title: Ingrid Michaelson

texts:
<mask> (born December 8, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her first album, Slow the Rain, was released in 2005, and she has since released eight more albums: Girls and Boys, Be OK, Everybody, Human Again, Lights Out, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, Songs for the Season, and her most recent, Stranger Songs. Her two highest-charting singles are "The Way I Am" (2007) and "Girls Chase Boys" (2014), at #37 and #52 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Early life
Michaelson is half Swedish and was born in 1979 in New York City to artistic parents. Her father, <mask>, was a manager of copyrights for the publishing company Carl Fischer Music and a composer on the side ("The Praise of Christmas"). Her mother, Elizabeth Egbert, was a sculptor, of Dutch ancestry. As a child, Michaelson performed in a musical theatre group called Staten Island Kids On Stage.She took up piano at age 4, and trained until age 7 at Manhattan's Third Street Music School, continuing for many more years at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute. While there she met vocal coach Elizabeth McCullough, who worked with her through high school. Michaelson is a graduate of Staten Island Technical High School and Binghamton University, where she received a degree in theater. While at Binghamton University, she was a member of the Binghamtonics, a co-ed a cappella group, as well as the Pappy Parker Players, an improv comedy group, and the theatre repertory company under Sue Peters. Her time at Binghamton is mentioned in her song "The Hat." Musical career

2006–08: Girls and Boys
In 2006, Michaelson independently released her second album, Girls and Boys. The album, like her previous music, was streamed on Myspace.A music producer from the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy found her music online. After being contacted by the music producer, Michaelson began to be approached by several record companies. Wanting to retain all of the rights she had as an independent artist, Michaelson developed a deal with Original Signal Recordings, acting as the marketing and distribution arm for Michaelson's label. Through Original Signal, Michaelson re-released Girls and Boys into mainstream marketing on September 18, 2007. It peaked at #63 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews from critics. Additionally, in 2007, "The Way I Am", a song from the album, was featured in an Old Navy commercial. The 30-second ad played on the major US networks and most prime-time shows for a few days.In less than 3 weeks, more than 65 appearances in prime-time had been made, including 17 season premieres. 2008–10: Be OK and Everybody

In 2008, Michaelson released her third album, and first compilation album, Be OK. The album debuted at #35 on the Billboard charts and received mixed to positive reviews. The album features the single "Be OK", which received a large amount of exposure on several shows and commercials. Michaelson joined the Hotel Cafe Tour that fall in support of the album, whose proceeds went toward cancer research. In 2009, Michaelson released her fourth album, Everybody. Everybody debuted on #18 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews.It features the single "Maybe", which received positive reviews and was featured on several television programs. Her show in Sydney, Australia, at the Metro Theater is available online at MoshCam, a website that shows pre-recorded concerts. 2010–12: Parachute and Human Again

In 2010, Michaelson digitally released the single "Parachute", a song that she wrote but was recorded by Cheryl Cole on Cole's album 3 Words. The song has not been featured on any albums, but is available on both iTunes and Amazon. In 2012, Michaelson released her fifth album, Human Again. Human Again debuted at #5 on the Billboard charts and received very positive reviews, with critics praising the album's unique sound. Michaelson's first tour leg for the album, The Human Again Tour, was sold out almost every night of the tour.After the first tour, Michaelson continued to tour on 3 other legs, two in North America, and one across the world. The first leg of <mask>'s tour was held from April to May. The second leg, The Human Again Summer Tour, was held from June to August. The Third Leg, The Human Again Fall Tour, began in September. Michaelson also played 3 shows in Australia, where Human Again was the first formally released record of hers. In September 2012, she was featured in a campaign called "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book. 2014–2015: Lights Out
On February 4, 2014, Michaelson released the lead single, "Girls Chase Boys", from her album Lights Out.The song reached #52 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Afterlife" and "Time Machine" were released as the second and third singles with moderate commercial success. On April 25, 2014, Lights Out was released. The deluxe edition, which was released in November later that year, contains an additional six bonus tracks. 2016–2017: It Doesn't Have To Make Sense and Alter Egos

On April 29, 2016, Michaelson released the song "Hell No". It serves as the lead single from her seventh studio album, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, which was released on August 26, 2016, through Cabin 24 Records. In July she released a second video of "Hell No," which incorporates members of the Deaf West theater company performing the lyrics in American Sign Language.In support of the album, Michaelson embarked on the "Hell No Tour" beginning October 6, 2016, in Cincinnati, OH. On 12 May 2017, a 5-track EP titled Alter Egos was released. It consists of re-worked songs from It Doesn't Have to Make Sense with guest vocalists on each track. 2018–present: <mask>'s Songs for the Season and Stranger Songs
On 26 October 2018, Michaelson released a Christmas album called <mask>'s Songs for the Season. In January 2019, Michaelson announced she was composing the score for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. On May 10, 2019, she released "Missing You", which serves as the lead single off of her ninth studio album, Stranger Songs. Michaelson first announced the album via her Twitter in January 2018, writing that it would be inspired by the Netflix series Stranger Things.The album was released on June 28, 2019. In July 2020, Michaelson was nominated for her first Emmy Award in the Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics category for the song "Build it Up", written specifically for the finale of Hulu's hit miniseries Little Fires Everywhere. Collaborations

In 2006, Michaelson teamed up with William Fitzsimmons on his album Goodnight, which was released that same year. Michaelson and her friend Sara Bareilles co-wrote "Winter Song" which was featured on The Hotel Café Presents Winter Songs, a compilation of both original recordings as well as classic holiday tracks sung by a lineup of female singer-songwriters. Michaelson performed "Winter Song" with Bareilles for President Obama and his family as well as many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting in December 2010. In 2011, "Winter Song" reached #2 on the Irish Singles Chart. Michaelson provided back-up vocals on two songs from PlayRadioPlay!'s album Texas, including "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" and the title track, "Texas". She provided back-up vocals on Greg Laswell's album, Take A Bow, which was released on May 4, 2010. Collaboration was done on the songs "Take Everything", "My Fight (For You)", and "Come Clean". Michaelson's bandmate, Allie Moss released a 2009 EP, Passerby. Its song "Corner" was selected by British Telecommunications in the UK for their BT Infinity television commercials. Other past and present band members include Chris Kuffner (bass), Bess Rogers (guitar), Saul Simon MacWilliams (keys), Billy Libby (guitar), Sarab Singh (drums) and Elliot Jacobson (drums). In 2010, Michaelson co-wrote the song "Parachute" with Marshall Altman which was covered by British singer Cheryl Cole on her debut solo album 3 Words; it peaked at #5 on the UK Singles Chart.Michaelson initially believed the track was "so poppy" that she could not release it herself. However, after the song was reworked by "Everybody" producer Dan Romer to make a more "interesting, funky production", Michaelson released the song as a personal single. There are two different music videos for the song. Of the release of "Parachute" and upcoming material, Michaelson explained in a 2010 interview with Billboard.com, "I just felt like I wanted to put something out. I'm not ready to put a full album out, so we thought we'd put this out and see how people take it or don't take it." She said that she expects to release her next album, "probably in the middle of next year". In 2012, <mask> and Laswell co-wrote and sang the duet "Landline", which appeared on his album of the same name.Her 2014 album, Lights Out, was a collaborative effort. "On all my previous records, I'd written all the songs myself. It was one producer and me locked in a room for months," she said. "Not that that was bad, but I think that everything has a season. I never wanted to kind of give up control. I think I'm letting go of a lot of things – embracing the idea of allowing people to help me in all facets of my life. I think that I was a bit of a control freak, and I'm just more open to letting people be part of things that they weren't part of before.It's really liberating. I had the best time ever on the last record. It was just really wonderful to be able to share the success with other people." Michaelson has also appeared on The Nerdist Podcast with Chris Hardwick. Broadway
Michaelson played the role of Sonya Rostova temporarily in the Broadway musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 from July 3 to August 13, 2017, while actress Brittain Ashford was on leave. In January 2019, it was reported that Michaelson was writing the music and lyrics for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. Film
Michaelson made her film debut in the comedy film Humor Me, which was released January 12, 2018.Personal life

Michaelson married fellow musician Greg Laswell in 2011. They divorced in 2015. In late 2015, Michaelson announced her relationship with film and stage actor Will Chase. Michaelson identifies as a feminist. Discography

 Slow the Rain (2005)
 Girls and Boys (2006)
 Be OK (2008)
 Everybody (2009)
 Human Again (2012)
 Lights Out (2014)
 It Doesn't Have to Make Sense (2016)
Songs for the Season (2018)
Stranger Songs (2019)

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Binghamton University alumni
People from Staten Island
Singers from New York City
American women singer-songwriters
American sopranos
American folk musicians
American people of Swedish descent
American people of Dutch descent
American ukulele players
American feminists
Feminist musicians
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American folk-pop singers
Guitarists from New York City
Indie folk musicians
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
LGBT singers from the United States
Universal Motown Records artists
21st-century American singers
Mom + Pop Music artists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

masks:
Ingrid Ellen Michaelson
Carl Michaelson
Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson
Michaelson


title: George Stevens

type: original

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1904 – March 8, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are Swing Time (1936), The More the Merrier (1943; for which he was nominated for the Best Director Oscar), A Place in the Sun (1951; for which he won the Best Director Oscar), Shane (1953; nominated for the Best Director Oscar), Giant (1956; won the Best Director Oscar), and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959; nominated for the Best Director Oscar). Biography

Film career
<mask> was born on December 18, 1904, in Oakland, California, the son of <mask> and Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. Drama critic <mask> and film director James W. Horne were his uncles. He also had two brothers, Jack, a cinematographer, and writer <mask>. He learned about the stage by watching his parents, and himself acted in plays in San Francisco. At the age of 10, his mother gave him a Brownie camera, and he began photographing the city and portraits of his mother.At the age of 17, Hal Roach Studios employed him as an assistant cameraman filming Rex the Wonder Horse in Utah. <mask> helped grant Stan Laurel a film career, as the studio had trouble getting the comedian's blue eyes to register on film, but <mask> made a successful test of him using panchromatic film. He worked as director of photography and a gag writer on 35 Laurel and Hardy short films, such as Bacon Grabbers (1929) and Night Owls (1930); according to <mask> he learned from this experience that comedy could be "graceful and human". In 1928, he met Yvonne Howell in Oliver Hardy's home; they were married on January 1, 1930. In the early 1930s, <mask> began to disagree with Roach's studio, wanting to flesh out characters rather than just make slapstick comedy. This led to a suspension and his departure from the studio. In 1933, he directed his first feature film, The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble, for Universal Pictures.In 1934, <mask> was hired by RKO Pictures, and he directed the slapstick film Kentucky Kernels. His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn the next year in Alice Adams; according to Hepburn, <mask> felt that she got him the job. He would subsequently make seven films for the studio in five years. In the late 1930s, he went on to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, both together and separately. In 1939, <mask> directed Cary Grant in the large-scale Gunga Din, costing over $1 million as RKO's most expensive film to date; though the studio feared its ballooning budget, it ended up a profitable success. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in Vigil in the Night. In 1942, he reunited with Hepburn at her behest to film Woman of the Year.<mask> served as president of the Screen Directors Guild (SDG) from 1941 to 1943. After seeing the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), he was provoked to join the Allied forces in World War II. He joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps and headed a film unit from 1943 to 1946, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His unit shot footage—including the only color film of the war in Europe (which remained archived for decades)—documenting the Normandy landings (D-Day), the liberation of Paris, the meeting of American and Soviet forces at the Elbe River, and the Allied discovery of both the Duben labor camp and Dachau concentration camp. <mask> helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials; this was released as the hour-long Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps (1945). In 2008, <mask>'s footage was entered into the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an "essential visual record" of the war. In 1946, <mask> resumed his duties as president of the SDG, remaining so until 1948.As a result of his experiences during the war, his films became more dramatic. The drama I Remember Mama (1948) was only partly comedic. In 1950, during the McCarthyist scare and related Hollywood blacklist, <mask> defended Joseph L. Mankiewicz from Cecil B. DeMille's attempt to recall him as president of the SDG. <mask> went on to direct such classic films as the drama A Place in the Sun (1951), the Western Shane (1953), the epic Western drama Giant (1956), the biographical Holocaust drama The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), and his biblical epic of Jesus, The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). He ended his directing career with the 1970 romantic comedy-drama The Only Game in Town with Warren Beatty and Elizabeth Taylor. That year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, which ended in scandal. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.Personal life
During his time filming wild horses with Hal Roach Studios in Utah, <mask> bonded with the Comanche. A number of subsequent associates would speculate that he was part Native American. <mask> was the father of television and film writer-producer-director <mask>, Jr., the founder of the American Film Institute (AFI). <mask>. produced and directed the documentary about his father <mask>: A Filmmaker's Journey in 1984 and is the father of <mask>'s grandson <mask> (1966–2015), who was also a television and film producer-director. Death
<mask> died following a heart attack on March 8, 1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles. Awards
As a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, <mask> headed the Signal Corps unit that filmed D-Day and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp.For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for A Place in the Sun and in 1956 for Giant. He was also nominated in 1943 for The More the Merrier, in 1954 for Shane, and in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. Archives
The moving image collection of <mask> is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at AFI is complemented by material in the <mask> papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Filmography

Other work

Academy Awards

References

Further reading
 Cronin, Paul: <mask>: Interviews.Jackson, MS, University Press of Mississippi, 2004. Moss, Marilyn Ann: Giant: <mask>, a Life on Film. Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Petri, Bruce: A Theory of American Film: The Films and Techniques of <mask>. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1987. Richie, Donald: <mask>: An American Romantic. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1984 (reprint of 1970 original).External links

 <mask>: Movie Movie
 <mask> papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1904 births
1975 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Presidents of the Directors Guild of America
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Writers from Oakland, California
Western (genre) film directors
American cinematographers
American male screenwriters
Film producers from California
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Film directors from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Directors Guild of America Award winners
20th-century American businesspeople
Activists from California
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
George Cooper Stevens
George Stevens
Landers Stevens
Ashton Stevens
Aston Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
George Stevens
George Jr
George Stevens
Stevens
Michael Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
<mask> (born 1929) is an educator who is notable as one of a handful of African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), and for his controversial views, such as his support of the modern display of the Confederate flag. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ripley, Tennessee, in the Mississippi Delta region, to Isaac and <mask>. His siblings included brothers Robert and Harold, and sisters Mary and Dorothy Jean. His family grew up in the house built in 1908 by his maternal grandfather <mask>. As <mask> lived until 1934, <mask> had a few years as a young boy to absorb his vivid first-person accounts of slavery and service with the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. <mask>, Grandfather
<mask> (1847-1934) was an enslaved cook and body servant during the American Civil War. In 1862, Louis was a 14-year old illiterate slave on James and Helen C. Oldham’s plantation in Lauderdale County, Tennessee.The Oldham's were a prominent Episcopalian family who owned over 40 slaves. <mask> was one of 19 enslaved children under the age of 16 on the plantation according to the United States Census (1860 Slave Schedule). James and Helen had 3 sons, E.R. (18), Sidney (16), and James (12). Experience during the Civil War
E.R. and Sidney enlisted in Company M, Tennessee 7th Cavalry (Duckworth’s) in April, 1862. At 14 years old, Louis' owner sent him to serve as a personal servant for his sons.Based on the memoir of a member of Company M, Charles Stephen Olin Rice, the Oldham sons brought along another slave named Auterick. As a Confederate slave, Louis was responsible for duties such as cooking breakfast, cleaning, brushing uniforms, taking care of horses, foraging for food, shaving, delivering messages or any other task the owner needed. Sometimes slaves were also allowed to hire out their services if their owner permitted. Company M was one of many Confederate cavalry formations that fell under the overall command of the noted slave trader, planter and Confederate cavalry Lieutenant General, Nathan Bedford Forrest. Louis later served as a cook for Company M, but there is no record of how this service came about. It is unknown whether Louis was hired out by E.R. Oldham to the Confederate Army or ever received pay for his labor during this time.Lore about Louis' Life
In <mask>'s speeches and writing he frequently discusses <mask>. <mask> claims that <mask> was allowed to serve as a rifleman and later as chaplain to both blacks and whites; he had already memorized the King James Bible by heart. In a 2007 Florida Today interview, <mask> stated that his grandfather served as a chaplain in 1862 after the Battle of Shiloh for 4 campaigns. There are no sources which corroborate any of these claims. The September 10, 1863 issue of The Religious Herald is often used to bolster Louis' bonafides as the first black chaplain of the CSA. The story, which was reprinted in several newspapers, notes that a Confederate Tennessee regiment did not have a chaplain, but instead had services lead by an "old negro" slave named "Uncle Lewis". <mask> would have been around 15 years old at this time.Company M is not named in the article. The CSA did not allow blacks to enlist and as a policy did not arm them. Confederate Army Regulations from 1861-1865 state that soldiers must be “free white males” and cannot be “the servant of a soldier”. The first black soldiers enlisted in the CSA in March 1865 just a few weeks before the war's end. Oldham and the rest of Company M surrendered in Gainesville, Alabama on May 12, 1865. Pension Records
E.R. Oldham served as a witness for Louis' pension application.E.R. Oldham wrote that Louis was there until the very end of the war and was “my cook, while I was a soldier”. All existing records classify Louis as a cook and servant. Louis' pension application and obituary were absent of any mention of duties as a chaplain, rifleman or soldier. His widow was denied pension as the State of Tennessee only paid a pension to veterans, their widows, and ex-servants, but not to the widows of ex-servants. As a descendant of <mask>, <mask> qualified for membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He notes that his grandfather received a state pension from Tennessee for Confederate veterans beginning in 1921 according to his pension records.1921 was the first year that black cooks and servants were allowed to file. Legacy
Louis was one of more than 280 men who appeared before the Tennessee pension board to receive the pension created to "provide for those colored men who served as servants and cooks in the Confederate Army.”

Not every cook or servant qualified for a pension. Eligibility requirements included an inability to support oneself and proof they stayed in the war until the end. The pension paid $10 a month. White Confederate veterans received pensions in 1891 (about 26 years after the war) and their widows first received pensions in 1905. The majority of former Confederate slaves died before the pension bill passed in 1921, which was about 56 years after the war ended. The average age of black pensioners in Tennessee in 1921 was 79.9 years old.At 74, Louis was one of 195 men to receive a pension for being a cook or servant. Family
Both <mask>'s mother Ganelle and his maternal grandmother were teachers, and education was prized in their family. <mask> and his siblings all earned college degrees and some, like his sister Mary, also earned graduate degrees. She became a teacher and principal. <mask> married Naomi Daniel of Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Mrs. <mask> passed in 1999. They have two children, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.Career
<mask> became a teacher and later an assistant principal, having a career in education like his mother and grandmother. In 1955, he moved with his family to Florida where the public school system resisted integration and retained segregated schools for years past the US Supreme Court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that declared them unconstitutional. <mask> earned an undergraduate degree in science and a master's degree in physics education. Opinions on Confederate history
In 1991, after the NAACP began a campaign against the Confederate flag being celebrated on public buildings, <mask> disagreed with such sentiment and efforts, and decided to join the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He is a member of the SCV's Jacob Summerlin Camp #1516 in Kissimmee, Florida. As an adult, he had learned more about his grandfather and his military service, and <mask> came to honor his support for the Confederacy. With his retirement from teaching, <mask> felt ready to speak out on public issues.For instance, unlike many other African Americans, he considers the Confederate flag part of Southern heritage and appropriate for public display. He has said that the South seceded from the Union because of states' rights, not slavery. "He denies that President Lincoln freed the slaves, explaining that the Emancipation Proclamation affected only the Confederate states, which were no longer under his authority." <mask> has traveled widely, visiting various SCV camps and other organizations willing to listen and consider his views about the Civil War and his heritage. He has been known to sing a Confederate song including the line, "....Black is nothing other than a darker shade of rebel gray." In 1998, <mask> participated in making a video on Black Southern Heritage, directed by Dr. Edward Smith of American University, who is also an African-American SCV member. The video covers his grandfather's Confederate military service and qualification for a Confederate pension after the war, as well as elements of other African-American heritage.The NAACP and similar organizations have criticized <mask> for his support of what they believe are neo-Confederate causes; they think he misunderstands the history of the South. See also
Black Confederate soldiers
H. K. Edgerton, African-American activist for Southern heritage and an African-American member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans

References

External links
Aaron Jerome Martin, Behind the Dixie Stars, 7-minute video on YouTube about re-enactors and use of the Confederate flag; includes comments by <mask>

1929 births
20th-century African-American activists
African Americans in the American Civil War
Living people
People from Ripley, Tennessee
Black Confederates
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Nelson Wyman Winbush
Winbush
Ganelle Nelson Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Nelson Winbush


title: David Packard

texts:
<mask> ( ; September 7, 1912 – March 26, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder, with Bill Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard (1939), serving as president (1947–64), CEO (1964–68), and Chairman of the Board (1964–68, 1972–93) of HP. He served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration. <mask> served as President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) from 1976 to 1981 and chairman of its Board of Regents from 1973 to 1982. He was a  member of the Trilateral Commission. <mask> was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors. Personal life
<mask> was born in Pueblo, Colorado, the son of Ella (Graber) and <mask>, an attorney. He attended Centennial High School, where early on he showed an interest in science, engineering, sports, and leadership.<mask> earned his B.A. from Stanford University in 1934, where he earned letters in football and basketball and attained membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society and was a Brother of the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Fraternity. Stanford is where he met two people who were important to his life, Lucile Salter and Bill Hewlett. <mask> briefly attended the University of Colorado at Boulder before taking a position with the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. In 1938, he returned to Stanford, where he earned a master's degree in electrical engineering later that year. In the same year, he married Lucile Salter, with whom he had four children: <mask>, Nancy, Susan, and Julie. Lucile <mask> died in 1987 (age 72).Hewlett-Packard
In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packard's garage with an initial capital investment of $538 (). Packard mentions in his book The HP Way that the name Hewlett-Packard was determined by the flip of a coin: HP, rather than PH. Their first product was an audio frequency oscillator sold to Walt Disney Studios for use on the soundtrack of Fantasia. The company grew into the world's largest producer of electronic testing and measurement devices. It also became a major producer of calculators, computers, and laser and ink jet printers. HP incorporated in 1947, with Packard becoming its first president, serving in that role until 1964. He was then elected Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, holding those positions through 1968.<mask> left HP in 1969 to serve in the Nixon administration until 1971, at which time he returned to HP and was re-elected Chairman of the Board, serving from 1972 to 1993. In 1991, <mask> oversaw a major reorganization at HP. He retired from HP in 1993. At the time of his death in 1996, Packard's stake in the company was worth more than $1 billion. <mask> was criticized for expanding into South Africa, where HP equipment was used to implement apartheid. In 1980, he presided over the groundbreaking ceremony for HP's headquarters in Johannesburg. When Nebraska became the first state government to divest from South Africa, <mask> remarked "I'd rather lose business in Nebraska than with South Africa."At Packard's instruction, the domain name "HP.com" was registered on March 3, 1986, and as such was one of the earliest to be registered. Department of Defense
Upon entering office in 1969, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Packard U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense under Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. <mask> resigned in December 1971 and returned to Hewlett-Packard in 1972 as Chairman of the Board. While serving in the Department of Defense (DoD), he brought concepts of resource management used in business to the military, as well as establishing the Defense Systems Management College. In 1970,  <mask> issued a memorandum that contained a number of major reforms designed to address "the real mess we have on our hands." A key reform was elimination of Robert MacNamara's Total Package Procurement  except in rare situations. Near the end of his time at DoD, <mask> wrote the "Packard Memo" or "Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances".Enacted in February 1972, the act describes exceptions to the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act, which limited the powers of the federal government to use the U.S. military for law enforcement, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress — noting that the Constitution provides an exception when needed "to prevent loss of life or wanton destruction of property and to restore governmental functioning and public order when sudden and unexpected civil disturbances, disasters, or calamities seriously endanger life and property and disrupt normal governmental functions to such an extent that duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situations" and "to protect Federal property and Federal governmental functions when the need for protection exists and duly constituted local authorities are unable or decline to provide adequate protection". § 214.5 states that "employment of DoD military resources for assistance to civil authorities in controlling civil disturbances will normally be predicated upon the issuance of a Presidential Executive order or Presidential directive authorizing", with exceptions "limited to:
Cases of sudden and unexpected emergencies as described in §215.4(c)(1)(i), which require that immediate military action be taken. Providing military resources to civil authorities as prescribed in §215.9 of this part." According to Lindorff, these exceptions reinstate the possibility of martial law in the U.S., prohibited since 1878. In the 1970s and 1980s <mask> was a prominent advisor to the White House on defense procurement and management. He served as chairman of The Business Council in 1973 and 1974. From 1985–86, he served as chairman of The Packard Commission.Philanthropy
From the early 1980s until his death in 1996, <mask> dedicated much of his time and money to philanthropic projects. In 1964, <mask> and his wife had established the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In 1986, they donated $40 million toward building what became the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University; the new hospital opened in June 1991. Prompted by his daughters Nancy and Julie, in 1978 <mask> and Lucile had created the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. The couple eventually donated $55 million to build the new aquarium, which opened in 1984 with <mask> as its executive director. In 1987, <mask> gave $13 million to create the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. <mask> and Hewlett made a combined donation of $77 million to Stanford in 1994,  for which the university named the <mask> Electrical Engineering Building in his honor.<mask> was a member of the American Enterprise Institute's board of trustees. He died on March 26, 1996 at age 83 in Stanford, California, leaving approximately $4 billion (the bulk of his estate) to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, including large amounts of valuable real property in Los Altos Hills. All three <mask> daughters sit on the Foundation's board of trustees. <mask> <mask>, his son, serves as president of the Packard Humanities Institute. Honors
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)
 IEEE Founders Medal along with  William R. Hewlett. (1973)
 Vermilye Medal from the Franklin Institute (1975)
 Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy (1982)
 Francis Boyer Award from the American Enterprise Institute (1986)
 Vannevar Bush Award (1987)
 Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame (1988)
 National Medal of Technology (1988)
 Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988)
 Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1989)
 Lemelson-MIT Prize (1995)
 Bower Award in Business Leadership, both from the Franklin Institute (1996)
 Heinz Award Chairman's Medal along with William R. Hewlett. (1997)
 Member of the California Hall of Fame (2006)
 Entrepreneur Walk of Fame (2011)
 The "<mask> Packard" Lecture at USUHS
 David Packard Hall at USUHS

Packard's old home and garage in Palo Alto, California were placed on the California registry of historic places as "The Birthplace of Silicon Valley".He also had an oil tanker named for him. The <mask> Packard, built in 1977, was operated for Chevron, had a capacity  and was registered under the Bahamian flag. See also
 Committee on the Present Danger
 David and Lucile Packard Foundation
 List of wealthiest foundations
 Trilateral Commission

Notes

References
Articles
 “<mask>” (Biography). Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)
 “<mask> (1912-1996), Co-founder”. (Former Executive Bios). Hewlett-Packard. Bruskiewich, Patrick.“The HP Way—Know Your Institution First Hand”. Graduate Magazine, January 2006. (pp. 7–8)

Books
 <mask>, <mask>. HP Way: How Bill Hewlett and I Built Our Company. Collins, 1995. Interviews
 “Larson Collection Interview”.15 March 1984. Interview by Clarence Larson. “One Step Forward: Interview with <mask>. War and Peace in the Nuclear Age”. WGBH Open Vault, 10 November 1986. External links

The HP Way — by <mask>, c. 1992
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Last will and testament of <mask>

|-

1912 births
1996 deaths
American billionaires
American computer businesspeople
American electrical engineers
American Enterprise Institute
American electronics engineers
Hewlett-Packard people
Lemelson–MIT Prize
National Medal of Technology recipients
People from Pueblo, Colorado
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Silicon Valley people
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Vannevar Bush Award recipients
United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense
American technology company founders
American chairpersons of corporations
American technology chief executives
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American businesspeople
Stanford University trustees
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients

masks:
David Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Sperry Sidney Packard
Packard
Packard
David
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
David
Julie Packard
Packard
Packard
David Packard
Packard
Packard
David Woodley
Packard
David
David
David Packard
David Packard
Packard
David
David Packard
David Packard
David Packard


title: Thomas Sinito

texts:
<mask>, also known as "The Chinaman" (September 18, 1938 − December 21, 1997), was a powerful Caporegime in the Cleveland crime family who was once accused of plotting the assassination of then mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, Dennis J. Kucinich in 1979. Kucinich later became a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on Woodland Ave in Cuyahoga county, Ohio. His Father was a maternal cousin of the convicted corrupt Cleveland municipal prosecutor, <mask> who represented the Bedford, Highland Hills and Chagrin Falls townships and was a candidate for the Bedford Municipal Judgship in May 1997. <mask> was the nephew of (Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli) Joey Maxim by marriage, the legendary Italian-American boxer who became the 1952 Lightweight Boxing Champion of the World. <mask> married Irene B. Mitroff in 1960 and they had two children. In 1990, Irene died in a Lake Erie boating accident.After divorcing Irene, <mask> took a second wife, Kristine, with whom he had a daughter. Early association with the Cleveland family
<mask>'s involvement with the Cleveland family Capo, Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo began when he worked as a bartender at Angelo's Highlander Restaurant and Lounge on Northfield Road. Prior to this acquaintance, he had served many years as an errand boy for the mob, tending various vending machine routes. Later, Sinito had several of his own ventures, including part ownership in a Valley Forge, Pennsylvania amusement park. This amusement park provided an ingenious way to launder money undetected, which came from various gambling, drug trafficking and loansharking pursuits, through the amusement park's cash flow. Sinito had a wide assortment of interest and investments in both legitimate as well as illegitimate businesses. Sinito cautiously invested in many illegitimate business holdings, and greatly profited from the investments he made.Locally, he entered the vending machine business with lucrative washer and dryer accounts at numerous apartment buildings. <mask> also ran some coin-operated vending machine routes, from which he derived a significant bulk of his earnings. His business front was a gift basket company, on Chagrin Boulevard, once a favored area for Mob business and socialization. In addition to the gift basket shop <mask> opened in Beachwood, Ohio, he also co-owned the Appliance Mart with his brother Chuck. The Appliance Mart was a business front for the Cleveland family. The mart, which opened in 1972, had two locations, one in Euclid, Ohio and the other in Bedford, Ohio on Northfield Road. The Bedford store soon became a major base of operations for <mask>, from which he regularly met with Lonardo and other mobsters, discussed various illegal activities, short term as well as long term criminal plots, schemes and scams, and operated various illegal activities.Detailed plans for drug trafficking, conspiracies to kill police informers and other violent measures were conceived and acted on from meetings in the back rooms of Appliance Mart. <mask> was a talented extortionist and operated a lucrative loansharking scheme out of Appliance Mart. Appliance Mart would extend credit to customers it knew weren't credit-worthy and then use forceful extortion tactics to make good on the payment. One of the victims of this loansharking scheme included a small-time career criminal named Carmen "Jinglebells" Zagaria, who would later become a partner with <mask> and manage a major drug trafficking ring. Zagaria owed <mask> a large amount of money, the interest on which, grew larger and larger. <mask> and the other mob leaders controlled Zagaria as a result of the high interest on his loan shark debts. The nickname
There are many stories on how <mask> acquired the nickname "The Chinaman".One version said that nickname derived from his eyes, which allegedly look slanted "like a Chinaman’s". Another version stated that the nickname described his silent, calm, stoic, disciplined and inscrutable demeanor, the stereotypical qualities of a Chinese man. Another version cited a resemblance to actor David Carradine to the television show Kung Fu, and to a claim that <mask> made karate chops when angry. However, the most popular story was that in either 1973 or 1974 <mask> allegedly threw 10 to 30 people out of a bar on Cleveland's West Side during a brawl. Cleveland’s Model Cities scandal
<mask> was a minor figure involved in the 1973 Cleveland's Model Cities scandal. In August 1973, Robert Doggett was the director of the Model City program, which was a federal initiative created under President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society Program during the 1970s. The program funneled millions of dollars into major cities in an effort to help the poor.Local Cleveland area civic and community groups were to determine how to use these funds. Originally the first planned amount was to be $45 million. A federal audit later undertaken by the GAO showed much of the Federal funds were wasted. The General Accounting Office's audit showed at least as much as $9.2 million were misspent on fraud and waste. A prominent Cleveland mobster and drug trafficker Ronald Bey was hired by then Mayor Ralph J. Perk, into a high level administrative staff position, for the purpose of conducting a drug control feasibility study. An investigation of the corruption and graft in the Model Cities program lead to Mayor Perk’s administration.Bey worked in Mayor Perk’s administration, and appeared in several photographs alongside Mayor Perk. In spite of Perk’s protests that he didn’t know Bey worked for the City of Cleveland, the photographs of both men decorated city hall. The mob wanted its front companies to receive the biggest contracts. While walking to his office on St. Clair, Doggett was shot in the stomach and nearly died. His would-be assassin was found a few days later, floating facedown in the Ohio River. The shooter's name was Gerald "Chick" Johnson, a former employee of a shady contractor who was seeking a city contract. Bey became a suspect in the Robert Doggett shooting.Cleveland Police investigators uncovered information, that three days earlier, Doggett had refused to pay Bey's $3,111 fee on his service contract. A Special Grand Jury was convened to Investigate the Model Cities shooting. Its purpose was to investigate Doggett's shooting and how the Model Cities program was administered. <mask> was one of the witnesses subpoenaed to testify. According to Sgt. Edward Kovacic, of the Cleveland Police intelligence unit, Johnson's car was leased from a dealership where <mask> worked. Although <mask> was granted immunity from any charges that might result from this Special Grand Jury's findings, he refused to cooperate, and testify before a grand jury.No individuals, including Bey, were ever indicted from the results of this Special Grand Jury. Conflict with Danny Greene
In 1975, the legendary Irish-American mobster, Danny Greene began asserting himself in the vending machine racket, which had traditionally been a Mafia racket, and began muscling into many of the Cleveland Mafia's gambling operations. This greatly angered the Cleveland family leadership. According to a mob informant, this move brought him into conflict with <mask>. <mask> considered Greene an extortionist and felt that Greene's coined operated laundry contracts with their excessive fees were nothing more than extortion. Danny Greene controlled some of the more lucrative laundry contracts which <mask> was competing for. <mask> and mob associate, Joseph "Joey Loose" Iacobacci soon murdered one of Greene's associates.Greene's response was to have one of his gang, possibly his cousin Kevin McTaggart, wire a bundle of dynamite to the frame of <mask>'s car. <mask> found the bomb in his car, attached to the frame. He removed the bomb, disarmed it and later destroyed it. This act of war by Greene drew <mask> into the Mafia war with Greene in Cleveland during the 1970s, where he would play a significant role. Kucinich assassination plot
As the Cleveland family waged its gang war against Danny Greene, newly elected Mayor Dennis J. Kucinich fought hard to sever the Mafia's old ties to local government. In 1977, Kucinich mandated that all city contracts Cleveland had with various companies would be re-evaluated. In an effort to save money for the financially strapped city, he would have these contracts re-bid on, with the contracts going to the lowest bidder.This decision put him at odds with the Cleveland Mob. That same year, Kucinich refused to sell Municipal Light, Cleveland's public power plant, to private interests that stood to financially gain from the purchase. The Cleveland family didn't care whether or not Kucinch sold the Municipal Light system to the highest bidder, its sale didn't affect them. Re-bidding on the city contracts they held through various front companies would, however, adversely affect the Cleveland family's interests. The most coveted deal was the garbage-hauling contract once held by Danny Greene, before an associate of his named James Palladino took it over. Palladino made no secret of his contempt for Kucinich, after the mayor awarded the contract to another businessman not directly connected to organized crime. Some city contracts, especially in garbage hauling, had been under total mob control since the late 1940s.When Kucinich announced in both daily papers, the Plain Dealer and the now defunct Cleveland Press, that he planned to review all city held contracts and open them to the lowest outside bids, it greatly infuriated the Cleveland family hierarchy. Kucinich also began reviewing all of the garbage hauling contracts after coming to office. Every mob-held front company having any city contracts were to be investigated and criminal charges brought against the racketeers. This meant being convicted on federal racketeering charges under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, with its stiff penalties, such as long jail sentences. These aforementioned reasons propelled mob boss, James Licavoli, with the advice of Lonardo to order a hit on Kucinich in 1978. In face of some opposition by lower level associates, <mask> stubbornly defended Licavoli's decision and it was then decided to use the services of an outsider professional hitman, since using local associates for the job could trace back to them. <mask>'s uncle Joey Maxim, who worked in an Atlantic City casino helped him contact a contract killer.However, the supposed killer was, in fact, an undercover Maryland State Police officer using the name Gene, who specialized in posing as a contract killer. The two met in the Atlantic City casino where Maxim worked. Gene walked into the casino's lounge where he'd been told to meet <mask>. During the meeting, <mask> introduced himself only as Tommy and successfully hired Gene for the Assassination plot. Gene was initially paid $25,000 for his services. After the meeting, Gene informed Cleveland Police who soon made a connection to <mask>, after checking police records. Several bizarre plans were discussed.One was to kill Kucinich as he left Tony's Diner on West 117th and Lorain Avenue. Gene would perch on an outside steel fire escape across the street, armed with a sniper rifle and shoot Kucinich when he came out of the diner. A second plan was to shoot Kucinich as he marched down Euclid Avenue in the 1979 Columbus Day Parade. But the hit didn't happen because an ulcer inside Kunicich's stomach burst before the event, and the mayor was rushed to the hospital. The assassination plot continued for three long years, but never came to fruition. When Cleveland Trust called in long-standing debts in retaliation for Kucinich's refusal not to sell Municipal Light, the city went into default and Kucinich's popularity plummeted. The hit was eventually called off when Kucinich did not win reelection in 1979.Gene returned to Maryland. In 1984, the Kucinich plot would result in a probe into the Cleveland Mafia's part in the assassination plot. The plot to kill Kucinich was not made public until 1984. Even Kucinich had been kept in the dark. In the past, Kucinich has implied he believes it was divine

masks:
Thomas James Sinito
Sinito
Thomas Longo
Sinito
Thomas Sinito
Sinito
Thomas Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
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Sinito
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Sinito
Sinito
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Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito


title: Thomas Sinito

texts:
 intervention that kept him from the parade that day. Made man
Due to his business savvy and tremendous money-earning abilities, <mask> soon acquired a reputation as an earner and gained a high level of trust in the Cleveland Family. His refusal to testify in the Model Cities scandal, as well as his active role in the Mafia's war with Danny Greene helped to cement this solid reputation within the family.Like many of the old time mafioso, he was very cautious in his dealings with others and extremely low profile. These factors caused him to slip away unknown and undetected from the attention of local law enforcement for a short period of time. Unlike many of his fellow mobsters such as Carmen Zagaria, Kevin McTaggart and the Graewe brothers, <mask> was not a psychopath. Ever the diplomat, Sinito always preferred to primarily use reason rather than violence, when dealing with a problem. He saw murder only as a means of preventing treachery and protecting their interests and profits from their criminal enterprises. However, <mask> would never shy away from using violence or committing a murder to protect his or the family's interest, when the situation deemed it necessary. He was strictly Machiavellian in his decisions, using and manipulating others as he saw fit.During the 1970s, <mask> became a regular at Jackie Presser’s restaurant "The Forge". These frequent visits to this notorious mob hangout brought him under Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance. Throughout this period, <mask> and his mob cohorts never realized that Presser, along with his business partner, Tony Hughes, were FBI informants. Presser had been feeding information to the FBI about Mafia activities since 1968. When Lonardo was promoted to underboss in 1976, <mask> was given control over Lonardo's crew. Upon his promotion, <mask> also received a share of the profits which were regularly being skimmed from the Stardust, Fremont, and Desert Inn casinos in Las Vegas by the Chicago Outfit and the various mid-western Mafia families. The Cleveland family received a total of about $40,000 a month from the skim.In the midst of the Mafia's war with Greene, Licavoli gained permission from  Anthony Salerno, head of the Genovese crime family, to initiate ten new official members, including <mask> in 1977. In 1979, <mask> together with his mob colleague, Joseph Gallo, was eventually made into the Cleveland family. The induction ceremony took place in a small private back room at the Italian-American brotherhood Club in Cleveland's Murray Hill district, on Mayfield Road. The sacred Mafia vow of Omerta was administered to the duo by the Underboss, Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo. Also present in the ceremony was mob boss, James T. Licavoli, and Charlie Casra, a retired member of the Cleveland Family. Involvement in the Zagaria drug trafficking network
After the assassination of Greene, <mask> became heavily involved in the drug trade. The underworld war with Greene and his subsequent assassination resulted in a massive federal crackdown that proved to be very costly and disastrous for the Cleveland family.Many high ranking mobsters were incarcerated and convicted for crimes related to the war, and the Cleveland family was losing a lot of money and potential profits due to these incidents. Determined to recover most of the profits lost, the Cleveland family soon turned to the previously taboo rackets of Narcotics trafficking. In spite of the official "no drugs" policy, <mask> engaged in drug trafficking for the family, and did so with the tacit approval of the imprisoned mob boss, James Licavoli. However, Licavoli's underboss, Angelo Lonardo, was totally opposed to drug dealing and unsuccessfully tried to steer Licavoli against it. During this period, the Cleveland family was involved in a large-scale narcotics network that distributed and sold marijuana, cocaine, quaaludes, and other controlled substances. The narcotics network was overseen by Cleveland mobster, Carmen P. Zagaria, who was controlled in the operation by <mask> and another Capo, Joseph Charles Gallo. In spite of his Italian-American heritage and deep involvement in business dealings with the Cleveland family, Zagaria refused Gallo's offer to be "made" into the family, with the rank of a Caporegime.It is estimated that in 1981 alone, Zagaria's drug network brought in approximately $15 million and was considered the largest narcotics network in northeast Ohio. Years later, while testifying in front of the US Senate, Lonardo testified that <mask> was running a major narcotics trafficking network for the Cleveland family in the late seventies. The profits were delivered up to Licavoli, with <mask> taking a cut. He also stated that, at that time, <mask> was known for organizing hits on anyone who crossed him, not only other drug dealers stepping on his turf, but friends, too. The massive drug ring operation created by the merger of the smaller drug rings in the 1970s continued to operate and generate profit for the mob. It operated until the FBI arrested and got convictions to imprison the drug kingpins running it. Cocaine, marijuana, repackaged illegally obtained prescription drugs, hashish, LSD, PCP and heroin were sold through Zagaria's ring.Drug mules made regular deliveries of raw drugs to safe stash houses in Cleveland. The raw drugs would then be processed for street sales. Zagaria recruited new street level workers to keep the drug operation running, money counting, distribution, mules, processing raw drugs for sale and selling the drugs. Some of these new recruits, Keith Ritson and Greene's cousin, Kevin McTaggart, were former members of the Celtic Club. The Gallo, Sinito and Zagaria drug operation flourished, a triumph for all of its managers. The Zagaria, Gallo and Sinito drug ring accounted for 40% of illegal drug sales in Cuyahoga County. The drug ring's activities drew the attention of the FBI and it began a two-year investigation of the drug ring's activities.After becoming the focus of an FBI investigation codenamed "Operation Busmark", Carmen Zagaria was convicted in state court of selling drugs, and sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison. He became a fugitive while out on bail, but gave himself up to the FBI at Holy Cross Cemetery on September 23, 1982. Facing the original conviction and sentence, additional federal drug charges, weapons charges, and potential indictments against his family members, Zagaria became a government witness and admitted to leading a drug enterprise and over 19 murders committed by the network. With his near photographic memory, Zagaria's testimony would prove incriminating and quite damaging to his former crime associates. He would go on to testify against <mask>, Angelo Lonardo, Hans Graewe, Joseph C. Gallo and Kevin McTaggart for vast narcotics dealings and the 19 murders. The Perrier and Bonarigo murders
<mask> was involved in the murder of a Cleveland gangster named Joseph Bonarigo. After supposedly hearing of a murder threat against the Cleveland family hierarchy from Bonarigo, <mask> went to Licavoli and Lonardo and informed them of the threat.<mask> was then given permission to contract for Bonarigo's murder, which was given to Joe Iacobacci. Iacobacci used the help of a Hell's Angels member in the murder of Joe Bonarigo. However, after finding out that <mask> was in the dope business with Zagaria, Lonardo assumed that <mask> wanted Bonarigo out of the way for his dope business, and not because of any real threat to them. David Perrier had been a collector of loanshark debts for <mask>. Perrier had a drug problem and would get drunk and get into fights at the local bars. <mask> had told Lonardo that he was worried about Perrier, as he thought Perrier had already talked to law enforcement about <mask>'s illegal activities. One time, Perrier created a scene at a bar in Mayfield Heights, Ohio, when he made statements against Licavoli and slapped Licavoli's friend, Steve "Darby" Calcavecchio.Later, Perrier met Licavoli and got on his knees and begged Licavoli's forgiveness. Perrier continued his erratic behaviour. Around 1981, Perrier was found shot to death. Suspecting that Perrier was talking to the feds, <mask> killed him. He and another mobster picked Perrier up and drove him to an area near Warren, Ohio. After repeatedly shooting Perrier four to five times in the head, Perrier didn't die and continued to struggle with them. According to Lonardo's testimony to the Committee on Governmental Affairs in 1988, Perrier told <mask>, "You son of a bitch.I thought we were brothers." Perrier lived for a short while, then died. They then dumped the body from the car. <mask> then disposed of the car by burning it, as it was soaked with blood. Arrest and imprisonment
After Mafia boss James Licavoli was indicted for racketeering in connection with the murder of Danny Greene in 1982, Angelo Lonardo, took control of the Cleveland crime family. He led the family until 1984. During that year, Lonardo was convicted of running the Zagaria drug trafficking network, and was sentenced to life in prison.He then became an informant, making him the highest ranking Mafia turncoat up to that time. He informed on powerful Mafiosi from numerous families while in prison, and caused serious damage to the Cleveland family's infrastructure. On October 16, 1981, <mask> was convicted of conspiring to conduct a racketeering activity, engaging in a racketeering activity, making extortionate extensions of credit, making collections of extensions of credit by extortionate means, attempting to evade income tax, and filing false and fraudulent income tax returns. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio sentenced him to eighteen years imprisonment and a $20,000 fine. <mask> began serving his sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Ashland, Kentucky on November 19, 1981. On July 2, 1986, <mask> pleaded guilty to charges of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise, and possession with intent to distribute; cocaine. He was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, to a term of imprisonment of twenty-two years, and a concurrent term of imprisonment of five years, with a special parole term of three years.This sentence was to run concurrently with the federal sentence <mask> had been serving. On July 17, 1986, <mask> plead guilty to voluntary manslaughter in connection with the 1981 execution murder of David Perrier, in Trumbull County. He received a sentence of seven to twenty-five years for manslaughter from an Ohio state court. Even while incarcerated, <mask> remained a major influence in the Cleveland Mafia. Angelo Lonardo warned the FBI, that <mask> was one of the few made members who possessed the strong will and determination necessary to revive the Cleveland family after being released from prison. From prison, <mask> recommended two new members, Russell Papalardo and Joseph "Loose Lips" Iacobacci, Jr, be inducted into the Cleveland crime family in 1983. He was seeking early release from the state parole board, when he died of a heart attack in the exercise yard, at the Belmont Correctional Institution near St. Clairsville, Ohio.He was 59 years old at the time of his death. During <mask>'s funeral service, on December 23, 1997 at St. John's Cathedral, his former defense lawyer, James Willis summed up <mask>'s life by calling him "courageous and honorable." Of <mask>, Willis said; "If he told you something you could take it to the bank. He wasn’t a cry baby.... He was from the old school." <mask> is buried in Knollwood Cemetery in Mayfield Heights, Ohio. Citations

References
Porrello, Rick.To Kill the Irishman: The War that Crippled the Mafia. Novelty, Ohio: Next Hat Press, 2004. External links
Tommy James <mask>: The Early Years, Part 1
Tommy James <mask>: The Mafia Years, Part II
Dicing and Drugs: Carmen Zagaria and <mask>, Part III

1938 births
1997 deaths
Mafia hitmen
American gangsters of Italian descent
Cleveland crime family
People convicted of racketeering
American people convicted of tax crimes
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Burials at Knollwood

masks:
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Sinito
Thomas Sinito
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Sinito
Sinito
Tommy Sinito


title: Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga

texts:
<mask> (27 January 1806 – 17 January 1826) was a Spanish Basque composer. He was nicknamed "the Spanish Mozart" after he died, because, like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, he was both a child prodigy and an accomplished composer who died young. They also shared the same first and second baptismal names; and they shared the same birthday, 27 January (fifty years apart). Life
<mask> was born in Bilbao, Biscay, on what would have been Mozart's fiftieth birthday. His father (<mask>) and the boy's older brother first taught him music. <mask> had some musical talent and at age seventeen <mask> was an organist at a church in Berriatúa. <mask> worked in Guernica and in 1804 moved to Bilbao and became a merchant in wool, rice, wax, coffee and other commodities.The income generated in this way allowed <mask> to think about providing his son, who had shown prodigious musical talent, a way of developing those gifts. In September 1821, <mask>'s father, with the encouragement of composer José Sobejano y Ayala (1791–1857), sent <mask> to Paris, where in November of that year <mask> began his studies. These included violin under Pierre Baillot,  counterpoint with Luigi Cherubini and harmony under François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. From all evidence, <mask> made quite an impression on his teachers. In 1823, Cherubini, who had become director at the Conservatoire the previous year, famously asked on hearing the young composer's Stabat Mater, "Who wrote this?" and learning it was <mask>, said to him, "Amazing – you are music itself." <mask> soon became a teaching assistant in Fétis's class, noted and highly praised both by fellow students and other faculty at the Conservatoire for his talent.Cherubini referred to <mask>'s fugue for eight voices (lost) based on the Credo ... et vitam venturi simply as "a masterpiece", and Fétis was no less effusive — apparently, what impressed all his mentors was his use of sophisticated harmonies, counterpoint and fugue with minimal or no formal instruction. Fétis was already familiar with <mask>'s now-lost opera Los Esclavos Felices ("The Happy Slaves"), stating that "without any knowledge whatsoever of harmony, <mask> wrote a Spanish opera containing wonderful and completely original ideas." <mask> was well supported during his four years in Paris by his father, but the intensity of his commitment to his studies at the Conservatoire and his meteoric rise, based on his teachers' compliments and assessments of his promise, may have taken a toll on his health: he died in Paris ten days before his twentieth birthday, of a lung ailment (possibly tuberculosis), or exhaustion, perhaps both. He was buried in an unmarked grave at the Cimetière du Nord in Montmartre. Thanks to the Spanish Embassy, since 1977 there has been a plaque marking the house at 314 rue Saint-Honoré in memory of the composer. Music

The amount of <mask>'s music that has survived to the present day is quite small, reflecting his early death. It includes:

 Opera: <mask> wrote an opera, Los esclavos felices ("The Happy Slaves"), in 1820 when he was fourteen.It was produced in Bilbao. Only the overture and some fragments have survived. Symphony: <mask> composed a Symphony in D for Large Orchestra (Sinfonía a gran orquesta), which uses D major and D minor so equally that it is not in either key. String quartets: At the age of 16, <mask> wrote three sparkling and idiomatic string quartets that were published in 1824, and were the only works of his published during his lifetime. Other works: <mask> also wrote the following:
 An octet, Nada y mucho scored for String Quartet, Bass, Trumpet, Guitar and Piano. Pieces of church music: a Mass (lost), Stabat Mater, Salve Regina, Et vitam venturi saeculi (lost), cantatas (Agar, Erminia, All' Aurora, Patria)
 Instrumental compositions: a nonet, Tres Estudios de Character for piano, La Húngara for violin and piano, Variations for String Quartet and numerous Romances

<mask>'s music was used to create an opera pasticcio, Die arabische Prinzessin. The work was commissioned by the Barenboim-Said Foundation from the composer Anna-Sophie Brüning and the author Paula Fünfeck, and is based on a traditional Arabic tale.The piece was premiered under the title Die Sultana von Cadiz by the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra of the Barenboim-Said Foundation and local children's choirs at the Cultural Palace, Ramallah on 14 July 2009. The music publisher Boosey & Hawkes lists further performance runs in Leipzig (in 2011); in Bonn, Bilbao, and Barañáin (in 2013); and in Madrid, Coburg, and Linz (in 2014). Stature

Arriaga's music is "elegant, accomplished and notable for its harmonic warmth" (New Grove Concise Dictionary of Music). His greatest works are undoubtedly the three string quartets, which (like his predecessors', D. Scarlatti, Soler and Boccherini) contain notably Spanish ethnic rhythmic and melodic elements, especially in the galloping 6/8 finale of No. 1 in D minor and the meditative second (slow) movements of No. 2 in A major (an impressive set of variations in D major taking off from the slow D major variation movements in Mozart's K. 464 and Beethoven's Op. 18 No.5 (both also in A major as a whole), which climaxes in a D minor variation even more passionate than Mozart's D minor variation in K. 464, in the form of an impassioned, plangent lament on the top two strings of the viola going up to the second A above middle C) and No. 3 in E-flat major (a tender G major lullaby for the newborn Christ child). Periodwise, his style is on the borderline between late Classicism and early Romanticism, ranging from the late Classical idiom of Mozart to the proto-Romanticism of early Beethoven. According to Grove, <mask>'s death "before he was 20 was a sad loss to Basque music". Following his early death, with the only reliable biographical material at the time being some reports by Fétis, his life story was fictionalized to play into rising Basque nationalism. Data on the composer remains scarce, but in 1989 the Basque Studies program at the University of Nevada, Reno published the only English language biography of <mask>, with appendix and bibliography of works, written by Barbara Rosen (<mask>, the Forgotten Genius: the Short Life of a Basque Composer); and in honor of the 200th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, Scherzo, the Spanish musical magazine, published a series of articles on the composer, with updated bibliographies, in its January 2006 issue. The view that emerges from both these newer sources does not contradict what Fétis said, but emphasizes that <mask>'s early death was a loss not just to Basque culture but also to Spanish music and by extension, European classical music as a whole.According to Rosen "It is [...] possible to hear passages in <mask>'s work similar to Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Rossini, although he sometimes fails to achieve the complexity of these composers' more mature works. Nevertheless, <mask> has an identifiable and original style which, in time, undoubtedly would have become more individual and more recognizably his own, possibly incorporating more Spanish and Basque than Viennese elements." A public theatre in his home city of Bilbao carries his name. Selected recordings
 O salutaris Hostia. Stabat Mater dolorosa. Air d’Oedipe à Colone. Herminie.Air de Médée. Duo de Ma Tante Aurore. Agar dans le desert. Il Fondamento, Paul Dombrecht. Fuga Libera FUG515 2005
 <mask> <mask> (1806–1826). The complete string quartets. La Ritirata – Josetxu Obregón.Glossa GCD923102, 2014

Notes

References

External links
Public domain Music Recording & Sheet Music on Musopen.org

  <mask> <mask>
 The Gramophone entry to Arriaga in The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (1994) Oxford University Press, Inc.
Arriaga String Quartet Nos.1–3 sound-bites and discussion of works
Article on <mask>'s Symphony (Accessed 10.17.11)
Scherzo – Revista de Musica (magazine, in Spanish)

1806 births
1826 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Spanish male musicians
Basque classical composers
Basque classical musicians
Child classical musicians
Classical-period composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish Romantic composers
Spanish expatriates in France

masks: Juan Crisóstomo Jacobo Antonio de Arriaga y Balzola


title: Jacory Harris

texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1990) is a former Canadian football quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and a current firefighter in Miami, FL. <mask> started for Miami Northwestern High School during his last two years; he was unbeaten (30-0) and led the team to two state championships. In his senior year, <mask> broke the state record for passing touchdowns and won the 2007 High School Football National Championship. He was named Florida's Mr. Football. During his freshman year of college in 2008 with the Miami Hurricanes, he split time with Robert Marve in a two-quarterback system. After the Emerald Bowl in late December, Marve transferred to Purdue, effectively making <mask> the undisputed starter for the rest of his career as a Hurricane. He signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in May 2012.High school career
<mask> attended Miami Northwestern High School, located in Liberty City, Miami, Florida. He became the starting quarterback for the Northwestern Bulls football team as a junior in 2006. That year, he would lead Northwestern to an undefeated season and its third state championship while completing 275-of-425 passes for 3,542 yards, 35 touchdowns, and six interceptions. As a senior in 2007, under his leadership, the team went on to another undefeated season and state title, as well as the high school football national championship. During his senior year, he completed 222-of-333 attempts (67% completion rate) for 3,445 yards, with 49 touchdowns and only six interceptions. In total, <mask> finished with a 30-0 record as a starting quarterback in high school. <mask> was awarded a Class 6A first team all-state selection, the Mr. Football Award (Florida), and Class 6A Player of the Year.<mask> attended the 2007 Elite 11 football camp and was ranked as the seventh best pocket-passer quarterback in the nation. Collegiate career

2008 season
<mask> came to University of Miami to compete for the starting quarterback position with former Mr. Florida award winner Robert Marve. <mask> and Marve split time as starters, with Marve starting 11 of 13 games. Marve subsequently transferred out of Miami, leaving <mask> the full-time starter heading into the 2009 season. During the 2008 season, <mask> led Miami on two comeback drives against Duke and Virginia. <mask> finished the season with 1,195 yards, 12 touchdowns, and seven interceptions as the Hurricanes wound up 7-6. In a July 31, 2009, interview with Dan Le Batard, <mask> told the world that he will pick up his Heisman Trophy wearing a pink suit and with a "pimp cup" in hand.He also earned himself a new nickname in this interview: Afro Butterfly. 2009 season
During the first game of his sophomore season against #18 Florida State, <mask> went 21-of-34 for 386 passing yards (a career-high and 10th highest in school history) with two touchdowns and also ran for a score in Miami's 38-34 upset road victory. <mask> managed just 122 of his 386 passing yards after a tough hit from FSU's blitzing cornerback Greg Reid with 11:45 left to play, which left his right arm numb until the next drive. In the second game of the 2009 season versus the Yellow Jackets at home, <mask> completed 20-of-25 passes for 270 yards and three touchdowns—and the 20th-ranked Hurricanes snapped a four-game losing streak against #14 Georgia Tech with a 33-17 victory on September 17, 2009. In the third game of the season against conference rival Virginia Tech, <mask> struggled, throwing for nine completions out of 25 passing attempts, 150 yards, and no touchdowns in a 31-7 loss. The Hurricanes were #9 headed into the game, but dropped to #17 in the polls. In the fourth game versus the highly favored Oklahoma Sooners, <mask> started the game off throwing two interceptions, then finished 19-for-28 with 202 yards passing and three touchdowns.The 21-20 win brought Miami back up to #11 in the polls. In the fifth game versus Florida A&M on October 10, <mask> went 16-for-24 passing for 217 yards and two touchdowns in a 48-16 win. The Hurricanes moved back up to #9 in the AP Poll. In the sixth game of the season, <mask> threw for 293 yards and a touchdown. The Miami Hurricanes went on to beat the UCF Knights, 27-7. Miami moved up one spot in the AP Poll. In a losing effort in overtime versus the Clemson Tigers, <mask> put up 256 passing yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions.In overtime, after a 20-yard Graig Cooper run, <mask> and the Hurricane offense failed to push in the possible game-winning touchdown. The Hurricanes lost 40-37. The loss also put Miami down to #19 in the AP Poll and out of the BCS Standings. In an ACC matchup against the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, <mask> went 22-for-44, 330 yards passing, three touchdowns, and one pick. On a key 4th-and-16 on the Hurricanes final game-winning drive, <mask> found Aldarius Johnson on a finger-tip catch which kept the drive alive. <mask> sealed the 28-27 victory for "The U" off a 13-yard touchdown pass to Travis Benjamin. The Hurricanes moved up to #16 in the polls.The ninth game brought a change for the BCS 17th-ranked Hurricanes, as a 24-17 halftime lead against the Virginia Cavaliers broke into a dominant second half. Miami outscored Virginia 28-0 to defeat the Cavaliers 52-17. <mask> went 18-of-31 with 232 yards, two touchdown passes, and one interception. The previously-struggling Miami defense was not to blame for the allowed points, however, as two special teams miscues leading to two blocked punts brought 14 points to Virginia. The tide-turning play: a 66-yard punt-return by sophomore WR Thearon Collier that brought seven points for the Hurricanes. <mask> and the rest of the Miami Hurricanes went up to Chapel Hill to take on the North Carolina Tar Heels. <mask> went 28-for-50, 319 yards, one touchdown and four interceptions.The Hurricanes lost 33-24 and went from #14 to #21 and were out of contention for the ACC Championship and a BCS bowl game bid. In the final game at home for the Hurricanes against the Duke Blue Devils on November 21, <mask> went 25-for-43, 348 yards passing, two touchdowns, and one interception. The Hurricanes scored three unanswered touchdowns in the second half. Linebacker Darryl Sharpton sealed the win with a 73-yard interception return. Miami won the game by a score of 34-16. As a sophomore, <mask> led Miami to a 9-4 record and a #19 ranking from the AP poll while throwing for 3,352 yards, 24 touchdowns, and a pass efficiency rating of 140.09. 2010 season
The #13 Hurricanes had to face a schedule that included difficult games in September such as their September 11 matchup with preseason nationally ranked No.2 Ohio State. As a junior, <mask> started the first eight games of the year before a concussion sidelined him for three games, forcing true freshman Stephen Morris to pick up the slack. The Miami Hurricanes finished with a record of 7-6 as their head coach, Randy Shannon, was fired near the season's end on November 27, 2010. <mask> opened the season going 12-of-15 passing for 210 yards and three touchdowns as the Hurricanes defeated Florida A&M, 45-0, on September 2. He completed 21-of-32 passes for 248 yards and two touchdowns in Miami's 31-3 win over Pittsburgh on September 23. <mask> was 17-of-34 passing for 224 yards with a touchdown pass and another score off a 13-yard run in Miami's 28-13 road win on October 16 over Duke. A week later Miami fell behind 10-7 in the 2nd quarter at home against the North Carolina Tarheels.<mask> directed the 'Canes to 23 unanswered points as he completed 21-of-32 passes for 217 yards and three touchdowns in the contest, winning 30-10. 2011 season
On August 25, 2011, <mask> was ruled ineligible to play the first game of the 2011 season for his involvement with the Nevin Shapiro scandal. Quarterback Stephen Morris started, losing to Maryland on September 5, 2011. <mask> then returned after the suspension and threw two touchdown passes along with two interceptions in a 24-6 win against Ohio State. <mask> threw for 271 yards on September 24, 2011 against the nationally ranked No. 15 Kansas St. Wildcats in a losing effort, 28-24, as he completed 21-of-31 passes for two touchdowns. <mask> was stopped short of the goal line on a quarterback sneak as the game clock expired.On October 8, the Hurricanes came up short against 17th-ranked Virginia Tech, 38-35. <mask> was 13-for-21 passing the ball for 267 yards with three touchdowns, including a 77-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Travis Benjamin against the Hokies. On October 15 as the Hurricanes jumped out to a 27-10 halftime lead and claimed a 30-24 victory in Chapel Hill, N.C against a 5-1 North Carolina Tarheel team. The senior quarterback completed 20-of-30 passes for 267 yards with three touchdowns. <mask> completed 14-of-20 passes for 202 yards and three touchdowns against the Duke Blue Devils. He also had 22 yards on four rushes as Miami won 49-14. In a 28-21 loss to Virginia (the Cavaliers finished 8-5 in 2011), <mask> went 21-of-30 for a season best 311 passing yards and three touchdowns, including one of those going for 51 yards to wide receiver Tommy Streeter in the third quarter.He also rushed six times for 22 yards in this October 27 matchup with the Cavaliers. Miami came up short in a November 12 loss to ACC rival Florida St., 23-19. <mask> went 20-for-31 passing the ball for 225 yards with one touchdown. <mask> also rushed six times for 31 yards against the 23rd-ranked Seminoles. In <mask>'s final collegiate game, he threw four interceptions in a 24-17 loss to Boston College. Despite Miami being eligible for a bowl game with a 6-6 record, the university forfeited their bowl bid after having to deal with the fallout of the Nevin Shapiro scandal. <mask> ended his senior season completing 195-of-300 passes (65.0 percent) for 2,486 yards, 20 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.For his career at Miami, he had 8,826 passing yards, 70 touchdowns, and a pass efficiency rating of 135.0. Statistics

Professional career

NFL
<mask> was not drafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. After the draft, he received an invitation to the Miami Dolphins' training camp. He signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on May 11, 2012, but was waived on May 21. Edmonton Eskimos
Following his time in the United States <mask> came north to Canada and joined the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on February 6, 2013. After spending the 2013 season on the practice roster <mask> was released by the club on June 15, 2014. Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On July 13, 2014, <mask> signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.In the 2015 season he appeared in three games for the Ti-Cats completing 13 of 23 pass attempts for 160 yards. Following the season he was not re-signed by the Tiger-Cats and became a free-agent. Montreal Alouettes
<mask> signed with the Montreal Alouettes (CFL) on February 14, 2017. During the 2017 preseason <mask> completed 15 of 23 pass attempts for 163 yards. Career statistics

References

External links
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

1990 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Montreal Alouettes
Miami Hurricanes football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni
Players of American football from Miami
Players of Canadian football from Miami

masks:
Jacory Sherrod Harris
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title: John Rushworth

texts:
<mask> (c. 1612 – 12 May 1690) was an English lawyer, historian and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1657 and 1685. He compiled a series of works covering the English Civil Wars throughout the 17th century called Historical Collections and also known as the Rushworth Papers. Early life
<mask> was born at Acklington Park in Warkworth, Northumberland, the son of <mask> and his wife Margaret Cuthbert, daughter of the vicar of Carnaby in Yorkshire. His father was an extensive landowner and Justice of the Peace at Heath, Yorkshire although he was in prison for debt in 1629. <mask> was a solicitor at Berwick on Tweed from 1638 and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1640. He also began work as clerk assistant at the House of Commons in 1640: assisting Henry Elsynge, Clerk of the House of Commons, he was the first recorded individual to hold the office. Civil Wars
Rushworth followed the lead of <mask>, who, in a speech in the House of Commons on 17 April 1640, attacked the King and his government for problems within the country.After the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask> as an "embedded journalist" followed the battles of Edge Hill (1642), Newbury (1643 and 1644), Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). In 1645 he became secretary to Thomas Fairfax, commander-in-chief of the New Model Army. When Charles I was captured, <mask> began to record details of events leading up to, during and following the trial and execution of the King. He reported the Battle of Preston (1648) and the Battle of Worcester (1651). Legal authority
Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, <mask> became personal secretary to Oliver Cromwell. He began drafting plans for the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords, and the establishment of an English Republic under the leadership of Cromwell. When Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653, <mask> was promoted to Registrar of the Court of Admiralty.In 1657 he was elected Member of Parliament for Berwick in the Second Protectorate Parliament. As a member of the Cromwellian government he enjoyed the friendships of <mask> (who served Cromwell as the official State Censor); <mask>; <mask> and many other well known people of that period. Death of Cromwell and Restoration
When Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, his son Richard Cromwell became Lord Protector. <mask> was re-elected MP for Berwick in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He completed his written histories of the period and dedicated them to Richard Cromwell. As Richard Cromwell was unable to continue the office established by his father as Lord Protector, by 1660 real power had shifted to the Council of State and <mask> became Secretary of the council. He was re-elected MP for Bewick in the Convention Parliament in 1660.Negotiations were then undertaken with the son of Charles I to return to England as its king, subject to the rule of Parliament. When Charles II took to the throne and restored the monarchy, <mask> was reassigned to the office of Treasury Solicitor. On 7 June 1660 he presented to the Privy Council certain volumes of its records, which he claimed to have preserved from plunder "during the late unhappy times", and received the king's thanks for their restoration. Reports were spread, however, of <mask>'s complicity in the late king's death, and he was called before the lords to give an account of the deliberations of the regicides, but professed to know nothing except by hearsay. <mask> was not re-elected to the parliament of 1661, but continued to act as agent for the town of Berwick, although complaints were made that the king could look for little obedience so long as such men were agents for corporations. Later years
In September 1667, when Sir Orlando Bridgeman was made lord-keeper, he appointed Rushworth his secretary. The colony of Massachusetts also employed him as its agent at a salary of twelve guineas a year and his expenses, but it was scoffingly said in 1674 that all he had done for the colony was 'not worth a rush'.<mask> was elected MP for Berwick again in March 1679 for the First Exclusion Parliament and in October 1679 for the Second Exclusion Parliament. He was returned again in March 1681, Rushworth and seems to have supported the Whig leaders. Though he had held lucrative posts and had inherited an estate from his cousin, Sir Richard Tempest, <mask>'s affairs were greatly embarrassed. He spent the last six years of his life in the King's Bench Prison in Southwark, "where, being reduced to his second childship, for his memory was quite decayed by taking too much brandy to keep up his spirits, he quietly gave up the ghost in his lodging in a certain alley there, called Rules Court, on 12 May 1690". He was buried in St. George's Church, Southwark. Wood states that <mask> died at the age of eighty-three, but in a letter written in 1675 <mask> describes himself as sixty-three at that date. Influence
While <mask> was remembered as a person, his writings found favour in America where they served as a source of inspiration for Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson bought a copy of <mask>'s Historical Collections for use in his own library and he often quoted from them. <mask> was a contemporary of <mask> whose writings had a profound impact on the history of the English Civil Wars of the 17th century. Although his senior, he also shared much in common with Oliver Cromwell (born 1599), because they were evangelical Christians who believed that the Church of England should undergo a total reformation, contrary to the wishes of King Charles I. His views of Charles I as a king who had declared war on his own people, were later echoed in words by Thomas Jefferson and others when writing about the reign of George III in the Declaration of Independence. <mask> married Hannah Widdrington, daughter of Lewis Widdrington, and sister of Sir Thomas Widdrington, who later became the Speaker of the House of Commons. On his death <mask> left four daughters:

(1) Hannah, married, February 1664, to Sir Francis Fane of Fulbeck, Lincolnshire;

(2) Rebecca, married, August 1667, Robert Blaney of Kinsham, Herefordshire;

(3) Margaret;

(4) Katherine, whose letter to the Duke of Newcastle on her father's death is printed in the "Report on the Duke of Portland's Manuscripts". Legacy
In 1890, King's Bench Prison in Rule's Court was demolished.Rushworth School was then built on the site and the court was renamed Rushworth Street. A portrait of <mask>, by R. White, is prefixed to the third part of his "Historical Collections". Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

1610s births
1690 deaths
English historians
17th-century historians
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681
People from Warkworth, Northumberland

masks:
John Rushworth
Rushworth
Lawrence Rushworth
Rushworth
John Pym
Rushworth
Rushworth
Rushworth
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John Milton
John Owen
John Bunyan
Rushworth
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John Lilburne
Family Rushworth
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title: Omer Arbel

texts:
<mask> (born 1976) is a multidisciplinary artist and designer based in Vancouver. His output is broad, including materials research, lighting design, building design and site specific installations. He is one of two co-founders of Bocci, a Canadian design and manufacturing company. Arbel's designs are numbered in order of creation (1.1 – 113 at the time of writing). Arbel invents processes (manual, mechanical, or chemical) that generate novel forms, privileging analog processes and traditional skills such as glassblowing, concrete forming, and metalwork as ongoing sources of inspiration and innovation. The objects, installations, and buildings realized in this way are to some degree unpredictable and variable, a meeting place between nature and technology, a potentially endless series of exceptions for which there is no restrictive rule. Early life
Arbel was born and raised in Jerusalem until age thirteen, when his family relocated to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.As a youth, <mask> enjoyed considerable success as a competitive fencer, making the Canadian Junior National team numerous times and ranking in the top 20 at the Junior World Championships. He received a BSc in environmental science from the University of Waterloo in 1997, and began an apprenticeship with Catalan architect Enric Miralles the following year. Miralles’ death in 2000 brought <mask> back to Canada, where he completed his professional degree in architecture and began working at Patkau Architects in Vancouver. Industrial Design

<mask> Arbel is the co-founder of Bocci - a design and manufacturing company based in Vancouver and Berlin. Founded in 2005 under the artistic principles of <mask> <mask>’s method, Bocci is committed to fostering a lateral and open-ended relationship between creative direction and craft. The company launched with one lighting design, ‘14’, which was immediately successful and remains a design staple and bestseller. The realization that the most successful aspects of 14 were unintended, being rather a consequence of material properties or process, was the impetus for defining Arbel’s open ended method.Large, site-specific lighting installations based on Bocci works have been on view at public art institutions such as the Victoria & Albert Museum, London and the Barbican, London. In 2015 Bocci opened a 2200qm exhibition space in Berlin. The showroom closed in 2020. Bocci will open a new, permanent exhibition space, also in Berlin, in 2021. Architecture

Arbel launched his own building design practice (OAO) in 2005. Since then he has completed several commercial and residential projects, including 23.2, a freestanding house located in South Surrey, B.C, Canada. 23.2 began with a depository of reclaimed, century-old Douglas Fir beams from the local forests of British Columbia.The project regards the beams as archaeological artifacts resulting from the social and ecological history of the region, as such, they were not milled, cut, or finished, with massive geometrical consequence to the plan. <mask> has been shortlisted for the World Architecture Award three times  and won a World Architecture Festival Award in 2019 for his project 75.9 - a house constructed on a hay farm in the Canadian Pacific Northwest. The project makes use of a technique of pouring concrete into fabric formwork deployed within plywood rib structures, yielding walls, and columnar roof forms. A deliberately slow, continuous pour and special concrete mix are employed to create each element, in some cases approaching 10 meters tall. The fabric formed concrete elements are treated as if they were found archeological ruins in the hayfield landscape, with the house considered a contemporary construction built around and among them. Differing height and position for each column creates a cinematographic narrative of domestic habitation. The trumpet shape of each column is hollow, allowing the planting of mature trees on the inhabited roofscape.<mask>’s built work has been exhibited at both the Surrey Art Gallery  and the Aedes Architekturforum in Berlin. Sculpture

<mask> <mask>’s first solo exhibition of sculptural work was shown at the Monte Clark Gallery in Vancouver, B.C. in 2015. The show featured two series of works, one based on glass fusing experiments, and the other based on electroplating experiments. In 2018, <mask> <mask>’s molten beeswax candle was included in Raw Design – a group exhibition curated by Glenn Adamson at the Museum of Craft and Design in San Francisco. In 2020, <mask> <mask> showed a new series of sculptural works at Carwan Gallery in Athens. The show consisted of 103 unique copper objects and marked the launch of Carwan Gallerie’s new exhibition space in Athens.Special Projects

In 2010 <mask> was selected to co-design Canada's 2010 Olympic medals in collaboration with Aboriginal artist Corrine Hunt. His original submission 27.3 included plans for the medals to be held together by invisible magnets, concealing a cavity on the inside where an athlete could store a memento, and having an onsite engraver etch the sounds of the last ten minutes before a medal event onto the medal itself. Financial and practical concerns prevented these plans from being realized, however <mask>'s desire to design a system of production that resulted each medal having unique form was preserved. <mask>'s work has been selected for large-scale public installations that hover between artwork and industrial design. He has had multiple exhibitions at Spazio Rossana Orlandi in Milan, the Art Institute of Chicago, and more recently at the Fairmont Pacific Rim Vancouver, Mallett Antiques, Canada House, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The 2013 Victoria and Albert Museum exhibit featured 280 of the 28 spheres cascading more than 30 metres from the museum's vaulted ceiling. In 2014, <mask> collaborated with Mallett Antiques to outfit their entire showroom with large installations of his 57 series, 38 series, 19 series and 28 series.The project was intended to create compositional tension through the juxtaposition of modern lighting with antique furnishings. Canada House on Trafalgar Square was reopened in February 2015 with the addition of 157 of Arbel's 57 series light winding down the central staircase. On March 5, 2015 Arbel unveiled a large outdoor installation of his new 16 series at Vancouver's Fairmont Pacific Rim Hotel. The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) announced on March 16, 2015 that <mask> would be awarded the Allied Arts Medal for 2015 based on his recent work at the Victoria and Albert Museum. The award is given once every two years to a Canadian artist or designer for outstanding achievement in artwork designed to be integrated with architecture. <mask> is active as a guest critic, speaker and master's thesis committee member at the University of British Columbia School of Architecture. In 2012, Arbel taught a master class on form at Parsons The New School for Design.<mask> <mask>'s first monograph published by Phaidon is due to launch on June 23, 2021. "A dynamic, highly visual, and in-depth study of the celebrated multi-disciplinary designer and master of sculptural lighting"

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
 Omer Arbel Office website
 BOCCI website
 2010 Olympic Medals
 Vancouver Penthouse
 Omer Arbel Profile
 16 at the Fairmont
 Vancouver Maneuvers, interview with <mask> Arbel in Dwell
 omer arbel office: seating, Designboom
 omer arbel office: lighting, Designboom
  23.2 house in Wallpaper

 omer arbel UBC Thesis Reviews
 UBC School of Architecture Curriculum Proposal
 Dezeen - V&A Museum
 London Design Festival
 Vancouver Sun - Canada House
 Monte Clark Gallery
 RAIC Announcement

Artists from Vancouver
Canadian industrial designers
Canadian sculptors
Canadian male sculptors
Canadian architects
University of Waterloo alumni
People from Jerusalem
1976 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli emigrants to Canada
Jewish architects
Jewish Canadian artists

masks:
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