title: Haji Sudi

texts:
 Mullah simply for the sake of loot, but there are, on the other hand, a considerable number who are pure fanatics.At Ferdiddin and at McNeil's Zeriba these were the men who led and who were shot down. At Ferdiddin, after the others had fled, a number of these men remained behind to fight to end, and were shot down as we advanced. When recording the name of the enemy’s dead, I found that a large number were Hajis or Sheikhs.”

Erigo/Erego October 6–7, 1902. In December 1901 the Dervish raided the a sub sections of the Habr Tojaalaa and on February 1, 1902, news reached the Somaliland protectorate British authority that the Dervish were planning a raid against the tribes from their positions east of the protectorate. On February 7 and 13, the dervishes waged a devastating attack on Habr Yunis and Dolbahnata tribes men east of Burao. The London Gazette reported "On the 7th February, the Mullah had despatched another raiding force against our Jama Siad friendly tribes, 100 miles to the east of the scene of his raid of the 13th February, and here again our tribes suffered heavily. Burao and Berbera became filled with destitute refugees and 2000 persons were fed daily at Burao alone.1903

In the first week of October the Somali and Yoas led by few British officers at last arrived within the reach of their enemies. They formed a Zariba in a clearing Awan Eergo in a very dense bush, and around 4 pm the enemy were hiding in all the surrounding bushes. The British led forces were compelled to advance slowly, immediately the Dervish attacked from all directions causing the British led forces front line to fall back in a disarray, but the rear companies stood firm holding their position, the 2nd King African Rifles and 6th King Africans Rifles in the extreme right and left, fell back in a sudden panic, rescued by one-half company in the front the troops rallied and held their ground under intense fire. In the severity of the fight the transport camels stampeded with the 2nd African Rifles and two Somali companies Ltd Swayne managed to push the enemies for 2 miles and recover 1,800 of the transport camels. in the aftermath of the battle it was discovered a maxim gun was missing, casualties included 2 officers killed and 56 levies. Both the Somali and Yoa performed great in the 6th but on the 7th of October the severity of the fight sunk their spirit and the officers leading the forces complained that they couldn't rely on their men. The dervish in the other hand lost greatly, some 62 death 40 of them Hajis and Mullahs and all 6 commanders of their force were killed.In the western side of the protectorate the highest Somali native officer Risaldar-major Musa Farah attacked the dervish tribal allies,
"By June 10, Musa Farah's detached Levy of 450 rifles had reached Kurmis. After collecting 5,000 tribesmen from the western side of the Protectorate, Musa Farah had transported them across the waterless Haud where it was over 100 miles broad, had attacked the western Dervish encampments, had routed them in all directions, and had finally succeeded in transporting his force back across the Haud, together with his captured livestock, amounting to 1,630 camels, 200 cows, and 2,000 sheep. For this service His Majesty King Edward VII rewarded the Risaldar-Major with a sword of honour. At the conclusion of the first and second expeditions, the British administrations and the colonial office were satisfied at the conclusion of the first two expeditions, despite the leaders of the Dervish having not all been either killed or captured. Gabriel Ferrand, the Vice-Council of France following these events observed that "Neither the Mahdi nor his chief advisor Ahmed Warsama, better known under the name <mask> <mask>, nor the Sultan Nur,leader of the Habr Younis clan were killed or captured. The optimism Colonel Sadler and Lieutenant-Colonel Swayne in the latest reports relating to military operations is inexplicable." Gumburu April 17, 1903 and Daratoleh April 22, 1903.The third expedition was launched January 3, 1903 with a new commander, Sir William Henry Manning. The plane was to encircle and trap the dervish from all sides. The main body of the forces were to advance from Obbia in Italian Somalia to the wells of Galkayo while one land at Berbera and form lines through Bohotleh. The dervish leaders, upon hearing news of the Obbia forces landing with a body of horsemen, left for Milmil and Haradiggitt rallying tribal allies:

Towards the end of March news reached the British forces of whereabouts the bulk of the dervish forces. Defectors and captives claimed the dervish forces were in Galadi. A reconnaissance patrol led by captain Plunkett was sent by Manning to Galadi where they met the bulk of the dervish forces majority made of Somali Bantu clans of the Makana and Derjele tribes. Between 16 and 17 April the British small forces made up of Somalis, Indians and Yaos were encircled from all directions and decimated.All 9 officers were killed and 89 rank and file were killed. The battle took place in a small hill Gumburu close to Galadi. Before the news of the disaster at Gumburu made it to the British forces another column from Bohotleh forces engaged another dervish forces at Daratoleh the later forces were defeated by the British forces. The bulk of the main dervish forces without their tribal allies moved to Halin in June 1903; according to the intelligence report of the period:

"A deserter from the enemy stated that the Mullah. accompanied by <mask> <mask> and Sultan Nur, with a large force of horse and footmen, reached Kurmis on 8th June, camped near Lasakante on 9 June, and moved towards Dannot early on 10 June on their way towards the Nogal. On 12th June mounted scout could not get through from Bohotle to Dannot owing to the numbers of the enemy's horsemen watching the road. On 13th June two deserters from the mullah came into Bohotle and stated that the Mullah with his whole force was on his way to Nogal with a view of establishing his Haroun at Halin.Intelligence Report from 11th July 1903". 4 August 1903. — a deserter from the Mullah, named Abbas Isman (Ibrahim), came into Bohotle at 5.30 a.m. His story is as follows <mask> <mask> is still his trusted adviser. Sultan Nur still lives with the Mullah, but no longer is keen to help him. Abbas was with the Mullah at Wardair during the fight. When the fight was over a horseman galloped to Wardair and announced that the English had been wiped out. The Mullah immediately mounted his pony, Dodimer and rode hard to the field of battle.The Mullah was absent from the battle and much of the command of the dervish fighters fell upon Sultan Nur. This fact caused the rift between the Mullah and Sultan Nur which the informant alluded to in his report. These two encounters, despite a heavy loss by the dervish, were the only dervish victory over the British forces. Jidballi January 10, 1904. This was not the mere handful they had fought at Samala, at Gumburu, or at Daratoleh. It was no reconnaissance, nor yet was it a hastily recruited tribal levy such as they had faced at Ferdhiddin or Erigo. In comparison, General Egerton's force at Jidbali must have seemed to them a mighty army; and, in very truth, it comprised some of the best seasoned British, Indian, and African troops at the Empire's disposal.On the other hand, the Darwishes numbered from 6000 to 8000 fighting men, representing the pick of the Mullah's forces. The command of the British forces was taken over by major-general Charles Egerton with fresh reinforcement from India and Aden, on July 4, 1903, Egerton arrived at Berbera. From his arrival to mid October Egerton was engaged in improving roads, building an advance bases at kirrit and improving water supplies. Also Egerton raised two more Somali irregular mounted corps, the Gedabursi Horse ( 500 men from the Gedabursi clan) and the Tribal Horse (mainly from eastern Habr Yunis, Habr Tojalaa and Dolbahnata clans). Meanwhile, the dervish were encamped at Halin-Gerrowei-Kalis line of villages and they made Halin their main headquarter. In October the Dervish occupied the small port at Illig in the Mijjertein coast. Manning was given orders to occupy Galadi and by end of November 1903 Galadi was occupied without incidents.The water insufficient, Manning left a detachments there and stationed the bulk of his troops at Bohotle. The first clashes between the Dervish and British forces occurred in December 1903 when news came that the Dervish camp was formed at Jidbali. Egerton ordered lieutenant-Colonel Kenna to make a reconnaissances and to induce the Dervish in an engagement. Coming upon many dervish camp fires at Jidbali, Kenna opened fire in an attempt to dislodge the dervishes from their zaribas. After three hours of periodic fires Kenna withdrew estimating the enemy force to consist of around 1,500 foot and 200 horsemen. On 9 January, Egerton assembled his massive forces 20 miles east of Badwein having ascertained the dervish were in force in Jidbali. On 10 January 1904, the dervish for the first time fought regular troops in an open country, also in terms of numbers of troops the British forces were the largest thus far.The Mullah was not present in the battle, he was curiously absent. Sending Kenna to the flank of the enemy to block any retreats, Egerton opened his mountain battery guns orderings his troops to kneel or lay down. Upon the commencing of the fight the dervish rushed from cover to cover to through grass and brushes attacking the left. However they were unable to stand the intensity of the fire, the dervish again regrouped and tried to attack from the front and the right. Sergeant Gibbs did an excellent job with the maxim gun, and the K.A.R and Sikh firing was remarkable, with in few minutes the dervish line collapsed and they retreated in full flight, pursued by the mounted Gedabursi Horses and Tribal Horses the rout of the dervish army was completed. Dervish activities 1905–1919

On March 28, 1905, the Italian Ambassador in London informed the British Foreign Office that an Agreement had been reached at Illig on the 5 March between Cavaliere Pestalozza and the dervish at Illig. immediately not long after the Dervish resumed their old method of raiding Somali clans in particular and almost exclusively the Daarood clan which the Mullah himself belonged to.1914: a telegram from Commissioner of the Somaliland Protectorate to Secretary of State for the Colonies 13 August 1914, stated an anticipated Dervish concentration in the Ain has not materialised. No further developments reported from Jidali except successful spread of Dervish propaganda in that locality by the ex naval interpreter <mask> <mask>. According to Hastings Ismay during his years in service in Somaliland from 1915 to 1920. In March 1917 haji Sudi began building Surud forts. <mask> <mask>'s death; the last expedition 1920

During the last campaign on January 21 the attack began with the bombing of Medishi and Jidali fort in the Surad mountain ranges. <mask> <mask> along with the Mullah and various top dervish were residing in Medishi fort during the first strike most of the dervish forts in Surad ranges (Jid Ali, Boran, Medishi and Galbaribur on the coast) were bombed. In the ensuing confusion of the dervish <mask> <mask> with commander Ibrahim Bogol endeavored to regroup forces and gathered livestock and headed south to Taleh fort, while the Mullah in his initial shock fled and hid in a nearby cave.On the 5th or 6 February <mask> <mask> forces along with the northern dervish commander Ibrahim Bogol engaged in a fight with the Somali tribal forces of 500 lead by Risaldar Major <mask> Musa Farah. <mask> <mask> and Ibrahim Bogol both leaders of the dervish forces were killed. ."

See also
Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman
Ibrahim Boghol
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
Somaliland Campaign

References

1857 births
1920 deaths
19th-century Somalian people
20th-century Somalian

masks: Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Sudi Haji Haji Sudi


title: Murdock MacQuarrie

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 25, 1878 – August 20, 1942) was an American silent film actor and director. His name was also seen as <mask>. <mask> was born in San Francisco, California, and attended school there. He was the brother of actors <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. After acting on stage, <mask> began acting in films in 1902 with Biograph. His film work included The Count of Monte Cristo (1913), before becoming a director at Universal. He is perhaps best-remembered by modern audiences as J. Widdecombe Billows, the eccentric inventor of the eating machine, in Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times (1936).In the 1910s, <mask> directed at Universal, and in the early 1920s he returned to acting. He diversified his activities in 1919, joining his wife in her real-estate business in Hollywood. On August 20, 1942, <mask> died in Los Angeles, California, aged 63. Filmography

Actor

1910s
 The Hand of Mystery (1912, Short)
 The Ways of Fate (1913, Short)
 The Scarlet Letter (1913, Short) .... Roger Chillingworth
 Mission Bells (1913, Short)
 Mother (1913, Short)
 The Trap (1913, Short) .... Chance
 The Echo of a Song (1913, Short) .... A modern fagin
 Criminals (1913, Short) .... Richard Wainwright / John Dick
 The Thumb Print (1913, Short) .... The Cook (credited as Malcolm J<mask>)
 When Death United (1913, Short) .... (credited as Malcolm MacQuarrie)
 The Count of Monte Cristo (1913) .... Danglars
 The Boob's Dream Girl (1913, Short) .... Count Alberti (credited as Malcolm MacQuarrie)
 Red Margaret, Moonshiner (1913, Short) .... Government Agent
 Bloodhounds of the North (1913, Short) .... Mountie
 The Lie (1914, Short) .... Auld MacGregor
 The Honor of the Mounted (1914, Short) .... Mountie
 Remember Mary Magdalen (1914, Short) .... The Minister
 Discord and Harmony (1914, Short) ....The Composer
 The Menace to Carlotta (1914, Short) .... Tony's Father
 The Embezzler (1914, Short) .... John Spencer
 The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914, Short) .... The Lamb
 The End of the Feud (1914, Short) .... Hen Dawson
 The Tragedy of Whispering Creek (1914, Short) .... The Stranger
 The Unlawful Trade (1914, Short) .... The Revenue Man
 Heart Strings (1914, Short)
 The Forbidden Room (1914, Short) .... Dr. Gibson
 The Old Cobbler (1914, Short) .... The Cobbler
 The Hopes of Blind Alley (1914, Short) .... Jean Basse
 A Ranch Romance (1914, Short) .... Jack Deering
 Her Grave Mistake (1914, Short) .... Roger Grant
 By the Sun's Rays (1914, Short) .... John Murdock
 The Oubliette (1914, Short) .... François Villon
 A Miner's Romance (1914, Short) .... Bob Jenkins
 The Higher Law (1914, Short) .... François Villon
 Be Neutral (1914, Short)
 Richelieu (1914) .... Cardinal Richelieu
 The Old Bell-Ringer (1914, Short) .... Thomas Drake - the Old Organist
 Monsieur Bluebeard (1914, Short) .... François Villon
 The Nihilists (1914, Short) .... Thomas Madison - Prosecuting Attorney
 The Wall of Flame (1914, Short) .... Old Fenton - the Father
 The Star Gazer (1914, Short) .... The Old Astronomer
 Two Thieves (1914, Short) .... The Burglar
 Ninety Black Boxes (1914, Short) .... François Villon
 As We Journey Through Life (1914, Short) .... Old Uncle Eli
 The Foundlings of Father Time (1914, Short) .... Daddy Ross - the Aged Husband
 The Widow's Last (1914, Short) ....The Old Shoemaker
 The Christmas Spirit (1914, Short) .... Harry the Hobo
 For I Have Toiled (1914, Short) .... Hiram Marshall
 When It's One of Your Own (1914, Short) .... Heinrich Gerhardt
 His Last Performance (1915, Short) .... Old Doc Jackson
 The Clutch of the Emperor (1915, Short)
 The Useless One (1915, Short)
 A Small Town Girl (1915, Short) .... The Snob's Father
 The Dear Old Hypocrite (1915, Short) .... Wealthy Uncle George
 Alias Mr. Smith (1915, Short) .... Frank Wilson alias Mr. Smith
 Seven and Seventy (1915, Short) .... Captain John Brent
 Dad (1915, Short) .... Dad
 An Example (1915, Short) .... Ex-Sheriff Joseph Bohn
 The Prayer of a Horse or: His Life Story Told by Himself (1915, Short) .... Tom Collins
 Wheels Within Wheels (1915, Short) .... Von Ludwig
 The Truth About Dan Deering (1915, Short) .... Dan Deering
 At His Own Terms (1915, Short) .... John Marsh - Backwoodsman
 Number 239 (1915, Short) .... John Anders
 The Cameo Ring (1915, Short) .... John Brown
 Putting One Over (1915, Short) .... Bad Louis
 The Old Tutor (1915, Short) .... The Old Tutor
 The Troubadour (1915, Short) .... Joe Trinidad - the Troubadour
 The Fear Within (1915, Short) .... Brother Gregoire
 The Faith of Her Fathers (1915, Short) .... Rabbi Tamor
 The Stronger Mind (1915, Short) .... A Crook
 Where Brains Are Needed (1915, Short) .... Old Tom Sharpleigh - the Detective
 The Old Doctor (1915, Short) .... Old Doctor Jones
 The Swinging Doors (1915, Short) .... Jean Dumont
 In His Mind's Eye (1915, Short) .... Peter von Helm - Blind Beggar
 The Tinker of Stubbenville (1915, Short) .... Will Harvey - the Tinkerof Stubbinville
 The Old Grouch (1915, Short) .... John Agnew
 The Closing Chapter (1915, Short) .... Hamilton Walker - the Grandfather
 Mein Friendt Schneider (1915, Short) .... David Hoffman - the Pawnbroker (as Murdock McQuarrie)
 His Beloved Violin (1915, Short) ....Von Wagner
 Ethel's Burglar (1915, Short) .... Norton - the Burglar
 The Mystery of the Tapestry Room (1915, Short) .... Tom Sharpleigh - Detective
 The Tam o' Shanter (1915, Short) .... Tam O' Shanter
 The Finest Gold (1915, Short) .... Scrooge McQuoil
 The Sheriff of Red Rock Gulch (1915, Short) .... Bill Borden
 The $50,000 Jewel Theft (1915, Short) .... Detective Tom Sparks (as M.J. <mask>)
 The Flag of Fortune (1915, Short) .... Grandpa
 The Trap That Failed (1915, Short) .... Frank Harwood
 The Sacrifice of Jonathan Gray (1915, Short) .... Jonathan Gray
 Colonel Steel, Master Gambler (1915, Short) .... Colonel Steele
 Babbling Tongues (1915, Short) .... Martin Lowe
 X-3 (1916, Short) .... Henshaw
 The Fatal Introduction (1916, Short) .... Jim Claverling
 On Dangerous Ground (1916, Short) .... Louis Goldenberg
 The Stain in the Blood (1916) .... Bill Jenkins (as Murdock J. MacQuarrie)
 Nancy's Birthright (1916) .... John Martingale
 The Narrow Creed (1916, Short) .... Dr. Hendricks
 Life's Maelstrom (1916, Short) .... John Barclay
 Accusing Evidence (1916, Short)
 Panthea (1917) .... Police Agent
 John Bates' Secret (1917, Short) .... John Bates, a.k.a. Executor of the Estate
 Arizona Terror (1931) .... Joe Moore
 Near the Trail's End (1931) .... Dan Cather
 Grief Street (1931) .... 2nd Theater Doorman (uncredited)
 Lariats and Sixshooters (1931) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 The Devil Plays (1931) .... Butler
 The Wide Open Spaces (1931, Short) .... Townsman at Wedding (as Murdock McQuarrie)
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) .... Dissenting doctor in crowd (uncredited)
 One Man Law (1932) .... Ed Grimm (credited as Murdock McQuarrie)
 The Shadow of the Eagle (1932, Serial) .... Frank - Watchman (uncredited)
 Forty-Five Calibre Echo (1932) .... Old man in saloon (uncredited)
 Cross-Examination (1932) .... Court Officer (uncredited)
 Texas Cyclone (1932) .... Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 The Saddle Buster (1932) .... Doc (uncredited)
 Border Devils (1932) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Rule 'Em and Weep (1932, Short)
 Daring Danger (1932) .... 'Pa' Norris
 Ride Him, Cowboy (1932) .... Doctor attending Webb (uncredited)
 Fighting for

masks:
Murdock MacQuarrie
Murdock McQuarrie
MacQuarrie
Albert MacQuarrie
Frank MacQuarrie
George MacQuarrie
MacQuarrie
MacQuarrie
MacQuarrie
. MacQuarrie
MacQuarrie


title: Murdock MacQuarrie

texts:
 Justice (1932) .... Sheriff (uncredited)
 Two Lips and Juleps; or, Southern Love and Northern Exposure (1932, Short)
 Wild Girl (1932) .... Jess Larabee (uncredited)
 The Gambling Sex (1932) .... Thompson
 The Penal Code (1932) .... Lefty
 Phantom Thunderbolt (1933) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Son of the Border (1933) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 The Lone Avenger (1933) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Cross Fire (1933) .... Sheriff Jim Wells
 Easy Millions (1933)
 Stolen by Gypsies or Beer and Bicycles (1933, Short) .... Sheriff
 One Year Later (1933) .... Well-Wisher at Train Station (uncredited)
 Girl Trouble (1933) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Roman Scandals (1933) .... Senator Fool (uncredited)
 Potluck Pards (1934, Short) .... 'Pop' Hennessey
 The House of Rothschild (1934) .... Man at Stock Exchange (uncredited)
 Romance Revier (1934, Short) .... Banker William Carter
 Randy Rides Alone (1934) ....Murder victim (uncredited)
 Smoking Guns (1934) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Going Bye-Bye! (1934, Short) .... Jury Foreman
 Fighting Hero (1934) .... Prosecutor
 The Tonto Kid (1934) .... 'Pop' Slawson (as <mask> McQuarrie)
 The Man from Hell (1934) .... Sheriff Jake Klein
 The Dude Ranger (1934) .... Doc Welsh (uncredited)
 The Return of Chandu (1934, Serial) .... The "Voice" of Ubasti [Chs. 4-12]
 Terror of the Plains (1934) .... Foreman Cole (as <mask> McQuarrie)
 When Lightning Strikes (1934) .... Jim Caldwell
 The Mighty Barnum (1934) .... Husband at Table (uncredited)
 Clive of India (1935) .... Sneering Man (uncredited)
 North of Arizona (1935) .... Marshal Herron
 Outlaw Rule (1935) .... Coroner Williamson (uncredited)
 Les Misérables (1935) .... Fauchelevant (uncredited)
 Stone of Silver Creek (1935) .... George J. Mason
 Bride of Frankenstein (1935) ....Sympathetic villager (uncredited)
 Gun Smoke (1935) .... Card Player (uncredited)
 Silent Valley (1935) .... Elmer Barnes (rancher)
 The Laramie Kid (1935) .... Dad Bland
 Outlawed Guns (1935) .... Banker Honeycutt (uncredited)
 Bonnie Scotland (1935) .... Recruiting Clerk (uncredited)
 Diamond Jim (1935) .... Stockbroker (uncredited)
 The Dark Angel (1935) .... Waiter at Inn (uncredited)
 The New Frontier (1935) .... Tom Lewis
 Nevada (1935) .... Watson (uncredited)
 Lawless Riders (1935) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 The Shadow of Silk Lennox (1935) .... Haskell, Silk's Lawyer (uncredited)
 Sunset of Power (1935) .... Doctor
 I'll Name the Murderer (1936) .... Wreck Witness (uncredited)
 Modern Times (1936) .... J. Widdecombe Billows (as Murdoch McQuarrie)
 The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) .... Edman Spangler (uncredited)
 The Drag-Net (1936) - Hot-Check Gambler (uncredited)
 Pinto Rustlers (1936) .... Ed Walton
 The Lonely Trail (1936) .... Rancher (uncredited)
 Fury (1936) .... Dawson's friend (uncredited)
 Winds of the Wasteland (1936) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Shakedown (1936) .... Attendant (uncredited)
 Prison Shadows (1936) .... Fight fan (uncredited)
 The Idaho Kid (1936) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Santa Fe Bound (1936) .... Dad Bates (uncredited)
 Oh, Susanna! (1936) .... Sage City Townsman (uncredited)
 Ride 'Em Cowboy (1936) .... Race Spectator (uncredited)
 Cavalry (1936) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Song of the Gringo (1936) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Roarin' Lead (1936) .... Sims (uncredited)
 The Old Corral (1936) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Stormy Trails (1936) .... Sheriff
 Great Guy (1936) .... Mr. Marvin (a client) (uncredited)
 Hittin' the Trail (1937) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Venus Makes Trouble (1937) .... Sour-faced Man (uncredited)
 Back to the Woods (1937) .... Judge (uncredited)
 Pick a Star (1937) .... Jefferson Watts - Undertaker (uncredited)
 The Fighting Texan (1937) .... Jim Perkins
 Flying Fists (1937) .... Health Camp Man (uncredited)
 Slaves in Bondage (1937) ....Gambler (uncredited)
 On Such a Night (1937) .... Vasalia Juror (uncredited)
 Stars Over Arizona (1937) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Zorro Rides Again (1937, Serial) .... Jones (night watchman) [Ch. 10] (uncredited)
 The Jury's Secret (1938) .... Flood Victim (uncredited)
 The Purple Vigilantes (1938) .... Juror (uncredited)
 The Lone Ranger (1938, Serial) .... Matt Clark [Ch. 6] (uncredited)
 Cattle Raiders (1938) .... Juror (uncredited)
 Frontier Town (1938) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Topa Topa (1938) .... Hunter (uncredited)
 Outlaws of Sonora (1938) .... Barfly (uncredited)
 Western Trails (1938) (uncredited) .... Williams - Station Master (uncredited)
 Blockade (1938) .... Seaman (uncredited)
 Guilty Trails (1938) .... Judge Howard
 Prairie Justice (1938) .... Stage Line Agent (uncredited)
 Santa Fe Stampede (1938) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Ghost Town Riders (1938) .... Tax Collector Harry Branson
 Tom Sawyer, Detective (1938) .... Posse Member (uncredited)
 Stand Up and Fight (1939) .... Engineer (uncredited)
 Disbarred (1939) .... First Jury Foreman (uncredited)
 Honor of the West (1939) .... Hank (as <mask> McQuarrie)
 The Phantom Stage (1939) .... John Scott -Stage Agent
 Arizona Legion (1939) .... Party Guest (uncredited)
 Smoky Trails (1939) .... Will Archer
 Wolf Call (1939) ....Miner (uncredited)
 They All Come Out (1939) .... Watchman (uncredited)
 Colorado Sunset (1939) .... Dairyman Jones (uncredited)
 Mutiny on the Blackhawk (1939)  .... Bill, a Settler (uncredited)
 Konga, the Wild Stallion (1939) .... Clerk (uncredited)
 At the Circus (1939) .... Attendant (uncredited)
 Tower of London (1939) .... Councilman (uncredited)
 Cowboys from Texas (1939) .... Congressman (uncredited)
 Death Rides the Range (1939) .... Sheriff (uncredited)

1940s
 The Shadow (1940, Serial) .... Richards, Rand's Butler [Chs. 2-3] (uncredited)
 The House of the Seven Gables (1940) .... Town Gossip (uncredited)
 The Showdown (1940) .... Zeke (uncredited)
 An Angel from Texas (1940) .... Lone Star Townsman (uncredited)
 Pinto Canyon (1940) .... Rancher Barnes
 Those Were the Days! (1940) .... First Citizen (uncredited)
 The Captain Is a Lady (1940) .... Seaman (uncredited)
 Boys of the City (1940) .... Man on Sidewalk Watching Fight (uncredited)
 Deadwood Dick (1940, Serial) .... Jasper Kenyon [Chs.11-13] (uncredited)
 Brigham Young (1940) .... Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Mummy's Hand (1940) .... Temple Priest (uncredited)
 Frontier Vengeance (1940) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 The Wildcat of Tucson (1940) .... Doctor (uncredited)
 Federal Fugitives (1941) .... Night Watchman (uncredited)
 The Return of Daniel Boone (1941) .... Telegrapher (uncredited)
 Paper Bullets (1941) .... 1st Bailiff (uncredited)
 They Meet Again (1941) .... Juror (uncredited)
 Arizona Bound (1941) .... Zeke (uncredited)
 The Richest Man in Town (1941) .... Postman (uncredited)
 Man from Montana (1941) .... Joel Preston
 Freckles Comes Home (1942) .... Bus Passenger / Indiana Townsman (uncredited)
 Woman of the Year (1942) .... Head Copy Reader (uncredited)
 Ghost Town Law (1942) .... Judge Crail
 The Corpse Vanishes (1942) .... The Minister (uncredited)
 Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die (1942) .... Townsman (uncredited)
 Jackass Mail (1942) .... Hickory Jake (uncredited)
 Timber (1942) .... Old Timer (uncredited)
 The Omaha Trail (1942) .... Oxen Owner (uncredited)
 Cat People (1942) .... Sheep caretaker (uncredited)
 Arabian Nights (1942) .... Bidder (uncredited)
 Dr. Terror's House of Horrors

masks: Murdock Murdock Murdock


title: Nikolas Löbel

texts:
<mask> (born 17 May 1986) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Baden-Württemberg from 2017 to 2021. He resigned in March 2021. Political career
In 2012, <mask> was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany. <mask> became a member of the Bundestag after the 2017 German federal election, representing the Mannheim district. In parliament, he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Subcommittee on Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. In this capacity, he was his parliamentary group's rapporteur on the European Union's Eastern Partnership. In March 2021, Der Spiegel revealed that a company Löbel owned had earned a €250,000 commission by acting as a middleman between a mask supplier in Baden-Württemberg and two private, China related companies in the state amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.Facing public pressure, he subsequently resigned from his parliamentary seat and announced that he was retiring from politics. Other activities
 Sparkasse Rhein Neckar Nord, Member of the Supervisory Board (2017 to 2021)

Political positions
Following the 2016 Baden-Württemberg state election, <mask> supported the formation of a coalition government of the Green Party and the Christian Democrats under Minister-President Winfried Kretschmann, the first state-level government of the two parties to be headed by a member of the Green Party in German history. Ahead of the Christian Democrats' leadership election in 2021, <mask> publicly endorsed Jens Spahn to succeed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer as the party's chair. Controversies

Lobbying for Azerbaijan
As chairman of the Baden-Württemberg Young Union, <mask> <mask> came under criticism from both the CDU and Amnesty International, for a planned sponsorship of 2,000 euros by a student network from Azerbaijan at the state parliament of the Baden-Württembe Young Union in 2012, since the student network in question was funded by Azerbaijani state-owned oil and gas company SOCAR and other Azerbaijani companies with ties to its autocratic leader - Ilham Aliyev, who's been criticized for continued and serious violations of human rights. As a result the sponsorship fell through. In March 2021 several Bundestag members of the ruling Union coalition became subjects of criminal investigations on the initial suspicion of corruption, for receiving payments from the Azerbaijani Laundromat money laundering scheme, while others were implicated in allegations of corrupt lobbying practices known as "Caviar diplomacy" in the European Council or what became known as the "Azerbaijan affair" () in Germany. In this context <mask>'s strong advocacy for Azerbaijani interests during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war between Azerbaijan and Armenia raised some eyebrows as Löbel took a one-sided stance backing the position of Azerbaijan in the conflict.He also dismissed criticism of human rights violations in Azerbaijan, stating that it is "not to be compared with a democracy based on the Western model", but "an important strategic partner" for Germany as a natural gas supplier and possible importer of "German products and goods". "Mask affair" scandal and resignation
In April 2020, <mask> brokered contracts for protective mask deliveries from China to Germany by Bricon Technology GmbH. According to his own statements, he received a commission of 250,000 euros for this deal. <mask> described this as being in line with the market, but admitted that he lacked sensitivity. This information became known in the context of a series of articles published by German press in March 2021, revealing how several Bundestag members from the leading Union coalition had brokered deals for PPE with lucrative commissions for themselves,  which led to intense criticism from members of all parties in the Bundestag, including the CSU/CDU Union and led to what became known as the so-called "Mask Affair"  () scandal in Germany. The first article about <mask> having asked for a commission was published in Der Spiegel on 5 March 2021. On the same day he stepped down from the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Bundestag.On 7 March 2021, in response to the "Mask Affair", he announced that he would resign from his Bundestag mandate as well as his membership of the municipal council in Mannheim on 31 August 2021 and not run again for the Bundestag and he would also end his membership in the CDU / CSU parliamentary group with immediate effect and give up the district chairmanship of the Mannheim CDU. He apologized for having "violated the obligations of his office with his conduct". A number of politicians from different parties criticized him for not giving up his mandate immediately, pointing out that, in addition to regular MP benefits and allowances, he thus keeps his entitlement to an additional year of retirement allowances () for MPs, noted the independent organization Abanderswatch.de, citing the MPs Act. The CDU federal chairman Armin Laschet criticized his "greed mentality"  and distanced himself from MPs who "had nothing on their minds but to earn money." On 8 March 2021, in response to political and media pressure, <mask> announced that he was giving up his parliamentary mandate with immediate effect in order to avoid "further damage to his party" shortly before two state elections were about to take place in Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate". He left the Bundestag two days later. The CDU district association Mannheim also announced on March 8th that <mask> had resigned from the CDU "with immediate effect".At the end of March 202, the Stuttgart Public Prosecutor's Office announced that after examining the allegation of "bribery of elected officials" in connection with the mediation of mask business, "due to a lack of initial suspicion, it would refrain from initiating investigative proceedings"; In their opinion, there is "in the present case no direct connection between the private activity and the activity as a member of the Bundestag." References

External links

 Bundestag biography

1986 births
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

masks:
Nikolas Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Nikolas
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel
Löbel


title: Aurora Cáceres

texts:
<mask> (1877–1958) was a writer associated with the literary movement known as modernismo. This European-based daughter of a Peruvian president wrote novels, essays, travel literature and a biography of her husband, the Guatemalan novelist Enrique Gómez Carrillo. Her life itself is intimately intertwined with Peruvian history, the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the Peruvian Civil War of 1895, and an intellectual's exile in Paris. Her essays have recently begun to receive critical attention by scholars attempting to understand modernism from a gendered perspective. During the War of the Pacific, her sister was killed while her family was fleeing from the Chileans. Her father <mask>, at that time a Colonel in the Peruvian Army, was mounting a guerrilla war against the occupying army. Peru (and Bolivia) lost that war and the Chileans occupied Lima, the country's capital.After the Chileans departed, now General <mask> served in a variety of functions, as a diplomat in Europe, president of the Republic, and then exiled after a bloody coup in 1895. All of these events affected Zoila <mask>, who was educated by nuns in Germany and at the Sorbone in Paris. She was known to many of the major modernista authors including Amado Nervo, Ruben Darío and Enrique Gómez Carrillo, whom she married. Besides her interesting life, she left behind political tracks and a wide gamut of writing. Regarding the former, César Lévano points out the following: she founded Feminine Evolution in 1911, in 1919 she organized a feminine strike for food, while in 1924 she organized a new organization, "Peruvian Femenism". She was a die-hard suffragist associated with Angela Ramos. Later she would work with the anti-fascist organization "Feminine Action".Regarding the latter, <mask> has left behind a varied and diverse output. Her compelling novel La rosa muerta, recently published by Stockcero for the first time in almost a century, was set in Paris where it was published in 1914. In a work sharing formal characteristics with modernista prose, Cáceres challenged the ideological parameters of the movement. While her protagonist appropriated the modernista precept of a woman as an object of male veneration, she also took active control of her sexual life in a world where husbands still treated their wives as objects. The objects in this novel are not people but implements of communication and medicine reflective of the apogee of the industrial age. The action, which takes place between Berlin and Paris, is representative of the places that the modernistas held dear, but the feminization of the portrayal of male-female relations broadens the scope of the  male-dominated modernista literary paradigm. The ideal men in this novel are not the husbands from whom women run, but medical doctors, men of science who are liberated from chauvinist attitudes.The central character of “La rosa muerta” accordingly falls for one of her gynecologists, allowing for scenes in the Paris clinic that must have been scandalous for the 1914 reading public. Her Writing

 Angelina, Eva. “La emancipación de la mujer”. El Búcaro Americano 1.6/1.7 (15 de mayo; 1 de junio de 1896): 117-118, 127–30. <mask>, Zoila <mask>. Mujeres de ayer y de hoy. París: Garnier Hermanos, 1910.——.Oasis de arte. Prólogo de Rubén Darío. París: Garnier Hermanos, ¿1910? ¿1911? Cáceres, Aurora. La rosa muerta/Las perlas de Rosa. Prólogo de Amado Nervo.Paris: Garnier Hermanos, 1914. <mask>, Zoila <mask> & Andrés Avelino Cáceres. La campaña de la Breña, memorias del mariscal del Perú, D. Andrés A. Cáceres. Lima, Imp. Americana, 1921. <mask>, Z. <mask> (Evangelina). La ciudad del sol.Prólogo de Enrique Gómez Carrillo. Lima: Librería Francesa Científica/Casa Editorial F. Rosay, 1927. Cáceres, [Zoila] Aurora (Evangelina). Mi vida con Enrique Gómez Carrillo. Madrid: Renacimiento, 1929. Cáceres, Zoila <mask>. La princesa Suma Tica (narraciones peruanas).Madrid: Editorial Mundo Latino, 1929. ——. Labor de armonía interamericana en los Estados Unidos de Norte América, 1940–1945. Washington, 1946. ——. Epistolario relativo a Miguel de Unamuno. En Unamuno y el Perú.Ed. Wilfredo Kapsoli. Lima/Salamanca: Universidad Ricardo Palma/ Universidad de Salamanca, 2002: 27–31. Cáceres, Aurora. A Dead Rose. Trans. Laura Kanost.Stockcero, 2018. On Her and Her Time
 Arriola Grande, Maurilio. Diccionario literario del Perú: Nomenclatura por autores. Dos tomes. Lima: Editora Universo, 1983. Frederick, Bonnie. “Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Virtuous Mother: Argentina, 1852–1910”.Journal of Women's History 18.1 (2006): 101-120. Glickman, Robert Jay. Vestales del Templo azul: notas sobre el feminismo hispanoamericano en la época modernista. Toronto: Canadian Academy of the Arts, 1996. Herrera, Eduardo. “Una visita a Evangelina”. En La ciudad del sol de Aurora Cáceres.Lima: Librería Francesa Científica/Casa Editorial E. Rosay, 1927: 185–193. Kanost, Laura. "Translator's Introduction". A Dead Rose by <mask>. Trans. Laura Kanost. Stockcero, 2018: vii-xxv.Levano, César. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705033829/http://www.caretas.com.pe/1999/1575/mujeres/mujeres.htm "Las mujeres y el poder] Caretas (1999). Minardi, Giovanna. “La narrativa femenina en el Perú del siglo XX”. Alba de América 37/38 (2001): 177–196. Rojas–Trempe, Lady. “Escritoras peruanas al alba del próximo milenio”.En Perú en su cultura. Eds. Daniel Castillo Durante y Borka Sattler. Lima/Ottawa: PromPerú/University of Ottawa; 2002: 175–181. Rojas-Trempe, Lady. "Mujeres y movimientos sociales en América Latina: Angela Ramos y Magda Portal, escritoras políticas de pie en la historia del Perú". Debate: Literatura y género (2004).Ward, Thomas. "Los caminos posibles de Nietzsche en el modernismo", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica'' 50.2 (julio-diciembre de 2002): 480-515. Ward, Thomas. "Introducción". La Rosa Muerta. Buenos Aires: Stockcero, 2007: vii-xxiv. 1877 births
1958 deaths
Peruvian essayists
Modernismo
Peruvian feminists
Peruvian women activists
Feminist writers
Peruvian women novelists
19th-century novelists
Peruvian women essayists
19th-century women writers
19th-century essayists
Peruvian suffragists

masks:
Zoila Aurora Cáceres Moreno
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Cáceres
Aurora Cáceres
Aurora Cáes
Cáceres
Aurora
Cáceres
Aurora
Cáceres
Aurora
Aurora
Aurora Ces


title: Frederick William I of Prussia

texts:
<mask> (; 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the "Soldier King" (), was the king in Prussia and elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death in 1740, as well as prince of Neuchâtel. He was succeeded by his son, <mask>. Reign
He was born in Berlin to King <mask> of Prussia and Princess Sophia Charlotte of Hanover. During his first years, he was raised by the Huguenot governess Marthe de Roucoulle. His father had successfully acquired the title of king for the margraves of Brandenburg. On ascending the throne in 1713 (the year before his maternal grandmother’s death and the ascension of his maternal uncle <mask> of Great Britain to the British throne), the new king sold most of his father's horses, jewels and furniture; he did not intend to treat the treasury as his personal source of revenue the way <mask> and many of the other German princes had. Throughout his reign, <mask> was characterized by his frugal, austere and martial lifestyle, as well as his devout Calvinist faith.He practiced rigid management of the treasury, never started a war, and led a simple and austere lifestyle, in contrast to the lavish court his father had presided over. At his death, Prussia had a sound exchequer and a full treasury, in contrast to the other German states. <mask> I did much to improve Prussia economically and militarily. He replaced mandatory military service among the middle class with an annual tax, and he established schools and hospitals. The king encouraged farming, reclaimed marshes, stored grain in good times and sold it in bad times. He dictated the manual of Regulations for State Officials, containing 35 chapters and 297 paragraphs in which every public servant in Prussia could find his duties precisely set out: a minister or councillor failing to attend a committee meeting, for example, would lose six months' pay; if he absented himself a second time, he would be discharged from the royal service. In short, <mask> <mask> concerned himself with every aspect of his relatively small country, ruling an absolute monarchy with great energy and skill.In 1732, the king invited the Salzburg Protestants to settle in East Prussia, which had been depopulated by plague in 1709. Under the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, the prince-archbishop of Salzburg could require his subjects to practice the Catholic faith, but Protestants had the right to emigrate to a Protestant state. Prussian commissioners accompanied 20,000 Protestants to their new homes on the other side of Germany. <mask> <mask> personally welcomed the first group of migrants and sang Protestant hymns with them. <mask> intervened briefly in the Great Northern War, allied with Peter the Great of Russia, in order to gain a small portion of Swedish Pomerania; this gave Prussia new ports on the Baltic Sea coast. More significantly, aided by his close friend Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, the "Soldier-King" made considerable reforms to the Prussian army's training, tactics and conscription program—introducing the canton system, and greatly increasing the Prussian infantry's rate of fire through the introduction of the iron ramrod. <mask>'s reforms left his son <mask> with the most formidable army in Europe, which <mask> used to increase Prussia's power.The observation that "the pen is mightier than the sword" has sometimes been attributed to him. (See as well: "Prussian virtues".) Although a highly effective ruler, <mask> had a perpetually short temper which sometimes drove him to physically attack servants (or even his own children) with a cane at the slightest perceived provocation. His violent, harsh nature was further exacerbated by his inherited porphyritic disease, which gave him gout, obesity and frequent crippling stomach pains. He also had a notable contempt for France, and would sometimes fly into a rage at the mere mention of that country, although this did not stop him from encouraging the immigration of French Huguenot refugees to Prussia. Burial and reburials
<mask> died in 1740 at age 51 and was interred at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. During World War II, in order to protect it from advancing allied forces, Hitler ordered the king's coffin, as well as those of <mask> Great and Paul von Hindenburg, into hiding, first to Berlin and later to a salt mine outside of Bernterode.The coffins were later discovered by occupying American forces, who re-interred the bodies in St. Elisabeth's Church in Marburg in 1946. In 1953 the coffin was moved to Burg Hohenzollern, where it remained until 1991, when it was finally laid to rest on the steps of the altar in the Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum in the Church of Peace on the palace grounds of Sanssouci. The original black marble sarcophagus collapsed at Burg Hohenzollern—the current one is a copper copy. Relationship with <mask> II

His eldest surviving son was <mask> (Fritz), born in 1712. <mask> wanted him to become a fine soldier. As a small child, Fritz was awakened each morning by the firing of a cannon. At the age of 6, he was given his own regiment of children  to drill as cadets, and a year later, he was given a miniature arsenal.The love and affection <mask> had for his heir initially was soon destroyed due to their increasingly different personalities. <mask> ordered Fritz to undergo a minimal education, live a simple Protestant lifestyle, and focus on the Army and statesmanship as he had. However, the intellectual Fritz was more interested in music, books and French culture, which were forbidden by his father as decadent and unmanly. As Fritz's defiance for his father's rules increased, <mask> would frequently beat or humiliate Fritz (he preferred his younger sibling <mask>). Fritz was beaten for being thrown off a bolting horse and wearing gloves in cold weather. After the prince attempted to flee to England with his tutor, Hans Hermann von Katte, the enraged King had Katte beheaded before the eyes of the prince, who himself was court-martialled. The court declared itself not competent in this case.Whether it was the king's intention to have his son executed as well (as Voltaire claims) is not clear. However, the Holy Roman Emperor <mask> intervened, claiming that a prince could only be tried by the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire itself. <mask> was imprisoned in the Fortress of Küstrin from 2 September to 19 November 1731 and exiled from court until February 1732, during which time he was rigorously schooled in matters of state. After achieving a measure of reconciliation, <mask> had his son married to Princess Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, whom <mask> despised, but then grudgingly allowed him to indulge in his musical and literary interests again. He also gifted him a stud farm in East Prussia, and Rheinsberg Palace. By the time of <mask>'s death in 1740, he and <mask> were on at least reasonable terms with each other. Although the relationship between <mask> and <mask> was clearly hostile, <mask> himself later wrote that his father "penetrated and understood great objectives, and knew the best interests of his country better than any minister or general."Marriage and family
<mask> married his first cousin Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, <mask>'s younger sister (daughter of his uncle, King <mask> of Great Britain and Sophia Dorothea of Celle) on 28 November 1706. <mask> was faithful and loving to his wife but they did not have a happy relationship: Sophia Dorothea feared his unpredictable temper and resented him, both for allowing her no influence or independence at court, and for refusing to marry her children to their English cousins. She also abhorred his cruelty towards their son and heir <mask> (with whom she was close), although rather than trying to mend the relationship between father and son she frequently spurred <mask> on in his defiance. They had fourteen children, including:

He was the godfather of the Prussian envoy Friedrich Wilhelm von Thulemeyer and of his grand-nephew, Prince Edward Augustus of Great Britain. Ancestry

See also

 Prussian virtues

References

Further reading
 Dorwart, Reinhold A. The administrative reforms of <mask> <mask> of Prussia (Harvard University Press, 2013). Fann, Willerd R. "Peacetime Attrition in the Army of Frederick William I, 1713–1740."Central European History 11.4 (1978): 323–334. online
 Gothelf, Rodney. "<mask> I and the beginnings of Prussian absolutism, 1713–1740." in The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830 (Routledge, 2014) pp. 47–67. External links

King <mask> <mask> of Prussia and his “obsession”

1688 births
1740 deaths
18th-century Kings of Prussia
Kings of Prussia
Prince-electors of Brandenburg
Princes of Neuchâtel
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
House of Hohenzollern
People from Berlin
18th-century German people
Brandenburgian nobility
Sons of kings

masks:
Frederick William I
Frederick the Great
Frederick I
George I
Frederick I
Frederick William
Frederick William
Frederick William
I
Frederick William
I
Frederick William
Frederick William
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick William
Frederick William
Frederick the
Frederick
Frederick II
Frederick William
Frederick William
Frederick William
Frederick William
Augustus William
Charles VI
Frederick
Frederick William
Frederick
Frederick William
Frederick
Frederick William
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick William
George II
George I
Frederick William
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick William
I
Frederick William
Frederick William
I


title: Edwin Bidwell Wilson

texts:
<mask> (April 25, 1879 – December 28, 1964) was an American mathematician, statistician, physicist and general polymath. He was the sole protégé of Yale University physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs and was mentor to MIT economist Paul Samuelson. <mask> had a distinguished academic career at Yale and MIT, followed by a long and distinguished period of service as a civilian employee of the US Navy in the Office of Naval Research. In his latter role, he was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award, the highest honorary award available to a civilian employee of the US Navy. <mask> made broad contributions to mathematics, statistics and aeronautics, and is well-known for producing a number of widely used textbooks. He is perhaps best known for his derivation of the eponymously named <mask> score interval, which is a confidence interval used widely in statistics. Life

<mask> was born in Hartford, Connecticut to <mask> (a teacher and superintendent of schools in Middletown, Connecticut) and Jane Amelia (Bidwell) <mask>.He had two sisters and two brothers; he and his siblings all went on to achieve high levels of education and professional success. Although born in Hartford, <mask> grew up in Middleton, and for a period he attended a private school that had been set up by his father, where he was substantially younger than the other students. <mask> performed at a high level academically from a young age. He recounts that (according to his mother) he taught himself arithmetic at the age of four using his mother's sixty-inch tape measure; he learned multiplication by folding a tape measure into equal-length increments and then counting the number of folded parts. At the age of fifteen, <mask> sat and passed the entrance examination for Yale University (his father's alma mater), but his father would not allow him to attend at this age, as he considered him too young; he waited until he was sixteen and then attended Harvard College, being admitted on the basis of his entrance examination at Yale. <mask> attended Harvard College as an undergraduate, receiving his AB summa cum laude in 1899. He then attended Yale University for his PhD, graduating in 1901.He also studied mathematics from 1902-1903 in Paris, primarily at the École normale supérieure, before returning to teach at Yale. At Yale, <mask> worked under the supervision of Josiah Willard Gibbs and compiled an important textbook on vector analysis from Gibbs' lecture notes. Gibbs died when <mask> had just turned twenty-four, but he exerted a strong influence on <mask> through his early supervision and through <mask>'s experience compiling Gibbs' notes. <mask> became an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Yale in 1906, then Associate Professor of Mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1907, then Professor of Mathematics in 1911, then Head of the Department of Physics in 1917, and then Professor of Vital Statistics at the Harvard School of Public Health in 1922. During World War I, <mask> gave a course in aeronautical engineering to US Army and Navy officers at MIT. <mask> retired from academic work in 1945 and worked as a consultant at the Office of Naval Research until his death in 1964. For his service to the US Navy during and after the war, <mask> was awarded the Superior Civilian Service Award in 1960 and the Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 1964.The latter award is the highest honorary award available for a civilian employee of the US Navy. <mask> was also awarded an honorary LLD degree form Wesleyan University in 1955. <mask> had a broad range of interests and skills, and he served in a number of distinguished roles in national academies for the arts and sciences. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and served as its Vice-President from 1949-1953; he was a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society and the American Statistical Association, serving as President of the latter in 1929; he was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, serving as President from 1927-1931; and he was a member of the American Philosophical Society. <mask> won the John Frederick Lewis Award from the American Philosophical Society in 1963. <mask> married Ethel Sentner on 5 July 1911 and they had two daughters, Doris and Enid. <mask> graduated from McGill University in 1946 and became an analytical chemist working at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and Harvard School of Public Health.Enid <mask> graduated from Brown University and Simmons College Library School and worked as a cataloguer at the University of Rhode Island and Boston University, also serving as a secretary in the Wellesley Historical Society. <mask> (<mask>'s wife) died in 1957 and he died seven years later on 28 December 1964. His daughters survived him by almost fifty years, and both died within a month of each other in 2014. <mask> and his wife and daughters are buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Academic works and legacy
<mask> published scholarly papers on a wide range of topics in mathematics, statistics, physics, and economics, but most of his work was in mathematics. During his career, <mask> wrote three widely used textbooks. At the age of twenty-two he compiled the textbook Vector Analysis based on the lectures of his doctoral advisor Josiah Willard Gibbs, as Gibbs was at the time busy preparing his book on thermodynamics.This textbook was widely used by mathematicians and physicists and had a lasting effect on notation in the field. <mask> gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1904 in Heidelberg where he summarised some further unpublished work by Gibbs (which he later published). Later in his career,  <mask> published the textbook Advanced Calculus based on his own lecture materials, and the textbook Aeronautics based on his lectures to US Army and Navy students in the first world war, as well as special tutoring sessions held with his students at MIT. In  he introduced the <mask> score interval, a binomial proportion confidence interval, and also derived the "plus four rule", which uses a pseudocount of two (add two to both your count of successes and failures, so four total) for estimating the probability of a Bernoulli variable with a confidence interval of two standard deviations in each direction (approximately 95% coverage). <mask> published a substantial number of papers on geometry, statistics, biostatistics, and other areas. He also conducted a number of reviews of scientific theories and works, and he was known to be critical of aspects of the works of Hilbert and Einstein. In 1904 <mask> published a review of Bertrand Russell's works The Principles of Mathematics and An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry where he highlighted the strong role of Peano in shaping the foundations of mathematics.At the time Peano's works were not well-known in the US and so this review helped to establish interest in Peano's work. Selected works

 1901: Vector Analysis: A Text-book for the Use of Students of Mathematics & Physics, Founded Upon the Lectures of J. W. Gibbs. 1904: The Foundations of Mathematics. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 11(2), pp. 74–93. (A review of The Principles of Mathematics and An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry by Bertrand Russell.) 1912: Advanced Calculus.(Link from Internet Archive.) 1912: (with Gilbert N. Lewis) The Space-Time Manifold of Relativity. The Non-Euclidean Geometry of Mechanics and Electromagnetics Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 48(11), pp. 389-507.<ref>J. B. Shaw (1913) The Wilson-Lewis Algebra of Four-dimensional Space, Bulletin of the Quaternion Society via HathiTrust</ref>
 1920: Aeronautics: A Class Text. John Wiley & Sons. (Link from Internet Archive.)1927: Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association'' 22(158), pp. 209-212. See also
 <mask> score interval

Notes

References
 Jerome Hunsaker and Saunders MacLane (1973) <mask> <mask>, Biographical Memoirs, pp. 283–320, National Academy of Sciences of USA. R. Bruce Lindsay and W. J. King (1964) Oral Histories, <mask>.Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics. [Accessed 19 August 2021]

External links
 <mask> <mask> correspondence, 1940-1945 (inclusive), 1942-1945 (bulk). H MS c364. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass. 1879 births
1964 deaths
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
American physicists
Harvard College alumni
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
American statisticians
Fellows of the Econometric Society

masks:
Edwin Bidwell Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Edwin Bidwell Wilson
Edwin Horace Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Doris Wilson
Wilson
Ethel Wilson
Edwin
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Edwin Bidwell
Wilson
Edwin Wilson
Edwin Bidwell
Wilson


title: Thutmose III

texts:
<mask> (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called <mask> the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Officially, <mask> ruled Egypt for almost 54 years and his reign is usually dated from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC, from the age of two and until his death at age fifty-six; however, during the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh. While he was shown first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other. Thutmose served as the head of Hatshepsut's armies. During the final two years of his reign, he appointed his son and successor, Amenhotep II, as his junior co-regent. His firstborn son and heir to the throne, Amenemhat, predeceased <mask>. He would become one of the most powerful pharaohs of the 18th dynasty.Becoming the sole ruling pharaoh of the kingdom after the deaths of <mask> II and Hatshepsut, he created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen; no fewer than 17 campaigns were conducted and he conquered lands from the Niya Kingdom in northern Syria to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in Nubia. When <mask> III died, he was buried in the Valley of the Kings, as were the rest of the kings from this period in Egypt. Name
Thutmose's two main names transliterate as mn-ḫpr-rˁ ḏḥwty-ms. The first name is usually transcribed as Menkheperre and means "Lasting is the manifestation of Ra" or "The lasting one of the manifestation of Ra". The second name is transliterated as Thutmose or Tuthmosis and means "Born of Thoth" or "Thoth is born". Family

<mask> III was the son of <mask> II by a secondary wife, Iset (or Aset). His father's great royal wife was Queen Hatshepsut.Her daughter, Neferure, was Thutmose's half-sister. When <mask> II died, <mask> III was too young to rule. Hatshepsut became his regent, soon his co-regent, and shortly thereafter declared herself to be the pharaoh while never denying kingship to <mask> <mask>. Thutmosis III had little power over the empire while Hatshepsut exercised the formal titulary of kingship. Her rule was quite prosperous and marked by great advancements. When <mask> <mask> reached a suitable age and demonstrated the capability, she appointed him to head her armies. Some Egyptologists speculate that Thutmose married his half-sister, Neferure, but there is no conclusive evidence for this marriage.It has been suggested that Neferure, may have been the mother of Thutmose's firstborn son, Amenemhat. Alternatively, the Great Royal Wife Satiah is believed to have been the mother of Amenemhat. Amenemhat predeceased his father. Several other wives of Thutmose are attested to by surviving records. He is known to have at least three foreign wives, Menwi, Merti, and Menhet, who were buried together. At least one other wife, Nebtu, is known from a pillar in Thutmose's tomb. Following the death of Satiah, a woman named Merytre-Hatshepsut became the Great Royal Wife.She was the mother of several of his children, including the future king Amenhotep II and another son, Menkheperre, and daughters at least four daughters: Nebetiunet, Meryetamun (C), Meryetamun (D) and Iset. Dates and length of reign

<mask> <mask> reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC according to the Low Chronology of Ancient Egypt. This has been the conventional Egyptian chronology in academic circles since the 1960s, though in some circles the older dates 1504 BC to 1450 BC are preferred from the High Chronology of Egypt. These dates, just as all the dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a Heliacal Rise of Sothis in the reign of Amenhotep I. A papyrus from Amenhotep I's reign records this astronomical observation which theoretically could be used to perfectly correlate the Egyptian chronology with the modern calendar; however, to do this the latitude where the observation was taken must also be known. This document has no note of the place of observation, but it can safely be assumed that it was taken in either a Delta city, such as Memphis or Heliopolis, or in Thebes. These two latitudes give dates 20 years apart, the High and Low chronologies, respectively.The length of <mask> III's reign is known to the day thanks to information found in the tomb of the military commander Amenemheb-Mahu. Amenemheb-Mahu records <mask> <mask>'s death to his master's 54th regnal year, on the 30th day of the third month of Peret. The day of <mask> <mask>'s accession is known to be I Shemu day four, and astronomical observations can be used to establish the exact dates of the beginning and end of the king's reign (assuming the low chronology) from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC respectively. Thutmose's military campaigns

Widely considered a military genius by historians, Thutmose <mask> conducted at least 16 campaigns in 20 years. He was an active expansionist ruler, sometimes called Egypt's greatest conqueror or "the Napoleon of Egypt" by the Egyptologist James Breasted. He is recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule and conquered much of the Near East from the Euphrates to Nubia during seventeen known military campaigns. He was the first pharaoh after Thutmose I to cross the Euphrates, doing so during his campaign against Mitanni.His campaign records were inscribed onto the walls of the temple of Amun at Karnak (transcribed in Urkunden IV). He is consistently regarded as one of the greatest of Egypt's warrior pharaohs who transformed Egypt into an international superpower by creating an empire that stretched from the Asian regions of southern Syria and Canaan to the east, to Nubia to the south. Whether the Egyptian empire covered even more areas is less certain. Earlier Egyptologists, most recently Ed. Meyer, believed that Thutmose had also subjugated the islands of the Aegean Sea. This can no longer be upheld today. A conquest of Mesopotamia is unthinkable; and whether tribute sent from Alashia (Cyprus) was more than occasional gifts remains questionable.In most of his campaigns, his enemies were defeated town by town until they were beaten into submission. Much is known about Thutmose "the warrior" not only because of his military achievements, but also because of his royal scribe and army commander, Thanuny, who wrote about his conquests and reign. <mask> III was able to conquer such a large number of lands because of revolutionary developments in military technology. The Hyksos had conquered Egypt with advanced weaponry, such as horse-drawn chariots, around 1650 BC. In the process of driving them out, the people of Egypt learned to use these weapons. <mask> III encountered little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing him to expand his realm of influence easily. His army also carried boats on dry land.First Campaign

When Hatshepsut died on the 10th day of the sixth month of <mask> <mask>'s 21st year, according to information from a single stela from Armant, the king of Kadesh advanced his army to Megiddo. <mask> <mask> mustered his own army and departed Egypt, passing through the border fortress of Tjaru (Sile) on the 25th day of the eighth month. Thutmose marched his troops through the coastal plain as far as Jamnia, then inland to Yehem, a small city near Megiddo, which he reached in the middle of the ninth month of the same year. The ensuing Battle of Megiddo probably was the largest battle of Thutmose's 17 campaigns. A ridge of mountains jutting inland from Mount Carmel stood between Thutmose and Megiddo and he had three potential routes to take. The northern route and the southern route, both of which went around the mountain, were judged by his council of war to be the safest, but Thutmose, in an act of great bravery (or so he boasts, but such self-praise is normal in Egyptian texts), accused the council of cowardice and took a dangerous route through the Aruna mountain pass, which he alleged was only wide enough for the army to pass "horse after horse and man after man." Despite the laudatory nature of Thutmose's annals, such a pass does indeed exist, although not as narrow as Thutmose indicates, and taking it was a brilliant strategic move since when his army emerged from the pass they were situated on the plain of Esdraelon, directly between the rear of the Canaanite forces and Megiddo itself.For some reason, the Canaanite forces did not attack him as his army emerged, and his army routed them decisively. The size of the two forces is difficult to determine, but if, as Redford suggests, the amount of time it took to move the army through the pass may be used to determine the size of the Egyptian force, and if the number of sheep and goats captured may be used to determine the size of the Canaanite force, then both armies were around 10,000 men. Most scholars believe that the Egyptian army was more numerous. According to <mask> <mask>'s Hall of Annals in the Temple of Amun at Karnak, the battle occurred on "Year 23, I Shemu [day] 21, the exact day of the feast of the new moon", a lunar date. This date corresponds to 9 May 1457 BC based on <mask> <mask>'s accession in 1479 BC. After victory in battle, his troops stopped to plunder the enemy and the enemy was able to escape into Megiddo. Thutmose was forced to besiege the city, but he finally succeeded in conquering it after a siege of seven or eight months (see Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)).This campaign drastically changed the political situation in the ancient Near East. By taking Megiddo, Thutmose gained control of all of northern Canaan and the Syrian princes were obligated to send tribute and their own sons as hostages to Egypt. Beyond the Euphrates, the Assyrian, Babylonian and Hittite kings all gave Thutmose gifts, which he alleged to be "tribute" when he recorded it on the walls of Karnak. The only noticeable absence is Mitanni, which would bear the brunt of the following Egyptian campaigns into Western Asia. Tours of Canaan and Syria

Thutmose's second, third and fourth campaigns appear to have been nothing more than tours of Syria and Canaan to collect tribute. Traditionally, the material directly after the text of the first campaign has been considered to be the second campaign. This text records tribute from the area which the Egyptians called Retjenu (roughly equivalent to Canaan) and it was also at this time that Assyria paid a second "tribute" to Thutmose III.It is probable that these texts come from Thutmose's 40th year or later and thus have nothing to do with the second campaign at all. If so, no records of this campaign have been found. Thutmose's third campaign was not considered significant enough to appear in his otherwise extensive Annals at Karnak. A survey was made of the animals and plants he found in Canaan, which was illustrated on the walls of a special room at Karnak. This survey is dated to Thutmose's 25th year. No record remains of Thutmose's fourth campaign, but at some point a fort was built in lower Lebanon and timber was cut for construction of a processional barque, and this probably fits best during this time frame. Conquest of Syria
The fifth, sixth and seventh campaigns of <mask> III were directed against the Phoenician cities in Syria and against Kadesh on the Orontes.In Thutmose's 29th year, he began his fifth campaign, where he first took an unknown city (the name falls in a lacuna) which had been garrisoned by Tunip. He then moved inland and took the city and territory around Ardata; the town was pillaged and the wheatfields burned. Unlike previous plundering raids, <mask> III garrisoned the area known as Djahy, which is probably a reference to southern Syria. This permitted him to ship supplies and troops between Syria and Egypt. Although there is no direct evidence for it, it is for this reason that some have supposed that Thutmose's sixth campaign, in his thirtieth year, commenced with a naval transportation of troops directly to Byblos, bypassing Canaan entirely. After the troops arrived in Syria by whatever means, they proceeded into the Jordan River valley and moved north, pillaging Kadesh's lands. Turning west again, Thutmose took Simyra and quelled a rebellion in Ardata, which apparently had rebelled again.To stop such rebellions, Thutmose began taking hostages from the cities in Syria. The cities in Syria were not guided by the popular sentiment of the people so much as they were by the small number of nobles who were aligned to Mitanni: a king and a small number of foreign Maryannu. <mask> III found that by taking family members of these key people to Egypt as hostages, he could drastically increase their loyalty to him. Syria rebelled again in Thutmose's 31st year and he returned to Syria for his seventh campaign, took the port city of Ullaza and the smaller Phoenician ports and took more measures to prevent further rebellions. All the excess grain which was produced in Syria was stored in the harbors he had recently conquered and was used for the support of the military and civilian Egyptian presence ruling Syria. This left the cities in Syria desperately impoverished. With their economies in ruins, they had no means of funding a rebellion.Attack on Mitanni
After <mask> <mask> had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni, a Hurrian country with an Indo-Aryan ruling class. However, to reach Mitanni, he had to cross the Euphrates River. He sailed directly to Byblos and made boats which he took with him over land on what appeared to otherwise be just another tour of Syria, and he proceeded with the usual raiding and pillaging as he moved north through the lands he had already taken. He continued north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of Aleppo and Carchemish and quickly crossed the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise. It appears that Mitanni was not expecting an invasion, so they had no army of any kind ready to defend against Thutmose, although their ships on the Euphrates did try to defend against the Egyptian crossing. Thutmose <mask> then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves, or at least this is the typically propagandistic way Egyptian records chose to record it. During this period of no opposition, Thutmose put up a second stele commemorating his crossing of the Euphrates next to the stele his grandfather, Thutmose I, had put up several decades earlier.A militia was raised to fight the invaders, but it fared very poorly. <mask> <mask> then returned to Syria by way of Niy, where he records that he engaged in an elephant hunt. He collected tribute from foreign powers and returned to Egypt in victory. Tours of Syria

<mask> <mask> returned to Syria for his ninth campaign in his 34th year, but this appears to have been just a raid of the area called Nukhashshe, a region populated by semi-nomadic people. The plunder recorded is minimal, so it was probably just a minor raid. Records from his 10th campaign indicate much more fighting. By Thutmose's 35th year, the king of Mitanni had raised a large army and engaged the Egyptians around Aleppo.As usual for any Egyptian king, Thutmose boasted a total crushing victory, but this statement is suspect due to the very small amount of plunder taken. Thutmose's annals at Karnak indicate he only took a total of 10 prisoners of war. He may have fought the Mitannians to a stalemate, yet he did receive tribute from the Hittites after that campaign, which seems to indicate the outcome of the battle was in Thutmose's favor. The details about his next two campaigns are unknown. His 11th is presumed to have happened in his 36th regnal year and his 12th is presumed to have happened in his 37th year since his 13th is mentioned at Karnak as happening in his 38th regnal year. Part of the tribute list for his 12th campaign remains immediately before his 13th begins, and the contents recorded, specifically wild game and certain minerals of uncertain identification, might indicate that it took place on the steppe around

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title: Thutmose III

texts:
 Nukhashshe, but this remains mere speculation. In his 13th campaign, Thutmose returned to Nukhashshe for a very minor campaign.His 14th campaign, waged during his 39th year, was against the Shasu. The location of this campaign is impossible to determine since the Shasu were nomads who could have lived anywhere from Lebanon to the Transjordan to Edom. After this campaign, the numbers given by Thutmose's scribes to his campaigns all fall in lacunae, so they can only be counted by date. In his 40th year, tribute was collected from foreign powers, but it is unknown if this was considered a campaign (i.e. if the king went with it or if it was led by an official). Only the tribute list remains from Thutmose's next campaign, and nothing may be deduced about it except that it was probably another raid to the frontiers around Niy. His final Asian campaign is better documented.Sometime before Thutmose's 42nd year, Mitanni apparently began spreading revolt among all the major cities in Syria. Thutmose moved his troops by land up the coastal road and put down rebellions in the Arka plain ("Arkantu" in Thutmose's chronicle) and moved on Tunip. After taking Tunip, his attention turned to Kadesh again. He engaged and destroyed three surrounding Mitannian garrisons and returned to Egypt in victory. His victory in this final campaign was neither complete nor permanent since he did not take Kadesh, and Tunip could not have remained aligned to him for very long, certainly not beyond his own death. Nubian Campaign
Thutmose's last campaign was waged in his 50th regnal year. He attacked Nubia, but only went so far as the fourth cataract of the Nile.Although no king of Egypt had ever penetrated so far with an army, previous kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that far already, and the earliest Egyptian document found at Gebel Barkal dates from three years before Thutmose's campaign. Monumental construction
<mask> <mask> was a great builder and constructed over 50 temples, although some of these are now lost and only mentioned in written records. He also commissioned the building of many tombs for nobles, which were made with greater craftsmanship than ever before. His reign was also a period of great stylistic changes in the sculpture, paintings and reliefs associated with construction, much of it beginning during the reign of Hatshepsut. Artistic developments

Thutmose's architects and artisans showed great continuity with the formal style of previous kings, but several developments set him apart from his predecessors. Although he followed the traditional relief styles for most of his reign, after his 42nd year he began having himself depicted wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and a šndyt-kilt, an unprecedented style. Architecturally, his use of pillars also was unprecedented.He built Egypt's only known set of heraldic pillars, two large columns standing alone instead of being part of a set supporting the roof. His jubilee hall was also revolutionary and is arguably the earliest known building created in the basilica style. Thutmose's artisans achieved new heights of skill in painting, and tombs from his reign were the earliest to be entirely painted instead of painted reliefs. Although not directly pertaining to his monuments, it appears that Thutmose's artisans had learned glass making skills, developed in the early 18th Dynasty, to create drinking vessels by the core-formed method. Karnak
Thutmose dedicated far more attention to Karnak than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the hypostyle hall of his grandfather Thutmose I, dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of it, the ceiling of which was supported by his heraldic pillars. He built a temenos wall around the central chapel containing smaller chapels, along with workshops and storerooms.East of the main sanctuary, he built a jubilee hall in which to celebrate his Sed festival. The main hall was built in basilica style with rows of pillars supporting the ceiling on each side of the aisle. The central two rows were higher than the others to create windows where the ceiling was split. Two of the smaller rooms in this temple contained the reliefs of the survey of the plants and animals of Canaan which he took in his third campaign. East of the Iput-Isut, he erected another temple to Aten, where he was depicted as being supported by Amun. It was inside this temple that Thutmose planned on erecting his tekhen waty, or "unique obelisk." The tekhen waty was designed to stand alone instead as part of a pair and is the tallest obelisk ever successfully cut.It was not, however, erected until <mask> IV raised it 35 years later. It was later moved to Rome by Emperor Constantius II and is now known as the Lateran Obelisk. In 390 AD, Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I re-erected another obelisk from the Temple of Karnak in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, now known as the Obelisk of Theodosius. Thus, two obelisks of Tuthmosis III's Karnak temple stand in Papal Rome and in Caesaropapist Constantinople, the two main historical capitals of the Roman Empire. Thutmose also undertook building projects to the south of the main temple between the sanctuary of Amun and the temple of Mut. Immediately to the south of the main temple, he built the seventh pylon on the north–south road which entered the temple between the fourth and fifth pylons. It was built for use during his jubilee and was covered with scenes of defeated enemies.He set royal colossi on both sides of the pylon and put two more obelisks on the south face in front of the gateway. The eastern obelisk's base remains in place, but the western obelisk was transported to the Hippodrome in Constantinople. Farther south along the road, he put up Pylon VIII, which Hatshepsut had begun. East of the road, he dug a sacred lake of 250 by 400 feet and placed another alabaster bark shrine near it. He commissioned royal artists to depict his extensive collections of fauna and flora in the Botanical garden of Thutmosis III. Defacing of Hatshepsut's monuments
For many years, egyptologists theorized that following the death of <mask> II, Hatshepsut 'usurped' the throne from <mask> III. Although <mask> III was a co-regent during this time, early historians have speculated that <mask> III never forgave his stepmother for denying him access to the throne for the first two decades of his reign.However, in recent times this theory has been revised after questions arose as to why Hatshepsut would have allowed a resentful heir to control armies, which it is known she did. This view is supported further by the fact that no strong evidence has been found to show <mask> <mask> sought to claim the throne. He kept Hatshepsut's religious and administrative leaders. Added to this is the fact that the monuments of Hatshepsut were not damaged until at least 25 years after her death, late in the reign of <mask> III when he was quite elderly. He was in another coregency, this one with his son, who would become Amenhotep II, who is known to have attempted to identify the works of Hatshepsut as his own. Additionally, <mask> <mask>'s mortuary temple was built directly next to Hatshepsut's, an act that would have been unlikely to occur if <mask> <mask> bore a grudge against her. After her death, many of Hatshepsut's monuments and depictions were subsequently defaced or destroyed, including those in her famous mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri.Traditionally, these have been interpreted by early modern scholars to be evidence of acts of damnatio memoriae (condemning a person by erasure from recorded existence) by Thutmose III. However, recent research by scholars such as Charles Nims and Peter Dorman has re-examined these erasures and found that the acts of erasure which could be dated only began some time during year 46 or 47 of Thutmose's reign (c. 1433/2 BC). Another often overlooked fact is that Hatshepsut was not the only one who received this treatment. The monuments of her chief steward, Senenmut, who was closely associated with her rule, were similarly defaced where they were found. All of this evidence casts serious doubt upon the popular theory that <mask> III ordered the destruction in a fit of vengeful rage shortly after his accession. Currently, the purposeful destruction of the memory of Hatshepsut is seen as a measure designed to ensure a smooth succession for the son of <mask> III, the future Amenhotep II, as opposed to any of the surviving relatives of Hatshepsut who had an equal or better claim to the throne. It also may be likely that this measure could not have been taken until the deaths of powerful religious and administrative officials who had served under both Hatshepsut and <mask> <mask>.Later, Amenhotep II even claimed that he had built the items he defaced. Death and burial

Thutmose's tomb (KV34) was discovered by Victor Loret in 1898 in the Valley of the Kings. It uses a plan which is typical of 18th Dynasty tombs, with a sharp turn at the vestibule preceding the burial chamber. Two stairways and two corridors provide access to the vestibule, which is preceded by a quadrangular shaft or "well". A complete version of Amduat, an important New Kingdom funerary text, is in the vestibule, making it the first tomb where Egyptologists found the complete text. The burial chamber, which is supported by two pillars, is oval-shaped and its ceiling decorated with stars, symbolizing the cave of the deity Sokar. In the middle lies a large red quartzite sarcophagus in the shape of a cartouche.On the two pillars in the middle of the chamber there are passages from the Litanies of Re, a text that celebrates the later sun deity, who is identified with the pharaoh at this time. On the other pillar is a unique image depicting Thutmosis III being suckled by the goddess Isis in the guise of the tree. The wall decorations are executed in a simple "diagrammatic" way, imitating the manner of the cursive script one might expect to see on a funerary papyrus rather than the more typically lavish wall decorations seen on most other royal tomb walls. The colouring is similarly muted, executed in simple black figures accompanied by text on a cream background with highlights in red and pink. The decorations depict the pharaoh aiding the deities in defeating Apep, the serpent of chaos, thereby helping to ensure the daily rebirth of the sun as well as the pharaoh's own resurrection. According to the American Egyptologist Peter Der Manuelian, a statement in the tomb biography of an official named Amenemheb establishes that <mask> <mask> died in Year 54, III Peret day 30 of his reign after ruling Egypt for "53 years, 10 months and 26 days" (Urk. 180.15).<mask> <mask> died one month and four days shy of the start of his 54th regnal year. When the co-regencies with Hatshepsut and Amenhotep II are deducted, he ruled alone as pharaoh for just over 30 of those years. Mummy

<mask> <mask>'s mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut in 1881. He was interred along with those of other 18th and 19th Dynasty leaders Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II and Ramesses IX, as well as the 21st Dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I, Pinedjem II and Siamun. While it is popularly thought that his mummy originally was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero in 1886, it was in fact first unwrapped by Émile Brugsch, the Egyptologist who supervised the evacuation of the mummies from the Deir el-Bahri Cache in 1881. It was unwrapped soon after its arrival in the Boulak Museum while Maspero was away in France, and the Director General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service ordered the mummy re-wrapped. So when it was "officially" unwrapped by Maspero in 1886, he almost certainly knew it was in relatively poor condition.The mummy had been damaged extensively in antiquity by tomb robbers and its wrappings subsequently cut into and torn by the Rassul family, who had rediscovered the tomb and its contents only a few years before. Maspero's description of the body provides an idea as to the magnitude of the damage done:
His mummy was not securely hidden away, for towards the close of the 20th dynasty it was torn out of the coffin by robbers, who stripped it and rifled it of the jewels with which it was covered, injuring it in their haste to carry away the spoil. It was subsequently re-interred, and has remained undisturbed until the present day; but before re-burial some renovation of the wrappings was necessary, and as portions of the body had become loose, the restorers, in order to give the mummy the necessary firmness, compressed it between four oar-shaped slips of wood, painted white, and placed, three inside the wrappings and one outside, under the bands which confined the winding-sheet. Of the face, which was undamaged, Maspero says the following:
Happily the face, which had been plastered over with pitch at the time of embalming, did not suffer at all from this rough treatment, and appeared intact when the protecting mask was removed. Its appearance does not answer to our ideal of the conqueror. His statues, though not representing him as a type of manly beauty, yet give him refined, intelligent features, but a comparison with the mummy shows that the artists have idealised their model. The forehead is abnormally low, the eyes deeply sunk, the jaw heavy, the lips thick, and the cheek-bones extremely prominent; the whole recalling the physiognomy of Thûtmosis II, though with a greater show of energy.Maspero was so disheartened at the state of the mummy and the prospect that all of the other mummies were similarly damaged (as it turned out, few were in so poor a state) that he would not unwrap another for several years. Unlike many other examples from the Deir el-Bahri Cache, the wooden mummiform coffin that contained the body was original to the pharaoh, though any gilding or decoration it might have had had been hacked off in antiquity. In his examination of the mummy, the anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith stated the height of Thutmose <mask>'s mummy to be , but the mummy was missing its feet, so Thutmose <mask> was undoubtedly taller than the figure given by Smith. The mummy of Thutmose III resided in the Royal Mummies Hall of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, catalog number CG 61068, until April 2021 when his mummy was moved to National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and four queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. See also
Cleopatra's Needles
History of ancient Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

References

Further reading
Eloise Jarvis McGraw, "Mara, Daughter of the Nile"

Der Manuelian, Peter, Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge(HÄB) Verlag: 1987
Cline, Eric H. and O'Connor, David, Thutmose III : A New Biography, University of Michigan Press, 2006. , incorporates a number of important new survey articles regarding the reign of Thutmose III, including administration, art, religion and foreign affairs
Reisinger, Magnus, Entwicklung der ägyptischen Königsplastik in der frühen und hohen 18. Dynastie, Agnus-Verlag, Münster 2005,
Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, [Volume Two, The Eighteenth Dynasty], University of Illinois Press, 2001.River God by Smith, Wilbur along with the rest of his Egyptian series of historical fiction novels are based in a large part on <mask> III's time along with his story and that of his mother through the eyes of his mother's vizier mixing in elements of the Hyksos' domination and eventual overthrow. External links

A Short History of Ancient Egypt -Dynasties XVIII to XX, with a few Thutmoside documents translated. Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thutmose III (see index)

15th-century BC births
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient child rulers
Ancient Egyptian

masks: Thutmose III Thutmose Thutmose Thutmose Thutmose Thutmose Thutmose III Thutmose Thutmose III Thutmose III Thutmose Thutmose Thutmose III Thutmose III Thutmose III Thutmose III III III Thutmose


title: Ahmad I ibn Mustafa

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<mask>nid Bey of Tunis, ruling from 1837 until his death. He was responsible for the abolition of slavery in Tunisia in 1846. He succeeded his father <mask> on 10 October 1837. He had grand ambitions  - to expand his army and create a modern navy; to build a new royal residence, a mint and modern institutions of education but neither he nor his brother-in-law the young Mustapha Khaznadar who served as his finance minister, had a clear idea of what such initiatives would cost. As a result, many of his projects became expensive failures which damaged the financial health of the country. Ottoman Recognition

Soon after his accession, <mask> received the traditional Firman from the Sublime Porte which formally invested him with authority to rule from the Ottoman Empire and furnished him with the insignia of office. The Ottoman envoy, Osman Bey, arrived in la Goulette on 15 May 1838 on board a frigate.The following day, Osman Bey made his official entry into Tunis on horseback, preceded by all the ministers of the beylical cabinet who went before him until he was two leagues from the city. Before him were carried the sword of honour and the caftan to be presented to the Bey. He was escorted by spahis and followed by a large contingent of regular troops an Arab cavalry. Three days after his official entry into the city, the envoy presented himself at the Bardo Palace to formally invest <mask> with his insignia of office and present gifts. Named as a Divisional General in the Ottoman army in May 1838, he was later promoted by the Sultan to the rank of Marshal on 14 August 1840. This was the first time that a Bey of Tunis had held a rank higher than Divisional General. The purpose of these honours was to emphasise the supremacy of the Ottoman Empire over the Regency of Tunis.Relations with France

Under a treaty with France signed in 1830 by Hussein Bey, a piece of land in Carthage had been ceded to allow the erection of a monument to <mask> of France who had died there during the Eighth Crusade. On 25 August 1840 the first stone was laid in the cathedral of Carthage. <mask>sier, son of King Louis Philippe of France visited Tunis and Carthage. He was received with great solemnity by <mask>. During this visit the idea of a reciprocal visit of the Bey to France was proposed. This visit was organised by his advisor Giuseppe Raffo (whose sister was married to his uncle) and the French consul, and took place in November 1846.King Louis Philippe received <mask> with great ceremony. This visit confirmed the Bey's wish to modernise his country by learning from Europe. An 1897 article in La Revue tunisienne described it effect on his plans:

Among all the marvels he had occasion to admire, he was most particularly struck by the ingenious applications of industrial engineering; he conceived at that time the noble project of pulling native industry out of the routine into which it had fallen by encouraging it to embark on the road to progress and of endowing his country with modern industry, equipped with the means of production, of which the economic benefits had been revealed to him. The Bey's visit to France, and the fact that he had been received with the honours customarily reserved for an independent sovereign, displeased the Ottoman authorities as the Bey was, at least theoretically, an Ottoman vassal. Modernising ruler

According to the Tunisian historian Mohamed Bayram V, the Bey's reforms were focused on state structures, the army and education. He established a modern structure of government and gave his high officials the title of 'minister'. His senior ministers were his Grand Vizier <mask> at-Taba'a, Mustapha Khaznadar, Minister of Finance and of the Interior, <mask> as Minister of War, Mahmoud Khodja as Minister of the Navy and Giuseppe Raffo as Foreign Minister.At certain times Mahmoud Ben Ayed also served as Trade Minister, Kuchuk Muhammad in the honorific post of Minister in charge of the security home of <mask>'s reforms wasted money, such as the large frigate built at La Goulette that could not make it through the channel to the sea. of Tunis and Mohamed Lasram IV as Minister of the Pen. The historian <mask> Dhiaf was the Bey's private secretary. Among <mask>'s successes may be counted the abolition of slavery in January 1846. To this may be added the formation of the military academy at Bardo in March 1840, which supported the development of the beylical army, numbering as many as 5,000 men in seven infantry regiments, four artillery regiments and two cavalry regiments. At the same time, the Bey reformed religious education at the Al-Zaytuna Mosque, bringing in thirty professors, of whom fifteen were for the Maliki school of jurisprudence which prevailed in Tunisia, and fifteen followed the Hanafi school followed by the ruling families of the country who were of Turkish origin. All were appointed and salaried by the state and placed under the control of a sharia council dominated by the two leading jurists of their time, Sidi Brahim Riahi, the Maliki Grand Mufti and Mohamed Bayram <mask>, who was both the Hanafi Grand Mufti and the first in Tunisia to bear the title Shaykh al-Islam.The Bey also made a donation of a large number of Arabic manuscripts to the Zaytuna mosque. State enterprise was also strongly encouraged. The businessman Mahmoud Ben Ayed was charged with building a small industrial complex to meet the needs of the new army. In 1840 a textile works was established at Tebourba, powered first by water-wheel and later by steam engines imported from Great Britain. Tanneries were also built, as was a cannon foundry at Bardo, a gunpowder works and a flour-mill at Djedeida. Supporting these innovations were new government offices - the rabta managing state grain silos; the ghaba in charge of olive oil forests; and the ghorfa, the central state procurement office, as well as a mint at Bardo. Not all of his initiatives were successful however – he had a new frigate built at La Goulette which was so large it could not fit in the channel down to the sea.Tentative Reforms

<mask>'s modernisations had little impact on the economy or the life of Tunis, or on the institutions of the Regency. He did not appear to be much interested in urban developments or the improvement of Tunis, other than rebuilding the Bab al Jazira mosque, and restoring the Bab el Bhar in 1847 and 1848. More of his attention went on the royal palaces at the Bardo, La Goulette and Mohamedia. The latter, known as the Salehia after the name of the local saint Sidi Saleh, was rarely used by the Bey despite the enormous cost of its construction. Although he had a great desire for reform, particularly in economic and military matters, his initiatives ultimately had little success because of a poor understanding of their financial consequences and the lack of expertise in his government. Family life

Although most other rulers of his dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries maintained a harem as well as having official wives, <mask> had only one wife and one concubine. Before the abolition of slavery, he habitually offered to his courtiers any odalisques given to him as presents.He had two children who died in infancy, so he died without direct issue. and was succeeded by his cousin Muhammad Bey. He died in 1855 in the summer palace of Sharfiya, at La Goulette, and was buried in the Tourbet el Bey in the Medina of Tunis. In popular culture

 Ahmed Bey appears as the lead character of the 2018 Tunisian TV series Tej El Hadhra directed by Sami Fehri. See also

Tunisian navy under Ahmed Bey

Further reading
 Eltarhuni, Ali (2015). Factors that affected the Tunisian industrialization movement in the era of Ahmed Bey (r. 1837-1855) (PhD). University of Cincinnati

References

1806 births
1855 deaths
19th century in Tunisia
Crimean War
Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
Beys of Tunis
Tunisian royalty
Abolitionists

masks:
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