title: David Worrall (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1954 in Newcastle NSW) is an Australian composer and sound artist working a range of genres, including data sonification, sound sculpture and immersive polymedia (a term he coined in 1986) as well as traditional instrumental music composition. Biography
He performs and exhibits internationally. <mask> studied musical composition at The University of Sydney with Peter Sculthorpe, Ross Edwards, where he also studied mathematics and Western philosophy, and at The University of Adelaide with Richard Meale and Tristram Cary. <mask>'s creative practice encompasses a number of endeavours: instrumental and electroacoustic composition, sound poetry and sound installations including those that utilise PIPES (Portable Immersive Polymedia Event Spaces). sometimes referred to as Portable Event Theatres (PETs). He is a programmer in several computer languages and has developed software for music composition, text transformation and sonification. His PhD dissertation was on the development of a software framework for the sonification of information in large or high-frequency multivariate data sets, such as those from securities trading engines.<mask> was appointed to the Faculty of Music at the University of Melbourne in 1979 to teach musical composition and undertake research in computer music. In addition to composition, orchestration, twentieth-century techniques and free improvisation, in 1981, before the advent of the personal computer, he designed and taught the first undergraduate course in computer music in Australia using a mainframe computer, and MusicC (a development of CMusic) and Gary Lee Nelson's Music Programming Library (written in APL). His music from this period includes the Albert H. Maggs Award commission Images for Two Pianos and the Seymour Group commissioned Glass Games for ensemble and computer–generated tape – the first Australian work in this format. Other notable works from this period include Mixtures and re-collections and ...with fish scales scattered.... In 1986 he was appointed director of the Electronic Music Studios at the Canberra School of Music. He established and became the foundation head of the Australian Centre for the Arts and Technology (ACAT) at the Australian National University in 1989, a position he held for over a decade. During that time, ACAT offered the first Australian postgraduate degrees in multimedia: considered a sub-discipline of the Electronic Arts, along with electroacoustic music and computer animation.<mask>'s output from this period is dominated by electroacoustic (e.g. Harmonie du Soir), polymedia (e.g. Cords), computer animation soundtracks (e.g. En Passant Marcel Duchamp) as well as his continued interest in combining acoustic instruments with electroacoustics (e.g. Air). <mask> has been a regional editor for Organised Sound (Cambridge University Press) since 1996. Since 2000 he has worked as an academic and freelance composer, experimental artist (e.g.The Twins) and researcher with a growing interest in the human voice, both acoustic and synthetic (e.g. algorithmic poems such as  A doing resounds and the extended text-to-speech work (e.g. I am on the net through an interface different from the one which you use when you do, a homage to Alvin Lucier,) as well as the continued development of PIPES works such as the large-scale collaborative Alien Garden. He was a senior research fellow (2013–2017) in sonification in the Emerging Audio Research Group at Fraunhofer Society (the International Audio Laboratories of Fraunhofer-Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen IIS) in Erlangen, Germany, undertaking research in the application of sound in the diagnosis of sleep aponea and the sonification of large networks. He is currently a professor in the Audio Arts and Acoustics Department at Columbia College Chicago and an adjunct senior research fellow in the School of Music, the Australian National University. His book: Sonification design: From data to intelligible soundfields is published by Springer in their Human–Computer Interaction Series. <mask> has won various composition and research awards and has held artist-in-residence and visiting fellowship positions in universities in Australia, France, Spain, the US and in the UK, where most notably he was Leverhulme Fellow in the Music Department at the University of York in 1996.He was a founding member of the Music Council of Australia, now Music Australia, which made him an Honorary Life Member in 2009, the Electronic Music Foundation and has served on a number of organisational boards, including the Australia Council's Music and Innovative Projects (later Mixed Media) Boards, the Australian Music Centre, where he is a represented artist, and as president in 1998/1999 of the Australasian Computer Music Association. He has been and a board member of the International Community for Auditory Display (ICAD) since 2010 and their elected President 2016–2019. Notes

References
Bandt, R. 2001. Sound Sculpture. Sydney: Fine Art Publishing. pp. 36–37.Bebbington, W.E. 1997. (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Australian Music. Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 599. Broadstock, B.E.1995. Sound Ideas: Australian Composers Born Since 1950, a guide to their music and ideas. Sydney:  Australian Music Centre. pp. 56–57. External links
<mask>'s personal website
Anthology of Australian Music on Disc. Australian National University.Series I and Series II. YouTube videos
On soundcloud

1954 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Australian music educators
University of Adelaide alumni
University of Canberra alumni
University of Melbourne faculty
Australian National University faculty
Australian male classical composers
Australian classical composers
Winners of the Albert H. Maggs Composition Award
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians

masks:
David Worrall
Worrall
Worrall
Worrall
Worrall
Worrall
Worrall
David Worrall


title: Rob Mariano

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born December 25, 1975), known by the nickname <mask>, is an American television personality, known for appearing in the CBS reality show Survivor. He placed 10th in the show's 4th season Survivor: Marquesas, finished as the runner up to his eventual wife Amber Brkich in the show's 8th season Survivor: All-Stars, came in 13th place in the show's 20th season Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, won the show's 22nd season Survivor: Redemption Island, returned for the show's 39th season Survivor: Island of the Idols as a mentor for the new players alongside Sandra Diaz-Twine, and came in 17th place in the show's 40th season Survivor: Winners at War. He is the first contestant to appear on Survivor 6 times, and play 5 times. He also competed on The Amazing Race twice alongside his wife, where they placed 2nd and 8th, respectively. Personal life
<mask> was born in Hyde Park, Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Canton, Massachusetts. He is of Italian descent. He graduated from Xaverian Brothers High School in 1994, where he played golf and hockey.In 1999, <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Boston University. He made the BU hockey team in 1995 as a freshman, however he declined to play for coach Jack Parker after he was told that he would not receive much ice time. At the time he first played Survivor in 2001, he was 25 years old and continuing to coach the hockey team. <mask> began a relationship with fellow reality TV contestant Amber Brkich in 2003, during their time filming Survivor: All-Stars. They became engaged on May 9, 2004, during the show's live finale at Madison Square Garden in New York City, and married on April 16, 2005 at Atlantis Paradise Island in The Bahamas. CBS aired a two-hour special about the wedding, entitled <mask> and Amber Get Married, on May 24, 2005. After their marriage, Brkich took <mask>'s surname, and the couple moved to Pensacola, Florida.They have four daughters: Lucia Rose (born July 4, 2009), Carina Rose (born December 10, 2010), Isabetta Rose (born May 5, 2012), and Adelina Rose (born June 20, 2014). Their entire family are members of the Catholic Church. <mask> is a well-known fan of the Boston Red Sox, Boston Bruins, Boston Celtics, and the New England Patriots. Survivor

Marquesas

Assigned to the Maraamu tribe at the start of the game, <mask> was successful in leading a counter alliance against Hunter Ellis though as a result of this their challenge performance was lackluster compared to the opposing tribe. In the fourth episode, "The Winds Twist", <mask> was swapped into the minority on his new tribe, Rotu, though was spared when Gabriel Cade's apathetic nature to the game was seen as detrimental. When the tribes merged, <mask> was viewed as the biggest target by the original Rotu tribe members and attempted to counter by warning of a splinter group of John Carroll, Tammy Leitner, Zoe Zanidakis, and <mask>o though this proved unsuccessful and was voted out in a 7-2-1 vote. All-Stars

<mask> was announced to compete in Survivor: All-Stars after his prior performance in Survivor: Marquesas.Assigned to the Chapera tribe, <mask> formed an immediate alliance with Amber Brkich and successfully navigated the game together through brokering deals with contestants that would not be honored and securing an alliance with Jenna Lewis and Rupert Boneham to eliminate bigger targets. Upon reaching the final tribal council, <mask> was lambasted for abusing his relationships with contestants outside of the game to benefit himself though was praised for his aggressive gameplay. On May 9, 2004, before the votes were announced, <mask> proposed to Brkich which she accepted. <mask> lost the season in a 4–3 vote. Heroes vs. Villains

For his actions in Survivor: All-Stars, <mask> was announced as a contestant for Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains. Assigned to the Villains tribe, <mask> was the de facto leader of the Villains with his storyline focused on his rivalry with Russell Hantz and their differing views of the game. In the sixth episode, "Banana Etiquette", <mask> and his alliance planned to split the vote between Hantz and Parvati Shallow to eliminate either target and a hidden immunity idol, but their plan was thwarted when Tyson Apostol changed his vote, leading to Apostol's elimination.In the seventh episode, "I'm Not A Good Villain", with <mask> now in the minority of his tribe, he appealed to Benjamin "Coach" Wade's sense of honesty and integrity to vote Hantz. Coach was divided between his allegiances to both <mask> and Hantz but ultimately sided against <mask>, and <mask> was voted out. Redemption Island

On January 13, 2011, <mask> was announced to compete in his fourth season, Survivor: Redemption Island in a continuation of his feud in Heroes vs Villains with Russell Hantz. <mask>, through his hard work ethic and likeability from his new tribe, became the de facto leader. As a result of this, he formed a majority alliance with Andrea Boehlke, Grant Mattos, Natalie Tenerelli, Matt Elrod, and Ashley Underwood. As the game progressed, <mask> successfully eliminated opponents with relative ease and formed an alliance with outsider Phillip Sheppard due to his abrasive and unpredictable nature. Using his past experiences and ability to read his fellow players, <mask> controlled every vote he was involved in and was able to reach the final tribal council where he was praised for his dominant game over finalists Sheppard and Tenerelli who attributed their success to <mask>.On May 15, 2011, <mask> was revealed to have won the season in an 8-1-0 vote. Whilst viewers and fans were critical of his win, Jeff Probst characterized <mask>'s game as the "most perfect game of Survivor ever". Island of the Idols

<mask>, along with former castmate Sandra Diaz-Twine, returned for the 39th season in a mentor role for a new group of castaways. Unable to vote or compete in challenges, <mask> and Diaz-Twine lived together on a separate beach from the game and, at times, have one player visit to be taught a lesson on the various facets of Survivor. In addition, they would attend each Tribal Council in a hideaway. On the morning of Day 37, <mask> and Diaz-Twine departed from the eponymous Island of the Idols leaving a luxurious shelter and supplies for the final five castaways of the season. Winners at War

At the finale of Survivor: Island of the Idols, it was announced that <mask> would be competing alongside 19 other winners of the show, including Brkich.He was placed on the Sele tribe where he quickly formed an "Old-School" Alliance with Parvati Shallow and Ethan Zohn, although the alliance ultimately fell apart due to Danni Boatwright informing Ben Driebergen of its existence. <mask> was later swapped to the Yara tribe with Driebergen, Adam Klein, Sarah Lacina and Sophie Clarke, where he was the sixth person voted out of the game. He was defeated by Tyson Apostol and Natalie Anderson respectively in the challenges to return from the Edge of Extinction and was sent to the jury for the first time in his career. He voted for Tony Vlachos to win the season, which he did in a 12-4-0 vote, making Vlachos the second two-time Sole Survivor following Diaz-Twine, and the winner of the increased grand prize at $2,000,000. With this season, <mask> became the first Survivor contestant to play for a fifth time; <mask> once again became the longest-played Survivor contestant in his career, having played a cumulative 152 days (excluding the 37 days in Island of the Idols) over five seasons, surpassing the previous record held by Ozzy Lusth who played 128 over four seasons set in Survivor: Game Changers. <mask> and Amber Get Married
On April 16, 2005, <mask> and Brkich were married in a private ceremony at Atlantis Paradise Island in the Bahamas. CBS aired a two-hour special about the wedding, <mask> and Amber Get Married, on May 24, 2005.The Amazing Race

Season 7
As an engaged couple, <mask> and his fiancée Amber Brkich participated in the seventh season of The Amazing Race and came in second place. During a Roadblock challenge in Mendoza, Argentina, in the third leg of the race, contestants had to eat four pounds of meat. <mask> began the roadblock but very quickly determined he would not or could not eat that quantity. The penalty for not finishing the Roadblock was a four-hour delay. By convincing several other contestants to refuse to participate, he ensured that several contestants were on the same timetable as he and Brkich. Also in South America, <mask> pooled his money with some other racers to bribe the bus driver into letting the teams that contributed off earlier. When <mask> bribed the driver, he used none of his own money.In Botswana, during the sixth leg of the race, the couple was criticized by fellow racers, as well as host Phil Keoghan, when they drove by the car accident of another team, brothers Brian and Greg, without stopping. Their fellow competitors all checked in with the brothers prior to continuing on to the next stage of the race. In southern Africa, <mask> and Brkich saw their own photo on a magazine cover. <mask> and Brkich ultimately finished in second place behind married couple, Uchenna and Joyce. Amongst fans, there has been much speculation surrounding the final leg of the race. It has been argued that the production crew had intervened with the airport authorities and aided Uchenna and Joyce onto the same, earlier plane as <mask> and Brkich. In the "Revisiting the Race" special feature on the Season 7 DVD, <mask>, along with Uchenna and Keoghan denied these accusations.<mask> describes Uchenna running around frantically trying to get onto the flight, which the final edited version of the show does not portray. Keoghan cites the fact that the decision to re-open the door rested solely with the pilot, and that intervention by the production crew would have resulted in someone leaking such information out. Although <mask> and Brkich lost the one million dollar grand prize and "The Amazing Race 7" winners' title at the final leg of the race, they managed to place 1st in the 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 10th legs. They were also the only team to not come in last place on any legs of the race. All-Stars
The <mask>s later competed in the All-Stars season of The Amazing Race, which began airing in February 2007. The couple's racing status was listed as "newlyweds". While they had set a record for The Amazing Race, coming in first place for the first three legs, they were eliminated on the fourth leg of the race.Additional television appearances
In 2004, <mask> was the narrator/player operator of a short-lived reality series on UPN titled The Player. The show aired 8 episodes from August 4 to September 15. On April 16, 2005, <mask> and Brkich were married in a private ceremony in the Bahamas. CBS aired Rob and Amber Get Married, a two-hour special about the wedding, on May 24, 2005. <mask> was a co-host of the six-week Sci Fi series, Sci Fi Investigates. The show investigates subjects such as Bigfoot, Mothman, Paranormal Hotspots, Roswell, The Afterlife and Voodoo. Between their two appearances on The Amazing Race, <mask> and Brkich filmed a 10-episode show for the Fox Reality Channel, <mask> and Amber: Against the Odds in 2006, which aired the following year.Set in Las Vegas, the program follows <mask>'s attempts to become a professional poker player and features professional player Daniel Negreanu tutoring him. The series ended with <mask> and <mask> accepting an offer to appear on The Amazing Race: All-Stars and the odds of <mask>'s professional poker career waned. In 2008, <mask> appeared in an episode of Canadian show, Reality Obsessed, hosted by Murtz Jaffer and won first place in a competition that pitted him against James Zinkand (Big Brother 9 (US)), Jen Parker (The Amazing Race 12), and Jennifer Hoffman (The Apprentice). The episode, "The Reality All-Stars Game", aired on November 19. <mask> was co-host on The History Channel's Around the World in 80 Ways which ran from October to December 2011. In 2016, <mask> appeared in a special episode of The Price Is Right which featured multiple former Survivor contestants competing on the show. The episode aired on May 23, 2016.Filmography

Television

References

External links

 <mask> biography for Survivor: Marquesas at CBS.com
 <mask> biography for Survivor: All-Stars at CBS.com
 <mask> biography for Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains at CBS.com
 <mask> biography for Survivor: Redemption Island at CBS.com

1975 births
American people of Italian descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
Catholics from Massachusetts
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
People from Canton, Massachusetts
People from Pensacola, Florida
Survivor (American TV series) winners
The Amazing Race contestants
Xaverian Brothers High School alumni
People from Hyde Park, Boston

masks:
Robert Carlo Mariano
Boston Rob
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Robert DeCani
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Rob
Amber Mariano
Rob
Mariano
Mariano
Mariano
Rob Mariano
Rob Mariano
Rob Mariano
Rob Mariano


title: Juan Leal

texts:
<mask> (1676–1742 or 1743), also called <mask>,  was a Spanish settler and  politician who served as the first alcalde (a municipal magistrate with both judicial and administrative functions) of La Villa de San Fernando, which later would become the city of San Antonio, Texas. A native of the Canary Islands, <mask> went to San Antonio in 1731 leading a group of settlers from the Canary Islands to populate this municipality, founded by the Spanish government under the sponsorship of King Philip V. <mask> had asserted himself as the Canarian emigrants' leader and spokesman since they left the islands. He served as alcade of San Antonio between 1731 and 1732, and again in 1735. Biography

Early life and first actions as leader of the new settlers
<mask> was born in 1676 in the city of Teguise, in Lanzarote (Canary Islands). He was the son of Antonio Goraz and Maria Perez and became a councilor of the municipality of Teguise. He lived in the village of San Bartolomé, on the same island. In 1730, the Spanish Crown decided to send ten or eleven families from the Canary Islands as emigrants to Villa de San Fernando because of a supposed threat to Spanish interests by the French in Louisiana.<mask> was the first Canarian councilor to respond, and agreed to enlist seven families of the ten more needed for the enterprise. In Santa Cruz, the capital of Tenerife, Bartolomé de Casabuena, Superintendent of the Court of the Indies in the Canary Islands, appointed the oldest male among the chosen settlers, which happened to be <mask>, as their leader. He accepted the assignment. On March 27, 1730, <mask>, along with his own and the other Canarian families, departed from Santa Cruz on the frigate Santísima Trinidad y Nuestra Señora del Rosario, headed for Veracruz, via Havana. The first impression that the Canarians, who were unaccustomed to sea travel, had of their transport was that the ship was very small for such a long voyage. When many in the group panicked from fear and confusion, <mask>'s calm demeanor reassured them, and helped them endure a passage on rough seas across the Atlantic. This was the first indication of his natural ability as a leader, although not all his decisions were at first accepted by every one of the Canarian settlers.The group eventually came to the mutual conclusion that they needed a leader to choose a course of action to address any problems. The settler group arrived in Havana on May 10 and were greeted by its governor, who had been made aware of their impending arrival by a letter from Bartolomé de Casabuena at Tenerife. Here they remained for several weeks and were given food and clothing. On July 9 they embarked on the ship Santísima Trinidad y Nuestra Señora del Rosario for Veracruz, where they landed on July 19 and remained for thirteen days. The alcalde of Veracruz greeted them on behalf of the Viceroy of New Spain, <mask> Acuña, and ordered horses and mules and wagons, and a guide called Francisco Duval to be made available to them. Continuing their journey overland, they reached Cuautitlán Izcalli, a town northwest of Mexico City, on August 27, 1730, where they received food, shelter, and clothing. Leal went to Mexico City for an audience with the viceroy to request better transportation and tools.Viceroy Acuña committed to providing more resources for the trip, and issued letters of introduction instructing the Governor of Texas and the Captain of the Presidio of San Antonio to assist the Canarians in building the new cabildo. After the arrival of the settlers' caravan at San Luis de Potosí on November 14, 1730, <mask> told the alcalde of the city that four Canarian men had abandoned the caravan and fled. The alcalde sent soldiers in pursuit, and they were arrested several days later and imprisoned at San Luis. The alcalde told Leal that if he would agree to be responsible for them, he would release the deserters to his custody. Leal accepted his proposal. The fact that <mask> led the four Canarians in handcuffs back to the caravan and did not respond to them while they were incarcerated at San Luis was the source of many problems that divided the Canarian families once they were established in San Antonio. Many days after this, <mask> gave a loan to the fugitives, who were not returned until later, when <mask> forced them.After passing through many other towns and cities, the settlers finally reached the Presidio of San Antonio on the morning of March 9, 1731, after eight months of travel in a caravan and almost a year since they had left the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for Texas. <mask> was 54 years old. Mayor of San Antonio
On August 31, 1731, <mask> was elected alcalde (mayor) and regidor of the city. Since departing from Tenerife, he had been the group's leader. Once the Canarian people established themselves in the city, Leal found they had problems, including frequent clashes with the Franciscan missionaries of San Antonio and the soldiers stationed at the presidio. The Franciscans were opposed to the Canarians settling in the middle of an area where they had already established their domain and that they regarded as belonging to them. Given these considerations and his investment in his own decision to settle in Texas, Leal traveled from San Antonio to Mexico to speak to the viceroy and request that the appropriate orders be given to the Captain of the presidio, Almazan, and thus ensure that the Cabildo (council) constituted by the new settlers in Texas had the greater power in the matter and the Canarian settlers would be enabled to succeed in their mission.He also requested necessary instructions on how to administer the council. The viceroy, again assisted by Brigadier Rivera, sent clear orders to the captain of the presidio to recognize and respect the will of the council. <mask> succeeded in establishing the new colony and the city was populated with new families. During <mask>'s administration, the settlers twice requested that the viceroy assign Native Americans working in the Spanish missions to farm their lands (whether they were willing or not). The settlers maintained that missionaries should engage in ecclesiastical functions only and forego entering trade or enlarging their farm lands, since they were trained as clerics, and should not compete with the farmers in either endeavor. The viceroy, however, rejected both their requests. The following year, 1733, <mask> completed his term as alcade of San Antonio and was replaced by Antonio de los Santos.In 1735 <mask> was appointed as town councilman, and soon after was appointed to a life term as alcalde. <mask> was not considered either tolerant or judicious by many among the military, the clergy, and the settlers themselves, and soon gained their general contempt. Consequently, his second term as mayor lasted only a year and he was replaced again by Antonio de los Santos. Although <mask>'s administration seems to have been successful, he had clashes with other Canarians in Texas. The first of the Canarians with whom he had problems was Mayor Alguacil Vicente Álvarez Travieso, from whom he was to reclaim a loan in court when they arrived in Coahuila. <mask> had made a loan to Travieso in San Luis Potosí, and Travieso had not repaid him by the deadline. This circumstance and the distribution of land lots (<mask> had chosen the last one and therefore the worst one) in the city was a trigger for a series of lawsuits and claims against other families like the Traviesos, the Curvelos, the Padróns, and the Santos.These events occurred between 1732 and 1735. Later years
<mask> Goraz died in the Villa de San Fernando in March 1742 or 1743 in San Antonio, Texas. He was buried in the Campo Santo of the Cathedral of San Fernando. Personal life
According to the Our Lady of the Lake University, <mask> married Lucía (Catarina) Hernández in his native Lanzarote,  and they had five children: <mask> "El Mozo" (born 1700), José (born 1708), Catalina  (1714–1794),  Bernardo (1717–1751) and  <mask>, but Lucia, exhausted by the rigors of the long journey to San Antonio, got sick and died, as some of the other Canarians had also. <mask> then married María Melano, who bore him three children: <mask> Goraz, Jr., Bernardo and Catrina <mask>. His son, <mask>, was mayor of San Antonio in 1748. Currently, some of their descendants still live in San Antonio, as in the case of John O<mask>, historian and president of the Canary Islands Descendants Association of San Antonio, Texas.A descendant of <mask> was a Bexar County's archivist at the end of the 20th century. References

External links
Sixteen Families of the Canary Islands
 The <mask> family. 1676 births
People from Teguise
People of Spanish Texas
Texas Isleño people
People from San Antonio
Mayors of San Antonio
History of San Antonio
1740s deaths

masks:
Juan Leal Goraz
Juan Leal Gonzal
Leal
Leal
Juan Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Juan de
Leal
Juan Leal
Juan Leal
Juan Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Leal
Juan Leal
Juan Leal
Leal
Juan
Vicente Leal
Leal
Juan Leal
Leal
José Leal
. Leal
Juan Leal
Leal


title: Kōichi Kido

texts:
Marquis  (July 18, 1889 – April 6, 1977) served as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan from 1940 to 1945, and was the closest advisor to Emperor Hirohito throughout World War II. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment, of which he served 6 years before being released in 1953. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on July 18, 1889 in Akasaka, Tokyo to <mask> and Sueko Yamao. He was the grand-nephew of <mask>, one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. After graduating from the Gakushuin Peer's School in Tokyo, he went to the law school of Kyoto University, where Marxist economist Hajime Kawakami was one of his professors. After graduation in 1915, he held numerous minor bureaucratic posts in the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, followed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Together with Shinji Yoshino and Nobusuke Kishi, he was one of the architects of the Strategic Industries Control Act on 1931, which set the stage for state control of numerous industries during the increasing militarization of Japan in the 1930s.<mask> became chief secretary of the Home Ministry in 1930. Political career
When his long-time friend Fumimaro Konoe became Prime Minister of Japan in 1937, <mask> was named Minister of Education. From January 1938, he concurrently held the post of Minister of Health and Welfare. In January 1939, <mask> was appointed Home Minister in the Hiranuma Cabinet. As Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan from 1940, Kido became one of the most influential advisors to Emperor Hirohito following the death of Saionji Kinmochi. He recommended to Hirohito that Konoe succeed Mitsumasa Yonai for a second term as Prime Minister of Japan and was active with Konoe in the movement to replace the existing political parties with the Taisei Yokusankai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association) to form a single party state. In 1941, Kido recommended that Hideki Tōjō become Prime Minister after Konoe's third term in office, as being one of the few people eligible who might be able to maintain control over more radical elements within the Imperial Japanese Army.However, <mask> remained one of the more cautious advisors to Hirohito at the beginning of World War II, and is known to have advised the emperor against attacking the Dutch East Indies in 1941, explaining that such an attack might provoke the United States into war, and that any oil obtained by taking the East Indies would still have to be transported, and would be subject to blockades and attacks by plane and submarine. Kido also claimed after the war that Hirohito was never aware of the plans to attack Pearl Harbor until after the attack occurred. As the war situation deteriorated for Japan, <mask> was one of the chief advocates of a negotiated peace, and Kido is generally credited with convincing the government to accept the Potsdam Declaration and surrender. He also convinced the emperor that it would be necessary to deliver a personal speech in order to ensure that all civilians and soldiers would cease fighting. He was one of the principal targets for assassination during the Kyūjō Incident in the final days of the war. Post-war period

<mask> was not only the chief advisor to the emperor; he was a major liaison between the emperor and the government, and a representative of the Japanese government to the Allied Occupation Forces. He advised General MacArthur on many aspects of the logistics surrounding the surrender, the end of the war, and the Occupation of Japan.One of his chief motives was consistently to protect the honor of the emperor. In the International Military Tribunal for the Far East held in Tokyo after the war, Kido was charged as a Class A War Criminal. He initially attempted to plead guilty in order to protect the emperor by taking all responsibility for imperial decisions advocating war unto himself. His personal diary, kept in detail since 1930, was voluntarily turned over to the prosecution, and became an important document in determining the internal workings of the Japanese government during the war and was often cited by the prosecution as evidence against the defendants, including <mask> himself. Kido was found guilty of Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, and 32, and was sentenced to life imprisonment in Sugamo Prison, Tokyo. In 1951, as the Occupation of Japan was ending, Kido sent a message to the emperor, advising him as he had advised three years earlier, to accept responsibility for the defeat and abdicate, at the end of the American Occupation. In addition, Kido opposed the idea of continuing to punish war criminals under Japanese law after the end of the American Occupation.According to his diary, "those called war criminals by the enemy's standards, especially those in responsible positions, were all performing loyal duties, and to punish them in the name of the emperor would be unbearable". In 1953, due to health problems, <mask> was released from prison. He lived the rest of his life in Oiso, Kanagawa Prefecture and had a flat in Tokyo's Aoyama. He died at age 87 of cirrhosis of the liver at the Imperial Household Agency hospital in Tokyo in 1977. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Tokyo. <mask> was married to Kodama Tsuruko, the daughter of General Kodama Gentaro. He had two sons and one daughter.Cabinet Positions

|-

|-

References
 Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial (2001). Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company (1999). Yagami, Kazuo. Konoe Fumimaro and the Failure of Peace in Japan, 1937–1941. McFarland  (2006)
Wetzler.Peter. Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. (1998)
Finn,Richard B. Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan. University of California Press (1992)

External links

Annotated bibliography for Koichi Kido from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Tama Cemetery

Notes

1889 births
1977 deaths
People from Tokyo
Education ministers of Japan
Ministers of Home Affairs of Japan
Kazoku
Kyoto University alumni
Japanese people convicted of war crimes
Japanese people convicted of the international crime of aggression
Japanese prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals
People convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Ministers of Health and Welfare of Japan
Japanese politicians convicted of crimes
Japanese diarists

masks:
Kōichi Kido
Takamasa Kido
Kido Takayoshi
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido
Kido


title: Bruno Blum

texts:
<mask> (born October 4, 1960, Vichy, France) is a French singer songwriter, guitar player, music producer and musicologist sometimes nicknamed "Doc Reggae". He is mostly known for his work in the reggae, Caribbean music, rock music and African musics fields, and also works as a comic book artist, illustrator, painter, photographer, video director, writer, journalist, music historian, interpreter and speaker. An eclectic character
On the back cover of his extensive Electric Dandy Lou Reed biography, his publisher introduced him in the following words: "A musician and producer, illustrator and speaker, and a legendary music journalist for Best Magazine, <mask> lived in London during the reggae-punk years." Originally renowned as the enfant terrible of French rock critics based in London in 1977–1982, <mask> started out in teenage punk group Private Vices in London in 1977–79. He gradually embodied an adventurer-musician globe-trotter figure, a free-spirited, astute lyric writer and a remarkable guitar player, as well as a historian of English-speaking popular music, photographer and skilled graphic artist. A fully bilingual (English-French) vegan and ecologist, he has lived without drugs or alcohol for over twenty years. In the "Human Race" CD booklet, a Blum production, noted American reggae historian Roger Steffens described him as "a virtuosic polymath" and concluded: "An artist, producer, director, archivist, musician as well as author of and contributor to dozens of books [including 'Jamaïque, sur la piste du reggae,' where Blum tells his own account of his musical adventures in Jamaica], Doc Reggae stands supreme among France's reggae chroniclers in his perceptive observations and the impressive variety of his accomplishments, not the least of which can be found on the album you now hold."Musician
As a teenage bass player with Private Vices he was part of the late 1970s London punk movement and was later the first French musician to record and release dub music, as well as afrobeat. He has released several French songs albums (including the classic reggae album Nuage d'Éthiopie) in a wide variety of styles. "Viens Fumer un P'tit Joint à la Maison," a reggae pastiche of the drinking hit song "Viens Boire un P'tit Coup à la Maison" obtained over four million views on YouTube. His versions of Bob Marley's "War" also adapted in French as "Guerre," was another couple of hits. A Blum-produced version of "War" featuring a duet between Haile Selassie and Bob Marley reached number one in British magazine Black Echoes charts in April 1998 and remains an enduring reggae classic. <mask> is known, among other things, for his work with the press-acclaimed Asmara All Stars and on Serge Gainsbourg's two studio reggae albums, which he has produced new mixes of, as well as dub and deejay versions in 2003. He also produced a definitive mix of Serge Gainsbourg's Gainsbourg Et Cætera Palace live album in 2006.In 2015 two "Super DeLuxe" triple CD sets were released in the form of books: Gainsbourg and the Revolutionaries (Gainsbourg's three reggae albums in the Blum mixes form, including 8 previously unreleased tracks) and Gainsbourg in Dub, which contains 50 previously unreleased dubs. He also released his own dub work, much of it done in Jamaica, on his Sophisticated Love album by Dub De Luxe. First and foremost a singer-songwriter in the French tradition, Blum also performs steadily with his rock/soul/blues and reggae bands as a singer and lead guitar player. His abounding, dense world often includes a touch of humour, and his art complements his Jamaica, Nigeria and USA-inspired music. Influenced by the electric, genuine analog sound and militant spirit of the 1970s, his wide array of works melt into a coherent whole, where different styles are approached in true eclectic fashion. Alternatively playing blues, dub (which he often mixes himself on analog sound boards), rock, jazz, afrobeat, reggae, etc., he is playing "Organic culture music guaranteed to be played without machines by live, free-range musicians". His successful French ("Guerre") and English versions of Bob Marley's "War" recorded with the Wailers gave him some international exposure and recognition.He also created Human Race Records, a vinyl record label in Jamaica. According to Roger Steffens in the Human Race anthology booklet notes, he is an "independent polymath thriving on passion" and always funded his own recordings, which put forward his individual, idiosyncratic lyric style. He occasionally records "updated" pastiches of well-known songs in both English and French, including I Feel-Like-I'm-A-Fixin'-To-Die Rag, the Viens fumer un p'tit joint à la maison hit and satirical songs such as "Ça Bouge (sur la place Rouge)". His own French songs output often displays puzzling double-entendre lyrics. In 2015, he formed Cabaret Végane, the first all-vegan group, releasing an album of mostly original songs the following year and playing several shows in Paris, singing with female singer Joy Gross, who stars in 'Clémentine est végane,' a hit music video on Facebook  (also in English as 'Clementine Is a Vegan' ). Following the demise of the record industry, <mask> was also one of the first French musicians to release most of his output on brunoblum.bandcamp.com, where most of his recordings can be heard. Writer, musicologist

Besides his extensive work as a lyric writer, <mask> has completed a master's degree in music, musicology, creation and society and speaks worldwide on the history of reggae music, African musics and other rock and blues culture-related subjects as well as veganism.His reggae lectures come with his reggae photography exhibition. In 2013 he was awarded a Prix Coup de Cœur de l'Académie Charles Cros for his 3CD set and booklet for Jamaica Folk, Trance, Possession - Roots of Rastafari 1939–1961. Written in a lively style, several of his books on music history give him an authority status in the French-speaking world. These include Lou Reed, Bob Marley and John Lennon biographies, best-seller Le Reggae, a fully illustrated Jamaican travel journal autobiography and a major contribution to best-selling Le Dictionnaire du Rock. His bilingual English-French documented music reissues (he runs three series of documented CD box sets for Frémeaux & Associés for which he wrote substantial, informative ethnomusicologic booklets) have become scholar references. Major Bob Marley & the Wailers reissues with U.S. partner Roger Steffens have also given him some international recognition. He is often working as an interpreter, has published many translations and texts in English, including English versions of his many Frémeaux & Associés booklets, translated six books and has also directed several documentaries for television.In addition, <mask> has moved on and published two substantial surveys on societal issues: his book Shit! Tout Sur Le Cannabis includes an autobiographical chapter and the 2016 De Viandard à Végane is written in the form of an autobiography depicting his growing awareness of veganism through his musical career. Perhaps his most important effort in the musicology field is the book Les Musiques des Caraïbes, which extensively depicts the history of each Caribbean island's original music before the 1960s 'big mix.' Each chapter of the book is based on a CD box set booklet originally released by Frémeaux & Associés and later extended for the book purpose, which allows the reader to listen to each chapter's contents. Forewords by Roger Steffens and French ex-Minister of Justice of Guyane origin Christiane Taubira complement this major undertaking. Illustrator, cartoonist, artist, photographer, filmmaker
<mask> has published many cartoons, illustrations and comic strips in several of his books, in U.K. comic books and newspapers as well as a long list of French magazines, including Best, Actuel, L'Environnement Magazine, Panda Magazine and Hara-Kiri. Perhaps his most significant work as a graphic artist is his 150-page Rock And Roll Comics album, a collection of his early comic strips, featuring a popular Motörhead story, done at a time when he played in a London punk rock group and was the London correspondent of French rock magazine Best.This "autobio-graphic novel" includes time period fiction stories, previously unpublished art and also features a substantial chapter of his rock photography. A prolific artist, besides photography, illustration and comic strips, he has also always produced graphic work meant to be exhibited. He often draws a blurry line between plastic arts and comic strip, as in the "Don't Drink and Drive, Smoke and Fly" series (see picture above) where the story jumps out of the pages to become a series of pictures, before going back to its initial, former frame. As a reporter photographer he has accumulated archives published in several of his books alongside his illustrations. His photo exhibition "Jamaica on the Reggae Tracks" has been shown all over France since 2008. His 2007 book of the same name, Jamaïque sur la piste du reggae features a mix of his photographs, narrative and art. <mask> is one of the few photographers who managed to take pictures of nearly all of the British new wave groups, including Buzzcocks, Sex Pistols, the Clash, and many US artists such as Iggy Pop, the Heartbreakers, Johnny Thunders, Devo, David Johansen and Patti Smith as well as several lesser-known groups, as shown in his Fils de Punk photo exhibition premiered at Stereolux in Nantes (France) in March–April 2017.In 2017, he illustrated the travel books Carnets exceptionnels de mes voyages. He has also directed Tenor Saw's classic Ring the Alarm reggae video as well as other videos, and worked as a journalist/director for Tracks, an Arte TV channel show about music culture. His artwork can be seen in the video of his song "Papa Legba," which was directed by Pascal Le Gras (best known for his cover artwork for British post-punk group the Fall). The hit video Clémentine est végane (English version: Clementine Is a Vegan) features some of his art, as well as Le Gras', Mandryka and street artist Invader. Biography

Early life
A Spirou magazine reader and André Franquin (Spirou, Marsupilami, Gaston Lagaffe) fan, the song Les Élucubrations d'Antoine was a revelation for him at an early age. When advertising was permitted on French television from October 1, 1968, his parents of humble origins Nicole and <mask> started producing advertising films. Their success was immediate.Their company, named FBI (Falby Blum International) had already produced several films by young director Jean-Jacques Annaud when they were awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Advertising Film Festival in 1972 for Annaud's Crackers Belin film. The company had opened offices in five countries as <mask> moved to Toronto in Canada, where his son joined him during the 1974 and 1975 summers. Aged fifteen, he was already bilingual after several stays in the UK, USA and Canada. His father produced the first feature film by Jérôme Savary Le boucher, la star et l'orpheline (1975). <mask> got to meet and know his parents' colleagues and friends, including directors Jean-Jacques Annaud, Ridley Scott and actors such as Pierre Desproges and Jerry Lewis, but he was not interested in advertising. A dedicated comic strip reader, as early as twelve he was the founder of several amateur college comic magazines with his classmates. After an encounter with Asterix author René Goscinny, he created a magazine named Klaus in the Paris art school Les Arts Appliqués where he studied comic book art with Georges Pichard, Jacques Lob and Yves Got.In 1974–1975, the very young editor gathered a team of talented artists that would all become professionals, including Bernar, Fernand Zacot, Klaus, Jean Teulé and classmate Jean-Marie Blanche, son of the famous French comedian and humorist Francis Blanche, an inspiration to both friends. Failing all studies, <mask> was evicted out of three colleges, including two art schools. Self-taught from then on, he would build teams following the same pattern, being the prime mover in many of his future projects. Move to London
Following two convictions for record theft, and as his parents' company was going bankrupt, causing them to lose almost everything, in 1976-1977 the drifting teenager moved to London to study animation film with Oscar Grillo (who directed an animation film for Linda and Paul McCartney) and keenly attended rock clubs. In 1977–1978 he lived in North London's Stamford Hill Jamaican neighbourhood where he discovered reggae sound systems and dub music. He also made the earliest known recording of a then unknown band, the Police, with a hand stereo recorder at London's Roxy Club on March 3, 1977. Going through straits, he stayed in London squats, sharing houses with punk rock musicians including Private Vices and the Electric Chairs.A precocious, gifted person, he had already formed a rock group when he started writing for glossy magazine Best, a popular rock monthly for which he was London correspondent from 1977 to 1981 as chronicler, reporter, illustrator and photographer. He would then work for years with a small team comprising Christian Lebrun, Francis Dordor and Patrick Eudeline, travelling (and recording) to the UK, USA and Jamaica as a reporter. His successful In the City column, in which he published accounts of the very influential British music scene of the time, was written in lively, vivid gonzo style and left its mark on the French youth. He met several reggae artists, including Linton Kwesi Johnson, Steel Pulse, Peter Tosh, Toots and the Maytals, Bob Marley and widely contributed to promoting reggae music among

masks:
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Blum
Bruno Blum
Blum
Blum
Blum
Blum
Tony Blum
Tony Blum
Bruno Blum
Blum


title: Bruno Blum

texts:
 the French youth with his stories in popular Best Magazine. He also interviewed rock artists, including Nico, Lou Reed, John Cale, Wilko Johnson, Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, the Clash, the Sex Pistols, the Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Lenny Kravitz, the Stranglers, Fela Kuti and many more. By 1978, he had become a daily contributor as London correspondent and chronicler to nationwide French radio station Europe 1's Monde de la Musique show hosted by Pierre Lescure. He was recording and touring the UK in 1978-1979 with British punk group Private Vices, which he founded in 1977 with Christophe Ruhn.He was to be the first French journalist to write about the Pretenders, Devo, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Madness, Motörhead and the then-unknown Stray Cats, which he put up in his London squat as they first arrived from New York City. He also drew their original logo (as seen on the original Runaway Boys single cover), and drummer Slim Jim Phantom's tattoo showing a drum set bearing his name. His Rock and Roll Comics book is a testimony of his rock artwork and photographs from this London phase. In 1979–1981 he had a love affair with the late Saskia Cohen-Tanugi, who appeared in the James Bond film Never Say Never Again with Sean Connery and later became a noted theater director and writer. 1980s
Blum was a militant ecologist since the age of fourteen, and after discussing the matter with Pretenders singer Chrissie Hynde, he went vegetarian like her, a theme he would later sing about in his songs "Clementine Is a Vegan" and "Les Andouilles" and write much about in his animalist, 2016 autobiography De Viandard à végane. <mask> then became a DJ at the London Marquee Club as an occasional replacement for his girlfriend, DJ Mandy Hermitage. Initially published in Best, his fiction comic strip Rock Commando staging Motörhead was published in New Music News in London, then issued by the band as a comic book in the UK.He then created the Nutty Boys comic book for pop group Madness, drawing their biopic in issue #1. <mask> came back to live in Paris after a busking episode in Nice in the summer of 1982 with Nice-born photographer Youri Lenquette on second guitar. In 1983 he formed Les Amours, a six-piece vocal group which recorded and toured in 1984. In 1984-85 <mask> begun a side career as fashion model, posing for several advertising pictures, including for France Inter radio. Still writing for Best in the 1980s, for a time he contributed to the Les Enfants du Rock rock TV show with Antoine de Caunes as a reporter and published cartoons in the magazines Rigolo, Best and Zoulou, an Actuel magazine offshoot. In 1985, as seen in several TV shows, including Michel Drucker's, he was featured live in Catherine Ferry's rock backing band produced by French pop star Daniel Balavoine. Blum then recorded a few demos of his compositions in 1986 with a five-piece version of Les Amours not including the vocal group.After treating some personal problems reported in his Cultures Cannabis book, he has since abstained from using any legal (alcohol, tobacco) or illegal drug. In 1989 he recorded with some of Ziggy Marley's musicians in Kingston, Jamaica where he pressed his "Des Couleurs" vinyl single. In late 1989, he recorded and released Ça Bouge (Sur la Place Rouge) in Paris, coinciding with the fall of the Berlin Wall. His first album <mask> (1989) assembled these various recordings. He became the first French musician to have played, produced and released a dub record. A video of his rock song L'Histoire de ma Guitare taken from the album was broadcast several times on M6 television in France. 1990s

In 1990 <mask> played onstage with Willy DeVille and joined Bo Diddley live at Le Casino de Paris.A noted singer and guitar player, in 1990–1994 he led a rock cover band featuring John Weeks and other American musicians named the Sexy Frogs, with whom he recorded the original "J'aime les blondes" as well as various original songs. In 1994 he was the editor of a Best special reggae issue for which he interviewed Lee "Scratch" Perry, among others. In 1995 with the help of Patrick Zerbib and Léon Mercadet he then edited a special Bob Marley issue for one-shot new magazine Radio Nova Collector that was soon to become Nova Magazine. Blum persuaded Chris Blackwell to let him include a CD featuring Bob Marley's "Punky Reggae Party" and a rare dub of "Is This Love" entitled "Is This Dub" in the issue. He drew several album covers and published artwork in Backstage, Actuel (Kronik le Kritik), Best (Scud le Rok Kritik Sourd), Hara Kiri Hebdo (weekly comic strips on vegetarian culture), L'Environnement Magazine, Panda Magazine, hosted a short, daily radio show on Radio Nova and directed the documentary film Get Up, Stand Up – L'Histoire du Reggae produced by Jean-François Bizot for the Canal + channel. Jamaican producer Clement Dodd produced two of his original songs at Studio One in Kingston, Jamaica. As Dodd aka Coxsone saw Blum's Best of Reggae special issue, he nicknamed him "Doc Reggae", which has stuck since.In partnership with American specialist Roger Steffens he conceived and produced a series of ten Bob Marley & the Wailers albums that include around a hundred rare or previously unreleased recordings (he also mixed eight of them), time period photographs and much previously unheard of 1967–1972 information. In 1997–2003 Blum revived the original Danny Sims-owned JAD American label in Paris at this occasion, and successfully released the albums in several countries. Doc Reggae then created the Jamaican label Human Race Records and its European incarnation Rastafari Records, through which he released several reggae vinyl singles featuring the voices of Haile Selassie I, Marcus Garvey, Big Youth, King Stitt, Buffalo Bill and Doc Reggae himself, also playing the guitar on all tracks. A version of Bob Marley's "War" was recorded using the voice of the lyrics' creator himself, Haile Selassie I and surviving members of the Wailers. A vinyl single featuring Bob Marley and Haile Selassie I reached the #1 spot in the April 1998 of British magazine Echoes charts. The War Album was then recorded featuring Big Youth and Buffalo Bill. He also co-wrote, played on and produced several tracks sung by French song/jazz singer Annabelle Mouloudji in 1999.In Jamaica he directed videos for Tenor Saw's Ring the Alarm and Buffalo Bill's Perfect Woman, as well as several TV reports for the Tracks show broadcast on the Arte channel. After the demise of Best in 1995 he joined competitor Rock & Folk magazine until 1999, then gave up all journalism work, excepting for a few stories published in Les Inrockuptibles, which he left in 2002. 2000s
Pierre Astier published his first book, the comprehensive biography Lou Reed – Electric Dandy at Le Serpent à Plumes. A rock and reggae specialist, Blum was to publish a further twenty books, including some successful ones, among which:

 Le Reggae
 Bob Marley, le Reggae et les Rastas as well as his travel chronicles, fully illustrated with his photographs and artwork Jamaïque, sur la Piste du Reggae where he tells the story of his Jamaican adventures. He also co-signed three editions of Le Dictionnaire du Rock as a main contributor with Michka Assayas. De Viandard à Végane, his autobiography. Still performing live through the decade, after the 2001 The War Album recorded with the Wailers, where he can be heard playing the guitar and voicing two tracks, he is noted as a producer and lyric writer on his second solo album Nuage d'Éthiopie, also in 2001.Released on his own De Luxe label, this reggae album includes the single "Si Je Reste" (adapted in French from the Clash's "Should I Stay or Should I Go"), a duet with Annabelle Mouloudji. Nuage d'Éthiopie gets good reviews. To Yves Bigot " French reggae has found its songwriter ". Backed by the Wailers on "Avis aux Amateurs", he put to music the letter in which Arthur Rimbaud breaks the news on his mother that he will remain in Africa. Going against the grain of fashionable electronic music, he forwards in a 1970s-influenced style where lyrics and skilled electric instruments players are pivotal. He refers to Boris Vian, Alain Bashung, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Jacques Dutronc (he has recorded a parody of Dutronc's "Et moi, et moi, et moi") and Serge Gainsbourg of whom he recorded a version of "L'Appareil à Sous" (originally recorded by Brigitte Bardot) – and soon an English version of "Lola Rastaquouère". Think Different, his third album of original compositions, was recorded in a wide array of styles and released in 2002 (featuring duets with Annabelle Mouloudji and John Hostetter), followed by Welikom 2 Lay-Gh-Us !recorded in Lagos (Nigeria) with a 20-piece band from Fela Kuti's group, and released by BMG, which also reissued his Bob Marley 1967–1972 twelve-album series. JAD Records suddenly signed a distribution deal with Universal, and BMG was compelled to retrieve the entire JAD stock from the shops. The JAD delivery included two previously unreleased Peter Tosh albums, a Buffalo Bill album as well as Amala & Blum's Welikom 2 Lay-Gh-Us ! album which, although just released,  was also retrieved from the shops by mistake (as it had nothing to do with JAD Records) in spite of getting daily airplay on José Artur's Pop Club show on France Inter. Nevertheless, <mask> remains the first French musician to release an afrobeat album – deleted shortly after its release, it only reached about a hundred journalists. In 2003 Universal Music releases two double Serge Gainsbourg CD albums, Aux Armes Et Cætera and Mauvaises Nouvelles des Étoiles in a new 1970s style Kingston mix produced by <mask>, featuring veteran Jamaican sound engineer Soljie Hamilton. Also included on the album are dub and deejay versions (including Lisa Dainjah, King Stitt, Lone Ranger and  Big Youth).The two press-acclaimed albums unveil several previously unreleased recordings, among which the Gainsbourg composition "Ecce Homo Et Cætera". Blum also voices one track himself, an English rendition of  "Lola Rastaquouère", and plays guitar on his new arrangement of "Marilou Reggae", recorded with Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace on drums and Flabba Holt on bass. After contributing to slam shows in his Ménilmontant neighborhood, he records slammer Nada's Live at the Olympic Café (2001) album. He also supplies artwork for the CD cover as well as the follow-up Ultrash, which he produces and plays on as Nada recites his lyrics over newly recorded instrumental versions of Velvet Underground songs. Two other ex-members of Best magazine's team participate to the album : Gilles Riberolles and Patrick Eudeline, who contributes with several short songs on Ultrash. Gainsbourg... Et Cætera, a new Blum-produced mix (Thierry Bertomeu, engineer) of the poorly mixed, original Serge Gainsbourg live album Enregistrement Public au Théâtre Le Palace is released in 2006.This double CD includes five previously unreleased versions and an interview with Serge Gainsbourg. A new album entitled Doc Reggae (partially recorded in Jamaica on the Marilou Reggae sessions with Horsemouth Wallace and Flabba Holt) is coming together with his group Dub De Luxe. Blum keeps performing live with Dub De Luxe as well as, from 2006 in an American group playing classic 1930s/1960s R&B covers sometimes featuring pianist Gilbert Shelton, the well-known Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers comic book artist. Blum also produces an album by Shelton. In 2006 he was invited to play a series of shows in Asmara, Eritrea by the French Ambassador in Eritrea. It is his first of a series of trips that would lead to producing an anthology album of the best Eritrean singers (released in 2010). In June 2007, the publication of his book Culture Cannabis led <mask> to an hour-long clash with Professor Jean Costentin live on national radio France Inter.In 2008 he obtains a Master in musicology in Paris and publishes Le Rap Est Né en Jamaïque (Rap Was Born in Jamaica) in 2009. He also produced the Harry Belafonte - Calypso, Mento & Folk 1954–1957 anthology. Still performing onstage, he MCs dances as deejay and selecter, and speaks regularly in conferences around his country and abroad. In 2009 as he was one of the main writers in Best Magazine he creates the Facebook group Best, le mensuel du rock. This internet site would eventually lead to Blum directing an anthology book of Best'''s best stories. 2010s
In the summer of 2010 a major Emma Lavigne exhibition on punk rock visual aesthetics and photographs at the Rencontres d'Arles showed his collection of rare original punk records. At this occasion he spoke on punk musical aesthetics from 1930s jazz to 1940s–1970s rock music.In September, Doc Reggae performed at the Trois Baudets in Paris. For the first time, he offered a multimedia event where his paintings, artwork, comics trips as well as his Jamaïque sur la Piste du Reggae photo exhibition and video footage were shown before his own reggae show. In 2008–2009 he produced the Asmara All Stars Eritrea's Got Soul (released in 2010) album in Eritrea, also playing on several songs. The album gathers some of the best musicians and singers from eight ethnic groups, including Dehab Faytinga, Sara Teklesenbet, Mahmoud Ahmed Amr, Temasgen Yared, Ibrahim Goret and Adam Faid Amr. The album gets a warm welcome in the press as well as the radio: "If you like the Ethiopian soul-funk sound of the early 1970s, you should find much to enjoy in this contemporary take on it. Eritrea is Ethiopia's neighbour and many of the country's musicians actually contributed to those classic recordings. The main difference with this contemporary project is the influence of Jamaican reggae.But the dub

masks:
Blum
Blum
Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum


title: Bruno Blum

texts:
 elements fold perfectly into the sinuous Ethiopian grooves – as our own Dub Colossus have already demonstrated. Vibrant, heady and sensuous stuff" (The Independent, London, October 2010). Two album release party shows, including one in the Opera House, take place in Asmara in October 2010. In November 2010 Volume 1 of Best of Best, an anthology of rock magazine Best to which he was a major contributor, was published. The 320 pages book was conceived, coordinated and edited by Blum with the support of the original team including Sacha Reins, Patrick Eudeline and Francis Dordor,  who wrote a tribute to the late editor Christian Lebrun. As part of the Festival des Cultures Juives de Paris in June 2011 he spoke on the theme "Bob Marley, culture Rastafari et Judaïsme" in the Paris 4 Town Hall. In 2011 <mask> also translated Kim Gottlieb-Walker's Bob Marley and the Golden Age of Reggae photo book (published in France as Bob Marley, un portrait inédit en photos) to which director Cameron Crowe contributed.An anthology of his Jamaican record label Human Race was released in late 2011. Essentially recorded in Jamaica, the double roots reggae CD Human Race includes The War Album with a bonus track, and features the voices of Haile Selassie I, Marcus Garvey, Gandhi, Nelson Mandela as well as Big Youth, Spectacular, Buffalo Bill, King Stitt, Brady, Annabelle Mouloudji, Joseph Cotton, Lady Manuella, <mask> and several previously unreleased tracks. Illustrated by several photographs and original artwork by Blum, the CD booklet is written by renowned U.S. reggae historian Roger Steffens. Unveiling much information and rare original music, he also edited the following Caribbean music anthologies: Jamaica, Mento 1951–1958, Bahamas, Goombay 1951–1959, Trinidad, Calypso 1939–1959 and Calypso, Jamaica - Rhythm and Blues 1956–1961, Voodoo in America - Blues Jazz Rhythm and Blues Calypso 1926–1961, Bermuda - Gombey and Calypso 1953–1960 for which he writes sizeable, standard reference booklets. In 2011 he designs and draws both ten-CD Anthologie des musiques de danse du monde (Dance Music Masters) box sets covers as well as each of the twenty album covers they contain. Five of his documented anthologies albums were co-published by national museums of France: Great Black Music Roots 1927–1962 and Jamaica - Folk Trance Possession 1939–1961, the latter being awarded the Académie Charles Cros' World Music Coup de Cœur in 2014. Slavery in America - Redemption Songs 1914–1972 includes a foreword by French Minister of Justice Christiane Taubira, author of a law compelling the French educational system to include the memory of slavery in school programs.Haiti - Vodou - Ritual Music From the First Black Republic - Folk, Trance, Possession 1937–1962 and Beat Generation 1936–1962 followed. His contribution to the Frémeaux & Associés label also delivered several rock albums, including Elvis Presley & the American Music Heritage - 1954–1956 containing both Elvis' versions as well as all of the original versions of the songs he recorded; The Indispensable Bo Diddley 1955–1960 and many others. His Caribbean series are perhaps his most significant reissue work, documenting and making available to the public rare foundation recordings of most Caribbean islands including the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Trinidad, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, etc. As more audio and ethnomusicologic analysis contributions to CD Box sets for major, national museums exhibitions took place (including Beat Generation at Centre Pompidou and The Color Line at Musée du Quai Branly, both in 2016), <mask> was granted a foreword by Paul McCartney for his 2016 book De Viandard à Végane. He also played several shows with his new vegan group Cabaret Végane formed in 2015, featuring young female singer Gojy Gojy, who stars in the Clémentine est végane video, to which artists Mandryka, Pascal Le Gras and Invader (artist) contributed. An English version of the song was also issued. Both were successful on Facebook.In 2017 <mask> ran for MP in the French General Elections (for the Parti Animaliste) and obtained 1,36% of the votes in the Paris district of Le Marais. In January until March 2018, his three-CD collection devoted to the history of avant-garde music in the twentieth century created an opportunity for the Frémeaux Gallery to put together an exhibition about avant-garde visual arts, as well as a conference by Blum on the topic. Blum translated three books that year: Roger Steffens' definitive Bob Marley biography, Norman Mailer's Hipster, street artist Invader's Invasion Los Angeles for which he also wrote a four-page introduction and bluesman Robert Johnson's award-winning biography Up Jumped the Devil in 2020. His 2021 major book Les Musiques des Caraïbes echoes his African-American cults-inspired Culte album, which was recorded in several African countries, Yemen, Jamaica and France. Discography

 Albums
 <mask> (New Rose, 1990))
 Sexy Frogs: Sexy Frogs (Ménilmontant International, 1993)
 Nuage d'Éthiopie (Culture Press, 2001)
 Think Différent (Culture Press, 2002)
 Amala & Blum: Welikom 2 Lay-Gh-Us! (55/BMG, 2003, bandcamp.com)
 Cabaret Végane (Ménilmontant International, 2016)
 Rock n Roll Deluxe (Ménilmontant International, 2017)
 Culte (Ménilmontant International, 2017)
 Dub De Luxe: Sophisticated Love (Ménilmontant International, 2019)
(all albums can be listened to on bandcamp.com  )

 Compilations
 With Private Vices (in 1979): Total Control/Paris 84 (45 RPM single, Shattered! Records)
 With Les Manches (in 1982): These Boots Are Made for Walking on the Week End à Nice album (Black and White 1983)
 With Les Amours (in 1984): La Tentation (elle est dans ton cœur) (adapted from Lou Reed's Temptation Inside Your Heart) on the Romances 85 album (Romances 1985)
 With the Wailers (in 1996): "War" and "Guerre" on "The War Album" (Rastafari 2001), a Human Race (Jamaica 1997) 45rpm single, and a Rastafari (Europe 2009) 45rpm single.Revised, augmented and illustrated edition: Le Castor Astral 2010, 2021)
 Lou Reed - Electric Dandy (Biography. Le Serpent à Plumes 2001. Updated and illustrated edition with photos by Bob Gruen: Hors Collection 2008. Final, complete edition: Le Castor Astral 2014. Czech edition: Volvox Globator 2014)
 Couleurs reggae (photo portfolio, Tana 2001)
 Bob Marley, le reggae et les rastas (Hors Collection 2004. Revised edition, augmented with a discography, foreword by Tiken Jah Fakoly: Hors Collection 2010)
 Le Ragga (Hors Collection 2005)
 John Lennon (Biography. Hors Collection 2006)
 Punk, Sex Pistols, Clash et l'explosion punk (Hors Collection 2007)
 Cultures Cannabis (Scali 2007)
 Jamaïque, sur la piste du reggae (Scali 2007) (narrative, photos and travel drawings)
 De l'art de savoir chanter, danser et jouer la bamboula comme un éminent musicien africain (Scali 2007) (A guide and essay on African music)
 Les 100 plus grands tubes du reggae à télécharger (Fedjaine 2008)
 Le Rap est né en Jamaïque (Le Castor Astral 2009)
 Reggae Vinyls (Stéphane Bachès 2012, a collection of mostly Jamaican vinyl record sleeves.Éditions du Layeur 2017: new edition, twice as big as the first one)
 Shit! Tout sur le cannabis (First 2013)
 Serge Gainsbourg : Gainsbourg and the Revolutionaries (Super DeLuxe 10" book, 3 CDs, Mercury, 2015)
 Serge Gainsbourg : Gainsbourg in Dub (Super DeLuxe 10" book, 3 CDs, Mercury, 2015)
 De Viandard à végane (Mama Éditions 2016, with a foreword by Paul McCartney)
 Jimmy Cliff - The Harder They Come (Éditions GM 2017, includes 160 previously unpublished pictures and a DVD of the original film)
 Les Musiques des Caraïbes [Volume 1 "du vaudou au calypso"] (Le Castor Astral 2021)

In Czech:
 Lou Reed - Electric Dandy (Biography. Czech edition: Volvox Globator 2014)

 As an artist and script writer

 Motörhead - Rock Commando (Motörhead, 1980) [Comic book, UK, with Klaus. Second edition as part of the Super Deluxe edition of Motörhead's album Ace of Spades(BMG 2020). Madness - Nutty Boys Comix #1 (Madness, 1981) [Comic book, UK, with Spike and Dave Mitchell]
 L'Abécédaire de rien de ce §#ç&%$ de monde du « rock » (Autour du Livre 2007) by Pascal Samain [illustrations]. Too Much Class... Dogs, l'histoire (La Belle Saison, 2013) by Catherine Laboubée [includes a comic book story by Blum].Manga Comix n° 1 : Radasse la Grosse Pouffiasse (Ménilmontant International, 2015) [Adult comic book, art & scenario]
 Manga Comix n° 2 : Humour Végane Intégriste Bête et Méchant (Ménilmontant International, 2015) [Art & scenario]
 Carnets exceptionnels de mes voyages (Magellan 2017) (travel book illustrations and text)
 Rock and roll comics (Tartamudo 2019) (autobiographic novel and fiction)
 Humour végane extrémiste (À Base de Plantes 2021) (vegan cartoons and comics)

Most of <mask>'s books are illustrated by some of his artwork and photographs. Translations
 Sur la route avec Bob Marley, un chevalier blanc à Babylone by Mark Miller (Bob Marley's stage manager in 1978–1980)(Scali 2007. Revised, augmented and illustrated edition: Le Castor Astral 2010). Introduction, translation, iconography, Marley biography and various added texts by <mask>. Bob Marley l'Africain (Scali 2008) by Adebayo Ojo, introduction and translation by <mask>. Bob Marley, un portrait inédit en photos (Hors Collection 2011) by Kim Gottlieb-Walker, Jeff Walker, Roger Steffens and Cameron Crowe. Hipsters (Castor Astral 2017) by Norman Mailer, introduction, translation and illustrations by <mask>.So Much Things to Say - L'histoire orale de Bob Marley (Robert Laffont 2018) by Roger Steffens. Translation and footnotes. Foreword by Linton Kwesi Johnson. Et le diable a surgi - la vraie vie de Robert Johnson (Castor Astral 2020) by Bruce Conforth and Gayle Dean Wardlow. Foreword and two illustrations also by <mask>. Rencontres avec des musiciens remarquables - The Seekers (Castor Astral, 2022) by John Densmore. Contributions

In French:
 Seventies Graffiti (1993), special issue of Best, le mensuel du rock.Best of Blues (1994), special issue of Best, le mensuel du rock. Best of Reggae (1994), special issue of Best, le mensuel du rock, edited by <mask>, with contributions by Florent Droguet, Mehdi Boukhelf, Christian Eudeline, Patrick Eudeline, Blaise Ndjehoya, Jean-Pierre Boutellier, Pascale Geoffrois, Awal Mohamadou, Hélène Lee, Steve Barrow and Roger Steffens. Le Siècle rebelle, dictionnaire de la contestation au XXe siècle (Larousse 1999) edited by Emmanuel de Waresquiel. Nova Collector, a special issue magazine devoted to Bob Marley, edited by <mask>, with contributions by Léon Mercadet (the magazine included a CD of Punky Reggae Party and the previously unreleased Is This Dub). Le Dictionnaire du rock (Robert Laffont 2000) (contribution: 14% of the texts, edited by Michka Assayas)
 Rock Critics (Don Quichotte, 2010). Best of Best, tome 1, 1968–1979 (Le Castor Astral, 2010), an anthology of Best, le mensuel du rock. Conception, coordination and editing: <mask>m
 Le Nouveau dictionnaire du rock (Robert Laffont 2014) (contribution: 14% of the texts, edited by Michka Assayas)

In English:
 Rebel Music (Genesis Publications, Guildford, Surrey, UK, 2004) by Kate Simon.Invasion Los Angeles by Invader (artist) (Control P Editions, 2018), introduction and English version. CD booklets
Nearly all of the following albums were also produced by <mask>, as new productions or as reissues. The Asmara All Stars - Eritrea's Got Soul (Out Here, 2010)
 Bill Haley Live in Paris 14–15 Octobre 1958 (Frémeaux & Associés 2017)

In both English and French:The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 series in partnership with Leroy Jodie Pierson and Roger Steffens:
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Rock to the Rock (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Selassie Is the Chapel (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, The Best of the Wailers (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Soul Rebels (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Soul Revolution Part II (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, More Axe (Jad 1997)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Keep on Skanking (Jad 1998)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Satisfy my Soul Jah Jah (Jad 1998)

Please make a note that most of the extensive Frémeaux & Associés CD booklets listed below (both in English and French) are available online on the Frémeaux & Associés site. Foreword by Minister of Justice Christiane Taubira (Frémeaux & Associés/Musée du Quai Branly 2014)
 Cuba in America 1939–1962 (Frémeaux & Associés 2016)
 Caribbean in America 1915–1962 (Frémeaux & Associés 2017)
 Road Songs - Car Tune Classics 1942–1962 (Frémeaux et Associés 2013)
 Elvis Presley & The American Music Heritage - 1954–1956 (Frémeaux et Associés 2012)
 Elvis Presley & The American Music Heritage vol. 2 1958–1962 (3-CD set, Frémeaux & Associés 2015)The Indispensable B.B. Serge Gainsbourg : Gainsbourg and the Revolutionaries (Super DeLuxe 10" book, 3 CDs, Mercury, 2015)
 Serge Gainsbourg : Gainsbourg in Dub (Super DeLuxe 10" book, 3 CDs, Mercury, 2015)

In partnership with Gilles Verlant (available in English editions):
 Serge Gainsbourg : Aux Armes et Cætera - Dub Style (Mercury, 2003)
 Serge Gainsbourg : Mauvaises Nouvelles Des Étoiles - Dub Style (Mercury, 2003)

In French:
 The Very Best of Jamaica (Trojan 1990)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Freedom Time (Jad 2002)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Soul Adventurer (Jad 2002)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Jungle Dub (Jad 2002)
 Bob Marley & the Wailers, Rebel'' (Jad 2003) (4 CD)

References

1960 births
Living people
People from Vichy
French journalists
French music journalists
French musicians
French reggae singers
French illustrators
French comics artists
French photographers
French biographers
French male non-fiction writers
Veganism

masks:
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blum
Bruno Blu
Bruno Blum


title: Matthias Ringmann

texts:
<mask> (1482–1511), also known as Philesius Vogesigena was an Alsatian German humanist scholar and cosmographer. Along with cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, he is credited with the first documented usage of the word America, on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honour of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Biography
<mask> was born in 1482 in the small farming village of Eichhoffen, Alsace. In 1498 he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg and then went on to study at the University of Paris. He pursued a course of studies typical for a humanist of the day, including Greek, Latin, classical literature, history, mathematics and cosmography. In 1505 he settled in Strassburg, worked at a printing press, and began to study Ptolemy's Geography. In 1505, <mask> came across a copy of Mundus Novus, a booklet attributed to Amerigo Vespucci that described the explorer's voyage along the cost of present-day Brazil.<mask> was familiar with the speculation of classical authors that a giant, unknown continent lay on the other side of the world and he became convinced that this is what Vespucci had encountered. <mask> republished the work under the title Concerning the Southern Shore Recently Discovered by the King of Portugal. In July 1507, he wrote to a friend calling Vespucci "a great man of brave courage" and included this letter in the introduction to his reprint. Later that same year, he traveled to Italy where he likely searched for more information about Vespucci and the lands that he had explored. In 1506, he began another project, the first German translation of Julius Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War. He used Ptolemy's Geography  to identify the historic Roman place-names and associate them to their corresponding contemporary locations. His translation was published in 1507.Meanwhile, an association of humanist scholars was forming in Saint-Dié under the patronage of René II, Duke of Lorraine. They called themselves the Gymnasium Vosagense and their leader was Walter Lud. Their intention was to publish a new edition of Ptolemy's Geography. <mask> was brought into the group because of his previous work with the Geography and his knowledge of Greek and Latin. Martin Waldseemüller, a cartographer, was also hired to draw and illustrate the maps for the new publication. In 1506, the Gymnasium obtained a French translation of the Soderini Letter as well as a Portuguese maritime map that detailed the coast of lands recently discovered in the western Atlantic. <mask> again surmised that this was the "new world" or the "antipodes" hypothesized by classical writers.The Soderini Letter gave Vespucci credit for discovery of this new continent and implied that the Portuguese map was based on his explorations. They decided to put aside the Geography for the moment and publish a brief Introduction to Cosmography with an accompanying world map. The Introduction was written by <mask> and included a Latin translation of the Soderini Letter. In a preface to the Letter, Ringmann wrote
I see no reason why anyone could properly disapprove of a name derived from that of Amerigo, the discoverer, a man of sagacious genius. A suitable form would be Amerige, meaning Land of Amerigo, or America, since Europe and Asia have received women's names. A thousand copies of the Introduction and the accompanying world map were printed on April 25, 1507. It was the first time that the word 'Americas' had appeared in print.In a later edition after <mask>'s death, Waldseemüller dropped the term America and named South America "Terra Nova", but the name America was already established. After 1507, <mask> and Waldseemüller continued working together on creating new edition of Ptolemy's Geography. In 1508 <mask> returned to Italy and obtained a Greek Ptolemy manuscript (Codex Vaticanum Graecorum 191.). With this important reference they were apparently able to complete their project but the new Ptolemy was not published until after <mask>'s death. By 1509, <mask> was seriously ill with tuberculosis but continued working. In 1509, he published a card game, Grammatica Figurata, to make the grammatical rules of Donatus' Ars Minor, more appealing to children. He died in 1511 in Sélestat.Grammatica Figurata

The Grammatica Figurata was first published by <mask> in 1509. This work was an attempt to enliven Donatus' Ars Minor by printing up illustrated card sets for each grammatical rule. Apparently the children would have a card set. The rules are not explained at length, but a few hints are scattered here and there in the work. The final section on "Exclamations" has a sentence on how to figure out which student has won. Each card represented a part of speech, a gender, a case, or a tense, etc. Depending upon the teacher's questions a student would play the appropriate card or cards.Long believed to be lost, one copy of Grammatica figurata was found and reprinted in 1905. Works
Waldseemüller, Martin, & Matthias Ringmann. Cosmographiae Introductio, (St. Die: 1507)
Caesar, Julius. Ringmann <mask> (tr.) Julius der erst römisch Keiser von seinem Leben und Krieg, erstmals uss dem Latein in Tütsch gebracht vnd mit andrer Ordnung der Capittel und uil zusetz nüw getruckt. (Strassburg: Durch Joannem Grüninger, 1508).<mask>, <mask>. Grammatica Figurata, (St. Die: 1509)
Waldseemüller, Martin, & <mask> (ed.). Clavdii Ptolemei Viri Alexandrini ... Geographie Opus Novissima Traductione E Grecorum Archetypis Castigatissime Pressum. (Strassburg: Johann Schott, 1520

Notes

References

External links

Plaque in Freiburg commemorating <mask> and Waldseemüller
Wieser, Franz, Ritter von (ed.). Grammatica figurata des <mask> (Philesius Vogesigena) in Faksimiledruck, (Strassburg: Heitz, 1905)
Mayer, Ken. <mask>mann: Grammatica Figurata, <http://trionfi.com/0/c/09/t.html> Retrieved April 4, 2005
Fischer, J.'Martin Waldseemüller', Catholic Encyclopedia, (1912)
Press release about a new edition of the Waldseemüller world map

1482 births
1511 deaths
People from Bas-Rhin
Alsatian-German people
German cartographers
16th-century cartographers
German Renaissance humanists
16th-century German translators

masks:
Matthias Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Mathias Ringmann
Matthias
Ringmann
Matthias
Matthias Ringmann
Ringmann
Mathias Ringmann
Matthias Ring


title: Jetsun Pema

texts:
<mask> (; Wylie: rje btsun padma; born 4 June 1990) is the Druk Gyaltsuen (Dzongkha: Dragon Queen) of Bhutan, as the wife of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. She is currently the youngest queen consort in the world. She and the King have two children: Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, the heir apparent to the Bhutanese throne, and Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck. Early life and education
Jetsun <mask> was born at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu on 4 June 1990. Her father, Dhondup Gyaltshen, is the grandson of two Trashigang Dzongpons, Thinley Topgay and Ugyen Tshering (governors of Trashigang). Her mother, Aum Sonam Choki, comes from the family of Bumthang Pangtey, one of Bhutan's oldest noble families. Sonam Choki's father was a half-brother of two queens consort of Bhutan, Phuntsho Choden (great-grandmother of the present king) and her sister <mask>hen.Her ancestor is also the 48th Druk Desi and 10th Penlop of Trongsa Jigme Namgyal (father of King Ugyen Wangchuck and of her great-great-grandmother, Ashi Yeshay Choden). The King and Queen of Bhutan are distant cousins. Jetsun <mask> is the second eldest of five children. Her siblings are two brothers, Jigme Namgyel and Dasho Thinley Norbu (the eldest, who is the husband of the king's half-sister, Princess Ashi Euphelma Choden Wangchuck), and two sisters, Serchen Doma and Ashi Yeatso Lhamo (the eldest, who is married to the king's brother, Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck). Jetsun <mask>'s early education took place in Thimphu at the Little Dragon School, the Sunshine School (1995–96) and finally the Changangkha Lower Secondary School (1997–98). She then received a convent education at St. Joseph's Convent in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, in 1999–2000. She pursued her secondary education at the Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary School in Thimphu from 2001 to 2005 and moved to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, in April 2006.She joined Lawrence as a Class-XI student and studied English, history, geography, economics, and painting. She completed her Higher Secondary education on 31 March 2008. She then began her tertiary education at Regent's University London, where she graduated with a degree in international relations, with psychology and art history as minor subjects. Marriage and family

Royal wedding

On 20 May 2011, during the opening of the Parliament's seventh session, the king announced their engagement, saying  "As King, it is now time for me to marry. After much thought I have decided that the wedding shall be later this year." Describing <mask> <mask>, he said  "Now, many will have their own idea of what a Queen should be like—that she should be uniquely beautiful, intelligent and graceful. I think with experience and time, one can grow into a dynamic person in any walk of life with the right effort.For the Queen, what is most important is that at all times, as an individual she must be a good human being, and as Queen, she must be unwavering in her commitment to serve the People and Country. As my queen, I have found such a person and her name is Jetsun <mask>. While she is young, she is warm and kind in heart and character. These qualities together with the wisdom that will come with age and experience will make her a great servant to the nation." The couple married on 13 October 2011, at Punakha Dzong. The ceremony was held in Punakha, followed by a public celebration in Thimphu and Paro. During the ceremony, the King bestowed the Crown of the Druk Gyaltsuen on her, formally proclaiming her the Queen of the Kingdom of Bhutan.The wedding was held in traditional style with the "blessings of the guardian deities." Although Bhutan allows polygamy, the king said that he would never marry another woman. For their wedding, the Netherlands sent the royal couple tulips and named one "Queen of Bhutan" after her. Issue

On 11 November 2015, it was announced that she was expecting their first child, a son, to be born in early 2016. She gave birth on 5 February 2016 at the Lingkana Palace. The king was present for the birth of the prince, known by the title Gyalsey. The baby's name, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, was announced on 16 April 2016.On 17 December 2019, it was reported that she was expecting their second child, to be born in Spring 2020. On 19 March 2020, the King and Queen's official Instagram accounts reported that she had given birth to her second son in Lingkana Palace in Thimphu. On 30 June 2020, the Royal Family announced that the second Gyalsey had been named Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck, and would be known as His Royal Highness Gyalsey Ugyen Wangchuck. Royal duties

Following her marriage to the King, <mask> <mask> has joined him on several visits abroad to India, Singapore, Japan and the United Kingdom. <mask> <mask> accompanied Jigme Khesar on several of his royal visits to various parts of Bhutan before their wedding, and as Queen of Bhutan, accompanies him on all such visits. The royal visits on road through the country involve meeting and interacting with as many local people, students and public servants as possible. <mask> <mask> is an advocate of environmental issues, and the Patron of the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN).She is also the UNEP Ozone Ambassador. She works closely with various organisations working with children with special needs as the patron of Ability Bhutan Society. She is the Patron of the Bhutan Kidney Association (Jigten Wangchuck Tshogpa) and the Bhutan Kidney Foundation. Since 2016 she has been the President of the Bhutan Red Cross Society (BRCS). Personal interests

The Queen's interests include fine arts, painting, and basketball. She captained her school team in basketball games and maintains an interest in the sport. Her other diversions during her school days included participation in school bands and dance programs.Besides Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan, she is fluent in English and Hindi. References

External links

 ジツェン・ペマ・ワンチュク陛下略歴 - 日本国外務省

1990 births
Living people
Bhutanese Buddhists
People from Thimphu
Wangchuck dynasty
Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni
Queens consort

masks:
Jetsun Pema
Pema
Pema Dec
Pema
Pema
Jetsun
Pema
Pema
Jetsun
Pema
Jetsun
Pema
Jetsun
Pema


title: Lawrence Dillon

texts:
<mask> (born July 3, 1959) is an American composer, and Composer in Residence at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. His music has a wide range of expression, generally within a tonal idiom notable both for its rhythmic propulsiveness and a strong lyrical element. Acclaimed particularly for his chamber music, he has also written extensively for voice and large ensembles. Early life and education
<mask>inoff Prize upon graduation.He studied privately with Vincent Persichetti, and in classes with Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter, David Diamond, Leon Fleischer and Roger Sessions. Other teachers included Edwin Finckel and James Sellars. As a student, he won an ASCAP Young Composers Award and first prize in the annual CRS New Music Competition. Upon graduation, he was appointed to the Juilliard faculty. Career highlights
In 1990, <mask> was offered the position of Assistant Dean at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts where he is now Composer in Residence. His works are recorded on the Bridge, Naxos and Albany labels and published by American Composers Editions, a subdivision of BMI. In recent years, he has received increasing recognition for music that Gramophone called "arresting and appealing."In the last ten years, his compositions have been commissioned and performed by the Emerson String Quartet, Lauren Flanigan,  the Ravinia Festival, the Daedalus String Quartet, the Lincoln Trio, the Seattle Chamber Music Society, the Cassatt String Quartet, the Kavafian/Jolley/Vonsattel Trio, Danielle Belén, Le Train Bleu, the Mansfield Symphony, the Boise Philharmonic, Wintergreen Summer Arts Festival, the Salt Lake City Symphony, the Quartetto di Sassofoni d'Accademia, the Winston-Salem Symphony, Low and Lower, the University of Utah and the Idyllwild Symphony Orchestra. From 1999-2014 he worked on the Invisible Cities String Quartet Cycle, a set of six quartets zooming in on individual aspects of the quartet tradition. <mask> has been a guest composer at numerous schools and festivals, including The Curtis Institute of Music, the St. Petersburg/Rimsky Korsakov Conservatory, SUNY Stony Brook, the Colburn School of Music, the Ravinia Festival, the Hartt School of Music, the Charles Ives Center, Seisen International School, Wintergreen Summer Arts Festival, Charlotte New Music Festival, Spoleto Festival and Indiana University. <mask> was the Featured American Composer in the February 2006 issue of CHAMBER MUSIC magazine. He is a two-time winner of the North Carolina Artist Fellowship, the highest honor accorded to artists in the state. Critical reception
Reviewers of <mask>’s music have repeatedly noted his arresting ideas, technical skill, lyricism and wit. In a review of his fourth string quartet, the Washington Post cited the work’s “jewel-like craftsmanship,” saying, “<mask>’s control of time was a conspicuously imaginative element throughout.”  Gramophone called his recording Insects and Paper Airplanes “Sly and mysterious…just when you thought the string quartet may have reached the edge of sonic possibilities, along comes a composer who makes something novel, haunting and whimsical of the genre… Each score is an arresting and appealing creation, full of fanciful and lyrical flourishes…Highly recommended.”  And Musicweb International commented on “music that is often profound without being pretentious, sometimes light-hearted but never 'lite', humorous without being arch, and immensely appealing but never frivolous."Fanfare magazine called him “an original in the best sense of the word.”

Recordings
 Six Scenes and a Fantasy (1983), produced by Contemporary Record Society, along with works by Peter Mennin, Henry Cowell and Martin Rokeach
 Chamber Music of <mask> (2000), produced by Albany Records. Contains Furies and Muses, Devotion and String Quartet No. 1: Jests and Tenderness performed by the Borromeo, Cassatt and Mendelssohn String Quartets with flutist Ransom Wilson and bassoonist Jeff Keesecker
 A New Century Christmas (2000), contains The Last Nowell and O Hellish Night performed by the New Century Saxophone Quartet
 Appendage and Other Stories (2009), produced by Albany Records. Contains spoken-text chamber works Entrance and Exit, as well as the song cycle Appendage and a song Still Point
 Insects and Paper Airplanes (2010), produced by Bridge Records. Contains String Quartet No. 2: Flight, String Quartet No. 3: Air, String Quartet No.4: The Infinite Sphere and a piano quartet What Happened performed by the Daedalus String Quartet and Benjamin Hochman
 Lawrence <mask> Violin Music (2011), produced by Naxos Records. Contains seven works for violin solo and violin with one other instrument performed by Danielle Belén
Yael Manor Elixir (2015), produced by ACA. Includes the debut recording of Honey for solo piano. Major works
 Appendage (1993), recorded by Lauren Flanigan, conducted by Ransom Wilson;
 Devotion (1996), recorded by flutist Ransom Wilson and the Borromeo String Quartet;
 Furies and Muses (1997), premiered and recorded by the Cassatt String Quartet and bassoonist Jeffrey Keesecker;
String Quartet No. 1: Jests and Tenderness (1999), premiered and recorded by the Mendelssohn String Quartet;
String Quartet No. 2: Flight (2002), premiered and recorded by the Daedalus Quartet;
 Amadeus ex machina (2001), given its Russian premiere by the St. Petersburg Chamber Philharmonic;
 Wright Flight (2003) for orchestra, projected images and three strands of narrative, commissioned by the 2003 Illuminations festival at Roanoke Island Festival Park;
 Revenant: Concerto for Horn and Orchestra (2005), premiered by hornist David Jolley with the composer conducting;
 What Happened (2005), for piano quartet, premiered by the Atlantic Ensemble;
 Entrance and Exit (2007), two concert-framing works for actor and chamber ensemble;
 String Quartet No. 4: The Infinite Sphere (2009), commissioned and recorded by the Daedalus String Quartet;
 String Quartet No.5: Through the Night (2009), commissioned by the Emerson String Quartet;
 Figments and Fragments (2010), commissioned by the Idyllwild Symphony Orchestra, the Boise Philharmonic, the University of Utah Philharmonia and the Salt Lake Symphony;
 Seven Stories (2013), premiered by Le Train Bleu with soprano Mary Mackenzie;
 Sanctuary (2013) septet for piano, horn and strings, commissioned and premiered by the Seattle Chamber Music Society;
 String Quartet No. 6: Rapid Eye (2014), commissioned by the Carpe Diem String Quartet. <mask>'s blog Infinite Curves was featured on Sequenza21.com for ten years before moving to ArtsJournal. References

External links

1959 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Musicians from Summit, New Jersey
Juilliard School alumni
University of North Carolina School of the Arts faculty
Juilliard School faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Lawrence Dillon
Dillonchan
Dillon
Dillon
Dillon
Dillon
Dillon
Lawrence Dillon
Dillon
Dillon