title: Alexander Selkirk

texts:
<mask> (167613 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent four years and four months as a castaway (1704–1709) after being marooned by his captain, initially at his request, on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean. He survived that ordeal, but succumbed to tropical illness years later while serving aboard  off West Africa. <mask> was an unruly youth, and joined buccaneering voyages to the South Pacific during the War of the Spanish Succession. One such expedition was on Cinque Ports, captained by Thomas Stradling under the overall command of William Dampier. Stradling's ship stopped to resupply at the uninhabited Juan Fernández Islands, west of South America, and <mask> judged correctly that the craft was unseaworthy and asked to be left there. <mask>'s suspicions were soon justified, as Cinque Ports foundered near Malpelo Island 400 km (250 mi) from the coast of what is now Colombia. By the time he was eventually rescued by English privateer Woodes Rogers, who was accompanied by Dampier, Selkirk had become adept at hunting and making use of the resources that he found on the island.His story of survival was widely publicised after his return to England, becoming one of the sources of inspiration for writer Daniel Defoe's fictional character Robinson Crusoe. Early life and privateering
<mask> was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Lower Largo, Fife, Scotland, born in 1676. In his youth he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition. He was summoned before the Kirk Session in August 1693 for his "indecent conduct in church", but he "did not appear, being gone to sea". He was back at Largo in 1701 when he again came to the attention of church authorities for assaulting his brothers. Early on, he was engaged in buccaneering. In 1703, he joined an expedition of English privateer and explorer William Dampier to the South Pacific Ocean, setting sail from Kinsale in Ireland on 11 September.They carried letters of marque from the Lord High Admiral authorising their armed merchant ships to attack foreign enemies as the War of the Spanish Succession was then going on between England and Spain. Dampier was captain of St George and Selkirk served on Cinque Ports, St Georges companion ship, as sailing master under Captain Thomas Stradling. By this time, <mask> must have had considerable experience at sea. In February 1704, following a stormy passage around Cape Horn, the privateers fought a long battle with a well-armed French vessel, St Joseph, only to have it escape to warn its Spanish allies of their arrival in the Pacific. A raid on the Panamanian gold mining town of Santa María failed when their landing party was ambushed. The easy capture of Asunción, a heavily-laden merchantman, revived the men's hopes of plunder, and <mask> was put in charge of the prize ship. Dampier took off some much-needed provisions of wine, brandy, sugar and flour, then abruptly set the ship free, arguing that the gain was not worth the effort.In May 1704, Stradling decided to abandon Dampier and strike out on his own. Castaway

In September 1704, after parting ways with Dampier, Captain Stradling brought Cinque Ports to an island known to the Spanish as Más a Tierra located in the uninhabited Juan Fernández archipelago  off the coast of Chile for a mid-expedition restocking of fresh water and supplies. <mask> had grave concerns about the seaworthiness of their vessel, and wanted to make the necessary repairs before going any farther. He declared that he would rather stay on Juan Fernández than continue in a dangerously leaky ship. Stradling took him up on the offer and landed Selkirk on the island with a musket, a hatchet, a knife, a cooking pot, a Bible, bedding and some clothes. <mask> immediately regretted his rashness, but Stradling refused to let him back on board. Cinque Ports did indeed later founder off the coast of what is now Colombia.Stradling and some of his crew survived the loss of their ship but were forced to surrender to the Spanish. The survivors were taken to Lima, Peru, where they endured a harsh imprisonment. Life on the island
At first, <mask> remained along the shoreline of Más a Tierra. During this time he ate spiny lobsters and scanned the ocean daily for rescue, suffering all the while from loneliness, misery and remorse. Hordes of raucous sea lions, gathered on the beach for the mating season, eventually drove him to the island's interior. Once inland, his way of life took a turn for the better. More foods were available there: feral goats—introduced by earlier sailors—provided him with meat and milk, while wild turnips, the leaves of the indigenous cabbage tree and dried Schinus fruits (pink peppercorns) offered him variety and spice.Rats would attack him at night, but he was able to sleep soundly and in safety by domesticating and living near feral cats. <mask> proved resourceful in using materials that he found on the island: he forged a new knife out of barrel hoops left on the beach, he built two huts out of pepper trees, one of which he used for cooking and the other for sleeping, and he employed his musket to hunt goats and his knife to clean their carcasses. As his gunpowder dwindled, he had to chase prey on foot. During one such chase he was badly injured when he tumbled from a cliff, lying helpless and unable to move for about a day. His prey had cushioned his fall, probably sparing him a broken back. Childhood lessons learned from his father, a tanner, now served him well. For example, when his clothes wore out, he made new ones from hair-covered goatskins using a nail for sewing.As his shoes became unusable, he had no need to replace them, since his toughened, calloused feet made protection unnecessary. He sang psalms and read from the Bible, finding it a comfort in his situation and a prop for his English. During his sojourn on the island, two vessels came to anchor. Unfortunately for <mask>, both were Spanish. As a Scotsman and a privateer, he would have faced a grim fate if captured and therefore did his best to hide himself. Once, he was spotted and chased by a group of Spanish sailors from one of the ships. His pursuers urinated beneath the tree in which he was hiding but failed to notice him.The would-be captors then gave up and sailed away. Rescue

Selkirk's long-awaited deliverance came on 2 February 1709 by way of Duke, a privateering ship piloted by William Dampier, and its sailing companion Duchess. Thomas Dover led the landing party that met Selkirk. After four years and four months without human company, Selkirk was almost incoherent with joy. The Duke captain and leader of the expedition was Woodes Rogers, who wryly referred to Selkirk as the governor of the island. The agile castaway caught two or three goats a day and helped restore the health of Rogers' men, who were suffering from scurvy. Captain Rogers was impressed by Selkirk's physical vigour, but also by the peace of mind that he had attained while living on the island, observing: "One may see that solitude and retirement from the world is not such an insufferable state of life as most men imagine, especially when people are fairly called or thrown into it unavoidably, as this man was."He made Selkirk Dukes second mate, later giving him command of one of their prize ships, Increase, before it was ransomed by the Spanish. <mask> returned to privateering with a vengeance. At Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador, he led a boat crew up the Guayas River where a number of wealthy Spanish ladies had fled, and looted the gold and jewels they had hidden inside their clothing. His part in the hunt for treasure galleons along the coast of Mexico resulted in the capture of Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño, renamed Bachelor, on which he served as sailing master under Captain Dover to the Dutch East Indies. <mask> completed the around-the-world voyage by the Cape of Good Hope as the sailing master of Duke, arriving at the Downs off the English coast on 1 October 1711. He had been away for eight years. Later life and influence

<mask>'s experience as a castaway aroused a great deal of attention in England.Fellow crewmember Edward Cooke mentioned <mask>'s ordeal in a book chronicling their privateering expedition, A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World (1712). A more detailed recounting was published by the expedition's leader, Rogers, within months. The following year, prominent essayist Richard Steele wrote an article about him for The Englishman newspaper. <mask> appeared set to enjoy a life of ease and celebrity, claiming his share of Duke'''s plundered wealth—about £800 (equivalent to £ today). However, legal disputes made the amount of any payment uncertain. After a few months in London, he began to seem more like his former self again. In September 1713, he was charged with assaulting a shipwright in Bristol and may have been kept in confinement for two years.He returned to Lower Largo, where he met Sophia Bruce, a young dairymaid. They eloped to London early in 1717 but apparently did not marry. He was soon off to sea again, having enlisted in the Royal Navy. While on a visit to Plymouth in 1720, he married a widowed innkeeper named Frances Candis. He was serving as master's mate on board , engaged in an anti-piracy patrol off the west coast of Africa, when he died on 13 December 1721, succumbing to the yellow fever that plagued the voyage. He was buried at sea. When Daniel Defoe published The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719), few readers could have missed the resemblance to Selkirk.An illustration on the first page of the novel shows "a rather melancholy-looking man standing on the shore of an island, gazing inland", in the words of modern explorer Tim Severin. He is dressed in the familiar hirsute goatskins, his feet and shins bare. Yet Crusoe's island is located not in the mid-latitudes of the South Pacific but  away in the Caribbean, where the furry attire would hardly be comfortable in the tropical heat. This incongruity supports the popular belief that <mask> was a model for the fictional character, though most literary scholars now accept that his was "just one of many survival narratives that Defoe knew about". In other literary works

In filmSelkirk, the Real Robinson Crusoe is a stop motion film by Walter Tournier based on <mask>'s life. It premièred simultaneously in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay on 2 February 2012, distributed by The Walt Disney Company. It was the first full-length animated feature to be produced in Uruguay.Commemoration

<mask> has been memorialised in his Scottish birthplace. Lord Aberdeen delivered a speech on 11 December 1885, after which his wife, Lady Aberdeen, unveiled a bronze statue and plaque in memory of <mask> outside a house on the site of his original home on the Main Street of Lower Largo. David Gillies of Cardy House, Lower Largo, a descendant of the <mask>s, donated the statue created by Thomas Stuart Burnett. The Scotsman is also remembered in his former island home. In 1869 the crew of  placed a bronze tablet at a spot called Selkirk's Lookout on a mountain of Más a Tierra, Juan Fernández Islands, to mark his stay. On 1 January 1966 Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva renamed Más a Tierra Robinson Crusoe Island after Defoe's fictional character to attract tourists. The largest of the Juan Fernández Islands, known as Más Afuera, became Alejandro Selkirk Island, although <mask> probably never saw that island since it is located  to the west.Archaeological findings
An archaeological expedition to the Juan Fernández Islands in February 2005 found part of a nautical instrument that likely belonged to Selkirk. It was "a fragment of copper alloy identified as being from a pair of navigational dividers" dating from the early 18th (or late 17th) century. <mask> is the only person known to have been on the island at that time who is likely to have had dividers, and was even said by Rogers to have had such instruments in his possession. The artefact was discovered while excavating a site not far from Selkirk's Lookout where the famous castaway is believed to have lived. See also
List of solved missing person cases: pre-2000

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 "Trapped on a Pacific Island: Scientists Research the Real Robinson Crusoe" by Marco Evers (6 February 2009) in Spiegel Online "Island Gives Up Secret of Real Robinson Crusoe" in The Scotsman (22 September 2005)
 "The Real Robinson Crusoe" by Bruce Selcraig (July 2005) in Smithsonian An account of a trip to Selkirk's Island by James S. Bruce and Mayme S. Bruce (Spring 1993) in The Explorers Journal"On a Piece of Stone: <mask> on Greater Land" by Edward E. Leslie (1988) in Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors'' (pp. 61–85)
Satellite imagery of the Juan Fernández Islands from Google Maps

1676 births
1721 deaths
18th century in Chile
18th-century Scottish people
British privateers
Burials at sea
Castaways
Circumnavigators of the globe
Date of birth unknown
Deaths from yellow fever
Formerly missing people
Juan Fernández Islands
Maritime folklore
People from Lower Largo
People who died at sea
Piracy in the Pacific Ocean
Robinson Crusoe
Scottish sailors

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title: C. J. de Mooi

type: original

texts:
<mask> "C. J.<mask> (; born Andrew Paul Booth on 5 November 1969) is a British actor, writer, former professional quizzer and television personality. He first appeared on television quiz show Eggheads in 2003, as one of five original members of the show's eponymous team. Early life

In his autobiography, <mask> states that he was given the names Andrew Paul at his birth, in Barnsley, Yorkshire. He moved to Rotherham in his childhood, and attended a local comprehensive school. <mask> studied English and Performing Arts at Rotherham College of Arts and Technology before embarking upon a modelling career in Germany which lasted for four and a half years.On a self-recorded YouTube video, <mask> says he had a highly abusive childhood, causing him to run away from home shortly after his seventeenth birthday and become homeless beginning in Rotherham and Sheffield. The video describes how he travelled to London, jumped on a ferry to Amsterdam and later moved on to Cologne, where a chance encounter outside a gay bar led to the beginnings of his modelling career. De Mooi stated in his autobiography that in 1988 he assaulted a man who was attempting to mug him by punching and shoving him into a canal in Amsterdam. He said: "I fully suspect I killed him. I've no idea what happened to him." He adopted the surname <mask> when he began working as a model. Career

Quizzer

In 2000, <mask> applied to several game and quiz television shows as a contestant and stood out for being outspoken.(His tirade when voted off the Weakest Link has been featured on the show's website, video and led to a "bad losers" show which he eventually won.) He has also appeared on numerous other quiz shows including Fifteen to One, Countdown, Beat the Nation and 100%. He challenged six former professional snooker players during the 2010 World Snooker Championship to test his snooker knowledge against their knowledge of chosen specialist subjects. He won all but one round, <mask> being the only player to get the better of him. As part of the Cardiff Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Mardi Gras in March 2007, <mask> acted as host of a quiz night. He also hosted a quiz at the June 2010 conference of the British Humanist Association. In 2013, <mask> published his first book, entitled How to Win TV Quiz Shows.In December 2011, <mask> announced he had left Eggheads permanently to pursue an acting career. He later stated that he was dismissed from Eggheads and relocated to South Africa. He appeared in broadcast episodes until August 2012 and was replaced on the show by Dave Rainford. However, he returned to a new, short-lived format of Eggheads in 2014 called Revenge of the Egghead. He stated he returned because of his 'love of the show'. He then returned to the main version of Eggheads replacing Daphne Fowler. <mask> <mask> was a club chess player from 1990 to 2009, representing Hammersmith Chess Club in West London.At the peak his chess rating was 158 ECF, equivalent to Elo 1885. In 2010 he was elected President of the English Chess Federation. In September 2010 he was very outspoken as a delegate to the FIDE (the World Chess Federation)'s presidential elections. <mask> described the events, which saw Kirsan Ilyumzhinov re-elected over Anatoly Karpov, as "a farce of a vote", going on to declare: "You wouldn't believe the blatant breaking of rules and FIDE's written statutes. It's amazing. There wasn't even a pretence of fairness and free speech." According to De Mooi, Ilyumzhinov, the federation's president for 15 years, had refused to allow Karpov's supporters to address the general assembly meeting, but turned off their microphones and carried on speaking himself and ignored legal points raised from the floor, eventually storming off stage with the federation's ruling board.Acting
In 2014, he performed in and produced two plays by Harvey Fierstein in London's West End and was then cast in the Lazarus Theatre productions of Troilus and Cressida and Coriolanus. He also completed filming on his movie debut, a nine-minute short entitled The Renata Road, which was filmed in 2011 and put out on release in 2014 with a showing at Cannes International Film Festival in 2015. Writing
De Mooi announced in 2021 that he had started working on a new television sitcom, which he would be writing and producing. In February, the title of the show was announced to be Together. Plot details are not known at present, but <mask> has described it as "a modern twist on a classic sitcom scenario". The show, which was set to film its pilot in July 2021, was set to star Ewen MacIntosh, <mask> (who died in September 2021), and Sally Thomsett, making her first appearance on screen since 1978. Personal life
According to De Mooi, he adopted his new name whilst modelling and is quoted as saying "I no longer wanted to be associated with my family".<mask> translates from Dutch to mean "the beautiful"; it is not an uncommon Dutch family name. He currently resides in Wales with his civil partner Andrew Doran. <mask> is teetotal and a vegetarian of over three decades; in April 2018 he announced on Twitter he was going vegan. He has been living with HIV since the late 1980s. In April 2019, De Mooi posted on Twitter about his health and about his financial and professional problems and a GoFundMe campaign was launched, saying he is "bankrupt, extremely ill and in imminent danger of losing his house." <mask> is highly-active on Twitter, and regularly updates both his personal and professional accounts, as well as CJ's Happy Place, an alternative profile that aims to spread positivity based on the belief that "we all need a happy place to smile". Arrest

On 21 September 2016, <mask> was arrested at Heathrow Airport in connection with claims, which he had reportedly made in his autobiography, that in 1988 he had punched a drug-addicted mugger and thrown him into a canal in Amsterdam.<mask> was detained under a European Arrest Warrant issued in the Netherlands. A judge at Westminster Magistrates' Court declined the extradition request on technical grounds, on 24 October 2016, saying that no UK arrest warrant had been issued. In October 2018, <mask> was declared bankrupt following lengthy legal proceedings in connection with the arrest. <mask> <mask> ran in the 2009 London Marathon raising money for Amnesty International. He also competed in the 2012 London Marathon, completing with a time of 3 hours 16 minutes and 30 seconds. In 2015 he ran in the London Marathon for Shooting Star CHASE, a children's hospice, finishing in 2 hours 58 minutes 30 seconds. Books
 CJ <mask>oi: How to Win TV Quiz Shows.CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 25 July 2013
 <mask> <mask>oi: CJ: The Autobiography of <mask> <mask>oi: My Journey From the Streets to the Screens. John Blake Publishing, 3 September 2015. <mask> <mask>oi and Mark Labbett: Quiz Like a Pro!. Amazon Kindle, 6 June 2016. <mask> <mask>oi: Dispersal. Amazon Kindle, 8 June 2016. References

External links
De Mooi's website

1969 births
Living people
Chess officials
Contestants on British game shows
English autobiographers
English chess players
English television personalities
English gay actors
British gay writers
Gay models
LGBT writers from England
Mensans
People with HIV/AIDS
Actors from Barnsley
Male actors from Yorkshire
Television personalities from Yorkshire
21st-century LGBT people

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title: Richard Curtis

texts:
<mask>,  (born 8 November 1956), is a British screenwriter, producer and film director. One of Britain's most successful comedy screenwriters, he is known primarily for romantic comedy films, among them Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Notting Hill (1999), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Love Actually (2003), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), About Time (2013) and Yesterday (2019). He is also known for the drama War Horse (2011) and for having co-written the hit sitcoms Blackadder, Mr. Bean and The Vicar of Dibley. His early career saw him write material for the BBC's Not the Nine O'Clock News and ITV's Spitting Image. In 2007, <mask> received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, the highest award given to a filmmaker by the British Film Academy (BAFTA). At the 2008 Britannia Awards, <mask> received the BAFTA Humanitarian Award for co-creating Comic Relief and for his contributions to other charitable causes. In 2008, he was ranked number 12 in a list of the "100 most powerful people in British culture" compiled by The Telegraph.In 2012, <mask> was one of the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the cover of The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. <mask> is the co-founder, with Sir Lenny Henry, of the British charity Comic Relief, which has raised in excess of £1 billion. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He is the son of Glyness S. and Anthony J<mask>. His father was a Czechoslovakian refugee who moved to Australia when aged thirteen and became an executive at Unilever. <mask> and his family lived in several different countries during his childhood, including Sweden and the Philippines, before moving to Great Britain when he was 11.<mask> attended Papplewick School in Ascot, Berkshire (as did his younger brother Jamie). For a short period in the 1970s, <mask> lived in Warrington, Cheshire, where he attended Appleton Grammar School (now Bridgewater High School), before he won a scholarship to Harrow School, where, as head boy, he abolished fagging. He achieved a first-class Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature at Christ Church, Oxford. At the University of Oxford, <mask> met and began working with Rowan Atkinson, after they both joined the scriptwriting team of the Etceteras revue, part of the Experimental Theatre Club. He appeared in the company's "After Eights" at the Oxford Playhouse in May 1976. Early writing career
Collaborating with Rowan Atkinson in the Oxford Revue, he appeared alongside him at his breakthrough Edinburgh Fringe show. As a result of this, <mask> was commissioned to co-write the BBC Radio 3 series The Atkinson People with Atkinson in 1978, which was transmitted in 1979.He then began to write comedy for film and TV. He was a regular writer on the BBC comedy series Not the Nine O'Clock News, where he wrote many of the show's songs with Howard Goodall and many satirical sketches, often with Rowan Atkinson. <mask> was the co-writer with Philip Pope of the Hee Bee Gee Bees' single "Meaningless Songs (In Very High Voices)" released in 1980 to parody the style of a series of Bee Gees' disco hits. In 1984 and 1985, <mask> wrote material for ITV's satirical puppet show Spitting Image. First with Atkinson and later with Ben Elton, <mask> then wrote the Blackadder series from 1983 to 1989, each season focusing upon a different era in British history. Atkinson played the lead throughout, but <mask> remains the only person to have been a writer for every episode of Blackadder. The pair continued their collaboration with the comedy series Mr. Bean, which ran from 1990 to 1995.<mask> had by then already begun writing feature films. His first was The Tall Guy in 1989. The romantic comedy starred Jeff Goldblum, Emma Thompson and Rowan Atkinson and was produced by Working Title films. The TV movie Bernard and the Genie followed in 1991. In 1994, <mask> created and co-wrote The Vicar of Dibley for comedian Dawn French, which was a great success. In an online poll conducted in 2004 Britain's Best Sitcom, The Vicar of Dibley was voted the third-best sitcom in British history and Blackadder the second-best, making <mask> the only screenwriter to have created two shows within the poll's top 10 programmes. Film career
<mask> achieved his breakthrough success with the romantic comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral.The 1994 film, starring Hugh Grant and Andie MacDowell, was produced on a limited budget by the British production company Working Title Films. <mask> chose Mike Newell to direct the film after watching his TV film Ready When You Are, Mr. McGill. Four Weddings and a Funeral proved to be the top-grossing British film in history at that time. It made an international star of Grant, and <mask>' Oscar nomination for the script catapulted him to prominence (though the Oscar went to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction). The film was also nominated for Best Picture, but lost to Forrest Gump. <mask>' next film was also for Working Title, which has remained his artistic home ever since. 1997's Bean brought Mr. Bean to the big screen and was a huge hit around the world.He continued his association with Working Title writing the 1999 romantic comedy Notting Hill, starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts, which broke the record set by Four Weddings and a Funeral to become the top-grossing British film. The story of a lonely travel bookstore owner who falls in love with the world's most famous movie star was directed by Roger Michell. <mask> next co-wrote the screen adaptation of the international bestseller Bridget Jones's Diary for Working Title. <mask> knew the novel's writer Helen Fielding. Indeed, he has credited her with saying that his original script for Four Weddings and a Funeral was too upbeat and needed the addition of the titular funeral. Two years later, <mask> re-teamed with Working Title to write and direct Love Actually. <mask> has said in interviews that the sprawling, multi-character structure of Love Actually owes a debt to his favourite film, Robert Altman's Nashville.The film featured a "Who's Who" of UK actors, including Hugh Grant, Colin Firth, Bill Nighy, Emma Thompson, Liam Neeson, Andrew Lincoln, Alan Rickman and Keira Knightley, in a loosely connected series of stories about people in and out of love in London in the weeks leading up to Christmas. Its regular festive screening has seen it labelled as being arguably a modern-day Christmas staple. <mask> followed this in 2004 with work as co-writer on Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, the sequel to Bridget Jones's Diary. <mask> then wrote the screenplay to The Girl in the Café, a television film directed by David Yates and produced by the BBC and HBO as part of the Make Poverty History campaign's Live 8 efforts in 2005. The film stars Bill Nighy as a civil servant and Kelly Macdonald as a young woman he falls in love with at a fictional G8 summit in Iceland. Macdonald's character pushes him to ask whether the developed countries of the world cannot do more to help the most impoverished. The film was timed to air just before the Gleneagles G8 summit in 2005.It received three Emmy Awards in 2006, including Outstanding Made for Television Movie, Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Kelly Macdonald and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special trophy for <mask> himself. <mask> said of Yates' direction that he made "a much more beautiful film, and a surprising film and a better film than I could possibly have made." In May 2007, he received the BAFTA Fellowship at the British Academy Television Awards in recognition of his successful career in film and television and his charity efforts. <mask> next co-wrote with Anthony Minghella an adaptation of Alexander McCall Smith's novel, The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, which Minghella shot in mid-2007 in Botswana. It premiered on the BBC on 23 March 2008, just days after Minghella's death. The film did not run in the US until early 2009, when HBO aired it as the pilot of a resulting six-episode TV series with the same cast, on which <mask> served as executive producer.His second film as writer/director, The Boat That Rocked, was released in 2009. The film was set in 1966 in the era of British pirate radio. It followed a group of DJs on a pirate radio station run from a boat in the North Sea. The film starred Philip Seymour Hoffman, Bill Nighy, Nick Frost, Rhys Ifans, Gemma Arterton and Kenneth Branagh. The film was a commercial and critical disappointment in the UK. <mask> re-edited the film for its US release where it was re-titled Pirate Radio, but also failed to find an audience. He followed that with War Horse, which he rewrote for director Steven Spielberg based on an earlier script by playwright Lee Hall.<mask> was recommended to Spielberg by DreamWorks Studio executive Stacey Snider, who had worked with <mask> during her time at Universal Studios. <mask>'s work on the World War I-set Blackadder Goes Forth meant he was already familiar with the period. <mask> then wrote Mary and Martha, a BBC/HBO television film directed by Phillip Noyce. The film starred Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn as two women who bond after they both lose their sons to malaria. The film was broadcast in the UK on 1 March 2013. He next wrote and directed About Time, a romantic comedy/drama about time travel and family love. It starred Rachel McAdams, Domhnall Gleeson, Bill Nighy, Tom Hollander, Margot Robbie, Lydia Wilson and Vanessa Kirby.It was released in the UK on 4 September 2013. Soon after the film came out, <mask> delivered a screenwriting lecture as part of the BAFTA and BFI Screenwriters' Lecture Series. He followed that with Trash, which he adapted from the novel by Andy Mulligan for director Stephen Daldry. With three unknown Brazilian children in the lead roles, the film co-starred Wagner Moura, Rooney Mara and Martin Sheen. It was filmed in 2013 in Rio de Janeiro and released in Brazil on 9 October 2014 and in the UK on 30 January 2015. He next wrote Roald Dahl's Esio Trot, a BBC television film adaptation of Roald Dahl's classic children's novel. Receiving acclaim, the film starred Dustin Hoffman and Judi Dench, with James Corden as the narrator, was directed by Dearbhla Walsh and was broadcast on BBC on 1 January 2015.His next film, Yesterday, was adapted from an original screenplay by Jack Barth (who received only "co-story" credit, reportedly at <mask>'s insistence). The film, directed by Danny Boyle and starring Lily James and Himesh Patel, follows a young man who discovers that the entire world except for him has no memory of the Beatles, allowing him to become a global pop star by performing their songs as his own. While Barth's original screenplay depicted an obscure musician unable to capitalize on his windfall, <mask>'s more conventional script featured an independent musician unable to control his own career once the music industry takes over. It began filming on 21 April 2018 and was released on 28 June 2019. Campaigning
<mask> together with Lenny Henry are co-founders and co-creators of Comic Relief and Red Nose Day. <mask> is also a founder of Make Poverty History. He organised the Live 8 concerts with Bob Geldof to publicise poverty, particularly in Africa, and pressure G8 leaders to adopt his proposals for ending it.He has written of his work in The Observer in the Global development section in 2005. <mask> helped spearhead the launch of the Robin Hood tax campaign in 2010. The campaign fights for a 0.05% tax levied on each bank trade ranging from shares to foreign exchange and derivatives that could generate $700bn worldwide and be spent on measures to combat domestic and international poverty as well as fight climate change. He talked the producer of American Idol into doing a show whereby celebrities journey into Africa and experience the level of poverty for themselves. The show was called American Idol: Idol Gives Back. In 2014, <mask> publicly backed "Hacked Off" and its campaign in support of UK press self-regulation by "safeguarding the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable." In August 2014, <mask> was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.Controversy
In October 2010, a short film created by <mask> titled No Pressure was released by the 10:10 campaign in Britain to promote climate change politics. The film depicted a series of scenes in which people were asked if they were going to participate in the 10:10 campaign, told there was "no pressure" to do so, but if they did not, they were blown up at the press of a red button. Reaction was mixed, but the video was swiftly removed from the organisation's website. In March 2011, <mask> apologised following a complaint by the British Stammering Association about 2011 Comic Relief's opening skit, a parody by Lenny Henry of the 2010 film The King's Speech. Personal life
<mask> lives in Notting Hill and has a country house in Walberswick, Suffolk with script editor and broadcaster Emma Freud. He previously dated Anne Strutt, now Baroness Jenkin of Kennington, before her marriage to Sir Bernard Jenkin, a Member of Parliament (MP). <mask> has named characters in his writing Bernard (reputedly after Bernard Jenkin).It is claimed he used the Jenkins' wedding as inspiration for Four Weddings and a Funeral. He is irreligious. Filmography

Film

Television

TV series

TV movies

Other awards and nominations

See also
 Comic Relief
 Live 8
 Skinhead Hamlet

References

External links

 BBC Comedy Guide entry
 <mask> interview at the Latitude Festival, BAFTA webcast, July 2007
 Interview with <mask> by Laurie Taylor in New Humanist magazine
 Stars pay tribute to <mask> in a BAFTA video
 No Pressure on YouTube

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
BAFTA fellows
English people of Australian descent
English people of Czech descent
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English film directors
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English television writers
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Harrow School
People educated at Papplewick School
People from Walberswick
People from Wellington City
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers Guild of America Award winners
English-language film directors
British male television writers
Comic Relief people

masks:
Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
. Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
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Curtis
Richard Curtis
Richard Curtis
Richard Curtis


title: Billy Walker (boxer)

texts:
<mask>  (born Stepney, London, 3 March 1939) is a British retired heavyweight boxer and actor. He turned professional in 1961 after 39 amateur bouts. His nickname was "Golden Boy". His professional record was 21 wins (16 by knockout), 8 losses and 2 draws. During 1967, he fought for both the British and European titles, losing to Henry Cooper (Great Britain) and Karl Mildenberger (West Germany) respectively. After he retired from the ring in 1969 he appeared in several British films and TV shows. His autobiography When the Gloves Came Off was published in 2007.Early life and family
<mask> is the son of William James <mask>, a brewery worker, drayman at Watney's brewery, and wife (Limehouse, April/June 1925) Ellen Louisa Page (Southwark, October/December 1903 – ?). He is the youngest of three brothers. During World War II, his father served in the Royal Air Force and the boys lived with their mother in Bedfordshire, and later in Ilford, Essex. He left school at 16 and started working in the printing business. Later a friend introduced him to a more highly paid job as a porter in London's historic Billingsgate Fish Market. He was also a bouncer and part-time DJ at the Ilford Palais dance hall which was managed by Jimmy Savile at the time. He joined a West Ham boxing club to keep fit, and was eventually persuaded to spar with other members and found that he had the talent to box competitively.Amateur career
<mask>'s older brother George had been a successful light heavyweight boxer and persuaded him to enter the sport, with the ambition eventually to turn professional. With his natural ability, and George's guidance, within three years he had won the British (ABA) Amateur Heavyweight title. Soon after a first-round knockout of  American Cornelius Perry in an international tournament broadcast on national TV, promoters were competing to sign <mask> to lucrative contracts. About this time the media started calling him "The Golden Boy" and "The Blond Bomber". <mask> refused a rematch with Derry heavyweight Jim Monaghan after a disputed first-round TKO in a four-nations competition in Dublin 1961. Monaghan had <mask> bleeding heavily from the nose from a steady hard jab before the ref prematurely stopped the fight when Monaghan got caught with a right to the body. Monaghan was never knocked out as an amateur or pro.Professional career
With brother George as his manager, <mask> embarked on a professional career that in six years would see him challenging for both the British and European titles. With his curly blond hair, boyish good looks and all action style the public flocked to see his fights. George invested the purses in a string of night clubs and restaurants and soon the brothers were rich. <mask> moved to London's West End and mixed with society's elite. On one occasion he was presented to the Queen, who told him that she enjoyed watching his fights. This was during London's "swinging sixties" and <mask> took full advantage of his wealth, fame and good looks to have fun with a series of beautiful women. Although he never fought in the US, during his career he stopped rated American heavyweights Charlie Powell, Bowie Adams, Ray Patterson and Thad Spencer inside the distance.In spite of a few weeks' coaching at Harry's Gym in Harlem, <mask>'s defensive skills remained marginal, and some of his later fights against world class opponents had to be stopped owing to cuts and excessive bleeding from his nose. In 1969 at the age of 30 he retired from the ring, a very wealthy young man. Business life

When <mask> retired from boxing, <mask> continued to run their business empire as though it were his alone. This soon led to disputes and eventually they parted company. <mask> retained enough assets to live very comfortably, with various business interests of his own, including Billy's Baked Potato, a chain of fast food outlets. He also played comedy roles in two Frankie Howerd films, Up Pompeii and Up the Chastity Belt in 1971. Changing financial conditions a few years later forced him to look for other income.He moved to Jersey, a tax haven in the Channel Islands and became a successful property developer. <mask> went on to become a tycoon in the UK gambling and film industries with his Brent Walker Group but he too suffered a reversal of fortune, but later developing new business interests in Russia before dying of a heart attack in the South of France in March 2011. He has been active on the speaking circuit and is an honorary steward for the British Boxing
Board of Control. He collaborated with the Kray twins' confidant and writer Robin McGibbon on his autobiography When the Gloves Came Off (), which was published in 2007. Marriages and issue

In 1968, <mask> married Susan Coleopy and they had two children, Daniel and Clare. They divorced in 1977. In September 1979 his girlfriend Chrissie gave birth to a son, Warren, but she opted to bring him up on her own.They are still on good terms. He married Jackie in 1981. They also had two children, Kelly and Thomas (Tom), but divorced in the 1990s. In 1997 he married Patricia but she died of cancer in 2003. <mask> is married to his fourth wife, Susan, whom he had known from his time in Jersey about thirty years previously. They live in Essex.

masks:
William Walker
William Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Billy
Walker
Walker
Billy Walker
Walker
Walker
Billy Walker
George Walker
Billy Walker
George Walker
Billy Walker
Walker


title: Evagrius Scholasticus

texts:
<mask>us () was a Syrian scholar and intellectual living in the 6th century AD, and an aide to the patriarch Gregory of Antioch. His surviving work, Ecclesiastical History (), comprises a six-volume collection concerning the Church's history from the First Council of Ephesus (431) to the emperor Maurice’s reign until Scholasticus' death. Life

<mask>us was born in Epiphania, a Syrian town located next to the Orontes River in the heart of the Eastern Roman Empire. Controversy exists as to the date on which <mask> was born, since historian G. F. Chesnut asserts that he was born in either 536 or 537, yet the researcher Whitby claims that he was born in 535. His first written work addressed the  plague outbreak which infected a vast segment of the population. <mask> himself was infected by the outbreak yet miraculously managed to survive this disaster during his youth. According to his own account, close members of his family died from the outbreak, including his wife at the time.Michael Whitby reasons that Evagrius was born into a wealthy aristocratic family with close ties to the political elite. His education was long-ranging and comprehensive since early childhood, starting with a specialization in grammar and transitioning to classical Greek literature. This eventually culminated in <mask>’s pursuit of legal studies, which upon completion, earned him the prestigious title of “Scholasticus” when he was in his late 20s. His first notable official endeavor was accompanying Gregory of Antioch to Constantinople in order to defend him against charges related to sexual misbehavior. <mask> again remarried in Antioch, where his own records testify to his prestige among the professional elite since displays of grandeur and a massive audience were present during this wedding ceremony. Dedicated to the  emperor <mask> wrote many works on theological matters, but none of these survives. His remaining work, The Ecclesiastical History was complete in 593, a six-volume compilation of Christian history from the first Council of Ephesus to his own present time.Evagrius was explicitly a Christian in the Chalcedonian tradition, critiquing both Zacharias Rhetor and Zosimus for theological differences, two popular historians during his own time. He respected the former scholar for his contributions to the histories of the 5th and 6th centuries AD but chastised him for his Monophysite position. However, he was especially hostile towards Zosimus, a pagan historiographer, for his vehemently anti-Christian views, stating “ ‘You, O accursed and totally defiled one, say that the fortunes of the Romans wasted away and were altogether ruined from the time when Christianity was made known”, challenging Zosimus's assumption that Rome's fall began with Constantine's conversion. Works

Ecclesiastical History

Evagrius's only surviving work, Ecclesiastical History, addresses the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from the official beginning of the Nestorian controversy at the First Council of Ephesus in 431 to the time in which he was writing, 593. The book's contents focus mainly on religious matters, describing the events surrounding notable bishops and holy men. The editio princeps was published in 1544 under the name of Robertus Stephanus (better known as Robert Estienne). John Christopherson, bishop of Chichester, made a Latin translation of the Ecclesiastical History, which was published after his death in 1570.Translations into English appeared much later: the first was by Edward Walford, which was published at London in 1846; Michael Whitby's translation was published in 2001 by Liverpool University Press as part of their "Texts in Translation Series." Some historians, particularly Pauline Allen, allege that Evagrius's Chalcedonian theological stance directly influenced his selection of information, in order to defend Chalcedonian-aligned political agents against negative reputation. Whitby, however, emphasizes the legal scholar's acceptance and inclusion of information written by other historians who adopted opposing stances, when he discerned that their accounts were reliable. For example, <mask> Scholasticus  relies heavily on Zachariah's textual study of history even though he was a monophysite, occasionally omitting minor facets of his work that explicitly promote his theology, but largely considering him to be dependable. Allen also reasons that Evagrius built on Zachariah's work because his was the only comprehensive historical account of events taking place from Theodoret of Cyrus’s time till his own era. Unfortunately, however, Zachariah’s original manuscripts have been lost. Evagrius is much less critical of the Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora, in comparison with Procopius, who described the two as physically manifest demons.Because of regional affiliations Evagrius depicts the emperor in a more sympathetic light, praising his moderate approach to justice and his restraint towards excessive persecution, yet still decrying his heresy and displays of wealth. Evagrius’s ambivalence to Justinian is especially evident when he describes him as a virtuous man yet blind to impending defeat in his self-initiated war with Persia. Chesnut also comments on how the Roman historian and scholar endues his Ecclesiastical History with a dramatic style, using themes from classical Greek tragedies to characterize Justinian’s life, particularly Fortune’s grand fluctuations. Evagrius builds upon the documents written by Zachariah, Symeon Stylites the Elder, Eustathius of Epiphania, John Malalas, Zosimus, and Procopius of Caesarea. The Ecclesiastical History is considered an important and relatively authoritative account of the timeline it traces, since Evagrius draws on other scholars’ material, explicitly acknowledging his sources. He meticulously organizes information taken from other written historical works in order to validate his account more effectively than other theological scholars of his time, thus diminishing confusion for future historian's interested in studying his work. However, historians acknowledge that there are serious logical errors inherent in Evagrius's surviving work, which is common for its epoch, namely the problematic chronological sequencing and skimming over of undeniably notable events such as major wars and other secular events.When the scholar mentions important occasions in his own life, lack of chronological labeling is especially evident – which can provide complications to those analyzing his book. Notes

Further reading
<mask> Scholasticus, The Ecclesiastical History, tr. M. Whitby (2000)
 SCARRY, Elaine. “The Well-Rounded Sphere: The Metaphysical Structure of the Consolation of Philosophy,” Essay's in Numerical Criticism of Medieval Literature. (New Jersey: Associated University Press, 1980). EVAGRIUS. Ecclesiastical History: A History of the Church in Six Books from A.D. 431 to A.D. 594.(London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1846). CHESNUT, Glenn F. "Sozomen, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Evagrius Scholasticus: Other Successors and Continuators," The First Christian Histories. (Macon: Mercer University Press, 1986). ALLEN, Pauline. "Zachariah Scholasticus and the Historia Ecclesiastica of <mask> Scholasticus," Journal of Theological Studies 31 (2):1980 (pgs 471–488). [jts.oxfardjournals.org/]. External links

Text of Evagrius' ''History of the Church

530s births
Greek historians
Syrian Christians
Christian writers
Greek religious writers
Syrian historians
6th-century Byzantine people
6th-century historians
People from Hama
Historians of Justinian I
Year of death unknown
6th-century Byzantine writers

masks:
Evagrius Scholastic
Evagrius Scholastic
Evagrius
Evagrius
Evagrius
Evagrius
Maurice Evagrius
Evagrius
Evagrius
Evagrius


title: Sir Thomas Troubridge, 3rd Baronet

texts:
Sir <mask>, 3rd Baronet CB (25 May 1815 – 2 October 1867) was an officer of the British Army who served with distinction during the Crimean War. Born into a distinguished family with strong military connections, two grandfathers and his father had been admirals in the Royal Navy, Troubridge entered the army and rose through the ranks, serving at first with the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot, and then the 7th (Royal Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot, the latter being a regiment he would later command. He served with his regiment in many stations throughout the Empire, inheriting his father's baronetcy in 1852, and held the rank of major in 1854 when the Crimean War broke out. Troubridge went out with his regiment and saw action in some of the early battles of the war, playing an important role in the Battle of Alma. He was involved in the heavy fighting surrounding the defence of British gun batteries during the Battle of Inkerman, and was badly wounded, losing his right leg and left foot. He refused to leave the battlefield until the attacks had been repulsed, and was commended for his gallantry by his commanding officer. He returned to Britain and received a number of awards and promotions for his actions in the Crimea, but was unable to return to front-line service due to his injuries.He remained active in the army in superintending parts of the supply and logistics forces, which he carried out until his death in 1867. Family and early life
Troubridge was born on 25 May 1815, the eldest son of Admiral Sir Edward Troubridge, and his wife Anna Maria, herself the daughter of another naval officer, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane. He attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and entered the army, purchasing his commission as an ensign in the 73rd Foot on 24 January 1834. He was promoted to lieutenant on 30 December 1836 in the Royal Fusiliers (again by purchase), then seeing service around the Empire, at Gibraltar, the West Indies, and Canada. Troubridge obtained further promotions, purchasing the rank of captain on 14 December 1841, and major on 9 August 1850. On the death of his father in 1852 he became the 3rd baronet. Crimean War

With the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854, Troubridge was sent with his regiment to the Crimea, and was involved in several of the early battles, seeing action at the Battle of Alma, the operations around the Siege of Sevastopol, and the Battle of Inkerman.At Alma he commanded the Royal Fusiliers' right wing, on the right of the Light Division under Sir George Brown. During the battle Troubridge and the Royal Fusiliers engaged the left wing of the Kazan regiment, and Troubridge led his forces under heavy fire on an assault on the fortified heights. He remained with the Royal Fusiliers during their operations in support of the allied Siege of Sevastopol, and then saw action at Inkerman on 5 November 1854. At Inkerman Troubridge was the field officer of the day, and was in the reserve of the light division in the Lancaster battery. The position was attacked by Russian troops, and came under heavy fire from Russian guns brought up on the east of the Careenage Ravine to enfilade them. Meeting heavy resistance the Russians concentrated their forces against the battery, and in the desperate fighting that followed Troubridge was wounded by a shot which carried off his right leg and left foot. He refused to be removed from the position, and remained at his post for the next two hours until the attack was beaten off, his limbs propped up on a gun carriage to prevent him from bleeding to death.He was then removed to the hospital after the battle had finished. In Lord Raglan's despatches of 11 November (gazetted on 2 December), Troubridge was Mentioned as having "behaved with the utmost gallantry and composure", despite his wounds. Post-war
Troubridge was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 12 December 1854 "for distinguished Service in the Field", but his injuries caused him to be invalided home in May 1855. He was present, in a chair, at the distribution of medals and awards by Queen Victoria on 18 May to those who had distinguished themselves in the Crimea, when he was made an aide-de-camp to the Queen with the rank of brevet colonel. Troubridge was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855. He also received foreign awards from Britain's allies in the Crimea. The French appointed him Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, while the Ottomans appointed him to the Fourth Class of the Order of the Medjidie.Troubridge received substantive promotion to lieutenant-colonel (without purchase), and thus became the commanding officer of the Royal Fusiliers on 9 March 1855, but his disability prevented him from serving with it. He was placed on half pay with the 22nd Regiment of Foot on 14 September, but accepted the appointment of director-general of army clothing in 1855. The post was abolished on 2 February 1857, but Troubridge immediately took the successor position as deputy adjutant-general (clothing department). During his time in the post he designed a new valise to address what he saw as the defects in the standard army issue one. His design was approved by the leading medical officers and was so successful that it became the foundation of future forms of equipment. Family and death
Troubridge married Louisa Jane Gurney, a granddaughter of James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll on 1 November 1855. The couple had three sons and four daughters.Among them their third son, Ernest Troubridge, became a distinguished naval officer, achieving the rank of admiral. Louisa Troubridge died on 29 August 1867, with Sir <mask> dying five weeks later on 2 October 1867, at his home at 8 Queen's Gate, Hyde Park, Kensington. He was 52. A private funeral ceremony was held, and Sir <mask> was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His eldest son, <mask> Cochrane Troubridge, born in 1860, succeeded to the baronetcy. Arms

Notes

References

1815 births
1867 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Royal Fusiliers officers
73rd Regiment of Foot officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Cochrane family

masks: Thomas St Vincent Hope Cochrane Troubridge


title: David IV of Georgia

texts:
<mask> IV, also known as <mask> the Builder (, ) (1073– 24 January 1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king of United Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125. Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country, winning the Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia’s control. A friend of the church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Sobriquet and regnal ordinal
The epithet aghmashenebeli (), which is translated as "the Builder" (in the sense of "built completely"), "the Rebuilder", or "the Restorer", first appears as the sobriquet of <mask> in the charter issued in the name of "King of Kings Bagrat" in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th- and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti. Epigraphic data also provide evidence for the early use of <mask>'s other epithet, "the Great" (დიდი, didi). Retrospectively, <mask> the Builder has been variously referred to as <mask> II, III, and IV, reflecting substantial variation in the ordinals assigned to the Georgian Bagratids, especially in the early period of their history, owing to the fact that the numbering of successive rulers moves between the many branches of the family.Scholars in Georgia favor <mask> IV, his namesake predecessors being: <mask> Curopalates (died 881), <mask> II Magistros (died 937), and <mask> Curopalates (died 1001), all members of the principal line of the Bagratid dynasty. Family background and early life

The year of <mask>'s birth can be calculated from the date of his accession to the throne recorded in the Life of King of Kings <mask> (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written  1123–1126, as k'oronikon (Paschal cycle) 309, that is, 1089, when he was 16 years old. Thus, he would have been born in k'oronikon 293 or 294, that is, c. 1073. According to the same source, he died in k'oronikon 345, when he would have been in his 52nd or 53rd year. Professor <mask> gives 1070 and 24 January 1125 as the dates for <mask>. The earliest known document that makes mention of <mask> is the royal charter of his father, George II of Georgia (r. 1072–1089), granted to the Mghvime monastery and dated to 1073. According to the Life of King of Kings <mask>, <mask> was the only son of George II.The contemporaneous Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa mentions <mask>'s brother Totorme, who, according to the modern historian Robert W. Thomson, was his sister. The name of <mask>'s mother, , is recorded in a margin note in the Gospel of Matthew from the Tskarostavi monastery; she is otherwise unknown. <mask>tids claimed their descent and whose 78th descendant <mask> was proclaimed to be. <mask>'s father, George II, was confronted by a major threat to the kingdom of Georgia. The country was invaded by the Seljuq Turks, which were part of the same wave which had overrun Anatolia, defeating the Byzantine Empire and taking captive the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Manzikert in 1071. In what the medieval Georgian chronicle refers to as didi turkoba, "the Great Turkish Invasion", several provinces of Georgia became depopulated and George was forced to sue for peace, becoming a tributary of the sultan Malik-Shah I in 1083 when <mask> was 10. The great noble houses of Georgia, capitalizing on the vacillating character of the king, sought to assert more autonomy for themselves; Tbilisi, the ancient capital of Kartli, remained in the hands of its Muslim rulers, and a local dynasty, for a time suppressed by George's energetic father Bagrat IV, maintained its precarious independence in the eastern region of Kakheti under the Seljuq suzerainty.Accession to the throne

Watching his kingdom slip into chaos, George II ceded the crown to his 16-year-old son <mask> in 1089. Although the historical tradition founded by Prince Vakhushti in the 18th century and followed by Marie-Félicité Brosset in the 19th states that <mask> succeeded George upon his death, a number of surviving documents suggest that George died around 1112, and that although he retained the royal title until his death, he played no significant political role, real power having passed on to <mask>. Moreover, <mask> himself had been a co-ruler with his father sometime before his becoming a king-regnant in 1089; a document of 1085 mentions <mask> as "king and sebastos", the latter being a Byzantine title, frequently held, like other imperial dignities, by the members of the Georgian royal family. <mask>'s formal cooption into government may have occurred even earlier, in 1083, when George II left Georgia for the negotiations at the court of the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I. Revival of the Georgian State

Despite his age, he was actively involved in Georgia’s political life. Backed by his tutor and an influential churchman George of Chqondidi, <mask> IV pursued a purposeful policy, taking no unconsidered step. He was determined to bring order to the land, bridle the unsubmissive secular and ecclesiastic feudal lords, centralize the state administration, form a new type of army that would stand up better to the Seljuk Turkish military organization, and then go over to a methodical offensive with the aim of expelling the Seljuks first from Georgia and then from the whole Caucasus.Between 1089–1100, King <mask> organized small detachments of his loyal troops to restore order and destroy isolated enemy troops. He began the resettlement of devastated regions and helped to revive major cities. Encouraged by his success, but more importantly the beginning of the Crusades in Palestine, he ceased payment of the annual contribution to the Seljuks and put an end to their seasonal migration to Georgia. In 1101, King <mask> captured the fortress of Zedazeni, a strategic point in his struggle for Kakheti and Hereti, and within the next three years he liberated most of eastern Georgia. In 1093, he arrested the powerful feudal lord Liparit Baghvashi, a long-time enemy of the Georgian crown, and expelled him from Georgia (1094). After the death of Liparit’s son Rati, <mask> abolished their duchy of Kldekari in 1103. He slowly pushed the Seljuk Turks out of the country, recovering more and more land from them as they were now forced to focus not only on the Georgians but the newly begun Crusades in the eastern Mediterranean.By 1099 <mask>'s power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to the Turks. By that time, he also rejected a Byzantine title of panhypersebastos  thus indicating that Georgia would deal with the Byzantine Empire only on a parity basis. In 1103 a major ecclesiastical congress known as the Ruis-Urbnisi Synod was held at the monasteries of Ruisi and Urbnisi. <mask> succeeded in removing oppositionist bishops, and combined two offices: courtier’s (Mtsignobartukhutsesi, i.e. Chief Secretary) and clerical (Bishop of Tchqondidi) into a single institution of Tchqondidel-Mtzignobartukhutsesi corresponding roughly to the post of prime minister. Next year, <mask>’s supporters in the eastern Georgian province of Kakheti captured the local king Aghsartan II (1102–1104), a loyal tributary of the Seljuk Sultan, and reunited the area with the rest of Georgia. Military campaigns

Following the annexation of Kingdom of Kakheti, in 1105, <mask> routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.Problems began to crop up for <mask> now. His population, having been at war for the better part of twenty years, needed to be allowed to become productive again. Also, his nobles were still making problems for him, along with the city of Tbilisi which still could not be liberated from Seljuk grasp. Again <mask> was forced to solve these problems before he could continue the reclamation of his nation and people. For this purpose, <mask> IV radically reformed his military. He resettled a Kipchak tribe of 40,000 families from the Northern Caucasus in Georgia in 1118–1120. Every Georgian and Kipchak family was obliged to provide one soldier with a horse and weapons.Kipchaks were settled in different regions of Georgia. Some were settled in Inner Kartli province, others were given lands along the border. They were christianized and quickly assimilated into Georgian society. In 1120, <mask> moved to western Georgia and, when the Turks began pillaging Georgian lands, he suddenly attacked them. Only an insignificant Seljuk force escaped. King <mask> then entered the neighbouring Shirvan and took the town of Qabala. During that time Shirvanshahs were in position of power shifting between emerging Georgia and Seljuqid states.In the winter of 1120–1121, the Georgian troops successfully attacked the Seljuk settlements on the eastern and southwestern approaches to the Transcaucasus. Muslim powers became increasingly concerned about the rapid rise of a Christian state in southern Caucasia. In 1121, Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad (1118–1131) declared a holy war on Georgia and rallied a large coalition of Muslim states led by the Artuqid Ilghazi and Toğrul b. Muhammad. The size of the Muslim army is still a matter of debate with numbers ranging from a fantastic 600,000 men (Walter the Chancellor’s Bella Antiochena, Matthew of Edessa) to 400,000 (Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle) to modern Georgian estimates of 250,000–400,000 men. All sources agree that the Muslim powers gathered an army that was much larger than the Georgian force of 56,000 men. However, on 12 August 1121, King <mask> routed the enemy army on the field of Didgori, achieving what is often considered the greatest military success in Georgian history. The victory at Didgori signaled the emergence of Georgia as a great military power and shifted the regional balance in favor of Georgian cultural and political supremacy.Following his success, <mask> captured Tbilisi, the last Muslim enclave remaining from the Arab occupation, in 1122 and moved the Georgian capital there. A well-educated man, he preached tolerance and acceptance of other religions, abrogated taxes and services for the Muslims and Jews, and protected the Sufis and Muslim scholars. In 1123, <mask>’s army liberated Dmanisi, the last Seljuk stronghold in southern Georgia. In 1124, <mask> finally conquered Shirvan and took the Armenian city of Ani from the Muslim emirs, thus expanding the borders of his kingdom to the Araxes basin. Armenians met him as a liberator providing some auxiliary force for his army. It was then that the important component of "Sword of the Messiah" appeared in the title of <mask> the Builder. It is engraved on a copper coin of <mask>'s day:

Humane treatment of the Muslim population, as well as the representatives of other religions and cultures, set a standard for tolerance in his multiethnic kingdom.It was a hallmark not only for his enlightened reign, but for all of Georgian history and culture. After Georgia's decisive victory at the battle of Didgori, Shirvanshah Manuchir, who was under the influence of his wife, Georgian princess Tamar, maintained a pro-Georgian orientation and rejected paying tribute to the Seljuqids. Deprived of the tribute, 40,000 dinars, the Seljuqid Sultan Mahmud directed to Shirvan at the beginning of 1123, captured Shamakhi and took Shah as hostage contrary to Manuchehr's betrayal. In the response to this, in June 1123 <mask> attacked and defeated Sultan again and finally conquered Shirvan by capturing the cities and fortresses of Shamakhi, Bughurd, Gulustan, Shabran. <mask> the Builder died on 24 January 1125, and upon his death, as he had specified, was buried under the stone inside the main gatehouse of the Gelati Monastery so that anyone coming to his beloved Gelati Academy stepped on his tomb first. He was survived by three children, his eldest son Demetrius, who succeeded him and continued his father's victorious reign; and two daughters, Tamar, who was married to the Shirvan Shah Manuchihr III, and Kata (Katai), married to Isaac Comnenus, the son of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Beside his political and military skills, King <mask> earned fame as a writer, composing Galobani sinanulisani (Hymns of Repentance, c. 1120), a powerful work of emotional free-verse psalms, which reveal the king’s humility and religious zeal.Cultural life

King <mask> the Builder gave close attention to the education of his people. The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire "so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there". Many of them later became well-known scholars. At the time of <mask> the Builder there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King <mask>'s historian calls Gelati Academy Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, e.g. the Academy of Ikalto. <mask> himself composed, c. 1120, "Hymns of Repentance" (გალობანი სინანულისანი, galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms, with each hymn having its own intricate and subtle stanza form.For all their Christianity, cult of the Mother of God, and the king’s emotional repentance of his sins, <mask> sees himself to be similar to the Biblical <mask>, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom <mask> was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks. Family

Marriages
 Rusudan, an Armenian princess (divorced in 1107)
 Gurandukht, daughter of the Kipchak chief Otrok (c. 1107)

Issue
 Demetrius I
 Prince Vakhtang (1112–1138)
 Prince George (1114–1129)
 Princess Rusudan, who was married to Prince Jadaron of Alania. They had a son <mask>, who would go on to marry Tamar of Georgia
 Zurab, son of <mask> IV of Georgia
 Princess Tamar, who married Shirvanshah Manuchehr III (died c. 1154), and became a nun in widowhood. Princess Kata, who has been theorized to be the same person as Irene who married the Byzantine prince Isaakios Comnenus. Burial

A tombstone at the entrance of Gelati monastery, bearing a Georgian inscription in the asomtavruli script, has traditionally been considered to be that of <mask> IV. Although there are no clear and reliable indications that <mask> was indeed buried in Gelati and that the present epitaph is his, this popular belief had already been established by the mid-19th century as evidenced by the French scholar Marie-Félicité Brosset who published his study of the Georgian history between 1848 and 1858.The epitaph, modeled on the Psalm 131 (132), 14, reads:  "Christ! This is my resting place for eternity. It pleases me; here I shall dwell." Legacy
Also known as <mask> the Builder, he occupies a special place among the kings of the Georgian “Golden Age” in the period of the defense against the Seljuqs. The "Order of David the Builder" is given to regular citizens, military and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy. After being elected President of Georgia, Georgia’s former leader Mikheil Saakashvili took an oath at <mask> the Builder’s tomb at Gelati Monastery on the day of his inauguration on 25 January 2004. The airport at Kutaisi is known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport.The National Defense Academy is named after him. See also
 Kipchaks in Georgia

Genealogy

References
Notes

General

 Synod of Ruis-Urbnisi (1103), ed. E. Gabidzashvili, Tbilisi, 1978, on Georgian language. Khuroshvili, Giorgi (2018), Conceptions of Political Thought in Medieval Georgia: <mask> IV “the Builder”, Arson of Ikalto. In: Veritas et subtilitas. Truth and Subtlety in the History of Philosophy. John Benjamins Publishing Company.Amsterdam/Philadelphia. pp.149-156. Further reading

Kings of Georgia
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia
Saints of Georgia (country)
People from Kutaisi
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1073 births
1125 deaths
12th-century Christian saints
Sebastoi

masks:
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David I
David
David III
David
David
Cyril Toumanoff
David
David
David
David
David
David
Davidgra
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David IV
David
David
David
David
David
David
David IV
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David IV
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David Soslan
David
David
David
David
David
David


title: Phoebe Omlie

texts:
<mask> (November 21, 1902 – July 17, 1975) was an American aviation pioneer, particularly noted for her accomplishments as an early female aviator. Omlie was the first woman to receive an airplane mechanic's license, the first licensed female transport pilot, and the first woman to be appointed to a federal position in the aviation field. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Omlie set several world records in aviation, including the highest altitude parachute jump by a woman. She was also the first woman to cross the Rocky Mountains in a light aircraft, and was considered by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to be one of "eleven women whose achievements make it safe to say the world is progressing". Early life
<mask> was born in Des Moines, Iowa on November 21, 1902, and was the only daughter of parents Harry J. Park and Madge Traister Park. After divorcing Harry Park, Madge married Andrew Fairgrave, who adopted her two children, <mask> and Paul.<mask> and her brother, Paul, attended Oak Park School in Des Moines until she was 12, when she and her family moved to St. Paul, Minnesota. There, Fairgrave attended Madison School and Mechanic Arts High School and graduated in 1920. Fairgrave's interest in aviation was sparked the day before she graduated, when President Woodrow Wilson visited Minneapolis. President Wilson's visit was commemorated by a flyover and was the first airshow of any kind that Fairgrave had witnessed. Aviation career
Shortly after graduating high school, Fairgrave spent a few months at the Guy Durrell Dramatic School and worked briefly as a secretary. Bored with the prospects, she began hanging around airfields near her home and attempted to convince the airport manager to allow one of his flight instructors to take her flying. The manager finally agreed, thinking that he could scare Fairgrave's interest in aviation out of her by performing various aerobatic maneuvers in an attempt to make her sick.Instead, Fairgrave demanded more flight time and used some of her inheritance to purchase a Curtiss JN-4 biplane after her fourth flight. Still in her teens, Fairgrave started performing stunts on the wing of her aircraft as another pilot remained at the controls. Fairgrave began wing walking, learned to hang below the plane by her teeth, parachute, and "dance the Charleston on the top wing". Using the stunts she had learned, Fairgrave claimed the record for the highest parachute jump for a woman by jumping from her plane at  (MSL) and earned a movie deal, flying aerobatic stunts for the film serial The Perils of Pauline. This was her first flight with Vernon C. Omlie, who would become her husband. Following the record setting jump, Fairgrave and Omlie flew around the country on a barnstorming tour and eventually married in 1922. In 1925, the Omlies moved to Memphis, Tennessee and began offering flying lessons and mechanical services to local residents.A year later, in 1927, <mask> became the first woman to receive an airplane mechanic's license, as well as the first licensed female transport pilot. While Vernon continued operating the business and working as a flight instructor, <mask> began working for the Mono Aircraft Company. Flying the company's Monocoupe 90 light aircraft out of Quad City International Airport in 1928, Omlie set a world altitude record for women when she reached  (MSL). That same year, Omlie competed in the Edsel Ford Air Tour and became the first woman to cross the Rocky Mountains in a light aircraft. Omlie later joined the Ninety-Nines as a charter member after competing in a race with Amelia Earhart. Omlie's success as a pilot was recognized by the Democratic National Committee, and she was enlisted to fly a female speaker around the country for Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1932 presidential campaign. After the successful campaign, Omlie was appointed by President Roosevelt as the "Special Adviser for Air Intelligence to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics".This made her the first woman to be appointed to a federal aviation position. In this role, Omlie acted as a "liaison between the National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics and the Bureau of Air Commerce" alongside Amelia Earhart to create what would become the National Airspace System. On August 5, 1936, <mask> and seven passengers were killed when a commercial flight they were aboard crashed in St. Louis, Missouri while attempting to land in foggy conditions. <mask>lie immediately resigned her position in Washington, D.C. and returned to Memphis. Following her husband's death, Omlie did not return to Washington, D.C. until 1941, when she accepted a job as "Senior Private Flying Specialist of the Civil Aeronautics Authority". In this position, and to meet the severe need for pilots for service in WWII, Omlie established 66 flight schools in 46 states, including a school in Tuskegee, Alabama that would later train the famous Tuskegee Airmen. With the Tennessee Bureau of Aeronautics, she established an "experimental" program to train women as instructors.The first class, ten women from various states, trained between September and February 1943, and was meant to establish her strong and, to some, controversial belief that " . . . if women can teach men to walk, they can teach them to fly." These women went on to instruct both men and women pilots both in military and civilian flight training programs, including the Navy V-5 and the USAAF Women Airforce Service Pilots. Unhappy about the increasing regulation of the aviation industry by the United States Federal Government under President Harry S. Truman, Omlie resigned in 1952 and left aviation. Later life
After resigning from the Civil Aeronautics Authority, Omlie returned to Memphis and purchased a cattle farm in Como, Mississippi. Omlie's inexperience with farming caused hardship for the business, so she traded the farm around 1957 for a small cafe and hotel in Lambert, Mississippi. The hotel business proved to be just as unsuccessful for Omlie, who returned to Memphis in 1961.Omlie periodically spoke to aviation groups about her concerns over increasing federal regulation of the industry, but the speaking engagements dwindled over time and ceased by 1970. The last five years of Omlie's life were spent in seclusion, living in a flophouse in Indianapolis, Indiana, fighting lung cancer and alcoholism. Omlie died on July 17, 1975, and was buried next to her husband in Forest Hill Cemetery. In June 1982, a new air traffic control tower was dedicated and named in honor of <mask> and Vernon Omlie at the Memphis International Airport. References

1902 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American women
American aviation record holders
American women aviation record holders
Aviation pioneers
Aviators from Iowa
Barnstormers
Deaths from cancer in Indiana
Stunt pilots
Wing walkers
People from Des Moines, Iowa
People from Lambert, Mississippi

masks:
Phoebe Jane Fairgrave Omlie
Phoebe Jane Fairgrave
Phoebe
Phoebe
Phoebe
Phoebe
Vernon Omlie
Phoebe Om
Phoebe


title: Harold Budd

texts:
<mask> (May 24, 1936December 8, 2020) was an American avant-garde composer and poet. Born in Los Angeles and raised in the Mojave Desert, Budd became a respected composer in the minimalist and avant-garde scene of Southern California in the late 1960s, and later became better known for his work with figures such as Brian Eno and Robin Guthrie. Budd developed what he called a "soft pedal" technique for playing piano. Early life
Budd was born in Los Angeles, California, and spent his childhood in Victorville, California on the southwestern edge of the Mojave Desert. <mask> was only 13 when his father died, and soon his family fell out of their comfortable middle class existence. He was sent up to the desert to live with friends and relatives as often as possible, but the reality in Los Angeles was growing up in a tough neighborhood, and as the oldest son, being the man of the house. During this time Black culture had an enormous impact on <mask>, especially jazz music and bebop, and he could be found in his teenage years playing drums in bars and jazz clubs in South Central Los Angeles.Drafted into the army, he joined the regimental band where he played drums. Jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler was drafted at the same time and was also a member of the band. Budd joined him in gigs around the Monterey area. Budd's experience of the army made him determined to get an education. Education, academic career and early works
After working as "everything from cowboy to mailman," including a stint at Douglas Aircraft, Budd enrolled in a course in architecture at Los Angeles Community College. He switched to a course in harmony and his musical talent was spotted by a teacher who encouraged him to compose. He began to attend performances by artists like Chet Baker and Pharoah Sanders.“From that moment on,” he recalls, “I had an insatiable appetite. Harmony, counterpoint, Renaissance music: I really heard it for the first time.”

<mask>'s career as a composer began in 1962. In the following years, he gained a notable reputation in the local avant-garde community. Budd studied music at the University of Southern California, under the tutelage of Ingolf Dahl, graduating in 1966. <mask>'s work of this period was primarily minimalist drone music influenced by John Cage and Morton Feldman, as well as the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko, with whom he corresponded. After completing his degree in composition in 1969, <mask> took up a teaching position at the California Institute for the Arts. In 1970, he released his first piece, The Oak of the Golden Dreams, which he recorded with an early model Buchla modular synthesizer at the institute.Soon afterwards, <mask> gave up composition, disgusted by the "academic pyrotechnics" of the avant-garde community. Composer and recording artist

In 1972, while still retaining his teaching career at the California Institute for the Arts, he resurfaced as a composer. Spanning from 1972 to 1975, he created four individual works under the collective title The Pavilion of Dreams. The style of these works was an unusual blend of popular jazz and the avant-garde. His 1972 work Madrigals of the Rose Angel was sent to English composer Gavin Bryars who passed it on to Brian Eno. Eno contacted Budd and brought him to London to record for his Obscure Records label. Budd resigned from the institute in 1976 and began recording his new compositions, produced by Eno.Two years later, <mask>'s debut album, The Pavilion of Dreams (1978), was released. The first performance of the piece was at a Franciscan church in California conducted by Daniel Lentz." The work with Eno led <mask> to shift his focus to studio-led projects, characterised by use of synthesisers and electronic treatments, often collaborating with other musicians. Budd developed a style of piano playing he deemed "soft pedal," which can be described as slow and sustained. While he is often placed in the Ambient category, he emphatically declared that he was not an Ambient artist, and felt that he got "kidnapped" into the category. His two collaborations with Eno, 1980's The Plateaux of Mirror and 1984's The Pearl, established his trademark atmospheric piano style. On Lovely Thunder, he introduced subtle electronic textures.His thematic 2000 release The Room saw a return to a more minimalist approach. In 2003, Daniel Lanois, a producer for U2 and Bob Dylan, and occasional collaborator with Brian Eno, recorded an impromptu performance of <mask> playing the piano in his Los Angeles living room, unaware; it was released in 2005 as the album La Bella Vista. He had a long-running collaboration with guitarist Robin Guthrie. They worked together initially when Budd worked with Guthrie's band Cocteau Twins on their 1985 collaboration The Moon and the Melodies. The record was released by 4AD under all the collaborator's names (rather than being a Cocteau Twins/<mask>d record), with <mask> being listed first as it was an alphabetical listing. In November 1986, the record charted on the UK Top 75 album chart, spending a week at number 46. <mask> and Guthrie subsequently released several albums together, including two soundtracks to the Greg Araki films Mysterious Skin (2004) and White Bird in a Blizzard (2014), with the last, 2020's Another Flower, released four days before Budd's death.Budd also collaborated with Andy Partridge of XTC on the album Through the Hill (1994), John Foxx on the album Translucence/Drift Music (2003) and work with Jah Wobble on the Solaris concert and live album in 2002. He composed music for the score of the 2020 miniseries I Know This Much Is True. Reception
Brian Eno called Budd "a great abstract painter trapped in the body of a musician". The Guardian said, "The core Budd sound of yearning piano motifs and reverb-laden impressionism is often called minimalism. But compared with the cyclical craft of Steve Reich and early Philip Glass, his low-key, expansive forays felt deftly maximalist. This has made Budd's craft synonymous with the dreamworld. An heir to Satie and Debussy, his music was treated and poetic, never kneejerk nor incautious."<mask> was undergoing therapy at a short-term rehabilitation facility after suffering a stroke on November 11, 2020, where he contracted COVID-19 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in California. He died from complications of COVID-19 in a Arcadia hospital on December 8, 2020. He was 84 years old. Selected discography

 The Pavilion of Dreams (1978) E.G. Records produced by Brian Eno
 Ambient 2: The Plateaux of Mirror (1980) E.G. Records with Brian Eno
 The Pearl (1984) E.G. Records with Brian Eno
 Lovely Thunder (1986) E.G.Records produced by Michael Hoenig
 The Moon and the Melodies (1986) 4AD with Simon Raymonde, Robin Guthrie and Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins
 The White Arcades (1988) Opal Records produced by Brian Eno
 By the Dawn's Early Light (1991) Opal Records with Bill Nelson, B. J. Cole, Susan Allen
 Music for 3 Pianos (1992) All Saints Records with Ruben Garcia and Daniel Lentz. Luxa (1996) All Saints Records
 The Room (2000) Atlantic Records
 Translucence/Drift Music (2003) Edsel Records with John Foxx
 Avalon Sutra / As Long as I Can Hold My Breath 2-CD digipak (2004) Samadhisound produced by <mask>d
 Mysterious Skin – Music from the Film (2005) Commotion Records/Rykodisc with Robin Guthrie
 White Bird in a Blizzard (2014) Lakeshore Records with Robin Guthrie
 Another Flower (2020) Darla Records with Robin Guthrie

See also
 Experimental music
 List of ambient music artists

References

External links

 Detailed New York Times obituary

1936 births
2020 deaths
4AD artists
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century classical composers
All Saints Records artists
Ambient musicians
American male pianists
American male poets
American electronic musicians
American experimental musicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California
E.G. Records artists
Military personnel from California
New-age musicians
People from Victorville, California
Record producers from California
Samadhi Sound artists
Thornton School of Music alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Darla Records artists

masks:
Harold Montgomory Budd
Harold
Harold
Budd
Budd
Budd
Budd
Harold Budd
Budd
Budd
Harold Bud
Budd
Budd
Death Budd
Harold Bud


title: Dorothy Hartley

texts:
<mask> (4 October 1893 – 22 October 1985) was an English social historian, illustrator, and author. Daughter of a clergyman, she studied art, which she later taught. Her interest in history led her into writing. Among her books are six volumes of The Life and Work of the People of England, covering six centuries of English history. She is best known as the author of the book Food in England, which has had a strong influence on many contemporary cooks and food writers. Delia Smith called it "A classic book without a worthy successor – a must for any keen English cook." It combines an historical perspective on its subject with the practical approach of an experienced cook.It has remained in print ever since its publication in 1954. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born at Ermysted's Grammar School, Skipton, Yorkshire, the youngest of three children of the headmaster of the school, the Rev Edward Tomson <mask> (1849–1923) and his wife, Amy Lucy, née Eddy (1853–1932). In her 1954 book, Food in England, <mask> gave an autobiographical sketch using the kitchens of her various homes as the background: "My first kitchen was a stone-floored cottage in the Yorkshire dales…Fresh mountain air and the smell of cooking always filled this brightly polished kitchen." She was educated at a convent of French nuns at Skipton until 1904, where, she recalled, "the kitchen was alive with stir and bustle, the clatter of clogs and pails, and the aroma of breakfast coffee." In 1904, <mask> retired from the headmastership of the school and became rector of a country parish at Rempstone, Nottinghamshire. <mask> recalled, "A lovely old house with every mediaeval inconvenience. The nearest shop was five miles away and we had no car.A butcher called once a week, a grocer once a fortnight; and the wine, coal and brewery every six months. With one maid and a weekly washerwoman it was not an easy house to run." After her secondary education at Loughborough High School <mask> attended Nottingham Art School. During the First World War she temporarily abandoned her studies and worked in a munitions factory. In 1919 she entered the Regent Street Polytechnic in London where she was, according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, a prize pupil. She returned to Nottingham Art School as a teacher in 1920–22. She continued to teach, in London and elsewhere, for many years.Historical books
While earning her living as an art teacher, <mask> began writing in her spare time. She sometimes commented on her lack of education, but as The Times noted, "Later achievement suggests she more than made up for it." Many of her books are scholarly in nature, and were reviewed favourably by expert critics. Together with Margaret M. Elliot she wrote Life and Work of the People of England, in six volumes, published between 1925 and 1931. In 1930 she published The Old Book, "A Mediaeval Anthology Edited and Illuminated by <mask>" with an introduction by Professor George Saintsbury. In 1931 she "collated and edited" the poet Thomas Tusser's Good Points of Husbandry". Also in 1931 <mask> published what was, until Food in England in 1954, her best-known book, Medieval Costume and Life.In it she showed the clothes of peasants depicted in old manuscripts, with diagrams to show how they were made, and photographs of models wearing them, one of the models being <mask> herself.McMahon, A. Philip. Review in Parnassus, Volume 4, No. 2, College Art Association, February 1932, pp. 34–35

In addition to her skill as an illustrator, <mask> was a keen photographer. In 1931 she travelled by car from Egypt to the Congo, taking many photographs which were later exhibited at the Imperial Institute in London. Between 1932 and 1936 she toured the British Isles by bicycle and car, writing weekly articles for The Daily Sketch. Her topics included horse-ploughing, bread making, and clog making.She later used material she had gathered during these trips in her books, Here's England (1934), The Countryman's England (1935), and Made in England (1939). A tour of a slightly different kind was one she made of Ireland, retracing the steps of the mediaeval prelate Giraldus Cambrensis who had accompanied Prince John there in the twelfth century. This led to her book Irish Holiday (1938), of which one reviewer wrote, "If you want to see Ireland in extreme and unnecessary discomfort, Irish Holiday will tell you how to do this…my only criticism against an enthralling book." Food in England

<mask>'s mother was from Froncysylltau, near Llangollen in north Wales, where the family owned quarries and property. In 1933 <mask> moved to a house in Froncysylltau, where she lived for the rest of her life. It was there that she began work on the book for which she is best known, Food in England, with its chapters on kitchens, fuels and fireplaces, meat, poultry, game, eggs, mediaeval feast and famine, fish, fungi, Elizabethan households, the New World, salting, drying, preserving, dairy produce, bread, the Industrial Revolution, and "sundry household matters", all written from the viewpoint of an historian and also a practical and old-fashioned cook. On its publication in 1954, the book was received with immediate acclaim, and has remained in print ever since.The Manchester Guardian called it "fascinating…unusually readable"; Harold Nicolson in The Observer said, "it will become a classic", though he made gentle fun of the combative Englishness of <mask>'s culinary pronouncements. The Sunday Times, reviewing the seventh edition of the book later wrote, "For food scholarship at its best see <mask>'s robust, idiosyncratic, irresistible Food in England... As packed with diverse and fascinating information as a Scotch bun with fruit, this untidy bundle of erudition is held together by the writer's huge enjoyment of her subject, her immense curiosity about everything to do with the growth, preparation, preservation and eating of food in this country since the Middle Ages." Later years
In the post-war years <mask> taught at University College and Goldsmiths' College in London, appeared on television with the chef Philip Harben, and advised on the BBC Archers rustic soap-opera. In 1964 she published Water in England, of which the ODNB writes, "This remarkable work is full of valuable information on all manner of related phenomena such as holy springs, well digging, leather jugs, spa hotels, and suchlike." Her last work, "The Land of England", was published when the author was 86, but as The Times commented, she could "still depend on her excellent memory rather than on notes and filing cabinets." The reviewer of The New Yorker wrote, "[Her] prose is lucid, demure and unemphatic. Her wit is dry and subtle.She never nudges or buttonholes the reader, but trusts to her material which is almost bewilderingly rich." In her later years she wrote occasionally for The Guardian, on topics including wool and traditional sheep-shearing; the British Museum; "funeral biscuits"; apple-scoops made from sheep's bones; tame slugs; donkeys; a fourteenth-century feast; and mysterious old culinary terms (such as "pestils of pora", "mortrews" and "mawney"). <mask>, who remained unmarried, died at Fron House, Froncysylltau, aged 92. Books

As author

   (reissued in 2003 under the title Medieval Costume and How to Recreate it)

 ; 3rd ed. 1950; 4th ed. 1973; Little Toller Books edition 2018 (includes introduction by Fran Edgerley)

  (Published in the USA as Lost Country Life, Pantheon, 1980)

As editor

As artist

Notes

References
<mask>, <mask>. Food in England'', Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1954; reissued by Little, Brown, 1999,

External links
"<mask>", BBC

Food historians
Women food writers
1893 births
1985 deaths
People educated at Loughborough High School
Academics of University College London
20th-century British historians
20th-century British women writers
British women historians
Women cookbook writers

masks:
Dorothy Rosaman Hartley
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Hartley
Edward Hartley
Dorothy Hartley
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Dorothy Hartley
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Hartley
Hartley
Dorothy Hartley
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Hartley
Dorothy
Dorothy Hartley