title: Richard Trevithick

texts:
<mask> (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He was an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport, and his most significant contributions were the development of the first high-pressure steam engine and the first working railway steam locomotive. The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place on 21 February 1804, when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. Turning his interests abroad Trevithick also worked as a mining consultant in Peru and later explored parts of Costa Rica. Throughout his professional career he went through many ups and downs and at one point faced financial ruin, also suffering from the strong rivalry of many mining and steam engineers of the day. During the prime of his career he was a well-known and highly respected figure in mining and engineering, but near the end of his life he fell out of the public eye.Childhood and early life
<mask> was born at Tregajorran (in the parish of Illogan), between Camborne and Redruth, in the heart of one of the rich mineral-mining areas of Cornwall. He was the youngest-but-one child and the only boy in a family of six children. He was very tall for the era at , as well as athletic and concentrated more on sport than schoolwork. Sent to the village school at Camborne, he did not take much advantage of the education provided; one of his school masters described him as "a disobedient, slow, obstinate, spoiled boy, frequently absent and very inattentive". An exception was arithmetic, for which he had an aptitude, though arriving at the correct answers by unconventional means. Trevithick was the son of mine "captain" <mask> (1735–1797) and of miner's daughter Ann Teague (died 1810). As a child he would watch steam engines pump water from the deep tin and copper mines in Cornwall.For a time he was a neighbour of William Murdoch, the steam carriage pioneer, and would have been influenced by his experiments with steam-powered road locomotion. Trevithick first went to work at the age of 19 at the East Stray Park Mine. He was enthusiastic and quickly gained the status of a consultant, unusual for such a young person. He was popular with the miners because of the respect they had for his father. Marriage and family
In 1797 Trevithick married Jane Harvey of Hayle. They raised six children:
 <mask> (1798–1872)
 Anne Ellis (1800–1877)
 Elizabeth Banfield (1803–1870)
 John Harvey Trevithick (1807–1877)
 Francis Trevithick (1812–1877)
 Frederick Henry Trevithick (1816–1883)

Career

Jane's father, John Harvey, formerly a blacksmith from Carnhell Green, formed the local foundry, Harveys of Hayle. His company became famous worldwide for building huge stationary "beam" engines for pumping water, usually from mines.Up to this time such steam engines were of the condensing or atmospheric type, originally invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, which also became known as low-pressure engines. James Watt, on behalf of his partnership with Matthew Boulton, held a number of patents for improving the efficiency of Newcomen's engine—including the "separate condenser patent", which proved the most contentious. <mask> became engineer at the Ding Dong Mine in 1797, and there (in conjunction with Edward Bull) he pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He worked on building and modifying steam engines to avoid the royalties due to Watt on the separate condenser patent. Boulton & Watt served an injunction on him at Ding Dong, and posted it "on the minestuffs" and "most likely on the door" of the Count (Account) House which, although now a ruin, is the only surviving building from Trevithick's time there. He also experimented with the plunger-pole pump, a type of pump—with a beam engine—used widely in Cornwall's tin mines, in which he reversed the plunger to change it into a water-power engine. High-pressure engine

As his experience grew, he realised that improvements in boiler technology now permitted the safe production of high-pressure steam, which could move a piston in a steam engine on its own account, instead of using pressure near to atmospheric, in a condensing engine.He was not the first to think of so-called "strong steam" or steam of about . William Murdoch had developed and demonstrated a model steam carriage, initially in 1784, and demonstrated it to Trevithick at his request in 1794. In fact, Trevithick lived next door to Murdoch in Redruth in 1797 and 1798. Oliver Evans in the U.S. had also concerned himself with the concept, but there is no indication that his ideas had ever come to Trevithick's attention. Independently of this, Arthur Woolf was experimenting with higher pressures whilst working as the Chief Engineer of the Griffin Brewery (proprietors Meux and Reid). This was an Engine designed by Hornblower and Maberly, and the proprietors were keen to have the best steam engine in London. Around 1796, Woolf believed he could save substantial amounts of coal consumption.According to his son Francis, Trevithick was the first to make high-pressure steam work in England in 1799, although other sources say he had invented his first high-pressure engine by 1797. Not only would a high-pressure steam engine eliminate the condenser, but it would allow the use of a smaller cylinder, saving space and weight. He reasoned that his engine could now be more compact, lighter, and small enough to carry its own weight even with a carriage attached. (Note this did not use the expansion of the steam, so-called "expansive working" came later)

Early experiments
Trevithick began building his first models of high-pressure (meaning a few atmospheres) steam engines – first a stationary one and subsequently one attached to a road carriage. A double-acting cylinder was used, with steam distribution by means of a four-way valve. Exhaust steam was vented via a vertical pipe or chimney straight into the atmosphere, thus avoiding a condenser and any possible infringements of Watt's patent. The linear motion was directly converted into circular motion via a crank instead of using a more cumbersome beam.Puffing Devil

Trevithick built a full-size steam road locomotive in 1801, on a site near present-day Fore Street in Camborne. (A steam wagon built in 1770 by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot may have an earlier claim.) Trevithick named his carriage Puffing Devil and on Christmas Eve that year, he demonstrated it by successfully carrying six passengers up Fore Street and then continuing on up Camborne Hill, from Camborne Cross, to the nearby village of Beacon. His cousin and associate, Andrew Vivian, steered the machine. It inspired the popular Cornish folk song "Camborne Hill". During further tests, Trevithick's locomotive broke down three days later after passing over a gully in the road. The vehicle was left under some shelter with the fire still burning whilst the operators retired to a nearby public house for a meal of roast goose and drinks.Meanwhile, the water boiled off, the engine overheated and the machine burned, destroying it. Trevithick did not consider this a serious setback, but rather operator error. In 1802 <mask> took out a patent for his high-pressure steam engine. To prove his ideas, he built a stationary engine at the Coalbrookdale Company's works in Shropshire in 1802, forcing water to a measured height to measure the work done. The engine ran at forty piston strokes a minute, with an unprecedented boiler pressure of . Coalbrookdale Locomotive

In 1802 the Coalbrookdale Company in Shropshire built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran. The death of a company workman in an accident involving the engine is said to have caused the company to not proceed to running it on their existing railway.To date, the only known information about it comes from a drawing preserved at the Science Museum, London, together with a letter written by Trevithick to his friend Davies Giddy. The design incorporated a single horizontal cylinder enclosed in a return-flue boiler. A flywheel drove the wheels on one side through spur gears, and the axles were mounted directly on the boiler, with no frame. On the drawing, the piston-rod, guide-bars and cross-head are located directly above the firebox door, thus making the engine extremely dangerous to fire while moving. Furthermore, the first drawing by Daniel Shute indicates that the locomotive ran on a plateway with a track gauge of . This is the drawing used as the basis of all images and replicas of the later "Pen-y-darren" locomotive, as no plans for that locomotive have survived. London Steam Carriage

The Puffing Devil was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.He built another steam-powered road vehicle in 1803, called the London Steam Carriage, which attracted much attention from the public and press when he drove it that year in London from Holborn to Paddington and back. It was uncomfortable for passengers and proved more expensive to run than a horse-drawn carriage, and was abandoned. In 1831, Trevithick gave evidence to a Parliamentary select committee on steam carriages. Tragedy at Greenwich
Also in 1803, one of Trevithick's stationary pumping engines in use at Greenwich exploded, killing four men. Although Trevithick considered the explosion to be caused by a case of careless operation rather than design error, the incident was exploited relentlessly by James Watt and Matthew Boulton (competitors and promoters of the low-pressure engine) who highlighted the perceived risks of using high-pressure steam. Trevithick's response was to incorporate two safety valves into future designs, only one of which could be adjusted by the operator. The adjustable valve comprised a disc covering a small hole at the top of the boiler above the water level in the steam chest.The force exerted by the steam pressure was equalised by an opposite force created by a weight attached to a pivoted lever. The position of the weight on the lever was adjustable thus allowing the operator to set the maximum steam pressure. Trevithick also added a fusible plug of lead, positioned in the boiler just below the minimum safe water level. Under normal operation the water temperature could not exceed that of boiling water and kept the lead below its melting point. If the water ran low, it exposed the lead plug, and the cooling effect of the water was lost. The temperature would then rise sufficiently to melt the lead, releasing steam into the fire, reducing the boiler pressure and providing an audible alarm in sufficient time for the operator to damp the fire, and let the boiler cool before damage could occur. He also introduced the hydraulic testing of boilers, and the use of a mercury manometer to indicate the pressure."Pen-y-Darren" locomotive

In 1802 <mask> built one of his high-pressure steam engines to drive a hammer at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan. With the assistance of Rees Jones, an employee of the iron works and under the supervision of Samuel Homfray, the proprietor, he mounted the engine on wheels and turned it into a locomotive. In 1803, Trevithick sold the patents for his locomotives to Samuel Homfray. Homfray was so impressed with Trevithick's locomotive that he made a bet with another ironmaster, <mask>, for 500 guineas that Trevithick's steam locomotive could haul ten tons of iron along the Merthyr Tydfil Tramroad from Penydarren () to Abercynon (), a distance of . Amid great interest from the public, on 21 February 1804 it successfully carried 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men the full distance in 4 hours and 5 minutes, an average speed of approximately . As well as Homfray, Crawshay and the passengers, other witnesses included Mr. Giddy, a respected patron of Trevithick and an 'engineer from the Government'. The engineer from the government was probably a safety inspector and particularly interested in the boiler's ability to withstand high steam pressures.The configuration of the Pen-y-Darren engine differed from the Coalbrookdale engine. The cylinder was moved to the other end of the boiler so that the fire door was out of the way of the moving parts. This obviously also involved putting the crankshaft at the chimney end. The locomotive comprised a boiler with a single return flue mounted on a four-wheel frame. At one end, a single cylinder with very long stroke was mounted partly in the boiler, and a piston rod crosshead ran out along a slidebar, an arrangement that looked like a giant trombone. As there was only one cylinder, this was coupled to a large flywheel mounted on one side. The rotational inertia of the flywheel would even out the movement that was transmitted to a central cog-wheel that was, in turn connected to the driving wheels.It used a high-pressure cylinder without a condenser; the exhaust steam was sent up the chimney assisting the draught through the fire, increasing efficiency even more. The bet was won. Despite many people's doubts, it had been shown that, provided that the gradient was sufficiently gentle, it was possible to successfully haul heavy carriages along a smooth iron road using the adhesive weight alone of a suitably heavy and powerful steam locomotive. Trevithick's was probably the first to do so; however some of the short cast iron plates of the tramroad broke under the locomotive as they were intended only to support the lighter axle load of horse-drawn wagons and so the tramroad returned to horse power after the initial test run. Homfray was pleased he won his bet. The engine was placed on blocks and reverted to its original stationary job of driving hammers. In modern-day Merthyr Tydfil, behind the monument to Trevithick's locomotive lies a stone wall, the sole remainder of the former boundary wall of Homfray's Penydarren House.A full-scale working reconstruction of the Pen-y-darren locomotive was commissioned in 1981 and delivered to the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff; when that closed, it was moved to the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea. Several times a year it is run on a  length of rail outside the museum. "Newcastle" locomotive
Christopher Blackett, proprietor of the Wylam colliery near Newcastle, heard of the success in Wales and wrote to Trevithick asking for locomotive designs. These were sent to John Whitfield at Gateshead, Trevithick's agent, who in 1804 built what was probably the first locomotive to have flanged wheels. Blackett was using wooden rails for his tramway and, once again, Trevithick's machine was to prove too heavy for its track. Catch Me Who Can

In 1808 Trevithick publicised his steam railway locomotive expertise by building a new locomotive called Catch Me Who Can, built for him by John Hazledine and John Urpeth Rastrick at Bridgnorth in Shropshire, and named by Davies Giddy's daughter. The configuration differed from the previous locomotives in that the cylinder was mounted vertically and drove a pair of wheels directly without a flywheel or gearing.This was probably <mask>'s fourth locomotive, after those used at Coalbrookdale, Pen-y-darren ironworks, and the Wylam colliery. He ran it on a circular track just south of the present-day Euston Square tube station in London. The site in Bloomsbury has recently been identified archaeologically as that occupied by the Chadwick Building, part of University College London. Admission to the "steam circus" was one shilling including a ride and it was intended to show that rail travel was faster than by horse. This venture also suffered from weak tracks and public interest was limited. Trevithick was disappointed by the response and designed no more railway locomotives. It was not until 1812 that twin-cylinder steam locomotives, built by Matthew Murray in Holbeck, successfully started replacing horses for hauling coal wagons on the edge railed, rack and pinion Middleton Railway from Middleton colliery to Leeds, West Yorkshire.Engineering projects

Thames tunnel
Robert Vazie, another Cornish engineer, was selected by the Thames Archway Company in 1805 to drive a tunnel under the River Thames at Rotherhithe. Vazie encountered serious problems with water influx, and had got no further than sinking the end shafts when the directors called in Trevithick for consultation. The directors agreed to pay Trevithick £1000 (the equivalent of £ in ) if he could successfully complete the tunnel, a length of . In August 1807, he began driving a

masks:
Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick
Richard Tck
Richard Treck
Trevithick
Trevithick
Trevithick
Richard Crawshay
Trevithick


title: Richard Trevithick

type: original

texts:
 small pilot tunnel or driftway  high tapering from  at the top to  at the bottom. By 23 December, after it had progressed , progress was delayed after a sudden inrush of water; and only one month later on 26 January 1808, at , a more serious inrush occurred. The tunnel was flooded; Trevithick, being the last to leave, was nearly drowned. Clay was dumped on the river bed to seal the hole, and the tunnel was drained, but mining was now more difficult.Progress stalled, and a few of the directors attempted to discredit Trevithick, but the quality of his work was eventually upheld by two colliery engineers from the North of England. Despite suggesting various building techniques to complete the project, including a submerged cast iron tube, Trevithick's links with the company ceased and the project was never actually completed. Completion
The first successful tunnel under the Thames was started by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel in 1823,  upstream, assisted by his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel (who also nearly died in a tunnel collapse). Marc Brunel finally completed it in 1843, the delays being due to problems with funding. Trevithick's suggestion of a submerged tube approach was successfully implemented for the first time across the Detroit River between Michigan in the United States and Ontario in Canada with the construction of the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, under the engineering supervision of The New York Central Railway's engineering vice president, William J Wilgus. Construction began in 1903 and was completed in 1910. The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel which was completed in 1930 for automotive traffic, and the tunnel under the Hong Kong Harbour were also submerged-tube designs.Return to London
<mask> went on to research other projects to exploit his high-pressure steam engines: boring brass for cannon manufacture, stone crushing, rolling mills, forge hammers, blast furnace blowers as well as the traditional mining applications. He also built a barge powered by paddle wheels and several dredgers. Trevithick saw opportunities in London and persuaded his wife and four children reluctantly to join him in 1808 for two and a half years lodging first in Rotherhithe and then in Limehouse. Nautical projects
In 1808 Trevithick entered a partnership with Robert Dickinson (businessman), a West India merchant. Dickinson supported several of Trevithick's patents. The first of these was the Nautical Labourer; a steam tug with a floating crane propelled by paddle wheels. However, it did not meet the fire regulations for the docks, and the Society of Coal Whippers, worried about losing their livelihood, even threatened the life of Trevithick.Another patent was for the installation of iron tanks in ships for storage of cargo and water instead of in wooden casks. A small works was set up at Limehouse to manufacture them, employing three men. The tanks were also used to raise sunken wrecks by placing them under the wreck and creating buoyancy by pumping them full of air. In 1810 a wreck near Margate was raised in this way but there was a dispute over payment and Trevithick was driven to cut the lashings loose and let it sink again. In 1809, Trevithick worked on various ideas on improvements for ships: iron floating docks, iron ships, telescopic iron masts, improved ship structures, iron buoys and using heat from the ships boilers for cooking. Illness, financial difficulties and return to Cornwall
In May 1810 Trevithick caught typhoid and nearly died. By September, he had recovered sufficiently to travel back to Cornwall by ship, and in February 1811 he and Dickinson were declared bankrupt.They were not discharged until 1814, Trevithick having paid off most of the partnership debts from his own funds. Cornish boiler and engine
In about 1812 Trevithick designed the ‘Cornish boiler’. These were horizontal, cylindrical boilers with a single internal fire tube or flue passing horizontally through the middle. Hot exhaust gases from the fire passed through the flue thus increasing the surface area heating the water and improving efficiency. These types were installed in the Boulton and Watt pumping engines at Dolcoath and more than doubled their efficiency. Again in 1812, he installed a new 'high-pressure' experimental condensing steam engine at Wheal Prosper. This became known as the Cornish engine, and was the most efficient in the world at that time.Other Cornish engineers contributed to its development but <mask>'s work was predominant. In the same year he installed another high-pressure engine, though non-condensing, in a threshing machine on a farm at Probus, Cornwall. It was very successful and proved to be cheaper to run than the horses it replaced. It was in use for 70 years, and was then retired to an exhibit at the Science Museum. Recoil engine
In one of Trevithick's more unusual projects, he attempted to build a 'recoil engine' similar to the aeolipile described by Hero of Alexandria in about AD 50. Trevithick's engine comprised a boiler feeding a hollow axle to route the steam to a catherine wheel with two fine-bore steam jets on its circumference. The first wheel was  in diameter and a later attempt was  in diameter.To get any usable torque, steam had to issue from the nozzles at a very high velocity and in such large volume that it proved not to operate with adequate efficiency. Today this would be recognised as a reaction turbine. South America

Draining the Peruvian silver mines
In 1811 draining water from the rich silver mines of Cerro de Pasco in Peru at an altitude of  posed serious problems for the man in charge, Francisco Uville. The low-pressure condensing engines by Boulton and Watt developed so little power as to be useless at this altitude, and they could not be dismantled into sufficiently small pieces to be transported there along mule tracks. Uville was sent to England to investigate using Trevithick's high-pressure steam engine. He bought one for 20 guineas, transported it back and found it to work quite satisfactorily. In 1813 Uville set sail again for England and, having fallen ill on the way, broke his journey via Jamaica.When he had recovered he boarded the Falmouth packet ship 'Fox' coincidentally with one of Trevithick's cousins on board the same vessel. Trevithick's home was just a few miles from Falmouth so Uville was able to meet him and tell him about the project. Trevithick leaves for South America
On 20 October 1816 Trevithick left Penzance on the whaler ship Asp accompanied by a lawyer named Page and a boilermaker bound for Peru. He was received by Uville with honour initially but relations soon broke down and Trevithick left in disgust at the accusations directed at him. He travelled widely in Peru acting as a consultant on mining methods. The government granted him certain mining rights and he found mining areas, but did not have the funds to develop them, with the exception of a copper and silver mine at Caxatambo. After a time serving in the army of Simon Bolivar he returned to Caxatambo but due to the unsettled state of the country and presence of the Spanish army he was forced to leave the area and abandon £5,000 worth of ore ready to ship.Uville died in 1818 and Trevithick soon returned to Cerro de Pasco to continue mining. However, the war of liberation denied him several objectives. Meanwhile, back in England, he was accused of neglecting his wife Jane and family in Cornwall. Exploring the isthmus of Costa Rica on foot
After leaving Cerro de Pasco, Trevithick passed through Ecuador on his way to Bogotá in Colombia. He arrived in Costa Rica in 1822 hoping to develop mining machinery. He spent time looking for a practical route to transport ore and equipment, settling on using the San Juan River, the Sarapiqui River, and then a railway to cover the remaining distance. In a biography his son wrote that Trevithick had in mind a steam-driven railway and not mule-driven.The initial party comprised Trevithick, Scottish mining projector James Gerard, two schoolboys: José Maria Montealegre (a future president of Costa Rica) and his brother Mariano, whom Gerard intended to enrol at a small boarding school at Lauderdale House in Highgate (where Trevithick later made his temporary London home), and seven natives, three of whom returned home after guiding them through the first part of their journey. The journey was treacherous – one of the party was drowned in a raging torrent and Trevithick was nearly killed on at least two occasions. In the first he was saved from drowning by Gerard, and in the second he was nearly devoured by an alligator following a dispute with a local man whom he had in some way offended. Still in the company of Gerard, he made his way to Cartagena where he chanced to meet Robert Stephenson who was himself on his way home from Colombia, following a failed three-year mining venture. It had been many years since they last met (when Stephenson was just a baby), and the two men were judged by witnesses to their meeting to have little in common. Despite this Stephenson gave Trevithick £50 to help his passage home. Whilst Stephenson and Gerard booked passage via New York, Trevithick took ship direct to Falmouth, arriving there in October 1827 with few possessions other than the clothes he was wearing.He never returned to Costa Rica. Later projects
Taking encouragement from earlier inventors who had achieved some successes with similar endeavours, Trevithick petitioned Parliament for a grant, but he was unsuccessful in acquiring one. In 1829 he built a closed cycle steam engine followed by a vertical tubular boiler. In 1830 he invented an early form of storage room heater. It comprised a small fire tube boiler with a detachable flue which could be heated either outside or indoors with the flue connected to a chimney. Once hot the hot water container could be wheeled to where heat was required and the issuing heat could be altered using adjustable doors. To commemorate the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832 he designed a massive column to be  high, being  in diameter at the base tapering to  at the top where a statue of a horse would have been mounted.It was to be made of 1500 10-foot-square (3 m) pieces of cast iron and would have weighed . There was substantial public interest in the proposal, but it was never built. Final project
About the same time he was invited to do some development work on an engine of a new vessel at Dartford by John Hall, the founder of J & E Hall Limited. The work involved a reaction turbine for which Trevithick earned £1200. He lodged at The Bull hotel in the High Street, Dartford, Kent. Death

After he had been working in Dartford for about a year, Trevithick was taken ill with pneumonia and had to retire to bed at the Bull Hotel, where he was lodging at the time. Following a week's confinement in bed he died on the morning of 22 April 1833.He was penniless, and no relatives or friends had attended his bedside during his illness. His colleagues at Hall's works made a collection for his funeral expenses and acted as bearers. They also paid a night watchman to guard his grave at night to deter grave robbers, as body snatching was common at that time. Trevithick was buried in an unmarked grave in St Edmund's Burial Ground, East Hill, Dartford. The burial ground closed in 1857, with the gravestones being removed in 1956–57. A plaque marks the approximate spot believed to be the site of the grave. The plaque lies on the side of the park, near the East Hill gate, and an unlinked path.Memorials

In Camborne, outside the public library, a statue by Leonard Stanford Merrifield depicting Trevithick holding one of his small-scale models was unveiled in 1932 by Prince George, Duke of Kent, in front of a crowd of thousands of local people. On 17 March 2007, Dartford Borough Council invited the Chairman of the Trevithick Society, Phil Hosken, to unveil a Blue plaque at the Royal Victoria and Bull hotel (formerly The Bull) marking Trevithick's last years in Dartford and the place of his death in 1833. The Blue Plaque is prominently displayed on the hotel's front facade. There is also a plaque at Holy Trinity Church. The Cardiff University Engineering, Computer Science and Physics departments are based around the Trevithick Building which also holds the Trevithick Library, named after <mask>revithick. In Gower Street in London, on the wall of the University College building, an elaborate wall plaque carries the legend: "Close to this place <mask> (Born 1771 – Died 1833) Pioneer of High Pressure Steam ran in the year 1808 the first steam locomotive to draw passengers." It was erected by "The Trevithick Centenary Memorial Committee".One of the oldest depictions of Saint Piran's Flag can be seen in a stained glass window at Westminster Abbey, 1888, commemorating <mask>revithick. The window depicts St Michael at the top and nine Cornish saints, Piran, Petroc, Pinnock, Germanus, Julian, Cyriacus, Constantine, Nonna and Geraint in tiers below. The head of St Piran appears to be a portrait of Trevithick himself and the figure carries the banner of Cornwall. There is a plaque and memorial situated in Abercynon, outside the fire station. It says "In commemoration of the achievements of <mask> who having constructed the first steam locomotive did on February 21st 1804 successfully hail 10 tons of iron and numerous passengers along a tramroad from Merthyr to this precinct where was situated the loading point of the Glamorgan Canal". There is also a building in Abercynon called Ty Trevithick (Trevithick House), named in his honour. On Penydarren Road, Merthyr Tydfil there is a memorial on the site of the Penydarren Tramway.The inscription reads "RICHARD TREVITHICK 1771-1833 PIONEER OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM BUILT THE FIRST STEAM LOCOMOTIVE TO RUN ON RAILS. ON FEBRUARY 21ST 1804 IT TRAVERSED THE SPOT ON WHICH THIS MONUMENT STANDS ON ITS WAY TO ABERCYNON". A short walk north of that is the (slightly misspelled) Trevethick Street, named after Trevithick. A replica of Trevithick's first full-size steam road locomotive was first displayed at Camborne Trevithick Day 2001, the day chosen for the celebration of Trevithick's public demonstration of the use of high-pressure steam. The team consisting of John Woodward, Mark Rivron and Sean Oliver, have continued to maintain and display the engine at various steam fairs across the country. The Puffing Devil has proudly led the parade of steam engines at every subsequent Trevithick day up to and including 2014. Trevithick Drive in Temple Hill, Dartford, was named after <mask>revithick.Legacy
The Trevithick Society, a forerunner of Industrial Archaeology organizations that was initially formed to rescue the Levant winding engine from being scrapped, was named for <mask>. They publish a newsletter, a journal and many books on Cornish engines, the mining industry, engineers, and other industrial archaeological topics. There is also a street named after him in Merthyr Tydfil. <mask>thick is celebrated in Camborne, Cornwall on Trevithick Day which is held annually on the last Saturday in April. The day is a community festival with steam engines from all over the UK attending. Towards the end of the day they parade through the streets of Camborne and steam past a statue of <mask>revithick outside the Passmore Edwards building. Harry Turtledove's alternate history short story "The Iron Elephant" has <mask> inventing his steam engine in 1782 and subsequently racing a mammoth-drawn train that it would in time come to supplant.This character was born sometime before 1771, and is American rather than British, indicating he (alongside station master George Stephenson) is an analog (a common Turtledove plot device) rather than the historical figure. See also

 List of topics related to Cornwall

References

Notes

Sources

 Hodge, James (2003), <mask>revithick (Lifelines; 6.) Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire HP27 9AA: Shire Publications

 Lowe, James W. (1975), British Steam Locomotive Builders. Cambridge: Goose  (reissued in 1989 by Guild Publishing)
 Rogers, Col. H. C. (1961), Turnpike to Iron Road London: Seeley, Service & Co.; pp. 40–44

External links

 The Camborne ‘Trevithick Day’ Website
 Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for <mask>revithick
 Contributions to the Biography of <mask>revithick <mask>s, 1859
 <mask>revithick steam engine 1805–06 in the Energy Hall, Science Museum, London
 Trevithick Society

1771 births
1833 deaths
18th-century British engineers
19th-century British engineers
18th-century British businesspeople
19th-century British businesspeople
People from Illogan
People of the Industrial Revolution
Explorers from Cornwall
Locomotive builders and designers
British mining

masks:
Trevithick
Trevithick
Richard T
Richard Tck
Richard T
Richard Tck
Richard T
Richard Treck
Richard Trevi
Richard T
Richard Tthick
Richard T
Richard T
Richard T
Richard Edmond
Richard T


title: Zheng Yin (Early Tang)

texts:
<mask> (鄭愔) (died 710), courtesy name Wenjing (文靖), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, briefly serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. Background
Despite <mask>'s high status, little is firmly established about his career except for the 705 to 710 time period—as, unusual for a chancellor, he did not have a biography in either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang. It is known that he was not a member of the more prominent branches of the <mask> family that had served as officials since Northern Wei, but was from Cang Prefecture (滄州, roughly modern Cangzhou, Hebei). His father <mask> (鄭玄昇) served as a prefectural prefect. He passed the imperial examinations. It was said that during the reign of Wu Zetian, <mask> was an associate of her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong and had served as Dianzhong Shi Yushi (殿中侍御史), a low level imperial censor. During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and her son and crown prince Li Xian, formerly emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong).Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed in the coup, and <mask>, as their associate, was demoted to be publics works officer at Xuan Prefecture (宣州, roughly modern Xuancheng, Anhui). Once there, he was accused of receiving bribes, and he fled and secretly returned to the eastern capital Luoyang. Once at Luoyang, he secretly met Emperor Zhongzong's cousin (Wu Zetian's nephew) Wu Sansi the Prince of Liang, who was then a trusted advisor of Emperor Zhongzong and a lover to Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei and was locked in a power struggle with the leaders of the coup that had returned Emperor Zhongzong to the throne—Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, Jing Hui, and Yuan Shuji. When <mask> first saw Wu Sansi, he cried out loud, and then laughed out loud. Wu Sansi, who was stern in his disposition, was perplexed. <mask> responded:

Wu Sansi was very happy and invited <mask> up a tower, to further discuss with <mask> the strategies he should take. He further recommended <mask> to serve as Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official that legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng).<mask> thereafter served as chief strategist for Wu Sansi, along with Cui Shi. Soon, Wu Sansi and Empress Wei were able to persuade Emperor Zhongzong to remove the coup leaders from their chancellor posts under guise of honoring them with princely titles. In 706, in association with Wu Sansi, <mask> accused the coup leaders, by then all out of the capital Chang'an, of having conspired with Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎), who was executed early in 706 for having planned to kill Wu Sansi and depose Empress Wei. The five coup leaders were demoted to be military advisors to prefects in distant prefecture. Wu Sansi then had accusations about his affair with Empress Wei publicly posted in Luoyang, hoping to incense Emperor Zhongzong and then blame the coup leaders. <mask> then accused the coup leaders of having posted the accusations and requested that their clans be slaughtered. Emperor Zhongzong denied the request, but exiled the coup leaders to even more distant prefectures, where they subsequently died or were killed on Wu Sansi's orders.In 707, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongjun the Crown Prince, angry that Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle and her husband Wu Chongxun (武崇訓, Wu Sansi's son) repeatedly humiliated him and were trying to have Li Guo'er made crown princess to displace him, rose in rebellion and killed Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun, but subsequently was defeated and killed in exile. <mask> became an associate of Empress Wei's, and in 708, when he was serving as the minister of worship (太常卿, Taichang Qing), submitted an interpretation of popular songs that suggested that both Emperor Zhongzong and Empress Wei's authorities had divine origins, which pleased Emperor Zhongzong greatly. In 709, <mask> was made the minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, Libu Shangshu), and given the designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. He, along with Cui, was in charge of selecting officials, and both of them were said to be corrupt. Later in 709, after indictment by the censors Jin Heng (靳恆) and Li Shangyin and investigation by the censor Pei Cui (裴漼), Cui and <mask> were removed from their offices. Cui was initially supposed to demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Jiang Prefecture (江州, roughly modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi), while <mask> was to be exiled to Ji Prefecture (吉州, roughly modern Ji'an, Jiangxi). After intercession by Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er, as well as Li Guo'er and Li Guo'er's new husband Wu Yanxiu (武延秀), Cui was instead made the prefect of Xiang Prefecture (襄州, roughly modern Xiangfan, Hubei), and <mask> was made the military advisor to the prefect of Jiang Prefecture.However, later in the year, when Emperor Zhongzong was set to make sacrifices to heaven and earth south of Chang'an, he recalled both Cui and <mask> to attend to him during the ceremony and apparently made deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang). After Emperor Zhongzong's death
Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly in 710—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by Empress Wei and Li Guo'er, so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. For the time being, Emperor Zhongzong's son by another concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, was made emperor (as Emperor Shang), and Empress Wei retained authority as empress dowager and regent. For reasons lost to history, she demoted <mask> out of the capital, back to being the military advisor to the prefect of Jiang Prefecture. While he went through Jun Prefecture (均州, in modern Shiyan, Hubei), he secretly discussed with Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongfu the Prince of Qiao, the prefect of Jun Prefecture, whom Emperor Zhongzong had disfavored and exiled, and Zhang Lingjun (張靈均), about rising in rebellion against Empress Dowager Wei. Sometime thereafter, <mask> was recalled to the capital to serve as Mishu Shaojian (秘書少監), the deputy director of the Palace Library. Less than a month after Emperor Zhongzong's death, a coup led by Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping and nephew Li Longji the Prince of Linzi killed Empress Dowager Wei and Li Guo'er.Subsequently, Li Longji's father Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, himself a former emperor, returned to the throne (as Emperor Ruizong), displacing Emperor Shang. <mask> was demoted to be the prefect of Yuan Prefecture (沅州, roughly modern Huaihua, Hunan). He intentionally stopped over in Luoyang, knowing that Li Chongfu, under Zhang's instigation, would soon rebel. He prepared the mansion of Li Chongfu's brother-in-law Pei Sun (裴巽, the husband of LI Chongfu's sister Princess Yicheng), and also drafted two edicts—one purportedly from Emperor Zhongzong, ordering Li Chongfu to take the throne, and one for Li Chongfu, declaring himself emperor. On September 9, 710, Li Chongfu arrived at Luoyang and took over Pei's mansion, and the officials at Luoyang, surprised, largely began to flee. Li Chongfu began to try to take command of the imperial troops in Luoyang, but the official Li Yong (李邕) persuaded the imperial guards to reject Li Chongfu, and when Li Chongfu arrived at imperial guards' camps, they fired arrows at him. His attacks on the governmental offices were also repelled.He thereafter fled and tried to hide, but the next day, with troops closing in on his position, he jumped into a canal and drowned. <mask> tried to flee by putting on women's clothes and changing his hair style into a woman's hairstyle, but was nevertheless captured. When both he and Zhang were interrogated, he was so fearful that he was shivering and unable to answer any questions. Zhang, who answered questions normally, commented as he looked on <mask>, "I deserve defeat for starting a rebellion with this kind of a man." Both <mask> and Zhang were taken to a busy marketplace and beheaded in public. Notes and references

 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 208, 209, 210.Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
7th-century births
710 deaths

masks:
Zheng Yin
Zheng Yin
Zheng
Zheng Xuansg
Zheng Yin
Zheng Yin
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng Yin
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng


title: Quanah Parker

texts:
<mask>i Comanche chief Peta Nocona and <mask>, an Anglo-American who had been kidnapped as a child and assimilated into the Nokoni tribe. Following the apprehension of several Kiowa chiefs in 1871, <mask> emerged as a dominant figure in the Red River War, clashing repeatedly with Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. With European-Americans hunting American bison, the Comanches' primary sustenance, into near extinction, <mask> eventually surrendered and peaceably led the Kwahadi to the reservation at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. <mask> was never elected chief by his people but was appointed by the federal government as principal chief of the entire Comanche Nation, and became a primary emissary of southwest indigenous Americans to the United States legislature. In civilian life, he gained wealth as a rancher, settling near Cache, Oklahoma. Though he encouraged Christianization of Comanche people, he also advocated the syncretic Native American Church alternative, and passionately fought for the legal use of peyote in the movement's religious practices.He was elected deputy sheriff of Lawton in 1902. After his death in 1911, the leadership title of Chief was replaced with chairman; <mask> <mask> is thereby described as the "Last Chief of the Comanche," a term also applied to Horseback. He is buried at Chief's Knoll on Fort Sill. Many cities and highway systems in southwest Oklahoma and north Texas, once southern Comancheria, bear references to his name. Early life

<mask> <mask>'s mother, Cynthia Ann <mask> (born ), was a member of the large <mask> frontier family that settled in east Texas in the 1830s. She was captured in 1836 () by Comanches during the raid of Fort Parker near present-day Groesbeck, Texas. Given the Comanche name Nadua (Foundling), she was adopted into the Nokoni band of Comanches, as foster daughter of Tabby-nocca.Assimilated into the Comanche, Cynthia Ann <mask> married the Kwahadi warrior chief Peta Nocona, also known as Puhtocnocony, Noconie, Tah-con-ne-ah-pe-ah, or Nocona ("Lone Wanderer"). <mask> <mask>'s paternal grandfather was the renowned Kwahadi chief Iron Jacket (Puhihwikwasu'u), a warrior of the earlier Comanche-American Wars, famous among his people for wearing a Spanish coat of mail. Cynthia Ann <mask> and Nocona's first child was <mask> <mask>, born in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. In a letter to rancher Charles Goodnight, <mask> <mask> writes, "From the best information I have, I was born about 1850 on Elk Creek just below the Wichita Mountains." Alternative sources cite his birthplace as Laguna Sabinas/Cedar Lake in Gaines County, Texas. Cynthia Ann <mask> and Nocona also had another son, Pecos (sometimes known as Peanuts), and a daughter, Topsana (Prairie Flower). In December 1860, Cynthia Ann <mask> and Topsana were captured in the Battle of Pease River.American forces were led by Sgt. John Spangler, who commanded Company H of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry, and Texas Rangers under Sul Ross would claim that at the end of the battle, he wounded Peta Nocona, who was thereafter killed by Spangler's Mexican servant but this was disputed by eyewitnesses among the Texas Rangers and by <mask> <mask>. It was believed that <mask> <mask> and his brother Pecos were the only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger Charles Goodnight but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. Some, including <mask> <mask> himself, claim this story is false and that he, his brother, and his father Peta Nocona were not at the battle, that they were at the larger camp miles away, and that Peta Nocona died years later of illness caused by wounds from battles with Apache. Cynthia Ann <mask>, along with her infant daughter Topsana, were taken by the Texas Rangers against her will to Cynthia Ann <mask>'s brother's home. After 24 years with the Comanche, Cynthia Ann <mask> refused re-assimilation. Topsana died of an illness in 1863.Cynthia Ann <mask> committed suicide by voluntary starvation in March 1871. In the Comanche language, kwana means "an odor" or "a smell". Comanche warriors often took on more active, masculine names in maturity, but <mask> <mask> retained the name his mother gave him, initially in tribute to her after her recapture. Career

After Peta Nocona's death (c. 1864), being now Parra-o-coom ("Bull Bear") the head chief of the Kwahadi people, Horseback, the head chief of the Nokoni people, took young <mask> <mask> and his brother Pecos under his wing. After Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket, Horseback taught them the ways of the Comanche warrior, and <mask> <mask> grew to considerable standing as a warrior. He left and rejoined the Kwahadi band with warriors from another band. <mask> <mask> surrendered to Mackenzie and was taken to Fort Sill, Indian Territory where he led the Comanches successfully for a number of years on the reservation.<mask> <mask> was never elected principal chief of the Comanche by the tribe. The U.S. government appointed him principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. In October 1867, when <mask> <mask> was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Horseback made a statement about <mask> <mask>'s refusal to sign the treaty. In the early 1870s, the Plains Indians were losing the battle for their land with the United States government. Following the capture of the Kiowa chiefs Sitting Bear, Big Tree, and Satanta, the last two paroled in 1873 after two years thanks to the firm and stubborn behaviour of Guipago, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Southern Cheyenne tribes joined forces in several battles. Colonel Ranald Mackenzie led U.S. Army forces in rounding up or killing the remaining Indians who had not settled on reservations.In 1873, Isatai'i, a Comanche claiming to be a medicine man, called for all the Comanche bands to gather together for a Sun Dance, even though that ritual was Kiowa, and had never been a Comanche practice. The bands gathered in May on the Red River, near present-day Texola, Oklahoma. At that gathering, Isatai'i and <mask> <mask> recruited warriors for raids into Texas to avenge slain relatives. Other Comanche chiefs, notably Isa-Rosa ("White Wolf") and Tabananika ("Sound of the Sunrise") of the Yamparika, and Big Red Meat of the Nokoni band, identified the buffalo hide merchants as the real threat to their way of life. They suggested that if <mask> <mask> were to attack anybody, he should attack the merchants. A war party of around 250 warriors, composed mainly of Comanches and Cheyennes, who were impressed by Isatai'i's claim of protective medicine to protect them from their enemies' bullets, headed into Texas towards the trading post of Adobe Walls. The raid should have been a slaughter, but the saloonkeeper had heard about the coming raid and kept his customers from going to bed by offering free drinks.Around 4 AM, the raiders drove down into the valley. <mask> <mask> and his band were unable to penetrate the two-foot thick sod walls and were repelled by the hide merchants' long-range .50 caliber Sharps rifles. As they retreated, <mask> <mask>'s horse was shot out from under him at five hundred yards. He hid behind a buffalo carcass, and was hit by a bullet that ricocheted off a powder horn around his neck and lodged between his shoulder blade and his neck. The wound was not serious, and <mask> <mask> was rescued and brought back out of the range of the buffalo guns. The attack on Adobe Walls caused a reversal of policy in Washington. It led to the Red River War, which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon.On September 28, 1874, Mackenzie and his Tonkawa scouts razed the Comanche village at Palo Duro Canyon and killed nearly 1,500 Comanche horses, the main form of the Comanche wealth and power. On the reservation

With their food source depleted, and under constant pressure from the army, the Kwahadi Comanche finally surrendered in 1875. With Colonel Mackenzie and Indian Agent James M. Hayworth, <mask> helped settle the Comanche on the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in southwestern Indian Territory. <mask> <mask>'s home in Cache, Oklahoma was called the Star House. Quanah <mask>'s was the last tribe of the Staked Plains or Llano Estacado to come to the reservation. <mask> <mask> was named chief over all the Comanches on the reservation, and proved to be a forceful, resourceful and able leader. Through wise investments, he became perhaps the wealthiest American Indian of his day in the United States.At this time, <mask> <mask> embraced much of white culture and adopted the surname <mask>. He was well respected by the whites. He went on hunting trips with President Theodore Roosevelt, who often visited him. Nevertheless, he rejected both monogamy and traditional Protestant Christianity in favor of the Native American Church Movement, of which he was a founder. <mask> <mask> and Samuel Burk Burnett
The story of the unique friendship that grew between <mask> <mask> and the Burnett family is addressed in the exhibition of cultural artifacts that were given to the Burnett family from the <mask> family. The presentation of a cultural relic as significant as Quanah <mask>'s war lance was not done lightly. It is a clear indication of the high esteem to which the Burnett family was regarded by the Parkers.The correspondence between <mask> <mask> and Samuel Burk Burnett, Sr. (1849–1922) and his son Thomas Loyd Burnett (1871–1938), expressed mutual admiration and respect. The historical record mentions little of <mask> <mask> until his presence in the attack on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874. Fragmented information exists indicating <mask> <mask> had interactions with the Apache at about this time. This association may have related to his taking up the Native American Church, or peyote religion. <mask> <mask> was said to have taken an Apache wife, but their union was short-lived. The Apache dress, bag and staff in the exhibit may be a remnant of this time in Quanah <mask>'s early adult life. With the buffalo nearly exterminated and having suffered heavy loss of horses and lodges at the hands of the US military, <mask> <mask> was one of the leaders to bring the Kwahadi (Antelope) band of Comanches into Fort Sill during late May and early June 1875.This brought an end to their nomadic life on the southern plains and the beginning of an adjustment to more sedentary life. Burk Burnett began moving cattle from South Texas in 1874 to near present-day Wichita Falls, Texas. There he established his ranch headquarters in 1881. Changing weather patterns and severe drought caused grasslands to wither and die in Texas. Burnett and other ranchers met with Comanche and Kiowa tribes to lease land on their reservation—nearly  just north of the Red River in Oklahoma. Originally, <mask> <mask>, like many of his contemporaries, was opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. But, Quanah <mask> changed his position and forged close relationships with a number of Texas cattlemen, such as Charles Goodnight and the Burnett family.As early as 1880, <mask> <mask> was working with these new associates in building his own herds. In 1884, due largely to <mask> <mask>'s efforts, the tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. It is

masks:
Quanah Parkerhadhad
Cynthia Ann Parker
Quanah Parker
Qah Parker
Quanah Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker


title: Quanah Parker

texts:
 during this period that the bonds between Quanah <mask> and the Burnett family grew strong. Burnett ran 10,000 cattle until the end of the lease in 1902. The cattle baron had a strong feeling for Native American rights, and his respect for them was genuine. Where other cattle kings fought natives and the harsh land to build empires, Burnett learned Comanche ways, passing both the love of the land and his friendship with the natives to his family. As a sign of their regard for Burnett, the Comanches gave him a name in their own language: Mas-sa-suta, meaning "Big Boss".<mask> <mask> earned the respect of US governmental leaders as he adapted to the white man's life and became a prosperous rancher in Oklahoma. His spacious, two-story Star House had a bedroom for each of his seven wives and their children. He had his own private quarters, which were rather plain. Beside his bed were photographs of his mother Cynthia Ann <mask> and younger sister Topʉsana. <mask> <mask> extended hospitality to many influential people, both Native American and European American. Among the latter were the Texas surveyor W. D. Twichell and the cattleman Charles Goodnight. Of all his white acquaintances, <mask> <mask> counted Burk Burnett the best.He reportedly said: "I got one good friend, Burk Burnett, he big-hearted, rich cowman. Help my people good deal. You see big man hold tight to money, afraid to die. Burnett helped anybody." During the next 27 years <mask> <mask> and the Burnetts shared many experiences. Burnett helped by contributing money for the construction of Star House, Quanah <mask>'s large frame home. Burnett asked for (and received) <mask> <mask>'s participation in a parade with a large group of warriors at the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show and other public events.The "Parade" lance depicted in the exhibit was usually carried by <mask> <mask> at such public gatherings. Burnett assisted <mask> <mask> in buying the granite headstones used to mark the graves of his mother and sister. After years of searching, <mask> <mask> had their remains moved from Texas and reinterred in 1910 in Oklahoma on the Comanche reservation at Fort Sill. According to his daughter "Wanada" <mask>, her father helped celebrate President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inauguration by appearing in the parade. In April 1905, Roosevelt visited <mask> <mask> at the Star House. President Roosevelt and <mask> <mask> went wolf hunting together with Burnett near Frederick, Oklahoma. During the occasion, the two discussed serious business.<mask> <mask> wanted the tribe to retain ownership of  that the government planned to sell off to homesteaders, an argument he eventually lost. <mask> <mask> asked for help combating unemployment among his people and later received a letter from the President stating his own concern about the issue. The wolf hunt was believed to be one of the reasons that Roosevelt created the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Marriage and family

<mask> <mask> took two wives in 1872 according to <mask>, one of <mask> <mask>'s sons. His first wife was Ta-ho-yea (or Tohayea), the daughter of Mescalero Apache chief Old Wolf. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since the 1860s and had got her for five mules. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, Ta-ho-yea asked to return home citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language.<mask> <mask> sent her back to her people. <mask> <mask>'s other wife in 1872 was Wec-Keah or Weakeah, daughter of Penateka Comanche subchief Yellow Bear (sometimes Old Bear). Although first espoused to another warrior, she and <mask> <mask> eloped, and took several other warriors with them. Yellow Bear pursued the band and eventually <mask> <mask> made peace with him. The two bands united, forming the largest force of Comanche Indians. Over the years, <mask> <mask> married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. A photograph, , by William B. Ellis of <mask> <mask> and two of his wives identified them as Topay and Chonie.<mask> <mask> had eight wives and twenty-five children (some of whom were adopted). After moving to the reservation, <mask> <mask> got in touch with his white relatives from his mother's family. He stayed for a few weeks with them, where he studied English and Western culture, and learned white farming techniques. Founder of the Native American Church Movement
<mask> <mask> is credited as one of the first important leaders of the Native American Church movement. <mask> <mask> adopted the peyote religion after having been gored in southern Texas by a bull. <mask> was visiting his uncle, <mask>, in Texas where he was attacked, giving him severe wounds. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican curandera was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him.Thereafter, <mask> <mask> became involved with peyote, which contains hordenine, mescaline or phenylethylamine alkaloids, and tyramine which act as natural antibiotics when taken in a combined form. Clinical studies indicate that peyocactin, a water-soluble crystalline substance separated from an ethanol extract of the plant, proved an effective antibiotic against 18 strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, several other bacteria, and a fungus. <mask> <mask> taught that the sacred peyote medicine was the sacrament given to the Indian peoples and was to be used with water when taking communion in a traditional Native American Church medicine ceremony. <mask> <mask> was a proponent of the "half-moon" style of the peyote ceremony. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of Caddo influences introduced by John Wilson, a Caddo-Delaware religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as <mask> during the early days of the Native American Church movement. <mask> <mask>'s most famous teaching regarding the spirituality of the Native American Church:

The White Man goes into his church house and talks about Jesus, but the Indian goes into his tipi and talks to Jesus. The modern reservation era in Native American history began with the adoption of the Native American Church and Christianity by nearly every Native American tribe and culture within the United States and Canada as a result of <mask> <mask> and Wilson's efforts.The peyote religion and the Native American Church were never the traditional religious practice of North American Indian cultures. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of the time being east and west of the Mississippi River, <mask> <mask>'s leadership, and influences from Native Americans of Mexico and other southern tribes. They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times. He advocated only using mind-altering substances for ritual purposes. Death

At the age of 66, <mask> <mask> died on February 23, 1911, at Star House. In 1911, <mask> <mask>'s body was interred at Post Oak Mission Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma. In 1957, his remains were moved to Fort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, along with his mother Cynthia Ann <mask> and sister Topsannah ("Prairie Flower").The inscription on his tombstone reads:

Biographer Bill Neeley wrote:
"Not only did Quanah pass within the span of a single lifetime from a Stone Age warrior to a statesman in the age of the Industrial Revolution, but he never lost a battle to the white man and he also accepted the challenge and responsibility of leading the whole Comanche tribe on the difficult road toward their new existence." Criticism
Although praised by many in his tribe as a preserver of their culture, <mask> <mask> also had Comanche critics. Some  claimed that he "sold out to the white man" by adapting and becoming a rancher. He dressed and lived in what some viewed as a more European-American than Comanche style. Critic Paul Chaat Smith called "Quanah <mask>: sellout or patriot?" the "basic Comanche political question". <mask> <mask> did adopt some European-American ways, but he always wore his hair long and in braids.He also refused to follow U.S. marriage laws and had up to eight wives at one time. <mask> <mask> was never elected principal chief of the tribe by the people. Traditionally, the Comanche had no single chief. The various bands of the Comanche had their own chiefs. The US appointed <mask> <mask> principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. Family Reunion
The Quanah Parker Society, based in Cache, Oklahoma, holds an annual family reunion and powwow. Events usually include a pilgrimage to sacred sites in Quanah, Texas; tour of his "Star Home" in Cache; dinner; memorial service at Fort Sill Post Cemetery; gourd dance, pow-wow, and worship services.This event is open to the public. Memorials and honors

 In 1970, the Star House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Quanah Parker Trail, a public art project begun in 2010 by the Texas Plains Trail Region, commemorates sites of Comanche history in the Plains and Panhandle of Texas, the central region of Comancheria. Quanah, Texas, county seat of Hardeman County. The Quanah Parker Inn is located on U.S. Highway 287. At the founding of Quanah, <mask> made this blessing:
May the Great Spirit smile on your little town, May the rain fall in season, and in the warmth of the sunshine after the rain, May the earth yield bountifully, May peace and contentment be with you and your children forever. Nocona, Texas, is named after Quanah <mask>'s father, Comanche chief Peta Nocona.1962, <mask> Hall, a residence hall at Oklahoma State University. <mask> Hall, a residence hall at Southwestern Oklahoma State University. The Quanah Parker Trailway (State Highway 62) in southern Oklahoma. Quanah Parker Lake, in the Wichita Mountains, is named in his honor. Quanah Parker Trail, a small residential street on the northeast side of Norman, Oklahoma. In Fort Worth, along the banks of the Trinity River, is Quanah Parker Park. The Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway, which originated in Texas in 1902 and was merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1981.Quanah <mask> Elementary School in Midland, Texas
 2007, State of Texas historical marker erected in the name of Quanah <mask> near the Fort Worth Stockyards Historic District recognizing his endeavors as a cattleman and Oklahoma rancher. In 2019 the asteroid (260366) Quanah = 2004 US3 discovered on 2004 Oct. 28 by J. Dellinger at Needville. was named in his honor<ref name

In popular culture
 In the 1956 film Comanche, directed by George Sherman, Quanah <mask> is played by Kent Smith. Chapter XIV of Poul Anderson's novel The Boat of a Million Years portrays Quanah in a fictional incident in 1872 concerning the imminent massacre of a settler family by Comanches. There is considerable historical background detail, and Quanah is portrayed in a sympathetic light. The 2008 miniseries Comanche Moon featured Quanah <mask> as a minor character, played by Eddie Spears. The actor Richard Angarola (1920-2008) was cast as Quanah <mask> in the 1959 episode, "Tribal Justice," of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews.In the story line, <mask> <mask> before he became the Comanche chief must clear his name for causing the death of a fellow tribesman. Robert Warwick (1878-1964) played Chief Wise

masks:
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Page Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Baldwin Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
John Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Quanah
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Quanah
Parker


title: James G. Stewart

texts:
<mask> (May 21, 1907 in Homewood, Pennsylvania – March 22, 1997 in Los Angeles, California) was an American pioneer in the field of sound recording and re-recording. His career spanned more than five decades (1928–1980), during which he made substantial contributions to the evolution of the art and science of film and television sound. Career
In 1928, <mask><mask> was one of the first employees of the newly established company RCA Photophone. Initially, his job was to install and maintain film sound reproduction systems in movie theaters on the east coast of America, including Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Film sound recording and reproduction was a new medium at that time, and <mask>'s knowledge of radio made him a significant figure in the integration of sound into motion pictures. His employers sent him to the West Coast in 1929 to supervise theater installations. In 1930, <mask> joined RKO Pictures (then owned by RCA), working in their research and development department on a noise reduction system for optical film sound.When corporate interest in the project waned, he was able to move to RKO's production arm as a 'boom man', recording production sound (the "live sound" recorded at the same time as the picture). For the next several years, he participated in the making of some of Hollywood's earliest sound film classics, including A Bill of Divorcement (1932) and The Lost Patrol (1934). After working in the production phase of the filmmaking process for several years, <mask> switched to post-production. From 1933 to 1945, <mask> was Chief Re-recording Mixer at RKO, personally mixing hundreds of film soundtracks. The most celebrated aspect of <mask>'s work during this period is his collaboration with director Orson Welles, also with a background in radio. He worked closely with Welles on Citizen Kane (1941) and The Magnificent Ambersons (1942). Both Welles and <mask> had tremendous insight into the creative use of narrative sound, and these films demonstrated the spectacular heights to which the cinematic arts can be taken.<mask> left RKO Studios in 1945, when he was hired by David O. Selznick. He was eventually appointed Head of Technical Operations for Selznick International Pictures and oversaw every aspect of production and post-production for such films as King Vidor's controversial Duel in the Sun (1946), Alfred Hitchcock's The Paradine Case (1947) and William Dieterle's Portrait of Jennie (1948). In an era when network television was beginning to challenge the film industry for audiences, <mask> worked for Glen Glenn Sound, where he stayed for the next 25 years. Early television post-production emphasized speed and efficiency over artistic innovation, and <mask>'s daily routine involved mixing two half-hour shows a day, five or six times the pace he had previously kept during the making of A-level films. Among the dozens of programs he worked on were I Love Lucy, The Jack Benny Show, The Real McCoys and The Andy Griffith Show. By the mid-1970s, <mask> had changed employer once more, this time to The Burbank Studios (owned by Warner Bros.), where he spent the last five years of his working life. During this time he worked on such films as Martin Ritt's The Front (1976) and Paul Schrader's Blue Collar (1978).In 1980, after a career of more than five decades in film and television, <mask> retired. Partial filmography
<mask> worked on over 250 films during his fifty years as a re-recording mixer. Among these were
Little Women (1933),
The Gay Divorcee (1934),
The Lost Patrol (1934),
Of Human Bondage (1934),
The Last Days of Pompeii (1935),
Swing Time (1936),
Bringing Up Baby (1938),
Room Service (1938),
Gunga Din (1939),
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939),
Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940),
Swiss Family Robinson (1940),
The Curse of the Cat People (1944),
Murder, My Sweet (1944),
Spellbound (1945),
Duel in the Sun (1946),
Portrait of Jennie (1948) and
Johnny Got His Gun (1971). Nominations and awards
Academy Award Nominations (Special Effects category):
 1942 The Navy Comes Through [Photographic Effects by Vernon L. Walker; Sound Effects by <mask><mask>]
 1943 Bombardier [Photographic Effects by Vernon L. Walker; Sound Effects by <mask>. <mask>, <mask>]
 1944 Days of Glory [Photographic Effects by Vernon L. Walker; Sound Effects by <mask>. <mask>, <mask>]

Academy Award Winner (Special Effects category):
 1948 Portrait of Jennie [Special Visual Effects by Paul Eagler, Joseph McMillan Johnson, Russell Shearman, Clarence Slifer; Special Audible Effects by Charles L. Freeman, <mask><mask>]

Innovations
As a teenager, <mask> was involved in early experiments in commercial AM broadcast radio. While at RKO Studios, he participated in the production of the first three-strip Technicolor feature film, Becky Sharp (1935), made by RKO affiliate Pioneer Pictures. During his tenure at RKO, he also helped design the studio's first mixing console specifically built for film re-recording and to introduce electronic compression into film post-production. For the film Portrait of Jennie in the late 1940s, <mask> devised an early incarnation of multichannel 'surround sound' technology.Working primarily in television after 1950, <mask> helped usher in such technical advances as reversal ("rock and roll") re-recording. Technical and historical papers

 “Application of Non linear Volume Characteristics to Dialog Recording” (Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, September 1938) Written with John O. Aalberg. “The Rerecording Process” (Audio Engineering Society Reprints, May 1970)
 “Development of Sound Technique” (The American Film Institute, 1977)
 “The Evolution of Cinematic Sound: A Personal Report” (Contained in the book, Sound and the Cinema, Evan Cameron, ed., Redgrave, 1980)

Bibliography
 Carringer, Robert (1985). The Making of Citizen Kane, University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles
 Weaver, John Michael. “Studying the Art of Soundtrack Design,” Mix, Vol. 15, no. 7.(July 1991)
 Weaver, John Michael. “<mask><mask>: Post-Production Pioneer,” Mix, Vol. 16, no. 9. (September 1992)

Further reading and viewing

<mask> was interviewed numerous times about his methods and his working relationship with the film directors and composers with whom he collaborated. <mask>'s comments and recollections are included in the following books and films:

 The Making of Citizen Kane by Robert Carringer,  (1985). University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles,
 A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann by Steven C. Smith.Published by University of California Press, 2002,
 The Medium and the Magician: Orson Welles, the Radio Years, 1934–1952 by Paul Heyer, Published by Rowman & Littlefield, 2005,
 Hollywood The Golden Years: The RKO Story (1987), BBC Documentary Series. 1988 BAFTA Award Nomination for Best Factual Series
 Music for the Movies: Bernard Herrmann (1992) Directed by Joshua Waletzky. ASIN: B000TJ0SB8

References

External links
 <mask><mask> at the AMPAS Awards Database

American audio engineers
People from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
1907 births
1997 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania
20th-century American engineers

masks:
James Graham Stewart
James G
. Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
James G
. Stewart
James G
Stewart
Roy Granville
James G
Stewart
Roy Granville
James G
. Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
James G
. Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
James G
. Stewart


title: Lou Piniella

texts:
<mask> ( usually ; born August 28, 1943) is a former professional baseball player and manager. An outfielder, he played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees. During his playing career, he was named AL Rookie of the Year in 1969 and captured two World Series championships with the Yankees (1977, 1978). Following his playing career, <mask> became a manager for the Yankees (1986–1988), Cincinnati Reds (1990–1992), Seattle Mariners (1993–2002), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2003–2005), and Chicago Cubs (2007–2010). He won the 1990 World Series championship with the Reds and led the Mariners to four postseason appearances in seven years (including a record 116-win regular season in 2001). He also captured back-to-back division titles (2007–2008) during his time with the Cubs. <mask> was named Manager of the Year three times during his career (1995, 2001, 2008) and finished his managerial career ranked 14th all time on the list of managerial wins.He was nicknamed "<mask>", both for his swing as a major league hitter and, facetiously, to describe his demeanor as a player and manager. Early life
<mask> was born in Tampa, Florida. Though he is often mistaken for being Italian American, <mask>'s parents were of Asturian descent, from northwest Spain. He grew up in West Tampa, and played American Legion baseball and PONY League baseball alongside fellow future major league manager Tony La Russa. <mask> attended Jesuit High School in Tampa, where he played several sports and was an All-American in basketball. After graduation in 1961, he attended the University of Tampa for a year, where he was a College Division (today's Division II) All-American in baseball for the Spartans. Playing career
<mask> was signed by the Cleveland Indians at age 18 as an amateur free agent on June 9, 1962.That fall, he was drafted by the Washington Senators from the Indians in the 1962 first year draft. In August , Piniella was sent to the Baltimore Orioles to complete an earlier trade for Buster Narum, and Piniella played in his first major league game that September with the Orioles at the age of 21. He also played 3 seasons with the Portland Beavers 1966-1968. Prior to the 1966 season, he was traded by the Orioles back to the Indians for Cam Carreon, and made his second major league appearance in September 1968 at age 25 with the Indians. In the middle part of the decade, Piniella played winter baseball in Nicaragua. <mask> was selected by the Seattle Pilots in the 1968 expansion draft in October, but was traded after spring training on April 1 to the Kansas City Royals for John Gelnar and Steve Whitaker. <mask> played for the Royals for their first five seasons (1969–1973) and was the American League's Rookie of the Year in 1969 and was named to the 1972 All-Star Game.He was the first batter in Royals history; on April 8 of their first season in 1969, he led off the bottom of the first inning against left-hander Tom Hall of the Minnesota Twins. <mask> doubled to left field, then scored on an RBI single by Jerry Adair. After the 1973 season, <mask> was traded by the Royals with Ken Wright to the New York Yankees for Lindy McDaniel. Baseball author Bill James called the trade the only clinker the Royals made during the 1970s. He played with the Yankees for 11 seasons, during which the Yankees won five AL East titles (1976–78, 1980, and 1981), four AL pennants (1976–78, and 1981), and two World Series championships (1977–78). In 1975, he missed part of the year with an inner ear infection. From mid-1977 through the end of 1980, he was the Yankees' regular outfielder/DH.In his career, Piniella made one All-Star team and compiled 1,705 lifetime hits despite not playing full-time for just under half of his career. He received 2 votes for the Hall of Fame as a player in 1990. Coaching and front office career

New York Yankees

After retiring as a player, Piniella joined the Yankees coaching staff as the hitting coach. He managed the Yankees from 1986 to 1987; promoted to general manager to start the 1988 season, he took over as manager after the firing of Billy Martin on June 23. His initial managerial contract for 1986 was for $200,000. Combining both stints as Yankees manager, he posted 224 wins and 193 losses. Cincinnati Reds

Hired in November 1989, Piniella managed the Cincinnati Reds from 1990 through 1992.In his first year, the Reds won the World Series in a four-game sweep of the heavily-favored Oakland Athletics, who were the defending champions. His three-year contract totaled over $1 million. Following his third season, he announced in October that he had rejected a contract extension. He finished with a record of 255 wins and 231 losses. Seattle Mariners
Under a new ownership group, <mask> was introduced as the new manager of the Mariners in November 1992, and led the Seattle Mariners for ten seasons (1993–2002). His wife Anita initially insisted he not take the position; they lived in New Jersey in Allendale, and she thought Seattle was too far away from their family and children, and spring training was in Arizona instead of Florida. His initial contract in Seattle was for $2.5 million over three years, significantly more than his predecessor, Bill Plummer, whose two-year deal totaled $500,000.On August 18, 1999, he won his 1,000th game (having managed 1,926 in total) in a 5-1 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays. <mask> won the AL Manager of the Year Award in 1995, and again in 2001, when he led the Mariners to a record-tying 116 wins. After winning the 2001 AL Division Series, the Mariners dropped the first two games of the AL Championship Series, and Piniella held an angry post-game press conference in which he guaranteed the Mariners would win two out of three games in New York to return the ALCS to Seattle. However, the Yankees closed out the series at Yankee Stadium, and the Mariners have not reached the playoffs since. Following the 2002 season, <mask> requested out of his final year with the Mariners to manage the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. As compensation, the Devil Rays traded outfielder Randy Winn to the Mariners for infield prospect Antonio Perez. Piniella finished with a record of 840 wins and 711 losses.All four of the Mariners' playoff appearances in team history were under Piniella. In 2014, Pinella was inducted into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame on August 9. Piniella's Number 14, though not yet retired, had not been issued to any player or coach until 2016, when it was issued to new third base coach Manny Acta. Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Piniella returned to the Tampa area in October 2002, taking over for a team that had just finished at  under Hal McRae. In his first two seasons with the Devil Rays, Piniella was able to improve the team somewhat, and they won a franchise-record 70 games in 2004. This was also the first season in which they did not finish last in their division. During the 2005 season, Piniella was critical of the Devil Rays' front office for focusing too much on the future and not enough on immediate results, and for not increasing payroll quickly enough to field a competitive team.The Devil Rays started the season with a $30 million payroll, which was the lowest in the major leagues; the Yankees payroll in 2005 was over $208 million. Tensions eventually made <mask> step down as the Devil Rays' manager on September 21. He finished with a record of 200 wins and 285 losses. He had a season remaining on his four-year $13 million contract from October 2002, but agreed to a $2.2 million buyout, in lieu of $4.4 million that he was due for a fourth season. He would have also received $1.25 million in deferred salary from 2003. Chicago Cubs
On October 16, , Piniella agreed to a three-year contract to manage the Chicago Cubs for $10 million with a $5 million option for a fourth year in 2010. Though <mask>'s Cubs won the Central Division in his first two years (2007–2008), and boasted the best record in the NL in 2008, the Cubs were swept in the postseason both years, first by the Arizona Diamondbacks and then the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2008 NLDS.<mask> was named NL Manager of the Year for 2008. In 2010, <mask> announced on July 20 his intention to retire as manager of the Cubs at season's end. However, on August 22, Piniella decided to resign after that day's game, stating that he wanted to care for his ailing 90-year-old mother. He finished with a record of 316 wins and 293 losses. San Francisco Giants
On February 2, 2011, Piniella was hired by the San Francisco Giants as a special consultant. He did not return to that position after the season. Return to Cincinnati Reds
On February 5, 2016, <mask> rejoined the Cincinnati Reds as a special consultant.Managerial record

Broadcasting career
In 1989, Piniella worked as a color analyst for Yankees telecasts on MSG Network. After parting ways with the Devil Rays in 2006, Piniella spent one season as an analyst for Fox Sports, joining Thom Brennaman and Steve Lyons in calling postseason baseball games. During their broadcast of Game 3 of the 2006 American League Championship Series, Piniella was commenting on player Marco Scutaro who had struggled during the regular season but was playing well during the series. He stated that to expect Scutaro to continue playing well would be similar to finding a wallet on Friday and expecting to find another wallet on Saturday and Sunday. Piniella then commented that player Frank Thomas needed to get "en fuego" which is Spanish for "on fire", because he was "frio" meaning "cold". Lyons responded by saying that Piniella was "hablaing  Español" and added, "I still can't find my wallet. I don't understand him, and I don't want to sit close to him now."Fox fired Lyons for making the above remarks, which they determined to be insensitive. <mask> later defended Lyons saying Lyons was "a man" and that "There isn't a racist bone in his [Lyons'] body. Not one. I've known the guy personally. He was kidding with me, nothing more and nothing less." On February 22, 2012, it was announced <mask> would join the YES Network as an analyst for Yankees games. He made his YES debut on March 4 during a Yankees-Phillies spring training game.He left the network after the season. Personal life
<mask> married his wife Anita (Garcia) in 1967, and together they have three children. <mask> suffered what was described as a "mini-stroke" in June 2017, but sufficiently recovered to resume his role as senior advisor to baseball operations with the Cincinnati Reds for the 2018 season. Hall of Fame consideration
<mask> has been a candidate for election to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Golden Era Committee twice, in 2016 and 2018, but has thus far failed to be elected. In 2018 he received 11 of a required 12 votes for the 2019 induction class. In other media
<mask> made a cameo appearance in the 1994 film Little Big League. In late 2007, Piniella appeared in a television commercial for Aquafina bottled water in which he parodies his famous June 2, 2007 meltdown at Wrigley Field.<mask> and Chicago White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén appeared in one commercial to advertise a local car dealership during the first half of the 2008 Crosstown series. The creators of the commercial used their likeness in three other commercials, which featured stunt doubles riding bicycles and jumping rope. In 2009, Piniella did a commercial for DirecTV and in 2018, commercials in the Seattle area for Sustainable Housing for Ageless Generations (SHAG), formerly Senior Housing Assistance Group, a non-profit senior citizen affordable living organization. See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at Baseball Almanac
<mask>lla at Baseball Library
Sports Illustrated – <mask>lla through the years (photo gallery)

1943 births
Living people
Aberdeen Pheasants players
American League All-Stars
American people of Asturian descent
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Tampa, Florida
Chicago Cubs managers
Cincinnati Reds managers
Cleveland Indians players
Elmira Pioneers players
Jesuit High School (Tampa) alumni
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Manager of the Year Award winners
New York Yankees announcers
New York Yankees coaches
New York Yankees executives
New York Yankees managers
New York Yankees players
People from Allendale, New Jersey
Peninsula Senators players
Portland Beavers players
Seattle Mariners managers
Selma Cloverleafs players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays managers
Tampa Spartans baseball players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
World Series-winning managers
American expatriate baseball players in Nicaragua

masks:
Louis Victor Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Sweet Lou
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Piniella
Lou Piniella
Lou Piniella
Lou Pinie
Lou Pinie