title: Anne Northup

texts:
<mask> (born January 22, 1948) is an American Republican politician and educator from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. From 1997 to 2007, she represented the Louisville-centered 3rd congressional district of Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives, where she served on the powerful House Appropriations Committee. She lost reelection to Democrat John Yarmuth in the 2006 election. She then ran for governor, losing by 15 points to embattled Governor of Kentucky Ernie Fletcher in the Republican primary election for the 2007 Kentucky gubernatorial election. Prior to her election to the United States House of Representatives, <mask> had served in the Kentucky House of Representatives. <mask> ran again for her old congressional seat in the 2008 election, losing again to Yarmuth. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a large family, having nine sisters and a brother, and grew up in St. Matthews, a suburb of Louisville.<mask> was educated at Sacred Heart Academy and Saint Mary's College, earning a bachelor's degree in economics and business. Early political career
<mask> first became active in politics as a volunteer for the Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign. She was elected to the Kentucky General Assembly in 1987, where she represented the 32nd district until 1996. U.S. House of Representatives

Tenure

She represented the Louisville-centered 3rd congressional district of Kentucky. Despite the Democratic leanings of the district, she won re-election four times. She served on the powerful House Appropriations Committee. She was one of the wealthiest members of the House of Representatives, ranking 34th out of the 435—with assets of $4.4 million to $15.9 million—based on financial disclosure statements made for the 2006 campaign.Elections

1996
She was elected to the United States House in 1996, narrowly defeating one-term Democratic incumbent Mike Ward with a vote count of 126,625 to 125,326. The seat had been held for the previous 24 years by Democrat Ron Mazzoli. 1998
In 1998, <mask> defeated Democratic candidate Chris Gorman, a former state attorney general, by just 4 percentage points. In December 1998, she voted for three of the four impeachment charges against President Bill Clinton. 2000
In 2000, <mask> faced state representative Eleanor Jordan, who was trying to become Kentucky's first black member of Congress. As with many of <mask>'s other opponents, Jordan, who had begun her political career as an unwed mother on welfare, argued that <mask> too often sided with her Republican counterparts, voting the party line over 90% of the time. This would be a common theme for most of <mask>'s Democratic challengers.<mask> ran on her record of getting federal money for the district, and argued Jordan would be "too liberal" for constituents. The competitive race—the candidates were in a dead heat in early polls—was of national interest in a year when Democrats were trying to regain control of the house. It attracted a visit from then-President Clinton in support of Jordan, and became at the time the second most expensive House race in Kentucky history. A memorable <mask> ad featured a clip of Jordan speaking in the Kentucky House's floor, urging colleagues to hurry up and vote a bill, saying "I have a fund-raiser at 6 o'clock and I want to get out of here." The Courier-Journal credited that ad, combined with Jordan's admission on a local radio program that she did not know the cost of a Medicare bill she had voted for, with Jordan's gradual decline in support late in the campaign. Although the race looked close early on, <mask> pulled away to win with 53 percent of the vote to Jordan's 44 percent, even as Al Gore carried the district. It would remain <mask>'s biggest victory margin until 2004.2004
<mask> was elected to a fifth term with 60 percent of the vote in 2004, her largest margin of victory. Her earlier House races were much closer. She defeated long time Jefferson County Circuit Court Clerk Tony Miller. In three debates in October, she attacked her opponent as uninformed on national issues and unprepared for office. In polls before the debates, <mask> led by 7 percentage points; in polls afterwards, she led by 24 points. She ran on her past performance, as well as the promise of securing funding for two new Ohio River bridges and a new Veteran's Administration hospital. <mask> was endorsed by The Courier-Journal (typically seen as liberal), several local Democratic officeholders, and former state Attorney General Chris Gorman, a Democrat who ran against her for the seat in 1998.2006
Political observers had been amazed at <mask>'s ability to hold onto the 3rd, even though it was easily the most Democratic district in Kentucky. However, she was defeated for re-election to a sixth term in the 2006 congressional election by John Yarmuth, former publisher and editorialist of the Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO), an alternative newsweekly. Although initially considered an underdog for his lack of a political background and the potential for his views to be portrayed as strongly liberal, Yarmuth garnered 122,139 votes (51%) to <mask>'s 116,157 votes (48%). Third party candidates garnered 2,896 votes (1%). The campaign was relatively civil, although ads were run calling Yarmuth a hypocrite for his statements condemning the minimum wage as immoral while his family's restaurants paid some employees minimum wage. <mask> also attempted to exploit Yarmuth's lengthy record in print, repeating in campaign ads some of his potentially unpopular statements (such as allegedly supporting the legalization of marijuana) and holding a press conference to complain that not all of his old columns had been made available to her campaign. Major themes of <mask>'s campaign was that she was independent of the then-unpopular President Bush, and that she was uniquely able to secure federal funds for Louisville projects.Due to her support for many of President Bush's policies and her past campaigning with the president her reelection was closely watched on election night as an indicator as to how well the Democrats would do in the mid-term elections. Later career

2007 gubernatorial campaign

On January 17, 2007 <mask> entered the Republican primary election for Governor of Kentucky. <mask>'s running mate was State Representative Jeff Hoover of Jamestown, Kentucky, Republican leader in the Kentucky House. Northup received endorsements from prominent Kentucky Republicans including U.S. Senator Jim Bunning and Lt. Governor Steve Pence. After a lengthy scandal and investigation during his first term involving alleged abuses of the state's merit-based hiring system, many believed incumbent governor Ernie Fletcher, who sought re-election, no longer had sufficient support from either the Republican Party leadership or voters.It was released from The Courier-Journal newspaper that <mask> was praised as a "formidable" candidate by the state's top Republican leader, long-time U.S Senator and Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, although McConnell stopped short of an endorsement of any particular candidate. <mask> faced Fletcher and businessman Billy Harper in the primary. <mask> began television advertisements about six weeks before the primary election, with the slogan "The only Republican who can win in November". On May 22, 2007, <mask> was defeated in the Republican primary by Fletcher. Fletcher lost in the general election to Democrat Steve Beshear. 2008 congressional campaign

On January 28, 2008, <mask> announced she would run for her old congressional seat in the 2008 election. She had previously endorsed Louisville lawyer Erwin Roberts, who had planned to run, and helped raise money for him.However, Roberts withdrew from the race after learning he would likely be called to active duty in the U.S. Army Reserve. <mask> defeated Bob DeVore Jr. and developer Chris Thieneman in the Republican primary. At a press conference held in front of a gas station on June 17, 2008, <mask> said that the 2008 elections were about the rising price of energy. On November 4, 2008, <mask> was defeated by incumbent Democrat John Yarmuth, 59% to 41%. Consumer Product Safety Commission
On July 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated <mask> to a seat on the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 7. The seat was a Republican seat by statute and <mask> was the choice of the Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell. She was one of the few government regulators who had previously served in Congress.She left the Commission on October 26, 2012. Since her defeat in 2006, no other women have served in Congress from Kentucky. Personal life
She married <mask>, who attended nearby Notre Dame, and they have six children. One of her sisters is Mary T. Meagher, a former competition swimmer and four-time Olympic medalist. See also
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

 opensecrets.org profile — campaign funding and other information
 Voting record maintained by the Washington Post
 FEC — contributions to Northup

1948 births
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Kentucky Republicans
Living people
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Sacred Heart Academy (Louisville) alumni
Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission personnel
Women state legislators in Kentucky
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Women in Kentucky politics
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Candidates in the 2008 United States elections

masks:
Anne Meagher Northup
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Woody Northup


title: Amit Kumar

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 3 July 1952) is an Indian playback singer, actor, music composer. <mask> launched his own music production company, named Kumar Brothers Music. He predominantly worked in  Bollywood and regional film songs since the 1970s, including 150 Hindi and Bengali compositions by R.D. Burman. After Burman's death in 1994, citing a lack of quality music composition, <mask> withdrew from playback singing and concentrated on live orchestra shows. In addition to singing in Hindi, has also performed in Bengali, Bhojpuri, Odia, Assamese, Marathi and Konkani. He is the eldest son of legendary singer-actor <mask>.Early life
<mask> is the son of legendary singer and actor Kishore <mask> and Bengali singer and actress Ruma Guha Thakurta. Like his father, <mask> started singing from an early age and he used to sing at Durga Pooja festivals in Calcutta. At one such function arranged by legendary Bengali actor "Mahanayak" Uttam <mask>, the audience continued requesting encores. While his mother complained that he was singing "filmy" songs, his father decided to bring him to Bombay. Kishore <mask> had cast <mask> as his son in two films that he produced. In the first, Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein he sang Aa Chalke Tujhe, Mein Leke Chaloon to his eleven-year-old son. For the second film, Door Ka Raahi, a teenage <mask> <mask> sang "Main Ik Panchi Matwaala Re", but it was removed from the final cut of the film.Singing career

Early 1970s

<mask> sang professionally for the first time, outside his father's composition, at the age of 21 in 1973. The song was "Hosh Mein Hum Kahan", composed by Sapan Jagmohan for the film Darwaza, which was released in 1978.Officially his first released song was in Main Bhi Akela Hoon from the 1974 film Zindagi Aur Toofan. His duets with his father, such as "Haseeno Ke Chakkar Mein" from Deewangee in 1976, "Nazar Lage Na Saathiyo" from Des Pardes in 1978 and "Sun Chache Bol" from Badthi Ka Naam Dadhi in 1974 became popular. In the 1976 film Balika Badhu, he sang "Bade Achchhe Lagte Hain" by the composer R.D. Burman, by which he attained national fame. This song was named the 26th most-popular film song of 1977 by the radio show Binaca Geetmala. <mask> recorded 170 Hindi songs under R.D.Burman. In 1978, he sang "Aati Rahengi Baharein" in Kasme Vaade, for Randhir Kapoor's character. He also did playback singing for Randhir Kapoor in Chor Ke Ghar Chor (1978) and Dhongee. He sang in various films, including Aandhi, Aap Ke Deewane, Khatta Meetha, Gol Maal, Des Pardes, Ganga Ki Saugandh, Deewanagi (1976), Duniya Meri Jeb Mein, Parvarish, Humare Tumhare (1979) and Baton Baton Mein. The duets he sang with Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle began his public display. 1980s
<mask>'s duet "Ka Janu Main Sajaniya" with Lata Mangeshkar and "Ram Kare Allah Kare" and "Humto Aap Ke Deewane Hai" with Rafi. Then <mask> sang all the songs for the 1981 film Love Story and won a Filmfare Award for the duet "Yaad Aa Rahi Hai" with Mangeshkar.Composer R.D. Burman jokingly told Amit before its release that this song sounds like a bhajan. After the success of Love Story, Rajesh Khanna employed <mask> for playback singing in Fiffty Fiffty (1981) and then later in Aakhir Kyon? (1985), Ghar Ka Chirag, Jai Shiv Shankar, Swarg (1990) and Sautela Bhai (1996). In 1980, <mask> sang "Laila o Laila" for Qurbani. <mask>'s singing in "Aao Naye Sapne Bune", composed by Basudev for Main Qatil Hun (1984). The Asha–<mask> duet "Yun Toh Haseen Hazar" from Shradhanjali in 1981 became a hit.He had several "chart-busters" in 1982 and 1983, and "hits" with the duets "Tu Rootha Toh Main Ro Doongi Sanam", "Gali Gali Dhoonda Tujhe" and solo songs "Halla Gulla Maza Hai" and "Mana Abhi Tu Kamsin" from the film Jawani (1984). In 1985, the duet "Dushman Na Kare" from Akhir Kyun was popular. In 1986, the song "Mary Tu Hoja Meri" from Anokha Rishta and the duet "Roz Roz Ankhon" from Jeeva were popular. He had solo and duet songs in hit films such as Hum Paanch, Bulundi, Itni Si Baat, Hamari Bahu Alka, Anokha Bandhan, Ustaadi Ustad Se, Bheegi Palkein, Khatron Ke Khiladi, Maalamaal, Ilzaam, Anokha Rishta, Rama O Rama, Jaaydaad, Tridev, ChaalBaaz, Aag Se Khelenge, and Dost. <mask> sang for almost all music directors and actors in the 1980s, and was the second-most preferred male playback singer in Hindi films, after his father Kishore <mask>. Among music directors, <mask> <mask> was used more by Pancham from 1975 to 1994 and by Bappi Lahiri from 1983 to 1995. He became the voice of <mask>v in the 1980s and their combination gave many hit songs from films such as Romance (1983), Teri Kasam, Lovers (1983), All-rounder and Telefilm-Janam.He was also the voice for newcomer Karan Shah in films such as Jawani, Anokha Rishta, Apne Apne and Chor Pe Mor and though the songs were popular, only Anokha Rishta and Chor Pe Mor were successful films. In the late 1980s, <mask> sang songs for Anil Kapoor in films including Tezaab, Yudh and Aag Se Khelenge and continued to sing for him in the 1990s. The duets with Asha – "Pehle Pehle Pyar Ki" and "Yeh Tujhe Kya Hua" both from Ilzaam in 1986 and "Tere Naina Mere Naina" from Aag Se Khelenge and "Chotasa Parivaar Hamara" from Dost in 1989 became known in their respective years. The Anuradha Pudwal-<mask> <mask> duet "Kehdo Ke Tum Meri" and solo song "Ek Do Teen" from Tezaab were part of Binaca Geet Mala's annual list in 1988. The song "Oye Oye- Tirchi Topi Waaley" from Tridev was a nationwide hit. <mask> did playback for Naseeruddin Shah in the film Hero Hiralal, which was popular as well. His duet "Yeh Kismat Hai Kya Kisne Dekha Yahan" with Alka Yagnik from Ghar Ka Chirag became popular in 1989.Soon after his father's death, <mask> and his half-brother Sumit <mask> released the album Dui Kishore as a tribute to Kishore <mask>. Early 1990s to 2000
In 1990, the song "Sanam Mere Sanam" of Hum with Alka Yagnik is popular. Baaghi: A Rebel for Love had a smash hit in the song "Kaisa Lagta Hai". From the film Ghayal, the song "Pyaar tum mujhase" was popular. In this decade, <mask> had notable songs in films such as Sailaab, Police Public, Aaj Ka Arjun, 100 Days, Awwal Number, ChaalBaaz, Khel, Vishwatma, Honeymoon, Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj, Gurudev, Bade Miyan Chote Miyan and Judaai and also had hit songs in the films which flopped at the box office, such as Jawani Zindabad, Afsana Pyar Ka, Indrajeet, Sangdil Sanam, Jaagruti, Deewana Mujhsa Nahin and Suryavanshi. <mask> enjoyed a special work relationship, in addition to R.D. Burman and Bappi Lahiri, with the music duo Anand–Milind, who heavily promoted <mask> in the early 1990s.Their collaborations include Baaghi: A Rebel for Love, Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hain, Maha-Sangram, Swarg, Anjaane Rishtey, Talaashi, Sangdil Sanam, Yaad Rakhegi Duniya, Woh Phir Aayegi, Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj, Sanam, Adharm, and Rakhwala. Anand–Milind were one of the few new-age music composers of that period who regularly recorded with <mask>. <mask>'s duets "Nazrein Milin" and "Tip Tip Baarish" with Asha Bhosle in Afsana Pyar Ka were hit songs. His duets such as "Palkon Ke Tale" and "Mujhko Yeh Zindagi Lagti Hai" in Sailaab were hits too. <mask> gained the reputation of being a singer who belted out hit songs irrespective of the film being a commercial success or critically panned. <mask> also worked with Ram Laxman and songs such as the Lata-<mask> <mask> duets "Main Jis Din Bhoola Doon" from Police Public in 1990 and "Le Le Dil" from 100 days in 1991 became popular. In 1990, Asha-Amit duets such as "Aur Suno Kya Haal" and "Baj Uthe Gunghroo" from Chor Pe Mor and Asha-<mask> duets such as "Main Khule Aam Khedun" and "Main Na Jhoot" from Indrajeet in 1991 became popular.In 1992, the Lata-<mask> <mask> duet "Adhi Raat Ko" from Parampara, composed by Shiv-Hari and Asha-<mask> duets such as "Rimjhim Rimjhim Barse" and "Jo Aap Aye" from Jhooti Shaan were huge hits. <mask> delivered more even in 1993, with Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa. The songs "Deewana Dil Deewana" and "Sachhi Yeh Kahani Hai" were written. <mask> also collaborated with another fresh talent from the 1990s, Jatin–Lalit, who had <mask> <mask>ila Hai Pyar Ka, Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.... He even worked with Ilaiyaraaja for the song "Yeh Gulabi Shaam Ka Nasha", a duet with Asha from the film Mera Farz (1988). In 1996, his duet with Asha Bhosle in the film Sapoot – "Kajal Kajal Teri Ankhon Ka", composed by Anu Malik became popular. Later in the decade, <mask> declined most singing offers citing that the quality of music was deteriorating since the 1990s and after the death of R.D.Burman in 1994, with whom <mask> had a special bond, he withdrew himself from the film industry. <mask> started undertaking more live stage performances in various parts of the world since 1996. During these years, he also composed and released music albums, including:
 MAD
 Pyaar Toh Bas Pyaar Hai
 Dam Dama Dam
 Oh sweetheart
 Surer raja
 Sagarika
 Jaanam
 Forever Blue
 Baba Mere

Television career

In the late 1980s, <mask> performed voice work on Doordarshan TV serials such as Chunauti and Campus. He also did songs for the television film Janam, and sang the title tracks for the Hindi-dubbed version of Disney's animated series Duck Tales and Bob the Builder. <mask> was one of the main judges in the May 2008, singing-competition TV show K for Kishore, where singers tried to recreate the atmosphere of his father's songs. He was the main judge of the Zee Bangla singing competition Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mr (Miss Universe 2010). <mask> sang songs for Raju Chacha, Apna Sapna Money Money (2006), Kandahar (2010), Dulha Mil Gaya, Himmatwala (2013).and Club Dancer. Acting career
<mask> <mask>hash Daddy (1979) and Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi (1982). In 1989, he made his last film appearance in his father's incomplete film Mamta Ki Chhaon Mein, which starred himself, his stepmother Leena Chandavarkar and Rajesh Khanna. After his father's death in 1987, he took over as director and completed the film for release in 1989. In his long career in film he acted in a Bengali film namely "Gayak". In this film the name of his character was <mask> and it was of a struggling singer. He sang a number of songs for this film under the direction of Rabin Banerjee.This was the only Bengali film in his career where he acted and sang as a playback singer, for his own reel life for that same film. Besides he had a great role of playback singer in Bengali film industry and in this field he is really successful for over a few decades. Filmography

Awards and nominations

Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer

References

External links

Living people
Bollywood playback singers
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian male playback singers
1952 births

masks:
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Kumar
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Amit


title: Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary

texts:
<mask> (; 22 June 1932 – 26 October 2001) was the queen consort of Iran as the second wife of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, whom she married in 1951. Their marriage suffered many pressures, particularly when it became clear that she was infertile. She rejected the Shah's suggestion that he might take a second wife in order to produce an heir, as he rejected her suggestion that he might abdicate in favor of his half-brother. In March 1958, their divorce was announced. After a brief career as an actress, and a liaison with Italian film director Franco Indovina, Soraya lived alone in Paris until her death. Early life and education

Soraya was the elder child and only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary Bakhtiary (1901–1983), a Bakhtiari nobleman and Iranian ambassador to West Germany in the 1950s, and his Russian-born German wife Eva Karl (1906–1994). She was born in the English Missionary Hospital in Isfahan on 22 June 1932.She had one sibling, a younger brother, Bijan (1937–2001). Her family had long been involved in the Iranian government and diplomatic corps. An uncle, Sardar Assad, was a leader in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of the early 20th century. Soraya was raised in Berlin and Isfahan, and educated in London and Switzerland. Marriage
In 1948, Soraya was introduced to the recently divorced Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, by Forough Zafar Bakhtiary, a close relative of Soraya's, via a photograph taken by Goodarz Bakhtiary, in London, per Forough Zafar's request. At the time Soraya had completed high school at a Swiss finishing school and was studying the English language in London. They were soon engaged: the Shah gave her a 22.37 carat (4.474 g) diamond engagement ring.Soraya married the Shah at Marble Palace, Tehran, on 12 February 1951. Originally the couple had planned to wed on 27 December 1950, but the ceremony was postponed due to the bride being ill. Although the Shah announced that guests should donate money to a special charity for the Iranian poor, among the wedding gifts were a mink coat and a desk set with black diamonds sent by Joseph Stalin; a Steuben glass Bowl of Legends designed by Sidney Waugh and sent by U.S. President and Mrs. Truman; and silver Georgian candlesticks from King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The 2,000 guests included Aga Khan III. The ceremony was decorated with 1.5 tonnes of orchids, tulips and carnations, sent by plane from the Netherlands. Entertainment included an equestrian circus from Rome. The bride wore a silver lamé gown studded with pearls and trimmed with marabou stork feathers, designed for the occasion by Christian Dior.Of all the Shah's many women, it is generally believed that Soraya was the "true love" of his life as she was the one he loved the most. Soraya later wrote about herself and Iran: "I was a dunce. I knew next to nothing of the geography, the legends of my country; nothing of its history, nothing of the Muslim religion". Soraya's upbringing had been entirely German and Catholic, which left her with a mixed identity, and made her the object of much distrust in Iran with Muslim clerics saying the Shah should not marry this "half-European girl" who was not raised a Muslim. Soraya wrote: "The feeling of being both Christian and Muslim, but at the same time of being neither one nor the other has engraved in my flesh two divergent poles between which my existence has unfolded. The one is methodically European, the other savagely Persian". Queen of Iran
Following the marriage, Soraya headed the family charity in Iran.Soraya's marriage was troubled as Mohammad Reza's mother and sisters all saw her as a rival for his love just as they had with his first wife Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt, and continually snubbed and inflicted petty humiliations on her. Soraya hated Ernest Perron, the Shah's best friend and private secretary. Soraya called Perron a "homosexual who detested women, all women" and who "spread poison around the palace as well as our own quarters". She wrote that Perron was a "cunning, perfidious and Machiavellian" man who "roused hatred, stirred gossip, reveled in every intrigue". Much to her disgust, Mohammad Reza was "fascinated with this diabolical Swiss" who professed to be a "philosopher, poet, and a prophet"; the two men met every morning to discuss all the affairs of state in French as Perron was the man whose advice the Shah valued the most, and, as Soraya soon learned, other matters were discussed as well. Much to her revulsion, Perron visited her and made a series of what she called very "lewd" remarks and vulgar questions about her sex life with the Shah, which led her to throw him out of the Marble Palace in her fury. During the confrontation with Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh of the left-wing National Front, Mohammad Reza was often depressed, being in her words "somber and distressed" to the extent he even stopped playing poker with his friends, which had been one of his main passions.She stated that only sex could lift Mohammad Reza out of his depression, and she often invited the Shah into her bed to keep his spirits up. Several times, Soraya advised Mohammad Reza "to screw up his courage to the sticking point". In August 1953, Soraya followed the Shah when he fled to Rome, and complained the Iranian ambassador to Italy failed to arrange for a place for them to stay while the royal couple were constantly harassed by the paparazzi. On 19 August 1953, Soraya remembered how a glum Mohammad Reza was talking about moving to the United States when he received a telegram announcing that Mosaddegh had been overthrown, leading him to shout with joy. After the 1953 coup overthrew Mosaddegh, the Shah's spirits picked up. One of Mohammad Reza and Soraya's favorite activities was masked balls, although Soraya complained the Shah always wore a lion costume (the symbol of royalty) while her attempts to appear as Madame de Pompadour were vetoed under grounds this was inappropriate for a queen, and she forced to appear as Joan of Arc instead. About her husband, Soraya always praised him when he displayed "European" personality traits while criticizing him for "Oriental" behavior.<mask> wrote despite his first marriage and "in spite of countless mistresses he had before me, Mohammad Reza was extremely shy with women . . . he did not like to show his feelings" while praising his eyes as "expressive. Dark brown, almost black, shining, at times hard, at times sad or gentle, they exuded charm and reflected his soul". As Soraya was brought up in Europe, Iran was a "strange" country to her, which the Iranian-American historian Abbas Milani argued explained her attitudes towards ordinary Iranians, which he called borderline racist. Europe was always the model for excellence in everything for her. Soraya described as Queen having to visit "hospitals, orphanages, charities, the people's quarters with their djoubs open to the sky, with streams of dirt water which supplied their dwellings, having first served washerwoman, tramps and dogs. Poverty and squalor.Children with rickets, ravaged women and starving old men, the filth of the alleyways where the houses are no longer houses, where poverty, real poverty prevailed". In contrast to the emphasis on the "filth" of Tehran, Soraya wrote with open admiration about how Paris "dazzled" her. Soraya described her time in Paris as "every day my heart was filled with sunshine. Life was light... it was wonderful to be able go to the cinemas, to drink a glass of lemonade on the terrace of the  brassie... a pleasure forbade." Soraya wrote about her joy at attending school in Europe, unlike the Iranian schools with "the grey uniform, the stove which smoked and polluted the classroom, lessons, homework, work to the point of exhaustion". In October 1954, Mohammad Reza told Soraya he was concerned about the fact that she had not given him an heir and suggested that they visit the United States to seek the help of American fertility doctors. In 1954-55, the Imperial couple paid a lengthy visit to the United States, leaving on 5 December 1954.In New York, Soraya visited doctors who assured her that an inability to bear a child was due to the "shocks, upsets and vexations of the last two years", which reassured her, but in Boston, the doctors told her she was infertile and could never have children. Much of the length of their trip was due to the Shah's efforts to do something to console Soraya who took the news that she was infertile very badly. Unaware of what the doctors had revealed to Soraya, Newsweek sarcastically wrote "even the Shahanshah (King of Kings), Vice Regent of God, Shadow of the Almighty and Center of the Universe deserves a vacation....They [the imperial couple] have spent this winter in a private visit to the U.S...physical check-ups in New York hospitals, sight-seeing in San Francisco, dancing the mambo in Hollywood, skiing in Sun Valley, water-skiing in Miami Beach". Soraya was fascinated with Hollywood and enjoyed meeting American film stars during her stay in Los Angeles. During her time in Los Angeles, Soraya met her favorite stars who were Grace Kelly, Lauren Bacall, Bob Hope, Esther Williams, and Humphrey Bogart. A photograph of Queen Soraya water-skiing in Miami while wearing a bikini became extremely controversial in Iran. Soraya was widely condemned for her immorality for her swimsuit, which was not considered a proper dress for a Muslim, and the photo was banned in Iran in attempt to silence the criticism of the ulema.On 12 February 1955, the imperial couple left the United States for the United Kingdom on the famous liner, the Queen Mary. In London, Mohammad Reza and Soraya had dinner at Buckingham Palace with Queen Elizabeth II; the Prince Consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; the Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill and the Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden. In the final part of their trip, the imperial couple visited Cologne where they stayed with Soraya's parents. The Shah's daughter by his first marriage, Princess Shahnaz, who was studying in Belgium, also went to Cologne to see her father, which caused a jealous Soraya to throw what was called an "embarrassing tantrum", demanding that her husband show love only to her, which finally led to the Shah to tell her to shut up. On 12 March 1955, the Shah and the Queen returned to Tehran, where they were pleased that, despite the fact it was raining, thousands of people had come out to welcome them back. The Shah, who disliked his prime minister, General Fazlollah Zahedi, was well pleased that Zahedi who was suffering from gout was visibly uncomfortable standing out in the rain to welcome him back at the Tehran airport. Later in 1955, the Shah resumed the persecution of the Baháʼí Faith minority, razing their temples.The British diplomat Denis

masks:
Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiary
Soraya


title: Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary

texts:
 Wright protested to the Shah's minister Asadollah Alam, only to be told that Mohammad Reza had to do something to appease the ulema after the photograph of Soraya in a bikini appeared, which had enraged Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, a key ally of the Shah. Divorce

Though the wedding took place during a heavy snow, deemed a good omen, the imperial couple's marriage had disintegrated by early 1958 owing to Soraya's apparent infertility. The Shah's only child, his daughter Princess Shahnaz, had married Ardeshir Zahedi, the son of the former Prime Minister, General Fazlollah Zahedi, a man who Mohammad Reza despised and had dismissed in 1955. The Shah told Soraya that "a Zahedi could not continue the dynasty of the Pahlavis", and that she had to give him a son so the House of Pahlavi could continue. She had sought treatment in Switzerland and France, and in St. Louis with Dr. William Masters. The Shah suggested that he take a second wife to produce an heir, but she rejected that option. In an attempt to save her position as Queen, Soraya told the Shah that he should change the constitution of 1909 to allow one of his half-brothers to succeed him, which Mohammad Reza told her would require "the approval of the Council of the Wise Men" first.Soraya, who had never read the constitution, did not know that there was no "Council of Wise Men", which was the Shah's way of putting off a difficult decision by lying. Mohammad Reza had already amended the constitution twice, so he must have known there was no clause calling for a "Council of Wise Men" to approve amendments. The Shah's domineering mother hated Soraya and was pressuring him to divorce her, telling him it was his duty to father a son to continue the House of Pahlavi. Mohammad Reza persuaded Soraya to leave Iran while he promised he would call the "Council of Wise Men" to change the constitution. Despite this promise, Soraya sensed her husband had turned against her, and before she left Iran one courtier remembered she had "systematically put her house in order". She left Iran in February and eventually went to her parents' home in Cologne, Germany, where the Shah sent his wife's uncle, Senator Sardar Assad in early March 1958, in a failed attempt to convince her to return to Iran. Soraya rejected the offer that she remain queen while the Shah would take a second wife, writing in her memoirs that Mohammad Reza was "fundamentally an Oriental", drawing an unfavorable contrast with the Duke of Windsor "who sacrificed his throne for love", writing that only "Orientals" sacrificed love for their thrones.On 5 March, Mohammad Reza phoned her to tell her she would have to accept him taking a second wife or else he would divorce her. On 10 March, a council of advisers met with the Shah to discuss the situation of the troubled marriage and the lack of an heir. Four days later, it was announced that the imperial couple would divorce. In a press statement issued by the Iranian government, it was announced that Soraya had agreed to the divorce while Soraya later claimed she had last heard from her husband on 5 March and she had not been informed beforehand. It was, the 25-year-old queen said, "a sacrifice of my own happiness". She later told reporters that her husband had no choice but to divorce her. The British Ambassador to Iran reported "Soraya was the Shah's only true love" and he was "a man at an emotional cross-roads", who was happy to be able to marry again while unable to "bring himself to face it" that he had just divorced Soraya.On 21 March 1958, the Iranian New Year's Day, a weeping Shah announced his divorce to the Iranian people in a speech that was broadcast on radio and television; he said that he would not remarry in haste. The headline-making divorce inspired French writer Françoise Mallet-Joris to write a hit pop song, Je veux pleurer comme Soraya ("I Want to Cry Like Soraya"). The marriage was officially ended on 6 April 1958. According to a report in The New York Times, extensive negotiations had preceded the divorce in order to convince Queen Soraya to allow her husband to take a second wife. The Queen, however, citing what she called the sanctity of marriage, decided that "she could not accept the idea of sharing her husband's love with another woman." In a statement issued to the Iranian people from her parents' home in Germany, Soraya said, "Since His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi has deemed it necessary that a successor to the throne must be of direct descent in the male line from generation to generation to generation, I will with my deepest regret in the interest of the future of the State and of the welfare of the people in accordance with the desire of His Majesty the Emperor sacrifice my own happiness, and I will declare my consent to a separation from His Imperial Majesty." Soraya was well rewarded for the divorce with the Shah buying her a penthouse apartment in Paris that was valued at $3 million US, paying her a monthly alimony of $7,000 US (that continued to be paid until the Islamic Revolution overthrew Mohammad Reza in 1979), together with various luxuries such as a 1958 Rolls-Royce Phantom IV, a Mercedes-Benz 300 SL, a Bulgari ruby, a Van Cleef & Arpels brooch and a Harry Winston platinum ring with a 22.37-carat diamond that after her death was sold at the estate auction for $838,350 US.After the divorce, the Shah, who had told a reporter who asked about his feelings for the former Queen that "nobody can carry a torch longer than me", indicated his interest in marrying Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, a daughter of the deposed Italian king Umberto II. In an editorial about the rumors surrounding the marriage of "a Muslim sovereign and a Catholic princess", the Vatican newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, considered the match "a grave danger". Career as actress

After her divorce, Soraya was in a relationship with the director Maximilian Schell and the industrial heir Gunter Sachs and also lived briefly in Munich. Later Soraya moved to France. She launched a brief career as a film actress, for which she used only her first name. Initially, it was announced that she would portray Catherine the Great in a movie about the Russian empress by Dino De Laurentiis, but that project fell through. Instead, she starred in the 1965 movie I tre volti (The Three Faces) and became the companion of its Italian director, Franco Indovina (1932–72).She appeared as a character named <mask> in the 1965 movie She. After Indovina's death in a plane crash, she spent the remainder of her life in Europe, succumbing to depression, which she outlined in her 1991 memoir, Le Palais des solitudes (The Palace of Loneliness). Later years in Paris
During her last years, Soraya lived in Paris on 46 avenue Montaigne. She occasionally attended social events like the parties given by the Duchess de La Rochefoucauld. Her friend and event organizer Massimo Gargia tried to cheer her up and make her meet young people. Soraya was a regular client of the hairdresser Alexandre Zouari. She also enjoyed going to the bar and the lobby of the Hotel Plaza Athénée located opposite her apartment.She was often accompanied by her former lady-in-waiting and loyal friend Madame Chamrizad Firouzabadian. Another friend was Parisian socialite Lily Claire Sarran. In 1979, Soraya wrote to Mohammad Reza as he was dying of cancer in Panama, saying she still loved him and wanted to see him one last time. Mohammad Reza was greatly moved by her letters, and wrote back to her saying he also still loved her and wanted to see her one last time as well, but said Empress Farah could not be present, which presented problems as she was constantly by the former Shah's bedside as he lay dying. In 1980, it was agreed that Soraya would visit Mohammad Reza in Cairo, but he died before she could make the trip, which led Milani to comment that Mohammad Reza and Soraya were true "star-crossed lovers". Soraya did not communicate with the Shah's third wife, Farah, even when both lived in Paris. Death
 Soraya died on 26 October 2001 of undisclosed causes in her apartment in Paris, France; she was 69.Upon learning of her death, her younger brother, Bijan, sadly commented, "After her, I don't have anyone to talk to." Bijan died one week later. After her funeral at the American Cathedral in Paris on 6 November 2001 which was attended by Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, Prince Gholam Reza Pahlavi, the Count and Countess of Paris, the Prince and Princess of Naples, Prince Michel of Orléans, and Princess Ira von Fürstenberg she was buried in the Westfriedhof Quarter Nr. 143, in a cemetery in Munich, along with her parents and brother. Since her death, several women have come forward claiming to be her illegitimate daughter, reportedly born in 1962. According to the Persian-language weekly Nimrooz none of the claims have been confirmed. The newspaper also published an article in 2001 which suggested, without proof, that Princess Soraya and her brother had been murdered.Her belongings were sold at auction in Paris in 2002, for more than $8.3 million. Memoirs

Princess Soraya wrote two memoirs. The first, published in 1964 and published in the United States by Doubleday, was Princess Soraya: Autobiography of Her Imperial Highness. A decade before her death, she and a collaborator, Louis Valentin, wrote another memoir in French, Le Palais des solitudes (Paris: France Loisirs/Michel Laffon, 1991), which was translated into English as Palace of Solitude (London: Quartet Books Ltd, 1992); . Legacy

Soraya's divorce from the Shah inspired French songwriter Francoise Mallet-Jorris to write "Je veux pleurer comme Soraya" (I Want to Cry Like Soraya). A French rose grower bred a sunflower in the former queen's honor, which he called "Empress Soraya". An Italian/German television movie about the princess's life, Soraya (a.k.a.Sad Princess), was broadcast in 2003, starring Anna Valle as Soraya and Erol Sander as the Shah. French actress Mathilda May appeared as the Shah's sister, Princess Shams Pahlavi. Filmography

References

External links

Princess Soraya, souvenirs about Internet lessons in Paris
Photo gallery
Another gallery of her
Bakhtiari World

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1932 births
2001 deaths
Burials at the Westfriedhof (Munich)
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Shia Islam
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
French former Shia Muslims
French people of German descent
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Iranian emigrants to France
Iranian emigrants to Switzerland
Iranian film actresses
Iranian former Shia Muslims
Iranian memoirists
Iranian people of German descent
Lur women
People from Berlin
People from Isfahan
People of Pahlavi Iran
Wives of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Iranian


title: Paul Davison

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1 October 1971) is an English former professional snooker player from Pickering, North Yorkshire. First earning a place on the World Snooker Tour in 1992, he played on the tour until 1997, and has since regained his place on the Tour on three further occasions, most recently in the 2018-19 snooker season. Davison reached a peak of 70th in the world snooker rankings in 2012, and the farthest into a ranking tournament at the 2017 Riga Masters. He has made a total of 76 professional century breaks, the highest being a 144 made in qualifying for the 2001 World Snooker Championship. Career

Early career

In the 2009–10 season he finished third in the PIOS rankings, and thus retained his place on the 2010/2011 professional Main Tour. He came through three qualification matches, concluding with a narrow 5–4 victory over Dominic Dale, to progress to the wildcard round of the 2012 German Masters. He beat Pole Krzysztof Wróbel 5–2 to reach the main stage of a ranking event for the first time, drawing reigning UK Champion Judd Trump and was soundly beaten 1–5 in only 75 minutes.The run earned him valuable ranking points as he continued to strive towards his goal of getting into the top 64 in the world to ensure his place on the tour for next season. However, he did not win another match in the remainder of the season and finished it ranked world number 81, meaning he had to enter Q School to have a chance of playing in the 2012–13 season. In May, Davison won five matches at the second Q School event, concluding with a 4–2 win over Gareth Allen to earn a place on the tour for the next two years. 2012/2013 season
Davison almost qualified for the 2012 International Championship, the fourth ranking event of the 2012/2013 season. He saw off Fraser Patrick, Peter Lines and Ben Woollaston, but then lost 3–6 to Dominic Dale in the final round. Davison had a consistent year in the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship Events, with his best result coming in the third European Tour Event, where he beat Ricky Norris, Joel Walker and Chris Norbury, before losing to world number one Mark Selby 3–4 in the last 16. He reached the last 32 on two other occasions which helped Davison finish 48th on the PTC Order of Merit.<mask>'s season ended when he lost 7–10 to Alfie Burden in the second round of World Championship Qualifying, which saw him end the year ranked world number 75. 2013/2014 season
In the qualifiers for the Australian Goldfields Open <mask> won his first match of the season 5–4 against Andrew Norman, making a 141 break during the match. Further wins over Peter Lines and Mark King followed to see Davison into the main draw of a ranking event for the second time in his career. In the first round he made breaks of 112 and 124 to lead Mark Davis 4–3 with his opponent requiring a snooker with one red left. Davis got the snooker on the final pink and potted the pink and black to level the match. <mask> also led the deciding frame 49–10 but would ultimately lose the match 5–4. <mask> defeated Gerard Greene 6–4 in the first round of the UK Championship and raced into a 3–0 second round lead against world number seven Shaun Murphy, before conceding six frames in a row to exit the event.After the match <mask> said that he loved the experience and had done very little wrong in the match as Murphy's fightback was as good matchplay snooker as you could see. <mask>'s second last 32 appearance of the season came at the German Masters after he recorded one of the best results of his career by knocking out world number nine Marco Fu 5–2. He led Rod Lawler 4–1 in the next round but could not reach the last 16 of a ranking event for the first time as he was defeated 5–4. After <mask> lost 10–2 against Alan McManus in World Championship qualifying he could no longer reach the top 64 in the world rankings as he was placed 82nd and therefore played in Q School in an attempt to earn his place back. He lost in the last 64 in both events to fall well short of doing so. 2014/2015 season

<mask> played in all six of the minor-ranking European Tour events during the 2014–15 season. His best performance came at the Riga Open, where he reached the last 32 with 4–3 and 4–1 wins over Jack Lisowski and Gerard Greene respectively, but he then lost 4–2 to Matthew Selt.A 4–3 victory against Kyren Wilson at the Paul Hunter Classic was his only other win in a European Tour event, with <mask> losing 4–3 to Dechawat Poomjaeng in the subsequent round. He had two chances to rejoin the professional tour. The first came at the EBSA Play-offs where <mask> was knocked out 4–3 by Martin O'Donnell in round two. His second came at Q School and in event two Davison won six games, concluding with a 4–3 victory over Luke Simmonds to earn a two-year tour card. 2015/2016 season
Davison lost eight matches in a row from October 2015 until April 2016 when he beat Yu Delu 10–9 in the first round of World Championship. He lost 10–7 to Thepchaiya Un-Nooh in the following round. He only won a total of four matches all season.2016/2017 season
<mask> knocked out three players to reach the final qualifying round for the Shanghai Masters, but he was thrashed 5–0 by Anthony McGill. He recovered from 2–0 down against Gary Wilson in the opening round of the UK Championship to win 6–3, before losing 6–4 to Ben Woollaston. After beating Joe Swail 4–0 in the first round of the Welsh Open, <mask> was defeated 4–1 by Zhou Yuelong. He qualified for the China Open, but lost 5–0 in the opening round to Ding Junhui and entered Q School again to try and stay on the tour as he would have been relegated from it at the end of the season due to being ranked world number 91. He won through to the final round of the first event and was defeated 4–2 by Billy Joe Castle. Davison also got to the final round of the second event and this time beat James Cahill 4–2 to remain on tour and mean he has successfully advanced through Q School three times. Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Non-ranking finals: 2

Pro-am finals: 2

Amateur finals: 7 (4 titles)

References

External links

<mask> at worldsnooker.com

1971 births
Living people
People from Pickering, North Yorkshire
English snooker players
Sportspeople from North Yorkshire

masks:
Paul S
. Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
Davison
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Davison
Davison
Davison
Paul Davison


title: Chicane (musician)

texts:
Nicholas Bracegirdle (born 28 February 1971), known professionally as <mask>, is an English musician, composer, songwriter, and record producer. Among his works are singles "Offshore", an Ibiza trance anthem included in many compilations in both chill-out and dance versions; "Saltwater", which featured vocals by Clannad member Máire Brennan, and the UK number-one hit "Don't Give Up", featuring vocals by Bryan Adams, which also became a top ten hit on singles charts across Europe and Australia. Far from the Maddening Crowds, <mask>'s debut studio album from 1997, is still considered a seminal release among the trance music community, and his second studio album, 2000's Behind the Sun, was certified gold in the UK. In 2007, after the hindrance of an ultimately unreleased album (Easy to Assemble) in the intervening time, the third artist album Somersault was released on Bracegirdle's independent record label, followed shortly after by a tenth anniversary re-release of Far from the Maddening Crowds which included a new mix of "Offshore" ("Offshore 2007"). He released his fourth studio album Giants in 2010, with the fifth studio album Thousand Mile Stare following less than two years later, in spring 2012. The sixth studio album, The Sum of Its Parts, appeared in early 2015, and his seventh studio album, The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget, was released in 2018. The eighth studio album, Everything We Had to Leave Behind, was released in 2021.In addition, Bracegirdle also worked with Leo Elstob under the alias Disco Citizens, producing a handful of less radio-friendly, vocal-less tracks with a stronger progressive house sound. Working with singer Vanessa St. James and producer Mr. Joshua, Bracegirdle was part of the Mr. Joshua Presents Espiritu project, known for the song "In Praise of the Sun", released with both English and French vocals. Bracegirdle contributed with executive production on Tomski's "14 Hours to Save the Earth". Nick Bracegirdle has also used the alias, Sitvac, to produce a one-time single, "Wishful Thinking". Early life
While having trained in classical guitar and piano at an early age, Bracegirdle's earliest influences in electronic music came from melodic composers such as Jean Michel Jarre and Vangelis, and synthpop pioneer Vince Clarke; a further influence was the dance hit "Anthem" by the house music group N-Joi. All of this convinced him to pursue the creation of melodic electronic dance music. By the age of 12, he was making music in recording studios and sending demos to record labels.Career

1996–1998: Initial success and Far from the Maddening Crowds
Bracegirdle's first release was the four track EP Cyanide Music Volume One in 1996. This contained music styles varying from deep house to trip hop and nu-disco. This was released the Cyanide record label and was a little known precursor to "Offshore". The Cyanide label then released Offshore EP #1, which contained the original version of "Offshore" as well three other tracks, again of varying styles. Eventually Bracegirdle founded his own record label Modena Records, which holds the rights to all his songs and licenses them to other labels for release and distribution. A partnership with Leo Elstob produced the first Disco Citizens single, "Right Here Right Now", in 1995, as well as the first Chicane single, "Offshore", in 1996. "Offshore" would be the first of Chicane's many releases on Edel UK Records and independent UK dance music record label Xtravaganza Recordings, then-newly founded by DJ and Bracegirdle's college friend Alex Gold.It reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart (and No. 1 on other UK-based charts compiled by Mixmag, Record Mirror, and others), the top 40 in multiple European countries, and No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in 1997 upon re-release. Its inclusion on numerous Ibiza-themed trance music compilation albums (such as Café del Mar) attest to its popularity in the nightclubs on the island, one of the worldwide epicentres of dance music. "Sunstroke", the follow-up single, attained similar popularity and chart numbers. A third single, "Offshore '97" (a separate item from the re-release of "Offshore") is a mashup of "Offshore" with the a capella from the Power Circle song "A Little Love, a Little Life", mixed by producer and DJ Anthony Pappa.Originally a bootleg, it was turned into an official release, credited to "Chicane with Power Circle". Following these releases, Bracegirdle's debut studio album Far from the Maddening Crowds was released in September 1997. Additional singles that followed were "Lost You Somewhere", the Benelux release "Red Skies", and the non-album single "Strong in Love", for which Bracegirdle used vocals by British singer Sylvia Mason-James (after discovering that she was the vocalist on the Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osborne remix of "Lemon" by U2) and first collaborated on production with Ray "Madman" Hedges (producer for B*Witched and Boyzone). 1999–2003: Collaborations and Behind the Sun
1999 saw the release of "Saltwater", a song based on Máire Brennan's vocals from "Theme from Harry's Game" by the Celtic band Clannad. It surpassed all previous Chicane singles, reaching No. 6 on the UK charts and No. 1 on all five major UK dance charts.The song was used in a Belfast City advertisement broadcast in 2005–2006 across regional channels. The version of the vocals used in "Saltwater", however, was a new recording by Brennan herself. After producing a radio remix of Bryan Adams's "Cloud Number Nine", Bracegirdle offered Adams the vocal position on the song "Don't Give Up". The vocals Adams recorded were subsequently heavily processed through a vocoder so as to play down his rock music vocal style. The vocal credit was initially not publicised when the single was sent to Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 program Essential Selection. On the show, Tong made the song his first "Essential New Tune" selection of the new millennium. It was also <mask>'s biggest hit, debuting at No.1 on the UK charts (and notably replacing "American Pie", Madonna's No. 1 single of the previous week), reached No. 3 on the US dance chart and No. 1 on Australian and Russian charts, and made other charts across Europe as well. On 27 March 2000, Bracegirdle released his second studio album Behind the Sun. It was certified gold by the BPI, while "Don't Give Up" was certified silver. Two other singles were released from the album—the double A-side "No Ordinary Morning / Halcyon", and "Autumn Tactics"—but neither were as successful as the preceding releases.In 2002, Bracegirdle co-wrote two songs on Cher's album Living Proof, "You Take It All" and "Alive Again", the latter which was released as a single in Europe only. The 2001 Edition of the EA Sports Formula One Video Game Series included the songs "Sunstroke", "The Drive Home", and a remix of "Nagasaki Badger". Label lawsuit
For the next two years, Bracegirdle became engaged in a lawsuit with Xtravaganza, which ended in <mask>'s departure from the label and its signing with WEA for the release of a third album, Easy to Assemble. As a result of the lawsuit, <mask> lost the rights to the sound recordings from Behind the Sun (and its singles). Originally scheduled for 2003, the album's release was preceded by the lead single "Love on the Run", followed by a promotional single, "Locking Down". After promotional copies of the album were distributed, however, Easy to Assemble was not commercially released as expected—though over the following year, the official <mask> website was periodically updated with messages announcing further delays towards a still-expected release. More recently, biographies, interviews, and publicity have stated that the album's release was outright prevented due to an Internet leak and bootlegging of the promotional album.It was also revealed that Bracegirdle had left Warner following its 2003 sale to Edgar Bronfman Jr. and was planning an independent release at the time. 2006–2008: New management and Somersault

Eventually, under the new management of John Cavanagh, April 2006 saw the release of a new single, "Stoned in Love", on Globe Records through Universal Music Group, featuring singer Tom Jones on vocals. (Press Release). At the time of the announcement the song was also played twice by Pete Tong. The track received substantial UK TV promotion in the run up to the week of release, featuring utterly live performances on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The New Paul O'Grady Show and a semi-live performance on BBC's now defunct Top of the Pops. Jones and Bracegirdle were also interviewed on Channel 5 News; When asked in the 5 News interview where he had been since "Don't Give Up", Bracegirdle replied that he had been "basically stuffed" by the internet bootlegging of the album Easy to Assemble. In February 2007, <mask> departed from Universal as well; according to the official website, all new material would be released through Modena itself.The follow-up single "Come Tomorrow" was released on 16 July 2007, followed by the third official studio album, Somersault, a week later on 23 July 2007. Bracegirdle has entirely self-financed these initial independent releases, as well as subsequent live performances. On 4 May 2007, the Cicada remix of "Come Tomorrow" was played on Radio 1 by Pete Tong. On 25 August 2008, <mask> released "Bruised Water" with Natasha Bedingfield. Promotional copies of the track were made available, with remixes from Mischa Daniels and Adam K. Following the leak of his 2003 album, <mask> now employs the international internet policing company, Web Sheriff to prevent links to unlicensed material, such as this single and other tracks from his upcoming album, from being posted on various blogs and websites. In October 2008, <mask> released a greatest hits compilation, The Best of <mask> - 1996-2008 which features his previous singles, along with a new track called "Wake Up", a collaboration with Keane. "No Ordinary Morning", "Don't Give Up" and "Saltwater" were re-recorded for the album as the original sound recordings were still owned by Xtravaganza and were unable to be licensed due to the dispute between <mask> and Alex Gold in 2002.Chicane's Xtravaganza recordings from Far From The Maddening Crowds were no longer owned by Xtravaganza and thus were included in their original form. 2009–2010: Giants
Bracegirdle worked with producers James Hockley and Richard Searle on the Re-Work EP for a targeted summer 2009 release, along with a new and fourth Chicane album and mixes of forthcoming productions by BT and William Orbit. The lead track from the Re-work EP, "Poppiholla" based on the track "Hoppípolla" by Sigur Rós, was A-listed on Radio 1. It charted at No. 7 in the top 10 on 19 July 2009, and was added to a reissued version of the Best of album. The download single contained a remix by the Thrillseekers, along with a mix by Bracegirdle's moniker Disco Citizens. The follow-up to this single was revealed as "Hiding All the Stars", which contains a sample of Gary Numan's "Cars", which had its first full play on Radio 1's Floorfillers on 21 August 2009.In September, <mask> produced a remix of the classic track "Relax (Don't Do It)" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, which is part of the 25-year anniversary of the seminal track. It was learned that the Re-Work EP was cancelled although no official announcement was ever made in regards to this. Other 'reworked' tracks that were due to appear on the EP were never mentioned from the initial announcement. Recently stated from Chicane Management; there were actually quite a few that people never got to hear. In a June 2010 interview with Impact Magazine, Bracegirdle commented on the 'Re-work EP' issue. "We covered House Arrest and there's a massive bag of legal problems with that record. God knows why.Poppiholla became this complete and utter monster... The best laid plans of mice and men can go completely astray once you have a big record. Things change all the time... the plan was to (release Re-worked) and then the whole thing went completely mental... in a good way." The first official word on <mask>'s fourth studio album, Giants, came in January through his Facebook artist profile. "Come Back", the first single in connection with the new album, is a rework of

masks: Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane


title: Chicane (musician)

texts:
 the Paul Young 1980s hit "Come Back and Stay" and came with a remix by Riley & Durrant. The single was released on 25 April. The same month a new track, "Barefoot", was added to <mask>'s website.A laidback, Baleric-style tune, it proved popular with listeners awaiting the new album. This was followed by the track "Titles". In May, Bracegirdle officially announced the new album through Facebook. He also revealed a new single "Middledistancerunner", featuring Owl City's Adam Young on vocals. "The Nothing Song" is a remake of another Sigur Ros song: "Untitled 4". The album also features the singles "Hiding All the Stars", "Come Back" and "Poppiholla". The album and "Middledistancerunner" were released on 2 August 2010.During the first week of release, a new track, called Velo, was given away as a free download via <mask>'s website. In November the track "Where Do I Start" was released as a single. Among others it was remixed by Armin van Buuren. 2011–2015: Thousand Mile Stare and The Sum of Its Parts

An upcoming Chicane single was announced in April through Twitter. "Going Deep", featuring British producer and rapper Aggi Dukes, had its first airplay on Steve Smart's radio show Friday Night Kiss on 8 April. The video was released at the start of July and tells the story of Aggi Dukes—represented by a comical puppet, starting off in a cafe in the UK, before he undertakes on an epic party holiday to Magaluf, Mallorca. The single was released on 14 August, and remixes were made by Steve Smart & WestFunk, and VillaNaranjos.On 18 June, <mask> released the 'Wawa Remix' of his production "Spirit" as a free download from the official homepage. On 29 July 2011, <mask> revealed a preview of the title track for the then forthcoming artist album Thousand Mile Stare on YouTube. Unfortunately, by November it was clear that the album had been leaked onto the internet, the second time such an occasion had occurred in <mask>'s career. For a time it seemed doubtful whether the album would ever get released, but an exclusive box set version of Thousand Mile Stare was released on 12 December 2011. It included a cassette-shaped USB flash drive of rare material and an album of remixes. Each early order contained the buyer's name on the album sleeve. The regular version of the album, which contained three previously unreleased tracks, was released on 16 April 2012, with an album launch live show following in London at Koko on 27 April with guest performances from Kate Walsh, Vigri, Aggi Dukes and support from VillaNaranjos.On 13 April 2012, the Dutch label Armada Music announced that they had joined with <mask>'s UK record label Modena Records. After having worked together extensively throughout the past four years, with Armada Music releasing <mask>'s singles and albums for the Benelux, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Poland, Armada will be representing <mask> worldwide in the future. In July 2012, <mask> collaborated with Ferry Corsten to write and produce a track called "One Thousand Suns", featuring singer Christian Burns, and loosely based on <mask>'s "Thousand Mile Stare". In a 9 December 2012 interview with Eightoctaves.com, <mask> announced that he was working on a new album. He also said in the interview that "There are going to be some pretty stunning collaborations and guest appearances, I hope. I've just been recording in Mumbai with Anushka and that track is going to be stunning." In 2013, <mask> released "One More Time" which featured the vocals of Duane Harden.In April 2014, <mask> had a dispute with DJ Mark Knight about his unauthorized sampling of "Saltwater" in Knight's track "The Return of Wolfy". On 25 May 2014, <mask> released the single "No More I Sleep", featuring the vocals of Senadee. In the July 2014 issue of the Sun:Sets radio show, <mask> named the title of the upcoming album The Sum of Its Parts. It was released on 25 January 2015. An unconfirmed pre-order listing on iTunes UK showed an early release date (16 November 2014) and a different track list running order. The fourth single from the album is called "Still With Me" and is sung by British artist Bo Bruce. A remix by Andreas Van Hoog was premiered on Forth One Radio.The single was officially released on 26 October 2014. <mask> released "Oxygen" as a remix EP on 5 July 2015, the fifth single from The Sum of Its Parts. On 2 October 2015, he released two new tracks "Ibiza Strings" and "Ibiza Bleeps" as part his second extended play Ibiza. He released the sixth and final single "Fibreglasses" on 30 October 2015. 2016–2019: Twenty and The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget
On 29 July 2016, <mask> released a compilation album titled Twenty as a celebration of his Twentieth anniversary in the music industry. The album was preceded by the lead single "Carry Me Home" (a rework of the song of the same name by Gloworm) featuring the vocals of Steve Edwards; released on 3 June 2016. Twenty features <mask>'s greatest hits, plus brand new remixes by Philip George, Kryder, Grum, Jody Wisternoff, Thomas Datt, and himself.As with the 2008 best of album, "No Ordinary Morning", "Don't Give Up" and "Saltwater" are re-recordings as the original sound recordings were still owned by Xtravaganza and were unable to be licensed for this compilation due to a dispute between <mask> and Xtaravagnza boss Alex Gold, dated back to 2002. <mask>'s previous Xtravaganza recordings which had been distributed by Edel Records in 1996/1997 are featured in their original form as Xtravaganza lost the rights to those sound recordings, with "Strong in Love" being released for the first time since its original release in 1998. On 16 February 2018, <mask> released a mix compilation album titled Sun:Sets 2018 (Selected by <mask>). In 2018, <mask> announced his seventh studio album on his weekly Sun:Sets podcast. The album The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget was released on 8 June 2018. It includes the singles "Gorecki" (originally written & performed by Lou Rhodes and the band Lamb) and "Serendipity" featuring Tracy Ackerman. In 2019, <mask> released the follow up to the original Sun:Sets compilation with the album titled Sun:Sets 2019 (Selected by <mask>).2020–present: Everything We Had to Leave Behind

In May 2020, <mask> released Behind The Sun (2020 Anniversary Mixes), featuring new mixes and remixes from other artists of the original tracks from the 2000 album. On 23 April 2021, <mask> released his eighth studio album, titled Everything We Had to Leave Behind. Musical style

Style
Bracegirdle describes his music as being strongly influenced by the relaxed, summer atmosphere of Ibiza, where he was taken on holidays as a child. In an interview in 2012, Bracegirdle stated that he does not draw inspiration from dance music; but from film soundtracks and musicians like Brian Eno and Trevor Horn. He wrote "I have a lot of time for producers like myself, BT, Eric Prydz, but as I said, they are not really an influence upon me. It's artists such as Vangelis that inspired me many years back". His first two studio albums, along with Giants – the fourth studio album – are known for atmospheric, ambient melodies and shifting moods and tempos, particularly Far from the Maddening Crowds, which has been called "a soundtrack for an average day".Bracegirdle's career took a turn following the release of Behind the Sun, at which point he stated desires to focus on being a recording artist and producer, starting with planned work on Bryan Adams' then-upcoming studio album. (However, Adams would not release another studio album until 2004.) Bracegirdle also put remix work on hold at this point, reportedly turning down Jean Michel Jarre, Moby, and both Kylie and Dannii Minogue. The music that followed also changed; in more recent interviews, Bracegirdle has noted that he is consciously moving away from the influences of Ibiza in his songwriting—calling it a return to his "song writing background" as opposed to dance music. Bracegirdle's dance music productions have caused him to be incorrectly identified as a DJ throughout his career. As early as 1997, The Mirror called him a "top DJ" in an article, while the Portland Press Herald published a 2000 review in which both <mask> and BT were referred to as DJs. Most recently, in 2007, Bracegirdle remarked in an interview that many people still hold this belief.Far from the Maddening Crowds and Behind the Sun were both primarily recorded at <mask>'s personal recording studio, Modena One (sharing the name of his own record label), located at his parents' house. Co-producers who worked on these albums are Leo Elstob, Salt Tank, Ray "Madman" Hedges, and Martin Brannigan. Tomski was commissioned to program the opening tracks ("Early" and "Overture") on both albums and contributed snippets and sounds to other tracks. However, Bracegirdle has stated that he works alone when in his own studio. Recently, references to a studio called "Modena 2" have appeared in liner notes since the April 2006 release of the "Stoned in Love" single. With the April 2011 premiere of the Chicane single "Going Deep" Bracegirdle stressed his own statement, that 'Chicane music is not bound by a certain genre'. 'Going Deep' is certainly a new turn in the sound as it is a blend of 90s retro disco, rap in a modern house, trance package.Live
Chicane also performs live shows as a full-fledged band, which has included a rotating line-up of singers, guitarists, drummers, and flautists, as well as Bracegirdle himself on keyboards. Justine Suissa, who provided vocals on "Autumn Tactics" from Behind the Sun, toured with the band in 2000. English electronic producer Tom Jankiewicz (Tomski) was a frequent musical collaborator with <mask> from 1995 to 2006, and he also played keyboards and engineered in the band during that period. Session drummers in the band, notably, have included Mark Pusey (Eminem, Natasha Bedingfield, Sway), Shovell from M People, Simon Merry (Natalie Imbruglia) and David Barbarossa from Bow Wow Wow. The band's current line-up since 2006 consists of the following musicians:

 Nick Bracegirdle (Chicane) – keyboards, programming
 Natasha Andrews, Kristin Hosein or Jaki Graham – vocals
 Simon Small – guitars
 Carl Holt – bass
 Mark Pusey (2005-present) – drums
 Simon Merry – drums (2009–present)
Though the band's singers usually substitute for the original vocalists from the song due to the latter's other recording commitments, there have been exceptions; for example, both Maire Brennan and Bryan Adams performed live with the band in Ibiza in 2000. The former took place at one of the annual Ibiza festivals held by MTV at the turn of the 2000s, while the latter took place at a heavily promoted concert hosted by Xtravaganza on 4 August at Privilege Ibiza, which was attended by over 7000, including Bono and Noel Gallagher. <mask> has also played at major European music festivals, such as the Glastonbury Festival and Creamfields in England and the Roskilde Festival in Denmark; as well as Red Square in Moscow.<mask> has performed remixes (specifically, the "Tomski vs. Disco Citizens" remixes) live, as shown by a track listing from <mask>'s 22 January 2000 performance at the Palladium in Cologne, Germany. This is unusual in that remixes, as products of audio editing, are not generally considered instrumental performances in their own right. At least some aspects of this are credited to Tomski himself, on stage. Bracegirdle also made a guest appearance live with Bryan Adams at the 2000 Slane Concert, as seen on Adams' Live at Slane Castle DVD. Discography

Studio albums
 Far from the Maddening Crowds (1997)
 Behind the Sun (2000)
 Somersault (2007)
 Giants (2010)
 Thousand Mile Stare (2012)
 The Sum of Its Parts (2015)
 The Place You Can't Remember, the Place You Can't Forget (2018)
 Everything We Had to Leave Behind (2021)

References

External links

 VK-community

 Official Bebo Page
 Review of Live Performance at Ministry of Sound (2013) by TranceFixxed
 Chicane biography at MN2S Booking Agency

1971 births
Ambient musicians
Chill-out musicians
English record producers
English house musicians
Living people
People from Chalfont St Giles
Musicians from Buckinghamshire
English trance musicians
Progressive house musicians
Electronic dance music

masks: Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane Chicane


title: David Hilberman

texts:
<mask> (18 December 1911 – 5 July 2007) was an American  animator and one of the founders of classic 1940s animation. An innovator in the animation industry, he co-founded United Productions of America (UPA). The studio gave its artists great freedom and pioneered the modern style of animation. As Animator and Professor Tom Sito noted: "Arguably, no studio since Walt Disney exerted such a great influence on world animation." He and Zack Schwartz went on to start Tempo Productions which became an early leader in television animated commercial production. In short, he played an important role in the new directions the art form took in the 1940s and '50s. <mask> studied art in schools in both Detroit and Cleveland.The great depression began when he was 18, and with its huge economic dislocation promoted political activism and consequential legislation: the Social Security Act and the National Labor Relations Act. In 1932 he traveled with friends to Russia, where all of their parents had been born. He stayed for six months in Leningrad, worked in a theater and studied stagecraft and art. Unable to speak Russian and finding Russians too dogmatic, he returned to Cleveland. There he resumed his education at Case Western Reserve University, earning a B.S. in Art Education in 1934 and continuing his involvement with theater at the Cleveland Play House eventually securing a job teaching art in high school. He married, became aware of a talent search for artists being held by Walt Disney Productions and submitted a portfolio.He became one of 29 artists hired out of several thousand applicants. <mask> began in animation as an assistant animator and shortly was asked by Bill Tytla to join his unit working on the dwarf sequences in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first animated feature film. The movie, which had been a major gamble for the Walt Disney studio became a huge artistic and financial success and lead to a series of pioneering animation features. He went on to do layout on six short films and was then put in charge of pre-production layout for Bambi. In preparation, he learned how to use the studio's huge new multiplane camera used for the panoramas through the woods. He was proud of the work done at the studio. Many artists had worked long unpaid hours on Snow White.Instead of overtime pay, virtually all employees were given bonuses for their efforts, some large, some small. This procedure was afterwards discontinued, and  much of the revenues from the feature went into building the new Disney Studio in Burbank. Importantly, the Studio's revenues had been cut in nearly half by the WWII in Europe. By early 1941 artists were being let go without explanation, even when senior and very skilled. These layoffs lead directly to the Disney animators' strike in the spring of 1941. In an FBI interview three weeks after the strike began, Disney blamed these staff cuts for the strike. Nevertheless, two weeks later Disney placed an ad in Hollywood trade papers stated the strike was caused by Communist agitation!The after effects of the Studio's economic downturn and the strike included a major exodus of talent from Disney. In 1943 <mask>, Zack Schwartz and Steve Bosustow, set up a new studio, which became UPA. Notable early films to which he contributed included his most political films: Point Rationing of Foods which was shown nationwide as part of the war effort, then for FDR's 1944 re-election campaign: Hell Bent for Election and Brotherhood of Man. The pamphlet on which Brotherhood was based, was written by two eminent anthropologists, Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish , but was nevertheless banned by the War Department as subversive due to its assertion that racial differences were superficial. <mask> was drafted into the army toward the end of World War II and a year after his return to civilian life he sold his interest in UPA. The end of the war and the 1946 elections brought a sharp right turn in American politics. Exploiting fears of the Soviet Union (unrealistic given the decimation of the Soviet Union by the war and Stalin's policies) the Second Red Scare began.In 1947 the House Un-American Activities Committee met in Hollywood. Walt Disney blamed the strike on communist agitators rather than acknowledging unexplained layoffs of artists previously attributed to the studio's financial stress. Disney named several artists, including Hilberman as Communists. Similarly, other movie studio executives named many union activists as Communists and the attack on the unions turned into a nasty witch-hunt. Best known for the 10 Screen Writers denounced as Communists, the Hollywood Blacklist began. The social justice issues which motivated the Hilbermans to attend some Communist Party meetings in the late 1930s and early 1940s—worker's rights, unions, women's rights, an end to racism – were regarded as subversive. One of the FBI special agents who was involved chasing commies found himself thinking "Gee this isn't all that bad.They want equal rights in the union for minorities and blacks and equal pay for women. What the hell is wrong with this?" In 1947 <mask> and Zack Schwartz founded another studio in New York City in 1947. Tempo Productions went on to become the earliest and most successful producer of television animated commercials of high artistic merit. In December 1953 at the height of the red scare Red Channels distributed Counterattack, which in December 1953 listed the companies that had used Tempo and urged a boycott of the firm. Abruptly, orders for commercials were withdrawn and all employees had to be laid off. The business was sold and the family traveled to Europe the next spring as <mask> looked for work in Western Europe.Their boat trip to Europe overlapped with the Army-McCarthy hearings, which were to mark the beginning of end of the witch-hunt, if not its substantial political and personal after-effects. After talking to film producers and directors in France and Italy, <mask> chose work in London for over a year where he set up a TV animated commercial department for Pearl and Dean and directed Man of Action and Calling All Salesmen. The family returned home in late 1955. In New York, he produced and directed Little Blue and Little Yellow, based the book of the same name by Leo Leonni which had an anti discrimination theme. He also directed a fanciful PR film for ESSO, designed by Ronald Searle: Energetically Yours with old Disney & UPA associates Bill Melendez and Art Babbitt doing the animation at their respective companies. Melendez took the simplified modern animation style and use of artist's individual characters pioneered at UPA to the Peanuts TV series. Back in Los Angeles, at Churchill Films he designed and directed educational films: Quest for Freedom, Ancient New World, Transportation, Land of Immigrants, Hooked and Girl to Woman.He also worked at Hanna-Barbera doing layout for a variety of projects, a connection which began at Disney's and lasted many years. In 1963 <mask> returned to school part-time earning an MA in Theater Arts from UCLA in 1965. He was invited to teach at San Francisco State University in 1967, where he taught animation and helped start the Film department. A number these films are available on YouTube and other internet sites. After leaving SF State in 1973 he and his wife lived in the SF Bay Area for many years. He made several films on Synanon including The People's Ranch, What is Synanon? and The Synanon Wedding, worked with Jeff Hale at Imagination, Inc. and designed sets for the Palo Alto Children's Theater.He resumed doing layout work for Hanna-Barbera, which included a six-month stint in Japan coordinating production in East Asia for The Smurfs. His wife Libbie's warmth and caring held the family together through many difficult moves. She died on 11 July 2006, <mask> a year later on 5 July 2007. They are survived by 3 children, 9 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren. He was Jewish. He expressed his religion primarily by a commitment to social justice, racial and gender equality and direct support for workers through health insurance, unions and similar programs and policies. Awards
 Annie Awards, 1992, Winsor McCay Award - For Distinguished Lifetime Achievement to the Art of Animation: https://web.archive.org/web/20130102013212/http://annieawards.org/20th-annie-awards
 Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Golden Award for 50 years service to the craft, 1986.Four CINE Golden Eagle awards

References

1911 births
2007 deaths
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Artists from Cleveland
American animators
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
Hanna-Barbera people
Jewish American military personnel
UCLA Film School alumni

masks:
David Hilberman
Hilberman
Hilberman
David Hilberman
Hilberman
David Hilberman
David
Hilberman
David
David


title: Charlotte Moore Sitterly

texts:
<mask> (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer. She is known for her extensive spectroscopic studies of the Sun and chemical elements. Her tables of data are known for their reliability and are still used regularly. Early life and education

<mask> was born to George W. and <mask> in Ercildoun, Pennsylvania, a small village near Coatesville. Her father was the Superintendent of Schools for Chester County and her mother was a schoolteacher. Her parents were Quakers and <mask> was a lifelong member of Fallowfield Friends Meeting. She attended Swarthmore College, where she participated in many extracurricular activities such as ice hockey, student government, glee club, and tutoring.In order to pay her tuition, <mask> was a substitute teacher, one of the few ways she thought she could work her way through college. She wanted to pursue a career outside teaching because "I did not enjoy the teaching that I did from first grade through high school. I succeeded at it, but I didn’t like it; it was too wearing." <mask> graduated from Swarthmore in 1920 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics and went on to Princeton to work as a human computer. Career
On the recommendation of her mathematics professor at Swarthmore, <mask> obtained a job at the Princeton University Observatory working for Professor Henry Norris Russell as a human computer carrying out calculations needed to use photographic plates in determining the position of the Moon. Over time, while working for Russell, <mask>'s interest in astrophysics began to blossom. Russell and <mask> researched binary stars and stellar mass, and published extensively on the subject over the years of their collaboration.Her research included an effort to classify 2500 stars based on their spectra. After five years at Princeton, as part of an ongoing collaboration between Russell and research groups there, she moved to the Mount Wilson Observatory where she worked extensively on solar spectroscopy, analyzing the spectral lines of the Sun and thereby identifying the chemical elements in the Sun. With her collaborators, she analyzed the spectra of sunspots. <mask> was able to deduce the temperature of sunspots to be about 4,700 degrees kelvin. Her pictures from the Mount Wilson Observatory helped redetermine the new International Angstrom scale. She earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1931 from the University of California, Berkeley on a Lick Fellowship; she was not able to study at Princeton because they did not accept women - and would not for the next 30 years. While working on her Ph.D, she continued researching spectroscopy and collected and analyzed data about the spectra of chemical elements and molecules.After obtaining her Ph.D, she returned to Princeton to continue work with Russell as a research assistant. One of her most significant contributions to physics was her identification of technetium in sunlight, the first example of technetium naturally existing. She joined the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1945. Her tables of atomic spectra and energy levels, published by NBS, have remained essential references in spectroscopy for decades. While there, she began to research the infrared solar spectrum and atomic energy levels. Beginning in 1946, <mask> was able to extend her work on ultraviolet spectral lines thanks to the work of Richard Tousey and measurements taken on V-2 rockets; prior to this <mask>'s studies were limited to telescopic observations partially blocked by the earth's atmosphere. <mask> collaborated with Tousey for decades and led to her 1950 publication "Ultraviolet Multiplet Table."In 1949 she became the first woman elected as an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain, in honor of her work on multiplet tablets and in identifying solar spot electra. Throughout her career she authored and co-authored over 100 papers and attended the tenth general assembly of the International Astronomical Union on the Joint Commission on Spectroscopy in Moscow in 1958. Sitterly retired from her position at the NBS when she turned 70, in 1968, but continued her research at the Naval Research Laboratory. Sitterly was honored by the Journal of the Optical Society of America by a commemorative issue in 1988. Photographs from the Utrecht astronomy symposium 1963

Personal life
While working at Princeton in the 1920s, she met physicist Bancroft W<mask>, whom she eventually married on May 30, 1937. She continued to publish journals under her maiden name because most of her recognition was under that name. She believed that traveling is one of the most important aspects of a scientist's life, as it promotes collaboration between scientists.She enjoyed gardening, traveling, and music with her husband until his death in 1977. She continued her research until her death from heart failure at the age of 91. Honors
Awards
Annie J. Cannon Award (1937)
Fellow of the Optical Society (1959) - member of the first class of OSA Fellows, one of only five women in the class of 115. Federal Woman's Award (1961)
William F. Meggers Award of the Optical Society (1972)
Bruce Medal (1990)
Service
 Vice President, American Astronomical Society
 Vice President, American Association for the Advancement of Science Section D
 President, Commission on Fundamental Spectroscopic Data, International Astronomical Union
Named after her
Asteroid 2110 <mask>terly

Works
A Multiplet Table of Astrophysical Interest, 1933
The Solar Spectrum  (with Harold D. Babcock), 1947
The Masses of the Stars (with Henry Norris Russell), 1940
Ultraviolet Multiplet Table, 1950
Atomic Energy Levels as Derived from the Analyses of Optical Spectra, 1958

Further reading
BAAS Obituary
Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
"Oral History Transcript — Dr. <mask> Sitterly", American Institute of Physics. Biography from Smithsonian Magazine

References

American women astronomers
1898 births
1990 deaths
Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
Swarthmore College alumni
People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
20th-century American astronomers
20th-century American women scientists
Fellows of the Optical Society

masks:
Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly
Charlotte Moore
Elizabeth Walton Moore
Charlotte
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
. Sitterly
Moore Sit
Charlotte Moore