title: Jack Black

texts:
Thomas Jacob "<mask>" <mask> (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, musician, and songwriter. <mask> is known for his roles in the films High Fidelity (2000), Shallow Hal (2001), Orange County (2002), School of Rock (2003), Envy (2004), Gulliver's Travels (2010), Bernie (2011) and The House with a Clock in Its Walls (2018), in addition to his role in the Jumanji franchise. He also voices the giant panda named Po from DreamWorks Animation's Kung Fu Panda films. He gained Golden Globe nominations for his work in School of Rock and Bernie, and he was given a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame in 2018. <mask> is also the lead vocalist of the Grammy Award–winning comedy rock duo Tenacious D, which he formed in 1994 with long time friend, Kyle Gass. They have released multiple studio albums including their self titled debut Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny, Rize of the Fenix, and Post-Apocalypto,  in addition to their television series Tenacious D (1997–2000) and film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny (2006). Since 2018, <mask> has maintained a YouTube channel called Jablinski Games.Early life
Thomas Jacob <mask> was born in Santa Monica, California, on August 28, 1969, the son of satellite engineers Thomas William <mask> and Judith Love Cohen. He was raised in Hermosa Beach, California. His mother worked on the science ground station for the Hubble Space Telescope and was also a writer. He has three older half-siblings through his mother:  scientist Neil Siegel, Howard Siegel, and Rachel Siegel. His mother was born Jewish, and his father converted to Judaism. <mask> was raised Jewish, attending Hebrew school and having a bar mitzvah. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was 10, and his father then stopped practicing Judaism.<mask> moved to Culver City with his father and frequently visited his mother's home. As a child, he appeared in a commercial for the Activision game Pitfall! in 1982. For high school, <mask>'s parents enrolled him at the Poseidon School, a private secondary school designed for students struggling in the traditional school system. He also attended the Crossroads School, where he excelled in drama. He later attended University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) but dropped out during his sophomore year to pursue a career in entertainment. Fellow UCLA student Tim Robbins later cast <mask> in Bob Roberts.In 1995 and 1996, he gained recurring roles in the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show. Career

Acting career

Early roles

In 1982, <mask>'s first acting job was in a television commercial at age 13 for the video game Pitfall!. In 1987, <mask> joined the Actors' Gang, a theater troupe founded by UCLA students including Tim Robbins, and appeared in a variety of stage productions. <mask>'s adult career began with small roles on prime time television, including Life Goes On, Northern Exposure, Mr. Show, Picket Fences, The Golden Palace, and The X-Files. <mask> appeared in the unaired TV pilot Heat Vision and Jack, directed by Ben Stiller, in which he played an ex-astronaut pursued by actor Ron Silver. He was accompanied by his friend who had merged with a motorcycle, voiced by Owen Wilson. After Robbins cast him in Bob Roberts, <mask> began appearing in small film roles such as Airborne (1993), Demolition Man, Waterworld, The Fan, The Cable Guy, Mars Attacks!, Dead Man Walking, The Jackal, Crossworlds, Enemy of the State, and others.He had a small role in True Romance as a security guard, but the scene was deleted. Leading roles

In 2000, <mask> co-starred in the film High Fidelity as a wild employee in a record store run by John Cusack. <mask> considers his role in High Fidelity as his breakout into the Hollywood scene. He quickly gained leading roles in films such as Shallow Hal, Nacho Libre, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, Year One, and Gulliver's Travels. He received particular praise for his starring role in the well-received School of Rock, earning critical acclaim and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. He starred in one of his few dramatic roles as the obsessed filmmaker Carl Denham in <mask>'s 2005 remake of King Kong, a performance he based on Orson Welles. He voiced the title role in Kung Fu Panda, which grossed  on its opening day, June 6, 2008, as well as Kung Fu Panda 2 and Kung Fu Panda 3; this is his favorite role and he praises the tutoring of co-star and two-time Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman.His next film, The Big Year, a competitive birdwatching comedy co-starring Owen Wilson, Steve Martin, and JoBeth Williams, was released in October 2011. <mask> garnered a second Golden Globe Award nomination, this time in the category Best Actor in a Comedy, for his 2011 starring role in Richard Linklater's black comedy, Bernie. He played as real-life murderer Bernie Tiede, a funeral director in a small East Texas town, who befriends and eventually murders a rich widow, played by Shirley MacLaine. <mask>'s subdued portrayal, authentic East Texas accent, and musical talent – he sings several gospel hymns as well as "Seventy-six Trombones" – had Roger Ebert describing <mask>'s work as "one of the performances of the year." Later television roles

In 2004, <mask> guest-starred in the first episode of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim show Tom Goes to the Mayor. He appeared in the post-Super Bowl episode of The Office along with Cloris Leachman and Jessica Alba in a fake movie within the show. In 2010, <mask> made a guest appearance on Community and also guest-starred on Nickelodeon's TV show iCarly in an episode titled, "iStart a Fan War".<mask> has appeared numerous times on the "untelevised TV network" short film festival Channel 101, created by Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab, starring in the shows Computerman, Timebelt, and Laserfart. He also provided an introduction for the unaired sketch comedy Awesometown, donning a Colonial-era military uniform. In the introduction, he claims to be George Washington and takes credit for the accomplishments of other American Presidents such as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Hosting work and appearances

<mask> took part in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? celebrity edition along with Denis Leary, Jimmy Kimmel, and others and was handed the prize of  in October 2001. On December 14, he hosted the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards. <mask> has hosted the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and Acceptable.TV.He presented the tribute to rock legends Led Zeppelin when the band was named as 2012 recipients of Kennedy Center Honors. In 2016, <mask> joined the climate change documentary show Years of Living Dangerously as one of its celebrity correspondents. In 2018, <mask> appeared in the music video for Gorillaz song "Humility". Voice acting

In addition to Kung Fu Panda, <mask> has voice acted on other occasions, including "Husbands and Knives" from The Simpsons which aired November 18, 2007, portraying Milo, the friendly owner of the rival comic book store. He provided the voice of the main character, roadie Eddie Riggs, in the heavy metal-themed action-adventure video game Brütal Legend. In 2009, at the Spike Video Game Awards, he earned the Best Voice award for the voice of Eddie Riggs in Brütal Legend. In April 2009, <mask> starred in an episode of Yo Gabba Gabba!, in which he vocalized children songs, such as "It's Not Fun to Get Lost", "Friends", and "The Goodbye Song".He has also had starring voice-overs in animated features, including Zeke in Ice Age (2002) and Lenny in Shark Tale (2004). <mask> voiced Darth Vader in Bad Lip Reading's parodies of the Star Wars original trilogy on YouTube. In 2015, <mask> played a fictional version of real-life author R. L. Stine for Goosebumps, and provided the voices of two of Stine's creations, Slappy the Dummy and The Invisible Boy. He reprised the Stine role in the film's 2018 sequel, Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween. He also voiced himself and many other additional characters on the animated  YouTube series "Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto”, which he also co-directed and co-wrote, along with his Tenacious D partner Kyle Gass. <mask> will be providing the voice of Bowser in the upcoming Mario film, schedule to release in December 2022. Musical career

<mask> is the lead singer and guitarist for the comedy rock/hard rock band Tenacious D along with Kyle Gass.They have released four albums, a self-titled debut, The Pick of Destiny, Rize of the Fenix, and Post-Apocalypto. One of their songs from their album The Pick of Destiny, titled "The Metal," was used in the music video games Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and Brütal Legend. "Rock Your Socks," from the album Tenacious D, was played in the music video game Rock Band Unplugged as well. "Master Exploder" from The Pick Of Destiny went on to be used in music video games Guitar Hero Van Halen, Rock Band 2, and Brütal Legend, along with their song "Tribute" from Tenacious D. "Master Exploder" and "The Metal" featured in the comedy film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny. The film, directed by Tenacious D veteran Liam Lynch, featured recurring characters from <mask>'s comedy such as Lee the super-fan and the Sasquatch. Several celebrities had roles in the film; actor Tim Robbins cameos as does Dave Grohl as Satan. Ben Stiller also makes an appearance as a worker at a Guitar Center, even having a role in the music video for "Tribute."Tenacious D helped the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation raise awareness of these diseases and funds for the organization in Los Angeles on December 20, 2001, and in San Diego, California on June 16, 2007. Tenacious D can be seen performing in the 90s-era Pauly Shore film Bio-Dome where the duo is performing its song "The Five Needs" at a "Save the Environment" party. <mask> was also a guest star on an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show entitled "Ellen the Musical," alongside Broadway star Kristin Chenoweth and teenage singer-actress Olivia Olson. On the show, besides singing, he discussed his then-upcoming film Nacho Libre with the host. In 2000, <mask> (along with Kyle Gass) provided backing vocals to punk rock band The Vandals' song "Fourteen," which appears on their album Look What I Almost Stepped In.... <mask> has also appeared on Dave Grohl's Probot album, providing vocals for the hidden song "I Am The Warlock," and Lynch's Fake Songs album, providing vocals for the song "Rock and Roll Whore". <mask> performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On" in the last sequence of High Fidelity. He lent his musical abilities to the Queens of the Stone Age song "Burn the Witch" with rhythmic stomps and claps.He also provided vocals for two tracks on the 2006 album Death by Sexy by Eagles of Death Metal, and on The Lonely Island's track "Sax Man" from the album Incredibad. <mask> also recorded a duet on Meat Loaf's album, Hang Cool Teddy Bear, on the song "Like a Rose." Meat Loaf also played <mask>'s father in the Pick of Destiny movie. <mask> has appeared in music videos of Beck's "Sexx Laws"; Foo Fighters' "Learn To Fly," "Low," and "The One"; The Eagles of Death Metal's "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)"; Sum 41's "Things I Want"; Dio's "Push"; Weezer's "Photograph"; The Mooney Suzuki's "In a Young Man's Mind"; "Weird Al" Yankovic's "Tacky," and Die Antwoord's "Ugly Boy". In October 2010, Tenacious D appeared at BlizzCon 2010, a convention hosted by the game designers, Blizzard Entertainment. In 2012, <mask> joined up with other celebrities to record "Book People Unite," a song sponsored by the Library of Congress and RIF. <mask> did guest vocals and appeared on the Dethklok soundtrack album The Doomstar Requiem.He sings the parts for Dethklok's original band manager as well as a blogger. <mask>, as a member of Tenacious D, won the award for Best Metal Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards. The song "The Last in Line" won the award, a cover of the song of the same name by Dio that appeared on the tribute album This Is Your Life. YouTube channel

On December 21, 2018, <mask> created a YouTube channel called Jablinski Games. Within one week of its launch, it had amassed over 1 million subscribers. The videos published on the channel are typically either candid vlogs involving <mask> and his two sons, or gaming content. <mask> created the channel largely in order to bond with his son, who serves as videographer and editor of the channel.On July 21, 2019, <mask> took part in a Minecraft stream with popular YouTuber PewDiePie in order to raise money for the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), in the wake of the suicide of Etika in June 2019. After two days of streaming, they raised $30,479 with the stream being broadcast live both on YouTube and on the streaming platform DLive. As of May 2021, Jablinski Games has over four million subscribers and 172 million video views. Awards and nominations

<mask> was nominated for two Golden Globes. On September 18, 2018, <mask> was inducted into Hollywood's Walk of Fame. Electric Dynamite Productions, Inc. In August 2006, <mask> registered his own production company, Electric Dynamite Productions, Inc.The company's first work produced was the 2009 mockumentary Branson, which was a co-production with BranMo Productions and Perfect Weekend. In 2011, the company would produce two TV-movies, My Life As an Experiment and Shredd. In 2013, the company notably produced TV series Ghost Ghirls for the now-defunct Yahoo! Screen, as well as obtained the rights to adapt the UK mockumentary Wizard's Way into a feature film. The company would also be a producer credit on The D Train (2015) and The Polka King (2017), both of which featured <mask> in the starring role. The company produced The Aquabats! RadVentures!in 2018, the dark-comedy film Happily in 2021. Personal life

At the age of 14, <mask> struggled with cocaine use. He said, "I was having a lot of troubles with cocaine... I was hanging out with some pretty rough characters. I was scared to go to school because one of them wanted to kill me. I wanted to get out of there." One of <mask>'s brothers, Howard, died of AIDS in 1991 at the age of 36.His oldest brother, Neil, is an engineer, scientist, and musician. <mask> dated actress Laura Kightlinger between 1996 and 2005. In January 2006, <mask> became engaged to singer Tanya Haden, a daughter of jazz bassist Charlie Haden. They had both attended Crossroads School and, after graduation, met again 15 years later at a friend's birthday party. They married on March 14, 2006, in Big Sur, California. Their first son, Samuel Jason <mask>, was born in June 2006 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. Their second son, Thomas David <mask>, was born on May 23, 2008.Although an atheist, <mask> identifies as nominally Jewish, and fatherhood influenced his decision to raise his children in the Jewish faith. <mask> endorsed Barack Obama's 2012 re-election campaign. In 2015, he visited Kampala as part of Comic Relief USA's Red Nose Day. <mask> is an outspoken critic of Donald Trump. On the day of Trump's presidential inauguration, he and Tenacious D bandmate Kyle Gass performed their 2006 protest song "The Government Totally Sucks". <mask> said to the audience beforehand, "We haven't played [this song] for years, because it just never felt appropriate—but now, we're happy to unleash the beast. The government totally sucks."References

External links

20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
1969 births
Jewish American atheists
American comedy musicians
American male child actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male guitarists
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American television writers
American YouTubers
California Democrats
Crossroads School alumni
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from California
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish singers
Living people
Male actors from Santa Monica, California
American male television writers
Male YouTubers
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
Rhythm guitarists
Screenwriters from California
Tenacious D members
UCLA Film School alumni
Writers from Santa Monica, California
YouTube channels launched in 2018
American tenors
Singer-songwriters from California

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title: Samuel B. Nunez Jr.

type: original

texts:
<mask>., (January 27, 1930 – January 15, 2012), was a Louisiana politician and businessman from Chalmette, the seat of St. Bernard Parish in the New Orleans suburbs. From 1964 to 1969, Nunez was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. From 1969 to 1996, the Democrat Nunez was a state senator. He was the State Senate President from 1983 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1996, when his legislative tenure ended in defeat. He was the State Senate President Pro Tempore from 1980 to 1983 and 1988 to 1990. In 1973, he was a delegate to the Louisiana State Constitutional Convention, where he pushed for inclusion of the homestead exemption on property taxes. Background
Nunez's forebears came from the Canary Islands.He was the son of <mask> Sr. (1910–1977) and Leonia <mask> (1912–2002) After the death of the senior Nunez, Leonia married Arthur John Alphonso (1911–1999), a shipyard foreman from Violet in St. Bernard Parish. Nunez had a brother, Hillary Joseph "Tookie" <mask>, who predeceased him. Nunez graduated from Joseph Maumus High School in Arabi in St. Bernard Parish. From 1951 to 1955, he served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War war era. Following his Air Force service, he received a Bachelor of Science degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. In 1983, Nunez became Senate President by acclamation when Michael H. O'Keefe of New Orleans was indicted, maintained his innocence, but was ultimately convicted of a federal crime and imprisoned. Political career

In 1976, Senator <mask> introduced the bill to extend Louisiana's unique nonpartisan blanket primary, also called the jungle primary to cover state congressional elections.State Senator <mask>, a Republican from Morehouse Parish, objected on the grounds that insufficient time existed to review the proposed legislation. The open primary had already taken effect on November 1, 1975, for state and local offices. Nunez's service as Senate president was interrupted from 1988 to 1990 by <mask> of Lafayette, a leader of the anti-abortion forces in the legislature. Senator Sydney B. Nelson of Shreveport had mounted a challenge for Senate president, but Governor <mask>, sided with <mask>. In 1990, in a slap at Roemer, senators removed <mask> as president and returned Nunez to the post. From 1988 to 1990, Nunez nonetheless held the title of Senate President Pro Tempore. During his legislative tenure, he was involved in the establishment of the Louisiana Superdome, the New Orleans Arena and the Ernest Morial Convention Center, named for Ernest Morial, the first African American mayor of New Orleans.He was the driving force behind construction of the Crescent City Connection, Interstate 510, and the West Bank Expressway. In 1986, Nunez was among fourteen candidates in the primary for the United States Senate seat vacated by the retiring Russell B. Long. He polled 69,855 (5.9 percent), a distant third-place finish. Long's successor was his fellow Democrat, U.S. Representative <mask> of Louisiana's 7th congressional district, who defeated the Republican choice, Henson Moore of Louisiana's 6th congressional district, in a general election showdown. After a month of consideration, Nunez endorsed <mask> over Moore. In 1988, Nunez became the subject of national attention when he met with LSU Chancellor James Wharton regarding the readmission to the university graduate school of a student who is one of Nunez's female relatives.The student, whose identity was not revealed, had been accused of plagiarism and was required to withdraw from LSU for a semester. However, the graduate council required her to withdraw for two years. Dr. Wharton sided with the one-semester suspension and readmitted the student. He thereafter resigned as chancellor and returned to the classroom as a tenured professor of chemistry. Senator <mask>'s last election victory occurred on October 19, 1991, when he defeated fellow Democrat Mary B. Faucheux, 29,553 (68.2 percent) to 13,793 (31.8 percent). In the 1987 nonpartisan blanket primary, Nunez faced tougher competition, but he prevailed with 23,370 votes (50.7 percent) over six opponents, including the runner-up and only Republican in the field, Lynn Dean, an industrialist from Braithwaite in Plaquemines Parish, who drew 11,916 ballots (25.8 percent). Early in 1995, Nunez removed state Senator Foster Campbell of Bossier Parish, much later a candidate for governor and the United States Senate, from the chairmanship of a committee established to consider a proposed oil and natural gas processing tax on foreign energy imports.Campbell criticized Nunez: "As a legislator for thirty years, he supported billions of dollars in new taxes, including taxes on food, drugs, and utilities. He finally found a tax he doesn't like." Nunez replied that the processing tax could cost the state critically needed jobs. In the 1995 primary, Lynn Dean led Nunez, 19,794 (46.4 percent) to 15,137 (35.5 percent). A third candidate, Democrat Gilbert Andry, held the remaining 7,773 (18.2 percent). In the general election Dean trumped Nunez, 23,939 (53.7 percent) to 20,682 (46.3 percent) despite Andry's enthusiastic endorsement of Nunez. In that same election Republican Mike Foster won the governorship over the African-American Democrat Cleo Fields.Nunez was one of several pro-gambling legislators who were defeated or forced to retire following the 1995 legislative session. Two of Nunez' most prominent Senate colleagues, <mask> of Sunset in St. Landry Parish and Sixty Rayburn of Bogalusa in Washington Parish, lost re-election bids, while Senators <mask> of Baton Rouge and Gerry Hinton of Slidell stood down. Also failing in his re-election bid was Rep. Raymond Lalonde of Sunset, the author of the 1992 bill which allowed for a land-based casino to operate in New Orleans. Senator Dean served two terms and was succeeded in 2004 by the Republican, later Democrat, <mask>. As a Democrat, <mask> finished a distant second to Republican <mask> in the 2007 governor's race, as Jindal easily captured the requisite majority n the primary to avoid a runoff.,

In 2004, Nunez, at seventy-four, pondered entering the race to choose a successor to the retiring U.S. Representative <mask> in Louisiana's 3rd congressional district, but he never entered the race, ultimately won by the Democrat Charlie Melancon. Tauzin's second wife, Cecile, served as a legislative aide to Nunez while she was a student at LSU in Baton Rouge. In 2006, Nunez was among campaign contributors to both Melancon and the since convicted Democratic U.S. Representative William Jefferson of Louisiana's 2nd congressional district.Later years and legacy

Long after his legislative service, Nunez was a member of the board of commissioners of the Port of New Orleans. He operated an insurance agency. Nunez and his Senate successor and former rival, Lynn Dean, were honorary members of the Nunez Community College Foundation board of directors in Chalmette. The college is named for Nunez's late wife, Elaine P<mask>. On January 30, 2010, Nunez was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield, along with the late Charlton Lyons and William "<mask>" Nungesser, sitting U.S. Representative Rodney Alexander, and former State Senator Randy Ewing. Nunez died in 2012 at the age of eighty-one of complications of Parkinson's disease and pneumonia. The Roman Catholic Nunez was living in Plaquemines Parish at the time of his death in New Orleans.He was survived by his second wife, Cynthia Wall <mask>; two nieces, Caroline Grace Watkins and Christie Lee <mask>, and a nephew, <mask>. Interment was at St. Bernard Memorial Gardens in Chalmette. Pallbearers included his nephew <mask> and current Louisiana State Senate President John Alario, former state Senator Hank Lauricella, former state Representative Kenneth L. Odinet Sr., St. Bernard Parish District Attorney Jack Rowley, and former Jefferson Parish District Attorney John Mamoulides. Notes

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1930 births
2012 deaths
American businesspeople in insurance
American politicians of Spanish descent
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Louisiana
Deaths from pneumonia in Louisiana
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana Isleño people
Louisiana state senators
Louisiana State University alumni
Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
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United States Air Force airmen
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masks:
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Allen Bares
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Armand Brinkhaus
Larry Bankston
Walter Boasso
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Bobby Jindal
Billy Tauzin
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Billy
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Hillary Nunez
Hillary Nunez


title: Eduard Kokoity

texts:
<mask> (; born 31 October 1964) is the former President of the partially recognized state South Ossetia. His term in office lasted just under ten years, beginning December 2001 and ending December 2011. Early life

<mask> (, ; , ; , ; surname also rendered as <mask> or Kokoyti or in a Russified version as , ) was born in Tskhinvali, in the Georgian SSR, a part of the Soviet Union at the time. He was a member, and champion, of the Soviet Union's national wrestling team. Prior to 1989, he was the First Secretary of the Tskhinvali branch of the Komsomol, the Young Communist League. He moved to Moscow in 1992, where he became a businessman, after learning about capitalism. In 2001, he moved back to South Ossetia.2001 presidential election
Kokoyty was elected president, at the age of 38, with a majority in the presidential elections of November–December 2001. In the first round of the elections on 18 November 2001, he collected 45% of the vote, with Stanislav Kochiev collecting 24%, and incumbent Lyudvig Chibirov collecting 21%. In the Second and final round, he won 53% of the vote to Stanislav Kochiev's 40% on 6 December. Kokoyty assumed office on 18 December 2001. Kokoyty's victory was unexpected and owed much to the support of the Tedeyev clan, one of South Ossetia's most powerful families. He had gained key support from Albert "Dik" Tedeyev and his brother Dzhambolat, also a champion wrestler, who organized and financed Kokoyty's election campaign. The clan had previously supported Lyudvig Chibirov, but broke off support for him after he attempted to move against them.After Kokoyty was elected president, members of the Tedeyev clan took over responsibility for the republic's customs service and for freight traffic along the Transcaucasian highway. Revenues from the highway provide much of the South Ossetian government's revenue. In July 2003, Kokoyty moved against the Tedeyevs. Sacking Albert Tedeyev, the Secretary of the Security Council, and ordering their private militias to be disarmed. According to Kokoyty, the Security Council Secretary, along with the Defense and Security Chiefs had links with criminals. The affair prompted an outbreak of gunfire in Tskhinvali, but no casualties were reported. President
Kokoyty has taken a strong position against reunification with Georgia, although he has expressed a willingness to negotiate a peace settlement on the basis of South Ossetia being treated as an independent state (a precondition rejected by the Tbilisi government).Following a tense stand-off with the central Georgian government in July 2004, he claimed "Georgia wants war. But we are ready for self-defense." Prior to the 2006 presidential elections, he stated that the Georgian-Ossetian conflict was not an inter-ethnic, but clearly a political one caused by Georgia's desire to impose on Ossetians the norms of Western democracy which could not be superior to the Caucasian traditional laws. He has also criticized the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe mission in the region on several occasions, accusing the organization of bias and likening its activities to "[those] of Georgia's secret services". He was reelected on 12 November 2006 following the 2006 presidential election. On the same day, Georgian-backed forces organized an alternative election in the territories controlled by Georgia or only loosely controlled by the South Ossetian government. Dmitry Sanakoyev, a former prime minister of South Ossetia, who was sacked by Kokoyty in 2001, was elected as a rival president.On 10 December 2011, he resigned as President of South Ossetia. Prime Minister Vadim Brovtsev was acting president until the presidential election rerun on 25 March 2012. <mask> was constitutionally barred from serving a third term in office. Although attempts were made to call a referendum to change the constitution, this was blocked by the Supreme Court. Kokoyty himself stated he had no intention in seeking a third term, and called on everybody to refrain from initiatives to allow him to serve a third term. After multiple elections and several rounds of voting, Leonid Tibilov was elected president 8 April 2012. Controversy
On 11 September 2008 Kokoyty stated that independent South Ossetia would eventually become part of the Russian Federation, a claim that was quickly denied by Russian officials and shortly thereafter retracted by Kokoyty.Kokoyty is a Eurasianist and argues that South Ossetia never left the Russian Empire. Since December 2008, Kokoyty's former allies have subjected him to heavy criticism in a series of interviews with the Russian media. Kokoyty's erstwhile insider and the Russia-based businessman Albert Dzhussoyev accused the Kokoyty administration of hijacking Russian funds meant for South Ossetia and claimed the region was on the brink of a "social catastrophe". Similar charges have been brought by South Ossetia's former defense minister Anatoly Barankevich and prime minister Yury Morozov. Barankevich further claimed that Kokoyty had fled Tskhinvali during the 2008 South Ossetia War and accused him of personally torturing a captured Georgian soldier. South Ossetia's former interior minister and chair of the supreme court, Alan Parastayev, told the Georgian Imedi TV that Kokoyty had organized a series of terrorist attacks and ordered murders for which he blamed Georgia. Representatives of the Kokoyty administration dismissed the allegations, claiming these allegations were part of a plot against Kokoyty.On 3 March 2009, the Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that Kokoyty's administration and the Kremlin were at odds over the control of aid funds allocated from Russia's federal budget to South Ossetia and Tskhinvali was at the verge of "social explosion". In May 2009, Albert Dzhussoyev and Dzhabulat Tadeyev announced they would seek to organize early presidential elections in order to remove Kokoyty whom they accused of authoritarianism, corruption and being "unreliable" for Russia. The first attempt at organizing an Ossetian opposition rally in Moscow was dispersed by the Russian OMON. In spring 2010, Kokoyty again received much criticism, mostly regarding the use of Russian aid. An opinion poll held by the International Center of Political Analysis (MTsPA) showed an approval rating for Kokoyty of 12.4%, with 66.3% of respondents having a negative opinion. Kosta Dzugaev, an advisor to Kokoyty, immediately blasted the poll as "lies", claiming the MTsPA had never actually done any research in South Ossetia. The MTsPA has been linked to Prime Minister Vadim Brovtsev, who is himself under attack for mismanaging Russian funds.See also
Kokoity Fandarast

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References

1964 births
Living people
Ossetian people
People from Tskhinvali
People of the Russo-Georgian War
Presidents of South Ossetia
Soviet wrestlers
Unity Party (South Ossetia) politicians

masks:
Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyty
Eduard Kokoyty
Kokoity
Eduard Kokoyty


title: Haskel Lookstein

texts:
<mask> (born March 21, 1932) is an American Modern Orthodox Rabbi who serves as the rabbi emeritus of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. <mask> served as the rabbi of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun from 1958 through 2015, and as the principal of the Ramaz School from 1966 through 2015. Early years and personal life
<mask> started first grade at the Ramaz School in 1937, the year it was established by his father, Rabbi <mask>, who was then senior rabbi of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun. The school was named in honor of <mask>'s grandfather-in-law and predecessor in the pulpit, Rabbi Moses Zevulun Margolies. As a child in the 1940s and 1950s, <mask> would maintain a "shul scorecard", tracking the weather, the subject of his father's sermon, the details of any special occasions, and the number of congregants in attendance, which hovered in the 200s, depending on the subject of the sermon. He married the former Audrey Katz on June 21, 1959. Education
<mask> received his undergraduate degree from Columbia University, and took a master's degree at Yeshiva University.After receiving his rabbinic ordination from Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary in 1958, he was offered pulpits in Detroit and at the Sephardic Temple in Cedarhurst, New York. He had also been offered a position as assistant rabbi serving under his father, Rabbi <mask>, a choice that he was warned against. In the end he decided for his home congregation, and was installed as assistant rabbi at Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, serving under his father, on June 14, 1958. Work
In 1958, Rabbi <mask> began serving as Assistant Rabbi of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun. In 1966, The New York Times devoted an article to <mask>'s May 14 sermon on the weekly Torah portion of Behar / Bechukotai, in which <mask> described the Talmud as a model for a modern civil rights manual. In the sermon, he characterized the 25th chapter of the Book of Leviticus, which is read at the beginning of Parashat Behar, as "one of the most profound sources" for the social consciousness of religion during the Civil Rights era, and went on to explicate the relevance of the Talmud, noting, for example, that it holds that no man is free if he does not have economic opportunity or the right to live where he chooses. Also in 1966, <mask> began his tenure as principal of the Ramaz School.<mask>'s political activism began with repeated visits to the former Soviet Union, and numerous rallies on behalf of Natan Sharansky and Soviet Jewry, and it continued with activism on behalf of the Jews of Israel and worldwide. Following the death of his father, in July 1979, <mask> assumed the position of senior rabbi of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun. Filled with concern at the responsibility of filling the role served by his father as the congregation's leader, he was reassured after his father's funeral by his mother, who said: "<mask>, you'll sit there; that was dad's seat", and shortly thereafter: "Well, you'll finally have a nice office"; successfully assuaging his worries. He was selected by Newsweek magazine as the most influential Orthodox pulpit rabbi in the United States in 2008, ranked second nationwide behind Conservative Rabbi David Wolpe of Los Angeles. Newsweek's rankings were based on success in congregational growth and inspiration, leadership in the community and within his denominational movement, and the ability to serve the spiritual needs of his congregation. <mask> has a vision of an open and centrist Orthodox Judaism which he defines as "a middle of the road philosophy of Orthodox Judaism that embraces the entire community", with "an uncompromising love of all Jews". Controversy

President Obama's National Prayer Service
On January 21, 2009, <mask> was one of three rabbinical participants in the National Prayer Service at the National Cathedral, representing, loosely speaking, the Orthodox Jewish contingent.The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), the primary American modern-Orthodox rabbinic association, initially took exception to his presence, stating that, "participation in a prayer service held in the sanctuary of a church is prohibited", and adding: "Any member of the RCA who attends such a service does so in contravention of this policy and should not be perceived as representing the organization in any capacity." After its initial statement was publicized, however, the RCA subsequently softened its stance. Rabbi Basil Herring, its executive director, issued a new statement, saying simply: "Rabbi <mask> did not represent the Rabbinical Council of America in attending that service, and therefore, we have no comment on the matter." Jewish conversions
A woman who was converted to Judaism by <mask> was refused recognition as a Jew by an Israeli Rabbinical Court in Petah Tikva, Israel, part of an international controversy over just who outside of the official Israeli Rabbinate will have their conversions recognized in Israel. The controversy gained a significantly higher profile because <mask> also converted Ivanka Trump, daughter of Donald Trump, prior to her 2009 marriage to Jared Kushner. It seemed that officials of the Israeli government, which "has traditionally not accepted conversions done in liberal streams of Judaism", were indirectly casting aspersion on Ivanka Trump's conversion. The rejection of conversions performed by <mask> was condemned by the Jewish Agency for Israel, the large international NGO "responsible for the immigration ... and absorption of Jews and their families from the Diaspora into Israel".RNC invocation
In July 2016, <mask> accepted the invitation of Ivanka Trump, a member of his congregation, to offer the opening invocation at the 2016 Republican National Convention. After the invitation was made public, many Kehilath Jeshurun congregants as well as Ramaz alumni signed a petition requesting <mask> to refrain from appearing at the RNC, condemning Trump's "racist, misogynistic rhetoric". <mask>, responding to the uproar, backtracked, and in an e-mail sent out to the congregants, he explained that he was withdrawing from the RNC "in the interest of bringing our community together". His prepared remarks, which <mask> also sent out, included the following benediction:

In the aftermath, some argued that the pressure put on <mask> to withdraw was counterproductive, inferring, from the content of his prepared remarks, a subtle rebuke to then-nominee Trump. References

1932 births
Living people
People from Manhattan
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary semikhah recipients
Yeshiva University alumni
Modern Orthodox rabbis
Orthodox rabbis from New York City
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis

masks:
Haskel Lookstein
Lookstein
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Joseph Lookstein
Joseph Lookstein
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Joseph Lookstein
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Rabbi Lookstein
Rabbi Lookstein
Haskel
Lookstein
Rabbi Lookstein
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title: Jim Gilmore

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<mask> III (born October 6, 1949) is an American politician, diplomat, statesman, and former attorney who was the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002 and Chairman of the Republican National Committee in 2001. A native Virginian, <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent. He was later elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia, and as Governor of Virginia. <mask> was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 and 2016 elections. In November 2018, <mask> was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as the U.S. Representative to United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, a position which carries the rank of ambassador. His nomination was confirmed by a voice vote of the U.S. Senate on May 23, 2019. <mask> was sworn in on June 25, 2019 and presented his credentials to OSCE Secretary General Thomas Greminger on July 2, 2019.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Margaret Evelyn (née Kandle), a church secretary, and James Stuart <mask>., a grocery store meat cutter. He graduated from John Randolph Tucker High School and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Virginia in 1971. Military service
In 1971, <mask> volunteered to serve in the United States Army after attending college, receiving training and preparation for service in the Military Intelligence Corps at the newly created United States Army Intelligence Center at Fort Huachuca in Arizona. <mask> also received rigorous foreign language education at the United States Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California. <mask> then worked for three years in the early 1970s, in the 650th Military Intelligence Group. Serving in West Germany during the Vietnam War and fluent in German, he served as a U.S. Army Counterintelligence Agent. Legal career
<mask> received his J.D.degree from University of Virginia Law School in 1977, A decade later, he was elected Commonwealth's Attorney in Henrico County and was re-elected in 1991. In 1993, he was elected Virginia's attorney general, defeating Democratic nominee William D. Dolan III by more than 10 percentage points (958,982 to 749,565 votes). <mask> resigned in 1997 to run for governor. Governor of Virginia
In 1997, <mask> faced then-Lieutenant Governor Don Beyer and Reform Party candidate Sue Harris Debauche in a bid to succeed George Allen as governor. <mask> campaigned heavily on the twin promises of hiring 4,000 new teachers in public schools and phasing out Virginia's personal property tax on automobiles. <mask> was elected, winning 56% of the vote to Beyer's 43%. In his first year as governor, <mask> pushed for car tax reduction legislation that was eventually passed by the Democratic-controlled General Assembly.The legislation reduced car taxes on all cars valued less than $1,000, and phased out the tax on auto values over $1,000 as follows: 12.5% reduction in 1998; 25% reduction in 1999; 47.5% reduction in 2000; 70% reduction in 2001; 100% reduction in 2002. Beginning in 2001, Virginia's economy slowed and tax revenues flattened. In addition to a downturn in the national economy in 2001, Northern Virginia's economy was severely impacted after terrorists flew a hijacked airplane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, on September 11, 2001, resulting in the closure of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport for 23 days. Despite the economic downturn, <mask> insisted on advancing the car tax phase out from a 47.5% reduction of each taxpayer's bill in 2000 to the scheduled 70% reduction in 2001. <mask> signed an executive order, which was passed by the General Assembly, reducing state spending by all agencies, except for education, to keep the state's budget balanced during the economic downturn. Democrats criticized the spending reductions and car tax cut. According to the Washington Post, "Virginia's politicians struggled to balance car-tax relief against demands for public services."When <mask> left office in January 2002, the state's "rainy day fund," or revenue stabilization fund, had fallen to $900 million. In April 1998, <mask>'s first trip abroad as governor was to Germany with his Secretary of Commerce, Barry Duval. They sought to expand jobs and investment with German companies who at the time had invested more than $2 billion and 10,000 jobs in the Commonwealth. During his tenure, Gov. <mask> was focused on creating jobs by leading several trade missions to: South America in 1999 (Argentina, Brazil, Chile); Asia in 2000 (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan); Europe again in 2001 (Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland). Mr. <mask>, since leaving office, has also traveled to Pakistan, Australia, and Peru. He also traveled to Israel when he was Attorney General of Virginia in the early 1990s.The Gilmore Administration implemented new Standards of Learning reforms in Virginia's public schools. The Standards of Learning prescribed a uniform curriculum in mathematics, science, English and social studies and instituted new tests at the end of the third, fifth and eighth grades, as well as end-of-course tests in high school, to measure student achievement. During <mask>'s term, Virginia's public school students' scores increased on these state tests as well as nationally normed tests. In 1999, <mask> proposed and signed into law legislation that reduced tuitions at public colleges and universities by 20%. <mask> also commissioned a Blue Ribbon Commission on Higher Education that studied accountability and governance of public colleges and universities. <mask>'s Commission authored the first blueprint for decentralized regulatory and administrative authority to some universities in return for agreements to meet agreed upon performance objectives. <mask> also proposed and signed into law Virginia's first stand-alone Martin Luther King Holiday.Prior to this proposal, Virginia had observed a combined Lee-Jackson-King Day that recognized Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and Martin Luther King on the same day each year. <mask> and his wife hosted a historic reception in the Governor's Mansion for Coretta Scott King and announced a technology partnership between Virginia and the King Center for Nonviolence. <mask> also proposed and funded a new African-American History Trail in Virginia and called upon the State Board of Education to include a more diverse range of historical figures in Virginia's Social Studies curriculum. Test scores during <mask>'s term showed a narrowing of the "achievement gap" between minority and white students. <mask> significantly increased funding for two of Virginia's historically black universities, Norfolk State University and Virginia State University. <mask> created the nation's first state Secretary of Technology, a position first held by Donald Upson. Together they established a statewide technology commission, and signed into law the nation's first comprehensive state Internet policy.During his term, 37 people were executed in Virginia. <mask> granted executive clemency to one death row inmate on the basis of mental illness. In another well publicized case, he pardoned Earl Washington, a former death row inmate, after DNA tests, ordered by <mask>, implicated another person. <mask> also ordered DNA tests in the case of Derek Rocco Barnabei; the tests confirmed Barnabei's guilt and he was executed. As governor, <mask> signed into law legislation establishing a 24-hour waiting period and informed consent for women seeking an abortion, as well as a ban against partial birth abortion. <mask> increased funding for adoption services. He also signed into law a bill that banned human cloning.In 1998, <mask> went to court to try to prevent the removal of a feeding tube of coma victim Hugh Finn. <mask> argued that removal of a feeding tube was not removal of artificial life support because it amounted to starvation of an infirm person who could not feed himself. As Attorney General of Virginia, <mask> had defended a legal challenge to Virginia's first parental notification law for minors seeking abortions. The Virginia Constitution forbids any governor from serving consecutive terms, so <mask> could not run for a second term in 2001. He was succeeded by Democrat Mark Warner, who took office in early 2002. Subsequent runs for office

2008 presidential candidacy

A "Draft Gilmore for President" group was formed in August 2006 encouraging <mask> to run for President of the United States. On December 19, 2006, <mask> announced he would form an exploratory committee to "fill the conservative void" in the race.On January 9, 2007, <mask> officially filed papers with the Federal Election Commission to form the <mask> for President Exploratory Committee. <mask> said he represented "the Republican wing of the Republican Party" in the race for the 2008 Presidential nomination; the comment mirrored the slogan used by Howard Dean when seeking the Democratic nomination in the 2004 election, who lifted the slogan from Senator Paul Wellstone. <mask> officially announced his candidacy on April 26, 2007. In the first quarter of 2007 <mask> raised $174,790, the second lowest of any of the major-party candidates. <mask> hosted only one fundraiser in the first quarter due to a late exploratory announcement. On July 14, 2007, <mask> announced that he was ending his campaign. <mask> said that it would be "impractical" to run, citing the difficulty of raising enough money to be competitive in early-voting states Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina.2008 Senate campaign

In an interview with Politico, <mask> said that he had been approached to run for the Senate seat of John Warner, who had announced that he would retire at the end of his term in 2009. By the end of the summer, many media outlets, most notably the Washington Post, thought it would be a foregone conclusion that <mask> would jump into the Senate race. <mask>'s successor as governor, Mark Warner, had already announced in September, and 11th District Congressman Tom Davis had informally announced his candidacy a few days after Mark Warner's announcement. <mask> lobbied strongly for choosing the party's nominee at a statewide convention rather than a primary, claiming that a convention would cost only $1 million versus the $4 million required to run a primary campaign. This was no small consideration, as the race for the Democratic nomination essentially ended with Mark Warner's entry into the race. It was understood that Warner would use his considerable wealth to self-finance his campaign. It was thought that a convention would favor <mask>, since most of the delegates would come from the party's activist base, which is tilted strongly to the right.A primary was thought to favor Davis due to his popularity in voter-rich Northern Virginia; Davis is a moderate Republican, and most Republicans in Northern Virginia tend to be more moderate than their counterparts elsewhere in the state. On October 13, 2007 the state party's central committee voted 47–37 to hold a convention rather than a primary. With this decision, <mask> said he was seriously considering a run for the Senate. <mask> formally announced his candidacy via a YouTube video on November 19, 2007. He said that he was running to give Virginia "a strong and steady hand" in the Senate. The domain name jimgilmoreforsenate.com had been registered on July 10 – four months before <mask>'s formal entry – and the username that uploaded the video to YouTube had been registered on October 16. <mask> faced a challenge from his right in State Delegate Bob Marshall of Prince William County.Marshall charged <mask> with being too soft on abortion. However, at the convention <mask> won the nomination by a margin of only 65 votes out of 3,000 cast. In the November election, <mask> was heavily defeated, winning only 34 percent of the vote to Warner's 65 percent. <mask> only carried four counties in the state – Rockingham, Augusta, Powhatan and Hanover. In many cases, he lost in many areas of the state that are normally reliably Republican. This was the worst showing for a Republican Senate candidate in Virginia since Chuck Robb defeated Maurice Dawkins with 71 percent of the vote in 1988. 2016 presidential candidacy

On July 7, 2015, <mask> told the Associated Press that he planned to announce his candidacy for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination in the first week of August 2015.On July 29, <mask> filed his candidacy for President of the United States with the Federal Election Commission. He announced his candidacy via an internet video clip the next day. The same evening, he appeared on Special Report with Bret Baier as the "center seat" where panelists Charles Krauthammer, Julie Pace, and Steve Hayes questioned him on a variety of issues. According to his campaign website, <mask>'s main issues that he would address if elected President include preserving the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms, immigration and border re-enforcement, healthcare reform, and restoring America's economy. <mask> was consistently the lowest-polling candidate in the 2016 GOP field. He rarely registered more than 1% in a national poll, often polling at 0%, and sometimes was not offered as a choice. This resulted in his polling at 0.0% in the Huffington Post aggregate poll, and lack of showings in the earlier Real Clear Politics aggregate poll.<mask> failed to qualify for all but two of the "undercard" lower-tier debates. He was the only commonly polled candidate to be left out of more than one undercard debate. <mask> insisted that he was "not going anywhere" and would continue to run. On January 26, 2016, after being denied participation in five consecutive debates, <mask> was invited back for the "undercard" debate on January 28, his first debate since August. This was the last debate before the Iowa caucuses. The "undercard" debates were discontinued after the Iowa Caucuses. In the 2016 Iowa Republican caucuses, <mask> received 12 votes, not earning him any delegates.He then received 133 votes in the New Hampshire primary. <mask> indicated he intended to continue his campaign into South Carolina. However, he suspended his campaign a week before that primary, on February 12, 2016. Appointments and other positions

During his term as governor, <mask> chaired the Congressional Advisory Commission on Electronic Commerce. The Commission was charged with the task of making recommendations to the United States Congress on Internet taxation. The Commission's Report to Congress opposed taxation of the Internet. <mask> served on the board of Windmill International, a government contractor previously accused of trying to secure fraudulent contracts in Iraq.His service on the board was not mentioned in his campaign filings, as required. <mask> was never accused of wrongdoing regarding fraud committed in Windmill International's name. From 1999 to 2003, <mask> chaired the Congressional Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, nicknamed the Gilmore Commission. It presented five reports to Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and to Congress each December 15 from 1999 through 2003. From January 2001 to January 2002, <mask> was the Chairman of the Republican National Committee. <mask> is the President & CEO of the Free Congress Foundation, a conservative think tank which was founded by Paul Weyrich. <mask> has re-branded the Free Congress Foundation into the American Opportunity Foundation.<mask> has also served as Chairman of the National Council on Readiness & Preparedness, a homeland security program focused on community involvement and public/private partnerships. He is also President of USA Secure, a non-profit homeland security think tank based in Washington, D.C.

From 2005 to 2017 he served on the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association. In 2021, <mask> was interviewed, by contributors Christopher Lim and Kendall O'Donnell from the UK-based think-tank The Bruges Group on his time as United States Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, US - China relations, and the Biden Administration's foreign policy. <mask> criticised the G7's B3W programme, saying there was "zero discussion of [B3W] in the United States", and described President Biden's relationship with European allies as "a lot of public messaging, to be polite, and a lot of talk, to be not so polite". <mask> was praised for "asking hard-hitting, pertinent questions that need to be asked of the Biden Administration", and "reaffirming [his] place as one of the GOP's premier foreign policy minds"

Ambassador to the OSCE
<mask> was considered for the position of United States Ambassador to Germany by the Trump Administration, but ultimately not chosen. In November 2018, <mask> was nominated as the next U.S. Representative to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with the rank of ambassador. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 23, 2019.<mask> took his oath of office on June 25, 2019 and presented his credentials to OSCE Secretary General Thomas Greminger on July 2, 2019. See also
 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates

References

 This article contains some material copied from Republican Party of Virginia.

masks:
James Stuart Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
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Gilmore
Gilmore Jr
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Jim Gilmore
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title: Warren James

texts:
<mask> (1792–1841) was a rebel leader in the Forest of Dean, England. As the Industrial Revolution began to take hold in the Forest of Dean, the Crown resolved to dilute the Foresters’ freemining rights and introduce free-market forces to the area. Then, in 1808, Parliament directed that large areas of the Forest be enclosed, in order to satisfy an increased demand for naval timber. Unable to compete with the outside industrialists, and denied their ancient rights to collect timber or graze animals in the enclosed areas, many Foresters descended into abject poverty. Unrest grew and <mask> emerged as a populist leader. In 1831 he led a group of up to 3000 Foresters in open revolt against the Crown, tearing down around 60 miles of fencing in an attempt to retake possession of the enclosures. <mask> was tried and sentenced to death, though this was commuted to transportation to Tasmania.He was pardoned five years later, but unable to return home, he died in Hobart in 1841. His actions have inspired many other campaigns over the years and he remains one of the most significant figures in Forest of Dean history. Early life
<mask>' father, also <mask> (1751–1809), married Ann Kear (1755–1836) in 1777. At first they lived in a rented cottage in Bream, but in 1782 they moved to an encroachment cottage, which they had built on land between Parkend and Whitecroft. A map dated 1787 shows the family house as being on the southern edge of Parkend, and describes it as a 'Turf' cottage, built on encroached land, and valued by the Crown at 15 shillings per year. <mask> (the younger) was born in July 1792, and was baptised at Bream Chapel on 29 July 1792. He was the fourth son, and sixth born, of nine children.The younger <mask> appears to have had no formal education, although later documents show that he could read and write as an adult. Along with his six brothers, he followed his father to become a miner at an early age. Little is known of his family life, though the family were undoubtedly impoverished. Encroachment cottages were illegally built single storey, built of loose stones and covered with turf. They had no windows, only a low door, a crude fireplace with chimney, and a floor paved with stones. The constant threat was that the authorities could destroy their home and remove them from the land. <mask>' house was destroyed and the family removed from the land in 1813, the land being forested after the removal.Aged 20 or 21, <mask> moved with his mother to Bream. He never married. Background to the Dean Forest Riots
The Forest of Dean is home to a range of natural resources, primarily timber, coal and iron ore. These had been exploited on a small scale since before Roman times, but the possibilities of large scale extraction had not escaped the attention of the Crown. Free-mining rights had been granted to foresters at least as far back as 1244, but there had been a long tradition of disputes between the Crown and foresters over these rights. In 1612 the Earl of Pembroke attempted to enclose extensive areas of forest. In an effort to preserve their rights, the foresters took him to the Exchequer Court and won.There had also been previous riots, such as those which took place in 1631 when Sir Giles Mompesson built three new coal mines. As the Industrial Revolution began to take hold, the Crown became more determined than ever to introduce the free market into the forest, and with it the right of outside industrialists to own land and mineral rights. They began by outlawing the Mine Law Court in 1777, and physically destroying the Mine Law documents which constituted the laws by which the forest miners governed themselves. Soon industrialists from outside the area began opening large iron and coal mines. The Free Miners found it difficult to compete with these and often ended up working as waged labourers for the new owners. In 1808, Parliament passed the Dean Forest (Timber) Act in response to a severe shortage of naval timber. The act included the provision to enclose 11,000 acres (4,452 ha) of the forest.Responsibility for the execution of this part of the Act fell to a young, newly appointed deputy surveyor named Edward Machen. He established his office at Whitemead Park, in Parkend, and in 1814 he enclosed and replanted Nagshead, the main woodland of Parkend. By 1816 all  had been enclosed. Ordinary foresters were already poverty stricken, but now their plight had grown worse. They were denied access to the enclosed areas and so were unable to hunt in them or remove timber. In particular, they lost their ancient grazing and mining rights. Unrest was growing, but at first there was no organised resistance as the foresters had been told that the fences would be removed after 20 years, once the oaks were mature enough to withstand grazing.In 1828 and 1829, the Foresters petitioned to have the fences removed, but were turned down. In 1830 the 'Committee of Free Miners' chose <mask> to petition the Chief Commissioner and others in London. A petition from <mask>, opposing the commission's parliamentary bill, was presented to the House of Commons on 11 June 1830, but foundered. After further efforts to have the fences removed failed, <mask> finally called the Free Miners to action. A notice, dated 3 June 1831, was distributed and instructed Free Miners to meet on the following Wednesday "for the purpose of opening the Forest". <mask> and Machen knew each other well, as both were regular churchgoers at Parkend. On Sunday 4 June they held a public meeting outside the church gates in Parkend.It was a final attempt to resolve the matter peaceably, but they could agree on nothing. The date given on the notice is "Meet on Wednesday next the 7th instant for the purpose of Opening the Forest...." Wednesday was in fact the 8th, but the wording may only be confusing in the context of modern-day interpretation. In any case, it was on the 8th that they met. The riots
Machen confronted <mask> at Park Hill enclosure, between Parkend and Bream, but <mask>, who was leading a group of over 100 foresters, proceeded to demolish the fences there. Machen, and about 50 unarmed Crown Officers, were powerless to intervene. He returned to Parkend and sent for troops. On the Friday, a party of 50 soldiers arrived from Monmouth, but by now the number of Foresters had grown to over 2,000 and the soldiers returned to their barracks.By Saturday night, there was scarcely a mile of unbroken fence in the forest, but the next day a squadron of heavily armed soldiers arrived from Doncaster and the day after, another 180 infantrymen arrived from Plymouth. The Foresters' resistance soon crumbled. Most melted away into the forest and returned home. <mask> was arrested, and committed to trial at Gloucester Assizes on Monday, 13 August 1831. Trial of <mask>

Machen was the first, and chief witness at the trial. He spoke about the notice <mask> had issued, and how he had, in turn issued his own notice cautioning that such action was illegal. He referred to his meeting with <mask>, on the Sunday, and said that <mask> had claimed possession of a document which proved the enclosures were unlawful.Machen went on to say that, on Wednesday morning (the day of the riot) he had gone to <mask>' house in the morning, asking him to produce the document. <mask> replied that it was in his house and said he would fetch it "and in a minute or two returned, with a pick axe on his shoulder." Machen then described how he and another magistrate had followed <mask> to the enclosure at Park Hill, how he had warned him again, how <mask> had made the first 'blow', and how he (Machen) had eventually read the riot act. After listening to several more witnesses, the jury found <mask> guilty of felony under the Riot Act, but made a plea for clemency on the grounds of his previous good character. The judge, Mr Justice Patteson, sentenced <mask> to death, but within two weeks this was commuted to transportation for life. <mask> was sent to Van Diemen’s Land, modern day Tasmania. Of the others who were arrested, one other was also sentenced to death, but this too was later commuted to transportation.Nine people were sentenced to imprisonment, for periods of up to two years, and several others received smaller sentences or fines. Around a hundred others elected to voluntarily rebuild the enclosures, rather than be charged with rioting. Time in Australia
The conditions on transport ships were notoriously bad and convicts frequently died en route. <mask> arrived in Tasmania on 14 February 1832, and was assigned to a working party attached to the Public Works Department in Hobart. It seems that he kept his head down for four years, but on 19 January 1836, he was sentenced to a week's imprisonment for 'neglect of duty and insolence to a magistrate'. Then on 24 February 1836, he was sentenced to thirty six lashes and sent to work in a coal mine near Port Arthur, for 'gross contempt towards the commandant when addressing the prisoners'. Meanwhile, back in the Forest of Dean, the foresters, supported by Machen, had been petitioning for his pardon.This was granted on 16 February 1836, but didn't reach (or wasn't granted to) <mask> until 13 September, and was given without free passage home. <mask> decided to stay in Van Diemen's Land, though his reasons are unknown. Certainly he would have been unable to pay for the passage without assistance, and by now he was also in poor health. It also seems that he had cut himself off from his family and friends, as he apparently had no contact with them since leaving England. <mask> died in rented rooms in Argyll Street, Hobart, on 26 October 1841. A moving account of his last few days was given by his landlord, William Overell, at the inquest. In it he describes <mask>' terrible condition and how he had refused medical attention.The coroner recorded the death as being due to "Atrophy of the belly" and "very acute inflammation of the liver". Physical appearance
No photographs of <mask> exist, but the following description of him, aged around 40, is given on a prison document:

Height - 5feet 3 inches
Complexion - dark
Head - round
Hair/Whiskers - black to grey
Visage - oval
Forehead - long, sloping back
Eyebrows - brown
Eyes - hazel
Nose - sharp
Mouth - large
Chin - medium
Remarks - stout

Although conjecture, he may also have looked young for his age, as the same document describes him as being 30 on arrival in Tasmania, when he was in fact 40. References

Further reading
 Ralph Anstis, <mask> and the Dean Forest Riots,  (Albion House, 1986),  (Breviary Stuff Publications, 2011). Ralph Anstis, The Story of Parkend
 Ian Wright, The Life and Times of <mask> James

External links
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

English miners
People from Forest of Dean District
People of the Industrial Revolution
1792 births
1841 deaths
Trade union leaders
People from Bream, Gloucestershire

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title: Elizabeth LeCompte

texts:
<mask> (born April 28, 1944) is an American director of experimental theater, dance, and media. A founding member of The Wooster Group, she has directed that ensemble since its emergence in the late 1970s. Life and career
LeCompte was born and grew up in New Jersey. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Fine Arts from Skidmore College. She met director and actor Willem Dafoe at The Performance Group and began a professional and personal relationship. Their son, Jack, was born in 1982. With The Wooster Group, she has composed, designed, and directed over forty works for theater, dance, film and video, starting with Sakonnet Point in 1975.These works characteristically interweave performance with multimedia technologies and are strongly influenced by historical and contemporary visual arts and architecture. She is known both for taking apart and reworking classics such as Hamlet, The Emperor Jones, and The Hairy Ape as well as constructing new works from scratch. Prior to her work with The Wooster Group, she was a member of the experimental theater company The Performance Group from 1970 to 1975. Subsequently, <mask> and Spalding Gray founded The Wooster Group, along with Jim Clayburgh, Willem Dafoe, Peyton Smith, Kate Valk, and Ron Vawter. For her work with these groups, LeCompte was included in Mitter and Shevtsova's 2004 volume discussing 50 influential theater directors around the world. Other writers consistently include her in the lineage of experimental theater artists that passes through Meyerhold and Grotowski to the present generation of "postdramatic" theater makers. As a New Yorker writer put it: "Luminaries of the theatrical avant-garde—Richard Foreman, Robert Wilson, and Peter Sellars among them—describe her as first among equals".LeCompte has lectured and taught at American University, the Art Institute of Chicago, Columbia University, Connecticut College, the Lincoln Center Theatre Directors Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Northeastern University, the O’Neill Center, Smith College, the University of London, and the Yale School of Drama. In 2018, The New York Times critics ranked House/Lights the 16th greatest American play since Angels in America. Awards
Among her honors, LeCompte has received the National Endowment for the Arts Distinguished Artists Fellowship for Lifetime Achievement in the American Theater, the MacArthur Fellowship, the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres from the French Cultural Ministry, a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, a United States Artists Fellowship, an Anonymous Was A Woman Award, the Theater Practitioner Award from Theatre Communications Group, The Skowhegan Medal for Performance, a Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Performance Artist Award and honorary doctorates from the New School for Social Research and the California Institute of the Arts. She was included in the 1993 Whitney Biennial. She won the 2016 Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize. Wooster Group works made by LeCompte

Theater

Three Places in Rhode Island
 Sakonnet Point (1975)
 Rumstick Road (1977)
 Nayatt School (1978)
 Point Judith (an epilog) (1979)

The Road to Immortality
 Route 1 & 9 (1981)
 L.S.D. (…Just the High Points…) (1984)
 Frank Dell’s The Temptation of St. Antony (1988)
 North Atlantic (1984, 1999, 2010)
 Brace Up!(1991, 2003)
 The Emperor Jones (1993, 2006)
 Fish Story (1994)
 The Hairy Ape (1996)
 House/Lights (1998, 2005)
 To You, The Birdie! (Phèdre) (2002)
 Poor Theater (2004)
 Who’s Your Dada?! (2006)
 Hamlet (2007, 2012)
 La Didone (2009)
 Vieux Carré (2011)
 Troilus and Cressida (2012) — a collaboration with the Royal Shakespeare Company; directed by <mask>e and Mark Ravenhill
 Cry, Trojans! (Troilus & Cressida) (2014)
 Early Shaker Spirituals (2014)

Dance
 Hula (1981)
 For the Good Times (1982)
 Dances with T.V. and Mic (1998)
 Erase-E(X) (2004) (with JoJi Inc.)
 I Am Jerome Bel (2008)

Film and video
 Flaubert Dreams of Travel but the Illness of His Mother Prevents It (1986)
 Today I Must Sincerely Congratulate You (1991)
 White Homeland Commando (1992)
 Rhyme ’Em to Death (1994)
 The Emperor Jones (DVD - 1999)
 House/Lights (DVD - 2004)
 There Is Still Time . . Brother (installation - 2007)
 Brace Up! (DVD - 2009)
 Dailies (2010 - present)
 To You, The Birdie!(Phèdre) (DVD - 2011)
 Rumstick Road (DVD - 2013)

Radio-audio
 The Emperor Jones (BBC Radio 3 play - 1998)
 Racine’s Phèdre (BBC Radio 3 play - 2000)

Personal life
In 1977 LeCompte began a relationship with actor Willem Dafoe. They never married and ended their relationship in 2004 after 27 years. The couple have one son, Jack. See also
The Performance Group
The Wooster Group

References

Further reading
 Champagne, Leonora, "Always Starting New: <mask>pte," The Drama Review 25:3 (1981). Dunkelberg, Kermit, "Confrontation, Stimulation, Admiration: The Wooster Group’s Poor Theater," The Drama Review 49:3 (2005). Kramer, Jane, "Experimental Journey: <mask> Takes on Shakespeare", The New Yorker (October 8, 2007). LeCompte, <mask>, "An Introduction," Performing Arts Journal, 3:2 (1978).<mask>, <mask>, "Who Owns History? ", Performing Arts Journal, 4:1 (1979). <mask>, <mask>, "The Wooster Group Dances: From the Notebooks of <mask>," The Drama Review, 29:2 (1985). <mask>, <mask>, "500 Words: <mask>e," Art Forum (February 9, 2011). Quick, Andrew, The Wooster Group Work Book (Routledge 2007). Savran, David, Breaking the Rules: The Wooster Group (Theatre Communications Group 1993). Savran, David, "The Death of the Avant Garde," The Drama Review 49:3 (2005).Sterrit, David, "Pioneering a New Kind of Stage Magic," The Christian Science Monitor (December 14, 1981). Yablonsky, Linda, "<mask>ompte," Bomb (Fall 1991). External links

 The Wooster Group website

1944 births
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Skidmore College alumni

masks:
Elizabeth LeCompte
LeCompte
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title: Wajdi Mallat

texts:
<mask> () (November 22, 1919 – April 17, 2010) was a Lebanese jurist, statesman and author. He was the first president of the Constitutional Council (Arabic ) of Lebanon, from 1994 to 1997. He resigned from the Council over the handling of the parliamentary elections of 1996. Early years
Born on November 22, 1919, <mask> was the scion of a family of poets from the city of Baabda, the capital of Ottoman Mount Lebanon. His uncle Tamer (1856–1914), a judge during the Ottoman era, was a well-known poet who stood publicly against the arbitrariness and corruption of Wasa Basha (Arabic ), the plenipotentiary governor of Mount Lebanon. His mother, Marie Checrallah, hailed from a family of physicians educated in Constantinople. His father, Shibli (1875–1961), was celebrated as  the "Poet of the Cedars" (Arabic ) in Cairo and Alexandria, Baghdad, Damascus, Aleppo and Haifa, and entertained close friendships across the region, from then Emir Abdallah  of Transjordan (later King Abdullah I of Jordan) to the first president of independent Lebanon, Bechara El-Khoury.Education and early career
<mask> <mask> was educated at the Jesuit college of Beirut, then studied for an advanced degree in Latin while earning a Masters in law from Saint Joseph University, where his classmates included many of the subsequent intellectual and political leaders of Lebanon. Among his professors was Choucri Cardahi. <mask> <mask> was attached early on to the unique interwar experiment of liberalism in the Levant, especially Egypt, which he lived first hand from the close friendship between his father and the leader of the Egyptian national movement, Saad Zaghloul. As the young representative of the Lebanese delegation to UNESCO, which held an early Congress in Beirut in 1948, he made friends with intellectuals including Taha Hussein and Louis Massignon on his trip to Paris in preparation of the meeting. Lawyer and minister
Following a legal apprenticeship with prominent Lebanese lawyers Edmond Gaspard and Yusuf al-Sawda, he established Mallat law offices in 1949. As a lawyer, he defended celebrated cases in Lebanese modern advocacy, winning landmark judicial victories on behalf of the Vatican and the Beirut Maronite Church. In 1972, he was elected president of the Beirut bar, and founded the first Arab Organization for Human Rights in 1974, together with prominent Arab lawyers like Abderrahmane Youssoufi (Arabic عبد الرحمن اليوسفي), a prisoner of conscience and later prime minister of Morocco.In  peacetime, he was an influential figure in Lebanon through the respect expressed to him by the leaders of various factions and his intimate knowledge of the Lebanese political scene. In 1964, he was appointed Minister of Social Affairs by Lebanese president Charles Helou, but resigned a year later over the arbitrary dismissal of leading judges under the pretext of fighting corruption. During the Lebanese civil war (1975–90), he refused to take sides, repeating his distaste for violence, while denouncing the atrocities carried out by various Lebanese factions and the excesses of foreign intervention. His mantra was taken through the long war from a saying attributed to Renaissance humanist thinker Erasmus, "to be Guelfe amongst the Gibelins, and Gibelins amongst the Guelfes", entrenched factions in Italy's 13th century civil wars. Amongst the Lebanese leadership, he maintained a close friendship with Raymond Eddé, Kamal Jumblatt, Musa al-Sadr and the successive heads of the Maronite Church. The assassination of Kamal Jumblatt in 1977 came as a particular shock because of their literary and professional closeness and the particular affinity that had developed through a century and half of close family ties. In 2009, he published  a diwan (poetry collection) of hitherto unknown poetry by his grand uncle Tamer, including poems to Nasib Jumblatt, a leader of the Lebanese Mountain in the second half of the 19th century.He was also dismayed by the kidnapping in Libya soon afterwards of Imam Musa al-Sadr. He had achieved a historic compromise with Sadr, the head of the Lebanese Shi'i community, over a land dispute in Beirut, where the Imam Sadr Center now stands. His office later brought the case against Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi which led to an indictment and arrest warrant against the Libyan dictator and his aides. He was a strong opponent of Israel's war on Lebanon in 1982 and provided the constitutional formula that put a definitive end to the attempted legitimization of the Israeli invasion known as "the May 17 Agreement".<ref>In an obituary published in his party's newspaper al-Anba''' on 19 April, Lebanese leader Walid Jumblatt criticized the short memory of Lebanese officialdom on the role of <mask> <mask>, who "provided the legal and constitutional argument for cancelling the [May 17] agreement in the Lebanese Parliament." "Tashyi' wajdi mallat fi ba'abda (<mask> <mask>'s funerals in Baabda)", al-Hayat, 20 April 2010, L'Orient-Le Jour, 20 April 2010.</ref> He was attached to the coming together of the Arab world in what he coined as "white Arabism", which he consistently opposed to the dark military and dictatorial regimes across the Arab world.<ref>"Al-'uruba al-bayda'", a concept coined by <mask> <mask> and developed in Chibli Mallat, "White Arabism", Bitterlemons.org, 3.3.2005, then extensively discussed, see e.g. Joseph Braude, "Arab nationalists react to Saddam's trial", The New Republic, posted 12.12.2005.</ref>

President of the Constitutional Council

In 1994, he was elected by a large majority in the Lebanese Parliament to sit on the newly established Constitutional Council, then by his peers on the Council as its president. Within two years, the Constitutional Council had become the most respected institution in the country owing to its fiercely independent and principled decisions.He resigned from the Council over unfair tampering with parliamentary elections on April 3, 1997. While he never expressed the full reasons for his resignation  to avoid further shocks to the country, he did say in a rare television interview that "the Constitutional Council came to Lebanon 25 years later before its time. "Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) interview with Gisèle Khoury, in the program "Hiwar al 'umr (a life conversation)", 27 January 1999. In an obituary published on the front page of the Lebanese daily al-Nahar on 19 April 2010, Lebanese Minister of Justice Ibrahim Najjar mentioned that <mask> felt "there was an obstacle between him and some members of the Council, ...who were keen on pleasing political figures." His pattern of resigning high government positions earned him a reputation of a statesman who was keener to protect the public position's dignity over earning it in the first place. Retirement and legacy

He developed in his late years his rare literary talents into several books, including a best-selling book on his various political and professional positions entitled Mawaqef-Positions, in Arabic and French, and a reference compendium of some 700 pages on the mark of his father on contemporary Arab poetry, The Poet of the Cedars: a School for National Identity. He also left thousands of pages in legal studies and briefs, and a fully annotated manuscript of Tamer's recovered diwan.He died in Beirut on 17 April 2010. Personal life

Dedicated to his family's education as his prime concern, he remained extremely private through his career as jurist, man of letters, and politician. During his tenure as the most powerful judge in the country, he refused all invitations to social functions. In 1956, he married Nouhad Diab. They had four children, Manal, Chibli, Raya and Janane, and seven grandchildren. BooksShibli <mask>, Sha'er al-arz, madrasat al-talaqi al-watani (The Poet of the Cedars: a School for National Identity), Joseph Raidi Press, Beirut 1999, in Arabic, with introductions in English and FrenchMawaqef-Positions, Dar al-Nahar, Beirut 2005, in Arabic and French

Edited, Tamer <mask>, Majmu'at qasa'ed wa ash'ar'' (Collection of lost poems), Beirut, private facsimile edition 2009, in Arabic. References

External links
 Mallat Law

1919 births
2010 deaths
Government ministers of Lebanon
Saint Joseph University alumni

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