title: Huw Irranca-Davies

texts:
Ifor <mask> (né Davies; born 22 January 1963) is a Welsh Labour and Co-operative politician, who has been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Ogmore since 2016. He was previously the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ogmore from 2002 to 2016. Having served as Parliamentary Private Secretary in the Northern Ireland Office, the Department for Work and Pensions, and the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, he became an Assistant Whip in May 2006. On 29 June 2007, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales, before being promoted to the role of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Irranca-Davies resigned his seat in parliament in March 2016 to stand to represent the constituency in the Senedd, winning the seat in the elections held in May 2016. He was appointed as Minister for Children and Social Care in the Welsh Government on 3 November 2017. Early life
Irranca-Davies was born Ifor <mask> in 1963 to Teresa and Gethin Davies.He campaigned as a boy in general elections for his step great-uncle, Ifor Davies, MP for Gower and deputy to Cledwyn Hughes at the Welsh Office during Harold Wilson's government. He attended Gowerton Comprehensive School (where his mother was a secretary), and later earned a BA (Hons) at Crewe and Alsager College, and an MSc from Swansea Metropolitan University. After leaving higher education, he worked for local authorities in leisure management; and it was while he was working in a sports centre and she was doing aerobics that he met his wife, Joanna Irranca, born to Italian parents who had come to work in South Wales in the 1950s. On marriage, the couple both changed their surnames to Irranca-Davies; he in particular felt his existing surname was too common. The couple have three sons. Later, he worked in private sector management, as a lecturer at Swansea Metropolitan University. Member of Parliament

In 2001, Irranca-Davies was Labour candidate for the Brecon & Radnor constituency, but finished third, behind the Liberal Democrat and Conservative candidates.In the by-election of 14 February 2002 he was elected to the parliamentary seat of Ogmore in the South Wales Valleys (a Labour seat since 1918), after the death of MP and Government Whip Sir Ray Powell. (Irranca-Davies was himself appointed Government Whip for Wales in May 2006 after spells as a Parliamentary Aide in several government departments.) He was re-elected to serve Ogmore in the general elections of May 2005 and May 2010. For the first time in 2010, Ogmore became the largest parliamentary majority of any party and constituency in Wales. Since his election in 2002 Irranca-Davies has worked on a range of local and national issues, including sitting on the Procedures Select Committee to discuss ways of modernising the work of Parliament and has also sat on Standing Committees for the Police Reform Bill, Fireworks Bill and Communications Bill, among others. He has also held positions on the Welsh Grand Committee and the Northern Ireland Grand Committee. He has worked on Parliamentary Labour Party ('PLP') Committees on Welsh Affairs, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Home Affairs and International Development.He was also the backbench MP representative on the board of the Coal Health Claims Monitoring Subgroup for Wales. Irranca-Davies has spoken in the House of Commons on topics as varied as international trade union rights, compulsory voting, anti-social behaviour, renewable energy and climate change, fair trade, social justice and poverty and inequality. In June 2005 he became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Tessa Jowell, having previously served as PPS to Jane Kennedy at the Northern Ireland Office. He served as PPS to Ministers of the Department for Work and Pensions and Department for Culture, Media and Sport. He worked as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of Wales, and as an Environment Minister in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Between October 2010 and October 2011, he served as the Shadow Energy Minister where he led the Labour campaign on the protection of the Feed-In Tariff for solar power. In October 2011, he was appointed as the Shadow Minister on Food and Farming.He belongs to a number of All Party Groups within Parliament, including the All Party Groups for British Council (Vice-Chair), China Group, Citizens Advice, Clean Coal, Coalfield Communities, Energy Intensive Industries (Vice-Chair), Manufacturing, Maritime and Ports, Steel and Metal Related Industry, Children in Wales, Patient and Public Involvement in Health and Social Care (Co-Chair), University Group (Vice-Chair), and Waterways (Co-Chair). He serves as Chair of the All Party Group for the Recognition of Munitions Workers which aims "work with the government to find a means of recognising those munitions workers who served during the first and second world wars"

On 19 June 2015, Irranca-Davies was elected to the chairmanship of the Environmental Audit Select Committee. He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. His last day as MP was on 24 March 2016. National Assembly for Wales
In October 2015, Irranca-Davies announced his wish to transition from Westminster to Cardiff Bay. In December 2015, he was selected to contest the Ogmore seat for Welsh Labour Party at the forthcoming National Assembly elections scheduled for 5 May 2016. Irranca-Davies won the Assembly seat, while the vacated Westminster seat was won by Labour's Chris Elmore.Westminster Parliamentary and UK Government Offices held
May 2005 – May 2006: Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media & Sport
May 2006 – June 2007: Assistant Government Whip
June 2007 – October 2008: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Wales
October 2008 – May 2010: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)
October 2008 – June 2009: Natural Environment and Rural Affairs
June 2009 – May 2010: Marine and Natural Environment
May 2010 – October 2010: Shadow Minister for Marine and Natural Environment (Shadow Defra Minister)
October 2010 – October 2011: Shadow Minister for Energy and Climate Change
October 2011 – May 2015: Shadow Minister for Food and Farming
May 2015 – October 2015: Chair, Environmental Audit Select Committee

National Assembly & Welsh Government Offices held
June 2016 – Nov 2017: Chair, National Assembly for Wales, Constitutional and Legislative Affairs Committee
Nov 2017 – December 2018: Minister for Children and Social Care, Welsh Government

Awards
In 2005 he was voted the 48th sexiest man in Wales by the Western Mail. In 2011, Irranca-Davies was shortlisted for the first Sports Parliamentarian of the Year award, an initiative introduced by the Sport and Recreation Alliance for the work he has done to promote archery. He was nominated by the Archery GB after he hosted the first sporting event to ever take place in Parliament in September 2011. The event brought MPs and peers together as well as gold medallists such as Nicky Hunt on Speakers' Green for a day devoted to the sport. In February 2013 Irranca-Davies was named Total Politics MP of the Month. He won the award for his work in standing up for farmers and consumers in the Ogmore constituency and across the nation by persuading the government to u-turn on the Groceries Code Adjudicator (GCA) Bill. References

External links
 Huw Irranca-Davies's Views Channel on YouTube

1963 births
Living people
Welsh Labour Party MPs
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Wales MSs 2016–2021
Wales MSs 2021–2026
Politicians from Swansea
People educated at Gowerton Comprehensive School
People associated with Swansea Metropolitan University
Politics of Bridgend County Borough
Labour Co-operative members of the Senedd

masks:
Huw Irranca Davies
Huw Davies


title: Arthur Cecil

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1 June 1843 – 16 April 1896), better known as <mask>, was an English actor, comedian, playwright and theatre manager. He is probably best remembered for playing the role of Box in the long-running production of Cox and Box, by <mask> and F. C. Burnand, at the Royal Gallery of Illustration. Born in London, <mask> took up amateur dramatics at an early age. In 1869, he made his professional debut in the one-act comic opera Cox and Box at the Gallery of Illustration in the role of Mr. Box, a part that became his signature role. There <mask> started a successful association with the German Reed Entertainments, appearing in numerous comedies, farces, operettas and burlesques, such as Beggar My Neighbour: A Blind Man's Bouffe and Charity Begins at Home in 1872. He remained with the company for five years.<mask> appeared at many London theatres during his career including the Globe, the Gaiety, and Prince of Wales's Theatre. He appeared in such successful pieces as Peril as Sir Woodbine Grafton, Duty, The Vicarage, as Noel Haygarth and Caste by T. W. Robertson with the Bancrofts also in the cast, all in 1879, and later in other Robertson pieces. <mask> joined a company at the Royal Court Theatre in 1881 and was a co-manager of that theatre from 1883. There, he played in farces including The Rector, The Magistrate, The Schoolmistress and Dandy Dick, as well as the title role in The Cabinet Minister in 1890. Later productions there included The Millionaire, as Mr. Guyon, and Mamma, as Miles Henniker. Biography
<mask> was born in Mayfair, Westminster, London, England. His parents were Joseph Blunt, a solicitor, and Mary Blunt, née James.He studied for the legal profession, but he acted in amateur theatricals, and decided to pursue acting instead. Early career

<mask> began performing as an amateur at the Richmond Theatre. In 1866, he appeared in the role of Bouncer in an amateur production of the one-act comic opera, Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and <mask>. Coincidentally, on Easter Monday 1869, <mask> made his professional debut at the Gallery of Illustration in a bill that included Cox and Box, this time as Mr. Box. The first piece on the bill was W. S. Gilbert's No Cards, in which he played Mr Churchmouse. Thereafter, <mask> often played Box in productions of Cox and Box.This was <mask>'s first appearance in a German Reed Entertainment, and he remained steadily with the German Reeds for five years thereafter. With that company, he appeared in numerous comedies, farces, operettas and burlesques, such as Beggar My Neighbour: A Blind Man's Bouffe adapted by Burnand from Les deux aveugles by Jacques Offenbach (1870) and Charity Begins at Home (1872) by Alfred Cellier and B. C. Stephenson. After No Cards, he appeared in other Gilbert works at the Gallery, including Ages Ago (1869), Our Island Home (1870), A Sensation Novel (1871) and Happy Arcadia (1872). He also wrote some works for the German Reeds, including Dora's Dream (1873), in which he also performed, at St. George's Hall. <mask> joined the company at the Globe Theatre later in 1874, playing in such works as Gilbert's Committed for Trial, as Jonathan Wagstaff and Wig and Gown by James Albery, as Mr Justice Jones. In September, <mask> was at the Gaiety Theatre, London, reprising his role in Cox and Box opposite the composer's brother, Fred Sullivan, as Box. The next year, he was back at the Gaiety in The Merry Wives of Windsor as Dr. Caius; and at the Opera Comique, in As You Like It, as Touchstone, in The School for Scandal as Sir Peter Teazle, and in She Stoops to Conquer, as Tony Lumpkin.In 1876, he was back at the Globe. There, he originated the role of Dr. Downward in Miss Gwilt by Wilkie Collins. He was at the Prince of Wales's Theatre during the following three years. There, he played in many pieces, including Peril by Saville Rowe and B. C. Stephenson, as Sir Woodbine Grafton (together with the Bancrofts); Duty by Albery; The Vicarage, as Noel Haygarth; and Caste by T. W. Robertson (with the Bancrofts), as Sam Gerridge, all in 1879. The Bancrofts moved to the Haymarket Theatre in 1880, and <mask> went with them, appearing in Lord Bulwer-Lytton's Money, as Mr. Graves. He then played in other Robertson comedies at the Comedy Theatre, including Society and Ours.Later years
Beginning in 1881, <mask> joined the company at the Royal Court Theatre. From 1883, he was co-manager, with John Clayton, of that theatre. There, he played in a number of farces by A. W. Pinero, including The Rector, as Connor Hennessy; The Magistrate (1885), as Mr. Posket; The Schoolmistress (1886), as Vere Queckett; Dandy Dick (1887), as Blore, the butler; and in the title role of The Cabinet Minister (1890) He also appeared there in G. W. Godfrey's The Millionaire, as Mr. Guyon, and created the role of Miles Henniker in Sydney Grundy's Mamma (1888). <mask> and Clayton yielded management at the Court to Mrs. John Wood and <mask> when the theatre closed in 1887, although <mask> continued acting at the theatre after it was rebuilt. <mask> played the title role in Pickwick by Burnand, with music by Edward Solomon, at the Comedy Theatre in 1889 and Lord Burnham in The Crusaders, a comedy by <mask> Jones at the Avenue Theatre in 1891. In 1893, he appeared as Baron Stein in Diplomacy by Clement Scott and B. C. Stephenson with the Bancrofts at the Garrick Theatre. In 1894, he was again in Money with the Bancrofts at the Comedy.He continued acting in plays and musical pieces, mostly at the Court Theatre, and sometimes at the Comedy, Globe, Avenue and other houses, often reprising one of his successful roles. In 1895 at the Court, he made one of his last successes in Vanity Fair by G. W. Godfrey. Throughout his career, <mask> wrote comedy sketches such as "Bright Idea" (1881) with composer <mask>, and songs, some of which became popular or were interpolated into musical theatre pieces, such as Little Jack Sheppard (1885). He supplemented his income by entertaining at private events and parties. <mask> died on 16 April 1896 at Brighton at the age of 52 and was buried at the Old Mortlake Burial Ground, then in the Municipal Borough of Barnes, Surrey and now maintained by the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. An official notice relating to his estate described him as "late of Clarence-chambers Haymarket and the Garrick Club London, Comedian". Notes

References
Adams, William Davenport.A Dictionary of the Drama, Chatto & Windus, 1904
Cook, E. D. Nights at the play (1883)
Hollingshead, John. Gaiety chronicles (1898)

Pascoe, C. E. (ed.) The dramatic list (1879) and 2nd ed. (1880)
Reid, E. and H. Compton (eds.) The dramatic peerage (1891); rev. ed.(1892)
Scott, C. W. and C. Howard (eds.) The life and reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard, with notes from the diary of Wm. Blanchard, 2 vols. (1891)

External links

NPG portrait of Cecil
NY Times article calling <mask> "One of the cleverest comedians on the English stage". People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
English male stage actors
19th-century British male opera singers
English humorists
1843 births
1896 deaths
People from Mayfair
19th-century English male actors
Actor-managers
19th-century theatre managers

masks:
Arthur Cecil Blunt
Arthur Cecil
Arthur Sullivan
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Arthur Sullivan
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Arthur Chudleigh
Cecil
Cecil
Henry Arthur
Cecil
Arthur Law
Cecil
Cecil


title: David Jenkinson

texts:
<mask> (6 August 1934 – 27 April 2004) was a railway modeller and historian, who had a particular interest in the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and was president of the LMS Society. Biography

<mask> was born in Leeds and educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley, which in 1951 took him to a field trip to the Settle-Carlisle Railway line (S&C), which would start a lengthy relationship with that line. He went to London University where he met his future wife Sheila, with whom he had four children (Christopher, Hilary, Timothy and Nicola). After graduating <mask> joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1956, from which he retired in 1972 having achieved the rank of Squadron Leader. During this time he built his 4 mm scale EM gauge models Marthwaite and Garsdale Road (see Garsdale) representing a station on the S&C set during the 1930s period when it was run by the LMS. In 1963, with Bob Essery and others he founded the LMS Society. Alone and with Essery he authored many books, the most important was their book on LMS Coaches, which was groundbreaking in its treatment of a non-locomotive subject.Soon after the Science Museum was asked to take on the historic railway collections, <mask>, having retired from the RAF, applied for and was appointed as an education officer with the Science Museum at South Kensington, where he worked with John Van Riemsdijk on the layout of the new building in York. He subsequently became Head of Education and Research at the resulting National Railway Museum (NRM), where he was responsible for refurbishment to running condition of major locomotives and vehicles, so that national tours would promote the museum. He left the NRM in 1988, after management changes. He put some of the time thus freed into his writing career and was editor of BackTrack from 1989 to 1994, in succession to the magazine's founder, Nigel Trevena, of Atlantic Transport Publishers. <mask> set up Pendragon Publishing in 1991 as a separate entity within Atlantic and retained it when he split with them in 1995. In partnership with Michael Blakemore, Pendragon bought BackTrack from Atlantic in 2003. In the year he left the RAF he started his layout Little Long Drag, which incorporated Garsdale Road and a lengthy run in a custom-built shed.Later he switched to 7 mm scale modelling, building Kendal, Kendal II and Kendal Branch the latter based on an imaginary ex-Midland Railway line in the early Grouping era (c.1928-30). Much of his railway modelling stock was sold at auction by Christie's in 2005. Publications
 Extract from LMS Society bibliography
 York University Library catalogue entries
 D Jenkinson & R J Essery (1967) Locomotive Liveries of the LMS Ian Allan
 D Jenkinson & N Campling (ed) (1969) Historic Carriage Drawings B Ian Allan
 D Jenkinson & R J Essery (1969) The LMS Coach Ian Allan
 V R Anderson, R J Essery & D Jenkinson (1971) Portrait of the LMS Peco
 D Jenkinson (1973) Rails in the Fells Peco  . Second revised edition, 1980, . 1934 births
2004 deaths
People educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley
Royal Air Force officers
People associated with the Science Museum, London
English curators
20th-century English educators
Rail transport writers
English non-fiction writers
English male non-fiction writers
Rail transport modellers
20th-century English male writers

masks:
David Jenkinson
Jenkinson
Jenkinson
David
Jenkinson


title: Sebastian Vollmer

texts:
<mask> (; born July 10, 1984) is a former German American football offensive tackle. He played college football at Houston and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Early years
Born in Kaarst, Germany, <mask> did not start playing American football until he was 14 years old. He attended Quirinus Gymnasium, a secondary school in Neuss, Germany. He played American football for the Düsseldorf Panther and helped his team to a 25–0 record and two national Junior Bowl wins. After appearing in the 2004 Global Junior Championships in San Diego, California, he was recruited by college coaches as a 250-pound tight end. College career
<mask> chose to attend the University of Houston, where he played for the Houston Cougars football team beginning in 2004.He redshirted his freshman season in 2004, and appeared in eight games as a reserve tight end in 2005. After requiring back surgery as a sophomore, <mask> switched from tight end to left tackle, where he started 25 straight games for Houston. At Houston, <mask>'s offensive line coach was Joe Gilbert, who had previously worked at the University of Toledo, where he coached another future Patriots lineman, Nick Kaczur. As a senior, he was named to the first-team All-Conference USA at left tackle. Professional career
<mask> was not invited to the NFL Combine, but did have a private workout with Patriots offensive line coach Dante Scarnecchia prior to the 2009 NFL Draft. 2009 season

<mask> was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round (58th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. On July 17, he signed a four-year contract.<mask> made his official NFL debut in the Patriots' first game of the season. He made his first start at left tackle, filling in for an injured Matt Light, in the Patriots' record-setting 59–0 victory in Week 6 against the Tennessee Titans, and started the next four games. After being sidelined for two weeks with a head injury, <mask> made his sixth start of the season in Week 14 against the Carolina Panthers; <mask> lined up at both left tackle and right tackle, in place of veteran tackle Nick Kaczur, during the game. <mask> started the Patriots' next two games after Kaczur was injured, and when Kaczur returned in Week 17, he continued to start at right tackle, including the Patriots' playoff loss to the Baltimore Ravens. 2010 season
In 2010, <mask> started all 16 games of the regular season at right tackle for the Patriots. He was named to the Associated Press 2010 All-Pro Team (2nd team, thus one of the four best tackles—left or right—in the NFL), but was not voted to the 2011 Pro Bowl, as "<mask>'s anonymity kept him out of the Pro Bowl". 2011 season
<mask> injured his back in a preseason game and missed the beginning of the 2011 season.He returned in week 2 and rotated with Nate Solder at right tackle but was injured again in the win over the San Diego Chargers. <mask> returned in week 8 vs the Pittsburgh Steelers, rotating again with Solder. After another injury, he started in the Super Bowl XLVI loss to the New York Giants. 2012 season
<mask> played and started in all but one regular season game. <mask> became a free agent after the season. On March 24, 2013, <mask> signed a new, four-year deal with the Patriots worth up to $27 million, with $8.25 million guaranteed. Achieving the full amount of the contract will require that <mask> play at least 90 percent of offensive snaps in each year of the contract and, in 2015 and 2016, be active for every game of the season; his total base salary for the four years is $7.75 million.2013 season
On October 27, in a game against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> broke his right leg. On October 29, the Patriots placed <mask> on the season-ending injured reserve list. 2014 season
<mask> played and started in all but one regular season game for the Patriots. He started in Super Bowl XLIX and helped the Patriots defeat the Seahawks to earn his first Super Bowl Championship. As Markus Koch was drafted 30th overall by the Redskins in 1986 and helped Washington win Super Bowl XXII two years later, <mask> is often erroneously credited as the first German ever to be selected in an NFL draft, and further, to win a Super Bowl title. 2015 season
The Patriots won the first 10 games before injuries took their toll. With Nate Solder out for the season, <mask> was moved to the left tackle spot, then missed a game due to a concussion.2016 season
<mask> was placed on the Reserve/PUP list on August 30, 2016 after having shoulder surgery while also dealing with a hip injury. However, due to the seriousness of his injuries, he was never activated off the PUP list, and missed the entire 2016 season. On February 5, 2017, <mask>'s Patriots appeared in Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. On March 3, 2017, <mask> was released by the Patriots. Retirement
On May 16, 2017, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. At the time of his retirement announcement, he reported he had lost 75 pounds from his playing weight of 320 pounds.Post-retirement
Following his playing career, <mask> has been active as a commentator and NFL expert for German television channels ProSieben and ProSieben Maxx as part of the show ran. He is currently active as a commentator for streaming service DAZN since September 2019. His autobiography, titled German Champion: Die Geschichte meiner NFL-Karriere, was published on 8 September 2018. Books
 German Champion: Die Geschichte meiner NFL-Karriere, with Daniel Hechler (2018)
 What it takes: Talent, Training, Mindset. Wie ich es geschafft habe, in der NFL erfolgreich zu sein, with Daniel Hechler (2021)

Notes
  "Gymnasium" in Germany refers to a secondary school. References

External links

Houston Cougars bio
New England Patriots bio

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf
German players of American football
American football offensive tackles
Houston Cougars football players
New England Patriots players
People from Neuss

masks:
Sebastian Georg Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Sebastian Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer


title: Themistius

texts:
<mask> ( ; 317 – c. 388 AD), nicknamed Euphrades,  (eloquent), was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a Christian. He was admitted to the senate by Constantius in 355, and he was prefect of Constantinople in 384 on the nomination of Theodosius. Of his many works, thirty-three orations of his have come down to us, as well as various commentaries and epitomes of the works of Aristotle. Early life
He was born in Paphlagonia and taught at Phasis. Apart from a short sojourn in Rome, he resided in Constantinople during the rest of his life. He was the son of Eugenius, who was also a distinguished philosopher, and who is more than once mentioned in the orations of Themistius.<mask> was instructed by his father in philosophy, and devoted himself chiefly to Aristotle, though he also studied Pythagoreanism and Platonism. While still a youth he wrote commentaries on Aristotle, which were made public without his consent, and obtained for him a high reputation. He passed his youth in Asia Minor and Syria. He first met with Constantius II when the emperor visited Ancyra in Galatia in the eleventh year of his reign, 347, on which occasion Themistius delivered the first of his extant orations, Peri Philanthropias. Career
It was not long after that he moved to Constantinople, where he taught philosophy for twenty years. In 355 he was made a senator; and the letter is still extant, in which Constantius recommends him to the senate, and speaks in the highest terms both of Themistius himself and of his father. We also possess the oration of thanks which Themistius addressed to the senate of Constantinople early in 356, in reply to the emperor's letter.In 357 he recited in the senate of Constantinople two orations in honour of Constantius, which were intended to have been delivered before the emperor himself, who was then at Rome. As a reward, Constantius conferred upon him the honour of a bronze statue; and, in 361, he was appointed to the praetorian rank by a decree still extant. In 358–359, Themistius may have served as proconsul of Constantinople in 358; he was the last to hold that office, before the position was elevated to the status of  urban prefect. Constantius died in 361; but Themistius, as a philosopher and non-Christian, naturally retained the favour of Julian, who spoke of him as the worthy senator of the whole world, and as the first philosopher of his age. The Suda states that Julian made Themistius prefect of Constantinople; but this is disproved by the speech delivered by Themistius, when he was really appointed to that office under Theodosius. Shortly before the death of Julian in 363, Themistius delivered an oration in honour of him, which is no longer extant, but which is referred to at some length by Libanius, in a letter to Themistius. In 364 he went, as one of the deputies from the senate, to meet Jovian at Dadastana, on the border of Galatia and Bithynia, and to confer the consulate upon him; and on this occasion he delivered an oration, which he afterwards repeated at Constantinople, in which he claims full liberty of conscience to practice any religion.In the same year he delivered an oration at Constantinople, in honour of the accession of Valentinian I and Valens, in the presence of the latter. His next oration is addressed to Valens, congratulating him on his victory over Procopius in June 366, and interceding for some of the rebels; it was delivered in 367. In the next year he accompanied Valens to the Danube in the second campaign of the Gothic war, and delivered before the emperor, at Marcianopolis, a congratulatory oration upon his Quinquennalia, 368. His next orations are to the young Valentinian II upon his consulship, 369, and to the senate of Constantinople, in the presence of Valens, in honour of the peace granted to the Goths, 370. On March 28, 373, he addressed to Valens, who was then in Syria, a congratulatory address upon the emperor's entrance on the tenth year of his reign. It was also while Valens was in Syria, that Themistius addressed to him an oration by which he persuaded him to cease from his persecution of the Catholic party. In addition to these orations, which prove that the orator was in high favour with the emperor, we have the testimony of Themistius himself to his influence with Valens.In 377 we find him at Rome, where he appears to have gone on an embassy to Gratian, to whom he there delivered his oration entitled Erotikos. On the association of Theodosius I in the empire by Gratian, at Sirmium, in 379, Themistius delivered an elegant oration, congratulating the new emperor on his elevation. Of his remaining orations some are public and some private; but few of them demand special notice as connected with the events of his life. In 384, (about the first of September), he was made prefect of Constantinople, an office which had been offered to him, but declined, several times before. He only held the prefecture a few months, as we learn from an oration delivered after he had laid down the office, in which he mentions, as he had done even six years earlier, and more than once in the interval, his old age and ill-health. From the thirty-fourth oration we also learn that he had previously held the offices of princeps senatus and praefectus annonae, besides his embassy to Rome; in another oration he mentions ten embassies on which he had been sent before his prefecture; and in another, composed probably about 387, he says that he has been engaged for nearly forty years in public business and in embassies. So great was the confidence placed in him by Theodosius, that, though <mask> was not a Christian, the emperor, when departing for the West to oppose Magnus Maximus, entrusted his son Arcadius to the tutorship of the philosopher, 387–388.Nothing is known about Themistius after this time; and he may have died around 388. Besides the emperors, he numbered among his friends the chief orators and philosophers of the age, Christian and non-Christian. Not only Libanius, but Gregory of Nazianzus also was his friend and correspondent, and the latter, in an epistle still extant, calls him the "king of arguments." Work

The orations of Themistius, extant in the time of Photius (9th century), were thirty-six in number. Of these, thirty-three have come down to us in Greek. Two of them, however, (Orations 23 and 33, and perhaps Oration 28) are not fully preserved, and one (Oration 25) is a brief statement, not a full oration. Modern editions of the Orations have thirty-four pieces, because a Latin address to Valens has been included as Oration 12.It is now believed though that this Latin address is a 16th-century creation. The final oration (Oration 34) was discovered as recently as 1816 by Angelo Mai in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. There are, in addition, a few other fragments which may come from lost Orations, as well as an additional work which survives in Syriac and another preserved in Arabic. The philosophical works of <mask> must have been very voluminous; for Photius tells us that he wrote commentaries on all the books of Aristotle, besides useful abstracts of the Posterior Analytics, the books On the Soul, and the Physics, and that there were works of his on Plato; "and, in a word, he is a lover and eager student of philosophy." The Suda mentions his epitome of the Physics of Aristotle, in eight books; of the Prior Analytics, in two books; of the Posterior Analytics, in two books; of the treatise On the Soul, in seven books; and of the Categories in one book. The epitomes which survive are:
On the Posterior Analytics
On the Physics
On Aristotle's On the Soul
On Aristotle's On the Heavens, in a Hebrew translation only
On the Metaphysics 12, in a Hebrew translation only

In addition to these works, two surviving anonymous paraphrases were mistakenly attributed to him in the Byzantine era, and are now assigned to a Pseudo-Themistius:
On the Prior Analytics
On the Parva naturalia

His paraphrases of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, Physics and On the Soul are valuable; but the orations in which he panegyrizes successive emperors, comparing them to Plato's true philosopher, and even to the idea itself, are intended to flatter. Boëthius describes him as,  (or ) .In philosophy <mask> was an eclectic. He held that Plato and Aristotle were in substantial agreement, that God has made men free to adopt the mode of worship they prefer, and that Christianity and Hellenism were merely two forms of the one universal religion. Works
 W. Dindorf edition of the orations (Leipzig, 1832): Themistii Orationes, ex codice Mediolanensi emendatae, a Guilielmo Dindorfio, Lipsiae: C. Cnobloch 1832. Themistii paraphrases Aristotelis librorum quae supersunt, ed. Leonhard von Spengel (Leipzig, 1866), Teubner series (reprinted 1998)

Translations
Commentaire sur le traité de l'Âme d'Aristote, traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke (Latin). Louvain, 1957
Themistius on Aristotle On the Soul, trans. Robert B. Todd.London and Ithaca, 1996 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle Physics 1-3, trans. Robert B. Todd. London and Ithaca, 2011 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle's Physics 4, trans. Robert B. Todd. London and Ithaca, 2003 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle Physics 5-8, trans. Robert B. Todd. London, 2008 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
The Private Orations of Themistius, trans.R. Penella. Berkeley, 2000

Notes

References

Further reading

 Heather, Peter & Moncur, David, trans. (2001) Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century: selected orations of Themistius, with an introduction. Liverpool U. P.
 Swain, Simon. (2014) Themistius, Julian, and Greek Political Theory under Rome: Texts, Translations, and Studies of Four Key Works, Cambridge University Press

317 births
380s deaths
4th-century Byzantine writers
4th-century philosophers
4th-century Romans
Deist philosophers
Commentators on Aristotle
Correspondents of Libanius
Late-Roman-era pagans
Roman-era Peripatetic philosophers
Roman-era philosophers
Urban prefects of Constantinople

masks: Themistius Themistius Themistius Themistius Themistius


title: Charles Taylor Jr.

texts:
<mask>Chuck<mask>. (born 1943) is an American author of books of poetry, essay, short story, and novels who was born in Minneapolis but has lived most of his life in Texas. He teaches creative writing at Texas A&M and operates small press Slough Press, publishing since 1973. His contribution to building the literature scene on the Third Coast in Austin, Texas, includes activities as both a writer and publisher. He published leading poets, fiction and non-fiction writers whose books received numerous awards and were later published by larger presses. His titles, such as the poetry collection What do You Want, Blood? received the 1988 Austin Book Award and regional critical acclaim. He is one of the legendary figures of the Austin–San Antonio–Dallas triangle culture that nurtured the eccentric, free-spirited independence of Texan bohemia and cross-cultural innovative creativity, especially in the literary arts.<mask>'s novel, Drifter's Story, and his poetry book, Ordinary Life, explore the lives of the working poor. He has taught in the NEA Poets-in-the-Schools Program and was CETA Poet-in-Residence for the City of Salt Lake. Along with Pat Littledog, <mask> co-operated Paperbacks Plus Books in Austin, Texas, from 1980 to 1988. The store became an important literary center for the Southwest sponsoring literary readings and plays as well as serving as a home for Slough Press. Business owners John and Marquetta Tilton of Dallas opened several store locations run by famous Texas poets and writers who had not yet achieved widespread notoriety: poet Dr. Ricardo Sánchez in San Antonio and Dr. Hedwig Gorski's infamous Voltaire's Basement bookstore in downtown Austin. All branches of Paperbacks Plus allowed serious poets to live with their families on the store premises while providing a small income managing or selling at the location. Each became a hub of literary and performance activities across generations and styles nurturing the offbeat talents and lifestyles Central Texas is known for.These activities, venues, and people set the stage during the late 1970s and 80s for Austin Poetry Slam scenes. Communalism

Among the many themes, <mask> uses expressing a hippie principle of communalism in both poetry and prose is the conflict between the ideal and the actual. His influences include Henry David Thoreau and hedonism. His search for spirituality includes reading Barth and Tillich and practicing chanting and meditation, plus explorations with a channeling group and a Wiccan group. Professor

<mask> has been the Coordinator of Creative Writing in the English Department of Texas A&M University at College Station and taught literature and creative writing there for 21 years. He specializes in creative writing (poetry, fiction, and creative nonfiction), composition and technical writing for international students, Renaissance Literature, Shakespeare, American Literature, Introduction to Film, bibliography, literature of the Beat Movement, American nature writing. <mask> has taught a variety of classes, including creative writing of both prose and poetry, technical writing, nature writing, and honors courses on topics such as the influence of Surrealism on American and English literature, and Mexican-American poetry and fiction.One of his students who writes under the name Sophie Jordan is currently on The New York Times Best Seller list. Education

He received his BA (major in English) from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He received his MA in English from the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. He received his PhD in English from Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois. Publications

Poetry titles
 The Breaking that Brings Us Anew (Folder Press, New York, 1978). Selected Poems (Goethe's Notes, Maryland, 1978). Always Clear and Simple (Aileron, Austin, 1981).Ordinary Life (Cedar Rock, New Braunfels, 1984). What Do You Want, Blood? (Austin Book Award, 1986)
 Amerryka! (Ruddy Duck, 1984). Drinking in a Dry County (Maelstrom, Portland, Maine, 1985). I am Delighted that You are Here (Fat Tuesday, Grantville, 1995). Flying (A Primer), Tsunami, 2004
 Rips (Unicorn Press, 2005)
 Heterosexual: A Love Story (Panther Creek, 2006)
 Like Li-Po Laughing at the Lonely Moon (Pecan Grove Press, 2008)

Memoir
 Saving Sebastian (2010)

Fiction titles
 Somebody to Love (Flatland, 1991
 Fogg in High School (PublishAmerica, 2007)

Essay titles
 Only a Poet (Cedar Rock Press, 1984).Poet in Jail (Pygmy Forest, Albion, Ca. 1997)

Anthologies (poetry, fiction, and essays)
 A Long Line of Joy, edited by W.J. Robinson (Long Beach), contains poetry and an essay by <mask>. Travois (Thorps Springs Press, Houston Contemporary Arts Museum, 1976). The Texas Anthology, edited by Paul Ruffin (Sam Houston State University Literary Review, 1979). Texas Poetry (Browder Springs, 1995). Mondo James Dean (St. Martins, 1996).Texas Short Stories (Browder Springs, 1997). Suddenly (Martin House, 1998). Texas Short Stories II (Browder Springs, 2000). Journal articles
 "Where is the Last Picture Show?," Journal of the American Studies Association of Texas, V(1974), 35–40. "Diane Wakowski's Greed, or One Bourgeois Poet to Another," Big Boulevard, III, 12–16. "The Oral-Reading Approach to Sophomore English," Arizona English Bulletin, 1977. "Why Johnny Can't Read and What You Can Do," Army Times, March 1978."To Videotape or Not to Videotape," Audiovisual Instruction, 22, I, 33–40. "Writing about Writing at La Tuna Federal Prison," Southwest Art Forum, September 1977. "In the Jail House Now," Austin Challenger, 1986. "The Workshop Way to Learning: Linking Aesthetic Experience to Creativity and Beginning Performance in the Classroom," Naomi Katsura (Mie University) and Dr. <mask> (Texas A&M University), republished in the 2008 Mie University Journal of Research, (2008) 71–79 from The Proceedings in the 6th Annual Meeting of Hawaii International Conference on the Arts and Humanities, 2008. 1.11
 "Sandra Cisneros, Outlaw Poet," Voices, Volume III (2008), 26–30. "The Forgotten Poetry of Sandra Cisneros," Journal of Texas Women Writers, I, I (2009)

Short stories (not published in books or anthologies)
 "Dreams Moving Through the World," The Washington Review, 3, i (1977), 15–17. "A Case of Biological Superiority," The Mill, 3 (1977), 34–36."My Lover's Husband," Street Bagel, 14, 1–5. "Paranoia Strikes Deep," The Volcano Review, 6, 45–60. "To the Monastery," Bogg, 46, 15–18. "Last Scholar,” Cellar Door, II, 5–7. "Guatemala Water on the Brain,” Maelstrom Review, 6, 7-ll. "The Story of Linda,” American Fiction Review, 1979. "Question, Son,” Tex!(Today Foundation, 1998), 12–13. "Now You Know, Now You Know How It Is," short story published in the Concho River Review, XXII, 1 (Spring 2008),

Poetry
Poetry published in over 150 journals, including The Texas Quarterly, The Literary Review, Louisiana Review, Rocky Mountain Review, The Antigonish Review, Writ, and Ball State University Forum. Notes and references

Living people
American male poets
People from Texas
Outlaw poets
1943 births

masks:
Charles "
" Taylor Jr
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Chuck Taylor
Chuck Taylor


title: Dorival Caymmi

texts:
<mask> (; April 30, 1914 – August 16, 2008) was a Brazilian singer, songwriter, actor, and painter active for more than 70 years beginning in 1933. He contributed to the birth of Brazil's bossa nova movement, and several of his samba pieces, such as "Samba da Minha Terra", "Doralice" and "Saudade da Bahia", have become staples of música popular brasileira. Equally notable are his ballads celebrating the fishermen and women of Bahia, including "Promessa de Pescador", "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem? ", and "Milagre". <mask> composed about 100 songs in his lifetime, and many of his works are now considered to be Brazilian classics. Both Brazilian and non-Brazilian musicians have covered his songs. Ben Ratliff of The New York Times wrote that Caymmi was "perhaps second only to Antônio Carlos Jobim in 'establishing a songbook of [the 20th] century's Brazilian identity.'"Throughout his career, his music about the people and culture of Bahia influenced Brazil's image in the eyes of both Brazilians and foreigners. Caymmi was married to Brazilian singer Stella Maris for 68 years, and the couple's children, Dori, Danilo, and Nana, are also prominent musicians. Each debuted professionally by accompanying Caymmi onstage and in recordings. In 2014, Caymmi's granddaughter Alice also began a musical career. Early life
Caymmi was born in Salvador, Bahia, to Durval Henrique <mask>, the great-grandson of an Italian immigrant, and Aurelina Soares <mask>, a native Bahian. He had two younger sisters, Dinahir and Dinah, and a younger brother, Deraldo. His father, a civil servant, often played the piano, guitar, and mandolin at home, and his mother, a housewife, sang regularly.He participated in his church's choir for much of his childhood. At age 13, he left school to work as a journalist at Bahian newspaper O Imparcial. When O Imparcial went out of business two years later, he took up work as a street vendor. Although he never formally studied music, Caymmi taught himself to play guitar in the late 1920s and began to compose, sing, and play his own songs on Bahian radio programs around 1930. He first achieved widespread recognition in 1933, when he composed the song "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?" ("What Is It About Bahian Women?") for singer Carmen Miranda.In 1936, at age 22, he won a songwriting contest at Salvador's annual Carnaval celebration. His prize was a pink satin lampshade. Despite his early musical success, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1938 with intentions to pursue a law degree and to return to working as a journalist. While employed there by the newspaper Diários Associados, he spent his spare time composing and singing songs on the radio show Dragão da Rua Larga. His popularity began to grow with the show's audience. Career

Overview

Many of Caymmi's lyrics pay homage to the lifestyle, beaches, fishermen, and women of his native Bahia. He drew much of his inspiration from music indigenous to northeastern Brazil, especially Afro-Brazilian music and samba.He recorded for more than five decades and released about 20 albums, sometimes singing and playing guitar as a soloist and at other times accompanied by bands and orchestras. Although active for the better part of the 20th century, Caymmi wrote only about 100 songs. Despite having a relatively small body of work, Caymmi held a reputation for composing songs of exceptional quality. He occasionally collaborated with Jobim, who called him a "universal genius" and Brazil's greatest composer. Many contemporary Brazilian artists, including Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Beth Carvalho cite Caymmi as a significant influence on their music. Chronology

"O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?" gained even more fame in Brazil when Miranda performed it in the 1939 film Banana da Terra, and it was this song that garnered her international attention and helped launch her career.After this success, Caymmi began to focus more on making music, and he wrote songs that appeared in other Brazilian films. In late 1939, he signed with Odeon Records and recorded his first three singles, "Rainha do Mar/Promessa de Pescador" ("Queen of the Sea/Promise of the Fisherman"), "Roda Pião" ("Spinning Wheel"), and "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?/A Preta do Acarajé" ("What Is It About Bahian Women?/The Black Beauty Who Sells Acarajé"). He came to more attention in the early 1940s when he performed as a regular on the Brazilian radio network Rádio Nacional. He recorded "Samba da Minha Terra" ("Samba of My Homeland") in 1940 and "A Jangada Voltou Só" ("The Raft Returned Alone") in the following year. In 1944, he performed his own "Acontece Que Eu Sou Baiano" ("It Just So Happens That I'm Bahian") in the movie Abacaxi Azul (Blue Pineapple). In the late 1940s, he was a member of the samba-canção movement largely founded by his sometime creative rival, composer Ary Barroso. Other prominent Brazilian musicians of the day covered several of his songs, including Dick Farney, who famously recorded Caymmi's "Marina" (1944) in 1947.In 1957 Caymmi wrote "Suíte do Pescador", which appeared in the film The Sandpit Generals. In the 1950s and 1960s, Jobim, João Gilberto, and others who contributed to the birth of the bossa nova style collaborated with Caymmi and often referenced his work when composing their own pieces. During this era, Gilberto covered several of Caymmi's songs, including "Rosa Morena" ("Dark-skinned Rose") and "Saudade da Bahia" ("Longing for Bahia"). Jobim was particularly enamored of Caymmi's music, and the two grew to be close friends. American lyricist Ray Gilbert translated Caymmi's "Das Rosas" into English in 1965, and it was released in the United States as "...and Roses and Roses". The song was recorded by Brazilian vocalist Astrud Gilberto and by American singers Andy Williams and Perry Como. Williams's version became a hit, and as a result, Caymmi was invited to spend four months in Los Angeles, where he performed, filmed a television show, and recorded an LP record.Collaboration with Jorge Amado

<mask> was a lifelong friend of Bahian author Jorge Amado, and in 1945, he set one of Amado's politically driven poems to music to aid the senatorial campaign of Luís Carlos Prestes. In the late 1970s, Caymmi again took inspiration from Amado when he composed "Modinha para a Gabriela" ("A Little Song for Gabriela"), a musical adaptation of Amado's novel Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (Gabriela, Cloves and Cinnamon). Perhaps the best known product of Caymmi and Amado's collaboration is the song "É Doce Morrer no Mar" ("It's Sweet to Die in the Sea"), which the two wrote over dinner one night at Amado's home. Other songs they co-wrote include "Beijos pela Noite" ("Kisses Through the Night"), "Modinha para Teresa Batista" ("A Little Song for Teresa Batista"), "Retirantes" ("Migrants"), and "Essa Nega Fulô" ("This Feisty Dark Lady"). Awards and honors
In 1968, to thank Caymmi for bringing international attention to Brazilian music and culture, the governor of Bahia presented Caymmi with a house in Salvador, and so he returned to live in his hometown for a short period of time. In 1972, Caymmi was awarded the Order of Merit of the State of Bahia, an order given to Bahian residents for excellent service to the state. In Caymmi's case, the service was bringing pride and honor to Bahian people through the widespread dissemination of his music about life there.On Caymmi's 70th birthday, in 1984, French Minister of Culture Jack Lang presented him with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, a French order that recognizes significant contributors to the fields of art and literature, in Paris. The following year, a new street named Avenida Dorival Caymmi (Dorival Caymmi Avenue) opened in Salvador. In 1986, Rio de Janeiro's famed Mangueira samba school based its Carnaval performance on Caymmi's life and work, and the school won the annual parade-style samba competition. In 2015, his tribute album Centenário Caymmi (Caymmi Centennial) was nominated for Best MPB Album at the 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Personal life

Although Caymmi earned his fame through music, he was also known to a lesser degree for his paintings. From 1943 to 1945, he regularly attended a drawing and painting class at the Escola de Belas Artes, a fine arts school in Rio de Janeiro. Even after discontinuing his formal study, he painted for the rest of his life.He practiced Candomblé, an Afro-Brazilian religion characterized by belief in spirit-gods and ritualistic practices involving mediumship. Candomblé was his father's religion, and Caymmi gradually involved himself more with it as an adult, when his friends invited him to accompany them to religious ceremonies and parties. Caymmi was also a naturist, and when he was in Bahia, he liked to bathe nude in the Lagoa do Abaeté (Abaeté Lagoon) with a group of friends. He stated to the newspaper Valor Econômico: "We rolled around in palm leaves and slipped through the mountains of sand. Some people didn't like this, but most understood that we weren't naked for unclean reasons." Marriage

While working at Rádio Nacional in 1939, he met Brazilian vocalist Adelaide Tostes, who is better known by her stage name Stella Maris, and the two married in 1940. Tostes responded to a 1994 press query about Caymmi's habit of frequenting bars with a short story: "One night I went to look for him in a bar ...He was surrounded by women. I went in and slammed a table. A glass broke. The bouncer came, and I punched <mask>'s face. Then I left cussing. I thought he was involved with drugs, but it wasn't the case. He was with the tramps."Despite such incidents, however, they remained together for 68 years, until his death in 2008. The couple had three children, Nana, Dori, and Danilo, all of whom followed their father into musical careers. Politics
Although Caymmi rarely incorporated political messages into his music, he often spoke bitterly about the government's corruption. Jorge Amado, his close friend, was sent into exile for several years after he publicly criticized the country's rulers during the period of military dictatorship. In 1994, Caymmi said, "I have concluded that to act as a citizen in Brazil today is to live a joke. It's the same as playing the lotto, dreaming about nonsense, trying to get rich when you are 80." Death
<mask> <mask> died at age 94 of kidney cancer and multiple organ failure on August 16, 2008, at his home in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro.His granddaughter, Stella, who wrote a biography about him in 2001, said, "He did not know that he had cancer, and he did not want to know. He did not ask much about this. He was first hospitalized in 1999. My grandfather went through with treatment, but he did not want to know anything about the illness. He acted with serenity every day, and because of that, we respected this wish." Reception and legacy

Brazilian singer and composer Carlos Lyra praised Caymmi's style for its "suave and romantic colloquialism". In a 1994 anthology of Caymmi's work, Antônio Carlos Jobim wrote in the introduction, "Dorival is a universal genius.He picked up the guitar and orchestrated the world." In 2001, New York Times journalist Ben Ratliff wrote that Caymmi was "perhaps second only to Antônio Carlos Jobim in 'establishing a songbook of this century's Brazilian identity.'" On the day of Caymmi's death in 2008, Brazilian composer and musician Tom Zé said, "It's difficult to comprehend just how valuable a CD of Caymmi's beach songs from the 1940s is." Also around the time of Caymmi's death, President of Brazil Luis Inácio Lula da Silva called him "one of the founders of Brazilian popular music". Several of Caymmi's contemporaries, including Gal Costa and Olivia Hime, have recorded tributes to him. Discography

Albums
Prior to 1988, all of Caymmi's albums were released as LP records. His last four albums were released as CDs.Singles
All of Caymmi's singles were released as 78 rpm gramophone records. Tributes

References

External links

 Caymmi's obituary in The New York Times

1914 births
2008 deaths
Bossa nova singers
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from multiple organ failure
People from Salvador, Bahia
Dorival
Samba musicians
Brazilian Candomblés
Deaths from cancer in Rio de Janeiro (state)
20th-century Brazilian painters
20th-century Brazilian male singers
Male jazz musicians

masks:
Dorival Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Dorival
Caymmi


title: Franz Fuchs

texts:
<mask> (12 December 1949 – 26 February 2000) was an Austrian domestic terrorist. Between 1993 and 1997, Fuchs killed four people and injured 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and 24 mail bombs sent in five waves. Criminal psychologists characterized him as a highly intelligent but socially inept loner. His intended targets were people he considered to be foreigners, or organizations and individuals "friendly to foreigners". Mail bombs and IEDs
In December 1993 he started his first wave of mailbombs. Early victims were the priest August Janisch (because of his help for refugees), Silvana Meixner (ORF journalist for minorities), and the Mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, who lost a large part of his left hand in the explosion. Other mailbombs which were discovered and neutralized were targeted at Helmut Schüller (humanitarian organisation Caritas), the Green politicians Madeleine Petrovic and Terezija Stoisits, Wolfgang Gombocz and Minister Johanna Dohnal.While attempting to disarm an improvised explosive device found at a bilingual school in Carinthia, police officer Theo Kelz lost both his hands on 24 August 1994. (Kelz subsequently became the first Austrian to receive a double hand transplant, and made an impressive recovery.) <mask> claimed responsibility for his attacks in a letter to the foreign minister of Slovenia in September 1994, in the name of the "Salzburger Eidgenossenschaft – Bajuwarische Befreiungsarmee" (Bavarian Liberation Army). In a number of subsequent letters, he tried to give the impression of a larger organisation with different units. However, from the second wave of mailbombs in October 1994 not a single one went off. Oberwart attack on Roma
On 5 February 1995, four Romani were killed in Oberwart with a pipe bomb improvised explosive device which was attached to a sign that read "Roma zurück nach Indien" ("Romani back to India"). It was the worst racial terror attack in post-war Austria, and was <mask>'s first fatal attack.The bomb was set to explode at chest-height when someone touched the placard with the message. The next day in nearby Stinatz, mainly populated by Austrians of Croatian descent, a bomb with a pamphlet "Go back to Dalmatia" wounded a garbage worker. Between June 1995 and December 1995 he sent three more waves of mailbombs. Wave number three was targeted at TV host Arabella Kiesbauer, Dietrich Szameit (vice-mayor of Lübeck) and a dating agency. Kiesbauer and Szameit did not open their letters themselves and were not hurt. Wave number four was targeted at two medics and a refugee aid worker, Maria Loley. One medic from Syria and Maria Loley were injured; the other mailbomb, targeted at a South Korean medic was discovered and neutralized.Two mailbombs of wave number five detonated early in mailboxes, the remaining two were discovered and neutralized. This was the last incident before <mask> was arrested. Arrest, trial and death

At this stage <mask> had become highly paranoid. On 1 October 1997 near his residence in Gralla, he followed two women in a car who he believed were observing him. When police attempted to question him on what they believed was a routine case of stalking, he produced another IED which he had kept in his car, and detonated it in his hands in front of the policemen. His suicide attempt failed, but he lost both hands, and also injured a nearby police officer. <mask> was arrested without giving further resistance and, after a trial which many in Austria felt had fallen short of making all attempts to uncover deep details, was sentenced to life in prison on 10 March 1999.Through his unruly behavior during the trial, <mask> had repeatedly forced his removal from court proceedings. On 26 February 2000, <mask> was found hanged with the cable of his electric razor in his prison cell at Graz-Karlau Prison. The prison physician determined it to be a suicide. Unresolved questions
Although the case was officially closed after <mask> had been sentenced, and although the "Bavarian Liberation Army" was determined to never have existed as a terrorist organization in the meaning of the term, doubts remained whether <mask> had actually committed his actions without any support or tacit knowledge from sympathizers. A thorough search of the two rooms in his parents' house where <mask> had lived revealed more IEDs but no traces of the equipment which he would have needed to produce and handle the unstable explosives (including mercury fulminate and nitroglycerol) contained in his IEDs. Most of <mask>' "confession letters" exhibited an aptitude at verbal expression for which he was not known. Some had referred to internal affairs in police procedures that were not accessible to the general public.Even more doubts remain concerning <mask>' death. How exactly a man without hands (<mask> consistently refused having his advanced prosthetic arms fitted to him) and under almost constant video surveillance could accomplish the manipulations required to convert an electric cable into a noose sufficiently robust for successful self-hanging was never properly explained. Media
In 2007, the criminal case was portrayed in the docudrama <mask> – Ein Patriot, the role of <mask> was played by Austrian Karl Markovics. In the computer games Hitman: Codename 47 and Hitman: Contracts, the character Frantz <mask> appears to be based on <mask>. Frantz is an Austrian terrorist, who served in Hitlerjugend as a youngster, and is planning to blow up a hotel at which a U.N peace summit is being held. References

1949 births
1995 crimes in Austria
2000 suicides
Anti-black racism in Europe
Anti-Croat sentiment
Anti-South Korean sentiment
Antiziganism in Europe
Anti-Arabism in Europe
Austrian amputees
Austrian mass murderers
Austrian neo-Nazis
Austrian people convicted of murder
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Austrian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Bombers (people)
February 1995 events in Europe
Hate crimes
Mass murder in 1995
People convicted of murder by Austria
People from Leibnitz District
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Austria
Prisoners who died in Austrian detention
Racism in Austria
Suicides by hanging in Austria
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1995
Terrorist incidents in Austria
Xenophobia in Europe
1990s murders in Austria
2000 deaths

masks:
Franz Fuchs
Franz Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Franz Fuchs
Franz Fuchs
Fuchs
Franz


title: Willy Ostijn

texts:
William (<mask><mask>, also seen as Ostyn (13 July 1913 in Kachtem – 30 March 1993 in Roeselare), was a classical Belgian composer of the 20th century. Biography

At the age of sixteen, <mask> entered the Lemmensinstituut of Malines to study the piano with Marinus de Jong and the organ with Flor Peeters. He got a pedagogical diploma at the Royal Conservatory of Ghent, and first prizes of counterpoint, piano, chamber music and composition. <mask> becomes the second organist of the St Rumoldus’ Cathedral of Malines. From 1938 until his retirement, he was also a professor of musical education at the Royal Atheneum of Roeselare, a function that did not prevent him from giving lectures at the Music Academy of Izegem from 1939 to 1949. Before the Second World War, Ostijn had a reputation with the Trio Willy Ostijn which played the great works of the repertory and Ostijn’s own compositions. Between 1950 and 1960 his symphonic music and concertante pieces, written in a romantic style, were performed by many orchestras in Belgium and broadcast abroad.Conductors Paul Doulliez, Leonce Graz, ,  and Jozef Verhelst were the most active ones to publicize his works. From 1960, the disinterest of the audience towards "light music"  and neoclassical style caused the decline of <mask>’s career. The reorganization of public broadcasting in Belgium in 1961 meant that his works were no longer broadcast. Thereafter, Ostijn devoted himself mainly to chamber music and choral music. Far from seeking originality at all costs, <mask> gives his audience a chance to have a good time with a man of taste. <mask> said: “Both in terms of technique and of vision, I have always remained faithful to the romantic tradition that sees music as a spontaneous and logical development of lyrical themes through classical harmony and rich, varying orchestration”. Between 1945 and 1955 he specialized in brilliant works (rhapsody, overture, concert piece, symphonic poem), often descriptive : "Spaanse balletsuite" ("Spanish ballet suite"), "Beelden uit Broadway" ("Images from Broadway"), "Marokkaanse Suite" ("Moroccan Suite"), "Ijslandvaarders" ("Icelandic seafarers"), "Beelden uit het Oosten" ("Images from the Orient"), or both "concertstück for piano and orchestra" and "concertstück for piano and strings".His symphonic work is close to the Belgian Arthur Meulemans, the French Maurice Thiriet, the English Haydn Wood and the American Ferde Grofé. Works (incomplete list)

In most cases, the works of <mask> are undated. The dates mentioned in the list of works are those of the radio creations. <mask> almost always composed his works long time before the dates of creations indicated here. Symphonic Works
"Drie Vlaamse dansen" ("Three Flemish Dances") (1942)
"Suite for orchestra No. 1" (1948)
"Images from the Orient" ("Oriental Scenes") (1949)
"Romantische Concertwals" ("Romantic Concert Waltz") (1950)
"Spanish Ballet Suite" (1950)
"Suite for orchestra No. 2", in four movements (1950)
"Images from Broadway" (1950)
"Sentimental Rhapsody" (1950)
"London Suite" (1951)
"Moroccan Suite" (1951)
"Rhapsody for orchestra", in three parts (1951)
"Flandria Overture" (1952)
"Blijdschap Overture" ("Gladness Doubt Overture") (1952)
"Happy March" ("Concert March"), for band (1952)
"Vlaamse Capriccio", for orchestra (1953 ; orig.for piano and orchestra, 1953)
"Icelandic Seafarers" (1953)
"Concert Overture" (1954)
"Rural Scenes" (1954)
"In Flander Fields", symphonic poem (1955)
"Dramatic Overture" (1955)
"Westland Overture" (1957)
"Feest Overture" ("Festive Overture") (1958)
"Concertstück for orchestra" (1958)
"Mephisto Overture" (1959)
"Berthold Overture" (1959)
"Huldigingsmars" (1960)
"Festival Overture" (1960)
"Images from Zeebrugge", two pieces for orchestra (1960)
"Twee Zeebeelden" ("Two pictures of the Sea") (1962)
"Drie Zeebeelden" ("Three pictures of the Sea") (1963)
"Capriccio Overture" (1965)
"Zeeland Fantasy" (1979)
"Two Impressions for orchestra" (1981)

Works for strings
"Andante and Allegro for Strings" (1952)
"Laeticia", for Strings (1954)
"Divertimento for Strings (No. 1)", in four movements (1954) – There also exist two other Divertimentos for Strings
"Concertstück for Strings (No. 1)" (1960) – There also exist three other Concertstücke for Strings
"Arab Dance for Strings" (19??) Chamber Works
"Interludium for saxophone quartet" (1939)
"Images from the Orient" ("Oriental Scenes") (1949 ; orig. for orchestra), version for clarinet (or violin) and piano ; version for clarinet ensemble
"Turkish March", for clarinet and piano (1950)
"Rhapsody for saxophone choir", in two parts (1951)
"Romanza for violin and piano" (1951 ; orig. for violin and Strings)
"Fata Morgana", for clarinet, viola and piano (1952)
"Trio « Twilight »", for clarinet, viola and piano (1952)
"Parade for Trumpet and orchestra" (1952), version for clarinet and piano
"Elegy for clarinet choir" (1952)
"Nocturne for piano and clarinet ensemble" (1952 ; transcription of the "Nocturne for piano and Strings" in D major, 1952)
"Elegy for viola and piano" (1954)
"Intermezzo for two Clarinets" (1954)
"Bolero", for clarinet and piano (1955)
"Spanish Dance", for clarinet and piano (1955)
"Rhapsody for clarinet ensemble" (or for flute ensemble), in two parts (1955)
"Gladness Doubt Overture" (1955), version for clarinet quartet
"Serenade for clarinet ensemble" (1956 ; transcription of the "Serenade for violin and Strings", 1954)
"Elegy for two violins, viola and cello" (1956 ; orig. for viola and piano, 1954)
"Interludium for Oboe and Strings" (1958), version for clarinet and piano
"Interludium for Oboe and String quartet" (1958 ; orig.for oboe and Strings, 1958)
"Divertimento for Strings (No. 1)", in four movements (1959), version for string quintet
"Promenade for alto saxophone (or clarinet, or flute) and piano" (1960)
"Pastorale for clarinet (or oboe, or trumpet) and piano" (1960)
"Entrée héroïque", for clarinet ensemble (1960)
"Intermezzo for two Horns and string quartet" (1960), version for two Flutes and piano
"Valse noble" ("Edele Wals"), for clarinet, flute and piano (1962)
"Canzone for clarinet and piano" (1964 ; transcription of the "Canzonetta for Flute and Strings", 1958)
"Canzonetta for Soprano Saxophone and saxophone choir" (1965 ; transcription of the "Canzonetta for Flute and Strings", 1958)
"Trio in B minor", for flute (or violin), viola and piano (1960)
"Concertstück for Strings (No. 1)" (1960), version for string quintet
"Ballade for violin and piano" (or organ) (1961)
"Laeticia", for flute ensemble (1962 ; orig. for Strings, 1954)
"Capriccio for violin (or flute, or clarinet), viola and piano" (1965)
"De Winter is verganghen" ("The Winter is past"), for clarinet ensemble (1965)
"Concertstück for oboe, clarinet, basson and horn" (1973)
"Ballade for tenor saxophone and piano" (1975)
"Foxtrot for clarinet ensemble" (1975)
"Fantasia, for wind quintet" (Flute, Clarinet, Oboe, Horn and Bassoon) (1975)
"Czardas", for clarinet and piano (1978)
"Impression for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet and Bassoon" (1981 ; transcription of one of the "Two Impressions for orchestra", 1981)
"Romanza for viola and piano" (19??) "Aubade for flute and piano" (19??) "Ballade for basson (or cello) and piano" (19??) "String Quartets No.1-4" (before 1953)
"String Quartet No.5" (1953)
"Quintet for Oboe and string quartet" (19??) "Giocoso for Six Saxophones" (19??) "Impromptu for clarinet and piano" (19??) Piano Works
"Miniature No. 1" (1935)
"Miniature No. 2" (between 1935 and 1939)
"Miniature No. 3" (1939)
"Duinkerke" ("Dunkirk") (1950)
"St. Winoksbergen" (1950)
"Zuytcote" ("Zuydcoote") (1950)
"Toccata No.1" (1968)
"Nocturne" (1968)
"Ballade" (1970)
"Toccata No. 2" (1979)
"Rust Roest" (1979)
"Capriccio" (19??) "Wiegelied" (19??) "Scherzetto" (19??) Organ Works
"Symphony for organ" (1939)
"Intermezzo" (19??) "Pastorale" (19??) "Prelude" (19??)"Preludium" (same as "Prelude" ?) (19??) "Roosvensters" ("Rose Windows") (19??) "Toccata in a French Romantic style" (19??) Choral Works
"Het Meisje van Damme" ("The Girl from Damme"), operetta (1954)
"Ave Verum", for Choir (1961)
"Westland Fantasia" (1962)
"Klokkeput saga", cantata for Choir and orchestra (1968)
"Psalm 150" for Choir and orchestra (or for choir and organ) (1968)
"Ave Maria", for Choir (1961 ; rev. 1969)
"Westland Cantata", for Choir and orchestra (1974)
"Missa in Re", for Choir and orchestra (or for Choir and organ) (1974) – There are also two other Masses
"Ter Waarheid", for baryton and orchestra (1975)
"Terug naar de bron" ("Back to the Source"), cantata for Choir and orchestra (1978)
"Hulde aan Polen", ode for Choir and brass quintet (19??) "Lied der vrijgezellen", for Tenor and orchestra (19??)"Lied van Enrico", for Baryton and orchestra (19??) "Vrouwen", for Baryton and orchestra (19??) "Kerstlied van de Zwerver" ("The Hobo’s Christmas Carol") (19??) Recordings

At the time of 2011, there is currently no CD recording of works by <mask>ijn. External links
<mask>jn : 1913-1993, Short Biography by Peter Malisse, in the site New Music Centre
<mask>ijn at Matrix-New-Music.be

 Koninklijk Conservatorium Brussel now houses most works and manuscripts of Ostijn, after the bankruptcy of CeBeDeM in 2015. References

1913 births
1993 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Belgian classical organists
Male organists
20th-century organists
20th-century Belgian male musicians

masks:
Willy
) Ostijn
Willy Ostijn
Willy Ostijn
Ostijn
Willy Ostijn
Ostijn
Willy Ostijn
Willy Ostijn
Willy Ost
Willy Osti
Willy Ost


title: Soen Nakagawa

texts:
was a Taiwanese-born Japanese rōshi and Zen Buddhist master in the Rinzai tradition. An enigmatic figure, <mask> had a major impact on Zen as it was practiced in the 20th century, both in Japan and abroad. Early life

<mask> was born as <mask> on March 19, 1907, in Keelung, Taiwan as the eldest of three boys: Matoi, Tamotsu and Sonow. His father, <mask>, was an army medical officer and his mother's name was Kazuko. His family moved shortly after to Iwakuni, and then finally to Hiroshima. In 1917, at age 12, <mask>'s father died, leaving his mother Kazuko a young widow. <mask>'s younger brother, Tamotsu, died soon after in his early childhood.His mother was forced to work to make ends meet and educate her young children herself. It was an unforgiving childhood for Soen. But Soen was much more interested in the arts, where at a young age he displayed a gift for poetry. Education

In 1923, <mask> (still Matoi) entered high school and became a boarder at the First Academy in Tokyo. Soen's childhood friend, Yamada Koun, enrolled on the same day as him. The two became roommates there and remained lifelong friends. It was expected that Soen would carry on the samurai tradition of his father, but Soen was pondering a more spiritual occupation.On one occasion Koun recalled young <mask> talking once about how he was sitting zazen atop a platform on the balancing bars in the playground resulting in a "natural self-realization". Koun found this rather odd. Soen would write later, as a monk, that his high school years were spent in search of a meaningful occupation. At the school library Soen read a passage on impermanence and deluded approaches towards happiness by Schopenhauer, which provided young Soen with a sense of clarity. Soen next read Orategama by Hakuin, and found again great clarity in the words. He gave a copy to Yamada Koun, who showed great interest in Zen afterward. In 1927, Soen and Yamada entered Tokyo Imperial University together, where Soen stayed in a dorm at the Pure Land temple Gangyo-ji.He majored in Japanese Literature, and it was here that he continued writing his poetry. While at the university Soen studied classics of both the East and West. He studied Buddhist sutras and even the Holy Bible. Life on campus was fun for him, he frequented the theater to hear renditions of classical masters and had a band of friends immersed within the artistic community of Japan. Soen even started a small group at the university for people to sit zazen together, a tradition that lives on at the university to this day. <mask>'s final thesis was on the famous haiku poet, Matsuo Bashō. Zen training

In 1931 <mask> and Yamada graduated from Tokyo Imperial University, and it would be several years before the two would meet again.A short while after graduation Soen attended a Dharma talk by Rinzai Zen master Keigaku Katsube at Shorin-ji and knew he wanted to become a monk. Soen wanted to be ordained on his birthday at Kogaku-ji, once the monastery of his favorite Zen master Bassui. His mother felt he was throwing away his education, but knew he was a grown man who had to make his own decisions. So on March 19, 1931, Soen was ordained as a Zen monk by Keigaku Katsube at Kogaku-ji and given his Dharma name Soen. Just like Bassui, Soen began travelling to Dai Bosatsu Mountain in Kai province (near Mount Fuji) doing solitary retreats as a hermit and then returning to the monastery to resume his duties as a monk. On the mountain Soen sat zazen and wrote haikus, bathing in nearby streams and living off of the land. One day while on the mountain he nearly killed himself by eating poisonous mushrooms, and some peasants from nearby took him in and nursed him back to health.During this time <mask> also became a friend and informal pupil of Dakotsu Iida, the now famous haiku poet. He later sent his work to Iada and had it published in Iida's haiku journal, Unmo. In 1932 <mask> first conceived the idea of an International Dai Bosatsu Zendo while meditating on Dai Bosatsu Mountain, traveling to Sakhalin Island in Siberia in an empty search for gold to fund the project. It was also on Dau Bosatsu Mountain that <mask> came up with his original mantra, "Namu dai bosa". In 1933 <mask> completed his haiku anthology Shigan (Coffin of Poems). That following year, 1934, selections from Shigan were published in the haiku journal Fujin Koron. Ryutaku-ji

In 1935 <mask> accompanied Katsube Roshi to lead a weekend retreat for Tokyo Imperial University students, and realized he forgot the kyosaku (Zen stick).In search of a replacement stick Soen went to a nearby Zen center, Hakusan Dojo, where he heard Myoshin-ji Zen master Gempo Yamamoto speaking. Soen became transfixed by the talk and intrigued by the man. Soen would return to the dojo several times after this encounter. One day, Gempo stated:

This remark struck a deep and spontaneous chord within Soen, and so he requested dokusan with Gempo following the talk where he expressed the desire to train under him. So Soen became a student of Gempo Yamamoto at Ryutaku-ji. In 1937 <mask> makes a trip with Gempo Yamamoto to Xinjing in Japanese-occupied Northeast China, to start a branch of Myoshin-ji Zen with the aim of moralizing the slave labor force used in Nissan-owned mining enterprises. Soen had recently begun corresponding with Nyogen Senzaki (now in Los Angeles) in 1935, whose unconventional style of Zen teaching Soen greatly appreciated.In 1938 Yamada Koun was transferred to Xinjing on business where he met <mask> again. Here, <mask> mentioned to Yamada his earlier dream of one day founding a non-traditional monastery on Dai Bosatsu Mountain in the spirit of Bassui. Yamada and <mask> were walking one night together while Yamada was going on about some thing or another, and <mask> stopped to say something that sparked Yamada's interest:

Years later, Yamada Koun became a Zen monk and roshi, as well. In 1939, <mask> returned to Dai Bosatsu Mountain for another solitary retreat. In 1941, Ryutaku-ji is officially recognized as a Rinzai training monastery. In 1949, <mask> made his first trip to the United States where he met Nyogen Senzaki in San Francisco. He found Senzaki's approach to Zen refreshing, and was happy to find a new freedom in expressing himself to followers that would be unheard of in Japan.Free to combine his love for Japanese theater (Noh) into analogies that paralleled sayings of the great Zen masters of the past. Nyogen expressed his wish to Soen that he would like him to stay with him to become his heir, but Soen has responsibilities back at Ryutaku-ji he was unwilling to compromise. The two saw each other again in latter visits to the USA. During this year, Soen also published his Meihen (Life Anthology). Hesitation

In 1950, Gempo Yamamoto roshi decided it was time for him to retire as abbot of Ryutaku-ji, and he wanted to appoint Soen as head abbot. Soen was hesitant and anxious about the proposition of becoming abbot. He fled the monastery briefly after assuming the position, leaving Gempo with no other choice but to resume the position temporarily.In 1951, <mask> returned and resumed his position as abbot at Ryutaku-ji. <mask> was a non-traditional abbot, deciding to not distinguish himself from his students. He wore the robe of a monk, he bathed and ate in their quarters. Over the next few years Soen set out to visit other masters stating that, since he had only finished 500 koans of Hakuin's 1700 curriculum, he needed more training. He went to Hosshin-ji and studied under Harada Daiun Sogaku, lineage holder of both the Sōtō and Rinzai school. In 1954, <mask> met a young monk named Tai Shimano (Eido Tai Shimano) at a funeral for Zen priest Daikyu Mineo. In the summer of that year, Tai Shimano ordained as a monk at Ryutaku-ji under <mask>'s tutelage.In 1955, <mask> made his second trip to the United States and Nyogen Senzaki came to Ryutaku-ji to visit with <mask> for 6 weeks. In 1957, Keigaku Katsube roshi died. In 1958, Nyogen Senzaki died. <mask> was named as the executor of Senzaki's estate and returned to the U.S. to settle Senzakis' affairs. In 1959 and 1960, <mask> traveled to the US twice, leading a sesshin in Honolulu, HI during the latter. In 1961, Gempo Yamamoto roshi died. In 1962, <mask>'s mother died.Soen and his mother were extraordinarily close. She would visit Ryutaku-ji almost daily to go on excursions into the mountains to talk. They would sit together to have tea, or listen to classical music together. Her death, along with Gempo's death the year before, sent Soen into a depression. He frequented Dai Bosatsu Mountain many times following this for solitary retreat. In 1963, <mask> traveled to the United States, India, Israel, Egypt, England, Austria and Denmark with Charles Gooding, a former student of Nyogen Senzaki, teaching Zen with various sanghas. Accident, 1967
In 1967, Nakagawa sustained a serious injury surveying the grounds of Ryutaku-ji from the view of a treetop.He slipped on a branch and was left unconscious for three days where he had fallen before being found. He was discovered in a bed of bamboo reeds unexpectedly by one of his monks. He was hospitalized for a long time while being treated for his head injury. Yamada Koun stated he was never quite the same after this accident. 1967-1984

In 1968, <mask> made his 7th trip to the US to open New York Zendo Shobo-Ji on September 15. In 1969, <mask> travelled again to Israel, England, Egypt], New york, California and Hawaii to lead sesshins with sanghas. In 1971, <mask> made his 9th visit to the US, helping The Zen Studies Society (founded by Cornelius Crane) purchase land in the Catskill Mountains for International Dai Bosatsu Zendo.In 1972, <mask> made his 10th visit to the United States where he gave Dharma transmission to Eido Tai Shimano. Upon returning to Japan in 1973, <mask> retired as abbot of Ryutaku-ji. This same year he published "Ten Haiku of My Choice". In 1974 and 1975, <mask> made two more visits to the US, staying first at the still unopened International Dai Bosatsu Zendo, and then going into solitary retreat at New York Zendo Shobo-ji. In 1976, International Dai Bosatsu Zendo was officially opened. In 1981, <mask> published Koun-sho (Ancient Cloud Selection), and in 1982, <mask> made his last visit to the US. Upon returning to Ryotaku-ji, Nakagawa became a recluse.In 1984, on March 11, while approaching his 77th birthday, <mask> died while taking a bath at Ryutaku-ji. Legacy
Soen was viewed as an unorthodox, eccentric and controversial teacher within conventional Rinzai circles of his day. Dharma heirs
Eido Tai Shimano
Sochu Suzuki, abbot of Ryūtaku-ji 1984-1990
Kyudo <mask>, abbot of Ryūtaku-ji 1990-2007

Notable formal and informal students
Philip Kapleau
Robert Baker Aitken
Paul Reps
Maurine Stuart
John Daido Loori
Denko Mortensen
Charlotte Joko Beck
Ryotan Tokuda Igarashi

Selected works
 Shigan (“Coffin of Poems"), 1936
 Meihan (“Life Anthology"), 1949
 Koun-sho (“Ancient Cloud Selection"), 1981
 Hokoju (“Long-lasting Dharma Light"). Posthumous, 1985

See also
Buddhism in Japan
Buddhism in the United States
List of Rinzai Buddhists
Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States

References

 Tanahashi, Kazuaki (Ed.). Chayat, Roko Sherry (Ed.). Endless Vow: The Zen Path of Soen Nakagawa. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1996. .
Nyogen Senzaki, <mask> <mask>, Eido Shimano, Louis Nordstrom (Ed.)Namu Dai Bosa: a transmission of Zen Buddhism to America. Zen Studies Society, (1976)
 Besserman, Perle. Steger, Manfred. Crazy Clouds: Zen radicals, Rebels & Reformers. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1991: . Rinzai Buddhists
Zen Buddhism writers
Zen Buddhist abbots
1907 births
1984 deaths
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Taiwanese Zen Buddhists
Japanese Zen Buddhists
People from Keelung
Rōshi
20th-century Buddhist monks

masks:
Nakagawa
Soen Nakagawa
Motoi Nakagawa
Suketaro Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Nakagawa
Soen
Nakagawa
Soen
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Soen
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Nakagawa
Soen
Nakagawa


title: Thomas Jones (civil servant)

texts:
<mask>, CH (27 September 1870 – 15 October 1955) was a British civil servant and educationalist, once described as "one of the six most important men in Europe", and also as "the King of Wales" and "keeper of a thousand secrets". <mask> served as Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet for nearly twenty years, under four different Prime Ministers. Early life
<mask> was born on 27 September 1870, at 100 High Street, Rhymney, Monmouthshire. He was the first of nine children to <mask> and <mask>. His family was Welsh speaking but by the time he was school age, the family usually spoke English except for Sunday School and the chapel. Welsh was banned at school and <mask> later wrote that "outside the chapel, I never had a lesson in Welsh". His fluency in Welsh in later life was hindered by this but his command of English was excellent.He was educated at the Upper Rhymney School and Lewis School in Pengam. <mask> had failed to win a scholarship at Lewis but his father could afford the school fee. <mask>'s grandfather insisted on his leaving school at 14 to work as a clerk in the local ironworks. <mask> complied but his interest in reading and his facility in public speaking brought him fame as a preacher. In 1890 he won the Calvinist Methodist scripture gold medal and proceeded to the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth to study for the ministry. New interests intervened, however; and <mask> eventually graduated with first-class honours in economics from the University of Glasgow in 1901. In 1902 he married a student from his time at Aberystwyth, Eirene Theodora Lloyd (1875–1935), daughter of Dr Richard John Lloyd, Reader in Phonetics at Liverpool University.There were three children from the marriage: Eirene White (1909–99), who became a Labour Minister under Harold Wilson (1966–70), Tristan (1913–90), who became managing director of The Observer, and Elphin, who died in a motoring accident in 1928. <mask> pursued at first an academic career after graduation from Glasgow. He was Russell Student at the London School of Economics; Barrington Lecturer in Ireland (1904–05); Assistant to the Professor of Political Economy and Lecturer in Economics at Glasgow; and Professor of Economics, Queen's University Belfast, 1909–10. In 1914 <mask> started the monthly journal Welsh Outlook to promote "national social progress" in Wales. He was the journal's de facto editor for its first three years. Civil service
He became familiarly known as "T.J."  He was Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet under four Prime Ministers: David Lloyd George, Bonar Law, Stanley Baldwin and Ramsay MacDonald. His 3-volume Whitehall Diary (1969, 1971) threw much light on politics "behind the scenes", including the Irish Treaty, the 1926 General Strike, the Cliveden Set, and so on.When Baldwin became Prime Minister in 1923, he decided to retain <mask> as Deputy Secretary, telling him on the day he was appointed Premier: "I shall want you to hold my hand, Tom". Baldwin appreciated <mask>' value and they would remain friends for more than twenty years. During their first serious meeting, Baldwin expressed concern about the effects on Britain's commerce from the economic troubles in Europe. <mask> immediately focused the conversation on to the social consequences. Baldwin told <mask> in 1929:

I am a Tory P.M., surrounded with a Tory Cabinet, moving in Tory circles. You don't let me forget or ignore the whole range of ideas that normally I should never be brought up against if you were not in and out of this room. You supply the radium...you have such an extraordinary width of friendships in all classes, and so many interests that through you I do gather impressions of what is being thought by a number of significant people whose minds I should not know, at any rate so well, but for your help.I think every Tory P.M. ought to have someone like you about the place. A friend of many rich and influential people including the Astors, <mask> excelled at extracting money from rich people for worthwhile causes, notably adult education: he founded Coleg Harlech in Gwynedd in 1927, was secretary, trustee and chairman of the Pilgrim Trust from 1930, and was instrumental in the founding of Newbattle Abbey College in Midlothian in 1937. His contacts were useful in other situations too: for example, it was he who introduced <mask>, subject of the 2019 film <mask>, to Lloyd George. Later life
He was Chairman of Gregynog Press throughout its existence, and also helped set up CEMA, the Committee for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (forerunner of the Arts Council) as well as the Army Bureau of Current Affairs (designed to 'supply mental stimulant' to British troops during the Second World War). <mask> wrote the Dictionary of National Biography entries for three Prime Ministers: Lloyd George, Bonar Law and Baldwin. Towards the end of his life <mask> became President of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, as well as finally agreeing to become a Companion of Honour. He died in London on 15 October 1955.<mask>'s daughter, Eirene White, became a Labour politician and minister. Assessment

His biographer, Dr E. L. Ellis, claimed that <mask> was invaluable to Lloyd George in dealing with the trade unions and the Irish Question, along with dissuading Baldwin from taking revenge in the aftermath of the General Strike. He "was on the side of light...A passionate belief in moderation and compromise" was central to <mask>. Ellis also claims that <mask>'s philanthropy was matchless amongst his contemporaries: "he was the incarnation of public-spiritedness". Ellis called <mask>, with Lloyd George and Aneurin Bevan, "the three greatest Welshmen in public life" in the twentieth century. The military historian Correlli Barnett in his history of Britain's international relations in the interwar period, called <mask> "a man of simplicity and naivete remarkable in politics even for that age". Works
A Theme with Variations (1933)
Rhymney Memories (1938)
Cerrig Milltir (1942)
Leeks and Daffodils (1942)
The Native Never Returns (1946)
Welsh Broth (1950)
Lloyd George (1951)
The Gregynog Press (1954)
A Diary with Letters 1931–1950 (1954)
Whitehall Diaries, Vol I and II (1969)
Whitehall Diaries, Vol III (1971)

Offices held

Notes

References

External links

 Photos and outline biography
 <mask> entry in Who's Who
 Thomas <mask> entry in the Dictionary of National Biography
 <mask> entry in the Dictionary of Welsh Biography, by Ben Bowen <mask>
 Comments on TJ by AJ Sylvester
 Dr <mask> CH papers at the National Library of Wales - 311 volumes
 Welsh Political Icons - Dr <mask> CH

1870 births
1955 deaths
Civil servants in the Cabinet Office
Founders of Welsh schools and colleges
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
People associated with Aberystwyth University
People educated at Lewis School, Pengam
People from Rhymney

masks:
Thomas Jones
Jones
Thomas Jones
David Benjamin Jones
Mary Ann Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Gareth Jones
Mr Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Thomas Jones
Jones
Thomas Jones
Thomas
Thomas Jones
Thomas Jones


title: William Julius Eggeling

texts:
Dr <mask>Joe) Eggeling FRSE (18 July 1909 in Upper Largo, Fife – 10 February 1994 in Perth) was a Scottish-born forester, botanist, and naturalist. Eggeling was a dominant figure in the Uganda Forest Department in the 1930s and 1940s, and played an important role in nature conservation in Scotland during the 1950s and 1960s. Life

'Joe' Eggeling was born the son of a doctor in Upper Largo in Fife. When seven years old and enrolled at Kirkton of Largo Parish School, he was bed-ridden for 18 months with tuberculosis of the hip. Despite this initial set back he rose to a distinguished career. Following St Mary's Preparatory School in Melrose, where he was Vice-Captain, Dux and Victor Ludorum, his schooling was completed at Giggleswick in Yorkshire. At the University of Edinburgh he graduated with a BSc in Forestry, and was awarded the Younger Medal in Practical Forestry, and three class medals for Indian and Colonial forestry, and forest mycology.In 1930-31 he attended the Colonial Service Postgraduate Course in Forestry at the University of Oxford. Despite his educational focus on India, he joined the Uganda Forest Department in 1931, becoming Assistant Conservator. In the days preceding environmental sensitivity he arranged for the draining of a large papyrus swamp near Kampala in order to establish plantations of Eucalyptus for use as fuel. He regarded this as an opportunity to study the swamp vegetation and published the first of many works, "The Vegetation of Namanve Swamp, Uganda" in the Journal of Ecology in 1935. At that time the government of Uganda had been stable for 40 years, with an economy based largely on coffee and cotton. The forests were regarded as just another resource to exploit. Eggeling was a leading figure in the survey of the natural forests of Uganda, and his management plan for the Budongo Forest in Bunyoro was seen as a milestone in tropical forestry.He gathered his accumulated experience in a revised edition of "Forestry in Uganda", the manual for trainees at the Uganda Forest School - this was one of the pioneer textbooks in African forestry. By 1939 Eggeling had collected some 3800 specimens for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the British Museum (Natural History). The publication of his book The Indigenous Trees of Uganda in 1940 led to his being awarded a PhD from the University of Edinburgh. He supplied a large number of snake specimens to Charles Pitman, author of The Snakes of Uganda. During Gibson Guitar Corporation, in addition to his normal forestry duties, Eggeling managed the collecting of wild rubber by teams of workers spread throughout Uganda. In 1945 he succeeded Norman Brasnett as Head of the Ugandan Forest Department. Having placed forestry in Uganda on a sound footing by 1950, he was transferred to Tanganyika to do the same.The Forest Department had suffered from years of neglect and underfunding, and the Governor, Sir Edward Twining co-opted Eggeling to reorganise the Forest Department. He spent from 1950-54 doing so and gave the Forest Department an efficient staff structure and created a serviceable organisation. In 1954 Eggeling retired from the Colonial Forest Service and returned to the United Kingdom, where he wrote and lectured on East Africa, and became a member of the advisory council of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Returning to Scotland in 1955, he became the Conservation Officer for Scotland, helping to establish and assisting in the management of many of the National Nature Reserves, which later formed part of the Scottish Natural Heritage. In 1965, he produced the first checklist of plants for the island of Rùm. Drawing on his forestry training he developed a management plan for National Nature Reserves which was subsequently adopted throughout the UK. His management plan for Rùm became a prototype of its kind, and was published in the first volume of the Journal of Applied Ecology in 1964.His love and experience of ornithology and botany earned him respect among naturalists, and he became a popular figure in the voluntary conservation movement. Eggeling helped to found the Scottish Wildlife Trust in 1964 and became vice-president. He was also a Member of Council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Chairman of its Scottish Advisory Committee, and President of the Scottish Ornithologist Club between 1966–69. He had an enduring interest in birds, was an enthusiastic bird-ringer, studying their migration. In 1967 he became Vice-Chairman of the Nature Reserves Committee of Northern Ireland, and in 1968 succeeded Dr Berry as Director (Scotland) of the Nature Conservancy. On retiring in 1970 he was elected a member of the Countryside Commission for Scotland, and was created a CBE in 1972. After 19 years in Anstruther, where his wife's parents had retired, he and his wife moved to Dunkeld in 1973.He died in Perth. Botanical referencing

The orchid genus Eggelingia commemorates his name. Family
In 1939 he married Jessie Elizabeth Tothill (d.1988), daughter of Dr John Douglas Tothill (1888-1969), CMG, Director of Agriculture in the Sudan, who had filled a similar post in Uganda. Jessie accompanied her husband on most of his trips in Africa, and thereafter in the UK, raising a family of three daughters and two sons. Publications
The Vegetation of Namanve Swamp, Uganda (1935)
Fifteen Uganda timbers (1939)
The Indigenous Trees of Uganda (1940)
An annotated list of the grasses of the Uganda Protectorate (1942)
Elementary forestry: A first textbook for forest rangers (1949)
The Indigenous Trees of the Uganda Protectorate (1951)
Forestry in Tanganyika, 1946-50 (1951)
The Isle of May (1960)
Checklist of plants on Rùm
When I was Younger: A Forest Officer's Memories of Uganda in the Thirties (1987)

External links
Obituary: Joe Eggeling - "The Independent"

References

Scottish botanists
Scottish naturalists
Scottish foresters
1909 births
1994 deaths
Colonial Forest Service officers
Uganda Protectorate people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century British botanists
20th-century naturalists