title: Hou Yifan

texts:
 Group A, the determiner of China's National Champion.She finished joint 7th–9th, 7th by tiebreak. 5/11 (+1 −2 =8; TPR 2560). From April 13 to April 19, Hou played in the 2012 Bangkok Chess Club open. Seeded third by rating, she finished 14th,  6/9 (+4 −1 = 4; TPR 2500). From 29 May to 7 June, she played in the 3rd Hainan Danzhou Grand Master Chess Tournament that traditionally showcased the top 10 highest rated Chinese players, although the two highest rated players at the time Wang Hao and Li Chao did not participate. Seeded 6th by rating, Hou finished in 10th and last place with 3/9. From June 9 to June 22, Hou played in the 4th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Kazan, Russia.Coming immediately off the heels of the recently completed Chinese Men's super tournament in Danzhou, she started off slowly with 2 points in the first 5 rounds before closing strongly with 4 wins in the final 6 rounds. She finished joint 3rd–4th. 7/11 (+5 −2 = 4; TPR 2604). From July 16 to July 19, Hou played in the 5th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Jermuk, Armenia. She won the event with a 7/11 score (+4 −1 =6, TPR 2598). This victory added to her victories in Rostov 2011 and Shenzeng 2011 made <mask> the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 and secured for herself the challenger spot for the Women's World Chess Championship 2013. At the 40th Chess Olympiad held in Istanbul, Turkey from 27 August to 10 September 2012, <mask> <mask> led the Chinese women's chess team to a second place, silver medal finish.Hou won the gold medal for individual performance on board 1 with a 2645 TPR, 6.5/9 score (+4, =5). During the competition she was presented with the Caissa Cup, which honors the female player with the best chess results during the year. From October 8 to October 17, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2012 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 4.5/6 score (+4 −1 =1, TPR 2609) and her heavily favored team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score. From October 19 to October 27, Hou played in the main even of 16th Univé Hoogeveen Chess Festival as part of the Univé Crown Group, a four player double round robin tournament. The average rating of the participants was 2695, making this a category 18 tournament. Hou finished in last place with a 2/6 score (−2 =4, TPR 2605).In an interview in Kazan she said that she was going to start studying international relations at Beijing University in September. She said that she was glad China was moving away from its one-child policy, she would have liked to have had a brother or sister, and she knew of women who had been forced to have abortions. In November 2012 she was knocked out in the second round of the Women's World Chess Championship 2012. As the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 she earned the right to challenge the new champion in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013. During December 12 to 19, Hou concluded the year by participating in the 2012 SportAccord World Mind Games, competing in the 3 disciplines of Rapid, Blitz and Blindfold. In the rapid event, she placed second on tiebreaks with a 5/7 score (+4 −1 =2, TPR 2713). For the blitz event, she placed 7th by tiebreaks with a 7/15 score (+6 −7 =2, TPR 2487).In the blindfold event, she won with a 6/7 score (+6 −1). 2013
Hou was invited to participate in the 2013 Tata Steel Chess Tournament Grandmaster A group in Wijk aan Zee from 12 to 27 January. This was a Category 20 event, and her first supertournament participation. She was the lowest Elo rated player at 2603 and seeded 14th. She surpassed initial expectations by finishing 11/14 with a 5.5/13 score (+3 −5 =5, TPR 2688) including a draw against then World Champion Viswanathan Anand. She competed in the 2013 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, China from April 16 to the 27th. She finished in a six-way tie for 4th to 9th place, 4th by tie breaks, with a 5.5/11 score (+3 −3 =5, TPR 2609).From May 2 to May 16, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014 held in Geneva, Switzerland. She was the highest rated player in the event but finished 8th/9th, including a loss to the Women's World Champion 2012–13, Anna Ushenina. Her score was 5/11 (+3 −4 = 4, TPR 2470). From 11 to 14 June, she played a four-game match with David Navara for the CEZ Chess Trophy 2013. All four games ended in draws, so the winner would be decided by tie breaks. After each player won with white in the blitz portion, an armageddon game won by Hou, as black, gave her the trophy. Her performance rating for the classical games was 2707.From June 30 to July 3, Hou was part of the team representing China in the 4th Asian Martial Arts Games held in Incheon, South Korea. She won a gold medal in the classical portion of the event with a 6.5/7 score (+6 =1). In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway. She was one of four female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Alexei Shirov. After two draws in the classical portion of the match, they proceeded to tiebreaks. Hou won the first rapid game with white and lost the second with black.In the next tiebreaker set she lost both games resulting in her elimination. As the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012, Hou won the right to challenge Anna Ushenina in a 10-game match for the world title. Scheduled from September 10 to the 27th, the Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was played in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China. She won the match in 7 games with a 5.5–1.5 score (+4 =3, TPR 2730) regaining her championship title. From 19 to 26 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2013 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 5/6 score (+4 =2, TPR 2736) and for the second year in a row, her team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score. From 12 to 18 December, she played in the SportAccord World Mind Games in the chess discipline.The tournament consisted of three events: rapid, blitz and the basque system. In the rapid event, Hou scored 5/7 (+3 = 4, TPR 2691) capturing the silver medal. In the blitz event, she won the gold medal with a 21.5/30 score (+19 −6 =5, ). Notable was that during the second day of the blitz event, Hou achieved a near perfect 9.5/10 score. In the final event played under the basque system, Hou won the silver medal on tiebreaks with a 7/10 score (+7 −3). 2014
From 11 to 22 March, Hou competed in the 2014 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, her birthplace. She again played against the men in the open section rather than in the women's section.She finished in 7th place with a 5.5/11 score (+2 −3 =6, TPR 2558). From July 14 to July 24, Hou played in the grandmaster section of the prestigious Biel chess tournament. This was a six player category 19 event with an average rating of 2717 with Hou being the lowest rated player. She started with a win over Anish Giri and was tied for second entering the final round and could take joint first place by winning her final game against Pendyala Harikrishna. While she wound up losing the final game, Hou still had a successful tournament, finishing joint 3rd–5th with a 5/10 score (+2 −2 =6, TPR 2734). From August 1 to August 14, Hou participated in 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway as board one of the top seeded Chinese Women's team. The team rattled off six straight wins before succumbing to the second seeded Russian team with Hou losing her individual game, as black, to Kateryna Lagno.She ended the Olympiad with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 = 2, TPR 2671) leading her team to the silver medal. Her own performance was good enough to receive the silver medal for board one. <mask> is the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14. From April 8 to April 22, she played in the 4th stage in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Opening with 3 straight victories, she dominated from start to finish. Several times as white she eschewed her regular 1.e4 opening move and began with 1.c4 and 1.g3. She finished in 1st place with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2695).From June 18 to July 2, she played in the 5th stage in Lopota, Georgia. Leading from start to finish, she won with a 9/11 score (+7 = 4, TPR 2773), a full two points over her nearest competitors. From August 24 to September 6, she competed in the 6th and final stage in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. She finished joint first with Ju Wenjun with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2686). At the final leg, the tournament's official awards, Big and Small Cups of Grand Prix, designed and manufactured by the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, were presented. As the winner of the 2013–2014 Grand Prix Series, <mask> <mask> was solemnly awarded the Small Cup during the official closing ceremony of the tournament. During September 13 to 21, she competed at the 18th European Club Cup held in Bilbao, Spain.Once again she was the top board for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo winning the individual gold medal for her performance 5/6 (+4 =2, TPR 2749) while leading her team to a second-place finish. With the postponement of the Women's World Chess Championship 2014 she played in the Corsican Chess Circuit in October and won, beating Sergey Fedorchuk in the final. This has been described as the most important tournament yet to be won by a female player other than Judit Polgar. From December 11 to 18, Hou played in the 2014 SportAccord World Mind Games held in Beijing, China. The Mind Games consists of separate tournaments in 3 disciplines: rapid, blitz and basque. In the rapid event, she placed second capturing the silver medal, losing only to Valentina Gunina, the eventual event winner. Her performance was 5/7 (+4 −1 = 3, rapid TPR 2672).She won the gold medal in the blitz event with a 22.5/30 score (+20 −5 = 5, TPR 2718). Especially noteworthy in her blitz tournament was her performance pushed her official blitz rating to 2704, making her the second female player to cross the 2700 barrier in any rating format. In the final basque system event, Hou took home another gold medal with an 8.5/10 score (+7 =3). When Hou turned twenty one in 2015 she lost her junior status. She ended the year, and her junior playing career, as the reigning Women's World Chess Champion, the 2nd highest rated female player, the highest rated girl, the 4th highest rated junior and the 71st highest overall rated active player with a FIDE rating of 2673. 2015
Hou once again played in the 2015 edition of Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from January 15 to 25. She was the 12th seed out of 14 total participants in the Category 20 Master group and finished 11th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2670).While she performed approximately according to her rating, Hou had winning chances in a few of her games and even missed a drawing chance against world champion Magnus Carlsen after defending a difficult position as black for most of the game. Shortly after, she returned to the scene of her greatest chess tournament triumph, the Gibraltar Chess Festival 2015 held from January 27 to February 4. Seeded 13th by rating, she placed joint 3rd–11th, 3rd by performance with a 7.5/10 score (+5 =5, TPR 2772) pushing her FIDE rating to 2686. She also won the 1st place prize for being the highest scoring female player. Her excellent performance in this event resulted in her rating surpassing Judit Polgár's classic rating for the first time in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, ending Polgár's 26 consecutive years reign as the top rated female player in the world. For the first time since Maia Chiburdanidze in January 1989 a single individual was both the top rated woman player and the reigning Women's World Chess Champion. She played in the Hawaii Grandmaster Challenge 2015 in March, a two-day four player quadruple blitz and rapid round robin event.She began the first day with a 3.5/6 score before crushing her opponents the second day with five straight wins and a draw in the final game easily winning the event with a 9/12 score. Since this event conflicted with the Women's World Chess Championship 2015 she relinquished her title to Mariya Muzychuk at the conclusion of the Championship. Hou played in the Nakhchivan Open 2015 in from May 1 to the 11th. Seeded 3rd by rating, she finished in a nine-way tie for joint 4th–12th with a 6/9 score (+5 −2 =2, TPR 2581). She played in the 2015 edition of Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting which ran from June 27 to July 5. With an average rating of 2724, it qualified as a Category 20 supertournament. Hou finished in joint 7th/8th with a 2.5/7 score (−2 =5, TPR 2629)

Hou has been chosen as the first FIDE Presidential nominee for Chess World Cup 2015 held in Baku from September 10 to October 5.She made it past the first round of a World Cup for the first time in her career before losing in the second round 1.5–2.5 to Shakhriyar Mamedyarov after

masks: Hou Hou Yifan Hou Hou Yifan


title: Hou Yifan

type: original

texts:
 the 1st set of rapid tiebreaks. Her performance rating was 2685 for the event. From October 2 to October 15, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16 held in Monte Carlo, Monaco. She started the event slowly, with a 2.5/4 score going into the first rest day. This included a loss to rival Humpy Koneru before stringing together a streak of six wins, winning the tournament with one round to spare. Her final score was 9/11 (+8 −1 = 2, TPR 2766). She participated in an exhibition match against Parimarjan Negi  held in the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis from November 12 to the 15th.The four-day event showcased a different chess variant each day: Basque Chess, Rapid Chess960, Rapid Chess and Blitz Chess with each game played counting for 1 point in determining the winner. Hou easily won the match: 0–2 in Basque, 3.5–0.5 in Chess960, 3–1 in Rapid Chess, and 4.5–3.5 in Blitz with a total score of 11–7. As part of the joint Russian-Chinese Match of Friendship chess festival held from December 13 to 15 held in Shanghai, China, Hou participated in an exhibition match with the GM Evgeniy Najer the 2015 European Champion. Playing a series of rapid and blitz games, she won quite convincingly with a 9.5 to 4.5 score. In the last chess event of the year, the 2nd edition of the 2015 Qatar Masters Open held from December 19 to the 30th in Doha, Qatar, Hou was the 22nd highest rated player in the tournament but finished in 38th place with a 5.5/9 score (+3 −1 =5, TPR 2591). The result was still good enough to win the top women's prize by a full point. 2016
For the third time, Hou competed in the top group of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from January 15 to 31.This year she was seeded 13th out of 14 participants in this Category 20 event. She started strongly, going +1 in her first six games before faltering with four losses in the following five games. She placed 12th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2672). In early February, Hou played and won in a four-game match against Cristobal Henriquez Villagra in Punta Arenas. Billed as a Bicontinental Chess Match, it was scheduled to be played in two locations, but due to inclement weather, they were unable to play in Antarctica. She won the match with a 2.5–1.5 score(+2 −1 =1, TPR 2584). Qualifying for the Women's World Chess Championship 2016, in March, as the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14, she reclaimed the World Championship title from Mariya Muzychuk in Lviv, Ukraine with a 6–3 score (+3 =6, TPR 2685).From March 23–26 Hou played in a four player 3 round classical/3 round rapid robin tournament to determine the qualifier for the 4th edition of Norway Chess. She finished in 3rd place with a 1/3 score (−1 =2, TPR 2531) in the classical portion and 2/1 score (+2 −1, TPR 2716) in the rapid portion. In May, Hou dropped out of the current Women's World Championship cycle, effectively relinquishing the crown. She explained her reasons in a Chessbase interview, mainly objecting to the format wherein the Women's World Champion is decided alternately by a knockout tournament and then a match. She also expressed her willingness to participate in the cycle if the format were amended to mirror that of the World Chess Championship. She played in the Vugar Gashimov Memorial, a category 20 tournament held in, Shamkir Azerbaijan, from May 26 to June 4. She was the ninth seed out of ten participants and finished in last place with a 2.5/10 score (−4 = 5, TPR 2578)

Hou played in the Eurasian Blitz Cup from June 17–20 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.Seeded 17th on the strength of her 2704 blitz rating, she came in 29th place with a 12.5/22 score (+10 −7 = 5, TPR 2650). Among the female competitors, while having a superior performance rating, she came in second to Harika Dronavalli on tiebreaks. 2017
At the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival, Hou finished with a score of 6/10 (the tournament was won by Hikaru Nakamura). Her round 7 win against the French master Borya Ider, in which she made an early positional sacrifice of queen for two minor pieces, was described as "truly astonishing" by organizer and chess journalist John Saunders. In the final round, she appeared to throw her game against Indian Grandmaster Lalith Babu, playing a ridiculous opening and resigning after 5 moves. She later explained that she was upset about being paired against other female players in 7 of her 9 previous games of a Swiss system tournament, however tournament organizer Brian Callaghan said the pairings were simply the result of a computer program. <mask> <mask> was one of 24 players selected to play in the FIDE Grand Prix 2017, a qualification stage for the World Chess Championship 2018.She reached position 17 in the final standings, and thus was not able to qualify for the Championship. She declined to defend her title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2017, and as a result forfeited her title. In April she participated at the Grenke Classic at Baden-Baden. She finished 5th out of eight players, beating Fabiano Caruana and drawing against Magnus Carlsen after having come close to winning. In June she re-entered the top 100 players, as world no. 85. In August, she was clear first at the Category 16 50th Biel Chess Festival with 6.5/9 points (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2810).In September she competed in the Chess World Cup 2017, where she went out in a second round tiebreak to Levon Aronian, the eventual winner. 2018
In January she competed in the Tata Steel tournament in Wijk aan Zee as the only woman in the field of 14 players, placing last with a score of 2.5/13 (+0−8=5). From 31 March to 9 April, she participated in the 5th Grenke Chess Classic. She finished equal 8th–9th out of ten with a score of 3½/9 (+0 –2 =7). 2019
In December, she won the 2019 Belt and Road World Chess Woman Summit with 5/7 points. Rating
Rated 2686 in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, Hou was the world no. 59 player and world no.1 woman player (overtaking the recently retired Judit Polgár's rating for the first time). On 1 July 2006, she was the youngest ever player to enter the Top 50 Women (Number 8) and Top 20 Girls (Number 2) FIDE lists at age of 12 (rated 2488), since FIDE began releasing these lists in 2000. Between the April 2006 and July 2006 FIDE rating lists, she gained an impressive 190 rating points from a rating of 2298 to a rating of 2488, which made her the eighth highest rated female player, and the second highest rated girl, in the world. Four-time winner of the honorary Caissa Cup as the best female player of the year (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014). Chess Award of Caissa, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, was solemnly presented at the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul on September 2, 2012 during a meeting of the Commission for Women's Chess with the participation of Susan Polgar chairing the commission. Openings
<mask> <mask> primarily plays 1.e4 as White. As Black, she usually plays the Sicilian Defence (including the Najdorf and Dragon variations) as well as the French Defence against 1.e4, while against 1.d4 she plays the Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian and Queen's Indian defences.Notable games

On 25 January 2008, <mask> as Black beat GM Gabriel Sargissian (2676) of Armenia, longtime second of Levon Aronian, in the Corus (Group B) tournament, Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands:
1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6 Queen's Indian Defense: Fianchetto. Nimzowitsch Variation (E15) 5. Qc2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Be7 7. e4 d5 8. cxd5 Bxf1 9. Kxf1 exd5 10. e5 Ne4 11. Nc3 Nxd2+ A .12. Nxd2 Qd7 13. Kg2 Nc6 14. Qa4 0-0 15. Rac1 f6 16.Nd1 Nxe5 17.Qxd7 Nxd7 18.Rxc7 Bb4 19.Nf3 ; better was 15...Rfd8. 16. f4 fxe5 17. dxe5 Bb4 18. Rhf1 Rac8 19.Ne2 Nxe5 20. Qxb4 Nd3 21. Qb3 Nxc1 22. Nxc1 Rce8 23. Nf3 Qf5 24. Rf2 c5 25. Qd3 Qe4 26.Rd2 d4 27. Qxe4 Rxe4 28. Nd3 Re6 29. h4 Rc8 30. a4 a6 31. Nfe5 b5 32. a5 g6 33. Rc2 c4 34. Nb4 Rf8 35. b3 d3 36. Rd2 Rc8 37.Rd1 Rd6 38. Kf3 d2 39. bxc4 bxc4 40. Nc2 c3 41. Ke2 Rd5 42. Ng4 Rxa5 43. Nge3 Rd8 44. Rb1 Ra2 45.Kd1 Rb2 46. Ra1 Rdb8 47. Rxa6 Rb1+ 48. Ke2 Rc1 49. Rc6 Re8  If 50.Kd3, then ...Rxc2 follows. If 50.Rxc3, then ...d1=Q+. Views

Male-female skill gap at the top-level
<mask> claimed that there are many reasons for the lack of female contenders at the chess top-level.She says there is a physical aspect to long chess games that might advantage men, and that men generally work harder at chess than women growing up. She uses Chinese girls as an example and points out that most prefer a balanced life, prioritizing things such as university and family life at the cost of working on chess. But she claims there also are external factors: girls playing chess growing up are only encouraged to compete for the girl's title, which might lower their motivation. See also
 List of chess grandmasters
 List of female chess players
 List of youngest grandmasters

References

External links

 , includes notable games

 Profile at Starz International Sports
 Short biographies at Corus Chess official website:

 Profile and interview, ChessBase.com, 5 February 2009

 <mask> <mask> interview at the 2010 World Championship
 <mask> <mask> interview with Dominic Lawson over a game

1994 births
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in chess
Chess grandmasters
Female chess grandmasters
Chess players at the 2010 Asian Games
Chess players from Jiangsu
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Peking University alumni
High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China alumni
People from Taizhou, Jiangsu
Women's world chess champions
World Youth Chess Champions
BBC 100 Women
Chinese Rhodes Scholars
Shenzhen University

masks: Hou Yifan Hou Yifan Hou Yifan Hou Yifan Hou Yifan


title: Bozoma Saint John

texts:
<mask> "Boz" <mask> (née Arthur) is an American businessperson and marketing executive who is the chief marketing officer (CMO) at Netflix. Previously, she served as CMO at Endeavor, and chief brand officer (CBO) at Uber until June 2018. <mask> was also a marketing executive at Apple Music until June 2017, after joining the company in its acquisition of Beats Music. From 2005 until 2014 she worked at PepsiCo, eventually serving as the head of music and entertainment marketing. In May 2021, she was named among the Top 50 Most Influential Female Leaders in Africa within the corporate and business sphere by Leading Ladies Africa. Early life
<mask> was born to Rev. Dr. Appianda Arthur and Aba Arthur (née Enim) in Middletown, Connecticut in the United States, and the family moved to Ghana when she was six months old.In her early childhood, her family also lived in Nairobi, Kenya and Washington, D.C. They returned to the United States and settled in Colorado Springs, Colorado when she was 12. Her father was a clarinet player and member of the Ghana Army before emigrating to the United States to attend graduate school. <mask> cites her father as her biggest inspiration. In 1999, <mask> graduated from Wesleyan University with a degree in English and African-American Studies. Her father received a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology in 1977, also from Wesleyan. Career

Marketing
After college, <mask> worked at the advertising agencies Arnold Worldwide and Spike Lee's Spike DDB.She also worked at the fashion brand Ashley Stewart, where she was vice president of marketing. <mask> joined PepsiCo as a senior marketing manager in 2005. She later led PepsiCo's foray into music festival-based marketing as head of music and entertainment marketing. She remained with the company for almost a decade before joining Beats Music in 2014, when Jimmy Iovine of Beats recruited <mask> based on her experience in music marketing. <mask> moved from New York to Los Angeles to lead marketing for the company. Beats was purchased shortly thereafter by Apple, and <mask> became the head of global consumer marketing for iTunes and Apple Music, commuting between Los Angeles and Apple's Cupertino headquarters several times a week. Journalists described <mask>'s presentation of the redesigned Apple Music onstage during the 2016 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as her breakthrough moment, with a captivating "passion" and persona that captivated both local and online audiences.Biz Carson of Business Insider said that her appearance helped to emphasize Apple's complete rebuild of its Apple Music software. BuzzFeed wrote that she was the "coolest" person to ever take the stage at an Apple keynote. On June 6, 2017, <mask> became chief brand officer at Uber. In June 2018, <mask> left Uber to join Endeavor as chief marketing officer. She said of her choice to leave: "When I got to Uber I was honest in my desire to go and change essentially what I thought was a challenging environment, especially for women and for people of colour... What I discovered was a lot of people who had a desire to do better, honestly, but couldn't get out of their own way... At some point it became too overwhelming for me... It became a good lesson for all of us: You don't need to be the savior, you can save yourself too." While at Endeavor, <mask> helped lead a "crisis" branding project for Papa John's Pizza after the company's founder, <mask>, used racist language in a conference call.Netflix named Bozoma <mask> its new chief marketing officer on June 30, 2020, making her the third CMO for the company in 2019–2020. She is the first Black C-level executive at Netflix. <mask> replaced Jackie Lee-Joe, who left the company for personal reasons. <mask> started the new role in August 2020. Writing and podcasting
In May 2020, <mask> launched a limited-series iHeart Media podcast alongside journalist Katie Couric, "Back to Biz with Katie and Boz". The podcast began with the focus of how small and large businesses across the country began to reopen throughout the coronavirus pandemic, but after the murder of George Floyd expanded to focus also on systemic racism and criminal justice reform. <mask> is writing a memoir titled The Urgent Life, in which she describes her work as a marketing executive as well as losing her husband and becoming a single parent during that time.It will be published in 2022 by Viking Press. Other work
In January 2021, <mask> taught a short intensive program (SIP) for MBA candidates at Harvard Business School called "Anatomy of a Badass". Activism, advising, and philanthropy
<mask> launched the #ShareTheMicNow Instagram initiative alongside Luvvie Ajayi Jones, Glennon Doyle, and Stacey Bendet. On June 10, 2020, 52 Black women took over the Instagram feeds of 52 white women with large platforms to draw attention to the work they're doing in order to catalyze change. <mask> took over the Instagram account of Kourtney Kardashian, and other Black women including Elaine Welteroth, Angelica Ross, and Gia Peppers took over the accounts of white women including Julia Roberts, Elizabeth Warren, and Diane von Fürstenberg. <mask> John's philanthropic efforts include representing Pencils of Promise as a Global Ambassador to Ghana and serving on the boards of Girls Who Code and Vital Voices. <mask> has been a member of the President's Advisory Council for Wesleyan University, her alma mater.She is also a member of the Black Advisory Board for Impact, an initiative by the Council of Fashion Designers of America to address systematic exclusion of Black people in the fashion industry. Personal life
<mask> was married to <mask> <mask> until his death in 2013. They have one daughter, Lael <mask>. Awards and honors
2015: Billboard, Top Women in Music
 2016: Billboard, Female Executive of the Year
 2016: Fortune, 40 Under 40
 2017: Henry Crown Fellow in the Aspen Institute
Ad Age, 50 Most Creative People, Innovators & Stars 40 Under 40 feature
Adweek, Most Exciting Personalities in Advertising
Ebony, 100 Powerful Executives
 Fast Company, 100 Most Creative People
Fortune, Disruptors

References

External links

21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American writers
African-American business executives
African-American women in business
American anti-racism activists
American marketing businesspeople
American media executives
American people of Ghanaian descent
American podcasters
American women business executives
Apple Inc. employees
Businesspeople from Colorado Springs, Colorado
Chief marketing officers
Henry Crown Fellows
Living people
American music industry executives
Netflix people
People from Los Angeles
People from Nairobi
People from New York (state)
People from Washington, D.C.
PepsiCo people
Uber people
Wesleyan University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women podcasters
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American writers

masks:
Bozoma
Saint John
Saint John
Bozoma Arthur
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
John Schnatter
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint
Saint John
Saint John
Peter Saint
John
Saint John


title: Siamanto

texts:
Atom Yarchanian (), better known by his pen name <mask> (Սիամանթօ) (15 August 1878 – August 1915), was an influential Armenian writer, poet and national figure from the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was killed by the Ottoman authorities during the Armenian genocide. Life

Yarchanian was born in 1878 in Agn, a town on the shores of the river Euphrates. He lived in his native town until the age of 14. He studied at the Nersesian School as a youth, where he developed an interest in poetry. The school's director encouraged him to continue developing his poetic talents. The director, Garegin Srvandztiants, gave him the name <mask>, after the hero of one of his stories.Atom would use this name for the remainder of his life. <mask> came from a middle-upper-class family. They moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1891, where he continued his studies at the Berberian School, graduating in 1896, during the Hamidian massacres. Like many other Armenian intellectuals, he fled the country for fear of persecution. He ended up in Egypt where he became depressed because of the butchery that his fellow Armenians had to endure. In 1897, <mask> moved to Paris and enrolled in literature at the Sorbonne. He was captivated by philosophy and Middle Eastern literature.He had to work various jobs while pursuing his studies because of his difficult financial situation. He developed many ties with well-known Armenian personalities in and outside Paris. He enjoyed reading in French and in Armenian, and read many of the best works of his time. From Paris he moved to Geneva, and contributed to the Droshak newspaper, the organ of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. His first poetic works were published in this newspaper under such headlines as "Heroically" (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) and "The Knight’s Song" (Armenian: Ասպետին Երգը). The paper detailed the destruction of his homeland, was highly critical of the Ottoman government, and demanded equal rights for Armenians and more autonomy. <mask> joined the cause and truly believed in an Armenia free of Ottoman oppression.Henceforth, many of his works and poems were highly nationalistic. <mask> fell ill in 1904, coming down with a case of pneumonia. He was treated at a hospital in Geneva and eventually fully recovered. For the next four years, he lived in various European cities such as Paris, Zurich, and Geneva. In 1908, along with many other Armenians, he returned to Constantinople after the proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution. However, in 1909, the Ottoman government made it clear that they were not safe by perpetrating the Adana massacre. <mask> was once again deeply affected by the bloodshed.These events led him to write his most noted work, Bloody News from my Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս). Works

Heroically (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) was written starting in 1897 and finally printed in 1902 in Paris. It was a book about the hardships of Armenians living under the harsh Ottoman rule. Siamanto encouraged the youth to stand up for their rights and demand equality and justice. Sons of Armenia (Armenian: Հայորդիներ) was written between 1902 and 1908 and included three volumes. The first one was released in 1905 and dealt with the deep grief and mourning that many had to endure after the Hamidian massacres and other Turkish atrocities. Torches of Agony and Hope (Armenian: Հոգեվարքի եւ յոյսի ջահեր) was released in 1907 described in stunning details scenes of massacres, blood and anguish.He portrayed the deep thoughts and feelings of the victims and their daily torment. The plight of a whole people can be felt while reading this work. The author successfully makes the reader feel for the characters and easily win their sympathy. Bloody News from My Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս) was written right after the Adana massacre of 1909. It is a poetic work reflecting the pain the author felt for his fellow countrymen. The Homeland’s Invitation (Armenian: Հայրենի հրաւէր) was printed in 1910 and released in the United States. He wrote about his yearning for his country and encouraged Armenians living abroad to return to their native soil."Saint Mesrop" (Armenian: Սուրբ Մեսրոպ), published in 1913, is a long poem dedicated to Saint Mesrop, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Writing style

<mask> was a pioneer in Armenian poetry. His style was new and unique, and the methodology was exceptional. His themes were very dark and dealt extensively with death, torture, loss, misery, and sorrow. He recounted scenes of massacres, executions by hanging, bloody streets, pillaged villages, etc. ; in other words, they dealt with the slaughter of Armenian men and women. The suffering of the people was continually tormenting him in turn.He spent many sleepless nights thinking about those who perished. Writing about their fate was his way of coping with the pain and making sure they were not killed in silence. Life for the Armenians was bleak under Ottoman rule and <mask>'s works described that fact of life very well. However, his poems and writings go beyond the pain. He wrote about hope, freedom from oppression, and the possibility of a better future. His ideas also went to revolutionary themes and revenge for the murdered. Siamanto had two sides to his writing: one of lamentation, and the other of resistance.It is from this ideology of resistance that his revolutionary beliefs grew. He was convinced that the road to salvation for his people was through armed struggle. He was hoping to ignite the revolutionary spirit in the younger generation of Armenians and to make them understand that indifference and inaction was not going to save them. He was so gripped with these troubles that he seldom wrote about himself, his personal life, love, or joy. <mask> had a very vivid imagination. The images he created can sometimes even feel a little out of the ordinary at times. He used many aspects from the symbolic school of thought in his works.He did not know modesty; we went to extremes both while writing about desperation or about hope. His consistency in his chosen themes went to show how passionately he felt for his cause. His works give a clear image of the spirit that existed at the time in the minds of many of the Armenian populace. Death

In 1910, he moved to the United States as an editor of Hairenik newspaper. After a year, he returned to Constantinople. In 1913 he visited Tiflis. On his way to his destination, he visited many landmarks associated with Armenian culture and history, including Mount Ararat, Khor Virap and Ejmiadzin.He was one of the Armenian intellectuals tortured and killed by the Ottomans in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. See also

Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915
Erukhan
Krikor Zohrab
Rupen Zartarian

References

 Translated from Armenian: N.A. Արդի հայկական գրականութիւն, Գ հատոր, [Modern Armenian literature, Volume III], 2003, pp. 68–74

External links

 ArmenianHouse.org biography of Siamanto
 Rendered into English verse by Alice Stone Blackwell

1878 births
1915 deaths
People from Kemaliye
University of Paris alumni
19th-century Armenian poets
Siamanto
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
Armenian male poets
Survivors of the Hamidian massacres
Mount Ararat

masks: Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto


title: Buzz Miller

texts:
Vernal "<mask>" <mask> (December 23, 1923 – February 23, 1999) was an American dancer who was equally at home on Broadway and in contemporary ballet and modern dance. Early life and Training

<mask>, known from boyhood as <mask>, was born in Snowflake, Arizona, a small town in Navajo County founded by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Raised in a family with three brothers and two sisters, he was educated in local schools. After graduation from high school, he joined the U.S. Army and spent two years as a front lines messenger on active duty in World War II. He was honorably discharged from military service after being injured in combat. In 1947, when he was 23 years old, he began his dance studies with Mia Slavenska, a glamorous Croatian ballerina, in Hollywood, California. After only nine months of study, he got his first professional dancing job.Professional career
Once he began training, <mask> soon showed an unusual talent for jazz dance and he quickly found employment as a professional dancer. He toured night clubs and cabarets in London and Paris with Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers (1947) and in cities around the United States with the Jack Cole Dancers. Thereafter, he appeared in numerous Broadway shows and Hollywood films., demonstrating his facility for the quirky jazz-based choreography of Jack Cole and Bob Fosse. Broadway Shows
 1947 –  Magdalena: A Musical Adventure. A Brazilian folk operetta with music by Heitor Villa-Lobos. Choreography by Jack Cole. 1952  –  Two's Company.A musical revue with music by Vernon Duke and lyrics by Ogden Nash, starring Bette Davis. Choreography by Jerome Robbins. <mask> had featured billing, along with Nora Kaye and Maria Karnilova. 1953  –  Me and Juliet. A musical comedy by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, with dances and musical numbers arranged by Robert Alton. <mask> was a principal dancer, partnering Joan McCracken in "Keep It Gay," a dance number in act 1. 1953  –  Pal Joey.A revival of the 1940 musical by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. Choreography by Robert Alton. With Harold Lang, Helen Gallagher, Elaine Stritch, and Bob Fosse. 1954  –  The Pajama Game. A musical with music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross, directed by George Abbott and Jerome Robbins. Choreography by Bob Fosse. The show was regularly stopped by applause for the dance number called "Steam Heat," performed by <mask>, Carol Haney, and Peter Gennaro.1956  –  Bells Are Ringing. A musical with book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green and music by Jule Styne. Directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Jerome Robbins. Starring Judy Holiday as a lovelorn telephone operator. <mask> played her friend Carl and was her partner in "Mu-cha-cha," the dance number that opens act 2. 1959  – Redhead. A murder-mystery musical set in Victorian London, with music and lyrics by Albert Hague and Dorothy Fields, directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Donald MacKayle.Created especially for Gwen Verdon in the title role. As the Jailer, <mask> was her partner in the dance number called "Pick-Pocket Tango." 1962  –  Bravo Giovanni. A musical conceived as a vehicle for opera star Cesare Siepi. With music by Milton Schafer and choreography by Carol Haney and <mask>. <mask> danced with Maria Karnilova in a big production number called "The Kangaroo." 1963  –  Hot Spot.A musical with music by Mary Rodgers and staging by Herbert Ross. A historic flop, in which <mask> danced with Carmen de Lavallade. 1964  –  Funny Girl. A blockbuster hit starring Barbra Streisand as comedienne Fanny Brice. Music by Jule Styne and lyrics by Rob Merrill. Choreography by Carol Haney and Jerome Robbins. <mask> danced with Streisand and the chorus in "Cornet Man," act 1, scene 6.Other performances
<mask> reprised his dancing role in The Pajama Game in the Hollywood film made in 1957. Doris Day and John Raitt played the leading roles. Other films in which <mask> appeared included On the Riviera (1951), There's No business Like Show Business (1954), Anything Goes (1956), and Justine (1969). Besides his work in films, he appeared on numerous American television shows, including Camera Three, The Ed Sullivan Show, and  The Arthur Godfrey Show. In 1955 and 1956 <mask> was a guest artist with Roland Petit's Ballets de Paris, with a leading role opposite Zizi Jeanmaire in La Chambre, a detective-story ballet with a scenario by Georges Simenon, and a featured role in Les Belles Damnées, with Violette Verdy. He also danced in the first Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival of the Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy, in 1957, as a representative of contemporary American culture in the performing arts. In New York during the 1960s he was favored by the modern dance choreographer John Butler, who cast him in Portrait of Billie (1961), inspired by the life of Billie Holiday, and in Catulli Carmina (Songs of Catullus, 1964), in which he originated the role of Caelius and later danced the principal role of the Roman poet Catullus.In both these works he danced opposite the lissome and beautiful Carmen de Lavallade, another Butler favorite. Choreography
In 1968, <mask> choreographed and associate directed Julie Bovasso's The Moon Dreamers at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. He was then associate director for Bovasso's plays at La MaMa in 1971, 1974, and 1975. These included Schubert's Last Serenade and Monday on the Way to Mercury Island in 1971, The Nothing Kid and Standard Safety in 1974, and Schubert's Last Serenade, The Final Analysis, and The Super Lover in 1975. Later years
In 1978, <mask> was a founding member and reconstructionist of the American Dance Machine, a company and briefly a school devoted to preserving the great dance numbers from Broadway and television shows. He was responsible for restaging Carol Haney's choreography for "Me and My Girl," first presented on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1962. He also taught master dance classes at many universities in the United States.He was regarded as one of the leading teachers of jazz dance in the country. Openly gay for most of his life, <mask> had a five-year liaison with Jerome Robbins in the 1950s. Thereafter, in 1957, he met Alan Groh and began a relationship that lasted for some thirty years, until Groh's death in 1996. <mask> himself died of emphysema in Manhattan in 1999. He was 76 years old. His archives and papers are held in the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. References

External links
 Mimi Swartz, "Buzz and Alan" in The New Yorker, August 1998
 Norma Skurka, "An apartment that evolved" in The New York Times, September 23, 1973
 <mask>'s page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections

1999 deaths
1923 births
American male dancers
American male musical theatre actors
People from Snowflake, Arizona
People from Manhattan
Military personnel from Arizona
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American dancers
Gay men
LGBT dancers
LGBT military personnel
LGBT entertainers from the United States
LGBT people from Arizona
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Buzz
Miller
Vernal Miller
Buzz
Miller
Miller
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
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Miller
Miller
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Miller
Miller
Miller
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title: J. Arch Getty

texts:
<mask> (born November 30, 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), specializing in the history of Russia and the history of the Soviet Union. Life and career
<mask> was born in Louisiana and grew up in Oklahoma. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and his Ph.D. from Boston College in 1979. <mask> was a professor at the University of California, Riverside, before moving to UCLA. <mask> is a <mask> Guggenheim Fellow, a Research Fellow of the Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow) and has been Senior Fellow of the Harriman Institute (Columbia University) and the Davis Center (Harvard University). He was Senior Visiting Scholar at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Research, ideas, and debates
Academic Sovietology after World War II and during the Cold War was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the Soviet Union, stressing the absolute nature of <mask>'s power.The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe described the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." <mask> was one of a number of "revisionist school" historians who challenged the traditional approach to Soviet history, as outlined by political scientist <mask> Friedrich, which stated that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian system, with the personality cult and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin. In Origins of Great Purges, a book published in 1985, <mask> said that the Soviet political system was not completely controlled from the center and that Stalin only responded to political events as they arose. The book was a challenge to works by Robert Conquest and part of the debates between the "totalitarian model" and "revisionist school" of the Soviet Union. In an appendix to the book, <mask> also questioned the previously published findings that Stalin organized himself the murder of Sergey Kirov to justify his campaign of Great Purge.<mask> saw Stalin's rule as dictatorial but not totalitarian because the latter demanded an administrative and technological effectiveness that did not exist. The "totalitarian model" historians objected to the "revisionist school" of historians such as <mask> as apologetics for Stalin and accused them of downplaying the terror. Lenoe responded that "<mask> has not denied Stalin's ultimate responsibility for the Terror, nor is he an admirer of Stalin." During the debates in the 1980s, the use of émigré sources and the insistence on Stalin's engineering of Kirov's murder became embedded in the two sides' position. In a review of Conquest work on the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, especially The Harvest of Sorrow, <mask> wrote that Stalin and the Soviet Politburo played a major role, but "there is plenty of blame to go around. It must be shared by the tens of thousands of activists and officials who carried out the policy and by the peasants who chose to slaughter animals, burn fields, and boycott cultivation in protest." In an 1987 review for the London Review of Books (LRB) about Conquest's work, <mask> wrote: "Conquest's hypothesis, sources and evidence are not new.Indeed, he himself first put forward his view two years ago in a work sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute. The intentional famine story, however, has been an article of faith for Ukrainian émigrés in the West since the Cold War. ... Conquest's book will thus give a certain academic credibility to a theory which has not been generally accepted by non-partisan scholars outside the circles of exiled nationalities. In today's conservative political climate, with its 'evil empire' discourse, I am sure that the book will be very popular." In the same LRB article, <mask> gave his interpretation of the events, which is in line with the "revisionist school" bottom-up approach. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the release of the Soviet archives, some of the heat has gone out of the debate, as "totalitarian model" and "revisionist" school merged into "postrevisionism" as a synthesis. <mask> was one of the most active Western historians researching the archives along with Lynne Viola.A 1993 study of archival data by <mask> et al. showed that a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953. In a 1993 study, <mask> wrote that the opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by the "revisionist school" scholars. Few oppose <mask>'s analysis, which has gained acceptance, of broad society's will and power to resist, with a degree of autonomy to the bureaucracy and other professional groups in opposition to Soviet central power, over that of totalitarianism through one-sided hierarchical processes in which a despotic leadership exercised violence on a passive population, which was also defenseless. His analysis of Stalin as a powerful yet having to work within an array of competing interests and powers, a cruel but ordinary mortal being who was not omnipotent nor a master planner, has been described as a representation of the banal evil described by Hannah Arendt. Published works

Books
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Manning, Roberta Thompson, eds. (1993).Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1993). The Central Party Archive: A Research Guide. Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. <mask>, J. <mask> (1996) [1985]. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (9th reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1999).The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2008). Stalin's "Iron Fist:" The Times and Life of N. I. Yezhov. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2013). Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. Yale University Press. . Articles
 <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1986)."Trotsky in Exile: The Founding of the Fourth International". Soviet Studies. XXXVIII (1): 24–35. <mask>, J. <mask>; Ritterspon, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Vicktor N. (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". The American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049.<mask>, J. <mask> (1998). "Afraid of Their Shadows: The Bolshevik Recourse to Terror, 1932–1938". In Hildermeier, Manfred; Mueller-Luckner, Elisabeth, eds. Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Neue Wege der Forschung [Stalinism before the Second World War (New Avenues of Research)]. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1999)."Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–1938". The Russian Review. 58 (1): 49–70. <mask>, J. <mask> (2000). "Mr. Ezhov Goes to Moscow: The Rise of a Stalinist Police Chief". In Husband, William, ed. The Human Tradition in Modern Russia.Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–174. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 2002). "'Excesses Are not Permitted:' Mass Terror Operations in the Late 1930s and Stalinist Governance". The Russian Review. 16 (1): 112–137.<mask>, J. <mask> (2005). "Stalin as Prime Minister: Power and the Politburo". In Davies, Sarah; Harris, <mask>, eds. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–107.Notes

References

External links
 Official webpage at the University of California, Los Angeles

1950 births
American biographers
Boston College alumni
Historians of communism
Historians of Russia
Living people
American male biographers
Stalinism-era scholars and writers
Writers from Louisiana
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
John Archibald Getty III
Getty
Getty
Getty
John Simon
Joseph Stalin
Getty
Carl Joachim
Getty
Getty
Getty
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James


title: Johann Peter Petri

texts:
<mask>, nicknamed Old Black <mask> () or simply <mask> (Schwarzer <mask>), (born 24 March 1752 in Burgen near Bernkastel; died after 1812) was a robber and accomplice of Schinderhannes, the notorious highwayman. The name of the card game, Black Peter is probably derived from Petri. Life
His parents were <mask> and Christina Margaretha. Around 1780, <mask> married Maria Katharina Neumann, the daughter of innkeeper and charcoal burner, <mask> (c. 1723-1803). Maria was born in 1759 in Schmelz (today a district of Neuhütten, about  15 km from Hüttgeswasen) and lived from 1765 in the hamlet of Hüttgeswasen. It is no longer possible to determine where the marriage was contracted. With permission of Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Petri built a hut in Hüttgeswasen, next to his father-in-law's dwelling, in which he lived with his family for eleven years.At that time he worked as lumberjack and charcoal burner. The charcoal produced in Hüttgeswasen was needed for iron and copper smelting by the numerous smeltworks in the district (Amt) of Allenbach. In 1781, his first son, <mask> Conrad, ("Young <mask>") was born in Hüttgeswasen. The other children, Elisabeth Margaret (born 1784), John Christian (born 1787), Abraham (1788-1791), Catharine Elisabeth (1791-1792) and John Andrew (born 1792) were also born in Hüttgeswasen. The remaining three of altogether nine children were not from Hüttgeswasen: John George (born 1794/1795), Louise (born 1797/1798) and Leonard (born about 1803/1804). Old Black Peter's hut was burned down in 1792 during the French invasion. From this time he led an unsettled life with his family.The Petris left Hüttgeswasen and lived until 1811 in many places in the Hunsrück and on the right bank of the Rhine, especially in the area of the Odenwald. The father continued to work as a woodcutter, first for about six months for the villages of Beulich and Gondershausen, then for about a year in Schauren near Kempfeld, where he worked for someone in Hottenbach. After a six-month stay in Weiden near Hottenbach, he worked as a woodcutter at the glassworks in Soonwald for almost four years. After that he moved to Münchwald for six months and then again for a short time to the area on the right bank of the Nahe. Petri committed numerous criminal acts such as thefts, burglaries and robberies. Together with Schinderhannes he stole two horses in August 1798 in Ellern. On 12 August 1798, he and Schinderhannes murdered Jewish cattle dealer, Simon Seligmann, in the forest near the Thiergarten forester's house.Three years earlier, the victim had observed the married <mask> during a tryst  with the wife of Polecat James (Iltis-Jakob) in the forest and had told her husband, who then killed his unfaithful wife in a quarrel. <mask> was of medium stature and had a smooth and supposedly handsome face, coal-black hair and a dark side whiskers. Contemporaries described him, on the one hand, as a true predator, but on the other as a man who was moved to tears by the sight of a boy, probably because he thought of his children. During interrogations, Petri only incriminated thieves who had previously incriminated him and asked that this be noted in the minutes. He firmly believed that it would be advantageous to ask for a merciful punishment after confessing to each crime and was pleased when other crooks failed to do so. <mask> was also very vain. He often mentioned at a more mature age that he had been a very handsome man.When he talked about other members of his family, he always mentioned whether he was a handsome man or not. When he once received tight fitting legwear, he showed them to everyone with obvious pleasure. He liked to recount the love relationships from his younger days. On occasions he showed a pious disposition. But he also thought he was beginning to doubt whether there was a God because he had prayed so much and his situation had not improved. When he spoke of deceased relatives or acquaintances, he always added the words "the blessed". Old <mask> was often arrested and interrogated.At the beginning of year VII of the French Revolutionary Calendar, he was arrested in the Canton of Obermoschel and taken to Kaiserslautern and then Simmern. On the 29th Brumaire of year VII he broke out of the tower of Simmern and fled to the east of the Rhine into the Odenwald. In the spring of 1802 he stayed in the Soonwald, but escaped the authorities and, unlike his son, Young <mask>, did not stand trial in Mainz together with Schinderhannes. In the Odenwald he was once again active as a highwayman, burglar and thief. After the robbery of a stagecoach between Heppenheim and Weinheim on 1 May 1811, in which Swiss merchant, Hans Jacob Rieter, was beaten to death, the then 59-year-old <mask> was arrested in a general raid. Although he had been living in the Odenwald as a charcoal burner under the name <mask> for a long time and had nothing to do with the robbery, his true identity came to light in the course of the investigations through statements made by fellow prisoners. The former accomplice of Schinderhannes, who himself was executed in Mainz in 1803, was extradited to the French authorities in Mainz on 11 November 1811 for his old crimes, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment together with another member of the Schinderhannes gang, Franz Delis.<mask> probably died behind bars. After his death, his body was transferred to the Anatomical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, where allegedly his skeleton was also kept for a long time. Today the skeleton of <mask> is considered lost, while one attributed to Schinderhannes still exists in Heidelberg today. Family
Old <mask>'s children, as well as his wife Maria Katharina, who often took part in thefts, also became offenders. The son, <mask>, alias Young Black <mask>, an accomplice of Schinderhannes, was sentenced to 15 years in chains in Mainz. Another son, <mask> (nicknamed Charcoal Andrew) was sentenced to death for his involvement in the robbery of a stagecoach near Heppenheim in Mannheim, but this was commuted to life imprisonment because of his youth and inexperience. The sons John George <mask> and Leonard participated in thefts.The daughter Elisabetha Margaretha was sentenced in 1812 in Mannheim to six months imprisonment for complicity in a robbery, adultery and trickery. In 1813 the rest of the <mask> family was arrested in the Simmern arrondissement for begging and vagabondage. The wife of Old Black <mask> and a daughter later went into the poorhouse in Trier, where the latter fled. Nothing is known about her fate. Literature
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Chronik, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Ortslexikon, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 Hans-Eugen Bühler: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Amtes Allenbach. 1. Teil.Die Bedeutung der Holzhauer- und Kohlenbrennerkolonie Hüttgeswasen zwischen 1600 und 1900, Birkenfeld 1984
 Ernst Probst: Der Schwarze Peter. Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald, Mainz-Kostheim 2005

External links
 Der Schwarze Peter von Ernst Probst
 Burgen im Frohnbachtal: Der Schwarze Peter

References

German robbers
Criminals from Rhineland-Palatinate
Hunsrück
1752 births
19th-century deaths

masks:
Johann Peter Petri
Peter
Black Peter
Peter
Johann Peter Petri
Black Peter
Johann Georg Neumann
Johann Peter
Black Peter
Black Peter
Petri
Petri
Black Peter
Black Peter
Black Peter
Johannes Wild
Petri
Black Peter
Black Peter
Peter Petri
Peter
Andrew Peter
Petri
Petri
Peter
Peter Bayer
Peter Bayer


title: Teemu Mäki

texts:
<mask> (born 14 October 1967) is a Finnish artist, theatre director and writer. He was born in Lapua, and was one of the first Finnish artists to gain a doctorate (Finnish Art Academy 2005). In 2008–2013 he was the Professor of Fine Arts in Aalto University. Before and after that he has worked as a freelancer. As a visual artist <mask> started out as painter, then expanded his practice to include photography, installation, performance and videos. Since his doctorate (Academy of Fine Arts, Finland, 2005) <mask> has spent less time with visual arts and more with theatre, literature and artistic research. In recent years <mask> has concentrated on writing books and directing theatre pieces or films or pieces for radio.His most recent books are Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta? (2021), a book of photos & texts, Poika ja pallo (2020), his fourth collection of poems, and Taiteen tehtävä (2017), a collection of essays on art and on art's philosophical and political potential and function in society. The latter book is a sequel to the written/theoretical part of his doctoral dissertation, Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta / Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics (2005/2007). <mask> sees himself as a moral relativist, atheist, vitalist and socialist. There seem to be certain pet themes that he keeps on returning to both in his artworks and also in his non-artistic writings and public speeches. Critique of consumer capitalism is certainly of them. Defending extreme freedom of speech is another.Demanding quick reduction of consumption of goods and natural resources in order to stop ecological catastrophe is third. Gender politics is maybe the fourth, as can be seen for example in the photo series How to Be a Woman or Man? and its accompanying text, in which Mäki writes that:

"That gender roles are products of culture is potentially both an oppressive and emancipatory fact. The oppressing side is that as gender roles are created and defined in by social and political forces, they can be – and usually are – as unequal, as unfair as any other structure in society. A stereotypical gender role in this sense is almost automatically a prison, that restricts a person's personality and/or enables him/her to restrict other peoples personalities. The benign and emancipatory side of the same thing is that a person is not at the mercy of his/her biological or cultural gender, one is not 'born to become a man (or a woman)', but can instead understand that his/her gender identity was and continually is formed by culture and s/he can and should take the steering wheel in this process – to be an active subject, not a printout of cultural prejudice." A more complex and perhaps the most important theme (to him) seems to be mortality.<mask> claims that all meaning and passion that human beings can attain is derived from and made possible by death. All of these themes are easy to detect both in Mäki's visual artworks, theatre works, poetry and also in his doctoral dissertation and in his non-artistic, regular column that he writes for the Finnish magazine Voima. The 'mortality as the source of life and passion' theme returns again in <mask>'s "Art and Research Colliding"-text, which was published in May 2014, on the internet, by the Journal for Artistic Research. <mask>'s artworks, writings and newspaper columns have provoked heated public debates. He has for example campaigned against criminalization of prostitution and claimed that as long as sex work is voluntary it's not worse than many other jobs in capitalist labor market. He also claimed that the only way to guarantee that sex work is voluntary enough is by providing a good enough social security for all – instead of trying to criminalize and ban sex work. After his doctorate <mask> became active in the field of artistic research.In addition to his own research he tutors doctoral students, was first a member of the board of TAhTO (Doctoral Programme in Artistic Research) and then a member of the program's steering group (2012–2015). For some years he was also a member of the editorial team of RUUKKU (Studies in Artistic Research)]. Since 2018 <mask> is the chair person of The Artists' Association of Finland. Books by Teemu Mäki
 Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta?. A book of photography with a text. Helsinki: Parvs, 2021. . https://parvs.fi/kirjat/teemu-maki/
 Poika ja pallo. A collection of poems.Helsinki: Gummerus, 2020. .
 Taiteen tehtävä. Essays. Helsinki: Into, 2017. .
 Äidin oma. A collection of poems. Helsinki: Like, 2016. .
 Maalarin silmin (pakko ei oo ku kualla), a book about painting. Helsinki: Into-kustannus & Lapua Art Museum 2014. (PDF).(EPUB). Rääkypönttö, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2010. .
 Kuolevainen, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2008. . Estonian translation, by Taavi Eelmaa: Surelik, ZA/UM 2015. .
 Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics, (doctoral dissertation). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia / Finnish Art Academy 2007. .
 Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta, (väitöskirja). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia & Like-kustannus 2005. .
 <mask> Mäki, Helsinki: Like-kustannus 2002. . Articles by <mask> <mask>
 Mäki, Teemu: Art and Research Colliding, published in JAR (Journal for Artistic Research), in May 2014.Mäki, Teemu: A Practical Utopia, published in RUUKKU (Studies in Artistic Research), in October 2014. Theatre Works (as Director)
 ÉLIANE. Directed by <mask> Mäki & Maija Nurmio. Premiere at Vaba Lava Theater, Tallinn, Estonia, 14.1.2020. Homo Secundus — Marx's Revenge. Written by Miko Kivinen & <mask> Mäki. Directed by <mask> <mask>.Produced by Theatre Telakka, Dance Theatre Minimi and Tsuumi Dance Theatre. Premiere at Theatre Telakka, Tampere, Finland, 27.9.2019. The Gospel of Christmas / Jouluevankeliumi. Written & directed by <mask> Mäki. Premiere at Kiasma Theatre, Helsinki, 7.12.2018. Sinusta tulee koivu / You'll Be a Tree. Written & directed by <mask> Mäki.Premiere at STOA, Itäkeskus, Helsinki, 15.10.2017. The Judge's Wife / Tuomarin vaimo. An opera composed by Riikka Talvitie. Based on a script by Caryl Churchill. Directed by <mask> Mäki. Premiere at Balder's House, Helsinki, 16.3.2017. Transformations – Rewriting Masculinity / Otteita maskuliinisuuden sanakirjasta.Teemu Mäki & Transforces. Mad House Helsinki. Premiere 17.3.2016. Teoreema (Rakkausnäytelmä). Directed by Niina Hosiasluoma & Teemu Mäki. Teatteri Takomo, Helsinki. Premiere 28.3.2014.Woyzeckmaterial. Script by <mask> Mäki. Directed by <mask> Mäki & Arja Tiili, Viirus teater 2012, Helsinki. All Matters – No Escape / Kaikki Vaikuttaa (2. version). Directed by <mask> <mask> & Arja Tiili. Cultural Center Gloria & Malmitalo & Kanneltalo & STOA, Helsinki, 2011. Helsinki by Skoda.by Niina Hosiasluoma & <mask> <mask> & Pilvi Porkola. A Reality Research Center production. Premiere 9.8.2011. Harmoonia / Harmonia / Harmony. Script by <mask> <mask> (& Juha-Pekka Hotinen). Directed by <mask> <mask>. Von Krahl Theatre, Tallinn.Premiere 29.1.2008. Badminton Opera / Sulkapallo-ooppera. Composed by Max Savikangas. Libretto by Juha-Pekka Hotinen & Teemu Mäki. Directed by Juha-Pekka Hotinen & Teemu Mäki. Kiasma Theatre, Helsinki, 2005. Films (as Director)
<mask> has made about forty audiovisual works, most of them short video art or media art works, but some of the more recent ones are longer and bigger productions, produced or commissioned by YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company.The most recent one of them is:
 REFUGEE CONVERSATIONS / PAKOLAISKESKUSTELUJA. A 92-minute documentary film written and directed by <mask> Mäki. Television premiere on YLE Teema (Finland) 11.4.2020. MADNESS AND CIVILIZATION / HULLUUS JA YHTEISKUNTA. A 56-minute docu-drama directed by <mask> <mask>. Based on a radio play written by Harri Virtanen and directed by Juha-Pekka Hotinen. Commissioned by YLE (Finland).Television premiere on YLE Teema (Finland) 2014. Controversies

As a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Helsinki, in 1988 <mask> Mäki became notorious in Finland for a video art work titled Sex and Death, which includes a segment in which he killed a cat and masturbated over the cat's dead body. In 1991 <mask> was convicted of fraud and animal cruelty due to his giving an affidavit to a local animal rescue center, that he would treat the animal well and would not kill it without the rescue centre's permission. The court of appeal concluded, that the cat did not die quickly enough due to the poor quality of the axe used. The controversy was renewed in 2004, when the modern art museum Kiasma bought the video for its collection. After the second uproar in 2004 <mask> wrote an essay about the subject. References

External links

 Teemu Mäki's home page
  Tuomas Rantanen: Kaikki maailman koivut, yhtykää!Voima. 19.10.2017. <mask> Mäki

1967 births
Living people
People from Lapua
Finnish painters

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
<mask> of Lindisfarne ( – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon saint of the early Northumbrian church in the Celtic tradition. He was a monk, bishop and hermit, associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, today in north eastern England and South Eastern Scotland. Both during his life and after his death he became a popular medieval saint of Northern England, with a cult centred on his tomb at Durham Cathedral. <mask> is regarded as the patron saint of Northumbria. His feast days are 20 March (Catholic Church, Church of England, Eastern Orthodox Church, Episcopal Church) and 4 September (Church in Wales, Catholic Church). <mask> grew up in or around Lauderdale, near Old Melrose Abbey, a daughter-house of Lindisfarne, today in Scotland. He decided to become a monk after seeing a vision on the night in 651 that St. Aidan, the founder of Lindisfarne, died, but he seems to have seen some military service first.He was quickly made guest-master at the new monastery at Ripon, soon after 655, but had to return with Eata of Hexham to Melrose when Wilfrid was given the monastery instead. About 662 he was made prior at Melrose, and around 665 went as prior to Lindisfarne. In 684 he was made bishop of Lindisfarne, but by late 686 he resigned and returned to his hermitage as he felt he was about to die. He was probably in his early 50s. Life

Origins and background
<mask> was born (perhaps into a noble family) in Dunbar, then in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, and now in East Lothian, Scotland, in the mid-630s, some ten years after the conversion of King Edwin of Northumbria to Christianity in 627, which was slowly followed by that of the rest of his people. The politics of the kingdom were violent, and there were later episodes of pagan rule, while spreading understanding of Christianity through the kingdom was a task that lasted throughout <mask>'s lifetime. Edwin had been baptised by Paulinus of York, an Italian who had come with the Gregorian mission from Rome, but his successor Oswald also invited Irish monks from Iona to found the monastery at Lindisfarne where <mask> was to spend much of his life.This was around 635, about the time <mask> was born. The tension between the Roman and Celtic Christianity, often exacerbated by <mask>'s near-contemporary Wilfrid, an intransigent and quarrelsome supporter of Roman ways, was to be a major feature of <mask>'s lifetime. <mask> himself, though educated in the Celtic tradition, followed his mentor Eata in accepting the Roman forms, apparently without difficulty, after the Synod of Whitby in 664. The earliest biographies concentrate on the many miracles that accompanied even his early life, but he was evidently indefatigable as a travelling priest spreading the Christian message to remote villages, and also well able to impress royalty and nobility. Unlike Wilfrid, his style of life was austere, and when he could, he lived the life of a hermit, though still receiving many visitors. In <mask>'s time the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria included, in modern terms, part of northern England as well as parts of south-eastern Scotland on an intermittent and fluid basis as far north as the Firth of Forth. <mask> may have been from the neighbourhood of Dunbar at the mouth of the Firth of Forth in modern-day Scotland, though The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints ("Butler's Lives"), by Alban Butler records that he was fostered as a child near Melrose.Fostering is possibly a sign of noble birth, as are references to his riding a horse when young. One night while still a boy, employed as a shepherd, he had a vision of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels, and later found out that Aidan had died that night. Edwin Burton finds it a suggestion of lowly parentage that as a boy he used to tend sheep on the hills near that monastery. He appears to have undergone military service, but at some point he joined the very new monastery at Melrose, under the prior Boisil. Upon Boisil's death in 661, <mask> succeeded him as prior. <mask> was possibly a second cousin of King Aldfrith of Northumbria (according to Irish genealogies), which may explain his later proposal that Aldfrith should be crowned as monarch. Career

<mask>'s fame for piety, diligence, and obedience quickly grew.When Alchfrith, king of Deira, founded a new monastery at Ripon, <mask> became its praepositus hospitum or guest master under Eata. When Wilfrid was made abbot of the monastery, Eata and <mask> returned to Melrose. Illness struck the monastery in 664 and while <mask> recovered, the prior died and <mask> was made prior in his place. He spent much time among the people, ministering to their spiritual needs, carrying out missionary journeys, preaching, and performing miracles. After the Synod of Whitby, <mask> seems to have accepted the Roman customs, and his old abbot Eata called on him to introduce them at Lindisfarne as prior there. His asceticism was complemented by his charm and generosity to the poor, and his reputation for gifts of healing and insight led many people to consult him, gaining him the name of "Wonder Worker of Britain". He continued his missionary work, travelling the breadth of the country from Berwick to Galloway to carry out pastoral work and founding an oratory at Dull, Scotland, complete with a large stone cross, and a little cell for himself.He is also said to have founded St Cuthbert's Church in Edinburgh. Hermit's life

<mask> retired in 676, moved by the desire for a more contemplative life. With his abbot's leave, he moved to a spot which Archbishop Eyre identifies with St Cuthbert's Island near Lindisfarne, but which Raine thinks was near Holburn, at a place now known as St Cuthbert's Cave. Shortly afterwards, <mask> moved to Inner Farne island, two miles from Bamburgh, off the coast of Northumberland, where he gave himself up to a life of great austerity. At first he received visitors, but later he confined himself to his cell and opened his window only to give his blessing. He could not refuse an interview with the holy abbess and royal virgin Elfleda, the daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria, who succeeded St Hilda as abbess of Whitby in 680. The meeting was held on Coquet Island, further south off the Northumberland coast.Election to the bishopric of Lindisfarne and death
In 684, <mask> was elected Bishop of Hexham at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was reluctant to leave his retirement and take up his charge; it was only after a visit from a large group, including king Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop, but instead as Bishop of Lindisfarne, swapping with Eata, who went to Hexham instead. He was consecrated at York by Archbishop Theodore and six bishops, on 26 March 685. But after Christmas 686 he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, where he died on 20 March 687, after a painful illness. He was buried at Lindisfarne the same day, and after long journeys escaping the Danes his remains chose, as was thought, to settle at Durham, causing the foundation of the city and Durham Cathedral. The St Cuthbert Gospel is among the objects later recovered from St <mask>'s coffin, which is also an important artefact. Legacy

After <mask>'s death, numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. In particular, Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, was inspired and encouraged in his struggle against the Danes by a vision or dream he had of <mask>.Thereafter the royal house of Wessex, who became the kings of England, made a point of devotion to <mask>, which also gave a useful political message, as they came from opposite ends of the English nation. <mask> was "a figure of reconciliation and a rallying point for the reformed identity of Northumbria and England" after the absorption of the Danish populations into Anglo-Saxon society, as Michelle Brown puts it. The 8th-century historian Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St <mask> around 720. He has been described as "perhaps the most popular saint in England prior to the death of Thomas Becket in 1170." In 698 <mask> was reburied at Lindisfarne in the decorated oak coffin now usually meant by <mask>'s coffin, though he was to have many more coffins. In 995 the "community of <mask>" founded and settled at Durham, guided by what they thought was the will of the saint, as the wagon carrying his coffin back to Chester-le-Street after a temporary flight from a Danish invasion became stuck hard on the road. During the medieval period, <mask> became politically important in defining the identity of the people living in Northumbria north of Tees.Symeon noted that it was the 'people of St <mask>', that is, 'the whole people between the river Tees and the river Tweed', who waged an unsuccessful campaign against the Scots at the Battle of Carham in 1018. By the later 11th century the Bishops of Durham had established a semi-autonomous region known as the Liberty of Durham, later the Palatinate of Durham, between the Tyne and Tees. Within this area the Bishop of

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 Durham had almost as much power as the king of England himself, and the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the Palatinate became known as the haliwerfolc, which roughly translates as "people of the saint", and <mask> gained a reputation as fiercely protective of his domain. For example, there is a story that at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, the Prior of the Abbey at Durham received a vision of <mask>, ordering him to take the corporax cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the Prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy <mask> and the presence of the said holy Relic". Whether the story of the vision is true or not, the banner of <mask> was regularly carried in battle against the Scots until the Reformation, and it serves as a good example of how <mask> was regarded as a protector of his people.A modern interpretation of the Banner, designed by Northumbria University academic Fiona Raeside-Elliott and embroidered by local textile artist Ruth O'Leary, is now on display at the saint's shrine in Durham Cathedral. <mask>'s cult also appealed to the converted Danes who now made up much of the population of Kingdom of York, and was also adopted by the Normans when they took over England. <mask>'s shrine at Durham Cathedral was a major pilgrimage site throughout the Middle Ages, until stripped by Henry VIII's commissioners in the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Relics

According to Bede's life of the saint, when <mask>'s sarcophagus was opened eleven years after his death, his body was found to have been perfectly preserved or incorrupt. This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of <mask>'s posthumous cultus, to the point where he became the most popular saint of Northern England. Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. In 875 the Danes took the monastery of Lindisfarne and the monks fled, carrying St <mask>'s body with them around various places including Melrose.After seven years' wandering it found a resting place at the still existing <mask>'s church in Chester-le-Street until 995, when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Ripon. Then the saint intimated, as it was believed, that he wished to remain in Durham. A new stone church—the so-called "White Church"—was built, the predecessor of the present grand Cathedral. In 999, his relics were enshrined in the new church on 4 September, which is kept as the feast of his translation at Durham Cathedral and as an optional memorial in the Catholic Church in England. In 1069 Bishop Æthelwine attempted to transport <mask>'s body to Lindisfarne to escape from King William at the start of the Harrying of the North

In 1104 <mask>'s tomb was opened again and his relics translated to a new shrine behind the altar of the recently completed Cathedral. When the casket was opened, a small book of the Gospel of John, measuring only 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 × 3.6 inches), now known as the Saint <mask> Gospel (now British Library Additional MS 89000, formerly known as the Stonyhurst Gospel), was found. This is the oldest Western book to have retained its original bookbinding, in finely decorated leather.Also recovered much later were a set of vestments of 909–916, made of Byzantine silk with a "Nature Goddess" pattern, with a stole and decoration in extremely rare Anglo-Saxon embroidery or opus anglicanum, which had been deposited in his tomb by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939) on a pilgrimage while <mask>'s shrine was at Chester-le-Street. <mask>'s shrine was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but, unusually, his relics survived and are still interred at the site, although they were also disinterred in the 19th century, when his wooden coffin and various relics were removed. <mask>'s coffin (actually one of a series of several coffins), as reconstructed by Ernst Kitzinger and others, remains at the cathedral and is an important rare survival of Anglo-Saxon carving on wood. When the coffin was last inspected on 17 May 1827, a Saxon square cross of gold, embellished with garnets, in the characteristic splayed shape, used later as the heraldic emblem of <mask> in the arms of Durham and Newcastle universities, was found. Namesakes

The flag of County Durham since 2013 features the Cross of St <mask>, counterchanged in the county colours of blue and gold. The flag of Kirkcudbrightshire in Scotland since 2016 likewise features the Cross of St <mask>, whose name is the origin of the county's name. The Cross of St <mask> features as the principal charge on the coat of arms of the University of Durham, granted in 1843, blazoned Argent, a Cross of St <mask> Gules, on a canton Azure, a chevron Or, between three lions rampant of the first ('A red Cross of St <mask> on a silver shield, with three silver fighting lions around a gold chevron on a blue square in the top left-hand corner').The Cross also features in the arms of many of its constituent colleges. The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, formerly King's College in the University of Durham, also features St Cuthbert's Cross on its arms, originally granted in 1937. The Newcastle University arms are blazoned Azure, a Cross of St <mask> Argent, and on a chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules. ('A silver Cross of St <mask> on a blue shield, with a red lion walking and looking towards you on the silver top third portion of the shield.') The cross of <mask> also features on the badges of the two Anglican secondary schools in Tyne and Wear, namely Dame Allan's Schools and Sunderland High School. St Cuthbert's Society, a college of Durham University established in 1888, is named after him and is located only a short walk from the coffin of the saint at Durham Cathedral. The Society celebrates St Cuthbert's Day on or around each 20 March with a magnificent feast."Cuth's Day", the annual college day, is celebrated in the Easter term with music, entertainment, festivities and drinking. Cuddy's Corse is a waymarked walking route between Chester-Le-Street and Durham Cathedral; it marks the journey between two of the last resting places of the coffin. Worksop College, founded as St Cuthbert's in 1895, was the last of the Woodard Schools to be opened. <mask> is also the namesake of St Cuthbert's College in Epsom, New Zealand; St Cuthbert's Day on 21 March is a day of school celebration. The school's houses are named after important locations in the life of the saint: Dunblane (yellow), Elgin (green), Iona (purple), Kelso (blue), Lindisfarne (white), Melrose (red), York (orange) and Durham (pink). St Cuthbert's High School, a Roman Catholic school in Newcastle upon Tyne, is named after the saint. St Cuthbert's Day is celebrated with Mass, and the school prayers include reference to their patron saint (always ending with the invocation "<mask>, pray for us").The school badge features a bishop's crook in reference to <mask>'s time as a bishop, as well as ducks, reflecting his love of the animals. St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society (now Scotmid) opened its first shop in Edinburgh in 1859, and expanded to become one of the largest co-ops in Scotland. Its dairy used horse-drawn delivery floats until 1985, and between 1944 and 1959 employed as a milkman Sean Connery, who later played James Bond. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle holds <mask> as its patron saint, with the consecration of bishops in the diocese always taking place on 20 March, <mask>'s feast day in the Catholic Church. Many churches are named after <mask>. An Orthodox Community in Chesterfield, England has taken <mask> as their patron. Fossilised crinoid columnals extracted from limestone quarried on Lindisfarne, or found washed up along the foreshore, which were threaded into necklaces or rosaries, became known as St. <mask>'s beads.In Northumberland, the eider duck is known as the cuddy duck. While on the Farne Islands, <mask> instituted special laws to protect the ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands. They still breed in their thousands off the Northumberland coast. In Cumbria, the civil parish and hamlet of Holme St Cuthbert are named after him, as is the parish church. It is a rural area, with one larger village and numerous smaller hamlets. St Cuthbert's Way is a long-distance walking route, one of Scotland's Great Trails. <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 20 March.See also
 Historia de Sancto Cuthberto by Bede
 St Cuthbert's Well in Bellingham, Northumberland
 Ushaw College (St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw) in County Durham
 Legend about his burial

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 A Brief Life and History of St. Cuthbert by John Butcher, Melrose Historical Society
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 St. Cuthbert Hagiography

634 births
687 deaths
7th-century English bishops
7th-century Christian saints
Bishops of Hexham
Bishops of Lindisfarne
History of Northumberland
Incorrupt saints
Colombanian saints
Northumbrian saints
People from Dunbar
Wonderworkers
Anglican

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