title: Frank Berryman

texts:
Lieutenant General Sir <mask>,  (11 April 1894 – 28 May 1981) was an Australian Army officer who served as a general during the Second World War. The son of an engine driver, he entered Duntroon in 1913. His class graduated early after the First World War broke out, and he served on the Western Front with the field artillery. After the war, he spent nearly twenty years as a major. Berryman joined the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 4 April 1940 with the rank of full colonel, and became General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 6th Division. He was responsible for the staff work for the attacks on Bardia and Tobruk. In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier.During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, he commanded "Berryforce". He returned to Australia in 1942, becoming Major General, General Staff, of the First Army. Later that year, he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Thomas Blamey, who brought him up to Port Moresby to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force. <mask> was intimately involved with the planning and execution of the Salamaua–Lae campaign and the Huon Peninsula campaign. In November 1943 he became acting commander of II Corps, which he led in the Battle of Sio. In the final part of the war, he was Blamey's representative at General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's headquarters and the Australian Army representative at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. After the war, Berryman commanded Eastern Command.He directed the military response to the 1949 Australian coal strike. <mask> hoped to become Chief of the General Staff but was passed over as he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. He retired and became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954. He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales from 1954 to 1961. Education and early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Geelong, Victoria, on 11 April 1894, the fourth of six children and the eldest of three sons of William Lee <mask>, a Victorian Railways engine driver, and his wife, Annie Jane, née Horton. <mask> joined in the 1903 Victorian Railways strike and, when it failed, was reinstated with a 14 per cent pay cut, only regaining his 1903 pay level in 1916. <mask> was educated at Melbourne High School, where he served in the school Cadet Unit, and won the Rix prize for academic excellence.On graduation, he took a job with the Victorian railways as a junior draughtsman. In 1913, Berryman entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, having ranked first among the 154 candidates on the entrance examination. Of the 33 members in his class, nine died in the First World War, and six later became generals: Leslie Beavis, <mask>, William Bridgeford, John Chapman, Edward Milford and Alan Vasey. Berryman rose to fifth in order of merit before his class graduated early, in June 1915, because of the outbreak of the First World War. First World War
Berryman's Duntroon class had not yet completed its military training. Major General William Throsby Bridges decided that regimental duty would rectify that deficiency, so he assigned the Duntroon cadets as regimental officers of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF), rather than as staff officers. Cadets were given the choice of service in the infantry or light horse.One cadet, Lawrence Wackett, protested that he wished to serve in the technical services. When asked if they would prefer the technical services, twelve cadets, including <mask>, Beavis, Clowes, Vasey, and Wackett stepped forward. <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Permanent Military Forces (PMF) on 29 June 1915 and again in the First AIF on 1 July 1915. He was posted to Lieutenant Colonel Harold Grimwade's 4th Field Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Division Artillery, along with Vasey and Milford. <mask> embarked for Egypt with the 4th Field Artillery Brigade on the transport Wiltshire on 17 November 1915. In Egypt, <mask> briefly commanded the 4th Brigade Ammunition Column before it was absorbed into the 2nd Division Ammunition Column. The 2nd Division moved to France in March 1916.<mask> became a temporary captain on 1 April 1916, a rank which became substantive on 10 June 1916. In January 1917, he was posted to the 7th Infantry Brigade as a trainee staff captain. During the Second Battle of Bullecourt he served with 2nd Division headquarters. He was appointed to command the 18th Field Artillery Battery, and became a temporary major on 1 September 1917, which became substantive on 10 September 1917. This was as far as he could go, for Duntroon graduates could not be promoted above major in the AIF. This policy was aimed at giving them a broad range of experience, which would benefit the Army, while not allowing them to outnumber the available post-war positions. While commanding the 18th Field Battery, he saw action at the Battle of Passchendaele.For his service as a battery commander in this battle, he received a  Mention in Despatches:

In September 1918, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. His  citation, signed by Major General Charles Rosenthal, read:

<mask> was later nominated for a bar to his Distinguished Service Order for the September 1918 fighting, but this was subsequently downgraded to a second Mention in Despatches. He was wounded in the right eye in September 1918 while he was commanding the 14th Field Artillery Battery. Although his wound was serious enough to warrant hospitalisation, there was no permanent damage to his vision. However, it was the end of his career as a battery commander, as the Army took the opportunity to transfer him to a staff post. From 28 October 1918 to 1 July 1919, he was Brigade Major of the 7th Infantry Brigade. With the war over, he returned to Australia in October 1919.Between the wars
<mask> was appointed to the Staff Corps on 1 October 1920. Although he was entitled to keep his AIF rank of major as an honorary rank, his substantive rank—and pay grade—was still lieutenant. Promotion was painfully slow. He was promoted to captain and brevet major on 1 March 1923, but was not promoted to the substantive rank of major until 1 March 1935. <mask> attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from 1920 to 1923. On returning to Australia, he became an inspecting ordnance officer at the 2nd Military District. From its headquarters at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, the 2nd Military District administered the Army in most of New South Wales.He enrolled in a Bachelor of Science program at the University of Sydney. On 30 November 1925, he married Muriel Whipp. They eventually had a daughter and a son. Berryman discontinued his university studies to prepare for the entrance examination for Staff College, Camberley. Eighteen Australian Army officers sat the exam that year, but only Berryman and one other officer passed. Only two Australian officers were accepted into staff college each year, so Berryman's attendance from 1926 to 1928 marked him out as one of the Australian Army's rising talents. It also allowed him to forge useful contacts with the British Army.<mask> later recalled, "The advantage of this was that in war we had the same doctrine of tactics and administration, which was essential if we had to work together. More than that, the officers who had to carry out their duties in cooperation knew each other personally." After graduation he was posted to the High Commission of Australia, London, from 1929 to 1932, where he served under the Military Liaison Officer, Major General Julius Bruche. After nearly twenty years as a major, <mask> was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 12 May 1935. Promotion to substantive rank, which carried the rank's pay as well as status, occurred on 1 July 1938, when he became Assistant Director of Military Operations at Army Headquarters. From December 1938 to April 1940 he was General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the 3rd Division. The slow rate of promotion of regular officers in the inter-war years fostered a sense of injustice and frustration among officers with good war records who found themselves outranked by Militia officers who had enjoyed faster promotion.Second World War

Libya

The final straw for many regular officers was Prime Minister Robert Menzies' announcement that all commands in the Second AIF would go to Militia officers, which Berryman considered "a damn insult to the professional soldier, calculated to split the Army down the centre. We were to be the hewers of wood and the drawers of water. We, the only people who really knew the job, were to assist these Militia fellows." Berryman joined the Second AIF on 4 April 1940 with the rank of full colonel, receiving the AIF serial number of VX20308, and became General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of Major General Iven Mackay's 6th Division, in succession to Sydney Rowell who stepped up to become chief of staff of I Corps. Berryman soon established a good working relationship with Mackay. Despite the friction between Militia and Staff Corps officers, Berryman chose to assess officers on performance. This meant that while Berryman viewed some Militia officers, like Brigadier Stanley Savige of the 17th Infantry Brigade, with disdain, he maintained good relations with others.There were also personal and professional rivalries with other Staff Corps officers, such as Alan Vasey. Yet even those who disliked Berryman personally for his lack of patience and tact and referred to him as "Berry the Bastard" respected his abilities as a staff officer. Mackay and Berryman were determined that the Battle of Bardia would not be a repeat of the disastrous landing at Anzac Cove in 1915. Berryman's talent for operational staff work came to the fore. From studies of aerial photographs, he selected a spot for the attack where the terrain was most favourable. His plan provided for the coordination of infantry, armour and artillery. While at times he proved secretive and hard to deal with, during the battle his forceful personality provided a good foil to the sometimes indecisive Mackay.Later that month <mask> planned the equally successful Battle of Tobruk. For his services in this campaign, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Syria
In January 1941, <mask> became Commander, Royal Artillery, in Arthur "Tubby" Allen's 7th Division, and was promoted to brigadier. During the Syria-Lebanon campaign, Berryman demonstrated that he was a thrusting commander who led from the front and repeatedly demonstrated his coolness under fire. When his headquarters came under shell fire for the first time, Berryman sat calmly eating his breakfast "among the flying brick dust and bursting shells", simply telling the men to shut the door, "so they can eat breakfast without being covered in dust". During the Vichy French counterattack, <mask> was given command of the Australian forces in the centre of the position around Merdjayoun. This scratch force became known as "Berryforce".His mission was to check the enemy advance in the Merdjayoun area. Berryman decided that the best way to do this would be to recapture Merdjayoun. This presented considerable difficulty, for although

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title: Frank Berryman

type: original

texts:
 his force contained two infantry battalions, the 2/25th and 2/33rd, and a pioneer battalion, the 2/2nd, his headquarters was not equipped to control a battle in the manner of an infantry brigade, as it lacked appropriate staff and communications. Moreover, while he was supported by mechanised cavalry and 22 artillery pieces, the opposing French forces had tanks. For the next two weeks, the outnumbered Berryforce attempted to retake the strategically important town in the Battle of Merdjayoun. His first attempt was a failure. After carrying out a personal reconnaissance on 18 June, Berryman tried again.This time his attack was halted by staunch defence by the French Foreign Legion and tanks. Berryman then tried a different approach. Instead of attempting to capture the town, he seized high ground overlooking the French supply lines. Faced with being cut off, the French withdrew from the town. Berryforce was then dissolved and <mask> returned to his role as commander of the 7th Division artillery. The 7th Division was now concentrated in the coastal sector. Berryman clashed with Brigadier Jack Stevens of the 21st Infantry Brigade over the siting of <mask>'s artillery observation posts, which were forward of the infantry's front lines.Berryman wanted Stevens' positions advanced so as to obtain effective observation of the enemy's lines for Berryman's gunners. Stevens refused, hampering Berryman's efforts to support him in the Battle of Damour. Despite this, Berryman implemented an effective artillery plan. In the final stage of the battle, Berryman, without authority, ordered Lieutenant Colonel Denzil MacArthur-Onslow of the 2/6th Cavalry Regiment to pursue the retreating French forces, but was overruled by Savige and Allen. For his part in the campaign, Berryman received a third Mention in Despatches. Papua
On 3 August 1941, <mask> became Brigadier, General Staff (chief of staff) of I Corps under Lieutenant General John Lavarack, again in succession to Rowell, who became Deputy Chief of the General Staff (DCGS). Berryman arrived in Jakarta by air with the advanced party of the I Corps headquarters staff on 26 January 1942 to plan its defence.Berryman reconnoitred Java and prepared an appreciation of the situation. Berryman also attempted to find out as much as possible about Japanese tactics through interviewing Colonel Ian MacAlister Stewart. This information found its way into papers circulated throughout the Army in Australia. It soon became apparent that the situation was hopeless and any troops committed to the defence of Java would be lost. <mask> returned to Australia, where he was promoted to major general on 6 April 1942, when he became Major General, General Staff (chief of staff) of Lavarack's First Army. On 14 September 1942, <mask> became DCGS under the Commander in Chief, General Sir Sir Thomas Blamey, in succession to Vasey. When New Guinea Force split into a rear headquarters under Blamey and an advanced headquarters under Lieutenant General Edmund Herring, so the latter could go forward to direct the Battle of Buna-Gona, Blamey brought Berryman up from Advanced LHQ in Brisbane to simultaneously act as chief of staff of New Guinea Force from 11 December 1942.Berryman formed a very close professional and personal relationship with Blamey, and henceforth <mask> would be Blamey's chief of staff and head of operational planning, which made him "one of the most important officers in the Australian Army in its struggle against the Japanese." New Guinea
Blamey and <mask> remained close for the rest of the war, and Blamey came to rely heavily on Berryman for advice. It was <mask> who was sent to Wau to investigate the difficulties that Savige was having, and it was Berryman who exonerated Savige. "I reported the situation [to Blamey and Herring]," Berryman record in his diary, "and said Savige had done well and we had misjudged him." <mask> was intimately involved with the planning of the Salamaua–Lae campaign, working closely with Brigadier General Stephen J. Chamberlin at General Douglas MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) in Brisbane. Berryman established good working relations with the Americans, even though their staff practices were quite different from those of the Australian Army. <mask> was also involved in the plan's execution, once more becoming chief of staff at New Guinea Force under Blamey in August 1943.<mask> was frustrated at the failure of Vasey's 7th Division to destroy the Japanese retreating from Lae, and personally annoyed by the way that Vasey forwarded compliments to Major General Ennis Whitehead while leaving any complaints about air support to be taken up by Berryman. <mask> was next involved with the planning for the landing at Finschhafen, brokering a compromise landing plan between Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey and Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring. When Berryman discovered that the United States Seventh Fleet did not intend to reinforce the 9th Division he immediately went to Blamey, who took the matter up with MacArthur. However, it was <mask> who brokered a compromise deal with Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender to reinforce Finschhafen with a battalion in APDs. On 7 November 1943, <mask> became acting commander of II Corps, a post which became permanent on 20 January 1944, superseding Vasey, whose 7th Division was diplomatically placed directly under Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead's New Guinea Force. II Corps was left with the 5th and 9th Divisions. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general on 20 January 1944.As in Syria, Berryman proved a hard-driving commander. In December 1943, II Corps broke out of the position around Finschhafen and began a pursuit along the coast. Whenever the Japanese Army attempted to make a stand, Berryman attacked with 25-pounder artillery barrages and Matilda tanks. Berryman was aware that seasonal changes were making the surf rougher and making it ever harder to operate the US Army landing craft (LCMs) and Australian Army amphibious trucks (DUKWs) that he depended on for the logistical support of his troops, but he realised that the Japanese Army's supply difficulties were greater than his own, and he gambled that if he pushed hard enough the Japanese would be unable to regroup and organise a successful defence. In the first phase of the Battle of Sio, the advance from Finschhafen to Sio, 3,099 Japanese dead were counted and 38 prisoners taken, at a cost of 8 Australians killed and 48 wounded. In the 5th Division's subsequent drive from Sio to link up with the US 32nd Infantry Division at Saidor, 734 Japanese were killed and 1,775 found dead, while 48 prisoners were taken. Australian casualties came to 4 killed and 6 wounded.MacArthur considered <mask>'s performance "quite brilliant". For his part in the campaign, <mask> was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 8 March 1945. Borneo
II Corps was renumbered I Corps on 13 April 1944 and returned to Australia, where Blamey gave Berryman his next assignment. In preparation for the Philippines Campaign, General MacArthur moved the advanced element of GHQ to Hollandia in Dutch West Papua, where it opened in late August 1944. To maintain contact with GHQ, Blamey formed a new headquarters, Forward Echelon LHQ, which opened at Hollandia on 7 September under <mask>, who became Blamey's personal representative at GHQ. Forward Echelon LHQ subsequently moved with GHQ to Leyte in February 1945, and Manila in April 1945. <mask>'s role was to "safeguard Australian interests" at GHQ, but he also defended GHQ against criticism from the Australian Army.As well as liaising with GHQ, Forward Echelon LHQ became responsible for planning operations involving Australian troops. It worked on plans for operations on Luzon and Mindanao before it was finally decided that Borneo would be the Australian Army's next objective. In all of this Berrymen kept in close contact with Blamey, and the two were Australian Army representatives at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay in September 1945. For his services in the final campaigns, Berryman received a fourth and final Mention in Despatches on 6 March 1947. Later life
After the war, Berryman took charge of Eastern Command, an appointment he held from March 1946 until his retirement at age 60 in April 1954. Berryman became known for his involvement in charitable organisations such as the War Widows Association, and as head of the Remembrance Drive Project. For this and his commitment to beautifying the Army barracks, Berryman became colloquially known in the Army as "<mask> the Florist".In June 1949, the country was rocked by the 1949 Australian coal strike. The strike began when stocks of coal were already low, especially in New South Wales, and rationing was introduced. Prime Minister Ben Chifley turned to the Army to get the troops to mine coal. This became possible when the transport unions agreed to transport coal that was mined. Responsibility for planning and organising the effort fell to Berryman. Soldiers began mining at Muswellbrook and Lithgow on 1 August, and by 15 August, when the strike ended, some 4,000 soldiers and airmen were employed. They continued work until production was fully restored.<mask> hoped to become Chief of the General Staff in succession to Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee but he was seen as a "Blamey man" by Chifley and his Labor government colleagues, who disliked the former Commander-in-Chief. The job was instead given to Rowell. The United States government awarded <mask> the Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm in 1948. Following the change of government in 1949, <mask> lobbied Sir Eric Harrison, the Liberal Minister for Defence Production, for the job on the retirement of Rowell in 1954, but he was now considered too old for the job. <mask> became the Director General of the Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954, for which he was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). He was Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales from 1954 to 1961. He died on 28 May 1981 at Rose Bay, New South Wales, and was cremated with full military honours.At the time of his funeral the Ambassador for Lebanon, Raymond Heneine, wrote in the Canberra Times: "The inhabitants of Jezzine will never forget General <mask>, who liberated their town from the forces of the Vichy French in collaboration with the Italian and German forces. He was for them not only a great general but also a great benefactor who provided them with food supplies and medical care. In fact he was the example of humanitarianism". Notes

References

1894 births
1981 deaths
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Melbourne High School
People from Geelong
Australian recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Recipients of the Medal of

masks: Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Frank Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman Berryman


title: Luc Besson

texts:
<mask> (; born 18 March 1959) is a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He directed or produced the films Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988), and La Femme Nikita (1990). <mask> is associated with the Cinéma du look film movement. He has been nominated for a César Award for Best Director and Best Picture for his films Léon: The Professional and The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc. He won Best Director and Best French Director for his sci-fi action film The Fifth Element (1997). He wrote and directed the 2014 sci-fi action film <mask> and the 2017 space opera film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets. In 1980, he founded his own production company, Les Films du Loup, and, later, Les Films du Dauphin, which were superseded in 2000 by his co-founding EuropaCorp film company with his longtime collaborator, .As writer, director, or producer, <mask> has so far been involved in the creation of more than 50 films. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris, to parents who both worked as Club Med scuba-diving instructors. Influenced by this milieu, as a child <mask> planned to become a marine biologist. He spent much of his youth travelling with his parents to tourist resorts in Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece. The family returned to France when <mask> was 10. His parents promptly divorced and each remarried. "Here there is two families, and I am the only bad souvenir of something that doesn't work," he said in the International Herald Tribune."And if I disappear, then everything is perfect. The rage to exist comes from here. I have to do something! Otherwise I am going to die." At the age of 17, <mask> had a diving accident that left him unable to dive. "I was 17 and I wondered what I was going to do. ...So I took a piece of paper and on the left I put everything I could do, or had skills for, and all the things I couldn't do. The first line was shorter and I could see that I loved writing, I loved images, I was taking a lot of pictures. So I thought maybe movies would be good. But I thought that to really know I should go to a set. And a friend of mine knew a guy whose brother was a third assistant on a short film. It's true," he said in a 2000 interview with The Guardian. "So, I said: 'OK, let's go on the set.'So I went on the set...The day after I went back to see my mum and told her that I was going to make films and stop school and 'bye. And I did it! Very soon after I made a short film and it was very, very bad. I wanted to prove that I could do something, so I made a short film. That was in fact my main concern, to be able to show that I could do one." Career
He reportedly worked on the first drafts of Le Grand Bleu while still in his teens. Out of boredom, <mask> started writing stories, including the background to what he later developed as The Fifth Element (1997), one of his most popular movies.The film is inspired by the French comic books which <mask> read as a teenager. <mask> directed and co-wrote the screenplay of this science fiction thriller with American screenwriter Robert Mark Kamen. At 18, <mask> returned to his birthplace of Paris. There he took odd jobs in film to get a feel for the industry. He worked as an assistant to directors including Claude Faraldo and Patrick Grandperret. <mask> directed three short films, a commissioned documentary, and several commercials. After this, he moved to the United States for three years, but returned to Paris, where he formed his own production company.He first named it Les Films du Loup, but changed it to Les Films du Dauphin. In the early 1980s, <mask> met Éric Serra and asked him to compose the score for his first short film, L'Avant dernier. He later used Serra as a composer for other films of his. Since the late 20th century, <mask> has written and produced numerous action movies, including the Taxi (1998–2007) and The Transporter (2002–2008) series (another collaboration with Robert Mark Kamen), and the Jet Li films Kiss of the Dragon and Unleashed/Danny the Dog. His English-language films Taken, Taken 2 and Taken 3, all co-written with Kamen and starring Liam Neeson, have been major successes, with Taken 2 becoming the largest-grossing export French film. <mask> produced the promotional movie for the Paris bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. <mask> won the Lumières Award for Best Director and the César Award for Best Director, for his film The Fifth Element (1997).He was nominated for Best Director and Best Picture César Awards for his films Léon: The Professional (1994) and The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999). French actor Jean Reno has appeared in several films by <mask>, including Le dernier combat (1983), Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988), La Femme Nikita (1990), and Léon: The Professional (1994). Cinéma du look
Critics cite <mask> as a pivotal figure in the Cinéma du look movement, a specific, highly visual style produced from the 1980s into the early 1990s. Subway (1985), The Big Blue (1988) and La Femme Nikita (1990) are all considered to be of this stylistic school. The term was coined by critic Raphaël Bassan in a 1989 essay in La Revue du Cinema n° 449. A partisan of the experimental cinema and friend of the New Wave ("nouvelle vague") directors, Bassan grouped <mask> with Jean-Jacques Beineix and Leos Carax as three directors who shared the style of "le look." These directors were later described critically as favouring style over substance, and spectacle over narrative.<mask>, along with most of the filmmakers so categorised, was uncomfortable with the label, particularly in light of the achievements of their forebears: France's New Wave. "<mask> Godard and François Truffaut were rebelling against existing cultural values and used cinema as a means of expression simply because it was the most avant-garde medium at the time," said <mask> in a 1985 interview in The New York Times. "Today, the revolution is occurring entirely within the industry and is led by people who want to change the look of movies by making them better, more convincing and pleasurable to watch. "Because it's becoming increasingly difficult to break into this field, we have developed a psychological armor and are ready to do anything in order to work", he added in this same interview. "I think our ardor alone is going to shake the pillars of the moviemaking establishment." <mask> directed a biopic of Aung San Suu Kyi called The Lady (original title Dans la Lumiere), which was released in the fall of 2011. He also worked on Lockout, which was released in April 2012.Work
Many of <mask>'s films have achieved popular, if not critical, success. One such release was Le Grand Bleu. "When the film had its premiere on opening night at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, it was mercilessly drubbed, but no matter; it was a smash," observed the International Herald Tribune in a 2007 profile of <mask>. "Embraced by young people who kept returning to see it again, the movie sold 10 million tickets and quickly became what the French call a 'film générationnel,' a defining moment in the culture." <mask> created the Arthur series, which comprises Arthur and the Minimoys, Arthur and the Forbidden City, Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard and Arthur and the War of the Two Worlds. He directed Arthur and the Invisibles, an adaptation of the first two books of the collection. A film with live action and animation, it was released in the UK and the US.Critical evaluation
<mask> has been described as "the most Hollywood of French filmmakers." Scott Tobias wrote that his "slick, commercial" action movies were "so interchangeable—drugs, sleaze, chuckling supervillainy, and Hong Kong-style effects—that each new project probably starts with white-out on the title page." American film critic Armond White has praised <mask>, whom he ranks as one of the best film producers, for refining and revolutionizing action film. He wrote that <mask> dramatizes the struggle of his characters "as a conscientious resistance to human degradation". Personal life
<mask> has been married four times; first, in 1986, to actress Anne Parillaud who starred in <mask>'s La Femme Nikita (1990). <mask> and Parillaud had a daughter, Juliette, born in 1987. The couple divorced in 1991.<mask>'s second wife was actress and director Maïwenn Le Besco, whom he started dating when he was 31 and she was 15. They were married in late 1992 when Le Besco, 16, was pregnant with their daughter Shanna, who was born on 3 January 1993. Le Besco later claimed that their relationship inspired <mask>'s film Léon (1994), where the plot involved the emotional relationship between an adult man and a 12-year-old girl. Their marriage ended in 1997, when <mask> became involved with actress Milla Jovovich during the filming of The Fifth Element (1997). He married the 21-year-old on 14 December 1997, at the age of , but they divorced in 1999. On 28 August 2004, at the age of , <mask> married film producer Virginie Silla. The couple have three children: Thalia, Sateen, and <mask>.Rape allegations

In 2018, he was accused of rape by actress Sand Van Roy and other actresses who wished to remain anonymous. The director's lawyer Thierry Marembert stated that <mask> "categorically denies these fantasist accusations" and that the accuser was "someone he knows, towards whom he has never behaved inappropriately". Five women have made similar statements against <mask>, including a former assistant, two students of Cité du Cinéma studio, and a former employee of <mask>'s EuropaCorp. In February 2019 French prosecutors dropped the case against <mask>, citing lack of evidence. In January 2021 a judge dismissed the case against <mask> after a second investigation had been ordered. Selected filmography

Legacy and honours
Among <mask>'s awards are the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film Critics Prize, Fantasporto Audience Jury Award-Special Mention, Best Director, and Best Film, for Le Dernier Combat in 1983; the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon-Best Director-Foreign Film, for La Femme Nikita, 1990; the Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film, Nil by Mouth, 1997; and the Best Director Cesar Award, for The Fifth Element, 1997. <mask> was awarded the Inkpot Award in 2016.Film company

In 2000, <mask> superseded his production company by co-founding EuropaCorp with Pierre-Ange Le Pogam, with whom he had frequently worked since 1985. Le Pogam had then been Distribution Director with Gaumont. EuropaCorp has had strong growth based on several English-language films, with international distribution. It has production facilities in Paris, Normandy, and Hollywood, and is establishing distribution partnerships in Japan and China. Music videos
 "Pull Marine": Isabelle Adjani (1983)
 "Mon légionnaire": Serge Gainsbourg (1988)
 "Que mon cœur lâche": Mylène Farmer (1992)
 "Love Profusion": Madonna (2003)
 "L'impasse": Kery James
 "I Feel Everything": Cara Delevingne (2017)

References

External links

 <mask> Interview, Angel-A
 JewReview.net video interview with <mask> and Rie Rasmussen about Angel-A
 In-depth interview with <mask>
 The films of <mask>, Hell Is for Hyphenates, February 28, 2014
 Les Films du Loup (France)—uniFrance Films
 Les Films du Dauphin - uniFrance Films

1959 births
20th-century French screenwriters
21st-century French screenwriters
Living people
Film directors from Paris
BAFTA winners (people)
Best Director César Award winners
Best Director Lumières Award winners
Science fiction film directors
French male screenwriters
French-language film directors
French music video directors
Inkpot Award winners

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title: Henrik Fisker

texts:
<mask> (born 10 August 1963) is a Danish-American automotive designer and entrepreneur based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for designing luxury cars including the BMW Z8, Aston Martin DB9, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, Fisker Karma, Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, VLF Force 1 V10, VLF Destino V8, Fisker EMotion, Fisker Ocean, and Fisker Orbit. He also designed the Viking motorcycle and Benetti Fisker 50 superyacht, and is involved in the design of flexible solid-state battery technology. He is the founder of HF Design, co-founded VLF Automotive, founder and former CEO of Fisker Coachbuild, founder of Fisker Automotive, where he served as chairman and CEO until March 2013, and currently is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Fisker Inc. Early life and education
Fisker was born in Allerød, Denmark. As a young boy he became interested in cars after seeing a Maserati Bora on the highway, and soon started sketching designs in notebooks. He graduated with a degree in transportation design from the Art Center College of Design in Vevey, Switzerland, in 1989.Career

BMW (1989–2001)

In 1989, Fisker began working at BMW Technik, the company's advanced design studio in Munich. His first project there was the E1 electric concept car. From 1992 to 1997, he refined the Z07 concept car, which would become the BMW Z8 roadster, produced from 1999 to 2003. The car combined design elements from the company's past with a modern look, paying homage to the iconic BMW 507 (produced from 1956 to 1959). Fisker envisioned it as a 507 that evolved like the Porsche 911 has over its six decade model run. Fisker also worked on the design of BMW's first SUV, the original X5, a mid-size luxury crossover introduced in 1999 and marketed by the company as a "sports activity vehicle". From 1999 to 2001, Fisker was the president and chief executive officer of Designworks, a BMW industrial design studio headquartered in Newbury Park, California, with additional design studios in Munich and Shanghai.Ford and Aston Martin (2001–05)

Fisker left BMW for the Ford Motor Company in 2001, where he served as design director at Aston Martin. He was in charge of the production design of the Aston Martin DB9 (in production from 2004 to 2016), bringing in elements from the history of Aston Martin cars. The DB9 was available as both a coupe and a convertible. Fisker also designed the Aston Martin V8 Vantage (in production from 2005 to the present). It was named the coolest car of the year and the best sounding car of the year by Top Gear in 2005. The Vantage is the best selling Aston Martin of all time. The extent of Fisker's involvement in designing both the DB9 and V8 Vantage has been disputed, however, with former director of design at Aston Martin Ian Callum saying the two cars were largely designed under his watch before Fisker joined the company.In an interview with Car and Driver, when asked how much of the DB9 and V8 Vantage were designed under his watch, Callum replies "The DB9, I’d say pretty much 100 percent, including the interior. Maybe not color and trim and wood finishes, but certainly the surfaces of the car. And the V-8, I would say a good 80 percent. In fact, we started the V-8 first and then shelved it while we did the DB9—that’s why they’re quite similar". From September 2001 to August 2003, Fisker was creative director of Ingeni, Ford's London-based design and creativity center. In August 2003, he became the director of Ford's Global Advanced Design Studio in Irvine, California, where the Ford Shelby GR-1 was designed. In 2005, Fisker left Aston Martin and the Ford Motor Company, a move that "shocked his colleagues."Fisker Coachbuild (2005–07)

In 2005, Fisker teamed up with Bernhard Koehler, a colleague from his days at BMW and Aston Martin, to start a new luxury car custom design firm, Fisker Coachbuild, based in Orange County, California. Coach-built (or custom-built) one-of-a-kind cars were extremely rare after the 1950s, primarily due to the difficulty and costliness created by strict Federal safety and pollution rules. With Fisker Coachbuild, Fisker planned a modern version of coachbuilding, dealing in runs of 150 cars. The company's first car was the Fisker Tramonto, a roadster with a re-bodied Mercedes-Benz SL55 AMG, with a longer hood line and slimmer rear. The company's second car was the Fisker Latigo CS, with a re-bodied BMW 645Ci coupe. Fewer than 15 of the vehicles were ever built. In 2007, Tesla Motors hired Fisker to perform initial design work on the Tesla Model S electric sedan, which was introduced in 2012.That year, he also designed the body of the Artega GT two-door sports car, Artega Automobile's first model, which was produced between 2009 and 2012. It spawned the 2011 Artega SE, an electric sports car with an identical body. Fisker Automotive (2007–13)

In August 2007, Fisker and Quantum Technologies teamed up to launch the luxury electric car startup Fisker Automotive in Anaheim, California. The first car to be produced by Fisker Automotive was the Fisker Karma, a luxury plug-in hybrid sports sedan that was unveiled in a preproduction version in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. At the auto show the following year, Fisker Automotive displayed the production version of the Karma. Fisker noted that the Karma would be the only car able to drive 50 miles on electric-only, and then proceed to drive as a regular car. At the 2009 auto show, Fisker also unveiled the company's second model, the Karma Sunset, a two-door retractable-hardtop convertible based on the regular Karma.It was designed as the world's first plug-in hybrid convertible, and Fisker Automotive's first roadster. The Fisker Surf, unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, was designed as a four-door plug-in hybrid hatchback, a roomier version of the Fisker Karma. Like the Karma, it was able to operate in an energy-saving mode. Neither the Sunset or Surf have been produced to date. In 2008, Fisker raised over $90 million from investors including venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and actor Leonardo DiCaprio. In September 2009, Fisker Automotive was awarded a $528 million loan guarantee by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The automaker was one of four recipients of the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, to encourage the domestic manufacture of electric cars.The funds were to be used to develop the Karma, as well as an affordable family-size plug-in hybrid car. The loan facility was frozen at $192 million in February 2012, after the DOE claimed that Fisker missed its milestones. According to the DOE, the government recouped a total of approximately $53 million ($28 million from the company plus $25 million from the sale of the loan to Hybrid Technology, months before assets of Fisker Automotive were sold to Wanxiang for $149.2 million). In total, Fisker Automotive raised $1.2 billion in public and private funds. Fisker resigned as chairman from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, because of disagreements with management about business strategy. Later that year, the company declared voluntary bankruptcy. Assets of Fisker Automotive were sold at a bankruptcy auction in 2014 to Chinese automotive parts firm Wanxiang for $149.2 million.In September 2015, Fisker Automotive was renamed Karma Automotive. The Fisker Karma was renamed the Karma Revero in 2016. <mask> is not affiliated with Karma Automotive or its parent company Wanxiang. HF Design (2013–present)
In 2013, Fisker formed HF Design & Technology, a Los Angeles-based design house. That year, HF Design entered into a partnership with Lauge Jensen Motorcycles (owned by Lego heir Anders Kirk Johansen) to design a high-volume motorcycle. The design was completed in 2014, with the tank, seat and rear fender in one flowing shape. In November 2014, Fisker made his return to car manufacturing with the Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, a coachbuilt custom-bodied Mustang, fitted with a 725-horsepower V8 engine.It has a top speed of 200 mph and goes from 0 to 60 mph in 3.5 seconds. A collaboration between HF Design and Galpin Auto Sports (the largest Ford dealer in the US), the car debuted at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. In 2017, it was renamed the VLF Rocket V8, reflecting the fact that it would be manufactured by Fisker's company VLF Automotive. Benetti Fisker 50 yacht

In 2015, Fisker's HF Design teamed with Benetti Yachts to create a series of superyachts named the Benetti Fisker 50, based on Fisker's exterior and interior designs. The exteriors will be optimized for ocean views from all major cabins, and the hull will be built of carbon fiber, using reclaimed wood and integrated solar panels. Onboard amenities will include a beach club, spa, bars, a pool and sunbathing areas on multiple decks. In April 2016, Fisker revealed a fuller view of the $37 million 50-meter (164-foot) superyacht designed in California and scheduled for production in Livorno, Italy.Construction is set to start in late 2016, with the Benetti Fisker 50 projected to enter the market by 2018, but is yet to be produced as of 2020. VLF Automotive (2016–2019)

In January 2016, Fisker formed VLF Automotive with manufacturer and former Boeing executive Gilbert Villarreal, and auto engineer and former General Motors executive Bob Lutz, to manufacture small-run handcrafted luxury cars. Based in Auburn Hills, Michigan, VLF is the successor to VL Automotive, which was launched in 2013 and led by Villarreal and Lutz. VLF unveiled the Force 1 V10 American supercar at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on 12 January 2016. Fisker collaborated with Tudor Championship racing driver Ben Keating on the car, a re-engineered Dodge Viper SRT chassis with a new Fisker-designed body. Production began at VLF's Auburn Hills manufacturing facility in August 2016, with approximately 50 of the hand-built two-seaters scheduled to be manufactured. Fisker designed the F1 V10 Roadster, which has an all carbon fiber exterior and comes with a 745-horsepower V10 engine.According to VLF, it can reach a top speed of 210 mph and go from 0 to 60 mph in under 3 seconds. It debuted at the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2017. Fisker Inc. (2016–present)

In July 2016, Fisker expressed interest in designing a fully connected electric car with autonomous driving features and an aesthetically pleasing look. He has said he is close to breakthroughs in battery technology, and hinted at potentially reviving the Fisker name with a pure-electric vehicle using technology that nobody else has. Since then Fisker has talked about delays to the promised solid state battery technology, which he does not expect to be able to be produced in volume until at least 2025. Posing risk for competition from more scientifically experienced future solid state battery produces such as Quantumscape. On 3 October 2016, <mask> launched Fisker Inc.The company's first vehicle, named the Fisker EMotion, is an all-electric sedan. Fisker Inc's long-range electric vehicles are targeting a minimum range of 400 miles per charge, which would be a far longer range than any electric vehicle to date. However, this date has been pushed back until at least 2024 for production of the EMotion. The car will be equipped with a solid-state battery being developed by Fisker Inc. (delayed until 2025). In September 2018, Fisker announced the development of Fisker Inc.'s mass-market all-electric SUV. In 2017, Fisker Inc. announced that it had filed patents on flexible solid-state battery designs. Fisker expects the batteries to be produced on a mass scale around 2020.A prototype of the battery debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018. In October 2018, Fisker announced new funding for battery development through Caterpillar Venture Capital. The solid-state batteries are intended to deliver longer vehicle range and faster charging times. In 2018, Fisker was named to the board of directors of First Cobalt, a North American cobalt refinery that produces battery materials. On July 8, 2020, Fisker announced the completion of a $50 million Series C financing round funded by Moore Strategic Ventures, the private investment arm of Louis Bacon, with the proceeds to go toward engineering work on the Fisker Ocean all-electric luxury SUV. On July 13, 2020, Fisker announced that Fisker Inc. would offer an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange through a merger with special purpose acquisition company Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp., which is backed by private equity firm Apollo Global Management. The deal values Fisker Inc at US$2.9 billion, with an IPO share price of $10.On October 30, 2020, Fisker Inc. officially closed its merger with Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp. The company is now publicly listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker (NYSE:FSR). <mask> will continue to serve as the CEO and Chairman of the merged company. On June 28, 2021, Fisker stock was added to the Russell 3000 Index. Controversies

Tesla Motors v. Fisker Coachbuild (2008)
On 14 April 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Coachbuild, Fisker and Koehler, contending that they had fraudulently agreed to a design contract in 2007 only to gain access to confidential information, before announcing a competing vehicle, the Fisker Karma. Both the Tesla and Fisker vehicles in question were designed as serial hybrid cars, with a gas engine powering a generator that charges a battery to power the electric motor, and both were initially planned for delivery in 2010. The lawsuit sought to prevent Fisker from using Tesla design documents, along with a return of the money from the Tesla contract, plus punitive damages.Fisker filed for arbitration in May 2008. An arbitrator ruled in their favor in November 2008, finding "overwhelming" evidence showing that Fisker did not do anything wrong. Subsequently, Tesla was ordered to pay $1.14 million in legal fees and costs to Fisker. Fisker Automotive congressional hearing (2013)
Following his resignation from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, Fisker voluntarily testified on 24 April 2013, at a congressional hearing led by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on the Department of Energy's $192 million disbursement to Fisker Automotive through the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program. Fisker Automotive had failed earlier that week to meet the deadline for repayment on the loan, which was originally approved as a $529 million loan guarantee. Fisker v. Aston Martin (2015–16)
On 4 January 2016, Fisker filed a suit against Aston Martin and three of its executives for $100 million in damages for civil extortion, claiming that his former employer was trying to prevent him from unveiling his new luxury sports car hybrid, the VLF Force 1 V10, at the 2016 North American International Auto Show. The complaint claimed that after Fisker released a single pen-on-paper sketch of the Force 1 in December 2015, he received a letter from Aston Martin claiming the design was too similar to their DB10 and demanding that he either change the design or not display the car at the auto show.Aston Martin had previously sued Fisker in 2015 over his car design for the Thunderbolt. That case was settled after Fisker agreed not to move forward with the vehicle. Following the January 2016 auto show debut of the Force 1, it was clear that the vehicle was not similar to the DB10. Aston Martin subsequently stopped threatening to interfere with the development of the Force 1, and the matter was resolved in April 2016. Personal life
Fisker is married to Geeta <mask>, who is the co-founder and CFO of Fisker Inc.

See also

 Fisker Coachbuild
 Fisker Automotive
 VLF Automotive
 Fisker Inc.

References

External links
 Official website
 Fisker Inc. website

1963 births
Living people
Danish automobile designers
BMW designers
Ford designers
Aston Martin
Danish yacht designers
Motorcycle designers
Danish chief executives
European founders of automobile manufacturers
Art Center College of Design alumni
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Allerød Municipality
Automotive businesspeople

masks:
Henrik Fisker
Henrik Fisker
Henrik Fisker
Henrik Fisker
Fisker


title: Pastora Imperio

texts:
<mask>mperio is the artistic name of <mask> (Seville, April 13, 1887 - Madrid, September 14, 1979), a gypsy dancer from Seville and one of the most representative figures of flamenco folklore of all times. She was the great-grandmother of the Spanish actress <mask>. Biography
She was the daughter of Cádiz dancer Rosario Monje, "La Mejorana" (Spanish: the marjoram), and of Víctor Rojas, the tailor to great bullfighters. She had a brother, also called Víctor Rojas, who was a guitarist. At the age of ten, she began her artistic career and two years later she was known as <mask>. Later she would be known as <mask> and finally as <mask>. She is known by this name because of the musical duo "Hermanas Imperio" that she formed with Margarita la Retoña.<mask> <mask> stood out as one of the best artists of the time because of her great repertoire. Thanks to her unique personality, she was highly admired and popular; she also earned the admiration of the intellectual and artistic world of the time. She became a muse for painters, poets and other artists, such as Julio Romero de Torres, who painted her portrait, or Mariano Benlliure, who was inspired by her figure to create one of his sculptures. Literary figures such as Ramón Díaz Mirete, Ramón Pérez de Ayala, Tomás Borrás and the Álvarez Quintero brothers, wrote about her. All of them highlighted her qualities and praised her as a great artist. She received many awards for her artistic career, among them the Lazo de Dama de la Orden de Isabel la Católica and the first gold medal of the Segunda Semana de Estudios Flamencos, celebrated in Málaga in 1964. She was also a friend of Queen Victoria Eugenia and had a signed photo of Alfonso XIII.Artistic career

The garrotín and the soleares were the main flamenco palos that <mask> <mask> performed during her professional career. Her style of moving her arms and hands, with soft turns and rounded strokes went down in history as a paradigm of good flamenco braceo. Because she stood out mainly as a dancer. <mask> <mask> also made the bata de cola fashionable as a typical outfit for this dance. Around 1905, she took a place among the stars of the zarzuela genre, as a companion of La Fornarina, La Bella Chelito and Amalia Molina. In 1912 she performed at the  and the . In 1914 she traveled to Paris and then crossed the Atlantic to perform in Cuba, Argentina, and Mexico, among other American countries.Her fame as an artist came when she acted as the first figure in the premiere of El amor brujo, by Manuel de Falla, on April 15, 1915 at the Teatro Lara in Madrid, and all thanks to Jacinto Benavente, who contacted Manuel de Falla. On February 14, 1917, she performed for the King and Queen of Spain on the occasion of a celebration in favor of the Red Cross. After a period of retirement, <mask> <mask> returned to the stage in 1934. She reappears at the Coliseum in Madrid performing the pasodoble Retrato lírico, a work by Álvaro Retana and José Casanova for the occasion. Another version of El amor brujo was also premiered at the Teatro Español in the same place, with the participation of great artists such as La Argentina, Vicente Escudero and Miguel de Molina. Carmen's granddaughter, El color de mis ojos and the pasodoble ¡Viva Madrid! were other wonderful creations that <mask> <mask> performed, making them part of her own repertoire.Music historian Gilbert Chase wrote in 1941: "The greatest of modern Spanish flamenco dancers, <mask> <mask>, walked in such a way that it was said she had received this gift from God and out of it had made a new art--that of walking." During the period between 1942 and 1954, except for a brief collaboration with the dancer Pilar López in 1946, she ran the venta La Capitana, a place frequented by various artists and owned by the bullfighter Gitanillo de Triana. In 1957 she participated in the premiere of Dónde vas Alfonso XII, by Luca de Tena, at the Teatro Lara, and in 1958 she was also part of a show by Luis Escobar entitled Te espero en Eslava. She retired permanently in 1959, after a series of performances in Barcelona. Once retired, she founded in Madrid, together with her son-in-law, the tablao El Duende, and in 1964 she opened another one in Marbella (Málaga), Los Monteros. Filmography

She participated in several films throughout her career: La danza fatal (1914); La reina de una raza (1917); María de la O (1936); La marquesona (1940); Canelita en rama (1943); El amor brujo (1949); and Duelo en la cañada (1959). Family

She married the famous bullfighter Rafael Gómez Ortega El Gallo ("the rooster"), on the 20th of February 1911 in the Church of San Sebastián in Madrid.The marriage lasted less than a year before the pair separated, although they would remain legally married until divorce was allowed under the new Constitution of the Second Republic. Nevertheless Rafael Gómez recognized <mask>'s daughter Rosario Gómez Rojas (born 1920), giving the child his last name, even though she was actually the daughter of Fernando de Borbon y Madán, Duke of Dúrcal, and cousin of Alfonso XIII. Fernando de Borbon had offered to recognise the child, but <mask> declined, wishing to avoid a scandal. Rosario "la Borbona" would go on to marry bullfighter Rafael Vega de los Reyes, "el Gitanillo de Triana" (Spanish: The Little Gypsy of Triana), in 1937. He was the younger brother of bullfighter Fernando "" who had died in 1931 from his bullfighting injuries. Together Rosario and Rafael had five children: Curro, Carmen, <mask>, Rafael and Charo. <mask>'s great-grandchildren include actress <mask> Vega, and singer Héctor Dona, who collaborated on a biography about Imperio.Death and legacy
<mask> <mask> died in Madrid on September 14, 1979 at the age of 92. The Duchess of Alba financed a statue in her honour. The , depicting the artist dancing with her arms in the air, was created by the sculptor . The bronze statue was dedicated on the 14th of February 2006 and is located at the intersection of Velázquez and O'Donnell streets in the centre of Seville. During the opening ceremony her relatives were very grateful for the location chosen for the monument because from there "Pastora could see every year the procession of the Christ of the Great Power". The  has a statue of her. Works

She is the subject of a biography by Madrid journalist María Estévez; ''Reina del Duende: La vida, los amores y el arte de una mujer apasionada, <mask> Imperio (Queen of Duende: The life, the loves, and the art of a passionate woman, <mask> Imperio).References

Flamenco dancers
1887 births
1979 deaths
People from Seville

masks:
Pastora I
Pastora Rojas Monje
Pastora Vega
Pastora Monje
Pastora Rojas
Pastora Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Pastora
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Pastora
Imperio
Pastora
Pastora


title: Wayne Pacelle

texts:
<mask> (born August 4, 1965) is one of the leading contemporary animal advocates, having founded or led a set of major animal rights organizations, negotiated agreements on animal rights with major American companies, and helped conceive of and pass statewide ballot measures and federal laws. He is also a two-time New York Times best-selling author. He is the founder of Animal Wellness Action, a 501(c)(4) organization that promotes legal standards against cruelty and he is president of the Center for a Humane Economy, a 501(c)(3) organization that urges businesses to adopt animal-friendly practices when it comes to their supply chains, research and development, and other operations. He was the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). <mask> took office June 1, 2004, after serving for nearly 10 years as the organization's chief lobbyist and spokesperson. <mask> resigned as CEO on February 2, 2018, after he was accused of sexual assault and harassment by several former employees. <mask> denied these accusations.Family and early life

<mask> was born in New Haven, Connecticut, of Greek and Italian descent. His parents are Richard L<mask> Sr., and <mask>. <mask> is the youngest of four children. His older brother, Richard L<mask> Jr., is a political science professor at The University of Tennessee. Growing up in New Haven, <mask> enjoyed reading natural history as a child and developed an early concern about mistreatment of animals. He attended Notre Dame High School and graduated with degrees in history and environmental studies from Yale University. His activism led to his appointment in 1989, at age 23, as Executive Director of The Fund for Animals, the organization founded by Cleveland Amory.Career with the Humane Society of the United States

Pacelle secured the passage of dozens of federal statutes and amendments to protect animals, including laws to increase penalties for harming law enforcement animals, protect great apes in their native habitats protections for great apes, sharks, and big cats, elevated punishments for animal fighting, mandated accurate labels for fur, and other legal victories. Pacelle has testified before U.S. House and Senate committees on a wide variety of animal protection issues, including farm animal welfare including calls for increased funding for the Animal Welfare Act and efforts to ban cockfighting, dogfighting, and other harmful practices. Pacelle has been associated with 26 successful statewide ballot initiatives to protect animals, including measures to prohibit cockfighting, prohibit mourning dove hunting, restrict steel traps and certain poisons, and ban certain farming methods. He has been vocal in criticizing individuals and groups who he says resort to intimidation, vandalism, or violence. Under Pacelle's direction, the HSUS has secured the adoption of "cage-free" egg-purchasing policies by several hundred universities and corporations; the phase-out of gestation crates by key pork producers nationwide; the exposure of an international trophy hunting scam; successful congressional votes and litigation to end horse slaughter; and an agreement from the United States Department of Agriculture to begin enforcement of federal laws concerning the transportation of farm animals. Animal cruelty

In early 2008, the HSUS's investigation of animal treatment at the Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company sparked the largest beef recall in American history and congressional calls for reform of the slaughterhouse inspection system. In late February 2008, <mask> testified on the downer cow issue before a subcommittee of the Senate Agriculture Committee on a panel with USDA Secretary Edward Schafer.Successes

Two November 2006 ballot initiatives conducted with HSUS's support outlawed dove hunting in Michigan and abusive farming practices in Arizona. In January, 2007, several months after passage of the Arizona ballot measure, Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer in the world, announced that it would phase out the use of gestation crates that immobilize pregnant sows through confinement. Maple Leaf Foods, Canada's largest pork producer and the Strauss Veal company also followed suit. Agreement with United Egg Producers

In 2011, <mask> and Chad Gregory of the United Egg Producers (UEP) agreed to work together in support of federal hen welfare legislation. This agreement expired in 2013 after the bill supported by the UEP and The HSUS failed to pass. Agreement with Sea World

In March 2016, Pacelle and SeaWorld CEO Joel Manby agreed to cooperate on several issues of mutual concern, and SeaWorld agreed to phase out its use of orca whales in performance, to end breeding of captive orcas, and to implement reforms including the introduction of humanely raised products to menus at SeaWorld's theme parks. Humane Society Legislative Fund

Pacelle is a cofounder of the Humane Society Legislative Fund (HSLF), a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization that lobbies for animal welfare legislation and works to elect humane-minded candidates to public office.He also cofounded Humane USA, a nonpartisan political action committee (PAC) that supports candidates of any political party based on their support for animal protection. These two organizations helped defeat lawmakers in Congress they consider hostile to animals, including Rep. Chris John of Louisiana, Rep. Richard Pombo of California, and Senator Conrad Burns of Montana. Corporate combinations

The HSUS experienced major growth since 2004, primarily as a result of corporate combinations Pacelle forged with The Fund for Animals in 2005 and the Doris Day Animal League in 2006. During the first 30 months of Pacelle's tenure, overall revenues and expenditures grew by more than 50 percent. HSUS's annual budget for 2006 was $103 million. The organization claims nearly 10 million members and constituents. Founding Animal Wellness Action and the Center for a Humane Economy

Since leaving HSUS, Pacelle founded Animal Wellness Action, a 501(c)(4) organization that does lobbying and political work, and Animal Wellness Action  PAC, which does non-partisan giving to candidates who support animal welfare.AWA helped oust Rep. Pete Sessions, R-Texas, in the November 2018 election and also Rep. Dana Rohrbacher, D-Calif., whom Pacelle indicated had been hostile to animal welfare issues during their long congressional careers. The organization has worked since its inception in 2018 to help pass six federal laws to advance animal welfare: the Parity in Animal Cruelty Enforcement Act, the Pet and Women’s Safety Act, the Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act, the Rescuing Animals With Rewards Act, the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act, and the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act. Animal Wellness Action and its partner organizations have been working to enforce the federal ban on cockfighting, with campaigns in Guam, Puerto Rico, and several states to halt rampant animal fighting and illegal trafficking of fighting animals. The organization was also instrumental in passing Amendment 13 in Florida to ban greyhound racing. That measure, approved with 69 percent to 31 percent in November 2018 shuttered all 12 Florida greyhound tracks by the close of 2020. The Center for a Humane Economy focuses on improving the way corporations treat animals. It has launched a "Kangaroos Are Not Shoes" campaign to demand that Nike, adidas, and other athletic shoe companies stop buying kangaroo skins to make soccer cleats.Dozens of stores in California have stopped selling these shoes, and the campaign continues. The organization has other campaigns that including "Banning Greyhound Racing" and "Ending Torture in Testing," focused on ending U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for animal testing for all new drug development. Criticism
HSUS has faced criticism from various groups during <mask>'s tenure, including the Center for Consumer Freedom, which receives money from the food industry, and Protect the Harvest, which is funded by oilman Forrest Lucas. <mask>'s resignation

In 2018, Chronicle of Philanthropy reported that <mask> was under investigation for a "sexual relationship with an employee". In December 2018 HSUS launched an internal investigation, hiring the law firm Morgan, Lewis & Bockius to investigate three separate allegations of sexual harassment. The New York Times subsequently reported on an interview with a Humane Society employee who alleges Pacelle sexually assaulted her in his office. Pacelle has denied each allegation.The investigation also included female leaders who allegedly said their "warnings about his conduct went unheeded." The HSUS voted at the end of January 2019 to retain <mask> as CEO, prompting seven board members to resign in protest. Other donors threatened to sever ties with the organization, insisting that <mask> should resign instead. Donors like the Greenbaum Foundation, which donated nearly $100,000 to the HSUS in 2017, claimed they would likely stop funding the HSUS because of the board’s handling the allegations against <mask>. Other donors such as Nicole Brodeur had stopped providing funding when allegations came to light in October 2017. Facing internal and external dissent, <mask> resigned on February 2, 2018. Some defended <mask>'s placement as CEO.The Washington Post's Kathleen Parker offered support in the wake of <mask>'s resignation, claiming that it was not necessarily the best "for the organization he built or the animals it has served..." and thanked <mask> for his "stewardship, advocacy and legendary work ethic." She added "No person is all one thing, good or bad, and Pacelle is no exception." Other affiliates of the organization supported <mask>'s resignation, claiming that the HSUS board had put Pacelle's fundraising abilities above concerns for other employees in their evaluation of the evidence against Pacelle. Iowa director Josh Skipworth claimed that it was "ridiculous to put the business outlook over the female employees" in the board's original decision to retain <mask> as CEO. In March 2018, The Washington Post reported on the aftermath of <mask>'s resignation; the article details additional allegations of sexual harassment and assault involving Pacelle. Food and agriculture industries
The Center for Consumer Freedom has criticized Pacelle for holding animal-rights views, arguing, "When <mask> took over, it ceased being an animal welfare group and suddenly became an animal rights group." Under <mask>, HSUS created state agriculture advisory councils.Members of the agriculture councils have criticized the direction of HSUS, arguing that the agriculture councils' influence has waned while more radical elements of HSUS have gained influence. One Nebraska rancher and spokesperson for the agriculture councils claimed that Pacelle allowed HSUS to become a "good ol' boys vegan club." No Kill
Nathan Winograd, a leader of the no-kill movement seeking to end most euthanasia in animal shelters, has been a critic of Pacelle, saying, "We have learned what we can expect under Mr. <mask>'s tenure. Platitudes, cliches, rhetoric, pretty words. But we cannot expect solutions." Personal life

<mask> is married to TV journalist Lisa Fletcher. Recognition
Pacelle has been the subject of profiles by the New York Times Magazine (2008), the Los Angeles Times (2008), The New York Times (2007), The Wall Street Journal (2006), The Washington Post (2004), Newsweek (2007), and other major publications.In 2014, he was named one of the Non-Profit Times' "Power and Influence Top 50." The citation read, "He has played a role in the passage of more than two-dozen federal statutes and 26 successful statewide ballot initiatives, which is why he is a punching bag for puppy mills and pseudo-PR firms that profit from animal cruelty." For his management of HSUS's response to Hurricane Katrina, The NonProfit Times named Pacelle "Executive of the Year" (2005). In 2008, <mask> also received a Special Achievement Award for Humanitarian Service from the National Italian American Foundation. The same year, Supermarket News named Pacelle one of its "Power 50", citing his leadership on farm animal welfare issues. In 2018, <mask> was noted in the book Rescuing Ladybugs by author and animal advocate Jennifer Skiff as having "arguably orchestrated more positive legal change for animals than any human being in modern times, during the period he was head of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) from 2004 to 2018." Books

 The Humane Economy
 The book was on the New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times best-seller lists.The Bond
  The book was on the New York Times best-seller list. In addition to The Humane Economy and The Bond, <mask> has contributed to the following books:
  Foreword by <mask>. Introduction by Jane Goodall; Afterword by <mask>. (From the Foreword by <mask>.) A book about Cleveland Amory. Foreword by <mask>. He and his brother, <mask>, Jr., chair of the University of Tennessee Department of Political Science, co-authored a paper on the legislative history of animal fighting in Society & Animals, an academic journal focused on human-animal studies."A Legislative History of Nonhuman Animal Fighting in the U.S. and Its Territories, Society & Animals", November 2020, pp 1-21. See also
 List of animal rights activists
 List of vegans
 The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)
 Animal liberation movement
 Eco-terrorism
 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
 Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
 Killing of Cecil the lion, for Pacelle's comments therein

References

External links

 CEO-Designate <mask> Believes Animal Welfare Is a Mission, Not a Job (April 27, 2004)
 Humane Society Legislative Fund (HSLF)
 The Long Road to Animal Welfare: How Activism Works in Practice (Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.)

1965 births
American activists
American nonprofit chief executives
American people of Italian descent
American people of Greek descent
Animal welfare workers
Living people
Yale University alumni

masks:
Wayne Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
. Pacelle
Patricia Pacelle
Pacelle
. Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle
Richard Pacelle
Wayne Pacelle


title: Pete Phipps

texts:
<mask> (born 5 August 1951 in Clapham, South London) is a rock drummer, singer and songwriter known for his work with Gary Glitter, The Glitter Band, and later Eurythmics, XTC and Denim. Biography
<mask> was a founder member of The Glitter Band (originally known as The Glittermen), who started as Gary Glitter's backing band, and went on to success in their own right, having six top ten singles in the UK in the mid-1970s. He was later a member of the band Random Hold, who toured with XTC in 1979, leading to him playing drums on the XTC album Mummer after Terry Chambers left the band, and he returned for the recording of their next album The Big Express. He also played drums for Eurythmics, playing on their UK number one album Touch, joining the band for their MTV-broadcast performance at the Heaven nightclub in London, and playing live with the band into 1984. He was also a member of Lawrence Hayward's post-Felt band Denim, which has been described as "self-consciously ironic glitter-pop revivalist project", playing on the 1992 album Back in Denim and the 1996 album Denim on Ice. <mask> was also the drummer on Liquid Gold's hits which included "Dance Yourself Dizzy". Musical biography
After learning to play drums, piano and guitar, his musical career took off at the age of 18, he has worked continuously since that time for a wide range of bands and artists.After leaving school in 1969 he	joined Black Velvet, a soul/funk band – tours, recording and radio shows. A year later, he toured with the Elgins. Then in 1971, he joined CBS band Heaven and supported Jeff Beck on tour in the UK and Germany. In June 1972, he began working for Gary Glitter's backing band The Glittermen and, in the same month, they made their first appearance on Top of the Pops with "Rock and Roll Part 2". The Glittermen were renamed The Glitter Band and established a separate identity consisting of a six-member lineup Gerry Shephard (lead guitar/lead vocals), John Springate (bass/lead vocals ), <mask> (drums and keyboards), Tony Leonard (drums), John Rossall (trombone) Harvey Ellison (saxophone). Tours with Gary Glitter continued. In December 1975, their third album Listen to the Band, saw <mask> for the first time on lead vocals on the self-penned "My First Mistake".In 1977, their fourth album, Paris Match was recorded  in France, plus an EP featuring "She was Alright" (written by <mask>) as the A side. Changing direction, <mask> first joined Ex-Directory a jazz rock band where he first met Vic Martin (who would later, with <mask>, join the Eurythmics); this was then followed by a short period with a London based punk rock band called The Secret. <mask> was then asked to join Random Hold, a band he had already worked with a year or two before. Random Hold composed of David Rhodes, Bill MacCormick, David Ferguson, and <mask> were described by a music journalist as "disco orientated rock", and by Nina Myskow in The Sun as a band to watch for as "Their music shows talent, menace, originality and brains. A dynamic combination". The band produced several singles in this period including "Montgomery Clift" and albums The View From Here (1980) and Burn the Buildings (1981). <mask> also continued to record with Glitter Band colleagues pursuing solo identities, such as with John Springate recording an album together in John's own Rock Star Studio and playing drums on the album Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is, by Gerry Shephard and <mask>.In 1982, <mask> was invited by Mike Rutherford to record the album Acting Very Strange,  and later in the same year was invited by XTC to record with them on their Mummer album. Through 1983 and 1984 he was a member of The Eurythmics. His first outing with the Eurythmics was recorded at Heaven for MTV and later released as the video Sweet Dreams (1985). He toured in the US and in the UK. Also in 1984, <mask> returned to work with XTC in the studio to record the album Big Express. In 1985, <mask> recorded with Hugh Cornwell playing on the single "One in a Million". He then rejoined Gary Glitter for UK, Middle East and US tours.He also restarted Glitter Band gigs, joining with some of the other original members, and has remained part of the Glitter Band with a number of different line-ups to the present day. In 1986, <mask> performed on Zipper an album written by Roger Chapman. In 1987 he toured as a replacement in Culture Club in France and Iceland. The next year, <mask> played with the Legendary Purple Helmets a Stranglers offshoot. Between 1992 and 1996, whilst remaining in the Glitter Band, <mask> joined Denim, a band formed by Lawrence Heywood. He recorded Back in Denim (1992 and Denim on Ice (1996). Through 1998 and 1999, <mask> had further shows with The Glitter Band and appearances with The King Penguins, a spin-off from the Glitter Band.The year 2000 saw the founding of Santanarama, a six-piece tribute to Carlos Santana, and Glitz Blitz, a three-piece tribute to the 1970s. Early in 2001, along with shows with the Glitter Band, Santanarama and Glitz Blitz at a range of venues nationwide, <mask> made a return to playing some R&B with a South East-based band Desperate Measures. Later in the year, he recorded an album of material with Alan Merrill of the Arrows which was released the following year. In August 2020 he released his first solo album of original songs entitled Wherever You Are. The album was recorded in Metway Studios, Brighton and produced by Mike Wilton and engineered by Jake Routham. <mask> currently performs worldwide as The Glitter Band playing a variety of venues up and down the UK and on the Continent. He has recorded with:
 Gary Glitter
 The Glitter Band
 XTC
 Mike Rutherford
 Hugh Cornwell
 Roger Chapman
 Alan Merrill
 Random Hold
 Liquid Gold
 Kahimi Karie
 Eurythmics
 Denim

He has also toured with
 Boy George
 Eurythmics
 Eric Faulkner's Bay City Rollers
 Andy Scott's Sweet
 Mud

References

External links
 The Official Website for <mask> and The Glitter Band
 The Official Glitter Band Website – The Glitter Band
 Pete drumming

English rock drummers
English session musicians
Glam rock musicians
1951 births
Living people
People from Clapham
Random Hold members

masks:
Peter William Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Pete Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Pete
Phipps
Pete Phipps
Phipps
Peter Oxendale
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Phipps
Pete Phipps


title: James McDonald (baseball)

texts:
<mask> (born October 19, 1984) is an American former right-handed professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates. <mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 11th round of the June 2002 MLB Draft, and as a draft and follow pick, he played at Golden West College in Huntington Beach, California. Early life
<mask> attended Long Beach Poly High School, where he played baseball, basketball and football. He played in the infield and pitched, however, he was selected by the Dodgers in 2002 more for his ability as a first baseman instead of a pitcher. But in junior college, <mask>'s pitching improved so exponentially that he was signed by Los Angeles. Professional baseball career

Los Angeles Dodgers
He made his professional debut pitching for the Gulf Coast Dodgers in , where he compiled a modest 3.33 ERA with 47 strikeouts over 48.2 innings of work, although unfortunately a case of tendinitis prevented him from pitching in  and most of the . But instead of opting for a rehab program, <mask> and others were still interested in his hitting ability.He made the switch to outfield, thinking he could still work with trainers while keeping occupied in left field, but after sub-.230 batting averages in '04 with the Gulf Coast Dodgers and again in 2005 with the Ogden Raptors, he expressed his desire to return to pitching. "When I was in the outfield, I felt like I was just running around. I am a lot more competitive when I'm pitching, it's more up to me to get guys out." he explained to Bill Shelley. In , he was back on the hill full-time for the South Atlantic League's Columbus Catfish where he led the pitching staff with an ERA of 3.97 and 147 strikeouts in 143 innings of work but only managed to finish with a record of 5–10. <mask> started  with the Inland Empire 66ers before he was promoted to the Double-A Jacksonville Suns. He was named the Dodgers' Minor League Pitcher of the Year in 2007.In August 2008, he was promoted to the Dodgers Triple-A affiliate, Las Vegas 51s. He went 1–0 in his first two starts, striking out 20 batters in that span. He was called up to the Dodgers on September 1, 2008. He made his major league debut on September 17, 2008, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, working one scoreless inning in relief. In February 2009, <mask> was named the #56 prospect in baseball by Baseball America. <mask> then earned a spot in the Dodgers' starting rotation to begin the 2009 season and started his first game in the majors on April 10, 2009, at Chase Field against the Arizona Diamondbacks, allowing five runs in a little over two innings. He made three more starts, only lasting as many as five innings in one (April 25 against the Colorado Rockies, his first career victory), and then was demoted back to the bullpen.With an ERA of 6.75, he was optioned back to AAA on May 14, and then recalled by the Dodgers on June 19. After being recalled, he pitched exclusively out of the bullpen the rest of the season. <mask> began 2010 in the starting rotation for the Albuquerque Isotopes. He was recalled by the Dodgers to start the game on July 19 against the San Francisco Giants. He made a few additional appearances in the bullpen for the Dodgers. On July 31, 2010, <mask> was traded along with outfielder Andrew Lambo to the Pittsburgh Pirates for reliever Octavio Dotel. Pittsburgh Pirates
On July 31, 2010, <mask> was traded along with outfielder Andrew Lambo to the Pittsburgh Pirates for reliever Octavio Dotel.In his Pirates debut, he pitched 6 innings of shutout ball against the Colorado Rockies and set a career-high with eight strikeouts in a 5–1 Pirates victory. "I was just real excited today and ready to be on the mound and to get a chance to start every five days," said <mask>. "I was having fun today. When you get ahead, pitching can be fun." <mask> then pitched two consecutive shutouts, first on September 7, 2010 against the Atlanta Braves in a 5–0 Pirates victory and second on September 13 against the New York Mets. His streak of 20 straight scoreless innings, the longest by any Pirate pitcher since Zach Duke threw 22 straight scoreless innings in 2005, was ended against the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 18 although <mask> still earned the win to move to 4–1 at PNC Park. His performances prompted Jack Moore of Fangraphs to call <mask> an "ace" for the Pirates and the biggest steal of the 2010 MLB Trading Deadline.He completed the 2010 with a 4–5 record with a 3.52 ERA and 61 strikeouts in Pittsburgh over a span of 11 starts. 2011
<mask> allowed 21 earned runs over his first four starts, but finished May with a 2.86 ERA while giving up no more than three runs in any start. On two consecutive starts on July 19 and 25, <mask> allowed 0 runs against the Cincinnati Reds and the Atlanta Braves. Following the Atlanta game where <mask> out-dueled Braves ace Tim Hudson and struck out nine while walking none, he spoke about his control during the first half of the season. "It's been an issue for me this year. I told myself in the second half I was going to keep my walks down. Being ahead is a big key for me."The win helped propel the Pirates into a first-place tie in the NL Central with St. Louis. <mask> finished the season 9–9 with a  4.21 ERA, 142 strikeouts and 78 walks over 171 innings of work. 2012
To begin the 2012 campaign, <mask> delivered several quality starts before earning his first victory of the season on April 30 against Atlanta, a -inning, 10 strikeout performance. On May 17, <mask> set a new career-high for strikeouts with 11 against the Washington Nationals, while also taking a no-hit bid into the sixth inning. During the month of May, he posted a record of 3–1 with a sparkling 1.54 ERA. On June 21, <mask> pitched his first career complete game, against the Minnesota Twins, throwing 120 pitches and allowing one earned run. <mask> had a 2.37 ERA before the all-star break but a 7.52 ERA after the all-star break.2013
<mask> was designated for assignment by the Pirates on September 7. He became a free agent on September 13. Chicago Cubs
He signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs on January 31, 2014. He did not pitch in a game for the team due to injury and became a free agent after the season. In 2017, <mask> became a coach for the Southwest Nationals Baseball Organization, founded by former MLB pitcher Scott Elbert. Pitching style
<mask> has a variety of pitches. His primary pitch is a four-seam fastball in the 91–94 mph range.He throws a two-seam fastball with similar velocity. He features two breaking balls: a slider (79–82) and a knuckle curve (75–77). His last pitch is a changeup in the low 80s. <mask> does not mix his repertoire differently between right-handed and left-handed hitters. He throws his four-seamer about half the time and uses his curveball most often when he is ahead in the count. In the early part of the 2012 season, his slider was recognized as the NL's second-best swing-and-miss pitch, only behind Cole Hamels' changeup, with whiff rate of 49% since 2011. <mask>'s father, also named <mask>, played basketball at USC and football for the Los Angeles Rams from 1983–87, while his uncle <mask>, was a professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors.His cousins are former Chicago Cubs outfielder Darnell <mask> and former New York Yankee and Kansas City Royal outfielder Donzell <mask>. References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Columbus Catfish players
Ogden Raptors players
Golden West Rustlers baseball players
Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players
Jacksonville Suns players
Las Vegas 51s players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Altoona Curve players
Indianapolis Indians players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Bradenton Marauders players
Arizona League Dodgers players
Tigres del Licey players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Los Angeles
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Long Beach, California
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
James Zell McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Personal McDonald
James
Ben McDonald
McDonald
McDonald


title: Heinrich von Sybel

texts:
<mask> (2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895), German historian, came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest, in Westphalia. Life

He was born in Düsseldorf, where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility. His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time. <mask> was educated at the local Gymnasium, and then at the University of Berlin, where he came under the influences of <mask> and <mask>, whose most distinguished pupil he was to become. After taking his degree, he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn. He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages, of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (History of the First Crusade) (Düsseldorf, 1841; new ed., Leipzig, 1881), a work which, besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke, was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages. In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book, to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858, under the title History and Literature of the Crusades.This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship (Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums, Frankfurt, 1844, and again 1881), after which he was appointed professor. In the same year (1844) <mask> became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party. The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims, and so, indignant at what appeared to him a fake, he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic. From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal. In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg, and though this small university offered little scope for his activities as a teacher, a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics. In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt, but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly. His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows, and his liberalism made him suspect at court.He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850, and was attached to the Gotha party, which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia. During the period 1859–1866, <mask> was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian, <mask> Ficker, on the significance of the German Empire. During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution, Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800, for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries. The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered, and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882. The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry (1867–1869). In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France. By systematically studying the records, he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of France's internal history.He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine. He undermined the influential revolutionary legends, expounded by French writers. <mask> was interested in Edmund Burke, on whom he had published two essays. The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine, a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel. In 1856, on the recommendation of Ranke, <mask> accepted the post of professor at Munich, where King Maximilian II of Bavaria, a generous patron of learning, hoped to establish a school of history. Here he found a fruitful field for his activity. Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages, he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new Historical Commission.Political differences soon interfered with his work; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant, especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes, he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party. In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king, and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn, which he held till 1875. He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House, and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly. In several important debates he led the attack on the government, and opposed the policy of Bismarck, not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs, in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein. In 1864 he did not stand for re-election, owing to an eye infection, but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents. He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867, and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage, sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects. In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals, and after 1878 with the Socialists.He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th century. In 1880 he retired, like so many other Liberals, disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage. In 1875, Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives. Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications, besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great, which he helped to edit. His last years were occupied with his great work, Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I (The Founding of the German Empire under William I)(Munich, 1889–1894), a work of great importance on German unification, for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information. As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value. After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn, and therefore vols.vi. and vii., which deal with the years 1866 to 1870, are of less importance. This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire, by M L Perrin and G Bradford (New York, 1890–1891). <mask> did not live to write an account of the war with France, dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895. His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich (1862) and a large number of historical articles. <mask> left two sons, one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army; the other, <mask> <mask> (1846-1929), a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg, was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology. Some of <mask>'s numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften (3 vols, 1863, 1869, 1881; new ed., 1897); Vorträge und Aufsätze (Berlin, 1874); and Vorträge und Abhandlungen, published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp (Munich, 1897).References

 Gooch, G.P. History and historians in the nineteenth century (1913). online
Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

External links

History and Literature of the Crusades, trans. Lady Duff Gordon (at Google Books)
Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs (at Google Books)

1817 births
1895 deaths
Writers from Düsseldorf
People from the Rhine Province
German Protestants
German untitled nobility
National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians
Prussian politicians
German historians
Historians of the Crusades
19th-century historians
19th-century German writers
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Bonn alumni
University of Bonn faculty
University of Marburg faculty
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

masks:
Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel
Sybel
Friedrich Karl von Savigny
Leopold von Ranke
Sybel
Sybel
Julius von
Sybel
Sybel
Sybel
Sybel
Ludwig von
Sybel
Sybel