title: Malik Jackson (defensive lineman)

texts:
<mask> (born January 11, 1990) is an American football defensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee. <mask> was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 2012 NFL Draft, and has also played with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Philadelphia Eagles. Early years
<mask> attended Birmingham High School, where he played high school football. In 2007, <mask> was named to Super Prep All-Farwest, Prep Star All-West, and Cal-Hi Sports All-State first team. <mask> was named Los Angeles Daily News All-Area Co-Defensive MVP in high school. College career
<mask> attended the University of Southern California in 2008 and 2009.He transferred to the University of Tennessee in 2010 to play under head coach Derek Dooley. On November 6, 2010, against the Memphis Tigers, he had his first career collegiate interception, which he returned 44 yards, to go along with two sacks. In the 2010 season, he had 48 total tackles, 11 tackles-for-loss, five sacks, five passes defensed, one forced fumble, and one interception. <mask> was named to the AP All-SEC Second Team in recognition of his performance in the 2010 season. In the 2011 season, he recorded 56 total tackles, 11 tackles-for-loss, 2.5 sacks, two passes defensed, and one forced fumble. Professional career
On January 23, 2012, it was announced that <mask> would play in the 2012 Senior Bowl as a late addition. On January 28, 2012, <mask> played for Washington Redskins' head coach Mike Shanahan's South team that lost 23–13.<mask> attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana as a defensive tackle and performed all of the combine drills. His overall performance was well received and he impressed scouts with a 4.91 in the 40-yard dash. On March 26, 2012, he attended Tennessee's pro day, along with Austin Johnson, Tauren Poole, and seven other teammates. <mask> opted to only perform positional drills for the 21 scouts and team representatives that attended. To prepare for the NFL, he put on 20 lbs since the end of the season and weighed in at 290 lbs at Tennessee's pro day. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a sixth or seventh round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the 18th best defensive end prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos selected <mask> in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the 27th defensive linemen selected in 2012 and the second defensive linemen drafted by the Denver Broncos after Derek Wolfe (second round, 36th overall). 2012 season: Rookie year
On May 18, 2012, the Denver Broncos signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.31 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $213,612. Throughout his first training camp, <mask> competed against Robert Ayers, Derek Wolfe, Jeremy Beal, Ben Garland, Jamie Blatnick, and Jason Hunter for starting defensive end role. Head coach John Fox named him the backup right defensive end behind fellow rookie Derek Wolfe. On September 17, 2012, <mask> made his NFL debut during a 27–21 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. In the next game against the Houston Texans, he made his first career tackle on running back Arian Foster and stopped him for no gain during the third quarter of a 31–25 loss.<mask> finished his rookie year with five combined tackles (three solo) in 14 games and no starts. He was inactive, as a healthy scratch, and missed the season-opener and a matchup against the San Diego Chargers in Week 6. The Broncos finished atop the AFC West in  with a 13–3 record and received a playoff berth and a first round bye. On January 12, 2013, <mask> played in his first NFL playoff game as the Broncos lost to the Baltimore Ravens 38–35 in overtime during the AFC Divisional round. 2013 season
<mask> entered training camp in competing for the starting left defensive end position left vacant after Elvis Dumervil departed for the Baltimore Ravens in free agency. Head coach John Fox named <mask> the backup defensive end behind starters Derek Wolfe and Robert Ayers to start the regular season. On September 23, 2013, <mask> recorded one tackle assist and was credited with half a sack on Oakland Raiders' quarterback Terrelle Pryor during their 37–21 victory.During a Week 5 matchup at the Dallas Cowboys, he two combined and earned his first career solo sack on quarterback Tony Romo as the Broncos won 51–48. In the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> recorded a season-high seven combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks on  quarterback Chad Henne during a 35–19 victory. On December 1, 2013, <mask> earned his first NFL start and made two combined tackles and forced a fumble in a 35–28 road victory against the Kansas City Chiefs. He remained the starting defensive end for the remainder of the season after Derek Wolfe was unable to return after dealing with seizure like symptoms throughout the season. <mask> finished his second professional season with 42 combined tackles (30 solo), six sacks, four pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 16 games and five starts. The Broncos finished the season atop the AFC West with a 13–3 record. On January 12, 2014, <mask> made his first career postseason start and collected three solo tackles and a sack on San Diego Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers in Denver's 24–17 victory in the AFC Divisional round.After defeating the New England Patriots, the Denver Broncos played the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII. <mask> started the game at defensive end and made five combined tackles and a pass deflection as the Broncos were routed by Seattle 43–8. 2014 season
<mask> entered the season the backup right defensive end behind Derek Wolfe after the Denver Broncos signed free agent DeMarcus Ware who was named the starting left defensive end. On December 7, 2014, <mask> recorded a season-high six solo tackles and sacked Kyle Orton during a 24–17 victory over the Buffalo Bills. <mask> finished his third season with 42 combined tackles (33 solo), three sacks, four pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 16 games and three starts. After finishing the season 12-4 and atop the AFC West, the Broncos went on to the AFC Divisional Playoffs. <mask> started the game and recorded four combined tackles as the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts 24–13.John Fox and General Manager John Elway mutually agreed the organization and Fox should part ways following the game. 2015 season
Throughout his first training camp under new head coach Gary Kubiak, <mask> competed against Antonio Smith and Vance Walker for the starting left defensive end role. Defensive Coordinator Wade Phillips employed a 3-4 defensive scheme that moved DeMarcus Ware to outside linebacker, vacating his defensive end position. He was named the starting defensive end to start the season, alongside Vance Walker, who was replacing Derek Wolfe, while he served a four-game suspension. During Week 5 against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> recorded six combined tackles and sacked quarterback Derek Carr during a 16-10 road victory. Three weeks later, he collected two combined tackles, deflected a pass, and recorded the first safety of his career in a 29–10 victory over the Green Bay Packers. He made the safety after tackling tight end Richard Rodgers II in the end zone during the fourth quarter.He finished the season with a career-high 45 combined tackles (34 solo), seven pass deflections, five sacks, and a safety in 16 games and starts. The Broncos finished the season atop the AFC West with a 12–4 record. After defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots, the Broncos went on to play in Super Bowl 50. In the first quarter, <mask> recovered a fumble in the end zone by Cam Newton that was forced by linebacker Von Miller. The touchdown gave the Broncos an early 10–0 lead and <mask> went on to record five combined tackles in the Broncos' 24–10 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Jacksonville Jaguars
On March 9, 2016, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed <mask> to a six-year, $85.5 million contract with $31.5 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million. 2016 season
Under head coach Gus Bradley, <mask> returned to a 4-3 defensive scheme and was named the starting defensive end to start the season.<mask> chose to wear No. 90 after he was unable to receive No. 97 since it was already issued to Roy Miller. During Week 3 against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> collected two combined tackles and recorded his first sack as a Jaguar on quarterback Joe Flacco in a 19–17 loss. The following week, he collected a season-high five combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 30–27 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. During a Week 12 matchup at the Buffalo Bills, <mask> made five combined tackles and sacked Tyrod Taylor twice in a 28–21 loss. On January 1, 2017, he recorded two solo tackles and made two sacks on Colts' quarterback Andrew Luck as the Jaguars lost 24–20.<mask> finished his first season with the Jaguars with 33 combined tackles (28 solo), 6.5 sacks, and four pass deflections in 16 games and starts. 2017 season
Offensive line coach Doug Marrone was hired as the new head coach and opted to maintain defensive coordinator Todd Wash and their 4-3 defense. Marrone chose to switch <mask> from defensive end to defensive tackle to start the 2017 season. He joined a stout defensive line that consisted of Yannick Ngakoue, Dante Fowler, Marcell Dareus, and was headed by Calais Campbell. They adopted the name "Sacksonville" and became one of the top defensive lines in the league. <mask> started in the season-opener at the Houston Texans and made three solo tackles, deflected a pass, and a sack during a 29-7 road victory. On December 19, 2017, <mask> was named to his first Pro Bowl.<mask> finished the 2017 season with three passes defensed, four forced fumbles, eight sacks, and 40 total tackles as the Jaguars finished with a 10–6 record and finished atop the AFC South. In the Wild Card Round against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> started the game and recorded a sack and tackle in the 10–3 victory. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 86.4, which ranked 17th among all qualifying interior defensive linemen. 2018 season
When asked about his prediction for the Jaguars in 2018, <mask> stated that "I'm callin' it, 16-0. I don't think anybody can beat us as long as we stay healthy and do what we're supposed to do." During Week 4 against the New York Jets, <mask> made his first sack of the season when he sacked rookie quarterback Sam Darnold in the 31–12 win. Prior to the Week 11 matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was benched as a result of his poor quality of play.Without <mask> starting, the Jaguars lost to the Steelers by a score of 20–16. During Week 16 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> made his first sack in almost three months when he sacked Ryan Tannehill in the 17-7 road victory. In the regular-season finale against the Houston Texans the following week, he made a season-high 1.5 sacks in the 20-3 road loss. Ultimately, <mask>'s lofty predictions for the 2018 Jaguars to have a 16–0 record fell short when they lost to the Tennessee Titans in Week 3 by a score of 9–6. The Jaguars eventually finished the season with a 5–11 record and very far from <mask>'s goal. On March 8, 2019, <mask> was released by the Jaguars due to salary cap issues. Philadelphia Eagles
On March 13, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year $30 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles.During the season-opener against the Washington Redskins, <mask> suffered a foot injury. He was placed on injured reserve on September 10, 2019. On March 17, 2021, the Eagles released <mask>. Cleveland Browns
<mask> signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 23, 2021. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
His twin brother, Marquis, was a defensive end at Texas Southern University and currently plays for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. References

External links
 Jacksonville Jaguars bio
 Denver Broncos bio
 Tennessee Volunteers bio
 USC Trojans bio

1990 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Angeles
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
USC Trojans football players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Denver Broncos players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Twin people from the United States
Twin sportspeople
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Birmingham High School alumni
Cleveland Browns players

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title: Camilo Castelo Branco

type: original

texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount of Correia Botelho  (; 16 March 1825 – 1 June 1890), was a prolific Portuguese writer of the 19th century, having produced over 260 books (mainly novels, plays and essays). His writing is considered original in that it combines the dramatic and sentimental spirit of Romanticism with a highly personal combination of sarcasm, bitterness and dark humour. He is also celebrated for his peculiar wit and anecdotal character, as well as for his turbulent (and ultimately tragical) life. His writing, which is centred in the local and the picturesque and is in a general sense affiliated with the Romantic tradition, is often regarded in contrast to that of Eça de Queiroz – a cosmopolitan dandy and a fervorous proponent of Realism, who was <mask>'s literary contemporary in spite of being 20 years younger. In this tension between <mask> and Eça – often dubbed by critics the literary guerrilla – many have interpreted a synthesis of the two great tendencies present in the Portuguese literature of the 19th century. Allegations that he was initiated in Freemasonry in 1846, are somewhat contradictory as there are indications that, around the same time, during the Revolution of Maria da Fonte, he fought in favor of the Miguelists as "helper to the orders of the Scottish General Reinaldo MacDonell", who was active in the revived Order of Saint Michael of the Wing precisely to combat Masonry. Similarly, much of his literature demonstrates his ideals of legitimism and as a conservative and Catholic traditionalist.Biography
<mask> was born out of wedlock and orphaned in infancy, although his origins lay ultimately in Northern Portugal's provincial aristocracy (his father, Manuel Joaquim Botelho <mask> Branco, was the son of an illustrious household in the environs of Vila Real, but lived in near-poverty due to the strict law of primogeniture which then largely excluded younger sons from inheritance). <mask> spent his early years in a village in Trás-os-Montes, where he was educated at home by three unmarried aunts. At the age of 13, he enrolled at the Catholic seminary of nearby Vila Real, where he was educated by Catholic priests. During his teenage years, he fell in love with the poetry of Luís de Camões and Manuel Maria Barbosa de Bocage, while Fernão Mendes Pinto gave him a lust for adventure. In spite of this interest in literature, and of his remarkable abilities in Greek and Latin, <mask> was a distracted student and grew up to be undisciplined and proud. From the age of 17 to his early 20s, he intermittently studied medicine and theology in Oporto and Coimbra and eventually chose to become a writer. After a spell of journalistic work in Oporto and Lisbon he proceeded to the episcopal seminary in Oporto in order to study for the priesthood.During this period <mask> wrote a number of religious works and translated the work of François-René de Chateaubriand. <mask> actually took minor holy orders, but his restless nature drew him away from the priesthood and he devoted himself to literature for the rest of his life. He was arrested twice; the first time for having unearthed the remains of his first wife (whom he had married at the age of 16, and who had died at 24) and the second due to his adulterous affair with Ana Plácido, who was married at the time. His first period of incarceration was short, apparently thanks to the intervention of Teixeira de Queiroz, an influential judge and, coincidentally, father of the renowned José Maria de Eça de Queiroz. During his second and longer incarceration he wrote what most consider to be his best and most characteristic work Amor de Perdição. Later this phase of his life would also inspire him to write his Memórias do Cárcere (literally "Memories of Prison"), in which he describes the meanders of the then miserable and overcrowded prison of Relação, at the centre of Oporto, intertwined with intimate ramblings of the imagination and biographical fragments. <mask> was made a viscount (Visconde de Correia Botelho) in 1885 in recognition of his contributions to literature, and when his health deteriorated and he could no longer write, parliament gave him a pension for life.In 1886, he wrote "Esboço de crítica: Otelo, o Mouro de Veneza". Going blind (because of syphilis) and suffering from chronic nervous disease, <mask> <mask> committed suicide with a revolver in 1890, while sitting in his now-famous wooden rocking chair. Works
<mask> <mask> <mask> is probably the most prolific of all Portuguese writers, his work including novels, plays, verse, and essays. In addition, <mask> was the first Portuguese writer able to support himself financially from his writing alone. In all, his publications number about five hundred and sixty, but he is best known for his novels. Even though <mask> churned out a lot of work to pay the bills, he never lost his individuality. His familiarity with personalities allowed him to enliven his writing with a succession of memorable characters and Portuguese types, such as the "brasileiro" (a returned Portuguese emigrant who had made his fortune in Brazil), the old "Fidalgo" (nobleman) of the north of Portugal, and the Minho priest.<mask>'s novels may be divided into three periods. The first period comprises his romances of the imagination, of which Os Mistérios de Lisboa, in the style of Eugène Sue, is a fair example. The second period includes his novels of manners, a style he developed and remained the chief exponent of until the appearance of O Crime de Padre Amaro by Eça de Queiroz. In these novels he combines realism and idealism, and perfectly captures the domestic and social life of Portugal in the early part of the 19th century. The third period embraces his writings in the realms of history, biography and literary criticism. Among these may be cited Noites de Lamego, Cousas leves e pesadas, Cavar em ruínas, Memórias do Bispo do Grão Pará and Boémia do Espírito. Among the most notable of his romances are O Romance de um Homem Rico, his favorite, Retrato de Ricardina, Amor de Perdição, the collection of novellas Novelas do Minho and A Brasileira de Prazins.Many of his novels are autobiographical, like Onde está a felicidade?, Memórias do Cárcere and Vingança. <mask> <mask> is an admirable story-teller, largely because he was a brilliant improvisatore, but he does not attempt character study. He has a richness of vocabulary probably unmatched in all Portuguese literature, often using obscure words. At the same time, few Portuguese authors have demonstrated so profound a knowledge of the vernacular tongue. Though nature had endowed <mask> with a poetic temperament, his verses are considered to be mediocre, while his best plays are cast in bold lines and contain powerfully dramatic situations, and his comedies are a triumph of the grotesque, with a mordant tone reminiscent of the work of Gil Vicente. Selected bibliography

 Anátema (1851)
 Os Mistérios de Lisboa (1854)
 A Filha do Arcediago (1854)
 Livro Negro de Padre Dinis (1855)
 A Neta do Arcediago (1856)
 Onde Está a Felicidade? (1856) (English title: Where Is Happiness?)

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title: Patrick Reed

texts:
<mask> (born August 5, 1990) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the European Tour. He has nine tournament victories on the PGA Tour, including one major championship, the 2018 Masters Tournament. He has also won two World Golf Championships, the 2014 WGC-Cadillac Championship and 2020 WGC-Mexico Championship. <mask> has represented the United States in Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup team competitions. Through his performances in the Ryder Cup, he has acquired the nickname "Captain America". Early life and amateur career
<mask> was born in 1990 in San Antonio, Texas. He graduated from University High School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.While there, he won the 2006 Junior Open Championship and also qualified for the U.S. Amateur in 2007. <mask> led University High to state championships in 2006 and 2007, and also won the state medalist honors in 2007. He earned Rolex AJGA All-America honors in 2005, 2006, and 2007. <mask> started his college golf career in 2008 at the University of Georgia in Athens. While at Georgia, <mask> had an arrest for underage drinking and possessing a fake ID. He pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor and was put on probation, fined and sentenced to 60 hours of community service.After further issues that resulted in his dismissal from the team, he then left Georgia and enrolled at Augusta State University, where he majored in business. He helped lead Augusta State to NCAA Division I titles in 2010 and 2011. <mask> advanced to the semi-finals of the 2008 U.S. Amateur, where he lost 3&2 to eventual U.S. Amateur champion Danny Lee – the top-ranked amateur in the world. He won the 2010 Jones Cup Invitational. Professional career

2011
<mask> was 20 years old when he turned professional in 2011 after the NCAA Championship.In June, he played in his first PGA Tour event, the FedEx St. Jude Classic, where he missed the cut. <mask> played two more events in 2011, earning just over $20,000. He played two events on the Nationwide Tour and earned just over $5,000. 2012
<mask> played in 12 events on the PGA Tour on sponsors exemptions and through Monday qualifying (six times). He made seven cuts and earned over $300,000. His best finish was T-11 at the Frys.com Open. He finished T-22 at the PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament, after entering at the First Stage, to earn his PGA Tour card for 2013.2013
<mask> picked up his first top-10 finish at the 2013 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am. On August 18, <mask> became the 12th first-time PGA Tour winner of the year with his victory at the Wyndham Championship in a playoff against Jordan Spieth. His win at Sedgefield Country Club also marked his third consecutive top-10 finish. 2014
At the 2014 Humana Challenge, <mask> set the PGA Tour record for most strokes under par after 54 holes. His rounds of 63-63-63, were 27-under-par. The tournament's first three rounds are played on three different courses. The previous record was 25-under-par, set by Gay Brewer at the 1967 Pensacola Open and tied by Ernie Els at the 2003 Mercedes Championships, Pat Perez at the 2009 Bob Hope Classic (the previous name of the Humana event) and Steve Stricker at the 2010 John Deere Classic.All four other players won those tournaments. It was also the first time in PGA Tour history that a player opened a tournament with three rounds of 63 or better. <mask> won the tournament by two strokes over Ryan Palmer. On March 9, <mask> won the WGC-Cadillac Championship at Trump National Doral in Miami, Florida. He earned $1.53 million with the one-shot win over Bubba Watson and Jamie Donaldson. <mask> became only the fifth golfer to earn three PGA Tour wins before his 24th birthday since 1990, joining Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson, Rory McIlroy and Sergio García. Jordan Spieth subsequently achieved that feat.<mask> is the youngest winner of a WGC event, and the victory also moved him to 20th in the Official World Golf Ranking. <mask> was also the first PGA Tour golfer to have three wins before playing in his first major, the 2014 Masters. Also in 2014, <mask> finished 5th at the Volvo World Match Play Championship. 2015
On January 12, <mask> won his fourth PGA Tour title at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions by defeating Jimmy Walker in a sudden death playoff. He became just the fourth player in the last two decades to win four times on the PGA Tour before his 25th birthday, the other three were Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, and Sergio García. The win moved <mask> to a career-best OWGR ranking of 14th. Also, he finished second at the Valspar Championship, third at the Hero World Challenge, and seventh at the Honda Classic.<mask> also joined the European Tour for the 2015 season. 2016
On August 28, <mask> won the first FedEx Cup playoff event, The Barclays played at Bethpage Black. This was his fifth victory on the PGA Tour and first FedEx Cup event win. He went into the final round in the last grouping, one stroke behind the leader Rickie Fowler. He carded a final round of one-under-par to take a one stroke victory over Emiliano Grillo and Sean O'Hair. The win vaulted <mask> to the top of the FedEx Cup standings from 7th position ahead of Jason Day. He also automatically qualified for the Ryder Cup team with this victory.After the second FedEx Cup playoff event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, <mask> extended his lead to 556 points over Day, with a top-10 finish. He finished third in the final FedEx Cup standings behind Dustin Johnson and FedEx Cup champion Rory McIlroy. 2017
On the final day of the PGA Championship, <mask> had three birdies on the back to get to within a shot of the lead, but bogeyed the 18th after finding a fairway bunker off the tee and tied for second, two strokes behind winner Justin Thomas. 2018

Masters champion
<mask> shot 69–66 to lead the 2018 Masters Tournament by two strokes after two rounds. He followed up that performance with two eagles on the back nine for a 67 on Saturday. Entering the final round, he led the Masters by three strokes over Rory McIlroy. On Sunday April 8, 2018, McIlroy faltered and <mask> fought off the final round comeback bids of Jordan Spieth and Rickie Fowler to win the green jacket, shooting 71 (−1) for a tournament total of 273 (−15).<mask> moved up to No. 11 in the world rankings and collected a paycheck of $1.98 million. 2018 Ryder Cup
In September 2018, <mask> qualified for the U.S. team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. Europe beat the U.S. team 17 1/2 points to 10 1/2 points at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France. <mask> finished 1–2–0. He lost two fourball matches with Tiger Woods but won his singles match against Tyrrell Hatton. After the event, <mask> was enveloped in controversy.Late on Sunday September 30, 2018, Karen Crouse of The New York Times published an article with quotes from <mask>. In the article, <mask> questioned Jordan Spieth and U.S. captain Jim Furyk about the breakup of the previously successful <mask> Ryder Cup pairing. <mask> was quoted as saying "The issue's obviously with Jordan not wanting to play with me . . . I don’t have any issue with Jordan. When it comes right down to it, I don't care if I like the person I'm paired with or if the person likes me as long as it works and it sets up the team for success." <mask> also described the Ryder Cup pairing decision-making process as "a buddy system" that ignores the input of all but a few select players.<mask> also made it clear to Crouse that he lobbied Furyk to keep playing with Spieth, his "first choice." He expected it and was blindsided when he found out Spieth was playing with Justin Thomas. <mask> told Crouse "For somebody as successful in the Ryder Cup as I am, I don't think it's smart to sit me twice." <mask> implied that Tiger Woods was his "second choice". He told Crouse that after he and Woods lost their first match against Tommy Fleetwood and Francesco Molinari, Woods apologized to <mask> for letting him down. <mask> said he told Woods, "We win together as a team and we lose together as a team." <mask> told Crouse that "very day [in the team room], I saw 'Leave your egos at the door,'".Referring to the Europeans, he added, "They do that better than us." There has been concern expressed that <mask>'s public flaming of his teammates and captain will negatively impact on his ability to play on future Ryder Cup and President Cup teams. 2019
In August 2019, <mask> won the Northern Trust at Liberty National Golf Club near New York City. This was the first leg of the 2019 FedEx Cup Playoffs. 2020
In February 2020, <mask> won his second World Golf Championship when he won the WGC-Mexico Championship at the Club de Golf Chapultepec. <mask> shot a final round 4-under 67 to win by one shot over Bryson DeChambeau. 2021
In January, <mask> won the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course in La Jolla, California.<mask> won by five strokes after a final round 4-under 68. In August, <mask> was admitted to hospital having been diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia which forced him to miss the first two FedEx Cup Playoff events. He returned to action in early September at the Tour Championship in the hope that by proving his fitness he might gain a captain's pick for the Ryder Cup; he finished the tournament in 25th place. When the 12-man USA team was announced by Steve Stricker the following week, <mask>, who had finished 11th in the points standings, was not selected. Controversies

Rules incidents and allegations of cheating
<mask> has been at the center of multiple rules incidents, dating back to his days in college golf at UGA and Augusta State, claims <mask> has vociferously denied. 2019 Hero World Challenge
Most notably, <mask> was heavily scrutinized for an infraction committed at the 2019 Hero World Challenge, where <mask>, then leading the tournament, twice moved sand behind his ball in a waste area, seemingly improving his lie, to which <mask> responded that he had not noticed the movement and cited his angle compared to that of the camera's for his lack of realization. <mask> ended up being penalized two strokes for improving his lie.He received heavy criticism for his actions and initial response, from players and commentators alike. 2021 Farmers Insurance Open
During the third round of the Farmers Insurance Open, <mask> obtained a free relief for an embedded ball in the rough on the tenth hole. As none of <mask>, his playing partners or the volunteers in the area had seen the ball bounce, <mask> had marked and picked up his ball to check the lie before a rules official arrived, and the official confirmed his entitlement to relief. Video showed that the ball had bounced once in the rough before coming to rest, leading some to question whether it could truly have been embedded. Despite the apparent controversy, tour officials later confirmed that <mask> had followed the correct procedure per the rules of golf. Personal life
<mask> married Justine Karain on December 21, 2012. She was his caddy for the qualifying rounds in La Quinta, California, where <mask> secured a PGA Tour card at Q-School, and during his first two years on tour.Since Justine's pregnancy and the birth of daughter Windsor-Wells, Kessler Karain—Justine's brother—has served as <mask>'s caddy. <mask> has not spoken to his parents Bill and Jeannette <mask> or his younger sister Hannah since he married Justine in 2012. <mask> did not invite his parents or his sister to his wedding and only considers Justine's family close. <mask>'s family has continued to attend tournaments where he played, even after <mask> asked security to escort them out of the 2014 U.S. Open. Professional wins (9)

PGA Tour wins (9)

PGA Tour playoff record (2–2)

European Tour wins (3)

European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Major championships

Wins (1)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 8 (2019 U.S. Open – 2021 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s –  3 (2017 PGA – 2018 U.S. Open)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic

World Golf Championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2015. 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
NT = no tournament
"T" = tied

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018
Presidents Cup: 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners), 2019 (winners)

See also
2012 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
Augusta Jaguars men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Olympic golfers of the United States
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golfers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Golfers from San Antonio
Sportspeople from Harris County, Texas
People from Spring, Texas
1990 births
Living people

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Patrick Nathaniel Reed
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title: Martha Hughes Cannon

texts:
<mask>Mattie<mask> (July 1, 1857 – July 10, 1932) was a Utah State Senator, physician, Utah women's rights advocate, suffragist, polygamous wife, and a Welsh-born immigrant to the United States. Her family immigrated to the United States as converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and traveled West to settle in Utah territory with other Saints. She started working at the age of fourteen. At sixteen she enrolled in the University of Deseret, now called the University of Utah, receiving a Bachelors in Chemistry. From there she attended the University of Michigan and received her MD. She became the fourth of six wives in a polygamous marriage to Angus M<mask>, a prominent Latter-day Saint leader during the anti-polygamy crusade. <mask> exiled herself to Europe so she wouldn't have to testify against her husband.Upon returning to Utah, <mask> worked as a doctor and fought for women's rights. She helped put women enfranchisement into Utah's constitution when it was granted statehood in 1896. On November 3, 1896 <mask> became the first female State Senator elected in the United States, defeating her own husband, who was also on the ballot. <mask> <mask> was the author of Utah sanitation laws and was a founder and member of Utah's first State Board of Health. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born near Llandudno, Clwyd, Wales on July 1, 1857, the daughter of <mask> and Elizabeth Evans. She was known by the nickname "Mattie". The <mask> family were converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emigrated to the United States with their two daughters, Mary Elizabeth and <mask>.They embarked from Liverpool, England on March 30, 1860, on the ship Underwriter and arrived in New York City, New York on May 1, 1860. Peter was very sick at the time and Elizabeth gave birth to their third child, Annie Lloyd. They stayed in New York to earn money to travel the plains to Utah territory. Erastus Snow, a Mormon leader, invited the family to join a pioneer company funded by the LDS Church for the less fortunate. The family accepted the invitation and traveled by train to Florence, Nebraska, and left with The Joseph Horne Company on July 11, 1861. Shortly before the family's arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, on September 3, 1861, <mask>'s sister Annie Lloyd <mask> died and was buried in an unmarked grave. She was 21 months old.The Joseph Horne company arrived in the Salt Lake valley on September 13, 1861. Three days after they arrived in Salt Lake City, on September 17, 1861, <mask> died. <mask> was left a widow with two young daughters at the age of 28. Thirteen months later, Elizabeth married James Patten Paul, a widower with four sons, thereafter giving birth to the later Latter-day Saints university professor and newspaper editor <mask> Paul. After Elizabeth's marriage to James P. Paul, <mask>, at different times in her life, went by the surnames of both Paul and <mask>. Later in life, Paul encouraged <mask> to follow her dream of becoming a medical doctor. Education and career

At age fourteen, <mask> taught school for a year, but quit when she had trouble controlling her larger male students.Brigham Young asked <mask> to learn typesetting and she worked as an apprentice for Hyrum Perry. <mask> B. Wells and affiliated with the Mormon Relief Society. While working at the Women's Exponent, <mask> met Emmeline B. Wells and Eliza Snow. These two women were her mentors and encouraged <mask> in her aspiration to become a doctor.In an October 1873 General Conference address, Brigham Young encouraged women, specifically, to enter the medical field and become doctors. The same year, at age sixteen, <mask> enrolled in the University of Deseret as a pre-med major, working as a typesetter during the day while taking night classes. She graduated from the University of Deseret in 1878 with a degree in chemistry. On August 13, 1878, <mask> was one of four women set apart for medical studies and practice by the LDS Church. President John Taylor and his counselor George Q<mask> set them apart. The other three women were Romania B. Pratt, Ellis R. Shipp, and Maggie Shipp. Pratt and Ellis Shipp had already received their medical degrees while Maggie Shipp and <mask> were heading out to earn theirs.Ellis R. Shipp and Maggie Shipp were plural wives of Milford Shipp. Maggie had been watching Ellis's children in the Utah Territory while Ellis earned her MD. Now as <mask> was heading to the University of Michigan for her MD, Maggie was taking her turn to become a doctor as well. <mask> started at the University of Michigan in the autumn of 1878. With limited funds, she spent her first year working in the student dormitories. During <mask>' second year she worked as a secretary for another student, Bethenia Owens-Adair. She graduated July 1, 1880, on her 23rd birthday.She briefly practiced medicine in Algonac, Michigan. In 1881 she moved to Philadelphia to take post-graduate courses at the Auxiliary Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> was the only women out of 75 students. Additionally, <mask> took night classes to learn more about pharmaceuticals and enrolled at the National School of Elocution and Oratory. In 1882 she earned a Bachelors of Science from the University of Pennsylvania and a bachelor's degree in Oratory (B.O.) at the National School of Elocution and Oratory. At 25 <mask> had earned four degrees.<mask> returned to Salt Lake City, Utah and opened a private practice in a new wing of her old home built by her step-father. Soon after, she was called by LDS Church leaders to become the resident physician for the newly founded Deseret Hospital in 1882. As the Deseret Hospital's paid physician, <mask> set up training classes for nurses and lectures on obstetrics. Plural marriage and exile
While working at the Deseret Hospital, <mask> met a Mormon polygamist, Angus Munn <mask>, who was the superintendent of the new hospital and a local official of the LDS Church. Mormon polygamy was a hot topic in Utah Territory. To the Mormons polygamy was sacred but to the rest of the United States it was offensive. In 1882 the Edmunds Act was passed by Congress making polygamy a felony punishable by a $500 fine and five years in prison.When <mask> married in the Mormon temple to Angus on October 6, 1884, becoming the fourth of his six plural wives, the marriage was kept secret as it was a religious ceremony rather than a legally binding contract. <mask>'s mother knew nothing of the ceremony. Still, rumors of her marriage to Angus brought pressure to the Deseret Hospital. <mask> <mask> was called to testify before the court, but <mask> eluded federal officers. Angus was also called to testify and after a court hearing, was sent to jail. <mask> joined the Mormon "underground" seeking to avoid providing federal marshals with proof of her plural marriage to Angus. She also feared being forced to provide testimony against others, based on information gathered through her obstetrical practice.<mask> found that she was pregnant after Angus was sent to jail. She had her first child, Elizabeth Rachel, while in hiding and with Angus still in captivity. Evading warrants in 1886, she decided to visit her mother's relatives in Europe and chose to exile herself from Utah territory. Only a few days before her departure, Angus married his fifth wife, Maria Bennion, who was six months younger than <mask>. <mask> and her baby, Elizabeth, traveled to New York and then to Europe. <mask> first stayed with her uncle in Birmingham. However, Elizabeth grew sick and <mask>, fearing for her daughter's life, moved to Wolverton near Stratford-upon-Avon to stay with other relatives.During <mask>'s self-exile, her letters to Angus show increasing jealousy and resentment of his new wife. <mask> wrote to Angus about Elizabeth's improving health also adding, "perhaps at this very moment you are basking in the smiles of your young Maria." In 1887 Angus married Johanna Danielson, while <mask> was exiled in Europe, unable to return to Utah for fear of having to testify. Later that year Angus's son, Lewis, traveled to England while waiting for a passport for Switzerland to proselytize. <mask> met him and together they toured Wales, Paris, and Switzerland. However, <mask> was increasingly homesick, and in December 1887 left Liverpool on the SS Arizona bound for New York. To her surprise, Angus met <mask> and Elizabeth as they arrived.Recently published correspondence between <mask> and her husband during this period provides a window into 19th-century polygamous life in Utah and also on "the underground" just prior to the practice's abolition. It was a time when many polygamous families went into hiding to avoid legal pressures which threatened to sever polygamous families. As a suffragist

The Edmunds–Tucker Act was passed while <mask> was in exile. In an effort to limit Mormon religious leadership in government, the act disenfranchised women of the Utah territory who had been voting in elections since 1870. The women of Utah territory had previously enjoyed voting rights, and they began to rally together to fight for suffrage. After <mask> returned she became a leader in the Utah Women's Suffrage Association, giving speeches in Utah and traveling to suffrage conferences with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. At the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, <mask> <mask> was featured as a speaker of the Women's Congress.She then traveled to Washington D.C. to give a status report to a congressional committee on women's suffrage work in Utah. In her fight for women suffrage, <mask> felt that education, freedom, and purpose were vitally important for mothers, stating:

She defended polygamy, believing wives in a polygamous marriage may in fact have more freedom than a monogamous marriage stating that if a husband had more than one wife, that wife had freedom in the weeks her husband was away visiting his other wives. In February 1927, three decades after becoming the first women state senator of the United States, <mask> attended the 30th annual convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association in Washington D.C. Political career

After 1888, <mask> resumed her Salt Lake medical practice and taught nursing courses through a school established at Deseret Hospital. By 1896, a suffrage clause in the new state constitution had restored the right to vote to Utah women. In a heavily publicized election, <mask> was one of five Democrats running as "at large" candidates for state senator from Salt Lake County. Suffrage activist Emmeline B.Wells and <mask>'s husband Angus were among the Republicans running for the office. The five candidates with the largest quantity of votes were elected. On November 3, 1896, <mask> <mask> became the first woman elected as a state senator in the United States with 10,288 votes while her husband only received 8,054 votes. The couple reported that no relationship issues were produced from the election. <mask> introduced three bills in her first month in state senate. In consequence of her bill, an Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens, Governor Heber Wells appointed <mask> to the board of directors for the school for the Deaf and Dumb. During her second term as State Senator, she drafted a bill for the building of a hospital at the Deaf and Dumb school.Her second bill was an Act to Protect the Health of Women and Girl Employees. The bill protected women and girls by requiring employers to give female employees something to rest on when they weren't serving customers. At the time nothing was provided and many female employees were left exhausted. Her last bill from her first month in office was an Act Creating a State Board of Health and Defining its Duties. <mask> also sponsored the State's first pure food law. She fought against lobbyists trying to abolish the State Board of Public Examiners. The board was in charge of certifying the qualifications of doctors and midwives, preventing impersonators from potentially hurting patients.As a doctor, <mask> took personal interest in fighting against the lobbyists attempting to terminate an association that protected physicians. In 1898 at the invitation of officials of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, two years after becoming the country's first woman state senator, <mask> spoke at the Seneca Falls 50th year celebration in Washington D.C. <mask> also testified before the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary of the positive effects of women's franchise in Utah. Twenty-two years later, women's suffrage was added as the 19th amendment to the United States Constitution. During the second half of her term in Utah's state senate, <mask> set up a commission that provided for regulations regarding contagious disease. She was appointed to the Board of Health by Governor Heber Wells, staying in the position until December 31, 1903. <mask> attempted to prohibit children not vaccinated from attending school in case of a disease outbreak. The Board of Health sent out vaccines; however, the Deseret News spread information that vaccines weren't safe.LDS Church leaders were divided on the subject. One apostle, Brigham Young Jr. was very vocal in his opinions, writing in the Deseret News about the evils of vaccinations. The influence of the Deseret News and Mormon religious leaders limited how many people were willing to be vaccinated. Disease grew rampant in the state of Utah, and the smallpox epidemic of 1898–1899 closed an entire town in Sanpete County. The epidemic <mask> tried to prevent began to spread through the state. To mitigate the effects of disease, <mask> eliminated communal cups attached to water fountains in Salt Lake valley. <mask>'s third child was born at the close of her term and subsequently she did not run again for office.At the end of her term, Deseret News wrote, "In political conventions, her wit, rapid thinking, and knowledge made her capable of holding her own and of representing her sex most favorably." <mask> lost only one bill: an Act Providing for the Teaching in the Public Schools of the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System

Last years, death, and legacy
After leaving the legislature, <mask> still served as a member of the Utah Board of Health and as a member of the board of the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb. In 1902 she became a member of the psychology section of the Medico-Legacy Society of New York. The society's main focus was tuberculosis. In 1904 <mask> moved to California with her children for health reasons and became the vice president of the National Congress of Tuberculosis. She also worked at the Selwyn Emmett Graves Memorial Dispensary. After her husband's death in 1915, <mask> settled near her son in Los Angeles, California where he built <mask> her own home.She died in Los Angeles on July 10, 1932. <mask>'s body was laid to rest at the Salt Lake City Cemetery next to her husband. In 1986 the new Utah Department of Health building was dedicated and named the <mask> <mask> health building in Salt Lake City. An eight-foot-high bronze statue of <mask> <mask> by Laura Lee Stay Bradshaw, dedicated in 1996, was housed in the Utah Capitol rotunda. Her grandson, Robert J<mask>, spoke at the dedication. After the Utah Capitol re-dedication in 2008, the bronze statue of <mask> was moved to the foyer of the Utah State Senate building on Utah Capitol Hill. There is also a bronze plaque honoring the "author of Utah sanitation laws" on a boulder next to a drinking fountain on the northeast corner of 200 West and South Temple.Since 1990, Utah officials have lobbied the U.S. Postal Service for a stamp in <mask>'s honor. In 2011 a group of students at Brigham Young University created a stage play and later a film about five strong females of faith, which included <mask> <mask>. In October 2015 legislators formed the <mask> <mask> caucus in an effort to encourage more women in Utah to participate in government. KUED produced an hour-long documentary on <mask> <mask>'s life. The Utah State Legislature voted in 2018 to send a statue of <mask> <mask> to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall in 2020, replacing the extant statue of inventor Philo Farnsworth. In popular culture
In 2020, Her Quiet Revolution, a historical fiction novel about Mattie's life and work by American author Marianne Monson, appeared in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of US women’s suffrage.See also
Cannon Family
Women's suffrage in Utah

Footnotes

Further reading
 Constance L. Lieber and John Sillito (eds. ), "Letters from Exile: The Correspondence of <mask> <mask> and Angus M<mask>, 1886–1888." Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, 1993. Patricia Lyn Scott and Linda Thatcher (eds. ), Women in Utah History: Paradigm or Paradox? Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2005. Dr. <mask>: The Life of a Pioneer Physician, Politician, and Polygamist by Mari Graña, Taylor Trade Publishing, 2015,

External links
 Information on <mask>'s statue at the Utah Capitol rotunda.<mask> Hughes Cannon Documentary produced by KUED

1857 births
1932 deaths
American women's rights activists
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
<mask> family
Mormon pioneers
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Utah alumni
Utah Democrats
Utah state senators
Welsh emigrants to the United States
Welsh Latter Day Saints
Women state legislators in Utah
American suffragists
American women physicians
Physicians from Utah
People from Llandudno
19th-century American women politicians
19th-century American politicians
Utah suffrage
Activists from Utah
Mormon feminists
Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles

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title: Charles Moore (city planner)

texts:
<mask> (1855-1942) was an American journalist, historian and city planner. Early life
He was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan, west of Detroit. He attended Phillips Academy Andover in Massachusetts and Harvard College (now University), where he studied under <mask>, Harvard’s first professor of art history. Norton emphasized the moral value of art and the equivalence of architecture with the other arts, and these ideas provided a lasting inspiration for <mask>. During his college years <mask> was editor of the Harvard Crimson and also wrote weekly columns for a couple of Detroit papers. Early career

After graduation from Harvard in 1878, <mask> spent ten years as a journalist in Detroit, eventually becoming Washington correspondent for the Detroit Evening Journal. He became acquainted with Detroit businessman and Republican politician James McMillan, and when McMillan was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1889, <mask> accompanied him to Washington as his personal secretary.McMillan was appointed chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and, as clerk, <mask> drafted many committee reports outlining progressive policies to improve utilities, social services, transportation, and recreation in the city. In 1900 <mask> completed a Ph.D. in history at Columbian College (now George Washington University). McMillan Commission

In 1901, <mask> played a key role in securing passage of a bill to establish the Senate Park Commission, also known as the McMillan Commission, convened to formulate a plan for the future growth of Washington that would recapture the aims of the 1791 L’Enfant plan for the city and create a monumental appearance for the National Mall. The commission was composed of four men—architects Daniel Burnham and <mask> McKim, sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.—all of whom had been intimately involved with the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, in Chicago. The fair’s classical buildings embodied the ideals of the City Beautiful movement, a revival of classical architecture in the Victorian era as a means of encouraging civic betterment through unified groupings of buildings that integrated typically allegorical sculpture, painting, and landscape with architecture. Burnham had been the fair’s director and was currently president of the American Institute of Architects. <mask> served as the McMillan Commission’s secretary, and in the summer of 1901 accompanied the commission on a seven-week visit to European cities and estates that had influenced the L’Enfant Plan.With Olmsted, he wrote the 1901 Report of the Senate Park Commission, also known as the McMillan Report or McMillan Plan, still used as a template for the growth of Washington’s central area. <mask> promoted adoption of the plan as the legitimate successor to the L’Enfant Plan, sharing its principles concerning the reciprocal relation of key sites and the need for an overall unity. <mask> believed deeply in the symbolic importance of Washington as the capital of the nation. James McMillan died in 1902 and <mask> returned to Michigan the next year. He worked for more than a decade in various banks and businesses in Detroit and Boston. U.S. Commission of Fine Arts

In 1910, he was a founding member of the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), in Washington, a presidentially appointed federal commission of seven nationally recognized experts on the arts and architecture charged with overseeing design on federal property in the city; <mask> remained a member for almost 30 years, serving as chairman from 1915 to 1937. The first major project reviewed by the CFA was the Lincoln Memorial, which anchored the western end of the Mall and established its central design theme of national unity.During <mask>’s tenure the commission reviewed the design of the U.S. Supreme Court, the extension of the U.S. Capitol Grounds, the Federal Triangle complex, and the redesign of the Mall as a tree-lined greensward creating an unbroken vista between the U.S. Capitol and the Washington Monument. Through skillful maneuvers, <mask> ensured that the route of Arlington Memorial Bridge ran between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington National Cemetery. As CFA chairman in the 1930s, <mask> witnessed the gradual waning of historically based classicism and its replacement by a historic modernism. After an epic battle over the appropriate form of the national memorial to Thomas Jefferson, <mask> resigned his chairmanship in September 1937 and retired to a son’s home in Washington state, where he died in 1942 at the age of 86. Other accomplishments

In addition to his work with the CFA, <mask> also served as director of the Detroit Museum of Art (1914–17) and as acting chief of the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress (1918–27). For the library, he acquired the papers of notable Americans, including Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. <mask> was the author of numerous essays, articles, and histories, many related to city planning and architecture, and biographies of Daniel Burnham, <mask>, and George Washington.He was active in the restoration of Wakefield, George Washington’s birthplace in Virginia, and other activities marking the 1932 centennial of Washington’s birth. Associations

<mask> was a member of the American Academy in Rome, the National Conference on City Planning, the American Institute of Arts and Letters, and the Detroit City Plan and Improvement Commission, as well as the New York Architectural League and the Michigan Historical Commission. Affable and politically adroit, <mask> was a friend of presidents, including McKinley and Coolidge, and was skilled at working behind the scenes to gather support for the CFA’s planning goals. <mask> was a member of many private clubs, including the Cosmos Club in Washington and the Century Club in New York. During his long career he received numerous awards and honors, including honorary membership in the American Institute of Architects and the American Society of Landscape Architects, and he was named a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor in 1924. He was married to Alice Williams Merriam from 1878 until her death in 1914. They had two sons.<mask>, Publications

"The Northwest under Three Flags" (1900)
"Report of the Senate Park Commission" (1901)
"Report on the Restoration of the White House" (1902)
"History of Michigan" (1915)
Editor, "Plan of Chicago", by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Bennett (1919)
"A Life of Daniel H. Burnham, Architect and Planner of Cities" (2 vols. ; 1921)
"The Family Life of George Washington" (1926)
"Life and Letters of <mask>ollen McKim" (1929)
"Washington Past and Present" (1929)
"Wakefield, Birthplace of George Washington" (1932)

References

Alan Lessoff. “The Early Career of <mask>.”  "Washington History" vol. 6 (Fall/Winter 1994-95):  64-80. C. Kelly Lohr. “<mask>, <mask>,” http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01486.html; American National Biography – Online February 2000. Thomas E. Luebke, ed."Civic Art:  A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts" (Washington, D.C.:  U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013):  Appendix B.

<mask>, obituary. "Washington Evening Star", September 26, 1942. <mask> Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; papers relating to the Commission of Fine Arts in National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 66. Pamela Scott. <mask>, essay. In Luebke, ed., "Civic Art:  A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (Washington, D.C.:  U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013):  84-93. Sally Kress Tompkins."A Quest for Grandeur:  <mask> and the Federal Triangle" (Washington, D.C.:  Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993). Footnotes

Burnham Kelly, biographical statement, 1979, vertical files, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. Thomas E. Luebke, ed. “Civic Art:  A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts” (Washington, D.C.:  U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013):  Appendix B. “Who’s Who in America,” 1978. 1855 births
1942 deaths
American male journalists
American urban planners
The Harvard Crimson people
Phillips Academy alumni
People from Ypsilanti, Michigan
Historians from Michigan

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title: Emma Stebbins

texts:
<mask> (1 September 1815 - 25 October 1882) was an American sculptor and the first woman to receive a public art commission from New York City. She was best known for her work Angel of the Waters (1873), also known as Bethesda Fountain, located on the Bethesda Terrace in Central Park, New York. Biography

Early life
Stebbins was born on September 1, 1815 in New York City. She was the daughter of a wealthy banker, John L<mask> and Mary Largin. She was one of nine children and her family encouraged her interest in the arts. Life in Rome
In 1856, Stebbins’ brother, Henry G<mask>, encouraged her to travel to Rome to pursue sculpting. That May, Stebbins, her younger sister Caroline, and their mother traveled to Rome, where <mask> and Caroline settled.While Caroline married John Rollin Tilton, an American painter, in 1858, <mask> was welcomed into a society of expatriates by Harriet Hosmer, also an American sculptor. Hosmer introduced Stebbins to some of her future teachers including John Gibson and Paul Akers. One of the leading ladies of the expatriates in Rome was Charlotte Cushman, an American actress. Upon meeting Stebbins, Cushman took a special interest in both her work and in her affections. The pair quickly became a couple and within a year of meeting, the women exchanged unofficial vows and considered themselves married. As she had done for others before, Cushman used her influence to help secure commissions for Stebbins. Stebbins and Cushman's romance strained their relationship with Hosmer, who had once been the object of Cushman's affections and influence.In September 1857, <mask> and Charlotte returned the States so Cushman could recoup her savings, after her business manager embezzled funds. During Cushman's acting tour, Stebbins stayed with her family in New York. On July 6, Cushman gave her final performance and the couple sailed to England. Before returning to Rome in November 1858, the couple took a tour of the continent. Later years
<mask> and Cushman lived together for 12 years before returning to the United States after Cushman was diagnosed with breast cancer. Stebbins had stopped working in order to care for Cushman, until her death in 1876. Stebbins spent nearly the rest of her life writing Cushman's biography, Charlotte Cushman: Her Letters and Memories of Her Life, and died on October 25, 1882 from lung disease.She was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Works
Stebbins was a neoclassical sculptor and made about two dozen small-scale marble statues and two public works in bronze. Unlike the majority of her peers, Stebbins enjoyed making smaller pieces and liked to do all of her carving herself. In 1842, some of Stebbins’ work was featured at the National Academy of Design in New York. She was also nominated to be an associate member of the group, which was open to amateurs. However, Stebbins’ election was nullified after an unspecified breach in procedure. Her name was never resubmitted.In 1847, Stebbins’ submitted oil copies to be displayed at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. While Stebbins lived in Rome, she completed a number of statues including The Lotus Eater (1857-60), which was commissioned by British sculptor John Gibson, and Industry (1859) and Commerce (1859), which were both commissioned by Charles Heckscher. Industry and Commerce were both displayed at the Goupil & Cie gallery in New York in 1860. In 1860, Stebbins also completed a bust of Cushman, her lifelong partner. Later in life, the bust was a popular request for replication. Through the 1860s, Stebbins completed The Treaty of Henry Hudson with the Indians (1860), Sandalphon (1861), Satan (1862), and Christopher Columbus (1867). Christopher Columbus was the only life-sized marble piece that Stebbins created.Horace Mann (1865)
Towards the end of 1861, Stebbins had been commissioned to complete a bronze statue of Horace Mann. The piece was to be erected in front of the State House in Boston. Cushman, a native to Boston, had a special interest in the project and is thought to have used her connections to get Stebbins the commission. Angel of the Waters (1873)
Stebbins is best known for Angel of the Waters, which sits atop of Bethesda Fountain. Rumors of nepotism surrounded the project because Stebbins’ brother was the chairman of Central Park's Committee on Statuary, Fountains and Architectural Structure. Many believe that he pressured the committee into giving his sister the commission. Stebbins was inspired by the biblical story in which an angel gives the waters of Bethesda healing powers; it is in reference to the Croton Aqueduct, which brought fresh water to the city beginning in 1842.Legacy

Much of what we know about Stebbins comes from her sister, <mask> Garland. After Stebbins’ death, Garland documented her sister's work in a scrapbook and wrote an unpublished biography, Notes on the Art Life of <mask>s. The scrapbook contained several photos of Stebbins’ work in chronological order, as well as pictures of Stebbins and those who had encouraged her, such as Cushman and Stebbins’ brother Henry. Angel of the Waters has been featured in many New York movies, such as Home Alone 2, Elf and Enchanted. In June 2019, The New York Times wrote an obituary for Stebbins as part of their Overlooked series. Stebbins’ obituary was added as a member of the LGBTQ community. Gallery

References

External links

 <mask>s and "Angel of the Waters"
 Bethesda Fountain by <mask>s
 <mask>s- to work as a sculptor
 The Complete Guide to New Yorks Central Park - Bethesda Fountain.<mask>, History of American Women

 Official Website Central Park: Angel of the Waters Fountain

 Entry for <mask>s on the Union List of Artist Names
 <mask> scrapbook, on microfilm, compiled by her sister <mask> Garland, at the Archives of American Art
 <mask>, full-length portrait, seated, facing right, looking at a book in her lap Charlotte S. Cushman papers,  Library of Congress

1815 births
1882 deaths
American women sculptors
Lesbian artists
LGBT artists from the United States
LGBT people from New York (state)
Artists from New York City
American expatriates in Italy
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American women artists
Sculptors from New York (state)

masks:
Emma Stebbins
. Stebbins
. Stebbins
Emma
Emma
Stebbins
Stebbins
Mary Stebbins
Emma Stebbin
Emma Stebbin
Emma Stebbin
Emma Stebbin
Emma Stebbins
Emma Stebbin
Emma Stebbins
Mary Stebbins
Emma Cushman


title: Paul Hermann (composer)

texts:
<mask> (Budapest, 27 March 1902 – unknown 1944), also known as <mask>, was a virtuoso cellist and composer. Career
<mask> was born in Budapest, Hungary, on 27 March 1902 and came from a Jewish family. About his early childhood not much more than an anecdote remains: he was only prepared to study for his piano lessons if for every étude he prepared, he would receive one cent. He studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music from 1915–1919 and developed close relationships, both musical and personal, with his teachers of composition Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, violinist Zoltán Székely, and pianists Géza Frid and Lili Kraus. At the Franz Liszt Academy of Music he studied cello under Adolf Schiffer and composition, first under Leo Weiner, who was also his teacher of chamber music. Already during his studies, <mask> was a frequent performer within and outside of the Liszt Academy. He started his international cello career at the age of 16, playing as a soloist music venues in Europe.<mask> felt that there was no need to finish his studies at the Liszt Academy. Among the works <mask> premiered or gave notable early performances of as a virtuoso cellist during the 1920s were Frank Bridge's cello sonata in 1927 with Harry Isaacs, and solo cello sonata by Arnold Schoenberg. <mask> taught cello and composition in the Musikschule Paul Hindemith Neukölln from 1929 to 1934. However, as the political climate in Berlin changed, most notably for Jews, and became more threatening, he decided to move first of all to Brussels from 1934–1937, and later to Paris from 1937 to 1939, and then on to the south of France. He was deported under the Vichy France régime in February 1944 from Toulouse to the internment camp of Drancy, and on 15 May 1944 he was sent to the Baltic States on the Drancy Convoy 73, and was not heard of again. Personal life

During the early years of his career, <mask> used to visit London for recitals and concerts and then would stay at the de Graaff-Bachiene family residence, owned by patrons of the arts. A story about one of these stays survives.<mask> and his friend Szoltan Zekely had entertained a large company of people in the De Graaff household in London in 1928, at the peak of their musical partnership, with a house recital. Later that evening, <mask> had been the centre of attention during the after-concert soirée that followed and had jokingly started to dance with his own cello in his arms. The people applauded and he continued to spin and dance until he fell and his cello broke to pieces. To bring the evening to a happy ending was their host Jaap de Graaff, patron and protector of the arts, who decided to buy a Gagliano cello for <mask>, and a Stradivarius violin for Zekely. On a visit to Holland around 1929, Jaap de Graaff suggested for his niece Ada Weevers, who lived in Amersfoort, to go and see <mask> perform in Amsterdam, and when they met, Ada and <mask> fell in love, despite their different cultures, nationalities and religions. The young couple moved to Berlin in 1930, and they had a daughter Corrie <mask> in 1932. Ada died after a drowning accident in the North Sea.As the political climate in Berlin for Jews became more and more threatening,  he decided to hide his daughter with his non-Jewish sister-in-law in The Netherlands. <mask> moved on to work in Brussels from 1934–1937, and in Paris in 1937-1939, under a false name, and then moved to the south of France where he was hidden in a farmhouse near Toulouse of the French branch of the Weevers family, where he composed three melodies for voice and piano (Ophélie, La Centure, Dormeuse) and a violin/cello sonata. The composition of Ophélie, based on the character of Prince Hamlet’s beloved Ophelia who drowns in a river, may have been inspired by the tragic drowning of <mask>’s wife. He found the solitude of his hidden life on the farm hard to cope with, having lost his wife and far away from his daughter, and used to go out to Toulouse from time to time to teach and socialize, accepting the risk of being discovered. Death
On one such visit to Toulouse, he was indeed picked up during a street razzia and transported to the Drancy concentration camp in spring 1944, and then onward to the Baltic States on the Drancy Convoy 73 on 15 May 1944, after which further traces of <mask> are missing. The Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds set up the Paul Hermann Fonds in <mask>'s memory which offers scholarships to promising young cellists from the Franz Liszt Academy of Music. Compositions

<mask> left a small number of compositions, which are all now public domain in Europe.Grand Duo, pour violon et violoncelle (1929–30)
 Duo pour violon et violoncelle (1920, dédié a Zoltán Székely)
 Trio à cordes (1921)
 Toccata, pour piano (1936)
 Quatre Épigrammes, pour piano (1934)
 Trois mélodies sur des textes d'Arthur Rimbaud et de <mask>ry, extrait de Charmes (1934–39)
 "Ophélie"
 La Ceinture
 La Dormeuse

Recordings
No recordings of <mask> as an artist are known to survive, although he often performed recitals, or as a chamber musician with the Hungarian Quartet, with violinist Zoltán Székely and others. Of his concerts and recordings only the programs remain. <mask> was also heard on the radio, for example Wireless World 1937 records a broadcast of "Songs You Might Never Have Heard" with <mask> (cello) and John Ireland (piano). Recordings of compositions
<mask> Forbidden Music in World War II - Cello concerto, Grand Duo für Violine & Cello; Streichtrio; Klaviertrio; Lieder; 4 Epigrammes; Allegro für Klavier; Toccata für Klavier; Suite für Klavier. Performed by Clive Greensmith, Beth Nam, Burkhard Maiss, Bogdan Jianu, Hannah Strijbos, Andrei Banciu, with soprano Irene Maessen Etcetera, DDD, (2CD) 2017

Footnotes

References
<mask> (1902–1944)
Nous Sommes 900 Francais, Eve Line Blum-Cherchevsky, Besancon, , tome 7, pp 362–364
Székely and Bartók: the story of a friendship
Musique dans les Camps de Concentration
"Pal Hermann attended those ISCM concerts..."

1902 births
1944 deaths
Musicians from Budapest
Hungarian cellists
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
Hungarian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
Hungarian civilians killed in World War II
20th-century Hungarian male musicians

masks:
Paul Hermann
Pál Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Hermann
Paul Hermann
Paul Valé
Hermann
Hermann
Paul Hermann
Paul Hermann
Paul Hermann


title: Nicolas Batum

texts:
<mask> (; born December 14, 1988) is a French professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is also a member of the French national team and earned a silver medal in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Early life
His father, Richard, of Cameroonian origin, was a professional basketball player in France. Richard died during a game in 1991 after suffering an aneurysm. <mask>, at only 2 1/2 years old, and his mother were in the crowd to witness Richard’s death. European career

Early years
As a youngster, <mask> was considered one of the most talented young players in Europe, as he was ranked #17 among international players born in 1988, by the scouting website DraftExpress.com at the time he entered the 2008 NBA draft. Batum was part of the junior French national team that won the 2004 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship.He was named the MVP of the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, as France won the gold medal at that tournament. In 2006, <mask> was named the most valuable player of the Under-18 Albert Schweitzer Tournament in Mannheim, Germany, as part of the tournament-winning French national team. Batum averaged 19 points, over 5 rebounds, and over 2 steals per game, during the seven game tournament. French League

While playing for Le Mans, <mask> averaged 3.4 points (65.9% FG), 2.5 rebounds, 0.5 assist per game in 13 minutes for the 2006–2007 French league season, and 12.3 points (52.3%), 5.0 rebounds and 3.6 assists per game in 28 minutes for the 2007–2008 season. He delivered an impressive performance at the 2007 Nike Hoop Summit scoring 23 points (9/13 FG, 3/5 for 3 pointers) in 28 minutes. He also grabbed four rebounds and recorded four steals. In August 2011, during the 2011 NBA lockout, he signed a one-year contract with SLUC Nancy in French Basketball League which was valid until the NBA lockout ended.NBA career

Portland Trail Blazers (2008–2015)

Upon being selected with the 25th pick in the 2008 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets, <mask> was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for the rights to Darrell Arthur and Joey Dorsey. After coming off the bench for the first three games of his NBA career, <mask> moved into the starting lineup in place of Travis Outlaw in Portland's fourth game of the 2008–09 season, a 103–96 loss to the Utah Jazz. On March 13, 2009, <mask> recorded a season-high 20 points to go along with a clutch three-pointer with 29.9 seconds left, en route to a 109–100 victory over the New Jersey Nets. <mask> missed the first 45 games of the 2009–10 season due to torn cartilage in his right shoulder. He played in his first game of the season on January 25, 2010. <mask> scored more than 30 points for the first time with a 31-point performance (including 7 rebounds, 7 assists, and 3 steals) on February 27, 2010 against the Minnesota Timberwolves. On June 25, 2012, the Portland Trail Blazers extended a qualifying offer to Batum, making him a restricted free agent.Less than three weeks later <mask> signed a $46 million/4 year offer sheet with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On July 18, 2012, the Trail Blazers elected to match the Timberwolves' offer, signing <mask> to the team through the 2015–16 campaign. On November 16, 2012, <mask> tied a career-high of 35 points in a 119–117 overtime win against the Houston Rockets. This was followed exactly one month later by a game in which <mask> recorded the 15th "five-by-five" in the NBA since the 1985–86 season, and the first since Andrei Kirilenko in January 2006. In this effort <mask> scored 11 points while racking up 10 assists, 5 rebounds, 5 blocks and 5 steals in a 95–94 win against the New Orleans Hornets. On January 21, 2013, <mask> recorded his first triple-double in a 98–95 loss to the Washington Wizards, scoring 12 points and adding 10 rebounds, and 11 assists, in addition to 3 steals and 2 blocks. <mask> had a career year in 2012–13, as he finished with career-highs in nearly every statistic.His biggest improvement was his passing; he averaged 4.9 assists, more than triple his previous career-high (1.5 assists per game during the 2010–11 season). Charlotte Hornets (2015–2020)
On June 24, 2015, <mask> was traded to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for Gerald Henderson, Jr. and Noah Vonleh. On August 1, 2015, <mask> played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game. He made his debut for the Hornets in the team's season opener against the Miami Heat on October 28, recording 9 points and 6 rebounds in a 104–94 loss. On November 15, he scored a season-high 33 points in a 106–94 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. The following day, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, November 9 through Sunday, November 15. It was the first career Player of the Week award for <mask>, who led the Hornets to a 3–1 record on the week.On December 9, he recorded his fifth career triple-double with 10 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in a 99–81 win over the Miami Heat. In early January, he missed four games with a right toe injury. Later that month, he missed three more games with the same injury. On March 29, he recorded his second triple-double of the season with 19 points, 12 rebounds and 12 assists in a 100–85 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On April 20, <mask>'s first season with the Hornets came to an end after he suffered another injury, this time a sprained left ankle in Game 2 of the Hornets' first-round playoff series with the Miami Heat. On July 7, 2016, <mask> re-signed with the Hornets on a five-year, $120 million contract. On December 23, 2016, he recorded his first triple-double of the season with 20 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 103–91 win over the Chicago Bulls.On October 5, 2017, <mask> was ruled out for six to eight weeks with a tear of the ulnar collateral ligament in his left elbow. <mask> made his season debut on November 15, 2017, scoring 16 points in 32 minutes as a starter in a 115–107 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers. A week later, <mask> left the Hornets' game against the Washington Wizards in the second quarter with a left elbow contusion and did not return. On January 31, 2018, he had 10 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 123–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On March 10, 2018, he recorded 29 points, 12 rebounds and seven assists in a 122–115 win over the Phoenix Suns. Five days later, he recorded a career-high 16 assists to go with 10 points and 10 rebounds in a 129–117 win over the Hawks. On October 24, 2019, <mask> was sidelined for two to three weeks due to an avulsion fracture on the third finger of his left hand.<mask> found out he was waived by the Hornets, on Twitter, on November 29, 2020. Los Angeles Clippers (2020–present)
On December 1, 2020, after clearing waivers, <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. In a game against the Brooklyn Nets, Batum had 21 points and 6 rebounds in a loss. On August 13, 2021, <mask> re-signed with the Clippers. Player profile
Lanky and agile, <mask> is regarded as a highly skilled defensive player and one of the NBA's best executors of the chase-down block. Growing up in Pont-l'Évêque, Normandy, the lanky Batum was among the tallest boys of his age group and began his basketball career as a center. Inspiration had been drawn from NBA shot-blocking specialist Dikembe Mutombo, known for theatrically wagging his finger after rejections — an affectation which Batum emulated.<mask> noted in a 2013 interview with the Portland Oregonian that, as he got older, he was moved from the low post to the wing, where he was no longer able to make the face-up block, a signature component of his game. "I couldn't block it like I used to when I played inside, so when I would see a guy going down the court on a fast break, I used to run behind him and get the block". The chase-down block thus became a fundamental part of <mask>'s game and was a skill brought with him to the NBA. Through March 2013, only two players in the 2012–13 season who did not play center or power forward had performed more blocks than Batum — Josh Smith and Kevin Durant. On May 31, 2021, <mask> started for Los Angeles Clippers as a center of the lineup against Dallas Mavericks in game four of the 2021 NBA playoffs. National team career

2012 Summer Olympics
Batum played for the senior men's French national basketball team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Late in a 66–59 quarterfinal loss to Spain, a frustrated Batum punched Spanish player Juan Carlos Navarro in the groin.After the game, <mask> said, "I wanted to give him a good reason to flop." <mask> later apologized on Twitter, writing, "I showed a bad image of France and myself. and the city of Portland Oregon. Congrats to team Spain." 2014 FIBA World Cup
<mask> was a member of the French national team that finished third-place in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, becoming the first French team to win a medal in a FIBA Basketball World Cup competition. In the final two games he averaged 31.0 points and was subsequently named to the all-tournament team. 2020 Summer Olympics
<mask> blocked Klemen Prepelič at the last second of the 2020 Olympics semi final giving victory to France.France eventually lost the final 82–87 to the United States. Rudy Gobert stated that <mask>'s game-saving play was one of the best blocks he had ever seen. His block was ranked as one the unforgettable moments of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Richard died during a game in 1991 after suffering an aneurysm. <mask>, at only 2 1/2 years old, and his mother were in the crowd to witness Richard’s death. Batum has a younger sister named Pauline. In March 2017, Batum became a shareholder in Infinity Nine Sports, the company owned by Tony Parker, which runs French basketball club ASVEL Basket, and took over the position as director of basketball operations at ASVEL.See also
 List of European basketball players in the United States

References

External links

 <mask> at euroleague.net
 <mask> at fiba.com

1988 births
Living people
2010 FIBA World Championship players
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Black French sportspeople
Charlotte Hornets players
French expatriate basketball people in the United States
French men's basketball players
French sportspeople of Cameroonian descent
Houston Rockets draft picks
Le Mans Sarthe Basket players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
National Basketball Association players from France
Olympic basketball players of France
Olympic medalists in basketball
Olympic silver medalists for France
People from Lisieux
Portland Trail Blazers players
Shooting guards
SLUC Nancy Basket players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Calvados (department)

masks:
Nicolas Batum
Nicolas
Nicolas Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Batum
Nicolas
Nicolas Batum
Nicolas Batum


title: William T. Greenough

texts:
<mask> (October 11, 1944 – December 18, 2013) was a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. <mask> was a pioneer in studies of neural development and brain plasticity. He studied learning and memory and the brain's responses to environmental enrichment, exercise,  injury, and aging. He demonstrated that the brain continues to form new synaptic connections between nerve cells throughout life in  response to environmental enrichment and  learning. This mechanism is fundamental to learning and memory storage in the brain. <mask> is regarded as the predominant researcher in this area and has been described as "one of the towering figures in neuroscience". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 10, 1944.He later lived in Gearhart, Oregon and Seaside, Oregon. In 1964, at age 19, he completed an undergraduate degree in psychology at the University of Oregon. He earned his master's degree from the  University of California, Los Angeles in 1966 and his Ph.D. in psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969. His thesis title was Pharmacological and Biochemical Studies on Learning Performance as a Function of Post-Weaning Environment in Rats. <mask> then joined the faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as an assistant professor, becoming a full professor in 1978. He chaired the psychology committee that helped to form the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at Illinois and became one of the Beckman Institute's first two half-time associate directors in the fall of 1987. He served as director of the Beckman Institute's Neuroscience Program from 1997–2000.In 1998, <mask> was appointed to the Swanlund Endowed Chair in psychology. During his career, <mask> held a broad range of faculty appointments including psychology, psychiatry, bioengineering, cell and structural biology, and molecular and integrative physiology. He became interim director of the Center for Advanced Study in 2000, and was appointed  its director in 2001. He retired in 2009, becoming professor emeritus. <mask> was also active nationally, and lobbied the United States Congress to support academic research. In 2007,  he co-edited Defining values for research and technology : the university's changing role, based on a lecture series that began at Illinois in 2000. The book examines the history of research funding at American universities and the ways in which federal policy had changed.A shift from public to private sources of funding caused new challenges for universities, financially, strategically, and ethically. Research
Prior to <mask>'s work, the prevalent belief was that the structure of the brain was determined very early in life and did not change substantially other than to degenerate as a result of damage due to injury, illness, or aging. It was believed that synapses were formed early in brain development, and that once the initial structure of the brain was formed, no further synapse formation occurred. The brain was believed to be an anatomically static structure and memories were believed to result from synaptic activity within a fixed nervous system. According to this view, what you were born with determined your potential for the rest of your life. This view of brain structure, neural activity, and learning was completely overturned by <mask>'s research. <mask> initially worked with mice and rat models, later studying primates and humans.His studies demonstrated that fundamental physical changes occurred in neurons in the brain in response to stimulating environments. At the most basic cellular level, the brains of rats that lived in stimulating environments developed more synapses than those that did not. He went on to demonstrate that new synapses were formed as a result of activities that involved learning, not just increased activity. Moreover, changes occurred in areas of the brain that were associated with the performance of specific learned tasks. Observed changes in learning, memory, and synapse formation persisted after training. Learning and memory formation were therefore fundamentally related to ongoing synapse formation. The result of <mask>'s work has been a new model of brain 'plasticity' in which long-term memories are formed at a structural level in the brain as part of lifelong processes of learning.<mask> went on to study the mechanisms by which such changes occur. He has carried out pioneering studies of synaptic mechanisms in the developing brain and endocrine modulation during brain development. He has integrated theories of developmental and adult learning into a unified model. According to this model, synapses are produced early in development that are experience-expectant. They are believed to incorporate environmental aspects  that have been encountered reliably as the species has evolved. Such synapses have developed to collect types of information relevant to the ordinary experience of creatures of a species. In contrast, synapses developing later in life are described as experience-dependent, and are believed to form in response to experiences that result in memories.In addition to neurons, <mask> has reported sensitivity to experience in astrocytes and vasculature, studying processes within the brain including angiogenesis, myelination, the hypertrophy of astrocytic glial cells and the astrocyte ensheathment of neurons. Another researcher describes these processes as "cellular transactions that drive coordinated structural changes in neurons, glia, and blood vessels", essential to understanding the working of long-term memory. By studying Fragile X syndrome, which is the  most common form of mental retardation to be genetically inherited, as well as other genetic conditions, <mask> has learned about how the brain can malfunction as well as function. Studies of mice with Fragile X syndrome link the condition to the absence of the protein FMRP. <mask>'s lab identifies FMRP as a regulator protein affecting between 80 and 200 other proteins in the brain. In summary, <mask>'s central contribution was the demonstration that brain development is influenced throughout life by factors such as the environment, exercise and lifelong learning. <mask> used and sometimes introduced a variety of techniques to study neuroanatomy and neural plasticity, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, electrophysiological studies and molecular approaches.<mask>'s work is influential in developmental psychology, studies of brain aging and brain damage, learning and memory, neurology, psychiatry, and audiology. Awards and honors
 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2006
 Fellow, American Psychological Association (APA), 1993
 Member, National Academy of Sciences, elected 1992
 Fellow, American Psychological Society (APS, now the Association for Psychological Science), 1990
 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1985
 Award for Distinguished Scientific Contribution, Society for Research in Child Development, 2003
 Distinguished Scientific Contribution award, American Psychological Association, 1998/1999
 Fragile X Foundation <mask> Rosen Award for Outstanding Research, 1998
 William James Fellow Award, Association for Psychological Science, 1996
 Oakley-Kunde Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Education, 1997
 MERIT Award, National Institute of Mental Health, 1989
 University Scholar of the University of Illinois, 1985–1988

Death
<mask> suffered from Lewy body dementia and died on December 18, 2013, in Seattle, Washington. References

External links

 <mask>. <mask> Papers, 1968–2010 | University of Illinois Archives

1944 births
2013 deaths
Educators from Seattle
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Oregon alumni
20th-century American scientists
American psychologists
American neuroscientists
Scientists from Seattle
People from Clatsop County, Oregon

masks:
William Tallant Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
William Greenough
Career Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
Greenough
William
Greenough
William T
Greenough