title: Dennis Herrera

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<mask> is an American attorney, currently serving as Public Utilities Commission general manager for San Francisco. <mask> was previously City Attorney of San Francisco, known for his longtime legal advocacy for same-sex marriage in California, including the In re Marriage Cases, 43 Cal.4th 757 (2008), and Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570. U.S. (2013), as well as the legal fight against Proposition 8. He was first elected as City Attorney in 2001, and re-elected without opposition in 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015 and 2019. He ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of San Francisco in the 2011 election, finishing third in the City's ranked-choice voting system. After his long-standing position as City Attorney, he was unanimously approved in 2021 to become the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Early life and education

Born November 6, 1962 in Bay Shore, Long Island, New York, <mask> grew up in the nearby middle class community of Glen Cove.His father was a psychiatrist who immigrated from Colombia after serving as part of a UN Peacekeeping force during the Suez War of 1956. His mother is the child of Italian immigrants and worked as a nurse in Glen Cove. <mask> earned his bachelor's degree from Villanova University in Pennsylvania, and his Juris Doctor from the George Washington University School of Law in Washington, D.C. <mask> worked various jobs to support himself during his education, from his newspaper route as a young boy, to restocking shelves at the local grocery store, to serving as a short order cook in a local diner. Upon graduating from law school in 1987, <mask> was offered an associate position at a maritime law firm in San Francisco and moved to the city. Political career
After his move to San Francisco, <mask> joined his local Democratic club and helped to get Democratic candidates elected in the city. In 1990, he was appointed to the Waterfront Plan Advisory Board, and later served on the Finance Committee for the California Democratic Party. In 1993 <mask> was appointed to the U.S. Maritime Administration in Washington, D.C. during President Clinton's Administration.He returned to private practice in San Francisco as a partner in the maritime law firm of Kelly, Gill, Sherburne & Herrera. Then-Mayor Willie Brown appointed <mask> to the SF Transportation Commission, and later to the San Francisco Police Commission. <mask> was voted the President of the Police Commission after just one year of service. San Francisco City Attorney
In December 2001, <mask> was elected San Francisco City Attorney, becoming the first Latino to hold the office. He was re-elected in 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015 and 2019. Sanctuary cities
On January 31, 2017 <mask> brought the first lawsuit in the nation against President Donald Trump over his executive order threatening to withhold billions of dollars in federal funding from sanctuary cities and other local and state governments. <mask>'s federal lawsuit alleges that the executive order is unconstitutional and exceeds the president's power.The trial court ruled in San Francisco's favor, finding Trump's executive order unconstitutional and ordering a nationwide halt to enforcement of it. The federal government appealed that ruling. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on August 1, 2018 upheld the district court's ruling on the merits in favor of San Francisco, finding that the executive order violates the Constitution's separation-of-powers guarantee, which reserves legislative and spending authority to Congress, not the president. <mask> on August 11, 2017 filed a second lawsuit against the Trump administration, this one seeking to invalidate new grant conditions that U.S. Attorney General Jefferson B. Sessions III sought to place on a group of U.S. Department of Justice grants for local law enforcement. Those grant conditions were issued after the district court had issued a preliminary injunction in April 2017 that halted enforcement of the sanctuary executive order as the case proceeded. Climate change
<mask> on September 19, 2017 sued the top five investor-owned fossil fuel companies seeking billions of dollars for infrastructure needed to protect San Francisco against sea-level rise caused by global warming from their products.At a March 2018 climate change tutorial requested by the judge, the fossil fuel companies were compelled to acknowledge that the science of global warming is no longer in dispute. Uber and Lyft
In 2017 and 2018, <mask> launched investigations into Uber and Lyft over driver pay and benefits, accessibility, discrimination, public safety issues and potential violations of other state and local laws. Equifax
On September 26, 2017, San Francisco became the first city in the country to sue Equifax for failing to protect the personal data of more than 15 million Californians, part of a data breach that compromised the personal information of 143 million U.S. consumers. Hertz
<mask> sued the rental car company and its affiliate on March 2, 2017 for charging drivers hidden fees when they cross the Golden Gate Bridge. Housing
Herrera successfully defended San Francisco's short-term rental regulations from legal challenge by Airbnb and HomeAway and secured a settlement in May 2017 that requires the companies to ensure that listings on their site comply with San Francisco law, protecting rent-controlled apartments from being used as de facto hotels. In May 2017, <mask> secured a court victory that got tenant evictions voided and $5.4 million in court awards against abusive landlord Anne Kihagi, had worked to force tenants from their rent-controlled homes so she could charge more money. On August 16, 2006, <mask> sued CitiApartments for unlawful business and tenant harassment practices, which forced out rent-controlled tenants to allow higher rents to be charged for the same units.The subsequent settlement, with penalties up to $10 million, put the company out of business. In 2021, <mask> sued a developer who had built 29 apartments in a lot that San Francisco's zoning regulations specified could only have 10 apartments. <mask>'s lawsuit happened amid a severe housing shortage and homelessness crisis in San Francisco. Bail reform
<mask> declared in November 2016 that the state's current cash bail system is unconstitutional and refused to defend it in a federal class-action lawsuit brought by a national civil rights group against San Francisco's sheriff. This led to a legislative drive to reform the state's system where the only factor in deciding whether an inmate is freed prior to appearing before a judge is if they can pay the amount on the bail schedule. Academy of Art University
In December 2016, <mask> reached a settlement with Academy of Art University valued at more than $60 million in cash and property to house low-income seniors. The for-profit academy for years had violated state and local laws in its aggressive acquisition and use of vast real estate holdings in San Francisco.Gun control litigation
<mask> has been involved in a number of high-profile cases against the National Rifle Association and other gun rights advocates, both to defend San Francisco's gun control measures and to challenge gun industry practices. He also filed lawsuits in 2013 and 2017 against several companies for flouting state and local law by selling complete but disassembled large-capacity gun magazines as "repair kits." He secured settlements ending sales to customers in California of these devices. City College of San Francisco
Herrera sued the accrediting agency that was trying to close City College of San Francisco on August 22, 2013. He won preliminary injunction motion that halted the termination action and secured injunctions to protect City College's rights in the evaluation process. Art Institute of California
Herrera investigated the Art Institute of California's marketing practices that underestimated student costs and inflated job placement figures, resulting in a settlement in 2014 that included a $1.95 million payment to San Francisco, endowing a $1.6 million scholarship fund for students who wished to return to finish their studies and offering $850,000 in general scholarships to new students. Health care
Herrera sued Blue Cross and Health Net in 2011, alleging that these insurance companies systematically underpaid San Francisco General Hospital and other public hospitals for emergency services provided to their policy-holders.He reached a $6.25 million settlement for past claims and an agreement to reimburse at a higher rate for at least three years going forward. When the Healthy San Francisco Initiative became law in 2006, establishing universal health care in the City, <mask> successfully defended the law's constitutionality against legal challenge. When some of the fees earmarked for the initiative were misappropriated by San Francisco restaurants, he convinced some of the restaurants to participate in a voluntary settlement program that recovered $844,000 for their employees. Nevada "patient dumping"
After The Sacramento Bee discovered that mental patients in Nevada were being bused to various California cities without any supervision or plan for what they would do upon arrival, <mask> opened an investigation that found that dozens of these patients had been shipped to San Francisco. <mask> brought a class-action lawsuit against Nevada in 2013 that was settled in 2015 with Nevada agreeing to provide travel assistance to California only for patients who meet appropriate criteria, ensuring that the patients are returning to a home address or to a medical facility or program, and that they will be received or accompanied by a responsible individual. Nevada also agreed to provide San Francisco with semi-annual reports about these patients with information that includes the date of discharge, destination city, and name of individuals at any medical facility that has agreed to receive the patient. Nevada also agreed to pay San Francisco $400,000.Marriage equality for same-sex couples
<mask> has been involved in every phase of the legal fight for marriage equality for same-sex couples in California. In 2009, he joined the City of San Francisco as a plaintiff in the case of Perry v. Schwarzenegger, seeking to overturn the state's ban on same-sex marriage, the first time any government entity had sued to challenge marriage laws discriminating against gay and lesbian couples. Los Angeles City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo and Santa Clara County Counsel Ann M. Ravel would also join their jurisdictions as plaintiffs in the suit. In San Francisco's petition to the California Supreme Court, <mask> said: "The issue before the court today is of far greater consequence than marriage equality alone ... Equal protection of the laws is not merely the cornerstone of the California Constitution, it is what separates constitutional democracy from mob rule tyranny. If allowed to stand, Prop 8 so devastates the principle of equal protection that it endangers the fundamental rights of any potential electoral minority—even for protected classes based on race, religion, national origin and gender. The proponents of Prop 8 waged a ruthless campaign of falsehood and fear, funded by millions of dollars from out-of-state interest groups.Make no mistake that their success in California has dramatically raised the stakes. What began as a struggle for marriage equality is today a fight for equality itself. I am confident that our high court will again demonstrate its principled independence in recognizing this danger, and in reasserting our constitution's promise of equality under the law." Proposition 8 was eventually held to violate the United States Constitution by federal district court judge Vaughn R. Walker on August 4, 2010, a decision that was left intact by the United States Supreme Court on June 26, 2013. Same-sex marriages began again in California two days later. Payday lenders
After filing litigation against predatory payday lenders Money Mart and Check 'n Go on April 26, 2007, <mask> forced them to repay 10,000 California consumers $7.7 million and forgive another $8 million in debt. Arbitration providers
On March 24, 2008, <mask> filed a lawsuit against the National Arbitration Forum and two other arbitration providers, alleging that the defendants were not neutral as they claimed in arbitration disputes between credit card companies and their customers, but were instead heavily biased in favor of lenders, calling NAF "little more than a collection agent masquerading as a neutral party."He alleged that NAF's records showed that consumers prevailed in just 0.2% of arbitration cases that went to a hearing. Wrongful termination lawsuit
While City Attorney, he lost the wrongful termination lawsuit brought by Joanne Hoeper, costing the taxpayers of the City and County of San Francisco millions of dollars. Hoeper, a 20-year veteran in the SF City Attorney's Office, claimed that her termination was retaliation for identifying improper approval of payments to plumbing contractors for unnecessary sewer repair work. SFUSD's failure to focus on reopening

On February 3, 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> sued the San Francisco Unified School District and Superintendent Vincent Matthews for violating state law by not having a plan to "offer classroom-based instruction whenever possible." At the time, public health rules had allowed schools to be open for months, and private schools in San Francisco had safely returned students to the classroom months earlier with no major outbreaks. Public schools, however, had remained closed, with no clear timeline to re-open. The school district is independent from the jurisdiction of the city.The lawsuit was the first of its kind, wherein a civil action is filed by a city against its school district over COVID-19 school closures within the state of California. The suit was supported by Mayor London Breed, who has criticized the Board for focusing on renaming 44 empty SFUSD schools during the pandemic rather than focusing on reopening. Both the Board and Matthews criticized the suit, calling it wasteful and inaccurate. Public Utilities Commission appointment
In late 2020, Harlan Kelly, General Manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC), was charged with wire fraud, forced to surrender his passport and undergo drug testing. In April 2021, Breed nominated <mask> to be the next General Manager. At the time of the nomination, <mask> stated that this move was "putting the city's top watchdog at the head of the PUC." His appointment to the PUC was opposed by some environmental groups.In September 2021, <mask>, in a unanimous vote, was appointed general manager of the SFPUC. State Assemblyman David Chiu was subsequently appointed as City Attorney by Mayor London Breed to replace <mask>. References

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1962 births
American people of Colombian descent
American politicians of Colombian descent
California Democrats
California lawyers
California local politicians
City and town attorneys in the United States
Lawyers from San Francisco
Living people
Politicians from San Francisco

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title: J. B. Salsberg

type: original

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<mask> (<mask>.<mask> (November 5, 1902 – February 8, 1998) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Labor-Progressive member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1943 to 1955 who represented the riding of St. Andrew in downtown Toronto. He was a longtime Communist and activist in the Jewish community. Early life
<mask> was born in 1902 to Abraham and <mask> in the small town of Lagow (Lagov, in Yiddish pronunciation), in the Opatow district of Radom in what is now Poland. He emigrated to Canada with his parents in 1913 at age 11, settling in Toronto. His father worked as a peddler to support his wife and seven children. <mask> dropped out of Landsdowne Public School after two years, at the age of 13, in order to work in sweatshops full-time for $3 a week to help support the family but continued to study at night to be a rabbi in the Orthodox tradition.His industrial experience led him to labour activism, particularly in the garment workers union where he fought for improved wages and conditions. At age 16, he informed his traditionalist parents that he was abandoning Talmudic studies in favour of a secular humanist philosophy. He joined a Labour Zionist workers' group, the Young Poale Zion, and quickly rose to leadership going to New York City to serve as general secretary of the North American group from 1922 to 1924, editing its newspaper and going on speaking tours across the continent. He returned to Toronto and became an organizer for the Hat, Cap, and Millinery Workers Union of North America and, in 1927, married Dora Wilensky who later became a social worker with Jewish Family and Child Services. Communist activity
By 1926, <mask>'s trade unionism and socialism led him to become an active member of the Communist Party of Canada. He became well known in the Jewish community, many of whose members were workers in the garment district which was concentrated around Spadina Avenue. He became vice-president of the International Hatters' Union and a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee.He was active in a number of unionization drives across Canada. In 1932, <mask> became the Southern Ontario district organizer for the Workers Unity League, a communist-led group which sought to replace Canada's traditional craft unions with industrial unions. He attained further prominence in this role; Canadian historian Irving Abella later wrote that <mask> was known as the "Commissar" of Southern Ontario's trade union movement. Politics
In 1938, he was elected an alderman on Toronto's city council representing Ward 4 (which included the largely Jewish working class neighbourhoods around Spadina Avenue and Kensington Market). He was known throughout the city for his work on social issues. Heckled by adversaries as a puppet of <mask>, <mask> joked that ""You're right. I got a telegram from <mask> this morning ordering me to ask for a park for Ward 4."In the 1943 provincial election he ran as the Labor-Progressive Party candidate in the downtown Toronto riding of St. Andrew. He defeated Liberal incumbent J.J. Glass by 5,150 votes. The Labor-Progressive Party (LPP) as the Communist Party of Ontario was known had been founded as the legal face of the Communist Party which had been banned in 1941. <mask> was elected alongside fellow LPPer A.A. MacLeod who represented the neighbouring riding of Bellwoods. He was re-elected in 1945, 1948, and 1951. <mask> was a popular MPP inside and outside the house and was respected by members of all parties. He was instrumental in the introduction of the Racial Discrimination Act, 1944 which he proposed as a result of posted notices banning Jews and Blacks from various swimming pools in Toronto and as a result of other cases of anti-Semitism and racism in the province.The law was one of the foundations that led to the eventual passage of the Ontario Human Rights Code. Most of his speeches were non-ideological, and he almost never made reference to the Soviet Union during his time in the legislature. Leslie Frost, the province's Progressive Conservative Premier from 1949 to 1961, respected <mask>'s abilities as a parliamentarian; it has even been reported that Frost was willing to offer <mask> a cabinet position if he defected to the Progressive Conservative Party. Frost named Salsberg Township near what is now Thunder Bay in his honour. <mask> was the sole communist in the Legislature after the 1951 election in which MacLeod lost his seat. <mask> eulogized Stalin on the house floor when the Soviet leader died in 1953 and this speech was used against him in the 1955 election campaign when he was defeated by Progressive Conservative Allan Grossman. Break with Communism
<mask> had for several years been concerned with official anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union, and had confronted Canadian Communist leader <mask> on the subject as early as 1939.He remained silent on the matter for several years (in part to maintain party unity during World War II), but became increasingly troubled by ongoing anti-Semitism in the 1950s. He travelled to the USSR in 1955 and 1956, and witnessed first-hand the extent of the anti-Semitic campaign that had persecuted Jews in that country. <mask> attempted to personally confront Nikita Khrushchev on the matter during his second visit, but his concerns were dismissed. Also disillusioned by Soviet invasion of Hungary and Khrushchev's Secret Speech, he resigned from the Communist Party upon his return to Canada (leading an exodus which included half the national executive). <mask> reported back to the Labor-Progressive Party and an allied organization, the United Jewish Peoples' Order on his findings. He was suspended for a time from the leadership of the LPP as a result and, after an internal debate, left the LPP along with most of its Jewish cadre. The UJPO supported <mask>'s findings and severed its ties with the party.Nevertheless, <mask> and a number of his supporters continued to argue for UJPO to distance itself further from the Soviet Union until he and approximately 200 UJPO members, approximately one-third of the organization, resigned in 1959 and founded the New Fraternal Jewish Association in 1960 in which <mask> was a leading member until his death. Later life
The late 1950s were a period of tragedy for <mask>: in addition to losing his belief in communism (and his seat in the legislature), his wife Dora died in 1959. He withdrew from political activity for a time, and sold insurance to make a living. There are reports that he was eventually able to make a small fortune through this practice. <mask> later rejoined the Canadian Jewish Congress (which had previously expelled its Communist members). In 1959 he and about one-third of the membership of UJPO left,  feeling that the organization was not critical enough of the Soviet Union, and started a new organization called the New Fraternal Jewish Association. The NFJA was made up primarily of former Jewish Communists still interested in promoting social justice.<mask> was also involved in a variety of cultural activities, including Yiddish-language programs. <mask> also returned to Labour Zionism and, in his old age, was a longtime columnist for the Canadian Jewish News until shortly before his death. References

Further reading
 Gerald Tulchinsky. <mask>: A Life of Commitment (2013), scholarly biography excerpt

External links

1902 births
1998 deaths
Canadian male journalists
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal election
Jewish Canadian activists
Jewish Canadian politicians
Journalists from Ontario
Labor-Progressive Party of Ontario MPPs
Polish emigrants to Canada
Jewish socialists
Toronto city councillors
Jewish Canadian journalists

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title: Mullah Krekar

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<mask> ( Mela Krêkar; born نەجمەدین وەحید فەرەج ئەحمەد, Vahid Najmaddin Faraj Ahmad, July 7, 1956) is a Kurdish Sunni Islamic scholar, and former leader of Ansar al-Islam who is serving a prison sentence in Italy, after having been extradited from Norway in 2020. He came to Norway as a refugee from Iraqi Kurdistan in 1991. His wife and four children have Norwegian citizenship, but not Krekar himself. He speaks Kurdish, Arabic, Persian, Norwegian and English. <mask> was the original leader of the Islamist armed group Ansar al-Islam, which was set up and commenced operations in Northern Iraq while he had refugee status in Norway. <mask> claims, however, not to have had foreknowledge of the various terrorist attacks performed by the group he was leading. Since February 2003 he has an expulsion order against him, which is suspended pending Iraqi government guarantees that he will not face torture or execution.Norway is committed to international treaties which prohibit the expulsion of an individual without such a guarantee. Kurdish authorities in the Kurdistan Regional Government have repeatedly asked for <mask> <mask> al-Islam were hanged in the regional capital of Erbil in October 2006. He has as of 8 December 2006 been on the UN terror list, and as of 8 November 2007 been judged by the Supreme Court of Norway as a "danger to national security". On March 26, 2012 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison for making repeated death threats against Norwegian politicians and the Kurds if they pursued certain civil actions against him. He has appealed this prison sentence.The next day, March 27, 2012, he was arrested by the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) and Norwegian Police and taken into protective custody and incarceration. This occurred after certain additional statements of a threatening nature were linked to him, suggesting that others might take retaliatory actions against Norwegians if his civil prison sentence were implemented. In 2020 he was extradited to Italy. <mask> in Norway

Proceedings against <mask>
In August 2002, while Krekar was in Iraq, the Norwegian government revoked his refugee status on the grounds that he had traveled back to his homeland and spent long periods there. <mask> was arrested in the Netherlands at Schiphol Airport near Amsterdam in September 2002, after Iran denied him entry and sent him back to Europe. He was interviewed by FBI agents (at Krekar's request, in an attempt to clear his and his group's name); no extradition request was made. He was deported to Norway in January 2003.In February 2003 the Norwegian government ordered Krekar to be deported to Iraq, but as of July 2009 the order had not been implemented because of the security environment in Iraq, and the risk that Krekar could face the death penalty there, as Norway will not deport people in these circumstances. Krekar has unsuccessfully challenged the expulsion order in court, with the order being confirmed in September 2005. Norway's government has said that the new government to be elected in Iraq in December 2005 might permit discussion on whether Krekar's expulsion order can be implemented. On March 21, 2003 his arrest was ordered by Økokrim, the Norwegian law enforcement agency for financial crime, to ensure he did not leave the country while accusations that he had financed terrorist attacks using Norway as a base were investigated. Court proceedings against Krekar were however dropped when it proved impossible to prove his connections with the terrorist attacks staged in Iraq by Ansar al-Islam during his leadership. His term as leader ended. The United States government has declared Ansar al-Islam a terrorist group, but Krekar denies that it was during the time he headed it, and says he no longer does.While <mask> has not been found guilty of anything, a number of his opinions have met little sympathy; he was once recorded claiming that Osama bin Laden is the "jewel in the crown of Islam". and that he was proud of what Abu Musab al-Zarqawi "has done and that he has become a martyr". In September 2005 the Iraqi Justice Minister Abdel Hussein Shandal said that Krekar was wanted in Iraq and should be tried there. About the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, he said to the Norwegian media "This is a declaration of war against of our religion, our faith, and our civilization. We Muslims are ready for this." <mask> told the Kurdish magazine Awene that he wants to return to Iraq to fight openly against the Iraqi government and the coalition, but that he lacked travel documents from the Norwegian government. He confirmed to a Norwegian newspaper that he had been correctly quoted.The Norwegian minister of labour and migration, Bjarne Håkon Hanssen, responded that Krekar could leave at any time and that he would be given "travel documents within the day. He'll also get money for airline tickets, taxi cab, and the whole deal. If he really wants to go, that is." On December 7, 2006, the United States Department of the Treasury designated mullah <mask> as one of five individuals providing financial support to terrorist organizations. In a statement he is accused of providing funds for Ansar al-Sunnah, an active Iraqi terror-organization descended from Ansar al-Islam. The press release states that "This designation freezes any assets the designees may have under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibits all financial and commercial transactions by any U.S. person with the designees". <mask> <mask> was later that day added to the United Nations Security Council list of individuals belonging to or associated with the Al-Qaeda organization.All member states of the United Nations are obliged to freeze assets and prevent entry or transit through their territories with regard to the individuals included on the list. Anders Romarheim, a researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, believes that the placement of mullah Krekar on this list is a United States strategy to put pressure on Norway. On November 8, 2007, the Supreme Court of Norway ruled that Krekar is a threat to Norway's national security, thus upholding the February 2003 decision by the government to deport him to Iraq. It is still unclear when Krekar will be deported due to Iraq's death penalty laws. Some politicians asked for Krekar to be put in jail until he is deported. Threat against Mariwan Halabjaee
In an audio file published on the Kurdish website Renesans.nu during September 2008, Krekar allegedly threatened to kill Mariwan Halabjaee, the Iraqi Kurdish author of Sex, Sharia and Women in the History of Islam, who also resided in Norway. "I swear that we will not live if you live.Either you go before us, or we go before you," said Krekar. Krekar compared Halabjaee with Salman Rushdie and Ayaan Hirsi Ali. In February 2012, Krekar confirmed in the Oslo District Court that he had issued a twenty-page fatwa against Halabjaee. The fatwa was sent to several hundred Islamic scholars around the world. While Krekar said he thought he might be able to "guarantee the safety" of Halabjaee, Krekar confirmed that his fatwa "implies" that it is "permissible" to kill Halabjaee in Oslo or anywhere else. Krekar compared Halabjaee to Theo van Gogh, the film director who was killed by an Islamist in the Netherlands in 2004. Terrorism charges against Krekar

On July 12, 2011, terrorism charges were filed against Krekar for a death threat he uttered against ex-minister Erna Solberg during a news conference in June 2010.Allegations of a U.S. plan to seize Krekar
In 2003, agents for the CIA, including Cynthia Dame Logan and Gregory Asherleighs, were sent to Norway. They arrived directly after the abduction of Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr from Milan, Italy. A few days before their arrival, <mask> <mask>'s lawyer, Brynjar Meling, asked for police protection of Krekar. The Norwegian Intelligence Service admits it had knowledge of the agents' visit to Norway, and Meling confirms he had heard rumours that Krekar was to be kidnapped and transferred to Guantanamo Bay. If the operation was not approved beforehand by Norway it would have been a violation of Norwegian law. <mask> <mask> was not kidnapped. According to an article in Newsweek, a Pentagon official proposed inserting a US Navy SEAL team to engage in a "snatch rope" operation against Krekar; however, the plan was allegedly rejected because a shooting confrontation between the SEALs and Norwegian police would have triggered a diplomatic disaster between Norway and the United States.However, a week later the Los Angeles Times quoted a high ranking intelligence official who claimed that U.S. special forces were in fact inserted in a European country allied with the United States through NATO, in order to carry out a snatch operation under strikingly similar circumstances to the <mask> case. The revelation led to suspicion that the plan was in fact not cancelled, as the Pentagon had stated. According to the Norwegian newspaper Stavanger Aftenblad, which was the original source of the CIA agents' mission in Oslo, the U.S. special forces, most likely Navy SEALs, had been monitoring a "militant leader" over a period of time, and were in place ready to carry out the snatch. According to the Los Angeles Times, the Pentagon kept the allied country's government in the dark about the mission, which apparently failed or was aborted. Offered cash for leaving Norway
In April 2006, Pakistani-Norwegian businessman Tasawer "Tommy" Sharif offered <mask> NOK 500,000 (approx. US$60,000) if he left Norway, saying that <mask> was "a pest for all Muslims in Norway." <mask> rejected the offer.Facebook group collecting donations for the assassination of <mask> <mask>
In November 2007, Norwegian newspapers published the story that a Facebook group had been set up, dedicated to collecting money which would eventually go to an assassin, should one be located. The group statement started with "For the murder of Norway's enemy #1". The 28-year-old man who started the group went on to publicize not only his full name, but also a bank account number where money could be deposited. The group had approximately 400 members when <mask>'s lawyer deemed the threat "serious" and said he "hoped the police would investigate the people involved". The 28-year-old told Norwegian media that the statement was facetious and thus should not be taken literally. Assassination attempt
During the night of 24 January 2010, 3 shots were fired through one of the windows of <mask>'s apartment in Oslo. The attack was investigated as an assassination attempt.<mask>'s son-in-law was mildly injured by one of the bullets. Kurdish groups were cited as possible or likely perpetrators. Decision to leave Norway
In early January 2012, <mask> announced in an interview with a Kurdish online newspaper Rudaw from the Kurdish Autonomous Region that he would be leaving Norway and returning to the Kurdistan region soon, saying "My return to the Kurdistan region has become a major political issue." He also predicted that, "My death will cost Norwegian society. If, for example, Erna Solberg (Norwegian Prime Minister) throws me out of the country and I die as a result, she will suffer the same fate." Conviction for death threats
On 26 March 2012, <mask> was sentenced to 5 years in prison for making death threats. He appealed.On 26 March 2012, Krekar was re-arrested for making threats against two Kurds and the Conservative Party leader Erna Solberg. On August 29, 2012, Oslo District Court tacked an additional year onto the five <mask> Krekar had been sentenced to in March 2012. Decision on appeal
On 6 December 2012, the Court of Appeal acquitted Krekar of charges of incitement to terrorism, but found Krekar guilty of four counts of intimidation under aggravating circumstances. The Court of Appeal ordered that Krekar pay 130,000 kroner in damages compensation to each of the three Kurds he threatened, and to serve two years and ten months in prison, less the 255 days he was in custody. Political advocacy
For the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election Krekar called on Muslims in Norway to vote for either the Labour Party, the Socialist Left Party or the Red Party. He explained that since there was not yet enough Muslims in Norway to form a separate political bloc, Muslims had many strategies in common with Norwegian leftists. Relocation
On 20 January 2015, it was revealed that Krekar would be forcibly relocated () to the village of Kyrksæterøra in Trøndelag.This decision was made by the Police based on an order from the National Police Directorate. February 2015 arrest
On 20 February 2015, it was reported that Krekar had been arrested. Krekar is quoted in this article saying that when a cartoonist "tramples on our dignity, our principles and our faith, he must die." The aforementioned article also reports that, "<mask>, who was only freed from prison late last month, was arrested Thursday night on accusations of inciting crime, police said." Therefore, the primary reason for <mask>'s arrest by the Norwegian Police was the allegation that he incited crime by his statements. The article cites no other reason for Krekar's arrest. Krekar's statements refer to the Charlie Hebdo newspaper whose cartoonists were gunned down in Paris for allegedly drawing cartoons that Kreker refers to.The attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris was described by the French President François Hollande who said, "An act of exceptional barbarism has been committed in Paris against a newspaper. A paper, in other words, an organ of free speech." November 2015 arrest
On 13 November 2015 it was reported that <mask> was arrested in prison in Norway on 11 November "in a coordinated police swoop on Islamist militants planning attacks." He and 14 other Iraqi Kurds and one Kosovar Albanian, were "arrested in countries across Europe in collaboration with police from Italy, the UK, Norway, Finland, Germany and Switzerland." The BBC reported that the raids targeted Rawti Shax, an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-linked jihadist network suspected to be led by <mask>. According to the investigation, <mask> pledged allegiance to ISIL in 2014. November 2016 arrest
On 23 November 2016 the Norwegian Police Security Service arrested Krekar in order to secure his extradition to Italy.30 November 2016, it was reported that Italy had withdrawn their extradition claim, and <mask> was released from prison. July 2019 arrest
In July 2019, it was reported that <mask> was arrested in Oslo. His arrest was requested by Italian authorities as they suspected that he has led Rawti Shax, an offshoot on Ansar al-Islam. A court in Bolzano, Italy sentenced him to 12 years in prison in absentia. Italy has requested his extradition with the intent of deporting him to Iraqi Kurdistan. <mask> has denied the charges against him, calling the case "fake". Italy
He is being held at a prison in Milan (as of 2021).Rawthi Shax terrorist cell trial
In 2019, <mask> was found to be the leader of the jihadi terrorist cell Rawthi Shax and was sentenced to 12 years in prison. The guilty verdict and the sentence were upheld in a trial in Bolzano. Extradition to Italy
On 26 March 2020, it was announced that <mask> <mask> had been extradited from Norway to Italy, where he will be sentenced to jail for leading a jihadist network. His lawyer Brynjar Meling was deeply upset about this turn of events, citing his client's poor health (which include both diabetes and high blood pressure), the coronavirus pandemic in Italy and the subpar condition of the Rebibbia prison, which had recently seen both a mutiny and several deaths owing to the COVID-virus. He [was previously] held in the Badu 'e Carros prison in Nuoro, Sardinia. <mask>'s views
In November 2009 controversy erupted when <mask> in an interview with the Arab television channel al-Hiwar said he wanted to establish a new Islamic Caliphate in Iraq, claiming that for Jihadists there is no legitimate state, with the exception of the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. For the Islamic "super-state" he wanted Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida-top Ayman al-Zawahiri or Hizb-e Islami-founder Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as leader, and other radical Islamists as leader, citing for instance Gulbuddin Hekmatyar or Ayman Al-Zawahiri as the foreign minister.As a result, the Progress Party continued their call for the imprisonment of Krekar, and the Labour Party stated for the first time they would form a new task force which would examine if people officially labeled as "danger to national security" could be imprisoned. Azzam Tamimi who had done the interview with Krekar, also said that he felt Krekar had been treated badly by secular Kurds in Norway. Mulla <mask> said he would support Kurdish independence "wholeheartedly" even though he has lost faith in Kurdish parties, but he "has no quarrel with any political party". He also stated that "many of his relatives and friends are members of Kurdish parties, the KDP, the PUK", and that he has no issues with the KDP (Kurdistan Democratic Party) or any other party. He also claimed that "three senior KDP officials, including Hoshyar Zebari, have announced that <mask> <mask> has no issues with them, and no charges against <mask> <mask>. In May 2019, due to increased tensions between the United States and Iran, Krekar stated in a war between the two he would support Iran saying it was like supporting Hezbollah in a war between them and Israel, despite Hezbollah and Iran being Shiite and actively fighting Sunni groups in Iraq and Syria. In popular culture
In November 2007, <mask> <mask> was the subject of a half-hour investigative report by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC-TV) international affairs program Foreign Correspondent.The report, titled "Norwegian Jihad", was also the centrepiece of a one-hour special report on Norwegian State Television. "Norwegian Jihad" was also broadcast throughout the Asia Pacific region on ABC-TV's satellite service "Australia Network". In July 2009, <mask> <mask> was one of the subjects of the NBC's pilot episode of the show The Wanted, describing him as "responsible for killing hundreds of westerners". In early 2012, the Netflix series Lillyhammer featured a scene in which a Norwegian police officer gets into an argument with an Arab immigrant over whether the show 24 is unfair to Arabs, and when his partner intercedes, he complains that the immigrant "is giving me the whole <mask> <mask> routine over here". Bibliography
 (2003). Med egne ord ("In My Own Words"). Autobiography.Oslo: Aschehoug. 246 pp. . Translated from Arabic.

masks:
Mullah Fateh Vahid Krekar
Krekar
Krekar
Mullah
Krekarsar
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title: Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay

texts:
<mask> () (1787 – 20 February 1848) was a noted Indian journalist, author and an orator. He was adored for his deftness in speech. He was a conservative Hindu, who opposed Ram Mohan Roy in the abolition of Sati System. He was the founder of the Dharma Sabha. After his death, a work on his life and history (Jeebancharit) was published in 1849 under the custody of his son, <mask>, the then Secretary of the Dharma Sabha. Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century, many people were involved in controlling the education system and culture of the Bengalis through modern methods. Some were the employees of the East India Company, some were European missionaries from Serampore, Chinsurah, Burdwan, Maldah and Calcutta, and the others were the higher authorities from Fort William College.However, after 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Raja Radhakanta Deb, and others took up this project. One among these great men was <mask> <mask> Bandyopadhyay. Despite being one of the great thinkers of the time, he was not highly acclaimed as were his contemporaries. Life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1787. His father was Ramjoy Bandyopadhyay, who came to Calcutta from Ukhra district of Narayanpur, and worked at the mint. <mask> <mask> underwent professional training in Bengali, Parsee and English. He began helping his father at the age of 16, and was a bread winner of the family.For eleven years he served under the Duckett Company, in the "capacity of a Sircar" (J.Duckett wrote on 21 November 1814). In 1821 he went along with Sir William Carey to Meerut, to earn more. After coming back to Calcutta, when Carey became the Major General of Calcutta Fort, he became the deputy. But Carey had to go back to England. In the meantime he worked for Campton and Daley. He also worked under Bishop Middleton, and later became a deputy under Sir Henry Bluppet, chief justice of the Supreme Court. Lord Bishop Heber offered him the post of a principal in Bishop's College Calcutta.Heber later wrote about <mask> <mask> in Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay (1824–25): "...the most conspicuous-a tall fine looking man, in a white muslin dress, speaking good English, and the editor of a Bengali newspaper, who appeared with a large silken and embroidered purse full of silver coins, and presented it to us....it was the relic of the ancient Eastern custom of never approaching a superior without a present..  ...a shrewd fellow, well acquainted with the country...his account of the tenure of lands very closely corresponded with what I had previously heard from others." Much later he became the finance minister of the tax office. He also went on pilgrimage and travelled to many places, throughout his life. <mask> <mask> died on 20 February 1848. On 8 June 1848 issue of Friend of India, his death was lamented and the following was written:-“Friday, 2 June...the 'Dhurma Sabha' is about to print, and circulate among its friends, a memoir of its late able Secretary, Baboo Bhobany Churn Banerjee... We take great shame to ourselves for having neglected distinctly to notice the death of this native gentleman, one of the ablest men of the age; ...”. J. C. Marshman wrote in the history of Serampore Mission: “...Bhobany Churun, a Brahmin of great intelligence and considerable learning though no pundit, but remarkable for his tact and energy, which gave him great ascendency among his fellow-countrymen...”. In his Jeebancharit (or biography), it is said that he was a noble hearted and religious person, and one with a magnanimous personality.Establishment of the “Dharma Sabha”
Being a conservative Hindu, <mask> <mask> wanted to prevent the breach between the old and new forms of religion in the society, taking sides with the former. He reprinted many scriptures in the form of ancient manuscripts with notes and glossary, on a kind of paper made of cotton pulp, and distributed them among the common people. He observed that the youth of the society were deviating from the proper conduct expected of a righteous Hindu, due to their English education at the Hindu College. So he wrote against this, and angered the student community. Later on these students made it big in the society, and <mask> <mask>'s glorious deeds were not properly acknowledged. The Dharma Sabha was founded on 17 January 1830. It was established to protest against Ram Mohan's initiative to abolish the Sati System, and he wrote fiercely against it.He was the Secretary of the Dharma Sabha, till death. In his Jeebancharit, it is mentioned that the common people were aware of the benefits brought to their country by the establishment of this Sabha. The chief objective of this Sabha was to prevent the law which would abolish the Sati System. It also aimed at restoring the traditional conservative religion, by over-powering the opinion of the atheist wayward Hindus. It was stated that if this Sabha was notified of the religious oppression received by others, it would do its best to fulfil their objectives. By establishing, the branches of the Dharma Sabha in many places, such as Dhaka, Patna, Danapur, Andul, etc., the interests of the religious minded people were safeguarded. A free school called Sil's Free College, was established to prevent the efforts of the clergymen, who were trying to misguide the Hindu boys on the pretext of teaching.The Sabha also arranged a monthly allowance for the young, the old and the widows, particularly those, who failed to meet ends. Sambad Kaumudi and Samachar Chandrika
Bhabani Charan started with the Sambad Kaumudi, which was first published on 4 December 1821 under his editorship. It was actually the main vehicle of Ram Mohan Roy's campaign against Sati. Although Ram Mohan Roy was the owner, Sambad Kaumudi was published in the name of <mask> Charan Bandyopadhyay. The latter soon found Ram Mohan's ideas too radical and parted company to start a rival newspaper called Samachar Chandrika, which became an organ of orthodox Hinduism. According to a different source, Kaumudi was started by Tarachand Dutta and <mask> <mask> Bandopadhyay. Though <mask> <mask> Bandopadhyay was nominally in charge of this weekly till the publication of its thirteenth issue, Ram Mohan was its promoter, and for all practical purposes, also its editor.After <mask> <mask> Bandyopadhyay, Harihar Dutta was the editor for some time, followed by Gobinda Chandra Kongar. Due to lack of sufficient patronage Sambad Kaumudi had to stop publication in October 1822. The first issue of Samachar Chandrika came out on 5 March 1822. After the publication of the first two issues, <mask> Charan published an advertisement announcing Samachar Chandrika's arrival in the market in Serampore's Samachar Darpan. Harihar Dutta, the then editor of Sambad Kaumudi got back to <mask> Charan and published an advertisement on 21 March 1822: "the Editor of the Sungbad Coumudy observing an Advertisement, inserted in the Calcutta Journal of the 15th instant, by one Bhobanee Churn Bunnerjee, asserting that the first 13 Nos. of the Coumudy were edited by him, deems if indispensably necessary to state, for publication, that this declaration is a wicked and malicious fabrication of falsehood.... for he was no more than the real Editor's Assistant..." So, it is not certain whether he was the actual Editor or the Editor's Assistant, but there is a clear indication of a dispute between the two, which has been described in his Jeebancharit. In April 1829, Samachar Chandrika began coming out twice a week instead of once.His works
<mask> <mask>'s wit was reflected in his satirical works. In the dull days of scriptural arguments, he brought in a fresh air of charm and humour in Bengali literature. He was a noted publisher too. He wrote many books in lucid Bengali. Gourishankar Tarkobagish, a famous journalist of that era, commented highly about his writing skill in Sambad Bhaskar. In 1821–22, in Samachar Darpan, several works came out like Babur Upakhyan, Briddhyer Bibaho, Brahmin Pundit and others, that bear the mark of his unique satirical ability. The books that were written or edited by <mask> <mask> are briefly described below:-
 Kalikata Kamalalay (1823): This book talks about the “behaviour, customs (treatment), and cleverness of speech” adopted by the people of the city of Calcutta when confronted by a villager, in a "question-answer" manner.Hitopodesh (1823):  It incorporates salutary advice & teachings with original religious verses in Sanskrit as well as its Bengali translation. It was published in the Samachar Chandrika Press. Nabababubilas or the Amusements of the Modern Baboo (1825): It was the first book published by <mask> <mask>. This book provides a satirical view of the education of the rich and their habits, and especially of those families which had become more prominent in the society by acquiring sudden wealth. The purpose of writing the book was to reform this particular class of people. This book had become very popular and was also published later in the form of a drama. <mask> <mask> had used a pseudonym of Prathamnath Sharman in this work.It was believed that this social novel preceded Parichand Mitra's Alaaler Ghore Dulaal. According to Brajendralal Mitra, there are also certain similarities between the two. In 1855, Reverend James Long wrote that this work was "one of the ablest satires on the Calcutta Babu, as he was 30 years ago.”

In Friend of India, Nabababubilas was praised –" the character of the work, as well as its allusions and similes, are purely native, and this imparts a value to it, superior to that which could be attached to a similar representation from a European pen... though the work is highly satirical, some of its strokes of ridicule" are also visible. "...we cannot venture to pronounce it a caricature...it illustrates the habit and economy of rich native families, and affords us a glance behind the scenes." Dyutibilash (1825): This is a versified description of parties arranged by high society women concerning eroticism (passion) as well as devotion. Nababibibilash (1831): This book was written as a companion piece to "Nabababubilas", describing similar acts & habits of the wives of the rich men. Sri Sri Gayatirtha Bistar: Its first edition was published in 1831, and the second edition was published in 1843.It is composed in verse form and is a mythological work. Ashcharya Upakhyan (1835): It narrates the glorious deeds of one Kalishankar Roy, a zamindar. It is written in verse form. Purushottam Chandrika (1844): It contains special description and tales of various places in and around Puri, Bhubaneswar, etc. Edited texts
The ancient Sanskrit texts, edited and published by <mask> <mask>, are briefly described below:-
 Hasyarnava: The special edition of the original book, written by Jagadiswar, was perhaps released in the decade between 1830 and 1840 by <mask> <mask>. It was on the directions of Bijoy Govind Singh, who was the author of a history book called Rajabali. Srimadbhagavata: This was published in two parts in the form of ancient manuscript in 1830.Prabodhchandrodaya  Natakam: The edition of the original book was written by Srikrishna Mishra, and was released in the form of ancient manuscript in 1833. Manusamhita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript in 1833. Unavimsha Samhita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript, most probably in 1833. The collections were Angira, Aapastamba, Atri, Shankha, Shatatap, Dakshya, Goutam, Harit, Katyaon, Likhit, Parashar, Sambarta, Ushana, Vishnu, Brihaspati, Vyas, Yagnabalkya, Yama and Vashistsamhita. Sribhagvatgita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript in 1835. Raghunatha Bhattacharyakrita Ashtavimshati Tatva Navya Smriti: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript, most probably in 1848. See also
 Print media in India
 Early Phase of Printing in Calcutta

References
 Brajendranath Bandyopadhyay, published by Sri Dilipkumar Biswas, and edited by Vangiya Sahitya Parishad 6th (ed).Journalists from West Bengal
1848 deaths
1787 births
Writers from Kolkata
19th-century Indian journalists
19th-century Indian essayists

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Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay
Raj Krishna Bandyopadhyay
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title: Elizabeth Farren

texts:
<mask> (c. 175923 April 1829) was an Irish actress of the late 18th century. Born in Cork in 1759 her father, <mask> was a surgeon. His drinking habits brought on early death and his widow returned to Liverpool. Her mother went on the stage to support herself and her children. <mask> first appeared on the London stage in 1777 as Miss Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer and the following year appeared at Drury Lane which, along with the Haymarket Theatre became her primary venues for the rest of her acting career. She had over 100 characters in her repertoire including Shakespeare and various contemporary comedies and dramas. She was often compared to Frances Abington, who was her only real rival.Her last appearance was in April 1797, two months before her marriage to Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby. They had a son and two daughters. Early life
<mask> (sometimes Eliza) <mask> was the daughter of <mask> of Cork, Ireland, a surgeon and apothecary, later an actor, and his wife (née Wright) of Liverpool, the daughter of a publican or brewer. The actress <mask> was her sister. At a very early age Farren performed at Bath and elsewhere in juvenile parts. In 1774 she was acting with her mother and sisters at Wakefield under Tate Wilkinson's opponent, Whiteley, when she played Columbine and sang. At the age of fifteen, at Liverpool, she played Rosetta in Love in a Village and subsequently her best known role of Lady Townly in The Provoked Husband by Colley Cibber.London career
She was introduced by Younger, her Liverpool manager, to George Colman and made her first appearance in London at the Haymarket on 9 June 1777, playing Miss Hardcastle. Her performance was favourably received, and, after playing Maria in Murphy's Citizen, Rosetta, and Miss Tittup in Garrick's Bon Ton, she was cast as Rosina in the Spanish Barber, or the Useless Precaution, his adaptation from Beaumarchais' The Barber of Seville. She also spoke the epilogue to the play. On 11 July 1778 she was the original Nancy Lovel in Colman's Suicide. This was a "breeches" part, to which her figure was unsuited, and she was subjected to some satire for shapelessness. Performances as Lady Townly, and Lady Fanciful in the Provoked Wife restored her to public favour. In September 1778 she made her first appearance at Drury Lane, as Charlotte Rusport in the West Indian.She performed primarily at this theatre (where she was the successor to Frances Abington when the latter left in 1782) or at the Haymarket for the rest of her stage career, with occasional performances in the provinces and at Covent Garden. She had over 100 characters in her repertoire, including Berinthia in Sheridan's Trip to Scarborough, Belinda in Murphy's All in the Wrong, Angelica in Love for Love, Elvira in Spanish Friar, Hermione in the Winter's Tale, Olivia in Twelfth Night, Portia, Lydia Languish, Millamant in The Way of the World, Statira, Juliet, and Lady Betty Modish. She "created" few original parts: Lady Sash in The Camp, assigned to Sheridan, Drury Lane, 15 October 1778; Mrs Sullen in Colman's Separate Maintenance, Drury Lane, 31 August 1779; Cecilia in Miss Lee's Chapter of Accidents, Haymarket, 5 August 1780; Almeida in Pratt's The Fair Circassian, 27 November 1781; and the heroines of various comedies and dramas of Mrs. Cowley, Mrs. Inchbald, General Burgoyne, Miles Peter Andrews, and of other writers. The last original part she played was the heroine of Holcroft's Force of Ridicule, 6 December 1796, which was unfavourably received on its first night and remains unprinted. On her last appearance, 8 April 1797, she played Lady Teazle; a large audience was attracted, and Farren, after speaking the farewell lines of her part, burst into tears. The Shakespearean parts of Hermione, Portia, Olivia and Juliet were in her repertory, but comedy parts such as Lady Betty Modish, Lady Townly, Lady Fanciful and Lady Teazle were her favourites. Farren had a slight figure and was above average height.Her face was expressive and animated, she had blue eyes, a winning smile, and a sweet, cultivated voice. In manner and bearing she appears to have had no rival except Frances Abington, with whom she was often compared. Retirement and later life

On 1 May 1797 she married Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby (1752–1834) by whom she had a daughter, Lady Mary Margaret Stanley,  who married Thomas Egerton, 2nd Earl of Wilton. She died on 23 April 1829 at Knowsley Park, Lancashire. She had a short sentimental attachment to John Palmer and was admired and followed by Charles Fox. Lord Derby reportedly treated her with more respect than was sometimes given to ex-actresses. Hazlitt speaks of "Miss Farren, with her fine-lady airs and graces, with that elegant turn of her head and motion of her fan and tripping of her tongue" (Criticisms and Dramatic Essays, 1851, p. 49).Richard Cumberland (Memoirs, ii. 236) mentions her style as "exquisite." George Colman the younger (Random Recollections, 1. 251) says of "the lovely and accomplished Miss Farren" that "No person ever more successfully performed the elegant levies of Lady Townly." Tate Wilkinson credits her with "infinite merit" (Wandering Patentee, iii. 42). Boaden (Life of Siddons, ii.318) says that after her retirement comedy degenerated into farce. Horace Walpole spoke of her as the most perfect actress he had ever seen, and Mrs. Siddons, on the day of Farren's marriage, commiserated the loss of "our comic muse." Farren reportedly had an affair with Anne Seymour Damer. Portraits
A life-size portrait of her by Sir Thomas Lawrence, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, was shown at the Royal Academy annual exhibition in 1790. Another portrait of her was in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club c. 1900. [Works cited; Memoirs of the Present Countess of Derby, late Miss Farren, by Petronius Arbiter, esq., London, quarto, n.d. (1797); The Testimony of Truth to the Exalted Merit, or a Biographical Sketch of the Countess of Derby, London, quarto, 1797 (a reply to the preceding); John Genest, Account of the English Stage; Monthly Mirror, April 1797; Thespian Dictionary; Tea-Table Talk, by Mrs. Mathews, 1857.] References

External links

1759 births
1829 deaths
18th-century Irish actresses
English stage actresses
Elizabeth
18th-century English people
19th-century English people
English people of Irish descent
Derby
Irish emigrants to Great Britain

masks:
Elizabeth Farren
George Farren
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Farren
George Farren
Margaret Farren


title: Lourdes Gutiérrez Nájera

texts:
<mask> is an American cultural anthropologist. She is a tenured Associate Professor at Fairhaven College of Interdisciplinary Studies teaching in the American Cultural Studies curriculum. Her prior experience includes her work as assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at both Dartmouth College and Drake University. She is a member of the Latin American Studies Association, American Anthropological Association, and Mujeres Activas en Letras y Cambio Social. Her research is published in journals and books such as Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America. Other publications include reviews of scholarly work. Her academic accomplishments and research pertain to the field of Latinx national migration, indigenous communities in the United States and Mexico, and the U.S.-Mexican borderlands.Early life
Gutierrez Najera received her bachelor's degree in Latin American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles after transferring with an associate degree from Pasadena City College. In 2007 she published an award-winning dissertation and received a joint Ph.D. in Social Work and Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She holds a professional degree in Social Work with a concentration in Health Policy and Evaluation from University of Michigan. Recognition
Gutierrez Najera was awarded first place for her dissertation "Yalálag is No Longer Just Yalálag: Circulating Conflict and Contesting Community in a Zapotec Transnational Circuit" at the American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education 2009 conference. Research
Much of Gutierrez Najera's ethnographic research and work is within the frameworks of transnational migration and indigeneity. Gutiérrez Nájera's focus is on concepts of identity, conflict and belonging. Hayandose
In her work, "Hayandose: Zapotec Migrant Expressions of Membership and Belonging," Gutierrez Najera conducted ethnographic research in the Los Angeles enclave of migrants from the Zapotec town of Yalálag, Oaxaca.Hayandose refers to the phrase "no se hayaban." The Yalaltecos use this phrase to explain a feeling of displacement, or of "belonging neither here nor there." Gutierrez Najera developed the concept of hayandose to explain cultural practices that create a sense of belonging, collective identity and community:

"As Yalaltecos, part of the Oaxacalifornia experience, inhabiting a space that is neither fully Yalálag or Angelinos, reflects the ambiguities they feel about belonging neither here nor there. But through participation in cultural events and practices such as those described in this chapter, Yalaltecos living in Los Angeles create a sense of belonging." Gutierrez Najera contends that the Yalaltec community displays the feeling of belonging, creation of space and community for transnational migrants in which migrants symbolically exist and participate in multiple sites. Other scholars who have contributed in the area of indigenous transnational migration include [Lynn Stephen], Jonathan Fox, Gaspar Rivera-Salgado and Robert C. Smith. Conflict and migration
Instead of viewing conflict as a finite event, Gutierrez Najera describes it as a process.Using a historical framework, she argues migration and the state play a role in the production of conflict among Yalaltecans. She expanded on this in her essay "Transnational Migration, Conflict, and Divergent Ideologies of Progress". In this piece, she argues conflict and migration are "interrelated parts of broad historical, economic, and political processes" that unfold through the "circulation of people, ideas, and goods". This understanding of transnational migration as part of the process of local conflict offers a new perspective for social workers working with indigenous migrants. Child welfare
Her work Latinos and Child Welfare influenced the literature and practices of social workers working with children in the Latino community. Gutierrez Najera helped identify the unique social service needs and characteristics of this population and has been cited by other scholars to help address these issues. Publications
 Comparative Indigeneities of the Américas: Toward a Hemispheric Approach.Co-edited Anthology with M. Bianet Castellanos  and Arturo Aldama. University of Arizona Press, Critical Issues in Indigenous Studies Series. Hayandose: Zapotec Migrant Expressions of Membership and Belonging. Chapter in Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o América, Adrian Burgos Jr., Frank Guridy, and Gina Perez (Eds.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 63–80.(Peer Reviewed Volume). Review of Janitors, Street Vendors, and Activists: The Lives of Mexican Immigrants in Silicon Valley. By Christian Zlolniski, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Migration Letters 7(1): 121-122. Transnational Migration, Conflict and Divergent Ideologies of Progress. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 38(2-4):1-34. Latinos in California.In Latino America: A State by State Encyclopedia. Mark Overmeyer-Velazquez (ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 77–104. Latinos in West Virginia. In Latino America: A State by State Encyclopedia.Mark Overmeyer-Velazquez (ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 855–865. Review of Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and Oregon. By Lynn Stephen, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology, 13(1): 247-249.Oaxaca's Social Problem from a Yalalteco Perspective. Anthropology News. 48(5):64. Talking About Race. In Strategies for Teaching Anthropology, Patricia Rice (ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.28–34. Changes in Empowerment: Effects of Participation in a Lay Health Promotion Program. With Victoria K. Booker, June Grube Robinson, and Bonnie J. Kay. Health Education Quarterly 24(4): 452-464. Latinos and Child Welfare/Los Latinos y el Bienestar del Niño: Voces de la Comunidad, with R. Ortega and C. Guillean, 1996. References

Further reading
 Fox, Jonathan, and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado. "Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States."La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2004. Smith, Robert C. "Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants." Berkeley: University of California, 2006. Stephen, Lynn. "Transborder Lives: Oaxacan Indigenous Migrants in the U.S. and Mexico." Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women essayists
Anthropology educators
Cultural anthropologists
Drake University faculty
Hispanic and Latino American teachers
Latin Americanists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Michigan School of Social Work alumni
American women anthropologists
American women academics
21st-century American women


title: Paul Revere Braniff

texts:
<mask> (August 30, 1897 – June 1, 1954) was an airline entrepreneur. Braniff was one of the original founders of Braniff International Airways. He served as a mechanic in World War I in the United States Army and then as a pilot in World War II. Early years and family

<mask> was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He was the younger brother of <mask>. He grew up during the early era of aviation, and, as a youngster, became fascinated with the new way of transport. His family moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 1900.Marriage
Braniff married Marie Agnes Maney on April 29, 1920. Marie Agnes Maney was born on May 2, 1898, in El Reno, Oklahoma. She was the daughter of James W. Maney, who was an Oklahoma Territory Pioneer. He built thousands of miles of railroads throughout the Western United States. His occupation was Civil Engineer and was President of the Clinton and Western Oklahoma Railroad and founded a chain of grain elevators in the Enid, Oklahoma, area. Marie Maney grew up at Maney House in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, that is now a historically protected property. She attended and graduated from schools in Baltimore, Maryland.<mask> was highly interested in her husband's work. When he founded Paul R. Braniff, Inc. and then its successor Braniff Airways, Inc., she traveled with him scouting new routes. Her love for <mask> and his aviation interests led her to compile a very detailed archive on the history of Braniff Airways. She remained highly interested and involved in the preservation of Braniff history even after <mask>'s death in 1954. They had one child, <mask> <mask>, who was born on October 29, 1927. <mask> died in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on February 1, 2013, at the age of 85. Military service

Braniff joined the United States Army during World War I as a mechanic and private on July 6, 1917.He went to France, becoming a corporal, then a temporary sergeant. In France, he learned to shoot, becoming an avid gunman, although he never used this ability outside of the military. Oklahoma Aero Club and Paul R. Braniff, Inc.

After being honorably discharged from the Army, <mask> joined his brother Tom in an insurance company that carried the family's name. <mask>, however, kept dreaming about aviation all along and received his pilot's license in 1917. He obtained Transport License Number 690 from Orville Wright. In 1924, he was bought his own aircraft. Braniff founded his own flying company soon after, eventually helping convince Tom Braniff and other investors to bring money and form the Oklahoma Aero Club, in 1927.Reserved for use of the six investors, the company was registered as the Paul R. Braniff, Inc., thus marking the first birth of Braniff Airways. <mask> flew the company's first flight on June 20, 1928, from Oklahoma City to Tulsa, Oklahoma in a 5-passenger single engine Stinson Detroiter aircraft. Records indicate that there were flights between the two cities prior to the June 20 date. However, company records began recording flights on that date. Charles Lindbergh's monumental 1927 Atlantic crossing sparked massive interest in aviation around the nation. In Oklahoma, the interest was manifested in the Oklahoma Air Tour of 1928. Sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce of Oklahoma, it involved aviators flying to various Oklahoma town expressing an interest in aviation.The five-day tour, departing Oklahoma City on May 14, 1928, flew eighteen thousand cumulative miles and stopped at eighteen towns. An estimated 100,000 people turned out to view the twenty two aircraft and hear the pilots, including Braniff, promote the benefits of commercial aviation. The Oklahoma cities of Altus, Miami, and Guthrie, built airports specifically for air tour usage. The tour was operated again in 1929, but the onslaught of the Great Depression ended any further air races. At the time, the airline was involved with the National Transcontinental air race. In November 1929, Paul R. Braniff, Inc. was purchased by Universal Airlines, was renamed as Braniff Airlines, and moved headquarters to St. Louis. In Mexico

In 1929, Braniff left the United States to go to Mexico to help someone build a struggling Mexican airline company (apparently this person was <mask>, but no evidence of this, nor of <mask> being related to the American Braniff brothers, has ever been reported).Braniff remained in Mexico until 1930. Braniff Airways, Inc. While in Mexico, Braniff gained airline industry expertise. He returned to the United States with innovative ideas for a new Braniff airline, including the use of faster aircraft that he knew would help the airline by bringing quicker turn-around times and, as a consequence, enable the airline to carry more passengers. With that idea, <mask><mask> convinced Tom Braniff and the other four investors to buy two Lockheed Vega aircraft. Braniff Airways, Inc. was formed in November, 1930. <mask><mask> headed to Washington, D.C. in 1934, being called to testify before the congress, which was heading an investigation against air mail services.He returned to St. Louis with a contract for Braniff Airlines to carry mail, the first time the airline had obtained an airmail contract. Braniff then set on exploring new markets for the company that bore his last name. In 1936, Braniff headed to Brazil, and he returned to St. Louis convinced that the company would do great economically if established in South America. The carrier was awarded a 7719-mile route from the Mainland US to far South America in 1946 with service beginning in 1948. Braniff Airways, Inc. began doing business as Braniff International Airways with the beginning of South America service. Braniff had been running the day-to-day operations of the airline but decided to leave the carrier in 1935. He was replaced by Charles Edmund Beard who would eventually become the President of Braniff Airways in 1954.Intending to retire from aviation, <mask> sold the airline to his brother Tom. It was after he left that Braniff International Airways became a major player in United States-South America travel and vice versa, as Braniff International Airways began daily flights to various points in that continent and to Europe after the jet era began, with their distinctive livery that included many colors not seen before on aircraft fuselages. Braniff Engineering Corporation

Braniff went to Oklahoma to try to work as a mechanic, and he established the Braniff Engineering Corporation. That company was the first one to introduce the Lennox Air Conditioners and heating systems in Oklahoma. World War II

At 44 years old, Braniff was re-called into military service as the United States entered World War II, in 1941. He flew aircraft in the United States Army Air Forces. He flew with the IX Troop Carrier Command in England.But, after his second service in the military was over, so was his flying career. Later years and death

<mask> later worked as an advisor for the Douglas Company in Los Angeles. He moved to Oklahoma, where he worked for another aviation-related company as salesman, selling used aircraft parts. <mask> was diagnosed with cancer later in his life, and he went on to spend his last couple of years relatively inactive. Expected to survive his cancer, <mask> suffered a cold in the summer of 1954, which later turned into a pneumonia. He underwent surgery to correct the pneumonia, but the surgery aggravated the cancer. He died on June 1, 1954, from complications of cancer that his doctors stated was directly connected with pneumonia and resulting surgery.Braniff's tombstone at his burial site incorrectly states he died on June 15, 1954. Notes

References

External links
Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page

Official Braniff International Website

1897 births
1954 deaths
People from Kansas City, Kansas
American airline chief executives
Braniff
American expatriates in Mexico
United States Army personnel of World War I
Deaths from cancer in Oklahoma
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Kansas

masks:
Paul Revere Braniff
Paul Revere Braniff
Thomas Elmer Braniff
Marie Braniff
Paul
Paul Braniff
John Paul
Braniff
John Braniff
Paul Braniff
Paul Braniff
Paul Braniff
Alberto Braniff
Alberto Braniff
Paul R
. Braniff
Paul R
. Braniff
Paul Braniff
Braniff
Braniff
Braniff


title: Crystal Bird Fauset

texts:
<mask> (June 27, 1893 – March 27, 1965) was a civil rights activist, social worker, race relations specialist, and the first female African American state legislator elected in the United States, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Born in Maryland and raised in Boston, Fauset started her professional career as a public school teacher in Boston. She would then go onto work for the Young Women's Christian Association, and then with the American Friends Service Committee. In 1935, she became assistant to the director of Philadelphia's Works Progress Administration and also began politically organizing for the Democratic National Committee. In 1938, Fauset was elected to the Pennsylvania state legislature. She served for a year as a state representative in which she introduced nine bills and three amendments on issues ranging from affordable housing projects to fair employment legislation. During the Roosevelt administration, Fauset was appointed to the Office of Civilian Defense on October 20, 1941, and worked as a race relations advisor.In 1944, she broke away from the Democratic Party and publicly supported the Republican presidential candidate. In her later years, Fauset turned to global issues and helped found the United Nations Council of Philadelphia, later known as the World Affairs Council. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Princess Anne, Maryland to parents Benjamin Oliver <mask> and Portia E<mask> (née Lovett). She was one of nine children. Her father was the first principal of Princess Anne Academy, a school for black students. The Academy was the predecessor to the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Portia <mask> would become the principal after her husband's death in 1897, and would remain in the position till her death in 1900.<mask> <mask> was then raised by her maternal aunt, Lucy Groves in Boston, who encouraged her to become an educator. <mask> attended integrated public schools and, in 1914, graduated from Boston Normal School. She received a B.S. degree in education from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1931, the same year she married educator, civil rights activist, and anthropologist <mask> who was the half-brother of Jessie Redmon <mask>, a Harlem Renaissance writer. They would eventually separate and finalize divorce in 1944. Professional life
After graduating from Boston Normal School, <mask> was a public school teacher from 1914 to 1918 before taking a position as a field secretary for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) where she worked on programs aimed at black youth and working girls throughout the United States. In this position, she also began to speak out about the concerns of black community and race relations in general.She later became actively involved in several different organizations geared towards the advancement for African Americans rights. American Friends Service Committee
While attending Columbia University, <mask> joined the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a Quaker organization, in September 1927. The AFSC had become interested in improving race relations in the United States and had formed their Interracial Section in 1925, two years before offering <mask> a staffing position. One of the missions of the organization was to foster intercultural exchange as a way to better racial understanding, and the AFSC sponsored <mask> as a touring speaker to promote this message. As an active member of the AFSC, she made about 200 public appearances between 1927 and 1928, addressing between 25,000 to 50,000 people at schools, churches, and civic groups. With her speeches, she aimed to have "people of other racial groups understand the humanness of the Negro wherever he is found" and to "lift the curtain that separates the white people and the colored people, to lift the curtain of misunderstanding that is so dividing us." She analyzed racial prejudice and emphasized the contributions of black communities throughout history.The majority of <mask>'s appearances occurred with white audiences in places such as Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, Baltimore, Washington, and Indiana. Her appearances in Philadelphia introduced her to the public and left them with a high level of impact. 1928-1937
After finishing her service with the AFSC, <mask> continued her education and received a degree from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1931. She then helped establish the Institute of Race Relations at Swarthmore College in 1933, for which she was the joint executive secretary of the summer seminars for two years. The Institute documented employment and housing inequalities against African Americans. Fauset was especially interested in slum clearance and affordable housing projects for the black communities of Philadelphia. She cited the poor infrastructure and a need for urban reform.She and other black clubwomen also pushed for more racial integration within the activities of the Philadelphia branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Fauset spoke on her belief that disarmament and peace would be economically beneficial to African Americans and the nation, especially during that time of the Great Depression. In 1935, Fauset became assistant to the director of Philadelphia's Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal agency centered on public works projects such as constructing roads and financing artistic and literary endeavors. During her time with Philadelphia's WPA, Fauset ended a racial quota system for sewing jobs which helped increase African American women's access to employment. She also began politically organizing for the Philadelphia Democratic Women's League and the Democratic National Committee (DNC), becoming the Director of Colored Women's Activities of the DNC in 1936. At the 1936 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Fauset organized black female WPA workers to form the Willing Works Democratic Organization (WWDO). With a thousand members, the WWDO helped increase voter participation and registration under the Democratic Party in Philadelphia, especially among black communities.Through her time at the Institute of Race Relations and then with the Democratic Party, Fauset became acquainted with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. They developed a friendship and collaborated politically. Eleanor Roosevelt's willingness to meet with African American leaders, the New Deal programs under the Roosevelt administration (1933-1945), and increased governmental aid to black communities had led to a realignment of many black voters from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party by the time of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's reelection in 1936. State legislature

Supported by the Democrats, Fauset ran for state legislature in 1938. She became the first female African American state legislator in the United States after being elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives to represent the 18th District of Philadelphia, which was a primarily white neighborhood at the time. She had won by 7,000 votes and had gained strong support from women through her telephone campaign. She was one of the first American politicians to utilize telephoning in her campaign.Fauset promised her constituents: "I shall work for legislation that affects the general welfare of the people regardless of color. Of her victory, she commented: "My interest is in no way limited to my race, but is universal." During her time as a state legislator, she represented an area that was 66% White. Fauset introduced nine bills and three amendments in which she advocated for affordable housing, public health efforts, public relief, and fair employment legislation to ban racial discrimination. Additionally, she sponsored an amendment to the Pennsylvania Female Labor Law of 1913 to improve women's workplace rights. In 1939, Fauset was awarded her first Meritorious Service Medal from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for her civic work. Additionally, she was invited to be the central speaker at the annual meeting of the National Council of Negro Women, a non-profit organization founded by civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune to encourage and coordinate black women's political participation.In January 1940, she resigned from the state legislature in order to begin a new position as assistant director of the education and recreation program of the WPA, as well as the organization's race relations advisor in Pennsylvania. Office of Civilian Defense

In October 1941, <mask> was appointed to the newly formed Race Relations Division of the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD), one of the World War II agencies of the Roosevelt administration. The OCD was headed by Mayor of New York City, Fiorello LaGuardia, from 1941 to 1942, and then by James M. Landis. The agency was tasked with coordinating and monitoring the volunteer defense activities of American men, women, and children on the home front. By the summer of 1942, there were about 10 million volunteers and OCD events included air-raid drills, salvage drives, and planting Victory Gardens. Fauset was hired to specifically look at African American efforts after the OCD had been criticized for its lack of racial inclusiveness. Fauset worked on the recruitment of African American civilians to the war effort.She urged communities across the nation to allow black members to participate in local civil defense planning. She addressed complaints of racial discrimination among black servicemen such as their exclusion from United Service Organizations canteens and combat missions, and she spoke out against segregation in the U.S. military. She was also tasked with appointing race relations advisers to the nine civilian defense regions in the U.S., but was only able to appoint advisers to five regions, not including the Deep South. Additionally, Fauset advised both the First Lady and Fiorello LaGuardia on race relations. By some historical accounts, Fauset is considered a member of President Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet" that promoted civil rights for African Americans. Despite her ten-year involvement with the Democratic Party, Fauset broke away after questioning the Party's inaction on supporting African American voters and civil rights, and becoming discontented with the Roosevelt administration's slow record on civil rights and the President's discouragement of meetings about racial matters during the 1944 presidential campaign. Fauset became a member of the Republican National Committee's division on Negro Affairs in 1944 and publicly endorsed Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican presidential candidate.Her announcement received mixed reactions among African American newspapers. Dewey would eventually be defeated by Roosevelt in the elections. Global Efforts
Fauset continued her work after World War II and turned her attention to more global issues. In 1945, she helped found the United Nations Council in Philadelphia (later, the World Affairs Council) and remained an officer till 1950. She continued to volunteer for the organization years after. Fauset also attended the founding of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1950. During the 1950s she traveled extensively to Africa, India, and the Middle East.She befriended independence leaders and future presidents Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria, as well as Ralph Bunche, an African American diplomat and 1950 Nobel Peace Prize winner. Beginning in 1955, Fauset lobbied for the opening of an Africa House in New York, a proposed forum for black and white Americans to learn about the continent by interacting with Africans. Later life
In 1955, Fauset was awarded a second Meritorious Service Medal from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. During her later years, Fauset lived in New York City. She died in her sleep while visiting Philadelphia on March 27, 1965. Some of Fauset's surviving papers and photos are housed in an archive collection at Howard University. Her influential accomplishments for African American people earned her a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Marker.It was unveiled in 1991 and can be found outside her old home on 5402 Vine Street in Philadelphia. The memorial reads "The first Black woman elected to a state legislature in the U.S., Fauset, who lived here, won her seat in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1938. She later served as a Civil Defense race relations advisor under Franklin D. Roosevelt." External links
 <mask> Bird Fauset Papers (summary) at Howard University

Crystal Bird Fauset. Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Library of Congress."All-American news" with feature on Fauset (timestamp 02:36-02:56)

References

1894 births
1965 deaths
African-American state legislators in Pennsylvania
African-American women in politics
Women state legislators in Pennsylvania
People from Princess Anne, Maryland
Politicians from Philadelphia
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Swarthmore College people
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania Republicans
Pennsylvania Democrats
20th-century American politicians
Boston State College alumni
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American politicians

masks:
Crystal Bird Fauset
Crystal Bird
Fauset
Bird
. Bird
Bird
Crystal Dreda
Bird
Bird
Arthur Fauset
Fauset
Fauset
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Fauset
Crystal


title: Henry Shaw (philanthropist)

texts:
<mask> (July 24, 1800 in Sheffield, England – August 25, 1889 in St. Louis, Missouri) was a businessman, amateur botanist in St. Louis, MO when it was a gateway city to the West. His businesses supplied residents, pioneers and others. Having made his fortune, he was able to retire at age 40, pursue his interest in botany, and used much of his fortune in philanthropy. He is best known as the founder of the Missouri Botanical Garden, but he also donated the land to the city for Tower Grove Park and oversaw its development. He donated funds to several other city institutions as well. Early life

<mask> was born on July 24, 1800 in Sheffield, England, which had been a center of iron and steel manufacturing for centuries. <mask>’s father, <mask>, had moved to Sheffield as a young man to open his own iron factory, along with a partner.The firm manufactured grates, fire irons and so forth. <mask> was the oldest of four children in the family. He had two sisters, Sarah and Caroline, and a brother who died in infancy. <mask> received his primary school education in the village of Thone near his home in Sheffield. When he was about ten or eleven,  he was transferred to the Mill Hill School near London. He studied at this boarding school for about six years, before returning home to Sheffield in 1816 or 1817. <mask> was taken out of school because of his father’s financial difficulties.While he had been away at school, his father’s business had come upon hard times. The family could no longer afford to send <mask> to the expensive school with other children of the upper classes. But in his time at Mill Hill School, <mask> had gained the basic education of an English gentleman. He had studied the classics, learned some Latin and Greek, and studied French. He also studied mathematics and was introduced to the sciences. More importantly, he acquired the attitudes and outlook of an English gentleman, and a polish he would continue to have even after decades of life in the United States. Business career

On his return to Sheffield, <mask> began to assist his father with the business.Searching for new markets, the elder <mask> turned his sights on the vast markets of the Americas. Iron and steel manufacturing in the former colonies was not as advanced as in England, and Sheffield steel products were some of the finest in the world. In 1818, <mask> accompanied his father on his first trip across the Atlantic Ocean, where the pair did business in Quebec, Canada. Young <mask> must have impressed his father with his business acumen because the next year he was sent to New Orleans alone on business. A shipment of goods to New Orleans had been lost or misplaced, and <mask> was sent to find the shipment. Although he recovered the goods, he could not find a buyer in New Orleans. With the business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit that was to mark his adult life, <mask> was determined to find a market for the goods in the interior of the country.Vast territories of the American Midwest had been opened up in the previous decade by the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States. In about 1817, New Orleans had become the gateway to this area by the first steam-powered paddlewheel riverboat that made its way up the Mississippi River from the port of New Orleans. In the Spring of 1819, <mask> purchased passage for himself and his goods on a steamship called the Maid of Orleans. The trip, which took 40 days, cost <mask> $120. On May 3, 1819, <mask> landed in a small French village on the west side of the Mississippi called St. Louis. At the time, the village was about fifty years old. It ran about three blocks deep for about a mile along the bank of the river.<mask> set up a hardware store in St. Louis, selling high quality cutlery and other metal products. His first storefront was at Four North Main, on the west side of the street between Market and Chestnut. The goods were purchased by <mask>’s uncle, James Hoole, in Sheffield and shipped to St. Louis. Hoole also provided the initial capital for the business. It turned out to be a good investment, as it was a good time to be in the hardware business in St. Louis. During the two decades <mask> operated his business, roughly 1819 to 1839, St. Louis grew quite rapidly. <mask> sold his goods to the people of St. Louis, to soldiers and farmers, and to the other new immigrants to the area.He also found a ready market in the pioneers making their way to the open lands of the West. Many of the pioneers moving westward were outfitted in St. Louis before moving West. <mask> carried the kind of hardware, tools and cutlery they would need to make the trip and set up a new homestead. As his business went well, he continued to buy land on the outskirts of the city. Slave ownership
Missouri was a slave state, and <mask> acquired enslaved African Americans as workers by 1828 for his working farm land. He also had several slaves working as domestic servants. He owned as many as eleven slaves at a time.In June 2020, the Missouri Botanical Garden shared a Facebook post with the names of some of <mask>'s slaves: Peach, Juliette, Bridgette, Joseph, Jim, Sarah, Tabitha and her daughter Sarah, Ester and her children. In 1855, four of <mask>’s slaves escaped but were caught as they crossed the Mississippi River. Esther and her children were trying to get to the free state of Illinois where they hoped to connect with helpers to travel further north on the Underground Railroad. <mask> consequently sold Esther south to Vicksburg, Mississippi, separating her from her children. A census record reveals that <mask> had eight slaves in 1860. Retirement

By the age of 40, <mask> was one of the largest landholders in the city and was able to retire. This gave him the freedom to travel and to pursue his great interest in botany.Following his retirement, <mask> travelled extensively for years. He returned to St. Louis in 1851. He engaged architect George I. Barnett (who later also designed <mask>'s mausoleum) to design and build Tower Grove House, which became the center of his estate. Working with leading botanists, <mask> planned, funded and built what would become the Missouri Botanical Garden on the land around his home. As the garden became more extensive, <mask> decided to open it to the general public in 1859. <mask> donated additional land adjoining the garden to the city of St. Louis for Tower Grove Park. He helped with its construction, including the pavilions and various works of art.He gave the city a school and land for a hospital. He endowed Washington University’s School of Botany, and helped found the Missouri Historical Society. <mask> died in 1889 and is buried in a mausoleum surrounded by a grove of trees on the grounds of the gardens he founded. He is widely remembered for his generosity and philanthropy. Over 100 years after his death, many who visit the Missouri Botanical Gardens still refer to it affectionately as "<mask>'s Garden". Or “Hanks Garden.”
For his philanthropic work, <mask> has been recognized with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. References

External links

Missouri Botanical Garden
Historical Timeline
<mask>'s entry, St. Louis Walk of Fame

1800 births
1889 deaths
American botanists
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Businesspeople from Sheffield
People educated at Mill Hill School
English emigrants to the United States
Botanists with author abbreviations
Missouri Botanical Garden directors
American nonprofit executives
19th-century American philanthropists
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Henry Shaw
Shaw
Henry
Joseph Shaw
Henry
Shaw
Shaw
Henry
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Henry
Henry
Shaw
Shaw
Henry Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Henry Shaw