title: Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber

texts:
<mask> (July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American nuclear physicist. She earned her PhD from the University of Munich, and though her family suffered during The Holocaust, <mask> was able to escape to London and later to the United States. Her research during World War II was classified, and not published until 1946. She and her husband, <mask>, spent most of their post-war careers at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Early life
<mask> was born in Mannheim, Germany on July 14, 1911. She attended public school, and it is there that she developed an interest in science. Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father.Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship. During World War I she recalled having to eat bread made partially of sawdust, and her family suffered through the hyperinflation of postwar Germany, although it did not prevent her from attending the University of Munich. Education
At the University of Munich <mask> quickly developed an interest in physics. Although her family had supported her early interest in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich. In defense of her decision to study physics <mask> told her father, “I’m not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of.”

As was usual for students at the time, <mask> spent semesters at various other universities including the University of Freiburg, the University of Zurich, and the University of Berlin (where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich. Upon returning to Munich <mask> took up a position with Walter Gerlach to perform her thesis research.In her thesis <mask> studied the effects of stress on magnetization. She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936. With the rise to power of the Nazi party in 1933, <mask> faced increasing difficulties in Germany because of her Jewish heritage. During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and were murdered in The Holocaust. <mask> remained in Germany until the completion of her Ph.D. in 1935, at which point she fled to London. Although <mask>'s parents did not escape the Nazis, her sister Liselotte did. Career
For the first six months of her stay in London, <mask> lived off the money she made from selling her Leica camera, as well as money earned from translating German to English.<mask> found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists. She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were already too many refugee scientists already working. Only Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in Cambridge. <mask> was able to find work in George Paget Thomson's lab working on electron diffraction. Although she had a post-doctoral position with Thomson, <mask> realized that she was not going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work. In 1939 <mask> married <mask>. She then moved to Urbana, Illinois to join him at the University of Illinois.The state of Illinois had strict anti-nepotism laws at the time which prevented <mask>er from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there. <mask> was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and worked in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant. Since Maurice's lab was only set up for nuclear physics research, <mask>er took up research in that field as well. During this time <mask> and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael. Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her research. Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction cross sections in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by nuclei in 1942. Around this time she also observed that spontaneous nuclear fission is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had been theorized earlier but had yet to be shown.Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was classified during the war, and was only published after the war ended in 1946. <mask> and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to Long Island where they both joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing . Honors
 1947 — elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society
 1972 — elected to National Academy of Sciences (the third female physicist to be so honored)
 1982 — Long Island Achiever’s Award in Science
 1984 — Phi Beta Kappa visiting scholar
 1990 — Outstanding Woman Scientist Award from the New York Chapter of the Association for Women Scientists

Legacy
In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the <mask> and <mask> Distinguished Fellowships in her honor. These prestigious Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields. References

Bibliography

External Links

 Archival papers held at the Leo Baeck Institute at the Center for Jewish History: Gertrude S. Goldhaber Collection

1911 births
1998 deaths
American nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
American women physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
20th-century German physicists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century American women scientists
Women nuclear physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society

masks:
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber
Gertrude Scharff
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber
Gertrude Goldhab
Gertrude
Gertrude Goldhab
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber


title: Johan Scheffer

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 7 February 1948, in Jakarta) is a former member of the Victorian Legislative Council for the Labor Party. He was originally elected to the Legislative Council in 2002 for Monash Province, becoming only the second Labor member to represent that electorate since its creation in 1937. When Monash Province was abolished in 2006, he was successful in winning one of the five seats in the newly created Eastern Victoria Region of the Legislative Council. <mask> joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1991 and shortly after joined its Socialist Left faction. He was active in the Victorian Branch, holding positions of Local FEA (Federal Electorate Assembly) Secretary and State Conference Delegate for the Federal electorate of Melbourne Ports (renamed Macnamara in 2019). He was elected to the party’s State Administrative Committee and to the Agenda Committee (1996-2009), playing a key role in reorganising the policy development process through the active participation of the party’s rank and file, factional groups, affiliated unions, the Parliamentary wing and adoption by State Conference. <mask> joined with other like-minded party members in efforts to stamp out branch stacking that had become rife, especially in electorates winnable for Labor.He was an active campaigner in exposing breaches of Party rules and bringing complaints to the Party’s Disputes Tribunal. In 1993 <mask> joined the staff of the Federal Member for Melbourne Ports, Hon Clyde Holding MHR, until Holding’s retirement in 1998, when Scheffer joined the staff of Victorian MP, Hon Barry Pullen MLC in the then seat of Melbourne Province. Pullen did not contest the 1999 Victorian election, making way for Gavin Jennings, who was elected to represent the seat in 1999 as part of the new Labor Government lead by Steve Bracks. <mask> was appointed an adviser to Jennings, in his role as Cabinet Secretary (1999-2002). In 2002, <mask> nominated for the seat of Monash Province in the Victorian Legislative Council. After a bitter pre-selection battle, he won the nomination and was elected to the Council in the Victorian State election of 30 November 2002. During his 12 years in the Parliament, <mask> focussed on promoting community understanding of Labor’s program.He pushed for reforms that would address global warming and protect the environment; strengthen industrial rights and worker conditions; advance the development of environmentally sustainable urban planning; reduce gender inequality; eliminate family violence; enhance LGBT rights and understanding; protect women’s reproductive rights; build cohesive local communities including harmonious ethnic and religious groups. <mask> lead the campaign to lay underground power lines from the Latrobe Valley to the Victorian Desalination Plant to protect farming in South Gippsland. He advocated for major and long-term investment in the Latrobe Valley to protect livelihoods after the inevitable decommissioning of the Valley's coal mines. <mask> chaired a number of Joint Investigatory Committees of the Parliament, including the Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, the Family and Community Services Committee and the Law Reform Committee. He also served on the Economic Development, Infrastructure and Outer Suburban/Interface Services and Education Committees. Early Life

<mask> was born in Batavia (Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) on 7 February 1948 to Cornelis <mask> and Aleida Charlotte Maria Eugenie <mask>y. His family on both sides had lived in Java since the middle of the nineteenth century.On his mother’s side, his antecedents are of mixed Javanese and European background, whereas on his father’s side they are of Dutch origin. <mask>’s early immersion in Indonesian and Dutch cultures, as well as his dual nationality has given him an international outlook and a suspicion of nationalism. <mask>’s early years were spent in Java and the Netherlands. After settling in The Hague in 1949, the family departed from the Netherlands in 1952 for Australia, intending to move from there to Malaya. Aleida and Cornelis were people of strong political opinions, engaged in the cross currents of their historical moment, especially the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and their support of independence from Dutch colonialism. The adversities his parents experienced as immigrants in Australia influenced Scheffer's understanding of immigration, ethnicity and class struggle. He attended Gardenvale Infant School, St Kilda Primary School and Elwood High School, matriculating in 1966.He enrolled for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Monash University, majoring in literature. During his time at university he was active in student politics and participated in a number of campaigns, including the resistance and mobilisation against Australian and US involvement in the Vietnam War. His university studies of literature, philosophy, classical civilisation, history and politics introduced Scheffer to cultural studies, the history of ideas and the struggle for political emancipation, and to Marxism and the socialist tradition, which shaped his understanding of history and class struggle. Career

<mask> completed his teacher training at the University of Melbourne in 1972 and taught history and geography at Bourke Hall, the Junior School of Xavier College, in 1973. In 1974 and 1975 he taught English literature at the De La Salle College, Malvern. He taught politics, literature, history and English at University High School from 1976 until 1984 and was an activist member of the Victorian Secondary Teachers Association (VSTA). By the late 1970s Scheffer had joined the Australian Communist Party (CPA).<mask> was a program consultant in the Australian Schools Commission’s Disadvantaged Schools Program (1984-1988) and for a time, a member of the Program’s Ministerial Advisory Committee. He worked in the inner city suburbs of Flemington, North Melbourne, Carlton and Fitzroy and was active in local government issues in the City of Melbourne. In 1988 he was appointed State Manager of the Out of Schools Hours Child Care Program that was located in the Women’s Employment Branch within the Victorian Department of Labour. This program was a Victorian Government strategy to support the Keating Government’s efforts to facilitate women’s career and employment opportunities. In 1992 <mask> was appointed researcher within the Victorian Department of the Premier and Cabinet’s Social Justice Consultative Council. With the fall of the Victorian Labor Government in 1992 and the election of the reactionary, neo-liberal Government of Jeff Kennett, the period of Labor reform lead by Premiers John Cain and Joan Kirner was at an end. With little prospect of actively contributing to progressive reform through working in the bureaucracy, <mask> resigned from the Victorian Public Service in 1992 to join the staff of the Hon Clyde Holding MHR in 1993 until Holding’s retirement in 1998, after which he joined the staff of the Hon Barry Pullen, Member for the Victorian Legislative Council seat of Melbourne until Pullen’s retirement, when the seat was won by Gavin Jennings.From 1999 until 2002, <mask> was an advisor to the Hon Gavin Jennings MP, Cabinet Secretary in the first Labor Government of Premier Steve Bracks, after which he was himself elected to the Legislative Council of the Parliament of Victoria, retiring at the election of 2014. Personal Life

<mask> lives in Melbourne, Australia, with his partner, Angela Palmer. They have two sons and one granddaughter. References

1948 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
21st-century Australian politicians

masks:
Johan Emiel Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Scheffer
Schefferwe
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Scheffer
Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer


title: Percy Faith

texts:
<mask> (April 7, 1908 – February 9, 1976) was a Canadian bandleader, orchestrator, composer and conductor, known for his lush arrangements of pop and Christmas standards. He is often credited with popularizing the "easy listening" or "mood music" format. He became a staple of American popular music in the 1950s and continued well into the 1960s. Though his professional orchestra-leading career began at the height of the Swing Era, he refined and rethought orchestration techniques, including use of large string sections, to soften and fill out the brass-dominated popular music of the 1940s. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was the oldest of eight children. His parents, <mask> and Minnie, née Rottenberg, were Jewish.He played violin and piano as a child, and played in theatres and at Massey Hall. After his hands were badly burned in a fire, he turned to conducting, and his live orchestras used the new medium of radio broadcasting. <mask> moved from Canada to Great Neck, New York and became a U.S. citizen. Beginning with stations CKNC and CKCL, <mask> was a staple of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's live-music broadcasting from 1933 to 1940, when he resettled in Chicago, Illinois. In the early 1940s, <mask> was orchestra leader for the Carnation Contented program on NBC. From 1948-1949 he also served as the orchestra leader on the CBS radio network program The Coca-Cola Hour (also called The Pause That Refreshes). The orchestral accordionist John Serry Sr. collaborated with <mask> in these broadcasts.In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He made many recordings for Voice of America. After working briefly for Decca Records, he worked for Mitch Miller at Columbia Records, where he turned out dozens of albums and provided arrangements for many of the pop singers of the 1950s, including Tony Bennett, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis for Mathis's 1958 Christmas album titled Merry Christmas, and Guy Mitchell for whom <mask> co-wrote with Carl Sigman Mitchell's number-one single, "My Heart Cries for You". His most famous and remembered recordings are "Delicado" (1952), "The Song from Moulin Rouge" (1953) and "Theme from A Summer Place" (1959), which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961. <mask> remains the only artist to have the best selling single of the year during both the pop singer era ("Song from Moulin Rouge") and the rock era ("Theme from A Summer Place"); and he is one of only three artists, along with Elvis Presley and The Beatles, to have the best selling single of the year twice. The B-side of "Song from the Moulin Rouge" was "Swedish Rhapsody" by Hugo Alfvén. In 1961 his fame in Sweden rose exponentially as his work Mucho Gusto became the theme music for the sports broadcasts of Sveriges Radio.Though <mask> initially mined the worlds of Broadway, Hollywood and Latin music for many of his top-selling 1950s recordings, he enjoyed popularity starting in 1962 with his orchestral versions of popular rock and pop hits of the day. His Themes for Young Lovers album was a top seller during this era and introduced the <mask> sound to a younger generation of listeners. With the success of Columbia record-mate Ray Conniff's chorus and orchestra during this same time, <mask> began using a chorus (usually all female in most of his recordings, but used a mixed chorus on his albums Leaving on a Jet Plane and I Think I Love You, which were released in 1970 and 1971 respectively) in several popular albums from the mid-1960s on. <mask>'s first single with a female chorus, "Yellow Days," was a substantial hit in the MOR (Middle of the Road) easy listening radio format of the mid-1960s. <mask> continued to enjoy airplay and consistent album sales throughout the early 1970s, and received a second Grammy award in 1969 for his album Love Theme from 'Romeo and Juliet'. Though best known for his recording career, <mask> also occasionally scored motion pictures, and received an Academy Award nomination for his adaptation of the song score for the Doris Day musical feature, Love Me or Leave Me. His other film scores included romantic comedies and dramatic features such as Tammy Tell Me True (1961), I'd Rather Be Rich (1964), The Third Day (1965) and The Oscar (1966).<mask> also composed the theme for the NBC series The Virginian. With the advent of harder rock sounds in the 1970s, <mask>'s elegant arrangements fell out of favour with the listening and record-buying public, although he continued to release albums as diverse and contemporary as Jesus Christ Superstar and Black Magic Woman. He released one album of country music and two albums of disco-oriented arrangements toward the end of his forty-year career, his last recording being a disco-style reworking of "Theme from a Summer Place", titled "Summer Place '76", which was a minor and posthumous hit. <mask> died of cancer in Encino, California, and was interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. <mask> had two children, Marilyn and Peter, with his wife Mary (née Palange), whom he married in 1928. She died in Los Angeles in 1997. Discography

Albums
<mask> placed 21 albums on the Billboard Hot 200 best sellers chart through 1972, making him one of the more successful easy listening acts sales wise.1963's Themes for Young Lovers was by far his biggest seller, peaking at #32 on the chart and followed by three sequel albums "for young lovers".

masks:
Percy Faith
Faith
Abraham Faith
Percy
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Percy Faith


title: John M. Hull

texts:
<mask> (22 April 1935 – 28 July 2015) was Emeritus Professor of Religious Education at the University of Birmingham. He was the author of a number of books and many articles in the fields of religious education, practical theology and disability. The latter interest arose from his experiences, and personal and theological reflections, on becoming blind in mid-career. He edited the British Journal of Religious Education for 25 years, and co-founded the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, of which he was general secretary for 32 years, and president emeritus at the time of his death. After retirement he pursued a further interest as Honorary Professor of Practical Theology at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, England. Early life
<mask> was born in Corryong, Victoria, Australia, the son of <mask> (born in Leicester, England, U.K.), a Methodist minister, and <mask>, a teacher. He received a general arts degree from the University of Melbourne and became a school teacher, but after three years teaching at Caulfield Grammar School, Melbourne, whilst also obtaining a post-graduate BEd, he moved to England in 1959 to study theology at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, followed by Cheshunt College.He became domiciled in the UK in 1962. Work on religious education
After Cambridge and four years as head of religious education at a London grammar school, <mask> moved to Birmingham to train religious education teachers, first at Westhill College, then at the University of Birmingham, which awarded him a PhD in theology in 1969. From 1971 to 1996 he was editor of the British Journal of Religious Education, and he remained a member of its UK editorial board until 2009. He served two terms as president of the National Christian Education Council. In 1978 he was the co-founder with <mask>. Peatling (US) of the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, by its 2012 session an association of over 240 religious education scholars from 36 countries, which meets in a different country every other year. He was its general secretary from 1978 to 2010, when he was appointed president emeritus. In 1989, <mask> was appointed to a personal chair as Professor of Religious Education in the University of Birmingham, the first such in the United Kingdom.In 1990 he was also appointed dean of its Faculty of Education and Continuing Studies. In his time in Birmingham, he wrote many papers and contributed over 50 chapters to books. Books on religious education which he wrote or edited include:
Sense and Nonsense about God (1974). Study guide for older secondary and college students on the philosophy of religion. School Worship: An Obituary (1975). Seminal discussion of the philosophy and practice of school worship; arguing that it should be replaced by an assembly devoted to spiritual and moral development of the school. New Directions in Religious Education (1982).Seventeen outstanding articles from the British Journal of Religious Education, selected and commented on by Journal Editor <mask>. Studies in Religion and Education (1984). A collection of <mask>'s academic articles published between 1969 and 1982. What Prevents Christian Adults from Learning? (1985). "When we find that Christian adults often seem to stop learning and developing in their faith, one must ask why." The Act Unpacked: The Meaning of the 1988 Education Reform Act for Religious Education (1989).Drew attention to the world religions approach of the legislation, whereas publicity had focussed on the Christianity aspect. Mishmash: Religious Education in Multi-Cultural Britain, a study in metaphor (1991). The debate on the 1988 Education Reform Act had used this metaphor of disgusting food to attack a world religions approach to religious education. This booklet analyses this rhetoric, tracing it back to an elitist view. God-Talk With Young Children: Notes for Parents & Teachers (1991). Thirty-three conversations with children, mostly about God; with interpretation and suggestions. A Gift to the Child (1991)(with others).Teachers' Source Book. Utopian Whispers: Moral, Religious and Spiritual Values in School (1998). BJRE editorials, originally written and now selected by <mask>; covering a period of major changes in religious education in Britain. Glaube und Bildung (2000). Some of <mask>'s writings on 'Faith and Education', edited and translated into German. (Book not available in English.) <mask> lectured on religious education or the consideration of disability in many countries.For example, in the three years after he became a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham in 2002, he spoke at meetings in Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Taiwan and the United States, as well as at many events in England. In 1992, <mask> received the William Rainey Harper Award of the Religious Education Association of the United States and Canada, given for outstanding contributions to the study of religion in society, especially religious education. A festschrift was commissioned to mark his 70th birthday: Education, Religion, and Society: Essays in Honour of <mask><mask> (2005). Another book has been published as a tribute to "his exceptional academic achievements in the field of religious education": Religious Education as Encounter: A Tribute to <mask><mask> (2009). In 2006 the University of Cambridge awarded <mask> the higher doctorate of Litt.D. in respect of his published works on religious education. His work has also been recognised internationally by the award of the honorary doctorates of Hon.D.Theol.(Frankfort) and Dr.H.C. (Free University of Amsterdam). Work on blindness and disability
<mask> became blind in 1983, and beyond his academic work on religious education was best known as the author of the autobiographical account of blindness, Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness (1990). This was later republished with additional material as On Sight and Insight: A Journey into the World of Blindness (1997); which tends to emphasise features of the state of blindness rather than the experience of losing sight. Of this work, the neurologist and writer on disability Oliver Sacks commented in The New Yorker, "There has never been, to my knowledge, so minute and fascinating (and frightening) an account of how not only the outer eye, but the 'inner eye', gradually vanishes with blindness; of the steady loss of visual memory, visual imagery, visual orientation, visual concepts... of the steady advance or journey... into the state which he calls 'deep blindness'." <mask>'s experiences led him into further consideration of blindness and disability, particularly in a Christian context on which he wrote a number of challenging articles. He also wrote another book, In the Beginning there was Darkness: A Blind Person’s Conversations with the Bible (2001) in which he interpreted the Bible as the product of a sighted culture, with a negative attitude towards blindness.In 1988, <mask> initiated Cathedrals through Touch and Hearing, a scheme which has provided 17 English cathedrals with wooden models and elevated ground plans for the benefit of blind visitors. In 2003 the Vice President of the Republic of China presented him with a Global Love of Life Award given by the Chou Ta-Kuan Cultural and Education Foundation of Taiwan to honour those who have contributed to the cause of disabled people or have overcome personal disability. Work on practical theology
<mask> read theology at Cambridge University from 1959 to 1962, and received a PhD in theology from the University of Birmingham in 1969, for a study of the background to the miracles of Jesus, in the magical world of the first century. This was the basis of his book of the same title, Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition (1974). Alongside his work on religious education, he was concerned with the theology of education, the theology of disability, and the theology of Christian mission, including a critique of money. Some of <mask>'s writings on the last subject have been edited and translated into German, and published as Gott und Geld ('God and Money') (2000). (Book not available in English.)After becoming a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham, his research and teaching interests turned to issues of practical theology. In 2004 he took up a post at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, as Honorary Professor in Practical Theology. There he was involved with the training of students for the Anglican and Methodist ministries, particularly in the area of prophetic ministry which concerns leadership on questions of social justice – questioning and criticising society in the name of the God of justice and peace. He was the author of Mission-Shaped Church: A Theological Response (2006), a serious theological evaluation of the framework within which the Anglican policy document "Mission-Shaped Church" is presented, raising questions about the concepts of kingdom, church, gospel and mission. <mask> died on 28 July 2015 in hospital after a serious fall at his home in Birmingham four days earlier. He had celebrated his 80th birthday with friends and family three months before. Heralded as a brilliant thinker, he was survived by his wife and five children.See also
 Notes on Blindness – a documentary film on his diary of the experience
 List of Caulfield Grammar School people

References

External links
 <mask>'s website with information on his work and life
 International Seminar on Religious Education and Values website
 The Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education website
 British Journal of Religious Education website

1935 births
2015 deaths
People from Corryong
British educational theorists
Blind academics
Australian disability rights activists
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
University of Melbourne alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Australian emigrants to England
Australian people of English descent
Australian Christian theologians
British theologians

masks:
John Martin Hull
John Hull
John Eaglesfield Hull
Madge Enid Hull
Hull
John H
Hull
John Hull
Hull
John Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
John M
. Hull
John M
. Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Death Hull
Hull


title: Bob Schul

texts:
Robert Keyser "<mask>" <mask> (born September 28, 1937) is a former American long-distance runner. , he is the only American to have won an Olympic gold medal in the 5000 m, at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Early career
<mask>, born and raised on a farm in West Milton, Ohio, was born with asthma, which bothered him throughout his career. As told by his brother Larry he started running as a child against his brothers in Indian relays where one would start at the back of the pack and work to get to the front. This would come to be one of the tactics he would later use in his running. He started running for his school in seventh grade and continued through high school (4:34.4 mile). He continued his collegiate career in 1956, at Miami University in Ohio, where he broke the school record in the mile as a sophomore running 4:12.1.He joined the Air Force and for a year had limited training because of Air Force schooling. In May 1960, he was assigned to Oxnard AFB in California and Max Truex (himself a world class distance runner, who placed sixth in the Olympic 10,000 meters that year) became his commanding officer. In June, after one month of good training, <mask> ran the USA championships; he placed fifth in his trial race, running 3:55 for 1500 meters. In 1961, Truex introduced <mask> to Hungarian coach Mihály Iglói. Under Iglói's training, <mask> finished third at the national championships in the 3000 m steeplechase. In 1962, he ran well indoors at two miles, with only one American, Jim Beatty, running faster. However, after several poor races that spring, <mask> was diagnosed with mononucleosis and spent three months in an Air Force hospital.The next winter, <mask> became the US Indoor Champion, running 13:39.3 for three miles. A few weeks later, he ran the third fastest indoor two miles ever (8:37.5), though losing to Beatty's world record time of 8:30.7. With a partially torn soleus muscle, <mask> placed third in the Pan American Games at 5K, but the injury kept him from competing in the U.S. Championships. 1964 success

Returning to Miami University in the fall of 1963, <mask> continued using Iglói's training methods, with some innovations. The highlights of his 1964 indoor season were a new American record time for three miles, 13:31.4 (then the second fastest indoor time in the world), and two wins over 10,000 meters world record holder Ron Clarke of Australia. <mask> posted an extremely impressive outdoor season in 1964, not losing a single race  and beating among others Bruce Kidd, Gerry Lindgren, Billy Mills, Bill Baillie, and Bill Dellinger. <mask> first broke the American record in the 5000m at Compton, running 13:38.0.<mask> did not run in the NCAA Championships that year, as he thought it unfair for a twenty-six-year-old to be running against younger opponents. He won both the US Championship and the separately held Olympic Trials that year. On August 29, 1964, <mask> set a new world record for two miles of 8:26.4, eclipsing the previous mark of 8:29.6 by Michel Jazy of France. For the first time Track and Field News and Sports Illustrated picked an American to win a distance race, as <mask> went to the Games having both the best time in the world in the 5000m and the new two-mile world record. The Olympic final was held in heavy rain. In the last lap, Jazy appeared poised to take the gold, as he had opened up a ten-meter lead on the back stretch; however, <mask> ran an impressive 37.8 for the last 300 meters on a muddy track. He caught Jazy 50 meters before the finish line, and pulled away for a clear victory to take the gold medal.Injuries and retirement

After returning home, <mask>'s knee was hurting and he could not run for four months. Using a YMCA pool and stationary bicycle throughout the winter, he resumed running in March 1965. With only three months of training, <mask> won the US Championship again in 1965, this time over three miles again, setting a new American record of 13:10.4. He stated afterward, "it was the toughest race I ran and won." <mask> never managed to regain his 1964 level again, though he did run personal bests over the metric distances of 1500 meters (3:40.7) and 3000 meters (7:59.9) in Europe. In August 1965, <mask>'s knee began hurting again and he decided to retire. He resumed training in 1967 for fitness purposes and this led him to the 1968 Olympic trials at South Lake Tahoe.With numerous injuries and limited training, he still managed to place fifth in the final. In that final, he had an asthma attack after a few laps and struggled throughout, fainting as he crossed the finish line. In 1971, for one year, <mask> served as the national coach for Malaysia and then moved back to the U.S., re-settling in Ohio. In his spare time he continued to train club athletes. In 1978, the Air Force sent all their top distance runners to Wright Patterson Air Force Base to train under <mask>. After a year of training, many of the athletes reduced their times enough to compete in National events. <mask> himself participated in road races along with his club athletes until the age of sixty, when his right leg and back problems prevented further racing.Along the way, <mask> became a top masters runner (33.55 for 10,000 m and 76:00 for half marathon at age fifty; 17:56 for 5,000 m at age 60). In October 2007, <mask> had his right hip replaced. <mask> was employed at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, as its men's and women's cross country and track coaches from 1996 to 2007. References

Bibliography

Training book

External links

1937 births
Living people
People from West Milton, Ohio
Track and field athletes from Ohio
American male long-distance runners
American male steeplechase runners
American male middle-distance runners
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1963 Pan American Games
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Miami RedHawks men's track and field athletes
Indiana University alumni
Cornell University faculty
American masters athletes
Wright State Raiders track and field coaches
Wright State Raiders cross country coaches
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games

masks: Bob Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul


title: Elsie Hillman

texts:
<mask> (December 9, 1925 – August 4, 2015) was a Pittsburgh based philanthropist and a former Republican National Committeewoman. She was the wife of billionaire industrialist <mask>. During her life, Hillman helped to advance the careers of a number of moderate Republican politicians to state and national offices. Among the politicians whose careers she fostered are President George H. W. Bush, Senator John Heinz, and Pennsylvania governors Dick Thornburgh and Tom Ridge. She worked with Democrats and Republicans on civil rights, women’s rights, and jobs in the Pittsburgh region. Known for her down-to-earth nature and sense of humor, Pittsburghers regularly encountered "<mask>" in her signature headband, as she was active as a philanthropist and civic leader in the city and region. Early life
<mask> was born in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, to Thomas Jones Hilliard and Marianna Talbott Hilliard.She was raised in the Fox Chapel and Hampton Township areas of Allegheny County before her family moved into the City of Pittsburgh. <mask>'s mother served on the boards of non-profit organizations, volunteered to spot aircraft over Pittsburgh during WWII, and headed up the citywide effort to raise money to buy mobile kitchens and hospital equipment for war-bombed England. <mask> began her own volunteering by cleaning instruments for surgeries at Eye and Ear Hospital in Pittsburgh, selling War Bonds, and knitting socks for soldiers. During her elementary and upper school years, Hillman attended the Ellis School in Pittsburgh and the Ethel Walker School in Connecticut. After she graduated from high school, Hillman went to Westminster Choir College in Princeton, N.J. to study piano and voice. (Her grandmother, Catherine Hauk Talbott, founded the college, which now is part of Rider University.) By then, she had fallen in love with <mask>, a U.S. Navy pilot whom she had met years earlier in Pittsburgh.They were wed in 1945. The Hillmans lived in New York and Texas, returning to the City of Pittsburgh at the end of the war. Political life
Hillman first ventured into politics as a young woman, campaigning for Republican presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower because she saw him as a war hero. She had already registered as a Republican—both because of family tradition and the party’s support for women, including the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (which the party supported in its platform until 1980). After Ike’s successful campaigns, Hillman remained involved in the Republican party during the 1960s as a volunteer at the local level. Her work in Pittsburgh and Allegheny County caused her to see how few African American men or women were involved in her party, so she arranged to meet with the county party chairman to raise the issue. He suggested that she meet Wendell Freeland, an African American lawyer and Tuskegee Airman, to team-up to recruit more volunteers and candidates from the city’s African American community.Hillman and Freeland did this, going on to organize neighborhoods across the City of Pittsburgh and becoming lifelong friends through political and civic work that spanned decades. Their work took Hillman into neighborhoods of Pittsburgh and the county she had never been. It was during this period that she developed her connections with African American leaders as well as a sense of outrage about the civil rights being denied to Black Americans. She volunteered for the board of directors of several traditionally African American organizations, including the Hill House Association, and began to speak publicly for civil rights. Hillman and Freeland were able to reach African American voters in ways that the party had not before Never a Spectator and they organized large-scale events, including a 17,000-person rally for William Scranton when he ran for governor; Scranton was elected in 1962. Because of Scranton’s moderate views and strong support of Civil Rights legislation, Hillman backed his candidacy during the 1964 Republican presidential primary in San Francisco (after having worked actively for Nelson Rockefeller, who withdrew from the race). She witnessed the poor treatment of African American Republican delegates by some of those who opposed Scranton.Scranton ultimately lost the nomination to Senator Barry Goldwater, who would go on to be defeated in the general election by Lyndon Johnson. Hillman worked to elect Senator Hugh Scott, who had led the Republican National Committee and would rise to the position of Senate Minority Leader. With Scott’s encouragement, she ran for the position of chair of the Allegheny County Republican Party and was elected to the job in 1967—the first woman elected to head the party of an urban area. It was during her time as party chair that she worked to field winning candidates and develop connections with her counterparts across the state of Pennsylvania, including the members of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania. During and after her tenure as party chair, Hillman worked to advance moderate candidates who supported civil rights and women’s rights—urging them to run, helping them to organize their campaigns (often staffing them, as a volunteer), and connecting them with the leaders of organized labor and other influential groups. She and her family made extensive contributions to campaigns as well, eventually establishing a political action committee to support moderate candidates. She was also known as a supporter of abortion rights.In 1975, the State Committee of Pennsylvania elected <mask> to the Republican National Committee (RNC). She served as a national committeewoman until 1996. She work on George H. W. Bush's 1980 campaign and helped him win the Pennsylvania primary. Ronald Reagan won the party nomination, but Bush was his vice-presidential running mate. She was honored as "Woman of the Year" for 1982 by Vectors/Pittsburgh. In 2002, she was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Sy Snyder's Power 50." In 2003, she was named to the PoliticsPA "Power 50" list.She was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Most Politically Powerful Women." In 2010, Politics Magazine named her one of the most influential Republicans in Pennsylvania, calling her the "grand dame of big tent Republican politics." Philanthropy
She was chair of the Elsie H. Hillman Foundation, a trustee of the Hillman Family Foundations, co-chair of the UPCI and UPMC CancerCenter Council, and served as a board member of WQED, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Hill House Association

Personal life
Hillman died of heart failure on August 4, 2015, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Among the numerous political, civic, business, and medical leaders who attended her memorial service at Calvary Episcopal Church were former Pennsylvania governors Tom Corbett, Tom Ridge, and Dick Thornburgh. Burial was at Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh. Elsie H. Hillman Papers
University of Pittsburgh received Hillman's personal papers in 2013. They are stored and made accessible Archives Service Center of the University of Pittsburgh’s Library System.This collection amounts to over a hundred boxes. The papers are divided into fourteen sections:

Series I. Republican Party Activity
Series II. Political Campaigns
Series III. Other Political Activity
Series IV. Community Involvement
Series V. Speeches and Writings
Series VI. Awards contains material and records
Series VII. Subject Files
Series VIII.National Awareness documents, the Blair House Restoration Foundation and the White House Endowment Fund. Series IX. General Correspondence contains letters written to and from <mask>. Series X. Personal (Friends and Family) documents <mask>’s own personal life, as well as those of her friends and family members. Series XI. Public Profiles contains articles and newspaper clippings
Series XII.Photographs contains many photographs
Series XIII. Political memorabilia, campaign buttons, and other objects. Series XIV. Audio-Video of interviews, news programs, and live events

See also
Hillman Library – named for the Hillman family

References

External links
 Biographical work on Hillman

2015 deaths
Westminster Choir College alumni
Pennsylvania Republicans
1925 births
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Women in Pennsylvania politics
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
The Ellis School alumni
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

masks:
Elsie Hilliard Hillman
Henry Hillman
Elsie
Hillman
Hillman
Elsie Hillman
Henry Hillman
Hillman
Elsie Hillman
Elsie


title: Viktor Yushchenko

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 23 February 1954) is a Ukrainian politician who was the third President of Ukraine from 23 January 2005 to 25 February 2010. As an informal leader of the Ukrainian opposition coalition, he was one of the two main candidates in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. <mask> won the presidency through a repeat runoff election between him and Prime Minister <mask>. The Ukrainian Supreme Court called for the runoff election to be repeated because of widespread electoral fraud in favor of Yanukovych in the original vote. <mask> won in the revote (52% to 44%). Public protests prompted by the electoral fraud played a major role in that presidential election and led to Ukraine's Orange Revolution. Following an assassination attempt in late 2004 during his election campaign, <mask> was confirmed to have ingested hazardous amounts of TCDD, the most potent dioxin and a contaminant in Agent Orange.He suffered disfigurement as a result of the poisoning, but has since made a full recovery. Before his election as president, <mask> had already had a career in Ukrainian politics. In 1993, he became governor (head) of the National Bank of Ukraine. From 1999 to 2001 he was prime minister. After his dismissal as prime minister, <mask> went into opposition to President Leonid Kuchma and he founded the Our Ukraine bloc, which at the 2002 parliamentary election became Ukraine's most popular political force, with 23.57% of the votes. After <mask>'s election in 2004 to the presidency, this alliance was unable to continue this success, garnering only 13.95% of the votes in 2006 and 14.15% of the votes in the 2007 parliamentary election. <mask> failed to secure a run-off spot during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election; gaining 5.5% of the vote.During the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, <mask> headed the election list of Our Ukraine. The party won 1.11% of the national votes and no constituencies, and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. Early life
<mask> was born on 23 February 1954, in Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, into a family of teachers. His father, Andriy Andriyovych <mask> (1919–1992) fought in the Second World War, was captured by German forces and imprisoned as a POW in a series of concentration camps in the German Reich, including Auschwitz-Birkenau. He survived the ordeal, and after returning home, taught English at a local school. <mask>'s mother, Varvara Tymofiyovna <mask> (1918–2005), taught physics and mathematics at the same school. The Sumy Oblast region where he was born is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, and this differentiated him in later life from his political counterparts, for whom Russian was the mother tongue.<mask> graduated from the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute in 1975 and began work as an accountant, as a deputy to the chief accountant in a kolkhoz. Then, from 1975 to 1976, he served as a conscript in the Transcaucasian Military District on the Soviet–Turkish border. Central banker

In 1976, <mask> began a career in banking. In 1983, he became the Deputy Director for Agricultural Credit at the Ukrainian Republican Office of the Soviet Union State Bank. From 1990 to 1993, he worked as vice-chairman and first vice-chairman of the JSC Agroindustrial Bank Ukraina. In 1993, he was appointed Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine (Ukraine's central bank). In 1997, Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, re-appointed him.As a central banker, <mask> played an important part in the creation of Ukraine's national currency, the hryvnia, and the establishment of a modern regulatory system for commercial banking. He also successfully overcame a debilitating wave of hyper-inflation that hit the country—he brought inflation down from more than 10,000 percent to less than 10 percent—and managed to defend the value of the currency following the 1998 Russian financial crisis. In 1998, he wrote a thesis entitled "The Development of Supply and Demand of Money in Ukraine" and defended it in the Ukrainian Academy of Banking. He thereby earned a doctorate in economics. Prime minister
In December 1999, Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma unexpectedly nominated <mask> to be the prime minister after the parliament failed by one vote to ratify the previous candidate, Valeriy Pustovoytenko. Ukraine's economy improved during <mask>'s cabinet service. However, his government, particularly Deputy Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, soon became embroiled in a confrontation with influential leaders of the coal mining and natural gas industries.The conflict resulted in a no-confidence vote by the parliament on 26 April 2001, orchestrated by the Communist Party of Ukraine, who opposed <mask>'s economic policies, and by centrist groups associated with the country's powerful "oligarchs." The vote passed 263 to 69 and resulted in <mask>'s removal from office. "Our Ukraine" leader

In 2002, <mask> became the leader of the Our Ukraine (Nasha Ukrayina) political coalition, which received a plurality of seats in the year's parliamentary election. However, the number of seats won was not a majority, and efforts to form a majority coalition with other opposition parties failed. Since then, <mask> has remained the leader and public face of the Our Ukraine parliamentary faction. In 2001, both <mask> and Yulia Tymoshenko broached at creating a broad opposition bloc against the incumbent President Leonid Kuchma in order to win the Ukrainian presidential election 2004. In late 2002 <mask>, Oleksandr Moroz (Socialist Party of Ukraine), Petro Symonenko (Communist Party of Ukraine) and Yulia Tymoshenko (Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc) issued a joint statement concerning "the beginning of a state revolution in Ukraine".Though the communists stepped out of the alliance and though Symonenko opposed having one single candidate from the alliance in the 2004 presidential election, the other three parties remained allies until July 2006. On 2 July 2004, Our Ukraine and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc established the Force of the people, a coalition which aimed to stop "the destructive process that has, as a result of the incumbent authorities, become a characteristic for Ukraine", at the time President Kuchma and Prime Minister <mask>ych were the incumbent authorities in Ukraine. The pact included a promise by <mask> to nominate Tymoshenko as Prime Minister if he won the October 2004 presidential election. <mask> was widely regarded as the moderate political leader of the anti-Kuchma opposition, since other opposition parties were less influential and had fewer seats in parliament. Since becoming President of Ukraine in 2005, he has been an honorary leader of the Our Ukraine party. From 2001 to 2004, his rankings in popularity polls were higher than those of President Leonid Kuchma. In later public opinion polls, though, his support plummeted from a high of 52% following his election in 2004 to below 4%.However, in the parliamentary elections of March 2006, the Our Ukraine party, led by Prime Minister Yuriy Yekhanurov, received less than 14% of the national vote, taking third place behind the Party of Regions and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. In a poll by the Sofia Social Research Centre between 27 July and 7 August 2007 more than 52% of those polled said they distrusted <mask>. Presidential election of 2004

In 2004, as President Kuchma's term came to an end, <mask> announced his candidacy for president as an independent. His major rival was Prime Minister <mask>ych. Since his term as prime minister, <mask> had slightly modernized his political platform, adding social partnership and other liberal slogans to older ideas of European integration, including Ukraine's joining NATO and fighting corruption. Supporters of <mask> were organized in the "Syla Narodu" ("Power to the People") electoral coalition, which he and his political allies led, with the Our Ukraine coalition as the main constituent force. <mask> built his campaign on face-to-face communication with voters, since the government prevented most major TV channels from providing equal coverage to candidates.Meanwhile, his rival, Yanukovych, frequently appeared in the news and even accused <mask>, whose father was a Red Army soldier imprisoned at Auschwitz, of being "a Nazi," even though <mask> actively reached out to the Jewish community in Ukraine and his mother is said to have risked her life by hiding three Jewish girls for one and a half years during the Second World War. TCDD poisoning

The campaign was often bitter and violent. <mask> became seriously ill in early September 2004. He was flown to Vienna's Rudolfinerhaus clinic for treatment and diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, accompanied by interstitial edematous changes, due to a serious viral infection and chemical substances that are not normally found in food products. <mask> claimed that he had been poisoned by government agents. After the illness, his face was greatly disfigured: jaundiced, bloated, and pockmarked. British toxicologist Professor John Henry of St Mary's Hospital in London declared the changes in <mask>'s face were due to chloracne, which results from dioxin poisoning.Dutch toxicologist Bram Brouwer also stated his changes in appearance were the result of chloracne, and found dioxin levels in <mask>'s blood 6,000 times above normal. On 11 December, Dr. Michael Zimpfer of the Rudolfinerhaus clinic declared that <mask> had ingested TCDD dioxin and had 1,000 times the usual concentration in his body. Many have linked <mask>'s poisoning to a dinner with a group of senior Ukrainian officials (including Volodymyr Satsyuk) that took place on 5 September. Since 2005, <mask> has been treated by a team of doctors led by Professor Jean Saurat at the University of Geneva Hospital. Analysis of <mask>'s body fluids and tissues provided useful information on the human toxicokinetics of TCDD and its metabolites. <mask> himself implicated David Zhvania, the godfather of one of his children, of involvement in his dioxin poisoning. In August 2009, The Lancet published a scientific paper by Swiss and Ukrainian researchers on the monitoring, form, distribution, and elimination of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in <mask> in relation to his severe poisoning.The 2004 TCDD levels in <mask>'s blood serum were 50,000-fold greater than those in the general population. This new study also concluded that the dioxin "was so pure that it was definitely made in a laboratory". On 27 September 2009, <mask> said in an interview aired on Channel 1+1 that the testimony of three men who were at a dinner in 2004 at which he believes he was poisoned is crucial to finishing the investigation, and he claimed these men were in Russia. Ukrainian prosecutors said Russia has refused to extradite one of the men, the former deputy chief of Ukraine's security service, Volodymyr Satsyuk, because he holds both Russian and Ukrainian citizenship. After arriving in Russia Satsyuk was granted Russian citizenship protecting him from extradition. Unprecedented three rounds of voting

The initial vote, held on 31 October 2004, saw <mask> obtain 39.87% of vote, ahead of his opponent Yanukovych with 39.32%. Because neither candidate reached the 50% majority required for outright victory, a second round of run-off voting was held on 21 November 2004.Although a 75% voter turnout was recorded, observers reported many irregularities and abuses across the country, such as organized multiple voting and extra votes for Yanukovych after the polls closed. Exit poll results put <mask> ahead in the western and central provinces of the country, and one poll gave him an 11% margin of victory. However, the final official result was a 3% margin of victory for Yanukovych. The allegations of electoral fraud and the discrepancy between exit polls and the final tally prompted <mask> and his supporters to refuse to recognize the results. After thirteen days of massive popular protests in Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities that became known as the Orange Revolution, the Supreme Court overturned the election results and ordered a re-vote of the run-off election for 26 December. <mask> proclaimed a victory for the opposition and declared his confidence that he would be elected with at least 60% of the vote. He did win the re-vote of second round, but with 52% of the vote.Presidency

Inauguration
At 12 pm (Kyiv time) on 23 January 2005 the inauguration of <mask> as the President of Ukraine took place. The event was attended by foreign dignitaries, including:

 Arnold Rüütel, President of Estonia
 Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada
 Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President of Latvia
 Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova
 Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland
 Traian Băsescu, President of Romania
 Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia
 Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary
 Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
 Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Secretary General of NATO
 Nino Burjanadze, Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia
 Artūras Paulauskas, Speaker of the Seimas (Parliament of Lithuania)
 Colin Powell, United States Secretary of State
 Vuk Drašković, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and Montenegro
 Sergey Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council of Russia
Special guest Václav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic
Ovezgeldi Atayev, Chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan

Presidency

The first 100 days of <mask>'s term, 23 January 2005 through 1 May 2005, were marked by numerous dismissals and appointments at all levels of the executive branch. He appointed Yulia Tymoshenko as Prime Minister and the appointment was ratified by parliament. Oleksandr Zinchenko was appointed the head of the presidential secretariat with a nominal title of Secretary of State. Petro Poroshenko, a fierce competitor of Tymoshenko for the post of Prime Minister, was appointed Secretary of the Security and Defense Council. May 2005 saw Ukraine host the Eurovision Song Contest in the capital of Kyiv. Some accused Yushchenko of attempting to gain political capital from the event, with his appearance on stage at the end criticised as 'undignified' by certain commentators.During 2005, <mask> was in confident mood, making such pledges as solving the Gongadze case to the removal of Russia's Black Sea Fleet. In August 2005, <mask> joined with Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili in signing the Borjomi Declaration, which called for the creation of an institution of international cooperation, the Community of Democratic Choice, to bring together the democracies and incipient democracies in the region around the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. The first meeting of presidents and leaders to discuss the CDC took place on 1–2 December 2005 in Kyiv. According to former Security Service of Ukraine Chairman Oleksandr Turchynov, <mask> prevented in the summer of 2005 an investigation into allegedly fraudulent practices in the transport of Turkmen natural gas to Ukraine and the arrest of Yuri Boyko for abuse of office while heading Naftogaz. Dismissal of other Orange Revolution members
On 8 September 2005, <mask> fired his government, led by Yulia Tymoshenko, after resignations and claims of corruption. On 9 September, acting Prime Minister Yuriy Yekhanurov tried to form a new government. His first attempt, on 20 September, fell short by 3 votes of the necessary 226, but on 22 September the parliament ratified his government with 289 votes.Also in September 2005, former president Leonid Kravchuk accused exiled Russian tycoon Boris Berezovsky of financing <mask>'s presidential election campaign, and provided copies of documents showing money transfers from companies he said were controlled by Berezovsky to companies controlled by <mask>'s official backers. Berezovsky confirmed that he met <mask>'s representatives in London before the election, and that the money was transferred from his companies, but he refused to confirm or deny that the money was used in <mask>'s campaign. Financing of election campaigns by foreign citizens is illegal in Ukraine. In August 2006, <mask> appointed his onetime opponent in the presidential race, <mask>, to be the new Prime Minister. This was generally regarded as indicating a rapprochement with Russia. First dissolution of Parliament

On 2 April 2007, <mask> signed an order to dissolve the parliament and call early elections. Some consider the dissolution order illegal because none of the conditions spelled out under Article 90 of the Constitution of Ukraine for the president to dissolve the legislature had been met.<mask>'s detractors argued that he was attempting to usurp the functions of the Constitutional Court by claiming constitutional violations by the parliament as a pretext for his action; the parliament appealed the Constitutional Court itself and promised to abide by its ruling. In the meantime, the parliament continued to meet and banned the financing of any new election pending the Constitutional Court's decision. Competing protests took place and the crisis escalated. In May 2007, <mask> illegally dismissed three members of Ukraine's Constitutional Court, thus preventing the court from ruling on the constitutionality of his decree dismissing Ukraine's parliament. Second dissolution of Parliament (2007) and conflict with Tymoshenko (2008–2009)

<mask> again tried to dissolve the parliament on 9 October 2008 by announcing parliamentary elections to be held on 7 December. <mask>'s decree was suspended and has since lapsed. <mask> in defense of his actions said, "I am deeply convinced that the democratic coalition was ruined by one thing alone—human ambition.The ambition of one person." Political groups including members of his own Our Ukraine party contested the election decree and politicians vowed to challenge it in the courts. In December 2008, following a back room revolt from members of Our Ukraine-Peoples' Self Defense Party a revised coalition was formed between members of Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (OU-PSD), the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko (BYuT), and the Lytvyn Bloc (LB), increasing the size of the governing coalition by an additional 20 members. <mask> in responding to journalists questions claimed "The fact is that the so-called coalition was formed on basis of political corruption, this coalition will be able to work only if the Communist Party will join it. Speaking about such a type of coalition, it is even more

masks:
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Viktor Yanukovych
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Viktor
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Viktor Yanukov
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Viktor Yanukov
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Viktor Yanukovych
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko
Yushchenko


title: Viktor Yushchenko

texts:
 shameful." <mask> also stated that Tymoshenko's desire to keep her job as Prime Minister was the main motive for creating the coalition and that he wanted to expel the OU-PSD lawmakers who supported the creation of the coalition from the list of members of parliament. <mask> claimed (19 March 2009) that his conflicts with Tymoshenko are not due to personal differences, but to the incompleteness of the constitutional reforms of 2004.On 23 July 2009, under the terms of Ukraine's Constitution the president cannot dismiss the parliament within six months from the expiration of his five-year term of authority, which ended on 23 January 2010. 2010 presidential election and later career

2010 presidential election

On 10 November 2009, <mask> was nominated for a second term as President, with the election to be held on 17 January 2010. In late November 2009, he stated he was going to leave politics after his second term run. During the campaign, <mask> stated his fellow candidates "Tymoshenko and Yanukovych are not the ideologists who care about the fate of Ukraine and its interests. These are two political adventurers" and that Ukraine's independence and sovereignty was at the time more jeopardized than five to ten years earlier. The first round of elections took place on 17 January 2010, and <mask> collapsed to a distant fifth place with only 5.45% of the vote. His result became the worst result for any sitting President.<mask> stated that he wants to continue to defend democracy in Ukraine and that he wants to return to the presidential post. On 22 January 2010, as outgoing President of Ukraine, <mask> officially rehabilitated one of Ukraine's most controversial World War II-era figures, the ultranationalist leader Stepan Bandera, awarding him the title of Hero of Ukraine. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists even set up multi national assemblies of the occupied peoples of the Soviet union in which more than 12 Soviet Republics were represented, such as Kazakhstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Russia and others. <mask>'s decision immediately caused an uproar and was condemned by European Parliament, Russian, Polish and Jewish organizations, and was declared illegal by the following Ukrainian government and a court decision in April 2010. In January 2011, the award was officially annulled. In the second round of Ukraine's presidential election, <mask> did not support either of the candidates, Victor Yanukovych or Yulia Tymoshenko. <mask> attributed his low popularity ratings to adherence to his principles."Ukraine is a European democratic country", <mask> said at the polling station. "It is a free nation and free people." In the following days, he said that "Ukraine doesn’t have a decent choice" for his replacement. "Both candidates are alienated from national, European, and democratic values. I don’t see a principal difference between them." However, his low approval ratings may also be attributable to his tacit support for his former adversary Yanukovych, between rounds one and two. <mask> removed the Kharkiv and Dniproptrovsk governors who had expressed support for Tymoshenko and had refused to provide administrative resources for Yanukovych's campaign.<mask> didn't attend the inauguration ceremony of President Yanukovych. On 10 March 2010, <mask> indicated his future plans would largely depend on Yanukovych's performance. A day earlier, <mask>'s former ally turned rival, Yulia Tymoshenko, took up the mantle as leader of the democratic opposition. But <mask> warned that her leadership will end in disaster, noting, "Every political force that united with Tymoshenko ended badly." On 31 May 2010 <mask> stated that Yulia Tymoshenko was his "worst mistake": "The most serious mistake was to give the power to her twice". Later career including 2012 parliamentary elections
On 18 April 2010, <mask> and his wife (along with President Yanukovych and former Prime Minister Tymoshenko) journeyed to Poland to attend the state funeral of President Lech Kaczyński in Kraków. Due to the widespread air disruptions in Europe due to the eruptions in Iceland, the <mask>s journeyed by car from Kyiv.<mask> testified against his former ally Yulia Tymoshenko during her trial over a 2009 natural gas treaty she brokered with Russia; a trial he called "a normal judicial process". <mask>'s view differed from that of the European Union's (EU) foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, who said in a statement the Tymoshenko verdict showed justice was being applied "selectively in politically motivated prosecutions". Late September 2011 <mask> stated he intended to run for parliament on an Our Ukraine party ticket at the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections. Mid-February 2012 <mask> stated he was ready to take part in this election on a list of the united opposition, but not in a majority constituency. In these election <mask> headed the election list of Our Ukraine; the party won 1.11% of the national votes and no constituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. In February 2013 <mask> intended to be a candidate during the next presidential election (at the time scheduled to be in 2015). Euromaidan and 2014 election
In an interview with the French radio station Europe 1 in March 2014, <mask> stated that he supported the Euromaidan protests and opposed the Russian intervention in Crimea, noting that in his view "Putin dreams of reconstructing the Soviet empire under the name of Russia.He is so obsessed with this that he hasn't understood power balance." He further stated that "Crimea isn't Russian; rather it is Ukrainian". With regard to the 2014 presidential election, <mask> indicated his support for Vitali Klitschko, and described Tymoshenko as "the candidate of Moscow". <mask> himself did not stand as a candidate in these elections. Political positions

On 31 March 2009, in his address to the nation before Parliament, <mask> proposed sweeping government reform changes and an economic and social plan to ameliorate current economic conditions in Ukraine and apparently to respond to standing structural problems in Ukraine's political system. The proposal, which <mask> called a 'next big step forward for fairness and prosperity in Ukraine' included the following proposals:
 Restore financial stability in the country by implementing the International Monetary Fund reforms and a balanced budget
 Abolish parliamentary immunity
 Fair pension system based on the number of years of work and salary received
 Pass a realistic state budget for 2009 that reduces inflation and stabilizes the hryvnia
 Have the state assume responsibility for struggling banks
 Rejuvenate rural areas by eliminating state interference in agriculture production
 Promote Ukrainian products abroad to increase sales for Ukraine's producers
 European Union membership and increased trade while simultaneously improving relations and trade with Russia
 Allow voters to elect members of parliament from the areas where they live
 Open up party lists for both parliamentary and local elections
 Create bicameral parliament to bring stability to the legislative branch
 Reduce the number of members of parliament

<mask> also advocates NATO membership for Ukraine and is against promoting Russian as the second state language in Ukraine. According to <mask>, a good future for the country is impossible without national unity.<mask> also advocates the formation of a single Orthodox Church of Ukraine, thus unifying the current three branches of the Orthodox church in Ukraine (the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate, the only one recognized by the world orthodox community, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kyiv Patriarchate and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church). Actions by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army have been praised by <mask>, and he has tried to give anti-Soviet partisans who fought in World War II the status of war veterans. According to <mask> the difficulties of relations between Ukraine and Russia are because the countries follow different directions and have different system of values. <mask> thinks that "the Russia-Georgia war of August 2008 poses a threat that European leaders still haven’t addressed". He has called for a demarcation of borders between Russia and Ukraine, which has been delayed by Russia since Ukraine won independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. During the campaign for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2010 <mask> said Russia's influence was again a factor in the upcoming election and warned of "interference" from Moscow in the distribution of Russian passports to residents of Crimea. He has also stated (on 10 December 2009) "Russia is a friendly country and that it would be a great mistake for Ukraine to lose these relations or to slow down their development; I believe that there will appear politicians in Russia, who will respect the rights of all neighbors, including Ukraine".<mask>'s 2010 presidential election program promised visa-free travel with EU, the withdrawal of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation by 2017 and "an active dialogue with all of Ukraine's neighbours based on the principles of equal rights, good neighbourly relations and mutual trust", but did not mention NATO membership. <mask> also believed that the 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis could be tackled with the help of reconstruction, including road reconstruction. Furthermore, the program banned tax collection in advance, would return non-reimbursed VAT, create equal tax rules for everybody and stop government interference in certain enterprises and whole sectors of the economy. <mask> considers an open list of candidates for parliamentary elections as one of the conditions for eradicating corruption. Yuschenko awarded Stepan Bandera, a highly controversial "far-right" figure due to his attempts to both make Ukraine independent as well as having been a Nazi collaberator, the status of hero. Family and personal life
In 1977, <mask> married Svitlana Ivanivna Kolesnyk, with whom he has two children and three grandchildren:
 Vitalyna (b. 15 April 1980) currently married to Oleksiy Khakhlyov and has two children.Oleksiy Khakhlyov is a director of the Tar-paper Factory in Slavuta, Khmelnytskyi Oblast
 Andriy (b. 1985) married Yelyzaveta Efrosinina (b. 1981) in 2009 and has a daughter

In 1998, he married Kateryna Chumachenko, with whom he has three children. She is a Ukrainian-American born in Chicago who received a degree in Economics from Georgetown University and an MBA from the University of Chicago. She also studied at the Ukrainian Institute at Harvard University. Her resume includes working for the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, the Bureau for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs at the U.S. State Department, the Reagan White House, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Joint Economic Committee of Congress. In Ukraine she first worked with the US-Ukraine Foundation, then as Country Director for KPMG Barents Group.She heads the Ukraine 3000 Foundation, which emphasizes promoting civil society, particularly charity and corporate responsibility. The Foundation implements programs in the areas of children's health, integrating the disabled, improving education, supporting culture and the arts, publishing books, and researching history, particularly the Holodomor. From 1995 to 2005, she worked closely with Pryately Ditey, an organization that helps Ukrainian orphans. Criticized by her husband's opponents for her US citizenship, Kateryna became a Ukrainian citizen in March 2005 and renounced her US citizenship, as required by Ukrainian law, in March 2007. During the 2004 election campaign, she was accused of exerting influence on behalf of the U.S. government on her husband's decisions, as an employee of the U.S. government or even a CIA agent. A Russian state television journalist had earlier accused her of leading a U.S. project to help <mask> seize power in Ukraine; in January 2002, she won a libel case against that journalist. Ukraine's then anti-Yushchenko TV channel Inter repeated the allegations in 2001, but in January 2003 she won a libel case against that channel.A practicing member of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, <mask> often emphasizes the important role of his religious convictions in his life and worldview. <mask> has been criticized for using many words of Russian origin when speaking Ukrainian. His main hobbies are Ukrainian traditional culture (including art, ceramics, and archaeology), mountaineering, and beekeeping. He is keen on painting, collects antiques, folk artifacts, and Ukrainian national dress, and restores objects of Trypillya culture. Each year he climbs Hoverla, Ukraine's highest mountain. After receiving a checkup in which doctors determined he was healthy despite the previous year's dioxin poisoning, he successfully climbed the mountain again on 16 July 2005. Although <mask> no longer works for the Ukrainian state, as a former president of Ukraine he continues to live in his state-owned dacha in Koncha-Zaspa.Cultural and political image
As a politician, <mask> is widely perceived as a mixture of Western-oriented and Ukrainian nationalist. He advocates moving Ukraine in the direction of Europe and NATO, promoting free market reforms, preserving Ukraine's culture, rebuilding important historical monuments, and remembering Ukraine's history, including the Holodomor famine of 1932–1933. His opponents (and allies) sometimes criticize him for indecision and secrecy, while advocates call the same attributes signs of <mask>'s commitment to teamwork, consensus, and negotiation. He is also often accused of being unable to form a unified team free of inner quarrels. United States Ambassador to Ukraine John F. Tefft, described <mask>, in a document uncovered during the United States diplomatic cables leak, as discredited among the population because of his weakness of leadership, continuous conflicts with Yulia Tymoshenko, needless hostility towards Russia and his NATO ambitions. <mask>'s former Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko accused <mask> of betraying the Orange Revolution and bringing <mask>ych to power. In December 2011, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin claimed that the organizers of the 2011 Russian protests were former (Russian) advisors to <mask> during his presidency and were transferring the Orange Revolution to Russia.Public opinion polls
In 2008, <mask>'s popularity plunged to less than 10%. According to a poll carried out by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology between 29 January and 5 February 2009, just under 70% of Ukrainian voters believed that <mask> should leave his post, whereas just over 19% believed he should stay. When asked if <mask> should be impeached, over 56% of those polled were in favor with almost 27% against. According to a public opinion poll conducted by FOM-Ukraine in September/October 2009, 88.5% of those polled did not support the actions of <mask> as president, while 6.7% welcomed them. A Razumkov Center opinion poll conducted in October 2011 told that 80% of Ukrainians did not support his actions; it was the highest negative rating of any Ukrainian politician. Honours and awards
 Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Three Stars (Latvia, 2006)
 Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (Lithuania, 2006)
 Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Ukraine." - 6 June 2007)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2009, Poland)
 Order "For Merits" of Class III (1996, Ukraine)
 The Liberty Medal (US Constitution Center, Philadelphia, PA) (2005, USA)
 Order of Heydar Aliyev (2008, Azerbaijan)
 Order of the White Rose of Finland (2006)
 Order of the Golden Fleece (2009, Georgia)
 St. George's Order of Victory (2009, Georgia)
 Order of the White Eagle (2005, Poland)
 Royal Order of the Seraphim (2008, Sweden)
 Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2008, Hungary)
 Quadriga (2006, Germany)
 Presidential Order of Excellence (Georgia, 2011)

Named Man of the Year 2004 by Wprost.Included in the 2005 Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. Honorary doctorates from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (1996), the University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska (2000) and the Catholic University of Lublin (2009), and honorary membership in the Academy of Sciences of Moldova

See also
 2008 Ukrainian political crisis
 List of poisonings
 National Museum "Memorial to Holodomor victims"
 Politics of Ukraine
 Ukrainization

References

External links

Web sites and pages
 razom.org.ua — Nasha Ukrayina website
 Verbatim Account of the Inaugural Ceremony, January 23, 2005 — Official site of the parliament
  — video file of <mask> speaking to the Ukrainian nation
 Candidate <mask> wins first round of Ukraine election (10 November 2004). Rule of Law Foundation. <mask> approval rating (2000–2009) by Razumkov Centre
 Viktor Yushchenko Freedom Collection interview

News and articles
 BBC News profile
 Who poisoned <mask>? (from the Times Online)
 Approval of Yekhanurov: The Price of the Deal (Ukrayinska Pravda's critical article on the agreement between <mask> and Yanukovych; September 2005)

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1954 births
Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine)
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Ukraine
Governors of the National Bank of Ukraine
Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Grand Crosses with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Honorary members of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Independent politicians in Ukraine
Living people
Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Our Ukraine (political party) politicians
Independent politicians of Our Ukraine Bloc
People from Nedryhailiv Raion
People of the Orange Revolution
Presidents of Ukraine
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia)
Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order
Ukrainian accountants
Ukrainian bankers
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Ukrainian nationalists
Ukrainian economists
Members of Ukrainian Orthodox church bodies
Candidates in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election
Candidates in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election
Recipients of St. George's Order of Victory
Viktor
Recipients of the Presidential Order of

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title: John Charles Thring

texts:
<mask> (11 June 1824 – 3 October 1909), known during his life as "<mask>" or "J. C<mask>", was an English clergyman and teacher, notable for his contributions to the early history of association football. Early life
<mask> was born 11 June 1824 in Alford, Somerset, the fifth son of the rector, Rev. <mask> and Sarah . He studied at Winchester College, Shrewsbury School and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in 1847. The next year, he was appointed as an assistant curate to his brother <mask> at Alford-with-Hornblotton, Somerset. He was ordained deacon in December 1849. From 1855 to 1857, he served as curate in Cirencester, then from 1857 to 1859 at Overton and Fyfield, Wiltshire.He married Lydia Meredith in May 1858. In 1859, <mask> was appointed assistant master of Uppingham School, joining his brother Edward who was headmaster there. Sportsman

Shrewsbury
At the time Thring attended (1836–1843), Shrewsbury School played its own distinctive code of football, of which Thring later provided one detail: "the goals at one end of the field were marked on a wall". According to a description of the game dating from 1863, it disallowed all handling of the ball except for catching, and used an exceptionally wide goal of 40 feet, with a goal allowed to be scored at any height. No record exists of football matches from Thring's time at Shrewsbury, but he is known to have played on the school cricket team in 1842 and 1843. Cambridge

While at Cambridge, Thring's involvement in football continued. According to N. L. Jackson, in 1846 "two old Shrewsbury boys, Messrs H. de Winton and J. C. <mask>, persuaded some Old Etonians to join them and formed a club.Matches were few and far between, but some were played on Parker's Piece. Unfortunately, the game was not popular at the 'Varsity then, and the club did not last long". According to Thring's own account, written in 1861:

This was among the first of several known attempts to formulate a set of "compromise" rules of football at Cambridge between alumni of different schools. In his History of the Football Association, Geoffrey Green describes it as "the first positive step to create an identity of views and a common code of laws [of football] acceptable to as many as possible", and laments the absence of a plaque "to commemorate this historic moment". Uppingham

Rules of football for Uppingham School had been created under the supervision of <mask>'s brother Edward in 1857. They allowed the ball to be carried in a similar fashion to the Rugby rules. "The Simplest Game"
During his time as a resident master at Uppingham (1859–1864), <mask> became intensely involved in efforts to create a common code of football.His interest seems to have been stimulated by the publication in the 14 December 1861 issue of The Field of an article calling for such a common code. Thring immediately responded with a letter criticising the Rugby code in strong terms, referring to its allowance of "hacking" (kicking opponents' shins) as "a blot", "thoroughly un-English", and "barbarous". In its place, Thring urged the following as the "very first principles of football":

 the ball should be kept on the ground as much as possible
 players should be "always behind the ball" (Thring objected to the Rugby offside law as being too lax, since it allowed an offside player to rejoin play after an opponent touched the ball)

Thring went on to describe in some detail the features of his proposed game, which featured a round ball, a "barrel-shaped" playing area, a goal scored by kicking the ball under rather than over the bar, and an extremely strict offside law. During the first half of 1862, Thring continued to engage in discussion of the merits of different rules of football via correspondence published in The Field. This culminated in his publication, later in 1862, of a pamphlet entitled The Rules of Foot-ball: The Winter Game. Revised for the use of schools. The pamphlet proposed a set of laws for what Thring called "The Simplest Game":

Football Association

In a letter to the Daily Telegraph of 24 September 1863, Thring urged the formation of a "parliament [that] could sit with sufficient authority to issue a new code of laws" for football.When the formation of the Football Association was announced shortly afterwards, <mask> responded enthusiastically, sending voluminous correspondence to the Association's secretary Ebenezer Morley. In a letter dated 13 November, Thring wrote that Uppingham School was "extremely desirous of joining" the association. In another communication dated the following day, he promised to send the necessary subscription. These letters made a notable contrast with the generally negative attitude of other public schools (Charterhouse and Harrow had both refused to participate, Shrewsbury would subsequently do so, and Rugby, Eton and Winchester failed to reply at all). Thring offered several suggestions as to the rules the FA ought to adopt. He advocated for the use of a crossbar, and objected to the draft rules' allowance of hacking and carrying the ball. The FA would go on to remove hacking and carrying from its draft rules, under the influence of the Cambridge Rules of 1863.Thring's suggested crossbar was not, however, included in the FA's 1863 laws, which allowed a goal to be scored at any height; a tape (corresponding to the crossbar) would not be introduced until the second edition of the FA's laws, in 1866. Thring's objection to the use of the term "touch" (for the area that was out of play on either side of the ground) was also ignored. The offside rule from The Simplest Game was unanimously adopted by the FA at its meeting of 17 November 1863, and appeared in the first draft of the rules created by Morley, but it was replaced in later drafts with a modified version of the equivalent law from the Cambridge rules. <mask> requested permission to include the FA's rules (along with the Cambridge rules of October 1863), in an expanded reissue of The Winter Game. He would go on to bring out this second edition of his work in December 1863. In 1867, Thring sent another letter to the FA's general meeting. He repeated his objection to the use of the term "touch", and also expressed disapproval of the FA offside law, which had been relaxed the previous year.These objections were once again ignored. Thring also objected to the "touch down" tie-breaker which had been introduced by the FA in 1866; this was removed from the laws as the result of a proposal by Wanderers FC. Legacy
Despite his enthusiasm, Thring was ultimately unsuccessful in persuading Uppingham School to participate in the Football Association. He wrote on 20 November 1863: "I am sorry to hear that Uppingham was not represented on Tuesday. They say the time is very inconvenient, but the fact is they do not like to do so, as all the other schools have refused, and there is talk of a school congress, which they hope to attend". In a list of FA members from January 1864, the name of Uppingham School is crossed out, along with a note: "withdrawn by desire of their captain". The extent to which Thring's principles were actually put into practice at Uppingham is not clear.Contemporary descriptions of Uppingham football from 1863 and 1864 indicate that the ball was oval rather than round, a "bully" was a method of scoring, awarded when the ball was touched down behind the goal-line, and the ball could be "caught" and "carried". The 1871 edition of Uppingham's rules was broadly similar to the 1857 version, and continued to permit Rugby-style running with the ball. Uppingham would eventually abandon its own code of football for rugby in 1889. Writing in 1899, N. L. Jackson drew attention to the manner in which Thring's "Simplest Game" anticipated many later developments in the FA's code, even going so far as to credit it with being "the groundwork on which the [Football] Association code was built". Thring's set of laws is also acknowledged as the inspiration behind the title of Paul Gardner's 1976 book The Simplest Game. Later career and death
Thring continued to serve as master at Uppingham until 1868 or 1869, but in 1864, following a dispute with his brother Edward, he and his wife ceased to live at the school, instead residing at the Chantry House at Bradford-on-Avon. In January 1866, Thring captained Bradford Football Club in a match against local rivals Trowbridge.From 1870 to 1874, <mask> again served as curate at Alford. From 1875 to 1891, he served as chaplain to the Bradford Union (a workhouse for the poor in Bradford-on Avon). He subsequently moved to Hemel Hempstead, and then to Dunmow, Essex for the last decade of his life. He died there in 1909. He was survived by his widow Lydia, five sons, and three daughters. One of his sons was the cricketer <mask>. Works

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References

Football people in England
1824 births
1909 deaths
Laws of association football
People educated at Winchester College
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge

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