title: Michael of Trebizond

texts:
<mask> (Greek: Μιχαήλ Μέγας Κομνηνός, Mikhaēl Megas Komnēnos; c. 1288 – after 1355) was Emperor of Trebizond from May 3, 1344 to December 13, 1349. He was a younger son of Emperor John II of Trebizond and Eudokia Palaiologina. Early life
Based on Nikephoros Gregoras' statement that <mask> was 56 in 1344, one can deduce he was born around 1288. <mask> was brought to Constantinople c. 1297 by his mother Eudokia, following the death of Emperor John II and his brother Alexios' ascension to the throne. A few years later Eudokia returned to Trebizond, presumably leaving <mask> behind in Constantinople. His life is a blank for the next decades. <mask> was presumably left in the care of his uncle the Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, whose attempts to dictate whom his brother and their mother would marry were thwarted; it is unclear what effect these failures had on <mask>.It is certain that <mask> was not confined to a monastery, for he married the daughter of the nobleman Constantine Acropolites, Acropolitissa, by whom he had a son, John III. Then followed a period of civil war between Andronikos II and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos, by which time <mask> was of middle age; which side in the war he supported, or if he even took a side in this conflict, is again unknown. Lastly, a number of his brother's family – first Alexios' son Basil, then Basil's two sons – came to Constantinople as refugees from the conflict in Trebizond. It is unknown what contact <mask> had with them, if he provided them succor, or if he was even aware they were in the city. It is in 1341 that <mask>'s history is once again known. In that year a group of representatives of the Scholarioi faction, led by Niketas Scholares and Gregory Meitzomates, arrived from Trebizond and convinced the regents of the young Emperor John V Palaiologos to allow <mask> to return. Once there he would marry the deposed Empress Irene Palaiologina and assume the imperial throne.When <mask>'s three ships reached Trebizond on July 30, 1341, he found Irene had been deposed and his own niece, Anna Anachoutlou, ruling as empress. As the legitimate male descendant of the ruling family, <mask> received the support of much of the populace and was acclaimed emperor. Some of the nobility, led by the Metropolitan Akakios, received him as their lord and escorted him into the palace. As soon as night fell, however, the nobles imprisoned <mask>, not wishing to be ruled by a mature and forceful monarch. Anna's Lazic troops dispersed <mask>'s supporters and plundered his ships. The following day he was sent off to Oinaion and then Limnia, where he was held captive by the megas doux John the Eunuch. When <mask>'s own son, John III, became emperor in September 1342, <mask> remained in prison.John's incompetent rule alienated his chief supporters, chief of these was Niketas who marched with the army to Limnia (where John the Eunuch had recently been slain), freed <mask> and returned with him to Trebizond. John III was deposed and sent to the monastery of St Sabas under a Byzantine guard, while the nobles supporting him were killed. <mask> was crowned on May 3, 1344. Reign
<mask> granted Niketas the title of megas doux and was forced to sign the document which gave Niketas and his ministers almost all power in the Empire, promising to seek their counsel in all official actions. This constitutional experiment was short-lived, because the greatest opposition came from the people of Trebizond. They were infuriated to see the Emperor stripped of his effective authority and rose up in revolt against the oligarchy of the Scholarioi. <mask> swiftly took advantage of the opportunity, and arrested and imprisoned Niketas in 1345.Also, he sent his son John off to Constantinople and then Adrianople where he was to be kept prisoner to prevent him from becoming a further focus for the discontented nobles of Trebizond. Taking advantage of the instability in Trebizond, the Turkmen attacked the Empire in 1346, capturing the towns of Hagios Andreas and Oinaion. In September 1347, the Black Death struck Trebizond, raging for seven months. Its effects on the city is unclear: Andrew Libadenos, who was at Trebizond at the time, makes no mention of the epidemic, while <mask> describes how the Black Death carried off "many: children, husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, mothers, and kinsmen." Another Turkmen invasion the following year led to a three-day battle. Despite the victory, <mask>'s reputation as ruler was not strengthened. In 1348, the Genoese seized Kerasous, the second most important city of the Empire in revenge for a massacre of Genoese by the Trapezuntines some years earlier.In May 1349, a Genoese expedition from Caffa was launched against Trebizond. The small Trapezuntine fleet under Megas doux John Kabazites was destroyed and the people of Trebizond responded to this defeat by killing any Westerner they found in the capital. Eventually, peace was reached with the Genoese, but in exchange for Kerasous they were given the fortress of Leonkastron. From now on Trebizond's commercial capacity was lessened even further, as the Genoese came to increasingly command the lucrative Black Sea trade of the port. At that time the ailing <mask> was both discredited and completely unable to govern the crumbling Empire. He was deposed on December 13, 1349 by Megas doux Niketas, whom he had been forced to release from prison. Niketas and his supporters placed on the throne his nephew John, the son of Emperor Basil, who had been sent by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos to Trebizond, and arrived on December 22.Upon assuming the crown, John took the name Alexios III. The deposed Emperor <mask> was forced to become a monk at the cave monastery of St Sabas. In 1351, he was sent to Constantinople. <mask> was released by Emperor John V Palaiologos in 1355; despite being in his sixties, he set forth Trebizond, hoping to recover his throne. <mask> advanced as far as Sumela Monastery, but was prevented from entering his former capital. He returned to Constantinople, where he died. Acropolitissa
<mask> is known to have married the daughter of the Byzantine megas logothetes Constantine Acropolites, and Maria Komnene Tornikina, but the name of their daughter has not been recovered.For convenience, scholars have given her the name Acropolitissa, the feminine form of "Acropolites". Little is known about her; Constantine Acropolites provides most of what we directly know about her. The Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos attempted to marry <mask>' older brother, Alexios to the daughter of one of his ministers, only to be foiled when Alexios married a princess of Georgia without telling his uncle. Nicol observes that "it would be quite in keeping with the elaborate dynastic and marital schemes of Andronikos II that, having failed to marry off the daughter of one of his ministers to the Emperor of Trebizond, he should encourage or arrange the marriage of the daughter of his Grand Logothete to that Emperor's brother." She was most likely dead by 1341, for that year <mask> Komnenos was invited to return to Trebizond and marry the reigning Empress, Irene Palaiologina, widow of his nephew Basil of Trebizond. Other possible descendants
The "Georgian Chronicle" of the 18th century reports George V of Georgia marrying a daughter of "the Greek Emperor, Lord <mask>". However the reigning dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century were the Palaiologoi, not the Komnenoi.The marriage of a daughter of <mask> Palaiologos and his wife Rita of Armenia to a Georgian ruler is not recorded in Byzantine sources. Neither is the existence of any illegitimate daughters of <mask>. Whether this was a daughter of <mask> of Trebizond and Acropolitissa is unknown. References

External links
Vougiouklaki Penelope, "<mask> Komnenos", Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
Entry of her father in "Porphyrogenita"

1280s births
1350s deaths
14th-century emperors of Trebizond
Grand Komnenos dynasty
Year of death missing
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Byzantine prisoners and detainees

masks:
Michael Megas Komos
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael Panaretos
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael Konenos
Michael Megas
Michael Komos
Michael IX
Michael IX
Michael Komnenos
Michael Grand


title: Fydell Edmund Garrett

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1865–1907), also known as <mask>, was a British publicist, journalist and poet. He was returned as a Member of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope in 1898 for Victoria East constituency. Biography
<mask> was born on 20 July 1865, was fourth son of <mask>, rector of Elton, Derbyshire, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Godfrey Gray. He was educated at Rossall School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in the summer term of 1887 with a third class in Classics. At the university he was more distinguished at the Union Debating Society, of which he was president in 1887, than in the schools. But though not taking a high degree, he gave in other ways early evidence of exceptional literary ability.Some of his translations from the classical poets, as well as his original pieces, contained in a small volume of undergraduate verse, Rhymes and Renderings, published at Cambridge in 1887, are remarkable not only for their grace and ease of expression but for a real poetic feeling. On leaving the university <mask> joined the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette, and rapidly made his mark as a journalist by the force of his convictions — he was at this time a radical — the freshness of his style, and a happy gift of humour. But he had always been delicate, and after two years of work in London his health broke down. The first symptoms of tuberculosis became apparent, and he was sent for cure to South Africa. This led to a temporary remission, and his visit to South Africa in the winter of 1889-90 led to other consequences most important to his career. South Africa was at that time entering the critical period of her history which terminated in the war of 1899-1902. <mask>, an young man of exceptional intelligence, not lacking in audacity, and of most winning manners and appearance, was quick to seize the salient points in an interesting situation and to make the acquaintance of the leading actors in the drama.He won the confidence of Sir Hercules Robinson, then high commissioner for South Africa, and made great friends with Cecil Rhodes, besides establishing more or less intimate relations with the leading politicians of Dutch and German origins respectively, Jan Hofmeyr and President Paul Kruger. The result was a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette, subsequently published as a book, In Afrikanderland and the Land of Ophir (1891, 2 edits. ), which in 1912 was still the best description of South Africa in that momentous phase of its development. The next four years were again devoted, as far as recurrent attacks of ill-health permitted, to journalistic work in London, first for the Pall Mall Gazette, then, from 1893, for the Westminster Gazette, in the opening years of its career, in either case under the editorship of <mask>'s friend, (Sir) Edward Cook. In 1894 he also produced a translation of Henrik Ibsen's Brand into English verse in the original metres, which, if not perfect as a translation, for <mask> was not a great Norwegian scholar, is singularly successful in reproducing the spirit and poetry of the original. In April 1895 <mask> returned to South Africa to become editor of the Cape Times, the leading English newspaper in the sub-continent, and far the most important work of <mask>'s life was done during his four and a half years' active tenure of that office (April 1895 – August 1899). He was not only editor of the paper but the principal writer in it, and being a man of strong character and convictions, gifted moreover with extraordinary quickness of political insight, he on more than one occasion exercised by his trenchant pen a decisive influence on the course of affairs.In the rapid series of stirring events of these four years, the raid, the abortive rebellion in Johannesburg, the struggle between Rhodes and the Bond at the Cape, and between Kruger and the Uitlanders in the Transvaal, the Bloemfontein conference, and the growing tension between Great Britain and the South African Republic (the government of the Transvaal), <mask> played a leading part. His position in South African politics became one of such importance that he was practically compelled to add to his arduous duties as editor of the Cape Times those of a member of parliament. Returned at the Cape general election of 1898 as member for Victoria East, he immediately took a foremost place in the Cape Legislative Assembly, and in the two heated sessions preceding the war he was perhaps the most eloquent, and he was certainly the most persuasive, speaker on the "progressive" (i.e. British) side, for, while warmly supporting Rhodes and the policy of Lord (then Sir Alfred) Alfred Milner, he showed great tact in dealing with the susceptibilities of his Afrikaner opponents. Indeed, the policy which he always advocated, that of a United South Africa, absolutely autonomous in its own affairs, but remaining part of the British Empire, is now an established fact, readily accepted by men of all parties. <mask>'s important contribution to that result constitutes his chief title to remembrance. But the enormous physical strain was too much for his frail constitution.In the summer of 1899 his health broke down permanently. Obliged to leave South Africa, in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, just before the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he spent the next two or three years in sanatoria, first on the European continent and then in England, still hoping against hope that he might be able to return to an active political career. He had already in January 1900 resigned the editorship of the Cape Times, and in 1902 he also gave up his seat in the house of assembly. He still from time to time, when his health permitted the exertion, wrote short articles and poems of exceptional merit, which are of permanent value. In March 1903 <mask> married Ellen Marriage; they had met as a fellow patients at the East Anglian Sanatorium in Wiston, Essex. Miss Marriage had fully recovered from her neurasthenia, and it was thanks to her care and devotion that <mask>'s life was prolonged for another four years — years of great happiness, despite his complete physical prostration. In June 1904 the <mask>s moved to a cottage, Wiverton Acre, near Plympton, Devon.<mask> died there on 10 May 1907, and was buried in the churchyard at Brixton, Devon. To the last he occasionally wrote, chiefly on South Africa. Within a month of his death he contributed to the Standard (12 April) an article on "The Boer in the Saddle", which showed no loss of his old brilliancy and force, although the effort involved in writing it was nearly fatal. Criticism of theosophy
From 29 October to 8 November 1894 The Westminster Gazette published a series of articles by <mask> entitled Isis Very Much Unveiled, Being the Story of the Great Mahatma Hoax. They were collected into a booklet which caused much controversy. <mask> exposed the fraud of the Mahatma Letters and quarrels in the Theosophical Society after the death of Helena Blavatsky. For the expose, <mask> had received Theosophical documents from Walter Gorn Old.Works
<mask> wrote short articles and poems of exceptional merit, which are of permanent value. notably his brilliant Character Sketch of Cecil Rhodes, published directly after Rhodes's death in the Contemporary Review of June 1902, which is by far the most lifelike and best balanced picture of that great personality that had been written by 1912. Of much interest likewise are some of his memorial verses:
The Last Trek, written on the occasion of President Kruger's funeral progress from Cape Town to Pretoria (Spectator, 10 December 1904)

In Memoriam F. W. R. (Frank Rhodes), (Westminster Gazette, 27 October 1905)
A Millionaire's Epitaph (Alfred Beit), (Westminster Gazette, 20 July 1906)

<mask> wrote an epitaph inspired by the famous epitaph of Simonides at Thermopylae:

A similar epithet is to be found engraved on all the obelisks which at Elandslaagte and on many another battlefield surmount the graves of officers and troopers in the Imperial Light Horse who fell during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). In the immediate decades after the Boer War it was well known, and some First World War memorials, such as the Southport War Memorial carry similar epitaphs. <mask> was very pleased when his longer epitaph, for Boers and Britons buried side by side, was quoted by G. P. Wessels in a reconciliation speech. Besides the works already mentioned <mask> published:
 The Story of an African Crisis (1897)
 Isis Very Much Unveiled: Being the Story of the Great Mahatma Hoax (1894)
 A chapter, "Rhodes and Milner", to The Empire and the Century (1905)

The Garrett Colonial Library, which was founded by colonial admirers in his memory, was opened at the Cambridge Union Society on 23 May 1911. A pencil portrait by Sir Edward Poynter was in 1912 in the possession of his widow.Notes

References

Attribution
 Endnotes
An excellent Life by Sir Edward Cook (1909) contains many extracts from his letters, a good photographic portrait, and, in the Appendix, some of his best fugitive pieces in prose and verse. Further reading

1865 births
1907 deaths
Critics of Theosophy
British sceptics
South African newspaper editors
Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony

masks:
Fydell Edmund Garrett
Edmund Garrett
Garrett
John Fisher Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett


title: Timana Tahu

texts:
<mask> (born 16 October 1980) is an Australian former professional rugby league and rugby union footballer. He last played for Denver Stampede in the US PRO Rugby competition. A dual-code international representative three-quarter back for Australia's Kangaroos and then the Wallabies, he could also play  and played for New South Wales in State of Origin. <mask> started his career in the National Rugby League for the Newcastle Knights, with whom he won the 2001 NRL Premiership before moving to the Parramatta Eels. He then played for the New South Wales Waratahs in the Super Rugby competition. <mask> returned to the NRL with the Eels and then the Penrith Panthers before finishing his NRL career where it started with the Newcastle Knights. Background
<mask> was born in Melbourne of a New Zealand Māori father and an Australian Aboriginal mother, as a result he was eligible for both the New Zealand Kiwis and Australian Kangaroos.He grew up in St Kilda before moving with his mother to Bourke in western New South Wales at the age of 12. From there he went on to live in towns including Wilcannia, Grafton and Byron Bay. <mask> and his partner Kasey have three children. They met while young; their oldest child was born when he was 18. Rugby league career

Newcastle Knights (1999–2004)

<mask> made his first grade debut in Round 12 1999 against South Sydney at the Sydney Football Stadium. In the 2000 season, <mask> scored 20 tries in 26 games as Newcastle reached the preliminary final against the Sydney Roosters. <mask> scored a try during the match which Newcastle lost 26-20.<mask> played in the Knights 2001 premiership side, scoring a try that cemented the victory as Newcastle defeated Parramatta 30-24. The grand final victory has been described as one of the greatest grand final upsets as Parramatta went into the game as raging hot favourites and had only lost 4 games all season. <mask> scored 82 tries in 97 games during his first spell with the club. Parramatta Eels (2005-07)

In 2004, <mask> announced that he had signed a 3-year contract to join the Eels. In 2005, <mask> was part of the Parramatta side which won the minor premiership. In round 23, <mask> scored 3 tries in Parramatta's 56-4 win over arch rivals Canterbury where he famously slam dunked the ball over the crossbar after scoring his third try. Parramatta fell short of a grand final appearance that year losing to North Queensland 29-0 in the preliminary final.On 20 March 2007, <mask> announced he would be switching codes to rugby union join the New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby from the 2008 season. <mask>'s contract with Parramatta ended at the end of the 2007 NRL season after three seasons in the Eels. The contract with the Waratahs was expected to be a four-year deal. Rugby union career

Waratahs (2008-09)
In 2007, <mask> shocked the NRL when he announced that he had decided to move to rugby union. His contract with the Eels was set to expire at the end of the year, thus the NSW Waratahs attempted to sign him. On 19 December 2007, <mask> agreed to a four-year contract with Shute Shield club, West Harbour. He joined fellow League convert Lote Tuqiri at the club.In <mask>'s final game in the NRL, he was put on report for a head slam on Melbourne Storm player Israel Folau. He received a two-match suspension, and although his rugby league career was over this suspension still carried across into rugby union. On 26 January 2008, <mask> played his first game of rugby union. The game was a trial match between the NSW Waratahs and the Queensland Reds, which the Waratahs won 26–10. <mask> made his debut performance in the Super 14 competition in the Waratahs clash with the Wellington Hurricanes on 16 February 2008. Wallabies and Australia A
During the 2008 Pacific Nations Cup, <mask> repeatedly performed for Australia A, playing at both wing and inside centre. His performance against Tonga at North Sydney Oval, in front of new Wallabies coach Robbie Deans, in which he played at inside centre, caused him to declare that inside centre is his preferred position.Here he scored a try and made six assists, tearing the opposition defence apart. He also scored the winning try against the Samoans, with a long distance intercept effort. On 6 July <mask> played a pivotal role in the Australian A's final Pacific Nations Cup game against New Zealand Maori, scoring 2 tries. On 7 July 2008, <mask> was named in the 30 man Wallabies squad for the Tri-Nations series. On 26 July, <mask> made his first appearance as a substitute for the Wallabies against New Zealand in the Tri-Nations. Despite only coming on towards the end of the game, <mask> effectively made himself Australia's 46th Dual-International. <mask> earnt a further cap against South Africa in Johannesburg in a starting role only for the Wallabies to be defeated 53-8.Return to rugby league (2010-2014)
On 22 July 2009, it was announced that <mask> would return to league and would rejoin his former club, Parramatta Eels on a three-year contract in 2010. He ended his career with league when in 2007, he signed a nearly $2 million, four-year contract with the ARU and NSW Waratahs. In 2010, <mask> earned a recall to the New South Wales State of Origin team and was involved in a race-related incident with assistant coach Andrew Johns. In New South Wales Blues training, Johns reportedly called Greg Inglis "a black cunt". <mask> withdrew in protest from the New South Wales Origin team. It is believed Johns made the racial slur at a team bonding session. Johns was reported as telling centre Beau Scott he needed to stop Greg Inglis, and made a racial reference to the Maroons Aboriginal star.<mask>'s mother is Aboriginal. <mask> ended his season by playing for the New Zealand Māori against England. After the tumultuous 2010 season, <mask> requested an extended break from the Eels pre-season training, hoping to return in January 2011. New coach Stephen Kearney denied the request and <mask> was released from his contract. After a period where it seemed possible <mask> would not return to the NRL, <mask> was signed by the Penrith Panthers. <mask> played just 7 games for the Panthers in 2011 before a torn pectoral muscle ended his season. Only a week later it was announced <mask> would be returning to his original club, the Newcastle Knights on a 2-year contract starting from 2012.On 6 September 2013, <mask> re-signed with the Knights on a 1-year contract. <mask>'s last game was in Round 26 of the 2014 NRL season, where he came off the bench into the centres for an injured Joseph Leilua. He scored two tries. PRO Rugby (2016)
It was announced in March 2016 that <mask> would play rugby union in the United States in the newly formed PRO Rugby competition. On 24 April 2016, he came off the bench and played a role in Denver's game in San Francisco only a few days after he had moved to the United States from Australia. Achievements
 Scored the most tries in a season for Newcastle Knights for 3 consecutive years: scoring 20 tries in 26 games (2000), 18 in 25 games (2001), 21 in 21 games (2002)

See also
 List of players who have converted from one football code to another

References

External links
2014 Newcastle Knights profile
NRL profile

1980 births
Living people
Australia international rugby union players
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian people of Māori descent
Australian rugby league players
Australian rugby union players
Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players
Denver Stampede players
Dual-code rugby internationals
Indigenous All Stars players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Indigenous Australian rugby union players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
New South Wales Waratahs players
New Zealand Māori rugby league team players
Newcastle Knights players
Parramatta Eels players
Penrith Panthers players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Melbourne
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby league wingers
Rugby union players from Melbourne

masks:
Timana James Aporo Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu
Tahu


title: Malia Bouattia

texts:
<mask> (born 22 October 1987) is the former president of the National Union of Students (NUS) of the United Kingdom, elected at the National Conference in April 2016. She was the first female Black British and Muslim leader of the NUS. She attended the University of Birmingham. In March 2017, she was defeated in her attempt to run for a second term in office by NUS Vice-President Shakira Martin. Bouattia is a contributor to several news outlets, including The Guardian, Middle East Eye, The New Arab and the HuffPost. She is currently a presenter on the British Muslim TV panel show Women Like Us. Early life
Bouattia was born in Norwich, Norfolk, in October 1987.Her father is Brahim <mask>, an Algerian academic who now works for an international management consultancy, and her mother is Latifa Akhrouf. She has two younger sisters, Hannah and Yasmin. The family fled their home in Constantine during the Algerian Civil War, and moved to Birmingham in England, where Bouattia attended school. While at school, she began campaigning on social issues, and took part in protests opposing the Iraq War. Bouattia attended the University of Birmingham where she read cultural studies with French, followed by an MPhil in post-colonial theory. While studying for her MPhil, she began to be active in the NUS. In 2015 she talked about her early life in a speech titled "Against All Odds" at a MADE (Muslim Agency for Development Education) event.NUS career

NUS Black Students' Officership and racial identity
Bouattia served two years as Black Students' Officer of the National Union of Students (NUS). While in this position, she campaigned against the UK government's Prevent strategy which she describes as “toxic and unworkable.” Bouattia also pushed for greater ethnic diversity amongst NUS candidates and campaigned for the establishment of a permanent officer for transgender students. While a member of the NUS Executive Committee, Bouattia opposed a motion condemning the terrorist acts of ISIS as she considered the wording of the motion Islamophobic. She later supported a second motion condemning crimes by ISIS, as well as Islamophobia in general. Bouattia has spoken extensively about her North African (Algerian) ancestry and her racial identity as a black woman. Anandi Ramamurthy and Kalpana Wilson have contextualized Bouattia's views as belonging to a tradition of "political blackness" intended to unite anti-racist and anti-colonial movements which had been widely accepted in the 20th century, although this had declined since. They argued that Bouattia's awareness of the simultaneous struggle against racism among immigrants to the UK in the post-war period and movements against colonialism internationally provided a framework to understand opposition to Islamophobia and racism domestically as part of an international movement, and stressed that it was not "an attempt to homogenise identity and experience".In an article she wrote in 2015, Bouattia mentioned the British Black Panthers, the Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent, the Southall Black Sisters and the United Black Youth League as organisations working in this tradition. In May 2016, Charlie Brinkhurst-Cuff in the New Statesman argued that Bouattia was not black, noting that that her self-identification as black was based on the concept of "political blackness", which Brinkhurst-Cuff defined as part of a tendency by some people of colour to adopt "blackness" as an inclusive term for nonwhites generally. Whilst acknowledging the value of Bouattia's anti-racist work, and the relevance of political blackness as a historical term, Brinkhurst-Cuff suggested that this conflation of the variety of racialised experiences was "unwise and outdated". Brinkhurst-Cuff nonetheless welcomed Bouattia's appointment, and distinguished her case from that of Rachel Dolezal on the grounds that Bouattia was a woman of colour who was honest about her ancestry. Election as NUS president
At the 2016 NUS conference Bouattia ran for the position of president against incumbent Megan Dunn with a campaign slogan of "For a strong transformative union". She opposed Dunn's plans to end the NUS' relationship with the human rights organisation CAGE, which Bouattia had defended in July 2015 against David Cameron's accusation that it is an "extremist" group. Bouattia has referred to the stance against CAGE as consisting of "baseless Islamophobic smears", while Dunn described its leaders as having "sympathised with violent extremism and violence against women."Bouattia won the 2016 election with 50.9% of the vote, pledging to oppose government cuts to bursaries and the NHS. Bouattia stated that she would place greater emphasis on global politics. Allegations of antisemitism
During her campaign attention was drawn to past comments she had made, that were criticised as antisemitic. In a co-written 2011 University of Birmingham Friends of Palestine blog post, she described the University as "something of a Zionist outpost in British Higher Education" which has "the largest JSoc [Jewish student society] in the country whose leadership is dominated by Zionist activists". For this she has been condemned by over 300 Jewish student leaders, the Union of Jewish Students and Oxford University Student Union. In her response to this criticism in April 2016, Bouattia rejected the accusation that she had a problem with Jewish societies on-campus. Daniel Clements, then president of Birmingham J-Soc, found her comments "completely unsatisfactory".Bouattia defended her comments claiming that they had been misrepresented and "that for me to take issue with Zionist politics is not me taking issue with being Jewish." An October 2016 report by the House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, described her comments as "outright racism" and said that she was not taking issues of anti-Semitism on university campuses seriously enough. However, a letter published in The Independent with signatories including Professor Norman Finkelstein and Professor Moshé Machover, defended Bouattia's record of fighting racism and anti-semitism. Critics of Bouattia also highlighted a video of her speaking at a conference on "Gaza and the Palestinian Revolution" in 2014, in which she said: "With mainstream Zionist-led media outlets ... resistance is presented as an act of terrorism." Any peace talks, in her opinion, are a "strengthening of the colonial project". Bouattia attracted criticism for appearing to suggest that non-violent resistance to Israeli occupation is a limited option. In January 2017, Al Jazeera broadcast footage purporting to show that the UJS (Union of Jewish Students) and the Israeli Embassy in London were involved in a campaign to discredit Bouattia with claims of antisemitism and of seeking to block her election and, later, attempting to remove her.The following month, an internal NUS inquiry concluded that Bouattia had made an antisemitic statement, although four other such claims were rejected. As she had expressed regret, the investigator said that Bouattia should not face any action so long as she apologised. Students' union disaffiliations
In response to her election, students at Durham, Loughborough, Hull, Aberystwyth, Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Essex, York, King's College London, Nottingham, Leicester, Queen Mary University of London and Reading University began campaigning to disaffiliate from the NUS. On 9 May 2016 the University of Lincoln disaffiliated from the NUS. Within the same week, Newcastle University followed. Hull University disaffiliated on 24 May 2016, followed by Loughborough University on 7 June. However, Queen Mary, Nottingham, Oxford, Surrey, Exeter, Warwick, Cambridge and Durham universities voted to remain affiliated to the NUS.Defeat in 2017 NUS election
On 13 March 2017, Bouattia announced that she was running for a second term as NUS President. The NUS Vice-President for further education Shakira Martin ran against her, as well as Durham student Tom Harwood, who stood on a conservative platform and lampooned the NUS and Bouattia's "irrelevant grandstanding" in his somewhat satirical campaign literature. Martin defeated Bouattia winning 56% of the vote in the election at the national conference in Brighton the following month. She gained 402 of the 721 votes cast by delegates, while Bouattia received 272 and Harwood 35. References

1987 births
Living people
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Union leaders from Norwich
English people of Algerian descent
Black British activists

masks:
Malia Mazia Bouattia
Bouattia


title: David Ling

texts:
<mask> (born January 9, 1975) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently a free agent having last played with the Jonquière Marquis of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. <mask> was selected by the Quebec Nordiques in the 7th round (179th overall) of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

<mask> played with the Charlottetown Abbies for three seasons (starting at age 14) and in his third season the MRJHL as a 17-year-old in 1991–92, as he scored 33 goals, 75 points and 270 PIM in only 30 games. <mask> also played eight games with the St. Michael's Buzzers of the OHA, earning 19 points. <mask> was drafted in the second round (18th overall) by the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League. <mask> made his OHL debut during the 1992–93 season, as he had 17 goals, 63 points and 275 PIM in 64 games with the Kingston Frontenacs and was voted onto the second all rookie team.<mask> had a solid playoffs with Kingston, as he had 15 points in 16 games, helping the club to the third round of the post-season. In the 1993–94 season, <mask> improved his numbers, scoring 37 goals and 77 points in 61 games, as well as accumulating 254 PIM (led the league in PIMs). <mask> then chipped in with six points in six playoff games for the Frontenacs. <mask> saw his numbers explode during the 1994–95, as he finished second in the league with 135 points, as he scored an OHL high 61 goals, along with 74 assists, helping lead the Frontenacs to best record in the East Division. <mask> continued his dominance in the playoffs, scoring seven goals and 15 points in only six games despite playing with a broken thumb. In spite of his efforts, the Frontenacs were upset in the first round. <mask> was awarded the Red Tilson Trophy, awarded to the most outstanding player in the OHL, the Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy, which is awarded to the highest scoring right winger in the OHL, as well as CHL Player of the Year.<mask> would eventually see his number 17 raised to the rafters, as the Frontenacs honoured his number. Professional

Quebec Nordiques
<mask> was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques in the seventh round, 179th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. On June 21, 1995, <mask> would have his rights transferred to the Colorado Avalanche as the Nordiques relocated to Denver, Colorado to begin play in 1995–96. He would not stay in Colorado for very long, as on July 7, 1995, the Avalanche traded <mask> and Colorado's ninth round draft pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to the Calgary Flames for the Flames' ninth round draft pick in the same draft. Calgary Flames
<mask> made his professional hockey debut with the Saint John Flames of the American Hockey League (AHL) during the 1995–96 season, scoring 24 goals and 56 points in 75 games with Saint John, while registering 179 PIM. <mask> then appeared in nine playoff games for Saint John, earning five assists. He began the 1996–97 season with Saint John once again, however, <mask> appeared in only five games, getting two assists.On October 24, 1996, Calgary traded <mask> and the Flames' sixth round draft pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft to the Montreal Canadiens for Scott Fraser. Montreal Canadiens
<mask> would continue the 1996–97 season with the Fredericton Canadiens of the AHL, where he scored 22 goals, 58 points and 240 PIM in 48 games. <mask> also made his National Hockey League debut during the season, going pointless in two games with the Montreal Canadiens. <mask> began the 1997–98 season with Fredericton once again, where in 67 games, he had 25 goals and 66 points. <mask> also appeared in one game with Montreal, where he did not earn a point. On March 14, 1998, the Canadiens traded <mask> to the Chicago Blackhawks for Martin Gendron. Chicago Blackhawks
<mask> finished out the 1997–98 season with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL), where he had 14 points in 12 games, then earning five points in five playoff games.On September 3, 1998, <mask> signed with the Kansas City Blades of the IHL, however, the Blackhawks retained his NHL rights. He had a very solid 1998–99 season in Kansas City, scoring 30 goals and 72 points in 82 games, however, he recorded only a goal in three playoff games with the Blades. <mask> returned to Kansas City for the 1999–2000 season, as he had an even better season with the Blades, recording 35 goals and 83 points in 82 games. On August 11, 2000, the Blackhawks traded <mask> to the Dallas Stars for future considerations. Dallas Stars
<mask> was sent to the Dallas Stars' IHL affiliate for the 2000–01 season, where he struggled offensively, as his numbers dropped to 15 goals and 43 points in 79 games with the Utah Grizzlies. On July 7, 2001, <mask> left the Stars as a free agent, as he signed with the Columbus Blue Jackets. Columbus Blue Jackets
<mask> spent most of the 2001–02 season with the Blue Jackets' AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, where he had 19 goals and 60 points in 71 games.In the playoffs, he had 10 points in 10 games. <mask> also returned to the NHL in 2001–02, where he played in five games with the Columbus Blue Jackets, earning no points while having seven minutes in penalties. <mask> played a majority of the 2002–03 season with Syracuse, as he had 41 points in 46 games. He was then called up to Columbus, where he finished the season with the Blue Jackets, earning five points in 35 games. The 2003–04 season was spent mostly in Columbus, where <mask> appeared in 50 games, earning three points and 98 PIM. <mask> also appeared in 14 games with Syracuse, where he had seven goals and 17 points, before adding an assist in seven playoff games. On July 29, 2004, <mask> signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs as a free agent.Toronto Maple Leafs
With the 2004–05 NHL lockout cancelling the NHL season, <mask> spent the entire season with the St. John's Maple Leafs of the AHL, where he had 28 goals and 88 points in 80 games good for third in the AHL scoring race behind only Mike Cammalleri and Jason Spezza. <mask> then added two points and 43 PIM in five playoff games. <mask> left the Maple Leafs organization after only one season, as he signed with Spartak Moscow of the Russian Super League (RSL). Russian Super League
<mask> played the 2005–06 season with Spartak Moscow of the RSL, where he led the team with 15 goals and 32 points in 50 games. He then added two goals and three points in three playoff games. In 2006–07, <mask> moved to HC Dynamo Moscow, where he had 26 points in 42 games, followed by three points in three playoff games. Toronto Maple Leafs
<mask> returned to North America on July 9, 2007, when he signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs once again.He spent the entire 2007–08 season with the Toronto Marlies of the AHL, where he scored 17 goals and 59 points in 71 games. <mask> had a solid playoff run with the Marlies, earning 14 points in 17 games. Europe
<mask> left for Europe for the 2008–09 season, as he played for EHC Biel of National League A, where he had 22 points in 33 games. <mask> then moved to Jokerit of the SM-liiga, as he earned 13 points in 23 games. He played for Jokerit in the playoffs, earning three points in five games. KHL

<mask> returned to Russia and played for two seasons with the KHL team Amur Khabarovsk. He led the team in scoring the first year and mid way thru the 2010-2011 year he returned to the AHL with the Boston Bruins farm the Providence Bruins.Europe

<mask> returned to Europe and headed to Italy with HC Pustertal and led the Italian league in scoring in 2011-12. The 2012-13 season saw <mask> head to England and won the triple with the Nottingham Panthers of the EIHL. <mask> took away the league MVP and top scorer that year, he also earned his MBA at Derby University. <mask> didn't start playing the 2013-14 season until January, where he went back to Italy, again with HC Pustertal and put impressive numbers in the remaining games and into the playoffs. ECHL

<mask> returned to North America for the 2014-15 season with the Brampton Beast of the ECHL at 40 years old. He was called up the Edmonton Oilers farm team, Oklahoma Barons of the AHL, where he scored 1 goal in 3 games. Europe

<mask> headed back to England to start the season with the Nottingham Panthers before returning to the ECHL and Brampton Beast in January of 2016.ECHL

<mask> played his final two seasons (2016-2018) of professional hockey in the ECHL with the Brampton Beast. He was the second oldest active professional player behind Jaromir Jagr. <mask> never formally retired but didnt play another pro game after the 2018, but he played senior with the Hamilton Steelhawks in search of an Allan Cup. Personal
<mask>'s brother, Jamie, played seven years of professional hockey. Career statistics

Awards and honours

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Amur Khabarovsk players
Brampton Beast players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Columbus Blue Jackets players
EHC Biel players
Fredericton Canadiens players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
HC Spartak Moscow players
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Indianapolis Ice players
Jokerit players
Kansas City Blades players
Kingston Frontenacs players
Maritime Junior Hockey League players
Montreal Canadiens players
Nottingham Panthers players
Oklahoma City Barons players
Providence Bruins players
HC Pustertal Wölfe players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Saint John Flames players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Syracuse Crunch players
Toronto Marlies players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States

masks:
David Gregory Ling
Ling
Junior Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
Ling
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Ling


title: Mohammed Jabbateh

texts:
<mask> (born 1966, sometimes Jabateh), also known by his nom de guerre Jungle Jabbah, is a Liberian who was convicted in the United States of lying to immigration authorities about his role in the First Liberian Civil War (1989-1997) when he sought asylum in the late 1990s. He was arrested in April 2016. In October 18, 2017, <mask> was tried and convicted in Philadelphia of two counts of fraud in immigration documents and two counts of perjury stemming from statements he made when filing for asylum and permanent residence. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison the following April. He was the first person convicted of crimes stemming from war-related activities during the First Liberian Civil War. He lost his appeal in September 2020. Immigration to the United States
In December 1998, <mask> submitted his application for US asylum and later for US permanent residency.<mask> disclosed that he was a member of ULIMO and later ULIMO-K (Mandingo ethnic faction), but he did not reveal his alleged capacity. In January 1999, an immigration asylum officer interviewed Jabbateh to determine whether his asylum application should be granted. Jabbateh responded "no" to these two questions: 1. "[H]ave you ever committed a crime?" and 2. [H]ave you ever harmed anyone else?" In January 1999, <mask> received US asylum based on his answers to questions posed on his Form I-589 asylum application form.Jabbateh also applied for permanent residency (also known as a green card) using Form I-485. He responded "No" to these two questions: 1. "Have you ever engaged in genocide, or otherwise ordered, incited, assisted or otherwise participated in the killing of any person because of race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion?" 2. "Are you under a final order of civil penalty for violating section 274C of the Immigration and Nationality Act for use of fraudulent documents of have you, by fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact, ever sought to procure or procured a visa, other documentation, or entry into the US or any immigration benefit?". Indictment and arrest
On March 10, 2016, Jabbateh was indicted and charged by the US Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania with two counts of fraud in immigration documents in violation of the 18 U.S.C. § 1546 and two counts of perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 1621. The indictment was unsealed on April 13, 2016 and <mask> was arrested in his Delaware County home in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. Trial
On October 2, 2017, Jabbateh was arraigned before the Honorable Judge Paul S. Diamond at the James A. Byrne Federal Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jabbateh pleaded not guilty on all counts. The jury, composed of eight women and four men, was selected the same day and opening arguments began the following day. The trial lasted for three weeks until October 18, 2017. Assistant United States Attorney Linwood C. Wright, Jr. and Assistant United States Attorney Nelson S.T.Thayer prosecuted Jabbateh. Thayer was previously a trial attorney at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and prosecuted the massacre in Srebrenica, Bosnia. The government stated that as a ULIMO-K commander in the late 1990s, Jabbateh either committed himself or ordered his troops to "commit crimes such as the murder of civilians, sexual enslavement of women, public rapes, conscription of child soldiers and maiming and torture of noncombatants." Twenty witnesses and victims were flown from Liberia to Philadelphia to testify in court against Jabbateh. Gregory J. Pagano was the attorney for Jabbateh. Pagano interrogated the credibility of the government's selection of the witnesses and their testimonies. The defense counsel presented their case on October 16, 2017.Verdict
On October 18, <mask> was convicted of two counts of fraud in immigration documents and two counts of perjury stemming from statements he made in connection with his applications for asylum and permanent residence. Jabbateh was sentenced to 30 years in prison on April 19, 2018. Although federal guidelines generally only call for 15 to 21 months in prison for the charges he was convicted, U.S. District Judge Paul S. Diamond instead sentenced him to the statutory maximum, saying it would be "not only unreasonable but outrageously offensive" in light of his past. "I want to be clear, I am departing not based on the horror of the atrocities the defendant committed abroad," Diamond said. "Rather, I am departing based on the egregiousness of his lies…and their effect on our asylum laws and immigration system." He said Jabbateh had made a "mockery" of the U.S. asylum system asylum system that had been established to protect people fleeing from human rights abusers like himself. Jabbateh was a commander or higher-ranking officer in ULIMO and ULIMO-K, and during that time he either personally committed, or ordered ULIMO troops under his command to commit the following list of acts:
 The murder of civilian non-combatants
 The sexual enslavement of women
 The public raping of women
 The maiming of civilian non-combatants
 The torturing of civilian non-combatants
 The enslavement of civilian non-combatants
 The conscription of child soldiers
 The execution of prisoners of war
 The desecration and mutilation of corpses
 The killing of persons because of race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion

Appeal
<mask>'s conviction and sentence were unprecedented, both as the first conviction connected to the First Liberian civil war and also for the length at 17 times the recommended sentence for such immigration offences, the longest ever sentence in the US for lying about war crimes on immigration forms.<mask> appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in January 2020 on the basis that his crimes in Liberia did not amount to genocide. Circuit Judge Thomas L. Ambro noted the unusual length of the sentence and that it could be viewed as being imposed for his war crimes rather than his immigration offences. Jabbateh lost his appeal in September 2020. Judges Ambro, Paul Matey, and Julio M. Fuentes noted that some of the charges he was convicted of should not have been applied, but allowed them to stand because his lawyer had not objected. The forms filed in 2002 were beyond the statute of limitations, but the charges related to lying in a 2011 immigration interview despite the law on applying to written documents. They ruled that Judge Diamond correctly used his discretion in imposing the long sentence. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons website, Jabbateh is serving his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Medium.He is scheduled for release on November 5, 2041. <mask>'s inmate number is 75217-066. Personal life
<mask> was granted US political asylum on December 23, 1999. He settled in Lansdowne, where he remained until his conviction in October 2017. <mask> has a wife and five children who live in Philadelphia. Jabbateh also has an ex-wife and at least seven children who live in Liberia or elsewhere on the African continent, who he attempted to sponsor to immigrate to the US. Jabbateh started a shipping company in 2008, Jabateh Brothers Loading Services, which packages and ships containers to Liberia.It remains in operation. Friends and family in his community around Philadelphia regarded him favorably. He does not hold a US passport and had not left the country since his arrival in 1998. References

External links
 Legal Monitoring of the Jungle Jabbah Case (Civitas Maxima, 2017)
 United States v. Jabateh, 974 F.3d 281 (3d Cir. 2020) - appeal verdict
 "Is ‘Jungle Jabbah’ a ruthless killer or vendetta victim? Two portraits emerge in Delco man’s trial" (WHYY, 2017)
 "Jurors begin deliberations in alleged warlord's trial" (WHYY, 2017)

1966 births
Living people
African warlords
Liberian emigrants to the United States
People convicted of making false statements
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
People convicted of immigration fraud
Liberian military personnel

masks:
Mohammed Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh


title: Rubén Díaz Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (born April 26, 1973) is an American politician who served as the 13th borough president of The Bronx in New York City from 2009 to 2021. He was elected in April 2009 and reelected in 2013 and 2017. He previously served in the New York State Assembly. Early life and education
<mask>'s parents moved from Puerto Rico to New York, where he was born and received his primary and secondary education in the Bronx. He graduated first from LaGuardia Community College, then Lehman College with a bachelor's degree in political theory. <mask>'s father, <mask>, is a former New York City Councilman and a former member of the New York State Senate. Career

New York State Assembly
<mask> was elected to the New York State Assembly at the age of twenty-three, which made him the youngest person elected to the legislative body since Theodore Roosevelt.While in the Assembly, <mask> sponsored, co-sponsored and passed legislation addressing health care, public records access, minimum wage and overtime pay, environmental protection, equitable labor standards, insurance fraud, tenants rights, transparency and disclosure in all environmental impact statements, pedestrian safety, school bus safety, protection from tax preparers, Senior Citizens rights, wider access to the Senior Citizens Rent Increase Exemption (SCRIE) Program, and the regulation and accountability of gas and electric companies. A member of the Assembly Education Committee, <mask> has been outspoken on educational issues. He has addressed the International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC) and praised the Campaign for Fiscal Equity's (CFE) efforts to protect the constitutional right to a basic education. In 2003, when Governor George Pataki sought to cut the State's higher education budget, <mask> was a vocal critic of this plan and, together with other state legislators, was able to restore funding for some of the Governor's proposed cuts. <mask> has legislated on behalf of Brownfield Cleanup and Green Roof Tax Abatement, worked to restore the Bronx River which runs through the 85th Assembly District, and opposed environmental racism. In September 2007, he was named one of City Hall'''s "40 under 40" for being a young influential member of New York City politics. Amadou Diallo
On February 4, 1999, Amadou Diallo, a young African immigrant, was killed by four New York City police officers who fired 41 unanswered rounds at him.Since the shooting occurred in his South Bronx district, <mask> became an advocate and organizer for the Diallo family. Through a series of public appearances, hearings, press conferences and massive public demonstrations, <mask> led a citywide protest which drew national media attention. <mask> marched together with Rev. Al Sharpton, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, actress Susan Sarandon, dozens of rabbis and other clergy, and was arrested for his peaceful protest. As a result, <mask> became known for his support of civil and human rights. The Rainbow Rebels
In summer 2008, <mask> became a founding member of a progressive civic and political group known as the "Rainbow Rebels", who achieved sudden and widespread popularity throughout the Bronx County of New York.On August 22, 2008, the Rainbow Rebels made their first official announcement: <mask> joined with two of his Assembly colleagues Carl Heastie and Michael Benjamin, both Democratic African Americans, and with Assemblyman Jeffrey Dinowitz of Riverdale and his powerful Benjamin Franklin Reform Democratic Club, to promote the candidacy of Elizabeth Taylor for a Civil Court judgeship. On September 9, 2008, Taylor won the Democratic primary for the judgeship, despite opposition from the Bronx County Leader, Jose Rivera, and the Bronx political machine known as "County". On September 28, 2008, at the Bronx County Committee meeting, the Rainbow Rebels won another significant victory by replacing the Bronx County Leader José Rivera with Assemblyman Carl Heastie. Bronx Borough President
On February 18, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama appointed Bronx Borough president Adolfo Carrión Jr. to the position of Director of the White House Office on Urban Affairs. When Mayor Michael Bloomberg declared a special election to choose his successor, <mask> was considered the leading candidate for the position. The special election was held on April 21, 2009. <mask> defeated the Republican Party candidate Anthony Ribustello with an overwhelming 87% of the vote, to become the 13th borough president of the Bronx.On July 1, 2009, <mask> appointed Delores Fernandez to the reconstituted New York City Board of Education. Fernandez is anticipated to be the sole member of the Board who will have a perspective independent of the mayor, Michael Bloomberg. <mask> ended his first summer as borough president by recommending that the New York City Council reject Related Companies' proposal to turn the Kingsbridge Armory into a shopping mall. In an editorial in the New York Daily News, <mask> wrote that he is "fighting to make sure that this development includes 'living wage' jobs that offer health insurance". Related's proposal is still going through the city's review process. In 2017, <mask> won the Democratic primary for borough president with 86% of the vote. On the same day, his father won the Democratic primary to return to the City Council from the Senate.In January 2020, <mask> announced that he would not seek re-election in 2021. New York City mayoral campaign

In 2018, Diaz was the first candidate to file to run in the 2021 New York City mayoral election. Diaz dropped out in January 2020, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family. Personal life
<mask> lives in the southeast Bronx. He and his wife Hilda have two adult sons. See also
 Timeline of the Bronx, 21st c.
 Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. "''Skyhorse Publishing.New York, New York, 2020

References

External links

People for Diaz

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1973 births
2012 United States presidential electors
2016 United States presidential electors
2020 United States presidential electors
American politicians of Puerto Rican descent
Bronx borough presidents
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Hispanic and Latino American politicians
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New York (state)
Lehman College alumni
Living people
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
Politicians from the Bronx
Puerto Rican people in New York (state) politics

masks:
Rubén Díaz Jr
Díaz
Díaz
Rubén Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
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title: Allen Mawer

texts:
<mask>  (8 May 1879 − 22 July 1942) was an English philologist. A notable researcher of Viking activity in the British Isles, <mask> is best known as the founder of the English Place-Name Society, and as Provost of University College London from 1929 to 1942. Early life
<mask> was born at Bow, London, on 8 May 1879. He was born the second child and eldest son of five children, to <mask> of South Hackney and <mask>. His father was a commercial traveller in fancy trimmings and secretary of the Country Towns' Mission. <mask>'s parents were of strong religious feeling who valued education. Through them, he acquired an abiding love for literature and history, and early knowledge of Greek and Latin.Education
Mawer entered Coopers' Company Grammar School at the age of ten, where he won a scholarship at the end of his first term. In 1897 he sat as an external candidate for an Honours Degree in English at London University, obtaining a First Class in his examination. Mawer entered University College London in 1898 as a graduate, where he was the Morley Medallist. At University College London, Professor W. P. Ker had a particularly strong influence on him. <mask> entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in October 1901 as a foundation scholar, residing there for three years, obtaining a double mark of distinction in the English sections of the Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos. Supported by a Research Studentship given to him by the College, he spent the next year studying Viking activity in England, in particular the subject of Old Norse place-names. Early career
In October 1905, <mask> was appointed Lecturer in English at the University of Sheffield.A few weeks later, after having his thesis on this subject examined by experts, he was elected to a fellowship by Gonville and Caius College, which he held until 1911. In 1908 he was elected to the Joseph Cowen Professorship of Language and Literature in Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he would remain for thirteen years. During his years at Armstrong College, <mask> continued his research on Viking influence and Old Norse place-names in England. In 1913, he published his celebrated The Vikings, which for many years served as the standard English-language work on Vikings. By this time, <mask> had become convinced that the place-names of England contained the key to understanding the extent of Scandinavian influence in medieval England. The same year as his publishing of The Vikings, he also published two papers on Scandinavian place-names in England. The year 1920 saw the publishing of his Place-Names of Northumberland and Durham, which was the product of eight years of research.It established him as one of the major experts in this field of study. In the preface to this work, <mask> laid down his principle that "no single county can be dealt with satisfactorily apart from a survey of the field of English place-nomenclature as a whole". Founding the English Place-Name Society
In 1921, <mask> became Baines Professor of the English Language at the University of Liverpool, succeeding Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld. The Scandinavian countries had by this time conducted systematic surveys of their place-names, and English scholars were to do the same for their country. By then it had become obvious that <mask> was the right scholar to take the lead. Following a speech made to the British Academy in January 1921, the Academy sponsored the creation of the English Place-Name Society, of which <mask> was Honorary Director and Secretary, and the driving force. Under the leadership of <mask>, the Society began the gigantic undertaking of producing the Survey of English Place-Names.Drawing upon large support from the English public, the Society gained many members and plenty of funds, and its Survey came to be conducted by several scholars, including Eilert Ekwall, Frank Stenton, Percy Hide Reany, Albert Hugh Smith, John Eric Bruce Gover and <mask> himself. Four of the eight volumes of the Survey produced during <mask>'s lifetime were authored by him. The first volume, Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names (1924), was written with Stenton, while the second volume, Chief Elements used in English Place-Names (1924), Mawer wrote by himself. <mask> was awarded the Biennial Prize for English Studies of the British Academy in 1929 in recognition of  his work for the Society. During this time, he also authored two chapters on early Scandinavian history for the Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. III, 1922), and the article "The Redemption of the Five Boroughs", which was published in the English Historical Review in 1923. In the latter article, which has been described as his most important work on history, <mask> convincingly argued that the ethnic distinction between Danes and Norwegians was a significant political factor in tenth-century England.His Place-Names and History (1922) and Problems of Place-Name Study (1929) gained a wide circulation. Provost at University College London
In 1929, <mask> was elected Provost of University College London. One of the best known scholars of his generation, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1930 and received the honour of knighthood in 1937. He was awarded an honorary D.C.L. from Durham University in 1937. <mask> was an honorary foreign member of the Royal Flemish Academy. Combined with his responsibilities at University College London, <mask> served as President of the Modern Language Association from 1929 to 1939, President of the Philological Society in 1936, and Vice-President of the Viking Society.He was a contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica on articles about Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian subjects. With the outbreak of World War II, the College was dispersed to various parts of England and Wales. Although a man of great physical energy, <mask> suffered from an irregular heart. His strenuous efforts to hold the College together during wartime took a heavy toll on <mask>'s health, and on 22 July 1942 he collapsed and died suddenly on a train in Broxbourne while on his way to a meeting of a committee in London. Personal life
<mask> married Lettice Mona Kathleen Heath on 8 July 1909. She was the daughter of the Rev. Christopher Heath of Wellesley Court, Cheltenham, who was Vicar of Hucclecote, Gloucestershire.The couple had four daughters, and a son who died in infancy. Selected works
 The Vikings, 1913
 Place-Names of Northumberland and Durham (1920)
 Place-Names and History, 1922
 (With Frank Stenton) Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, 1924
 Chief Elements used in English Place-Names, 1924
 Problems of Place-Name Study, 1929

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1879 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of Durham University
Academics of Newcastle University
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University College London
English philologists
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Knights Bachelor
Old Norse studies scholars
People from Bow, London
Provosts of University College London

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title: Thomas Wolsey

texts:
<mask> (c. March 1473 – 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic bishop. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, <mask> became the king's almoner. <mask>'s affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the Archbishopric of York—the second most important role in the English church—and that of papal legate. His appointment as a cardinal by Pope Leo X in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy. The highest political position <mask> attained was Lord Chancellor, the king's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple <mask> was not).In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as an alter rex ("other king"). After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, <mask> fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died on the way from natural causes. Early life
<mask> was born about 1473, the son of <mask> of Ipswich and his wife, Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power that critics thought more befitting a member of the high nobility. Wolsey attended Ipswich School and Magdalen College School before studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford.On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. From 1500 to 1509 <mask> held a living as rector of St Mary's church, Limington, in Somerset. In 1502, he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury, who died the following year. He was then taken into the household of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made <mask> executor of his estate. After Nanfan's death in 1507, <mask> entered the service of King Henry VII. <mask> benefited from Henry VII's introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility; the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Henry VII appointed Wolsey royal chaplain.In this position <mask> served as secretary to Richard Foxe, who recognised <mask>'s ability, dedication, industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks. <mask>'s remarkable rise to power from humble origins attests to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, and rapport with the king. In April 1508, <mask> was sent to Scotland to discuss with King James IV rumours of the renewal of the Auld Alliance. <mask>'s rise coincided with the accession in April 1509 of Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. In 1509 Henry appointed <mask> to the post of almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the Privy Council and an opportunity to attain greater prominence and establish personal rapport with the king. A factor in <mask>'s rise was the young Henry VIII's relative lack of interest in the details of government during his early years. Rise to prominence

The primary counsellors Henry VIII inherited from his father were Richard Foxe ( 1448–1528, Bishop of Winchester 1501–1528) and William Warham ( 1450–1532, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532).They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Until 1511, <mask> was adamantly antiwar, but when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, <mask> adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the French war, fell from power (1515/1516), and <mask> took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. When Warham resigned as Lord Chancellor in 1515, probably under pressure from <mask>, Henry appointed <mask> in his place. <mask> made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. He helped cause the fall of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham in 1521, and in 1527 he prosecuted Henry's close friend William Compton and Henry's ex-mistress Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, for adultery.In the case of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, <mask> adopted a different strategy, attempting to win Suffolk's favour by his actions after the duke secretly married Henry's sister Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France, much to the king's displeasure. <mask> advised the king not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; whether this was out of care for the couple or because of the threat they posed to his own safety remains unclear. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened <mask> had she so chosen. <mask>'s rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increasing status in the church. He became a canon of Windsor in 1511. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln and then Archbishop of York in the same year. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of St Cecilia in Trastevere.Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, <mask>'s ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became Bishop of Durham, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. Foreign policy

War with France
The Anglo-French War (1512–14) gave <mask> a significant opportunity to demonstrate his talents in foreign policy. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from Pope Julius II, who was beginning to feel threatened by France. England formed an alliance with Julius, King Ferdinand V of Spain, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor against King Louis XII of France. The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. <mask>'s ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success.He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid. Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Louis XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, but Louis was not in good health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious Francis I. Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased.Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. <mask> then proposed an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. Papal legate

The 1516 death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII's father-in-law and England's closest ally, was a further blow. Ferdinand was succeeded by Charles V, who immediately proposed peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Charles was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a substantial portion of Europe and English influence became limited on the continent. But <mask> managed to assert English influence by other means.In 1517, Pope Leo X sought peace in Europe to form a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. In 1518 <mask> was made Papal Legate in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the Treaty of London. The treaty showed <mask> as the arbiter of Europe, organising a massive peace summit involving 20 nations. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This is well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days afterwards. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated.He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. <mask> appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support. Field of the Cloth of Gold
Another of <mask>'s diplomatic triumphs was the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. <mask> organised much of this grandiose meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII, accompanied by 5,000 followers and involving court activities more than military discussion. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against each other. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, <mask> could choose the ally that better suited his policies. <mask> chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from the loss of the lucrative cloth trade industry between England and the Netherlands had France been chosen instead.Under <mask>'s guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations. Garrett Mattingly, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of non-aggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, the treaties typically widened the conflict. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force. Alliance with Spain
The Treaty of London is often regarded as <mask>'s finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. <mask> developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.At the Calais Conference <mask> signed the Secret Treaty of Bruges (1521) with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignored the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. <mask>'s relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his links to the papacy, <mask> was strictly Henry's servant. Though the Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Furthermore, <mask>'s peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the Holy Land, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace. Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by <mask> of his independence of Rome. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until <mask> received his legacy, thus asserting <mask>'s attachment to Rome.Though the English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles V in his defeat of the French, particularly in 1525 at the Battle of Pavia, where Charles's army captured Francis I. Henry then felt there was a realistic opportunity for him to seize the French crown, to which the kings of England had long laid claim. Parliament, however, refused to raise taxes. This led <mask> to devise the Amicable Grant, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, <mask> began to negotiate with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother, Louise of Savoy. The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the League of Cognac in 1526. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by <mask> with papal support. <mask>'s plan was that the League of Cognac, an alliance between France and some Italian states, would challenge Charles's League of Cambrai.This was both a gesture of allegiance to Rome and an answer to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe. The final blow to this policy came in 1529, when the French made peace with Charles. Meanwhile, the French also continued to honour the "Auld Alliance" with Scotland, stirring up hostility on England's border. With peace between France and the Emperor, there was no-one to free the Pope from Charles, who had effectively held Pope Clement VII captive since the Sack of Rome (1527). There was thus little hope of securing Henry VIII an annulment from his marriage to Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon. Since 1527, <mask>'s desire to secure an annulment for his master had dictated his foreign policy, and by 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded. Annulment

Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon had produced no sons who survived infancy; the Wars of the Roses were still within living memory, leading to the fear of a power struggle after Henry's death.Henry felt the people would accept only a male sovereign, not his daughter Mary. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. Henry argued that Catherine's claim was not credible, and thus the dispensation must be withdrawn and the marriage annulled. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for Anne Boleyn, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. Catherine had no further pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527. Catherine, however, maintained that she had been a virgin when she married Henry. Because she opposed annulment and a return to her previous status as Dowager Princess of Wales, the annulment request became a matter of international diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Charles V pressuring Clement not to annul the marriage.Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt <mask>'s loyalty to the Crown over the Church. <mask> appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. First, he tried to convince the Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions in the book of Leviticus. Second, <mask> objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. (Shortly afterwards, a correctly worded version was found in Spain.) Third, <mask> wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: <mask> and Campeggio. <mask> was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529, effectively sealing <mask>'s fate. Domestic achievements

During his 14 years as chancellor, <mask> had more power than any other Crown servant in English history. This led to his being hated by much of the nobility, who thought they should have the power. The king protected him from being attacked. Sara Nair James, a professor at Mary Baldwin College, says that in 1515–1529 <mask> "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king". As long as he was in the king's favour, <mask> had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them.For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give <mask> free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which <mask> had grand plans. Historian John Guy explains <mask>'s methods:

Operating with the king's firm support, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope as legate, <mask> dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that <mask> was a man dogged by other men's failures and his own ambition.In the end, abandoned by the king, <mask> was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded. Taxation
<mask> made changes to the taxation system, devising, with treasurer of the Chamber John Heron, the "Subsidy". This form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. The old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. This more progressive form of taxation enabled <mask> to raise enough money for the king's foreign expeditions, bringing in over £300,000. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "benevolences", and enforced loans from

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