title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
 of his warm-up for the next year's title match, but his request was refused. <mask>'s chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat in his 1961 return match with Botvinnik, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons.Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by Moscow doctors, and that Tal then decided to play. The 1961 world championship lasted 21 games and Botvinnik won ten of them, for a total score of +10−5=6, reclaiming the title he had lost a year earlier and becoming the oldest winner of a FIDE world championship match at 50. In 1963, Botvinnik played his last world championship match against Tigran Petrosian, in a 22-game series. Petrosian, almost 20 years younger, wore out the 52 year old Botvinnik in a series of protracted games, most of them over 40 moves, including six consecutive draws. The defending champion played poorly in games 18 and 19, and the match ended with three short draws. Petrosian thus claimed the world championship with a score of +5−2=15. In 1954, he wrote an article about inciting socialist revolution in western countries, aiming to spread communism without a third world war.And in 1960 Botvinnik wrote a letter to the Soviet Government proposing economic reforms that were contrary to party policy. In 1976, Soviet grandmasters were asked to sign a letter condemning Viktor Korchnoi as a "traitor" after Korchnoi defected. Botvinnik evaded this "request" by saying that he wanted to write his own letter denouncing Korchnoi. By this time, however, his importance had waned and officials would not give him this "privilege", so <mask>'s name did not appear on the group letter – an outcome Botvinnik may have foreseen. Bronstein and Boris Spassky openly refused to sign the letter. Assessment

Playing strength and style

Reuben Fine, writing in 1976, observed that Botvinnik was at or near the top of the chess world for thirty years—from 1933, when he drew a match against Flohr, to 1963, when he lost the world championship for the final time, to Petrosian—"a feat equaled historically only by Emanuel Lasker and Wilhelm Steinitz". The statistical rating system used in Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky's book Warriors of the Mind concludes that Botvinnik was the fourth strongest player of all time: behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov and Bobby Fischer but ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Lasker, Viktor Korchnoi, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov and Tigran Petrosian.The Chessmetrics system is sensitive to the length of the periods being compared but places <mask> third in a comparison of players' best individual years (1946 for Botvinnik) and sixth in a comparison of fifteen-year periods (1935–1949 in Botvinnik's case). In 2005, Chessmetrics' creator Jeff Sonas wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, some not based on Chessmetrics; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results). FIDE did not adopt the Elo rating system until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by Arpad Elo, Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946. This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE world championship cycle was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period than any of his successors except Garry Kasparov.<mask> also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only Wilhelm Steinitz and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). <mask>'s best years were from 1935 to 1946; during that period he dominated Soviet chess; and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the 1945 radio match against the USA proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than the USA's (who had dominated international team competitions in the 1930s). Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides; hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws. He had a strong grasp of long-term strategy, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit. He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature sacrifices – often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it. Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like <mask> or a defender like Tigran Petrosian.Reuben Fine considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were Alexander Alekhine's and Akiba Rubinstein's). Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in a conversation with Keres I mentioned this and even compared Botvinnik with a bulldozer, which sweeps away everything in its path. Keres smiled and said: 'But can you imagine what it was like to play him when he was young?'" Influence on the game
Botvinnik's example and teaching established the modern approach to preparing for competitive chess: regular but moderate physical exercise; analysing very thoroughly a relatively narrow repertoire of openings; annotating one's own games, those of past great players and those of competitors; publishing one's annotations so that others can point out any errors; studying strong opponents to discover their strengths and weaknesses; ruthless objectivity about one's own strengths and weaknesses. Botvinnik also played many short training matches against strong grandmasters including Salo Flohr, Yuri Averbakh, Viacheslav Ragozin, and Semion Furman – in noisy or smoky rooms if he thought he would have to face such conditions in actual competition. Vladimir Kramnik said, "Botvinnik's chess career was the way of a genius, although he was not a genius", meaning that Botvinnik was brilliant at making the best use of his talents.Botvinnik used almost exclusively  pawn openings with the white pieces. In his eight World Championship matches, he never started a game with an e4-opening, and his usual choices as White were the English Opening or Queen's Gambit. When playing the black pieces, he preferred the French Defense or Sicilian Defense in response to 1.e4, and the Slav Defense or Nimzo-Indian Defence in response to 1.d4. While Botvinnik did not use a wide range of openings, he made major contributions to those he did use, for example: the Botvinnik Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense in the Queen's Gambit Declined, the Kasparov/Botvinnik system in the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined, the Caro–Kann Defence (both the Panov–Botvinnik Attack for White and various approaches for Black), the Winawer Variation of the French Defense, the Botvinnik System in the English Opening. In his openings research Botvinnik did not aim to produce tactical tricks that would only be effective once, but rather systems in which he aimed to understand typical positions and their possibilities better than his rivals. His advice to his pupils included "My theory of the openings fitted into one notebook" and "You don’t have to know that which everyone knows, but it is important to know that which not everyone knows." In fact he used different notebooks in different periods, and copied a few analyses from one notebook to the next.The "Soviet School of Chess" that dominated competition from 1945 to about 2000 followed Botvinnik's approach to preparation and to openings research; and, although Soviet players had their own preferred styles of play, they adopted his combative approach and willingness to ignore "classical" principles if doing so offered credible prospects of a lasting advantage. In 1963, Botvinnik founded his own school within the Soviet coaching system, and its graduates include world champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik, and other top-class players such as Alexei Shirov, Vladimir Akopian and Jaan Ehlvest. Botvinnik was not an infallible spotter of chess talent: although he said of the 11-year-old Kasparov, "The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man", he said on first seeing Karpov, "The boy doesn't have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession." But Karpov recounts fondly his youthful memories of the Botvinnik school and credits Botvinnik's training, especially the homework he assigned, with a marked improvement in his own play. Kasparov presents Botvinnik almost as a kind of father figure, going some way towards balancing the common public perception of Botvinnik as dour and aloof; and Kasparov inherited Botvinnik's emphasis on preparation, research and innovation. Botvinnik was still playing a major teaching role in his late 70s, when Kramnik entered the school, and made a favorable impression on his pupil. Other achievements

Electrical engineering
Engineering was as much of a passion for Botvinnik as chess – at Nottingham in 1936, where he had his first major tournament win outside the USSR, he said "I wish I could do what he's done in electrical engineering" (referring to Milan Vidmar, another grandmaster).He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour for his work on power stations in the Urals during World War II (while he was also establishing himself as the world's strongest chess player). He earned his doctorate in electrical engineering in 1951. In 1956, he joined the Research Institute for Electrical Energy as a senior research scientist. Computer chess
In the 1950s Botvinnik became interested in computers, at first mainly for playing chess but he later also co-authored reports on the possible use of artificial intelligence in managing the Soviet economy. Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four half-moves deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation.<mask> eventually developed an algorithm that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a dead end, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a brute-force search (checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions. However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR. On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess. Writings

Chess

Computers

Tournament results
The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments. The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible.In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws. Match results
Here are Botvinnik's results in matches. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws. Notable games
Botvinnik vs. Chekhover, Moscow 1935, Réti Opening, 1–0
Botvinnik vs. Capablanca, AVRO 1938, Nimzoindian Defense, 1–0 At first sight Botvinnik's opening play looks unpromising, but he knew how his attack would develop. Keres vs. Botvinnik, USSR Absolute Championship 1941, Nimzoindian Defense, 0–1 Playing as Black, Botvinnik demolishes a world title contender in 22 moves. Tolush vs. Botvinnik, USSR Championship 1944, 0–1 Long-term . Denker vs. Botvinnik, US vs USSR radio match 1945, 0–1 Botvinnik uses the Botvinnik System in the Semi-Slav Defense to bulldoze US champion Arnold Denker.Botvinnik vs. Keres, Alekhine Memorial Tournament Moscow 1966, 1–0 Botvinnik shows his superior understanding of , and when to open them. Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968, 1–0 A fireworks display starting with an exchange sacrifice on the c-file, a tactic on which Botvinnik wrote the book. Notes

See also
 List of Jewish chess players

References

Further reading

External links

<mask>ich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary ChessBase.com
 Film newsreel about a simultaneous display of Salo Flohr and <mask>, Hilversum (NL), 1 January 1964

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1911 births
1995 deaths
20th-century chess players
20th-century Russian engineers
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masks:
Mikhail Tal
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Botvinnik
Mikhail Tal
Botvinnik
Mikhail Moiseyev
Mikhail Botvinnik


title: Roscoe B. Woodruff

type: original

texts:
Major General <mask> (February 9, 1891 – April 24, 1975) was a career United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II and served for 38 years. During World War II he commanded numerous divisions and corps in Europe and the Pacific. Early life
<mask> was born on February 9, 1891 in Oskaloosa, Iowa, the son of <mask> and <mask>, an army officer. After attending numerous public schools and the Ames State University, in 1911, aged 20, he entered the United States Military Academy (USMA). He was the first captain of the corps of cadets and, on June 12, 1915, he graduated from the USMA as part of the West Point class of 1915, often referred to as "the class the stars fell on". Subsequently he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army. Among those he graduated with were Dwight D. Eisenhower, <mask>, James Van Fleet, Stafford LeRoy Irwin, Henry J. F. Miller, <mask>, Charles W. Ryder, Joseph May Swing, Ralph P. Cousins, Charles W. Ryder, Paul J. Mueller, Luis R. Esteves, Vernon Evans, Leland Hobbs, John B. Wogan, and Vernon Prichard.All of these men would, like <mask>, become general officers in the future. Military career
After graduation, he served on the Mexican border. After the American entry into World War I, which occurred in April 1917, <mask>, as a young captain, became a company commander in command of Company 'H' of the 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment, part of the 2nd Infantry Division. <mask> was among the first of his West Point classmates to enter combat in World War I in the fall of 1917, when the division was sent to the Western Front as one of the first units of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). This combat experience during 1917–1918 served <mask> in good stead in his later command and staff assignments during the final stages of the war and in the post-war operations. The war came to an end on November 11, 1918. Between the wars
During the interwar period <mask> remained in the army and attended various service schools.He attended the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School in the mid-1920s, graduating from there as an honor graduate in 1927. He then became an instructor there from 1927–1931. In 1931 he attended the U.S. Army War College. He was then was a tactical officer at the USMA from 1932–1936. In 1938, <mask>, now a lieutenant colonel, served in the General Staff of the War Department in the operations and tactics section. World War II
As a lieutenant colonel, he commanded the 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment. He then commanded the regiment, then stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas from July 1941 to January 1942.His fellow West Point classmate, Lieutenant Colonel Dwight Eisenhower, also arrived there as the newly appointed chief of staff of the Third Army in June 1941. Both men were at Fort Sam Houston during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The German declaration of war on the United States followed just four days later, which brought the United States into World War II. With the United States now at war, <mask> was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general, and in March 1942, became the assistant division commander (ADC) of the 77th Infantry Division, a unit in the Organized Reserves which had been recently called up for active duty. The division was composed almost entirely of conscripts (or "draftees"). From June 1942 to May 1943, <mask>, recently promoted to the two-star rank of major general, took full command of the division during its pre-deployment training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina prior to its assignment to the Pacific Theater in the spring of 1944. In May 1943, he relinquished command of the 77th Division to Major General A. D<mask> and took command of VII Corps, then stationed in England.Eisenhower, now a four-star general and the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, initially selected <mask> as one of three corps commanders, along with Major General Leonard T. Gerow, commanding V Corps, and Major General Willis D. Crittenberger, commanding XIX Corps, for the Allied invasion of Normandy, which was then scheduled for May 1944. All three were well known and trusted by the Supreme Allied Commander. When <mask>'s West Point classmate and fellow infantryman, Lieutenant General <mask>, who had just arrived in England from serving in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), was selected to command the U.S. First Army for the upcoming Normandy invasion in October 1943, <mask>'s concern was that his three corps commanders all lacked experience in amphibious operations or combat command. Neither <mask> nor Gerow had fought in World War II and Crittenberger did not fight in either of the World Wars. Gerow, who was close to Eisenhower and a protégé of General George C. Marshall, Jr., the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was retained, but Crittenberger moved to command of IV Corps on the Italian Front, and <mask> was shuffled off to command of XIX Corps, Crittenberger's former command, for several weeks, before returning to the United States, and he handed over command of XIX Corps to Major General Charles H. Corlett. Upon his return to the United States, <mask> assumed command the 84th Infantry Division, then in training at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, from March to June 1944. Taking over the command of VII Corps was Major General J. Lawton Collins, who had commanded the 25th Infantry Division with distinction in the Pacific.In November 1944, <mask>'s chance at large-scale combat command finally came as commanding general (CG) of the 24th Infantry Division in the Southwest Pacific. His welcoming reception in the theater was celebrated at the paratroop headquarters, fueled with five gallons of torpedo alcohol, furnished by U.S. Navy patrol boat sailors, as the key ingredient for liquid refreshments. He led his command in the five month Battle of Mindanao to liberate that island of Philippine archipelago from Japanese occupation in the closing phases of the Leyte campaign. Postwar
In November 1945, after World War II had come to an end due to the surrender of both the Germans and the Japanese, <mask> became commander of the I Corps, part of the U.S. Eighth Army, during the Allied occupation force in southern Japan. From February 1948 to March 1951, <mask> was deputy commanding general of the U.S. First Army at Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York. <mask> assumed the role of Commanding General (CG) from January to March 1949 upon the retirement of General Courtney Hodges, who had commanded the First Army during World War II, and again from October to November 1950 after General <mask> Smith was appointed the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In 1951, <mask> took command of XV Corps at Camp Polk (now Fort Polk), Louisiana.There he retired from the army, as a major general, in January 1953 after 41 years of active duty. Retirement and later life
<mask> and his wife, Alice Gray <mask> retired to San Antonio, Texas. <mask> died on July 24, 1975, aged 84. He was buried in the Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Awards and decorations
  Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Silver Star with two Oak Leaf Clusters
  Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Air Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
  Army Commendation Medal
  Purple Heart
  World War I Victory Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  Mexican Border Service Medal
  American Defense Service Medal
  American Campaign Medal
  European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
  Army of Occupation Medal

References

Bibliography

External links

 I Corps – A Brief History 1862–1953
  Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Securing the Surrender: Marines in the Occupation of Japan  by Charles R. Smith
 The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950 Combat Chronicle- 84th Infantry Division
 History of the 23rd Regiment in World War II
Roscoe B. Woodruff Manuscript of The World War II of Major General <mask> B<mask>, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Generals of World War II
United States Army Officers 1939–1945

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1891 births
1975 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Oskaloosa, Iowa
Burials at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
Recipients of the Air Medal
Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1915
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
Military personnel from Iowa

masks:
Roscoe Barnett Woodruff
Woodruff
Rhoda Barnett Woodruff
Calvin Woodruff
Omar Bradley
John Stewart Bragdon
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
. Bruce
Woodruff
Woodruff
Omar Bradley
Bradley
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Walter Bedell
Woodruff
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Woodruff
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Roscoe
. Woodruff


title: Boyd K. Packer

texts:
<mask> (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and educator who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his death. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 10, 1924, in Brigham City, Utah, the tenth of eleven children born to <mask> and Emma Jensen. As a young boy, he contracted polio. After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in the spring of 1943. He graduated as a pilot in September 1944 and was assigned to bomber training.He was on Okinawa when World War II ended, and his unit remained stationed on Japan until 1946. After leaving the military, <mask> initially attended Weber College (now Weber State University), where he met his future wife, Donna Smith. They married in the Logan Temple in 1947 and had ten children, including emeritus LDS general authority Allan F<mask>. After their marriage, <mask> attended Utah State University, earning a B.S. degree in 1949 and an M.S. degree in 1953. He later earned an Ed.D.from Brigham Young University in 1962. Packer was also an artist and enjoyed painting birds. Career

LDS Church employment and service
In his career as an educator, Packer worked for the Church Educational System, where he held various administrative positions overseeing seminary and institute programs, including as assistant supervisor of the church's Native American seminary programs, general assistant administrator of seminaries and institutes, and later as supervisor of church's seminaries and institutes. Packer served a four-year term on the Brigham City City Council. In 1961, <mask> was called by LDS Church president David O<mask> to serve as a general authority as an Assistant to the Twelve (a position that no longer exists). While serving in the position, <mask> was assigned to serve as president of the church's New England States Mission. He also served for a time as the managing director of the church's military relations committee.Following <mask>'s death in January 1970, <mask>, then 45 years old, was called by new church president Joseph Fielding Smith as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the church's April 1970 general conference. Between 1979 and 1981, he was on the committee that produced the new editions of the LDS Church scriptures. On September 12, 1991, Packer dedicated Ukraine "for the preaching of the restored gospel." In 1993, Packer read the dedicatory prayer in the Spanish language at the dedication of the San Diego California Temple. When Howard W. Hunter, who had been President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, succeeded to the presidency of the church in 1994, he called Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson as his counselors in the First Presidency. Packer was the fourth apostle in seniority among the ranks of the church, behind Hunter, Hinckley and Monson. This created a situation where the only apostles senior to Packer were members of the First Presidency.As a result, <mask> was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Hunter died in 1995 and was succeeded by Hinckley, Monson was again retained in the First Presidency and <mask> was again asked to be Acting President of the Twelve. Of the five acting presidents of the Quorum in the church's history, Packer served the longest in that capacity and is the only one to serve under two different church presidents. In 1999, Packer dedicated the Regina Saskatchewan Temple. <mask> became President of the Quorum of the Twelve on February 3, 2008, when Monson became church president. In 2012, Packer dedicated the Brigham City Utah Temple. Teachings and legacy
Packer was well known for several talks and teachings, and several of his stories have been adapted into short films.His sermon about singing a hymn to drive off bad thoughts was adapted into the video Worthy Thoughts. His Parable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film "The Mediator". "The Candle of the Lord" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like.<ref><mask><mask>, "The Candle of the Lord", Ensign, January 1983.</ref> Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also active in obtaining genealogical records on microfilm for the church through its Genealogical Society of Utah. In 1977, Packer was a key figure in getting Native American-related records filmed from the federal records centers in Los Angeles, Fort Worth, Seattle, and Kansas City. He was involved in negotiations that same year with archivists and scholars at Jerusalem to microfilm Jewish records. In a General Conference Priesthood Session in October 1976, Packer gave a sermon entitled "To Young Men Only", in which he discouraged boys of the Young Men organization in the Aaronic priesthood from pursuing activities which the LDS Church defines as immoral, including masturbation, the use of pornography, and homosexual activities.The sermon has been criticized for encouraging homophobia and gay bashing.D. Michael Quinn, "Prelude to the National 'Defense of Marriage' Campaign: Civil Discrimination Against Feared or Despised Minorities", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought vol. 33 no. 3 (Fall 2000) pp. 1–52.David E. Hardy, "BYU's Dismissal of Gay Students Continues Confusion for Gays, Parents" [opinion], The Salt Lake Tribune, p. AA3. Further comments by Packer during his October 2010 address, "Cleansing the Inner Vessel", which echoed his views on homosexuality given in a 1978 speech, concerning whether homosexuality is an individual choice, generated a petition by the Human Rights Campaign. The church responded to this petition by reaffirming its doctrinal position on gay marriage while reiterating the universal need to follow "Jesus Christ's second great commandment—to love one another.""HRC Delivers 150K Petitions to Mormon Church" , HRC.org October 21, 2010 Following the conference, Packer altered the published text of the sermon to "clarif[y] his intent." In 2013, amid a nationwide shift toward acceptance and legalization of same-sex marriage, Packer attracted some attention for comments critical of "legalized acts of immorality" and warning of a "tolerance trap." Packer advocated that Mormon historians should refrain from discussing history that does not promote faith. In a 1981 speech to educators in the LDS Church Educational System, he cautioned, "There is a temptation for the writer or teacher of Church history to want to tell everything, whether it is worthy or faith promoting or not. Some things that are true are not very useful." Arguing that teachers should "give milk before meat", he stated that "some things are to be taught selectively and some things are to be given only to those who are worthy." Packer's opinion applied to all historians who were members of the LDS Church: he stated, "One who chooses to follow the tenets of his profession, regardless of how they may injure the Church or destroy the faith of those not ready for 'advanced history', is himself in spiritual jeopardy.If that one is a member of the Church, he has broken his covenants and will be held accountable." <mask>'s comments raised criticism by some prominent Mormon and non-Mormon scholars. Soon after <mask>'s 1981 speech, Mormon historian D. Michael Quinn gave a speech highly critical of Packer's views, and suggested that a historian who followed Packer's advice would sacrifice their honesty and professional integrity. Quinn also discussed what he viewed as a Mormon tradition of portraying LDS leaders as infallible people. C. Robert Mesle has criticized Packer as having created a false dichotomy "between the integrity of faith and the integrity of inquiry." Recognition
In May 2013, Weber State University, where Packer received an associate degree in 1948 and where he met his wife, designated a public service center for families the "<mask> K. and Donna Smith Packer Family and Community Education Center". Packer was also interviewed by PBS for its documentary on the LDS Church titled The Mormons''.<mask> died at his home on July 3, 2015. At the time of his death, he was the second-most senior apostle among the ranks of the church and the fifth-longest serving general authority in the church's history. His funeral was held on July 10, 2015, and he was buried in Brigham City. Selected works

Notes

References

 Online reprint by John W. Redelfs at ZionsBest.com

External links
 General Authorities and General Officers: President <mask><mask>
 <mask><mask>, Leader Biographies, Newsroom
 <mask><mask>, <mask><mask>, Grampa Bill's G.A. (General Authority) Pages. <mask><mask>, Wiki Quotes. 1924 births
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Apostles (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University alumni
Church Educational System instructors
Genealogy and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2015 deaths
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormonism-related controversies
People from Brigham City, Utah
People from Cottonwood Heights, Utah
Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Utah State University alumni
Weber State University alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American general authorities (LDS Church)
American expatriates in Japan
Latter Day Saints from Utah

masks:
Boyd Kenneth Packer
Packer
Ira Wight Packer
Packer
. Packer
Packer
Packer
. McKay
Packer
McKay
Packer
Packer
Packer
Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Packer
Packer
Boyd
Death Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer
Boyd K
. Packer


title: Pamela Freeman

texts:
<mask> is an Australian author of books for both adults and children. Most of her work is fantasy but she has also written mystery stories, science fiction, family dramas and non-fiction. Her first adult series, the Castings Trilogy (Blood Ties, Deep Water and Full Circle) is published globally by Orbit Books. She is best known in Australia for the junior novel Victor’s Quest and an associated series, the Floramonde books, and for The Black Dress: Mary MacKillop’s Early Years, which won the NSW Premier's History Prize in 2006. <mask> was born in Sydney, Australia and grew up near Parramatta. She attended the University of Technology, Sydney from 1978–1980 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications, majoring in film and television and psychology. After working in public relations in the petroleum exploration and engineering fields, she left Australia for London and spent some time there working in a variety of jobs, including a stint as a clerk for the scenery construction department of the BBC.She returned to Australia in 1984 and worked as a scriptwriter for the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, moving from there to ABC TV's Children's and Education Department in 1987. She was researcher and scriptwriter on a number of the department's programs and first wrote prose stories for children for the series Watch! Your Language. Her first children's stories were published in the NSW School Magazine and one of these became the last chapter of her first book, The Willow Tree’s Daughter. After leaving the ABC in late 1989, <mask> began work as a consultant in organisational communications, educational designer and trainer. She also completed a Master's degree in writing at the University of Technology, Sydney in 1996. <mask> developed a speciality in the area of corruption prevention in law enforcement, particularly the support of 'internal witnesses' (people who come forward to report misconduct or corruption).She was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 1998 to study this issue in North America. After the birth of her son in 2001, <mask> concentrated on writing and took the opportunity to complete a doctorate in creative arts at UTS. Debra Adelaide, author of The Household Guide to Dying, was her supervisor. Her thesis, Blood Ties, was her first book for adults, and is Book 1 in the Castings Trilogy, published globally by Orbit Books. Victor's Challenge, a sequel to Victor's Quest, won the 2009 Aurealis Award for Best Children s Short Fiction/Illustrated Work/Picture Book and was a Notable Book in the Younger Readers Category, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards, 2010. <mask> re-wrote stories from her first book, The Willow Tree's Daughter, to be suitable for much younger children. Princess Betony and the Unicorn (2012), Princess Betony and the Thunder Egg (2013) and Princess Betony and the Rule of Wishing (20103)  were published in small hardback gift format by Walker Books Australia.In 2015, her non-fiction title Mary's Australia, about Australia in the time of Saint Mary Mackillop, was shortlisted for the Eve Pownall Award by the Children's Book Council of Australia. In 2017, <mask> collaborated with Liz Anelli (illustrator) on Desert Lake: The story of Kati-Thanda-Lake Eyre, which became her most critically successful book, winning the ASO Librarian's choice award, being Highly Commended in the Australian Publishing Industry Awards, and being shortlisted for multiple other awards. The collaboration continues in a series of books about remarkable Australian landscapes, starting with Dry to Dry: The story of Kakadu. In 2015, <mask> published a historical novel for adults, The Soldier's Wife, under the pen name <mask>. (Hart is <mask>'s husband's surname.) The novel draws on family stories of her grandfather's service in WWI and tells the story of a young woman living and working in a timber yard in Sydney while her husband of just a few weeks serves in the Gallipoli campaign. A companion novel, The War Bride, set in Sydney in the years after the war ends, published in 2017.A Letter from Italy is set in Italy during 1917, and features a woman war correspondent. It is based on the real-life story of Louise Mack, an Australian woman who was the first woman war correspondent. The Desert Nurse, published in 2018, tells the story of WWI in the Middle East through the lives of a nurse and doctor who volunteer to serve there. <mask> books are published by Hachette Australia and Piatkus Books in the UK. <mask> is Director of Creative Writing at the Australian Writer's Centre. <mask> lives in Sydney with her husband and son. 2008 Deep Water, Book 2 of the Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2008, Sydney London, New York.2009 Full Circle, Book 3 of the Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2009, Sydney London, New York. 2010 The Castings Trilogy, Orbit Books, 2010, Sydney, London, New York. 2011 Ember and Ash, Orbit Books, 2011, Sydney, London, New York. As <mask>:
 2015 The Soldier's Wife, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2016 The War Bride, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2017 A Letter from Italy, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London
 2018 The Desert Nurse, Hachette Australia/Piatkus Books UK, Sydney, London

Young adult
2005 Chronicles of Quentaris: The Murderers' Apprentice, Lothian Books, Melbourne. 2006 The Black Dress, Black Dog Books, Melbourne. The Floramonde books
1994 The Willow Tree's Daughter, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne. 1995 Windrider, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne.1996 Victor's Quest, illustrated by Kim Gamble, Omnibus Books, Adelaide; re-released by Walker Books, Australia and UK, 2008
1998 The Centre of Magic, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne
2008  Victor's Challenge, Walker Books, Australia and UK

The Tiger Bay mysteries
2003 Hair of the Skeleton, Koala Books, Sydney. 2003 Scum of the Earth, Koala Books, Sydney. 2003 Trick of the Light, Koala Books, Sydney. Standalone children's books
1997 Nanna, illustrated by Greg Somers, Koala Books, Sydney. 2001 Make Me the Flowergirl!, Omnibus Books, Scholastic Australia, Adelaide. Reprinted 2007, 2008. 2002 The Wonder Dog, Koala Books, Sydney.2003 Shipborn, Koala Books, Sydney. 2013 Lollylegs, Walker Books Australia, Sydney

Picture books
2000 Cherryblossom and the Golden Bear, illustrated by Beth Norling, Omnibus Books, Scholastic Australia, Adelaide. Non-fiction
1995 All for Love!, one of the True Stories series, Little Ark Books, Allen & Unwin, Melbourne
2000 Pole to Pole, illustrated by Philip Blythe, Koala Books, Sydney. 2006 Fire to Life, illustrated by Philip Blythe, Koala Books, Sydney. 2015 Mary's Australia, Black Dog Books, Melbourne
2017 Desert Lake: The story of Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, illustrated by Liz Anelli, Walker Books Australia, Sydney. 2020 Dry to Dry: The Seasons of Kakadu, illustrated by Liz Anelli, Walker Books Australia, Sydney

References

External links

 Castings Trilogy
 Reviews of <mask>'s fantasy novels

 <mask> at LC Authorities

1960 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian fantasy writers
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian women children's writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
University of Technology Sydney alumni

masks:
Pamela Freeman
Biography Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Pamela Hart
Freeman
Pamela Hart
Freeman
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Pamela Hart
Freeman
Pamela Hart


title: Tom Schieffer

texts:
<mask> (born October 4, 1947) is an American diplomat and entrepreneur who served as U.S. Ambassador to Australia from 2001 to 2005 and as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 2005 to 2009. <mask> is the founder and President of Envoy International, a consulting firm that provides a wide range of services to clients with international interest. <mask> is also a keynote speaker on international issues, trade, the global economy, leadership, and organizational management. <mask> is a friend and former business partner of President George W. Bush. He is the younger brother of <mask>, a former CBS News reporter and host of Face the Nation.<mask> and his wife, Susanne, reside in Fort Worth, Texas. Early life and education
John Thomas (<mask><mask> was born in Fort Worth, the youngest child of the late John E<mask> and the former Gladys Payne, both originally from Austin. His father was the managing partner of a construction company. His mother stayed home to rear the children. In addition to his brother, Bob, <mask> has a sister, <mask> Mayes, who became a high school principal at Keller High School at a time when only two percent of the principals in Texas' largest high schools were women. She also had a successful career as an administrator in the Keller Independent School District. <mask> grew up in Fort Worth attending public schools and graduated from Arlington Heights High School in 1966.He attended the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a B.A. degree in 1970 in government and earned a master's degree in international relations in 1972. His master's thesis was entitled, "An Examination of the Nuclear Weapons Debate in India". The thesis correctly predicted that India would explode a nuclear device in 1974 and pursue the acquisition of nuclear weapons as the result of the security threat presented by China. Early political career
While in college, Schieffer worked in the offices of State Senator Don Kennard and Governor John Connally. <mask> ran in the 1972 Democratic primary against incumbent Speaker Pro-Tem <mask>, who was involved in the statewide Sharpstown scandal. After leading the primary and winning the run-off, <mask> was nominated by Democrats to run at age 24.He won the general election that fall, winning county wide with more than 60% of the vote while Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern received just over 30% in the state. Sworn in at age 25, <mask> was one of the youngest members of the class of 1972. The first piece of legislation <mask> passed was a bill renaming the State Finance Building the Lyndon B. Johnson State Office Building. Johnson, whom Schieffer admired greatly for passing the landmark civil rights bills of 1964, 1965 and 1968, had died in January 1973. During his first session, <mask> successfully argued for funding the Fort Worth State School - a mental health facility - receiving the editorial kudos of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram for having "earned his spurs" as an effective legislator in Austin. Re-elected with over 60% of the vote in the 1974 general election (he had no opposition in the Democratic primary), <mask> was named Chairman of the Local and Consent Calendars Committee in his second term, a position he retained in his third term as well. <mask> was the lead author on the bill that established the first Presidential primary in Texas.He was also the lead author on the bill that restricted the catch of redfish along the Texas coast, a measure that conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts had sought for years. <mask> also co-authored legislation that closed a loophole on child care facilities that wanted to operate without meeting state standards. The first two terms <mask> was in the legislature, Tarrant County state representatives were elected countywide. After the Legislature passed a single member district plan, he was elected to a third term from a single member district. In January 1978, a federal court overturned the existing single member district plan and redrew the lines. <mask>, who retained only one precinct out of his old district, carried every precinct in the Democratic primary but narrowly lost his seat to Republican Bob Ware in the general election. <mask> remained active in Democratic Party politics, supporting candidates like Senator Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., Governor Mark White, and Congressman Pete Geren.Legal career
After losing his legislative seat, <mask> returned to course work at The University of Texas law school. At the time, Texas law allowed legislators who had served three terms to take the State Bar exam a year early if they had taken two years of course work at an accredited law school. <mask> completed his two years and passed the state bar exam. He was admitted to the practice of law on October 31, 1979, and became a corporate lawyer in Fort Worth, specializing in the oil and gas industry. Civic and board experiences
In civic matters, <mask> was appointed a Trustee of the Tarrant County Junior College (now Tarrant County College) and was elected to a full term without opposition. <mask> served as a board member of the Texas Commerce Bank in Fort Worth and as an advisory board member to the bank when it was later acquired by JPMorgan Chase. In addition, <mask> served on the board of Drew Industries, a New York Stock Exchange-listed company.Always interested in educational issues, <mask> has served on the boards of the Winston School in Dallas, the Tarrant County Community College Foundation, the Dallas County Community College Foundation, and the Penrose Foundation, which provides college scholarships for Hispanic students. <mask> also served on the Texas Rangers Foundation Board and was active with his wife Susanne in Habitat for Humanity, the Food Bank of Tarrant County, and the Dallas Can Academy. <mask> currently serves on a number of national and International Boards. He is a member of the International High Speed Rail Association Board headquartered in Japan; the International Advisory Board of the Mansfield Foundation in Washington; the Council of American Ambassadors Board in Washington; the honorary board of the Japan America Society of Dallas-Fort Worth, and is an honorary counselor of the US-Japan Council. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy in 2016. Texas Rangers baseball club
<mask>'s success in his law practice and business career allowed him to join an investment group led by George W. Bush and Edward W. (Rusty) Rose that bought the Texas Rangers baseball club on April 21, 1989. Having begun as only an investor in the group, Bush and Rose asked <mask> to be the Partner-In-Charge of Ballpark Development in July 1990.Schieffer toured ballparks around America and successfully negotiated a public-private partnership with the City of Arlington, which became a model for cooperation between cities and private entities in development projects. The Rangers and the City of Arlington announced a new stadium deal in October 1990. An election was held in January 1991, which sought the approval of Arlington voters. More people voted in that special election than had voted in the combined Democratic and Republican primaries the year before. The citizens of Arlington approved the agreement by a 65% - 35% margin. The turnout remains the largest in Arlington's history for a special election. The Ballpark in Arlington was opened in 1994 on time and on budget.It received rave reviews from fans inside and outside of Arlington. After passage of the referendum in January 1991, <mask> was named President of the Rangers and served in that position longer than any other individual has. When George W. Bush became governor in 1995, <mask> was named to succeed Bush as the team's Co-Managing General Partner along with Rusty Rose. The franchise won its first division title in 1996. They won the division again in 1998 and 1999. The Bush-Rose partnership sold the franchise in 1998 to Dallas investor <mask>. Under the terms of the sale, <mask> was required to stay as president of the club for an additional year.<mask> resigned as President of the Rangers in April 1999. While <mask> was President of the Rangers, he also served as President of the J. Thomas Schieffer Management Company and the Pablo Operating Company, two entities that managed investments and oil and gas properties for clients. On August 23, 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame for his contributions to the franchise. Ambassador of the United States to Australia
In April 2001, President Bush asked <mask> to become the Ambassador of the United States to Australia. He accepted and presented his credentials in Canberra on August 23, 2001, as the 22nd representative of the U.S. president. His two immediate predecessors had been Directors-General of the U.S. Foreign Service, although it has been noted that Australian governments sometimes value a U.S. Ambassador's personal links to the President currently in office.Returning to America to attend the first summit between Prime Minister John Howard and President Bush on September 10, 2001, <mask> was in Washington on September 11, 2001, when the September 11 attacks occurred. Returning to Australia on September 12 with the Prime Minister on board Air Force Two, <mask> and the White House worked with the Prime Minister and the Australian government to invoke the ANZUS treaty for the first time in its 50-year history so that Australia could come to the aid of the United States as a result of the terrorists' attack. Subsequently, <mask> attended five more war time summits with the President and Australian Prime Minister in the next three and a half years as Australia helped America in Afghanistan and Iraq. During his tenure in Canberra, he coordinated closely with the Government of Australia on efforts to fight global terrorism and helped to deepen cooperation on rebuilding efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. During <mask>'s tenure in Australia, the United States also negotiated a free-trade agreement with Australia and significantly deepened the intelligence ties between the two countries. In his report to the State Department, the Inspector General said that Schieffer had exhibited extraordinary leadership and organizational skills in leading the American Embassy in Canberra. The Inspector General said he had examined 83 embassies around the world and had found none that would compare.Later, the State Department recognized the business plan for the Embassy organized by <mask> as one of the three best in the world. After Bush's victory in the November 2004 presidential election, <mask> announced that he would not be serving another term in Canberra. He returned to the United States at the end of 2004, although he did not formally resign as ambassador until April 1, 2005. Ambassador of the United States to Japan
Based upon his work in Australia, then-Secretary of State Colin Powell and Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage recommended to President Bush that Ambassador <mask> be moved to Japan to replace the retiring former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker as ambassador. <mask> became one of only three non-career appointees to serve in both the first and second terms of the Bush administration as an Ambassador. On April 1, 2005, <mask> was sworn in as the 22nd Ambassador of the United States to Japan, having been confirmed by the United States Senate unanimously for the second time. During his tenure in Japan, <mask> was again cited by the office of the Inspector General for an exemplary job of leading and managing the 1000-plus personnel embassy.He was also intimately involved in negotiating the most far-reaching reorganization of the U.S.-Japan alliance since the signing of the Security Agreement in 1960. The U.S.-Japan alliance has been and continues to be the linchpin of both countries' security in Asia and the Pacific. Under the terms of the new agreement, Japan agreed to provide billions of dollars in assistance to the United States to help modernize U.S. facilities in Japan. <mask> was also instrumental in strengthening the intelligence ties between the two countries. Heavily involved in the six-party talks, which centered on North Korea's attempts to become a nuclear weapons state, <mask> was also praised by both Japan and U.S. officials for diplomatic skills throughout the talks. <mask> was praised by Japan and U.S. human rights groups for keeping the issue of the abduction of Japanese citizens by North Korean intelligence agents before negotiators. During his time in Japan, Schieffer attended five more summits with the U.S. president and three Japanese prime ministers including the 2008 G-8 Summit in Hokkaido.He departed this post on January 20, 2009. Honors
In November 2013, the Emperor of Japan awarded <mask> the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, the highest honor that can be bestowed on a foreigner to recognize his significant contributions in promoting friendly relations and understanding between the United States and Japan. <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia, the highest award that can be presented to a foreigner by the Australian government, for his work in strengthening the Australian American Alliance. After ending his almost eight year diplomatic career, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates awarded <mask> the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the highest civilian award The Pentagon has to offer, for his work in strengthening the US - Japan Alliance. The Federal Bureau of Investigation honored him for his efforts to combat the international scourge of child pornography. The Director of National Intelligence awarded him the National Intelligence Reform Medal. The Central Intelligence Agency presented him with the Donovan Award.The Defense Intelligence Agency presented him with the Director's Award Medal. The National Security Agency presented him the Director's Distinguished Service Medal. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency presented him its Medallion for Excellence. All of the medals and awards presented to Schieffer by members of the intelligence community were for his work in strengthening and reforming the intelligence cooperation between the United States and Australia, and the United States and Japan. <mask> is married to Susanne Silber <mask>, who is originally from San Antonio. She is a graduate of The University of Texas at Austin. She was the Director of a small state agency before they were married.Afterward, she was Director of Project Business for Junior Achievement in Fort Worth, a non-profit organization, committed to fostering free-enterprise principles in young people. With the birth of their son Paul, she chose to remain at home. <mask> graduated in 2007 from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, and is presently pursuing a career as a sound consultant. Paul and his wife, Ali, reside in Spain. Gubernatorial candidacy
On March 2, 2009, <mask> announced that he was forming an exploratory committee to consider seeking the Democratic nomination for Governor of Texas in 2010. In June, <mask> formally announced his candidacy. His campaign stressed the importance of improving education in a fast, globalizing world to enhance the future competitiveness of Texas.Despite raising over $1 million for his campaign, <mask> withdrew from the race on November 23, 2009, citing an inability to raise enough cash to fund an effective campaign. He urged Houston Mayor Bill White to enter the race instead. White announced his candidacy for governor on December 4, 2009. He would win the Democratic nomination but lose the general election to incumbent Rick Perry. Los Angeles Dodgers
On April 25, 2011, Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig, who had taken over operations of the struggling Los Angeles Dodgers franchise, announced that he was appointing <mask> to monitor the club's business and financial operations. <mask>'s oversight of the franchise ended when the Dodgers filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy on June 27, 2011. See also
List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines

References

Sources
<mask> for Governor
Department of State
Source Watch
Embassy Row
Council of American Ambassadors
Australian Politics.com

1947 births
Living people
People from Fort Worth, Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Japan–United States relations
Ambassadors of the United States to Australia
Ambassadors of the United States to Japan
Foreign relations of Japan
Texas Democrats
Texas Rangers executives
Major League Baseball team presidents
Major League Baseball executives
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Los Angeles Dodgers executives
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American diplomats

masks:
John Thomas Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Schieffer
Bob Schieffer
Schieffer
Tom
) Schieffer
. Schieffer
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Sharon Schieffer
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Tommy Shannon
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Tom Hicks
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Family Schieffer
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Paul Schieffer
Tom Schieffer
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Tom Schieffer


title: Niina Ning Zhang

texts:
<mask>, born in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China, obtained her M.A. degree in linguistics from Shanghai International Studies University, Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Shanghai International Studies University and University of Toronto, Canada. She taught linguistic courses in Guangxi Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University, University of Toronto, and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin. In 1997-2003, she was a researcher in Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS:http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/). Now she is a professor of the Institute of Linguistics, National Chung Cheng University. Her professional specialty is formal syntax, especially the syntax of coordinate constructions. In 2009, she was awarded the Young Scholar Award from Academia Sinica, Taiwan.In her book (Coordination in Syntax 2010 Cambridge University Press), she argues for four radical claims: (1) conjuncts are syntactically asymmetrical; (2) there is no independent syntactic category for coordinators; (3) Ross's (1967) Coordinate Structure Constraint is not a construction-specific syntactic constraint; (4) Across-The-Board Movement does not exist. Main Publications

Books and Ph.D. dissertations

 <mask>, N. 2013. Classifier Structures in Mandarin Chinese. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. <mask>, N. 2010. Coordination in Syntax. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics Series 123, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Schwabe, Kerstin and N<mask> (eds.). 2000. Ellipsis in Conjunction. Tuebingen: Niemeyer. <mask>, N. 1997. Syntactic Dependencies in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation.University of Toronto. <mask>, N. 1990. Chinese Slips of the Tongue and Models of Language Production. Ph.D. dissertation. Shanghai International Studies University. Main Journal articles
 <mask>, N. 2019c. Appearance and Existence in Mandarin Chinese.Studies in Chinese Linguistics 40 (2):101–140. <mask>, N. 2019b. Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 57 (5):967–1023. <mask>, N. 2019a. Complex indefinites and the projection of DP in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 1-32.<mask>, N. 2018. Non-canonical objects as event kind-classifying elements. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
 <mask>, N. 2017b. The syntax of event-internal and event-external verbal classifiers. Studia Linguistica
 Zhang, N. 2017a. Unifying two general licensors of completive adverbials in syntax. Linguistics 55 (2):371-411.<mask>, N. 2016c. Identifying Chinese dependent clauses in the forms of subjects. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25 (3):275-311. <mask>, N. 2016b. A study note on the state-denoting GE construction. Lingua Sinica 2:3. <mask>, N. 2016a.Understanding S-Selection. Studies in Chinese Linguistics 37 (1): 56-73. <mask>, N. 2015c. The Morphological Expression of Plurality and Pluractionality in Mandarin. Lingua 165: 1-27. <mask>, N. 2015b. Functional Head Properties of the Degree Word Hen in Mandarin Chinese.Lingua 153: 14-41. <mask>, N. 2015a. Nominal-internal phrasal movement in Mandarin. The Linguistic Review 32 (2): 375-425. <mask>, N. 2014. Expressing Number Productively in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 52.1: 1-34.<mask>, N. 2014. Summing quantities of objects at the left edge. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics. <mask>, N. 2013. Encoding Unexpectedness by Aspect Inflection. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 39 (1), 23-57. <mask>, N. 2012.De and the Functional Expansion of Classifiers. Language and Linguistics 13 (3): 569-582. <mask>, N. 2012. Projecting semantic features. Studia Linguistica 66 (1): 58-74. <mask>, N. 2010. Explaining the immobility of conjuncts.Studia Linguistica 64 (2): 190-238. <mask>, N. 2009. The Syntax of Same and ATB Constructions. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 54 (2). <mask>, N. 2009. The Syntax of Relational-Nominal Second Constructions in Chinese. Yuyanxue Luncong 39.Peking University Press. <mask>, N. 2008. Gapless relative clauses as clausal licensers of relational nouns, Language and Linguistics 9 (4): 1005-1028. <mask>, N. 2008. Existential Coda Constructions as Internally Headed Relative Clause Constructions. The Linguistics Journal 3 (3): 8-57. <mask>, N. 2008.Repetitive and Correlative Coordinators as Focus Particles Parasitic on Coordinators. SKY Journal of Linguistics. Vol. 21: 295-342. <mask>, N. 2008. Relativized Parallelism in Mandarin Chinese Natural Coordination. Language Research 44 (1): 121-163.<mask>, N. 2007. Universal 20 and Taiwan Sign Language. Sign Language and Linguistics 10 (1): 55-81. <mask>, N. 2007. The Syntactic Derivations of Two Paired Dependency Constructions. Lingua 117 (12): 2134-2158. <mask>, N. 2007.On the Categorial Issue of Coordination. Lingua et Linguistica 1 (1): 7-45. <mask>, N. 2007. The Syntactic Derivations of Split Antecedent Relative Clause Constructions. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 5 (1): 19-47. <mask>, N. 2007. Root merger in Chinese compounds.Studia Linguistica 61 (2): 170-184. <mask>, N. 2007. A syntactic account of the Direct Object Restriction in Chinese. Language Research 43 (1): 53-75. <mask>, N. 2007. The Syntax of English Comitative Constructions. Folia Linguistica 41: 135-169.Lin, Jo-wang & <mask>, N. 2006. The Syntax of the Non-Referential TA 『it' in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 7 (4): 991-1016. <mask>, N. 2006. On the Configuration Issue of Coordination. Language and Linguistics 7 (1): 175-223. <mask>, N. 2006.Representing Specificity by the Internal Order of Indefinites. Linguistics 44 (1): 1-21. <mask>, N. 2004. Against Across-The-Board Movement. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 30: 123-156. <mask>, N. 2004. Move is Remerge.Language and Linguistics 5 (1): 189-209. <mask>, N. 2000. Object Shift in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 28 (2): 201-246. <mask>, N. 1999. Chinese de and the de-construction. Syntaxis 2: 27-49.<mask>, N. 1998. The Interactions Between Lexical Meanings and Construction Meanings. Linguistics 36 (5): 957-980. <mask>, N. 1998. Argument Interpretations of the Ditransitive Construction. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 21: 179-209. <mask>, N. 1997.The Avoidance of the Third Tone Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese, Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6: 293-338. Main book chapter articles

 <mask>, N. 2017b. Verbal classifiers. In R. Sybesma, W. Behr, Y. Gu, Z. Handel, C.-T. J. Huang, & J. Myers (eds. ), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill. Vol.1: 627-631. <mask>, N. 2017a. Adpositions. In R. Sybesma, W. Behr, Y. Gu, Z. Handel, C.-T. J. Huang, & J. Myers (eds. ), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill. Vol.1: 116-122. <mask>, N. 2012. Countability and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. In Diane Massam (ed. ), Count and Mass Across Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 220-237. <mask>, N. 2009.The Syntax of Relational-Nominal Second Constructions in Chinese. Yuyanxue Luncong 39: 257-301. Peking University Press. <mask>, N. 2003. On the Pre-Predicate Lai [come] and Qu [go] in Chinese. In Jie Xu, Donghng Ji, and Kim Teng Lua (eds. ), Chinese Syntax and Semantics: Language Science and Technology Monograph Series, Vol.1. Singapore: Prentice Hall, pp. 177–201. <mask>, N. 2002. The asymmetry between depictives and resultatives in Chinese. In Anna Maria Di Sciullo (ed. ), Asymmetry in Grammar.Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 165–185. <mask>, N. 2002. Movement within a Spatial Phrase. In: Hubert Cuyckens and Guenter Radden (eds. ), Perspectives on Prepositions. Linguistische Arbeiten.Band 454. Tuebingen: Max Niemeyer, pp. 47–63. <mask>, N. 2001. [Q] Checking in Mandarin Chinese Yes-No Questions. In: G. Alexandrova & O. Arnaudova (eds.) The Minimalist Parameter, Amsterdam: John Benjamins pp.261–278. <mask>, N. 2001. Predicate raising in the Chinese secondary predication. In: N. Dehe & A. Wittek (eds.) Structural aspects of semantically complex verbs. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag, pp. 293–323.<mask>, N. 1997. A Binding Approach to Eventuality Quantification in Dou Constructions, in Liejiong Xu (ed.) Referential Properties of Chinese Noun Phrases. Paris: Ecole des Hautes en Sciences Sociales, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale, pp. 167–207. Linguists from China
Living people
Educators from Inner Mongolia
People from Hohhot
Guangxi Normal University faculty
Shanghai International Studies University faculty
University of Toronto faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
National Chung Cheng University faculty
Writers from Inner Mongolia
Scientists from Inner Mongolia
Women linguists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Niina Ning Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
. Zhang
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title: Joe Wilson (American politician)

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Addison Graves "<mask><mask>. (born July 31, 1947) is an American politician and attorney serving as the U.S. representative for  since 2001. A member of the Republican Party, his district stretches from Columbia to the Georgia–South Carolina border. He served as the South Carolina state senator from the 23rd district from 1985 to 2001. <mask> is a member of the House Republican Policy Committee and an assistant Republican whip. In September 2009, <mask> interrupted a speech by U.S. President Barack Obama to a joint session of Congress, shouting, "You lie!" The incident resulted in a reprimand by the House of Representatives. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina, the son of Wray (née Graves) and <mask>.In 1969 he obtained a bachelor's degree in political science from Washington and Lee University, where he joined Sigma Nu. He obtained his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1972. Early career
From 1972 to 1975, <mask> served in the United States Army Reserve. Thereafter, he was a Staff Judge Advocate in the South Carolina Army National Guard assigned to the 218th Mechanized Infantry Brigade until retiring from military service as a colonel in 2003. A real estate attorney, <mask> co-accounted the law firm Kirkland, Wilson, Moore, Taylor & Thomas in West Columbia, where he practiced for over 25 years. He was also a municipal judge in Springdale, South Carolina.<mask> was active in South Carolina Republican politics when the party barely existed in the state. He took part in his first Republican campaign in 1962, when he was 15 years old. He served as an aide to Senator Strom Thurmond and to his district's congressman, Floyd Spence. In 1981 and 1982, during the first term of the Reagan administration, <mask> served as deputy general counsel for former governor Jim Edwards at the U.S. Department of Energy. <mask> is also a graduate of Morton Blackwell's Leadership Institute in Arlington, Virginia. South Carolina Senate
<mask> was elected to the South Carolina Senate in 1984 as a Republican from Lexington County and reelected four times, the last three times unopposed. By this time, Lexington County had become one of the most Republican counties in the state.He never missed a regular legislative session in 17 years. After the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 1996, <mask> became the first Republican to chair the Senate Transportation Committee. He was a member of Columbia College's board of visitors and Coker College's board of trustees. During his tenure in the South Carolina Senate, <mask> was the primary sponsor of bills including the following: establishing a National Guard license plate, providing paid leave for state employees to perform disaster relief services, and requiring men aged 18–26 to register for the Selective Service System when applying for a driver's license. In 2000, <mask> was one of seven senators to vote against removing the Confederate battle flag from being displayed over the state house. U.S. House of Representatives

Committee assignments

As of the 113th Congress, <mask> served on three standing committees and various subcommittees overseeing specific areas of legislation. He serves on the Committee on Armed Services and chairs the Subcommittee on Military Personnel; he also serves on the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces.He serves on the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for which he also is a member of the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions. As a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, <mask> serves on the Subcommittee on Europe and Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia. <mask> is a member of the Republican Study Committee and the Tea Party Caucus. Caucus memberships
 Composites Caucus (co-chair)
 Diabetes Caucus
 Global Health Caucus
 India Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 Israel Allies Caucus
 Russia Democracy Caucus
 Sportsmen's Caucus
 House Republican Policy Committee
 Tea Party Caucus
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Congressional Constitution Caucus
Congressional United Kingdom Caucus
 Afterschool Caucuses
 Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
Republican Study Committee

Like his former boss, Spence, <mask> is an ardent social and fiscal conservative. In 2003, <mask> voted for the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, including its Section 1011 authorizing $250,000 annually of taxpayer money to reimburse hospitals for treatment of illegal immigrants. In 2009, he changed to his current position of opposing public funds for health care of illegal immigrants. Legislation
<mask> has sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills concerning teacher recruitment and retention, college campus fire safety, National Guard troop levels, arming airline pilots, tax credits for adoptions, tax credits for living organ donors, and state defense forces.As of January 2006, eight bills he co-sponsored have passed the House, including H.R. 1973, the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005, making safe water and sanitation an objective of U.S. assistance to developing countries. <mask> is a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he co-sponsored H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act, and H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act. <mask> has cited as one of his proudest congressional achievements the Drafting Business Expensing Act of 2003, which allows businesses to immediately write off 50% of the cost of business equipment and machinery.This bonus depreciation provision was extended for 2008 and 2009 in two separate stimulus bills. He also spearheaded the Drafting Teacher Recruitment and Retention Act of 2003, which offers higher education loan forgiveness to math, science and special education teachers in schools with predominantly low-income student populations. He cites as his most important vote the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. "You lie!" outburst during Obama address

On September 9, 2009, during a nationally televised joint address to Congress by President Barack Obama, <mask> shouted "You lie!" after Obama, while outlining his proposal for reforming health care, said, "There are also those who claim that our reform effort will insure illegal immigrants. This, too, is false—the reforms I'm proposing would not apply to those who are here illegally."Obama's chief of staff Rahm Emanuel immediately approached senior Republican lawmakers and asked them to identify the heckler and urge him to apologize immediately. Members of Congress from both parties condemned the outburst. "Totally disrespectful", said Senator John McCain of <mask>'s utterance. "No place for it in that setting or any other and he should apologize immediately." <mask> said later in a statement:

This evening I let my emotions get the best of me when listening to the President's remarks regarding the coverage of undocumented immigrants in the health care bill. While I disagree with the President's statement, my comments were inappropriate and regrettable. I extend sincere apologies to the President for this lack of civility.Obama accepted his apology. "I'm a big believer that we all make mistakes", he said. "He apologized quickly and without equivocation and I'm appreciative of that." House Democrats called on <mask> to issue a formal apology on the House floor. House Majority Whip Jim Clyburn said, "This is about the rules of the House". House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said, "What's at issue here is of importance to the House and of importance to the country ... This House cannot stay silent".<mask> refused to apologize to the House of Representatives, saying in a televised interview, "I believe one apology is sufficient." Congressional Republicans agreed, and opposed further action. Minority Leader John Boehner said, "I think this is a sad day for the House of Representatives ... I think this is a political stunt aimed at distracting the American people from what they really care about, which is health care." On September 15, the House approved a "resolution of disapproval" against <mask> by a 240–179 vote almost exactly along party lines. <mask> said that his outburst reflected his view that Obama's bill would provide government-subsidized benefits to illegal immigrants. Several fact-checking organizations wrote that <mask>'s view was inaccurate because HR 3200 expressly excludes undocumented aliens from receiving government-subsidized "affordability credits".The nonpartisan Congressional Research Service agreed that people would need to be lawfully present in the U.S. in order to be eligible for the credits, but noted that the bill did not bar non-citizens from buying their own health insurance coverage through the health insurance exchange. The Obama administration said that, in the final bill, undocumented immigrants would not be able to participate in the Exchange. Such language was included in the Senate Finance Committee's version of the bill, America's Healthy Future Act. After the incident, <mask> and Democrat Rob Miller, his 2010 general election opponent, experienced a significant upswing in campaign donations. In the week after <mask>'s outburst, Miller raised $1.6 million, about three times his 2008 donations, while <mask> raised $1.8 million. Apology for remarks about hatred of America
On a 2002 live broadcast of the C-SPAN talk show Washington Journal, <mask> and Representative Bob Filner were discussing Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. When Filner noted that the U.S. provided Iraq with "chemical and biological weapons" in the 1980s, <mask> stated that this idea was "made up" and told Filner, "This hatred of America by some people is just outrageous.And you need to get over that." <mask> apologized for his remarks in statements to the press. Apology for remarks about Strom Thurmond's daughter
In 2003, Essie Mae Washington-Williams revealed she was the daughter of <mask>'s former employer, Senator Strom Thurmond, and Thurmond's black maid. <mask> was among those who publicly doubted her assertion that Thurmond had a child out of wedlock. <mask> said even if her story was true, she should not have revealed it because "it's a smear" on Thurmond's image and was a way to "diminish" Thurmond's legacy. After Thurmond's family acknowledged the truth of Washington-Williams's revelation, <mask> apologized, but said that he still thought that she should not have revealed that Thurmond was her father. Texas v. Pennsylvania
In December 2020, <mask> was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which <mask> defeated incumbent Donald Trump.The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion." She also reprimanded <mask> and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions." New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell, citing section three of the 14th Amendment, called for Pelosi to not seat <mask> and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit, arguing that "the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States. Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that." Other notable events
In November 2009, the New York Times reported that <mask> and Representative Blaine Luetkemeyer made identical written statements, reading, "One of the reasons I have long supported the U.S. biotechnology industry is that it is a homegrown success story that has been an engine of job creation in this country.Unfortunately, many of the largest companies that would seek to enter the biosimilar market have made their money by outsourcing their research to foreign countries like India." The statement was originally drafted by lobbyists for Genentech, now a Swiss biotechnology firm, but founded and still headquartered in San Francisco, California. <mask> supported President Trump's 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S. to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, saying that the order would "secure our borders and keep American families safe from terrorist attacks." On April 10, 2017, a <mask> town hall meeting at Aiken Technical College in Graniteville, South Carolina was interrupted by activists chanting "you lie" as <mask> asserted that the Affordable Care Act was causing people to be denied health services. In 2018, a segment with <mask> aired as part of Sacha Baron Cohen's Showtime series, Who is America?. <mask> endorses "Kinderguardians", a nonexistent program to teach and arm schoolchildren as young as 3 to protect themselves in the classroom. Advocating toddler carry, he says on camera, "A 3-year-old cannot defend itself from an assault rifle by throwing a Hello Kitty pencil case at it".Political campaigns

<mask> was elected in 2001 in a special election caused by the death of Floyd Spence, his former boss. <mask> once said that a dying Spence called him from his hospital bed and asked him to run. In a crowded five-way Republican primary—the real contest in this heavily Republican district—<mask> tallied 75% of the vote. He won the December 18 special election with 73% of the vote. <mask> won election to a full term in 2002 with 84% of the vote, facing four minor-party candidates. <mask> was mentioned as a possible candidate for retiring Senator Fritz Hollings's seat in 2004, but decided to run for a second House term. He defeated Democratic nominee Michael Ellisor and Constitution Party nominee Steve Lefemine with 65% of the vote.<mask> got 181,862 votes to Ellisor's 93,249 and Lefemine's 4,447, with 312 write-ins. 2006
<mask> defeated Ellisor again, with 62.7% of the vote. 2008

<mask> was reelected, defeating the Democratic nominee, Iraq War veteran Rob Miller, 54% to 46%. It was the closest race in the district in 20 years, and the closest race <mask> had faced in 24 years as an elected official. He survived by winning his native Lexington County by 33,000 votes, more than the overall margin of 26,000 votes. 2010

Challenged by Miller, Libertarian nominee Eddie McCain, and Constitution Party nominee Marc Beaman, <mask> was reelected with 53% of the vote. 2012

Redistricting made the 2nd somewhat more compact.It lost Beaufort and Hilton Head Island. To make up for the loss in population, it absorbed all of Aiken County and a slice of Orangeburg County. In the general election, <mask> ran unopposed and was reelected with 96% of the vote. 2014

Challenged by Democratic nominee Phil Black and Labor Party nominee Harold Geddings III, <mask> was reelected with 62% of the vote. 2016
Challenged by Democratic nominee Arik Bjorn and American Party nominee Eddie McCain, <mask> was reelected with 62% of the vote. 2018
Challenged by Democratic nominee Sean Carrigan and Constitution Party candidate Sonny Narang, <mask> was reelected with 56.3% of the vote. 2020
Challenged by Democratic nominee Adair Ford Boroughs and Constitution Party candidate Kathleen K Wright, <mask> was reelected with 55.66% of the vote.Personal life
An Associate Reformed Presbyterian, <mask> and his wife, Roxanne Dusenbury McCrory <mask>, have four sons and six grandchildren. In a 2005 guest article on Rediff.com, <mask> wrote that his father, Hugh, was a member of the Flying Tigers in World War II. The <mask> family attends First Presbyterian Church in Columbia. See also
 List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded

References

External links

 Congressman <mask> official U.S. House website
 <mask> for U.S. Congress

 "Congressman with military ties backs Iraq war" Darran Simon, Medill News Service, February 18, 2004
 "Don’t Turn Back the Page on Border Security" Op-ed by <mask> Scoop, February 3, 2008

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1947 births
21st-century American politicians
American Presbyterians
Articles containing video clips
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Censured or reprimanded members of the United States House of Representatives
Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
Military personnel from Charleston, South Carolina
National Guard of the United States colonels
People from West Columbia, South Carolina
Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Reagan administration personnel
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
South Carolina lawyers
South Carolina National Guard personnel
South Carolina Republicans
South Carolina state senators
Tea Party movement activists
United States Army officers
United States Army reservists
University of South Carolina alumni
Washington and Lee University alumni

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title: William L. ("T") Thompson

texts:
<mask>  "T<mask> (born June 14, 1951) is President and CEO of the Association of Graduates of the United States Air Force Academy. A native of Orangeburg, South Carolina, he was one of the first African-American students to desegregate previously all-white Orangeburg High School in 1965. He became the first African-American from South Carolina to receive an appointment to the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado in 1969. Captain <mask> also enjoyed a twenty-five-year career with Delta Air Lines and served as Commissioner of the Massachusetts Aeronautics Commission. The longest serving Commissioner in its history, he has worked under both Democratic and Republican governors. <mask> was appointed by Gov. John Hickenlooper to the Colorado Aeronautical Board, effective 1 February 2013.He is also an attorney and member of the District of Columbia and Massachusetts Bars. Family, early life and education

<mask>T" <mask> resides in Atlanta, Georgia. Formerly married to Kathie Taylor, the couple had two daughters, Taylor and Sydney. They were divorced in 2001. Born in Orangeburg, South Carolina, he is the son of Pearl, an educator, and Willie J<mask>, an educator and state administrator. <mask> was one of the first African-American students to de-segregate previously all white, Orangeburg High School in 1965. While at Orangeburg High he played football, basketball and ran track, lettering numerous times.He was an academic standout and a perennial honor student. Active in the community, <mask> was also an Eagle Scout. He graduated in 1969 with a National Merit commendation, All-American honors in football and AAU recognition in track, and became the first African-American from South Carolina to receive an appointment to the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado. While at the Academy, he was a member of the 1971 Sugar Bowl Team, was on the Commandant’s list, attained the rank of Cadet Lt. Colonel and served as a member of the Cadet Wing Staff, the five man governing body of the school. Air Force service and higher education

After graduation from the academy in 1973, Lieutenant <mask> was appointed to a special assignment as the Minority Affairs Advisor to the Superintendent of the Academy. In this position, which he was instrumental in creating; Lieutenant <mask> was responsible for increasing minority enrollment at the Academy.The Minority Affairs Office has since grown into a thirteen-person staff and has been responsible for the recruitment of thousands of minority students to the Air Force Academy. After a year in this special assignment, <mask> entered jet pilot training in Valdosta, Georgia, finishing as the Outstanding Lieutenant in his class. He was selected for immediate entrance into Air Force Instructor Pilot School and held both the Instructor and Master Instructor designations during his 7-year tour in the Air Force. In addition to his flying duties, Captain <mask> held numerous positions of increasing responsibility, including Deputy Flight Commander, Chief of Wing Life Support, and the President of the Junior Officer’s Council. He also attended California State University, completing 15 units towards a Masters of History with a 3.9 GPA before opting to pursue a Juris Doctorate degree at the University of the Pacific’s McGeorge School of Law. He separated from the service in 1980 to accept a pilot’s position with Delta Air Lines and relocated to Boston, MA to fly and to complete his final year of law school at Suffolk University. He completed his legal studies on Dean’s List, having been invited to solicit for Law Review.Delta Air Lines

<mask> began his employment with Delta Air Lines in August 1980 as a Second Officer on the Boeing 727 aircraft. During his twenty-five-year tenure with Delta, he progressed through several positions and aircraft and retired as a Line Check Captain with an assignment to the Boeing 767-400 aircraft. As a Line Check Captain, <mask> was responsible for both training and evaluating other Delta Captains and co-pilots. In addition to his flying duties, Captain <mask> was an active participant in the Flight Operations Department, representing Delta at numerous conferences, expos and civic engagements. Additionally, he was active with the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) serving as Chairman of the Legislative Affairs Committee. As one of the aviation industry’s few African-American commercial airline pilots, Captain <mask> was very active in the minority community. He has been a speaker at numerous inner city schools, helped establish a national scholarship program for minority students interested in aviation and served as Committee Chairman for the Joint National Convention of the Organization of Black Airline Pilots (OBAP) and the Tuskegee Airmen.Captain <mask> has received numerous indices of recognition from Delta Air Lines, ALPA and OBAP for his contributions. The Summit Group companies

<mask> is a member of the Massachusetts Bar and the Washington, DC Bar. He is certified to practice before the US Tax Court and is admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He began the practice of law and also founded the Summit Group in 1982. Through growth, acquisitions and mergers, <mask> built the company into a small conglomerate which owned Subway, Dunkin Donuts and TCBY fast food franchises. The Summit Group also acquired a systems integration company, an engineering and testing company and a medical services firm. The company’s offices were located in Portland, Maine; Boston, Massachusetts; Austin, Texas and Colorado Springs, Colorado.<mask>'s accomplishments have been chronicled in numerous media outlets including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Black Enterprise Magazine, The Boston Globe, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, PBS/Educational TV, NBC and CBS News and The Black Entertainment Network. <mask> was also nominated as Entrepreneur of the Year for Inc. Magazine and selected as an Outstanding Entrepreneur by the Bank of Boston. Government service

<mask> was appointed Commissioner, Massachusetts Aeronautics Commission by Governor Michael Dukakis in 1983, was re-appointed by Governor <mask> in 1990 and was re-appointed again by Governor Paul Celluci in 1999. In this position, he served coterminous with the Governor and was responsible for general supervision and control over the State’s 45 public use airports and 200 private landing areas. He has the unique distinction of having served in both Democratic and Republican administrations. Commissioner <mask> was appointed to five consecutive 4-year terms and is the longest serving Commissioner in the Commission’s history. For his dedication, leadership and accomplishments, the Massachusetts Airport Managers Association and the Massachusetts Aviation Task Force have honored <mask> for Fostering the Spirit of Aviation in Massachusetts.Additionally, <mask> was on the short list for consideration by President Clinton as Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration during the President’s first term and as Secretary of the Air Force during the President’s second term. <mask> was appointed by Gov. John Hickenlooper to the Colorado Aeronautical Board, effective 1 February 2013, and was re-appointed to a second term in 2016. <mask> sold his business interests in 2000-2001 and took an early retirement from Delta Air Lines in 2005. He devoted his energies to speaking and writing, giving back to the community and spending time with his family. Also in 2005 he co-authored a self-help book entitled Conversations On Success with John Gray of Men are From Mars-Women are From Venus- fame and self-help gurus Brian Tracy and Jim Rohn. In 2008, he came out of retirement to become President and CEO of the Association of Graduates at his alma mater, the United States Air Force Academy.He retired from this position on June 30, 2017. Under his leadership the Association enjoyed tremendous growth. The number of local chapters increased from 30 to 86, revenue more than doubled and assets grew from $35 million to over $56 million. For the organization's many accomplishments, <mask> was recognized internationally in 2015 as one of Most Innovative Business Leaders. Awards and decorations

Badges
  Air Force Pilot
  Parachutist
Delta Air Lines Captain

References

1951 births
Living people
United States Air Force Academy faculty

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