title: Colin Edwards

texts:
<mask> II (born February 27, 1974), nicknamed the "Texas Tornado", is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season, but continues in the sport as a factory test rider. He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014. Early years
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. At the age of three, his Australian father, <mask>. (an amateur motorcycle racer himself), introduced him to a minibike, and <mask> entered his first motocross race at the age of four. Over the next ten years, <mask> became one of the top-ranked junior motocross competitors in the US, winning dozens of races in the 50cc to 80cc categories in local, regional and national events. In 1988 at the age of 14, <mask> stopped competing in motocross races, having become distracted by the normal demands of being a teenager. However, in 1990, <mask> and his father attended a motorcycle road race event in north Texas, and this inspired him to attempt road racing.In 1991 <mask> began competing in amateur road-racing events locally, but rapidly progressed to national events. He was undefeated in every amateur event he entered that year, and won numerous national amateur titles. His performance was sufficiently impressive for him to be offered a sponsored ride with South West Motorsports, and <mask> turned professional just before the commencement of the 1992 season. Career
In his first professional season (1992), <mask> entered the AMA 250cc National Series. He won five of the nine races and the national title over second-place earner Kenny Roberts, Jr. In 1993 and 1994 <mask> rode for Vance & Hines on a Yamaha in the AMA Superbike Championship, earning 6th and 5th place overall in those years. Superbike World Championship
In  <mask> was offered a factory position with Yamaha in the Superbike World Championship.His results in  were disappointing as <mask> struggled to adjust to the demands of competing in a global competition, and he missed the last two meetings after teammate Yasutomo Nagai perished in a crash at Assen. In  he achieved a greatly improved sixth overall in the Superbike World championship. was a disappointing year for <mask> as he was forced to withdraw from competing due to injuries sustained in the fifth round of the Superbike World Championship. He was replaced in the Yamaha World Superbike Team and was unable to negotiate a position in the 500cc Grand Prix competition. Fortunately <mask> was able to conclude a deal with Honda to ride the RC45 motorcycle in the  Superbike World Championship. <mask> finished fifth overall that year, and earned his first solo international victories with a double win at Monza followed by his 3rd win of the season at Brands Hatch. In , <mask> managed several more victories for Honda (including leading teammate Aaron Slight home twice at Brands Hatch, giving Honda a rare Double-1-2) and ended the season in second overall position, behind champion Carl Fogarty.In , <mask> rode the new Honda VTR-1000 SP1/RC51 twin cylinder motorcycle to overall victory in the Superbike World Championship after Yamaha rider and points leader, Noriyuki Haga was disqualified for testing positive for a banned substance. <mask> came second to Ducati rider, Troy Bayliss in  but reclaimed the title from Bayliss in  in a dramatic fashion, clinching the championship in the final race of the season in Imola (Italy). <mask> also holds the record for the most points in a single season with 552 points in 2002 breaking the previous record of 489 points set by Carl Fogarty in 1999. Runner-up Troy Bayliss also broke the previous record with 541 points. MotoGP World Championship
After winning his 2nd Superbike World Championship <mask> moved to MotoGP in 2003. He rode for the greatly troubled Aprilia team on the RS Cube, and his only notable accomplishment in that otherwise dismal year was avoiding serious injury when his machine caught fire due to an incorrectly fitted fuel cap at Sachsenring. Yet <mask>, known in all motorcycle paddocks as a great bike tester, tried to no avail to help lift the struggling team.2004 saw <mask> riding for Telefonica Movistar Honda, and he achieved his first MotoGP podium position at Donington. <mask> finished the season in fifth overall position. In 2005, <mask> moved to Gauloises Yamaha factory team as the teammate to the world champion Valentino Rossi. His best result for 2005 was a second position at Laguna Seca, behind compatriot Nicky Hayden. He finished the season fourth overall. 2006
For 2006 <mask> continued riding for the Camel Yamaha factory team on board the YZR-M1 with teammate and good friend Valentino Rossi in the MotoGP championship. The factory Yamaha team had a troubling start to their racing year with "chatter" problems and tire wear issues.The factory team built a new chassis for the 2006 spec YZR-M1 to combat the aforementioned problems. Rossi took to the new chassis quickly and rode to victory at his home race of Mugello for the fifth consecutive time since 2001. <mask> did not have the time to "gel" with the new chassis early in the season, which resulted in him sticking with the older version for the Mugello race. He finished 12th. At Assen he took the lead at the start, and led until Nicky Hayden passed him on the penultimate lap. He caught back up to his countryman on the last lap, and managed to pass him a few corners from the end. When Hayden attempted to pass him again in the final chicane, <mask> ran across the AstroTurf and lost control of his bike, which briefly continued on without him.He remounted to finish 13th. Hayden, who ran across the gravel on the final chicane himself, managed to keep control of his bike and won the race. At his home race, the Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix, <mask> finished ninth suffering tire problems in the scorching heat like his teammate Valentino Rossi. At Estoril he qualified second and finished fourth in one of his most competitive showings of the season. 2007
2007 brought great prospects early on. <mask> entered his second of a two-year deal with Yamaha factory team, now known as Fiat Yamaha riding the new Yamaha YZR-M1 800cc. Yet after starting second on the grid in Istanbul, a first lap crash caused by Olivier Jacque took him out.At Le Mans <mask> took pole position, but made a slow start and gambled on switching to wet tyres in damp conditions. He did this too early, and by the time it was wet enough his tyres had shredded, forcing him to pit again and finish at the back of the field. Fiat Yamaha was having problems with the M1 and the Michelin tires, <mask> along with teammate Valentino Rossi both struggled to find competitive set up nearly the entire season to run up front. <mask> best result of the season was 2nd (equaling his career best in MotoGP) at the wet British Grand Prix at Donington Park. 2008

For the 2008 season, <mask> continued in MotoGP, this time for the satellite Tech3 Yamaha team alongside fellow Superbike World Champion James Toseland. A series of solid performances left him 5th in the overall standings after nine rounds, never qualifying lower than 6th on the grid and finishing on the podium twice. After qualifying 6th for round 9 at Assen, he was delayed by Rossi's early crash and was in next to last place at the end of the first lap (in front of only Rossi, who was able to rejoin the race), however he then fought back to snatch 3rd from Nicky Hayden at the final corner after Hayden ran out of fuel, gaining a measure of revenge for the 2006 race at the track.<mask> results started to suffer after a crash in Germany. In the next four races <mask> failed to break the top ten and his best result since the podium at Assen was a sixth place at the final round of the season at Valencia. <mask> confirmed that he had signed for Tech3 for yet another season. "It is no secret that I had agreed with Yamaha to finish my MotoGP career at the end of 2008 and continue my racing career with them in America, but as soon as I began working with the Tech3 team I instantly formed a great relationship with my guys." Therefore, <mask> will once again be riding for Tech3 Yamaha in 2009 as he searches for his first MotoGP victory. 2009

<mask> once again demonstrated consistent form in the 2009 MotoGP season, establishing himself as the strongest satellite rider in the championship. He secured a second-place finish in the British Grand Prix at Donington Park.After being caught in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix, <mask> directed typically outspoken criticism towards Alex de Angelis, claiming: "We are in Italy and occasionally you have to deal with an Italian rider who wants to be a hero and today that was De Angelis. De Angelis is the guy who needed to be wearing Valentino’s donkey helmet," in reference to a special edition helmet being worn by Valentino Rossi. 2010
On October 1, 2009 <mask> announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension that would see him ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season. His teammate will be fellow American Ben Spies. 2011

On September 19, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension to ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season, partnering Cal Crutchlow. At the Catalan Grand Prix, <mask> broke his right collarbone during second practice, which successfully had a plate added. Nine days later, and in his first race since injury, <mask> took a third-place finish at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, having been promoted to a podium placing after accidents for Jorge Lorenzo and Marco Simoncelli.It was his first podium finish since a second-place result at the 2009 British Grand Prix at Donington Park. On October 23, along with Valentino Rossi, <mask> was involved in the accident that killed Marco Simoncelli at the Malaysian Grand Prix, injuring his left shoulder and ending his season. Josh Hayes replaced him for Valencia. 2012
On September 3, 2011, <mask> announced that he would leave the Tech3 team, to ride as the single entry for NGM Mobile Forward Racing in . The team was making their re-entry to the premier class under the new Claiming Rule Teams regulations with a Suter chassis powered by a BMW engine. 2013
Remaining with Forward Racing for 2013, <mask> was partnered with rookie Claudio Corti on FTR-Kawasaki machinery. 2014

<mask> again remained with Forward Racing for 2014, this time partnering Aleix Espargaró on Yamaha-based machines.At a press conference prior to the 2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas, <mask> announced that the 2014 season will be his final MotoGP season, citing the struggle to adapt to a different riding style. It was stated after the Indianapolis round, that he would not compete in the second half of the season, and was replaced by Alex de Angelis. During commentary for the British MotoGP round at Silverstone on August 31, 2014, <mask> revealed he will be a test rider for Yamaha and Michelin for the next two years. Suzuka 8 Hours
In 1996, <mask> teamed with Noriyuki Haga to claim victory in the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race riding a Yamaha, his first international victory. <mask> won the 8 Hours two more times: in 2001 with Valentino Rossi, and in 2002 with the late Daijiro Kato, both times with Honda. Other racing activities
<mask> has twice represented the United States in the Michelin Race of Champions Nation's Cup, first in 2000 and again in 2002 when the US team won the event. The competition involves a national team that includes an automobile racer, a rally/off-road driver and a motorcycle racer.The 2002 US team included former off-road racer and NASCAR rookie Jimmie Johnson as the rally driver, and four-time NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon in the automobile category. Broadcasting
Following the end of his racing career, <mask> joined British MotoGP broadcaster BT Sport in 2016 as a pundit in their pre- and post-race programming. Texas Tornado Boot Camp
The <mask> Texas Tornado Boot Camp or TTBC is a world class motorcycle training facility built on a  plot of land near Lake Conroe. It is a premier training facility for those new to riding, motorcycle enthusiasts, as well as professionals looking to polish up on their skills. TTBC offers a wide range of moto training and events including 1&2 day camps, private camps, Dirt Wars, racers camps and The <mask> Edwards 4 day Experience. The  "Colin Edwards Experience" is a 4-day camp with <mask> himself involved in the training, including time on the 500yard gun range. Training facilities
TTBC includes a  dirt oval, covered TT track with lights for night riding, open TT track, 500-yard gun range, Mini Bike MX Track, and a  bunk house and classroom facility.The Facilities as of August 1, 2010

Career statistics

Superbike World Championship

By season

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 <mask> – MotoGP Rider Bios at Motorcycle-USA
 Texas Tornado Boot Camp Texas Tornado Boot Camp Motorcycle Training Camp

1974 births
Living people
American motorcycle racers
Yamaha Motor Racing MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Sportspeople from Houston
American people of Australian descent
People from Conroe, Texas
Conroe High School alumni
Tech3 MotoGP riders
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship riders

masks:
Colin Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards Sr
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
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Colin Edwards
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Colin
Colin
Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin Edwards
Edwards
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Edwards
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Colin Edwards
Colin
Edwards
Colin Edwards


title: Alan Rouse

type: original

texts:
<mask> (19 December 1951 – 10 August 1986) was the first British climber to reach the summit of the second highest mountain in the world, K2, but died on the descent. Education
<mask> was born in Wallasey and began climbing at the age of 15, soon climbing many of the most difficult routes in North Wales. He attended Birkenhead School from 1963 to 1970 and Emmanuel College, Cambridge until 1973. At Cambridge he was distracted from his studies by climbing and by his hedonistic life-style. He was a highly sociable, but heavy drinker; by his own admission he was a 'womaniser', and liked to 'live on the edge'. As a result, he only managed to gain an ordinary pass degree in Mathematics, despite showing early promise in the subject. On leaving Cambridge he worked periodically in teaching but was often away on climbing expeditions.Mountaineering
<mask> was an outstanding technical rock climber, one of the best of his generation. His ascents of 'The Beatnik' on Helsby, and his solo ascent of 'The Boldest' on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu marked him out as an exceptional talent. He was a member of a group of contemporaries (including Cliff Phillips, Eric Jones, Pete Minks, 'Richard' McHardy) whose competitive spirit pushed them to solo the hardest routes of the day. <mask> (with Minks) was considered to have raised the standards at Gogarth sea cliffs with the ascent of Positron in 1971. His soloing was not confined to Wales, nor was it always successful. An attempt on the American Route on South Face of the  failed when a small piton being used for aid pulled near the summit. Although he fell only 5 metres, <mask> broke his ankle and was forced to make 17 abseils down the entire route, for much of the time using only his knees.<mask> eventually became a professional mountaineer, lecturing, guiding, writing and acting as an adviser to the outdoor equipment trade. He moved to Sheffield in easy reach of the rocks of the Peak District. <mask> became a highly experienced climber in places as far afield as Scotland, North Wales, Patagonia, Peru, the Alps, the Andes, New Zealand and Nepal. He was also elected vice-president of the British Mountaineering Council. In 1980, <mask>, Dr Michael Ward and Chris Bonington were among the few Europeans to visit the high mountains of China, reopening some of these to foreign mountaineers. In the winter of 1980–81, <mask> led a British expedition to attempt Mount Everest by the west ridge, without using oxygen or Sherpas. The trip was not successful, but in the summer of 1981 he climbed Kongur Tagh, a hitherto unclimbed peak in western China, with Bonington, Joe Tasker and Peter Boardman.1986 K2 disaster

K2, Earth's second highest mountain,  is regarded as a much more difficult climb than the highest mountain, Everest, and has a higher fatality rate. In 1983, <mask> made his first attempt on K2, by a new route up the south ridge, with an international team. In 1986, <mask> returned as the leader of a British expedition and obtained a permit to climb the difficult North-West Ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur. After they had made several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the British team members – apart from <mask> and fellow climber and expedition cameraman Jim Curran – left. While <mask> and the British expedition attempted the North-West Ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various routes, with and without oxygen. After his fellow team members left the mountain, <mask> and six climbers from these expeditions decided to join forces to try the conventional route without a permit. There were four Austrian men, Alfred Imitzer, Hannes Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger, a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf, and a British woman, Julie Tullis.They reached Camp IV at (8,157 metres, 26,760 feet), the final staging post before the summit. For reasons that are still unclear, this impromptu team decided to wait a day before trying the final stage to the summit. None of the climbers on the Abruzzi Spur chose to follow the team comprising three Korean climbers who had set out on an oxygen aided attempt on 3 August, even though the trail would have been broken through the deep snow for those climbing without oxygen. On the following day, it was obvious that the weather was deteriorating, but <mask> and Wolf nonetheless set out for the summit. Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, whilst <mask> continued. Because he was breaking the trail alone, two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 vertical meters below the summit. <mask> fell in behind the Austrians, thus making his ascent easier the last stretch, and the three reached the summit together on 4 August 1986.On the way down, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend. They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, still on their way up, and tried to persuade them to descend but with no success. Diemberger and Tullis also summitted but very late, at dusk which occurred around 7 pm. On the descent, Tullis fell. Even though she survived, both Tullis and Diemberger had to spend the night bivouacked in the open. Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV, where Hannes Wieser waited. The seven waited for the storm to abate.Instead, the storm worsened with much snow, winds over 160 km/h, and sub-zero temperatures. With no food or any gas to melt snow into water in the stoves, the situation soon became life-threatening. Tullis died during the night of 6 – 7 August, presumably of HAPE (high altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen and low air pressure at extreme altitudes. The other six climbers stayed for the next three days, but remained barely conscious. On 10 August the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated. The climbers, although severely weakened, decided they had no option but to descend to a lower base camp. <mask>, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers left him so as to save their own lives.Of the seven climbers who had originally reached Camp IV on 4 and 5 August, only Diemberger and Bauer reached Base Camp. <mask> is presumed to have died on 10 August 1986. He was survived by his girlfriend, Deborah Sweeney, who gave birth to their daughter, Holly, three weeks later. Commemoration

The library of the British Mountaineering Council is named in honour of <mask>. In 2018, a memorial garden and a plaque were installed at the Breck in Wallasey. References

External links
 K2 tragedy
 Anita McConnell, ‘<mask>, <mask> (1951–1986)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

Books
 Barry, John, Savage Mountain – Savage Summer, Oxford Illustrated Press, 1987 ()
 Birtles, Geoff, <mask>: A Mountaineer's Life, HarperCollins, 1987 ()
 Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy, Grafton, 1989, ()
 Diemberger, Kurt, The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny, Mountaineers Books, 1991 ()
 Fawcett, Ron; Lowe, Jeff; Nunn,  Paul; <mask>, <mask>; & Salkeld, Audrey, The Climber's Handbook: Rock, Ice, Alpine, Expeditions, Sierra Club Books, 1987 ()

1951 births
1986 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
English mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths on K2
People educated at Birkenhead School
People from Wallasey

masks:
Alan Paul Rouse
Rouse
Rouse
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Rouse
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Alan Rouse
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Alan Paul
Alan Rouse
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Alan


title: Cornelius Hill

texts:
<mask> (November 13, 1834 – January 25, 1907) or Onangwatgo (“Big Medicine”) was the last hereditary chief of the Oneida Nation, and fought to preserve his people's lands and rights under various treaties with the United States government. A lifelong Episcopalian, he was ordained a priest of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America at age 69, and ministered to his people until shortly before his death. The Oneida, one of the five founding tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, had aligned with the Americans during the American Revolutionary War, but when faced with pressure from white settlers who often mistook them for members of hostile tribes, had begun negotiating with the Ho-Chunk and Menominee tribes and moving to Wisconsin around 1821. Many members had become Christians under missionaries sent by the Episcopal and Methodist Churches to both New York and Wisconsin. In 1825, tribal members built a log church near the Fox River and an important portage on their new lands about 10 miles southwest of Green Bay, Wisconsin, which they called the Hobart Chapel after its consecrating bishop, John Henry Hobart of New York. Early life
<mask> was born on tribal lands in Wisconsin and baptised in due course by missionary bishop Jackson Kemper. In 1843, Episcopal missionary the Rev.James Lloyd Breck escorted the ten-year-old and two other boys to the newly established Nashotah House to learn English and be educated for five years. Career
As a teenager, at a council of Oneida from New York, Canada and Wisconsin, <mask> became a chief of his Bear Clan. At age 18 he was given responsibility for distributing the annuity money (from service in the Revolutionary War) among his people. He was later responsible for taking the census of tribal members (the number of which doubled in Wisconsin in the five decades of his leadership). Several times <mask> went to Albany, New York and Washington, D.C. to advocate for his people. White settlers were also moving into Wisconsin, and coveted tribal lands, which were held in common under an 1838 treaty negotiated by Chief Daniel Bread, who by his death in 1873 thought such private allocation inevitable. The next year, <mask> drafted a petition to New York's legislature in Albany concerning interference with Oneida fishing rights under previous treaties, which was causing considerable hardship to tribal members remaining in New York.At least one Indian Agent supposedly assigned to help the tribe also forbade them to sell shingles and other lumber products to support themselves during a crop failure, which <mask> and missionary and teacher the Rev. Edward A. Goodnough (who worked among the Oneidas from 1863 to 1890) thought was designed to get the tribe to sell lands to whites (if not his cronies), and eventually managed to secure that agent's dismissal. <mask> also helped tribal members learn new farming techniques and secure machinery. Women also made baskets and beadwork for sale, and after 1900 learned to make lace to support themselves in the modernized world. Nonetheless, pursuant to the Dawes Act of 1887, the federal government allocated the tribe's Wisconsin land to individuals beginning in 1892, who were to be allowed to transfer that property after a 25-year waiting period. As had happened in New York State, unscrupulous persons often tried to swindle tribal members out of their allocations. Throughout his life, <mask> fought such dismemberment of tribal property, as well as government attempts to move his people further west.In 1893 after negotiations with the federal government, <mask>, together with the Rev. Solomon S. Burleson (also a lawyer and doctor), secured a hospital and boarding school for the reservation, and the following year the Sisters of the Holy Nativity sent nuns to work as nurses and teachers there. Having for years served as an organist and interpreter for Episcopal services by the Rev. Goodnough and his successors, as well as his tribe's sachem and delegate to church councils, <mask> thought ordination would bring additional authority among whites as well as help him become a bridge between the cultures. Since 1870 (perhaps in Thanksgiving for having been relatively spared from horrendous forest fires that devastated Wisconsin), church members had volunteered at a limestone quarry one day a week, in order to dress stone for a new church building. In 1886 they laid the cornerstone for a new gothic stone chapel, which they named the Church of the Holy Apostles, to replace an overly small and somewhat decrepit wood chapel. On June 27, 1895, Bishop Charles C. Grafton ordained <mask> a deacon.However, the event was bittersweet as <mask>'s infant son had died in an epidemic and was scheduled for burial that very afternoon. Furthermore, his ally the Rev. Burleson died in February 1897, months before the new church's formal consecration, and Burleson's popular youngest son (all five of whom had become priests) was transferred to Texas the following year. On June 24, 1903, Bishop Grafton ordained <mask> as a priest, the first of his people; during the ceremony <mask> repeated his vows in his native language. The Wisconsin reservation also had a Methodist mission with a dedicated missionary and a Catholic chapel served by a priest from De Pere, about ten miles away. Family
At the time of his ordination, aged 69, <mask>'s wife, who had borne 8 children, had not learned English. Several of their children went to the Hampton Indian School after their education at the reservation's school.Death and legacy
<mask> died on January 25, 1907, having fallen ill shortly before Christmas. After three requiems and funeral at the Church of the Holy Apostles attended by 800 persons, he was buried in the graveyard with other tribal members and the missionaries he assisted. When fire from a lightning strike on July 17, 1920 destroyed the Gothic stone church, it was rebuilt in a similar design. The Oneida continued to revere <mask>'s wisdom and sanctity, relating tales of their leader to Works Progress Administration historians during the Great Depression, even though by 1920 only a few hundred acres of the reservation were owned by tribal members (the remaining approximately 65,000 acres being owned by whites before the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 caused the Bureau of Indian Affairs to begin reversing the policy). The Episcopal Church honors <mask> annually on the anniversary of his first ordination, June 27. References

1834 births
1907 deaths
People from Oneida, Wisconsin
Nashotah House alumni
Anglican saints
American Episcopal priests
Oneida people
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century American Episcopalians
19th-century American clergy

masks:
Cornelius Hill
Cornelius Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Cornelius Hill


title: Shaun Rehn

texts:
<mask> (born 17 August 1971) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Early career
<mask> grew up on a farm near Arno Bay, South Australia, playing junior football for Arno Bay in the Eastern Eyre Football League. It wasn't until <mask> attended Immanuel College (Australia) that he believed he could play league football. <mask> was invited to try out for the West Adelaide Under 19s despite being from the Port Adelaide zone. He made his senior debut for West Adelaide in 1990, playing two games for the season; <mask> was then selected in the Adelaide Crows inaugural 52-man squad wearing number 52. AFL career
At 19 <mask> started his AFL career in 1991 with the Adelaide Crows in their inaugural year in the Australian Football League. After some eye catching performances for West Adelaide (who were making a late season charge to the SANFL finals), he made his debut for the Crows against  in Round 18 of the 1991 AFL season at Football Park in Adelaide.At 6'8" (203 cm) he became a leading ruckmen, but suffered three ACL knee injuries overall on both knees which limited his playing ability. The last of those injuries was sustained when his good knee buckled and twisted after running onto a small rubber circle installed in the centre of the turf ground; the circles had been installed onto grounds to assist umpires with centre bounces, but <mask>'s injury, and subsequent legal action, saw the circles swiftly removed from all grounds. <mask>'s injury kept him on the sidelines for most of the 1996 season after having spent much of the previous season out with the same injury. His knee injuries restricted him to just 6 games in those two seasons, three in each. <mask> played 134 games and kicked 55 goals for the Crows between 1991 and 2000 and was a member of the Crows 1997 and 1998 premiership teams, before moving to  in 2001 in the twilight of his career. He played 33 games and kicked 7 goals with the Hawks between 2001–2002 before retiring from AFL football. Throughout his whole career at both Adelaide and Hawthorn, <mask> wore the #52 guernsey, and holds the record for the most games wearing that number.Such high numbers are rare in Australian football, as players with numbers higher than 40 usually exchange them for lower numbers early in their careers. <mask> played in jumper #16 when he played for West Adelaide. <mask> also wore 46 when he started at West Adelaide. Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991
|
| 52 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 42 || 35 || 77 || 32 || 3 || 47 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 7.0 || 5.8 || 12.8 || 5.3 || 0.5 || 7.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|
| 52 || 20 || 5 || 0 || 131 || 183 || 314 || 111 || 13 || 272 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 6.6 || 9.2 || 15.7 || 5.6 || 0.7 || 13.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|
| 52 || 17 || 6 || 3 || 104 || 198 || 302 || 110 || 19 || 253 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 6.1 || 11.6 || 17.8 || 6.5 || 1.1 || 14.9
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|
| 52 || 21 || 5 || 8 || 154 || 236 || 390 || 149 || 33 || 401 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 7.3 || 11.2 || 18.6 || 7.1 || 1.6 || 19.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|
| 52 || 3 || 4 || 3 || 25 || 26 || 51 || 14 || 2 || 15 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 8.3 || 8.7 || 17.0 || 4.7 || 0.7 || 5.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|
| 52 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 12 || 8 || 20 || 5 || 1 || 19 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 4.0 || 2.7 || 6.7 || 1.7 || 0.3 || 6.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|
| 52 || 22 || 11 || 15 || 153 || 112 || 265 || 93 || 27 || 264 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 7.0 || 5.1 || 12.0 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 12.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1998
|
| 52 || 26 || 5 || 11 || 270 || 176 || 446 || 148 || 38 || 566 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 10.4 || 6.8 || 17.2 || 5.7 || 1.5 || 21.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|
| 52 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|
| 52 || 16 || 14 || 8 || 117 || 92 || 209 || 67 || 21 || 189 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 7.3 || 5.8 || 13.1 || 4.2 || 1.3 || 11.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|
| 52 || 16 || 6 || 4 || 114 || 69 || 183 || 63 || 17 || 177 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 7.1 || 4.3 || 11.4 || 3.9 || 1.1 || 11.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|
| 52 || 17 || 1 || 3 || 84 || 67 || 151 || 40 || 34 || 262 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 4.9 || 3.9 || 8.9 || 2.4 || 2.0 || 15.4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 167
! 62
! 56
! 1206
!1202
! 2408
! 832
! 208
! 2465
! 0.4
! 0.3
!7.2
! 7.2
! 14.4
! 5.0
! 1.2
! 14.8
|}

Post-playing career
From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the coach of the West Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL, leading them to the Grand Final in his debut season as coach. In 2006, <mask> joined the Brisbane Lions as ruck coach where he helped develop Brisbane's young ruck division including Jamie Charman, Cameron Wood and Matthew Leuenberger.In 2011 <mask> coached South Australia in the 2011 State of Origin Slowdown to a 17.10 (112) to 17.9 (111) victory over Victoria in a charity match at the Adelaide Oval for the Little Heroes Foundation and the Reach Foundation youth charities started by former Melbourne ruckman and 1991 Brownlow Meadallist Jim Stynes. On 19 October 2011, Port Adelaide announced that <mask> would be an assistant coach at the club. References

External links

Adelaide Football Club players
Adelaide Football Club Premiership players
Malcolm Blight Medal winners
1971 births
Living people
All-Australians (AFL)
Hawthorn Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australia international rules football team players
People educated at Immanuel College, Adelaide
Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
Shaun Jason Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
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title: Colm Keegan

texts:
<mask> (born 2 August 1989) is a singer, songwriter and teacher from Dublin, Ireland. He was formerly a principal singer with Irish music group, Celtic Thunder, as well as previously performing with the likes of Celtic Woman, The Priests, and Irish tenor Peter Corry. He released his first solo album "I'll Never Be Alone" in the fall of 2016. He is currently touring with his wife, Laura, on various solo tours. He married Celtic Thunder cellist Laura Durrant on 26 July 2016. The couple had a baby boy,  Oisín, in February 2017. On 13, November 2018, the couple welcomed a second baby, baby girl Isla.<mask> announced her birth on Instagram the next day

Early life
Coming from a family of five brothers, all singers, and a father whose family was brought up singing, playing piano and guitar, Colm's musicality was engrained deep in his heritage. During his early school days, Colm studied under vocal coach Ken Shellard, and won several highly acclaimed awards at the Dublin Feis Ceoil singing competition. During this time he was also a lead soloist with the Palestrina Choir under the direction of Ite O'Donovan. Some venue highlights from this time include performances at Dublin's Pro-Cathedral, New York's St Patrick's Cathedral and St Peter's Basilica in Rome where the Pope was in attendance, along with regular recitals at Dublin's National Concert Hall. Colm later joined the Piccolo Lasso Choir and Habemus Chamber Choir, with whom he recorded several CDs, partook in an extensive European tour and performed as a lead soloist in Spain, Ireland, and The Czech Republic. Habemus
In 2005, Colm's oldest brother John established a chamber choir consisting of alumni Choral Scholars of University College Dublin and singers from Dublin's Palestrina Choir, giving them the name Habemus Chamber Choir. The word Habemus stems from the Latin "we have".This was Colm's return to choral music for the first time since his voice had broken. The Chamber group has won the recognition of many agents around Ireland, Radio and TV Stations, as well as having the opportunity to perform in numerous concerts not just nationwide, but internationally as well. Habemus performed across Europe, including trips to Barcelona and Prague all before Colm had turned 17. Today, the a cappella musical group consists of 16 highly talented and energetic singers selected from a variety of Dublin-based chamber choirs, choral foundations and university scholarship programmes. The primary focus for the choir is to utilize its musical talents to help promote awareness through charity fundraising concerts. Since its foundation, Habemus have raised in excess of 20,000 euro for almost a dozen local and international charities and continue to have the desire to help others through music. Choral Scholarship at University College Dublin
In 2008-2009 and again in 2010–2011, following a competitive selection process, Colm was awarded a singing scholarship with the Choral Scholars of University College Dublin under the direction of Dr Desmond Earley.This group is Ireland's leading collegiate choral ensemble. With a large repertoire ranging from art to popular music, and stretching from the medieval to the contemporary in style, this choir gives many concerts throughout the academic year, both in Ireland and abroad. Colm was also offered a Scholarship position with Dublin Choral Foundation's Lassus Scholars. Here Colm returned to singing with his former choir director of Dublin's Palestrina Choir, Ite O'Donovan, the lady who introduced Colm to both singing and Music as a young 4 year old and the person Colm refers to as the biggest influence on his Musical life. Colm spent his weekends in University teaching singing in the Habemus Performing Arts School, a school designed to encourage, educate and promote students in the disciplines of Singing, Acting and Dancing through classes and workshops. During this time, he was also appearing as guest assistant Musical Director for a number of amateur musical productions including West Side Story, HMS Pinafore and Pirates of Penzance. Colm's name was quickly spreading around the city and was asked to put on a number of projects including putting together a night of music for the children in Dublin's Central Remedial Clinic.These busy few years of Music outside the classroom, as well as obtaining an honors degree in Music and Irish in 2011, allowed Colm to realize his love for not only Music and Irish, but also for teaching. Celtic Woman
Whilst still in College, <mask> was invited to join the Aontas Choral Ensemble, the touring choir of Irish music group Celtic Woman. Colm recorded as a member of the choir for the "Songs From The Heart" CD and DVD Public Television special. Upon graduating from University College Dublin, he completed two European tours, a tour of Asia, the making of "Believe" CD and DVD, and a five-month North American tour with the production. Colm spent a year with the group before leaving to join Celtic Thunder. Celtic Thunder
In May 2012, <mask> was invited by producer Sharon Browne to join Celtic Thunder and first performed with the group in June of that year at Harrah's Resort and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Later that year, he filmed "Mythology", his debut DVD and CD as a principal member.He has subsequently toured the United States and Canada numerous times as a principal member of the group, including a special one-off 'unplugged' concert in New York during December 2012, which raised approximately $50,000 in aid of the victims of Hurricane Sandy. In 2014, Colm toured in Australia for the first time; He has also sailed on the Celtic Thunder Cruise in both 2013 and 2014 as one of the star performers. In early 2016, <mask> announced that he would be taking a year's break from Celtic Thunder to finish attending university. CKonTour
Mid 2014, Colm teamed up with Celtic Thunder musician Laura Durrant to release a debut single of the Tony Arata song "The Dance". The song soon went to #1 on iTunes World Music Charts, #1 bestseller on Amazon and #1 on Hot New Releases on CD Baby. Upon returning from his first tour of Australia with Celtic Thunder, <mask> and Laura decided to join forces and tour together, and from there, CKonTour was born. In August 2014, the duo embarked on a two-week solo tour of the United States East Coast.In contrast to the thousands of fans for whom the duo performed with Celtic Thunder, CKonTour provided fans with a chance to see <mask> and Laura perform a completely acoustic set in smaller, more intimate venues. The setlist for a CKonTour show is a perfect blend of original songs, Irish classics and contemporary favourites. Early in 2015, <mask> was voted Best New Irish Artist for 2014 in the Irish Music Awards (IMA). The IMA is an annual awards presentation hosted by the Irish Music Association to honour the best in Irish Music and helps to promote and support Irish music and musicians worldwide. 2015 also saw <mask> release another single, this time recording with his brothers the Irish classic "Raglan Road". This song, too, rose to #1 on the iTunes World music charts. On the back of releasing the music video for Colm's original song "Waves of Future", <mask> and Laura took CKonTour on the road again, this time performing 22 dates across the United States, including headlining the Rocky Mountain Irish Festival in Colorado, and an online StageIt show which was streamed live around the world.CKonLine
When off tour from Celtic Thunder, Colm doesn't forget about his other passion, teaching. He has helped out around Ireland teaching at several Performing Arts and Secondary schools offering advice and tuition in both music performance as well as the academic side to the subject. Making use of his previous teaching experience, Colm launched his newest project, CKonLine, in July 2015. An idea that was months in the making, CKonLine is an online teaching forum where people from around the world can study a range of subjects with Colm as their teacher. The inaugural summer term of CKonLine offered individual or group classes learning Music Theory, at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels, dependent on his students existing knowledge. This unique project gives people an opportunity to learn a subject from a passionate, experienced and driven teacher. "This unique, exciting prospect bears no limits to what can be achieved.We can take people with no experience in Music theory and have them reading music and, more importantly, understanding music in just a matter of weeks." Irish History will be introduced in the upcoming Autumn term commencing September, with more subjects to be added to the syllabus in future terms, including Irish Mythology and Irish Language. Discography

Teaching career

Filmography

References

External links

 CKonLine Website
 Colm Keegan Official Facebook
 Celtic Thunder

Musicians from Dublin (city)
Irish male singer-songwriters
Living people
1989 births
Alumni of University College Dublin
21st-century Irish male singers

masks:
Colm Keegan
Keegan
Colm
Colm
Keegan
Colm
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Colm


title: Stephen III of Hungary

texts:
<mask> (, , ; summer of 11474 March 1172) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1162 and 1172. He was crowned king in early June 1162, shortly after the death of his father, Géza II. However, his two uncles, Ladislaus and <mask>, who had joined the court of the Byzantine Empire, challenged his right to the crown. Only six weeks after his coronation, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos launched an expedition against Hungary, forcing the Hungarian lords to accept Ladislaus' rule. <mask> sought refuge in Austria, but returned and seized Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia). Ladislaus, who died on 14 January 1163, was succeeded by <mask>'s younger uncle and namesake, <mask>, without resistance, but his rule was unpopular. The young <mask> defeated his uncle on 19 June 1163 and expelled him from Hungary.<mask> attempted to regain his throne with Emperor Manuel I's support, but the latter made peace with <mask>. He agreed to send his younger brother, Béla, to Constantinople and to allow the Byzantines to seize Béla's duchy, which included Croatia, Dalmatia and Sirmium. In an attempt to recapture these territories, <mask> waged wars against the Byzantine Empire between 1164 and 1167, but could not defeat the Byzantines. Historians attribute the creation of the "Székesfehérvár laws", the first example of extensive privileges granted to a town in the Kingdom of Hungary, to him. He concluded a concordat with the Holy See in 1169, renouncing the control of the appointment of the prelates. He died childless. Childhood (1147–1162)
<mask> was the eldest child of Géza II of Hungary and his wife Euphrosyne of Kiev.He was born in the summer of 1147 when the French crusaders were marching through Hungary towards the Holy Land. King Louis VII of France sponsored his baptism. One Lady Margaret, who wrote her last will in 1152, mentioned that "King Géza reigned together with his son, Duke <mask>" in that year, indicating that the King had officially nominated the child <mask> as his heir. However, his position as his father's successor remained insecure, especially after his two uncles, <mask> and Ladislaus, left Hungary in the late 1150s. They would settle in the court of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in Constantinople. Géza II granted Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sirmium to his younger son Béla as an appanage shortly before his death. Reign

Struggle for the throne (1162–1164)

Géza II died on 31 May 1162.Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom, crowned the 15-year-old <mask> king without delay. On hearing of Géza II's death, Emperor Manuel hastened towards Hungary, because he "put a high value on the overlordship" of the country, according to the Byzantine historian John Kinnamos. Another Byzantine historian, Niketas Choniates, wrote that the Emperor decided to support the young King's uncle and namesake, <mask>, to acquire the throne in the hope that "he might receive the undisputed and guaranteed possession" of Sirmium and Zimony (now Zemun in Serbia) from his protégé. When supporting the claim of the late King's brother to the crown, the Emperor referred to "the law of the Hungarians" which prescribed that the crown should pass "always to the survivors of brothers", according to Kinnamos. Emperor Manuel dispatched an army to Hungary which advanced as far as Haram (now Ram, Serbia) where his envoys opened negotiations with the Hungarian barons. Bribed by the Byzantines and fearful of an invasion by the Emperor, the magnates agreed to accept Ladislaus, who was the older of the young King's two uncles, as a "compromise candidate". The young <mask>'s army was routed at Kapuvár.He fled from Hungary and sought refuge in Austria six weeks after his coronation. Archbishop Lucas was one of the few who remained loyal to the young monarch, refusing to crown his uncle. After Mikó, Archbishop of Kalocsa, performed Ladislaus's coronation, Archbishop Lucas even excommunicated the usurper, stating that he had unlawfully seized the crown from his nephew. <mask> returned from Austria and captured Pressburg. He could not take advantage of his uncle's death on 14 January 1163, because Ladislaus II was succeeded by his younger brother, <mask> IV. However, <mask>'s unveiled support for the interests of the Byzantine Empire caused discontent among the Hungarian barons. The young <mask> mustered an army of the barons who had deserted his uncle and supplemented it with German mercenaries.<mask> defeated his uncle at Székesfehérvár on 19 June 1163. The elder <mask> was captured, but <mask> released him upon the advice of Archbishop Lucas. The archbishop, along with the Dowager Queen Euphrosyne, remained the young monarch's principal advisors throughout his reign. The dethroned <mask> first fled to the Holy Roman Empire, but left shortly afterwards for the Byzantine Empire, where Emperor Manuel again promised him support. Wars with the Byzantine Empire (1164–1167)
Emperor Manuel sent an army to Hungary to help <mask> to regain the throne from his nephew. The young <mask> sought assistance from Vladislaus, King of Bohemia, against his uncle and the Byzantines, but the Bohemian barons refused to fight. Thereafter <mask> sent envoys to Emperor Manuel, but "they promised nothing genuine", according to Kinnamos.The Emperor continued his campaign, but in short "realized that it was then impossible for" his protégé "to rule the Hungarians' land", and opened negotiations with <mask>. According to their peace treaty, Emperor Manuel recognized the rule of the young <mask>, and the latter agreed to send his brother, Béla, to Constantinople. <mask> also promised that he would allow the Byzantines to take control of Béla's duchy. Abandoned by Emperor Manuel, <mask> approached Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Around the same time, a group of Hungarian barons and prelates sent a letter to Emperor Frederick, stating that they were willing to accept his suzerainty. <mask> also dispatched his envoys to Frederick, who decided not to intervene, but ordered his vassalsthe King of Bohemia, the Duke of Austria, and the Margrave of Styriato keep an eye on the political situation in Hungary. King Vladislaus' son, Sviatopluk, even married <mask>'s sister, Odola.The betrothal of <mask> to an unnamed daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Halych, was also arranged around this time. Next year <mask> broke his treaty with Emperor Manuel I and "usurped Béla's heritage", according to Kinnamos. A charter of 1164 of Peter, Archbishop of Spalato (now Split, Croatia) was dated in reference to the rule of <mask> and his ban, Ampud, suggesting that at least a part of Béla's duchyCentral Dalmatiawas under <mask>'s rule in that year. On the other hand, <mask>'s dethroned uncle invaded Sirmium where masses of the residents celebrated his return. Accompanied by the forces of King Vladislaus of Bohemia, and auxiliary troops from Austria and Halych, <mask> launched a campaign against him. Emperor Manuel I, who was about to march against Armenian Cilicia, returned to the Danube and stormed into Hungary, advancing as far as Bács (now Bač, Serbia). He contacted King Vladislaus and persuaded him to negotiate a peace treaty with <mask>.Abandoned by his most important ally, <mask> was obliged to renounce Sirmium in favor of the Byzantine Empire, but only after the Emperor promised that he would never support his uncle. Even so, Emperor Manuel allowed the dethroned king to stay in Sirmium. In short, <mask> invaded Dalmatia, although he had pledged to Vitale II Michiel, Doge of Venice, that he would withdraw from the Dalmatian towns. Upon <mask>'s arrival the citizens of Zadar expelled the Venetian governor and accepted his suzerainty. He again stormed into Sirmium and laid siege to his uncle in Zimony in spring 1165. Emperor Manuel decided to make a counterattack, but a rebellion by his cousin Andronikos Komnenos prevented him from marching to the Danube. Nevertheless, Manuel I sent envoys to the monarchs who had earlier supported <mask>, persuading them to remain neutral in the conflict.<mask>'s uncle died of poisoning during the siege of Zimony, on 11 April. The fortress soon fell to <mask> III. The Byzantine counter-offensive started at the end of June. An army under the command of Emperor Manuel I laid siege to Zimony and recaptured it; another Byzantine force invaded and occupied Bosnia and Dalmatia. The Venetian fleet intervened on the Byzantines' side in Dalmatia, forcing Zadar to again accept the rule of the Doge. <mask> could only conclude a new peace treaty with Emperor Manuel after he renounced Sirmium and Dalmatia. A Hungarian army under the command of Ispán Denis stormed into Sirmium once more in spring 1166.The Hungarians routed a Byzantine army, and occupied the whole province with the exception of Zimony. Emperor Manuel sent three armies against Hungary. The first army, which was under the command of protostrator Alexios Axuch and <mask>'s brother, Béla, was stationed by the Danube to distract attention from the movements of the two other units, which plundered Transylvania under the command of Leon Batatzes and John Doukas. The Byzantine campaign caused great devastation in the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, forcing <mask> to seek reconciliation. Upon his request, Henry Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, whose wife was Emperor Manuel's niece, mediated an armistice. At the end of the year, <mask> married the Duke's daughter Agnes. Around the same time, a Hungarian army invaded Dalmatia and captured Nikephoros Chalouphes, the Byzantine governor of the province.<mask> confirmed estates in Biograd na Moru and the privileges of Šibenik in 1166 and 1167, respectively, proving that the two towns accepted his suzerainty after the campaign. Emperor Manuel dispatched an army to Sirmium and sent his fleet to Zimony after Easter 1167. The Hungarians assembled their troops, and recruited no small number of allied forces as mercenaries, especially Germans, according to Choniates. The contemporaneous Rahewin writes that <mask> III "made war on the emperor of the Greeks" because he had received and assisted his brother, Béla. According to Rahewin and Henry of Mügeln, <mask> received support from his father-in-law, Duke Henry Jasomirgott. However, the Byzantine army led by Andronikos Kontostephanos annihilated the Hungarians, who were under the command of Ispán Denis, in a decisive battle which was fought near Zimony on 8 July. Kinnamos wrote that "the war on the Hungarians" concluded on the battlefield.According to Henry of Mügeln, <mask> signed a peace treaty renouncing the duchy that their father had bequeathed upon his brother, Béla. He also came to terms with Doge Vitale Michiel, giving his niece, Mary, to the Doge's son, Nicholas, on 17 December 1167, according to the early 13th-century History of the Doges of Venice. Later years (1167–1172)
There is evidence that suggests that <mask> seized Church revenues to finance his war with the Byzantine Empire. The correspondence of Thomas Becket and John of Salisbury reveals that the principles of the Gregorian Reform were not fully introduced in Hungary "on account of the unbridled acts of tyranny by the seculars against the apostolic institutions" in the late 1160s. <mask> transferred Prodanus, Bishop of Zagreb from his diocese without consulting the Holy See. Pope <mask> sent his legate Cardinal Manfred to Hungary in 1169, who discussed the debated issues with the king, the queen mother, and the prelates. The negotiations ended with an agreement that prohibited the monarch from arbitrarily deposing or relocating the prelates or confiscating their property.The Pope supported <mask> against Archbishop Lucas of Esztergom when the Archbishop attempted to hinder the consecration of the King's protégé, Andrew, Bishop-elect of Győr, because of his allegedly non-canonical election. The Knights Templar settled in Hungary during <mask>'s reign. According to historians Ferenc Makk and Pál Engel, <mask> III granted special privileges to the Walloon settlers of Székesfehérvár, including their exemption of customs duties throughout the kingdom. In the 13th century, the same privileges, the so-called "Székesfehérvár laws", were granted to additional towns, contributing to their development. <mask> died on 4 March 1172. Arnold of Lübeck, who was in Hungary at that time, wrote that a rumor spreading in the country attributed the 25-year-old monarch's unexpected death to poisoning. <mask> was buried in Esztergom.Family

<mask>'s betrothal to the daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych was broken in 1166. He married Agnes of Austria at the end of the year. From this marriage a son, Béla, was born in 1167, but the child died in the same year. Agnes survived her husband and was pregnant at the time of his death. Her father, who was staying in Hungary when <mask> died, took Agnes back to Austria. Agnes gave birth to a second son, but his fate is unknown. She later married Herman, Duke of Carinthia.Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. .
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press. . The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator, Rahewin (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (2004). Columbia University Press. . Secondary sources

12th-century Hungarian people
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
House of Árpád
Hungarian people of Ukrainian descent
Hungarian people of Russian descent
Hungarian exiles
1147 births
1172 deaths

masks:
Stephen III
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen IV
Stephen
Stephen IV
Stephen III
Stephen III
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Alexander III
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Stephen III


title: Lyubov Golanchikova

texts:
<mask> (also , Ljuba Galantchikoff) (1889–1959) was the third woman of the Russian Empire to receive a pilot's license. She was probably born in what is now Estonia. She was the first female test pilot, testing airplanes for Anthony Fokker, the French aircraft firm Morane-Saulnier, and the Russian airplane manufacturer Fedor Tereshchenko. During World War I, she flew missions for the Red Cross and during the civil war, may have flown observation missions for the Red Army. In 1923, she moved to the United States and made several attempts to be the first woman to make a transatlantic fight, though none ever came to fruition. After 1930, she quit flying and worked in various positions, including as a taxi driver. Name and birthplace variants
There is some confusion about <mask>'s place of birth and the spelling of her name.While her parents appear to have been ethnic Russians, there are suggestions she was born in Viljandi, now in Estonia, but at the time of her birth in the Russian Empire. Writing on the Early Birds of Aviation website in 2006, the Estonian author and aeronautical historian Toivo Kitvel of Tallinn has said, that he has a copy of the Viljandi Greek-Orthodox birth register with a record of her birth and baptism. Although she may have been brought up in St. Petersburg, Russian articles stating she was born in St. Petersburg, are probably mistaken. As a result of the difficulty of transliterating Russian names into English and of <mask>'s own variations in the use of her name, there are a number of variants. These include Ljuba Galantchikova (from Russian), Lioubov Golantchikova (French), Ljuba Galantschikoff (German), and  Ljuba Golantšikova (Estonian). An example of her own signature in northern European cursive longhand (see photo in box) is probably L. Galantchikoff. The 'T' has sometimes been interpreted as an 'S', giving L. Galanschikoff.Even in recent times, transliterations of her name are numerous. After her move to the United States, she used Luba Phillips for the American press, but may have used Luba Philipoff or Philippoff officially. When American press reported her maiden name, it was either as Luba Galanchikoff or as Luba Galanschikoff. Early life
<mask> Alexandrovna <mask> was born in 1889 in Viljandi, then in Russian Empire, to Olga and Aleksander Golantschikoff as the sixth child. The family was Russian Orthodox, and thus carried a Russian name. Her family was of modest means. Her father worked as a postal official in Viljandi, but died before Golanchikova reached her first year of age.The church books say, that the widowed Olga remarried on 26 August 1890 to Karl Grünwald, who was born in the Pskov Governorate, and maintained a workshop on Tartu Street 21. Through her mother's remarriage, <mask> now had a stepfather. In 1910, <mask> went to study in Saint Petersburg. Her stepfather encouraged her to study accounting. Though she enrolled in accounting courses, she found the work uninspiring and became a child actress, working in vaudeville as a singer and dancer. She was discovered by one Arnold Oskarovtich (Arnold the son of Oskar, thought to be an Estonian), the impresario of "Folie Bergere", who invited her to perform in Villa Rode, a restaurant next to the Kolomyazhskiy hippodrome. There, she took the stage name of "Molly Moret" ().Interest in flying
On 27 April 1910, on the grounds of the hippodrome, and also right next to Villa Rode, the first Russian air show took place, and lasted eighteen days. In addition to lesser-known Russian airmen, the show was visited by then the most popular airmen of the day: Charles Edmonds, Hubert Latham, Leon Morane, and also the first airwoman — baroness Raymonde de la Roche. Golantchikova aka "Molly More" attended with her friends as a spectator. The airshow was very successful. Towards the end of Summer, a second airshow took place. It was called the All-Russia Aeronautics Festival, and it opened on then the new Commandant's airfield (Комендантский аэродром). The air tricks that were performed by Lebedev, Utotchkin, and Mikhail Efimov, military pilots Gorshkov, Rudnev, and others took the city by storm.After attending that festival, "Molly" began reading everything she could find about flying, and met up with the many pilots who were all young and the same age as her. In Fall 1910, <mask> finally got acquainted with , a former electrician from Odessa, who took her on a flight as a passenger, and from then on, she decided she would learn to fly. For that, she began to collect money through the winter to attend school the next Spring. Education and flight school
When <mask> took up flying in 1911, she went to school and to flight lessons during the day and worked nights, graduating from high school at the same time as she received her pilot's license. She joined the Shchetinin Flying School at Gatchina airfield, passed her examination, and on 9 October 1911, became the third Russian woman with a pilot's license. Air shows
After earning her license, Golanchikova tried to find work as a pilot or in delivery, but was unable to do so, as potential employers suggested piloting was not women's business. She realised, that if she wanted to fly, the only avenue open to her was as a performer in airshows.By then, the stage name "Molly More" was shed. In April 1912, <mask> was invited by the local air club to an exhibition in Riga, where she was involved in a serious crash landing, but she escaped with minor injuries and returned to St. Petersburg. A St. Petersburg gazette recounted, that a foolish spectator had thrown a thick wooden stick at the airplane, which had caused the accident. In late Summer 1912, the "Second Military Air Contest" was held in St. Petersburg, and though injured, <mask> tried out several new aircraft, performing aerobatic maneuvers with skill. She had the ability to precisely pinpoint each airplane's deficiencies, and engineers began taking notes. That also included Anthony Fokker, whom she met at the show: he asked 'Fräulein Galantchikova' her opinion about his new plane, and she told him she liked the way his planes "handled". Subsequently, Fokker invited <mask> to Berlin to participate in an international airshow to be held in Fall 1912.For the next several months, she flew in barnstorming events throughout rural Russia and Poland. At the international airshow held on 22 November 1912, <mask> took to the air setting a new world altitude record for women of 2,200 meters, crushing the previous record of 825 meters held by German pilot Melli Beese. Career
In early 1913, <mask> was offered a job by Fokker to work as his chief pilot, flying to European cities to promote his aircraft. Fokker was reported to be in love with <mask>, considering her to be the perfect woman. When she started flying his planes, he thought that having a pretty woman involved would be "great publicity". Though she was homesick, she was determined to stay in Germany, because she would not be able to find professional work as a pilot in Russia. But, in July 1913, the French aircraft firm Morane-Saulnier produced a two-seater plane and hired Léon Letort to test it.He flew the leg from Paris to Berlin, and then offered <mask> the opportunity to fly with him on the return trip as navigator. After she obtained Fokker's agreement to make the flight with Letort, they took off for Paris. Bad weather conditions plagued the flight and after much difficulty, four days later they crashed in a field near the town of Bray-sur-Seine, about 100 km southeast of Paris. The plane was not damaged and the following day the duo was feted with a large reception. When she returned to her room at Hôtel du Brabant, <mask>'s room was full of floral bouquets, one of which had the business card of , a wealthy Ukrainian sugar producer. Tereshchenko owned an aircraft construction business and wanted to hire someone to test his designs. When her contract with Fokker expired, four months later, <mask> returned to Russia to work for Tereshchenko.On 1 December 1913, she signed a contract to become the first female test pilot, agreeing to test "Farman-22" aircraft manufactured in the Chervonskaya airplane workshop, in Chervone. When her contract was up at the end of a year, <mask> returned to Moscow and married Boris Philipoff, who was known as the "Bread King of Russia". During World War I, <mask> carried Red Cross supplies and in 1917, she flew as an observer for the Imperial Air Force, serving with the 26th Corps Reconnaissance Squadron. During the Russian Revolution, <mask> switched sides and flew for the Red Air Fleet, as well as training their pilots. She may have flown several missions for the revolutionary forces during the civil war. In October 1923, "Boris and Lubow Philipoff" (per the manifest) emigrated to the United States aboard the White Star Line's S.S. Baltic. After arriving in the U.S. she became known as Luba Phillips in the United States and Ljuba or Luba Galanchikoff abroad.In June, 1927, Phillips tried for an altitude record flying with W. L. Stultz at the controls. Though there were observers from the press and the altimeter rose to eleven thousand feet, the flight was unofficial, as no representatives of the National Aeronautic Association were in attendance. Phillips planned to make a transatlantic flight from New York to Rome on 10 July 1927 but the plan did not materialize. Three days after the failed attempt, she was still hoping to become the first woman to cross the Atlantic. Phillips signed a one-year contract for picture rights with the theatrical producer Oliver Morosco for the attempt. Though she made several plans, New York to France, New York to London, New York to Leningrad she did not complete any of the trips and appears to have stopped flying by 1930, when she was working in a beauty parlor at the Hotel Ansonia in New York City. Her husband died in Manhattan in 1936 and in the 1940s Phillips drove a taxi in New York City.Phillips died on 28 March 1959, in New York City. Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Первые Женщины-Авиатриссы в Царской России
 Женщины и авиация в царской России
 Первые русские женщины-пилоты
 Биографические сведения

1889 births
1959 deaths
People from Viljandi
Women aviators
Aviation record holders
Soviet aviation record holders
Soviet women aviation record holders

masks:
Lyubov Golanchikova
Golanchikova
Golanchikova
Lyubov
Golanchikova
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Golanchikova
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Golanchikova


title: Edmund Leach

texts:
<mask> FRAI FBA (7 November 1910 – 6 January 1989) was a British social anthropologist and academic. He served as Provost of King's College, Cambridge from 1966 to 1979. He was also President of the Royal Anthropological Institute from 1971 to 1975. Early years

Personal life
<mask> was born in Sidmouth, Devon, the youngest of three children and the son of <mask> and Mildred Brierley. His father owned and was manager of a sugar plantation in northern Argentina. In 1940 <mask> married Celia Joyce who was then a painter and later published poetry and two novels. They had a daughter in 1941 and a son in 1946.Education and career
<mask> was educated at Marlborough College and Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a BA with honours in Engineering in 1932. After leaving Cambridge University, <mask> took a four-year contract in 1933 with Butterfield and Swire in China, serving in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Chungking (now Chongqing), Tsingtao (now Qingdao), and Peking (now Beijing). He found out after his contract expired that he did not like the business atmosphere and never again was going to sit on an office stool. He intended to return to England by way of Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway, but increasing political turmoil in Russia convinced him otherwise. While in Peking, <mask> had a chance encounter with Kilton Stewart, a psychiatrist, former-Mormon missionary, and published author who invited him on a trip to the island of Botel Tobago off the coast of Formosa. And so, on his way home <mask> spent several months among the Yami of Botel Tobago, an island off the coast of Formosa. Here he took ethnographic notes and specifically focused his efforts on local boat design.This work resulted in a 1937 article in the anthropology journal Man. He returned to England and studied social anthropology at the London School of Economics with Raymond Firth who introduced him to Bronisław Malinowski. He was an active member of Malinowski's "famous seminar". In 1938, <mask> went to Iraq (Kurdistan) to study the Kurds, which resulted in Social and Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds. However, he abandoned this trip because of the Munich Crisis. He wrote: "I’ve got an enormous amount of ability at almost anything, yet so far I’ve made absolutely no use of it… I seem to be a highly organized piece of mental apparatus for which nobody else has any use" (D.N.B. 258).In 1939 he was going to study the Kachin Hills of Burma, but World War II intervened. <mask> then joined the Burma Army, from the fall of 1939 to summer 1945, where he achieved the rank of Major. During his time in Burma, <mask> acquired superior knowledge of Northern Burma and its many hill tribes. In particular, he grew very familiar with the Kachin people, even serving as commander of the Kachin irregular forces. This resulted in the publication of the "Jinghpaw Kinship Terminology: An Experiment in Ethnographic Algebra" in 1945. After he left the Army in 1946, he returned to the London School of Economics to complete his dissertation under the supervision of Raymond Firth. In spring of 1947 he received a PhD in anthropology.His 732-page dissertation was based on his time in Burma and titled Cultural change, with special reference to the hill tribes of Burma and Assam. Later that same year, at the request of Sir Charles Arden Clark, the then Governor of Sarawak (then under British Colonial rule) and a referral by Raymond Firth, the British Colonial Social Science Research Council invited <mask> to conduct a major survey of the local peoples. The resulting 1948 report, Social Science Research in Sarawak (later published in 1950), was used as a guide for many well-known subsequent anthropological studies of region. In addition to the report, <mask> produced five additional publications from this field work. Upon returning from his fieldwork in Borneo, <mask> became a lecturer at LSE. In 1951, <mask> won the Curl Essay Prize for his essay The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage, which drew on his extensive data on the Kachin to make important theoretical points as it related to kinship theory. In 1953, he became a lecturer at Cambridge University, and promoted to Reader in 1957.Along with his wife, Celia, <mask> spent a year from 1960 to 1961 at the Center for Advanced Study of Behavioral Studies in Palo Alto, California. Here he met Roman Jakobson, the Russian linguist, popularizer of Saussurean structural linguistics, and a major influence on the theoretical thinking of Levi-Strauss, leading to his structural anthropology. In 1972 he received a personal Chair. He was elected provost of King's College, Cambridge in 1966 and retired in 1979; President of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1971–1975); a Fellow of the British Academy (from 1972) and was knighted in 1975. Academic contributions

<mask> spanned the gap between British structural-functionalism (exemplified by Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski), and French structuralism (exemplified by Levi-Strauss). Despite being a central interpreter of Levi-Strauss' work, producing several introductory works on Levi-Strauss' theoretical perspective, <mask> considered himself "at heart, still a 'functionalist'". His book Lévi-Strauss was translated into six languages and ran three editions.His turn of phrase produced memorable quotes, such as this on Lévi-Strauss:"The outstanding characteristic of [Lévi-Strauss's] writing, whether in French or English, is that it is difficult to understand; his sociological theories combine baffling complexity with overwhelming erudition. Some readers even suspect that they are being treated to a confidence trick". <mask>'s work on Lévi-Strauss is often relied on by other authors. For example, in Richard Wrangham's (2009) book Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, he relies on <mask> in describing Lévi-Strauss's analysis of cooking in relation to human culture. <mask>'s first book was Political Systems of Highland Burma (1954); it challenged the theories of social structure and cultural change. Throughout, <mask> was "fiercely critical of generalisations from one society to a narrative about 'politics' in so-called 'primitive societies'". His second book was Pul Eliya, a Village in Ceylon (1961), where he directed his attention to theories of kinship as ideal systems.<mask>'s interest in kinship was first exemplified by his 1951 article (which won the Curl Essay Prize), and it was here that he first cites Levi-Strauss, disagreeing with several aspects of the latter's kinship theory outlined in Elementary Structures of Kinship. <mask> applied his analysis of kinship to his disagreement with Lévi-Strauss in Pul Eliya, introducing Levi-Strauss's work into British social anthropology in doing so. Bibliography
 Social And Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds (Berg Publishers, 1940)
 Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure (Harvard University Press, 1954)
 ed. Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (Cambridge University Press, 1960; revised edition 1971)
 Rethinking Anthropology (Robert Cunningham and Sons Ltd., 1961)
 Pul Eliya: A Village in Ceylon: A Study of Land Tenure and Kinship (Cambridge University Press, 1961)
 Dialectic in Practical Religion (Cambridge University Press, 1968)
 ed. Structural Study of Myth and Totemism (Routledge, 1968)
 A Runaway World? (London: BBC, 1968)
 Genesis as Myth and Other Essays (Jonathan Cape, 1969)
 Lévi-Strauss (Fontana Books, 1970; new edition 1985)
 Claude Lévi-Strauss (Viking Press, 1970; revised edition in 1974; 2nd revised edition 1996)
 Culture and Communication: The Logic by which Symbols Are Connected. An Introduction to the Use of Structuralist Analysis in Social Anthropology (Cambridge University Press, 1976)
 Custom, Law and Terrorist Violence (Edinburgh University Press, 1977)
 ed.The Kula: New Perspectives on Massim Exchange with Jerry W<mask> (Cambridge University Press, 1983)
 Social Anthropology (Oxford University Press, 1982)
 Structuralist Interpretations of Biblical Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1983)
 The Essential <mask> (Anthropology & Society & Culture & Human Nature) ed. by Stephen Hugh-Jones and James Laidlaw (Yale University Press, 2001, 2 vols.) ed. Elites in South Asia with S. N. Mukherjee (Cambridge University Press, 2009)

Literature
Tambiah, Stanley J., <mask>: An Anthropological Life (2002). Cambridge University Press. "<mask>, <mask>" Contemporary Authors Vol. 127, Gale Research Inc. 1989."<mask>, <mask> Ronald" Dictionary of National Biography 1986–1990. Oxford University Press 1996. "<mask>, <mask>" International Dictionary of Anthropologists. Garland Publishing 1991. <mask>, <mask>. Glimpses of the Unmentionable in the History of British Social Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 13.1984. References

External links
Biography at Minnesota State University website
 Interview of <mask> by Frank Kermode in 1982 (film)
 Chapter 1 of Tambiah, Stanley (2002) "<mask>ch: An Anthropological Life" Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Accessed 5 May 2010
 King's College, Cambridge Repository: Papers of <mask> <mask> Accessed 5 May 2010
 The Reith Lectures - <mask>: A Runaway World: 1967

Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Provosts of King's College, Cambridge
British anthropologists
Social anthropologists
Symbolic anthropologists
Cultural anthropologists
Anthropologists of religion
Fellows of the British Academy
People from Sidmouth
1910 births
1989 deaths
Burmese military personnel of World War II
Knights Bachelor
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Sir Edmund Ronald Leach
Leach
William Edmund Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
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Edmund Leach
Edmund Leach
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Edmund Ronald
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Sir Edmund
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Edmund Ronald
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Edmund R
Edmund Leach
Edmund Lea
Edmund Ronald
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Edmund Leach


title: Steven D. Wexner

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American surgeon and physician. He is Director of the Digestive Disease Center at Cleveland Clinic Florida, where he has worked since 1988. He has received numerous regional, national, and international research awards. Through his multiple academic appointments, <mask> personally trains 15-20 surgeons each year, and he educates thousands more around the world through conferences and lectures. However he also maintains a clinical practice and continuing research. In 2020 he was elected Vice-Chair of the Board of Regents of the American College of Surgeons. He also serves as Symposium Director of the Annual International Colorectal Disease Symposium, held each year in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.Education
Dr<mask> received his bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1978. He earned his MD in 1982 from Weill Cornell Medicine. He completed a general surgery residency in 1987 at Roosevelt Hospital (now Mount Sinai West). In 1988 he completed a fellowship in colon and rectal surgery at the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis, MN. Career

In 1993, Dr. <mask> was named Chairman of the Department of Colorectal Surgery at Cleveland Clinic Florida. While at Cleveland Clinic he also served as Chairman of the Division of Research and Education from 1996 to 2007, as well as Chief of Staff from 1997 to 2007. He served as Chief Academic Officer from 2007 to 2012.In 2012 He was appointed the Director of the Digestive Diseases Center. Dr. Wexner holds academic appointments as Affiliate Professor at Florida Atlantic University; Clinical Professor at Florida International University; Affiliate Professor of Surgery at the University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Professor of Surgery at the Ohio State University; Clinical Professor of Surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University; Affiliate Professor of Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Professor of Surgery, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Visiting Professor, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; and Visiting Professor at the University of Belgrade in Serbia. Dr. <mask> is one of the founders of the National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC). The accreditation program was formed in 2017 with the American College of Surgeon's Commission on Cancer to implement nationwide educational and medical standards for the best treatment of rectal cancer. Innovation  and research

In an interview with Local 10, Dr. <mask> shared that he has been seeing a higher frequency of colorectal cancer in younger patients, due to genetic drift as well as environmental and dietary factors. This is often misdiagnosed until the disease has become advanced, and so Dr. <mask> recommends beginning regular colonoscopy screenings earlier than guidelines currently advise. J-Pouch Procedures
Much of Dr. <mask>'s work has been focused on improving surgical techniques for the avoidance of permanent stomas in patients with colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, and fecal incontinence.He introduced a popular modification to the technique for creating an ileo-anal pouch , or j-pouch for ulcerative colitis, in which double stapling is used in place of sutures to improve results. He also popularized the colonic j-pouch for patients with rectal cancer. The J-pouch, an alternative to a permanent ileostomy or colostomy, allows patients who have had their colons removed to continue to have regular bowel movements without an ostomy bag. This is now the standard of care for patients with rectal carcinoma across the country and world. Incontinence and Constipation Scores
The Wexner Incontinence Score is the most common score used to determine the severity of incontinence before and after surgery for anal incontinence. The Wexner Incontinence Score is based on the research of Wexner and his associate J. Marcio N. Jorge, MD. The scoring system takes into account the frequency of incontinence, alterations a patient makes to cope with incontinence, and lifestyle modifications.Dr. <mask>'s research has also developed the Wexner Constipation Score, occasionally known as the Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score. [7] The score measures the severity of constipation by taking into consideration a number of factors, which his research found to correlate with objective physiologic findings. Information on these factors is collected from each patient's subjective reports, and they are given a score. This score allows for appropriate and consistent diagnosis and treatment. The factors include the frequency and completeness of bowel movements, the difficulty of evacuation, the type of assistance used (if any), the patient's level of pain, and duration of constipation. In 1996, Dr. <mask> and colleagues released a method of scoring perianal disease activity for patients with Crohn's Disease. The goal of the scoring system is to utilize  a patient's medical history and the results of physical examination to predict the likelihood of success of surgical intervention.Prior to the development of this method, doctors lacked reliable indices of disease activity or prognostic implications from surgery. Patents

Honors and Awards

In 1999, Dr. <mask>  was awarded an FRCS from the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2000 he was awarded an FRCS ad eundum from the Royal College of Surgeons in England. In 2008 he was elected to the Royal College of Surgeons of England by a unanimous vote of its council. This is the highest distinction conferred by the council. In 2015, Dr. <mask> was awarded honorary membership in the European Surgical Association and the European Society of Coloproctology. In 2013, Dr. <mask> was awarded an honorary foreign membership in the Argentina Society of Coloproctology.In 2012, Dr<mask> was awarded the degree of PhD honoris causa by the University of Belgrade. In 2003, The American Jewish Committee presented Dr. <mask> with the prestigious Maimonides Award. In 2013, he was awarded Professor Emeritus of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. In 2016, Dr<mask> was recognized by Cleveland Clinic Florida as a Master Clinician. In 2017, Dr. <mask> was awarded an honorary membership into the Society of General Surgery of Peru, honorary fellowship in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer at the University College London. On June 5, 2019, Dr. <mask> was award an Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Scotland.Professional Memberships and Positions

As of October 2020, Dr. <mask> is Vice-Chair of the Board of Regents of the American College of Surgeons. Through this position he also serves as Vice-Chair of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents, the Vice-Chair of the Finance Committee of the ACS, and the Regental Liaison to the ACS Board of Governors. From 2011 to 2012, Dr. <mask> served as president of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, for which he gave a Presidential Address in 2012. Prior to that, from 2010 to 2011 he served as president of the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery. He also served as president of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) from 2006 to 2007. In 2007 he delivered the SAGES Presidential Address entitled "Trials and tribulations in the history of surgical innovation." Additionally, Dr. <mask> is currently on the Board of Regents of the American College of Surgeons.Within this organization he is on the executive committee for the Commission on Cancer, and he is the chair of the National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer. Dr. <mask> has served as the president of other professional organizations, including the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Research Foundation, the Florida Gastroenterologic Society, and South Florida Chapter of the American College of Surgeons. Publications

Dr. <mask> is the co-editor-in-chief of Surgery. He has served on the editorial team for over 25 textbooks and has published 250 textbook chapters. He is a reviewer for 31 journals and is on 33 editorial boards. Dr. <mask> has authored numerous articles over his career. In 2019, the Journal of Coloproctology published an analysis of the top 100 cited papers in benign anorectal disease which listed Dr. <mask> as the 2nd most cited author.His paper with Dr. Marcio Jorge,  was ranked as the most cited paper on benign anorectal disease. On October 19, 2021, Elsevier published a list of the top cited scientists from 22 different fields based on the Scopus database. In the field of Surgery, Dr<mask> was ranked as the 34th most cited author of all time. In the field of Colorectal Surgery, Dr. Wexner is the 3rd most cited author of all time and the most cited living author. In his capacity as Regent for the American College of Surgeons, Dr. <mask> has also conducted a series of interviews with other surgeons from around the world called A Surgeon's Voice. The interviews focus on these surgeons' experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic and their unique perspectives as medical professionals. He has produced over 100 videos which have received over 300,000 views, as of May 2020.This series includes an interview with Johnson & Johnson CEO, Alex Gorsky, on the process of developing their COVID-19 vaccine. Dr. Wexner also published studies which resulted in the eponymous Wexner Incontinence Score and the Wexner Constipation Score, as well as the Pilarsky Wexner Perianal Crohn's Score:

Selected Books

 S.R. Steele, J.A. Maykel, S.D<mask> (Eds. ), (2020). Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery, 2nd ed.Springer Nature Switzerland. <mask>. Beck (Author), <mask><mask> (Author), Janice F. Rafferty (Author) (2019). Gordon and Nivatvongs' Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, 4th ed. Thieme. <mask>. Beck, Scott R. Steele, <mask><mask> (2019). Fundamentals of Anorectal Surgery, 3rd ed. Springer Nature Switzerland.<mask><mask> (Author), James W. Fleshman (Author) (2019). Colon and Rectal Surgery: Abdominal Operations (Master Techniques in Surgery), 2nd ed. Wolters Kluwer. <mask><mask> (Author), James W. Fleshman (Author) (2019). Colon and Rectal Surgery: Anorectal Operations (Master Techniques in Surgery), 2nd ed. Wolters Kluwer. <mask>. Beck, <mask><mask>, et al.(2014). The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery, 2nd ed. Springer New York. Andrew P. Zbar, Robert D. Madoff, <mask><mask> (2013). Reconstructive Surgery of the Rectum, Anus and Perineum. Springer. <mask><mask>,  Andrew P. Zbar, Mario Pescatori (2010).Complex Anorectal Disorders: Investigation and Management. Springer. Andrew P. Zbar, <mask><mask> (2010). Coloproctology (Springer Specialist Surgery Series). Springer. N. Stollman, <mask><mask> (2007). Disease of the Colon, 1st ed.Informa Healthcare. <mask><mask>, Graeme S<mask> (2006). Constipation: Etiology, Evaluation and Management. Springer. G<mask>, G. Ghoneim G, <mask><mask> (2006). Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 1st ed. Springer.<mask><mask> et al. (2006). Diverticular Disease: Emerging Evidence in  Common Conditions, 1st ed. Springer. <mask><mask>, Andrew P. Zbar, Mario Pescatori (2005). Complex Anorectal Disorders. Investigation and Management, 1st ed.Springer. <mask><mask> (Section Ed. ), B. MacFadyen (Section Ed.) (2004). Laparoscopic Surgery of the Abdomen. Springer-Verlag. P. Boulos, <mask><mask> (2000).Current Challenges in Colorectal Surgery, 1st ed. W. B. Saunders. <mask><mask>, (1999). Protocols in General Surgery: Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. Selected Articles

As noted above, Dr. <mask> has published a myriad of articles in scientific journals and books, including 213 manuscripts and 26 editorials or commentaries in the last twenty years. Most recently, he co-authored the following noteworthy articles on COVID, on the contributions of women to the field of colorectal surgery, and on racial disparities in colorectal surgery outcomes:

Personal life

Dr. <mask>'s father was Judge <mask>, who presided in New York for over twenty years and lived part time in West Boca. Dr. <mask>'s partner, Dr. Mariana Berho, is Chief of Staff at Cleveland Clinic Weston.References

External links
List of publications on PubMed

Living people
American surgeons
Cleveland Clinic people
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
University of Minnesota Medical School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Fellows of the American College of Surgeons

masks:
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David E
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Ira Wexner
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