title: Hubertus Strughold

texts:
<mask> (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and prominent medical researcher. Beginning in 1935 he served as chief of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring's Ministry of Aviation, holding this position throughout World War II. In 1947 he was brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip and went on to serve in a number of high-level scientific posts with the US Air Force and NASA. For his role in pioneering the study of the physical and psychological effects of manned spaceflight he became known as "The Father of Space Medicine". Following his death, <mask>'s activities in Germany during World War II came under greater scrutiny in the media and allegations surrounding his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged his legacy. Biography

Early life and academic career
<mask> was born in the town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm in the Prussian province of Westphalia on 15 June 1898. As a young man he studied medicine and the natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Georg August University of Göttingen, where he received his doctorate (Dr. med.et phil.) in 1922. He later went on to obtain his medical degree (Dr. med.) from the University of Münster and completed his habilitation (Dr. habil.) at the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg in 1927.<mask> also worked as a research assistant to the renowned German-Austrian physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey. He continued on at the University of Würzburg and pursued a career as a professor of physiology. During this time <mask>'s attention was increasingly drawn to the emerging science of aviation medicine and he collaborated with the famed World War I pilot Robert Ritter von Greim to study the effects of high-altitude flight on human biology. In 1928 <mask> traveled to the United States on a year-long research fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation. He conducted specialized studies into aviation medicine and human physiology at the University of Chicago and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He also toured the medical laboratories at Harvard, Columbia and the Mayo Clinic. <mask> returned to Germany the following year and accepted a teaching position at the Würzburg Physiological Institute before eventually becoming a professor of physiology at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin.Work for Nazi Germany
Through his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), <mask> became acquainted socially with Hermann Göring and other high-ranking members of the Nazi regime, though he never formally joined the Nazi Party. In April 1935, he was appointed director of the Berlin-based Research Institute for Aviation Medicine, a medical think tank that operated under the auspices of the Reich Ministry of Aviation. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, pioneering the study of the physical effects of high-altitude and supersonic speed flight, along with establishing the altitude chamber concept of "time of useful consciousness". Though <mask> was ostensibly a civilian researcher, the majority of the studies and projects his institute undertook were commissioned and financed by the German armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament preceding World War II. With the outbreak of war in 1939 the organization was absorbed into the German military and attached to the medical corps of the Luftwaffe where it was renamed the Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine and placed under the command of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke. <mask> himself was also commissioned as an officer in the German air force, eventually rising to the rank of Colonel (Oberst). Human experimentation
In October 1942, <mask> and Hippke attended a medical conference in Nuremberg where  SS-Hauptsturmführer Dr. Sigmund Rascher delivered a presentation outlining various "scientific" experiments he had conducted in conjunction with the Luftwaffe medical corps in which prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were used as human test subjects.These experiments included physiological tests during which camp inmates were immersed in freezing water, placed in air pressure chambers and made to endure exploratory surgery without anesthetic. Many of the inmates forced to participate died as a result. What, if any, role <mask> himself may have had in Rascher's experiments remains a source of controversy. However several junior physicians who had participated in the medical atrocities had close personal and professional ties to <mask>, through both the Institute for Aviation Medicine and the Luftwaffe medical corps. Following the German surrender in May 1945, <mask> claimed to Allied authorities that, despite his senior position with the Luftwaffe medical corps and his attendance at the October 1942 Nuremberg conference, he had no knowledge of the atrocities committed at Dachau. He was never subsequently charged with any wrongdoing by the Allies. However, a 1946 memorandum produced by the staff of the Nuremberg Trials listed <mask> as one of thirteen "persons, firms or individuals implicated" in the war crimes committed at Dachau.In addition, several of <mask>'s wartime associates, including his former assistant Hermann Becker-Freyseng, were convicted of crimes against humanity in connection with the Dachau experiments at the 1946-1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, <mask> contributed several affidavits for the defense on behalf of his accused colleagues. Work for the United States
In October 1945 <mask> returned to academia, becoming director of the Physiological Institute at Heidelberg University. He also began working on behalf of the US Army Air Force, becoming Chief Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, located on the campus of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research. In this capacity <mask> edited German Aviation Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of the knowledge gained by German aviation researchers during the war. In 1947, <mask> was brought to the United States, along with many other highly valuable German scientists, as part of Operation Paperclip. With another former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, <mask> was assigned to the US Air Force School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.It was while at Randolph Field that <mask> began conducting some of the first research into the potential medical challenges posed by space travel, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr. Heinz Haber. <mask> coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first and only Professor of Space Medicine at the US Air Force's newly established School of Aviation Medicine (SAM), one of the first institutions dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with manned spaceflight. He first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the atmosphere of Mars, that have now become an essential tool in astrobiological research. Under <mask>, the School of Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies on issues such as atmospheric control, the physical effects of weightlessness and the disruption of normal time cycles. In 1951 <mask> revolutionized existing notions concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations that grew as altitude levels increased, rather than existing in remote regions of the atmosphere.Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of the space cabin simulator, a sealed chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods of time in order to view the potential physical, astrobiological, and psychological effects of extra-atmospheric flight. <mask> obtained US citizenship in 1956 and was appointed Chief Scientist of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aerospace Medical Division in 1962. While at NASA, <mask> played a central role in designing the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used by both the Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He also directed the specialized training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of the Apollo program in advance of the planned mission to the Moon. <mask> retired from his position at NASA in 1968. Controversy
During his work on behalf of the US Air Force and NASA, <mask> was the subject of three different US government investigations into his suspected involvement in war crimes committed under the Nazis. A 1958 investigation by the Justice Department fully exonerated <mask>, while a second inquiry launched by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned due to lack of evidence.In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort when <mask> died in September 1986. Following his death, <mask>'s alleged connection to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following the release of US Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war criminals by US authorities. These revelations did significant damage to <mask>'s reputation and resulted in the revocation of various honors that had been bestowed upon him over the course of his career. In 1993, at the request of the World Jewish Congress, his portrait was removed from a mural of prominent physicians displayed at Ohio State University. Following similar protests by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Air Force Base, which had been named in <mask>'s honor in 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to <mask>'s removal from the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico in May 2006.Later revelations
Further questions about <mask>'s activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of the German Society of Air and Space Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence of oxygen deprivation experiments carried out by Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine in 1943. According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages of 11 and 13, were taken from the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre to Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort to simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia. While, unlike the Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this revelation led the Society of Air and Space Medicine to abolish a major award bearing <mask>'s name. A similar campaign by American scholars prompted the US branch of the Aerospace Medical Association to announce in 2012 that it would also consider renaming a similar award, also named in <mask>'s honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with opposition from defenders of <mask>, citing his many notable contributions to the American space program and the lack of any formal proof of his direct involvement in war crimes. Awards and honors
Known as The Father of Space Medicine
Theodore C. Lyster Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1958
Louis H. Bauer Founders Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1965

Hubertus Strughold Award
The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Branch, known today as the Space Medicine Association, a member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.In 1962 the Award was established in honor of Dr. <mask> <mask>, also known as "The Father of Space Medicine". The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Space Medicine Branch member for outstanding contributions in applications and research in the field of space-related medical research. Awardees

1960s
1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Jr., USAF, M.C. 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D. 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
1967 Charles Alden Berry, M.D.1968 David G. Simons, M.D. 1969 Col. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C. 1970s
1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D. 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.) 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D. 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, MC, USN
1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.1976 Harald J. von Beckh
1977 William Kennedy Douglas
1978 Walton L. Jones, Jr., M.D. 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, USAF (Ret.) 1980s
1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D. 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.) 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D. 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D. 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Jr., M.D.1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D. 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D. 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s
1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D. 1991 Stanley R. Mohler, M.D. 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D. 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D. 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D. 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D. 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D. 2000s
2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D. 2001 John B. Charles, Ph.D.
2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
2003 Jonathan Clark (for STS 107 crew)
2004 No award
2005 William S. Augerson, M.D. 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D. 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D. 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D. 2010s
2010 Irene Duhart Long, M.D. 2011 Michael Barratt, M.D. 2012 Smith L. Johnston III, M.D. 2013 Award retired by the Space Medicine Association

See also
Aerospace Medical Association
Human factors and ergonomics
Nazi human experimentation
Sigmund Rascher

References

Bibliography

External links
Additional references and photograph at  and
 February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with <mask> <mask>, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.1898 births
1986 deaths
People from Hamm
Physicians in the Nazi Party
People from the Province of Westphalia
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
German military doctors
German physiologists
Rockefeller Fellows
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Würzburg alumni
Heidelberg University faculty
German emigrants to the United States
United States Air Force civilians
People from San Antonio
Early spaceflight scientists
NASA people
American physiologists
Operation Paperclip
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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title: Peju Alatise

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Nigerian artist, poet, writer, and a fellow at the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution. Alatise received formal training as an architect at Ladoke Akintola University in Oyo State, Nigeria. She then went on to work for 20 years as a studio artist. Her work was exhibited at Venice Biennale’s 57th edition, themed Viva Arte Viva (Long Live Art). <mask>, along with two other Nigerian artists, Victor Ehikhamenor and Qudus Onikeku, were the first Nigerians to appear at the art exhibition. Her work was a group of life-size figures based on the life of a servant girl. Alatise was a recipient of the 2017 FNB Art Prize.Alatise cites artist David Dale, Bruce Onabrakpeya, Nike Monica Davies, Susanna Wenger, Nigerian and Yoruba culture as influences of her artwork. Early life
Alatise was born in 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria. She and her seven siblings grew up in a traditional Muslim family. Alatise first considered art as a career at age fifteen when she viewed an exhibit by Nigerian artist David Dale. When Alatise expressed her plan to become an artist, her father discouraged the idea, feeling that art was a waste of time. He wanted his daughter to choose an occupation that was more economically stable. Her mother, however, supported Alatise's artistic pursuits, as a spiritualist had foretold that Alatise would one day be wealthy.Despite his original disapproval, her father was eventually won over to the idea before he died. Before pursuing art, Alatise studied architecture at a university, valuing the way it taught her to see and think logically. During her college years Alatise began to explore her interests in art by visiting Jakande, a crafts market in Lagos. There, she practiced various media, including painting, sculpting, and jewelry making. Career
She began her art career with painting, then branched out to be a multimedia artist, using beads, cloth, resin and other materials. She now works in sculpture, using her art to make statements about social issues, while incorporating literature, symbolism and traditional Yoruba mythology into her works. Alatise also used media such as bead making, visual arts consultancy, creative writing, leather accessory designing, and interior designing.According to Vogue, “<mask> defines her artistic practice as a search for truth and to this end much of her work centres on women in Nigeria and on the political and religious issues at the heart of the country.” Strongly believing that an artist should depict the world she lives in, Alatise strives to visualize social issues of her country and personal experience. Considering the strongly held social views of gender roles in Nigeria, it is not surprising that much of Alatise's artwork focuses on gender inequality and women's rights. Using her art to make statements about social issues, Alatise acts as a creative social activist through art. Alatise's work expands on Afro-feminist views by fracturing the male mould of Modern African culture. Over the years, Alatise's work has put her on a pedestal with many other distinguished Nigerian female artists like Nike Davies Okundaye, Lara Ige-Jacks, and Ndidi Dike. Although Alatise started her artistic career by exploring three-dimensional illusions on two-dimensional surfaces, she also creates through literature. This combined love of art and literature is reflected in one of her most stunning pieces, "Flying Girls".Exhibited in Venice Biennale, this piece consisted of eight life-size girls with wings, and, according to fashion and entertainment website BellaNaija, is "based on the story of a ten-year-old girl who works as a housemaid in Lagos while dreaming of a realm where she is free, who belongs to no one but herself, and can fly." Bella also states that this piece "addresses the injustice of the present, but through a vision of a safer imaginary future, especially for little girls." Additionally, this work addresses the issue of child labor. <mask> more directly combines her multidisciplinary skills in her 2013 exhibition, titled Wrapture. This piece combined short stories with sculptures, creating a visual narrative. <mask> has authored two novels her debut novel called Orita meta and is a leading voice for contemporary African artists. She has used her work as a medium and voice to address societal ills and changing the stereotypical narrative and ideology.<mask> <mask> is a fellow at the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution. Art auctions
<mask>'s 2011 work titled "Ascension" was sold at N4.4 million in Nigeria's Art Auction, this made her work the best priced among emerging artists. Awards
Alatise received the 2017 FNB Art Prize at the launch of the 10th installment of the FNB Joburg Art Fair. This art fair is located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Other accomplishments
Her most recent concerns include creating artist residencies in Morocco and Turkey. These are places where artists can live and work on their various art projects while being near other artists with similar interests. In this way, Alatise focuses on supporting up-and-coming artists.In an interview with Aljazeera, <mask> described her goals in these words: "When I look at the standard in which I want my work to be, I look at what is happening on a global scale. The artists who inspire me are [those] whose works engage in a way that either inform or inspire you, [that] talk to the true essence of the human in you and I want my work to do the same." <mask> founded the ANAI Foundationa non-profit foundation dedicated to the development of visual arts in Nigeria, offering sponsored training programs for artists. Exhibitions
She has exhibited her works in various countries including the 2014 Casablanca biennale in Morocco, Cooper gallery for African and African American art Harvard University-2017, Resignification of Black body 2016 in Museo Bardini – Florence. Familiar boundaries - Infinite possibilities exhibition, August Wilson centre, Pittsburgh,  USA. Curator- Kilolo Luckett, October 2018 to March 2019. EVA Ireland Biennial 2018.Curator- Inti Guerrero. Manifesta 12, Resignification of Black bodies. Palermo, Italy, Curator- Awam Ampka (New York University) June 2018. Péju Alatise 'Memoirs of the forgotten' 2019  Sulger Buel Gallery, London. Intricacies: Fragment & Meaning Aicon Gallery, New York 2019
Material Witness (2012): Nike Art Gallery, Lagos. Photography by Marc C and Yinka Akingbade
WRAPTURE: a Story of Cloth (Sept 12- Nov 16, 2013): Art Twenty-One, Lagos. Photography by Marc C and Yinka Akingbade
Casablanca Biennale 2014: Ifitry residency, Essaouira, 2013
1:54 CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN ARTFAIR (2014): Somerset House, London
57th Venice Biennale (2017): August Wilson Centre for Arts, 2018
Prelude, pretexts and presumptions (2018): Arthouse Contemporary, Lagos

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Yoruba women artists
Nigerian women artists
Artists from Lagos

masks:
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title: Jeremy Bates (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born January 12, 1974) is an American professional boxer. Nicknamed "The Beast", <mask> was a moderately successful fighter who fought several other journeyman fighters of his era. <mask> has become something of a "comeback" opponent for veteran fighters such as Holyfield, Golota, and Meehan. Professional boxing career

Early career
<mask> turned professional in 1999 and fought mainly journeyman fighters, losing to prospect Andre Purlette in 2001. <mask> later lost to Sedreck Fields, Kirk Johnson, Leo Nolan, Brian Minto, and Ray Austin before his first retirement. The Evander Holyfield fight
<mask> was persuaded to postpone his retirement when he was given an opportunity to fight four-time heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield. On August 18, 2006, in a 10-round bout at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas, 44-year-old Holyfield dominated the fight which was stopped in the second round after he landed around 20 consecutive punches on <mask>.The events prior to, and the fight itself, are documented in Evander Holyfield's book 'Becoming Holyfield'. Retirement from boxing
<mask> retired with a record of 21 wins, 13 losses and 1 draw, with 18 wins by knockout. Post boxing, <mask> began a successful career as a full-time insurance sales professional. <mask> is currently employed at the United States Enrichment Corporation. (USEC) is a Uranium gaseous diffusion plant in Portsmouth OH. Coming out of retirement
<mask> would come out of retirement to face Guillermo Jones, Andrew Golota, Odlanier Solis, Kevin Rainey, and most recently Kali Meehan. All of those fights, with the exception of <mask>' bout with Kevin Rainey, would be losses.Currently, <mask>' record stands at 23 wins, 17 losses and 1 draw, with 19 wins by knockout. He defeated "The Driller" Eddie Browning on December 13 at OCW's Season's Beatings. <mask> got his third victory at OCW on January 10, 2009 at the New Year's Bash by defeating NWA All-Star Wrestling Heavyweight Champion "Pretty Boy" Stan Lee. <mask> made his wrestling debut at an arena where he is undefeated in the boxing ranks, the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse in Huntington, West Virginia, at 304 Wrestling's Battlefront. He defeated Vinnie Viagra in that outing. <mask> is now in training to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. His progress is being documented in a YouTube series called "Being the Beast".References

External links

ESPN Article on <mask>

1974 births
Living people
Boxers from Kentucky
Heavyweight boxers
American male boxers

masks:
Jeremy Bates
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title: Mary Jobe Akeley

texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1878 – January 19, 1966) was an American explorer, author, mountaineer, and photographer. She undertook expeditions in the Canadian Rockies and in the Belgian Congo. She worked at the American Museum of Natural History creating exhibits featuring taxidermy animals in realistic natural settings. She worked on behalf of conservation efforts, including being one of the first advocates for the creation of game preserves. She also founded Camp Mystic, an outdoor camp for girls. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on January 29, 1878, in Tappan, Harrison County, Ohio; the town was submerged below Tappan Lake in 1938. (Although several printed sources, including her death certificate, give <mask>'s birth year as 1888, the 1880 census and records at the Bryn Mawr College Archives confirm the 1878 date.)Both of her parents were of English descent; her father was a veteran of the American Civil War. Jobe attended Scio College from 1893–1897, graduating with a bachelor's degree, after which she taught at the elementary and high school level in Uhrichsville, Ohio. She went on to study at Bryn Mawr College from 1901–1903, while teaching at Temple University (1902–1903). She taught history and civics at the normal school in Cortland, New York from 1903–1906, and then taught history at the Normal College of the City of New York (now Hunter College) from 1906–1916. She earned a master's degree in History and English from Columbia University in 1909. During her time at Bryn Mawr, Jobe had her first opportunity to join a scientific expedition, joining a botanical expedition to the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia. It was the first of many expeditions to the mountains of British Columbia.Mountaineering
Jobe was an accomplished mountain climber and was a member of the Alpine Club of Canada (ACC) and the American Alpine Club. From 1905 to 1918 she made ten expeditions to the Canadian Rockies. In 1913, she left her teaching job at Hunter to undertake an ethnographic expedition to study and photograph the Gitksan and Carrier Indians living between the Skeena River and the Peace River. Jobe concluded the summer of 1913 by meeting up with the annual camp of the ACC. There she heard of a distant mountain northwest of Mount Robson that had been glimpsed by members Samuel Prescott Fay and Donald 'Curly' Philips. In 1914, she returned to the Canadian Rockies in search of the mountain, hiring Philips as her guide. At the time, Jobe called their destination "Big Ice Mountain," but in her later reports she referred to the peak as Mount Kitchi (from a Cree word meaning "mighty"); the mountain was officially named Mount Sir Alexander in 1916.Joining <mask> and Philips on the expedition were Margaret Springate and Philips's assistant (and brother-in-law), Bert Wilkins. From their starting point near Mount Robson, the trip to and from Mount Sir Alexander took six weeks on foot and on horseback, during which time they saw very little evidence of prior human activity along the route. They reached the base of the peak on August 21, 1914, and reached their highest point on the mountain on August 25, stopping at about  above sea level, well short of the summit, which Jobe estimated to be between  and . She took about 400 photographs on the trip. Upon her return, the New York Times hailed her as "the first white person and probably the first human being" to explore the remote mountain. The Times article overstated some of Jobe's accomplishments on the expedition, and she wrote a letter to the editor a few days later to correct the errors. Jobe reported on the expedition in both scholarly and popular publications after her return home.In 1915, she took a commission from the Canadian government to explore and map the Fraser River in British Columbia and the Mount Sir Alexander glaciers. She was joined by fellow ACC member Caroline Hinman; they again hired Curly Philips as a guide, as well as several of his staff as cooks and porters. Jobe and Philips became romantically involved during that summer. The expedition made another attempt to climb Mount Sir Alexander, and came within about  of the summit. In honor of Jobe's work in the Rockies, the Geographic Board of Canada renamed one of the south-eastern peaks of Mount Sir Alexander as Mount Jobe () in 1925. Camp Mystic
In 1914, Jobe purchased 45 acres near Mystic, Connecticut, and in 1916 she founded there the Mystic Camp for girls aged eight to eighteen. Campers typically numbered "over 80 or more" at any one time, and were mainly from  wealthy and influential families.Campers included Hawai'ian princesses Abigail Kapiolani Kawānanakoa and Lydia Liliuokalani Kawānanakoa, as well as the daughters of artist Howard Chandler Christy, radio sportscaster Grantland Rice, cookbook author Ida Bailey Allen, and publisher Bernarr Macfadden. Advertisements for the camp appeared in popular magazines such as Vogue and St. Nicholas. A 1916 advertisement in Scribner's Magazine promised campers experience with backcountry camping, boating, swimming, horseback riding, dancing, music, drama, and field athletics. Jobe owned a  boat that she used to take campers to Mystic Island (now called Ram Island (Connecticut)) in Fishers Island Sound. In 1921, Jobe purchased the southern half of Mystic Island, and later bought the rest of the island. In addition to giving girls first-hand experience with the outdoors, the camp was visited by famous explorers and naturalists of the day such as VIlhjalmur Stefannson, Herbert Spinden, George Cherrie, and Martin and Osa Johnson. The fee for campers in 1923 was $375.In a brochure for the camp, Jobe wrote that "girls find health, happiness and their highest development out-of-doors, where they leave behind them the artificialities of towns and cities for the joyous realities of the wooded hills and seashore." Another stated that "girls of today have a right to freedom, health, and happiness." Although she did not describe herself as a feminist or suffragist, she has been so identified by others, and she declared herself to be "very much in sympathy with the [suffrage] movement." The camp closed in 1930 due to the Great Depression. She remained the camp's director throughout its existence. Marriage and African expeditions
In 1920, fellow explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson introduced <mask> to naturalist and taxidermist <mask>. <mask> was married to Delia <mask> at the time, but <mask> and Carl began an affair.Delia and Carl concluded a bitter divorce in 1923, and <mask> married Akeley on October 28, 1924, at All Souls Episcopal Church in New York City. He was deeply involved with a project to collect specimens for a new Africa exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History, and she wrote later that he expected <mask> to abandon her own work and devote her time to his African project. Although she described this as "startling," she largely complied. In 1926, she accompanied him on his fifth expedition in Africa (and her first) to collect specimens. On the trip, known as the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy Expedition, he became sick on Mount Mikeno of the Belgian Congo and died of a fever. She completed the expedition, mapping parts of the Belgian Congo as well as Kenya and Tanzania, and collecting plant specimens, taking hundreds of photographs. Upon her return to the United States, the museum named her to be her husband's successor as the Special Adviser to the development of their African Hall, a role she held until 1938.In that role, she lectured, wrote, and raised funds for the hall. The hall was renamed in <mask>'s honor in 1936. (Upon her death, the New York Times incorrectly stated that the hall was named after <mask>.) Part of the purpose of the 1926 expedition was to map the area around the new Belgian game preserve Parc National Albert. Following the end of the expedition, <mask> collaborated with Belgian zoologist Jean Marie Derscheid to complete a report on the park. She was awarded the Cross of the Knight, Order of the Crown by the Belgian king for her efforts. From 1929–1936, <mask> also served as the American secretary for an international committee organized to preserve the Park.<mask> returned to Africa in 1935 to Transvaal Province, Southern Rhodesia, and Portuguese East Africa, as well as Kruger National Park in South Africa. There she photographed Zulu people and Swazi people. She returned again in 1947 at the behest of the Belgian crown to inspect the wildlife reserves in the Congo, and to film endangered species. Photography
<mask> began her photographic work in the Canadian Rockies on a 1909 expedition led by Herschel C. Parker for the Canadian Topographical Survey. The results of her early work are preserved on hand-colored lantern slides she used when lecturing about her expeditions. Her ethnographic work records people and their customs, including ceremonial objects. Her work in Africa focused on wildlife, as well as on their environment.On the 1926 trip to the Congo, her husband Carl was in the process of developing a gorilla scene for the American Museum of Natural History. Carl died before completing the research for the exhibit, so <mask> used his reference photos to identify the particular spot he was trying to re-create, taking hundreds of photos of the scene, both of individual plant species and the larger scene. She also collected specimens of the plants. She also took a side-trip to Lake Hannington in Kenya to photograph flamingos. Her photos were used in the Akeley African Hall of the American Museum of Natural History. Over 2000 of Akeley's lantern slides survive. Her photographic output is preserved at the American Museum of Natural History and the Mystic River Historical Society.Biographer Dawn-Starr Crowther describes Akeley's photography as representing an important period for women, revealing Akeley to be "resolving for herself  the dilemma of many women who were struggling to shake off the tenets of Victorianism and find meaningful ways through which to express themselves." She describes Akeley's photographic style as "straight-forward... direct and powerful," as well as "stable and balanced," documenting the people and places she encountered on her expedition. Authorship and public life
Akeley spoke frequently about her work. In 1912, she is reported to have given over 40 lectures about her early expeditions. Following her return from Africa in 1927 and throughout much of the rest of her life, Akeley worked for conservation causes, lectured extensively, and appeared on the radio. She dined at the White House with first lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who noted Akeley's conservation and education work in Roosevelt's daily syndicated newspaper column, "My Day." Akeley was the author of seven books, some of them posthumously co-authored with her husband by making use of materials he had written before his death.The first book, <mask>'s Africa (1929), was <mask>'s account of the expedition that cost <mask> his life, documenting the animals and native peoples encountered on the expedition to the Congo. The following year, she published Adventures in the African Jungle (1930), with Carl listed as a co-author, in keeping a plan they had made while both were still alive. Chapters are signed either by <mask> or Carl; <mask> assembled Carl's chapters from his field notes and from stories related by his friends. Her chapters include her accounts of experiences from their journey to the Congo, both before and after his death on the expedition. Lions, Gorillas, and their Neighbors (1932) also lists Carl as a co-author and also covers their expedition, using the story to convey a message of conservation, noting the decline in large animal populations over the previous 30 years. A review in the Times of London of the book tells a thrilling tale of the hunt, but emphasizes that their purpose was scientific, not thrill-seeking. The reviewer writes, "they show how greater and more lasting pleasure [can] be had by restrained and intelligent hunt than by indiscriminate killing... the big game of Africa is presented as something of real value to the human race."In The Wilderness Lives Again, <mask> recounts her late husband's work as a taxidermist, including his expeditions in Africa. A review in The New York Times calls particular attention to the story of development of the gorilla exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, describing both the taxidermy process and the moving effect of the life-like exhibit. Congo Eden (1950) was published following Akeley's final trip to Africa in 1947, and relates the story of that journey. Historian Jeannette Eileen Jones identifies the "Eden" of the book's title as part of Carl and <mask>ey's campaign to challenge the public perception of Africa as "hellish" or "dark." Death
<mask>'s health declined toward the end of her life, with Akeley suffering from hip problems and arthritis. She was in and out of hospitals and nursing homes from 1959 to 1966. Akeley lived her last years at the former site of Camp Mystic, decorated with souvenirs of her African adventures, retaining an independent spirit despite illness and a "failing mind."She died of a stroke in 1966 at the Mary Elizabeth Convalescent Home in Mystic, Connecticut Although she had expressed a wish to be cremated and buried next to her late husband on Mt. Mikeno, she was buried in Deersville, Ohio near where she was born, in the same cemetery as her parents. Following her death, the former camp became the Peace Sanctuary under the stewardships of the <mask> L. Jobe Akeley Trust & Peace Sanctuary. It is now maintained by the Denison Pequotsepos Nature Center. <mask> left an extensive record of her work. Her papers are held in the <mask> L. <mask> <mask> Collection at the Mystic River Historical Society, the American Museum of Natural History, and at Connecticut College. Books

<mask>'s Africa; the account of the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy African Hall Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1929)
Adventures in the African Jungle (1930)
Lions, Gorillas, and their Neighbors (1932)
The Swan Song of Old Africa (1932)
The Restless Jungle (1936)
The Wilderness Lives Again (1940)
Rumble of a Distant Drum: a True Story of the African Hinterland (1946)
Congo Eden (1950)

Awards and honors

 Knight of the Order of the Crown by King Albert of Belgium for work in the Congo
Mount Jobe  in the Canadian Rockies named in her honor by the Canadian government
Honorary Doctorate from Mt.Union College in 1930
Inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame in 1979
Inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame, 1994

Memberships

Royal Geographic Society, Fellow, 1915
American Alpine Club
Alpine Club of Canada
French Alpine Club
 Society of Women Explorers

References

External links
 Peace Sanctuary at the site of Akeley's former home and camp

Explorers
American women photographers
American mountain climbers
American naturalists
1878 births
1966 deaths
American ethnographers
People from Mystic, Connecticut
People from Harrison County, Ohio
American women anthropologists
Writers from Ohio

masks:
Mary Jobe Akeley
Akeley
Mary Lenore Jobe
Akeley
Jobe
Jobe
Carl Akeley
Akeley
Akeley
Mary
Jobe
Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Akeley
Akeley
Akeley
Akeley
Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Mary
Akeley
Mary Akel
Akeley
Mary
Akeley
Mary
Jobe
Akeley
Carl Akeley


title: Colleen Barrett

texts:
<mask><mask> (born September 14, 1944) is the President Emerita of Southwest Airlines, and an influential figure in the founding and development of the company. In 2001 she became the first woman to serve as president of a major airline. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1944 to a lower-income family in Bellows Falls, Vermont. She attended the Worcester campus of Becker College, where she graduated in 1964 with a two-year degree to become a legal secretary. In 2015, she donated US$1 million to her alma mater for the founding of a center for innovation and entrepreneurship. The center opened in April 2018. <mask> has one son.Her marriage ended in divorce, leaving her to raise her son alone. While president of Southwest Airlines, <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer, which was successfully treated with surgery and radiation treatment. <mask> is a devout Christian, and cites her faith as a major influence on her leadership style and career. Career

Legal secretary
In 1968, several years after graduating from Becker, <mask> got a job as a legal secretary working for Herb Kelleher when he was a young lawyer at Wilbur Matthews’ law firm in San Antonio. Kelleher had a reputation as a skilled, but chronically disorganized lawyer, whose office was in such disarray that a night guard at the firm once called the police assuming a break in had occurred. <mask>'s first duty was to set up a filing system to organize ten years-worth of his case files. She grew to play a pivotal role in keeping Kelleher organized, setting him up for his eventual success as both a lawyer and businessman over their 51-year working relationship.Despite the title of secretary, <mask> was treated as an equal and trusted advisor who regularly joined Kelleher in court. When Kelleher left Matthews’ law firm to help found the law firm of Oppenheimer, Rosenberg, Kelleher & Wheatley in 1970, <mask> moved with him. In 1967, Kelleher had met with Rollin King, who had pitched the initial business plan for Southwest Airlines and the two had begun their efforts to begin the company. Kelleher's role was largely focused on serving as legal counsel to the new airline during the many early court battles the airline faced before beginning service. <mask> was closely involved with every step of the legal process. After four years of court battles they succeeded and the first Southwest Airlines flight finally took off June 18, 1971. For the first seven years of operation, Kelleher and <mask> supported Southwest through continued legal support as Kelleher remained an active lawyer, though also with a seat on the Southwest board.However, after a leadership restructure in 1978, Kelleher became chairman of the board and temporary CEO (becoming full-time CEO in 1981). Kelleher brought <mask> with him once again and she remained his secretary and advisor. When they transitioned to Southwest full-time, they both took a leave of absence from the Oppenheimer law firm that technically was never cancelled the remainder of their careers. Early leadership at Southwest
Barrett's level of authority at the airline quickly grew. At first this authority came simply from the high level influence she had with Kelleher as his secretary, though she eventually gained more formal recognition as Vice President of Administration in 1986 and a position on the Executive Planning Committee. She was promoted to Executive Vice President of Customers in 1990. <mask> described her transition to true leadership as a gradual process, and for several years even after she had been promoted beyond an assistant to Kelleher she had to occasionally remind board members and other senior leaders at the company that she was a distinct leader and not "just a parrot of what Herb thinks".Despite Kelleher's role as the more public face of the company, employees universally referred to "Herb and Colleen" together as the leaders of the company. <mask> has been credited with helping fundamentally shape Southwest's customer service strategy, employee culture, and leadership philosophy. She is commonly referred to as the airline industry's "Queen of Hearts" for her focus on corporate values and service. During her time in leadership she made an effort to personally respond to correspondence from every customer who wrote to the company. She also contributed to the airline's fuel hedging strategy. President of Southwest
In March 2001 Kelleher, who had been serving as Chairman, CEO, and President, retired from the latter two positions, passing the CEO role to James Parker and the president role to <mask>, who was also made chief operating officer. With this promotion, she became the first and then-only woman to hold the office of president at a major airline, and the highest ranking woman in the world of aviation.<mask>'s term as president was met with immediate challenges. She started by inheriting a difficult labor dispute with the Transport Workers Union of America representing Southwest ground operations agents. Later during her first year the airline industry was largely crippled by the effects of the September 11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership at this time was crucial. She decided to immediately pull Southwest's light-hearted television advertisements and replace them with patriotic-themed ads in which she personally starred to reassure the public; Southwest was the only major airline to be profitable in the fourth quarter of that year and did not lay off any employees in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership was not without some missteps along the way. She has acknowledged the failure of her effort to create bereavement fares at the airline.She generated some criticism for the airline in 2007 when she publicly defended an employee's decision to forbid a customer from boarding a flight for wearing a mini-skirt. Overall, <mask>'s tenure as president was very successful. While most of Southwest's competitors faced service cuts, bankruptcy, or ceased operations during her term of leadership, Southwest remained profitable and grew to the largest carrier of domestic passengers. The airline also consistently had the fewest complaints according to the Department of Transportation, an accomplishment largely credited to <mask>'s focus on customer service. President emerita
In 2008, <mask> stepped down as president of the airline, passing the title to then-CEO Gary C. Kelly. Kelleher passed his title as Chairman to Kelly at the same time. <mask> and Kelleher were titled, respectively, President Emerita and Chairman Emeritus.They both chose to remain with the company. <mask> enjoyed returning to a regular employee role and continued to work in customer service and employee development roles for the next 5 years. Though she and Kelleher stepped away from day-to-day involvement in 2013, she remains involved with the airline in her emeritus role. Leadership style
<mask> is well known for her focus on servant leadership. She focuses on egalitarian principles and treating all employees equally. Her general philosophy is that if you treat your employees well, they will treat your customers well, who in turn will come back and treat your share-holders well. She is a strong believer in the Golden Rule, and had it posted visibly in all Southwest locations.She has focused on hiring for fit over skill. <mask> has written a book with Ken Blanchard on her leadership philosophy titled Lead with LUV. Awards and recognitions
<mask> has stated, "You can't do things to get accolades; you do things because they are the right thing to do." Nonetheless, she has been the recipient of numerous honors throughout her career, including the following:

 2004 and 2005: Ranked by Forbes as one of the 100 most powerful women
 2007: Recipient of the Outstanding Women in Aviation award
 2007: Recipient of the Tony Jannus Award, the first woman to receive this recognition
 2015: The Colleen Barrett Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Becker College named in her honor
 2016: Recipient of the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
 The Colleen <mask> Award for Administrative Excellence is named in her honor
 Listed by Women in Aviation as among the 100 most influential women in aviation

References

External links

Articles by and about <mask> <mask> at FT Press
Executive profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
Executive profile at Forbes
#52 <mask> <mask>, Most Powerful Women 2005

The Importance of Culture, Gary Kelly, Southwest Airlines, September 2011, on <mask>'s founding of their Culture Committee
Profile at LeaderNetwork.org

1944 births
Living people
People from Bellows Falls, Vermont
Southwest Airlines people
Becker College alumni
American women in business
Businesspeople from Vermont
Writers from Vermont
American women writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Colleen C
. Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Colleen
Barrett
Colleen
Barrett
Barrett


title: Douglas Stuart (writer)

texts:
<mask> (born 31 May 1976) is a Scottish-American writer and fashion designer. His debut novel, Shuggie Bain, was awarded the 2020 Booker Prize. Early life
<mask> was born in Sighthill, a housing estate in Glasgow, Scotland. He was the youngest of three siblings. His father left him and his family when he was young, and he was raised by a single mother battling alcoholism and addiction. His mother died from alcoholism-related health issues when he was 16. Subsequently, when he would go on to write his debut Booker Prize-winning novel, Shuggie Bain, the book would be inspired by his struggles, his mother's struggles as she battled alcoholism and his relationship with his mother.Speaking about his mother, he says: "My mother died very quietly of addiction one day." After his mother's death, he lived with his older brother before moving into a boarding house when he was 17. Writing on Lithub about working-class living in the late 1970s and 1980s, <mask> notes that he grew up in a house without books and surrounded by poverty. This was the time when Thatcher-era economic policies had "decimated the working man," moving industry away from the west coast of Scotland, leaving behind mass unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse. He received a bachelor's degree from the Scottish College of Textiles (now Heriot-Watt University) and a master's degree from the Royal College of Art in London. He had no formal education in literature and notes that while he wanted to study English literature in college, he was discouraged from choosing the subject by a teacher who mentioned that it would "not suit someone from his background," resulting in <mask> subsequently studying textiles instead. Career
<mask> moved to New York City at the age of 24 to begin a career in fashion design.He worked for many brands, including Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic and Jack Spade, for more than 20 years. <mask> balanced his writing with his design job. It is noted that he started writing his first novel when he was balancing 12-hour shifts as a senior director of design at Banana Republic. Prior to his first novel being published, his works were featured on The New Yorker and on LitHub. His first novel, Shuggie Bain, won the 2020 Booker Prize, chosen by a judging panel comprising Margaret Busby (chair), Lee Child, Sameer Rahim, Lemn Sissay, and Emily Wilson. <mask> is the second Scottish author to win the Booker Prize in its 51-year history, after it was awarded in 1994 to James Kelman for How Late It Was, How Late, which book <mask> has credited with changing his life, since it was "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page". <mask> said: "When James won in the mid-90s, Scottish voices were seen as disruptive and outside the norm."Shuggie Bain was also longlisted for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, shortlisted for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, and was a finalist for both the 2020 Kirkus Prize and the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction. However, when <mask> wrote the novel, responses from publishers were not as encouraging, with the book being rejected by 32 US publishing companies (as well as a dozen in the UK), before it was finally sold to American independent publisher Grove Atlantic, who published it in hardcover on 11 February 2020. Shuggie Bain was later published in the United Kingdom by the Picador imprint of Pan Macmillan. The novel received generally favourable review coverage once it was published, including in The Observer, The New York Times, The Scotsman, the TLS, The Hindu, and elsewhere. The book was praised for its authentic portrayal of post-industrial working-class Glasgow of the 1980s and early 1990s, and also for his capture of the "wry, indefatigable Glaswegian voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope." Speaking at the Booker Prize award ceremony, Margaret Busby, chair of the panel, noted that the book was destined to be a classic, and went on to describe the work as a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values." In November 2020, <mask> revealed that he had finished his second novel, tentatively titled Loch Awe, also set in mid-1990s Glasgow.The book is a love story between two young men, set against the backdrop of post-industrial Glasgow, with its territorial gangs, and divisions across sectarian lines. In his words, the book is about "toxic masculinity" and the violence that can stem from pressures on working-class boys to "man-up". The novel, titled Young Mungo, is scheduled to be published by Grove Press on 5 April 2022, and by Picador on 14 April 2022. In a conversation with 2019 Booker winner Bernardine Evaristo on 23 November, livestreamed as a Southbank Centre event, <mask> said: "One of my biggest regrets I think is that growing up so poor I almost had to elevate myself to the middle class to turn around to tell a working-class story." Discussing the "middle-class" publishers' rejections he had received for Shuggie Bain, he told Evaristo: "Everyone was writing these really gorgeous letters. They were saying 'Oh my god this will win all of the awards and it's such an amazing book and I have never read anything like that, but I have no idea how to market it'." <mask> said in a 2021 conversation with the Duchess of Cornwall that winning the Booker Prize transformed his life.<mask>'s second novel, Young Mungo, prior to its 2022 publication was described by Oprah Daily as "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world". Personal life
<mask> holds dual British and American citizenship. He is gay and lives in East Village, Manhattan, with his husband, Michael Cary, an art curator at the Gagosian Gallery. Selected awards and honours
 2020: Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain
 2020: Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: American Academy of Arts and Letters: Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction
 2021: British Book Awards: Overall Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: British Book Awards: Debut Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: Independent Publisher Book Awards: Europe Best Regional Fiction (Bronze)
 2021: Honorary degree from Heriot-Watt University for services to fashion and literature

Bibliography

Novels
  UK, Picador. UK, Picador. Short fiction

Essays

References

External links

 Cressida Leyshon, "<mask> on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet", The New Yorker, 6 January 2020. "Interview | Booker winner <mask>: 'I owe Scotland everything'", The Guardian, 21 November 2020.1976 births
Living people
Writers from Glasgow
Writers from New York City
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
21st-century American novelists
21st-century Scottish novelists
American male novelists
Scottish male novelists
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish fashion designers
Booker Prize winners
American gay writers
American LGBT novelists
LGBT writers from Scotland
LGBT people from New York (state)
21st-century American male writers
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Douglas Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Douglas Stuart
Douglas Stuart


title: Nezihe Muhiddin

texts:
<mask> (1889 – 10 February 1958) was a Turkish women's rights activist, suffragette, journalist, writer and political leader. In the 20th century Ottoman Empire, Nezihe <mask> was a pioneer of the women's movement who fought to ensure the recognition of women's political rights after declaration of republican regime. She became one of leading names of the First Wave Republican feminists. Even before the establishment of the Republican People's Party, <mask> completed the formation of Women's People's Party (KHF) in 1923 and became the founder of the first political party in Turkey. She also served  as a president of the Women's Union between 1924-1927 and helped the founding process of the journal named Turk Kadin Yolu. She is a writer who has written 20 novels, 300 stories, playings, screenplays, operettas. Life

Early life and education
She was born in Kandilli, Istanbul in 1889.She’s the daughter of a prosecutor and criminal judge Mr. <mask>. She completed her education with lessons from private teachers and did not receive higher education. She studied privately at home and learned Persian, Arabic, German, French. From her early teenage years, she grew up liable to political and social issues and the state of being a woman. <mask> <mask>’s cousin and her mother’s debates and discussion on literature and social problems led the way of Muhiddin’s ideology. She expresses that she sees the greatest contribution in terms of education from her cousin Nakiye Hanım. According to her, Nakiye Hanım is an exemplary Turkish woman who has experienced the modern type of woman, so her thoughts carry a lot of traces from her.She kept using her father’s surname, <mask>, in her literary works instead of the surname of his second husband. Career and literary works
She is the founder of the first party of the Republic of Turkey, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası (People's Party for Women or Women's People Party) in July 1923. KHF was founded for the political and social rights of women. Due to the political situation during the time, it was not recognized officially by the modern Turkish state. <mask> then founded Türk Kadınlar Birliği (Turkish Women's Union). Türk Kadınlar Birliği continued to press for political equality. In 1927 the Union decided to promote a feminist male candidate to champion women's rights in the parliament, but he was unsuccessful.She spent her life working to improve the quality of the lives of Turkish women. Nezihe <mask> wrote novels that studied women's problems and criticized men's attitudes in marriages. Her first novel, "Şebâb-ı Tebah” (Disappearing Youth), was published in 1911. <mask> started her career at the age of twenty and served many duties. She wrote articles in magazines and newspapers, one of the most important works among them was Kadın Yolu Dergisi between 1925-1926. Throughout her life, she wrote 20 novels, 300 stories, play, operettas, screenplays. She translated works of world writers such as Goethe and Edgar Allan Poe.In 1913, she took part in the establishment of the charity named "Turkish Ladies Protection Association” and also became the secretariat of the association. Moreover, she was one of the founders of the Women's Branch of the “Donanma Cemiyeti” which was established to support the Ottoman navy. However, when she was doing charity work, the main issue on her mind was unity of women and their participation in political life. <mask>, in her work called Turkish Women, states that she learned the notion of femininity from the women she grew up within the same environment and her actions were shaped by feeding on their ideas. She worked as a Directorate of İttihad ve Terakki Kız Sanayi Mehteb and published many novels and stories. She took important positions in associations, congregation, and communities that were founded by women. In 1927, the Union chose to advance a male contender for parliament, which ended up being ineffective.That very year, <mask> <mask> was accused of debasement as the seat of the Union and had to leave her position. The Turkish Women's Union disbanded in 1935, and it was invited to join the semi-official People's Houses, like many similar autonomous organizations. Nezihe <mask> was threatened, disregarded, and discarded by a series of prosecutions, both by the state authorities and by her female companions. As a result of the intimidation and deletion policies of that period, she did (could) not engage in political activity after the 1930s and focused on her author identity. She wrote many stories and novels. On February 10, 1958, she died in a mental hospital located in İstanbul. Publications

Books
 Şebab-ı Tebah (The Lost Youth)
 Benliğim benimdir (My Ego is Mine)
 Güzellik Kraliçesi (The Beauty Queen)
 Boz Kurt (The Grey Wolf)
 İstanbul'da Bir Landru (A Landru in Istanbul)
 Ateş Böcekleri (Fire Flies)
 Bir Aşk Böyle Bitti (This is How A Love Ended)
 Çıplak Model (The Naked Model)
 İzmir Çocuğu (The Child of Izmir)
 Avare Kadın (Wastrel Woman)
 Bir Yaz Gecesiydi (It Was a Summer Night)
 Çıngıraklı Yılan (The Rattlesnake)
 Kalbim Senindir (My Heart Belongs To You)
 Sabah Oluyor (Turning Out to be Morning)
 Gene Geleceksin (You Will Come Back)
 Sus Kalbim Sus!(Shush, My Heart, Shush!) Türk Kadını (Turkish Woman)

References

Further reading
 " Nezihe Muhitin ve Türk Kadini, by Ayşegül Baykan & Belma Ötüş Baskett. Published by Iletisim, 1999
 Nezihe Muhiddin: an Ottoman Turkish women's rights defender" by Yaprak Zihnioglu. Kadınsız İnkılap/ Nezihe <mask>, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası, Kadın Birliği. by Yaprak Zihnioğlu, Metis Yayınları 2003
  Nezihe Muhiddin külliyatı by Yaprak Zihnioğlu
 Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi'' by Serpil Çakır

External links
 Historical Roots of the Turkish Women's Movement
 Late Ottoman and Early Turkish women activists. Yeni Şafak Newspaper Article in Turkish. Ottoman Women's Movement, Turkish article in Radikal Newspaper
 Muhiddin, life and books.Radikal Newspaper Article in Turkish. Bir milletin nisvânı, derece-i terâkkisinin mizânıdır. SesOnline Article by Ayse Hur in Turkish
 Kadın Olmanın Günahı [The Sin of Being a Woman] Documentary

Feminist writers
1889 births
1958 deaths
Turkish writers
Turkish activists
Turkish women activists
Turkish feminists
Multicultural feminism
Feminism and history
20th-century Turkish women politicians
Leaders of political parties in Turkey
People of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish women writers

masks:
Nezihe Muhiddin Tepedelengil
Muhiddin
Nezihe Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Nezihe
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Nezihe
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
<mask> (June 28, 1902 – December 30, 1979) was an American composer, known largely for his work in musical theater. With 43 Broadway musicals and over 900 songs to his credit, <mask> was one of the most significant American composers of the 20th century, and his compositions had a significant influence on popular music. He is best known for his songwriting partnerships, first with lyricist Lorenz Hart and then with Oscar Hammerstein II. With Hart he wrote many musicals throughout the 1920s and 1930s, including Pal Joey, A Connecticut Yankee, On Your Toes and Babes in Arms. With Hammerstein he wrote musicals through the 1940s and 1950s, such as Oklahoma!, Flower Drum Song, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. His collaborations with Hammerstein, in particular, are celebrated for bringing the Broadway musical to a new maturity by telling stories that were focused around characters and drama rather than the light-hearted entertainment that the genre was known for beforehand. <mask> was the first person to win all of what are considered the top American entertainment awards in theater, film, recording, and television – a Tony, an Oscar, a Grammy, and an Emmy— now known collectively as an EGOT.In addition, he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of only two people to receive all five awards (Marvin Hamlisch is the other). In 1978, <mask> was in the inaugural group of those awarded a The Kennedy Center Honors for his lifetime achievement in the arts. Biography

Early life and education

Born into a Jewish family in Queens, New York, <mask> was the son of Mamie (Levy) and Dr. William Abrahams <mask>, a prominent physician who had changed the family name from Rogazinsky. <mask> began playing the piano at the age of six. He attended P.S. 166, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. <mask> spent his early teenage summers in Camp Wigwam (Waterford, Maine) where he composed some of his first songs.<mask>, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University. At Columbia, <mask> joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, <mask> shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art (now the Juilliard School). <mask> was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. Career

<mask> and Hart

In 1919, <mask> met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Levitt, a friend of <mask>'s older brother. <mask> and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their professional debut with the song "Any Old Place With You", featured in the 1919 Broadway musical comedy A Lonely Romeo.Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl, which also had music by Sigmund Romberg. Their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college <mask> Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen. <mask> was considering quitting show business altogether to sell children's underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a benefit show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties, and the critics found the show fresh and delightful. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success and allowed it to re-open later.The show's biggest hit—the song that <mask> believed "made" <mask> and Hart—was "Manhattan". The two were now a Broadway songwriting force. Throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy (1925), The Girl Friend (1926), Peggy-Ann (1926), A Connecticut Yankee (1927), and Present Arms (1928). Their 1920s shows produced standards such as "Here in My Arms", "Mountain Greenery", "Blue Room", "My Heart Stood Still" and "You Took Advantage of Me". With the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. The hardworking <mask> later regretted these relatively fallow years, but he and Hart did write some classic songs and film scores while out west, including Love Me Tonight (1932) (directed by Rouben Mamoulian, who would later direct <mask>'s Oklahoma! on Broadway), which introduced three standards: "Lover", "Mimi", and "Isn't It Romantic?".<mask> also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit. The fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, "Blue Moon". Other film work includes the scores to The Phantom President (1932), starring George M. Cohan, Hallelujah, I’m a Bum (1933), starring Al Jolson, and, in a quick return after having left Hollywood, Mississippi (1935), starring Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that ended shortly before Hart's death in 1943. Among the most notable are Jumbo (1935), On Your Toes (1936, which included the ballet "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue", choreographed by George Balanchine), Babes in Arms (1937), I Married an Angel (1938), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), Pal Joey (1940), and their last original work, By Jupiter (1942). <mask> also contributed to the book on several of these shows. Many of the songs from these shows are still sung and remembered, including "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", "My Romance", "Little Girl Blue", "I'll Tell the Man in the Street", "There's a Small Hotel", "Where or When", "My Funny Valentine", "The Lady Is a Tramp", "Falling in Love with Love", "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered", and "Wait till You See Her".In 1939, <mask> wrote the ballet Ghost Town for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, with choreography by Marc Platoff. <mask> and Hammerstein

<mask>' partnership with Hart began having problems because of the lyricist's unreliability and declining health. <mask> began working with Oscar Hammerstein II, with whom he had previously written songs (before ever working with Lorenz Hart). Their first musical, the groundbreaking hit Oklahoma! (1943), marked the beginning of the most successful partnership in American musical theatre history. Their work revolutionized the musical form. What was once a collection of songs, dances and comic turns held together by a tenuous plot became a fully integrated piece.The team went on to create four more hits that are among the most popular in musical history. Each was made into a successful film: Carousel (1945), South Pacific (1949, winner of the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Drama), The King and I (1951), and The Sound of Music (1959). Other shows include the minor hit Flower Drum Song (1958), as well as relative failures Allegro (1947), Me and Juliet (1953), and Pipe Dream (1955). They also wrote the score to the film State Fair (1945) (which was remade in 1962 with Pat Boone) and a special TV musical of Cinderella (1957). Their collaboration produced many well-known songs, including "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'", "People Will Say We're in Love", "Oklahoma" (which also became the state song of Oklahoma), "It's A Grand Night For Singing", "If I Loved You", "You'll Never Walk Alone", "It Might as Well Be Spring", "Some Enchanted Evening", "Younger Than Springtime", "Bali Hai", "Getting to Know You", "My Favorite Things", "The Sound of Music", "Sixteen Going on Seventeen", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and "Edelweiss", Hammerstein's last song. Much of <mask>' work with both Hart and Hammerstein was orchestrated by Robert Russell Bennett. <mask> composed twelve themes, which Bennett used in preparing the orchestra score for the 26-episode World War II television documentary Victory at Sea (1952–53).This NBC production pioneered the "compilation documentary"—programming based on pre-existing footage—and was eventually broadcast in dozens of countries. The melody of the popular song "No Other Love" was later taken from the Victory at Sea theme entitled "Beneath the Southern Cross". <mask> won an Emmy for the music for the ABC documentary Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years, scored by Eddie Sauter, Hershy Kay, and Robert Emmett Dolan. <mask> composed the theme music, "March of the Clowns", for the 1963–64 television series The Greatest Show on Earth, which ran for 30 episodes. He also contributed the main-title theme for the 1963–64 historical anthology television series The Great Adventure. In 1950, <mask> and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." <mask>, Hammerstein, and Joshua Logan won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for South Pacific.<mask> and Hammerstein had won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Oklahoma!. In 1954, <mask> conducted the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in excerpts from Victory at Sea, Slaughter on Tenth Avenue and the Carousel Waltz for a special LP released by Columbia Records. <mask> and Hammerstein musicals earned a total of 37 Tony Awards, 15 Academy Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes, two Grammy Awards, and two Emmy Awards. After Hammerstein
After Hammerstein's death in 1960, <mask> wrote both words and music for his first new Broadway project No Strings (1962, which earned two Tony Awards). The show was a minor hit and featured the song, "The Sweetest Sounds". <mask> also wrote both the words and music for two new songs used in the film version of The Sound of Music. (Other songs in that film were from <mask> and Hammerstein.)<mask> went on to work with lyricists: Stephen Sondheim (Do I Hear a Waltz?) who was a protégé of Hammerstein, Martin Charnin (Two by Two, I Remember Mama) and Sheldon Harnick (Rex). At its 1978 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded <mask> its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. <mask> was an honoree at the first Kennedy Center Honors in 1978. At the 1979 Tony Awards ceremony—six months before his death—<mask> was presented the Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre. Death and legacy
<mask> died in 1979, aged 77, after surviving cancer of the jaw, a heart attack, and a laryngectomy. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.In 1990, the 46th Street Theatre was renamed the <mask> Rodgers Theatre in his memory. In 1999, <mask> and Hart were each commemorated on United States postage stamps. In 2002, the centennial year of <mask>' birth was celebrated worldwide with books, retrospectives, performances, new recordings of his music, and a Broadway revival of Oklahoma!. The BBC Proms that year devoted an entire evening to <mask>' music, including a concert performance of Oklahoma! The Boston Pops Orchestra released a new CD that year in tribute to <mask>, entitled My Favorite Things: A <mask> Rodgers Celebration. Alec Wilder wrote the following about <mask>:

<mask> is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. Along with the Academy of Arts and Letters, <mask> also started and endowed an award for non-established musical theater composers to produce new productions either by way of full productions or staged readings.It is the only award for which the Academy of Arts and Letters accepts applications and is presented every year. Below are the previous winners of the award:

Relationship with performers

Rosemary Clooney recorded a version of "Falling in Love with Love" by <mask>, using a swing style. After the recording session <mask> told her pointedly that it should be sung as a waltz. The 1961 doo-wop arrangement of the Rodgers and Hart song "Blue Moon" by The Marcels so incensed <mask> that he took out full page newspaper ads urging people not to buy it. His efforts were unsuccessful as it reached #1 on the charts. After Doris Day recorded "I Have Dreamed" in 1961, he wrote to her and her arranger, Jim Harbert, that theirs was the most beautiful rendition of his song he had ever heard. After Peggy Lee recorded her version of "Lover", a <mask> song, with a dramatically different arrangement from that originally conceived by him, <mask> said, "I don't know why Peggy picked on me, she could have fucked up Silent Night".Mary Martin said that <mask> composed songs for her for South Pacific, knowing she had a small vocal range, and the songs generally made her look her best. She also said that <mask> and Hammerstein listened to all her suggestions and she worked extremely well with them. Both <mask> and Hammerstein wanted Doris Day for the lead in the film version of South Pacific and she reportedly wanted the part. They discussed it with her, but after her manager/husband Martin Melcher would not budge on his demand for a high salary for her, the role went to Mitzi Gaynor. Advocacy for writers' rights

In 1943, <mask> became the ninth president of the Dramatists Guild of America . Personal life
In 1930, <mask> married Dorothy Belle Feiner (1909–92). Their daughter, Mary (1931–2014), was the composer of Once Upon a Mattress and an author of children's books.The <mask>' later lost a daughter at birth. Another daughter, Linda (1935–2015), also had a brief career as a songwriter. Mary's son and <mask>'s grandson, Adam Guettel (b. 1964), also a musical theatre composer, won Tony Awards for Best Score and Best Orchestrations for The Light in the Piazza in 2005. Peter Melnick (b. 1958), <mask>'s son, is the composer of Adrift In Macao, which debuted at the Philadelphia Theatre Company in 2005 and was produced Off-Broadway in 2007. <mask> was an atheist.He was prone to depression and alcohol abuse, and was at one time hospitalized. Awards and nominations
<mask> is one of the few entertainers to have won the EGOT, the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. {| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Title
!Results
!Ref. |-
|1944||Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards || Arts Award || Oklahoma! || Awarded ||
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|1945 || Academy Award || Best Original Song || "It Might as Well Be Spring", State Fair ||  ||
|-
|1950 || Pulitzer Prize || Drama || South Pacific ||  ||
|-
|rowspan=3|1950 || rowspan=10|Tony Award || Best Musical || rowspan=3|South Pacific ||  || rowspan=10|
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|Best Book of a Musical ||
|-
|Best Producer of a Musical ||
|-
|1952 || rowspan=4|Best Musical || The King and I ||
|-
|1956 || Pipe Dream ||
|-
|1959 || Flower Drum Song ||
|-
|rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|No Strings ||
|-
|rowspan=3|Best Original Score ||
|-
|1965 || Do I Hear a Waltz? ||
|-
|1996 || State Fair ||
|-
|1957 || rowspan=2|Primetime Emmy Award || Best Musical Contribution for Television || Cinderella ||  || rowspan=2|
|-
|1961 || Outstanding Original Music for Television || Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years ||
|-
|1961 || rowspan=2|Grammy Awards || rowspan=2|Best Musical Theater Album || The Sound of Music ||  || rowspan=2|
|-
|1963 || No Strings ||
|-
|}

Shows with music by Rodgers
Lyrics by Lorenz Hart

Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II

Other lyricists and solo works

Wider influence

The Internet Movie Database lists 276 film and TV soundtracks using songs by Rodgers, as well as 46 films and TV events that credit him as the composer. In 1960, the saxophonist John Coltrane recorded a jazz version of "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music whose rich modal improvisations proved germane.The tune became a regular part of his repertoire. The entry "You'll Never Walk Alone" (from Carousel) discusses in detail the many cover versions of this song, and its extraordinary popularity with professional soccer teams and their fans. It was first adopted by Liverpool fans in November 1963, following a cover by Gerry and the Pacemakers, and then widely copied by other fans since then as their anthem. Jerry Lewis ended his Labor Day telethon by singing "You'll Never Walk Alone". "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" from Oklahoma! is sometimes mistaken for a traditional folk song, as is "Edelweiss" from The Sound of Music''. "Happy Talk" is covered by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair.Captain Sensible did a jaunty rendition in the 1980s, complete with burlesque organ. The British rapper Dizzee Rascal uses the chorus of this song. Several professional awards in musical theater are named for <mask>. References

Further reading

External links

City Journal article on <mask>
Centennial features on <mask>
The <mask> Collection at the Library of Congress
<mask> papers, 1914–1989, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Musicals by <mask> and Hammerstein
TimeLine of <mask>' Life
Review and analysis of <mask>' later plays

A feature on <mask> and Hammerstein. <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1902 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American composers
Jewish American atheists
American musical theatre composers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Ballet composers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Broadway composers and lyricists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Kennedy Center honorees
Male musical theatre composers
People from Queens, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Pulitzer Prize winners
Pupils of Percy Goetschius
Songwriters from New York (state)
Special Tony Award recipients
Tony Award winners
Townsend Harris High School alumni

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title: Steve Prescott

texts:
<mask>  (26 December 1973 – 9 November 2013) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played as a  in the 1990s and 2000s. <mask> made his début for St Helens in 1993, and soon established himself as the club's first choice . He made his senior international début in 1996, playing both games for England in their 1996 European Championship victory. Also that year he helped St. Helens win the Championship (Super League I) and Challenge Cup for the first time in two decades. He went on to win a second consecutive Challenge Cup with the club in 1997, but was sold to Hull Sharks at the end of the season. After spending two years at Hull, <mask> joined Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 1154) in 2000, but rejoined Hull a year later after being released by Wakefield Trinity due to the club's financial difficulties. He changed his international allegiance to Ireland, who he represented at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.He also made one appearance for Lancashire in 2003, but suffered a serious knee injury while playing for the team, which ultimately ended his playing career. In 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with a rare form of stomach cancer and was given months to live. He set up the <mask> Prescott Foundation in 2007, and went on to organise a series of money-raising initiatives. He raised almost half a million pounds for charity through the foundation, and was awarded an MBE in 2009 for his efforts. After a long battle with the disease, he died aged 39. In October 2013 a small group of people started a campaign to get the highest honour in British Rugby League the Man of Steel Award to be renamed after <mask>. On 5 March 2014 the RFL announced that the Man of Steel award will be renamed after <mask> and is now known as the <mask> Man of Steel Award.Early life
<mask> was born in St. Helens, Lancashire, England on 26 December 1973. He attended De La Salle High School, and he was the son of the rugby league footballer; <mask>. <mask> was introduced to sports from an early age, often playing both football and rugby league on the same weekend. <mask> trialled with several football clubs before opting to focus on rugby league during his teens. He was playing for local amateur side Nutgrove before signing for St Helens in 1992. Club career

St Helens
Although he was initially deemed too small to make the grade by St. Helens, <mask> secured his future at the club with some impressive performances for the reserve team. He made his début for the first team in September 1993 against Leigh, and scored his first try later that year against Hull F.C.He made 15 appearances and kicked 29 goals during his début season, playing as a winger, or deputising for Dave Lyon at . Although there were still concerns about his size, he established himself as the team's first-choice fullback during the 1994–95 season, with Lyon moving to the centres. On 20 December 1994, he scored his first career hat-trick in a 50–22 victory over Batley in a Regal Trophy third-round replay. A couple of days later, he was rewarded with a new four-year contract. He was a near-ever present throughout the season, appearing 34 times and scoring 20 tries. <mask> played  in St. Helens' 16-25 defeat by Wigan in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy Final during the 1995–96 at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday 13 January 1996. <mask> won his first silverware during the inaugural Super League season in 1996, scoring four tries against the Sheffield Eagles in the penultimate game of the season as the club went on to secure its first league championship since 1975.He also played for St. Helens at  in the 1996 Challenge Cup Final, scoring two tries in the first seventeen minutes and helping his team to a 40–32 victory against Bradford Bulls. At the start of the following season, <mask>, who was reportedly one of the lowest-paid first team players at the club, was transfer listed at his own request after failing to negotiate an improved contract with the club. He remained in the first team however, and was part of the side that won the 1997 Challenge Cup, once again defeating Bradford Bulls in the Challenge Cup Final. The rest of <mask>'s season was interrupted by a number of injuries, and on 25 July 1997 he played what would be his last game for the club in a 70–6 defeat against World Club Challenge opponents Auckland Warriors. In November 1997, he was signed by newly promoted Hull Sharks, along with Alan Hunte and Simon Booth, for a combined transfer fee of £350,000. In his 117 games for the club, he scored 52 tries and kicked 66 goals. Hull F.C.In February 1998, <mask> made his début for Hull F.C. in the Challenge Cup against Whitehaven, and scored his first try for the club in the next round against Ellenborough Rangers. In April 1998, he scored two tries against the Sheffield Eagles in his first Super League match for the club, and became the club's regular goal-kicker later that year. In 1999's Super League IV, <mask> missed two months of the season through injury due to a dislocated elbow. With Hull F.C. struggling near the bottom of the table, and the club being unable to afford his wages, <mask> confirmed he was likely to leave when his contract expired in the winter. Hull F.C.won their last match for the season against the Sheffield Eagles, with <mask> kicking 6-goals, and finished in 13th place – one position above bottom club Huddersfield Giants due to a superior goal difference. Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
<mask> signed for Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in 2000, scoring 3 tries in 25 games, but his contract was terminated after one season to ease the club's financial problems. He subsequently rejoined Hull. In April 2001, <mask> was one of 12 former Wakefield Trinity Wildcats players to take the club to an employment tribunal claiming unfair dismissal, and was awarded compensation after the club was found to be in breach of contract. Return to Hull F.C. At the start of the 2003's Super League VIII, <mask> scored a hat trick in the opening Super League fixture against former club the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. On 26 June 2003, two weeks after signing a new contract with Hull FC, <mask> played his last game for the club, also against the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, scoring two tries and six goals in a 44–4 win before sustaining a career-ending knee injury a week later while representing Lancashire.Despite only playing 19 games, <mask> scored 216 points – the highest total in his career that he achieved during a single season, and finished as Hull FC's second highest try scorer for the season with 18 tries. He made a total of 107 appearances and scored 56 tries during his two spells at Hull FC. Representative career
<mask> made his representative début in November 1994, playing at fullback for Great Britain's under-21 side against Australia, who were touring Great Britain and France. Despite Great Britain's heavy 54–10 defeat, <mask> was one of the players singled out for praise, having scored all of the team's points (one try and three goals). In January 1995, he was selected to represent Great Britain in the Rugby League World Sevens. He made a second appearance for the under-21s later that year in a 17–16 loss against France. In 1996, <mask> played both games for England in the European Championship, including a man of the match performance against France, scoring two tries and kicking seven goals in the 73–6 win, a then-record margin of victory for England.The 22 points scored by <mask> was also an individual record for most points scored in a single match for England until this was surpassed by Richie Myler in 2009. He also scored a try in the deciding game against Wales, helping the team finish as tournament winners with a 26–12 win. Later that year, he was selected in the squad for the Great Britain tour of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and New Zealand, but did not feature in any Test matches. In 1998, <mask> changed his international allegiance to Ireland, qualifying under the grandparent rule. He represented Ireland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, playing in all four of their games before being knocked out by England in the quarter-final. <mask> scored one try (in the opening game against Samoa) and kicked 17 goals during the tournament. <mask> also made one appearance for Lancashire against Yorkshire in July 2003 at Odsal Stadium.He suffered a broken kneecap during the game, which was initially expected to keep him out of action for two months. <mask> did not play again for the rest of the year, however, and required a second knee operation after suffering from discomfort when returning to pre-season training ahead of the 2004's Super League IX. In June 2004, after failing to fully recover from the injury, <mask> announced his retirement at the age of 30. Personal life
In September 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare form of cancer, and was told that he would not see his two children grow up; he was given months to live. He underwent an emergency operation in Basingstoke Hospital and a tumour was removed from his stomach. In February 2007, a charity boxing event, featuring a bout between Stuart Fielden and Lee Radford, helped raise more than £50,000 in aid of Prescott. <mask> Prescott Foundation
In August 2007, <mask> set up the <mask> Foundation, which aimed to raise funds for two organisations: Christie Hospital, a leading cancer treatment centre in Europe, and Try Assist, the Rugby Football League's benevolent fund.To raise funds, <mask> went to organise a number of charity boxing tournaments and rugby league games, with a number of <mask>'s former teammates taking part. He also took part in a series of challenges, including running in the London Marathon, and cycling from Land's End to John O'Groats while completing the National Three Peaks Challenge en route. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to rugby league and charity. Shortly after <mask>'s death in 2013, the foundation had raised almost £500,000. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 9 November 2013, more than seven years after his diagnosis with cancer. In February 2014, it was confirmed that <mask>'s former clubs, St Helens and Hull, would compete annually for the "Steve Prescott Cup" in tribute to the player. A petition with over 12,000 signatures was also sent to the Rugby Football League (RFL), calling for the Man of Steel award to be renamed in <mask>'s honour.In March 2014, the RFL officially announced that the award would be called the "<mask> Man of Steel" from the 2014 season onwards. The Saints Way Bridge at Langtree Park was also renamed the <mask> Bridge in tribute to him. Honours
Club
 Super League (1): 1996
 Challenge Cup (2): 1996, 1997

International
 European Rugby League Championship: 1996

Individual
 Rugby League Writers' Association Merit Award, 2009
 Mike Gregory Spirit of Rugby League Award, 2009
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), 2010
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Hull, 2011

Statistics

References

External links
Profile at saints.org.uk
(archived by web.archive.org) Ireland 2000 RLWC squad
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at slstats.org
 2001 Super League Team-by-team guide

1973 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
England national rugby league team players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Great Britain under-21 national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
St Helens R.F.C. players
Wakefield Trinity players

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