title: Ron Heeren

texts:
<mask>.A<mask> (born 1965, Tilburg) is a Dutch scientist in mass spectrometry imaging. He is currently a distinguished professor at Maastricht University and the scientific director of the Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), where he heads the division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Scientific career
Heeren obtained a PhD degree in Technical Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1992 under the supervision of Aart Kleyn. He led a FOM-AMOLF research group  on macromolecular ion physics and biomolecular imaging mass spectrometry (1995–2014). He was also   professor at the chemistry faculty of Utrecht University in 2001–2019. Between 1995 and 2015, he worked on new approaches towards high spatial resolution and high-throughput molecular imaging mass spectrometry using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI).Heeren has coauthored over 300 peer-reviewed articles, which have been cited over 12,600 times (Google Scholar). Research
Heeren’s academic research interests are  fundamental studies of the energetics of macromolecular systems, conformational studies of non-covalently bound protein complexes, translational imaging research, high-throughput bioinformatics, and the development and validation of new mass spectrometry–based proteomic imaging techniques for the life sciences. During his postdoctoral fellowship, he worked on the development of innovative ion sources, vacuums systems, data acquisition systems and novel temperature-controlled ion cyclotron resonance cells. He used the FTICR-MS instrument for the study of collisional energy transfer and internal energy distributions. These methods were deployed to investigate their role in the determination of dissociation pathways of biomolecular systems. As a project leader (1995–1997), Heeren led the application of high-resolution MS (FTICR-MS, FTIR imaging spectroscopy and SIMS) to the field of conservation science. He discovered and identified saponified pigment particulates in so-called protrusions in Rembrandt’s “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp” in collaboration with the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague.Heeren and his group have pioneered the development of active pixelated detectors for mass spectrometry imaging. One such detector, the Medipix detector has been adapted to enable microscope-mode imaging mass spectrometry for biomolecules to enable combined high-throughput and high-resolution molecular imaging using MALDI and SIMS. Professional activities

From 2008 to 2013, Heeren was the research director for emerging technologies at the Netherlands Proteomics Centre. In 2014, he was appointed to his current position as one of the scientific directors of M4I at Maastricht University. He was president of the Dutch Society of Mass Spectrometry between 2001–2005. He is one of the founding members of the Mass Spectrometry Imaging Society, and was elected its president in 2017. Commercialization
Heeren holds 7 patents and has established two spin-off companies, Omics2Image/ASI and the Dutch Screening Group.In 2019, he was awarded the NWO Valorisation Prize in Physics. Awards

 2020     Hans Fisher Senior Fellowship, Institute of Advanced Studies, Technical University of Munich Hans Fisher senior fellowship
 2020     Thomson medal, International Mass Spectrometry Foundation for distinguished contribution to international MS
 2019     NWO-Physics Valorisation prize (see above)
 2019     Brightlands Convention Award
 2014     Robert Feulgen lecturer, Society for Histochemistry
 2013     Winner, 10th Venture Challenge, Netherlands Genomics Initiative
 2012     Award, Exploratory Measurement Science Group (EMSG), University of Edinburgh, UK
 2010     Distinguished Wiley Visiting Scientist award, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Department of Energy, US
 2008     RCM Beynon Prize, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
 2002     Bert L. Schram Award, Dutch Society for Mass Spectrometry (NVMS)

Most cited publications
 Ščupáková, Klára; Dewez, Frédéric; Walch, Axel K.; Heeren, <mask>. A.; Balluff, Benjamin (2020-08-17). "Morphometric Cell Classification for Single‐Cell MALDI‐Mass Spectrometry Imaging". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (40): 17447–17450. Ellis, Shane R.; Paine, Martin R. L.; Eijkel, Gert B.; Pauling, Josch K.; Husen, Peter; Jervelund, Mark W.; Hermansson, Martin; Ejsing, Christer S.; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2018-05-21)."Automated, parallel mass spectrometry imaging and structural identification of lipids". Nature Methods. 15 (7): 515–518. Bruinen, Anne L.; Fisher, Gregory L.; Balez, Rachelle; van der Sar, Astrid M.; Ooi, Lezanne; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2018-06-12). "Identification and High-Resolution Imaging of α-Tocopherol from Human Cells to Whole Animals by TOF-SIMS Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.29 (8): 1571–1581. Ščupáková, Klára; Soons, Zita; Ertaylan, Gökhan; Pierzchalski, Keely A.; Eijkel, Gert B.; Ellis, Shane R.; Greve, Jan W.; Driessen, Ann; Verheij, Joanne; De Kok, Theo M.; Olde Damink, Steven W. M. (17 April 2018). "Spatial Systems Lipidomics Reveals Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Heterogeneity". Analytical Chemistry. 90 (8): 5130–5138. Ellis, S. R.; Soltwisch, J.; Paine, M. R. L.; Dreisewerd, K.; Heeren, R. M. A. (2017)."Laser post-ionisation combined with a high resolving power orbitrap mass spectrometer for enhanced MALDI-MS imaging of lipids". Chemical Communications. 53 (53): 7246–7249. Ogrinc Potočnik, Nina; Porta, Tiffany; Becker, Michael; Heeren, <mask>. A.; Ellis, Shane R. (2015-10-28). "Use of advantageous, volatile matrices enabled by next-generation high-speed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging employing a scanning laser beam". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 29 (23): 2195–2203.Ellis, Shane R.; Jungmann, Julia H.; Smith, Donald F.; Soltwisch, Jens; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2013-10-18). "Enhanced detection of high-mass proteins by using an active pixel detector". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 52 (43): 11261–11264. Jungmann, Julia H.; Smith, Donald F.; MacAleese, Luke; Klinkert, Ivo; Visser, Jan; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2012-07-27)."Biological Tissue Imaging with a Position and Time Sensitive Pixelated Detector". Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (10): 1679–1688. Jungmann, Julia H.; MacAleese, Luke; Visser, Jan; Vrakking, Marc J. J.; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2011-10-15). "High Dynamic Range Bio-Molecular Ion Microscopy with the Timepix Detector". Analytical Chemistry.83 (20): 7888–7894. Chughtai, Kamila; Heeren, <mask>. A. (2010-05-12). "Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Biomedical Tissue Analysis". Chemical Reviews. 110 (5): 3237–3277. References

1965 births
People from Tilburg
21st-century Dutch chemists
Maastricht University faculty
Living people
Thomson Medal recipients
Mass spectrometrists

masks:
Ron M
. Heeren
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M
Ron M


title: William Maclagan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (18 June 1826 – 19 September 1910) was Archbishop of York from 1891 to 1908, when he resigned his office, and was succeeded in 1909 by Cosmo Gordon Lang, later Archbishop of Canterbury. As Archbishop of York, Maclagan crowned Queen Alexandra in 1902. Early life
<mask>, the fifth son of a distinguished Scottish physician <mask> FRSE (1785–1865), was born in Edinburgh in 1826, and educated at the Royal High School. His elder brother was the surgeon and scholar Douglas Maclagan. He served five years in the Indian Army rising to the rank of lieutenant and resigning on grounds of ill health. In 1852, he enrolled at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he received a degree in mathematics four years later; he was made a deacon that year (1856) in London, and served in the Church of England thereafter; he was ordained priest in 1857. In 1869, he was Rector at Newington, and in 1875, he was Vicar of St Mary Abbots, Kensington; both parishes being in London.During this period, he composed several hymns. On 24 June 1878, he became Bishop of Lichfield, in the same year that he made a prestigious second marriage. Bishop of Lichfield (1878–1891)

He was consecrated a bishop by Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury, on the Feast of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist 1878 (24 June) at St Paul's Cathedral. Archbishop of York (1891–1908)
In 1891 (possibly 28 July 1891), he was translated Archbishop of York, which position he held for the next seventeen years. He was appointed to the Privy Council after the accession of King Edward VII 24 January 1901. He made a private visit to Russia in 1897 and in the same year, he tried to create two new bishoprics, one in Sheffield. To do this, the Archbishop was prepared to surrender two thousand pounds of his considerable income – one thousand pounds for each new diocese, but the project still came to nothing.Maclagan complained that from 1891, he had been more Bishop than Archbishop owing to the large population and territory of the diocese. In 1906, he revived the idea, specifically naming Sheffield and Hull as the preferred seats for the new dioceses. By the end of his tenure, there were still only nine dioceses in the province. Sheffield did not get its own Bishop until 1914. Maclagan was apparently a strong High Churchman, but his private beliefs had to be subsumed often. In 1899, he sat assessor with his ecclesiastical superior Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1902), when the decision was given against the use of incense and other ritualistic practices, and was obliged loyally to uphold the primate's opinion. Maclagan resigned his office in 1908, possibly on grounds of ill health.Archbishop Maclagan died in London on 19 September 1910, and was survived by his second wife Augusta (1826–1915). Family
Maclagan was twice married. His first wife was Sarah Kate Clapham (1836–1864), whom he married in 1860 at the age of 34. By her he had two sons, Cyril and Walter. He was married secondly on 12 November 1878 to the Honourable Augusta Anne Barrington (1836–1915), a daughter of the daughter of the <mask>, 6th Viscount Barrington. (Augusta Maclagan had money settled upon her when she married Maclagan, then Bishop of Lichfield, in 1878; for the sources of this money and how it was invested, see this paper. About half her money was settled upon her son Eric when he married in 1913.Thus, the Archbishop's wife, son and daughter-in-law all had independent means, necessary to preserve their social status.). By his second wife, he had a son Eric (1879–1951), and a daughter Theodora "Dora" Maclagan (1881–1976). His eldest son Cyril died childless. His second son, Walter Dalrymple <mask> (1862–1929), had a son <mask> <mask>, schoolmaster, and a daughter, <mask>, physician, both of whom apparently died unmarried. His third and youngest son, <mask> (1879–1951) married in 1913 and left two sons, <mask> (1914–2003), herald and historian; and <mask> (d. 1942, killed in action), who had been working in Rhodesian Railways. His posterity is represented by the three surviving children of Michael Maclagan. Maclagan was the younger brother of Professor Sir Douglas <mask>, MD, otherwise known as Andrew Douglas <mask> (1812–1900) and Sir Douglas, also educated at the Royal High School in Edinburgh, was a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1833 and was knighted in 1886.He was a correspondent of Charles Darwin. Another brother was General Sir <mask> FRSE KCMG R.E. (1820–1893). The artist Philip Douglas <mask> (1901–1972) is descended from an older brother. Royal connections
He baptised Princess Mary of York later Countess of Harewood, on 7 June 1897 at St Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham House. She was the only daughter of George V. Curiously, her husband, George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, would be a cousin of his future daughter-in-law Helen Lascelles. <mask>, as Archbishop of York, was possibly chosen to christen the new royal princess because her parents were then Duke and Duchess of York.In 1902 he crowned Alexandra of Denmark, wife of Edward VII, as Queen of the United Kingdom. Hymns
Hymns composed by Maclagan include:
"The Saints of God! their conflict past", 1869 first appeared in Church Bells (lyrics, or here)
"It is finished! blessed Jesus" (music and lyrics here)
"Palms of glory, raiment bright", date not known. Works
Written works by Maclagan include:
Frederick Temple and <mask> Maclagan. "Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the Bull Apostolicae Curae of H. H. Leo XIII" (on English Ordinations), dated circa 1897
 <mask> Maclagan. Hymns and Hymn Tunes by the late Archbishop MacLagan, printed for use in York Minster, etc.by <mask> <mask> (1915)
 <mask> Maclagan Archbishop of York on reservation of Sacrament (1900)

References

Sources

Images
Maclagan's portrait can be seen here, and here. A younger man as Lord Bishop of Lichfield, between 1878 and 1891. Images at the National Portrait Gallery

Further reading
How, Frederick Douglas. Archbishop Maclagan: Being a Memoir of the Most Reverend the Right
Honourable <mask> <mask>, D.D.,Archbishop of York and Primate of England London: W. Gardner and Darton, 1911. Notes and Queries 1930 CLIX: 47, inputs by his son <mask>, H.M. Cashmore, and C. Roy Huddleston

External links

1826 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Clergy from Edinburgh
British East India Company Army officers
Scottish Anglican priests
Anglo-Scots
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Bishops of Lichfield
Archbishops of York
19th-century Anglican archbishops
20th-century Anglican archbishops
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

masks:
William Dalrymple Maclagan
Maclagan
David Maclagan
William Barrington
Maclagan
William Dalrymple
Maclagan
Evelyn Maclagan
Eric Maclagan
Michael Maclagan
Gerald Maclagan
Maclagan
Maclagan
Robert Maclagan
Maclagan
Maclagan
William Dalrymple
William Dalrymple
William Dalrymple
Maclagan
William Dalrymple
William Dalrymple
Maclagan
Eric Maclagan


title: Georg R. Sheets

texts:
<mask> (April 16, 1947 – February 24, 2020) was an historian, author, and editor, best known for his documentation of the history of York County, Pennsylvania and of the American Civil War. <mask> started his career as a journalist, and was commissioned to write several works on local, state, and organizational history in York and Harrisburg. He contributed substantially to research on William C. Goodridge and family that led to the establishment of the William C. Goodridge Freedom Center and Underground Railroad Museum. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1947 in Preston County, West Virginia. His parents brought him to York at the age of eight, and he grew up there. <mask> attended West York Area Senior High School and went on to get a Bachelor of Arts focused on English and Education at Youngstown State University in Ohio. He also did graduate work at the Pennsylvania State University and spent some time studying in France.Career
After graduating from Youngstown State University, <mask> taught high school English in Youngstown, Ohio, then began working in journalism. <mask> spent some time as a reporter for The York Dispatch in York, Pennsylvania, then traveled to Paris, France, where he spent three years studying art and other subjects while also teaching businessmen and women English as a second language, and translating. On his return to York, <mask> worked as a public relations consultant for businesses and individuals until 1975, when he was hired to be Director of Public Relations by President <mask>. Miller of York College of Pennsylvania. Before that he had been public relations director of York Little Theater (now The Belmont Theatre). By this time he was well known for his work with the deaf and hard of hearing. He developed and taught the first sign language course at York College, was a member of the International Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, and arranged for tours for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing at the Historical Society of York County. Sheets worked as the publicity director at York College from 1975 to 1980.<mask> resigned from York College in 1980 in order to research and write his first book, To the Setting of the Sun: The Story of York, which was published in 1981 with a Foreword by Pennsylvania Governor Dick Thornburgh. Setting sold out of its first printing of 6,000 copies in a month and was immediately submitted for a second printing. The photo editor of the book was Jerry Sweitzer, who was also responsible for the "Partners in progress" section at the back of the book, where members of the York Chamber of Commerce agreed to pay to have their history included. The book was sponsored by the Historical Society of York as well as the Chamber of Commerce. It was printed on P.H. Glatfelter paper at Maple Press, in York. It is 8 1/2 inches by 11 1/2 inches and three quarters of an inch thick.Illustrations include watercolors, pen and ink drawings, photographs, engravings, newspaper clippings, and signs, with a section of color plates in addition to black and white illustrations throughout. A revised and updated edition was put out in November 2002 by the American Historical Press under the title York County: To the Setting of the Sun : An Illustrated History ( ). During his research for Setting, <mask> learned of the national historical importance of William C. Goodridge. His editor in California put him in touch with historian John Jezierski, of Saginaw, Michigan; Some of <mask>' research was contributory to Jezierski's substantial work on Goodridge photography, called Enterprising Images: The Goodridge Brothers, African American Photographers, 1847–1922. <mask> spent much of the next ten years researching the Goodridge Family, including two interviews with Emily O. Goodridge's great-granddaughter Catherine Grey Hurley. <mask>' research resulted in a small booklet published by The Library Shop at Martin Library with financial support from the Glatfelter Insurance Company, in June 1990. According to the "About the Author" section of that booklet, <mask> wrote magazine and newspaper articles as a freelance writer on an ongoing basis, including pieces in The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Baltimore Sunday Sun, the Deaf American Magazine, and Firehouse Magazine.During that same time, <mask> was hired by the Agricultural and Industrial Museum of York County to compose a survey of the Agricultural and Industrial Heritage of York County. Made in York was a hefty volume that continues to be recommended for those who are interested in the industrial history of the area. <mask> was curator of the John Harris/Simon Cameron Mansion Museum and Galleries of the Historical Society of Dauphin County in the 1990s. During his time there, they presented an exhibit called "Simon Cameron: In the Eye of the Civil War" which presented personal effects, including letters, of the former Senator from Pennsylvania and Lincoln's Ambassador to Russia. In 2000, he contributed the historical portion to The Grand Review: The Civil War Continues to Shape America, a book on the glorious two-day parade in Washington, D.C. that marked the end of the Civil War, May 23 & 24, 1865. The softcover book has about 140 illustrations over 132 pages and was published by Bold Print, Inc. of York, PA. It was nominated for the Pulitzer prize.In 2002, the Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee turned to <mask> to document the work of artist Violet Oakley at the Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg. Similarly, at other times, Asbury United (First) Methodist Church, the York County Bar Association, and PeoplesBank hired him to put their organizational histories into book form. Later in life, <mask> was hired by the York County Library System as their Planned Giving Officer to support institutional development. He has also edited a complementary regional guide to art, culture, heritage, tourism and literacy called Showcase Now! Magazine for several years. Community service

<mask> served as President and then Past President of the York Twinning Association, which connects residents of York to residents of its sister cities Arles, France (since 1954) and Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany (since 1981). He was also a Board Member of the York Little Theater, the Strand-Capital Performing Arts Center, and the York Cerebral Palsy Home.<mask> further served as the Vice President of both the York County Council for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and the York Arts Council, in the 1970s. In 1982 he was co-chair, with Annette Guilfoyle, of the Victorian Heritage Festival. <mask> served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Historical Society of York County and spent three years as Director of the Dauphin County Historical Society in Harrisburg, PA. <mask> was also a supporter of the William C. Goodridge Freedom Center and Underground Railroad Museum, in historical downtown York, PA. He helped plan and present the museum's opening in May 2016 and gave a talk there on June 2, 2017 for which his publication company, Showcase Now, produced a pamphlet titled, Eyewitness to the Goodridge Story in York. Publications

Books - as author
 To the Setting of the Sun: The Story of York, Foreword by Governor Dick Thornburgh. Windsor Publications, Woodland Hills, California, 1981.Second edition, 2002 by the American historical Press. Children of the Circuit Riders: The Story of Methodism in America, Asbury United (First) Methodist Church, York, PA, 1984
 A Brief History of the Goodridge Family in York, Pennsylvania, the Library Shop at Martin Library, York, PA, 1990
 Made in York: A Survey of the Agricultural and Industrial Heritage of York County, Pennsylvania, Published by the Agricultural and Industrial Museum of York County, York, PA, 1991
 Facts and Folklore of York, P.A., Sheets Books, Pression, York, PA, 1993
 Breaking Ground: 50 Years of Excellence in Architecture and Engineering, Buchart-Horn/Basco Associates Inc., York, PA, 1995
 Gettysburg: The Photo Scrapbook, Bold Print, York, PA, 1998
 The Grand Review: The Civil War Continues to Shape America, with commentary by Peter Applebome, Governor L. Douglas Wilder, and Dr. <mask> Wilson, Illustrations by Bradley Schmehl, Bold Print, York, PA, 2000
 Pennsylvania Heritage: Diversity in Art, Dance, Food, Music, and Customs, RB Books, Harrisburg, PA, 2001. Photography by Blair Seitz
 York County: To the Setting of the Sun, An Illustrated History, American Historical Press, Sun Valley, CA, 2004. A Sacred Challenge, Violet Oakley and the Pennsylvania Capitol Murals, The Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee, Harrisburg, PA, 2002
 Lawyers and Leaders: The Role of Lawyers in York County, Pennsylvania, the York County Bar Association, York, PA, 2005
 Facts and Folklore of York County, Pennsylvania (Your A to Z Guide - Attractions to Barbells, Christmas to Fasnachts, Hex Murder to Hog Maw, Shoe House to Zimmerman), the York County Heritage Trust, revised and updated, 2006. The Story of PeoplesBank Since 1864, PeoplesBank, 2008

Books - as editor
 Somewhere in North Africa, by Kenneth L. Benfer, M.D. (1985)
 Inside Westside: Osteopathic Medicine Moves Forward, by Ruth Kammer
 Thoughts on Management, by Russell L. Horn
 Brillhart Genes, by Martin V. Brillhart III
 The School, by Lillian Mickley Juditz, Pine Manor Farm Press, 2002. Journals, Journeys and Jawings, by Sue Schmidt, Shade Tree Publishing, 2003.The Chester County Heart Book: An Every Person’s Guide to a Healthy Heart, with Eleanor Boggs Shoemaker, 2005. Lawyers and Their Ilk, by Jeffrey C. Bortner, Wolf Printing, York, Pennsylvania, 2009. References

1947 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the American Civil War
People from Preston County, West Virginia
People from York, Pennsylvania
Youngstown State University alumni
Historians from Pennsylvania
Writers from West Virginia
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Georg Richard Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Ray A
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Georg Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Sheets
Charles Reagan


title: Joel Palmer

texts:
General <mask> (October 4, 1810 – June 9, 1881) was an American pioneer of the Oregon Territory in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. He was born in Canada, and spent his early years in New York and Pennsylvania before serving as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives. <mask> traveled to the Oregon Country in 1845. He played a central role in blazing the last leg of the Oregon Trail, the Barlow Road, with Sam Barlow and others. Specifically, <mask> is noted for having climbed high on Mount Hood to observe the surrounding area when the party ran into difficulty. He wrote a popular immigrant guidebook, co-founded Dayton, Oregon, and served as a controversial Indian Affairs administrator. After Oregon became a state, <mask> served in both branches of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.He was selected as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives for one session in 1862, and in 1870 lost a bid to become Governor of Oregon. The Palmer House, his former home in Dayton, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. Early life
<mask> was born in Elizabethtown, Ontario, Canada, on October 4, 1810. His parents, Hannah Phelps and Ephraim <mask>, were American Quakers. When he was two years old, they moved to New York's Catskill Mountains in response to the War of 1812. He received only three months of formal education in elementary school. In 1822, when <mask> was 12, his parents indentured him to the Haworth family for a period of four years.When he gained his freedom, he moved to Bucks County, Pennsylvania, to work on canals and bridges. He was married to Catherine Coffee from 1830 until her death after childbirth. On October 8, 1832, <mask> became a United States citizen. <mask> married his second wife, Sarah Ann Derbyshire, in 1836, and bought land near Laurel, Indiana, in the Whitewater Valley, where he supervised a construction project for a canal. In 1843, he was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana House of Representatives for a one-year term. Representing Franklin County, he was re-elected to the legislature in 1844. Oregon pioneer

In the spring of 1845, <mask> traveled to Oregon without his family, as captain of a wagon train of 23 wagons.Stephen Meek served as the train's paid guide. Meek left the group at Fort Hall to lead some of the members on the Meek Cutoff. The remaining parts of the wagon train reached the end of the overland Oregon Trail at the Columbia River, and unwilling to wait for transport down the dangerous Cascade Rapids, <mask>'s party joined Sam Barlow's party in a quest for passage through the Cascade Range around the south side of Mount Hood. <mask> climbed to the 9,000-foot level of Mount Hood on October 7, 1845—with little food and the scant protection of moccasins—to scout a route off the mountains. This was Mount Hood's first recorded climb; the Palmer Glacier on the mountain is named for him. Because of the onset of winter, the Barlow, Rector, and <mask> parties were forced to leave their wagons on the mountain's eastern foothills. <mask> left on horseback for Oregon City, while Barlow and Rector blazed a trail to Oregon City on foot.Sam Barlow later returned with partner Philip Foster to establish the Mount Hood Toll Road, which became known as the Barlow Road. In 1846, <mask> returned to his family in Indiana and in 1847 he published his diary as <mask>'s Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains, 1845–1846. This book provided equipment guidance and comprehensive route information for those crossing the Oregon Trail. The publication also had a general description of the Oregon Country, a detailed description of the Willamette Valley, and included a copy of the Organic Laws of Oregon adopted by settlers at the Champoeg Meetings. It was a popular guidebook for immigrants for the next ten years. Also in 1847, <mask> traveled with his family to Oregon as captain of that year's major wagon train. While passing through the Walla Walla Valley he met Marcus and Narcissa Whitman at their mission shortly before their deaths in the Whitman massacre—the event that precipitated the Cayuse War.Perhaps motivated by meeting the Whitmans, <mask> later returned to serve as a peace commissioner to tribes considering joining the Cayuse. At the outset of the war he was appointed as commissary-general of the Provisional Government’s militia forces. After the war, in 1848, <mask> joined the California Gold Rush but returned in 1849 to co-found Dayton, Oregon on the lower Yamhill River where he built a sawmill on his donation land claim. Oregon politician

In 1853, President Franklin Pierce appointed <mask> Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Oregon Territory. The debate of what to do with Native Americans ranged from full integration to total extermination. <mask> proved effective negotiating "Cessation of Hostility treaties" with the native tribes in 1854 and 1855, brokering nine of fifteen treaties. He joined Isaac Stevens, his counterpart for the Washington Territory, in the successful Walla Walla Treaty Council of the Yakima Indian War.Approximately 5,000 Indians attended deliberations from May 29, 1855 to June 11, 1855. <mask> gained an anti-settler reputation among immigrants, newspapers and officials, who said he acted too favorably toward the Indians, even though he moved the tribes to reservations outside the Willamette Valley, seeking to avoid friction between settlers and natives by physical distance. In late 1855, while moving the Rogue River tribes to the Grand Ronde Reservation, violent resistance was threatened by settlers who felt the land should not be given to the tribes. <mask> succeeded, but the territorial legislature petitioned for his removal from office, which became effective in 1857. After leaving office as Indian Affairs Superintendent, <mask> worked his farm on his land claim and operated his sawmill and several other enterprises. Between 1858 and 1861 he spent time in British Columbia as a merchant to prospectors in the gold rushes of the Thompson River, Similkameen Valley, and Fraser River. <mask> blazed a route to the gold fields of the Okanogan Valley and the upper portions of the Columbia River from Priest Rapids in 1860.In 1862, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives to represent Yamhill County. Now a member of the Republican Party, he was named Speaker of the House during that session. That year <mask> also established the Columbia River Road Company to build a trail through the Columbia River Gorge on the Oregon side of the river. In 1864, <mask> was elected to the State Senate and served in that chamber through 1866. This included the 1865 special session of the legislature when Oregon adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that abolished slavery throughout the United States. He ran for governor in the 1870 election as the Republican candidate, but was narrowly defeated by La Fayette Grover, largely for his Indian policies. Treaties negotiated by <mask>
 Treaty with the Rogue River, 1853
 Treaty with the Umpqua–Cow Creek Band, 1853
 Treaty with the Rogue River, 1854
 Treaty with the Chasta, etc., 1854
 Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya, 1854
 Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc., 1855
 Treaty with the Wallawalla, Cayuse, etc., 1855
 Treaty with the Middle Tribes of Oregon, 1855
 Treaty with the Molala, 1855

Later years and legacy
<mask>'s brother, named Ephraim like their father, also immigrated to Oregon and served as a captain in the first regiment of the Oregon Infantry.In 1871, <mask> was the state's Indian agent to the Siletz tribe, remaining in the office until 1873. All eight of <mask>'s children completed higher education. <mask> died in Dayton on June 9, 1881, at the age of 70. His former home that he built in 1852, Palmer House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and is now operating as a restaurant. <mask>'s name is one of 158 memorialized in the frieze of the two chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly at the Oregon State Capitol, with his located in the Senate chamber. During World War II the liberty ship SS <mask>, hull number 2025, was built and named in his honor. The Oregon Historical Society issues the <mask> Award for the year's best article in its quarterly publication, Oregon Historical Quarterly.References

External links

Context for Treaty Making: <mask>
Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, to the Mouth of the Columbia River at Gutenberg.org

1810 births
1881 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Cayuse War
Indiana Democrats
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Oregon Country
Oregon pioneers
Oregon Republicans
Oregon state senators
Oregon Superintendents for Indian Affairs
People from Dayton, Oregon
Pre-Confederation Canadian emigrants to the United States
Speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives

masks:
Joel Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Joel Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Palmer
Joel
Palmer
Joel Palmer
Palmer
Joel Palmer
Joel Palmer
Joel Palmer


title: Aldo Rustichini

texts:
<mask> is an Italian-born American economist, academic and researcher. He is a professor of economics at University of Minnesota, where is also associated with the Interdisciplinary Center for Cognitive Sciences. Rustichini has worked on several research areas relating to economics, including decision theory, game theory, general equilibrium theory, neuroscience and economics, experimental economics, and behavioral economics. He has also conducted research on political economy, microeconomic theory, economic dynamics, macroeconomics and models of bounded rationality. <mask> is a fellow of the Econometric Society and a Council Member of the Game Theory Society. Education
<mask> graduated in philosophy from University of Florence in 1977. He then received his master's degree in economics in 1980 from University of Manchester in UK and later received his doctoral degree in mathematics in 1987 from University of Minnesota in the US.Career
Rustichini taught economics at University of Wisconsin briefly before joining Northwestern University as an assistant professor of economics in 1989. He left Northwestern University and taught at New York University from 1992 till 1993, and later joined Université catholique de Louvain as a professor of economics. From 1996 till 1999, Rustichini taught as a research professor of microeconomics at Tilburg University, before being briefly associated with Boston University’s Department of Economics. In 2000, he joined University of Minnesota as a professor of economics. He held the Professorship of Political Economy at the Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, in 2007–2008. In 2009, Rustichini rejoined University of Minnesota as a professor of economics. Research
Rustichini's work is focused in the areas of decision theory, game theory, general equilibrium theory, economic dynamics, neuroeconomics, experimental economics, behavioral economics, microeconomic theory, models of bounded rationality, and political economy.Neuroeconomics
Rustichini has conducted research in the area of neuroeconomics. He conducted a study to investigate the neural underpinnings of the effect of social comparison on risky choices. He measured brain activity of participants who conducted private and social decision making, through functional MRI. His study revealed that the influence of social comparison on the decision process was mediated by the interplay between reward and social reasoning networks. He also studied the merit principle and the causes of social reward differences encoded in human brain. He also investigated how individuals respond to the comparison between their outcome and the outcomes of others, and how this comparison is affected by the reason of the difference. In 2020, Rustichini conducted a study to investigate the contribution of cognitive and non-cognitive skills to intergenerational social mobility and found that genetic factors, along with the cognitive and non-cognitive skills influenced the re-ordering of social standing that takes place across generations.Intelligence and economic behavior
Rustichini has investigated the relationship between intelligence, and economic and strategic behavior, jointly with the examination of the genetic determinants of intelligence. In the analysis of strategic behavior, his research has established that the probability of cooperation in repeated non-zero-sum games increases with the average intelligence of the group. His works identifies the pathways of the effect in the reduction of errors in the implementation of strategies. According to his research, intelligence operates through the effectiveness of working memory; cooperation in turn is the outcome more of cognitive ability than social preferences. He has also shown that when groups of different intelligence meet cooperation increases in groups of lower intelligence. Decision theory
Rustichini conducted research on the integration of classical decision theory and personality theory and proposed steps towards a theory of economic decision. His study indicated that the integration of the two theories provided the conceptual structure for understanding the effects of personality traits on economics preferences, and the effects of cognitive and non-cognitive skills on economic behavior and success.He also studied the behavioral foundation of interdependent preferences and focused on establishing an axiomatic foundation that provided a link between observation of choices and a convenient functional representation. His study highlighted the Festinger's view and Veblen's view regarding the nature of interdependent preferences. Social justice and merit
Rustichini conducted several studies to investigate the effect of wealth level and the degree on inequality on growth and found a direct relation between the level of wealth and growth, given that the incentives to domestic accumulation are weakened by redistributive considerations. He also presented a field study which contradicted the hypothesis according to which, the occurrence of the behavior subject to the fine is reduced with an introduction of a penalty that leaves everything else unchanged. In the early 2000s, Rustichini authored a paper focusing on gender differences in high-ranking positions and presented experimental evidence to support that women may be less effective than men in competitive environments which accounted for the significant gender gap in performance. Awards and honors
2004 - Fellowship, Econometric Society
2013 - Editor's Award for Experimental Economics, Economic Science Association
2015 - Fellowship, the Game Theory Society
2017 - Nominee for Maurice Allais Prize in Economic Science award, Maurice Allais Foundation

Bibliography
Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2000).A fine is a price. The Journal of Legal Studies, 29(1), 1-17. Gneezy, U., & <mask>, A. (2000). Pay enough or don't pay at all. The Quarterly journal of economics, 115(3), 791–810. Gneezy, U., Niederle, M., & <mask>, A.(2003). Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. The quarterly journal of economics, 118(3), 1049–1074. Maccheroni, F., Marinacci, M., & <mask>, A. (2006). Ambiguity aversion, robustness, and the variational representation of preferences. Econometrica, 74(6), 1447–1498.Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A., Lee, J. J., Pers, T. H., Rietveld, C. A., ... & Oskarsson, S. (2016). Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature, 533(7604), 539–542. References

External links

Living people
American people of Italian descent
American economists
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Florence alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
University of Minnesota alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Aldo Rustichini
Rustichini
Rustichini
Rustichini
Rustichini
Rustichini


title: John Bradburne

texts:
<mask>, OFS (14 June 1921 – 5 September 1979) was an English lay member of the Third Order of Saint Francis, a poet, and warden of the Mutemwa leper colony at Mutoko, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Killed by nationalist guerrillas, he is a candidate for canonisation. On 15 July 2019, the Holy See gave the nihil obstat for the start of the cause of canonisation by giving <mask> the title of 'Servant of God'. Background
<mask> was born on 14 June 1921 in Skirwith, Cumberland, England. A son of the marriage of <mask> and Erica May Hill in 1916, he was baptised in the Church of England at Skirwith on 31 July 1921. He had two brothers and two sisters. Their father, an Anglican clergyman, was Rector of Skirwith.The <mask>s were cousins of the playwright Terence Rattigan and were more distantly related to the politician Christopher Soames. Education
<mask> was educated at Gresham's, an independent school in Norfolk, from 1934 to 1939, after his father had gained a new benefice in Norfolk. His brother Michael was at Gresham's with him, but moved on to Eton. <mask> was a member of the school's Officers' Training Corps. He was planning to continue his studies at a university, but at the outset of the Second World War he volunteered for the Indian Army, with which his mother's family was connected; she had been born in Lucknow. He was sent for training at an Officer Cadet Training Unit at Bulford Camp. War service
In December 1940 <mask> was commissioned in the Indian Army.He was assigned to the 9th Gurkha Rifles of the Indian Army and soon posted with them to British Malaya to face the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army. After the fall of Singapore in February 1942, <mask> spent a month in the jungle. With another Gurkha officer, he tried to sail a sampan to Sumatra but they were shipwrecked. A second attempt was successful, and <mask> was rescued by a Royal Navy destroyer and returned to Dehra Dun in India. He then saw active service with Orde Wingate's Chindits in Burma. After the war
<mask> relinquished his commission in March 1946, on account of ill health. <mask> had a religious experience in Malaya, and his faith became the dominant impulse in his life.When he returned to England after the war, he stayed with the Benedictines of Buckfast Abbey, where he became a Roman Catholic in 1947. He wanted to be a Benedictine monk but the Order would not accept him because he had not been in the Church for two years. After a while, he felt a strong urge to travel. For the next sixteen years, <mask> wandered through England, France, Italy, Greece and the Middle East with only a Gladstone bag. In England, he stayed with the Carthusians for seven months. In Israel, he joined the small Order of Our Lady of Mount Sion, and went as a novice to Leuven (Louvain), Belgium, for a year, where he met Géza Vermes who became a noted scholar. After that, he walked to Rome and lived for a year in the organ loft of the small church in a mountain village, playing the organ.He tried to live as a hermit on Dartmoor, then went to the Benedictine Prinknash Abbey, before joining the choir of Westminster Cathedral as a sacristan. Cardinal Godfrey asked him to be the caretaker of his country house, Hare Street House, in Hertfordshire. On Good Friday 1956, <mask> joined the Secular Franciscan Order but remained a layman. <mask>'s wanderlust was coming to an end in 1962, when he wrote to a Jesuit friend in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Fr <mask> SJ. He asked, "Is there a cave in Africa where I can pray?" The answer was the invitation to come to Rhodesia and be a missionary helper. This is where in 1969, <mask> found Mutemwa Leprosy Settlement near Mutoko, 143 kilometres (89 miles) northeast of Salisbury (now Harare).It was a cut-off community of leprosy patients abandoned by others. Here <mask> stayed with these patients until his murder in 1979. He cared for them as their warden but fell out with the Leprosy Association and was expelled from the colony. He stayed in a tin hut, just outside the perimeter fence, for the last six years of his life but continued to minister to the lepers. After his arrival to Africa, <mask>wa. His friends urged <mask> to leave but he insisted that he should stay with the lepers.On 2 September 1979, guerrillas of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army abducted him. He was shot and died on 5 September at the age of 58. He was buried in a Franciscan habit, according to his wishes, at the Chishawasha Mission Cemetery, about 18 kilometres (11 miles) northeast of Salisbury (now Harare). Legacy
Feature articles on <mask> and Mutemwa appeared in the Sunday Telegraph on 23 April 1989, 28 August 1994 and 14 September 2009. The last two articles were written by the newspaper's editor, Charles Moore, who had visited Mutemwa. In July 2001, the Franciscan priest Father Paschal Slevin, OFM, presented a petition to Patrick Fani Chakaipa, Archbishop of Harare, for an inquiry into <mask>'s canonisation. Father Slevin commented: "I have no doubt that <mask> died a martyr in his determination to serve his friends, the lepers.If his martyrdom is accepted, his cause for sainthood could go quite quickly". A service is held in <mask>'s memory at Mutemwa every year, drawing as many as 25,000 people each time. In 2009 a Mass commemorating the 30th anniversary of his death was held at Westminster Cathedral in London. The 40th Anniversary of <mask>'s assassination was marked both at Mutemwa with the pilgrimage and then an exhibition and talks at Westminster Cathedral on 21 September 2019, where his relics were showcased for the first time. He left behind 6,000 poems. He is in the Guinness World Records for being in terms of lines of poetry alone, the most prolific poet in English. Comprising a total of 169,925 individual lines.<mask>'s output almost doubles that of William Shakespeare. Most of his poems were written after 1968 and cover a wide range of spiritual, natural, elegiac and narrative subject matter. As he wrote his domestic letters largely in verse, new poems from the recipients are still occasionally found. A campaign to have <mask> beatified and canonised was started by the late Celia Brigstocke, <mask>'s niece and continued by Kate Macpherson, his great niece. On 1 July 2019 the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome issued a formal nihil obstat for the cause of beatification of <mask> to proceed. The letter was sent to Archbishop Robert Ndlovu, primate of Zimbabwe, who in April 2019 had convened a meeting of Zimbabwean Bishops at which there was unanimous approval to support the cause. A postulator, Dr Enrico Solinas, a lay judge at the Umbrian Interdiocesan Ecclesiastical Court of Perugia, was appointed in 2018 and is taking the cause forward.On 5 September 2019, the 40th anniversary of <mask>'s death, a special ceremony was held at Mutemwa to officially launch the cause. References

Bibliography
 (en) Tom Russell OFM wrote '<mask> Bradburne 1921-1979 Servant of God' 2020. (fr) Didier Rance wrote 'The Vagabond of God' 2017. (en) Prof. David Crystal wrote 'A Life Made of Words, poetry and Thought of <mask>' 2018. (fr) Didier Rance wrote 'John Bradburne Une Vie' 2019
 (en) Renato Tonel wrote '<mask>burne Mystic, Poet and Martyr 1921-1979' 2018
 (it) Fr Valentine Cascarino 'Thesis on <mask> and Franciscanism' 2019
 (en) Father <mask>, SJ, Strange Vagabond of God:  The Story of <mask> (Leominster, England: Gracewing, 2001)  (Published 1985 and 1990, revised 1997, reprinted 2001)
 (en) <mask> and Professor David Crystal, editor. Songs of the Vagabond (Leominster, England:  Holy Island Press, 1996)
 (en) Prof. David Crystal and Hilary Crystal, eds., <mask>'s Mutemwa in Poems and Pictures (Leominister, England:  Holy Island Press, 2000)
 (en) John Bradburne Memorial Society, <mask> of Mutemwa, 1921–1979 (Leominster, England:  The John Bradburne Memorial Society, ca 1995)
 (fr) Didier Rance, <mask>, le vagabond de Dieu [<mask>, the Vagabond of God] (Paris:  Éditions Salvator, 2012)
 (en) Joan Carroll Cruz, "<mask> / 1921 – 1979 / Vagabond of God / England/Africa", Saintly Men of Modern Times, pp. 163–169 (Huntingdon, Indiana, USA:  Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., 2003)
 (en) Leo Knowles, "Come Sweet Death on Wednesday" : "John Bradburne", Modern Heroes of the Church (Huntingdon, Indiana, USA:  Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., 2003), pp.15–24
 (en) Nanette Mary, "The Long Road to Mutemwa" [a poem about the life and adventures of <mask>], The Long Road to Mutemwa:  And Other Writings (Bloomington, Indiana, USA:  AuthorHouse, 2012), pp. xiii–xiv, 1–21.  . The first five pages of the poem are available online at "Nanette+Mary"&hl=en&sa=X&ei=La8OUZ0CjoHQAfaegNgC&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22John%20Bradburne%22%20"Nanette%20Mary"&f=false GoogleBooks

Documentaries
 (en) "On Eagles' Wings:  The Life and Death of <mask>", VHS, running time, producer, place, and date unknown, available from the John Bradburne Memorial Society. (en) "Vagabond of God", 59 minutes, format unknown, Norman Servais, Cape Town, South Africa, 1999; released to coincide with the 20th Anniversary of the death of <mask>. For more information, go to . External links
 (en) The John Bradburne Memorial Society
 (en)  The Poems of <mask>
 (en) Letter from Zimbabwe in The Spectator, 30 June 2001
 (en) <mask> at icon.co.za
 (en) Mutemwa Leprosy Settlement and <mask>
 (en) The John Bradburne Memorial Society JBMS YouTube page

1921 births
1979 deaths
People from Cumberland
People educated at Gresham's School
English Roman Catholics
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Secular Franciscans
People murdered in Zimbabwe
English expatriates in Zimbabwe
People of the Rhodesian Bush War
Deaths by firearm in Zimbabwe

masks:
John Randal Bradburne
Bradburne
John Randal Bradburne
Thomas William Bradburne
Bradburne
Bradburne
Bradburne
Bradburne
Bradburne
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John Dove
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Bradburnetem
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John
Bradburne
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John
Bradburne
Bradburne
John Randall
John Bradburne
John Brad
John
John Dove
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne
John Bradburne


title: Paul Fort

texts:
Jules-Jean-<mask> (1 February 1872 – 20 April 1960) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. At the age of 18, reacting against the Naturalistic theatre, <mask> founded the Théâtre d'Art (1890–93). He also founded and edited the literary reviews Livre d'Art with Alfred Jarry and Vers et Prose (1905–14) with poet Guillaume Apollinaire, which published the work of <mask> and other important Symbolist writers. <mask> is notable for his enormous volume of poetry, having published more than thirty volumes of ballads and, according to Amy Lowell, for creating the polyphonic prose form in his 'Ballades francaises'. Life and career
<mask> was born in Reims, Marne département, France in 1872. His father, an insurance agent, moved the family to Paris in 1878. While attending secondary school at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he became a noted part of the artistic community of Montparnasse.He sought out the company of avant-garde artists and befriended André Gide and Pierre Louÿs. His work in the independent theatre movement spanned 1890 through 1892. <mask> then devoted himself to poetry, publication, and advancing new writers. By 1912, his accomplishments and influence were such that he was given the title "Prince of the Poets" (honorific title given in France to poets, such as Verlaine and Mallarmé, after the death of their predecessor). One of his works, "La Ronde", has become famous worldwide as a plea for world friendship. <mask> died on 20 April 1960, in Montlhéry, a suburb south of Paris where he had lived since 1921, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montlhéry. Theater experience

At 17, <mask> frequented the Left Bank hangout of the Symbolist Poets, the Café Voltaire (1, Place de l'Odéon), where the discussion included contemporary theatre.His activity there would soon cause his expulsion from high school. The group aimed to break with the reigning Naturalistic scene, including the Théâtre Libre created in 1887 by André Antoine, even though <mask> admired Antoine and hoped to create a new theatre that would bring together the best of all theater forms, including naturalistic drama. Indeed, the theater <mask> founded, The Mixed Theater (Le Théâtre Mixte), which debuted on 23 June 1890, announced an eclectic program of varying styles in both new works and long forgotten plays. Combining forces with Louis Germain's Idealist Theatre (Le Théâtre Idéaliste), they presented four more plays on 5 and 12 October. These inaugural works included not only efforts by <mask> and Germain but also Marc Legrand, le Sr de Chanmêlé, Charles Grandmougin, and Joseph Gayda. The critics, however, failed to find the plays in either program artistically revolutionary. <mask> and Germain parted ways, leaving <mask> to rename his company The Art Theatre (Le Théâtre d'Art) and to set up an office at 155, rue Montmartre.<mask>'s two theatre ventures never had a single theatre home; instead, their programs circulated among eight rental performance spaces, mostly on the Right Bank. He engaged the leading Symbolist painters of the era to design and paint the sets and backdrops, particularly the "Prophets" of the Nabis group (<mask>, Emile Bernard, Maurice Denis, <mask>, <mask>, Eduard Vuillard, and Henry Gabriel Ibels). <mask> had appeared as an actor in the June program; Germain, the October. But an important discovery also debuted in the second program: Georgette Camée (d. 1957), a Paris Conservatory student, who became a seminal actor in the nascent avant-garde theatre movement, and would appear in 22 plays with the Théâtre d'Art. Among her rôles was Mephistopheles—a dandy with a monocle and in a smoking jacket—in their 1892 French adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. Although she won admiration as Geneviève in Pelléas et Mélisande, the 1893 opening event of the new Théâtre de l'Œuvre, it would be her only performance for the venture. She earned further acclaim in 1894 as Sara in the long-awaited stage presentation of Auguste de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam's 1890 Symbolist drama Axël.She eventually married writer Maurice Pottecher and joined him in his own regional theatre endeavor, the Théâtre du Peuple, in Bussang, France. A former actor for Antoine's Théâtre Libre, Aurélien Lugné-Poe, who had returned from an abbreviated military service, joined the Théâtre d'Art in spring 1891, first appearing in Maurice Maeterlinck's L'Intruse. For the next two years, he moved regularly between acting for the Théâtre d'Art and directing for the amateur company Le Cercle des Escholiers. Lugné-Poe performed in ten plays altogether for Fort, interpreting, most notably, the Maeterlinck rôles of the Old Man in L'Intruse (1891) and the First Blind Man in Les Aveugles (1891), as well as Satan in Jules Bois' Les Noces de Sathan (1892). He, along with Georgette Camée, forged the signature Symbolist acting style that conveys a religious reverie, with its hieratic poses and gestures, matched with solemn, psalmodized line readings. Under the two and a half years of Fort's leadership, the Théâtre d'Art presented poetry recitations, older, little-seen dramatic work by Marlowe, Shelley, and Hugo, as well as new plays by Rachilde (La Voix du Sang, 1890; Madame la Mort, 1891), Théodore de Banville (Phyllis, 1891), Catulle Mendès (Le Soleil de Minuit, 1891), <mask> (Les Uns et les Autres, 1891), Remy de Gourmont (Théodat, 1891), and especially Maurice Maeterlinck (L'Intruse and Les Aveugles, both 1891) and Charles van Lerberghe's Les Flaireurs (1892). As an artistic director, however, he proved himself ambitious but in over his head; he was often over budget, unable to deal with his creditors, and straining technically to produce difficult, opaque dramatic material.By 1892, with the Parisian critics begging him to make better choices, <mask> sought in vain to produce Villiers de L'Isle-Adam's Axël as the way to reinstate the company's reputation. When it fell through, he tried to shepherd the Paris premiere of Maeterlinck's Pelléas et Mélisande for March 1893, but Maeterlinck and co-producer Tola Dorian appear to have lost faith in him and the production was abruptly cancelled. This defeat prompted <mask> to give up control of the enterprise altogether and turn his focus to poetry. Lugné-Poe took over the Pelléas and Mélisande project for its premiere in May 1893, which became the first step in launching his own Théâtre de l'Œuvre. In a relatively short time, the Théâtre d'Art had made its mark in the burgeoning avant-garde European theatre. As theatre historian Jacques Robichez has concluded, "In brief, the history of the Théâtre d'Art is that of a failed but fertile experiment, and its principal—and perhaps only—merit is having engendered the Théâtre de l'Œuvre." Poet

Post-war creation

Following the theatrical adventure he had achieved, he dedicated his life to poetry.He gave his first poems to the Mercure de France in 1896. Those poems consisted the debut of the Ballades françaises (17 volumes written entering 1922 and 1958). He begins to publish into the Le Livre d'art magazine in 1892 where it was relaunched in 1896 with Maurice Dumont. With the latter, he edited L'épreuve, Journal-Album d'art in 1894. By 1903 he organized and held Tuesday poetic lectures at the Closerie des Lilas. In 1905, he began publishing the magazine Vers et prose with Moréas and Salmon, who notably edited the works Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Pierre Louÿs. He edited it together with <mask>.Pierre Louÿs, who wrote the prelude to the first volume of the Ballades, defines them as small poems in polymorphous form or in familiar alexandrins, but which bend towards the normal prose form, requiring the rules of rhythmic prose rather than those of verse diction. Given the title “commandeur de la Légion d'honneur”, he helped to give the quartier du Montparnasse in Paris its artistic reputation. A poll of five literary magazines (Gil Blas, Comoedia, La Phalange, Les Loups and Les Nouvelles) gave him the title "Prince of Poets" in 1912. Then, 350 authors voted him as the true heir to Verlaine, Mallarmé and Léon Dierx. In August 1913, his sixteen-year-old daughter Jeanne married futurist painter Gino Severini. <mask> lead the ceremonies, Severini had as witnesses Guillaume Apollinaire, and Filippo Marinetti, the author of the Futurist Manifesto. Apollinaire wrote to Madeleine Pagès two years later: “I received the idiotic lyrical report of <mask>, the highfalutin prince of poets, who sings to battles in far away lands in a truly foolish language.”

Poet Laureate of the Third Republic

<mask> was a leading jury member of the Prix Jeunesse that was created in 1934.Running in 1943 for the Académie Goncourt seat left vacant by the death of Pierre Champion a year earlier, <mask> lost to André Billy, though Billy was confirmed to the seat only after the Libération. His work was banned by the CNE (National Writers' Committee of the intellectual resistance) at the end of war, but the interdiction was rescinded in a second list published in the Les Lettres françaises of 21 October 1944. But he officially recovered when introducing an exhibition dedicated to him in 1954 at the Reims Carnegie Library. In 1956, <mask> married Germaine Pouget. His nephew married the daughter of Alfred Vallette (1858–1935), director of Mercure de France, and Marguerite Eymery (1860–1953), who wrote under the nom de plume Rachilde. <mask> was buried at Montlhery on his own property, called Argenlieu. Legacy
Fort is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway as a customer of , in A Moveable Feast.Dutch composer Marjo Tal set several of <mask>’s works to music, as did British composer Eva Ruth Spalding. <mask> Nin (Volume II: (1934-1939)), in the entry for Octobre 1936, where Nin recounts the evening when they met at a party. References

External links

 Poems by <mask>

1872 births
1960 deaths
People from Reims
19th-century French poets
20th-century French poets
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Symbolist poets
Prince des poètes
French male poets
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
20th-century French male writers

masks:
Paul Fort
Fort
Paul Valéry
Fort
Paul Fort
Fort
Fort
Fort
Fort
Fort
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Paul Sérusier
Paul Bonnard
Paul Ranson
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Paul Verlaine
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Forts
Paul Fort


title: Tom Hooper

texts:
<mask> (born 5 October 1972) is a British-Australian film and television director and producer. <mask> began making short films as a teenager and had his first professional short, Painted Faces, broadcast on Channel 4 in 1992. At Oxford University, <mask> directed plays and television commercials. After graduating, he directed episodes of Quayside, Byker Grove, EastEnders, and Cold Feet on British television. In the 2000s, <mask> directed the major BBC costume dramas Love in a Cold Climate (2001) and Daniel Deronda (2002), and he was selected to direct the 2003 revival of ITV's Prime Suspect series, starring Helen Mirren. <mask> made his feature film debut with Red Dust (2004), a British drama starring Hilary Swank and Chiwetel Ejiofor, before directing Helen Mirren again in the Company Pictures/HBO Films historical drama Elizabeth I (2005). He continued working for HBO on the television film Longford (2006) and in John Adams (2008), a seven-part serial on the life of the American president.<mask> returned to features with The Damned United (2009), a fact-based film about the English football manager Brian Clough (played by Michael Sheen). The following year saw the release of the historical drama The King's Speech (2010), starring Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush, which was met with critical acclaim. <mask>'s next film was Les Misérables (2012), which featured an all-star cast led by Hugh Jackman. His 2015 film, The Danish Girl, was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Recently, <mask> has directed two episodes of His Dark Materials and a live-action adaptation of the musical Cats, for which he won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director and Worst Screenplay. <mask>'s work was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Prime Suspect and John Adams, won one for Elizabeth I, and was nominated for the British Academy (BAFTA) TV Craft Award for Best Director for Longford. The King's Speech won multiple awards, including Best Director wins for <mask> from the Directors Guild of America and the Academy Awards and a Best Director nomination from BAFTA.Early life
<mask> was born in 1972 in London, England, the son of Meredith Jean (Rooney) and <mask>. Meredith is an Australian author and academic and Richard is an English media businessman. <mask> was educated at Highgate School and Westminster School. His initial interest in drama was triggered by his English and drama teacher at Highgate, former Royal Shakespeare Company actor Roger Mortimer, who produced an annual school play. At the age of 12, <mask> read a book entitled How to Make Film and Television and decided he wanted to become a director. For the next year <mask> researched filmmaking from publications such as On Camera by Harris Watts. Aged 13, he made his first film, entitled Runaway Dog, using a clockwork 16mm Bolex camera his uncle had given to him.<mask> said: "The clockwork would run out after thirty seconds, so the maximum shot length was thirty seconds. I could only afford a hundred feet of Kodachrome reversal film, which cost about twenty-five [pounds], and you had to send off for two weeks to be processed. I could only make silent movies, because sound was too expensive and complicated." He slowed down the frame rate of the camera so he could maximise what little film stock he had. <mask> classified the short, about a dog which kept running away from its owner, as a comedy, and filmed it on location in Oxfordshire. When <mask> was 14, his film Bomber Jacket came runner-up in a BBC younger filmmakers' competition. The short starred <mask>'s brother as a boy who discovers a bomber jacket and a photograph hidden in a cupboard and learns his grandfather died in World War II.Another of <mask>'s short films, entitled Countryside, depicts a nuclear holocaust. <mask> finished school aged 16, then wrote the script for his first professional short film, entitled Painted Faces. He spent the next two years raising capital for the short by courting advertisement directors, whose financial dominance during the late 1980s was noticed by <mask>. Director Paul Weiland invested in the short, which provided <mask> with the equipment he needed. After two years of financing and production, Painted Faces was completed. <mask> wrote, produced, directed and edited it. It was sold to Channel 4 and broadcast on the channel's First Frame strand in 1992, had a screening at the 35th London Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release.After taking a gap year to finance Painted Faces, <mask> read English at University College, Oxford. He joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society, where he directed Kate Beckinsale in A View from the Bridge and Emily Mortimer in The Trial. <mask> also had his first paid directing work, earning £200 for a corporate Christmas video, and he directed his first television advertisements, including one for Sonic the Hedgehog 3 featuring Right Said Fred. He continues to direct advertisements alongside television and film projects. In 1996 he joined the commercial production company John S. Clarke Productions and in 2001 he signed with Infinity Productions. <mask> has also directed commercials including an ad for Jaguar with <mask>, Ben Kingsley, and Mark Strong, which aired during Super Bowl XLV. His commercial work is produced through international production company SMUGGLER.Career

BBC and ITV productions
After graduating from Oxford, <mask> directed further television commercials, intending to break into the film industry the same way Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and Hugh Hudson did. He was introduced by his father to the television producer Matthew Robinson, who mentored <mask> and gave him his first television directing work. For Robinson, <mask> directed episodes of the short-lived Tyne Tees Television soap opera Quayside in 1997, four episodes of the Children's BBC television series Byker Grove in the same year, and his first episodes of the BBC One soap opera EastEnders in 1998. <mask> directed several EastEnders episodes between 1998 and 2000, two of which were hour-long specials that represented the soap when it won the British Academy Television Award for Best Soap Opera in 2000 and 2001; the first was the episode in which Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) learns her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer) had an affair with her fiancé Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). The Jackson episode marked the beginning of a week of episodes that lead to Palmer's departure from the soap, and Robinson had hired <mask> to direct the key episodes of that storyline. <mask> worked 10-hour days on EastEnders, and learned to direct with speed. He was influenced in his early career by the cinematic style of American TV series such as ER, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street and tried to work that style into his EastEnders episodes; one scene featuring Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) involved a crane shot, which <mask> believes made him infamous among the EastEnders production crew.In 1999, <mask> directed two episodes of Granada Television's comedy-drama television series Cold Feet, which marked his move to bigger-budget productions. There was initially concern at Granada that <mask> might be an unsuitable director for the series given his background in drama. In 2001, <mask> directed his first of two costume dramas for the BBC; Love in a Cold Climate was based on Nancy Mitford's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate. <mask>, the writer Deborah Moggach, and the producer Kate Harwood researched the period details of the production by interviewing Nancy's sister Deborah. In 2002, <mask> directed Daniel Deronda, adapted from George Eliot's novel. The Guardians Mark Lawson said of <mask>'s two costume dramas, "he brought verve and intelligence to television's most conservative form". <mask> returned to Granada the next year to direct the revival of Prime Suspect, entitled The Last Witness.The two-part serial was the first Prime Suspect instalment to be made since 1995, when star Helen Mirren quit. <mask> initially declined to direct the production because he believed the series was tired. Granada's head of drama Andy Harries introduced <mask> to Mirren, who persuaded him to take the job by promising that he could make the serial his own way. The two-part serial was broadcast on the ITV network in November 2003. <mask>'s direction received praise from Andrew Billen in the New Statesman: "<mask> proved an outstanding director, imposing a bleak, overlit hyper-realism on the search for a killer in a hospital, isolating Mirren in rows of empty chairs and playing on the eyewitness/optical visual metaphors." The serial was also broadcast on PBS in the United States. <mask> received nominations for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Serial and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special for his work on Prime Suspect.Film debut and HBO works

<mask> made his debut as a feature film director with the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission drama Red Dust (2004), which stars Hilary Swank, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Jamie Bartlett. The film was not widely seen, which <mask> attributed to media coverage of torture during the Iraq War: "When I started making it you could watch the movie with a wonderful sense of 'we'd never do it in our own country…they're the horrible people but it's not us.' By the time the film came out (there were) these revelations that the Americans were torturing, the British were torturing. The film became a lot more uncomfortable for the very audiences it was designed to target. I have learned that sadly the theatrical audience does not run to see films that are openly issue led." The premiere of the film in the United Kingdom came on BBC Two in 2005, making it eligible for the BAFTA Television Awards; it was nominated in the Best Single Drama category at the 2006 ceremony. In 2005, <mask> was asked by Helen Mirren to direct the Company Pictures/HBO Films two-part serial Elizabeth I, in which she was starring.The serial won <mask> his first Emmy Award, for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special. In January 2006, <mask> commenced filming the Granada/HBO television film Longford. The film dramatises the failed efforts of Lord Longford (played by Jim Broadbent) to secure the release from prison of Moors murderer Myra Hindley (played by Samantha Morton). The film was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2006. Seb Morton-Clark for the Financial Times called Longford one of the most accomplished television dramas of 2006, and praised the writer and director: "Morgan and director <mask> wove a seamless narrative about obsession – and not just that of the misguided philanthropist for the incarcerated Hindley or even that that existed between the sadistic lovers themselves. More significantly, by using chunks of original television footage, they painted a stark picture of the zealotry of a vengeful nation and its press over the supposed embodiment of evil." <mask>'s continued successes led him to be ranked at number four in the Directors category of Broadcast magazine's annual Hot 100.The following year he was nominated for the British Academy Television Craft Award for Best Director for Longford. Elizabeth I and Longford led directly to <mask> being selected by <mask> to direct the epic miniseries John Adams for Playtone and HBO. <mask> had been working on a biographical film with Joan Didion about Katharine Graham, publisher of The Washington Post, since 2006 when he was asked by Hanks to helm the programme. The miniseries, starring Paul Giamatti as

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 John Adams, was based on David McCullough's Adams biography and was <mask>'s first wholly American production. He was surprised to learn that the American Revolutionary War was not a well-documented period in film and television; Abigail Adams actress Laura Linney told him that, for her generation, the musical 1776 was the most well-known depiction of the era. He worked on the miniseries for a total of 16 months; principal photography lasted 110 days on locations in the United States, France, England and Hungary and he controlled a $100 million budget. The Boston Globes Matthew Gilbert complimented <mask>'s style of direction in the first two episodes "Join or Die" and "Independence":

Director <mask> lets his actors shine, as he did so marvelously in Helen Mirren's Elizabeth I and the child-killer drama Longford, but he complements them, too, with this kind of immediate point of view.And when he does give us panoramic shots from afar – of the Adams farm in Braintree, for example – they're askew, to keep us out of the classroom mode. At the end of episode 2 [...] <mask> showcases all his directorial strength with one bold choice. When the long-fretting Congress finally decides to break with Britain, he refrains from using any visual or aural tweaks. Upon the announcement, "The resolution carries," the scene remains perfectly silent for one long moment. The terror of responsibility hangs heavily in the room, while a victorious soundtrack surely would have chased it away. John Adams received 23 Emmy Award nominations, including another Outstanding Direction nomination for <mask>, and won 13, the highest number for any nominee in a single year. He was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement.At the beginning of 2009, he was profiled for The Observers film Hotlist. Independent feature films

The wake of John Adams' Emmy wins brought offers to <mask> from studios to direct spy and comic book films, which he declined. In November 2007, he signed on to direct The Damned United, reuniting him with Peter Morgan and Andy Harries. The film was an adaptation of David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictional version of the 44 turbulent days English football manager Brian Clough spent as manager of Leeds United. It was originally developed by Stephen Frears for Michael Sheen to play Clough. Frears quit the project after he was unable to translate the book to film. <mask> received a copy of the script while shooting John Adams in Hungary and noticed a similarity between the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Adams and the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Clough.He was not put off by joining the project later, as Morgan's script was in only its first draft. During pre-production, <mask> engaged in meticulous research, particularly on the locations and the football grounds of the era. He cast Timothy Spall as Clough's assistant Peter Taylor, Colm Meaney as Don Revie and Jim Broadbent as Derby County chairman Sam Longson. During editing, it was decided to make the tone of the film lighter to attract audiences and to appease the real people depicted in the film. The Damned United was released in 2009. Work on <mask>'s next film, The King's Speech, began in the same year. <mask> explained: "It was a stage play, and my mother who's Australian was invited to a fringe [theatre] reading in London because she's part of the Australian community.The play's about the relationship between King George the Sixth and his Australian speech therapist. She came back and said 'you've got to read this play,' and I read it and it was brilliant ...". <mask> cast Colin Firth as George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue and spent three weeks with the actors reading the script and rehearsing. Principal photography took place on location around the UK from November 2009 to January 2010. During editing, <mask> continued to consult with Firth and Rush by sending them cuts of the film and listening to their feedback. <mask> completed the final cut of the film at the end of August 2010 and presented it a few days later at the Telluride Film Festival. The film won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival and <mask> won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.In February 2011, he was presented with the Academy Award for Best Director, though lost the BAFTA Award for Best Direction to David Fincher. In comparing the two films, Varietys Adam Dawtrey wrote, "<mask>'s 2009 film The Damned United didn't register among awards selectors, but King's Speech is a much more personal project. His Anglo-Australian parentage reflects the culture clash at the heart of the movie, and it pays off with beautifully crafted, crowd-pleasing drama." Studio films
Following the success of The King's Speech during the awards season, <mask> joined the 15-person board of governors at the British Film Institute, was invited to join the directors branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was ranked at number 19 in The Times British Film Power 100. In March 2009, <mask> met with Nelson Mandela in preparation for directing a film adaptation of Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. By 2012, however, he had left the project. He was offered the chance to direct Iron Man 3 for Marvel Studios but declined and instead signed on to direct Les Misérables for Working Title Films, which he had first heard about while discussing a different project with screenwriter William Nicholson in 2010.<mask> had not seen the musical, so watched a performance of it in London's West End. Adapted from the musical, the film starred Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Eddie Redmayne. As the film required the actors to sing and dance, they were auditioned in front of <mask>, producers and composers. The role of Fantine was hugely contested; <mask> said, "It was like half a dozen of the biggest female movie stars on the planet wanted to play the role". <mask> investigated filming the feature in 3D, and performed some camera tests before deciding to film it with traditional 2D methods. He stated "[...] I slightly worry with 3D that some people will physically struggle with it. If you have a certain type of eyesight it can be more demanding than watching a normal movie."Unlike other musical films, Les Misérables features the actors singing live on camera, rather than miming to backing vocals. <mask> told Los Angeles Times that he thought there was a "slightly strange falseness" when he saw musical films where the actors sang to recordings. The actors wore wireless earpieces on set so they could sing to accompanying piano music. <mask> believed this method allowed the actors to have emotional control over their songs: "When Annie [Hathaway, who plays Fantine] is singing 'I Dreamed a Dream', if she needs to take a tenth of a second to have a thought before she sings it, or to have an emotion before she sings a line, she can take it." The actors also performed their songs in recitative style, which <mask> likened to being immersed in a 3D film. Les Miserables was released in North America on 25 December 2012, and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. <mask>'s fifth feature film, The Danish Girl, was released in late 2015.It loosely tells the story of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and wife Gerda Wegener. It stars Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander, both of whom received Academy Award nominations. Critics were generally positive about the film. In May 2016, it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Cats, which is in turn, based on T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. Filming commenced in November 2018 and the film, which stars Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, James Corden, Idris Elba and Taylor Swift, was released on 20 December 2019 but was a critical and commercial failure. <mask> co-produced the original song "Beautiful Ghosts" with Lloyd Webber and Greg Wells, written by Swift and Lloyd Webber. Directorial style

<mask> uses camera styles "that encode the DNA of the storytelling in some way" and will reuse and develop filming styles in successive productions.<mask> identifies research as being key to his process of directing period dramas such as John Adams to make the scenes authentic. For The Damned United, <mask> and director of photography Ben Smithard researched the look of the late 1960s and early 1970s through football photography books. <mask> has also been influenced by cinematographer Larry Smith, who worked with Stanley Kubrick and advised <mask> of techniques used by Kubrick. <mask> and Smith have worked together on Cold Feet, Love in a Cold Climate, Prime Suspect, Red Dust and Elizabeth I.

<mask> also uses uncommon framing techniques to emphasise story; in John Adams, he wanted to imply American independence seemed unlikely during the Revolutionary War, so he used "a very rough camera style—almost all hand held, wide lenses close to the actors, lots of movement, many cameras shooting at once so there was often not a settled master "point of view", and lots of unmatching dutch tilts so the horizon lines of the frame were often being thrown off." The America-set scenes were contrasted by the scenes set in France, in which more traditional filming techniques were employed to evoke a feel of entrenched values. Similarly, in The Damned United, <mask> began to experiment with using wide-angle lenses and putting actors in the extreme edges of the frame. He was influenced by the unusual framing from social photography of the 1970s, and he and Ben Smithard decided to adopt the framing style while scouting locations.<mask> used the same style in The King's Speech, particularly in the scene where Bertie and Logue meet in Logue's consulting room; Colin Firth is framed to the extreme left of the picture, leaving most of the shot dominated by the rough wall behind Firth. Another frequently used technique is <mask>'s tendency to use a variety of focal length camera lenses to distort the resulting picture. In The Damned United he used a 10mm lens, notably in the scene where Clough stays inside during the Derby–Leeds match. <mask> operated the camera in this scene himself. In The King's Speech, <mask> used "typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm" lenses and put the camera close to the actors' faces. <mask> said the use of this method in the first consulting room scene served to "suggest the awkwardness and tension of Logue and Bertie's first meeting". Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Directed Academy Award performances

<mask> has directed multiple Academy Award-nominated performances, three of which have won.See also
List of directorial debuts
List of EastEnders crew members
List of English Academy Award nominees and winners
List of University of Oxford people

Notes

References

External links

<mask>'s Academy Award for Best Director acceptance speech (video)

1972 births
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Best Directing Academy Award winners
English people of Australian descent
English television directors
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, London
Film directors from London
Primetime Emmy Award winners
People educated at Highgate School
Directors Guild of America Award winners
English-language film directors
Australian people of English descent
Australian television directors
Australian film directors
Golden Raspberry Award

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title: Antony Price

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<mask> is an English fashion designer best known for evening wear and suits, and for being as much an "image-maker" as a designer. He has collaborated with a number of high-profile musicians, including David Bowie, Robert Palmer, Iva Davies, Steve Strange, and Duran Duran, but especially Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music, whose look was defined by <mask>'s designs. The manner in which <mask> dressed – or in many cases, undressed – the "Roxy girls" on the covers of their albums helped to define the band's pop retro-futurism. More recently, <mask> has been noted for dressing celebrities such as Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, Patsy Kensit, Anjelica Huston, Jerry Hall, Camilla Parker Bowles. Diana Ross, Melanie Griffith, Yasmin Le Bon and burlesque performer Dita Von Teese. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England in 1945, and grew up Selside in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, later moving to Oxenhope. He was educated at Eshton Hall School for Boys in Gargrave, Yorkshire.In 1961, At the age of 16, he gained entrance to the Bradford School of Art – now the Bradford School of Arts and Media Studies – completing a one-year General Art and Design course, followed by specialising for three years in Womenswear Fashion. In 1965 he entered the Royal College of Art's Fashion School in London where he completed a three-year course – two years in Womenswear Fashion, and the final year and degree show in Menswear Fashion. <mask> credits his time at the Bradford School as invaluable in preparing him for the Royal College, saying: "I arrived at the Royal College of Art with a total headstart and was able to whip my own show together." Early career
Directly out of college, in 1968, <mask> began working for the new Stirling Cooper shop, designing men's trousers, coats and waistcoats which drew on sexual fetishism for their impact. Stirling Cooper was situated in London's Wigmore Street, and had a noted oriental interior designed by <mask> and Jane Whiteside. With Juliet Mann, <mask> also designed the next shop he designed for, from 1969–1974, Che Guevara on Kensington High Street. Prudence Glynn, fashion editor for The Times tipped him as a major new fashion talent in 'Trendsetters', giving him the main picture and writing that '<mask> is a sensational cutter and he puts a lot of work and thought into the shaping of even the most casual clothes.His range of little bare tops in crepe and cotton, for example, are technical feats, for they all have bra sections cut into the pattern ... he is undoubtedly a trendsetter and in advance of his time ... his clothes have great wit and gaiety and he is certainly a name to be watched in the future'. He next designed for Plaza, and then, in 1979, started his own label, with shops in South Molton Street and on the King's Road. He also operated a shop called 'Ebony' in the 1980s. <mask>'s button trousers for Stirling Cooper were worn by Mick Jagger for The Rolling Stones' 1969 American Gimme Shelter Tour. In addition, his bridge-crutch trousers were feat of technical skill, inventing a new construction that highlighted the male crotch and buttocks. He was the stylist for Roxy Music's first eight albums, as well as for the back cover for Lou Reed's  1972 Transformer album. His self-declared trademark design is a spiral-zipped dress in ciré satin, first seen worn by Amanda Lear in Nova's cover story for its May 1970 issue, 'How To Undress for Your Husband' and later featured as one of 'Princess Zonda's archetypal outfits in the advertisements <mask> drew himself for Plaza in the late seventies.The Lear pictures appeared in Peter York's feature on <mask> in Harper's and Queen's April 1979 issue. Lear was also the Price-dressed covergirl for Roxy Music's 1973 album For Your Pleasure. In 1982, <mask> collaborated with the British band Duran Duran, designing electric silk tonic suits for the "Rio" video. In 1983, <mask> staged a 'Fashion Extravaganza' at the London's Camden Palace. A year later, in 1984, <mask> staged another 'Fashion Extravaganza' at the London's Hippodrome, combining fashion and rock music. "I'm partly responsible for the marriage of rock and fashion," <mask> said in 1998, "When I started out, rock people thought fashion people were snobby and fashion people though the music industry grubby and dirty." Stylist David Thomas says about <mask>'s influence:

He reinvented the suit so that it was no longer about going to the office.He made it rock'n'roll. He started at a time when British fashion didn't have sponsors. It was the era before the superstar designer. They all came after him. Yet he was a visionary. He created that military, dandy, sexy, eclectic men's look. He created rock'n'roll fashion.<mask> has declared that 'I'm not a fashion designer ... I'm in the theatrical business,' and for Fashion Aid at Albert Hall in 1985 he conceived of a presentation of model, client and long-standing friend Jerry Hall emerging from a black velvet box. The outfit consisted of a bolero and dress with lampshade peplum in metallic and red French silk lace over lamé. <mask> has said of this outfit 'It wasn't the chicest or most subtle garment, but when Jerry moved under the lights she looked like a Siamese fighting fish in a vast blue tank.' <mask> received the 'Evening Glamour Award' from the British Fashion Council in 1989, and the following year British Vogue published a profile on <mask> written by Sarah Mower. He described his approach to designing women's clothing in an interview in 1994:

My clothes are men's idea of what women should wear, and for that they'll pay good money. ... Men are looking for the sex robot from Lang's Metropolis with the perfect body offering endless fantasy sex.They're obsessed by the size of sexual protuberances – their own as well as women's – and I'm an illusionist. My job is to give them what they want. Recent career
<mask> was widely considered to be a frontrunner in the search to replace Gianni Versace in 1998, after that designer's untimely death. In 2000, <mask> opened his own showroom again in Chelsea, London under the financial backing and Directorship of Dean Aslett, who had previously worked with <mask> in the late 1980s at the Nick Rhodes-backed Antony Price Boutique in Brook Street, Mayfair. <mask> also created evening gowns constructed of carpet to feature in the advertising campaigns of British carpet manufacturer Brintons, a commission previously undertaken by Vivienne Westwood. In 2000 he created clothing for Glenalmond Tweed, along with 25 other British designers including Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Margaret Howell, and in 2003 he was among a number of British designers who created gowns for Pamela Anderson when she hosted the British Fashion Awards that year. <mask> was nominated for the British Fashion Council's 'Red Carpet Designer Award' at the 2006 British Fashion Awards, and a small range of his clothes sell in London boutique 'A La Mode'.He was featured in the fashion magazines Pop and Butt in spring 2005. In December 2006, <mask> was photographed by David Bailey for British Vogue alongside Christopher Kane. <mask> has worked with Daphne Guinness in developing a range of key shirt and tailoring designs for her eponymous clothing line, which is currently sold in London's Dover Street Market. He also launched a line of menswear for Topman in November 2008. <mask> continues to design clothing for the elite, including the Duchess of Cornwall. In May 2012, he dressed actress Tilda Swinton for his appearance in drag for the cover of Candy magazine, described as "the first fashion magazine completely dedicated to celebrating transvestism, transsexuality, crossdressing and androgyny in all their glory." In 2013, <mask> resumed his association with Steve Strange (whom previously he had designed outfits for during the Visage – The Anvil period in 1982) and designed an outfit for the relaunch of Steve Strange's Visage project, which he wore for the David Bowie V&A Exhibition Private View Gala Night.See also
Glam rock

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bracewell, Michael. Re-make / Re-model: Art, Pop, Fashion and the Making of Roxy Music, 1953–1972. London, Faber & Faber, 2007. External links
Official website

English fashion designers
1945 births
Living people

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