title: Andrew Diey

texts:
<mask> (; born 31 October 1973, Islington, London, England) is an English electronic musician, sound designer and record producer. As a solo artist, he is best known as Black Faction, or his previous moniker Foreign Terrain. Diey first came to prominence as a musician on the Skam Records Manchester, offshoot label MASK 300, under his Foreign Terrain moniker, and later afterwards he moved onto using the more known Black Faction name for various labels. His career as a sound designer is also noteworthy: his works have appeared in many high-profile computer games and UK television broadcasts, and also on BBC radio. <mask> is the owner and senior creative director at Radium Audio. He has designed the interior sounds of a Bentley Continental GT car. Designed the audio for Ferrari California launch site, and has worked on many high-profile adverts and digital projects.<mask> in 2011 announces his return to music with a new project Dalston Ponys a live production and dj set which is contains live interactive prototypes created by Radium Audio. History
<mask> first became involved in electro acoustic music, at the age of 18. He attended the Electronic Music Studio in Stockholm, Sweden in 1993. He moved back from Sweden in 1995, to study for an HND in Music Technology at City College in Manchester, England. In 1997 he attended Salford University, on the Electro Acoustics BEng undergraduate course. In 1998 he attended IRCAM in Paris, as a sound designer, and working with IRCAM software. Professional work
His career within sound can be split into three periods.Game audio development, music for broadcast and sound for advertising

His works have been released on CDs for critical acclaim, he
received a 5-album contract from his first demo tapes with Soleilmoon Portland, Oregon, he has created audio
content for over 25 Game Development titles, produced hundreds of hours of
broadcast music and sound including BAFTA nominated material. His most recent
works have been for National Geographic HD Channel – Inside the Ultimate,
producing the music and sound design using surround sound techniques. Diey currently owns and operates Emmy Award Winning Radium Audio Ltd, in London. A music & sound design company. BBC Sound Designer
In 2006 Diey won the position of New Talent BBC Sound Designer competition, which was open to UK residents. Working in-house as a BBC sound designer. BBC New Talent Winner 2006 - Interview & Article
BBC Sound Design Article - Advice for sound designers

2007 Diey has been working with D&AD, and also developing a series of productions for various interactive companies, brand agencies within sound branding, and sonification.2007 Big Chip Award WINNER: Best Micro Business Big Chip Award. On 24 May <mask> and his team at radium audio ltd won at The Big Chip awards. Judged by a distinguished panel of experts from organisations such as New Media Age, the BBC, Trevor Beattie's new agency and The Chase, the Big Chips are the top awards for ICT and new media outside London, attracting entries from the region's best over the last 9 years. 2007 Best of Manchester Music Award WINNER: Best of Manchester Music 2007  URBIS Best of Manchester
<mask> was presented with the Award by Manchester Graphic Designer Peter Saville, at URBIS Center in Manchester

2007 Roses Design Awards Nomination 2 Categories - Emerging Designer of 2007 & Best Animation [Sound & Music] Roses 2007 Nominations
The prestigious design awards took place in Manchester on 18 October 2007

Creating bespoke audio in for manufactured products for Bentley Motors Plc, Sony, and Microsoft. 2008 Diey and Radium Audio Ltd are known for audio and global brands including Ferrari, Honda, Rolex, Universal, Ford, Nissan, Toyota, Philips, LG, Warner Brothers - Harry Potter brand see Radium Audio Ltd

 2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range. 2007: Sonic Interaction Design: Nomination as a UK representative to the Management Committee of COST Action IC0601. EU funded | European network, of 18 delegates from 14 countries to research and the exploitation of sound as one of the principal channels conveying information, meaning, and aesthetic/emotional qualities in interactive contexts.tags: Interaction Design, Auditory Display and Sonification, Sound and Music Computing, Sound Modeling, Sound Perception and Cognition. 2007: <mask> is currently involved with a research project on product sound and its uses beyond interface and usability. His work is directed towards, Brand and Differentiation for online commerce and experience. Television
Aug 2005:	My Child Won’t Stop Eating
ITV: 1 x 60 Min program of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV

Apr 2005:	I Survived- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 4 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

Aug 2004:	Dirtbusters
Granada / ITV: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV

Jun - Aug 2004:	Building the Ultimate- Series 2
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 6 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design.Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

2003–2004:	Tonight - With Trevor McDonald
Granada / ITV / ITN: Creation of Music / Original sound design / Several programs. Transmission: Granada / ITN

Nov 2003:	Russell Crowe's -"Greatest Fights"
Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4 /

Oct – Dec 2003:	Building the Ultimate- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5

Sep 2003:	"Who Got Marc Bolan’s Missing Millions?" Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4

Aug – Sep 2003:	"The History of British Sculpture [with Lloyd Grossman]"
Polar Pictures / Channel 5: 6 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Channel 5

Jul 2003:	"Behind the Scenes [Hulk, Charlie’s Angels, Terminator 3]"
Endemol TV/ Channel 5: 3 x 60 Min program of original sound design.Transmission: Endemol / Channel 5

Jul 2003:	Risky Business
BBC / BBC Three: 3 x 1 hour programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: BBC Three

May 2003:	"Secrets of the Dark Ages [Barbarians]"
Granada Television / Channel 4: 3 x 1 hour programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Channel 4

Commercials or adverts
2005: [Online & CD Media] Brother Corp Japan
DCP Inkjet products. 3 x 6 Mins Creation of Music / Original sound design / for several programs. Transmission: Online www.brother.com / March 2005 – Ongoing

2005: [Radio] Imperial War Museum
Smooth FM Network. 2 x 2 Mins sec original sound design. Transmission: Smooth FM / Sept 2004 – Jan 2005

2004: [Online & CD Media] Brother Corp Japan
Multifunction Inkjet products.5 x 6 Mins Creation of Music / Original sound design / for several programs. Transmission: Online www.brother.com / Sept 2004 – Ongoing

2003: [Radio] Gleeson Homes
Jazz FM Network. 1 x 40 sec original sound design. Transmission: Jazz FM / Dec 2003

2003: [Television] Electrolux "Things are changing". Various TV European Networks. 1 x 3 Min original music & sound design. Transmission: Various TV European Networks / Oct 2003

Radio
2006:  In-House Sound Designer - BBC
Current position of sound design creating and sound treatment for radio drama

2003:  Various SFX - Jazz FM
Additional Sound Effects / Sound Design Idents.Transmission: Jazz FM

2003: "The Tuner" by Kev Fegan
BBC Radio 4. 1 hour of original music and sound design. Transmission: BBC Radio 4 / Jan 2001

2003: "Fireface" by Marius von Mayenburg
BBC Radio 3's season of new drama, The Wire. Soundtrack and sound design. Transmission: BBC Radio 3 / Dec 2001

2003: TT [Isle of Man] Racing SFX
BBC Radio 4. Additional Sound Effects - Source material supplied by Alchemy Audio Lab. Transmission: BBC Radio 4

Computer games

Sound design
2002: Twin Caliber / Rage Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2002: Gun Metal / Rage Software / Format Xbox
2002: Automobili Lamborghini / Rage Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2002: Lucky & Wilde / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 [Canned by publisher].2003: Street Racing Syndicate / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2003: Juiced / Juice Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2004: Crash n Burn / Climax Group LTD / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: Test Drive Unlimited / Eden Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: LA Rush / Midway Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: Evolution GT / Milestone Games Italy / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC

FMV [In-Game Full Motion Video]
2003: Street Racing Syndicate / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2003: Thief III / Eidos Interactive / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2004: The Punisher / Full Sound Design Post Production 5.1 Surround Sound / THQ / Volition Software
2007: Resistance Fall of Man / Sound Design Post Production / Maverick media / Indigo Games / SCEE

Sound design and music for shorts
2004:	Hells Corner
Yorkshire TV. 1 x 60 Min program of original Sound Design & Music. Transmission: ITV / TBA

2003:	Domestic
BBC Two / Hurricane Films. 1 x 10 Min program of original Sound Design. Transmission: BBC Two / BBC Three / TBA. Credited as: Music by Alchemy Audio Lab

2003:	Interloper
Feature Short by Interloper Films, directed by Robert Ford, Manchester. Credited as: Music by Alchemy Audio Lab

Other credits and appointments
2005: Manchester Metropolitan University & Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope [Cosmic Composer Project] in collaboration with NESTA [National Endowment for Science, Technology & Arts].Creation sounds gathered from Space for use in schools with Interactive Whiteboards. 2005: Manchester Metropolitan University [Sound Design 2 Picture series II]. 2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range. 2004: Reflex Communications [Clever Molecule project]
Original Music and Sound Design – Winner of "Best Digital Media Project" – Audio Visual Awards

2004: Manchester Metropolitan University [Sound Design 2 Picture series I]
2004: Co-Ordination - International Festival of Electronic Music and Audiovisual Arts
Working with Native Instruments, Propellerheads, TC Electronic, Korg, M-Audio, Ableton. Manchester, United Kingdom. [27 April to 8 May 2004]

2004: Showreel - [Quarterly Magazine for Film & TV professionals]
3 Page Article: An insiders guide to Sound Design for Games & Film. Showreel: Vol 1 :Issue: 03 [Jan 2004]

2004: Manchester Metropolitan University- [Sound Design | Sonic Arts Course].Appointed Lecturer: Sound Design | Creative Audio | Sonic Art [Dec 2003]. 2003: MacUser - [Bi- Monthly Magazine]. 3 Page Audio: Workshops on MetaSynth - A Macintosh Audio Application. MacUser: Vol 19 :Issue: 24 [Nov 2003] - & MacUser CD Examples

2003: The Cornerhouse Manchester
<mask>y appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for films - teach discuss and build workshops on sound design. 2003: The Game Plan - EU
<mask>y appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for Computer Games, Part of the Game on Expo 2003. Europe wide. External links
Radium Audio Ltd - Radium Audio Ltd
Full Discography - Full Discography at Kompaktliste in Germany
Polish Record Label Vivo - Vivo Records Poland
<mask>y article - on TC Electronic's Powercore
Diey recording Jump Jet Harriers- on TC Electronic's Powercore
BBC Experimental Music Pages BBC Review of Black Faction
Creative Match Article - <mask>y & Sound Effects
Sound Design Article - <mask> - Young Sound Designers
Creative Review - Designing a Sonic Experience for Bentley Motors
Richard Wand Blog - Article on Sound Branding within Gestural Surfaces

English electronic musicians
1973 births
Living people
People from Islington (district)
Alumni of the University of Salford

masks:
Andrew William Langmanis Diey
Diey
Andrew Diey
Diey
Diey
Andrew Diey
Diey
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Die
Andrew Diey


title: Amulo

type: original

texts:
<mask>nensis (also known as: Amalo, <mask>, Amolo, Amularius) served as Archbishop of Lyon from 841 to 852 AD. As a Gallic prelate, <mask> is best known for his letters concerning two major themes: Christian–Jewish relations in the Frankish kingdom and the Carolingian controversy over predestination. He was ordained as archbishop in January 841. <mask> was a disciple of his predecessor Agobard and inherited many of his ideas. <mask> collaborated closely with both Remigius of Lyon, who later succeeded him, and Florus of Lyon who served as scribe for <mask>; hence it is not always clear which of <mask>'s letters were actually penned by him. He also worked with Hincmar Archbishop of Reims regarding anti-Jewish policies and the debate with Gottschalk of Orbais over predestination. Like his predecessor, <mask> was unable to bring about anti-Jewish policies into the Carolingian Empire.However, he actively pursued "a policy of coercion against pro-Jewish Christians," within his diocese, and his sermons were imbued with anti-Jewish teachings. His work was influential during the mid-ninth century – most notably his Contra Judaeos and his involvement in the Council of Meaux–Paris in 845. These decrees were not ratified by Charles the Bald, since his magnates saw them as interfering with the traditional Carolingian policies regarding Jews; the Canons proposed at Paris–Meaux sought to revive earlier Visigothic laws, including Canon LXXIIII which prohibited Christians from "showing favour to Jews." Nevertheless, both <mask> and his predecessor were instrumental in spreading anti-Jewish attitudes in the Carolingean court, which eventually sparked changes in "both exegesis and canon law." Influences
Carolingian theologians and scholars were widely influenced by Jewish texts during the ninth century. Figures such as Rabanus Maurus, Angelomus of Luxeuil, Claudius of Turin and Theodulf of Orléans demonstrate a thorough knowledge of Jewish teachings, but this generated an anti-Jewish reaction. Several contemporaries of <mask> – including Rabanus and Angelomus – held the traditional view of Jews as a people who refused to accept Christ due to their blindness.Knowledge of Hebrew and Greek was uncommon; it is likely that Jewish texts were merely cited to affirm the orthodoxy of the Church, and did not rely on accuracy. <mask> was an exception to this rule: he had at least a working knowledge of Hebrew, and his complex theological arguments affirm his knowledge of Hebrew scripture and Jewish scholarship. Most of <mask>'s works also directly refer to the Church Fathers, including Saint Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. He mostly wrote on issues concerning Jewish mysticism, predestination, and Halakha which were not known to the patristic authors. These works were often quoted to support polemical arguments. Similarly, <mask> demonstrates his knowledge of Jewish texts to strengthen his position. It is clear from his writings that Scripture was insufficient; a wide base of Church scholarship fueled debates between dioceses over Christ's nature, Jewish tradition, and superstition.Both <mask> and Agobard strove to counter Jewish influence in Francia, and worked to convince Christians that they ought to limit their interaction with the Jewish population of Lyon. In both Agobard and <mask>'s works, they express concern that Christians preferred to attend Jewish services rather than those of their own priests. <mask> objected to Jewish scholars Josephus and Philo in 844–845, and his writings were echoed by both Angelomus and Rabanus Maurus; these texts were becoming more popular amongst Christians than Scripture. There was also concern that close “friendly” contact between Jews and Christians in Lyon would lead to a widespread conversion to Judaism within their diocese. Predestination
<mask> was included among many prelates working to oppose Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 870) and his teachings of two-fold predestination. By 864, Gottschalk had settled in Friuli under the patronage of Eberhard and was covertly spreading his doctrine in Italy and Noricum. He had followers in Saxony, Germany, and later in the Balkan regions.From the writings of Rabanus, it is clear that Gottschalk had gained sufficient popularity to pose a theological threat to the Church – and not merely in the Carolingian heartlands of Francia. Gottschalk challenged both the structure and doctrine of the Church. He was raised in a monastery at Fulda, which was a focus for missionaries in Germany and central to Louis the Pious' vision of a "Christian" empire. As a monk, Gottschalk twice defied the Order of Saint Benedict: first, in 849 at a council at Mainz, he nearly succeeded in freeing himself from monkhood, when by rule he was born to serve from pueritia for life. Rabanus sought to ensure that Gottschalk did not set a precedent for other monks, and called a second council at the Diet of Worms in 829. Consequentially, Gottschalk was again "forced to take the monastic vows." Second, Gottschalk defied the Benedictine law of stabilitas loci, by leaving his monastic duties for southwest Italy.Primarily, his motivations were political. Gottschalk was a disciple of Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims, and this connection rapidly became controversial. Ebbo sided with Lothair I against Louis during the civil war of 833, and was deposed when Louis returned to power. Ebbo spent the remainder of his life attempting to replace his successor, Hincmar. Around 833–835 Gottschalk was relocated to Orbais; but he was accused of conspiring with Ebbo against Hincmar and needed to escape persecution. Rigbold of Rheims briefly served as archbishop before Hincmar was appointed, from 835 to 845. Rigbold ordained Gottschalk as a missionary without the consent of bishop Rothad of Soissons, where Orbais was located.Gottschalk's ordination disrupted both monastic law and social order; he was later prosecuted at the 849 council in Quierzy (see Councils of Quierzy) for disturbing “both ecclesiastical and civil affairs.”

The case of Gottschalk is relevant to <mask>'s prelature in two ways: first, Gottschalk was an erudite theologian, and his Augustinian view of predestination cited the same Church Fathers present in <mask>'s works. Notably, he was also supported by Prudentius of Troyes, in opposition to Hincmar. It is clear that Hincmar also began to have doubts: he wrote to five prelates from the church in Lyon for advice, including Amalarius. Amalarius was appointed by Louis to replace Agobard as archbishop in Lyon, where he served from 833 to 838. Among other prelates, Amalarius sided with Eriugena against Gottschalk in the predestination debate. However, his liturgical reforms – emphasizing the ceremonial importance of both the Eucharist and Mass – were seen as excessive by the Church. He was deposed and accused of heresy at the same council which condemned Gottschalk in 838.Agobard actively condemned Amalarius's liturgical methods, and was able to regain imperial favour. He was restored as archbishop in Lyon, and <mask> succeeded him upon his death. Royalty was almost always involved in matters of faith. In 849, King Charles the Bald himself began to ponder the issue of predestination. However, the draconian punishments administered by Hincmar at the council of Quierzy in 849 clearly affirm the power of Church hierarchies in ninth-century Francia. Florus of Lyon was highly critical of the verdict; it also clearly deviated from canon law. Gottschalk remained "convinced that his ideas were orthodox," and he persisted in his controversial doctrines.There was no definitive end to the predestination debate, and the Church maintained its position. Gottschalk raised a long-dormant theological question, but the 860 synod in Tusey merely reaffirmed the Church's initial position. Hincmar and his supporters were at an impasse with Gottschalk – there was no room for dialogue, and Gottschalk was incarcerated at Hautvillers in 849 until his death. It was during this time that <mask> began to correspond with him. The tone of <mask>'s letters imply that he may have viewed the stability and unity of the Church as a prerogative over the question of predestination. His Epistula ad Gothescalcum monachum or "Letter to Monk Gottschalk" is more reminiscent of paternal advice than theological attack. Similarly, his Opusculum Gratiam itaque Dei on "The Grace of God" asserts that predestination should primarily be viewed as an affirmation of Christian humility: it should not lead to "despair".Anti-Judaic polemic

In both his anti-Judaic writings and his scholarship, it is unlikely that <mask> was motivated solely by anti-Semitism. He was mainly concerned by the power and influence held by Jews under the administration of King Charles the Bald. These tolerant policies towards Jews were a continuation of those of Emperor Louis the Pious. They allowed economic concessions and legal protection of Jews under the lex Judaica and were a sore point for some prelates in Frankish Gaul. Agobard epitomises the conflict of interest between the Church and Frankish state, and this tension carried over into <mask>'s work. Agobard was known for his anti-Jewish campaigns and was involved in the revolt against Louis in 833. When Louis regained the throne in 834, Agobard was sent into exile and temporarily replaced by Amalarius of Metz, former archbishop of Trier, who was more favourably disposed towards Jews.When Amalarius was condemned for heresy in 838, Agobard was reappointed as archbishop; despite his return to imperial favour, both Agobard and <mask> persisted in their anti-Judaic polemic. Amidst the chaos preceding the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims drafted a proposal with three primary aims: to reinforce ecclesiastical power by preventing laymen from becoming prelates; to reclaim all property that had been previously owned by the church; to eliminate all privileges granted to Jews during Louis' reign. <mask> was instrumental in the 846 Meaux-Paris council in the Diocese of Meaux, which planned the implementation of Hincmar's anti-Jewish policies. This council was a Church attempt to exercise power independently of the royal court – but Charles formally rejected their proposal at Épernay in 846, and made it clear that he intended to uphold his father's "pro-Jewish" policies. <mask> is listed among the attendees at this council. <mask> experienced the same conflict of interest with Charles the Bald as his predecessor Agobard had with Louis the Pious. His treatise Liber contra Judaeos at Carolum regem or "Letter Against Jews to King Charles" comprehensively lays out his anti-Jewish theses.It is clear from <mask>'s writings that Christian–Jewish interaction in Lyon was common. <mask> had three major concerns within his diocese: first, he was concerned with the popularity and influence of Jewish scholarship and anti-Christian texts. Jewish rabbis were also permitted to hold public services, and <mask> worried that Christians in Lyon were more interested in Jewish teachings than attending services within his diocese. Second, Jews could hold public office and encourage Christian or pagan conversion with secular incentives. This was particularly sensitive in matters of slavery or tax collection; in Contra Judaeos, <mask> asserts that "Jewish tax collectors" were converting Christians, particularly in less populated areas. Jews no longer had to pay a "religious tax", and in some cases, Jewish merchants were exempt from paying tolls or other imperial dues. Third, Jews and Christians commonly shared traditions or daily practices.Many Christians chose to "work on Sunday" and "rest on the Jewish Sabbath", in part because Louis the Pious had changed market days to accommodate Jewish merchants. It was also common for Christians to celebrate Jewish feast days and eat kosher foods. <mask> was furthermore concerned over the liturgical versus doctrinal influence of Jewish beliefs – he worried that the "mysticism" of Midrashim and "Talmudic traditions" would translate into Christian worship. Jewish scholarship
Jewish texts were widely circulated in the Carolingian world – many of them, most notably the Toledot Yeshu, were blatantly anti-Christian. <mask> could likely read Hebrew or corresponded with those who could. Public worship for Jews was also legalised during the Carolingian period – these reforms were subsequently upheld by Louis and his son Charles. <mask> is very specific in his criticisms of Hebraic scripture, but there are also cases where he conflates the Cthib (text-based) and Qri (oral) bibles.This suggests that he could have relied on hear-say sources and not on texts themselves. The works of Jewish scholars were often popularised and highly respected; Charlemagne had allowed a strong Jewish intellectual presence in the empire, most notably with the scholar Kalonymus in Mainz and Isaac, imperial ambassador to Harun al-Rashid. The emperor set a precedent for cultural and economic policies towards Jews, and a strong Judaic tradition rooted itself in Carolingian Gaul. This continued in the courts of Louis the Pious, where appreciation for both Josephus and Philo of Alexandria may account for their popularity throughout the Carolingian period; indeed, Josephus was treated almost like another "church father".<ref>H. Schreckenberg, "The Works of Josephus and the Early Christian Church," Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. L. Feldman and G. Hata (Detroit 1987), 310 in Pollard, 69.</ref> Louis also allowed discussion of the "relative merits" of Christianity and Judaism to enter into intellectual circles. <mask> reiterates the Jewish origin of both Josephus and Philo in his Liber contra Judaeos, and expresses his anxiety that these works were not to be overvalued by Christians.In the case of Josephus, it is possible that <mask> was reacting to the popularity of his work rather than its actual content. Among Josephus' works, two were widely read in their Latin forms: his Jewish War and Antiquities. Not only did his Antiquities contain an extensive anecdote in praise of Christianity in his Testimonium Flavianum, but the most popular translation of Josephus' history – now called "Hegesippus" for its author Pseudo-Hegesippus – openly discriminates against the Jewish people. The Jewish-Christian dispute quickly became a political one, with the conversion of the deacon Bodo, in 838. This was an uncomfortable affirmation of the clergy's worst fears: that the Jewish cultural and theological presence was sufficiently persuasive to earn Jewish converts, even in positions of power. Although Bodo resided in the court at Aachen, it was the clergy of the western kingdom who schemed to bring about anti-Jewish legislation. Bodo was a Christian noble, active in the Carolingian courts – not only did his conversion set a dangerous precedent, but rumours that he encouraged Muslim persecution of Christians in Spain exacerbated the issue.In 848, there was also a suggestion that Jews assisted the Vikings in Bordeaux; the Annals of Saint Bertin (see Annales Bertiniani) also attest that Barcelona was "handed over" to the Muslims in 852, although later sections of the Annals were written by Hincmar himself. Jewish merchants and slave trade
The Second Council of

masks:
Amulo Lugdu
Amulon
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo
Amulo


title: Amulo

texts:
 Mâcon in 581–582 held that Jews could not own Christian slaves; this was reaffirmed at the Council of Châlons in 743. However, Jewish merchants held considerable wealth and influence in the ninth century. In contrast to both Roman and canon law, Louis permitted Jews both to employ Christians and purchase pagan slaves. Jews were also elected to governmental positions, and could earn honores or imperial favours. Louis also amended the law obligating the release of any slave converted to either Judaism or Christianity. Slave owners were prohibited from active "proselytism" but their slaves could only convert to either religion with their consent.Under these conditions, it was more likely that slaves would become Jewish converts rather than Christian ones. Agobard was rightly concerned that slaves would be tempted to accept Judaism; this had already occurred in Lyon. After a Jewish-owned pagan girl was converted by her master, Agobard baptized her as a Christian. He faced strong resistance from the Jewish population in Lyon, and was held legally accountable for this act by the magister Judaeorum in 822. This was a humiliating defeat for Agobard; it confirmed the strong Jewish influence present in the imperial court. Louis even provided the Jews with a diploma, bearing his imperial seal, to affirm their "victory" against Agobard. In 827, Agobard composed On Jewish Superstitions with the support of numerous prelates.He explicitly tells Christians to abstain from selling Christian slaves to Jewish merchants. It is clear from Agobard's letters that this practice was sufficiently common to generate anxiety in Lyon, and this carried over into <mask>'s work. Charles the Bald permitted many economic advantages for the Jews; as mint-masters, tax collectors, and bank owners, the Jews held significant financial power in the Frankish kingdoms. In the case of Radhanite merchants, flourishing economic activity in southern Gaul also extended into the Mediterranean and parts of the Emirate of Córdoba. As Islamic forces claimed hegemony over the Mediterranean, Christian trading networks out of Syria had largely disappeared – leaving a strong power gap in the market for Carolingian Jews. It is here that many Jewish merchants spread their faith, and rumours that Gallic Christian slaves were being sold across the borders became a major controversy. There are many stories of Christians slaves being "redeemed" from their owners and there were also rumours of "kidnapping" and forced castration by Jewish slave owners.Charles was aware of this power imbalance: he attempted to reform Louis' policies, most nobly prohibiting Jewish bankers to accept Christian slaves as "collateral" for unpaid debts. <mask> was rightly concerned that the Jewish monopoly over tax-collection and trade put Charles into a tight political position; in his Contra Judeos, <mask> encourages Charles to reconsider a more “anti-Jewish policy." Relics and icons
In his Epistula ad Teodboldum to Theutbald I (bishop of Langres), <mask> advises the Bishop on how to deal with the bones of an unknown saint that were brought to the Church of St. Bénigne in Dijon. This letter was probably written between 841 and 844, since it refers to Bishop Bartholomew of Narbonne, who died in 845. Not only was Amulo concerned about the “ridiculous manner” in which these two dubious monks delivered the relics, but certain miracula had started to occur after the bones were buried at St. Bénigne (see Dijon Cathedral). These “miracles” did not cure or heal visitors of the relics: several women within the diocese reported getting “strikings”, though they showed no signs of outward injury.Bobrycki, "Flailing Women of Dijon," 18-19. They also experienced fits, resembling those of modern epilepsy.According to <mask>, Bishop Martin of Tours once avoided visiting a popular shrine, since he did not know the name of the martyr buried at the site. <mask> was careful not to denounce the sanctity of the relics while he is concerned about the likelihood of them being unholy; he finally advised Theobald to remove them and bury them elsewhere. Bishop Theobald most likely listened to this advice, since the relics are not mentioned further in surviving sources. <mask>'s Epistula ad Teodboldum was written during a time of civil war, in which the diocese of Dijon was sensitively positioned. Louis the German and Charles the Bald had engaged in combat within the area, and the subsequent devastation profoundly affected the diocese. <mask> was deeply concerned about the effects that the relics had on families: most of the fits occurred in women and young girls, keeping them from their duties and generating more anxiety within the parish. Amulo was not against relics, but he asserted the importance of venerating saints in “proper” ways, and that such things should be limited to the “legitimate days".He offered a solution to these new relics, insisting that church ceremony – Mass, confessions, burials – would restore the people through “everyday miracles of everyday life". Major works

Contra Judaeos
By 843, the archbishopric of Lyon was part of Middle Francia under the kingship of Lothair. The Epistola seu liber contra Judaeos was dedicated to Charles the Bald in West Francia, approximately dated c. 843–846. It was written to persuade the king to approve the anti-Jewish policies proposed at the Council of Paris-Meaux. Many of <mask>'s letters were sent through Archbishop Hincmar of Reims. Hincmar had assembled the 843 gathering at which Charles the Bald made a formal pact of peace, or foedus concordiae, with the Church and nobility, known as the Treaty of Coulaines. Hincmar knew that <mask> was well-versed in Jewish teachings.Hincmar selected <mask> to expose the Jewish threat to the king with his Epistula. He wanted to use the foedus concordiae as leverage between Church and state in implementing anti-Jewish policies.Contra Judaeos can be divided into three themes: first, <mask> provides a list of Jewish “blasphemies” against the Christian faith. He refers directly to sections of the Toledot Yeshu and Hebrew bible, and cites scripture to support his argument. Secondly, <mask> provides a critique of Jewish scholars Josephus and Philo. He then goes further, describing the “ill behaviour” of the Judaic people in the Frankish Empire; most of which was directly taken from Agobard's writings. He concludes Contra Judaeos with a caution to all Christians, and uses historical examples to set a leading precedent for Charles the Bald. In his Epistula, <mask> carefully lays out his theological argument against Jewish scripture.Christianity was not valued as a legitimate denomination in these texts; it was merely seen as a deviation from the true Jewish faith. Apostles were openly called “apostates” and the Gospel was being taught as “the revelation of iniquity” or havongalion by Jewish priests. The Toledot Yeshu and other Jewish works also contested the legitimacy of Jesus's birth, and these claims are addressed in great detail by <mask>. Primarily, two versions of the Messiah are addressed in the Contra Judaeos. The first attests that Jesus was merely a descendant of King David; he was later enslaved and kept chained to a cave wall outside of Rome. Attended by a Jewish doctor named Joshua ben Levi, the wounded man transforms into an old sage. He carries a sapphire stone, and promises to distribute such stones among the people once he has liberated them.The second asserts that the Messiah is a man called Ben Ephraim, or son of Joseph, destined to perish in combat against Gog and Magog. <mask> deconstructs both heresies, citing both from the Old Testament and Hebraic texts. <mask> notes that the Toledot re-words lines of the Vulgate bible, specifically Isaiah 53:5 and Zechariah 12:10, to support their claim. The Carolingians were instrumental in standardizing the Vulgate; this often involved cross-referencing with Hebrew scripture. Florus was active in revising the psalter used at Lyon, and cites "the Septuagint, Jerome, and 'The Books of the Hebrews'" in his revisions. Amulo also cites Jerome in his Contra Judaeos, who interpreted Ezekiel 4:4–6 to say that the first captivity should have been limited to 430 years; only half of the estimate that Amulo gives. He also cites Scripture to provide evidence against the Jewish re-telling of Christ's crucifixion, specifically referring to the time of day.<mask>'s attention to detail makes it clear that the anti-Christian polemic had a strong public presence in Lyon, and was sufficiently influential to warrant his concern. The Contra Judaoes was an opportunity for <mask> to deconstruct the many Jewish and anti-Christian texts that were in circulation during his time; it is also a testament to the breadth of his scholarship. He routinely cites the Church Fathers, including Augustine, Jerome, and Pope Gregory the Great. He also uses historical precedents to support his argument, including the laws of Theodosius I, Valentinus, Constantine, and Childebert I. He mentions the conversion of the Jews by King Sisebut in 612, and notes that Pope Gregory praised King Reccared for his anti-Jewish laws (see The Third Council of Toledo). It is clear that <mask> did not intend to convert Jews, but to fully remove them from the empire: citing St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, he insists that Christians may “mourn” Jews, but should not try to “save them.”

LettersEpistula ad Gothescalcum monachum or "Letter to Monk Gottschalk" (850–851) (PL 119:422; MGH Epist. 5, 1898-9/1978, 368–78) addressed seven theses of Gottschalk of Orbais.An anonymous postscript entitled "Grace of God" or Opusculum Gratiamitque Dei has led some scholars to believe the work was written by Florus of Lyon, although both the letter and opusculum are ascribed to <mask>. The letter mostly focuses on the debate of predestination. According to the letter, Gottschalk's writings were being circulated both among the dioceses and the public; his treatises also attacked bishops who were present at the 849 Council of Quierzy.Epistula ad imperatorem de babtizandis Hebraeis or "Letter to the Hebrews on Baptism" (816, 822/825) (PL 119:422; MGH Epist. 5, 1898/1978, 239) was addressed either to Louis the Pious or to his son Lothair, and serves as an addendum to a list of canonical laws compiled by Florus of Lyon. Sources make the date of composition or authorship unclear: it has been attributed to both <mask> and Remigius. Attempts at dating the letter suggest it may have been written earlier by Agobard, or yet remains anonymous.Epistula ad Teodboldum Lingonensem episcopum or "Letter to Theutbald Bishop of Langres" (841–844) (PL 116:77–84; MGH Epist. 5 1898-9/1978, 363–8) was written to Theutbald I regarding false relics which were being transferred from Italy to Dijon.Contra Judaeos: Epistula contra Iudaeos ad Calorum regem, Liber contra Judaeos ad Carolum regemor or "Letter Against Jews to King Charles" (843–846) (PL 116:141-84; MGH Epist. 5 1898-9/ 1978, 361 n. 6) was first published under the name of Rabanus Maurus, in a Paris manuscript which is now archived in the Bibliothèque Nationale in France. It contains sixty chapters, some of which resemble direct copies from Agobard. It would likely have been compiled by Florus, but largely attributes its authorship to <mask>. For a more comprehensive summary of Contra Judaeos, see the above section. OpusculumOpusculum "Gratiam itaque Dei" or "The Grace of God" (PL 116:97–100; also 116:101–106) dates around the same period as both the Epistula ad Gothescalcum and Sententiae ex libris Augustini. Found without an attribution, its association with the aforementioned letters implies it was penned either by <mask> or Florus.It emphasises the grace of God and discusses both free will and predestination; it also iterates the promise of salvation for Christians and references the work of St Augustine.Opusculum "Omnipotens Deus" or "Almighty God" (849) (PL 116:97–100; also listed under Florus: PL 119:95–102; 125:57–9) is dated just after Gottschalk of Orbais was condemned at Quierzy. It is written as a response to an unknown man regarding the issue of predestination and free will. It is included in the Patrologia Latina with <mask>'s edits, and prefaces a work by Hincmar of Reims entitled On Predestination. Two copies of this text were in circulation – one of which has been attributed to Archbishop Herribald of Auxerre (828–57) and the other to Florus of Lyon.Sententiae ex libris Augustini or "Arguments from the works of Augustine" (PL 116:105-40) contains twenty-two chapters commentating on the works of St. Augustine, specifically focusing on predestination and the will of God. It is included in the Patrologia Latina among <mask>'s other works, but could also have been written by Florus. Further reading
Albert, Bat-Sheva. “Adversus Iudaeos in the Carolingian Empire.” In Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews, 119–142.Edited by Ora Limor and Guy Stroumsa. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1996. “<mask> Lugdunensis.” Clavis des auteurs latins du Moyen Âge, territoire francais, 735–987. Vol. 1. Edited by M. H. Jullien and F. Perelman, 143–147.Tournout: Brepols, 1994. Bachrach, Bernard S. Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977. Bobrycki, Shane. "The Flailing Women of Dijon: Crowds in Ninth-Century Europe." Past & Present 240, no. 1 (2018):  3–46.https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gty011
Bonfil, Robert. “Cultural and Religious Traditions in Ninth-Century French Jewry.” Jewish Intellectual History in the Middle Ages. BINAH Vol. 3. Edited by Joseph Dan, 1–17. London: Praeger, 1994. Genke, Victor and Gumerlock, Francis X., eds.Gottschalk and a Medieval Predestination Controversy: Texts Translated from the Latin. Milwaukee, WI USA: Marquette University Press, 2010. Leoni, T. "Translations and Adaptations of Josephus's Writings in Antiquity and the Middle Ages." Ostraka. 16.2. Napoli: Universita di Perugia, 2007. 481–492.McCormick, Michael. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300–900. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pollard, Richard. “The De Exidio of ‘Hegesippus’ and the Reception of Josephus in the Early Middle Ages.” In VIATOR Medieval and Renaissance Studies 46, no. 2 (2015):  65–100.Los Angeles: University of California. Schrechenberg, Heinz. Rezeptionsgeschichtliche und Textkritische Untersuchungen zu Flavius Josephus.'' Lieden: E. J. Brill, 1997. West, Charles M.A. “The Letter of Amolo Archbishop of Lyons to Theobald bishop of Langres.”  MGH Ep. III (2010): 363–368.http://history.dept.shef.ac.uk/translations/medieval/amolo/#_edn6. ———. “Unauthorised Miracles in Mid-ninth-century Dijon and the Carolingian Church Reforms.”  In Journal of Medieval History 36, no. 4 (2010): 295–311. Taylor & Francis Online. Open Access version: https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:11687/. Williams, AL.Adversus Judaeos: A Bird's Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1935. References

9th-century archbishops
Archbishops of Lyon
9th-century Frankish bishops
9th-century Latin writers
Writers of the Carolingian Empire
Christian anti-Judaism in the Middle

masks: Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo Amulo


title: Benny Gallagher

texts:
Bernard Joseph "<mask>" <mask> (born 10 June 1945, in Largs, Ayrshire) is a Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, most famous as half of the popular duo <mask> and Lyle. Career
The son of Irish parents, <mask> worked initially as a marine electrician in the shipyards of Glasgow. During this time, he also played bass guitar in local semi-professional beat group The Bluefrets, which featured Graham Lyle on lead guitar. <mask>'s first published song was "Mr Heartbreak's Here Instead", which he co-wrote with Andrew Galt. This was recorded as a single for EMI-Columbia in 1964 by Dean Ford and the Gaylords, the bulk of which later became chart-topping outfit Marmalade. Galt then made two singles for Pye, "Comes The Dawn" and "With My Baby", under the name James Galt; both were co-written and featured backing vocals by <mask> and Graham Lyle. In 1966, <mask> and Lyle – who by now had forged a songwriting partnership – moved to London in search of a publishing deal.Both continued to hold down day jobs, <mask> as an electrician and Lyle as a shipping clerk, while waiting for their big break. After an abortive contract with Polydor, which yielded one unsuccessful single, the pair joined Apple Corps as staff songwriters and wrote several songs for Mary Hopkin. <mask> and Lyle first hit the chart as performers in late 1970 as the leading lights of McGuinness Flint, a blues-rock band formed by ex-Manfred Mann guitarist Tom McGuinness. This band made two well-received albums and scored two Top 5 singles in Britain with "When I'm Dead and Gone" and "Malt and Barley Blues", before <mask> and Lyle left to work as a duo. <mask> was credited as <mask> on sheet music copies of early songs such as these, but later shortened his forename to avoid confusion with golfer Bernard Gallacher. Between 1972 and 1975, <mask> and Lyle made four albums for A&M: Gallagher and Lyle, Willie and the Lap Dog, Seeds and The Last Cowboy, all of which were produced by Glyn Johns, and met with favourable reviews. <mask> and Lyle also enjoyed a brief stint as members of Ronnie Lane's band Slim Chance, recording the album Anymore For Anymore with him and backing him on several TV appearances, including a slot on Top of the Pops to promote his hit single "How Come".It was not until 1976, however, that the duo hit the big time after teaming up with US producer David Kershenbaum on their gold-selling fifth album Breakaway. This set spawned two British Top 10 singles, "I Wanna Stay With You" and "Heart on My Sleeve", both of which also charted in the US; the latter song was covered successfully by Bryan Ferry. The album included "Stay Young", which Don Williams took to No.1 on the US C&W chart, while Art Garfunkel enjoyed a US Adult Contemporary No. 1 with the title song, "Breakaway". The duo's next album, Love on the Airwaves, also produced by Kershenbaum, went silver in the UK but yielded only one minor hit single, "Every Little Teardrop" which peaked at #32. Their final two albums, Showdown and Lonesome No More – the last of these issued on Mercury – failed to chart. They provided backing vocals on Elkie Brooks' minor hit cover of their song "The Runaway" in 1979, but this was their final chart appearance.<mask> and Lyle split in 1980, leaving behind an unreleased ninth album, Living on the Breadline. A song recorded for this set, "A Heart in New York", subsequently became a major US Adult Contemporary hit for Art Garfunkel in 1981. <mask> kept a low profile for much of the 1980s, but re-emerged in 1992 as bassist with The Manfreds, a reconvention of 1960s Manfred Mann members and associates. He remained a member until 1999, touring all over the world with the band and appearing on a live album released in 1998. During his tenure in the band, he co-founded and served as chairman of the royalties campaigning body PAMRA, which was set up to ensure that musicians received a fair share of royalties from recordings and performances. After a spell with Dr Hook as bassist during 1999 and 2000, <mask> embarked on a solo career as a singer-songwriter, touring the folk club and festival circuits. He also held workshops all over the British Isles for aspiring songwriters, and was made a Companion of LIPA (Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts) by Paul McCartney in 2001 in recognition of his work as a songwriting coach at the college.In 2010, <mask> reunited with Lyle for two concerts in their former hometown of Largs in aid of Haylie House, a residential care home in the town. The pair subsequently re-formed and performed at two events in 2011: "The Big Gig" at Glasgow's Barrowland nightclub, alongside Marti Pellow, Jim Diamond and Midge Ure, and the MOARE Festival in Faversham, Kent, which was headlined by former Average White Band stalwart Hamish Stuart. In 2012, the duo undertook a sell-out tour of Scottish venues, under the banner of "The Homecoming Tour"; their 22-song set included all their British chart entries and both their US chart-toppers, as well as "A Heart in New York" and "Willie", in which <mask> used a harmonica on a harness. In March 2016, <mask> and Lyle performed together at the Belfast Nashville Songwriters' Festival. In November 2016, the duo performed for four nights at The Green Hotel in Kinross. The summer of 2017 saw the duo perform as part of the 'Byre at The Botanics' season in St Andrews, and also at the Belladrum Festival in Inverness and the Albany Theatre in Greenock. In March 2018, the duo returned to Belfast to perform once more at the Belfast Nashville Songwriters' Festival.<mask> has released two solo albums on his own OnSong label: On Stage and At The Edge of the Wave. The latter set includes "Tusitala", a tribute to Robert Louis Stevenson; this song also appeared on the Greentrax CD The Great Tapestry of Scotland. Stage musical
Caledonia USA, a musical based on the songs of <mask> and Lyle, was staged in Largs in April 2016. Originally titled "When I'm Dead and Gone", it was subsequently retitled after a new song written specially for the show by <mask> and Lyle. Personal life
<mask> and his wife Diane have four children: Dillon, and Paul (twins) and Julian and Claire (twins). Both Dillon and Julian work in the music industry, the former as a producer and the latter as a songwriter, most notably for 5ive and Kylie Minogue. <mask> and <mask> became great-grandparents in 2013.Discography
See <mask> and Lyle
On Stage (2006, OnSong)
At The Edge of the Wave (2007, OnSong)

References

1945 births
Living people
21st-century Scottish male singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish multi-instrumentalists
Scottish people of Irish descent
Scottish male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Scottish bass guitarists
Scottish pianists
Scottish keyboardists
Scottish accordionists
Scottish tenors
British mandolinists
British harmonica players
Fingerstyle guitarists
People from Largs
21st-century accordionists
British male pianists
21st-century pianists
20th-century Scottish male singers
The Manfreds members
McGuinness Flint members
British male singer-songwriters

masks:
Benny
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Bernard Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Benny
Diane Gallagher
Gallagher


title: Niels Larsen Bruun

texts:
<mask> (10 July 1893 – 11 July 1970) was a Norwegian officer who served in the Royal Norwegian Navy for more than four decades. Bruun took part in neutrality protection duties during the First World War, seeing service on several naval vessels and assuming his first command. He continued his service in the inter-war years, teaching at naval schools in addition to shipboard service. At the outbreak of the Second World War Bruun again served on neutrality protection duties, commanding the destroyer . During the first day of the German invasion of Norway, Æger intercepted a German supply ship, which Bruun ordered sunk before he knew for certain if Norway was under attack by the Germans or the Allies. Bruun's own ship was sunk by German bombers the same day, with the surviving crew members dispersing two days later with instructions from Bruun to try to continue to fight. Bruun escaped German-occupied Norway in 1941, travelling east through Sweden, the Soviet Union, India, and the United States to join the exiled Norwegian forces in the United Kingdom.Remaining in the United Kingdom for the duration of the war, Bruun led units training personnel and officers for the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy. Returning to Norway at the end of the Second World War, Bruun worked in the administration of the post-war Royal Norwegian Navy. He concluded his career as a rear admiral (acting) in command of the northernmost Norwegian naval command. During the eight years he held his last command, he played an important role in the establishment of the naval component of the Norwegian Home Guard. Early and personal life
Bruun was born in Frederikshald, Norway, on 10 July 1893. He was the son of the merchant Ludvig Otto Bruun and Magdalene <mask>. On 17 April 1920 Bruun married Haugesund-born Ingrid Sakkestad, three years his junior, in Haugesund.The couple had a daughter. Career
In 1912, Bruun joined the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy as a cadet no. 651. Becoming an officer in the Royal Norwegian Navy on 1 October 1915, Bruun saw service on neutrality protection patrols during the First World War, serving as a second lieutenant on the gunboat  from 9 October 1915 to 29 April 1916. After the end of the conflict, during which Norway remained neutral, he participated in minesweeping operations from 1918 to 1920. In November 1917, Bruun graduated from the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy and was promoted from second lieutenant to first lieutenant. From 1917 to 1920 he was in command of a torpedo boat.In the years that followed, he continued his military education with courses in torpedo warfare, naval gunnery and radio training. In the interwar period he served on Norwegian fishery protection vessels, torpedo boats, minelayers and coastal defence ships. He also served with the navigation department, the 1st Naval District Command and various training units. Amongst the ships on which Bruun served was the gunboat , where he served as a first lieutenant from 19 May 1931 to 1 October 1931. At the time, Sleipner was being used as a tender for the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service. In late 1931, Bruun served on the fishery protection vessel  during a cruise to Finnmark in the far north of Norway. On 1 July 1931 he was temporarily promoted to the rank of acting captain, a promotion which was made permanent in December 1933.In mid-1932 <mask> held command of the torpedo boat , and by 1933, he was the second-in-command at the Royal Norwegian Navy's torpedo school. He also worked part-time as a teacher at the Royal Norwegian Navy's mine warfare school. Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Norway declared itself neutral. To defend Norwegian territory from neutrality violations by the warring parties, the Royal Norwegian Navy mobilized. <mask> was put in command of the  , one of the four modern destroyers then in Norwegian service. He was also the commander of the 1st Destroyer Division, consisting of the destroyers Æger, , and . Initially Æger and the other ships of the 1st Destroyer Division were part of the 1st Naval District and were based in Kristiansand, in the south of Norway.The outbreak of the Finno-Soviet Winter War in late 1939 caused Bruun and the 1st Destroyer Division to be despatched to Northern Norway to protect Norwegian neutrality. With the end of the Winter War in March 1940, the warships then in Northern Norway were redeployed separately along the coast to carry out neutrality patrols. By April 1940, Bruun's destroyer Æger was deployed to the 2nd Naval District, based at Tananger and patrolling the coast between the port city of Stavanger and Haugesund. In addition to Æger, the area between Stavanger and Haugesund was guarded by the old destroyer , the torpedo boat Stegg, the patrol boat  and Motorboat no. 7. Aircraft from the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service and the Norwegian Army Air Service assisted in patrolling the coastline. German invasion
In the early hours of 8 April, Bruun was ordered to patrol with Æger off Jæren and look for suspicious activity, after the British claimed to have laid a naval minefield in the area.By 09:00 he returned to Tananger and reported to his superiors that nothing out of the ordinary had been observed. Thereafter Bruun brought Æger to Stavanger to restock provisions and carry out maintenance on the destroyer's weapons. The destroyer had only two torpedoes on board. At 22:00 Bruun was ordered by naval command to increase his ship's readiness and prepare for potential war. After hearing on the NRK radio news of the sinking of the German ship  off the Norwegian port of Lillesand, and reports of German warship movements in the Kattegat south of Norway, Bruun was increasingly concerned about the situation. On 9 April 1940, Germany carried out a surprise invasion of Norway, attacking strategic ports along the Norwegian coast. Six naval task forces carried out landings at points from Oslo in the south-east to Narvik in the north of Norway.In addition to the naval landing forces, airborne troops were despatched against the strategically important airports at Sola near Stavanger and Fornebu near Oslo. As part of their invasion plan, the Germans sent several supply ships to Norway separately from the invasion force itself. One of the supply ships, which were camouflaged as civilian merchant ships, was the  German freighter . Loaded with supplies for German airborne troops set to seize Sola Airport on 9 April 1940, Roda had set sail from Hamburg on 7 April and arrived at Stavanger in time for the invasion. Roda had anchored off Hundvåg to await the arrival of German invasion forces. The most important of the cargo on board Roda were heavy anti-aircraft guns and four 21 cm coastal artillery pieces meant to secure the Stavanger area once the Germans had seized it. Shortly after midnight on 9 April Bruun was alerted by the local police and customs officials of the presence of Roda.The officials were suspicious of the ship, as the crew claimed she was loaded with 7,000 tonnes of coke despite the ship appearing to be a passenger/cargo vessel and was riding high in the water for such a heavy cargo. The ship's hatches were blocked by being covered with coke, preventing inspection. The suspicion was further heightened by reports coming in of neutrality violations taking place in Eastern Norway. By 01:05 customs officers boarded Æger and conferred with Bruun about the situation. After meeting with the police, Bruun ordered an inspection of Roda. Before despatching a seven-strong boarding crew led by his second-in-command to Roda, Bruun was approached by the German consulate in Stavanger, whose representatives requested to be let on board the German ship, requests which Bruun rejected. Before boarding Roda, Bruun spoke with his commanding officer, Admiral Carsten Tank-<mask> on the telephone.<mask> supported Bruun's decision to inspect the German ship. <mask> also told Bruun to act on his own judgement in case the military situation escalated in Norway. The military commander in Stavanger, Colonel Gunnar Spørck, had also requested that Roda be inspected, as he feared the ship carried German troops, but his message never reached Bruun. While the boarding crew were away, Bruun received a message from the 2nd Naval District by radio, informing him that the forts in the Oslofjord were in action against unidentified warships. Requests on the part of Bruun regarding the nationality of the intruding foreign ships were never answered. When the boarding crew returned from Roda, they reported that they had been prevented from properly inspecting the ship's cargo. The German captain had opposed the boarding crew in their attempt to access the ship's cargo holds.At 04:15 Bruun received a new report from the 2nd Naval District, informing him that unidentified foreign warships were forcing their way towards the city of Bergen. A follow-up radio message relaying the identity of the intruding warships as German, did not reach Bruun. Relying on the reports he had received, and what he had heard on the radio news, Bruun reasoned that he could not be certain if the intruders were German or British. While awaiting clarification of the situation, he decided to seize Roda as a prize and move his own and the German ship to  further to the south. An eight-man prize crew was despatched to Roda with instructions to replace the German flag with the Norwegian naval ensign, disable the ship's radio transmitter, and order the German captain to move to Riskafjord. After the German captain had refused to follow the instructions of the prize crew, Bruun threatened him with opening fire, but the crew on Roda kept delaying while awaiting the coming German invasion. By 06:00 Bruun concluded that it was taking too long for Roda to start her engines, and decided to sink the German ship.Although still not certain about which warring party was attacking Norway, and out of contact with his superiors and other military units, Bruun wanted to end the situation and free up his ship for other tasks. After Bruun had recalled his prize crew and ordered the German crew to abandon ship in their lifeboats, he ordered his gunners to sink the German vessel. Æger first fired 25 "cold" 10 cm rounds (non-explosive shells intended for use as warning shots rather than warfare) into Rodas starboard side, then a further 25 cold rounds into the German ship's

masks:
Niels Larsen Bruun
Elise Larsen
Bruun
Bruun
Nielsen
Tank Nielsen
Tank Nielsen


title: Niels Larsen Bruun

texts:
 port side. Before Rodas captain abandoned ship, he radioed a message describing the situation. Picked up by another German ship in the area, , the message had been relayed to the invasion headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The crew of Æger was stunned by Bruun's order to open fire, which he had to repeat three times before they carried it out. By 08:00 Roda was sinking slowly, finally disappearing beneath the surface by the afternoon of 9 April and settling at a depth of .Shortly after shelling Roda, Æger observed German aircraft, sightings which revealed the identity of the invaders. Æger opened fire at the aircraft with her anti-aircraft armament. The first wave of German aircraft avoided Æger, but soon after 8–10 German Junkers Ju 88 bombers from the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwader 4, thought by Bruun to have been called in by Rodas captain, attacked Æger with machine-gun fire and bombs. The Ju 88s had been attacking Sola Airport, before turning their attention to Æger. Although the German military headquarters in Germany knew of Æger, the Luftwaffe bombers off Stavanger most likely attacked because Æger had opened fire first. Bruun made evasive manoeuvres in the  off Stavanger and headed for the more open waters of the nearby Byfjorden. The anti-aircraft gunners on Æger returned fire at the German bombers, and claimed to have downed two of them.At 08:30 Æger was struck by a German 250 kg bomb midships, which wrecked the destroyer, killing eight crew members and wounding a further three. As the destroyer was dead in the water and appeared to be sinking, Bruun ordered his crew to man the lifeboats and abandon ship in order to make their way to the island of Hundvåg. The German bombers kept attacking the stationary Æger until Bruun ordered the ship's colours to be struck. The wreck of Æger later drifted ashore on Hundvåg. Following the loss of Æger, Bruun initially retained command of the 57 unwounded survivors of his crew, with the intent of bringing them as a unit to join up with other forces fighting the German invasion elsewhere in Norway. Initially Bruun tried to locate and join up with the local land forces commanded by Colonel Spørck. As German forces were in control of the Stavanger area and were blocking communications, Bruun eventually dismissed his crew on 11 April, instructing them to make their way in small groups out of the area to continue the fight.Some members of the crew managed to escape the Stavanger region and fight in other areas of South Norway. Exile

In 1941 Bruun escaped from German-occupied Norway to neutral Sweden. In a three-month journey, he made his way from Sweden to the Soviet Union, passing through Moscow and Baku on his way to India, then travelling through the United States before making the final stretch from New York City to the United Kingdom. After making his way to the United Kingdom, Bruun joined the Norwegian Armed Forces in exile. From 1941 to 1942 he commanded the Royal Norwegian Navy's training unit at Port Edgar in Scotland. In 1942 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and from February that year headed the  – the unit responsible for training enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers for the Royal Norwegian Navy. Starting on 18 June 1943 he also commanded the exiled Royal Norwegian Naval Academy.Part of Bruun's job as head of the Sjømilitære korps in exile was to formalize and bring order to the improvised system of recruitment employed by low-level commanders up until that point. Each warship commander had in the early phase of the Royal Norwegian Navy's time in exile personally recruited and employed crew members for his ship. At the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy, which had been re-established in the United Kingdom in January 1943, Bruun played a central role in adapting the academy to the conditions of war and exile. The academy's curriculum changed, with an increased focus on practical training. On Bruun's initiative, the academy in 1944 replaced its old entrance requirement for cadets to a new one adapted to the conditions of exile in the United Kingdom. While the old requirements had included secondary education and prior service in the merchant navy, the new ones required Examen artium qualifications in science and mathematics. The reform was motivated by a lack of potential cadets with a background in the merchant navy, combined with an ample supply of university students amongst Norwegian refugees who had made their way to neutral Sweden.One Norwegian naval cadet who joined the Royal Norwegian Navy in the United Kingdom in August 1941 described Bruun as having an informal and encouraging way of interacting with lower ranking naval personnel, instilling in the cadet "a feeling of security" as well as "eagerness and a go-ahead spirit". During the Allied operations in Norway following the German surrender in May 1945, Bruun was deployed to Naval Command Mid-Norway as a district commander, based in Ålesund. He held this position until May 1946. Post-war
Bruun continued to command both Sjømilitære korps and the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy until 1 May 1946, when he transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy High Command, where he led the command section. The re-establishment of the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy on Norwegian soil in late 1945 proved a challenging task for Bruun. The buildings in Horten, which the academy had used until the German invasion in 1940, had been taken over by other military institutions by the time Bruun returned to Norway. Horten's military facilities had suffered heavily from bombing during the war years, with many buildings completely destroyed.Without asking for permission from his military superiors, Bruun decided to move the academy to Oslo, requisitioning several former German wooden barracks in  in Sagene as the academy's temporary new home. Bruun was criticized by his superiors for his unauthorized act, but the academy was allowed to stay in the buildings he had taken over. In 1945 he unsuccessfully applied for four different positions within the Royal Norwegian Navy: a promotion to the rank of rear admiral and command of Naval Command East, a promotion to the rank of rear admiral and command of Naval Command West, a promotion to the rank of commodore and command of Naval Command Trøndelag, and a promotion to the rank of rear admiral and command of Naval Command North. The following year, 1946, he was promoted to the rank of commodore. In the period 1948 to 1949 he held temporary command of Naval Command Southern Norway. From November 1949 to 1957 he was in charge of Naval Command Northern Norway, holding the rank of acting rear admiral. During his last assignment Bruun's headquarters was located first in the city of Tromsø, then in Harstad.In 1951 he unsuccessfully applied for three different positions: a promotion to the rank of permanent rear admiral and command of Naval Command Western Norway, a position as commodore and commander of Naval Command Southern Norway, and a promotion to the rank of permanent rear admiral and command of Naval Command Eastern Norway. He retired from the Royal Norwegian Navy on 1 January 1957. During his years in Northern Norway, Bruun played a role in the establishment of the naval component of the Norwegian Home Guard. In mid-1949, he was one of five high-ranking and mid-level officers who held discussions with the commander of the Royal Norwegian Navy, Admiral Edvard Christian Danielsen, during the latter's fact-finding mission to Northern Norway in connection with a potential establishment of a Naval Home Guard. These discussions led to the first  courses being held 1951, at Reine in the Lofoten Islands, within Bruun's area of command. From Northern Norway, the Naval Home Guard was expanded to the other regions of Norway. Bruun's involvement with the establishment of the Naval Home Guard has led to some authors referring to him as "the father of the Naval Home Guard".Bruun was enthusiastic about expanding the Home Guard from a solely land-based force to one which included a branch that operated along the coast using requisitioned fishing vessels. Bruun provided the Naval Home Guard in his region with ample supplies of equipment, ammunition and explosives, and flexible rules of operation. This attitude set Bruun aside from many of his colleagues, who did not see a role for the Royal Norwegian Navy in cooperating with the Naval Home Guard. Bruun also promoted closer cooperation between the Naval Home Guard and the Norwegian Coast Guard in patrolling the coastline, and in inspecting and detaining fishing vessels operating in breach of Norwegian laws. In addition to his military work, Bruun wrote several journal articles on naval matters, including a 1936 article in the naval journal Norsk tidsskrift for sjøvesen detailing his views on the future role and disposition of aircraft in the Norwegian Armed Forces. In 1949 Bruun contributed two articles to the 60th anniversary book of the Stavanger Military Association, one on the naval strategic value of Rogaland and Stavanger, and another on his experiences as the commander of the destroyer Æger on 9 April 1940. In addition to military-oriented articles, Bruun in 1932 wrote a piece published in the newspaper Aftenposten, detailing his experiences celebrating Christmas in Finnmark in 1931, including a visit and performance by star boys on board his ship while at anchor in the town of Vardø.<mask> died in Oslo on 11 July 1970, and was buried at the cemetery Vestre gravlund in Oslo on 14 August 1970. Honours and awards
For his service in exiled Norwegian forces <mask> was awarded the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal and the Defence Medal 1940–1945. In 1949 he received the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch as further recognition for his wartime service, specifically for his efforts during the 1940 Norwegian Campaign. References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1893 births
1970 deaths
People from Halden
Royal Norwegian Naval Academy alumni
Royal Norwegian Naval Academy faculty
Norwegian schoolteachers
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Royal Norwegian Navy personnel of World War II
Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Burials at Vestre gravlund
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch
20th-century non-fiction

masks: Bruun Bruun


title: Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)

texts:
<mask>'Brien (born 4 March 1984) is an Irish cricketer who plays for Ireland, Leinster and Railway Union Cricket Club and has played for several English county cricket clubs. He announced his retirement from 50 over format on 18th June 2021. He scored the fastest century ever in 50-over World Cup, coming from 50 balls against England on 2 March 2011. He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Ireland's first ever Test match, against Pakistan, in May 2018, scoring the first Test century for Ireland men's cricket and becoming the first sportsperson from Ireland to represent his country 300 times. O'Brien is an aggressive right-handed middle to lower order batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut in 2006 in Ireland's inaugural match. O'Brien played for Nottinghamshire in 2009, and in 2010 was awarded a contract with Cricket Ireland, making him one of six players with a full-time contract with the board.He was the first player for Ireland to take 100 wickets in ODIs. In December 2018, he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season. In January 2020, he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland, the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis. In June 2021, O'Brien announced his retirement from ODI cricket, to allow him to focus on T20 and Test cricket. Personal life and education
<mask>'Brien was educated in Marian College, Ballsbridge. He has a degree in marketing and advertising. His brother Niall was also a member of the Irish team.Their father Brendan played 52 times for Ireland. His sister, Ciara, played for the Irish women's hockey team. Career

International breakthrough
<mask>'Brien represented Ireland in the Under-19s World Cup of 2004 in which he made 241 runs to help his country reach the Plate Semi-Final before being defeated by Australia. The following year he played for the MCC Young Cricketers. In June 2006 he made his One Day International debut in Ireland's inaugural ODI game, against England in Belfast. Bowling first he took 1 for 47 off his 10 overs as England managed 301. His wicket came off his first delivery and was that of captain Andrew Strauss who was caught at square leg by Andre Botha.Batting at number 8, O'Brien made 35 from 48 balls but Ireland fell 38 runs short. Taking part in Ireland's disappointing World Cricket League campaign in Kenya, O'Brien was one of the success stories. In their second game of the tournament, against Bermuda, O'Brien took his career best figures of 2 for 38 by taking the wickets of middle order batsmen David Hemp and Lionel Cann. In the chase he made 54, his maiden ODI half century and helped his side win with 8 balls to spare. When Ireland made 284 batting first against Kenya in the following game it was O'Brien who made half of the runs. His innings of 142 was the highest ever by an Irish batsman and was made off 128 balls, containing 10 fours and 6 sixes. Ireland then took on Canada and O'Brien continued his good form with the bat by making his 3rd consecutive score of fifty plus with a composed 52.The final game of the tournament came against the Netherlands and despite failing with the bat he took 2 wickets. He finished as the second top scorer in the League with 263 runs at 52.80. The next tour for O'Brien was the 2007 World Cup in the Caribbean and it would be his biggest test yet as 6 of his 7 One Day International games prior had been against non-Test playing nations. Their opening game against Zimbabwe finished in a tie when Zimbabwe collapsed in the dying stages. O'Brien came on to bowl in the 49th over with Zimbabwe requiring 9 runs from 12 balls and 3 wickets in hand. His first ball was a full toss but Zimbabwean captain Prosper Utseya hit it straight to Eoin Morgan at cover to give him his first World Cup wicket. Chris Mpofu was run out off O'Brien's final delivery and he finished the penultimate over with a wicket maiden.Ireland came up against Pakistan in the next game and they restricted the Test nation to just 132 with O'Brien taking the wicket of Shoaib Malik. O'Brien came in to bat with his side at 70/4 and he added 38 runs with his brother Niall. Ireland eventually won by 3 wickets and O'Brien finished unbeaten on 16 from 52 balls. His highest score of the tournament came in the Super Eight stage against New Zealand where he made 49, hitting 3 sixes. He missed out on his half century when he was run out by his brother. Arguably his best performance of the World Cup was his fast 48 runs scored against Bangladesh which helped secure a historic Irish victory. On 8 June 2009, O'Brien guided Ireland to victory over Bangladesh in the Twenty20 Cricket World Cup.O'Brien was one of seven Ireland players to be nominated for the 2009 Associate and Affiliate Player of the Year (there were fourteen nominees in all), although he did not make the shortlist. Trial with Nottinghamshire
O'Brien was signed by Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club in 2009 on a trial basis. The previous season O'Brien had scored 93 against the club, impressing Mick Newell, Nottinghamshire's director of cricket. He joined the club after the end of Ireland were knocked out of the Friends Provident Trophy, a domestic competition in England. In his stint with the club, O'Brien played eight list A matches, scoring 79 runs at an average of 13.16 with a highest of 42, and taking one wicket for 72 runs; he also played five T20 matches for Nottinghamshire, scoring 31 runs and taking two wickets. During his time with Nottinghamshire, he also played as a professional for Plumtree Cricket Club in the Nottinghamshire Premier League. Professional contract with Ireland
Cricket Ireland, the governing body for cricket in Ireland, awarded O'Brien a full-time "category A" contract in January 2010.He was one of six players to be awarded such contracts with Cricket Ireland (four players received category B contracts and five category C), and came just a year after the first professional contracts were awarded to Ireland's cricketers. Before that players were amateurs relying on income from other jobs and playing cricket in their spare time. The contract allowed O'Brien and the others to focus on cricket, with the aim of improving ahead of the 2011 World Cup. In Ireland's first match at the Sri Lanka Associates T20 Series against Afghanistan, O'Brien performed poorly overall. With the bat he managed only 1 run from 2 balls before having to depart. His bowling figures ended at 0–34, but Ireland managed to seal the win by 5 wickets. In their second match against Canada, O'Brien finished with 0–38 in the Canadian innings, and 5 off 2 balls with the bat as Ireland narrowly lost by 4 runs.In the third and final game (against Sri Lanka A), O'Brien ended the tournament wicketless after 0–15 off two overs. He managed 11 off ten balls as Ireland put in a spirited performance but lost by 5 wickets. In 2010, O'Brien was again nominated for the Associate and Affiliate Player of the Year Award, this time alongside two other Ireland players (there were 16 nominees in all); the award was given to Netherlands Ryan ten Doeschate. O'Brien was selected in Ireland's 15-man squad for the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. On 2 March O'Brien hit the fastest century in World Cup history, off just 50 balls against England helping his team to successfully chase down a target of 328 when at one stage they were struggling at 111/5. In that World Cup match against England he along with Alex Cusack set the highest ever 6th wicket partnership in World Cup history (162). Ireland won two of their matches, but failed to progress beyond the first round, finishing six out of seven in their group.With 198 runs at an average of 39.60, O'Brien finished as Ireland's second highest run-scorer in the tournament. On 23 May 2013, at Clontarf Cricket Club Ground, Dublin, he scored an unbeaten 84 in 47 balls against Pakistan which helped Ireland to tie the match. Ireland required 15 runs in the last over to win the match, O'Brien hit last ball of Saeed Ajmal to boundary to pull out a thrilling 'tie' for the Irish team. County cricket
O'Brien's performance at the World Cup attracted the attention of Gloucestershire County Cricket Club and he secured a contract with the club for 2011. John Bracewell, Gloucestershire's coach, viewed O'Brien as primarily a one-day player and believed his style of batting was best suited to situations where the team needed to increase their run-rate. He made his debut for Gloucestershire on 15 May, scoring three runs from four balls in a CB40 match against Glamorgan. In June he scored his first century in twenty20 cricket, beating his previous highest score of 39.His innings of 119 runs against Middlesex came from 52 deliveries and helped lift Gloucestershire to the highest total in the history of domestic T20 cricket. O'Brien shared an opening stand of 192 with Hamish Marshall, who also scored a century, and the pair set a record partnership for any wicket in the format. (But this record was broken in just a few years) When O'Brien was finally dismissed, he received a standing ovation. Both <mask>'Brien and Hamish Marshall became the first pair of batsmen to score centuries in a single T20. O'Brien also signed a contract to play in the first season of the Sri Lankan Premier League, which was scheduled to take place in late July and early August, however the competition was postponed until 2012, allowing O'Brien to spend more time at Gloucestershire. His stint with Gloucestershire also clashed with some of Ireland's international matches. Scotland hosted Ireland and Sri Lanka in July for a tri-series; Ireland's match against Sri Lanka was rained off and in the Scotland match O'Brien was dismissed off his first ball.After the internationals O'Brien returned to Gloucestershire, and again helped his team to victory over Middlesex, this time scoring 58 not out from 35 balls. Gloucestershire finished the Friend's Life t20 competition with four wins from sixteen matches, leaving them 8th out of nine teams in their group. O'Brien – who scored 365 runs from 14 matches, making him the club's second-highest run-scorer in the competition, just two runs behind Marshall – felt he had been consistent with the bat for Gloucestershire, but that his bowling had been underused. Such was O'Brien's effect on the team was that, along with batsman Paul Stirling, he was one of two Ireland players shortlisted for Associate and Affiliate Player of the Year at the 2011 ICC Awards. Although a full-strength team played against England in an ODI in August, county commitments meant many of Ireland's senior players were unavailable to play in the team's opening match of the 2011–13 Intercontinental Cup. With regular captain William Porterfield playing for Warwickshire and Trent Johnston who often stood in injured, O'Brien was chosen to lead Ireland against Namibia. He had led Ireland in one-day matches before, but this was the first time he had captained in first-class cricket.In October Ireland sent a seven-man squad captained by O'Brien to participate in the Hong Kong Sixes. At the start of 2012 O'Brien was made Ireland's vice captain, taking over the role from Trent Johnston. Soon after, Cricket Ireland increased the number of players with contracts from 15 to 23; O'Brien was one of four players to be given a category A contract. In February 2012 Ireland toured Kenya for an Intercontinental Cup match followed by two ODIs and two T20Is. During the tour O'Brien was fined 20% of his match fee for "using offensive language when leaving the field after being bowled". <mask>'Brien has signed for Gloucestershire County Club to play a single season in 2016 in all First-class, List A, and T20 and he is a List A specialist. Test cricket and beyond
In May 2018, he was named in a fourteen-man squad for Ireland's first ever Test match, which was played against Pakistan later the same month.He made his Test debut for Ireland, against Pakistan, on 11 May 2018, becoming the first sportsperson from Ireland to appear in 300 matches for his country. He was the top scorer for Ireland in the first innings, with 40 runs. In the second innings of the match, he scored Ireland's first ever Test fifty, and then first ever Test century. Despite Ireland losing the Test by five wickets, O'Brien won the man of the match award for his batting performance. In January 2019, he was named in Ireland's squad for their one-off Test against Afghanistan in India. O'Brien recorded his second 50 in the second innings. In September 2019, he was named in Ireland's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates.Ahead of the tournament, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player in Ireland's squad. Later the same month, during the 2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series, O'Brien became the first batsman for Ireland to score a century in a T20I match, when he made 124 against Hong Kong. On 10 July 2020, O'Brien was named in Ireland's 21-man squad to travel to England to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against the England cricket team. In September 2021, O'Brien was named in Ireland's provisional squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. Playing style
O'Brien is a strong batsman, with the ability to clear the ropes. In his record-breaking century against England in the 2011 World Cup in Bangalore, he hit the longest six of the tournament. His brother Niall stated that, "in the field he was grumpy, he was moping around ... when he's like that, he tends to kinda take the bull by the horns".In March 2011 Ireland's coach, Phil Simmons, remarked of O'Brien that, ”There's a lot more thought to his batting and he has worked on different things like batting against spin. He doesn't have the facilities of a county but he is working hard on his game at home." Footnotes

References

External links

1984 births
Irish cricketers
Ireland Test cricketers
Ireland One Day International cricketers
Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers
Living people
Cricketers from County Dublin
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Gloucestershire cricketers
Somerset cricketers
Irish cricket captains
Surrey cricketers
Trinbago Knight Riders cricketers
Rangpur Rangers cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Leinster Lightning cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Cricketers who made a century on Test debut
Kandahar Knights cricketers
People from Sandymount

masks:
Kevin Joseph O
Kevin O
Kevin O
Kevin O
Kevin O


title: Adam Fox (ice hockey)

texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was selected by the Calgary Flames, 66th overall, in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft. In 2021, <mask> won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the NHL's best defenseman, joining Bobby Orr as the only two players in NHL history to win the award before their third NHL season. He played two seasons in the U.S. National Team Development Program, and finished with the record for the most assists in a single season (in 2015–16) and the most assists in a career (in 2014–16). He played collegiate ice hockey for Harvard University, leading all NCAA defensemen in the nation in assists and points in his freshman season, and leading all defensemen in the country in points per game and assists in his junior season. In June 2018, Calgary traded <mask>'s NHL rights to the Carolina Hurricanes, who traded them to the New York Rangers in April 2019. He left college a year early and made his NHL debut for the Rangers in 2019.In his rookie season, he tied for second among all NHL rookie defensemen in goals and was third in assists and points. Early life
<mask> was born in Jericho, New York, to parents Bruce and <mask> and raised in Jewish faith. His father was a New York Rangers season ticket holder. He has an older brother, Andrew, who is an investment banker. His nickname is "<mask>". He attended Jericho High School, and then Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he played hockey, soccer, and lacrosse. Playing career

Early career
<mask> grew up playing for the Long Island Gulls of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League as a youth.He played two seasons (2014–16) in the U.S. National Team Development Program (USNTDP) in Plymouth, Michigan. During his final season in the program, he led all under-18 defensemen in goals, assists, and points. He finished his career with the record for the most assists in a single-season (59; in 2015–16), the most assists in a career (86; in 2014–2016), and the third-most points by a defenseman in USNTDP history. He was named the 2016 IIHF World U18 Championships Best Defenseman, to the 2016 U18 World Hockey Championships Media All-Star Team, and won a bronze medal at the 2016 Championships. Leading up to the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> was ranked 50th for North American Skaters in the final ranking by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau. He was drafted 66th overall by the Calgary Flames. College
<mask> attended Harvard University for three years, majoring in psychology.He had an immediate impact after joining Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team for the 2016–17 season. He led all NCAA defensemen in the nation, and ranked 4th among NCAA freshmen skaters with 40 points, led all NCAA defensemen and all NCAA freshmen skaters in assists with 34, and led all ECAC skaters in both points and assists, as he played 35 games. He was named 2017 ECAC Rookie of the Year and Ivy League Rookie of the Year after his freshman season. In his freshman season, <mask> helped Harvard win the Beanpot for the first time since 1993 by recording a goal and an assist to beat Boston University 6–3. <mask> also helped Harvard reach its first Frozen Four series since 1994 and win an Ivy title and ECAC Hockey Championship. In the Frozen Four semifinals against University of Minnesota Duluth, the Crimson lost 2–1. In his sophomore 2017–18 season, he had 28 points on six goals and 22 assists in 29 games.He was fifth in the nation among defensemen, averaging .97 points per game. In his junior 2018–19 season, he had 48 points (9 goals, 39 assists) in 33 games for Harvard, and  was the top scoring player and defenseman in the country with 1.45 points per game. He led the NCAA in assists and was fourth in points, while also setting school single-season records for assists and points by a defenseman. <mask> broke the school record for points by a Harvard defenseman in one season, set by Mark Fusco in 1983. He was named a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award as the top player in college hockey, won the 2019 Walter Brown Award, and was an Academic All-Ivy honoree. <mask> was also named to the NCAA First All-American Team and ECAC First All-Star Team in each of his three seasons (2017–19). In 97 career games, he had 116 points (21 goals, 95 assists).He became the fourth defenseman in Harvard history to reach 100 career points. He left Harvard before his senior year to play in the NHL, and is five classes short of graduating. Professional
On June 23, 2018, the Calgary Flames traded <mask>'s NHL playing rights (along with Dougie Hamilton and Micheal Ferland) to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Elias Lindholm and Noah Hanifin. On April 30, 2019, Carolina traded <mask>'s NHL rights to the New York Rangers in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft and what would become a second-round pick in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft. On May 2, <mask> signed an entry-level contract with the Rangers, with a maximum entry-level salary ($925,000 plus bonuses). He won the Lars-Erik Sjoberg Award as the top Ranger rookie in training camp in 2019, and made the Rangers' Opening Night roster. He made his NHL debut in October 2019, at 21 years of age.He finished the 2019–20 season with 42 points (8 goals, 34 assists) in 70 games. He tied for second among all NHL rookie defensemen in goals, and third in points, assists, and PPP (13). He ranked first among Rangers defensemen in Goals Above Replacement (14.9) and Wins Above Replacement (2.7). He became the fifth rookie defenseman in franchise history to have at least 40 points in a season, joining Ron Greschner, Reijo Ruotsalainen, Brian Leetch, and Mike McEwen. Despite his rookie season success, <mask> fell short of a Calder Memorial Trophy nomination. During the 2020–21 season, on April 6, during a 8–4 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins, <mask> became the fourth defenseman in Rangers history to record an 11-game point streak. His point streak ended on April 9 at 12 games.He also became the first Rangers defenseman to assist on 11-straight power play goals. On April 29, <mask> was named the recipient of the Steven MacDonald Extra Effort Award. He was given the award for his outstanding defense and consistent play throughout the season. <mask> was the first defenseman to win the award since Brian Leetch won in 1997. On June 29, <mask> won the James Norris Memorial Trophy for the 2020–21 NHL season. <mask> became only the second defenseman in NHL history to win the award before starting their third season. He is the youngest winner since then Montreal Canadiens defenseman P. K. Subban won it at the age of 23 in 2013, and is the first Rangers player to receive the honor since Brian Leetch in 1997.In a shortened 56-game schedule, <mask> led all defensemen with 42 assists and was second in points with 47, behind Tyson Barrie of the Edmonton Oilers. In 55 games, he registered five goals, posted a plus-19 rating, averaged 24:42 of ice time per game, and finished with 23 power play points. On November 1, 2021, <mask> signed a seven-year, $66.5 million contract extension with the Rangers. In January 2022, <mask> was chosen to his first NHL All-Star Game, which will be held at T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada. After scoring two goals with an assist in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on January 19, <mask> became the first Rangers defenseman to reach the 40-point mark in 40 games or fewer since Brian Leetch in the 2000–01 season. International play

<mask> has represented the United States men's national junior ice hockey team at both the 2017 and 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. In 2017, <mask> won a gold medal with Team USA while recording four points in seven games.The following year, <mask> was named an alternate captain for Team USA at the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He led Team USA to a bronze medal while leading the team's defensemen in assists and points. Following the conclusion of his collegiate career, on April 19, 2019, <mask> was selected to represent the senior United States team at the 2019 IIHF World Championship held in Bratislava and Košice, Slovakia. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

See also
 List of select Jewish ice hockey players

References

External links

1998 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Calgary Flames draft picks
Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Jewish ice hockey players
Jewish American sportspeople
New York Rangers players
People from Jericho, New York
USA Hockey National Team Development Program players
21st-century American Jews
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans

masks:
Adam Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Tammy Fox
Foxy
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
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