title: Paul Kelly (fighter)

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1984) is a retired English mixed martial artist who is best known for his nine-fight stint in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. <mask> was sentenced to thirteen years in prison for heroin trafficking in 2013. He was released in 2019. Mixed martial arts career

Background
Coming from an amateur boxer family, <mask> grew up in boxing gyms and got in a lot of altercations in his youth. He was expelled from school and never completed his education. <mask> started out his mixed martial arts career in Liverpool, England at the Wolfslair MMA academy which was once home to The Ultimate Fighter 3 winner Michael Bisping. However, he  later moved across town to Team Kaobon, home of former UFC lightweight Terry Etim and retired UFC lightweight <mask>.Ultimate Fighting Championship

He made his UFC debut at UFC 80: Rapid Fire, where he won a decision victory over his opponent <mask>. <mask> and Taylor were both awarded $35,000 as a bonus for Fight of the Night. The fight was ranked #100 on UFC's Ultimate 100 Greatest Fights. <mask> was scheduled to fight Jonathan Goulet at UFC 85, but Goulet pulled out citing a lack of preparation. Before another opponent was found, <mask> himself had to withdraw from the event after injuring his right hand during training. <mask> was defeated by Marcus Davis via submission at UFC 89. <mask> defeated Troy Mandaloniz at UFC 95.<mask> battered Mandaloniz from top position throughout the fight. He opened cuts above both of Mandaloniz's eyes with elbows and punches. The judges scored the fight (30–27, 30–27, 30–28) for a unanimous decision for <mask>. After the fight with Mandaloniz, <mask> announced he was moving from welterweight to lightweight. <mask> said he wanted to make the drop after leaving the division on a winning note. <mask> fought Rolando Delgado at UFC 99 in Cologne, Germany. This was his first fight at lightweight.<mask> defeated Roli after going all three rounds giving <mask> the unanimous decision victory. <mask> lost his fight against Dennis Siver at UFC 105 after having his ribs injured by a spinning back kick and getting hit by punches from Siver. This was his first fight under Team Kaobon. <mask> revealed afterwards that his ribs had already been damaged going into the fight, a by-product of the notoriously hard-contact sparring sessions at Kaobon. <mask> then looked to bounce back, against Matt Veach on the UFC 112 card in Abu Dhabi. At 3:41 of the second round, <mask> pulled off a guillotine choke submission and was victorious. This was then intended to be followed up with a fight against Jacob Volkmann at the UFC 116 prelims, on 3 July.However, the fight was moved on 1 August, to the UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko card due to visa issues forcing him out of the 116 card. Volkmann went on to defeat <mask> via unanimous decision (all judges scoring the bout 30–27). <mask> was expected to face Gabe Ruediger on 20 November 2010, at UFC 123. However, Ruediger was forced out of the bout with a groin injury. Ruediger was replaced by TUF 12 competitor TJ O'Brien. After initially struggling to hit O'Brien's chin, due to the height disadvantage, <mask> was able to connect and dropped O'Brien with a combination. Later in the second round, <mask> secured a crucifix and hit O'Brien with multiple elbows, resulting in a TKO stoppage.<mask> was expected to face Sam Stout on 5 February 2011, at UFC 126, but Stout was forced from the bout with an injury and replaced by Donald Cerrone. <mask> lost to Cerrone via submission due to a rear-naked choke. Although he lost, the performance earned him and Cerrone Fight of the Night honors. In the aftermath of his loss to Cerrone, <mask> was released from the promotion, leaving the company with a 5-4 record. Post UFC
<mask> was expected to face Afakasi Sione at UCMMA 21 in England on 25 June. However, due to an injury <mask> had to withdraw from the bout. <mask> was expected to fight at Legacy FC 9 on 16 December 2011 against Jeff Rexroad.However, <mask> pulled out of the fight due to visa issues and has been replaced by Efrain Escudero, However, Efrain was resigned to the UFC, causing him to withdraw from the bout. Super Fight League
<mask>, along with Xavier Foupa-Pokam and Lena Ovchynnikova signed a four-fight contract with the Super Fight League. He made his debut for them at SFL 2 against WEC and Strikeforce veteran Ryan Healy. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. UCMMA
There has been an ongoing feud between <mask> and Richard Griffin over the last few weeks which has resulted in them being booked to fight at UCMMA 31. They were having a disagreement over a fight that Richard Griffin and Ross Pointon had in the Dominican Republic that was recently posted on the UCMMA Facebook page. <mask> stated that he thought Griffin was lucky in his fight with Pointon and that "The Real Deal" would win that match-up 9 times out of ten.Griffin felt disrespected and fired back with some insults of his own, which including jabs at <mask> being dropped by the UFC. Both men then called for a fight in the cage to settle the matter, in which Dave O’Donnell decided to approach both men to arrange the fight. <mask> and Griffin settled this feud on 1 December with <mask> winning via guillotine choke in the second round. Post-conviction career
Having been active at the gym and studying nutrition during his prison sentence, <mask> returned to the regional mixed martial arts competition at Probellum 1: Liverpool on 7 March 2020. <mask> faced Simone Bottino, winning the bout in the second round via technical knockout. In February 2021, <mask> announced his retirement from the sport. Personal life

<mask> had his first child, a daughter named Phoebe in June 2008.Drug trafficking conviction
In May 2013, <mask> was found guilty of heroin trafficking in the United Kingdom and was sentenced to 13 years in prison. However, <mask> was put on work release in 2017 and had completed his sentence and thus released in May 2019. During his work release, <mask> started a healthy eating restaurant in Liverpool. Championships and accomplishments
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (Two times) vs. <mask> and Donald Cerrone.

masks:
Paul Anthony Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Paul Taylor
Paul Taylor
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
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Paul Taylor


title: Rakim

type: original

texts:
William Michael Griffin Jr. (born January 28, 1968), better known by his stage name <mask> (), is an American rapper and record producer. One half of golden age hip hop duo Eric B. & Rakim, he is widely regarded as one of the most influential and most skilled MCs of all time. <mask> is considered a transformational figure in hip hop for raising the bar for MC technique higher than it had ever been. <mask> helped to pioneer the use of internal rhymes and multisyllabic rhymes, and he was among the first to demonstrate the possibilities of sitting down to write intricately crafted lyrics packed with clever word choices and metaphors rather than the more improvisational styles and simpler rhyme patterns that predominated before him. <mask> is also credited with creating the overall shift from the more simplistic old school flows to more complex flows. Rapper Kool Moe Dee explained that before <mask>, the term 'flow' wasn't widely used – "<mask> is basically the inventor of flow.We were not even using the word flow until <mask> came along. It was called rhyming, it was called cadence, but it wasn't called flow. <mask> created flow!" <mask> released four albums with DJ Eric B.: Paid in Full, Follow the Leader, Let the Rhythm Hit 'Em and Don't Sweat the Technique. He has released three solo albums: The 18th Letter, The Master and The Seventh Seal. Paid in Full was named the greatest hip hop album of all time by MTV in 2006, while <mask> himself was ranked No. 4 on MTV's list of the Greatest MCs of All Time.Steve Huey of AllMusic stated that "<mask> is near-universally acknowledged as one of the greatest MCs – perhaps the greatest – of all time within the hip-hop community". The editors of About.com ranked him No. 2 on their list of the 'Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007)'. In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 1 on their list of the "Top 50 Lyricists of All Time". Early life
<mask> is the nephew of the late American R&B singer and actress Ruth Brown. He grew up in Wyandanch on Long Island, and wrote his first rhyme at seven years old, about the famous cartoon character Mickey Mouse.He initially aspired to be a professional football player, and played quarterback in high school. However, after being introduced to local DJ Eric B. by his friend Alvin Toney, he began writing lyrics to fit Eric's instrumentals and chose instead to focus on a career in music. <mask>, then known as Kid Wizard, made his first recordings live at Wyandanch High School in the year 1985. <mask> was initially introduced to the Nation of Islam in 1986; he later joined The Nation of Gods and Earths (also known as the 5 Percent Nation) and adopted the name <mask> Allah. He also chose to use “<mask> Allah” as his stage name, although it was most often shortened to simply “Rakim”. Career

Pairing with Eric B. (1985–1992)

First meeting in 1985, Eric B. and <mask> went on to release four studio albums before their separation in 1992.The duo were described by journalist Tom Terrell of NPR as "the most influential DJ/MC combo in contemporary pop music period", while the editors of About.com ranked them as No. 4 on their list of the 10 Greatest Hip-Hop Duos of All-Time. They were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2011, although they did not make the final selection. 1986–87: Beginnings and classic debut

After <mask> responded to Eric B. 's search for "New York's top MC", Eric B. 's friend and roommate Marley Marl allowed them to use his home studio. The first tracks they recorded—"Eric B.Is President" and "My Melody"—were released as a single/b-side on the independent Zakia Records in 1986. After Def Jam Recordings founder Russell Simmons heard the single, the duo were signed to Island Records and began recording the album in Manhattan's Power Play Studios in early 1987. On July 7, 1987, the duo released their debut album, Paid in Full, on the Island-subsidiary label 4th & B'way Records. The album peaked at No. 58 on the Billboard 200 chart and produced five singles: "Eric B. Is President", "I Ain't No Joke", "I Know You Got Soul", "Move the Crowd", and "Paid in Full". 1988–89: Sophomore peak

While its singles attained moderate success, the album performed better on music charts than Eric B.<mask>'s debut album and reached number 22 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Albums chart. It has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments in excess of 500,000 copies in the United States. Released during the hip hop's "golden age", Follow the Leader was well received by critics and has since been recognized by music writers as one of the most groundbreaking and influential hip hop albums of all time. American author William Jelani Cobb wrote of the album's significance, "On the heels of Paid in Full, Eric B. & Rakim delivered a full clip of album titled Follow the Leader in 1988. Featuring a broader spectrum of sounds than the James Brown samples that had defined the initial release, Follow the Leader saw <mask> at his most lyrically fierce, issuing deft and death threats on such tracks as 'Microphone Fiend,' 'Lyrics of Fury,' and the nearly felonious 'No Competition.'The release marked the high point in the collaboration between the two and prefaced the long slide they faced in the 1990s." 1990–92: Final albums and dissolution
Let the Rhythm Hit 'Em, released in 1990, was Eric B. & Rakim's third album. This album saw the duo's sound develop further, with <mask> adopting a deeper, more aggressive tone of voice, as well as more mature and serious subject matter. Musically, the production ranges from smoother soulful tracks such as "In the Ghetto" to the hard-edged assault of the title track. Though it could not support singles as popular as the duo's previous albums, it is considered by many to be the duo's most coherent album. It is one of the few albums to have received a "five-mic" rating from The Source.In 1998, the album was selected as one of The Sources 100 Best Rap Albums. The back cover features a dedication to the memories of <mask>'s father William and producer Paul C., who had worked on many of the album's tracks before his murder in July 1989. His protégé Large Professor completed his work. Neither receive credit in the album's notes. In 1992, Eric B & Rakim released their fourth and final album, Don't Sweat the Technique. The title track was a minor radio hit. "Casualties of War" was also released as a single."Know the Ledge" first appeared in the film Juice under the title "Juice (Know the Ledge)". However, Eric B. refused to sign MCA's release contract, fearful that <mask> would abandon him. This led to a long, complicated court battle involving the two musicians and MCA. The legal wrangling eventually led to the duo dissolving completely. Solo career (1993–present)

1993–2003: Legal issues, solo debut and Aftermath stint

After his breaking up his partnership with Eric B. in early-1993, <mask> kept a low profile, only making one notable appearance on the soundtrack to the 1993 film Gunmen. A reshuffling in MCA caused <mask> to be dropped from the label in 1994. As <mask> continued to struggle with legal problems, he secured a deal with Universal Records and began recording his solo debut album The 18th Letter in 1996.In November 1997, the album The 18th Letter was released. Expectations were high for <mask>, as the album debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 and went certified Gold by the RIAA. In June 1999, <mask> appeared on three tracks of "The Seduction of Claude Debussy" by Art of Noise. AllMusic's Keith Farley notes that "the album charts the artistic use of sampled breakbeats -- pioneered by the Art of Noise themselves -- with nods to '80s hip-hop plus their '90s equivalent, drum'n'bass." In November 1999, <mask> released The Master, which received good reviews but sold poorly. <mask> was signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment record label in 2000, for work on an album tentatively titled Oh, My God. The album underwent numerous changes in artistic direction and personnel and was delayed several times.While working on the album, <mask> made guest appearances on four Aftermath projects, including the hit single "Addictive" by Truth Hurts and its remix (which featured a different <mask> verse from the main version), the Dr. Dre-produced "The Watcher Part 2" by Jay-Z, and Eminem's 8 Mile soundtrack album with the track "R.A.K.I.M". However, <mask> left the label in 2003 and Oh, My God was indefinitely shelved. After <mask> eventually left Aftermath Entertainment, he stated that the reason he departed the label was because of creative differences with Dr. Dre. <mask> used a metaphorical example that Dr. Dre wanted <mask> to write about killing someone, while <mask> wanted to write about the resurrection of someone. 2007–09: The Seventh Seal

<mask> retreated to his Connecticut estate to work leisurely on music. Not having released an album since 1999, he eschewed touring in favor of infrequent gigs. <mask> was able to retain the tracks he had made with Dr. Dre and, in 2006, announced that he would release a new studio album, The Seventh Seal.The album was delayed into 2009; instead, he followed up with a live album, The Archive: Live, Lost & Found, in 2008. In an interview with Billboard in 2007, when asked about story behind

masks:
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
& Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
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Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
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Rakim
Rakim
Rakim
Rakim


title: Rakim

texts:
 The Seventh Seals title, <mask> said,

In another interview with Billboard in 2009, he stated,

The Seventh Seal was released on November 17, 2009, after several delays on <mask>'s own Ra Records, TVM, and SMC Recordings and distributed through Fontana and Universal Music Group. Considered a comeback album after a ten-year gap between releases, the album features the two singles: "Holy Are You", which was released on July 14, 2009, and "Walk These Streets" which was released on October 7, 2009. It features production from several renowned hip hop artists, including Nottz, J. Wells, Needlz, Jake One, and Nick Wiz. The album sold 12,000 copies in the United States by November 22, 2009, according to SoundScan. Upon its release, The Seventh Seal received generally mixed or average reviews from most music critics; it holds an aggregate score of 59/100 at Metacritic.2011–present: fourth studio album
In 2011, <mask> performed Paid in Full in its entirety at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City, in honor of the album's 25th anniversary. He was backed by The Roots. In 2012, <mask> announced that he and Eric B. would release a 25th anniversary edition of their 1987 album Paid in Full, which would contain new tracks recorded by Eric B. & <mask>, by the end of 2012; <mask> announced he would release a new solo album by the end of 2012. He performed at the annual Roots' Picnic in Philadelphia in June. In an interview with The Detroit Free Press he announced he was in the studio with Pharrell Williams working on a new album set to be released in 2013, saying the first single will be released before the end of the year. On September 24, 2013, he released a collaborative single with DMX entitled "Don't Call Me".In 2014, <mask> is featured on the collaborative single with American rock band Linkin Park, titled "Guilty All the Same". The song was released on March 6, 2014, under Warner Bros. Records, as the first single from their sixth studio album, titled The Hunting Party. He contributed his rap vocals during the bridge for the main version of the song; however, he is not featured on the radio edit of the song. The song was officially released on March 7, 2014, for digital download. On April 27, 2015, <mask> announced he was working on a new album and planned to release it in the middle or end of 2015. He said "This is one of those albums where I can have fun. My last album, The Seventh Seal, was somewhat of a conscious album.I wanted to make a statement on that album." In late-June 2018, a new song, King's Paradise, was released on the Luke Cage season 2 soundtrack. <mask> performed the song for the first time on NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts series along with former A Tribe Called Quest member Ali Shaheed Muhammad and producer Adrian Younge. Reunion with Eric B. (2016–present)
On October 20, 2016, it was announced via Twitter that <mask> had reunited with Eric B. after 23 years. The duo teased a potential reunion tour the next morning, hosting a poll for the fans to give their opinion on what city Eric B. & <mask> should start the tour.Four locations were the potential candidates: New York City, Las Vegas, London, and Australia. Since the announcement of the reunion, fans have speculated if the two will drop a new studio album in the near future. Artistry
<mask>'s rhyming deviated from the simple rhyme patterns of early 1980s hip hop. His free-rhythm style ignored bar lines and had earned comparisons to jazz pianist Thelonious Monk. The New York Times Ben Ratliff wrote that <mask>'s "unblustery rapping developed the form beyond the flat-footed rhythms of schoolyard rhymes". While many rappers developed their technique through improvisation, <mask> was one of the first to demonstrate advantages of a writerly style, as with for instance his pioneering use of internal rhymes and multisyllabic rhymes. Unlike previous rappers such as LL Cool J, KRS-One, and Run-D.M.C., who delivered their vocals with high energy, <mask> employed a relaxed, stoic delivery.According to MTV, "We'd been used to MCs like Run and DMC, Chuck D and KRS-One leaping on the mic shouting with energy and irreverence, but <mask> took a methodical approach to his microphone fiending. He had a slow flow, and every line was blunt, mesmeric." <mask>'s relaxed delivery results from his jazz influences; he had played the saxophone and was a John Coltrane fan. Artists and critics often credit <mask> with creating the overall shift from the more simplistic old school flows to more complex flows. Kool Moe Dee says, "any emcee that came after 1986 had to study <mask> just to know what to be able to do. [...] <mask>, in 1986, gave us flow and that was the rhyme style from 1986 to 1994. [...] From that point on, anybody emceeing was forced to focus on their flow."Kool Moe Dee explains that before <mask>, the term 'flow' wasn't widely used – "<mask> is basically the inventor of flow. We were not even using the word flow until <mask> came along. It was called rhyming, it was called cadence, but it wasn't called flow. <mask> created flow!" He adds that while <mask> upgraded and popularized the focus on flow, "he didn't invent the word". <mask>'s subject matter often covered his own rapping skills and lyrical superiority over other rappers. AllMusic editor Steve Huey comments that "the majority of his lyrics concern his own skills and his Islamic faith."He also notes <mask> for his "complex internal rhymes, compounding, literate imagery, velvet-smooth flow, and unpredictable, off-the-beat rhythms." Pitchfork writer Jess Harvell described his rapping as "authoritative, burnished, [and] possessing an unflappable sense of rhythm". Legacy
Paid in Full was released during the period that became known as golden age hip hop. Alex Ogg considered it the duo's magnum opus in his book The Men Behind Def Jam. <mask>'s rapping set a blueprint for future rappers and helped secure East Coast hip hop's reputation for innovative lyrical technique. William Jelani Cobb stated in his book To the Break of Dawn that his rapping had "stepped outside" of the preceding era of old school hip hop and that while the vocabulary and lyrical dexterity of newer rappers had improved, it was "nowhere near what <mask> introduced to the genre". The New York Times Dimitri Ehrlich, who described the album as "an artistic and commercial benchmark", credited <mask> for helping "give birth to a musical genre" and leading "a quiet musical revolution, introducing a soft-spoken rapping style".Allmusic's Steve Huey declared Paid in Full one of hip hop's most influential albums and "essential listening" for those interested in the genre's "basic musical foundations". MTV ranked it at number one in "The Greatest Hip-Hop Albums of All Time", stating it raised the standards of hip hop "both sonically and poetically" and described it as "captivating, profound, innovative and instantly influential". The album is broken down track-by-track by <mask> in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique. Rolling Stone magazine listed it at number 227 on "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", calling it "Ice-grilled, laid-back, diamond-sharp: <mask> is a front-runner in the race for Best Rapper Ever, and this album is a big reason why." Similarly, Blender magazine included the album in its "500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die". Time magazine listed it as one of the eighteen albums of the 1980s in its "All-TIME 100" albums; editor Alan Light acknowledged the record for changing the "sound, flow, and potential" of hip hop and that if <mask> is "the greatest MC of all time, as many argue, this album is the evidence". Jess Harvell of Pitchfork complimented <mask> for an "endless display of pure skill" and described the album as "laidback and funky", but believed it contained "too much filler to get a free 'classic' pass".Pitchfork placed Paid in Full at number fifty-two in its "Top 100 Albums of the 1980s"; editor Sam Chennault wrote that <mask> inspired a generation of MCs and "defined what it meant to be a hip-hop lyricist". The rappers who have used the unique rapping style employed by <mask> and attribute it as inspiration include GZA, Ghostface Killah, and Raekwon (from the Wu-Tang Clan), Tupac, Nas, Kool G. Rap, Jay-Z, The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, 50 Cent, and many more. On July 11, 1995, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album platinum. As of December 1997, it has sold over a million copies. Discography

Studio albums
The 18th Letter (1997)
The Master (1999)
The Seventh Seal (2009)

as Eric B. & <mask>
Paid in Full (1987)
Follow the Leader (1988)
Let the Rhythm Hit 'Em (1990)
Don't Sweat the Technique (1992)

References

Sources

 Cobb, William Jelani (2006). To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic.New York University Press. . External links

<mask> on Myspace

1968 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
African-American songwriters
Aftermath Entertainment artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
Five percenters
Island Records artists
MCA Records artists
People from Wyandanch, New York
Rappers from New York (state)
Songwriters from New York (state)
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
American male

masks: Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim Rakim


title: Silvio Milazzo

texts:
<mask> (Caltagirone, September 4, 1903 – December 24, 1982) was an Italian Christian Democrat politician and the President of the Regional Government of Sicily from 1958 to 1960. Sicilian deputy
<mask> was a landowner from Caltagirone and sat in the Sicilian regional parliament since 1947 for the Christian Democrat Party (DC) in the political current of Mario Scelba. He was the Regional Minister for Public Works and for Agriculture in the regional governments of Franco Restivo (1949-1955), Giuseppe Alessi (1955-1956) and Giuseppe La Loggia (1956-1958). He was a reliable party loyalist up to the time former Italian Premier Amintore Fanfani began to bring in bright young men from Rome into Sicily's Christian Democratic organization. Outraged by this infringement on Sicilian autonomy and threat to Sicilian patronage, <mask> became the gullible protagonist of Sicilian autonomy. After the regional elections of 1955, <mask>, supported by the left and dissident Christian democrats, surprisingly had won the vote for head of the regional government against the outgoing president Restivo. However, the DC did not give its consent and after 37 minutes <mask> was forced to renounce the appointment.He became vice-president under Giuseppe Alessi. It would be a prelude for the years to come. Regional president
In October 1958, <mask> formed an atypical coalition government that was supported by Communists, Monarchists, Neo-Fascists and dissident Christian Democrats, breaking the power monopoly of the DC, that had ruled Sicily since 1947. Despite the expulsion of <mask> and his followers from the party, he continued to head the Sicilian regional government. The expelled members formed a new party, the Social Christian Sicilian Union (Unione Siciliana Cristiano Sociale, USCS), in December 1958. He competed in the regional elections in June 1959 under the slogan "Sicily for the Sicilians. Down with the mainland."The Christian Democrat party establishment appealed to the Vatican to counter <mask>. Armed with a papal decree banning Catholics to vote for any candidate allied with Communists, Sicily's Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini sent Catholic Action groups from door to door to campaign against <mask>. In the US, the Hearst press implored its Italian-American readers to send anti-<mask> letters and telegrams to Sicily; advising the use of night-rate cables. The New York Journal American pleaded: "Even $2.75 is a small price for preserving democracy." "They have called me a Trojan horse," <mask> said. "But I am not that. I am a pure-blooded Sicilian horse, a noble animal.I am an anti-Communist leading only a rebellion against the injustices of Rome." After the indecisive regional elections in June 1959 in which the UCSC gained 10 per cent of the votes, <mask> again succeeded in forming a majority coalition with the aid of Christian Democratic defectors. Downfall
<mask> was under constant pressure from the Vatican and the Christian Democratic national government led by Antonio Segni, and spent most of his time trying to defend his two-vote majority in Sicily's regional Assembly. In February 1960, <mask> resigned, after a regional deputy revealed that he was approached to change allegiance for a substantial amount of money by one of <mask>'s top aides, the Communist Ludovico Corrao. The nation's anti-Communist press and politicians seized the occasion to remove the Italian Communists from their one real foothold in Italy. "An unheard-of attempt at corruption," Milan's Corriere della Sera headlined. The Communist maintained a bewildered silence.Rome's pro-Communist newspaper Paese Sera claimed that <mask> was the victim of a Mafia plot. Mafia backing? On the contrary, rumours about Mafia backing of <mask>'s government were confirmed in the 1980s by several Mafia turncoats (pentiti), such as Tommaso Buscetta and Antonio Calderone. Both the Mafia clan in Catania and the Cosa Nostra-backed entrepreneur Costanzo campaigned for <mask>. The Salvo cousins supported the <mask> government as well as the old Mafia families of Greco and Bontade. The Operation Milazzo, as it was called, was something of a clientelist “coup”, according to scholar René Seindal. The Christian Democrats lost control of the region's resources and the various parts of <mask>'s coalition strengthened their negotiating position towards the Christian Democrats.The Salvos, for instance, gained control over the private concession for collecting taxes in Sicily with extremely favourable conditions. To consolidate the privilege, the Salvos unscrupulously withdrew their support for Milazzo to ally themselves with the mainstream Christian Democrats which tried to regain control of the region to maintain their cliental power base. From then until the mid-1980s the Salvos were among the most powerful businessmen in the economic, political and social life of Sicily – until they were prosecuted by Palermo's Antimafia pool that included Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. They controlled the Christian Democratic party branch in the Province of Trapani that guaranteed them great influence over the regional decision making of the DC. After initially supporting <mask>, the Mafia was not opposed to the fall of his government as well – and Mafia boss Francesco Paolo Bontade and later his son Stefano Bontade sustained a close relationship with the Salvo cousins, which allowed them access to regional politics. History of 'Milazzoism'
In Sicily on October 30, 1958 the regional deputy Silvio <mask> of DC was elected president of the Sicilian Region with the votes, in the Sicilian Regional Assembly, of the parties of the right and the left, against the official candidate of his party, Giuseppe La Loggia, indicated by the national leaders of the DC, then led by Amintore Fanfani. Silvio <mask>, exponent of the most extensive autonomism, was at odds with the strongly centralizing direction given to the organization of DC by Fanfani, then also President of the, while the position of the President of the Republic Gronchi

The first milazzo junta
The first junta milazzo was attended together by representatives of the PCI and the MSI, allies "in the name of the superior interests of the Sicilians", said the regional secretary of the PCI Emanuele Macaluso (who had been given the green light by Palmiro Togliatti) and the group leader at the ARS of the MSI Dino Grammatico, with the consent of Giorgio Almirante.Silvio <mask> was immediately expelled from DC, then created with a group of regional deputies a new political party, the Sicilian Christian Social Union (USCS). Dino Grammatico in his memoirs defined that first phase of milazzismo as a "Sicilian Revolt",

The Church's opposition
The Catholic Church was strongly criticized with the operation and in April 1959 the Holy Office renewed the excommunication to the Communists extending it to those, such as the Milazzo movement, who allied with them and a few months later, on the eve of the regional elections, the Sicilian episcopate expressly invited not to vote for the USCS. Milazzo second junta and crisis
Milazzo, after the June 1959 regional elections, where his movement won 10 ARS deputies, formed a second junta on August 12, 1959, in which the MSI did not enter, which returned to opposition, along with DC. This second junta had a varied support around the USCS, the left, the monarchists, the top of Sicindustria, then led by Domenico La Cavera,who had already broken with Confindustria, up to exponents close to the Mafia. The ideologues at that stage were Ludovico Corrao and the national deputy Francesco Pignatone. This brief second term at the head of the Milazzo Region, came into crisis due to a scandal, with an attempt at corruption organized by two deputies, one of the PCI (Vincenzo Marraro) and one of the USCS (Ludovico Corrao), denounced by a DC deputy, Carmelo Santalco, who were promised 100 million to vote in favor of the junta, a conversation that he recorded. The crisis ended in February 1960, when a member of his movement, Benedetto Majorana della Nicchiara, was persuaded by D.C. majors to accept the office of president of the region, in a majority of Christian Democrats, liberals and monarchists, with the external support of the MSI.<mask> also resigned as a regional deputy in 1962. The USCS disbanded after the 1963 regional election, where it did not win a seat. References

 Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
 Seindal, René (1998). Mafia: Money and Politics in Sicily, 1950-1997, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press

External links
  Il governo Milazzo
  Profilo Deputato Milazzo Silvio, Assemblea Regionale Siciliana

1903 births
1982 deaths
Presidents of Sicily
People from Caltagirone
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Politicians from the Province of Catania

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title: Forest Whitaker

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<mask> (born July 15, 1961) is an American actor, producer, director, and activist. He is the recipient of such accolades as an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a British Academy Film Award, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. After making his film debut in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), <mask> went on to earn a reputation for intensive character study work for films such as Bird; Good Morning, Vietnam; The Crying Game; Platoon; Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai;  The Great Debaters; The Butler; Arrival; and Respect. He has also appeared in blockbusters such as Panic Room, Rogue One: A Star Wars Story as Saw Gerrera and Black Panther as Zuri. For his portrayal of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the British historical drama film The Last King of Scotland (2006), Whitaker won the Academy Award for Best Actor. <mask> made his directorial debut with the television film Strapped (1993), and directed the films Waiting to Exhale (1995), Hope Floats (1998), and First Daughter (2004). Apart from his film career, <mask> is also known for his humanitarian work and activism.In 2011, he was inducted as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, was later promoted to Special Envoy for Peace and Reconciliation, and serves as the CEO of Whitaker Peace and Development Initiative (WPDI), a non-profit outreach program. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on July 15, 1961, in Longview, Texas, the son of Laura Francis (née Smith), a special education teacher who put herself through college and earned two master's degrees while raising her children, and <mask><mask> Jr., an insurance salesman. A DNA test has shown that his mother had Akan ancestry, while his father was of Igbo descent. When Whitaker was in elementary school, his family moved to Carson, California. He has two younger brothers, Kenn and Damon, and an older sister, Deborah. His first role as an actor was the lead in Dylan Thomas's play Under Milk Wood. Whitaker attended Palisades Charter High School, where he played on the football team and sang in the choir, graduating in 1979.He entered California State Polytechnic University, Pomona on a football scholarship, but a back injury made him change his major to music (singing). He toured England with the Cal Poly Chamber Singers in 1980. While still at Cal Poly, he briefly changed his major to drama. He later transferred to the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California to study opera as a tenor and was subsequently accepted into the university's Drama Conservatory. He graduated from USC with a BFA in acting in 1982. He was pursuing a degree in "The Core of Conflict: Studies in Peace and Reconciliation" at New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study in 2004. Whitaker later took a post-graduate course at Drama Studio London.Career

Film work

<mask> has a long history of working with well-regarded film directors and actors. In his first onscreen performance of note, he had a supporting role playing a high school football player in the 1982 film version of Cameron Crowe's coming-of-age teen-retrospective Fast Times at Ridgemont High. In 1986, he appeared in Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money and Oliver Stone's Platoon. The following year, he co-starred in the comedy Good Morning, Vietnam alongside Robin Williams. In 1988, <mask> appeared in the film Bloodsport and had his first lead role starring as musician Charlie "Bird" Parker in Clint Eastwood's Bird. To prepare himself for the part, he sequestered himself in a loft with only a bed, couch, and saxophone, having also conducted extensive research and taken alto sax lessons. His performance, which has been called "transcendent", earned him the Best Actor award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Globe nomination.<mask> continued to work with a number of well-known directors throughout the 1990s. He starred in the 1990 film Downtown and was cast in the pivotal role of Jody, a captive British soldier in the 1992 film The Crying Game, for which he used an English accent. Todd McCarthy of Variety described <mask>'s performance as "big-hearted", "hugely emotional", and "simply terrific". He was a member of the cast that won the first ever National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble for Robert Altman's film, Prêt-à-Porter, in 1994. In 1995, he gave a "characteristically emotional performance" in Wayne Wang and Paul Auster's Smoke, and appeared in the low budget film Species. In 1996, he played the role of a good-natured man in Phenomenon, alongside John Travolta and Robert Duvall, which earned him a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor – Drama, and was also nominated for NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. <mask> played a serene, pigeon-raising, bushido-following, mob hit man in Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, a 1999 film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch.Many consider this to have been a "definitive role" for <mask>. In a manner similar to his preparation for Bird, he again immersed himself in his character's world—he studied Eastern philosophy and meditated for long hours "to hone his inner spiritual hitman". Jarmusch has told interviewers that he developed the title character with Whitaker in mind; The New York Times review of the film observed that "[I]t's hard to think of another actor who could play a cold-blooded killer with such warmth and humanity." <mask> next appeared in what has been called one of the worst films ever made, the 2000 production of Battlefield Earth, based on the novel of the same name by L. Ron Hubbard. The film was widely criticized as a notorious commercial and critical disaster. However, Whitaker's performance was lauded by the film's director, Roger Christian, who commented that, "Everybody's going to be very surprised" by Whitaker, who "found this huge voice and laugh." Battlefield Earth won seven Razzie Awards.<mask> later expressed his regret for participating in the film. In 2001, <mask> had a small, uncredited role in the Wong Kar-wai-directed The Follow, one of five short films produced by BMW that year to promote its cars. He co-starred in Joel Schumacher's 2002 thriller, Phone Booth, with Kiefer Sutherland and Colin Farrell. That year, he also co-starred with Jodie Foster in Panic Room. His performance as the film's "bad guy" was described as "a subtle chemistry of aggression and empathy". <mask>'s 2006 portrayal of Idi Amin in the film The Last King of Scotland earned him positive reviews by critics as well as multiple awards and honors. To portray the dictator, Whitaker gained 50 pounds, learned to play the accordion, and immersed himself in research.He read books about Amin, watched news and documentary footage featuring Amin, and spent time in Uganda meeting with Amin's friends, relatives, generals, and victims; he also learned Swahili and mastered Amin's East African accent. His performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, making him the fourth black actor in history to do so, joining the ranks of Sidney Poitier, Denzel Washington, and Jamie Foxx. In his acceptance speech, Whitaker said: “When I first started acting, it was because of my desire to connect to everyone, to that thing inside each of us, that light that I believe exists in all of us. Because acting for me is about believing in that connection; and it's a connection so strong, it's a connection so deep that we feel it and through our combined belief we can create a new reality.” For that same role, he was also recognized with the British Academy Film Award, Golden Globe Award, National Board of Review Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and accolades from the Broadcast Film Critics Association, London Film Critics’ Circle Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, National Society of Film Critics, and New York Film Critics Circle among others. In 2007, <mask> played Dr. James Farmer Sr. in The Great Debaters, for which he received an Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor. In 2008, <mask> appeared in three films, first as a business man known only as Happiness, who likes butterflies, in the film The Air I Breathe. He also portrayed a rogue police captain in Street Kings, and a heroic tourist in Vantage Point.In 2013, after a small career slump where he starred in a few straight-to-video films, <mask> has enjoyed a career resurgence, having played the lead role in Lee Daniels' The Butler, which has become one of his greatest critical and commercial successes to date. <mask> won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture for that film. <mask> also starred in the film Black Nativity and co-starred in 2013's The Last Stand, playing an FBI agent chasing an escaped drug cartel leader. <mask> played Saw Gerrera in the 2016 film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. 2016 also saw <mask> portray Colonel Weber in Arrival, which was followed by his portrayal of Archbishop Desmond Tutu in 2017's The Forgiven. For his portrayal of Zuri in 2018's Black Panther, <mask> shared in the SAG Award for Best Ensemble. In 2020, <mask> starred as Jeronicus Jangle in the Netflix Christmas musical Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey.He appeared as Reverend C.L. Franklin, the father of Aretha Franklin (played by Jennifer Hudson) in the film Respect. and is set to appear alongside Tom Hardy in Havoc. In 2022, <mask> will portray boxing trainer Doc Broadus in Heart of a Lion . Television work
After completing several films in the early 1980s, <mask> gained additional roles in multiple television shows. On the series, Diff'rent Strokes, he played a bully in the 1985 episode "Bully for Arnold". That same year, <mask> also played the part of a comic book salesman in the Amazing Stories episode "Gather Ye Acorns".He appeared in the first and second parts of North and South in 1985 and 1986. Throughout the 1990s, <mask> mainly had roles in television films which aired on HBO, including Criminal Justice, The Enemy Within, and Witness Protection. From 2002 to 2003, <mask> was the host and narrator of 44 new episodes of the Rod Serling classic, The Twilight Zone, which lasted one season on UPN. After working in several film roles, he returned to television in 2006 when he joined the cast of FX's police serial The Shield, as Lieutenant Jon Kavanaugh, who was determined to prove that the lead character, Vic Mackey, is a dirty cop. As opposed to his previous character work, <mask> stated that he merely had to draw on his childhood years growing up in South Central Los Angeles for the role. He received rave reviews for his performance—Variety called it a "crackling-good guest stint"—and he reprised the role in the show's 2007 season. In the fall of 2006, <mask> started a multi-episode story arc on ER as Curtis Ames, a man who comes into the ER with a cough, but quickly faces the long-term consequences of a paralyzing stroke; he sues, then takes out his anger on Dr. Luka Kovač, who he blames for the strokes.<mask> received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his performance in the series. Also in 2006, <mask> appeared in T.I. 's music video "Live in the Sky" alongside Jamie Foxx. <mask> was cast in the Criminal Minds spin-off, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior, that was subsequently cancelled by CBS on May 17, 2011. In December 2016, it was announced that <mask> would reprise his role as Saw Gerrera from Rogue One for the Star Wars Rebels animated series. In 2017 and 2018, <mask> had an eleven-episode arc on Empire, which saw him reunited with Lee Daniels after their work together on The Butler. Since 2019, <mask> has been starring as Bumpy Johnson in Godfather of Harlem, a series on EPIX which explores the intersection between the criminal underworld and civil rights movement in the 1960s.<mask> is set to appear in an episode of Extrapolations, an Apple TV anthology series that focuses on climate change. <mask> made his Broadway debut in 2016 in a revival of Eugene O'Neill's play Hughie at the Booth Theatre, directed by Michael Grandage.<ref>"Gambling on O'Neill: <mask> Makes His Broadway Debut in Hughie" by Michael Paulson, The New York Times, February 3, 2016</ref>

 Producing and directing

<mask> branched out into producing and directing in the 1990s. He co-produced and co-starred in A Rage in Harlem in 1991. He made his directorial debut with a grim film about inner-city gun violence, Strapped, for HBO in 1993 – and won the International Critics' Award at the Toronto International Film Festival. In 1995, he directed his first theatrical feature, Waiting to Exhale, which was based on the Terry McMillan

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title: Forest Whitaker

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 novel of the same name. Roger Ebert observed that the tone of the film resembled <mask>'s own acting style: "measured, serene, confident". Whitaker also directed co-star Whitney Houston's music video of the movie's theme song, "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)".<mask> continued his directing career with the 1998 romantic comedy, Hope Floats, starring Sandra Bullock and Harry Connick, Jr., which he also executive produced. He directed Katie Holmes in the romantic comedy, First Daughter in 2004, while also serving as an executive producer on the film; he had previously co-starred with Holmes in Phone Booth in 2002. He gained experience as the executive producer of several made-for-television movies, most notably the 2002 Emmy-award-winning Door to Door, starring William H. Macy. He produced these projects through his production company, Spirit Dance Entertainment, which he shut down in 2005 to concentrate on his acting career. <mask>'s current company, Significant Productions, is devoted to creating opportunities for underrepresented narratives and storytellers by championing films and television shows starring people of color, alongside diversified representation behind the camera. <mask> and his partner Nina Yang Bongiovi produced Ryan Coogler's directorial debut Fruitvale Station, which won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award for U.S. dramatic film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, and won Prize of The Future at Cannes. They also launched the career of Chloe Zhao, with Songs My Brothers Taught Me (2015).Other producing highlights have included ‘Repentance’ (2014), Dope (2015), Roxanne Roxanne (2018)  and Sorry to Bother You (2018). In 2021, the company's latest film, Passing, will debut on Netflix. Significant Productions also produced a documentary that was shot in the hospice at Angola prison in Louisiana,  'Serving Life’ (2011), which was produced for Oprah Winfrey as the first commission for OWN and Oprah's Doc Club. They produced A Kid From Coney Island, a documentary about basketball star Stephon Marbury. In 2020, Significant produced By Whatever Means Necessary: The Times of Godfather of Harlem. Other media

<mask> worked closely with Babyface as the executive producer to the soundtrack for Waiting to Exhale, which Whitaker directed. The album received a total of eleven Grammy nominations in 1997, including Album of the Year and Song of the Year for "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)".Three songs were nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. It won the Grammy for Best R&B Song for "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)," written by Babyface. <mask> served as Executive Soundtrack Producer on the soundtrack for Hope Floats, which he directed. Best known for Garth Brooks’ rendition of “To Make You Feel My Love,” the album went double-platinum and was Grammy nominated. <mask> also served as Executive Music Producer and co-wrote eight songs for the soundtrack to First Daughter, which he directed. Under Frank Cooper, he served as the creator and producer of DEWmocracy.com, an interactive video game, short film, and website that allowed people to select a new flavor of Mountain Dew. This campaign turned into the most successful launch of a soft drink in Mountain Dew's history.<mask> appears in the Jamie Foxx featuring T-Pain 2008 music video, "Blame It". He also appears in the music video "In the Dark" by Bring Me the Horizon, released on October 21, 2019.; and his voice and likeness were used for Saw Gerrera in the 2019 video game Star Wars: Jedi Fallen Order. JuntoBox films
Whitaker has played an active role as co-chair of JuntoBox Films since his initial involvement as co-chair with the collaborative film studio starting in March 2012. JuntoBox was developed as a social-media platform for filmmakers and fans to share ideas to create films and then collaborate to make them. Since <mask> joined as co-chair, five projects have been greenlit for production. Honors and accolades

In addition to the numerous awards Whitaker won for his performance in The Last King of Scotland, he has also received several other honors. In 2005, the Deauville (France) Festival of American Film paid tribute to him.In September 2006, the 10th Annual Hollywood Film Festival presented him with its "Hollywood Actor of the Year Award," calling him "one of Hollywood's most accomplished actors". <mask> received the Capri Legend Award in 2006, from the Capri Hollywood International Film Festival. He was honored at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival 2007, where he received the American Riviera Award. On April 16, 2007, <mask> was the recipient of the 2,335th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2004, <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate from the North Carolina School of the Arts. In 2007, he received the Cinema for Peace Award for his ongoing advocacy for child soldiers and his work with inner-city youths. Whitaker then received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Xavier University of Louisiana in 2009 at the 82nd Commencement Ceremony.In 2009, he also received an Honorary Degree from Manhattanville College, where he delivered the commencement address. In 2012, in recognition of his contributions to the values embodied by the UN, he received the United Nations Correspondents Association's Advocate of the Year Award. In 2013, <mask> received the Chevalier de l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France's Minister of Culture, in recognition of his work serving those affected by conflicts and violence. That year, he was also named a Martin Luther King, Jr. Fellow by Boston University. <mask> was the keynote speaker at Miami University's commencement in 2014. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from California State University, Dominguez Hills on May 16, 2015.In 2016, <mask> received the Humanitarian Award from the World Childhood Foundation. In 2017, <mask> earned the Crystal Award at the World Economic Forum in Davos. That year, he also received the 4GameChanger Of The Year Award. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts from University of Southern California on May 11, 2018, at the 135th Commencement Ceremony. He received the Medal of Peace from the University of San Diego's Kroc School of Peace Studies in 2018, and received an Honorary Fellowship from SOAS University of London that same year. In 2019, he was also among the recipients of the 2019 Kennedy Center Award for the Human Spirit. In 2021, USC awarded him the Robert Redford Award for Engaged Artists.That year, he was also promoted to Commander of France's Order of Arts and Letters. In 2021, Whitaker also received an honorary German Sustainability Award. His 2022 began by being awarded with the International Peace Honors Prize. Activism
 Charity work
Over the past decade, Whitaker has spent much of his time dedicated to humanitarian work. These pursuits were partially motivated by a core lesson his mother taught him: “You don’t have to believe what I believe, but you have to believe in something,” which Whitaker has discussed giving structure to much of his life. He founded the Whitaker Peace & Development Initiative (WPDI), a non-governmental organization, in 2012. WPDI implements peace-building programs in conflict affected communities throughout the world, which are focused on training youths in conflict resolution and developing businesses in areas of conflict.WPDI's programs are currently operating throughout Africa, Mexico, and the United States. Whitaker was inducted as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Peace and Reconciliation, in a ceremony at UNESCO headquarters on June 21, 2011. As Goodwill Ambassador, Whitaker worked with UNESCO to support and develop initiatives that empower youths and keep them from entering or remaining in cycles of violence. At the induction ceremony, U.S. Ambassador to UNESCO David Killion described Whitaker as a "perfect choice as a Goodwill Ambassador... he has exemplified compassion in every area of his life, with humility and grace. He does this because it's the right thing to do." Following his increased work in conflict-impacted regions, <mask> was then promoted to a UNESCO Special Envoy for Peace and Reconciliation, and was a member of President Obama's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities.He previously served on President Obama's Urban Policy Committee and started collaborating with the Office of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict as an Advocate for Children Affected by War, a topic on which he was invited to speak before the UN Security Council in September 2014. Whitaker worked with elementary schools through the Turnaround Arts organization. Additionally, he is on the steering committee for the UN's work with the Reintegration of Child Soldiers after having served as an Advocate for Children Affected by War, and is an Advocate for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. He is also a supporter and public advocate for Hope North, a boarding school and vocational training center in northern Uganda for escaped child soldiers, orphans, and other young victims of the country's civil war. Above all, Whitaker believes that ordinary people can and must come together to change the world. In his own words, “Even a seemingly small action can cause ripples that make an enormous impact.”

 Politics
In politics, Whitaker supported and spoke on behalf of Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign. On April 6, 2009, he was given a chieftaincy title in Imo State, Nigeria.<mask>, who was named a chief among the Igbo community of Nkwerre, was given the title Nwannedinamba of Nkwerre, which means A Brother in a Foreign Land. <mask> co-founded the International Institute for Peace (IIP) at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, where he is also a senior research scholar. Launched during the international Newark Peace Education Summit, IIP's mission is to develop programs and strategic partnerships to address issues such as increasing citizen security through community-building; the role of women and spiritual and religious leaders in peacebuilding; the impact of climate change; and the reduction of poverty. IIP operates under the auspices of UNESCO. Personal life
In 1996, <mask> married actress Keisha Nash, whom he met on the set of Blown Away''. They have four children: two daughters together (Sonnet and True), and his son (Ocean Alexander) and her daughter (Autumn) from their previous relationships. In December 2018, <mask> filed for divorce from Nash, citing irreconcilable differences.Whitaker studies yoga, has a black belt in kenpō and is a vegetarian. He also trains in eskrima, originally under Dan Inosanto and currently with Joe Jackson. In 2021, it was announced that he had joined NBA Africa as a minority owner and strategic investor. Whitaker's left eye ptosis has been called "intriguing" by some critics and gives him "a sleepy, contemplative look". Whitaker has explained that the condition is hereditary and that he has considered having surgery to correct it, not for cosmetic reasons but because it affects his vision. His ancestry has been traced to Nkwerre in Imo State of Nigeria, where he was made an honorary titled chief on April 5, 2009. Filmography

References

External links

1961 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
African-American film directors
African-American male actors
Alumni of the Drama Studio London
African-American film producers
Film producers from Texas
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Akan descent
American people of Ghanaian descent
American people of Igbo descent
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona alumni
Emmy Award winners
Film directors from Texas
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from Texas
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Longview, Texas
People with ptosis (eyelid)
USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni
Film producers from California
New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
Film directors from Los Angeles
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

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title: Lajos Pósa (mathematician)

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<mask> (born December 9, 1947 in Budapest) is a Hungarian mathematician working in the topic of combinatorics, and one of the most prominent mathematics educators of Hungary, best known for his mathematics camps for gifted students. He is a winner of the Széchenyi Prize. Paul Erdős's favorite "child", he discovered theorems at the age of 16. Since 2002, he has worked at the Rényi Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; earlier he was at the Eötvös Loránd University, at the Departments of Mathematical Analysis, Computer Science. Biography
He was born in Budapest, Hungary on December 9, 1947. His father was a chemist, his mother a mathematics teacher. He was a child prodigy.While still in elementary school, the educator Rózsa Péter, friend of his mother introduced him to Paul Erdős, who invited him
for lunch in a restaurant, and bombarded him with mathematical questions. Pósa finished the problems sooner than his soup, which impressed Erdős, who himself had been a child prodigy, and who supported young talents with much care and competence. That is how Pósa’s first paper was born, co-authored with Erdős (hence his Erdős number is 1). He went to the first special mathematics class of the country at Fazekas Mihály Secondary School from 1962 to 1966, where his classmates included Miklós Laczkovich, László Lovász, , Zsolt Baranyai, István Berkes, Katalin Vesztergombi, Péter Major. He won the first prize on the International Mathematical Olympiad in 1966 (Bulgaria) and second prize in 1965 (Germany). He started his Mathematics studies at ELTE University in 1966, and graduated in 1971. From 1971 to 1982 he worked at the Department of Mathematical Analysis at ELTE University, and he obtained a doctorate in 1983 with his dissertation about Hamiltonian circuits of random graphs.From 1984 to 2002 he worked at the Department of Computer Science at ELTE University, and since 2002 he has been a member of the Rényi Mathematical Institute. Despite his significant results in mathematical research, he stopped research and devoted himself fully to Mathematics Education. Erdős, who preferred him among all his protégés, expressed his regret that Pósa had stopped research with the typical Erdős style phrase "Pósa is dead." Mathematics education

He started teaching mathematics very early. He tutored his secondary school classmates, and during his first year at university he started teaching extracurricular courses at his former secondary school. His students at that time included: László Babai, György Elekes, Péter Komjáth, Imre Z. Ruzsa. At the beginning of the 1970s he got involved with the school reform movement called complex teaching of mathematics led by Tamás Varga.Pósa worked on the reform of secondary mathematics teaching, while he taught at Radnóti Miklós Secondary School from 1976 to 1980. From 1982 to 1989 he was a member of the Research Group on Mathematics Education led by János Surányi. From 1982 to 1991 he had two experimental
classes at Eötvös József Secondary School. His teaching materials written at that time were tested in several classes, and based on these he and colleagues have written a textbook series for the four years of secondary school. Nevertheless, Pósa is best known for finding and teaching gifted students. Since 1988 he has been organizing his own week-end maths camps. There are several groups of 20-35 students, and each group has two or three camps a year.In a camp, students mostly work in groups of
2-4, but there are also plenary sessions where they discuss solutions, and sum up important thoughts. Students work on problems carefully built on each other. There are several topics running parallelly, and one topic spans several camps. The emphasis is on thinking, proving, and the connection between seemingly distant ideas. The camps are also an important scene of teacher training, as prospective teachers observe and help in the camps. Mathematical research
 He gave sufficient conditions for the existence of Hamiltonian circuit. He proved that a random graph on n vertices with cn log n edges almost surely contains a Hamiltonian circuit, thus affirming a conjecture of Erdős and Rényi (also proved by A. D. Korshunov).The result  was later improved by Komlós and Szemerédi. With Erdős he proved the Erdős–Pósa theorem. Prizes, awards
 Prize for Children Support („Gyermekekért” díj), 1989
 Beke Manó Prize I. degree by Bolyai János Mathematical Society, 1994
 Officer’s Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, 1998
 Charles Simonyi Scholarship, 2000
 MOL prize for Gifted Education (“Tehetséggondozásért” díj), 2008
 Széchenyi Prize, 2011

Publications

 Pósa <mask>: A prímszámok egy tulajdonságáról, Matematikai Lapok, 11 (1960), 124-128. P. Erdős, L. Pósa: On the maximal number of disjoint circuits of a graph, Publ. Math. Debrecen, 9 (1962), 3-13. L. Pósa: A theorem concerning Hamilton lines, MTA Mat.Kut. Int. Közl. 7 (1962), 225-226. L. Pósa: On the circuits of finite graphs, MTA Mat. Kut. Int.Közl. 8 (1964), 355-361. P. Erdős, L. Pósa: On independent circuits contained in a graph, Can. J. Math. 17 (1965), 347-352. P. Erdős, A. W. Goodman, L. Pósa: The representation of a graph by set intersection, Can.J. Math. 18 (1966), 106-112. P. Erdős, A. Hajnal, L. Pósa: Strong embeddings of graphs into colored graphs, Infinite and finite sets (Colloq. Keszthely 1973; dedicated to P. Erdős on his 60th birthday), Vol. I. Colloq. Math.Soc. J. Bolyai, Vol. 10, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1975, 585-595. L. Pósa: Hamiltonian circuits in random graphs, Discrete Mathematics, 14 (1976), 359-364. <mask> <mask>: Véletlen gráfok Hamilton körei, egyetemi doktori értekezés, Budapest, 1982. <mask> <mask>: Beszélgetés az új felvételi rendszer tervéről, Köznevelés, XXXV (1979) (20), 7-8. <mask> <mask>: Variációk egy témára, Matematika-tanárképzés – matematikatanár-továbbképzés, 3 (1995), 41-59.Textbooks
 Pósa <mask>: Analízis I. Differenciálszámítás, 11. o., Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 2000
 Pósa <mask>: Analízis I. Differenciálszámítás. Tanári útmutató, 11. o., Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 2000
 Pósa <mask>: Analízis II. - Integrálszámítás, Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft. Pósa <mask>: Analízis II. Integrálszámítás (tanári útmutató), Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft. Pósa Lajos: Összefoglalás. Algebra.Megoldások, Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1999
 Pósa Lajos: Összefoglalás. Algebra, függvények, Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1999
 Pósa Lajos: Sorozatok 11.-12. o. Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1998
 Pósa Lajos: Sorozatok. Tanári útmutató 11.-12. o., Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1998
 Pósa Lajos: Vegyes feladatok 1. 7.-9. o., Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1998
 Pósa Lajos: Vegyes feladatok 1. Tanári útmutató 9. o., Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft., 1998
 Pósa Lajos: Hatványozás kiterjesztése és logaritmus-feladatsorok, Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft. Pósa Lajos: Hatványozás kiterjesztése és logaritmus-megoldások, végeredmények, Műszaki Könyvkiadó Kft. Pósa Lajos: Vegyes feladatok tanári útmutató 1. osztály (2. kiadás, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1999.)Pósa Lajos: Vegyes feladatok 2. - Tanári útmutató (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2000.) Pósa Lajos: Vektorok és koordinátageometria - Feladatsorok (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest)
 Pósa Lajos: Vektorok és koordinátageometria - Megoldások, végeredmények (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest)
 Pósa Lajos: Vektorok és koordináta geometria - Tanári útmutató (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2000.) Pósa Lajos: Összefoglalás - Matematika, elmélet, feladatok (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest)
 Pósa Lajos: Összefoglalás - Matematika, megoldások (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest)
 Pósa Lajos - Halmos Mária - Gábos Adél: Kombinatorika (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1998.) Gábos Adél - Halmos Mária - Pósa Lajos: Kombinatorika - Tanári útmutató (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2000.) References

 Ross Honsberger: "The story of Louis Pósa", in:Mathematical Gems, The Mathematical Association of America, 1973. An article on Pósa, in the Hungarian daily Népszabadság

See also

 Pósa theorem (1962).Erdős–Pósa theorem (1965). 20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Combinatorialists
1947 births
Living people
Officer's Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)
International Mathematical Olympiad participants

masks:
Lajos Pósa
Lajos
Pósa
Lajos
Pósa
Lajos
Pósa
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos


title: Humphrey Gibbs

texts:
<mask>,  (22 November 19025 November 1990), was the penultimate Governor of the colony of Southern Rhodesia (1959–1969) who served through, and opposed, the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965. Early history

<mask> was born on 22 November 1902 in England, the third son of The Hon. <mask>, later created, in 1923, The 1st Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He moved to Southern Rhodesia in 1928, buying a farm at Nyamandhlovu, near Bulawayo. He became active in farming administration and helped found the National Farmers Union. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly at the general election of 1948 as a United Party member, representing the constituency of Wankie, serving one term before standing down in 1954.As Governor of Southern Rhodesia

In 1959, Queen Elizabeth II appointed <mask> as Governor of Southern Rhodesia and appointed him a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1960. The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) by the Rhodesian Front government (under Prime Minister Ian Smith) in November 1965 placed <mask> in a very difficult position. He was intensely loyal to Rhodesia, and was a close friend of Ian Smith, but he was also equally loyal to his office as the Queen's viceroy. While understanding what had made Smith's government declare the UDI, <mask> decided that final legality rested with the Crown, not Smith and his government. By the time Smith and Deputy Prime Minister Clifford Dupont called on Governor <mask> after the UDI was signed, Whitehall had directed <mask> to use his reserve power to dismiss Smith and his entire cabinet from office. <mask> complied with the order without hesitation. He declared that by issuing the UDI, Smith and his government had committed an act of treason.However, Smith and his ministers simply ignored the dismissal, advising <mask> that "in view of the new [Rhodesian] constitution…, he no longer has any executive powers in Rhodesia"—and therefore, his power to sack them no longer existed. Under siege

Several high-ranking officers of the Rhodesian military went to Governor <mask> earlier in the day, made a statement of loyalty to him, and asked <mask> to issue a warrant so that they could arrest Smith and Dupont. However, <mask> knew that the bulk of the officer corps, as well as the rank and file of the Rhodesian military, were solidly behind Smith's government and that such a move would lead to a coup d'état. <mask> announced that despite the UDI, he had no intention of resigning his office or leaving Rhodesia, and that therefore, he would remain in Government House in Salisbury as the sole legal representative of Queen Elizabeth II. With few exceptions, the international community continued to recognise him as the Queen's sole legitimate representative in the area—and thus, the only lawful authority in what London maintained was still the colony of Southern Rhodesia. In response, Smith declared that Government House was only "temporarily occupied" by <mask> "in a personal capacity", and would be occupied by Dupont once it became available. This action led to four years of harassment and petty afflictions by the Rhodesian government, resulting in making <mask> and his wife virtually prisoners in Government House, by cutting off his telephone, electricity and water.It also took away his ceremonial guard and official cars, and sent him bills for the rent of Government House, which he refused to pay. However, his supporters set up a Governor's Fund to pay for the upkeep of the building, and with the assistance of a small staff, led by John Pestell, he managed to remain defiant. While <mask> continued to occupy Government House, Dupont and his wife held official receptions at Governor's Lodge in the Salisbury suburb of Highlands. This had previously been used by <mask> when Southern Rhodesia was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. During this time, Government House had been the residence of the Governor-General of the Federation. In 1967, on the second anniversary of UDI, <mask> declared that his visitors' book would be open to all those who wished to show their loyalty to The Queen, while Dupont, in response, announced that the visitors' book at his office, on the same street, would be open to all those who wished to show their support for UDI. In June 1969, <mask> resigned after Smith's government held and won a referendum that year making Rhodesia a republic.He remained in Rhodesia and lived the rest of his life on his farm. Throughout the 1970s he was known for supporting the cause of African nationalism, which brought him into conflict with the government of Ian Smith. Later he was appointed to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) by Queen Elizabeth II. After independence in 1980 he decided to "stay on" and took up Zimbabwean citizenship. He stayed on his farm where he had been living since 1970 until 1983 when he moved to Harare in 1983 where he lived until his death in 1990. <mask> died in Harare on 5 November 1990, with his funeral held at the Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare. In 2004 a memorial to <mask> by Lettering and Sculpture Limited was unveiled in St Paul's Cathedral in London.Marriage
On 17 January 1934, <mask> married Molly Peel Nelson (b. 13 July 1912, Johannesburg) in Bulawayo, and they had five sons together. <mask> (Lady <mask> from 1960), was appointed as a Commander of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (CStJ) in 1960, and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1969. Following <mask>' death in 1990, <mask> moved to England and died on 20 January 1997 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Honours

References

1902 births
1990 deaths
Politicians from London
British emigrants to Rhodesia
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia
Governors-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Governors of Southern Rhodesia
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of the Order of St John
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Eton College
Rhodesian farmers
Zimbabwean people of English descent
Rhodesian politicians
Zimbabwean farmers
Younger sons of barons
Humphrey

masks:
Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs
Gibbs
Herbert Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Molly Gibbs
Gibbs
Gibbs
Molly Gibbs


title: Gilead Sher

texts:
<mask> (; born 2 June 1953) is an Israeli attorney who served as Chief of Staff and Policy Coordinator to Israel's former Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak. In that capacity he acted as one of Israel's senior peace negotiator in 1999–2001, at the Camp David summit in 2000 and the Taba talks in 2001, as well as in extensive rounds of covert negotiations with the Palestinians. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 2 June 1953 in Kibbutz Mahanayim, Israel. Sher, on his mother's side, is a descendant of the Sephardic Baruch Mizrachi family, which has resided in Jerusalem since 1620. On his father's side, Sher's grandfather, <mask> (Ser) was killed in action as an Haganah combatant in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in 1947. Sher is a graduate of the Hebrew University Law School and was admitted to the Israel Bar Association in 1981. He has also completed courses in project finance at the World Bank (1996) and at Harvard University (1999) as well as Battalion Commanders and Brigade Commanders courses in the Israel Defense Forces.Military service
<mask> is a colonel (reserve), a former brigade commander and deputy division commander in the Armored Corps of the Israel Defense Forces, as well as a military judge. Personal life
<mask> is married to Ruth and has four children. He has two siblings as well. Professional career
Alongside his law practice, <mask> leads the Center for Applied Negotiations (CAN) at the Tel Aviv Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), which he joined in 2012 as a senior research fellow Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) in Tel Aviv, ranked among the five leading think tanks in the Middle East. Journalist and news presenter
<mask> started his career as a news editor and radio news presenter for Kol Yisrael, where he subsequently served as a parliamentary and legal correspondent, and was the radio's correspondent in Paris from 1981 to 1983. Legal career
Sher founded the law firm Gilead Sher, Talhami & Co. in 1989. The firm has offices in both Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.Between 2005 and 2010, as a result of a merger, <mask> became a senior founding partner at Aaronsohn, Sher, Aboulafia, Amoday and Co., which was ranked amongst Israel's 20 largest law firms. His main fields of expertise are corporate law, project finance, constitutional and administrative law, international business ventures, investments and transactions, dispute resolution and both private and public international law. Academic career
From 2001 - 2011, <mask> taught annually as a guest lecturer at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. His lectures focused on dispute resolution and negotiations in times of crisis. In 2007-2013 <mask> also taught at the Tel Aviv University as an adjunct professor, delivering seminars at the international and local M.A. programs in conflict resolution and mediation. He has also lectured at Harvard NYU, Tufts and Northwestern universities in the United States, the University of Windsor in Canada, La Sapienza and Luiss universities in Rome, San Pablo and Universidad Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala, and has been a guest speaker at the master's degree studies of Progetto SABB for excellence in Assisi, Italy.Harvard Law School and Harvard's Program on Negotiations appointed attorney Sher of Gilead Sher, Talhami & Co., Law Offices in Tel Aviv as lecturer on law for the 2016 fall semester. Sher will spend September through October in Cambridge, Mass. Peace process
<mask>'s involvement in Middle East peace efforts started during the tenure of the late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, when as a reserve IDF colonel he was appointed to the negotiation project at the Planning Directorate of the IDF and served as delegate to the talks on the Oslo Accords. He was later appointed by Israel's Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Ehud Barak in 1999 to negotiate the Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum which was signed on 4 September 1999 between Israel and the PLO. He was subsequently appointed head of the negotiation team at the Camp David peace summit which was convened by former US President Bill Clinton. Sher also served as a co-chief peace negotiator at the Taba peace talks of 2001, as well as in extensive rounds of covert peace negotiations with the Palestinians. Sher's efforts for peace were recognized by former US President Clinton who thanked him for his "heavy labor for a different future for your people and your neighbors".Sher was appointed Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Merite in 2002 by the former President of France, Jacques Chirac, as appreciation for his efforts to promote peace in the Middle East. Sher gives an account of his involvement in the peace process in his book The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations 1999–2001, Within Reach which was published in Hebrew in 2001, translated into Arabic and published in English by Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group in 2006. Government
Sher served as Chief of Staff of the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense and was the PM's policy coordinator from 2000 to 2001. Civil society activities
Since 2013, <mask> has chaired the executive board of Sapir Academic College, the largest public college in Israel and he is also the chairman of the board of trustees of the college. He is a member of the Council for Peace and Security and the Association of Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) (a board member from 1990 to 1991 and from 2007 to 2011) and is a founding member of the Citizen Empowerment Center in Israel. He also serves as co-chairman of Blue White Future, which he helped establish in 2009. He served as chairman of the board of the Sam Spiegel School Film and Television in Jerusalem and as board member at Budo For Peace—co-existence for peace through martial arts.Books and other publications
<mask> writes books, articles, op-eds, studies and research in national and international media. His book The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999-2001: Within Reach was published in Hebrew, Arabic and English. In 2015, he co-edited Negotiating in Times of Conflict. in April 2016 Sher published The Battle for Home with Yedioth Ahronoth. Sporting achievements
<mask> is a former president of the Israel Ohshima Shotokan Karate Association, holding fifth Dan, the highest possible grade in the school, and has taught martial arts since 1984. During high school, Sher was a national level athlete in high jump and pentathlon. References

External links

The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999-2001 Within Reach

Articles by <mask> <mask>
 Negotiating in Times of Conflict Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2015
 A modest approach to settling the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, The Washington Post, 17 December 2015
 ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: IT’S TIME FOR JOHN KERRY TO ACT, Newsweek, 28 November 2015
 The speech Bibi should have made at the U.N, JEWISH JOURNAL, 16 October 2015
 "Израиль близок к братоубийственной войне".Интервью с Гиладом Шером, NEWSru, 7 July 2015
 Israel Faces Battles on Many Fronts, but Prospects for Peace Remain, RELIGION AND ETHICS, 25 February 2015
 Wanted: An Israeli anti-‘lawfare’ strategy, 6 THE JERUSALEM REPORT, 9 February 2015
 The partition plan, THE JERUSALEM REPORT, 2 June 2014
 A Proactive Policy for Israel: A Commentary on "Is Unilateralism Always Bad? ", Negotiation Journal April 2014

Israeli lawyers
Living people
1953 births

masks:
Gilead Sher
Sher
Avraham Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Sher
Gilead
Sher


title: Howard Chaykin

texts:
<mask> (; born October 7, 1950) is an American comic book artist and writer. Chaykin’s influences include his one-time employer and mentor, Gil Kane, and the mid-20th century illustrators Robert Fawcett and Al Parker. Early life
<mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Rosalind Pave and Norman Drucker, who soon separated. Chaykin was initially raised by his grandparents in Staten Island, New York City, until his mother married <mask> in 1953 and the family moved to East Flatbush and later to 370 Saratoga Avenue, Brownsville, Brooklyn. At 14, Chaykin moved with his now divorced mother to the Kew Gardens section of Queens. He said in 2000 he was raised on welfare after his parents separated and that his absent biological father eventually was declared dead, although Chaykin, as an adult, located him alive. Chaykin's "nutty and cruel" adoptive father, whom Chaykin until the 1990s believed was his natural father, encouraged Chaykin's interest in drawing and bought him sketchbooks.He was introduced to comics by his cousin, who gave him a refrigerator box filled with them. He graduated from Jamaica High School at 16, in 1967, and in mid-1968 worked at Zenith Press. He attended Columbia College in Chicago that fall, but left school and returned to New York the following year. Chaykin said that after high school, "I hitchhiked around the country" before becoming, at 19, a "gofer" for the New York City-based comic book artist Gil Kane, whom he would name as his greatest influence. Career

Chaykin's earliest work with comic books was under the tutelage of Gil Kane, whom he would later call his mentor. In 1970, he began publishing his art in comics and science-fiction fanzines, sometimes under the pseudonym Eric Pave. Leaving Kane, he began working as an assistant to comics artist Wally Wood in the studio he shared with Syd Shores and Jack Abel in Valley Stream, Long Island.He worked there for a "couple of months", and in 1971 published his first professional comics work, for the adult-theme Western feature Shattuck in the military newspaper  the Overseas Weekly, one of Wood's clients. He also "ghosted some stuff" for Gray Morrow: "I penciled a Man-Thing story he did [for Marvel Comics' Fear #10 (cover-dated Oct. 1972)], and I penciled a thing for [the magazine] National Lampoon called "Michael Rockefeller and the Jungles of New Guinea." He then apprenticed under Neal Adams, working with the artist at Adams' home in The Bronx. This led to his first work at DC Comics, one of the two largest comics companies:

The "one-page filler", titled "Strange Neighbor", was inventoried and eventually published in the Boltinoff-edited Secrets of Sinister House #17 (May 1974). His other earliest known DC work was penciling and inking the three-page story "Not Old Enough!" in Young Romance #185 (Aug. 1972), and penciling the eight-page supernatural story "Eye of the Beholder" in Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #7 (Oct. 1972) and the one-page "Enter the Portals of Weird War" in Weird War Tales #9 (Dec. 1972). At one point Chaykin lived in the same Queens apartment building as artists Allen Milgrom, Walter Simonson and Bernie Wrightson.Simonson recalls, "We'd get together at 3 a.m. They'd come up and we'd have popcorn and sit around and talk about whatever a 26, 27 and 20-year-old guys talk about. Our art, TV, you name it. I pretty much knew at the time, 'These are the good ole days.'" 1970s
Chaykin's first major work was for DC Comics drawing the 23-page "The Price of Pain Ease"—writer Denny O'Neil's adaptation of author Fritz Leiber's characters  Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser—in Sword of Sorcery #1 (March 1973). Although the title was well received, it lasted only five issues before cancellation. Chaykin drew the character Ironwolf in the science fiction anthology title Weird Worlds for DC, and did the pencils and ink for a 12-page Batman story written by Archie Goodwin and published in Detective Comics #441 in 1974.In 2018 he looked back on this Batman story as one of the worst things he had ever drawn, adding, "Anything of value in that story was Archie's." Moving to Marvel Comics, he began work as co-artist with Neal Adams on the first Killraven story, seen in Amazing Adventures #18 in 1973. After this, Chaykin was given various adventure strips to draw for Marvel, including his own creation, Dominic Fortune (inspired by his Scorpion character, originally drawn for Atlas Comics), now in the pages of Marvel Preview. In 1978, he wrote and drew his Cody Starbuck creation for the anthology title Star Reach, one of the first independent titles of the 1970s. These strips saw him explore more adult themes as best he could within the restrictions often imposed on him by editors and the Comics Code Authority. The same year, he produced for Schanes & Schanes a six-plate portfolio showcasing his character. In 1976, Chaykin landed the job of drawing the Marvel Comics adaptation of the first Star Wars film, written by Roy Thomas.Chaykin left after 10 issues to work in more adult and experimental comics, and to do paperback book covers. In late 1978, <mask>, Walt Simonson, Val Mayerik, and Jim Starlin formed Upstart Associates, a shared studio space on West 29th Street in New York City. The membership of the studio changed over time. Chaykin penciled DC Comics' first miniseries, World of Krypton (July–September 1979). In the next few years he produced material for Heavy Metal, drew a graphic novel adaptation of Alfred Bester’s The Stars My Destination, and produced illustrations for works by Roger Zelazny. Chaykin collaborated on two original graphic novels—The Swords of Heaven, the Flowers of Hell with writer  Michael Moorcock, and Empire with Samuel R. Delany—and found time to move into film design with work on the movie version of Heavy Metal. 1980s

In 1980 he designed the album cover of The Legend of Jesse James, a concept album about legendary outlaw Jesse James.Chaykin had a six-issue run on Marvel's Micronauts series, drawing issues from #13 (January 1980) to #18 (June 1980). He went back to Cody Starbuck with a story in Heavy Metal between May and September 1981, in the same painted art style he'd used for the Moorcock graphic novel. In 1983, <mask> launched American Flagg! for First Comics. With <mask> as both writer and artist, the series was successful for First and proved highly influential, mixing all of <mask>'s previous ideas and interests—jazz, pulp adventure, science fiction and sex. Chaykin made wide use of Craftint Duoshade illustration boards, which in the period before computers allowed him to add a shaded texture to the finished art. American Flagg!made a huge splash at the 1984 Eagle Awards, the United Kingdom's pre-eminent comics awards. <mask> and American Flagg! were nominated for ten awards, eventually winning seven. After the first 26 issues of American Flagg!, Chaykin started work on new projects. <mask>’s involvement in his original run of the series was that of writer for 29 issues, interior artist for issues #1–12 and 14–26, and cover artist for issues #1–33. He returned to full art and writing for the American Flagg! Special one-shot in 1986.In 1987, a four-issue run was released, then the title was cancelled and relaunched as <mask>’s American Flagg!, which ran 12 issues. The first new project was a revamp of The Shadow in a four-issue miniseries for DC Comics in 1986. Rather than setting the series in its traditional 1930s milieu, Chaykin updated it to a contemporary setting and included his own style of extreme violence. In a 2012 interview, Chaykin stated "The reason I pulled him out of the period was because I thought it would be commercial suicide to do a period character at that point." The American Flagg! Special one-shot introduced Chaykin's Time², a two-volume graphic-novel series with a heavy dose of jazz, film noir and a fantasy version of New York City: Time²: The Epiphany () and Time²: The Satisfaction of Black Mariah ()). In 1987, Chaykin described plans for a third volume, saying, "It's probably going to be grossly different from the first two, because I'm taking things in another direction ...I want to do a story that is both very funny ... and at the same time very, very ugly. Really nasty and unpleasant. Because frankly, it's the place to do that sort of thing." Although Chaykin hoped it would be available in 1988, the third volume has yet to be finished or released. Chaykin has described Time² as the single work about which he is most proud. "To tell you the truth, my first interest would be to do another Time² because that was a very personal product for me," he said in 2008. "It's a fantasia of my family's story."Before returning to American Flagg!, Chaykin revamped another DC Comics character with  Blackhawk, a three-issue miniseries about a team of heroic aviators, set in the 1930s. In 1987, DC proposed a system of labeling comics for violent or sexual content, Chaykin with Alan Moore and Frank Miller boycotted DC and refused to work for the company. In 1988, Chaykin created perhaps his most controversial title: Black Kiss, a 12-issue series published by Vortex Comics that contained his most explicit depictions of sex and violence, with a story of sex-obsessed vampires in Hollywood. Though Black Kiss shipped sealed in an "adults only" clear plastic bag, its content drew much criticism. This did not stop it from selling well enough for Chaykin to describe it as "probably, on a per-page basis, the most profitable book I've ever done." 1990s
Chaykin returned to DC to write the three-issue miniseries Twilight, drawn by José Luis García-López and revamping some of DC's science-fiction heroes of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Tommy Tomorrow and Space Cabby. Later, Chaykin collaborated twice with artist Mike Mignola: In 1990–1991, they

masks:
Howard Victor Chaykin
Howard Chaykin
Leon Chaykin
Chaykin
Chaykin
Chaykin
Chaykin
Chaykin
Chaykin
Howard Chaykin