title: Shaheen Merali

texts:
 Palestine/Masoumeh Bakhtiary, Iran/Binu Bhaskar, India/ Madhu und Hazra Chitrakar, India/ Rajib Chowdhury, India/ Ramesch Daha, Austria &Iran/ Natasha de Betak, France &India/ Majid Fathizadeh, Iran/ Debesh Goswami, India & France/ Probir Gupta, India/ Ghazaleh Hedayat, Iran/ Taha Heydary, Iran/ Khaled Jarrar, Palestine/ Rajkamal Kahlon, USA, India &Germany/ Katayoun Karami, Iran/ Leena Kejriwal, India/ Amir Mobed, Iran/ Masoumeh Mozafari, Iran/ Tarzan and Arab, Palestine/ Charley Nijensohn, Argentina & Germany/ Amin Nourani, Iran/ Lisl Ponger, Austria/ Simit Raveshia, India/ Oliver Ressler, Austria/ Atefeh Samaei, Iran/ Rozita Sharafjahan, Iran/ JJ Xi, China & UK/. Berlin Heist, the Enduring Fascination with Walled Cities, 4th Mediation Biennale, Where Somewhere Becomes Here. Featuring artists: Anonymous, Kader Attia, Marc Bijl, Nezeket Ekici, Azin Feizabadi+, Thomas Florschuetz, Carla Guagliardi, Johannes Kahrs, Jonathan Meese, Leila Pazooki, Julian Rosefeldt, Esra Rotthoff,  Enis Rotthoff, Iris Schomaker, Lars Teichmann, Ming Wong, Michael Wutz. 2015

 Make In India, Production and presentation of designer Prasad Raghavan work for the Indian Pavilion at Hannover Messe 2015. Writing

Academic Books
2001

 «Going Native: revisited» in Beyond Frontiers: Contemporary British Art by Artists of South Asian Descent.Amal Ghosh and Juginder Lamba, eds. (London: Saffron Books, Eastern Art Publishing, 2001). 2002

 «Anthology of art», Jochen Grez project on the web, What is your vision of an unknown art?. «Claiming Multiple Identities», 151M Newsletter 10/02, The Netherlands (with Mai Ghoussoub) & Abwab 31. «Panchayat», interarchive, editor Hans Ulrich Obrist, Kunstraum der Universitat Lunenburg, Verlag der buchhandlung Walther Konig, Kaln, 2002, 276–280. 2004

 «Tehrancentric & Iraninity»,Far Near Distance – Contemporary Positions of Iranian Artists, co-edited by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures.Interviews to Isaac Julien, Keith Piper, Lisl Ponger and Tim Sharp (German), The Black Atlantic – Travelling Cultures, Counter-Histories, Networked Identities. Berlin: House of World Cultures. «Curatorial Statement», The Black Atlantic – Travelling Cultures, Counter-Histories, Networked Identities. Berlin: House of World Cultures. 2005

 «A Rose by any other name…»,About Beauty, ed. by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures, 2005, 36 – 37.«We resist because we have nothing, Philip Cheah in conversation with <mask> <mask>», Spaces and Shadows – Contemporary Art from Southeast Asia, ed. by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures, 2005, 36 – 37. «Fun is the new weapon, Gridthiya Gaweewong in conversation with <mask> <mask> and Annette Bhagwati», Spaces and Shadows – Contemporary Art from Southeast Asia, ed. by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures, 2005, 34 – 35. «The statements of resistance are in the works, not in the words, Ong Keng Sen in conversation with <mask> <mask> and Annette Bhagwati», Spaces and Shadows – Contemporary Art from Southeast Asia, ed.by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures, 2005, 32 – 33. «Impression Management – Travel Notes on Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand»,Spaces and Shadows – Contemporary Art from Southeast Asia, ed. by <mask> <mask>. Berlin: House of World Cultures, 2005, 28 – 31. 2007

 «I make Films of the World and for the World (Jem Cohen in conversation with <mask> <mask>)», New York States Of Mind – Art And The city, ed. by <mask> <mask>.London: Saqi Books, 2008, 198 – 206. «States of Mind», New York States Of Mind – Art And The City, ed. by <mask> <mask>. London: Saqi Books, 2008, 16 – 28. 2008

 «A great deal more but nothing much….», Re-Imagining Asia – A Thousand Years Of Separation, ed. by <mask> <mask>. London: Saqi Books, 2008, 20 – 47.2010

 «On visuality ideology and facilitating artists», Global Circuits: The geography of art and the new configurations of critical thought, Barcelona: ACCA – Associacio Catalana de Critics d'Art, 2010, 46 – 49. «Guilt Guilded in Gold», Voices of Change: 20 Indian Artists, ed. by Gayatri Sinha. Mumbai: Marg Foundation, 2010, 266 – 281. «Between the Satanic Verses and the Axis of Evil», Voices of Change: 20 Indian Artists, ed. by Gayatri Sinha. Mumbai: Marg Foundation, 2010, 198 – 211.2011

 «Spaces of Freedom», in Index on Censorship, The Art Issue, Volume 40 No 3, 118–125. «Delienating the vernacular», in Public Notice 3: Jitish Kallat at the Art Institute of Chicago, ed. by Madhuvanti Ghose. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago and Yale University Press, 2011, 39 – 45. ISBN 978-0-300-17158-7. 2012

 «Slower Lower Weaker», in The Unknown as you know it, ed. by Marek Wasilewski.Poznan: University of Arts Poznan, 60–69. 2013

 «The Untold (the Rise of) Schisms», InFLUX, Contemporary Art in Asia. Ed. By Parul Dave Mukherji, Naman P.Ahuja & Kavita Singh. Sage Publications India, 183–196. 2015

 «The Spectre (of Knowledge): Recording the Vernacular», Contemporary Art from the Middle East, Ed. By Hamid Keshmirshekan, IB Tauris, 89–97.«The Spectre (of Knowledge): Recording the Cosmopolitan», Dissonant Archives, Contemporary Visual Culture and Contested Narratives in the Middle East, Edited by Anthony Downey, I.B.Tauris, 432–444. 2016

 «(After) Love at Last Sight….Nezaket Ekici» The Live Art Almanac Volume 4. Edited by Harriet Curtis, Lois Keidan and Aaron Wright, Oberon Books London, 76–82. «Refractions: From Their Nemesis, the (Dis)obedience», CONFLICT AND COMPASSION A Paradox of difference in Contemporary Asian Art Edited by Bashir Makhoul and Alnoor Mitha, HOME Manchester, 143–160. Catalogues
1999

 Carte Blanche / the white papers. Lethaby Press & Panchayat. Editor and contributor.2008

 Eric Soeutre, France. Technology: Detection or Deception. Endword. Radical Postures. Panchayat Publication. ACE Funded. Spring 1998.Displaces, exhibition by Mai Ghoussoub and Souheil Sieiman. Saqi Books, London. India Crossing, Studio La Città, Verona. Essay: India Crossing…The Discursive as an image. 2009

 India Contemporary, Gem Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Den Haag.Essay 1: Exposed Tendencies. Essay 2: Guilt Guilded in Gold. Being, Spirit or Ghost, Gallery OED, Cochin, Kerala.Essay: Being, Spirit or Ghost. Anomalies, From Nature to Future, Rossi&Rossi, London. Essay: Diasporic Sciences, 9–16. 2010

 Sara Rahbar, Carbon 12, Dubai. Essay: Across Ideas, Across Continents. Blood and Spit - New Works by TV Santosh, Jack Shainman Gallery, NY. Essay: The Chimera War.2012

 Navid Azimi Sajadi, Olcay Art Gallery, Caddebostan, Istanbul. Catalogue essay. The Indian Parallax, Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Kolkata. Editor and essay: The Indian Parallax or the Doubling of Happiness: works in two-dimension and sculpture towards the third image – the abstract reality. 2013

 Refraction: Moving Images on Palestine, P21 Gallery, London. Editor and two essays: Imaging Palestine: Moving as opposed to stillness and Refractions- the light in their eyes. 2014

 Fragile Hands, A curatorial essay on stated subjectivities, University of Applied Arts, Vienna.Editor and key essay:  Fragile Hands, A curatorial essay on stated subjectivities. Berlin Heist, the enduring fascination with walled cities, Mediations Biennale, Posnan, Poland. Two Essays: Berlin Heist, the enduring fascination with walled cities (Part1&2). 2015

 Years After Zero, Tea Makipaa Monograph. 2016

 Draw Me Nearer, Paperworks, WM Gallery, Amsterdam. Fair Trade, Leila Pazooki, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien and touring to Tokyo / Osaka. Visual geography and recording Europe, Monica de Miranda at Novo Banco Photo, Museu Berado, Lisbon.2017

 Michael Wutz 12 Baume, Forum Kunst Rottweil, Germany. Tavares Strachan, Isolated Labs, NY and Desert X. 2018

 JJ XI, Carrots Publishing, Beijing. Essays and reviews
Kilts, Lungi and Dishdash. Men wearing skirts? Abwab, Int. Arab quarterly.No. 15. Work / Illustrations: Achillies Heels, London. No. 21 & 22. (Spring & Summer / Summer & Autumn 97).? Texaco, Third Text (Issue 40, Autumn 97, edited by Patrick Chamoiseau).(1997)
 Under Different Skies, Third Text (Issue 37). (1997)
 Displaces, Third Text (Issue 39). (1997)
 Extravagant strangers, Third Text (Issue 41, edited by Caryl Phillips). (1998)
 Kay Hassan, Third Text (Issue 55, Summer 01). (2001)
 Rashid Rana Interview, Art Journal of India. (2012)
 The struggle for the Sublime, Art Tomorrow (issues 2–6). (2012)
 The Chitrakars; artisans amplifying the local contexts.Raw Vision. (2015)
 The Story Scrolls of Bengal | Raw Vision Magazine !!! On the critical decades and the role of archives. Shwetal Patel in discussion with <mask> <mask>. (2017)
 critical collective check

Artistic practice

Solo exhibitions

 Channels, Echoes & Empty Chairs, Angel Row Gallery, Nottingham and South London Gallery, London. Commissioned by Angel Row Gallery. (1993)
 Torchlights, Brick Lane Police Station, East london.Commissioned by the Whitechapel Art Gallery. (1994)
 Paradigms lost, Travelling Gallery, toured North and East Scotland as part of fotofeis 95. Commissioned by Scottish Arts Council. (1999)
 Dark Matters, Kunsthalle Exnergasse, Vienna, Austria. (2000)
 Dark Matters II, Art Exchange, Nottingham. (2001)
 U blow me away, Window Gallery, Central Saint Martins, London. (2001)

Group exhibitions

 Box Project, The Museum of Installation, London, Turnpike Gallery, Leigh and Angel Row Gallery, Nottingham.(CD Rom Catalogue). (1999)
 Alien/Nation, Sixpack Films, Vienna, Austria. (1999)
 Translocation, Photographers Gallery, London and Institute for Research on the African Diaspora and Caribbean, City College of New York. (1999)
 Transforming the Crown, Bronx Museum of Art, New York, USA. (1999)
 Out of India, Queens Museum, Flushing Meadows, New York, USA. (1999)
 Men and Masculinities, James Hockey Gallery, Surrey Institute of Education, Farnham, Surrey. (1999)
 Zero Zero Zero, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London.(1999)
 The Crown Jewels, Kampnagel, Hamburg and NGBK, Berlin. (1999)
 Empire and I, Pitshanger Museum and Gallery, London and AXIOM centre, Cheltenham. (1999)
 Machos y Muecas, La Casa Elizaide, Barcelona. (1999)
 Ubudoda, Metropolitan Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. (2000)
 Chanting Heads CD Rom. Curated by David a Bailey & Sonia Boyce, AAVAA. (2001)
 Colored folks (performance), Toynbee Hall, London.Collaboration with Oreet Ashery. (2001)
 The Globe, Centre Beirut, Lebanon. Curated by Dave Beech. (2001)
 Whats wrong?, The Trade Apartments, London. (2001)
 Dressing, Readdressing, collaboration with Mai Ghoussoub. AI-Saqi Books, London. (2001)
 Host, Hastings Gallery and Museum.Curated by Mario Rossi. (2001)
 A Man, A Woman, A Machine, Centre of Attention, London. (2001)
 Site & Sight, Asian Civilisation Museum, Singapore. (2002)
 Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Curated by Pam Skelton and Tony Fletcher. (2002)

Video screenings

 I loose my voice in my dreams (45 mins). South London Gallery, London.(1993)
 I loose my voice in my dreams (45 mins). Galerie 101, Ottawa, Canada. (1994)
 Pandemonium, ICA, London; Rotterdam 97-26 Film festival, Holland; Desh Pradesh, Toronto, Canada; Whitechapel Open, Curtain Rd Gallery, London; KIZ- Kino, Granz, Austria; Scratch Projection, Paris, France; Tokyo 97-Image Forum, Festival, Tokyo, Japan; Pesaro 97-Film Festival, Roma, Italy; Hamburg 97–13. International Kurzfilm-Festival & No., Hamburg, Germany; Jerusalem 97-Film Festival, Jerusalem, Israel; São Paulo 97-Short Film Festival, São Paulo, Brazil; Austin 97. Cinematexas- Int. short film + video + new, Austin, USA. (1997)
 Exploding Cinema, Kenington, London.(1998)
 The post-colonial cities, curated by inIVA. The Lux Cinema, London. (1999)
 Colored Folks (18 mins) Colored Folks video and photographs. National Review of Live Arts. (2002)
 Paradigms Lost Pt. 1 (5 mins 10 Secs). (2002)
 2016 (as performer) revisiting genesis (11 Episodes)  (11 mins each) Written and Directed by Oreet Ashery, Stanley Picker Gallery and Online.(2002)

References

1959

masks: Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali Shaheen Merali


title: Benjamin Whitrow

type: original

texts:
<mask> (17 February 1937 – 28 September 2017) was an English actor. He was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor for his role as Mr Bennet in the 1995 BBC version of Pride and Prejudice, and voiced the role of Fowler in the 2000 animated film Chicken Run. His other film appearances include Quadrophenia (1979), Personal Services (1987) and Bomber (2009). Life and career
<mask> was born on 17 February 1937 in Oxford, Oxfordshire, the son of Mary Alexandra (Flaunders) and <mask>, a teacher at St Edward's School, Oxford. He attended the Dragon School, Tonbridge School, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He served in the King's Dragoon Guards during his national service from 1956 to 1958. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1981.He played Russell in the original radio version of After Henry by Simon Brett. A lifelong fan of the writings of the English author Denton Welch, he was instrumental in bringing the third, revised version of Welch's journals to print in 1984, having made the acquaintance of one of Welch's friends who had possessed the manuscript of the original editor's edition. In 1989, <mask> appeared in episode four of the BBC Two sketch show A Bit of Fry and Laurie (series one), playing an irate member of the audience who claimed that Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie had stolen several of their sketches from him. Between 1990 and 1992, <mask> appeared in the sitcom The New Statesman as Paddy O'Rourke, a Labour shadow minister who feigned an Irish accent when in public to attract the working-class vote. <mask> was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Mr Bennet in the 1995 adaptation of Pride and Prejudice. In the 2000 animated movie Chicken Run <mask> voiced the character of Fowler, an old rooster who claims to have fought in World War II. <mask>'s last work was two plays for BBC Radio 4, in which he played the late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman.Mr Betjeman's Class was his last completed work; he died during the recording of Mr Betjeman Regrets, with the voice work being completed by Robert Bathurst. Both plays were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 over Christmas 2017. Personal life
<mask> was married to Catherine Cook, with whom he had two children: Hannah Mary <mask> (b. 1973) and Thomas George <mask> (b. 1976). He also had a son, Angus Imrie (b. 1994) with actress Celia Imrie.<mask> died on 28 September 2017, aged 80. Chief Supt. Braithwaite
 Hay Fever as Richard Greatham
 The Brontes of Haworth as Arthur Bell Nicholls
 Rumpole of the Bailey as The Reverend Bill Britwell
 Bergerac as B J Farrell
 Man Down Series 2 episode 2 of Man Down as Tim
 Agatha Christie's Poirot, After the Funeral (2006) as Timothy Abernathy
 Midsomer Murders as Sir Malcolm Frazer in episode 'Secrets and Spies' (2009)
 Inspector Morse as Brownlee in the episode 'The Daughters of Cain'
 New Tricks (TV series) Series 11 episode 5 'London Underground' as Edward Fraser
 [Dempsey & Makepeace] Series 2 episode 9 as Lindsay

Radio
 1980: Unman, Wittering & Zigo as the headmaster; by Giles Cooper; BBC R4 7/8/1980. 1984: Dracula in White by Peter Redgrove; BBC R4 7/3/1984. 1984: Tragedy at Law as the Judge; by Cyril Hare; BBC Radio 4 Saturday Night Theatre 7/4/1984. 1985–89: After Henry as Russell; BBC Radio 4 series by Simon Brett. 1992: A Warden for All Saints as James Montague, by H.S.Bhabra; BBC R4 29 April 1992. 1995: In The Red as the bank manager murderer; by Mark Tavener; BBC Radio 4 series 5/1/1995-16/2/1995. 1997: MR James Ghost story readings – The Late Book. 1999: Plum's War by Michael Butt, BBC R4 7/7/99. 2003: Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, dramatised by Jeremy Front, BBC R4 8/3/2003. 2003: The Last Bark of the Bulldog by Jonathan Smith; <mask> portrays Winston Churchill; BBC R4 21 June 2003. 2011: Portrait of Winston, by Jonathan Smith; sequel to The Last Bark of the Bulldog; BBC R4 13 September 2011
 2017: Mr Betjeman's Class and Mr Betjeman Regrets both by Jonathan Smith; BBC R4 25 December 2017 and 26 December 2017

References

External links
 <mask> at bbc.co.uk Drama

1937 births
2017 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Actors from Oxford
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male radio actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Kent
Male actors from Oxfordshire
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Tonbridge School
1st King's Dragoon Guards soldiers

masks:
Benjamin John Whitrow
Whitrow
Philip Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Whitrow
Benjamin Whitrow
Benjamin Whitrow


title: Jim Laird (rugby league)

texts:
<mask> was a rugby league player who represented New Zealand in 4 test matches (1 v England in 1932 and 3 v Australia in 1935) in the second row and at hooker. He became the 226th player to represent New Zealand. He also played club rugby league for Ngaruawahia (1930–32), and Marist Old Boys (1932-35). He also played for Waikato representative teams (1930–32), and Auckland (1933-35). Playing career

Ngaruawahia
In 1930 <mask> was selected to play for Ngaruawahia's senior A team against Hamilton on June 21. Ngaruawahia won 22-5 and it was said that <mask>, along with Joe Menzies, and Dare were “the outstanding home forwards”. On September 27 he played for Ngaruawahi in a Draffin Cup match against Huntly.Ngaruawahia won the match 12–10. Then on October 4 he played for Ngaruawahia against the same opponents for the Draffin Cup once more. Ngaruawahia won 3–0 with Laird said to be “the most outstanding player on the field”. The 1931 season saw Laird playing once again for Ngaruawahia. On May 20 he played in a match against Huntly which his side won 11–8. He was then selected for a Waikato trial side between a Probables team and a Possibles side on July 25. He was listed as a reserve for both sides.On August 15 he played in the senior final for Ngaruawahia against Taupiri. Laird scored a try after a “fine” passing movement from his side, and kicked a penalty goal from halfway. Ngaruawahia won the match and the 1931 title by 8 points to 5. Two weeks later Laird played for a Lower Waikato side against Marist Old Boys from Auckland, a side he was to join the following season. Laird was listed to play in the lock position. He had been used in several positions in the forwards including prop and the second row. Marist won the match 13–11.A week later Laird played for Ngaruawahia in a Draffin Cup match with Huntly. He played in the front row of a 14–7 defeat at the hands of Huntly. Laird's final match of the season was in a trial at Taupiri to pick the South Auckland team to play the touring Eastern Suburbs team which was touring from New South Wales. Laird played in the front row for his ‘B Team’ but was ultimately not selected to play for South Auckland. South Auckland and North Island selection
Laird began 1932 once again in the black jersey of Ngaruawahia. His first match was for them against Hamilton on April 30. It was played at Hinemoa Park in Hamilton and saw Ngaruawahia run out 14-0 winners.Laird along with Joe Menzies and Huia Mason were reported as being “the best of a hard-working set” of forwards. On May 28 he played for Ngaruawahia against Taupiri and scored 2 tries in a 21 to 8 win. Two weeks later on June 11 he was part of the Ngaruawahia side which defeated Hamilton by 9 points to 5 and his form was good enough to gain selection for the South Auckland side. He was selected in the front row to play along with Menzies, Stephenson, Scott, Timms, and Jackways. They played against Northland on June 18. The match was for the Northern Union Challenge Cup by 15 points to 13 at Hikurangi before a crowd of 1,000. The North Island selector Thomas McClymont was present at the match to assist with choosing the team to play against the South Island.He then played for South Auckland against an Auckland XIII on July 16. Laird played well but the South Auckland team lost 29 to 13 at Carlaw Park. Laird obviously impressed McClymont as he was selected for the North Island side in a forward pack which included Bob Stephenson, Lou Hutt, C. White, Tom Timms, and Trevor Hall. The match was played at Carlaw Park before a large crowd of 15,000 and saw the North Island side win 27 points to 18. It was commented after the game that “Laird was always in the picture” though overall the “North forwards were rather disappointing as a set…” The Waikato Times wrote that Laird had “justified” his inclusion with his performance. Laird missed selection for the New Zealand team to play the touring England side in the first test. He was however pulled into the training squad for the second test after New Zealand had lost the first test 24 to 9.He had also been selected to play for South Auckland against the English side on August 4. It was said in the Waikato Times that he was “a splendid type of forward who earned praise for his game at Carlaw Park last Saturday, when his play, to many, warranted even New Zealand selection”. The match was played at Taupiri and the local side was thrashed by a strong English team by 64 points to 11 before a crowd of 2,000. New Zealand selection and move to Marist Old Boys (Auckland)
Following <mask>'s appearance for South Auckland against England he moved to Auckland and joined the Marist Old Boys club who played in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He debuted for them immediately playing against Newton Rangers on August 13 at the Ellerslie Reserve. He scored their first try in a 10–6 win. Laird was then selected for the New Zealand team to play England in the third test at Carlaw Park on August 20.New Zealand had been defeated in the second test in Christchurch 25 to 14 which secured the series for them. Six changes had been made to the side for the third test. Laird was partnered in the second row with Ray Lawless, with Alan Clarke at lock. Laird had replaced Lou Hutt who had suffered a compound fracture of the thumb in a match for a New Zealand XIII against England between the second and third tests in Wellington. New Zealand pushed England hard in the third test at Carlaw Park before a crowd of 12,000 and only lost 20–18 with England scoring a late try to take the win. In the first half with the scores tied at 5-5 Laird and Lawless were involved in carrying play from deep in New Zealand's end when they were on defence up to halfway with New Zealand scoring a short time later. The Huntly Press and District Gazette made a brief comment that “the two Ngaruawahia players, <mask> and Abbot were very prominent in the play”.Following the third test he played for Marist in their Roope Rooster semi-final win over Devonport United. It was said that Laird along with teammates, Flanagan and Iveson, were “always dashy in the forwards”, and that he and Iveson “were the best Marist forwards”. He then played in the final against City Rovers which Marist won 28 points to 8. A week later Laird was in action again for Marist in the Stormont Shield final against Devonport United. Marist won the match 15 points to 8. The New Zealand Herald reported that “Laird was perhaps the best of the forwards” in the match. On October 8 Laird played for Marist in a Max Jaffe Cup charity match.The trophy was supposed to be awarded to the team which came runner up in the championship but as Marist had finished tied for second with Ponsonby United it was decided to have a playoff for the trophy. Marist won 37 to 8 but Laird was hospitalised with a leg injury. He was taken to Auckland Hospital “to undergo an X-ray examination at the conclusion” of the match. It “was believed that Laird had injured a bone in one leg”. Marist and Auckland
1933 saw Laird playing for his new Marist Old Boys side from the beginning of the season. He played 20 matches in total for them and scored 3 tries. Following a round 6 match between Marist and City Rovers where he scored a try it was reported that he was the best forward on the ground.He was selected following the match for Auckland's opening representative match of the season against Taranaki. Before a crowd of 10,000 at Carlaw Park Laird scored a first half try as Auckland jumped out to a 21 to 5 lead at the break before holding off Taranaki to win 32 to 20. The Auckland Star reported that “<mask> and Lawless were the outstanding forwards, and were ably supported by [Cliff] Satherley and [Bert] Leatherbarrow". Laird played four more matches for Marist before being selected to play in the second row for the Auckland clash with South Auckland on July 15. The match was for the Northern Union Challenge Cup and saw South Auckland hold on to the trophy with a 14–0 win at Carlaw Park. The match was played in horrible conditions underfoot with “most of the stoppages… due to mud in the eyes of the contestants”. It was reported that “the Auckland team played rather lifelessly, the outstanding forwards being <mask> and Satherley.Laird was chosen as a reserve for Auckland’s matches against North Auckland on August 12, Hawke's Bay on September 2, and South Auckland on September 9 but was not required to take the field in any of these matches. On September 30 Laird played for Marist against St. George who had finished runner up in the 1933 NSWRFL competition and were touring the upper North Island. Before 13,000 spectators Marist won by 25 points to 11. The Marist forwards played well with “White, Laird and Iveson … perhaps the best…”. In 1934 Laird played 16 matches for Marist and scored 3 more tries. After round 8 of the Fox Memorial championship Laird was left out of the first Auckland representative match

masks:
Jim Laird
Jim Laird
Laird
Laird
Laird
Laird
Laird


title: Jim Laird (rugby league)

texts:
 of the season. The New Zealand Herald reported that “the omission of J. <mask>, Marist, and T. Hall, Newton, is hard to understand.Laird is one of the best forwards playing the code. He is always near the ball and is equally at home on attack or defence…”. He was chosen for Auckland to play against Northland on August 11. Auckland won by 19 points to 12. Laird was instrumental in starting a passing bout among the forwards down the terrace side of the field which “enabled Hall to score from a ruck in the corner” which gave Auckland a 11–10 lead. On September 15 he played for Auckland against South Auckland and scored a try in a 35–16 win. He had initially been chosen as a reserve with Satherley and Lawless in the second row but he played in the match after the forward pack was reshuffled with Satherley moving to the reserves.Laird along with Lawless and Hall “were perhaps the best forwards”. Laird's try came after “clever play by Cooke [saw] Laird following him through to score by the posts”. He would have scored another but “Lawless lost a try for Auckland through a poor pass to Laird”. Laird finished the season playing in 2 matches for Marist. The first was against the touring Western Suburbs. They had recently won the 1934 NSW RFL competition. Marist lost a tightly contested match by 21 points to 19 on September 21 at Carlaw Park.Marist had fallen behind 13-3 before a converted try to Hec Brisbane narrowed the scores and then “Laird gathered a bouncing ball and, running fast for ten yards towards the corner, handed on to Smith, who materialised amid cheers”. Marist later took the lead however Western Suburbs scored and converted on the fulltime to win. Laird then played in a benefit match for Hec Brisbane who was retiring after a career involving 11 seasons with Marist which also featured 50 appearances for New Zealand, 5 for the North Island, and 15 for Auckland sides. Marist won by 30 points to 21 against Newton Rangers with Laird “prominent among the forwards. New Zealand selection v Australia
The 1935 season for Laird was incredibly memorable for triumphant and tragic reasons. He was to resume his New Zealand career when he played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. However it was to be the final year of his career when a serious knee infection following the third test saw him spend months in hospital and it ended his rugby league career.He played 15 times for Marist and scored 4 tries during the season. He was in good form to start the season, scoring a try in a 17-17 round 1 draw with Devonport United. The New Zealand Herald reported that “<mask>, Woods and Keane played splendid games in the forwards”. He was “outstanding” in Marists 10–8 win over competition leaders Richmond Rovers in their round 5 match, and “has never played better”. The following weekend in their match with Newton Rangers Laird was forced from the field early in the second half with a bad eye injury which required several stitches to close the wound. He had been “conspicuous for all-round work up to the time of his retirement”. It was thought that he would be out for a week but he ultimately was available to play a week later.The match was against Devonport United and saw Laird play in the unusual position of ‘rover’ amongst the backs with Marist deciding to only play 5 players in the forwards packing a scrum with 2 in the front row and 3 in the second row. It was a controversial formation which provoked discussion by the Auckland Rugby League in the week following. Marist had adopted the tactic partly due to Laird's eye injury and also as an experiment as Australian sides had been using the tactic for a while. It was said that Laird “played fine football” in the position. Laird was once again named as the “outstanding forward”. He was described as being “outstanding” twice more following Marists match with Ponsonby United on June 22, and their match with City Rovers on July 6. Unsurprisingly Laird was chosen to play for Auckland against Taranaki on August 3.He had originally been picked in the Auckland B team to play South Auckland on the same day before being moved into the Auckland A side for the Taranaki clash. Auckland ran out easy 37 to 14 winners with it said that Laird was “prominent” for Auckland. After the match he was then selected for the North Island side to play the South Island on August 17. He was selected in the slightly unfamiliar position of hooker for the game. The North Island won an extremely tight match by 19 to 18. <mask>, along with his forward teammates Lou Hutt, Cliff Satherley, and W. Large were said to have shown “honest, hard toil from bell to bell”. Laird played in Marist's round 1 Roope Rooster 18–15 loss to Mount Albert on August 24 and scored a rare pair of tries and was involved in another.He was then named in the Auckland team for their southern tour. Before the tour began he scored a try in a Marist semi-final loss in the Phelan Shield which ended their season. There were only two matches played on the tour. The first was against Wellington on September 7. Before a crowd of 3,000 in Wellington, Auckland won 39 to 27 with Laird said to have played well. He then played in the second match which was against Canterbury on September 14 at Monica Park in Christchurch. Auckland won 26 to 13 though Laird had to leave the field injured.Laird was well enough to be selected for the Auckland team to play against the Australian side in the first game of their tour. Auckland lost 16 points to 8 at Carlaw Park in front of 15,000 spectators. Laird was said to have been “always in the fray and showed form and speed in the loose”, though he did drop the ball with the line begging at one point. He was named in the New Zealand team to play Australia in the first test at prop. It was said of his selection that he had “a right to inclusion” based on his performance for the North Island and the match for Auckland against the tourists the previous week. Laird played in the second row alongside Lou Hutt, with <mask> locking the scrum. New Zealand played brilliantly to win the match by 22 points to 14 at Carlaw Park before a crowd of 20,000.The forwards produced a fine display. Laird was mentioned as having “never been seen to better advantage and he was one of the best forwards on the field” and he was subsequently selected for the second test. New Zealand was unable to produce their first test heroics and they were soundly beaten in the second test also at Carlaw Park which was played midweek. New Zealand lost 29 points to 8. <mask>, Hutt, and Calder were said to have “worked tirelessly in both the tight and loose”. Laird also “just missed a try” early in the match with the score 0-0 after the New Zealand forwards “stormed the visitors’ goal”. He was still selected to play in the third test to be played 3 days later on October 5 once more at Carlaw Park.Australia won the series with a convincing 31–8 win. Laird was involved in a try saving tackle on Viv Thicknesse a foot from the line, and was the most prominent of the forwards along with Harold Tetley and <mask>. Following the match Laird was selected for the Auckland XIII team to play against Australia in the final match of their tour however he had suffered a leg injury which ended up becoming much worse than first thought. Injury and retirement
Laird was hospitalised with 'water on the knee' and spent several months in Auckland Hospital. At the start of the 1936 season Marist arranged for a benefit day to be held to raise money for him. The third test had been played on October 5 and he was still in hospital at the end of February. Mr. Joe Sayegh who was the Marist chairman spoke at their annual meeting of “Laird’s fine services to the game and delegates assured the board of assistance in any action taken”.On April 13 the Auckland Star reported that the injury “last season may compel his retirement”. The benefit day was held on April 18 and was a series of 4 senior matches at Carlaw Park with the proceeds from the day being spread between the 8 clubs and Laird. Marist won their match by 15 points to 5 over Newton. On May 13 Laird attended the Auckland Rugby League control board meeting to thank the board for the benefit day and also “thanked the ladies’ committee of the league for its kindness to him while in hospital”. The ARL chairman, Mr. G Grey Campbell said that “Laird would be the subject of a little function in the Marist dressing room before the team filed out to play on Saturday”. A week later the Marist club wrote to the league thanking them for their “support and assistance” through the benefit match and that “the amount raised was very creditable to the game”. In 1937 Laird was elected to be the Marist club captain.References

New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Auckland rugby league team players
Ngaruawahia Panthers players
Waikato rugby league team players
Marist Saints

masks:
Laird
Laird
Laird
Jim Calder
Laird
Jim Calder


title: Nora Daza

texts:
<mask> (December 2, 1928 – September 13, 2013), popularly known as Chef <mask>, was the Philippines' first culinary icon, a Filipino veteran gourmet chef, restaurateur, socio-civic leader, television host and best-selling cookbook author in the Philippines. <mask> was known as the “Julia Child of the Philippines" and the "Philippines' first culinary ambassador." Early life
<mask> was born in Batangas, to Alejandro Jose Villanueva, a civil engineer from Batangas City, and his wife Encarnacion Guanzon, daughter of Olympio Guanzon former Governor of Pampanga. Her mother Guanzon never learned how to cook, but Daza persuaded her mother to collect recipes for her at a young age. As young as 8, Daza began cooking pancakes for her family, neighbours, and parent's friends. Education
In 1952, <mask> graduated from the University of the Philippines with a Bachelor's degree in Home Economics. She learned about Filipino cooking and catering while working at the University of the Philippines cafeteria.She then went to the United States to study at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, for a Master of Science in Restaurant and Institutional Management. At Cornell, she became a member of the Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, and was in the top 10 of her class. <mask> later studied French cuisine in Paris, under the tutelage of Simone Beck, and Louisette Bertholle. Beck and Bertholle were co-authors of Julia Child's Mastering the Art of French Cooking, further cementing Daza being known as the "Julia Child of the Philippines." While living in Paris, <mask> would drive an Austin Mini. Career
<mask> was the first tri-media star of the sixties and seventies in the Philippines, with her best-selling cookbooks; TV cooking shows At Home with Nora, Bahala si Mommy, and Cooking It Up with Nora; radio shows At Home with Nora and At Home with the Stars; and columns for Women's Magazine, The Manila Chronicle, and The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Her cooking showcased the diverse history and ethnic makeup of the Philippines, as well as her American education and French training, by utilizing Filipino, Chinese, "Chinoy", Spanish, American, and Italian cuisines.<mask> became a judge of cooking contests held by the Manila Gas Corporation from 1957 to 1960. She hosted television cooking shows At Home with <mask> and Cooking It Up with <mask> to wide popular acclaim and viewership for several years. She was appointed Director of Manila Gas Cooking School where she selected, modified, checked, and kitchen-tested over five-hundred recipes for around three thousand students who enrolled over a period of four years. In 1965, <mask> opened Au Bon Vivant (The Good Life) in Ermita. Au Bon Vivant was reputedly the first restaurant in Manila to offer authentic French cuisine. She also opened up a Filipino Restaurant in Manila called Galing Galing, that served Filipino comfort food such as kare-kare. Galing Galing later burned down, and with it Daza's recipe book collection.In 1974, <mask> expanded her operation in the Philippines and opened an Au Bon Vivant in the NCR's business hub Makati. In 1972, she opened Aux Iles Philippines (The Philippine Islands), the first Filipino restaurant in Paris. <mask> gave her eldest son, Gabriel "Bong" <mask>, 22-years-old at the time, full responsibility of Aus Iles Philippines. Aus Iles Philippines earned three forks in the Michelin Guide, was declared an outstanding restaurant by the Gault-Millau restaurant guide, and received praise from Le Monde and the International Herald Tribune. French Actress Brigitte Bardot and French Philosopher Simone de Beauvoir were a notable regulars. In 1975, the Marcos Government asked her to open and run the Maharlika on the ground floor of the Philippine Center, in Manhattan, New York. Maharlika was the first Filipino fine-dining restaurant in New York and was named after the pre-colonial Filipino Maharlika martial class of freemen.Myra Waldo, author of the Restaurant Guide to New York City and Vicinity, and then food and travel editor of WCBS (AM) radio, claimed Maharlika to be one of the top restaurants in New York City. <mask>'s pioneering of haute Filipino cuisine in New York and Paris, and bringing Parisian cuisine to Manila led some to dub her the "Philippines' first culinary ambassador." In the sixties and seventies, <mask> would bring some of the world's top chefs to the Philippines including Paul Bocuse and Gaston LeNôtre. <mask> was elected Vice President of the Philippine Association of Nutrition, Secretary of the Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines, Adviser-Admiral of the Homemakers Club, Director of Hotel and Tourist Industries of the Philippines, and President of Philippine Home Economists in Business. In 1992, <mask>'s friend from U.P. Vice-President Salvador "Doy" Laurel asked her to run for the Senate of the Philippines under the Nacionalista Party. She ran on the platform “Proper Nutrition for the Masses," but ended up losing the race.Private life
<mask>'s son, <mask>, is a chef and restaurateur specializing in Filipino and Thai cuisines. He has hosted television cooking shows and has written books and articles on cooking and baking. <mask>'s other son, Bong <mask>, is a food entrepreneur specializing in processed meats and fish. He is the estranged husband of Miss Universe 1969 winner Gloria Diaz. He ran for vice-mayor of Makati in 1998 but lost in the elections. Her granddaughter <mask> is also a TV host. Her grandson Turs is also a TV host and a VJ on MYX Channel.Personal life
She was married to Gabriel "Boy<mask>, Jr. She was survived by her children Gabriel "Bong" <mask> III, Inquirer Lifestyle food columnist Alejandro "Sandy" <mask>, Mariles <mask>-Enriquez, <mask>-Belda and <mask>-Puyat; and grandchildren Arturo "Turs" <mask>, <mask>, Joseph Puyat, Gio Puyat, Billie Puyat, Mario Puyat, Bolo Belda, <mask>, Bettina Belda, Toby Belda, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, Eduardo Taylor and Rodrigo Enriquez. <mask> died on September 13, 2013, in her sleep due to a heart attack. She was 84 years old. Daza's body lay in state at the Loyola Memorial Chapel on Commonwealth Avenue in Quezon City and was cremated. Publication

 Let's Cook with Nora. National Book Store, 1965. Let's Cook with Nora.Improved Edition. National Book Store, 1969. Galing Galing Philippine Cuisine: Food as Prepared in Philippine Homes. National Book Store Manila, 1974. The Best of the Maya Cookfest. Asia Book Corp of America, 1981
 <mask>. Daza A Culinary Life: Personal Recipe Collection with Michaela Fenix. Anvil Publishing, 1992.Festive Dishes: <mask><mask> with family and friends. Anvil Publishing, 2011. References

1928 births
2013 deaths
People from Batangas
Cornell University School of Hotel Administration alumni
University of the Philippines alumni
Filipino chefs
Filipino television chefs
Nacionalista Party politicians
Filipino restaurateurs
Women chefs

masks:
Nora Guanzon Villanueva Daza
Nora Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Nora
Nora
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Sandy Daza
Daza
Daza
Isabelle Daza
" Daza
Daza
Daza
Daza
Stella Daza
Nina Daza
Daza
Ali Daza
Franco Daza
Danielle Daza
Isabelle Daza
Ava Daza
Raphael Daza
Death Daza
Nora V
Nora V
. Daza


title: Samson Raphael Hirsch

texts:
<mask> (; June 20, 1808 – December 31, 1888) was a German Orthodox rabbi best known as the intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism. Occasionally termed neo-Orthodoxy, his philosophy, together with that of Azriel Hildesheimer, has had a considerable influence on the development of Orthodox Judaism. <mask> was rabbi in Oldenburg, Emden, and was subsequently appointed chief rabbi of Moravia. From 1851 until his death, <mask> led the secessionist Orthodox community in Frankfurt am Main. He wrote a number of influential books, and for a number of years published the monthly journal Jeschurun, in which he outlined his philosophy of Judaism. He was a vocal opponent of Reform Judaism, Zionism, and similarly opposed early forms of Conservative Judaism. Early years and education
<mask> was born in Hamburg, which was then a part of Napoleonic France.His father, <mask> <mask>, though a merchant, devoted much of his time to Torah studies; his grandfather, Mendel Frankfurter, was the founder of the Talmud Torah schools in Hamburg and unsalaried assistant rabbi of the neighboring congregation of Altona; and his granduncle, Löb Frankfurter, was the author of several Hebrew works, including Harechasim le-Bik'ah (הרכסים לבקעה), a Torah commentary. <mask> was a pupil of Chacham Isaac Bernays, and the Biblical and Talmudical education which he received, combined with his teacher's influence, led him to determine not to become a merchant, as his parents had desired, but to choose the rabbinical vocation. In furtherance of this plan, he studied Talmud from 1828 to 1829 in Mannheim under Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger. He received semicha (ordination) from Rabbi Bernays in 1830, at the age of 22. He then entered the University of Bonn, where he studied at the same time as his future antagonist, Abraham Geiger. Career

Oldenburg
In 1830, <mask> was elected chief rabbi (Landesrabbiner) of the Principality of Oldenburg. During this period, he wrote his Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum, (Nineteen Letters on Judaism) which were published, under the pseudonym of "Ben Usiel" (or "Uziel"), at Altona in 1836.This work made a profound impression in German Jewish circles because it was something new — a brilliant, intellectual presentation of Orthodox Judaism in classic German, and a fearless, uncompromising defense of all its institutions and ordinances. One of the young intellectuals strongly influenced by the "Nineteen Letters" was Heinrich Graetz. Following a personal letter that Graetz wrote to <mask>, <mask> offered Graetz to host him at his own house for the continuation of his studies. Graetz then lived at <mask>'s house in Oldenburg from 1837 to 1840, as a pupil, companion, and amanuensis. Hirch's major works are discussed in further detail below. In 1838, <mask> published, as a necessary concomitant of the Letters, his Horeb, oder Versuche über Jissroel's Pflichten in der Zerstreuung, which is a text-book on Judaism for educated Jewish youth. In fact, he wrote Horeb first, but his publishers doubted that a work defending traditional Judaism would find a market in those times when reform was in vogue.In 1839, he published Erste Mittheilungen aus Naphtali's Briefwechsel, a polemical essay against the reforms in Judaism proposed by Geiger and the contributors to the latter's Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für jüdische Theologie (such as Michael Creizenach); and in 1844, he published Zweite Mittheilungen aus einem Briefwechsel über die Neueste Jüdische Literatur, also polemical in tendency and attacking Holdheim's Die Autonomie der Rabbinen (1843). Emden
<mask> remained in Oldenburg until 1841 when he was elected chief rabbi of the Hanoverian districts of Aurich and Osnabrück, with his residence in Emden. During this five-year post, he was taken up almost completely by communal work and had little time for writing. He did, however, found a secondary school with a curriculum featuring both Jewish studies and a secular program, for the first time employing his motto Torah im Derech Eretz ("The Torah is maximalized in partnership with worldly involvement"). In 1843, <mask> applied for the post of Chief Rabbi of the British Empire. Out of 13 candidates, mostly from Germany, he reached the shortlist of four: Nathan Marcus Adler, <mask> <mask>, <mask> Auerbach, and <mask>. Adler won the position on December 1, 1844.With 135 communities having one vote each, Adler received 121 votes, <mask> 12, and <mask> 2. Nikolsburg
In 1846, <mask> was called to the rabbinate of Nikolsburg in Moravia, and in 1847, he became chief rabbi of Moravia and Austrian Silesia. In Austria, he spent five years in the re-organization of the Jewish congregations and the instruction of numerous disciples; he was also, in his official capacity as chief rabbi, a member of the Moravian Landtag, where he campaigned for more civil rights for Jews in Moravia. In Moravia, <mask> had a difficult time, on the one side receiving criticism from the Reform-minded, and on the other side from a deeply traditional Orthodox element, which found some of his reforms too radical. <mask> placed a much stronger emphasis on a deep study of the entire Hebrew Bible, rather than just the Torah and selected Bible readings, in addition to Talmud, as had been the custom of religious Jews up until then. Frankfurt am Main
In 1851, he accepted a call as rabbi of an Orthodox separatist group in Frankfurt am Main, a part of the Jewish community of which had otherwise largely accepted classical Reform Judaism. This group, known as the "Israelite Religious Society" ("Israelitische Religions-Gesellschaft", or IRG), became, under his administration, a great congregation, numbering about 500 families.<mask> remained rabbi of this congregation for the rest of his life. <mask> organized the Realschule and the Bürgerschule, in which thorough Jewish training was provided, along with those aspects of secular training deemed true according to the Torah (Torah im Derech Eretz). He also founded and edited the monthly magazine Jeschurun (1855–1870; new series, 1882 et seq); most of the pages of the Jeschurun were filled by himself. During this period he produced his commentaries on Chumash (Pentateuch), Tehillim (Psalms) and siddur (prayer book). In 1876, Edward Lasker (a Jewish parliamentarian in the Prussian Landtag) introduced the "Secession Bill" (Austrittsgesetz), which would enable Jews to secede from a religious congregation without having to relinquish their religious status. The law was passed on July 28, 1876. Despite the new legislation, a conflict arose whether "Austritt" (secession) was required by Jewish law.<mask> held this was mandatory, even though it involved a court appearance and visible disapproval of the Reform-dominated "Main Community" (Grossgemeinde). His contemporary Isaac Dov (Seligman Baer) Bamberger, Rabbi of Würzburg, argued that as long as the Grossgemeinde made appropriate arrangements for the Orthodox element, secession was unnecessary. The schism caused a terrible rift and many hurt feelings, and its aftershocks could be felt until the ultimate destruction of the Frankfurt community by the Nazis. Final years
During the final years of his life, <mask> put his efforts in the founding of the "Freie Vereinigung für die Interessen des Orthodoxen Judentums", an association of independent Jewish communities. During the 30 years after his death, this organization would be used as a model for the formation of the international Orthodox Agudas Yisrael movement. <mask> had a great love for the Land of Israel, which is apparent from his writings, but was opposed to the proto-Zionist activities of Zvi <mask> Kalischer. ;  He opposed any movement to wrest political independence for the Land of Israel before the Messianic Era.In later works, he makes it clear that Jewish sovereignty is dependent only on Divine Providence. From reports of his family members, it seems likely that <mask> contracted malaria while in Emden, which continued to plague him during the rest of life with febrile episodes. <mask> died in 1888 in Frankfurt am Main, and is buried there. <mask>'s son Mendel <mask>  (1833–1900) was a scholar and writer; his granddaughter Rahel <mask> (1870–1953) became the first female professor of medicine in Prussia. Works

Commentary on the Torah
Hirsch’s innovative and influential commentary on the Pentateuch

(Uebersetzung und Erklärung des Pentateuchs, "Translation and explanation of the Pentateuch"; 5 volumes published 1867-78), has been "hailed as a classic" since the publication of the first volume, Bereshit. According to <mask>, the goal of the commentary was to expound the text by ascertaining the exact meaning of the words, their etymology, philology, and origin, and, this achieved, "to establish, on the basis of halakhic and aggadic interpretations, [[Hashkafa|the Jewish Weltanschauung]]". A feature of the commentary is its analysis of the meanings and symbols in the religious precepts (mitzvot), as below; this, again, as consistent with its discussion of the Hebrew.The commentary gained worldwide popularity for its scope of insight and information offered to scholar and layman alike, and is still widely referenced. provides further context; and see also  and . Nineteen Letters
<mask>'s Nineteen Letters on Judaism (Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum), published in 1836 under the pseudonym "Ben Uziel", offered an intellectual presentation of Orthodox Judaism in classic German, and a "fearless, uncompromising defense" of all its institutions and ordinances. See under Oldenburg above. It was written in the form of a fictional correspondence between a young rabbi / philosopher and a youthful intellectual. The first letter, the intellectual's, outlines the challenges that emancipation created for modern Jews, and questions the continued relevance of Judaism. The Rabbi responds in the subsequent letters, discussing, in a structured sequence, God, Man, and Jewish History;
leading to a discussion of the Mitzvot and their classification (as employed in Horeb).This work made a profound impression in German Jewish circles, and has been republished and translated several times;
it is still influential, and often taught. Nineteen Letters was translated to English by Bernard Drachman in 1899, and in 1960 by Jacob Breuer based on Drachman's translation. The latest translation to English was prepared by Karin Paritzky and revised by Joseph Elias who states that they "benefited greatly from the two earlier editions." Elias glosses Breuer's edition as "very readable" while panning it as an achievement reached "by the omission or simplification of a good many passages, so that the reader does not obtain the full meaning that the author intended." Horeb
Horeb (subtitled Versuche über Jissroel's Pflichten in der Zerstreuung, “Essays on the Duties of the Jewish People in the Diaspora”), published 1838, is <mask>'s

masks:
Samson Raphael Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Raphael Arye
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirschfeld
Benjamin Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirschfeld
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Rabbi Hirsch


title: Samson Raphael Hirsch

texts:
 presentation of Jewish law and observances, with particular emphasis on their underlying ideas, capturing the "unifying ideological threads";
these discussions are still regularly taught and referenced. The title is a reference to the (Ten) Commandments; Mount Horeb, , is another name for Mount Sinai. Horeb is organized into six sections, according to <mask>'s classification of the commandments.As for the Letters, its historical background is the enlightenment, and particularly the beginnings of Reform Judaism, and it thus constituted an attempt "to lead the young generation of Jewry back to the Divine law." See  also below. In it <mask> shows that the Torah's mitzvot, are not mere "ceremonies", but "duties" of Israel. It was then, to some extent, "a necessary concomitant of the Letters". It was conceived, also, to deal with the practical observances of Judaism - providing summarised Halachot relevant to each sub-section. Commentary on the Siddur and Psalms
Rabbi <mask> left in manuscript at the time of his death a translation and explanation of the prayer-book, which was subsequently published. His commentary on Pirkei Avot here, has been republished separately.His commentary on the book of Psalms (Uebersetzung und Erklärung der Psalmen, 1882) is still widely read; it underpins much of his siddur commentary. Works of activism
Works here (besides similar mentioned above) include:
 Pamphlet: Jüdische Anmerkungen zu den Bemerkungen eines Protestanten (anon. ), Emden, 1841- response to a provocative and anti-Semitic pamphlet by an anonymous Protestant
 Pamphlet: Die Religion im Bunde mit dem Fortschritt (anon. ), Frankfurt am Main, 1854 - response to provocations from the side of the Reform-dominated "Main Community"
 Pamphlets during the Secession Debate:
 Das Princip der Gewissensfreiheit (The principle of freedom of conscience), 1874
 Der Austritt aus der Gemeinde (Leaving the community), 1876
 Ueber die Beziehungen des Talmuds zum Judenthum (On the Talmud's Relationships with Judaism), 1884  - a defense of Talmudic literature against anti-Semitic slanders in Russia

Translations and collections
Most of Hirsch's writings have been translated into English and Hebrew by his descendants, starting with "Horeb" in the 1950s (by Dayan Isidor Grunfeld of London) and his Torah commentary in the 1960s (by his grandson Isaac Levi, also of London). Horeb was translated into Hebrew already in 1892. The publication, in several volumes, of his collected writings (Gesammelte Schriften or Nachalath Zwi) was begun in 1902. The bulk of these, that had previously been published in German in 1902-1912 under the title Nachalath Zwi, were translated between 1984 and 2012 by the "Rabbi Dr. Joseph Breuer  Foundation" (established to perpetuate the memory of Breuer, Hirsch's grandson, via publication of Hirsch's (and Breur's) writings).Many of the Collected Writings are available online and linked here. Themes in his work
<mask> lived in the post-Napoleonic era, an epoch when Jews had been granted civil rights in a large number of European countries, leading to a call for reform. A large segment of his work focuses on the possibilities for Orthodox Judaism in such an era, when freedom of religion also meant the freedom to practice Torah precepts without persecution and ridicule. The principle of "Austritt", an independent Orthodoxy, flows naturally from his view on the place of Judaism in his epoch: If Judaism is to gain from these civil liberties, it has to be able to develop independently — without having to lend implicit or explicit approval to efforts at reformation. His other major work involves the symbolic meaning of many Torah commandments and passages. Indeed, his work "Horeb" (1837) focuses to a large degree on the possible meanings and symbols in religious precepts. This work was continued in his Torah commentary and his articles in the Jeschurun journal (Collected Writings, vol.III, is a collation of these articles). A final area of his work, which has only recently been re-discovered, was his etymological analysis of the Hebrew language. Most of this work is contained in his Torah commentary, where he analyses and compares the shorashim (three-letter root forms) of a large number of Hebrew words and develops an etymological system of the Hebrew language. This approach is based on the idea that letters that share a phonetic similarity, have similar meaning. For example, the words Zohar (light), Tzohar (translucent window), and Tahor (purity) are related words because the letters Zayin, Tzadie, and Tet are phonetically similar. This is an approach used in many places by the renowned biblical commentator Rashi as well. Although this effort was, in his own words, "totally unscientific", it has led to the recent publication of an "etymological dictionary of the Hebrew language".Although <mask> Halevi), Nahmanides, and the Maharal of Prague in his works. Nevertheless, most of his ideas are original. In a 1995 edition of <mask>' Nineteen Letters, commentator Rabbi Joseph Elias makes an extensive effort to show <mask>' sources in Rabbinic literature, parallels in his other works and those of other post-Talmudic Jewish thinkers. Elias also attempts to refute particular interpretations of his philosophy, such as the notion that much of his thinking was rooted in Kantian secular philosophy. While the Zionist movement was not founded during his lifetime, it is clear from his responses to Rabbi Zvi <mask> Kalischer, and in several places in his commentary to the Bible and Siddur, that although he had a deep love for the Land of Israel, he opposed a movement to wrest political independence for the Land of Israel before the Messianic Era. In later works, he makes it clear that Jewish sovereignty is dependent only on Divine Providence. Influence and controversy

There is considerable controversy over <mask>'s legacy; this is a matter of debate amongst three parties: Haredi (sometimes called Ultra-Orthodox), Modern Orthodox, and <mask>'s descendants.While it is undisputed that his Torah im Derech Eretz was his real innovation, the exact implementation has been greatly debated. Those on Orthodoxy's right wing hold that <mask> himself approved of secular studies as a "Horaas Sha'ah", or temporary dispensation, only in order to save Orthodox Jewry of the nineteenth century from the threat posed by assimilation. While a yeshiva student in Eastern Europe, Rabbi Shimon Schwab obtained the opinions of various Poskim (authorities in Jewish law) to this effect (see Selected Writings, "These and Those", where Schwab himself disagrees). At the other end of the Orthodox continuum, some Modern Orthodox Jews understand Hirsch in the sense of Torah Umadda, meaning a synthesis of Torah knowledge and secular knowledge - each for its own sake (this view is propagated in several articles in Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Thought, published by the Rabbinical Council of America). In this view, <mask> thought that it was permissible, and even productive, for Jews to learn Gentile philosophy, music, art, literature, and ethics for their own sake. In contrast, a third middle opinion held by <mask>'s descendants (his son-in-law and successor Rabbi Solomon Breuer, his grandson Rabbi Joseph Breuer, and the latter's successor Rabbi Shimon Schwab), Rabbi Joseph Elias, in his commentary to The Nineteen Letters, and some Jewish historians say that both of these understandings of <mask>'s philosophy are misguided; they refer to these readings of <mask> as improper historical revisionism. In response to the "temporary dispensation" theory, they point to <mask> in Collected Writings as continually stressing the philosophical and religious imperative of Torah im Derech Eretz for all times.<mask> himself addressed this contention: "Torah im Derech Eretz ... is not part of troubled, time bound notions; it represents the ancient, traditional wisdom of our sages that has stood the test everywhere and at all times." In response to the "Torah Umadda" theory, they say that Hirschian philosophy demands the domination of Torah over secular knowledge, not a separate synthesis. On this basis, many adherents of <mask>'s philosophy have preferred the natural sciences over the humanities as a subject of secular study, seemingly because they are easier to judge through the prism of Torah thought than the more abstract humanities. Bibliography
The Nineteen Letters, Prepared by Jacob Breuer in a new edition based on the translation by Rabbi Dr. Bernard Drachman. Feldheim, 1960. The Nineteen Letters, Newly translated by Karin Paritzky; revised and with a comprehensive commentary by Joseph Elias. Feldheim Publishers.Second, corrected edition 1996. .
Horeb: A Philosophy of Jewish Laws and Observances, Translated from the German original with Introduction and Annotations by Dayan Dr. I. Grunfeld. Soncino Press, 1962. Volume I & II. . The Pentateuch - with Translation and Commentary, Judaica Press, 1962. . Reissued in a new translation by Daniel Haberman as The Hirsch Chumash, Feldheim/Judaica Press, 2009. . The Hirsch Siddur. Philipp Feldheim, 1978. .Collected Writings of Rabbi <mask> <mask>. Philipp Feldheim, 1984–2012 (9 volumes). . The Psalms - with Translation and Commentary. Philipp Feldheim, 1960. Revised edition published 2014. . The Jewish Sabbath, Translated by Ben Josephussoro. Mullock and Sons, 1911.Jewish Symbolism- The Collected Writings Volume III. Philipp Feldheim, 1984. .

See also
 Orthodox Judaism
 Isaac Breuer
 Joseph Breuer
 Mordechai Breuer
 Salomon Breuer
 Kaufmann Kohler, a student of Hirsch
 Yeshiva Rabbi <mask> <mask>, New York City
 Torah Lehranstalt
 Moses Samuel Zuckermandl, a student of Hirsch

References

External links

 Works by and about <mask> <mask> in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica
 Religion Allied to Progress in Collected Writings of Rabbi <mask> <mask>
 <mask>, <mask>, jewishencyclopedia.com
 Video Lecture on <mask> Hirsch by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South
 Hirsch / Breuer genealogy (GIF file)
 Natan Slifkin, Rav <mask>: Hero or Heretic? A variety of articles and resources, including two biographies of <mask> and other materials. A catalogue of print and online resources focusing on the teachings of Rabbi <mask>. Digitized works by <mask> <mask> at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York
 The Torah Im Derech Eretz Society

1808 births
1888 deaths
19th-century rabbis
Czech Orthodox rabbis
German biblical scholars
19th-century German theologians
German Orthodox rabbis
Chief rabbis of Moravia
Rabbis of Nikolsburg
19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
German Jewish theologians
Jews from Hamburg
Philosophers of Judaism
University of Bonn alumni
19th-century Jewish theologians
Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century male writers
Jewish translators of the Bible
Jews and Judaism in Frankfurt
19th-century

masks:
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirschda
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Hirsch
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Samson Raphael
Hirsch
Rabbi Hirsch
Hirsch
Samson Raphael
Hirsch


title: Aris Velouchiotis

texts:
Athanasios Klaras (; August 27, 1905 – June 15, 1945), better known by the nom de guerre <mask> (), was a Greek journalist, politician, member of the Communist Party of Greece, the most prominent leader and chief instigator of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and the military branch of the National Liberation Front (EAM), which was the major resistance organization in occupied Greece from 1942 to 1945. Early years
<mask> was born in Lamia, Greece in 1905, to an upper urban class family. His father was Dimitrios Klaras, a well-known lawyer in the area and his mother was Aglaia Zerva. Initially Klaras studied journalism, but later attended and graduated from the Geoponic School of Larissa. He left for Athens, where he did various jobs, participated in the leftist and antimilitary movement and later became a member of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). During the 1920s and 30s he was jailed several times for different offenses. He became an editor in the communist Rizospastis and wrote several articles supporting socialist revolution.In 1931, an article of Klaras caused the intervention of the authorities, who shut down the newspaper and proceeded to prosecute its editors. The newspaper was republished as Neos Rizospastis. During the Metaxas regime (1936–1941), there was an "unprecedent witch-hunt" against Greek communists. Velouchiotis was arrested for his communist ideas at the end of 1936 and jailed in Aegina, where he was tortured under the police interrogation techniques refined by Konstantinos Maniadakis, the Minister of Security. He managed to escape during transport from Aegina to Athens for trial in 1937, but was arrested soon thereafter and sent back to Aegina for an additional four years. He remained imprisoned there until signing a "statement of renouncement of KKE and of the communist ideology," a very humiliating act for a communist at the time. These statements of renouncement, called "declarations of repentance", were then distributed to the authorities in the signatory's home village.These confessions were often publicly published listing both the actions for which the signatory had confessed, as well as wholly fabricated confessions, marking the signatories as dilosias (renegades) in their home villages. This left a mark on Velouchiotis' name, both with those supporting the Metaxas dictatorship, but also from the communists, who saw his declaration as a capitulation. World War II: From Klaras to Aris

During World War II, he fought as an artillery private of the Hellenic Army at the Albanian front against the Italian army, until the German invasion in April 1941 and Greece's subsequent surrender and occupation. After Germany's offensive campaign in the Soviet Union, the Greek Communist Party championed the creation of the National Liberation Front (EAM), and Klaras was sent to Central Greece (Greek Roumeli) to assess the potential for the development of a guerrilla movement against the occupation forces in this area. His proposals were adopted by the party, and in January 1942, Klaras moved to the mountains to start setting up guerrilla groups. The first appearance of the partisans organised by Klaras occurred on June 7, 1942, in the village of Domnista in Evrytania in Central Greece. There he presented himself as Major of Artillery (for gaining extra prestige among the villagers) with the nom de guerre of Aris Velouchiotis (from Ares, the Greek god of war, and Velouchi, a local mountain) and proclaimed the existence of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS).Initially, he collected also the traditional local mountain living bandits in order to create a small group of experts in guerrilla fighting. Velouchiotis as a leader applied steely discipline and managed to have under his commands a considerable number of guerillas. Starting with only 15 men, ELAS' power finally comprised up to 50,000 guerillas. One of the most important early operations of the Greek resistance movement (in which Velouchiotis and his fighters, after negotiations with the British, agreed to participate alongside Napoleon Zervas's republican EDES resistance forces and twelve British saboteurs under the leadership of Major E. C. W. "Eddie" Myers) was the blowing-up of the Gorgopotamos railway viaduct, south of Lamia, on November 25, 1942 (Operation Harling). The destruction of the viaduct cut the single Thessaloniki-Athens rail line, thus the line connecting the Balkans with southern Greece, but did not disrupt any supply lines—as would have been the case had it happened, as the British intended, two months earlier—to Erwin Rommel's German forces in Northern Africa, as it took place one month after the commencement of the El Alamein battle on October 23, 1942, in which Rommel was badly defeated by the British. The destruction of the Gorgopotamos viaduct was to be the last operation where the communist-influenced ELAS organisation fought alongside Greek Republican resistance forces, such as the EKKA's 5/42 Evzones Regiment (military arm of EKKA) and EOEA (National Groups of Greek Guerillas, Εthnikes Omades Ellinon Antarton, military arm of EDES). But despite the signing of an agreement in July 1943 between the three main Resistance groups (EAM/ELAS, EDES and EKKA) to cooperate and to subject themselves to the Allied Middle East High Command under General Wilson (the "National Bands Agreement"), in the political field, the mutual mistrust between EAM and the other groups escalated.EAM-ELAS was by now the dominant political and military force in Greece, and EDES and EKKA, along with the British and the Greek government-in-exile, feared that after the inevitable German withdrawal, it would try to dominate the country and establish a soviet regime  The rift ultimately led to a civil war in late 1943 and early 1944, in which ELAS attacked EDES, EOEA and destroyed EKKA's 5/42 Evzones Regiment, executing its leader Col. Dimitrios Psarros. Liberation and expulsion from the Communist Party

In October 1944, when the Nazis evacuated Greece, ELAS was the dominant force in most of the Greek cities, except Athens, while EAM had established its own government, the PEEA. Velouchiotis passed from Central Greece to Peloponnese to clear the region from the Security Battalions, and fought several battles against them. The British, with units of the Greek Army, were landed in Greece (Operation Manna) and a new government was formed under Georgios Papandreou, the leader of the Greek National Unity Government, which was established following the Treaties of Lebanon and Caserta. Velouchiotis returned to Central Greece and made a speech in his native town, Lamia. During the Dekemvriana events in Athens, he was sent by the Party to Epirus, where he attacked the forces of Zervas' EDES. EDES evacuated the region of Epirus and passed to the Ionian islands.When the Varkiza agreement was signed to end the Dekemvriana fighting between EAM forces and governmental/British forces in Athens, he personally with General Sarafis signed the demobilisation of the ELAS army. But afterwards, he vehemently refused to comply regarding the agreement as a betrayal of the guerillas. The leadership of the Communist Party, under Nikos Zachariadis, consequently accused him of treachery, of being a "suspicious and adventurous element" and spurned him as a member of KKE. The Communist Party was always suspicious of Klaras' actions even though he was the founder of ELAS. This was due to his status as a simple party member, his old renouncement of the party and fickle character. Death
Velouchiotis moved again to the mountains of Central Greece in order to start an insurgency (see Greek Civil War) against the new government and the British allies who supported them (considering them worse than Germans). He was reported to have denounced the sell-out to the British in the Varkiza Agreement to lay down the National Resistance arms; particularly moving was the sight of his elite massed Mavroskoufides (Black Berets) openly mourning.He was outmanoeuvred by the KKE leadership and resolved to leave Greece; he repeatedly requested permission from the party to be allowed to depart, but was refused. His intention was to create a new ELAS and a National Independence Front (MEA). Though most of his associates abandoned him, he was reported to have continued to conduct guerrilla activities until June 1945. He was denounced by the KKE Central Committee and increasingly isolated, until he was ambushed with his unit in the mountain of Agrafa (some say that he was set up or even betrayed by KKE contacts) by para-military groups controlled by the Athens government. <mask> and his second in command, Giannis Aggeletos (nom de guerre: Leon Tzavellas), were isolated by the main unit and finally he committed suicide with his comrade, either by a hand grenade or by a bullet, on the same day he learned that he was denounced by the communist party. Rumors want him to "have committed suicide with his commander Tzavellas when his thoughts were that there is no better future for his revolution". The corpses of Velouchiotis and Tzavellas were subsequently decapitated, and the heads displayed (a practice of the pre-war Greek State and Police for the common mountain bandits), hanging from a lamp post in the central square of the town of Trikala.When British Labour government members of Parliament objected to the barbarity of the operation, they received the reply that the display was in accordance to an "ancient Greek war custom". Following the rehabilitation in Greece of the EAM/ELAS and subsequently of the Communist party itself (after the end of the Greek military junta), busts and statues of <mask> Velouchiotis have been erected in his native town; recently the KKE  moved discreetly for Velouchiotis' rehabilitation, following in turn the expulsion of the KKE's wartime leader (who had denounced him), Nikos Zachariadis. Relationship with Zervas
Coincidentally, the two leaders of the Greek Resistance were distant cousins. Zervas was descendant from the famous Souliote clan of Zervades, who after the destruction of Souli by the Ottomans fled to Aitoloakarnania, while Klaras' mother was of Souliote descent, from a family related to Zervades. However, Zervas had never before seen Velouchiotis before their first meeting during the Resistance era. Legacy

Velouchiotis is one of the most controversial figures of modern Greek history. His personality and action was mythologised during his life and after his death.Supporters consider him a symbol of Greek resistance against the occupying powers, the founder and creator of the biggest guerrilla army in the Greek history (ELAS) and a hero of the communist cause. Critics see him as a perpetrator of atrocities and murders against rural people who were perceived as opponents of communism; a basic instigator of the Red Terror. In his memories he appreciates his military abilities. However, he was a man of strong patriotic beliefs. He was especially strict to Greeks who sought collaboration with the occupying forces, with his companions who broke the organized discipline, and people who approved the involvement of the British in Greek politics since he considered the British a threat to the patriotic cause of the Resistance. See also
Georgios Grivas
Salvatore Giuliano
Che Guevara
Emiliano Zapata
Georgios Karaiskakis

Notes

Further reading

 Extensive biography in Greek, published also in English in 2012 by the same publisher as "Aris, Lord of the Mountains"

External links
 The Last Great Speech of Aris Velouchiotis
 Last Letter of Aris Velouhiotis to the Central Committee of the KKE

1905 births
1945 deaths
People from Lamia (city)
Greek journalists
Greek communists
Greek torture victims
Greek revolutionaries
Suicides in Greece
Greek People's Liberation Army personnel
Greek military leaders of World War II
20th-century journalists
1945 suicides
Trophy heads

masks:
Aris Velouchiotis
Aris Velouchiotis
Aris
Aris


title: Ian "H" Watkins

texts:
<mask> (born 8 May 1976), known professionally as H from Steps, is a Welsh singer and actor. He is known as a member of the British pop group Steps. In 2020, he competed in the twelfth series of Dancing on Ice. Career

Steps

In May 1997, <mask> became a member of the British pop group Steps. Steps achieved a series of charting singles between 1997 and 2001 including two number-one singles in the UK, two number-one albums in the UK, 14 consecutive top 5 singles in the UK and a string of hits throughout Europe. The group has sold over 20 million records worldwide in addition to acquiring a BRIT Award nomination in 1999. Steps reformed in May 2011 for a four-part documentary series on Sky Living titled Steps: Reunion.The series started airing on 28 September, following an announcement of a second greatest hits album, The Ultimate Collection, that was released on 10 October 2011. The album entered the charts at number one, becoming the band's third album to achieve this feat. The second series of Steps: Reunion titled "Steps: On the Road Again" aired on Sky Living in April 2012; the series followed the band as they embarked on their sellout 22-date UK tour. On 24 September 2012, the group confirmed they would release their fourth studio album Light Up The World on 12 November 2012, alongside a six-date Christmas tour, starting from 30 November and ending on 5 December. The group reformed for a second time on 1 January 2017 in celebration of their 20th anniversary, and later announced their fifth studio album Tears on the Dancefloor, which was released in April 2017 and entered the charts at number 2. On 5 March 2017, the group confirmed the release of the new album, alongside its lead single, "Scared of the Dark", and a 22-date tour, Party on the Dancefloor. A deluxe edition of the album, titled Tears on the Dancefloor: Crying at the Disco, was released on 27 October.In November 2017, Faye Tozer announced that the reunion was no longer just a 20th-anniversary celebration and that the group intends to continue after their 2018 Summer of Steps tour. In April 2018, Richards announced that following their summer tour, they would begin work on their sixth studio album. In February 2019, Richards announced the group would begin recording their next album during the summer months. On 7 September 2020, via their social media accounts, Steps announced the release date of their album entitled What the Future Holds. The album was released on 27 November of the same year, with pre-orders available from 8 September. The next day, they confirmed a new 14-date UK tour (with special guest Sophie Ellis-Bextor) starting in November 2021. The first single from the album was "What the Future Holds", written by Greg Kurstin and Sia and released on 9 September 2020.It was followed by "Something in Your Eyes" on 27 October 2020. "To the Beat of My Heart" was released as the album's third single in January 2021. The first single of What the Future Holds Pt. 2 was confirmed as a reworked version of "Heartbreak in This City" featuring Michelle Visage. H & Claire

After Steps split in 2001, <mask> formed a duo, H & Claire, with fellow ex-Steps member Claire Richards. They released three singles and an album. Musical theatre
After departing from H & Claire, he then decided to take a musical theatre course at the Royal Academy of Music.Whilst taking the course he also appeared in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and was filmed for a reality TV series, H-side Story, which followed him as he tried to make a new career in acting. <mask> performed at Preston's Charter theatre in the pantomime Cinderella as the character of Buttons. In summer 2007, he performed in the West End version of Fame. During Christmas 2007, he reprised his role as Buttons in the pantomime Cinderella at the Grimsby Auditorium. He also played the role of 'Silly Billy' in pantomime Jack & The Beanstalk at the Southport Theatre from 10 December 2009 to 3 January 2010. Christmas 2010 saw his return to Grimsby as he performed in the pantomime Beauty and the Beast, playing the part of Muddles. In 2013, <mask> announced that he was returning to his role as Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat in June on the UK National Tour.The following year he played Prince Charming in the panto Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at the Hazlitt Theatre, Maidstone. Television
In June 2006, <mask> appeared in a special week of episodes of the BBC Radio Drama Silver Street on the BBC Asian Network. He played the character of former soldier Dave in episodes set in the Welsh countryside. In November 2006, <mask> featured on the BBC Children in Need Celebrity Scissorhands show, where Michelle cut his hair. <mask> was the ninth housemate to enter the Celebrity Big Brother house on 3 January 2007. He finished in fourth place. In April 2007, <mask> starred as the hidden celebrity in an episode of the CBBC series Hider in the House.On 11 March 2008, <mask> presented a documentary about growing up gay in Wales, shown on BBC Wales. Whilst filming for this, <mask> interviewed Christian Voice leader Stephen Green. During the interview Green compared him to Jeffrey Dahmer. In December 2008, <mask> was a contestant in Bargain Hunt Famous Finds and partnered with Connie Fisher. <mask> appeared on Skins, episode 2 of series 4. He also appeared in the Living TV series Party Wars in 2010. In February 2013, <mask> was a contestant in the celebrity special of the ITV quiz show The Chase along with three other celebrities.In 2014, he appeared as one of the celebrities challenged to learn Welsh in a week on the S4C series Cariad@Iaith. In 2020, <mask> competed in the twelfth series of the ITV series Dancing on Ice. He was the first celebrity in the history of the series to compete within a same sex couple, with professional partner Matt Evers. Steps reunion
In 2009, Lee Latchford-Evans hinted that a future reunion was possible, but that "it isn't the right time right now". In 2011, it was announced that Steps would be reuniting for a four-part Sky Living documentary, depicting their split and the intermittent years. The band would also release their Ultimate Collection, as well as potential new material. In an interview with Digital Spy on 20 September 2011, Steps said that they believe there may still be a gap in the market for their brand of "happy pop".Scott-Lee said: "Times have changed, but we are in a recession and Steps' music was very light-hearted and fun, so there could be a place for that in today's society ... What else is interesting is that there aren't any boy/girl pop groups out there at the moment". Personal life
On 3 January 2007, <mask> came out as gay in an interview with The Sun newspaper. His interview was published the same day he entered the Celebrity Big Brother house. During his tenure with Steps, <mask> was involved in a relationship with the group's manager, Tim Byrne. <mask> was in a relationship with Craig Ryder from 2007 until November 2017. On 6 March 2016, they became fathers to twin sons, Macsen and Cybi <mask>, born via a surrogate. <mask> was named on the 2017 Pink List of leading Welsh LGBT figures.Misidentification
In November 2013, it was reported that <mask> had been receiving hate mail through Twitter from people confusing him with Lostprophets singer <mask>, who had recently pleaded guilty to sex offences involving children. H received a public apology in court from E! Entertainment Television for having used his photo to illustrate a story about the Lostprophets singer. After the misidentification, H was said to be pursuing legal action after his image appeared next to stories about the other <mask>' crimes through searches on Google News. Discography

References

External links

 Friday Night H (BBC Radio Wales)

1976 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
British male singers
Butlins Redcoats
Gay actors
LGBT actors from Wales
LGBT musicians from Wales
LGBT singers from the United Kingdom
Living people
Participants in British reality television series
People educated at Treorchy Comprehensive School
People from Llwynypia
Steps (group) members
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Ian Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Ryder Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Ian Watkins
Ian Watkins


title: Timothy Swan

texts:
<mask> (1758–1842) was a Yankee tunesmith and hatmaker born in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The son of goldsmith <mask>, <mask> lived in small towns along the Connecticut River in Connecticut and Massachusetts for most of his life. <mask>'s compositional output consisted mostly of psalm and hymn settings, referred to as psalmody. These tunes and settings were produced for choirs and singing schools located in Congregationalist communities of New England. <mask> is unique as an early American composer in that he composed secular vocal duets and songs in addition to sacred tunebook music. The tunebook, New England Harmony is a collection of his sacred music compositions, while The Songster's Assistant is a collection of his secular music. <mask> was also a poet and teacher of singing.Life

Birth and early life
Born July 23, 1758, <mask> was the eighth child of the goldsmith William and Lavinia <mask> of Worcester, Massachusetts. Not much is known of <mask>'s early years other than he resided in Worcester until his father's death in 1774. After the death of his father, <mask> was apprenticed to a "Mr. Barnes" of Marlborough, Massachusetts. Barnes, an "importer of foreign goods" was a loyalist who eventually left the colonies to return to England as relations between the two became increasingly strained. This caused an end to <mask>'s brief apprenticeship in Marlborough. Groton and the singing school
After leaving Barnes' employ, <mask> moved to Groton, Massachusetts to live with his older brother William. <mask>'s elder brother had an active interest in music and may have influenced his brother.Shortly after arriving in Groton, <mask> enrolled in a singing school that was taught by a "Mr. Gross". This experience is probably the only formal musical education that <mask> ever had. Cambridge and Northfield
In 1774, <mask> left Groton to enlist in the Continental Army located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was here that he learned to play fife under the tutelage of a British Fifer. In 1775, a little less than a year after enlisting at Cambridge, <mask> moved to Northfield, Massachusetts. It was here that <mask> became apprenticed as a hatter with his brother-in-law Caleb Lyman.It is here in Northfield that <mask>'s attention focused on musical composition. His first composition "Montague" can be placed around 1774 when <mask> was sixteen years old. The Suffield years
After completing his apprenticeship in 1780, <mask> moved to Enfield, Connecticut and then to Suffield, Connecticut, two years later in 1782. It was in Suffield that <mask> composed most of his music. Marriage and family
In Suffield, <mask> was introduced to Mary Gay, the daughter Ebenezer Gay, third minister of the First Congregational Church of Suffield. <mask> may have been introduced to Miss Gay by his brother <mask> who was married to Lucy Gay, Mary's sister. His marriage to Mary on May 5, 1784, produced a large family similar to his own, ten children several of which were musicians like their father.Singing schools and tunebooks
Supplementing his work as a hatter, <mask> began teaching singing-schools in the area. It was during this time that his music was first printed. In 1783, composer-compiler Oliver Brownson included six of <mask>'s tunes in the third issue of Select Harmony. This was followed by requests from other compilers and publishers to include <mask>'s tunes in their tunebooks and other publications. By 1800, his tunes were being printed in larger areas: New York, Virginia, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. This rise in interest in his music prompted <mask> to publish his music himself. Collaborating with Alexander Ely, <mask> published The Songster's Assistant in ca.1786. The tunebook was a collection of secular duets. <mask> contributed half of the songs in the collection. In 1801, he published New England Harmony. Unlike The Songster's Assistant, New England Harmony was a collection of sacred music. The tune book contained over 104 pages of original music. The collection contained many tunes that had been previously printed including his first tune Montague.The tunebook was not well received and <mask> did not publish another collection after 1801. Even though the last tunebook did do well, <mask>'s music was still in demand and was published in later compilations by other tunebook compilers. Return to Northfield
In October 1807, 25 years after settling in Suffield, <mask> and his family moved back to the town of his childhood. The reason for the move is not known; however, the decision may have been prompted by his mother's failing health. She died six years later in 1813. Upon returning to Northfield, <mask> went into business with his nephew Josiah Dwight Lyman as milliners. <mask> continued to compose music and receive requests from other compilers seeking to purchase the copyright of some of his more popular tunes.Death
On July 23, 1842, at the age of 84, <mask> died in his sleep in Northfield. Around the time of his death the style of psalmody that he composed had given way to more "proper" compositions more along the lines of the European school of musical composition. An obituary published in the Boston Daily Advertiser, dated August 5, 1842, noted, "<mask>, 82, generally known to the public as the author of China and other pieces of sacred music, which have [so] long held a place in successive musical collections, that they have seemed to belong to an age long gone by." List of works
New England Harmony (1801)
The Songster's Assistant (ca. 1786)

Footnotes

Sources
Cooke, Nym. ed. (1997).<mask>: Psalmody And Secular Songs. Music of the United States of America, vol. 6. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. -------- "<mask>" in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Hall, Roger L. ed.The Stoughton Musical Society's Centennial Collection of Sacred Music. Ditson & Company, 1878. Reprint, DaCapo Press, 1980. Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Marlborough from Its Earliest Settlement in 1657 to 1861. Boston, Massachusetts, 1862. Langosch, Marlene."The Published Works of <mask> (1758-1842)." MMA Thesis. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1968. Murray, Sterling E. "<mask> and Yankee Psalmody" The Musical Quarterly 61, no.3. (July 1975), pp. 433–60. "Obituary", Boston Daily Advertiser, Boston, Massachusetts, August 5, 1842, pp.235–36.Records of the Congregational Church in Suffield, Connecticut, 1710-1836. Hartford, Connecticut: 1941. Sonneck, Oscar G. Bibliography of Early Secular American Music (18th Century). Revised by William T. Upton, New York: Da Capo Press, 1964. Temple, Josiah Howard and George Sheldon. A History of Town of Northfield, Massachusetts, for 150 Years, with An Account of the Prior Occupation of the Territory by the Squakheags and with Family Genealogies"'' Albany, New York: Joel Munsell, 1875. Webster, E. "<mask>."Manuscript Memoir, in Swan Papers, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts: 1842. External links
 <mask>, Suffield Library, Suffield, Connecticut

 <mask> at Music of the United States of America (MUSA)

Sound files
Rainbow MIDI
China (1790) MIDI
Ocean MIDI
Orange MIDI
Calvary MIDI
Poland (1783) MIDI
Dover MIDI

American male composers
American composers
American music publishers (people)
Musicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
People from Suffield, Connecticut
People from Northfield, Massachusetts
Hat makers
1758 births
1842 deaths
Shape note
People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution

masks:
Timothy Swan
William Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Timothy Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Timothy
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Benjamin Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan
Timothy Swan