title: Alice B. Toklas

texts:
<mask> (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967) was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century, and the life partner of American writer Gertrude Stein. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in San Francisco into a middle-class Polish Jewish family. Her paternal grandfather was a rabbi, whose son Feivel (usually known as Ferdinand) Toklas moved to San Francisco in 1863. In 1876, <mask> married Emma (Emelia) Levinsky and they had two children: <mask> and her brother Clarence Ferdinand (1887–1924). In 1890, the Toklas family moved to Seattle, where her father was one half of Toklas, Singerman and Company, the city's leading dry goods store. Toklas was educated in local schools, which included the Mount Rainier Seminary, and attended the University of Washington where she studied piano. When her mother became ill, the family moved back to San Francisco.Her mother died in 1897, aged 41. Relationship with Gertrude Stein
Five months after the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Toklas left the city and moved to Paris. On September 8, 1907, the day after she arrived in Paris, she met Gertrude Stein. This marked the beginning of a relationship which lasted for nearly four decades, ending in 1946 with Stein's death. Together they hosted a salon in the home they shared at 27 rue de Fleurus that attracted expatriate American writers, such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, <mask>, Thornton Wilder, and Sherwood Anderson as well as avant-garde painters, including Picasso, Matisse, and <mask>. Acting as Stein's confidante, lover, cook, secretary, muse, editor, critic, and general organizer, Toklas remained a background figure, chiefly living in the shadow of Stein, until the publication by Stein of Toklas' "memoirs" in 1933 under the teasing title The Autobiography of <mask>. Toklas. It became Stein's best-selling book.W. G. Rogers wrote in his memoir of the couple, published in 1946, that Toklas "was a little stooped, somewhat retiring and self-effacing. She doesn't sit in a chair, she hides in it; she doesn't look at you, but up at you; she is always standing just half a step outside the circle. She gives the appearance, in short, not of a drudge, but of a poor relation, someone invited to the wedding but not to the wedding feast." James Merrill wrote that before meeting Toklas "one knew about the tiny stature, the sandals, the mustache, the eyes," but he had not anticipated "the enchantment of her speaking voice—like a viola at dusk." Toklas and Stein remained a couple until Stein's death in 1946. Later life, after Stein's death
Although Gertrude Stein willed much of her estate to Toklas, including their shared art collection (some of it Picassos) housed in their apartment at 5 rue Christine, the couple's relationship had no legal recognition. As many of the paintings appreciated greatly in value, Stein's relatives took action to claim them, eventually removing them from Toklas's residence and placing them in a bank vault while she was away on vacation.Toklas then relied on contributions from friends as well as her writing to make a living. In 1954, Toklas published The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook, a book that mixes reminiscences and recipes. The most famous recipe, contributed by her friend <mask> Gysin, is for "Haschich Fudge", a mixture of fruit, nuts, spices, and "canibus sativa"  or marijuana. The "Haschich Fudge" recipe appeared in the British edition of the book, but it was left out of the first United States edition published by Harpers. It was included in the second American edition and became popular within the 1960s counterculture movement. She and the recipe were referenced in the 1968 film, I Love You, <mask> B. Toklas, starring Peter Sellers. The cookbook has been translated into numerous languages.A second cookbook followed in 1958, Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present. However, Toklas did not approve of it, as it was heavily annotated by Poppy Cannon, an editor at House Beautiful magazine. Toklas also wrote articles for several magazines and newspapers, including The New Republic and The New York Times. In 1963, Toklas published her autobiography What Is Remembered, which ends abruptly with the death of Stein. Toklas's later years were very difficult because of poor health and financial problems. She converted to the Catholic Church in 1957. She died in poverty at the age of 89, and is buried next to Stein in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France; her name is engraved on the back of Stein's headstone.Legacy

I Love You, <mask> B. Toklas, a 1968 film starring Peter Sellers, that references Toklas's cannabis brownies, which play a significant role in the plot. The Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club is a political organization founded in San Francisco in 1971. Samuel Steward, who met <mask> and Stein in the 1930s, edited Dear Sammy: Letters from Gertrude Stein and <mask>. Toklas (1977), and also wrote two mystery novels featuring Stein and Toklas as characters: Murder Is Murder Is Murder (1985) and The Caravaggio Shawl (1989). The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted in 1998 to rename a block of Myrtle Street between Polk Street and Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco as Alice B. Toklas Place, since Toklas was born one block away on O'Farrell Street. Toklas has been portrayed on-screen by Wilfrid <mask> in the 1978 Swedish film The Adventures of Picasso, by Linda Hunt in the 1987 film Waiting for the Moon; by <mask> in the 1993 television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles; and by Thérèse <mask>-Rubinsztein in the 2011 film Midnight in Paris. References

Further reading
 Malcolm, Janet;  Two Lives (Gertrude and Alice); Yale University Press; September 2008; 240 pp;
 Simon, Linda. The Biography of <mask> B. Toklas.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. Souhami, Diana. Gertrude and Alice. London: Pandora, 1991. Stendhal, Renate (ed.). Gertrude Stein In Words and Pictures: A Photobiography. Algonquin Books, 1989. ;

External links

 Gertrude Stein and <mask> B. Toklas Collection, Yale Collection of American Literature.Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Gertrude Stein and <mask><mask> Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Alice B. Toklas Collection from the Manuscript Division of the Princeton University Library
 <mask> Toklas from the Jewish Women's Archive
 Blog discussing Gertrude Stein written by Gertrude Stein scholar, Renate Stendhal, author of "Gertrude Stein in Words and Pictures"
 San Francisco Block Book (1894) page 107 showing Western Addition, Block 60, Louis Levinsky residence (922 O'Farrell Street, home of Mr. Levinsky's teenage granddaughter, <mask>. Toklas)
 Alice B Awards

1877 births
1967 deaths
American autobiographers
American emigrants to France
American memoirists
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Jewish women writers
American lesbian writers
Lesbian feminists
LGBT Jews
LGBT memoirists
LGBT people from California
LGBT Roman Catholics
Writers from San Francisco
American cookbook writers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Women cookbook writers
American women memoirists
Catholic feminists
Catholics from California
Catholics from Washington (state)
Gertrude Stein
Writers from Seattle
University of Washington alumni
LGBT people from Washington (state)

masks:
Alice Babette Toklas
Alice B
. Toklas
Ferdinand Toklas
Alice
Paul Bowles
Bque
Alice B
Brion
Alice
Alice
Toklas
Alice B
Brambell
Alice Dvoráková
Bourou
Alice
Alice
Alice B
. Toklas
Alice Babette
Alice B


title: Clark Datchler

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 27 March 1964) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. He first rose to fame in 1987 as the lead singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist in the band Johnny Hates Jazz. Early career
Born in 1964 in Surrey, England, <mask> was influenced by his father <mask>, a singer and saxophonist in two popular vocal groups of the 1950s, the Stargazers and the Polkadots. The Stargazers were the first British group to have a No.1 hit on the UK chart, and had their own weekly radio show on the BBC. Later, as a member of The Polkadots, Fred sang with Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, The Beatles, Jo Stafford, Peggy Lee and <mask> (after whom <mask> is named). They regularly topped the Melody Maker poll for best vocal group. <mask>s first single, You Fooled Him Once Again, was released when he was 17 on the London soul label Blue Inc.The record featured Julie Roberts of Working Week, and two members of the reggae band Aswad: drummer Angus "Drummie Zeb" Gaye, and bassist George "Ras Levi" Oban. He went on to be produced by Rusty Egan of electronic pioneers Visage (Fade To Grey), recording at Trident Studios in London. Shortly after, he signed a music publishing deal with Warner Bros. Records, and moved to LA when he was 18 to write for other artists. The following year, he returned to London and joined the band Hot Club, signed to RAK Records. His fellow band members were Glenn Matlock of the Sex Pistols and Rich Kids, guitarist James Stevenson of Chelsea and Generation X and Calvin Hayes (later part of Johnny Hates Jazz). They released one single It Ain't Me, Girl and performed at London’s Marquee Club. Following this performance, he was signed as a solo artist to RAK by legendary record producer and RAK boss Mickie Most (producer of the Animals, The Yardbirds, Donovan, Suzi Quatro, Hot Chocolate and Kim Wilde), who suggested he work with a young producer-engineer at RAK Studios, Mike Nocito.<mask> subsequently released the singles I Don't Want You (produced by Most) and Things Can't Get Any Worse. Johnny Hates Jazz
<mask> became a member of Johnny Hates Jazz alongside production team Calvin Hayes and Mike Nocito in 1986. The band released their first single, "Me and My Foolish Heart", on RAK Records in that year. The single did not achieve success. However, as soon as <mask> began to write the songs for the band, a showcase was held at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club where the group performed in front of several record labels. They signed with Virgin Records, and <mask>'s best-known song, "Shattered Dreams", was released in spring 1987. The single was a success worldwide, reaching No.5 in the UK and No. 2 in Japan and the US (as well as No. 1 on the Billboard AOR chart). Several international hits followed, including the anti-war anthem "I Don't Want to Be a Hero" and "Turn Back the Clock". The band's debut album, Turn Back the Clock, was released in January 1988 and reached No. 1 in the UK, going double platinum. <mask> wrote most of the songs on this album, including all of the band's hits.Along with being signed to Virgin Records, <mask> signed a music publishing agreement with Virgin Music Publishing. Solo work
<mask> left Johnny Hates Jazz in 1988 at the height of his fame. He moved to Amsterdam and began work on a solo album called Raindance. The album featured some renowned musicians, including bass player Nathan East, drummer John "JR" Robinson and percussionist Paulinho Da Costa. Also featured was guitarist Dave Gregory of XTC. The album saw <mask>'s first environmental song, "Raindance" – one of several to follow. The first single from Raindance was "Crown of Thorns".It was released in the UK in 1990 but was not a success. Despite this, a music video was recorded for the single, although it is unknown who produced the video. The Raindance album was released on Virgin Records in Japan shortly afterwards. In 1991, <mask> went back into the studio to record some tracks with Rupert Hine, producer of Tina Turner, the Fixx and Howard Jones. The new album was titled Fishing for Souls. However, when the relationship between Virgin Records and <mask> deteriorated further, he left the label. Fishing for Souls was not officially released by Virgin, but was eventually made available as a bootleg.Around this time, <mask> also released a remixed version of "The Last Emotion" under the name Medicine Wheel. The song was released in 7" as a single, but it was also released as a CD with "Close to the Edge" and "Autumn Years" in the tracklist in 1992 on Virgin Records, around the same time that Fishing for Souls was completed. By the mid-1990s, <mask> had moved back to Britain where he based himself at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios outside the city of Bath. There, he taught himself to play the bouzouki, drums and percussion, and refined his abilities as a pianist, keyboard player, bassist and guitarist. He also began to experiment with combining world and folk instruments with contemporary instruments and modern grooves. The recordings he made at Real World eventually led to the beginning of the writing and recording of the album Tomorrow. At the same time, Datchler studied the philosophy of indigenous peoples.He became a Green Party member, and focused his songwriting skills on social issues that concerned him. In 1998, <mask> signed a music publishing deal with BMG Music. In the 2000s, <mask> based himself in the U.S. He decided to make an album with an environmental theme, and consequently began work on Tomorrow. He played many of the instruments on the album as well as producing, engineering and mixing. He invited several notable musicians to record with him, including Phil Gould (drummer of Level 42), David Rhodes (guitarist with Peter Gabriel), James McNally (Irish whistle and bodhran player of Afro Celt Sound System), Hugh Marsh (fiddle player with Loreena McKennitt), Phil Beer (mandolin player of Show of Hands) and Joji Hirota (shakuhachi player). He recorded much of the 12-track album in a state-of-the-art studio powered by solar energy.One of the songs was a new recording of his first hit with Johnny Hates Jazz, "Shattered Dreams". The completed version of Tomorrow was released on InterAction Music in May 2007. This album was originally released under the pseudonym of Nightfoxx, but <mask> subsequently returned to recording and performing under his original name. In 2009, it was remixed by Stephen W Tayler, and digitally remastered and re-released. In 2009, <mask> acquired the rights to the album. It was remixed by Stephen W Tayler, digitally remastered and in 2010 it was released on <mask>'s own label, Interaction Music. <mask> also signed a music publishing deal with Stage Three Music, part of BMG Rights Management.<mask> rejoined Johnny Hates Jazz in late 2009, and in 2010 they played live shows in Europe and Southeast Asia. In October 2010, <mask> received a BMI award in recognition of "Shattered Dreams" achieving over three million broadcast performances in the US alone. He subsequently started working with Mike Nocito on the album Magnetized which was published in 2013 followed by a few live concerts in 2014. Recent work
In 2020, <mask> and Nocito released a new single called "Spirit of Love" and announced that a new album known as Wide Awake would be coming out in August of that year. They then released the subsequent singles "New Day Ahead" and "Greater Good" after the release of the album. In 2022, the retrospective Journey Songs 1 boxset was released, containing remastered versions of the albums Raindance and Fishing for Souls as well as rare tracks and demos. Discography

Albums
1990: Raindance
1992:  Medicine Wheel
1992: Fishing for Souls
2007: Tomorrow

Singles

References

External links
 Official Facebook Page
 Official Twitter

1964 births
People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead
Living people
English male singers
English songwriters
English record producers
English new wave musicians
Male new wave singers
Sophisti-pop musicians
People from Sutton, London
British male songwriters

masks:
Clark Wynford Datchler
Clark
Fred Datchler
Petula Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Datchler
Clark
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Clark
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler
Datchler


title: Vincent Gallo

texts:
<mask> (born April 11, 1961) is an American actor, director, model, musician, painter and former motorcycle racer. He has had supporting roles in films such as Arizona Dream (1993), The House of the Spirits (1993), Palookaville (1995),  and The Funeral (1996). His lead roles include  Tetro in Tetro (2009) and Mohammed in Essential Killing (2010). He won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his performance in Essential Killing. He is most associated with the independent films he has made, including Buffalo '66 (1998), which he wrote, directed, scored and starred in, and The Brown Bunny (2003), which he also wrote, directed, produced, starred in and photographed. In the early 2000s, he released several solo recordings on Warp Records. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hairdresser, and <mask>, also a hairdresser and professional gambler.Both of his parents emigrated from Sicily, Italy. Career

Films
During <mask>'s artistic period in the 1980s, when he worked as a musician and painter in New York City, he also began experimenting with film. He made the short film "If You Feel Froggy, Jump" and appeared in the 1981 film Downtown 81 with painter Jean-Michel Basquiat. In 1984, <mask> acted in The Way It Is (1985) by Eric Mitchell, which included actors Steve Buscemi and Rockets Redglare. After starring in the obscure 1989 film Doc's Kingdom, he began acting in small parts in more well-known films such as Goodfellas, The House of the Spirits, and The Perez Family. French director Claire Denis hired <mask> to act in several films such as the short film Keep It for Yourself, the made-for-TV U.S. Go Home, and its follow-up feature Nénette et Boni (1996)." In 1998, his directorial debut film Buffalo '66 was nominated for, but did not win, an award for "Best First Feature" at the Independent Spirit Awards.<mask> made this drama for $1.5 M, serving as writer, director, lead actor, and composer/performer of the soundtrack. The release of Buffalo '66 "gained him a solid fan base." In 2003, <mask> starred in and directed the film The Brown Bunny, which chronicles a motorcycle racer's cross-country road trip, and co-starred Chloë Sevigny. The film, which contained a scene of Sevigny performing unsimulated oral sex upon <mask>, received an overwhelmingly negative critical response to its Cannes premiere and became a media scandal, in part due to <mask>'s use of a still image from a sex scene on a promotional billboard. In part, the critical response discussed whether Sevigny had been pressured into performing a sex act by <mask>. According to Andrea LeVasseur of Allmovie, The Brown Bunny "premiered to much derision at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival." Film critic Roger Ebert stated that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes.<mask> retorted by calling Ebert a "fat pig with the physique of a slave trader" and put a hex on Ebert, wishing him colon cancer. Ebert then responded – paraphrasing a statement made by Winston Churchill – that, "although I am fat, one day I will be thin, but Mr. <mask> will still have been the director of The Brown Bunny." <mask> and Ebert later made up, and Ebert ended up giving a thumbs up to a re-edited version of The Brown Bunny. In 2010, <mask> won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 67th Venice International Film Festival for his role in Essential Killing, although he doesn't have a line in the film. He did not attend the ceremony to accept his award in person, leaving the duty to the film's director Jerzy Skolimowski, who tried to get the actor to reveal himself, leading the audience in a chant of his name. <mask> was not in attendance. <mask> stars in Davide Manuli's La leggenda di Kaspar Hauser, a modern-western interpretation of the German legend of Kaspar Hauser which premiered at the 2012 International Film Festival Rotterdam.<mask> plays the two largest roles in the film, the English-speaking Sheriff and the Italian-speaking assassin. He co-starred with Kōichi Satō and Yoo Ji-tae in Junji Sakamoto's 2013 film, Human Trust. Music

<mask> played electric bass and sang in the mid-1970s in several adolescent garage bands such as Blue Mood; a progressive rock cover band named Zephyr (not to be confused with the late 1960s band of the same name) which did one performance at Lincoln Park, Tonawanda, New York in 1978; The Good (with Bernie Kugel and Larry Galanowitz); The Detours; and the Plastics. At the age of 16, <mask> moved to New York City and was a later member of the band Gray, with visual artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. Gray played at clubs such as Max's Kansas City, CBGB's, Hurrahs, and the Mudd Club. A few of Gray's recordings appear on the soundtrack for the film Downtown 81. <mask> played in a band called Bohack which recorded an album entitled It Took Several Wives.When Bohack disbanded, <mask> turned his attention to acting, directing, and composing in films. He wrote songs for the soundtrack of the 1998 film Buffalo 66. He played in a rock band with Lukas Haas called Bunny, and <mask> put out his own album which he wrote, performed and produced under Warp Records, titled When. On August 3, 2013, <mask> headlined the 3rd Annual San Frandelic Summer Fest in San Francisco. Music videos
<mask> directed music videos for the songs "Going Inside" by John Frusciante, and "Anemone" by L'Arc-en-Ciel. He also starred in the music videos for "Bitter" by Lit, "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" by Glassjaw, "99 Problems" by Jay-Z and "Grounded" by My Vitriol. <mask> also appeared as a model in H&M Spring 2009 Collection alongside Eva Herzigova.Other work and appearances
In 1984, he (using the name "Prince Vince") appeared as a dancer on an unsold TV pilot for a hip-hop dance show called Graffiti Rock. He makes a fictionalized appearance in Caspar Vega's 2012 book The Eclectic Prince. <mask> did a fashion campaign and photo shoot with G-Star Raw jeans in Fall 2011. Racist and antisemitic views
<mask> has expressed racist and antisemitic views, notably on a page on his personal website offering to sell his sperm, while maintaining "the right to refuse sale of his sperm to those of extremely dark complexions ... [because he] does not want to be part of that type of integration." He also offers a discount to those who are naturally blonde or related to a mid-century German soldier; however, he is willing to sell his sperm to a Jewish woman, as "connection to the Jewish faith would guarantee his offspring a better chance at good reviews and maybe even a prize at the Sundance film festival or an Oscar." In 2020, he made a series of t-shirts available on his website sporting slogans such as "Whites Freed The Blacks," "Fuck Black Lives Matter," and "Tell Your Thug Single Parent Children to Stop Resisting Arrest". Personal life
<mask> is a supporter of the Republican Party, and has been seen at a New York fashion show with George W. Bush's daughters Barbara and Jenna.He has stated that his fantasy is "becoming more like the stereotype of the Republican Party." He also wishes to look "more like [American conservative journalist] George Will." In his own words, <mask> "considered himself a radical, always, but an extremely conservative radical." In a 1997 interview for Grand Royal magazine, he stated being fond of conservative radio personality Rush Limbaugh, as well as former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon, and filmmakers Pier Paolo Pasolini, Mario Bava, Lucio Fulci, Robert Bresson and Yasujirō Ozu. He was a supporter of 45th President Donald Trump, stating in an open letter: "I like Donald Trump a lot and am extremely proud he is the American President. And I’m sorry if that offends you." In another open letter in March 2018, he criticized actress Rose McGowan for not publicly accusing producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual assault earlier.He is an active real estate speculator in Los Angeles. "I own, like, $7 million worth of real estate that I don’t live in and I don’t rent it [out]," <mask> said in a 2004 interview with Howard Stern. "It’s sitting there, it’s hanging there. ... I’ve never lost a penny in my life."

masks:
Vincent Gallo
Vincent Gallo
Vincenzo Vito Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Vincent Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo


title: Robert Neighbors

texts:
<mask>eighbors (November 3, 1815 – September 14, 1859) was an Indian agent and Texas state legislator. Known as a fair and determined protector of Indian interests as guaranteed by treaty, he was murdered for his beliefs by a Texan who disagreed with giving any rights to the Comanches. Early life

<mask>eighbors was born in Charlotte County, Virginia, on November 3, 1815. He was the sole son of William and Elizabeth (Elam) Neighbours. In later life he chose to drop the u from his last name. He was orphaned at a mere four months old, when both parents died of pneumonia. He was later educated by private tutors, who were retained by his guardian, Samuel Hamner, a Virginia planter.Immigration to Texas and army service
Neighbors left Virginia at the age of nineteen, and while he stayed briefly in New Orleans, his intention was always to immigrate to Texas, which he did in the early spring of 1836. He joined the Army of the Republic of Texas on 30 January 1839 as a first lieutenant, commanding Fort Travis on Galveston Island before becoming quartermaster on 5 September, and promoted to captain on 15 July 1840 and served until the end of 1841. Capture by General Adrian Woll
On September 15, 1842, as a member of Captain John C. Hays's company of volunteers, Neighbors was in San Antonio attending Judge Anderson Hutchinson's court, when General Adrian Woll made his invasion of Texas and captured the city. Along with approximately fifty-two other individuals, including the officers of the court, he was forcibly marched to Mexico, where he was subsequently imprisoned in San Carlos Fortress. Indian Agent and the field system
Neighbors was released on March 24, 1844 and returned to Texas. He briefly operated the Mansion House hotel in Houston before becoming Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas on 12 February 1845. Thomas G. Western, Texas Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Neighbors as Indian Agent for the Lipan Apaches and Tonkawas, initiated a new policy, the field system; instead of remaining at the agency headquarters and waiting for the Indians to pay him a visit, as was the common practice, Neighbors dealt with them directly in their homelands.After the annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States, Neighbors was a party to Treaty 246 between the US, represented by Indian commissioners Pierce M. Butler and M.G. Lewis, and the chiefs of the Comanches, Ionies, Anadarkos, Caddos, Lipans, Tonkawas, Keechies, Tawacanos, Wichitas and Wacos, signed near Waco on 15 May 1846. Neighbors then accompanied the Penateka Comanche chiefs Old Owl and Santa Anna, plus the Anadarko chief Jose Maria, on their visit to Washington, D.C. He received a federal appointment as special Indian agent, on March 20, 1847, and took part in the treaty between the Comanche and the German colonists on the San Saba River in March 1847, which resulted in the so-called Meusebach-Comanche Treaty. As a Federal Indian Agent for the Comanches, he continued what was then a most unusual practice, that of actually visiting the Indians in their homes, and learning their language and culture. Called the "field system" it was unique for its time. The ultimate result was that he spent much time far beyond the then frontier and in the opinion of historians exercised greater influence over the Indians in Texas than any other white man of his generation.Indeed, other than Sam Houston he probably was one of the few white men to bother to learn their language and culture, let alone travel to the heart of the Comancheria. Adoption by the Comanche

In 1845 as an Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas, <mask>eighbors recorded one of the best known meetings with the Penateka Comanche head Chief Old Owl, while visiting a Tonkawa camp. Chief Old Owl arrived with 40 warriors, and in a manner the Major called "most insolent and domineering" demanded that the Tonkawa feed the war party and their horses, and provide for them entertainment. The Tonkawas "obeyed with alacrity", providing "forty of the best looking Tonkawa maidens". Neighbors, known as a fearless man, took this opportunity to be introduced to the Comanches. Old Owl, introduced to Neighbors, first complimented him on his fine blue coat. Neighbors, understanding the meaning of this compliment, presented the Chief with the coat immediately.Other warriors admired his pants, boots, and other clothing, and soon Neighbors was standing only in a nightshirt. Old Owl however, took a liking to the fearless Neighbors. He told him though most whites irritated him, he liked Neighbors, and invited him to accompany the war party, and he proposed instead of Neighbors making a civilized man of him, that he would make a fine horse thief out of Neighbors, and adopt him into the tribe. Neighbors, feeling this was an opportunity few men would ever receive, accepted at once. The war party went to Mexico, where Neighbors attempted to buy beef at a rancho. When the Mexicans declined to sell beef to a Republic of Texas official on credit, Old Owl told them two beeves were to be forthcoming immediately, or the rancho would be burned down and all the beeves taken. This proved highly effective, and the food was immediately forthcoming.Neighbors, having left an indelible impression on Old Owl as the first (and only) Republic of Texas official to ever ride with a Comanche War Party, took his leave of them with thanks, and went home. Neighbors Expedition

Early in the spring of 1849, Major General William J. Worth, of the United States Army, who was in command of the Eighth Military Department, which included the former Republic of Texas, was ordered by Secretary of War William L. Marcy to explore a wagon route between San Antonio and El Paso. The General, headquartered in San Antonio, selected Neighbors to lead the expedition to establish the so-called "upper route" to El Paso. His reasoning was that Neighbors was perhaps the only man in Texas who could safely ride into the Comancheria. Neighbors led a combined military-Ranger force that included his personal friend "Rip" Ford and did in fact map a route that not only became the route used by the Overland Stage Company, but is the same route taken by the highway today. Indeed, Neighbors reported 598 miles between Austin (as the state capital) and El Paso – exactly the same milege listed today between the two cities.In addition to Ford on the expedition, Neighbors was able to convince Buffalo Hump to lead it; Penateka war chiefs Yellow Wolf (Buffalo Hump's cousin) and Santa Anna joined them along the trail. Though the chief later left the party, it remained under his protection, and Nokoni Comanche head Chief Tall Tree, or Guadalupe, led the party the remainder of the distance from the Colorado River to El Paso. Neighbors ability to communicate with the Comanche, and his relationship with them, made the expedition possible. Brazos Indian Reservation
In those days, appointments for such posts as federal Indian Agent were determined in great part by the political party in power, and the political affiliation of the agent. Neighbors was a Democrat, so his services as Indian agent were terminated by the elections and subsequent national Whig administration in September 1849. Neighbors stayed in public life however. Appointed as a Texas commissioner, he was sent by Governor Peter Hansborough Bell, to organize El Paso County in February and March 1850.He then attempted, without success, to organize counties in New Mexico as a part of Texas, being opposed by Judge Joab Houghton. As a member of the Fourth Texas Legislature representing the Bexar and Medina District from 1851 to 1853, he, along with Texas Senator Rip Ford, sponsored a resolution in 1852 to negotiate with the US to settle the Indians in northern Texas. After urging from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to Texas Governor Peter Hansborough Bell, the Texas legislature passed a law in 1854 granting twelve leagues of land for establishing those Indian reservations. Neighbors became a presidential elector in 1852, and following the election of Franklin Pierce in 1853, was appointed supervising agent of the Indian service in Texas. In 1854, Neighbors and Capt. Randolph B. Marcy, with an escort of forty soldiers left Fort Belknap in search of recommended sites for the establishment of two Indian reservations in 1855. The Caddo, Shawnee, Anadarko, Waco, Tawacano, and Tonkawa, were located on the Brazos Indian Reservation along the north side of the Salt Fork Brazos River, south of what is now Graham in Young County.The reservation's log buildings included the agent's house, an office, a commissary store, a laborer's house, a school, a blacksmith, interpreter's house, a privy, a spring house plus several dome-shaped thatched native houses. Camp Cooper and the Comanche Indian Reservation
The Penateka Comanches were located on the Comanche Indian Reservation located on the Clear Fork Brazos River, about ten miles southwest of what is now Throckmorton in  Throckmorton County. The reservation log cabin buildings included the agent's house, commissary store, laborer's house, a school and Chief Ketumse's house plus the tribal member's tents. Providing defense for the reservation was Camp Cooper, founded on January 3, 1856 by Major William J. Hardee and named in honor of Samuel Cooper. The camp was commanded by Lt. Col. <mask>. Lee of the Second Cavalry from 1856 to 1857. In a letter dated Camp Cooper, 12 April 1856, he wrote:

We are in the Comanche Reserve with the Indian camps below us on the river, belonging to Catumseh's band, whom the Government is trying to humanize. It will be up hill work I fear.Catumseh has been to see me and we have had a talk, very tedious on his part and very sententious on mine. I hailed him as a friend, as long as his conduct and that of his tribe deserved it, but would meet him as an enemy the first moment he failed to keep his word. Officers serving under Lee's command at the camp included Captain Earl Van Dorn, Captain George Stoneman, and Captain Theodore O'Hara. Major George H. Thomas succeeded Lee as commander and was wounded while pursuing Comanche warriors. The camp of 250 men under the command of Capt. S.D. Carpenter was abandoned to Col. W.C. Dalrymple, Texas Troops on 21 February 1861, after General David E. Twiggs agreed to surrender all federal military posts.Death
It was during this period, when settlers began to attack the Indians, that Neighbors became hated among white Texans. Neighbors reported that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper, near the reservations, failed to give adequate support to him and his resident agents, and adequate protection to the Indians and settlers alike. The military's attitude was shared by the settlers, who believed the reservation Indians were committing continuing raids on white settlements. In spite of continuous threats against his life, Neighbors never faltered in his determination to protect the Indians. "The main source of opposition to Major Neighbors and the reservation policy was John R. Baylor, the former Comanche agent ... apparently blamed Major Neighbors for his dismissal and resented him bitterly ... arousing public opinion to oust the Major ... destroying the reservation ..."

With the aid of federal troops, Neighbors managed to protect the Indians on the reservations, successfully thwarting an attack on 23 May 1859 by John Baylor and 250 marauders. Convinced however that the Indians, especially the Comanche, would never be safe in Texas due to the continuing raids of those bands still resisting white settlement of the Comancheria, he determined to move all Indians to safety in the Indian territories. In August 1859 he, and four companies of troops under Major George H. Thomas, succeeded in moving 1420 Indians, without loss of life, to a new reservation in Indian Territory.Attacked while returning to Texas, Neighbor's party headed for Fort Belknap with Colonel Leeper as a casualty. Neighbors proceeded to the nearby village of Belknap the next morning to "wind up his accounts as superintendent of Indian affairs", where on September 14, 1859, while Neighbors was speaking with two men, he was shot in the back by Edward Cornett. Historians believe the assassination was a direct result of Neighbors' actions protecting the Comanche. He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap. Personal life
<mask> Neighbors was a Methodist, a Mason, and a leader in the temperance movement. He had married Elizabeth Ann Mays in Seguin, Texas, on July 15, 1851, and their home was on his Salado Creek ranch, now part of San Antonio, Texas. Two sons survived childhood.Further reading
Texas Memorial Museum
California Road

References

1815 births
1859 deaths
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Texas–Indian Wars
United States Indian agents
People from Seguin, Texas
19th-century American politicians
People from Charlotte County, Virginia

masks:
Robert Simpson N
Robert Simpson N
Robert N
Robert E
Robert Simpson


title: Mike Foster (American politician)

texts:
<mask>. (July 11, 1930 – October 4, 2020) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 53rd governor of Louisiana from January 1996 until January 2004. Early life and career

<mask>. was born in Franklin, the seat of government of St. Mary Parish. His father, also named <mask>, was an area sugar planter and owner of oil and natural gas lands, whose own father was Murphy J<mask>., who was Louisiana governor from 1892 to 1900 and a U.S. Senator from 1901 to 1913. As governor, <mask> led the campaign to disenfranchise Black citizens through the Louisiana Constitution of 1898, calling for an end to "the leprous virus of negro suffrage, thereby creating a running sore which has ever since tainted our government, both federal and state, with foul corruption and loathsome disease." <mask>'s mother, Olive Roberts (1904-1990), was descended from a prominent family in Minden in Webster Parish and Shreveport in Caddo Parish in northwestern Louisiana.<mask>'s maternal great-grandfather, Alfred Goodwill (1830-1905), was a native of England and a captain in the Confederate Army. One of the three children of Captain Goodwill and his second wife Ida, was Olive Goodwill (born circa 1875). She married Robert Roberts Jr., a former mayor of both Farmerville in Union Parish and Minden, a state representative for Webster Parish, a state district court judge, and an attorney in private practice in Shreveport. Their daughter married <mask>'s father. One of <mask>'s cousins, Jasper Goodwill, was the mayor of Minden from 1955 to 1958. <mask> attended public high school in Franklin, graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge in 1952 with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, and Southern University Law Center with a juris doctorate in 2004, the year he left the governorship. He became an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America in 1946 and was a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Zeta Zeta chapter) and The Friars. He joined the Air Force and served in the Korean War. By the time <mask> entered politics, he had already become a wealthy sugar planter and owner of a construction firm. He resided at Oaklawn Manor, an antebellum plantation mansion in Franklin. <mask> entered politics at the age of 57. In 1987, then-Democrat <mask> unseated liberal Democratic state Senator Anthony Guarisco Jr. of Morgan City by a large margin. <mask> was said to have run for the state Senate because Guarisco would not return his telephone calls.Guarisco was a vocal supporter of the defunct Equal Rights Amendment. <mask> served two terms in the state Senate and then ran for governor. Election as governor, 1995

<mask> entered the 1995 gubernatorial race as a minor candidate whom most local political observers discounted. Then in September 1995, <mask> announced he would qualify for the race as a Republican. The Republicans had not coalesced on a candidate, and <mask>'s announcement that he was switching parties vaulted him from single digits in the polls to serious contention. <mask> rode a wave of popular dissatisfaction with the more unsavory aspects of the casino gambling that had been legalized under outgoing Governor Edwin W. Edwards. <mask> came out strongly against gambling and pledged to run Louisiana "like a business."His conservative platform included attacks on welfare abuse, gun control, affirmative action, racial quotas, and political corruption. He carried the endorsement of the columnist and former Republican presidential candidate Patrick J. Buchanan. <mask> edged out two more well-known candidates for a seat in the runoff with then-United States Representative Cleo Fields from Louisiana's 4th congressional district, a prominent black Democratic politician. Future U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu ran third and missed the general election berth by just 8,983 votes (0.6 percent of the total votes cast). Former Governor Buddy Roemer, seeking a gubernatorial comeback, came in fourth place. <mask>'s embrace of the Republican label and his conservative platform undercut Roemer, another Democrat-turned-Republican.Reminiscent of his grandfather's inauguration virtually a century earlier, <mask>'s inauguration ceremony on January 8, 1996, occurred at the Old State Capitol. Always a man of few words, <mask> remarked briefly about the historicity of the occasion and made cordial statements about outgoing four-term Governor Edwin Edwards, who was present. <mask> defeated black Democratic candidates in both of his campaigns for governor—Cleo Fields in 1995 and Congressman William Jefferson of Louisiana's 2nd congressional district in 1999. He defeated Jefferson in a landslide, avoiding a runoff with 64 percent of the vote. His second inauguration took place on January 10, 2000. <mask> as governor

<mask> was widely seen as having favored business to a greater degree than had previous governors. He retained the secretary of economic development, former legislator Kevin P. Reilly Sr. of Baton Rouge, the former CEO of Lamar Advertising Company of Baton Rouge.He ended state affirmative action and set-aside programs, which earned him the support of the business community but prompted protests from civil rights groups. <mask> also targeted tort reform and ended the practice by which trial lawyers could seek punitive damages from businesses. <mask> had close relations with the statewide pro-business lobbying group Louisiana Association of Business and Industry (LABI) for most of his tenure, though there were short-lived tensions in 2000 over <mask>'s attempt to raise business taxes in an effort to secure funding for higher education. By the end of his second term, <mask> was receiving criticism for his reluctance to take business trips in order to attract businesses and jobs to Louisiana, and for enrolling in part-time law school classes while still in office. He also appointed then 24-year-old Bobby Jindal, later a two-term Republican governor, as head of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. As his executive counsel, <mask> appointed the Democrat Cheney Joseph Jr. (1942–2015), a member of the LSU Law School faculty and a former district attorney for East Baton Rouge Parish. <mask> appointed former state Representative Terry W. Gee of New Orleans as the executive director of the Louisiana Offshore Port Authority, or LOOP.Gee remained in the post for the entire <mask> administration and worked to guarantee port security in light of the threat of terrorism. <mask> appointed education reformer and attorney Paul Pastorek to the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education; Pastorek was thereafter from 2007 to 2011 the state superintendent of education. In 2000, <mask> named Terry Landry, a veteran African-American officer, as the superintendent of the Louisiana State Police. In 2012, Landry was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives for Lafayette, Iberia, and St. Martin parishes. <mask> named Democrat former state Representative Randy Roach to head a task force on transportation infrastructure and economic development. Thereafter, Roach was elected mayor of Lake Charles. In 1996, <mask> appointed Bo Ackal, a state representative from New Iberia as his assistant on budgeting and taxation.<mask> worked to re-organize the state's community college system by creating the Louisiana Community and Technical College System, and expanded the Tuition Opportunity Program for Students (TOPS), a brainchild of the New Orleans oilman Patrick F. Taylor, so that students were eligible based on merit, rather than income. In the 2002 legislative session, <mask> credited freshman Representative Tom Capella of Jefferson Parish, now the parish assessor, with saving TOPS from the budget axe. <mask> instituted mandatory standardized testing for grade advancement in a move described by his administration as an effort to make public schools more accountable. He made increasing teacher salaries a major priority, at one point promising to stop cashing his paychecks until teachers' salaries reached the Southern average. Andy Kopplin served as Governor <mask>'s chief of staff. He retained long-term political operative Aubrey W. Young, originally the aide de camp to Governor John J. McKeithen, as the drug and alcohol counselor in the Department of Health and Hospitals. In 1997, <mask> named former state budget director Ralph Perlman as secretary of the Louisiana Gaming Control Board, a position that Perlman held for five years while in his eighties.The two Speakers of the House under <mask>'s administration were Democrat (later Republican) Hunt Downer of Terrebonne Parish and Charles W. DeWitt Jr., a Democrat from Rapides Parish. In Louisiana, the governor practically handpicks the Speaker despite the separation of powers. <mask> also relied heavily on Republican State Representative Chuck McMains of Baton Rouge as a legislative floor leader for the administration. He named Republican Representative Garey Forster of New Orleans as his state labor secretary. Known for going to bed early, <mask> still managed to adjust to evening classes he took while Governor at the Southern University Law Center. An avid motorcycling enthusiast, <mask> introduced an initiative while governor to remove a legal mandate that required motorcyclists to wear helmets when they ride on the highways. This initiative was later overturned by his successor, Democratic Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco.In 2000, <mask> was the Louisiana campaign chairman for the Bush-Cheney ticket. Despite having run on an anti-gambling platform, in office <mask> became a quiet supporter of the gambling industry. His advocacy of a bailout bill for the Harrah's casino in New Orleans helped ensure the passage of the measure. Prior to leaving office, <mask> quarreled with fellow Republican Representative David Vitter over expanded gambling on Indian reservations. The dispute did not prevent Vitter from winning the U.S. Senate seat from Louisiana vacated by Democrat John Breaux in 2004. Atchafalaya Basin Program

In November 1996 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requested that <mask> appoint a lead agency to coordinate state participation in the Atchafalaya Basin Project. <mask> chose the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources as the lead agency.Sandra Thompson, a highly regarded state administrator from the 1970s, was called back to state government to head the project, an important position in the preservation of the environment. The project encompasses a million acres (4,000 km2) and  of swampland. In December 1996, the Atchafalaya Basin Advisory Committee was created, members appointed, and planning initiated that resulted in the Atchafalaya Basin Master Plan, as authorized by the U.S. Congress. A result of this plan was the creation of the Sherburne Complex Wildlife Management Area (Section 4.41-B) that includes the partnership of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The area consists of , and is managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. <mask> and David Duke

In his 1995 campaign, <mask> paid more than $150,000 for former Ku Klux Klansman David Duke's mailing list of supporters.After failing to report the purchase as a campaign expenditure, <mask> became the first Louisiana governor to admit and pay a fine for a violation of the state's ethics code. <mask> insisted that he did not need to report the expenditure because he paid Duke with his personal funds and did not utilize the list in his campaign. Duke also endorsed <mask> in the 1995 campaign. <mask> initially seemed to favor Duke's run for the Senate seat being vacated in 1996 by J. Bennett Johnston Jr., but under pressure from the Republican Party, he did not officially endorse Duke. Instead, the Republican consensus choice for the Senate was veteran state Representative Louis E. "Woody" Jenkins of Baton Rouge. Jenkins was narrowly defeated by Johnston's choice, Mary Landrieu. <mask> and Dan Richey

In 1997, <mask> named former state Senator Dan Richey, to head the new Governor's Program on Abstinence.The appointment became controversial in 2002, when the American Civil Liberties Union sued the state on grounds that Richey had permitted religious instruction to be used in the program in violation of federal law. <mask> and Richey went to court to defend the program and pledged that violations cited by the ACLU had been remedied. The program is underwritten by the National welfare reform law of 1996. Post governorship

In retirement, <mask> lived with his wife Alice C<mask> (born 1940), to whom he was married for over 50 years, on the family estate near Franklin. She is active in the Sunshine Foundation in Baton Rouge, which seeks to enhance self-esteem among Louisiana public school youngsters. In 2003, <mask> was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. In 2013, the state agreed to fund $2 million to renovate part of Franklin City Hall to provide housing for <mask>'s papers.On September 28, 2020, news reports confirmed <mask> entered hospice care. After spending a week in hospice care, <mask> died on October 4, 2020, at the age of 90. Electoral history

State Senator, 21st Senatorial District, 1987

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 24, 1987

State Senator, 21st Senatorial District, 1991

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 19, 1991

Governor of Louisiana, 1995

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 21, 1995

Second Ballot, November 18, 1995

Governor of Louisiana, 1999

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 23, 1999

Sources
State of Louisiana – Biography
DuBos, Clancy. "<mask> on Fire." Gambit Weekly. October 3, 1995. Kurtz, David."<mask>'s Millions:  He may be a working man, but <mask> certainly doesn't have to." New Orleans Magazine, May 1996. Reeves, Miriam. The Governors of Louisiana. Gretna: Pelican Publishing, 1998. Warner, Chris. "<mask>'s Legacy: What Will it Be?"State Business Louisiana. Winter 2002. Governor Murphy J. "<mask><mask> Jr.

masks:
Murphy James Foster Jr
Murphy James Foster Jr
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. Foster Sr
Murphy Foster
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" Foster


title: General Butt Naked

texts:
Joshua Milton Blahyi (born September 30, 1971), also known by his nom de guerre <mask>, is a Liberian evangelical preacher, writer and former warlord best known for his role during the First Liberian Civil War. In the conflict, Blahyi led a group of soldiers which fought on the side of United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) before converting to Christianity and becoming a pastor in 1996. Born in the Liberian capital of Monrovia to a Krahn family, Blahyi was handed by his father to several tribal elders who initiated him as a high priest in 1982 at the age of eleven. Serving as high priest, Blahyi oversaw several human sacrifices. After Liberian military officer Samuel Doe staged a coup d'état in 1980, the new regime employed Blahyi to perform black magic rituals at the presidential palace to help him win the 1985 general election. In 1989, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) rebel leader Charles Taylor rebelled against Doe's regime, sparking a civil war. Blahyi joined ULIMO, a rival militia group, and operated primarily around the Monrovia area.During the conflict, Blahyi and his men, a group of soldiers known as the Naked Base Commandos, fought without clothing and perpetrated numerous atrocities, including human sacrifice and cannibalism. Blahyi abandoned his life as a warlord and turned to preaching after undergoing a religious conversion in 1996, attributing these actions to receiving a vision of Jesus. In 2008, Blahyi testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, claiming that his victims numbered at least 20,000 individuals. The public testimony brought mixed reactions and led to international attention, leading Blahyi to be featured in several documentaries. Early life

Joshua Milton Blahyi was born on September 30, 1971 in Monrovia, Liberia. He was born into a Krahn family, some of whom resided in Sinoe County; among the Krahn people, belief in child sacrifice and black magic was common. When he was seven years old, his father granted control over him to several Krahn elders, who arranged for Blahyi to be a warrior and initiated him as a high priest in 1982, when he was at the age of eleven.As Blahyi noted in his memoirs, the role of high priest included overseeing human sacrifices. Blahyi, like other Krahn priests, would use visions to determine which individual would be sacrificed. After receiving the vision, Blahyi would "give the victim’s last name to its village elders", who would then lead a procession to the sacrifice victim's house, abducting and sacrificing them atop an altar; the victim would then be ritually dismembered. In 1980, Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) officer Samuel Doe staged a coup d'état, overthrowing then-President William Tolbert. Doe, who was also of Krahn descent, employed Blahyi to perform black magic rituals at the Executive Mansion in Monrovia, which in part were to help him in winning a general election held in 1985 to legitimize the new regime. Blahyi later explained his support for Doe as being based on tribal loyalty, as they were both members of the same ethnic group. Military career

In 1989, Charles Taylor, a rebel leader in the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), launched a rebellion against the Doe regime, sparking the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1997).After Doe was murdered and his regime collapsed in 1990, the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was founded by Krahn and Mandinka refugees and former AFL soldiers in 1991. Blahyi became a member of ULIMO and fought against the NPFL and rival militias, which came to control most of Liberia amidst the chaos of the civil war. During the conflict, Blahyi became a warlord, lead a unit of several dozen combatants (consisting primarily of child soldiers) known as the Naked Base Commandos and operated primarily in Monrovia. The unit, including Blahyi himself, frequently wore no clothing except for shoes and magic charms, earning Blahyi the nom de guerre '<mask>t <mask>'. Blahyi claimed that this practise made him and his soldiers "immune to bullets." During the conflict, Blahyi's forces perpetrated numerous atrocities, including cannibalism and human sacrifice. After the conflict, Blahyi claimed that he had a vision in which the Devil informed him "that he would become a great warrior and should practice human sacrifice and cannibalism to increase his power."Recalling the atrocities he perpetrated during the war, Blayhi stated that

Sometimes I would enter under the water where children were playing. I would dive under the water, grab one, carry him under and break his neck. Sometimes I'd cause accidents. Sometimes I'd just slaughter them. Blahyi also made his soldiers consume psychoactive drugs in order to make them more alert and willing to follow Blahyi's orders. He would later recall that whenever the Naked Base Commandos "captured a town, I had to make a human sacrifice. They bring to me a living child that I slaughter and take the heart out to eat it."The rival militias, including the Naked Base Commandos, frequently fought with each other over control over Liberia's lucrative diamond fields and gold mines, and Blahyi traded gold and diamonds with Mexican drug cartels for weapons and cocaine. On April 6, 1996, the NPFL attempted to arrest ULIMO rebel leader Roosevelt Johnson in Monrovia, leading to Blahyi and other militias affiliated with Johnson to resist the attempt by force of arms. The ensuring confrontation led to an intense firefight breaking out, which ultimately resulted in the forced displacement of half of Monrovia's population. During the firefight, a bystander reported seeing Blayhi standing atop a truck, "holding an assault rifle in one hand and a man’s severed genitals in the other." Religious conversion

In 1996, as the civil war was drawing to a close, Blayhi claimed that as he saw the blood of a child on his hands, he received a vision of Jesus Christ, who "asked [Blayhi] to stop being a slave." After the vision, Blayhi converted to Christianity and became an evangelical preacher, ministering to Liberian refugees in Ghana and former combatants who had served under him during the conflict. From 2006 onwards, Blahyi travelled to Monrovia's slums in an effort to engage with former child soldiers living there.In 2008, Blayhi became the first Liberian warlord to testify before the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was established by the Legislature of Liberia after the conflicts to investigate the atrocities perpetrated during the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. During his testimony, which was broadcast live on telelvision, Blahyi stated that he believed the number of murders committed by him and the Naked Base Commandos to be at least 20,000. He was recommended for prosecutorial amnesty by the commission. In Liberia, his testimony elicited mixed responses; among the Liberian general public, Blahyi noted that he had been both publicly praised and criticized by passers-by for his actions during the war. The testimony also led to Blayhi becoming "front-page news" among Liberian press outlets, and several international journalists, including reporters from the Daily Mail and Vice Media, conducted interviews with him. In 2007, Blahyi established Journeys Against Violence, a NGO with the stated aim of helping former combatants and street children reintegrate into society. Blahyi has publicly called for Liberia to establish a war crimes court in order to prosecute suspected war criminals, arguing that former warlords such as current Liberian senator Prince Johnson to go on trial in order "to account for their individual roles played and the actions of their respective troops which committed atrocities and war crimes during the Liberian civil conflicts."In an appearance on Spoon Talk, Blahyi stated that he lives "in regrets almost every time not just because of the people who I made childless, but children who I deprived of their parents." As part of his career as an evangelical preacher, Blahyi attracted numerous benefactors from outside Liberia, including West Village pastor Bojan Jancic, who would later write the foreword to The Redemption of an African Warlord, a 2013 autobiography written by Blahyi himself and published by Destiny Image Publishers, a "small Christian press". Jancic wrote in the foreword that "Not since the conversion of Saul of Tarsus on the Road to Damascus have I ever heard a conversion story more radically compelling." In popular culture

Blahyi's notoriety and public testimony has led to numerous appearances in popular culture. In 2010, Vice News produced a documentary called The Vice Guide to Liberia as part of their road travel series The Vice Guide to Travel. In the documentary, Blahyi conducted an interview with Vice, where he claimed that the planned withdrawal of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) in 2011 would lead to further violence breaking out in Liberia. The filmmakers also filmed Blahyi conducting a sermon in Monrovia.In 2011, filmmakers Eric Strauss and Daniele Anastasion produced a documentary about Blahyi titled The Redemption of General Butt <mask>, which was screened at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. The documentary focused on Blahyi's career as an ULIMO rebel leader and his life after converting to Christianity. A review by Kirk Honeycutt for The Hollywood Reporter praised the documentary for foregoing "any personal judgments to let audiences draw their own conclusions." The Book of Mormon, a 2013 satirical musical comedy written by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone, features a character named "General Butt Fucking <mask>"; the character is depicted as a Ugandan warlord, as he was originally modeled after Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) commander Joseph Kony. Parker noted in an interview with Comingsoon.net that "warlords in Liberia have such colorful names and we were reading about the one named General Butt <mask>. We just ripped off his joke, basically." References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Websites

Books

1971 births
20th-century Liberian people
21st-century Liberian writers
African warlords
Converts to evangelical Christianity
Converts to Protestantism from pagan religions
Liberian cannibals
Liberian evangelicals
Liberian rebels
Liberian religious leaders
Living people
Krahn people
Military history of Liberia

masks:
General Butt Naked
General But
Naked
Naked
Naked
Naked


title: Karl Baedeker

texts:
<mask> ( , ; 3 November 1801 – 4 October 1859) was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. <mask> was descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers. He was the eldest of ten children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited the publishing house founded by his own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800). The company also published the local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung, and the family expected that <mask>, too, would eventually join the firm. <mask> changed the spelling of the family name from Bädeker with the umlaut to Baedeker around 1850. Biography

<mask> was born in Essen, then in the Kingdom of Prussia, on November 3, 1801. After his schooling in Hagen, he left home in 1817 to study humanities in Heidelberg where he also worked for a while at the leading local bookseller J.C.B.Mohr. Military service followed, after which he moved to Berlin where he worked as an assistant at Georg Andreas Reimer, one of the leading booksellers in the city, from 1823 to 1825. He then returned home to Essen and worked with his father until 1827 when he left for Coblence (now Koblenz) to start his own bookselling and publishing business. Essen was then a small town with about 4000 inhabitants and he felt that Koblenz, which was not only larger, but was also the capital of the Prussian province of the Rhine and a hub for tourism, had far more to offer. In 1832, <mask>'s firm acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland entitled Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende (A Rhine Journey from Mainz to Cologne; A Handbook for Travellers on the Move). This book provided the seeds for <mask>'s own travel guides. After Klein died and the book went out of print, he decided to publish a new edition, incorporating some of Klein's material but also added many of his own ideas into what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller or reader.<mask>'s ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside the travel guide: about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks and, of course, prices. In short, the lot. While the travel guide was not something new (Baedeker emulated the style of English guide books published by John Murray), the inclusion of detailed information on routes, travel and accommodation was an innovation. <mask> was always generous in acknowledging the part John Murray III had played in nurturing his outlook on the future development of his guides. As a bookseller in Koblenz, he had often seen tourists enter his bookshop, either carrying a red Murray guide or looking for one. At the time, John Murray III was the leader in the field, but <mask> was about to change that. He is often referred to as the 'father of modern tourism'.In 1846, <mask> introduced his famous 'star' ratings
(for sights, attractions and lodgings) in the third edition of his Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat - an idea based on the Murray guides star system. This edition was also his first 'experimental' red guide. He also decided to call his travel guides 'handbooks', following the example of John Murray III. Baedeker's early guides had tan covers, but from 1856 onwards, Murray's red bindings and gilt lettering became the familiar hallmark of all Baedeker guides as well, and the content became famous for its clarity, detail and accuracy. Travel guides

From Baedeker: Ein Name wird zur Weltmarke

<mask>'s list:

1828: Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; Ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende

 This was the travel guide written by Klein that <mask> inherited when he bought the firm of Röhling. Baedeker reissued the guide in 1832. In 1835 he published a revised edition but in 1839, he brought out a comprehensively revised and augmented edition, which bore little resemblance to Klein's original work.Many regard this to be the first true Baedeker which set the standards for what lay ahead. 1829: Extract from 'Rheinreise'. 1829: Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne

1829: Coblence; an extract from 'Le Rhin'. 1835: Holland

1835: Belgien

1839: Moselreise von Trier bis Koblenz mit geschichtlichen Bemerkungen

1842: Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat

1844: Schweiz

Despite being a virtual translation of John Murray III's 1838 "Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland", this edition was Baedeker's pièce de résistance and the turning point in his career as a publisher of travel guides. One of the most popular Baedeker handbooks, it ran into 39 revised editions until 1937. La Suisse, its French counterpart, appeared in 1852 and ran into 20 editions until 1928. The English edition (Switzerland) appeared, after Baedeker died, in 1863 under <mask> II and ran into 28 editions until 1938.The founding father's guides and handbooks are only in German and French.1847: Bad Bertrich im Uesbachthale an der Mosel

1851: Handbuch für Reisende in Deutschland, Erster Theil: Oesterreich, Süd- und West-Deutschland

1852: La Suisse

1853: Handbuch für Reisende in Oesterreich

1855: Südbayern, Tirol und Salzburg, Oberitalien

1855: Paris und Umgebung. nebst Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne und den Eisenbahn-Strassen vom Rhein bis Paris

Paris became another highly popular title. 1859: La Hollande et la Belgique

Maps

From the beginning, Baedeker realised the importance of including quality, reliable maps in his travel guides, which were black-and-white initially. To this end, he engaged the services of Eduard Wagner of Darmstadt, a specialist in cartography, and the maps he produced for Baedeker were way ahead of the times. An accurate cartography of Tripoli and El-Mina in 1906 under the Ottoman Empire can be found in French in the book edited by Leipzig and entitled Palestine et Syrie. Manual of conversation

The first Baedeker travel guide in English appeared in 1861 after <mask>'s death. However, in 1836 he published The Traveller's Manual of Conversations in English, German, French and Italian.The 352-page book also contained many useful Dutch expressions and vocabulary. The manual was founded on the works of Boldoni, Mad. de Genlis and others, acknowledged on the title pages, which were in both English and German, unusual then, but he was an astute businessman and primarily a bookseller at the time. Unusually, too, the German page was on the left and the traditional title page on the right was in English. Whereas the German title page gave the name of the publisher as K. BAEDEKER, the English page gave this uniquely as CHARLES BAEDEKER. Tourists in the area, and particularly those from England on their way to Switzerland, would pass through Koblenz and buy it at his bookshop. In the preface, he wrote that he is at all times ready to afford any information to those travellers, who do him the honour to visit his establishment".The manual turned out to be a resounding success and ran into many editions. The inclusion of Dutch material in the first edition, also unusual at the time and emphasised on the title pages in both languages, further increased its sales, as his brother Adolph, who had opened a bookshop of his own in Rotterdam that year, sold it in Holland and also managed its sales in England. However, very few copies of the first edition have survived, which has made it one of the rarest and most sought-after Baedeker publications of all time. The "Conversationsbuch für Reisende" (The Traveller's Manual of Conversation), in four languages (English, German, French and Italian) which appeared later was based on this manual and for a long time, the stereotype editions remained unrivalled in the travel publishing world. In the preface to the English stereotype editions, the traveller is told:

 "The number of editions through which this Handbook has passed is the best evidence of its utility and the general estimation in which it is held. The Editor's object, as in the case of his other handbooks, is to promote the freedom and comfort of the traveller, and render him, as far as possible, independent of the troublesomre and expensive class known as "Valets de place". Other handbooks of a similar description may claim to be more voluminous; the editor, however, believes this to be a doubtful advantage."Little and good" is accordingly the maxim by which he has been guided, feeling that the traveller is likely to be perplexed rather than assisted by a superabundance of matter." The rear endpages listed the main European exchange rates current at the time of publication, as well as the denomination of the major gold and silver coins across the continent including Scandinavia and Russia - another Baedeker innovation. Hinrichsen index

In 1981, Alex W. Hinrichsen (1936 - 2012), a leading authority on the history of the Baedeker family and their publishing house, and also on the German artist, graphic designer and illustrator Paul Neu (1881 - 1940),
produced an easy to understand numbering system for all Baedeker travel guides and handbooks published since the 1828 Rheinreise which has the number D000. He updated the list in 1991. According to Hinrichsen's revised list, which starts with the D000 edition, the number of Baedekers he listed, in German, English and French, was just eight short of 1000 i.e. 500 in German, 266 in English and 226 in French. He kept
reviewing and revising this list regularly.Hinrichsen's referencing is akin to that of Ludwig Ritter von Köchel's index of Mozart's works, in as much as Baedeker guides are also referred to by their Hinrichsen number à la Köchel/Mozart. Alex W. Hinrichsen died on December 9, 2012 in Holzminden, Germany. His index remains the definitive bibliographical list of Baedeker travel guides published since Verlag Karl Baedeker was founded in 1827. He also
produced valuable works of reference on Baedeker ephemera. Anecdotal revelations

Books and articles about the rise of the House of Baedeker invariably recount anecdotes about its founder and these are not without substance. He was renowned for his hard and careful work, his high standards, both personal and professional, and for being absolutely incorruptible. Baedeker generally went around conducting his research incognito.In an article entitled The Baedeker Guide Books published in the November 1989 issue (68) of the now defunct Book and Magazine Collector, Michael Wild, the Baedeker historian and author of Baedekeriana: An Anthology wrote:

On September 22, 1975, The New Yorker magazine ran a 38-page profile of the "House of Baedeker". Its author, Herbert Warren Wind, had spent a considerable amount of time at the contemporary Baedeker publishers in Germany, researching the history of the firm. He gave the following account, related by Gisbert von Vincke, a German Shakespearen scholar, of the famous Milan Cathedral story, which has acquired a legendary status of its own, because of its manifold
variations:

On descending from the roof, Baedeker reversed the pea-transferring process, thus ensuring that there was no error in his calculations. The number of peas multiplied by 20 plus any steps remaining had given him the correct count. (The year of this incident is usually given as 1847, so 1844 is probably a misprint in the magazine.) A few years after <mask> died, the Pall Mall Gazette described a Baedeker guidebook as being singularly accurate, and in the English version of Jacques Offenbach's musical La Vie parisienne this memorable lyric rings out:

Kings and governments may err / But never Mr. Baedeker. Legacy

Towards the end of his life, Baedeker told friends that he regretted not having accomplished more in his life and wondered whether his work would survive.Little did he know that the name Baedeker would one day become a synonym for a travel guide, whatever its provenance, and that Verlag Karl Baedeker, which still exists and continues to bear his name, would, in its heyday which lay ahead, become the premier and most successful travel guide publishing house in the world. <mask> died in Koblenz on October 4, 1859. He was only 57. In The New Yorker profile of the House of Baedeker Herbert Warren Wind wrote:

"For years, he had attempted to do the work of several men, preparing the new guidebooks single-handedly and periodically revising the older ones. At length, his sturdy physical endowment had worn out under the strain." Michael Wild wrote in his article mentioned earlier:

"It is a moot point whether he invented tourism or tourism invented him." <mask> lies buried at the main cemetery (Hauptfriedhof) in Koblenz.See Baedeker for the separate Wikipedia article on Verlag Karl Baedeker, the publishing house. See also
 Baedeker
 List of Baedeker Guides

References

External links

 <mask>ker's Universe by Edward Mendelson
 Remembering Founder of Venerable Travel Publishing House
 Baedekeriana: An Anthology by Michael Wild
 Early Baedeker guidebooks in the travel!digital Corpus

1801 births
1859 deaths
Businesspeople from Essen
German travel writers
German publishers (people)
People from the Rhine Province
German male non-fiction writers
Writers from Essen

masks:
Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl
Karl
Karl Baedeker
Baedeker
Baedeker
Baedeker
Baedeker
Baedeker
Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Baedeker
Karl Baede


title: Anatoly Eiramdzhan

texts:
<mask> (sometimes Eiramjan; , ; January 3, 1937 – September 23, 2014) was the outstanding Russian-Armenian film director, writer and producer. Creator of the first commercial film in the USSR. Author of humorous stories and sketches. He began his film career in the 1970s as a screenwriter. In 1989 <mask> began shooting films from his own scripts. In 1992 he founded New Odeon film studio, having become a director, screenwriter and producer of his films. For the way to shoot quickly and cheaply, he was compared to Ed Wood.At the same time, his achievements include the fact that he made many films in the conditions of the decline of the film industry in Russia in the 90s and gave many film actors the opportunity to work in their specialty. <mask> <mask> is the author of famous Russian comedies beloved by many viewers, which capture great Russian actors. Biography
<mask> was born in 1937 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. His father was Nikolay Nikolaevich Ter-Grigoryan, an accomplished teacher of music and the piano. <mask> <mask>'s mother, whose surname was taken by <mask>, was Arevik Nikitichna <mask> - the grand daughter of the famous Armenian writer Ghazaros Aghayan (1840–1911). He is cousin of composer and musical and public figure Eduard Khagogortian. Nephew of painter Martiros Saryan.His wife - Oksana Shagdar (educated as engineer-programmer) is assistant of movie director, photographer, make-up artist, actress. Her last film work - cameraman in the video for the song "Charmed, enchanted" for famous Russian singer Mikhail Zvezdinsky. In 1961 <mask> graduated from the Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry. In 1972 he completed a three-year program at the Screenplay branch of the High Course of Scriptwriters and Movie Directors (conducted by I. Olshansky). After graduating he began writing movie scripts. <mask> was also the author of short comic stories. He was honored as the winner of the prestigious "Golden Calf award" from the Russian "Literary Newspaper" for 1972 - 1973.In 1989 <mask> began producing films from his own scripts. He was created the film studio "New Odeon" in Moscow in 1992 by Eiramdzhan to focus on creating low budget comedies. He also took on the responsibilities of screenwriter, art director and film director. During his career at film studio "New Odeon", <mask> was responsible for the creation of 22 films. In 1995 the publishing house Author, Inc. of Moscow published Eiramdzhan's first book, titled "The Ladies' Man and Other Comedy Films". The book includes comedy movie scripts. In 1997, the film "The Impotent Man" was awarded the Award "Golden Demetra" at the Yalta International Film Festival, whose presidents were Emil Loteanu and Vladimir Motyl.In 2006 the publishing house Golos-Press published his second book, titled "From Everyone One Thread". Artwork of the book - artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan. The book includes interesting and funny life stories, as well as several film novels and humorous stories. In 2012 the publishing house Golos-Press published the third book, titled "The Shirt for Naked". Artwork of the book - artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan. The book includes stories, novels, scripts, plays - stories about cinema and for cinema. All of them are written with subtle humor, beautiful Russian language, with love for the heroes of these works.Recently, such books are very rare in Russian literature. In 2014 the publishing house Golos-Press published the 4-th book, titled "Where is NOFELET and something else...". The book includes stories, novels, screenplays - stories about cinema and for cinema. <mask> Eiramdzhan:
"Why -..." and something else. " Firstly, because in addition to the script "Where is NOFELET?," I placed two more scripts written relatively recently in the book. In "somethings else" include stories, entertaining stories "about cinema and for cinema," which I hope will be interesting to my readers." Since 2003 <mask> lived and worked in Miami, FL with his wife Oksana Shagdar and his son Koka (Nikolay).The name of <mask> <mask> is well known to the Russian cinematographer, films directed by himself or other directors based on his scripts are still popular. He demonstrated and proved the possibility of the existence in Russia of an independent low-budget commercial cinema that can survive. All the films of <mask> <mask> are not similar to either Soviet or post-Soviet comedies, they have an author's face. <mask>'s films consistently receive very high ratings and have large theater and TV audiences. Around 15 scripts for films, the libretto of the musical "His Majesty's Occasion" (based on the biography of the great writer O. Henry) and the theater play "Lesha is to blame in all," written in the last years of his life, remained as unfulfilled projects. Many of these scripts are published in the latest books of the writer and filmmaker. <mask> <mask> died in Miami, Florida September 23, 2014 in the age 77 and was buried in Miami at Southern Memorial
Park.The death came from cardiac arrest. Filmography

 as scriptwriter
 Fellows Villager (1973) - scriptwriter
 What There is Our Life? - The Film-Almanac «Au-Uu!» (1975) scriptwriter
 Let's Meet at the Fountain (1976) - scriptwriter
 If I Would Be the Chief (1980) - scriptwriter
 Where It Will Get To?! (1981) - scriptwriter
 It Is Time of Red Apples (1981) - scriptwriter
 Travel Will Be Pleasant (1982) - scriptwriter
 Vitya Glushakov - A Friend of the Apaches (1983) - scriptwriter
 The Most Charming and Attractive (1985) - scriptwriter
 Where is the Nophelet? (1987) - scriptwriter

as director and scriptwriter
For Fine Ladies! (1989) - director, scriptwriter
The Ladies' Man (1990)  - director, scriptwriter
My Seawoman (1990) - director, scriptwriter
Real Man (Short-Footage Film) (1991) - producer, director, scriptwriter. as producer, director and scriptwriter
New Odeon (1992)
Old Records  (1993)  (Short-Footage Film)
The Groom from Miami   (1994)
The Third is Not Superfluous (1994)
The Impotent Men (1996) (The Award"Gold Demetra", Yalta 1997)
Night Visit (1997)
When We Are Not Strange (1998)
Prima Donna Mary (1998)
The Ultimatum (1999)
The Valentine's Day (2000)
The Agent in the Miniskirt (2000)
The Mistress From Moscow (2001)
Secret Appointment (2001)
We Have Made It !(2001)
The Son of the Loser (2002)
Easy Kiss (2002)
Arrow of Love (2002)
The Braked Reflex (2004)
To Marry at 24 hours (2004)
The Gift of Nature (2005)

Critics

Newspaper "CULTURE":

"You can treat the work of <mask> <mask> in different ways. Some (primarily film critics-snobs) indulgently or even contemptuously smile when it comes to his paintings. Others (primarily distributors), on the contrary, believe that he makes a strong movie, which is to the taste of the mass audience. But can't call of surprise and respect the fact that, no matter that Eiramdzhan is filming and filming. " Newspaper "VZGLYAD":

"in the so-called intellectual environment, a good word about <mask> <mask> was considered then and is now considered inappropriate. Despite numerous attempts, I never managed to publish a single positive paragraph about <mask>'s movie in the cinematic press, although some films and some techniques of the master have always caused me admiration. In me, but not others. "(Igor Mantsov)

Weekly newspaper "Ether" (Armenia):

"The audience loves the comedies of <mask> Eiramjan and praises them. Critics secretly watch his comedies with his whole family, but publicly, as a rule, they are viciously criticized, for that they are critics. " The critic Igor Mantsov described <mask> <mask> as "the most stable, accurate and professional (yea, yea!) cinematographer of the decade" (i.e. 1990s), "a true knight of low-budget cinema", who "on scanty money in a situation of complete collapse of the film industry managed to give out one movie farce after another" and in which "only the lazy person did not spit». References

External links
Official web site <mask> Eiramdzhan
http://www.noviyodeon.com/Eiramdzhan.html

1937 births
2014 deaths
Soviet writers
Russian writers
Writers from Baku
Soviet Armenians
Russian expatriates in the United States
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian male writers
Soviet male writers

masks:
Anatoly Nikolaievich Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly


title: Pier Luigi Nervi

texts:
<mask> (21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979) was an Italian engineer and architect. He studied at the University of Bologna graduating in 1913. Nervi taught as a professor of engineering at Rome University from 1946 to 1961 and is known worldwide as a structural engineer and architect and for his innovative use of reinforced concrete, especially with numerous notable thin shell structures worldwide. Biography
<mask> was born in Sondrio and attended the Civil Engineering School of Bologna from which he graduated in 1913; his formal education was quite similar to that experienced today by Italian civil engineering students. After graduating he joined the Society for Concrete Construction and, during World War I from 1915 to 1918, he served in the Corps of Engineering of the Italian Army. From 1961 to 1962 he was the Norton professor at Harvard University. Civil engineering works

Nervi began practicing civil engineering after 1923.His projects in the 1930s included several airplane hangars that were important for his development as an engineer. A set of hangars in Orvieto (1935) were built entirely out of reinforced concrete, and a second set in Orbetello and Torre del Lago (1939) improved the design by using a lighter roof, precast ribs, and a modular construction method. During the 1940s he developed ideas for reinforced concrete which helped in the rebuilding of many buildings and factories throughout Western Europe, and even designed and created a boat hull that was made of reinforced concrete as a promotion for the Italian government. Nervi also stressed that intuition should be used as much as mathematics in design, especially with thin shell structures. He borrowed from both Roman and Renaissance architecture while applying ribbing and vaulting to improve strength and eliminate columns. He combined simple geometry and prefabrication to innovate design solutions. Engineer and architect
Nervi was educated and practised as an ingegnere edile (translated as "building engineer") – in Italy.At the time (and to a lesser degree also today), a building engineer might also be considered an architect. After 1932, his aesthetically pleasing designs were used for major projects. This was due to the booming number of construction projects at the time which used concrete and steel in Europe and the architecture aspect took a step back to the potential of engineering. <mask> successfully made reinforced concrete the main structural material of the day. Nervi expounded his ideas on building in four books (see below) and many learned papers. Archeological excavations suggested that he may have some responsibilities for the Flaminio stadium foundations passing through ancient Roman tombs. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.International projects
Most of his built structures are in his native Italy, but he also worked on projects abroad. <mask>'s first project in the United States was the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, for which he designed the roof, which consists of triangular pieces that were cast in place. This building is still used today by over 700 buses and their passengers. Noted works

 Stadio Artemio Franchi, Florence (1931)
 Ugolino Golf House, Impruneta, Italy (1934) (collaborating with Gherardo Bosio)
 Torino Esposizioni, Turin, Italy (1949). UNESCO headquarters, Paris (1950) (collaborating with Marcel Breuer and Bernard Zehrfuss)
 The Pirelli Tower, Milan (1950) (collaborating with Gio Ponti)
 Palazzo dello sport EUR (now PalaLottomatica), Rome (1956)
 Palazzetto dello sport, Rome (1958)
 Stadio Flaminio, Rome (1957)
 , Turin (1961)
 Palazzetto dello sport, Turin (1961)
Australia Square tower building, Sydney (1961 - 1967)
 Sacro Cuore (Bell Tower), Firenze (1962)
 Paper Mill, Mantua, Italy (1962)
 George Washington Bridge Bus Station, New York City (1963)
 Australia Square tower, Sydney (1964) Architect: Harry Seidler & Associates
 Tour de la Bourse, Montreal (1964) (collaborating with <mask>)
 Leverone Field House at Dartmouth College
 Sede Centrale della Banca del Monte di Parma, Parma (1968, collaboration with Giovanni Ponti, Antonio Fornaroli, and Alberto Rosselli)
 Edmund Barton Building (also published as Trade Group Offices), Canberra (1970), Australia. Architect Harry Seidler & Associates
MLC Centre, Sydney (1973) Architect: Harry Seidler & Associates
 Thompson Arena at Dartmouth College (1973 - 1974)
 Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, San Francisco, California (1967) (collaborating with Pietro Belluschi)
 Paul VI Audience Hall, Vatican City (1971)
 Chrysler Hall, & Norfolk Scope Arena in Norfolk, Virginia (1971)
 Australian Embassy, Paris (1973) Consulting engineer. Architect.Harry Seidler & Associates
 Good Hope Centre, Cape Town (1976) by Studio Nervi, an exhibition hall and conference centre, with the exhibition hall comprising an arch with tie-beam on each of the four vertical facades and two diagonal arches supporting two intersecting barrel-like roofs which in turn were constructed from pre-cast concrete triangular coffers with in-situ concrete beams on the edges. Awards
<mask> <mask> was awarded Gold Medals by the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK, the American Institute of Architects (AIA Gold Medal 1964)  and the RIBA. In 1957, received the Frank P. Brown Medal of The Franklin Institute and the Wilhelm Exner Medal. Publications
 Scienza o arte del costruire? Bussola, Rome, 1945. Costruire correttamente, Hoepli, Milan, 1954. Structures, Dodge, New York, 1958.Aesthetics and Technology in Building (The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, 1961-62). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1965. See also
 Thin-shell structure

References

External links

 Ing. Nervi Pier <mask>. Fascismo - Architettura - Arte / Arte fascista web site
 <mask> Nervi e l'arte di costruire, Fausto Giovannardi, Borgo San Lorenzo (Florence) Italy 2008
 NerViLab at Sapienza University, Rome
 Pier Luigi Nervi Project
 http://www.silvanaeditoriale.it/catalogo/prodotto.asp?id=3015, catalogue to the international travelling exhibition "Pier Luigi Nervi Architecture as Challenge, edited by Cristiana Chiorino and Carlo Olmo, Milan, 2010

1891 births
1979 deaths
People from Sondrio
IStructE Gold Medal winners
Chartered designers
20th-century Italian architects
Italian civil engineers
Structural engineers
Modernist architects from Italy
Concrete shell structures
University of Bologna alumni
Harvard University faculty
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
20th-century Italian engineers
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Italian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects

masks:
Pier Luigi Nervi
Nervi
Nervi
Nervi
Luigi Moretti
Pier Luigi
Nervi
Luigi
Pierluigi