title: Samuel Mudd

texts:
 Florida.The fort housed Union Army deserters and held about 600 prisoners when <mask> and the others arrived. Prisoners lived on the second tier of the fort, in unfinished, open-air gun rooms called casemates. <mask> and his three companions lived in the casemate directly above the fort's main entrance, called the sally port. In September 1865, two months after <mask> arrived, the control of Fort Jefferson was transferred from the 161st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment to the 82nd US Colored Troops. On September 25, 1865, <mask> attempted to escape from Fort Jefferson by stowing away on the transport Thomas A. Scott. He was quickly discovered and placed, along with Arnold, O'Laughlen, Spangler, and George St. Leger Grenfell, in a large empty ground-level gunroom that soldiers referred to as "the dungeon". The men were let out of the dungeon every working day for 12 hours and were required to wear leg irons.However, following a December 22 letter from his wife to President Johnson, the War Department ordered the discontinuance of the shackles and the move to better quarters, which was accomplished by January. After three months in the dungeon, <mask> and the others were returned to the general prison population. However, because of his attempted escape, <mask> lost his privilege of working in the prison hospital and was assigned to work in the prison carpentry shop with Spangler. There was an outbreak of yellow fever in the fall of 1867 at the fort. O'Laughlen eventually died of it on September 23. The prison doctor died, and <mask> agreed to take over the position. He was able to help stem the spread of the disease.The soldiers in the fort wrote a petition to Johnson in October 1867 stating the degree of <mask>'s assistance: "He inspired the hopeless with courage and by his constant presence in the midst of danger and infection.... [Many] doubtless owe their lives to the care and treatment they received at his hands." Probably as a reward for his work in the yellow fever epidemic, <mask> was reassigned from the carpentry shop to a clerical job in the Provost Marshal's office, where he remained until his pardon. Later life

The influence of his defense attorney, Thomas Ewing Jr., who was also influential in the President's administration, was one reason why <mask> was pardoned by Johnson on February 8, 1869. He was released from prison on March 8, 1869, and returned to his home in Maryland on March 20, 1869. On March 2, 1869, three weeks after he pardoned <mask>, Johnson also pardoned Spangler and Arnold. When <mask> returned home, well-wishing friends and strangers, as well as inquiring newspaper reporters, besieged him. <mask> was very reluctant to talk to the press because he felt it had misquoted him in the past.He gave one interview to the New York Herald after his release but immediately regretted it and complained that the article had several factual errors and misrepresented his work during the yellow fever epidemic. On the whole, though, <mask> continued to enjoy the support of his friends and neighbors. He resumed his medical practice and slowly brought the family farm back to productivity. In 1873, Spangler traveled to the <mask> farm, where <mask> and his wife welcomed him. Spangler lived with the <mask> family for about 18 months, earning his keep by doing carpentry, gardening, and other farm chores, until his death on February 7, 1875. <mask> always had an interest in politics. In prison, he learned about political happenings by reading the newspapers that were sent to him.After his release, he again became active in community affairs. In 1874, he was elected chief officer of the local farmers association, the Bryantown Grange. In 1876, he was elected Vice President of the local Democratic Tilden-Hendricks presidential election committee. Tilden lost that year to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in a hotly-disputed election. The next year, <mask> ran as a Democratic candidate for the Maryland House of Delegates but was defeated by the popular Republican William Mitchell. <mask>'s ninth child, Mary Eleanor "Nettie" <mask>, was born in 1878. In 1880, the Port Tobacco Times reported that <mask>'s barn which contained almost 8000 lb.of tobacco, two horses, a wagon, and farm implements was destroyed by fire. Death
<mask> was just 49 years old when he died of pneumonia, on January 10, 1883, and was buried in the cemetery at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Bryantown, the same church in which he once met Booth. Rehabilitation attempts

The degree of <mask>'s culpability has remained controversial ever since. Some, including <mask>'s grandson <mask>, claimed that <mask> was innocent of any wrongdoing and that he had merely been imprisoned for treating a man who came to his house late at night with a fractured leg. Over a century after the assassination, Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan both wrote letters to <mask> in which they agreed that his grandfather had committed no crime. However, others, including authors Edward Steers, Jr. and James Swanson, assert evidence that <mask> visited Booth three times in the months before the failed kidnapping attempt. The first time was November 1864 when Booth, who was looking for help in his kidnapping plot, was directed to <mask> by agents of the Confederate Secret Service.In December, Booth again met with <mask> and spent the night at his farm. Later that December, <mask> went to Washington and introduced Booth to a Confederate agent whom he knew: John Surratt. Additionally, George Atzerodt testified that Booth sent supplies to <mask>'s house in preparation for the kidnapping plan. <mask> lied to the authorities who came to his house after the assassination, claiming that he did not recognize the man who showed up on his doorstep in need of treatment and giving them false information about where Booth and Herold went. He also hid the monogrammed boot that he had cut off Booth's injured leg behind a panel in his attic, but the thorough search of <mask>'s house soon revealed this further piece of evidence which was later used against him. One hypothesis is that Dr <mask> was originally complicit in the kidnapping plot, likely as the person who the conspirators would have turned to for medical treatment in case Lincoln was injured, and that Booth thus remembered the doctor and went to his house to get help in the early hours of April 15. <mask>'s grandson, <mask>, unsuccessfully tried to clear his grandfather's name of the stigma of aiding Booth.In 1951 he published The Mudd Family of the United States, an encyclopedic two-volume history of the Mudd family in America, beginning with <mask>, who arrived from England in 1665. A second edition was published in 1969. Following his death in 2002, his papers, which detailed his attempts to clear his grandfather's name, were donated to Georgetown University's Lauinger Library. They are available to the public in the Special Collections Department. <mask> petitioned several successive presidents, receiving replies from Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Carter, while sympathetic, responded by stating that he had no authority under law to set aside the conviction; Reagan responded by stating that he had come to believe that <mask> was innocent of any wrongdoing. In 1992, Representatives Steny Hoyer and Thomas W. Ewing introduced House Bill 1885 to overturn the conviction, but it failed in committee.<mask> then turned to the Army Board for Correction of Military Records, which recommended that the conviction be overturned on the basis that <mask> should have been tried by a civilian court. The recommendation was rejected by Acting Army Assistant Secretary William D. Clark. Several other legal venues were attempted, ending in 2003 when the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case because the deadline for filing it had been missed. St. Catharine, also known as the Dr. <mask><mask> House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Portrayals
<mask>'s life was the subject of a 1936 20th Century Fox production, John Ford-directed film The Prisoner of Shark Island, based on a script by Nunnally Johnson. In this film <mask> was portrayed by Academy Award-winning actor Warner Baxter. Film critic Leonard Maltin in his Classic Movie Guide (2015) described Baxter's performance as "superb."A radio adaptation of The Prisoner of Shark Island aired, as an episode of the radio series Lux Radio Theater, with Gary Cooper as Dr. <mask>, on May 2, 1938, in which significant dramatic license was used by introducing fictional characters and altering several of the known facts of the case for melodramatic expediency. For example, Fort Jefferson was never called "Shark Island." Another production, with the same title, aired on the radio series Encore Theatre in 1946. Another film, The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd, was made in 1980. It starred Dennis Weaver as <mask>. At the end, a written message appears incorrectly stating that President Carter gave <mask> a posthumous pardon. All of these productions espoused the point of view that <mask> was essentially innocent of any conspiracy.<mask> (1928–2021), an Emmy Award-winning journalist, television host and former CBS, NBC, and PBS news anchor, was related to <mask>, but he was not a descendant, as has mistakenly been reported. <mask>'s life was the subject of an episode of the TV western Laramie, "Time of the Traitor" which aired in 1962. On the episode "Swiss Diplomacy" on The West Wing, the First Lady and cardiac surgeon, Dr. Abby Bartlet commented on the duty of a physician to treat an injured patient despite potential legal repercussions. She responded to <mask>'s conviction: "So that's the way it goes. You set the leg." <mask>'s name is sometimes given as the origin of the phrase "your name is mud," as in, for example, the 2007 feature film National Treasure: Book of Secrets. However, according to an online etymology dictionary, the phrase has its earliest known recorded instance in 1823, ten years before <mask>'s birth, and it is based on an obsolete sense of the word "mud" meaning "a stupid twaddling fellow."See also
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

References

External links

 Dr. <mask><mask> House and Museum
 Dr. <mask> Research Site
 Dr. <mask> and the Lincoln Conspiracy
 Dr. <mask>'s attempted escape from Fort Jefferson

 The Prisoner of Shark Island - Lux Radio Theater, May 2, 1938

1833 births
1883 deaths
People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Physicians from Maryland
Recipients of American presidential pardons
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
American slave owners
Farmers from Maryland
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
American planters
People from Charles County, Maryland
Maryland Democrats
Lincoln assassination conspirators
19th-century American physicians
19th-century American politicians
Catholics from Maryland
Saint John's Catholic Prep (Maryland) alumni
Burials in

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title: Dave Hill (comedian)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1974) is an American comedian, radio host, writer, musician and actor originally from Cleveland, Ohio. He is the host of The Dave <mask> Goodtime Hour, a weekly livestream and podcast part of the Maximum Fun network. In 2007 Variety named <mask> one of their "10 Comics to Watch". Prior to going into entertainment, <mask> worked as an aide at a homeless shelter. Career

Comedy
<mask> was a frequent panelist on Comedy Central's @midnight program and has appeared on Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, The Tick (2016 TV series), Inside Amy Schumer, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, Comedy Knockout, and The Jim Gaffigan Show, among other shows. He moved to New York City in 2003 and began performing live comedy regularly in 2005. His first TV appearances were as a correspondent on Court tv's Smoking Gun TV.In 2007, <mask> starred in the television show The King of Miami on the MOJO HD network. The show also aired on Film24 in the UK and is currently available on Hulu. <mask> appeared regularly as a correspondent on the Fuse network's Hoppus on Music hosted by Mark Hoppus of Blink-182 from 2010 to 2012. He also hosts the stage show The <mask> Explosion at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York and Hollywood and currently appears as on-air talent for HBO and Cinemax. He has also worked extensively for the comedy website Super Deluxe. In 2004, <mask> began posing as a teenager named Lance from Gary, Indiana aiming to get his fictional band Witch Taint signed to a Norwegian black metal record label. His emails with the record label were later archived on a Fansite at www.theblackmetaldialogues.com.In 2017, <mask> began doing stage readings of the emails with frequent collaborator Phil Costello, performing the show in New York City, Los Angeles, London, Oslo, and Wacken, Germany among other locations. In 2007, <mask> appeared at HBO's U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. <mask> has also appeared at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the Sasquatch Festival, Bumbershoot, Outside Lands, the Crap Comedy Festival in Oslo, the Bridgetown Comedy Festival in Portland, San Francisco Sketchfest, the New York Comedy Festival, Riot LA, and the Glasgow Comedy Festival among others. He performs in prisons frequently, including Sing Sing correctional facility in Ossining, New York and Centro de Reinserción Social in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. In addition to performing with fellow comedians, <mask> regularly performs comedy with musical acts, including Quicksand, Rhett Miller, and Snoop Dogg. In 2014, <mask> appeared in a YouTube Show called METAL GRASSHOPPER with Phil H. Anselmo, where <mask> plays himself as a metal fan looking to be coached by Phil on how to be metal.He's also in the Black'n'roll band Witch taint which combines the genre with Heavy metal and Punk

In May 2019, <mask>, a Democrat, was permanently banned from Twitter after he repeatedly responded to attacks from Trump supporters with jokes about having consensual sexual intercourse with their mothers and, in some cases, their fathers. Music

<mask> wrote the theme song for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, "Go", performed by his band Valley Lodge. The band performed the song live on the show's season 2 finale on November 22, 2015. In 2016, <mask> formed a psychedelic rock band with Chris Reifert called Painted Doll. The band's self-titled debut album was released on Tee Pee Records on February 16, 2018. <mask> was a member of the 1990s alternative band Sons of Elvis, which he formed with friends while a student at Fordham University. The band signed with Priority Records shortly after graduation and released a debut full-length album Glodean in 1995 as well as a limited edition disc titled Mrs. White, featuring live recordings and several tracks from Glodean.The lead single from Glodean, "Formaldehyde", received airplay at radio and on MTV, and was also featured on the soundtrack of the feature film Higher Learning, by director John Singleton. The band also performed two songs live on The Jon Stewart Show in 1995. <mask> also played bass for Cleveland-based rock band Cobra Verde, and currently fronts the power pop band Valley Lodge. He has also played guitar with Walter Schreifels' solo band, Diamondsnake, a hard rock band also featuring Moby, and bass for Lucy Wainwright Roche and former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley. Additionally, <mask> is the creator and sole member of the semi-fictional Norwegian black metal band Witch Taint. He has also contributed musical scores to several feature films, including Shoot First and Pray You Live (Because Luck Has Nothing to Do with It) and Dirty Deeds. Additionally, <mask> wrote and recorded the theme music for the HBO's Reverb and Janeane Garofalo's 2010 stand-up special If You Will.Writing
<mask>'s Tasteful Nudes: ...and Other Misguided Attempts at Personal Growth and Validation, a collection of anecdotal essays, was published by St. Martin's Press on May 22, 2012. The book was optioned for television by Comedy Central. <mask>'s second essay collection, <mask> Doesn't Live Here Anymore was published by Blue Rider Press, a Penguin Group imprint, on May 10, 2016. On October 8, 2019, <mask>'s third book, Parking the Moose: One American's Epic Quest to Uncover His Incredible Canadian Roots was published by Doubleday Canada and Penguin Random House. <mask> has also written for The New York Times, GQ, Paris Review, XXL, McSweeney's, The Believer, The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Salon, and the Huffington Post among others, and is a frequent contributor to the public radio program This American Life. In June 2000, <mask> wrote what is believed to be the first ever mainstream media article on plushophilia for Salon. Additionally, an interview with <mask> is included in the Mike Sacks book Poking a Dead Frog: Conversations with Today's Top Comedy Writers published by Viking/Penguin.<mask> also contributed an essay to the book Greenwich Village: A Collection of Memories, edited by Judith Stonehill and published by Universe, which also featured contributions from Graydon Carter, Malcolm Gladwell, Calvin Trillin, and Brooke Shields. Podcast and radio
In June 2010, <mask> launched his own podcast called <mask>'s Podcasting Incident on iTunes; to promote the show he appeared on the podcast The Complete Guide to Everything. The podcast, which was rebranded as The <mask> Goodtime Hour in 2020, is a part of the Maximum Fun network. In March 2019, <mask> launched a second podcast, <mask>: History Fluffer, with TV producer Jim Biederman, comedian Jodi Lennon, and producer Chris Gersbeck. The show places <mask> throughout different time periods while Biederman and Lennon question his claims. In August 2019, <mask> launched a third podcast on Maximum Fun called So... You're Canadian with <mask> in which he interviews various Canadians in an attempt to better understand the country of Canada, where his grandfather is from. <mask> also hosted The Goddamn <mask> Show on free-form radio station WFMU, having taken over the Tuesday The Best Show on WFMU time slot in January 2014.The show went on hiatus from WFMU in 2019, although it has since been revived as an independent livestream and podcast, rebranded as The <mask> Goodtime Hour. <mask> is also a frequent contributor to the This American Life public radio program. References

External links

Living people
American male comedians
21st-century American comedians
American bass guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American radio DJs
People from Cleveland
Guitarists from Ohio
American people of Canadian descent
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title: Viktor Frankl

texts:
<mask> (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)
was an Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, author, and Holocaust survivor. He was the founder of logotherapy, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force. Logotherapy is part of existential and humanistic psychology theories. Logotherapy was recognized as the third school of Viennese Psychotherapy; the first school was created by Sigmund Freud, and the second by Alfred Adler. Frankl published 39 books. The autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a best-selling book, is based on his experiences in various Nazi concentration camps. Early life
<mask> was born the middle of three children to <mask>, a civil servant in the Ministry of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion).His interest in psychology and the role of meaning developed when he began taking night classes on applied psychology while in junior high school. As a teenager, he began corresponding with Sigmund Freud, when he asked for permission to publish one of his papers. After graduation from high school in 1923, he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. During his studies, he specialized in neurology and psychiatry, with a focus on depression and suicide. In 1924, <mask>'s first scientific paper was published in The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. In the same year, he was president of the , the Social Democratic Party of Austria's youth movement for high school students. During this time, <mask> began questioning the Freudian approach to psychoanalysis.He joined Alfred Adler's circle of students and published his second scientific paper, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" (), in Adler's International Journal of Individual Psychology in 1925. <mask> was expelled from Adler's circle when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force in human beings. From 1926, he began refining his theory, which he termed logotherapy. Career

Psychiatry
Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized youth counselling centers to address the high number of teen suicides occurring around the time of end of the year report cards. The program was sponsored by the city of Vienna and free of charge to the students. <mask> recruited other psychologists for the center, including Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. In 1931, not a single Viennese student died by suicide.After earning his M.D. in 1930, <mask> gained extensive experience at Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, where he was responsible for the treatment of suicidal women. In 1937, he began a private practice, but the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 limited his opportunity to treat patients. In 1940, he joined Rothschild Hospital, the only hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as head of the neurology department. Prior to his deportation to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the Nazi euthanasia program that targeted the mentally disabled. In 1942, just nine months after his marriage, <mask> and his family were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. His father died there of starvation and pneumonia.In 1944, <mask> and the surviving members of his family were transported to Auschwitz, where his mother and brother were gassed. His wife died later of typhus in Bergen-Belsen. <mask> spent three years in four concentration camps. Following the war, he became head of the neurology department of the Vienna Polyclinic Hospital, and established a private practice in his home. He worked with patients until his retirement in 1970. In 1948, <mask> earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna. His dissertation, The Unconscious God, examines the relationship between psychology and religion, and advocates for the use of the Socratic dialogue (self-discovery discourse) for clients to get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.In 1955, <mask> was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and, as visiting professor, lectured at Harvard University (1961), Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972). Throughout his career, Frankl argued that the reductionist tendencies of early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised the patient, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy. The American Psychiatric Association awarded <mask> Pfister Award for his contributions to religion and psychiatry. Man's Search for Meaning
After his liberation, <mask> returned to Vienna where he became head of the Neurological Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital. He wrote Man’s Search for Meaning over a nine-day period. The book, originally titled A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp, was released in German in 1946. The English translation of Man's Search for Meaning was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller.<mask> saw this success as a symptom of the "mass neurosis of modern times" since the title promised to deal with the question of life's meaningfulness. Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages. In a 1991 survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book of the Month Club, Man's Search for Meaning was named one of the ten most influential books in the US. Logotherapy and existential analysis
Frankl developed logotherapy and existential analysis, which are based on philosophical and psychological concepts, particularly the desire to find a meaning in life and free will. Frankl identified three main ways of realizing meaning in life: by making a difference in the world, by having particular experiences, or by adopting particular attitudes. The primary techniques offered by logotherapy and existential analysis are:
 Paradoxical intention: clients learn to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration. Dereflection: drawing the client's attention away from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.Socratic dialogue and attitude modification: asking questions designed to help a client find and pursue self-defined meaning in life. His acknowledgement of meaning as a central motivational force and factor in mental health is his lasting contribution to the field of psychology. It provided the foundational principles for the emerging field of positive psychology. Decorations and awards
 1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Ministry of Education, Austria
 1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize, Austria
 1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation
 1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna, Austria
 1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 1985: Oskar Pfister Award, US
 1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna, Austria
 1986: Honorary member of the association Bürgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert
 1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
 1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal
 1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
 1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria

Personal life
In 1941, Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a station nurse at Rothschild Hospital. Soon after they were married, she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child. Tilly died in the Bergen Belsen concentration camp.<mask>'s father, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration camp on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from starvation and pneumonia. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in Auschwitz. His sister, Stella, escaped to Australia. In 1947, <mask> married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. The couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending church and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah. They had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.<mask> died of heart failure in Vienna on 2 September 1997. He is buried in the Jewish section of the Vienna Central Cemetery. Bibliography
His books in English are:
 Man's Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. (Originally published in 1946)
 The Doctor and the Soul, (originally titled Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955. On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis, Translated by James M. DuBois.Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, 2004. Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967. The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988
 The Unheard Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy and Humanism, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011
 <mask>l Recollections: An Autobiography. ; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. .
 Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning.(A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God; with a foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; . Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, 2000;
 Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything Beacon Press, Boston, 2020. See also
 Existential analysis
 List of logotherapy institutes, many named after Frankl
 Meaning-making

References

External links

 Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna
 Viktor Frankl Institute of America
 Who Was <mask>l? by Dr. Henry Abramson

1905 births
1997 deaths
People from Leopoldstadt
University of Vienna faculty
Austrian Jews
Austrian neurologists
Austrian psychiatrists
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Theresienstadt Ghetto survivors
Jewish existentialists
Jewish physicians
Jewish psychiatrists
Jewish scientists
Jewish philosophers
Jewish writers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
Existential therapists
Logotherapy
20th-century Austrian physicians

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title: Lana Tisdel

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 28, 1975) is an American woman whose early life and involvement with the December 1993 murders of Brandon Teena, Lisa Lambert and Phillip DeVine was chronicled in the 1998 documentary The Brandon Teena Story and the 1999 film Boys Don't Cry (which left out DeVine). She was portrayed in the film by Chloë Sevigny, who was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance. The director of the film, Kimberly Peirce, worked on the script for many years and interviewed <mask> and her mother for details on their life. Peirce also drew information from other sources including All She Wanted by Aphrodite Jones (1996), a biography of Brandon Teena and the lives of those involved with the murders; and a 1994 Village Voice piece written by Donna Minkowitz which was responsible for the story becoming a media sensation in the early 1990s. Background
In the fall of 1993, <mask>, aged 18, met Brandon Teena, 20, through their mutual friends. Teena was new to the close-knit area, from Lincoln, Nebraska, and the local crowd was curious about him. Teena and <mask> began seeing each other, because Tisdel found Teena attractive and believed Brandon was a cisgender man.He was in fact a transgender man: assigned female at birth, but identifying as male. <mask> has made it clear that her relationship with Brandon Teena was brief and did not include sex; only lasting about two months from their first meeting until the murder. However, their two-month relationship is described as very intense. Her mother Linda testified that <mask> would be with Brandon all day, had trouble sleeping, and their relationship was all she cared about during that time. On December 19, 1993, Brandon Teena was arrested for forging checks, and put in jail for several days. Tisdel found out he was transgender after his birth name was printed in the local newspaper in the arrests section. Tisdel paid to get him out of jail, and he told her that he was undergoing sex reassignment surgery.<mask> has disputed claims that after the truth was revealed to her, they continued a romantic relationship, but instead she told Brandon that they could still be friends. <mask> defended Teena often, at one point lying to authorities and telling them she had seen him naked and saw his penis, in hopes they would leave him alone. Two people that they were friends with during this time were John Lotter and Tom Nissen. Both young men had criminal records, and Teena had been staying with Nissen. Falls City is a small town, and all of these families were well-acquainted; <mask>'s best friend was Michelle Lotter, John's sister. Initially friendly, Lotter and Nissen soon began to harass Teena and <mask> and scrutinize their relationship. During a Christmas Eve party, Lotter and Nissen forced Teena to take off his clothes in order to show everyone, including <mask>, his genitals.The two then kidnapped Teena and took him to a rural area, where they raped and beat him. Afterwards, Teena came to <mask>'s house, and <mask> and her mother convinced him to speak to the police and go to the hospital. Lotter and Nissen had told Teena that if he told anyone what they did, they would kill him. Murders
A few days later, on New Year's Eve 1993, Lotter and Nissen came to the Tisdel residence drunk and looking for Brandon, and threatened the Tisdel sisters. They then drove to the house of Lisa Lambert, where Brandon had been hiding out. Also in the house was Phillip Devine, a friend of theirs who was dating <mask>'s sister Leslie. Lisa Lambert was a single mother from Pawnee City, Nebraska, who often let friends stay with her in exchange for their help and company, because she lived outside of town.Lotter and Nissen then shot Brandon, Lambert, and Devine to death. Lambert's son Tanner was in the house at the time and was unharmed. <mask> was not present at the time of the murder, as it took place inside Lambert's home in Humboldt, Nebraska, a 30-minute drive away from Falls City, where <mask> lived with her mother and sister. The bodies were discovered the next day by Lambert's mother, Anna Mae. Aftermath
<mask>, her sister Leslie, and mother Linda were all involved in the criminal trial and later lawsuits that followed the murder and later, movie development. <mask> also has other siblings, including a brother, Terry Torrance. The <mask> family appeared on the TV shows Maury and A Current Affair, to discuss Brandon Teena and the trial proceedings.The <mask> family did not get along well with Teena's mother, Jo Ann Brandon, and his sister, Tammy, who accused <mask> of being responsible for the murders. <mask> sued the creators of the film Boys Don't Cry for using her name and likeness without permission, the suit was settled out of court. <mask> was vocal about the film's script changes, and upset that her boyfriend who was murdered, Phillip Devine, was not included in the film, nor was she, and instead the film focused on Brandon Teena. There has been scrutiny that the lack of information about Devine, who was from Iowa, is because he was African American, and Leslie stated she believed he has been left out of the story because of racism. When Boys Don't Cry was released, she petitioned Nebraska movie theatre owners to not show the film. Lisa Lambert's name was changed to Candace in the movie. <mask>'s mother, Linda Gutierres, who died on December 2, 2003, at age 54, was portrayed in the film by Jeannetta Arnette.Tanner Lambert graduated from Humboldt High School in 2011, and was raised by his aunt. John Lotter and Tom Nissen are currently in prison, with Nissen serving life imprisonment and Lotter facing execution. Tisdel graduated from Falls City High School in 1993. She married Josh Bachman in 2001 and lives in Kansas with their children. In August 2020, Tisdel was injured in a car accident when she struck Glenn D. Aston, 66, head-on. Aston was killed in the crash. Tisdel was taken to Stormont Vail Hospital in Topeka, Kansas with serious injuries.References

External links

1974 births
Living people
1998 in LGBT history
People from Falls City, Nebraska

masks:
Lana M
. Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
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Lana Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Leslie Tisdel
Tisdel


title: Tokugawa Ieyoshi

texts:
was the 12th shōgun of the <mask> shogunate of Japan.<ref name="hall21">Hall, John Whitney et al. (1991). Early Modern Japan',' p. 21. ]</ref>

Biography
<mask> was born as the second son of the 11th shōgun, <mask>ri and named Toshijirō (敏次郎). Toshijirō was appointed heir on the death of his elder brother, Takechiyo. He became shogun on September 2, 1837, at the age of 45 upon the retirement of his father, <mask>.However, Ienari continued to wield much power from behind the throne, and it was not until after his death in 1841 that Senior Rōjū Mizuno Tadakuni was able to purge the government of his clique, and to implement measures to overhaul the shogunate's finances and controls in the aftermath of the Great Tenpō Famine of 1832–36. Known as the Tenpō Reforms, these numerous sumptuary laws attempted to stabilize the economy through a return to the frugality, simplicity and discipline that were characteristic of the early Edo period, by banning most forms of entertainment and displays of wealth. The restrictions proved extremely unpopular with the commoners. Increasing criticism of the government's handling of foreign affairs led to the Bansha no goku in 1839, suppressing rangaku studies. Another part of the Reform included the Agechi-rei of 1843, which was to have daimyō in the vicinity of Edo and Ōsaka surrender their holdings for equal amounts of land elsewhere, thereby consolidating Tokugawa control over these strategically vital areas. However, this was also greatly unpopular amongst daimyō of all ranks and income levels. To complicate the situation further, in May 1844, Edo Castle burned down, and Mizuno Tadakuni was forced into exile and retirement.Mizuno was replaced by Doi Yoshitsura, Abe Masahiro and Tsutsui Masanori as rōjū. He forced the retirement of <mask> in 1844 and placed Nariaki's seventh son, <mask>u as head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa house in 1847. He also forced the retirement of Shimazu Narioki in 1851. US Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on June 3, 1853, on a mission to force a treaty opening Japan to trade. <mask> died on July 27, 1853, before the treaty could be concluded, of heart failure possibly brought on by heat stroke, and was succeeded by his third son <mask>. The following year the Tokugawa shogunate was forced to accept the American demands by signing the Convention of Kanagawa. <mask>'s grave is at the <mask> family mausoleum at Zōjō-ji in Shiba.His buddhist name was Shintokuin. Family
Ieyoshi's official wife was Princess Takako (1795–1840), the sixth daughter of Prince Arisugawa Orihito. She relocated to Edo Castle in 1804 when she was only age 10, and they were formally wed in 1810. In 1813, she gave birth to a son, Takechiyo, followed by a daughter in 1815 and in 1816. In addition, <mask> had another 13 sons and 11 daughters by numerous concubines; however, only one son, <mask>, lived past the age of 20. 1854) married Hachisuka Mochiaki
 Akinomiya Akiko (1825–1913) married Arima Yorishige of Kurume Domain

Events of <mask>'s bakufu
 1837 (Tenpō 7): <mask> becomes the 12th shōgun of the bakufu government. 1844 (Kōka 1): Era name changed due to fire which destroyed Edo Castle

 1846 (Kōka 3): Kōmei becomes 121st Emperor of Japan.1847 (Kōka 4): Zenkoji earthquake causes major damage in Shinano Province and surrounding areas

1848 (Kaei 1): Era name changed to acknowledge the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Kōmei

 1853 (Kaei 6): Arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his fleet of Black Ships. Eras of <mask>'s bakufu
The years in which <mask> was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Tenpō  (1830–1844)
 Kōka         (1844–1848)
 Kaei         (1848–1854)

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan.'' New Haven: Yale University Press. ; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/treasures-among-men-the-fudai-daimyo-in-tokugawa-japan/oclc/185685588  OCLC 185685588
 Hall, John Whitney and Marius Jansen.(1991). Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 62064695
 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:  Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 279623

External links
 National Archives of Japan:  Illustrations of Road to Nikko, Tempo 14 (1843)

1793 births
1853 deaths
18th-century Japanese people
19th-century shōguns
<mask> shōguns
<mask> clan

masks:
Tokugawa
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iena
Tokugawa Ienari
Tokugawa Nariaki
Tokugawa Yoshinob
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iesada
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Tokugawa
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iesada
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Ieyoshi
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa
Tokugawa


title: Albert Eckhout

texts:
<mask> (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. <mask>, the son of <mask> and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attributed to him are unsigned. He was among the first European artists to paint scenes from the New World. He was in the entourage of the Dutch governor-general of Brazil, Johan Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, who took him and fellow painter Frans Post to Dutch Brazil to have them record the country's landscape, inhabitants, flora and fauna. <mask> is also famous for his still-life paintings of Brazilian fruits and vegetables. His paintings were intended for decoration in a domestic context.Work

<mask> focused on the people, plants and animals of the region when arriving in Dutch Brazil. He painted eight life-size ethnographic representations of Brazil's inhabitants, twelve still lifes, and a large piece of dancing indigenous people. These ethnographic works, done between 1641 and 1643 for Maurits, were subsequently gifted to Maurits's cousin, King Frederick III of Denmark, and they remain in Copenhagen to this day. His work is said to be the first realistic images of the Tupi and Tapuya tribes of the native population of Brazil. Alexander von Humboldt saw the paintings in 1827, as did Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II in 1876, both of whom praised the works enthusiastically. Tapuyas

When painting the Tapuya, his goal was to be as accurate as possible by including various plants in the background, as well as indigenous animals and reptiles in the foreground. One of his ethnographic works is a calmly composed Tupuyan woman, who holds a human hand and has a human leg in her basket, which reflects the European stereotype that indigenous Americans practiced cannibalism.<mask>'s image of the Tapuya woman echoes another of his paintings, The Tapuya Dance, representing a dance performed by eight Tapuya Indians with their characteristic mushroom hair style, spear-throwers (atlatls) and war-clubs, depicting a spectacular a war dance ceremony. These pictures were accordance with the stereotypical mental image Europeans had of indigenous Brazilians. Africans

<mask>'s paintings of the African man and women speak a multi-layered language of trade, gift giving, and political alliance to their contemporary audiences, Maurits and his court. These paintings are related to the area of Africa where the Dutch had conquered the greatest number of commercial contacts during the seventeenth century, Guinea and Angola. During this time, Dutch West India Company troops had established forts in these two areas of the West African Coast because the Dutch needed a reliable source of black Africans for enslaved labor on their Brazilian sugar plantations. His painting of the black woman has the figure standing against the coast with palms, and a papaya tree. Amerindians are depicted fishing along the shoreline, and ships are on the horizon.In the image, the woman wears a hat with peacock feathers and a small white clay pipe that is tucked into the sash at her waist. The nude boy on her side is most likely  her son, though the child's skin tone is several shades lighter than the woman's skin color. The white pearl double ropes and red coral beads that curve around her neck expose her breasts. This image's emphasis on sexuality, fecundity, and prosperity is reinforced by her cornucopia-like basket, which overflows with tropical fruit. When looking at <mask>'s image of the black man, the man's strength and virility are highlighted by his muscular appearance and the phallic form of the palm tree at his left. The man holds a ceremonial sword that is decorated with a large pink shell. At the bottom of his feet are shells laid out with an elephant's tusk on the ground, curving out of the picture plane to the right.This man's only piece of clothing, similar to the image of the African woman, is a piece of a blue and white striped cloth wrapped around his waist. Mulattos/Mulacken

By the sixteenth century, the term mulatto, also referred as mulacken, was used in Portugal, Spain, and their colonial possessions to classify various people, often slaves and those of mixed racial background, on the basis of the color of their skin. In <mask>'s image of the mulatto man, his weapons are visible as he stands in a three-quarter pose facing the viewer. <mask> placed the man in a coastal setting against a cloudy grey sky with three European ships that are visible on the horizon. The man stands on the sandy ground, framed by a tall sugar cane field to the right and a large papaya tree to the left. His skin is a light brown color which is much lighter than <mask>'s paintings of indigenous Americans and Africans. The uncontrollable halo of frizzy, dark-brown hair grows out of his head with his light brown eyes staring out to the viewer in a confident manner.Mameluca

The term mameluco is one that is used very little in Brazil, but like mulatto, mameluco can be traced back to Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century, following their establishment of a colonial outpost in Brazil. The first representation of a mameluco is in de Bry's version of Hans Staden's description of Brazil. In <mask>'s painting of the mameluca woman, he presents a half-Brazilian and half-European woman holding a basket. <mask>'s depiction shows a woman in a flowing white dress balancing a basket of flowers in one hand. Her other hand is lifting her dress to reveal a small portion of her leg. This painting has many aspects that were characteristics of <mask>'s other paintings from his time in Brazil. The two guinea pigs at the woman's feet show his interest in the natural life of Brazil.In addition, the flowers she is carrying and the plant life around her were <mask>'s way of representing the fertility of Brazil, drawing attention to the successful production of crops there. In the painting, the woman stands with a direct glance and a playful expression as she engages the viewer's eyes. The lips are slightly turned up at the ends assuming that she will soon break into a more fuller inviting smile. She is fully bejeweled, with necklace and matching earrings. The jewels are complemented by her small green hat, that is decorated with pearls and a sprig of orange tree blossoms. Her simple but yet, slightly rumpled, white dress is a wonderful companion to this finery, although its plainness is relieved on the shoulders by epaulettes of embroidery. This image of the mameluca refers to the fertility of the colony and even to the highly intoxicating cashew fruit wine that is made every year by the ethnic group of the mameluca mother, Tupinamba.Exhibition
In 2002, through a major restoration campaign, all of the well known paintings by <mask>, have been allowed to travel back to Brazil. This is the first time they were exhibited in the country where they were made since the early 1640s. The title of the exhibition was <mask>ckhourt volta ao Brasil 1644-2002 (<mask> Returns to Brazil). The show was presented at the Instituto Ricardo Brennand in Recife, a building that had been newly erected in the city where Maurits lived during the height of his career. Eight of the still life's in this exhibition were meant to be seen from a low viewpoint and were intended to be hung above the men and women. Though at this time no exhibition curator has ever thought of hanging the paintings as a decorative ensemble. Gallery

See also
Colonial Brazil
Dutch Brazil
Dutch Golden Age painting
Frans Post
Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen

References

Further reading

Alpers, Svetlana."The Art of Describing <mask>" in <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil: 1644-2002. Simposio Internacional de Especialistas / International Experts Symposium. São Paulo: Donigraph 2002, 355-8. Berlowicz, Barbara. <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002. Boogaart, Ernse van den."The Population of the Brazilian Plantation Colony depicted by <mask>, 1641-1643" in Barbara Berlowicz, ed. <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002, 117-31. Buvelot, Quentin, ed. <mask>: A Dutch Artist in Brazil. Zwolle: Waanders 2004. Dutra, Francis A."<mask>" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, pp. 430–431. Joppien, R., "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and his Artists," in Johan Marutis van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679, edited by E. van den Boogart (1979)
Parker Brienen, Rebecca. Visions of savage Paradise: <mask>, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2006.__, <mask>: Visões do Paraíso selvagem -- Obra Completa. Rio de Janeiro: Editoria Capivara 2010. Prado Valladares, Clarival do and Luiz Emgydio de Millo Filho, <mask>: Pintor de Mauricio no Brasil, 1637-1644. (1981)
Thomsen, Thomas. <mask>, ein niederländischer Maler und sein Gönner Johan Maurits der Brasilianer: Ein Kulturbild aus dem 17 Jahrhundert. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard 1938. Prins, Harald E.L. 2010.“The Atlatl as Combat Weapon in 17th-Century Amazonia: Tapuya Indian Warriors in Dutch Colonial Brazil.” The Atlatl, Vol.23 (2):1-3. Whitehead, Peter J.P. and Marinus Boesman, A Portrait of Dutch 17th century Brazil: Animals, Plants, and People by the Artists of Johan Maurits of Nassau. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1989. External links

Eckhout on the site of the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen
Esther Schreuder - art historian

1610 births
1665 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
People from Groningen (city)
People of Dutch Brazil

masks:
Albert Eckhout
Eckhout
Albert Eckhourt
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Eckhout
Albert E
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout


title: Josip Štolcer-Slavenski

texts:
<mask> (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Штолцер-Славенски; 11 May 1896 – 30 November 1955 ) was a Croatian composer and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade. British musicologist Jim Samson described Štolcer-Slavenski as "undoubtedly one of a very small handful of truly major composers from South East Europe in the first half of the twentieth century". Life and career
<mask> was born in Čakovec in 1896. His father gave him his first instruction in music, then in 1913 he entered the Budapest Conservatory  where his teachers included Zoltán Kodály, Albert Siklós, and Béla Bartók. His studies were interrupted in 1916 by army service and at the end of the war he returned to his father's bakery business in Čakovec. In 1921 he went to study in Novák's masterclasses at the Prague Conservatory. While in Prague, he joined the International Society for Contemporary Music.Having completed his studies in 1923 he returned to Croatia and taught for a year at the music school of the Zagreb Music Academy. At that time, he started to sign his last name as Štolcer-Slavenski, which was both a reflection of his enthusiasm for the Yugoslav idea, and a rejection of his German-sounding last name. In 1924 he moved to Belgrade, where he stayed for the rest of his life (except for a period in 1925–6 spent in Paris); he taught first at the Stanković School of Music, then at the music school of the Belgrade Academy (1937–45), becoming in 1945 professor of composition at the latter. Slavenski first attracted attention when in 1920 his orchestral Notturno op.1 was performed in Zagreb; in 1924 his First String Quartet was performed with success at the Donaueschingen Festival. Kleiber conducted his symphony Balkanophonia, first in Berlin in 1927 and then in various musical centres in Europe and the USA. Slavenski thus became the first Yugoslav composer of the 20th century to make an international reputation. At home, however, after the first success in 1920, he had to face the hostility of the then conservative Belgrade public and critics.After 1938 he composed very little; his works were seldom performed between 1940 and 1956 and he was almost forgotten. He died in Belgrade in 1955. It was only after his death that his stature was recognized. Work
Initially Slavenski developed as an autodidact. The rich folk music of his native region, Medjimurje in north-western Croatia, left a decisive impact on him, and his youthful fascination with the sounds of church bells and the intricate combinations of their upper partials greatly contributed towards the formation of his harmonic idiom. His early compositions, dating from the time of his Budapest studies, show a blend of spontaneity with a strong desire for experiment. Polytonality and bold dissonances occurred in his piano pieces as early as 1913, at a time when many southern Slav composers were still treating material borrowed from folk tradition in a predominantly Romantic way.Such interests brought him close to the music of Kodály and Bartók, and his academic studies deepened the mastery of counterpoint, which remained a vital ingredient of his style. He continued to experiment with new ideas throughout the 1920s: the Sonata for violin and organ contains sonorities which foreshadow electronic music, and the Piano Sonata uses aleatory technique. Slavenski's interest in folk music broadened in the late 1920s to encompass that of the whole of the Balkans, and the culminating result of this was his Balkanophonia. He was equally attracted by the mystical and ritual aspects of music, as may be seen from Chaos, a movement from the unfinished Heliophonia, and Religiophonia, the latter generally considered to be his masterpiece. During the 1920s and 30s he was one of the very few Yugoslav composers who showed an awareness of the searching spirit of the avant garde abroad. His imaginative use of percussion instruments may occasionally recall Varèse, whose works he did not know. He had no predecessors in Yugoslav music and no followers in his lifetime.When after his death his music became better known, it was already too late for it to exercise a direct influence on Yugoslav composers, though his creative use of folk music and his experiments of the 1920s provided a necessary impulse. Opus

Sabrana djela [Collected works], ed. N. Devčić (Zagreb and Belgrade, 1983–) [S]
Orch: Notturno, op.1, 1916, rev. of 4 balkanske igre, 1938]
Pf: Sa Balkana, 1910–17 [S]; Iz Jugoslavije, 1916–23 [S]; Jugoslavenska svita, op.2, 1921 [S]; Sonata, op.4, 1924 [S]; Plesovi i pjesme sa Balkana [Dances and Songs from the Balkans], 2 vols., 1927 [S]
Vocal: Pesme moje majke [Songs of my Mother], A, str qt, 1916–44 [S]; Voda zvira iz kamena [Water Springs from the Stone], chorus, 1916–21; Molitva dobrim očima [Prayer to the Good Eyes], chorus, 1924; Ftiček veli [Little Bird Speaks], chorus, 1927; 6 narodnih popijevaka [6 Folksongs], chorus, 1927; other folksong arrs. Incid music, music for Bosanquet's hmn, film scores

Principal publishers: Društvo skladatelja Hrvatske, Naklada Saveza Kompozitora Jugoslavije, Schott, Udruženje kompozitora Srbije

Međimurje songs
 Međimorje kak si lepo zeleno (Međimurje, how beautifully green you are)
 Raca plava po Dravi (Swimming duck on the Drava river)
 Tu za repu tu za len (Catch for turnip and catch for flax)
 Imala majka tri jedine kceri (A mother had three daughters)

References

Bibliography

 P. Bingulac: ‘Horska muzika Josipa Slavenskog’ [Slavenski's choral music], Zvuk (1966), Part I no.69, pp. 535–57; Part II no.70, pp. 727–4
 B. Bujić: ‘Daleki svijet muzikom dokučen’ Izraz, vii (1963), 324–36
 B. Bujić: ‘Tematska struktura u Prvom guadackom kvartetu Josipa Slavenskog’, MZ, xiv (1978), 73–87

 G. Doliner, ‘Josip Štolcer Slavenski (1896–1955), Sonata Religiosa za violinu i orgulje (1919–1925).’ Između moderne i avantgarde.Hrvatska glazba 1910-1960,Ed. Eva Sedak. Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 2004, 245–51
 C. Dragotin. ‘Veze Josipa Slavenskog sa Slavkom Ostercom’, Arti Musices 3 (1972), 69–72
 S. Grujić,‘Orkestarska dela Josipa Slavenskog’ . Undergratuate diss., Fakultet muzičke umetnosti, Belgrade, 1983

 B. Milanović,‘Stvaralaštvo Josipa Slavenskog – prilog tumačenju opusa kao jedinstvenog dela’ Josipa Slavenski i njegovo doba, ed. Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 141–49
 R. Pejović,‘Prilog Monografiji Josipa Slavenskog: mišljenje kritičara o njegovim kompozicijama u vremenu od 1920-1941.godine', Zvuk 1 (1985), 51–8
 S. Radinović,‘Stanislav Vinaver, Jožef Debreceni, <mask> Slavenski i Bela Bartók’, <mask> Slavenski i njegovo doba, ed.Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 239–55

 E. Sedak, <mask> Slavenski, bilješke o nekim do sada nepoznatim skladbama’, Zvuk 2 (1981), 5–1. E. Sedak: <mask> Štolcer Slavenski: skladatelj prijelaza, 2 vols. (Zagreb, 1984)
 M. Slavenski: ‘ Veze Josipa Slavenskog s muzičkom izdavačkom kućom B. Schott’s Söhne, Mainz’, Zvuk, nos.109–10 (1970), 437–41
 P. Stefanović,‘Šta se sve krije i otkriva u “Balkanofoniji” <mask> Slavenskog’,Zvuk 111–2 (1971), 21–5
 D. Špirić,‘Canon at the Periphery: Contextualizing the Music of Josip Slavenski’, Music and Networking, Eds T. Marković and V. Mikić. Belgrade: Signature, 2005, 172–8
 D. Špirić,‘Imagining a Balkan Community: Modernism, Slavenski and the First Yugoslavia (1918-1945)', Josip Slavenski i njegovo doba, Ed. Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 157–68
 D. Špirić-Beard, Border – Bridge – Crossroads: the Construction of Yugoslav Identity in Music (1835–1938) and the Case of Josip Štolcer Slavenski, Ph.D.diss., Cardiff, Cardiff University, 2012
 K. Tomašević, Srpska muzika na raskršću istoka i zapada – o dijalogu tradicionalnog i modernog u srpskoj muzici između dva svetska rata, Ph.D. diss., Belgrade, Fakultet muzičkih umetnosti, 2004

External links

Biography at the Music Information Centre of Serbia's website

Facsimile of the 53EDO piece preface by J. Slavenski. E. Sedak, <mask> Štolcer Slavenski
Josip Štolcer-Slavenski Legacy, Belgrade
D. Špiric-Beard, Border – Bridge – Crossroads
M. Živković, Josip Slavenski i njegovo doba
Virtualna izložba by ArhivPRO

1896 births
1955 deaths
History of Međimurje
Yugoslav musicians
Croatian composers
Serbian composers
People from Čakovec
20th-century composers
Male composers
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Josip Štolcer Slavenski
Josip Štolcer
Josip
Josip
Josip
Josip
Josipa
Josip


title: Alexander Cannon (psychiatrist)

texts:
<mask> (4 August 1896 – 18 March 1963) was a British psychiatrist, occultist, hypnotist and author. He became well known in the 1930s for his occult writings and claims, and more recently for his alleged influence on King Edward VIII shortly before his abdication. Early life and career
He was born in Leeds, England, and educated at Leeds, London, Vienna, Hong Kong, and several other universities, eventually receiving both an MD and PhD. Later he trained in various Eastern spiritual disciplines, acquiring or claiming such titles as "Kushog Yogi of Northern Thibet" and "Master-The-Fifth of the Great White Lodge of the Himalayas." In Hong Kong in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he became vice-president of the Hong Kong Medical Society, medical officer in charge of prisons, head of the Department of Morbid Anatomy at the University of Hong Kong, and psychiatrist and medical jurist to the High Court of Justice. He also served as British Consul and Port Medical Officer in Canton (Guangzhou). He studied occultism and yoga and travelled in India, China and Tibet.In his book The Invisible Influence (1933), he claimed that during his travels he was levitated over a chasm in Tibet, together with his porters and luggage. The book was structured as a conversation between <mask> and a series of mystics, yogis, and other sages, and includes anecdotes of crystal gazing, levitation, hypnotism, distant-touching, and other supposed phenomena. The book ran to at least 26 impressions by 1948. After his return to England, he was awarded a Doctorate of Psychiatric Medicine from the Royal College of Medicine in 1931. <mask> served as psychiatrist and research scientist at Colney Hatch Mental Hospital. After learning of his book, London County Council dismissed him on the grounds that he was unfit to practice in charge of a mental hospital, but he was reinstated after bringing action for wrongful dismissal. He then set up in private practice as a consultant in Harley Street, London, where he used hypnotherapy and psychic mediums in diagnosis.He became well known for prescribing exotic remedies such as electrotherapy and Tibetan hypnosis techniques as treatments for stress, alcoholism, sex and confidence problems. Influence on King Edward VIII
According to recent research, during this period King Edward VIII consulted <mask>, and received hypnotic treatment from him for a drink problem. This was drawn to the attention of Dr Cosmo Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Two days before the King's abdication in December 1936, Lang wrote to another Harley Street doctor, William Brown, that he had been "informed by a credible person that a certain Dr <mask>... has been recently attending the King... Would you kindly tell me whether you think this Dr <mask> is a really trustworthy person? He seems from the accounts I have received to be one who encourages somewhat dangerous methods of treatment." Archived letters suggest that it was believed that <mask> — then known as "the Yorkshire Yogi" — was having an adverse influence on the King. Piers Compton, former literary editor of the Catholic newspaper The Universe, stated that he had been told that King Edward was in the grip of "the leader of black magic in England", who had been called in to treat him for drunkenness.However, Edward's biographer Philip Ziegler considered it more likely that the treatment may have been for a sexual problem. Later life
By the late 1930s, <mask>'s London clinic, where he billed himself fraudulently as "His Excellency Sir Dr <mask>", had become highly lucrative. He continued to work and publish. In 1938, in his book Sleeping Through Space, he gave directions for bringing the dead back to life: "[administer] a severe kick with the knee between the shoulder blades" at the same time shouting in [the] left ear "Oye," "Oye," "Oye." He added: "It is rarely necessary to repeat the operation before life is again resumed, but this can be repeated up to seven times in long-standing cases." In 1939, <mask> left London and established the Isle of Man Clinic for Nervous Diseases. On the Isle of Man, he was a friend of Captain George Drummond, a Nazi sympathiser who had entertained the Prince of Wales and was interned in his mansion on his island during the war.<mask> was himself suspected of being a Nazi sympathiser and German spy, his telephone conversations with Drummond were recorded by MI5, and he was forced out of his home. However, MI5 concluded that he was a "quack and compulsive liar" rather than a spy. In October 1938, he falsely predicted that 1939 would see "the rapid wane of Hitler" and Mussolini. By 1941, he was being evicted from his Douglas mansion and was in trouble once again with medical authorities. He was brought up on disciplinary charges that in July 1941 he mailed a prison warden certificates attesting to his serious illness and that the man required immediate rest, even though <mask> had not seen him since March 1940. His solicitor claimed <mask> had diagnosed the man "hypnotically through a third person." The General Medical Council declined to revoke his licence, finding that although the charges were proven, <mask>'s actions were not done with the intention to commit fraud but owing to his mistaken belief in his own abilities.When the war ended, <mask> began to produce live magic shows using two assistants, Joyce and Rhonda Deronda (born Joyce and Eleanor Robson), who helped with performances. One act involved putting Rhonda into a hypnotic trance to diagnose physical and psychological problems, as she glared at the patient. Some of his apparently magical techniques were exposed in 1952 by David Norris. <mask> was a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians and The Magic Circle, and was Chairman of the Magicians of Mann. He created 'The Enchanted Hall', a small theatre at his home, Laureston Mansion House in Douglas. A number of tape recordings made by <mask> are on loan to the Manx Museum and National Trust. He also claimed to have invented the lie detector and black light.He died in March 1963, on the Isle of Man. Bibliography
 Hypnotism, Suggestion and Faith Healing (1932)
 The Principles and Practice of Psychiatry, senior author (1932)
 The Invisible Influence (1933)
 The Principles and Practice of Neurology, senior author (1934)
 Powers That Be (1934)
 The Secret of Mind Power and How to Use It, co-authored with C. de Radwan (1935)
 The Power of Karma in Relation to Destiny (1936)
 The Science of Hypnotism (1936)
 Sleeping Through Space (1938)
 The Shadow of Destiny (1947)
 The Power Within (1953)
 The Secret Scroll (1950s; more likely 1925 and published by the author for private circulation)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Roger Woods and Brian Lead, Showmen or Charlatans? The Stories of 'Dr' Walford Bodie and 'Sir' <mask>, , 2005
 Sean Stowell, "The King's Psychic", , 2014

External links
 Text of <mask>'s The Science of Hypnotism
Mysteries: The <mask> Cannon tapes - audio recordings of <mask>'s talks and Enchanted Hall events in the 1950s

1896 births
1963 deaths
English occult writers
English psychiatrists
English writers on paranormal topics
British hypnotists
Parapsychologists
People from Leeds
Medical doctors from Yorkshire
British magicians

masks:
James Alexander Cannon
Cannon
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Alexander Cannon
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Alexander Cannon
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Alexander
Cannon


title: Wendell Berry

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<mask> (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, essayist, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer. He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, a recipient of The National Humanities Medal, and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012. He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <mask> was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award. On January 28, 2015, he became the first living writer to be inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame. <mask> was the first of four children to be born to <mask>, a lawyer and tobacco farmer in Henry County, Kentucky, and <mask>. The families of both parents had farmed in Henry County for at least five generations.<mask> attended secondary school at Millersburg Military Institute and then earned a B.A. (1956) and M.A. (1957) in English at the University of Kentucky. In 1956, at the University of Kentucky he met another Kentucky writer-to-be, Gurney Norman. He completed his M.A. and married Tanya Amyx in 1957. In 1958, he attended Stanford University's creative writing program as a Wallace Stegner Fellow, studying under Stegner in a seminar that included Larry McMurtry, Robert Stone, Ernest Gaines, Tillie Olsen, and Ken Kesey.<mask>'s first novel, Nathan Coulter, was published in April 1960. A John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship took <mask> and his family to Italy and France in 1961, where he came to know Wallace Fowlie, critic and translator of French literature. From 1962 to 1964, he taught English at New York University's University Heights campus in the Bronx. In 1964, he began teaching creative writing at the University of Kentucky, from which he resigned in 1977. During this time in Lexington, Kentucky, he came to know author Guy Davenport, as well as author and monk Thomas Merton and photographer Ralph Eugene Meatyard. On July 4, 1965, <mask>, his wife, and his two children moved to a 12-acre farm that he had purchased, Lane's Landing, and began growing corn and small grains on what eventually became a homestead of about . They bought their first flock of seven Border Cheviot sheep in 1978.Lane's Landing is in Henry County, Kentucky in north central Kentucky near Port Royal, and his parents' birthplaces, and is on the western bank of the Kentucky River, not far from where it flows into the Ohio River. <mask> has farmed, resided, and written at Lane's Landing ever since. He has written about his early experiences on the land and about his decision to return to it in essays such as "The Long-Legged House" and "A Native Hill". From 1977 until 1980, he edited and wrote for the Rodale Press, including its publications Organic Gardening and Farming and The New Farm. From 1987 to 1993, he returned to the English Department of the University of Kentucky. <mask> has written at least twenty-five books (or chapbooks) of poems, sixteen volumes of essays, and eleven novels and short story collections. His writing is grounded in the notion that one's work ought to be rooted in and responsive to one's place.Activism
On February 10, 1968, <mask> delivered "A Statement Against the War in Vietnam" during the Kentucky Conference on the War and the Draft at the University of Kentucky in Lexington:

On June 3, 1979, <mask> engaged in nonviolent civil disobedience against the construction of a nuclear power plant at Marble Hill, Indiana. He describes "this nearly eventless event" and expands upon his reasons for it in the essay "The Reactor and the Garden." On February 9, 2003, <mask>'s essay titled "A Citizen's Response to the National Security Strategy of the United States" was published as a full-page advertisement in The New York Times. <mask> opened the essay—a critique of the G. W. Bush administration's post-9/11 international strategy—by asserting that "The new National Security Strategy published by the White House in September 2002, if carried out, would amount to a radical revision of the political character of our nation." On January 4, 2009, <mask> and Wes Jackson, president of The Land Institute, published an op-ed article in The New York Times titled "A 50-Year Farm Bill." In July 2009 <mask>, Jackson and Fred Kirschenmann, of The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, gathered in Washington DC to promote this idea. <mask> and Jackson wrote, "We need a 50-year farm bill that addresses forthrightly the problems of soil loss and degradation, toxic pollution, fossil-fuel dependency and the destruction of rural communities."Also in January 2009, <mask> released a statement against the death penalty, which began, "As I am made deeply uncomfortable by the taking of a human life before birth, I am also made deeply uncomfortable by the taking of a human life after birth." And in November 2009, <mask> and 38 other writers from Kentucky wrote to Gov. Steve Beshear and Attorney General Jack Conway asking them to impose a moratorium on the death penalty in that state. On March 2, 2009, <mask> joined over 2,000 others in non-violently blocking the gates to a coal-fired power plant in Washington, D.C. No one was arrested. On May 22, 2009, <mask>, at a listening session in Louisville, spoke against the National Animal Identification System (NAIS). He said, "If you impose this program on the small farmers, who are already overburdened, you're going to have to send the police for me. I'm 75 years old.I've about completed my responsibilities to my family. I'll lose very little in going to jail in opposition to your program – and I'll have to do it. Because I will be, in every way that I can conceive of, a non-cooperator." In October 2009, <mask> combined with "the Berea-based Kentucky Environmental Foundation (KEF), along with several other non-profit organizations and rural electric co-op members" to petition against and protest the construction of a coal-burning power plant in Clark County, Kentucky. On February 28, 2011, the Kentucky Public Service Commission approved the cancellation of this power plant. On December 20, 2009, due to the University of Kentucky's close association with coal interests in the state, <mask> removed his papers from the university. He explained to the Lexington Herald-Leader, "I don't think the University of Kentucky can be so ostentatiously friendly to the coal industry … and still be a friend to me and the interests for which I have stood for the last 45 years.… If they love the coal industry that much, I have to cancel my friendship." In August 2012, the papers were donated to The Kentucky Historical Society in Frankfort, KY.

On September 28, 2010, <mask> participated in a rally in Louisville during an EPA hearing on how to manage coal ash. <mask> said, "The EPA knows that coal ash is poison. We ask it only to believe in its own findings on this issue, and do its duty." <mask>, with 14 other protesters, spent the weekend of February 12, 2011 locked in the Kentucky governor's office to demand an end to mountaintop removal coal mining. He was part of the environmental group Kentuckians for the Commonwealth that began their sit-in on Friday and left at midday Monday to join about 1,000 others in a mass outdoor rally. In 2011, The Berry Center was established at New Castle, Kentucky, "for the purpose of bringing focus, knowledge and cohesiveness to the work of changing our ruinous industrial agriculture system into a system and culture that uses nature as the standard, accepts no permanent damage to the ecosphere, and takes into consideration human health in local communities."In July 2020, <mask> and his wife Tanya Amyx <mask> sued the University of Kentucky to prevent the removal of a mural that has been criticized for being "racially offensive." The mural was commissioned in the 1930s and was done by Ann Rice O'Hanlon, a relative of Tanya Amyx <mask>. Ideas
<mask>'s nonfiction serves as an extended conversation about the life he values. According to him, the good life includes sustainable agriculture, appropriate technologies, healthy rural communities, connection to place, the pleasures of good food, animal husbandry, good work, local economics, the miracle of life, fidelity, frugality, reverence, and the interconnectedness of life. The threats <mask> finds to this good simple life include: industrial farming and the industrialization of life, ignorance, hubris, greed, violence against others and against the natural world, the eroding topsoil in the United States, global economics, and environmental destruction. As a prominent defender of agrarian values, <mask>'s appreciation for traditional farming techniques, such as those of the Amish, grew in the 1970s, due in part to exchanges with Draft Horse Journal publisher Maurice Telleen. <mask> has long been friendly to and supportive of Wes Jackson, believing that Jackson's agricultural research at The Land Institute lives out the promise of "solving for pattern" and using "nature as model."Jedediah Britton-Purdy has considered many of <mask>'s major themes and concerns:Over the years, he has called himself an agrarian, a pacifist, and a Christian—albeit of an eccentric kind. He has written against all forms of violence and destruction—of land, communities, and human beings—and argued that the modern American way of life is a skein of violence. He is an anti-capitalist moralist and a writer of praise for what he admires: the quiet, mostly uncelebrated labor and affection that keep the world whole and might still redeem it. He is also an acerbic critic of what he dislikes, particularly modern individualism, and his emphasis on family and marriage and his ambivalence toward abortion mark him as an outsider to the left.The concept of "Solving for pattern", coined by <mask> in his essay of the same title, is the process of finding solutions that solve multiple problems, while minimizing the creation of new problems. The essay was originally published in the Rodale Press periodical The New Farm. Though Mr. <mask>'s use of the phrase was in direct reference to agriculture, it has since come to enjoy broader use throughout the design community. <mask>, who describes himself as "a person who takes the Gospel seriously," has criticized Christian organizations for failing to challenge cultural complacency about environmental degradation, and has shown a willingness to criticize what he perceives as the arrogance of some Christians.He is an advocate of Christian pacifism, as shown in his book Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Christ's Teachings About Love, Compassion and Forgiveness (2005). <mask>'s core ideas, and in particular his poem "Sabbaths III, 1989 (Santa Clara Valley)," guided the 2007 documentary feature film The Unforeseen, produced by Terrence Malick and Robert Redford. In the film <mask> narrates his own poem. Director Laura Dunn went on to make the 2016 documentary feature Look & See: A Portrait of <mask>, again produced by Malick and Redford. Poetry

<mask>'s lyric poetry often appears as a contemporary eclogue, pastoral, or elegy; but he also composes dramatic and historical narratives (such as "Bringer of Water" and "July, 1773", respectively) and occasional and discursive poems ("Against the War in Vietnam" and "Some Further Words", respectively). <mask>'s first published poetry book consisted of a single poem, the elegiac November Twenty Six Nineteen Hundred Sixty Three (1964), initiated and illustrated by Ben Shahn, commemorating the death of John F. Kennedy. It begins,

We know
The winter earth
Upon the body
Of the young
   President,
   And the early dark
   Falling;

and continues through ten more stanzas (each propelled by the anaphora of "We know").The elegiac here and elsewhere, according to Triggs, enables <mask> to characterize the connections "that link past and future generations through their common working of the land." The first full-length collection, The Broken Ground (1964), develops many of <mask>'s fundamental concerns: "the cycle of life and death, responsiveness to place, pastoral subject matter, and recurring images of the Kentucky River and the hill farms of north-central Kentucky"

According to Angyal, "There is little modernist formalism or postmodernist experimentation in [<mask>'s] verse." A commitment to the reality and primacy of the actual world stands behind these two rejections. In "Notes: Unspecializing Poetry," <mask> writes, "Devotion to order that is not poetical prevents the specialization of poetry." He goes on to note, "Nothing exists for its own sake, but for a harmony greater than itself which includes it. A work of art, which accepts this condition, and exists upon its terms, honors the Creation, and so becomes a part of it"

Lionel Basney placed <mask>'s poetry within a tradition of didactic poetry that stretches back to Horace: "To say that <mask>'s poetry can be didactic, then, means that it envisions a specific wisdom, and also the traditional sense of art and culture that gives art the task of teaching this wisdom"

For <mask>, poetry exists "at the center of a complex reminding"  Both the poet and the reader are reminded of the poem's crafted language, of the poem's formal literary antecedents, of  "what is remembered or ought to be remembered," and of "the formal integrity of other works, creatures and structures of the world.". The Sabbath Poems
From 1979 to the present <mask> has been writing what he calls "Sabbath poems."They were first collected in A Timbered Choir: The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997. This was followed by Sabbaths from 1998 to 2004 in Given: New Poems; and those from 2005 to 2008 are in Leavings. All Sabbath poems through 2012 are published in This Day: New and Collected Sabbath Poems 1979 - 2012. Sabbaths 2013 has been published by Larkspur Press. A Small Porch contains nine Sabbath poems from 2014 and sixteen from 2015. One Sabbath poem, "What Passes, What Remains" (VIII from 2016), is published as the epilogue in The Art of Loading Brush. That poem, along with fourteen others, can also be found in Sabbaths 2016, published by Larkspur Press.The poems are motivated by <mask>'s longtime habit of walking out onto the land on Sunday mornings. As he puts it, "I go free from the tasks and intentions of my workdays, and so my mind becomes hospitable to unintended thoughts: to what I am very willing to call inspiration." He writes in a poem from 1979,
The bell calls in the town
Where forebears cleared the shaded land
And brought high daylight down
To shine on field and trodden road. I hear, but understand
Contrarily, and walk into the woods. I leave labor and load,
Take up a different story. I keep an inventory
Of wonders and of uncommercial goods.The Sabbath poems have been described as "written from a particular place and on particular Sabbaths, and so should be read as part of a spiritual practice and as poems, in some sense, devoted to dwelling, to living thoughtfully in one place." Oehlschlaeger links <mask>'s project to a key observation by Henry David Thoreau,

As Thoreau continues in 'Life Without Principle,' he notes the constant busyness of Americans, so engaged in 'infinite bustle' that 'there is no sabbath.'And he notes later that 'there is nothing, not even crime, more opposed to poetry, to philosophy, ay, to life itself, than this incessant business.' The logic is clear: destruction of the Sabbath is contrary to 'life itself.' That, I suggest, is the context in which we should read the Sabbath poems that <mask> has been writing for nearly the last thirty years. Fiction

<mask>'s fiction to date consists of eight novels and fifty-five short stories (forty-three of which are

masks:
Wendell Erdman Berry
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Life Berry
John Marshall Berry
Virginia Erdman Berry
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Wendell Berry
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title: Wendell Berry

texts:
 collected in That Distant Land, 2004 and A Place in Time, 2012), and one verse drama which, when read as a whole, form a chronicle of the fictional small Kentucky town of Port William. Because of his long-term, ongoing exploration of the life of an imagined place, <mask> has been compared to William Faulkner. Yet, although Port William is no stranger to murder, suicide, alcoholism, marital discord, and the full range of losses that touch human lives, it lacks the extremes of characterization and plot development that are found in much of Faulkner. Hence <mask> is sometimes described as working in an idealized, pastoral, or nostalgic mode, a characterization of his work which he resists: "If your work includes a criticism of history, which mine certainly does, you can't be accused of wanting to go back to something, because you're saying that what we were wasn't good enough."The effect of profound shifts in the agricultural practices of the United States, and the disappearance of traditional agrarian life, are some of the major concerns of the Port William fiction, though the theme is often only a background or subtext to the stories themselves. The Port William fiction attempts to portray, on a local scale, what "a human economy … conducted with reverence"  looked like in the past—and what civic, domestic, and personal virtues might be evoked by such an economy were it pursued today. Social as well as seasonal changes mark the passage of time. The Port William stories allow <mask> to explore the human dimensions of the decline of the family farm and farm community, under the influence of expanding post-World War II agribusiness. But these works rarely fall into simple didacticism, and are never merely tales of decline. Each is grounded in a realistic depiction of character and community. In A Place on Earth (1967), for example, farmer Mat Feltner comes to terms with the loss of his only son, Virgil.In the course of the novel, we see how not only Mat but the entire community wrestles with the acute costs of World War II. <mask>'s fiction also allows him to explore the literal and metaphorical implications of marriage as that which binds individuals, families, and communities to each other and to Nature itself—yet not all of Port William is happily or conventionally married. "Old Jack" Beechum struggles with significant incompatibilities with his wife, and with a brief yet fulfilling extramarital affair. The barber Jayber Crow lives with a forlorn, secret, and unrequited love for a woman, believing himself "mentally" married to her even though she knows nothing about it. Burley Coulter never formalizes his bond with Kate Helen Branch, the mother of his son. Yet, each of these men find themselves firmly bound up in the community, the "membership," of Port William. Of his fictional project, <mask> has written: "I have made the imagined town of Port William, its neighborhood and membership, in an attempt to honor the actual place where I have lived.By means of the imagined place, over the last fifty years, I have learned to see my native landscape and neighborhood as a place unique in the world, a work of God, possessed of an inherent sanctity that mocks any human valuation that can be put upon it." Elsewhere, <mask> has said, "The only thing I try to accomplish in fiction is to show how people act when they love each other." The novels and stories can be read in any order. In January, 2018, the Library of America published a volume of <mask>'s fiction—the first of a projected four volumes of his writing. <mask>: Port William Novels & Stories (The Civil War to World War II) contains four novels and twenty-three short stories in chronological order according to the stories' events. <mask> is the only living writer currently featured in the Library of America catalog. Nathan Coulter (1960)
In <mask>'s first novel, young Nathan "comes of age" through dealing with the death of his mother, the depression of his father, Jarrat, the rugged companionship of his brother Tom, and the mischief of his uncle Burley.Kirkus Review concludes, "A sensitive adolescent theme is handled rather poetically, but so uniform in tone that no drama is generated and no sense of time passing is felt." John Ditsky finds William Faulkner's influence in Nathan Coulter, but notes, "Not only does the work avoid the pitfalls encountered by Faulkner's initial attempts to escape his postage stamp of native soil, but Nathan Coulter also seems a wise attempt to get that autobiographical first novel out of one's system, and to do so [with] honesty." A Place on Earth (1967/1983)
Set in the critical year of 1945, this novel focuses on farmer Mat Feltner's struggle over the news that his son Virgil has been listed as missing in action while also telling multiple tales of the lives of other Port William residents, such as Burley Coulter, Jack Beechum, Ernest Finley, Ida and Gideon Crop. Reprinting by North Point Press in 1983 allowed <mask> to radically revise the novel, removing almost a third of its original length. Jeffrey Bilbro believes that these substantial changes marked growth in <mask>'s approach. "In <mask>'s revised edition, his technique caught up with his subject. He allows us, as readers, to participate in the ignorance of his characters, and in doing so, we may be able to understand more fully the painful difficulty of choosing fidelity to the natural order while living in the midst of mystery."The Memory of Old Jack  (1974)
This third novel of Port William begins with Jack Beechum as a very old man in 1952 and continues back into his youth and maturity to uncover his life and work as a dedicated farmer, conflicted husband, and living link to past generations. The story ranges from the Civil War to just past World War II. Josh Hurst comments on <mask>'s ability to avoid certain narrative pitfalls, "Jack's story could be presented us either as heroic ballad or as cautionary [tale]—and there is much in his life to support both admiration and gentle tisk-tisking—but the gift of this book is how it allows a man's memories to wash over us as though unshaped by narrative or conscious editorializing." Remembering (1988)
In <mask>'s fourth novel, an adult Andy Catlett wanders through San Francisco remembering, but feeling alienated from, his native Port William. He struggles to come to terms with himself, his marriage, his farm, and the distorted values of American society. Of <mask>'s vision here, Charles Solomon writes, "<mask> contrasts modern American agribusiness--which he depicts as an artificial conglomeration of sterile flow charts, debts and mechanization--with the older ideal of farming as a nurturing way of life." But along these lines, Bruce Bawer finds a problem with the novel, "Here, for the first time in a Port William novel, <mask> seems more interested in communicating opinions than in portraying sympathetic characters in plausible situations; the opening episode, set at a conference on agricultural policy, paints the ideological conflict between Andy and his adversaries in broad, unsubtle strokes."A World Lost (1996)
Young Andy Catlett's uncle Andrew had been murdered back in 1944, and now an adult Andy is reconstructing the event and its aftermath. "Looking back with a mixture of a young boy's incomprehension and an older man's nostalgia, Andy evokes the past not as a narrative but as a series of disembodied fragments in the flow of time." In this fifth novel of Port William, <mask> considers the violence of men and its impact on the family and community that must come to terms with it. "<mask> shows us the psychic costs of misplaced family pride and social rigidity, and yet he also celebrates the benevolent blessing of familial love. This is simple, soul-satisfying storytelling, augmented by understated humor and quiet insight." Jayber Crow (2000)
Port William's barber recounts his life's journey in <mask>'s sixth novel. Jayber's early life as an orphan near Port William is followed by studies towards a possible vocation to Church ministry.A questioning mind, however, sends him in other directions until he finds himself back in Port William with an ever-growing commitment to that place and its people. As Publishers Weekly notes, "Crow's life, which begins as WWI is about to erupt, is emblematic of a century of upheaval, and <mask>'s anecdotal and episodic tale sounds a challenge to contemporary notions of progress. It is to <mask>'s credit that a novel so freighted with ideas and ideology manages to project such warmth and luminosity." Hannah Coulter (2004)
<mask>'s seventh novel presents a concise vision of Port William's "membership." The story encompasses Hannah's life, including the Great Depression, World War II, the postwar industrialization of agriculture, the flight of youth to urban employment, and the consequent remoteness of grandchildren. The tale is told in the voice of an old woman twice widowed, who has experienced much loss yet has never been defeated. Somehow, lying at the center of her strength is the "membership"—the fact that people care for each other and, even in absence, hold each other in a kind of presence.All in all, Hannah Coulter embodies many of the themes of <mask>'s Port William saga. Andy Catlett: Early Travels (2006)
Andy Catlett, age nine, makes his first solo journey to visit with both sets of grandparents in Port William. The New York Times reviewer notes, "What the grown-up Andy recalls of that experience is transformed into 'a sort of homage' to a now-vanished world. Title characters from <mask>'s earlier Port William volumes — Jayber Crow, Old Jack, Hannah Coulter — appear here in affectionate cameos as the adult Andy, echoing Wordsworth, observes that 'in my memory, all who were there ... seem now to be gathered into a love that is at once a boy's and an aging man's.'" Awards

Works

Fiction

Uncollected short stories
"Nothing Living Lives Alone". The Threepenny Review. Spring 2011.PEN/O. Henry Prize Story, 2012
"Dismemberment". The Threepenny Review. Summer 2015. "One Nearly Perfect Day" Sewanee Review. Summer 2015. "How It Went" Sewanee Review.Summer 2016. "A Clearing" The Hudson Review. Autumn 2018. "The Great Interruption: The Story of a Famous Story of Old Port William and How It Ceased to be Told (1935-1978)" The Threepenny Review. Fall 2018. (A discussion of this story can be found on Front Porch Republic.) "A Conversation".The Threepenny Review. Winter 2020. "One of Us (1949)" Larkspur Press, Monterey, KY 2020; and The Threepenny Review. Fall 2020. "A Time and Times and the Dividing of Time". The Threepenny Review. Fall 2021.Nonfiction

Uncollected essays
 "KCADP's YouTube Channel." April 24, 2009. "To Break The Silence" Appalachian Heritage Vol 41 (3), Summer 2013, pp 78–84. Poetry

Interviews
Weinreb, Mindy. "A Question a Day: A Written Conversation with <mask>"  in Merchant, 1991
Beattie, L. Elisabeth (Editor). "<mask>" in Conversations With Kentucky Writers,  University Press of Kentucky, 1996. Minick, Jim."A Citizen and a Native: An Interview with <mask>" Appalachian Journal, Vol. 31, Nos 3–4, (Spring-Summer, 2004)
Berger, Rose Marie. "<mask> interview complete text," Sojourner's Magazine, July 2004
Brockman, Holly. "How can a family 'live at the center of its own attention?' <mask>'s thoughts on the good life", January/February 2006
Grubbs, Morris Allen (Editor). Conversations with <mask>, University Press of Mississippi, 2007. Hooks, Bell."Healing Talk: A Conversation" in "Belonging: A Culture of Place", 2009, Routledge. Smith, Peter. "<mask>'s still unsettled in his ways." The Courier-Journal, September 30, 2007, A1. "<mask>: A conversation," The Diane Rehm Show. WAMU 88.5 American University Radio, November 30, 2009. Leonard, Sarah."Nature as an Ally" Dissent, Vol. 59, No. 2, Spring, 2012
"<mask>: Poet & Prophet," Moyers & Company. PBS. October 4, 2013. Lehrer, Brian. The Brian Lehrer Show WYNC, October 17, 2013
"Distant Neighbors: <mask> & Gary Snyder",  part of 2014 Festival of Faiths: Sacred Earth / Sacred Self
"<mask>, Burkean" Interview with Gracy Olmstead.The American Conservative, February 17, 2015. Fisher-Smith, Jordan. "Field Observations: An Interview with <mask>'"
DeChristopher, Tim. "To Live and Love with a Dying World: A conversation between Tim DeCristopher and <mask>". Orion, Spring 2020. Forewords, introductions, prefaces, and afterwords

See also

Agrarianism
Fellowship of Southern Writers
Front Porch Republic
The Land Institute
John Seymour (author)
Local food
Localism (politics)
Southern Agrarians
Sustainability
Subsidiarity
Wallace Stegner
Wes Jackson

References

Further reading
Baker, Jack and Jeffrey Bilbro, ed. Telling the Stories Right: <mask>'s Imagination of Port William.Eugene, OR: Front Porch Republic Books, 2018. Baker, Jack and Jeffrey Bilbro. <mask> and Higher Education: Cultivating Virtues of Place. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2017. Bilbro, Jeffrey. Virtues of Renewal: <mask>'s Sustainable Forms. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2019.Bilbro, Jeffrey. "The Way of Love: <mask>'s Vision of Work in the Kingdom of God," in Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015. 138-178. Bonzo, J. Matthew and Michael R. Stevens. <mask> and the Cultivation of Life: A Reader's Guide. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008.Goodrich, Janet. The Unforeseen Self in the Works of <mask>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001. Heinzelman, Kurt (1980), Indigenous Art: The Poetry of <mask>, in Bold, Christine, (ed. ), Cencrastus No. 2, Spring 1980, pp. 34 – 37,
Merchant, Paul, ed.<mask> (American Authors Series). Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence, 1991. Mitchell, Mark and Nathan Schlueter. The Humane Vision of <mask>. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2011. Oehlschlaeger, Fritz. The Achievement of <mask> Berry: The Hard History of Love.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011. Peters, Jason, ed. <mask>: Life and Work. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007. Shuman, Joel James and Owens, L. Roger (eds). <mask> and Religion: Heaven's Earthly Life. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009.Smith, Kimberly K. <mask> and the Agrarian Tradition: A Common Grace. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003. Sutterfield, Ragan. <mask> and the Given Life. Cincinnati, OH: Franciscan Media, 2017. Wiebe, Joseph R. The Place of Imagination: <mask> and the Poetics of Community, Affection, and Identity. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2017

External links

The Wendell Berry Catalogue from Counterpoint Press
Internet Resources
The Membership: A <mask> Berry Podcast
The Berry Center

1934 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American poets
American agrarianists
American agricultural writers
American anti-globalization writers
American Christian pacifists
American environmentalists
American male essayists
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
American short story writers
Baptists from Kentucky
Farmers from Kentucky
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
National Humanities Medal recipients
Neo-Luddites
New York University faculty
Novelists from Kentucky
People from Henry County, Kentucky
Poets from Kentucky
Rockefeller Fellows
Rural community development
Simple living advocates
Stegner Fellows
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Kentucky faculty
Writers of American Southern literature
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male

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