title: Tidjane Thiam

texts:
<mask> (; born 29 July 1962) is a French and Ivorian businessman, and the executive chairman of Freedom Acquisition Corp. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020. He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009, and then its CEO until 2015. In 2019, <mask> became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast, he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship. He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986, where he worked until 1994. From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies (BNETD).Following the 1999 Ivorian coup d'état, he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002, then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential. In 2020, Thiam was appointed by the shareholders of the Kering Foundation to become part of the board of directors, as well as to take the position as Chair of the Audit Committee. Early life and education

Thiam was born in the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) on 29 July 1962. He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast. On his mother’s side, he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso, after whom the capital of Côte d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro, is named. Thiam's mother, Marietou, was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the founder and first President of Côte d'Ivoire (known for the quote "People are surprised that I like gold. It's just that I was born in it").His father, Amadou <mask>, a journalist, was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte d'Ivoire in 1947. He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence. Tidjane’s uncle, Habib <mask>, was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly. In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris. In 1984, he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class. In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme' in Paris. He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 (Dean's list).In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Bank's Young Professionals Program in Washington, D.C. He returned to McKinsey in 1990, working first in New York City and then in Paris. Government career
In December 1993, the first Ivorian President, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié. In April 1994, at the request of the new President, Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development (BNETD), an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff, reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister. In that role, which had cabinet rank, he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee, in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets. In August 1998, in addition to his role at the BNETD, where he became chairman, Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development.In his years in Côte d'Ivoire, Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development. He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant (nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world, the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge, whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup. One of the first actions of the new President, Alassane Ouattara, in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam, with the same promoters. Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw, between 1994 and 1999, Côte d'Ivoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone, services, electric power generation, airports, railways and many companies in the agricultural sector. In 1998, the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow, and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet. In December 1999, whilst Thiam was abroad, the Ivorian military seized control of the government. Thiam returned to the country, where he was arrested and held for several weeks.General Guéï, the new head of state, offered him the position of chief of staff, but he declined and left the country in early 2000. Prudential

On returning to Europe, Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris, becoming one of the leaders of the company's financial institutions practice. In 2002 he joined Aviva, initially as group strategy and development director, then as managing director of Aviva International, chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director, sitting on the plc board. In January 2007, after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva, Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group. Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc. In March 2009, Thiam was named chief executive, effective from October, after Mark Tucker chose to step down. The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company.His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015. After he became chief executive, Prudential launched a bid for AIA, the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG. A public battle ensued, with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay. The bid eventually failed, after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid. AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price. <mask> came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid, partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid. However, he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote.The company's performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011, Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010, with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent, while in its full-year results for 2013, Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion, up 17 per cent from the year before. In March 2013, the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO, Thiam, for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner. Credit Suisse

Thiam was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company, Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015. An hour after his appointment was announced, the company stock increased by 7.5%. During his first two years, he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs. His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017. His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017, however it was reduced after shareholder backlash.From 2016 to 2019, Under Thiam, Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn (€113.7bn), and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit (+15%) for four years in a row, from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019. In March 2018, Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating: "We've been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done... There's no way to clean up the past, given the legacy we have, without generating losses. We have profitable operations of the company." Resignation
In September 2019, he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan, a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS. Khan, Credit Suisse's former head of Wealth Management, accused Thiam of sending spies after him. The two, who were also neighbors, were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on.In October 2019, Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance. The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Pierre-Olivier Bouée (the Credit Suisse COO at that time), not Thiam, had independently made the call to follow Khan. Bouée resigned, although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank. Credit Suisse's head of global security also resigned. On February 7, 2020, <mask> <mask> resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal. In a statement, Thiam said: "I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues. It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt.I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place," Thiam said in the statement. The Credit Suisse's Board accepted Thiam's resignation through a unanimous vote. The IOC stated that the scandal would not affect his position in the Olympic Movement and therefore it would not affect his membership in the IOC, which is to remain until Thiam reaches the mandatory retirement age of 70.

International development

In October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute, which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance. Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies. In 2012, the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs, Justice, and Equity. In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20's High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment.Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010, the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies. The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011. In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future”, a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts. The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent, particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Minister's Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investment's Business Ambassadors. In November 2020, Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited. In early 2021, he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers.Awards and honors

<mask> was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3, 2012, and October 1, 2014. Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum. He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009. In 2007, Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association. In 2009, he was nominated as one of "50 Alumni who changed the world" as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates. He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist, which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK. In July 2011, Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years.In 2013, he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie, organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique, in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. In July 2018, business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam "Banker of the Year 2018", citing his "radical three-year plan" that had "reinvented" Credit Suisse. Personal life
Tidjane was married to Annette Anthony <mask>, an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden, and they have two sons. Tidjane's eldest son Bilal <mask> died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24. Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015, and divorced in 2016. A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France, he speaks English, French, and German fluently. References

1962 births
INSEAD alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Commission for Africa members
Ivorian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Prudential plc
French chief executives
International Olympic Committee members

masks:
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title: Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete

type: original

texts:
<mask> (October 21, 1856 – June 2, 1920) was born in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico, the son of <mask>ida and <mask>. He had two younger sisters, Maria Gertrudis and Maria Benita Virginia. According to his baptismal certificate, dated October 27, 1856, he  was called <mask>. He grew up in a very religious family, and at the age of thirteen, support by his uncle, <mask>, he entered the Pontifical Latin American College in Rome. During the thirteen years that he lived in Europe doing his ecclesiastical studies, he visited museums, ruins and ancient monuments, and he observed archeological digs. Education and priesthood
In 1880 Plancarte became a young priest, outstanding in ancient and modern languages (Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, French and Italian), a brilliant student of philosophy and theology, doctor of Canon Law, music connoisseur, historian, and archaeologist. On his return to Mexico, he immediately began directing the College of San Luis in Jacona, Michoacan, a school that <mask> y Labastida had founded, and later he became a professor at the seminary in Maexico City.He made excavations in Michoacán, in the Federal District, in Morelos and elsewhere; He collected objects that were classified and formed a collection of 2,800 pieces, exhibited today in the National Museum of Anthropology as the Plancarte Collection. Along with Vicente Riva Palacio and <mask> <mask> Troncoso, he took the collection to Madrid and exhibited it at the Columbian Exposition held in 1892. First bishop of Campeche
On September 17, 1895, he was appointed by Pope Leo XIII first Bishop of Campeche. He was consecrated in Rome by the Cardinal Vannutelli. According to historian Aarón Enrique Pérez Durán, in Plancarte's first pastoral letter as Bishop of Campeche, signed on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1896, in Rome, he confesses how he had his first approaches with Campeche, with its Mayan heritage, with the courage of those generations that fought against the conquerors or fought heroically against the pirates. He mentions how he learned about Pedro Sainz de Baranda <mask>, who defeated a Spanish convoy when it sieged Fort San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz in 1825. Plancarte writes about the prosperous maritime trade, and about the men of science who were trained in the Campechan schools, which made him fall in love with Campeche even before the Pope appointed him bishop.<mask> assumed his duties as head of the diocese on November 26, 1896. While in Campeche, Plancarte continued his archaeological studies. He formed a second collection of ancient Mexican objects, similar to those of the first, among them a large, beautiful jade glass; he visited and studied Yucatan ruins and descended to the depths of a cenote. While in Madrid he was named a knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic. Second Bishop of Cuernavaca
Two years later in November 1898, <mask> was recommended as the second Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos. Upon his transfer to Cuernavaca, he founded the College of Santa Inés and Santa Cecilia, the Official Gazette and the "Ecclesiastical Magazine". He was an active participant in the Latin American Plenary Council where he served as official rapporteur.In Morelos, Plancarte continued his archaeological studies. He writes about how he found archaeological pieces "on the Hacienda of Zacatepec and in my own backyard [the cathedral garden, which is now Revolution Park]... in Cuernavaca, in Teposltlan (sic)... all over the state of Morelos. In 1909 he published Apuntes para la geografía del Estado de Morelos (Notes about the geography of the State of Morelos), and in 1911 he published Tamoanchán: el estado de Morelos y el principio de la civilización en México (Tamoanchán: the state of Morelos and the beginning of civilization in Mexico). The latter drew upon both Plancarte's studies and upon the chronicles of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún; in it, he concludes that Tamoanchan, the mythological cradle of civilization in Mexico, is located in the modern state of Morelos in south-central Mexico. With the 1911 publication of Tamoanchan, Plancarte developed a rich ethnography; he also established a museum with valuable archaeological samples, much of which was lost during the Mexican Revolution. In addition, he built an astronomical observatory in La Casa de la Torre, which is the Robert <mask> Museum today. Fourth Archbishop of Linares-Monterrey
On November 30, 1911, Pope Pius X promoted Plancarte to the Archdiocese of Monterrey, and he moved there on May 5, 1912.Despite setbacks such as the destruction of the San Francisco church and the Convent of San Andrés in Monterrey and a typhoid epidemic, he developed great pastoral action, created new parishes and cared for the formation of seminarians, sending some to study in Rome. Because of the conflicts of the Carrancista revolution, he left Monterrey and lived in Chicago for four years. He took advantage of the exile to write his books on prehistory and protohistory of Mexico. When he returned to Monterrey in 1919 he became a founding member of the Mexican Academy of History. Due to diabetes, his health declined and he died in Monterrey on June 2, 1920. Works published
 Apuntes para la geografía del Estado de Morelos, (1909). Tamoanchán: el estado de Morelos y el principio de la civilización en México, (1911).Colección de documentos inéditos y raros para la historia eclesiástica mexicana. <mask> y Labastida, abad de Santa María de Guadalupe: su vida, sacada principalmente de sus escritos, (1914). Prehistoria de México, (posthumous, 1923). Legacy
Although archaeologists today reject most of Plancarte's ideas about the ulmecas (Olmecs) and Tamoanchan, Lucía Martínez Moctezuma and Carlos Capistrán, writing in inventio: La genesis de la cultura universitario de Morelos (March, 2009), note, "The ideas of Plancarte and Navarrete left their mark on the imaginary of the first generations of Morelos. In different works written during the twentieth century you can see its use." They point out that Salvador Rojas (Elementos de geografía e historia del estado de Morelos, (1931)) [Elements of geography and history of the state of Morelos] references Plancarte, as do a Morelos state monograph from 1961, a 1985 state monograph published for sixth grade teachers, Somos Morelenses (We are Morelenses), and the official 1991 textbook for elementary school students, Morelos: nieve en la cima, fuego en el cañaveral (Morelos: Snow at the summit, Fire in the cane fields). Martinez and Capistran conclude that, "Although almost one hundred years have elapsed since the publication of [Plancarte's] studies in his textbooks and in his Tamoánchan, and despite the postrevolutionary attempts to break with the legacy of the Porfirian cultural elite, his ideas remain valid at least in the Morelense cultural imaginary."A virtual library called “Mons. Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete” was opened on July 2, 2020 in the Museo Arquidiocesano del Arte Sacro (Archdiocese Museum of Sacred Art) (MAAS) at the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey. The library consists of 6,001 books over 100 years old, covering theology, literature, history, law, canon law, language teaching, engineering, and other areas. In addition to Latin and Spanish, there are books in other languages, such as Nahuatl. See also
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Campeche
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca
 List of people from Morelos, Mexico

References

External links
 onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu Plancarte y Navarrete

People from Campeche
People from Morelos
Clergy from Monterrey
1856 births
1920 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Mexico
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Mexico
Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia

masks:
Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete
Jesus Plancarte Labast
Maria de los Angeles Navarrete
José Francisco Hilarión
Antonio Plancarte y Labastida
Plancarte
Francisco del
Paso y
y Borreiro
Plancarte
Plancarte
Brady
Antonio Plancarte


title: Dou Chong

texts:
<mask> ( 368–394) was a Di military general and ruler of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. <mask> rose to prominence after the Battle of Feishui in 383, remaining loyal to Fu Jian after most of Qin's generals had betrayed the state and becoming a key general. <mask> continued his service with Qin under Fu Pi and Fu Deng, but by 393, despite receiving much favour from Fu Deng, he rebelled and declared himself the King of Qin. <mask>'s Qin only lasted for a year before he was defeated and captured by Later Qin. Service under Fu Jian
Dou Chong was an ethnic Di from Wudu. It is not known when <mask> specifically joined Fu Jian, but he first appeared in the records in 368, during the rebellion of Fu Liu (苻柳), Fu Shuang (苻雙), Fu Sou (苻廋) and Fu Wu (苻武). <mask> was serving as the General of the Forbidden Guards of the Left at the time and participated in quelling the rebellion by leading cavalries.In 380, Fu Jian's cousin, Fu Luo, rebelled against him in Helong (和龍, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning). Fu Jian sent <mask> <mask> and Lü Guang to campaign against them. <mask> <mask> fought Fu Luo at Zhongshan, where he greatly routed and captured him. <mask> <mask> sent Fu Luo back to the capital, while Lü Guang defeated Fu Luo's remaining followers. Before the Battle of Feishui in 383, Fu Jian appointed Yao Chang as Prancing Dragon General. Fu Jian jokingly said to him, "Before, I established my rule as the General Longxiang. I do not easily confer this title on others.You should take good care of the title." However, <mask> <mask> objected to his playful comment, telling him, "Kings should not joke, this is an ominous sign." Fu Jian made no reply. The Battle of Feishui ended in disaster for Fu Jian, and Former Qin began to fall apart. As the state disintergrated, <mask> <mask> remained by Fu Jian's side, serving under Fu Jian's son Fu Rui (苻叡) as his chief clerk. In 384, he helped Fu Rui in his campaign against Murong Hong but was later given personal command by Fu Jian to defeat Hong's brother, Murong <mask> at Pingyang, who had also rebelled. <mask> <mask> defeated Murong <mask> at Hedong, causing Murong <mask> to abandon his infantry and flee to his brother.In the middle of 384, <mask> <mask> feigned surrender to the Jin dynasty. The Jin court appointed <mask> <mask> as a general but shortly after his appointment, he defected back to Qin and invaded Hanzhong. The Jin administrators, Huangfu Zhao (皇甫釗) and Zhou Xun (周勳) surrendered three counties of Baxi (巴西; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) to Dou, and Jin's Inspector of Liangzhou, Zhou Qiong (周瓊) had little troops to resist them. Qiong asked the Inspector of Yuzhou, Zhu Xu for help, so Zhu sent Huangfu Zhen (皇甫貞; not to be confused with Former Yan's Huangfu Zhen) to assist him. The two drove <mask> <mask> back to the east of Chang'an while both Huangfu Zhao and Zhou Xun were killed. The following month, Fu Jian led a campaign north against Yao Chang, who had broke away and formed his state of Later Qin. With <mask> <mask> serving as General of the Left, Fu Jian camped at Fort Zhaoshi (趙氏塢; in present-day Tongchuan, Shaanxi) and defeated Yao Chang numerous times.Dou and his contemporaries also built a weir to cut off Yao Chang's water supply. Yao Chang's men were dying of thirst, so in desperation, he sent his brother, Yao Yinmai (姚尹買), to destroy the weir. However, <mask> <mask> attacked and beheaded Yinmai, inflicting Later Qin with 13,000 casualties. Yao Chang's army was on the brink of collapse but was saved when a storm occurred to replenish their water. In early 385, the former emperor of Former Yan and also Murong Hong's brother, Murong Wei, apologized to Fu Jian for the actions of his brothers. In reality, this was a ruse to let his guard down and assassinate him. One of the conspirators involved was Tu Xian (突賢), who had a sister that happened to be <mask> Chong's concubine.The two did not get along with each other, and with knowledge of the plot, Tu Xian's sister revealed to <mask> <mask> of Murong Wei's intentions. <mask> <mask> immediately notified Fu Jian about it, and when it was revealed that Murong Wei had already got the Xianbei citizens in Chang'an involved in the scheme, Fu Jian executed Murong Wei and massacred the Xianbei in the city. In 385, Murong <mask> sent his general Gao Gai (高蓋) to attack Chang'an. Gao Gai attacked during the night to catch the defenders by surprise, but <mask> <mask> and others routed him, killing around 800 of Murong <mask>'s soldiers. There was lack of ration and widespread hunger in Chang'an at the time, so <mask> <mask> and the generals ordered for the bodies of dead enemies to be carved up and used as food. Service under Fu Pi and Fu Deng
Chang'an eventually fell to Murong <mask>, while Fu Jian was captured and killed by Yao Chang in 385. News of his son, Fu Pi ascending the throne took a while to reach his family members and generals.Once it reached <mask> <mask>, he quickly occupied Zichuan (兹川; southeast of Chang'an), where he gathered thousands of followers under his command. <mask> <mask> then submitted to Fu Pi, and he and the other loyalists sent their messengers to Fu Pi asking him to lead a joint attack against Later Qin. Fu Pi appointed <mask> <mask> as Governor of Liangzhou, and in mid-386, <mask> <mask>, along with Deng Jing (鄧景), attacked front and rear against Later Qin's Prefect of Pingliang, Jin Xi (金熙). After Fu Pi was killed in 386, a distant relative of his, Fu Deng, succeeded him. Following the succession, <mask> <mask> was made Governor of Southern Qinzhou and Grand General of Chariot and Cavalry. Not long after, <mask> <mask> attacked Later Qin, capturing the cities of Qiancheng (汧城; present-day Long County, Shaanxi) and Yongcheng (雍城; present-day Fengxiang District, Shaanxi) and killing the generals, Yao Yuanping (姚元平) and Zhang Lue (張略). Dou pressed on east from Yongcheng to fight Yao Chang, but was defeated.In 389, after Fu Deng was forced back into Fort Hukong (胡空堡; in modern day Xianyang, Shaanxi) by Yao Chang, Fu Deng had <mask> <mask> promoted to Grand Marshal, Chief Controller of Longdong (隴東, roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Governor of Yongzhou. He then ordered Dou to advance from Fanchuan (繁川; in modern day Xi'an, Shaanxi) to Later Qin's Chang'an to serve as the vanguard in capturing the city. In 391, Fu Deng attacked Chang'an but was once again defeated by Yao Chang. <mask> <mask> reached his highest position in Qin in 392, as Fu Deng made him his Prime Minister of the Left. <mask> <mask> then shifted his base to Huayin. From there, he attacked Jin's Administrator of Pingyang (平陽; in modern Linfen, Shanxi), Zhang Yuanxi (張元熙), at Huangtian Castle (皇天塢). However, he was repelled at Hucheng (湖城; present-day Lingbao City, Henan) by Yang Quanqi.As King of Qin
Despite the promotions that Fu Deng had given him, <mask> <mask> was still discontent and wanted to become Prince of Tianshui. Fu Deng refused to give him such a title, which irritated Dou. By the middle of 393, <mask> <mask>'s patience had waned, resulting in him rebelling and declaring himself the King of Qin, thus challenging Fu Deng's claimant. <mask> <mask> also went as far as to changing the reign era title to the first year of Yuanguang (元光). Fu Deng responded to <mask> <mask>'s declaration by attacking him at Fort Yeren (野人堡, in modern Pucheng County, Shaanxi), <mask> <mask> asked Later Qin for aid, and at the advice of Yin Wei, Yao Chang sent his son Yao Xing to help him. Yao Xing attacked Fu Deng's vulnerable defences at Fort Hukong, forcing Fu Deng to lift his siege against <mask> <mask>. Fu Deng was then ambushed and routed by Yao Xing, sparing <mask> <mask> from another attack from Former Qin.The following year in 394, the Later Qin generals Qiang Xi (強熙) and Qiang Duo (強多) revolted against their state and acclaimed <mask> <mask> as their leader. Yao Xing, now Later Qin's emperor, personally campaigned against <mask> <mask> and the rebels. Qiang Duo's nephew, Qiang Liangguo (強良國), killed Qiang Duo and submitted back to Yao Xing. Qiang Duo's death caused alarm among the rebels, leading to Qiang Xi and <mask> <mask> fleeing and parting ways. <mask> <mask> reached Qianchuan but a Di leader named Chou Gao (仇高) arrested him and sent him to Yao Xing. <mask> <mask>'s cousin, <mask> Tong (竇統) surrendered their troops to Yao Xing, ending <mask> <mask>'s state of Qin. Historical records fail to provide information as to what happened to <mask> <mask> following his capture.References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Cui, Hong (501-522). Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms (Shiliuguo Chunqiu)

Former Qin generals
Former Qin prime ministers
Sixteen Kingdoms rulers

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Dou Chong
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title: Ray Horton

texts:
<mask> (born April 12, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He played college football at Washington and was drafted in the second round of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals. Early years
In 1978, <mask> graduated early from Mount Tahoma High School in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a prep All-American. In 1999, he was named to the second-team defense of the Washington High-School Football Team Of The Century by the Seattle Times newspaper. College career
<mask> accepted a football scholarship from the University of Washington, where he played as a cornerback and special teams from 1980 to 1982 after a redshirt year. As a sophomore, he started 9 games. As a junior, he was a first-team All-Pac 10 selection and honorable-mention All-American.In his last year, he started 9 games, missing 3 contests with an ankle injury (where he was replaced by Vince Newsome). He finished as a three-year starter with 10 career interceptions, 22 passes defensed, including 14 (school record) in 1981 and played in two Rose Bowls. He was also one of the top punt returners in the nation. Professional career

Cincinnati Bengals
<mask> was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round (53rd overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft. He also was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the third round (25th overall) of the 1983 USFL Draft. <mask> decided to sign with the Bengals. He earned the job as a starting cornerback with Cincinnati by the second game of the season (5 starts), finishing with a franchise rookie record 5 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown.The next year, <mask> was named the regular starter at right cornerback after the retirement of Ken Riley, posting 66 tackles and 3 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown. In 1986, he was passed on the depth chart by rookie Lewis Billups and was moved to the nickel back role, making 55 tackles and one interception as the Bengals barely missed the playoffs despite finishing 10-6. In 1987, <mask> started 8 games, while replacing an injured Louis Breeden, tallying 53 tackles. In 1988, he was moved to safety and played mainly nickel back. He recorded 26 tackles, 3 interceptions and one sack as the Bengals won their second AFC Championship. In Super Bowl XXIII, after being up 13–6 over the San Francisco 49ers at the beginning of the fourth quarter, driving from the Bengals 10-yard line, quarterback Joe Montana threw a pass towards Billups that he dropped in the end zone. On the next play, the 49ers scored a touchdown, tying the game at 13.Towards the game's conclusion, Montana threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to John Taylor who was being covered by <mask>, for a 20–16 lead with 34 seconds left and the eventual championship. He also was the team's punt returner during the game. Dallas Cowboys
On March 14, 1989, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> as a Plan B free agent with the intention of playing him at safety. He was named the starting free safety, helping anchor the secondary and calling the defensive signals. He collected 116 tackles (second on the team), 8 passes defensed (second on the team), 2 forced fumbles (led the team), one interception and one sack. In 1990, he sprained his left knee in the fourth game against the New York Giants, that forced him to miss one contest and slowed him the rest of the season. He posted 69 tackles, 6 passes defensed, one interception and 4 fumble recoveries.In 1991, he finished third on the team in tackles (105), recorded 8 passes defensed, one interception and scored in back-to-back games: a fumble return in a 21-16 win against the New York Giants and a 65-yard interception return in a 20–17 win over the Green Bay Packers. He became the first player in franchise history to score a defensive touchdown in back-to-back games and the third player (Jim Ridlon, 1964 and Larry Cole, 1968) ever to have 2 defensive touchdowns in the same season. In 1992, he started the first 7 games before tearing his right ACL (he chose not to have surgery) and missing 4 games. He was replaced with James Washington who took over the starting job. He still was able to be part of the championship team in Super Bowl XXVII. <mask> was released on June 1, 1993, with the Cowboys looking to give more opportunities to Washington and Darren Woodson. He finished his career with 19 interceptions, 11 fumble recoveries, 3 sacks and 5 defensive touchdowns.Coaching career

<mask> began his coaching career in 1994 as a defensive assistant with the Washington Redskins. He was hired by Norv Turner, who knew him from Dallas where Turner was an offensive coordinator. <mask> was the defensive backs coach for the Bengals (1997–2001) and the Detroit Lions (2002–03). He was the assistant defensive backs coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 2004 to 2006, before being promoted to defensive backs coach in 2007. On February 9, 2011, <mask> was named defensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals. In 2013, Arizona head coach Ken Whisenhunt was fired, though <mask> was initially retained and considered for promotion to head coach. On January 17, 2013, <mask> was passed over for the promotion in favor of his former fellow Pittsburgh assistant Bruce Arians, leading to his prompt departure from Arizona.On January 18, 2013, <mask> was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Cleveland Browns. On January 18, 2014, <mask> agreed to become the defensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans. Browns coach Hue Jackson hired <mask> to be the Browns defensive coordinator going into the 2016 season. After a single season, <mask> was fired by the Browns on January 7, 2017. He was hired as the Redskins' defensive backs coach on January 24, 2019. References

1960 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Cincinnati Bengals players
Cleveland Browns coaches
Dallas Cowboys players
Detroit Lions coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Tennessee Titans coaches
Washington Huskies football players
Washington Redskins coaches
Players of American football from Tacoma, Washington

masks:
Raymond Anthony Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
Horton
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Ray Horton
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title: Gregory of Tours

texts:
<mask> of <mask> (30 November  538 – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours, which made him a leading prelate of the area that had been previously referred to as Gaul by the Romans. He was born Georgius Florentius and later added the name Gregorius in honour of his maternal great-grandfather. He is the primary contemporary source for Merovingian history. His most notable work was his Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories), better known as the Historia Francorum (History of the Franks), a title that later chroniclers gave to it, but he is also known for his accounts of the miracles of saints, especially four books of the miracles of Martin of Tours. St. Martin's tomb was a major pilgrimage destination in the 6th century, and St. <mask>'s writings had the practical effect of promoting this highly organized devotion. Biography
<mask> was born in Clermont, in the Auvergne region of central Gaul. He was born into the upper stratum of Gallo-Roman society as the son of Florentius, Senator of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of Bishop Nicetius of Lyon and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, and Saint <mask> of Langres.<mask> had several noted bishops and saints as close relatives (his family effectively monopolised the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of his birth), and, according to <mask>, he was connected to thirteen of the eighteen bishops of Tours preceding him by ties of kinship. <mask>'s paternal grandmother, Leocadia, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the illustrious martyr of Lyon. His father evidently died while <mask> was young and his widowed mother moved to Burgundy where she had property. <mask> went to live with his paternal uncle St. Gallus, Bishop of Clermont), under whom, and his successor St. Avitus, <mask> had his education. <mask> also received the clerical tonsure from Gallus. Having contracted a serious illness, he made a visit of devotion to the tomb of St. Martin at Tours. Upon his recovery, he began to pursue a clerical career and was ordained deacon by Avitus.Upon the death of St. Euphronius, he was chosen as bishop by the clergy and people, who had been charmed with his piety, learning, and humility. Their deputies overtook him at the court of King Sigebert of Austrasia, and being compelled to acquiesce, though much against his will, <mask> was consecrated by Giles, Bishop of Rheims, on 22 August 573, at the age of thirty-four. He spent most of his career at Tours, although he assisted at the council of Paris in 577. The rough world he lived in was on the cusp of the dying world of Antiquity and the new culture of early medieval Europe. <mask> lived also on the border between the Frankish culture of the Merovingians to the north and the Gallo-Roman culture of the south of Gaul. At Tours, <mask> could not have been better placed to hear everything and meet everyone of influence in Merovingian culture. Tours lay on the watery highway of the navigable Loire.Five Roman roads radiated from Tours, which lay on the main thoroughfare between the Frankish north and Aquitania, with Spain beyond. At Tours the Frankish influences of the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south had their chief contact (see map). As the center for the popular cult of St Martin, Tours was a pilgrimage site, hospital, and a political sanctuary to which important leaders fled during periods of violence and turmoil in Merovingian politics. <mask> struggled through personal relations with four Frankish kings, Sigebert I, Chilperic I, Guntram, and Childebert II, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks. Works
<mask> wrote in Late Latin which departed from classical usage frequently in syntax and spelling with relatively few changes in inflection. History of the Franks

Summary
<mask> of Tours' history is a dense work, full of numerous narratives and characters. <mask>'s history contains Christian tales of miracles, descriptions of omens and natural events, stories of Christian martyrs, dialogues of church debates, lives of holy men, lives of the nobility, lives of eccentric peasants, frequent Bible verses and references, and complex international relations between numerous tribes and nations including  the Lombards, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Huns, not to mention <mask>'s personal biography and interpretation of events.Book 1
Begins with the a pronouncement by the author, the Bishop of Tours, of <mask>'s faith. That he is a Frankish Catholic clergyman  who follows the Nicene Creed, and abhors heresy like those of the “wicked” Arian sect among other heresies. The Narrative history begins with a brief epitome of the Biblical Old Testament and New Testament,  and the subsequent spread of the Christian Religion into Gaul. Next <mask> covers the history of Christianity in Gaul and some of the major events in Roman-Gallo relations. Book One ends with the death of Saint Martin of Tours in AD 397. Book 2 (AD 497-511)
Covers the beginnings of the Merovingian dynasty. Book Two ends with the death of King Clovis I in 511, after his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day France.Also narrated is Clovis's conversion to Christianity by his wife Clotilde. Book 3 (AD 511-548)
Follows the four male inheritors of King Clovis  who equally divide his realms at his death in AD 511. These four kings, Theodoric I, Lothar I, Childebert I, and Chlodomer, quarrel and fight for supremacy of the Frankish realm. Despite their disputes, the four brothers can occasionally work together against an outside threat, such as successful cooperation against the Burgundians in 523. Eventually Clothar becomes the most powerful King in the Frankish realm. Book Three ends with the death of king Theudebert I in 548. He is a grandson of Clovis and son to king Theodoric I, who died in 534 bequesting his kingdom to Theudebert.The kingdom after 548 falls to Theudebald until 555. Book 4 (AD 548-575)
The two remaining sons of Clovis die; King Childebert in 558 and King Clothar in 561. The last years of his life see the entire realm of the Franks ruled by Clothar. At the time of his demise in AD 561 (like Clovis before him), the Kingdom is divided equally between four sons of Clothar and again the kingly sons quarrel for control of the entire Kingdom. A truce between the brothers is maintained until after the death of King Charibert I (son of Clothar) in 567. Clothar's remaining sons, Kings Sigibert, Guntram, and Chilperic, fight for the supremacy of the kingdom, with King Sigibert showing the strongest military force. Book Four ends with the killing of King Sigbert in AD 575.<mask> of <mask> blames Fredegund, the wife of King Chilperic, for this assassination. The death leaves King Chilperic as the dominant king. Fredegund has long held a grudge against King Sigibert and his wife Brunhilda. Book 5 (AD 575-581)
This book begins the part of the narrative where the author (Bishop <mask> of Tours) has much personal knowledge about the events in the Frankish Kingdom. This book and the ones hereafter, are considerably longer and more detailed than previous, whilst covering a smaller amount of time. This book also contains <mask>'s impressions of ecclesiastical issues he saw in person and had some bearing on. This book describes a possible debate that <mask> had with a rival Arian church leader.Moreover, book 5 also introduces Childebert II, the son of recently slain King Sigibert, and of the still living Brunhilda. Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of King Gunthram, brother
and sometime rival of King Chilperic. Book 6 (AD 581-584)
The young Childebert betrays his alliance with his adoptive uncle King Gunthram, the king who had protected Childebert and his mother after his father Sigibert's death. Now Childebert forms an alliance with his uncle, King Chilperic, who had often been an enemy of King Sigibert. Later, King Chilperic is murdered under mysterious circumstances in AD 584. Book 7 (AD 584)
Fredegund assumes regency for her young son Clothar II. In the future Clothar will be king of all Franks until his death in 619, but that is beyond <mask>'s narrative which end in roughly AD 593.Fredegund and her son are under the protection of King Gunthram. She remains in power until her death in  AD 597. Also in this book is the rebellion of Gundovald and its failure. Gundovald claimed to be a lost illegitimate son of dead King Chlothar I. Many of the Frankish nobles and the Byzantine emperor Maurice gave some support to this rebellion; however, it is swiftly crushed by King Guntram. Book 8 (AD 585)
“Many evil things were done at this time” as <mask> writes in Book VIII. It begins with the travels of King Guntram to Paris and Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the king and some bishops.Meanwhile, king Guntram becomes ill and fears for his life. <mask> comments that the king's illness is a just punishment because he is planning to send a great number of bishops into exile. Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to two clerics and sends them away with the order to assassinate King Childebert and Brunehild. However, the two clerics are arrested by Childebert, tortured and executed. Meanwhile, Fredegund is also behind the assassination of bishop Praetextus of Rouen while he is praying in his church. King Guntram orders his army to march against Arian Septimania and Spain without success and blames his army commanders for having allowed atrocities and random destruction. Book 9 (AD 586-587)
The Treaty of Andelot is signed in AD 587 between King Guntram, Brunhilda, and King Childebert II.The treaty is a close pact of alliance, wherein Childebert is formally adopted as Guntram's heir. Brunhilda also formally allies  with Guntram and comes under his protection. Book 10 (AD 587-591)
Around 589, Basina the daughter of King Chilperic I and Clotilda, daughter of King Charibert lead a brief revolt from a nunnery. The 18 Bishops of Tours are named and described. Book Ten ends with a summary of <mask>'s previous written works. Analysis
The Historia Francorum is made up of ten books. Books I to IV initially recount the world's history from the Creation (as was traditional); but move quickly  on to the Christianization of Gaul, the life and times of Saint Martin of Tours, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Gaul under Clovis, and the more detailed history of the Frankish kings down to the death of Sigebert I in 575.At this date <mask> had been bishop of Tours for two years. With his fifth book, <mask> embarks (with some relief) on contemporary history, opening “Here, I am glad to say, begins Book V”. This, the second part of his history, books V and VI, closes with Chilperic I's death in 584. During the years that Chilperic held Tours, relations between him and <mask> were tense. After hearing rumours that the Bishop of Tours had slandered his wife, Fredegund, Chilperic had <mask> arrested and tried for treason – a charge which threatened both <mask>'s bishopric and his life. The most eloquent passage in the Historia  is the closing chapter of book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up unsympathetically through the use of an invective: Herod and Nero are among the comparisons employed. The third part, comprising books VII to X, takes his increasingly personal account to the year 591, and concludes with a plea for further chroniclers to preserve his work in entirety (as indeed would be done).An epilogue was written in 594, the year of <mask>'s death. Problems of interpretation

Readers of the Historia Francorum must decide whether this is a royal history and whether <mask> was writing to please his patrons. It is likely that one royal Frankish house is more generously treated than others. <mask> was also a Catholic bishop, and his writing reveals views typical of someone in his position. His views on perceived dangers of Arianism, still strong among the Visigoths, led him to preface the Historia with a detailed expression of his orthodoxy on the nature of Christ. In addition, his ridiculing of pagans and Jews reflected how his works were used to spread the Christian faith. For example, in book 2, chapters 28–31, he describes the pagans as incestuous and weak and then describes the process by which newly converted King Clovis leads a much better life than that of a pagan and is healed of all the conundrums he experienced as a pagan.<mask>'s education was the standard Latin one of Late Antiquity, focusing on Virgil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other key texts such as Orosius's Chronicles, which his Historia continues, and Sallust; he refers to all these works in his own. His education, as was typical for the time, did not extend to a broad acquaintance with the pagan classics,   but rather progressed to mastery of the Vulgate Bible. It is said that he constantly complained about his use of grammar. He did not understand how to correctly write masculine and feminine phrases, reflecting either a lack of ability or changes in the Latin language.

masks: Gregory Tours Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Tours Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


title: Gregory of Tours

texts:
 Though he had read Virgil, considered the greatest Latin stylist, he cautions that "We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death." By contrast, he seems to have thoroughly studied the lengthy and complex Vulgate Bible, as well as numerous religious works and historical treatises, which he frequently quotes, particularly in the earlier books of the Historia. The main impression that historians once retained from the Historia focused on <mask>'s anecdotes about violence;   until recently, historians tended to conclude that Merovingian Gaul was a chaotic, brutal mess.Recent scholarship has refuted that view. Through more careful readings, scholars have concluded that <mask>'s underlying purpose was to highlight the vanity of secular life and contrast it with the miracles of the Saints. Though <mask> conveys political and other messages through the Historia, and these are studied very closely, historians now generally agree that this contrast is the central and ever-present narrative device. Hagiographies

His Life of the Fathers comprises twenty hagiographies of the most prominent men of the preceding generation, taking in a wide range the spiritual community of early medieval Gaul, including lives of bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, holy men and hermits. St. Illidius is praised for his purity of heart, St. Brachio the abbot for his discipline and determination in study of the scriptures, St Patroclus for his unwavering faith in the face of weakness, and St. Nicetius, bishop of Lyon, for his justice. It is the life of St. Nicetius of Trier, though, which dominates this book; his great authority and sense of episcopal responsibility  which is the focus of <mask>'s account as his figure, predestined to be great, bestrides the lives of the others. It is told that he felt a weight on his head, but he was unable to see what it was when turning around, though upon smelling its sweet scent he realised that it was the weight of episcopal responsibility.(Life of the Fathers, XVII, 1) He surmounts the others in the glory of his miracles, and was chosen by God to have the entire succession of past and future Frankish kings revealed to him. A further aspect of this work to note is the appearance of <mask> himself in certain sections, notably in the life of St. Leobardus. This is for two reasons: Firstly, it creates a distinct link between the temporal and the spiritual worlds, firmly placing the accounts of the lives in a world which is understandable and recognisable, or, seen from the other angle, confirming the presence of miracles in the temporal world. In 587, <mask> began writing the Book of the Glories of the Martyrs (Liber in gloria martyrum), which deals “almost exclusively with the miracles wrought in Gaul by the martyrs of the Roman persecutions.” But it also tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage to India and reported the existence of a large monastery where the body of Thomas the Apostle was first interred and where miracles took place. Fighting heresy

<mask>'s avowed aim in writing this book was to "fire others with that enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed to heaven", though this was not his sole purpose, and he most surely did not expect his entire audience to show promise of such piety as to witness the power of God flowing through them in the way that it did for the fathers. More immediate concerns were at the forefront of his mind as he sought to create a further layer of religious commitment, not only to the Church at Rome, but to local churches and cathedrals throughout Gaul. Along with his other books, notably the Glory of the Confessors, the Glory of the Martyrs and the Life of St. Martin, meticulous attention is paid to the local as opposed to the universal Christian experience.Within these grandiloquent lives are tales and anecdotes which tie miracles, saints and their relics to a great diversity of local areas, furnishing his audience with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the work of God in their immediate vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with and understanding of their faith. Attacks on heresy also appear throughout his hagiographies, and Arianism is taken to be the common face of heresy across Europe, exposed to great ridicule. Often, the scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy (Glory of the Martyrs, 79, 80) focus on images of fire and burning, whilst the Catholics are proved right by the protection lavished on them by God. This was of great relevance to <mask> himself as he presided over the important see of Tours, where extensive use was made of the cult of St. Martin in establishing the authority of the bishopric with the congregation and in the context of the Frankish church. <mask>'s hagiography was an essential component of this. However, this should not be seen as a selfish grab for power on behalf of the bishops who emerge so triumphantly from the Life of the Fathers, but rather as a bid for hegemony of doctrine and control over the practice of worship, which they believed to be in the best interests of their congregation and the wider church. <mask>'s Creed
As an example of <mask>'s zeal in his fight against heresy, the Historia Francorum includes a declaration of faith with which <mask> aimed to prove his orthodoxy with respect to the heresies of his time ("so that my reader may have no doubt that I am Catholic for they are.").The confession is in many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian heresy. Thus <mask>'s creed presents, in the negative, a virtual litany of heresies:

Legacy

The Historia Francorum is the most important source for early Frankish history, representing the period of transition from late Roman antiquity to early Medieval times in a nascent Europe. As such it is the only reliable source of information to describe the emerging military and political power of the Franks in one kingdom. With his lively style, story-telling ability, and skill in conveying human interest, <mask> has been compared to Herodotus; with his detailed interest in, and accounts of, ecclesiastical history and manoeuverings, to a bloodier Trollope. Robert Win came to the conclusion "There can be no argument that <mask> “deliberately structured his narrative to protect himself from any political attacks” and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write.’ <mask>'s Latin was relatively poor in comparison with earlier centuries when writers were educated at secular Roman grammar and rhetorics schools and could write in learned Latin. He himself is aware of it and apologizes for his poor Latin in his Introduction "Ista etenim atque et his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim his inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus sum, quia: 'Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi' ('Hearing continually these complaints and others like them I have undertaken to commemorate the past, in order that it may come to the knowledge of the future; and although my speech is rude, I have been unable to be silent as to the struggles between the wicked and the upright; and I have been especially encouraged because, to my surprise, it has often been said by men of our day, that few understand the learned words of the rhetorician but many the rude language of the common people.') 'The 'Historia Francorum' is the only source of that period covering the beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Empire from around 397 (the death of Martin of Tours) to 590 (the early reign of king Chlothar II).<mask>'s chronology of the Franks is continued with the Fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations for the events up to 642. Likewise, the fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations is the only source of any significance for much of the period it covers. <mask>'s hagiographies are also a valuable source of anecdotes and stories which enrich modern understanding of life and belief in Merovingian Gaul. The motivation behind his works was to show readers the importance and strength of Christianity, and this bias should always be remembered. Alongside the most outstanding poet  Venantius Fortunatus in his lifetime, <mask> of Tours is the unique historian from the 6th century Merovingian world; and his extensive literary output is itself a testimony to the preservation of learning and to the lingering continuity of Gallo-Roman civic culture through the early Middle Ages. See also

Notes

References
The following represent key modern texts on <mask> of Tours, including the most recent translations of his work. While Lewis Thorpe's translation of The History of the Franks is more accessible than Brehaut's, his introduction and commentary are not well regarded by contemporary historians (see Secondary Sources, below).Primary sources

Editions

 Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X (ed. Bruno Krusch and Wilhelm Levison), MGH SRM I 1, Hannover2 1951
 Miracula et opera minora (ed. Bruno Krusch), MGH SRM I 2, Hannover 1969, 211-294 (repr. from 1885)

Translations

 Fränkische Geschichte. 3 vols. (transl.by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen 1988. From Roman to Merovingian Gaul. A Reader (ed. and transl. Alexander Callander Murray; Readings in medieval Civilisations and Cultures 5), Toronto 2000, 287-446
 Glory of the confessors (ed. and transl.Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool 2004 (2nd edition), . Glory of the Martyrs (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 3), Liverpool 2004 (2nd edition), . Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyris und Libri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi, in: Raymond Van Dam (ed. ), Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul, Princeton 1993, 153–317. Life of the Fathers (ed.and transl. James Edward; Translated Texts for Historians 1), Liverpool 1991 (2nd edition), . The History of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford 1927. The History of the Franks (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin 1974. Historias (transl.P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013,
 Histoire des Franks, in French

Bilingual editions

 Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours (ed. and transl. Léonard Bordier), vol. 1, Paris 1857. Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II.(ed. and transl.Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt 1955–1956. Secondary sources
 Brown, Peter, The Cult of the Saints, London 1981. <mask>, Walter, The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800), Princeton 1988. Dailey, E.T., Queens, Consorts, Concubines: <mask> of <mask> and Women of the Merovingian Elite, Leiden, Brill, 2015. Diem, Albrecht, “<mask>’s Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition in Early Medieval Gaul”, in Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: entre médiation et exclusion, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard and Régine Le Jan (eds. ), Brepols, Turnhout 2015, pp. 165–191.Heinzelmann, Martin, <mask> of <mask>: History and Society in the Sixth Century, trans. Christopher Carroll, Cambridge 2001. James, E.,The Franks, Oxford 1988. Kaiser, Reinhold, Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich, München 2004 (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26). Loseby, S.T., “Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: <mask> of <mask>, the Merovingian kings and 'un grand port'” in The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand, edited by Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp. 203–229, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden 1998.Loseby, S.T., “<mask>'s cities: urban functions in sixth-century Gaul”, in Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an Ethnographic Perspective, edited by Ian N. Wood, pp. 239–270, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, Woodbridge 1998. McSheffrey, Shannon, The History of the Franks, Harmondsworth 1974. Mitchell. Kathleen; Wood. Ian (eds. ), The World of Gregory of Tours, Leiden 2002.Murray, A.C. (ed. ), A Companion to <mask> of Tours, Leiden 2016. Serra, Antonio, “L’ingenium artis di Gregorio di <mask>. Preliminari d’indagine”, Invigilata Lucernis 32 (2010), pp. 157–175. Van Dam, Raymond, Saints and their miracles in late antique Gaul, Princeton 1993.Wood, Ian N., The Merovingian kingdoms 450-751, London 1994. Wood, Ian N., <mask> of Tours, Bangor (GB) 1994. External links

 Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Patr.61, the primary witness of De cursu stellarum

 History lecture by Paul Freedman on Procopius and Gregor of Tours in Yale University (fall 2011): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbN8OTHecuI

538 births
594 deaths
6th-century apocalypticists
6th-century Frankish bishops
6th-century Frankish saints
6th-century Frankish writers
6th-century historians
6th-century Latin writers
Bishops of Tours
Christian anti-Gnosticism
Frankish historians
Hagiographers
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Historia Francorum
6th-century Gallo-Roman

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Goffart Gregory Tours Gregory Gregory Tours Gregory Tours Gregory Gregory Tours Gregory


title: Bernard Illowy

texts:
Rabbi Dr. <mask>Yissochar Dov<mask> (born 1814 in Kolín, Bohemia – d. June 22, 1871 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was a rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. Biography
Illowy descended from a family of religious scholars; his great-grandfather, <mask>, was the rabbi of Kolin. Illowy studied in his native city, later at the school of Rabbi Moses Sofer in Pressburg, where he received rabbinic ordination. Subsequently, Illowy received a PhD from the University of Budapest. Illowy continued his studies at the rabbinical college in Padua, Italy, and then returned to Bohemia, where for a time he was engaged in teaching and tutoring secular subjects in Znaim, Moravia. He served as a professor in a Gymnasium in Znaim as well. About the year 1845 he married Katherine Schiff, the daughter of Wolf Schiff, a prominent merchant in Raudnitz, Bohemia.Known for his oratory ability, many of his English sermons and addresses were published. He was reportedly an accomplished linguist, and besides a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, spoke fluent German, English, French, and Italian. Illowy was unable to secure a position in the rabbinate in Europe due to his opposition to the Habsburg Empire. He was suspected of sympathizing with the local revolutionary elements during the upheavals of 1848. He therefore, emigrated to the United States where he had an easier time being hired as a rabbi. He was rabbi in New York City, Syracuse, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis and New Orleans, and finally Cincinnati, where he retired. Throughout his tenure in the United States, he was an ardent opponent of the spread of the Reform movement, eloquently and to an extent, successfully challenging the movement's religious innovations and leadership in the press in the United States and Germany.Jewish Beliefs

Illowy, like Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany wanted to strengthen traditional Torah law observance in the United States. Towards that goal, he was one of the promoters of the Cleveland Conference of 1855 that was to unify the rabbis in the United States towards the goal of strengthening religious observance. When it appeared to him that the conference was going to be used as a platform to spread and strengthen Reform Judaism, which he believed would be contrary to his reasons for such a gathering, he withdrew his support for, and did not attend the conference. Rabbi <mask>'s mastery of halacha became renowned throughout the United States, and halachic questions were addressed to him by pious Jews in America, looking for religious guidance. Some of those decisions were published in the press in New York and Philadelphia, as well as Illowy's son's book, Milchamoth Elohim. Rabbi Illowy's political views regarding the Civil War were reflective of Confederate citizens of the day, agreeing in principle to the South's right of secession and the right to hold slaves. St. Louis

In 1854, Illowy became the first rabbi of United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis, then an Orthodox congregation.That same year, he started St. Louis's first Hebrew School which was the first Jewish parochial school in the city. He resigned after one year of service due to "philosophical differences" with the congregation. New Orleans

While speaking at a National Fast Day program in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 4, 1861, Illowy said, "Who can blame our brethren of the South for seceding from a society whose government can not, or will not, protect the property rights and privileges of a great portion of the Union against the encroachments of a majority misguided by some influential, ambitious aspirants and selfish politicians who, under the color of religion and the disguise of philanthropy, have thrown the country into a general state of confusion, and millions into want and poverty?" Illowy's remarks that day led the German Jewish community of New Orleans, which had been looking for a new rabbi after the death of its last leader, to hire him as their new rabbi. Illowy's most remarkable achievements were in New Orleans as the rabbi of the Shangarai Chasset synagogue. As noted by Jacob Rader Marcus and other historians, religious observance in New Orleans was weak, with high rates of intermarriage, lack of observance of kosher laws, and a lack of observance of Torah rules – amongst the rabbinate, not to mention their congregants. Upon Illowy's arrival to the New Orleans community, and during his term as rabbi, 1861–1865, the level of Jewish religious observance increased.Various sources detail the increased religious observance, particularly of Shabbat and kosher laws, during the years he served the congregation. One of Rabbi <mask>'s decisions about kashruth was cited in 2008 as still affecting American Jewry today, as noted in the following excerpt: "It’s the muscovy duck that’s highly controversial, due to its ban in America by the ascerbic Rabbi <mask>y in the mid 1800s. As such, it is still not recognized as kosher in the States today, but in Israel, no such ban ever existed." <mask> is remembered as a "caustic personality, once remarking that despite the presence of more than 200 Jewish communities in America in his time, there were only four ordained rabbis in the whole country (including himself); and of those four, the other three were students of Bilaam ha-Rasha." A similar comment about the sad state of Orthodox Jewry in the United States was made by traveler Israel J. Benjamin in his writings, noting there were over 200 Orthodox congregations in the United States during his journey, but there were only three truly credible rabbis, one in New York, a second in Philadelphia and Illowy in New Orleans. Illowy's efforts slowly bore the fruits of his labor. His son, Dr. Henry Illoway wrote that shortly after his father took the position in New Orleans, “In one congregation in which he entered upon his duties on the first day of the New Year there were but four or five members who kept a kosher house, and upon the festival of Sukkot there was not a Sukkah in the whole membership.A year later there were over forty Sukkot in the congregation, and almost every house strictly kosher.” Similar claims are noted in The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, giving credit to the synagogue's president S. Friedlander for his support of Illowy. Isaac Markens, in his 1909 work Abraham Lincoln and the Jews noted that Illowy gave a memorial lecture at Shangarai Chasset for assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. During Union occupation of New Orleans, he had a friendship with Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, Commander-in-Chief of the Department of Louisiana, as well as with many other high officials, both of the military and the civil administration, and was able to do much good for many of his congregants. Despite his charismatic leadership and immense scholarship, after the end of the Civil War, a large influx of Jews from other parts of the Confederacy – where the Reform movement had taken hold – became the majority of the membership of Shangarai Chasset. The new membership voted out the trustees who were supportive of <mask>'s leadership, and instituted Reform practices in the synagogue. As a result, Illowy resigned his position, and moved to Cincinnati, assuming the pulpit of a newly established Orthodox congregation. In describing the Shangarai Chasset membership's vote to initiate changes to his synagogue, bitterly, Illowy wrote in the German paper Der Israelit, that: "The enemies of goodness and religion destroyed all... my delicate garden devastated."While Orthodox history books and articles laud <mask>'s efforts and conviction to his beliefs heroic and inspirational, some scholars suggest that an unintended consequence of Illowy's constant criticism of the community's lax religious observance created a more fertile environment for Reform to take root within his own synagogue. Cincinnati

<mask> continued to express his opposition to Reform from his last pulpit in Cincinnati – ironically, the base of the Reform movement – albeit to little avail. His pleas, as eloquent as they may have been, were unable to affect the actions of the everyday lives of the growing Jewish communities throughout the United States. Congregations, requiring rabbinic guidance tended to be open to the liberal innovations of the Reform movement, and heard little opposition in the United States. Thus (whether actively in agreement with the movement's innovations, or passively out of indifference and a desire to maintain a connection to their faith) congregational pulpits were filled by graduates of the Reform movement's rabbinical program. Many congregations founded as Orthodox synagogues scattered through the United States joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations throughout his life and after his death. Illowy died in an accident on his farm in Cincinnati.His yahrzeit, 3 Tammuz is noted in certain Orthodox circles, by adherents that say prayers to elevate the memories of righteous individuals. References

Sources
 Benjamin, Israel Joseph. Three Years in America, 1859–1862. (Arno Press 1975). .
 Jackson, Chuck. '<mask> Illowy' in Generations (Jewish Genealogical Society of St. Louis, April 2004)
 Kahn, Catherine C. and Lachoff, Irwin. The Jewish Community of New Orleans. (Arcadia Publishing 2005) .Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. (Yale University Press 2005) . Singer, Samuel. Biographical sketch noted in Jewish Observer
<mask> at the Jewish Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-04. Markens, Isaac. Lincoln and the Jews New York, 1909

American Orthodox rabbis
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
1814 births
1871 deaths
19th-century American rabbis

masks:
Bernard (
) Illowy
Jacob Illowy
Illowy
Illowy
Bernard Illow
Rabbi Illowy
Rabbi Illowy
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Rabbi Bernard
Bernard Illowy


title: Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster

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<mask>, Duchess of Leinster (6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), known before 1747 as Lady <mask>, from 1747 to 1761 as The Countess of Kildare and from 1761 to 1766 as The Marchioness of Kildare, was the second of the famous Lennox sisters, daughters of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond (who was illegitimately descended from King Charles II of England and one of his mistresses). Early life
Lady <mask> married James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare, on 7 February 1747. After their wedding in London, the couple returned to Fitzgerald's native Ireland, first residing at Leinster House then Carton House. Their marriage was reportedly a happy one, despite Lord Kildare's infidelities. The couple had nineteen children:

George FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (15 January 1748 – Richmond House, 26 September 1765) he died at the age of seventeen. William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster (12 March 1749 – 20 October 1804) he married Hon. Emilia St. George (daughter of St George Saint-George, 1st Baron St George) on 4 November 1775.They had nine children
Lady Caroline FitzGerald (21 June 1750 – 13 April 1754) died at the age of three. Lady <mask> FitzGerald (15 March 1751 – 8 April 1818) she married Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont on 20 August 1774. They had five children. Lady Henrietta FitzGerald (9 December 1753 – 10 September 1763) died the age of nine. Lady Caroline FitzGerald (April 1755)
Charles FitzGerald, 1st Baron Lecale (30 June 1756 – 30 June 1810) he married twice and had two illegitimate children. Lady Charlotte Mary Gertrude FitzGerald (29 May 1758 – 13 September 1836) she married Joseph Strutt on 23 February 1789. They had four children.Lady Louisa Bridget FitzGerald (19 June 1760 – January 1765) died at the age of four. Lord Henry FitzGerald (30 July 1761 – 8 July 1829) he married Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham on 3 August 1791. They had twelve children. Lady Sophia Sarah Mary FitzGerald (26 September 1762 – 21 March 1845). Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763 – 4 June 1798) he married Stéphanie Caroline Anne Syms on 27 December 1792. They had three children. Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald (1765 – 2 January 1833), a diplomat; married Sophia Charlotte Fielding and had issue.Lord Gerald FitzGerald (January 1766 – 1788). Drowned, went down with the ship in which he was serving. Lord Augustus FitzGerald (15 January 1767 – 2 January 1771) died at the age of three. Lady Fanny FitzGerald (28 January 1770 – 1775) died at the age of five. Lady Lucy Anne FitzGerald (5 February 1771 – 1851) she married Admiral Sir Thomas Foley on 31 July 1802. Lady Louisa FitzGerald (1772 – 1776) she died at the age of four. Lord George Simon FitzGerald (16 April 1773 – May 1783).Recognized as son of Lord Kildare, but in fact was the biological child of the Fitzgerald children's tutor, William Ogilvie. Lord Kildare was created successively Marquess of Kildare and Duke of Leinster in recognition of his contribution to the political life of his country. It was partly the Duke's influence that led to a rift between the Duchess and her eldest sister, Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland. Later life

After the death of Lord Kildare on 19 November 1773, <mask> married her children's tutor, William Ogilvie, on 26 August 1774. <mask> and Ogilvie had begun an affair some years earlier in Frescati House. Despite her remarriage she continued to be known as The Dowager Duchess of Leinster. Ogilvie was nine years her junior, and was the natural father of her youngest son from her first marriage.They lived for part of their marriage at Ardglass Castle in Ardglass, County Down, where Ogilvie worked to develop the village. A further three children were born to them after their marriage:

Cecilia Margaret Ogilvie (9 July 1775 – 1824) she married Charles Lock on 12 July 1795. They had three daughters. Charlotte Ogilvie (born and died 1777). <mask> "Mimie" Ogilvie (May 1778 – 22 January 1832) she married Charles George Beauclerk (son of Topham Beauclerk and his wife, Lady Diana Spencer; briefly an MP) on 29 April 1799. They had thirteen children. <mask> was treated generously in her first husband's will.He left her a jointure of 4,000 annually (increased from the £3,000 promised in the settlement), and a life interest in Leinster House (Dublin) and Carton (which she exchanged for Frescati House and £40,000) together with all their contents. She had brought the usual ducal daughter's dowry of £10,000, so the jointure and other payments would financially cripple her son, the second Duke of Leinster. The first Duke also made over-generous provisions for his younger sons and all his daughters. <mask> also received the usual annuity of £400 annually for each of the minor children who lived with her, even after her remarriage to Ogilvie. Thus, <mask> and William Ogilvie were probably financially better off than her son, the second Duke, who existed on less than £7,000 annually, out of which he had to run two large houses, play a role in Irish politics, and also provide lavish dowries of £10,000 each for three sisters who married. He also had to pay huge annuities (£2,000 each) to his two younger brothers Lord Lecale and Lord Henry Fitzgerald, and to pay his youngest brothers £10,000 each at their majority. Since <mask> lived to 1814 (outliving the second Duke by ten years), all these generous testamentary provisions, along with the huge building costs incurred by the first Duke, crippled the Leinsters for generations.Fourteen of her children predeceased her. One of her sons, Lord Edward FitzGerald, was a major figure in the republican movement, and was killed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. She died on 27 March 1814 in Grosvenor Square, London. Popular culture
In 1999, Irish Screen, BBC America and WGBH produced Aristocrats, a six-part limited television series based on the lives of <mask> and her sisters. Geraldine Somerville and Siân Phillips portray <mask> as a young woman and as an older woman, respectively. The series aired in the US on PBS stations under the aegis of the anthology series Masterpiece Theater; in the UK it aired on the BBC. The series was based on Stella Tillyard's 1994 biography, Aristocrats: Caroline, <mask>, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740-1832.References

Bibliography

Sources

Citations

1731 births
1814 deaths
Daughters of British dukes
British duchesses by marriage
Emily

masks:
Emily FitzGerald
Emily Lennox
Emily
Emily Mary
Emily
Emily
Emily Charlotte
Emily
Emily
Emily
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Emily Lennox
Emily
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title: Lucien Lagrange

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<mask> (born 1940 in France) is an architect and a former partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, who founded his own firm, named Lucien Lagrange Architects in 1985. The studio is a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture. <mask> is a French-born architect who came to Chicago, Illinois after studying at McGill University. He currently lives in a Louis Sullivan designed Lincoln Park community area house. As an architect, he is inspired by Louis Sullivan and Auguste Perret. He is currently involved in the construction or renovation of seven notable buildings in Chicago, Illinois: 10 East Delaware, Blackstone Hotel, the Waldorf Astoria Chicago, Lincoln Park 2550, Ritz-Carlton Chicago, 208 South LaSalle and X/O. Lagrange designed the renovation of the Chicago Landmark Carbide & Carbon Building into the Hard Rock Hotel and designed the Park Tower.He has also renovated the Union Station (Chicago) and designed the 29 South LaSalle, The Pinnacle, InterContinental Chicago. In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra luxury 535 West End Avenue, which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City, as well as the Touraine at 65th and Lexington. Education
Lagrange grew up in the Provence region of France as the son of a mason. He lived in France until he was eighteen years old when he moved to Montreal, Quebec in 1959 as a high school dropout. He chose Montreal because they speak French. When he arrived in Montreal he worked various odd jobs and eventually felt a desire to become an architect. He returned to school at age twenty-five.He had to take night classes to complete his high school education. Then, he enrolled at Sherbrooke University in engineering. After his first year, he got accepted to McGill University, which was his first choice for architecture study. He obtained his B.Arch. degree in 1972 from McGill. During his course of study, he was encouraged to find a job with a major architectural firm in 1968. He came to visit Chicago that year and saw the construction of the John Hancock Center well underway.He had been a draftsman, but now decided to shift from getting odd jobs to getting hired by a major firm. At school, Peter Collins, a professor of his, gave him a book with only the initials S.O.M. on the cover. At the same time he made some business contacts with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who was working on Westmount Square at a time when Lagrange was doing some shop drawings. He eventually called Mies' office and requested a job, but was told that they only had enough work to take on a few students and were committed to some from the Illinois Institute of Technology. They said they could refer him to either C.F. Murphy or Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (S.O.M.).Because of the book his professor had given him he chose S.O.M for summer 1968 employment. His skill as a draftsman quickly got him assigned as a designer for Bruce Graham. He credits his summers with Bruce Graham learning how to combine his technical side with learning the design spectrum to successfully put buildings together. He became a top student at McGill and graduated in 1972. Post graduate experience
After graduating Lagrange had to return to France to fight charges of draft dodging the French Army. He had avoided involvement in French military confrontations in Algeria for twelve years. He won his fight, which enables him to freely return to France.He then returned to Montreal to work for Norbert Schoenauer for a year on a multi-family residential housing project in northern Quebec. Then he worked with S.O.M. who were the urban planners for a Canadian Pacific/Bank of Montreal assignment. He then worked on various assignments in Chicago and Montreal until 1978 when he moved to Chicago permanently. He worked with S.O.M. on broad range of projects: 40-story skyscraper towers, a  property in Los Angeles, California, a building with six hundred apartments in Europe, a transportation centre, hotels, and a very diversified hotel property that included a motel, hotel, apartment building, parking structure, office building, retail. Then in 1985 he left to start Lucien Lagrange Architects.Architecture career

Lagrange has a reputation as Chicago's architect for the wealthy. In fact, he is considered the go-to guy for classically inspired high-end residential buildings. As such he is known for understanding luxurious lifestyle and incorporating it into designs so that art collections, vast wardrobes, jewelry safes, chefs, florists, and refrigerated fur storage are accommodated. As an employer he has a reputation as an oligarchic ruler. When he was interviewed in 1997 about his first thirty years in architecture he marvelled at two major transformations. First he noted that the advent of the personal computer has changed the zipatone process. Then he noted that the real estate/architecture has also changed because "Projects are financed in a very different way, .. . We don't custom design everything. We use components, which are pre-designed, curtain walls, ceiling tiles. All the systems exist and we just integrate them in the architecture, which also means we can do a set of working drawings a lot faster today." With the Lincoln Park 2550 project, Lagrange is currently endeavoring to design the property's  so that every unit to have a view of a French garden inspired by an 18th-century chateau that once housed Madame de Pompadour. Lagrange designed the Catalyst, a contemporary-style $100 million high-rise condominium planned at the northeast corner of Washington and Des Plaines in Chicago's Near West Side community area. Real estate developer Gary Rosenberg said, "<mask>, the highly acclaimed award-winning architect for Catalyst, has created a striking geometric 22-story skyscraper, which immediately captures the eye when approaching the Chicago Loop from the  [Kennedy] expressway. The building's design is unique with jutting blocks of glass space creating geometric squares and rectangles which seem to float on the building's façade, along with a strong vertical element which highlights the contemporary sleek style."Lagrange designed the Ritz-Carlton Residences on Chicago's Magnificent Mile, a 40-story condominium tower built at 664 North Michigan Avenue. In 1996, Lucien Lagrange & Associates designed the building to rise at Rush Street and Chicago Avenue on the site then occupied by the 16-story Park Hyatt. In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra Luxury 535 West End Avenue which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City. In 2010 Lagrange closed his office and filed chapter 11 bankruptcy while going through a divorce. "Mr. Lagrange declines to comment about the firm's finances and says the Chapter 11 filing was merely a pragmatic business decision he made after deciding it was time to retire." Mr. Lagrange is currently designing under the Lucien Lagrange Studio brand. Notes

External links

Lucien Lagrange Architects official site
Lucien Lagrange Architects emporis page
Erie on the Park
840 North Lake Shore Drive (see also)

1940 births
French emigrants to the United States
Living people
McGill School of Architecture alumni
Artists from Chicago
New Classical architects
20th-century French architects
20th-century American architects
21st-century American architects

masks:
Lucien Lagrange
Lagrange
Lucien Lagrange