title: Qianlong Emperor

texts:
 where a Qing official and Khafiyya followers were among one hundred slaughtered by a Jahriyya assault headed by Su Forty-three, a supporter of Ma Mingxin in 1781 led to Ma Mingxin declared a rebel and taken to jail in Lanzhou. The Qing executed Ma Mingxin after his release was demanded by the armed followers of Su Forty-three. A Jahriyya rebellion all over northwest China ensued after Ma Mingxin was executed. In response, the Manchus in Beijing sent Manchu Grand Secretary Agui with a battalion to slaughter Jahriyya chiefs and exile the adherents of the Sufi order to the border regions. Tian Wu led another Jahriyya rebellion 3 years after that, which was crushed by the Qing, and the Ma Datian, the Jahriyya's 3rd leader was exiled to Manchuria in 1818 by the Qing and died. This continual build up of conflict between Muslims and the Qing court led to the 19th century full-scale wars with Muslim rebellions against the Qing in southern and northern China.The change in Manchu attitudes towards Muslims, from tolerating Muslims and regarding them as equal to Han Chinese, before the 1760s, to the violence between the Qing state and Muslims after the 1760s, was due to progressive Qing involvement in the conflict between the Sufi orders Jahriyya and Khafiyya making it no longer possible for the Qing to keep up with the early rhetoric of Muslim equality. The Manchu court under <mask> began approving and implementing Chen Hongmou's anti-Muslim laws that targeted Muslims for practicing their religion and the violence by the Qing state, the communal violence between Jahriyya and Khafiyya coincided with the Jahriyya's major expansion. Chen Hongmou's policies were implemented as laws in 1762 by the Qing government's Board of Punishments and the Qing Manchu Qianlong emperor leading to severe tensions with Muslims. State authorities were mandated to receive all reports of Muslim criminal behaviour by local officials and all criminal behaviour by Muslims had to be reported by Muslim leaders to Qing authorities under these laws. This led to an inundation of anti-Muslim reports filing in Qing offices as the Qing court received information that Muslims were inherently violent and Muslim bandits were committing crimes as report after report were filed by local officials and Muslim crimes inundated court records. The Qing became even more anti-Muslim after receiving these reports about criminal behavior and started passing even more anti-Muslim laws one of them being that if any weapon was found in a group of 3 or more Muslims all of those Muslims would by sentenced as criminals by the Qing. A new criminal category or act, brawling (dou'ou) was designated by the Qing Manchu court of the Manchu Qianlong emperor in the 1770s especially as an anti-Muslim measure to arrest Muslims leading to even non-Jahriyya Muslims to join with Jahriyya against the Qing and leading the Qing court to be even more anti-Muslim, apprehensive of anti-Qing rebellion by Muslims.This led to the execution of Ma Mingxin in 1781 and the rebellion and violence was compounded by lack of Qing intelligence. A Qing official who was tasked with ending the Jahriyya and Khafiyya communal violence mistakenly thought the people he were talking to were Khafiyya when they were in fact Jahriyya, and he told them that the Qing would massacre all Jahriyya adherents. This led to him being murdered by the Jahriyya mob, which led to the Qing sending Manchu Grand Secretary Agui on a full scale pacification crackdown campaign against the Jahriyya. The military victory of the Qing against the Jahriyya led to even more Jahriyya anger. Officials went overboard in massacring Muslims deemed as state enemies to impress the Qing court, leading to further growth in Jahriyya membership, leading in turn to the 1784 rebellion by Tian Wu. The Qianlong emperor asked his minister what was going on as he was puzzled as to how the Muslims from many regions gathered together for revolt. He asked if the investigation of Muslim behavior b y Li Shiyao got leaked leading to rebels to incite violence by telling Muslims the government would exterminate them.He then pondered and said none of these could be why and kept asking why. To solve the issue of the 1784 revolt, northwestern China was put under military occupation by the Qing for 50 years until the Taiping rebellion of southern China forced the Qing to move them away from northwest China leading to the massive 1860s and 1870s Muslim revolts in the northwest caused by growing violence. The sudden questions about Halal in Islam that Mongol Buddhists had in the 18th century was caused by all these things, northwestern China right next to Mongolia getting militarized, the Qing government officially declaring Muslims to be anti-Qing and violent and revivalist Islam coming to China

Christianity
Persecution of Christians by Yongzheng became even worse during the Qianlong reign. Palaces

The Qianlong Emperor was an aggressive builder. In the hills northwest of Beijing, he expanded the villa known as the "Garden of Perfect Brightness" (Yuanmingyuan) (now known as the Old Summer Palace) originally built by his father. He eventually added two new villas, the "Garden of Eternal Spring" and the "Elegant Spring Garden". In time, the Old Summer Palace would encompass , five times larger than the Forbidden City.To celebrate the 60th birthday of his mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing, the Qianlong Emperor ordered a lake at the "Garden of Clear Ripples" (Qingyiyuan) (now known as the Summer Palace) dredged, named it Kunming Lake, and renovated a villa on the eastern shore of the lake. The Qianlong Emperor also expanded the imperial summer palace in Rehe Province, beyond the Great Wall. Rehe eventually became effectively a third capital and it was at Rehe that the Qianlong Emperor held court with various Mongol nobles. The emperor also spent time at the Mulan hunting grounds north of Rehe, where he held the imperial hunt each year. European styles
For the Old Summer Palace, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione for the construction of the Xiyang Lou, or Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. He also commissioned the French Jesuit Michel Benoist, to design a series of timed waterworks and fountains complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the imperial family. The French Jesuit Jean Denis Attiret also became a painter for the emperor.Jean-Damascène Sallusti was also a court painter. He co-designed, with Castiglione and Ignatius Sichelbart, the Battle Copper Prints. Other architecture
During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the Emin Minaret was built in Turpan to commemorate Emin Khoja, a Uyghur leader from Turfan who submitted to the Qing Empire as a vassal in order to obtain assistance from the Qing to fight the Zunghars. Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family
In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed a hereditary marquis title on a descendant of Zhu Zhilian, a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the Ming tombs and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the Eight Banners. Zhu was posthumously awarded the title "Marquis of Extended Grace" in 1750, and the title was passed on for 12 generations in his family until the end of the Qing dynasty. However, it has been argued that Zhu Zhilian, in fact, had no relation to the imperial family at all.Banner system

The <mask> Emperor instituted a policy of "Manchu-fying" the Eight Banner system, which was the basic military and social organisation of the dynasty. In the early Qing era, Nurhaci and Huangtaiji categorised Manchu and Han ethnic identity within the Eight Banners based on culture, lifestyle and language, instead of ancestry or genealogy. Han Bannermen were an important part of the Banner System. The <mask> Emperor changed this definition to one of descent, and demobilised many Han Bannermen and urged Manchu Bannermen to protect their cultural heritage, language and martial skills. The emperor redefined the identity of Han Bannermen by saying that they were to be regarded as of having the same culture and being of the same ancestral extraction as Han civilians Conversely, he emphasised the martial side of Manchu culture and reinstituted the practice of the annual imperial hunt as begun by his grandfather, leading contingents from the Manchu and Mongol banners to the Mulan hunting grounds each autumn to test and improve their skills. The Qianlong Emperor's view of the Han Bannermen also differed from that of his grandfather in deciding that loyalty in itself was most important quality. He sponsored biographies which depicted Chinese Bannermen who defected from the Ming to the Qing as traitors and glorifying Ming loyalists.Some of the Qianlong Emperor's inclusions and omissions on the list of traitors were political in nature. Some of these actions were including Li Yongfang (out of his dislike for Li Yongfang's descendant, Li Shiyao) and excluding Ma Mingpei (out of concern for his son Ma Xiongzhen's image). The identification and interchangeability between "Manchu" and "Banner people" (Qiren) began in the 17th century. Banner people were differentiated from civilians (Chinese: minren, Manchu: irgen, or Chinese: Hanren, Manchu :Nikan) and the term Bannermen was becoming identical with "Manchu" in the general perception. The Qianlong Emperor referred to all Bannermen as Manchu, and Qing laws did not say "Manchu", but "Bannermen". Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan 台尼堪 (watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan 抚顺尼堪 (Fushun Chinese) backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qing Qianlong emperor.It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on Qing lists of Manchu clans. Anti-gun measures
The Solons were ordered by the <mask> Emperor to stop using rifles and instead practice traditional archery. The emperor issued an edict for silver taels to be issued for guns turned over to the government. Chinese political identity and frontier policy
The Qianlong Emperor and his predecessors, since the Shunzhi Emperor, had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China". The Qianlong Emperor rejected earlier ideas that only Han could be subjects of China and only Han land could be considered as part of China, so he redefined China as multiethnic, saying in 1755 that "there exists a view of China (zhongxia), according to which non-Han people cannot become China's subjects and their land cannot be integrated into the territory of China. This does not represent our dynasty's understanding of China, but is instead that of the earlier Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties."The <mask> Emperor rejected the views of Han officials who said Xinjiang was not part of China and that he should not conquer it, putting forth the view that China was multiethnic and did not just refer to Han. The Qianlong Emperor compared his achievements with that of the Han and Tang ventures into Central Asia. Han settlement
Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing government in the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han squatters in addition to other Han people who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing government decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. Due to this, Han people farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The <mask> Emperor allowed Han peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776.Han tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han people during the <mask> Emperor's reign, and Han people were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing government sold lands along the Sungari which were previously exclusively for Manchus to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and Han people filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s, according to Abbé Huc. Later years

In his later years, the Qianlong Emperor became spoiled with power and glory, disillusioned and complacent in his reign, and started placing his trust in corrupt officials such as Yu Minzhong and Heshen. As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by the Qianlong Emperor at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while the emperor himself indulged in the arts, luxuries and literature. When Heshen was executed by the Jiaqing Emperor, the Qing government discovered that Heshen's personal fortune exceeded that of the Qing Empire's depleted treasury, amounting to 900 million silver taels, the total of 12 years of Treasury surplus of the Qing imperial court. The Qianlong Emperor began his reign with about 33.95 million silver taels in Treasury surplus.At the peak of his reign, around 1775, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73.9 million silver taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies. However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions to the south, huge palace


title: Qianlong Emperor

type: original

texts:
 constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150.2 million silver taels. This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing Empire, casting a shadow over his glorious and brilliant political life. Macartney Embassy

During the mid-18th century, European powers began to pressure for increases in the already burgeoning foreign trade and for outposts on the Chinese coast, demands which the aging Qianlong emperor resisted. In 1793 King George III sent a large-scale delegation to present their requests directly to the emperor in Beijing, headed by George Macartney, one of the country's most seasoned diplomats. The British sent a sample of trade goods that they intended to sell in China; this was misinterpreted as tribute that was adjudged to be of low quality. Historians both in China and abroad long presented the failure of the mission to achieve its goals as a symbol of China's refusal to change and inability to modernize.They explain the refusal first on the fact that interaction with foreign kingdoms was limited to neighbouring tributary states. Furthermore, the worldviews on the two sides were incompatible, China holding entrenched beliefs that China was the "central kingdom". However, after the publication in the 1990s of a fuller range of archival documents concerning the visit, these claims have been challenged. One historian characterized the emperor and his court as "clearly clever and competent political operators", and concluded that they acted within the formal Qing claims to universal rule; they reacted prudently to reports of British expansion in India by placating the British with unspecified promises in order to avoid military conflicts and loss of trade. Macartney was granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor on two days, the second of which coincided with the emperor's 82nd birthday. There is continued debate about the nature of the audience and what level of ceremonials were performed. Macartney wrote that he resisted demands that the British trade ambassadors kneel and perform the kowtow and debate continues as to what exactly occurred, differing opinions recorded by Qing courtiers and British delegates.<mask> gave Macartney a letter for the British king stating the reasons that he would not grant Macartney's requests:

Yesterday your Ambassador petitioned my Ministers to memorialise me regarding your trade with China, but his proposal is not consistent with our dynastic usage and cannot be entertained. Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. Your request for a small island near Chusan, where your merchants may reside and goods be warehoused, arises from your desire to develop trade... Consider, moreover, that England is not the only barbarian land which wishes to establish... trade with our Empire: supposing that other nations were all to imitate your evil example and beseech me to present them each and all with a site for trading purposes, how could I possibly comply? This also is a flagrant infringement of the usage of my Empire and cannot possibly be entertained. Hitherto, the barbarian merchants of Europe have had a definite locality assigned to them at Aomen for residence and trade, and have been forbidden to encroach an inch beyond the limits assigned to that locality....If these restrictions were withdrawn, friction would inevitably occur between the Chinese and your barbarian subjects... Regarding your nation's worship of the Lord of Heaven, it is the same religion as that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code, which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the European (missionary) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold intercourse with Chinese subjects... The letter was unknown to the public until 1914, when it was translated, then later used as a symbol of China's refusal to modernize. Macartney's conclusions in his memoirs were widely quoted:

The Empire of China is an old, crazy, first-rate Man of War, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance.But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom. Titsingh Embassy
A Dutch embassy arrived at the Qianlong Emperor's court in 1795, which would turn out to be the last time any European appeared before the Qing imperial court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations. Representing Dutch and Dutch East India Company interests, Isaac Titsingh traveled to Beijing in 1794–95 for celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest, whose detailed description of this embassy to the Qing court was soon after published in the United States and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports that were then circulating.Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events. In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and VOC emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette. Abdication
In October 1795, the Qianlong Emperor officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate and pass the throne to his son. It was said that the Qianlong Emperor had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who had reigned for 61 years. The Qianlong Emperor anticipated moving out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation (Yangxindian) in the Forbidden City. The hall had been conventionally dedicated for the exclusive use of the reigning sovereign, and in 1771 the emperor ordered the beginning of construction on what was ostensibly intended as his retirement residence in another part of the Forbidden City: a lavish, two-acre walled retreat called the "Palace of Tranquil Longevity (Ningshou Palace)", which is today more commonly known as the "Qianlong Garden".The complex, completed in 1776, is currently undergoing a ten-year restoration led by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). The first of the restored apartments, the Qianlong Emperor's Juanqinzhai, or "Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service," began an exhibition tour of the United States in 2010. The Qianlong Emperor relinquished the throne at the age of 85, after almost 61 years on the throne, to his son, the 36-year-old Jiaqing Emperor, in 1796. For the next three years, he held the title "Taishang Huang (or Emperor Emeritus)" (太上皇) even though he continued to hold on to power and the Jiaqing Emperor ruled only in name. He never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden. He died in 1799.Palace Museum: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉庆皇帝)

Legends

A legend, popularised in fiction, says that the Qianlong Emperor was the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), a Han Chinese official from Haining County, Zhejiang Province. In his choice of heir to the throne, the Kangxi Emperor required not only that the heir be able to govern the empire well but that the heir's son be of no less calibre, thus ensuring the Manchus' everlasting reign over China.The son of Yinzhen, the Kangxi Emperor's fourth son, was a weakling so Yinzhen surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be exchanged for Chen Shiguan's son, who became the favourite grandson of the Kangxi Emperor. Yinzhen succeeded his father and became the Yongzheng Emperor, while his "son", Hongli, succeeded him in turn as the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, the <mask> Emperor went on inspection tours to southern China and stayed in Chen Shiguan's house in Haining, where he wrote calligraphy. He also frequently issued imperial edicts to waive off taxes from Haining County. However, there are major problems with this story. First, the Yongzheng Emperor's eldest surviving son, Hongshi, was only seven when Hongli was born, far too young to make the drastic choice of replacing a child of imperial birth with an outsider (and risking disgrace if not death). Second, the Yongzheng Emperor had three other princes who survived to adulthood and had the potential to ascend the throne.Indeed, since Hongshi was the son forced to commit suicide, it would have been far more logical for him to be the adopted son, if any of them were. Stories about the Qianlong Emperor's six inspection tours to southern China in disguise as a commoner have been a popular topic for many generations. In total, he visited southern China six times – the same number of times as his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor. Family
Empress

 Empress Xiaoxianchun (孝賢純皇后) of the Fuca Clan (富察氏)Titles: Main Consort of the Fourth Prince (皇四子嫡福晋) → Princess Consort Bao of the First Rank (寶亲王妃) → Empress (皇后) → Empress Xiaoxian (孝賢皇后) → Empress Xiaoxianchun (孝賢純皇后) First daughter (3 November 1728 – 14 February 1730)
 Yonglian, Crown Prince Duanhui (端慧皇太子 永璉; 9 August 1730 – 23 November 1738), second son
 Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和敬公主; 31 July 1731 – 30 September 1792), third daughter. Married Septeng Baljur (色布騰巴爾珠爾; d. 1775) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in April/May 1747, and had issue: one son, four daughters. Yongcong, Prince Zhe of the First Rank (哲親王 永琮; 27 May 1746 – 29 January 1748), seventh son

 Empress of the Nara clan (皇后 那拉氏; 11 March 1718 – 19 August 1766). She is the only Qing Empress who did not receive a posthumous name.Her maiden clan is a matter of debate, either Ula-nara or Hoifa-nara.Titles: Side Consort of the Fourth Prince (皇四子側福晉) → Side Consort of Prince Bao of the First Rank (寶亲侧妃) → Consort Xian (嫻妃) → Noble Consort Xian (嫻貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃) → Empress (皇后)
 Yongqi, Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒 永璂; 7 June 1752 – 17 March 1776), 12th son
 Fifth daughter (23 July 1753 – 1 June 1755)
 Yongjing (永璟; 22 January 1756 – 7 September 1757), 13th son

Empress Xiaoyichun (孝儀純皇后) of the Weigiya (魏佳) ClanTitles: Noble Lady (貴人) → Imperial Concubine Ling (令嬪) → Consort Ling (令妃) → Noble Consort Ling (令貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃) → Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi (令懿皇貴妃) → Empress Xiaoyi (孝儀皇后) → Empress Xiaoyichun (孝儀純皇后)
 Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), seventh daughter. Married Lhawang Dorji (拉旺多爾濟; 1754–1816) of the Khalkha Borjigit clan in August/September 1770
 Yonglu (永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), 14th son
 Princess Heke of the Second Rank (和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), ninth daughter. Married Fulong'an (福隆安; 1746–1784) of the Manchu Fuca clan on 10 May 1760, and had issue (one son). Married Fengšeninde (丰紳殷德; 1775–1810) of the Manchu Niohuru clan on 12 January 1790, and had issue (one son). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France. Paris. Hall, D.G.E.(1960). Burma (3rd edition ed.). Hutchinson University Library. .

 Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents. London : John Murray. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus.(1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795. Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry. Van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795, Vol.I. London : R. Phillips. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." Further reading
 Chang, Michael (2007). A court on horseback: imperial touring & the construction of Qing rule, 1680–1785. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. Ho Chuimei, Bennet Bronson. Splendors of China's Forbidden City: The Glorious Reign of Emperor <mask>.(London: Merrell, in association with The Field Museum, Chicago, 2004). .
 Kahn, Harold L. Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch'ien-Lung Reign. (Cambridge, Mass.,: Harvard University Press, Harvard East Asian Series, 59, 1971). .
 Kuhn, Philip A. Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). (alk. paper). James A. Millward, Ruth W. Dunnell, Mark C. Elliot and Philippe Foret. ed., New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde.''(London; New York: Routledge, 2004). .
 Nancy Berliner, "The Emperor's Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City" (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2010) . External links

1711 births
1799 deaths
18th-century Chinese monarchs
Monarchs who abdicated
Qing dynasty emperors
Yongzheng Emperor's sons
Genocide perpetrators
Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia
Qing dynasty Buddhists
Chinese Buddhist

masks: Qianlong Qianlong Qianlong


title: Henry Hugh Gordon Stoker

texts:
Captain <mask>,  (2 February 1885 – 2 February 1966), also known as Hew Stoker and commonly credited in films as H. G<mask>  or Dacre Stoker, was an Irish Royal Navy officer who commanded the Royal Australian Navy's submarine  during the First World War. Stoker was captured in 1915 and he spent the remaining three-and-a-half years as a prisoner of war of the Ottoman Empire. He retired from the navy in 1920 to pursue an acting career on the stage and film. As an amateur athlete, Stoker competed in the Wimbledon tennis championships throughout the 1920s. With the outbreak of the Second World War, he was recalled to service in the navy, where he helped with public relations. When the war finished, Stoker returned to his acting career. In 1962, at the age of 77, he became Irish Croquet Champion.Early life
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, on 2 February 1885, the fourth of six children and second son of Dr <mask> and Jane Martin <mask> . William's brother was Dr Francis Owen <mask>, a two-time winner of the Wimbledon Championships Gentlemen's Doubles and an Irish international rugby union player. They were cousins of the author <mask>. <mask> was educated in Dublin; he was an average student but excelled at sport, particularly tennis and rugby. Naval career
Stoker joined the Royal Navy on 15 January 1900 as a cadet on the training ship  at Dartmouth Harbour. On 30 May 1901, he was promoted to midshipman and posted to  as part of the Channel Fleet and was later posted to  in the Mediterranean. On 30 July 1904, Stoker was made a sub-lieutenant and left Implacable to study at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, after which he volunteered for the new Royal Navy Submarine Service but was posted for a year to  in the Western Atlantic before being accepted to submariner training in October 1906.Stoker was promoted to lieutenant on 31 December 1906; he completed his submariner training in October 1907 and was given command of the submarine  in January 1909. The following January, he assumed command of , which in August 1911 was stationed at Gibraltar. Australian service
In 1913, after hearing rumours of a man in Sydney sponsoring men to play polo, Stoker volunteered to be loaned to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). On 7 November 1913, he was subsequently given command of , which was built at Barrow-in-Furness and commissioned into the RAN at Portsmouth on 28 February 1914. AE2 was accompanied by its sister submarine , with crews composed of both RN and RAN personnel, and sailed from England for Australia on 2 March 1914. The first leg, under the escort of , arrived at Colombo, on 9 April. The second leg, with an escort provided by , arrived in Singapore on 21 April.The final leg was completed under escort of  and arrived in Sydney on 24 May, completing a voyage of , the longest voyage recorded by a submarine up to that time. First World War
Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, AE1 and AE2 joined the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF) to capture the German colony New Guinea. The German territories surrendering on 22 September; AE2 patrolled the sea around Fiji and returned to Sydney for maintenance on 16 November. AE2 departed Sydney on 19 December to meet up with the second convoy of Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in Albany, Western Australia. She joined the convoy to Suez, completing most of it under tow. Stoker was promoted to lieutenant commander on 31 December 1914. On 28 January 1915, AE2 arrived at Suez, where it joined the Mediterranean Fleet, which operated in support of the Dardanelles campaign.To Vice-Admiral John de Robeck, Stoker presented plans for his submarine to force a passage through the heavily defended Dardanelles Strait, and enter the Sea of Marmara and disrupt shipping, which would make supply and reinforcement of the enemy more difficult. On 25 April 1915, Stoker took AE2 through the  strait and entered the Sea of Marmara, the first allied submarine to do so. Other submarines soon followed. On 30 April, while attempting to rendezvous with , AE2 was damaged by the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar while on the surface, after which AE2 was no longer able to dive, and Stoker was forced to surrender and scuttle her. Stoker spent the rest of the war a prisoner of war (POW) in the Ottoman Empire. He made three unsuccessful escape attempts, but spent the majority of his time entertaining other POWs. He was repatriated to England in December 1918 and reverted back to Royal Navy service on 9 February 1919.He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 22 April 1919 "In recognition of his gallantry in making the passage of the Dardanelles in command of HM Australian Submarine AE2 on 25 April 1915". On 17 October 1919 he was mentioned in despatches "For valuable services in HM Australian Submarine AE2 in the prosecution of the war". On 10 February 1919, Stoker was given command of . He was promoted to commander on 31 December 1919. In 1920 he was offered command of submarine depot vessel , but instead chose to resign and was put on the retired list on 2 October 1920. Second World War
In 1939, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Stoker was recalled to service in the Royal Navy. He was given the rank of acting captain and was Chief of Staff to Rear-Admiral Richard Matthew King, commander at Belfast-based .In August 1940, Stoker was given command of HMS Minos, an onshore base at the Port of Lowestoft. In July 1942, Stoker was assigned as a Public Relations Officer with the Admiralty Press Division. In April 1944, he was a staff officer with the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force but after the Normandy landings, he returned to his previous role in the Admiralty. Stoker again retired from the Navy with the rank of captain in late 1945. Sporting career
Stoker was an avid sportsman who as a schoolboy was proficient at tennis and rugby. He volunteered to serve on RAN’s submarine after hearing a false rumour of sponsorship to play polo in Sydney, Australia. Competing under the name Hew <mask>, he entered the 1920 Wimbledon Championships, losing in the first round to former finalist and doubles champion Major Josiah George Ritchie.In the following year's Wimbledon Championship, Stoker reached the third round, beating L. Andrews in the first and Arthur Wallis Myers in the second, losing to eventual finalist Manuel Alonso Areizaga. The 1922 at Wimbledon, Stoker defeated Sydney Watts in the first round but lost to Cecil Tindell-Green in the second. Stoker again made the second round at the 1923 Wimbledon Championships, beating Alexander Blair and losing to H.A. Carless. Stocker made the second round in 1924, winning against Brian Helmore and losing to Sydney Montague Jacob. In 1925 Wimbledon Championships Stoker lost in the first round to John Pennycuick. Stoker's final entry to Wimbledon came in 1927, when he lost his first-round match against William Powell.Stoker continued his involvement in sport; he served as president of the Royal Navy Lawn Tennis Association between 1953 and 1963. In 1962, at the age of 77, he became Croquet Singles Champion of Ireland. Partial filmography

One Precious Year (1933) – Sir John Rome
Channel Crossing (1933) – Captain R.H. Kilbee
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) – Police Chief At Siege (uncredited)
Koenigsmark (1935) – (uncredited)
Brown on Resolution (1936) – Captain Holt
The First Offence (1936) – Dr. Penrose
Pot Luck (1936) – Davey
It's You I Want (1936) – Braille
Moonlight Sonata (1937) – Club Member (uncredited)
Non-Stop New York (1937) – Captain
Crackerjack (1938) – Supt. Benting
Full Speed Ahead (1940) – Sir Robert Barrymore
Brighton Rock (1947) – Registrar (uncredited)
Call of the Blood (1948) – Uncle Ben
Woman Hater (1948) – Old Boy (uncredited)
It's Hard to Be Good (1948) – Elderly Man (uncredited)
Call of the Blood (1949) – French doctor
The Inheritance (1950)
Four Days (1951) – Baxter
Where's Charley? (1952) – Wilkinson
Star in the Summer Night  an episode from Armchair Theatre (1959) – Martin McDonald

Family life and legacy
Stoker was married twice; his first wife was Olive Joan Violet Gwendoline Leacock, daughter of Colonel Schuler Leacock of the Bengal Cavalry. The marriage ended in divorce when Stoker, after returning to England after service with the RAN and being a POW in Turkey, discovered she had given birth to three children in his absence. In 1925, Stoker published an autobiography called "Straws in the Wind"; the same year, he married actor Dorothie Margaret Pidcock, to whom he  remained married until his death on his 81st birthday, 2 February 1966.With the introduction of a separate Australian Honours system, there has been debate about whether Stoker should be awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia for his service as commander of AE2 during the Dardanelles campaign. References

Further reading

External links
H.G. Stoker at allmovie

1885 births
1966 deaths
British male tennis players
Irish croquet players
Dublin hurlers
Irish male tennis players
Irish polo players
Irish sailors in the Royal Navy
Royal Navy submarine commanders
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Sportspeople from Dublin (city)
Irish male stage actors
Irish male film actors
20th-century Irish male actors
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich

masks:
Henry Hugh Gordon Dacre Stoker
. Stoker
Henry Hugh
Gordon Dacre
Stoker
William Stoker
Ross Stoker
Stoker
Bram Stoker
Henry
Stoker


title: Tracy Scoggins

texts:
<mask> (born November 13, 1953) is an American actress known for her roles as Monica Colby in the 1980s primetime soap opera Dynasty and its spin-off series The Colbys, Cat Grant in the first season of the 1993–1997 television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and as Captain Elizabeth Lochley during the final season of Babylon 5 in 1998. Early life
An only child, Scoggins is the daughter of <mask> and <mask>. Her father was a trial lawyer, and her mother graduated from law school and was a tennis champion. She attributes her own success to their influence. At the age of nine, Scoggins won a diving championship; by 13, she was accumulating swimming medals. At Dickinson High School, Scoggins was an athlete, excelling in various sports such as cheerleading, gymnastics, and diving. She graduated from Dickinson High School at age 16 and enrolled at Southwest Texas State University in 1970.As a student-athlete there, she was on the varsity gymnastics team and graduated with a bachelor's degree in physical education. While at Southwest Texas State, <mask> nearly qualified for a spot on the 1980 Olympic diving team. After graduation, <mask> briefly taught physical education before being recruited by John Casablancas of the Elite Model Management agency. Elite sent <mask> to New York, where she worked for a year before embarking on a European fashion modeling circuit that included Italy, Germany, and France. <mask> returned to the United States and studied with the Herbert Berghof Studio and the Wynn Hanmann Studio in hopes of launching an acting career. Career

<mask> Steele, T. J. Hooker, Blue Thunder, and The A-Team, <mask> had a role on the Dynasty spin-off series The Colbys, playing Monica Colby,  the daughter of Charlton Heston's character. Following the cancellation of The Colbys after two seasons, <mask> reprised the role in the final season of Dynasty. <mask> landed recurring or short-term parts on TV series during the 1980s and 1990s, including the role of Cat Grant in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Amanda Carpenter on Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years, Elizabeth Lochley on  Babylon 5 and its two spin-offs Crusade and Babylon 5: The Lost Tales (in 2007), Cassandra in three episodes of Highlander: The Series, Marie-Diane on The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne, and Anita Smithfield in two Dallas TV movies (Dallas: J.R. Returns and Dallas: War of the Ewings). This was not her first role in Dallas, as she had played a small part as another character in a 1983 episode. <mask> appeared on a 1996 episode of Wings and in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Destiny"'. <mask> starred in the 1992 straight-to-video production Demonic Toys.She was in the 1995 3DO game Snow Job. Alan Spencer cast <mask> in a  pilot for CBS called Galaxy Beat. The pilot did not sell. Spencer said that she is "one of the funniest people on Earth". In 2005, <mask> landed a role as a main character, Grace Neville, on the gay supernatural series Dante's Cove. In 2006, she had a guest role in the fourth-season premiere of the TV show Nip/Tuck, and returned to the role of Elizabeth Lochley in the direct-to-DVD production Babylon 5: The Lost Tales. Her recent television credits include NCIS and Castle.Filmography

Television

 The Dukes of Hazzard as Linda Mae Barnes (1 episode, 1981)
 The Devlin Connection as Sylvia March (1 episode, 1982)
 The Fall Guy as June (1 episode, 1982)
 Remington Steele as Chrissie Carstairs (1 episode, 1983)
 The Optimist as The Lady Golfer (1 episode, 1983)
 Dallas as Dianne Kelly (1 episode, 1983)
 Manimal as Kathy Bonann (1 episode, 1983)
 Hardcastle and McCormick as Crystal Dawn (1 episode, 1983)
 The A-Team as Shana Mayer / Elly Payne (3 episodes, 1983)
 The Renegades as <mask> (1983)
 Hawaiian Heat (1984) as Irene Gorley
 T. J. Hooker as Jill Newmark (1 episode, 1984)
 Mike Hammer as Claire (1 episode, 1984)
 Blue Thunder as Gretchen Terrell (1 episode, 1984)
 Hawaiian Heat as Irene Gorley (10 episodes, 1984)
 The Colbys as Monica Colby (49 episodes, 1985–1987)
 Hotel as Dana March (1 episode, 1987)
 Dynasty as Monica Colby (10 episodes, 1985, 1989)
 Raven as Alexis Page (1 episode, 1992)
 Renegade as Jeanette (1 episode, 1992)
 The Heights as Belinda (1 episode, 1992)
 Doogie Howser, M.D. as Kelly Phillips (1 episode, 1993)
 Danger Theatre as Clarise Payne (1 episode, 1993)
 Burke's Law as Roxanne North (1 episode, 1994)
 Garfield and Friends as Heather St. Claire (1 episode, 1994)
 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as Catherine 'Cat' Grant (21 episodes, 1993–1994)
 The Commish as Christine Rivers (1 episode, 1995)
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Gilora (1 episode, 1995)
 Cybill as Invincigirl (1 episode, 1996)
 Unhappily Ever After as Morgana (1 episode, 1996)
 Wings as Elise (1 episode, 1996)
 Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years as Amanda Carpenter (22 episodes, 1995–1996)
 Highlander as Cassandra (3 episodes, 1996–1997)
 High Tide as Christy Keaton (1 episode, 1997)
 Silk Stalkings as Jessica Scott (2 episodes, 1993–1997)
 Mike Hammer, Private Eye as Beth Reynolds (1 episode, 1997)
 Babylon 5 as Capt. Elizabeth Lochley (21 episodes, 1998)
 Crusade as Capt. Elizabeth Lochley (13 episodes, 1999)
 Felicity as Kelly (1 episode, 2001)
 Nip/Tuck as Jill White (1 episode, 2006)
 Dante's Cove as Grace Neville (12 episodes, 2005–2007)
 NCIS as Tabitha Summers (1 episode, 2008)
 Castle as Lana (1 episode, 2012)

Film

 Twirl (1981) as Cindy Ryan
 Toy Soldiers (1984) as Monique
 In Dangerous Company (1988) as Evelyn
 Jury Duty: The Comedy (1990) as Hope Hathaway
 Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective (1990) as Vala Duvalle
 The Gumshoe Kid (1990) as Rita Benson
 Play Murder for Me (1990) as Tricia Merritt
 Face the Edge (1990) as Cindy
 Watchers II (1990) as Barbara White
 Timebomb (1991) as Ms. Blue
 Ultimate Desires (1991) as Samantha Stewart
 Demonic Toys (1992) as Judith Gray
 Alien Intruder (1993) as Ariel
 Dollman vs. Demonic Toys (1993) as Judith Gray
 Dead On (1994) as Marla Beaumont
 Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996) (TV) as Anita Smithfield
 Dallas: War of the Ewings (1998) (TV) as Anita Smithfield
 Babylon 5: The River of Souls (1998) (TV) as Capt. Elizabeth Lochley
 Babylon 5: A Call to Arms (1999) (TV) as Capt. Elizabeth Lochley
 A Crack in the Floor (2001) as Jeremiah's Mother
 Hellborn (2003) as Helen
 Homeland Security (2004) as Catherine Adel
 Popstar (2005) as Judy McQueen
 The Cutter (2005) as Alena
 Saurian (2006) as Simtra
 Mr. Hell (2006) as Dominique Horney
 The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) as Detective Karen Utterson
 Babylon 5: The Lost Tales (2007) as Colonel Elizabeth Lochley
 Otis (2008) as Rita Vitale
 Cat Power (2013) as Julie Richman
 Borrowed Moments (2014) as Betsy

References

External links

1953 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Texas
American film actresses
American television actresses
Female models from Texas
Living people
People from Galveston, Texas
Texas State University alumni

masks:
Tracy Dawn Scoggins
John Scott Scoggins
Lou Cille Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scogginsmington
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Scoggins
Tracy


title: Acun Ilıcalı

texts:
<mask> (; born 29 May 1969) is a Turkish broadcaster, entrepreneur, international TV producer and businessman. He is the owner of TV channels TV8 and TV8.5, Turkey's digital platform Exxen, production companies in several countries, including United States, Mexico, Romania, Hungary, Brazil, Colombia and Greece. He is the founder and member of directors Acun Media Group, which does productions for leading television channels worldwide, and he develops broadcasting strategies for the channels he works with. Furthermore, he is the owner of the format of competition program Exatlon, which is the first sports reality format in the world. Several documentaries and programs have been made about <mask>'s life, covering his career from sports reporter to media mogul. He has been awarded more than 1000 prizes in various categories and has been described as one of the most reliable names in Turkey. In the period 2018 to 2020, he was listed among the 500 most influential businessmen in the media and entertainment sector by Variety magazine.Early years
<mask> <mask>, whose family comes from Turkey's northeast Erzurum province, was born in Edirne on 29 May 1969. He has paternal Azerbaijani ancestry. After having completed his primary education there, he completed his middle and high school education at Istanbul's Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi (formerly named Kadıköy Maarif Koleji). <mask> began his higher education in English teaching at Istanbul University, but chose to start business instead of finishing his degree. <mask> entered the media sector at the age of 22 and began working for Turkish television channel Show TV as a sports reporter. After having worked as a sports reporter for several years, at 2004 he founded his own production company Acun Medya, which quickly became one of Turkey's most prominent production companies. In 2008, <mask> was among the country's highest-paying tax payers for the first time.After this, he has been among the top 100 highest paying taxers of Turkey every year and he has become the first in its field. Career
<mask> started his career in Media in the year of 1990 as a reporter. In 2002, <mask> produced several programs and content for a number of Turkey's most popular television channels. His travel/entertainment program, Acun Firarda, which he prepared and presented himself by travelling to more than 100 countries, was particularly successful. He quickly became one of the most recognized names in Turkey, where his shows typically enjoyed very high ratings. In 2004, <mask> founded his own production company Acun Medya, purchasing a number of worldwide format rights, which he adopted for Turkish viewers. These included Deal or no Deal?, Fear Factor, Survivor, MasterChef, Got Talent, The Voice, Dancing with the Stars, Rising Star and Ninja Warrior, all of which were broadcast on popular prime-time slots.In 2013, Acun Medya incorporated television channel TV8. With Acun Medya productions, TV8's ratings increased rapidly, soon becoming Turkey's most widely viewed TV channel. Acun Medya subsequently forged a partnership with Doğuş Production Group, one of Turkey's most prominent media companies. In 2016, Ilıcalı launched the entertainment and sports channel TV8.5, which quickly became one of the country's most highly viewed thematic TV channels. <mask>'s first foray into the international media sector began with projects he produced in 2016 in Greece. <mask> Medya produced a number of television programs in Greece, including The Voice, Survivor, Got Talent and My Style Rocks. These programs, which were broadcast on the Skai TV, enjoyed ratings of 70%, making them some of the most-viewed programs in Greek television history.As a result of its successes in Greece, Acun Medya developed a format bringing sports and reality programming together for the first time. Exatlon, a new competition program, was broadcasting in a number of countries, including USA, Mexico, Romania, Colombia, Brazil and Hungary. At the 2017 Brazil edition, presented by the local host Luís Ernesto Lacombe, Ilıcalı and some partners menaced the local presenter hours before the grand final and took the stage himself. Exatlon currently remains among the most highly viewed programs in the countries in which it is broadcast. Following the success of Exatlon, <mask> concluded an agreement with Ricardo Salinas, owner of Mexico's largest media group, for the production of television content for a three-year period. These productions are currently being broadcast - in both daytime and evening slots - on Azteca Uno, Mexico's most popular television channel. Today, through the formats he has developed and the global program rights he has purchased, Acun Medya is producing content on four continents and in more than 10 countries.Ilıcalı was engaged in a partnership with Dutch football team Fortuna Sittard in the Eredivisie League during the 2020-21 season. In 2021, he terminated his partnership with the team, announcing plans to purchase an English football team. In the same year, he launched Exxen, Turkey's digital platform that provides family-oriented content. Within one week of its launch, Exxen had drawn more than 500,000 subscribers. Also in 2021, Acunmedya Akademi, has been launched with Nişantaşı University to provide training in television production, gastronomy and digital. On the first day after its launch, Acunmedya Akademi received 50,000 applications from prospective students. On 19 January 2022, Hull City announced that Acun Medya, backed by Ilıcalı, had purchased the club from Assem Allam.Personal life
<mask> has been married three times, and has four daughters. In 1989, he married Seda Başbuğ with whom he has a daughter. Ten months after the birth of his daughter, <mask> lost both his mother and father in a car accident, and in 1993 he divorced Başbuğ. In 2003, he married Zeynep Yılmaz, with whom he had two daughters. <mask> also has a fourth daughter, from his subsequent marriage with Şeyma Subaşı. <mask>, who lives by the motto My greatest passion is to play games, make people play and entertain, at the same time to have fun and entertain, because life is a playground is known for his passion for speed and adrenalin. His hobbies include riding and collecting speedboats, sports cars and motorcycles.He is also interested in e-sports, a global trend that has become increasingly popular in recent years. A lover of both football and basketball, <mask> follows both sports very closely, and frequently attends matches all over the world. He is also a huge fan of Turkey's Fenerbahçe football team and is the owner of English football club Hull City. References

External links

1969 births
Living people
People from Edirne
Turkish game show hosts
Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi alumni
Turkish sports journalists
Turkish male television actors
Turkish male film actors
Turkish businesspeople
Golden Butterfly Award winners
Turkish people of Azerbaijani descent

masks:
Ali Acun Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Acun
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Acun
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı
Ilıcalı


title: Lin Zhao

texts:
<mask> (; 23 January 1932 – 29 April 1968), born <mask> (), was a prominent dissident who was imprisoned and later executed by the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution for her criticism of Mao Zedong's policies. She is widely considered to be a martyr and exemplar for Chinese and other Christians, like the Chinese church leader and teacher Watchman Nee. Early life
<mask> was born to a prominent family in Suzhou, Jiangsu province. By age 16, she had joined an underground Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cell and was writing articles criticizing the corruption of the Nationalist government under the pen name <mask>. Three months before the CCP took power in mainland China, she ran away from home in order to attend a journalism school run by the CCP. During her tenure, she was assigned to work in a group to administer land reform in the countryside, where she witnessed the torture and violent deaths of landlords as justified by the principle of class struggle. Becoming a dissident
<mask> later enrolled in the Chinese literature department at Peking University where she was an editor of the school paper Honglou (The Red Building) which met in her dorm room.During the Hundred Flowers Movement of 1956-1957, intellectuals such as herself were encouraged to criticize the CCP, but were later punished for doing so. When <mask>'s friends who were part of the Red Building, Zhang Yuanxun and Shen Zeyi published a poem on a poster "This is the Time" which called for open dialogue towards reform, this opened debate at the university; the two also founded a short lived (23 days) magazine called "The Square" to talk about these ideas. During this time <mask> published two poems, "It is Time" and "Party I Call out to You", which expressed faith in the Communist Party, but her disaffection with communists who had never "borne the heavy burden of discrimination, slight, and suspicion". When Zhang Yuanxun was forced to endure a debate that was turning into a struggle session, <mask> stood on top of a table and dressed down the mob saying "What kind of meeting are we having tonight? Is it a debate or a condemnation? It should not be a condemnation! We don't need to condemn anyone."Though <mask> had criticized Zhang before herself, she did not feel condemning fellow communists was right. In response to her friendship with members of The Square and defense of civil debate, <mask> was branded a rightist in the Anti-Rightist Campaign which started in July 1957. She was the only rightist who refused to criticize and insisted she had done no wrong. As a result of being persecuted for this, <mask> started to become a dissident. During 1958, <mask> was ordered to perform menial tasks for the university, including killing mosquitoes as part of the Four Pests Campaign and cataloguing old newspapers for the reference library of the university's journalism department. There she met a fellow rightist Gan Cui, who in 1959 asked permission (as was required at the time) to marry <mask> and be assigned to a job near with her after his graduation. He was instead sent to Talimu Forth Farm, Xinjiang, to a reform though labor camp for the next 20 years, to break the couple up.Gan visited <mask> in Shanghai for a week, and then got on the bus to Xinjiang; they never saw each other again. The LanZhou University Rightist Counter-Revolutionary Clique
In late 1959 while on medical parole in Shanghai, she met Zhang Chunyuan, a history student and People's Liberation Army veteran. Zhang Chunyan was a leader of the Lanzhou University Rightist Counter-Revolutionary Clique who had traveled from his exile in Tianshui, Gansu to recruit <mask> after one of the Cliques members got ahold of her work through his sister, a fellow rightist from Peking University. He had previously unsuccessfully tried to contact members of the Square, but they were denounced before he could establish contact. After reading "Song of the Seagull" he had decided to recruit <mask> to the group and was ecstatic to receive from <mask> some draft copies of her works to publish in the underground magazine he was working on Spark Fire. Zhang, along with a fellow Clique member Gu Yan, discussed many issues with <mask> before Zhang returned to Gansu. It was during these talks that <mask> discovered from the firsthand accounts by Zhang the starvation and cannibalism that was happening as a result of the devastation in Gansu Province, about where 1 in 3 of the villagers around Tianshui had died and Zhang had seen human flesh for sale.A fellow Peking University Rightist, Lui Faqing had been sent to Gansu, and was starving to death. <mask> having learned of the situation there, sent 35 Jin (about 40lb) of grain ration coupons to him, saving his life. May 1960 was the beginning of the end for the Lanzhou Clique, Tan Chanxue, Zhang Chenyuan's girlfriend, and a core member of the group was arrested trying to escape to Hong Kong. Zhang tried to free her using a fake Public Security ID, but was captured in the process. In late September, some 30 members of the Clique were rounded up in Wushan County, along with the local deputy secretary of the Communist Party Committee and the party secretary of the Chengguan People's Commune, Du Yinghua, who had been in communication with Zhang Chenyuan, and supported the Clique. On 24 October, <mask> was arrested in Suzhou. On 23 November 1960 her father.Peng Guoyan, overcome with grief for his daughter's fate, swallowed rat poison and died. <mask> was imprisoned in Shanghai No. 2 Detention house. In August 1961, Zhang Chenyuan, had been able to escape, and made his way to Shanghai, he circled her prison twice as a token of respect for <mask>. He was arrested again 6 September 1961. He and Party Secretary, Du Yinghua, were executed 22 March 1970 for attempting to communicate with each other, as well as engaging in counter-revolutionary activities while in prison. Initial arrest and parole
After Zhang ChenYuan escaped, in August 1961 the prison tried to parole <mask> due to her tuberculosis in order to use her as bait to capture Zhang.<mask> refused parole and treatment. In March 1962, she was granted and accepted parole due both her tuberculosis and to a softening of her views somewhat due to the ending of the Great Leap Forward and the 9th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, where economic policy was being changed to prevent starvation. Mao had effectively lost control of the Party since the 8th Plenary Session at Lushan. Chen Yun Was effectively running the economy and turning it away from Maoism. He would later be purged for being a Capitalist roader for this and sent to work in a factory for 3 years. <mask> returned to Suzhou and was told about the suicide of her father. Within a few weeks, she realized she had been mistaken, her fellow writers were still in jail, and while some economic reforms had taken place, it did not live up to her expectations.At the end of March, <mask> informed the neighborhood police that she had packed her clothes and was ready to return to prison. While waiting on the legal system to come for her, <mask> approached Hu Ziheng, her former teacher at the South Jiangsu Journalism Vocational School, who was working for Liberation Daily. She publicly argued with him, and satirized him, and overwhelmed him with the fury and bite of her words. She met Huang Zheng, (recently returned from a labor camp) and convinced him to help her draft a political platform for the "Battle League of Free Youths of China". Which was in her mind, a future coalition of young, intellectual rightists, democracy activists, united in a non-violent movement for a renaissance of human liberation. She attempted to smuggle some of her writings out of China, via a stateless alien named Arnold Newman, asking him to share them with the world. He was promptly arrested, as <mask> was being followed by the authorities.She also sent a letter to Lu Ping, the president of Peking University to try to get him to have the 800 students who had been sent to labor camps, freed. <mask> did not seem to know, that over 300 of the rightists from Peking University had starved to death in Qinghe Laogai in 1960 alone. In August, she was brought to court for her involvement with the Lanzhou University Rightist Counterrevolutionary Clique. She argued that it was just to oppose totalitarian rule, saying she would "fight to the death to oppose" it and that the real crime was not what she and the other rightists had done, but what the government had done to them. The judge, replied "Are you sick?" (mentally). In November, she was taken back into custody, and on 23 December 1962 she was transferred to the Shanghai Municipal Prison.Tilanqiao Prison & No. 1 Detention House

<mask> was in Tilanqiao for eight and a half months. During this time she went on a hunger strike, stopped taking medicine for tuberculosis, and attempted suicide, resulting in her being locked in rubber cell. On 19 June she wrote a "Hunger Strike Declaration" in which she stated she "would rather spend the rest of my life in prison and wear out its floor; I vow to never be unworthy of my original aspirations or change a bit of my original ideas". She recruited a cellmate to the Battle League of Free Youths of China. When the new recruit was released, they made contact with Huang Zheng who was promptly arrested, unknown to her the cellmate had been recruited by the Police. Huang Zheng would receive 15 additional years in labor camps as a result.<mask> also met Yu Yile, a Christian preacher, who tried unsuccessfully to get <mask> to drop her political activism. On 8 August 1963, <mask> was transferred to Shanghai No. 1 Detention house for intensive interrogations. This was to be a very strict period of time, with prisoners forbidden from even sharing their names with each other, no mail services, and no family visits. Her files from this period were separate from those which were smuggled out of China later. <mask>'s own later writings make up entirely what is known about this period. She alleges that she faced sexual harassment, and when she submitted a formal report to the prison authorities this resulted in harsher treatment, long periods of time spent in handcuffs.One of the female guards also pulled her hair out and beat her while she was handcuffed to a chair. She again submitted a report, and the prison informed her that she may use self-defense, an absurd notion for a cuffed prisoner locked in a chair. On 24 November, <mask> learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. She had admired him, from the few statements that Chinese state media had printed. She wrote "Mourning inside a Jail Cell" in response and pledged to visit his tomb one day to pay her respects, but contented herself for the moment in believing that he was able to see "inside a certain prison in Red China, a young soldier of freedom, with wounds from shackles in her arms, was propping up her sick body, and using a straw stem as her pen and the crudest ink and paper, silently writing down her mourning and her grief for you". Someone (unnamed) was sent to live in her cell, who issued beatings and verbal abuse day and night. On 5 February 1964, she attempted suicide by swallowing medicated soap.She wrote a Self Eulogy in blood, this was her first work written in blood, and likely was written just before attempting suicide. Among this writing, was the words that would later be etched on her own tomb in red letters mimicking the original:

 Freedom is without a price
 yet within bounds my life lies
 Shattered Jade is what I will to be,
 Offered to China as a sacrifice! <mask>'s writing at the time identified her with the traditional Confucian scholar, who had through history, given up their lives to preserve their dignity. On 12 April 1964, <mask> wrote a poem "Family Sacrifice" in memory of Xu Jinyuan, her uncle, The Party Secretary of the Communist Youth League in Suzhou who had been executed by the Nationalists in the Shanghai massacre. 12 April a date buried in dust,
 Who still remembers the blood shed 37 years ago? The dead is gone; his descendant commemorates him,
 But the blood and tears were shed in vain,
 Uncle, your niece cries for you in the red prison. I know you - in the melody of the International,
 You taught my mother, who taught me.If only you knew, the millions of people you gave your life for,
 Are still not free today and are hungry slaves! Many of her other writings from this period are lost or still in locked archives. On 4 November 1964 <mask> was indicted as the principle criminal of the Battle League of Free Youth of China Counterrevolutionary Clique, as well as plotting to publicize A Spark of Fire with the Lanzhou University Rightists, participation in other counterrevolutionary activities both on parole and in prison, and attempting to overthrow "the people's democratic dictatorship" amongst other crimes..

She again attempted suicide by cutting her left wrist. However, when on 5 December, when she was being tried for "Resorting to loud shouting in an effort to instigate the inmates into an insurrection" She responded that "The indictment neglected to list the important fact that, while in prison, I established an ordnance bureau and build three munitions factories and two arsenals". After being sentenced for this, she gleefully corrected the spelling and grammar of her indictment, as well as pointed out the twisted logic involved. However, she did understand that in effect the conclusion of the trial would not be in her favor, and her only hope to a long sentence without surrendering and agreeing to reform was help from above. In accordance with Chinese tradition, she wrote to the mayor of Shanghai, Ke Qingshe asking for his intervention.Ke was an early communist whose wife had been driven to suicide during a purge. Mao had personally spared him, he was as a result, was strongly tied with Mao. She wrote two letters to him, finishing the second in February. On 10 April 1965, Liberation Daily reported Ke's death. <mask> saw a connection where one was not; she assumed that Ke had taken up her case with Mao and been killed as a result. It is during this time that <mask> seems to have been driven into state of conspiracy that affected her sanity. In fairness, she had been followed by police, and had an informer sent to befriend her.Alongside her actual mental instability, caused by the belief that her last hope had been murdered, there was

masks:
Lin Zhao
Peng Lingzhao
Peng Lingzhao
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin Zhou
Lin Zhao
Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao


title: Lin Zhao

texts:
 the fact that the State really was out to get her. <mask> conducted a spirit marriage between herself and Ke. She did still consider Ke an enemy as a party official however, however she considered it also an act of protest against Mao personally, as she wrongly believed he had Ke Qingshe killed. In May 1965, Zhang Yuanxun, who had been in a labor camp since his arrest in 1958, was given a week pass he travel to Shanghai and visited <mask> claiming to be her fiancé, his goal was to try to make <mask> accept reform. On the 6th, he was allowed to see her and she used the chance to list wrongs that were done to her by the guards, of whom, at least a dozen were present in the room with <mask> and Zhang. The guards alleged she was crazy, and <mask> denied that she was, and pointed out that crazy people were not jailed for their words as she was. <mask> presented him with a small sailboat made from candy wrappers, she asked Zhang to look after her family, and to "tell people in the future about this suffering".Zhang Yuanxun kept this for more than 30 years, before passing the sailboat to the filmmaker Jie Hu. As Zhang Yuanxun left, he and <mask>'s mother were told by a director from the Shanghai Public Security Bureau "We have done what we can for <mask>. She refuses to be educated, and chooses to resist to the end. It's a dead end there is nothing more we can do." On 16 May 1966, Mao Zedong started work to launch the Cultural Revolution. On 31 May 1965, <mask> was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment as a political prisoner

In a report dated 5 December 1966, it was recommended that <mask> be executed based on "serious crimes" which included:
 Insanely attacking, cursing, and slandering our great Chinese Communist Party and our great leader Chairman Mao... Regarding the proletarian dictatorship and socialist system with extreme hostility and hatred...Publicly shouting reactionary slogans, disrupting prison order, instigating other prisoners to rebel, and broadcasting threats to take revenge on behalf of executed counter-revolutionary criminals... Persistently maintaining a reactionary stand, refusing to admit her crimes, resisting discipline and education, and defying reform...

<mask> was executed by gunshot on 29 April 1968. <mask>'s family was not made aware of her death until a CCP official approached her mother on 1 May 1968 to collect a five-cent bullet fee for the bullet used to kill her. Themes

<mask>'s available writings are uncompromising, assertive, aggressive. Often utilizing her knowledge of history and classical Chinese literature. They are a melting pot infused with Christian sentiments, illusions to classical Chinese writings, calls for the end of the Bandits (The Communist Party) and exaltations of freedom. An example of her melting pot of thinking is the topic of suicide, her ideals of the "Chinese code of honor" that is typified by a Confucian scholar who dies before he accepts dishonor clashes with her Christianity.In her writing "Father's blood" (his death a suicide) <mask> tries to deal with that dissidence within her heart. She asserted that his suicide was not an act of futility but one of resistance, refusing to bend to the communist state. She writes as recounted in blood letters "Blood! Blood! As a Christian I wish to plead with all the Christian churches and the Holy Sea in Rome: judge the multitude of suicides in mainland China with fairness!...Do not view all the suicides of the victims of Communist...rule as spiritual evil! God's gift of life should have been in itself beautiful! therefore it is sin to lightly dispose of it!...But it is precisely in order to protect the beauty, dignity, freedom, and purity of life that multitudes of victims in China have forsaken their precious lives in resolute protest against the defilement and trampling of life...I imagine that the Heavenly Father will not necessarily pronounce their suicides sinful but will instead pardon the afflicted souls with compassion!Therefore, righteous and holy churches, please hold a memorial service or a holy Mass for the repose of the soul, for those who died under the tyrannical rule in mainland China." <mask> contracted these suicides with the Buddhist monks whose temples were forced to draw up 'patriotic covenants' refusing to chant sutras to expiate the sins of counterrevolutionaries who had died. <mask> seems to have known and exploited the tools of the authoritarianism as a means of preserving her message, in 1962 for example, she insisted on handing in her writings before being released on medical parole. She knew that they would be filed as evidence against her, but that if she kept them on hand, her friends and family had already destroyed as much of her writings as they could to protect themselves. <mask> attempted to inverted the state media from a bastion of lies to the preserver of truth by giving letters to be mailed to them to the prison authorities, these were then preserved as evidence against her, ironically protecting her message. <mask> seems to have anticipated this, she stamped her pages in with her signature in blood as a mark of authenticity. Jie Li makes the argument that <mask> was writing in anticipation of the future that <mask> was writing not just to "Party Newspapers and its readers, Mao Zedong and the CCP, prison wardens and court judges, family and friends, God and Heaven, the dead and those yet to be born".<mask> was also conscious of her choice to write in blood, the cult of CCP martyrs was still popular in these days, indeed <mask> knew a lot about it, having composed a poem in the style of one before, <mask> wrote "Is this not blood". "Is this not blood? Insidiously exploiting our innocence, childishness, righteousness; exploiting our good and simple hearts, inflaming and harnessing our impassioned spirit. When we became more mature, felt alarmed at the absurdity and cruelty of reality, and began demanding our democratic rights, we came to suffer unprecedented persecution, abuse, and repression. Isn't this blood? Our youth, love, friendship, studies, careers, ambitions, ideals, happiness, freedom … all that we live for, all that a human being has, were almost completely destroyed and buried by the foul, evil, and hypocritical rule of this totalitarian system. Is this not blood?This evil regime, which has stained the history of this nation as well as of human civilization, was established, strengthened, and sustained by blood." it seems as if she were saying - that she and the other the Rightists are the true martyrs who suffered and died for the people. Repeating "Is this not blood?" in her own blood, inviting the future readers to agree with her that it is in fact martyrs blood. <mask> was a convert to Christianity, having attended a Christian missionary school. As she languished in prison, she became more committed to her faith. <mask> had decided to take on the role of a martyr, a public witness to her faith, her witness would be preserved not despite the confines of prison which removed her from public view and society, but because of it.This can be seen in “Roses devoted to the Prosecutor”:

Inject this drop of blood into my mother country's blood stream

This drop sacrificed my beloved freedom

Wipe it! Rub it! Clean it! This is blood! The blood of a Martyr

Who can wipe it away? 将这一滴注入祖国的血液里，

将这一滴向挚爱的自由献祭。

揩吧!擦吧!洗吧! 这是血呢!殉难者的血迹，

谁能抹得去? <mask> is in her title and words, asking the state's prosecutor to inject her blood into the blood stream of the nation, but it seems that her blood the blood of a true martyr can not be cleaned easily, figuratively her martyrdom can not be dismissed, it has some greater meaning that the blood guilt can not be removed without correction. This is a theme that was not new to <mask>, the tradition of revolutionary martyrs aside, <mask> when she had been named a rightist had attempted suicide by swallowing matchstick heads. Her suicide letter read in part "May my shadow forever follow those who have tortured and trampled upon me. Let them be forever trained with my blood. This is my curse and my revenged"  In "Hungry Slaves" <mask> writes "When the tide of blood rises on a vengeful earth On which branches will the flocks of ravens perch?" Giving a sense that the vengeance of those who bleed would be enough to drown their tormenters.The decision to write in blood, even when ink was sometimes available, or to stamp her ink writings with her signature in blood, was a way to offer her blood to infuse her writings with the proof of her suffering to stand as evidence against her abusers, and stand as a mark against those who had tainted themselves with her blood. Rehabilitation and status in China
By December 1980, <mask> had been declared not guilty by reason of insanity, and things had calmed down enough that her former classmates and teachers at Peking University felt they could hold a memorial service for her though the cause of her death was not correctly identified, “our classmate <mask> was killed by the counterrevolutionary organization of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing.”

In 1981, under the government of Deng Xiaoping, <mask> was officially exonerated of her crimes and rehabilitated. The People's Daily on January 27, 1981, had this to say:

"Among our friends … was a brave and innocent woman of the South named <mask>. Because she was unwilling to submit to the once popular modern superstition, she had been imprisoned in Shanghai. However, she continued with diary and blood writing to express her belief in truth.… We do not know the details of her martyrdom—only that on May 1, 1968, a few representatives from “concerned departments” visited her elderly mother, told her that <mask> had been executed on April 29, and that because “the counterrevolutionary” had consumed a bullet, her family had to pay five cents." Despite her rehabilitation, the Chinese government remains reluctant to allow commemoration or discussion of <mask>'s life and writings. In 2013, on the 45th anniversary of <mask>'s execution, a number of activists attempted to visit <mask>'s grave near her hometown of Suzhou but were restricted by government security officials.In March of 1982 <mask>'s sister, Peng <mask>, was given a few notebooks of her prison writings, a small fraction of the total amount. These were taken to the US and stored in the Hoover Institute. Historiography
Many of her essays, letters, and diaries were preserved by CCP officials for possible future use against her. Some time after her death, a police official agreed to risk his own life in order to smuggle many of <mask>'s writings to her friends and family. In 1981, one of China's state run new agencies, Xinhua, reported on the wrongful execution after their rehabilitation. "This is an amazing story that makes one's hair stand on end"

Wuhan-based writer Fang Fang (famous for her Wuhan Diaries) was one of the first to publish about <mask> in 1998. While working as the editor-in-chair of the Elite Today magazine.Publishing articles about <mask> written by her former classmates. The magazine was suspended 3 years later while publishing articles about the Cultural Revolution. Among the first to rediscover the life of <mask> was Ding Zilin. When her son was killed in the Tiananmen Square Massacre both Ding and <mask> had attended Laura Haygood Memorial Schools for Girls in Suzhou. Ding Zilin has been the leader of the leader of the Tiananmen Mothers since 1995. The story of <mask>'s life was obscure and little-known until it was brought to light by documentary filmmaker Hu Jie, whose 2005 documentary In Search Of <mask>'s Soul won numerous awards. Hu Jie was able to acquire some of these writings for use in his documentary.Currently, a collection of her works is being held at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. She is also briefly featured in several chapters of Philip Pan's 2008 book, Out of Mao's Shadow'. In 2015 Shao Jiang published the book, Citizen Publican In China before the internet, which prominently features <mask>, and the Lanzhou University Rightist Counter-Revolutionary Clique. In 2018, Xi Lian, a professor of world Christianity at Duke University, published a biography of <mask> based upon interviews with friends and family, surviving testimonials and letters from <mask>.Five-Cent Life'', an English-language biopic based on <mask>'s life, was released in 2020. <mask>'s legacy of dissent
<mask> has enjoyed popular acclaim in the Chinese Dissident community. Mainland dissidents have braved arrest to pay their respects at her tomb, in Lingyan shan (mountain) cemetery Suzhou. Chinese activist Zhu Chengzi was arrested while attempting to lay flowers on the 50th anniversary of her execution.Zhu was a close friend of Li Wangyang (the longest imprisoned Pro-Democracy activist of 1989). Zhu had been one of the first to who insisted Li Wangyang did not commit suicide, and was arrested or "inciting subversion of state power" for implying the recently released Li was murdered by authorities after releasing an interview. Ding Zilin credited <mask>'s story with giving her the courage to live on, despite numerous suicide attempts herself. The late Nobel Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, called her "the only voice of freedom left for contemporary China". Cui Weiping said of <mask> "Because of you, we have our genealogy"

Yan Zhengxue, has caste a large bronze statue of <mask>, and Zhang Zhixin's heads. ChinaAid presents the "Lin Zhao Freedom Award" annually in her honor, for non-violent dissidents who have suffered at the hands of the Chinese government. Wuhan based hardcore punk band SMZB, "China's most outspoken punks" have written a song called "The Song of the Seagull" based on her poem.Ran Yunfei said of her "she is the spiritual resource for all Chinese people and the legacy for the whole world." Fang Fang writes "Some people may say it's not a good time to talk about <mask>, but should we just stop talking about her? We still have to, until everybody remembers this name and knows what she died for". References

1932 births
1968 deaths
Peking University alumni
Chinese dissidents
Chinese torture victims
People executed by China by firing squad
People persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
Prisoners and detainees of China
Writers from Suzhou
Executed People's Republic of China people
20th-century executions by China
Executed people from Jiangsu
Executed Chinese women
Converts to Christianity
Chinese Christians
Burials in Suzhou
Victims of the Anti-Rightist

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Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin
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Lin
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin
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Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
Lin Zhao
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Lin Zhao
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Lin Zhao
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Lingfan
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Lin Zhao


title: Steve Wright (DJ)

texts:
<mask> (born 26 August 1954) is an English radio personality and DJ, credited for introducing the zoo format on British radio, with its zany, multi-personality approach. He currently presents his weekday mid-afternoon show <mask> in the Afternoon and his Sunday Love Songs weekend mid-morning show on BBC Radio 2, one of the BBC's national radio stations and the most popular station in the United Kingdom. On BBC Television <mask> has hosted Home Truths, The <mask> People Show, Auntie's TV Favourites, Top of the Pops and TOTP2. <mask> has won awards, including Best DJ of the Year as voted by the Daily Mirror Readers Poll and by Smash Hits in 1994. In 1998, he was awarded TRIC Personality of the Year for his radio programmes. Early life and career
Born in Greenwich, South London, the elder of two boys in a working-class family, <mask> was raised in New Cross. His childhood ambition was to work in the entertainment business.His father, <mask>, was a tailor and the manager of the Burton's store in Trafalgar Square. <mask> was a quiet child, and never very scholarly. He was educated at Eastwood High School for Boys, near Southend-on-Sea, Essex. <mask> occasionally broadcast a nascent radio show over the school speaker system from the school stock cupboard. <mask> originally joined the BBC staff in the early 1970's working as a returns clerk in the Gramophone Library in Egton House, opposite Broadcasting House, in London  before leaving to start broadcasting in 1976 at Thames Valley Radio Radio 210 in Reading, Berkshire alongside Mike Read. In 1979 <mask> got his big break at Radio Luxembourg, where he presented his own nightly show, presenting a Saturday evening show, then Saturday morning. BBC Radio 1
In 1980, <mask> joined BBC Radio 1, taking over a Saturday evening slot before moving to Saturday mornings later that year.<mask> in the Afternoon (March 1981 to December 1993)
<mask> moved to daytime radio with <mask> in the Afternoon in 1981, later introducing the zoo format to the UK. In 1984, <mask> took over a Sunday morning show entitled <mask> on Sunday, which meant he presented weekday afternoons Mondays to Thursdays only, with Mark Page and Paul Jordan presenting Friday afternoon's show. In 1986 his Sunday morning show ended, and he returned to five afternoons a week. The original incarnation of <mask> in the Afternoon ran from 1981 to 1993 on BBC Radio 1. The show became known in its Radio 1 incarnation for its cast of telephone characters created and performed by Gavin McCoy, Peter Dickson, Richard Easter and Phil Cornwell. Like his mentor, Kenny Everett, <mask> went out of his way to be irreverent, including stories taken from the Weekly World News. The success led to a hit single, I'll Be Back, released under the name Arnee and the Terminaters.In later years the style changed, dumping most of the characters and instead having a "zoo" format, with spoof guests and comedy sketches. A "posse" of producers and radio staff joined in. This format was new to British radio and marked the beginning of the marginalisation (and eventual departure) of several established Radio 1 DJs over the years that followed. The Smiths' 1986 hit single "Panic" was inspired by <mask> playing "I'm Your Man" by Wham! following a news report about the Chernobyl nuclear disaster on his show. Johnny Marr and Morrissey, who had been listening to the broadcast, viewed this as an insensitive and disrespectful act. Radio 1 Breakfast (January 1994 to April 1995)
<mask> and his Posse moved to The Radio 1 Breakfast Show in 1994.He resigned from the Breakfast Show in 1995 due to differences with the BBC Radio 1 management; he was unhappy with the plummeting listening figures of the station due to its restructuring under new controller Matthew Bannister, which led to many of the more established DJs leaving, or being sacked, around this time. Commercial radio
<mask> was picked up by the new station Talk Radio in 1995, where he presented a Saturday morning show. He presented various syndicated shows on Sunday mornings on a number of other British commercial stations. BBC Radio 2
He joined BBC Radio 2 in March 1996, where he began presenting <mask>'s Saturday Show (1996–1999) and <mask>'s Sunday Love Songs (1996–present), and his afternoon show beginning in July 1999. <mask> is said to earn £440,000 a year at Radio 2. <mask> in the Afternoon (July 1999 to present)
In mid 1999, following a shake-up at Radio 2, <mask> in the Afternoon was revived, with <mask> taking over this slot from Ed Stewart. Jonathan Ross took over <mask>'s Saturday morning slot.<mask> presents his Radio 2 version of <mask> in the Afternoon on weekday afternoons from 2pm to 5pm, alongside Tim Smith and Janey Lee Grace (who have both also occasionally appeared as relief presenters on the station), as well as traffic reporter Bobbie Pryor. Another frequent contributor, "The Old Woman", was played by Joyce Frost who died in November 2016. Sunday Love Songs (March 1996 to present)
Sunday Love Songs, which <mask> presents solo between 9am and 11am, features a blend of classic love songs, dedications and real-life romance stories. In 2013 it was revealed that the show was recorded on a Friday afternoon. The BBC Trust's editorial standards committee said the failure to inform listeners breached guidelines on accuracy and interacting with the audience. Career outside radio
<mask> presented a BBC TV series, The <mask> People Show, from 1994 to 1995. His next stint in television was as the narrator and writer of the retro pop show Top of the Pops 2 between 1997 and 2009.The last episode of TOTP2 he presented was the Michael Jackson special broadcast on 27 June 2009; Mark Radcliffe presented the next episode, which was the 2009 Christmas special broadcast on 23 December 2009. UK Chart Hits
Whilst a radio presenter on BBC Radio 1, <mask> was involved in a number of UK chart hits with members of his Afternoon Posse (the drive time radio team) including the UK Top 10 hit "I'll Be Back" which was performed in character by Richard Easter as 'Arnee' and which featured <mask> as one of his backing band, 'the Terminaters', on the 29 August 1991 edition of BBC One's Top of the Pops. Young <mask> & The Afternoon Boys - "I'm Alright" (RCA Records 1982, single) UK singles Chart #40
 <mask> And The Sisters Of Soul - "Get Some Therapy" (RCA Records 1983, single) UK singles Chart #75
 <mask> - "The Gay Cavalieros (The Story So Far...)" (MCA 1984, single) #61 in December 1984. Mr. Angry With <mask> - "I'm So Angry" (MCA 1985, single) #90 in August 1985. Arnee and the Terminaters - "I'll Be Back" (Epic Records 1991, single) UK singles Chart #5

In addition to these records, Mr Food's number 62 single from 1990 "And That's Before Me Tea! ", was based on a jingle by Dave Sanderson recorded for <mask>'s afternoon show.Personal life
Little is known about <mask>'s personal life. He was married to Cyndi Robinson until they divorced in 1999, has two children, and is allergic to feathers and penicillin. Bibliography
<mask> <mask>'s Book of Factoids, HarperCollins Publishers (UK), (2005)

References

External links

<mask> in the Afternoon (BBC Radio 2)
<mask> in the Afternoon - Serious Jockin' (BBC Radio 2)
<mask>'s Sunday Love Songs (BBC Radio 2)
Radio Rewind: <mask> – profile, pics and audio clips – BBC Radio 1
Radio Rewind: <mask> – profile, pics and audio clips – BBC Radio 2
'Sid the Manager' site

1954 births
Living people
English radio DJs
English radio presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC Radio 1 presenters
People from Greenwich
Radio Luxembourg (English) presenters
Top of the Pops presenters

masks:
Stephen Richard Wright
Steve Wright
Wright
Steve Wright
Wright
Wright
Richard Wright
Wright
Steve
Wright
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Wright
Steve Wright
Wright
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Steve Wright
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Steve Wright
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Steve
Steve Wright
Steve Wright
Steve Wright
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Steve Wright
Steve Wright
Steve Wright
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Steve Wright
Steve Wright
Steve Wright


title: Kim Atienza

texts:
<mask> (born January 24, 1967), known professionally as <mask> or <mask>, is a Filipino television host, actor, weather anchor, YouTube vlogger and former politician. He is formerly a resident weather anchor in ABS-CBN's TV Patrols segment, "Weather-Weather Lang". Atienza served as councilor of the 5th District of Manila for three terms. He is known for his famous trivia stints on TV and radio, especially in his own show, Matanglawin. <mask> is the eldest son of former Mayor of Manila and Buhay Party-List Representative <mask> and the brother of <mask>. Career

Political career (1995–2004)
<mask> has been in politics for twelve years. From 1995 to 2004, he served as councilor of the 5th district of Manila for three terms.One of his notable resolutions that he filed to the city council is the resolution in 1998 declaring actress Claire Danes as persona non grata and banning her films after Danes criticized the state of Manila's cleanliness. In 2004, he ran as representative of the 5th District of Manila but lost to Joey Hizon. His father, former Manila Mayor Lito <mask>, asked him in 2007 to run as Mayor of Manila but he declined and then he retired thinking that politics are scary. Radio and television career (1987–present)
He started his broadcasting career in the early 1990s, as the anchor of "Mata ng Agila", an early morning newscast of DZEC Radyo Agila 1062, together with Onin Miranda. <mask> started his stint on TV when he began hosting Magandang Umaga, Pilipinas' Animalandia as well as voice acting in the 90's. He is also best known for voicing Takeru (renamed as Michael Joe) which is portrayed by Japanese Sentai actor Ryousuke Kaizu from the Super Sentai series, Hikari Sentai Maskman and he also references this in later years when he was being interviewed by fellow celebrity hosts. He then became ABS-CBN's weather tracker for TV Patrol until he became the show's weather presenter when Ernie Baron died of heart attack in 2006.He left the early morning show, Umagang Kay Ganda in 2009 to host the late morning variety show It's Showtime (then named Showtime). He began hosting Matanglawin (Hawkeye) on March 24, 2008. He returns to radio for the 2nd time overall and also for the 1st time on DZMM via Sakto with Amy Perez-Castillo replaces original host Marc Logan who left the show and replaces him as a new host of the show, it also aired both on DZMM & DZMM TeleRadyo in 2018. On September 29, 2021, <mask> announced that he would leave ABS-CBN and TV Patrol on October 1, as he transfers to GMA Network. He joined 24 Oras on October 4, but his eponymous segment of the program titled "#KuyaKimAnoNa" debuted a week later on October 11. He also hosted the talk show Mars Pa More since November 8 and an news magazine show titled Dapat Alam Mo! on GTV since October 18, that serves as pre-programming to 24 Oras, the show also started airing on its sister channel GMA-7 on February 14, 2022.Personal life

Family
<mask> is married to Felicia Hung, and they have three children: Jose III, Eliana, and Emman. <mask> is the President and Founding Member of Chinese International School Manila (CISM). <mask> is an avid marathoner, triathlete and cyclist. Politician Lito <mask> is Atienza's father while another politician, <mask>, is his brother. Health and recovery
<mask> had a stroke in 2010. In 2013, he was diagnosed to have Guillain–Barré syndrome, a rare disease that attacks the nervous system. <mask> totally recovered and has since finished several marathons, 70.3 Ironman and full Ironman races.He continues to compete and lead his age group to this day. Filmography

Television
Muscles in Motion (1987) (RPN 9)
Sports Review (1991–1993) (RPN 9)
Daimos (1993) (IBC-13) as Kazuya Ryuzaki (Richard Hartford) (Voice Dubber)
Hikari Sentai Maskman (1989-1990) (ABS-CBN) (1993-1998) (replayed in IBC-13) as Takeru (renamed as Michael Joe) (Voice Dubber)
Ultraman Ace (1993) (ABS-CBN) as Captain Mura (Voice Dubber)
Magma Man (1993) (ABS-CBN) as Misakey (Voice Dubber). Voltes V (1999) (GMA) as Kenichi Go (Steve Armstrong) (Voice Dubber)
Umagang Kay Ganda (2007–2009) - host (ABS-CBN)
Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal (2007) (ABS-CBN) - Celebrity player (won the one-million-peso briefcase)
TV Patrol (2006–2021) - weatherman/Weather-Weather Lang and Kaunting Kaalaman segment anchor (ABS-CBN)
Entertainment Live (2008-2012) - Co-Host (ABS-CBN)
Matanglawin (2008–2020) - Host (ABS-CBN), (Born to be Wild) (GMA Network)
It's Showtime (formerly called as Showtime) (2009–2020) - Co-host (ABS-CBN)
Magpasikat (2010) - Co-host (ABS-CBN)
Barangay DOS! (2011) - Host (ABS-CBN)
 24 Oras (2021) - segment anchor (GMA Network)
 Dapat Alam Mo!

masks:
Alejandro Ilagan Atienza
Kim Atienza
Kuya Kim
Atienza
Lito Atienza
Ali Atienza
Atienza
Atienza
Atienza
Atienza
Kim Atienza
Atienza
Kim Atienza
Atienza
Ali Atienza
Atienza
Atienza