title: Empress Guo (Cao Rui's wife)

texts:
Empress <mask> (died February 264), personal name unknown, formally known as Empress Mingyuan, was an empress of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was married to <mask>, the second ruler of Wei; she was his third wife and second empress. The limited information available about her appears to portray her as an intelligent woman who fought hard to prevent her empire from falling into the hands of the Sima clan (Sima Yi and his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao) during the reigns of her adopted son <mask> and his cousin <mask>, but was unable to stem the tide. Family background and marriage to <mask>
The future Empress <mask> was from Xiping Commandery (西平郡; roughly present-day Xining, Qinghai). Her family was a powerful clan in the area. But during the reigns of <mask>'s father <mask>, her clan was implicated in a rebellion, and she, among others in her family, was confiscated by the Wei government in the aftermath. She somehow became a concubine of <mask>, and he greatly favoured her.In 237, <mask> was involved an incident that led to the death of <mask>'s first empress (and second wife), Empress Mao. Once, when <mask> was attending a feast hosted by <mask>, <mask> requested that Empress Mao be invited to join as well, but <mask> refused and further ordered that no news about the feast was to be given to Empess Mao. However, the news leaked, and Empress Mao talked about the feast with him anyway. He became exceedingly angry, killed a number of his attendants whom he suspected of leaking the news to Empress Mao, and, inexplicably, ordered Empress Mao to commit suicide. After Empress Mao's death, <mask> became the de facto empress, and her family members were given honorific titles (albeit with little power). She was not created empress, however, until <mask> grew ill around the new year of 239. He died a month later, and <mask> became empress dowager, but not regent, over his adopted son <mask>.As empress dowager
By <mask>'s will, his distant cousin <mask> and Sima Yi were regents, but <mask> soon became the dominant figure in the government; while he put on an appearance of respecting Sima Yi, he effectively pushed Sima Yi aside in governing the empire. How Empress Dowager <mask> felt about this is not clear, for her political role during <mask>'s regency appeared to be minimal – even though <mask> (and later the Simas) all at least formally submitted important matters to her, they decided on those matters without real input from her. <mask> was largely viewed as an incompetent regent who entrusted many of his associates who were equally lacking in ability. In 244, for example, under the advice of Li Sheng and Deng Yang, <mask>, lacking in military talent, nevertheless carried out an attack against Wei's rival state Shu Han, without carefully planning the logistics, and even though the battles were inconclusive, <mask> was eventually forced to withdraw due to large number of deaths of livestock, and during the withdraw, many soldiers died in battle or of other causes. <mask> also gathered great wealth for him and his associates, and also spent much time on tours, away from the important matters of state, since 247. In 249, Sima Yi, with support of officials who were tired of <mask>'s incompetence, (after issuing an edit in Empress Dowager <mask>'s name) carried out a coup d'état and deposed <mask>, and later had him and his associates, as well as all their clans, slaughtered, and then took complete control of the government. This shocked the officials who initially supported Sima Yi, but by then it was too late to try to prevent it.After Sima Yi's death in 251, his son Sima Shi succeeded him and kept the government in as much control as his father did. In 254, Sima Shi carried out another purge of officials who resisted him. It was suspected that these officials were plotting with the emperor <mask> and perhaps Empress Dowager <mask> to try to counteract against the Simas, but a link was never clearly shown. From that point on, any official who dared to be close to the emperor and the empress dowager was doing so at his peril. Indeed, later in 254, <mask> himself would not be spared (although he was spared his life). Some of his associates had suggested to him to, when Sima Shi's brother Sima Zhao was at the palace to visit him, kill Sima Zhao and then seize his troops and attack Sima Shi. <mask> could not resolve to do it, but the news still leaked, and Sima Shi deposed <mask>.It was during this incident that Empress Dowager <mask> would display her wisdom in a last-ditch attempt to preserve some possibility of preventing the Simas from taking complete control over Wei. When Sima Shi notified her that he intended to make <mask>'s brother <mask> (曹據), the Prince of Pengcheng, emperor, she managed to persuade him that such a succession would be improper – that since <mask> was the uncle of her husband <mask>, such a succession would leave <mask> effectively with no heir. Sima Shi was forced to agree with her, and he made, as she suggested, <mask> (the Duke of Gaogui District), the son of <mask>'s younger brother <mask>, emperor instead. <mask>, although at age 13, was known for his intelligence and Empress Dowager <mask> might have believed that he—alone of the princes and dukes, might have had a chance of counteracting the Simas. When Sima Shi asked her for the imperial seal, she again reasoned with him and refused politely, under the reasoning that she had met <mask> before and wanted to personally hand him the seal. In 255, declaring that they had received a secret edict from Empress Dowager <mask>, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin made a failed attempt to overthrow Sima Shi, by starting a rebellion from Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui). There was no real evidence that Empress Dowager <mask> was actually in communication with them, however.After <mask> became emperor, he gradually established a circle around him—a number of officials who were unquestioned in their support of the Simas, but who might also have something to gain from allegiance to the emperor, including Sima Shi's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Shen (王沈), Pei Xiu and Zhong Hui. By doing this, he was hoping that he could minimise suspicion against him but at the same time gradually win their hearts. In 255, he made a failed attempt to capture power back—when Sima Shi died while at Xuchang, Sima Zhao was at Xuchang as well. <mask> issued an edict which, under the rationale that Sima Shi had just defeated Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion and that the southeastern border was still not complete pacified, ordered Sima Zhao to remain at Xuchang and that Sima Shi's assistant Fu Gu (傅嘏) return to the capital Luoyang with the main troops. Under Fu Gu and Zhong Hui's advice, however, Sima Zhao returned to Luoyang anyway against edict, and was able to maintain control of the government. Indeed, from that point on, he would not let <mask> or Empress Dowager <mask> to be out of his control, and when Zhuge Dan made a failed rebellion in 257, believing that Sima Zhao would soon usurp the throne, Sima Zhao would insist on the emperor and the empress dowager accompanying him on the campaign against Zhuge Dan. In 260, <mask>, not being able to make much headway in his attempt to reduce Sima Zhao's hold on power, tried to start a coup d'état himself with the imperial guards loyal to him, and after initial successes near the palace, was nevertheless killed in battle.Empress Dowager <mask> was forced to issue an edict posthumously deposing him. Further this time, Sima Zhao would completely ignore Empress Dowager <mask>'s wishes in determining <mask>'s successor, and he made <mask>an, the Duke of Changdao District, a grandson of <mask>, emperor, even though <mask>'s brothers still had issue. She died in February 264 without being able to make any further impact against the power of the Simas, and Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan eventually usurped the throne in early 266 and established the Jin dynasty. She was buried on 13 April 264. See also
 Cao Wei family trees#<mask> Rui
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 264 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Qinghai
<mask> empresses dowager

masks:
Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Fang
Cao Mao
Cao Rui
Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Pi
Cao Rui
Consort Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Rui
Consort Guo
Consort Guo
Cao Rui
Consort Guo
Cao Rui
Empress Guo
Cao Fang
Cao Rui
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Guo
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Guo
Cao Shuang
Cao Fang
Guo
Cao Fang
Cao Fang
Cao Fang
Guo
Cao Pi
Cao Ju
Cao Ju
Cao Rui
Cao Rui
Cao Mao
Cao Rui
Cao Lin
Cao Mao
Guo
Cao Mao
Guo
Guo
Cao Mao
Cao Mao
Cao Mao
Guo
Cao Mao
Guo
Guo
Cao Mao
Cao Hu
Cao Cao
Cao Rui
Cao
Cao Wei


title: Maria Moravskaya

type: original

texts:
<mask>vna Moravskaya (or Moravsky; ; <mask> in the marriage; 12 January 1890 Warsaw, Russian Empire – 26 June 1947 Miami, US or after 1958 Chile) was a Russian poet, writer, translator and literary critic. She wrote several poetical collections and prose works, include works on children literature. She was ethnic Polish and active participant of liberal-democratic movement in Russian Empire at early 20th century. In 1917 she emigrated from Russia to the US, then she was living and writing in Florida. Information about her last years and death is contradictory: according to some sources, she died in 1947 in Miami, but other sources tell that she died in Chile not earlier than 1958. Life

Early life
<mask> was born on January 12, 1890 (or December 31, 1889 by Julian calendar) in Warsaw to a Catholic  non-rich Polish family. When she was two years old her mother died.After that Ludvig Moravskiy, her father, married the sister of his deceased spouse. Then the Moravskaya family moved to Odessa. <mask> thought well of her father and described him as a good and dreamy man. Also she thought well of her younger stepbrothers and stepsisters. But when <mask> was 15 years old she was forced to leave home due to conflict with her stepmother. Some time later she had moved from Odessa to Saint Petersburg where she worked as secretary, private tutor and translator. At that time she started her literary activity and had significant financial difficulties.She joined the Bestuzhev Courses but did not graduate from it. From her early years Moravskaya had an active civic stand and took part in the activity of different political circles. Initially she was a supporter of self-determination of Poland. At times of beginning of the Revolution of 1905 she was identifying herself as socialist. In 1906 and 1907 he had been arrested twice and detained for short times in transit prisons. There are data about her early and brief marriage which Moravskaya thought to be an "occational". Saint Petersburg

In Saint Petersburg Moravskaya joined to the literary circles fast enough, mostly due to patronage of Maximilian Voloshin who dated with she at January 1910.Also she had support of Zinaida Gippius. At 1911 Moravskaya began visiting "Literature Wednesdays" () by Vyacheslav Ivanov and "Academy of Poem" () founded by Ivanov too. At 1911 too she was accepted into "The Guild of Poets" () just after founding of it by Nikolay Gumilyov and Sergey Gorodetsky. Moravskaya became a frequenter of Petersburg bohemia meetings in Stray Dog Café. She had accepted the events of World War I, partially bitter combat operations and disasters affected civilian people in her native Poland, quite emotionally. Her friend Ilya Ehrenburg wrote "Слышишь, как воет волчиха" (Do you hear howl of she-wolf?). Emigration

In 1917 Moravskaya took a trip to Japan.From Japan she travelled to Latin America and then she moved to the US. In accordance to her memories, the motives for immigration to the United States were idealized idea about this country and her aspiration for "mix of typical Russian and typical American to make a new, gentle, judicious and harmonious creature". Later new country had disappointed Moravskaya by spiritual impoverishment of society, manifestations of racism and low level of political freedoms, and she had been declaring against this in the local mass media. For example, it one of the first her English-language articles named "Your Newspapers and Ours" she proved that American journalists at peaceful year 1919 have lesser freedom of expression than their Russian colleagues under tsar Nicholas II even in war conditions. Ten years later, in 1946 Moravskaya had written a letter to Ehrenburg and she had been acknowledging her nostalgia for Russia and her doubt about her creative work is needed in the USA:

Despite of certain disappointment about the American life, Moravskaya practically broke all the contacts with Russia and successfully adapted to life in the USA soon; she had been learning English in eight months. Firstly she had been settled in New York where she was engaged in journalistic work at one newspaper. That paper would have closed soon but Moravskaya could establish partnership with many other periodical media.<mask> had been staying in New York at least up to the early 1920s. There she married Edward "Ted" M. Coughlan, a detective fiction writer who had immigrated to the US from Dominion of Newfoundland. <mask> accepted her husband's surname and became <mask> but still used her maiden name for most of her publications. Because of it this woman writer is mostly known as <mask> and not <mask>. At early 1930-th Edward and <mask> had moved to Lakeland, Florida and then to Miami at 1932. They lived in a dwelling called by them Fiction Farm at a southern part of Miami. <mask> was known not only as prolific writer and publicist and member of local Soma Club but also as a woman of active lifestyle and many hobbies, include exotic.For example, she was engaged into selection of new breeds of lovebird and domestic duck, training of wild animals and growing of extrinsic plants, printing of books with home-made equipment. Moravsky was travelling in South America where she was rafting rivers in canoe. There is contradictory information about time and place of her death. Many sources tell that <mask> had died in Miami at 26 June 1947 and some of them tell that poet had perished from storm. But we also have enough proven information about her living in Chile at late 1950s at least. There is an evidence by Korney Chukovsky who at the first half of 1960s had told to Margarita Aliger that he had received a letter from Moravskaya several years before. By his words, in Chile <mask> had married local postman.confirms this too; at "The list of names" published in his book named "Acumiana. Встречи с Анной Ахматовой" 1889 – 1958 stated as years of life of Moravskaya, who was "a poetess and member of the first Guild of poets". Creative work

When <mask> was 16 years old and she lived in Odessa, she had published her first poem. Then he had several publications in the newspapers of Odessa. At Saint Petersburg first publication of her poems was at Hyperborean (Гиперборей) and Zavety (Заветы) magazines. In 1911 Moravskaya had begun systematic collaboration with  magazine, firstly as reviewer and translator. She translated works of Polish, Czech and Finnish writers.Then she made her own poems and essays for magazine. Later her works was published in Vestnik Evropy, Russkaya Mysl, Sovremenny Mir and Ezhemesyachniy Zhurnal magazines and almanacs. First published works by <mask>skaya had deserved positive references from literary men such as Vladislav Khodasevich, Igor Severyanin, Sasha Chorny. Anna Akhmatova, whose poems critics compared with Moravskaya's poems, had recognized her as a "fellow-worker" and later several times gifts owns books to her. Gippius in her letter to Chukovsky described Moravskaya as "extremely talented person". And <mask> was getting
especial support from Voloshin who was of a high opinion about her creative perspectives and predicting role of "second Cherubina de Gabriak". And Cherubina herself (her real name is Elisaveta Dmitrieva) recognized young Polish as her creative successor and 18 January 1910 she wrote to Voloshin:

At early 1914 first almanac of poems by Moravskaya named "На пристани" (On the Pier) had been issued.Expert in literature Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik several months before publication of this almanac had sent draft of it to his authoritative colleagues include Andrei Bely and Valery Bryusov. The last by Razumnik's request had written a preface named "Объективность и субъективность в поэзии" (The Objectivity and The Subjectivity in Poetry) for Maravskaya's almanac. But that preface remained unpublished as Moravskaya insisted on; she wrote to Bryusov:

As a result, "На пристани" rose a keen but varied response from critics. They noted common motif of the most of works included in almanac: yearning for journeys and far exotic countries. “Capricious” and “infantile” style of poem had been noticed (Moravskaya herself considered her own style as a “doll style”). Sophia Parnok noted that the main message of Morvskaya's lyric poetry is a "self-pity". had given a negative review and her son Alexander Blok had agreed with mother despite that his positive consideration of Moravskaya's poetry at the whole:

Notes

Translator's notes

References

External links

Russian women poets
Poets of the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian writers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American translators
Translators of the Russian Empire
Literary critics of the Russian Empire
Women critics
20th-century Russian women writers
American women writers
20th-century American women
American people of Polish descent
Russian people of Polish descent

masks:
Maria Magdalina Francheska Luvigo
Maria Coughlan
Maria Moskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria
Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Coughlan
Maria Moravsky
Maria Coughlan
Maria
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Morav
Maria Moravskaya


title: Gabriel Paletta

texts:
<mask> (; born 15 February 1986) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian club Monza. Born in Argentina to parents of Italian descent, Paletta represented his birth nation at the under-20 level, participating in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands. He started all seven matches as Argentina won the title. In 2014, Paletta was called up to the Italy national team and made his debut in a friendly against Spain. He represented Italy at the FIFA World Cup later that year. Club career

Banfield
Paletta came through the youth divisions of Banfield and reached the first team in 2005. When Banfield qualified for the knockout stages of the Copa Libertadores, they altered their 25-man squad for the event to include Paletta and immediately threw him into action against the Colombian team Independiente Medellín.Paletta played well and Banfield progressed, but Paletta was to play no further part in the tournament after being called up to the Argentina under-20 team to participate in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Liverpool
In February 2006, Paletta agreed to sign with Liverpool and eventually signed a four-year contract on 4 July 2006. Paletta became the second Argentine to play for the Merseyside club, after Mauricio Pellegrino. <mask>'s first appearance for Liverpool came in a pre-season friendly against Wrexham in July. He scored his first goal for Liverpool during a 2006–07 Football League Cup third round 4–3 win against Reading on 25 October 2006. Paletta debuted for Liverpool in the 2006–07 Premier League season in a 4–0 away win against Wigan Athletic on 2 December; he was substituted onto the field for Sami Hyypiä in the 61st minute. Paletta would go on to make just two more league appearances for Liverpool.Paletta debuted in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League in a group stage fixture in a 3–2 away defeat against Galatasaray on 5 December. He was substituted off of the field in the 66th minute for Luis García. Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Liverpool's 2006–07 Football League Cup quarter-final match, a 6–3 home defeat against Arsenal on 9 January 2007. By the time that Paletta had made just eight appearances for Liverpool in all competitions, it was reported on 9 July that Paletta would be loaned to Spanish club Levante in order to gain some valuable first-team experience as Levante had expressed their interest signing Paletta on loan deal for the whole of 2007–08 season. Although Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez had agreed to loaning the defender, the loan deal was not reached. Liverpool went on to reach the final of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, losing 2–1 to AC Milan on 23 May 2007. On 26 August, it had been officially reported that Liverpool had agreed for Paletta to sign with Boca Juniors, having welcomed the arrival of Argentine Emiliano Insúa.Boca Juniors

2007–08 season
In August 2007, Paletta joined Boca Juniors where he was handed the number 29 shirt. He debuted for Boca Juniors in the Torneo Apertura of the 2007–08 Primera División season on 29 August 2007. One month later, Paletta scored his first goal for Boca Juniors in the 84th minute of a 2–2 home draw with Gimnasia de Jujuy on 23 September. He participated in his first Superclásico, which resulted in a 2–0 win to River Plate at the Estadio Monumental, on 7 October. Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Boca's 2007 FIFA Club World Cup 1–0 semi-final win against Étoile du Sahel on 12 December. Four days later, he played a full 90 minutes of the final which resulted in a 4–2 win for European champions Milan on 16 December. During the 2008 Torneo de Verano, Paletta scored with header from a Jesús Dátolo free-kick in the 3–2 Copa Revancha loss against River Plate.Paletta's first appearance in the 2008 Copa Libertadores came in a 1–1 away draw against Venezuelan club Maracaibo on 20 February. He received his first red card during the Torneo Clausura in a 1–1 home draw against Independiente on 9 March. Paletta scored his first Copa Libertadores goal after nine minutes in Boca's last group stage fixture, a 3–0 home win against Maracaibo on 22 April. The 3–0 win meant that Boca advanced to the 2008 Copa Libertadores knockout stages. Paletta scored his second league goal for Boca in a 2–1 home victory against Racing Club on 17 May. Paletta participated in the Copa Libertadores knockout stage fixtures until Boca were eliminated by Fluminense in the semi-finals. He scored his third league goal for Boca with a header in the 40th minute of the first-half, in a 6–2 home victory against Tigre on 22 June.2008–09 season
Paletta played in both of Boca's 2008 Recopa Sudamericana matches, defeating Arsenal de Sarandí 5–3 on aggregate, winning 3–1 on 13 August and drawing 2–2 on 27 August. On 11 November, it was reported that MRI scans confirmed that Paletta had torn the cruciate ligament in his right knee after a 1–0 away victory against Arsenal de Sarandí on 9 November, and was ruled out of play for six months. Boca's club doctor, José Veiga, had seen that Paletta had a knee twist and ordered him to undergo some scans after the 1–0 victory against Arsenal. Boca Juniors went on to claim the Torneo Apertura title of the 2008–09 Argentine Primera División season. Paletta returned in a 2–1 home win against Arsenal de Sarandí on 17 May, playing a full 90 minutes of the match. One week later, Paletta suffered an ankle sprain and was substituted off of the field in the 15th minute for Gastón Sauro in a 2–0 away loss against Vélez Sársfield on 24 May. Boca had also participated in the 2009 Copa Libertadores, reaching the knockout stages of the tournament where they were eliminated by Uruguayan club Defensor Sporting.2009–10 season
In August 2009, it was reported that a deal with Paletta and Italian club Palermo fell through due to a disagreement of Paletta's price. Greek club Panathinaikos were also chasing his signature. Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Boca Juniors 2009 Copa Sudamericana First Stage match, a 1–1 draw with Vélez Sársfield on 20 August. Paletta scored an own goal for Boca in the 73rd minute, levelling the scores. He again played a full 90 minutes of the second-leg, where Boca Juniors were defeated 1–0 on 16 September. The 2–1 aggregate loss saw Boca Juniors eliminated from the competition. Paletta received his first red card of the 2009–10 Argentine Primera División season in a 4–2 away loss against Newell's Old Boys on 6 February.His first goal of the 2009–2010 season came in a 2–1 home defeat against Huracán on 9 May. Paletta scored in the 50th minute with a right footed shot. <mask>'s last game for Boca Juniors came in a 3–0 away defeat against his former club Banfield on 14 May, where he scored an own goal in the 67th minute. Parma
On 6 July 2010, Italian Serie A club Parma announced via their website the acquisition outright of Paletta from Boca Juniors. He was a regular in the side, seeing off the challenge of Massimo Paci and partnering Alessandro Lucarelli. This partnership continued for the first half of the following season under Franco Colomba, but Roberto Donadoni's arrival in January 2012 saw a switch to three defenders and Paletta enjoyed a fine end to the season. In August 2012, Paletta signed a three-year extension to the contract he signed with the club in 2010; It tied him to the club until 2017.AC Milan
On 2 February 2015, Milan signed Paletta for €3.5 million fee. He signed a 3.5-year contract. On 27 August 2015, Paletta signed for Atalanta on a season-long loan. Upon his return to Milan, Paletta was often selected by manager Vincenzo Montella, making 30 appearances and scoring two goals in the 2016–17 Serie A season. During the season, he had also been sent off a record 5 times, two of which were straight red cards. With the arrival of 11 new players in the summer transfer window, including central defenders Mateo Musacchio and Leonardo Bonucci, Paletta's opportunities at the club had been significantly limited. Despite being featured in a few friendly games during the summer, Paletta had been declared "out of project" by manager Vincenzo Montella, who was dismissed in November 2018.Nevertheless, Paletta was included in Milan's squad list for the group stage of Europa League. While continuing to train with the senior team, Paletta made several appearances for the club's youth team, managed by Gennaro Gattuso at the time. With Gattuso's appointment as a head coach of the senior team, Paletta got a rare opportunity to play full 90 minutes in an away Europa League 0-2 defeat against Rijeka once Milan had already qualified for the knockout stage. Paletta was released from his contract on 30 January 2018 by mutual consent. Jiangsu Suning
On 23 February 2018, Paletta signed for Chinese Super League club Jiangsu Suning. Monza
After being released by Jiangsu Suning, on 6 November 2019 Paletta signed a three-year contract for then-Serie C club Monza, owned by former AC Milan chairman Silvio Berlusconi and coached by his former teammate Cristian Brocchi. International career
In 2005, Paletta was selected for the Argentina under-20 team to participate in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship.He started in all seven games of the tournament, playing in the heart of the Argentine defence in a side also featuring future senior team stars Lionel Messi and Sergio Agüero. Argentina went on to win the tournament, and Paletta's performances attracted the attention of Liverpool. In possession of an Italian passport due to his ancestry from Savelli in the province of Crotone, in Calabria, where his great-grandfather Vincenzo emigrated from, Paletta is also eligible for the Italy national team. In March 2014, he was called up to Italy's squad for a friendly against Spain. He earned his first cap on 5 March, playing the full 90 minutes in the 0–1 loss against Spain. On 1 June of that year, <mask> was named in Italy's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his competitive debut in the team's opening match, starting alongside Andrea Barzagli in central defence as the Azzurri beat England in Manaus.Style of play
Paletta is capable of playing as a centre-back in both a three or four-man defence. He is good in possession and an attentive man-marker, although he is primarily known for his composure, aerial ability and heading accuracy; he has also drawn some criticism at times for being inconsistent, error-prone, and excessively aggressive when tackling, which led to unnecessary bookings and expulsions on numerous occasions. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Boca Juniors
 Recopa Sudamericana: 2008
 Argentine Primera División: 2008 Torneo Apertura
 FIFA Club World Cup runner-up: 2007

AC Milan
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2016

Monza
 Serie C Group A: 2019–20
Argentina U20
 FIFA World Youth Championship: 2005

References

External links

 LFChistory.net player profile

 FIGC Profile

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine footballers
Italian footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Association football central defenders
Boca Juniors footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
A.C. Milan players
Atalanta B.C. players
Jiangsu F.C. players
A.C. Monza players
Premier League players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie A players
Chinese Super League players
Serie C players
Serie B players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in China
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in China
Argentina under-20 international footballers
Italy international footballers
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
Italian people of Argentine descent
2014 FIFA World Cup players

masks:
Gabriel Alejandro Paletta
Paletta
Paletta
Paletta


title: Justin Haley (racing driver)

texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 28, 1999) is an American professional stock car racing driver and businessman. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 31 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Kaulig Racing. He previously went by his nickname J. J<mask>, until he switched to his first name in January 2016 to avoid confusion with fellow competitor J. J. Yeley. <mask> owns Dirt Late Model and Dirt Modified Chassis Manufacturer, Darkhorse Racecars, racing on the team with his brother, <mask>. <mask> took a shock win in the 2019 Coke Zero Sugar 400 at the Daytona in just his third career Cup Series start due to being in the lead, through pit strategy, under caution when lightning and eventual rain hit the area. After scoring his first Xfinity victory in 2020, <mask> became the 32nd driver to win a race in all three NASCAR national touring series.Racing career
<mask> began his racing career at age nine, in Quarter Midgets at Kokomo Quarter Midget Club during the late summer months of 2008. In 2009 and 2010, he scored the KQMC, Indiana State Series and, in 2011, the Light 160 State Championships. Regional series
In 2014, <mask> ran three K&N Pro Series East races, recording a best finish of seventh at Dover International Speedway. The next year, he joined HScott Motorsports to compete full-time in the Pro Series East, competing for Rookie of the Year honors. In 2016, <mask> recorded his first career Pro Series East win at Greenville-Pickens Speedway. <mask> won his first Pro Series East championship in 2016 after finishing in the top-ten in all 14 races, the only driver to do so in series history. Truck Series

In 2015, <mask> made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Bristol with Braun Motorsports, driving the No.32 Chevrolet Silverado and finishing 14th. His following Truck race at Martinsville Speedway ended when he was involved in a crash on lap 119. At Phoenix International Raceway, <mask> recorded his first top ten, when he finished in seventh. On December 9, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would drive the No. 24 truck for GMS Racing in 2017, starting with the third race of the year. <mask> joined GMS full-time in 2017, driving the No. 24 Silverado.However, <mask> missed the first two races – the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and the Active Pest Control 200 at Atlanta Motor Speedway – due to NASCAR's age restriction. Scott Lagasse Jr. and Alex Bowman replaced <mask> at Daytona and Atlanta, respectively. He missed the playoffs and finished 12th in the final point standings. In 2018, he earned his first career win at Gateway in June, locking him into the playoffs for the first time. <mask> would get his second win of the season at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, after leaders Todd Gilliland and Noah Gragson took each other out in the final corner. In Texas, he got his third win after race leader Gilliland ran out of fuel on the last lap. As a result of these two wins, <mask> qualified for the playoff finale at Homestead.<mask> finished third in the points standings, after finishing 8th at Homestead. <mask> returned to GMS and the Truck Series in July 2020 at Texas. Xfinity Series

In June 2018, <mask> made his NASCAR Xfinity Series debut at Iowa Speedway, driving the No. 23 for GMS Racing while filling for Spencer Gallagher. He would go on to finish 12th. <mask> drove the No. 24 car at Daytona in July 2018 for GMS Racing, where he unofficially won the race ahead of Kyle Larson and Elliott Sadler.However, it was revealed that <mask> went below the double yellow line to pass both of the leaders just before the finish line and NASCAR ruled <mask>'s pass illegal after the race, giving Larson the win, while <mask> finished 18th. On December 1, 2018, it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-year deal to drive the No. 11 full-time for Kaulig Racing in 2019, replacing Ryan Truex. He finished second in the 2019 Daytona July race to Kaulig teammate Ross Chastain. <mask> qualified for the Xfinity playoffs, but was eliminated after the Round of 8. He ended the 2019 season 12th in points with 20 top tens. In June 2020, <mask> scored his first Xfinity victory at Talladega Superspeedway after starting on the pole and winning the first stage.He became the 32nd driver to win a race in all three NASCAR national series. On October 19, 2020, <mask> and Kaulig announced a third season together in 2021. <mask> missed the Dover race in May due to COVID-19 protocols and was replaced by Zane Smith. On August 28th, 2021, <mask> scored his only victory of the 2021 Xfinity season by winning at the July Daytona race for the second year in a row; this time over teammate AJ Allmendinger by .023 seconds. Cup Series

In April 2019, <mask> joined Spire Motorsports' No. 77 for his Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series debut in the GEICO 500 at Talladega Superspeedway. With seven laps remaining, he was collected in a crash with Matt DiBenedetto, Chris Buescher, and Martin Truex Jr., finishing the race in 32nd.He returned to the team at Sonoma Raceway in June, finishing 34th. For Daytona's 2019 Coke Zero Sugar 400, he qualified 34th. In the race, with around 30 laps to go, Austin Dillon and Clint Bowyer tangled, causing "The Big One". <mask>, in 27th, narrowly avoided it and sneaked into 3rd. Race leader Kurt Busch and second-place Landon Cassill would pit under caution but <mask> did not, inheriting the lead just before lightning struck near the race track, red-flagging the race. After hours of red flag conditions, the race was called, securing <mask>'s first Cup win in his third start and Spire's first win in their maiden season. Since <mask> was accepting points for the 2019 Xfinity Series, and was not competing full-time in the Cup Series, he was not eligible for the 2019 Cup playoffs.On January 10, 2020, Kaulig Racing announced <mask> would drive for the team at the Daytona 500 in the No. 16. On February 9, <mask> made the field by posting the fastest qualifying speed of all the non-charter teams (190.018 mph; 31st overall). After starting 33rd, he was involved in a lap 184 wreck that resulted in a red flag but finished 13th. In July, <mask> rejoined Spire for the 2020 NASCAR All-Star Race at Bristol, having qualified via his 2019 Daytona win; he finished 14th. <mask> was offered a contract by Spire for the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season. When COVID-19 protocols forced him to miss the Drydene 400 at Dover, Josh Berry took over the No.77. <mask> ran 31 races during the season; 30 races for Spire in the No. 77 and one race for Kaulig in the No. 16. In June 2021, Kaulig Racing announced in junction with going full-time in the Cup Series in 2022 that <mask> will race full-time in one of the teams' two charters. On December 15, 2021 Kaulig Racing revealed that <mask> will drive the No. 31 entry for the team.Personal life
<mask> is the nephew of Todd Braun, owner of Braun Motorsports. He lives in North Carolina. He is one of four children, with two younger sisters and an older brother Quentin, who races Dirt Modified’s co-owned by himself and <mask>. <mask> has gone vegan for stretches of time. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series

K&N Pro Series East

K&N Pro Series West

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References

External links

Living people
1999 births
People from Pulaski County, Indiana
Racing drivers from Indiana
ARCA Menards Series drivers
NASCAR drivers
CARS Tour drivers

masks:
Justin C
. Haley
. Haley
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title: Pascual Ortiz Rubio

texts:
<mask> (; 10 March 1877 – 4 November 1963) was a Mexican politician and the President of Mexico from 1930 to 1932. He was one of three Mexican presidents to serve out the six-year term (1928–1934) of assassinated president-elect Álvaro Obregón, while former president Plutarco Elías Calles retained power in a period known as the Maximato. Calles was so blatantly in control of the government that <mask> resigned the presidency in protest in September 1932. Early life and education
He was born in Morelia, Michoacán, the son of a lawyer and landowner, <mask>erta, and Leonor <mask>. He attended the Colegio de San Nicolás, in Michoacan's capital of Morelia, training as an engineer. He became politically active as a student and was opposed to the re-election of Porfirio Díaz in 1896. With the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 and the election of Francisco I. Madero in 1911, <mask> was elected to the federal legislature as a representative from Michoacan.When General Victoriano Huerta forced Madero and his vice president to resign and then murdered them in February 1913, Huerta jailed <mask>. Huerta was ousted in 1914 by several revolutionary factions, and the Federal Army collapsed with that defeat. <mask> joined the Constitutionalist Army headed by Venustiano Carranza. With the rank of colonel initially, he rose to the rank of brigadier general. The Constitutionalist faction went on to defeat rival revolutionary factions. Career

Early positions
<mask> served as Governor of Michoacán, from 1917 to 1920, and then as secretary of communications, from 1920 to 1921, under Sonoran generals Adolfo de la Huerta and Álvaro Obregón, who, along with fellow Sonoran Plutarco Elías Calles dominated politics in the 1920s. When Calles was elected president in 1924, <mask> was appointed Mexican ambassador to Germany, and then Brazil.Presidency 1929–1932

The Presidency of <mask> has been seen as the apex of ex-President Calles's power as jefe máximo, with <mask> portrayed as "puppet president." Although he is not the focus of major scholarly studies, his presidency has been examined in the context of post-revolutionary Mexican history. Election of 1929
President-elect Álvaro Obregón was assassinated in 1928, leaving a power vacuum. Since Calles could not succeed himself as president, he created a political party, the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR). That move institutionalized power and was the way that Calles could maintain personal control of men holding the presidency. Emilio Portes Gil was interim president after the assassination, and new elections were set for 1929. Calles passed over Portes Gil and Aarón Sáenz, who had expected to become the candidate and tapped <mask> to be PNR's candidate in the election of 17 November 1929.He ran against José Vasconcelos, Obregón's Secretary of Public Education, noted for his stance against corruption and Calles's authoritarian rule. <mask> had no independent power base that could counterbalance Calles, and so as president, he was seen an ineffective leader. <mask> had been the ambassador to Brazil during crucial years in the 1920s that political alliances were forged. Vasconcelos was a strong opposition candidate who had considerable support among university students, the middle class, and some workers from northeast Mexico. Just before overtures from Cristeros to the Vasconcelos campaign led to further developments, the government concluded an agreement with the Vatican to bring the Cristero War to a close. It was believed at the time that Vasconcelos actually won the election. According to one report, the margin was only 700,000 votes.However, according to the official results of the 1929 elections, <mask>'s won by a landslide over Vasconcelos. According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, the real winner of the election was "the new institution, the PNR, which now, for the first time in Mexican history, as a party determined the succession." Cabinets
The cabinet of <mask> underwent many changes in his brief presidency, many of which were at the behest of ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles. There were many familiar names in Mexican revolutionary politics. The interim president Portes Gil initially became Minister of the Interior, the highest ranking cabinet post, but there were multiple changes in the post, including the appointment of general Lázaro Cárdenas who served in 1931. As Minister of Public Education, the disappointed Aarón Sáenz presidential hopeful served briefly but quickly moved to lead the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. General Joaquín Amaro headed War and Navy as he had in the cabinets of Calles and of Portes Gil.At Agriculture and Development was General Manuel Pérez Treviño. The cabinet-level position of head of the Federal District that governed Mexico City was initially held by Dr. José Manuel Puig Casauranc. Conflicts
During his term as president, he oversaw the passage of a new labor law and inaugurated the zoo in Chapultepec Park. Alleging excessive interference in his presidency by ex-President Calles, from whom <mask> demonstrated independence while he was in office and still seriously shaken by an attempt on his life at the very start of his term, he resigned the presidency on 4 September 1932. He resigned "with my hands clean of blood or money" and later in his memoir called Calles's rule as a "thinly veiled dictatorship." He was succeeded by substitute President Abelardo L. Rodríguez, a revolutionary general and another protégé of Calles, who served the remaining two years of the six-year term. Later life
Following his resignation, <mask> went into self-exile in the United States.He returned to Mexico in 1935, following the 1934 election of President Lázaro Cárdenas, a fellow son of Michoacán. In 1942, President Manuel Ávila Camacho invited all former presidents of Mexico as a show of unity to join together in a public event at the Zócalo in Mexico City, with Emilio Portes Gil, <mask> <mask>, Abelardo Rodríguez, the three presidents during the Maximato, along with Lázaro Cárdenas and Plutarco Elías Calles. In 1963, <mask> published a memoir. Gallery

See also

Plutarco Elías Calles
List of heads of state of Mexico
Maximato

References

Further reading
Buchenau, Jürgen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2007. Díaz Babio, Francisco.Un drama nacional. Mexico City: M. León Sánchez 1939. Díaz Babio, Francisco. Actividades de Pascual Ortiz <mask>. Mexico City: Imprenta Aguilar 1929. Dulles, John W. F. Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919–1936. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961.Franco, Luis. G. Glosa del período del gobierno del C. Gral. e Ing. <mask> <mask>, 1930–1932: Ramo de Governación; Narraciones históricas; el Partido de Ingenieros, Arquitectos y sus Colaboradores (PIA). Mexico City 1947. Franco, Luis. G. Relaciones exteriores en una actuación histórica.El Partido de Ingenieros, Arquitectos y sus Colaboradores (PIA). Mexico City 1947. Krauze, Enrique, Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997. Meyer, Lorenzo. Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, vols. 12 and 13.1978. Medin, Tzvi. El minimato presidencial: Historia del maximato. 1982. <mask>, <mask>. Memorias de un penitente. Mexico City: Imprenta Francisca 1916.Pani, Alberto J. Apuntes autobiográficos. 2 vols. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa 1951. Portes Gil, Emilio. Quince años de política mexicana. 2nd edition. Mexico City: Botas 1941.Puig Casauranc, José Manuel. Galatea Rebelde a varios pigmaliones. Mexico City: Impresores Unidos 1938. Simpson, Eyler N. The Ejido: Mexico's Way Out. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1937. Ugalde, José. Quién es <mask>ubio''.Talleres Linotipográficos, Papelería Nacional 1929. External links

Mexconnect article

1877 births
1963 deaths
People from Morelia
Politicians from Michoacán
Governors of Michoacán
Mexican Secretaries of Communications and Transportation
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Presidents of Mexico
Mexican generals
Ambassadors of Mexico to Brazil
Ambassadors of Mexico to Germany

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo alumni
20th-century Mexican politicians

masks:
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Pascual Ortiz de Ayala y Hu
Rubio Cornejo
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz
Ortiz Rubio
Pascual
Ortiz Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Rubio
Pascal Ortiz
Rubio
Ortiz Rubio
Pascual
Ortiz R


title: Jane Piper

texts:
<mask> (1916–1991)  was an American artist known for her abstract treatment of still lifes. Building on the French modernist tradition of Matisse and Cézanne, she gave color precedence over representation. Shortly after her death a critic said "throughout her career <mask> worked within a relatively narrow aesthetic range. She was interested in spatial organization and in creating space through color — concerns of another painter she admired, Henri Matisse. There's a sense of Matisse in her later work, but no indication that she was trying to imitate him; the resonance reflects shared concerns." From her first exhibition in 1943 through the end of her life she was given a total of thirty-four solo  exhibitions in Philadelphia, New York, and other East Coast galleries and her works have been collected by major museums including  the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the National Academy of Design, The Phillips Collection, and the Carnegie Museum of Art. Early life and training

<mask> was raised in a prosperous and well-connected  Philadelphia family.At the age of nine she spent a year at a pension in Cannes where, observing an amateur artist at work, she became infatuated with painting and afterwards convinced her reluctant father to enroll her in an art class. After a few years' study under the Philadelphia artist Grace Gemberling, she was able to study art as a boarder in a private school for girls, Westover School in Middlebury, Connecticut. Graduating in 1935, she returned to Philadelphia where she studied at the  Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, first under Daniel Garber, whom she found to be too authoritarian, and then under Arthur Carles whose instruction she felt to be the most useful of all her teachers and whose artistic influence remained with her for the rest of her career. In 1936 she also enrolled for private study with the artist and collector Earl Horter. In his studio, her frequent close contact with paintings by Picasso, Braque, and Matisse made her aware of new possibilities in her own work. The influence of French Modernism on her work was also enhanced by informal study in Paris in 1937 and periods of study in the Barnes collection  in 1938. Three years later she spent the summer months at the school Hans Hofmann conducted in Provincetown, Massachusetts.<mask> appreciated Hofmann's instruction but preferred Carles's. Exhibitions and critical reception
Although <mask> was a productive artist, fiercely devoted to her work, she had no need of income from sales and showed as frequently in non-commercial as  commercial galleries. Her first appearance in a public exhibition occurred in 1931 when a painting of hers was included in a children's art show at a Philadelphia women's cultural organization called the Plastic Club. Grace Gemberling mounted the show to put works by her young students on display. <mask>'s contribution was in a set of pictures on the theme of jealousy. Reviewing the show, C. H. Bonte of the Philadelphia Inquirer found the work in general to be natural and spontaneous and the jealousy set in particular to be emotionally overwhelming. <mask>'s unnamed and unsigned painting of 1942-43, called "Composition in Red," indicates the style of her work at the beginning of her professional career.During her career she participated in exhibitions held by non-commercial organizations included group and solo shows at the Philadelphia Art Alliance,  Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia Arts Festival, Philadelphia Center for Architecture, Cheltenham Art Center, Wallingford Community Center, and galleries in Friends' Central School, Swarthmore College, Lehigh University and New York Studio School. A traveling exhibition, "<mask>: Retrospective Paintings, 1940–1985," was first mounted in James Madison University in 1985. In 1943 <mask> was given her first appearance in a commercial gallery. Remarkably, this debut was a solo exhibition. The venue was the Robert Carlen Gallery in Philadelphia. She was given a second solo show at Carlen in 1959. Her first solo exhibition in a New York commercial gallery was at the Bonestell Gallery in 1947.Other commercial solo shows included the Dubin Gallery (Philadelphia, 1954), Parma Gallery (New York, 1958), Cherry Stone Gallery (Wellfleet, Mass., 1971), Bodley Gallery (New York, 1981), Mangel Gallery (Philadelphia, 1987), and Rising Tide Gallery (Wellfleet, Mass., 1990). Beginning in 1971, she also had eight solo exhibitions at the Gross-McCleaf Gallery in Philadelphia. Throughout the course of her career, <mask> was given thirty-four solo exhibitions in commercial and non-commercial galleries in Philadelphia, New York, and Cape Cod. <mask>'s untitled painting of 1961 indicates the non-objective style of her work late in her career. Critical reception of <mask>'s work was at first tepid but grew stronger as her career progressed. Reviewing her first show in 1943, a critic complained that the paintings were overly-abstract and decorative, "admirably adapted for the adornment of modern rooms." In 1956 her paintings received praise as "poetic light-filled abstractions."At the height of her career in 1983 a reviewer found that "her abiding lyrical connection with nature and the domestic environment, and pursuit of a unique, individual perception, place her firmly within a strong American tradition, although she remains spiritually separate from any trend or movement." A few years later she was recognized for an "original, daring approach" that was "firmly in the tradition of great American still life painting." <mask>'s "Fruit and Flowers of 1974 shows her handling of objects in an abstract style. In 1986 a curator who had organized a retrospective exhibition of her work wrote that  "she retains a sense of wonder while developing ever new complex harmonies of form and color" and a reviewer, calling <mask> one of Philadelphia's best artists, said her paintings "with her preference for yellow, orange and red tints and clear blues and greens, give an original picture of her domestic environment and nature's bounty and profuse growth." This critic continued: "Clearly, this gifted artist has had success creating a living and working environment that has a direct relationship to her creative life as an artist." In 2010, nineteen years after her death, <mask> was called "one of Philadelphia's finest painters" and three years later she was called "one of Philadelphia's most prominent modernist painters." Artistic style and working methods

In addition to the pervasive influence of her mentor Carles, <mask>'s early paintings were said to show the influence of Matisse and Cézanne.The influence of Carles and Matisse persisted as well in her late and final work. Color appears as the organizing principle in most of her paintings from the first to the last. Although constant reworking made it difficult to discern, her paintings were infrequently purely abstract. In fact she was primarily a still life painter and almost always used objects in her studio as a starting point for each work. Late in her career, a critic noted that her paintings were neither "abstract" nor "figurative," but something in between. She herself said, "I was never conscious of painting representationally or not painting representationally. I was always involved in spacial forms, which naturally lead you somewhat into abstraction.You have to handle your responses to what you're seeing. I was putting down what I saw and how I felt about what I found as connecting links." In her work <mask> wished to express her emotions rather than give a pictorial narrative. At the height of her career she responded to the poems of Wallace Stevens valuing the way in which they expressed emotions "in a moment's clarity of thought." In addition to rich colors, her mature work was noted for her use of  white pigment,  which she used as negative space in order to better define her subjects. She was said, like Matisse, to be "interested in spatial organization and in creating space through color,"  and a critic appreciated her late paintings for the "space structured by color, using still-life motifs" that they conveyed. Early in her career most of <mask>'s paintings were made in oil  on canvas.Later, she mainly used acrylic colors which she liked because of the quality of the whites. The shorter drying time was also important to her as she repainted continually as her paintings evolved. A private person who worked in solitude, she worked intensely, believing, as Carles had maintained, that in painting "you put everything in your life into it." Speaking of students she had taught, she said it took more than just talent to sustain a professional career: "You must be able to tolerate yourself for long periods of time, working in the isolation of a studio." She was unusually disciplined and rarely took time off. Despite family responsibilities (raising two daughters and moving the family about as her husband's career evolved), she once said a six-month hiatus was the longest time she had spent out of the studio. "Observers should feel that the act of painting was effortless – that it happened, it just happened," she said in a 1977 magazine interview."Which of course," she added, "is not true." A few years later she said, "Painting is a pleasure, even though painful. It will always be a pleasure for me, because it is the thing I want to do the most." Collections

<mask>'s paintings are held in the permanent collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Brooklyn Museum, Carnegie Museum of Art, National Academy of Design, Phillips Collection, Provincetown Art Museum, Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, and Woodmere Art Museum. Art teacher

She taught painting and drawing at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the mid-1950s. From 1956 to 1985 she taught at the Philadelphia College of Art. She also taught at the Pennsylvania Academy and the New York Studio School.Of her teaching method she said, "In teaching I relate to the students one to one. I try to wait until they've done something, and then I talk to them about what they've done. I think they get much more from the setups or from looking at other paintings than they do from a lecture." Personal life and family

<mask> was born in Philadelphia on August 21, 1916. Her father was Edmund B<mask> and her mother Elizabeth Gibson <mask>. They were married in 1906 and settled in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Her grandparents on her father's side were members of an old and prominent family of Watsontown and neighboring Williamsport.On her mother's side her grandparents were prosperous Williamsport merchants. Edmund B<mask> was a well-known obstetrician and gynecologist who gained recognition for a forceps he designed (and which bears his name). Elizabeth Gibson <mask> led an active social life, her name appearing frequently in the society columns of the Philadelphia Inquirer. <mask> had two older sisters, Helen E. and Eleanor L<mask>. In 1925, <mask>'s mother and the three girls, aged eighteen, fifteen, and nine, spent the winter in France and it was there, at a pension in Cannes, that <mask> decided she would become an artist. During the winter of 1933–34, following the elaborate activities required for the introduction to society of Helen and Eleanor as well as Helen's marriage to Henry B. Coxe, <mask>'s mother again took the three daughters to France. In the meantime, the three had been names as principal beneficiaries in the will of a wealthy maiden aunt, Elizabeth L<mask>, each to receive $30,000 on their eighteenth birthdays, and <mask> had become a boarding student at Westover School in Middlebury, Connecticut.In February 1935 <mask>'s father died at the age of fifty-four, in May she graduated from Westover, and in November she was honored as a débutante when a Bachrach portrait appeared in the society pages of the Philadelphia Inquirer. During the remaining years of the 1930s she was an active participant in Philadelphia society, participating in a charity ball, being a bridesmaid in wedding ceremonies, joining the Junior League, and entertaining friends at her mother's summer place in Eagles Mere. <mask> was twenty-six when she married a Navy aviation cadet, E. Digby Bartzell, Jr., in the winter of 1943. His family, like hers, was prominent in Philadelphia society and, like her, he had attended prestigious private boarding school. Subsequently he had obtained Ivy League undergraduate and graduate degrees and, following service as a military intelligence officer in the South Pacific, had become a highly-respected professor of sociology. <mask> kept her maiden name for professional uses and her married name for other uses. She and Baltzell had two daughters, Eve, born in 1944, and Jan, born in 1948.Following his discharge from the Navy in 1945, the young family moved from place to place as Baltzell's career evolved. In 1963 <mask> and Baltzell began spending summers in Wellfleet on Cape Cod and two years later, having bought a house there, <mask> built a studio on the property. <mask> died on August 8, 1991, less than two weeks before her 75th birthday, and was buried in Philadelphia's Woodlands Cemetery. Baltzell died in Boston at age 80 on August 17, 1996. Further reading

<mask>, Richard J Boyle, Bill Scott, and Hollis Taggart Galleries, <mask> : poetic distillations [exhibition], 9 May to 15 July 2005 (New York, N.Y. : Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2005)

William P. Scott, "Continuity and Change: Conversations with <mask>," American Artist'' (v. 42, no. 436, November 1978, pp. 76–80, 122–124)

Notes

References

1916 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
Artists from Philadelphia
American women painters
American art educators
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery

masks:
Jane Piper
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title: Anatol Vieru

texts:
<mask> (; 8 June 1926 – 8 October 1998) was a Romanian-Jewish music theoretician, pedagogue, and composer. A pupil of Aram Khachaturian, he composed seven symphonies, eight string quartets, concertos, and chamber music. He also wrote three operas: Iona (1976), Praznicul Calicilor (1981), and Telegrame, Tema si Variatiuni (1983). He was awarded the Herder Prize in 1986. He was the father of pianist, writer, and mathematician <mask>. List of works

Dramatic
Iona (op, 1, after M. Sorescu and sketches by M.C. Escher), 1972–75, concert perf.Bucharest, 31 October 1976
Praznicul calicilor [The Feast of the Beggars] (op, after M. Sorbul), 1978–80, Berlin, 1991
Telegrame (mini-op, after I.L. Caragiale), 1983
Tema cu variatiuni [Theme and Variations] (mini-op, after Caragiale), 1983
Ultimele zile, ultimele ore [The Last Days, the Last Hours] (op, 3, after A.S. Pushkin: Motsart i Sal'yeri and M.A. Bulgakov: Poslednie dni [The Last Days]), 1990–95

Film scores
(names of dirs. in parentheses):
Când primavara e fierbinte [When Spring is Hot] (M. Saucan), 1960
Ciucurencu (E. Nussbaum), 1964
Procesul alb [The White Trial] (I. Mihu), 1965
Brâncusi la Târgu-Jiu [Brâncusi at Târgu-Jiu] (Nussbaum), 1966
Soarele negru [Black Sun] (S. Popovici), 1968
O suta de lei [100 Lei] (M. Saucan), 1972
Felix si Otilia [Felix and Otilia] (Mihu), 1974
Marele singuratic [The Great Lonesome] (Mihu), 1976
Intoarcera lui Voda Lapusneanu [Lapusneanu's Return] (M. Ursianu), 1979

Orchestral
Symphonies:
no.1 'Oda tacerii' [Ode to Silence], 1967
no.2, 1973
no.3 'La un cutremur' [Earthquake Sym. ), 1949
 Miorita [The Ewe Lamb] (oratorio), 1957
 Cantata anilor lumina [Light Years Cant.] O that you were a Brother to Me, 8vv, 1987
 III. Siehe, du bist schön, Mez, a sax, 1985
 IV.cello, percussion (1977)
 Narration, organ, 1973
 Piano Sonata, 1976
 Pelinarium, synthesizer, 1986
 Dar I [Gift], flute, 1988
 Dar II, cello, 1989
 Design-Dasein, flute+a flute+piccolo, 1993
 Piano Sonata, 1994
 Ritmuri [Rhythms], piano, 1994
 Adio, piano, 1996
 Eppur si muove, flute, 1996
 Sandu, piano, 1996
 Schöntok, piano, 1996
 Capriccio, violin, 1997
 Voeu, piano, 1997

References

1926 births
1998 deaths
Romanian classical composers
Romanian opera composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish opera composers
Jewish musicologists
Romanian Jews
Music theorists
20th-century classical composers
Male classical composers
Male opera composers
Herder Prize recipients
20th-century musicologists
20th-century male musicians

masks:
Anatol Vieru
Andrei Vieru


title: Hans Joachim Marx

texts:
<mask> (born 16 December 1935) is a German music historian. He has been professor of European music history at the University of Hamburg. Life
Born in Leipzig, <mask> first studied music at the Academy of Music in Leipzig. In 1956 he escaped from East Germany to Freiburg im Breisgau in West Germany. After 1958 he studied musicology, German literature and philosophy at the Universities of Freiburg and Basel. In 1966 he obtained his doctorate in Basel under Arnold Schmitz with a dissertation on "The Organ Tablature of Clemens Hör". In the following years, sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation, he spent time researching and compiling sources for a complete edition of the works of Arcangelo Corelli.In 1966–1967 he was a lecturer at the University of Zurich, and from 1968 to 1972 he was assistant to Günther Massenkeil in Bonn. In the summer of 1972 he received his habilitation in musicology: in 1973 he became professor of European music history at the University of Hamburg where he remained until his retirement in 2001. <mask>'s main areas of research have been on Renaissance instrumental music and Baroque music, in particular the works of George Frideric Handel to which he has many contributions. He is co-editor of the work editions of Corelli, Hasse and Handel, editor of the Göttinger Händel-Beiträge, which he founded in 1984, and of the six-volume Händel-Handbook (2008-2012). He is also co-editor of various musicological series (among others Abhandlungen zur Musikgeschichte, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kirchenmusik, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn) and the Hamburger Mendelssohn-Vorträge, Verlag Christians, Hamburg. <mask> is a corresponding member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, full emeritus member of the Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg and Member of the Institute of Advanced Musical Studies of King's College London. Between 2004 and 2014 he was chairman of the board of the Göttingen International Handel Festival Foundation.Since 2001 he has been an honorary member of the Göttingen Händel-Gesellschaft. Further reading
 Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag: Critica musica. Studien zum 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, ed. by Nicole Ristow, Wolfgang Sandberger and Dorothea Schröder, Stuttgart/Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler, 2001.The publication, honouring <mask>'s 65th birthday, also lists all of his scientific publications prior to 2001. Publications since 2001

Monographs
 Händel und seine Zeitgenossen. Eine biographische Enzyklopädie, 2 parts volume (Das Händel-Handbuch vol. 1), Laaber 2008
 Händel und die geistliche Musik des Barockzeitalters. Eine Aufsatzsammlung, Laaber 2013
 Die G. F. Händel zugeschriebenen Kompositionen, 1700-1800 / The compositions attributed to G. F. Handel, 1700-1800. (HWV Anh. B), with Steffen Voss, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York 2016

Articles
 A newly discovered Gloria by Handel, in Early music 29 (2001), 342–352 (auf Deutsch in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 9 (2002), 37–53, auf Japanisch in Ongakugaku.Journal of the Musicological Society of Japan 47 (2001), 127–139)
 Bemerkungen zu szenischen Aufführungen barocker Oratorien und Serenaten, in Basler Jahrbuch für Historische Musikpraxis 23 (2001), 133–150
 Die Händel zugeschriebenen Kompositionen in den thematischen Katalogen von Breitkopf (1762-1768), mit Steffen Voss, in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 9 (2002), 149–160
 Das Händelbild Chrysanders, in the Händel-Jahrbuch 48 (2002), 35–44
 Unbekannte Basler Tabulaturfragmente aus dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert, in U. Konrad, J. Heidrich, H. J<mask> (ed. ), Musikalische Quellen – Quellen der Musik. Festschrift für Martin Staehelin zum 65. Geburtstag, Göttingen 2002, 37–50
 Geschichte einer ungewöhnlichen Komposition: Georg Friedrich Händels Masque Acis and Galatea, in: H. Krellmann (ed. )., Der moderne Komponist baut auf der Wahrheit. Opern des Barock von Monteverdi bis Mozart, Stuttgart/Weimar 2003, 87–95
 Unbekannte Lantaten von Händel, A. Scarlatti, Fago und Grillo in einer neapolitanischen Handschrift von 1710, mit Steffen Voss, in B. M. Antonlini et al.(ed. ), Et facciam dolci canti. Studi in onore di Agostino Ziino in occassione del suo 65° compleanno, Lucca 2003, 797–806
 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy und England, in: H. J<mask> (ed. ), Hamburger Mendelssohn-Vorträge, Hamburg 2003, 81–98
 Eine neue Quelle zu Händels Oper 'Rodrigo' , mit Steffen Voss, in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 10 (2004), 67–80
 Bericht über das Gesprächskonzert: Finderglück. eine neue Kantate von J. S. Bach? von G. F. Händel? - Meine Seele soll Gott loben (BWV 223), in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 10 (2004), 179–204
 Festinszenierungen römischer Oratorien und Serenaten im Barockzeitalter, in Analecta musicologica 33 (2004), 335–372
 Die Händel zugeschriebenen Kompositionen I (Arien und Lieder HWV Anh.B 001-032). With Steffen Voss, in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 11 (2006), 95–124. Händels Lehrjahre an der Gänsemarkt-Oper in Hamburg unter Reinhard Keiser (1703-1705), in Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Händel-Akademie Karlsruhe 8 (2006), 343–359 (auf Englisch in R. G. King (ed. ), Handel Studies. A Gedenkschrift for Howard Serwer [Festschrift Series 22], Hillsdale, NY, 2009, 25–45)
 Zur Überlieferung der Te Deum-Kompositionen von Johann Adolf Hasse, in R. Wiesend (ed. ), Johann Adolf Hasse in seiner Zeit. Stuttgart 2006, 251–259
 Johannes Brahms im Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Chrysander, in W. Sandberger et al.(ed. ), Musik und Musikforschung. Johannes Brahms im Dialog mit der Geschichte, Kassel 2007, 221–274
 Zur Einführung in das Symposium 'Händel in der Wiener Klassik' , in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 12 (2008), 51–55
 Die Händel zugeschriebenen Komposition II (Duette und Solo-Kantaten HWV Anh. B 101-134), mit Steffen Voss, in: Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 12 (2008), 123–162
 Händel als Briefschreiber, in Die Musikforschung 62 (2009), 111–127
 Annäherung an Händel, in Die Tonkunst 3 (2009), 329–338
 Händels Religiosität im Kontext der europäischen Konfessionen, in Händel-Jahrbuch 56 (2010), 79–99
 Die Händel zugeschriebenen Kompositionen III (Oratorische Werke und Kirchenmusik, HWV Anh. B 201-219), in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 13 (2010), 165–192
 Händels lateinische Motette ‚Silete venti‘ (HWV 242)- ein Auftragswerk für Paris?, in: A. Beer et al. (ed.), Festschrift Hellmut Federhofer zum 100. Geburtstag, Tutzing 2011, 267–280
 Concerti a due cori (HWV 332-335), in S. Rampe (ed. ), Händels Instrumentalmusik (Das Händel-Handbuch 5), Laaber 2011, 486–496
 Die Händel zugeschriebenen Kompositionen IV (Orchesterwerke HWV Anh. B 301-368),wth Steffen Voss, in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 14 (2012), 167–213
 ‚Ein begeisterter Kreis von Künstlern und Kunstfreunden‘ - Achtzig Jahre Göttinger Händel-Gesellschaft, in Programmbuch der Göttinger Händel-Festspiele 2013
 Die Musik am Hof von Georg III. (1761-1820), in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 15 (2014), 119–143
 A love of music distraction…. Musik im Leben der englischen Königin Charlotte (1744-1818), in Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 71 (2014), 1–20
 … ein jüngerer Gelehrter von Rang. Leo Schrades frühe Jahre bis zur Emigration in die USA (1938), in Die Musikforschung 67 (2014), 251–269
 Zum Gedenken an Günther Massenkeil (1926-2014), in Die Musikforschung 68 (2015), 122
 Altes im neuen Werk.Leo Schrades Diskurs mit Paul Hindemith, in Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 72 (2015), 146–157
 Zur Echtheit des Händel-Porträts von Christoph Platzer (um 1710), in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 17 (2016), 97–109

Editions
 Händel. Gloria HWV deest. Urtext der Hallischen Händel-ausgabe (Vorabdruck), Kassel 2001
 New Mattheson studies mit George Buelow, Cambridge University Press, 2. Aufl. 2006
 An International Handel Bibliography / Internationale Händel-Bibliographie (1959-2009), Göttingen 2009
 Georg Friedrich Händel. Dixit Doiminus (Psalm 109) HWV 232. Neuausgabe (Hallische Händel-Ausgabe III,1), Kassel 2012
 Bibliographie der Internationalen Händel-Literatur in Göttinger Händel-Beiträge 9 (2002)ff.Lexikon articles
Several articles in:
 Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. General Encyclopedia of Music, founded by Friedrich Blume. Second, revised edition edited by Ludwig Finscher, Kassel, personalities part vol. 6, 2001 [Matteo Fornari], vol. 8, 2002 [Georg Friedrich Händel] and vol. 14, 2005 Arnold Schmitz
 Das Händel-Lexikon, edited by <mask> <mask> in cooperation with Manuel Gervink and Steffen Voss (Das Händel-Handbuch 6), Laaber 2011 [several articles on Handel researchers, patrons, members of the English royal family, Handel places and singers, correspondence, family and relatives, Halleluja (Alleluja), Handel's personality and travels]

References

External links

German musicologists
20th-century musicologists
University of Hamburg faculty
German music historians
1935 births
Living people
Writers from Leipzig

masks:
Hans Joachim Marx
Marx
Marx
Marx
Marx
. Marx
. Marx
Hans Joachim
Marx


title: Esther Orozco

texts:
<mask> (born 25 April 1945) is a Mexican biologist, researcher and politician. She has received the UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal (1997), the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science (2006) served as rector of the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM) and has run for governor of Chihuahua representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). <mask> received a bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the Autonomous University of Chihuahua and both a master's degree and a doctorate's degree in cell biology from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav). She has worked at the Institute of Experimental Pathology of the same institution, co-founded of the Center for Scientific Research and Applied Technology and, from December 2006 to April 2010, served as director of the Institute for Science and Technology of Mexico City. As a visiting scholar, she has lectured at Harvard University and the Weizmann Institute of Science. Politically she is affiliated with the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution, for which she ran unsuccessfully for governor of Chihuahua in 1998. She is also a prominent pro-choice activist in the Mexican capital.Biography

Studies
<mask> is a Normalist and Chemistry Teacher graduated from the Autonomous University of Chihuahua. She has a PhD in Cell Biology from the National Polytechnic Institute and her main works have focused on the biology of amoebae. Currently, the existence of her bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees is being investigated. Research lines

 Molecular biology of the virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica
 Biology and molecular genetics of multidrug resistance in E. histolytica
 Organization of the amebic genome

Member of the Institute of Experimental Pathology of the Center for Research and Advanced Studies and founder of the Center for Research in Applied Science and Technology, both of the National Polytechnic Institute , where she is a researcher and professor. She is the founder of the Genomic Sciences Program of the Autonomous University of Mexico City, and was a member of the Advisory Council of this same institution. Political and administrative positions

In the 1998 elections, she was a candidate for Governor of Chihuahua for the Party of the Democratic Revolution. On December 4, 2006, she was appointed director of the recently created Institute of Science and Technology of the Federal District by the head of government Marcelo Ebrard.Orozco served as rector of the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM) from 21 April 2010 to 13 March 2013, when she was ousted by 25 dissenting members of the administrative board; a group that consisted of nine students representatives, fifteen academics and a member of the staff. According to the Associated Press, during her rectorate she had tried to reduce the inefficiencies and low graduation rate of the university, as only a few dozen of its nearly 15,000 students had actually graduated since the institution was founded eleven years before, 52% had a grade average lower than 2.5 out of a 10-point scale and academics routinely prevented external evaluation. However, her proposals were resisted by members of the staff and student community, who claimed that a previous election for the university's administrative board was rigged and accused her of corruption and financial mismanagement. After months of protests, and despite her ratification by 28 members of the board, dissenting members appointed Marxist philosopher Enrique Dussel as substitute; a measure supported days later by the Executive, the Legislative Assembly and Human Rights Commission of Mexico City through a jointly signed letter. March of the Torches against the rector <mask>zco
The 20 of February 2013 the third University Council of the Autonomous University of Mexico City, the highest governing body of the institution decided to remove it from the post of rector for contempt of maximum internal authority of the UACM, besides having against lawsuits for usurpation of functions. Selected publications

 Debnath, A., Parsonage, D., Andrade, R. M., He, C., Cobo, E. R., Hirata, K., Chen, S., García-Rivera, G., Orozco, E., Martínez, M. B., Gunatilleke, S. S., Barrios, A. M., Arkin, M. R., Poole, L. B., McKerrow, J. H., & Reed, S. L. (2012). A high-throughput drug screen for Entamoeba histolytica identifies a new lead and target.Nature medicine, 18(6), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2758
 <mask>, E., Guarneros, G., Martinez-Palomo, A., Sanchez, T. (1983). Entamoeba histolytica. Phagocytosis as a virulence factor. J Exp Med, 158(5), 1511-1521. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.158.5.1511
 Garcia‐Rivera, G., Rodriguez, M. A., Ocadiz, R., Martinez‐Lopez, M. C., Arroyo, R., Gonzalez‐Robles, A., <mask>, E. (1999). Entamoeba histolytica: a novel cysteine protease and an adhesin form the 112kDa surface protein. Molecular Microbiology, 33(3), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01500.x
 Keene, W. E., Hidalgo, M. E., <mask>, E., McKerrow, J. H. (1990).Entamoeba histolytica: Correlation of the cytopathic effect of virulent trophozoites with secretion of a cysteine proteinase. Experimental Parasitology, 71(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(90)90022-5
 Arroyo, R., Orozco, E. (1987). Localization and identification of an Entamoeba histolytica adhesin. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 23(2), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(87)90150-2

Awards

 Miguel Otero National Award from the Ministry of Health ( 1985 ). Louis Pasteur Medal from UNESCO and the Pasteur Institute . ( 1998 )
 "Woman of the Year 2004" award in the health area granted by the Master Card corporation and Glamor magazine . (2004)
 UNESCO and L'Oreal "Women in Science" Prize ( 2006 ).References

External links
Profile at the Cinvestav (in Spanish)

1945 births
Living people
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
21st-century women scientists
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences
Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni
Women biologists
Mexican women chemists
Mexican biochemists
Mexican abortion-rights activists
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
Instituto Politécnico Nacional faculty
Instituto Politécnico Nacional alumni
People from Chihuahua (state)
Mexican women scientists
Cell biologists
21st-century Mexican scientists
20th-century Mexican scientists

masks:
María Esther Orozco Orozco
Orozco
Esther Oroco
Esther Oro
Orozco
Orozco
Orozco


title: Bayezid II

texts:
<mask> (, December 1447 – 26 May 1512, Turkish: <mask>. <mask>) was the eldest son and successor of <mask>, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, <mask> II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son, Selim I. He evacuated Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree, and resettled them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica. Early life
<mask> II was the son of <mask> (1432–1481) and Gülbahar Hatun. There are sources that claim that <mask> was the son of Mükrime Hatun. This would make Ayşe Hatun a first cousin of <mask> II.However, the marriage of Mükrime Hatun took place two years after <mask> was born and the whole arrangement was not to Mehmed's liking. Gülbahar Hatun is generally accepted as the real mother of <mask> II. Born in Demotika, <mask> II was educated in Amasya and later served there as a bey for 27 years. In 1473, he fought in the Battle of Otlukbeli against the Aq Qoyunlu. <mask> II married Gülbahar Hatun, who was the mother of <mask> II's successor, Selim I and nephew of Sittişah Hatun. Fight for the throne

<mask> II's overriding concern was the quarrel with his brother Cem Sultan, who claimed the throne and sought military backing from the Mamluks in Egypt. Having been defeated by his brother's armies, Cem sought protection from the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope <mask> (1484–1492). The Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but as the papal crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem died in Naples. Reign
<mask> II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, <mask> II was a patron of western and eastern culture. Unlike many other sultans, he worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of "the Just". Throughout his reign, <mask> II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean. The last of these wars ended in 1501 with <mask> II in control of the whole Peloponnese.Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of <mask> II's reign and were often backed by the shah of Persia, Ismail I, who was eager to promote Shi'ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state. Ottoman authority in Anatolia was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point <mask> II's vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha, was killed in battle against the Şahkulu rebellion. Jewish and Muslim immigration

In July 1492, the new state of Spain expelled its Jewish and Muslim populations as part of the Spanish Inquisition. <mask> II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. He sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed. He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and become Ottoman citizens. He ridiculed the conduct of <mask> of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects."You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler," he said to his courtiers, "he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine!" <mask> addressed a firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception. He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali, who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution. The Muslims and Jews of al-Andalus contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first printing press in Constantinople (now Istanbul) was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493.It is reported that under <mask>'s reign, Jews enjoyed a period of cultural flourishing, with the presence of such scholars as the Talmudist and scientist Mordecai Comtino; astronomer and poet Solomon ben Elijah Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab; Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar. Succession

During <mask> II's final years, on 14 September 1509, Constantinople was devastated by an earthquake, and a succession battle developed between his sons Selim and Ahmet. Ahmet unexpectedly captured Karaman, and began marching to Constantinople to exploit his triumph. Fearing for his safety, Selim staged a revolt in Thrace but was defeated by Bayezid and forced to flee back to the Crimean peninsula. <mask> II developed fears that Ahmet might in turn kill him to gain the throne, so he refused to allow his son to enter Constantinople. When Selim returned from Crimea and, with support from the Janissaries, he forced his father to abdicate the throne on 25 April 1512. <mask> departed for retirement in his native Dimetoka, but he died on 26 May 1512 at Havsa, before reaching his destination and only a month after his abdication.He was buried next to the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul. Legacy

Bayezid was praised in a ghazal of Abdürrezzak Bahşı, a scribe who came to Constantinople from Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century that worked at the courts of Mehmed <mask> and <mask> II, and wrote in Chagatai with the Old Uyghur alphabet:

<mask> II ordered al-ʿAtufi, the librarian of Topkapı Palace, to prepare a register. The library's diverse holdings reflect a cosmopolitanism that was encyclopaedic in scope. <mask> <mask> and his struggle with his son Selim is a prominent subplot in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations. In the game, due to <mask>'s absence from Constantinople, the Byzantines had the opportunity to sneak back into the city, hoping to revive their fallen empire. Near the end of the game, <mask> surrendered the throne to his son Selim. However, <mask> does not make an actual appearance.<mask> II, prior to becoming Sultan, is depicted by Akin Gazi in the Starz series Da Vinci's Demons. He seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV (having been manipulated into believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is a possibility), only to be ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, actions which later serve as a pretext for the Ottoman invasion of Otranto. Sixtus assumes that <mask> has been overlooked in favor of his brother Cem. References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

1447 births
1512 deaths
15th-century caliphs
15th-century Ottoman sultans
16th-century Ottoman sultans
Burials in Turkey
Monarchs who abdicated
Ottoman dynasty
People from Didymoteicho
Leaders ousted by a coup

masks:
Bayezid II
II
Bayezid
Mehmed II
Bayezid
Bayezid
Mehmed II
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
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Innocent VIII
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
Bayezid
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Ferdinand II
Bayezid
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II
Bayezid
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Sultan Bayezid
II
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title: Michael DeMond Davis

texts:
<mask> (January 1939 – November 13, 2003) was a Pulitzer prize-nominated journalist and a pioneer in African-American journalism, opening the doors for many African-American writers. In 1992, <mask> authored Black American Women in Olympic Track and Field and co-authored a Thurgood Marshall biography. Early life
Born in Washington, D.C., the son of John P<mask> and <mask>, Mike D<mask> grew up in the bosom of the dignified black middle class of Washington D.C. and New York City. His father, John P<mask> was a graduate of Harvard Law School and his mother was a graduate of Syracuse University. John P<mask> became prominent for his work with the Joint Committee on National Recovery and the founding of the National Negro Congress in 1935. He went on to found Our World magazine in 1946, a full-size, nationally-distributed magazine edited for African-American readers. He also published the American Negro Reference book, covering virtually every aspect of African-American life, present and past.<mask> was the grandson of Dr. William Henry <mask> and the Reverend Abraham Lincoln <mask>

In 1943, the first lawsuit challenging segregated schools in Washington, D.C., was brought in <mask><mask>'s name by his father, John P<mask>. The Washington Star was highly critical of an African-American lawyer legally challenging the District's Dual school system when the principal of Noyes School refused to admit <mask> at five years of age, stating that the District citizens had long accepted separate schools for blacks and whites and that the suit brought by John P<mask> would cause even deeper divisions in the nation's capital. The U.S. Congress, in response to John P<mask>'s suit, appropriated federal funds to construct the Lucy D. Slowe elementary school directly across the street from his Brookland home in the neighborhood of Washington, D.C. <mask> attended the Fieldston school in New York, New York. As a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, and a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), he worked closely with  Martin Luther King Jr., and was a leader of the student sit-in movement. He was arrested many times in Atlanta's bus stations and department stores. Journalism
Ralph McGill, publisher of the Atlanta Constitution, hired <mask> as the paper's first African-American reporter. McGill became his mentor and friend.<mask> went on to Vietnam as the Afro-American Newspapers war correspondent. During his 18 months in Vietnam, he reported on combat activities of black service people in the Afro's 13-state circulation area. When he returned home, he joined the Baltimore Sun. He was a staff member of the San Diego Union, where he covered Governor Jerry Brown, the now-defunct Washington Star, an editor of NBC television news in Washington, D.C., and a reporter for the Washington Times. His work has been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and he received several Front Page Awards from the American Newspaper Guild. The NAACP gave him an award for his coverage of Vietnam. Vietnam Foreign News Correspondent
From July to November 1967, <mask> published over 100 articles as the Vietnam War correspondent for the Baltimore Afro-American in the column called the "Vietnam Notebook".Selected articles

 "On the Battlefields of Vietnam, 'They couldn't care less what color you are," Baltimore Afro-American, July 22, 1967. "Major Brown Says: 'Your decisions have to be right," Baltimore Afro-American, August 5, 1967. "Wounded Veterans Describe Horror of Vietnam," Baltimore Afro-American, July 1, 1967. "In the Face of Death, They Laugh: Mud erases color in jungle Viet 'front,'" Baltimore Afro-American, October 7, 1967
 "Young talks of rights and peace," Baltimore Afro-American, September 16, 1967. "Wait until these GIs come home," Baltimore Afro-American, August 12, 1967. "The Other War," Baltimore Afro-American, November 5, 1967. "3 Dead, 50 Shot on S.C. Campus," Baltimore Afro-American, February 10, 1967."Memo From Vietnam: 'I'm a lot safer over here than in the states,'" Baltimore Afro-American, August 5, 1967. "Few Colored Officers in Command", Baltimore Afro-American, June 3, 1967. "<mask> to Tell AFRO Readers of the Role of Our Men in Vietnam", Baltimore Afro-American, June 24, 1967. "Your Decisions Have to Be Right," Baltimore Afro-American, August 4, 1967. "Vietnam Notebook", Baltimore Afro-American, August 5, 1967. "He Works With People in Vietnam", Baltimore Afro-American, September 9, 1967. "20 Minutes to Save three Lives", Baltimore Afro-American, October 14, 1967."We Walked into an Ambush," Baltimore Afro-American, August 12, 1967. "GIs shocked by U.S. Riots," Baltimore Afro-American, August 12, 1967. "Mud Erases Color in Jungle of Viet Front," Baltimore Afro-American, October 7, 1967. "Togetherness is Key as men of the 173rd Fight to Stay Alive," Baltimore Afro-American, November 11, 1967. "Wait Till These GIs Come Home," Baltimore Afro-American, August 12, 1967
 " <mask> tells forum Viet GIs expect rights," Baltimore Afro-American, February 3, 1968. References
Contemporary newspapers and journals:
 Baltimore Afro-American, 1966–69
 Ebony, 1967
 Jet, 1965

Books
 Carson, Clayborne, David J. Garrow, Gerlad Gill, Vincent Harding, and Darlene Clark Hine, eds, The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader: Documents, Speeches, and * Firsthand Accounts from the Black Freedom Struggle, New York: Penguin Books, 1991.<mask>, <mask>. Black American Women in Olympic Track and Field, McFarland, 1992. <mask> D., and Hunter R. Clark. Thurgood Marshall: Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1992. Farrar, Hayward. The Baltimore Afro-American: 1892-1950. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.Graham, Herman III. The Brother's Vietnam War: Black Power, Manhood, and the Military Experience. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. Hall, Simon. Peace and Freedom: The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. Jeffries, Hasan Kwame.Bloody Lowndes: Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama's Black Belt. New York: New York University Press, 2009. Raines, Howell. My Soul is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South. New York: Penguin Books, 1983. Sugrue, Thomas J. Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North.New York: Random House, 2008. Terry, Wallace. Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans. Random House: New York, 1984. Washington, James Melvin, ed. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986. Westheider, James.Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War. New York: New York University Press, 1997. Wyatt, Clarence. Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Broussard, Jinx. African American Foreign Correspondents: A History (Media and Public Affairs).Louisiana State University Press, June 2013. External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070914150814/http://www.johnpdaviscollection.org/

 John P. Davis Collection
 The Root. 1939 births
African-American writers
Morehouse College alumni
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American war correspondents
2003 deaths
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Michael DeMond Davis
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Marguerite DeMond Davis
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Mike Davis
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