title: Ernst von Bibra

texts:
 extremely critical of <mask> for his vivisection of animals in Parerga and Paralipomena (quoting Payne's translation). Deserving of special mention is the atrocity, perpetrated in Nuremberg by Baron <mask> and reported by him tanquam re bene gesta to the public with inconceivable naïveté in his Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Gehirn des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere (Mannheim, 1854, pp. 131 ff.). He deliberately arranged for the death by starvation of two rabbits in order to carry out a useless and superfluous research as to whether the chemical constituents of the brain underwent a change in their proportions through death by starvation! For the benefit of science, n’est-ce-pas? Does it never occur to these gentlemen of scalpel and crucible that they are human beings first and chemists afterwards? Schopenhauer further on states If Bibra’s cruel act could not be prevented, was it left unpunished?At any rate, anyone who has still as much to learn from books as has that <mask>ibra, should remember that to extort the final answers on the path of cruelty is to put nature on the rack in order to enrich his knowledge, to extort her secrets which have probably long been known. The Westminster Review
The Westminster Review. July and October, 1854. New Series Vol. VI. London: John Chapman
History, Biography, Voyages and Travels. page 282

In contrast to other Germans, <mask> was found to be a consummate outdoors man.He can rough it like a backwoodsman, ride like an Anglo-Indian, and shoot condors on the wing with a single ball. Besides this, he is a cultivated, humorous gentleman, with a considerable knowledge of human things, and an able naturalist as well, knowing how to look about him wherever he is, and capable of making scientifically useful observations. Historian Ferdinand Gregorovius
Ferdinand Gregorovius described vividly his visit to the eccentric <mask> published in 1893. To-day <mask> took me to call on a wonderful old gentleman, Baron <mask>, whose house, furnished in old Frankish style, he wished me to see. The owner bought it several years ago, and has arranged within it a collection of specimens of old Nuremberg wares : dark, airless rooms are crowded with a thousand Frankish things—glass, majolica, arms, books piled in heaps. A Faust-like atmosphere pervades the whole; out of doors rain and hanging plants, that swaying, darkened the windows. Could not join in Kreling's admiration of these superfluous and fantastic objects.The Freiherr has traveled a great deal in America, and has carefully arranged a collection of vessels, skulls, and implements belonging to the wild Indians. In the musty workroom, filled to overflowing with archaic household furniture, stand innumerable glasses, retorts, instruments, flasks, and a furnace, and here he makes analytical experiments in the morning. At four in the afternoon he sits down and writes—novels! An entire compartment in his dusty library stands filled with elegantly bound books, upwards of sixty little volumes, mainly novels, which he wrote between 1861 and 1871. This, the most eccentric of all Freiherrn that I have yet seen, goes about in his chaos of a house, a happy mortal, clad in a grey dressing-gown, his neck bare, calm self-possession, the product of self-satisfaction, written on his face. He opened a book in which I was obliged to write my name. Rain prevented me from going to Ratisbon to-day.Works (Titles in German)
Chemische Untersuchungen verschiedener Eiterarten: und einiger anderer krankhafter Substanzen. Berlin, Albert Förstner 1842 (reprinted c. 2003 Elibron Classics)
Chemische Untersuchungen über die Knochen und Zähne des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere. Schweinfurt, 1844 (reprinted 2003 Elibron Classics)
Hülfstabellen zur Erkennung zoochemischer Substanzen. Ferdinard Enke,Erlangen, Druck von E. Th. Jacob 1846. Untersuchungen über die Krankheiten der Arbeiter in den Phosphorzündholzfabriken. Erlangen 1847
Die Ergebnisse der Versuche über die Wirkung des Schwefeläthers.Emil Harless, <mask> Bibra: Erlangen 1847
Die Wirkung des Schwefeläthers in chemischer und physiologischer Beziehung Emil Harless, <mask> Bibra, Erlangen, Verlag von Carl Heyder, 1847 Google Books
Chemische Fragmente über die Leber und die Galle. Braunschweig 1849
Untersuchung von Seewasser des Stillen Meeres und des Atlantischen Ozeans (Liebig-Woehlers), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmazie, Vol. 77 (1851)
Die Algodon-Bay in Bolivien. K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1852 (75-116 p. plates. 37 cm. Series: Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna.Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Denkschriften, Bd. 4, 2. Abh.) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Chile, Wiener Denkschriften, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse, 1853, II
Reisen in Südamerika. 2 Volumes, Bassermann und Mathy, Mannheim 1854 Google Books
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Gehirn des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere.Verlag von Basserman & Mathy, Mannheim 1854
Die Narkotischen Genussmittel und der Mensch. Nürnberg, Verlag von Wilhelm Schmid, 1855 /reprinted Leipzig, Wiesbaden 1983 / Chapter (14th) on Hashish republished as Haschisch Anno 1855: Das narotische Genußmittel Hanf und der Mensch Werner Pieper's MedienXperimente, Löhrbach (apparently 1996)   /  translated into English Plant Intoxicants: A Classic Text on the Use of Mind-Altering Plants Translated by Hedwig Schleiffer, Foreword by Martin Haseneier and extensive technical notes by Jonathan Ot, an ethnobiologist-  Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont 1995
Der Kaffee und seine Surrogate. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in München 1858, reprinted 2010 Kessinger Publishing ,  Limited Internet Archive
Ueber den Atakamit, in Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg, Wilhelm Schmid, Nürnberg 1858 (pp. 221–232) Google Books
Untersuchung von Seewasser des stillen Meeres und des atlantischen Oceans, in Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg, Wilhelm Schmid, Nürnberg 1858 (pp. 81 – 91)  Google Books
Die Getreidearten und das Brot. Nürnberg 1860, 2nd Edition 1861 502 pages  Internet Archive
Erinnerungen aus Süda-Amerika. 3 Volumes, Leipzig 1861 (reprinted 2007 as one volume with modern forward, ) Google Books version of 1861 printing
Die Schmuggler von Valparaiso.Aus den Südamerikanischen Erinnerungen des <mask>, Freiherrn v. Bibra. unknown date, published pp. 2–20 No. 79 Deutsche Jugendhefte, Druck und Verlag der Buchhandlung Ludwig Auer Pädagogische Stiftung Cassianeum in Donauwörth, c. 1920
Die Schmugglerhöhle. Aus den Südamerikanischen Erinnerungen des Ersnt, Freiherrn v. Bibra. unknown date, published pp. 20–26 No.79 Deutsche Jugendhefte, Druck und Verlag der Buchhandlung Ludwig Auer Pädagogische Stiftung Cassianeum in Donauwörth, c. 1920
Aus Chile, Peru und Brasilien. 3 Volumes, Leipzig 1862 Google Books
Die Bronzen und Kupferlegierungen der alten und ältesten Völker, mit Rücksichtnahme auf jene der Neuzeit. Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, Erlangen 1869, reprinted 2010. Über einen merkwürdigen Blitzschlag, Gaea, vol. 5, 1869. "Über den Blitz", Gaea, vol. 6, 1870.Über alte Eisen- und Silberfunde. Nürnberg, Richter & Kappler 1873 (reprinted 2003 Elibron Classics) limited preview Google Books
Über die Gewinnung des Silbers aus Cyansilberlösungen, und über die Reduction von Clorsilber. - Barth  1876
Some of his novels include:

Ein Juwel. Leipzig 1863
Hoffnungen in Peru, Jena and Leipzig, 1864, 3 volumes vol. 1vol. 2 Google Books
 Reiseskizzen und Novellen. Jena; Leipzig: Costenoble, 1864, 4 volumes  Google Books
 Tzarogy.Jena; Leipzig: Costenoble, 1865 (3 volumes) Google Books
Ein edles Frauenherz. 1866, 2nd Ed., Jena 1869 (reprinted 2003, 3 volumes Elibron Classics) Google Books
Erlebtes und Geträumtes: Novellen und Erzählungen, Jena, 1867, 3 volumes  vol. 3 Internet Archive
Die Schatzgräber. Multiple volumes, Jena: Costenoble, 1867, 3 volumes Google Books
Aus jungen und alten Tagen: Erinnerungen. Jena: Costenoble, 1868, 3 volumes (may be nonfiction)
Graf Ellern, Leipzig, 1869 3 volumes Vol. 3 Google Books
Abenteuer eines jungen Peruaners in Deutschland. Jena 1870, 3 volumes
Die Kinder des Gauners.Nürnberg 1872
Hieronimus Scottus: Ein Zeitbild aus dem 16. u. 17. Jahrhundert Multiple Volumes. Berlin, 1873
Wackere Frauen. Jena 1876, three volumes
Die neun Stationen des Herrn v. Scherenberg. Jena 1880, 2 volumes

Literature

German
"Frühe Erlanger Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der äther- und Chloroformnarkose: Die tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen von <mask> Bibra und Emil Harless." U. v. Hintzenstern, H. Petermann, W. Schwarz.Der Anaesthesist Issue Volume 50, Number 11 / November, 2001;
Rudolf Beissel, "<mask> <mask>ibra. Ein Naturforscher mit schöngeistigen Neigungen". In: Augustin, Siegfried - Mittelstadt, Axel (Hrsg. ): Vom Lederstrumpf zum Winnetou. Munich 1981. Rudolf Beissel and Erich Salomon, "<mask> <mask>ibra". In: Schegk, Friedrich (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Reise- und Abenteuerliteratur. Meitingen o.J. (1988 ff.) Dr. Sigmund Günther, ”Der fränkische Naturforscher Ernst v. Bibra (1806–1878) in seinen Beziehungen zur Erdkunde”, in Saecular-Feier der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft in Nürnberg 1801–1901, U. E. Sebald, Nürnberg, c. 1901. 16 pp. Andreas W. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914.Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, . Knoblauch, H. 1878 [Bibra, E. F. <mask>] Leopoldina 14
Rüdiger Kutz: "Zum Leben des Naturforschers <mask> von Bibra I, Franconiae Würzburg". In: Frankenzeitung, Würzburg, 1999 (118), pp. 56–60. Meyers Konversationslexikon von 1888 Band 2 von Atlantis bis Blatthornk, page 895: Basis of much of initial article. Wilhelm Frhr. <mask>, Dritter Band (vol.3), 1888, pages 200–206;
Martin Stingl,  Reichfreiheit und Fürstendienst die Dienstbeziehungen der Bibra 1500 bis 1806, Verlag Degener & Co, 1994, 341 pages, . Schwinger, Hans Biography Ein Humboldt aus Franken: Dr. <mask> Bibra: Sein Leben und Wirken in Zeiten der Unruhe und des Wandels, 265 pages

Matthias Witzmann: Eigenes und Fremdes. Hispanoamerika in Bestsellern der deutschen Abenteuer- und Reiseliteratur (1850–1914). Dr. Hut, München 2006. Biography in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol. 47, Leipzig 1903, p. 758.English
Plant Intoxicants: A Classic Text on the Use of Mind-Altering Plants 1995 Translation of Die narkotischen Genussmittel und der Mensch Translated by Hedwig Schleiffer, Foreword by Martin Haseneier and extensive technical notes by Jonathan Ot, an ethnobiologist-
Parerga and Paralipomena by Arthur Schopenhauer. Translated from the German by E.F.J. Payne, Vol. II, Oxford University Press 1974, XV. On Religion, § 177 On Christianity, p. 374/375. Anonym 1878, [Bibra, E. F. von] American Journal of Science and Arts, 3. Ser., New Haven/Conn.16 : 164

External links

References

1806 births
1878 deaths
German metallurgists
Writers from Bavaria
Barons of Germany
19th-century German botanists
German entomologists
Botanists active in the Pacific
German travel writers
German naturalists
German duellists
<mask> Bibra
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Ethnobiologists
German male novelists
19th-century German novelists
19th-century male writers
Members of the German Academy of Sciences

masks:
Ernst
von Bibra
von B
Ernst
Ernst
von Kreling
von Bra
Ernst von
Ernst von
Ernst
Ernst von
Ernst Freiherr
von B
Ernst Freiherr
von B
von
Ernst
von Brara
Ernst von
Ernst von


title: William Harrison Anderson

type: original

texts:
<mask>Harry<mask> (June 25, 1870 – June 26, 1950) was an American missionary for the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He arrived in Africa in 1895 and established the Solusi Mission near Bulawayo, Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). <mask> and the mission survived the Second Matabele War and a 1899–1901 malaria outbreak. In 1903 he established the Rusangu Mission in the north of Rhodesia (modern Zambia), which now hosts schools and a university. <mask> later worked in the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Angola. From 1935 to his retirement in 1945 he was employed by the Seventh-day Adventist Church's Africa Division with responsibilities stretching from Cape Town to Lake Chad. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 June 1870, in Mexico, Indiana.His parents were Elija and Neomi <mask> and he moved with them shortly afterwards to a farm in New Waverly, Indiana. <mask> attended Battle Creek College at Battle Creek, Michigan and whilst there converted to the Seventh-day Adventist Church, being baptised in 1889. In the early 1890s he helped found the student foreign mission band. On October 24, 1893 <mask> married Nora Haysmer, a fellow student who had joined his band. Nora graduated in 1893 but <mask> graduated in absentia, the couple having agreed to join a Seventh-day Adventist Church mission to Africa. Solusi Mission

The <mask> couple boarded a ship for Cape Town at New York on April 10, 1895, with the aim of establishing the first Seventh-day Adventist mission on the continent. The departed Cape Town by rail on May 22 and, reaching the end of the north-bound line at Mafeking, made a seven-week ox-drawn wagon journey to Solusi near Bulawayo in the south part of Rhodesia (now in modern Zimbabwe) which they reached on 26 July.The <mask>s helped to found the Solusi Mission on  of land granted to the church by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) in 1894. This was the first Adventist mission in Africa to be directed at the black population. The mission suffered early setbacks. Heavy rains disrupted works to erect mud-walled buildings; at one point, a wall of the <mask>s' house collapsed onto their newly built wood-fired stove. Disease reduced the mission's cattle herd from 100,000 to just 500. The missionaries were forced to flee to Bulawayo for some months during the Second Matabele War of 1896–97. A malaria outbreak in 1898 led to the deaths of many of the missionaries.A replacement party arriving in 1899 was also struck down by the disease, and by 1901 <mask> and his wife were the only missionaries at the station, the others having died or moved away. Their survival was down to their use of the anti-malarial quinine which had been rejected by the other missionaries as dangerous. The <mask>s had had a daughter, their only child, Naomi in 1899. In 1900, the missionaries had built a church and converted the first of the local population. Rusangu Mission

In 1903 <mask> travelled to the northern portion of Rhodesia (modern Zambia) to establish a mission station there. His route followed much of that of the British explorer and missionary David Livingstone. A BSAC official directed him to Monze, at he centre of a region ruled by Chief Monze of the Tonga people who had risen against the company in 1902.The official hoped that the missionaries would help pacify the Tonga. Monze provided <mask> with a guide and the pair located suitable land which the chief agreed to grant for a mission. He returned to Solusi but received news that his father had died and was granted a 12-month furlough in the United States. Whilst there, <mask> lectured on the Adventist missionary activity, becoming one of the movement's best-known missionaries. <mask> returned to Monze in 1905. The mission land had been claimed by a priest but he had failed to mark the acquisition in accordance with the local custom. <mask> complied with this requirement by carving a message in a tree trunk at the site and founded the Rusangu Mission and farmstead on 5 September 1905.<mask> arranged for supplies to be sent from the Solusi mission, and within a month was teaching 40 students at Rusangu whilst learning the Tonga language. <mask> was ordained the same year. The rival priest returned to Rusangu and attempted to lay claim to the mission land. The matter was referred to the district commissioner who awarded the land to <mask>, in compliance with the local custom. The rival was awarded another plot of land on the far side of the river which was developed into a school and hospital. By 1907 <mask> had built a brick house for his family, replacing an earlier mud structure. <mask> contracted blackwater fever on November 24, 1907 and died from the disease at Plumstead Sanitorium, near Cape Town, on February 4, 1908.Her last message to her husband was to urge him to "take care of Naomi; stay by the mission and make it all we have planned, under God, it should be". <mask> received a $1,000 grant from the Adventists' general conference in 1914 to install a borehole at Rusangu, which saved a  round trip to collect water from the Magoye River and helped attract local people to the mission. He also served as supervisor for all the church's activity in northern Rhodesia. <mask> got married again on May 10, 1914, to Mary Perin. He was granted furlough from missionary work and between 1916 and 1918 was in the United States. Later career and legacy
<mask> wrote On the Trail of Livingstone, an account of his life as a missionary. This was published by Pacific Press in the United States in 1919.The book is said to have generated interest in African missionary work amongst the American people. Returning from furlough <mask> moved to Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern Botswana), an area he was familiar with from his journey to Solusi. <mask> was supervisor of the church's missions in the protectorate. In 1922 he moved to the Portuguese colony of Angola, establishing several missions there and heading the Angola Union Mission from 1924 to 1933. <mask> was employed by the Seventh-day Adventist Church's Africa Division from 1930 to 1945 during which time he had responsibility for establishing new missions, organising meetings and advising new missionaries in a region running from Cape Town to Lake Chad. In this role he celebrated the 50th anniversary of the start of mission work at Solusi by pulling a wagon to the site. During <mask>'s career in Southern Africa he saw the Adventist membership rise from around 500 to more than 45,000.The Rusangu mission is now home to a grade school, a high school and a university with around 4,000 students. The Seventh-day Adventist Church remains strong in Zambia (the modern name of northern Rhodesia) with more than 1.3 million members in 2020. <mask> retired to the United States in 1945 and settled, with his wife, at Claremont, North Carolina. He died at his home there on June 26, 1950 from a heart attack after carrying out gardening work. <mask> had been due to leave home the following day to attend the church's 1950 General Conference. References

Further reading

1870 births
1950 deaths
People from Miami County, Indiana
American Seventh-day Adventist missionaries
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Angola
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in South Africa
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Zambia
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Zimbabwe

masks:
William Harrison "
" Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
William Harrison Anderson
Pearson Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Nora Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Mrs Victor Bruce

texts:
Mildred Mary Petre (10 November 1895 – 21 May 1990) was a British record-breaking racing motorist, speedboat racer and aviator in the 1920s and 1930s, and later, successful businesswoman. Commonly referred to as Mrs <mask>, she was also known in contemporary references as Mary Petre <mask>, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born at Coptfold Hall, Chelmsford, Essex, England, on 10 November 1895, the daughter of Jennie Williams, an actress from Indiana and Lawrence Petre, a descendant of Sir William Petre. She was educated at the Convent of Notre Dame de Sion, in Bayswater, London. In 1911, aged 15, she began her passion for motor vehicles by riding her brother's Matchless motorcycle, travelling around Osterley, west London, with her collie dog in the sidecar. She was cited for a motoring offence and appeared in Hounslow police court, where the magistrate dismissed the charges, fined her court costs of 6 shillings, and banned her from riding the motorcycle until she was 16. In 1920, she purchased her first car, an Enfield-Allday, and was prosecuted many times for speeding, including three days running at Bow Street Magistrates' Court.In 1920, her affair with wealthy landowner Stephen Easter (1874–1952) resulted in the birth of a son, originally named Anthony Billy Stephen Petre Easter, but she changed his name to Anthony Petre <mask> in 1933. In 1926, she married the Honourable <mask> <mask>, son of <mask>, 2nd Baron Aberdare. He was a works driver for AC Cars Ltd., and won the 1926 Monte Carlo Rally in an AC car. She and her husband divorced in 1941. They had no children. Motor racing record breaking
<mask> borrowed an AC Six car (PF6465) from Selwyn Edge, and started the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally from John o' Groats. After travelling  in 72 hours without sleeping, she finished sixth overall, and won the Coupe des Dames, for the women's class.On 28 January 1927, she departed Monte Carlo on an  endurance trial through Italy, Sicily, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain, and France. She drove the car  around the Montlhéry oval circuit near Paris, then finally returned to England. On 9 July 1927, she departed from London in the same car (PF6465), once again accompanied by her husband plus a journalist and an engineer. They drove through France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and finally planted a Union Jack about  north of the Arctic Circle. It was farther north than anyone had previously driven, a record that remained unbroken until the 21st century. On 9 December 1927, she and her husband, assisted by J. A. Joyce, started a 10-day endurance record in fog at Montlhéry, driving an AC Six fitted with a racing screen but minus roof, mudguards and lights.The average speed was  over about . On 6 June 1929, she drove a Bentley 4½ Litre at Montlhéry for 24 hours, to capture the world record for single-handed driving, averaging over . Powerboats
In 1929, <mask> purchased an outboard speedboat, named it Mosquito, and raced it at events at the Welsh Harp reservoir. On 15 September 1929, she steered the boat from Dover across the English Channel to Calais, then decided to make it a non-stop double crossing back to Dover. The record-breaking round trip took 1 hour 47 minutes, and the manufacturer gave her a new boat to replace Mosquito that had almost destroyed itself. In October 1929, she borrowed a 23-foot boat named British Power Boats, and broke the 24-hour distance record by travelling  on a course around a lightship and a yacht moored in the Solent. Flying exploits

Round-the-world flight
Having set records on land and water, <mask> looked to the skies.As early as 1928 she joined the Mayfair Flying Club and by January 1930 was the owner of a Gipsy Moth. She did not take her first flying lesson until 25 May 1930, the day after Amy Johnson completed her record-setting flight to Australia. <mask> learned to fly at the Brooklands School of Flying; her instructors were G. E. Lowdell and Capt. H. Duncan Davis. <mask> soloed on 22 June 1930 and received her A-Licence #2855 on 26 July. She purchased a Blackburn Bluebird IV (registered 'G-ABDS') with a de Havilland Gipsy II engine from Auto-Auctions Ltd. in Burlington Gardens, London, in July 1930. It was sent to the Blackburn factory in Brough, East Yorkshire, for modifications in preparation for an attempt to fly solo around the world.In her 1931 work The Bluebird's Flight, <mask> claimed she had been in an aeroplane only once prior to purchasing the Bluebird and that she did not care for flying. She went on to claim she made the purchase, commenced training, went solo (in six days) and was licensed all within that same month of July 1930. On 25 September 1930, she named the aircraft Bluebird and took off from Heston Aerodrome. She flew east with stops in Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Syria and Iraq. An oil leak caused a forced landing on the shore of the Persian Gulf, where she was sheltered for two days by Baluchi tribesmen before a British rescue party reached her. After a delay of several days for repairs, she flew on to India, Burma, Siam (Thailand), and French Indo-China (Vietnam). Torrential monsoon rains forced a landing in a jungle clearing beside the Mekong River; she contracted malaria and her flight was further delayed.She flew on to Hanoi, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Seoul, making the first flight across the Yellow Sea. On 24 November 1930, having covered  in 25 flying days, she reached Tokyo. She crossed the Pacific aboard the  to Vancouver. Her flight across North America was not without incident: an undercarriage failure on landing at Medford, Oregon, caused extensive damage and another week's delay. She reached her announced destination of her mother's birthplace, New Albany, Indiana, by way of San Francisco, San Diego, St. Louis and Chicago. A one-week delay followed a crash on takeoff from Baltimore, and she finally reached New York City in early February 1931. She sailed on the  to Le Havre, and on 19 February 1931 flew to Lympne Airport, having flown about .On 20 February 1931, she was given an aerial escort by Amy Johnson, Winifred Spooner and others to Croydon Airport, where a reception of press and celebrities awaited her. She was the first person to fly from England to Japan, the first to fly across the Yellow Sea, and the first woman to fly around the world alone (crossing the oceans by ship). Air-to-air refuelling
In July 1932, <mask> purchased a Saro Windhover amphibious aircraft (G-ABJP), named it City of Portsmouth, and had the undercarriage temporarily removed. She also purchased a Bristol F.2 (G-ACXA), and had it converted as a refuelling tanker. During August 1932, over the Solent, she used the two aircraft in three failed attempts to break the world flight-refuelled endurance record by flying non-stop for four weeks. Her co-pilot was Flt. Lt. John B. W. Pugh, AFC, later employed by Luxury Air Tours and Air Dispatch.Flying circus
In early 1933, she was invited to join the British Hospital Air Pageants flying circus, and purchased the sole Miles Satyr (G-ABVG) in the name of her company Luxury Air Tours Ltd., for use in aerobatic displays. She also purchased a Fairey Fox (G-ACAS) from a scrapyard for £2 10s, plus £10 for an engine, then had it modified at Hanworth Aerodrome for passenger-carrying duties. She then trained and qualified for her commercial pilot's 'B' licence. The Fox crashed in July 1933, and she left the flying circus. Cape Town autogiro attempt
On 25 November 1934, <mask> took off from Lympne Airport in a Cierva C.30A autogiro (G-ACVX), headed for Cape Town, in an attempt on the record for the longest autogiro flight, but the aircraft was damaged at Nîmes in France after . Commercial aviation 1934–1936

On 7 August 1934, <mask> founded Commercial Air Hire Ltd., that immediately started newspaper delivery flights between Croydon and Paris, using two DH.84 Dragons. In 1935, Air Dispatch Ltd., that she had founded on 9 July 1934, started operating weekend freight (later also passenger) services from its base at Croydon Airport to Le Touquet and Le Bourget, Paris.In April, Commercial Air Hire started passenger shuttle services between Croydon and Heston airports, under the name Inner Circle Air Lines, using GAL Monospar ST-4s. The same year, Commercial Air Hire purchased an Avro 642 Eighteen 16-seat airliner (G-ACFV) for newspaper delivery contracts, and Air Dispatch shared its use for bullion-carrying, excursions, joy-riding flights and scheduled passenger services, until mid-1936. She was co-managing director, with Eric E. Noddings, of both closely linked companies, that were merged in 1936 as Air Dispatch Ltd. During this period, the combined fleets of Air Dispatch and Commercial Air Hire, plus those of associated companies International Air Freight Ltd. and Anglo European Airways, included GAL Monospar ST-4s, DH.84 Dragons, DH.89 Dragon Rapides, DH.90 Dragonflies, Airspeed AS.6 Envoys, plus other aircraft on lease, such as an Avro 618 Ten. In late 1936, she sold two of the DH.84 Dragons for a large amount of cash to a mystery man, and they were covertly exported for use in the Spanish Civil War. From 1936, Commercial Air Hire operated many of its DH.84 Dragons on Territorial Army co-operation exercises under contract to the British Army, involving night flying and searchlights. Show jumping
In about 1938, <mask> renewed her childhood interest in horses, and purchased a show jumper named Grand Manor. She rode him in shows at Olympia and Windsor.World War II
On the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, Air Dispatch moved with its fleets to Cardiff Municipal Airport, where, until April 1940, they operated under the control of the government's National Air Communications. Subsequently, as part of the Civilian Repair Organisation, Air Dispatch rebuilt damaged RAF aircraft wings and whole aircraft at Cardiff, eventually employing about 700 people. In 1945, the company attempted to return to commercial air services, but was thwarted by the dominance of the nationalised airlines. Air Dispatch turned to repair and then manufacture of bus and trolley bodies, changing its name in 1947 to Air Dispatch (Coachbuilders) Ltd. In 1948, under the management of Mrs. <mask>'s son Anthony, the company was renamed Bruce Coach Works Ltd., and continued until its closure in 1952. Mrs <mask>'s fortunes subsequently increased further via property investments. Later life

In April 1974, at age 78, <mask> test-drove a Ford Capri Ghia at  at Thruxton circuit.At age 81, after a brief refresher course in flying, she performed a loop in a De Havilland Chipmunk. She died on 21 May 1990, at age 94 and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in London, where a memorial plaque was installed. <mask> was survived by her son, Anthony Easter-<mask> (1920–1997) and one grandson, Michael Easter-<mask> (born 1952). Commemoration
British television presenter Carol Vorderman named her plane 'Mildred' after <mask>, calling her "my heroine [and]... one of the most incredible women of the last century". See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom

Publications

— (1977). Nine Lives Plus - Record Breaking on Land, Sea and in the Air: an autobiographical account. Pelham Books.References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

1895 births
1990 deaths
Sportspeople from Chelmsford
English aviators
Aviation pioneers
English racing drivers
English female racing drivers
British women aviators
British aviation record holders
British women aviation record holders

masks:
Victor Bruce
Bruce
Mildred Bruce
Mildred Mary Bruce
Mary Victor Bruce
Bruce
Easter Bruce
Victor Austin
Bruce
Henry Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce
Bruce


title: Emperor Jimmu

texts:
was the legendary first emperor of Japan according to the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. His ascension is traditionally dated as 660 BC. In Japanese mythology, he was a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, through her grandson Ninigi, as well as a descendant of the storm god Susanoo. He launched a military expedition from Hyuga near the Seto Inland Sea, captured Yamato, and established this as his center of power. In modern Japan, <mask>'s legendary accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11. In the 1930s and 1940s in Japan it was dangerous to question the existence of Jimmu. Historians have stressed that there is no evidence for the existence of Jimmu with most scholars agreeing that the traditional narrative of Japan’s founding is mythical and Jimmu is a legendary figure.However, stories of him may reflect actual events. Name and Title
<mask> is recorded as Japan's first ruler in two early chronicles, Nihon Shoki (721) and Kojiki (712). Nihon Shoki gives the dates of his reign as 660–585 BC. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu (737–806), the eighth-century scholar Ōmi no Mifune designated rulers before Emperor Ōjin as , a Japanese pendant to the Chinese imperial title Tiān-dì (天帝), and gave several of them including Jimmu their canonical names. Prior to this time, these rulers had been known as Sumera no mikoto/Ōkimi. This practice had begun under Empress Suiko, and took root after the Taika Reforms with the ascendancy of the Nakatomi clan. According to the legendary account in the Nihon Shoki, Emperor <mask> was born on February 13, 711 BC (the first day of the first month of the Chinese calendar), and died, again according to legend, on April 9, 585 BC (the eleventh day of the third month).Both the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki give Jimmu's name as  or . Iware indicates a toponym whose precise purport is unclear. Among his other names were: ,  and . The Imperial House of Japan traditionally based its claim to the throne on its putative descent from the sun-goddess Amaterasu via Jimmu's great-grandfather Ninigi. Consorts and children
Consort: , Hosuseri's (Ninigi-no-Mikoto's son) daughter
First son:

Princess Misaki (神武天皇)
Empress: , Kotoshironushi's daughter

Second son:
Third son: , later Emperor Suizei

Legendary narrative

In Japanese mythology, the Age of the Gods is the period before Jimmu's accession. The story of Jimmu seems to rework legends associated with the Ōtomo clan (大伴氏), and its function was to establish that clan's links to the ruling family, just as those of Suijin arguably reflect Mononobe tales and the legends in Ōjin's chronicles seem to derive from Soga clan traditions. Jimmu figures as a direct descendant of the sun goddess, Amaterasu via the side of his father, Ugayafukiaezu.Amaterasu had a son called Ame no Oshihomimi no Mikoto and through him a grandson named Ninigi-no-Mikoto. She sent her grandson to the Japanese islands where he eventually married Konohana-Sakuya-hime. Among their three sons was Hikohohodemi no Mikoto, also called Yamasachi-hiko, who married Toyotama-hime. She was the daughter of Ryūjin, the Japanese sea god. They had a single son called Hikonagisa Takeugaya Fukiaezu no Mikoto. The boy was abandoned by his parents at birth and consequently raised by Tamayori-hime, his mother's younger sister. They eventually married and had four sons.The last of these, Kamu-yamato Iware-biko no mikoto, became Emperor Jimmu. Migration

According to the chronicles Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Jimmu's brothers were born in Takachiho, the southern part of Kyūshū in modern-day Miyazaki Prefecture. They moved eastward to find a location more appropriate for administering the entire country. Jimmu's older brother, Itsuse no Mikoto, originally led the migration, and led the clan eastward through the Seto Inland Sea with the assistance of local chieftain Sao Netsuhiko. As they reached Naniwa (modern-day Osaka), they encountered another local chieftain, Nagasunehiko ("the long-legged man"), and Itsuse was killed in the ensuing battle. <mask> realized that they had been defeated because they battled eastward against the sun, so he decided to land on the east side of Kii Peninsula and to battle westward. They reached Kumano, and, with the guidance of a three-legged crow, Yatagarasu ("eight-span crow"), they moved to Yamato.There, they once again battled Nagasunehiko and were victorious. The record in the Nihon Shoki of Emperor <mask> states that his armed forces defeated a group of  before his enthronement. The Emishi were an ethnic group who lived in Honshu, particularly the Tōhoku region. In Yamato, , who also claimed descent from the Takamagahara gods, was protected by Nagasunehiko. However, when Nigihayahi met <mask>, he accepted <mask>'s legitimacy. At this point, <mask> is said to have ascended to the throne of Japan. Upon scaling a Nara mountain to survey the Seto Inland Sea he now controlled, <mask> remarked that it was shaped like the "heart" rings made by mating dragonflies, archaically akitsu 秋津.A mosquito then tried to steal Jimmu's royal blood but since Jimmu was a god incarnate Emperor, , a dragonfly killed the mosquito. Japan thus received its classical name the Dragonfly Islands, . According to the Kojiki, <mask> died when he was 126 years old. The Emperor's posthumous name literally means "divine might" or "god-warrior". It is generally thought that <mask>'s name and character evolved into their present shape just before the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were chronicled in the Kojiki. There are accounts written earlier than either Kojiki and Nihon Shoki that present an alternative version of the story. According to these accounts, <mask>'s dynasty was supplanted by that of Ōjin, whose dynasty was supplanted by that of Keitai.The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki then combined these three legendary dynasties into one long and continuous genealogy. The traditional site of Jimmu's grave is near Mount Unebi in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture. Modern veneration

Veneration of Jimmu was a central component of the imperial cult that formed following the Meiji Restoration. In 1873, a holiday called Kigensetsu was established on February 11. The holiday commemorated the anniversary of <mask>'s ascension to the throne 2,532 years earlier. After World War II, the holiday was criticized as too closely associated with the "emperor system." It was suspended from 1948 to 1966, but later reinstated as National Foundation Day.Between 1873 and 1945 an imperial envoy sent offerings every year to the supposed site of Jimmu's tomb. In 1890 Kashihara Shrine was established nearby, on the spot where <mask> was said to have ascended to the throne. Before and during World War II, expansionist propaganda made frequent use of the phrase hakkō ichiu, a term coined by Tanaka Chigaku based on a passage in the Nihon Shoki discussing Emperor <mask>. Some media incorrectly attributed the phrase to Emperor <mask>. For the 1940 Kigensetsu celebration, marking the supposed 2,600th anniversary of <mask>'s enthronement, the Peace Tower was constructed in Miyazaki. The same year numerous stone monuments relating to key events in <mask> Sacred Historical Sites.Historicity
There is no compelling evidence <mask> existed, except the mention in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. The dates of <mask> reigning from 660 BC to 585 BC are improbable, most modern scholars agree that the traditional founding of Japan in 660 BC is a myth and that Jimmu along with the first nine emperors are legendary. The founding of Japan in the year 660 BC was probably created by the writers of Nihon Shoki to put the date on a kanototori year. However events during the mid to late Yayoi period may reflect stories of Jimmu. According to historian Peter Wetzler, <mask>’s conquest of Osaka and Nara may reflect an actual event. However the dates and much of the details are fictitious. Historian Kenneth G. Henshall stated that <mask>’s conquest may also reflect a time when the Yayoi people from continental Asia immigrated in masses starting from Kyushu and moving eastward during the Yayoi period.The Japanese historian Ino Okifu identifies Emperor <mask> with the Chinese alchemist and explorer Xu Fu (255 BC - 195 BC), a hypothesis supported by certain traditions in Japan and regarded as possible by some modern scholars. The Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE), during which significant changes in Japanese metallurgy and pottery occurred, started around the time of his supposed arrival. However, the legend of Xu Fu's voyage also has numerous inconsistencies with the linguistic and anthropological history of Japan. Family tree

A genealogical tree based on the Kojiki

* = not in the Nihon Shoki

See also

 Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
 Japanese imperial year
 National Foundation Day
 Jōmon period
 Yayoi period
 Emishi people

Notes
1.So named after the incident in which a  landed on the tip of the upright bow during the final rout of Nagasunehiko's army. References

Bibliography

 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1.London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ;
 Brownlee, John S. (1997). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods.Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12 10 May, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May 1919. Earhart, David C. (2007). Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media.Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo. (1987). On Understanding Japanese Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ; ;
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. Titsingh, Isaac.(1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press.;

External links
 A more detailed profile of Jimmu (archived April 2011)
 A detailed summary of Jimmu's descent legend (archived July 2014)

710s BC births
585 BC deaths
Legendary Emperors of Japan
Longevity myths
People of Jōmon-period Japan
Founding monarchs
7th-century BC Japanese monarchs
6th-century BC Japanese monarchs
Legendary progenitors
Legendary rulers

masks: Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmumu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu Jimmu


title: Danny Vaughn

texts:
<mask> is an American singer. <mask> has performed with Waysted, Tyketto and <mask> and now performs and releases under his own name. He was also a lead singer in the Ultimate Eagles. Tyketto have played mini-tours in both 2004 and 2007. In April, 2008 the band played in Brazil with a further performance planned for Firefest V in Nottingham in October, 2008. They released a single, "Faithless", in March 2012, in advance of their new album Dig In Deep to be released in April. <mask> has also released albums with Flesh & Blood (Blues for Daze) and From the Inside (From the Inside).A new From the Inside album entitled Visions was released in July 2008. In 2003 <mask> played the part of Lancelot on Gary Hughes's rock opera Once and Future King Part I.

July 2009 saw <mask> release a new live album entitled The Road Les Travelled. Recorded in Newcastle, England in December 2008 the album features <mask> & band run through an unplugged set of songs from throughout the singer's career. The album was released via UK rock website HardRockHouse.com and is available exclusively through the site. <mask> has brought out a compilation album on June 14, 2010 called Reprise. It is a collection of both of his group, <mask>'s albums including the songs: "Soldiers and Sailors on Riverside", (live) and a few surprises like "House of Cards", which was only released on a single before. Besides this, there are old and new photographs and a new interview of <mask>.<mask> has done a deal with Hard Rock House who are selling the album online for him. 2019 saw this talented vocalist and experienced multi-instrumentalist launch his solo album, entitled Myths, Legends & Lies: a project that he worked towards for many years. “It's an album I've been talking about making for over fourteen years,” <mask> explains, “A bunch of songs I call my orphans: they're a group of numbers, collected over decades, that I never found a proper home for.”
“This is not what you'd expect from me,” he goes on. “I'm a rock guy. Everyone knows that! But sometimes I felt trapped by the designation. That's why it's been hard to find a place for these personal songs.”
The album was met with rave reviews: “This Mr <mask>, is your masterpiece,” said The Rockpit.“These 14 songs.... don't follow a formula, they don't need to. They just sound utterly magnificent. 10 out of 10," said Andy Thorley of Maximum Volume Music, whilst Rushonrock proclaimed, “ 'Myths, Legends & Lies; the latest example of <mask>’s criminally underrated talent laid bare.”
<mask> had worked on his album project for years, and along the way found various factors conspiring to inspire him to give the orphans a home of their own; also to step outside the genre boundaries within which his work has been best-known. Some may be surprised to learn that <mask> is a product of Steiner education. At lower school, he was placed into a choir. “My first public performance was singing Pie Jesu in soprano. I remember the audience craning their necks to see who the little kid who sang the solo was.My best-loved experience, during those days, was singing in harmony. It stayed with me ever since.”
His schooling taught <mask> to read and enjoy classical music, though his teenage years were filled with a love for the pop classics, especially Beatles, Simon & Garfunkel: anything that provided harmonizing, folk-rock, edged with the baroque. After leaving school, <mask> played in several local cover bands, many of them playing classic covers in rock-joints around Rockland County. “One day I got a message that the Welsh rock guitarist Paul Chapman (Skid Row, UFO) was looking for me. I brushed it aside, but my curiosity got the better of me and I called the number. I was invited to do an audition down in Florida, for Paul's new project: DOA, and recorded a demo with him that he took to the UK to shop with the record companies there. But that went by the wayside when Pete Way invited Paul to join Waysted instead.Of course they'd already found themselves a talented vocalist in Fin Muir. So that was that!”
“But in 1985, they had a falling out with Fin and I was invited to learn a bunch of Waysted and UFO songs just days before a huge show at Ramat Gan football stadium, in Tel Aviv. I endured. It was my trial-by fire-audition for a band I continued to play with till 1987.”

Some of the material on Myths, Legends & Lies album goes way back into his early musical life. “The first song that I ever wrote for myself — it's on Myths, Legends & Lies,” he explains, “is the Missouri Kid. I wrote the song as an eighteen-year-old kid, so it's fair to say it's gone through a lot of changes. I've always been attracted to the Southern rock style (especially Blackfoot), so that sort of sound influences some of my writing, although it does not dominate.”
The road that’s led to <mask>’s project becoming a reality hasn’t been straightforward.Events have often altered the route, as <mask> explains: “I was going to do Myths, Legends & Lies at Rockfield Studios, but serendipity ended up leading me elsewhere - to Tim Hamill, whom I'd met while working on an Ultimate Eagles recording. I always kinda gravitate back to Wales. I don't know why. It's uncanny.”
So, building on the undoubted achievement of Tyketto’s We've Got Tomorrow We've Got Tonight — the 14-piece band extravaganza that was made in Pontypridd, Wales, which consisted of re-booted and re-structured Tyketto classics, turned into miniature rock concertos — with <mask> providing sacred voice — <mask> entered Sonic One in Llangennech, Carmarthenshire, with Chris Childs (bass), Rhys Morgan (drums), Nigel Hopkins (piano) and a host of other distinguished guest musicians, to record his “orphan songs.”

“Like many things in my life, finding my way to Sonic One was such a happy accident that it seems like fate. For example, we were able to get hold of Andrew Griffiths. He plays the kind of hot horn you didn't think could be found outside New Orleans. Bringing the sounds together was really easy too.At Sonic One, I worked with very accomplished musicians. And, although I'm the song originator, I prefer collaboration over inflexibility. I didn't need to yank the reins on those guys: the songs were the primary centre of their attention, and they knew it.”
“Lyrically, my songs have been shaped and re-shaped over time. My influences have included John Hiatt, Don Henley, Bruce Hornsby, Tom Waits and Bernie Taupin, among others. “Storytelling has also been a strong influence on me,” <mask> adds, “especially the oral tradition. I was lucky enough to have been brought up amongst a strong culture of that: both my parents read to me as a child and that included the entire Lord of the Rings books, as well as the Zen myth Monkey and Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories." Not all stories run smoothly or have happy endings, and thanks to one particular obstacle, Myths, Legends & Lies almost didn't get made."I became a victim of the PledgeMusic difficulties," admits <mask>. "Thankfully, just before it was too late — another timely piece of good luck! — I managed to pull the project from the platform and collect-up all my fans: all those who'd already been drawn to the project. This meant I had to do things for myself, of course. It was a stressful time, but, by acting at exactly the right moment, I managed to retain most of my pledgers. I'm pleased to say that all of them received their promised albums, on time and at the agreed-upon date.”
“Looking back,” he reflects, “perhaps the headache caused by PledgeMusic was actually a blessing. It gave me the push & impulse I probably needed to get the job done and it also made me realize, more than anything, that the fans are on my side and they are indispensable and significant.And if you have fans on your side, nothing is impossible." 2020 will see <mask>’s latest project Snake Oil & Harmony release their debut album Hurricane Riders and tour the UK & Europe (currently being rescheduled due to Covid 19). Five years ago, <mask> and Dan Reed (frontman of funk rockers Dan Reed Network) decided to combine their talents in a joint project: a live acoustic touring act called Snake Oil & Harmony. The project led to two acclaimed tours, where they shared their songs and the stories behind them with audiences throughout Europe, building a rep for their singing, musicianship and spellbinding rapport with their audiences. The tours sparked the pair into further creative partnership, kindling their considerable talents to create new, original songs, which they added to their repertoire on tour. Now, Snake Oil & Harmony are releasing their debut album, Hurricane Riders to coincide with their next tour, which begins in March 2020. Meanwhile, <mask> will be continuing with his solo and band work and Tyketto.Tyketto have a 7 date UK tour planned for late March 2021 and will be supported by Gin Annie. Discography

Solo albums
Traveller (2007)
Myths, Legends and Lies (2019)

Live albums
The Road Less Travelled (2009)

Extended plays
Standing Alone (2002)

with Waysted
Save Your Prayers (1986)

with Tyketto
Don't Come Easy (1991)
Strength in Numbers (1994)
Dig in Deep (2012)
Reach (2016)
Live In Milan (2017)
We've Got Tomorrow, We've Got Tonight (2019)
Strength In Numbers Live (2019)

with Flesh & Blood
Blues for Daze (1997)

with Vaughn
 Soldiers and Sailors on Riverside (2000)
 Fearless (2001)

with From the Inside
From the Inside (2004)
Visions (2008)

with The Illegal Eagles
Back in the Fast Lane (2008)

with Burning Kingdom
Simplified (2013)

with Snake Oil & Harmony (Dan Reed)
Hurricane Riders (2020)

References

External links
 Official Site
 HardRockHouse

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American rock singers
Waysted members
Geffen Records artists
Music for Nations artists
Frontiers Records artists

masks:
Danny Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Danny Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Vaughn
Danny
Vaughn
Vaughn
Danny
Danny Vaughn
Vaughn
Danny
Danny
Danny
Danny
Vaughn
Danny
Danny
Danny
Danny
Vaughn


title: Peter the Hermit

texts:
<mask>mit ( 1050 – 8 July 1115 or 1131), also known as <mask> or <mask> of Amiens, was a priest of Amiens and a key figure during the People's Crusade, the Rhineland massacres, and the First Crusade. He is sometimes called <mask>mit, though he has not been beatified in the Catholic Church. Family
His name in French is Pierre l'Ermite. The structure of this name in French unlike in English has led some francophone scholars to treat l'Ermite as a surname rather than a title. According to some authors, he was born around 1050 and was the son of Renauld L'Ermite of Auvergne, and his wife  Alide Montaigu, de Picardie. Others claim he was a member of the L'Hermite family of Auvergne in the Netherlands. These claims are disputed by other authors, who argue that nothing can confirm that "the Hermit" was an actual surname and that surnames had not developed until after his day.Before 1096
According to Anna Komnene's Alexiad, <mask> attempted a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before 1096, but was prevented by the Seljuk Turks from reaching his goal and was reportedly mistreated. This experience caused him to preach inflammatory statements about the Turks to upset Christians. However, doubts remain whether he ever made such a journey. Sources differ as to whether he was present at Pope Urban II's famous Council of Clermont in 1095. It is certain that he was one of the preachers of the crusade in France afterward, and his own experience may have helped to give fire to the Crusading cause. Tradition in Huy holds that he was there when the crusade was announced and he began his preaching at once. He soon leapt into fame as an emotional revivalist, and the vast majority of sources and historians agree that thousands of peasants eagerly took the cross at his bidding.This part of the First Crusade was also known as the Crusade of the Paupers. <mask> organized and guided the paupers as a spiritually purified and holy group of pilgrims who would, supposedly, be protected by the Holy Ghost. It is also possible that the People's Crusade also included well-armed soldiers and nobles. (A list of known participants in <mask>'s army can be found at The Digital Humanities Institute.) Crusade to the Holy Land
Before <mask> went on his crusade he received permission from Patriarch Simeon II of Jerusalem. <mask> was able to recruit from England, Lorraine, France, and Flanders. <mask> the Hermit arrived in Cologne, Germany, on Holy Saturday, the 12th of April in 1096.In the spring of 1096 <mask> was one of the prominent crusader leaders involved in the Rhineland massacres against the Jews. <mask> and his followers participated in the torture and slaughter of Jews in Lorraine, Cologne, and Mainz. In Mainz, <mask>'s followers killed a large group of Jews that had been granted refuge by a local bishop. Leading the first of the five sections of the People's Crusade to the destination of their pilgrimage, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he started (with 40,000 men and women) from Cologne in April 1096, and arrived (with 30,000 men and women) at Constantinople at the end of July. Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos was less than pleased with their arrival, for along with the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople, he was now required to provide for the care and sustenance of the vast host of paupers for the remainder of their journey. Before reaching Constantinople though, <mask> and his followers began to experience difficulty. In Zemun, the governor, who was descendant of a Ghuzz Turk, and a colleague, were frightened by the army's size and decided to tighten regulations on a frontier.This would have been fine if a dispute about the sale of a pair of shoes had not occurred. This led to a riot and against <mask>'s wishes the town was attacked and the citadel was stormed. This resulted in 4000 Hungarians being killed and many provisions being stolen. Then on 26 June 1096 <mask>'s army was able to cross the Sava river. Then the army marched into Belgrade, set the town on fire, and pillaged it. The army then made its way into and through Nish (Niš) after an eight-day delay. After riding through Nish the Crusaders made their way towards Sofia when they were attacked on the road.The army took heavy losses. They lost 1/4 of their men but arrived in Sofia on 12 July nonetheless. The forces then arrived in Constantinople on 1 August 1096. After a while, they arrived at a castle called Xerigordon and captured it. They captured the castle by taking possession of the castle's spring and well. After setting off to Civetot, they had set up camp near a village called Dracon. This is where the Turks ambushed <mask> and his forces.This was the final battle of the People's Crusade that <mask> led. Most of the paupers failed to make their way out of Catholic jurisdiction. The majority were incapable of being provided for by the various lordships and dioceses along the way and either starved, returned home or were put into servitude, while a substantial number were captured and sold into slavery by the various Slavic robber barons in the Balkans, kindling the view of the Balkan Slavs as unredeemed robbers and villains. <mask> joined the only other section which had succeeded in reaching Constantinople, that of Walter Sans Avoir, into a single group and encamped the still numerous pilgrims around Constantinople while he negotiated the shipping of the People's Crusade to the Holy Land. The Emperor meanwhile had failed to provide for the pilgrims adequately and the camp made itself a growing nuisance, as the increasingly hungry paupers turned to pilfering the imperial stores. Alexios, worried at the growing disorder and fearful of his standing before the coming armed Crusader armies, quickly concluded negotiations and shipped them across the Bosporus to the Asiatic shore at the beginning of August, with promises of guards and passage through the Turkish lines. He warned the People's Crusade to await his orders, but in spite of his warnings, the paupers entered Turkish territory.The Turks began skirmishing with the largely unarmed host. <mask> returned in desperation to Constantinople, seeking the Emperor's help. In <mask>'s absence, the pilgrims were ambushed and cut to pieces in detail by the Turks, who were more disciplined, at the Battle of Civetot. Despite <mask>'s pronunciations of divine protection, the vast majority of the pilgrims were slaughtered by the swords and arrows of the Turks or were enslaved. Left in Constantinople with the small number of surviving followers, during the winter of 1096–1097, with little hope of securing Byzantine support, the People's Crusade awaited the coming of the armed crusaders as their sole source of protection to complete the pilgrimage. When the princes arrived, <mask> joined their ranks as a member of the council in May 1097, and with the little following which remained they marched together through Asia Minor to Jerusalem. While his "paupers" never regained the numbers previous to the Battle of Civetot, his ranks were increasingly replenished with disarmed, injured, or bankrupted crusaders.Nonetheless, aside from a few rousing speeches to motivate the Crusaders, he played a subordinate part in the remaining history of the First Crusade which at this point clearly settled on a military campaign as the means to secure the pilgrimage routes and holy sites in Palestine. <mask> appears, at the beginning of 1098, as attempting to escape from the privations of the siege of Antioch—showing himself, as Guibert of Nogent says, a "fallen star." Guibert and other sources go on to write that <mask> was responsible for the speech before the half-starved and dead Crusaders which motivated their sally from the gates of Antioch and their subsequent victory over the overwhelmingly superior Muslim army besieging the city. Thus, having recovered his stature, in the middle of the year he was sent by the princes to invite Kerbogha to settle all differences via a duel, which the emir subsequently declined. In 1099 <mask> appears as the treasurer of the alms at the siege of Arqa, and as leader of the supplicatory processions around the walls of Jerusalem before it fell, and later within Jerusalem which preceded the Crusaders' surprising victory at the Battle of Ascalon (August). At the end of 1099, <mask> went to Latakia, and sailed thence for the West. From this time he disappears from the historical record.Albert of Aix records that he died in 1131, as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France. Role in preaching First Crusade
Albert of Aix in his Historia Hierosolymitanae Expeditionis claims that <mask> the Hermit was the true author and originator of the First Crusade. This story later appears in the pages of William of Tyre, which indicates that even a few generations after the crusade, the descendants of the crusaders believed <mask> was its originator. This myth was dismissed by modern historians beginning with Heinrich von Sybel. Various historical sources also recount that during an early visit to Jerusalem sometime before 1096, Jesus appeared to <mask> the Hermit in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and bade him preach the crusade. The origins of these legend is a matter of some interest. Von Sybel suggested that in the camp of the paupers (which existed side by side with that of the knights, and grew increasingly large as the crusade took a more and more heavy toll on the purses of the crusaders) some idolization of <mask> the Hermit had already begun, parallel to the similar glorification of Godfrey of Bouillon by the Lorrainers.Later life
There is very little concrete record for his life after returning to Europe and much of what is known is speculation or legend. However, Albert of Aix records that he died in 1131, as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France or Flanders. It is thought that during the Siege of Antioch during the days of famine and cold weather, <mask> attempted to flee only to be captured by the Norman Tancred and placed back on the battlefield in 1112. [1] <mask> also held services of intercession for Latin and native recruits. <mask> advised Greeks and Latins to form processions as well. It is generally quoted that he founded an Augustinian monastery in France named for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. However, it was actually in Flanders at Neufmoustier near Huy, or Huy itself which may have been his home town.His tomb is in Neufmoustier Abbey, so it is presumed that this was his abbey but in another tradition the nearby Solières Abbey claims that it was his foundation. <mask>'s obituary is in the chronicle of Neufmoustier Abbey. On its page entry of 8 July 1115 the chronicle says that this day saw "the death of Dom Pierre, of pious memory, venerable priest and hermit, who deserved to be appointed by the Lord to announce the first to the holy Cross" and the text continues with "after the conquest of the holy land, Pierre returned to his native country" and also that "he founded this church ... and chooses them a decent burial". This record further supports Neufmoustier's claim as his foundation. Legend

Since his death various legends have sprung up around <mask>. One legend has its roots in the writings of Jacques de Vitry, who found it convenient to convince people from the bishopric of Liège of  the merits of participating in the Albigensian Crusade by manipulating the story of <mask>. Another legend is given in the 14th century by the French troubadour Jehan-de-Bouteiller, who sings the memory of "a dict <mask> the Hermit deschendant a count of Clairmont by a Sieur d'Herrymont [who] married a Montagut".<mask> the Hermit's parents would, therefore, be Renauld de Hérimont and Aleidis Montaigu (Aleidis is known in Huy as the "mother of Dom Pierre, with a home in Huy"). There is also a strong and old tradition that <mask> the Hermit was the first to introduce the use of the Rosary. It follows that he began this tradition in about 1090. References

Sources

 "<mask> the Hermit", Famous Men of the Middle Ages
 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1099-1149 (available on-line)

1050s births
1115 deaths
11th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Christians of the Crusades
Christians of the First Crusade
French hermits
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Peter the Her
Little Peter
Peter
Blessed Peter the Her
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter


title: Arsenio Lacson

texts:
<mask>. (December 26, 1912 – April 15, 1962) was a Filipino journalist and politician who gained widespread attention as mayor of Manila from 1952 to 1962. An active executive likened by Time and The New York Times to New York's Fiorello La Guardia, he was the first Manila mayor to be reelected to three terms. Nicknamed "Arsenic" and described as "a good man with a bad mouth", <mask>'s fiery temperament became a trademark of his political and broadcasting career. He died suddenly from a stroke amidst talk that he was planning to run in the 1965 presidential election. Early life
<mask> was born in Talisay, Negros Occidental to <mask>, and his wife Rosario Sison. He was named after Philippine showman and journalist <mask>, whom his father greatly admired, and his grandfather <mask>. He was related to <mask>, the president of the short-lived Republic of Negros.His niece, Rose, would later gain prominence as a controversial socialite in Australia. A sickly lad, <mask> turned to athletics while a student at the Ateneo de Manila University, where he would obtain his Bachelor of Arts degree. He became an amateur boxer while a student, accounting for his broken nose that later became a prominent feature of his profile. <mask> studied law at the University of Santo Tomas. After graduating and passing the bar examinations in 1937, he joined the law office of future Senator Vicente Francisco, and later, the Department of Justice as an assistant attorney. <mask> also worked as a sportswriter before the outbreak of World War II. Personal life
<mask> was married to Luz Santiago and has 4 children.Sporting career

<mask> was part of the collegiate team of the Ateneo de Manila University. He played at the halfback position. He was also part of the Philippine national football team and participated in tournaments such as the 1934 Far Eastern Championship Games. World War II guerrilla

<mask> joined the armed resistance against the Japanese military which had invaded the Philippines in late 1941. He joined the Free Philippines underground movement, and acted as a lead scout during the Battle of Manila. <mask> also fought in the battle for the liberation of Baguio on April 26, 1945. For his service during the war, <mask> received citations from the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the Sixth United States Army.Years later, when asked by Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi if he had learned Japanese during the war, <mask> responded, "I was too busy shooting at Japanese to learn any." Political career

Election to Congress
<mask> resumed his career in journalism after the war. He also had his own radio program called In This Corner, where he delivered social and political commentary. <mask> became popular as a result of his radio show, but also earned the ire of President Manuel Roxas, whom he nicknamed "Manny the Weep". In 1947, President Roxas ordered <mask>'s suspension from the airwaves. The incident drew international attention after former United States Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes defended Roxas's action and in turn drew rebuke for such defense from the popular radio commentator Walter Winchell. In the 1949 general elections, <mask> ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives, representing the 2nd District of Manila.He was elected under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. During the two years he served in the House, <mask> was cited by the media assigned to cover Congress as among the "10 Most Useful Congressmen" for "his excellent display as a fiscalizer and a lawmaker". Mayor of Manila
It was only in 1951 that the office of Manila mayor became an elective position, following the amendment of its city charter. Representative <mask> successfully unseated incumbent Manila Mayor Manuel de la Fuente in the first ever mayoralty election in the city. He assumed the office of mayor on January 1, 1952. He was re-elected in 1955 and 1959. He immediately became known as a tough-minded reformist mayor, and in the 1950s, he and Zamboanga City Mayor Cesar Climaco were touted as exemplars of good local governance.Climaco, in fact, was praised as "The <mask> <mask> of the South". At the time <mask> assumed office, Manila had around  in debt, some of which had been contracted thirty years earlier, and had no money to pay its employees. Within three years, the debt had been reduced in half, and by 1959, the city had a budget surplus of  and paid its employees twice the amount earned by other local government employees. By that time, <mask> claimed that the income earned by Manila for the Philippines supported 70% of the salaries of the national government officials and members of Congress, as well as 70% of the expenses of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. <mask> embarked on crusades to maintain peace and order and good government in Manila. He fired 600 city employees for incompetence, and dismissed corrupt policemen. He personally led raids on brothels masquerading as massage parlors and on unauthorized market vendors.<mask> ordered bulldozers to clear a squatter colony in Malate that had stood since shortly after the war. <mask> established a mobile 60-car patrol unit that patrolled the city at all hours, and he himself would patrol the city at nights in a black police car. <mask> also established the Manila Zoo and the first city underpass, located in Quiapo, posthumously named after him. Throughout his ten years as mayor, <mask> maintained his radio program, which now aired over DZBB and would also later be broadcast on television. The broadcasts were pre-recorded in order to edit out his expletives and occasional foul language. He spoke out on air on national and international issues, and responded to critics who suggested that he confine himself to local Manila issues that he did not lose his right as a citizen to speak out on public affairs upon his election as mayor. He was a fervent critic of President Elpidio Quirino of the Liberal Party.In 1952, upon the filing of a criminal libel complaint against <mask> by a judge whom he criticized on his radio show, Quirino suspended <mask> from office. <mask> remained suspended for 73 days until the Supreme Court voided the suspension order. Though the hard-drinking, gun-toting <mask> projected an image of machismo, the author Nick Joaquin observed:

Peak years

In 1953, <mask> actively campaigned for Nacionalista presidential candidate Ramon Magsaysay, who would go on to defeat the incumbent Quirino. After President Magsaysay's death in a plane crash months before the 1957 presidential election, <mask> claimed that Magsaysay had offered to name him as the Nacionalista candidate for vice president, in lieu of incumbent Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia. According to <mask>, he declined the offer, telling Magsaysay "the time has not yet come". Nonetheless, after Magsaysay's death, <mask> turned against the newly installed President Garcia, and considered running against Garcia in the 1957 election. In April 1957, <mask> went on a national tour in order to gauge his nationwide strength as a presidential candidate.While the tour indicated considerable popularity of <mask> in the provinces, his potential run was hampered by a lack of funding and a party machinery. It was believed that <mask> would have easily won the presidency in 1957 had he obtained the nomination of either his Nacionalista Party, then committed to Garcia, or the rival Liberal Party, which would select Jose Yulo as its candidate. The American expatriate and tobacco industrialist Harry Stonehill, who was later indicted by Justice Secretary Jose W. Diokno for bribing officials, falsely claimed that <mask> had asked him to finance his campaign against Garcia. When Stonehill refused, <mask> decided not to run, and thereafter, staged a rally at Plaza Miranda where he denounced the United States and what he perceived as the subservience of the Philippine government to the Americans. In his career, <mask> was frequently tagged as anti-American, and he had criticized the United States for having no foreign policy "but just a pathological fear of communism". Meteoric rise and proposed presidential campaign with Jose W. Diokno
Garcia won in the 1957 election, and <mask> became a persistent critic of the President throughout his four-year term. In 1961, <mask> turned against the Nacionalista Party and supported the presidential candidacy of Vice-President Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party.He was named Macapagal's national campaign manager and was attributed as "the moving spirit behind a nationwide drive that led to Macapagal's victory at the polls". Not long after Macapagal's election, <mask> returned to the Nacionalista Party and became increasingly critical of the President, explaining "I only promised to make Macapagal President, not agree with him forever." <mask> was considered as the likely presidential candidate of the Nacionalistas for the 1965 election, with his close friend attorney Jose W. Diokno as his intended running mate. Before becoming the justice secretary through <mask>'s endorsement, Atty. Diokno previously defended the mayor and radio personality for libel charges against his talk show. <mask> would in turn often visit Diokno's Parañaque home in the wee hours to make breakfast for Diokno and his wife Carmen. The lawyer and future senator often volunteered to edit <mask>'s newspaper articles.<mask> garnered a huge level of fame that would have allowed him to win as president in the 1965 election. Unfortunately tragedy struck when <mask> suddenly died, allowing the party to select Ferdinand Marcos, an Ilocano politician who left the Liberal Party to give him an opportunity to run against partymate Macapagal. Legacy

As mayor, <mask> had faced several attempts on his life. He twice disarmed gunmen who had attacked him, and survived an ambush as he was driving home one night. Yet it would be a stroke that ended <mask>'s life at the age of 49. Some unconfirmed rumors claim that he was fatally stricken at a hotel suite while in the company of a popular local movie star, but the records show that he was alone in his hotel room. <mask> was buried at the Manila North Cemetery.Numerous honors have been bestowed since the Mayor's passing. For instance, an elementary school in Tondo, Manila and a street in Sampaloc, Manila have been named after <mask>. A statue in his honor was likewise erected in present-day Plaza Lacson, which is behind Sta. Cruz Church. Another statue was erected along Roxas Boulevard facing Manila Bay, this time of <mask> seated on a bench reading a newspaper, as he was a renowned journalist and reporter. <mask> was later honored with a statue outside the city hall of Manila as one of the finest statesmen in history. Notes

References

1912 births
1962 deaths
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Filipino radio journalists
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Negros Occidental
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Mayors of Manila
Nacionalista Party politicians
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Manila
20th-century Filipino lawyers
Burials at the Manila North Cemetery
Philippines international footballers
Filipino footballers
Association football midfielders
Filipino politicians of Chinese descent

masks:
Arsenio Hilario Sison Lacson Sr
Lacson
Lacson
Roman Ledesma Lacson
Arsenio Luz
Hilario Lacson
Aniceto Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Football Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Arsenio
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Mayor Lacson
Lacson
Mayor Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Lacson
Mayor Lacson


title: Ray Young Bear

texts:
<mask> (born 1950 in Marshalltown, Iowa) (Meskwaki) is an American poet and novelist. He was raised on the Meskwaki Tribal Settlement near Tama, IA. <mask>'s great-great grandfather, Maminwanike, purchased the land that the Meskwaki Settlement was built on. The settlement is located along the Iowa River. <mask>'s great-great grandfather was only a boy when he made the decision to move the tribe from Kansas back to Iowa where the tribe is originally from. After his great-great grandfather's decision, Meskwaki people were sent to negotiate the purchase of land that eventually became the Meskwaki Settlement. It is in this way that the Meskwaki Tribe that <mask> is a part of is unique.The Meskwaki Tribe is one of very few tribes that bought their land instead of having their land allotted to them by the government. He writes about contemporary Native Americans in English and in Meskwaki. The theme of his poems and other works are American Indians' search for identity. His poems express the painful awareness of identity loss. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, and raised on the Meskwaki Tribal Settlement in Iowa. It is unique as a place where in 1857 the Meskwaki bought land privately for the tribe, like other citizens, authorized by state legislation. <mask> <mask> was raised by his maternal grandmother, No-ko-me-sa, for the first ten years of his life.<mask> spoke Meskwaki as his first language, taught by his maternal grandmother; she also encouraged him to learn English. He was not comfortable in this language until late in high school. She was also a key teacher of his culture, its customs, and its myths and belief systems, which he embraces. He has been influenced as a writer through his grandmother who he claims is his greatest influence. Other influences that <mask> <mask> attributes his writing to are the journals of his grandfathers that date back to the early 1800s. <mask> believes that writing is in his blood. As a youth, <mask> attended an Upward Bound program at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa.<mask> also attended the University of Iowa and Grinnell College. Later he met poet Robert Bly, who was very influential. Through Robert Bly, <mask> was able to meet with many editors that ultimately led to his work getting published. <mask> also studied at Pomona College between 1969 and 1971, where he took advantage of the chance to hear readings by visiting poets. <mask> <mask> has taught creative writing as well as Native American Literature at The Institute of American Indian Art, Eastern Washington University, Meskwaki Indian Elementary School, the University of Iowa, and Iowa State University. Literary career
<mask> first wrote poetry in Meskwaki and began to translate his work into English, publishing his first poem in 1968. His work was first published in 1968.His first audience that he considers while writing is his own tribal members. He always keeps his grandmother in mind while writing. He said, "My grandmother was always giving me advice on how I should watch what I say, because she would say that the single word itself is very, very powerful." He writes about the dislocation of contemporary Native Americans who are pulled by two different cultures. He has written some prose fiction, but says that "all his writing is merely experiments with words" (Kratzert 1998). His novels, starting with Black Eagle Child (1992), describe his youth through the character of <mask>child. They combine first-person narrative, letters, religious imagery, and poetry.He often switches between English and the Meskwaki language to express himself more fully. Woodland Drum Group
<mask> <mask> helped form the Woodland Drum Group. Members of the group include: Todd and <mask> <mask> who are <mask>'s brothers, <mask>'s nephew <mask> <mask>, wife <mask> <mask>, Brother-in-law Gordon Lasley, and Clark and Eloise Lasley. <mask> and his family formed the Woodland Drum Group in 1983 to entertain other Native Americans by participating in tribal celebrations. The group first performed in 1984. The group has performed over 250 times throughout the United States, Canada, and Netherlands. The group performs songs and dances to Native Americans and non-Native American audiences.The goal of the Woodland Drum Group is to educate non-Native Americans about the meaning behind the dances and songs of Native Americans. Awards
 Creative Writing Grant from the National Endowment for the Arts (1976)
 Honorary Doctorate in letters from Luther College, Decorah, Iowa (1993)
 Ruth Suckow Award for Remnants of the First Earth (1997)

Works
Young Bear's work has appeared in numerous magazines, including American Poetry Review, Gettysburg Review, The Georgia Review, The Kenyon Review, Michigan Quarterly Review, Parnassus, Ploughshares, and Virginia Quarterly Review. Poetry

Collections

 Winter of the Salamander (1980)
 The Invisible Musician (1990)
 The Rock Island Hiking Club (2001)
 The Aura of the Blue Flower That is a Goddess (2001)

List of poems

Fiction
 Black Eagle Child (1992)
 Remnants of the First Earth (1996)

List of Anthologies Containing <mask>'s Work
 Uncommon Wealth: An Anthology of Poetry in English
 The Best American Poetry 1996
 Against Forgetting: Twentieth-Century Poetry of Witness
 New Worlds of Literature: Writings from America's Many Cultures
 Columbus & Beyond: Views from Native Americans
 The Remembered Earth: An Anthology of Contemporary Native American Literature
 Harper's Anthology of 20th Century Native American Poetry
 Songs from This Earth on Turtle's Back: An Anthology of Poetry by American Indian Writers
 Words in the Blood: Contemporary Indian Writers of North and South America
 Voices of the Rainbow: Contemporary Poetry by Native Americans
 Nothing but the Truth: An Anthology of Native American Literature

See also

 Official <mask> Young Bear site

References

 Kratzert, M. "Native American Literature: Expanding the Canon", Collection Building Vol. 17, 1, 1998, p. 4

1950 births
Living people
Native American poets
The New Yorker people
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
20th-century American poets
American Book Award winners
Pomona College alumni

masks:
Ray Young Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Ray Young
Bear
Ray Young
Bear
Young Bear
Ray Young
Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Young Bear
Ray Young
Bear
Young Bear
Edgar Bear
Ray Young
Bear
Russell Young
Bear
Ray
Ray
Elgin Young
Bear
Stella Young
Bear
Young Bear
Ray
Ray


title: Odion Ighalo

texts:
<mask> (born 16 June 1989) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Hilal and the Nigeria national team. After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger, <mask> moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007. A year later, he was signed by Italian club Udinese, spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada. In 2014, he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the club's promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season. In January 2017, <mask> joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million, before moving onto Shanghai Shenhua. In January 2020, <mask> returned to the Premier League, joining Manchester United on loan, initially until the end of the 2019–20 season; the loan was then extended until January 2021. <mask> made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda.He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign. He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, where he finished in the competition's Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer. Club career

Early career
Born in Lagos and raised in Edo, <mask> played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger, where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke, being subsequently taken on trial by Norway's Lyn. He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18, scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking. He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position, and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country, with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process. Udinese and Granada
On 30 July 2008, <mask> signed for Udinese in Italy, moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract. He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season, scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing.Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute. <mask> was loaned to Granada in summer 2009, as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards. He scored 17 times in his first year (playoffs included) and five in the second, as both seasons ended in promotion; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy, with Cesena. <mask> continued playing with Granada in the following years, still owned by the Udine club. He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011, starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis. Watford

<mask> joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese, on 29 July 2014. He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August, and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button, in a 2–1 home win.On 24 October 2014, Watford terminated <mask>'s loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract. Exactly three months later, he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool, who led 0–2 at half time; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015, after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header. <mask> scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015, replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener. He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October, reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches. On 20 December, <mask> scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time, netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool. His five-goal haul earned him December's Premier League Player of the Month, while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award. <mask> broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016, with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years.On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but, the following season, he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games. Changchun Yatai
On 31 January 2017, <mask> joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million. He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21, but his team suffered relegation. Shanghai Shenhua
<mask> transferred to Shanghai Shenhua on 14 February 2019. In March, he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month. In March 2020, he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua. Loan to Manchester United
On 31 January 2020, <mask> returned to the Premier League, joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season.In doing so, he became the first Nigerian player, and the seventh African, to join the club. After the move was confirmed, <mask> revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen, calling it a "dream" to join the club he has long supported. He opted to wear the number 25 shirt, previously worn by United's first and longest-serving African player, Quinton Fortune of South Africa. His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China. After three substitute appearances, <mask> made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February. He scored his first United goal, which was also his maiden goal in a European competition, as the hosts won 5–0. A week later, he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup.In United's final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK; it was voted United's goal of the month for March. With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and <mask>'s loan set to expire at the end of May, United announced that they had agreed to extend <mask>'s loan deal until 30 January 2021. On 26 January 2021, <mask> posted a farewell message on social media, ahead of his imminent departure from United at the end of the month. United confirmed <mask>'s departure the following day. Al Shabab
On 4 February 2021, <mask> joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract. International career
On 24 March 2015, after a series of strong performances for Watford, newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected <mask> for the first time, and the latter stated, "I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country". He won his first cap two days later, starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda.<mask> was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigeria's squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament, but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil. In June 2018, he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia, making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia; in October, he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament. <mask> scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign, the most by any player, to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year. He was included in Gernot Rohr's squad, taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase (1–0), Cameroon in the round of 16 (3–2 win), Algeria in the semi-finals (1–2 loss) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff (1–0). At the end of the competition, he announced his retirement from the international scene. <mask> was recalled to the Nigeria team for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations but his club, Al Shabab, blocked him from taking part. Personal life
<mask> is a devout Christian, who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children, schools and widows below the poverty line.He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter. <mask> has three children, two sons and one daughter. On 22 June 2021, He was unveiled as an Ambassador of the National Principal's Cup in Abuja by the Ministry of Youth and Sports Development, Sunday Dare. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Watford
Football League Championship runner-up: 2014–15

Shanghai Shenhua
Chinese FA Cup: 2019

Nigeria
Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2019

Individual
Premier League Player of the Month: December 2015
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2019
Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot: 2019
 Saudi Professional League Player of the Month: April & May 2021

References

External links

Lyn official profile

1989 births
Living people
Nigerian Christians
Sportspeople from Lagos
Sportspeople from Edo State
Nigerian footballers
Association football forwards
Osun United F.C. players
Bridge F.C. players
Lyn Fotball players
Udinese Calcio players
Granada CF footballers
A.C. Cesena players
Watford F.C. players
Changchun Yatai F.C.players
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Al-Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Al Hilal SFC players
Nigerian Professional Football League players
Eliteserien players
Serie A players
Segunda División B players
Segunda División players
La Liga players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
Saudi Professional League players
Nigeria under-20 international footballers
Nigeria international footballers
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Nigerian expatriate footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in England
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in China
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in China
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia

masks:
Odion Jude Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo
Ighalo