words elicited strong praise from the Stoic moral philosopher Seneca:

Assessment
Classical scholar John H. Collins summed up the character and reputation of Metellus <mask>:

See also
 Caesar's civil war
 Battle of Thapsus
 Cornelia Metella
 Caecilia gens

Selected bibliography
Linderski, Jerzy. "Q. Scipio Imperator."In Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic. Franz Steiner, 1996, pp. 144–185. Limited preview online. Syme, Ronald. "The Last Scipiones." In The Augustan Aristocracy.Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 244–245 online. References

1st-century BC births
Year of birth uncertain
46 BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria
1st-century BC Roman consuls
Ancient Roman adoptees
Ancient Roman generals
Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide
<mask>, <mask>
Cornelii Scipiones
Optimates
Pontifices
Roman Republican praetors

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