title: Lajos Gádoros

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; June 23, 1910 in Erzsébetfalva – March 11, 1991 in Budapest) was a renowned Hungarian architect, interior designer, furniture designer and university professor. Career
<mask> began his career as an apprentice in his father's woodworking shop, and in 1926 he was accepted to the furniture design program at the Hungarian Royal School of Applied Arts, where he studied under the tutelage of Gyula Kaesz and Károly Weichinger. Heeding Prof. Weichinger's advice, he applied to and attended the Technical College of Stuttgart in Germany (Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart; today: Universität Stuttgart) between 1929 and 1930, where he studied with Paul Bonatz. <mask> later went on to study with Clemens Holzmeister at the Arts Academy in Düsseldorf (Kunstakademie Düsseldorf), and in 1933 he returned home to Hungary. Following his return, he soon began working and designing furniture for Antal Nagy, and later obtained a position at the design studio of <mask>. In 1935, <mask> was employed by Gyula Kaesz's design firm, but soon began to take on independent projects as well, such as designing family homes, storefronts and interiors. In addition, <mask> submitted a variety of grant proposals during this period while working in partnership with Pál Vince (also known as Pál Weiss), his former classmate from Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.Beginning in 1939, he was repeatedly conscripted into the army: as a sapper, <mask> was sent to the Russian battlefront, and served as a liaison officer between the German and Hungarian troops. He was later captured by German forces as a result of his attempt to desert the army of the Axis powers. After the German troops were overpowered by the Allies, <mask> was transported near to the city of Munich, and was held prisoner of war by the Americans. Following his brief confinement, <mask> was released and returned to Budapest

Between 1945 and 1947, <mask> worked for the National Housing Committee and for the Municipal Council of Construction and Public Work. During this same period, he managed a privately held company with his partner Gábor Preisich. After submitting their plans for a grant, they were commissioned to design MÉMOSZ Hall (National Association of Hungarian Contractors). Together they also participated in the design of the Ministry of Interior (today: The Office of the National Assembly) as well as the interior design of Nagyszállo on Margaret Island, known today as the Danubius Grand Hotel Budapest.In 1945, he was elected member of the Division of Applied Arts of the Hungarian Council of Arts, and in 1946, he became secretary of the Circle of New Architecture. In December 1947, <mask> and Imre Perényi co-founded the privately held Center for Architecture. In 1948, he was employed by the de-privatized ÉTI (Institute of Architecture), and in December 1948, he became manager of the Division of Housing at MATI (Highrise Design Firm). As MATI was re-structured in the fall of 1949 to become KÖZTI (Public Buildings Design Firm and National Enterprise), <mask> was promoted to director. Due to his ability to acquire some of the most renowned architects for KÖZTI, such as István Janaky Sr, Gyula Rimanóczy, Iván Kotsis and István Medgyaszay, the firm became one of the most influential organizations in the field of architecture during the immediate post-war era. As a result of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, <mask> announced his intentions to resign his post as director of KÖZTI, and despite the protest of his colleagues, he eventually stepped down. Between 1957 and 1960, <mask> was designer and principal architect at ÁÉTV (General Architectural and Engineering Company).It was during this time that <mask> won the Star of Gold award at the Expo 58 (also known as the Brussels World's Fair) with his Hungarian Pavilion design, as well as finished his designs for the University of Pécs Medical School. Alongside Pál Sávoly, he played a crucial role in the restoration of Elisabeth Bridge (1961-1964), and in 1960 he was appointed Head of Department of Freehand Drawing in the Faculty of Architecture at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. In 1966, <mask> took over the position of Head of Department of Public Building Design from his former professor Károly Weichinger. <mask> resigned from his university post as Head of Department ten years later, in 1976, and in 1980, at the age of seventy, <mask> officially retired. Laying out the plans for the building complex of the Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic in 1989 was his last professional work. In 1994, <mask>'s family donated his inheritance to the Hungarian Museum of Architecture. <mask> was awarded the prestigious architectural Ybl Prize two times during his lifetime, first in 1953 for the design of Szinkron Studio (Pannonia Film Studio), and later in 1958 together with István Németh for the design of the Hungarian Pavilion at the Brussels World's Fair.For this latter design, <mask> was also bestowed the Order of the Crown by Baudouin, King of the Belgians. In 1962, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) awarded him the Candidate of Science degree. He was member of MTA's Architectural Committee, and received his last distinction on June 18, 1984. The award was endorsed by president of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dr. Károly Polinszky, and read: "this honorary medal is hereby awarded to retired university professor Dr. <mask> Gadoros for his distinguished accomplishments in the field of education." Awards
 1953 – Ybl Prize – Szinkron Studio (Pannonia Film Studio)
 1958 – Ybl Prize – Hungarian Pavilion at Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58)
 1958 – Order of the Crown - Hungarian Pavilion at Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58)
 1962 – Candidate of Science by Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)
 1984 – Honorary Medal by Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Selected works
 1935-36 – Mansion of the Emmer family – Sasfiók utca 4, District XII, Budapest, Hungary
 1936 – Storefront of Veres Foto Optika, Vörösmarty ter 6, District V, Budapest, Hungary
 1936-37 – Summerhouse of Gizella Flam, Déva utca 3, Siófok, Hungary
 Interior design and storefront of the Koestlin pastry shops
 1946 – The re-modeling of Félix Perutz's wainwright shop, Kerteskő, Hungary
 1947 – Storefront of Metalloglobusz (in partnership with Gábor Preisich), Bajcsy-Zsilinszky út 24. A korszerű lakás térszükséglete és berendezése [The Spatial Requirements and the Furnishing of the Modern Home]. Budapest.<mask>, <mask> (1956). A lakás berendezése és méretezése [Furnishing and Calculating the Dimensions of Homes]. Budapest. <mask>, <mask> (1978). Középületek tervezése [Designing Public Buildings]. Budapest. Selected essays
 <mask>, <mask> (1947)."A Pauler-utcai telektömbök beépítése [Development of the Pauler Street Land Lots]". Tér es Forma [Space and Form] (11): 246-248. Gádoros, <mask> (1948). "A bútor mint a lakás tervezés alapja [Furniture as the Foundation for Designing Homes]". Új Építészet [New Architecture] (6): 227–234
 Gádoros, <mask> (1949). "Lakásépítkezésünk eredményei és tanulságai [The Results and Lessons of Our Home Development Project]". Építészet-Építés [Architecture-Construction] (1-2): 11–16.Gádoros, <mask> (1959). "Brüsszeli világkiállítás 1958 [Brussels Word's Fair 1958]". Magyar Építőművészet [Hungarian Architecture] (1-2): 5–67
 Gádoros, <mask> (1962). "Korszerű klinikák tervezésének néhány elvi kérdése [Various Principles in the Design of Modern Medical Centers]". Építés és Közlekedéstudományi Közlemények [Publications in Architecture and Traffic Engineering] (1): 101–127
 G.L. [Gádoros, Lajos] (1967): "Pécsi Orvostudományi Egyetem Klinikai Főépülete [The Main Building of the University of Pecs Medical School]". Magyar Építőművészet [Hungarian Architecture] (2): 10–16
 Gádoros, <mask> (1984)."Reálisan a szocialista realizmusról [Realistically About Socialist Realism]". Magyar Építőművészet [Hungarian Architecture] (3): 17–19
 <mask>, <mask> (1988). "A brüsszeli világkiállítás magyar pavilonjáról [About the Hungarian Pavilion at the Brussels World's Fair]". Magyar Építőművészet [Hungarian Architecture] (3): 34–35

Exhibitions
 <mask> <mask> (1910-1991) Memorial Exhibition, HAP Galeria, Budapest, Hungary October 12 – November 12, 2010
 Ungarn – Bauten der Aufbruchszeit 1945–1960, Ringturm, Vienna, Austria, March 26 – May 2, 2014
 Hungary – Architectural Works of a New Era, Fuga, Budapest, Hungary, May 22, 2014

References

Új Építészet [New Architecture] (5). 1948. Máté, Major (1948). "A MÉMOSZ új székházának vázlattervei [Blueprints of the New MEMOSZ Hall]".Új Építészet [New Architecture] (3): 99-122. Ferenc, Merényi (1970). A magyar építészet, 1867-1967 [The Hungarian Architecture, 1867-1967]. Budapest. Jenő, Rados (1971). Magyar építészettörténet [The History of Hungarian Architecture]. Budapest.<mask>, <mask> (1985). "Visszapillantás az elmúlt fél évszázadra. Pályakép és korrajz. [The past Half a Century in Retrospect - Memoir and Portrait of an Era]". A Magyar Képző- és Iparművészek Szövetsége Tájékoztatója [Booklet of the Hungarian Association of Artists in the Applied and Fine Arts]. (1-2): 56
<mask>, <mask> (1987–88). Interview by Ilona Szabóné Dér
<mask>, <mask> (1995).Hajdú, Virág; Prakflavi, Endre, eds. "Önéletrajz [Autobiography]". Lapis angularis. Budapest: 345-371. Róka, Enikő (2000). Fehérvari, Zoltán; Hajdú, Virág; Prakfalvi, Endre, eds. "Az 1958-as brüsszeli világkiállítás magyar pavilonja [The Hungarian Pavilion of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair]".Pavilon építészet a 19-20. században [The Architecture of Pavilions in the 19th & 20th Centuries] (from the archives of the Hungarian Museum of Architecture). Budapest: 169-172. Hajdú, Virág; Prakfalvi, Endre (2006). Fehérvári, Zoltán; Hajdú, Virág; Prakfalvi, Endre, eds. "A Magyar Építőipari Munkások Országos Szövetségének székháza [Hall of the National Workers Association in the Hungarian Construction Industry]". Modern és szocreál - Építészet és tervezés Magyarországon - 1945-1959 [Modern and Socialist Realist - Architecture and Design in Hungary - 1945-1959]. Budapest: 55-80.Fehérvári, Zoltán; Prakflavi, Endre (2006). Fehérvári, Zoltán; Hajdú, Virág; Prakfalvi, Endre, eds. "A Pannónia Filmstúdió Szinkronműterme (The Szinkron Studio of the Pannonia Film Studio)". Modern és szocreál - Építészet és tervezés Magyarországon - 1945-1959 [Modern and Socialist Realist - Architecture and Design in Hungary - 1945-1959]. Budapest: 81-100. Kovács, Dániel. "Kockázatos parti [Hazardous Party]".hg. "A pécsi klinika átalakítása és bővítése [The Reconstruction and Extension of the University of Pécs Medical School]". epiteszforum. Ferkai, András, ed. (2015). KÖZTI 66. Egy tervezőiroda története.[KÖZTI 66 - The History of a Design Studio]. Budapest: Vince. Hungarian architects
1910 births
1991 deaths

masks:
Lajos Gádoros
Lajos Gonda
Gádoros
Gádoros
Lajos Kozma
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros
Lajos
Gádoros


title: Azlan McLennan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1975 in the United States) is a visual artist and socialist activist based in Melbourne, Australia. He is a graduate of the Victorian College of the Arts. His art is known for its political content and has been the subject of considerable debate and media attention in Australia. Art

Conceptually, McLennan's work tends to be unambiguous and antagonistic from a left-wing perspective, loosely following the traditions of agitprop, anti-art and Institutional Critique, incorporating elements of détournement, readymade or installation. His works have often been characterised as controversial by conservative politicians, journalists and art critics, usually portraying the artist in a negative light. Alternatively, various liberal lawyers, academics and activists have defended his works, usually on the basis of free speech, due to the offence sometimes caused by his art for its often overt left-leaning bias. The artist has expressed public criticisms over Zionism, the War on Terror, Australian nationalism and racism, the mandatory detention of asylum seekers, various political figures and the managerial class of the art world.McLennan has cited the artists John Heartfield and Leon Kuhn as influences. He has work in collections of the National Gallery of Australia and the National Library of Australia. Political affiliations
McLennan is a member of the Trotskyist organisation Socialist Alternative. Previously, he has been associated with the Socialist Alliance, the Stop the War Coalition, Students for Palestine, the Refugee Action Collective, the University of Melbourne Graduate Student Association, the Victorian College of the Arts Student Union and the United Voice trade union. He regularly produces posters for the Australian far left's various political demonstrations and meetings. He has written articles for the publications of both Socialist Alternative and the Socialist Alliance. Controversy

Victorian College of the Arts
In August 2003, McLennan hired a Group 4 Securicor guard to keep gallery punters out of an exhibition opening at the VCA.Group 4 run immigration detention centres in Australia, such as Baxter Detention Centre and the now closed Woomera Detention Centre. The security guard was reportedly humiliated due to the incident which occurred at a time of high criticism of the John Howard government's treatment of asylum seekers. 24seven
In May 2004, McLennan produced Fifty-six, an exhibition designed to coincide with Nakba Day, the title drawing on the number of years since the establishment of Israel. The public exhibition in the shop front window space of 24seven Gallery on one of Melbourne CBD's busy streets, was censored by the City of Melbourne days after it was installed. The installation consisted of a large wall painting of an Israeli flag, with "debatable" statistics on the gallery's window about Israel's treatment of Palestinians. The scandal made international news, many pro-Israel individuals and groups accusing McLennan of antisemitism. This put a number of Victorian political figures such as former Premier Steve Bracks, Lord Mayor John So and former City of Melbourne councillor Kimberly Kitching under pressure to respond.The use of taxpayer's money to fund the space fuelled a lot of the debate. McLennan also deeply outraged some critics by insinuating that the Nazis had a similar position on what they termed degenerate art. McLennan maintains a strong criticism of Israeli policies. Citylights
In August 2004, McLennan displayed State Sponsored, a collection of portraits of Hamas militants, including Sheikh Ahmed Yassin and Dr. Abdul Aziz Rantisi and the dates they were assassinated. The work was exhibited at Citylights project – a public art space in a Melbourne CBD lane way. McLennan was accused of glorifying terrorism by Ted Lapkin, a senior policy analyst of the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. Andrew Mac, Citylights' curator and director defended the work on the grounds of diversity of opinion stating the artist's use of "state sponsored" referred to state terrorism.Platform Artists Group
In September 2005, the City of Melbourne intervened to terminate McLennan's Canberra's 18 exhibition shortly before it was scheduled to be shown at the Platform artists group's Artist-run initiative (ARI), Platform 2. The exhibition was to include images of the then 18 Islamic organisations proscribed as terrorists by the Australian Government and the basis for their formation. City of Melbourne Deputy Mayor Gary Singer claimed the proper guidelines were not followed. Human rights campaigner and barrister Julian Burnside claimed the censorship was about governments testing how much Australians would tolerate such occurrences. McLennan accused City of Melbourne of political censorship and appeasing Zionists. Singer's areas of special interests ironically include civil liberties. Monash University
Monash University Art and Design Faculty in Melbourne withdrew McLennan's video Mind the Gap in October 2005, ironically made for the same exhibition Monash had agreed to show the censored Canberra's 18 work.The video contained graphic footage of the beheading of British contractor Kenneth Bigley by Tawhid and Jihad in 2004. The video criticised former British Prime Minister Tony Blair for his role in the Iraq war. The censorship is likely to have been motivated by the Australian Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005, particularly the controversial return to the crime of sedition introduced by the Howard government some weeks later and passed into law the following month; a move highly unpopular amongst the arts sector. Urban Art
City of Melbourne and acting Transport Minister Bob Cameron censored Pay Your Way in January 2006 while McLennan was in residency in Indonesia. The posters – part of the Urbanart ARI program – were displayed in public tram shelters and pulled down only hours later due to complaints. The works featured images of Jean Charles de Menezes, a Brazilian man shot dead by London police and accused Muslim terrorist, Jack Thomas. The works were characterised as racist and Islamophobic, yet McLennan claimed the works were satirising the post 9-11 racism and Islamophobia perpetuated by pro-US governments.McLennan is also a Muslim himself. Thomas' lawyer, Rob Stary attacked the work for jeopardising the trial yet weeks later would defend McLennan publicly against the Footscray police. Trocadero Art Space
Only weeks after the Pay Your Way affair, McLennan's Proudly UnAustralian was removed by the Victoria Police in Melbourne. The exhibition – featuring a burnt Australian flag – took place at Trocadero Art Space who rents a public billboard to exhibiting artists. It was to coincide with the 2006 Australia Day in January. The work was removed some days prior this date and McLennan arrived back in Australia days later to a media furore. The scandal had been criticised as offensive by those such as Federal Liberal Party MP Bronwyn Bishop who attempted to introduce a ban on flag burning, and the national president of the Returned and Services League.Free speech advocates such as the National Association for the Visual Arts and criminal defence lawyer Rob Stary denounced the police's actions as an attack on civil rights. This took place only a few short months after the 2005 Cronulla riots and fuelled the broader debate about racism in Australia. Australian Centre for Contemporary Art
McLennan wrote an article in 2006 criticising the Artistic Director of the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA), Juliana Engberg over her reaction to artist and VCA student, Ash Keating and his appropriation of ACCA's waste disposal for the use of his art. The Engberg/Keating scandal became widely known amongst Melbourne art circles from the ACCA exhibition opening where it took place and later through the independent electronic magazine Crikey. McLennan's polemic further fuelled debate over Engberg's credentials. Anna Schwartz Gallery
McLennan featured in Rules of Engagement at Melbourne ARI West Space in May 2007, which dealt with "relationships, power and exchange within the art system" according to the show's curator Mark Feary. McLennan's contribution, Art in a Capitalist Society depicted an authoritative picture of leading private Australian gallerist Anna Schwartz, linked to a quote about exploitation from the Karl Marx treatise Das Kapital.Schwartz has previously criticised McLennan and some have accused McLennan of taking revenge. University of Melbourne
In a July 2009, Farrago interview, McLennan attacked the University of Melbourne over the merger with the Victorian College of the Arts, the Melbourne Model, the liquidation of the VCA Student Union and likened the Vice-chancellor, Glyn Davis' perceived political censorship to Adolf Hitler's use of Fascist Art and Joseph Stalin's use of Socialist Realism. He also depicted Davis and the Provost, Peter McPhee, as Sex Pistols musicians, Johnny Rotten and Sid Vicious in a parody of the Never Mind the Bollocks album cover as well as depicting Davis as the violent psychopath, Alex DeLarge in Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of A Clockwork Orange. McLennan had previously attacked Davis and the university administration as the former General Secretary of the VCA Student Union. See also
 Victorian College of the Arts Alumni
 Socialist Alternative

References

External links
 <mask> McLennan's web site

Living people
1975 births
American emigrants to Australia
Australian artists
Censorship in the arts
Art controversies
Activists from Melbourne
Australian Trotskyists
Victorian College of the Arts alumni
Australian Muslims
Political artists
People from Washington, D.C.
University of Melbourne women

masks:
Azlan McLnan
Azlan


title: Ansfried the Elder, Count in Lotharingia

texts:
<mask>, was a Lotharingian count in the 10th century, who held 15 counties in Lotharingia, a "middle kingdom" of the Franks, which was in this period contested for by the larger eastern and western kingdoms surrounding it. He is sometimes referred to as "the elder" in order to distinguish him from his nephew, Bishop <mask> of Utrecht, who was also a powerful count until he became a bishop. Thietmar of Merseburg, describing <mask>'s nephew of the same name, named two paternal uncles, <mask> and Robert, Bishop of Trier. This implies that <mask> the elder is brother to Bishop Robert, who was himself described as a relative to the Ottonians, the royal family at the time. It was Thietmar who described <mask> the elder, the uncle, as a count of 15 counties, and says it was he who sent his nephew to Bruno the great for his education, after he had already spent time with his other uncle. If <mask> was the same as the advocatus of the Abbey of Gembloux in the 950s, as is often thought, then he is described as a blood-relative (consanguineus) of Wicfrid, the founder of that Abbey. He was probably also the rebel who held Chevremont in 939 after the Battle of Andernach, and the death of Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia.Records
Some of the records which are used to describe Anfried's life might have been describing someone else name <mask>, such as his nephew. Not yet described as a count, a first mention might be in 928, in a grant made by Gilbert, Duke of Lotharingia, involving the church of Saint Servatius in Maastricht. Jongbloed suggested this was <mask> the elder partly because another junior witness is named Arnold, and the names Arnold and <mask> appear in later records together. In 939 a count named <mask> is described by Widukind of Corvey as one of the leaders of the Lotharingian people. An Ansfried and an Arnold held the fortification of Chevremont near Liège after the Lotharingians lost the Battle of Andernach in 939. They were talked down by their compatrior Count Immo and captured. Widukind wrote that <mask> was partly convinced by an offer of alliance and marriage with the only daughter of Immo.Jongbloed has argued that this went ahead. However, Karsten points out that Widukind clearly wanted to give the impression that the offer was made in bad faith. After <mask> and Arnold were captured, Widukind reports that Immo advised that <mask>, being as "hard as iron", would need the harshest torments to question him. In 950, a count <mask> "fidelis noster" (our faithful) was mentioned by Louis "d'Outremer", king of West Francia ("France"). Louis had married Gerberga, also present, the former wife of his ally Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia who had died at Andernach. Because this count was a vassal of the western king, there are doubts about whether it could be Ansfried, whose homeland of Lotharingia was by this time back under control of the eastern kingdom ("Germany"). However, Jongbloed (2009 p.32) argues that during this period the western kingdom was a defeated "quasi protectorate", and so being a double vassal would be possible.Soon after, in a charter of 7 Oct 950, a place called Cassallum, probably Kessel on the left bank of the Maas between Roermond and Venlo, is described as being "in pago Masalant in comitatu Ruodolfi" (in the country of Maasland, in the county of Rudolf), and "cuidam vassallo nostro Ansfrid" (a certain vassal of ours <mask>) is the beneficiary of the rights to have a market and mint in . From this time on, there is disagreement about whether there are any more sightings of the elder <mask> in the records. According to some historians such as Aarts, <mask> the elder is mentioned by Sigebert of Gembloux as the advocate (vogt) of the newly founded Gembloux Abbey in the 950s, the reign of Bishop Balderic II in Liège. Historians who believe this argue that the younger <mask> would have been too young. <mask> on the other hand has argued that this record is incorrectly dated, and that these events in Gembloux must have been in the 980s after young <mask> returned from Italy. There is therefore a similar debate about whether the elder <mask> is also the son named <mask> who observed in a transaction described by Sigebert, who served as a witness to a transaction between a noble named Lambert and the founder of Abbey, acting on its behalf, Wicbert (also written Guibert etc). However, this <mask> is often suggested to be the younger nephew, and there is also debate about whether this <mask> was in any case son of Lambert or of Wicbert.Nevertheless, all of these people are likely to be related to each other and presumably to share descent from Wicbert's grandparents Gisla and Rothing. When Otto I returned from Italy in early 965, historians such as Aarts think that the Ansfrid who appears in a high position in a list from Liège must be him, and not his nephew who was still young, and who may indeed still have been in Italy. Later in the 960s are two records of a Count Ansfried with a county in or near the Dutch river delta area, one in Varik in Teisterbant, and one in Toxandria. There is also one more charter which connects an Ansfried to the wife of his late Duke Gilbert, in 968, when he was involved in a charter concerning her allodial rights in the area of Meerssen in the Maasland. In July 985, one of the <mask>s, comes illustris vir, was holding the County of Huy, near Liège, which he granted to the bishop of Liège. Notable non-consensus speculations

There are two very notable proposals which have not created a lasting consensus, but which are discussed in secondary literature. 1.<mask> (1902), proposed that <mask> was in fact the same person as Ehrenfrid, son of Ricfrid, and that an otherwise unattested sister of this Ehrenfried married the above-mentioned Lambert, the so-called Count of Louvain. The elder <mask>, in this explanation, would actually be Bishop <mask>'s maternal uncle, normally avunculus in Latin. This is no longer widely accepted. 2. Jongbloed (2009), proposed that <mask> the elder married a daughter of Count Immo, based mainly on the story of Widukind mentioned above. He furthermore proposed that this <mask> was, like his nephew with the same name, a founder of the Abbey of Thorn, though the two have later, according to him, become confused. References

Sources
Aarts, Bas (1994) "Ansfried, graaf en bisschop.Een stand van zaken", in: J. Coolen en J. Forschelen (ed. ), Opera Omnia II. Een verzameling geschied- en heemkundige opstellen , 7-85
Aarts, Bas (2009) "Montferland' en de consequenties. De vroege burchten bij Alpertus van Metz", H.L. Janssen en W. Landewé (ed. ), Middeleeuwse Kastelen in veelvoud. Nieuwe Studies over oud erfgoed (Wetenschappelijke Reeks Nederlandse Kastelenstichting 2) pp.13-59.link
Aarts, Bas (2016) "Het 'eeuwige Strijen'. Speurtocht naar de gravin, haar schenking en haar familie" in Van den Eynde & Toorians (eds) Op zand, veen en klei: Liber amicorum Karel Leenders bij gelegenheid van zijn zeventigste verjaardag, Hilversum, Verloren
Bachrach, Berhard S., and Bachrach, David S., (Translators and Editors), Widukind of Corvey’s Deeds of the Saxons, Catholic University Press, Washington, DC, 2014
Baerten (1961) "Les Ansfrid au Xe siècle" Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 39-4  pp. 1144-1158
Jongbloed, <mask> H., (2006) , "Immed “von Kleve” (um 950) – Das erste Klevische Grafenhaus (ca. 885-ca. 1015) als Vorstufe des geldrischen Fürstentums", Annalen des Historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, Heft 209
Jongbloed, <mask> H., (2009) "Listige Immo en Herswind. Een politieke wildebras in het Maasdal (938-960) en zijn in Thorn rustende dochter", Jaarboek. Limburgs Geschied- en Oudheidkundig Genootschap vol.145 (2009) pp.9-67
Karsten, (2016) Zwischen Glaube und Welt pp.31-36
<mask>, Léon, La Formation territoriale des principautés belges au Moyen Âge, Bruxelles, H. Lamertin, 1902
van <mask>, (1981) <mask> en Dirk, twee namen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis van de 10e en 11e eeuw link

Primary sources
Alberic of Trois Fontaines MGH SS XXIII, p.756, year 921
Beyer, <mask> (ed.) Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien (Vol.1)
Flodoard Annales. French ed. by Lauer p.157
Miraeus (Foppens ed.) Opera diplomatica et historica, Vol. I, 2nd ed. p.41
Diplomata Otto I, MGH DD OI no.82 p.161 year 946
Diplomata Otto III, MGH DD OIII p.413 year 985
Oorkonden van Noord-Brabant 690-1312 http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/obnb/
Sigebert of Gembloux, Gesta abbatum Gemblacensium can be found in MGH SS VIII p.528, p.529
Thietmar, Chronicon can be found in MGH SS rer.Germ. NS IX. <mask> of Corvey, Res gestae saxonicae sive annalium can be found in MGH SS rer. Germ. 10th-century Lotharingian people

masks:
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Van Winter
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Vanderkindere
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Ansfried
Hein
Hein
Vanderkindere
Winter
Ansfried
Heinrich
Widukind


title: Michael Pollock

texts:
Admiral of the Fleet Sir <mask>,  (19 October 1916 – 27 September 2006) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy who rose to become First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in the early 1970s. In the Second World War, he was an officer on ships tasked with protecting convoys in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and was gunnery officer on the cruiser  when she fought the German battleship Scharnhorst during the Battle of North Cape. He later commanded the aircraft carrier , and hosted Ian Smith on . In retirement, he held the position of King of Arms of the Order of the Bath and Gloucester King of Arms, with responsibility for heraldry in Wales. Early career
Born the son of <mask> and <mask> (née Mason), <mask> was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1930, and was posted to the training cruiser HMS Frobisher in January 1934, receiving promotion to midshipman on 1 September 1934, on transfer to the battleship , flagship of the Home Fleet. He was deployed to the Mediterranean in the destroyer HMS Express in September 1935 and saw service with her during the Abyssinian crisis.He was promoted sub-lieutenant on 1 May 1937, and appointed to the cruiser HMS York, flagship of the America and West Indies Station in October 1937 and, after promotion to lieutenant on 1 August 1938, he transferred to the battleship HMS Warspite, based in Malta in June 1939. Second World War
<mask> served in the Second World War, becoming first lieutenant of the old destroyer  in October 1939, escorting shipping across the English Channel to supply the British Expeditionary Force in northern France, and protecting convoys in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. His ship was badly damaged by German aircraft off Dover in July 1940. <mask> joined the shore establishment HMS Excellent to train as a gunnery specialist in January 1941, and, having qualified, became a gunnery instructor there, but was then appointed gunnery officer on the light cruiser HMS Arethusa in Alexandria, where he was involved in the struggle to get supplies to Malta. On 18 November 1942, taking part in Operation Stoneage, the mission which effectively relieved the siege of Malta, Arethusa was hit by a torpedo bomber. A fuel tank caught fire, and over a quarter of the crew were killed. Despite severe damage and a rising gale, the ship was towed 450 miles back to Alexandria for repairs.<mask> was mentioned in despatches for his actions. <mask> was appointed gunnery officer on the heavy cruiser  in October 1943, tasked with protecting convoys to and from north Russia. Alerted by Enigma intercepts decoded at Bletchley Park, and assisted by radar, his ship and fellow cruisers  and  twice intercepted Scharnhorst and its six accompanying destroyers when they attempted to attack two Arctic convoys (JW 55B travelling to and RA 55A travelling from Murmansk) in late December 1943. The 8-inch guns of Norfolk recorded two hits on Scharnhorst, but Norfolk was damaged by return fire from Scharnhorst's 11-inch guns on 26 December. <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for his actions. Scharnhorst was attacked by the battleship HMS Duke of York later that day and sunk, in the Royal Navy's last battleship action. He remained with Norfolk while she was repaired on the Tyne, and so missed D-Day, and was involved in further action off the coast of Norway.He was on Norfolk, visiting Malta en route to the Far East, when the Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945. In addition to the DSC, <mask> was mentioned in dispatches on two further occasions for his actions on Norfolk. Post-war naval career
After the war, <mask> was involved in actions by Norfolk to provide gunfire support against insurgents in the Malayan Emergency and also in Java. He returned to HMS Excellent as a gunnery instructor in January 1946 and, having been promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 June 1946, became an application officer at the Admiralty Signals Research Establishment in August 1947. He became Fleet Gunnery Officer to the Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station in October 1949. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1950, he became Commander (G) at the Chatham Gunnery School in November 1950 and helped organise the funeral of King George VI, at which he was second-in-command of the naval contingent, in February 1952; it was in recognition of this that he was subsequently appointed a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order. He became Commander of the Junior Officers' War Course at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in September 1952 and second-in-command of the light cruiser , the flagship of the Far East Fleet, in June 1954.In Newcastle he saw action in the Korean War and then in the Malayan Emergency. Promoted to captain on 30 June 1955, he became Assistant Director of Plans (Warfare) at the Admiralty in January 1956 and then became as Captain (D) at Portsmouth as well as Commanding Officer of the destroyer HMS Vigo in February 1958. After a tour as Director, Surface Weapons at the Admiralty's shore establishment at Bath commencing in January 1960, he was considered for command of the cruiser HMS Blake, but instead was given command of the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal in January 1963. At this time HMS Ark Royal was carrying out the first trials of the Hawker P. 1127 which subsequently developed into the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. He became Assistant Chief of Naval Staff in March 1964, with promotion to rear admiral on 7 July 1964, in the lead up to a defence review by the Labour government which resulted in the 1966 Defence White Paper. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1966 Birthday Honours. <mask> became second-in-command of the Home Fleet in May 1966 with his flag in the cruiser HMS Tiger.HMS Tiger became the location for the "Tiger talks" between Prime Minister Harold Wilson and the UDI inclined premier Ian Smith about the future of Rhodesia. He led the Royal Navy delegations to the Royal Canadian Navy's centennial celebration of Canadian Confederation at Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1967, and to Expo 67 in Montreal, Quebec. He was promoted vice-admiral on 26 December 1967 on appointment as Flag Officer Submarines and NATO Commander Submarines in the Eastern Atlantic. He was in this post when the first Polaris missile was tested and the Faslane submarine base was developed. Advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1969 Birthday Honours, he became Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in January 1970 and received promotion to full admiral on 21 April 1970. Admiral Sir <mask> Fanu, the Chief of the Defence Staff-designate, retired suddenly due to ill health in late 1970. The new First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Peter Hill-Norton, was promoted in Le Fanu's place, and <mask>, having been advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1971 New Year Honours, was suddenly invited to replace Hill-Norton as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in March 1971.During <mask>'s term as First Sea Lord, the Navy was involved in the "Cod War" with Iceland in 1972, the 1973 oil crisis and deep cuts in defence expenditure. He was also involved in the decisions that led to the creation of the "through deck cruiser", which became the small s. <mask> was First and Principal Naval Aide de camp to the Queen from August 1972 to March 1974. Promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 1 March 1974, he retired that month. Later life
In retirement <mask> was Chairman of the Naval Insurance Trust from 1975 to 1985. He was also King of Arms of the Order of the Bath and Gloucester King of Arms, with responsibility for heraldry in Wales from 1976 to 1985. After he left the Navy, he lived in Churchstoke in Powys. His interests included walking, shooting, fishing and local affairs in Powys.He died in Martock in Somerset on 27 September 2006. <mask> married Margaret (Peg) Steacy in 1940, and they had two sons and a daughter. His first wife died in 1951. He remarried in 1954, to Marjory (Midge) Reece (née Bisset), acquiring a stepdaughter. His second wife died in 2001. One of his sons became a lieutenant-commander in the Navy and his grandson, <mask>, who also joined the Navy, passed out at Dartmouth in December 2004 with the Commandant Talbot prize for leadership and the Queen's Sword. References

Sources

|-

|-

|-

|-

1916 births
2006 deaths
British military personnel of the Malayan Emergency
First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
People from Altrincham
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Royal Navy personnel of the Korean War
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Military personnel from Cheshire

masks:
Michael Patrick Pollock
Charles Albert Pollock
Gladys Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Michael Le
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Family Pollock
Barney Pollock


title: Giovanni Battista Locatelli (sculptor)

texts:
<mask> (1734–1805), also called <mask> was an Italian sculptor known for a well publicized dispute with George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford and the Royal Academy. Biography
<mask> was born in Verona on 17 November 1734. After working in Verona and Padua during his early career he was working in London from at least 1775 until 1796 when he returned to Italy. There is some evidence to suggest he may have worked for a time in the late 1790s in Paris before ending his career in Milan under the patronage of Napoleon Bonaparte. English contemporaries often referred to him as <mask> – an Anglicization of his common Italian forenames. Career

Early career
He began his career in his native Italy and was a member of the Venetian Academy. Early examples of his work include several sculptures for the Villa Bettoni near his hometown of Verona.When he first arrived in London he was living at the Haymarket with fellow Italian immigrant Ananso Rossi, father of sculptor Charles Rossi who became a pupil of <mask> <mask> was occasionally employed in the workshop of Joseph Nollekens where he was supposedly mistaken for the master himself due to his 'superior manners' and his 'dashing mode of dressing in a fashionable coat and red morocco slippers'. During his time in England he received commissions from famous architect Robert Adam including a chimneypiece for Harewood House. He also supplied a chimneypiece for the art critic William Locke at Norbury Park. One of his most notable works is the reclining plaster sculpture of Giovanna Baccelli, the Italian dancer and mistress to the Duke of Dorset. Despite his later conflicts with the Royal Academy, <mask> was initially on good terms with that institution. He was gifted £50 when in financial trouble in 1780 and was then paid £64 in 1781 for another ornamented fireplace in Somerset House, headquarters of the Academy at the time. Dispute with Lord Orford
He came to public notice in his own time due to a high profile dispute with George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford and the artistic establishment of the Royal Academy.As was common for many talented sculptors of the time, <mask> mainly worked in the studios of a small group of established masters. Works sold under the names of some of these sculptors such as Nollekens were in fact often modeled by uncredited and now often forgotten artists. This allowed famous sculptors to produce a significantly larger volume of work under their name than would otherwise be possible. It was no coincidence that these names were also members of the Royal Academy, a body which became responsible for commissioning of many of the new public sculptures springing up in the late 18th century. Matthew Craske describes the revelation to the public of unfair practices as being influenced by the upsurge of public monumental art following the Seven Years' War and the subsequent national pride. <mask> became disenchanted with the system which he viewed as enriching the established sculptors and exploiting those without the capital to set up their own studios. He published pamphlets and articles in newspapers such as The World shedding light on these practices.Craske describes three factors that fueled growing discontent between those at the top and those at the bottom of the sculpture world; "the foundation of the Royal Academy, shifts in the ways designs were evaluated, and a growing number of very lucrative contracts for public sculpture." Since the foundation of the Royal Academy in 1768 and the increase in memorialisation of public figures with public money, the power to distribute these commissions became concentrated in very few hands. <mask> believed that he was not being recognized as befitted an artist of his stature and was very vocal in the British press. The instigating incident for his public complaints was the argument with George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, who refused to pay for a commission in 1788. It is described as a ‘colossal’ group depicting Hercules and Theseus dragging Cerberus from Tartarus. The pedestal depicted several other labours of Hercules in basso rilievo. <mask> entered into the commission, which took him two years to complete, without establishing a price.When he presented a bill for £2400, Orford refused to pay it and the case was referred to a committee of artists from the Royal Academy. This consisted of sculptors John Bacon, Thomas Banks, Agostino Carlini, Nollekens, William Tyler and Joseph Wilton. William Locke, whom Locatelli had worked for previously, was chosen as arbiter. On Orford's side the sum was considered exorbitant and <mask> was subsequently attacked as having cast the piece from plaster rather than carving it from marble. <mask> countered this in the press by stating that he had in fact used scagliola, an experimental material of gypsum and glue usually confined to architectural features. <mask>'s use of this material harmed his case as the committee viewed it as inferior to carved marble. Considering the workshop practices of the time, Locatelli considered this hypocritical and continued to demand the full price.His dispute spilled over into personal attacks on the appointed judges, calling Bacon an "emperor of the arts" and a "monopoly trader". In the end, <mask> was paid £1400 for the work. The final piece was lost in a fire at Houghton Hall in December 1789 which, due to the notoriety of the case, was reported by several newspapers of the day. William Godwin went with  James Barry to see the sculpture on 1 July 1788 at the height of the public furor. John Thomas Smith, in his biography of Nollekens goes some way to defend Orford. He claims that Orford had been very kind to <mask> and that Nollekens and the other judges had reviewed the work very poorly. Smith claims that it was the poor quality of the work that Orford objected to.The principal source for Smith's account however, was <mask>'s student Rossi. Rossi may be coloured by his relationship with <mask>, giving Smith the impression that Rossi's own skill as a sculptor was nothing to do with his former master's tutelage. Return to Italy
The exact date of <mask>'s return to Italy is unknown. He may have travelled by way of Paris, working on some restorations at the Louvre in the 1799. He is known to have worked on the Foro Buonaparte in Milan and supposedly gained a pension for life from Napoleon. He died on 18 May 1805. External links
 1778 plaster sculpture of Giovanna Baccelli is on display at Knole.References

18th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
1734 births
1805 deaths
Artists from Verona
Italian expatriates in England

masks:
Giovanni Battista Locatelli
John Baptist Locatelli
Locatelli
John Baptist Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli
Locatelli


title: Walter Pach

texts:
<mask> (July 1, 1883 – November 27, 1958) was an artist, critic, lecturer, art adviser, and art historian who wrote extensively about modern art and championed its cause. Through his numerous books, articles, and translations of European art texts Pach brought the emerging modernist viewpoint to the American public. He organized exhibitions of contemporary art for New York City galleries of the period. He was also extremely helpful to Arthur B. Davies, president of the landmark exhibition of 1913, the "International Exhibition of Modern Art," known as the Armory Show, as well as to one of its founders Walt Kuhn, by bringing together leading contemporary European and American artists. Another original founder Jerome Myers spent over a year supervising the American portion of the show. <mask> helped John Quinn and <mask> gather their collections. He also secured individual works for museums, such as a portrait by Thomas Eakins for the Louvre, and Jacques-Louis David's The Death of Socrates for the Metropolitan Museum of Art.<mask>'s fluency in French, German, and Spanish made it possible for him to understand and interpret the avant-garde ideas developing in Europe and translate them for the English-speaking audience. He was able to communicate personally with many noted artists in Europe and Mexico and mediate between gallery dealers and museum curators on their behalf. His correspondence with major figures in 20th-century art are an important source of information, not only about the artists but about the art world during the first half of the 20th century. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City on July 11, 1883. His father, Gotthelf <mask>, was a prominent commercial photographer who, with his family, ran the New York studio of Pach Bros. They did most of the photographic work for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The young Pach often accompanied his father on museum assignments.In 1903, <mask> graduated from the City College of New York with a degree in art. He studied with Robert Henri at the New York School of Art and went abroad to paint with William Merritt Chase in the summers of 1903 and 1904. In 1907, <mask> moved to France and became part of the Gertrude and Leo Stein circle, and moved among the Parisian avant-garde, exhibiting with them and writing about their work and new artistic vision. In 1908 he wrote the first article on Cézanne to be published in the U.S., which appeared in Scribner's Magazine. He also interviewed Claude Monet that year and published an article about him in the same periodical. He helped manage and teach in several of William Merritt Chase's summer art schools in various European locales. <mask> was the only American artist to be closely affiliated with the Section d'Or group of artists, including Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Duchamp brothers Marcel Duchamp, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Villon and others.<mask> was responsible for securing loans from these painters for the 1913 Armory Show. Most of the artists in Paris who sent works to the Armory Show knew Pach personally and entrusted their works to him. <mask> married artist Magdalene Frohberg in 1914, and their son Raymond was born at the end of that year. He began advising <mask> and Louise Arensberg on their art collecting and introduced them to Marcel Duchamp in 1915. The following year, with Duchamp and the Arensbergs, he was a major force in the creation of the Society of Independent Artists. In the summer of 1918 <mask> taught two classes, including one on modern art, at the University of California at Berkeley. In the summer of 1922 he taught at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he lectured and wrote about Native American art.He helped organize exhibitions and raised money for a museum to be dedicated to the indigenous arts of the Americas. He was also a friend of José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera and helped organize the Mexican chapter of the Society of Independent Artists. In 1923 he began an affiliation with New York University, where he taught periodically. While he is not remembered today as a painter, <mask> devoted much of his creative efforts to painting. He thought of himself both an artist and a writer, despite advice from friends like art historian Bernard Berenson who urged him to devote his time to writing. His writings include monographs on a wide range of subjects, social commentary on the art world, and a book on museum structures. His first publications included brochures for the 1913 Armory Show, including Odilon Redon, and a book about the work of his close friend Raymond Duchamp-Villon titled A Sculptor's Architecture.In 1923, <mask> wrote Georges Seurat, a book art historian John Rewald later cited by  as an important text on the artist. Masters of Modern Art and a monograph on Duchamp-Villon in French were published the following year. The first solo exhibition of his own art took place in 1925 at Joseph Brummer Galleries, New York. He created a stir in 1928 in the art world with Ananias, or The False Artist, a well-known indictment of opportunistic artists and corruption in the art world. <mask> considered Vincent van Gogh a seminal figure in the development of modern art and was the first historian to lecture on him in America. He published his well-received monograph, Vincent Van Gogh, in 1936, and translated the journals of Eugène Delacroix in 1937. His recollections of a life spent in art, Queer Thing, Painting, appeared in 1938.Ingres was published in 1939, as well as Masterpieces of Art, written for the 1939 New York World's Fair, for which he was the exhibition director. His 1948 The Art Museum in America called into question the relevance, responsibility, and future of the American art museum. He long championed the artists of Mexico and published an essay on Diego Rivera in 1951 for the National Museum of Fine Arts, Mexico, for its 50-year retrospective exhibition on the artist. His last book, The Classical Tradition in Modern Art, was published posthumously in 1959. He died on November 27, 1958 in Manhattan, New York City. References

Sources
Malloy, Nancy and Stover, Catherine. A Finding Aid to the <mask> Papers, 1883-1980, in the Archives of American Art.The <mask> Papers Online, Smithsonian Archives of American Art. McCarthy, Laurette E.  <mask> (1883-1958): The Armory Show and the Untold Story of Modern Art in America. College Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011. Tomkins, Calvin. Duchamp: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996. External links

 AskArt artist page
 <mask> Papers Online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 Self-Portrait, 1955

1883 births
1958 deaths
1939 New York World's Fair artists
American art collectors
American art curators
American art historians
Artists from New York City
Historians from New York (state)
Modern art

masks:
Walter Pach
Pach
Walter Arensberg
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Walter
Pach
Pach
Pach
Pach
Walter Pach
Walter Pach
Walter Pach
Walter Pach


title: Charles Rolls

texts:
<mask>  (27 August 1877 – 12 July 1910) was a Welsh motoring and aviation pioneer. With Henry Royce, he co-founded the Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in an aeronautical accident with a powered aircraft, when the tail of his Wright Flyer broke off during a flying display in Bournemouth. He was aged 32. Early life

<mask> was born in Berkeley Square, London, third son of the 1st Baron Llangattock and Lady Llangattock. Despite his London birth, he retained a strong family connection with his ancestral home of The Hendre, near Monmouth, Wales. After attending Mortimer Vicarage Preparatory School in Berkshire, he was educated at Eton College where his developing interest in engines earned him the nickname "dirty <mask>".In 1894 he attended a private crammer in Cambridge which helped him gain entry to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1895, where he studied mechanical and applied science. In 1896, at the age of 18, he travelled to Paris to buy his first car, a Peugeot Phaeton, and joined the Automobile Club of France. His Peugeot is believed to have been the first car based in Cambridge, and one of the first three cars owned in Wales. An early motoring enthusiast, he joined the Self-Propelled Traffic Association, which campaigned against the restrictions imposed on motor vehicles by the Locomotive Act, and became a founder member of the Automobile Club of Great Britain, with which the Association merged in 1897. <mask> was a keen cyclist and spent time at Cambridge bicycle racing. In 1896, he won a Half Blue and the following year became captain of the Cambridge University Bicycle Club. <mask> graduated from Cambridge in 1898 and began working on the steam yacht Santa Maria followed by a position at the London and North Western Railway in Crewe.However, his talents lay more in salesmanship and motoring pioneering than practical engineering; in January 1903, with the help of £6,600 provided by his father, he started one of Britain's first car dealerships, C. S. Rolls & Co. based in Lillie Hall, Fulham, to import and sell French Peugeot and Belgian Minerva vehicles. Partnership with Royce

<mask> was introduced to Henry Royce by a friend at the Royal Automobile Club, Henry Edmunds, who was also a director of Royce Ltd. Edmunds showed him Royce's car and arranged the historic meeting between Rolls and Royce at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 4 May 1904. In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two-cylinder Royce 10 and in a subsequent agreement of 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. These would be of two, three, four and six cylinders and would be badged as Rolls-Royces. The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904, although in the early advertising it was the name of Rolls that was emphasised over that of Royce. In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce Limited, with Rolls appointed Technical managing director on a salary of £750 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000. Rolls provided the financial backing and business acumen to complement Royce's technical expertise.In 1907 Rolls-Royce Limited bought out C. S. Rolls & Co.

Rolls put much effort into publicising the quietness and smoothness of the Rolls-Royce, and at the end of 1906 travelled to the US to promote the new cars. The company was winning awards for the quality and reliability of its cars by 1907. But by 1909 Rolls' interest in the business was waning, and at the end of the year he resigned as Technical managing director and became a non-executive director. Pioneer aviator

<mask> was a pioneer aviator and initially, balloonist, making over 170 balloon ascents. In 1903 he won the Gordon Bennett Gold Medal for the longest single flight time. By 1907 <mask>' interest turned increasingly to flying and he tried to persuade Royce to design an aero engine. He became the second Briton to go up in an aeroplane.Piloted by Wilbur Wright their flight on 8 October 1908 from Camp d'Auvours, eleven kilometres east of Le Mans, lasted four minutes and twenty seconds. He bought one of six Wright Flyer aircraft built by Short Brothers under licence from the Wright Brothers and from early October 1909 made more than 200 flights. Founder in 1901 with Frank Hedges Butler of the ballooning club that became the Royal Aero Club in March 1910 he was the second person they licensed to fly an aeroplane. He became the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane taking 95 minutes on 2 June 1910. For this feat, which included the first eastbound aerial crossing of the English Channel, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club. There is a statue in Monmouth to commemorate the flight and another, by Kathleen Scott, in Dover. Death

On 12 July 1910, at the age of 32, <mask> was killed in an air crash at Hengistbury Airfield, Southbourne, Bournemouth when the tail of his Wright Flyer broke off during a flying display.He was the first Briton to be killed in an aeronautical accident with a powered aircraft, and the eleventh person internationally. His was also the first powered aviation fatality in the United Kingdom. His grave lies at the churchyard of St Cadoc's Church, Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, where many of the <mask> family lie buried in various family tombs. His grave is just below Llangattock Manor and bears the inscription:

"Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God." A statue in his memory, in which he is seen holding a biplane model, was erected in Agincourt Square, Monmouth. A further memorial to him was unveiled in 1981 in the bottom playing field of St Peter's Catholic School, Bournemouth, which was developed on the site of Hengistbury Airfield. There is a stained-glass window in All Saints' Church, Eastchurch on the Isle of Sheppey, dedicated jointly to <mask> and to fellow pioneer aviator Cecil Grace.Cultural Depictions
Actor Robert Powell portrays <mask> in the 1972-1973 miniseries The Edwardians. Note

References

External links

  – More about <mask>
  – Transcription of the report of his death in a contemporary newspaper
  – Old Photo of Rolls and the Royal Family
  – <mask> goes on his first aeroplane flight with Wilbur Wright on 8 October 1908 at Camp D'Auvours, France
 <mask> <mask> Statue, Dover Seafront – Post-renovation photograph and description

1877 births
1910 deaths
People from Westminster
People from Fulham
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
Welsh aviators
People from Monmouthshire
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Rolls-Royce people
British automobile designers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Younger sons of barons
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
English people of Welsh descent
British automotive pioneers
Burials in Wales
Monmouth, Wales
British balloonists
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1910
Charles
Welsh racing drivers
19th-century Welsh businesspeople

masks:
Charles Stewart Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Rolls
Charles Rolls
Charles Rolls
Charles Stewart
Rolls


title: Tom Davies (American football)

texts:
Thomas J<mask> (October 14, 1896 – February 29, 1972) was an American football player and coach. He played as a halfback at the University of Pittsburgh and was a consensus All-American in 1918 and 1920. After retiring as a player, <mask> worked as a football coach for the next 26 years, including stints at the University of Pennsylvania, Geneva College, Allegheny College, the University of Rochester, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, the University of Scranton, and Western Reserve University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1970. Playing career
<mask> was a native of Gas City, Indiana. He moved to Washington, Pennsylvania when he was 11 years old. <mask> played high school football at Aliquippa High School in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, and at The Kiski School in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania.<mask> was working in a Washington factory when he got the chance to play football at Kiski. A friend refused to accept a football scholarship there unless <mask> went along. <mask> enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh where he played four seasons (1918–1921) of football under coach Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner. <mask> played in 31 games for the Pittsburgh Panthers and averaged 150 yards per game over his four-year career. He was selected as a first-team All-American in his freshman season of 1918 and again as a junior in 1920. As a freshman in 1918, <mask> weighed only 142 pounds. In his first carry for Pitt, he ran for 13 yards against Washington & Jefferson—then a national power.Three plays later, he ran for 38 yards, "setting the pace for a stellar playing career." <mask> helped Pitt to an undefeated season and a national championship in 1918, as he led the team in rushing, passing and receiving. He led Pitt in all-purpose yards all four years that he played. In a 1918 game against Georgia Tech, the freshman <mask> accounted for five touchdowns—running 50 yards for a touchdown, returning two punts for touchdowns (a 60-yard and a 50-yard return), and passing for two more touchdowns. After watching <mask> run back a kickoff 90 yards for a touchdown in 1918, one writer noted:"When Brother <mask> caught the kickoff on the ten-yard line at Franklin Field in Philadelphia one Saturday in November, we saw the prettiest piece of open field work not off at an angle, <mask>mie ran the length since the days of Jim Thorpe. On a bee line of the gridiron, and in so doing he personally took care of seven men! Then just for fun he added two more.The papers said, '<mask> Beats Penn.' It has been the same against Syracuse, Lafayette and Georgia Tech. And now Pitt is counting on another All-American." As a junior in 1920, <mask> led Pitt to another big win over the University of Pennsylvania. In what some called <mask>' finest game, he threw a touchdown pass, ran 80 yards for a touchdown, returned a kickoff 90 yards for a touchdown and returned an interception 60 yards for a touchdown. Also in 1920, he led Pitt to a 35–0 win over Syracuse, as he rushed for 255 yards and scored 16 points in only three quarters of play. In December 1920, <mask> was elected by his teammates to be captain of Pitt's 1921 football team.<mask> was selected as team captain at a team banquet at which the entire team gave <mask> "a thunderous cheer." The Cleveland Plain Dealer reported that <mask> was so affected by the demonstration that he stammered only a few words of appreciation and left the hall saying, "I'm going to phone my mother and tell her all about it." <mask> continues to rank among Pitt's all-time leaders in scoring with 181 points and all-purpose yards with 3,931 yards. He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Coaching career
After graduating from Pitt, <mask> began a long career as a college football coach. His first coaching position was as an assistant to the legendary John Heisman at the University of Pennsylvania in 1922. At the time of his hiring at Penn, The New York Times noted: "<mask>, former Pitt captain and all-American halfback, makes his debut as a Penn coach.The versatile <mask>, who raised havoc with a number of Penn elevens in recent years, will instruct in forward passing, punting and straight arming, and will also help <mask>ra with the scrubs." <mask> received his first head coaching job in 1923 when he was hired as the head football coach for the Geneva College Golden Tornadoes located in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He spent only one season at Geneva, compiling a record of 6–2–1. In 1924, he was hired by Allegheny College where he remained for two seasons. In 1926, <mask> was hired as the head football coach at the University of Rochester, where he spent nine years, coaching until 1934. After leaving Rochester, he spent one season as a coach at Carnegie Tech and another at Kiski Prep School. In 1937, <mask> took over as head football coach at St. Thomas College.In his first season, he led the Tomcats to a 6–1–1 record. Prior to the start of the 1938 season, St. Thomas College changed its name to the University of Scranton. <mask>'s 1938 team finished with a record of 7–2. The team improved in 1939 and completed an undefeated 7–0–2 season. <mask> resigned as Scranton's coach in March 1940 with a three-year record of 20–3–3. After leaving Scranton, <mask> went into the insurance business in the Cleveland area. Although <mask> insisted at the time of his resignation at Scranton that he was done with coaching, he was hired in March 1941 to take over as the head football coach for the Western Reserve University Red Cats.<mask> served seven years as head coach at Western Reserve, although there was no team from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II, but was discharged in October 1947 by the University Board of Athletics. The dismissal came 24 hours after members of the team demanded that they finish the year under another coach. Later years
After permanently retiring from football in 1947, <mask> returned to the insurance business in the Pittsburgh area. <mask> was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1966 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1970. He died of a heart attack in February 1972 at age 75. He died at his home in Pittsburgh's Highland Park district. Head coaching record

College

Notes

References

External links

1896 births
1972 deaths
American football halfbacks
Allegheny Gators football coaches
Carnegie Mellon Tartans football coaches
Case Western Spartans football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Penn Quakers football coaches
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Rochester Yellowjackets football coaches
Scranton Royals football coaches
High school football coaches in Pennsylvania
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
People from Grant County, Indiana
People from Washington County, Pennsylvania
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania

masks:
. Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Tom Davies
Tom
Tom Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Tom Davies
Davies
Tom McNama
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


title: Robert Catesby

texts:
<mask> (c.  1572 – 8 November 1605) is the supposed leader of a group of English Catholics who was accused of a conspiracy to destroy Parliament in 1605, known as the Gunpowder Plot. Born in Warwickshire, <mask> was educated in Oxford. His family were prominent recusant Catholics, and presumably to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy he left college before taking his degree. He married a Protestant in 1593 and fathered two children, one of whom survived birth and was baptised in a Protestant church. In 1601 he took part in the Essex Rebellion but was captured and fined, after which he sold his estate at Chastleton. The Protestant James I, who became King of England in 1603, was even more anti-Catholic than expected. Allegedly, Catesby planned to kill him by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder during the State Opening of Parliament, the prelude to a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne.Early in 1604 he spoke with other Catholics, including Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy, and the charismatic and influential Guy Fawkes. It is alleged that Fawkes helped to bring eight conspirators into the plot, which was planned to be carried out on 5 November 1605. A letter sent anonymously to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, alerted the authorities, and on the eve of the planned explosion, during a search of Parliament, Fawkes was found guarding firewood near some barrels of gunpowder. News of his arrest caused many historically persecuted minorities to flee London, warning Catesby along their way. With a much-diminished group of followers, Catesby made a stand at Holbeche House in Staffordshire (the modern-day Kingswinford suburb of Wall Heath), against a 200-strong company of armed men. He was shot and later found dead, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. As a public act of desecration, his body was exhumed and subsequently decapitated, his head exhibited outside Parliament.Early life

Origins

He was born after  1572, the third and only surviving son and heir of Sir <mask> of Lapworth in Warwickshire, by his wife Anne Throckmorton, a daughter of Sir <mask> (c.1513–1581), KG, of Coughton Court in Warwickshire (by his second wife, Elizabeth Hussey). He was a lineal descendant of <mask> (1450–1485), the influential councillor of King Richard III who was captured at the Battle of Bosworth and executed. His parents were prominent recusant Catholics; his father had suffered years of imprisonment for his faith, and in 1581 had been tried in Star Chamber alongside William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden, and his brother-in-law Sir Thomas Tresham, for harbouring the Jesuit Edmund Campion. The head of the Throckmortons, Sir Thomas Throckmorton, was also fined for his recusancy, and spent many years in prison. Another relation, Sir Francis Throckmorton, had been executed in 1584 for his involvement in a plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots. Education
In 1586 <mask> was educated at Gloucester Hall in Oxford, a college noted for its Catholic intake. Those either studying at university or wishing to take public office could not do so without first swearing the anti-Catholic Oath of Supremacy, an act which would have compromised one's Catholic faith.Presumably to avoid this consequence, he left without taking his degree, and may then have attended the seminary college of Douai. In 1588, at time of the Spanish Armada, <mask> was allegedly imprisoned at Wisbech Castle along with Francis Tresham. Adulthood
In 1593 he married Catherine Leigh, granddaughter of Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneleigh Abbey in Warwickshire. Catherine came from a wealthy Protestant family and brought with her a dowry of £2,000, but also a religious association that offered <mask> some respite from the recusancy laws then in effect. From the death of his grandmother the following year he inherited a property at Chastleton, in Oxfordshire. The couple's first son William died in infancy, but their second son <mask> survived, and was baptised at Chastleton's Anglican parish church on 11 November 1595. When Catesby's father died in 1598, his estates at Ashby St Ledgers were left to his wife, while Catesby and his family remained at Chastleton.<mask> had seemed happy to remain a Church Papist but after his wife's death later that year he further embraced Catholicism. In 1601 Catesby was involved in the Essex Rebellion. The Earl of Essex's purpose might have lain in furthering his own interests rather than those of the Catholic Church, but Catesby hoped that if Essex succeeded, there might once more be a Catholic monarch. The rebellion was a failure however, and the wounded Catesby was captured, imprisoned at the Wood Street Counter, and fined 4,000 marks (equivalent to over £6 million as of 2008) by Elizabeth I. Sir Thomas Tresham helped pay some of Catesby's fine, following which Catesby sold his estate at Chastleton. Several authors speculate about Catesby's movements as Elizabeth's health grew worse; he was probably among those "principal papists" imprisoned by a government fearing open rebellion, and in March 1603 he possibly sent Christopher Wright to Spain to see if Philip III would continue to support English Catholics after Elizabeth's death. Catesby funded the activities of some Jesuit priests, and while visiting them made occasional use of the alias Mr <mask>.Gunpowder Plot

Background
Catholics had hoped that the persecution they suffered during Elizabeth's reign would end when she was succeeded in 1603 by James I. His mother, Mary, Queen of Scots (executed in 1587), had been a devout Catholic, and James's attitude appeared moderate, even tolerant towards Catholics. Protestant rulers across Europe had, however, been the target of several assassination attempts during the late 16th century, and until the 1620s some English Catholics believed that regicide was justifiable to remove 'tyrants' from power. Much of James's political writing was concerned with such matters, and the "refutation of the [Catholic] argument that 'faith did not need to be kept with heretics. Shortly after he discovered that his wife Anne – who had been raised Lutheran and had abstained from the Anglican communion at her English coronation – had been sent a rosary from Pope Clement VIII, James exiled all Jesuits and other Catholic priests, and reimposed the collection of anti-Catholic fines. Catesby soon began to lose patience with the new dynasty. British author and historian Antonia Fraser describes Catesby's mentality as "that of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual".Writing after the events of 1604–1606, the Jesuit priest Father Tesimond's description of his friend was favourable: "his countenance was exceedingly noble and expressive ... his conversation and manners were peculiarly attractive and imposing, and that by the dignity of his character he exercised an irresistible influence over the minds of those who associated with him." Fellow conspirator Ambrose Rookwood, shortly before his own death, said that he "loved and respected him [Catesby] as his own life", while <mask>'s friend, Father John Gerard, claimed he was "respected in all companies of such as are counted there swordsmen or men of action", and that "few were in the opinions of most men preferred before him and he increased much his acquaintance and friends." Author Mark Nicholls suggests that "bitterness at the failure of Essex's design nevertheless seems to have sharpened an already well-honed neurosis." Early stages

It is alleged that Catesby inspired his fellow Catholics, not Fawkes (today most often associated with 5 November), to destroy Parliament via "the Gunpowder Plot." The precise date on which he set events in motion is unknown, but he first likely had the idea early in 1604. Sometime around June of the previous year he was visited by his friend Thomas Percy. A great-grandson of the 4th Earl of Northumberland, Percy was reported to have had a "wild youth" before he became a Catholic, and during Elizabeth's final years had been entrusted by the 9th Earl with a secret mission to James's court in Scotland, to plead with the king on behalf of England's Catholics.He now complained bitterly about what he considered to be James's treachery. <mask> replied, "No, no, Tom, thou shalt not venture to small purpose, but if thou wilt is a traitor thou shalt be to some great advantage." Percy listened while Catesby added, "I am thinking of the surest way and I will soon let thee know what it is." During Allhallowtide on 31 October he sent for his cousin Thomas Wintour, who was at Huddington Court in Worcestershire with his brother <mask>. Thomas was educated as a lawyer and had fought for England in the Low Countries, but in 1600 had converted to Catholicism. Following the Earl of Essex's failed rebellion, he had travelled to Spain to raise support for English Catholics, a mission which the authorities would later describe as comprising part of a 'Spanish Treason'. Although Thomas declined his invitation, Catesby again invited him in February the next year.When Wintour responded to the summons he found his cousin with the swordsman John Wright. <mask> supposedly told him of his plan to kill the king and his government by blowing up "the Parliament House with Gunpowder ... in that place have they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that place for their punishment". Wintour at first objected to his cousin's scheme, but <mask>, who said that "the nature of the disease required so sharp a remedy", won him over. Despite Catholic Spain's moves toward diplomacy with England, <mask> still harboured hopes of foreign support and a peaceful solution. Wintour, therefore, returned to the continent, where he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the affable Constable of Castile to press for good terms for English Catholics in forthcoming peace negotiations. He then turned to Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander who had switched sides from England to Spain, and the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen; both cast doubt on the plotters' chances of receiving Spanish support. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Guy Fawkes, whose name Catesby had already supplied as "a confidant gentleman" who might enter their ranks.Fawkes was a devout English Catholic who had travelled to the continent to fight for Spain in the Dutch War of Independence. Wintour told him of their plan to "doe somewhat in England if the pece with Spaine helped us nott", and thus in April 1604 the two men returned home. Wintour told Catesby that despite positive noises from the Spanish, he feared that "the deeds would not answer". This was a response that in Nicholls's opinion came as no surprise to Catesby, who wanted and expected nothing less. On Sunday 20 May in the well-to-do Strand district of London, Catesby met Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes, at an inn called the Duck and Drake. Percy had been introduced to the plot several weeks after Wintour and Fawkes's return to England. Alone in a private room, all swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book, and then in another room celebrated Mass with the Jesuit priest (and friend to Catesby) John Gerard.<mask> was admitted to the group in October 1604, and was charged with looking after Catesby's Lambeth house, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored. Two months later Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates, into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it, and by March 1605 three more were admitted: Thomas Wintour's brother <mask>, John Grant and John Wright's brother Christopher. Further recruitment
Although the State Opening of Parliament was planned for February 1605, concern over the plague delayed it until 3 October. Another contemporaneous government account alleges the plotters engaged in digging a tunnel beneath Parliament by December 1604, but again, there is no other evidence to prove this, and no trace of a tunnel has since been found. If the story is true, the plotters

masks:
Robert Catesby
Catesby
William Catesby
Robert Throckton
William Catesby
Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert
Catesby
Roberts
Catesby
Catesby
Robert
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Robert Keyes
Robert


title: Robert Catesby

texts:
 ceased their efforts when the tenancy to the undercroft beneath the House of Lords became available. Several months later, early in June 1605, Catesby met the principal Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet, on Thames Street in London. While discussing the war in Flanders, Catesby asked about the morality of "killing innocents".Garnet said that such actions could often be excused, but according to his own account during a second meeting in July he showed Catesby a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion. <mask> replied, "Whatever I mean to do, if the Pope knew, he would not hinder for the general good of our country." Father Garnet's protestations prompted Catesby's next reply, "I am not bound to take knowledge by you of the Pope's will." Soon after, Father Tesimond told Father Garnet that while taking <mask>'s confession he had learned of the plot. Father Garnet met with Catesby a third time on 24 July at White Webbs in Enfield Chase, the home of Catesby's wealthy relative Anne Vaux, and a house long suspected by the government of harbouring Jesuit priests. Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot, the priest tried in vain to dissuade Catesby from his course. By 20 July 1605, 36 barrels of gunpowder had been stored in the undercroft, but the ever-present threat of the plague yet again prorogued the opening of Parliament, this time until 5 November 1605.Catesby had borne much of the scheme's financial cost thus far, and was running out of money. As their plans moved closer to fruition, during a secret meeting at Bath in August at which he, Percy and Thomas Wintour were present, the plotters decided that "the company being yet but few" he was to be allowed to "call in whom he thought best". Catesby soon added Ambrose Rookwood, a staunch Catholic who was both young and wealthy, but who most importantly owned a stable of fine horses at Coldham. For the plan to work Rookwood and his horses needed to be close to the other conspirators, and so Catesby persuaded him to rent Clopton House at Stratford-upon-Avon. Francis Tresham was brought into the plot on 14 October. Also descended from <mask>, Tresham was <mask>'s cousin, and as young children the two had often visited White Webbs. Although his account of the meeting is weighted with hindsight (when captured he sought to distance himself from the affair), he asked Catesby what support for the Catholics would be forthcoming once the king had been killed.<mask>'s answer, "The necessity of the Catholics [was such that] it must needs be done", in Fraser's opinion demonstrates his unwavering view on the matter, held at least since his first meeting with Thomas Wintour early in 1604. The final conspirator to be brought in was Everard Digby, on 21 October, at Harrowden. <mask> confided in Digby during a delayed Feast of Saint Luke. Like Rookwood, Digby was young and wealthy, and possessed a stable of horses. <mask> told him to rent Coughton Court near Alcester, so that he would "the better to be able to do good to the cause [kidnap Princess Elizabeth]". The day after Tresham's recruitment, Catesby exchanged greetings in London with Fawkes's former employer, Lord Montagu, and asked him "The Parliament, I think, brings your lordship up now?" Montagu told him that he was visiting a relative, and that he would be at Parliament in a few weeks' time.Catesby replied "I think your Lordship takes no pleasure to be there". Montague, who had already been imprisoned for speaking out in the House of Lords against anti-Catholic legislation, and who had no inclination to be present while more laws were introduced, agreed. Following the plot's failure he became a suspect and was arrested, but after intense lobbying he was released some months later. The recruitment of Rookwood, Tresham, and Digby coincided with a series of meetings in various taverns across London, during which the last remaining details were worked out. Fawkes would light the fuse, and escape by boat across the Thames. An uprising would start in the Midlands, during which Princess Elizabeth was to be captured. Fawkes would escape to the continent and explain to the Catholic powers what had happened in England.Monteagle letter

Several of the conspirators expressed worries about fellow Catholics who would be caught up in the planned explosion; Percy was concerned for his patron, Northumberland, and when the young Earl of Arundel's name was mentioned <mask> suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day. Keyes's suggestion to warn the Earl of Peterborough was, however, derided. On 26 October William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle (Tresham's brother-in-law) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton, warning him not to attend Parliament, and forecasting that "they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament; and yet they shall not see who hurts them". Uncertain of its meaning he delivered it to Secretary of State <mask>, 1st Earl of Salisbury. In an extraordinary act of bravado Catesby had planned to go hunting with James, but was warned of the betrayal by Monteagle's servant. He immediately suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter, a view which was shared by Thomas Wintour. Together the two confronted the recently recruited conspirator, and threatened to "hang him", but Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter, and the next day urged them to abandon the plot.<mask> waited for Percy's return from the north, before making his decision. He thought the letter too vague to constitute any meaningful threat to the plan, and decided to forge ahead. As Fawkes made a final check on the gunpowder, other conspirators took up their positions in the Midlands. Salisbury, already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, did not yet know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved. He elected to wait, to see how events unfolded. On 3 November, <mask> met with Wintour and Percy in London. Although the nature of their discussion is unknown, Fraser theorises that some adjustment of their plan to abduct Princess Elizabeth may have occurred, as later accounts told how Percy had been seen at the Duke of York's lodgings, enquiring as to the movements of the king's daughter.Nicholls mentions that a week earlier—on the same day that Monteagle received his letter—<mask> was at White Webbs with Fawkes, to discuss kidnapping Prince Henry rather than Princess Elizabeth. Death
Late on Monday 4 November, Catesby, John Wright and Bates left for the Midlands, ready for the planned uprising. That night Fawkes was discovered guarding firewood near some barrels of gunpowder in the undercroft by the House of Lords. As news of his arrest spread, the next day many historically persecuted minorities still in London fled. <mask>'s party, ignorant of what was happening in London, paused at Dunstable when his horse lost a shoe. When Rookwood caught them up and broke to them the news of Fawkes's arrest, the group, which now included Rookwood, Catesby, Bates, the Wright brothers and Percy, rode toward Dunchurch. At about 6:00 pm that evening they reached <mask>'s family home at Ashby St Ledgers, where his mother and <mask> were staying.To keep his mother ignorant of their situation, <mask> sent a message asking Wintour to meet him at the edge of the town. The group continued to Dunchurch, where they met Digby and his hunting party and informed them that the king and Salisbury were dead, thus persuading them to continue with the plan. On 6 November they raided Warwick Castle for supplies, taking cavalry horses from the stables to aid their escape, before continuing to Norbrook to collect stored weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. <mask> gave Bates a letter to deliver to Father Garnet and the other priests at Coughton Court, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army in Wales, where Catholic support was believed to be strong. The priest begged Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the pope's preachings. Father Garnet fled, and managed to evade capture for several weeks.<mask> and the others arrived at Huddington at about 2:00 pm, and were met by Thomas Wintour. Terrified of being associated with the fugitives, family members and former friends showed them no sympathy. Back in London, under pain of torture Fawkes had started to reveal what he knew, and on 7 November the government named <mask> as a wanted man. Early that morning at Huddington, the remaining outlaws went to confession, before taking the sacrament — in Fraser's opinion, a sign that none of them thought they had long to live. The party of fugitives, which included those at the centre of the plot, their supporters and Digby's hunting party, by now had dwindled to only thirty-six in number. They continued through pouring rain to Hewell Grange, home of the young Lord Windsor. He was absent however, so they helped themselves to further arms, ammunition, and money.The locals were unsupportive; on hearing that <mask>'s party stood for "God and Country", they replied that they were for "King James as well as God and Country". The party reached Holbeche House, on the Staffordshire boundary, at about 10:00 pm. Tired and desperate, they spread in front of the fire some of the now-soaked gunpowder taken from Hewell Grange, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode (unless physically contained), a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed <mask>, Rookwood, Grant, and another man. <mask> survived, albeit scorched. Digby left, ostensibly to give himself up, as did John Wintour. Thomas Bates fled, along with <mask>.Remaining were <mask> (described as "reasonably well"), Rookwood, the Wright brothers, Percy and John Grant, who had been so badly injured that his eyes were "burnt out". They resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the king's men. <mask>, believing his death to be near, kissed the gold crucifix he wore around his neck and said he had given everything for "the honour of the Cross". He refused to be taken prisoner, "against that only he would defend himself with his sword". Richard Walsh, Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House at about 11:00 am on 8 November. While crossing the courtyard Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder. John Wright was shot, followed by his brother, and then Rookwood.<mask> and Percy were reportedly both dropped by a single lucky shot, while standing near the door. <mask> managed to crawl inside the house, where his body was later found, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. This and his gold crucifix were sent to London, to demonstrate what "superstitious and Popish idols" had inspired the plotters. The survivors were taken into custody and the dead buried near Holbeche. On the orders of the Earl of Northampton however, the bodies of <mask> and Percy were exhumed and decapitated. John Harington made an opportune study of the heads while en route to London, and later reflected: "more terrible countenances were never looked upon". Placed on "the side of the Parliament House", Catesby's head became one of the "sightless spectators of their own failure".Notable relatives
Modern actor and producer Kit Harington is a collateral descendant of <mask>. He, along with co-creators Ronan Bennett and Daniel West, produced a three-part dramatization called  Gunpowder with the BBC delving into his ancestor's role as the mastermind of the Gunpowder Plot, with Harrington himself starring as Catesby. References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Parliamentary Archives, Papers, photographs, maps and drawings relating to <mask> and the Gunpowder Plot

1570s births
1605 deaths
People associated with the Gunpowder Plot
English rebels
English Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic activists
16th-century English people
17th-century English people
Alumni of Gloucester Hall, Oxford
People from Warwickshire
Deaths by firearm in England
Date of birth

masks:
Catesby
Catesby
William Catesby
Robert
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Robert Cecil
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Robert Wintour
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Robert Wintour
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Catesby
Robert Catesby
Robert Catesby