title: Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

texts:
<mask>, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (also known as <mask> the Elder; born: 8 November 1417 at Windecken Castle in Windecken, now part of Nidderau; died: 10 May 1480 in Ingweiler, now called: Ingwiller) was Count of Hanau. The county was divided between him and his nephew, Count <mask> "the Younger". <mask> the Elder's part of the county was later called Hanau-Lichtenberg; <mask> the Younger's part is known as Hanau-Münzenberg. Life

The time before the division of the county
<mask> was born on 8 November 1417 at Windecken Castle, as the son of Lord Reinhard II of Hanau, who was later raised to Count of Hanau, and his wife Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein. Two days later, he was baptized there. He godparents were Johann Trier, Komtur of the Teutonic Order in Frankfurt and Gertrude of Kronberg, the daughter of Frank X of Kronberg (1381–1423) and Gertrude of Hatzfeld (1381–1409), who was at the time married to her second husband <mask> of Franckenstein. Originally, a career in the clergy had been planned for <mask>, as he was a younger son.For unknown reasons, this did not happen; instead he engaged in a military career. In 1448, he fought with the Duke of Cleves against the Archbishop of Cologne. His father died in 1451, and was succeeded by his eldest brother, Count Reinhard III. Division of the county

Context of the division

Count Reinhard III died in 1452, after reigning only a year. He was succeeded by his son <mask> "the Younger". At the time, <mask> the Younger was only four years old. This situation presented the Hanau family with a dilemma:
 They could obey the primogeniture rule, which had been observed in Hanau since 1375.This would mean hoping that <mask> the younger would live to an adult age, marry and have children, who would continue the dynasty. This would have the advantage that all of the family's possessions would remain in a single hand. It would entail the risk that the dynasty might die out, if <mask> the Younger were to die without a male heir. Alternatively, the family could ignore the primogeniture decision and allow the next agnate, <mask> the Elder, to marry. This would have the advantage of significantly increasing the probability that the dynasty continued to exist, but the disadvantage that the county would have to be divided. This model also called for urgent action, as <mask> the Elder was almost 40 years old, which was considered quite an advanced age in the 15th century. Debating the division
The debate over the division of the county is relatively well documented.Two parties took shape in the country and its ruling family. Since <mask> the Younger was still a minor and his interests were represented by a guardian committee, initially consisting of his maternal grandfather, Count Palatine Otto I of Mosbach, his paternal grandmother Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein and his uncle <mask> the Elder. This committee acted as guardians and regents until the county was divided in 1458. Thereafter, <mask> the Elder acted as the sole guardian, until <mask> the Younger came of age in 1467. Otto I was opposed to the division. He supported the interests of his daughter Margaret, the widow of Reinhard III and the mother of <mask> the Younger. He sought to position his grandson as the sole heir of the whole county.The elderly Countess Dowager, Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein, was indifferent as to whether the line was continued via her grandson, <mask> the Younger, or via her second, son <mask> the Elder. She held that the danger of the House of Hanau dying out could be reduced by allowing <mask> the Elder to marry, since he had already proven his ability to procreate. The supporters of <mask> the Elder organized a letter-writing campaign. Relatives of the Count and the most important organizations among their subjects — in particular the four cities in the county, Hanau, Windecken, Babenhausen and Steinau, and the associations of the Burgmannen of Babenhausen Castle and the imperial castle of Gelnhausen — as well as the vassals of the Counts of Hanau, all wrote to Otto I and requested that <mask> the Elder be allowed to marry. These letters are archived in the Hessian State Archive at Marburg. Partition treaty of 1458
When his daughter Margaret died in 1457, Count Palatine Otto I no longer had a reason to oppose the division. This tipped the balance in favour of dividing the country.A treaty to that effect was sealed in January 1458. <mask> the Elder received the part of the county south of the river Main, that is the district of Babenhausen and the Hanau share of Umstadt. So, the downside of a partition was mitigated by giving <mask> the Elder much less than half the county. Even so, <mask> the Elder was happy that he was finally allowed to marry, and did so later that year. In both parts, the primogeniture statute would continue to apply. In retrospect, the decision turned out well, even if <mask> the Younger did not die childless, as had been feared. <mask> the Elder and his descendants managed to extend their county considerably through their marriages.When the last male-line descendant of <mask> the Younger died in 1642, the country was re-united under Friedrich Casimir, a descendant of <mask> the Elder. Naming the parts
To distinguish between the two parts of the county, the part ruled by <mask> the Elder was called Hanau-Lichtenberg after he inherited Lichtenberg in 1480. The other part was officially named Hanau-Münzenberg in 1496. In the literature, the names Hanau-Lichterberg and Hanau-Münzenberg are used to distinguish the parts before these dates, even though, strictly speaking, that is an anachronism. Reign
In 1458, <mask> the Elder took over the regency for his nephew, <mask> the Younger. This meant that the county was still effectively united, until <mask> the Younger came of age in 1467. <mask> the Elder then moved to Babenhausen, where he added to the existing castle as a residence for himself and his family.The east wing was built in 1460. In this period he co-operated politically with Landgrave Heinrich III of Hesse, Elector Palatine Friedrich I, the counts of Henneberg and Elector Rupert of Cologne, a relative of the Elector Palatine. In 1468, he decreed that the primogeniture rules would be followed in his part of the county, meaning that all but one of his sons would have to choose an ecclesiastical career. Militarily, he fought on the side of Emperor Friedrich in a conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and France over Burgundy and in a military campaign against the Turks. In 1480, the last Lord of Lichtenberg, Jakob of Lichtenberg, died childless. <mask> the Elder inherited one half of Lichtenberg, on behalf of his children, because his wife, Anna of Lichtenberg, who had been a niece of Jakob, had already died. The other half was inherited by Anna's sister, Elisabeth, who was married to Count Simon Wecker of Zweibrücken-Bitsch.By this inheritance, <mask> gained a substantial amount of territory, much of it in the Alsace, making the previously rather small Hanau-Lichtenberg almost as large as Hanau-Münzenberg. The Zimmern Chronicle comments in the inheritance: We can infer how much power and prestige the Barons of Lichterberg in the Alsace must have had, from the power and prestige their heirs, the houses of Bitsch and Hanau, have in our days. Death

<mask> the Elder died on 10 May 1480, just one day after the partition agreement over the inheritance with Count Simon Wecker of Zweibrücken-Bitsch had been signed. He was buried in the St. Nikolaus Church in Babenhausen. The red sandstone Epitaphs for him and his wife and two of his sons, who died in childhood, have been preserved. Marriage and issue
<mask> the Elder married on 6 September 1458 in Hanau with Anna of Lichtenberg, (25 October 1442 – 24 January 1474), heiress of the Lordship of Lichtenberg. They had the following children:

 Johann (1460 – 4 September 1473), buried in the church of St Nikolaus in Babenhausen
 <mask> (31 May 1462 in Hanau, – 22 August 1504 in Babenhausen)
 Margaret (15 May 1463, Lichtenberg – 26 May 1504), married to Count Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
 Ludwig (23 August 1464; 30 December 1484 in Trent)
 Anna (d. 1491), a nun in the Marienborn Abbey
 Dieter (about 1468 – 25 February 1473), buried in the Church of St. Nikolaus in Babenhausen
 Albrecht (before 1474 – 24 June 1491), buried in Buchsweiler

Moreover, <mask> had at least one extramarital affair, with whom is not recorded, from which had these sons:
 Johann of Hanau-Lichtenberg (dates unknown, mentioned in 1463), clergyman
 Reinhard Hanauer (dates unknown, mentioned in 1512), provost at Neuweiler

 Ancestors

 References
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen = Hanauer Geschichtsblätter , vol.34, Hanau, 1996,
 Paul-Joachim Heinig: Kaiser Friedrich III. und Hessen, in: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, vol. 32, p. 63 ff
 J. G. Lehmann: Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg im unteren Elsasse, 2 vols., 1862, reprinted: Pirmasens, 1970
 Sebastian Scholz: Die „Ewige Anbetung“ <mask> I. von Hanau-Lichtenberg und seiner Familie. Ausdrucksformen adeliger Memoria und Frömmigkeit im Spätmittelalter, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Herausgegeben zum 20-jährigen Jubiläum der Partnerschaft zwischen den beiden ehemaligen gräflichen Residenzstädten Babenhausen und Bouxwiller = Babenhausen einst und jetzt, vol. 31, 2004, p. 19 ff
 Sebastian Scholz: Die Inschriften der Stadt Darmstadt und des Landkreises Darmstadt-Dieburg und Groß-Gerau = Die deutschen Inschriften, vol. 49 = series Mainz, vol.6, ed. by Akademie der Wissenschaften Mainz, Wiesbaden, 1999
 Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land'', 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978. Footnotes

Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg
1417 births
1480 deaths
15th-century German people
Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre

masks:
Philipp I
Philipp
Philipp I
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp I
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp
Philipp II
Philipp
Philipps


title: Billy Gonsalves

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 10, 1908 – July 17, 1977) was an American soccer player, sometimes described as the "Babe Ruth of American Soccer". He spent over 25 years playing in various American professional leagues and was a member of the U.S. squad at the FIFA World Cup in 1930 and 1934. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. <mask> spent his early years in Fall River, Massachusetts. He was the seventh of nine children born to Augustine and <mask> (who had immigrated from Portugal two years before his birth). An excellent athlete, Gonsalves boxed and played both baseball and soccer as a boy. When he was fourteen, Gonsalves began playing for Pioneer, a local amateur team.He then went on to play for Charlton Mill and Liberal. <mask> grew in prominence in the local leagues. In 1926, he signed with Lusitania Recreation Club of East Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1927, Lusitania won both the Boston city and District League titles. Professional career
In 1927, Boston Soccer Club ("Wonder Workers") of the American Soccer League (ASL) signed <mask>. Nineteen years old at the time, <mask> joined a team which had taken second in the ASL the previous season and was stocked with talented international players. Finding it difficult to break into the starting lineup, <mask> did not play a game with Boston until Christmas Eve.However, given the chance, he grabbed it and scored a goal two minutes later. He went on to find the net six times in his next twenty games. That season the Wonder Workers also took the league title. <mask> spent one more season with the Wonder Workers before moving to the Fall River Marksmen of his hometown in 1929. From the time he joined the Marksmen until the team merged with the New York Soccer Club in the summer of 1930 to form the New York Yankees, <mask> played seventy-five games and scored forty-nine goals. Additionally, he was the team's assists leader. While playing with the Marksmen, <mask> formed a lethal striking partnership with another local player, Bert Patenaude.The two led Fall River to the National Challenge Cup title in 1930 and 1931. Overall, Gonslaves won the tournament a record eight times. The onset of the Great Depression and the Soccer Wars had taken a toll on the ASL and teams began to merge or fold. The Marksmen, one of the strongest ASL teams, had merged with the New York Soccer Club to form the New York Yankees in 1930. Then in 1931, the Yankees moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts where the team took up the name of the defunct New Bedford Whalers. In 1932, the team moved, this time back to Fall River where it was known as Fall River F.C. By this time the American Soccer League was collapsing and Gonsalves began looking for other playing opportunities.In 1933 Alex McNab, a former teammate who was coaching Stix, Baer and Fuller F.C. of the St. Louis Soccer League contacted Gonsalves and offered him a contract. <mask> took the opportunity and moved west. That year, Gonsalves added another National Cup title to his resume, this time with his new team. Gonsalves spent the 1933-1934 season with Stix, Baer and Fuller, winning the league title. At the end of the season, he joined the U.S. national team for the 1934 FIFA World Cup in Italy. On his return to St. Louis, Gonsalves found that McNab had moved to a new team, St. Louis Central Breweries F.C.Gonsalves made the move as well and spent the 1934-1935 season with Central Breweries, winning the league title and the 1935 National Cup. In 1935, <mask> moved, this time to the St. Louis Shamrocks. The Shamrocks went to both the 1936 and 1937 National Cup championships, but lost both times. In October 1937, <mask> quit the Shamrocks and signed with St. Patrick's. However, Shamrocks sued St. Patrick's and St. Patrick's settled out of court by agreeing to a player trade. Despite the agreement, <mask> decided not to play for either team and instead signed with Beltmars in the semi-professional second division St. Louis Municipal League. In February 1938, <mask> was back in the SLSL with South Side Radio.He finished the season with the South Siders before moving to Chicago Manhattan Beer. Then in 1940, he moved back east, joining Healy F.C. of the National Soccer League of New York, winning the 1941 league title. In 1941, he moved, this time to the Kearny Scots of the second American Soccer League (ASL) which was created in 1933 following the collapse of the first ASL. <mask> spent only one season with the Scots before moving to Brooklyn Hispano. Uncharacteristically for him, <mask> spent the next five seasons with Brooklyn. In his first season with Brooklyn, he scored eight goals in sixteen games.Brooklyn also won the National Challenge Cup in 1943 and 1944. In 1947, <mask> left Hispano to play for the Newark Germans of the lower division German American Soccer League. In 1948, the team became known simply as Newark F.C. Gonsalves remained with the team until his retirement from playing professionally in 1952. According to Steve Holroyd, in a professional career spanning twenty-five years, "<mask> was also the consummate gentleman on the pitch: legend has it he was never cautioned or ejected from any match for rough play or ungentlemanly conduct." National team
<mask> played six times for the United States, including the first two FIFA World Cups in 1930 and 1934. He scored one goal for the US.Gonsalves was part of the inaugural induction class into the United States National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1950. Notes

References

External links
"Meet The Babe Ruth of American Soccer" by American soccer historian Steve Holroyd
The National Soccer Hall of Fame player profile
1930 World Cup
Personal memories of watching Gonsalves play

United States men's international soccer players
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
National Soccer League of New York players
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
Boston Wonder Workers players
Fall River Marksmen players
New York Yankees (soccer) players
New Bedford Whalers players
Fall River F.C. players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Kearny Scots players
Brooklyn Hispano players
German-American Soccer League players
St. Louis Soccer League players
Stix, Baer and Fuller F.C. players
St. Louis Central Breweries players
St. Louis Shamrocks players
St. Louis South Side Radio players
Chicago Manhattan Beer players
People from Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Fall River, Massachusetts
Soccer players from Rhode Island
Soccer players from Massachusetts
American people of Portuguese descent
1930 FIFA World Cup players
1934 FIFA World Cup players
1908 births
1977 deaths
Association football forwards
Association football defenders
American soccer players

masks:
Adelino William Gonsalves
Youth Gonsalves
Rose Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves
Gonsalves


title: David Kipen

texts:
<mask> (born August 14, 1963) is an author, critic, broadcaster, arts administrator, full-time UCLA writing faculty member and nonprofit bilingual lending librarian. His fiction and nonfiction have appeared in The New York Times , the Los Angeles Times, Alta Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, OZY.com and elsewhere. Former literature director of the National Endowment for the Arts, he lives in his native Southern California. Print and Multimedia Journalism
<mask> was born in Los Angeles and educated at public schools and Yale. After starting out editing sections for the Los Angeles city magazine Buzz and Variety, <mask> served from 1998 to 2005 as book critic and editor for the San Francisco Chronicle. While there he wrote the magazine essay on screenwriters that became his first book, The Schreiber Theory: A Radical Rewrite of American Film History (Melville House). His op-ed "An open letter to Uniontown from Los Angeles" ran as part of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's Pulitzer-winning coverage of the 2018 synagogue shooting at the Tree of Life Congregation.Another op-ed, "85 Years Ago, FDR Saved American Writers. Could It Ever Happen Again?" ran in the Los Angeles Times in May 2020 and has helped create a groundswell of support for the revival of the Federal Writers' Project. Kipen's radio show and podcast Overbooked ran for three years on KCRW-FM. Concurrently, he reviewed books every fortnight for NPR's Day to Day. On television, he has appeared on NBC's Today Show on MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann. While at the NEA, he served as the film correspondent for The Bob Edwards Show on Sirius XM Radio.In addition, he continues to talk frequently about books and culture on three Southern California public-radio stations, including his recurring segment Reading By Moonlight on KPCC-FM. National Endowment for the Arts
From 2005 to 2010 <mask> served as Director of Literature and National Reading Initiatives at the National Endowment for the Arts, where he helped develop and manage The Big Read. For over a decade, cities and towns all over America (with excursions to Mexico, Russia and Egypt) have welcomed this initiative to promote reading via One City, One Book-style programs. The Big Read has reached over a thousand municipalities, and enjoys ongoing dedicated funding from Congress. He also pioneered one of the first-ever federal blogs, which continues to this day. In 2008, NEA Chairman Dana Gioia tasked <mask> with fielding a delegation of over fifty Southern California writers and filmmakers to the 2009 Feria Internacional Del Libro (FIL) in Guadalajara, Mexico, the world's second largest book fair. Working with the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs, <mask> spent 18 months planning and executing the literary and film programming of this cultural exploration of Los Angeles.Once there he moderated daily panels, interviews and screenings in both English and Spanish. Libros Schmibros
Upon his return from Washington to Los Angeles in 2010, <mask> founded Libros Schmibros, a nonprofit bilingual lending library that shares good free books with residents of its Boyle Heights neighborhood and Greater Los Angeles. Under his artistic direction, Libros Schmibros has produced several events and installations throughout Los Angeles, including a ten-week, held-over engagement at the Hammer Museum. Libros Schmibros' cultural contributions to Los Angeles also include a massive Literary Map of Los Angeles, since purchased by UCLA Special Collections for permanent public display. Programming
<mask>  has programmed film retrospectives for both the American Film Festival in Moscow and the Norton Simon Museum, and given talks at film festivals in Thessaloniki, Greece; Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Cheltenham, England. Los Angeles
Along the way <mask> has assumed a prominent role in the Los Angeles cultural scene. He has worked with the city and county cultural affairs departments and juried several awards.He frequently addresses enthusiasts and students of the city in architectural, historical, and arts convenings. He appears regularly in conversations for the Los Angeles Public Library, Writer's Bloc, and Zócalo Public Square. There and elsewhere, he has engaged a wide range of creative people in interviews—public, published and broadcast—including Steve Martin, <mask> Wallace, John Cleese, Hal Holbrook, Salman Rushdie, Bruce Dern, Jonathan Franzen, Tommy Lee Jones, Forest Whitaker, Christopher Hitchens, Manohla Dargis, and Ray Bradbury. Teaching
He teaches on UCLA's full-time writing faculty. Books
<mask> is probably best known for his bestselling 2018 book Dear Los Angeles: The City In Diaries And Letters, 1542-2018 (Modern Library), which Dwight Garner, in his New York Times review, called "ebullient and often moving." He is also the author of The Schreiber Theory: A Radical Rewrite of American Film History (Melville House, 2006). A screenwriter-centric staple of film school syllabi.Lawrence Weschler has written of it, "I loved that book. It's still on my bookshelf and I lend it out occasionally." <mask>'s translation from Spanish into English of Miguel de Cervantes' novella The Dialogue of the Dogs appeared from the same publisher in 2009. In addition, one of his many articles about the author Thomas Pynchon was commissioned for and appears in the book Pynchon In Context (Cambridge University Press). A scholar of the Depression-era Federal Writers' Project, <mask> has also edited and introduced reissues of the WPA Guides to Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and California (UC PRESS). Fiction
<mask> has published early precursors to his novel-in-progress, "The Anniversarist," as "Time Turns Around at Musso & Frank" in Alta Magazine, and across five installments in Boom Magazine as "The Americas." References

 DEAR LOS ANGELES The City in Diaries and Letters 1542 to 2018 by <mask>
 Los Angeles: A Guide to the City and Its Environs
 Time Turns Around at Musso & Frank
 The Américas: Chapter the First

External links
 Selected articles for the Los Angeles Times
 UCLA Faculty Bio
 Libros Schmibros Lending Library
 Appearances on C-SPAN

American male non-fiction writers
1963 births
Living people
American literary critics

masks:
David Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
David Foster
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
Kipen
David Kipen


title: Brad Hennessey

texts:
<mask> (born February 7, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants. He stands  tall and weighs . He played for the Giants from 2004–08 and threw five pitches: a fastball, a slider, a changeup, a curveball, and a cutter. <mask> attended Youngstown State University and set several school records during his tenure with the team. In 2001, he was selected by the Giants in the first round of the draft. He did not pitch in 2002 because of surgery to remove a non-cancerous tumor from his back.In 2004, he reached the major leagues for the first time. He spent much of the 2005 season in the major leagues, making 21 starts and posting a 4.64 earned run average (ERA). In 2006, <mask> spent time both in the Giants' starting rotation and the bullpen. He became a relief pitcher full-time in 2007, spending the entire season in the majors and closing for the Giants part of the time. After posting a 7.81 ERA with the Giants in 2008, <mask> was outrighted to the minors; he refused the assignment and became a free agent. He attempted to pitch for the Baltimore Orioles in 2009 but was unable due to injury. <mask> then spent parts of 2010 and 2011 in the minor leagues.Early life
<mask> was born on February 7, 1980, in Toledo, Ohio. In 1997, he graduated from Whitmer High School, where he was named a USA Today honorable mention All-American and won All-Ohio honors for his baseball playing. He went to Youngstown State University, where he played shortstop and pitched until his senior year, when he converted exclusively to pitching. As a senior, he had a 6–5 record and a 4.06 earned run average (ERA) in 16 games while setting school single-season records for innings pitched () and strikeouts (126). That year, he was named the Mid-Continent Conference co-Pitcher of the Year. Professional career

Minor leagues (part 1)
<mask> was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the first round (21st overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. He began his career with the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Single-A short season Northwest League, where he had a 1–0 record, a 2.38 ERA, 22 strikeouts, and 34 innings pitched in nine starts.That year, Salem-Keizer won the Northwest League championship. While pitching in an instructional league later that year, <mask> began experiencing soreness that was initially attributed to a muscle strain but turned out to be a non-cancerous tumor in his back. He had it removed in February 2002, but it grew back later that season, and he missed the entire year while undergoing a second surgery. <mask> began 2003 in extended spring training but pitched for the Hagerstown Suns of the Single-A South Atlantic League from June 14 to the end of the season. With Hagerstown, <mask> had a 3–9 record, a 4.21 ERA, 44 strikeouts, one complete game, and  innings pitched in 15 starts. He began the 2004 season with the Norwich Navigators of the Double-A Eastern League, where he had a 5–5 record, a 3.56 ERA, 55 strikeouts, and 101 innings pitched in 18 starts. On July 14, he was promoted to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League.In 5 starts with Fresno, he had a 4–1 record, a 2.02 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and  innings pitched. Major leagues

2004
Following an injury to Jerome Williams in 2004, <mask> was called up to join the Giants' starting rotation. He made his debut on August 7 against Greg Maddux of the Chicago Cubs, who was looking for his 300th win. <mask> allowed four runs in  innings and took the loss in the 8–4 defeat, becoming the first pitcher to lose his debut to a pitcher who won his 300th game since 1901, when Cy Young defeated John McPherson. In his next start, against the Philadelphia Phillies on August 13, he allowed four unearned runs in five innings, got his first career hit (against Brian Powell), and earned his first career win in a 16–6 victory. After another start, he was sent to Fresno on August 18 when Wayne Franklin returned from the disabled list, but he was called up on August 28 when David Aardsma was demoted. On September 16, he threw a season-high seven shutout innings in a 4–0 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers.<mask> finished the season with a 2–2 record, a 4.98 ERA, 25 strikeouts, and  innings pitched in seven starts. 2005
<mask> began 2005 in the minors. He was called up to make a start on May 1, and he gave up three runs over seven innings while earning the win in an 8–3 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. After the game, he was returned to Fresno to make room for Jeremy Accardo on the roster, but he was called up on May 12 to replace the injured Jason Schmidt in the rotation. He made four starts on this stint; after he gave up six runs in two innings in a 6–5 loss to the Phillies on June 2, he was replaced in the rotation by Jeff Fassero and returned to Fresno. On July 9, he was called up to rejoin the Giants' rotation as Kirk Rueter was demoted to the bullpen. Facing the St. Louis Cardinals that day, he pitched seven shutout innings and earned the win in the Giants' 2–0 victory.For the rest of the year, he remained in the Giants' rotation. In a start against the Brewers on July 28, <mask> pitched 7 shutout innings, striking out seven and allowing only three hits, and won the game 3–0. The three runs came on a home run by <mask> himself against Víctor Santos. He allowed one run over a career-high  innings on September 21 and hit a home run against John Patterson as he defeated the Washington Nationals 5–1. He ended up making 21 starts for the Giants, tallying a 5–8 record, a 4.64 ERA, 64 strikeouts, and 52 walks in  innings pitched. With Fresno, he had a 4–2 record, a 5.19 ERA, 46 strikeouts, 22 walks, and  innings pitched. 2006
Kevin Correia and the newly acquired Jamey Wright competed for the Giants' fifth starting job with <mask> in 2006; Hennessey struggled and began the season with the Grizzlies as Wright won the job.<mask> was called up on April 16 due to an injury to Noah Lowry. After posting a 2–1 record and a 3.33 ERA, he was sent to the bullpen upon Lowry's return to the starting rotation on May 9, though <mask> was frequently called upon to make spot starts. He got his first career save on June 5, pitching the final four innings of the Giants' 14–2 victory over the Florida Marlins. On August 11, Giants' manager Felipe Alou announced that <mask> would replace the struggling Wright in the rotation. In his first start since rejoining the rotation on August 14, he threw  shutout innings, earning the win in a 1–0 victory over the San Diego Padres. He posted an 8.62 ERA over his next four starts and returned to the bullpen when Lowry returned from an injury in September, though he made one more start before the end of the year. In 34 games (12 starts), <mask> had a 5–6 record, a 4.26 ERA, 42 strikeouts, and 42 walks in  innings pitched.2007
<mask> spent the entire 2007 season in the bullpen for the Giants. At the beginning of June, he was named the closer by Giants' manager Bruce Bochy after Armando Benítez was traded. From June 30 to August 31, he converted saves in 14 straight save opportunities, the longest streak by a Giant since Robb Nen had a 28-save streak in 2000; overall, <mask> converted 17 out of 19 saves from May 30 to August 31. Afterwards, he converted only two out of five opportunities before Brian Wilson took over the closer role. In 2007, he went 4–5 and had a 3.42 ERA and 19 saves (out of 24 opportunities). 2008
On January 18, 2008, the Giants and <mask> avoided arbitration and agreed to a $1.6 million, one-year deal. After he posted a 12.94 in his first 11 games of the season, he got sent down to the minors on May 6 to make room for Billy Sadler.Used as a starter at Fresno, <mask> posted a 7–10 record, a 4.83 ERA, 69 strikeouts, 37 walks, and  innings pitched in 21 starts. He was called back up when rosters expanded on September 1. After initially pitching out of the bullpen, he was moved to the rotation to replace Correia. On September 15, he threw the only complete game of his career, allowing three runs in eight innings in a 3–1 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks at Chase Field. In 17 games (four starts), he had a 1–2 record, a 7.81 ERA, 21 strikeouts, and 15 walks in  innings pitched. He was outrighted to the minors in October, but he refused the assignment and became a free agent. Minor leagues (part 2)
<mask> signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles on November 17, 2008.Spencer Fordin of MLB.com wrote that <mask> was "consistently hyped as a favorite to break camp in the rotation" for the Orioles. However, an elbow injury kept <mask> from making any appearances with the Orioles or their affiliates. On June 1, 2009, <mask> was released. On March 2, 2010, <mask> signed with the Minnesota Twins. He spent the 2010 season with the Rochester Red Wings of the Triple-A International League, posting a 1–3 record, a 7.76 ERA, 13 strikeouts, and eight walks in  innings. After 14 games (one start), <mask> was released on August 5. The Houston Astros signed <mask> to a minor league contract on May 31, 2011.He played for the Double-A Corpus Christi Hooks of the Texas League and the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks of the Pacific Coast League. His four games with Corpus Christi were all relief appearances; he had an 0–1 record and a 1.80 ERA. In seven games (six starts) with Oklahoma City, he had an 0–3 record, an 11.45 ERA, 10 strikeouts, and five walks in 22 innings pitched. On August 1, <mask> was released by the Astros. Pitching Style
<mask> threw five pitches: a fastball, a slider, a changeup, a curveball, and a cutter. The fastball was <mask>'s main pitch; he threw it over 60% of the time in the majors. He did not throw it very hard, averaging speeds under 90 mph in 2007 and 2008.His slider was his secondary pitch, and his changeup was his third most-used pitch. <mask> rarely used the cutter except for in 2006, when he threw it 10.1% of the time. Henessey often was plagued by a big inning, displaying a tendency to allow several runs in an inning during his starts. Personal life
Hennessey married a nurse, Erin Bullard, on December 14, 2002. The couple has two children: Emma (born April 18, 2003) and Colin Jacob (born October 26, 2006). Hennessey participated in numerous charitable events during his tenure with the Giants. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio
Major League Baseball pitchers
San Francisco Giants players
Youngstown State Penguins baseball players
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players
Hagerstown Suns players
Norwich Navigators players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Rochester Red Wings players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players

masks:
Brad Martin Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey
Hennessey


title: Maurice Gross

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1934 in Sedan, Ardennes department; died 8 December 2001 in Paris) was a French linguist and scholar of Romance languages. Beginning in the late 1960s he developed Lexicon-Grammar, a method of formal description of languages with practical applications. Biography
<mask> worked on automatic translation at the École Polytechnique without prior training in linguistics. This led in 1961 to a scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he met Noam Chomsky and became acquainted with Generative grammar. After returning to France, he worked as a computer scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). In 1964 he went a second time to the United States, this time to the University of Pennsylvania, where he worked with Zellig S. Harris, whom he thereafter regarded as his linguistic foster father. He received his research PhD at the Sorbonne in 1967 with his dissertation L'Analyse formelle comparée des complétives en français et en anglais ("Comparative formal analysis of complements in French and English").He went on as a lecturer at the University of Aix-en-Provence, where he worked with Jean Stefanini. In 1969 he received his teaching doctorate (habilitation) at the University of Paris with defense of his thesis Lexique des constructions complétives, published under the title Méthodes en syntaxe (Paris : Hermann, 1975). He was appointed professor at the new University of Vincennes (which was later Paris VIII), then at the University of Paris VII. In 1968, he founded the Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique (LADL, the CNRS), and in 1977 the journal Lingvisticae Investigationes. At the age of 67, while completing an essay explicating a fundamental principle in the work of his mentor, <mask> succumbed to bone cancer. Contributions
<mask>'s work, and that of the LADL, gives priority to the principles of methodological rigor, respect for data, empirical observation, comprehensive coverage of a language, and reproducibility of experiments. A systematic description of simple sentences of French yielded a dictionary based on the syntax identifying properties of words salient for parsing and grammatical tagging, and providing a reasoned and detailed classification of most of the elements of the French language.Indeed, before generative grammar adopted the Projection Principle or the Theta criterion, <mask> had undertaken the systematic investigation of the interdependence of lexical entries and grammatical rules. It was for this reason that his methods and results were given the name lexicon-grammar. His students have verified this working hypothesis in many typologically diverse languages, including not only Romance languages and German, but also Modern Greek, Korean, Arabic, Malagasy, and other languages. The work of the LADL was greatly enhanced by the use of computers, beginning in the 1980s. One result was a morpho-syntactic "electronic dictionary" of French. In parallel, taking finite automata as the competence model of language, <mask> developed the concept of local grammar. Local grammars, consisting of finite automata coupled with morpho-syntactic dictionaries, support automatic text analysis by the closed-source Intex software  developed by Max Silberztein and, after <mask>'s life by the open source Unitex  conceived by the Gaspard-Monge Computer Science Laboratory (LIGM) and the open source NooJ  software developed at the Université de Franche-Comté.Concurrently, <mask> was working on problems that he considered fundamental to linguistics, although they had long been neglected in the field, such as lexical ambiguity, idioms and collocations, and "support verb" constructions. In 1976 he discovered the "double scan" property of certain support verb constructions, which systematically identifies idioms. <mask>'s computer-assisted research on large amounts of linguistic material led to a picture of language as an instrument that is freely manipulated yet highly constrained idiomatically, a result that is consistent with the distinction between the Idiom Principle and the Open Choice Principle found by corpus linguist John McHardy Sinclair (1933 -2007). <mask> described the organization of language as a lexicon-grammar, and argued that any grammar must fail if its formalization fails to take into account its dependence on the lexicon. He demonstrated that to fully describe a language one must collect a huge quantity of tagged word combinations. The facts registered in the dictionaries and grammars resulting from such collection are useful for natural language processing and in particular for deep linguistic processing. <mask>'s students include Alain Guillet, Christian Leclère, Gilles Fauconnier, Morris Salkoff, , Bertrand du Castel, Annibale Elia, Jean-Pierre Sueur, Laurence Danlos, Hong Chai-song, Cheng Ting-au, Claude Muller, Eric Laporte, Denis Maurel, Max Silberztein, Tita Kyriacopoulou, Elisabete Ranchhod, Anne Abeillé, Mehryar Mohri, Emmanuel Roche, Nam Jee-sun, Jean Senellart, and Cédrick Fairon.Selected Writings
A complete bibliography of the writings of <mask> is available. Below is a brief selection. As Author
 Papers
 (1979) "On the failure of generative grammar". Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, 55:4.859–885. .
 1981. "Les bases empiriques de la notion de prédicat sémantique". Langages, 63, pp.7-52. (1993) "Les phrases figées en français". L'information grammaticale, 59.36–41. .
 1994. "Constructing Lexicon-Grammars". Computational Approaches to the Lexicon, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 213-263. 1997."The Construction of Local Grammars". Finite-State Language Processing, The MIT Press, pp. 329-352. "Etat du lexique-grammaire du français et perspectives d'extension". In: Sylvain Auroux et al. (Eds. ): History of the Language Sciences, Vol.3. De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, pp. 2122–2129. .

 Monographs
 Méthodes en syntaxe. Le régime des constructions complétives. Paris: Hermann (1975). .
 Grammaire transformationnelle du français. Cantilène, Malakoff. Syntaxe du verbe.1986. (EA Paris 1968). Syntaxe du nom. 1986. (EA Paris 1977). Syntaxe de l’adverbe. 1990. .
 Introduction to formal grammars (Tr.by Morris Salkoff of Notions sur les grammaires formelles, 1967). Springer, Heidelberg (1970) (with André Lentin) . Mathematical models in linguistics. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1972). As Editor
 Syntaxe transformationnelle du français (Langue Française; Vol. 11). Larousse, Paris 1971 (with Jean Stéfanini).Méthodes en grammaire française (Initiation à la Linguistique/B; Bd. 6). Klincksieck, Paris 1976 (with  Jean-Claude Chevalier). Études de syntaxe française (Langue Française; Vol. 39). Larousse, Paris 1978 (with Christian Leclère)
 Grammaire et histoire de la grammaire. Hommage à la mémoire de Jean Stéfanini.Universität, Aix-en-Provence 1988 (with Claire Blanche-Benveniste and André Chervel). Memorials Cited
 Chevalier, Jean-Claude. 2001. "<mask>, un grand linguiste", Le Monde, 12 décembre 2001. Archive. Delamar, Michel. 2001."<mask>", 12 décembre 2001. Cache. Dougherty, Ray. 2001. <mask> Memorial Letter. Archive. Ibrahim, Amr Helmy.2002. "<mask> (1934-2001). À la mémoire de <mask>". Hermès 34. Lamiroy, Béatrice, [www.cairn.info/revue-travaux-de-linguistique-2003-1-page-145.htm "<mask> (1934-2001)", Travaux de linguistique 1/2003 (no46), p. 145-158]. Cache. Perrin, Dominique.2002. "In Memoriam <mask>." Cache. References

Linguists from France
French scholars
1934 births
2001 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Members of Academia Europaea
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Paris alumni
Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis faculty
20th-century linguists

masks:
Maurice Gross
Gross
Maurice Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Maurice Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross
Maurice Gross


title: Astrid Hadad

texts:
<mask> is a well-known Mexican actress and performance artist. She was born on February 26, 1957, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. She attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico, originally planning to major in political science and journalism but then changing to theatre. After appearing in a number of shows, she came to the fore in 1985 in Donna Giovanni, an all-female adaptation of Mozart's opera, which was directed by Jesusa Rodríguez and became a great hit in Europe. It closed after its 500th performance, in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City. Influences
Parallel to these activities, she created two shows of her own (Nostalgia Arrabalera and Del Rancho a la Ciudad). This led to her producing and starring in the tragicomic musical La Occisa or Luz, Levántate y Lucha based on the life of Mexican singer Lucha Reyes (1904-1944), a very famous ranchera singer.Lucha Reyes is the one who started what <mask> calls "canto bravío" in Mexico. <mask> states in an interview in 1997 "traditionally women would sing the campirana song or bucolic songs with soft voices, with very high pitch. Women did not use the same force in singing compared to a man and Lucha (Reyes) is the one who initiates this type of ranchera singing in a bravía way among women. Because of that she changed the vernacular song". Another influences in the production of <mask> are the teatro de carpa (Tent theater, similar to street theater), and teatro de revista, two forms of the so-called género chico or “light” theater developed in Mexico from the late 1880s to the 1930s, and specially the "rumbera" films from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema (40s - 60s) whose plots were set primarily in cabarets. The principal stars were the actresses and dancers known as "Rumberas". Ms. <mask> says her act also has its origins in the German cabaret of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, “the political cabaret that was a new way of experiencing life” In the 1920s and 1930s, Mexico City's clubs were also filled with performers who skewered the powerful in their acts.But no one since has stuffed all of Mexican political and cultural history into a dress and laced it up with a feminist attitude quite like Ms. <mask>. In a way, one could say that <mask>'s wild cabaret is a little like a Frida Kahlo painting come to life. Like Frida, she draws from the rich motherlode of images offered up by Mexican history and culture: Catholic saints, Aztec and Mayan iconography, revolutionary heroes, exuberant flowers and plants, campesino and indigenous folk art, the golden era of Mexican cinema and so on. But if Frida Kahlo, through no fault of her own, has been reduced, in some quarters, to a mouse pad, Hadad has absorbed this inheritance of a uniquely Mexican and female surrealism and created her own surrealist cabaret that pulses with campy humour and irony. Cabarets
Out of the production La Occisa or Luz, Levántate y Lucha, came <mask>'s collaboration with the musical group that has accompanied her since, Los Tarzanes. Together, they have created various performances (La Mujer Ladrina, Apocalipsis Ranchero, La Mujer del Golfo, etc.). In her Heavy Nopal show, Astrid makes use of iconic references, not just as scenery (the cactus, the rock, the pyramid, the tequila bottle), but also on her own body, becoming not only the stage, but also an altar.From the calla lilies to the extremely complex surprise-multi-purpose outfits to the innumerable ornaments, "rebozos", virgins of Guadalupe, guns, and common places in the essence of Mexico. Someone once described Astrid as a "walking museum of popular cultures." Pecadora is a comic show that has women as a central theme, using Mary Magdalene, sinner par excellence, as the leading thread. It is a show that aims at rescuing the passion from the dangers of extinction where it can be currently found. In it, Astrid retakes the spirit of the rumberas, the soul of the rancheras and the historical body of everything Mexican. Of course, all this seasoned with a loud wardrobe, where hearts, gigantic eyes, turquoise-blue dresses and an old lantern, among others, play before the eyes of the audience. In Sol y Sombra, taking as an excuse the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Astrid presents a show where, setting the forces of evil against those of goodness, she leads us to reflect on (through her sense of humor) our inner ghosts as well as on the joys of life.This show boasts a very colorful wardrobe and scenery, in which the use of "papel picado" is an important stage element. ("Papel picado" is a thin colored paper with different shapes cut out, used as a decoration on holidays in Mexico.) As for this show it requires an arch-shaped structure to hang from as part of the scenery and the show, it is somewhat bulky to carry. The last performance of the show called "Oh-diosas", (which is a play on words meaning something like "bitchies / Oh - goddesses") was at the end of the month of July 2006 in Mexico City, in one of the boroughs called Colonia Condesa. Other shows by <mask> include Corazón sangrante and La multimamada. “Corazon Sangrante” is a 40s-style bolero and rumba that <mask> wrote of the Aztec king Montezuma whose “heart was bathed in chile” after he was betrayed by Cortez. “Where can I go, where can I put heart, so it won’t hurt, won’t bleed…” she croons as she dances across the stage in a velvet gown adorned with golden pyramids, an outfit she describes as representing the syncretic nature (European and Indigenous) of Mexican culture.If this sounds like a history lesson, it is, but it's hysterically funny. For her farewell number, she prances around the stage in a big sombrero with a moving rubber hand sticking up from the center. “Yes, this hand is for self-pleasure,” she quips, “It comes in three speeds.” The band picks up the tempo and Hadad reaches inside the brim to grab confetti, which she tosses into the air. <mask> has also starred in TV soaps and in the film Sólo con tu pareja. <mask> <mask>'s discography includes recorded performances and singing. Discography
 1990 - ¡Ay! (it was reissued later two times as El Calcetín (The Sock) with different covers and added bonuses)
 1995 - Corazón Sangrante (Bleeding Heart)
 1998 - Mexican Divas (participación especial, recopilaciones) (Compilation)
 2000 - Heavy Nopal en vivo (Heavy Nopal Live)
 2000 - Cabaret 2000 (recopilación de canciones), con Eugenia León y Liliana Felipe.(Compilation)
 2003 - La Cuchilla (The blade)
 2004 - Soy Virgencita y mucho más... (I am a virgin) (Compilation)
 2007 – Pecadora (Sinner)
 2007 - ¡Oh! Diosas (Oh! Goddesses)
 2011 - Tierra Misteriosa (Mysterious Land)
 2013 - Vivir Muriendo (Living & dying)
 2017 - Caprichos (Caprices)

Films
1991 – Film  “SOLO CON TU PAREJA”, Director Alfonso Cuarón. 2014 –Cabaret Singer in  “AMOR DE MIS AMORES” of  Manolo Caro. Television
Soap operas (telenovelas), e.g. “Teresa”, Televisa Mexico. HBO: “Pecadora”, “Heavy Nopal” and documentaries for the BBC and HBO.References

External links
  Official Website

1957 births
Mexican people of Lebanese descent
Mexican women singers
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Actresses from Quintana Roo
People from Chetumal, Quintana Roo
Living people
Lesbian actresses
Mexican feminists
Mexican performance artists
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Astrid Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Hadad
Astrid
Astrid
Hadad


title: Harry Congreve Evans

texts:
<mask> (10 December 1860 – 9 January 1899), generally known as "<mask>" or "<mask>", was a journalist, editor and newspaper proprietor of South Australia. Biography
The Rev. <mask> (1825 – 6 April 1863), a Baptist minister born in Wales, married Mary Ann Wilton (1830–1858), and emigrated to South Australia around 1854. He was sent to the Reedy Creek (now Palmer) copper mine, where he ministered and taught at the local school, then in 1856 to Nuriootpa, where his workload forced him to abandon teaching. They had a son and a daughter before she died, in 1858. On 16 February 1860 he married Matilda Jane Congreve (7 August 1827 – 22 October 1886), who wrote under the pseudonym Maud(e) Jean(ne) Franc. They had two sons: Henry "<mask>" <mask>, born at Nuriootpa, and William James "Will" <mask> (1862–1904).He died at South Rhine on Easter Monday 1863 aged 38 years. Before her marriage Matilda and her sister Emily, who were descended from the family of William Congreve, ran a school at Mount Barker, and it was there that the first of her literary work was done. After the death of her husband she opened a boarding school for girls at Angaston to maintain the four children, but in late 1868, with help from George Fife Angas she sent the two eldest to their father's step-mother in London, where they were neither wanted nor well looked-after. As soon as he was old enough, Ebenezer started working for J. B. Maple & Co., but ill-health prompted his return to Australia in 1878, accompanied by his sister; they opened a store at Tarcowie. <mask> moved to Adelaide with her two sons <mask> and Will, who received further tuition at John Whinham's North Adelaide Grammar School.Her brother, Henry John "<mask>" Congreve (31 March 1829 – 10 July 1918) emigrated to South Australia in 1849, lived for some time in Port Lincoln and Inglewood, Victoria. In 1880 he joined the Gawler Standard, then in 1885 the Bunyip when those two papers merged, resigning in 1890. He was a prolific writer, often as "H.J.C. ", for other journals such as the Adelaide Observer. After leaving school, <mask> found employment with Fanning & Co., then at the age of 16 joined The Advertiser, where he was noted for his stenographic skills and the speed and clarity of his longhand writing, while his energy, good humour and organising ability earned for him leadership of the literary staff. In 1888, as a result of a tour made with Frank Johnson, Minister of Education, to the Northern Territory, he produced an interesting series of articles for his paper. But he craved an outlet for his independent thought and writing, and with A. T. Chandler (also ex-Advertiser), James Hutchison, <mask>, and A. W. Gresswell Smith, founded Quiz, a weekly humorous and satirical publication.Five years later, when Chandler left the partnership, <mask> continued as sole editor. The paper was well received by the public and in 1890, by absorbing a competitor, became Quiz and The Lantern. <mask> was the librettist of Immomeena, composed by Moritz Heuzenroeder, and The Mandarin, composed by John M. Dunn, organist and choirmaster of St. Peter's Cathedral, and both performed at the Theatre Royal, in 1893 and 1896 respectively. He died barely two years later, and was buried at West Terrace Cemetery. Family

Children of Rev. Ephraim <mask> (1825–1863)
With Mary Ann <mask>, née Wilton (1830 – 1 January 1858):
Mary Ann "Pollie" <mask> (12 February 1855 – 9 February 1937), born at Reedy Creek, Tungkillo near Angaston, later living at Tarcowie. She married farmer Joseph W. Lines (died 1936) in 1882.They had eight children and many present-day descendants. Ephraim Ebenezer "Ebby" <mask> (17 April 1856 – 21 October 1930), draper, of Tarcowie, Queenstown, then Fremantle and Mosman, New South Wales. He married Rachel Drake on 1 October 1881. Attempted suicide, divorced, and died intestate. With Matilda Jane <mask>, née Congreve, (27 August 1827 – 22 October 1886):
Henry "<mask>" Congreve <mask> (10 December 1860 – 9 January 1899) subject of this article
William James "Will" <mask> (17 June 1862 – 22 September 1904) was born in Angas Park, educated at Angaston and North Adelaide; was theatre and music critic for The Advertiser, and also conducted the "From Day to Day" column in The Express, and the "From Week to Week" column in The Chronicle. He was author of Rhymes without Reason. Neither of the two younger sons married; they lived with their mother until she died, then boarded on South Terrace, Adelaide with J.Le M. F. Roberts (1843–1910), his daughter Edith, and his wife Lizzie Marian Roberts, née Gleeson ( –1911), the latter being described as "nurse, mentor, and friend, ... truly a second mother". Edith Roberts was an accomplished dancer who took part in Immomeena and other of <mask>'s stage works. Children of Henry Congreve (1793–1852)
With his first wife Lucy, née Hoppe (1798–1823):
George Thomas Congreve (1821 – 14 March 1898) medical man who grew quite wealthy; never left England. Wrote books New Era in Medical Science on consumption (tuberculosis), and The Nursery Gem on early childhood. With Elizabeth Ann Congreve née Jacob (she died 1852 at sea; he died 18 December 1852):
Matilda Jane Congreve (27 August 1827 – 22 October 1886) married Rev. Ephraim <mask> (1825–1863) on 16 February 1860; their children were:
Henry "<mask>" Congreve <mask> (10 December 1860 – 9 January 1899), subject of this article
William James "Will<mask> (17 June 1862 – 22 September 1904), some biographical details above
Henry John "<mask>" Congreve (31 March 1829 – 10 July 1918) arrived South Australia on the Trafalgar 17 January 1849, married Jane Marshall Kirkwood on 14 December 1865, lived at "Stretton", Walkerville Road (now Stephen Terrace, Walkerville), which became a second home to his siblings. Emily Congreve (1830 – 28 September 1896) arrived 1852; wrote (as "Little Jacob") Colonial Pen Scratchings
William Congreve (1832 – 20 July 1907) arrived South Australia 17 January 1849 with brother Henry; taught in SA and Victoria, retired to Bridgewater, died at "Stretton", Walkerville Road, St. Peters.Frederick Jacob Congreve (1837 – 16 September 1906) arrived with father 1852
James Congreve (1839 – 10 July 1934) lived in Sydney, died in Brisbane. References

1860 births
1899 deaths
Australian newspaper proprietors
Australian newspaper editors
Australian journalists
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
People from Nuriootpa, South Australia
19th-century Australian businesspeople

masks:
Henry Conve Evans
Harry Evans
Harry Conve Evans
Ephraim Evans
Harry
Conve Evans
Evans
Matilda Evans
Harry
Harry
Evans
Harry Craker
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans
Harry
Evans
Evans
Harry Evans
Evans
Harry
Evans
" Evans
Harry


title: Troy Bergeron

texts:
<mask> (born December 3, 1983) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills, Atlanta Falcons and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Georgia Force and Cleveland Gladiators in the Arena Football League. He never played college football. Early years
<mask> attended Shaw High School. He was a three-year starter at wide receiver in a Wing T offense, that focused on running the football. As a junior in 2000, he contributed to the team winning the state championship, while being named the 2000 Columbus Ledger-Enquirer's Offensive Player of the Year. As a senior, he posted 25 receptions for 444 yards and 7 touchdowns.He had one interception in limited duty at cornerback. He missed three games during the season because of surgery to correct compartmental syndrome in his leg. In track, he was part of the Georgia Class 4A state champion 4 × 400 metres relay team and placed second in the 400 metres as a senior. College career
Bergeron initially accepted a football scholarship from Auburn University. Before he enrolled at the school, the coaches asked him to switch to defensive back because of a surplus at the wide receiver position, so he asked to be released from his scholarship. He then transferred to Middle Tennessee State University, but while he was sitting out as a redshirt freshman, his fiancée gave birth to their son and Bergeron decided to move to Columbus to be with his family. He later requested to transfer to Troy University, which was closer to his home, but Middle Tennessee wouldn't release him from his commitment.He then opted to sign a professional football contract with the af2’s Columbus Wardogs and never played a down of college football. Professional career

Columbus Wardogs (af2)
In 2004, Bergeron made the Columbus Wardogs roster and became the youngest player in [[af2 history at 21. He recorded 77 receptions for 1,220 yards and 26 touchdowns despite missing the team’s first four games. He was only the third Wardog player to reach 1,000 yards receiving. He set a franchise single-game record with 212 receiving yards against the Macon Knights. Three weeks later, he had another record-breaking performance and set three single-game team records with 14 receptions for 216 yards and six touchdowns against the Louisville Fire. He was twice named the af2’s Offensive Player of the Week.Georgia Force (first stint)
In 2005, <mask> signed with the Georgia Force of the Arena Football League. As a rookie, he was slated to be a backup, until starter and offensive specialist Scottie Montgomery was injured in the second quarter of the season opener against the New Orleans VooDoo. <mask> stepped in, tallying a team-high 6 receptions for 116 yards, a game-high 3 receiving touchdowns and 74 yards on three kickoff returns. He was named Offensive Player of the Game for his first AFL contest and was given the starter position. He played in all 16 games, collecting 105 receptions for 1,372 yards, 31 touchdowns and 57 kickoff returns for 1,058 yards. He had a career-long 51-yard kickoff return and a career-long 37-yard missed field goal return against the Grand Rapids Rampage. He was named the 2005 AFL Rookie of the Year and was selected to the 2005 AFL All-Rookie Team.Along with rookie teammate Derek Lee, the duo ended the season as the top receiving touchdown tandem in the AFL with 64 combined touchdowns (<mask> 31 and Lee 33). Atlanta Falcons (first stint)
In 2006, he was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted rookie free agent. He attended training camp and was released following the final pre-season game. Buffalo Bills
On December 12, 2006, he was signed to the Buffalo Bills practice squad. He was released on February 14, 2007. Georgia Force (second stint)
In February 2007, <mask> re-joined the Georgia Force. He appeared in all 16 games and recorded career highs in receptions (132), receiving yards (1,736), touchdowns (41), rushing attempts (10) and rushing yards (81), while earning Second team All-Arena honors.He and teammate Wide receiver Chris Jackson became the first receiving tandem in AFL history to record at least 130 catches, 1,700 receiving yards and 40 touchdowns each. He led the team in receptions (13) and receiving yards (194), he also recorded four touchdowns on the road against the Austin Wranglers. He also had six kickoff returns for 103 yards and one rush for 10 yards. His 194 receiving yards and 307 total yards set new single-game franchise-highs. He also added two tackles and one fumble recovery on special teams. In 2008, Bergeron recorded 91 receptions for 1,247 yards, 24 touchdowns, 7 carries for 62 yards and 7 tackles. He also added five kickoff returns for 71 yards.The Arena Football League folded after the season. Columbus Lions (AIF)
In March 2009, <mask> signed with the Columbus Lions of the American Indoor Football Association. He led the team in receiving yards, touchdowns and catches. He contributed to the franchise winning the SIFL championship in 2010. Atlanta Falcons (second stint)
On April 28, 2009, he was signed by the Atlanta Falcons, only to be released on April 29 after failing his physical with a hamstring injury. He was re-signed by the team on May 10. He was waived during final cuts on September 4, and re-signed to the practice squad the next day.He was then promoted to the active roster on November 14. <mask> was released November 16 and re-signed to the practice squad on November 18. Ten days later, he was promoted to the 53-man roster again. On December 2, he returned to the practice squad. Due to the release of running back Verron Haynes, <mask> was promoted to the active roster on December 5. <mask> was waived again by the Falcons on December 7 and added to back to the practice squad on December 9. The Falcons promoted <mask> to the active roster again on December 15 when wide receiver Brian Finneran was placed on injured reserve.He spent a total of 6 games on the active roster. He was released on September 4, 2010. Cleveland Gladiators (AFL)
On October 3, 2010, he signed with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League. Dallas Cowboys
On December 15, 2010, he was signed to the Dallas Cowboys' practice squad. In March 2011, because of the NFL labor dispute and lockout decision, he signed with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League. He returned to the Cowboys after the collective bargaining agreement was signed. He was released on July 28, 2011.Personal life
In 2016, he was hired as a physical education teacher and a football assistant coach at Saint Francis Day School, Inc.

References

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from New Orleans
American football wide receivers
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football players
Columbus Wardogs players
Georgia Force players
Atlanta Falcons players
Buffalo Bills players
Dallas Cowboys players
Columbus Lions players

masks:
Troy Joseph Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron
Bergeron


title: Ruth Mitchell

texts:
<mask> (ca. 1889–1969) was a reporter who was the only American woman to serve with the Serbian Chetnik under Draža Mihailović in World War II. She was captured by the Gestapo and spent a year as a prisoner of war, later writing a book about her experiences. She also wrote a book about one of her brothers, General <mask>, who is regarded as the founder of the U.S. Air Force. Family and education
<mask> was born 30 April 1889 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the daughter of Harriet Danforth (Becker) <mask> and <mask>, who a few years later would become a U.S. congressman and senator. Her grandfather was the wealthy banker and railroad tycoon <mask>. She had two sisters and two brothers: William (known as Billy), who became a general, and John, a World War I aviator who died flying over France in 1917.She was educated at Milwaukee-Downer College and then at Vassar College. <mask> was married three times but always preferred to use her birth name. Her first husband was William Van Ryneveld Van Breda, and with him she had two children: John Lendrum Van Breda (b. 1914) and <mask> Breda. John joined the Royal Air Force during World War II and was killed in action in Egypt in May 1941. This marriage was ended by William Van Breda's death. <mask>'s second husband was Stanley Knowles, a British public school teacher who was stationed in Albania as a diplomat during World War II.They separated in the early 1930s, and in 1943 <mask> went to Reno, Nevada, to get a divorce. In May 1944, <mask> married Benjamin H. Jackson of Idaho, who worked in the mining industry. Although <mask> inherited enough money not to have to work, she had an adventurous temperament. An article about her in 1955 described her as one of the "pioneer women airplane pilots," though it is uncertain when or where she learned this skill. World War II
After the death of her first husband, <mask> took up photography and writing. In 1938, she was sent to the Balkans by the Illustrated London News as a reporter to cover the marriage of King Zog of Albania. She ended up staying in Europe for four years and was based out of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, when it was bombed and then invaded by Axis powers in April 1941.<mask> first became involved with the Chetniks as a reporter and only later joined as a member. It was subsequently reported that <mask> joined the Comitadji, the Yugoslavian Chetnik guerrilla band led by General Draža Mihailović. Another source states that she initially joined the Chetniks through Mihailović's rival Kosta Pećanac and later shifted her allegiance to Mihailović. Women were rare among the Chetniks, and <mask> later said that she was accepted only because she could "ride just about anything on four legs" and was ready "to die like a man." Fluent in German, she worked for the Chetniks as a spy and a courier for about a year. After the German army invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, <mask> was arrested in the port of Dubrovnik by the Gestapo while mapping German gun emplacement locations for Mihailović. In her book The Serbs Choose War published in 1943, she prophetically described crimes later a subject of the film The Monuments Men, the looting of national cultural treasures in occupied European nations by the Nazis:

Every art gallery and every private home is being picked clean.Everything beautiful, everything valuable to local history as well as to humanity as a whole, is being lugged away to Germany. Will these things ever be recovered? How can it be done? The United States's neutrality at the time of her arrest prevented her immediate execution. She was held in a dozen German prisons and camps for 13 or 14 months, in the course of which she was tried and sentenced to death. Of this ordeal, she later wrote:
All the women in those prisons expected to die, and I think all the rest of them did. We were starved, tortured and beaten....It taught me the heights of courage to which the human soul can reach.She escaped execution by being released in 1942 as part of a prisoner of war exchange, through pressure exerted by the Swiss government. The following year, <mask> published The Serbs Choose War, an account of her year with Mihailović and the Chetniks and her subsequent life as a German prisoner of war. Here is part of her description of the Nazi bombing of Belgrade on April 6, 1941:
I ran to a smashed window. There in the street among piles of stones men and women lay still in strange, contorted attitudes. I had a surge of uncontrollable wild fury.... There were two unexploded incendiary bombs embedded in the pavement just outside my windows. Postwar activities
In 1946 <mask> returned to Milwaukee from overseas.After the war she was actively involved in continuing controversies over the wartime role of the Chetniks. In 1946, she spoke out against the trial of General Mihailović that was then being held in Belgrade. In part this was personal: one of the Mihailović's codefendants, former Belgrade mayor Dragomir Jovanović, had charged her with being seen with the Gestapo. Her response to this was that she had been seen with the Gestapo when she was arrested and court-martialed for her Chetnik activities But she also voiced strong support for Mihailović, calling him "the greatest patriot of the war" and charging that Marshal Tito was claiming credit for his victories and that Tito held power "by using the notorious Croat Ustashe, an organization of murderers trained by Mussolini." After the war, <mask> worked on behalf of orphaned Serbian children, fundraising for the charity Serbian War Orphans of World War II. In 1953 she published My Brother Bill, a book about the general that ranged from his early years to his notorious court-martial. By 1955 she was living in London, reportedly in a flat where Lord Byron once lived.That same year, she  toured the United States promoting the Warner Brothers film The Court-Martial of <mask>. Later life and death
In her later years, <mask> lived in Portugal, where she died in Belas in 1969 following a heart attack. References

1888 births
1969 deaths
American guerrillas of World War II
American reporters and correspondents
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American women civilians in World War II
Writers from Milwaukee
Vassar College alumni
Chetnik personnel of World War II
Women soldiers
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
Milwaukee-Downer College alumni

masks:
Ruth Mitchell
Billy Mitchell
Ruth Mitchell
Mitchell
John Lendrum Mitchell
Alexander Mitchell
Mitchell
Ruth Van
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Billy Mitchell
Mitchell


title: William Kitchen Parker

texts:
<mask> FRS FRMS (23 June 1823 – 3 July 1890) was an English physician, zoologist and comparative anatomist. From a humble beginning he became Hunterian Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the College of Surgeons of England. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1865, awarded the Royal Medal in 1866. From 1871–73 he was President of the Royal Microscopical Society, and in 1885 he received the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians. Life
<mask> was born in the village of Dogsthorpe, near Peterborough in the County of Northamptonshire. His father, <mask>, was a working farmer, living in a thatched house, built in 1635. Thomas was a Wesleyan of the old school: a Methodist-Churchman, God-fearing and courteous, farming his own land.He married the daughter of another farmer, <mask>, whose name was also given to their son <mask>. <mask> was the second son, and six other children in the family died in their infancy. He went to a village dame school early in life, then to parish schools in Werrington and Paston. Schooling was interspersed with farm-work. After telling his father that farm-work was not for him, <mask> entered the Peterborough Grammar School for nine months, and then started on the road to medical education. He  was articled to a surgeon at Market Overton in 1842, using his spare time to teach himself about the plants of the neighbourhood. His knowledge of botany became remarkably extensive and accurate.In 1842 he became apprenticed to a country surgeon. During this time he continued educating himself in natural history by reading, looking and doing. The doing consisted of collecting and dissecting birds and mammals, and working up a portfolio of exquisitely beautiful and accurate drawings. <mask> married Elizabeth Jeffery whilst still a student: she was the daughter of the clerk to the Vauxhall Bridge Company. Her mother was the sister of Joseph Prendergast DD (1791–1875), the Headmaster of Colfe's School (1831–1857), and the benefactor of Prendergast School, both in the borough of Lewisham. <mask> and Elizabeth had seven children, three daughters and four sons. The first son, Thomas Jeffery <mask>, became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Otago, New Zealand; the second, <mask> <mask>, became Professor of Biology in the University College, Cardiff; the third was a draughtsman and lithographer; the fourth was a surgeon.In his work on the vertebrate skull <mask> became close to Thomas Henry Huxley, and named one of his sons after him. His first son was sent to study under Huxley, and became in 1872 one of Huxley's demonstrators. <mask> was elected FRS in 1865, and a few years afterwards the Royal Society gave him an annual grant to aid his work, and a generous Wesleyan friend more than once presented £100 towards the cost of publishing some of his plates. Later in life a State pension was awarded. The honours and appointments <mask> gained later in life were due mainly for his work on the vertebrate skeleton and its significance in establishing a "true theory of the vertebrate skull" (Edward Sabine). His Royal Society obituary notice described him as "An unworldly seeker after truth, loved by all who knew him". He is buried in a Wandsworth cemetery under a cross of red granite.Medical training
<mask> studied at King's College London from 1844–46, and became a student-demonstrator there to Mr (later Sir) <mask>, the surgeon, histologist and anatomist. He attended Charing Cross Hospital in 1846–47. He never took notes during lectures, but drew sketches, and claimed he remembered the facts as well as anyone who took notes. He produced sheet after sheet of artistic drawing, all worthy of publication and large numbers of skeletons of birds and mammals. He attended Richard Owen's lectures at the College of Surgeons, and "received with enthusiasm the doctrine of the archetype which he was afterwards to do so much to overturn". <mask> avoided taking exams, and remained for many years with the minimum qualification for running a general medical practice, which in those days was an LSA (Licenciate of the Society of Apothecaries), a qualification of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. From 1849, <mask> ran a general practice in London for many years, at various locations.The income supported his family, but his interest was in zoology, at which he was entirely self-taught. Today he is remembered only as a zoologist, one of a quite a sizeable groupincluding Thomas Henry Huxley, Richard Owen and Joseph Dalton Hookerwho were qualified in medicine but whose life work was in natural history or one of the newly named biological sciences. Career in zoology

Forams
Introduced to the microscope during his medical studies, <mask> continued to study the microscopic structure of tissues. It was on a visit to Bognor collecting sand that he encountered Polyzoa and Foraminifera, which he sorted, mounted and studied. <mask> became one of the greatest authorities on the Foraminifera, a group containing microscopic single-celled amoeboid protists with calcareous tests (shells). Had he not met Rupert Jones and <mask> he might have remained an unpublished amateur. It was Jones, mainly, who taught him how to present his considerable knowledge, and together they wrote 34 papers on the forams.Morphology of birds
At the same time, <mask> worked on his dissections, preparations and skeletons of vertebrates, especially birds. He developed, for example, about 300 preparations of bird wings and many complete skeletons. This work resulted in 24 papers on birds, including one on Archaeopteryx. There is a general article on birds in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. Owen's concept of vertebrate anatomy
Richard Owen was one of <mask>'s teachers, yet <mask> came to overthrow the master's ideas. Owen's view on anatomy did not derive from evolution, but from German philosophical notions of idealism. These ideas, associated in biology with Goethe and Kant, and developed in anatomy by Oken and Cuvier, were used by Owen in his theoretical expositions.Vertebrate anatomy, in this scheme, was to be seen as variations on an archetype. From an idea of Goethe's in 1790, Oken developed a theory that the bones of the skull were four modified vertebrae. Oken's exaggeration "The entire man is only a vertebra" was memorable. Oken's ideas were revived and expanded by Owen, and presented to the British Association meeting in 1846. The weak point in Owen's theory was its basis solely on the more derived and specialised skulls, and even so it took no notice of their embryological development. For example, Owen made no reference to the work of Rathke, who had shown in 1839 that there was no sign of the four vertebrae in the early embryo of snakes. The assault on Owen's system
Huxley was the first man to attack Owen's ideas on the vertebrate skeleton, in his Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society in 1858.He showed from a study of the early stages of lower fish, and also the stickleback and the frog, that the segmentation of the skull in higher vertebrata is a secondary process, and is independent of vertebration. The basis of the work was embryology, but the early history of the skull was known in only a few species. <mask>'s distinction was to carry out a careful study of the process in a much wider variety of vertebrates; his ironic comment on the "anatomical suffering caused to fish from their being dragged into harmony with that mischievous piece of work, the vertebrate archetype" shows, from such a gentle man, a surprising vigour in debate. "It is high time for us to have ceased from transcendentalism: of what use is it?" he asked. <mask> on the vertebrate skull
From 1865 to 1888 <mask> published 36 studies on the vertebrate skull, including a monograph . The entire series comprises nearly 1800 pages of letterpress and about 270 plates.The work was summarised in Francis Balfour's Comparative Embryology of 1881, and settled the fate of Owen's transcendental archetype theory of the vertebrate skull once and for all. The vertebrate shoulder-girdle
Another major vertebrate project was a monograph on the comparative anatomy of the vertebrate shoulder-girdle (pectoral girdle). One of the chief results of this work was, by demonstrating the true homologies of the various bones of the shoulder-girdle in fishes, to overthrow Owen's theory of the nature of limbs. <mask> showed (contrary to Owen) that the true shoulder-girdle is from the first totally independent of the skull. In teleost and ganoid fish, the skull and shoulder-girdle are brought into connexion by derivatives of the skin-skeleton, not by bones of the shoulder-girdle. Discoveries like this alerted <mask> to the failure of the great system of transcendental anatomy which Owen had done so much to establish. Royal College of Surgeons
In 1873, Professor Flower was invalided, and <mask> was asked to step in the breach.He took his MRCS diploma by viva voce, and was appointed Professor. Afterwards, they shared the Hunterian chair jointly. Difficulty in writing
There are many indications that <mask> found writing difficult, and avoided it, and when forced to write the result was often scarcely comprehensible. Whatever the reason, he needed, and got, help and advice. Huxley gave him detailed advice more than once, which <mask> either ignored or could not put into action. "He wrote without system, putting down everything as it occurred to him, and continually going off on side issues. He never revised: it was always the first draft of his MS. that went to the printer, and none but minor alterations were made in proof; and such methods of assisting the reader as abstracts, careful descriptions of figures, etc., always seemed to him superfluous.""But from the purely literary standpoint the case is altered: scattered up and down his writings are passages of great beauty, of true and sincere eloquence, and of quaint whimsical humour." Although <mask> could scarcely write a simple descriptive sentence to save his life, he certainly had a huge grasp of the imagery and poetics of the English language. This is part of one sequence quoted by his son:
"If the Megatherium, or his somewhat more modest-sized relation, the Mylodon (another extinct sloth), did find their supply of food in the way palaeontologists suggest, their mode of dining must have been a sight worth seeing...
"Let us, however, try to imagine a Megatherium waking up after lazily dozing a month or two during the dry season, and then, hungry and wet, in the heavy downpour of the beginning rainy season, setting to work to break his fast. As far as can be judged by the tools he had to work with—paws a yard, and claws a foot, in length—the first thing to be done was to throw a few hundredweights of earth from the roots of some large tree. "Now he changes his tactics; he has good collar-bones, and well-shaped arms for embracing; so, bear-like, he hugs the tree upon which his desires are set, and, busily digging still, not now with his fore, but with his hind, paws, his great weight resting upon his haunches and his tail, he, with many groans, sways the big tree to and fro; at last with a great crash it falls..."

That is certainly not the prose of the usual science author. At least two of <mask>'s books were written with help: his Morphology of the skull was written from his dictation and notes by G.T. Bettany, and his 1884 lectures On mammalian descent were written with the help of a friend, Arabella Buckley, who had been Charles Lyell's secretary.<mask>'s avoidance of exams also points towards an avoidance of writing, especially since his early career would have been much improved by taking a higher qualification. As far as we know, it was not a lack of money which prevented him taking exams (as it was with Huxley). His father, though not wealthy, was able to give his children a start in life. Dyslexia is a possible explanation, but it is hard to reconcile with passages such as the above. Perhaps an upbringing in a farmhouse with little reading material apart from the Bible, and little opportunity to practice writing in his early years led to his unusual characteristics as a scientific writer. References

External links
On Mammalian Descent; the Hunterian Lectures for 1884: being nine lectures ... By <mask> <mask>

1823 births
1890 deaths
People from Peterborough
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
19th-century English medical doctors
English zoologists
British ornithologists
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Royal Medal winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School

masks:
William Kitchen Parker
Parker
Thomas Parker
Sarah Kitchen
William
William Parker
Parker
Parker
William
Parker
William Newton
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
William Bowman
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Crawford Williamson
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
William Kitchen
Parker


title: Joh Hyun

texts:
<mask> (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea.) (Hangul 조현; born 1969) is a South Korean novelist. He follows the example of some artists known to adopt alien alter-egos (notably the British musician David Bowie, who invented the bisexual rockstar Ziggy Stardust persona) and describes himself as a "special correspondent in Earth for the planet of Klaatu." Klaatu is also the name of a fictional alien in the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still directed by Robert Wise, based on the short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates. A Canadian rock band performed under the same name in the 1970s. As his unusual self-label suggests, <mask> writes science fiction that combines Eastern history and culture with those of the West. Life
<mask> was born in Damyang County, South Korea in 1969.He made his literary debut in 2008 when his short story “The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin” (종이냅킨에 대한 우아한 철학) won the Dong-A Daily New Writer's Contest. Jo mainly wrote poetry during his university years, but after landing a full-time job, he became content with reading literature as opposed to writing it. Near the end of his twenties, he decided to submit a poem to a new writer's contest but did not win. He tried again a decade later as a way to wrap up his thirties, sending in a poem along with a shorty story he happened to have ready at the time. To his surprise, the short story won the contest. He famously donated half of his prize money to a little girl in Mozambique so he could put into action the central message of his winning story: "All forms of life are interconnected, cannot exist independently, and must share with one another." An avid reader, Jo dreamed of becoming a librarian as a child.When he started university, he haunted the school library and frequented used bookstores because he could not afford to buy new books. Jo was more interested in poetry and cinema than in novels during his university years. Wishing to learn more about screenwriting and film, he joined the Korea Media Rating Board after graduating. In 2003, he began working as a staff member of the Performing Arts department at the Kookmin University College of Art. In his first year, he was awarded the Best Reader Award by the Dean of Libraries of Kookmin University Sungkok Library. Jo considers his dreams to be a major source of creative inspiration. In fact, most of the works in his first short story collection Nuguegena amugeotdo anin hambeogeoui yeoksa (누구에게나 아무것도 아닌 햄버거의 역사 The History of the Hamburger that Was Nothing to Anyone), including his award-winning debut “The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin” (종이냅킨에 대한 우아한 철학), were written based on what he saw in his dreams.Jo elaborates on his dreams in another short story, “Eunhasureul geonneo – klaatuhangseongtongshin 1” (은하수를 건너-클라투행성통신1 Crossing the Galaxy: Correspondence to Planet Klaatu 1). The protagonist's lucid dreams can be seen as alternate versions of Jo's own dream world. “The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin” has been translated into English and appeared in the literary journal AZALEA published by the Korean Institute of Harvard University. Writing
Literary critic Jeong Gwa-ri and novelist Song Sokze, who judged the 2008 Dong-A Daily New Writer's Contest, wrote the following commentary on selecting <mask> <mask>'s “The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin” as the winning work:

“‘The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin’ follows the story of cyborgs conducting an anthropological study of humans after their extinction. The work stood out for its highly imaginative premise involving ‘The Waste Land’ poet T. S. Eliot and napkins that satirize the emotional poverty of people today. Also notable was its clever narrative structure of starting and ending the story with shocking reveals in the form of letters. Blending prescient reflections on reality into a fictional world, while meeting the classic criteria for a ‘well-wrought urn,’ the work was a worthy winner.”

The commentary offers a basic guideline to understanding <mask> <mask>’s work: against the backdrop of fictional universes influenced by a number of science fiction masterpieces, Jo writes stories about reality.In a perceptive commentary on the author, literary critic Kang Yu-jeong writes: “Novels are fiction. Even a fact, as soon as it enters the framework of fiction, becomes a component of fiction. A story that shamelessly presents ‘facts’ as real information is phony and obscene. Bad storytellers often use real information to emphasize the authenticity of their work. Bad liars think they are fooling others, but are really just fooling themselves. Better liars know how to fool others without fooling themselves. The best liars, that is the true liars, believe in their own lies.To make a lie true, the key is to properly construct the lie and have faith in it. Funnily enough, a properly constructed lie is often more poignant than a poorly told truth. People readily sympathize with true lies and are moved by their alluring charm. A well-made story, a great novel—they are all poignant lies. In the world of fiction and storytelling, whether something is factual or not is not the point. The point is whether it can inspire awe in your heart. I have no doubt in my mind that <mask> <mask> is a superb liar.”

Works
1.『누구에게나 아무것도 아닌 햄버거의 역사』, 민음사, 2011년. { The History of the Hamburger that Was Nothing to Anyone. Minumsa, 2011. } 2. 「제인도우, 마이보스」, 『2017 현대문학상 수상소설집』, 현대문학, 2017년. { “Jane Doe, My Boss.” In 2017 Hyundae Literary Award Anthology. <mask> Munhak, 2017. }Works in translation
 The Elegant Philosophy of the Paper Napkin (English)

Awards
1. 2017: Hyundae Literary Award

2. 2008: Dong-A Daily New Writer's Contest

Further reading
 김태환, ｢식물성 맥도날드, 아이러니와 역설의 세계｣, 『문학과사회』, 2008년 여름호. { Kim, Tae-hwan. “Vegetarian McDonald’s: The World of Irony and Paradox.” Literature and Society, 2008 Summer Issue. } 서희원, ｢누구에게는 모든 것인 우연 또는 시적 상상력의 소설｣, 『문학동네』, 2011년 겨울호. { Seo, Hui-won.“A Novel of Chance or Poetic Imagination that Was Everything to Someone.” Munhakdongne, 2011 Winter Issue. } 서희원, ｢외계인 비밀 보고서 공개 “지구인은…”｣, 『프레시안』, 2011년 9월 23일. { Seo, Hui-won. “Secret Alien Report Disclosed: Earthlings are...” Pressian, September 23, 2011. } 이수형 · 조현, ｢조현 작가 인터뷰｣,『웹진 문지』, 2011년 12월 18일. { Lee, Su-hyeong, and Hyeon Jo. “Interview with Writer <mask> <mask>.” Webzine Moonji, December 18, 2011. }｢조현 소설가｣, 『사이버문학광장 문장』, 2011년 9월 26일. { “Novelist <mask> <mask>.” Munjang, September 26, 2011. } References

South Korean science fiction writers
21st-century South Korean writers
1969 births
Living people

masks:
Joh Hyun
Joh Hyun
Joh Hyun
Joh
Hyun
Joh
Hyun
Joh
Hyun
Hyundae
Joh
Hyun
Joh
Hyun


title: Liu Yin (Southern Han)

texts:
<mask> (劉隱) (874 – April 4, 911), formally Prince Xiang of Nanhai (南海襄王), later further posthumously honored Emperor Xiang (襄皇帝) with the temple name of Liezong (烈宗) by his younger brother <mask>, was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Tang's succeeding dynasty Later Liang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, who ruled Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong) as its military governor (Jiedushi). It was on the basis of his rule that <mask> was later able to establish the state of Southern Han. Background
<mask> was born in 874, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang. His father, whose name was variously referred to as <mask> or <mask>, was a low-level officer at Guang Prefecture (廣州), the capital of Qinghai (then known as Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道)). His mother Lady Wei was a niece to Lingnan East's then-military governor Wei Zhou (韋宙). <mask> eventually came to control Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong) as its prefect. <mask> was his oldest son, and he had two younger ones, <mask> (劉台), also born of Lady Wei, and <mask>, born of his concubine Lady Duan.(Lady Wei had killed Lady Duan out of a jealous rage after finding out about Lady Duan, whom <mask> had kept in a house away from their mansion. When <mask> subsequently buried Lady Duan, at her burial location was a stone tablet that bore the characters of <mask>, Tai, and Yan, and he used those characters to name his three sons.) As prefect of Feng Prefecture
In 894, <mask> died, and <mask> was observing a period of mourning when it was said that a group of about 100 soldiers and civilians were planning a disturbance. <mask> slaughtered them. Thereafter, then-military governor of Lingnan East, <mask>i (劉崇龜), made him a Lingnan East officer and gave him one of the titles that <mask> held, the defender of Heshui Base (賀水鎮, in modern Nanning, Guangxi). Shortly after, <mask>i commissioned him the prefect of Feng Prefecture. In 896, a new military governor of the circuit (which had been renamed Qinghai by that point), Li Zhirou the Prince of Xue, commissioned by then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor), was reporting to Qinghai.Instead of preparing to welcome him, however, the Qinghai officers Lu Ju (盧琚) and Tan Hongqi (譚弘玘) instead prepared to resist him and took up defensive positions, with Tan defending Duan Prefecture (端州, in modern Zhaoqing). Tan tried to enter an alliance with <mask> to defend against Li, and promised to give his daughter to <mask> in marriage. <mask> pretended to agree, but instead, under the guise that he was going to go to Duan Prefecture to marry Tan's daughter, ambushed Tan and killed him. He then attacked Guang Prefecture and killed Lu, and then welcomed Li to Guang Prefecture to take command. Li commissioned <mask> as the commander of the Qinghai army (行軍司馬, Xingjun Sima). As Qinghai officer
In 898, Zeng Gun (曾袞) the prefect of Shao Prefecture (邵州, in modern Shaoguan, Guangdong) attacked Guang Prefecture, and was joined by the Guang Prefecture officer Wang Gui (王瓌, who commanded a fleet). <mask> defeated them, and when the Shao Prefecture officer <mask> (劉潼) subsequently attacked Zhen (湞州) and Han (浛州) (both in modern Qingyuan, Guangdong), <mask> defeated and killed him.In 900, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the chancellor Xu Yanruo to replace Li Zhirou as military governor of Qinghai, but before Xu could get to Qinghai, Li died. When Xu arrived at Qinghai, he made <mask> his deputy military governor and entrusted the affairs of the circuit to <mask>. When Xu himself died in 901, he left a will recommending <mask> as the acting military governor. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned Cui Yuan, but when Cui reached Jiangling, he heard that Qinghai was overrun by bandits and also feared that <mask> would not yield authority to him, and therefore requested recall to the imperial government; Emperor Zhaozong agreed and did so, but did not name <mask> military governor at that time. In 902, Lu Guangchou the prefect of Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) attacked Qinghai Circuit and captured Shao Prefecture and put Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guangdong) under siege, <mask> defeated him and tried to recapture Shao. <mask> advised him not to, pointing out that Lu's army was still strong, but <mask> did not listen to him and attacked Shao anyway. At that time, the water level on the river was high, and <mask> was not able to get food supplies to the army on time.A counterattack by Lu and his officer Tan Quanbo defeated him and forced his withdrawal, allowing Lu to retain Shao. In 904, by which time the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) was in effective control of the imperial government, having assassinated Emperor Zhaozong and replaced him with his son Emperor Ai, <mask> bribed Zhu and requested to be commissioned military governor. Zhu agreed, and <mask> was subsequently given the military governorship. As military governor
In 905, Emperor Ai bestowed the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事) on <mask>. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. He gave <mask> the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中) and created him the Prince of Dapeng. In 908, <mask> the Prince of Chu to the north of Qinghai, sent his officer Lü Shizhou (呂師周) to attack Qinghai, capturing six prefectures (Zhao (昭州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi), He (賀州, in modern Hezhou, Guangxi), Wu (梧州, in modern Wuzhou, Guangxi), Meng (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou), Gong (龔州, in modern Guigang, Guangxi), and Fu (富州, in modern Hezhou)) from Qinghai.Also in 908, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent the officials Zhao Guangyi (趙光裔) and <mask>heng (李殷衡) as emissaries to <mask> to commission him as the military governor of both Qinghai and Jinghai (靜海, headquartered in modern Hanoi, Vietnam) Circuits. <mask> accepted the commissions but then detained Zhao and Li and did not permit them to return to the Later Liang court. In 909, Emperor Taizu created <mask> the Prince of Nanping. In or sometime before 910, <mask> had sent <mask> to attack Ningyuan Circuit (寧遠, headquartered in modern Yulin, Guangxi), which consisted of its capital Rong Prefecture (容州) and Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern Maoming, Guangdong) and which was then governed by Pang Juzhao (龐巨昭), but <mask> was defeated by Pang. Still, believing that he could not prevail over <mask>, Pang surrendered Ningyuan to Chu in 910. Ma stationed his general Yao Yanzhang at Rong Prefecture. Later in the year, Emperor Taizu created <mask> the Prince of Nanhai.In 911, <mask> fell ill. He submitted a recommendation that <mask> succeed him, and then died. Subsequently, <mask> took over the circuit. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> or <mask>, posthumously honored Emperor Shengwu with the temple name of Daizu
 Mother
 Lady Wei, posthumously honored Empress Wu
 Wife?/Concubine? Lady Yan, mother of Princess Qingyuan
 Children
 Princess Zengcheng, wife of Changhe's emperor Zheng Min (鄭旻)
 <mask> (劉華), the Princess Qingyuan, wife of Min's prince (later emperor) Wang Yanjun
 At least one son

References

Citations

Bibliography
 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 135. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.65. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268. Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十國春秋), vol. 58. Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Qinghai Circuit
10th-century rulers in Asia
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Jinghai Circuit
Tang dynasty generals from Guangdong
874 births
911 deaths
Tang dynasty politicians from Guangdong
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lingnan Circuit
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people born during Tang

masks:
Liu Yin
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Qian
Liu Zhiqian
Liu Qian
Liu Yin
Liu Tai
Liu Yan
Liu Qian
Liu Qian
Yin
Liu Qian
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Chonggu
Liu Qian
Liu Chonggu
Liu Yin
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Yin
Liu Tong
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Ma Yin
Li Yin
Liu
Liu
Liu
Liu Yin
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Yin
Liu Yan
Liu Yan
Liu Zhiqian
Liu Qian
Liu Hua