title: David Peterson

texts:
<mask>  (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. <mask> was born in Toronto, Ontario, to <mask> (1913–2009) and Laura Marie Scott (1913–2015), and has two siblings, former MPP <mask> and former MP <mask>. His parents were both born in Saskatchewan. His father was born to Norwegian immigrant farmers who had previously homesteaded in North Dakota. <mask> joined the newly-formed Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and was present at the conference where it adopted the Regina Manifesto. Looking for work during the Great Depression, he moved to Ontario and in 1936 was living in Toronto, where he found a job as a salesman with Union Carbide.The job eventually took him to London, Ontario where he worked for the company for several years before establishing a wholesale electronics business, C.M. Peterson Co. Ltd, in 1944. He was elected to city council as an alderman in the early 1950s and joined the Ontario Liberal Party, running as its candidate in the 1955 Ontario general election in London North, losing to future premier John Robarts, and ran again as a federal Liberal candidate in 1963 in London. <mask> grew up in London and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario in political science and philosophy and his law degree from the University of Toronto. He was called to the bar in 1969. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980 and later was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in 1992 on advice from Brian Mulroney. At the age of twenty-six, he became president of C.M.Peterson Company Limited, a wholesale electronics firm founded by his father. He holds four Honorary degrees including a doctor of laws from the University of Western Ontario and is a knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour of France and a member of the Order of La Pléiade. In 2009, he became a member of the Order of Ontario. <mask> married actress Shelley Matthews in 1974 and they have since raised three children. He is the younger brother of <mask>, formerly a federal Liberal MP and cabinet minister. Both his sister-in-law Deb Matthews and <mask>, a third brother, were elected to the Ontario legislature in the 2003 provincial election while Deb Matthews was re-elected in 2007, 2011 and 2014. <mask> was elected as the Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament for London Centre in the 1975 provincial election.Less than one year later, he campaigned for the leadership of the party following Robert Nixon's resignation. Despite his inexperience, <mask> nevertheless came within 45 votes of defeating Stuart Smith on the third and final ballot of a delegated convention held on January 25, 1976. Smith presented an image of an articulate intellectual who some delegates said reminded them of Pierre Trudeau while <mask> came across as similar to then Premier Bill Davis. Convention delegates also thought that <mask>, at 31 years old, was too young and his convention address which he later characterized as the "worst speech in modern political history" came across as stilted and over rehearsed. <mask> was re-elected in the provincial elections of 1977 and 1981. He ran for the Liberal leadership a second time after Smith resigned in 1982. The convention was held on February 21, 1982.This time his convention speech was better. Although not very inspiring, it was viewed as 'statesmanlike' and effective. He won on the second ballot defeating the more left-leaning Sheila Copps with 55% of the vote. In his acceptance speech <mask> said that he would move party to the 'vibrant middle, the radical centre', and stressed economic growth as a way to increase support for social services. Observers from the other parties felt he was trying to move the Liberal party more to the right, away from values that Smith promoted. Liberal leader
<mask> worked to pay off the party's debt from the 1981 election and accomplished that by the end of the year and was working on long-term debt. <mask> performed well as opposition leader and was popular in the press.The party started to use him as a label rather than 'Liberal' referring to '<mask>'s Ontario'. A by-election loss to the NDP was attributed to dislike of Federal Liberals. In 1984, a Liberal backbencher, J. Earl McEwen crossed the floor to join the Tories. Polling in late 1984 showed <mask>'s Liberals consistently trailing behind the Progressive Conservatives. Premier Davis still polled as the most popular leader. <mask>'s fortunes improved when Davis retired as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in early 1985. His successor, Frank Miller, took the party further to the right, and was unable to convince the electorate of his leadership abilities.Though Miller's Tories began the election in 1985 with a significant lead, <mask>'s Liberals gradually increased their support throughout the campaign. To the surprise of many, <mask> won a narrow plurality of the popular vote. However, at the time rural areas were still slightly over represented in the Legislative Assembly. As a result, the Liberals won 48 seats, while the Progressive Conservatives 52 which was enough for a minority government. Shortly after the election, NDP leader Bob Rae called <mask> to negotiate. Rae also initiated talks with Premier Miller but the talks with the Liberals proved more fruitful. Rae and <mask> signed a "Liberal-NDP Accord" in which the NDP agreed to support a Liberal government in office for two years.The Liberals, in turn, agreed to implement some policies favoured by the NDP. Rae wanted to have a coalition with representation in cabinet but <mask> indicated that he would not accept a coalition. Premier of Ontario

Leadership style
The Liberals and NDP defeated Miller's government on June 18, 1985, on a motion of no confidence on the speech from the throne. <mask> was sworn in as Premier of Ontario eight days later. <mask>'s top three cabinet ministers were Robert Nixon as Treasurer, Sean Conway, and Ian Scott as Attorney General. After the expiration of the Liberal-NDP Accord in 1987, the Liberals called another provincial election, and won the second-largest majority government in Ontario's history, taking 95 seats out of 130, at the expense of the NDP and the Progressive Conservatives who dropped to third place in the legislature. <mask>'s Liberal party, regarded as a challenger in 1985, was seen by the end of the 1980s as a "juggernaut that became arrogant and didn’t listen to its critics".As the PC and NDP opposition parties were weakened after the 1987 election, it fell to the media and other special interest groups (particularly teachers’ unions and environmental groups) who were criticizing the Ontario government at a level not seen with past administrations. Domestic policy

<mask>'s government introduced several pieces of progressive legislation. It eliminated "extra billing" by doctors, brought in pay equity provisions, and reformed the province's rent review and labour negotiation laws. His government also brought in pension reform, expanded housing construction, and resolved a long-standing provincial controversy by honouring the Davis Tories promise to extend full funding to Catholic secondary schools. <mask> was also a vocal opponent of free trade with the United States in 1988. His administration was less activist in its later years, though it still introduced progressive measures on environmental protection, eliminated health insurance premiums, and brought in no-fault automobile insurance for the province. <mask>'s prominent role in creating and promoting the "Meech Lake" constitutional accord gained criticism from some.While initially popular, this attempt at revising Canada's constitution proved extremely divisive in most of English-speaking Canada. Many believed that it gave too many concessions to Quebec, while others believed that it weakened the federal government's authority in relation to the provinces. <mask>'s continued support for the accord, in the face of increased opposition, damaged his personal popularity in Ontario. The accord was not endorsed by Manitoba and Newfoundland, and did not pass. <mask> and the Liberals also faced controversy over the Patti Starr affair. Starr, a prominent Liberal fundraiser, was found to have improperly diverted money from a land development scheme and charitable organizations to the provincial Liberal Party. Several Liberal cabinet members were recipients of her largesse including Health Minister Elinor Caplan, Transportation Minister Ed Fulton and Revenue Minister Bernard Grandmaitre.She was eventually sentenced to six months' jail time. Although no-one in <mask>'s administration was accused of criminal activity, the scandal eroded public confidence in the integrity of the government. Polls showed that more than half of respondents felt that <mask> had poorly handled the matter and 61% felt that it revealed widespread corruption in the government. Fiscal policy

The <mask> administration also developed a reputation for fiscal prudence, under the management of Treasurer Robert Nixon. The Liberal government was able to introduce a balanced budget for 1989–90 following several years of deficit spending in Ontario, at a time when deficit spending was commonplace in most of North America. In the  early 1990s recession, Ontario faced a weakening North American economy. Productivity levels were falling throughout the United States and Canada during this period.While there was little that <mask>, or any other Ontario Premier, could have done to prevent this downturn, it weakened his government's reputation for fiscal competence. (Indeed, the government's projected surplus budget for 1990–91 ultimately yielded a deficit of at least three billion dollars.) <mask> "was getting a ton of advice to call an early snap election after less than three years" and "pundits warned <mask> he certainly didn’t want to call an election in 1991, in the middle of a deep recession". Defeat in the 1990 provincial election
Notwithstanding all of this, <mask>'s Liberal Party still retained a comfortable lead over the Progressive Conservatives and NDP in mid-1990 public opinion polls, as their party leaders Mike Harris and Bob Rae, respectively, were not expected to be strong challengers. The PC Party was broke after the 1987 election, and anticipating an early election call they held their leadership contest in May 1990 with a membership vote instead of a delegated convention, they still struggled due to newly minted leader Harris's inexperience as well as an association with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's growing unpopularity. The NDP having never won an Ontario election and Official Opposition leader Bob Rae was considering retiring from the legislature after one more term. As a result, <mask> decided to call a snap election, less than three years into his mandate.This proved to be his greatest mistake. During the first week of the campaign, then-attorney general Ian Scott, claimed that 'while the voters might be cranky at the moment, they ultimately would hold their noses and re-elect the Liberals. After all, he added, “They’re not going to vote for Mike Harris, and what are they going to do — vote NDP?”' However many voters saw the early election as a mark of arrogance, and a sign that <mask>'s Liberals had become detached from the electorate. There was no defining issue behind the campaign, and many believed that <mask> was simply trying to win re-election before the economic downturn reached its worst phase. Some Liberal cabinet ministers, most notably Greg Sorbara and Jim Bradley, were strongly opposed to the early election call. Sean Conway, a member of <mask>'s inner circle, would later acknowledge that most backbench MPPs also opposed the timing of the campaign. At the time the writ was dropped, the Liberals stood at 50% support in the polls.<mask>'s personal popularity rating based on his Meech Lake record was 54%. However, his luck turned immediately upon calling the election. One of the seminal moments in the campaign was at a press conference called to announce the forthcoming election. <mask> justified the early writ claiming "especially after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Ontario faced 'profound changes in this country and the world' and that he needed to protect the province in the event of a national-unity crisis", while denying "that he was being an opportunist and trying to capitalize on polling results that put Liberal support at 50 per cent". It was soon interrupted by Greenpeace activist Gord Perks, who arrived with a briefcase handcuffed to his arm, with a tape recorder inside playing a pre-recorded list of broken Liberal environmental promises. <mask> sat in front of the room full of reporters, awkwardly silent and clearly uncomfortable. Disappointed by high expectations as well as perceiving that the PC and NDP parties would not be strong opposition, groups representing various interests (such as teachers, doctors, and environmentalists), came out against <mask> on television, radio, in print, and at Liberal campaign events, despite the Liberals having worked cooperatively with these special interest groups prior to the election call.Protesters would follow the Premier throughout the campaign, and often received considerable media coverage. The media reported the election call as cynical, and the party appeared desperate when they unexpectedly proposed to cut the provincial sales tax halfway through the campaign. It did not help that the provincial election campaign was being run in the aftermath of the failed Meech Lake constitutional accord of Brian Mulroney's federal government, with which <mask> had significant media exposure in association with the other first ministers. <mask> felt that the Liberals’ fading poll numbers "reflected greater anxieties about the world and that the party had failed to successfully communicate his government’s accomplishments"; by contrast the NDP's hastily assembled platform called "Agenda for People" managed to escape heavy scrutiny due to their underdog status. As the NDP gained momentum, the Liberals panicked as "candidates removed <mask> from their campaign materials" while Treasurer Robert Nixon proposed a cut to the sales tax. The Liberal campaign slogan shifted from “Effective leadership for a strong Ontario” to “Warning: An NDP government will be hazardous to your health.” Toronto Sun columnist Michael Bennett summed up the divergent fortunes of the Liberals and NDP as campaign progressed, writing “As <mask> became more strident, Rae assumed an almost statesman-like attitude. He’d used up most of the venom early in the campaign.Now he didn’t need it.”

On September 5, 1990, the NDP scored one of the greatest upsets in Canadian political history, taking 74 seats for a strong majority government. Due to the nature of the first-past-the-post system as well as numerous fringe parties contesting this election, one third of NDP seats were won with less than 40 per cent of the vote. While the NDP only outpolled the Liberals by a narrow six-point margin, they managed to unseat many Liberal incumbents in the Greater Toronto Area. The Liberal caucus was decimated as they plunged from 95 seats to 36, at the time their worst showing ever. The 59-seat loss surpassed the 48-seat loss in 1943 that began the Tories' long rule over the province. This was also the second-worst defeat for a governing party in Ontario. <mask> lost his own seat, having been resoundingly defeated by NDP candidate Marion Boyd in London Centre by over 8,200 votes.The loss ended <mask>'s political career. He announced his resignation as Liberal leader on the night of the election. <mask>'s 1990 snap election has been compared to Alberta Premier Jim Prentice's 2015 snap election, drawing numerous parallels in polling, mid-campaign policy reversals, the impact of the leaders' televised debate, and the resulting defeat of the incumbent government. Overall voters in their respective provinces "saw these two premiers as people who put the interests of his party ahead of the interests of the public. The decision to call an early election helped to reinforce this belief". Post provincial politics
<mask> has continued to organize and fund-raise for the federal and Ontario provincial Liberals. In May 2005, he played the central role in persuading Belinda Stronach, a federal Conservative MP, to cross the floor to the ruling Liberal Party, days before a crucial confidence motion on the federal budget of Paul Martin's Liberal minority government.The defection proved critical to the survival of Martin's government, with the final outcome of the budget vote 153–152 in favour of the government. After Martin resigned the party leadership in the wake of the Liberal defeat in the 2006 election, <mask> planned to support former New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna who chose ultimately not to run. <mask> then backed Michael Ignatieff, criticizing former political opponent Bob Rae's entry into the race due to the latter's record as provincial premier. <mask> insisted he did not hold a personal grudge against Rae. After politics
Since 2003, <mask> has been contracted by the federal government to be its chief negotiator in talks with the government of the Northwest Territories and aboriginal leaders to transfer federal powers over lands and resources. <mask> served as Chancellor of the University of Toronto for two terms from July 1, 2006 until June 30, 2012. In September 2013, <mask> was appointed chair of the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games Organizing Committee.In 2015, he was sued for alleged sexual harassment of a 34-year-old female Pan Am games manager Ximena Morris. <mask> denied any wrongdoing. The case was dismissed with Morris apologising for the lawsuit but not the allegations. <mask> was the founding chairman of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, and was a member of Toronto's Olympics Bid Committee. Since leaving politics, he has been a professor at York University in Toronto, a senior partner and chairman of the Toronto law firm Cassels, Brock & Blackwell LLP and has been director or member of several charitable, cultural, and environmental organizations. He is or has been a member on several corporate boards, being particularly associated with Rogers Communications where he has been a director since 1991. In 2006, <mask> was named to the board of Shoppers Drug Mart at the time of the firm's acquisition by Loblaws.In his legal practice he provides international advice to a wide range of clients about public policy issues and government affairs in Canada. In 1999, <mask> was at the centre of controversy due to his membership on the board of YBM Magnex, a firm which was discovered to have links to the Russian mafia. <mask> maintained that he was unaware of illegal activities at the company, and referred to the accusations against him as "guilt by association". A subsequent investigation by the Ontario Securities Commission found that <mask>'s actions met "the legal test of due diligence", but expressed disappointment that he had not shown more leadership on the board. A 2004 report from The Globe and Mail newspaper noted that <mask> was chastened by this experience, and had become "a cautious and more conscientious director" since that time. The same article further claimed that he has "no influence outside of Toronto". On May 26, 2020, a group of Toronto investors known as NordStar Capital, announced a proposal to acquire TorStar Corporation the parent company of the Toronto Star, for C$52-million.<mask> was announced as part of the NordStar team. The bid was later improved to $60 million and was approved by courts and shareholders by early August. <mask> will take a senior advisory role at the Toronto Star as vice-chair of the board of directors. References

External links

 <mask> fonds, Archives of Ontario

1943 births
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Canadian university and college chancellors
Chancellors of the University of Toronto
Commanders of the Order of St John
Lawyers in Ontario
Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party
Living people
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Politicians from London, Ontario
Politicians from Toronto
Premiers of Ontario
Rogers Communications
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian people of Norwegian descent

masks:
David Robert Peterson
Background Peterson
Clarence Marwin Peterson
Tim Peterson
Jim Peterson
Clarence Peterson
David Peterson
Peterson
Jim Peterson
Tim Peterson
Politics Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
David Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
David Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
David Peterson


title: Colin Thompson (writer)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 18 October 1942) is an English-Australian writer and illustrator of children's books. He has had over 70 works published and also draws pictures for jigsaw puzzles. In 2004, <mask> was awarded the Aurealis Award in the children's long fiction category for his novel How to Live Forever. Early life and careers
<mask> was born on 18 October 1942 in Ealing, then in Middlesex and now in west London, United Kingdom. His mother changed his surname to <mask> when she remarried in 1953. <mask> states that he only met his father once, when he was nineteen. <mask> attended boarding school in Yorkshire and later a grammar school in West London.<mask> studied art for two years at college in Ealing and Hammersmith, where he met his first wife. He worked as a silk-screen printer and a graphic designer for a while, before attending London Film School and working on documentaries for the BBC. After a divorce, he married a second time and after living briefly in Mallorca in 1968, moved to the Outer Hebrides. He and his wife set up a business as ceramicists, continuing the profession after moving to Cumbria in 1975. <mask> has one daughter from his first marriage and two from his second. He moved to Australia in 1995 and gained Australian citizenship. In 1999 he married Anne, an Australian librarian who had arranged for him to visit a Sydney school.Writing and illustration career
<mask>'s career as a writer and illustrator began quite late in his life. He first took black-and-white illustrations to a publisher in 1990, assuming a story would be written by someone else to go with his images. He was, however, instructed to write the story himself and re-do his illustrations in colour. His first picture book was published in 1991. As of 2015, he has had over 70 books published. Many of them are books for children and are self-illustrated. He has also published a few series of novels for pre-teens and young adults.<mask>er and cross stitch kits by GeckoRouge. Awards
<mask>'s first literary recognition came in 1995 when Ruby was awarded the English 4–11 Picture Book Award by the English Association. In 1999 Staircase Cat was shortlisted in the picture book category for the Children's Book of the Year Award by the Children's Book Council of Australia. In the following years, <mask> had success in this category four more times, winning the award for best picture book in 2006 with The Short and Incredibly Happy Life of Riley. His titles that were finalists in other years are The Violin Man, Dust, and The Big Little Book of Happy Sadness, in 2004, 2008, and 2009 respectively. In 2004, <mask>'s novel How to Live Forever was awarded the Aurealis Award in the children's long fiction category. The Floods Family Files was a finalist in the best graphic novel category in 2008.<mask> was added to the International Board on Books for Young People honour list in 2002 for his illustrations in Falling Angels. Castles was awarded the Hampshire Illustrated Book Award in 2007.

masks:
Colin Edward Thompson
Thompson
Colin Edward Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompsonburg
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


title: Norval Morrisseau

texts:
<mask>,  (March 14, 1932 – December 4, 2007), also known as Copper Thunderbird, was an Indigenous Canadian artist from the Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek First Nation. Known as the "Picasso of the North", <mask> created works depicting the legends of his people, the cultural and political tensions between native Canadian and European traditions, his existential struggles, and his deep spirituality and mysticism. His style is characterized by thick black outlines and bright colors. He founded the Woodlands School of Canadian art and was a prominent member of the “Indian Group of Seven”. Biography
An Anishinaabe, <mask> was born March 14, 1932, on the Sand Point Ojibwe reserve near Beardmore, Ontario. His full name is <mask>, but he signs his work using the Cree syllabics writing ᐅᓵᐚᐱᐦᑯᐱᓀᐦᓯ (Ozaawaabiko-binesi, unpointed: ᐅᓴᐘᐱᑯᐱᓀᓯ, "Copper/Brass [Thunder]Bird"), as his pen-name for his Anishnaabe name ᒥᐢᒁᐱᐦᐠ ᐊᓂᒥᐦᑮ (Miskwaabik Animikii, unpointed: ᒥᐢᑿᐱᐠ ᐊᓂᒥᑭ, "Copper Thunderbird"). In accordance with Anishnaabe tradition, he was raised by his maternal grandparents.His grandfather, Moses Potan Nanakonagos, a shaman, taught him the traditions and legends of his people. His grandmother, Grace Theresa Potan Nanakonagos, was a devout Catholic and from her he learned the tenets of Christianity. The contrast between these two religious traditions became an important factor in his intellectual and artistic development. At the age of six, <mask> was sent to a Catholic residential school, where students were educated in the European tradition, native culture was suppressed, and the use of native language was forbidden. After two years he returned home and started attending a local community school. At the age of 19, he became very sick. He was taken to a doctor but his health kept deteriorating.Fearing for his life, his mother called a medicine-woman who performed a renaming ceremony: she gave him the new name Copper Thunderbird. According to Anishnaabe tradition, giving a powerful name to a dying person can give them new energy and save their lives. <mask> recovered after the ceremony and from then on always signed his works with his new name. When he started painting, he was discouraged from sharing traditional stories and images outside of the First Nation, but he decided to break this taboo. <mask> contracted tuberculosis in 1956 and was sent to Fort William Sanatorium to recover. There he met his future wife Harriet Kakegamic with whom he had seven children, Victoria, Michael, Peter, David, Lisa, Eugene, and Christian. After being invited by Ontario Provincial Police Constable, Robert Sheppard, to meet the artist, the anthropologist Selwyn Dewdney became an early advocate of <mask>'s and was very interested in <mask>'s deep knowledge of native culture and myth.Dewdney was the first to take his art to a wider public. Jack Pollock, a Toronto art dealer, helped expose <mask>'s art to a wider audience in the 1960s. The two initially met in 1962 while Pollock was teaching a painting workshop in Beardmore. As Pollock did not drive, Susan Ross whom <mask> had met in 1961  and Sheila Burnford drove Pollock to visit <mask> at his home to view more of his works. Struck by the genius of <mask>'s art, he immediately organized an exhibition of his work at his Toronto gallery. One of <mask>'s early commissions was for a large mural in the Indians of Canada Pavilion at Expo 67, a revolutionary exhibit voicing the dissatisfaction of the First Nations People of Canada with their social and political situation. In 1972, <mask> was caught in a hotel fire in Vancouver and suffered serious burns.On that occasion, he had a vision of Jesus encouraging him to be a role model through his art. He converted to the apostolic faith and started introducing Christian themes in his art. A year later he was arrested for drunk and disorderly behaviour and was incarcerated for his own protection. He was assigned an extra cell as a studio and was allowed to attend a nearby church. <mask> was the founder of a Canadian-originated school of art called Woodland or sometimes Legend or Medicine painting. His work is influential on a group of younger Ojibwe and Cree artists, such as Blake Debassige, Benjamin Chee Chee, and Leland Bell. His influence on the Woodland school of artists was recognized in 1984 by the Art Gallery of Ontario exhibit <mask> <mask> and the Emergence of the Image Makers.He spent his youth in remote isolation in northern Ontario, near Thunder Bay, where his artistic style developed without the usual influences of other artist's imagery. As the sole originator of his "Woodland" style he has become an inspiration to three generations of artists. In 1978, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. As <mask>'s health began to decline as a result of Parkinson's disease and a stroke in 1994, he was cared for by his adopted family Gabe and Michelle Vadas. In 2005 and 2006, the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa organized a retrospective of his work. This was the first time that the Gallery dedicated a solo exposition to a native artist.In the final months of his life, the artist used a wheelchair and lived in a residence in Nanaimo, British Columbia. He was unable to paint due to his poor health. He died of cardiac arrest—complications arising from Parkinson's disease on December 4, 2007 in Toronto General Hospital. He was buried after a private ceremony in Northern Ontario next to the grave of his former wife, Harriet, on Anishinaabe land. The National Arts Centre, urban ink co-production, Copper Thunderbird, premiered on the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) on Monday, February 4, 2008. <mask> <mask> was honoured with a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award during the NAAF Awards show in 2008. Style

<mask> was a self-taught artist.He developed his own techniques and artistic vocabulary that captured ancient legends and images that came to him in visions or dreams. He was originally criticized by the native community because his images disclosed traditional spiritual knowledge. Initially he painted on any material that he could find, especially birchbark, and also moose hide. Dewdney encouraged him to use earth-tone colors and traditional material, which he thought were appropriate to <mask>'s native style. The subjects of his art in the early period were myths and traditions of the Anishnaabe people. He is acknowledged to have initiated the Woodland School of native art, where images similar to the petroglyphs of the Great Lakes region were now captured in paintings and prints. His later style changed: he used more standard material and the colors became progressively brighter, eventually obtaining a neon-like brilliance.The themes also moved from traditional myth to depicting his own personal struggles. He also produced art depicting Christian subjects: during his incarceration, he attended a local church where he was struck by the beauty of the images on stained-glass windows. Some of his paintings, like Indian Jesus Christ, imitate that style and represent characters from the Bible with native features. After he joined the new age religion Eckankar in 1976, he started representing on canvas its mystical beliefs. <mask>, who was bisexual, also produced erotic works featuring sexuality between male figures and between male and female figures. Most of these works are now held in private collections. Other works explored Indigenous conceptions of gender fluidity, such as his massive work Androgyny (1983), which was formerly exhibited at Rideau Hall.The cover art for the Bruce Cockburn album Dancing in the Dragon's Jaws is a painting by <mask> <mask>. Fakes and forgeries

The prevalence of fakes and forgeries was of deep concern to <mask>, particularly during his later years, and he actively sought to remove these from the marketplace. In 2005, <mask> established the Norval Morrisseau Heritage Society (NMHS). The Society is currently compiling a database of <mask> <mask> paintings to discredit many prevalent Morrisseau forgeries. This committee, not affiliated with any commercial gallery or art dealer, comprises highly respected members of the academic, legal and Aboriginal communities working on a volunteer basis. It is charged with creating a complete catalogue raisonné of <mask> <mask> artwork. The NMHS is currently researching Morrisseau art, provenance and materials and techniques in order to complete the task assigned to them by the artist.The NMHS continue their work and in 2008, were in Red Lake, Ontario to research additional information and art by the artist. The Art Dealers Association of Canada (ADAC) issued the following directive in the Winter 2007 newsletter to their membership: "The Art Dealers Association of Canada is enacting a rule and regulation that no certificates of authenticity will be issued by any members of ADAC with respect to any works or purported works by <mask> <mask> and that the Norval Morrisseau Heritage Society is the sole authority for the authentication of works by <mask> <mask>." ADAC also revoked the membership of a dealer who failed to comply with this directive. <mask> also engaged in more direct intervention, identifying fake and forged works available for sale, particularly those purported to be painted by him in the so-called "70s style". He wrote to galleries and made sworn declarations identifying items being sold as "fakes and imitations". More than ten sworn declarations  were directed to at least seven dealers and galleries during 1993–2007, requesting that fake and forged works be removed or destroyed. These dealers were the Artworld of Sherway, Gallery Sunami, Maslak McLeod Gallery, Bearclaw Gallery, Gary Bruce Thacky (AKA Gary Lamont of Thunder Bay, Ontario) and Randy Potter Estate Auctions.Building on <mask>’s efforts, for the last 20 years, the battle to stop the proliferation of fakes has waged. Lawyers, doctors, <mask>’s friends, apprentice and estate, as well as leading native art scholars, government workers and many others, including musician Kevin Hearn of the Barenaked Ladies, have tried to help in <mask>’s battle by exposing the existence of a fraud ring manufacturing fake <mask> paintings. The 2019 documentary film There Are No Fakes, directed by Jamie Kastner, helped to bring this issue into the public view. Recently in 2019, after hearing testimony from people inside the fraud ring itself, the Ontario Superior and Appeal courts recognized the existence of that fraud. The courts also found that the Maslak-McLeod Gallery, a vendor of works attributed to <mask>, had acted fraudulently. :

“The (previous lower court) trial judge erred in failing to find that the Gallery’s provision of a valid provenance statement was a term of the purchase and a warranty, not mere puffery,” the new appeal decision states. Mr. McLeod’s assertion that the painting was genuine was only matched by his elusiveness in demonstrating that fact, which can only be explained as deliberate,” said the appeal panel.“With respect to the provenance statement, Mr. McLeod made a false representation, either knowing that it was false and without an honest belief in its truth, or he made the statement recklessly without caring whether it was true or false, with the intent that Mr. Hearn would rely upon it, which he did, to his personal loss.”
Gallery owner Joseph McLeod is no longer alive; McLeod’s estate has been ordered to pay Hearn $50,000 for breach of contract and breach of the Sale of Goods Act, plus punitive damages of $10,000." The debate concerning the authenticity of the "70s paintings" commonly found in the marketplace, continues with ongoing litigation. Law enforcement have launched an active investigation into the <mask> Morrisseau art fraud as confirmed by the National Post:

"However, police in Thunder Bay say they have now launched a criminal investigation into a possible art fraud ring involving <mask> paintings. Spokesman Scott Paradis said Friday investigators are “not prepared to speak about potential suspects or persons of interest.” "The criminal investigation is one of several major developments to take place after what’s shown in the film, which ends with the outcome of the lawsuit." <mask> <mask>: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2016. <mask> <mask>, Legends of my People, The Great Ojibway, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1977,
 Jack Pollock, Lister Sinclair, "The Art of <mask> Morrisseau", Methuen & Co., USA, 1979, .<mask> <mask>, Donald C. Robinson, Travels to the House of Invention, Key Porter Books Ltd, Canada, 1997, . Basil H. Johnston, The Art of <mask> <mask>, The Writings of Basil H. Johnston, The Glenbow Museum, Calgary, 1999. <mask> <mask>, Donald C. Robinson, Return to the House of Invention, Key Porter Books Ltd, Canada, 2005, . Greg Hill, <mask> <mask>: Shaman Artist, Douglas & McIntyre, Canada, 2006, . Marie Clements, "Copper Thunderbird", Talonbooks, Canada, 2007, . External links
 Boston Globe Obituary: <mask> <mask>, was native artist of Canada
 Canadian Encyclopedia
Life and Work by Carmen Robertson (Art Canada Institute)
 There Are No Fakes: A Documentary by Jamie Kastner
Paul and Mary Okanski fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Nancy Robinson Villarroel fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

1932 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Ontario
Members of the Order of Canada
Ojibwe people
People from Thunder Bay District
First Nations painters
Artists from Ontario
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
20th-century First Nations painters
Woodlands style
Indspire Awards
LGBT artists from Canada
LGBT First Nations people
Canadian male painters
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Norval Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Jean Baptiste Norman Henry Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau
Norval
Morrisseau


title: Rudolph Bergh

texts:
<mask> (15 October 1824 – 20 July 1909), full name <mask>, was a Danish physician and malacologist. He worked in Copenhagen. As a doctor his speciality was sexually transmitted diseases. In Copenhagen a hospital and a street are named after him. <mask> was also an active malacologist, i.e. a zoologist who studies molluscs, in particular the nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropods. He had well over 90 publications in this field and took part in a scientific expedition to Indonesia.He named and described numerous species of nudibranchs. Biography
<mask> was born in Copenhagen. His father was chief physician in the army Ludvig Anton Berg (1793–1853). His mother was Anne Sophie Kirstine (maiden name Pedersen). <mask> graduated from the Det von Westenske Institut in 1842, and received his medical degree in 1849. Dr. <mask> became an attending physician at what was then Almindeligt Hospital, the general hospital in Amaliegade, Copenhagen, in 1863. He worked in the department of skin diseases and venereal diseases.In 1886, he moved from there to Vestre Hospital, where he worked until 1903. <mask> died in 1909. One year after his death, Vestre Hospital was renamed Rudolph Bergh Hospital in honor of his memory. At that hospital, anyone who wished to could be tested for sexually transmitted diseases, and get advice on safe sex and birth control without any change and while retaining their anonymity. In 2000, some of these functions were transferred to Bispebjerg Hospital. There is a bust of <mask> in Copenhagen, in front of the eponymous "Rudolph Bergh's Hospital", on Tietgensgade. The bust was a gift from his colleagues and stood for years in his home.After his death <mask>'s widow donated it to the hospital. <mask> was awarded a knighthood of the Third Class Order (Ridder af Dannebrog) of Order of the Dannebrog and also the Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn (Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog). In Copenhagen there is a street named in honor of him: <mask> Gade (in English: <mask>'s Street) in Ydre Østerbro. His son <mask> <mask> (September 22, 1859 - December 7, 1924) was a zoologist and a composer. As a physician
His medical specialization was sexually transmitted diseases. Among the many texts that <mask> wrote was About Tattoos in the public woman, which was published in the Hospital Journal in 1891. The work is about connections between prostitution, crime and tattoos.The article seems antiquated today and should not be taken as the sole expression of <mask>h great efforts to improve public health and in particular reduce the harmful effects of sexually transmitted diseases. <mask> was also one of the editors of the hospital magazine Hospitalstidende, where he published nearly all of his over 50 medical articles. Bergh R. (1891). "Om Tatoveringer hos de offentlige Fruentimmer". (in English: About Tattoos in the public woman) Særtryk af "Hospitals-Tidende". Copenhagen. As a zoologist
<mask> started to study molluscs when he was nearly 30, probably under the influence of Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish biologist who was 11 years older than he was and who was a professor of zoology at the University of Copenhagen.He wrote reports of the Challenger expedition (1884) and the Albatross expedition (1894). He took part in the examination of species that were collected during the "Siboga Expedition". Bergh became the world's leading expert on nudibranchs. He wrote his main malacological works as well as over 90 malacological articles and papers. Among other notable works are his work about the anatomy of the radula of the genus Conus (1896). His malacological drawing are considered to be "excellent". He was mainly anatomist and reached great progress in systematics based on anatomy of nervous system and of reproductive system of gastropods.Bergh was very active in naming and describing species of nudibranchs and other sea slugs. The species he named include:
 Armina semperi (Bergh, 1861)
 Chromodoris annae Bergh, 1877
 Chromodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879)
 Chromodoris elisabethina (Bergh, 1877)
 Chromodoris morchii Bergh, 1879
 Chromodoris punctilucens Bergh, 1890
 Thuridilla lineolata Bergh, 1905
 Phyllodesmium briareum (Bergh, 1896)
 Phyllodesmium longicirrum (Bergh, 1905)

The nudibranch genus Berghia was named after him by Salvatore Trinchese in 1877. His colleague and friend was German ethnologist and animal ecologist Carl Semper. See also
 Paul Mayer (zoologist)
 Jean Paul Louis Pelseneer
 Mattheus Marinus Schepman
 Edgar Albert Smith

Bibliography
  Bergh R. (1858). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Coniden. Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol.Deutschen Akademie der Naturforschen, Halle. Band 65, number 2, 214 pp., 13 tables. <mask> R. (1870). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: C.G. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Heft 1: 1-30, Pls.1-8. <mask> L. S. R. (1877). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 2, Heft 11, pp.429–494, pls. 54-57. Bergh L. S. R. (1879). Neue Chromodoriden. Malakozool. Blatt, N. E 1 : 87-116; pt. 3 (31 March 1879)
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879).On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Part I. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia 31: 71-132; pl. 1-8 (10 May 1879)
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879). On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska.Part 1. Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 1: 127-188; pl. 9-16
 Bergh L. S. R. (1879). Gattungen nordische Doriden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 45(1): 340-369, pl.19. <mask> L. S. R. (1880). On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Part 2. Sci. Results Explor. Alaska 2: 189-276; pl.1-8 (10 May 1879)
 Bergh, L. S. R.  (1881). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 4, Heft 2, pp. 79–128, pls.G, H, J-L.
 <mask>, R. (1890). "Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer “Blake”, Lieut.-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding. Report on the nudibranchs". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 19(3): 155-181, 3 pls. <mask>, L. S. R.  (1892). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper.Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 3, Heft 18, pp. 995–1165. <mask>, R. (1898). Die Opisthobranchier der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement 4(3): 481-582, pl.28-33. <mask>, R. (1905). Die Opisthobranchia. Siboga Expedition Monograph 50: 1-248. Plates 1-20. <mask>, R. (1908). The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa.Marine investigations in South Africa. Cape Town. 5: 1-144. including 14 plates. (From the Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 12.) References
This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-SA) text from Danish Wikipedia from 5 January 2010. Further reading
 Petersen J. & Colin J.(1888). "<mask>, Ludvig Sophus Rudolf, f. 1824". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814, Kjøbenhavn. 2: 113-115. Dall W. H. (1909). "<mask> Sophus <mask>". Science 30(766): 304.Vayssière A. (1910). "Nécrologie. <mask>". Journal de Conchyliologie 58(1): 110-119. (include portrait and signature)
 Winckworth R. (1946). "On <mask>’s Malacologische Untersuchungen".Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 27(1): 20-22. Burn R. (1978). "Publication dates of <mask>’s 1879 papers describing American chromodorids". The Veliger 20(3): 198-299. Jensen K. R. (2006). "The type collection of specimens described by <mask> and housed in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen". 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Society, Abstracts and Program: 52.(abstract)

External links

 A list of those of his publications which include Western Atlantic sea slugs

Danish venereologists
Danish malacologists

1824 births
1909 deaths

masks:
Rudolph Bergh
Ludvig Sophus Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Rudolph Berghs
Rudolph Bergh
Rudolph Sophus
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Rudolph Berg
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Ludwig Rudolph
Bergh
Rudolph Bergh
Bergh
Bergh
Rudolf Bergh


title: Farah Pandith

texts:
<mask> (born January 13, 1968) is an American academic of Indian descent. She was appointed the first-ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities in June 2009 by Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. The position was made specifically for her after she briefed Secretary Clinton about her work in the Bush Administration. She had the rare distinction of being a political appointee for two Republican presidents and President Obama. When she was the Special Representative she traveled to almost 100 countries. After serving under both Secretaries Clinton and John Kerry, she left government. She said she came to Washington after 9/11 again and wanted to serve – she left after more than a decade in public service.She worked at USAID and then went to the National Security Council and then the U.S. Department of State. When she left in 2014, she returned to her home state of Massachusetts. <mask> Pandith is a senior fellow with the Future of Diplomacy Project at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. Before that she had been a Spring fellow at the Institute of Politics. Right after leaving government she began working with the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue from outside of government. She is currently the Head of Strategy for ISD. She is an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.Book
<mask> Pandith is the author of How We Win: How Cutting-Edge Entrepreneurs, Political Visionaries, Enlightened Business Leaders and Social Media Mavens Can Defeat the Extremist Threat. In, How We Win, she explains how government, the private sector, and civil society can help Muslim youth solve their identity crisis and in turn build a safer, more stable world. She introduces a concept called open power, which she defines as the ability to solve critical human challenges through peer-to-peer exploration, collaboration and ownership. She has received a lot of praise for How We Win. Career
As the first-ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities, <mask> Pandith was responsible for engaging with Muslims around the world both organizationally and individually. Reporting directly to the Secretary of State, Ms. Pandith traveled to nearly one hundred countries and launched youth-focused initiatives. In January 2013, she was awarded the Secretary's Distinguished Honor Award.Prior to her appointment as Special Representative, <mask> <mask> was senior advisor to the assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs at the U.S. Department of State. From December 2004 to February 2007, Ms. Pandith served on the National Security Council staff as the director for Middle East Regional Initiatives. She re-entered government after the attacks on September 11, 2001, to serve as chief of staff of the Bureau for Asia and the Near East for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). In 2004, she spent two months in Afghanistan developing a public outreach strategy. She also served at USAID from 1990–1993 on the administrator's staff and as the special assistant to the director of policy. From 1997 to 2003, Ms. <mask> was Vice President of International Business for ML Strategies, LLC in Boston, Massachusetts, and served as a Commissioner on Governor Paul A. Cellucci's bi-partisan Asian Advisory Commission. <mask> <mask> has also consulted for organizations in the public, private, and non-profit sectors and has served in leadership positions on several boards with a focus on international affairs, women's empowerment, education, and cultural diplomacy.She sits on several boards including on the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy's Board of Advisors. She was a member of Secretary Jeh Johnson's Homeland Security Advisory Council where she chaired its task force on countering violent extremism from 2015-2017. Their task force report in 2016 presented a 50 state CVE plan to protect the homeland. From 2017, she also served as a Commissioner and Strategic Advisor on the Center for Strategic and International Studies CVE Commission. Tony Blair and Leon Panetta were the chairs of the commission. The final report is called Turning Point. Education
<mask> Pandith received a master's degree from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, where she specialized in International Security Studies, Islamic Civilizations and Southwest Asia, and International Negotiation and Conflict Resolution.She received an A.B. in Government and Psychology from Smith College, where she was president of the student body. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Mount Saint Mary's University in 2017 and an honorary Doctor of Laws from Tufts University in 2018. Farrah graduated from Milton Academy located in Milton, MA in 1986. Awards
<mask> <mask> is the recipient of many awards, including the Smith College Medal and the National Campus Leadership Council's Presidential Legacy Award. She has also been the recipient of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Ring of Tolerance, the Tufts University Alumni Distinguished Achievement Award, the University of Massachusetts Lowell Public Service Award, the NDTV Profit Award for Excellence in International Governance, and a RUMI Peace and Dialogue Award for Extraordinary Commitment to Public Service. <mask> <mask> was named one of Boston Magazine’s top ‘Thinkers’ in 2014 and one of Washingtonian’s 100 Most Powerful Women in 2011.Media
<mask> Pandith appears regularly in the print and television media. She wrote a piece for the Washington Post in 2017 on how to fix democracy, advocating for a “Marshall Plan” type of program called the "National Civic Plan." She has been featured on CBS News, NPR, PBS, MSNBC, Bloomberg, CNN, The Cipher Brief, The Boston Globe, New York Times, Washington Post, among others. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Srinagar, India, and was raised in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. She divides her time between Washington, D.C.; London; and Cambridge, Massachusetts. References

External links

 <mask> Pandith Website

Indian people
American diplomats
Obama administration personnel
Living people
1968 births
Smith College alumni
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
People from Srinagar
Milton Academy alumni
American politicians of Indian descent

masks:
Farah Pandith
Farah
Farah
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Pandith
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Pandith
Farah
Farah
Pandith
Farah


title: Neagu Djuvara

texts:
<mask> (; 18 August 1916 – 25 January 2018) was a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. Biography

Early life
A native of Bucharest, he was descended from an aristocratic Aromanian family. His father, Marcel, a graduate of the Technical University of Berlin and a captain in the Romanian Royal Army's Engineer Corps, died of the Spanish flu in 1918; his mother, Tinca, was the last descendant of the Grădișteanu family of boyar origins (according to Djuvara, she was related to all boyar families in Wallachia). Djuvara's uncles Trandafir and <mask> were notable public figures. <mask> was born during World War I; as an infant, he was taken by his family into refuge in Iași after the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers, and then, through Imperial Russia, into Belgium, where <mask> was Minister Plenipotentiary. He attended lycée in Nice, France, and graduated in Letters (1937) and Law (1940) from the University of Paris (his Law thesis dealt with the antisemitic legislation passed by the governments of King Carol II in Romania). <mask> later stated that, at the time, his political sympathies veered towards the far right: he became a supporter of the Romanian fascist movement, the Iron Guard, and took part in the February 1934 riot against the French Radical-Socialist government of Édouard Daladier.During World War II, he returned to Romania, where he married and fathered a daughter. He joined the Romanian Armed Forces and was stationed in Ploiești under the Iron Guard's National Legionary government. Following the establishment of Ion Antonescu's dictatorship and the start of Operation Barbarossa (see Romania during World War II), as an officer cadet, he fought on the Eastern Front, saw action in Bassarabia and Transnistria, before being wounded in the arm during the Battle of Odessa (1941). He stated that he gave up his interest in the far right after a 1943 dialog with fellow diplomat Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu, who convinced Djuvara to become "a supporter of parliamentary democracy". Diplomat
Subsequently, <mask> decided to apply for office in the diplomatic corps, won the competition, and was sent by Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu as a diplomatic courier to Sweden, on the very day Ion Antonescu was toppled by a coup d'état and Romania pulled out of the Axis Powers to join the Allies (August 23, 1944). In this capacity, he was instructed to communicate to the Romanian Ambassador in Stockholm, Frederic Nanu, that he was to ask the Soviet representative Alexandra Kollontai whether earlier terms advanced by Joseph Stalin in regard to peace with Romania were still valid (Nanu was also told not to inform the Western Allies of these talks). Speaking in retrospect, he argued against claims made by Nanu, according to which Ion Antonescu had thus indicated his willingness to step down and hand leadership of Romania to King Mihai I.According to Djuvara, the last Soviet offer for Antonescu made only minor concessions – the entire country was to be occupied by the Red Army, with the exception of a random western county (to function as a provisional administrative center), and 15 days were given to the Romanian government to reach an armistice with Nazi Germany (<mask> considered this latter expectation particularly unrealistic, as it involved Germany consciously abandoning Romanian territory to its enemy). Furthermore, Djuvara indicated, "Neither I nor Nanu were mandated to sign any document, to launch into any peace process". Appointed Legation Secretary in Stockholm by the Constantin Sănătescu executive, <mask> was dismissed by the new Romanian Communist Party officials upon Ana Pauker's appointment as Foreign Minister (1947). Exile
Having been implicated in absentia in the series of show trials inaugurated in the wake of Communist Romania by the Tămădău Affair, accused of being a spy, he decided to remain abroad. He left for Paris and was subsequently involved in advocacy of anti-communist political causes and the rallying of exiled intellectuals. Briefly employed by the International Refugee Organization, <mask> became involved with the body of Romanian exiles, the Romanian National Committee, and helped organize American-assisted drops of voluntary paratroopers in support of the Romanian anti-communist resistance (most of whom were captured by the Securitate). He renounced his position by 1951, and subsequently worked for the exile magazine Casa Românească.In 1961, he settled in Niger, serving as an adviser for the country's Foreign Ministry (extending a two-year contract until 1984), and was a professor of International Law and Economic History at the University of Niamey. Djuvara was an acquaintance of President Hamani Diori, and notably accompanied him on official duty to Addis Ababa, attending the opening session of the Organisation of African Unity (1963). Having already begun to further his studies of Philosophy in Paris, he received a Sorbonne doctorat d'État in the Philosophy of history (with the thesis Civilisations et lois historiques, guided by Raymond Aron). He was later awarded a diploma in Philology from INALCO. After 1984, he returned to Europe, resuming his activities with Casa Românească and other Romanian cultural institutions in exile. <mask> was an active contributor to Radio Free Europe, and divided his time between Paris and Munich (occasionally traveling to Canada and the United States). Post-1989
Djuvara returned to his native country soon after the Romanian Revolution of 1989.Between 1991 and 1998, he was an associate professor at the University of Bucharest. During the early 1990s, he was a noted critic of Romanian political developments, and especially of the Mineriad and the National Salvation Front government. He later joined the National Liberal Party, and expressed his concern that President Traian Băsescu was unable to complete planned reforms in the wake of Romania's accession to the European Union, as well as his belief that the former Securitate was still in a position of power. He also took a conservative stance on European affairs, being a vocal critic of Europe's multiculturalism. In August 2016, Djuvara turned 100, and upon the occasion was made a knight of the Order of the Star of Romania. His last public appearance was on December 5, 2017, when in an interview, he expressed his grief over the demise of King Michael. He died from pneumonia in Bucharest on 25 January 2018, at the age of 101 years and 147 days, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery.Djuvara was survived by his daughter, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters. Most of his works in Romanian were published by Humanitas. Work as a historian
Most of Djuvara's work concerns the history of Romania and that of the Romanian people, although he published significant works pertaining to the philosophy of history, particularly questioning the existence of what he called "truthful history". Regarding Romanian history, Djuvara advocated continued and extensive research into what he believed was still unexplored territory. His views were often seen as undermining a Romanian national identity, mainly because of his expressing doubts on the scientific accuracy of most historic research done in Romania since the unification of 1918, and putting forward controversial hypotheses concerning the origin of the Romanians, such as advancing the theory that the vast majority of the nobility in the medieval states that made up the territory of modern-day Romania was of Cuman origin. He also published extensively regarding the relationship between his native Romania and Europe, placing the country politically and culturally "between East and West", citing it as the "last to enter what is commonly called the European concert", referring not to Romania's 2007 accession to the European Union, but to the country's change of orientation towards adopting a Western political and cultural model. He has voiced his concern regarding multiculturalism in Europe, a policy which he views as detrimental to stability within the EU.He was a critic of what he perceived to be an excessively pro-Western attitude in Romanian politics, suggesting that Romanian society and culture could not be classified as Western, citing Orthodoxy as the predominant religion, the presence of many non-Latin elements in the modern Romanian language and the country's history in the past centuries as arguments. He also wrote about what he called the "American hegemony" and its premises, analysing the influence which the United States and its foreign policy have had on the world and, more specifically, on Europe. He characterised the efforts of the United States to establish what resembles a hegemony in Europe and other parts of the world as a "Seventy-Seven Years' War" waged throughout most of the 20th century. <mask> can be seen as a populariser and "de-mystifier" of history, having published books aimed a younger audience as well as books seeking to explain the historical basis for mythical figures such as Dracula or Negru Vodă. He also published memories from his exile, recounting his life and work in Paris, France, and Niamey, Niger. <mask> has claimed that Romanian marshal Ion Antonescu, who ruled Romania during World War II, was in fact an Albanian of Romania or, as he called him, an . Romanian historian Ion Teodorescu agrees with this view.References

External links
 Page at the Humanitas site

1916 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Romania
Aromanian people
Foreign relations of Niger
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Male essayists
Men centenarians
Romanian male novelists
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Writers from Bucharest
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Romanian activists
Romanian anti-communists
Romanian centenarians
Romanian children's writers
Romanian defectors
Romanian essayists
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian journalists
Romanian Land Forces officers
Romanian memoirists
Romanian monarchists
Nobility from Bucharest
Romanian novelists
Romanian people of World War II
Romanian philosophers
Romanian political scientists
Romanian writers in French
University of Bucharest faculty
University of Paris alumni
Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)
20th-century Romanian historians
21st-century Romanian historians
Diplomats from Bucharest
Abdou Moumouni University faculty
Romanian generals
Burials at Bellu Cemetery

masks:
Neagu Bunea Djuvara
Alexandru Djuvara
Djuvara
Trandafir Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara
Djuvara


title: Montgomery Schuyler

texts:
<mask> AIA, (August 19, 1843, Ithaca, New York – July 16, 1914, New Rochelle, New York) was a highly influential critic, journalist and editorial writer in New York City who wrote about and influenced art, literature, music and architecture during the city's "Gilded Age." He was active as a journalist for over forty years but is principally noted as a highly influential architecture critic, and advocate of modern designs and defender of the skyscraper. Early life
<mask> was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 19, 1843. He was the son of Eleanor (née Johnson<mask> (1818–1849) and the Rev. Dr. <mask> (1816–1900), one time rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church Grace Church in Orange, New Jersey, which is now known as the Church of the Epiphany. His siblings included <mask> (d. 1850), <mask> (d. 1854), <mask> (1841–1929). After his mother's death, his father remarried to Mary Hall Allen in 1860, with whom his father had another daughter and two sons, <mask>'s half-siblings, Rev.<mask> and <mask>, Jr.

His paternal grandparents were Alborn <mask> (b. 1788) and Caroline (née Butler) <mask>. The <mask>s were one of the oldest families in New York, descendants of Philip Pieterse <mask>, who settled in Beverwyck (now Albany, New York) in 1650, through his son Arent <mask> (1662–1730) and his son Casparus <mask> (1695–1754). His maternal grandparents were Ben Johnson (1783–1848) and Jane (née Dey) Johnson (1798–1881). <mask> entered Hobart College in 1858 but failed to graduate. He became a member of the Sigma Phi Society. Professional career
In 1865, at the end of the American Civil War, <mask> came to New York and worked as an editorial writer on The World before leaving to join the editorial staff of The New York Times in 1883.He worked as an editorial writer for The New York Times for twenty-four years. During his time at The Times, he wrote many articles, including articles about the architecture of Washington, D.C., about the 3,000 miles between New York and California, about the work of William Wordsworth, the work of Russell Sturgis, and the work of Henry James. In the 1870s, <mask> supported Frederick Law Olmsted, a friend, H. H. Richardson, whom he admired, and Leopold Eidlitz in the controversy surrounding the completion of the New York State Capitol buildings. In 1882, <mask>, who lived at the end of East 84th Street in Manhattan, proposed building a residential development project between East 81st Street and East 84th Street, along the East River just south of the East River Park (now known as the Carl Schurz Park). In 1883, <mask> wrote upon the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York:

"It so happens that the work which is likely to be our most durable monument, and to convey some knowledge of us to the most remote posterity, is a work of bare utility; not a shrine, not a fortress, not a palace, but a bridge." From 1885–1887, he was managing editor of Harper's Weekly, and from 1887 to 1894, was connected with the publishing department of Harper & Bros., serving both in an editorial capacity and as a writer. In the last few years of his career, <mask> was a contributor to The Sun, and also wrote for many magazines and periodicals, particularly on the subject of architecture, in which he specialized.He was a staunch advocate of the modern skyscraper, who believed that it was "a legitimate architectural expression of our times." In 1892, he published his seminal work, American Architecture Studies published by Harper & Brothers Publishers. In the book, similarly to Louis Sullivan's feelings in his 1892 book, Ornament in Architecture, he stated: "If you were to scrape down to the face of the main wall of the buildings of these streets, you would find that you had simply removed all the architecture, and that you had left the buildings as good as ever." Later life
He retired from the New York Times in 1907 and moved to New Rochelle, New York, "taking an active interest in local affairs, acting in an advisory capacity on questions of beautifying the city and the artistic and harmonious architectural development of the town." <mask> was a member of the American Institute of Architects, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the Century Club. Personal life
In 1876, he married Katherine Beeckman Livingston (1842–1914). Their families were previously connected as <mask>'s seven times great-aunt had married Katherine's ancestor, Robert Livingston, first Lord of the manor of Livingston (also ancestor of both Presidents Bush and Eleanor Roosevelt) in Albany in 1679.Together, <mask> and Katherine were the parents of:

 <mask>, Jr. (1877-1955), who was secretary to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1902, U.S. Consul General in Bangkok, U.S. Minister to Ecuador, U.S. Minister to El Salvador. Robert Livingston <mask> (1883–1966), who served as President of the American Historical Association. <mask>'s wife died on July 7, 1914. <mask> died of pneumonia shortly thereafter at his home at 250 Winyah Avenue, New Rochelle, New York, on July 16, 1914. He was buried alongside his wife at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Published works
 Westward the Course of Empire
 Studies in American Architecture
 The Brooklyn Bridge (with W. C. Conant)
 Articles for Harper's Magazine
 "Recent Building in New York" (September 1883)
 "The Metropolitan Opera-house" (November 1883)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. III.—St.Paul and Minneapolis" (October 1891)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. Chicago.—II" (September 1891)
 "Glimpses of western architecture. Chicago.—I" (August 1891)
 American Architecture Studies (1892), Harper & Brothers Publishers

References

External links

Links to his books on Amazon.com
Review by James Early of Vassar College in the Society of Architectural Historians (1962) for the book William H. Jordy and Ralph Coe, eds.<mask>: American Architecture and Other Writings. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962)
<mask>'s quotes on American bridges

1843 births
1914 deaths
<mask> family
19th-century American architects
American newspaper journalists
American critics
American architecture writers
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Dutch descent
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
Writers from Ithaca, New York
The New York Times editors
Harper's Weekly editors

masks:
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
) Schuyler
Anthony Schuyler
Eleanor Schuyler
Ben Johnson Schuyler
Charles Brother Schuyler
Montgomery
Hamilton Schuyler
Anthony Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Montgomery
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler
Montgomery Schuyler
Schuyler
Schuyler


title: Puttanna Kanagal

texts:
Shubraveshti Ramaswamiah Seetharama Sharma (1 December 1933 – 5 June 1985), known popularly as S. R<mask>, was an Indian filmmaker known for his work in Kannada cinema. He is often considered one of India's most influential filmmakers. Background and personal life
<mask> was born to Ramaswamaiah and Subbamma in Kanagal, a village in the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore into a poor family. As he hailed from a poor brahmin family, he had to endure hardships and struggled to get a decent job. He worked as a teacher, salesman and even as a cleaner. His job as a publicity boy brought him closer to theatre and subsequently to cinema. His association with films began when he started working for B. R. Panthulu as an assistant director and also as his driver.His first film as an assistant director was Rathnagiri Rahasya (1957). <mask> married Nagalakshmi at very young age and they had 5 children. However he fell in love with his protege and leading actress in 1970s Aarathi and they got married during 1976–77. They had a daughter Yashaswini, who was born in 1978. However, due to creative differences <mask> and Aarathi separated in 1981. In 1981 <mask>'s magnum opus Ranganayaki did not do as well as expected at the box office, even though it gained critical acclaim and later went on to become a cult classic. In addition to this, separation from Aarathi had impacted his health.He had no work in hand for 14 months starting from late 1980 to mid of 1982. Srinath whom Puttanna directed in blockbuster films like Shubhamangala and Dharmasere came to his help, and they made Maanasa Sarovara which became an average hit and helped Puttanna bounce back. His later films like Amruta Ghalige and Runamukthalu did reasonably well. <mask> died on 5 June 1985 in Bengaluru while shooting Masanada Hoovu. Starting his career as a publicity boy, <mask> was drawn into independent filmmaking after a stint in theatre and working with film director and producer B. R. Panthulu as his assistant. <mask>'s assistants include Tamil directors S. P. Muthuraman, Bharathiraja, and T. S. Nagabharana. Although a majority of <mask>'s films were on offbeat or taboo subjects, generally women-centric, he endeared himself to both the critics and ordinary film goers alike making "bridge films" between art and commercial cinema.His film in Kannada, Gejje Pooje, based on a novel of the same name by M. K. Indira is considered a landmark film. He would go on to direct other films such as Kappu Bilupu (1969), Sharapanjara (1971), Naagarahaavu (1972), Edakallu Guddada Mele (1973), Shubhamangala (1975) and Ranganayaki (1981), all of which are seen as milestones in Kannada cinema. He also directed a handful of films in Malayalam, Tamil Telugu and Hindi languages. As a director
Often credited as a movie-maker much ahead of his times, his first directorial venture was the 1964 Malayalam movie  School Master, a remake of his mentor B. R. Panthulu's Kannada classic of the same name. He then directed another Malayalam movie Poochakkanni (Cat eyed/Hazel eyed lady) based on the Kannada novel Bekkina Kannu by Triveni. <mask>'s first Kannada film as a director was Bellimoda (Silver Cloud) in 1967. Starring Kalpana and Kalyan Kumar, this movie was a critical and commercial success.Legend has it that <mask> scouted for a week to find the perfect location for the mellifluous song mooDala maneyaa. Belli Moda is credited as the first Kannada movie to be shot exclusively outdoors. He directed many masterpieces like Gejje Pooje, Sharapanjara, Naagarahaavu etc. '. His last film was Savira Mettilu, which never released during his lifetime. He also provided a platform for many actors such as Kalpana, Aarathi, Leelavathi, Jayanthi, Padma Vasanthi, Srinath, Rajinikanth, Vishnuvardhan, Ambareesh, Jai Jagadish, Chandra Shekhar, Gangadhar, Shivaram, Vajramuni, Sridhar, Ramakrishna and Aparna to showcase their talents. In devotion to Puttanna, Dr.Vishnuvardhan said,  "Puttanna Kanagal Sir was the God-sent teacher for me!And I have been made an actor. I am indebted to guru Puttanaji. He used to conceptualize scenes, narrate them to me, inspire me and extract the potential till then unknown to myself. Acting in a single movie under <mask>'s expertise is an experience of a lifetime." <mask> introduced most of the actors in the Kannada film industry. Tamil director Bharathiraja worked under him. Each of <mask>'s 24 Kannada movies had strong themes filled with unprecedented direction.Tamil legendary film maker K. Balachander, winner of the 2010 Dadasaheb Phalke Award had great regard for <mask>. In many of his interviews to the media, Balachandar has stated that he considered a much younger, <mask> <mask>, a director from Kannada(Karnataka) film industry to be his guru in film making. An excerpt from one such interview:

Q) You have stated in many interviews that you consider <mask> <mask> (Kannada filmmaker), though younger than you, as your guru in filmmaking. What is it that you learnt from him? A) Age has got nothing to do with learning. You can learn from anybody and everybody. I liked and admired <mask> <mask>, because, at the time when many of our filmmakers lacked the vision of filmmaking in terms of visuals he was the one who insisted on films being visual than oral.Apart from that his ability to churn out the human emotions from his actors was one of his kind. In fact Balachander, for most of the remakes of his Tamil films in Kannada (Benkiyalli Aralida Hoo, Mauna Geethe) has gone on to cast many of the talents like Ashwath, Sridhar, Jai Jagadesh, Ramakrishna, Srinath, nurtured in <mask>'s camp. Also, both <mask>'s and Balachander's films dealt with the issues on women – more so in <mask>'s films. The Visualiser
The Kannada film industry in the 1960s and the 1970s started moving from mythological and historical subjects to socially relevant themes. This metamorphosis was reflected in the rise of bandaaya sahitya or rebellious literature. The New Wave Cinema or Alternate Cinema movement spread across India, particularly in Karnataka, West Bengal and Kerala. Puttanna's movies, however, were seen as a bridge between commercial cinema and alternate cinema.While his plots, based on popular Kannada novels, revolved around strong characters and distinct themes, he added mandatory songs and emotions to distinguish from alternate cinemas. His mastery over symbolism is quite remarkable. He has effectively used effectively in almost all of his movies. <mask> was also considered as a pioneer in picturising songs. In general, his movies contained 4–5 songs. Even with respect to song picturisation, <mask> had a strong sense of colour and imagery. He would go to great lengths to select the locations and costumes for a song.The songs generally reflected the inherent mood of the film. For instance, the song from the movie Manasasarovara, Neene saakida gini, a poignant song, was shot amidst the dust-filled mining areas, thereby reflecting the agony of a man who has lost his true love. Similarly the song sandesha megha sandesha from the movie Sharapanjara was shot in the Madikeri, with innumerable oranges strewn around. He was well known for his effective use of freeze shots and negative images to heighten the introspective effect of key scenes. Although his films were accused of being too woman-centric, <mask> personally felt that such notions were wrong. He was the first director of the Kannada Film Directors Association after its inception in 1984. Poonam Theatre in Jayanagar, Bangalore was renamed in his honor after his last film debuted there.In 2004, the theatre closed until reopening after a 2011 campaign supported by Baraguru Ramachandrappa, V. Manohar and the Democratic Youth Federation of India and was scheduled for demolition in July 2012 but later saved and remodeled. In June 2015, the 30th anniversary of his death was honored with an event organized by the Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy and guests and speakers included Ambareesh, Leelavathi, S. Shivaram, Jai Jagadish, Ashok, K. S. L. Swamy and Rajendra Singh Babu. Awards and honours
<mask> received three National Film Awards, three Filmfare Awards South and multiple Karnataka State Film Awards. Karnataka state honours film directors and various personalities with Puttanna Kanagal Award in his memory every year during the Karnataka State Awards function. List of awards and honours

Filmfare Awards South

National Film Awards

Karnataka State Film Awards

Filmography

References

External links

1933 births
1985 deaths
Hindi-language film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
Kannada film directors
Writers from Mysore
Kannada screenwriters
Filmfare Awards South winners
Businesspeople from Mysore
Film producers from Karnataka
Film directors from Karnataka
Artists from Mysore
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Kannada film cinematographers
20th-century Indian photographers
Cinematographers from Karnataka
Screenwriters from Karnataka
Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners
20th-century Indian screenwriters

masks:
. Puttanna Kagal
Puttanna Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Kanagal
Kanagal
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Kanagal
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Puttanna
Kanagal


title: Jessica Brown Findlay

texts:
<mask> is an English actress. She played Lady Sybil Crawley in the ITV television period drama series Downton Abbey and Emelia Conan Doyle in the 2011 British comedy-drama feature film Albatross. In 2014, she appeared as Beverly Penn in the film adaptation of the Mark Helprin novel Winter's Tale. In 2015, she co-starred in Paul McGuigan's Victor Frankenstein as Lorelei, the Esmerelda-like acrobat. In 2016, she joined the cast of the biopic feature film, England is Mine, about the early life and career of English singer Morrissey, who co-founded the indie rock band The Smiths. <mask> portrayed Charlotte Wells, a madam's daughter and sex worker, in the three series run of Harlots (2017–2019), a period drama television series initially screening on ITV Encore in the UK and on Hulu Plus in the US. As of 2020, she is in the main cast of the series Brave New World.Early life
<mask> grew up in Cookham, Berkshire. Her father is a financial adviser and her mother is a teaching assistant. She told Vanity Fair in 2012, "I grew up there, as did my Mum. My Nan and Granddad are around the corner. It is a very familiar place and incredibly dear to my heart. It's sort of quiet, but wonderfully so." She trained with the National Youth Ballet and the Associates of the Royal Ballet, and at age 15 was invited to dance with the Kirov at the Royal Opera House for a summer season.She attended Furze Platt Senior School in Maidenhead. At the end of her GCSEs, she was accepted to a number of ballet schools, but chose to attend the Arts Educational School for the A-level courses it provided and its pastoral care. She was there for two years. In the second, she had three operations on her ankles, the last of which went wrong, preventing her from continuing as a dancer. After encouragement from an art teacher, she finished her education at Arts Educational School, Tring Park, then moved on to a fine art course at Central Saint Martin's College of Art and Design. In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, she said, "Growing up, I was completely in love and infatuated with ballet. Ballet was my life completely."She subsequently attended university in London, where she discovered the stage. She said, "Acting was the element from ballet that I actually loved and missed the most." Career
<mask> was cast in the lead role of 17-year-old Emilia Conan Doyle for Albatross, a 2011 British coming-of-age comedy drama film directed by Niall MacCormick, co-starring Julia Ormond, Felicity Jones and Sebastian Koch. Its premise is a teenage aspiring writer entering the lives of a dysfunctional family on the south coast of England, with bookish young women meeting up with a peer who lacks any boundaries or inhibitions. She was next cast in two episodes of the British science fiction comedy-drama television show Misfits, where she appeared in the first-season finale as a wholesome religious girl whose superpower is convincing everyone to abandon their delinquent behaviour in favour of celibacy. Almost immediately after her work in Albatross, <mask> was cast in the ITV period drama television series Downton Abbey as Lady Sybil Crawley, the youngest and most forward-thinking of the Grantham daughters. In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, she said, "I thought this character of Sybil was fascinating, and I liked her modern attitude to life."She was the second major cast member to leave the series when her character died from eclampsia after giving birth in the third series. During a 2015 interview, Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes discussed the plot twist: "<mask> <mask>, who played Sybil, had said she was going to leave right from the beginning. She said, 'I'm doing three years, then I'm leaving.' So that was all worked out." She next appeared as Abi in the Black Mirror episode "Fifteen Million Merits" with English actor Daniel Kaluuya. The episode imagined a dystopian future where people earn merits on exercise bikes and the only way to escape their slave-like existence is to audition for reality TV judges. In 2012, <mask> became the face of the Dominic Jones jewellery line.She was cast in Not Another Happy Ending by John McKay, and in the miniseries Labyrinth, based on the novel of the same name by Kate Mosse, portraying Alaïs Pelletier. In 2012, she was cast as Beverly Penn in the film adaptation of the novel Winter's Tale (2014) with Colin Farrell and Russell Crowe. In July 2015, she played emotionally conflicted stepmother Alice Aldridge in The Outcast, the BBC's two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones’ novel. In May 2015, <mask> made her professional theatre debut at the Almeida Theatre,  London, as Electra in a new adaptation of The Oresteia, to positive reviews. The production subsequently moved to the Trafalgar Theatre in London's West End. Writer/director Robert Icke cast <mask> in his production of Uncle Vanya at the same venue in February the following year. In September 2016, it was announced that <mask> would play Ophelia in a new production of Hamlet at the Almeida Theatre in London.The production was critically acclaimed and also later moved to the West End, where it ran until September 2017 with award-winning "Sherlock" and "Fleabag" actor Andrew Scott as Hamlet. In 2016, <mask> joined the cast of a biopic feature film initially entitled Steven, about the early life and career of English singer Morrissey, who co-founded the indie rock band The Smiths. The film, renamed England is Mine, premiered at the Edinburgh Film Festival in 2017, with Dunkirk actor Jack Lowden in the lead role. <mask> starred as <mask> in This Beautiful Fantastic,  a 2016 British romantic drama film directed and written by Simon Aboud as a repressed foundling who forms a new life through her relationships with a curmudgeonly neighbour (Tom Wilkinson), a gifted cook (Andrew Scott) and an eccentric inventor (Jeremy Irvine). In 2017, <mask> portrayed Charlotte Wells, a brothel owner's daughter and famed courtesan, in Harlots, a period drama television series created by Alison Newman and Moira Buffini, and inspired by "The Covent Garden Ladies" by Hallie Rubenhold. It premiered on 27 March 2017 on ITV Encore in the UK and on 29 March 2017 on Hulu Plus in the US. It focuses on Margaret Wells, who runs a brothel in 18th century England and struggles to raise her daughters in a chaotic household.Also in 2017, <mask> voiced the character of Fay in the animated film Monster Family. In 2018, she starred as Elizabeth McKenna in The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society. In May 2019, it was announced that she would star as Lenina Crowne in the NBCUniversal series Brave New World, based on the classic 1932 novel by Aldous Huxley. It was subsequently moved to the Peacock network. In 2021, she starred as Pamela Legat in the Netflix film Munich: The Edge of War, describing events in England and Germany just prior to the start of World War II. Personal life
<mask> began dating actor Ziggy Heath in late 2016. They married on 12 September 2020.Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Berkshire
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
People from Cookham
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Jessica Rose Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Jessica Brown
Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Brown Findlay
Bella Brown
Brown Findlay
Brian Findlay
Brown Findlay


title: Qi Jiguang

texts:
<mask> (, November 12, 1528 – January 17, 1588), courtesy name Yuanjing, art names Nantang and Mengzhu, posthumous name Wuyi, was a Chinese military general and writer of the Ming dynasty. He is best known for leading the defense on the coastal regions against wokou pirate activities in the 16th century, as well as for the reinforcement of the Great Wall of China. <mask> is also known for writing the military manuals Jixiao Xinshu and Lianbing Shiji or Record of Military Training (), which he based on his experience as a martial educator and defensive planner in the Ming military forces. He is regarded as a hero in Chinese culture. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the town of Luqiao in Shandong province to a family with a long military tradition. His forefather served as a military leader under the Hongwu Emperor and died in battle. When Zhu Yuanzhang became the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, he bestowed upon the <mask> family the hereditary post of commander-in-chief of Dengzhou Garrison, a district of the present day Penglai.<mask>ng's father <mask>tong () (1473–1544) was a skilled martial arts expert and an upright and devoted military general. Strongly influenced by his family, <mask>ng took an early interest in the military. As a child, he built ramparts from clay, piled up rubble to form barracks, and made flags from bamboo sticks and paper to play war games with his friends and himself as the commander. When his father died, <mask>ng took over the commandership of Dengzhou Garrison at the age of 17. As his siblings were still young, he married Lady Wang and left domestic affairs to her. Besides building up the naval defense at the garrison, he also led his troops in the defense of Jizhou (薊州, east of present-day Beijing) against Mongol raiders during spring time from 1548 to 1552. At the age of 22, <mask>ng headed for Beijing to take part in the martial imperial examination.During this time, Mongol troops led by Altan Khan broke through the northern defenses and laid siege to Beijing. Candidates participating in the martial arts exam were mobilized to defend the nine gates of the capital. <mask>ng twice submitted defense proposals to the emperor and was noted to have displayed extraordinary valor and military cunning during the battle, and saw the defeat of the invaders. Battles against the wokou pirates

In 1553, <mask>ng was promoted to Assistant Regional Military Commissioner () of Shandong's defense force against wokou pirates, which included Japanese, Portuguese, and Southeast Asians, but were mostly Chinese. When <mask>ng took over the commandership of Shandong's coastal defense, he had less than 10,000 troops at hand, though the recorded strength was 30,000. Furthermore, many of his soldiers who were young and strong men deserted to make a living elsewhere, leaving behind the old and the weak. The troops also lacked training and discipline, while the defense works were dilapidated due to years of negligence.In the fall of 1555, <mask> was sent to Zhejiang where the pirating situation had spiraled out of control. Together with two other generals, Yu Dayou and Tan Lun, <mask> led Ming forces to a decisive victory at Cen Harbor () in 1558. Henceafter, his troops continued to deal blows to the pirates at Taozhu (), Haimen Garrison and Taizhou. After the victory at Cen Harbor, not only was <mask> not credited for his valor, he was almost demoted over slander that he liaised with wokou pirates. With the situation in Zhejiang under control, <mask> shifted his focus to drilling his soldiers. He drafted mainly miners and farmers from the county of Yiwu because he believed these people to be honest and hardworking. He also oversaw the construction of 44 naval vessels of various sizes to be used against pirates at sea.The first trial for <mask>'s new army came in 1559. After a month-long battle with wokou pirate in Taizhou Prefecture, the pirates suffered over 5,000 casualties, while <mask>'s army established a name for itself among both the people of Zhejiang and its enemies. Partly as a result of <mask>'s military success in Zhejiang, pirate activities surged in the province of Fujian. More than 10,000 pirates had established strongholds along the coast from Fu'an in the north to Zhangzhou in the south. In July 1562, <mask>guang led 6,000 elite troops south into Fujian. Within two months, his army had eradicated three major lairs of wokou pirates at Hengyu (), Niutian () and Lindun (). However, his own army also suffered significant losses to fighting and disease.Seeing the pirate infestation in Fujian subdued, <mask> then returned to Zhejiang to regroup. The pirates took the opportunity to invade Fujian again, this time succeeding in conquering Xinghua (興化, present day Putian). In April 1563, <mask>ng led 10,000 troops into Fujian and reclaimed Xinghua. Over the next year, a series of victories by <mask>ng's army finally saw the pirate problem in Fujian resolved. In September 1565, a major battle against wokou pirates was fought on the island of Nan'ao, which lies near the boundary between the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. There <mask> joined arms with his old comrade Yu Dayou again to defeat the remnant of the combined Japanese and Chinese pirate force. Years on the northern frontier

After eliminating the pirate threat, <mask>ng was called to Beijing in late 1567 to take charge of training the imperial guards.With the revolt against the Yuan dynasty in mid-14th century, the Hongwu Emperor drove the Mongols north beyond the Great Wall and founded the Ming dynasty. However, he did not manage to eliminate Mongolian power, which continued to pester the northern frontier for the next two hundred years. When <mask> was in Beijing in 1550, Altan Khan, ruler of the Tumed Mongols, broke through the northern defenses and nearly devastated Beijing. In 1571, the Ming dynasty bestowed the title "Lord Shunyi" () upon Altan Khan and established trade with the Mongols. Altan Khan then forbade his subordinates from raiding Chinese settlements. However, other Mongols led by Jasaghtu Khan continued to test <mask>'s defenses, though without much success. In the next year, he was given command of the troops in Jizhou to defend against the Mongols.<mask> oversaw the repair work on the segment of the Great Wall between Shanhai Pass and Juyong Pass. He also directed the construction of watchtowers along the wall. After two years of hard work, more than 1,000 watchtowers were completed, giving the defensive capability in the north a great boost. In the winter of 1572, <mask> also conducted a month-long military exercise involving more than 100,000 troops. Based on his experience with the exercise he wrote the Records of Military Training (), which became an invaluable reference for military leaders after him. During the early reign of the Wanli Emperor (1570s), the Mongol army led by Dong Huli, chieftain of the Duoyan tribe, continuously invaded the Ming territory. <mask>ng's troops defeated them many times and captured Dong Huli's younger brother Changtu.When Dong Huli brought his nephew and 300 clansmen to beg tearfully for mercy at the outpost, <mask>ng accepted their surrender. Dong released captives from his previous plunders and vowed to never invade Jizhou again. Death
In early 1583, <mask> was relieved of his duty. His wife left him soon after and he spent the rest of his years in poverty and ailing health. He died on 17 January 1588. Legacy

Books by <mask>ng
<mask>guang documented his ideas and experience in the form of two books on military strategy, the Ji Xiao Xin Shu () and the Lianbing Shiji () or Record of Military Training. He also wrote a great number of poems and proses, which he compiled into the Collection of Zhizhi Hall (), named after his study hall during his office in Jizhou.Guangbing
A type of hard pancake called guangbing (光餅, Foochow Romanized: guŏng-biāng, known as kompyang in Malaysia and Indonesia) was named after <mask>ng. Ships named in honor <mask>
The Republic of China Navy Cheng Kung class frigate Chi Kuang (FFG 1105) as well as the People's Liberation Army Navy Type 680 training ship <mask>ng are after him. In popular culture

A Taiwanese film 1978 <mask>ng () (English title Great General) depicts the conflict with the pirates. <mask>ng's late years in Shandong are the subject of the 1980 Hong Kong film, The Warrant of Assassination (). The 2008 Chinese television series The Shaolin Warriors provided a fictional account of <mask>ng enlisting the help of Shaolin Monastery's warrior monks in defending China from the wokou and other invaders. Malaysian actor Christopher Lee played <mask>ng. In 2017 the film God Of War is another fictional portrayal of the General and his wife, with Vincent Zhao in the leading role.A historical portrayal of <mask>ng by actor Yu Beng Lim is represented in the 2007-2008 joint Discovery Channel and Channel 4 special Behind the Great Wall/ The Great Wall of China. The documentary focuses on <mask>'s rebuilding of the Great Wall through his partnership with Senior Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng. References

Bibliography

External links

1527 births
1588 deaths
Chinese military writers
Generals from Shandong
Ming dynasty generals
Ming dynasty writers
Writers from Jining

masks:
Qi Jiguang
Qi
Qi Jiguang
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jing
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi Ji
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Ji
Qi Jigua
Qi
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi Jigua
Qi