title: William Porcher Miles

texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was among the ardent states' rights advocates, supporters of slavery, and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the "Fire-Eaters." He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag, originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated. Born in South Carolina, he showed little early interest in politics, and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, <mask> began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850. From then on, <mask> would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession. <mask> was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860.He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War. Early life
<mask> was born in Walterboro, South Carolina to James Saunders <mask> and Sarah Bond Worley <mask>. His ancestors were French Huguenots and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended Willington Academy where John C. Calhoun had matriculated a generation earlier. <mask> enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates James De Bow and <mask> Trescot. <mask> graduated in 1842 and in 1843 he briefly studied law with a local attorney before returning to his alma mater as a mathematics professor.Throughout the 1840s <mask> showed little interest in active politics. He did not participate in the Bluffton Movement in 1844, although he did recognize that the 1846 Wilmot Proviso threatened his concepts of "southern rights, the equality of the states under the Constitution, and the honor of a slaveholding people." In 1849 <mask> was invited to speak at a Fourth of July celebration in Charleston. In this speech, <mask> attacked the principles behind the Wilmot Proviso. While he believed that slavery was a "Divine institution," he was willing to accept differences of opinion as long as antislavery advocates returned the favor by admitting that slavery was "recognized and countenanced" by the Constitution. To <mask>, Northerners, in their efforts to legislate restrictions on slavery, were not simply raising an issue of constitutional interpretation. <mask> argued:

<mask> rejected any compromise on slavery and supported Calhoun in opposition to the Compromise of 1850.However while activists within the state in 1850 and 1851 mobilized, <mask> remained on the sidelines as Southern Rights associations and rallies dominated South Carolina politics. In 1852 <mask> delivered an address to the Alumni Society of the Charleston College that included one of the frequent arguments of the Fire-Eaters. Addressing himself to the Declaration of Independence, <mask> denied the concept of inalienable rights and maintained that liberty was an "Acquired Privilege." He argued that "Men are born neither Free nor Equal" and some men were born with the innate ability to earn liberty while others were not. Government should not attempt to either "make a Statesman of him who God intended should be a Ploughman" or "bind down forever to the plough him to whom God has given a mind capable of shaping the destinies of a People." From this point on in his career, <mask> rejected the political legitimacy of abolitionists and free-soilers and responded to any attempts to restrict slavery with a call for secession. In 1852 he delivered "Republican Government Not Always the Best" to members of College of Charleston graduation address.Mayor of Charleston
In the summer of 1855 a yellow fever epidemic hit the coast of Virginia. Eventually 2,000 people would die as well as half of the doctors who attempted to treat it. Virginia called for volunteers from the lower South where the disease was more common and residents had developed some natural immunity. <mask> responded by serving for several weeks in Norfolk as a nurse. His heroic activities were reported back to Charleston, and his friends used the popularity generated by his activities to draft him as a candidate for mayor. Upon his return to Charleston he made only one public speech but was still elected mayor by a vote of 1,260 to 837. While serving as mayor, <mask> lived at 53 Beaufain Street; the house no longer exists.Interested in reform, the new mayor first tackled police reform. After sending out fact finding missions to other cities, he implemented a plan that addressed the problem of excessive partisanship within the city council. Appointment responsibility was reassigned to the police chief for lower ranks and to the mayor, with city council approval, for higher ranks. He expanded patrols, cracked down on habitual offenders. In the area of social reform, <mask> created a house of corrections for juveniles, an almshouse, an orphanage and an asylum. He provided aid for transient poor and free black paupers and implemented a sewage system as a health measure. Having inherited a large public debt, he increased property taxes in an effort to retire the debt in 35 years.At the end of his two-year term he was widely judged to have been successful, leading him to consider further public office. United States House of Representatives
In 1856 <mask> ran for the seat being vacated by Congressman <mask> Jr. The national issues of slavery in Kansas and the rise of the Republican Party dominated the election. <mask> argued that the election of the Republican candidate for president, John C. Fremont, would require a joint southern response that could include boycotting the new Congress and calling a southern convention to determine further action. In a three-way election <mask> was victorious by a vote of 1,852 to 1,844 for his two opponents. When he took office in 1857 he found that the Kansas issues dominated Congressional  debate, threatened the unity of the Democratic Party and increased the growth of the Republicans. His first speech on the House floor came in 1858 and argued the Southern position on Kansas.Despite his acknowledgement that the Kansas climate was not conducive to slavery, he stated:

<mask> was re-elected in 1858. In January 1859 he spoke in support of fellow fire-eater <mask> Yancey in advocating the repeal of federal laws banning the African slave trade. <mask> felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that <mask>' stance was simply a guise to force disunion. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid, Southerners were further aggravated by the nomination of Ohio Republican John Sherman for the post.Sherman was one of 68 Republicans who had endorsed Hinton Helper's book, The Impending Crisis and How to Meet It, which Southerners believed would ignite class warfare between slaveholders and non-slaveholders in the South. Republicans proposed buying 100,000 copies of the book and distributing it throughout the country. <mask> conspired with South Carolina's governor to send a regiment of militia to Washington to break up the Congress in the event of Sherman's election, but the withdrawal of Sherman's nomination prevented action. In South Carolina the state legislature was unable to determine an appropriate response, but finally, reacting to a proposal by pro-secession Governor <mask> Gist decided to propose a Southern convention. As a first step Christopher Memminger was dispatched to Virginia in order to solicit their support. <mask> advised Memminger to "urge our Carolina view in such a manner as to imbue Virginia with it ... [and] we may soon hope to see the fruit of your addresses in the sturdy and healthy offspring of whose birth we would be so greatly proud — a Southern confederacy. South Carolina Secession

Election of 1860
By 1860 <mask> was one of the leading secessionists in South Carolina.His position in Washington, D.C., allowed him to serve as a conduit in the flow of information between Washington and Charleston. State politicians focused on the upcoming Democratic Convention scheduled in Charleston beginning on April 23. <mask> was concerned about the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas, especially rumors that there might even be a pro-Douglas faction in South Carolina. <mask> and other radicals were convinced that only a strictly Southern party could properly address the state's needs. The convention deadlocked over the party platform. Southerners opposed Douglas' support for popular sovereignty – a concept which would have allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. Southerners preferred  federal guarantees that slavery would be allowed in all United States territories.Thirteen of the 16 South Carolina delegates walked out of the convention. In May <mask> returned to Charleston and declared that the next election would pit "power against principle – the majority against the minority, regardless of all constitutional barriers." Support for secession was strong in South Carolina even before Lincoln's election. <mask> pressed the issue, urging action as opposed to simply more discussion. <mask> stated, according to a July 24 newspaper account:

<mask> argued that South Carolina should "break up things generally, which any state can at any time do." He believed that the South had "all the elements of wealth, prosperity and strength, to make her a first-class power among the nations of the world" and would "lose so little and gain so much" with secession." In August <mask> was struck with typhoid fever and went to New England to recover, not returning to the state until the November elections.Secession winter
As secession loomed, President James Buchanan was concerned about the safety of United States property in South Carolina. <mask>, returning to Washington for the upcoming session of Congress, was one of the South Carolina delegates who met with Buchanan to discuss this problem. On December 10 <mask> and the others presented a letter to the President that assured him that the forts in Charleston would not be molested "provided that no reinforcement should be sent into those forts, and their relative military status" maintained. Buchanan questioned the word "provided" since it appeared to bind him, but the delegates assured him that they were only communicating their understanding based on the status quo. According to both <mask> and fellow South Carolina fire-eater Laurence M. Keitt, Buchanan said, "After all, this is a matter of honor among gentlemen. I do not know that any paper or writing is necessary. We understand each other."Returning to South Carolina, <mask> was elected as a delegate to the South Carolina secession convention. <mask> was for immediate action. On December 17, fearing that even a few days of delay could be critical, he opposed the relocation of the convention from Columbia to Charleston due to a smallpox outbreak. <mask>' last communications with southerners in Washington told him that they were all looking to South Carolina for leadership. <mask> attitude was reflected in his statement, "Let us act if we mean to act without talking. Let it be 'a word and a blow – but the blow first." The convention adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20.<mask>, along with other South Carolinians, immediately resigned his seat in Congress. In the months ahead, <mask>, believing in the possibility of peaceful secession, opposed precipitate action over either Fort Sumter or the Star of the West incident. In February 1861 <mask> was one of eight South Carolina delegates to the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, that established the Confederacy. Confederate States Congress
<mask> was selected for both the provisional and regular Confederate Congress. He was chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee while also serving as an aide-de-camp for General P. G. T. Beauregard at both Charleston, in the buildup to the attack on Fort Sumter,  and the First Battle of Bull Run. Recognizing, however, his own lack of military training, <mask> focused most of his attention on his congressional duties. Historian Eric H. Walther describes <mask> tenure in the Confederate Congress:

While serving in the Confederate Provisional Congress, <mask> chaired the "Committee on the Flag and Seal," which adopted the "Stars and Bars" flag as the national flag of the Confederacy.<mask> opposed this selection  because, he felt, it too much resembled, as supporters of it admitted, the old Stars and Stripes. <mask> argued:

<mask> favored his own design. When General P.G.T. Beauregard decided a more recognizable Battle Flag was needed, <mask>' suggested his design. Although this design had been rejected by the committee for a national flag, it eventually became the Confederate Battle Flag, today often referred to as a "Rebel flag" or the "Southern Cross." <mask>' design was later used as the canton in the second version of the national flag (nicknamed the "Stainless Banner") as well as in the third national design (nicknamed the "Blood-Stained Banner"). Later life
As late as January 1865, <mask> offered a resolution in Congress stating, "That we, the representatives of the people of the Confederate States, are firmly determined to continue the struggle in which we are involved until the United States shall acknowledge our independence."Describing <mask>'s feelings shortly after the war ended and quoting from a September 25, 1865 letter, Walther wrote:

<mask> had married Bettie Beirne in 1863, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia planter, Oliver Beirne, and granddaughter of Representative Andrew Beirne. For a few years after the war, he worked for his father-in-law as a factor in New Orleans. In 1867, <mask> took over the management of Oak Ridge Plantation in Nelson County, Virginia. He encountered serious financial problems as a tobacco and wheat farmer, and in 1874, he unsuccessfully applied for the position of president at the new Hopkins University of Baltimore. <mask> remained on the farm and helped friends like Beauregard and former Fire-Eater Robert Rhett gather materials for their own histories of the Confederacy. In 1880, <mask> was appointed president of the newly-reopened South Carolina College. After his father-in-law's death in 1882, <mask> took over the family business interests and relocated to Houmas House in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, where he managed a dozen plantations that Oliver Beirne had inherited just one year before at the death of his longtime friend, John Burnside.In 1892, with his son, he formed Miles Planting and Manufacturing Company of Louisiana. <mask> died on May 11, 1899 at 76 and was interred at Green Hill Cemetery in Union, West Virginia. Notes

References

 Cauthen, Charles Edward. South Carolina Goes to War, 1860–1865, 2005, originally 1950 . Coski, John M. The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. .
 Daniel, Ruth McCaskill. <mask> <mask>: Champion of Southern Interests.M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1943. Heidler, David S. Pulling the Temple Down: The Fire-Eaters and the Destruction of the Union. (1994) . <mask>, <mask>er. The annual address delivered before the Cliosophic Society, March 29, 1847. Charleston: T.W.Haynes, 1847. ———. How to Educate Our Young Lawyers. Address to the law class of the University of Maryland. Columbia, South Carolina: The Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. ———. Oration delivered before the Fourth of July Association.By Wm. <mask> <mask> on the Fourth of July 1849. Charleston: James S. Burges, 1849. Smith, Clarence McKittrick, Jr. <mask> <mask>, Progressive Mayor of Charleston, 1855–1857. Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 12 (1942): 30–39. Walther, Eric. H. The Fire-Eaters.(1992) . External links

 Official
 <mask> <mask> Papers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 General information

 <mask> <mask> at The Political Graveyard

People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
1822 births
1899 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American proslavery activists
College of Charleston alumni
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Flag designers
Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from South Carolina
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
People from Walterboro, South Carolina
Presidents of the University of South Carolina
Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
South Carolina Democrats
University of South Carolina faculty
American Fire-Eaters
American white supremacists

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title: Ajit Pai

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; born January 10, 1973) is an American lawyer who served as chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2017 to 2021. He has been a partner at the private-equity firm Searchlight Capital since April 2021. The son of Indian immigrants to the United States, Pai grew up in Parsons, Kansas. He is a graduate of both Harvard University and the University of Chicago Law School. He worked as a lawyer in various offices of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, with a two-year stint as an in-house lawyer for Verizon Communications. He joined the FCC as a lawyer in its Office of General Counsel in 2007. He was nominated to be a commissioner in 2011 by President Barack Obama, who followed tradition in preserving balance on the commission by accepting the recommendation of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.He was confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a five-year term. In January 2017, newly inaugurated president Donald Trump designated Pai as FCC chairman. He is the first Indian American to hold the office. In March 2017, Trump announced that he would renominate Pai to serve another five-year term (remaining Chairman of the FCC). Pai was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for an additional five-year term on October 2, 2017. Pai is a proponent of repealing net neutrality in the United States and, on December 14, 2017, voted with the majority of the FCC to reverse the decision to regulate the internet under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. Pai resigned on January 20, 2021, the day of Joe Biden's inauguration as President of the United States.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on January 10, 1973, in Buffalo, New York. His father, Varadaraj <mask>, and his mother, Radha <mask>, immigrated to the United States from India in 1971. His father was a urologist and his mother was an anesthesiologist. Pai grew up in Parsons, Kansas, where his parents worked at the county hospital. After graduating from Parsons Senior High School in 1990, Pai studied social studies at Harvard University, where he was a member of the Harvard Speech and Parliamentary Debate Society. He graduated from Harvard in 1994 with an A.B. with honors.He then attended the University of Chicago Law School, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review and won a Mulroy Prize for excellence in evidence law. He graduated with a J.D. in 1997. Career
After law school, Pai clerked for Judge Martin Leach-Cross Feldman of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana from 1997 to 1998. Pai then worked for the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice as an Honors Program trial attorney on the Telecommunications Task Force. There, he worked on proposed mergers and acquisitions and on novel requests for regulatory relief following the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Pai left his Department of Justice post in February 2001 to serve as Associate General Counsel at Verizon Communications Inc., where he handled competition matters, regulatory issues, and counseling of business units on broadband initiatives.Pai left Verizon in April 2003 and was hired as Deputy Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts. He returned to the Department of Justice to serve as Senior Counsel in the Office of Legal Policy in May 2004. He held that position until February 2005, when he was hired as Chief Counsel to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights. Between 2007 and 2011, Pai held several positions in the FCC's Office of General Counsel, serving most prominently as Deputy General Counsel. In this role, he had supervisory responsibility over several dozen lawyers in the Administrative Law Division and worked on a wide variety of regulatory and transactional matters involving the wireless, wireline, cable, Internet, media, and satellite industries. In 2010, Pai was one of 55 individuals nationwide chosen for the 2011 Marshall Memorial Fellowship, a leadership development initiative of the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Pai returned to the private sector in April 2011, working in the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Jenner & Block where he was a partner in the Communications Practice.In 2011, Pai was then nominated for a Republican Party position on the Federal Communications Commission by President Barack Obama at the recommendation of Minority leader Mitch McConnell. He was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a term that concluded on June 30, 2016. Then Pai was designated chairman of the FCC by President Donald Trump in January 2017 for a five-year term. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for the additional five-year term on October 2, 2017. In 2019, he was named forty-seventh among the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare by Modern Healthcare. He resigned from his post on 20 January 2021, following the inauguration of Joe Biden as President of the United States. Policy positions
Pai was an advocate for less regulation during his tenure on the FCC.He is seen as a closer ally to broadcasters than to other members of the FCC. In testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee's Subcommittee on Communications and Technology on July 10, 2012, he warned about the dangers of regulatory uncertainty and the need for the FCC to keep pace with the dynamic communications sector. Pai also asserted that by reforming the way the commission works, the agency can facilitate the provision of new and better services at lower prices for American consumers. Pai gave his first major speech since taking office on July 18, 2012, at Carnegie Mellon University. He discussed how the FCC can help promote economic growth and enhance job creation in the information and communications technology field by adhering to three basic principles: (1) the FCC should be as nimble as the industry it oversees; (2) the FCC should prioritize the removal of regulatory barriers to infrastructure investment; and (3) the FCC should accelerate its efforts to allocate additional spectrum for mobile broadband. Pai called for a reinvigoration of Section 7 of the Communications Act, which gives the commission a one-year deadline to review proposals for new technologies and services. He introduced the idea of creating an IP Transition Task Force to expedite the country's transition to all-IP networks.He urged the commission to settle the nine-year-old contributions reform proceeding for the Universal Service Fund by the end of the year. Finally, he advocated for completing the rules for the AWS-4 spectrum band by September 2012 and conducting the broadcast spectrum incentive auctions by June 30, 2014. Pai wrote an op-ed for the Wall Street Journal in 2014 criticizing a proposed FCC study of the news-gathering practices of media organizations. In another 2014 letter, Pai criticized Netflix, writing that their Open Connect caching tools effectively secure fast lanes for its traffic. In October 2014, Pai wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post criticizing a government-funded research project named "Truthy" at Indiana University which was studying the spread of "false and misleading ideas, hate speech and subversive propaganda" online. Pai questioned the value of the project, writing, "should taxpayer money be used to monitor your speech and evaluate your 'partisanship?'" Truthy researchers defended the project, writing, "we do not monitor individual people.The tweets we analyze are public and accessible by anyone." Indiana University issued a press release which said "the Truthy project is a basic computing research project designed to provide analytical insight into the ways in which information is spread across social media networks such as Twitter." U.S. House Science Committee Chairman Lamar Smith sent a letter to the National Science Foundation announcing a review of the grant. In 2017, Pai removed from circulation a proposal introduced by Tom Wheeler which would have required cable providers to make their programming available on third-party devices. In June 2019, the FCC under Pai allowed telecommunications companies to automatically sign up their users in call-blocking services. The measure was proposed by Pai; he said that it would reduce "unwanted robocalls". In response, FCC Commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel argued that the FCC should go further in mandating free call-blocking services.In July 2020, the FCC under Pai approved the creation of a new number 9-8-8, for the hotline for suicide prevention; the old hotline was numbered 1-800-273-8255, while the new hotline is mandated to be set up by July 2022. Net neutrality in the United States
In a hearing on net neutrality in 2014, Pai said that he was committed to a free and open internet and that it was not the FCC's role to determine net neutrality. He testified that "a dispute this fundamental is not for us, five unelected individuals, to decide. Instead, it should be resolved by the people's elected representatives, those who choose the direction of government, and those whom the American people can hold accountable for that choice." Later, Pai voted against the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order, classifying internet service under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934, which bars certain providers from "mak[ing] any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges, practices, classifications, regulations, facilities, or services." He said in December 2016 that he believed Title II net neutrality's "days were numbered," and was described by the New York Times as a stickler for strict application of telecommunications law and limits on the FCC's authority. In a speech two weeks before the FCC's scheduled December 2017 vote on net neutrality, Pai was critical of celebrities including Cher, Mark Ruffalo, and Alyssa Milano for boosting opposition to the planned repeal.In response to criticism from Ruffalo, Pai said "Getting rid of government authority over the Internet is the exact opposite of authoritarianism. Government control is the defining feature of authoritarians, including the one in North Korea." Pai said Twitter and other tech companies were hypocritical for arguing for a free and open internet while, according to Pai, such companies "routinely block or discriminate against content they don't like."

masks:
Ajit Varadaraj Pai
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title: Ajit Pai

texts:
 The day before the FCC's scheduled vote on net neutrality, Pai appeared in a video entitled "<mask> Pai Wants The Internet To Know You Can Still Harlem Shake After Net Neutrality". The controversial video showed him dancing to the "Harlem Shake" and buying products online, including a toy lightsaber. In the video, Pai is shown dancing next to Martina Markota, a proponent of the Pizzagate conspiracy theory and a staff member at the Daily Caller, the media outlet that produced the video. In response to the video, Star Wars actor Mark Hamill said Pai was "unworthy" of holding the Jedi weapon, as "a Jedi acts selflessly for the common man."Baauer, the creator of the song featured in the video, has threatened to take legal action against <mask> alongside his record label for Pai's use of the song in his video. As chairman, he also closed an investigation into zero-rating practices by wireless providers T-Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon. On May 18, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission took the first formal step toward dismantling the net neutrality rules, and on December 14, 2017, voted to reverse Title II regulations after a contentious public comment period. In February 2018, the National Rifle Association (NRA) awarded Pai with the Charlton Heston Courage Under Fire Award for repealing net neutrality rules despite facing heavy public criticism. As part of the award, a handmade Kentucky long gun was gifted to Pai. This gift caused former White House ethics attorney Walter Shaub to question if Pai, a federal employee, had violated ethics rules by accepting gifts from lobbyists such as the NRA. When the U.S. Senate voted by 52–47 "to put the Federal Communications Commission's net-neutrality rules back in place" in May 2018, Pai was said to be "upset", stating having no net neutrality rules "will help promote digital opportunity" while making "high-speed Internet access available to every single American."Regarding "Democrats' effort to reinstate heavy-handed government regulation of the Internet", <mask> Pai conceded it would fail in the House. During an investigation of fake comments in support and against net neutrality, Pai refused to hand over evidence or help New York's Attorney General in determining the scope of manipulation by ISPs of the public comment process. Prison inmate telephone calling costs
Pai argued against adoption of the FCC 2013 analysis and proposed rulemaking regarding the high cost of inmate telephone calls, referred to as Inmate Calling Service (ICS) by the FCC. He submitted his written dissent in which he argued that the nature of the exclusive single carrier contract between private ICS providers and prison administrators meant inmates cannot "count on market competition to keep prices for inmate calling services just and reasonable." (ICS has become a $1.2 billion telecommunications industry and the two largest providers in the United States were private equity-backed companies). Prior to the FCC's imposition of rate caps on interstate prison and jail phone calls in February 2014, the largest ICS provider Global Tel-Link (GTL) – which has been profitably bought and sold by private equity firms such as American Securities and Veritas Capital – charged some of the highest rates in the US – up to $17.30 for a 15-minute call. The 2013 FCC analysis, described how, in some cases, long-distance calls are charged six times the rate on the outside.Acting Chairwoman Clyburn concurred with her order and both Jessica Rosenworcel and Pai dissented and issued statements. Pai opposed the FCC imposition of "safe harbor" of 12 cents with a cap of 21 cents on private ICS providers like GTL and CenturyLink Public Communications, arguing instead for a "simple proposal to cap interstate rates, with one rate for jails and a lower rate for prisons" that are cost-based to protect providers and ensure "some return on investment." Pai also argued that the FCC was not well-equipped to micromanage rates at each and every prison. In 2015, Pai opposed rate caps on intrastate inmate calls over which courts have ruled the FCC has no jurisdiction, notwithstanding rates as high as $14 per minute. He raised concerns about the increased use of contraband cell phones in prisons. In November 2016, the ICS providers won a halt on the regulation rules. Pai criticized Democrats for appealing.Shortly after his January 23 confirmation as chairman, Pai withdrew support for the FCC case involving GTL and CenturyLink set for February 6, 2017, which had called for establishing FCC jurisdiction over rates set by states. In June 2017, the US Court of Appeals struck down a large part of the FCC's ICS order. Lifeline program
In 2016, Pai called for an investigation of potential fraud among beneficiaries of the agency's Lifeline subsidy for telecommunication services, contending that "apparent duplicates" who had signed up for the program improperly received $476 million annually. He rescinded permissions for nine new broadband providers selected by the previous FCC to participate in the program (along with more than 900 others) after becoming agency chairman, stating the new providers had not followed FCC guidelines requiring them to coordinate with the National Tribal Telecommunications Association in order to participate in the Lifeline program. Pai argued the rules had been improperly circumvented by the previous Democratic chairman, former lobbyist Tom Wheeler. Sinclair Broadcast Group
In November 2017, two Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives, John Conyers (Mich.) and David Cicilline (R.I.), asked David L. Hunt, the inspector general of the FCC, to investigate whether Pai's legislative actions regarding the relaxation of broadcast ownership rules were biased in favor of Sinclair Broadcast Group, a large owner of broadcast television stations that, since the formation of its now-defunct News Central format in 2003, produces conservative news and commentary segments that the group requires its stations to insert into certain local newscasts. The FCC, under Pai, undertook a number of actions that the legislators believe would benefit Sinclair – which has lobbied for such changes for several years – including rolling back certain broadcast television station ownership limitations (including allowing exceptions to duopoly rules that forbid common ownership of two television stations in the same market if both are among the four highest-rated or if such a combination would dilute independent media voices, reinstating a 1985 discount quota on UHF stations repealed two years earlier by Wheeler and his Democratic-led majority, a requirement dating to the FCC's inception for broadcast outlets to maintain office operations within the community of their primary local coverage areas, and removing ownership attribution rules applying to joint sales and shared services agreements).A spokeswoman for Pai said "the request appears to be part of many Democrats' attempt to target one particular company because of its perceived political views... Any claim that Chairman Pai is modifying the rules now to benefit one particular company is completely baseless." From late 2017, the FCC inspector general's office investigated Pai regarding the proposed Sinclair-Tribune merger; this was made publicly known in February 2018. The office concluded in August 2018 that it "found no evidence, nor even the suggestion, of impropriety, unscrupulous behavior, favoritism towards Sinclair, or lack of impartiality". The office also concluded that Pai's decisions regarding Sinclair were consistent with policy positions he had previously endorsed in public. In July 2018, the FCC under Pai ordered that the proposed Sinclair-Tribune merger be subject to administrative law judge hearings, due to allegations that Sinclair was planning to illegally retain control of stations it was divesting from. For this action, the FCC was criticized by President Trump, who said he wanted a merged company providing a "conservative voice". In August 2018, Tribune broke off the merger.In May 2020, the FCC under Pai reached an agreement for Sinclair to pay a record FCC fine of $48 million for deceptive practices, in return for ending three FCC investigations into the company. FCC Commissioners Jessica Rosenworcel and Geoffrey Starks argued against the agreement, as they wanted the investigations to be fully completed and made public. L-band 5G networking
On April 16, 2020, Pai asked the other FCC commissioners to approve an application to "deploy a low-power terrestrial nationwide network in the L-Band that would primarily support 5G and Internet of Things services", in spite of a report issued by the DoD raising concerns about the potential impact it could have on the operational capabilities of the US military, specifically with regard to GPS coverage. Section 230
On October 15, 2020, Pai released an official statement pledging that he would clarify Section 230, a portion of the Communications Decency Act that provides immunity for website publishers of third-party content. President Donald Trump had previously threatened to punish Facebook and Twitter for alleged anti-conservative bias after the companies blocked a series of New York Post stories about the Hunter Biden email controversy. Under Section 230, social media companies are granted First Amendment rights, but are legally distinct from press publications. Personal life
In 2010, Pai married Janine Van Lancker, a physician and allergist.They have two children and live in Arlington, Virginia. In 2017, Pai publicly complained that net neutrality protesters had targeted his family. Messages directed at his children were put up near his suburban Virginia home saying that "They will come to know the truth. Dad murdered Democracy in cold blood" and "How will they ever look you in the eye again?". No group took responsibility for the provocative signs, though the advocacy organization Popular Resistance left flyers on Pai's neighbors' doors that included his picture, age, and weight as part of a campaign they called "Ajit-ation". References

External links
 Biography at FCC

1973 births
American politicians of Indian descent
Harvard University alumni
Konkani people
Lawyers from Buffalo, New York
Living people
Members of the Federal Communications Commission
People from Parsons, Kansas
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Virginia Republicans
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Trump administration personnel
People associated with Jenner & Block
Obama administration

masks: Ajit Pai Ajit


title: Bob Holland

texts:
<mask>  (19 October 1946 – 17 September 2017) was a New South Wales and Australian cricketer. He was, because of his surname, nicknamed "Dutchy". <mask>, who spent the majority of his cricketing life in Newcastle, was a late bloomer, and his Test debut aged 38 made him the oldest Australian debutant in more than half a century. It was not until the 1978–79 season, aged 32, that the New South Wales selectors called up <mask> to continue the state’s long tradition of leg spin bowling. He quickly formed an integral part of the bowling attack that made the state the dominant domestic team in the Sheffield Shield in the 1980s. Forming a spin oriented attack with Murray Bennett (left arm orthodox) and Greg Matthews (off spin), <mask> was part of the team that won the Sheffield Shield in 1982–83, 1984–85 and 1985–86. <mask> finished his first class career with a season with Wellington in New Zealand’s domestic league.Career
When <mask> was 15 he met Colin McCool, the player coach at Belmont Club. When he was 19 he played for Northern NSW against Mike Smiths' 1965–66 MCC team. He represented Northern NSW in 1975–76 against the touring West Indian side as an opening batsman. 1978–79
<mask> made his Shield debut in 1978–79, taking 1-113 against Queensland. It was the only first class game he played that summer, the selectors preferring David Hourn and Graeme Beard to be the NSW spinners. 1979-80
<mask> played for NSW in the 1979-80 season. He took four wickets against Queensland, five against Victoria seven against Tasmania, three against the touring English and five against South Australia.He wound up taking 25 first class wickets at 30.48. 1980–81
<mask>'s 4–30 helped NSW beat WA by an innings. He was left out of the McDonald's Cup side but kept in the NSW Shield team. He took 5–82 against South Australia, his first five-wicket haul at first class level. He took 30 wickets that summer at 31.03. 1981–82
<mask> took six wickets in his first Shield game and four in his second, causing people to discuss him as a test prospect. He took 27 wickets that summer at 24.48.1982–83
Highlights of this summer included 3–16 against Queensland. However <mask> had relative lack of success over this summer, taking only 16 wickets at 52.06 with a best of 4-100. 1983–84
<mask> took his best figures to date, 7–56 against South Australia. There was some talk this would put him in contention to replace the Australian spinner, Tom Hogan. He took 24 wickets at 29.91. 1984–85 season: West Indies
Holland began the 1984–85 Shield comp well with four wickets against South Australia. <mask> made his Test debut in the Second Test of the 1984–85 Australian season against the West Indies cricket team in Brisbane.He was relatively unsuccessful, taking 2/97 and scoring 6 and 0 as Australia suffered an eight wicket defeat. He was retained for the Third Test in Adelaide, but after taking match figures of 2/163, he was dropped. <mask> went back to New South Wales and continued the form which had gained him Test selection in the first place. This included a tour match victory over the West Indies, after which both <mask> and Bennett were selected for the Fifth Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The selectors had felt that the uncertain performance of the Caribbean batsmen during the tour match showed that they had a weakness against spin bowling, and introduced a "horses for courses" spin oriented attack on a dry Sydney pitch. The West Indies had crushed Australian opposition throughout the summer, winning the first three Tests by an innings, eight wickets and 191 runs respectively. Furthermore, in the fourth Test, Australia had slumped to 8/198 chasing 370 to narrowly avoid defeat when time ran out.With pundits expecting another Australian failure, they won the toss and amassed 9/471. The West Indies were reduced to be all out for 163, with Holland taking 6/54 including Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes, Larry Gomes and captain Clive Lloyd. Forced to follow on, they fell for 253 in the second innings with Holland taking 4/90 to complete a ten wicket match haul. The New South Wales pair perplexed the tourists, taking 15 of the 20 wickets, as Australia took an unexpected innings victory. Following his spin success at the SCG, he was selected to make his ODI debut on the same ground against the same team in the subsequent triangular tournament. With 0/50, he was the most expensive bowler in the match and did not play again in the season. <mask> took 59 first class wickets that summer at 25.79.1985 Ashes
He was selected for the 1985 Ashes tour to England, but only had sporadic success. In the ODIs, he played only in the first match at Manchester. He took his only ODI wickets with 2/49 as Australia won, but was the most expensive bowler and was dropped. He was not selected for the First Test, but was recalled for the Second Test at Lord's. He took 5/68 in the second innings, breaking a stubborn century partnership between Mike Gatting and Ian Botham to take the last four wickets and ensure Australia had a small target to chase, which they did successfully. He was used mostly as a defensive option, and took few wickets with only a further wicket coming for the cost of 355 runs in the next three Tests, after which he was dropped for the final Sixth Test. Holland took 29 first class wickets on tour at 35.06.1985–86 season
He had another highlight upon his return to Australia for the 1985–86 season. After conceding 106 runs without success in the First Test as Australia lost by an innings, <mask> took a 10 wicket match haul against New Zealand at the SCG, as Australia took a four wicket win to avoid being whitewashed by their neighbours. He took 6/106 in the first innings to reduce New Zealand to 9/169 before 4/68 in the second ensured Australia was able to chase the target. He managed 3/90 and ended a run of five consecutive ducks in the Third Test but it was not enough to prevent Australia's first and only series loss to New Zealand. He was dropped for start of the series against India in favor of Ray Bright but was recalled for the Third Test at the SCG, where he played his final Test. He failed to trouble the spin-proficient Indians, taking 1/113 as they amassed 600 and pushed for an innings victory when time ran out. His Test career spanned eleven Tests and consisted of unpenetrative streaks interspersed with wicket taking bursts.He took 34 wickets at 39.76, but excluding the Tests at Sydney, Lord’s and Adelaide respectively mentioned earlier, the other eight Tests yielded only nine wickets. He took 48 first class wickets at 32.39 that summer. <mask> was overlooked for the tour of New Zealand and India. Cricket writer Phil Wilkins said that "ignoring Holland for India seemed indecent with its excessively demanding conditions and the siege mentality which so often applies to the game with its consuming hours of waiting and watching and working." "I found I was very tired towards the end of last season," said <mask> in October 1986. "I lost that bit of zip in my bowling, I was not doing enough to get people out, I was not spinning the ball as much." He did tour Zimbabwe and took 9 wickets at 26.77.1986–87 season
At the beginning of the 1986–87 summer, <mask> expressed interest in being available for Australian selection. He was not picked, the selectors preferring Greg Matthews, Peter Sleep and Peter Taylor. He took 17 wickets at 45.05 with a best return of 6-86. 1987–88
<mask> played one more season of first class cricket, in New Zealand. He took 31 wickets at 23.80 with a best return of 7-69. Career summary
His bowling was marked by use of flight, a disciplined length and a variety of leg breaks and topspinners and a googly that was used relatively sparsely. He took 316 wickets at 31.16 in 95 first class matches.His batting was poor, averaging 9.67 at first-class level. He made five successive Test ducks, an unfortunate Test record he jointly holds with Ajit Agarkar and Mohammad Asif,  in a career yielding 35 runs at an average of 3.18, but a defiant resistance effort in the 1984–85 Shield final helped ensure a New South Wales triumph. Personal life
<mask> was a civil engineering surveyor, and was married to Carolyn, with three adult children named Craig, Rohan and Naomi. Rohan, was named in honour of his cricketing hero, Rohan Kanhai, the former West Indian cricketer. Robert had 5 grandchildren. One of his grandchildren, <mask>, was selected in 2014 as a high school student to represent Australia in baseball (Under 15's). <mask> devoted most of his time to his two lifelong passions.First was his local cricket club, Southern Lakes Cricket Club (now known as Toronto Workers Cricket Club), a successful and progressive club in Toronto, NSW. The club enjoys encouraging and sponsoring promising foreign and domestic cricketers to play with them during the upcoming seasons. <mask> was also a keen bowling coach who enjoyed passing on his secrets to the new cricketing generations at high schools and coaching clinics around Australia. In an international cricketing era where there were many instances of abrasive on field behaviour, <mask> was especially known and regarded for his sense of gentlemanly conduct and commitment. In September 2006, <mask> celebrated his 60th birthday with a celebrity cricket match with former teammates. In August 2016 <mask> and his wife were assaulted and hospitalised in Lake Macquarie. <mask> had asked a man and a woman to stop riding motorcycles on the cricket ground where he volunteered as a curator.The pair were later arrested, found guilty and jailed. In March 2017, <mask> was diagnosed with an aggressive brain cancer and underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. On 15 September 2017 a tribute night was hosted by Mark Taylor. A number of former teammates including Greg Matthews, Trevor Chappell, Wayne Phillips and Murray Bennett were in attendance. However, <mask> suddenly deteriorated and died on 17 September 2017, just two days after the event. He passed away peacefully at the Mater Hospital in Newcastle. References

External links

1946 births
2017 deaths
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers from Sydney
Australian cricketers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
Neurological disease deaths in New South Wales
Deaths from brain tumor

masks:
Robert George Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Thomas Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland


title: Camille Dela Rosa

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 29 July 1982) is a painter who studied at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Her works, commencing in 1998, include Impressionist gardens, landscapes, churches, beaches, and morbid surrealisms. Formative years

She was born on 29 July 1982 in Santa Cruz Manila, Philippines. Both of her parents were professors and artists. Her father is the late noted painter <mask>. He was an art educator, a poet and a philosopher. As a painter, he was prolific.He had a total of 80 solo exhibitions both in the Philippines and abroad. <mask> <mask>'s father did not teach her how to paint, so, after his death in 1998, she taught herself how to paint and pursued her own artistic vision, using her father's style and previous paintings as an inspiration. In that same year, she then mounted her first solo exhibition at the age of 16. In the year 2000, she began to depart from her father's style and started to give way to her penchant for impressionist techniques as seen in her 2000 to 2008 paintings. <mask> produced spontaneously and exhibited her gardens, churches, landscapes, flowers, portraits, nudes, and people in their various endeavors along this grain. <mask> <mask> was inspired by Rico Manlapas, the curator of Artis Corpus gallery, to explore her range of style. When she found what she was looking for, <mask> surprised the art scene by launching her 16th solo exhibit, titled "Aenigma."The show was a complete departure from her usual impressionistic garden paintings. For a year, she explored the surreal, the morbid, the mechanical, and the unknown. Her works were dominated with proto-human skulls and skeletons - in anatomical veracity of detail. Evident also were symbolic images and leading motifs such as nude female figures, fetuses, throbbing hearts, ghoulish faces and realistic, probosces, mouths and eyeballs, human skeletons and nude female figures. So from the year 2009 up to the present, her works, classified as surrealism, are images from her subconscious mind. Through this, she was able to create artworks that to others are "morbid" but oozing with mystical, esoteric and occult symbolism. Solo exhibitions

2012

•	19th- "DOMINION" October 11 to November 4, Artinformal, Connecticut Street,  Greenhills East, Mandaluyong, Philippines

2012

•	18th- "METAMORPHOSIS" June 19 to 29, Spark Museum, De La Salle Santiago  Zobel School, Ayala Alabang Village, Muntinlupa.2010

•	17th- "AENIGMA Unveiled" March 18 to May 16, The Picasso Art Gallery and  ArtisCorpus Gallery, Salcedo Village, Makati

2009

•	16th Exhibit- "AENIGMA" December 5 to 28, Artis Corpus Gallery, Haig, Mandaluyong

2008

•	15th Exhibit- "Moods and Moments" Aug. 22 to 31, Renaissance Art Gallery, bldg. A, Level 4, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong

•	14th Exhibit- "Colours of Serenity" MAy 9 to 31, 1/of Gallery, 2 ng level, Shops at Serendra(across Market MArket), Bonifacio Global City, Taguig

2006

•	13th Exhibit- "Sacred Heritage" Churches of Luzon, October 5 to 19- Ayala Museum (MuseumSpace) 2nd Floor, Glass Wing, Ayala hakdok Museum, Makati. •	12th Exhibit- "Diversity" 116 Art Works, July 26 to August 17, 2006- Le Souffle, The Fort Global City Fort Bonifacio, Taguig Metro Manila

2004

•	11th Exhibit- "Evolved Works"- Dec. 8, 2004 to Jan. 17, 2005- Nicotina Garden Pavillon, Roxas Blvd. •	10th Exhibit- "Variations" (In cooperation with Zonta Club of Makati) - Greenhills West, 22 Xavier St. San Juan, Metro Manila 9th

•	9th Exhibit- "Old Soul" (Revisiting Intramuros) July 17 to 27 - Gallery Nine, Level 4, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong

2003

•	8th Exhibit- "Glorious Gardens" Gallery 828 Shangrila-Mall, Edsa. Mandaluyong Philippines. •	7th Exhibit- "Gardens in Rhapsody" Art Conservatory, Makati, Philippines. 2002

•	6th Exhibit- "Natures Symphony".Gardens of Gretchen O. Cojuangco, Philippines. 2001

•	5th Exhibit- "Prelude". Gallery 828 and Artistree. Shangrila Edsa Mandaluyong Philippines. 2000

•	4th Exhibit- "Moods... <mask> Unfolding" Ayala Museum Artlane, Makati Philippines. 1999

•	3rd Exhibit- "Floral Inspirations". Heritage Art Venue, Shangrila Edsa Mandaluyong Philippines.•	2nd Exhibit- "Flores de Mayo" Heritage Art Gallery S.M. Megamall Artwalk, Mandaluyong Philippines. 1998

•       1st Exhibit- "The Legacy" Ad-Infinitum Gallery San Juan Philippines. Group exhibitions

2013

• "Regurgitating Daisies"- Galerie Anna, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong August 15 to 29

• "Mist in the Realm of the Subconscious Mind" Two-Woman Exhibit of <mask> <mask> and Lydia Velasco - Galerie Artes is at Nueve Uno Bldg., Xavierville Ave., Loyola Heights, Quezon City. • "Beyond Comparison"- Vinyl on Vinyl Gallery, The Collective, Malugay St. Makati - June 15

• "Bilog"- 2nd Level, Fort Pointe Bldg., Bonifacio Global City, Taguig- May 21to 31

• "Beginnings"- Kaida ContemporaryGallery, 45 Scout Madrinan St., South Triangle, Quezon City - March 31 to April 20

• "Aman"- Art Center (Gallery Nine), SM Megamall - March 8 to 24

• "Year 11"- Galerie Joaquin's 11th anniversary at Podium (the Atrium), Ortigas, Mandaluyong. City- Feb. 4 to 7

2012

• "Klaro" Altro Mondo-Arte Contemporanea, third floor, Greenbelt 5, Ayala Center, Makati- June 7 to 30, 2012

• "Kristo" Art Center, SM Megamall - March 23 - April 8, 2012

2011

• "Tolerated Misbehaviors" Galerie Anna, SM Megamall - February 3 to 17, 2011

2010

• "RE:VIEW"- Gallery Indigo of BenCab Museum, Baguio City- Nov. 20, 2010 to January 11, 2011

• " Manila Art Fair" - (represented by ArtisCorpus Gallery) July 29 to Aug. 1, SMX Convention Center

• " Picasso-Art Cabinet Initiated Art Events"- March 18, Picasso Art Gallery and ArtisCopus Gallery, Salcedo Village, Makati

• " Womb Vox"- March 14, Kaida Gallery, Q.C. • " Art in the Park"- (represented by ArtisCorpus Gallery and Tala Gallery) February 27, Jaime Velasquez Park, Salcedo Village Makati

2009

• " Philippine Art Awards regional winners- National Museum

• " PAST, FUTURE, PERFECT- Tala Gallery, Tomas Morato, Q.C.• " MANILA ART FAIR- July 16 to 19, The Fort, NBC Tent, Global City, Taguig

• " SUBTLE INDISCRETION- August 22 to September 14, ArtisCorpus Gallery, San Juan Mla. • " GSIS PAINTING COMPETITION- June 4 to July 1, GSIS Museum, Pasay

• " PAGALINGAN PINAY- May 29 to 31, LRI Design Plaza, Makaty City

• " WALONG FILIPINA- March 21 to April 4, Liongoren Gallery, Cubao Q.C. and April 5 to 6, at the Sining Kamalig, Gateway Mall, Araneta Center, Q.C

• " BATANG SINING- March 15 to April 21, ArtisCorpus Gallery, San Juan Mla. • " NEW BEGINNINGS- January 28, Verdana Gallery, Corinthian Garden, Edsa

2008

• "Varied Palettes"- Art Center, Level 4, Edsa Megamall, Edsa Mandaluyong

• "Figura- Art Asia Gallery, The Artwalk, Level 4, SM Megamall, Edsa Mandaluyong. Le Souffle' The Fort, Global City, Taguig Philippines. • Alay sa Mindanao, Manila Peninsula Hotel Makati Philippines. • Blumentritt Group of Artists, Ad-Infinitum Gallery San Juan, Philippines.• Alaala ni Louie Beltran, BSK Artists Group Exhibit, GSIS Museum, manila Philippines. • Vision 2000, Universal Motors Corp. Makati, Philippines. • Alay sa Kalikasan. Ad-Infinitum Gallery San Juan, Philippines. • Scenes from a Caf'e. Gene's Bistro, Quezon City Philippines. 1999

• Pagtatagpo ng HIlaga at Timog Philippines.• Iba't-Iba Pero Iisa, Y Gallery, Quezon City, Philippines. • Sangbalikat, P.N.B. Pasay, Philippines. • Blumentritt Group Exhibit, Tagaytay Highlands Philippines. • Blumentritt Group Exhibit, Ad-Infinitum Gallery San Juan Philippines. 1998

• Ambivalent Feelings, Hotel Sofitel Manila, Philippines. Awards and citations received
"Top 40" Philippine Art Awards 2009
"Second Prize" Pagalingan Pinay Art Competition 2009
"Honorable Mention" Art Association of the Philippines 58th Annual Competition 2005
Awarded by the Filipino Worker's Resource Center (Philippine Embassy) for Invaluable Support & Cooperation to the Center of Filipino workers in Malaysia.Awarded for Artistic Excellence and Aesthetic Contribution to Zonta Club of Makati
Commissioned by former Philippine Tourism Authority Gen.

masks:
Camille Jean Verdelaire D
. Dela Rosa
Ibarra Dela Rosa
Dela
Rosa
Camille
Dela
Rosa
Camille
Camille
Camille Dela
Rosa


title: Katherine Stinson

texts:
<mask> (February 14, 1891 – July 8, 1977) was an aviation pioneer who in 1912 became the fourth woman in the United States to earn the FAI pilot certificate. She set flying records for aerobatic maneuvers, distance, and endurance. She was the first female pilot employed by the US Postal Service, and the first civilian pilot to fly the mail in Canada. She was also one of the first pilots to ever fly at night and the first female pilot to fly in Canada and Japan. Early life and flight training
<mask> was born on February 14, 1891, at Fort Payne, Alabama to Edward Sr. and <mask>. Edward Sr. left the family, leaving Emma alone to raise Stinson and her younger siblings Edward Jr., Marjorie, and John(Jack). Emma moved the family to Jackson, Mississippi where Stinson attended high school.She excelled at music and dreamed of being a concert pianist. After she graduated from high school, the family moved to Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Stinson learned to drive the family flivver at the age of 14. In 1911, she took her first flight aloft in a hot-air balloon in Kansas City. Smitten by the flying bug, Stinson sold her piano to help pay for flying lessons. Stinson went to St. Louis to take flight lessons from Tony Jannus, who allowed her to fly only as a passenger. She then took flying lessons from the well-known aviator Max Lillie, a pilot for the Wright Brothers, who initially refused to teach her because she was female.However, <mask> was able to solo the Wright B, after only four hours of instruction, on 13 July 1912 at Cicero Field. She was the fourth woman in the United States to obtain a pilot's certificate, which she earned on July 24, 1912, at the age of 21. Stunt flying and world records

After she received her certificate, Stinson returned to the family farm in Hot Springs, Arkansas. <mask> and her mother Emma incorporated the Stinson Aviation Company in April 1913 to "manufacture, sell, rent, and otherwise engage in the aircraft trade." In May, Stinson bought a Wright B from Lillie. In July, she flew at Cincinnati's Coney Island Park, and then Columbus, Indiana in August. She then carried the first air mail at the Helena State Fair, flew at the Illinois State Fair, then El Paso, Helena, Arkansas, New Orleans, and Beaumont, Texas.Stinson then received permission to use the aeroplane sheds at Fort Sam Houston. She believed the San Antonio, Texas area to have an ideal climate for flying. In 1915, the <mask> family established the Stinson Municipal Airport, and the Stinson School of Flying. Emma managed the school, <mask> financed it, Eddie worked as a mechanic, and Marjorie flight instructed. In March 1915, the famous Lincoln Beachey died in a crash at San Francisco and Stinson acquired the rotary engine from his wrecked plane, rebuilt it and used it in her plane. Stinson began exhibition flying and became known as the "Flying Schoolgirl" and "America's Sweetheart of the Air." On July 18, 1915, at Cicero Field in Chicago, Illinois, Stinson performed a loop (a year after Lydia Zvereva became the first woman aviator to do so), and went on to perform this feat some 500 times without a single accident.She also became one of the first pilots to ever fly at night. Adding to her night flying experience, she flew over Los Angeles with flares attached to the plane and spelt out "CAL", becoming the first nighttime sky-writer. In another publicity stunt on May 6, 1916, Stinson flew her plane in a race with Dario Resta, the 1916 Indianapolis 500 champion. In 1917, Stinson made a six-month tour of China and Japan, becoming one of the first females to fly in Asia. The Japanese gave her the name "Air Queen". On December 11, 1917, Stinson flew 610 miles from San Diego to San Francisco, setting a new American non-stop distance record. During exhibition flights in Canada, Stinson became the first civilian to fly the mail in Canada on a flight from Calgary to Edmonton, Alberta in 1918.All of her stunt flying was done in aircraft using the Wright control system, which uses two side-mounted levers for pitch and roll, with top mounted controls for throttle and yaw. US Air Mail Service
After the US entered WWI in 1917, the government prohibited civilian flying in order to direct all aviation resources to the Army and Navy for the war effort. This caused the closure of the Stinson School in 1917. Stinson was allowed to fly a Curtiss JN-4D "Jenny" and a Curtiss Stinson-Special (a single seat version of the JN aircraft built to her specifications) for fundraising for the American Red Cross. The fledgling US Postal Air Service was the only non-military flying operation allowed by the government and the only other venue for Stinson to fly. In 1918, Stinson approached Benjamin Lipsner, superintendent of the Post Office Department airmail operations, about a publicity stunt for long a distance mail service flight from Chicago to New York City. She encountered strong headwinds on the flight and flew non-stop from Chicago to Binghamton, New York, where she had to stop for fuel.The airplane flipped over on landing in a field, and took several days to repair. <mask> then flew from Binghamton to New York City completing the mail route. Unable to find stable aviation work, she applied to Lipsner once again, but this time as a regular mail service pilot. She was hired and assigned to the New York City-Philadelphia route. On her first trip, she followed her instructor, veteran air mail pilot Maurice Newton, down to Philadelphia where he showed her the landmarks, emergency landing fields, and other pertinent tips for the route. The following day he followed her back to New York City to make sure she had the route mastered. The press mistakenly reported this as she had beat her instructor back to New York City in a race.This reporting caused animosity at work, and she quit the mail service after the one round-trip. Stinson then left for Paris to be an ambulance driver for the Red Cross during WWI, ending her aviation career. Later life
The weather and wartime conditions in Europe affected her health and she came down with tuberculosis. Returning from the war, she went to the New York Sanitarium and then to the dry climate of New Mexico in 1920 to help combat the disease. Stinson's tuberculosis diminished after four years. In 1927, Stinson married ex-army aviator Miguel Antonio Otero, Jr., a district judge and son of the former territorial governor of New Mexico. Stinson worked as an award winning architect and Pueblo style home designer for many years in Santa Fe, New Mexico.They raised four adopted children. Death and honors
After a long period as an invalid, she died in 1977 at the age of 86. She is buried in Santa Fe National Cemetery. Stinson's flying inspired her brothers to form the Stinson Aircraft Company. An early Laird biplane looped by Stinson is on display at the Henry Ford Museum. A replica of her 1918 Curtiss Stinson-Special is on display at the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton. The second oldest general aviation airport in the United States, Stinson Municipal Airport (KSSF) in San Antonio, Texas, was named in the <mask> family's honor.A middle school in northwest San Antonio, TX, <mask>inson Middle School, was named in her honor. In 2000, Stinson was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. <mask>'s biography is featured in CBS TV series The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation, episode 54 in the series. In 2019, Stinson was selected to the National Aviation Hall of Fame. Works featuring <mask>on
 <mask>: The Flying Schoolgirl by Debra L. Winegarten (Eakin Press, August 2000)
 Flying High: Pioneer Women in American Aviation by Charles R. Mitchell (photographer) and Kirk W. House (Arcadia Publishing, June 2, 2002)
 Before Amelia: Women Pilots in the Early Days of Aviation by Eileen F. Lebow (Potomac Books Inc., August 1, 2002)
 The Stinsons by John Underwood (Heritage Press, 1976)

References

External links

San Diego Air & Space Museum Hall of Fame
Texas State Historical Association
The National Aviation Hall of Fame
Katherine Stinson Pictorial Collection, University of New Mexico
US Centennial of Flight Commission
The Pioneers - <mask> and Marjorie Stinson
Photo of who is believed to be <mask>on walking with Wilbur Wright

1891 births
1977 deaths
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
People from Santa Fe, New Mexico
American women in World War I
People from Fort Payne, Alabama
American women aviators
People from San Antonio
Burials at Santa Fe National Cemetery
Aviators from Alabama
Aviators from Texas
20th-century American people
 People from Hot Springs, Arkansas

masks:
Katherine Stinson
Stinson
Emma Stinson
Stinson
Stinson
Stinson
Katherine
Stinson
Stinson
Katherine St
Katherine Stinson
Katherine Stins
Katherine Stinson
Katherine
Katherine Stins


title: Declan Flynn

texts:
<mask> (1951 or 1952 – 9 September 1982) was an Irish gay man attacked and killed in Fairview Park in Dublin. His murder is seen as the catalyst for the LGBTQ Pride movement in Ireland. His death came about as a result of a series of beatings meted out to gay men in Dublin who used Fairview Park as a meeting place at the time. Personal life
<mask> was an Aer Rianta worker in Dublin who lived on Swords Road, Whitehall, Dublin. <mask> was known to young gay activists, though not very well. <mask> had helped out on occasion at the Hirshfield Centre in the nascent Temple Bar, a resource centre for the gay community, but was spotted there infrequently and was not particularly active within the capital's emerging gay rights movement. <mask>'s family, who lived near the park on the Swords Road, did not know that he was gay.Nor did they know he frequented places where other young gay men went to find sexual partners. Indeed, <mask>'s father, <mask>, said his son was not gay. Killing
A series of homophobic beatings was carried out in Fairview Park during the summer of 1982. Fairview Park was a popular gay cruising area at that time. On the night of 9 September 1982, <mask> had gone with a friend to Belton's Pub in Donnycarney, a short distance from his home. When he left the pub around 11:45 that night, he spoke for a while with his friend and then walked home along Collins' Avenue to Swords Road, before making his way through Fairview Park. Along the way <mask> called to the Fairview Grill where he met with a male friend who gave him a peck on his cheek as they were parting.His body was found badly beaten about the head in Fairview Park on the morning of 10 September 1982 and was taken to Blanchardstown Hospital. Initial reports were that he had died as a result of head injuries. Gardaí initially worked on the theory that he died after being robbed as he carried no identification nor money. At the inquest, the coroner heard that North Strand Depot Fire Station received a call at 1:45 am on 10 September to go to Fairview Park. They arrived at 1:48 am and found <mask>, his body still warm but there was no sign of life or a pulse. He was brought to Blanchardstown Hospital, being the only hospital on call on the north side of the city. The pathologist said that it would have made no difference if <mask> had been brought to another hospital.He went on to say that if the blood which had built up in <mask>'s respiratory system had been removed quickly he might have lived, but this would have had to be done on the spot. Murder charges and trial
On Sunday, 12 September 1982, a 14-year-old juvenile was charged with <mask>'s murder at a special sitting of Dublin District Court at the Bridewell. He was remanded in custody. The beatings were carried out by a gang of 5 men:

Anthony (Tony) Maher (aged 19) of Poplar Row Flats, Ballybough;
Robert Alan Armstrong (aged 18) of Plunkett Drive, Finglas West;
Patrick Kavanagh (aged 18) St Brigid's Avenue, North Strand;
Colm Donovan (aged 17) of Buckingham Street Lower; and
a 14-year-old boy who could not be named for legal reasons. As <mask> lay dying, £4 from his pocket and his watch were stolen. Applications were made for separate murder trials for each of the five which was turned down by the Central Criminal Court on 22 February 1983. The murder trial of the 14-year-old commenced on 1 March 1983.Maher, Armstrong, Kavanagh and Donovan pleaded guilty to manslaughter and their sentencing was put back until the conclusion of the murder trial against the 14-year-old. The 14-year-old gave a statement to Gardaí concerning the killing. In the statement which was opened in Court at the murder trial, he said that he had gone to see a friend in Donnycarney on the night of the 9 September and left at midnight cycling down Malahide Road. Whilst cycling through Fairview Park he saw a gang and he went over to see them. One of the gang said to him: "Hide behind a tree. We are going to bash a queer". After hiding his bike, he joined the gang to hide behind a tree.One of the gang went and sat alone on a bench. His statement went on to say that a man (<mask>) approached one of the gang on the bench. Following contact between the men, <mask> fled running away and he heard someone shout "Get him." One of the other accused then tripped the man. The 14-year-old said that he had a skinny branch as a weapon and the others had sticks. His statement said that he saw some of the gang hit the man who was lying on the ground with the sticks. Counsel for the 14-year-old described the case as one of the saddest and most tragic cases to come before any court.He said that the only evidence against the 14-year-old was his statement and that he said that he had only struck <mask> "on the arse" and could not have anything to do with his death. Counsel for the accused said no aspersions were being cast on the character of <mask> and that there was no attempt to justify or excuse "queer bashing" whatever that was. Mr Justice Seán Gannon charged the jury to find the accused not guilty on the murder count. Following a deliberation of 3.5 hours, the jury returned its verdict of guilty of manslaughter. Sentencing was adjourned to 8 March 1983. Armstrong and Maher gave statements to the Gardaí admitting their part in the killing. They had returned to the park after leaving their girlfriends at home and were joined by Kavanagh and Donovan.Armstrong stated that: "We were part of the team to get rid of queers from Fairview Park." In his statement which was read to court, he told Gardaí: "A few of us had been queer-bashing for about six weeks before and battered about 20 steamers. We used to grab them. If they hit back we gave it to them." He indicated that he had not meant to kill <mask> and had dialed 999 for an ambulance when he saw blood coming from his mouth. At trial, the court heard that <mask> had inhaled from blood bleeding from his mouth and nose and had died from asphyxia. At sentencing, all five walked free as they were given suspended sentences with Mr. Justice Seán Gannon telling them that they would have to serve their sentences if they got into trouble again.The judge said that he must demonstrate the abhorrence of the community by imposing sentences, but that he didn't think it necessary that they be served immediately by detention. In suspending the sentences of all, Mr Justice Gannon said:

Fallout
When <mask>'s father was asked to comment on the outcome of the case he said: "I had expected that justice would be done and be seen to be done." The Irish Times reported that youngsters at a block of flats were in an almost celebratory mood following the handing down of the suspended sentences. One local woman told its reporter that here had been cheering when the news of the suspended sentences reached the neighbourhood. The decision not to jail the killers drew strong statements of surprise and concern from all parties. Calls were made for the Minister for Justice to inquire into all aspects of the case and present a full report to the Dáil as a matter of urgency. The sentence was contrasted with a case where a man who stole a purse and cash worth £20.36 was imprisoned for 12 months.David Norris said he was very concerned at the outcome of the case because it would appear to give a free hand to vigilante gangs out to intimidate gays saying: "It could be interpreted as a licence to kill". The sentencing gave rise to a debate in the Dáil on 10 March 1983 during which calls were made for uniformity of sentencing. It was pointed out that one of the young people who was sentenced to a 12 months suspended sentence was sentenced previously to a two-year suspended sentence for the theft of a car. This was stated to clearly indicate the inconsistency in sentencing policy which is very hard to justify. There were demands in the Dáil for the dismissal of Mr Justice Seán Gannon. Armstrong was back before court on Friday 11 March 1983 where he was convicted in Dublin District Court of daubing the words "Up the IRA" on an advertising board in Fairview. He was ordered to pay the £20 cost of replacement to the owners of the board, and was given one month to pay a fine of £20.Armstrong and Maher were, at the time of the killing, Airmen in the Irish Air Corps of the Defence Forces. In keeping with normal Defence Forces procedures, an army officer monitored the trial and reported to their commanding officer. The then-General Officer Commanding the Air Corps, General James Connolly, decided, after a 30-day wait for the lodge of an appeal that under Defence Force Regulations, that as a result of their convictions for manslaughter that they should be discharged from the Defence Forces. In response to Justice Gannon's verdict, the largest gay rights demonstration ever seen on the island of Ireland took place on Saturday 19 March 1983. Approximately 400 men, women, and children marched in protest against street violence against homosexuals, lesbians, and women and the unjust sentences handed down by the courts in these cases. The demonstrators marched from Liberty Hall to Fairview Park. The march was organised by the Dublin Gay Collective with support from the National Gay Federation, the Anti-Amendment Campaign, Women's Right to Choose Campaign, the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, the Dublin Rape Crisis Centre, the Union of Students in Ireland, the Socialist Workers' Movement, the anarchist Workers Solidarity Movement, members of the Drumcondra branch of Sinn Féin and many other NGOs.On 1 December 1987, Armstrong was sentenced to 10 years in prison when he admitted to raping a woman who was 7 months pregnant after giving her young children sweets to keep them quiet. Armstrong and Paul Davis broke into the victim's flat and raped her while her husband was at work. Armstrong told the victim that she had the choice of getting a kick in the stomach or being raped. Memorial
In 2013, independent councillor Damian O'Farrell submitted a proposal that the revamped Fairview Park footbridge be named after the late <mask>. Councillor O'Farrell said it would be a fitting tribute, adding: "<mask> was a gay man when homosexuality was a crime. The gay community is now a major part of Dublin. He was in the wrong place at the wrong time and naming Fairview footbridge after him will send a strong message that there is no place for racism and homophobia in our community."At a meeting of the North Central Area Committee Council meeting on the 16 February 2015, a second proposal was put forward in similar terms to rename the bridge by Councillor Seán Haughey. Clarification was sought on the previous proposal. On the day that the Marriage Equality referendum passed, the bridge was decorated in his memory, with flowers and tributes being left at the park bench where the attack occurred. See also
Violence against LGBT people
Charles Self

References

1951 births
1982 deaths
LGBT people from Ireland
Violence against gay men
Violence against LGBT people in Europe
People murdered in the Republic of Ireland
1982 crimes in the Republic of Ireland
1982 murders in Europe
1980s murders in the Republic of Ireland
1982 in LGBT history
Irish murder victims
Violence against men in Europe
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Declan Flynn
Flynn
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Declan Flynn
Christopher Flynn
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title: Robert Blinc

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<mask> (October 30, 1933 – September 26, 2011) was a prominent Slovene physicist a full professor of physics and, with more than 650 articles in prestigious international journals and two extensive monographs published abroad, a highly regarded and quoted researcher in condensed matter physics. More than 14,000 citations of his works, longer and shorter visits to renowned foreign universities, a number of invited lectures at international conferences, work in international professional organizations and partnerships in a number of international projects also show his strong reputation at the global level. With his exceptional achievements and diversified activity, Professor Blinc substantiated the experimental physics of condensed matter in Slovenia, and with his strong commitment to international openness he certainly made a key contribution to the international recognition of the entire physics of Ljubljana. As an excellent university teacher, he also educated a large number of Slovenian physicists. He completed his undergraduate studies in 1958 at the Faculty of Natural Sciences in Ljubljana and received a PhD a year later. He then started post-doc study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. When he returned to Slovenia, he continued his work at the Jožef Stefan Institute as a long-time head of the Department for Condensed Matter Physics.He became a professor at the University of Ljubljana in 1970. He was the first Dean of Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School in Ljubljana since 2004. <mask> has been a visiting professor at many international universities, winner of numerous international awards, a member of various associations and editorial boards of international professional journals. In 1991 he became the Ambassador of the Republic of Slovenia in Science, and in 2000 the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) awarded Professor <mask> the award for the Slovenian scientist with the most citations during the 25-year existence of ISI. In 2001, together with his colleagues, he received the state award for patents and inventions of the Republic of Slovenia. He was a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and served as its vice president from October 2, 1980, to May 6, 1999. He was also a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and an honorary member of the Society of Mathematicians, Physicists and Astronomers of Slovenia.He died in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Scientific career
Professor Blinc was one of the founders of uses of nuclear magnetic resonance for  investigations of phase transitions and liquid crystals. Shortly after graduating, Blinc established a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory with a few young colleagues(his first paper on the subject was published in early 1958) and was the head of the Condensed Matter Physics Department at the Jožef Stefan Institute., which became one of the most important European and global centers for research into structural transitions in regulated and partially regulated condensed matter. He is the founder of the so-called Ljubljana School of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Immediately after his employment, he published findings on the disharmony of the hydrogen bond. Among his most important scientific achievements is the model of ferroelectrics with hydrogen bonds, which some authors refer to in the literature as the Blinc-de Gennes model. The Blinc-Pincus spin network relaxation mechanism of nematic liquid crystals due to collective fluctuations of nematic order parameters is also known.Among other important achievements, special mention should be made of the detection of solitons and shapes in incommensurable crystals by nuclear magnetic resonance and the introduction of NMR methods to determine the Edwards-Anderson parameter of the glassy order in proton and deuteron glasses and relaxors. This parameter was previously considered not to be a directly measurable quantity. The result of his work is also a series of new spectroscopic methods, which, among other things, enabled the determination of the structure of amino acids and nucleic acids, as well as the cultivation of new plant species with better nutritional properties and rapid characterization of building materials. Together with Boštjan Žekš, he was the first to predict the existence of the Goldstone mode of oscillation in ferroelectric liquid crystals. He and co-workers introduced the Ising model to describe proton and deuteron glasses. Teaching and educational legacy
<mask> lectured key subjects at the undergraduate and postgraduate level at the Department of Physics of the Faculty of Science and before that at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Ljubljana, in later years at the Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School. He has mentored 35 doctoral students, 25 undergraduates and 67 graduates.Rev.Letters, 4 in Nature and Science
 more than 14,000 citations in SCI
 110 invited lectures at major international conferences
 Soft Modes in  Ferroelectrics and Antiferreoelectrics, North-Holland, 1974;  Russian translation: Segnetoelektriki i Antisegnetoelektriki – Dinamika Rešetki,MIR, Moscow 1975; Chinese translation, 1982 (together with B. Žekš)
 The Physics of Ferroelectric and  Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, World Scientific,2000,  (together with I. Muševič and B. Žekš)
 Editor and co-author of eight other monographies

References

1933 births
2011 deaths
Scientists from Ljubljana
Slovenian physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Ljubljana faculty
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Ljubljana alumni

masks:
Robert Blinc
Robert Blinc
Blinc
Robert Blinc


title: Ronald Savage

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<mask> (born 1965) is an American entrepreneur, hip hop artist, author, and activist. He was known as the "crate boy" for Jazzy Jay, who was the DJ for Afrika Bambaataa. In 2016, he publicly accused Bambaataa of sexually molesting him. Ron " Bee-Stinger" <mask> also is the service mark owner of the registered brand Hip Hop Movement. Early life

Growing up in the Castle Hill Houses in The Bronx, <mask> became a member of the Universal Zulu Nation at the age of 14. <mask> used to spend time with D.J Jazzy Jay while he recorded records in the early 1980s. <mask> states, "The best time I had in hip hop, when I was a kid was being paid after the parties, we were being paid (by Bambaataa) in White Castles Hamburgers".Music career

<mask> got his start in the music industry in 1986 when Jazzy Jay built his recording studio in the Bronx on Blondell Ave. He paid his dues by running errands for Jazzy. In 1986, Jazzy Jay teamed up with Rocky Bucano to start Strong City Records. Soon, Jazzy moved the label to Allerton Ave in the Bronx, where <mask> convinced the DJ's to play records of Strong City artists on rap radio and in rap clubs. Soon after in 1988 Strong City Records was acquired by MCA Records to become Strong City / MCA / Uni Records. There, <mask> worked on Strong City Record acts such as Busy Bee Starski, Def Duo, Ultimate Force, Ice Cream Tee, Nu Sounds, BZ2 M.C. 's, and other groups like Brand Nubian, Showbiz & A.G, Fat Joe, which all worked out of Jazzy Jay Studios.A few years later, he left Strong City Records and began working for Dick Scott Entertainment, the management company for the New Kids on The Block, Marky Mark, Boys to Men. At Dick Scott Entertainment, <mask> worked as an artist liaison for the rap group Snap!, whose single "I Got The Power" went #1 on the weekly charts in Spain, UK, Netherlands, Switzerland, as well as the Eurochart Hot 100. In 1990 the song hit #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. <mask> also handled for Dick Scott Entertainment other groups as Doug E Fresh, Ikey Cee, and Show Biz & A.G. In 1990, while working with the rap pop group Snap!, <mask> "Bee-Stinger" <mask> carved the term six elements of the hip hop movement. These six elements are: consciousness awareness, civil rights awareness, activism awareness, justice, political awareness, community awareness. While working as an artist liaison at Dick Scott Entertainment, he suffered a mild stroke from the constant stress at his job which ended his career in the music industry.<mask> states about his released single in 2018 "Hip Hop Movement Anthem": "I'm not rapping on the single, this is an arrangement of classic hip hop beats for the clubs and DJ’s to bring fun and peace back to the forefront of hip-hop." Non-profit and political work
In 2005, <mask> started a non-profit organization called United Coalition Association. Its mission is to fight juvenile delinquency and counteract negative behavior in youth. It also organizes college fairs to prepare students the entrance to college. <mask> also appeared in PSAs encouraging youth to stay away from gang activity, which aired on TV stations such as MTV and VH1. In 2008, <mask> was elected to the New York State Democratic Committee with the help of former NYS Assemblyman Peter M Rivera. <mask> was honored by the NAACP with an award in recognition of his devotion and commitment and uplifting youth in the community.<mask> is also the founder of the New York State College Fair Day. He also created a DVD called The Plan which provides information about entrance to college. In 2011 <mask> marched with Occupy Wall Street protesters in New York. "We just drew up a resolution to raise taxes on the rich," he said. "I hope it makes it to the floor. The mayor and the governor need to be more egalitarian toward the poor and the working class. This protest and protests from around the world show strength in numbers.It's global. The people are tired," he said. In 2011, Bronx Borough President Rubén Díaz Jr. did not reappoint <mask>, then a New York State Democratic Committeeman for the 76th Assembly District, to local Bronx Community Board 9 in the Soundview area of the Bronx, due to the fact that <mask> helped Charlie Ramos (a candidate for senate) in the 2011 September primary elections against Ruben Diaz Jr's father, New York state Sen. Rubén Díaz Sr. In 2016, <mask> accused Afrika Bambaataa of having molested him when <mask> was 15 in 1980. Former Hot 97 host Troi Torain aka STAR of the Star & Buc Wild Show in New York City first reported the accusation on the Shot 97 internet radio show, before it was published in the New York Daily News on April 9. The Universal Zulu Nation responded with an open-letter apology to <mask>, after three more men came forth with accounts alleging abuse by Bambaataa after <mask>'s story was published. Later that year, <mask> participated in legislative hearings in Albany organized by Assemblywoman Margaret Markey sponsoring the Child Victims Act, which was drafted to eliminate statute of limitations laws in New York State concerning child molestation allegations and allow a one-year window for alleged victims of past abuse to file a civil lawsuit.Among the people who spoke at the hearings was Queens native Ana Wagner, who was inspired to drive to the hearings and relate her own account after seeing <mask>'s photo on the front page of the New York Daily News while buying a lottery ticket at a 7-Eleven in Long Island. The bill was passed in 2019. <mask> was featured on the 2016 single "Don't Close Your Eyes" produced by Jonathan Hay, where he spoke over Bambaataa's song "Planet Rock" which was replayed in the track. <mask> speaks out about child molestation and issues a very bold challenge to the President of the United States, stating, “Children are being molested every day. I was molested by a world Hip-Hop icon,” states <mask>. “My question is to the President of the United States of America: what are you going to do about the child molestation crisis of America?”. <mask> also stated in an interview in London, "I don’t recognize the term hip hop culture because that is a term Bambaataa coined and I don’t know what his intention was when he coined the term, but what I do recognize is hip hop and I salute the rebirth of the hip hop movement".Discography

In 2018 - Ron " Bee-Stinger" <mask> released the theme song Hip Hop Movement Anthem on Hip Hop Movement Records

In 2019 - Ron "Bee-Stinger" <mask> released keep goin on Hip Hop Movement Records

In 2020 - Ron "Bee-Stinger" <mask> released Lets go  on Hip Hop Movement Records

In 2021 - Ron "Bee-Stinger" <mask> released Stop Cappin  on Hip Hop Movement Records

In 2021 - Ron "Bee- Stinger" <mask> released Snacks In The Night  on Hip Hop Movement Records

References

American hip hop musicians
Political artists
1965 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People with epilepsy

masks:
Ronald Savage
Savage
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Ronald
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