title: Siti Nurhaliza

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 "Cinta Syurga" is a slow song with added elements of Islamic zikir. Both versions of the songs were commercially successful. "Comel Pipi Merah" and "Cinta Syurga" were later certified four times platinum and gold respectively.In late July, she revealed that she was chosen alongside Faizal Tahir as regular judges for the inaugural season of Big Stage, a singing competition for rising new Malaysian singers. Few days earlier, she was reported to be working on a new single that was written by Malaysian singer Hael Husaini for September 2018 release. On 21 September, she released "Anta Permana". A single with both modern and classical elements, "Anta Permana" was well-received and was certified 11 times platinum in less than a year of its release. On 28 September, her duet with Indonesian singer Judika "Kisah Ku Inginkan" from SimetriSiti won Best Collaboration (Artiste) from the 2018 Anugerah Planet Muzik in Singapore. She returned to Japan on 4 October to represent Malaysia at the second ASEAN-Japan Music Festival. This was also her second appearance for the music festival after representing Malaysia for the same event in 2013.She was listed in The 500 Most Influential Muslims for the fourth year running in the same month. In early December, she was named Most Streamed Local Artistes in Malaysia by Spofity for second year in a row. 2019 continued to be a busy year for Siti as she was involved with local and international solo concerts, expansion of her cosmetics business, and multiple releases of new songs. Her live appearance on Malaysian television shopping program Go Shop on 6 January as spokesperson for cookware company Vantage set a new sale record for the program. In only two hours, she managed to sell 22,000 units of her special edition cookware etched with her signature for RM369 per unit. In total, she sold RM8 million worth of the special edition cookware at a rate of RM67,000 per minute. Five days later, her name and her birthday hashtag were trending topics among Malaysian Twitter users during her 40th birthday on 11 January.She was also honored by multiple Malaysian radio stations as they organized various special programs and segments to celebrate her birthday. First announced in December 2018, she embarked on Dato' Sri Siti Nurhaliza On Tour to Indonesia on 21 February, Singapore on 2 March, and Malaysia on 16 March. Citing production cost of RM10 million, it is the most expensive concert by a Malaysian artist. Her last stop for the tour in Malaysia at Axiata Arena on 16 March was attended by 12,000 people. "Ikhlas", a special Eid al-Fitr single featuring Siti with Indonesian singer Nissa Sabyan and Singaporean singer Taufik Batisah was released on 31 May. A special collaboration between Apple Music and Universal Music Malaysia, it is the first of its kind where singers from three countries sing together an Eid al-Fitr song. On 10 July 2019, "Kasihku Selamanya", theme song to the romantic-horror film Dendam Pontianak was released.It only took Siti two hours to complete the recording of her vocals for the song. After almost 10 years in the Malaysian market, she returned to Indonesia to launch and promote Simplysiti on 8 August. In the same month, she reprised her role as a regular judge for the second season of Big Stage. In collaboration with Shopee Malaysia, she performed for Shopee X Simplysiti mini concert at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre on 14 September where more than 1,000 fans were in attendance. During the mini concert, she also launched her first health drink Beausiti. On 15 April 2020, <mask> <mask> launched a fund to aid frontliners and people affected by the coronavirus outbreak in Malaysia. The initiative is called Dana PKP (Peduli, Kemanusiaan, Prihatin) Siti Nurhaliza [Siti Nurhaliza PKP (Care, Humanity, Concern) Fund].Siti said that the set goal will be increased and will go on as the Movement Control Order (MCO) is prolonged and different types of help will be given out. She is confident that everyone can help fight against the pandemic. The initiative is divided into three categories: Peduli (Care), Kemanusiaan (Humanity) and Prihatin (Concern). The fund is abbreviated as the Siti Nurhaliza PKP Fund. The Peduli (Care) category provides aid for facilities and equipment at hospitals that handle the pandemic. It also provides funds for the preparation of PPE, nose and mouth coverings, gloves and other equipment.Individuals and families who have lost their earnings including family members with disabilities or serious illness, will fall under the Kemanusiaan (Humanity) category. Last but not least is the Prihatin (Concern) category where for the month of Ramadan and Syawal, aid will be given to the underprivileged and charities.The newly launched fund has accumulated a jaw-dropping RM114,711 in just two weeks. In fact, Siti shared that the fund managed to raise RM78,625 in just five days and Siti's Live concert on YouTube, which aired live for almost two hours on April 18, managed to raise funds amounting to RM29,803. Siti Nurhaliza's 18th studio album, ManifestaSITI2020 was released on July 3, 2020. Originally planned to be released in April 2020, the album launching was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide quarantine to combatting the deadly coronavirus. ManifestaSITI2020 contains 11 tracks wherein 6 of them was released as singles earlier. The Malaysian music industry was revitalized when famed Malaysian music figure Dato <mask> <mask> released her latest album titled ManifestaSITI2020 on 3 July amidst the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO). Her album received positive feedback from local music listeners and received a warm response for both digital platforms and physical album sales.The legendary singer also successfully held an online interactive concert ‘Manifestival Siti Nurhaliza x HotKool’ on 21 July 2020. Thanks to inspiration from previous concerts that were held in Korea and Thailand, the interactive 360-degree concert via Zoom is the first of its kind in Malaysia which also made Dato <mask> <mask> the first artist to be involved in a large-scale online concert. Second pregnancy and recent development (2020–present)

On 1 December 2020, once again  The popular Malaysian singer took to Instagram on Tuesday to share the good news with her 7.9 million followers. In the post, which she wrote in Malay, Siti announced that she is four months pregnant. She included three black and white photos of herself cradling her baby bump. She later added that she underwent the same In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) procedure she did with her first child – daughter Siti Aafiyah. On the same day, Siti also announced her 2 new products which are Beautéssence & BeauNest which comes under BeauSiti X WonderLab collaboration via YouTube Live.Later on 12 December, that the bundle of joy will be a boy which she announce on Shopee 12.12 Birthday Sale and it may be the first time a Malaysian artiste is doing a gender reveal on a local e-commerce platform. Before this on 7 December, she was listed as the Forbes Asia's 100 Digital Stars Most Influential Asian Pacific Celebrities for her advocacy work during the Covid-19 pandemic alongside International Stars such as BLACKPINK, BTS, Jay Chou, Rich Brian, Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Angelababy, Jackson Wang, Lee Min-Ho, and more  Forbes Asia's inaugural 100 Digital Stars List highlights 100 singers, bands, and film and TV stars from across the Asia-Pacific region who have taken the digital world by storm. In 2020, Forbes Asia gives special focus to celebrities who, despite cancelled physical events and activities, managed to remain active and relevant, largely by using social media to interact with their fans, raise awareness and inspire optimism. Many also used their influence to help worthy causes, especially those with a Covid-19 focus. Before ending 2020, once again Dato'Sri <mask> <mask> made the Nusantara especially Malaysian proud of her. On 22 December, Adelaide Festival Centre announce that  and which adds another feather to her cap    and that makes <mask> <mask> won the public choice vote for her first-ever Australian concert at Adelaide Festival Centre's OzAsia Festival back in 2019. This also make Siti the first South East Asian & Malaysian to have her name chosen for immortalization at Adelaide's Festival Center Walk of Fame.11 January 2021, <mask> who is a mother of 1 and 2 soon also with extraordinary success, <mask> <mask> shares  getting her second child. The whole Vlog caught the attention of viewers as it shows the procedures that Siti underwent and the main highlight is that, She revealed that the Embryo was actually frozen for almost 3 years. Siti commented when asked by press " Due to this IVF process, when making the stages of the embryo, this baby boy is actually Aafiyah's twin. Happens on the same day at the same time." Siti added that her doctor; Dato’ Dr Colin Lee Soon Soo advised at the time was not to perform the procedure at the same time. Hence they proceed to insert one only which is <mask> Aafiyah in the second half of 2017 and another one in the second half of 2020. On 18 March, in conjunction with <mask> Aafiyah's third birthday (19 March), Siti, alongside Siti Nurhaliza Productions (M) Sdn.Bhd, Universal Music Malaysia, BeauSiti, Wonder Lab & Cuckoo held an event called 2 Legacy.During that event, not only to have an early birthday celebration for her daughter but also a few important announcements which are

releasing her first single called Klasik Siti (1) / Buai Laju-Laju/Tepuk Amai-Amai/Suriram/Bunga Matahari,

Official Launch of BeauSiti X WonderLab — Aafiyah Nutri-Jelly Drink from BeauKids which is also taking Siti Aafiyah as the product face,

Cuckoo Brand Ambassador for the second year. At the event also, Siti also received various awards from Universal Music Malaysia, which included a Gold Award for her SimetriSiti album, an 11X Platinum Award (for Anta Permana single), a 4X Platinum Award (Comel Pipi Merah single), a 1X Gold Award (Cinta Syurga single) and a 2x Platinum Digital Award (Aku Bidadari Syurgamu single). Earlier this month, Siti also launched an exclusive new line of cookware called Vantage Siti Series 2021 and Siti Nurhaliza Special Edition Dinner Set under Siti Collection as Vantage Brand Ambassador. On 1 April 2021, Siti Nurhaliza celebrated her 25th anniversary in the music industry with the hashtag JubliSITI25 with the tagline 25 Years of Siti Nurhaliza  The 42-year-old artiste, who has released 29 albums in her 25 years as a singer, Siti launched a new album that feature children's songs, befitting her little one's arrival. Titled  the album features seven tracks with two additional lullabies. Six of the songs are traditional children's songs which have been re-arranged and will have slightly different lyrics. Among them are Bintang Kecil, Burung Kakak Tua, Buai Laju-Laju, Tepuk Amai-Amai, and Suriram.Some will be turned into medley numbers. Another track, Anakku Sayangku, has been adapted from Tan Sri P. Ramlee's popular tune, Anakku Sazali and the album also include two songs composed by Siti herself for her children;  for Siti Aafiyah [2018] & .Anaknda by Dato'Sri <mask> Nurhaliza for Muhammad Afwa [2021]. Siti recorded the album over three days in early March 2021 with her pregnancy entering 8 month. Later on 3 April, Siti who is now have multiple companies which are Siti Nurhaliza Production (M) Sdn. Bhd, Siti Nurhaliza Marketing Sdn Bhd, Siti Nurhaliza Collections Sdn Bhd, SN Mobile Digital Sdn.Bhd, Siti Sound Sdn Bhd, Simply SS Trading Sdn Bhd [SimplySiti], Creación By Siti Nurhaliza, BeauTyra, BeauSiti, BeauNest, BeauKids & CTDK Holdings Sdn Bhd and her own foundation called Yayasan NurJiwa [NurJiwa Foundation], Siti launches her own hijab label called AFIYA by Siti Nurhaliza with the collaboration with famous Malaysian Fashion Designer Dato' Jovian Mandagie. She said that The Afiya label pays tribute to her first-born child, who she says radiates positivity, intelligence, elegance and above all. Siti later added that the label is said to be like a "fairy tale come to life" and a "dream come true" for Siti Nurhaliza.Not only collaborating on hijab label, Siti & Jovian alongside her make-up line SimplySiti launched a Jovian 3-Ply Disposable Mask CTDK Edition the day before she launches her hijab label which are high quality, eco-friendly & with a lot of other benefits. Before Siti put her full focus on her second child, on 7 April 2021 Siti launch of a limited edition gold wafer to mark her auspicious silver jubilee anniversary. which is a collaboration between CTDK Holdings Sdn Bhd, Simply SS Trading Sdn Bhd [SimplySiti], Siti Nurhaliza Production (M) Sdn. Bhd and Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation (YaPEIM) at the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia. Later on 19 April,  through caesarean section which she announced via her Official Instagram. On 26 April,  as Muhammad Afwa officially which means Forgiving  during aqiqah and tahnik ceremonies at her home. On 29 May 2021, Siti Nurhaliza along with NurJiwa Foundation & CTDK Holdings announce the launch of NurJiwa Foundation & CTDK Holdings:Palestine and Covid-19 Special Aid Fund which is the continuation and continuing efforts of the Siti Nurhaliza PKP Fund last year and now with the new fund name for the latest special assistance namely the Palestine Special Assistance Fund and Covid-19.The initiative is divided into three categories:

 Palestine — Provides emergency aids, welfare aids, humanity aids and development assistance to the Palestinian. Covid-19 — Provides special assistance that includes survival assistance to the frontliners as well as victims or families of Covid-19 victims who are facing financial problems etc. Others — Provides other welfare assistance and current needs. Artistry

Voice
Musically classified as a lyric soprano, she's one of Malaysia's best singers for winning 13 times the award for the "Best Vocal Performance in an Album/Single" from Anugerah Industri Muzik, Malaysia's equivalent of Grammy Awards. Adjie Esa Poetra, an Indonesian vocal instructor described her voice as "She is very careful and never fails in the tone production and she's able to produce the most artistic and beautiful tone as possible.... In any songs, she can sing it with ease but powerful other than possessing more than four-octave vocal range." M.Nasir, music critic and music composer has praised Siti's voice as saying, "When we talk about her, she is the voice...Give her any songs, she can deliver it very well and it is not a problem to find a suitable song for her."He further praised Siti for her brave efforts to experiment her voice melisma with new musics or songs. One of her trickiest songs to perform is Kurniaan Dalam Samaran, a Japanese enka-influenced song where it requires her play of transition of alto to soprano vocal tones and she rarely performed it live. However, at her recent SATU concert, she performed it live, where it received appraisals from critics and fans where one of the reviewers cited her live rendition as, "The Japanese-flavoured song required her to switch from her natural voice to falsetto in a hair-raising cadenza somewhere in the absurdly high range most women vocalists would cringe from. But she pulled it off effortlessly, sending shivers down my spine." Gareth Gates who has performed together with Siti during MTV Asia Awards 2004 when he was asked what does he think about Siti, he said, "She definitely has the looks and she certainly has the voice. If she continues to sing the way she does, she'll go really far." Lea Salonga, Filipino singer and actress who has done various theatrical work, including Miss Saigon and several Disney's movies has also expressed her praise and respect towards Siti's vocal ability during her concert in Malaysia in 2010 where she sang one of the songs made famous by Siti and 2 By 2, Tiga Malam during the closing ceremony of her concert.In 2011, another Filipino artist, Gary Valenciano during his visit in Malaysia has expressed her admiration of Siti's vocal ability. He commented, "Based on what I've been told by the local media, I believe the best Malay song and the best vocal I've ever heard has to be <mask> <mask>'s. If it was possible for me to meet her, I would definitely want to do a duet with her. If [I] were given a chance, I definitely want to compose a song for her, that is if she wishes." Sami Yusuf who requested for her to be featured in his album, Salaam has commented, "Siti is not only has a good voice, but also has an interesting personality. She is a real woman that Malaysia and ASEAN should be proud of." In 2013, an American singer, Kenny Babyface who did a duet with her during Sapurakencana Petroleum Malaysia Grand Prix Charity Gala 2013 has also repeatedly expressed his admiration towards Siti.He praised Siti for her "beautiful voice" and her great singing skills. Influences
Growing up as a child, most of her time, she would

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 perform traditional and classic Malay folk songs. However, she has been cited that her local idol and one of her greatest influences is Sudirman Arshad and also P. Ramlee whereas, her international idols would be Barbra Streisand, Celine Dion, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston. In 2008, during Céline Dion's Taking Chances Tour in Malaysia, Siti was given an opportunity to meet her idol, where she also had given Céline one of her solo albums, Hadiah Daripada Hati complete with her signature. Musical styles and themes
As a lyricist and record producer, most of her singles' lyrics revolve around the theme of love, although she has penned numbers of thematic single of spirituality and female empowerment. Several of her singles were written by her were targeted to a specific party – Biarlah Rahsia (Let It Be A Secret) was written with the allusion to the media who constantly investigate her private personal relationships and Cahaya Cinta (Light of Love) was written specially for her husband during her marriage in 2006. Born and raised in a traditional musically inclined family, she has recorded five ethnic pop oriented albums – four solo studio albums and one duet studio album with Noraniza Idris.She has been taught on how to sing traditional songs by her own mother who herself is a folk singer. She has been promoting this genre of music on almost each and every major concert of her like when she did at her concert at the Royal Albert Hall, medleys of Malay folk songs and traditional music songs. Public image

When she made her debut into the industry, she was often labelled as a penyanyi kampung (old-fashioned or conservative singer) for her modest attire and her refusal to take pictures with a man for a magazine cover, unless at a ceremony or at an award-accepting event. During her early years as a singer, she was criticised for refusing to wear daring clothes and her principle of not taking pictures with male artistes. She was quoted as saying: "As an artist, I do realize that there are many social responsibilities that I need to take care of. So, I opt to be moderate in everything, including in my sartorial matter." and "I want to show what my talent is, and my God-gifted vocal ability without relying [on the image] of being sexy.".Her debut in Indonesia in 1997 with modest, beautiful and talented personality has said to revolutionise Indonesian music industry which famous with Dangdut which before this promoted sensual and erotic elements through the performances, especially those by female artistes. Her modest image was the subject of appraisals and positive feedback even from the Islamic scholars from Malaysia and Indonesia. Since then, her popularity throughout the South East Asia music industry has remained strong, proven as she was voted as Most Popular Female Artiste ten times in a row and Regional Most Popular Artiste in 2011 in Anugerah Planet Muzik 2011, beating contenders from Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Her eastern image was also being cited as a good example for other artists to follow. In 2008, former State Minister for Youth and Sport Affairs of Indonesia, Adhyaksa Dault has advised Dewi Persik who is known for her open and sexy dancing movements to tone down her performances and follow the steps that <mask> <mask> has taken when venturing into the entertainment industry – "She's not over the top, she doesn't wear revealing clothes and doesn't dance sexily, but she's still able to be locally and internationally recognized". She has been cited as an idol and as an inspiration by many Malaysian and non-Malaysian artists like Malaysia's Aizat Amdan, Misha Omar, Nicholas Teo, Soo Wincci, Singaporean Idol finalist, Maia Lee, Indonesian pop group vocalist, Sunu, from Matta, Judika and many others. In 2007, her image likeness was used as part of the promotion by Malaysian Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia Windows Live Agent – Siti to attract more visitors from Japan.The cartoon is used in the Windows Live Messenger (formerly known as MSN Messenger) where it will provide information on attractive tourist destinations in Malaysia. In January 2011, Siti was proposed as the cultural ambassador for Malay community by the Association of Malaysian and Indonesian Journalists (ISWAMI), based on both countries' communities acceptance of Siti's personality. ISWAMI chief believed that Siti may help ease strained relations should there be a crisis between Malaysia and Indonesia. Personal achievements

Awards and accolades

Collaborations
Siti has collaborated with many renowned Asian artists such as Hans Anwar and Lo'Ryder (Brunei), Preap Sovath (Cambodia), AB Three, Agnes Monica, Chrisye, Dewa 19, Gita Gutawa, Harvey Malaiholo, Krisdayanti, Marcell, Melly Goeslaw, Nissa Sabyan, Padi, Peterpan, Rossa, Sahrul Gunawan, Titi DJ and Yana Julio (Indonesia), Hiroshi Takano, Chika Yuri, Hideki Kurosawa INSPi, Leonard Eto, The Boom, You Hitoto (Japan), Alexandra (Laos), Lay Phyu and Iron Cross (Myanmar), Jolina Magdangal and Kuh Ledesma (Philippines), Francesca Peter, Sun Ho, Tanya Chua, Taufik Batisah (Singapore), Lee Hom Wang (Taiwan), Briohny, Palmy (Thailand), Lam Trường (Vietnam). In addition, Siti had also collaborated with Gareth Gates (UK), during MTV Asia Awards 2004. One of Thailand most sought after singers, Tata Young has also expressed her interest in collaborating with Siti and has praised Siti as "Asia's Mariah Carey" for her outstanding performances. From 2011 and 2012, she has recorded songs with Sean Kingston, Christian Alexanda from Australia and Sami Yusuf from Britain.She also has performed with Donnie Radford of The Platters on 30 November 2012 for a charity event in support of Breast Cancer awareness. International covers
Throughout her career, <mask> <mask>'s songs have been covered by other artists, including her first Malay traditional single, Cindai which was re-recorded in Chinese version by Chien Bai Hui, a Chinese singer, with also re-recorded Bukan Cinta Biasa and Tirai Semalam in Chinese version. Also, her first hit song in Indonesia, Aku Cinta Padamu was known as I Wonder when it was covered by North, an Australian boy band in their second album, Straight Up. This song also re-recorded in Chinese and Bahasa version by Lin, an Indonesian singer. Her song Cinta Tak Berganti from Prasasti Seni also re-recorded by the Dutch band After Touch. In popular culture
In Music
 Datuk M. Daud Kilau's Anak Seni
 KRU's Empat Syarat

International performances
By far, she has been thrice to be invited to perform at the MTV Asia Awards, which are in 2003, where she sang her debut, Bukan Cinta Biasa, in 2004 where she performed together with Gareth Gates and her 2005 solo performance with Seindah Biasa, one of her singles from her tenth solo album, Prasasti Seni. However, one of her earliest performances at an international stage is during the closing ceremony of 1998 Commonwealth Games where it was watched by more than 70 countries when she was only 19.1999 was the year of her debut at the 'Shanghai Music Festival 1999' in China and the 'South Pacific International Song and Singing Competition 1999', where she garnered a 'Gold Award' and 'Best Female Vocal Performance' respectively. She also has performed in Australia, Brunei, China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and United Kingdom. In March 2000, her first concert ever outside the Malaysian market in Singapore at Harbour Pavilion managed to outsold Mariah Carey's Rainbow World Tour which was scheduled five days earlier even though the most expensive tickets price was much higher than Carey's. In May 2006, she was offered to perform together with Indian Bollywood star, Shah Rukh Khan in front of 300 Bollywood artists and guests along with 2.6 billion television viewers where she will be performing at second Global Indian Film Awards 2006 in Kuala Lumpur. However, the offer later was cancelled by Siti due to her commitment with other projects after informing the organizers beforehand. Wealth
Siti is known to be a formidable and successful and well-known businesswoman in Malaysia. She currently tops the list of the 'Richest Artistes' in Malaysia.She is also reported to worth more than US$19 Million [RM 84 Million] as of 2020, enabling her to be named as one of the millionaires in entertainment industry, especially in the South East Asia region. As one of the most prolific artists in Malaysia, she is said to be paid RM 70,000 (US$16,728) for a 30 minutes show and RM 110,000 (US$26,287) for an hour show in also about RM 90,000 (US$21,507) for 4 songs show in 2019/2020. Other ventures

Products and endorsements
With success in her singing career, Siti then got herself involved in business. She set up her own company – Siti Nurhaliza Productions (M) Sdn. Bhd. – with activities generally in the entertainment scene. She has four subsidiary companies, Siti Nurhaliza Collections Sdn.Bhd., Siti Nurhaliza Marketing Sdn. Bhd., Siti Sound Sdn. Bhd. and SN Mobile Digital Sdn. Bhd. She is also the president of her own cosmetic range company, Simply Siti Sdn. Bhd.Siti sells her own tea, Ctea, brand of Malaysian tea, from tea cultivated on the foothills of Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. This Ctea brand comes in two flavours, Geranium Special and Pandan. And now besides having her own products, she receives substantial income through commissions and royalties for her endorsements and as ambassador of products. She has been an ambassador and spokesperson for various international products – Jusco, Maxis, Maybelline, Minolta, Mitsubishi, Olay, Pantene, Pepsi, Samsung and TM Net. Philanthropy

Throughout her career, she has been involved in a number of charity-related event, including organising charity concerts, open houses and launching her own charity funds. In March 2004, she launched Tabung Prihatin Siti, making her the first Malaysian artist to have a charity fund after her namesake whose aim to raise at least RM 50 000 for children's education and medical treatment. In January 2005, Nurhaliza donated RM 35 000 (about United States dollar11,000) to three different organisations for the 2004 tsunami victims before her concert at the Royal Albert Hall in April of the same year.A year later in February, she donated RM 500 000 for the National Anti-Drug Campaign where she was also appointed as the ambassadress for the campaign. Six months later, she and her husband founded Yayasan Nurjiwa (Nurjiwa Foundation) where the foundation served as a platform for people to help those in need through charity concerts and dinner events where the money will be donated to the selected organisations. In 2009, she and her husband donated RM 1.5 million to build a new mosque in Tikam Batu, Kuala Muda where the land was given as a wakaf by both of them and Siti's mother-in-law where before this, her husband has also donated a sum of money to build two mosques in Kuala Lumpur and Pattani, Thailand which finally completed in February 2011 and officiated by Sultan of Kedah, Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah. In 2011, Siti and her husband gave out an undisclosed amount of Zakat (alms) to more than 200 elderly people, single mothers and disabled people in Tikam Batu as part of their tradition apart from providing them with sarong, batik and some "Duit Raya" (pocket money during Eid al-Fitr) for the children. Personal life

Relationship with Khalid Mohamad Jiwa

On 17 July 2006, after months of speculation by the media, Siti and her then-fiancé, Datuk Khalid made a press conference announcing that their wedding would be held on 21 August. Her plan to marry Datuk Khalid caused criticisms and uproar, since she was going to marry a 47-year-old divorcee with four sons where she was accused of causing his divorce. However, the issue was rebutted when Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (Selangor Islamic Council) verified that Datuk Khalid and his former wife, Tengku Zawyah Tengku Izham officially separated in February 2004, after 15 years of marriage.Some sources speculated that the total wedding cost was RM 12,888,888 (US$3,947,980 (adjusted to 2010 inflation)), however it was later denied by the couple and the wedding planner and stated that the total cost was roughly around RM 500,000. Her wedding dowry was revealed to cost at RM 22,222 and the hantaran (gifts from groom to bride and vice versa) cost around RM 30,000. The total sponsored items including Siti and spouse's jewelleries, dresses, etc., cost more than RM 9 million. Later, RM 1 million from the total price paid by TV3 to broadcast the whole ceremony was later donated to charity. The engagement ceremony was held at Masjid Wilayah Persekutuan (Federal Territory Mosque) on 21 August 2006. The ceremony was also televised live and gathered more than 2 million viewers. The first wedding reception was held on 28 August 2006, at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC).and was televised to 6.3 million viewers nationwide. The wedding also received coverage from Indonesia, where 10 Indonesian media representatives were there to capture the moment including Trans TV, SCTV and Jawa Pos. Photographed by celebrity photographer Kid Chan, it was a star-studded affair, with guests including royal families, VIPs, celebrities, close friends and family. Indonesian celebrities like Hetty Koes Endang and one of Siti's closest friends, Krisdayanti were given the opportunity to give a performance to the newlywed and guests. A second reception was held on 3 September 2006, in Siti's hometown of Kuala Lipis, Pahang where more than 10,000 people attended the ceremony including those from neighbouring countries. In the same year, the wedding charted as one of the 20 top celebrity weddings on Yahoo! Buzz.In 2011, her wedding was also listed in CNBC's "Asia's Most High-Profile Weddings", where her wedding was ranked in the top 5. On 13 June 2010, <mask> and her husband, Datuk Seri Khalid, was recognised by E! News Asia as the Third Most Powerful Celebrity Couple in Asia, behind Chinese entertainer couple, Simon Yam and wife, Qi Qi and Bollywood superstar couple, Aishwarya Rai and husband, Abhishek Bachchan. In December 2015, Siti suffered a miscarriage two months into her pregnancy prompting her to share her difficult fertility journey with the public. In October 2017 after seeking longterm treatment at an Alpha Fertility Centre, Siti announced via social media live that she was expecting her first child with Datuk Khalid. Their daughter was born on 19 March 2018 via caesarean section. The new parents said they chose Monday as the delivery date for their first child as it coincided with the Prophet Muhammad's birthday.They named their daughter Siti Aafiyah Khalid. On 1 December 2020, Siti announced she was 4 months pregnant via her social media. On 19 April 2021, Siti gave birth to her second child, a son. They named their son Muhammad Afwa Khalid. In December 2020, Siti as recipient for the homegrown Nona Superwoman Award, had mentioned that Khalid is the pusher in her success. Controversies
<mask> <mask> and her husband Datuk Seri Khalid Mohamad Jiwa were issued a RM10,000 compound each for violating the Covid-19 standard operating procedure (SOP) during the tahnik ceremony for their second child. Selangor police chief Comm Datuk Arjunaidi Mohamed said Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Religious Affairs) Datuk Dr Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri along with Ustaz Azhar Idrus, Ustaz Don Daniyal and Ustaz Iqbal were also issued with RM2,000 compounds each.It was reported that police had earlier detected an article from an online news portal on the dissatisfaction of people online over the tahnik ceremony which was held at the celebrities' residence at Bukit Antarabangsa here. 2

Video Albums
 1998: CT Best
 1999: CT Best 2
 2000: The Best of Siti Nurhaliza
 2001: CT Best 3
 2001: CT Best 4
 2003: CT Best 5
 2003: CT Best 6
 2003: CT Best 7
 2004: CT Best 8
 2008: 2 Diva (with Krisdayanti)
 2009: Puing-Puing Cinta Vol.1
 2009: Puing-Puing Cinta Vol.2

Art exhibition
 2014: SITI: An Iconic Exhibition of Dato' Siti Nurhaliza

Written works
Apart from singing and hosting, she also has written numbers of articles in several newspapers and magazine. See also
 Honorific nicknames in popular music
 Music of Malaysia
 Malaysian pop
 List of Malaysians
 List of Malays

References

External links

Siti Nurhaliza & SimplySiti Products Official Website

Siti Nurhaliza at Last.fm

1979 births
Living people
People from Pahang
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malay-language singers
English-language singers from Malaysia
Malaysian world music singers
Malaysian women pop singers
Malaysian pop rock singers
Malaysian rhythm and blues singers
Malaysian dance musicians
Malaysian television personalities
Malaysian television actresses
Malaysian film actresses
Malaysian socialites
Malaysian businesspeople
Malaysian women business executives
Malaysian women company founders
Universal Music Group artists
Sopranos
Companions of the Order of Loyalty to the

masks: Siti Nurhaliza Siti Nurhaliza Siti Siti Nurhaliza


title: George Augustus Westphal

texts:
Sir <mask> (26 July 1785 – 12 January 1875) was a Nova Scotian admiral in the Royal Navy who served in more than 100 actions. He was midshipman on HMS Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar. Early life

Westphal was born on 26 July 1785 in Nova Scotia, the son of <mask>l and older brother of Admiral Philip Westphal. He joined the Royal Navy aged 13 as a first class volunteer on board the Royal navy frigate  stationed in North America. Later he moved to serve on the home station and in the West Indies as a Masters mate and midshipman on  and . In March 1803 Westphal joined the 32 gun fifth rate frigate HMS Amphion as a midshipman whilst transporting Horatio Nelson to the Mediterranean to take command. Westphal was transferred to HMS Victory.Battle of Trafalgar

On 21 October 1805 Westphal was in the Battle of Trafalgar fighting on Nelson's flagship Victory. Westphal was shot in the head and taken to the sick bay, where he was laid near the injured Nelson. Westphal explained in an 1842 article in the United Service magazine:

Many years after the battle, the Admiralty asked Westphal to identify Nelson's coat after Prince Albert had bought it for the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. Westphal was able to authenticate it with his fragments. After Trafalgar
Westphal served as a midshipman on , the flagship of Lord Collingwood. Ocean was a 98-gun second-rate ship of the line commanded by Captain Frances Pender. Westphal went on to serve as a midshipman on , a 120-gun first-rate ship of the line and flagship of John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent.On 15 August 1806 Westphal was promoted to lieutenant on the sloop  in the West Indies. He was captured when the French privateer Alerte took , the merchant ship he was returning to England on, during which action he was again severely wounded while leading her resistance. However he escaped from prison in Guadeloupe and was picked up by an American ship. He returned to the West Indies as a lieutenant aboard , and later , ships under the command of Commodore Sir <mask>. He fought on land during the 1809 invasion of Martinique. After another period in home waters, he returned to West Indies where he served aboard HMS Chesapeake. On 11 (or 12) July 1813, Westphal, by then first lieutenant of , led a group of boats into Ocracoke Inlet during Rear Admiral Sir <mask>'s campaign against Portsmouth and Ocracoke Island in North Carolina.Their targets were two privateer schooners, Anaconda and Atlas, as well as a revenue cutter. As the British boats approached, the Americans opened fire. Westphal's division, attacked and captured both privateers. However, the revenue cutter escaped up the Neuse River to New Bern, where she gave warning of the British forces, permitting the preparation of defences that forestalled the Royal Navy from any further advance. Both privateers were condemned at Halifax and the British took them into service,  under her name, and Atlas as HMS St Lawrence. Westphal, newly promoted to commander with backdate to 8 July, commissioned Anaconda. The Anaconda was refitted at Halifax, and Westphal received a crew of 60 men, most of whom were the dregs of the fleet, offered by their captains when Admiral John Borlase Warren asked for drafts.Her first task was to escort a convoy of twelve merchant vessels from there to the West Indies. While doing so she fought off an attack by two large American privateers. One of the privateers surrendered after losing her jib-boom and fore-top-mast but then escaped when the Anaconda lost her own fore-top-mast chasing after the second privateer. Warren then transferred the Anaconda to the Jamaica station. In March 1814, the Anaconda was stationed off the Mississippi delta under the orders of Captain Clement Milward of . After their defeat at Fort Bowyer, the British turned their attention to an attack on New Orleans. In the run-up to battle, Captain Nicholas Lockyer captured an American flotilla, consisting primarily of five gunboats, in the Battle of Lake Borgne.Anaconda did not contribute her boats and crew to the battle, but evacuated the 77 men who had been wounded there. During Sir Alexander Cochrane's expedition against New Orleans in December, Cochrane ordered Westphal to lighten Anaconda and to get her into Lake Borgne. Westphal took Anaconda with great difficulty over shoals. Anaconda, gun-vessels, and hired craft then moved the advance guard up the bayou in preparation for the New Orleans. By forcing Anaconda over a bank five miles wide that was only eight feet under water, Westphal was able to get her into position 20 miles ahead of the other British warships where she could protect the boats bringing up supplies and troops. Captain Thomas Hardy of  wrote in a letter that Anacondas protection surely saved many of the boats from capture by the Americans. Westphal later landed with the greater part of Anaconda'''s crew, who then fought in the naval brigade under Captain Edward Troubridge.At the battle they helped man the batteries. In February 1815, Anaconda and the schooner Shelburne under Westphal's orders cruised off the Florida coast north of Havana.Anaconda was paid off in April 1815. She underwent a survey at Jamaica that found that she had sustained too much damage in the New Orleans campaign to merit retention in service. Anaconda was condemned and then sold on 5 May 1815. Westphal returned to Britain in July as a passenger aboard . Post-war
Westphal married Alicia Chambers in 1817. He was promoted to post-captain on 12 August 1819.In 1822 Westphal took command of HMS Jupiter, and in her took Lord Amherst to India to serve as governor general. Westphal was knighted on his return to England and served as flag captain to Sir <mask> in 1832 but was invalided out of active service in 1834. Retirement

Westphal retired to Hove in Sussex where he lived (1836–1875) until his death. On the retired list, he was promoted to rear admiral (17 August 1851), vice admiral (10 September 1857) and finally admiral (23 March 1863). When Westphal died on 12 January 1875, he was the last surviving Royal Navy officer to have fought at Trafalgar on board HMS Victory''. He had lived until the age of 90, some 70 years after seeing Nelson die. He was buried in the family vault at the St Andrew's Church, Church Road, Hove.Legacy
 Westphal, Nova Scotia
 Admiral Westphal Elementary School

See also

Military history of Nova Scotia

External links
  Plaque  - Admiral Sir <mask> Westphal served in over 100 actions and wounded at Trafalgar on HMS Victory lived here 1836-1875  by Hove Borough Council
  Gravesite of Admiral Sir <mask> Westphal
 House of Admiral Sir <mask> <mask>, Hove, England
 Image of Nelson's Jacket used to assist Westphal

References
Texts
  Biography of Westphal

 Weston, William (1550?-1615)	Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 60, Westphal, <mask> by John Knox Laughton. Nova Scotians - <mask> Westphal

Endnotes

Royal Navy admirals
Canadian knights
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1785 births
1875 deaths

masks:
George Augustus Alexander Westphal
George Westpha
George Cockburn
George Cockburn
George Cockburn
George Augustus
George Augustus
George Augustus
Westphal
George Augustus
George Augustus


title: James Omura

texts:
<mask> (November 17, 1912 – June 20, 1994) was the English language editor of the Rocky Shimpo newspaper in Denver, Colorado, during World War II. He was an outspoken critic of the expulsion of people of Japanese ancestry from the west coast of the United States to concentration camps, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Subsequently, he became a vocal champion of the Nisei draft resisters, providing a 'substantial anchor' to the work of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee by publishing their grievances in the Rocky Shimpo. At a time when the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) preached passive conformity with the federal government as the best policy, <mask> became the JACL's arch-enemy for counseling active resistance. Childhood
<mask> was born in Winslow, Bainbridge Island, in the state of Washington. He was one of six children born to father Tsurumatsu Matsumoto and mother Harue (née Higashi). When <mask> was six, his mother became ill and returned to Japan with the three youngest children.When the three older children were given the option of going to Japan with their mother, they chose to stay in the United States for fear they could never return. Current Life

<mask> was the editor and publisher of Current Life, based in San Francisco, CA, when he gave testimony before the Tolan Committee National Defense Migration Hearings before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration on February 23, 1942. <mask> founded Current Life in October 1940 with his own income. The objective of this magazine was to  present the Nisei fairly and justly, to counterbalance the propaganda of the Japanese newspapers and Japanese community. Tolan Committee

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the question of the loyalty of the Nisei to the United States had been a huge issue, culminating in the decision to incarcerate all persons of Japanese ancestry in American concentration camps. <mask> stated before the select committee of the 77th House of Representatives, that he was opposed to the mass incarceration of all American citizens of Japanese descent, based on inconclusive proof of their loyalty to the United States. Rocky Shimpo

On March 29, 1942, <mask> moved to Denver, Colorado during the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the west coast of the United States.Those who were unable to relocate were sent to hastily constructed 'Projects' known as War Relocation Centers (WRC) which served as way-stations for those who found residency elsewhere, but were concentration camps for the majority who could not find alternative accommodation. At this Denver newspaper, <mask> did yeoman service, by becoming the sole public voice of dissent for his community. Expulsion of the Japanese race from the west coast states

The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) became the de facto leadership for people of Japanese ancestry, when the natural leaders, the Issei (first generation Japanese) parents were taken into custody by the U.S. government. The Nisei (second generation, American citizens) took a stand in contradistinction to their Japanese non-citizen parents and conformed with the discriminatory policies of the leadership of the United States. <mask> published articles opposing this passive-aggressive stance of the JACL, for which he was singled-out as 'Public Enemy Number One of the JACL'. Nisei draft resisters

Hansen:  If you were to be asked to erect a hall of fame for Japanese Americans who, during the last fifty or sixty years, have made a mark that you can respect, who would be in that group for you? <mask>:  I admire the resisters a great deal, because of their courage and the firmness of their stand, and the fact they were willing to fight overwhelming odds, knowing that they had very little opportunity to win.Because I always admire people who pursued noble endeavors or resisted overwheling odds, and so did these people. This was wartime, conditions were all against them, but they had a belief in what they did. In fact, the only Nisei draft resistance case favorable to the defendants came out of the Tule Lake Segregation Center, in Northern California. Judge Louis Earl Goodman championed the 27 draft resisters of conscience and dismissed the case based on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution. Arrest

<mask> was arrested on July 20, 1944, for conspiracy to counsel draft evasion. Although a Wyoming grand jury indicted him, he was acquitted on November 1, 1944, on his first amendment right to free speech as a newspaperman. Judge T. Blake Kennedy confessed to defense attorney Sidney Jacobs that if the defendant had been convicted by the jury, he would have sustained it, even  though he would be reversed by a higher court.Exile

During World War II, Japanese community opinion sided with the critical stand the Rocky Shimpo took toward the forced resettlement and the drafting of Nisei soldiers from the concentration camps. After the war, the Japanese community shifted their opinion in favor of the brave soldiers of the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, in effect endorsing the position of the JACL - the organization which pushed for the drafting of the incarcerated Nisei. Consequently, <mask> was exiled after the war by the Japanese community, until the 1980s, for having authored anti-JACL articles during the war. Some may argue that <mask> is still in exile to this day for his marked absence from any exhibit (permanent or temporary) in the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, California. Awards

In 1989 <mask> was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Asian American Journalists Association. In 1994, <mask> received the Fighting Spirit Award from the Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress (NCRR) (formerly, National Coalition for Redress/Reparations). References

Further reading

 Hansen, Arthur A. Japanese American World War II Evacuation Oral History Project.Westport: Meckler, 1991. Hansen, Arthur A., and Betty Kulberg Mitson. Voices Long Silent: An Oral Inquiry into the Japanese American Evacuation. Fullerton: Japanese American Project, California State University, Fullerton Oral History Program, 1974. Chin, Frank. Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1889-1947. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.Interviews
 <mask><mask> interview
 <mask><mask> interview references
 <mask><mask> interview index

External links
 Fighting Spirit Award
 <mask> Papers housed at Stanford Libraries

1994 deaths
1912 births
American writers of Japanese descent
People from Bainbridge Island, Washington
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American journalists of Asian descent
Journalists from Colorado
Journalists from Washington (state)

masks:
James Yutaka Matsumoto Omura
Omura
James Omura
James
James Omura
Omura
Omura
James Omura
Omura
Omura
Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James M
. Omura
James M
. Omura
James M
. Omura
James Omura


title: Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester

texts:
<mask>, 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln (1170–1232), known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester (in the second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl), was one of the "old school" of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours. He has been described as "almost the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy of the Conquest". Early life
<mask>, born in 1170, was the eldest son of <mask>c and <mask> of Evreux. He was said to have been small in physical stature. He succeeded to the earldom of Chester (like his father before him) as a minor (aged eleven) and was knighted in 1188 or 1189, which gave him control of his estates in England and Normandy. Although he used, not inconsistently, the style Duke of Brittany on account of his marriage, he never had the control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there. Lands
<mask> originally inherited the viscounty of Avranches and the County of Chester along with substantial English lands (Chester itself was not considered part of England).He lost the viscounty of Avranches in 1204 with the Capetian conquest of Normandy but he still held substantial estates; at the end of the 12th century the he was supposed to be able to muster 80 knights from his Cheshire lands and his English lands were supposed to be able to muster 118 knights which would have meant Ranulf could have mustered 198 knights in theory. The reality was that when called for campaign he was asked not to bring so many knights (usually he was asked to bring between 7-20) as it would have been too much of a financial burden. This figure doesn't include his acquisition of the Earldom of Lincoln in 1217. Through his most powerful vassal the <mask>y constable of Chester he was also overlord of the honors of Clitheroe and Pontefract, Halton, and the Lordship of Bowland which were large baronies with dozens of fiefs attached to them. Whether or not these lands were included in the 118 knights fiefs on English lands is not known. Ranulf held several important developing manors and market towns such as Frodsham, and Macclesfield in Cheshire and Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire

In addition to the manors which were held by sub-tenants the Earl of course had manors of his own and he owned several castles too in the County of Chester including; Chester Castle, and Shotwick Castle. When he became earl of Lincoln he acquired or built the castles of; Lincoln Castle, Bolingbroke Castle, Beeston Castle, and Chartley Castle.In his capacity as Viscount of Avranches he would have also owned Château d'Avranches until 1204. He also was temporarily the Castellan of the important Oxfordshire castle Wallingford Castle. Chronology of Ranulf's career

Early career
In 1188 or 1189, he was married to the Duchess Constance of Brittany, the widow of Henry II's son <mask> II, Duke of Brittany, and mother of Arthur of Brittany, with whom King John contested the succession to the crown of England. Richard Coeur <mask>, John's brother, had no known legitimate issue. The King had named Arthur of Brittany as his adopted son and heir to the crown of England. Henry did not envy the Duchess and wanted her married to a magnate whom he could trust. The marriage gave Ranulf control of the earldom of Richmond, but it wasn't a success, and they separated.In 1196, King Richard I of England nominated the nine-year-old Arthur as his heir, and summoned him and his mother, Duchess Constance, to Normandy. Constance left Nantes and travelled towards Rouen. On the way she was abducted by her estranged husband. Richard, furious, marched to Brittany at the head of an army, intent on rescuing his nephew. Arthur was secretly taken away by his tutor to the French court to be brought up with Louis, son of the French king Philip II. In 1199, Constance escaped from her husband and their marriage was dissolved on the grounds of desertion. In 1200 Ranulf cemented his power in Normandy by marrying Clemence of Fougères; she was the daughter of William of Fougères, widow of <mask> Dinant, and sister of <mask> of Fougères.He had opposed John's attempted coup of 1193–4, and retained many contacts with partisans of his former stepson Arthur. He spent most of 1199–1204 in France and his continued loyalty was bought by John with further patronage. However the King was suspicious of the Earl, perhaps with some reason. In the winter of 1204–5, Ranulph, suspected of dealings with the rebellious Welsh and of contemplating revolt himself, had extensive estates temporarily confiscated by the king. This episode apparently convinced Ranulph to show loyalty in future. Thereafter he was showered with royal favours. In return he fought John's Welsh wars 1209–12; helped secure the peace with the pope in 1213–14, and was with the king in Poitou in 1214.Loyal to the king in 1215–16, he was one of the few magnates to witness Magna Carta of 1215, which he would later adapt to appease his own barons in the form of the Magna Carta of Chester. He played a leading military role in the civil war by virtue of his extensive estates and numerous castles. Ranulf stood with William Marshal and the Earls of Derby and Warwick with the King, whilst the other nobility of the land stood with the enemy or remained aloof from the conflict. Regency
Chester was appointed in 1215 Lord of the County of Lancashire with the power to appoint sheriffs. He was also High Sheriff of Lancashire, High Sheriff of Staffordshire and High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1216. On John's death in 1216, Ranulf's influence increased further. There was an expectation at Gloucester that Ranulf would contend the regency for the young Henry III.Events moved quickly at Gloucester, where William Marshal and the young king were, in Ranulph's absence. The Marshal was put forward and offered the regency by the nobility and clerics gathered at Gloucester before the arrival of Ranulph. There was concern that Ranulph might object to the decision, but when he arrived (29 October 1216) he stated that he did not want to be regent, so any potential conflict vanished. Campaign of 1217
Before John's death, rebel barons had offered the throne of England to Louis, the dauphin. Louis had invaded the country during the summer of 1216 and had taken Winchester. <mask> put his political weight behind re-issuing Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217; his military experience was used in defeating the rebels at Lincoln in 1217. Ranulph was based in the north midlands and was charged with stopping the northern barons linking up with Louis in the south.The Earl chose to combine personal concerns with those of the country by attacking Saer <mask>, 1st Earl of Winchester's castle at Mountsorrel in Leicestershire – from which the Earl of Winchester's predecessors had ousted Ranulph's grandfather, <mask> <mask>. Louis was persuaded by the Earl of Winchester to send a relief force to the castle. When they arrived, <mask>ville and the Royalist force were gone. In fact they had headed to Lincoln to deal with a French force besieging the castle there. William Marshal with his main army at Northampton also made for the city, and at Lincoln a battle was fought between the Royalists headed by William Marshal and <mask>ville and the French forces and their allies. The battle went in favour of the Royalists, and they captured forty-six Barons and the Earls of Winchester and Hereford and the Earl of Lincoln, recently created by Louis the French King. Following the battle in recognition of his support Ranulf was created Earl of Lincoln by King Henry III of England on 23 May 1217.Fifth Crusade
In 1218, <mask>ville decided to honour the crusading vow he had made three years previously, and he journeyed eastwards. He met up with the Count of Nevers and the Count of La Marche in Genoa, accompanied by the Earls of Derby, Arundel and Winchester. They then sailed on towards Egypt and the Nile. An icy winter in camp was followed by a burning summer which affected the morale of the crusaders greatly. During September 1219, the Sultan, wary of the conflict outside Damietta, offered the Crusaders a startling bargain – Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem and central Palestine and Galilee, so long as the Crusaders gave up their war in Egypt. Earl Ranulph was one of many voices in support of taking the offer, and was supported by his English peers. However, Bishop Pelagius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military orders would have none of it.They finally refused the offer and on 5 November they found the walls of Damietta poorly manned, so they attacked and secured the city. When winter came the army was smouldering with discontent. Earl Ranulf left Damietta in September 1220, with his fellow English earls, leaving behind an indecisive force under the command of Bishop Pelagius and the Military Orders. Upon the crusade's failure he returned to England to find his rival, William Marshal dead and the government in the hands of <mask> Burgh. Final years

From 1220 to 1224, tensions grew between government officials and old loyalists of King John. This flared into open conflict in the winter of 1223–4 when Ranulf among others briefly tried to resist <mask>'s policy of resumption of sheriffdoms and royal castles. Ranulf built Bolingbroke Castle near Spilsby in Lincolnshire around 1220, later the birthplace of King Henry IV, as well as Chartley Castle Staffordshire, and Beeston Castle in Cheshire.Ranulf was briefly made castellan of Wallingford Castle. He made an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, whose daughter Elen married Ranulf's nephew and heir, John the Scot, in about 1222. <mask>ville's final years saw him acting as an elder statesman, witnessing the 1225 re-issue of Magna Carta, playing a prominent role in the dispute in 1227 over Forest Laws and, as a veteran, leading Henry III's army on the ill-fated Poitou expedition of 1230–1. He came to lead the campaign after the death of William Marshal (the younger). He showed vigour and made a thrust into Anjou, but by the end of June the French had reached the Breton border. Ranulf concluded the campaign with a truce with the King of France for three years, to end in 1234. Earl Ranulf kept in sight his personal advantage.In 1220 some of his estates avoided carucage; in 1225 Aid was not levied in Cheshire; and in 1229 he successfully resisted the ecclesiastical tax collector. His only major failure, in old age, was not avoiding the 1232 levy of the fortieth on his lands. Ranulf's death

Ranulf died at Wallingford on 26 October 1232, aged sixty. His viscera were buried at Wallingford Castle, his heart at Dieulacres Abbey, which he had founded, and the remainder of his body at St Werburg's in Chester. His various estates were divided between his four sisters Matilda (Maud), Mabel, Agnes (Alice), and Hawise as co-heirs. <mask>'s second sister Mabel and his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) shared in the estates with their other sisters. <mask>'s third sister Agnes (Alice) inherited, along with a share in other estates with her sisters, lands between the Ribble and the Mercy rivers, Powis Castle near Welshpool in Wales, Chartley Castle, Staffordshire, and land at Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire.Ranulf's youngest sister Hawise inherited the honour and castle of Bolingbroke, other large estates such as Lindsey and Halland in Lincolnshire, and a share of other estates with her sisters. Prior to <mask>'s death, however, he had also made Hawise, his youngest sister an inter vivos gift, after receiving dispensation from the crown, of the Earldom of Lincoln. In April 1231 he granted her the title by a formal charter under his seal which was confirmed by King Henry III. She was formally invested as suo jure 1st Countess of Lincoln on 27 October 1232 the day after Ranulf's death. She held the Earldom of Lincoln until less than a month later with the consent of the King she likewise gifted the Earldom inter vivos to her daughter <mask> Quincy and her son-in-law <mask> Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln. They were formally invested by King Henry III as Countess and Earl of Lincoln on 23 November 1232. After his death, his nephew John the Scot (son of his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) of Chester), was formally invested by King Henry III as Earl of Chester on 21 November 1232, which suggests a prior agreement.In popular culture

As an important figure in the reigns of Richard I and King John, Ranulf appears in novels set in the period. <mask> <mask>ville is a supporting character in James Goldman's 1979 novel Myself as Witness set in the reign of King John. Goldman's narrator describes Ranulf as the "only living Visigoth" and condemns him for killing many Welshman in his capacity as an Anglo-Norman lord of the Welsh Marches. He is represented as a brutal and aggressive opponent of all things, and people, Welsh. He appears early in Sharon Kay Penman's novel Falls the Shadow, on the life and career of <mask> Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, when he promises to personally support Simon's appeal to the king to recognise his right to the impoverished Leicester earldom. Ranulf makes a brief appearance in Lauren Johnson's 2013 novel The Arrow of Sherwood participating at the siege of Nottingham in 1194. Ranulf is mentioned several times over the course of the 1980s television series Robin of Sherwood.Notes

References

 Keith Stringer, ‘David, earl of Huntingdon and lord of Garioch (1152–1219)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. Further reading

1170 births
1232 deaths
12th-century English nobility
13th-century English nobility
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
High Sheriffs of Staffordshire
High Sheriffs of Shropshire
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
Earls of Lincoln
Christians of the Fifth Crusade
Burials at Chester Cathedral
Earls of Chester (1121)

masks:
Ranulf de Blondeville
Ranulf
Hugh de Kevelio
Bertrade de Montfort
Ranulf de Blondeville
de Lac
Geoffrey
de Lion
Alan de
Geoffrey
De Blondeville
de Quincy
Ranulf
de Gernon
de Blonde
de Blonde
de Blonde
Hubert de
de Burgh
De Bde
Ranulf
Ranulf
Ranulf
Margaret de
John de
Ranulf
de Bde
Simon de


title: Danzell Gravenberch

texts:
<mask> (born 13 February 1994) is a Dutch professional footballer, of Surinamese descent, who plays as a striker for Eerste Divisie club De Graafschap. Club career

Ajax
Born in Amsterdam, Gravenberch began playing football in the youth ranks of local amateur side SV Bijlmer, from where he was recruited to join the Ajax Academy in 2002. Gravenberch helped the Ajax A1 youth squad win the 2011–12 Nike Eredivisie league title. The team finished as runners-up to Inter Milan in the NextGen Series (the Champions League equivalent for under-20 teams) after losing on penalties (5–3) following a 1–1 deadlock after extra time. On 7 June 2012, it was announced that Gravenberch had signed his first professional contract, a three-year deal binding him to the club until 30 June 2015. Gravenberch began his career in the youth teams of Ajax as a striker, but was moved back to play as a defender while playing for Jong Ajax under manager Fred Grim in the 2012–13 Beloften Eredivisie. Jong Ajax were promoted to the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of professional football in the Netherlands, for the 2013–14 season.<mask> made his professional debut in a 2–0 away loss to FC Oss in the Eerste Divisie on 8 August 2013. He was cautioned before being replaced by Sven Nieuwpoort on 46 minutes. NEC (loan)
On 17 January 2014, it was announced that Gravenberch had been sent on loan to NEC until the end of the season. Universitatea Cluj
On 4 September 2014, it was announced that <mask> had signed with Romanian club Universitatea Cluj. The move came after an unsuccessful trial period with Scottish Premiership side Dundee. <mask> Groenendijk, as well as newly appointed manager and former Ajax player George Ogăraru. He made his Liga I debut on 14 September 2014 in an away match against FC Rapid București which ended in a 2–1 loss.FC Dordrecht
On 24 June 2015 it was announced that <mask> had returned to the Netherlands, signing with the recently relegated FC Dordrecht, competing in the Eerste Divisie. Reading
On 25 May 2016 Reading announced the signing of Gravenberch on a three-year contract, the deal was then officially completed when the transfer window opened on 1 July 2016. On 23 August 2016 <mask> made his competitive debut vs MK Dons in the EFL Cup. He made his league debut as a late substitute against Aston Villa on 18 October 2016. In October 2016, <mask> was criticized by Arsenal manager, Arsene Wenger, for a challenge on Lucas Perez, which left the Arsenal striker out for at least 6 weeks. On 4 July 2017, Gravenberch moved to Belgian First Division B club Roeselare for two seasons on loan. However, he was injured throughout his first season with Roesleare.He was released by Reading at the end of the 2018–19 season. Return to the Netherlands
In September 2019, Gravenberch joined Eerste Divisie club TOP Oss. After an unfortunate first half of the season, in which he failed to score and was also utilised as a centre-back, he left the club again. <mask> would play the remainder of the season at his former club Dordrecht. In June 2020, Sparta Rotterdam picked up Gravenberch from Dordrecht one a one-year deal. However, he also failed to succeed there, as he mostly appeared as a substitute. On 30 March 2021, it was announced that his contract would not be extended.In May 2021, <mask> signed a two-year contract with De Graafschap. International career
<mask> has played for the Netherlands at various youth levels. On 6 February 2010, he received his first U-16 cap in a match against Italy at the Albufeira 4 Nations Tournament in Portugal. On 17 September 2010, <mask> made his U-17 debut in another encounter with Italy during the Ursapharm-Vier-Nationen-Turnier in Germany. The following year, he was selected by Albert Stuivenberg to play in the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, where he helped the Netherlands to their second consecutive title, defeating Germany in the final 5–4 on penalties, after extra time following a 1–1 deadlock. <mask> was also selected for the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Mexico where he scored his first goal in the second group stage match against North Korea. He appeared in all three group stage matches, of which they managed one victory, a draw and a loss resulting in an early exit from the tournament for the Dutch.On 11 November 2011, Gravenberch made his U-18 debut in a friendly match against Romania. His U-19 debut came in a friendly match against Scotland on 10 September 2012. He was selected by U-19 head coach Wim van Zwam for the 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Lithuania, appearing in all three group stage matches before being eliminated following one win and two losses. Personal life
<mask>'s younger brother, <mask>, is also a professional footballer. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Ajax A1 (under-19)
 A-Junioren Eredivisie: 2011–12
 NextGen Series Runner-up: 2011–12

Universitatea Cluj
 Cupa României Runner-up: 2014–15

International
Netherlands U-17
 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship (1): 2011

References

External links
 Voetbal International profile

 Netherlands U19 stats at OnsOranje

1994 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Netherlands youth international footballers
Association football defenders
Dutch people of Surinamese descent
Footballers from Amsterdam
AFC Ajax players
NEC Nijmegen players
FC Dordrecht players
Reading F.C. players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
K.S.V. Roeselare players
TOP Oss players
Sparta Rotterdam players
De Graafschap players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
English Football League players
Liga I players
Belgian First Division B players
Dutch expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Romania
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium

masks:
Danzell Orlando Marcelino Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberchns
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Ryan Gravenberch


title: Victor H. Krulak

texts:
<mask> (January 7, 1913 – December 29, 2008) was a decorated United States Marine Corps officer who saw action in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. <mask>, considered a visionary by fellow Marines, was the author of First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps and the father of the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Charles C<mask>. Personal life
<mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, to Jewish parents, Bessie (Zall) and <mask>. He later denied Jewish ancestry and claimed to have been raised Episcopalian. He was married to Amy Chandler from 1936 until her death in 2004. The couple had three children. Marine Corps career
<mask> was commissioned a United States Marine Corps second lieutenant upon graduation from the United States Naval Academy on May 31, 1934.Of diminutive stature, to receive his commission <mask> received an exemption; he was nevertheless a keen wrestler while at the Naval Academy, earning the nickname "Brute". His early Marine Corps service included: sea duty aboard USS Arizona, an assignment at the United States Naval Academy; duty with the 6th Marines in San Diego and the 4th Marines in China (1937–39); completion of the Junior School, Quantico, Virginia (1940); and an assignment with the 1st Marine Brigade, FMF, later the 1st Marine Division. While stationed as an observer in Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Krulak took photographs with a telephoto lens of a ramp-bowed landing boat that the Japanese had been using. Recognizing the potential use of such a craft by the U.S. armed forces, Krulak sent details and photographs back to Washington, but discovered years later that they had been filed away as having come from "some nut out in China". Krulak built a model of the Japanese boat design and discussed the retractable ramp approach with boat builder <mask> who incorporated elements of Krulak's input into the Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP) or "Higgins boat", which played critical roles in the Normandy Landings and amphibious assaults in the Pacific. World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was a captain serving as aide to General <mask>. Smith, the commanding general, Amphibious Corps, Atlantic Fleet. He volunteered for parachute training and on completion of training, he was ordered to the Pacific area as commander of the 2nd Parachute Battalion, 1st Marine Amphibious Corps.He went into action at Vella Lavella with the New Zealanders. As a lieutenant colonel in the fall of 1943, he earned the Navy Cross and the Purple Heart on Choiseul Island, where his battalion staged a week-long diversionary raid to cover the Bougainville invasion. Later, he joined the newly formed 6th Marine Division and took part in the Okinawa campaign and the surrender of Japanese forces in the China area, earning the Legion of Merit with "V" device for valor and the Bronze Star. The navy PT boat PT-59, captained by John F. Kennedy, helped evacuate Krulak's force from Choiseul at the end of the operation. In response, <mask> promised Kennedy a bottle of whiskey which he delivered almost 20 years later when Kennedy was serving as President of the United States. After the war, <mask> returned to the United States and served as assistant director of the Senior School at Marine Corps Base Quantico, and, later, as regimental commander of the 5th Marines at Camp Pendleton. Korean War
<mask> was serving as assistant chief of staff, G-3, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, when the Korean War erupted, and subsequently served in Korea as chief of staff, 1st Marine Division, earning a second Legion of Merit with Combat "V" and Air Medal.From 1951 to 1955, <mask> served at Headquarters Marine Corps as Secretary of the General Staff, then rejoined Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, as chief of staff. 1956 to 1959
In July 1956, he was promoted to brigadier general and designated assistant commander, 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa. From 1957 to 1959, he served as director, Marine Corps Educational Center, Quantico. He was promoted to major general in November 1959, and the following month assumed command of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego. Vietnam War

From 1962 to 1964, <mask> served as special assistant for counter insurgency activities, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; for which he was presented a third Legion of Merit for exceptional meritorious service by General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. During this period, American military advisors were providing assistance to the South Vietnamese in their war against the Viet Cong. In September 1963, then Major General <mask> and Joseph Mendenhall, a senior Foreign Service officer, led a fact-finding mission to learn about the progress of the war.<mask> said that the situation was very good and supported President Ngo Dinh Diem, while Mendenhall claimed the opposite, leading Kennedy to famously ask the pair if they had visited the same country. In late December 1963, the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, ordered an interdepartmental group to be headed by <mask> with the purpose of studying OPLAN 34A and selecting from it those targets the United States could hit in North Vietnam with the least amount of risk to its people. This was in keeping with the administration's policy of graduated pressure on the North Vietnamese. On March 1, 1964, <mask> was designated Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and promoted to lieutenant general. For the next four years, <mask> was responsible for all Fleet Marine Force units in the Pacific, including some 54 trips to the Vietnam theater. Many sources including Coram (2010) report that the Chu Lai base, which commenced in May 1965, was named after <mask>'s own Chinese name. At the beginning of the war, Krulak put forward the "Spreading Inkblot Theory."This promoted a spreading inkblot of small units actions to pacify South Vietnam village by village. When large enemy units were encountered then General Westmoreland's overwhelming firepower should be employed. He also called for intensive bombing of North Vietnam and mining of Haiphong Harbor. <mask>'s plans were eventually rejected as Westmoreland favored hammering the enemy into submission through superior firepower and the Johnson administration feared relentless bombing of the North would provoke Soviet and Chinese intervention. <mask> opposed the establishment of the Khe Sanh Combat Base. <mask> hoped to become the next Commandant of the Marine Corps, but in 1967 Lyndon B. Johnson selected Leonard F. Chapman, Jr.  As a result, <mask> retired on June 1, 1968, receiving a Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his performance during that period. Military historian Robert Coram states that it was <mask>'s comments to President Johnson criticizing the restraints placed on American military operations in Vietnam that resulted in Johnson's selection of Chapman over <mask>.General <mask>'s son Charles C<mask> eventually became the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps, serving from 1995 to 1999. Medals and decorations
<mask>'s medals and decorations include:

Strategic vehicle advocacy
<mask> was an early advocate of using helicopters as attack platforms. He was also instrumental in the development of Higgins boats, which enabled beach landings of men and material in World War II. Post-military career
After retiring from the Marine Corps, <mask> worked for Copley Newspapers, including serving as president of Copley News Service and vice president of Copley Press. He retired from Copley in 1977, though he continued to contribute to their news service. <mask> also wrote a number of books, including the iconic Marine Corps history First to Fight. <mask> was a personal friend of Ronald Reagan.They wrote each other regularly. In retirement, <mask> was active in community organizations, as well as participating in Marine Corps activities. He served as president and trustee of the Zoological Society of San Diego. His wife, Amy, died in 2004. On December 29, 2008, Lieutenant General <mask> died at age 95 in San Diego, California. He was survived by his three sons – retired Marine Corps Commandant General <mask>, <mask> <mask> (Commander Navy Chaplain Corps), Reverend William <mask> (Colonel USMCR) – four grandchildren, and 10 great-grandchildren. <mask>'s funeral was held on January 8, 2009, in the chapel at MCAS Miramar, with burial at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.Honors
In 2004, Lieutenant General <mask> was the recipient of the U.S. Naval Academy's Distinguished Graduate award, which honors alumni who have "provided a lifetime of service to the nation or armed forces, have made significant and distinguished contributions to the nation via their public service and have demonstrated a strong interest in supporting the Navy or Marine Corps and the United States Naval Academy. These individuals are the embodiment of the Naval Academy's mission to provide graduates who will be ready '…to assume the highest responsibilities of command, citizenship and government.'" In 2007, at the Marine Corps Association's first annual banquet, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates recounted the story of <mask>lak Center for Innovation and Creativity (BKCIC) at the Marine Corps University is named after <mask>. Published works

References

Further reading

<mask>, <mask>. (1983). Organization for National Security, Cambridge, Massachusetts: United States Strategic Institute. .
<mask>, <mask>. (1984).First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. . This book is on the Chief of Naval Operations' Professional Reading List and the Commandant of the Marine Corps' Reading List. External links

1913 births
2008 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Writers from Denver
Military personnel from Colorado
Paramarines
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Jewish American military personnel

Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
3 <mask>, <mask>.
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Victor Harold Krulak
Krulak
. Krulak
Krulak
Morris Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Andrew Higgins
Krulak
Holland M
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
. Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Charles Krulak
Reverend Victor
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulak
Krulakruru
Victor Krulak
Krulak
Victor H
Krulak
Victor H
Krulak
Victor H


title: Howard G. Funkhouser

texts:
<mask> (April 14, 1898 – Dec. 1984) was an American mathematician, historian and Associate Professor of Mathematics at the Washington and Lee University and later at the Phillips Exeter Academy, particularly known for his early work on the history of graphical methods. Biography
Funkhouser was born in Dayton, Virginia to <mask> and Maud Irene Snapp. He obtained his AB in mathematics in 1921 from the Washington and Lee University, and his A.M. in mathematics from Columbia University in 1924. In 1937 he also obtained his PhD from Columbia  with the thesis, entitled "Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data. Funkhouser started his academic career as instructor at the Virginia Military Institute, instructor at Columbia University, and was Associate Professor of Mathematics at the Washington and Lee University. In June 1932 he was appointed instructor in mathematics at the Phillips Exeter Academy. In the 1930s he wrote a series of articles and his thesis on the history of quantitative graphics.This thesis van republished under the same title the same year in the scholarly journal on the history of science Osiris. In 1932 he was elected member of the American Mathematical Society. Funkhouser was married to Louise Thompson and lived with his family in Exeter, New Hampshire, where he died in December 1984. Work

Playfair and his charts, 1935
In the 1935 article "Playfair and his charts" Funkhouser and Walker explained, that the work of William Playfair (1759–1823) was practically forgotten in the second part of the 19th century. Funkhouser quoted the English economist and logician W. Stanley Jevons, who had stated in 1879:
Englishmen lost sight of the fact that William Playfair, who had never been heard of in this generation, produced statistical atlases and statistical curves that ought to be treated by some writer in the same way that Dr. <mask> had treated the method of Dr. Todd. Funkhouser and Walker argued, that Playfair should be recognized as the “man who invented outright the graphic method of representing statistical data.” His Commercial and Political Atlas, published in of 1786 was historically the first book that offered a series of statistical charts.These charts pictured the import and exports of two dozen countries during the whole of the eighteenth century, and some other economical data, such as the progress of the commerce, revenues, expenditure, and debts of England over the same period. A note on a tenth century graph, 1936

In the 1936 article, entitled "A note on a tenth century graph," Funkhouser explained, that one particular 10th century graph could be considered to be the earliest graphical display. In his words:
The graph given here in facsimile is of significance in the history of graphic methods in that it appears to be the oldest extant example of an attempt to represent changeable values graphically which in appearance closely resembles modem practice. The distinguishing feature is the use of a grid as a background for the drawing of the curves. The graph dates from the tenth, possibly eleventh century, and forms a part of a manuscript discovered by Sigmund <mask> in 1877. Furthermore, he explained that the "graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis."Edward Tufte (1983) recalled, that Funkhouser made a critical note about this early time-series chart, that "the astronomical content is confused and there are difficulties in reconciling the graph and its accompanying text with the actual movements of the planets. Particularly disconcerting is the wavy path ascribed to the sun." Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data, 1937

Funkhouser's 1937 thesis, entitled "Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data" is considered to be the first modern overview of the origins and development of statistical graphics. One of the motives to start this work was the growing use of graphic methods in his days, as Funkhouser explained:
There has developed a widespread use of graphs so extensive... that one might say that the graphic method is rapidly becoming a universal language. There are many indications of such a tendency. Statistical graphs appear in all types of periodicals, they are extensively used in advertising, their construction and use are taught in the classroom, experiments have been conducted and others children can understand and read certain types." In his paper Funkhouser highlighted several milestones in the historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data:
 In the historical development as a whole, different stages can be encountered:
 Initiation of the coordinate principle in ancient times
 Drawing of curves on the coordinate background in the Middle Ages
 Application of analytic geometry invented by Rene Descartes in 1637
 Collection of statistical data from observation, and
 Translation of statistical data into graphical expression, which started with William Playfair in 1768
 The first use of coordinates was in Ancient Egypt.And around 140 BC it was established that astronomers and surveyors used coordinate field to locate places on the earth surface by means of longitudes and latitudes. Around 1350 Nicole Oresme developed a prototype of bar chart. Funkhouser commented, that "if a pioneering contemporary had collected some data and presented Oresme with some facts to work on, we might have had statistical graphs four hundred years before Playfair." On the theme of standards and standardisation in graphic presentation, Funkhouser argued that this was nothing new. He explained, that  "the problem is met in trying to classify and standardize graphic forms have been wrestled with for almost a hundred years." Selected publications
Books:
 <mask>, <mask>, and Helen Mary Walker. Playfair and his charts.MacMillan and Company, 1935. H<mask> Funkhouser. Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data, Thesis (Ph. D.) Columbia University, published by Saint Catherine Press, Bruges, Belgium, 1937. Weeks, Arthur William, and Howard <mask>houser. Plane Trigonometry. D. Van Nostrand Company, 1943; 2nd ed.1953. Arthur W. Weeks and H<mask> Funkhouser. Plane trigonometry, with five-place tables. Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1953. Articles, a selection:
 <mask>, H. <mask>. "A short account of the history of symmetric functions of roots of equations." American Mathematical Monthly (1930): 357–365.<mask>, H<mask>. "A note on a tenth century graph." Osiris (1936): 260–262. <mask>, H<mask>. "Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data." Osiris (1937): 269–404. References

1898 births
1984 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Information visualization experts
Washington and Lee University alumni
Washington and Lee University faculty
Virginia Military Institute faculty
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Phillips Exeter Academy faculty
People from Dayton, Virginia
Mathematicians from Virginia

masks:
Howard Gray Funkhouser
Charles Andrew Funkhouser
Guy
Güher
Funkhouser
Howard Gray
. Gray
Gray Funk
. Gray
Funkhouser
Gray
Funkhouser
. Gray
Funkhouser
. Gray


title: Janisse Ray

texts:
<mask> (born February 2, 1962) is an American writer, naturalist, and environmental activist. Early life and education
<mask> was born in a small town, Baxley, Georgia, the county seat of Appling County, in the southeast region of the state. She is the daughter of loving parents, Franklin D. and <mask>. She grew up with one sister, Kay, and two brothers, Steve and Dell. <mask>’s family was deeply rooted in the area where she grew up, going back at least six generations. <mask>’s ancestors were listed in the first census in Appling county in 1820 and the town of Baxley was named for an ancestor as well. From 1980 to 1982, she attended North Georgia Collegewhere she found her passion for ecology, which led her to her career.She received a Bachelor of Arts from Florida State University and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Montana. Career
Ecology of a Cracker Childhood (1999) recounts <mask>'s experiences growing up in a junkyard, the daughter of a poor, white, fundamentalist Christian family. This novel does a thorough job of bringing the reader through the unique intersectionality of her childhood experience. This builds a space of memoir to explore philosophically deep topics she did not start to grasp until later on in her adult life. The juxtaposition between one’s mind in childhood and one’s mind in adulthood is precisely where the meaning of this novel is generated. The reader is able to become a part of her reflections on growing up in an ecologically rich environment amongst no small amount of adversity. <mask> allows the reader a unique view into a space that would not traditionally be considered valuable, but she communicates the essence of her past and in turn the immense importance of non-traditional natural spaces.Contained in abundance within this text is a survey of the ecological web she experienced as a child; including plant species (Longleaf Pine, Cypress Swamp, Wiregrass, Meadow Beauty, Liatris, Greeneyes) and animal species (Flatwood Salamander, Bachman's sparrow, Pine Warbler, Carolina Wren, Red-Cockaded Woodpecker, Eastern Bluebird, Brown-Headed Nuthatch, Yellow Breasted Chat, Red-headed woodpecker, Eastern Kingbird, Common ground dove, Quail, Gopher Tortoises) along with how she fits into this world as part of the human species. This helps to bridge the gap between traditional natural spaces, and the idea that everything (even a junkyard) can be a natural space. The book interweaves family history and memoir with natural history writing—specifically, descriptions of the ecology of the vanishing longleaf pine forests that once blanketed much of the South. The book won the American Book Award, the Southern Book Critics Circle Award and the Southern Environmental Law Center Award for Outstanding Writing on the Southern environment. It also was chosen for the "All Georgia Reading the Same Book" project by the Georgia Center for the Book. In Wild Card Quilt (2003) she relates her experiences moving back home to Georgia with her son after attending graduate school in Montana. Pinhook (2005) tells the story of Pinhook Swamp, the land that connects the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia and Osceola National Forest in Florida.Drifting into Darien, published in 2011, describes her experiences on and knowledge about the Altamaha River, which runs from middle Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean at Darien. <mask> published a book of poetry, A House of Branches (2010) and has been a contributor to Audubon, Orion and other magazines, as well as a commentator for NPR's Living on Earth. An environmental activist, she has campaigned on behalf of the Altamaha River and the Moody Swamp. She previously taught in the Chatham University Low-Residency Master of Fine Arts Program in Creative Writing. Currently, she is a visiting professor and writer-in-residence at universities and colleges across the country. She lectures nationally on nature, agriculture, seeds, wildness, sustainability, writing, and politics of wholeness. Personal life
She has a son, Silas Ausable, who attended the University of Massachusetts and studied landscape architecture.She lives a simple, sustainable life in southern Georgia on Red Earth Farm with her husband and daughter. She is an organic gardener, tender on farm animals, slow-cook food, and seed saver. She is very active in her local community. Books

 Ecology of a Cracker Childhood, memoir (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1999). Wild Card Quilt: Taking a Chance on Home, memoir (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2003). Between Two Rivers: Stories from the Red Hills to the Gulf, (Co-editor, with Susan Cerulean and Laura Newtown) nonfiction (Tallahassee: Heart of the Earth, 2004). Pinhook: Finding Wholeness in a Fragmented Land,, nonfiction (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2005).A House of Branches, poetry (Nicholasville: Wind Publications, 2010). Drifting into Darien: a Personal and Natural History of the Altamaha River, nonfiction (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2011). The Seed Underground: A Growing Revolution to Save Food, nonfiction (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2012). Red Lanterns: Poems, poetry (Iris Press, 2021). Wild Spectacle: Seeking Wonders in a World beyond Humans, nonfiction (Trinity University Press, 2021). References

Source: Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2005.External links
 Milkweed Editions webpage for Ecology of a Cracker Childhood
 Wind Publications webpage for House of Branches
 Georgia Encyclopedia entry for <mask> <mask>
 Whole Terrain link to <mask>'s articles published in Whole Terrain
 <mask> <mask> and Nancy Marshall, "James Holland, Riverkeeper: Environmental Protection Along the Altamaha", Southern Spaces, August 11, 2011. <mask> <mask>, "Sowing The Seed Underground", Southern Spaces, October 23, 2012. 1962 births
Living people
American naturalists
Chatham University faculty
People from Baxley, Georgia
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Women science writers
American Book Award winners
American nature writers
American women non-fiction writers
American women academics
21st-century American women
Organic gardeners

masks:
Janisse Ray
Ray
Lee Ada Branch Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Janisse
Ray
Ray
Janisse
Ray
Janisse
Ray