title: Paul A. Shackel

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American anthropologist and a Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Maryland, College Park. He joined the Department of Anthropology in 1996 after working for the National Park Service for seven and a half years. His research interests include Historical Archaeology, Civic Engagement, African Diaspora, Labor Archaeology, and Heritage Studies. He teaches courses in Historical Archaeology, Archaeology of the Chesapeake, and Method and Theory in Archaeology. Education

<mask> earned his PhD in Anthropology, which was awarded with distinction, at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1987. His dissertation focused on the archaeology and probate records from eighteenth-century Annapolis, Maryland and he described the development of modern behavior during early capitalism. Academic career

<mask> began his teaching career as an Adjunct Instructor, Department of Social Sciences, Suffolk Community College.During the summers of 1983 and 1984, he led a team of students in an archaeological excavation to locate the homestead of the founder of the Town of Islip, on Long Island. In 1984 and 1986 he served as an instructor in the Department of Anthropology at State University of New York at Buffalo, teaching Introduction to Archaeology, and Historical Archaeology. He co-taught a course with Barbara Little and Parker Potter in the Department of Social Sciences at Anne Arundel Community College in 1986. He served as a lecturer in Department of Anthropology, UMCP in the 1987–88 academic year, and served as a Visiting Asst. Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland College Park in 1988–1989. <mask> came to the Department of Anthropology at UMCP and served as an Assistant Professor from 1996–1999; Associate Professor from 1999–2002 and Professor from 2002–present. He served as Department Chair from 2008-2020.Research projects
<mask> participated in the Archaeology in Annapolis project and earned his PhD in 1987, examining archaeological materials, probate inventories, and courtesy/etiquette guide books. His dissertation examines the development of personal discipline and its relationship to the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism. In 1989 <mask> began working for Harpers Ferry National Historical Park as an archaeologist and he was part of a larger program related to the restoration of Lower Town Harpers Ferry. His extensive work at Harpers Ferry delves into issues of class and labor and has resulted in several books and articles. In 1996 <mask> came to the University of Maryland (UMCP) where he served as PI or Co-PI on several projects with the National Park Service. In 2002 he helped to initiate a long-term archaeology project at New Philadelphia, Illinois, a multi-racial town that was founded by a freed African American in 1836. In the 1860s the railroad bypassed New Philadelphia and by the 1920s it was virtually abandoned.In 2002 and 2003 the University of Maryland partnered with the Illinois State Museum (ISM), the University of Illinois (UI), and the friends group, the New Philadelphia Association (NPA), to perform an archaeological survey of the land. In 2004, UMCP received a 3-year National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates award that allowed <mask> to partner with UI and ISM to train undergraduates in archaeology and explore issues of race, class and ethnicity on the Illinois western frontier. New Philadelphia was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The Archaeological Conservancy is currently working to help preserve the land, and in 2014 a bill passed in the U.S. Senate and the United States House of Representatives to perform a Special Resource Study to determine the feasibility of making New Philadelphia a National Park. The site is currently being considered for National Park status. His recent work focuses on the anthracite region of Northeastern, Pennsylvania. During the fall and winter of 2010 an archaeological survey was conducted to locate the site of the Lattimer Massacre.In 1897, 25 miners of eastern European descent were killed while protesting for equal pay and better working conditions. Documentary research, oral histories and archaeological excavations of the domestic sites of coal miners and laborers in the coal patch towns of northeastern Pennsylvania is now the emphasis of the Anthracite Heritage Project. Since 2015, archaeology, preservation and heritage research has been conducted at Eckley Miners' Village, which is overseen by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. This research focuses on issues related to labor, class, and historic and contemporary immigration. Work continues with the Anthracite Heritage Museum in Scranton, PA to connect anthracite heritage with the established and newest immigrants to the region. Publications

Books authored

 1993 Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695–1870. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.1996 Culture Change and The New Technology: An Archaeology of The Early American Industrial Era. Plenum Publishing Corp, New York, NY. 2000 Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing, New York, NY. 2003 Memory in Black and White: Race, Commemoration, and the Post–Bellum Landscape. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California. 2006 "They Worked Regular": Craft, Labor, Family and the Archaeology of an Industrial Community (with Matthew Palus).University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 2008 The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream (with Teresa Moyer). AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD. 2009 An Archaeology of American Labor and Working Class Life. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 2011 New Philadelphia: An Archaeology of Race in the Heartland. University of California Press, Berkeley.2014 Archaeology, Heritage and Civic Engagement: Working Toward the Public Good (with Barbara J. Little). Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA. 2018 Remembering Lattimer: Migration, Labor, and Race in Pennsylvania Anthracite Country. University of Illinois Press, Champaign/Urbana, IL. 2020. An Archaeology of Unchecked Capitalism: From the American Rust Belt to the Developing World.NY: Berghahn Books. Edited volumes

1992 Meanings and Uses of Material Culture (with Barbara J. Little). Historical Archaeology 26(3). 1994 An Archaeology of Harpers Ferry's Commercial and Residential District (with Susan E. Winter). Historical Archaeology 28(4). 1994 Historical Archaeology of The Chesapeake (with Barbara J.Little). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 1998 Annapolis Pasts: Contributions From Archaeology in Annapolis (with <mask> and Mark S. Warner). The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. 2001 Myth, Memory and The Making of The American Landscape. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. (Paper edition issued in 2008).2003 Remembering Landscapes of Conflict. Historical Archaeology 37(3). 2004 Places in Mind: Archaeology as [[Applied Anthropology]] (with Erve Chambers). Routledge Press, NY. 2007 Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement (with Barbara Little). AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland. National Council for Public History Book Award finalist, 2008
2009 The Archaeology and Ethnography of Cultural Heritage Management (with David Gadsby and <mask> Jackson) Practicing Anthropology 31(3).2010 New Philadelphia: Racism, Community, and the Illinois (with Christopher Fennel and Terrance Martin) Historical Archaeology 44(1). 2011 Archaeologies of Engagement, Representation, and Identity (with David Gadsby) Historical Archaeology, 45(1). 2011 Heritage, Labour and the Working Class (with Laurajane Smith and Gary Campbell). Routledge Press, NY. 2013 Reversing the Narrative (with Michael Roller) Historical Archaeology, 47(3). 2014 Reprint of: Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake (with Barbara J. Little).Percheron Press, Clinton Corners, New York. 2019. Heritages Haunting the American Narrative. (Hayes, Katherine, Barbara J. Little, and <mask>. Shackel. Eds.) International Journal of Heritage Studies.25(7). Selected Articles in Refereed Journals
1987 Toward a Critical Archaeology (with Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter Jr.). Current Anthropology 28(3): 283–301. 1992 Post–Processual Approaches to Meanings and Uses of Material Culture (with Barbara J. Little). In Meanings and Uses of Material Culture, edited by Barbara J. Little and <mask><mask>.Historical Archaeology 26(3): 5–11. 1995 Terrible Saint: Changing Meanings of the John Brown Fort. Historical Archaeology 29(4): 11–25. 1998 Classical and Liberal Republicanism and the New Consumer Culture. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 2(1): 1–20. 2001 Public Memory and the Search for Power in American Historical Archaeology. American Anthropologist 102(3): 655–670.2004 Labor's Heritage: Remembering the American Industrial Landscape. Historical Archaeology 38(4): 43–57. 2006 The Gilded Age: An Archaeology of Working-Class Communities (with Matthew Palus). American Anthropologist 108(4): 828-841. 2012 "The Gilded Age Wasn’t So Gilded in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania (with Michael Roller)." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16(4): 761-775. 2013 An Historical Archaeology of Labor and Social Justice.American Anthropologist 115(2): 212-215. 2016 The Meaning of Place in the Anthracite Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. International Journal of Heritage Studies 22(3): 200-213. doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1114009
2017 Transgenerational Impact of Structural Violence: Epigenetics and the Legacy of Anthracite Coal. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. doi.org/10.1007/s10761-017-0451-0
2018 "Immigration Heritage in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania." Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 5(2):101-113. doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2017.1385947
2018 "Structural Violence and the Industrial Landscape." International Journal of Heritage Studies.https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1517374
 2019 “Structural Violence and the Industrial Landscape.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25(7): 750-762. doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1517374

Awards

 Choice Award, 2004;– for Outstanding Academic Title: Memory in Black and White (2003 AtltaMira)
 National Society Daughters of the American Revolution Historic Preservation Medal: 2006;– For work to place New Philadelphia on the National Register of Historic Places. Ethel Jane Westfeldt Bunting Fellow: School for Advanced Research (SAR), Summer Fellowship, 2007. Santa Fe, New Mexico. 2008 NCPH Book Award finalist for Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement (w/Barbara Little). WCRM Distinguished Scholar Lecture, Department of Anthropology at the University of Denver, Denver, CO, February, 2015
 Resident Scholar, Center for Heritage and Museum Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, October 2016
 Resident Scholar, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, April, 2017
 Mark E. Mack Community Engagement Award, Society for Historical Archaeology, (Anthracite Heritage Project), January 2019

References

External links
Department of Anthropology
Society for Historical Archaeology
Article: Archaeologists unearthing earliest incorporated black town

1959 births
Living people
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
Suffolk County Community College faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty

masks:
Paul A
. Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Shackel
Paul Mullins
Antoinette
Paul A
Paul A
. Shackel


title: Jack Cafferty

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born December 14, 1942) is a former CNN commentator and occasional host of specials. In the summer of 2005, Cafferty joined The Situation Room. He left CNN after November 15, 2012. Career
<mask>ty & Company on WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1974 he became the weeknight co-anchor, and later news director, at WHO-TV in Des Moines, Iowa. In 1977, <mask> moved to WNBC-TV in New York City as a weekend, then evening co-anchor on the station's 6:00 p.m. news hour.In 1979 Cafferty became co-anchor of WNBC-TV's 5:00 p.m weeknight newscast, and the following year he was joined on the program by Sue Simmons. Their show was reformatted as Live at Five, and its mix of news, features and celebrity interviews would prove successful for much of the 1980s. Cafferty left WNBC-TV in 1989 and joined rival WNYW, where he anchored the Fox flagship station's 7:00 p.m. news and a short-lived late night show, Newsline New York. In 1992 Cafferty moved to then-independent station WPIX, and co-anchored its 10:00 p.m. newscast until joining CNN in 1998. In the summer of 2005, Cafferty joined The Situation Room, CNN's weekday afternoon newscast. Cafferty also formerly co-anchored CNN's weekday morning broadcast, American Morning. On The Cafferty File, his nightly segment on The Situation Room, he offers commentary and personal opinions.In October 2006, Cafferty hosted a five-part miniseries on CNN titled Broken Government detailing problems with the two political parties, government bureaucracy and the federal court system. Viewer e-mail messages replaced the news crawl that usually appears on the bottom of the screen. Cafferty has earned many distinctions in his career, including the Edward R. Murrow Award, an Emmy award and the New York Associated Press State Broadcasters Award. Books
Cafferty is the author of the book It's Getting Ugly Out There: The Frauds, Bunglers, Liars, and Losers Who Are Hurting America, published on September 10, 2007 by John Wiley & Sons. The book is a satirical critique of political and social issues, including the long arm of big business, the Iraq War and Hurricane Katrina, expanding on many of themes covered on Cafferty's Situation Room segment and chastising the growing culture of sensationalism and tabloid journalism in modern news media. Portions of the book are autobiographical, describing Cafferty's childhood and short-lived military career as well as his foray into journalism. According to Cafferty: "Very little of my back story qualifies as Hallmark Card material, but it may help you to make sense of the way I see and interpret what's going on around me."<mask>'s second book, entitled Now or Never: Getting Down to the Business of Saving Our American Dream was published by Wiley on March 9, 2009. Political positions

Bush administration
<mask> initially supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He says he "bought the whole song and dance about WMDs. I was caught up in the national hysteria that followed 9/11, and was captive to the political manipulation, if you will, that took place in all of us." He revised his position when the Downing Street memo was leaked in 2005 and has since become a harsh critic of the administration. On the Iraq War, <mask> stated, "The Bush administration used 9/11 as an excuse to start the war in Iraq. People make a lot of money during wartime – $600 billion we've spent there so far – and a lot of that money has gone to friends of the administration, and of course there is all that oil.I don't think for a single second there was anything honorable about the decision to invade a sovereign country. They had nothing to do with 9/11 and had done nothing to the United States. But hey... what do I know?" On February 15, 2006, when Fox News Channel commentator Brit Hume interviewed Vice-President Dick Cheney after he had shot Harry Whittington in a hunting accident, Cafferty remarked, "I would guess it didn't exactly represent a profile in courage for the vice-president to wander over there to the F-word network for a sitdown with Brit Hume. I mean, that's a little like Bonnie interviewing Clyde, ain't it?" As this is a common euphemism used at CNN to refer to Rupert Murdoch's network, Cafferty later clarified: "Get your mind out of the gutter. The F-word is Fox."Cafferty was reprimanded by the president of CNN when he called Donald Rumsfeld "an obnoxious jerk and war criminal" on the eve of the 2006 midterm election. He made an on-air acknowledgment of having "stepped over the line", but later told the interviewer, "I will go to my grave as <mask>ty, private citizen, believing that these people committed war crimes." On August 19, 2008, he wrote an article comparing John McCain to George W. Bush, concluding that "I fear to the depth of my being that John McCain is just like him." U.S. Democratic Party
Cafferty repeatedly accused the Democratic Party of failing to honor their campaign promises to end the Iraq War: "The Democrats were handed a golden opportunity to challenge President Bush on the war when they were given control of Congress in the midterm elections in 2006. So far they have done absolutely nothing." Cafferty once stated that "It seems the Democrats are the greatest thing the Republicans have going for them sometimes." When House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that Republicans were using filibuster tactics to block measures to withdraw American troops from Iraq, Cafferty declared: "Baloney, Madam Speaker.Appropriations bills for the war must pass the House of Representatives by a simple majority. It is completely within your power to stop the funding of the war in Iraq. You have simply chosen not to do so. In fact, I did a little homework. The Speaker of the House of Representatives decides which pieces of legislation even come to the floor of the House debate and/or a vote." Controversial remarks
Cafferty's outspoken and provocative style of commentary has on occasion led to public outcry. Though he acknowledges his habit of "saying some pretty outrageous stuff", Cafferty has characterized this as part of his job description: "I get paid to ask questions I don't know the answers to and to complain about the things that bother me."Air America Radio
During <mask>'s time as a co-anchor of CNN's morning program, he reported on March 31, 2004 that "It's a red-letter day here in America. Air America, that communist radio network, starts broadcasting in a little while." Cafferty was unyielding when CNN colleague Soledad O'Brien responded by saying that the new talk-radio network was not communist but liberal. He replied: "Well. Aren't they synonymous?" Middle East
The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee has accused Cafferty of having a "simplistic" view of the Middle East. Cafferty courted controversy on September 23, 2004 while discussing terrorist demands for the release of two women scientists from an Iraqi prison and remarking: "Given the way these mutants treat women in their societies, the women are probably better off in U.S. custody.They treat women like furniture in those countries. If I was a woman, I think I’d rather be in an American jail cell than I would be living with one of those, whatever they are over there." On November 17, 2004, touching on the kidnapping and murder of the Wall Street Journal's South Asia Bureau Chief Daniel Pearl, <mask> remarked: "The Arab World is where innocent people are kidnapped, blindfolded, tied up, tortured and beheaded, and then videotape of all of this is released to the world as though they’re somehow proud of their barbarism. Somehow, I wouldn’t be too concerned about the sensitivity of the Arab world. They don’t seem to have very much. It's going to come down to them or us." The next day the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee accused Cafferty of "hateful rhetoric" and stated that he had "a history of insensitive remarks towards many minority groups".China
On the April 9, 2008 broadcast of CNN's The Situation Room, asked to comment on the United States' relationship with China, Cafferty responded: "I think they're basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they've been for the last 50 years". The Legal Immigrant Association started an online petition calling for a formal apology, indicating that Cafferty's rant was anti-Chinese and had the effect of exacerbating negative attitudes held by Americans toward Chinese and Chinese Americans. On the April 14, 2008 broadcast of CNN's Situation Room, <mask> clarified his remarks: "Last week, during a discussion of the controversy surrounding China's hosting of the Olympic Games, I said that the Chinese are basically the same bunch of goons and thugs they have been for the last 50 years. I was referring to the Chinese government, and not to Chinese people or to Chinese Americans." CNN issued a controversial apology on April 14, to "anyone who has interpreted the comments to be causing offense." Not satisfied with CNN's response, several thousand demonstrators picketed CNN's Atlanta, Georgia and Hollywood offices and demanded that CNN remove him from the network. A protest was held on April 26, 2008 in front of CNN headquarters in Atlanta.On the same day, a few thousand Chinese and Chinese Americans protested in front of a CNN office in San Francisco. On May 15, 2008, according to Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang, CNN President Jim Walton sent a letter to Zhou Wenzhong, Chinese ambassador to the United States: "On behalf of CNN I'd like to apologize to the Chinese people for that. CNN has the highest respect for Chinese people around the world and we have no doubt that there was genuine offense felt by them over the <mask>ty commentary." CNN, however, denies that an apology to the Chinese government was ever made, stating that it was meant for the Chinese people alone. Sarah Palin
On the September 26, 2008 edition of The Situation Room, Cafferty criticized Republican presidential candidate John McCain's vice presidential nominee, Alaska governor Sarah Palin after she did what he referred to as a "disastrous interview" with CBS news anchor Katie Couric when she could not clearly answer Couric's questions about the federal government's intervention into Wall Street. Cafferty went on to say that "if John McCain wins, this woman will be one 72 year old's heart beat away from becoming President of the United States, and if that doesn't scare the hell out of you, it should!" He went further to say that her interview with Couric was the most pathetic tape he had ever seen.When Wolf Blitzer came to Palin's defense, Cafferty snapped back indicating "there's no excuse for that, don't make excuses for her, that's pathetic!" Nancy Pelosi
Cafferty has been outspokenly critical of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi for failing to call for an impeachment against President Bush, calling her the "most awful" Speaker Congress has ever had. Cafferty sparked some national controversy among some liberal watchdog groups, particularly Media Matters for America during the January 12, 2010 broadcast of The Situation Room, in which Cafferty called her a "horrible woman" for refusing to disclose the precise cost of her trip to the Copenhagen Climate Summit, that Cafferty felt was a complete waste of tax payer money. Reckless driving incident
Cafferty pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and misdemeanor charges of reckless driving, assault and harassment after striking a cyclist and knocking him off his bike on May 14, 2003. The bicyclist was slightly injured. A traffic officer and several pedestrians ran after Cafferty's car, but he ran at least two red lights without stopping, according to a police complaint. Cafferty was sentenced to a $250 fine and 70 hours of community service.Personal life
<mask> was born in Chicago. He is a recovering alcoholic, an addiction he later attributed to his father's influence. "I was actually taught to drink, without even realizing what was going on, by my dad", he said. On the September 5, 2008 episode of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer, it was revealed that <mask>'s wife of 35 years, Carol, had died that day of unknown causes. Cafferty acknowledged on his CNN blog that his wife had been responsible for his decision to quit drinking. Cafferty has been a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey. References

External links

 <mask> – official CNN bio.The Cafferty File – Cafferty's CNN blog. In the Money – CNN site. It's Getting Ugly Out There – Cafferty site. 1942 births
American broadcast news analysts
American Lutherans
American television journalists
CNN people
Living people
Television anchors from New York City
People from Cedar Grove, New Jersey
People from Chicago
Edward R. Murrow Award (CPB) winners
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
American male journalists
Journalists from Illinois

masks:
Jack Cafferty
Caffertyfer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Caffer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Cafferty
Jack Caffer
Cafferty
Cafferty
Jack Cafferty


title: Patricia Locke

texts:
<mask><mask> (Tawacin WasteWin) (January 21, 1928 – October 20, 2001) was a Native American educator, activist, and prominent member of the Baháʼí Faith. She worked closely with indigenous activists in supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. After joining the Baháʼí Faith in 1988, she was elected as the first Native American woman to serve on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. In 1991 she was a MacArthur Fellow, represented the US National Baháʼí community in Beijing at the Fourth World Conference on Women, and she was honored with the Indigenous Language Institute's Those Who Make a Difference award in 2001 just before her death. Posthumously she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2006, and in 2014 was a National Race Amity Conference honoree of a Race Amity Medal of Honor and the Google Cultural Institute included her in its listing Showcasing Great Women. Her son is renowned hoop dancer, flute player, and storyteller <mask>. Biography

Early life
Registered as <mask>, daughter of John and Eva (Flying Earth) McGillis was born January 21, 1928, <mask> was raised on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in present day Idaho as a Standing Rock Sioux, Hunkpapa band of Dakota descent, and Mississippi Band of White Earth Chippewa.Her father, of Scottish and Ojibway descent, worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and enlisted during World War I after appealed the rejection because at the time Indians weren't considered citizens elligble for service. Her Lakota name Tawacin WasteWin means "She has a good consciousness, a compassionate woman." In 1935 <mask> participated in a demonstration of Lakota culture in dance and story telling at a local junior high school with her father and mother. <mask> graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1951. She was married to Charles E<mask> from 1952 to 1975; their son is <mask> and daughter Winona Flying Earth. She taught at University of California, Los Angeles, San Francisco State University, Alaska Methodist University, the University of Colorado, and the University of Southern Maine, to name a few. In 1969 she offered an oral history which is held at the Library of Congress.In 1970 she spoke out that Indians need to be the priority in solving social problems among Indians. <mask> believed that there is a fundamental difference in values between Native Americans and Western society, and that Native Americans should have the autonomy to solve issues among themselves. She saw to it her son Kevin was taught his heritage and sent him to the Institute of American Indian Arts for high school. <mask> would go on to become a renowned storyteller, flute player, and hoop dancer who founded the Patricia Locke Foundation in honor of his mother. Indigenous Activism
In 1975 she was the keynote speaker to the Native American Teacher Training Program with a topic "Competency-Based Native American Education". She spoke out against federal government regulations affecting Indian governments in 1978, supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, and was appointed to the Interior Department Task Force on Indian Education Policy in 1979. Over time she also helped 17 tribes to establish Indian colleges.<mask> spoke out against federal government regulations affecting Indian governments in 1978, supporting the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which led to the establishment of religious freedom for indigenous groups that had previously been stripped away. Soon after, <mask> was appointed to the Interior Department Task Force on Indian Education Policy in 1979. <mask> also played an instrumental role in the establishment of 17 different Indian colleges led and organized exclusively by indigenous groups in North America. She assisted in the passing of the Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978, which guaranteed federal aid to tribally run community colleges as long as a majority of their student body and board committee were indigenous. These colleges provided access to college education for indigenous people who wanted to stay connected with their people and culture. The Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 also provided permits for the construction of future community colleges which would be run by exclusively Native groups. <mask> was a strong supporter of the revisions to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1994, which was passed by Bill Clinton.These revisions looked at the shortcomings of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and how to remedy those shortcomings. Peyote, which is often used in indigenous ritual practices, was considered a Schedule One Drug, meaning those in possession of peyote were in violation of the law. This 1994 amendment ensured that peyote could be used for proper religious ritual purposes. Baháʼí Faith
In August 1988 she joined her son on the Trail of Light expedition of Native American Baháʼís traveling to South America. <mask>'s trip, which lasted from August 13 to September 5 involved meeting with and spreading ideas and Baháʼí teachings in South America. Soon she lived on the Standing Rock Reservation and was a Baháʼí for the last 10 years of her life. During her time at Standing Rock she contributed a series of articles to a local newspaper describing Lakota life, ideals, and instances of feeling injustice the editor hoped would build bridges of understanding with the area's non-indigenous population.In 1989 <mask> interviewed Jacqueline Left Hand Bull for the newspaper about her view of the relationship of the Baháʼí Faith and Lakota belief especially in regards to the White Buffalo Woman - "When she said she'd return, it was a promise. Some of us believe that the promise has been fulfilled." and <mask> was particularly struck that, in Baháʼu'lláh's foundational experience, there was a vision of "a woman ... dressed in white". She was the first Native Indian woman to serve on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States and, up to her time, held the highest office of any Indian to serve. The same year she also co-authored a paper "The Effects of Testing on Native Americans" for the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. During that 1993 Parliament of Religions she was among those who, as part of the Native delegation and speaking as a Baháʼí delegate along with then Continental Counsellor Jacqueline Left Hand Bull, attempted to have a resolution adopted by the Parliament named "American Indian Declaration of Vision 1993" which said in part:

One hundred years ago, during the 1893 Parliament of World Religions, the profoundly religious Original Peoples of the Western Hemisphere were not invited. We are still here and still struggling to be heard for the sake of our Mother Earth and our children.Our spiritual and physical survival continues to be threatened all over the hemisphere, we feel compelled to ask you to join us in restoring the balances of humanity and Mother Earth in these ways:
 Acknowledgement of the myriad of messengers of the Creator, the Great Mystery, to the peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Support in promoting, preserving and maintaining our Indigenous languages and cultures. The resolution was initially adopted by a near-unanimous vote by the delegates yet was ultimately nullified by Dr. David Ramage Jr., the Chair of the Council Parliament at that time, who overruled the vote because of a conflict over the Inter caetera Bull and the basic roll of the Parliament to discuss rather than take action. The main issue indigenous groups had with the Inter caetera Bull was that it advocated for Christian subjugation of Native peoples and their land. While the 1993 Parliament of Religions showed increased religious and cultural diversity compared to the previous conference in 1893, the representation of religions was still male-dominated, and a refusal to denounce the Inter caetera Bull upset many of the indigenous attendees. In 1994 she returned in support of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in its later revision. In 1995 <mask> served as chair of the Indigenous Women's Caucus at Fourth World Conference on Women, and represented the US National Baháʼí community, in Beijing.In earlier 2001 she was invited to deliver a lecture at the University of Maryland  - hers was entitled "Indigenous Women's Perspectives on Unity". <mask> died while in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 20, 2001, of heart-failure and was buried in nearby Paradise Valley, Arizona. Her grandson, Anpao Duta Flying Earth, continues her work in indigenous language revitalization efforts and service to the community of Native Americans. Since 2016, Anpao Duta Flying Earth has served as the Head of School at the Native American Community Academy (NACA) located in New Mexico. In 2019, he became the Acting Director of NACA. Awards
In 1991, <mask> received the MacArthur Genius Grant for her work in the preservation of Native American languages. At the time <mask> received this award, she was the only indigenous woman of North America to ever receive this honor.Artist Hollis Sigler collaborated with <mask> from 1998 to 1999 to create a piece titled 20 Years of Joy. On October 13, 2001, just one week before <mask> passed away, she and her son <mask> received the "Those Who Make a Difference" award presented by the Indigenous Language Institute (ILI). <mask> was recognized as an accomplished storyteller and hoop dancer who worked to preserve the Lakota tradition alongside his mother. After <mask>'s passing, in 2005, she was inducted into the Nation Women's Hall of Fame. The award recognized her work as an educator and Lakota language expert, as well as her work in the creation of numerous colleges that were run entirely by Lakota tribes. The National Women's Hall of Fame also highlighted her accomplishments working on committees such as the World Assembly of First Nations in 1982 and the Indigenous Women's Caucus in 1985. In 2014, the National Race Amity Conference honored <mask> with the Medal of Honor.Before this award, <mask> had been a National Race Amity Conference honoree, but it was not until her passing that she received the Medal of Honor. Jacqueline Left Hand Bull said of her:
"... Tawacin Wastewin chose to follow a life path of service to her people, who at first were American Indians, grew to include all indigenous people, and by the end of her remarkable life, had grown to include all of her human family. ... In both personal matters and through interaction with the world around her, she began to tread a path that insisted upon justice. To obtain justice, she understood that power was needed, and soon it became clear that true power is spiritual, not material. ..."

In 2011 John Kolstoe published a biography Compassionate Woman: The Life and Legacy of <mask>. His book shows both the professional accomplishments of <mask> as well as her personal connections to her family.The Patricia Locke Foundation
In 2018, <mask> created the Patricia Locke Foundation, which aims to educate indigenous peoples and children in the importance of their ancestral languages and spiritual connections. The Patricia Locke Foundation also works to support business led by Native Women, as well as provide legal support for indigenous peoples when necessary. This organization seeks to invest in younger generations who they believe will shape the future and pass on indigenous traditions to future generations. See also
Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans
Baháʼí Faith and gender equality

References

20th-century American women educators
20th-century American educators
1928 births
2001 deaths
Female Native American leaders
American Bahá'ís
20th-century Bahá'ís
Lakota leaders
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
San Francisco State University faculty
University of Colorado faculty
MacArthur Fellows
People from La Paz County, Arizona
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native American women
Native American educators

masks:
Patricia A
. Locke
Kevin Locke
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title: Kevin Powell

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<mask> (born April 24, 1966) is an American writer, activist, and television personality. <mask> is the author of 14 books, including The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood and When We Free the World published in 2020. <mask> was a senior writer during the founding years of VIBE magazine from 1992 to 1996. <mask>’s activism has focused on ending poverty, advocating for social justice and counteracting violence against women and girls through local, national and international initiatives. He was a Democratic candidate for Congress in Brooklyn, New York, in 2008 and 2010. <mask> was the curator for the first exhibit on the history of hip-hop in America at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2014, he was invited by the Welsh Government to the United Kingdom for a series of lectures and workshops on the 100th birthday of 20th century poet Dylan Thomas.As a result, he was named the International Ambassador for the Dylan Thomas Centennial in America. Cornell University owns The Kevin Powell Archive, documenting his work to date in print, photos, videos, books, handwritten notes, speeches, and select memorabilia beginning with his appearance in the first season of the first television reality series MTV's, The Real World: New York in 1992. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Jersey City, NJ where his parents met after moving from South Carolina. Abandoned by his father, <mask> was raised by a single mother from the South in the one-bedroom apartment they shared with his aunt and her son. Throughout a childhood marked by poverty, violence and abuse, <mask> maintained a passion for reading and spent hours in the public library. He credits his mother with ensuring he received a better education than her own, and for instilling in him a commitment to learning. He and his cousin were the first in their family to graduate high school, and in 1984 <mask> enrolled in Rutgers University through the Educational Opportunity Fund, a program created during the Civil Rights Movement to benefit poor youth.His memoir, The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood tells this story of his upbringing. At Rutgers, <mask> studied political science, English and philosophy with the ambition of becoming a professional writer. Cheryl Wall introduced him to the critical study of Harlem Renaissance writers such as Richard Wright, Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, and black female authors such as Zora Neal Hurston. Becoming immersed in classic African American books such as The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Manchild in the Promised Land, as well as poets from the Black Arts Movement such as Sonia Sanchez, Nikki Giovanni and Amiri Baraka, he was motivated to become an activist and student leader. He helped to organize support for the anti-apartheid movement, Jesse Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign and voter registration campaigns, and other social justice initiatives. Career

Early work
<mask> began his journalism career while in college as a contributing reporter to the Black American newspaper where he covered stories such as the racially motivated killing of Michael Griffith in Howard Beach, Queens. In 1992, he was an original cast member of The Real World: New York, the first season of the MTV reality television series in which a group of strangers live together for several months.During his stay in The Real World house, <mask> sparked controversial discussions with his housemates, raising incendiary issues about racial stereotypes. In episode 11 of The Real World, the MTV production crew followed <mask> to the Nuyorican Poet’s Café where he was a regular participant in the open mic Poetry Slam competition, created by the café’s founder, Miguel Algarin. <mask> had been presenting his poetry there since 1990 when he first attended an open mic to read a poem called “For Aunt Cathy.” The episode is credited with bringing a national spotlight to the venue and popularizing the concept of a competitive poetry slam. MTV's producers cast <mask> as the host of “Straight from the Hood: An MTV News Special Report.”  Airing in 1993, it profiled the state of affairs for young people in South Central Los Angeles following the Rodney King verdict and riots. Writing
While The Real World was still in production, <mask> was tapped to join VIBE magazine, launched under the leadership of Quincy Jones. From 1992-1996, <mask> worked as part of the magazine's editorial team. His cover story on the group Naughty-By-Nature appeared in the first issue of the publication.He wrote the magazine’s first profile of Snoop Dogg and went on to report on notable figures in hip hop and black music both in print and on television as host and producer of HBOs “VIBE Five” TV segments. <mask> wrote a series of cover stories on rapper Tupac Shakur. Of his relationship with Shakur, <mask> explained, “He said to me in that first interview that he wanted me to be Alex Haley as in Alex Haley of "Roots" to his Malcolm X because I think he knew from the very beginning 'I have a very short window to live.' ”  <mask>’s first VIBE cover story on Shakur was the 1994, "Is Tupac Crazy or Just Misunderstood?" His 1995 cover story on Shakur, “Ready to Live,” – featuring an interview conducted while Shakur was jailed in Riker’s Island – became one of the magazine’s bestsellers. His third and last before the rapper’s murder was the 1996, “Live From Death Row,” a cover with Shakur, Suge Knight, Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre in a shoot inspired by the movie poster for Goodfellas. In 2016, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Shakur’s death, VIBE published “Prayer, Passion, Purpose,” <mask>’s previously unreleased interview following Shakur’s release from Riker’s Island in 1996.<mask> wrote for Esquire, Newsweek, The Washington Post, Essence, Rolling Stone, New York Amsterdam News, Ebony, TIME, CNN.com, ESPN.com, BBC, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and Huffington Post. <mask>’s articles evolved to draw connections between contemporary pop culture, and the heritage of black artists and writers, such as the Ebony magazine piece “Black Music’s Bosses, Legends and Game Changers.” He wrote the 2006 story of comedian Dave Chappelle's return to the public spotlight, in Esquire magazine: “Heaven Hell Dave Chappelle: The Agonizing Return of the Funniest Man in America.”

<mask> has also written reflections on his own history, such as “Letter to my Father,”  “Me and Muhammed Ali" published in ESPN’s The Undefeated blog, and "The Sexist in Me,” a piece which marked the beginning of his work around redefining black manhood and advocating for women and girls. Highlights of his articles and essays include: “Between Russell Simmons and The World and Oprah,” examining the allegations of rape and sexual abuse against Simmons; his 2020 profile of Georgia politician Stacey Abrams in The Washington Post Magazine; The New York Times piece “A Letter from a Father to a Child,” a message to his future child about surviving a world filled with fear, violence, sexism and racism; and The New York Times article, “In Close Quarters, a Mother of 6 Battles Coronavirus,” a look at the plight of an urban family facing the COVID-19 pandemic in the Bronx. Since 1992, <mask> has written 14 books. His first, In the Tradition: An Anthology of Young Black Writers was co-edited with Ras Baraka and proclaimed “a new black consciousness movement,” in response to the Black Power and Black Arts movements of the 1970s and 1980s. More than 50 writers contributed to the book including Elizabeth Alexander, Gordon Chambers, Tony Medina, and Willie Perdomo. His second book recognize was his first complete volume of poetry, published in 1995.In 1997, he followed with Keepin’ it Real: Post MTV Reflections on Race, Sex and Politics, his first solo full-length volume, a collection of essays. <mask>’s 2000 Anthology, Step into A World: A Global Anthology of the New Black Literature is a collection of work by more than 100 writers. Entries included pieces from Malcolm Gladwell, Daphne Brooks, Erin Aubrey, Scott Poulson-Bryant,Junot Diaz, Christopher John Farley, John Keene, Victor D. La Valle, Phylis Alesia Perry, and Bernardine Evaristo. In 2002, he returned as editor for Who Shot Ya? : Three Decades of Hip Hop Photography. It was the first major pictorial history of hip-hop culture, featuring more than 200 photographs by Ernie Paniccioli. A series of essay and poetry collections followed: Who's Gonna Take The Weight?Manhood, Race, and Power in America also published in 2002; Someday We'll All Be Free in 2006; and No Sleep Till Brooklyn, New and Selected Poems in 2008. His 2008, The Black Male Handbook: A Blueprint for Life edited with contributions from Lasana Omar Hotep, Jeff Johnson, Byron Hurt, Dr. William Jelani Cobb, Ryan Mack, Kendrick B. Nathaniel, and Dr. Andre L. Brown and a foreword by Hill Harper, tackled issues related to political, practical, cultural, and spiritual matters, and ending violence against women and girls. In 2009, following the presidency of George W. Bush, <mask> looked at America in the age of Barack Obama and questioned the long-term viability of a truly progressive, multicultural political coalition in his book of essays called, Open Letters to America. His next volume, Barack Obama, Ronald Reagan, and the Ghost of Dr. King, addressed the news headlines and the concerns of the times from the killing of Trayvon Martin to the Occupy Wall Street protests, the Penn State sex scandal. <mask> released a memoir, The Education of <mask>: A Boy's Journey into Manhood, in 2015. According to Kirkus Reviews, “The author’s story is powerful and unsparing. By the end, his narrative bears witness not only to the life of one black man, but to an American society still bound to a tragic history of racism.Raw-edged honesty at its most revealing and intense.”

In 2018, he published My Mother, Barack Obama, Donald Trump and The Last Stand of the Angry White Man, in which he examines the major issues of the times, challenging society’s complacency over the concerns that plague Black America, and turning an unflinching lens upon himself. In doing so, The Washington Post says, “He poignantly sketches his journey from a violent past that included physically assaulting his girlfriend and being placed under a restraining order, through reading feminist writers, speaking, writing, talking with circles of men and many hours of therapy to emerge as an introspective ‘man,’ in the very best definition of that noun - even as he acknowledges that he is still a work in progress.”

In 2020, <mask> released When We Free the World, as an Apple Books e-book citing the desire to get away from “horrific” and “unfair” publishing industry contracts that had prevented him from earning any royalties on his prior books. <mask> curated a collection of essays, blogs, poetry, and journal entries that comprise the anthology, 2020: The Year that Changed America, published as an e-book in January, 2021. The book is dedicated to the memory of Miguel Algarín, the main founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café, to the victims and survivors of COVID-19, and to essential workers. Proceeds are being donated to the youth writing program, Urban World NYC. Activism
African-American social networking tool BlackPlanet featured <mask> as "Riser of the Month" in February 2011 for his support of the African-American community. Politics
In 2006, <mask> launched his first bid to unseat Edolphus Towns in New York's 10th congressional district, located in Brooklyn, discontinuing his campaign in July of that year.In 2008, <mask> ran for Congress again, in a campaign that was backed by Chris Rock and what ABC News described as "big names from Brooklyn's 10th district". During the campaign, Towns made frequent reference to <mask>'s self-professed early history of violence against women. These references were addressed by <mask> in an open letter to Ed Towns, where he also appealed to Towns to focus on issues. In a June 2008 interview with Theodore Hamm in The Brooklyn Rail, <mask> addressed media coverage focusing on his past: "My issue of violence against women happened between 1987–1991, which is now seventeen years ago. I've written about it very prominently [...] I think if you're going to be a public servant, regardless if you're an elected official ... you have a responsibility to be transparent and accountable for everything you do." <mask> lost this race 67%–32%, receiving 11,046 votes compared to 22,586 for Edolphus Towns. <mask> announced that he would run again in 2010.<mask> lost again in 2010 and later ruled out running in 2012. Publications
 In the Tradition: An Anthology of Young Black Writers, Edited by <mask> and Ras Baraka (1993) ()
 recognize Poetry by <mask> (1995) ()
 Keepin' It Real: Post-MTV Reflections On Race, Sex, and Politics Essays by <mask> (1997) ()
 Step into a World: A Global Anthology of The New Black Literature Edited by <mask> (2000) ()
 Who Shot Ya? Three Decades of Hiphop Photography Photographs by Ernie Ernie Paniccioli, Edited by <mask> (2002) ()
 Who's Gonna Take The Weight?

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title: Jackie Bethards

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<mask> was a pre-World War II African American professional basketball player from Philadelphia. As a boy, <mask> played at the Christian Street YMCA along with Charles "Tarzan" Cooper, Zack Clayton, and Bill Yancey. There they began four fruitful careers on a squad called the Tribune Men. "Clown Prince of Basketball"
As early as 1927, playing alongside "Stretch" Cooper for the Philadelphia Scholastics, <mask> was reported to have been "the sensation while in New England" by the Baltimore Afro-American. Six years later, playing alongside Clayton and Yancey for the Philadelphia Giants in another New England swing, <mask> reportedly entered a contest in the 2nd quarter with the Giants on the wrong side of a 20–7 score and, described as "unquestionably one of the best semi-pro players in the business," proceeded to hit "long shot after long shot" to tighten the game. Following a Clayton fielder that brought the Giants to within a point, <mask> "let a long shot fly that registered the winning digits" in a 32–31 win over the St Joseph's Polish Hearts. By 1933 <mask> was commonly called the "Clown Prince of basketball", a label that came to be identified with the Harlem Globetrotters' biggest names like Goose Tatum and Meadowlark Lemon.Within a year the nickname of "Clown Prince" had followed <mask> to Chicago, whence he starred for the Savoy Big Five (also known as the Chicago Crusaders) along with such teammates as Jack Mann, Clayton, and Billy Yancey's brother John Yancey. New York Rens
Following his successful foray as a Chicagoan <mask> reunited with Bill Yancey and Tarzan Cooper on the New York Rens. Along with David "Big Dave" DeJernett <mask> received top billing as a new Rens' star for the fabled team that had recently suffered the loss of sharpshooter Pappy Ricks. According to the Sheboygan Press, "Jack 'Rabbit' Bethards and 'Wee Willie' Smith play(ed) the leading roles in the comedy as they clown and burlesque with players and fans as well." While he undeniably was a star with the Rens, earning the moniker "ShowBoat,"  <mask> only played for the club in 1935–36 and 1936–37, before being replaced in a sense by high school-to-pros phenom Johnny Isaacs. <mask> clearly kept good relations with Tarzan Cooper. Cooper once described a memorable 4th-quarter duel in 1928 between <mask>, playing for the Philadelphia Giants, and the Rens' star guard Clarence "Fats" Jenkins, saying "We gave the ball to <mask>.Fats, a master at the art of freezing, tried to take the ball away from him. I will never forget the things <mask> pulled...and he kept the ball in his possession for three minutes, kept it away from one of the greatest players the game has ever known". en route to the Giants' tense 31–29 win over the Rens in Boston. The following year, in 1929, the outcome was similar:  "Gorilla" <mask> was described as the Giants' brightest star, his "humorous antics" keeping the crowd on edge and his "all-around playing ability on a level with the best in the business" as the Giants again beat the NY Rens in Boston, 25–23. For one of <mask>' last performances as a Ren in 1937, the story ran, "<mask>, Ren forward, had the fans in thunderous applause every minute he was in the game, putting on a great basketball exhibition. He was by far the fastest man on the floor, and his handling of the ball was uncanny" to spark the Rens' 51–38 win over the Art Imigs (later the Sheboygan Redskins of the NBA). Style
That same year the Chicago Defender's Dan Burley wrote in his trademark homey fashion:  "Influence of Bethards' style of basketball playing was shown in the Gladiator/Rival Dog Food clash at the Armory.George Darden, Red Bolton, an' others on th' team are perfecting th' clown formulations to a nicety.". Two days after Burley's column appeared the Sheboygan Press again weighed in, saying "The clown of the Rens is <mask>, who travels around the floor so fast fans only see a dark streak flitting about the court. A showman through and through, <mask> drives his opponents crazy with his speed and antics on the floor. A great shot, <mask> is content to thrill the fans with his speed and ball handling, leaving the scoring end of the game to the rest of his mates.". When the Harlem Globetrotters came to Lowell, Massachusetts in 1949 fresh from wins over both the Boston Celtics and Minneapolis Lakers, <mask>' comedic influence was recalled:  "The last time a team appeared in Lowell the likes of this club was when the Sacred Heart team had the famous Philadelphia Colored Giants in town featuring the great 'Gorilla' <mask>. The big interest will be in the trick style of ball the visitors play." Washington Bears
Whether he parted company with the Rens for stylistic or other reasons, for several seasons after 1937 little is known of <mask>' playing career until he resurfaced in 1942 joining John Isaacs, Cooper and Clayton on the Philadelphia Toppers in games against the Detroit Clowns  and Long Island Pros.In 1942–43 Bethards also played alongside Tarzan Cooper and several other ex-NY Rens for the Washington Bears club that won the World's Pro Championship tourney in Chicago. True to reputation, <mask> was credited with freezing the ball to clinch the Bears' 27th consecutive win in a January 1943 match against the New York Clippers that ended 36–29. For several years afterwards both <mask> and Tarzan Cooper remained associated with the Washington Bears until the fall of 1946, when Bears' owner AE Lichtman retired. Cooper, billing <mask> as one of his stars, started another team called the "Bears" back in Philadelphia but was threatened with lawsuit by the Washington Bears' new owner Harold Jackson for forging the team name. Jackson appealed to NBL commissioner Ward "Piggy" Lambert so that the National league would not book the Cooper/Bethards team for games. That is where <mask>' pro basketball playing career apparently ended, after two decades of competition. In 1960 Philadelphia native Wilt Chamberlain announced he was fed up with the NBA and would retire after his rookie season.Comparing Wilt to the Philly pro pioneers, the Fitchburg (MA) Sentinel editorialized:  "The stars of the New York Rens and Philadelphia Colored Giants were that incomparable clown <mask>, a one-man predecessor to the Harlem Globetrotters, and Zack Clayton and Tarzan Cooper, remember? We certainly don't wish to insinuate that the "Stilt" should be forced to undergo indignities of any kind, but neither do we feel that <mask>, Clayton, or Cooper would have hustled for cover as Wilt obviously has if his retirement is on the level. The major difference between then and now is that Chamberlain has somewhere to hide—back with the successful Globetrotters or as the backbone of a new major league—while the other poor guys merely headed dog-tired into the next town.". References

African-American basketball players
Basketball players from Philadelphia
Year of birth missing
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New York Renaissance players
American men's basketball players

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title: Charles Loring Brace

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<mask> (June 19, 1826 – August 11, 1890) was an American philanthropist who contributed to the field of social reform. He is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-19th century, and for founding Children's Aid Society. Early life
<mask> was born on June 19, 1826, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was named after his uncle, the lawyer <mask>, defender of fugitive slave Thomas Sims, His mother died when he was 14, and he was raised by his father, a history teacher. Education
He graduated from Yale College in 1846. He pursued divinity and theology graduate studies at Yale, but left to study at Union Theological Seminary, from which he received his graduate degree in 1849. He was drawn to New York because it was viewed as the center of American Protestantism and social activity.His best friend and classmate at Yale, Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect, also lived in New York. Career
In 1852, at the age of 26, <mask>, who had been raised as a Calvinist, was serving as a minister to the poor of Blackwell's Island (now known as Roosevelt Island) and to the poor of the Five Points Mission, when he decided he wanted to pursue his humanitarian efforts in the streets rather than in church. <mask> was aware of the impoverished lives of the children in New York City and for this reason he concentrated on improving children's situations and their future. In 1853, <mask> established the Children's Aid Society. In 1854, the Society opened the first of its "newsboys' lodging-houses", which would become one of <mask>'s most successful projects. These houses provided basic room and board at low prices to homeless children who hawked newspapers on the streets of American cities. Though <mask> viewed the newsboys as children in need of the services provided by the houses, they also inspired several of Horatio Alger's stories in which the newsboys' independence and pluck is rewarded with great wealth.<mask> believed that poor, Catholic immigrants were genetically inferior, deeming them "stupid, foreign criminal class" and the "scum and refuse of ill-formed civilization". Some of the children of immigrants had been in trouble with the law. Such was the severity of child poverty in 1854 that the number of homeless children in New York City was estimated as high as 34,000. The police referred to these children as "street rats". According to an essay written by <mask> in 1872, one crime and poverty ridden area around Tenth Avenue was referred to as "Misery Row". Misery Row was considered to be a main breeding ground of crime and poverty, and an inevitable "fever nest" where disease spread easily. Many of the children he deemed orphans were not orphaned at all, and when families of origin tried to keep their children, they were rebuffed.Orphan asylums and almshouses were the only "social services" available for poor and homeless children. <mask> did not believe that these were worthwhile institutions because they merely served the purpose of feeding the poor and providing handouts. He felt that such institutions only deepened the dependence of the poor on charity. <mask> was also influenced by the writings of Edward Livingstone, a pioneer in prison reform who believed that the best way to deal with crime and poverty was to prevent it. <mask> focused on finding jobs and training for poor and destitute children so they could help themselves. His initial efforts in social reform included free kindergartens, free dental clinics, job placement, training programs, reading rooms, and lodging houses for boys. However, Catholic and Jewish religious leaders feared that <mask> was trying to "rescue" children from Catholic and Jewish faith.Fostering and the "Orphan Trains"

<mask> believed that removing homeless children from their street environment and overcrowded city institutions and placing them with "morally upright" farm families was key to providing the children with good lives. Realizing the practical need for workers in the developing Western and Midwestern states, he proposed sending homeless children to those communities in the hopes of finding them work or families. "In every American community, especially in a western one, there are many spare places at the table of life," <mask> wrote. "They have enough for themselves and the stranger too." After a year spent testing his idea by dispatching children individually to farms in nearby Connecticut, Pennsylvania and rural New York, the Children's Aid Society mounted its first large-scale expedition to the Midwest in September 1854. The arrangements for placing homeless children varied. Sometimes, children were pre-ordered by couples, who would send a request for their desired gender, age, hair and eye color, end etc.to one of the institutions participating in the placements. After a suitably fitting child was found, the child was sent via train to their new family for adoption. More commonly, groups of 5-30 children of various ages from infant to teenager would travel with an adult agent as escort along a determined route of towns and communities to be placed in foster home situations. Railroads and charities would provide discount fares, new clothes, bibles, and other sundries to the children for the journeys, and <mask> raised money for the program through his writings and speeches. To improve the chances of successful placement, since many host families harbored strong prejudice towards ethnic groups, <mask> instructed that care should be taken to select healthy, attractive children with Anglo-American features to match the majority populations of the communities they were being sent to. Children could be placed with couples, families, or single adults, and adoption was not necessary for placement. Rather than adoption, many placements, especially older placements of teens, instead signed a contract of indenture for the children selected, which outlined certain obligations, such as providing clothes, room, board, 4 months of education per year, and other terms in exchange for the child's indentured labor until the age of 21.While current views on adoption and child labor laws see this arrangement negatively as a form of child slavery, at the time, it was considered more beneficial and good for the homeless children to secure a source of food and shelter in the countryside, even when in exchange for forced work, than to leave them living homeless on city streets, and common beliefs of the time viewed the countryside and farming families as more "healthy" and "morally upright" than their city counterparts. <mask>'s plan largely depended on the goodwill of the foster communities. Sponsoring New York City institutions would provide the children, the basic guidelines in the placement contracts, and supervisory agents. However, due to the small number of agents, vetting the families and providing follow up monitoring of children after placement was mostly reliant on local volunteer committees set up for the care of the children. The informality and lack of oversight of this arrangement lead to the programs' greatest criticisms as some children were misplaced from records or left in abusive situations. As part of his placement programs, an estimated 200,000 American children traveled west by rail in search of new homes during the life of the programs.>

The trains and relocation efforts began to decline in the face of rising criticism over the lack of oversight and vetting of the placement homes, and changing views on child labor. The need for children to adopt and provide labor declined steeply as rural areas became settled, and many states passed laws preventing the importation and placement of out-of-state children within their borders without the payment of costly fees, to ensure in-state needy children took priority.The relocations finally ended in 1929. Overall, <mask>'s relocation program was largely deemed a success, (A 1910 survey concluded that 87 percent of the children sent to country homes had "done well," while 8 percent had returned to New York and the other 5 percent had either died, disappeared or gotten arrested.) and it was utilized by many New York City institutions, such as the Children's Village, and the New York Foundling Hospital, among others. Emigration Plan
Brace's Emigration Plan was also an anti-eugenic movement because <mask> believed that one's "gemmules" (an early, pre-genetic concept that blood carried a family's heritability and character) did not predetermine one's future. <mask> was deeply moved by <mask>'s Origin of Species, having read it thirteen times. He argued Darwinism was compatible with charitable efforts like his, against some Social Darwinists who held the opposite view. <mask> was also an outspoken abolitionist who (unusually in his time even for abolitionists) entirely rejected scientific racism, arguing that Black people should have equal rights, and even held their having children with Whites could lead to a better future race.In a bold move (and perhaps inspired by his abolitionist and Darwinian mindset), <mask> did away with the centuries-old custom of indenture so that the "placed" children were allowed to leave a home if they were uncomfortable with the placement. <mask>'s vision of migrating children to live with the western Christian farming families was widely supported by wealthy New York families – the first $50 was given by Mrs. John Astor in 1853. The Children's Aid Society (CAS), the best-known organization finding homes for children, made efforts to screen the host families and follow up on the welfare of placed children. By 1909, at the first White House Conference on Dependent Children, the country's top social reformers praised the CAS' emigration movement, but argued that children should either be kept with their natal families or, if they were removed as a result of parental neglect or abuse, every effort should be made to place the child in a foster home nearby. In a report in 1910, the Children's Aid Society estimated that 87 percent of children placed by the Orphan Train program had done well. While there was occasional abuse, most people agreed that overall, the children were generally better off than on the streets of big cities without proper food, clothing, and shelter. By 1920, the CAS and approximately 1500 other agencies and institutions had placed approximately 150,000 children in the largest migration or resettlement of children in American history.The CAS' Orphan Train movement ended in 1929, 75 years after it had begun as a social experiment. While some honor <mask> for his compassionate work with the street children of New York City, others believe he was a racist bigot whose destruction of families led to the creation of a racist, classist foster care system that exists today. <mask> served as an executive secretary of Children's Aid Society for 37 years, overseeing the program. He died in 1890 from Bright's disease. After his death, the Brace Memorial Farm was created for street children to learn farm skills, manners, and personal social skills to help prepare them for life on their own. His memoirs were published in 1872 under the title "The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them" (). Personal life
On August 21, 1854, he married Letitia Neill in Belfast, Ireland, who proved to be a great support to her husband's social reform efforts.Letitia's father, Robert Neill, was an avid abolitionist and he opened his home to some of the world's most famous anti-slavery orators, including Frederick Douglass. He died at Campfer, Tirol, on August 11, 1890. Family includes son, <mask> <mask> Jr. (Yale, 1876) and CAS board secretary, grandson, Gerald Warner <mask> (1901–1978) American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder, and great-grandson, C<mask> <mask> IV (1930-2019), American biological anthropologist and educator. The family lived in Dobbs Ferry, NY, about 20 miles north of New York City, in a home designed for them by Calvert Vaux, co-designed with Frederick Law Olmsted of New York City's Central Park. When <mask> <mask> Senior died, his son took over as director of the Children's Aid Society. It was under the son's tenure that the Society's facility was moved from New York City to Dobbs Ferry, where it continues today as Children's Village. There is a street in Dobbs Ferry which bears the name Brace Terrace and is near the family home.Legacy
Brace's notion that children are better cared for by families than in institutions is the most basic tenet of present-day foster care, and his Orphan Train programs are considered the precursor for the modern foster care system in America. In popular culture
 Kate Manning's My Notorious Life (2014) predominantly features early 1800s orphans as main characters, who get selected on the street amongst children who must prostitute themselves for food, by <mask> <mask> for the Orphan Train, and eventually become Lake Shore Drive (Chicago) and Fifth Avenue residents. The book "Last Train Home, an orphan train story" by Renée Wendinger, is a historical novella describing the methods by which children were placed West by the Children's Aid Society and the New York Foundling following the lives of two children of the train. The book "Extra! Extra! The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York" by Renée Wendinger, is an unabridged nonfiction resource book and pictorial history about the orphan trains. The song by Utah Phillips called "Orphan Train" has been performed by numerous modern bluegrass singers.The book Gratefully Yours describes a nine-year-old girl's feelings about her new family who adopt her from the orphan train. There is a ballet entitled Orphan Train presented by Covenant Ballet Theatre of Brooklyn, which tells the story of Brace and shows stories of orphans on the train. It is choreographed by Marla Hirokawa. Authors Al and Joanna Lacy have written an Orphan Trains Trilogy, depicting the lives of fictional orphans. The ballad "Rider On An Orphan Train", written by David Massengill, describes the inevitable tragedy of the separation of siblings in spite of the efforts to keep brothers and sisters together. The book Train to Somewhere  by Eve Bunting describes a fictional account of a girl's journey on the Orphan Train. See also

 Timeline of children's rights in the United States

References

Further reading

, a one-hour documentary film based on exclusive access to the CAS archives using original research: Brace's diaries, letters from children, agents and interviews with "riders."Rybczynski, Witold (1999) A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and America in the Nineteenth Century. External links

 The Children's Aid Society
 Orphans' stories

1826 births
American anthropologists
1890 deaths
Orphan Trains (Canada)
Adoption history
Adoption workers
Yale College alumni

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title: Stefan Szkafarowsky

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<mask> is an American opera singer (bass). Szkafarowsky was born on February 13, 1956 and is a native of New York. He attended the American Opera Center at Juilliard and the Westchester Conservatory of Music. He is a recipient of grants from the Sullivan Foundation and the Tito Gobbi Award from the Rosa Ponselle Foundation. He is also a regional winner of the Metropolitan Opera Auditions. Singing career
As a concert artist, Szkafarowsky has been a featured soloist with the Pittsburgh Symphony, National Symphony in Washington, D.C., Minnesota Orchestra, St. Louis Symphony, Colorado Symphony, Hartford Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony and the Vancouver and Montreal Symphonies. He has worked under the batons of Plácido Domingo, Michael Lankaster, Mstislav Rostropovich, Leonard Slatkin and Michael Tilson Thomas.His Italian debut in Tchaikovsky's The Oprichnik at the Cagliari Opera House was a highlight of <mask>'s 2002/2003 season. In addition, he debuted with Minnesota Opera as the Grand Inquisitor in Don Carlo. Other performances include Ferrando in Verdi's Il trovatore and Crespel in The Tales of Hoffmann with Washington Opera; Zaccaria in Nabucco with Florentine Opera and Santiago, Chile; and Ramfis in Aida with New Jersey Opera. He has also performed with many other renowned opera companies such as the Lyric Opera of Chicago, New York City Opera, Grand Rapids Opera, New Orleans Opera, Arizona Opera, San Diego Opera, Dallas Opera, Pittsburgh Opera, Hamilton, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, and Vancouver in such roles as Ramfis, Banquo, Sparafucile, Wurm, Prince Gremin, and Daland in The Flying Dutchman. The 2003/2004 season had <mask> returning to the Metropolitan Opera in The Nightingale, Werther, and Salome. In the fall of 2004, he made his Atlanta Opera debut in the role of the Commendatore in Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 2005/2006, he sang the role of Prince Gremin in Eugene Onegin with Tulsa Opera; Banquo in Macbeth with Florentine Opera; The King in Aida with Opera Pacific; Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème with Fort Worth Opera; Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte with the San Antonio Opera; Bonze in Madama Butterfly at Opéra de Québec; Commendatore in Don Giovanni with Opera Pacific; and Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème and Dr. Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro with the Metro Lyric Opera under the baton of Maestro Coppola.In 2006/2007 he sang the role of Commendatore with Opera Pacific in Don Giovanni, followed by his debut with the Florida Grand Opera in Samson et Dalila as the Old Hebrew. <mask> made his debut with the Lake George Opera in their rendition of La bohème singing the roles of Benoit/Alcindoro, and sang Friar Lawrence in Roméo et Juliette at Toledo Opera. In 2007/2008, he played Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte for Indianapolis Opera; the King in Aida with Nevada Opera; the lackey Havrilo in War and Peace at the Metropolitan Opera; and at Florida Opera he performed the Sacristan in Tosca, and Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème. In the 2008/2009 season, he returned to the Metropolitan Opera for their productions of La Gioconda and Eugene Onegin. He performed at the West Palm Beach Opera Company in La bohème, as Benoit and Alcindoro. He also made his debut with Dayton Opera as Timur in Turandot, and he played Basilio in Il barbiere di Siviglia and Kuno in Der Freischütz at Des Moines Metro Opera. In 2009/2010, <mask> made his debut with the Nashville Opera performing both Sacristan and Sciarrone in their production of Tosca, followed by his debut in the Macau International Music Festival as Dr. Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro.The 2013/2014 and 2011/2012 Metropolitan Opera season found <mask> in the role of the Bonze in Puccini's Madama Butterfly with Plácido Domingo as conductor in 2011/2012. 2010/2011 engagements with the Metropolitan Opera included <mask> in their new production of The Nose, as well as in their production of Boris Godunov. During these same years, he made his debut at the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland as the Sacristan in Tosca; and he performed Vodnik in Rusalka with Opera Colorado; Mitiukh in Boris Godunov with Dallas Opera; a return to Savonlinna to perform the Sacristan in Tosca. He made his New York City Opera debut on the NYCO's opening night for the 2016/17 season, on September 8, 2016, in a new production double bill of two operas that both premiered in May 1892. He made his debut in the title role in Aleko, directed by Lev Pugliese with conductor James Meena leading the NYCO Orchestra, at Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center. Press reviews

Prince Gremin in Eugene Onegin – "Here was a bass that actually hit a note in his lowest range ... besides effectively shaping the melodic line." – St. Louis Post Dispatch; "<mask> brought a regal bass to Prince Gremin's showcase aria."– San Diego Union Tribune

Filippo in Don Carlo – "<mask>ky sang a dynamically realized Filippo, displaying sure command of a mellifluous instrument." – Opera News

Zaccarias in Nabucco – "<mask>ky, by contrast, infused the prophet Zaccarias with a burning intensity that lifted the level of the show whenever he was on stage." – The Hartford Courant; "Bass <mask>ky's Zaccaria was smooth, liquid, and dignified; a natural and imposing figure for the high priest." – Newsday; "It was bass <mask>ky who had the greatest triumph due to his dynamic contrasts in Nabucco..." – Newsday

Raimondo in Lucia di Lammermoor – "Woods' performance was backed by several very strong performances... <mask>ky as Raimondo... whose thundering judgements are like a classic chorus." – Newsday; "A towering presence and one of the finest bass voices heard here in many years makes memorable the role of Raimondo, as sung by <mask>ky." – Times-Colonist; "Massive is an understatement to describe <mask>lo – "A pleasant surprise was the deep bass of <mask>ky – a solid, mature Lodovico."– Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

Ferrando in Il trovatore – "Far more vital was the Ferrando of <mask> whose 'Abbietta zingara' set the tone for the production – dark, grand, and infused with rhythmic incisiveness."

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Stefan Szkafarowsky
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title: Ulric Neisser

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<mask> (December 8, 1928 – February 17, 2012) was a German-American psychologist and member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He has been referred to as the "father of cognitive psychology". Neisser researched and wrote about perception and memory. He posited that a person's mental processes could be measured and subsequently analyzed. In 1967, <mask> published Cognitive Psychology, which he later said was considered an attack on behaviorist psychological paradigms. Cognitive Psychology brought <mask> instant fame and recognition in the field of psychology. While Cognitive Psychology was considered unconventional, it was <mask>'s Cognition and Reality that contained some of his most controversial ideas.A main theme in Cognition and Reality is <mask>'s advocacy for experiments on perception occurring in natural ("ecologically valid") settings. <mask> postulated that memory is, largely, reconstructed and not a snap shot of the moment. <mask> illustrated this during one of his highly publicized studies on people's memories of the Challenger explosion. In his later career, he summed up current research on human intelligence and edited the first major scholarly monograph on the Flynn effect. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 32nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Early life
Ulric <mask> was born in Kiel, Germany, on December 8, 1928. Neisser's father, <mask>, was a distinguished Jewish economist.In 1923 he married <mask>'s mother, Charlotte ("Lotte"), who was a lapsed Catholic active in women's movement in Germany and had a degree in sociology. <mask> also had an older sister, Marianne, who was born in 1924. <mask> was a chubby child tagged early on with the nickname with "Der kleine Dickie" ("little Dicky"), later reduced to "Dick". His given name originally had an "h" on the end (<mask>), but he believed that it was too German and most of his friends could not properly pronounce it, so he eventually dropped the "h". <mask>'s father foresaw Hitler's coming militarism and left Germany for England in 1933, followed a few months later by his family. They sailed to the United States on the ocean liner Hamburg, arriving in New York on September 15, 1933. As he grew, <mask> sought to fit in and succeed in America.He took a particular interest in baseball, which is thought to have played an "indirect but important role in [his] psychological interests". <mask>'s attraction to baseball alerted him to an idea that he would later call a "flashbulb memory". Education
<mask> attended Harvard University in the late 1940s graduating in 1950 with a summa cum laude in psychology. He subsequently entered the master's program at Swarthmore College. <mask> wanted to attend Swarthmore College because that was where Wolfgang Kohler, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, was a faculty member. <mask> has said that he had always been sympathetic to underdogs, due to boyhood experiences such as being picked last for a baseball team, and that this might have drawn him to Gestalt psychology, which was an underdog school of psychology at the time. At Swarthmore, instead of working with Wolfgang Kohler, <mask> ended up working with Kohler's less well-known colleague, Hans Wallach.<mask> also met and became friends with a new assistant professor, Henry Gleitman, who later became well known in his own right. <mask> completed his master's degree at Swarthmore in 1952. <mask> went on to obtain a doctorate in experimental psychology from Harvard's Department of Social Relations in 1956, completing a dissertation in the sub-field of  psychophysics. He subsequently spent a year as an instructor at Harvard, moving on to Brandeis University, where his intellectual horizon was expanded through contact with  department chair Abraham Maslow. According to Cutting, Neisser felt a "deep sympathy for the idealistic humanism" of Abraham Maslow, and Maslow had also been deeply interested in Gestalt psychology. After a time at Emory University and the University of Pennsylvania, Neiser finally established himself at Cornell, where he spent the remainder of his academic career. While at Harvard Neisser became friends with Oliver Selfridge, a young computer scientist at MIT's Lincoln Laboratories.Selfridge had been an early advocate of machine intelligence. and <mask> served as a part-time consultant in Selfridge's lab. Selfridge and Neisser invented the "pandemonium model of pattern recognition, which they described in a Scientific American article in 1950." After working with Selfridge, <mask> received multiple grants for research involving thinking, which contributed ultimately to his best-known book "Cognitive Psychology. Work and career
The rapidly developing field of  cognitive psychology received a major boost from the publication in 1967 of the first, and most influential, of Neisser's books: Cognitive Psychology. However, over the next decade <mask> developed qualms about where cognitive psychology was headed. In 1976, <mask> wrote Cognition and Reality, in which he expressed three general criticisms of the field.First, he was dissatisfied with the over-emphasis on the specialized information processing models used by cognitive psychologists to describe and explain behavior. Second, he felt that cognitive psychology had failed to address the everyday aspects and functions of human behavior. He placed blame for this failure largely on the excessive reliance on the artificial laboratory tasks that had become endemic to cognitive psychology by the mid-1970s. He felt that cognitive psychology suffered a severe disconnect between theories of behavior tested by laboratory experimentation, on the one hand,  and real-world behavior, on the other, a disconnect which he called a lack of ecological validity. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, he had come to feel a great respect for the theory of direct perception and information pickup that had been proposed by the eminent perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson and his wife, the "grande dame" of developmental psychology, Eleanor Gibson. Neisser had come to the conclusion that cognitive psychology had little hope of achieving its potential without taking careful note of the Gibsons' view that human behavior may only be understood by starting with an analysis of the information directly available to any perceiving organism. Another milestone in <mask>'s career occurred with his publication, in 1981, of John Dean's memory: a case study, an analysis John Dean's Watergate scandal testimony.This report introduced his seminal views on memory, discussed elsewhere in this article, particularly the view that a person's memory for an event results from an active process of construction that may be influenced by a combination of events and emotional states, rather than a passive reproduction. This view has obvious implications for the reliability of such things as eye-witness testimony, and <mask> later became a board member of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation. In 1983, he became a professor at Emory University and founded the Emory Cognition Project, which was later directed by Robyn Fivush. His well-known Challenger study was conducted while he was at Emory. In 1995, he headed an American Psychological Association task force that reviewed controversial issues in the study of intelligence, in response particularly to then controversial book The Bell Curve. The task force produced a consensus report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". In April 1996, <mask> chaired a conference at Emory University that focused on secular changes in intelligence-test scores.In 1998, he published The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. <mask> was both a Guggenheim and Sloan Fellow. Research on memory
<mask> was an early exponent of one of a key conceptualizations of memory, the view, now widely accepted, that memory represents an active process of construction rather than a passive reproduction of the past. This notion arose from <mask>'s analysis of the Watergate testimony of John Dean, a former advisor to Richard Nixon. The study compares Dean's memories, gleaned from his direct testimony, to recorded conversations in which Dean participated. <mask> found that Dean's memories were largely incorrect when compared to the recorded conversations. For one thing, he found that Dean's memories tended to be egocentric, selecting items that emphasized his role in ongoing events.More importantly, Dean combined into single "memories" a combination of events that actually occurred at different times. As <mask> states, "what seems to be a remembered episode actually represents a repeated series of events". <mask> suggested that such memory errors are common, reflecting the nature of memory as a process of construction. Flashbulb memories
The concept of flashbulb memories was first described by Brown and Kulik in their 1977 paper on memories of John F. Kennedy's assassination. Thus, a very surprising striking and significant event that induces high emotional arousal may yield  a vivid, accurate memory of the time, place and other circumstances ongoing at the time of learning of the event. <mask> sought to analyse this conception of memory by undertaking a study of individual's memories of the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion. Immediately following the Challenger explosion in January 1986, <mask> distributed a questionnaire to college freshmen asking them to write down key information as to where they were, who they were with, and what time it was, when the Challenger explosion occurred.Three years later, <mask> surveyed the now senior students using the same survey to examine the accuracy of their memory. <mask> found that there were notable errors in the student memories, despite the student's confidence in their accuracy. <mask>'s findings challenged the idea that flashbulb memories are virtually without error. <mask> conducted further research on flashbulb memories, aiming to clarify the manner in which memories are constructed. One study involved individuals' recollections of the 1989 California earthquake. Using subjects in California, near the quake, and others in Atlanta, far from it, <mask> examined differences in the recollections of those who actually that experienced the event and those who simply heard about it. <mask> used surveys to collect data on the emotional impact of the earthquake and on individual memories of the earthquake to study possible associations between memory and emotion.In the spring of 1991, <mask> contacted participants to compare their current accounts of the earthquake with their previous accounts. He found that, in comparison to participants in Atlanta, the California students generally had more accurate recollections of the earthquake. Death
<mask> died due to Parkinson's disease on February 17, 2012 in Ithaca, New York. Publications

 Books and book chapters
 Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.<mask>, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. New York: Freeman. Neisser, U., & Hyman, I. E. (1982). Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. New York: Worth Publishers.<mask>, U. (1987). Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd, U. <mask> (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of 'flashbulb' memories (pp. 9–31). New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. Neisser, U. (1993). The Perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press.Neisser, U., & Jopling, D. A. (1997). The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, U., & American Psychological Association. (1998). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. <mask>, U. (2003). Cognitive psychology. In, The history of psychology: Fundamental questions (pp. 447–466). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press.<mask>, U., & Winograd, E. (2006). Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. <mask>, U. (2007). Ulric <mask>.In G. Lindzey, W. M. Runyan (Eds. ), A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol. IX (pp. 269–301). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. Neisser, U., & Fivush, R. (2008). The remembering self: Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative''.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Journal articles

References

Further reading

External links

Biografia de Ulric Neisser at psicoloucos.com. Ulric <mask> at the Cornell University website. 1928 births
2012 deaths
20th-century psychologists
21st-century psychologists
American psychologists
Cognitive neuroscientists
Cornell University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Memory researchers
Race and intelligence controversy
German emigrants to the United States

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