title: Hedvig Lindahl

texts:
<mask> (born 29 April 1983) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish Primera División club Atlético Madrid. She previously played club football in Sweden for Damallsvenskan clubs including Malmö FF, Linköpings FC, Kristianstads DFF and Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC as well as Chelsea in the English FA WSL. Since making her international debut in 2002, <mask> has accrued over 177 caps for the Sweden women's national football team. On 3 August 2014, <mask> played her 100th cap for Sweden women's national football team against England. On 17 September 2015, <mask> played her 113th cap and thereby broke Elisabeth Leidinge's record to become the most capped Swedish female goalkeeper. She has kept goal for Sweden at the UEFA Women's Championship, the FIFA Women's World Cup and the Olympic Games. <mask> was the Swedish women's goalkeeper of the year in 2004, 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.She won the 2015 Diamantbollen, after being one of three nominations for Damallsvenskan's Most Valuable Player in 2014. In 2016, <mask> was one of 5 nominees for Women's PFA Players' Player of the Year and was also picked for the WSL Team of the Year. Early career
At the age of 13 <mask> decided to focus on becoming a professional football player. Previously <mask> had played both as a forward and a goalkeeper, but eventually concentrated on goalkeeping. <mask>, who was raised in Marmorbyn, was selected to play on the Sörmland team. This was a temporary team for which the best age group football players in Södermanland were selected to play. <mask>'s national team career began in 1998 when as a part of the Sörmland team she participated at an Elite Girls Camp in Halmstad.There she was selected for the Allstar Team, where the best football players born −83 participated. Each 15-year-old footballer was measured on a five-point scale. <mask> received rarely awarded full marks; five out of five. Club career
<mask> started her club career at Gropptorps IF, outside Katrineholm in Södermanland, a boys' team. <mask> then played for Torp IF, DFK Värmbol and Tunafors SK. She moved into the Damallsvenskan with Malmö FF Dam in 2001 after being scouted by Malmö and Sweden national youth team coach Elisabeth Leidinge. During her three seasons at Malmö, <mask> faced strong competition from the national team goalkeeper at the time Caroline Jönsson.She finished the 2003 season on loan to IF Trion, then spent five seasons with Linköpings FC, joining Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC in 2009. Despite 21 shutouts in 43 matches during two seasons with Göteborg, coach Torbjörn Nilsson did not renew <mask>'s contract. Instead she moved to ambitious Kristianstads DFF in time for the 2011 season. <mask> signed for London-based FA WSL club Chelsea Ladies in December 2014. After four "clean sheets" in her first five games, Chelsea coach Emma Hayes hailed <mask> as the best goalkeeper in the WSL. At the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final, staged at Wembley Stadium for the first time, <mask> kept goal in Chelsea's 1–0 win over Notts County. It was Chelsea's first major trophy.In October 2015 she also started Chelsea's 4–0 win over Sunderland which secured the club's first FA WSL title and a League and Cup "double". In April 2019, <mask> announced she would depart Chelsea at the end of the 2018–19 campaign after four seasons with the club. On 17 July 2019, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Wolfsburg. International career
<mask> was on the U21 national team as of 1998 and subsequently progressed to the full Swedish women's national team. Despite her position as second goalkeeper at club level, <mask> gained the confidence of the then national team coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors, which led to <mask>'s 2002 debut in the senior women's national team and a silver medal in the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. <mask> has indicated that her senior international debut came in January 2002, a 5–0 win over England in a behind closed doors match in La Manga. Proud of her debut "clean sheet", she has expressed irritation at reports which sometimes confuse that match with Sweden's 6–3 win over England at the Algarve Cup six weeks later.After moving to Linköpings and securing first team football at club level, <mask> began to compete more equally with Caroline Jönsson and Sofia Lundgren for appearances at international level. She understudied Jönsson at the 2004 Olympics. By the time of UEFA Women's Euro 2005 in England, <mask> was Sweden's first choice goalkeeper and played in all three group games, as well as the extra-time semi final defeat to rivals Norway. Incoming national team coach Thomas Dennerby retained <mask> and she featured at both the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and 2008 Olympics in China and UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland. She remained Sweden's number one goalkeeper for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany, where Sweden came third, and the 2012 London Olympics. In September 2012, <mask> suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury while playing for Kristianstad. She was recalled to new coach Pia Sundhage's national squad in May 2013, ahead of UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden.During <mask>'s absence Kristin Hammarström had taken over the national team's goalkeeper position and remained in place as hosts Sweden lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final. In September 2014, <mask> underwent elective double hip surgery for an impingement that she had been suffering from since late 2013. Although she had been in pain throughout the year, she played one of her best seasons. She chose the surgery as she was determined to play in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup and did not want to risk her body failing during the tournament, if selected. Delaying the surgery would also have carried with it the risk of a double hip replacement for <mask> in the future. She was called back to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup. At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, <mask> was back as Sweden's first choice goalkeeper.In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, she made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat. In November 2015, <mask> won the Diamantbollen, the award for Sweden's female player of the year. Personal life
<mask> suffers from vitiligo and has to apply high factor sunscreen before and during matches. She married her wife Sabine in 2011. They have two children together born in 2014 and 2017. <mask>'s father was a footballer for IFK Norrköping in the 1970s. She speaks fluent English.Women players
FA Women's Super League players
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England
Swedish expatriate footballers
FIFA Century Club
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
People with vitiligo
Women's association football goalkeepers
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
VfL Wolfsburg (women) players
Atlético Madrid Femenino players
Primera División (women) players
Expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics

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title: Gifford Pinchot

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 11, 1865October 4, 1946) was an American forester and politician. He served as the 4th Chief of the U.S. Division of Forestry, as the 1st head of the United States Forest Service, and as the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Republican Party for most of his life, though he joined the Progressive Party for a brief period. Born into the wealthy Pinchot family, <mask> embarked on a career in forestry after graduating from Yale University in 1889. President William McKinley appointed <mask> as the head of the Division of Forestry in 1898, and <mask> became the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service after it was established in 1905. <mask> enjoyed a close relationship with President Theodore Roosevelt, who shared Pinchot's views regarding the importance of conservation. After William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt as president, <mask> was at the center of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy, a dispute with Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger that led to <mask>'s dismissal.The controversy contributed to the split of the Republican Party and the formation of the Progressive Party prior to the 1912 presidential election. <mask> supported Roosevelt's Progressive candidacy, but Roosevelt was defeated by Democrat Woodrow Wilson. <mask> returned to public office in 1920, becoming the head of the Pennsylvania's forestry division under Governor William Cameron Sproul. He succeeded Sproul by winning the 1922 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. He won a second term as governor through a victory in the 1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, and supported many of the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, <mask> led the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, calling it "the best liquor control system in America.” He retired from public life after his defeat in the 1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, but remained active in the conservation movement until his death in 1946. Early life and education, 1865 through 1890

<mask> <mask> was born in Simsbury, Connecticut on August 11, 1865.He was named for Hudson River School artist Sanford Robinson <mask>. <mask> was the oldest child of James W<mask>, a successful New York City interior furnishings merchant, and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City's wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. James and Mary were both well-connected with prominent Republican Party leaders and former Union generals, including family friend William T. Sherman, and they would frequently aid Pinchot's later political career. <mask>'s paternal grandfather had migrated from France to the United States in 1816, becoming a merchant and major landowner based in Milford, Pennsylvania. His mother's maternal grandfather, Elisha Phelps, and her uncle, John S. Phelps, both served in Congress. Pinchot had one younger brother, Amos, and one younger sister, Antoinette, who later married British diplomat Alan Johnstone. Pinchot was educated at home until 1881, when he enrolled in Phillips Exeter Academy.James made conservation a family affair and suggested that <mask> should become a forester, asking him just before he left for Yale in 1885, "How would you like to become a forester?" At Yale, Pinchot became a member of the Skull and Bones society, played on the football team under coach Walter Camp, and volunteered with the YMCA. With the encouragement of his parents <mask> continued to pursue the nascent field of forestry after graduating from Yale in 1889. He traveled to Europe, where he met with leading European foresters such as Dietrich Brandis and Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich, who suggested that Pinchot study the French forestry system. Brandis and Schlich had a strong influence on <mask>, who would later rely heavily upon Brandis' advice in introducing professional forest management in the U.S. Pinchot studied at the French National School of Forestry in Nancy and returned to the United States in late 1890. Early career, 1890–1910

Early roles

<mask> landed his first professional forestry position in early 1892, when he became the manager of the forests at George Washington Vanderbilt II's Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. The following year, Pinchot met John Muir, a naturalist who founded the Sierra Club and would become <mask>'s mentor and, later, his rival.<mask> worked at Biltmore until 1895, when he opened a consulting office in New York City. In 1896, he embarked on a tour of the American West with the National Forest Commission. <mask> disagreed with the commission's final report, which advocated preventing U.S. forest reserves from being used for any commercial purpose; Pinchot instead favored the development of a professional forestry service which would preside over limited commercial activities in forest reserves. In 1897, <mask> became a special forest agent for the United States Department of the Interior. Lead forester

Head of the Division of Forestry

In 1898, <mask> became the head of the Division of Forestry, which was part of the United States Department of Agriculture. <mask> is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. His approach set him apart from some other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck.In contrast to <mask>'s national vision, Fernow advocated a regional approach, while Schenck favored private enterprise effort. <mask>'s main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. He coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Under his leadership, the number of individuals employed by the Division of Forestry grew from 60 in 1898 to 500 in 1905; he also hired numerous part-time employees who worked only during the summer. The Division of Forestry did not have direct control over the national forest reserves, which were instead assigned to the U.S. Department of Interior, but Pinchot reached an arrangement with the Department of Interior and state agencies to work on reserves. In 1900, <mask> established the Society of American Foresters, an organization that helped bring credibility to the new profession of forestry, and was part of the broader professionalization movement underway in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. Pursuant to the goal of professionalization, the <mask> family endowed a 2-year graduate-level School of Forestry at Yale University, which is now known as the Forest School at the Yale School of the Environment.It became the third school in the U.S. that trained professional foresters, after the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell and the Biltmore Forest School. Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers. Chief of the United States Forest Service

<mask>'s friend, Theodore Roosevelt, became president in 1901, and <mask> became part of the latter's informal "Tennis Cabinet". <mask> and Roosevelt shared the view that the federal government must act to regulate public lands and provide for the scientific management of public resources. In 1905, Roosevelt and <mask> convinced Congress to establish the United States Forest Service, an agency charged with overseeing the country's forest reserves. As the first head of the Forest Service, Pinchot implemented a decentralized structure that empowered local civil servants to make decisions about conservation and forestry. <mask>'s conservation philosophy was influenced by ethnologist William John McGee and utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, as well as the ethos of the Progressive Era.Like many other Progressive Era reformers, <mask> emphasized that his field was important primarily for its social utility and could be best understood through scientific methods. He was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. <mask> used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of forests and natural resources was profitable. While most of his battles were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time horizon, he also battled the forest preservationists like John Muir, who were deeply opposed to commercializing nature. <mask>'s policies also aroused opposition from ranchers, who opposed regulation of livestock grazing in public lands. The Roosevelt administration's efforts to regulate public land led to blowback in Congress, which moved to combat "Pinchotism" and reassert control over the Forest Service. In 1907, Congress passed an act prohibiting the president from creating more forest reserves.With <mask>'s help, President Roosevelt responded by creating 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests (which became known as "midnight forests") just minutes before he lost the legal power to do so. Despite congressional opposition, Roosevelt, <mask>, and Secretary of the Interior James R. Garfield continued to find ways to protect public land from private development during Roosevelt's last two years in office. <mask>–Ballinger controversy

<mask> continued to lead the Forest Service after Republican William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt in 1909, but did not retain the level of influence he had held under Roosevelt. After taking office, Taft replaced Secretary of the Interior James Rudolph Garfield with Richard Ballinger. When Ballinger approved of long-disputed mining claims to coal deposits in Alaska in 1909, Land Office agent Louis Glavis broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot. Concerned about the possibility of fraud in the claim, and skeptical of Ballinger's commitment to conservation, <mask> intervened in the dispute on behalf of Glavis. In the midst of a budding controversy, Taft came down in favor of Ballinger, who was authorized to dismiss Glavis.Though Taft hoped to avoid further controversy, <mask> became determined to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal. After <mask> publicly criticized Ballinger for several months, Taft dismissed <mask> in January 1910. Pinchot maneuvered behind the scenes to ensure the appointment of his ally, Henry S. Graves, as the new head of the Forest Service. Fire Storm of 1910 and the Descent of the Forest Service
Pinchot hand-picked William Greeley, the son of a Congregational minister, who finished at the top of that first Yale forestry graduating class of 1904, to be the Forest Service's Region 1 forester, with responsibility over 41 million acres (170,000 km2) in 22 National Forests in four western states (all of Montana, much of Idaho, Washington, and a corner of South Dakota). [3]

One year after the Great Fire of 1910, the religious Greeley succeeded in receiving a promotion to a high administration job in Washington. In 1920, he became Chief of the Forest Service. The fire of 1910 convinced him that Satan was at work, the fire converted him into a fire extinguishing partisan who elevated firefighting to the raison d'être — the overriding mission — of the Forest Service.[3] Under Greeley, the Service became the fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense. Pinchot was appalled. The timber industry successfully oriented the Forestry Service toward policies favorable to large-scale harvesting via regulatory capture, and metaphorically, the timber industry was now the fox in the chicken coop. [25] <mask> and Roosevelt had envisioned, at the least, that public timber should be sold only to small, family-run logging outfits, not to big syndicates. Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" for working people and small-scale logging at the edge, preservation at the core. In 1928 Bill Greeley left the Forest Service for a position in the timber industry, becoming an executive with the West Coast Lumberman's Association. [26]

When Pinchot traveled west in 1937, to view those forests with Henry S. Graves, what they saw "tore his heart out."Greeley's legacy, combining modern chain saws and government-built forest roads, had allowed industrial-scale clear-cuts to become the norm in the western national forests of Montana and Oregon. Entire mountainsides, mountain after mountain, were treeless. "So this is what saving the trees was all about." "Absolute devastation", <mask> wrote in his diary. "The Forest Service should absolutely declare against clear- cutting in Washington and Oregon as a defensive measure", <mask> wrote. [27]

Later career,

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title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 1910–1935

Progressive Party

At Roosevelt's request, <mask> met Roosevelt in Europe in 1910, where they discussed <mask>'s dismissal by Taft. Roosevelt subsequently expressed disappointment with Taft's policies and began to publicly distance himself from Taft.Along with <mask> and several other individuals, <mask> helped establish the Progressive Party, which nominated Roosevelt for president in the 1912 United States presidential election. The Pinchots represented the more ideologically left wing faction of the party, and they frequently feuded with financier George Walbridge Perkins. Though <mask> campaigned extensively for Roosevelt, Roosevelt and Taft were both defeated by Democrat Woodrow Wilson. <mask> continued to affiliate with the Progressives after the 1912 election, working to build the party in Pennsylvania. He ran as the Progressive nominee in the 1914 U.S. Senate election, but was defeated by incumbent Republican Senator Boies Penrose. The Progressive Party collapsed after Roosevelt refused to run in the 1916 presidential election, and <mask> subsequently re-joined the Republican Party. He supported Republican Warren G. Harding's successful campaign in the 1920 presidential election, but, despite some speculation that he would be appointed as Secretary of Agriculture, did not receive a position in Harding's administration.Continued Conservation

After leaving office in 1910, <mask> took up leadership of the National Conservation Association (NCA), a conservationist non-governmental organization that he had helped found the previous year. The organization, which ceased operations in 1923, never attracted as many members as <mask> had initially hoped, but its efforts affected conservation-related legislation. Later in the 1920s, Pinchot worked with Senator George W. Norris to build a federal dam on the Tennessee River. Pinchot had appointed William Greeley during his tenure at the Forest Service, and Greeley became Chief of the Forest Service in 1920. Under Greeley, the forest service became a figurative fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense. <mask> had always preached of a "working forest" in which working people would engage in small-scale logging, while the forests would be preserved, and he was appalled by the large-scale logging undertaken by large syndicates. Pinchot had a more favorable view of Greeley's successor, Robert Y. Stuart, and his influence played a key role in blocking several plans to transfer of the Forest Service out of the Department of Agriculture.First term as Governor of Pennsylvania

Governor William Cameron Sproul appointed <mask> as chairman of the Pennsylvania Forest Commission in 1920. As chairman, <mask> coaxed a major budget increase from the legislature, decentralized the commission's administration, and replaced numerous political appointees with professional foresters. He narrowly won the three-candidate Republican primary in Pennsylvania's 1922 gubernatorial election, and went on to defeat Democrat John A. McSparran in the general election. <mask>'s victory over his Republican opponents owed much to his reputation as a staunch teetotaler during the early period of Prohibition; he was also boosted by his popularity with farmers, laborers, and women. Pinchot focused on balancing the state budget; he inherited a $32 million deficit and left office with a $6.7 million surplus. Pinchot and engineer Morris Llewellyn Cooke pursued ambitious plans to regulate Pennsylvania's electric power industry, but their proposals were defeated in the state legislature. <mask> emerged as a potential contender for the Republican nomination in the 1924 presidential election following the death of President Harding, as many progressive Republicans hoped Pinchot could unseat Harding's successor, Calvin Coolidge.<mask>'s presidential chances were badly damaged by his role in settling the 1923 United Mine Workers coal strike, as he received the blame for a subsequent increase in coal prices, and Coolidge ultimately won the 1924 presidential election. Constitutionally barred from seeking a second term, <mask> ran in the 1926 Senate election in Pennsylvania. Facing strong opposition from anti-Prohibition "wets" and the conservative wing of the Republican Party, <mask> was defeated by Congressman William Scott Vare in the Republican primary. Vare went on to defeat former Labor Secretary William Wilson in the general election, but in his capacity as governor <mask> refused to certify the results of the election, claiming that Vare had illegally bought votes. The Senate refused to seat Vare and the seat would not be filled until the appointment of Joseph R. Grundy in 1929. Second term as governor of Pennsylvania

With the backing of Senator Grundy, <mask> launched a bid for the Republican nomination in the 1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. Relying once again on support from women and rural voters, <mask> defeated Francis Shunk Brown, the candidate of Vare's Philadelphia machine, and Thomas Phillips, a former congressman who was enthusiastically supported by the state's wet forces.Despite some defections by some  Republicans, <mask> went on to narrowly defeat Democrat John Hemphill in the general election. Taking office in the midst of the Great Depression, <mask> would face persistently high unemployment levels and sharply declining revenues during his second term. Pinchot prioritized fiscal conservatism and avoided major budget increases, but he also sought ways to help the impoverished and unemployed. He presided over the passage of a bill to provide state money for indigent care and initiated various infrastructure projects. He cooperated with President Franklin Roosevelt, despite Roosevelt's being a Democrat and Prohibition opponent. Under Governor <mask>'s leadership, Pennsylvania welcomed the Civilian Conservation Corps, which established 113 camps to work on public lands in Pennsylvania (second only to California). Working with the Works Progress Administration and National Park Service, Pinchot helped expand Pennsylvania's state parks, and also helped Pennsylvania's struggling farmers and unemployed workers by paving rural roads, which became known as 'Pinchot Roads.'When Prohibition was nationally repealed in 1933, and four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in Pennsylvania again, <mask> called the Pennsylvania General Assembly into special session to debate regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This session led to the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board and its system of state-run liquor stores. Though Pinchot is often misquoted as having said his goal was to "discourage the purchase of alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible," in reality he believed that the PLCB would put bootleggers out of business by offering lower prices. <mask> also argued that under the new system of state controlled liquor stores "[w]hisky will be sold by civil service employees with exactly the same amount of salesmanship as is displayed by an automatic postage stamp vending machine." Final years
<mask> ran unsuccessfully for the Senate a third time in the 1934 Senate election in Pennsylvania, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent Senator David A. Reed. He later sought the Republican nomination in the 1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, running on a platform that favored the New Deal and opposed the influence of Republican leaders Joseph R. Grundy and Joseph N. Pew Jr. He was defeated in the Republican primary by conservative former Lieutenant Governor Arthur James.Out of public office, <mask> continued his ultimately successful campaign to prevent the transfer of the Forest Service to the Department of the Interior, frequently sparring with Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. He also published new editions of his manual on forestry and worked on his autobiography, Breaking New Ground, which was published shortly after his death. During and after World War II, <mask> advocated for conservation to be a part of the mission of the United Nations, but the United Nations would not focus on the environment until the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Death

<mask> <mask> died on October 4, 1946, aged 81, from leukemia. He is interred at Milford Cemetery, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Personal life

During the 1912 presidential campaign, <mask> frequently worked with Cornelia Bryce, a women's suffrage activist who was a daughter of former Congressman Lloyd Bryce and a granddaughter of former New York City mayor Edward Cooper. They became engaged in early 1914 and were married in August 1914.Although Cornelia <mask> waged several unsuccessful campaigns for the United States House of Representatives, she was successful with numerous other political and public service activities, and has been described by historians at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission as “one of the most politically active first ladies in the history of Pennsylvania." She gave numerous speeches on behalf of women, organized labor, and other causes, and frequently served as a campaign surrogate for her husband. <mask> and his family took a seven-month voyage of the Southern Pacific Ocean in 1929, which <mask> chronicled in his 1930 work, To the South Seas. <mask> and his wife had one child, <mask> <mask>, who was born in 1915. The younger <mask> later helped found the Natural Resources Defense Council, an organization similar to his father's National Conservation Association. Proud of the first <mask> <mask>'s legacy, the family has continued to name their sons <mask>, down to <mask> <mask> Pinchot National Forest in Washington and Gifford Pinchot State Park in Lewisberry, Pennsylvania, are named in his honor, as is <mask> Hall at Penn State University.A large Coast Redwood in Muir Woods, California, is also named in his honor, as are Mount Pinchot and Pinchot Pass on the John Muir Trail in the Kings Canyon National Park in California. The Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state of Connecticut and second-largest sycamore on the Atlantic coast, still stands in Simsbury. The house where <mask> was born belonged to his grandfather, Captain Elisha Phelps, and is also on the National Register of Historic Places. He is also commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Caribbean lizard, Anolis pinchoti. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy accepted the family's summer retreat house, Grey Towers National Historic Site, which the <mask> family donated to the U.S. Forest Service. It remains the only National Historic Landmark operated by that federal agency. <mask> <mask> III, grandson of the first <mask> Pinchot, founded the Pinchot University, now merged with Presidio Graduate School.The <mask> family also dedicated The Pinchot Institute for Conservation, which maintains offices both at Grey Towers and headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Institute continues <mask>'s legacy of conservation leadership and sustainable forestry. See also

Mount Pinchot (Montana)
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s (Nov 23, 1925)
Gifford Pinchot State Park a Pennsylvania state park in York County, Pennsylvania
Gifford Pinchot National Forest, a United States National Forest in Washington
National Irrigation Congress
Pinchot South Sea Expedition

Notes

References

Works cited

Bibliography

Primary sources
"Breaking New Ground" by <mask> Pinchot.. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print, 1998, by Island Press and in paperback..
 <mask> <mask>, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot ed by Harold K. Steen (2001)
 <mask> <mask>, The Fight for Conservation. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910. Secondary sources

Online sources
 (1912: Competing Visions for America, <mask> <mask>, Ohio State University)
 <mask> <mask> (1865–1948) Conservation Hall of Fame, National Wildlife Federation
 Gifford Pinchot Brief Bio

External links

 Gifford Pinchot at the Forest History Society

 "American Experience: The Big Burn"
 Grey Towers National Historical Site, Milford, Pennsylvania
 Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, D.C.

1865 births
1946 deaths
Pinchot family
People from Simsbury, Connecticut
American conservationists
American environmentalists
Governors of Pennsylvania
Deaths from leukemia
Pennsylvania Progressives (1912)
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
United States Forest Service officials
History of forestry in the United States
History of forestry education
Pennsylvania Republicans
American foresters
Progressive Era in the United States
Alumni of the French National School of Forestry
Yale University alumni
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Sir William Schlich

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title: Mark Dodson

texts:
<mask> and Suicidal Tendencies. Biography
<mask>'s musical career began in the late 1970s, engineering recordings by Advertising, Judas Priest, Joan Jett and mixing an album by The Modern Lovers. He also worked for a number of heavy metal artists, such as Metal Church, Ozzy Osbourne, Prong, Glenn Tipton, U.D.O. and Ugly Kid Joe. In late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> worked with Anthrax to produce two of their albums State of Euphoria (1988) and Persistence of Time (1990) as well as the Europe-only EP Penikufesin (1989) and the compilation album Attack of the Killer B's (1991). Around 1992, Anthrax and <mask> discontinued their collaboration and the band had Dave Jerden produce their next album, Sound of White Noise (1993).<mask> also produced the Suicidal Tendencies albums How Will I Laugh Tomorrow (1988), Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu (1989) and Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990) as well as the compilation album Still Cyco After All These Years (1993). The band parted ways with him in 1991 while they decided to move in a different musical direction for their next album, The Art of Rebellion (1992). <mask> also worked with the Infectious Grooves, a project featuring Suicidal Tendencies members, to produce their first two albums, The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move (1991) and Sarsippius' Ark (1993). <mask> also produced the Electric Love Hogs only release in 1992. Tommy Lee Co-produced two tracks on this album with <mask>. <mask> also produced Scottish band The Almighty's 1993 album Powertrippin'.Works
Production/Engineering/Mixing/Arranging
 Roger Daltrey - Ride a Rock Horse (1975)
 Steve Gibbons - Caught in the Act (1977)
 Judas Priest - Sin After Sin (1977)
 Intergalactic Touring Band - Intergalactic Touring Band (1977)
 The Rubinoos - The Rubinoos (1977)
 Advertising - Jingles (1978)
 The Modern Lovers - Live (1978)
 Tyla Gang - Moonproof (1978)
 The Rubinoos - Back to the Drawing Board (1979)
 Tyla Gang - Just Popped Out (1980)
 Joan Jett - Bad Reputation (1981)
 Bow Wow Wow - I Want Candy (1982)
 Judas Priest - Defenders of the Faith (1984)
 John Parr - John Parr (1984)
 Ángeles del Infierno - Pacto con el Diablo (1984)
 Loverboy - Lovin' Every Minute of It (1985)
 Rough Cutt - Rough Cutt (1985)
 Metal Church - The Dark (1986)
 U.D.O. - Animal House (1987)
 Deathwish - At the Edge of Damnation (1987)
 Ángeles del Infierno - Lo Mejor de Los Angeles del Infierno (1987)
 Some Kind of Wonderful Original Soundtrack (1987)
 Suicidal Tendencies - How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today (1988)
 U.D.O. - Mean Machine (1988)
 Anthrax - State of Euphoria (1988)
 Loverboy - Big Ones (1989)
 Lord Tracy - Deaf Gods of Babylon (1989)
 Accept - Eat the Heat (1989)
 Prong - Beg to Differ (1990)
 Suicidal Tendencies - Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990)
 Anthrax - Persistence of Time (1990)
 Stéphane Grappelli - Something Old Something New (1990)
 Anthrax - Attack of the Killer B's (1991)
 Anthrax - N.F.V. : Oidivnikufesin (1991)
 Prong - Prove You Wrong (1991)
 Shooting Gallery - Shooting Gallery (1991)
 Metal Church - The Human Factor (1991)
 Infectious Grooves - The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move (1991)
 Ugly Kid Joe - America's Least Wanted (1992)
 Electric Love Hogs - Electric Love Hogs (1992)
 The Iron City Houserockers - Pumping Iron & Sweating Steel: The Best of the Iron City Houserockers (1992)
 Prong - Whose Fist Is This Anyway? (1992)
 Bakers Pink - Bakers Pink (1993)
 The Wildhearts - Earth vs the Wildhearts (1993)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 24 [UK] (1993)
 The Almighty - Powertrippin' (1993)
 Infectious Grooves - Sarsippius' Ark (1993)
 Suicidal Tendencies - Still Cyco After All These Years (1993)
 Joan Jett / Joan Jett & the Blackhearts - Flashback (1994)
 The Rubinoos - Garage Sale (1994)
 Shootyz Groove - Jammin' in Vicious Environments (1994)
 Loverboy - Loverboy Classics: Their Greatest Hits (1994)
 The Nixons - Foma (1995)
 The Nixons - Happy Song (1995)
 The Wildhearts - P.H.U.Q.(1995)
 Hi-Octane Hard-Driving Hits for the Roadious (1996)
 Varga - Oxygen (1996)
 Bow Wow Wow - The Best of Bow Wow Wow [RCA] (1996)
 Glenn Tipton - Baptizm of Fire (1997)
 Before X (1997)
 Joan Jett / Joan Jett & the Blackhearts - Fit to Be Tied: Great Hits by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (1997)
 Roger Daltrey - Martyrs & Madmen: The Best of Roger Daltrey (1997)
 Suicidal Tendencies - Prime Cuts (1997)
 The Wildhearts - The Best of the Wildhearts (1997)
 New Model Army - Strange Brotherhood (1998)
 Ugly Kid Joe - The Very Best of Ugly Kid Joe: As Ugly as It Gets (1998)
 U.D.O. - Best of U.D.O. (1999)
 Anthrax - Return of the Killer A's: The Best of Anthrax (1999)
 Suicidal Tendencies - FNG (2000)
 Laguna Tunes (2000)
 Plácido Domingo - Songs of Love (2000)
 Public Enemy - 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection: The Best of Public Enemy (2001)
 Cocobat - Ghost Tree Giant (2001)
 Anthrax - Madhouse: The Very Best of Anthrax (2001)
 Matchbox Twenty - More Than You Think You Are (2002)
 Ugly Kid Joe - The Collection (2002)
 Anthrax - Universal Masters Collection (2002)
 Sean Tyla - Just Popped Out/Redneck in Babylon (2003)
 Rock vs. Rap (2004)
 Anthrax - Anthrology: No Hit Wonders (1985-1991) (2005)
 Anthrax - Anthrology: No Hit Wonders 1985-1991 [DVD] (2005)
 Ozzy Osbourne - Prince of Darkness (2005)
 Glenn Tipton - Edge of the World (2006)
 Loverboy - Keep It Up/Lovin' Every Minute of It (2006)
 We Are the '80s (2006)
 The Rubinoos - Everything You Always Wanted to Know About (2007)
 OutReach - False Statements From A Pretty Mouth (2007)
 Heavy Metal [Rhino Box Set] (2007)
 U.D.O. - Metallized: The Best of U.D.O. (2007)
 Metal Church - Rhino Hi-Five: Metal Church (2007)
 Judas Priest - Collections (2008)
 Judas Priest - Original Album Classics (2008)
 Loverboy - Steel Box Collection - Greatest Hits (2008)
 Joan Jett / Joan Jett & the Blackhearts - Greatest Hits [Blackheart] (2010)
 Suicidal Tendencies - Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies (2010)
 Judas Priest - Hell Bent for Leather/Defenders of the Faith (2012)
 Anthrax - Icon (2012)
 Prong - Playlist: The Very Best of Prong (2012)
 Steve Gibbons / Steve Gibbons Band - Street Parade/Saints & Sinners (2012)
 Judas Priest - The Complete Albums Collection (2012)
 Joan Jett / Joan Jett & the Blackhearts - Greatest Hits [Liberator] (2013)
 Joan Jett / Joan Jett & the Blackhearts - Greatest Hits [Sony] (2014)
 Joan Jett - Bad Reputation [Music From the Original Motion Picture] (2018)

References

1953 births
Musicians from London
English record producers
English audio engineers
Living people

masks:
Mark Dodsondas Priest
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson


title: Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

texts:
<mask>  (3 October 1797 – 29 January 1870), was Grand Duke of Tuscany (1824–1859). He married twice; first to Maria Anna of Saxony, and after her death in 1832, to Maria Antonia of the Two-Sicilies. By the latter, he begat his eventual successor, Ferdinand. <mask> was recognised contemporarily as a liberal monarch, authorising the Tuscan Constitution of 1848, and allowing a degree of free press. The Grand Duke was deposed briefly by a provisional government in 1849, only to be restored the same year with the assistance of Austrian troops, who occupied the state until 1855. <mask> attempted a policy of neutrality with regard to the Second Italian War of Independence, but was expelled by a bloodless coup on 27 April 1859, just before the beginning of the war. The Grand Ducal family left for Bologna, in Papal territory.Tuscany was occupied by soldiers of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia for the duration of the conflict. The preliminary peace of Villafranca, agreed to between Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph of Austria on 11 July, provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence, but <mask> himself was considered too unpopular to be accepted, so on 21 July 1859 he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Ferdinand. Ferdinand was not, however, any more acceptable to the revolutionaries in control of Florence, and his accession was not proclaimed. Instead, the provisional government proclaimed the deposition of the House of Habsburg (16 August). Biography
Born in Florence, <mask> II was the son of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Princess Luisa Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies, who were double first cousins. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria. He succeeded his father on 18 June 1824.During the first twenty years of his reign he devoted himself to the internal development of the state. His was the mildest and least reactionary of all the Italian despotisms of the day, and although always subject to Austrian influence he refused to adopt the Austrian methods of government, allowed a fair measure of liberty to the press, and permitted many political exiles from other states to dwell in Tuscany undisturbed. But when during the early 1840s unrest spread throughout Italy, even in Tuscany demands for a constitution and other political reforms were advanced; in 1845 and 1846 riots occurred in various parts of the country, and <mask> granted a number of administrative reforms. But Austrian influence prevented him from doing more, even had he wished to do so. The election of Pope Pius IX gave fresh encouragement to Liberalism, and on 4 September 1847 <mask> instituted the National Guard – a preparation for a constitution; soon afterward the marchese Cosimo Ridolfi was appointed prime minister. The granting of the Neapolitan and Piedmontese constitutions was followed (17 February 1848) by that of Tuscany, composed by Gino Capponi. The uprisings in Milan and in Vienna aroused patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany, where war against Austria was demanded; <mask>, yielding to popular pressure, sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co-operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign.His speech on their departure was uncompromisingly Italian and Liberal. "Soldiers," he said, "the holy cause of Italian freedom is being decided to-day on the fields of Lombardy. Already the citizens of Milan have purchased their liberty with their blood and with a heroism of which history offers few examples... Honour to the arms of Italy! Long live Italian independence!" The Tuscan contingent fought bravely, though unsuccessfully, at Curtatone and Montanara. On 26 June, the first Tuscan parliament assembled but the disturbances consequent on the failure of the campaign in Lombardy resulted in the resignation of the Ridolfi ministry, which was succeeded by that of Gino Capponi. The riots continued, especially at Livorno, which was prey to actual civil war, and the democratic party of which Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giuseppe Montanelli were organizers became every day more influential.Capponi resigned, and <mask> agreed reluctantly to a Montanelli-Guerrazzi ministry, which in its turn had to fight against the extreme republican party. New elections in the autumn of 1848 returned a constitutional majority, but it ended by voting in favour of a constituent assembly. There was talk of instituting a central Italian kingdom with <mask> as king, to form part of a larger Italian federation, but in the meanwhile the grand-duke, alarmed at the revolutionary and republican agitations in Tuscany and encouraged by the success of the Austrian troops, was, according to Montanelli, negotiating with Field-Marshal Radetzky and with Pius IX, who had now abandoned his liberal tendencies, and fled to Gaeta. <mask> had left Florence for Siena, and eventually for Porto Santo Stefano, leaving a letter to Guerrazzi in which, on account of a protest from the pope, he declared that he could not agree to the proposed constituent assembly. The utmost confusion prevailed in Florence and other parts of Tuscany. On 18 February 1849 a republic was proclaimed and on that same day <mask> sailed for Gaeta. A third parliament was elected and Guerrazzi appointed dictator.But there was great discontent, and the defeat of Charles Albert at Novara caused consternation among the Liberals. The majority, while fearing an Austrian invasion, desired the return of the grand-duke who had never been unpopular, and in April 1849 the municipal council usurped the powers of the assembly and invited him to return, "to save us by means of the restoration of the constitutional monarchy surrounded by popular institutions, from the shame and ruin of a foreign invasion." <mask> accepted, although he said nothing about the foreign invasion, and on 1 May sent Count Luigi Serristori to Tuscany with full powers. But at the same time the Austrians occupied Lucca and Livorno, and although <mask> simulated surprise at their action it has since been proved, as the Austrian general d'Aspre declared at the time, that Austrian intervention was due to the request of the grand-duke. On 24 May the latter appointed G Baldasseroni prime minister, on the 25th the Austrians entered Florence and on 28 July <mask> himself returned. In April 1850 he concluded a treaty with Austria sanctioning the continuation for an indefinite period of the Austrian occupation with 10,000 men; in September he dismissed parliament, and the next year established a concordat with the Church of a very clerical character. He feebly asked Austria if he might maintain the constitution, and the Austrian premier, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, advised him to consult the pope, the king of Naples and the dukes of Parma and Modena.On their advice he formally revoked the constitution (1852). Political trials were held, Guerrazzi and many others being condemned to long terms of imprisonment, and although in 1855 the Austrian troops left Tuscany, <mask>'s popularity was gone. Some of the Liberals, however, still believed in the possibility of a constitutional grand-duke who could be induced for a second time to join Piedmont in a war against Austria, whereas the popular party headed by Ferdinando Bartolommei and Giuseppe Dolfi realised that only by the expulsion of <mask> could the national aspirations be realised. When in 1859 France and Piedmont made war on Austria, <mask>'s government failed to prevent numbers of young Tuscan volunteers from joining the Franco-Piedmontese forces. Finally an agreement was arrived at between the aristocratic constitutionalists and the popular party, as a result of which the grand-duke's participation in the war was formally demanded. <mask> at first gave way, and entrusted Don Neri Corsini with the formation of a ministry. The popular demands presented by Corsini were for the abdication of <mask> in favour of his son, an alliance with Piedmont and the reorganisation of Tuscany in accordance with the eventual and definite reorganisation of Italy.<mask> hesitated and finally rejected the proposals as derogatory to his dignity. On 27 April there was great excitement in Florence, Italian colours appeared everywhere, but order was maintained, and the grand-duke and his family departed for Bologna undisturbed. Thus the revolution was accomplished without blood being shed, and after a period of provisional government Tuscany was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy. On 21 July <mask> abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand IV of Tuscany, who never reigned, but issued a protest from Dresden (26 March 1860). Evaluation

<mask> of Tuscany was a well-meaning, not unkindly man, and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots, but he was weak, and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal. Had he not joined the conclave of autocrats at Gaeta, and, above all, had he not summoned Austrian assistance while denying that he had done so, in 1849, he might yet have preserved his throne, and even changed the course of Italian history. At the same time his rule, if not harsh, was demoralising.Along with his wife he was the founding patron of L'Istituto Statale della Ss. Annunziata, the first female boarding school in Florence established to educate aristocratic  and noble young ladies. <mask> ordered the construction of La Botte, a water tunnel under the Arno River, which allowed for the final drainage of the Lago di Bientina, which had previously been the largest lake in Tuscany. Completed in 1859, La Botte remains an integral part of the Tuscan water management system. He spent his last years in Austria, and died in Rome. Marriages and children

In Dresden on 28 October 1817 by proxy and in Florence on 16 November 1817 in person, <mask> married Princess Maria Anna of Saxony, born in Dresden on 15 November 1799. She was a daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony and Caroline of Bourbon-Parma.Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. <mask> and his wife were second cousins as they were both great-grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. They had four children:

Archduchess Carolina Auguste Elisabeth Vincentia Johanna Josepha (Florence, 19 November 1822 – Florence, 5 October 1841). Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria (1 April 1825 – 26 April 1864). Married Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria. Archduchess Maria Maximiliana Thekla Johanna Josepha (Florence, 9 January 1827 – Florence, 18 May 1834). Archduchess Maria Josepha Amalia Carlotta Giovanna (Florence, 1 May 1828 – Florence, 1 May 1836)

Maria Anna died in Pisa on 24 April 1832.On 7 June 1833 in Naples, <mask> married secondly Maria Antonietta of the Two Sicilies (Palermo, 19 December 1814 – Orth, 7 November 1898). His new wife was the second daughter of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain. Marie Antoinette was his first cousin. They had ten children:

Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria. Married her maternal uncle Prince Francis, Count of Trapani, youngest son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain. Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908). Archduchess Maria Theresia Annunziata Johanna Josepha Paulina Luisa Virginia Apollonia Philomena (Florence, 29 June 1836 – Florence, 5 August 1838).Archduchess Maria Christina Annunziata Agatha Dorothea Johanna Josephina Luisa Philomena Anna (Florence, 5 February 1838 – Florence, 1 September 1849). Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria (30 April 1839 – 18 January 1892). He married Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, second daughter of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria. Archduchess Maria Anna Karoline Annunziata Johanna Josepha Gabriela Theresia Katharina Margarethe Philomena (Florence, 9 June 1840 – Florence, 13 August 1841). Archduke Rainer Salvator Maria StephanJoseph Johann Philipp Jakob Antonin Zenobius Alois von Gonzaga (Florence, 1 May 1842 – Florence, 14 August 1844). Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (Florence, 31 October 1845 – Hanau, 27 August 1917), married in Schloss Brandeis, Bohemia, on 31 May 1865 Karl, Prince of Isenburg-Büdingen (Birstein, 29 July 1838 – Schlackenwerth, 4 April 1899). Her husband was a grandson of Karl, last sovereign Prince of Isenburg.They are the ancestors of Sophie, Princess of Prussia, wife of Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, the head of the House of Hohenzollern. Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria (4 August 1847 – 12 October 1915). Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria (25 November 1852 – reported lost at sea in 1890). There was speculation of his survival under an alias (Johann Orth). Honours
 : Grand Duchy of Tuscany:
 Grand Master of the Order of St. Joseph
 Grand Master of the Military Order of St. Stephen
 :
 Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1810
 Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1838
 : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1 October 1844
 :
 Knight of St. Januarius
 Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit
 : Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar, 1851
 : Knight of the Rue Crown, 1817

Ancestry

See also
Unification of Italy

Notes

References

External links

 A listing of his descendants

1797 births
1870 deaths
House of Habsburg
Leopold 2
Austrian princes
Tuscan princes
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Monarchs who abdicated
Nobility from Florence
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Fellows of the Royal Society
Grand Masters of the Order of Saint Joseph
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

masks:
Leopold II
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold
Leopold


title: Alexandra Escobar

texts:
<mask> (born July 17, 1980) is an Ecuadorian weightlifter. At the 2001 World Weightlifting Championships in Antalya, Turkey she won gold in the 53 kg category in the clean and jerk, bronze in the snatch, and the overall bronze medal with in total 205 kg. She ranked 7th in the Woman's 58 kg category at the 2004 Summer Olympics, lifting 215 kg in total. At the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships she ranked 16th in the 58 kg category, and at the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships she ranked 5th in the same category, lifting a total of 220 kg. <mask> won the gold medal in the 58 kg category at the 2008 Pan American Weightlifting Championships. She competed in Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 58 kg in Beijing, ranking 5th with 223 kg in total, and also was the national flag bearer at the opening ceremony. She was the Ecuadorian flag-bearer for both the 2004 and 2008 Olympic games.At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she again competed in the women's 58 kg category, finishing 9th with a total of 226 kg. Early life
<mask>'s parents struggled to support her, and soon sent her to be raised by her aunt Luisa Marquez. It was Luisa's daughter, Adela Marquez, who introduced <mask> to the sport of weightlifting. From an early age <mask> knew that sports would likely present the best opportunity to escape the poverty she had inherited at birth. <mask> was found by a local coach in Esmeraldas named Silvio Mila. Mila practically refused to let <mask> walk away from the sport, and just four months after beginning to train in the sport she won her first medal and was shortly thereafter invited to join the Ecuadorian Weightlifting team. <mask> first found international success in 2001 at the World Championships in Antalya, Turkey where she won a gold medal in the 53 kg Clean & Jerk event.<mask> has also found considerable success on her home continent winning 18 gold medals in various major South American competitions. She has competed in three Olympic Games all in the 58 kg event, and is currently working towards qualifying for the 2016 games to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. <mask> and her husband Dario Xavier Garcia have one son, Dominic Ramses Garcia. She is currently coached by the Cuban Javier Perez Rosas, and trains in her home town of Esmeraldas. The government has provided her with facilities to train in and a monthly stipend to allow her to focus solely on weightlifting. Pan American Championships

While <mask> has competed in three Olympic Games and several World Championships her greatest success has undoubtedly come at the Pan American Championships. She first appeared on the Pan American stage in 2008 at the games held in Callao, Peru when she swept the 58 kg events, winning three gold medals 1 each in the 58 kg, the 58 kg – snatch, and the 58 kg – clean & jerk.Since the 2008 games in Callao Escobar has won 10 gold medals, 2 silvers, and 1 bronze. Making that even more impressive, she won back to back to back gold medals in both the 58 kg and the 58 kg – clean & jerk during the 2008, 2009 and 2010 games. <mask> is showing no signs of slowing down either having recently won gold medals in 58 kg, the 58 kg – snatch and the 58 kg – clean & jerk events at the 2013 games held in Caracas, Venezuela. Olympic Games

<mask>'s dream is to win an Olympic medal, and she has competed in three games so far. She first competed in the Olympics in 2004 in Athens, Greece. She then returned in the 2008 games in Beijing, China. Finally, she competed in London, England during the 2012 games.Prior to the 2012 games, <mask> said:

<mask> has yet to accomplish this goal as her best finish so far was fourth place in the 2008 games. In the opening ceremony of those games, <mask> was the flag bearer for her home country Ecuador. <mask> considers this a great honor that was bestowed upon her. Her other finishes in the Olympics were 7th place in 2004 and 9th in 2012. After the disappointing finish in London, there was some speculation that <mask> would retire as she has spoken about an interest in coaching and studying sports science. However this soon proved false as she has returned to competitions in 2013. World championships

<mask> has competed in eight World Championships.She has won one gold medal, in 2001, and has finished second on two occasions, both occurring in the 2013 games held in Wroclaw, Poland. She has also won four bronze medals, in 2001, 2003 and 2013. Her medals have all came in the 58 kg, 58 kg – snatch and 58 kg – clean & jerk events. Controversy

In October 2003, <mask> threatened to boycott the World Championships that were being held in Vancouver, Canada later that year unless the governing committee canceled a twenty thousand dollar fine that was imposed on a fellow competitor. Ultimately, the issue was resolved and <mask> attended the games winning a bronze medal in the 58 kg – snatch event. This event painted <mask> as a martyr in the eyes of the weightlifting community and garnered her significant respect among her fellow competitors. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Olympic weightlifters of Ecuador
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Ecuadorian female weightlifters
Pan American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2015 Pan American Games
South American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
South American Games medalists in weightlifting
Competitors at the 2010 South American Games
Weightlifters at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Weightlifters at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century Ecuadorian women

masks:
María Alexandra Escobar Guerrero
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Alexandra Escobar
Escobar
Escobar
Escobar


title: Avidius Cassius

texts:
<mask> ( 130 – July 175 AD) was an Assyrian Roman general and usurper. He was born in Cyrrhus, and was the son of Gaius Avidius Heliodorus, who served as praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt, and Julia Cassia Alexandra, who was related to a number of royal figures, including her descent from both Augustus and Herod the Great. He began his military career under Antoninus Pius, rising to the status of legatus legionis. He served during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, in which he distinguished himself, for which he was elevated to the Senate, and later made Imperial legate. During the Bucolic War, he was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis, giving him Imperium over all of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. In 175, <mask> declared himself emperor, because he had received news, from Marcus Aurelius' wife Faustina the Younger, that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius was about to die. He received broad support in the eastern provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, especially Syria, which was his homeland.Despite his control of the vital grain production of Egypt, and his command of seven legions, he was heavily outmatched by Aurelius. While Aurelius was amassing a force to defeat <mask>, a centurion of one of <mask>' legions murdered Cassius, sending his head to Aurelius as proof. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born around 130, in the town of Cyrrhus, Syria. He was born to <mask> Heliodorus and Julia Cassia Alexandra. His father, Heliodorus, was of equestrian status, and served as Ab epistulis for Hadrian. Heliodorus later served as Praefectus augustalis, the prefect of Roman Egypt, from 137 to 142AD. According to <mask> Dio, he received this post, which was one of the highest posts that an equestrian could hold, due to his oratory skills alone.His mother, Julia Cassia, was the great-granddaughter of Junia Lepida, who was herself a great-great-granddaughter of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. She was also a descendant of Herod the Great through her father, Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus. <mask> was also a distant descendant of the Roman client-king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Commagene, who had been dethroned half a century before. Early career
It is thought that <mask> began his career during the reign of Antoninus Pius. He may have been adlected as a quaestor in 154. It is thought that he became a legatus legionis of one of the legions stationed in Moesia Inferior, which guarded against the Sarmatians, during the late years of Pius' rule (138–161), and it is certain that he was a legatus by at least 161AD, the last year of Pius' reign. <mask> rose to prominence rapidly 164, under the co-emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, serving as legatus legionis or commander of Legio III Gallica.In 165, he led Legio III Gallica down the Euphrates, and defeated the Parthians at Dura-Europos. Before the end of the year, <mask> and his legion marched to the south, crossed Mesopotamia at its narrowest point, and attacked and sacked the twin Parthian cities of the Tigris river: Seleucia, which was on the right bank; and Ctesiphon, which was on the left bank and was the Parthian capital. After capturing Ctesiphon, he burnt the palace of Vologases IV. Despite the fact that Seleucia had surrendered to the Romans, he destroyed it as well, justifying it by claiming that the local population had broken their agreement. <mask>' legion was by this time in dire need of supplies. The first signs of what became known as the Antonine Plague showed up in his army in 165. <mask> marched back to Syria, carrying with him the spoils taken from his campaign.He sent details of his campaign to Rome, for which he was rewarded with elevation to the Senate. Much of his success was credited to Emperor Lucius Verus, who, although himself an excellent commander, was notedly unafraid of delegating military tasks to more competent generals. In May of 166, <mask> was made suffect consul, a position he held while still stationed outside of Rome. During that year, Lucius Verus and <mask> launched a new campaign against the Parthians, invading across the northern stretch of the Tigris river, into Media. During this time, a false rumor reached Rome that <mask> had led Legio III Gallica across the Indus River. In late 166AD, <mask> was appointed imperial legate of Syria. In 170, <mask> was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis (literally "Supreme Commander of the Orient"), giving him imperium over the entirety of the eastern section of the empire, in order to combat a large rebellion in Egypt, commonly called the Bucolic War.This rebellion was centered in the area of the Pentapolis of Middle Egypt, and was motivated by a rapid rise of grain prices in the area. The Bucoli came close to capturing Alexandria, but were halted by <mask>' troops. <mask> succeeded in putting down this revolt in 175, after using a strategy of dividing the various revolting tribespeople, and then conquering them. Usurpation
In 175, after hearing false reports that Marcus Aurelius had succumbed to his severe illness, <mask> declared himself emperor, claiming that Aurelius' troops in Pannonia, where he had been leading troops as a part of the Marcomannic War, had elected him emperor. Some versions say that <mask> was tricked, or persuaded, by Faustina the Younger, who was the wife of Aurelius, because she feared that Aurelius would die while Commodus, their son, was still young, a situation which would likely have led to a usurper seizing the throne for himself. According to these accounts, Faustina thus tricked, or persuaded, Cassius into rebelling, to ensure the next emperor was someone of her choosing. The exact date of his revolt is unknown, although it is known that he revolted by at least 3 May, due to a document about his emperorship from that date.A papyrus from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri has shown that Cassius was confident of Egyptian support as early as April or even March. Aurelius attempted to suppress news of the revolt, but, when it became widespread throughout his camp, chose to address it in a speech. The exact wording of his speech is unknown, as the record given by <mask> Dio is believed to be a free composition, which followed only the outline of Aurelius' actual speech. In the record, Aurelius laments the betrayal of a dear friend, and says that if the danger had been to him alone, he would be willing to "set the issue" between himself and Cassius, before the Senate and the Army, and would have yielded the empire to Cassius, if the senate and army considered him the better leader. He was also recorded as saying that he hoped that Cassius would not be killed or commit suicide, so that he could show mercy. The Historia Augusta, a work both treasured by historians and notorious for its falsehoods, records that Aurelius formed a peace commission among his advisors. Cassius started the rebellion in a good position.He received large support from the Eastern provinces, especially his homeland of Syria, due to a combination of his distant royal descent, his victories in the Parthian War and the Bucolic War. He received support from the provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, giving him a potential strength of seven legions: three from Syria, two from Syria Palaestina, one from Roman Arabia, and one from Egypt. <mask> set his base of operations in Egypt, with two important bases outside of Egypt being Antioch and Cyrrhus, both important military centres. Gaius Calvisius Statianus, the contemporary prefect of Egypt, issued an edict, which has survived in a fragmentary state, ordering the populace of Egypt to rejoice at the accession of Cassius. Despite controlling some of the most important parts of the Roman East, especially Egypt which was a critical supplier of grain for the city of Rome, Cassius failed to win widespread support for his rebellion. The Roman Senate swiftly declared Cassius a public enemy, and Publius Martius Verus, the governor of Cappadocia, who staunchly opposed the rebellion, rallied public support for Aurelius. <mask>, through the marriage of his daughter, Avidia Alexandra, to Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius, had connection to the Licinnii of Lycia, including Claudius Dryantianus's father Tiberius Claudius Agrippinus, who was a consul.The aristocratic Licinnii are one of the most well known Lycian families. It is unknown how much of a role Claudius Dryantianus played, although it is known that some considered him to be <mask>' partner in crime. Claudius Dryantianus and Avidia Alexandra were pardoned by Marcus Aurelius, although Claudius Dryantianus' estate was confiscated after his death. Many nobles throughout the empire opposed the rebellion, one example being Herodes Atticus, who is recorded as having sent <mask> a letter containing only the word emanes, literally "you are mad". Despite this widespread opposition, the capital of Rome was thrown into a panic, which forced Aurelius to send Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes, the governor of Pannonia Inferior, with troops to secure the city. Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War. Several barbarian tribes sent offers of their assistance to Aurelius, all of which were refused.Aurelius amassed troops and prepared to depart for the East, to depose Cassius. It was soon clear that Aurelius was in a stronger position, with far more legions available to him than to Cassius. When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried. He was likely killed by at least the end of July 175, as Egypt chose to recognize Aurelius again on 28 July 175. <mask> had rebelled for three months and six days before being killed, during which time no coins were struck bearing his image. Aftermath
After the death of Cassius, Publius Martius Verus swiftly took control of Syria, and burned all of Cassius' correspondences. Even after the news of Cassius' death had reached Marcus Aurelius, Aurelius was still determined to visit the east.He set off with a body of advisors, along with his wife, Faustina, who died along the way, in a village in south Cappadocia, about  south of Tyana, called Halala. The town was renamed in her honor, and his son, Commodus. After the death of Faustina, Aurelius wrote to the Senate, asking them for a report on <mask>' supporters, but specifically saying he desired no bloodshed to punish them, as several retributions had already been carried out in the name of Aurelius. Among these were the killing of Avidius Maecianus, a son of Cassius. Aurelius ordered the banishment of Avidius Heliodorus, another son of Cassius. Avidia Alexandra, the daughter of Cassius, and her husband, were placed under the protection of "an uncle by marriage", believed to be Claudius Titianus, a Lycian senator. Personal life
Dio spoke highly of Cassius, saying that he was a "good man" whose only fault was that his father, Heliodorus, was given his post of Praefectus augustalis only because of his speaking abilities.He was labelled as being a strict disciplinarian during his time as commander of Legio III Gallica. <mask> was married to Volusia Vettia Maeciana, daughter of Lucius Volusius Maecianus, and had at least three children (the Historia Augusta implies he may have had more):
 Avidius Heliodorus – first son of Cassius, who was banished by order of the emperor. <mask> Maecianus – second son of <mask>, who was killed after the revolt had been put down. Avidia Alexandra – daughter of <mask>, who was forced to live under the protection of an uncle, along with her husband. In popular culture
Roman Empire: Reign of Blood
Gladiator Begins
20s A Difficult Age, one of the series' antagonist is based on and named after Cassius. Footnotes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

130 births
175 deaths
2nd century in Egypt
2nd-century murdered monarchs
2nd-century Roman governors of Syria
2nd-century Roman usurpers
Ancient Roman equites
Ancient Roman generals
<mask>, Gaius
Avidius, Gaius
Generals of Antoninus Pius
Generals of Lucius Verus
Generals of Marcus Aurelius
Herodian dynasty
Murdered Roman emperors
Orontid dynasty
People from Cyrrhus
People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman governors of Syria
Roman legates
Roman quaestors
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome

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Gaius Avidius Cassius
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Gaius Avidius
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title: Jeremy Fogel

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1949) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. <mask> was appointed by President Bill Clinton. He was a judge for the municipal court and superior court of Santa Clara County, California from 1981 to 1998. He served as Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 2011–2018. Education and early career
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1971 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1974. He entered private practice in San Jose, California until 1978. He was a lecturer in human development at San Jose State University from 1977 to 1978 and member of the Santa Clara County Bar Association from 1978 to 1981.With the Mental Health Advocacy Project, he was a directing attorney from 1978 to 1981 and an Executive director from 1980 to 1981. Along with his judicial work, <mask> lectures at Stanford Law School; one of his courses was "Psychology of Litigation: Practical and Ethical Implications". Judicial career

State judicial service
He was appointed by Democratic governor Jerry Brown as a judge on the Santa Clara County Municipal Court from 1981 to 1986. Brown successor, Republican governor George Deukmejian, appointed <mask> to a judgeship at the Superior Court of Santa Clara County in 1986; <mask> remained until 1998. As a Superior Court judge, <mask> on November 23, 1992 allowed the East Side Union High School District to screen Channel One News, whose content included commercials, in classrooms provided that students who opt out receive alternative assignments. In 1997, <mask> heard a case challenging Measure B, a ballot initiative for a public transportation sales tax passed by 52 percent of voters. Challengers argued that because Measure B was a special tax (earmarked) rather than a general tax (for the general fund), a simple majority vote was insufficient.<mask> dismissed the lawsuit on April 3, 1997, two days after it opened. Federal judicial service
<mask> was nominated by President Bill Clinton on September 8, 1997, to the seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of California that had been vacated by Robert Aguilar. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1998, and received his commission on March 17, 1998. He assumed senior status on December 31, 2014. He retired from active service on September 14, 2018.

Notable cases

<mask> has presided over federal criminal cases, including trials for perjury and fraud. In 2010, he presided over the perjury case of Federal Bureau of Investigation employee Rachelle Thomas-Zuill, who pleaded guilty. On January 8, 2010, <mask> sentenced two people to federal prison for defrauding 24 Hour Fitness; one of the convicted, Susan Powell, served as a vice president of that company.Powell got 15 months, and advertising executive Michael Johnston got 5 months. On July 22, 2010, <mask> sentenced Seth Sundberg, the branch manager of a mortgage and financial business, to 71 months in prison and $2.4 million in restitution for obtaining a $5 million tax refund from the Internal Revenue Service fraudulently. Sundberg pleaded guilty in January 2010 to mail fraud. Other cases that <mask> has presided over federally included that of serial bank robber Froilan Alix Roldan, whom he sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment on September 30, 2009. Roldan robbed $90,000 from a Bank of America branch in Santa Clara, California over three instances in three years. Judge <mask> also sentenced NASA Ames Research Center contractor Ernst John Rohde to a five-year term for possessing child pornography on his government computer; two other Ames employees had been convicted of the same offense previously. On October 29, 2009, <mask> awarded the Palo Alto, California-based social networking website Facebook $711 million in damages in a civil suit that Facebook filed against online marketer Sanford Wallace, whom Facebook accused of using the website to send spam to and steal personal information from website users.California execution moratorium

On December 15, 2006, in the case Morales v. Tilton, Judge <mask> ruled that California execution procedures violate the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution because inexperienced, untrained prison staff do executions in crowded, poorly lit settings; <mask> wrote that "implementation of lethal injection" by California "is broken, but...can be fixed." That moratorium came ten months after <mask> issued a ruling two hours prior to the scheduled February 21, 2006 execution of Michael Morales with conditions to prevent a painful execution: instead of administering it via intravenous tube, a licensed medical professional would have to inject sodium thiopental directly into Morales' vein. California then delayed the execution, as it could not comply with <mask>'s order. Under the same painful death criteria, <mask> issued a stay of execution for Albert Greenwood Brown on September 28, 2010, two days before Brown was scheduled to be executed. In response to <mask>'s ruling in Morales v. Tilton, The New York Times wrote in a 2011 editorial: "For legislators in state capitols considering whether to abolish the [death] penalty... this case... has documented how lethal injection can be cruel and unusual punishment when unprofessionally administered and how the culture of prisons breeds that shoddy approach. It is one more reason to reject the death penalty as a barbaric punishment." Subsequent career
On September 17, 2018, Judge <mask> became the first Executive Director of the Berkeley Judicial Institute, a center at Berkeley Law School whose mission is to build bridges between judges and academics and to promote an ethical, resilient and independent judiciary.Personal life
<mask> married preschool teacher Kathleen Aim Wilcox and lives in Los Altos, California; their son Nate Wilcox-<mask> attended the Menlo School and Stanford University and played on the football teams of both schools. See also
 List of Jewish American jurists

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
California state court judges
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
People from Los Altos, California
Lawyers from San Francisco
Stanford Law School faculty
Stanford University alumni
Superior court judges in the United States
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges

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title: DuBose Heyward

texts:
<mask> (August 31, 1885 – June 16, 1940) was an American author best known for his 1925 novel Porgy. He and his wife Dorothy, a playwright, adapted it as a 1927 play of the same name. The couple worked with composer George Gershwin to adapt the work as the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess. It was later adapted as a 1959 film of the same name. <mask> also wrote poetry and other novels and plays. He wrote the children's book The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939). Childhood, education, and early career
<mask> was born in 1885 in Charleston, South Carolina, the son of Jane Screven (<mask>) and <mask>.He was a descendant of Judge Thomas <mask>, Jr., a South Carolinian signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and his wife, who were of the planter elite. As a child and young man, <mask> was frequently ill. He contracted polio when he was 18. Two years later he contracted typhoid fever, and the following year fell ill with pleurisy. He described himself as having been "a miserable student" who was uninterested in learning. He dropped out of high school in his first year at age fourteen but had a lifelong and serious interest in literature. He was able to support himself as he became a successful insurance agent.While confined to his sickbed, he wrote numerous verses and stories. In 1913 <mask> wrote a one-act play, An Artistic Triumph, which was produced in a local theater. Although described as a derivative work that reportedly showed little promise, <mask> was encouraged enough to pursue a literary career. In 1917, while convalescing, he began to work seriously at fiction and poetry. In 1918 he published his first short story, "The Brute," in Pagan, a Magazine for Eudaemonists. The next year, he met Hervey Allen, who was teaching at the nearby Porter Military Academy. They became close friends and formed the Poetry Society of South Carolina.It helped spark a revival of southern literature. <mask> edited the society's yearbooks until 1924 and contributed much of their content. His poetry was well received, earning him a "Contemporary Verse" award in 1921. In 1922 he and Allen jointly published a collection, Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country. They  jointly edited an issue of Poetry magazine featuring Southern writers. During this period <mask> and his friend Henry T. O'Neill together operated a successful insurance and real estate company. Marriage and family
<mask> met his wife Dorothy when they were both at the MacDowell Colony in 1922.After they married, they lived for many years in Charleston. Their only child, Jenifer <mask> <mask>, was born in 1930 in New York City. She became a sculptor, actress and dancer, a member of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. She married Judson Wood Jr., and died in 1984. Career as full-time writer
By 1924, <mask>bo Brown and Other Poems (1924). Between stints of writing, he supplemented his income by lecturing on southern literature at colleges and the Porter Military Academy.Porgy
In 1925 he published his novel Porgy, set in the black community of Charleston, which had many Gullah people. Given the positive reception for the book, he and Dorothy, a playwright, adapted it as a dramatic play. While working on that adaptation, he was approached by composer George Gershwin, who proposed collaborating on an opera of the material. His and Dorothy's play Porgy opened on Broadway in 1927, and it was a considerable success, running for 367 performances. Describing <mask>'s achievement in Porgy, the African-American poet and playwright Langston Hughes said <mask> was one who saw "with his white eyes, wonderful, poetic qualities in the inhabitants of Catfish Row that makes them come alive." <mask>'s biographer James M. Hutchisson characterized Porgy as "the first major southern novel to portray blacks without condescension" and said that the libretto to Porgy and Bess was largely <mask>'s work. Critics have described <mask> as sympathetic in his portrayal of the Southern blacks in his work.Others, however, have noted that the characters in Porgy, though viewed sympathetically, are described in stereotypical ways. According to Ellen Noonan,

Porgy and Bess
For the opera Porgy and Bess, both <mask> and Ira Gershwin, the composer's brother and regular partner, worked on the lyrics. <mask> did not get much credit for that work. In his introduction to the section on <mask> <mask> in Invisible Giants: Fifty Americans Who Shaped the Nation But Missed the History Books (2003), Stephen Sondheim wrote:

<mask> <mask> has gone largely unrecognized as the author of the finest set of lyrics in the history of the American musical theater – namely, those of 'Porgy and Bess'. There are two reasons for this, and they are connected. First, he was primarily a poet and novelist, and his only song lyrics were those that he wrote for Porgy. Second, some of them were written in collaboration with Ira Gershwin, a full-time lyricist, whose reputation in the musical theater was firmly established before the opera was written.But most of the lyrics in Porgy – and all of the distinguished ones – are by <mask>. I admire his theater songs for their deeply felt poetic style and their insight into character. It's a pity he didn't write any others. His work is sung, but he is unsung. The Gershwin opera Porgy and Bess was produced in 1935, featuring top African-American singers and chorus. Large sections of dialogue from the play were set to music for the recitatives in the opera. Although it had limited success when first produced, it has since had numerous successful revivals, toured Europe, North America, and other continents, and been recognized as an American operatic masterpiece.Later works
<mask> continued to explore black Charleston with another novel set in Catfish Row, Mamba's Daughters (1929). He and Dorothy also adapted this as a play. <mask> wrote the play Brass Ankle, produced in 1931 in New York. The title refers to a Southern term for a person of mixed-race ancestry, and was long used in a pejorative way. The play addressed issues of mixed-race, featuring a couple in a small southern town who have grown up believing they were white and learning about some African-American ancestry. Reviewers treated his play favorably as a version of the "tragic mulatto" genre, but it was not a commercial success. He wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's play The Emperor Jones (1933).<mask> wrote a children's book, The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939), which was quite popular. His novella Star Spangled Virgin (1939) was set in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It deals with the domestic life of Adam Work and his woman Rhoda. It was described as "singularly charming and very original", covering their and friends' interpretations of "the relations of men and women". <mask> died from a heart attack in June 1940, at the age of 54, in Tryon, North Carolina. Representation in other media
The opera Porgy and Bess was adapted as a film, released in 1959. Works

Poetry collections
Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country (1922) (with Hervey Allen)
Jasbo Brown and Other Poems (1924)
Skylines and Horizons (1924)

Novels
Porgy (1925)
Angel (1926)
Mamba's Daughters (1929)
The Half Pint Flask (1929)
Peter Ashley (1932)
Star Spangled Virgin (1939)

Children's literature
The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes (1939)

Plays
Porgy (1927) (with <mask>)
Brass Ankle (1931)
Mamba's Daughters (1939) (with <mask>)

Screenplay
The Emperor Jones (1933) from the play by Eugene O'Neill

Opera
Porgy and Bess (1935) (with George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin)

See also
 South Carolina literature

Notes

References

External links

Porgy, edited with introduction and resources by Kendra Hamilton, American Studies, University of Virginia.1885 births
1940 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American opera librettists
Charleston Renaissance
MacDowell Colony fellows
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from South Carolina
Porgy and Bess

masks:
Edwin DuBose Heyward
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title: Nikola Čuturilo

texts:
<mask> (; born 9 July 1962), also known as Čutura (Чутура, trans. Water-bottle) is a Serbian rock musician. He is known as a guitarist for the band Riblja Čorba, as well as for his solo work. Biography

Early career
<mask> started his career as a teenager, in 1976, playing as a guitarist for the band Kredit, which also featured Igor Popović (who would later become frontman of Jakarta, vocals), Časlav Stanković (guitar), Srđan Đurić (bass guitar) and Milan Bubalo (drums). However, Kredit soon disbanded (Stanković, Đurić and Bubalo would later form Laki Pingvini), and in 1977, Čuturilo and Popović, with Srđan Đurić (bass guitar), Slobodan Đurišić (later would play in Mama Co Co, Točak Band, Spori Ritam Bend and YU grupa, drums) and Saša Lokner (later would play in Bajaga i Instruktori, keyboards), formed the band Paviljon. After a year spent in Paviljon, <mask> became a member of Bicikl. With Bicikl Čuturilo recorded a 7-inch single with songs "Palanačka hronika" ("Small Town Chronicles") and "Dečja pesma" ("Children's Song"), released in 1981.Čuturilo soon had to leave Bicikl due to his army obligations, and after he returned from the army in 1982, he joined Siluete. A year later, <mask> moved to the band Zamba, with which he released the album Udarac nisko (Low Punch). In 1984, Zamba disbanded and Čuturilo accepted the invitation from Električni Orgazam leader Srđan Gojković to join Električni Orgazam on tour. Riblja Čorba
In September 1984, <mask> became a member of Riblja Čorba. He and Vidoja "Džindžer" Božinović became new Riblja Čorba guitar duo, replacing Rajko Kojić and Momčilo Bajagić. Čuturilo spent five years in Riblja Čorba, appearing on studio albums Istina (Truth; 1985), Osmi nervni slom (Eighth Nervous Breakdown; 1986), Ujed za dušu (Soul Bite; 1987) and Priča o ljubavi obično ugnjavi (Talking About Love Is Usually Annoying; 1988). Solo career
Čuturilo released his first solo album 9 lakih komada (9 Easy Pieces) in 1988.He wrote all songs on the album, and played guitar and sung on the album recording. Bass guitarists Bodan Arsovski (of Leb i Sol) and Žika Jelić (of YU grupa), drummers Dragoljub Đuričić (of Leb i Sol) and Ivan Ranković (of Ekatarina Velika), keyboardist Saša Lokner (of Bajaga i Instruktori) and guitarist Vlada Negovanovuć (of Tunel) participated in the album recording. Serbian rock and roll pioneer Mile Lojpur appeared as a guest musician in the song "Kad je Lojpur svirao" ("When Lojpur Used to Play"), referring to himself. The album was well received and <mask> formed Laki Band (Easy Band) which featured Van Gogh member Zvonimir Đukić (guitar), Dragoljub Đuričić (drums) and Ruž member Dejan Grujić (bass guitar). With Laki Band Čuturilo recorded his second solo album, Raskršće (Crossroads) in 1989. Album was produced by Saša Habić, and, alongside Laki Band members, featured Laza Ristovski and Saša Lokner on keyboards and Dejan Cukić on backing vocals. During the same year, <mask> wrote the music for the theatre play Najbolji ludi dan (The Best Crazy Day) which was set at the stage of Nova Gorica theatre.On 14 September 1989 Čuturilo officially left Riblja Čorba and formed the band Oblaci (The Clouds) which featured <mask>'s brother Darko (keyboards), Zoran "Baki" Radovanović (drums), Dejan Grujić (bass guitar), and Saša Ranđelović (guitar). Čuturilo and Oblaci (under the name Čutura & Oblaci) released the album Rekom ljubavi (Down the River of Love) in 1991. The album was produced by Saša Habić and brought a number of radio hits: "Glorija" ("Gloria"), "Pustiću radio" ("I'll Put the Radio On"), "Reka ljubavi" ("River of Love") and "Srećan put" ("Have a Nice Trip"). Album featured Pera Joe, Jelena Galonić, Nenad Milosavljević, Dragi Jelić and Žika Jelić as guest musicians. In 1991, Čuturilo participated at the Retrospective Evening of the Belgrade Spring Festival, performing a cover of Oliver Dragojević's song "Molitva za Magdalenu" ("Prayer for Magdalene") which was released on the album Beograde (Oh, Belgrade). At the time Čutura & Oblaci went on the Rekom ljubavi tour, Yugoslav wars broke out, and in November 1991, Čuturilo went to London. In London Čuturilo performed mostly in clubs, playing with Paul Rodgers and Micky Moody, among others.In 1998, he recorded his fourth studio album I.D.. The album was recorded in London with David Duncan (bass guitar) and Neil Findlay (drums), produced in Belgrade by Vlada Negovanović, and released through Komuna Belgrade. In 2006, Čutrilo released his fifth solo album, Nemir (The Unrest), recorded with Dejan Grujić on bass guitar and Blagoje Nedeljković on drums. The album was produced by Block Out leader <mask> and released through PGP-RTS. In 2012, Čuturilo released the album Tu i sad (Here and Now). The album was released both on CD, through PGP-RTS, and available for free download, through timemmachinemusic.org. Tu i sad featured a new version of his 1989 hit "Voli me" ("Love Me"), and a cover of Pop Mašina song "Sećanja" ("Memories").The album featured guest appearances by Dragi and Žika Jelić of YU grupa, and Bora Đorđević and Vidoja Božinović of Riblja Čorba. The video for the song "Sanjam da je bolje" ("I'm Dreaming that It's Better") from the album featured the actress Gala Videnović. During the same year, Čuturilo wrote the official song of the 2012 European Men's Handball Championship, held in Serbia. The song, entitled "Never Give Up", was sung by Ognjen Radivojević. The same song, with lyrics in Serbian and entitled "Nikad ne zaboravi", was recorded by four children, including Čuturilo's son Danilo, as the official song of the 2012 European Women's Handball Championship, also held in Serbia. In March 2014, Čuturilo released the single "Neko ka ja" ("Someone Like Me"), widely praised by the media for its political and social lyrics. In December of the same year, Čuturilo released the compilation album Neko kao ja, featuring 17 old songs, and two new ones, the title track and the song "Nije se dogodilo odavno" ("I Hasn't Happened for a Long Time").In April 2016, several days before Serbian parliamentary election, Čuturilo released a new single, political-oriented "Cirkus stiže" ("The Circus Is Coming"). In March 2017, Čuturilo released another single with political lyrics, "Welcome to the Show". Collaborations
In 1986, Čuturilo wrote lyrics for the songs "Blagi bože podigni me" ("Dear God Lift Me Up") and "Još samo ovu noć mi daj" ("Give Me just This more Night") released on Kerber's album Seobe (Migrations). During the same year he wrote lyrics for the song "Obeć'o sam drugu" ("I Promised to My Friend") released on Peđa D' Boy's album Laku noć ti mala (Good Night, Baby). Čuturilo wrote lyrics for six songs released on the YU grupa 1987 album Od zlata jabuka (Golden Apple) and sung backing vocals on the album recording. He also appeared as the author of the lyrics on YU grupa's following album Ima nade (There Is Hope), authoring the lyrics for six songs, including hits "Zaboravi" ("Forget"), "Mornar" ("Sailor") and "Dunavom šibaju vetrovi" ("Winds still Blow by the Danube"). On YU grupa's 1990 album Tragovi (Traces) he was the author of all of the lyrics.Čuturilo wrote music for one song and lyrics for three songs, including the hit "Letnje kiše" ("Summer Rains"), for Dejan Cukić's 1989 album Zajedno (Together), but also cooperated in writing of lyrics for three songs released on the album. Legacy
The album 9 lakih komada was polled in 1998 as 99th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav popular music albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music). The same list features two Riblja Čorba albums on which Čuturilo played: Istina, ranked No. 43, and Osmi nervni slom, ranked No. 83. Discography

With Bicikl

Singles
 "Palanačka hronika" / "Dečja pesma" (1981)

With Zamba

Studio albums
 Udarac nisko (1983)

Singles
 "Zašto ideš s njim" / "Nesvesno zaljubljen" (1983)

With Riblja Čorba

Studio albums
 Istina (1985)
 Osmi nervni slom (1986)
 Ujed za dušu (1987)
 Priča o ljubavi obično ugnjavi (1988)

Live albums
 Nema laži, nema prevare – Uživo, Zagreb `85 (1995)
 Od Vardara pa do Triglava (1996)
 Koncert za brigadire (2012)

With Arsen Dedić and Bora Đorđević
 Arsen & Bora Čorba Unplugged '87 (1987)

Solo

Studio albums
 9 lakih komada (1988)
 Raskršće (1989)
 Rekom ljubavi (1991)
 I.D. (1997)
 Nemir (2006)
 Tu i sad (2012)
  Priče iz depoa (2021)

Compilation albums
 Neko kao ja (2014)

Singles
 "Molitva za Magdalenu" (1991)
 "Cirkus stiže" (2016)
 "Dobar dan" (2017)

References

 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006, Janjatović Petar;
 Riblja čorba, Jakovljević Mirko;

External links
 Official MySpace
 Official YouTube channel
 Nikola Čuturilo in the TV show TV lica kao sav normalan svet, rts.rs

1962 births
Living people
Serbian rock guitarists
Rhythm guitarists
Serbian rock singers
Serbian singer-songwriters
Serbian heavy metal musicians
Yugoslav rock singers
Yugoslav male singers
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Serbian male singers
21st-century guitarists
21st-century Serbian male singers
Male guitarists
Serbian male musicians

masks:
Nikola Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Čuturilo
Nikola Čuturilo
Nikola Vranjković