title: Helmut Schmidt

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<mask> (; 23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Before becoming Chancellor, he was the minister of Defence (1969–1972) and as the minister of Finance (1972–1974) in the government of Willy Brandt. In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies. He had also briefly been Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. As Chancellor, he focused on international affairs, seeking "political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States" and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe. He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978. He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980, but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies, the Free Democratic Party.He retired from Parliament in 1986, after clashing with the SPD's left wing, who opposed him on defence and economic issues. In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank. Background, family, early life and education

<mask> was the elder of two sons of teachers Ludovica Koch (10 November 1890 – 29 November 1968) and Gustav Ludwig <mask> (18 April 1888 – 26 March 1981) in Barmbek, a working-class district of Hamburg, in 1918. <mask> studied at Hamburg Lichtwark School, graduating in 1937. <mask>'s father was born the biological son of a German Jewish banker, Ludwig Gumpel, and a Christian waitress, Friederike Wenzel, and then covertly adopted, although this was kept a family secret for many years. This was confirmed publicly by <mask> in 1984, after Valéry Giscard d'Estaing revealed the fact to journalists, apparently with <mask>'s assent. <mask> himself was a non-practising Lutheran.<mask> was a group leader (Scharführer) in the Hitler Youth organisation until 1936, when he was demoted and sent on leave because of his anti-Nazi views. However, newly accessible documents from 1942 praise his "Impeccable national socialist [Nazi] behaviour", and in 1944 his superiors mentioned that <mask> "stands the ground of national socialist ideology, knowing that he must pass it on." On 27 June 1942, he married his childhood sweetheart Hannelore "Loki" Glaser (3 March 1919 – 21 October 2010). They had two children: <mask> (26 June 1944 – 19 February 1945, died of meningitis), and  (born 8 May 1947), who works in London for Bloomberg Television. <mask> resumed his education in Hamburg after the war, graduating in economics and political science in 1949. Military service
<mask> had planned to study without interruption. Therefore, he volunteered at age 18 for military service in 1937.He began serving with an anti-aircraft battery of Luftwaffe at Vegesack near Bremen. In World War II, after brief service on the Eastern Front during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 (including the Siege of Leningrad), he returned to Germany in 1942 to work as a trainer and advisor at the Ministry of Aviation. During his service in World War II, <mask> was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. He attended the People's Court as a military spectator at some of the show trials for officers involved in the 20 July plot, in which an unsuccessful attempt was made to assassinate Hitler at Rastenburg, and was disgusted by Judge Roland Freisler's conduct. Toward the end of the war, from December 1944 onwards, he served as an Oberleutnant in the Flak artillery on the Western Front during the Battle of the Bulge and the Ardennes Offensive. He was captured by the British in April 1945 on Lüneburg Heath, and was a prisoner of war until August of that year in Belgium. In 1958 <mask> was promoted to Hauptmann of the Bundeswehr reserve.Post-WWII
<mask> joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1946, and from 1947 to 1948 was the leader of the Socialist German Student League, the student organisation of the SPD. Upon graduating from the University of Hamburg, where he read economics, he worked for the government of the city-state of Hamburg, working in the department of Economic Policy. Beginning in 1952, under Karl Schiller, he was a senior figure heading up the Behörde für Wirtschaft und Verkehr (the Hamburg State Ministry for Economy and Transport). He was elected to the Bundestag in 1953, and in 1957 he became a member of the SPD parliamentary party executive. A vocal critic of conservative government policy, his outspoken rhetoric in parliament earned him the nickname <mask>hnauze ("<mask> the Lip"). In 1958, he joined the national board of the SPD (Bundesvorstand), and campaigned against nuclear weapons and the equipping of the Bundeswehr with such devices. He alarmed some in his party by taking part in manoeuvres as a reserve officer in the newly formed Bundeswehr.In 1962, he gave up his seat in parliament to concentrate on his tasks in Hamburg. Senator

The government of the city-state of Hamburg is known as the Senate of Hamburg, and from 1961 to 1965, <mask> was the Innensenator: the senator of the interior. He gained a reputation as a Macher (doer) – someone who gets things done regardless of obstacles – by his effective management during the emergency caused by the 1962 flood, during which 300 people drowned. <mask> used all means at his disposal to alleviate the situation, even when that meant overstepping his legal authority, including employing the federal police and army units (ignoring the German constitution's prohibition on using the army for "internal affairs"; a clause excluding disasters was not added until 1968). Describing his actions, <mask> said, "I wasn't put in charge of these units – I took charge of them!" He saved a further 1,000 lives and swiftly managed the re-housing of thousands of the homeless. Return to federal politics

In 1965, he was re-elected to the Bundestag.In 1967, after the formation of the Grand Coalition between the SPD and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he became chairman of the Social Democratic parliamentary party, a post he held until the elections of 1969. In 1968, he was elected deputy party chairman, a post that he held until 1983. Unlike Willy Brandt and Gerhard Schröder, he never became chairman of the party. In October 1969, he entered the government of Willy Brandt as defense minister. During his term in office, the military conscription time was reduced from 18 to 15 months, while at the same time increasing the number of young men being conscripted. Additionally, <mask> decided to introduce the Bundeswehr universities in Hamburg and Munich to broaden the academic education of the German officer corps, and the situation of non-commissioned officers was improved. In July 1972, he succeeded Karl Schiller as Minister for Economics and Finance, but in November 1972, he relinquished the Economics department, which was again made a separate ministry.<mask> remained Minister of Finance and faced the prospect of rising inflation. Shortly before the Oil Shock of 1973, which rattled Britain and United States, <mask> agreed that European currencies should be floated against the US Dollar. He remained in charge of finance until May 1974. Chancellor of Germany, 1974–1982

<mask> became Chancellor of West Germany on 16 May 1974, after Brandt's resignation in the wake of an espionage scandal. The worldwide economic recession was the main problem his administration faced, and <mask> took a tough and disciplined line, in reduction of public spending. <mask> was also active in improving relations with France. Together with the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, he was one of the fathers of the world economic summits, the first of which assembled in 1975.In 1975, he was a signatory of the Helsinki Accords to create the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the precursor of today's OSCE. In 1978, he helped set up the European Monetary System (EMS), known as the "Snake in the Tunnel". He remained as Chancellor after the 1976 federal election, in coalition with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP). He adopted a tough, uncompromising line with the indigenous Red Army Faction (RAF) extremists. In October 1977, he ordered an anti-terrorist unit of Bundesgrenzschutz policemen to end the Palestinian terrorist hijacking of a Lufthansa aircraft named Landshut, staged to secure the release of imprisoned RAF leaders, after it landed in Mogadishu, Somalia. Three of the four kidnappers were killed during the assault on the plane, but all 86 passengers were rescued unharmed. <mask> was re-elected as Chancellor in November 1980.Concerned about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the Soviet superiority regarding missiles in Central Europe, <mask> issued proposals resulting in the NATO Double-Track Decision, concerning the deployment of medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe, should the Soviets not disarm. This decision was unpopular with the German public. A mass demonstration against the deployment mobilised 400,000 people in October 1981. At the beginning of his period as chancellor, <mask> was a proponent of Keynesian economics, and pursued expansionary monetary and fiscal policies during his tenure. Between 1979 and 1982, the <mask> administration pursued such policies in an effort to reduce unemployment. These were moderately successful, as the fiscal measures introduced after 1977, with reductions in income and wealth taxes and an increase in the medium-term public investment programme, were estimated to have created 160,000 additional jobs in 1978–79, or 300,000 if additional public sector employment was included in the figure. The small reduction in the unemployment rate, however, was achieved at the cost of a larger budget deficit (which rose from 31.2 billion DM to 75.7 billion DM in 1981), brought about by fiscal expansion.During the 1970s, West Germany was able to weather the global financial storm far better than almost all the other developed countries, with unemployment and inflation kept at comparatively low levels. During the 1976 election campaign, the SPD/FDP coalition was able to win the battle of statistics, whether the figures related to employees' incomes, strikes, unemployment, growth, or public sector debts. Amongst other social improvements, old age pensions had been doubled between 1969 and 1976, and unemployment benefits increased to 68% of previous earnings. Whilst visiting Saudi Arabia in April 1981, <mask> made some unguarded remarks about the Israel-Palestine conflict that succeeded in aggravating the delicate relations between Israel and West Germany. Asked by a reporter about the moral aspect of German-Israeli relations, he stated that Israel was not in a position to criticise Germany due to its handling of Palestinians, and "That won't do. And in particular, it won't do for a German living in a divided nation and laying moral claim to the right of self-determination for the German people. One must then recognize the moral claim of the Palestinian people to the right of self-determination."On 3 May, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin denounced <mask> as "unprincipled, avaricious, heartless, and lacking in human feeling", and stated that he had "willingly served in the German armies that murdered millions." Begin was also upset over remarks that <mask> had made on West German television the previous week, in which he spoke apologetically about the suffering Germany inflicted on various nations during World War II; but made no mention of the Jews. On his flight home from Riyadh, <mask> told his advisers that war guilt could not continue to affect Germany's foreign relations. <mask> was the first world leader to call upon newly elected French president François Mitterrand, who visited Bonn in July 1981. The two found themselves in "complete agreement" on foreign policy matters and relations with the United States and the Soviet Union, but differed on trade and economic issues. By the end of his term, however, <mask> had turned away from deficit spending, due to a deteriorating economic situation, and a number of welfare cuts were carried out, including smaller increases in child benefits and higher unemployment

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title: Helmut Schmidt

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 and health contributions. Large sections of the SPD increasingly opposed his security policy, while most of the FDP politicians strongly supported that policy.While representatives of the left-wing of the Social Democratic Party opposed reduction of the state expenditures, the FDP began proposing a monetarist economic policy. In February 1982, <mask> won a motion of confidence; however on 17 September 1982, the coalition broke apart, with the four FDP ministers leaving his cabinet. <mask> continued to lead a minority government composed only of SPD members, while the FDP negotiated a coalition with the CDU/CSU. During this time, <mask> also headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 1 October 1982, parliament approved a constructive vote of no confidence and elected CDU chairman <mask> as the new chancellor. This was the only time in the history of the Federal Republic that a chancellor was removed from office in this way. Life after politics

In 1982, along with his friend Gerald Ford, he co-founded the annual AEI World Forum.The following year he joined the nationwide weekly Die Zeit newspaper as co-publisher, also acting as its director from 1985 to 1989. In 1985, he became managing director. With Takeo Fukuda he founded the Inter Action Councils in 1983. He retired from the Bundestag in 1986. In December 1986, he was one of the founders of the committee supporting the EMU and the creation of the European Central Bank. Contrary to the line of his party, <mask> was a determined opponent of Turkey's bid to join the EU. He also opposed phasing out nuclear energy, something that the Red-Green coalition of Gerhard Schröder supported.In 2007, <mask> described the climate debate as "hysterically overheated". When asked about social media, <mask> said he perceived the internet as "threatening". He was particularly concerned about the superficiality of communication on the web. On 16 May 2014, <mask> said the situation in Ukraine was dangerous, because "Europe, the Americans and also Russia are behaving in a way that Christopher Clark, described in his book The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 that's very much worth reading, as the beginning of World War I: like sleepwalkers." <mask> was the author of numerous books on his political life, on foreign policy, and political ethics. He made appearances in numerous television talk shows, and remained one of the most renowned political publicists in Germany until his death. In his later years, <mask> gained a positive reputation as an elder statesman across party lines in Germany.Friendships

<mask> described the assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat as one of his friends from the world of politics, and maintained a friendship with ex-president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. His circle also included former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and former U.S. Secretaries of State George Shultz and Henry Kissinger. Kissinger went on record as stating that he wished to predecease <mask>, because he would not wish to live in a world without him. He was also good friends with former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. At the 4th G7 summit in 1978, the two discussed strategies for the upcoming Canadian federal election, and <mask> gave him advice on economic policy. In 2011, <mask> made a pilgrimage to the Trudeau family vault in St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, accompanied by Jean Chrétien and Tom Axworthy.Personal life
<mask> admired the philosopher Karl Popper, and contributed a foreword to the 1982 Festschrift in Popper's honor. <mask> was a talented pianist, and recorded piano concertos of both Mozart and Bach with German pianist and conductor Christoph Eschenbach. <mask> recorded Mozart's piano concerto for three pianos, K. 242, with the London Philharmonic Orchestra directed by Eschenbach in 1982 with pianists Eschenbach and Justus Frantz for EMI Records (CDC 7 47473 2). In that recording, according to the CDs liner notes, <mask> played the part written for Countess Antonia Lodron's youngest daughter Giuseppina, "almost a beginner" who commissioned the work. The part brilliantly "enables any reasonably practiced amateur to participate in a performance". The same musical notes also indicate that <mask> and Frantz had played duets during Frantz's student days. In 1990 <mask> joined Eschenbach, Frantz, Gerhard Oppitz and the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra in Deutsche Grammophon's recording of Bach's Concerto in A minor for four harpsichords, BWV 1065.All his adult life, <mask> was a heavy smoker. He was well known for lighting up during TV interviews and talk shows. On 13 October 1981, <mask> was fitted with a cardiac pacemaker. On 25 January 2008, German police launched an inquiry after an anti-smoking initiative charged that <mask> was defying the recently introduced smoking ban. The initiative claimed that <mask> had been flagrantly ignoring anti-smoking laws. Despite pictures in the press, the case was subsequently dropped after the public prosecutor's office ruled that <mask>'s actions had not been a threat to public health. On 6 April 2010, with a lifespan of 33,342 days, he surpassed Konrad Adenauer in terms of longevity, and at the time of his death was the oldest former chancellor in German history.His wife of 68 years, <mask>, died on 21 October 2010, aged 91. At the beginning of August 2012, <mask> gave an interview on German television and revealed that at 93 years of age, he had fallen in love again. His new life-partner was his over 57 years long-standing associate Ruth Loah (27 September 1933 – 23 February 2017). Illness, death and state funeral

On 2 September 2015, <mask> underwent surgery for a vascular occlusion in his right leg. On 17 September, he was discharged from hospital. After initial improvement, his condition worsened again on 9 November, with his doctor saying he "feared for the worst". <mask> died in his Hamburg home on the afternoon of 10 November 2015, aged 96.At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived German Chancellor. A state funeral for <mask> was held on 23 November at the Protestant (Lutheran) St. Michael's Church, Hamburg, where <mask>'s funeral had been held. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, in remarks to mourners, said, "He will be missed. He was an astute observer and commentator, and it was with good reason that he had a reputation for dependability." Others who spoke included former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Speaking in German, he lauded <mask> for "vision and courage", based on the principles of "reason, law, peace and faith", and said <mask> had been "a kind of world conscience". Among the 1,800 who attended were German President Joachim Gauck, former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, whose tenure in office paralleled <mask>'s as German chancellor.Other guests included former chancellor Gerhard Schröder, former presidents Christian Wulff, Horst Köhler, Roman Herzog and Hamburg's mayor Olaf Scholz. A flag-draped coffin containing the remains of the former chancellor, also a former German defense minister, was escorted by the German Army's Wachbataillon from St. Michael's to Ohlsdorf Cemetery for a private interment ceremony. <mask>'s remains were buried there one day later, in the family grave alongside the remains of his parents and his wife, Loki. Honours and awards
<mask> received a number of accolades. Among those offered was the Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, which he chose not to accept in Hanseatic tradition in line with the history of independence of Hamburg. In 2003, the university of Germany's federal armed forces in Hamburg was renamed <mask> Schmidt University – University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg in 2003, in honour of the politician whoas minister of defensehad introduced mandatory academic education for German career officers. Freedom of the City
 1983: Hamburg
 1983: Bonn
 1983: Bremerhaven
 1989: Berlin
 1995: Güstrow
 1998: State of Schleswig-Holstein

Honorary degrees
Throughout his tenure as chancellor, and even thereafter, <mask> received 24 honorary degrees.They include degrees from the British universities Oxford and Cambridge, Paris Sorbonne, the American Harvard and Johns Hopkins universities, the Belgian Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and the Keio University in Japan. Foundations
The Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung was established in 2016 by the German Bundestag as one of six non-partisan foundations commemorating politicians. Its aim is to honour <mask>'s historic achievements and to work on political issues <mask> was concerned with throughout his political life and which have lost none of their relevance today. The foundation's headquarters are located in Hamburg. The Schleyer family's decision to award him this prize 36 years after Schleyer's death deeply moved him. 2014: German-French Journalists Prize
 2015: Gustav-Stresemann-Prize of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Germany

Controversies over service in World War II
In 2017, after Minister of Defense Ursula von der Leyen issued an order to remove Wehrmacht memorabilia from barracks and other institutions of the Bundeswehr, a photo of the young Lieutenant <mask> in Wehrmacht uniform was removed from the military's Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg. Although the photo is now displayed again, the initial decision has caused a debate over <mask>'s service in the Wehrmacht.According to Der Spiegel, von der Leyen initially distanced herself from this decision, yet after a few days, she explained that <mask>, as Minister of Defense and later Chancellor, was important in the formation of the Bundeswehr as a democratic army, but his time in the Wehrmacht had nothing to do with this. Historian Michael Wolffsohn argues that <mask> avoided explaining about what he had done between 1940 and 1945." He further comments that the whole <mask> affair reveals that while the Bundeswehr is not "a state within state", there is an uncritical milieu in the Bundeswehr that does not correspond to the spirit of the majority in the German society and might get larger if unchecked. He recommends that the photo be displayed again, but with explanations. Theo Sommer, a prominent journalist and former Chief of Planning Staff for the Ministry of Defence, while agreeing that the military leadership should pay attention to extremism within the Bundeswehr, criticizes von der Leyen for her overreaction and Wolffsohn for false representation of <mask>'s attitude. According to Sommer, <mask> had always been frank about his service on the Eastern Front: while he denied that he had ever seen or known about mass extermination of Jews in Russia, <mask> admitted he often had to shoot at villages and then recognized the smell of burnt flesh. <mask> said the troops were never taught about the Geneva Conventions, and by standards of today, he would have to go to court "a dozen times".According to Der Spiegel, <mask> dated his departure from "idea and practice of National Socialism" to 1942 and his recognition of the criminal character of the regime to 1944. Bibliography

Memoirs

 Menschen und Mächte (Men and Powers), Siedler, Berlin 1987. Memoirs with focus on cold war politics. Die Deutschen und ihre Nachbarn (The Germans and their Neighbours), Siedler, Berlin 1990. Strong focus on European politics. Kindheit und Jugend unter Hitler, with Willi Berkhan et al. (Childhood and Youth under Hitler).Siedler, Berlin 1992. Weggefährten (Companions), Siedler, Berin 1996. Personal memoirs, with focus on personal relations with domestic and foreign politicians

Political books (selection)

Notes and references

Further reading
 Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 (A History of West Germany) (v. 2) (1989)

 Dönhoff, Marion. Foe into Friend: Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to <mask> (1982)
 Merkl, Peter H. The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity (1989)
 Soell, Hartmut. <mask>: Pioneer of International Economic and Financial Cooperation (2013) excerpt
 Spohr, Kristina. The Global Chancellor: <mask> and the Reshaping of the International Order (Oxford University Press, 2016).Wilsford, David, ed. Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp.

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title: Jack Pritchard

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John Craven (<mask><mask> (8 June 1899 – 27 April 1992) was a British furniture entrepreneur, who was very influential between the First and Second World Wars. His work is exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Museum of London. He was a member of the Design and Industries Association. <mask> was born in Hampstead, London, the son of <mask>, a successful barrister, and a descendant of <mask>, businessman and scientist. He was educated at Oundle School and Pembroke College, University of Cambridge. In 1924, <mask> married Rosemary (Molly) Cooke, a psychiatrist (1900 - 1985); they had two sons, Jonathan and Jeremy, born in 1926 and 1928. <mask> also had a daughter, Jennifer, with Beatrix Tudor Hart, a pioneering educator.For many years he and his wife lived in the famous Lawn Road Flats, also known as the Isokon Flats. They later retired to a house also named Isokon on Dunwich Road, Blythburgh, Suffolk, designed by Jennifer and her husband Colin Jones. <mask> died in Blythburgh and is buried there. Isokon

The London-based Isokon firm was founded in 1929 to design and construct modernist houses and flats, and subsequently furniture and fittings for them. Originally called Wells Coates and Partners, the name was changed in 1931 to Isokon, a name derived from Isometric Unit Construction, bearing an allusion to Russian Constructivism. Unusually for a design company, its directors were the bacteriologist and later psychiatrist <mask>, the solicitor Frederick Graham-Maw, son of Frederick James Maw, the founder of the law firm Rowe and Maw, the economist Robert S Spicer, as well as Coates and Pritchard. In reality, the company was run by <mask>, whose initial involvement was to handle the economics, publicity and marketing, but who later went on to hire designers and direct the company after Coates left.<mask> had become the British marketing manager for the large plywood company Venesta (short for veneer Estonia) in 1926, which had 5,000 employees and a factory and wharf in Silvertown, East London as well as offices in the City of London. <mask> had hired Charlotte Perriand through Le Corbusier to design a trade fair stand for the company at Olympia, London in 1929. Despite his involvement with Lawn Road Flats and the Isokon company, <mask> continued to work for Venesta until 1936. The Isokon furniture was mainly manufactured at A M Luther in Tallinn, an Estonian company that owned 50% of Venesta and was Europe's largest plywood manufacturer in the first half of the 20th century. The Isokon company was never commercially successful. The end came with the outbreak of World War II when its supply of plywood from A M Luther was cut off due to the Soviet invasion of Estonia and A M Luther was confiscated. Isokon ceased production in 1939 but the company was restarted by <mask> in 1963, now with production in Britain.Since 1982, the furniture is made by Isokon Plus, formerly known as Windmill Furniture, with the approval of the <mask> family. Lawn Road Flats

Isokon's key project was the Lawn Road Flats in Hampstead, since 1972 named Isokon Flats, which was formally opened on 9 July 1934. It was designed by the Canadian architect Wells Coates after a brief by <mask>, based on the Minimum Flat concept stated at the CIAM conference of 1929. In March 1931, Wells Coates, <mask> and Serge Chermayeff had visited Germany to view new housing developments, including the Bauhaus in Dessau, which had a large influence. The building process of Lawn Road Flats and the opening event was photographed by Edith Tudor Hart who was educated at the Bauhaus school in Dessau. Intended to be the last word in contemporary modernist living, the block of flats was aimed at young professionals. It contained 22 single flats, four double flats, three studio flats, staff quarters, kitchens and a large garage.Services included shoe cleaning, laundry, bed making and food sent up by a dumb waiter at the spine of the building. In 1937, a restaurant and bar designed by Marcel Breuer and Maxwell Fry named the Isobar – located on the ground floor with a decked outdoor area - was added to the complex. Its first manager was Philip Harben, who after World War II became the first TV celebrity chef at the BBC. <mask> also set up a supper club called The Half Hundred Club, so named because it could have no more than 25 members who could bring 25 guests. They dined either at the Isobar, at <mask>'s penthouse flat in the Isokon building or at more exotic locations, such as London Zoo. The flats and the Isobar became famous as a centre for intellectual life in north London. Residents included the novelist Agatha Christie and her husband, the archeologist Max Mallowan, the Soviet NKVD spy master Arnold Deutsch who recruited the Cambridge Five, the German born economist and Soviet spy Jürgen Kuczynski, the author Nicholas Monsarrat, ethnomusicologist Erich Moritz von Hornbostel, architect Jacques Groag and his wife, textile designer Jacqueline Groag, architects Egon Riss and Arthur Korn and the author Adrian Stokes.The British architects Sir James Stirling and Alec Bright, later director of the Museo del Oro in Bogotá, Colombia were resident during the 1960s. Regulars at the Isobar included the sculptors Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth and Naum Gabo and the painter Ben Nicholson as well as Sir Julian Huxley. <mask> remained in London during World War II while <mask> and their children Jonathan and Jeremy left for the United States where she moved in with Walter Gropius and his wife Ise, while the children attended a boarding school in Canada. The building was popular as a residence during the war due to being made out of reinforced concrete, and despite near bombs, survived the Blitz. It was repainted brown during the war as it was feared its white surface could serve as a guide for German bombers. In 1955, <mask> staged a 21st birthday party for the building on its roof top terrace. Philip Harben returned to make the food, architectural writer Nikolaus Pevsner made a speech and letters from Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer were read out.Wells Coates and many pre-World War II residents attended the event, as well as designers Robin Day and Lucienne Day and architects Alison and Peter Smithson. The building was sold by <mask> in 1969 to the magazine New Statesman, who demolished the Isobar and made it into flats. They then sold the building on to Camden Council in 1972 for twice the price. The building was listed Grade II in 1974 by English Heritage and listed Grade I in 1999. Despite this, it received very poor maintenance from Camden Council and deteriorated badly. During this period it was partly used to house single men with drug, alcohol and mental health problems. After a long campaign to save the building, it was sold to the housing association Notting Hill Housing Group in 2003, in a joint bid with the modernist building conservation firm Avanti Architects, headed up by architect John Allan, with the pledge that a museum would open in the building.It now contains 36 flats, most that are owned on equity sharing basis by key workers such as nurses and teachers. In July 2014, the building's garage was converted into a gallery space with a permanent exhibition that tells the story of the building, its residents and the Isokon company. It is operated by the not-for-profit charitable Isokon Gallery Trust and is open 11am to 4 pm each Saturday and Sunday from early March until the end of October every year. Bauhaus in Britain

In 1935, Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus, became Controller of Design for The Isokon Furniture Company. He had arrived in England on 18 October 1934 with his wife Ise Gropius, and later their adopted daughter Ati joined them. Gropius lived in flat 15 at Lawn Road Flats until March 1937, when they left for the United States for Gropius to become Professor of Architecture at Harvard University. A month before he left for the US, Gropius recommended Marcel Breuer, a former colleague at the Bauhaus who had moved into flat 16 in the building in early 1935, as his replacement as Controller of Design.The furniture Breuer designed whilst at Isokon are highly influential pieces of modernism, and included chairs, tables and the Long and Short Chair. László Moholy-Nagy, another former Bauhaus teacher who also lived briefly in the building with his wife Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, became involved with Isokon when he arrived in Britain from Germany in May 1935. Moholy-Nagy designed promotional material for the Isokon Furniture Company, including sales leaflets, showcards and the logo of the Isokon firm itself, which was an outline of curved plywood chair. He later formed The New Bauhaus in Chicago. The fourth Bauhaus teacher at Lawn Road Flats was Naum Slutzky, a Russian born goldsmith who had worked at the school in Weimar. He remained in Britain for the rest of his life. Isokon furniture revival

<mask> revived the Isokon company in 1963 after his retirement.Changes in the manufacture of plywood meant a redesign of some of the key pieces in the Isokon portfolio, for which <mask> hired Ernest Race, former furniture designer for the Festival of Britain. In 1968, <mask> licensed John Alan Designs, based in Camden, London to produce the Long Chair, Nesting Tables and the Isokon Penguin Donkey Mark 2 designed by Ernest Race, which the company did until 1980. The Isokon Penguin Donkey Mark 2 became a sales success due to the support of Allen Lane, the founder of Penguin Books. In 1982, Chris McCourt of Windmill Furniture was granted the license to manufacture the historical Isokon furniture pieces by <mask>. From 1999, the Isokon furniture was sold through his renamed company Isokon Plus, first based in Chiswick, West London and from 2014 in Hackney Wick, East London. The company was later sold to VG&P, which retained the Isokon Plus brand. The first furniture to be added to the Isokon portfolio since 1963 was designed by the duo Barber Osgerby in 1996.Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby had recently graduated from the Royal College of Art when they designed their first piece, the Loop Table. The bent plywood design was to be the first of several furniture pieces that the designers created for Isokon Plus, the most recent the Bodleian Chair for the University of Oxford's historic Bodleian Libraries. References and sources
References

Sources
Grieve, Alastair. 2004. Isokon: For Ease, For Ever. London: Isokon Plus. <mask> — The Pritchard Papers, UEA Norwich
John <mask> (Jack) — Archives Hub
Isokon at Blythburgh — Alan Mackley
Isokon Designers — Isokon Plus

Publications
J. <mask>, View from a Long Chair - the Memoirs of <mask>, Sydney, Australia : Law Book Co of Australasia, 1984.Darling, Elizabeth. 2012. Wells Coates. London: RIBA Enterprises. .

Burke, David. 2014. The Lawn Road Flats: Spies, Writers and Artists. London: Boydell Press. .

Daybelge, Leyla and Englund, Magnus.2019. Isokon and the Bauhaus in Britain. London: Batsford. . Powers, Alan. 2019. Bauhaus Goes West. London: Thames & Hudson. .

MacCarthy, Fiona.2019. Walter Gropius: Visionary Founder of the Bauhaus. London: Faber & Faber. .

1899 births
1992 deaths
Architects from London
British furniture designers
People from Blythburgh

masks:
Jack
) Pritchard
Life Pritchard
Clive Fleetwood Pritchard
Andrew Pritchard
Pritchard
Jack
Pritchard
Molly Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Pritchard
Molly Pritchard
Jack Pritchard
Pritchard
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Molly Pritchard
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Jack Pritchard
Craven Pritchard
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Jack Pritchard


title: Nelson Algren

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; March 28, 1909 – May 9, 1981) was an American writer. His 1949 novel The Man with the Golden Arm won the National Book Award and was adapted as the 1955 film of the same name. <mask> articulated the world of "drunks, pimps, prostitutes, freaks, drug addicts, prize fighters, corrupt politicians, and hoodlums". Art Shay singled out a poem <mask> wrote from the perspective of a "halfy," street slang for a legless man on wheels. Shay said that <mask> considered this poem to be a key to everything he had ever written. The protagonist talks about "how forty wheels rolled over his legs and how he was ready to strap up and give death a wrestle." According to Harold Augenbraum, "in the late 1940s and early 1950s he was one of the best known literary writers in America."The lover of French writer Simone de Beauvoir, he is featured in her novel The Mandarins, set in Paris and Chicago. He was called "a sort of bard of the down-and-outer" based on this book, but also on his short stories in The Neon Wilderness (1947) and his novel A Walk on the Wild Side (1956). The latter was adapted as the 1962 film of the same name (directed by Edward Dmytryk, screenplay by John Fante). <mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Goldie (née Kalisher) and Gerson Abraham. At the age of three, he moved with his parents to Chicago, Illinois, where they lived in a working-class, immigrant neighborhood on the South Side. His father was the son of a Swedish convert to Judaism and of a German Jewish woman, and his mother was of German Jewish descent. (She owned a candy store on the South Side.)When he was young, <mask>'s family lived at 7139 S. South Park Avenue (now S. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) in the Greater Grand Crossing section of the South Side. When he was eight, his family moved from the far South Side to an apartment at 4834 N. Troy Street, in the North Side neighborhood of Albany Park. His father worked as an auto mechanic nearby on North Kedzie Avenue. In his essay Chicago: City on the Make, <mask> added autobiographical details: he recalled being teased by neighborhood children after moving to Troy Street because he was a fan of the South Side White Sox. Despite living most of his life on the North Side, <mask> never changed his affiliation and remained a White Sox fan. <mask> was educated in Chicago's public schools, graduated from Hibbard High School (now Roosevelt High School) and went on to study at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in journalism during the Great Depression in 1931. During his time at the University of Illinois, he wrote for the Daily Illini student newspaper.Literary career and marriage
<mask> wrote his first story, "So Help Me", in 1933, while he was in Texas working at a gas station. Before returning to Chicago, he was caught stealing a typewriter from an empty classroom at Sul Ross State University in Alpine. He boarded a train for his getaway but was apprehended and returned to Alpine. He was held in jail for nearly five months and faced a possible additional three years in prison. He was released, but the incident made a deep impression on him. It deepened his identification with outsiders, has-beens, and the general failures who later populated his fictional world. In 1935 <mask> won the first of his three O. Henry Awards for his short story, "The Brother's House."The story was first published in Story magazine and was reprinted in an anthology of O. Henry Award winners. His first novel, Somebody in Boots (1935), was later dismissed by <mask> as primitive and politically naive, claiming he infused it with Marxist ideas he little understood, because they were fashionable at the time. The book was unsuccessful and went out of print. <mask> married Amanda Kontowicz in 1937. He had met her at a party celebrating the publication of Somebody in Boots. They eventually would divorce and remarry before divorcing a second and final time. His second novel, Never Come Morning (1942), was described by Andrew O'Hagan in 2019 as "the book that really shows the <mask> style in its first great flourishing."It portrays the dead-end life of a doomed young Polish-American boxer turned criminal. Ernest Hemingway, in a July 8, 1942, letter to his publisher Maxwell Perkins, said of the novel: "I think it very, very good. It is as fine and good stuff to come out of Chicago." The novel offended members of Chicago's large Polish-American community, some of whose members denounced it as pro-Axis propaganda. Not knowing that <mask> was of partly Jewish descent, some incensed Polish-American Chicagoans said he was pro-Nazi Nordic. His Polish-American critics persuaded Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly to ban the novel from the Chicago Public Library. Military service
<mask> served as a private in the European Theater of World War II as a litter bearer.Despite being a college graduate, he was denied entry into Officer Candidate School. There is conjecture that it may have been due to suspicion regarding his political beliefs, but his criminal conviction would have most likely excluded him from OCS. According to Bettina Drew in her 1989 biography <mask>: A Life on the Wild Side, <mask> had no desire to serve in the war but was drafted in 1943. An indifferent soldier, he dealt on the black market while he was stationed in France. He received a bad beating by some fellow black marketeers. Fame

<mask>'s first short-story collection, The Neon Wilderness (1947), collected 24 stories from 1933 to 1947. The same year, <mask> received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and a grant from Chicago's Newberry Library.It was in that same year that <mask> had an affair with Simone de Beauvoir. Mary Guggenheim, who had been <mask>'s lover, recommended De Beauvoir visit <mask> in Chicago. The couple would summer together in <mask>'s cottage in the lake front community of Miller Beach, Indiana, and also travel to Latin America together in 1949. In her novel The Mandarins (1954), Beauvoir wrote of <mask> (who is 'Lewis Brogan' in the book):

At first I found it amusing meeting in the flesh that classic American species: self-made leftist writer. Now, I began taking an interest in Brogan. Through his stories, you got the feeling that he claimed no rights to life and that nevertheless he had always had a passionate desire to live. I liked that mixture of modesty and eagerness.<mask> and Beauvoir eventually became disenchanted with each other, and a bitter <mask> wrote of Beauvoir and Sartre in a Playboy magazine article about a trip he took to North Africa with Beauvoir, that she and Sartre were bigger users of others than a prostitute and her pimp in their way. <mask>'s next novel, The Man With the Golden Arm (1949), would become his best known work. It won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1950. The protagonist of the book, Frankie Machine, is an aspiring drummer who is a dealer in illicit card games. Frankie is trapped in demimonde Chicago, having picked up a morphine habit during his brief military service during World War II. He is married to a woman whom he mistakenly believes became crippled in a car accident he caused. <mask>'s next book, Chicago, City on the Make (1951), was a scathing essay that outraged the city's boosters but portrayed the back alleys of the city, its dispossessed, its corrupt politicians and its swindlers.<mask> also declared his love of the City as a "lovely so real". The Man With the Golden Arm was adapted as a 1955 movie of the same name, starring Frank Sinatra and directed and produced by Otto Preminger. <mask> soon withdrew from direct involvement. It was a commercial success but <mask> loathed the film. He sued Preminger seeking an injunction to stop him from claiming ownership of the property as "An Otto Preminger film", but he soon withdrew his suit for financial reasons. In the fall of 1955, <mask> was interviewed for The Paris Review by rising author Terry Southern. <mask> and Southern became friends through this meeting and remained in touch for many years.<mask> became one of Southern's most enthusiastic early supporters and, when he taught creative writing in later years, he often used Southern as an example of a great short story writer. <mask> had another commercial success with the novel A Walk on the Wild Side (1956). He reworked some of the material from his first novel, Somebody in Boots, as well as picking up elements from several published short stories, such as his 1947 "The Face on the Barroom Floor". The novel was about a wandering Texan adrift during the early years of the Great Depression. He said it was superior to the earlier book. It was adapted as the 1962 movie of the same name. Some critics thought the film bowdlerized the book, and it was not commercially successful.Decline and second marriage
A Walk on the Wild Side was <mask>'s last commercial success. He turned to teaching creative writing at the University of Iowa's Writers Workshop to supplement his income. In 1965, he met Betty Ann Jones while teaching at the Writers Workshop. They married that year and divorced in 1967. According to Kurt Vonnegut, who taught with him at Iowa in 1965, <mask>'s "enthusiasm for writing, reading and gambling left little time for the duties of a married man." <mask> played a small part in Philip Kaufman's underground comedy Fearless Frank (1967) as a mobster named Needles. In 1968, he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.According to Bettina Drew's biography, <mask> angled for a journalism job in South Vietnam. Strapped for cash more than a decade after his only two commercially successful novels, he saw Vietnam as an opportunity to make money, not from journalism fees but dealing on the black market. Hurricane Carter and Paterson, New Jersey
In 1975, <mask> was commissioned to write a magazine article about the trial of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, the prize fighter who had been found guilty of double murder. While researching the article, <mask> visited Carter's hometown of Paterson, New Jersey. <mask> was instantly fascinated by the city of Paterson and he immediately decided to move there. In the summer of 1975, <mask> sold off most of his belongings, left Chicago, and moved into an apartment in Paterson. Death
In 1980, <mask> moved to a house in Sag Harbor, Long Island.He died of a heart attack at home on May 9, 1981. He is buried in Oakland Cemetery, Sag Harbor, Long Island. Posthumously published works
After <mask> died, it was discovered that the article about Hurricane Carter had grown into a novel, The Devil's Stocking, which was published posthumously in 1983. In September 1996, the book Nonconformity was published by Seven Stories Press, presenting <mask>'s view of the difficulties surrounding the 1956 film adaptation of The Man With the Golden Arm. Nonconformity also presents the belief system behind <mask>'s writing and a call to writers everywhere to investigate the dark and represent the ignored. The Neon Wilderness and The Last Carousel were also reprinted by Seven Stories  Press and recognized as the Library Journal Editors' Best Reprints of 1997. In 2009, Seven Stories then published Entrapment and Other Writings, a major collection of previously unpublished writings that included two early short stories, "Forgive Them, Lord," and "The Lightless Room," and the long unfinished novel fragment referenced in the book's title.In 2019, Blackstone Audio released the complete library of <mask>'s books as audiobooks. And in 2020 Olive Films released <mask> Live, a performance film of <mask>'s life and work starring Willem Dafoe and Barry Gifford, among others, produced by the Seven Stories Institute. Political views and FBI surveillance
<mask>'s friend Stuart McCarrell described him as a "gut radical," who generally sided with the downtrodden but was uninterested in ideological debates and politically inactive for most of his life. McCarrell states that <mask>'s heroes were the "prairie radicals" Theodore Dreiser, John Peter Altgeld, Clarence Darrow and Eugene V. Debs. <mask> references all of these men – as well as Big Bill Haywood, the Haymarket defendants and the Memorial Day Massacre victims – in Chicago: City on the Make. <mask> told McCarrell that he never joined the Communist Party, despite its appeal to artists and intellectuals during the Great Depression. Among other reasons, he cited negative experiences both he and Richard Wright had with party members.However, his involvement in groups deemed "subversive" during the McCarthy years drew the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Among his affiliations, he was a participant in the John Reed Club in the 1930s and later an honorary co-chair of the "Save Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Committee" in Chicago. According to Herbert Mitgang, the FBI suspected <mask>'s political views and kept a dossier on him amounting to more than 500 pages but identified nothing concretely subversive. During the 1950s, <mask> wished to travel to Paris with his romantic companion, Simone de Beauvoir,

masks:
Nelson Algren
Nelson Ahlgren Abraham
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Life Algren
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title: Nelson Algren

texts:
 but due to government surveillance his passport applications were denied. When he finally did get a passport in 1960, McCarrell concludes that "it was too late. By then the relationship [with de Beauvoir] had changed subtly but decisively." <mask> and Chicago Polonia
Algren described Ashland Avenue as figuratively connecting Chicago to Warsaw in Poland.His own life involved the Polish community of Chicago in many ways, including his first wife Amanda Kontowicz. His friend Art Shay wrote about <mask>, who while gambling, listened to old Polish love songs sung by an elderly waitress. The city's Polish Downtown, where he lived for years, played a significant part in his literary output. Polish bars that <mask> frequented in his gambling, such as the Bit of Poland on Milwaukee Avenue, figured in such writings as Never Come Morning and The Man With the Golden Arm. His novel Never Come Morning was published several years after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, a period when Poles, like Jews, were labeled an inferior race by Nazi ideology. Chicago's Polish-American leaders thought Never Come Morning played on these anti-Polish stereotypes, and launched a sustained campaign against the book through the Polish press, the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America, and other Polish-American institutions. Articles appeared in the local Polish newspapers and letters were sent to Mayor Ed Kelly, the Chicago Public Library, and <mask>'s publisher, Harper & Brothers.The general tone of the campaign is suggested by a Zgoda editorial that attacked his character and mental state, saw readers who got free copies as victims of a Nazi-financed plot, and said the novel proved a deep desire to harm ethnic Poles on <mask>'s part. The Polish American Council sent a copy of a resolution condemning the novel to the FBI. <mask> and his publisher defended against these accusations, with the author telling a library meeting that the book was about the effects of poverty, regardless of national background. The mayor had the novel removed from the Chicago Public Library system, and it apparently remained absent for at least 20 years. At least two later efforts to commemorate <mask> in Polish Downtown echoed the attacks on the novels. Shortly after his death in 1981, his last Chicago residence at 1958 West Evergreen Street was noted by Chicago journalist Mike Royko. The walk-up apartment just east of Damen Avenue in the former Polish Downtown neighborhood of West Town was in an area that had been dominated by Polish immigrants and was once one of Chicago's toughest and most crowded neighborhoods.The renaming of Evergreen Street to Algren Street caused controversy and was almost immediately reversed. In 1998, Algren enthusiasts instigated the renaming after <mask> of the Polish Triangle in what had been the center of the Polish Downtown. Replacing the plaza's traditional name, the director of the Polish Museum of America predicted, would obliterate the history of Chicago ethnic Poles and insult ethnic Polish institutions and local businesses. In the end a compromise was reached where the Triangle kept its older name and a newly installed fountain was named after <mask> and inscribed with a quotation about the city's working people protecting its essence, from <mask>'s essay "Chicago: City on the Make". Hoax broadcast
A passage featured in <mask>'s book The Devil's Stocking (1983) was broadcast on TV some six years earlier during the Southern Television hoax in the UK which generated international publicity when students interrupted the regular broadcast through the Hannington transmitter of the Independent Broadcasting Authority for six minutes on November 26, 1977. Issue No. 24 of Fortean Times (Winter 1977) transcribed the hoaxer's message as:

This is the voice of Asteron.I am an authorized representative of the Intergalactic Mission and I have a message for the planet Earth. We are beginning to enter the period of Aquarius and there are many corrections which have to be made by Earth people. All your weapons of evil must be destroyed. You have only a short time to live to learn to live together in peace. You must live in peace or leave the galaxy. The Devil's Stocking is <mask>'s fictionalized account of the trial of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, a real-life prize-fighter who had been found guilty of double murder, about whom <mask> had written a magazine article for Esquire in 1975. In the book, as a period of unrest within the prison begins, the character 'Kenyatta' gives a speech closely mirroring the Fortean Times transcript of the 1977 hoax, and those of other American newspaper reports of the broadcast.The passage in <mask>'s book says:

I am an authorized representative of the Intergalactic Mission," Kenyatta finally disclosed his credentials. "I have a message for the Planet Earth. We are beginning to enter the period of Aquarius. Many corrections have to be made by Earth people. All your weapons of evil must be destroyed. You have only a short time to learn to live together in peace. You must live in peace" – here he paused to gain everybody's attention – "you must live in peace or leave the galaxy!"Honors and awards

<mask> won his first O. Henry Award for his short story "The Brother's House" (published in Story Magazine) in 1935. His short stories "A Bottle of Milk for Mother (Biceps)" (published in the Southern Review) and "The Captain is Impaled" (Harper's Magazine) were O. Henry Award winners in 1941 and 1950, respectively. None of the stories won the first, second or third place awards but were included in the annual collection of O. Henry Award stories. The Man With the Golden Arm won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1950. In 1947 <mask> won an Arts and Letters Award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the forerunner to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1974 the Institute awarded him the Award of Merit Medal for the novel. And three months before he died in 1981, <mask> was elected to the Academy of Arts and Letters.<mask> was also honored in 1998 with the <mask>gren Fountain located in Chicago's Polish Triangle, in what had been the heart of Polish Downtown, the area that figured as the inspiration for much of his work. Appropriately enough, Division Street, <mask>'s favorite street as well as the onetime Polish Broadway, runs right past it. In 2010, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. References in popular culture

In literature and publications
In his 1967 novella, Trout Fishing in America, Richard Brautigan writes about crating up and mailing a crippled wino (Trout Fishing in America Shorty) to <mask>. In Jerry Kamstra's 1975 book The Frisco Kid, Jerry's mentally challenged friend Scott pulls him aside and forces Jerry to promise to him that he will read <mask> because "he is the one American author that hasn't sold out yet, kid." In 2011, literary publication 3:AM Magazine named <mask> a cult hero. In music
Leonard Cohen used images from The Man with the Golden Arm in "The Stranger Song", from his first album, Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967): "you've seen that man before: his golden arm dispatching cards, but now it's rusted from the elbows to the finger."In the documentary Classic Albums: Lou Reed: Transformer, musician Lou Reed says that <mask>'s 1956 novel, A Walk on the Wild Side, was the launching point for his similarly-titled 1972 song. According to the liner notes of The Tubes' second album, Young and Rich (1976), A Walk on the Wild Side  is the inspiration for their song "Pimp". The Verve has a song called "Neon Wilderness" on their 1997 album Urban Hymns. The Minnesota-based punk-rock band Dillinger Four quote <mask> as an inspiration in the song "Doublewhiskeycokenoice" from their 1998 album Midwestern Songs of the Americas. In that song Patrick Costello sings "<mask> came to me and said, 'Celebrate the ugly things' / The beat-up side of what they call pride could be the measure of these days." The 2002 album Adult World by guitarist Wayne Kramer (founding member of the Detroit band MC5) contains a song titled "<mask> Stopped By," in which guest band X-Mars-X provides a shuffling jazz background while Kramer reads a prose poem about walking the streets of present-day Chicago with <mask>. In 2005, The Hold Steady mentioned Algren in the song "Chicago Seemed Tired Last Night" from the Separation Sunday album.The first line of the song is "<mask> came to Paddy at some party at the Dead End Alley/He told him what to celebrate" and toward the end the song goes "Hey <mask>. Chicago seemed tired last night/They had cigarettes where there were supposed to be eyes." The name 'Paddy' in the song is a reference to Patrick Costello and the 'Dead End Alley' is the name of the house where the Dillinger Four's members used to live. The Devil Wears Prada on their 2019 album The Act has the song "Please Say No" which is based on the novel Never Come Morning. Onstage
In 1988, A Walk on the Wild Side was staged as a musical at the Back Alley Theatre in Van Nuys, California. Will Holt, who wrote the book, music, and lyrics, went on to win the Los Angeles Dramalogue Critics Award for his work. In 2000, John Susman's play Nelson & Simone was produced at Chicago's Live Bait Theatre, directed by Richard Cotovsky, and starring Gary Houston and Rebecca Covey.The play dramatizes the love affair between <mask> and Simone de Beauvoir. <mask> Award
Each year the Chicago Tribune gives a <mask> award for short fiction. Winners are published in the newspaper and given $5,000. The award is viewed with more than a little irony by <mask> admirers; the Tribune panned <mask>'s work in his lifetime, referring to Chicago: City on the Make as a "highly scented object." In an afterword to that book, <mask> accused the Tribune of imposing false viewpoints on the city and promoting mediocrity. Studs Terkel, writer Warren Leming, and three others founded the Nelson Algren Committee in 1989. At the time, there was a renewed interest in <mask>'s work.Somebody in Boots and Never Come Morning, both long out of print, had been republished in 1987. The first biography of <mask>, Bettina Drew's <mask>: A Life on the Wild Side, was published in 1989 by Putnam. All of <mask>'s words are now back in print. The Committee awards community activists an annual <mask> award and sponsors an <mask> birthday party. Leming's song "Algren Street" can be downloaded from the Committee's website. The site also contains the short film <mask>'s Last Night, written by Leming and directed by Carmine Cervi. Bibliography

Novels
 Somebody in Boots.1935; as The Jungle, Avon, 1957. Never Come Morning. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942; Four Walls Eight Windows, 1987; Seven Stories, 1996. The Man with the Golden Arm. Doubleday, 1949; Seven Stories, 1996. A Walk on the Wild Side. 1956.The Devil's Stocking. New York: Arbor House, 1983; Seven Stories, 2006. Short-story collections
 The Neon Wilderness. New York: Doubleday, 1947; Four Walls Eight Windows, 1986. <mask>'s Own Book of Lonesome Monsters: 13 Masterpieces of Black Humor. Algren-edited anthology with one <mask> story. 1962.The Last Carousel. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 1973; Seven Stories Press, 1997. He Swung and He Missed. Short story for younger readers. 1993. The Texas Stories of <mask>. 1994.Entrapment and Other Writings. Posthumous collection of fragments of the unfinished titular novel, uncollected stories, and poems. New York: Seven Stories, 2009. Nonfiction
 Chicago: City on the Make. Essay. 1951.
 Who Lost an American?. Travel book.1963; in Notes From a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American, Seven Stories, 2009. Conversations with <mask>. Interviews by H. E. F. Donohue. 1964. Notes from a Sea Diary: Hemingway All the Way. Travel book. 1965; in Notes From a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American, Seven Stories, 2009.America Eats. Travel book. 1992 (written 1930s). Nonconformity: Writing on Writing. Essay. 1996 (written 1951–1953). References

Further reading

External links

 The <mask>gren Papers The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
 NelsonAlgren.org
 <mask>: The End Is Nothing, The Road Is All documentary film
 <mask>: The Movie
 Writers Influenced By <mask>
 Clips of Barry Gifford and Willem Dafoe reading from <mask>'s work
 <mask> Papers at The Newberry Library
<mask>-Christine and Neal Rowland Papers at The Newberry Library
 <mask> quotes on Twitter

 The Man With The Golden Pen

1909 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Detroit
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Swedish descent
American tax resisters
Jewish American novelists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Book Award winners
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign College of Media alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
Writers from Paterson, New Jersey
People from Sag Harbor, New York
American male novelists
Novelists from New Jersey
Novelists from Illinois
Novelists from Michigan
Novelists from Iowa
20th-century American

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Nelson Algren
Nelson Algren


title: John Reynolds (Royal Navy officer)

texts:
<mask> (c. 1713 – 3 February 1788) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served for a period as the royal governor of the Province of Georgia from 1754 to 1757. At the end of a long life of service, he became admiral shortly before his death. Early life
Born about 1713, he entered the Navy in 1728 as a "volunteer per order" with Captain <mask> on board the frigate  , in which he served for six years. He passed his examination on 31 July 1734, being then, according to his certificate, 21 years old. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 14 October 1736. War of the Austrian Succession
In 1739–40 <mask> was serving in HMS Argyll on the home station.The War of the Austrian Succession broke out; and in June 1741 he was appointed to the fireship , then in the West Indies. She was paid off in November 1742, and <mask> went on half-pay. In 1743 he was first lieutenant of , and from her, in February 1743–44, was moved to , which he left before she sailed for the Tagus River in July 1744 on what was to be her last voyage (see Sir <mask>lchen). On 23 April 1745 <mask> was promoted to be commander of the fireship  on the home station. In the following December he was placed on half-pay. In August 1746 he was temporarily appointed to  at Plymouth; and similarly, in September, to  at Portsmouth, from which on 30 October he was posted to HMS Arundel. He was, however, not relieved from Centurion till 22 November.During 1747 Arundel was employed in the English Channel, cruising with some success against the enemy's trade, and afterwards in convoy service in the North Sea. Mission against pirates
In May 1748 <mask>, still in Arundel, was sent out to Charles Town, from which he went to Jamaica. In December he received orders to return to Charles Town, and patrol South Carolina, Georgia, and the Bahamas, an area then a resort of pirates. He continued on this station for over two years, returning to England in 1751. Governor of Georgia
<mask> returned to England in 1751 in search of a new command. As did most appointed officials of the British Empire in the eighteenth century, <mask> obtained his various commands through patronage. His sponsor, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke and Lord Chancellor of England, encouraged Lord George Halifax, President of the Board of Trade, to appoint <mask> as the new governor of royal Georgia in 1754.<mask> arrived at Savannah on 29 October 1754. Local residents met him with celebrations of bells and bonfires to express their hopes that he heralded a new era for the colony, in contrast to the Trustees' administration, which had ended in June 1752. Georgians desired a more dependable government, territorial expansion, border protection, and a profitable economy. <mask>, however, saw primarily a poor colony in which the high cost of living would drain, rather than supplement, his salary of £600 a year. He lived on the eastern side of Oglethorpe Square, the location of the home now filled by a parking lot. Following instructions from the Board of Trade, <mask> established a structure of royal government, including courts, a council, and the Commons House of Assembly. <mask> then directed the council to move into a new building when the original structure collapsed during his first meeting with that body.He acted decisively when the assembly faced a challenge from Augusta legislator Edmund Gray (or Grey), an immigrant from Virginia. Gray excited fears among the people about the extent of royal authority and tried to maneuver elections and assembly support to control a significant voting bloc within the Georgia legislature. <mask> refused to be intimidated, and his forceful leadership encouraged the assembly to expel the Gray faction in January 1755. <mask>'s military efforts, however, proved less than successful. His arrival in Georgia coincided with the first rumblings of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). His overall defense plans relied so heavily upon the British government to supply increasing numbers of troops, artillery, and forts that his London superiors refused to comply. Moreover, in November 1755 <mask> abruptly returned to Savannah after waiting ten days for Creek chiefs to arrive at Augusta.He had called the meeting to renew friendly relations but left the negotiations and a contingency of disappointed Creek Indians in the hands of an associate, William Little. Georgians might have forgiven <mask> this indiscretion if the governor had demonstrated tact and diplomacy in the rest of his administrative efforts. But <mask> acted as if he held a naval command instead of a civil office. He expected instant responses to his directives and resisted any challenge to his authority. In addition, <mask> publicly proclaimed his intentions to leave Georgia whenever a more profitable appointment came his way. <mask>'s style of command quickly angered the council. He refused to share his official instructions, which outlined the new royal government in Georgia, and communicated tidbits of that document only when he deemed necessary.<mask> failed to realize that council members sought to understand their role in the new royal government and to ensure that the governor did not overstep his constitutional powers. In the absence of such information, council members took their authority to advise and give consent to the governor literally. They questioned and debated his every move. The council targeted the bulk of its displeasure against Little, a former naval surgeon and shipmate of <mask> who served as the governor's secretary. The governor bestowed six additional offices upon Little, including clerk of the Commons House of Assembly and commissioner of Indian affairs. By September 1755 the council complained that Little interfered in governmental affairs, showed disrespect to the council, and exhibited dishonesty in office. <mask> insisted that he possessed the power to interpret the rights and duties of provincial officials.To demonstrate his authority, he removed councilman Clement Martin from office and eliminated only two of Little's titles. Throughout his term in office <mask> continued to quarrel with notable councilors, including James Habersham and Noble W. Jones. While <mask> did guide the house to enact several bills that helped to administer the colony, by early 1756 members of the House of Assembly joined the growing dissatisfaction with the governor. <mask> dissolved the legislature in February 1756, when it appeared that members might challenge his authority. To counter opposition, <mask> relied heavily upon Little to use his office as clerk of the house, and then as its elected Speaker, to create a <mask> faction during the fall of 1756. Little's efforts ironically included men who had supported Edmund Gray the year before. As opposition grew against his administration, <mask> took steps to control Georgia's General Court as well.By that time a letter from Jonathan Bryan, one of the province's largest landholders, and a scathing memorial concerning <mask> and Little—hand-carried by the provost marshal, Alexander Kellet—had made their way to the Board of Trade. That body voted to recall <mask> and ordered the governor back to England to give testimony about his actions. The board sent a lieutenant governor, Henry Ellis, as a replacement. <mask> relinquished the government to Ellis on 16 February 1757, and delayed his return to England for several weeks to collect information for his defense. Once <mask> left Georgia, he endured a brief capture by the French. When the board finally heard <mask>'s case in the spring of 1758, he received no punishment, except orders to resign as governor. <mask>'s administration created great distress for Georgians, initiated a loss of revenue, and gave the colony a negative image for potential immigrants.Yet provincial leaders gained important lessons about methods of cooperation with the royal executive and their own ability to challenge an administration with which they disagreed. They used such knowledge to create a stronger reciprocal relationship with subsequent royal officials, which generally lasted until the Revolutionary War (1775–83). Seven Years' War
In May 1759 he was directed to , of 60 guns, with which, in June, he joined the fleet off Brest under the command of Sir Edward Hawke. Hawke detached him as commodore of the squadron off Quiberon Bay. On this post he was afterwards relieved by Robert Duff, but was still detached from the fleet on 17 November, when, off the Isle Groix, he had news of the French fleet being at sea. He sent this off at once to the Admiralty, while he himself stood to the westward in the hope of meeting Hawke. This he did not succeed in doing, and he did not join the admiral till some days after the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November.The following February he was moved into , from which in March he was superseded. He afterwards commanded the frigate , till the peace of 1763. Later life
During the following years he lived at Newington Butts, and from 1766 to 1768 commanded , guardship at Plymouth. He then returned to Newington Butts, and in October 1768 sent to the Admiralty a proposal of a method of giving ships way through the water in a calm. In 1769 <mask> commanded , guardship at Plymouth; and from 1770 to 1773 , in which in 1770 he took out troops to Gibraltar. In 1773 he commanded  for some months, and in November was appointed to  at Plymouth, from which he was relieved in the end of 1774. <mask> was promoted to rear admiral on 31 March 1775, and to vice admiral on 29 January 1778.He then suffered from a paralytic stroke. He attained the rank of admiral on 24 September 1787, and died in London on 3 February 1788. <mask> Square in Savannah, Georgia, is named for him. <mask> was married twice, but his first wife was his younger sister. In 1761 he married Maria Catharina Langin from a Swabian Protestant family who had emigrated to Georgia. Their daughter Maria Catharina <mask> later married James Sowerby. <mask> had a son George out of wedlock; he was also a naval officer, surviving the wreck of , and father of the engraver <mask>.References

External links
 The New Georgia Encyclopedia

1713 births
1788 deaths
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Royal Navy admirals
Colonial governors of Georgia (U.S. state)

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John Reynolds
John Gascoigne
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title: John Warner

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<mask> (February 18, 1927 – May 25, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and as a five-term Republican U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1979 to 2009. <mask> served as Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee from 1999 to 2001, and again from 2003 to 2007. He also served as the Chair of the Senate Rules Committee from 1995 to 1999. <mask> was a veteran of the Second World War and Korean War, and was one of five World War II veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement. He did not seek reelection in 2008. After leaving the Senate, he worked for the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he had previously been employed before joining the United States Department of Defense as the Under Secretary of the Navy during the presidency of Richard Nixon in 1969.<mask>'s 2002 re-election is the most recent election in which a Republican won a U.S. Senate seat in Virginia. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born on February 18, 1927, in Washington, D.C., to Martha Budd and <mask> <mask>, Jr. He grew up in the District, where he attended the elite St. Albans School before graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in February 1945. <mask> enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II in January 1945, shortly before his 18th birthday. He served until the following year, leaving as a petty officer third class. He went to college at Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, graduating in 1949; he then entered the University of Virginia Law School. <mask> joined the U.S. Marine Corps in October 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, and served in Korea as a ground aircraft maintenance officer with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing.His service number was 050488. He continued in the Marine Corps Reserves after the war, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He then resumed his studies, taking courses at the George Washington University before receiving his law degree from UVA in 1953. That year, he became a law clerk to Chief Judge E. Barrett Prettyman of the United States Court of Appeals. In 1956, he became an assistant U.S. attorney. In 1960, he entered private law practice and joined Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). In the 1960 United States presidential election, he served as an aide to Vice President Richard Nixon's campaign team.Secretary of the Navy

After giving substantial funds and time to Nixon's successful presidential campaign in 1968, <mask> was appointed Under Secretary of the Navy in the Nixon Administration in February 1969. On May 4, 1972, he succeeded <mask>. Chafee as Secretary of the Navy. Thereafter <mask> was appointed by President Gerald Ford as delegate to the Law of the Sea talks, and he negotiated the U.S.-Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement which became a cause célèbre of pro-Détente doves in U.S.-Soviet relations. He was subsequently appointed by Gerald Ford to the post of Director of the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration. U.S. Senator

Following Ford's defeat, <mask> began to consider political office for himself. He entered politics in the 1978 Virginia election for U.S. Senate.Despite the publicity of being Elizabeth Taylor's husband and the large amounts of money <mask> used in his campaign for the nomination, he finished second at the state Republican Party (GOP) convention to the far more conservative politician Richard D. Obenshain. Much of this loss was due to his perceived liberal political stances, especially his soft approach to U.S.-Soviet relations. In contrast, Obenshain was a noted anti-Soviet, a hardline anti-communist, and an opponent of other liberal policies including the Great Society and much of the Civil Rights Movement. However, when Obenshain died two months later in a plane crash, <mask> was chosen to replace him and narrowly won the general election over Democrat Andrew P. Miller, a former Attorney General of Virginia. He was in the Senate until January 3, 2009. Despite his less conservative policy stances, <mask> managed to be the second longest-serving senator in Virginia's history, behind only Harry F. Byrd Sr. and by far the longest-serving Republican Senator from the state. On August 31, 2007, <mask> announced that he would not seek re-election in 2008.His committee memberships included the Environment and Public Works Committee, the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. As the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, he protected and increased the flow of billions of dollars into the Virginia economy each year via the state's military installations and shipbuilding firms which served his reelection efforts in every cycle. <mask> was quite moderate, especially in comparison to most Republican Senators from the South. He was among the minority of Republicans to support some gun control laws. He voted for the Brady Bill and, in 1999, was one of only five Republicans to vote to close the so-called gun show loophole. While <mask> voted against the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban, he co-sponsored efforts by Sen. Dianne Feinstein to reauthorize the ban in 2004 and 2005. <mask> supported the Roe v. Wade decision establishing abortion rights and supported embryonic stem cell research, although he received high ratings from anti-abortion groups because he voted in favor of many abortion restrictions.On June 15, 2004, <mask> was among the minority of his party to vote to expand hate crime laws to include sexual orientation as a protected category. He supported a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, but he raised concerns about the most recent Federal Marriage Amendment as being too restrictive, as it would have potentially banned civil unions as well. In 1987, <mask> was one of the few Republicans who voted to reject the nomination of Robert Bork by President Ronald Reagan and the only Southerner to do so. <mask> was re-elected easily in 1984 and 1990, and faced his first real challenge for re-election in 1996 from political newcomer Democrat <mask> (no relation), a millionaire who vastly outspent the incumbent and produced an unusually close election. <mask> prevailed with 52% of the vote. According to George Stephanopoulos, a former close aide to President Bill Clinton, <mask> was among top choices to replace Les Aspin as the Secretary of Defense in the Clinton administration; Clinton ultimately selected William Perry. In the 1996 United States Presidential election, <mask> served as a Senate teller (along with Democrat Wendell H. Ford) of electoral votes.<mask> was among ten GOP Senators who voted against the charge of perjury during Clinton's impeachment (the others were Richard Shelby of Alabama, Ted Stevens of Alaska, Susan Collins of Maine, Olympia Snowe of Maine, <mask> of Rhode Island, Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, Jim Jeffords of Vermont, Slade Gorton of Washington, and Fred Thompson of Tennessee). <mask> and others who voted against the article angered many Republicans by their position. However, unlike Snowe, Collins, Specter, Jeffords, and Chafee, the rest of the Republicans voted guilty on the second article. As was the case in 1990, <mask> faced no Democratic opposition in 2002, winning re-election to a fifth term in the Senate by a landslide over Independent candidate Jacob Hornberger. On May 23, 2005, <mask> was one of 14 centrist senators, dubbed the "Gang of 14," to forge a compromise on the Democrats' proposed use of the judicial filibuster, thus blocking the Republican leadership's attempt to implement the so-called nuclear option. Under the agreement, the Democrats would retain the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee only in an "extraordinary circumstance", and three Bush appellate court nominees, Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen, and William H. Pryor, Jr., would receive a vote by the full Senate. On September 17, 2006, <mask> said that U.S. military and intelligence personnel in future wars will suffer for abuses committed in 2006 by the U.S. in the name of fighting terrorism.He feared that the administration's civilian lawyers and a president who never saw combat were putting U.S. service personnel at risk of torture, summary executions and other atrocities by chipping away at Geneva Conventions’ standards that have protected them since 1949. Following the Supreme Court ruling on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, which was adverse to the Bush Administration, <mask> (with Senators Lindsey Graham and <mask>) negotiated with the White House the language of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, suspending habeas corpus provisions for anyone deemed by the Executive Branch an "unlawful combatant" and barring them from challenging their detentions in court. <mask>'s vote gave a retroactive, nine-year immunity to U.S. officials who authorized, ordered, or committed acts of torture and abuse, permitting the use of statements obtained through torture to be used in military tribunals so long as the abuse took place by December 30, 2005. <mask>'s "compromise" (approved by a Republican majority) authorized the President to establish permissible interrogation methods and to "interpret the meaning and application" of international Geneva Convention standards, so long as the coercion falls short of "serious" bodily or psychological injury. <mask> maintained that the new law holds true to "core principles" that the U.S. provide fair trials and not be seen as undermining Geneva Conventions. The bill was signed into law on October 17, 2006, in <mask>'s presence. In March 2007, after Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Peter Pace spoke publicly about his views on homosexuality and the military, <mask> said, "I respectfully, but strongly, disagree with the chairman's view that homosexuality is immoral."On August 23, 2007, he called on President Bush to begin bringing U.S. troops home from Iraq by Christmas in order to make it clear to the Iraqi leadership that the U.S. commitment is not indefinite. On August 31, 2007, he announced that he would not seek a sixth term in the Senate in 2008. <mask> was a cosponsor of America's Climate Security Act of 2007, also more commonly referred to as the Cap and Trade Bill, that proposed to ration (cap) carbon emissions in the U.S., and tax or purchase (trade) Carbon credits on the global market for greater U.S. alignment with the Kyoto protocol standards and goals. In September 2008, <mask> joined the Gang of 20, a bipartisan coalition seeking comprehensive energy reform. The group pushed for a bill that would encourage state-by-state decisions on offshore drilling and authorize billions of dollars for conservation and alternative energy. In October 2008, <mask> voted in favor of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Committee assignments
Committee on Environment and Public Works
Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Airland
Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Subcommittee on SeaPower
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia
Select Committee on Intelligence
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

Post-Senate life

<mask> was listed as a senior advisor at the website for the D.C. law firm, Hogan Lovells.He was in the firm's Global Regulatory practice group, and his specialties were Aerospace, Defense, and Government Services. He endorsed <mask>, a Democrat, to succeed him in 2008. In 2014, <mask> endorsed <mask>'s Senate reelection bid. On September 28, 2016, <mask> endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump, praising Clinton's record of bipartisan cooperation. In 2018, he endorsed Democrats Tim Kaine for Senate and Abigail Spanberger and Leslie Cockburn for Congress. He did endorse Republican candidates Ed Gillespie for Governor in 2017 and Barbara Comstock for Virginia's 10th congressional district in 2018. In 2020, <mask> endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for President of the United States and <mask> for his reelection bid to the Senate.<mask> also served as an Honorary Director on the Board of Directors at the Atlantic Council. Honors
On December 12, 2008, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence awarded <mask> the first ever National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal. In 2008, <mask> Family Lecture on International Relations at Old Dominion University. On January 8, 2009, the Secretary of the Navy announced the Navy would name the next  after <mask>. is the twelfth Virginia-class submarine and was commissioned on August 1, 2015 at a ceremony at Naval Station Norfolk. On February 19, 2009 the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., announced that Queen Elizabeth II would name <mask> an honorary Knight Commander for his work strengthening the American-British military alliance. As a person who is not a British citizen (or a citizen of a country which acknowledges the British monarch as their own monarch), the title of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire only allowed <mask> to put the Post-nominal letters KBE after his name.The annual Senator <mask><mask> Award is given to a third year undergraduate student at the University of Virginia who exhibits a serious, convincing ambition to seek future election to public office. This award honors an individual who strives for service in an elected office, whether it is a part-time city council position or a full-time legislative or executive office. Successful candidates demonstrate the required courage to stand up and ask fellow citizens for their valued vote. The award of up to $3,000 funds a research project in an area that will inform the recipient's future career as an elected official. Award recipients include: <mask> Nay, Casey Enders, James Linville, and Sarah Buckley. On May 2, 2013, <mask> and United States Marine Corps representatives broke ground for the Senator <mask> W. <mask> Center for Advanced Military Studies at Marine Corps University in Quantico, Virginia. The Warner Center is home to the Marine Corps Command and Staff College, School of Advanced Warfighting and College of Distance Education and Training, and the Brigadier General Simmons Center for Marine Corps History, including the archives of the Marine Corps and the history division.Personal life
In August 1957, <mask> married banking heiress Catherine Conover Mellon, the daughter of art collector Paul Mellon and his first wife, Mary Conover, and the granddaughter of Andrew Mellon. By his marriage, <mask> accrued substantial capital for investing and expanding his political contacts. The <mask>s, who divorced in 1973, had three children: Virginia, <mask><mask>, IV, and Mary. His former wife now uses the name Catherine Conover. <mask> was the sixth husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married in December 1976, at the Second Presbyterian Church in Richmond, Virginia, before being elected to the Senate. They divorced in November 1982. <mask> was the last surviving, as well as the longest-lived, of Taylor's seven husbands.<mask> was linked romantically to broadcast journalist Barbara Walters in the 1990s. In December 2003, he married Jeanne Vander Myde, a real estate agent and the widow of Reagan administration defense department official Paul Vander Myde. <mask> is not related to <mask>, his successor in the Senate. Death and funeral
<mask> died from heart failure at his home in Alexandria, Virginia, on May 25, 2021, at age 94. <mask>'s funeral was held June 23, 2021, at Washington National Cathedral. President Joe Biden, Senators Tim Kaine and <mask>, and Admiral Michael Mullen were among those who spoke at the funeral.

masks:
John William Warner III
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John Jacob
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. Warner
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John Warner
Mark Warner
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title: Nicholas Skeres

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<mask> (March 1563 – c. 1601) was an Elizabethan con-man and government informer—i.e. a "professional deceiver"—and one of the three "gentlemen" who were with the poet and playwright Christopher Marlowe when he was killed in Deptford in May 1593. Together with another of the men there, Robert Poley, he had played a part in the discovery of the Babington plot against the life of the Queen in 1586, and at the time of Marlowe's death was engaged in a money-lending swindle with the third of them, Marlowe's reported killer Ingram Frizer. Early life
<mask> was born the second son of a merchant tailor, <mask> senior, in March 1563, probably in the family's parish of All-Hallows-the-Less, near London Bridge. His father died when he was only three years old, however, leaving each of his two sons and his widow a third of his estate. In fact this included land in Yorkshire, the Skeres or Skyeres family having once lived at Skyeres Hall near Wentworth. Despite his father's occupation, neither he nor his brother went to the Merchant Taylors' School, although according to the School's register, their cousin <mask> junior did attend in 1564.On the other hand, he does seem to have been a law student at Furnival's Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery, which would imply a reasonable level of education, and the relationships he apparently established with several well-known writers including Marlowe, would suggest it too. On 7 July 1585, writing to Lord Burghley, William Fleetwood mentioned a "<mask>keeres" among a number of "maisterles men & cut-purses, whose practice is to robbe Gentlemen's chambers and Artificers' shoppes in and about London". However, as Charles Nicholl argues, it seems unlikely that such a man would be employed in important government business as this <mask> appears to have been a year later. Confidence trickster
In April 1593, <mask> was called before the Court of Star Chamber as a witness in the case of Smith vs Wolfall, in which the skinner Wolfall was accused of obtaining money under false pretences. Skeres had lured Smith into Wolfall's clutches, a role he admitted to having undertaken many times before over the past ten or twelve years. Wolfall's victims apparently included Matthew Royden, George Chapman and Thomas Lodge. In fact <mask>'s association with loan sharks seems to have even gone back to his early teens, although he claimed that he had only ever done this under duress.A month after this appearance, however, he was engaged in exactly the same activity on behalf of Ingram Frizer, and his gulling of a young man called Drew Woodleff. Government agent
It has been suggested that a man called "Skeggs", known to have been in the company of Sir Francis Walsingham's young relative Thomas Walsingham in France in 1581, was this <mask>. Whether this is true or not, there is little doubt that he was involved in Sir Francis's disclosure of the 1586 Babington plot with Thomas Walsingham and Robert Poley. Here is how Charles Nicholl describes it. "(T)wo of Babington's 'crew' ... had been seen there: 'Dunn' and 'Skyeres'. Dunn is Henry Dunne, who was among those executed the following month. 'Skyeres'—a spelling he uses in his signature—is almost certainly <mask>.It looks like he was there as a government plant. He was recognized by (Sir Francis) Walsingham's watchers, and was named without further comment in (the) report. His name does not figure among those later arrested. He quietly drops from the story, almost certainly because he was Walsingham's man all along." In 1589 Skeres was also paid on a warrant signed by Sir Francis Walsingham for the carrying of confidential letters between the Earl of Essex (in Exeter) and the court. Witness of Christopher Marlowe's death
In 1925, Leslie Hotson discovered details of the inquest on the death of the famous poet/dramatist, Christopher Marlowe, in the house of Eleanor Bull in Deptford, at which <mask> was one of the three "gentlemen" also present. The report itself tells us that one of them, Ingram Frizer, having been attacked by Marlowe from behind because of a dispute over payment of the bill (the "reckoning"), killed him in self-defence by stabbing him over the right eye.Skeres and the other man, government agent Robert Poley—with whom Skeres had worked on exposing the Babington plot—testified that they were sitting on either side of Frizer in such a manner that he "in no wise could take flight" when Marlowe attacked him. Although some biographers still accept the story told at the inquest as a true account, the majority nowadays find it hard to believe, and suggest that it was a deliberate murder, even though there is little agreement as to just who was behind it or their motive for such a course of action. The Marlovian theory even argues that the most logical reason for those people to have been there at that time was to fake Marlowe's death, allowing him to escape almost certain trial and execution for his seditious atheism. Skeres and the Earl of Essex
It is not clear exactly who it was that Skeres was serving when carrying the messages between Essex and the court in 1589, but there is no doubt that he became a servant of the former when he went to France with Essex as a member of his expeditionary force to Normandy in 1591/2. During his appearance in 1593 before the Star Chamber—of which Essex was a new member—he was still referring to the Earl as his "lord and master". In an undated letter from Skeres to Essex's right-hand man Gelly Meyrick, he indicates that he is for some reason no longer in the Earl's good books, and seeks Meyrick's help in returning to the Earl's service. He insists that he intends to amend his previous ways (which seems to refer to his touting for loan sharks) which suggests a date after 1593 and before 1596 (because the "Mr. Meyrick" to whom he wrote became "Sir Gelly" Meyrick in 1596).In this case, the letter seems to have worked, since (as Hotson puts it) "'<mask>, alias Skeers, servant to the Earl of Essex' was arrested on 13 March 1594/5 by Sir Richard Martin, Alderman, "in a very dangerous company" at the house of Edmund Williamson. Nicholl puts this in context, however. "It is decided 'to discharge all the persons committed that gave us good account of their dealings'. Skeres was among those released" and "<mask>'s presence in (Williamson's) house suggests his use of 'brokery' as a cover for political surveillance". Edmund Williamson's brother, <mask>, "had been 'apprehended for treason' a few days earlier." That Skeres continued to serve the Earl of Essex seems fairly likely, as the last time we hear of him is on 31 July 1601, after the failure of the Essex Rebellion, when <mask> was arrested along with other Essex supporters. The Privy Council issued warrants to the Keeper of the prison at Newgate for "the removal of <mask> and --- Farmer, prisoners in his custodie, unto Bridewell".As was so often the case with Bridewell prison's political prisoners, nothing is heard of him after that date. Footnotes

References

1563 births
1600s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Confidence tricksters
16th-century English criminals
Police informants

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Nicholas Skeres
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Ralph Skeres
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