title: Michael O'Flanagan

texts:
 Convention published their report the British Government decided to impose conscription on Ireland. The resulting backlash brought all the diverse nationalist strands together, including the Catholic church leaders and the Irish Party, united in a massive anti-conscription protest campaign.When the Military Service Act was passed in the House of Commons on 16 April 1918, John Dillon led the IPP members out in protest and they returned to Ireland to join the campaign. O'Flanagan had a long record of protesting against conscription dating back to his time in Cliffoney at the start of the war. He spoke at the conclusion of the monster rally in Ballaghadereen on 5 May, where John Dillon and Eamon de Valera shared a platform for the first and only time. In response to this wave of protest, Lord French's German Plot was set in motion, when old letters belonging to Sir Roger Casement were resurrected and used as flimsy propaganda. On 16 and 17 May sixty-nine Sinn Féin leaders were arrested and imprisoned by Crown forces, or went on the run if they had been tipped off by <mask>. O'Flanagan was exempted because he was a priest, and was left as the acting-president of the party. Sinn Féin issued a statement:

East Cavan By-election

In early 1918 Sinn Féin contested and failed to win three by-elections in South Armagh, Waterford and Tyrone.Another important by-election occurred on 20 June 1918 in East Cavan. With most of the leading Sinn Féin members in prison as a result of the German Plot, seasoned campaigners were in short supply. O'Flanagan was approached by Andy Lavin and asked to canvas for Arthur Griffith, then incarcerated in Gloucester prison. He broke the Bishop's "muzzle" and delivered a vitriolic speech to 10,000 people at Ballyjamesduff on Sunday 26 May. The oration, which was suppressed by the censor, was printed and distributed widely as by Sinn Féin as "Father O'Flanagan's Suppressed Speech." O'Flanagan put terrific energy into the contest, and featured widely in both RIC and newspaper reports, always helpful for propaganda: "it was reported from Ballyjamesduff that a victim of paralysis has been visited by O'Flanagan and that, a few days after receiving the priest's blessing, the man was able to walk a short distance. With such advantages Sinn Féin could not lose."O'Flanagan had the satisfaction of seeing his fellow Vice-president win by a comfortable majority. As a result of his appearance in Ballyjamesduff, O'Flanagan was suspended from his clerical duties by Bishop Coyne. "Father O'Flanagan has in fact, been more harshly treated by his own Bishop than the other Sinn Féin leaders have been treated by the British Government." When the people of Crossna discovered his suspension, they promptly followed the example set the Cliffoney villagers and locked Crossna church in protest. The Crossna Rebellion received widespread newspaper coverage. The villagers wrote a strongly-worded remonstrance in censure of the Bishop's actions, which was published in local newspapers. However, as with the Cliffoney Rebellion, the Bishop refused to negotiate or reinstate O'Flanagan.The church was opened after three weeks at O'Flanagan's request. Freedom of Sligo
In late on Sunday 23 June O'Flanagan was awarded the Freedom of Sligo in recognition of his contribution to the nationalist cause. He made a public speech before a massive crowd on the steps of Sligo Town Hall. The RIC recorded his speech and estimated that there were at least 2,000 people in attendance. As a result of his suspension O'Flanagan threw his time into his Sinn Féin work, residing in Dublin. He had no income at this time and a group of supporters in Crossna raised a subscription called the Father O'Flanagan Fund which was widely advertised in the national and regional newspapers. General Election 1918

The Sinn Féin Ard Feis took place in the Mansion House on 29 October.With most of the leadership in prison, O'Flanagan chaired the meeting and gave the main address. As expected, when the war ended the first general election since 1910 was called. On 11 November, coinciding with Armistice Day, Sinn Féin convened again to launch their General Election campaign. O'Flanagan toured the length and breadth of the country as one of the main and most popular public speakers for Sinn Féin. There are numerous accounts of his speeches and journeys scattered throughout the Bureau of Military History witness statements. He was usually accompanied by members of the Irish Volunteers for bodyguards. The campaign coincided with an outbreak of influenza, and many people died throughout Ireland.The 1918 election was fought under a franchise tripled in size, allowing women and many younger men to vote for the first time. O'Flanagan spoke at Ballaghadereen where he spoke of the sacrifice of the men of 1916 and castigated the leadership of the Irish Party for encouraging conscription. When the polling took place in December, Sinn Féin swept the boards, completing the process begun in North Roscommon, decimating the Irish Parliamentary party by taking 73 of the 105 seats available. At the end of the 1918 election O'Flanagan remarked that "the people have voted Sinn Féin. What we have to do now is explain to them what Sinn Féin is." Chaplain to the First Dáil

The successful Sinn Féin candidates abstained from Westminster and instead proclaimed an Irish Republic with Dáil Éireann as its parliament. The First Dáil's inauguration took place in the Mansion House in Dublin on 21 January 1919."The majority of the 103 members returned in the 1918 election were not present – some by choice, others through force of circumstance, their absences recorded in the recurring phrase of that day 'faoi ghlas ag Gallaibh.'" Harry Boland and <mask> were absent, having travelled to England to engineer de Valera's escape from Lincoln prison. O'Flanagan was appointed chaplain to the First Dáil. He was introduced by the chairman Cathal Brugha as "the Staunchest Priest who ever lived in Ireland," and invited to open the proceedings with a prayer. He duly read a prayer in both Irish and English calling for guidance from the holy spirit. The opening of the First Dáil coincided with the outbreak of the War of Independence when two policemen were shot dead in Tipperary that afternoon. O'Flanagan attended a meeting of the Dáil in early April, attended by a larger number of TDs including escapee de Valera, Collins and Boland.The event was photographed for publicity and was printed as a poster and postcard. In early May the Irish American delegation visited Dublin on their return from a fruitless mission to the Paris Peace Conference. The delegates, <mask>. Ryan, Edward Dunne and Frank P. Walsh posed for a photograph with senior members of Sinn Féin. O'Flanagan is standing with Count Plunkett and Arthur Griffith, accompanied by Éamon de Valera, Lawrence O'Neill the Lord Mayor of Dublin, and possibly W. T. Cosgrave, on the steps of the Mansion House. On 19 May 1919, after a protracted period of negotiations involving the intercession of Archbishop Gilmartin of Tuam, O'Flanagan was restored to his full status as a priest. He was sent to Roscommon Town to resume his clerical duties. As a member of the Dáil's Land Executive he was responsible for propaganda and agriculture in County Roscommon.An illustration in the National Library of Ireland shows him attending a meeting the Dáil, chaired by Count Plunkett, on 21 June 1919. Raid on O'Flanagan's rooms
Violence and reprisals continued to escalate throughout the country in late 1920. On 11 October Fr. O'Flanagan was arrested by Crown forces on his way to a meeting of the Ballinasloe Asylum Committee, but was released within a few hours. On Friday 22 October, O'Flanagan's rooms in Roscommon were raided by two members of the Auxiliaries, accompanied by two RIC officers. They took books, papers, confiscated his typewriter, chopped up a suitcase of vestments, and stole a £5 note. The incident is recounted in the witness statement of John Duffy, one of the R. I. C. constables present.O'Flanagan's secretary and typist Vera McDonnell also left a record of the raid. Three nights later on 25 October the Moneygold ambush took place three miles south of Cliffoney. The local Volunteers, many of whom were friends of O'Flanagan, attacked a nine-man RIC patrol from Cliffoney barracks and shot four dead including the sergeant, close to Ahamlish graveyard. Cliffoney and the surrounding area was raided on several subsequent nights at the end October as a company of Auxiliaries based at Coolavin came to north Sligo for reprisals. Several houses in Cliffoney were burned along with Grange Temperance Hall and Ballintrillick Creamery. Also burned in reprisal was the Sinn Féin hall at Cliffoney, named after Father <mask>'Flanagan. Painted on the ruined walls of the latter was a message for local republicans: 'Vacated home of murder gang.'"On 1 November, the day of Kevin Barry's execution and Terence MacSwiney's funeral, O'Flanagan took his personal papers and hid them in the laundry room at the convent in Loughglynn. Bloody Sunday took place on 21 November when thirteen members of the Crown forces, sixteen civilians and three republican prisoners, including Dick McKee and Conor Clune, were killed. Telegrams to Lloyd George
O'Flanagan was Acting-President of Sinn Féin while de Valera was in the United States and Arthur Griffith was in prison. On 6 December, responding to comments about peace made in the press by Prime Minister Lloyd George, O'Flanagan began a public dialogue through the medium of telegrams and newspapers. The first message ran "you state that you are willing to make peace at once without waiting for Christmas. Ireland is also waiting. What first step do you propose?"These unexpected and unsanctioned moves caught his colleagues in Sinn Féin by surprise and they were quick to distance themselves from his comments. His critics, including <mask>, who was conducting his own secret peace moves through Archbishop Clune, was not impressed. "Collins made certain that the press was informed that O'Flanagan had acted unilaterally, writing in disgust, 'We must not allow ourselves to be rushed by these foolish productions or foolish people, who are tumbling over themselves to talk about a truce, when there is no truce.'" Collins and Griffith had been holding meetings with Archbishop Clune, who had been sent over by Lloyd George to negotiate terms of a truce. Lloyd George took O'Flanagan's messages as a sign of disunity among the leaders of Sinn Féin, and promptly changed the terms of his deal with Clune to include a surrender of weapons. "A later comment by O'Flanagan suggests that his cable was a deliberate attempt to sabotage Clune's efforts, which he held to be too much influenced by Dublin Castle." He continued his dialogue with the British Prime Minister until de Valera's return from America on 23 December.De Valera arrived back in Ireland on 23 December, the day the Government of Ireland Act was passed, dividing the country in two. It was "because de Valera anticipated that the British government would soon attempt to resolve the Irish situation through placing an emphasis on church diplomatic channels that he considered that the Dáil had to be fully prepared for this eventuality by having as strong a rapport with the church as possible. For this reason, although de Valera dissuaded Fr. O'Flanagan from continuing the peace negotiations, he only censured rather than expelled him from Sinn Féin for having bypassed the authority of the Dáil." De Valera used O'Flanagan to hold informal talks with Lloyd George in early January, where they discovered that Dominion status for Southern Ireland was the most that the British were prepared to offer. In late January 1921, O'Flanagan and judge James O'Connor met informally in London with Sir Edward Carson to discuss a peaceful solution to the conflict, but without success. O'Flanagan's movements and meetings were recorded and reported by detectives from the RIC.His importance as a peacemaker at this point was recognised by Lloyd George, who suggested confidential meetings by:
(1) a meeting between de Valera, O'Flanagan, O'Connor, Carson and Craig, to be followed by a meeting between the above five and the Prime Minister and Bonar Law; or, at de Valera's option, (2) a meeting between de Valera, O'Flanagan, O'Connor, the Prime Minister and Bonar Law in the first instance. However these options were not taken up by De Valera. Lloyd George and his cabinet then intensified the conflict and the last six months of the War of Independence were the most violent. On Monday 14 March 1921 O'Flanagan's friend, Patrick Moran from Crossna, was executed in Mountjoy Jail for several murders. "The next challenge which faced the Sinn Féin party came in May 1921, and it consisted of general elections for two separate 'devolved' parliaments in Dublin and Belfast." Republican Envoy

At the Sinn Féin Ard-Feis at the end of October 1921, O'Flanagan was selected to travel to America as a Republican Envoy. After some difficulties about his passport and status, he landed in the United States in November.He was filmed and interviewed by British Pathé on his arrival in New York. O'Flanagan was touring the east coast giving lectures and getting plenty of newspaper coverage in his mission "to help in raising the second external bond certificate loan of Dáil Éireann," when the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921. By January 1922 Sinn Féin had divided on the issue of the Treaty. O'Flanagan and his friend and fellow envoy John J. O'Kelly (Sceilg) were strongly opposed to the Treaty, and refused to accept the validity or authority of the Free State. In 1922 an article by O'Flanagan titled "Co-operation" was published as a sixteen-page booklet by Cumann Leigheacht an Phobail in Dublin. The article discusses the economic and human value of Co-operative Societies for Ireland. Australia
When O'Flanagan and O'Kelly arrived in Australia they met the Archbishop of Melbourne, Daniel Mannix.The Archbishop had been one of O'Flanagan's teachers in Maynooth and he was politically sympathetic to their mission. Before long they were arrested for making seditious speeches, and incarcerated for several weeks in "Botany Bay" before eventually being deported on 16 July. They were sent to France before making their way back to the United States. Though he was absent from the country, O'Flanagan was re-elected as one of four Vice Presidents of Sinn Féin and as one of the nine members of the Officer Board at the Ard-Feis in early November 1924. Return to Ireland 1925
On 21 February 1925 O'Flanagan arrived home from the United States to help the third incarnation of Sinn Féin contest a number of by-elections. Reformed in 1923 by de Valera, the third Sinn Féin "was a coalition of different elements, and while it no longer included any non-republicans it remained an uneasy combination of extremists and (relative) moderates, of ideologues and politicians, of fundamentalists and realists." Sinn Féin had won 44 seats in the August 1923 general election, but abstained from taking their seats in the Dáil.O'Flanagan was vocal in his dismay about the state of the country after the Civil War, governed by the pro-treaty Free

masks:
Michael Collins
Michael Collins
Michael F
Michael O
Michael Collins


title: Michael O'Flanagan

type: original

texts:
 State with the support of the Catholic church. He expressed equally radical views on the abuse of power within the Catholic church and was highly critical of ecclesiastical interference and control over temporal affairs. "During several by-election campaigns in 1925 O'Flanagan heaped abuse on Ireland's bishops for their extreme political partisanship. He denounced attempts to turn 'churches into political meeting places by making stupid, ill-informed political speeches from the altar.'" O'Flanagan was outraged that the Sacraments were being used as a weapon, and that republicans were being harassed from the pulpits. Increasingly disillusioned with Sinn Féin's policy of abstention he began to consider other means to enter the Free State parliament. In a clandestine visit to Rome to visit Monsignor John Hagan, de Valera worked out his formula to bypass the Oath.In April O'Flanagan was suspended from clerical duties by Bishop Coyne and forbidden to say mass, because of his outspoken nationalist activities and the anti-clerical speeches he had made in America and for delivering "dis-edifying harangues to excited mobs at five places in the diocese of Elphin." His opinions, especially his views on the Catholic church alarmed some of the more devout and politically ambitious members of Sinn Féin. Silenced again, he maintained his radical stance on social issues writing a series of articles in the republican journal An Phoblacht between June and December 1925. In September "Fr. <mask>'Flanagan and Eamonn Donnelly TD and Republican MP for Armagh, were arrested by the RUC, at a concert at Derrymacash, near Lurgan, on September 26. Held overnight, they were put, next day upon a train for Dublin." Sinn Féin split 1926
On 9–11 March 1926, an extraordinary Ard-Fheis was summoned by de Valera.There he tabled a proposal that Sinn Féin members should be free to enter the Free State Oireachtas if the Oath of Allegiance were removed. "He was prepared to 'take the risks and go after the people'; he would take 'the bog road' instead of 'the High road.'" O'Flanagan possibly expected this, since rumours that "a number of Irregulars are in favour of entry to the Dáil" had been circulating since January. O'Flanagan tabled a counter motion stating:That it is incompatible with the fundamental principles of Sinn Féin as it is injurious to the honour of Ireland, to send representatives into any usurping legislature set up by English law in Ireland. De Valera left to found Fianna Fáil, and the majority of the more talented members of Sinn Féin followed him, leaving behind the rump Sean Lemass referred to as a "galaxy of cranks. "Bishop Coyne died of a seizure July 1926, and was replaced by Dr. Edward Doorly. On 20 October 1927 when his father Edward O'Flanagan died, the ban on O'Flanagan's ministry was revoked by Fr.Harte, allowing him to celebrate the funeral mass. Fr. Harte was vicar general while Bishop Doorly was away in Rome. O'Flanagan considered his ban removed, though he did not celebrate mass in public and was never promoted within the hierarchy. O'Flanagan remained with the reduced "galaxy of cranks" in Sinn Féin. From this time onwards he began to turn his attention towards his inventions and historical research. De Valera's new party quickly eclipsed Sinn Féin at the June 1927 election.It became obvious, with hindsight, that de Valera had engineered the split to suit his needs. O'Flanagan remained friends with union leader James Larkin and though he expressed some Marxist sentiment, never joined any left-wing group. Having no clerical income while he was suspended, O'Flanagan travelled to the United States for a number of months each year, giving lectures on his historical work and the Irish political situation. He produced a brochure in 1926 advertising lectures such as: Ireland Today, Political and Economic; Irish Literature, Gaelic and English; Ireland's Ancient Leadership in Europe. Illustrated with slides. A lecture he gave at Tara Halls in New York, Thursday evening, 30 June 1927 titled "Church and Politics" was printed as a pamphlet and sold. o

Inventions
O'Flanagan had a keen and agile mind, and over the years he filed patents for a number of inventions.He applied for a patent for a gyroscopic travel bed designed for long-distance ocean voyages (of which he had plenty of experience) in 1923. In 1936 he patented his design for a cavity wall insulation product. O'Flanagan was a keen open-water swimmer, and describes in his memoir his habit of nightly swimming while living in Mullaghmore. He filed patents for his most famous invention, a set of protective swimming goggles known as Suil and Ron, or the Seal's Eye, in 1926 and again in 1930. By the late 1920s, when he had no income from the Church, he was selling his goggles by mail order from his home in Bray, County Wicklow, advertising them in the Catholic Bulletin and on his lecture tours in the USA. The Father O'Flanagan Patent Goggles were the first real replacement for motorcycle goggles. They became popular for long distance swimmers such as International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame Honor Swimmer Abilio Alvaro Da Costa Couto of Brazil.Four months after his death, in November 1942, O'Flanagan was awarded a prize for his goggles at an exhibition of scientific inventions held in the Mansion House in Dublin. Ordnance Survey letters
O'Flanagan became immersed in academic work from the mid 1920s. He undertook the task of editing the many hand-written volumes of letters by John O'Donovan and other collectors in Ordnance Survey of Ireland notebooks, a project of colossal scope. Some of the papers had been stored at the Ordnance Survey depot in the Phoenix Park, and members of the Gaelic League, concerned that the papers might be destroyed, had been attempting to make copies under the cover of <mask>'Rahlly's Irish Topographical Society. O'Flanagan oversaw the project, editing the handwritten letters into typed transcripts, making multiple copies for each county. These records are invaluable, and are still being used by Irish archaeologists, and O'Flanagan's name appears in the notes of countless papers as Ordnance Survey editor. In his 1927 lecture, Church and Politics, O'Flanagan describes how he funded the massive undertaking using a donation from supporters in America, and mentions the vast amounts of documents destroyed in the Four Courts bombardments.The first instalment was used to hire a typist who worked on the letters for the next two years. O'Flanagan placed copies in the National Library of Ireland, University College, Dublin and the Public Library of Belfast, and another set in the Public Library in New York. In the 1930s he undertook further historical work when he was commissioned by the government to write a series of county histories in the Irish language for use in National schools; five of the ten parts were published in his lifetime. President of Sinn Féin
O'Flanagan was elected president of Sinn Féin in October 1933 and held that position until 1935. Brian O'Higgins resigned from the party in protest at O'Flanagan's presidency. For his presidential address at the annual Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis on 14 October 1934, O'Flanagan gave a speech titled "The Strength of Sinn Féin," where he traced the evolution of the party through several incarnations and splits from his unique perspective. O'Flanagan was an active member of the National Graves Association, and in 1935 he unveiled the Moore's Bridge memorial in Kildare in memory of seven republican volunteers executed by the Free State in December 1922.Sinn Féin lacked energy and vision in the mid 1930s. The 1935 Árd Fhéis of Sinn Féin, held in Wynn's Hotel, Dublin, was chaired by O'Flanagan, back after a recent illness. In his address he "stated that Sinn Féin would have contested the recent Galway by-election had they had a candidate of personality. "Sceilg," Count Plunkett and Tom Maguire had each been asked but had refused." "In a statement on the Sunday resumption, Father O'Flanagan expressed the opinion that behind the war in Abyssinia lay the threat of Italy breaking Britain's hold upon the Mediterranean." In January 1936, after 26 years of membership O'Flanagan was expelled from the Sinn Féin party. Purists in the party such as Brian O'Higgins and Mary MacSwiney had long resented O'Flanagan, and they dismissed him because he took part in a radio re-enactment of the opening of the First Dáil.Spanish Civil War

When the Spanish Civil War broke out on 18 July 1936, O'Flanagan was one of the only Irish Catholic priests, and indeed one of the only members of Sinn Féin, to defend the legitimacy of the Spanish Republic. While de Valera and the Irish Government retained a policy of neutrality and non-intervention, the Irish Catholic Bishops were almost violently pro-Franco, and sanctioned church gate collections to raise money for the national cause. Eoin O'Duffy, former Free State chief of police and leader of the Blueshirts, sailed from Galway taking some 800 men with him to fight for the national cause. Some sixty Irish socialists and republicans led by Frank Ryan went to fight with the International Brigades in what became known as the Connolly Column. O'Flanagan threw himself into the campaign against Franco. On 3 December 1936 he chaired a meeting in the engineers hall in Dublin, where George Gilmore, recently back from Spain, Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington and Frank Ryan presented alternate views to the raging pro-Franco propaganda. On 17 January 1937 O'Flanagan and Basque priest Fr.Ramon Laborda spoke at a packed meeting in the Gaiety Theatre. On 17 April O'Flanagan set off once again for America, where he spent a month lecturing and raising funds for the republican cause and collecting donations for food, clothing and medical supplies. However, Irish Catholics in America were strongly pro-Franco, who was seen as opposing Communism, and O'Flanagan's month-long visit was opposed by many members of the North American hierarchy, who questioned his credentials and warned people not to be taken in nor to contribute funds to his cause. An Irish Foodship for Spain, chaired by O'Flanagan, was set up in Dublin in 1938. On the second anniversary of the beginning of the Spanish conflict, O'Flanagan was invited to America again as a keynote speaker at a huge rally, held on 19 July 1938 in Madison Square Garden, organised by the Confederated Spanish Societies to Aid Spain. The content of his speech again aroused the fury of the North American hierarchy. In September 1938 the International Brigades were disbanded and sent home.Forty-four members of the Connolly Column had died in combat, while their leader Frank Ryan had been captured and was in prison in Burgos. When the last members of the Connolly Column arrived back in Dublin on 10 December 1938, they were met at Abbey Street and welcomed home by O'Flanagan. At a commemorative meeting in Molesworth Hall, Dublin, after speeches by Roddy Connolly, Terry O'Flanagan and Jim Prendergast, both of whom had fought in the conflict, O'Flanagan unveiled a banner remembering the men who had died in Spain. At the end of December O'Flanagan travelled to Spain where he spoke at meetings in Barcelona and Madrid, and also met with representatives of the Republican government. On 3 April 1939, after much lobbying by his friends and supporters, O'Flanagan was restored to his full clerical faculties by the Bishop of Elphin, Dr. Edward Doorly. In retirement he lived in Sandyford, Dublin, and acted as chaplain at the Carmelite Convents in Kilmacud and Roebuck, and the Convalescent Home of the Sisters of Charity in Kilternan. Asked about his beliefs in later years, he replied: I've been thinking recently where the Catholic Church has failed.It seems to me we have omitted the whole of Christ's teaching. We are introduced to Christ as a babe, absolutely overshadowed by His mother. Then you hear almost nothing about Him until His death. If I were to write a biography of a mere man, his birth and then his death, what kind of biography would that be—nothing about the object of his life? Death and funeral

After a short illness in the nursing home at 7 Mount Street Crescent, Dublin, O'Flanagan died of stomach cancer on at 4.30 pm on Friday 7 August 1942, within a few days of his sixty-sixth birthday. His last letter was to Bernie Conway of Cliffoney, dated 2 August 1942: Dear Bernie, Good bye to you and to dear dear Cliffoney. I am dying with a very special love of the people in my inmost heart.I'll be waiting in heaven to greet the Cliffoney people, especially those who prayed for me in front of the church door. —Fr. <mask>'Flanagan. O'Flanagan was given a state funeral, organised by Sean Fitzpatrick of the ITGWU. His remains lay in state in the Round Room in City Hall, where he had made his speech at O'Donovan Rossa's funeral in 1915. His remains were laid out in an open coffin and guarded by veterans of the War of Independence and 21,000 people, including Éamon de Valera came to pay their respects. The graveside oration, given by his old friendceilg, was later printed and published by the National Aid Auxiliary Committee, Dublin, 1942.This pamphlet, titled "Fr. <mask>'Flanagan: Sceilg's Graveside Oration, August 10, 1942," has become a collectors item.'' O'Flanagan is buried in the Republican Plot in Glasnevin Cemetery, between Maude Gonne and Austin Stack. The font was placed in the porch adorned with a plain Latin cross and the date 1943. O'Flanagan was described in a memoir by Sean O'Casey as "An unselfish man, a brilliant speaker, with a dangerous need of more respect for bishops dressed in a little brief authority; a priest spoiled by too many good qualities." In 1954 C. Desmond Greaves, editor of the Irish Democrat, fearing O'Flanagan's memory was becoming lost to the younger generation, published a booklet titled "<mask> O'Flanagan: Republican Priest." In 1992 a plaque with Fr.O'Flanagan's name was finally permitted by the Catholic church. The unveiling was attended by Pat O'Flanagan, a grand-nephew of O'Flanagan, and Thomas Hargadon, the last living member of the 1942 memorial committee. A memorial was placed on his grave by the National Graves Association in 1992 to mark the 50th anniversary of his death. A memorial commemoration organised by the National Graves Association was held at O'Flanagan's grave in Glasnevin cemetery on August 25, 2019. After an oration delivered by Tommy McKearney a new Celtic cross headstone was unveiled. References

External links
Fr. <mask>'Flanagan: Official Website maintained by the Cliffoney Memorial Group: www.frmichaeloflanagan.com
Father <mask>'Flanagan - Republican Priest.The story of his life with extracts from his speeches by C. Desmond Greaves. The Staunchest Priest: Fr <mask>'Flanagan from Roscommon was known as 'The Republican Priest' - President of Sinn Féin from 1933-35 (Broadcast 1976). Fr. <mask>'Flanagan, Rebel Priest. Documentary by Marcus Howard. 1876 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
Catholicism and far-left politics
Deaths from stomach cancer
Irish Christian socialists
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Irish historians
Leaders of Sinn Féin
People educated at Summerhill College
People from

masks:
Michael O
Michael O
Michael O
Michael O
Father Michael
Michael O
Michael O
Michael O
Michael O


title: Dariusz Michalczewski

texts:
<mask> (born 5 May 1968) is a Polish-German former professional boxer who competed from 1991 to 2005. He held multiple world championships in two weight classes, including the WBA, IBF, WBO and lineal light-heavyweight titles between 1994 and 2003, and the WBO junior-heavyweight title from 1994 to 1995. BoxRec currently ranks him No.63 in its ranking of the greatest pound for pound boxers of all time. Amateur career
Michalczewski came up through Poland's state-run sports program as a boy and had a successful amateur career. He achieved an amateur record of 139–11–2 (89 KO). Highlights of his amateur career include:

1986 – European Junior Semi-Finalist in middleweight division, defeating Fabrice Tiozzo but losing to Ray Close
1990 – German National Champion in light heavyweight division
1991 – European Champion in light heavyweight division

Defection to Germany
On 24 April 1988, while competing beyond the Iron Curtain in West Germany for the Polish national team, Michalczewski defected from the amateur team to stay in West Germany. Becoming a citizen of the now united Germany in 1991 and turning professional the same year, he was soon signed by Universum Box-Promotion, one of the leading boxing promoters in Europe.His aggressive style earned him the nickname "Tiger". Professional career
<mask> turned professional in September 1991. He won the German International light-heavyweight title early on 13 February 1993, a title for foreign-born fighters based in Germany. He then won the IBF Intercontinental title on 22 May 1993. Two-weight world champion
On 10 September 1994, <mask>, at 23-0 (18 KOs), captured the WBO light-heavyweight title with a 12-round decision over defending champion Leeonzer Barber at Sporthalle, Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany. Between then and March 2003, <mask> made 23 successful defenses of his WBO title against 20 different boxers, and picked up three other belts along the way. Three months after beating Barber, he won the WBO cruiserweight title with a tenth-round knockout of Nestor Giovannini.However, he soon gave up that title to continue campaigning as a light-heavyweight. In 1996, Universum Box-Promotion's conditioning coach Fritz Sdunek became head coach and replaced Chuck Talhami as Michalczewski's trainer, which resulted in a marked improvement in Michalczewski's performances. Hill vs Michalczewski unification
On 13 June 1997, he defeated Virgil Hill over 12 rounds to add Hill's WBA, IBF and Lineal light-heavyweight titles to his own. However, Michalczewski soon lost both alphabet titles; Scandalously, the WBA immediately stripped him for displaying its belt along with that of the WBO. <mask> was then forced to relinquish the IBF title when he was unable to defend the title in a court-ordered defense against mandatory challenger William Guthrie within a little over a month after the bout with Hill. After beating Hill, Michalczewski knocked out 14 consecutive opponents, all in defense of his Lineal/WBO titles. In 1998, he defeated Drake Thadzi, in 1999, he defeated Montel Griffin, and in 2000, he defeated Graciano Rocchigiani.Going for Marciano's record

<mask> had a perfect record of 48-0 when he faced Julio César González of Mexico in defense of his title on 18 October 2003. Coming into the fight, he was within one victory of tying Rocky Marciano's record of 49 wins with no losses. A win also would have put him just one victory short of Joe Louis' all-time record for successful defenses at any weight class. However, as when Larry Holmes went for the same record against Michael Spinks, the now 35-year-old Michalczewski was unable to pull it off. He lost a split decision to the 27-year-old Gonzalez at the Color Line Arena in Hamburg, and his career record dropped to 48-1. Despite the loss, he still holds the record for the most consecutive successful world title defenses at light-heavyweight. Final fight
In October 2004, it was announced that <mask> would come out of retirement to box France's Fabrice Tiozzo for the WBA light heavyweight title on 26 February 2005 in Hamburg.<mask> was stopped in six round, then he announced his retirement in May 2005. <mask> was to come out of retirement to fight German boxing icon Sven Ottke in Germany in May 2008, but the bout never materialized. In popular culture
Tiger Energy Drink is named after the famous boxer. His picture and text "Recommended by <mask> 'Tiger' <mask>" appears on the cans and bottles. <mask> <mask> struck a friendship with performer Mark Wahlberg, known at the time by his stage name Marky Mark of the formation Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. In 1995, Marky Mark released a track called "No Mercy" about his friend <mask> <mask>, including excerpts in Polish from Dariusz, who also appears in the video clip shot by Frank Papenbroock. "No Mercy" appears in the album The Remix Album by Prince Ital Joe and Marky Mark, although this particular track is a solo effort by Marky Mark.In 2006, a documentary was made by Pawel Kocambasi alias P.M.Starost. The 60-minute documentary entitled "Tiger" took part in Filmfest München and won the award for the Best Documentary at the Biberacher Filmfestspiele. Social involvement
In 2003 <mask> Michalczewski established foundation "Równe Szanse" (equal chances) which was aimed at supporting initiatives for youth from dysfunctional families. Since 2014 he supports the social campaign for civil union and the right for adoption by homosexual couples. Professional boxing record

See also
List of light heavyweight boxing champions
List of WBA world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions

References

External links

<mask> Michalczewski profile at Cyber Boxing Zone

1968 births
Living people
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World Boxing Organization champions
Polish male boxers
Sportspeople from Gdańsk
Polish defectors
Polish emigrants to Germany
German male boxers
Middleweight boxers
World light-heavyweight boxing champions
World cruiserweight boxing champions

masks:
Dariusz Tomasz Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Michalczewski
Dariusz
Michalczewski
Dariusz
Michalczewski
Dariusz
Michalczewski
Dariusz
Dariusz


title: Lars Windhorst

texts:
<mask> (born November 22, 1976) is a German entrepreneur and co-founder of Sapinda Group. In 2015, he was ranked in the Sunday Times Rich List, with his net worth reported as being £320 million. He notably founded businesses in his teens, filing for bankruptcy in 2003 as a result of the Dot-com bubble. The following year, Windhorst co-founded the Sapinda Group. Following restructuring, Sapinda Holding BV, founded in 2009, is the group's parent company. Windhorst is its Non-Executive Chairman. In December 2007, shortly after Christmas, Windhorst was severely injured during a plane crash in Kazakhstan.One of the pilots died when the Bombardier Challenger 604 hit a wall and exploded after leaving the runway in Almaty. Early life
While aged 14, Windhorst, the son of a local stationery store owner, turned the family garage in his hometown of Rahden, into a makeshift computer lab. He mobilised his classmates to help him build PCs, which he later sold in his father's shop, while seeking suppliers of individual components in China. In 1993 while still at school, he established his first company. He was helped in administering its operations by his parents, given he was underage, such as by signing contracts on his behalf and driving him to work. Windhorst became well known as one of the most successful young entrepreneurs in Germany. Being termed the "Wunderkind" and Germany's Bill Gates, he was invited to join the former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on a trip to Asia as part of the official government delegation.It was on this trip that Windhorst developed international business contacts, being the youngest participant in the World Economic Forum in Davos. Early businesses
In October 1993, Windhorst founded his first company, Windhorst Electronics GmbH, alongside Chinese businessman Ming Rong Zhang. The activities of Windhorst Electronics GmbH initially focused on the import and trade of electronic components and computer parts from Asia as well as the sale of IT products throughout Germany and Europe. Just one year after the company was founded, Windhorst Electronics, with a total of 80 employees, reported a turnover of £80 million. In 1995, Windhorst moved to Hong Kong and founded Windhorst Asia Pacific Holding Limited, a holding company for the business operations of the group in Asia. Until 1996, the Windhorst Group expanded its business as a trading and investment firm in the electronics, industry, trade, real estate and finance sectors. The company had offices and branches in Europe and Asia, including mainland China and Vietnam.In 2000, Windhorst founded Windhorst New Technologies AG with a focus on investments in the internet and new technologies sectors. In 2002 Windhorst New Technologies AG was set to be listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. However, with the onset of the economic crisis the group found itself in difficulties and had to subsequently declare bankruptcy in 2003. Sapinda / Tennor Group
In 2004, Windhorst became co-founder of the Sapinda investment group, which coordinates financing with its affiliate, Anoa Capital, to provide funding to public, private and start-up companies. In approximately five years Sapinda processed investments to the value of more than €2 billion. During the global financial crisis the Group, and its German company Vatas Holding GmbH in particular, sustained considerable losses. As a result of the global financial crisis in 2008, during the latter half of the year the company started restructuring talks; in January 2009 the partners had to file for bankruptcy for the German subsidiary Vatas.In April 2009, all business activities were restructured and the new parent company for the group became Sapinda Holding BV, founded that same year in Amsterdam. The Group now has offices in several countries and employs a team of more than 80 employees worldwide. Sapinda Holding BV combines investments in agriculture and food processing with mining/raw materials, oil and gas extraction and production, in both public and private companies. It also holds stakes in the media, technology and real estate sectors. In February 2018 Sapinda acquired luxury brand La Perla. Together with Carl Heinrich Bruhn, <mask> set up Amatheon Agri to give Sapinda Holding BV exposure to the African agricultural sector, according to German news magazine Der Spiegel. In an interview, Windhorst stated the Sapinda business organised investments amounting to around €3.5 billion between 2009 and 2012, including loans for companies like Air Berlin and Infineon.Sapinda's partners include management consultant Roland Berger, its advisory board being managed by Hubertus von Grünberg, who is also Chairman of Swiss corporation ABB Ltd. The group changed its name in May, 2019, to Tennor (Tennor Holding B.V.). Lawsuits
Windhorst filed for personal bankruptcy in the summer of 2007. According to an article in German news magazine Focus from 3 September 2007, the lawsuit against him presented by his joint creditor, Ulrich Marseille, was rejected by the German Federal Court of Justice in August, meaning Windhorst's debts were cleared. The Public Prosecutor in Berlin pressed charges against Windhorst for fraud, breach of trust, embezzlement and several counts of insolvency offences in 2009. Windhorst's breach of trust involved transferring €800,000 of personal funds into one of his alternative accounts. After a plea-bargain, prosecutors agreed to drop the fraud charges if he paid a fine of €1 million, repaid €2.5 million to his alleged victim and admitted a breach of trust offence, for which he was given a one-year probation period.At proceedings commencing on 18 December 2009, these charges were discontinued, and the amount was paid back. In 2010, Windhorst also faced a civil suit by Alki Partners, an American hedge fund, which filed papers in a Manhattan court alleging that he and others took part in a "fraudulent scheme" to "manipulate" the share price of Remote DX, a US company. The complaint was dismissed later that year. Philanthropy
Windhorst is a founding patron of the Serpentine Sackler Gallery and member of the Council of Trustees of the Serpentine Gallery in London. Since 2014 <mask> has supported the C/O-Gallery in Berlin, a private museum specialising in photographic-art, acting as a "Patron". Windhorst purchased part of the Christo and Jeanne-Claude collection, including documents and objects (such as scaffolding) involved in the 1995 Reichstag "wrapping". In November 2015, Norbert Lammert, President of the Bundestag, and the artist Christo opened an exhibition displaying 400 original drawings and sketches of the wrapping after Windhorst donated the works to the Bundestag until 2035.From 2002 to 2012, Windhorst served as board of trustees of the Mentor Foundation, and collaborates with the Ein Herz für Kinder foundation. Hertha BSC
In June 2019, he bought stakes of Bundesliga side Hertha BSC. In 2020, he bought more stakes of the club. References

External links
 Lars Windhorst Archive

1976 births
Living people
Child businesspeople
German expatriates in the United Kingdom
German investors
German football chairmen and investors
Hertha BSC

masks:
Lars Windhorst
Lars Windhorst
Lars Windhorst


title: Denise Levertov

texts:
<mask> (24 October 1923 – 20 December 1997) was a British-born naturalised American poet. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry. <mask>'s 'What Were They Like?' is currently included in the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9–1) English Literature poetry anthology, and the Conflict cluster of the OCR GCSE (9-1) English Literature poetry anthology, 'Towards a World Unknown.' Early life and influences
<mask> was born and grew up in Ilford, Essex. Her mother, Beatrice Adelaide (née Spooner-Jones) Levertoff, came from a small mining village in North Wales. Her father, Paul Levertoff, had been a teacher at Leipzig University and as a Russian Hasidic Jew was held under house arrest during the First World War as an 'enemy alien' by virtue of his ethnicity.He emigrated to the UK and became an Anglican priest after converting to Christianity. In the mistaken belief that he would want to preach in a Jewish neighbourhood, he was housed in Ilford, within reach of a parish in Shoreditch, in East London. His daughter wrote, "My father's Hasidic ancestry, his being steeped in Jewish and Christian scholarship and mysticism, his fervour and eloquence as a preacher, were factors built into my cells". <mask>, who was educated at home, showed an enthusiasm for writing from an early age and studied ballet, art, piano and French as well as standard subjects. She wrote about the strangeness she felt growing up part Jewish, German, Welsh and English, but not fully belonging to any of these identities. She notes that it lent her a sense of being special rather than excluded: "[I knew] before I was ten that I was an artist-person and I had a destiny". She noted: "Humanitarian politics came early into my life: seeing my father on a soapbox protesting Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia; my father and sister both on soap-boxes protesting Britain's lack of support for Spain; my mother canvasing long before those events for the League of Nations Union; and all three of them working on behalf of the German and Austrian refugees from 1933 onwards… I used to sell the Daily Worker house-to-house in the working class streets of Ilford Lane".When <mask> was five years old she declared she would be a writer. At the age of 12, she sent some of her poems to T. S. Eliot, who replied with a two-page letter of encouragement. In 1940, when she was 17, <mask> published her first poem. During the Blitz, <mask> served in London as a civilian nurse. Her first book, The Double Image, was published six years later. In 1947, she met and married American writer Mitchell Goodman and moved with him to the United States the following year. Although <mask> and Goodman would eventually divorce in 1975, they did have one son, Nikolai, together and lived mainly in New York City, summering in Maine.In 1955, she became a naturalised American citizen. <mask>'s first two books had comprised poems written in traditional forms and language. But as she accepted the US as her new home and became more and more fascinated with the American idiom, she began to come under the influence of the Black Mountain poets and most importantly William Carlos Williams. Her first American book of poetry, Here and Now, shows the beginnings of this transition and transformation. Her poem "With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads" established her reputation. Later life and work
During the 1960s and 70s, <mask> became much more politically active in her life and work. As poetry editor for The Nation, she was able to support and publish the work of feminist and other leftist activist poets.The Vietnam War was an especially important focus of her poetry, which often tried to weave together the personal and political, as in her poem "The Sorrow Dance," which speaks of her sister's death. Also in response to the Vietnam War, <mask> joined the War Resisters League, and in 1968 signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. <mask> was a founding member of the anti-war collective RESIST along with Noam Chomsky, Mitchell Goodman, William Sloane Coffin, and Dwight Macdonald. Much of the latter part of <mask>'s life was spent in education. After moving to Massachusetts, <mask> taught at Brandeis University, MIT and Tufts University. She also lived part-time in Palo Alto and taught at Stanford University, as professor of English (professor emeritus). There she befriended Robert McAfee Brown, a professor of religion at Stanford and pastor.Franciscan Murray Bodo also became a spiritual advisor to her. In 1984 she uncovered notebooks of her mother and father, resolving some personal and religious conflict. In 1989 she moved from Somerville, Massachusetts to Seattle, Washington, and lived near Seward Park on Lake Washington, with a view of her beloved Mount Rainier. On the West Coast, she had a part-time teaching stint at the University of Washington and for 11 years (1982–1993) held a full professorship at Stanford University, where she taught in the Stegner Fellowship program. In 1984 she received a Litt. D. from Bates College. After retiring from teaching, she travelled for a year doing poetry readings in the US and Britain.In 1990 she joined the Catholic Church at St. Edward’s Parish, Seattle; she became involved in protests of the US attack on Iraq. She retired from teaching at Stanford. In 1994 <mask> was diagnosed with lymphoma, and also suffered pneumonia and acute laryngitis. Despite this she continued to lecture and participate at national conferences, many on spirituality and poetry. In February 1997 she experienced the death of Mitch Goodman. In December 1997, <mask> died at the age of 74 from complications due to lymphoma. She was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Seattle, Washington.Her papers are held at Stanford University. The first full biography appeared in October 2012 by Dana Greene <mask>: A Poet's Life (Chicago: University of Illinois, 2012). Donna Krolik Hollenberg's more substantial biography, A Poet's Revolution: The Life of <mask>, was published by the University of California Press in April 2013. Political poetry
Both politics and war are major themes in <mask>'s poetry. <mask> was published in the Black Mountain Review during the 1950s, but denied any formal relations with the group. She began to develop her own lyrical style of poetry through those influences. She felt it was part of a poet's calling to point out the injustice of the Vietnam War, and she also actively participated in rallies, reading poetry at some.Some of her war poetry was published in her 1971 book To Stay Alive, a collection of anti-Vietnam War letters, newscasts, diary entries, and conversations. Complementary themes in the book involve the tension of the individual vs. the group (or government) and the development of personal voice in mass culture. In her poetry, she promotes community and group change through the imagination of the individual and emphasizes the power of individuals as advocates of change. She also links personal experience to justice and social reform. Suffering is another major theme in <mask>'s war poetry. The poems "Poetry, Prophecy, Survival," "Paradox and Equilibrium," and "Poetry and Peace: Some Broader Dimensions" revolve around war, injustice, and prejudice. In her volume Life at War, <mask> uses imagery to express the disturbing violence of the Vietnam War.Throughout these poems, she addresses violence and savagery, yet tries to bring grace into the equation, mixing the beauty of language and the ugliness of the horrors of war. The themes of her poems, especially "Staying Alive," focus on both the cost of war and the suffering of the Vietnamese. In her prose work, The Poet in the World, she writes that violence is an outlet. <mask>'s first successful Vietnam poetry was her book Freeing of the Dust. Some of the themes of this book of poems are the experience of the North Vietnamese, and distrust of people. She attacks the United States pilots in her poems for dropping bombs. Overall, her war poems incorporate suffering to show that violence has become an everyday occurrence.After years of writing such poetry, <mask> eventually came to the conclusion that beauty and poetry and politics can't go together. This opened the door wide for her religious-themed poetry in the later part of her life. Religious influences
From a very young age <mask> was influenced by her religion, and when she began writing it was a major theme in her poetry. Through her father she was exposed to both Judaism and Christianity. <mask> always believed that her culture and her family roots had inherent value to herself and her writing. Furthermore, she believed that she and her sister had a destiny pertaining to this. When <mask> moved to the United States, she fell under the influence of the Black Mountain Poets, especially the mysticism of Charles Olson.She drew on the experimentation of Ezra Pound and the style of William Carlos Williams, but was also exposed to the Transcendentalism of Thoreau and Emerson. Although all these factors shaped her poetry, her conversion to Christianity in 1984 was the main influence on her religious writing. Sometime shortly after her move to Seattle in 1989, she became a Roman Catholic. In 1997, she brought together 38 poems from seven of her earlier volumes in The Stream & the Sapphire, a collection intended, as <mask> explains in the foreword to the collection, to "trace my slow movement from agnosticism to Christian faith, a movement incorporating much doubt and questioning as well as affirmation." Religious themes
<mask> wrote many poems with religious themes throughout her career. These poems range from religious imagery to implied metaphors of religion. One particular theme was developed progressively throughout her poetry.This was the pilgrimage/spiritual journey of <mask> towards the deep spiritual understanding and truth in her last poems. One of her earlier poems is "A Tree Telling of Orpheus" from her book Relearning the Alphabet. This poem uses the metaphor of a tree, which changes and grows when it hears the music of Orpheus. This is a metaphor of spiritual growth. The growth of the tree is like the growth of faith, and as the tree goes through life we also go through life on a spiritual journey. Much of <mask>'s religious poetry was concerned with respect for nature and life. Also among her themes were nothingness and absence.In her earlier poems something is always lacking, searching, and empty. In "Work that Enfaiths" <mask> begins to confront this "ample doubt" and her lack of "burning surety" in her faith. The religious aspect of this is the doubt vs. light debate. Levertov cannot find a balance between faith and darkness. She goes back and forth between the glory of God and nature, but doubt constantly plagues her. In her earlier religious poems Levertov searches for meaning in life. She explores God as he relates to nothing(ness) and everything.In her later poetry, a shift can be seen. A Door in the Hive and Evening Train are full of poems using images of cliffs, edges, and borders to push for change in life. Once again, <mask> packs her poetry with metaphors. She explores the idea that there can be peace in death. She also begins to suggest that nothing is a part of God. "Nothingness" and darkness are no longer just reasons to doubt and agonise over. "St. Thomas Didymus" and "Mass" show this growth, as they are poems that lack her former nagging wonder and worry.In Evening Train, <mask>'s poetry is highly religious. She writes about experiencing God. These poems are breakthrough poems for her. She writes about a mountain, which becomes a metaphor for life and God. When clouds cover a mountain, it is still huge and massive and in existence. God is the same, she says. Even when He is clouded, we know He is there.Her poems tend to shift away from constantly questioning religion to accepting it simply. In "The Tide," the final section of Evening Train, <mask> writes about accepting faith and realizing that not knowing answers is tolerable. This acceptance of the paradoxes of faith marks the end of her "spiritual journey." <mask>'s heavy religious writing began at her conversion to Christianity in 1984. She wrote a great deal of metaphysical poetry to express her religious views, and began to use Christianity to link culture and community together. In her poem "Mass" she writes about how the Creator is defined by His creation. She writes a lot about nature and individuals.In the works of her last phase, <mask> sees Christianity as a bridge between individuals and society, and explores how a hostile social environment can be changed by Christian values. Accomplishments
<mask> wrote and published 24 books of poetry, and also criticism and translations. She also edited several anthologies. Among her many awards and honours, she received the Shelley Memorial Award, the Robert Frost Medal, the Lenore Marshall Prize, the Lannan Award, a Catherine Luck Memorial Grant, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. This is not to be confused with the 2002 US volume of the same title. From Neil Astley, of Bloodaxe Books:

"Selected Poems (1986) had no editor as such: the book was edited by Bloodaxe Books in consultation with <mask>, with helpful suggestions made by Linda Anderson and Cynthia Fuller. It was originated by Bloodaxe Books for publication in the UK and there was no corresponding US edition.It had no introduction or preface." Selected Poems (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2002), preface by Robert Creeley, edited with an afterword by  Paul A. Lacey
New Selected Poems (UK: Bloodaxe Books, 2003), preface by Robert Creeley, edited with an afterword by Paul A. Lacey

The latter two volumes are identical in contents. From Neil Astley, of Bloodaxe Books:

"New Selected Poems was first published in the US by New Directions in 2002 under the title Selected Poems, and published by Bloodaxe Books in the UK in 2003 under the title New Selected Poems to avoid confusion with the previous UK edition called Selected Poems. It was edited with an afterword by Paul A. Lacy and has a preface by Robert Creeley. So it is the same book as New Directions' Selected Poems." Prose
The Poet in the World (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1973)
Light Up the Cave (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1981)
New & Selected Essays (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1992)
Tesserae: Memories & Suppositions (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1995)

Letters
The Letters of <mask> and William Carlos Williams, Edited by Christopher MacGowan (1998).The Letters of Robert Duncan and <mask> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), Edited by Robert J. Bertholf & Albert Gelpi. Bibliography
A Bibliography of <mask> (New York: Phoenix Book Shop, Paper, 1972), Compiled by Robert A. Wilson. <mask>ov: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography (NY: Garland Publishing, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, Vol. 856, November 1988), Liana Sakelliou-Schultz. Criticism
Critical Essays on <mask> (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall & Co., Critical Essays on American Literature, January 1991), Edited by Linda Wagner-Martin. <mask> (DeLand, FL: Everett/Edwards, 1972), Charles Molesworth. <mask> (NY: Twayne Publishers, Inc., Twayne's United States Authors Series 113, 1967), Linda Welshimer Wagner.<mask>: In Her Own Province (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, Insights, Working Papers in Contemporary Criticism, Paper, May 1979), Edited by Linda W. Wagner. <mask>: New Perspectives (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 2000), Edited by Anne Colclough Little and Susie Paul. <mask> Revisited (Boston, MA: Macmillan Library Reference/Twayne Publishers, Inc., 30 July 1997), Diana Surman Collecott. <mask>: Selected Criticism (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, Paper, 1993), Edited, with an Introduction, by Albert Gelpi . <mask>: The Poetry of Engagement (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Associated University Presses, Inc., March 1993), Audrey T. Rodgers. From Out of the Vietnam Vortex: a study of poets and poetry against the war (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974), James F. Mersmann. A House of Good Proportion: Images of Women in Literature (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1973), Michele Murray.Levertov's Poetry of Revelation, 1988–1998: The Mosaic of Nature and Spirit (Athens, Greece: George Dardanos, Paper, June 1999/February 2002), Liana Sakelliou.Our Last First Poets: Vision and History in Contemporary American Poetry (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981), Cary Nelson.The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994), Edited by Ian Hamilton.The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States (NY: Oxford University Press, 1995), Edited by Cathy N. Davidson and Linda Wagner-Martin.Poetics of the Feminine: Authority and Literary Tradition in William Carlos Williams, Mina Loy, <mask>, and Kathleen Fraser (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies, March 1994), Linda A. Kinnahan.The Poetry of Politics, the Politics of Poetry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, Paper, 2006), Edited by Albert Gelpi and Robert J. Bertholf.Poets in Progress: Critical Prefaces to Thirteen Modern American Poets (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967), Edited by Edward Buell Hungerford.Revelation and Revolution in the Poetry of <mask> (London: Binnacle Press, 1981), Peter Middleton. Understanding <mask> (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), Harry Marten.Writing in a Nuclear Age (Hanover, NH: New England Review and Bread Loaf Quarterly: Distributed by University Press of New England, 1984), Edited by Jim Schley. Biography
Green, Dana. <mask>ov: A Poet's Life (Chicago: University of Illinois, 2012). First full biography of the author. Hollenberg, Donna Krolik, A Poet's Revolution: The Life of <mask> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 17 April 2013). More authoritative biography of the author.Further reading
 Keillor, Garrison. "Poems by <mask>ov", The Writer's Almanac''

Notes

External links

 Profile and poems at the Academy of American Poets
 Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation
 Profile at Modern American Poetry
 Levertov Chronology
 <mask>ov Page on New Directions Publishing

1923 births
1997 deaths
American tax resisters
English women poets
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English people of Welsh descent
English Roman Catholics
Black Mountain poets
Catholic poets
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century British poets
Jewish poets
People from Ilford
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
20th-century American women writers

masks:
Priscilla Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levert


title: Remi De Roo

texts:
<mask> (February 24, 1924 – February 1, 2022) was a Canadian bishop of the Catholic Church. He was Bishop of Victoria from 1962 to 1999 and the longest-serving Catholic bishop in Canada at the time of his retirement. He was also the last living bishop who had attended all sessions of the Second Vatican Council. He was notable for his advocacy of social justice and for making investments that impacted diocesan finances. Early life
<mask> was born in Swan Lake, Manitoba, on February 24, 1924. He was the second of eight or nine children; his sister became a Ursuline nun and his younger brother also became a priest. His first language was Flemish.<mask> attended seminary at St. Boniface seminary in Winnipeg starting when he was 15 years old. On June 8, 1950, he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in his hometown. He subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome, obtaining a Doctor of Sacred Theology degree in 1952. Presbyteral ministry
<mask>'s first pastoral assignment was as assistant parish priest at Holy Cross Parish in Winnipeg's Norwood neighbourhood shortly after his ordination. He then became diocesan director of Catholic Action the following year, before serving as vice-chancellor of the Archdiocese of Saint Boniface and secretary to Maurice Baudoux. He eventually became parish priest at Holy Cross in 1960, his final position before becoming bishop in 1962. He ultimately served as a priest in Saint Boniface for 12 years.Episcopal ministry
<mask> was appointed as the thirteenth Bishop of Victoria on October 29, 1962. The see had been vacant since March of that year, when James Michael Hill died. He was consecrated bishop on December 14, 1962, at Saint Boniface Cathedral in Winnipeg, with Maurice Baudoux serving as the principal consecrator. He was installed in Victoria six days later on December 20. He was the youngest Catholic bishop at the time, as well as the first Bishop of Victoria born in Western Canada. During his tenure as diocesan bishop, <mask> was known as a strong proponent of social action and liberation theology and was a critic of capitalism. He was the main force behind the 1983 Canadian bishops' statement "Ethical Reflections on the Economic Crisis".That document stated that the "goal of serving the human needs of all people in our society must take precedence over the maximization of profits and growth""  He also supported the ordination of women and married priests. His decision to broach the latter subject during a lunch with Pope John Paul II and other bishops in 1994 drew the ire of the pope, while his address to a conference in the US calling for a dialogue about the former resulted in <mask> being summoned to Rome in 1986 and reprimanded by Joseph Ratzinger, the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith at the time. <mask> co-wrote the book In the Eye of the Catholic Storm with a former nun in 1992. The decision by Catholic newspapers in the nearby Archdiocese of Vancouver (The B.C. Catholic) as well as Toronto (The Catholic Register) not to run ads promoting the book made national headlines, underscoring the friction between conservative and liberal Catholics. At around the time of his retirement, he intended to address an international convention of married Catholic priests in Atlanta. However, he ultimately backed out after the Vatican told him not to proceed.<mask> was at the centre of a financial scandal that left his diocese nearly bankrupt. Over a 15-year period, despite being a critic of capitalism he made a series of large investments in real estate and in a horse-breeding ranch without adhering to canonical requirements for consent from the Vatican, consultation with diocesan clergy, or financial record-keeping. When the ventures failed the diocese was left with a debt of over $17 million. <mask> was not accused of fraud but did not obtain Vatican approval for any of these transactions. Vatican approval is required for transactions over $3.5 million. In May 2000, <mask> issued an apology to all Catholics in his former diocese which was printed in parish bulletins. In the apology he wrote that "I am truly sorry and beg your forgiveness."The diocese sold off assets and issued bonds to clear the debt. The diocese eventually sold the land it owned in Washington state in November 2006. This allowed it to pay off its debts completely, including to the many parishioners who had purchased bonds. <mask> was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by a jury in the civil action, which determined that he had actually made a sound investment. Second Vatican Council
<mask> attended all four sessions of Vatican II and was the last living bishop who had attended the council. This experience deeply affected him and he referred to himself as "a pilgrim of the Second Vatican Council". He described attending the sessions as "a voyage of discovery that would radically alter my whole outlook on reality" and "it was indeed a time of euphoria".After his retirement, <mask> continued to travel and lecture about Vatican II and gave the keynote address, "Rebuild My Church – A Vatican Council Father Shares an Inspired Vision", at a Call to Action conference in 2008. Later life
After 37 years of serving as Bishop of Victoria, <mask> reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 in February 1999. His resignation was accepted by Pope John Paul II less than one month later on March 11. He was the longest serving Canadian bishop at the time of his retirement. He subsequently remained on Vancouver Island and retired near to Nanaimo. <mask> continued to give lectures and minister into his nineties. He was also an Enneagram of Personality teacher and co-authored a book on the subject in 2002.<mask> died on February 1, 2022, at the Mount St. Mary's nursing home in Victoria. He was 97 years old. He was the last surviving bishop to have participated in the Second Vatican Council. References

1924 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Canada
Canadian anti-capitalists
Canadian expatriates in Italy
Liberation theologians
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from Northern Region, Manitoba
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Boniface
Roman Catholic bishops of Victoria in Canada
University of Manitoba alumni

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Remi Joseph De Roo
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title: Masuji Ibuse

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was a Japanese author. His most notable work is the novel Black Rain. Early life and education
Ibuse was born in 1898 to a landowning family in the village of , which is now part of Fukuyama, Hiroshima. Ibuse failed his entrance exam to Hiroshima Middle School but in 1911 he gained admission to Fukuyama Middle School. Fukuyama Middle School was an elite academy and was linked to eminent scholars. Fukuyama's teachers boasted about the school's pedigree but Ibuse did not care much for this. Ibuse spoke of this school as following Western ideals; in The First Half of My Life he said that the school emphasized Dutch learning and French military exercises.Ibuse was made fun of at this school; he even went so far as to avoid wearing glasses in an effort to avoid being ridiculed. Although Ibuse enjoyed the Western influences of his education, his grandfather arranged for a private tutorial in Chinese literature, however, this training came to a stop when Ibuse's tutor died. At his school, Ibuse had to often deal with rules that forbade students to read fictional literature; this prevented Ibuse from reading popular works during this period. However Ibuse managed to read works from Shimazaki Toson and Mori Ogai. In 1916, Ibuse even wrote a letter to Ogai with the pseudonym Kuchiki Sansuke. Ogai believed Sansuke was a famous scholar and sent a reply to Sansuke expressing his gratitude. While in middle school, Ibuse's brother Fumio submitted a poem to the Tokyo journal Shusai Bundan using Ibuse's name.Ibuse was reprimanded by the principal of Fukuyama Middle School but he was also praised by receiving two fan letters. The reprimand Ibuse received influenced him to express an interest in the visual arts. Ibuse studied the arts at Fukuyama Middle School; he enjoyed the classes but did not feel he wanted to commit his life to becoming an artist. Ibuse graduated from middle school in 1917; he wanted to continue his artistic endeavours under the tutorship of established painter Hashimoto Kansetsu but this opportunity was denied by Kansetsu. University education
In 1917, at nineteen years of age, Ibuse started studying at Waseda University, in Tokyo; he was greatly influenced by his brother Fumio and by a friend of his, Yamane Masakazu. Ibuse was at first interested in studying poetry and painting but was encouraged to study fiction and ended up specialising in French literature. Upon moving to Tokyo, Ibuse was ambivalent at leaving the countryside of Fukuyama and moving to the big city.Ibuse described this experience in Thoughts One February Ninth: "sometimes I feel that half of me wants to return to the country while the other half would like to cling to Tokyo until the very end". Tokyo appeared surreal to Ibuse; he felt lonely and missed his Fukuyama home. Nevertheless, Ibuse decided to stay in a boardinghouse near Waseda University; he often moved but always stayed near Waseda and visited Fukuyama only occasionally. During his stay at Waseda University, Ibuse witnessed political unrest and the expressed radicalism of university students. But the political ideologies of the era did not appeal to Ibuse. In fact, he was dissatisfied with the continual strikes and revolts. In Tokyo, Ibuse befriended eccentric young men and literary hopefuls, but often found inspiration in his loneliness and in his encounters with geisha and went so far as to pawn a watch to try to understand the necessitousness of writers.In 1918, Ibuse met naturalist writer Iwano Homei. Homei's literature appealed to Ibuse and would later influence some of Ibuse's literary works. Ibuse also befriended student Aoki Nampachi at Waseda. Aoki was a mentor and a great influence on the writings of Ibuse. Aoki's influence can be found in "The Carp", where Ibuse idealizes Aoki's friendship and represents his feelings towards this friendship as a carp. Ibuse was also influenced by the works of Shakespeare and Bashō, as well as by French fiction and poetry. Ibuse's first literary works were in prose and he started writing his first essays in 1922, shortly after the death of Aoki.He was sexually harassed by a gay professor named Noburu Katagami, so he had to leave the university before graduation. He severed his ties with Waseda University and started writing for small magazines. Literary career
Ibuse began publishing stories in the early 1920s. One of his first contributions was to the magazine Seiki. It was originally written for Aoki in 1919 and titled "The Salamander". In 1923 it was renamed "Confinement". Ibuse began to be recognised in the late 1920s, when his work was favorably mentioned by some of Japan's top critics.With the publication of Salamander in 1929, he began to write in a style characterized by a unique blend of humour and bitterness. He was awarded the Naoki Prize for John Manjirou, the Cast-Away: his Life and Adventure and continued to publish works filled with warmth and kindness, while at the same time showing a keen power of observation. The themes he employed were usually intellectual fantasies that used animal allegories, historical fiction, and the country life. During World War II Ibuse worked for the government as a propaganda writer. Ibuse was known and appreciated for most of his career, although it wasn't until after the war that he became famous. He won the inaugural Yomiuri Prize in 1949 for . In 1966 he published his novel Black Rain, which won him international acclaim and several awards, including the Noma Prize and the Order of Cultural Merit, the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a Japanese author.The novel draws its material from the bombing of Hiroshima and the title refers to the nuclear fallout. Ibuse was not present at the time of the bombing, but used the diaries of survivors to construct his narrative. An earlier story by Ibuse, Kakitsubata ("The Crazy Iris", first published in 1951), deals with similar themes. Selected works
 Yu Hei Confinement, 1923
 Sanshouo, 1929 – Salamander and Other Stories (trans. by John Bester)
 Sazanami Gunki, 1930–1938 – Waves: A War Diary
 Shigotobeya, 1931
 Kawa, 1931–1932 – The River
 Zuihitsu, 1933
 Keirokushu, 1936 – Miscellany
 Jon Manjiro Hyoryuki, 1937 – John Manjiro, the Cast-Away: His Life and Adventures
 Shukin Ryoko, 1937
 Sazanami Gunki, 1938 – trans. in Waves: Two Short Novels
 Tajinko Mura, 1939
 Shigureto Jokei, 1941
 Ibuse Masuji Zuihitsu Zenshu, 1941 (3 vols.) Hana No Machi, 1942 – City of Flowers
 Chushu Meigetsu, 1942
 Aru Shojo No Senji Nikki, 1943 – A Young Girl's Wartime Diary
 Gojinka, 1944
 Wabisuke, 1946 – trans.in Waves: Two Short Novels
 Magemono, 1946
 Oihagi No Hanashi, 1947
 Ibuse Masuji Senshu, 1948 (9 vols)
 Yohai Taicho, 1950 – Lieutenant Lookeast and other stories
 Kakitsubata, 1951 – The Crazy Iris
 Kawatsuri, 1952
 Honjitsu Kyushin, 1952 – No Consultations Today,
 Ibuse <mask> Sakuhinshu, 1953 (5 vols.) Hyomin Usaburo, 1954–1955
 Nyomin Nanakamado, 1955
 Kanreki No Koi, 1957
 Ekimae Ryokan, 1957
 Nanatsu No Kaidō, 1957
 Chinpindo Shujin, 1959
 Bushu Hachigatajo, 1963
 Mushinjo, 1963
 Ibuse <mask> Zenshu, 1964 (2 vols.) Kuroi Ame, 1966 – Black Rain (trans. by John Bester)
 Gendai Bungaku Taikei, 1966
 Hanseiki, 1970 – The First Half of My Life
 Shincho Nihonbungaku, 1970
 Tsuribito, 1970
 Ibuse <mask> Zenshu, 1975 (14 vols.) Choyochu No Koto, 1977–1980 – Under Arms
 Ogikubo Fudoki, 1981 – An Ogikybo Almanac

Adaptations
 Black Rain, 1989, dir. by Shohei Imamura

References

 Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, article- "Ibuse Masuji"

External links

 http://www.f.waseda.jp/mjewel/jlit/authors_works/modernlit/ibuse_masuji.html

1898 births
1993 deaths
20th-century Japanese novelists
Japanese male short story writers
Japanese essayists
People from Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Winners of the Naoki Prize
Winners of the Yomiuri Prize
20th-century Japanese short story writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century Japanese male writers

masks: Masuji Masuji Masuji


title: Henry Gerber

texts:
<mask> (June 29, 1892  in Passau, Bavaria– December 31, 1972) was an early homosexual rights activist in the United States. Inspired by the work of Germany's Magnus Hirschfeld and his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and by the organisation Bund für Menschenrecht by Friedrich Radszuweit and Karl Schulz, <mask> founded the Society for Human Rights (SHR) in 1924, the nation's first known homosexual organization, and Friendship and Freedom, the first known American homosexual publication. SHR was short-lived, as police arrested several of its members shortly after it incorporated. Although embittered by his experiences, <mask> maintained contacts within the fledgling homophile movement of the 1950s and continued to agitate for the rights of homosexuals. <mask> has been repeatedly recognized for his contributions to the LGBT movement. Early life
<mask> was born Heinrich Joseph Dittmar (some sources say "Josef") on June 29, 1892, in the city of Passau in Bavaria. He changed his name to "<mask>" upon emigrating  to the United States in 1913.He and others in his family settled in Chicago because of its large German immigrant population. In 1917, <mask> was briefly committed to a mental institution because of his homosexuality. When the United States declared war on Germany, <mask> was given a choice: be interned as an enemy alien or enlist in the Army. <mask> chose the Army and he was assigned to work as a printer and proofreader with the Allied Army of Occupation in Coblenz. He served for around three years. During his time in Germany, Gerber learned about Magnus Hirschfeld and the work he and his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee were doing to reform anti-homosexual German law (especially Paragraph 175, which criminalized sex between men). <mask> traveled to Berlin, which supported a thriving gay subculture, on several occasions and subscribed to at least one homophile magazine.He absorbed Hirschfeld's ideas, including the notion that homosexual men were naturally effeminate. Following his military service, <mask> returned to the United States and went to work for the post office in Chicago. Society for Human Rights

Inspired by Hirschfeld's work with the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, <mask> resolved to found a similar organization in the United States. He called his group the Society for Human Rights (SHR) and took on the role of secretary. <mask> filed an application for a charter as a non-profit organization with the state of Illinois. The application outlined the goals and purposes of the (SHR):  To promote and protect the interests of people who by reasons of mental and physical abnormalities are abused and hindered in the legal pursuit of happiness which is guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence and to combat the public prejudices against them by dissemination of factors according to modern science among intellectuals of mature age. The Society stands only for law and order; it is in harmony with any and all general laws insofar as they protect the rights of others, and does in no manner recommend any acts in violation of present laws nor advocate any manner inimical to the public welfare.>B)Since sodomy was illegal in every state in 1924, any participation in or advocacy of sex with other men would constitute a recommendation of an act in violation of a present law.Illinois was the first state to repeal its law but did not do so until 1962 B)(Hogan and Hudson, p. 634). An African American clergyman named John T. Graves signed on as president of the new organization and Gerber, Graves and five others were listed as directors. The state granted the charter on December 10, 1924, making SHR the oldest documented homosexual organization in the nation. Gerber created the first known American gay-interest publication, called Friendship and Freedom, as the SHR newsletter. However, few SHR members were willing to receive mailings of the newsletter, fearing that postal inspectors would deem the publication obscene under the  Comstock Act. Indeed, all gay-interest publications were deemed obscene until 1958. Friendship and Freedom lasted two issues.Gerber and Graves decided to limit SHR membership to gay men and exclude bisexuals. Unknown to them, SHR vice-president Al Weininger was married with two children. Weninger's wife reported SHR to a social worker in the summer of 1925, calling them "degenerates". The police interrogated <mask> and arrested him, Graves, Weininger and another man; the Chicago Examiner reported the story under the headline "Strange Sex Cult Exposed". <mask> was tried three times. Charges against <mask> were eventually dismissed but his defense cost him his life savings, some or all of which may have been in the form of bribes paid through his lawyer. <mask> lost his post office job for "conduct unbecoming a postal worker" and Weninger paid a $10 fine for "disorderly conduct".SHR was destroyed and <mask> was left embittered that none of the wealthy gays of Chicago came to his aid for a cause designed to advance the common good. Later life
<mask>'s activities between the demise of SHR and 1927 are undocumented. In 1927, <mask> travelled to New York City, where a friend from his Army days introduced him to a colonel. The officer encouraged <mask> to re-enlist and he did. <mask> was posted to Fort Jay on Governors Island and his post-war talents as a proofreader and editor likely put to use by the Army Recruiting Bureau in the production of their magazines and recruiting publications. It was likely that such low profile office work allowed him to continue in the Army, with occasional harassment until 1945, when he received an honorable discharge. During his second enlistment, <mask> ran a pen pal service called "Connections" beginning in 1930.The service typically had between 150 and 200 members, the majority of whom were heterosexual. He continued writing articles for a variety of magazines, including one called Chanticleer, in which he sometimes made the case for homosexual rights. It was the norm for gay writers to use pseudonyms when writing on gay matters; <mask> sometimes wrote under his own name but sometimes used the name "Parisex". <mask> continued to write for the next 30 years. In the mid-1940s, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C., where he explored the city's gay scene, including the popular cruising area in Lafayette Park. In 1953, the editors of ONE magazine—the first nationally syndicated homophile periodical available in the U.S.—published a letter from <mask> in which he briefly recounted the story of the Society for Human Rights. Almost a decade later, in 1962, ONE published a full-length article, written by <mask>, providing a detailed history of SHR.During the emergence of the homophile movement in the U.S., <mask> maintained a voluminous correspondence with other gay men, discussing gay organizing and strategies for answering societal prejudice. <mask> was an early member of the Washington chapter of the Mattachine Society, though he resigned after clashing with chapter president B. Dwight Huggins. <mask> spent the last decades of his life as a resident of the Soldiers' and Airmen's Home. There he worked on his memoirs (the manuscripts are thought to be lost) and translations of German novels. Gerber was 80 years old when he died at the home on December 31, 1972. He was buried in the adjoining United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery . <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 1992.The <mask>ber House, located at 1710 N. Crilly Court, Chicago, contains the apartment in which <mask> lived when he founded SHR. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 1, 2001. In June 2015 it was named a National Historic Landmark. The Gerber/Hart Library at 6500 North Clark Street is named in honor of Gerber and early civil rights defender Pearl M. Hart. Gerber serves as a direct link between the LGBT-related activism of the Weimar Republic and the American homophile movement of the 1950s. In 1929, a young man named Harry Hay was living in Los Angeles. He soon discovered the cruising scene in Pershing Square, where he met Champ Simmons, who had been a lover of one of Gerber's SHR compatriots.Simmons told Hay about the Society's brief history. Although Hay would later deny that he had any knowledge of previous LGBT activism, he was inspired by this knowledge to conceive in 1948 a proposal for gay men's political and social group. In 1950 Hay's idea reached fruition when he and several other men founded the Mattachine Society, the first enduring LGBT rights organization in the United States. Notes

References

Bibliography
 Blasius, Marc and Shane Phelan, eds. (1997). We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York, Routledge. .
 Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998).Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
 Kepner, Jim and Stephen O. Murray. "<mask> (1895–1972): Grandfather of the American Gay Rights Movement". Collected in Bullough, Vern L. (2002). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. .
 Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History.New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
 Murdoch, Joyce, and Deb Price (2001). Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court. New York, Basic Books. .
 Riemer, Matthew and Leighton Brown (2019). We Are Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Pride in the History of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. . The National Museum & Archive of Lesbian and Gay History (1996). The Gay Almanac.New York, Berkeley Books. .

1892 births
1972 deaths
American gay writers
American LGBT military personnel
LGBT rights activists from Germany
LGBT rights activists from the United States
German gay writers
20th-century American writers
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
Burials at United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery
20th-century American male writers
Gay military personnel
20th-century LGBT people

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