title: Gareth Roberts (writer)

texts:
<mask> (born 5 June 1968) is a British television screenwriter and novelist, best known for his work related to the science-fiction television series Doctor Who. He has also worked on various comedy series and soap operas. Early life
<mask> studied drama at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester) and Liverpool Polytechnic (now Liverpool John Moores University). He has also worked as a clerk at the Court of Appeal. Career
<mask> has worked on some of the most popular British soap operas, including Channel 4's now-defunct Brookside as a scriptwriter (1999–2003), and as a story associate on ITV's Coronation Street in 1997. In 1998 he worked as a script editor on ITV's other long-running soap, Emmerdale, moving across to write several episodes himself the following year. Doctor Who and others
During the 1990s, <mask> was associated with the range of Doctor Who spin-off novels published by Virgin Books.He contributed several novels to both their New Adventures and Missing Adventures ranges of Doctor Who fiction. He also wrote some Cracker novelisations for Virgin, and a gay erotic novel named The Velvet Web under the pseudonym Christopher Summerisle, the title of which also happened to be an episode of the Doctor Who serial The Keys of Marinus. He continued his association with Doctor Who in the 2000s, penning several feature articles and comic strips for Doctor Who Magazine, co-writing audio plays and short stories based on the series with Clayton Hickman for Big Finish Productions, and in 2005 writing another Doctor Who novel, Only Human, based on the characters from the new series launched that year, for BBC Books' New Series Adventures range. A further novel, I am a Dalek, was released in 2006 and featured the Tenth Doctor. I am a Dalek is part of a Government "Quick Reads initiative". He also co-wrote The New Gods with Rebecca Levene, the first Tomorrow People audio drama for Big Finish. <mask> appeared as a contributor to the documentary Serial Thrillers, exploring the popular Philip Hinchcliffe era of Doctor Who between 1975 and 1977, which featured as an extra on the 2004 DVD release of the serial Pyramids of Mars.On 25 December 2005 a special 'interactive' mini-episode of Doctor Who written by <mask>, Attack of the Graske, was broadcast, and can now be accessed on the BBC website (only available to UK Broadband Users). <mask> also wrote a series of "TARDISODEs", short videos available online and via mobile phones promoting the 2006 series of Doctor Who. He has written four full episodes of Doctor Who, "The Shakespeare Code" in 2007, "The Unicorn and the Wasp" in 2008, "The Lodger" in 2010 and "Closing Time" in 2011. He co-wrote 2014's "The Caretaker" with show runner Steven Moffat. <mask> also co-wrote, with Russell T Davies, "Invasion of the Bane", the pilot episode of the Doctor Who spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures. He wrote two two-part stories for the full series of The Sarah Jane Adventures, which began broadcasting in the autumn of 2007, and another two two-part stories for the 2008 series. <mask> co-wrote with Davies again for the second of the 2009 specials of Doctor Who, "Planet of the Dead".<mask> has also written a novelisation of Shada, the uncompleted Tom Baker (Fourth Doctor) story written by Douglas Adams, that was due to be the finale of season seventeen of Doctor Who in 1979 before it was abandoned due to industrial action. The book was published by BBC Books on 15 March 2012. Other work
In comedy, <mask> has worked in collaboration with The Fast Show writer and performer Charlie Higson on the sitcom Swiss Toni, a spin-off from The Fast Show. He also collaborated with Higson on scripts for the second series of Randall and Hopkirk for BBC One in 2001. He would reteam with Higson for the superhero-style series Jekyll & Hyde, based on the novel. It was not renewed for a second series. <mask> has also contributed sketches to the Channel Five sketch show Swinging, and wrote for the fantasy series The Librarians.<mask> and Gary Russell wrote Virgin Books' episode guide to The Simpsons, I Can't Believe It's an Unofficial Simpsons Guide (1997), under the pseudonyms Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood. Text from the book's expanded edition, I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide (2000), was subsequently published on the BBC website's Cult TV section. Transgender controversy

On 3 September 2017, <mask> posted on his Twitter account, "I [love] how trannies choose names like Munroe, Paris and Chelsea. It's never Julie or Bev is it?" Later that same day he wrote "It's almost like a clueless gayboy's idea of a glamorous lady. But of course it's definitely not that." These comments were condemned by some Twitter users.In June 2019, it was leaked that <mask>' contribution for a Doctor Who short story collection had been dropped due to his previous tweets, as well as the threat from other writers to withdraw their contributions. <mask> responded with a blog post on Medium in which he stated: "I don’t believe in gender identity. It is impossible for a person to change their biological sex." Personal life
<mask> is gay. Bibliography

Books
 The Highest Science (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1993)
 Tragedy Day (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1994)
 Zamper (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1995)
 The Romance of Crime (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1995)
 To be a Somebody (Cracker novelisation, 1996)
 Best Boys (Cracker novelisation, 1996)
 The English Way of Death (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1996)
 The Plotters (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1996)
 The Well-Mannered War (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1997)
 Only Human (Doctor Who New Series Adventure, 2005)
 I am a Dalek (Doctor Who New Series Adventure, 2006)
 Shada: The Lost Adventure by Douglas Adams (Doctor Who Novelisation. 2012)

Short stories
Short stories in:
 Decalog 2: Lost Property (1995)
 Decalog 3: Consequences (1996)
 More Short Trips (1999)
 Short Trips and Sidesteps (2000)
 Short Trips: The Muses (2003)
 Doctor Who Annual 2006 (2005)
 The Doctor Who Storybook 2007 (2006)

Television scripts

References

External links

 Disposable Media Issue 9 Interview
 BBC Books to publish novelisation of Douglas Adams' Shada
 SFX interview about adapting "Shada"

1968 births
Living people
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
Alumni of the University of Winchester
British soap opera writers
British television writers
British male screenwriters
British science fiction writers
English television writers
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English soap opera writers
British gay writers
LGBT screenwriters
LGBT writers from England
Writers of Doctor Who novels
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
British male television writers

masks:
Gareth John Pritchard Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Gareth Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts


title: Shawn Landres

type: original

texts:
J<mask> (born 1972 in Los Angeles, California) is a social entrepreneur and independent scholar, and local civic leader, known for applied research related to charitable giving and faith-based social innovation and community development, as well as for innovation in government and civic engagement. The Jewish Daily Forward named <mask> to its annual list of the 50 most influential American Jews in 2009. He is the co-founder of Jumpstart, a nonprofit philanthropic research organization,. A co-founder (with Rabbi Lawrence A. Hoffman) of Synagogue 3000's Synagogue Studies Institute, <mask> is credited with creating the term "Jewish Emergent," which describes new spiritual Jewish communities that have an institutional dynamic in which "relationship, not contract or program, is the driving metaphor;” the term “Jewish Emergent” reflects similarities in organizing philosophy with a parallel movement in the Christian church. A 2007 report Landres co-authored with sociologist Steven M. Cohen and others linked Jewish Emergent communities to social networking rather than institutional structures. They argued that "Jewish Emergent" encompasses both the independent minyan movement (which was supported by Synagogue 3000) and so-called "rabbi-led emergent" communities such as IKAR and Kavana Cooperative. In 2006, Landres co-convened the first gathering of Emergent church and "Jewish Emergent" leaders in a meeting co-led by theologian Tony Jones, who recounted the episode in one of his books.In 2016, a network of rabbi-led emergent communities established the Jewish Emergent Network, crediting <mask> for coining the concept behind its name. <mask> worked with the White House during the Presidency of Barack Obama on Jewish affairs and issues related to faith-based social enterprise. In July 2012, the Obama White House invited <mask>, representing Jumpstart, to speak as a "spotlight innovator" at its Faith-Based Social Innovators Conference. In 2013 <mask> was awarded the Liberty Hill Foundation’s NextGen Leadership Award. [31] The Southern California Leadership Network (a program of the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce) named him as one of its 30th anniversary “30-in-30” alumni honorees in 2017. In 2013-14, <mask> chaired the research team and co-authored five of Jumpstart’s six Connected to Give reports, which “map[ped] the landscape of charitable giving by Americans of different faith traditions.” Connected to Give was credited by Indiana University as a “breakthrough finding” distinguishing giving to religious congregations and giving to “religiously identified organizations.” and has continued to be cited in research reports on philanthropy.. In 2016 <mask> co-authored “The Generosity Gap: Donating Less in Post-Recession Los Angeles County” for the California Community Foundation and the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, described as a model for research on locally focused giving

<mask> chaired the Los Angeles County Quality and Productivity Commission from 2017 to 2019[35].In 2018, <mask> was appointed to the City of Santa Monica Planning Commission and chaired it in 2020-2021. He has stated his opposition to medium-term housing for non-residents. However, as a commissioner and as chair while the City of Santa Monica was updating its required Housing Element in response to its Regional Housing Needs Assessment allocation, <mask> took positions generally favoring increasing residential density, including in single-family neighborhoods    Prior to his planning commission appointment, <mask> had chaired the City of Santa Monica’s Social Services Commission,[32] where he focused on homelessness and on accounting for social services in land-use planning. He is a member of the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District Financial Oversight Committee. and co-chaired a 2018 bond measure campaign for SMMUSD facilities, which passed despite opposition from homeowners and renters concerned about increased taxes and fees. Previously he chaired the Santa Monica Public Library’s Innovation Technology Task Force. UCLA’s Luskin School of Public Affairs appointed him as a Civil Society Fellow in 2015 and as a Senior Fellow in 2016.He serves on the board of directors of the Santa Monica Bay Area Human Relations Council  and was a founding organizing committee member of Jews  United for Democracy and Justice, formed in response to "rising threats to religious tolerance, equal rights, a free and fair press, human dignity, and long-held norms of decency and civil society." In 2019 <mask> initiated the idea for CIVruta, a Los Angeles-based training initiative aimed at “encouraging and equipping [community leaders from different backgrounds] to bring the Jewishly informed democratic values of diversity, inclusion, and dignity to service on local boards and commissions.” It was awarded the Lippman Kanfer Prize for Applied Jewish Wisdom funded by the Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah (created by the founders of Gojo Industries) and the Democracy Fund. During the COVID pandemic, <mask> has served on the County of Los Angeles Prosper LA Working Group, helping oversee a National Association of Counties Achievement Award-winning initiative to “streamline the County’s contracting process, assist businesses, and identify potential cost-savings to County operations.”. <mask> also serves on the City of Santa Monica Economic Recovery Task Force. In November 2020 and April 2021  <mask> published two syndicated op-eds calling for reform of California’s Brown Act to enable remote participation by the public in local government. He has advocated for public participation reform and for increased public access to government decision-making. <mask> graduated from Columbia University in 1994 and received a master's degrees from Oxford in Social Anthropology and the University of California, Santa Barbara, in Religious Studies, as well as a Doctorate in Religious Studies from the University of California, Santa Barbara.<mask>' work on ethnographic methodology has been cited in handbooks for the study of the sociology of religion. In 2004, <mask> took a public role in shaping the interreligious response to the film The Passion of the Christ. Bill Clinton has identified him as the "young man" who suggested "Don't Stop" as the future president's 1992 campaign theme song. Books
<mask>'s books include:
Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion (edited with James Spickard and Meredith Mcguire, New York University Press, 2002)
After the Passion is Gone: American Religious Consequences (edited with Michael Berenbaum, AltaMira Press, 2004)
Religion, Violence, Memory and Place (edited with Oren Baruch Stier, Indiana University Press, 2006)

See also
 Emerging church
 Independent minyan
 Jumpstart (Jewish)

References

External links
 Jumpstart website

American social sciences writers
American religious writers
Jewish American writers
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Columbia College (New York) alumni
1972 births
Living people
Writers from Santa Monica, California
People from Los Angeles
21st-century American Jews

masks:
. Shawn Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres
Landres


title: Martin O'Donnell

texts:
<mask>'Donnell (born May 1, 1955) is an American composer known for his work on video game developer Bungie's series, such as Myth, Oni, Halo, and Destiny. O'Donnell collaborated with his musical colleague Michael Salvatori for many of the scores; he has also directed voice talent and sound design for the Halo trilogy. O'Donnell was Bungie's audio lead until April 11, 2014. O'Donnell began his career in music writing television and radio jingles such as the Flintstones Vitamins jingle and scoring for radio stations and films. O'Donnell moved to composing video game music when his company, TotalAudio, did the sound design for the 1997 title Riven. After producing the music for Myth II, Bungie contracted O'Donnell to work on their other projects, including Oni and the project that would become Halo: Combat Evolved. O'Donnell ended up joining the Bungie staff only ten days before the studio was bought by Microsoft, and would be the audio director for all Bungie projects until he was fired.O'Donnell's score to the Halo trilogy has received critical acclaim, earning him several awards, and the commercial soundtrack release of the music to Halo 2 was the best-selling video game soundtrack of all time in the United States. He went on to compose the scores for Halo 3 (2007), Halo 3: ODST (2009), and Halo: Reach (2010). His final work for Bungie was composing music for the 2014 video game Destiny that went unused. He successfully sued Bungie for firing him from the company due to unpaid wages. Subsequently, he co-founded Highwire Games and composed the score for their debut virtual reality game Golem, which was released in late 2019. Early life and career

O'Donnell describes his upbringing as "typical"; he received piano lessons and wanted to start a rock band when he reached junior high school. His father made films while his mother taught piano.Despite his interest in progressive and fusion rock, O'Donnell studied the classical component of music and composition at Wheaton College Conservatory of Music and received his Masters of Music Degree in composition with honors from the University of Southern California in the early 1980s. After getting his degree, O'Donnell moved to Chicago, where he expected that he would teach at the American Conservatory of Music. The job fell through, and instead he worked as a grip in the film and television business. O'Donnell began his musical career in the field after one of his colleagues who knew of his music background approached him to write for his film. O'Donnell talked to his friend Michael Salvatori, who had his own recording studio, and offered to split the profits from the job with him; the two became constant partners. After completing a film score and a few commercials, the two decided to quit their day jobs and produce music in Chicago; they founded a production company, TotalAudio. O'Donnell composed the music for jingles for Mr. Clean and Flintstones Vitamins.After fifteen years of composing for TV and radio commercials, he decided that he wanted to work on game soundtracks and move on from commercial-sounding music. "I was hoping to find some other medium that would be new and cutting-edge and sort of the Wild West," he recalled. Video games

In 1993, Dick Staub, a Chicago radio personality and friend of O'Donnell's, asked if his eighteen-year-old son Josh could visit O'Donnell's studio, as he was interested in computer games and audio. O'Donnell agreed, and in talking with Josh learned that he had friends in Spokane, Washington who were making a game O'Donnell had never heard of called Myst. In hearing the theme music to the game, O'Donnell realized that the game industry was making great strides in creating "legitimate music" that contained dramatic elements. O'Donnell became acquainted with the game's developers, including brothers Rand and Robyn Miller, and was hired four years later  as a sound designer for Mysts sequel,  Riven. Among the games Rivens developers would play in their downtime was a title called Marathon, created by Chicago-based Bungie.On returning to Chicago O'Donnell emailed a Bungie staffer and pursued them for a job. TotalAudio produced the music for Bungie's Myth: The Fallen Lords the same year. The company later composed the music for Valkyrie Studio's Septerra Core: Legacy of the Creator, during which O'Donnell met Steve Downes, whom he would later recommend as the voice actor for the Master Chief. O'Donnell described the work for Septerra Core as his most difficult assignment; during the production the TotalAudio studio burned to the ground and O'Donnell had to be hoisted through a window in order to save some 20 hours of recordings. Soon after producing the music for Myth II, Bungie contracted O'Donnell for several of Bungie's other projects, including the third-person game Oni. In 1999, Bungie wanted to re-negotiate the contracts for Oni, and the negotiations resulted in O'Donnell joining the Bungie team, only ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft. O'Donnell was one of only a handful of Bungie employees who remained working at the company since then, until his termination as of April 2014.While O'Donnell worked at Bungie, Salvatori handled the business side of TotalAudio. Halo series

After producing the music for Oni, O'Donnell was tasked with composing the music for Bungie's next project, which would be unveiled at E3 2000. After talking with Joseph Staten, O'Donnell decided the music needed to be "big, exciting, and unusual with a classical orchestra touch to give it some weight and stature. We also wanted it to have some sort of 'ancient' feel to it." O'Donnell came up with the idea of opening the piece with gregorian chant and jotted down the melody in his car. Because he did not know how long the presentation would be, O'Donnell created "smushy" opening and closing sections that could be expanded or cut as time required to back up a rhythmic middle section. The music was recorded and sent to New York the same night the piece was finished; the resulting music became the basis for the Halo series' "highly recognizable" signature sound, and what has been called one of the best-known video game themes.The use of the chant in the main theme has been credited with contributing to popular interest in the genre. Halos music used an interactive engine to change music in response to player's actions; this non-linear method has since become widespread. The scores for Halo and its sequel Halo 2 garnered awards such as The Game Developers Choice Award and Best Original Video Game Soundtrack from Rolling Stone. The music for Halo 3 contained refinements and revisions to previous themes heard in the series, as O'Donnell stressed the importance of using previous motifs in the final installment of the trilogy; the composer wanted to "blow out" the epic sounds from the first game. O'Donnell also introduced a distinctive piano theme which had never been heard before, and first made its appearance in the Halo 3 announcement teaser. In an interview, O'Donnell stated that he has always approached music from the keyboard, and that at the Electronic Entertainment Expo—where the trailer would first be shown—he had a feeling that, "no [other announcement] would start with a piano." O'Donnell planned on composing the music "at the last minute", saying he had no intention of producing a large amount of music that would never be used."It drives everyone crazy but it worked for me in the past and it works for the game in the best way. Writing music before the end just doesn't work for me," he said. For Halo 3: ODST, a planned expansion to Halo 3 that became a full game, O'Donnell and Salvatori abandoned all previous Halo themes and started anew. Due to ODST'''s shift to a new protagonist, O'Donnell created new music that was evocative of past Halo but branched in a different direction. Since Bungie was aiming for a smaller, detective story feel, O'Donnell felt that a jazz-influenced approach worked best in echoing the film noir atmosphere. In creating music for Halo: Reach, a prequel to Combat Evolved, O'Donnell wanted to create music with a "grittier" feel because of the dark nature of the story. Reach was Bungie's last Halo project.O'Donnell called the prospect of writing new music both a challenge and a relief to step away from the iconic themes of Halo. In 2015, music from the Halo series was voted by listeners into the Classic FM Hall of Fame for the first time, reaching position 244. Destiny and post-Bungie

In 2013, O'Donnell began composition of an eight-movement symphonic suite entitled Music of the Spheres. Collaborating with Paul McCartney as well as Michael Salvatori and C. Paul Johnson, the symphony contained music to be implemented in the 2014 video game, Destiny, as well as any future installments of the franchise. On April 11, 2014, O'Donnell announced via Twitter he had been fired from Bungie "without cause". In June 2014, he filed a lawsuit against Bungie president Harold Ryan, claiming he was terminated without cause and that Ryan withheld pay for vacation and sabbatical time. In a response filed in Washington's Superior Court, Ryan denied wrongdoing.The suit was settled in June 2014, with a final arbitration ruling decided September 4, 2015, in which the court stated that "[...]Bungie breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing when it caused the closure of O'Donnell's stock and denied him any participation in the Profit Participation Plan". At the 2015 D.I.C.E. awards, Destiny was awarded Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design. In 2015, O'Donnell founded video game development studio Highwire Games. He worked on the soundtrack to their debut game Golem, a VR game which was released on November 15, 2019. A musical prequel album to the game, Echoes of the First Dreamer (The Musical Prequel to Golem) was released by video game music label Materia Collective. Selected music projects for video games

Collections
O'Donnell's music has been packaged into several soundtrack collections.For Halos music, O'Donnell created "frozen" arrangements that represented an approximation of a play-through of the games. The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40,000 copies, and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2. The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers, with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best-selling game soundtrack of all time in the United States. The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered. The Halo 3 Original Soundtrack was released in November 2007, and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O'Donnell, Rodgers, and others. All of O'Donnell's work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy—The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008, alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy. The music to Halo 3: ODST was released as a two-disc set to coincide with the game's release on September 22, 2009.Reachs soundtrack was available in digital formats the same day as the game's release on September 14, 2010; the physical two-disc soundtrack was released September 28, 2010. On September 26, 2014 O'Donnell's soundtrack to Bungie's first installment of the Destiny franchise was released, shortly before his termination from the company. Composition

O'Donnell has used an Apple Macintosh computer for composition. In an interview O'Donnell wished that his software would easily upgrade to newer revisions; "for the last twenty years of technology, every time a 'new' version of something comes out, the old version gets trashed and I find myself unable to do something that I used to depend on," he said. O'Donnell was involved in the implementation of his music as well as the composition, and was Bungie's Audio lead. He composed at Bungie from a sound-proofed room in the corner of Bungie's office, dubbed the "Ivory Tower". O'Donnell said in an interview that he feels that one problem with games is those that play music non-stop, which he feels detracts from the overall impact.Composers are forced to either write ambient music, he says, or very light music that is not emotionally driven, which he said is a detriment. O'Donnell prefers to write music towards the end of the development cycle, because he would rather score the final timing for things like cinematics and gameplay changes. O'Donnell credits part of the success of the Halo theme to his background writing jingles. For that music, O'Donnell had to make sure he could write music that would "get in people's heads" after 15 to 30 seconds. O'Donnell pushed Bungie to spend money on hiring singers and musicians to record the theme before Macworld as a way to present a strong showing. Among the video game composers O'Donnell admires are Jeremy Soule, Jason Hayes, Koji Kondo, and Nobuo Uematsu, but he notes that he is older than most fellow game composers and that he was not directly influenced by them. Instead classical music by Beethoven, Brahms, and Barber and progressive rock groups like Jethro Tull and Genesis informed O'Donnell's taste and works.In addition to composition, O'Donnell also arranges his work. He created a special arrangement that was used for a Halo 3 segment of Video Games Live in London, after which O'Donnell appeared. He has also appeared with and without Salvatori at other shows featuring his music, including later Video Games Live tours and Play! A Video Game Symphony. Personal life
O'Donnell has been married for more than 30 years to his wife, Marcie, and has two daughters, Alison and Christine. His children were part of a singing choir for the Flintstones Chewable Vitamins commercial jingle O'Donnell composed. His father did voice work for Myth as the "Surly Dwarf", as well as "The Prophet of Objection" in Halo 2''.O'Donnell is a self-described political conservative, and Bungie coworkers described him as the most right-leaning employee at the company. Despite his extensive work with Bungie, O'Donnell remained co-owner and president of TotalAudio. References

External links

1955 births
Bungie
Halo (franchise) music
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sound designers
Thornton School of Music alumni
Video game composers
American voice directors
Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni


title: Friedrich Wehmer

texts:
<mask> (born Plate 25 December 1885: died Schwerin 7 February 1964) was a regional politician in Germany during the Weimar period and a national politician in the German Democratic Republic after the war. Life

Early years
<mask> was born during the closing years of the Bismarck era, near Schwerin, in the coastal region of central northern Germany. His father worked in forestry and in brick making. Wehmer was schooled locally between 1892 and 1900, and then trained for farm work till 1903. From then on he was employed intermittently by the Buchholz Forestry Office till 1941. In parallel to that, between 1912 and 1955 he worked a small holding on his own account as a tenant farmer. Military service and politics
From 1905 till 1907 he undertook his military service, and was then called up in 1914 when the war began, serving in the army till 1918.After the war he began to take an interest in politics. In the revolutionary year of 1918 he joined a Workers' and Soldiers' Council. He returned to Plate and became chairman of his Forestry Office. In February 1919 he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD / Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). Later that year he also joined the Agricultural Workers' Union. In October 1919 Wehmer was elected mayor of Plate. He would retain that position till 1933.In 1920 he also became a member of the SPD group in the  regional assembly (Landtag) for the Mecklenburg-Schwerin district. Again, he retained the position till 1933, becoming in 1923 the leader of the SPD group in the chamber. In connection with his political work <mask> also served as Chairman of the regional "Krankenkasse" (state mandated health insurance provider). He was a member of the Mecklenburg-Schwein region Agriculture Chamber of Commerce and for the Agricultural Tribunal. Nazi Germany and the aftermath
In January 1933 the NSDAP (Nazi party) seized power and moved fast to create a one-party state. As a member of the SPD <mask>er was, from the government's point of view, a member of the wrong party and he was relieved of all his official functions later in the year. He concentrated on forestry work, at least till 1941.After that, now aged 56, he took charge of the "Raifessen" (agricultural produce) cooperative in Plate, remaining in post till 1944. In July 1944 there was a serious (though unsuccessful) assassination attempt against Reichs Chancellor Hitler. One of the government's responses was "Operation Grill" ("Aktion Gitter") which involved rounding up and interning large numbers of suspected dissidents. Wehmer was taken into "protective custody" ("Schutzhaft") and held, locally. in the prison at Dreibergen (Bützow) till 1945. At the start of 1945 the population of Plate had stood at around 800. By August 1945 the figure had been swollen to as much as 2,400 by refugees streaming through, as part of the enforced relocation of millions of ethic Germans from parts of what had been Germany that were now controlled by the Soviet army and being integrated into Poland and the Soviet Union.Many of those passing through were sick and had lost children and parents. There was a desperate shortage of food and shelter. In political terms, although the entire region would end up in the Soviet occupation zone, when the fighting stopped in May 1945 Plate found itself at the meeting point of the American and Soviet forces. In the summer of 1945 typhoid was rife. Into all this, on 16 August 1945, <mask>, recently released from prison, was returned by the occupation forces to the position of mayor from which he had been removed by the Nazis twelve years earlier. In October 1945 the local school was reopened, with just one classroom for 223 pupils and hardly any books:  teaching took place in shifts. Postwar local politics
As soon as it became legal to do so, <mask> had also rejoined the SPD, re-establishing a party committee in the village of Plate and becoming its chairman.He remained mayor, this time, only till April 1946. It was probably on account of his extensive experience with agriculture and the politics of land holding, and also because of his work as a regional deputy during the Weimar years that in September 1945 he was called upon to join the newly formed national Land Commission for the roll-out of land reform across the Soviet occupation zone, which was now in the process of mutating into the German Democratic Republic, under Walter Ulbricht with the backing of the Soviet military. At the same time, now no longer being the local mayor, he involved himself in the newly formed Peasants Mutual Aid Association (VdgB / Vereinigung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe). In April 1946, following the forced merger in East Germany of the SPD (party) with the old KPD (Communist party), Wehmer became a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands). Wehmer acted as the regional secretary of the VdgB from May 1946. In October 1946 he was elected to the regional assembly (Landtag) as a member of the VdgB. The VdgB was not, and never became, a conventional political party, but under the political system unfolding in the Soviet occupation zone it was one of the mass movements entitled to have members elected (or, later, nominated) to sit in regional and national assemblies.By this time he was already an executive committee member of the Landtag's Advisory Assembly. He continued as a member of the regional assembly till 1950. The Assembly itself limped on for only another two years before being abolished under a sweeping downgrade of local government institutions in 1952. From 1947 till 1950, along with his work in the regional assembly, he was the Chairman of the regional Ececutive of the VdgB in Mecklenburg. In November 1947 he was also voted on to the VdgB Central (i.e. national) Committee as a deputy Chairman. National politics
Wehmer was part of the German People's Council (Volksrat) and the People's Chamber (National Assembly / Volkskammer) which succeeded it in 1949, and from October 1950 till 1963 he was the Section leader of the VdgB group and comrade organisations.The National assembly was controlled (and its membership dominated) by the ruling SED party, but the presence in the National Assembly of members representing officially sanctioned mass organisations, including the VdgB, gave the assembly a greater measure of plurality. Between 1950 and 1958 he was also deputy chairman of the Volkskammer's Clemency Committee (Gnadenausschuss). In November 1950 he was elected to the chairmanship of the VdgB Central committee, a position he retained till his death in 1964. He was also, between June 1954 and his death, a member of the Central Committee of the ruling SED (party). Awards and honours
 Master Builder (1951)
 Patriotic Order of Merit in Silver (1954)
 Medal for Fighters Against Fascism (1958)
 Order of Karl Marx (1960)
A street has been named after him in his birth town. Reading list
 Martin Broszat and others (edited): SBZ-Handbuch: Staatliche Verwaltungen, Parteien, gesellschaftliche Organisationen und ihre Führungskräfte in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands 1945–1949. Oldenbourg, Munich 1993, page 1053.Klaus Schwabe: Zwischen Krone und Hakenkreuz. Die Tätigkeit der sozialdemokratischen Fraktion im Mecklenburg-Schwerinschen Landtag 1919–1932. Verlag A. Tykve, Böblingen 1994, page 199. Martin Schumacher: M.d.L. Das Ende der Parlamente 1933 und die Abgeordneten der Landtage und Bürgerschaften der Weimarer Republik in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Politische Verfolgung, Emigration und Ausbürgerung 1933–1945. Droste, Düsseldorf 1995, page 172.Friederike Sattler: Wirtschaftsordnung im Übergang. Politik, Organisation und Funktion der KPD/SED im Land Brandenburg bei der Etablierung der zentralen Planwirtschaft in der SBZ/DDR 1945–52. Lit, Münster 2002, page 969. Berit Olschewski: „Freunde“ im Feindesland. Rote Armee und deutsche Nachkriegsgesellschaft im ehemaligen Großherzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1945–1953. BWV Verlag, Berlin 2008, page 528. Handbuch der Volkskammer der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 3.Wahlperiode, Kongress-Verlag Berlin, 1959

References

1885 births
1964 deaths
People from Ludwigslust-Parchim
People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Peasants Mutual Aid Association members
Members of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
German military personnel of World War I
German anti-fascists
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver

masks:
Friedrich Wehmer
Friedrich Wehmer
Wehmer
Friedrich Wehm
Friedrich Wehmer
Wehmer


title: Roger Carel

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 14 August 1927 – 11 September 2020) was a French actor and voice talent, known for his recurring film roles as Asterix, the French voice of Star Wars' C-3PO, and the French voice of Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, and Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh. He has also dubbed David Suchet as Hercule Poirot in Agatha Christie's Poirot. He also voiced Wally Gator, Mickey Mouse, Yogi Bear, Fred Flintstone, Kermit the Frog, Heathcliff, Danger Mouse, Foghorn Leghorn, ALF and many other famous characters in French. He was born in Paris, France. Carel died in Aigre, Charante at 93. Filmography

Voice animation

 The Benny Hill Show (1951–1991, TV Series) as Benny Hill (French dubbing)
 Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks (1958-1961) as Pixie / Dixie (French dubbing)
 The Flintstones (1960–1966) (TV series) as Fred Flintstone (French dubbing)
 One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) as Pongo (French dubbing)
 The Yogi Bear Show (1961-1962) as Yogi Bear (2nd French dubbing)
 Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! (1983) as Olivier (French dubbing)
 Lucky Luke (1984) as Jolly Jumper
 Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1987, TV Series) as Pooh / Piglet / Rabbit (French dubbing)
 Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (1983) as C-3PO (French dubbing)
 The Right Stuff (1983) as Narrator (french dubbing)
 Heathcliff and The Catillac Cats (1984–1988, TV Series) as Heathcliff (French dubbing)
 Dumbo (1984) as Timothy Q.(1968) as Camberlin
 A Flea in Her Ear (1968) as M. Plommard
 Béru et ces dames (1968) as Maximilien Bernal dit 'Max'
 Clérambard (1969) as Le curé
 The Brain (1969) as Frankie Scannapieco (voice, uncredited)
 A Golden Widow (1969) as Aristophane Percankas – un riche armateur grec
 Et qu'ça saute! (1970) as Fedorovitch
 On est toujours trop bon avec les femmes (1971) as Frank Dillon
 Delusions of Grandeur (1971) (uncredited)
 Le Viager (1972) as La voix du speaker des actualités (voice)
 Églantine (1972) as Ernest
 Elle cause plus, elle flingue (1972) as Sammy
 Le petit poucet (1972) as Récitant / Narrator (voice)
 Les Charlots font l'Espagne (1972) as Le capitaine du grand voilier (voice, uncredited)
 Joë petit boum-boum (1973) as Bzz
 L'Heptaméron (Joyeux compères) (1973) as Maître Bornet
 The Big Store (1973) as Le commissaire priseur
 The Holes (1974) as Alberto Sopranelli, le ténor
 Le plumard en folie (1974) as La voix du lit (voice)
 Q (1974) as Récitant / Narrator (uncredited)
 Soldat Duroc, ça va être ta fête! (1975) as Oberst Strumpf
 Les grands moyens (1976) as Commissaire Honoré Compana
 La grande récré (1976) as Le pharmacien
 La grande frime (1977) as Chomer
 Dis bonjour à la dame!.. (1977) as L'inspecteur des PTT
 La Gueule de l'autre (1979) as Roland Favereau
 Les phallocrates (1980) as Le directeur de l'asile
 Jupiter's Thigh (1980) as Sacharias, le conservateur
 The Umbrella Coup (1980) as Salvatore Bozzoni
 Signé Furax (1981) as Grigor Sokolodovenko
 Le retour des bidasses en folie (1983) as Kolonel von Berg
 One Deadly Summer (1983) as Henri dit 'Henri IV'
 Le jeune marié (1983) as M. Santoni, Nina's father
 Les malheurs d'Octavie (1983) as André Perlin
 L'émir préfère les blondes (1983) as Sam Moreau
 Y a-t-il un pirate sur l'antenne? (1983) as Le commissaire Keller
 Le diable rose (1988) as General Von Goteborg
 Les Gauloises blondes (1988) as Cuchulain
 La folle journée ou Le mariage de Figaro (1989) as Don Guzman Brid'Oison
 Comédie d'amour (1989) as Le docteur
 1001 Nights (1990) as The Great Vizier
 My Man (1996) as Passerby In Hat

Bibliography

References

External links

1927 births
2020 deaths
20th-century French male actors
21st-century French male actors
French male film actors
French male television actors
French male voice actors
Male actors from Paris

masks:
Roger Carel
Roger Bancharel


title: Tony DiPreta

texts:
Anthony Louis "<mask><mask> (July 9, 1921 – June 2, 2010) was an American comic book and comic strip artist active from the 1940s Golden Age of comic books. He was the longtime successor artist of the comic strip Joe Palooka (1959–84) and drew the Rex Morgan, M.D. daily strip from 1983 until <mask>'s retirement in 2000. Early life and career
Born July 9, 1921, in Stamford, Connecticut, to a family that included brothers Joe and Leonard, <mask> grew up during the Great Depression, during which his father had little or no work and his mother sewed in a sweat shop for $7 a week. He decided while in junior high school that he would pursue an art career after reading in the local newspaper that cartoonist H. T. Webster made $50,000 a year. "I thought, 'Boy, that's a lot.' I went down and saw him, and he talked to me.Then I started drawing for my junior high school. It made me feel like I could really draw." <mask> took art classes when he attended Stamford High School. After graduating, <mask> and fellow future professionals Red Wexler and Bob Fujitani took classes at the Silvermine Guild, where the trio drew from live models. <mask> had worked for a local advertising agency while attending high school, and after a year doing that, he obtained a union job at McCalls Photo Engraving, also in Stamford. During his subsequent year at McCalls, <mask> began coloring comic books for company client Quality Comics, located a half-mile away. Separately, <mask> freelanced as a fill-in letterer for Lyman Young's newspaper comic strip Tim Tyler's Luck.<mask> recalled, "My brother Joe used to caddy [at the old Greenwich golf course]. ... Lyman Young, who did Tim Tyler's Luck, used to play there, and my brother was once lucky enough to caddy for Lyman Young. He told Lyman Young that I wanted to be a cartoonist, and Young said, 'Well, bring him down.' ... I went to see him and he said, 'Why don't you letter my strip?' But this wasn't a permanent job. He'd call me on a Saturday afternoon — when he wanted to play golf — and I'd come over and letter his strips."After seeing the portfolio samples that <mask> brought to him during a lunch hour in 1940, Quality publisher Everett M. "Busy" Arnold hired <mask> as a staff letterer for $25 per week, a wage equal to that of his now-working father's well-paying job as a defense industry worker. Under editor Ed Cronin and Cronin's assistant Gill Fox, <mask> was sent to Quality artist Lou Fine's Tudor City studio in Manhattan to observe and learn from Fine's highly regarded draftsmanship. Shortly afterward, Arnold was concerned over what he saw as Fine's undynamic storytelling, and had Fujitani and <mask> do pencil-breakdowns for a story each that Fine would finish penciling and inking; <mask>'s starred the character Uncle Sam. At some point, he studied at Columbia University and the University of Connecticut. <mask>'s first generally accepted solo art credit in comics is a one-page humor filler in publisher Quality's National Comics #8 (Feb. 1941). His first confirmable credit is a similar filler in the company's Doll Man #2 (Spring 1942). Golden Age of Comics
In 1941, <mask> visited New York City's Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics.Going on a Saturday, <mask> recalled, he nonetheless met editor-in-chief Stan Lee, who had <mask> ink a story for the humor feature "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal". <mask> recalled, "I was paid either seven bucks or eight bucks a page. The story was seven or eight pages long. However, it all worked out, I was going to get $57 for this job", which he delivered to Lee the following Saturday. "I thought, 'Hey, 25 bucks a week from Arnold is pretty good, but 57 bucks a week is better'. I decided to go freelance", and did so beginning April 1, 1941. Following that initial Timely story, <mask> drew only sporadically for the company during the 1940s due to steady work from former Quality editor Cronin, who by then was at Hillman Periodicals.DiPreta drew such Hillman humor features as "Buttons the Rabbit", "Captain Codfish", "Earl the Rich Rabbit", "Fatsy McPig", "One Wing Spin", "Skinny McGinty" (in Air Fighters Comics) and "Stupid Manny" (in Clue Comics). DiPreta concurrently drew Quality humor features, including "Blimpy" (in Feature Comics), "Windy Breeze", and "Mayor Midge" for Quality. <mask> did his first dramatic work, a war story, for editor Vin Sullivan's Columbia Comics. He also drew the lead feature, "Airboy", in at  Air Fighters Comics #7-9 (April–June 1943). Also, DiPreta occasionally drew the superheroes "Boy King" and "Zippo" — no relation to the popular brand of cigarette lighter — for Hillman's Clue Comics and "Magno" for Ace Magazines' Super-Mystery Comics, as well as a small amount of comics work for Et-Es-Go Magazines, Lev Gleason Publications, and editor Leonard B. Cole at Holyoke Publishing. DiPreta also drew public service announcement one-pagers with Airboy and Iron Ace. Afflicted by a heart murmur since age 13, <mask> was rejected for World War II military service as 4F.As the war progressed, <mask> read a newspaper article saying anyone not doing war-related work would be drafted no matter their physical condition, and at least work stateside. <mask> recalled he was re-designated 4C, although 4C is the designation for an alien or dual national. In any event, <mask> was never called into service. Post-war career

Comic books
During the 1950s, <mask> drew comic books primarily for Lev Gleason's "Little Wise Guys" kid-gang feature in that company's Daredevil (no relation to Marvel Comics'), and for anthological horror titles from Atlas Comics, Marvel's 1950s iteration. His Atlas work, the first known credit of which is also included a Western story in Texas Kid #5 (Sept. 1951), includes work in Journey into Mystery #1 (June 1952), and issues of Adventures into Terror, Adventures Into Weird Worlds, Astonishing, Marvel Tales, Menace, Mystery Tales, Strange Tales, Strange Tales of the Unusual, Uncanny Tales, and World of Fantasy. He also drew occasional stories for such Atlas crime fiction titles as Tales of Justice, war comics such as Battlefront, and, returning to humor, the sole two issues of the Casper the Friendly Ghost-like Adventures of Homer Ghost. <mask> gained some recognition in comics during the 1970s, long after he'd left the field to concentrate on comic strips, when some of his Atlas work was reprinted in the Marvel comics Beware, Chamber of Chills, Creatures on the Loose, Vault of Evil, Weird Wonder Tales, Where Monsters Dwell, and even in an issue each of the superhero series Marvel Feature and the supernatural-hero series Giant-Size Werewolf.<mask>'s 1950s horror work was also considered mature enough to appear in Marvel's black-and-white, non-Comics Code horror-comics magazines Dracula Lives, Monsters Unleashed, Tales of the Zombie, and Vampire Tales. Most reprints were faithful, though <mask>'s "Escape From Nowhere", from World of Suspense #7 (April 1957), was reprinted in Amazing Adventures #28 (Jan. 1975) minus one of its original three pages. Comic strips
In 1945, DiPreta broke into the field of syndicated newspaper comic strip art as an assistant to cartoonist Frank E. "Lank" Leonard's popular strip about a suburban beat cop, Mickey Finn. <mask> continued in that position, while concurrently drawing freelance for comic books, through 1955. In 1959, DiPreta succeeded creator Ham Fisher and first successor artist Moe Leff on the long-running boxing strip Joe Palooka. He continued on that strip, written by Jim Lawrence, Bob Gustafson, Ken Fitch, Morris Weiss, and Ed Moore, through its end in 1984. In 1983, he became the latest successor, following artists Marvin Bradley, Frank Springer, and Fernando Da Silva, of Rex Morgan, M.D., working with writer-creator Nicholas P. Dallis, also known as Dal Curtis, and Dallis' assistant, writer Woody Wilson.The strip continued after <mask>'s 2000 retirement. Fellow Stamford cartoonist Mort Walker said in 2010 that <mask> did an unspecified amount of work at some point on Walker's strip Beetle Bailey. Later career
<mask>'s last known comics credit is A.C.E. Comics' Fantastic Adventures #3 (Oct. 1987), for which he penciled and inked the cover, the four-page humor story "The Score Board Kid" (by writer Jerry DeFuccio), and "The Motor-Man On Wheels! ", a six-page DeFuccio profile of <mask> and the artist's Golden Age character Zippo. Personal life
In November 1960, <mask> married Frances, who died September 26, 2009. The couple had two sons, Richard and Edward, and a daughter, Janet.<mask> died of respiratory and cardiac arrest in Greenwich, Connecticut on June 2, 2010, aged 88. References

External links

1921 births
2010 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
Atlas Comics
Artists from Stamford, Connecticut
Deaths from respiratory failure
Marvel Comics people
American people of Italian descent
Stamford High School (Stamford, Connecticut) alumni

masks:
Tony
" DiPreta
DiPreta
Tony DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta
DiPreta


title: Florentino López Cuevillas

texts:
<mask> (November 14, 1886 – July 30, 1958) was a Spanish anthropologist and prehistorian, although in the course of his life he also became involved in writing, primarily essays and fiction. Like several other Galician intellectuals of his generation, he was a member of Xeración Nós, of the Seminar of Galician Studies and the Irmandades da Fala, combining the cultural and linguistic activities he carried out in those institutions with a discrete participation in pro-Galician politics. However, his social and political activities were profoundly disrupted by the victory of nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, although in the 1940s he returned to his commitment to the spread of Galician culture as a full member of the Royal Galician Academy, and of the Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento. Like the other members of his generation, he contributed to the maturation of Galician literature, but he was renown as a result of his efforts in the field of science. Galvanized by Hugo Obermaier's book (Impresiones de un viaje prehistórico por Galicia), Cuevillas undertook the complicated task of developing the field of archeology in Galicia with the aim of reconstructing and studying a period of history that had been hitherto forgotten. His field research, mostly directed at the study of megalithic art and the Celtic Castro culture, as well as his systematization of Galician prehistory, lead him to be crowned as the most important figure in Galicia in the field of prehistory. Indirectly, his scientific work contributed to the normalization of the Galician language.Biography
<mask> <mask>-Cuevillas was born on November 14, 1886 at 77 Progress Street, Ourense. He was the only son of don <mask> <mask>, an agent of the tax office who practiced his profession in Ourense as well as Lugo, and doña Vicenta Alonso-Cuevillas Álvarez, daughter of a famous brigadier who carried out many important military duties in Ourense and who belonged to the prestigious Seara family. Cuevillas's father's death in Lugo before his birth quickly caused his mother to  move in with her family in Ourense. From that moment on, <mask> <mask> was raised and educated by his maternal family, receiving an education few people would have been able to afford at that time. As a preschooler he attended a girls' school, which accepted very young children, and later attended the Colegio León XIII. It was at this time that he began to develop an interest in music, and he went on to learn the violin in his youth. Between 1896 and 1901 he studied at the Instituto de Orense where he was taught by teachers of great renown, such as the professor of rhetoric and poetry, Marcelo Macías.After five years of study he completed his baccalaureate studies (at the time still regulated by the Ley Moyano), and subsequently attended the University of Santiago de Compostela to study pharmacology, although he never went on to practice that profession. During the course of his college years, he displayed a great interest in literature and during this time he attended literary outings of the Ateneo León XIII as well as conferences organized by the alumni of the medical and legal departments. He was licensed in June 1906, and five years later he moved to Madrid to take classes in the social sciences. In the capital he came into contact with Otero Pedrayo, Primitivo Rodríguez Sanjurjo and Urbano Feijoo de Sotomayor, attended meetings in the Ateneo, theatrical and opera performances, and frequented social gatherings of the most famous Madrilenians of the era. In Madrid he worked as a functionary of the government, returning for brief spells to Galicia. Feeling lost in Madrid, he returned to Ourense. Upon his return to the city of his birth, he abandoned the field of pharmacology to work as a tax official.Afterwards he wed Milagros Rodríguez, which whom he had three daughters. Cuevillas's first writings were political articles and articles of literary criticism that were published in the newspaper El Miño, a newspaper which Risco also frequently contributed to. Cuevillas also contributed to other publications like  La Zarpa, El Pueblo Gallego, Diario de Orense, El Heraldo, , Faro de Vigo, La Noche and La Región. In 1917, members of a theosophical church called Roso de Luna (Rodríguez Sanjurjo, Vicente Risco y Cuevillas) decided to found the magazine La Centuria. Cuevillas was a contributor to this new literary project, with a sociopolitical slant manifesting itself more and more in his lectures and works. In the same year, and due to the influence of Antón Losada Diéguez, Cuevillas got involved in Galicianism. In addition he joined las Irmandades da Fala, and was involved in the founding of the magazine Nós as well as the Republican Nationalist Party of Ourense and he was appointed minister of the Irmandade Nazonalista Galega.In 1922 he published his first work of archeology in Nós, the article Dos nosos tempos which forms along with the works of Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco a generational manifesto of the Ourensian group. After the end of the Spanish Civil War, like many other Galician nationalists, he was forced to abandon his political activities. In 1939 he continued his archeological studies, but later as a result of worsening of rheumatism in his joints he had to abandon fieldwork and dedicated himself to the systematization of Galician prehistory. On July 7, 1941, <mask> was admitted as a full member of the Royal Galician Academy at the proposition of Ramón Otero Pedrayo, Ángel del <mask> y Alejandro Barreiro Noya. Three years later, in 1944, he was admitted to the Instituto de Estudios Padre Sarmiento. That same year he wrote Prehistoria which would become the third volume of Historia de Galiza, edited by Otero Pedrayo. On July 30, 1958 he died in his house on Santo Domingo in Ourense, as a result of a worsening of the rheumatism from which he suffered.He was interred at the Cementerio de San Francisco de Orense. At the moment of his interment, Requiem a Cuevillas, written for him by Fermín Bouza Brey, was sung. The sixth celebration of Galician Literature Day, in 1968, was dedicated to his memory. Archeological and Historical Work

Cuevillas's archeological work, which grew with the assistance of the people associated with the Museo da Comisión de Monumentos, is reflected in the study A mansión de Aquis Querquernis (1921) contained a vast amount of work on pre-Roman Galicia. In fact, it was him and his group of collaborators that began a brief excavation in the early 1920s on the site of the Roman encampment of Aquis Querquennis, discovering the wall of the encampment, although they didn't this short wall as the principle wall of the complex, and other walls of small size related to habitable structures. Cuevillas was a great scholar of the Castro culture, with his initial work on that topic appearing in the magazine Nós. The first Castro site he studied was located in the parish of San Cibrao de Las (Orense), consisting of a fortress nine hectares in area, and one of the largest sites in Galicia.The excavations, overseen at all times by Cuevillas, began in 1922 and continuing until 1925, when they came to a halt. Although the investigation lasted only three years, (in the 1940s he would resume the excavation), it served as a source of data for his works, published in Nós (which also published his Catálogo dos Castros Galegos) under the title A Edade de Ferro no Galiza. After being founded in 1923, <mask> joined the Seminario de Estudos Galegos and began to collaborate closely with Fermín Bouza Brey. Out of this professional relationship came the study and excavation of the Castro de O Neixón in 1925, the site where Cuevillas discovered the remains of a Punic aryballos that was produced in Carthaginian workshops in the Mediterranean, consequently bringing to light the existence of commercial relationships between the ancient settlers of Galicia and merchants on the edges of the Mediterranean. His work on this site formed a major part of the work  (1929). In 1927 he undertook the first archaeological journey across all of Galicia, along with Fermín Bouza Brey, through the financial support of the Comisión de Estudios de Galicia. The journey resulted in the study of archaeological sites in Sobroso and Briteiros.In 1929 Cuevillas worked with the archeologist Lluís Pericot on the excavation of the Castro de Troña, removing numerous pieces of handicrafts and coins of both Celtic and Roman origin from the complex. Furthermore, in their initial work in the area they discovered around 30 circular structures, the moat and defensive walls on the eastern side. On some occasions, Cuevillas limited himself to only the search and exploration of the Castro culture without doing any excavation in the areas in which they had settled. This is what happened in el Outeiro do Castro, a diminutive site in the parish of Canda. He, along with Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco, argued against the theory that held that there was a possibility that the ruins of the Castro culture and the dolmens were contemporaneous structures, thinking the prior were produced by a Celtic culture, and had no relation to the Stone Age. Historical study of the birth of Ourense in the Roman period
In 1934, Cuevillas carried out a historical study regarding the possible origin of Ourense, in which he considered the transportation infrastructure as a determining factor in the birth of the city. During the Roman period an imperial road of notable importance passed through the city, as well as a confluence of various secondary roads and natural passageways like the Miño, Loña and Barbaña-Barbadás rivers.The main defining idea of Cuevillas's theory was the belief that the original population nucleus in the region developed nearby As Burgas and not along the path of the Miño river, to argue for an indigenous foundation tied to the thermal springs and not to the Romans. The existence of these hot springs made Cuevillas think of them as a possible site of pilgrimage for the nearby members of the Castro culture before the Roman conquest, which lead to the appearance of small markets and other structures of a commercial nature. Therefore, upon Roman arrival they would have discovered a limited existing community, to which they would have added a certain degree of development. Works

Prosas Galegas, 1920 - 1958
Prosas Galegas, 1920 – 1958, a posthumous collection of 32 essays, was published in 1962, and is not strictly about science, but also literature. Although some of these essays had already come to light earlier, for example Como nasceu a cidade de Ourense, and O Trasno na vila, these essays reveal an unpublished Cuevillas, a creator who coexisted with the investigator. Beginning even in the prologue of the collection, written by Marino Dónega, critics increasingly came to appreciate his magnificent and serene prose, even though in his time it hadn't gained much attention. The book is divided into four untitled sections.The first two sections contain the prose that most praises the nature and values of Galicia, introducing the countryside, the cities and traditions, while others serve as critical commentary on current society (such as Dos nosos tempos, in which the intellectual evolution of society is reflected in the same way as it occurred to the other members of his generation). The third group, characterized by its short length, contains three biographical sketches of Galician writers (specifically Curros Enríquez, Valentín Lamas Carvajal and Otero Pedrayo)and a commentary on the work of Castelao As cruces de pedra na Galiza. All of the essays were written in the period after the Spanish Civil War. Finally, the fourth group of essays deals more with his work in the study and exploration of Galician pre-history, featuring works with significant names such as Relaciós prehistóricas entre Galicia e as Illas Británicas. In this last block, the prose usually has an informative value typical of essays (some of the pieces can be considered studies, like Paleopaisaxe and Mitoloxía e historia da paisaxe de Trasalba). Characterization of Prosas galegas
In the words of Ricardo Carballo Calero, Prosas galegas is characterized by its conviction and rhetorical harmony, evident sincerity and idealism. Miscelánea
Various investigative works Cuevilla produced over the course of his life that were published in Nós, Boletín de la Real Academia Gallega, the Arquivos do Seminario de Estudos Galegos, the Boletín da Comisión Provincial de Monumentos de Ourense, the Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos as well as other publications, were partially compiled in the volume Miscelánea (1987).See also
 Castro de San Cibrao de Las
 List of castros in Galicia

References

Bibliography

External links
 Biografía de Florentino López Cuevillas en lengua gallega. People from Galicia (Spain)
Galician nationalists
Writers from Galicia (Spain)
Royal Galician Academy
People from Ourense
Galician-language writers
Politicians from Galicia (Spain)
Partido Galeguista (1931) politicians
Prehistorians
Spanish archaeologists

masks:
Florentino López Alonso Cuevillas
Florentino
López Alonso
Florentino
López Barbán
Florentino
Cuevillas
Cuevillas
Castillo López
López Cuevillas


title: Leo Seltzer

texts:
<mask><mask> (April 5, 1903 – January 30, 1978) is generally credited as the creator of the sport of roller derby, and was the founder and head of the original Roller Derby league from 1935 until his son <mask> took over the business in 1958. Early life
<mask> was born in Helena, Montana on April 5, 1903. Seltzer attended Lincoln High School in Portland, Oregon where he was a member of the school's basketball team. He competed in the amateur and semi-pro basketball circuits in Portland after high school. As a young adult, Seltzer was in the motion picture distributing field with the Universal film company. This eventually led him to own a chain of struggling movie theaters in Oregon. In 1929, after observing the popularity of cash prize-awarding dance marathons among out-of-work contestants and spectators, Seltzer sought ways to capitalize on the trend.In 1931, he helped organize and promote "walkathon"s, which at that time was another name for dance marathons, since most dancers ended up merely shuffling around for the duration of the contests, which could run as long as 40 days. His first commercial walkathon was held in Denver, Colorado, with twenty-two more to follow, including events at the Lotus Isle amusement park in Portland, Oregon. He grossed $2 million before retiring, citing that the events had become "vulgar." Seltzer moved his family to Chicago in 1933, and began booking events into the Chicago Coliseum, a fortress-like structure at 15th & Wabash. Transcontinental Roller Derby
Sometime in early 1935, <mask> read an article in Literary Digest magazine that said ninety-three percent of Americans roller skated at one time or another during their lives. Discussing the article with some of the regulars at Ricketts, a restaurant in Chicago's Near North Side, Seltzer was challenged to come up with a sport utilizing roller skating participants. Bicycle races and dance marathons were very popular at the time, and in previous decades there had been successful 24-hour and multi-day roller skating races, at least one of which was called a "roller derby" in the press.Seltzer began jotting ideas onto the tablecloth, incorporating these popular entertainment forms with a roller skating theme. The name Roller Derby was trademarked on July 14, 1935 (No. 336652), and on August 13, 1935, twenty thousand spectators filled the Chicago Coliseum to see 'Colonel' <mask>er's Transcontinental Roller Derby, a mythical marathon race from one end of the country to the other which incorporated both male and female participants on a banked track. Seltzer's decision to use women was a double-edged sword for the sport, since it guaranteed a large female audience at a sporting event, but the presence of women athletes made the mainstream press view Roller Derby as a sideshow, not a legitimate sport. The premier race in Chicago was a tremendous success, but subsequent engagements throughout the country were not as successful, and Seltzer's entire enterprise almost ended with a tragic bus crash in 1937 when nineteen members of a touring group of Roller Derby skaters and support personnel were killed. The number 1 was never worn again in Roller Derby, as a tribute to Joe Kleats and the other skaters who died in the crash. In December 1937, sportswriter Damon Runyon saw the game in Coral Gables Florida, became enthralled, and with <mask>er created a more structured game with more contact between the skaters and a new version of Roller Derby was created.Seltzer's game and traveling troupe of skaters evolved and continued to have moderate growth, but it was not until November 29, 1948, when Roller Derby, broadcast on television from New York City's 69th Regiment Armory, captivated the nation. Roller Derby was finally the smash hit <mask> had always envisioned, although within a few years, the sport was overexposed on TV, the brand new medium that had catapulted it to prominence. Roller Derby's fluctuating popularity

With dwindling attendance, Roller Derby left America to tour Europe in 1953, but returned the following year. Seltzer moved the headquarters to the West Coast, a few years before major league baseball would make the same move. <mask> never lost his vision that the game would once again be embraced by the country, but by 1958, it was time for son Jerry to take over day-to-day operation of the family business. <mask> (born June 3, 1932), once again took the sport to great heights by syndicating Roller Derby telecasts, featuring the San Francisco Bay Bombers, which were shown on a network of 120 TV stations across the country. Roller Derby broadcasts beat all competition in most markets.Derby's national tour became so successful that by 1969, the Bay Bombers were broken up into a San Francisco and Oakland team. These two units filled arenas across the country from 1969 through 1971, when a third unit was added. <mask> lived to see his game once again break attendance records all over the country and become the darling of the mainstream press under Jerry's guardianship. However, the original Roller Derby skated its last game on December 8, 1973, when Jerry closed the family business. <mask> was married to Rose Weinstein <mask> from 1926 to 1942 when she died from breast cancer. Their two children were Gloria (born May 23, 1929) and Jerry. From April 19, 1942 to December 11, 1944, Seltzer was married to Lois Reynolds Atkins.Atkins had been employed by <mask> as the manager of his Arcadia Roller Rink in Chicago. When she married, Atkins turned over management of the rink to a relative named Phil Hayes, but she continued to draw income from a concession business she operated there. One month after their marriage, Seltzer turned over operation of the rink to Atkins and a partner, Fred Morelli. In late 1943, Seltzer asked Atkins to transfer her half of the partnership to him, but she refused. In January 1944, <mask> colluded with Hayes to overdraw the Atkins-Morelli partnership's account. The partnership was then replaced by one in which Atkins, Morelli, <mask> and Sol Morelli had equal interests. Atkins claimed, in a 1950 lawsuit disputing her income taxes, that Seltzer, seeking to evade taxes, only allowed her into the new partnership after she agreed, in writing, to deposit her earnings into a joint bank account the two of them shared for payment of living expenses.She filed for divorce two months after the partnership was formed, and the divorce was granted that December. Death, honors, and hope
<mask>er died January 30, 1978. In 2005, during the 70th anniversary celebration of the first Transcontinental Roller Derby, Seltzer posthumously became the first inductee into the Executive Wing of the National Roller Derby Hall of Fame in Chicago. His son Jerry, was inducted at the same celebration. <mask> had always wanted roller derby to be a legitimate sport and to be in the Olympics. His son Jerry said that with the recent grassroots movement of roller derby, including the advent of WFTDA, he thinks roller derby can now be an Olympic sport. See also
 History of roller derby

References

Roller derby
Sportspeople from Helena, Montana
1903 births
1978 deaths
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Jewish American sportspeople
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Leo A
. Seltzer
Jerry Seltzer
Seltzer
Leo
Leo Seltz
Leo Seltz
Leo Seltzer
Leo
Jerry Seltzer
Leo Seltzer
Leo
Seltzer
Seltzer
Seltzer
Seltzer
Leo Seltz
Leo Seltzer


title: Charles Rogers (author)

texts:
<mask> (1825–1890) was a 19th-century Scottish minister and prolific author. In the second half of his life, he repeatedly ran into trouble for setting up publication societies from which he gained financial benefit. Life

The only son of James Roger(s) (1767–1849), minister of Dunino in Fife, he was born in the manse there on 18 April 1825; His mother, who died at his birth, was Jane, second daughter of William Haldane, minister successively at Glenisla and Kingoldrum. After attending the parish school at Denino for seven years, he matriculated at the University of St Andrews in 1839, and spent seven years there. Licensed by the presbytery of St Andrews in June 1846, he was employed in the capacity of assistant minister at Western Anstruther, Kinglassie, Abbotshall, Dunfermline, Ballingry, and Carnoustie. He then opened a preaching station at the Bridge of Allan, and from January 1855 until 11 August 1863 was chaplain of the garrison at Stirling Castle. During his time in Stirling, <mask> was elected in 1861 as a member of the town council, and took part in the erection of the Wallace Monument.In 1855 he inaugurated at Stirling a short-lived Scottish Literary Institute. In 1862 he opened the British Christian Institute, for the dissemination of religious tracts and issued a weekly paper, The Workman's Friend, and then monthly serials, The Briton and The Recorder. The scheme ended in 1863, when he founded and edited The Stirling Gazette, but its career was brief. In the aftermath of acrimony he resigned his chaplaincy, went to England, and became a writer. <mask> went into journalism. In November 1865 set up London a short-lived Naval and Military Tract Society, and he edited a quarterly periodical, The British Bulwark. It was followed by The London Book and Tract Depository, which he carried on until 1874.The Grampian Club, for Scottish literature, history, and antiquities, was inaugurated in London on 2 November 1868, and he was secretary and chief editor until his death. The Royal Historical Society was established in London on 23 November 1868. <mask> did much to promote it, but ran into the same issues with his financial interests as had occurred in Stirling. He was secretary and "historiographer" to the society until 1880, when he was called to account for running it for his personal benefit. In 1873 a number of his friends presented <mask> with a house in London, which he called Grampian Lodge. He returned to Scotland some years before his death, which took place at his house in Edinburgh on 18 September 1890, at the age of 65. He is buried in Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh.The grave lies in the north-east section not far from the main entrance. Awards and honours
In 1854 Columbia College, New York, awarded <mask> the degree of LLD and in 1881 the University of St Andrews awarded him a DD. He was a member, fellow, or correspondent of numerous learned societies, British, foreign, and colonial, and an associate of the Imperial Archæological Society of Russia. Works
<mask>' major original writings, classified below as listed in the Dictionary of National Biography, fall under a number of headings: Scottish history, literature, and genealogy. He defended himself against detractors in a pamphlet, Parting Words to the Members, 1881, and reviewed his past life in The Serpent's Track: a Narrative of twenty-two years' Persecution (1880). He edited eight volumes of the Historical Society's Transactions, in which he published much himself. Historical and biographical
Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, 1872.Three Scots Reformers, 1874. Life of George Wishart, 1875. Memorials of the Scottish House of Gourlay, 1888. Memorials of the Earls of Stirling and House of Alexander, 2 vols. 1877. The Book of Wallace, 2 vols. 1889.The Book of Burns, 3 vols. 1889–91. Topographical
History of St. Andrews, 1849. A Week at the Bridge of Allan, 1851; 10th edit. 1865. The Beauties of Upper Strathearn, 1854. Ettrick Forest and the Ettrick Shepherd, 1860.Genealogical
Genealogical Chart of the Family of Bain, 1871. The House of Roger, 1872. Memorials of the Strachans of Thornton and Family of Wise of Hillbank, 1873. Robert Burns and the Scottish House of Burnes, 1877. Sir Walter Scott and Memorials of the Haliburtons, 1877. The Scottish House of Christie, 1878. The Family of Colt and Coutts, 1879.The Family of John Knox, 1879. The Scottish Family of Glen, 1888. Ecclesiastical
Historical Notices of St. Anthony's Monastery, Leith, 1849. History of the Chapel Royal of Scotland, 1882. Social
Familiar Illustrations of Scottish Life, 1861; 2nd edit. 1862. Traits and Stories of the Scottish People, 1867.Scotland, Social and Domestic, 1869. A Century of Scottish Life, 1871. Monuments and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland, 2 vols. 1871–2. Social Life in Scotland, 3 vols. 1884–6. Religious
Christian Heroes in the Army and Navy, 1867.Our Eternal Destiny, 1868. Poetical
The Modern Scottish Minstrel, 6 vols. 1855–7. The Sacred Minstrel, 1859. The Golden Sheaf, 1867. Lyra Britannica, 1867. Life and Songs of the Baroness Nairne, 1869.Autobiographical and general
Issues of Religious Rivalry, 1866. Leaves from my Autobiography, 1876. The Serpent's Track, 1880. Parting Words to the Members of the Royal Historical Society, 1881. Threads of Thought, 1888. The Oak, 1868. Editions
<mask> also edited:

Aytoun's Poems, 1844.Campbell's Poems, 1870. Sir John Scot's Staggering State of Scottish Statesmen, 1872. Poetical Remains of King James, 1873. Hay's Estimate of the Scottish Nobility. Glen's Poems, 1874. Diocesan Registers of Glasgow, 2 vols. 1875 (with Joseph Bain).Boswelliana, 1874. Register of the Church of Crail, 1877. Events in the North of Scotland, 1635 to 1645, 1877. Chartulary of the Cistercian Priory of Coldstream, 1879. Rental-book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus, 1880. The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters, 2 vols. 1884–5.Family
On 14 December 1854, <mask> married Isabella Bain (d. 1880), the eldest daughter of John Bain of St Andrews. Notes

External links
Attribution

1825 births
1890 deaths
19th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Scottish writers
Scottish newspaper editors
People from Fife
Scottish clergy

masks:
Charles Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


title: Henrik Svensmark

texts:
<mask> (born 1958) is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space) in Copenhagen. He is known for his work on the hypothesis that cosmic rays are an indirect cause of global warming via cloud formation. Early life and education
<mask> obtained a Master of Science in Engineering (Cand. Polyt) in 1985 and a Ph.D. in 1987 from the Physics Laboratory I at the Technical University of Denmark. Career

<mask> is director of the Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI), a part of the Danish National Space Center. He previously headed the sun-climate group at DSRI. He held postdoctoral positions in physics at three other organizations: University of California, Berkeley, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the Niels Bohr Institute.In 1997, <mask> and Eigil Friis-Christensen popularised a theory that linked galactic cosmic rays and global climate change mediated primarily by variations in the intensity of the solar wind, which they have termed cosmoclimatology. This theory had earlier been reviewed by Dickinson. One of the small-scale processes related to this link was studied in a laboratory experiment performed at the Danish National Space Center (paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A, February 8, 2007). Svensmark's conclusions from his research downplay the significance of the effects of man-made increases in atmospheric CO2 on recent and historical global warming, with him arguing that while the climate change role of greenhouse gases is considerable, solar variations play a larger role. Cosmoclimatology theory of climate change
Svensmark detailed his theory of cosmoclimatology in a paper published in 2007. The Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish National Space Institute "investigates the connection between solar activity and climatic changes on Earth". Its homepage lists several publications earlier works related to cosmoclimatology.Svensmark and Nigel Calder published a book The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (2007) describing the Cosmoclimatology theory that cosmic rays "have more effect on the climate than manmade CO2":
"During the last 100 years cosmic rays became scarcer because unusually vigorous action by the Sun batted away many of them. Fewer cosmic rays meant fewer clouds—and a warmer world." A documentary film on Svensmark's theory, The Cloud Mystery, was produced by Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen and premiered in January 2008 on Danish TV 2. In April 2012, Svensmark published an expansion of his theory in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

In the new work he claims that the diversity of life on Earth over the last 500 million years might be explained by tectonics affecting the sea-level together with variations in the local supernova rate, and virtually nothing else. This suggests that the progress of evolution is affected by climate variation depending on the Galactic Cosmic Ray flux. The director of DTU Space, Prof. Eigil Friis-Christensen, commented: "When this enquiry into effects of cosmic rays from supernova remnants began 16 years ago, we never imagined that it would lead us so deep into time, or into so many aspects of the Earth's history. The connection to evolution is a culmination of this work."Hypothesis tests
Preliminary experimental tests have been conducted in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Science Center. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, is preparing comprehensive verification in the CLOUD Project. SKY Experiment
Svensmark conducted proof of concept experiments in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Institute. To investigate the role of cosmic rays in cloud formation low in the Earth's atmosphere, the SKY experiment used natural muons (heavy electrons) that can penetrate even to the basement of the National Space Institute in Copenhagen. The hypothesis, verified by the experiment, is that electrons released in the air by the passing muons promote the formation of molecular clusters that are building blocks for cloud condensation nuclei. Critics of the hypothesis claimed that particle clusters produced measured just a few nanometres across, whereas aerosols typically need to have a diameter of at least 50 nm in order to serve as so-called cloud condensation nuclei. Further experiments by Svensmark and collaborators published in 2013 that  showed that aerosols with diameter larger than 50 nm are produced by ultraviolet light (from trace amounts of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor), large enough to serve as cloud condensation nuclei.CLOUD Project Experiments

Scientists are preparing detailed atmospheric physics experiments to test Svensmark's thesis, building on the Danish findings. CERN started a multi-phase project in 2006, including rerunning the Danish experiment. CERN plans to use an accelerator rather than rely on natural cosmic rays. CERN's multinational project will give scientists a permanent facility where they can study the effects of both cosmic rays and charged particles in the Earth's atmosphere. CERN's project is named CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets). Dunne et al. (2016) have presented the main outcomes of 10 years of results obtained at the CLOUD experiment performed at CERN.They have studied in detail the physico-chemical mechanisms and the kinetics of aerosols formation. The nucleation process of water droplets/ice micro-crystals from water vapor reproduced in the CLOUD experiment and also directly observed in the Earth atmosphere do not only involve ions formation due to cosmic rays but also a range of complex chemical reactions with sulfuric acid, ammonia and organic compounds emitted in the air by human activities and by organisms living on land or in the oceans (plankton). Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere. Debate and controversy

Galactic Cosmic Rays vs Global Temperature

Oceanographer Paul Farrar (2000)
argued that, based on the spatial distribution of the cloud variation during Svensmark's study period, the variation was due to an El Niño which was synchronized with the cosmic ray signal used by Svensmark during the data period of his study. A (2003) critique by physicist Peter Laut of Svensmark's theory reanalyzed Svensmark's data and suggested that it does not support a correlation between cosmic rays and global temperature changes; it also disputes some of the theoretical bases for the theory. Svensmark replied to  the paper, stating that "...nowhere in Peter Laut’s (PL) paper has he been able to explain, where physical data have been handled incorrectly, how the character of my papers are misleading, or where my work does not live up to scientific standards"

Mike Lockwood of the UK's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Claus Froehlich of the World Radiation Center in Switzerland published a paper in  2007 which concluded that the increase in mean global temperature observed since 1985 correlates so poorly with solar variability that no type of causal mechanism may be ascribed to it, although they accept that there is "considerable evidence" for solar influence on Earth's pre-industrial climate and to some degree also for climate changes in the first half of the 20th century. Svensmark's coauthor Calder responded to the study in an interview with LondonBookReview.com, where he put forth the counterclaim that global temperature has not risen since 1999.Later in 2007, Svensmark and Friis-Christensen brought out a Reply to Lockwood and Fröhlich which concludes that surface air temperature records used by Lockwood and Fröhlich apparently are a poor guide to Sun-driven physical processes, but tropospheric air temperature records do show an impressive negative correlation between cosmic-ray flux and air temperatures up to 2006 if a warming trend, oceanic oscillations and volcanism are removed from the temperature data. They also point out that Lockwood and Fröhlich present their data by using running means of around 10 years, which creates the illusion of a continued temperature rise, whereas all unsmoothed data point to a flattening of the temperature, coincident with the present maxing out of the magnetic activity of the Sun, and which the continued rapid increase in CO2 concentrations seemingly has been unable to overrule. Galactic Cosmic Rays vs Cloud Cover
In April 2008, Professor Terry Sloan of Lancaster University published a paper in the journal Environmental Research Letters titled "Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover", which found no significant link between cloud cover and cosmic ray intensity in the last 20 years. Svensmark responded by saying "Terry Sloan has simply failed to understand how cosmic rays work on clouds". Dr. Giles Harrison of Reading University, describes the work as important "as it provides an upper limit on the cosmic ray-cloud effect in global satellite cloud data". Harrison studied the effect of cosmic rays in the UK. He states: "Although the statistically significant non-linear cosmic ray effect is small, it will have a considerably larger aggregate effect on longer timescale (e.g.century) climate variations when day-to-day variability averages out". Brian H. Brown (2008) of Sheffield University further found a statistically significant (p<0.05) short term 3% association between Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and low level clouds over 22 years with a 15-hour delay. Long-term changes in cloud cover (> 3 months) and GCR gave correlations of p=0.06. Debate updates
More recently, Laken et al. (2012) found that new high quality satellite data show that the El Niño Southern Oscillation is responsible for most changes in cloud cover at the global and regional levels. They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover. Lockwood (2012) conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature on the "solar influence" on climate.It was found that when this influence is included appropriately into climate models causal climate change claims such as those made by Svensmark are shown to have been exaggerated. Lockwood's review also highlighted the strength of evidence in favor of the solar influence on regional climates. Sloan and Wolfendale (2013) demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate. The study concluded that the cosmic ray rate did not match the changes in temperature, indicating that it was not a causal relationship. Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, "no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height." In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds. Extrapolating from the laboratory to the actual atmosphere, the authors asserted that solar activity is responsible for ca.50 percent of temperature variation. In a detailed 2013 post on the scientists' blog RealClimate, Rasmus E. Benestad presented arguments for considering Svensmark's claims to be "wildly exaggerated". (Time magazine has characterized the main purpose of this blog as a "straightforward presentation of the physical evidence for global warming".) Selected publications

Books

 Contribution in Die kalte Sonne. Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet (The Cold Sun),  by Fritz Vahrenholt and Sebastian Lüning (edrs)

Film
The Cloud Mystery

Awards
2001, the Energy-E2 Research Prize
1997, Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize

References

External links
Calder, Nigel, An experiment that hints we are wrong on climate change Nigel Calder, former editor of New Scientist, says the orthodoxy must be challenged, TimesOnline, February 11, 2007
DISCOVER Interview with <mask>, by Marion Long. Sun's shift may cause global warming - June 2007
LondonBookReview.com - Book review of The Chilling Stars

The CLOUD project

Danish climatologists
Danish physicists
Danish nuclear physicists
1958 births
Environmental scientists
Living people

masks:
Henrik Svensmark
Henrik Svensmark
Henrik Svensmark
Svensmark
Henrik Svensmark