title: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

texts:
<mask> (14 February 1763 – 2 September 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States. Biography

Rise to fame
<mask> was born at Morlaix in Brittany. His father was a successful lawyer, and instead of allowing Moreau to enter the army, as he attempted to do, insisted on Moreau studying law at the University of Rennes. Young Moreau showed no inclination for law, but reveled in the freedom of student life. Instead of taking his degree, he continued to live with the students as their hero and leader, and formed them into a sort of army, which he commanded as their provost. When 1789 came, he commanded the students in the daily affrays which took place at Rennes between the young noblesse and the populace. In 1791, Moreau was elected a lieutenant colonel of the volunteers of Ille-et-Vilaine.With them he served under Charles François Dumouriez, and in 1793 the good order of his battalion, and his own martial character and republican principles, secured his promotion as général de brigade. Lazare Carnot promoted Moreau to be général de division early in 1794, and gave him command of the right wing of the army under Charles Pichegru, in Flanders. The 1794 Battle of Tourcoing established <mask>'s military fame, and in 1795 he was given the command of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, with which he crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany. He was at first completely successful and won several victories and penetrated to the Isar, but at last had to retreat before the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the skill he displayed in conducting his retreat—which was considered a model for such operations—greatly enhanced his own reputation, the more so as he managed to bring back with him more than 5000 prisoners. Intrigues

In 1797, after prolonged difficulties caused by want of funds and materiel, he crossed the Rhine again, but his operations were checked by the conclusion of the preliminaries of Peace of Leoben between Bonaparte and the Austrians. It was at this time he found a traitorous correspondence between his old comrade and commander Charles Pichegru and the émigré Prince de Condé.He had already appeared as Pichegru's defender against imputations of disloyalty, and now he foolishly concealed his discovery, with the result that he has ever since been suspected of at least partial complicity. Too late to clear himself, he sent the correspondence to Paris and issued a proclamation to the army denouncing Pichegru as a traitor. <mask> was dismissed, and only re-employed in 1799, when the absence of Bonaparte and the victorious advance of the Russian commander Aleksandr Suvorov made it necessary to have some tried and experienced general in Italy. He commanded the Army of Italy, with little success, for a short time before being appointed to the Army of the Rhine, and remained with Barthelemy Catherine Joubert, his successor in Italy, till the battle of Novi had been fought and lost. Joubert fell in the battle, and <mask> then conducted the retreat of the army to Genoa, where he handed over the command to <mask> Championnet. When Bonaparte returned from the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, he found <mask> at Paris, greatly dissatisfied with the French Directory government both as a general and as a republican, and obtained his assistance in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, when <mask> commanded the force which confined two of the directors in the Luxembourg Palace. In reward, Napoleon again gave him command of the Army of the Rhine, with which he forced back the Austrians from the Rhine to the Isar.On his return to Paris he married 19-year-old Eugénie Hulot, born in Mauritius and friend of Joséphine de Beauharnais, an ambitious woman who gained a complete ascendancy over him. After spending a few weeks with the army in Germany and winning the celebrated battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800), he settled down to enjoy the fortune he had acquired during his campaigns. His wife collected around her all who were discontented with the aggrandisement of Napoleon. This "Club Moreau" annoyed Napoleon, and encouraged the Royalists, but Moreau, though not unwilling to become a military dictator to restore the republic, would be no party to an intrigue for the restoration of Louis XVIII. All this was well known to Napoleon, who seized the conspirators. <mask>'s condemnation was procured only by great pressure being brought to bear by Bonaparte on the judges; and after it was pronounced the First Consul treated him with a pretense of leniency, commuting a sentence of imprisonment to one of banishment. In 1804, Moreau passed through Spain and embarked for America.Banished from France
<mask> arrived with his wife in New York City, in August 1805. He was received with enthusiasm in the United States, but refusing all offers of service he traveled for some time through the country and settled in 1806 in Pennsylvania, where he bought a villa formerly belonging to Robert Morris near the Delaware River in Morrisville, PA, across the river from Trenton. He lived there till 1813, dividing his time between fishing, hunting, and social intercourse. His abode was the refuge of all political exiles, and representatives of foreign powers tried to induce him to raise his sword against Napoleon. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, President Madison offered him the command of the U. S. troops. <mask> was willing to accept, but after hearing the news of the destruction of the Grande Armée in Russia in November 1812, he decided to return to Europe. <mask>, probably at the instigation of his wife, returned to Europe and began to negotiate with an old friend from the circle of republican intriguers: the former <mask> Bernadotte, now Crown prince Charles John of Sweden (later king Charles XIV of Sweden).Charles John and Tsar Alexander I of Russia were now together with the Prussians and the Austrians leading an army against Napoleon. <mask>, who wished to see Napoleon defeated and a republican government installed, gave advice to the Swedish and Russian leaders about how best to defeat France. <mask> was mortally wounded in the Battle of Dresden on 27 August 1813 while he was talking to Tsar Alexander and died on 2 September in Louny. Earlier, on 17 August 1813, the tsar had demanded the post of supreme commander of the allied armies for himself, with <mask> and Jomini as his deputies, a request that had been resisted with great difficulty by Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich since the post had already been offered and taken by Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. After <mask> was shot down at his side, the tsar observed to Metternich: "God has uttered his judgment. He was of your opinion". <mask> was buried in the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg.His wife received a pension from the tsar, and <mask> was given the rank of Marshal of France by Louis XVIII, but the Bonapartists spoke of his "defection" and compared him to Dumouriez and Pichegru. Legacy

<mask>'s fame as a general stands very high, though he was far from possessing Napoleon's gifts. His combinations were skillful and elaborate, and he kept calm under pressure. <mask> was a sincere republican, though his own father was guillotined in the Reign of Terror. His final words, "Soyez tranquilles, messieurs; c'est mon sort," ("Be calm, gentlemen; this is my fate") suggest that he did not regret being removed from his equivocal position as a general in arms against his own country. The town of Moreau, New York is named after him. In popular culture
Valentin Pikul's 1985 novel, Kazhdomu svoyo, centers on Moreau.Notes

References

 Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Attribution

1763 births
1813 deaths
People from Morlaix
Marshals of France
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
University of Rennes alumni
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
Légion d'honneur refusals

masks:
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Moreau
Moreau
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Jean Étienne
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Jean Baptiste
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title: Kenneth Spence

type: original

texts:
<mask> (May 6, 1907 – January 12, 1967) was a prominent American psychologist known for both his theoretical and experimental contributions to learning theory and motivation. As one of the leading theorists of his time, <mask> was the most cited psychologist in the 14 most influential psychology journals in the last six years of his life (1962 – 1967). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 62nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Personal history

<mask> was born in Chicago on May 6, 1907. In 1911, <mask>'s father, an electrical engineer, moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada when transferred by his employer, Western Electric. <mask> spent his youth and adolescence there, attending West Hill High School in Notre Dame de Grace. While in high school, <mask> was involved in basketball, tennis and track.<mask> sustained a back injury during a track competition while attending McGill University. As part of his physical therapy, <mask> moved to live with his grandmother in LaCrosse, Wisconsin. There, <mask> attended LaCrosse Teacher's College and majored in Physical Education, and met his future wife Isabel Temte. He and Isabel had two children, Shirley Ann <mask>umroy and William James <mask>. <mask> and Isabel later divorced, and <mask> was remarried to Janet A. Taylor, his graduate student, in 1960. <mask> eventually returned to McGill University and changed his major to psychology. He received his B.A.in 1929, and M.A. in 1930. After McGill, <mask> attended Yale University as a research assistant to Robert M. Yerkes. Yerkes sponsored his dissertation, a study on the visual acuity of chimpanzees. <mask> received his PhD from Yale in 1933. While at Yale, <mask> collaborated with Walter Shipley to test Clark L. Hull's blind alley maze learning in rats, a contribution which led to further publications while pursuing his PhD. <mask> applied to a postdoctoral fellowship to study mathematics after the completion of his graduate training, but his application was rejected by a biologist on the grounds that psychology would never reach a level of precision to require sophisticated mathematical knowledge.Professional contributions

Discrimination learning
After his PhD, <mask> accepted a position as National Research Council at Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, Florida from 1933 to 1937. There, <mask> examined discrimination learning in chimpanzees. From this and further research, <mask> developed the continuous learning account of two-choice discrimination learning in rats. As reported by Lashley (1929), rats in a two-choice discrimination task demonstrated an extended period of chance performance, followed by a sudden leap to a high percentage of accurate responding. Lashley explained this phenomenon by suggesting that the rat's essential learning emerged from testing and confirming the correct hypothesis "during the rapidly changing portion of the function, with the practice preceding and the errors following being irrelevant to the final solution." In contrast, <mask> proposed that essential learning was produced through increases in the excitatory tendencies of task-relevant characteristics of the display, and decreases in inhibitory tendencies of the non-relevant characteristics of the display – a continuous learning account not directly detected by the choice measure. Motivation
<mask> moved to the University of Iowa in 1938, and was appointed to the head of the psychology department in 1942.There, <mask> established an eyelid-conditioning lab to study the influence of motivation on classical conditioning, and contributed to Clark Hull's seminal Principles of Behavior book. Like Hull, <mask> believed learning was the result of the interaction between drive and incentive motivation. Unlike Hull, <mask>'s formulation summed drive (D) and incentive motivation (K) instead of multiplying them. This allowed <mask> "to show that increasing motivational level will facilitate performance on tasks in which the correct, to-be-learned response is stronger than those of other response-tendencies elicited by a stimulus, but will deter performance on tasks in which the habit-strength of the correct response is initially weaker than those of competing response-tendencies. He showed also that the mathematical form of the curves obtained when probability of the conditioned response is plotted against successive presentations of the paired stimulus changes systematically with motivational level." <mask> believed that differences in motivation were attributable to internal emotional responses created by an intraorganic brain mechanism. <mask>'s contributions to Hull's Principles of Behavior are commemorated in the book's foreword, where Hull stated: "To <mask><mask> I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot adequately be indicated in this place; from the time when the ideas here put forward were in the process of incubation in my graduate seminar and later when the present work was being planned, on through its many revisions, Dr. <mask> has contributed generously and effectively with suggestions and criticisms, large numbers of which have been utilized without indication of their origin."The variable for incentive motivation (K) was said to have been chosen in honor of <mask>. Teaching
<mask> directed a total of 75 PhD theses, producing faculty members in every major psychology department in the United States. Students of <mask> at Iowa referred to their degrees as PhDs in "theoretical-experimental psychology" due to <mask>'s emphasis on methodological rigor. Influential publications

Discrimination learning
The Nature of Discrimination Learning in Animals, 1936. The Differential Response in Animals to Stimuli Varying Within a Single Dimension, 1937. Continuous Versus Non-continuous Interpretations of Discrimination Learning, 1940. Theoretical
The Nature of Theory Construction in Contemporary Psychology, 1944.The Postulates and Methods of Behaviorism, 1948. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning, 1951. Mathematical Formulations of Learning Phenomena, 1952. Behavior Theory and Conditioning, 1956. Eyelid conditioning
Anxiety and Strength of the UCS as Determiners of the Amount of Eyelid Conditioning, 1951. Cognitive and Drive Factors in the Extinction of the Conditioned Eyeblink in Human Subjects, 1966. References

External links

1907 births
1967 deaths
American psychologists
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Iowa faculty
20th-century psychologists

masks:
Kenneth Wartinbee Spence
Spence
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Kenneth L
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title: William Carstares

texts:
<mask> (also Carstaires) (11 February 164928 December 1715) was a minister of the Church of Scotland, active in Whig politics. Early life
Carstares was born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, Scotland, the son of the Rev. <mask>, a Covenanter. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and then at the University of Utrecht. In the Netherlands he had an introduction to Gaspar Fagel. Through Fagel he met the Prince of Orange, the future King <mask> of England and II of Scotland, and began to take an active part in politics. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Carstares acted as an intelligence agent for the Prince of Orange, making journeys to England as "<mask>".He corresponded with Pierre du Moulin (died 1676), who ran the Prince's espionage. He was suspected by the English, and arrested by warrant in September 1674 on English soil. 1674 to 1689
Carstares was then committed to the Tower of London; the following year, 1675, he was transferred to Edinburgh Castle. He was believed to be concerned with Sir James Stewart in the authorship of a pamphlet An Account of Scotland's Grievances by reason of the D. of Lauderdale's Ministrie, humbly tendered to his Sacred Majesty (1674). John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale himself got Carstares to admit he had been involved in printing the pamphlet. Lauderdale used the threat of the torture of the boot, which could be employed legally in Scotland; but Carstares was not tortured. In August 1679 he was released, one of the government sops to Scottish opinion after the Battle of Bothwell Bridge.He cannot therefore have been the <mask> who was the chief prosecution witness at the trial of <mask> (the first of the Popish Plot trials) in November 1678, although that Carstares was also a Scotsman, and like his namesake is said to have acted as an intelligence agent. After this, Carstares visited Ireland, joined nonconformist circles in London, and then in 1681 became pastor to a congregation at Theobalds, near Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. The aftermath of the Exclusion Crisis saw him directly involved in conspiracy with the Whig faction. Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll in the Netherlands was in touch with Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Carstares provided liaison, while his brother-in-law <mask> was able to use his colonial project in the Province of Carolina as cover for Shaftesbury's preparations for rebellion. During 1682 Carstares was in the Netherlands, but the following year he was again in London. He was implicated in the Rye House Plot, and arrested in July 1683 at Tenterden, Kent, using an assumed name.He denied knowing any of the plot, though he had heard assassination rumours from Robert Ferguson. He was again threatened with torture in London, this time by Sir George Mackenzie. Once more he was transferred to Edinburgh. In July 1684 the Privy Council of Scotland tortured <mask>, Argyll's agent, and Carstares was implicated. Carstares himself, who had seen poor health in his detention, was tortured in September, with the thumbikins, and then the boot, clumsily applied. The next day John Drummond, Secretary of State in Scotland, made a deal with Carstares that his answers would not be used
in court, and had a doctor see him. Carstares then replied to the questions of the council.He signed a statement, managing to conceal the covert links to Dutch supporters, and the government published it. Later that month he was moved to Stirling Castle. In the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood, Mackenzie as Lord Advocate found a way to use the statement by Carstares to secure a conviction; Baillie was hanged, drawn and quartered in December 1684. Carstares was freed, and went to London, and then to The Hague shortly before the Monmouth Rebellion, as an adviser to the Prince of Orange. Under <mask>
<mask> was court chaplain to <mask> as Prince of Orange, and at the time of the Williamite Revolution sailed with the Prince to Torbay. He continued as royal chaplain for Scotland, once <mask> was king in Great Britain. He was the confidential adviser of the king, especially with regard to Scottish affairs.He advocated that a Presbyterian polity should replace the Scottish bishops, and the immediate events of the Williamite conflicts bore out his opinion in practical terms. His subsequent influence on matters concerning the Kirk, as a courtier, earned him the nickname "Cardinal Carstares". He also manipulated the Parliament of Scotland, helped by being able to read James Johnston's mail. He was Queenberry's man at court in 1700. Later life
On the accession of Queen Anne, Carstares retained his post as Royal Chaplain in Scotland, residing in Edinburgh, having also been elected Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1703. He was a reforming administrator, introducing the Dutch professorial system of teaching. From 1704 he was also "second charge" minister of Old Greyfriars under Rev James Hart in Edinburgh, and from 1706 was second charge of St Giles' under Rev George Hamilton.He was four times chosen Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in 1705, 1708, 1711 and 1715. He took an important part in promoting the Union, and was consulted by Harley and other leading Englishmen concerning it. During Anne's reign, the chief object of his policy was to frustrate the measures which were planned by Lord Oxford to strengthen the Episcopalian Jacobites, especially a bill for extending the privileges of the Episcopalians and the bill for replacing in the hands of the old patrons the right of patronage, which by the Revolution Settlement had been vested in the elders and the Protestant heritors. On the accession of George I, <mask> was appointed, with five others, to welcome the new dynasty in the name of the Church of Scotland. He was received graciously, and the office of royal chaplain was again conferred upon him. A few months after he was struck with apoplexy, and died on 28 December 1715. He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh.The grave lies amongst the large monuments on the outer walls of the original churchyard, towards the south-west, slightly north-west of the Adam mausoleum. Family
On 6 June 1682 <mask> married Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Kekewich of Trehawk in Cornwall, who died in 1724. They had no children. He was uncle by marriage to <mask> (1692–1720). Publications

The Scottish Toleration Argued (1712)

See also
List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

References

Principals of the University of Edinburgh
1649 births
1715 deaths
People from Cathcart
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Scottish clergy
Scottish politicians
People of the Rye House Plot
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Scottish torture victims
Torture in Scotland
Judicial torture in Scotland
Ministers of St Giles' Cathedral

masks:
William Carstares
John Carstares
William III
William Williams
William Carstares
William Staley
William Dulop
William Spence
William III
Carstares
William
William
Carstares
Carstares
William Dunlop


title: Vane Ivanović

texts:
Ivan "<mask><mask> (9 June 1913 – 4 April 1999) was a Yugoslav-British athlete, shipowner, political activist, diplomat, writer and philanthropist. One of the founders of the European Movement and the consul general of Monaco in London, he devoted most of his life to the idea of Yugoslav unity. <mask> (pronounced "Vahnay") <mask> (pronounced "Ivanovich") was born in 1913 in Osijek, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish Croat father and a Serb mother. His father, <mask>, was originally born with the surname Kraus but like so many Jewish families feeling persecuted by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, they changed their name and converted to Catholicism. Ivan Rikard subsequently became a representative in Croatia's Sabor (Assembly). His mother, Milica (b. 26 February 1888) was a sister of Dušan Popović, a leading Serb politician in the ruling Croat-Serb Coalition.Svetozar Pribićević, the other leading Serb in the Coalition, was the best man at Rikard and Milica's wedding in July 1912, while Ivan Lorković, member of Ivan Rikard <mask>'s party and the leading Croat in the Coalition, was <mask>'s godfather. <mask> had a younger brother, Vladimir, born 1917, and a younger sister, Daška <mask> (pronounced "Dashka"), born in 1915. Whereas his family background clearly contributed to the development of <mask>'s strong Yugoslav identity, his life in Britain and the education he received there at Westminster School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge (where he read Economics) made him a staunch Anglophile. A rather dandyish figure who often supported an impressive cigar, <mask> appeared to Serbs and Croats an English gentleman who spoke a slightly archaic Croat; to the British he was considered a no less exotic 'Eastern gentleman'. Despite spending much time in Britain, <mask> never sought to be naturalised, although he did not hold a Yugoslav passport either. He was also the proud owner of two Dalmatian dogs. In 1930, <mask>, later a member of the British Dalmatian Club, took a pair to Dalmatia -- where the breed originated from -- as a present for his stepfather.Sports
A well-known athlete, <mask> was a member of the Yugoslav team at the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, running the 110-metre and 400-metre hurdles. He was the undisputed Yugoslav champion in both disciplines throughout the 1930s. At the event, he was among the number of athletes who refused to give Hitler the Nazi salute. In 110m he reached the semi-finals in Berlin and in 400m hurdles he held the Yugoslav record for 17 years, from 1936 until 1953. <mask> maintained his love of sport throughout his life. His only concession to age (in his 80s) was to cut back his runs around Hyde Park to alternate days. He was also an avid scuba diver.One of the pioneers of the sport, he contributed greatly to its development in Europe and the Bahamas. He wrote a number of books on spearfishing, of which one in particular, "Modern Spearfishing" (1974), remains a classic among diving enthusiasts. Shipping
After his parents' divorce in the early 1920s, <mask>'s mother remarried Božidar "Božo" Banac (pronounced "Borgia Banatz") in London on 9 November 1921. Banac lived in London where he ran a shipping business, Jugoslovenski Lloyd, Ltd., (Yugoslav Lloyd), then Yugoslavia's largest shipping company which operated vessels in the Atlantic, Adriatic and Mediterranean waters. <mask> and his siblings then moved in with their new stepfather. Banac, a native of Dubrovnik and a believer in Yugoslav unity, had helped the creation and activities of the Yugoslav Committee, a group of Habsburg Croat, Slovene and Serb politicians and intellectuals also based in London. In 1937 he was made director of his stepfather's company.World War II
In 1914, Banac had placed his ships at the disposal of the British war effort. The family did the same at the outbreak of World War II, when <mask> and <mask> were the first shipowners from a neutral country to join the Allies. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Germany, Italy, and their external and internal allies in April 1941, <mask> organized other Yugoslav shipowners into the "Yugoslav Shipping Committee". Their aim was to prevent the capture of the Yugoslav mercantile fleet, still in neutral waters, by the Nazis. In the summer of 1943, <mask> joined the Yugoslav section of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) the propaganda arm of Britain's Special Operations Executive. Even though most of the fleet of Yugoslav Lloyd had either been sunk or captured by this point, there were still enough independently owned Yugoslavian ships participating in the Allied effort under flags of convenience.In his memoirs, <mask> explained why he did not return to his occupied country to join Josip Broz Tito's or Draža Mihailović's resistance movements: "I had no desire to forget the enemy and engage in a fratricidal war among my fellow countrymen, especially as I did not wholly agree with either side." He spent the rest of the war between London, Bari and Cairo and was eventually demobilized as a Major in the British army. Because of the Communist seizure of power in Yugoslavia, he remained in Britain as a political refugee. In April 1945, Bozidar "Bozo" Banac, <mask>'s stepfather died. Post-war years
After the war, and despite the fact that most of his pre-war fleet had been either destroyed or nationalized by the new Yugoslav authorities, <mask> resumed a successful career in shipping. In February 1949 <mask>'s biological father died in Genoa-Quinto, Italy. That same year his sister was remarried to Lt. Col. Neil McLean, DSO, who had also been a member of Special Operations Executive during the war.That same year <mask> founded the "Benevolent Association of Free Citizens of Yugoslavia", a charity financed mainly by himself. Through this organization and as a private individual he helped innumerable refugees, students, artists and political dissidents escape Tito's dictatorship. During the Cold War years, along with other like-minded Yugoslavs, <mask> organized many discussions about the fate of his homeland, which led to the two-volume collection "A Democratic Alternative", published in 1963, which warned that the establishment of independent states in the Balkans would spawn 'fatal conflicts'. <mask> would continue to help his fellow countrymen right up until his death, sponsoring a number of postgraduate students who fled the 1990s conflict in Yugoslavia, and was also one of the founders of Jean Monnet's European Movement, heading the Yugoslav Committee for more than three decades. In 1967, <mask> was appointed by Prince Rainier III to the post of consul general of Monaco in London. His mother, Milica, subsequently moved there permanently and died in Monaco three years later. In 1977, he published his auto-biography entitled: LX, Memoirs of a Yugoslav.In 1982, the final memorandum of the "Democratic Alternative" argued that Yugoslavia could only survive as a democratic community of sovereign nations, and that any other scenario would almost inevitably lead to a civil war. <mask> lived long enough to witness the awful fulfillment of this prophecy with the outbreak of the Yugoslav wars. In 1990 <mask> became a citizen of the Republic of Croatia. He died in London on 4 April 1999. His father liked to point out that <mask> was the first Yugoslav in the family. Born on the eve of unification, he died as its last remnants collapsed. In October 1939 <mask> married June Fisher with whom he had two sons, Ivan Božidar ("Božo") and Andrija; and one daughter, Minja.His son Božo succeeded him as director of Ivanovic & Co. and as Consul of Monaco upon his death. References

Bibliography
 Submarine Spearfishing by <mask> <mask> (Kaye-Ward, London, 1951)
 Meštrović Genij by Vane <mask> (Essay, Notre-Dame Archives, Indiana 1962)
 Democratic Yugoslavia: Vol. 1: An Outline for Discussion by <mask> <mask> (Izvor, 1968)
 Democratic Yugoslavia: Vol. 2: An Outline for Discussion by <mask> <mask> (Izvor, 1972)
 Modern Spearfishing by <mask> <mask> (Kaye-Ward, London, 1974)
 LX, Memoirs of a Yugoslav by <mask> <mask> (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, 1977)
 Yugoslav Democracy on Hold by Vane <mask> (Dodir, London, 1996)

External links
Obituary
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Lecture
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Library
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Library
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Archive
Kingston University/Vane Ivanović Project
Classic Dive Books
Sports background

1913 births
1999 deaths
People from Osijek
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian people of Jewish descent
Croatian emigrants to England
Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom
Yugoslav diplomats
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Yugoslavia
Ambassadors of Monaco to the United Kingdom
British people of Croatian-Jewish descent
Underwater divers
Croatian people of Serbian descent
Yugoslav male hurdlers
British people of Serbian descent

masks:
Vane
" Stefan Ivanović
Background Vane
Ivanović
Ivan Rikard Ivanović
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title: Alfred Ewing

texts:
Sir <mask>   MInstitCE (27 March 1855 − 7 January 1935) was a Scottish physicist and engineer, best known for his work on the magnetic properties of metals and, in particular, for his discovery of, and coinage of the word, hysteresis. It was said of <mask> that he was 'Careful at all times of his appearance, his suits were mostly grey, added to which he generally wore – whatever the fashion – a white piqué stripe to his waistcoat, a mauve shirt, a white butterfly collar and a dark blue bow tie with white spots.' He was regarded as brilliant and successful, but was conscious of his dignity and position. On appointment to head the newly created Admiralty codebreaking department, the Director of Naval Intelligence, Henry Oliver, described him as 'too distinguished a man to be placed officially under the orders of the Director of Intelligence or Chief of Staff'. His first wife, Annie, was an American, a great great niece of George Washington. Life

Early life
Born in Dundee, Scotland, <mask> was the third son of the Reverend <mask> a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was educated at West End Academy and the High School of Dundee, <mask> showed an early interest in science and technology.<mask> won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh where he studied physics under Peter Guthrie Tait before graduating in engineering. During his summer vacations, he worked on telegraph cable laying expeditions, including one to Brazil, under William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Fleeming Jenkin. Japan
In 1878, on Fleeming Jenkin's recommendation, <mask> was recruited to help the modernisation of Meiji Era Japan as one of the o-yatoi gaikokujin (hired foreigners). Serving as professor of mechanical engineering at the Tokyo Imperial University, he was instrumental in founding Japanese seismology. <mask> made two special friends at Tokyo University soon after arriving: Basil Hall Chamberlain and Lieutenant Thomas Henry James R.N. who taught navigation. He was also in close contact with Henry Dyer and William Edward Ayrton at the Imperial College of Engineering (Kobu Dai Gakkō).In Tokyo, <mask> taught courses on mechanics and on heat engines to engineering students, and on electricity and magnetism to students of physics. He carried out many research projects on magnetism and coined the word 'hysteresis'. His investigations into earthquakes led him to help T. Lomar Gray and John Milne of the Imperial College of Engineering to develop the first modern seismograph, from 1880–1895. All three men worked as a team on the invention and use of seismographs, though Milne is generally credited with the invention of the first modern horizontal-pendulum seismograph. <mask> joined Gray and Milne in founding the Seismological Society of Japan (SSJ) in 1880. Return to Dundee
In 1883, <mask> returned to his native Dundee to work at the recently established University College Dundee as its first Professor of Engineering. He was appalled by the living conditions he found in many of the poorer areas of the town which he felt compared unfavourably with those in Japan.He worked fervently with local government and industry to improve amenities, in particular sewer systems, and to lower the infant mortality rate. Some of the letters <mask> wrote at this time are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee along with some of his other papers. A reminder of <mask>'s connection with both University College and the city of Dundee is the University of Dundee's <mask> Building which was built in 1954 and named in his honour. The <mask> Building is currently used by the University's School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics. University of Cambridge
In 1890, <mask> took up the post of Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics at the University of Cambridge, initially at Trinity College, though he later moved to King's College. At Cambridge, <mask>'s research into the magnetisation of metals led him to criticise the conventional account of Wilhelm Weber. In 1890, he observed that magnetisation lagged behind an applied alternating current.He described the characteristic hysteresis curve and speculated that individual molecules act as magnets, resisting changes in magnetising potential. (Note: According to the book Sir <mask>: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering (1946) by Professor Bates, the discovery of magnetic hysteresis probably occurred before <mask>. However, <mask> re-discovered it, studied it in detail and coined the word hysteresis). <mask> also researched into the crystalline structure of metals and, in 1903, was the first to propose that fatigue failures originated in microscopic defects or slip bands in materials. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his work on Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals. <mask> was a close friend of Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and collaborated with him on the development of the steam turbine. During this time, <mask> published The Steam Engine and other Heat Engines around this time.In 1897 he took part in the sea-trials of the experimental vessel Turbinia, which set a new speed record of 35 knots. In 1898, <mask> took his wife and children to Switzerland for a mountaineering holiday with the family of noted Professor of Electrical Engineering at King's College, John Hopkinson. All five of the Hopkinson brothers were members of the Alpine Club and soon initiated <mask> into the sport of rock climbing. On 27 August, John Hopkinson set out with his son Jack and two of his three daughters to climb. <mask> decided not to go with them as he was feeling a little stiff after his climb the previous day. The party never returned, and was found the next morning, all four bodies roped together five hundred feet below the summit. In 1898 <mask> was elected to a Professorial Fellowship at King's College.Admiralty
On 8 April 1903, The Times announced that the Board of Admiralty selected <mask> for the newly created post of Director of Naval Education (DNE) in Greenwich. He married Anne Maria Thomasina Blackburn Washington on 14 May 1879 in Tokyo, Japan. She was a descendant of President George Washington's brother John Augustine Washington. <mask>'s first wife, Annie (née Washington) died in 1909 and, in 1912, he married Ellen, the surviving daughter of his old friend and patron, John Hopkinson. He had two children with his first wife: Maud Janet Wills, née <mask> (20 May 1880 – 27 April 1952) and <mask> <mask> (1 November 1881 – 5 December 1962). As reward for his services, <mask> was made Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1906 and then Knight Commander of the Bath in 1911. During World War I, from 1914 to May 1917, <mask> managed Room 40, the Admiralty intelligence department of cryptanalysis, responsible predominantly for the decryption of intercepted German naval messages.In this capacity, he achieved considerable fame in the popular press when Room 40 deciphered the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 (which suggested a German plot to assist Mexico in recovering the southwestern United States). The publication of the Zimmermann Telegram is generally credited as the trigger event which brought American into the Great War. University of Edinburgh
In May 1916 <mask> accepted an invitation to become Principal of the University of Edinburgh, in the course of which he instituted an extensive series of effective reforms and which he held until his retirement in 1929. In 1927 he gave a lecture to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution which contained the first semi-official disclosure of the work done by Room 40. A house in Pollock Halls of Residence is named in his honour. Sir <mask> died in 1935 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his second wife Lady <mask>. Honours
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1878);
Fellow of the Royal Society (1887);
LL.D.(honoris causa), University of Edinburgh (1902)
John Scott Medal (1907);
CB (1907);
KCB (1911);
President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1924–1929);
Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts (1929);
President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1932);
The James Alfred <mask> Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers has been awarded for specially meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research since 1938. Works
 1877: (with Fleeming Jenkin) On Friction between Surfaces moving at Low Speeds, Philosophical Magazine Series 5, volume 4, pp 308–10, link from Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1883: A Treatise on Earthquake Measurement. 1899: Strength of Materials, link from Internet Archive. 1900: Magnetic Induction in Iron and Other Metals, 3rd edition, link from Internet Archive. 1910: The Steam Engine and Other Engines, 3rd edition, from Internet Archive. 1911: Examples in Mathematics, Mechanics, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Heat and Steam, Electricity, for the use of Junior Officers Afloat.1920: Thermodynamics for Engineers, link from Internet Archive. 1921: The Mechanical Production of Cold, second edition, Cambridge University Press, link from Internet Archive. 1933: An Engineer's Outlook, London: Methuen Publishing

See also
Anglo-Japanese relations
Room 40

References

External links

 Portrait of <mask> <mask> from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections

Bibliography
Bates, L. F. (1946) Sir <mask>: A Pioneer in Physics and Engineering
Pedlar, Neil, '<mask> <mask> and his circle of pioneering physicists in Meiji Japan', Hoare, J.E. ed., Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits Volume III Chapter 8. Japan Library (1999). Scottish civil engineers
Scottish engineers
Scottish physicists
1855 births
1935 deaths
British people of World War I
People from Dundee
Academics of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Principals of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
University of Tokyo faculty
Scottish expatriates in Japan
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Presidents of the British Science Association
Deputy Lieutenants of Edinburgh
Royal Medal winners
Engineers from Dundee

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James Alfred Ewing
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Ewing
James Ewing
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Alfred Ewing
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Alfred Washington
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Ellen Ewing
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Alfred Ewing
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title: Saman Piyasiri Fernando

texts:
Sellapperumage <mask> (23 March 1958 – 29 December 1989: : nom de guerre: Keerthi Vijayabahu), was the military wing leader of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna during the 1987-89 insurrection in Sri Lanka, the JVP's military wing also known as Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya (DJV). His position in the JVP as the military commander was organizationally higher than the position of Rohana Wijeweera, the founder of the JVP. <mask> a graduate of the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka later joined the JVP and promoted to the higher ranks of the party, appointed as the military wing leader and finally led the party after the death of the founding leader Rohana Wijeweera. He was also known as Kabraal, Mendis, Bappa, Mudiyanse, Mahinda, Dhammika and Janaka. Family background and early life
He was born on 23 March 1958 in Lunawa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka as the third child in a Karava ethnic family with four siblings. His father <mask> was an inspector at the Ports Commission. His mother, T. Josie Engalsina Peiris was a teacher.<mask>'s elder sister, a resident of Ganemulla, once worked as a nurse in a government hospital and was married in 1981 and later became a mother of two. His younger sister Ranjani later became a full time member of the JVP. The elder brother was a sick child and died in 1970 at the Angoda Hospital. Due to the financial difficulties of the family, his body was even buried at the hospital cemetery at the expense of the government. Although <mask>'s father was a supporter of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) and helped everyone, the childhood of his children was very sad due to his excessive alcoholism. Meanwhile, they had to leave the Egoda Uyana in Moratuwa and move to Ganemulla, which belonged to a relative of his mother, due to disputes with neighbors and relatives. <mask>, who until then had been educated up to grade 5 at Egoda Uyana Junior School, entered grade 6 at Kuda Bollatha Primary School.He entered Hemamali College, Galahitiyawa in Grade 8 and later entered Galahitiyawa Central College. He passed the GCE Ordinary Level Examination with 6 marks. He entered the University of Kelaniya in 1978 after completing his Advanced Level in Commerce in 1977 with 1 Excellence, 1 Award and 2 Excellence. <mask> was 5 feet 2 inches tall and slightly fat. There was a black spot on the left hand and a similar spot on the back of the right ear. <mask>'s parents and family members, who were staying in the Moonagama area in Horana when <mask> became the military leader, later went to Poruwadanda. Later he went to Panadura and Nugegoda Ekawatte to several places including Udahamulla.They resided in his Nawala home since December 25, 1989. <mask>'s sister Ranjani was among those who had been with Wijeweera's wife and children for a short time to help with the house when Wijeweera was staying at the Haldummulla rice field in Haldummulla 1987 and the houses in Neluwa Lewgodawatte, Bandarawela since July 1987. On the day of <mask>'s arrest, he was ready for the marriage with his girlfriend Indrani, the sister of Daya Wanniarachchi, the son of former JVP secretary Weeraketiya Heenbunne. Later, <mask>'s mother, his younger sister Ranjani, girlfriend Indrani and her younger brother <mask> Bandula (who was 18 years old) were arrested by the security forces. <mask>'s mother was released a few months later. <mask>'s sister and girlfriend were interrogated at various locations, including the 6th floor of the CID headquarters, and were eventually released after two years of rehabilitation at the Ranmutugala home. But <mask> Bandula Wanniarachchi was killed two days after his arrest.Political career
<mask> joined the JVP through Ragama Some after listening to a speech by Upatissa Gamanayake at a JVP rally in Veyangoda in 1978. He participated in the education camp held at Pallewela Muddaragama in the Mirigama electorate which was conducted by Wickramarala Jayatilleke. In the meantime, the JVP Socialist Students' Union was formed in Kelaniya University as a force against the UNP's Socialist Students' Union in the late 1970s under the leadership of Sudarshana Ponnaweera, <mask> <mask> <mask>, Sirimevan and others. <mask> is the second best student in the history of the university with the highest number of marks. After graduating as a Commerce graduate, <mask> opted for full-time JVP politics instead of a job. He later became a JVP organizer for the Kolonnawa and Ratnapura electorates. After the JVP was banned in July 1983, he became a member of the Central Committee in mid-February 1984.His commitment to rebuilding the JVP was appreciated and in October 1985 he was appointed to the JVP Politburo. The first formal discussion on the formation of the Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya (Patriotic People's Movement), the armed wing of the JVP, was held for two days on March 4 and 5, 1986 at the Ratnapura canal and <mask> was appointed as the leader of the military wing at the Politburo meeting held there. As Wijeweera was ill, it was chaired by Piyadasa Ranasinghe and the meeting was held at the house of Podi Mahaththaya, a businessman in Kudugalwatta, Ratnapura. On March 12, 1988, while at a house on Embillawatta Road in Boralesgamuwa, <mask> managed to escape by hiding in a pile of jackfruit leaves in front of his house. <mask> led the JVP in five major attacks on army camps and police stations, and had planned 12 more. The military intelligence of Sri Lanka believes that <mask> was masterminded the guerilla attacks on military bases and installations during the insurrection. The strategy was for the security forces to retreat without fighting in powerful situations and to launch vigilante attacks when they were weak.But by the middle of the Second insurrection, everything had turned upside down, with the majority leading to killings and sabotage. Katunayake Air-force base and Kotelawala Defence Academy (May 1987). Katunayake Air-force base (April 1988). Magazine prison break (December 1988). Pannala Army detachment (1989). Panagoda Army base (1989). Police Field Force headquarters, Colombo (1989).Number of Police stations. After Wijeweera's assassination, <mask> became the leader of the JVP on November 28, 1989, at a meeting of the Political Bureau held at Panukerapitiya, Ratnapura. Later the government issued a statement on November 28, 1989, stating that they wanted to arrest Somawansa Amarasinghe, Shantha Bandara, <mask> <mask> <mask>, Gamini Gunasekara and Upali Jayaweera and that valuable rewards would be given to those who provided information about them. <mask> was first revealed to be the leader of the JVP through the Sinhala service of the Veritas Catholic Radio broadcast from the Philippines on 1 December 1989. Then the rebels launched several attacks across the country. Insurgents led by <mask>, bombed a meeting of the Janatha Estate Development Board in Slave Island in November 1989, during which Bank of Ceylon Deputy General Manager E. T<mask> died. During the bombing, they target Minister of State Samaraweera Weerawanni, who was to chair the meeting.On November 26, 1989, insurgents made another bomb attack to assassinate Minister of Sports Nanda Mathew and Minister of State for Justice <mask> during a meeting of the Youth Services Council at Prince of Wales College, Moratuwa. At least 25 people, including two ministers, were injured in a bomb attack. Under the leadership of <mask>, several such attacks were carried out in the capital and suburbs. But they almost completely failed, and the rebels who participated were killed in retaliation. Then on November 26, 1989, they destroyed Ukuwela Power Plant in Matale. Several train stations, including Ohio, were set on fire. Insurgents stormed a Korean Kiannam road project in Gokarella, looted Rs.80,000 and set fire to vehicles, killing one Korean engineer. Five JVP rebels stormed the police post at Alawwa Town Hall on November 25, 1989, and attempted to seize weapons, while four rebels were killed in a similar attack on the Dickwella Police on the same day. All attempts at hijacking also failed. On December 27, 1989, a special police team, led by SSP Lionel Gunathilake, arrested <mask> <mask>, along with his mother and fiancé, who is a sister of JVP politburo member Daya Wanniarachchi, at Koswatte, Nawala, at a rented house owned by Mark Antony <mask>, who works at SLBC. According to the police sources, the number of military books found inside the house and some of them are not found in Sri Lankan military libraries. <mask> was arrested on December 27, 1989, while staying at a house in Koswatta, Nawala by the special police team. In late years, he was suffered by Keloid.He was taken to the Police Crime Investigation Headquarters (CDB) on Gregory's Road, Borella and questioned under the supervision of Superintendents of Police: Lionel Goonetileke, Gamini Perera, Ariyasinghe and Jayasinghe. He was later taken to the Combined Operations Center (OPs Combine) and questioned at length, tortured, but he did not answer. Finally, he was assassinated on December 29, 1989, in Mattegoda and his body was dumped on a pile of coconut branches. Along with <mask>, two other JVP military wing members were assassinated: Samarapulige Somasiri alias Ragama Someda, a member of the Central Committee of the JVP who was arrested by the security forces at Delkanda, Nugegoda on December 28, 1989, and Justus Dilip <mask> alias Zoysa, a resident of Welisara who was the Armed Secretary of the Colombo and Gampaha Districts. The Sri Lankan government media released on December 29, 1989, as "the leader of the JVP military wing killed along with four other cadres due to the cross fire between security forces and the JVP at their military wing headquarters, a farm located at Hedigama-Suwarapola, Piliyandala". As the second leader of the JVP on November 28, 1989, <mask> was the leader of the JVP for 32 days until he was assassinated on December 29, 1989. Rohan Gunaratna also stated that before <mask>'s death, he managed to deliver a speech to the interrogation personnel around him about the society of Sri Lanka based on capitalism and socialism.Rohan further stated, "but <mask> <mask> has not given any single information which could harm the party during the interrogation". The killings of rebels, their families, relatives and friends also intensified with these attacks. Due to <mask>'s inability to stay on target, the entire JVP machinery was destroyed by the security forces within seven weeks. Within seven weeks of Wijeweera's assassination, 12 of the 13 members of the First Politburo were assassinated and only Somawansa Amarasinghe was left. Meanwhile, nine of the 11 members of the Second Politburo headed by <mask> were also killed. Only Somawansa and Gamini Gunasekera were left. In popular media
The biographical film of Rohana Wijeweera's late life titled Ginnen Upan Seethala was released in 2018.The film was directed by Anurudha Jayasinghe and popular actor Susan Niroshan played <mask>'s role. Further reading
 SRI LANKA - A LOST REVOLUTION? The Inside Story of the JVP by Rohan Gunaratna
 Insurgency – 1971 : An Account of the April Insurrection in Sri Lanka by Justice A.C. Alles
Sri Lanka, the years of terror : The J.V.P. insurrection, 1987-1989 by C.A. Chandraprema

See also
Rohana Wijeweera

References

External links
 Official Website of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)

1989 deaths
Sinhalese nationalists
Sri Lankan communists
Sri Lankan rebels
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
Sri Lankan revolutionaries
Sinhalese politicians
1958 births

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Saman Piyasiri Fernando
Saman Piyasiri
Ebert Fernando
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Tyrone Fernando
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title: Jim Long

texts:
<mask> (born Timothy John Moynihan, February 7, 1943) is an American entrepreneur, whose pioneering marketing concepts and creative “firsts” are iconic in the broadcast music industry. Experienced in the development of intellectual properties, his business holdings have focused on music production, master recordings, music publishing, and broadcast licensing and syndication for the radio, television and film industries. He founded/co-founded numerous broadcast and radio syndication companies, including Dallas-based TM Productions/Starr Broadcasting, FirstCom/Jim Long Music, Long-Pride Broadcasting, and a Nashville-based music and publishing group, OneMusic. At various times, he also held owner interest in 19 radio and TV stations throughout the U.S. His record label, Honest Entertainment, produced Grammy-nominated albums. Biography

Early years

<mask> (who took his maternal grandfather's name when he began his career as a radio announcer) was the only child of John Francis Moynihan and <mask>an, whose families immigrated to New England from County Kerry and County Mallow, Ireland in the 1800s. Always in some form of law enforcement, <mask>'s father retired as a United States Air Force major (provost marshal in Germany) and corrections officer for the State of Massachusetts. His mother was a registered nurse and homemaker.Fascinated by radio since childhood, <mask> built his first vacuum tube radio transmitter at the age of 13 and started his own radio station in his basement in Marlborough, Massachusetts. It was a successful enterprise until the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) showed up to confiscate his transmitter. It was interfering with a local radio station's signal. (<mask> later went to work for the station, WMRC, Milford, Massachusetts). At 15, he produced his first record, "Liza Lee" by Roger and The Markees, and started his own record company, Dell Mont Recording, to release it (also in his basement, using his savings and a $200 loan from his mother). This gave him his first taste of artist promotion, record production, and distribution, especially “returns”. After high school, <mask> worked at Walgreens Drug Stores, while taking courses in broadcasting, to fulfill his goal of becoming a D.J./radio announcer.He joined the United States Navy and was stationed at Anacostia Naval Base in Washington, D.C., where he served in the elite U. S. Navy Ceremonial Guard, with duty at Arlington National Cemetery. Honorably discharged, he returned to civilian life to pursue a career in broadcasting, where he put his talents as a writer and producer to work. Notable firsts

<mask> was the first to:

 Introduce the use of CDs in the U.S. as format for music production libraries;
 Introduce and market comprehensive multi-media image campaigns for radio stations, complete with station IDs, print and broadcast advertising, promotional materials, and market research programs. Such as, “Someplace Special”, “Rhythm of the City”, the “You” campaign;
 Create a major special for album oriented rock station programming, “Album Greats”, a 48-hour history of album rock. ;
 Successfully automate rock programming;
 Introduce a cappella and shotgun vocal formats for station IDs;
 Introduce commercial services and music production libraries for radio stations to sell their local advertisers. ;
 Introduce station ID image songs – station identification jingles of more than :60 seconds that sounded like the hits songs that the stations played, in 1972–1973. Later known in the industry as the “mini-song” station ID – a widely imitated concept; and
 Introduce the “Turn on the Light” radio format in Washington, D.C.

Radio career

Beginning in 1961, <mask> worked as an announcer, producer and program manager at radio stations in Keene (WKBK), Dover (WTSN) and Manchester (WFEA), NH; Westfield (WDEW) and Southbridge (WESO), Massachusetts; Waterbury, Connecticut (WWCO); Springfield, Vermont (WCFR); Bangor, Maine (WGUY); Messina (WSTS), Malone (WICY), Utica (WRUN) and Syracuse (WOLF) New York; Orlando, Florida (WKIS); and Indianapolis (WIBC), Indiana.In early 1967, after a year as Program Director of WIBC/Indianapolis, the 24-year-old <mask> was given the opportunity to move to Texas by composer Tom Merriman who was working at Dallas-based Commercial Recording Corporation (CRC). Within six months, he and Merriman would launch TM Productions, Inc. with $10,000 capital. Companies

The TM Companies (1967–1979)
In 1967 TM Productions began as a music production company, producing commercial jingles and broadcast station identifications (IDs). <mask> conceptualized and co-produced an entirely new approach to station IDs which provided stations a natural flow from commercial breaks to station IDs to music programming, increasing listenership and ratings. Called “Phase 2”, “The Propellants” and “The Winning Score”, these programs were quickly adopted by top stations including KILT Houston, WCFL Chicago and KHJ Los Angeles. He also created IDs that sounded like the hit songs the stations were playing (e.g., “And the Beat Goes On” and “Charisma” for WCFL Chicago and KLIF Dallas). These concepts were extremely successful and soon widely imitated within the industry.TM Productions was the first production-syndication company to create and market comprehensive multi-media image campaigns for radio stations, complete with station IDs, print and broadcast advertising, promotional materials, and market research programs. (“Someplace Special”, “Rhythm of the City”, “You”, “Where You Belong” and “Where Your Friends Are”) These image campaigns increased ratings at stations like WCOL Columbus, KRFC San Francisco, KHJ Los Angeles, and WIBG in Philadelphia. These award-winning campaigns could be syndicated for use in non-competing markets. A similar format image campaign was also developed for television stations, with WLKY-TV in Lexington, Kentucky serving as the pilot. Called ColorTheme, it incorporated animation and music for station IDs and was customized for many major market TV stations, including the MetroMedia Group, Inc.

Long also introduced commercial services libraries – full service, multi-media advertising campaigns designed for local advertisers by award-winning composers and writer-producers. For the first time, radio stations could provide high quality advertising campaigns to their advertising sponsor clients. The Producer (1973) and MasterPlan (1976) were licensed to over 2000 radio stations, worldwide, and generated millions of dollars in additional revenue for local radio broadcasters.The scope of the business included three additional product divisions:

TM Programming, a full service radio programming firm, created and produced customized services for over 500 radio stations throughout the U.S., including market analysis, and music programming in four different musical formats: Beautiful music, stereo rock, soft rock, and country. It was the first to successfully automate mainstream rock programming (WGY-FM in Albany, New York) and the first syndicator to successfully program country music on FM radio (WSOC-FM, Charlotte, North Carolina). TM Special Projects produced music “specials” for broadcast, including the first-ever 48-hour history of album rock, Album Greats, which was aired by hundreds of top progressive rock radio stations, upon its release in 1977. TM International provided worldwide distribution of the products of the TM Companies. By the early 1970s, the TM Companies had become internationally recognized as the radio industry's leading provider of music libraries and programming. When <mask> left to found FirstCom in 1980, he had accumulated industry and broadcast awards, including nine Clio awards. He had built the largest and most successful broadcast syndicator of its kind in the world.Starr Broadcasting and William F. Buckley (1973–1979)
The success of the TM Companies brought suitors and, on October 15, 1973, <mask> and Tom Merriman sold TM to Starr Broadcasting Group, a broadcast oriented, publicly held corporation whose primary shareholder and chairman of the board was William F. Buckley. <mask> and Merriman (who both became multi-millionaires in the deal) continued in their roles with TM, but sought to buy back the company in 1976 when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began an investigation into Buckley's business affairs, accusing him and several members of the Starr Broadcasting board of directors of fraud and misuse of shareholder's funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. FirstCom Broadcast Services (1980–1995), a division of Jim Long Companies, Inc.
<mask> founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion, music production services, and high-end creative ideas, using emerging technologies. He called his new commercial services library “The Creative Department” and was considered a pioneer in his use of market research to develop audience share and increase profitability – resulting in a series of syndicated promotions, sales training programs (Sales Performance System), and high quality music production libraries, unsurpassed in the industry, at that time. In 1984, <mask> introduced the first ever compact disc (CD) production music library, Digital Production Library. This production format soon became the industry standard (instead of vinyl).By this time, FirstCom had become one of the largest stock music library companies worldwide. <mask> had reinvented the company to look beyond radio at the broader arena of domestic and international copyrights/music publishing, exploring audio-visual and digital technologies not yet widely used by business. He also expanded FirstCom's marketing to include sales to television and film music clients, a concept he later expanded upon when he created OneMusic and Crucial Music Corporations. In 1992 FirstCom was the first company to put their entire music catalog online and to offer an online music delivery system, called MusiQuick so that clients had immediate access to their production tools on the internet. <mask> sold FirstCom and the Jim Long Companies, Inc. in 1990 to Clive Calder’s Zomba Enterprises/Jive Records of London. He continued as chairman and on-going consultant until 1995. FirstCom is now owned by Universal Music Group.Long-Pride Broadcasting Group, Inc. (1980–1987)
In 1980, <mask> formed Long-Pride Broadcasting with friend and business associate, country singer Charley Pride. They shared ownership in several real estate ventures, a Texas bank, and oil and gas leases and acquired radio stations KQAM/KEYN in Wichita, Kansas and KAYC/KAYD in Beaumont, Texas. The company was dissolved in 1987 after the sale of its radio stations. OneMusic Corporation (1990–2005)
In 1990, <mask> founded OneMusic  in Del Mar, California and created yet another innovative music library, increasingly used in radio, television (e.g., Saturday Night Live), and film production (e.g., the Oscar-winning A Beautiful Mind). And, LiquidTracks, a new concept in music production services, allowed clients to actually remix music to their own specifications. <mask> sold 50% of the OMC Library to Clive Calder's Zomba/FirstCom, which was purchased by BMG in 2002. In 2005 BMG purchased the remainder of the OMC Library from <mask>.Divisions of OneMusic, but not part of the sale to BMG, included Honest Entertainment Group, Inc. and The Gold Label. Honest Entertainment Group, Inc. (1992–2001)/The Gold Label (1999–2001)
Having already produced artists for the Capitol, MCA, and Atlantic labels, <mask> started his own record label in California in 1992, Honest Entertainment, as a vehicle for re-launching Charley Pride’s career. He produced three albums for Pride (Pride, My 6 Latest & 6 Greatest, Platinum Pride, Volumes 1 & 2, and Classics with Pride) which provided impetus for the Country Music Association Awards (CMA) to recognize Pride with their Pioneer Award and other accolades. As part of his marketing strategy, <mask> created the first direct response marketing (DR) campaign for a major artist that used 800# marketing to drive new retail sales, selling over 500,000 units through the combination of DR and retail. Honest developed similar campaigns for other artists, including country superstar, Alan Jackson. Honest Entertainment opened offices in Nashville in 1994 and became known for its niche marketing of Irish artists, including Foster & Allen, Daniel O’Donnell, and Ronan Hardiman, the composer for Michael Flatley’s Lord of the Dance extravaganza. Honest also had its own roster of singer/songwriters, including Kate Wallace for whom <mask> produced the first “CD Plus” for a new artist marketing campaign, providing biographical audio as well as music video and behind the scenes footage (a new technology format, now familiar on DVD).It was at this time that he pioneered the use of the (almost unheard of then) Internet chat rooms for music listening tests, focus groups and market research. Honest also featured a group of legendary older artists, including Jack Jones, for whom <mask> produced two albums, one of which received a Grammy nomination in 1998, Jack Jones Paints a Tribute to Tony Bennett (Bennett actually won the Grammy that year for his own CD. )(www.digitalhit.com/grammy)  This group of older artists became a separate company, The Gold Label, in 1999 and was sold to Pat Boone in 2001. Crucial Music Corporation (2007 – present)
Launched in 2007, Crucial Music Corporation (CMC) is one of the first 100% online companies to use the Internet to link independent artists and musicians to those in the music industry who want their songs. CMC licenses music to radio, television, and film. A former OneMusic-Honest Entertainment executive, Tanvi Patel, serves as CEO and partner,(www.crucialmusic.com) while <mask> serves as chairman. CMC is headquartered in Suite 2 of 12035 Ventura Boulevard in Studio City, Los Angeles.Many bands and singers have used CMC to record their music for movies, including Owen Chaim, Ronjii, Michael Kisur, The John D'Agostino Band, Curtis Marolt, Erin Reign, Attila, Ron Esposito, Thomas David Grant, Ellery, Shock of Pleasure, Christopher Welch, Kate Booye, Jon Estep, Juvon Taylor, Andy Bianco and Christopher Jon Winston. In January 2016, CMC launched Crucial Custom, a division that links composers to advertising agencies and licenses music to advertisement. References

External links
 http://www.crucialmusic.com
 http://www.pointclassics.com
 http://www.michaeljfox.org
 http://www.musicares.com
 http://www.naras.com
 http://www.tommerrimantribute.com
 http://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/41/nominees.shtml

Record producers from Massachusetts
American male composers
21st-century American composers
University of San Francisco alumni
1943 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts
Musicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Jim Long
Long
Marion Long Moynih
Long
Long
Long
Long
Jim Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
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Long
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Long


title: Irving Anker

texts:
<mask> (October 27, 1911 – June 12, 2000) was an American educator and administrator who served from 1973 to 1978 as New York City Schools Chancellor, overseeing the largest school district in the United States at a time when control of schools was being transferred to local community school districts and when the fiscal crisis besetting the City of New York forced major staffing cuts. He had also served as Acting Chancellor in 1970 while the New York City Board of Education was searching for a permanent replacement. Early life and education
He was born on October 27, 1911, in Red Hook, Brooklyn, his parents were Jewish immigrants who had received little formal education. A product of the New York City public schools, <mask> attended City College of New York, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees. He started teaching in 1934 at Erasmus Hall High School and worked his way up through the school system, becoming chairman of social studies at Long Island City High School, and then principal of Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. <mask> was named as an assistant superintendent in 1966 and was replaced as principal of Benjamin Franklin High School by Leonard F. Littwin. Deputy and Acting Chancellor
While searching for a permanent Superintendent of Schools in 1970 for Nathan Brown, the Board of Education named <mask> to serve as Acting Superintendent until the position was filled.The Board had approached, and been turned down by, such notables as Ralph Bunche, Ramsey Clark, Arthur J. Goldberg and Sargent Shriver, before choosing Harvey B. Scribner, who had been Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Education and superintendent of the Teaneck Public Schools, where he oversaw the implementation of a voluntary school integration program. Described as an "answer man to any question anybody's got about the city's school system", Anker didn't know that his salary as Acting Superintendent of Schools would be $48,000, and increase of almost $14,000 from his previous post as assistant superintendent. <mask>'s title was renamed to Chancellor as of July 1, 1970, the same day that the 32 local school boards were to take office. Anker expressed concern that "decentralization is going to be a time-consuming and touchy job" and expressed fears that it could lead to all-white and all-black schools. After being selected as Chancellor and as desired by the board of education, Scribner chose <mask> to fill the newly created position of deputy chancellor at an annual salary of $48,000, to give Scribner a senior aide and second-in-command with experience in the New York City system. Scribner's post in Vermont did not expire until September 1, 1970, and <mask> remained as Acting Chancellor until that date. Citing what he called a "confidence gap" with the Board of Education, Scribner announced in December 1972 that he would leave his post as Chancellor when his three-year contract ended on June 30, 1973.Before going on a vacation (that would prove permanent) starting on April 1, 1973, Chancellor Scribner named <mask> to serve as Acting Chancellor until Scribner's contract expired on June 30. While the New York City Board of Education had not decided on a replacement, <mask> was seen as the most likely person to fill the spot on a permanent basis if the board's choice was an "insider". Chancellor
As had been widely expected, <mask> was named as School Chancellor in June 1973, with Samuel Polatnick as executive director of the Office of High Schools, Dr. Edythe J. Gaines atop the Office of Educational Planning and Support and Alfredo Mathew, Jr., as chief of the Office of School District Affairs. As School Chancellor, <mask> oversaw the decentralization program that began in 1969 in which staffing choices in elementary and middle schools were made by a network of 32 community school boards. Often viewed as a steppingstone to political office or as an opportunity for patronage, <mask> was often at odds with the local boards, ultimately investigating charges of corruption or mismanagement in seven of the 32 local boards and using his powers to suspend board members or to override their actions. In one of his first confrontations, after dismissing the school board of District 9 in the Bronx and replacing it with a trustee he appointed, <mask> faced a sit-in by parents who viewed <mask>'s actions as a racially motivated effort to undermine local control. In December 1974, <mask> submitted a proposed $2.78 billion budget for the 1975-76 school year that would add more than $500 million in spending over the previous budget, which would be used to expand services for handicapped and non-English-speaking students.<mask> resisted efforts by Mayor of New York Abe Beame to cut services during the depths of New York City's fiscal crisis, saying that he was only requesting "enough money to make the schools as good as possible - not nearly enough to make them as good as they ought to be". In a time of belt tightening citywide, <mask> said that "we cannot write off the children of New York City without calling into question every value we live by". City budget officials forced Anker to make $230 million in cuts, including the termination of 21,000 positions in the system, increasing class sizes and reducing much of the art, music and after-school programs that had previously been offered. The increased burdens on the remaining teachers led to a five-day strike in September 1975 by the United Federation of Teachers, which ended when <mask> agreed with UFT head Albert Shanker to cut 90 minutes from the school day. In an effort to more thoroughly integrate the city's high schools, <mask> had the attendance zones of high schools in Brooklyn modified to achieve a greater balance between white students and the increasing numbers of African American and Hispanic students, which resulted in further white flight from the city and its schools. The Board of Education was charged in 1977 by the federal government, which claimed that the city's schools discriminated in the hiring of African American and Hispanic teachers and had improperly concentrated minority teachers in majority minority schools. Anker implemented changes to expand hiring of minority teachers and to achieve a more even distribution of staffing around the school system.After taking office in January 1978 as Mayor of New York, Ed Koch forced out <mask> as Chancellor in favor of Frank Macchiarola, a key Koch advisor who had been a vice president of the CUNY Graduate Center and deputy director of the New York State Emergency Financial Control Board for New York City; Anker would serve until his contract ended on June 30, 1978. Personal
After departing the city schools, Anker became an educational consultant, in addition to teaching at a Florida community college and at the Graduate School of Education of Long Island University. A resident of Jamaica, Queens, <mask> died at his home there at age 88 on June 12, 2000, of natural causes. He was survived by his wife, three daughters, a son and seven grandchildren. A product of the city school system himself, all three of his children attended city public schools. References

1911 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American educators
20th-century American Jews
City College of New York alumni
Long Island University faculty
New York City School Chancellors
People from Jamaica, Queens
People from Red Hook, Brooklyn

masks:
Irving Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker
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Anker
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title: Meshach Taylor

texts:
<mask> (; April 11, 1947 – June 28, 2014) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Anthony Bouvier on the CBS sitcom Designing Women (1986–93), for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He was also known for his portrayal of Hollywood Montrose, a flamboyant window dresser, in the film Mannequin. He played Sheldon Baylor on the CBS sitcom Dave's World (1993–97), appeared as Tony on the NBC sitcom Buffalo Bill opposite Dabney Coleman, and appeared as the recurring character Alastair Wright, the social studies teacher (and later school principal) on the Nickelodeon sitcom Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. Early life
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Hertha Mae (née Ward) and Joseph T<mask>, former dean of students at Dillard University in New Orleans, who was also the first dean of arts and sciences at Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis. After the family moved from New Orleans to Indianapolis, <mask> graduated from Crispus Attucks High School in 1964, where he took an interest in acting, and went on to study in the dramatic arts programs at Wilmington College (Ohio) and Florida A&M University. Leaving Florida A&M a few credits shy of graduation, he worked in Indianapolis as a State House reporter for AM radio station WIFE (now WTLC), where he used the on-air name Bruce Thomas, and as the host of a community-affairs program on television station WLWI (now WTHR), as <mask>.Many years later, in May 1993, he received his bachelor's degree in theatre arts from Florida A&M. Career

Theater and teleplays
<mask>'s first professional acting gig was in a national tour of Hair. He honed his craft in repertory theater as a member of Chicago's Goodman Theatre, and the Organic Theater Company alongside Joe Mantegna, André DeShields, Dennis Franz, Keith Szarabajka, Jack Wallace, and director Stuart Gordon. While in Chicago, he appeared in David Rabe's Streamers, Native Son (1979 Joseph Jefferson Award Nomination for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play), The Island and Athol Fugard’s Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, for which he garnered the 1977 Joseph Jefferson Award for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play. He received an Emmy Award for his role as Jim in the WTTW production of Huckleberry Finn and hosted the Chicago television show Black Life. In 1998, <mask> made his Broadway debut as Lumiere in Beauty and the Beast, where he starred alongside Toni Braxton. In September 2012, he appeared in Year of the Rabbit at Ensemble Studio Theater-LA as Vietnam veteran JC Bridges.Television and film
In 1977, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, where he crafted a gallery of memorable characters in film and on television, including his Emmy nominated turn in the CBS sitcom Designing Women. <mask> played Anthony Bouvier, the deliveryman at the fictitious Sugarbaker interior design firm in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1989, he received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. In May 1981, the ninth season of M*A*S*H, he was seen as a corpsman in the final episode, "The Life You Save". From 1993–97, he was a series regular as plastic surgeon Sheldon Baylor on Dave's World (CBS), and had a recurring role as Alastair Wright, the history teacher turned school principal, on Nickelodeon's sitcom, Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (2004–07) and Buffalo Bill on NBC with Dabney Coleman. Other appearances include: The Unit, Jessie, Hannah Montana as a fashion designer, All of Us as Neesee's father, The Drew Carey Show, Static Shock, Caroline in the City, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, Women of the House, In the Heat of the Night, Punky Brewster, What's Happening Now!!, Hill Street Blues, ALF, Melba, The Golden Girls, Cagney & Lacey, Barney Miller,  Lou Grant, The White Shadow, The Incredible Hulk, The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, and Barnaby Jones. In 1996, <mask> hosted his own series on HGTV, The Urban Gardener with <mask> <mask>, and in 1998, he hosted <mask> <mask>'s Hidden Caribbean on The Travel Channel. He was a regular panelist on the 2000 revival of the television game show To Tell the Truth. He co-hosted Living Live! with Florence Henderson on Retirement Living TV in 2008 until the program was revamped as The Florence Henderson Show. <mask> had been friends with actor Joe Mantegna since they appeared together in 1969 in the musical Hair. <mask> guest-starred in 2012 on Criminal Minds''' eighth season in the episode "The Fallen", opposite Mantegna as Harrison Scott, Rossi's former Marine sergeant with whom he served in Vietnam.In January 2014, he reprised this role in "The Road Home" which aired January 22, 2014, just five months before his death. Mantegna led a Criminal Minds tenth season episode "Anonymous", to honor <mask> on January 21, 2015. <mask> appeared in such feature films as Mannequin, Mannequin Two: On the Move, and Damien: Omen II. Personal life
<mask> married actress Bianca Ferguson in 1983. He had four children, three with Bianca and one from a previous marriage. His children are daughters Tamar, Esme and Yasmine and son Tariq; he had four grandchildren. Death
Suffering from colorectal cancer, <mask> died on June 28, 2014, at his home in Altadena, California.<mask> was survived by his wife, his four children, his mother Hertha <mask>, two siblings, and four grandchildren. A memorial service to celebrate his life was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) on July 6, 2014. Filmography

References

 External links

<mask> <mask> obituary at nytimes.com June 29, 2014

'Fresh Air' Remembers Actor <mask> <mask> NPR 'Fresh Air' host Terry Gross pays tribute to actor <mask> <mask> (April 11, 1947 – June 28, 2014) with rebroadcast of 1990 interview. 20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1947 births
2014 deaths
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male television actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Florida A&M University alumni
Male actors from Boston
Deaths from colorectal cancer
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Meshach Taylor
Taylor
. Taylor
Taylor
Bruce Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Meshach
Taylor
Meshach
Taylor
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Ward Taylor
Meshach
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Meshach
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Meshach
Taylor


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
<mask>'n was the paramount Druze emir of Mount Lebanon and head of the Ma'n dynasty after succeeding his uncle Fakhr al-Din II in 1633. The Ottomans executed Fakhr al-Din, <mask>'s father Yunus, and his brothers and cousins during and after a massive expedition to end their control over large parts of the Levant. After <mask> defeated his principal Druze rival, Ali Alam al-Din, in 1641, the Ottomans granted him tax farms previously held by his uncle and father Yunus in southern Mount Lebanon, namely for the subdistricts of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn and Jurd. In 1657 he was appointed governor and tax farmer of Safed. He held onto the tax farms of southern Mount Lebanon until his death in 1658, after falling ill attempting to collect taxes in Safed. <mask> and his subordinates, including the Maronite Khazen family of Keserwan, reestablished the core of Fakhr al-Din's former territory. Like his uncle, he maintained good ties with the Maronite Church.He remained on good terms with the authorities throughout most of his career. The tax farms he held were largely inherited by his sons Qurqumaz and Ahmad, the latter retaining them until his death in 1697. Ahmad was the last Ma'nid emir and afterward the dynasty's tax farms and paramountcy over the Druze passed to their Sunni Muslim marital relatives, the Shihab dynasty. Family and political background

<mask> belonged to the Ma'n dynasty, a family of Druze traditional emirs of the Chouf region of Mount Lebanon. His father Yunus was one of two sons of Qurqumaz, the Ma'nid chief of the Chouf who died in the 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze. The other son was Fakhr al-Din II, who succeeded Qurqumaz in his traditional role around 1591. Fakhr al-Din gained the Ottomans' good graces and went on to become a powerful tax farmer and governor of the Sidon-Beirut and Safed sanjaks.Because of his increasing strength and autonomy, the Ottomans targeted Fakhr al-Din and the Ma'ns in an expedition in 1613, causing Fakhr al-Din to flee to Tuscany. Yunus largely took over his brother's role, but his power was initially confined to the Chouf. By 1616 Yunus and Fakhr al-Din's son Ali were installed as governors of Sidon-Beirut and Safed. Yunus resumed his role as the deputy of his brother upon Fakhr al-Din's return in 1618. The Ma'ns expanded their control and tax farms to the Beqaa Valley and much of the Tripoli Eyalet, and their defiance of the Ottomans led to another punitive campaign in 1633. Ali was killed in the fighting, while Yunus was captured along with <mask> and his brother Hamdan in the Jabal Amil area. Yunus and Hamdan were executed by the commander of the campaign, the Damascus governor Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha, but <mask> escaped.Fakhr al-Din, meanwhile, was captured and imprisoned in Constantinople. The Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II, a political ally and economic partner of Fakhr al-Din, dispatched a galleon to rescue <mask>, but he was not found. He gained refuge with Ahmad Turabay, the chief of the Turabay dynasty, the Bedouin emirs and governors of the Lajjun Sanjak in northern Palestine. After becoming aware of the fates of Yunus and Fakhr al-Din, Ahmad had his kethuda (steward) escort <mask> to Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha, but <mask> escaped en route to Damascus. His residential property in a village called al-Jazira in the southern Beqaa Valley was confiscated and sold by Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha's order in 1634. Paramount Druze emir
While Fakhr al-Din was in prison, a rival Druze chief Ali Alam al-Din was appointed in his place over the tax farms of the Druze areas of Mount Lebanon, namely the Chouf, Gharb, Jurd and Matn districts. <mask> led the Ma'nid opposition against Alam al-Din.He assaulted Alam al-Din and his forces at a place called Majdal Majous, forcing their flight to Damascus. Alam al-Din returned with reinforcements and defeated <mask> at Qabb Ilyas. The Ma'nid afterward went into hiding in the Chouf. His activities prompted the Ottomans to execute Fakhr al-Din in 1635, according to the 17th-century Maronite patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi. In 1636 <mask> and his following drove Alam al-Din out of the Chouf and, together with Assaf Sayfa of Tripoli, went after Alam al-Din and Assaf's nephew Ali as they made their way north. After besieging them in the village of al-Ghantu, they reached a truce and <mask> returned to his Chouf redoubt. Generally after this victory, <mask> and his allies among the Druze and Maronite chiefs, including the Khazens of Keserwan, were the stronger party in Mount Lebanon.This paramountcy was interrupted in 1638 when Alam al-Din was reinforced with Shia Muslim allies in Jabal Amil. <mask> led an ambush against them in the village of Ansar where some 1,600 Shia Muslims were killed. Mulhim had backing of the majority of the Druze of Mount Lebanon. This was indicated when the Druze inhabitants of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn and Jurd fled with him he fled before the combined forces of Alam al-Din and the deputy governor of Damascus in response to the Ansar ambush. Three years later he was appointed by imperial order the tax farmer of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn, Shahhar and Jurd for a one-year term. The imperial government concomitantly ordered that this muqataa be outside the fiscal authority of Damascus. The tax farm was renewed on an almost yearly basis until 1657.Consolidation in Mount Lebanon
In November 1650 he defeated Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, the governor of Damascus in an engagement in the Qarnana Valley. Another account held that <mask>, with backing from the Ma'ns' longtime allies the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym, defeated Damascene government forces hired by Alam al-Din in that clash. That year, he was appointed the zabit (subdistrict governor) of Batroun in northern Mount Lebanon by the governor of Tripoli. He installed his confederate Abu Nawfal al-Khazen, a Maronite chief, to run the subdistrict on his behalf. Abu Nawfal had been patronized by <mask>, like his father Abu Nadir had been by Fakhr al-Din. The Khazens collected the taxes in Keserwan, the area just north of the Druze country, fostered the Maronite majority there and invested considerable sums in silk farming, trade with Tuscany and France, and land. In 1651 <mask> was also appointed zabit of Akkar, in the far north of Mount Lebanon.Governor and tax farmer of Safed
Four years later, to counter Alam al-Din's efforts to turn the imperial government against him, <mask> sent his subordinate Mehmed Agha Qahveji Zade with a large bribe to Grand Vizier Murad Pasha. The Grand Vizier appointed Mehmed Agha as the sanjak-bey (district governor) of Safed, which comprised the Jabal Amil and the Galilee. Mulhim and his sons Qurqumaz and Ahmad subsequently relocated to Safed and in February 1657 he was directly appointed as governor of the sanjak. The appointment was to last one year, but in August he was dismissed and replaced with Ahmed Agha Tatar. The latter concurrently leased the tax farm of the sanjak to <mask>. While attempting to collect the taxes of Safed in August 1658 <mask> became ill and left for Sidon. He died there on 26 September.Legacy

Children
<mask> had two sons, Qurqumaz and Ahmad. His daughter Fa'iza was married to the traditional Druze emir of the Gharb, Salim ibn Yusuf (d. 1708) of the Arslan family, according to the Arslan family records. They had a son, Yusuf. According to the 19th-century local historian Tannus al-Shidyaq, a daughter of <mask> (unclear if Fa'iza or another) was married to the emir Husayn, of the Sunni Muslim Shihab family in 1629. Ahmad's daughter was married to another Shihab emir, Musa, in 1674. Assessment
Together with his Druze and Maronite confederates, including his uncle's former assistants, the Khazens, <mask> reestablished Ma'nid control over the core area of Fakhr al-Din's former domain, namely the combined tax farms of the Chouf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn and Keserwan. Except for his confrontation with Mustafa Pasha in 1642, <mask> "was fully obedient to the sultanate", according to the contemporary historian Muhammad al-Muhibbi, and did not rebel against Ottoman authority, a view shared by the modern historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn.Although there is no record of correspondence with his uncle's European partners, <mask>'s Maronite subordinates on a number of occasions communicated his honors to the Tuscans and the Pope. Correspondences between the Tuscans and Maronite clergymen and notables commended <mask> for safeguarding the Maronite Church and its followers, a Ma'nid policy begun by Fakhr al-Din II. Qurqumaz and Ahmad succeeded Mulhim in his tax farms in Mount Lebanon. In 1660 the Ottomans moved to strengthen imperial control over the sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut and Safed and its largely autonomous rural communities, especially the Druze. They combined the two sanjaks into a single eyalet (province), separate from Damascus, called the Sidon Eyalet. Shortly after, an imperial expedition, attended in person by the reformist Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha, was launched against the Ma'ns and their allies the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym and the Shia Muslim Hamade lords of the Tripoli region. The Ma'ns' Druze rivals, the Alam al-Dins, the Sawwafs of the Matn, and Sirhal Imad gained control of southern Mount Lebanon, while Ahmad and Qurqumaz went into hiding in Hamade territory.Qurqumaz was killed by the Ottomans in 1662, while Ahmad went on to defeat his Druze rivals in 1667. Between then and his death in 1697 he held the tax farms and practical control of the Druze Mountain and Keserwan. Ahmad's son <mask> had died young in 1680 and so Ahmad left no male heir. His factional allies among the Druze resolved to elect Ahmad's maternal nephew Bashir Shihab I to serve as their chief and take over his tax farm. The transfer of the tax farms of southern Mount Lebanon were sanctioned by Sidon Eyalet's governor and the imperial government. Ahmad's grandson, the son of his daughter and Musa Shihab, Haydar Shihab, later succeeded Bashir. Building works
<mask> built the Khan al-Dabbagha caravanserai in the commercial center of Sidon's port at an undetermined date during his career.He is also credited by Laurent d'Arvieux, a 17th-century French diplomat and traveler, for building the city's Barrani Mosque. The mosque was built in the Ottoman style with a dome in the center, a portico topped with a dome and a "pencil-shaped minaret", according to the historian Stefan Weber. Notelist

References

Bibliography

17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Druze people of the Ottoman Empire
Druze in Lebanon
Emirs of Mount Lebanon
Lebanese princes
Ma'n dynasty
17th-century Arabs

masks:
Mulhim ibn Yunus Ma
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
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Mulhim
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