title: Aureliu Manea

texts:
<mask> (4 February 1945, Bucharest – 13 March 2014, Galda de Jos) was a Romanian theatre director, actor, and writer. Life
<mask> studied theatre directing under Radu Penciulescu (1930–2019) at the Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film in Bucharest, graduating in 1968. The same year, he made his debut as a director with a highly original production of Henrik Ibsen's Rosmersholm at the State Theatre of Sibiu. He went on to stage a large number of productions, including works by Shakespeare, Sophocles, Seneca, Chekhov, Arnold Wesker, Jean Racine, Jean Cocteau, and Georg Büchner, as well as Romanian classics, such as Ion Luca Caragiale's A Stormy Night and Tudor Mușatescu's Titanic Waltz, and plays by contemporary Romanian dramatist Teodor Mazilu (1930–1980). Suffering from ill health, <mask> withdrew from theatre life in 1991 and was a patient at the Neuropsychiatric Recuperation and Rehabilitation Centre, Galda de Jos, Alba County, until his death in 2014. He is buried at the Hajongard Cemetery in Cluj-Napoca. In 1993, he was awarded the UNITER (Uniunea Teatrală din România) Prize for Lifetime Achievement.In 2014, the Turda Municipal Theatre was renamed the Aureliu Manea National Theatre in honour of the director, who staged many of his productions there. Work as a director
Franco-Romanian theatre critic  likens <mask> to Argentinian director "maudit" Victor Garcia, an exponent of "absolute theatre, incandescent theatre," whose genius was recognised and admired at the time by Jean Genet and Peter Brook. Banu followed <mask>'s career from the very beginning, writing a review of his debut production, Rosmersholm, staged at the State Theatre of Sibiu in 1968. According to Banu, <mask>'s production succeeded in creating an intense sense of unease in both cast and audience by embodying Ibsen as a ghostly presence moving among the actors on stage. Similarly, Pastor Rosmer's wife, who commits suicide before the play begins, is present during the performance as a ghostly figure hovering above the stage, as if directing and influencing the actors' actions. In The Energies of Performance, <mask> recounts that his reading of Rosmersholm was as a drama that went against nature and life, which prompted him to have the cast appear dressed all in black sackcloth. The only moment relieving the blackness came in Pastor Rosmer's monologue, which the actor spoke while biting the cloth of a white flag, with the resultant tortured delivery conveying how the character's rage for purity had become his own torture.Around this time, <mask> staged a production in Timișoara of angry young man Arnold Wesker's Four Seasons, in which he tried to convey the idea of a "failed construction", with lead actors Ovidiu-Iuliu Moldovan and Florin Cercel interrupting their performance to sit down on the stage to rest for two minutes whenever the dramatic situation became false, ridiculous, or unrealistic. Wesker saw the production when it was staged in Bucharest and enjoyed it, but felt it was a performance of someone else's play. The year before Rosmersholm, in 1967, <mask> had been due to stage a production of Sophocles' Philoctetes at the Iași National Theatre, but the premiere was suspended for three years after Teofil Vâlcu, in the lead role, seriously injured himself in a fall from a rope he was climbing onstage during rehearsals. The production featured an Elizabethan-style set intended to convey an aesthetic of brutal, bloody acts that are inherent to an ineluctably violent history and costumes designed to suggest both savagery and a technologically advanced civilisation. After Rosmersholm, Manea continued to stage innovative, visually arresting productions at theatres around Romania, His production of Racine's Britannicus at the Piatra Neamț Youth Theatre in 1969 featured scenes of highly aestheticised, ritualistic torture, which director Liviu Ciulei likened to Japanese Noh theatre, although <mask> was unfamiliar with this tradition at the time. In 1972, <mask> staged a production of Jean Cocteau's The Typewriter at the State Theatre, Turda, which employed as its visual metaphor B movies and the blurring of cinema and real life, with Solange portrayed as a narcissist who steps onto the stage from a white screen at the beginning of the performance and acts out the final suicide scene as if she were on the big screen. In Manea's 1973 production of Marivaux's Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard at the National Theatre, Cluj, he imagined the action as a game presided over by Orgon as both master of ceremonies and ideal audience, in which the action is a dialogue between costumes rather than characters.In 1975, <mask>'s production of Twelfth Night, which he conceived in the manner of what he called a "philosophical variety show", staged at the Cluj National Theatre, with sets by Paul Salzberger, drew standing ovations. The following year, hisMacbeth, staged at the Ploiești Theatre in 1976, drew on Japanese Kabuki theatre, with a stark set that evoked a desolate, snowy landscape, dominated by a wooden throne symbolising Macbeth's barbarous, brutal power, "adorned with furs and animal heads, which were trophies of earlier conquests and omens of the death that was to come." A contemporary reviewer saw the production as a "cosmic" clash "between Good and Evil, between Life and Death, between order and chaos, or between nature and the human being as a representative of social convulsion." During his career, <mask> staged only one production in Bucharest, however, since he saw the actors there as "too big" and preferred to work with lesser-known actors, who were not given to displays of ego and did not contest his direction: As a director, he saw theatre not as a vehicle for individual actors, but rather as the "art of solidarity", "a ritual of togetherness" uniting actors and audience. Produced by <mask> Samson, the production in question, for which <mask> came out of retirement after two decades in the Galda de Jos Neuropsychiatric Recuperation Home, was a dramatisation of the letters of Mariana Alcoforado, staged at the Metropolis Theatre, Bucharest, with sets by Paul Salzberger. Sîrbu, The Ark of Good Hope, National Theatre, Craiova
 1990
 Georg Büchner, Woyzeck, Municipal Theatre, Ploiești
 2012
 The Portuguese Letters of Mariana Alcoforado, Metropolis Theatre, Bucharest

Writing
In 1983, Manea published Energiile spectacolului (The Energies of Performance), a series of short meditations on directors (Liviu Ciulei, Jerzy Grotowski, Peter Brook) and directing; playwrights (Sophocles, Gogol, Shakespeare, Aristophanes, Racine, Strindberg, Carlo Goldoni, Brecht, Chekhov, Molière, Marivaux); actors and acting; the ritual and psychological laws governing stage properties; the mechanisms of attention during performance (the director is an "engineer of attention"); theatre as officiation of a sacral rite; directorial intention, improvisation, chance, and the "entropic phenomenon" in theatrical performance; and the fundamental enigma and ephemerality of the theatrical act. In Spectacole imaginare, published in 1986, Manea takes nineteen plays by Shakespeare (Richard II, The Merchant of Venice, The Tempest, As You Like It, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Julius Caesar, Much Ado About Nothing, The Comedy of Errors, Love's Labours Lost, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, King John, Richard III, The Taming of the Shrew, Titus Andronicus, Twelfth Night, Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet) and imagines a production that might penetrate the enigma of each play, its timeless human mystery.The "Imaginary Performances" are followed by a series of "Confessions", in which <mask> meditates on his work as a director, on his past productions and work with specific actors and playwrights, on the puppet theatre, on performance as a ritual of profound communion between audience and actors, on the giants of universal drama (Aeschylus, Goethe). In 2012, Viorica <mask>, the director's sister, edited and published a collection of <mask>'s writings: the trilogy of plays Penelope Falls to Thinking, The Theatre Rehearsal, and The Fairy from the East, short stories, and an essay ("Man's Solitude, or Narcissus"). Penelope Falls to Thinking was presented in the Reading Performances section of the Sibiu International Theatre Festival in 2012. In 2013, the Cluj National Theatre staged a production of <mask>'s trilogy of plays, directed by Gábor Tompa. Sources
 Georges Banu, "Un meteorit." In Manea (2012, 5-10)
 Monica Matei-Chesnoiu, Shakespeare in the Romanian Cultural Memory, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison, Teaneck, 2006 . <mask> <mask>, Energiile spectacolului, Editura Dacia, Cluj, Socialist Republic of Romania, 1983.<mask> <mask>, Imaginary Performances in Shakespeare, trans. Alistair Ian Blyth, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020 . <mask> <mask>, Texte regăsite, ed. Viorica <mask>, Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj, 2012  . <mask> <mask>, Spectacole imaginare, 2nd edition, Editura Eikon, Bucharest, 2018 . Ștefan Oprea, "Cazul Filoctet", Cronica Veche, No. 3 (62), March 2016.Nicolae Prelipceanu, "Teatrul Globus al lui <mask> Manea." In Manea (2018, 13-16)
 Paul Salzberger, "Creion." In Manea (2012, 11-12)
 Viorica Samson <mask>, "Foreword." In Manea (2020, xi-xii)
 Sibiu International Theatre Festival 2012, Antologia, ed. Alina Mazilu, Editura Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012 . References

1945 births
2014 deaths
Theatre people from Bucharest
Romanian theatre directors
Male actors from Bucharest
Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography alumni

masks:
Aureliu Manea
Aureliu Manea
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title: Yang Su

type: original

texts:
<mask> (楊素 died August 31, 606), courtesy name Chudao (處道), formally Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Sui dynasty whose authority eventually became nearly as supreme as the emperor's. Traditional sinologists generally believed that he was involved in the suspected murder of Emperor Wen in 604, at the behest of Emperor Wen's son <mask> (the later Emperor <mask>). His son <mask>n later rebelled against Emperor <mask> in 613 but was defeated and killed, and <mask>'s other sons were also executed. During Northern Zhou
It is not known when <mask> was born. His grandfather <mask> (楊喧) was a mid-level official under the Northern Wei or its branch successor state Western Wei. <mask>'s father <mask> (楊敷) served as a general for Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou, but in 571, while defending Dingyang (定陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi), <mask> was defeated and captured by the Northern Qi general Duan Shao (段韶). <mask> refused to surrender and was kept in captivity for the rest of his life, but it is not known when he died.After <mask>'s death, <mask>, who was considered highly talented in his youth, repeatedly sought posthumous recognition for his father from Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. Eventually, Emperor Wu was so pestered that he ordered that <mask> be killed—perhaps stating the order publicly to scare <mask> so that he would relent. Instead of begging for forgiveness, however, <mask> yelled out, "I serve a ruthless emperor, and it is proper for me to die!" Emperor Wu, impressed with <mask>'s fortitude, released him and gave <mask> posthumous honors, including the title of Duke of Linzhen. He made <mask> an official in his administration, and once, when he had <mask> draft an edict for him and was impressed by both the fast speed that <mask> wrote the edict and the beauty of the language, he commented, "Just work hard. Honor and wealth will come to you." <mask> responded, "I am worried that I will be forced to accept honor and wealth, as I have no desire for them."In 575, when Emperor Wu launched a major attack on Northern Qi, he granted <mask>'s request to lead the remains of <mask>'s old army. While Emperor Wu was soon forced to abandon the campaign, <mask> was, for his contributions, created the Viscount of Qinghe. When Emperor Wu relaunched the attack on Northern Qi in winter 576, <mask> served under Emperor Wu's brother and major general Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi, and during a battle, when Yuwen Xian was ambushed by forces under Northern Qi's emperor Gao Wei, it was <mask> who fought hard to save Yuwen Xian. Thereafter, he continued to make contributions under Yuwen Xian during the campaign against Northern Qi. After Emperor Wu conquered Northern Qi in 577, he promoted <mask>'s title to Duke of Chen'an. In 578, he served under the general Wang Gui (王軌) in defeating the Chen Dynasty general Wu Mingche, and for this contribution, Emperor Wu created his brother <mask> (楊慎) the Marquess of Yi'an. After Emperor Wu's death later in 578 and succession by his son Emperor Xuan, Emperor Xuan conferred the title of Duke of Linzhen, which Emperor Wu had posthumously created <mask>, on <mask>, transferring <mask>'s title of Duke of Cheng'an to his brother <mask>ē (楊約).<mask> subsequently served under the general Wei Xiaokuan in capturing the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River from Chen. In 580, Emperor Xuan, who had by that point become retired emperor, died, and Emperor Xuan's father-in-law <mask> seized power as regent over Emperor Xuan's son Emperor Jing. <mask> became close to <mask>, and <mask> made him the governor of the important Bian Province (汴州 roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan). However, before <mask> could report to Bian Province, the general Yuchi Jiong, suspicious of <mask>'s intentions, rose against him. One of Yuchi's supporters, Yuwen Zhou (宇文冑) the governor of Ying Province (滎州 roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) defended Hulao Pass against <mask>'s forces, and <mask> sent <mask> against Yuwen Zhou. <mask> was able to defeat Yuwen Zhou, and after Yuchi had been defeated and had committed suicide, <mask> made <mask> the commandant at Xu Province (徐州 roughly modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and promoted his title to Duke of Qinghe, transferring his title of Duke of Linzhen to his brother <mask>è (楊岳 note different tone and character than the other brother). During Emperor Wen's reign
In 581, <mask> had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui Dynasty as its Emperor Wen.<mask> continued to serve in Emperor Wen's administration including a spell helping prepare the Kaihuang Code on which Emperor Wen's legal reforms were based. In 584, during an argument with his wife Zheng Qiye (郑祁耶), he angrily stated, "If I become emperor, you will not be empress!" Zheng Qiye, in anger, reported the comment to Emperor Wen, who removed <mask> from his post as a punishment. In 585, Emperor Wen restored him and made him the commandant at Xin Province (modern eastern Chongqing) to prepare an attack against Chen down the Yangtze River. While at Xin Province, he built large ships in anticipation of the attack. In winter 588, Emperor Wen launched the attack, commissioning his sons <mask> the Prince of Jin and <mask>, along with <mask>, to command the three main prongs of the attack, with <mask> in overall command of the operations. <mask>'s responsibility was to take his forces down the Yangtze and attack cities on the river.He passed through the Three Gorges and defeated the Chen general Qi Xin (戚昕). He soon ran into heavy resistance by the Chen general Lü Zhongsu (呂忠肅) and initially was repelled, but eventually was able to defeat Lü. With Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) abandoning the region to make one last-ditch attempt to reach the Chen capital Jiankang to help defend it against <mask>'s attack, <mask> encountered no further resistance, and soon news that Jiankang had fallen arrived, and the local provinces all surrendered to him or <mask>, whom he met at Hankou (漢口 in modern Wuhan, Hubei). Emperor Wen subsequently promoted <mask> to the greater title of Duke of Yue and transferred his title of Duke of Qinghe to his son <mask> (楊玄獎), while making his heir apparent <mask>n a mid-level official. He was briefly made the commandant at Jing Province (荊州 roughly modern Jingzhou, Hubei), but in summer 588 was recalled to the capital to be the head of the examination bureau (門下省 Menxia Sheng) -- one of the most important officials in the imperial government. In 590, he was made the head of the legislative bureau (內史省 Neishi Sheng). Later in 590, with Chen's former territory up in rebellions against imposition of Sui laws, <mask> was put in command of a large army to attack the various rebel leaders.He defeated Shen Xuanhui (沈玄懀) and Gao Zhihui (高智慧), eventually quelling much of the former Chen territory. Emperor Wen awarded him with many gifts. Based on <mask>'s conduct during the campaign, the historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, commented:

When <mask> commanded large armies, he showed flexibility and much tactical capability. His military discipline was harsh, and before each battle, he always sought out soldiers who had faults to execute in order to show his power -- sometimes more than a hundred, and sometimes no less than 20. As their blood flowed before him, he treated as if it were nothing, and continued to smile and talk. When it came time for battling, he would send out somewhere between 100 to 200 soldiers as a forward corps to attack first. If they were unsuccessful in penetrating the enemy lines and returned, regardless of how many survived, they would all be executed.He would then repeat the process, but with 200 to 300 soldiers. All officers and soldiers tremored with fear, and all fought with resolution to fight to the death. Therefore, he was always victorious and considered a great general. At that time, <mask> was powerful and favored by the emperor. Whatever he suggested was not refused, and so <mask>'s followers, even if their contributions were small, would be rewarded for their contributions. The soldiers under the other generals often had their contributions denied by the civilian officials and not rewarded. Therefore, even though <mask> was cruel, his soldiers were willing to follow him.Around the new year 593, <mask> was made a co-head of the executive bureau (尚書省 Shangshu Sheng) with Gao Jiong, effectively serving as co-prime ministers, replacing <mask> in that role. It was said that by this point, <mask> had become very arrogant, and among the officials, he only respected Gao, Niu Hong (牛弘), and Xue Daoheng (薛道衡), looking down at and bullying the rest. It was commented by traditional historians that he was more talented and had more

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title: Yang Su

texts:
 foresight than Gao, but that he was not as fair-minded or well-behaved as Gao. In spring 593, Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to oversee the building of his vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮 in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). <mask> spent much effort building it to be a luxurious palace, needing not much architectural work but landscaping of the nearby hills and valleys. Much human life was lost—numbering in the tens of thousands. The palace was completed in spring 595, and when Emperor Wen inspected it, he, by nature frugal, was initially displeased and stated, "<mask> expended money and effort to build this palace, and he made the people hate me."<mask> was fearful of punishment, but when Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dugu arrived, she pointed out to Emperor Wen that <mask> knew that they had little other pleasures, and therefore built the palace in this manner. She gave <mask> awards in both money and silk. In 598, both Empress Dugu and <mask>'s wife Zheng Qiye were ill, and suspicions came on the official Dugu Tuo (獨孤陀)--who was Empress Dugu's half-brother and whose wife was <mask>'s half-sister. Dugu Tuo was accused of having his servant girl Xu Ani (徐阿尼) employ cat spirits to curse Empress Dugu and Zheng Qiye, and was nearly executed, but at Empress Dugu's urging was spared and only reduced to commoner rank. In spring 599, <mask> was one of the major generals commissioned to attack Tujue's Dulan Khan, Ashina Yongyulü, along with Gao Jiong and Yan Rong (燕榮). He encountered Ashina Yongyulü's subordinate khan, the Datou Khan Ashina Dianjue. Contrary to prior strategies to first protect his army before engaging, he quickly engaged Ashina Dianjue and defeated him, forcing Ashina Dianjue to flee.Sometime around that time, Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, who generally had a loving relationship, had a major conflict—over an affair by Emperor Wen (who otherwise did not have any concubines, in contrast with nearly every other emperor in Chinese history) with Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter, who had become a servant in the palace. Empress Dugu killed Lady Yuchi, and in anger, Emperor Wen rode away from the palace. <mask> and Gao had to track him down and persuade him back to the palace. <mask> and Gao subsequently held a banquet for them to allow them to reconcile. In winter 599, Emperor Wen sent <mask> again to attack Ashina Yongyulü, but before his army could depart, Ashina Yongyulü was assassinated and replaced by Ashina Dianjue (as Bujia Khan), and so <mask> did not launch his army. In 600, when Ashina Dianjue attacked, Emperor Wen sent <mask> and Shi Wansui (史萬歲), along with his sons <mask> and <mask>, to resist, and Ashina Dianjue was fought off. (The historians had much to say as to Shi's success during this campaign, but not <mask>'s, suggesting that <mask> was not involved in major engagements during this campaign.)By 600, Emperor Wen's crown prince <mask> had lost the favor of Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, over his wastefulness (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu). <mask>, whom Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, had for some time plotted to replace <mask>, sent his associate Yuwen Shu to persuade <mask>'s brother <mask>ē that, as <mask> did not have a good relationship with <mask>, that if Emperor Wen died, <mask> and his brothers would soon be in danger under <mask>'s rule. Rather, Yuwen suggested, <mask> should form a pact with <mask> and try to have <mask> made crown prince. <mask> agreed, and began to discuss with Empress Dugu in earnest the possibility of replacing <mask> with <mask>. Empress Dugu was pleased, and requested <mask> to persuade Emperor Wen as well. By fall 600, <mask> had <mask>'s associate Ji Wei (姬威) falsely accuse <mask> of plotting treason. Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to investigate, and <mask> intentionally misinterpreted evidence and manufactured additional evidence, causing Emperor Wen to believe that <mask> was indeed plotting treason.Emperor Wen deposed <mask> and created <mask> crown prince instead. In winter 601, Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to command an army, in association with Qimin Khan Ashina Rangan (who had surrendered to <mask>i and whom Emperor Wen had created khan), to attack Ashina Dianjue. In spring 602, <mask> achieved a great victory, and for his victory, <mask>n's post was upgraded, and another son of <mask>, <mask> (楊玄縱), was created the Duke of Huainan. By 602, <mask> was concerned that his brother, <mask> the Prince of Shu, who as the commandant at Yi Province (roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan) was in control of the modern Sichuan and Chongqing region, would eventually make trouble for him. He had <mask> collect evidence of <mask>'s wastefulness and inappropriate behavior. Emperor Wen summoned <mask> back to the capital, and had <mask> investigate. Both <mask> and <mask> manufactured additional evidence against <mask>, and <mask> was reduced to commoner rank and put under house arrest.Also in 602, Empress Dugu died. <mask> was in charge of the funeral arrangements, and in appreciation, Emperor Wen created yet another son of <mask> the Duke of Yikang. Upon accusations by the official Liang Pi (梁毗) that <mask> was becoming overly powerful and abusive, Emperor Wen began to distance himself from <mask>, although he continued to confer honors on <mask>. The actual authority over the executive bureau was instead exercised by <mask> and Emperor Wen's son-in-law Liu Shu (柳述). In summer 604, while at Renshou Palace, Emperor Wen became ill.  <mask>, Liu, and Yuan Yan (元儼) attended to him. Emperor Wen soon died, and <mask>, after ordering <mask>'s brother <mask>ē to have <mask> killed, announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne as Emperor <mask>. Traditional historians, while admitting a lack of direct evidence, largely believed an account that Emperor Wen's death was a murder ordered by <mask>, with <mask> in cooperation.This account alleged that <mask> attempted to rape Emperor Wen's concubine Consort Chen (Chen Shubao's sister), and when Consort Chen reported the attempted rape to Emperor Wen, Emperor Wen tried to depose <mask> and sent Liu and Yuan to summon <mask>. <mask> arrested Liu and Yuan, and then <mask> sent his associate Zhang Heng (張衡) to kill Emperor Wen. During Emperor <mask>'s reign
Upon hearing Emperor <mask>'s ascension, <mask>, then the commandant at Bing Province (并州 roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and in control of the territory north of the Yellow River, rebelled—inexplicably declaring, as his reason for rebelling, that <mask> had committed treason. Emperor <mask> sent <mask> to attack <mask>, and <mask>, after capturing <mask>'s general Xiao Mohe, forced <mask>'s surrender. For <mask>'s contributions, Emperor <mask> gave his sons <mask>n (楊萬石), <mask> (楊仁行), and <mask>ng (楊玄挺) all mid-level imperial posts and much treasure, previously owned by <mask>. In spring 605, Emperor <mask> began to expand Luoyang to serve as the eastern capital. <mask> was commissioned to head the project.It was said that although <mask> had much contributions for him, Emperor <mask> actually was very suspicious of <mask>. When imperial astrologers informed Emperor <mask> that the Sui region (central Hubei) would have a major funeral, Emperor Wen created <mask> the Duke of Chu, technically a greater title—believing that the Chu and Sui regions were close enough that he could use <mask> to deflect the ill fortune. When <mask> grew ill in 606, <mask> sent the imperial physicians, along with the most precious medicines, to treat <mask>, but closely monitored <mask>'s conditions, hoping that <mask> would die. <mask> himself knew of Emperor <mask>'s intentions, and therefore refused all treatment and did not take good care of his own body, stating to <mask>e, "Why should I want to live?" He died in fall 606, and Emperor <mask> honored him with a magnificent funeral. After <mask>n rebelled in 613, all of <mask>'s sons were killed. <mask>'s tomb was destroyed, and <mask>'s body was burned by the general Wei Wensheng (衛文昇).But one daughter of his would later become a concubine of Emperor Gaozu of Tang and bear him a son named Li Yuanxiang (李元祥) and titled Prince of Jiang, while his granddaughter through his son <mask>jing would become a concubine of Emperor Taizong of Tang and bear him a son named Li Fu (李福) and titled Prince of Zhao. It was said that one of <mask>'s favorite dishes was fried rice and that he popularized the dish. In the Book of Sui, <mask> was described as a man with imposing look and a shiny long beard. Notes and references

Reading
Book of Sui, vol. 48. History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 41.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180. 606 deaths
6th-century births
Northern Zhou generals
Sui dynasty generals
Sui dynasty

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title: Prospero Alpini

texts:
<mask> (also known as Prosper Alpinus, <mask> and Latinized as Prosperus Alpinus) (23 November 15536 February 1617) was a Venetian physician and botanist. He travelled around Egypt and served as the fourth prefect in charge of the botanical garden of Padua. He wrote several botanical treatises which covered exotic plants of economic and medicinal value. His description of coffee and banana plants are considered the oldest in European literature. The ginger-family genus Alpinia was named in his honour by Carolus Linnaeus. Biography

Born at Marostica, a town near Vicenza, the son of Francesco, a physician, Alpini served in his youth for a time in the Milanese army, but in 1574 he went to study medicine at Padua. After taking his doctor's degree in 1578, he settled as a physician in Campo San Pietro, a small town in the Paduan territory.But his tastes were botanical and influenced by Melchiorre Guilandino, and to extend his knowledge of exotic plants he travelled to Egypt in 1580 as physician to George Emo or Hemi, the Venetian consul in Cairo. The position was obtained with help from Antonio Morosini. From 1587 to 1590 he worked in Venice, Bassano and then at Genoa as physician to Giovanni Andrea Doria. In Egypt he spent three years, and from a practice in the management of datepalms, which he observed in that country, he learned of sexual difference in plants, which was later to become important in the foundation of the Linnaean taxonomy system. He says that "the female date-trees or palms do not bear fruit unless the branches of the male and female plants are mixed together; or, as is generally done, unless the dust found in the male sheath or male flowers is sprinkled over the female flowers". On his return, he resided for some time at Genoa as physician to Andrea Doria, and in 1593 he was appointed professor of botany at Padua. In 1603, following the death of Giacomo Antonio Cortuso (1513-1603), he was appointed prefect for the botanical garden at Padua.His knowledge of medicinal plants made him a much sought after physician consulted by others such as Fabrici of Acquapendente and Alessandro Massaria. Towards the end of his life he suffered from arthritis, skin inflammation and receptive aphasia. He died on 6 February 1617 and is buried in the Basilica of Saint Antonio. He was succeeded in the botanical chair by his son Alpino <mask> (died 1637). Books

<mask>'s best-known botanical work is De Plantis Aegypti liber (Venice, 1592). This work introduced a number of plant species previously unknown to European botanists including Abrus, Abelmoschus, Lablab, and Melochia, each of which are native to tropical areas and were cultivated with artificial irrigation in Egypt at the time. Other species included Sesban Sesbania sesban and the baobab tree (which he spelled bahobab).Early adopters of <mask>'s new botanical names included the botanists Carolus Clusius (died 1609), Johann Bauhin (died 1613), Caspar Bauhin (died 1624) and Johann Veslingius (visited Egypt in the 1620s; died 1649). <mask> <mask>'s  was published in 1629 after his death. It has an expansion of the material in  plus some other material. His De Plantis Aegypti liber is said to contain the first account of the coffee plant published in Europe although the German traveller Leonhard Rauwolf tasted coffee at Aleppo in 1573 and described its effects in 1582. His book De balsamo dialogus (1581, 1592) was among the first books to specialize on a single group of plants. He wrote on the prognosis of diseases in his De praesagienda vita et morti aegrotanti (1601) which led Kurt Sprengel to consider him as a modern father of diagnostic science. Another work that took nearly a decade was  the De medicina methodica libri tredecim (1611) which sought a revival of the Methodic school of medicine.His works De plantis exoticis and the Rerum Aegyptiarum libri IV were published posthumously. The genus Alpinia, belonging to the order Zingiberaceae (ginger family), was named after him by Linnaeus. Works
 De balsamo dialogus, 1581, 1592. De medicina Aegyptiorum, 1591. De plantis Aegypti, Venice, 1592. De praesagienda vita et morte aegrotantium, 1601. De medicina methodica, 1611.
, 1629.Rerum Aegyptiarum libri IV, 1735. References

External links

 Prosperi Alpini De Balsamo dialogus . Franciscus de Franciscis, Venitiis 1591 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Prosperi Alpini De medicina Aegyptiorum : libri quatuor ; in quibus Multa cum de vario mittendi Sanguinis Usu per Venas, Arterias, Cucurbitulas, ac Scarificationes nostris inusitatas, deq[ue] Inustionibus, & alijs chyrurgicis Operationibus, tum de quamplurimis Medicamentis apud Aegyptios frequentioribus, elucescunt . Franciscus de Franciscis, Venetiis 1591 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Prosperi Alpini De Plantis Aegypti liber : in quo non pauci, qui circa Herbarum Materiam irrepserunt, Errores, deprehenduntur, quorum Causa hactenus multa Medicamenta ad Usum Medicinae admodum expetenda, plerisque Medicorum, non sine Artis Iactura, oculta, atque obsoleta iacuerunt. Franciscus de Franciscis, Venitiis 1592 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 De Plantis Exoticis, by Prosperi Alpini, year 1629, in Latin. De Plantis Aegypti liber, by Prosperi Alpini with comments by Johann Vesling, published year 1640, in Latin. Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Prospero Alpini in .jpg and .tiff format.Includes some pages from the 1592 edition of De Plantis Aegypti liber. De praesagienda vita et morte aegrotantium libri septem (1754)
 De Plantis Aegypti, by Prosperi <mask>, Latin transcription and English translation with notes on the grammar and the orthography of the text, by Ian L. Plamondon, published 2016. Barrett, The Honors College Thesis/Creative Project Collection, Arizona State University. 1553 births
1617 deaths
People from Marostica
Botanists active in Egypt
Italian botanists
16th-century Italian physicians
Pre-Linnaean botanists

masks:
Prospero Alpini
Prospero Alpinio
Alpini
Alpini
Alpini
Prospero
Alpini
Alpini


title: Alfredo Mayo

texts:
<mask> (17 May 1911 in Barcelona – 19 May 1985 in Palma de Mallorca) better known as <mask> was a Spanish actor. Biography
After studying medicine, in 1929 <mask> made his debut in the theatre with the company of Ernesto Vilches. He fought for Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War in aviation. He starred in propaganda films such as  Escuadrilla (1941), Harka (1941), A mí la legión (1942) but is perhaps best known for Raza,  written by Francisco Franco under the name of Jaime de Andrade. He became a major star in comedies, dramas and historical films such as  Malvaloca (1942), by Luis Marquina; Deliciosamente tontos (1943), by Juan de Orduña, or La leona de Castilla (1951). In the 1950s he acted in supporting roles in such films as El último cuplé (1957),  Una muchachita de Valladolid (1958) and 55 Days at Peking (1963), directed in Spain by Nicholas Ray. His career had a second golden age during his collaborations with Carlos Saura in La Caza (1966) and Peppermint Frappé (1967).He appeared in more than 175 other films until his death. He acted in El bosque del lobo (1970), by Pedro Olea, Patrimonio Nacional (1980), by Luis García Berlanga. In Paul Naschy's Los cántabros (1980), he played a druid. He was also in Bearn o la sala de las muñecas (1982), by Jaime Chávarri and starred in the TV series Cañas y barro for Televisión Española. Selected filmography
{{Div col|content=
 El ciento trece (1935) - Marcelo
 Las tres gracias (1936)
 The Queen's Flower Girl (1940)
 ¡Harka! (1970) - Pedro Astófano
 In the Folds of the Flesh (1970) - André
 El mejor del mundo (1970) - Doctor Márquez
 Sabata the Killer (1970) - Garfield
 El bosque del lobo (1970) - Don Nicolás de Valcárcel
 Los gallos de la madrugada (1971) - Padre de Paco
 La red de mi canción (1971) - Don Manuel Duval
 My Dear Killer (1972) - Beniamino
 Monta in sella, figlio di… (1972) - André, Agnes' Uncle
 Un dólar de recompensa (1972) - John Wolley
 Marianela (1972) - D. Francisco
 Entre dos amores (1972) - Duque de Agramonte
 Trop jolies pour être honnêtes (1972)
 The Call of the Wild (1972) - Judge Miller
 Those Dirty Dogs (1973) - General Müller, El Supremo
 The Scarlet Letter (1973) - Gov. Fuller
 La llamaban La Madrina (1973) - Don Ramón
 The Bell from Hell (1973) - Don Pedro
 Volveré a nacer (1973) - Oscar
 Storia di karatè, pugni e fagioli (1973) - Colonel Randolf Quint
 Vida conyugal sana (1974) - Don Alfonso
 Proceso a Jesús (1974) - Profesor Bellido
 Vera, un cuento cruel (1974) - D. Juan Manuel
 El calzonazos (1974) - Héctor Goizueta
 Voodoo Black Exorcist (1974) - Dr. Kessling
 Los caballeros del Botón de Ancla (1974) - Morales
 Chicas de alquiler (1974) - Don Carlos
 Doctor, me gustan las mujeres, ¿es grave?Sindicato Nacional del Espectáculo in (1973) for La campana del infierno''. External links

1911 births
1985 deaths
Male actors from Barcelona
Spanish male stage actors
Spanish male film actors
20th-century Spanish male actors

masks:
Alfredo Fernández Martínez
Alfredo Mayo
Mayo


title: Jacques Plante

texts:
<mask> (; January 17, 1929 – February 27, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. During a career lasting from 1947 to 1975, he was considered to be one of the most important innovators in hockey. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1963; during his tenure, the team won the Stanley Cup six times, including five consecutive wins. In 2017 Plante was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history. Plante retired in 1965 but was persuaded to return to the National Hockey League to play for the expansion St. Louis Blues in 1968. He was later traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1970 and to the Boston Bruins in 1973. He joined the World Hockey Association as coach and general manager for the Quebec Nordiques in 1973–74.He then played goal for the Edmonton Oilers in 1974–75, ending his professional career with that team. Plante was the first NHL goaltender to wear a goaltender mask in regulation play on a regular   and tested many versions of the mask (including the forerunner of today's mask/helmet combination) with the assistance of other experts. Plante was the first NHL goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his crease in support of his team's defencemen, and he often instructed his teammates from behind the play. Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978, was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985, and was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. The Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's jersey, #1, the following year. Plante ranks seventh among NHL goalies for all-time career wins with 437. Early life

Plante was born on a farm near Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, in Mauricie, Quebec, the first of 11 children born to Palma and <mask>.The family moved to Shawinigan Falls, where his father worked in one of the local factories. In 1932, Plante began to play hockey, skateless and with a tennis ball, using a goaltender's hockey stick his father had carved from a tree root. When he was five years old, Plante fell off a ladder and broke his hand. The fracture failed to heal properly and affected his playing style during his early hockey career; he underwent successful corrective surgery as an adult. Plante suffered from asthma starting in early childhood. This prevented him from skating for extended periods, so he gravitated to playing goaltender. As his playing progressed, <mask> received his first regulation goaltender's stick for Christmas of 1936.His father made Plante's first pads by stuffing potato sacks and reinforcing them with wooden panels. As a child, Plante played hockey outdoors in the bitterly cold Quebec winters. His mother taught him how to knit his own tuques to protect him from the cold. Plante continued knitting and embroidering throughout his life and wore his hand-knitted tuques while playing and practicing until entering the National Hockey League (NHL). Plante's first foray into organized hockey came at age 12. He was watching his school's team practice, when the coach ordered the goaltender off the ice after a heated argument over his play, and Plante asked to replace him. The coach permitted him to play, since there was no other available goaltender; it was quickly apparent that Plante could hold his own, despite the other players being many years older than he was.He impressed the coach and stayed on as the team's number-one goaltender. Two years later, Plante was playing for five different teams — the local factory team, and teams in the midget, juvenile, junior and intermediate categories. Plante demanded a salary from the factory team's coach after his father told him that the other players were being paid, because they were company employees. The coach paid Plante 50 cents per game to retain him and maintain the team's popularity. Afterwards, Plante began to receive various offers from other teams; he was offered $80 per week — a considerable sum in those days — to play for a team in England, and a similar offer to play for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Plante passed them up, because his parents wanted him to finish high school. He graduated with top honours in 1947.Upon graduation, he took a job as a clerk in a Shawinigan factory. A few weeks later, the Quebec Citadels offered Plante $85 per week to play for them; he accepted, marking the beginning of his professional career. His nickname was "Jake the Snake". Playing career

Minor leagues

<mask> joined the Quebec Citadelles in 1947. While playing for Quebec, Plante started to play the puck outside his crease, a technique he developed when he recognized that the team's defense was performing poorly. Fans found Plante's unconventional playing style to be exciting, but it angered his managers, who believed that a goaltender should stay in net and let his players recover the puck. Plante had come to the conclusion that as long as he was in control of the puck, the opponents could not shoot it at him – this is now standard practice for goaltenders.The same season, the Citadelles beat the Montreal Junior Canadiens in the league finals, with Plante being named most valuable player on his team. The Montreal Canadiens' general manager, Frank J. Selke, became interested in acquiring Plante as a member of the team. In 1948, Plante received an invitation to the Canadiens' training camp. On August 17, 1949, Selke offered Plante a contract. Plante played for Montreal's affiliate Royal Montreal Hockey Club, earning $4,500 for the season, and an extra $500 for practicing with the Canadiens. In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard. In January 1953, Plante was called up to play for the Canadiens.Bill Durnan, the goaltender who played for Montreal when Plante first began, had retired, and Gerry McNeil, their top goaltender, had fractured his jaw. Plante played three games, but in that short time, he generated controversy. Coach Dick Irvin, Sr. did not wish his players to stand out by any addition to their regular uniforms. Plante always wore one of his tuques while playing hockey, and after an argument with Irvin, all of Plante's tuques had vanished from the Montreal locker room. Even without his good luck charm, Plante gave up only four goals in the three games he played, all of them wins. Later during the 1952–53 NHL season, Plante played in the playoffs against the Chicago Black Hawks. He won his first playoff game with a shutout.Montreal won that series and eventually the Stanley Cup, and <mask>'s name was engraved on the Cup for the first time. At the beginning of 1953, McNeil was still the starting goaltender for the Canadiens. Selke assigned Plante to the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League so fans in the United States would get to know him. Plante was instantly successful; Fred Hunt, the general manager of the Bisons, told Kenny Reardon, Montreal's recruiting manager, "he's [Plante] the biggest attraction since the good old days of Terry Sawchuk." Montreal Canadiens
By the end of the 1953–54 season, Plante was well-entrenched within the NHL. In the spring of 1954, he underwent surgery to correct his left hand, which he had broken in his childhood. He could not move the hand well enough to catch high shots and compensated by using the rest of his body.The operation was successful. On February 12, 1954, <mask> was called up to the Canadiens and established himself as their starting goaltender – he did not return to the minor leagues for many years. <mask> was the Canadiens' number one goaltender at the beginning of the 1954–55 NHL season. On March 13, 1955, with only four games left in the season, an on-ice brawl resulted in the suspension of Montreal's leading scorer, Maurice Richard, for the rest of the season and the playoffs. Four nights later, playing in Montreal in front of an angry crowd, Plante was witness to the riot that followed. The Canadiens subsequently lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the finals. For the 1955–56 season, Plante was the unchallenged starting goaltender of the Canadiens; Gerry McNeil had not played the previous season and was sent to the Montreal Royals.Charlie Hodge, Plante's backup the previous season, was sent to the Seattle Americans, a Canadiens' farm team. Later that season, Montreal won the Stanley Cup, the first of what would be five consecutive Stanley Cup championship seasons. The next season, Plante missed most of November because of chronic bronchitis, a consequence of the asthma that had affected him since childhood. During the 1957–58 NHL season, the Canadiens won their third straight Stanley Cup despite injuries to Plante and other members of the team. Plante's asthma was getting worse. He sustained a concussion with just a few weeks left in the season and missed three games of the playoffs. In the sixth game of the Stanley Cup finals, Plante's asthma was making him dizzy, and he was having difficulty concentrating; he collapsed at the end of the game after teammate Doug Harvey scored the series-winning goal.The Canadiens went on to win the Stanley Cup again at the close of the 1958–59 season. Goalie mask

During the 1959–60 season, Plante wore a goaltender mask for the first time in a regular season game. Although Plante had used his mask in practice since 1956 after missing 13 games because of a sinusitis operation, head coach Toe Blake was afraid it would impair his vision and would not permit him to wear it during regulation play. However, on November 1, 1959, Plante's nose was broken when he was hit by a shot fired by Andy Bathgate three minutes into a game against the New York Rangers, and he was taken to the dressing room for stitches. When he returned, he was wearing the crude home-made goaltender mask that he had been using in practices. Blake was livid, but he had no other goaltender to call upon and Plante refused to return to the goal unless he wore the mask. Blake agreed on the condition that Plante discard the mask when the cut healed.The Canadiens won the game 3–1. During the following days <mask> refused to discard the mask, and as the Canadiens continued to win, Blake was less vocal about it. The unbeaten streak stretched to 18 games. Plante did not wear the mask, at Blake's request, against Detroit on March 8, 1960; the Canadiens lost 3–0, and the mask returned for good the next night. That year the Canadiens won their fifth straight Stanley Cup, which was <mask>'s last. Plante subsequently designed his own and other goaltenders' masks. He was not the first NHL goaltender known to wear a face mask.Montreal Maroons' Clint Benedict wore a crude leather version in 1930 to protect a broken nose, but Plante introduced the mask as everyday

masks:
Joseph Jacques Omer Plante
Xavier Plante
Jacques
Jacques
Plante
Plante
Plante
Plante
Plante


title: Jacques Plante

texts:
 equipment, and it is now mandatory equipment for goaltenders. Trade to New York and first retirement

Hampered by terrible pain in his left knee during the 1960–61 NHL season, Plante was sent down to the minor league Montreal Royals. Torn cartilage was found in his knee, and the knee was surgically repaired during the summer of 1961. The next season Plante became the one of seven goaltenders to win the Hart Memorial Trophy – he also won the Vezina Trophy for the sixth time. The 1962–63 season was unsettling for Plante. His asthma had worsened, and he missed most of the early season. His relationship with his coach, Toe Blake, continued to deteriorate because of Plante's persistent health problems.Later, Plante was at the center of a major controversy when he claimed that net sizes in the NHL were not uniform, thus giving a statistical advantage to goaltenders playing for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins, and New York Rangers. His claim was later confirmed as the result of a manufacturing error. After the Canadiens were eliminated for the third straight year in the first playoff round during the spring of 1963, there was mounting pressure for change from their fans and media. Growing tension between Plante and Blake because of Plante's inconsistent work ethic and demeanor caused Blake to declare that for the 1963–64 season either he or Plante must go. On June 4, 1963, <mask> was traded to the New York Rangers, with Phil Goyette and Don Marshall in exchange for Gump Worsley, Dave Balon, Leon Rochefort, and Len Ronson. <mask> played for the Rangers for one full season and part of a second. He retired in 1965 while playing for the Rangers' AHL affiliate, the Baltimore Clippers.His wife was ill at the time, and he required surgery on his right knee. Upon retirement, Plante took a job with Molson as a sales representative but remained active in the NHL. In 1965, Scotty Bowman asked Plante to play for the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in a game against the Soviet National Team. Honoured to represent his country, Plante agreed, and after receiving permission from both the Rangers (who owned his rights) and Molson, he began practicing. The Canadiens won 2–1, and Plante was named first star of the game. Comeback to professional hockey
At the beginning of the 1967–68 NHL season, Plante received a call from his ex-teammate Bert Olmstead seeking some help coaching the expansion Oakland Seals. Plante coached mainly by example, and after the three-week training camp he returned home to Montreal.Plante also played an exhibition game with the Seals. Rumours swirled that Plante was planning a comeback. In June 1968, Plante was selected in an intraleague draft by the St. Louis Blues and signed for $35,000 for the 1968–69 season. In his first season with the Blues, Plante split the goaltending duties with Glenn Hall. He won the Vezina Trophy that season for the seventh time, surpassing Bill Durnan's record. While playing for the Blues in the 1969–70 playoffs against the Boston Bruins, a shot fired by Fred Stanfield and redirected by Phil Esposito hit Plante in the forehead, knocking him out and breaking his fibreglass mask. The first thing Plante said after he regained consciousness at the hospital was that the mask saved his life.That game proved to be his last for the Blues, and he was traded in the summer of 1970 to the Toronto Maple Leafs. He led the NHL with the lowest goals against average (GAA) during his first season with the Maple Leafs. That season, he also tied a Leafs franchise record, winning 9 straight games. At season's end, he was named to the NHL's second All-Star team, his seventh such honour. He continued to play for the Leafs until he was traded to the Boston Bruins late in the 1972–73 season, recording a shutout against the Black Hawks in his debut for the Bruins. He played eight regular season and two playoff games for the Bruins to finish that season, his last in the NHL. Plante accepted a $1 million, 10-year contract to become coach and general manager of the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association in 1973.He was highly dissatisfied with his and the team's performance and resigned at the end of the 1973–74 season. Coming out of retirement once more, Plante played 31 games for the Edmonton Oilers of the WHA in the 1974–75 season. Plante retired during the Oilers' training camp in 1975–76 after receiving news that his youngest son had died. Hockey analysis and coaching
Plante had a well-earned reputation for his ability to analyse the game of hockey. He began shouting directions to his teammates during games in his first stint in the minor leagues (the goaltender usually has the best view of the game). He kept extensive notes on opposing players and teams throughout his career. He made his debut in the broadcasting booth during his first retirement in the 1960s as a colour commentator for broadcasts of Quebec Junior League games alongside Danny Gallivan of Hockey Night in Canada fame.Radio Canada, the French language branch of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, brought Plante aboard as on-air analyst for its television broadcasts of the 1972 Summit Series between the national team of the Soviet Union and a Canadian team made up of professional players from the NHL. Plante was one of the few North American analysts who dissented from the widely held belief in the superiority of the Canadian team. Plante also wrote extensively on hockey. He wrote hockey columns starting early in his career and was published in La Voix de Shawinigan, Le Samedi, and Sport Magazine. He alienated local reporters by writing a column for the local paper during his time as coach of the Quebec Nordiques. His seminal work, Goaltending, was published in 1972 in English, with the French edition (entitled Devant le filet) published in 1973. In his book, Plante outlined a program of goaltender development that included off-ice exercises, choice of equipment, styles of play, and game-day preparation.He also advised on best coaching methods for both young and advanced goaltenders. His book remained popular with coaches and players and was reprinted in both French and English in 1997, 25 years after it was first published. Starting in 1967, Plante was one of the instructors at École moderne de hockey, a summer hockey school for young players. His reputation as a teacher spread, and he traveled to Sweden in 1972 at the invitation of the Swedish Hockey Federation, teaching the top goaltenders in the country and their coaches and trainers. During his first and second retirements, Plante also coached goaltenders and consulted for several NHL teams, including the Oakland Seals, Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens and St. Louis Blues. Retirement and death
Plante finally retired from hockey in 1975, after the death of his youngest son. He moved to Switzerland with his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, but remained active on the North American hockey scene as an analyst, adviser, and goaltender trainer.He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978. In the fall of 1985, Plante was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer. He died in a Geneva hospital in February 1986 and was buried in Sierre, Switzerland. When his coffin was carried from the church following the funeral mass, it passed under an arch of hockey sticks held high by a team of young hockey players from Quebec, visiting Switzerland for a tournament. Legacy

Plante was one of the first goaltenders to skate behind the net to stop the puck. He also was one of the first to raise his arm on an icing call to let his defencemen know what was happening. He perfected a stand-up, positional style, cutting down the angles; he became one of the first goaltenders to write a how-to book about the position.He was a pioneer of stickhandling the puck; before that time, goaltenders passively stood in the net and simply deflected pucks to defencemen or backchecking forwards. Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978, and into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. His no. 1 jersey was retired in 1995 by the Montreal Canadiens. The <mask>e Memorial Trophy was established in his honour as an award to the top goaltender in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The <mask>e Trophy was established in Switzerland after Plante's death; it is given out annually to the top Swiss goaltender. The main arena in Shawinigan, the town he grew up in, was renamed to Aréna Jacques Plante.Plante was selected by Sports Illustrated magazine to its 1991 all-time All-Star team, as the backup to goalie Vladislav Tretiak. His injury and subsequent donning of a mask was depicted in an installment of Canada's Heritage Minute series. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

* Stanley Cup Champion. Coaching statistics

Awards and honours
NHL

†Shared with Glenn Hall. Other

See also
Goaltender mask
History of the National Hockey League (1942–1967)
History of the Montreal Canadiens
List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins

Bibliography
O'Brien, Andy with Plante, <mask> (1973) The <mask>e Story. Toronto: McGraw Hill. .
Denault, Todd (2009) <mask>e: The Man Who Changed the Face of Hockey. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.<mask>, <mask> (1972). On goaltending: Fundamentals of hockey netminding by the master of the game. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada. . Published 1972 in French as Devant le filet. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada.  . Both editions reprinted 1997. Montreal: Multimedia Robert Davies.(English) and  (French). References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

History by the Minute—re-enactment of the game where Plante first wore a goaltender mask in regulation play
NHL Network Online video article on Plante, including footage from November 1, 1959
Mini biography of <mask>, History by the Minute
Plante's 1956 appearance on What's My Line? <mask>e on Find A Grave

1929 births
1986 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
20th-century Canadian inventors
Deaths from cancer in Switzerland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Junior Canadiens players
Montreal Royals (EPHL) players
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers coaches
Quebec Nordiques coaches
Quebec Nordiques executives
Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts (QSHL) players
Sportspeople from Shawinigan
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vezina Trophy

masks:
Plante
Plante
Jacques Plant
Jacques Plant
Jacques
Jacques Plant
Jacques Plant
Plante
Jacques
Jacques Plante
Jacques Plant


title: Arnold Antonin

texts:
<mask> (born 1942 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian film director. A man of diverse careers, <mask>l Diop Mambety award at the International Film Cannes Festival in 2002. He received the Paul Robeson African Diaspora best film award at FESPACO in Ouagadougou in 2007, 2009, and 2011. He also received numerous awards and accolades at festivals for his documentaries and fiction movies. He was president of the Haitian Filmmakers Association (AHC) from 2005 to 2009. Biography
Born Celesti Corbanese in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1942, <mask> is a film director and a university professor who also organizes debates and heads a cultural center.He was, from 2005 to 2009, the president of the Association of Haitian Movie Directors. <mask> completed both primary and secondary school at a all boys catholic school called "Petit Séminaire Collège Saint-Martial" in the capital city of Haiti. During his youth he would regularly attend films at a popular theater complex in downtown Port-au-Prince. Antonin left for Europe after he completed his "etudes classiques" or high school in order to earn a bachelors and in 1970 a doctorate degrees in economics from La Sapienza Facoltà, Università di Roma. A man of diverse careers, <mask> Diop Mambety award at the International Film Festival in Cannes in 2002. He has received the Paul Robeson best film award three consecutive times at the African Diaspora FESPACO in Ouagadougou in 2007, 2009, and 2011.He has also received many awards at various festivals for his documentaries and fiction movies. <mask> has been a judge at several international film festivals including Havana, Namur and FESPACO. He was honored for his work and for his documentary Women of Courage at the Cannes Festival in 2002. In 1975 he directed the film Haiti, The way to Freedom (Ayiti, men chimin Libete) a documentary critical of the Jean-Claude Duvalier dictatorship which was shown around the world. The film was the first haitian feature length movie and it details the Haitian people's search for freedom from the native Taino's battle against the Spanish conquest to the oppressive Duvalier rule. Antonin spent several years in exile and returned to Haiti in 1986 after the fall of the dictatorship. He created the community center Petion Bolivar, a center that promotes culture and political debates.He organizes debates regularly under the name Thursday’s Public Forum (Forum Libre du Jeudi). When Baby Doc was overthrown in 1986, <mask> came back to Haiti. At first he focused on human rights issues, he created the Réseau National de Défense des Droits Humains (National Human Rights Defense Network, or RNDDH) with the support of UNESCO in December 1986. Also in 1986, <mask> constructed the Centre Pétion-Bolivar, a nonprofit educational foundation based in Pétionville, a suburb of Port-au-Prince. The non-profit cultural center subsidized, among other things, the production of documentaries and feature films by Haitians, about Haiti. Many of <mask>’s own films were supported by the Centre. The Centre Pétion Bolivar closed in March, 2020, after 34 years due to financial constraints which were worsened by the coronavirus pandemic.After the creation of these organizations, which are still important even over 20 years later, Antonin became increasingly engaged in politics. As someone who is very engaged in Haiti's socio-political scene, Antonin many times shows the counties socio-political and economic problems through the men in his films. While the women are portrayed as the guiding lights away from violence and political corruption. <mask> even created his 2006 film "Le President a-t-il le Sida" to acknowledge the stigma Haitians held towards AIDS and to encourage them to get tested as well as to view the disease as treatable. Antonin has produced and directed more than forty documentaries and two films, Piwouli (Piwouli and the Zenglendo) and Does The President Have Aids (Le président a-t-il le Sida?) starring Jimmy Jean-Louis who plays The Haitian in the American television series Heroes. 1942: Born Celesti Corbanese in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.1970: Obtains a doctorate in economics and commerce at the University of Rome. 1974: Made his first film:  « Duvalier accusé », a black and white short film of 20 min. Shot in 16mm. 1975: Directs « Ayiti, men chimen libète », a film in which he tours the world as part of the mobilization against the Duvalier dictatorship. This 120-minute feature film is in black and white. It was shot in 16mm. 1980: His film «Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?» wins the award for best short film in Caracas, Venezuela.1983: Receives a master's degree in economic and international law from the Central University of Venezuela while also teaching there. 1986: Found and directed the Pétion Bolivar Center and becomes one of Haiti's most prominent human rights defenders and politicians. 1987: Starts the Libre du Jeudi forum, a pluralist space for meetings and debates. 1988: Starts working on a video, creating a documentary on his 20 years of working with the poor. 1992: Publicly withdraws from the political scene, presenting a self-critical explanation, surprising all of Haiti. 2001: After his film  «A nayif nan peyi kout baton» which in 1976 won the special jury prize at the French-speaking film festival, he made his first documentary on Haitian artists like Tiga:  « Haiti, rêve, possession, creation, folie». A 52-minute movie, this film was broadcast by RFO and in the video section of the Saint Barthélémy Caribbean Film Festival.2002: Honored at the Cannes Film Festival for his body of work and for his documentary «Courage de femmes», as part of the Djibril Diop Mambety Prize. 2009: At  the Fespaco awards in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, <mask> presented his documentary “Jacques Roumain: la Passion d'un Pays”. He received the Paul Robeson Award in the "Feature Film of the African Diaspora" section. 2011: At Fespaco 2011, Ouagadougou Pan-African Cinema and Television Festival, <mask> presents his documentary “The Loves of a Zombie or can a Zombie be President?“. This is one of his only films available in English, Spanish, French and creole. He received the Paul Robeson Award in the "Feature Film of the African Diaspora" section. Awards
 1975 Festival of Havana Festival of Havana
 2002 Djibril Diop Mambety for Women of Courage at the Cannes Festival.2006 FESPACO Special Award Of the Committee of Struggle against aids of Burkina Faso Does the Président have AIDS? 2006 Festival Vues d'Afrique de Montreal Mention speciale du Jury Does the Président have AIDS? 2007 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for Does the President Have Aids? 2009 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for Jacques Roumain: The Passion for a Country
 2011 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for The loves of a zombi or can a zombi be president? 2011 MPAH Haiti Movie Awards Lifetime Achievement Award * Motion Picture Association of Haiti
 2021 Haiti International Film Festival <mask> was honored as the Father of Haitian Cinema

Filmography
 1974: Duvalier accused, 20min., 16 mm. 1975: Duvalier condemned, 40 min. 16 mm.1975: Haiti, The Way to Freedom. (First long shotage Haïtian movie)
 1976: Naive Art and Repression in Haïti, 45 min. Color 16 mm. 1981: Can a Tonton Macoute be a poet ?, 35 min. Color 16 mm. 1984: The Right to Speak, (Radio Haïti, 1980) 15 min. Color 16 mm.1988: 20 Years of Work with the Poors, 45 min. Video. 1988: The Manioc and the Life of Maréchal, 40 min. Video. 1989: Drugs don’t Forgive! 15 min. Video.1989: Children’s Rights 15 min. Video. 1993: Port-au-Prince World War III has already happened. 15 min. Video. 1998: What is a Union? 20 min.Video. 1999: Citizen’s Rights 20 min. Video. 2000: A Woman’s Courage 17 min. Video. 2001: Tiga: Haïti, Dream, Possession, Creation, Folly. 52min.Video. 2001: Beauty against Poverty at Jalousie. 13 min. Video. 2001: The Lantern Maker. 14 min. Video.2001: Old People’s Dignity. 15 min. Video. 2002: Piwouli and the Zenglendo. 90 min. Video. 2002: Cédor or the beauty of being modest.39 min. Video. 2003: Albert Mangonès, public space. 52 min. Video. 2003: André Pierre, the one who paints what’s good. 26 min.Video. 2003: Ti Machin, the woman mechanic. 13 min. VVideo. 2003: Youth, sexuality and Aids: three 2 min vignettes. Video. 2003: Youth Carnival against AIDS at Jacmel.15 min. Video. 2003: Remembering, Dahomeen Community of Vodoo. 13 min. Video. 2003: All Children are Children. 13 min.Video. 2004: I don’t want to give HIV/AIDS to my child. 13 min. Video. 2004: Economy of survival in Haiti. 26min. Video.2004: GNB against Attila, 120 min. color. Video. 2006: Le President a-t-il Le Sida? 123 min, color. Video. 2006: Children in Danger.10 min, color. Video. 2007: Préfete Duffaut, piety and urban imagination, 30 min., color, vidéo. 2007: Aubelin de Jolicoeur, Mister Haïti, 26 min., color, vidéo..
 2008: Jacques Roumain: The Passion for a Country 118 min, color
 2008: Five true stories, 30’,  color. Video. 2008: To build the future, 30’,  color. Video.2009: Loves of a zombi, fiction, 1 h. 30’,  color. Video. 2009: To know is to be able to, 20’,  color. Video. 2009: Can sculpture save the village of Noailles? 32 min, color. Video.2010: The January 12th Earthquake or Haïti: apocalypse now, 18 min, color. Video. 2010: The blue planet of Lucner Lazard, 23 min, color. Video. 2010: Once upon a time Pericles 6 min, color. Video. 2011: Six femmes d’exception 88 min., color, Vidéo.Prizes, Festivals and other achievements

Participation in many congressional seminars and international conferences. In 1975 <mask> won an Arabic critics prize in Geneva for his film (Ayiti, men chimin Libete).”

In 1976 he won a prize at the Francophone FiFEF Festival in New Orleans for Naive Art and Repression in Haiti

In 1980, his movie “Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?” was praised as poetic. The movie got the prize for being the best short film in Caracas, Venezuela for that year. In 1982 <mask> received a special mention at the Merida Cine Festival for “Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?”. Also in 1982, <mask> wrote and published a book centered around the history of Haitian cinema. It is called Matériel pour une préhistoire du cinéma haïtien (Material for a prehistory of Haitian cinema). In 1983 he received a Master's degree in Economics and International Law from the Central University of Venezuela while also teaching there.In 1983 he received another special mention for his role as a jury at the International Festival of the New Latin American Cinema of Havana for “Haiti, the path of freedom.”

In 2001 after his film “Nayif Nan Peyi Kout Baton” obtained a special Jury prize at the Francophone Film Festival in 1976, he created his first documentary on Haitian artists with Tiga a famous Haitian painter. Mr. Antonin addressed the Haitian dream, creation and madness. The film turned out to be 52 minutes. It was broadcast by RFO and in the video section of the Caribbean Film Festival of Saint Barthélémy. In 2007, his documentary made the previous year called “Le president a-t-il le sida”, was selected for the Caribbean Films Itinerant Festival. On January 20th, 2011 UNESCO organized a round table in Paris to celebrate Haiti. They then projected six of <mask>'s films in the presence of the director.He has been a member of several international juries for films in Havana, Caribbean Images, Namur, Ouagadougou Fespaco, Oaxaca México, Bogota, Sugar (Bolivia). References

External links

 Association Des Cineastes Haitiens
 Arnold Antonin Films

1942 births
Haitian film directors
Living people
People from Port-au-Prince

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title: Princess Helena of the United Kingdom

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Princess <mask> of the United Kingdom  (<mask>; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923), later Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, was the third daughter and fifth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. <mask> was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his close friend and adviser, Baron Stockmar. Her childhood was spent with her parents, travelling between a variety of royal residences in Britain. The intimate atmosphere of the royal court came to an end on 14 December 1861, when her father died and her mother entered a period of intense mourning. Afterwards, in the early 1860s, <mask> began a flirtation with Prince Albert's German librarian, Carl Ruland. Although the nature of the relationship is largely unknown, <mask>'s romantic letters to Ruland survive. After the Queen found out in 1863, she dismissed Ruland, who returned to his native Germany.Three years later, on 5 July 1866, <mask> married the impoverished Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. The couple remained in Britain, in calling distance of the Queen, who liked to have her daughters nearby. <mask>, along with her youngest sister, Princess Beatrice, became the Queen's unofficial secretary. However, after Queen Victoria's death on 22 January 1901, <mask> saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, including King Edward VII. <mask> was the most active member of the royal family, carrying out an extensive programme of royal engagements. She was also an active patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the British Red Cross. She was founding president of the Royal School of Needlework, and president of the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association and the Royal British Nurses' Association.As president of the latter, she was a strong supporter of nurse registration against the advice of Florence Nightingale. In 1916 she became the first member of her family to celebrate her 50th wedding anniversary, but her husband died a year later. <mask> outlived him by six years, dying aged 77 in 1923. Early life

<mask> was born at Buckingham Palace, the official royal residence in London, on 25 May 1846, the day after her mother's 27th birthday. Albert reported to his brother, Ernest II, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, that <mask> "came into this world quite blue, but she is quite well now". He added that the Queen "suffered longer and more than the other times and she will have to remain very quiet to recover." Albert and Victoria chose the names <mask> Victoria.The German nickname for <mask> was Helenchen, later shortened to Lenchen, the name by which members of the royal family invariably referred to <mask>. As the daughter of the sovereign, <mask> was styled Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask> from birth. <mask> was baptised on 25 July 1846 at the private chapel at Buckingham Palace. Her godparents were the Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (the husband of Queen's cousin); the Duchess of Orléans (for whom the Queen's mother the Duchess of Kent stood proxy); and the Duchess of Cambridge (the Queen's aunt). <mask> was a lively and outspoken child, and reacted against brotherly teasing by punching the bully on the nose. Her early talents included drawing. Lady Augusta Stanley, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen, commented favourably on the three-year-old <mask>'s artwork.Like her sisters, she could play the piano to a high standard at an early age. Other interests included science and technology, shared by her father Prince Albert, and horseback riding and boating, two of her favourite childhood occupations. However, <mask> became a middle daughter following the birth of Princess Louise in 1848, and her abilities were overshadowed by her more artistic sisters. Death of Prince Albert
<mask>'s father, Prince Albert, died on 14 December 1861. The Queen was devastated, and ordered her household, along with her daughters, to move from Windsor to Osborne House, the Queen's Isle of Wight residence. <mask>'s grief was also profound, and she wrote to a friend a month later: "What we have lost nothing can ever replace, and our grief is most, most bitter ... I adored Papa, I loved him more than anything on earth, his word was a most sacred law, and he was my help and adviser ...These hours were the happiest of my life, and now it is all, all over." The Queen relied on her second eldest daughter Princess Alice as an unofficial secretary, but Alice needed an assistant of her own. Though <mask> was the next eldest, she was considered unreliable by Victoria because of her inability to go long without bursting into tears. Therefore, Louise was selected to assume the role in her place. Alice was married to Prince Louis of Hesse in 1862, after which <mask> assumed the role—described as the "crutch" of her mother's old age by one biographer—at her mother's side. In this role, she carried out minor secretarial tasks, such as writing the Queen's letters, helping her with political correspondence, and providing her with company. Marriage

Controversy

Princess <mask> began an early flirtation with her father's former librarian, Carl Ruland, following his appointment to the Royal Household on the recommendation of Baron Stockmar in 1859.He was trusted enough to teach German to <mask>'s brother, the young Prince of Wales, and was described by the Queen as "useful and able". When the Queen discovered that <mask> had grown romantically attached to a royal servant, he was promptly dismissed back to his native Germany, and he never lost the Queen's hostility. Following Ruland's departure in 1863, the Queen looked for a husband for <mask>. However, as a middle child, the prospect of a powerful alliance with a European royal house was low. Her appearance was also a concern, as by the age of fifteen she was described by her biographer as chunky, dowdy and double-chinned. Furthermore, Victoria insisted that <mask>'s future husband had to be prepared to live near the Queen, thus keeping her daughter nearby. Her choice eventually fell on Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; however, the match was politically awkward, and caused a severe breach within the royal family.Schleswig and Holstein were two territories fought over between Prussia and Denmark during the First and Second Schleswig Wars. In the latter, Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, but the duchies were claimed by Austria for Prince Christian's family. However, following the Austro-Prussian War, in which Prussia invaded and occupied the duchies, they became Prussian, but the title Duke of Schleswig-Holstein was still claimed by Prince Christian's family. The marriage, therefore, horrified King Christian IX of Denmark's daughter, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who exclaimed: "The Duchies belong to Papa." Alexandra found support in her husband, his brother Prince Alfred, and his second sister, Princess Alice, who openly accused her mother of sacrificing <mask>'s happiness for the Queen's convenience. Alice also argued that it would reduce the already low popularity of her sister, the Crown Princess of Prussia, at the court in Berlin. However, and unexpectedly, the Crown Princess, who had been a personal friend of Christian's family for many years, ardently supported the proposed alliance.Despite the political controversies and their age difference—he was fifteen years her senior—<mask> was happy with Christian and was determined to marry him. As a younger son of a non-reigning duke, the absence of any foreign commitments allowed him to remain permanently in Britain—the Queen's primary concern—and she declared the marriage would go ahead. <mask> and Christian were actually third cousins in descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales. Relations between <mask> and Alexandra remained strained, and Alexandra was unprepared to accept Christian (who was also a third cousin to Alexandra in descent from King Frederick V of Denmark) as either a cousin or brother-in-law. The Queen never forgave the Princess of Wales for accusations of possessiveness, and wrote of the Waleses shortly afterwards: "Bertie is most affectionate and kind but Alix [pet name for Alexandra] is by no means what she ought to be. It will be long, if ever, before she regains my confidence." Engagement and wedding

The engagement was declared on 5 December 1865, and despite the Prince of Wales's initial refusal to attend, Princess Alice intervened, and the wedding was a happy occasion.The Queen allowed the ceremony to take place at Windsor Castle, albeit in the Private Chapel rather than the grander St George's Chapel on 5 July 1866. The Queen relieved her black mourning dress with a white mourning cap which draped over her back. The main participants filed into the chapel to the sound of Beethoven's Triumphal March, creating a spectacle only marred by the abrupt disappearance of Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who had a sudden gout attack. Christian filed into the chapel with his two supporters, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and Prince Frederic of Schleswig-Holstein, and <mask> was given away by her mother, who escorted her up the aisle with the Prince of Wales and eight bridesmaids. Christian looked older than he was, and one guest commented that <mask> looked as if she was marrying an aged uncle. Indeed, when he was first summoned to Britain, he assumed that the widowed Queen was inspecting him as a new husband for herself rather than as a candidate for one of her daughters. The couple spent the first night of their married life at Osborne House, before honeymooning in Paris, Interlaken and Genoa.Married life

<mask> and Christian were devoted to each other, and led a quiet life in comparison to <mask>'s sisters. Following their marriage, they took up residence at Cumberland Lodge in Windsor Great Park, the traditional residence of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park, the honorary position bestowed on Christian by the Queen. When staying in London, they lived at the Belgian Suite in Buckingham Palace. The couple had six children: Christian Victor in 1867, Albert in 1869, and <mask> and Marie Louise in 1870 and 1872, respectively. Their last two sons died early; Harald died eight days after his birth in 1876, and an unnamed son was stillborn in 1877. Princess Louise, <mask>'s sister, commissioned the French sculptor Jules Dalou to sculpt a memorial to <mask>'s dead infants. The Christians were granted a parliamentary annuity of £6,000 a year, which the Queen requested in person.In addition, a dowry of £30,000 was settled upon, and the Queen gave the couple £100,000, which yielded an income of about £4,000 a year. As well as that of Ranger of Windsor Park, Christian was given the honorary position of High Steward of Windsor, and was made a member of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. However, he was often an absentee figurehead at the meetings, instead passing his time playing with his dog Corrie, feeding his numerous pigeons, and embarking on hunting excursions. <mask>, as promised, lived close to the Queen, and both she and Beatrice performed duties for her. Beatrice, whom Victoria had groomed for the main role at her side, carried out the more important duties, and <mask> took on the more minor matters that Beatrice did not have time to do. In later years, <mask> was assisted by her unmarried daughter, <mask>, to whom the Queen dictated her journal in the last months of her life. <mask>'s health was not robust, and she was addicted to the drugs opium and laudanum.However, the Queen did not believe that <mask> was really ill, accusing her of hypochondria encouraged by an indulgent husband. Queen Victoria wrote to her daughter the Crown Princess of Prussia, complaining that <mask> was inclined to "coddle herself (and Christian too) and to give way in everything that the great object of her doctors and nurse is to rouse her and make her think less of herself and of her confinement". Not all of her health scares were simply the result of hypochondria; in 1869, she had to cancel her trip to Balmoral Castle when she became ill at the railway station. In 1870, she was suffering from severe rheumatism and problems with her joints. In July 1871, she suffered from congestion in her lungs, an illness severe enough to appear in the Court Circular, which announced that her illness caused "much anxiety to members of the royal family". In 1873, she was forced to recuperate in France as a result of illness, and in the 1880s she travelled to Germany to see an oculist. Activities

Nursing

<mask> had a firm interest in nursing, and was the founding chair of the Ladies' Committee of the British Red Cross in 1870, playing an active role in recruiting nurses and organising relief supplies during the Franco-Prussian War.She subsequently became President of the British Nurses' Association (RBNA) upon its foundation in 1887. In 1891, it received the prefix "Royal", and received a royal charter the following year. She was a strong supporter of nurse registration, an issue that was opposed by both Florence Nightingale and leading public figures. In a speech <mask> made in 1893, she made clear that the RBNA was working towards "improving the education and status of those devoted and self-sacrificing women whose whole lives have been devoted to tending the sick, the suffering, and the dying". In the same speech, she warned about opposition and misrepresentation they had encountered. Although the RBNA was in favour of registration as a means of enhancing and guaranteeing the professional status of trained nurses, its incorporation with the Privy Council allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses. Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new queen, Alexandra, insisted on replacing <mask> as President of the Army Nursing Service.This gave rise to a further breach between the royal ladies, with King Edward VII caught in the middle between his sister and his wife. Lady Roberts, a courtier, wrote to a friend: "matters were sometimes very difficult and not always pleasant." However, in accordance with rank, <mask> agreed to resign in Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve. Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies, <mask> exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'" The RBNA gradually went into decline following the Nurses Registration Act 1919; after six failed attempts between 1904 and 1918, the British parliament passed the bill allowing

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