title: Peretz Hirschbein

texts:
<mask> (;7 November 1880, Melnik, Kleszczele, Grodno Governorate – 16 August 1948, Los Angeles) was a Yiddish-language playwright, novelist, journalist, travel writer, and theater director. Because his work focused more on mood than plot, he became known as "the Yiddish Maeterlinck". His work as a playwright and through his own short-lived but influential troupe, laid much of the groundwork for the second golden age of Yiddish theater that began shortly after the end of World War I. The dialogue of his plays is consistently vivid, terse, and naturalistic. Unusually for a Yiddish playwright, most of his works have pastoral settings: he had grown up the son of a miller, and made several attempts at farming. Biography
He was born in Grodno Governorate (present-day Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland) where he was educated initially by local tutors, before he eventually made his way to Grodno and then Vilna, where he joined a circle of yeshiva students who studied the Bible, Hebrew grammar, and Jewish history together. Hirshbein began giving Hebrew lessons to support himself while publishing Hebrew poetry and writing Yiddish stories.He also began to shift from writing lyrical poetry to naturalist drama, starting with Miryam (1905), which he first wrote in Hebrew, later translated into Yiddish, and later still revised in Yiddish under the title Barg arop (Downhill). During the early 1900s, Hirshbein continued writing naturalist dramas in Hebrew, including Nevelah (Carcass), which in Yiddish (Di neveyle) became one of Hirshbein's most successful works. Olamot bodedim (Lonely Worlds; 1906) marked a new symbolist phase in his career, as well as the end of his practice of writing originally in Hebrew. His symbolist Yiddish plays of this period include the one-act Kvorim-blumen (Grave Blossoms), Di erd (The Earth), In der finster (In the Dark), and Der tkies-kaf (The Handshake). He was instrumental in the revival of Yiddish theater in Russia shortly after the 1904 lifting of the 1883 ban on theatrical performances in that language. Prior to his involvement in Yiddish theater, he wrote several plays in Hebrew; these were published in the periodical Hazman, but there was no audience at that time for Hebrew-language theater. In 1908 Hirshbein moved to Odessa, where he wrote the drama Yoyel (Joel).Soon afterward, Af yener zayt taykh (On the Other Side of the River), his first Yiddish drama, was produced in Russian in Odessa. In autumn of the same year, Hirshbein, encouraged by Bialik and by students from an acting conservatory in Odessa, founded the theater company that became known as the Hirshbein Troupe. It was the first Yiddish company to devote itself exclusively to "better" Yiddish theater. The troupe toured through Imperial Russia for two years, staging his own plays, as well as works by Sholem Asch, David Pinski, Sholem Aleichem, and Jacob Gordin, as well as translations of plays by Semen Iushkevich and Herman Heijermans. The troupe's high literary standards and high standards of ensemble acting strongly influenced the later Vilna Troupe and Maurice Schwartz's New York-based Yiddish Art Theater. The troupe disbanded in 1910 for financial reasons, at which point Hirschbein published what Jacob Glatshteyn (In tokh genumen [Sum and Substance], 1976, p. 77) has called "the four greatest plays in the Yiddish repertoire": A farvorfn vinkl (A Forsaken Corner; 1912), Di puste kretshme (The Empty [Deserted] Inn; 1913, written in America), Dem shmids tekhter (The Blacksmith's Daughters; 1918) and Grine felder (Green Fields; 1916). In these and other dramas, Hirshbein abandoned symbolism and returned to his rural roots, dramatizing the lives and loves of rural Jews.The understated quality of these works appealed to directors including Maurice Schwartz and Jacob Ben-Ami, and they became regular productions in the repertoire of artistically ambitious Yiddish theaters. His popularity extended to other cultures and genres, and his plays were performed in Russian, Hebrew, English, German, Spanish, and French. Indeed, the 1937 American film Grine felder (Green Fields), based on Hirshbein's play, is among the most beloved of all Yiddish films, and the play continues to be often anthologized and staged. Hirshbein traveled extensively; in 1911 alone, he visited Vienna, Paris, London, and New York City. For a while in 1912, he tried farming in New York's Catskills (later, home to the Borscht Belt); he then returned briefly to Russia, and went from there to Argentina for another attempt at farming, this time in a Jewish agricultural colony. At the start of World War I he was en route to New York on a British ship, which was sunk by a German cruiser. He was briefly taken captive, then let off in Brazil, from where he eventually reached New York.He spent the succeeding decades traveling, accompanied by his wife, Yiddish poet Esther Shumiatcher-Hirschbein, and publishing both fiction and nonfiction based on his trips. Hirschbein's son, Omus Hirschbein, a classical music administrator, was born in New York in 1934 just before the family moved to Los Angeles. Hirschbein suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) for the last three years of his life. He died August 16, 1948, in Los Angeles. Works
Yiddish-language plays, unless otherwise noted. Miriam (a.k.a. Downhill, 1905, in Hebrew)
Oif Yener Zeit Taikh (On the Other Side of the River, 1906)
Die Erd (Earth, 1907)
Tkias Kaf (Contract, a.k.a.The Agreement 1907)
Oifn Shaidveg (Parting of the Ways, 1907)
Neveyle (Carcass, 1908)
Die Puste Kretshme (The Haunted Inn, 1912)
A farvorfen Vinkel (A Neglected Nook or A Hidden Corner, 1912)
Griene Felder (Green Fields, 1916)
Dem Schmids Tekhter (The Smith's Daughters, 1918 or earlier)
Where Life Ends
Joel
The Last One
The Infamous
A Lima Bean
Roite Felder (Red Fields, 1935, novel)
Hitler's Madman (screenplay for 1943 English-language film, the American debut of director Douglas Sirk)

References

 "Hirshbeyn, Perets" (1960). In: Leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur [Biographical Dictionary of Modern Yiddish Literature]. Vol. 3. New York: Alveltlekhn yidishn kultur-kongres [Congress for Jewish Culture]. Columns 147–158. Liptzin, Sol (1972).A History of Yiddish Literature, Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Publishers. . 82 et. seq. External links

Papers of <mask> Hirschbein. ; RG 833; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY. 1880 births
1948 deaths
People from Hajnówka County
People from Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Russian dramatists and playwrights
Russian male dramatists and playwrights
Yiddish theatre
Yiddish-language playwrights
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Russian male writers

masks:
Peretz Hirshbein
Peretz


title: Richard Berkeley (died 1604)

type: original

texts:
Sir <mask> (15311604) of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire was MP for Gloucestershire in 1604. He had previously served as Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1564, and as Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1568. In 1595 he was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London. In 1599 he was appointed custodian of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (d. 1601), who was kept under house arrest at Essex House in London. He died in 1604, whilst serving as MP, and was buried in The Gaunts Chapel, Bristol, where exists an effigy of him, which chapel had been founded in 1220 by Maurice de Gaunt (d. 1230), a member of the <mask> family. Background
He was born in 1531, the eldest son of Sir <mask> (d. 1546) of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire by Isabel Denys, a daughter of Sir William Denys (d. 1535) of Dyrham, Gloucestershire, by <mask>, daughter of <mask>, de jure 3rd Baron <mask> (1436–1506).As well as his mother's descent from the Barons <mask> he was on the paternal side 7th in descent from Maurice de <mask> (d. 1347, killed at the Siege of Calais), who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford in 1337, the second son of Maurice de <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask> (1271–1326). In 1545/6, when <mask> was aged 14, his father died from splinter wounds whilst on board a ship at Portsmouth, and by an addition to his father's will <mask> was given in wardship to King Henry VIII (1509–1547). His mother Isabel married secondly, as his second wife, Arthur Porter (c.1505–1559) of Newent and Alvington, MP for Gloucestershire in November 1554, for the City of Gloucester in 1555 and for Aylesbury in 1559. Builds Stoke Park

In 1553, aged just 22 just after coming out of wardship and gaining possession of his inheritance, he rebuilt the manor house at Stoke Gifford in the late-Tudor style, which was subsequently known as The Dower House, Stoke Park. This construction was at about the same time his uncle Sir Maurice Denys (d. 1563) was rebuilding nearby Siston Court. The house was built on a natural promontory, probably originally selected for its defensible position, converted into an artificial plateau. It was rebuilt in 1750 by <mask>'s descendant Norborne <mask>, 4th Baron Botetourt.It is situated about 1 1/2 miles south of the parish church of St. Michael, Stoke Gifford, and its parkland has now been intersected by the M32 motorway from which the present house of 1750, painted yellow, is a very prominent sight. Lands held
In 1564 he purchased the Gloucestershire manors of Stapleton, adjacent to the south, and Rendcomb, a considerable distance to the north, 5 miles north of Cirencester. Between 1563 and 1567 he sold the manor of Rockhampton, first acquired in 1354 by Sir Thomas (or Maurice<mask> of Uley (d.1361), to its several farmers-in-fee. Marriage and progeny
<mask> married twice:
Firstly to Elizabeth Read, daughter of William Read of Milton(or Mitton), Esq., by whom he had issue:
<mask> (died 1606), of Stoke Gifford, who married Mary (or Mirryell) Throckmorton, daughter of Thomas Throckmorton of Coughton Court, Warwickshire. He was father of <mask> (1579–1661), MP. Elizabeth, (or Ellen) who married, as his first wife, Sir Thomas Throckmorton of Tortworth, Gloucestershire. She was mother of:
 John Throckmorton(died young, c.1591, not to be confused with John Throckmorton (1572–1623) MP for Gloucestershire 1601 and 1604, on the latter occasion after winning a by-election for the seat vacated by the death of <mask> in the same year.)Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Baronet (c.1579–1628), of Tortworth. Mary
Ann
Dorothy
Secondly Eleanor Jermy, daughter of Sir Robert Jermy and widow of Robert Rowe, son of Sir Thomas Rowe, ambassador. Death and burial
He died on 26 April 1604, as his monument in The Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol, records. He was replaced on 30 May 1604 as one of the pair of MP's for Gloucestershire by John Throckmorton (1572–1623), of Lypiatt, whose parentage is unknown, but who was alive in 1611 as recorded in the proceedings of the House of Commons, and should not therefore be confused with his grandson John Throckmorton of Tortworth who died c.1591 as a boy. Effigy in The Gaunts Chapel

The recumbent effigy of Sir <mask> is situated to the immediate right hand side on entering The Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol. He is dressed in plate-armour, with his hands placed together in prayer pointed heavenwards. The effigy probably had originally an elaborate sculpted canopy above it, which has now been lost, following the repositioning of the effigy to its current location against a wall.On an entablature on the wall behind the effigy, surmounted by the arms of <mask> of Stoke Gifford (Gules, a chevron ermine between ten crosses pattee argent), is the following Latin inscription:
 'Domini : Rich : Berkelaei : Militis : in : suam : mortem : carmen : monitorium : Cum genus et nomen capiunt cognoscere cuncti mentem nemo : si quis qui sim inquirere pergat nescio responde : verum hunc se nosse moneto''

Translated into English:
“...Of the lord <mask> <mask>, knight, in his death, a song of those admonishing: Though all men may desire to know my name and race, yet no man may desire to know my mind. If any one should take up the enquiry as to who I am, reply I know not, but let that man be advised to know himself”

His epitaph follows:
Whom youth could not corrupt, nor change of dayes
Add anything but years, he, full of them
As they of knowledge, what need this stone prayse
Whose epitaph is writt in the heartes of men
That did this world and her child Fame despise
His soule w.th (with) God, loe here his coffin lyes

Obiit : Aprilis : xxvi : Ano. Domini : 1604 Aetatis suae 71
(Trans. : "He died the 26th of April in the year of Our Lord 1604, 71 (years) of age")

Sources
Barker, W.R. St Mark's or The Mayor's Chapel, Bristol, Formerly called the Church of the Gaunts. Bristol, 1892, pp. 146–8
Evans, Rev. D.R., A History of Stoke Gifford, 1958.Extracts reproduced in: Kerton, Adrian (ed. ), History of Stoke Gifford, 2005 (www.sbarch.org.uk)
Smyth, John, The Lives of the <mask>s, Lords of the Honour, Castle and Manor of Berkeley, in the County of Gloucester, from 1066 to 1618. First published 1618. (Main source of Barker, W.R.)
Maclean, Sir John (ed. ), The Visitation of the County of Gloucester Taken in the Year 1623 by Henry Chitty and John Phillipot, London, 1885, pp. 8–9, "Barkley" (contains errors)
Berkeley genealogy website

References

1531 births
1604 deaths
People from South Gloucestershire District
English MPs 1604–1611
High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire
Lieutenants of the Tower of London
Richard
16th-century English people

masks:
Richard Berkeley
Berkeley
John Berkeley
Anne Berkeley
Maurice Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Richard
Richard
Berkeley
Berkeley
) Berkeley
Berkeley
Henry Berkeley
Richard Berkeley
Richard Berkeley
Richard Berkeley
Berkeley
Richard de
Berkeley
Berkeley


title: Roy Gardner (businessman)

texts:
Sir <mask> (born 20 August 1945) is a British businessman and former director of Manchester United and most recently Plymouth Argyle. <mask> is notable for his involvement in the sale of Manchester United to American businessman Malcolm Glazer (but he actually resigned in protest to the sale to the Glazer family) and his controversial spell as chairman of Plymouth Argyle, which resulted in the club entering administration with debts of over £17 million and accusations of financial mismanagement. Early life and education
Born in Brentford, he was the eldest son of a carpenter, <mask>, and his wife Iris Joan (née Paine) and was brought up in Middlesex and Surrey in humble surroundings. He initially wanted to be a professional footballer, and supported Manchester United from the age of 8. He went to Strode's School (a grammar school, which became Strode's College in 1975) in Surrey. In the holidays he worked at Wall's. Career

BAC and GEC
<mask> started his career at the British Aircraft Corporation through their accounting apprentice scheme, working in the Commercial Aircraft Division from 1963 to 1975.He joined the Marconi Company Ltd in 1975. From 1979 to 1985, he was Group Finance Director of the Marconi Space and Defence part of the company. From January 1986 he was the Finance Director of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC plc). He became managing director of STC Communication Systems. Nortel took over STC in 1991 and he became chief operating officer of Northern Telecom Europe. He then became managing director of GEC Marconi Ltd, succeeding Arnold Weinstock from 1992 to 1994. Centrica
<mask> joined British Gas in November 1994 as executive director, finance and was involved in splitting the company into two parts.He was the chief executive of Centrica plc from February 1997 (when it first formed when British Gas demerged) until October 2005. Under his leadership, Centrica bought the AA. He was replaced by Sam Laidlaw. During his time with Centrica, he was listed in the Harvard Business Review’s Best-Performing CEOs in the World. Non-executive roles
In 2001, <mask> was appointed as chairman by Mainstream Renewable Power, the privately held renewable energy development company with wind projects in England, Scotland, Germany and South Africa. In July 2006, <mask> became non-executive chairman of Compass Group plc, the British multinational contract food service, cleaning, property management and support services company. He retired from this role in 2014.He has also been non-executive chairman of Connaught plc, the FTSE 250 support services company. He was chairman of Enserve, the infrastructure services company in the UK, operating in the electricity, water and analytics sectors, from its inception in 2010 until 2014. In 2014, he joined the board of William Hill as senior independent non-executive director, serving as a member of the Audit and Risk, Remuneration, Nomination and Corporate Responsibility Committees. In 2015, <mask> became chairman of Serco, the British outsourcing company which operates public and private transport and traffic control, aviation, military weapons, detention centres, prisons and schools. In May 2020 it was announced that <mask> would step down from his role as Serco chairman and a search for his replacement had begun. He was a director at Willis Towers Watson until January 2016 and is currently a Senior Adviser to Credit Suisse, providing counsel to clients in a variety of sectors including energy, utilities, industrials and leisure and services. Other roles
Sir <mask> is the Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Energy Futures Lab at Imperial College London.He has chaired the Apprenticeship Ambassadors Network and is a Fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Royal Society of Arts. He is a companion of the Chartered Management Institute. In June 2007 he became President of the Energy Institute. In 2008, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Thames Valley University. The same year he was named 27th Most Powerful Executive in the retail industry by The Telegraph. <mask> is also a Fellow of the City and Guilds Institute and a governor at St Albans School. Charitable activities
<mask> raised £80,000 climbing Mount Kilimanjaro for the Carers Association, of which he was president.He has also been a council member of the Prince's Youth Business Trust and chairman of the Employers' Federation on Disability as well as a Trustee of the Development Trust for the Disabled. He is also on the board of the Combat Stress charity, the Veterans mental health charity. Football career

Manchester United
<mask> became a director of Manchester United in December 1999. He was appointed as non-executive chairman of Manchester United plc in November 2001, taking over from Sir Roland Smith on 31 March 2002. In April 2005, he and the Manchester United board issued a statement recommending against the proposed buyout by Malcolm Glazer and his family, saying the "proposed capital structure […] still contains more leverage [debt] than the board would consider prudent"; however, they were forced to issue a contrary statement a month later, once the Glazers had acquired enough shares to constitute a majority stake in the club. <mask> resigned as chairman in June 2005, shortly after the Glazer takeover, as did his fellow non-executive directors Jim O'Neill and Ian Mutch. In 2010, <mask> reiterated his criticism of the method the Glazers used to purchase Manchester United, describing it as not "a sustainable model".Plymouth Argyle
In July 2009, <mask> and business partner Keith Todd secured ownership of 13 percent of Championship team Plymouth Argyle as part of a consortium of international and local businesses which took over the club. He stated that it was the consortium's ambition to see Argyle promoted to the English Premier League within five years and focused on the club’s bid to host the World Cup finals in 2018. <mask> also stated that he wished to "develop a better understanding of the club's precise needs, plan to progressively increase the budget for new players, in particular as we grow the commercial income of the club". During <mask>'s chairmanship, the football club was issued with a number of winding up orders over unpaid taxes and debts. It entered a repayment strategy, involving the sale of players Reda Johnson and Craig Noone. In March 2010, the club announced that Home Park was to be transferred to the holding company owned by <mask>, Todd and Yasuaki Kagami. <mask> stated that no money would go directly to the club and that the £7.5 million received would be used to pay off the club’s debts.This included the money owed to directors. <mask>, Todd and their co-investors spent more than £3m in an attempt to save the club. <mask> himself almost trebled his stake. Kagami said the directors were “fighting tooth and nail to make sure the club does not go into administration.<mask> resigned as chairman on 27 December 2010 and the club entered administration shortly afterwards. The club formally exited administration on 31 October 2011 but only after Plymouth City Council agreed to re-purchase the stadium and other land belonging to the club was sold to local entrepreneur James Brent. The club was close to being liquidated after 125 years of history whilst staff had been without pay for almost a year. Honours
He was knighted in the 2002 Queen's Birthday Honours List For services to the Gas and Electricity Industries.References

External links
 Employers for Apprentices
 Best of British Industry Award 2006
 National Portrait Gallery
 Knighthood 2002

News items
 Guardian May 2003
 Telegraph September 2002
 Independent June 1999

British chairpersons of corporations
British hospitality businesspeople
Centrica people
Compass Group people
English accountants
English chief executives
Knights Bachelor
Manchester United F.C. directors and chairmen
1945 births
People educated at Strode's Grammar School
People from Brentford
Living people

masks:
Roy Alan Gardner
Gardner
Roy Thomas Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Roy
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
” Gardner


title: John Sulyard

texts:
Sir <mask> (by 1518 – 1575), of Wetherden and Haughley, Suffolk, was a prominent East Anglian magistrate, landowner, High Sheriff, knight and standard-bearer, strongly Roman Catholic in religious affiliation, who sat in parliament during the reign of Queen Mary. Sulyard of Wetherden
Sir <mask>, a Justice of the Court of King's Bench, (the present subject's grandfather) is thought to have acquired the manor of Wetherden Hall (which had formerly belonged to Roger de Scales) in 1463 by fine, from Walter Bradley and his wife Joan: in 1468 he had a grant of free warren in it. His Hall, of which two truncated 15th century timber ranges survive in a much-remodelled farmhouse, stood at the moated site near to what is now Wetherden Hall Farm. It is observed that he was tutor to Prince Edward from 1473 until the boy's disappearance in 1483, and received the favour of Richard III, and that Wetherden was near to Gipping, seat of Sir James Tyrrell, who was apparently implicated in the prince's death. The judge first married Agnes (daughter of Richard Hungate), by whom he had sons Edward (of High Laver, Essex, died c. 1495) and William, and daughter Elizabeth. Secondly he married Anne, daughter and coheir of <mask> and Elizabeth Andrews of Baylham, Suffolk, and by her he had sons Andrew and <mask>, and daughters Elizabeth, Anne and Alice, the uterine cousins of Sir Andrew Wyndsore of Stanwell, Middlesex (whose father Thomas Wyndsore married their mother's sister Elizabeth Andrews). At Sir <mask>'s death in March 1487/88, he founded the Sulyard chantry in the "spectacular" south aisle which he had commenced building at St Mary's Church, Wetherden.Its roof has been called "a riot of heraldry... a complete record of the <mask> family's formidable gentry connections up to 1488." After 1488 Dame Anne remarried to Sir Thomas Bourchier of Knebworth, who died in 1491, and she survived until 1520. Dame Anne completed the south aisle with the porch, adding heraldry from her second marriage to Bourchier. The manor passed by remainder to Dame Anne, and from her to her son <mask>, Esquire of the Body to Henry VIII. Andrew married Margaret, daughter of <mask>, but died without issue in 1538. His brother <mask> married Margaret, daughter of Robert Baker of Wetherden, and they were the parents of <mask> the present subject. At his death in 1539 the father <mask> asked to be buried at Wetherden near to the graves of his father and mother, and arranged for prayers for his late wife Margaret.He made his son <mask> his principal legatee and his executor together with Sir William Drury of Hawstead. Life
<mask> was educated as a lawyer at Clifford’s Inn. He married three times. His first wife was Elizabeth Bedingfield, daughter of the younger Sir Edmund Bedingfield (1479-1553) of Oxborough, Norfolk, by whom he had one daughter. He succeeded his father in 1540, and by the following year he had married his second wife, Elizabeth Jerningham, daughter of Sir <mask> of Somerleyton, Suffolk and his wife Bridget, daughter of Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead; they had two sons and two daughters. (Elizabeth's sister Anne Jerningham was the wife of Sir Thomas Cornwallis, whose mother was the daughter of <mask> of High Laver.) His third wife was Alice Carvell, daughter of Humphrey Carvell (Kervill) of Wiggenhall St. Mary, Norfolk.Alice was the widow of <mask> of Quidenham (died 1546/47), son of Peter Bedingfield, a son of the elder Sir Edmund Bedingfield K.B. (died 1496/97), the builder of Oxburgh Hall. <mask> was with the Marquess of Northampton and others, including Sir Henry Bedingfield, Sir William Waldegrave, Sir <mask> and Sir Thomas Cornwallis, to attack and suppress the rebels at Norwich during Kett's Rebellion in 1549. He maintained his allegiance to the Roman Catholic faith and to the succession of Queen Mary, and this was the foundation of his public career, which was mostly encompassed within Mary's reign. He was with the Earl of Bath, Sir Henry Bedingfield, Henry Jerningham, Clement Higham and others who rallied to Mary's support in Kenninghall, Norfolk on 12 July 1553, during the succession crisis surrounding Lady Jane Grey, in preparation for Mary's journey to London: their swift loyalty to her was decisive in bringing her to the throne. A family tradition alleged that Mary had rested one night at Wetherden Hall on her way from Kenninghall to Framlingham. <mask> was elected a Member of Parliament for Ipswich in October 1553, in the parliament for which Henry Bedingfield and Henry Jerningham were Knights of the Shire, and Thomas Cornwallis the sheriff of Ipswich.He was appointed gentleman pensioner and standard bearer late in 1553, in which he remained until the end of Mary's reign. In the parliament of Spring 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion, Sir Clement Higham replaced him at Ipswich, and <mask> sat for Bodmin, and for Preston in November 1554. From that year he served as a Justice of the Peace in Suffolk until 1561. The manor and park of Haughley, with lands and liberties in Haughley, Stowmarket, Newton, Bacton, Wetherden, Shelland and Harleston, and all park liberties, were granted or confirmed to him in fee in June 1554 by Queen Mary in gratitude for his loyalty towards her. This manor was anciently associated with Haughley Castle and the lordship of Hugh de Montfort. (While it became the Sulyards's principal seat, the great mansion which stands at Haughley Park today was built around 1620, and was remodelled during the 19th century.) He sat again for parliament representing Ipswich in 1555, and was appointed High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for 1555–56.Various accounts of his judgements and actions in that year are recorded. <mask> reported (in his 1563 edition) that Sir <mask> and Sir <mask> of Gipping Hall stirred up a persecution in the towns of Winston and Mendlesham. They commanded Thomas Spicer to attend Mass and to receive the sacrament, and at his refusal had imprisoned him at Eye. On 21 May 1556 he, with two men of Beccles, <mask> and William Poole, all having been condemned the previous day, were burned there as heretics by Sir <mask>:"Wherat many murmured, and thought he went beyond his commission, in that he put them to death without a writte from the lord Chauncelor of England, for his warraunt, which in so short time could not be obteyned, the said Chauncelour being then at London, which is at least lxxx myle from that place. As they were at the stake, and had prayde, they sayd their beliefe: and when they cam to the reciting of the catholick church, sir Iohn Silliard spake to them: that is well sayd sirs, quod he. I am glad to heare you saye, you do beleve the Catholick church. That is the beast word I hard of you yet: to which his saings William Pole answered, that though they beleve the Catholike church, yet do they not beleve in theyr Popish church, which is no parte of christes Catholick church, and therfore no parte of ther belefe."Knighted in March 1557/January 1558, <mask>'s final term in parliament was for Chippenham in 1558. With Elizabeth's accession, and the reversal of religious policy, his maintenance of Roman Catholic worship took on the character of recusancy. He served as a commissioner of the sewers for Norfolk and Suffolk in 1566. His name appears high in a list of English Catholics, along with his kinsmen Sir Thomas Cornwallis of Brome and Sir Henry Bedingfield, and Sir Ralph Chamberlain of Gedding, among the senior knights of Suffolk, compiled in 1574 probably for use in connection with the cause of Mary, Queen of Scots. He made his will as from Quidenham in 1569, requesting burial among his ancestors at Wetherden church, and granting his estates to his sons Edward and Thomas. For executors he appointed his widow Alice and her son Humphrey Bedingfield, his son <mask> and his son-in-law Thomas Tirrell, requiring them to enter into bonds. Death and monument
Sir <mask>'s will was proved by his son <mask> on 1 November 1575.He was survived by his widow Alice, who left Haughley Hall to live with her son Humphrey Bedingfield at Quidenham, where she died in 1577. Sir <mask> was buried with his ancestors in the south aisle of Wetherden church. His monument, somewhat mutilated by William Dowsing, takes the form of an altar-tomb of pale veined marble, the frontal divided into three panel sections, each displaying a large shield with heraldic quarterings, framed by four fluted pilasters, with an entablature with projecting cornice above. This supports a table top of dark figured marble with a Latin inscription on the chamfered edge. Above this, the wallpiece contains in the lower register a frieze of Sir <mask> (sinister) and his three wives, kneeling, in bas-relief, all facing to sinister, flanked at either end by a pair of square plinths with mouldings set forwards. These support two tall pale and reddish-veined marble columns with capitals of the Corinthian order, which frame a central panel containing an escutcheon and crest with foliate surrounds, in carved relief in polychrome. This surmounts four smaller escutcheons similarly carved and painted and bearing impalements or quarterings, presented in a row.Above the main armorial feature, which is set within its own frame of scrolled strapwork terminals, is an upper horizontal entablature of veined marble with a deeply projecting cornice moulding supporting a pediment above. Heraldry
The principal escutcheon on <mask>'s tomb corresponds to the arms Quarterly of 8 as described in the 1561 Visitation, as follows:
1: (<mask>). Argent, a chevron Gules between three pheons Sable. 2: (Faynforde). Azure, three bars nebulee, Or. 3: (Bacon). Gules, on a chief Argent, two mullets pierced Sable.4: (Goode) Gules, a chevron Or, between three lions rampant Argent
5: (Andrewes). Argent, on a bend cotised Sable, three mullets of the field. 6: (Weyland). Ermine, on a cross Gules, five escallops Or. 7: (Burnavill). Gules, a rose Or. 8.(Stratton). Argent, on a cross sable, five bezants. Crest: A stag's head couped Proper attired Or. The four smaller escutcheons below show quarterings for:
(a) (sinister) Sulyard quarterly of 8 as above
(b) 1 & 4: (Bedingfield) Ermine an eagle displayed Gules; 2 & 3: (Sydenham) Paly bendy Argent and Gules. (c) 1 & 4: (Jerningham of Somerleyton) Argent three buckles lozengy Gules; 2 & 3: (Fitz Osborne) Gules, three bars gemelles Or, a canton Argent. (d) (dexter) 1 & 4: (Carvell) Gules, a chevron Or between three lions' faces Argent
These therefore represent Sir <mask> and his three wives, and correspond to the four kneeling figures positioned beneath them. In literature
Sir <mask> became the subject of a Victorian novelette, Wetherden Hall: an historical tale of the days of Queen Mary, by Arthur Brown, curate of Wetherden, published in 1867.Family
By his first wife, Elizabeth daughter of Sir Edmund Bedingfield junr, Sir <mask> had a daughter

 <mask>, married (1) Thomas Garneys of Kenton, Suffolk (who died in 1566), and (2), in 1567, <mask>l. By his second wife, Elizabeth daughter of Sir <mask> of Somerleyton, he had two sons and two daughters

 <mask> (died 1605) married (1) Anne (died 1578), daughter and heir of Thomas Heydon of Raynham, and (2) Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Dawney, and widow of Sir William Bapthorpe (who died in 1580). Buried at Wetherden. <mask> suffered as a recusant and made a declaration of loyalty, as follows:"I, Edward Sulyarde, of Suff., Esquier, doe acknowledge our most gratious Sov'eigne, Ladie Queene Elizabeth, to be our undoubted lawfull and onlie Queene of Englande and Irlande, and no other forreyne Prince, notwithstandinge any Excommunication, under whose Power are all Persons, both Ecclesiasticall and Temporall, within any her Majestie's Dominions. And also by this doe manifest myselfe bounden and readie, as becometh a true and duetifull Subject, with Body, Lands and Goodds, to defend her Highness against the force of any Prince, Pope, Potentate, Prelate, or whatothersoever her Maiestie's Enemies, which God graunt she may overcome, and longe contynue her prosperous Raigne over us. Written in the xxiiijth of October, 1588. By me Edwarde Sulyarde."<mask> (died 1612), married Bridget, daughter of Francis Mannock of Stoke-by-Nayland. Buried at Grundisburgh. <mask> (baptized 1542), married in 1565 to Thomas Tyrrell of Heron, Essex. Her portrait, attributed to <mask> the Younger, was sold by Sotheby's in 1986. <mask> (died 1558), in 1556 married Sir <mask> of Gipping (who died 1601). Buried at Wetherden. By his third wife, Alice Carvell, he had no issue.References

Year of birth uncertain
1575 deaths
People from Mid Suffolk District
16th-century Roman Catholics
English Roman Catholics
English lawyers
16th-century English lawyers
English knights
High Sheriffs of Norfolk
High Sheriffs of Suffolk
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1554–1555
English MPs 1555
English MPs 1558
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Ipswich

masks:
John Sulyard
John Sulyard
John
John
John
Sulyard
Andrew Sulyard
John Lyston
John
John Sulyard
John
John Sulyard
John Sulyard
John Jerningham
Edward Sulyard
John Bedingfield
Sulyard
John Cutts
Sulyard
Sulyard
John Foxe
John Sulyard
John Tyrrell
John Denny
John Sulyard
Sulyard
Edward Sulyard
John Sulyard
Edward Sulyard
John
John Sulyard
Sulyard
Sulyard
John Sulyard
John
John Sulyard
Frances Sulyard
John Lental
John Jerningham
Edward Sulyard
Edward Sulyard
Thomas Sulyard
Margaret Sulyard
John Bettes
Anne Sulyard
John Trell


title: Li Cunxu

texts:
Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (), personal name <mask> (), nickname Yazi (), stage name <mask> (), was the Prince of Jin (908–923) and later became Emperor of Later Tang (923–926), of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of Chinese history. He was the son of <mask>, a Shatuo Jiedushi of the Tang dynasty. <mask> was considered one of the most militarily capable rulers of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. When he succeeded his father <mask> as the Prince of Jin, Jin had been weakened in the late years of <mask>'s rule and not considered capable of posing a military threat to its archrival to the south, Later Liang, whose founding emperor Zhu Quanzhong had seized the Tang throne. <mask>u carefully rebuilt the Jin state, using a series of conquests and alliances to take over most of the territory north of the Yellow River, before starting a lengthy campaign against Later Liang. <mask> conquered the Later Liang in 923 and proclaimed himself emperor of the Later Tang, which he referred to as the “Restored Tang.”  As a part of “restoring Tang,” the capital was moved back to the old Tang eastern capital of Luoyang. As with all of the other dynasties of the Five Dynasties, Later Tang was a short-lived regime lasting only thirteen years.<mask> himself lived only three years after the founding of the dynasty, having been killed during an officer’s rebellion led by Guo Congqian () in 926. He was succeeded by his adoptive brother <mask>. Background
<mask> was born in 885, at Jinyang (i.e., Taiyuan), during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang. His father was the late-Tang Dynasty major warlord <mask> the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). His mother was <mask>'s concubine Lady Cao. He was <mask>'s oldest biological son. In 895, when <mask> was on a (eventually successful) campaign against the warlords Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), <mask> the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Han Jian the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi)—who, earlier, had entered the capital Chang'an and executed the chancellors Wei Zhaodu and <mask> over Emperor Zhaozong's objections—<mask> sent <mask> to pay homage to the emperor.Emperor Zhaozong, upon seeing <mask>xu's appearance, caressed him and stated, "You, son, will be a pillar for the state. Please be faithful to the imperial house." After <mask> defeated the three warlords (killing Wang and forcing <mask>zhen and Han to nominally resubmit to the emperor), <mask> was given the honorific title of acting Sikong () and made the prefect of Xi Prefecture (隰州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi), and later successively the prefect of Fen () and Jin () Prefectures (both in modern Linfen), but as he did not report to those prefectures, the titles were honorary. He was said to understand music, and often sang or danced before his father. He had a rudimentary understanding of the Spring and Autumn Annals. When he grew older, he became capable at riding and archery. <mask>u was said to be intelligent, brave, and alert even in his youth.In or around 902, seeing his father's distress at years of losses against archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), he pointed out that his father's public display of distress would merely distress the troops and the people as well, and that it was better to lie low and wait for Zhu to make a mistake before trying to react, allowing the troops and the people to rest for the time. He also spoke to <mask> about what he saw as the issue of the ethnically Shatuo soldiers pillaging the civilian populace—although <mask> was unwilling to curb the soldiers' behaviors at that time, pointing out that if he did, the soldiers might scatter and be unable to be gathered again. In 906, Zhu was on campaign against another major warlord, <mask> the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), and he put <mask>'s son <mask>wen the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (). <mask> sought aid from <mask>—whom he had previously rebelled against and thereafter became independent from. <mask>, bearing that grudge, initially refused to aid <mask>. <mask> pointed out that Zhu had become so strong at that point that nearly all of the other warlords had submitted to him as vassals, and that Hedong and Lulong were two of the few remaining holdouts. He advocated aiding <mask> to stop Zhu's expansion, while at time helping <mask> gain a reputation for magnanimity.Under <mask>u's advocacy, <mask> agreed, and requested <mask> send troops to him to jointly attack Zhu's possession Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi) to open a second front. <mask> did so. Subsequent, when <mask> attacked Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (), Zhaoyi's military governor Ding Hui, who had secretly resented Zhu for having killed Emperor Zhaozong in 904, surrendered Zhaoyi to <mask>, forcing Zhu to abandon his campaign against <mask>. In 907, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its emperor. He claimed to be the proper ruler for all of the former Tang realm, but <mask>, as well as <mask>, Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), refused to recognize him as emperor, effectively becoming sovereigns of their own realms (Jin, Qi, Hongnong, and Former Shu, respectively). Zhu thereafter sent his general Kang Huaizhen () to put <mask>'s adoptive cousin <mask>, whom <mask> had made the military governor of Zhaoyi, under siege at Lu. Kang built walls and trenches around Lu to cut off communications with the outside, and subsequent relief forces that <mask> sent under Zhou Dewei's command, while having some minor successes against Later Liang forces, were unable to lift the siege.By spring 908, <mask> had fallen seriously ill. He entrusted <mask>, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother <mask>, the eunuch monitor Zhang Chengye, <mask>'s adoptive brother <mask>, the officer Wu Gong (), and the secretary general Lu Zhi (), while repeatedly stating to <mask>u that the immediate urgency after his death would be to rescue <mask>. He then died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by <mask>u. As Prince of Jin

Initial consolidation of power
After <mask>'s death, <mask> initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance. By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) <mask>, and they were constantly commenting about him. <mask>, in fear, offered the command of the army to <mask>, but <mask> declined, pointing out that he was <mask>'s lawful heir. Under <mask>'s and Zhang Chengye's insistence, <mask>u took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong.Many of <mask>'s adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than <mask>u, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him. One of those, <mask> (), tried to persuade <mask> to take over the command himself, but <mask> refused <mask>'s overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution. However, <mask> and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade <mask>'s wife Lady Meng. Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged <mask> to go with the idea, causing <mask>'s resolve to support <mask>u to be shaken. Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and <mask> and argued with them frequently. He thereafter killed an officer, <mask>zhi (), without <mask>'s approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi). <mask>u agreed.Despite <mask>u's agreement with <mask>, the conspiracy around <mask> continued. <mask> specifically planned, with <mask>'s understanding, to seize <mask>u when <mask>u would visit <mask>'s mansion, deliver <mask>u and his mother Lady Dowager Cao to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit. <mask> met the officer Shi Jingrong () to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil <mask>u. Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to <mask>u. <mask>u met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against <mask>ing. Zhang summoned <mask>, Wu Gong, as well as the officers <mask>unjing () and Zhu Shouyin to prepare against <mask>. On March 25, 908, <mask>u held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended.At the feast, soldiers that <mask>u had previously hidden seized <mask> and <mask>, and then executed them. Meanwhile, the crisis of Lu being under siege continued. However, believing that Lu would fall by itself without aid from the outside in light of <mask>'s death (particularly because <mask>u withdrew Zhou Dewei from the area back to Taiyuan for some time), Zhu Quanzhong left the siege, leaving his generals to continue the siege against Lu. <mask> decided to lead the army himself to try to lift the siege. With he himself attacking the Later Liang forces from one side and Zhou from the other, the surprised Later Liang forces collapsed, ending the siege on Lu. <mask>u thereafter instituted policies that, during the next several years, gradually let Jin regain its strength from the nadir late in the <mask>ong years. As described by the Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang in the Zizhi Tongjian:

<mask>u also began to exercise imperial powers, in the name of the Tang emperor (even though there was no Tang emperor at that time any more)—an authority that Emperor Zhaozong had previously granted <mask>, but which <mask> never exercised.He trusted Zhang Chengye greatly, honoring him as an older brother. For some time thereafter, <mask> did not wage major campaigns, although he did involve himself in the war between <mask>wen and his younger brother <mask>ng by aiding <mask>ng, after <mask>ng had overthrown <mask> and taken over Lulong Circuit. (<mask>ng eventually captured <mask>wen at the Battle of Jisu, uniting Lulong and Yichang under his control.) He also jointly attacked Later Liang with <mask>'s Qi state after the major Later Liang general <mask> submitted to Qi. <mask>'s major opportunity to assert himself against Later Liang came in late 910. Zhu Quanzhong had come to suspect his vassals Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao, who controlled Wushun Circuit (武順, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), and Wang Chuzhi the military governor of Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), of potentially turning against them, and therefore decided to seize the circuits by trick. As <mask>ng was threatening Yiwu at that time, he launched an army north, pretending to be helping Yiwu and Wushun in defending against a potential <mask> Shouguang attack, but then seized Wushun's Shen () and Ji () Prefectures (both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) and slaughtered Wushun's garrison at those prefectures.Wang Rong, surprised by this turn of events, immediately sought aid from both <mask>u and <mask>ng. <mask>ng refused, but <mask>u launched armies commanded by Zhou and later, himself. In spring 911, a joint Jin/Zhao/Yiwu army crushed the Later Liang army, commanded by the major Later Liang general Wang Jingren, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern Xingtai, Hebei). In the aftermaths of the victory, <mask>u decided to advance further, and he briefly put Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan, Hebei), the capital of Later Liang's important Tianxiong Circuit (), under siege. However, apprehensive that a major Later Liang army under the command of the major general Yang Shihou was approaching, and more apprehensive that <mask>ng (who by this point was making noise about joining forces with him but demanding a leadership role in the army) might create trouble for him, he soon gave up the siege on Wei, ending the confrontation with Later Liang for the time being. From this point on, Zhao and Yiwu became effectively independent polities, but in close alliance with Jin, all still using the Tang era name of Tianyou () to signify opposition against Later Liang. Conquest of Yan
Meanwhile, <mask>ng, believing himself to be strong enough to declare himself emperor, tried to persuade Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi to honor him as Shangfu (尚父, "imperial father").<mask>u, in order to further encourage <mask> into megalomania to be able to defeat him later, thereafter signed a joint petition with Wang Rong, Wang Chuzhi, as well as three other governors under his command—<mask>, Zhou Dewei (whom he had made the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Datong)) and Song Yao () the defender of Tiande Circuit (天德, headquartered in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia)—offering <mask> the title of Shangfu. Zhu Quanzhong, while knowing that <mask> was inflating himself, tried to keep him nominally in the fold by naming him the surveyor of the circuits north of the Yellow River. All of these honors offered to him, however, did not stop <mask> from claiming the title he actually wanted, and in fall 911, he declared himself the emperor of a new state of Yan. He also launched an army to attack Yiwu. When Wang Chuzhi sought aid, <mask>u sent Zhou to rendezvous with the Zhao and Yiwu armies, to jointly attack Yan. Zhou was able to advance deep within Yan territory. <mask> himself later also headed to the Yan front.(In his absence, Zhu tried to avenge himself by attacking Jin and Zhao, but his army was tricked into collapsing on itself due to posturing by the Jin generals <mask> (<mask>u's adoptive brother), Shi Jiantang () and <mask> () (pretending that a major Jin army was about to attack the Later Liang army under Zhu), and eventually gave up on the idea of aiding <mask>.) While the Yan campaign was going on, in late 912, Zhu Quanzhong was assassinated by his son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying, who thereafter declared himself the emperor of Later Liang. The major Later Liang general Zhu Youqian the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), refused to submit to Zhu Yougui, and instead submitted to Jin, seeking <mask>u's aid. When Zhu Yougui subsequently sent the general Kang Huaizhen () to attack Zhu Youqian, <mask> went to Zhu Youqian's aid and repelled Kang's attack, forcing Kang to withdraw. (Zhu Youqian would subsequently return to the Later Liang fold after, in 913, Zhu Yougui's brother Zhu Youzhen the Prince of Jun overthrew Zhu Yougui in a countercoup and became emperor, but would yet later revert to Jin.) By summer 913, Zhou had put Yan's capital You Prefecture () under siege. <mask>, desperate, claimed that if <mask> himself came to You, he would surrender.When <mask>u arrived, however, he did not do so, despite <mask>u's assurance that his life would be spared if he surrendered. <mask>u subsequently intensified the siege, and You fell. <mask> fled with his wives and children, but was subsequently captured. <mask>u took him and his family, including his father <mask> (whom he had put under house arrest) back to Taiyuan, and then executed them there. He commissioned Zhou as the military governor of Lulong and added Yan territory to his own. In light of his victory, Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi offered the title Shangshu Ling () to him—a title that no Tang subject had dared to accept because it had been at one point held by Tang's second emperor Emperor Taizong. After initially declining, <mask>u accepted the title, and also established a provisional central government, exercising imperial powers in the manner that Emperor Taizong did (while he was still the Prince of Qin under his father, Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu).Initial campaign against Later Liang
After Yan's destruction, with the fear of a Yan attack no longer in sight, <mask> decided to commence his campaign against archrival Later Liang, in conjunction with Zhao and Yiwu. His initial attack toward Later Liang's Tianxiong Circuit in late 914 was repelled by Yang Shihou (who was then the military governor of Tianxiong). However, Yang's death in 915 would bring a major opportunity for Jin. Zhu Youzhen—who had changed his name to Zhu Zhen by this point—was apprehensive of the power that the Tianxiong army had, and decided to weaken it by dividing in into two circuits, each with three of the six prefectures that Tianxiong previously possessed, with a smaller Tianxiong Circuit headquartered still at its long-time capital Wei Prefecture () with He Delun () as its military governor, and a new Zhaode Circuit () headquartered at Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan) with Zhang Yun () as its military governor. The Tianxiong army was apprehensive and angry about the division, and therefore mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan (), taking He Delun hostage. When Zhu refused to meet

masks:
Li Cunxu
Li Tianxia
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Li Cunxu
Li Siyuan
Li Cunxu
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Maozhen
Li Xi
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Li Cun
Li Keyong
Li Mao
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Liu Rengong
Liu Rengong
Liu Shou
Liu Rengong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Liu
Li Cunxu
Liu
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Liu
Liu
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Liu
Li Keyong
Li Maozhen
Li Cunxu
Li Sizhao
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Cunzhang
Li Cunx
Li Sizhao
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunzhang
Li Cun
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Ken
Li Cunzhang
Li C
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Key
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Liu Shou
Liu Shougua
Liu Shougua
Liu Shougua
Liu Rengong
Liu Shougua
Liu Shou
Li Maozhen
Liu Zhijun
Li Cunxu
Liu Shougua
Liu
Li Cunx
Liu Shougua
Liu Shougua
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Liu Shougua
Liu Shougua
Li Cunx
Liu
Li Sizhao
Liu
Liu
Liu
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Li Cunshen
Li Cunx
Li Sigong
Liu
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Liu
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Liu
Li Cunx
Liu Rengong
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu


title: Li Cunxu

texts:
 Zhang Yan's demands that the division be cancelled, Zhang Yan forced He Delun to write <mask>u, offering to surrender Tianxiong to him. <mask> subsequently arrived at Tianxiong and, after killing Zhang Yan for his violent behavior, assumed the military governorship of Tianxiong himself and incorporated into Jin.Subsequent Later Liang counterattacks commanded by the generals <mask>n and Wang Tan () were defeated by <mask>u and his generals. (Tianxiong subsequently became a major source of human and material resources for <mask>unxu's campaigns.) Tianxiong's fall to Jin left the other Later Liang circuits north of the Yellow River (Baoyi (保義, headquartered in modern Xingtai, Hebei, which Jin later renamed Anguo (), and Shunhua (順化, i.e., Yichang, which Later Liang had taken during the Jin campaign against Yan and renamed, and which Jin later renamed Henghai () isolated, and by late 916, they had fallen to Jin as well, leaving a single city (黎陽, in modern Hebi, Henan) north of the Yellow River that was still held by Later Liang. However, Jin was soon challenged by the Khitan Empire to the north as well, with Khitan's Emperor Taizu (Yelü Abaoji) launching a major attack on Lulong in 917, putting You Prefecture under siege. While <mask> and his generals (his adoptive brothers <mask> and <mask>hen, as well as Yan Bao () subsequently repelled the Khitan attack, Lulong's vulnerability to Khitan attacks had been exposed, and in the future, there would be recurrent Khitan incursions against Lulong. In winter 917, <mask>, believing that he was in shape to destroy Later Liang once and for all, gathered all of his major generals, preparing to cross the then-frozen Yellow River and attack Later Liang's capital Daliang. However, he then apparently changed his mind, wanting to destroy the main Later Liang army, which was then under the command of He Gui, first, and he spent several months pillaging the Later Liang territory on the Yellow River.Around new year 919, the two armies met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), just south of the Yellow River. Disregarding Zhou Dewei's advice that he should wear out the Later Liang forces first before engaging them, <mask>u ordered a direct attack, which was disastrous for the Jin army, with Zhou killed in battle. During the initial rout, however, <mask>u took position on a hill and used it to counterattack, inflicting much losses against Later Liang, fighting the battle to an essential draw. It was said that both Jin and Later Liang lost two thirds of their soldiers that day, and both were weakened for quite some time. Integration of Zhao and Yiwu into Jin
At the same time, a crisis was developing within Jin's ally Zhao. Wang Rong, in his old age, was described to be superstitious and spending much efforts on immortality, not attending to the affairs of his state, and spending much time at his vacation estate. He also greatly trusted the eunuch Shi Ximeng (), who encouraged him in such tendencies.In late 920, when he remained for months at his vacation estate and refused to return to Zhao's capital Zhen Prefecture (), his military commander <mask> () and eunuch <mask>i () felt compelled to mobilize soldiers to force him to return—and the soldiers, in the disturbance, killed Shi. Wang subsequently killed <mask> and <mask>i, entrusting the authority of the state to his son and heir Wang Zhaozuo and adoptive son Wang Deming. The remaining soldiers feared that they would also be punished, and, in spring 921, they mutinied and slaughtered Wang Rong and his family, supporting Wang Deming (who then changed his name back to his birth name of Zhang Wenli) as their leader. Zhang offered to submit as a vassal to <mask>u, and <mask>u, while greatly saddened by Wang Rong's death, initially commissioned him as the acting military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, i.e., Zhao). However, Zhang himself was apprehensive of how <mask>u viewed him, and therefore made overtures to both Later Liang's emperor Zhu Zhen (premised on the fact that he spared Wang Zhaozuo's wife, who was a sister to Zhu Zhen and who carried the title of Princess Puning), and Khitan's Emperor Taizu. Zhu, however, was dissuaded from aiding Zhang by his associates, despite his chancellor Jing Xiang's advocacy for doing so. Eventually, <mask>, encouraged by the Zhao general Fu Xi (), who commanded the Zhao detachment in <mask>'s army and who wanted to avenge the Wang family, declared a general campaign against Zhang.Zhang died in shock when the campaign was declared, but under the leadership of his son Zhang Chujin, the Chengde mutineers resisted. Meanwhile, a similar crisis was developing at another Jin ally, Yiwu Circuit. Wang Chuzhi feared that if Jin conquered Zhao lands, Yiwu would inevitably also be incorporated into Jin territory, and therefore advocated pardoning Zhang Wenli. When his proposal was rebuffed by <mask>u, Wang Chuzhi decided to secretly make an overture to Khitan's Emperor Taizu to invite him to invade Jin, through his son Wang Yu (), who was then a Jin officer on the Khitan border. Wang Yu agreed, but extracted a promise from Wang Chuzhi that he be made heir, displacing Wang Chuzhi's adoptive son Wang Du, whom Wang Chuzhi had designated as heir. However, the Yiwu officers did not want to see a Khitan invasion, and Wang Du used this sentiment to lead a coup against Wang Chuzhi. He put Wang Chuzhi and Wang Chuzhi's wife under house arrest, while slaughtering Wang Chuzhi's descendants at Yiwu's capital Ding Prefecture ().He then reported what happened to <mask>u. <mask>u commissioned him as the acting military governor of Yiwu, thus effectively turning Yiwu into a vassal. Subsequently, the Khitan emperor invaded, enticed by Wang Yu's description of Chengde and Yiwu as rich lands that he could pillage. <mask>, leaving his generals to siege Zhen Prefecture, personally led an army to confront the Khitan army. He defeated the Khitan army, forcing Emperor Taizu's withdrawal and leaving the Chengde mutineers without outside allies. Despite the seeming inevitability of success, the Jin forces suffered several major losses against the Chengde mutineers:

 Shi Jiantang was killed in battle. Yan Bao was defeated and forced to retreat.(Yan subsequently died in shame.) <mask> suffered a mortal injury and died from it. <mask>'s adoptive brother <mask>jin was also killed in battle. Meanwhile, <mask> and <mask> fought off a Later Liang army commanded by Dai Siyuan, which tried to take advantage of the situation. <mask>u subsequently commissioned <mask> to attack the Chengde mutineers, and Zhen fell to him. <mask>u killed Zhang Chujin and his brothers, and incorporated Chengde into his territory. <mask>'s death, however, created another crisis for <mask>, who, at this time, was preparing to claim imperial title.After <mask>'s death, his sons, against <mask>u's orders to have <mask>'s casket escorted to Taiyuan for burial, instead took it back to Lu Prefecture. Thereafter, <mask>'s son <mask>o seized power at Zhaoyi, and <mask>u, not wanting to create another disturbance, changed the name of the circuit to Anyi () (to observe naming taboo for <mask>) and commissioned <mask> as the acting military governor. However, subsequently, fearing that <mask>u would act against him, particularly when <mask>u recalled the eunuch monitor Zhang Juhan and the secretary general Ren Huan to his provisional imperial government, <mask>o submitted Anyi to Later Liang. Zhu Zhen was very pleased, and renamed the circuit to Kuangyi (), commissioning <mask>o as its military governor. As Emperor of Later Tang

Conquest of Later Liang
Shortly after, in spring 923, <mask>u declared himself emperor of a new Later Tang—using the Tang name for his state to claim legitimate succession from Tang—at Wei Prefecture. He renamed Wei to Xingtang Municipality () and made it his temporary capital. At that time, though, the outlook for the new Later Tang state was not a positive one—as it was facing the reality of regular Khitan incursions that laid Lulong bare and Anyi's recent rebellion.However, at that time, the Later Liang officer Lu Shunmi () defected to Later Tang, revealing that Later Liang's Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong)—south of the Yellow River and deep behind Later Liang lines—was not well-defended and could be taken. <mask>u believed that this was an opportunity to change the tide of the war, and put <mask>, who supported the plan, in charge of an army to launch a surprise attack on Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture (). <mask> was shortly thereafter able to capture Yun in a surprise attack. Shocked by Yun's fall, Zhu Zhen relieved Dai Siyuan, who was the military governor of Tianping but who was then commanding the main Later Liang army against Later Tang, of his command, and, at Jing Xiang's recommendation, commissioned Wang Yanzhang to replace him. Wang quickly attacked and captured the border fort Desheng (德勝, in modern Puyang, Henan), intending to use it to cut off the supply line between Later Tang proper and Yun. However, his subsequent battles against <mask> himself were indecisive; further, Wang's commission caused much apprehension in the hearts of Zhu's close associates—his brother-in-law Zhao Yan and four brothers/cousins of his late wife Consort Zhang—as Wang had long despised what he saw as their wickedness. Zhao and the Zhangs thus defamed him before Zhu, who then removed him and replaced him with Duan Ning.Meanwhile, Zhu also destroyed the Yellow River levee at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, Henan), causing a flood area, believing that it would impede further Later Tang attacks. Duan prepared an ambitious plan for a four-prong counterattack against Later Tang:

 Dong Zhang would head toward Taiyuan. Huo Yanwei would head toward Zhen Prefecture. Wang and Consort Zhang's brother Zhang Hanjie () would head toward Yun Prefecture. Duan himself, along with Du Yanqiu, would confront <mask>u. However, the Later Liang officer Kang Yanxiao, at this junction, defected to Later Tang, revealing Duan's plan to the Later Tang emperor and pointing out that the plan left the Later Liang capital Daliang defenseless, and pointing out that Wang's and Zhang Hanjie's army was the weakest of the four prongs and could easily be defeated. <mask>u decided to take the risky move himself, and advanced to Yun to join forces with <mask>, and then engage Wang and Zhang Hanjie.He defeated them, capturing both Wang and Zhang Hanjie at Zhongdu (中都, in modern Jining, Shandong), and then headed directly toward the defenseless Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to come to his rescue, Zhu saw the situation as hopeless. He ordered his general Huangfu <mask> () to kill him; Huangfu did, and then committed suicide himself. This thus ended Later Liang. <mask> subsequently entered Daliang and claimed all of Later Liang territory. Governance at Luoyang
<mask>u set his capital at Luoyang. He also notified the other main independent states—Wu and Former Shu—of his victory over Later Liang, causing much fear in both of those states.Also shocked by his victory was Qi's prince <mask>, who, in fear that he might be the next target, submitted as a vassal. <mask>u accepted <mask>'s submission and created him as the Prince of Qin. After <mask>'s death in 924, <mask>u allowed his son <mask> to inherit Fengxiang Circuit as military governor, but did not bestow <mask> a princely title, and this was thus viewed as the end of Qi as an independent state. The Later Liang military governors all submitted to him, and in effect, he had merged the two states. (That included <mask>o, although, after he later discovered the <mask>o was still planning to control his realm independently, he put <mask>o to death. However, despite being a capable general, <mask>u was not capable at governance. He, and particularly his favorite consort <mask>, whom he created empress, were gathering wealth to be stored despite the burden it was creating for the people.He also alienated his army by trusting perfomers (as he himself had a passion for performing) and eunuchs, such that he made three performers prefectural prefects, while soldiers who had followed him for hundreds of battles were not similarly rewarded. This phenomenon was also observed as such by Wu's emissary to Later Tang, Lu Ping (), and a former Later Liang warlord, Gao Jixing the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei, not the same Jingnan Circuit referred to earlier), who would eventually, after <mask>u's death, effectively become independent of Later Tang, as well as Southern Han's emissary He Ci (). Meanwhile, <mask>u planned to conquer Former Shu and, in late 925, put his plans into action. He commissioned his oldest son with Empress <mask>, <mask>, as the titular commander of the operations, but put his chief of staff, Guo Chongtao, in actual command of the operations as <mask>'s deputy. The attack caught Former Shu's emperor Wang Zongyan by surprise as he thought that the two states were coexisting peacefully. The Later Tang forces repeatedly defeated the forces Former Shu sent to resist it, and, by the end of 925, the situation had become so desperate that the Former Shu major general Wang Zongbi (Wang Yan's adoptive brother) seized Wang Yan and his family and forced Wang Yan to surrender the Former Shu realm to Later Tang, thus ending Former Shu, whose territory was taken over by Later Tang. Downfall
After the conquest of Former Shu, however, both <mask>u and Empress <mask> came to suspect Guo Chongtao of wanting to occupy the Shu lands and rebel.<mask>, however, was unwilling to act against Guo without further proof. However, Empress <mask> went ahead and issued an order to <mask>, ordering him to kill Guo. <mask> did so. With Guo dead, <mask>u went ahead and issued an edict condemning him and ordering his sons be killed as well. Subsequently, with the eunuchs and performers accusing the major general <mask> of having plotted rebellion with Guo, <mask>u killed <mask>lin and his family members as well. Guo's and <mask>'s death sent fear and anger throughout the Later Tang army ranks. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the central Later Tang territory was going through a terrible famine at the time, and, with Empress <mask> unwilling to release the funds for famine relief, many soldiers' families starved, further causing them to be angry at the emperor and empress.These resentment spawned a number of revolts, the most serious of which were one led by Kang Yanxiao in the Shu lands (as he was one of the generals under Guo in the Former Shu campaign), and one by the soldiers at Yedu (鄴都, i.e., Xingtang). Kang's rebellion was quickly put down by Ren Huan, but the imperial troops under <mask>rong had difficulty putting down the Yedu rebellion, and it threatened to become even more problematic. When <mask>u subsequently sent <mask> to take over the operations, <mask>'s own soldiers mutinied and forced him to join the Yedu mutineers. <mask> tried to send messengers to <mask> to explain he had not intended to rebel, but his messengers were intercepted by <mask>rong. He decided to attack south and occupy Bian Prefecture (汴州, i.e., formerly Daliang), and <mask> mobilized an army to try to intercept him. Bian Prefecture's defender Kong Xun decided to play both sides, and sent emissaries to both of them, welcoming them. When <mask> reached Bian first, Kong welcomed him in, and rejected <mask>xu.Hearing this, <mask> dejectedly returned to Luoyang. After he returned to Luoyang, the officer Guo Congqian () led a mutiny, and <mask>u tried to fight the mutineers. He suffered an arrow wound in the battle and shortly after died from it. <mask> shortly thereafter arrived at Luoyang and, after initially claiming only the title of regent, eventually took the throne. Empress <mask> fled Luoyang but was tracked down by <mask>'s emissaries and ordered to kill herself. <mask> tried to head to Luoyang to contest <mask>'s succession, but on the way, his soldiers deserted him, and he committed suicide. <mask>'s younger sons later became monks and fled to Meng Zhixiang, who would treat them as his own sons.Poetry
<mask>'s 4 ci poems were preserved in a Song Dynasty book called Zun Qian Ji (尊前集; Collection of Respecting the Old). Ci hai  (). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she  (), 1979. History of the Five Dynasties, vols. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 5.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 260, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275. Davis, Richard L., Fire and Ice: LI Cunxu and the Rise of Later Tang. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016)

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10th-century Chinese monarchs
885 births
926 deaths
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Chengde Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Lulong Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Tianxiong Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) princes
9th-century Turkic people
10th-century Turkic people
Later Tang emperors
Politicians from Taiyuan
Generals from Shanxi
10th-century Chinese poets
Poets from Shanxi
Founding monarchs
Medieval

masks:
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Liu Xu
Li Cunx
Li C
Li Cunxu
Li Siyuan
Li Cuns
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Ai
Li Honggu
Li Ai
Li Honggu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunxu
Li Sizhao
Li Cunxu
Li Cun
Li Cunshen
Li Siyuan
Li Cunx
Li Cunshen
Li Cunx
Li Sizhao
Li Cunxu
Li Sizhao
Li Cunx
Li Sizhao
Li Sizhao
Li Jita
Li Cunx
Li Sizhao
Li Jitao
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Jita
Li Jita
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Siyuan
Li Siyuan
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Siyuan
Lin
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Maozhen
Li Cunx
Li Maozhen
Li Maozhen
Li Cunx
Li Jiyan
Li Jiyan
Li Jita
Li Jita
Li Jita
Li Cunx
Empress Liu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Liu
Li Jiji
Li Jiji
Li Cunx
Liu
Li Cunxu
Liu
Li Jiji
Li Jiji
Li Cunx
Li Jilin
Li Cunx
Li Ji
Li Jilin
Liu
Li Shao
Li Cunx
Li Siyuan
Li Siyuan
Li Siyuan
Li Cunxu
Li Shao
Li Cunxu
Li Siyuan
Li Cun
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Siyuan
Liu
Li Siyuan
Li Jiji
Li Siyuan
Li Cunxu
Li Cunxu


title: Danilo Madonia

texts:
<mask> is an Italian musician, composer, producer and arranger. Background
Born in Genoa (Italy) in 1958, he began to approach music at a very early age, when his father and mother would record their performances on a small reel-to-reel tape recorder. <mask> started his first musical experiments with his father's guitar. At the age of seven he received a diatonic harmonica, followed by an accordion, after which he approached the study of the piano, after which he decided to attend a conservatory. Rejected by the Conservatory of Genoa due to his age (16 years old were considered too many to start studying the piano), he decided to attend Antonio Vivaldi Conservatory in Alessandria and Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory in Turin, where he met the man who would later become his teacher, pianist Raf Cristiano. During the same period, <mask> began playing live in underground clubs, night clubs, piano bars and clubs in northern Italy, studying, play and earning some money at the same time. He played with the bands Studio, Immenso Campo di Fragole and Equipage, with whom he recorded a couple of 45s by the end of the 70s.1970s and 1980s
In the late 1970s, <mask> started his first experience in the "Studio G" with the soundtrack composer Aldo De Scalzi, on a 3M 2-inch 16-track recorder which they used to produce disco mixes. During a piano bar evening he befriended the Genoese musician Bob Callero, the bass player of the 1970s prog bands (Osage Tribe and Duello Madre, and played with the artists Lucio Battisti, Patty Pravo and Loredana Bertè, Callero offered <mask> a chance to go to Milan and start a tour as keyboard player for Eugenio Finardi in 1982. In the same year he recorded Finardi's album "Dal Blu", for which he wrote the song "Le Ragazze di Osaka", together with Eugenio. Since then, he has worked both in studio and live with the Italian artists Ron, Fiorella Mannoia, Enzo Jannacci, Francesco De Gregori, Eros Ramazzotti and Anna Oxa, working on production and arrangement. At the same time, he started working with computers, starting with a clone of the Apple II, and later with the Macintosh and Performer program, which he still uses today. 1990s
In 1997 Alberto Parodi, owner of the Mulinetti Studio, helped Madonia begin a collaboration with the British pop-rock band the Moody Blues, as keyboard player, arranger and sound engineer, a collaboration that led to two studio albums, one live album, three 5.1 DVDs and two tours in the United States. In the same year he made soundtracks for major brands' TV commercials, written and produced together with Flavio Ibba, with whom he has also performed live.Since 1998 <mask> has been working with the composers Pivio Pischiutta and Aldo de Scalzi, making soundtracks for films and television programs including Harem Suare by Ferzan Ozpetek and the series Distretto di Polizia (Canale 5) and Medicina Generale (RAI 3). 2000s to present
In 2003 <mask> moved to Fulham in London, where he lived for about two and a half years. During this period he worked on the Moody Blues' December project, released in 2004, and on productions including the Absolute (Andy Watkins and Paul Wilson), producers of the Spice Girls. In 2005 he returned to Italy and participated in Ron's project "Ma Quando Dici Amore" as a musician and arranger, during which he worked with Claudio Baglioni, Jovanotti, Elisa, Carmen Consoli and Lucio Dalla. The proceeds of the album were donated to research against ALS disease. In 2006 he released his first solo album, called Moving, which he composed and performed during his stay in London. In the same year he met Renato Zero and played keyboards in his album, "Il Dono".Since then, the collaboration with the Roman artist has grown stronger, featuring tours and studio recordings, up to Presente album, where he participated as arranger and co-author of eight songs, and for which received a triple platinum disc. Renato Zero's album "AMO - Capitolo 1," produced by <mask>, Trevor Horn and Celso Valli, was released in March 2013, for which <mask> both produced and co-wrote 10 tracks with Renato. Collaborations
<mask> has worked on both studio and live projects with the Moody Blues, Renato Zero, Double You, Fiorella Mannoia, Francesco de Gregori, Eric Clapton, Ron, Anna Oxa, Angelo Branduardi, Eros Ramazzotti, Andy Watkins, Paul Wilson, Angoon, Darius, Gaetana, Eugenio Finardi, Lucio Dalla, Adriano Celentano, Claudio Baglioni, Luca Carboni, Raf, Giorgio Gaber, Franco Fasano, Elisa and Carmen Consoli. Awards and recognitions
In 2008, Madonia was awarded the InSound Trophy Award for Best Keyboard Player of the Year. In 2009, a few weeks after its release, Renato Zero's Presente receives the triple platinum.

masks:
Danilo Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia
Madonia


title: Cornelio Fabro

texts:
<mask> CSS (Flumignano, Udine, 24 August 1911 – Rome, 4 May 1995) was an Italian Catholic priest of the Stigmatine Order and a scholastic Thomist philosopher. He was the founder of the Institute for Higher Studies on Unbelief, Religion and Cultures. Known for his prodigious philosophical production, Fabro was part of the scholastic revival of Thomism. One of his major contributions to twentieth-century philosophy was to draw attention to the notion of "participation" in Aquinas' metaphysics. Fabro was also interested in modern philosophy, particularly the relationship of Kierkegaard's thought to Christian philosophy, the origins and nature of anthropocentrism in modern thought, and the critical analysis of "progressive" theology. Early life
Fabro was born at Flumignano, Udine, in Northern Italy on 24 August 1911 to Angelo and Anna Zanello. He was the third of four children including two older brothers Antonio and Secondo, and a younger sister Alma Teresina.Until his fifth year, he suffered from a motor disease that prevented him from speaking though he was able to communicate via signs. He also suffered from anorexia and cried continuously. A local Capuchin Fr. Guardiano suggested visiting the "Santuario della Madonna delle Grazie" in Udine, after which he was cured. During the World War he contracted typhus but was cured by a military medical doctor. In the summer of 1915 he was operated on for Mastoiditis at the hospital of Udine where he remained till spring 1916. Consequently, his early schooling was received at the hands of his older brother.In 1922 he transferred to the "Scuola Apostolica Bertoni" of the Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata, better known as the Stigmatines, continued his schooling in grammar schools of the Order and graduated from «Scipione Maffei» Junior High school. On 1 November 1927 he entered the novitiate of the Stigmatines in Verona. He was ordained a Catholic priest on 20 April 1935 at St. John Lateran Basilica. Education
In 1928 Fabro completed his pre-seminary studies and began studies of philosophy at the "Scuola Apostolica". After completing private studies at the Marian sanctuary at Ortonovo La Spezia in 1929 he transferred to the Curia Generalizia and International College of the Stigmatine Order at the convent of Sant'Agata dei Goti on via Mazzarino in Rome in order to begin his philosophy studies at the "Collegio Sant’Apolinare", the future Lateran University. In 1931, he completed his doctorate receiving the highest marks with a thesis entitled L’oggettività del principio di causa e la critica di D. Hume (The Objectivity of the Principle of Causality and Criticism of D. Hume). This dissertation repeats the traditional criticism of Hume taught in the early 20th century.Fabro began studying for a Licentiate in theology at the Pontifical International Institute Angelicum, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum<ref>Metafisica della partecipazione, Elvio Fontana, EDIVI 2011, 29</ref> On 20 December 1934 he received a prize from the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas for his monograph entitled Il principio di causalità, origine psicologica, formulazione filosofica, valore necessario ed universale (The Principle of Causality, its Psychological Origin, Philosophical Formulazation, and Necessary and Universal Value). On 8 September 1934 Fabro was transferred to his Order's religious house at the Church of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia where he was assigned as church organist; he was to remain at Santa Croce until his death. Fabro resumed his studies in philosophy and theology at the Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 7 July 1935 he obtained a licentiate in theology from the Angelicum. For the period of summer-fall 1935 Fabro was on scholarship at the «Stazione Zoologica» of Naples. In 1935-1936 he taught cosmology and psychology in Verona and studies natural science at the University of Padova. In 1936-1937 Fabro continued his study of theology at the Angelicum and received a doctorate on 28 October 1937 with a dissertation on the metaphysical notion of participation according to Saint Thomas Aquinas entitled La nozione metafisica di partecipazione secondo S. Tommaso d'Aquino.Fabro published this dissertation as a book in 1939 with "Vita e Pensiero" of Milano. During the period 1936 to 1940 Fabro also taught biology, rational psychology, and metaphysics at the Lateran University. Career
Upon completing his licentiate studies in philosophy and theology, Fabro began his teaching career, which was to last more than 40 years. In 1935, he taught his first courses at the Bertoni Apostolic School in Verona. From 1938 to 1940, he was ordinary university professor at Pontifical Urbaniana University, where he was first Extraordinary (1939) and then Ordinary Professor (1941) of Metaphysics. He later taught Philosophy of Religion (1948-1956; 1970-1973). In 1960, he founded the first ever Institute of the History of Atheism, which was later renamed Research Institute on Non-Belief and Culture.In 1948, he taught Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Rome. In 1949, he began teaching at Maria SS. Assunta (also known as LUMSA) and was the director of the Institute from 1954 to 1956. Fabro was invited in 1954 as Visiting Professor to give the Chaire Card. Mercier lectures at the University of Louvain on "Participation and Causality". These were published in 1960 in Italian and in 1961 in French. <mask> won the Chair of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Naples in 1954.From 1956 to 1958, Fabro was Professor of Philosophy at the Faculty of Education and History of Philosophy at the Faculty of Letters at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. Upon his return from Milan, Fabro resumed teaching at Maria SS. Assunta until 1965, when he began to teach at the University of Perugia. In 1965, Fabro taught at Notre Dame University (Indiana, USA) as Visiting Professor. While continuing to live and teach in Rome, Fabro simultaneously taught at the University of Perugia. In 1965, he was named Ordinary Professor in Philosophy. He was the head of Faculty of Education from 1965 to 1967 and Ordinary Professor in Theoretical Philosophy from 1968 to 1981.Thomistic Metaphysics

Fabro's contributions to Twentieth-century Thomistic metaphysics are many. According to Fabro, being is first grasped by the intellect in an apprehension and not by means of an abstraction or a judgment. He distinguishes between being-in-act (esse in actu) and being as act (esse ut actus). The former is able to be said of accidents, the substance, principles of being, etc., while the latter is reserved for the actuating principle of being (ens). With regard to the notion of participation, Fabro discerns a distinction between predicamental participation (characterized by univocal predication) and transcendental participation (characterized by analogical predication). According to Fabro, participation has both a structural dimension and a dynamic-causal dimension. Writings
His works were written in Italian.Some of his books and articles have been published in English.God in Exile. Modern Atheism (translation of Introduzione all'Ateismo moderno), Newman Press, New York 1968; Studium, Roma 1969(2).Selected Articles of Metaphysics and Participation (a collection of nine articles originally published by Fabro in English), IVE Press, Chillum, MD 2016.God: An Introduction to Problems in Theology (translation of Dio. Introduzione al problema teologico), IVE Press, Chillum, MD 2017.Profiles of the Saints (originally published in Italian as Profili de Santi'', 1957), IVE Press, Chillum, MD 2019. Biography

References

External links
 Cornelio Fabro Cultural Project (in Italian and English)
 Fabro's Fund at the Library of Pontificia Università della Santa Croce

1911 births
1995 deaths
Catholic philosophers
20th-century Italian philosophers
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Italian anti-communists
Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta faculty

masks:
Cornelio Fabro
Fabro


title: Lawrence B. Salkoff

texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 3, 1944) is an American neuroscientist and currently a professor of neuroscience and genetics at Washington University School of Medicine

Early life and education
Salkoff received his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in economics in 1967 from University of California-Los Angeles. After graduation he volunteered in the United States Peace Corps working in Colombia, South America, from 1967 to 1970. Upon <mask>'s return to the United States he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he received his PhD in neurogenetics in 1979. Subsequently, Salkoff trained as a postdoctoral associate in neurogenetics at Yale University, in the laboratory of Professor Robert Wyman with consultation and aid from Professor Charles F. Stevens. Career
<mask>'s career began in 1978 before much detail was known about ion channel structure using Drosophila as a model system. As a graduate student he worked on the shibire mutant and characterized its defects in synaptic transmission.Cloning of the extended family of potassium channel genes. The structure of potassium channels which shape the electrical activity in the nervous system was unknown when Salkoff was a graduate student. It was believed that one way to obtain the protein structure of a potassium channel was to identify a gene encoding the channel protein in a genetically tractable organism, and then combine newly developed tools in biophysics, molecular genetics, DNA sequencing in eukaryotes, and molecular cloning, to clone and sequence the gene and functionally express the encoded channel in a heterologous expression system. To this end, as a postdoctoral researcher, Salkoff adapted the voltage clamp technique to the fruit fly Drosophila which had been used by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley to reveal the ionic basis of the nerve action potential. This enabled the direct observation of ion currents in a genetically tractable organism. This technique was then used to show that the Drosophila Shaker gene was the structural gene for a potassium channel, a claim which was based on several genetic criteria and confirmed by biophysical analysis of the expected ion channel current phenotype. Thus, mutations of a structural gene should produce loss of function mutations where the gene product is absent or non-functional, gain of function mutations where the functional properties of the gene product is changed, and position effect mutations where a breakpoint near the gene reduces expression of a normal gene product.All three classes of mutations were characterized by Salkoff, e.g. 1. Loss-of-function mutant ( ShrKO120) which removed the Shaker K+ current. 2. Gain-of-function  mutant (Sh5) (which changed the inactivation kinetics of the current, 3. Position effect conferred by the W32 X-chromosome breakpoint. <mask> also combined voltage-clamp technique with genetic analysis to reveal the location of the Shaker gene on the Drosophila polytene chromosome map.These studies validated the Shaker gene as the structural locus of a potassium channel and guided a chromosomal “walking” strategy to the physical location of the Shaker locus. It also had the effect of directing great attention to Drosophila as a model system combining molecular genetics with biophysical tools and enabled the study of ion channel biology using a comprehensive approach not possible in other systems. Salkoff found that the W32 chromosomal broke within or close to the Shaker gene. This study showing the location of the Shaker gene on the physical chromosome map facilitated the cloning of the Shaker potassium channel. Based on these findings Salkoff began a genomic DNA "walk" along the chromosome to clone the Shaker gene in conjunction with Patrick H. O'Farrell and Lily Jan but moved to Washington University before the project was finished. The project was completed by several laboratories. The cloning and functional expression of a family of voltage-gated K+ channels conserved in all animals brought order to the field of electrophysiology, and validated the use of simple animal models in the field of membrane excitability.After the initial cloning of the Shaker gene by several laboratories. <mask>'s laboratory used the Shaker cDNA as a stepping stone [using the technique of low stringency hybridization] with which to clone and functionally characterize the extended gene family of voltage-dependent potassium channels which in addition to Shaker, was designated  Shab (Kv2), Shaw (Kv3) and Shal (Kv4). The Salkoff lab then showed that all families were conserved in mammals and were independent current systems (that did not form heteromultimers between families One or more of these genes expressing voltage-dependent potassium currents are expressed in virtually all vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. <mask>'s studies showed that an “essential set” of ion channels was conserved throughout the animal kingdom and was even present in primitive metazoan forms such as jellyfish, thus proving that the electrical properties of the nervous system developed early in evolution. This work contributed to one of the fundamental revelations of modern biology, that the basic genes and proteins that form complex animal life are highly conserved, having evolved only once, and presumably present in LUCA, the Last universal common ancestor to all current metazoan life. In addition to the cloning and characterization of voltage-dependent potassium channels, <mask>'s lab also cloned and functionally characterized the “SLO” family of high conductance potassium channels. The discovery of a high conductance sperm¬specific potassium channel turned out to be the key to understanding membrane potential changes that occur during sperm capacitation; a knockout strain of the SLO3 potassium channel in mouse has turned out to be a valuable tool to investigate  membrane potential dependent aspects of sperm physiology.Honors
Salkoff was the recipient of the “<mask>ing Prize in Genetics” and was a Research Fellow sponsored by the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc. and the National Science Foundation. Salkoff's published works are available in PubMed and in researchgate

Abstracts of Salkoff's completed and ongoing research projects supported by the National Institutes of Health are available at
NIH RePorter

References

External links
 Published works at PubMed, Researchgate
 NIH Abstracts of completed and ongoing research projects supported by the National Institutes of Health

American neuroscientists
Living people
1944 births

masks:
Lawrence B
. Salkoff
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John Bell