title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 council on 28 July 1842. It is uncertain whether <mask> was the first post master; he is mentioned in the post master minutes from 1843 with the title "choirmaster". He was formally appointed as post master on 19 November 1851.From 1 July 1857, the main post office was moved to the port of call for steamers at Vikholmen just east of the island of Hugla, and the same day the trader Lars Aagaard Meyer succeeded <mask> as post master. The yearly wage for the post master was 4 Spd. in 1842; in 1857 it was increased to 24 Spd. <mask> was concilliation commissioner for 49 years. He also had some local duties after he retired in 1878. Member of parliament

Election

<mask> was born at "Oppigården" in Langset, a farm in Sjona some distance east of the village of Nesna. His parents were Augustinius Larssøn (1762–1815) and Kirstine Olsdatter (1770–1843).His paternal grandfather Lars Johnsen (1720–1767) was a farmer at Sandnes in Nesna, and his maternal grandfather Peder Tønder (1697–1735) had been a lensmann. Augustinius Larssøn was an enterprising fisherman; he owned, among others, both a færing and a six-oared row boat, many fishing nets and longlines, and also rorbu in Kabelvåg. His estate testified to his wealth, especially by the standards at the time, since in addition to the aforementioned boats, he also owned nine cows, a horse and a windmill. Local historian Øyvind Jenssen describes him as a man of "great reputation in the village", for example, he was one of the chosen parishioners who signed the authorization of the electors from Nesna for the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (Riksforsamlingen) in 1814. From 1814 through until the 1903 Norwegian parliamentary election, members of parliament were elected through indirect election. All market towns and prestegjeld appointed electors, in the market towns there was one elector per 50 voters and in the prestegjeld one per 100 voters. The Constitution of Norway set strict limitations on who had suffrage.In 1814 Nesna appointed two electors for the election for 1815–1817, one of them, lensmann Jens Eliassen, was elected as the fourth deputy. In addition to the right to vote being limited, political interest was also weak. In 1841 there were 221 voters in Nesna prestegjeld and only 25 voted, in 1860, 27 voted. In the country, each county amounted to a separate electoral district, and the electors from each district would come together "at a decide location of one of the authority's and 'appoint' someone either from their own number or from among the official voters...as many representatives as the district was entitled to have..." The electors from Nordland county met in Bodø, and from 1833, elected four representatives (earlier three, from 1883, five). <mask> was the youngest of seven siblings, but only he and Ole, the brother four years older than him, reached adulthood. <mask>'s father died in 1815, and his mother remarried in 1816 with Møller Andersen Zahl from Handnes who was 20 years her younger. <mask>'s mother died in 1843, and Zahl remarried in 1845 with Anne Pedersdatter from Handnesøya.Jenssen describes her as a warm and good person who <mask> had a good relationship with. Parliamentary sessions
According to the constitution, the parliament would assemble once ever three years, and it was in 1869 that constitutional changes were made resulting in yearly parliamentary sessions. These sessions, called "parliament proper" lasted around half a year during <mask>'s time. In addition the constitution's articles §§69-70 granted the king power to summon an extraordinary parliament, so-called "parliament super proper". In the eight terms from 1848 to 1870 whilst <mask> was a member of parliament, two parliaments super proper were summoned, in 1858 and in 1864. Altogether, parliament was assembled ten times in this period, and <mask> attended all of these. He was granted a short leave of absence four times, and after one of these he took sick leave, J.A.Arctander had to serve as deputy for him at the assembly. Teacher and choirmaster
The Storting building was completed in 1866. Up until 1854, parliament held its proceedings in Oslo Cathedral School's premises on the corner of Tollbodgaten and Dronningens gate. From 1854, the proceedings were held in the hall which is now known as "the Old festival hall" in the university building on Karl Johans gate. The ten parliamentary sessions that <mask> attended therefore had three different addresses, the first two in Oslo Cathedral School, then six in the university buildings before the last two were held in today's Storting building. <mask> was elected to parliament eight times. With six terms of three years and two terms of to years, he was a member of parliament for 22 years, from 1848 to 1870.Only Sivert Andreas Nielsen has been elected as the representative of Nordland county more times: He was elected 13 times in the period from 1859 to 1900. In more recent times, Håkon Kyllingmark was elected seven times for a period of 28 years in total from 1954 to 1981. Political orientation

Parties in organized from did not exist in Norway during <mask>'s time. The first Norwegian political parties were created in 1884 with the forming of The Liberal Party and The Conservative Party. There were still more or less organized factions and movements outside parliament. In the 1830s, Ole Gabriel Ueland had established a farmer's alliance with a formulated policy. Like <mask>, he was a choirmaster and teacher, and sat in parliament from 1833 until his death in 1870.<mask> became one of Ueland's faithful friends in parliament, and from the beginning he was considered to be a supporter of the farmer's alliance. Anton Christian Bang wrote in 1909 that "[<mask>'s] party comrades among the Uelandian farmer opposition considered him to be among their most prudent and trusted men." With <mask> and the Reform Association in 1859, and not to mention Søren Jaabæk's Farmer's Friends Association from 1865, radicalization grew. To begin with they had support from Ueland and <mask>. Halvdan Koht mentions three who spoke in support of Sverdrup in the debate on the Jury Act, <mask>, Ueland and Jaabæk. After Sverdrup and Jaabæk entered into an alliance in 1869, in many ways parliament was split between the conservatives and the radicals. <mask> was not comfortable with this polarization, and so he distanced himself from earlier opinions and became more center orientated.Arne Bergsgård has characterized <mask>'s early radicalism as "extremely yellow", and in a later letter to Bang, <mask> spoke very negatively about what he called "Jaabækianism" and "Sverdrupianism". Poetry and music

<mask> was also extremely interested in music; he played the violin and also wrote several folk songs and poems. It appears from his dairies that <mask> used to play the violin at parties in Kristiania. When Ole Tobias Olsen collected his folk songs from Nordland, he received several melodies both from <mask> and from his daughter Christense. In 1842 <mask> sought a short leave in order to take singing lessons in Bodø, this may have some correlation with the "Roverudian improvement in singing" . During the lessons he used a psalmodicon, an instrument with only one string. Ivar Aasen referenced <mask> as a source for his "words from Nordland", and mentions him several times in his diaries from 1857 to 1869.<mask>'s diary from his time in parliament has been used as a source for later historians. Arne Bergsgård calls it "an amusing little diary" Jens Arup Seip wrote that <mask>'s diaries had been a great help in his work, and provided a fine picture of the political flows from that time. <mask> also wrote poems and folk songs. Bang mentions that the folk song Astøings-visen was later published in Tromsø at M. Urdal's publishing house, "printed from a very erroneous transcript". Sections of the poem Kveldshugnad (7 of the 20 verses) are translated in the Nesna's Village Book, volume 2, and Astøingsvise and Åsværvise are printed in Helgeland's Yearbook, 1977. A longer poem called "The Parliament's assembly in February 1871", was posthumously printed in Helgeland's Tidings in 1899. In the poem <mask> is invisibly present at the opening of the Storting, and welcomes every member of parliament, one after another as they arrive.The poem has explanatory notes from <mask> himself. A transcript was printed in Helgeland's Yearbook in 1981 and lasted nine pages. The poem is mildly satirical, it seems to be mostly be cheerful with friendly comments. Its sting is certainly pointed against Jaabæk and his supporters, and he also brings up old political battles, that hints at the debate over the railway in Trondheim. Family and children
In 1833, <mask> was married to Christine Birgitte Iversdatter (1807–1887), daughter of Ivar Olsen Løkberg (1753-1810) and Kiersten Pedersdatter (1773-1861). They had four children, but three of them died before their father. <mask>'s son Kristian died as a baby.His other son Ivar became a teacher and was, since the time of his confirmation, a close friend of future bishop and minister Anton Christian Bang. He died at the young age of 24 in 1862. <mask>'s oldest son (f. 1834) had worked at the magistrate of Saura, and later became a lensmann in Hamarøy. He committed suicide in 1877. His daughter Christense Oline was born on 23 February 1846. On 5 August 1875, she married the farmer <mask> Olsen at Sandnes in Nesna, and had three sons. She died on 19 April 1929, when she was 83 years old.Legacy and recognitions

Bang writes about Augustinussen in his autobiographical book Erindringer from 1909:<mask> has been characterized as "the most towering and influential individual in Nesna's history". Øyvind Jenssen, local historian and earlier mayor f Nesna, writes that "No other single person has effected the development of Nesna municipality as strongly as the municipality's first mayor, <mask>." <mask> received the medal for outstanding civil service in silver. When he reached the age of 70 on 10 May 1878, he received, with great surprise, a "very expensive mantelpiece clock" from Nesna municipality. In addition to the article in Friend of the common people, which Bang refers to, <mask> was also profiled in The home's and worker's friend on 13 February 1890 after his death, and also in Helgeland's Tidings no.4 1889. <mask> died on 22 November 1888 of a stroke according to the ministerial book for the Nesna prestegjeld. Notes and references

Sources

Bibliography

  Sitert fra avskrift i Årbok for Helgeland 1981; side 114–123. .

Websites, newspapers etc.19th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian educators
People from Nesna
Norwegian male poets
1808 births
1888

masks:
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Johan
Johan
Johan
Johan
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
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Johan Sverdrup
Augustinussen
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Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Anton
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen


title: Peyton Young

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born March 9, 1945) is an American game theorist and economist known for his contributions to evolutionary game theory and its application to the study of institutional and technological change, as well as the theory of learning in games. He is currently centennial professor at the London School of Economics, James Meade Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of Oxford, professorial fellow at Nuffield College Oxford, and research principal at the Office of Financial Research at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. <mask> was named a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1995, a fellow of the British Academy in 2007, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2018. He served as president of the Game Theory Society from 2006–08. He has published widely on learning in games, the evolution of social norms and institutions, cooperative game theory, bargaining and negotiation, taxation and cost allocation, political representation, voting procedures, and distributive justice. Education and career

In 1966, he graduated cum laude in general studies from Harvard University. He completed a PhD in Mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1970, where he graduated with the Sumner B. Myers thesis prize for his work in combinatorial mathematics.His first academic post was at the graduate school of the City University of New York as assistant professor and then associate professor, from 1971 to 1976. From 1976 to 1982, <mask> was research scholar and deputy chairman of the Systems and Decision Sciences Division at the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria. He was then appointed professor of Economics and Public Policy in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Maryland, College Park from 1992 to 1994. <mask> was Scott & Barbara Black Professor of Economics at the Johns Hopkins University from 1994, until moving to Oxford as James Meade Professor of Economics in 2007. He has been centennial professor at the London School of Economics since 2015 and remains a professorial fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. Contributions

Evolutionary game theory

Conventional concepts of dynamic stability, including the evolutionarily stable strategy concept, identify states from which small once-off deviations are self-correcting. These stability concepts are not appropriate for analyzing social and economic systems which are constantly perturbed by idiosyncratic behavior and mistakes, and individual and aggregate shocks to payoffs.Building upon Freidlin and Wentzell's (1984) theory of large deviations for continuous time-processes, Dean Foster and <mask> (1990) developed the more powerful concept of stochastic stability: "The stochastically stable set [SSS] is the set of states such that, in the long run, it is nearly certain that the system lies within every open set containing S as the noise tends slowly to zero" [p. 221]. This solution concept created a major impact in economics and game theory after <mask> (1993) developed a more tractable version of the theory for general finite-state Markov chains. A state is stochastically stable if it attracts positive weight in the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. <mask> develops powerful graph-theoretic tools for identifying the stochastically stable states. In an influential book, Individual Strategy and Social Structure, <mask> provides a clear and compact exposition of the major results in the field of stochastic evolutionary game theory, which he pioneered. He introduces his model of social interactions called 'adaptive play.' Agents are randomly selected from a large population to play a fixed game.They choose a myopic best response, based upon a random sample of past plays of the game. The evolution of the (bounded) history of play is described by a finite Markov chain. Idiosyncratic behavior or mistakes constantly perturb the process, so that every state is accessible from every other. This means that the Markov chain is ergodic, so there is a unique stationary distribution which characterizes the long-run behavior of the process. Recent work by <mask> and coauthors finds that evolutionary dynamics of this and other kinds can transit rapidly to stochastically stable equilibria from locally stable ones, when perturbations are small but nonvanishing (Arieli and <mask> 2016, Kreindler and <mask> 2013, Kreindler and <mask> 2014). The theory is used to show that in 2x2 coordination games, the risk-dominant equilibrium will be played virtually all the time, as time goes to infinity. It also yields a formal proof of Thomas Schelling's (1971) result that residential segregation emerges at the social level even if no individual prefers to be segregated.In addition, the theory "demonstrates how high-rationality solution concepts in game theory can emerge in a world populated by low-rationality agents" [p. 144]. In bargaining games, <mask> demonstrates that the Nash (1950) and Kalai-Smorodinsky (1975) bargaining solutions emerge from the decentralized actions of boundedly rational agents without common knowledge. Learning in games

Whereas evolutionary game theory studies the behavior of large populations of agents, the theory of learning in games focuses on whether the actions of a small group of players end up conforming to some notion of equilibrium. This is a challenging problem, because social systems are self-referential: the act of learning changes the thing to be learned. There is a complex feedback between a player's beliefs, their actions and the actions of others, which makes the data-generating process exceedingly non-stationary. <mask> has made numerous contributions to this literature. Foster and <mask> (2001) demonstrate the failure of Bayesian learning rules to learn mixed equilibria in games of uncertain information.Foster and <mask> (2003) introduce a learning procedure in which players form hypotheses about their opponents' strategies, which they occasionally test against their opponents' past play. By backing off from rationality in this way, Foster and <mask> show that there are natural and robust learning procedures that lead to Nash equilibrium in general normal form games. The recent literature on learning in games is elegantly reviewed in <mask>'s 2004 book, Strategic Learning and its Limits. Social Norms

In a series of papers, <mask> has applied the techniques of stochastic evolutionary game theory to the study of social norms (see <mask> 2015 for a review). The theory identifies four key features of norm dynamics. (1) Persistence: once norms are in place, they persist for long periods of time despite changing external conditions. (2) Tipping: when norms change, they do so suddenly.Deviations from an established norm may occur incrementally at first. Once a critical mass of deviators forms, however, the process tips and a new norm spreads rapidly through the population. (3) Compression: norms imply that behavior (e.g. retirement ages, cropsharing contracts) exhibits a higher degree of conformity and lower responsiveness to economic conditions than predicted by standard economic models. (4) Local conformity/global diversity: A norm is one of many possible equilibria. Compression implies that individuals who are closely connected conform fairly closely to a particular norm. At the same time, the presence of multiple equilibria implies that less closely connected individuals in the population could arrive at a very different norm.These predictions are borne out in empirical work. Several regularities were uncovered in <mask> and Burke's (2001) study of cropsharing contracts in Illinois, which made use of detailed information on the terms of contracts on several thousand farms from different parts of the state. Firstly, there was considerable compression in the contract terms: 98% of all contracts involved 1/2-1/2, 2/5-3/5 or 1/3-2/3 splits. Secondly, when splitting the sample into farms from Northern and Southern Illinois, <mask> and Burke discovered a high degree of uniformity in contracts within each region, but significant variance across regions---evidence of the local conformity/global diversity effect. In Northern Illinois, the customary share was 1/2-1/2. In Southern Illinois, it was 1/3-2/3 or 2/5-3/5. The Diffusion of Innovations

Young has also made significant applied contributions to understanding the diffusion of new ideas, technologies and practices in a population.The spread of particular social norms can be analyzed within the same framework. In the course of several papers (<mask> 2003, <mask> 2011, Kreindler and <mask> 2014), <mask> has showed how the topology of a social network affects the rate and nature of diffusion under particular adoption rules at the individual level. In an influential 2009 paper, <mask> turned attention to the diffusion dynamics that can result from different adoption rules in a well-mixed population. In particular, he distinguished between three different classes of diffusion model:

(1)	Contagion: Individuals adopt an innovation (a new idea, product or practice) following contact with existing adopters. (2)	Social Influence: Individuals are likely to adopt an innovation when a critical mass of individuals in their group has adopted it. (3)	Social Leaning: Individuals observe the payoffs of adopters and adopt the innovation when these payoffs are sufficiently high. The third adoption process is most closely related to optimizing behavior and thus standard approaches in economics.The first two processes are, however, the ones focused on by the vast sociological and marketing literature on the subject. <mask> characterized the mean dynamic of each of these processes under general forms of heterogeneity in individual beliefs and preferences. While each of the dynamics yields a familiar S-shaped adoption curve, <mask> showed how the underlying adoption process can be inferred from the aggregate adoption curve. It turns out that each process leaves a distinct footprint. Turning to data on hybrid corn adoption in the United States, <mask> presented evidence of superexponential acceleration in the early stages of adoption, a hallmark of social learning. Shapley value

<mask> (1985) has contributed an axiomatization of the Shapley value. It is regarded as a key piece for understanding the relationship between the marginality principle and the Shapley value.<mask> shows that the Shapley value is the only symmetric and efficient solution concept that is solely computed from a player's marginal contributions in a cooperative game. Consequently, the Shapley value is the only efficient and symmetric solution that satisfies monotonicity which requires that whenever a player's contribution to all coalitions weakly increases, then this player's allocation should also weakly increase. This justifies the Shapley value as the measure of a player's productivity in a cooperative game and makes it particularly appealing for cost allocation models. The Kemeny-Young Method

The Kemeny–Young method is a voting system that uses preferential ballots and pairwise comparison counts to identify the most popular choices in an election. It is a Condorcet method because if there is a Condorcet winner, it will always be ranked as the most popular choice. The Kemeny–Young method was developed by John Kemeny in 1959. <mask> and Levenglick (1978) showed that this method was the unique neutral method satisfying reinforcement and the Condorcet criterion.In other papers (<mask> 1986, 1988, 1995, 1997), <mask> adopted an epistemic approach to preference-aggregation: he supposed that there was an objectively 'correct', but unknown preference order over the alternatives, and voters receive noisy signals of this true preference order (cf. Condorcet's jury theorem). Using a simple probabilistic model for these noisy signals, <mask> showed that the Kemeny–Young method was the maximum likelihood estimator of the true preference order. <mask> further argues that Condorcet himself was aware of the Kemeny-<mask> rule and its maximum-likelihood interpretation, but was unable to clearly express his ideas. References and Selected papers
J. Kemeny, "Mathematics without numbers", Daedalus, 88 (1959), 577–591. H. P<mask> and A. Levenglick, "A Consistent Extension of Condorcet's Election Principle", SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 35, no. 2 (1978), 285–300.H. P<mask>, "Optimal ranking and choice from pairwise comparisons", in Information pooling and group decision making edited by B. Grofman and G. Owen (1986), JAI Press, 113–122. H.<mask>, "Monotonic solutions of cooperative games",  International Journal of Game Theory, 14, No. 2 (1985), 65–72. H. P<mask>, "Condorcet's Theory of Voting", American Political Science Review 82, no. 2 (1988), 1231–1244. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Stochastic Evolutionary Game Dynamics", Theoretical Population Biology, 38 (1990), 219–232. H.<mask>, "The Evolution of Conventions", Econometrica, 61 (1993), 57–84.H.<mask>, "An Evolutionary Model of Bargaining", Journal of Economic Theory, 59 (1993), 145–168. H. P<mask>, "Optimal Voting Rules", Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no.1  (1995), 51–64. H. P<mask>, "Group choice and individual judgements", Chapter 9 of Perspectives on public choice: a handbook, edited by Dennis Mueller (1997) Cambridge UP., pp. 181–200. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "On the Impossibility of Predicting the Behavior of Rational Agents", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,  98, no. 22 (2001), 12848–12853. H.<mask> and M.A.Burke, "Competition and Custom in Economic Contracts: A Case Study of Illinois Agriculture", American Economic Review, 91 (2001), 559–573. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Learning, Hypothesis Testing, and Nash Equilibrium",  Games and Economic Behavior, 45 (2003), 73–96. H.<mask>, "The Diffusion of Innovations in Social Networks” in  The Economy as a Complex Evolving System, vol. III, Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf, eds. Oxford University Press, (2003). H.<mask>, "Innovation Diffusion in Heterogeneous Populations: Contagion, Social Influence and Social Learning", American Economic Review, 99 (2009), 1899–1924. H.<mask>, "Learning by Trial and Error", Games and Economic Behavior, 65 (2009), 626–643.D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Gaming Performance Fees by Portfolio Managers", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (2010), 1435–1458. H.<mask>, "The Dynamics of Social Innovation”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, No. 4 (2011), 21285–21291. B.S.R. Pradelski and H.<mask>, "Learning Efficient Nash Equilibria in Distributed Systems", Games and Economic Behavior, 75 (2012), 882–897. G. Kreindler and H.<mask>, "Fast Convergence in Evolutionary Equilibrium Selection", Games and Economic Behavior, 80 (2013), 39–67. G. Kreindler and H.<mask>, "Rapid Innovation Diffusion in Social Networks", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 Suppl 3 (2014), 10881–10888.H.<mask>, "The Evolution of Social Norms", Annual Review of Economics, 7 (2015), 359–87. I. Arieli and H.<mask>, "Stochastic Learning Dynamics and Speed of Convergence in Population Games", Econometrica, 84 (2016), 627–676. Books
 H<mask> <mask> (2004). Strategic Learning and Its Limits. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. Contents and introduction. _ (2001).Fair Representation, 2nd edition (with M. L. Balinski). Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution. Contents and introduction. _ (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure: An Evolutionary Theory of Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Contents and introduction._ (1994). Equity: In Theory and Practice. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Contents and introduction. References

External links
 <mask>'s page at the University of Oxford with his CV and full list of publications. 1945 births
Game theorists
Harvard University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
21st-century American economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
North Shore Country Day School alumni
Fellows of the British Academy
Fair division researchers
Brookings Institution people

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title: George Minchin

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 1845–1914) was an Irish mathematician and experimental physicist. He was a pioneer in the development of astronomical photometry: the first-ever celestial photometric measurements were made using photovoltaic cells that he developed for the purpose. He invented the absolute sine-electrometer and was a prolific author of mathematical and scientific textbooks and papers. Early life and family
He was born <mask> on 25 May 1845 on Valentia Island, Co.Kerry, Ireland to <mask> and <mask>. His mother died when he was nine years old. His father, an attorney who lived in Donnybrook, Dublin, placed him into the care of his uncle (by marriage) on his mother's side, David Bell. A literary scholar, Bell ran a school in Dublin and was uncle to another pupil at the school, one Alexander Graham Bell.<mask>'s notable mathematical ability was encouraged. He entered Trinity College, Dublin in 1862, matriculating under the name <mask> Smith, and won the first university scholarship in mathematics in 1865, and the Lloyd exhibition in mathematics. In 1866, he graduated, still as G. M. Smith, with a Gold Medal in mathematics. By then he had assumed the name <mask> <mask>, receiving his MA in 1870, under the new name, and then Madden's Premium in both 1871 and 1872 for his performance in the Fellowship examinations. The Smiths were a Protestant family. <mask> Smith changed his name to <mask> <mask> evidently because his father had converted to Roman Catholicism and married a Catholic, Marie O’Neill, possibly his housekeeper, with whom he already had three children. In 1887 <mask> married Emma Fawcett of Lecarrow (or Strandhill), Co. Leitrim.They had two children, <mask> Neville in 1888 and Una Eleanor in 1890. [<mask> junior became an engineer and later the managing director of Peto & Radford (accumulator manufacturers) and the Chloride battery company.] Career
In 1875 <mask> became the Professor of Applied Mathematics at the Royal Indian Engineering College (aka Coopers Hill or R.I.E. College) on the outskirts of London, and the same year he was elected to the London Mathematical Society. As a lecturer at RIEC, he was described as "brilliant", much admired for his wit and ability to draw in pupils and colleagues alike with otherwise dull topics. He maintained a regular correspondence, particularly with <mask> FitzGerald. <mask> wrote many mathematical and scientific texts and his clarity of exposition was lauded; he wrote and lectured about the importance of using clear English when producing texts for students.He also encouraged using "a touch of humour," citing the work of <mask> and James Clerk Maxwell as exemplars. He wrote humorous works including comical mathematical poems. He has been credited with introducing the term 'potential function' with reference to applications in physics and engineering, but
<mask> had in fact done so as early as 1828. He was noted for being one of the College's best tennis players (he had also been a cricketer). He loved birds and birdwatching and kept a few in cages in his rooms. <mask> performed early experiments with radio waves, x-rays and photoelectricity, both at RIEC and University College London (in the latter at the new laboratory of <mask> Foster, from 1875). Experiments included coating platinum with light-sensitive dyes, a technique he developed until he was able to detect "Hertzian waves" (radio waves) in his "impulsion cell", and he suspected that the Branly's tube with iron filings which detected the waves operated similarly.The sensitivity of <mask>'s photo-electric cell apparatus was tested through a number of thick walls and outside as far as the woods at the edge of the RIEC lawn. A light switch was successfully operated remotely. Oliver Lodge read <mask>'s paper, The Action of Electromagnetic Radiation on Films containing Metallic Powders, and developed an improved 'Branly' tube that he named a coherer. In his publication Signalling Across Space Without Wires, Lodge tabled Branly's filings, Minchins impulsion cell and his own (and David Edward Hughes's) coherer as "microphonic" radiation detectors (the others being mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical and physiological). One year later Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless telegraphy with the usage of a coherer. In 1877, Minchin began work on using photoelectricity with a view to transmitting images. Four years earlier, Willoughby Smith had discovered the photoelectric effect on selenium rods; Minchin became skilled at creating photovoltaic cells made from selenium.His idea was to have a bundle of many insulated wires in parallel, their ends light-sensitised with selenium to detect an image, and for the far ends to emit a proportional level of light registered by a photographic film, effectively as pixels. The efforts were unsuccessful. Continuing his work, <mask> developed a selenium photocathode on an aluminium base which was immersed in acetone. He complained that some scientists rejected the worthiness of experimentation with photoelectricity out of ignorance, a situation he described as "madness." He was the most insightful of 19th century experimenters in suggesting that photocells transformed energy without being changed themselves. He also made the key point that one should not assume surfaces need to be black to absorb usefully the most energy and that undiscovered surface properties might absorb visible light or other unknown wavelengths better, so scientists could not comment on the efficacy of light-sensitive cells without further scientific testing. These posited differences in energy were in fact later identified through the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein.Keen to test his new cells, in late 1891 <mask> contacted a friend — William Monck – who had built an observatory with a 7.5 inch (19 cm) refractor at his home in Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. For the experiment, Monck ordered a new quadrant electrometer after FitzGerald was unable to provide a suitable one. The following August, Minchin provided Monck with improved cells but returned to England because of bad weather. More clement conditions on the morning of 28 August enabled Monck and his neighbour Stephen Dixon to measure the "striking" effect of the Moon and the relative brightness of Venus and Jupiter, the first photometric measurements in the history of astronomy. The measurements of stars were uncertain, however. <mask> met William Wilson in London and the latter invited him to try his cells at the new observatory at his home, Daramona House, Co.Westmeath. In April 1895, Wilson and <mask> operated the 2-foot (60 cm) reflector, and FitzGerald the galvanometer below.<mask> published the results of a few days' observations in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, describing the relative magnitudes of the stars Regulus, Arcturus and Procyon, and acknowledging Monck's measurements. It is believed he visited Wilson's home in 1894 and 1897, and he certainly did in September 1895 and January 1896, but no other observations were recorded. <mask> invented a metrological device, the absolute sine-electrometer, a very sensitive development of the gold-leaf electroscope; this device was further developed and marketed as a 'tilted gold-leaf electrometer' by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, amongst others. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1895. He resisted his colleagues' and students' entreaties to scale up his experiments to create something of practical usage, preferring his work to be considered as purely for learning. RIEC closed in 1906 and he moved to New College, Oxford because of its laboratories and telescopes. He died on 23 March 1914, survived by his wife and children.Publications
Some publications ran to several editions, continuing until at least 1924. A Treatise on statics, containing some of the fundamental propositions in electrostatics. (London, Longmans, 1877/Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1880-) [This treatise was one of a series on statics published over the following years with different sub-topics, volumes, editions and translations]
 A General Theorem in Kinematics. (Nature, volume 23, no. 582, 1880)
 Photo-Electricity. (Scientific American, volume 10 no. 283, 1880)
 A Kinematical Theorem.(Nature, volume 24 no. 624, 1881)
 The Determination of Electromotive Force in Absolute Electrostatic Measure. (Nature, volume 25, no. 638, 1882)
 The Absolute Sine Electrometer. (Nature, volume 25, no. 369)
 Electrostatic Measurement of E.M.F. (Nature, volume 29, no.752)
 Scientific Nomenclature. (Nature, volume 34, no. 865)
 Minchin's Statics. (Science, volume 8, no. 180)
 Ampère's Rule. (Nature, volume 34, no. 870)
 A Manual of Mechanics.(Nature, volume 34, no. 877)
 Naturae veritas. (London/New York, Macmillan, 1887)
 Centre of Water Pressure. (Nature, volume 37, no. 948/no. 951)
 General Equations of Fluid Motion. (Nature, volume 39, no.1010)
 Photo-electric Impulsion Cells. (Nature, volume 42, no. 1073)
 Experiments in Photoelectricity. (Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, volume 11, no. 1) [also in other journals/languages]
 “Nowhere can Mathematics be learned as at Cambridge” (Nature, volume 43, no. 1103)
 Experiments in Photoelectricity. (London, Taylor & Francis, 1891)
 Hydrostatics and Elementary Hydrokinetics.(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892)
 Electromotive Force from the Light of the Stars. (Nature, volume 49, no. 1264)
 A Fire Ball. (Scientific American, volume 73, no.24)
 The Electrical Measurement of Starlight. (Nature, volume 52, no. 1341)
 The electrical measurement of starlight. Observations made at the Observatory of Daramona House, Co. Westmeath, in April, 1895.Preliminary report. (London, Taylor & Francis, 1895)
 The electrical measurement of starlight. Observations made at the Observatory of Daramona House, Co. Westmeath, in January, 1896. Second report. (London, Harrison & Francis, 1896)
 Personal Injury from a Fire-ball. (Nature, volume 53, no. 1358)
 Geometry for Beginners.(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1898)
 Geometry Versus Euclid. (Nature, volume 59, no. 1529)
 The Teaching of Geometry. (London, Macmillan, 1899)
 Bell's Science Series. Edited by P.M. Groom and G.M<mask>. (London, George Bell & Sons, 1900–1909)
 The student's dynamics : comprising statics and kinetics.(London, George Bell & Sons, 1900–1909)
 England's Neglect of Science. (Nature, volume 64, no. 1653)
 Plane and Solid Geometry. (Nature, volume 64, no. 1667)
 A New Treatise on the Calculus. (Nature, volume 65, no. 1693)
 Vectors and Rotors, with Applications.(Nature, volume 68, no. 1774)
 The Glorification of Energy. (Nature, volume 68, no. 1750)
 Mathematical Drawing. (Nature, volume 71, no. 1835)
 Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus. (Nature, volume 72, no.1854)
 The Photoelectric Property of Selenium. (Nature, volume 77, nos. 1991, 1993)
 Seleno-Aluminium Bridges. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, volume 81, no. 544)
 The Teaching of Geometry. (Nature, volume 80, no.2065)
 A Treatise on Hydrodynamics. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1912)
 A Treatise on Hydrostatics. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1912)

References

Irish mathematicians
Irish physicists
1845 births
1914 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Fellows of the Royal Society

masks:
George Minchin Minchin
George Minchin Smith
George Minchin Smith
George Smith
Alice Minchin
Minchin
George Minchin
George Minchin
Minchin
George Minchin
George Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
George Robert
George
Minchin
George Francis
Minchin
George Salmon
George Green
Minchin
George Carey
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
Minchin
. Minchin


title: Sam Gagner

texts:
<mask> (born August 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers in the first round, 6th overall, of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, and played there for the first seven years of his NHL career. He also played one season each for the Arizona Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers, Columbus Blue Jackets and the Vancouver Canucks before returning to Edmonton in 2019, he was shipped to the Detroit Red Wings on the 2020 NHL Trade Deadline and re-signed for 1 year after the COVID-19 shortened season. Playing career

Amateur
Gagner played midget hockey with the Toronto Marlboros of the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL) in 2004–05. He scored 173 points and was awarded the Buck Houle Award, a Marlboros team award given for outstanding on ice performance and leadership. The same season, he made his junior debut, playing 13 games for the Milton Icehawks of the OPJHL, scoring 15 points. His dad was the coach of his minor hockey career.In 2005–06, he joined the Sioux City Musketeers of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and scored 46 points in 56 games, second in team scoring. Along the way, Gagner played with future NHLer John Tavares on the Marlboros and later the Icehawks. As early as 2002, the pair also honed their skills and became friends on a backyard rink built by <mask>'s dad Dave in Oakville. Gagner originally committed to play hockey at the collegiate level for the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but later decided to stay closer to home by playing for a Canadian major junior hockey team. Considered a first round talent, the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s London Knights selected him in the fourth round of the 2005 OHL Entry Draft on a flyer, as his commitment to play college hockey deterred many OHL teams from drafting him. Joined by future NHL stars Patrick Kane and Sergei Kostitsyn on the Knights' top line in 2006–07, Gagner scored 118 points in 53 games, fifth in OHL scoring. He also captained Team Burns/Bergeron (Red) in the 2007 CHL Top Prospects Game to a 5–3 victory over Team Bowman/Demers (White).Professional

Edmonton Oilers
<mask> was drafted in the first round, sixth overall by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. On October 1, 2007, he was then signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Oilers. He played his first NHL game on October 4 in a 3–2 shootout victory over the San Jose Sharks and earned his first NHL point, assisting on a goal scored by defenceman Tom Gilbert. On October 20, <mask> scored his first career NHL goal against Miikka Kiprusoff of the Calgary Flames. As the NHL's youngest player in 2007–08, he tallied 49 points in 79 games playing between wingers and fellow rookies Andrew Cogliano and Robert Nilsson on a combination dubbed the "Kid Line." During the season, <mask> participated in the 2008 NHL YoungStars Game in Atlanta as part of All-Star weekend and was also named the NHL Rookie of the Month for February. As part of a month-long scoring stretch in which he scored 13 points in 12 games, he also established an Oilers team record for the longest assists streak by a rookie with nine in eight straight games.The next season, 2008–09, he recorded his first career NHL hat-trick and added an assist for a four-point game in an 8–1 win against the Colorado Avalanche on March 19, 2009. He finished his sophomore season with 16 goals and 41 points in 76 games. In the following two campaigns, he posted 41- and 42-point efforts. On March 9, 2011, Gagner severed a tendon in his left hand while facing the Washington Capitals when teammate Ryan Jones caught him with a skate blade while jumping over the boards. Requiring surgery, Gagner was sidelined for the remainder of the 2010–11 season, as well as one month into the following campaign, making his return to the Oilers line-up on October 22, 2011. Several months later, on February 2, 2012, <mask> scored four goals and four assists against the Chicago Blackhawks, tying the team record of eight points in a game, previously set by Wayne Gretzky and Paul Coffey. The feat also made him the 13th NHL player of all time to score eight or more points in a single game, and the first since Mario Lemieux did it in 1989.Two days later, Gagner scored two goals and added an assist in the first period against the Detroit Red Wings, setting a new Oilers record with 11 consecutive points, previously held by Gretzky, who scored ten consecutive points twice his career. Gagner finished the season with 47 points over 75 games, with nearly a quarter of his output having occurred in that two-game stretch. During the 2012–13 NHL lock-out, Gagner signed with Klagenfuter AC of the Eishockey Liga in Austria. On July 22, 2013, shortly after the end of the 2012–13 season, the Oilers signed Gagner to a three-year contract extension worth an average annual value of $4.8 million. Trade to Arizona
On June 29, 2014, the Tampa Bay Lightning acquired <mask> in exchange for Teddy Purcell. Gagner, however, only spent an hour as a member of the Lightning before then being acquired by the Arizona Coyotes, along with B. J. Crombeen, in exchange for a sixth-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. During the Coyotes' training camp ahead of the 2014–15 season, Arizona Head Coach Dave Tippett experimented utilizing Gagner on the right wing instead of his natural centre position, where he played in a pre-season, 5–4 shootout victory over the Los Angeles Kings.On December 23, 2014, <mask> scored two goals and two assists against his former team, the Oilers, in a 5–1 Arizona victory at Rexall Place in Edmonton. With Arizona, Gagner found chemistry playing on a line with centre Martin Hanzal; the two combined for 16 points in just five games in December and January 2015. Philadelphia Flyers/Columbus Blue Jackets
On June 27, 2015, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers along with a conditional third (2017) or fourth (2016) round draft pick in return for Nicklas Grossmann and the contract of Chris Pronger. Coyotes general manager Don Maloney explained the trade as being due to a belief in the organization that Gagner "couldn't play centre at the NHL level". On August 1, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Columbus Blue Jackets. Following a resurgent season with the Blue Jackets where he set a career high in points with 50, Gagner signed a 3-year $9.45 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks. Vancouver Canucks and return to Edmonton
Prior to the 2018–19 season, after attending the Canucks training camp and pre-season Gagner was placed on waivers by the Canucks on October 1, 2018.He cleared waivers the next day, and was loaned in order to be closer to his family to the Toronto Marlies, affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Gagner scored 15 points in 15 games with the Marlies before he was recalled by the injury-struck Canucks on November 18, 2018. He registered 1 goal and 3 points in 7 games before Vancouver returned to health and he was returned to the Marlies on December 4, 2018. Through 43 games with the Marlies, Gagner was among the team's top scorers with 37 points. He was traded by the Canucks in a return to his original draft club, the Edmonton Oilers, in exchange for Ryan Spooner on February 16, 2019. During the 2019–20 season, <mask> recorded five goals and seven assists in 36 games for the Oilers. Detroit Red Wings
On February 24, 2020, <mask> was traded at the NHL trade deadline from the Oilers, along with second-round draft picks in 2020 and 2021, to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for Andreas Athanasiou and Ryan Kuffner.He added one goal in 6 games with the Red Wings before their season was prematurely ended due to the COVID-19 pandemic suspending play. On September 26, 2020, the Red Wings signed <mask> to a one-year, $850,000 contract extension. On July 28, 2021, the Red Wings signed Gagner to a one-year contract extension. International play

Gagner competed for Canada at the 2007 World Junior Championships in Sweden, playing in all six games as the youngest player on the team, helping Canada to their third of five-straight gold medals. Later that year, upon being selected in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, Gagner competed in the 2007 Super Series, an eight-game series between Canada's and Russia's national junior teams commemorating the 1972 Summit Series. He scored 15 points and was named series MVP, as Canada defeated Russia 7–0–1 in the series. After Gagner's 2007–08 rookie season with the Oilers, he made his senior international debut with Canada in the 2008 World Championships in Canada as a reserve.Gagner played in one preliminary game as Canada was defeated in the gold medal game by Russia. Personal life
In his rookie year, Gagner lived in a house provided by Oilers captain Ethan Moreau, along with teammates Andrew Cogliano and Tom Gilbert. In the summer of 2009, Gilbert bought his own house while <mask> and Cogliano each got apartments in Edmonton in the same complex. During the off-season, Gagner goes back to his hometown of London, Ontario. Gagner is the son of former NHL player <mask>, who spent 15 seasons with the Rangers, North Stars/Stars, Flames, Maple Leafs, Panthers and Canucks. Due to his dad's career, <mask> grew up in Minneapolis, Dallas, Toronto, Calgary, Miami, Vancouver and Oakville. His sister, <mask>, played hockey for the Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey program.Gagner married longtime girlfriend Dr. Rachel Linke in Muskoka, Ontario, on July 12, 2014. They have three children. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

Records
Edmonton Oilers Most Points in a Single Game – 8 (shared with Wayne Gretzky and Paul Coffey)
Edmonton Oilers Most Points in a Single Period – 5 (shared with Jari Kurri)

References

External links

1989 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Bakersfield Condors players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lehigh Valley Phantoms players
Living people
London Knights players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sioux City Musketeers players
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Toronto Marlies players
Vancouver Canucks players

masks:
Sam William Gagner
Sam
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Gagner
Dave Gagner
Sam Gagner
Jessica Gagner


title: Mike Treshow

texts:
<mask> was a senior engineer at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois before he was hired as a senior design specialist at General Atomic, where he was involved in drafting schematics for  Project Orion. <mask>, was a Danish mechanical engineer who had learnt shipbuilding in Copenhagen, who went on to work on Project Orion. Orion's specialist in bomb delivery was <mask>, a Danish mechanical engineer who had been trained in shipbuilding in Copenhagen before visiting the United States in 1920 and becoming a permanent resident in 1929. He was born 4 December 1894, in Copenhagen. He came over from Denmark to Southern California. He married a woman called Elsa. He moved from Malibu to Del Mar.Hoover Dam
<mask> was hired as a designer of construction tools, to work on the Hoover Dam. During the construction of the Boulder (now Hoover) Dam between 1930 and 1936 he designed and supervised the installation of the equipment that pumped concrete - more than 8 million tons of it - from where it was mixed to the dam site. "Something over a mile as I recall," says his son, Ken. <mask> switched to nuclear reactor design and engineering after World War II. Argonne National Laboratory
He received Q clearance in 1950, while working as a senior engineer at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, and held some twenty patents in several fields. <mask> was Project Engineer on the Reactor Engineering Division for the Argonne Low Power Reactor (ALPR) (April 1956). General specifications were taken from Treshow's earlier study of a smaller, but similar power plant (May 1955)."I am recognized as having an unusual talent for invention and development of new ideas and products," he wrote to Ed Creutz in November 1956, seeking a position at  General Atomic, “3 1/2 years from now at age 65 I will compelled to retire from Argonne due to forced retirement rules. I feel this would be too early for me." Project Orion
Treshow was hired by General Atomic in February 1958, at age sixty-four, taking a position as a senior design specialist, with Ed Creutz making special arrangements to bend the company's retirement policies so that he could keep working as long as he wished. He soon joined the Orion team, drawing upon his training as a marine engineer and naval architect to produce detailed plans for the various components and permutations of the Orion ship. "He drew beautiful pictures with loving care and was very meticulous," says Freeman. "He was an old-fashioned draftsman, and loved to make everything exact." <mask> co-wrote a paper “Feasibility Study of a Nuclear Bomb-Propelled Space Vehicle, Interim Annual Report”, 1 July 1958- 1 June 1959, written by Brian Dunne, Freeman Dyson and <mask>, edited by Ted Taylor, who remembers this as the document that "turned on the Air Force," including <mask>, later director of Livermore, who said "it was the best progress report he had ever seen."It remains classified S-RD. "It only covers the first year; but if I had to choose one document for declassification, that would be the one," says Ted. <mask> devoted his attention to everything from shock absorbers to parametric design studies that laid out the broad range of possible vehicles, from 200 to 10,000 tons. His drawings, few of which have been declassified, are remembered as exquisitely detailed. "The ship was about 120 feet high it was big, like a ten-story building," says Freeman, describing the earliest version. "It was just a big flat dome, it wasn't particularly aerodynamic. It was so heavy it did not matter.The bottom 20 feet or so were mostly shock absorbers and then above that you had machinery borrowed from the Coca-Cola Company for the handling of the bombs, like a Coke machine where you put in a quarter and get out a Coke bottle. The bombs are arranged in racks and are shunted along; as each one was used the next one would move in. They came in a regular sequence and then they would get snapped into the catapult that launched them down the middle. So that occupied the next 30 feet or so. And then above that you had the dining room and sleeping quarters for the crew." A successful Orion launch would depend upon being able to select exactly the right flavor of bomb at exactly the right time. Although the link to Coca-Cola may have become exaggerated, bottle-handing equipment was definitely involved."Oh yes, the Coca-Cola people did come," confirms Freeman. "We had interesting conversations with a lot of people, and many of them had to be in an unclassified context," says Ted. "One major source of information was the Coca-Cola Company, where we got detailed descriptions of how they set up mass production systems for Coke bottles and all kinds of mechanical stuff." Jerry Astl remembers the ejection system with <mask>. "I saw the drawings and we discussed it. I agreed with him one hundred percent. He didn't design that, he said, why should I bother?Vending machines already have something like that, and it works and is well proven. All we need is to make a few changes to make it sturdier, and what he had was pretty damm good-looking." Patents
Michael has several patents. Reflector control of a boiling water reactor
 Fuel subassembly construction for radial flow in a nuclear reactor
 Kiln supporting means
 Device for curing and cooling burned materials in rotary kilns
 A Preliminary Study of Superheating Boiling Reactors
 A study of heavy water central station boiling reactors
 Nuclear reactor
 Design study of small boiling reactors for power and heat production (November 1954)
 Design study of a nuclear power plant for 100-kw electric and 400-kw heat capacity (May 1955)
 ALPR preliminary design study (April 1956)
 A study of heavy water central station boiling reactors (CSBR) (September 1958)
 Design of the Argonne Low Power Reactor (ALPR) (May 1961)

Death
Michael died on 26th January 1986 at 91 years old. References

1894 births
1986 deaths
Danish emigrants to the United States

masks:
Michael Treshow V
Michael Treshow V
Michael Treshow
Treshow
Treshow
Treshow
Michael Treshow
Michael Treshow
Mike May
Michael Treshow
Michael Treshow


title: Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester

texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask> (May 1563 – 19 February 1625; known between 1596 and 1613 as <mask>), of Carrickfergus in Ireland, was an English administrator and soldier who served as Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1605 to 1616. He was instrumental in the development and expansion of Belfast, now Northern Ireland's capital. Several streets are named in honour of himself and his nephew and heir <mask>, 1st Earl of Donegall, including Chichester Street and the adjoining Donegall Place, site of the Belfast City Hall. Origins
<mask> was the second son of Sir <mask> (d.1569), of Raleigh, Pilton, in North Devon, a leading member of the Devonshire gentry, a naval captain, and ardent Protestant who served as Sheriff of Devon in 1550–1551, and as Knight of the Shire for Devon in 1547, April 1554, and 1563, and as Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1559. <mask>'s mother was Gertrude Courtenay, a daughter of Sir William Courtenay (1477–1535) "The Great", of Powderham, Devon, 6th in descent from The 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1377), MP for Devon in 1529, thrice Sheriff of Devon, in 1522, 1525–6, 1533–4, an Esquire of the Body to King Henry VIII, whom he accompanied to the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Career
After attending Exeter College, Oxford, favoured by many Devonians, <mask> commanded HMS Larke against the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1595 he accompanied Sir Francis Drake on his last expedition to the Americas.Later in the Anglo–Spanish War he commanded a company during the 1596 raid on Cádiz, for which he was knighted. A year later he was with English forces in France fighting with King Henry IV against the Spanish in Picardy. He was wounded in the shoulder during the Siege of Amiens in September 1597 during which the city was captured from the Spanish. He was knighted by Henry for his valour. Ireland
His career in Ireland began when in 1598 The 2nd Earl of Essex appointed him Governor of Carrickfergus, following the death of his brother, Sir <mask>, who had been killed at the Battle of Carrickfergus the previous year. It is said that Sir <mask> was decapitated, and his head used as a football by the MacDonnell clan after their victory. James Sorley MacDonnell, commander of the clan's forces at the Battle of Carrickfergus, was poisoned in Dunluce Castle on the orders of Robert Cecil to placate <mask>.During the Nine Years' War <mask> commanded royal troops in Ulster. His tactics included a scorched earth policy. He encircled The Earl of Tyrone's forces with garrisons, effectively starving the Earl's troops. In a 1600 letter to Cecil, he stated "a million swords will not do them so much harm as one winter's famine". While these tactics were not initially devised by <mask>, he carried them out ruthlessly, gaining a hate-figure status among the Irish. Lord Tyrone's weakening military position forced him to abandon and destroy his capital at Dungannon. Following the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont, he succeeded The 1st Earl of Devonshire (previously known as Lord Mountjoy) as Lord Deputy of Ireland from 3 February 1605.A year later in 1606 he married Lettice Perrot, widow successively of Walter Vaughan of Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire, and John Langhorne of St Brides, Pembrokeshire, and daughter of Sir John Perrot, a former Lord Deputy of Ireland. Lord Deputy <mask> saw Irish Catholicism as a major threat to the Crown. He oversaw widespread persecution of Catholics, and ordered the execution of two bishops, including the aged and respected Conor O'Devany. His relations with the traditionally Catholic nobility of the Pale, in particular The 10th Baron Howth, who could be quite quarrelsome, were poor. In Lord Howth's violent feuds with the new English settler families, particularly Thomas Jones, Archbishop of Dublin, and his son, and Viscount Moore of Drogheda, <mask> invariably sided against Howth, but was unable to completely break his influence as he was a favourite of King James VI and I. Following the Flight of the Earls in 1607, <mask> was a leading figure during the Plantation of Ulster. Initially he intended that the number of Scottish planters would be small, with native Irish landowners gaining more land.However, after O'Doherty's Rebellion in County Donegal in 1608, his plans changed and all the native lords lost their land. Most of the land was awarded to wealthy landowners from England and Scotland. However, <mask> successfully campaigned to award veterans of the Nine Years' War land as well, funded by the City of London Livery Companies. Later life
<mask> was instrumental in the development and expansion of Belfast, now Northern Ireland's capital. In 1611, he built a new Belfast Castle on the site of an earlier Norman fortification, the Norman structure probably dating from the late twelfth-century or the very early thirteenth-century. In 1613, he was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as The 1st Baron <mask>. Ill health in 1614 led to his retirement and his term of office was ended in February 1616.In his final years, Lord <mask> served as an ambassador to the Habsburg Empire. Marriage and children
In 1606 he married Lettice Perrot, widow successively of Walter Vaughan of Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire, and of John Langhorne of St Brides, Pembrokeshire, and daughter of Sir John Perrot, a former Lord Deputy of Ireland. By her he had an only son who died an infant:
 <mask> (born 22 September 1606, died October 1606) who died an infant aged one month and was buried in Christ Church, Dublin, on 31 October 1606. Death and succession
Lord <mask> died from pleurisy in London in 1625 and was buried seven months later in St Nicholas' Church, Carrickfergus. The Barony of Chichester became extinct on his death but was revived the same year in favour of his younger brother Edward, who was raised to the peerage as The 1st Viscount Chichester. Edward's son was <mask>, 1st Earl of Donegall. Legacy
The family's influence in Belfast is still evident.Several streets are named in its honour, including Donegall Place, site of the Belfast City Hall and the adjacent Chichester Street. Further reading
An Account of the Rt. Honourable <mask>, first <mask>, Lord Deputy of Ireland, by his Nephew, Sir Faithful Fortescue, Knight, a short biography by his nephew Sir Faithful Fortescue (1585–1666) who followed his uncle to Ireland and stated "noe man knew his composition and disposition better than myself". Notes

References

Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
16th-century Anglo-Irish people
17th-century Anglo-Irish people
English soldiers
People from County Antrim
People from Barnstaple
Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by James I
1563 births
1625 deaths
<mask>
People of O'Doherty's rebellion
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
People of the Nine Years' War (Ireland)
Knights Bachelor

masks:
Arthur Chichester
Baron Chichester
Sir Arthur Chichester
Arthur Chichester
Arthur Chichester
John Chichester
Arthur
Chichester
John Chichester
John Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Chichester
Arthur Chichester
Chichester
Arthur
Arthur
Lord Chichester
Arthur


title: Karl Weierstrass

texts:
<mask> ( ; 31 October 1815 – 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis". Despite leaving university without a degree, he studied mathematics and trained as a school teacher, eventually teaching mathematics, physics, botany and gymnastics. He later received an honorary doctorate and became professor of mathematics in Berlin. Among many other contributions, Weierstrass  formalized the definition of the continuity of a function, proved the intermediate value theorem and the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, and used the latter to study the properties of continuous functions on closed bounded intervals. Biography
Weierstrass was born into a Roman Catholic family in Ostenfelde, a village near Ennigerloh, in the Province of Westphalia. Weierstrass was the son of <mask>, a government official, and Theodora Vonderforst both of whom were catholic Rhinelanders. His interest in mathematics began while he was a gymnasium student at the Theodorianum in Paderborn.He was sent to the University of Bonn upon graduation to prepare for a government position. Because his studies were to be in the fields of law, economics, and finance, he was immediately in conflict with his hopes to study mathematics. He resolved the conflict by paying little heed to his planned course of study but continuing private study in mathematics. The outcome was that he left the university without a degree. He then studied mathematics at the Münster Academy (which was even then famous for mathematics) and his father was able to obtain a place for him in a teacher training school in Münster. Later he was certified as a teacher in that city. During this period of study, Weierstrass attended the lectures of Christoph Gudermann and became interested in elliptic functions.In 1843 he taught in Deutsch Krone in West Prussia and since 1848 he taught at the Lyceum Hosianum in Braunsberg. Besides mathematics he also taught physics, botany, and gymnastics. <mask> may have had an illegitimate child named Franz with the widow of his friend Carl Wilhelm Borchardt. After 1850 <mask> suffered from a long period of illness, but was able to publish mathematical articles that brought him fame and distinction. The University of Königsberg conferred an honorary doctor's degree on him on 31 March 1854. In 1856 he took a chair at the Gewerbeinstitut in Berlin (an institute to educate technical workers which would later merge with the Bauakademie to form the Technical University of Berlin). In 1864 he became professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, which later became the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.In 1870, at the age of fifty-five, Weierstrass met Sofia Kovalevsky whom he tutored privately after failing to secure her admission to the University. They had a fruitful intellectual, but troubled personal, relationship that "far transcended the usual teacher-student relationship". The misinterpretation of this relationship and Kovalevsky's early death in 1891 was said to have contributed to <mask>' later ill-health. He was immobile for the last three years of his life, and died in Berlin from pneumonia. Mathematical contributions

Soundness of calculus
Weierstrass was interested in the soundness of calculus, and at the time there were somewhat ambiguous definitions of the foundations of calculus so that important theorems could not be proven with sufficient rigour. Although Bolzano had developed a reasonably rigorous definition of a limit as early as 1817 (and possibly even earlier) his work remained unknown to most of the mathematical community until years later,
and many mathematicians had only vague definitions of limits and continuity of functions. The basic idea behind Delta-epsilon proofs is, arguably, first found in the works of Cauchy in the 1820s.Cauchy did not clearly distinguish between continuity and uniform continuity on an interval. Notably, in his 1821 Cours d'analyse, Cauchy argued that the (pointwise) limit of (pointwise) continuous functions was itself (pointwise) continuous, a statement that is false in general. The correct statement is rather that the uniform limit of continuous functions is continuous (also, the uniform limit of uniformly continuous functions is uniformly continuous). This required the concept of uniform convergence, which was first observed by Weierstrass's advisor, Christoph Gudermann, in an 1838 paper, where Gudermann noted the phenomenon but did not define it or elaborate on it. Weierstrass saw the importance of the concept, and both formalized it and applied it widely throughout the foundations of calculus. The formal definition of continuity of a function, as formulated by Weierstrass, is as follows:

 is continuous at  if  such that for every  in the domain of ,    In simple English,   is continuous at a point  if for each  close enough to , the function value  is very close to , where the "close enough" restriction typically depends on the desired closeness of   to
Using this definition, he proved the Intermediate Value Theorem. He also proved the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem and used it to study the properties of continuous functions on closed and bounded intervals.Calculus of variations

Weierstrass also made advances in the field of calculus of variations. Using the apparatus of analysis that he helped to develop, Weierstrass was able to give a complete reformulation of the theory that paved the way for the modern study of the calculus of variations. Among several axioms, Weierstrass established a necessary condition for the existence of strong extrema of variational problems. He also helped devise the Weierstrass–Erdmann condition, which gives sufficient conditions for an extremal to have a corner along a given extremum and allows one to find a minimizing curve for a given integral. Other analytical theorems

 Stone–Weierstrass theorem
 Casorati–Weierstrass theorem
 Weierstrass elliptic function
 Weierstrass function
 Weierstrass M-test
 Weierstrass preparation theorem
 Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem
 Weierstrass factorization theorem
 Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization

Students
 Edmund Husserl

Honours and awards
The lunar crater Weierstrass and the asteroid 14100 Weierstrass are named after him. Also, there is the Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics in Berlin. Selected works
 Zur Theorie der Abelschen Funktionen (1854)
 Theorie der Abelschen Funktionen (1856)
 Abhandlungen-1, Math.Werke. Bd. 1. Berlin, 1894
 Abhandlungen-2, Math. Werke. Bd. 2.Berlin, 1895
 Abhandlungen-3, Math. Werke. Bd. 3. Berlin, 1903
 Vorl. ueber die Theorie der Abelschen Transcendenten, Math. Werke.Bd. 4. Berlin, 1902
 Vorl. ueber Variationsrechnung, Math. Werke. Bd. 7.Leipzig, 1927

See also
 List of things named after <mask>s

References

External links

 Digitalized versions of Weierstrass's original publications are freely available online from the library of the Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1815 births
1897 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
People from the Province of Westphalia
People from Braniewo
Recipients of the Copley Medal
University of Bonn alumni
University of Königsberg alumni
University of Münster alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Technical University of Berlin faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
German Roman Catholics
Deaths from pneumonia in Germany

masks:
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass
Wilhelm Weierstrass
Weierstrass
Weierstrass
Weierstrass
Karl Weierstras


title: Eric Berry

texts:
<mask> (born December 29, 1988) is an  American football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Tennessee, where he was a two-time unanimous All-American and recognized as the best collegiate defensive back in the country. He was then drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs fifth overall in the 2010 NFL Draft. <mask> has been voted to the Pro Bowl five times and has been named to the First Team All-Pro three times. <mask> was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma on December 8, 2014. After going through chemotherapy in the offseason and being declared cancer free, <mask> came back for the 2015 season and was named to the Pro Bowl, the AP All-Pro team, and was named the 2015 AP Comeback Player of the Year. He was named to the NFL 2010s All-Decade Team.Early years
<mask> was born in Fairburn, Georgia. He attended Creekside High School in Fairburn, and was a standout athlete for the Seminole track and football teams. <mask> played cornerback and quarterback, earning a 37–5 record as a starter at Creekside. He was teammates with Rokevious Watkins and Terrance Parks. Following his stellar high school career, <mask> was invited to play in the 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. <mask> was considered the top player in Georgia and the top cornerback prospect by every recruiting service, and Rivals.com ranked him the #3 player in the nation. He was once clocked at 4.38-4.41 range at the 40-yard dash at a soft indoor surface at a high school Combine.<mask> was also a standout athlete for Creekside's track team. He set school records in long jump, with a leap of 6.95 meters, and 200 meters, with a time of 21.76 seconds. <mask> was the anchor leg of the 2006 Class 4A state championship 4 × 400 meters relay team. Individually, he was the 2005 Class 4A state champion in the 200 meters and 2007 Class 4A state champion in the Long Jump, beating future NFL players Brandon Boykin, 2nd and Stephen Hill, 3rd. He had career-bests of 10.66 seconds in the 100 meters and 21.44 seconds in the 200 meters. He was regarded as the most scouted safety since Sean Taylor. College career
<mask> received many scholarship offers, but chose to attend the University of Tennessee, where he played from 2007 to 2009 under head coaches Phillip Fulmer and Lane Kiffin.2007 season
As a freshman, <mask> replaced fifth-year senior Jarod Parrish after a strong showing in his first collegiate game against California. <mask> turned in several big plays during his freshman season en route to being named the SEC Defensive Freshman of the Year by the Sporting News. His 222 return yards (on five interceptions) broke the 37-year-old Tennessee record by 43 yards. <mask> led all SEC freshmen in tackles with 86. He twice was named SEC Freshman of the Week for his play over the regular season's final three games. After the season, he  was also named 1st team Freshman All-American by Rivals. 2008 season

Prior to the season, despite being a sophomore, <mask> was named a team captain.For the year, <mask> tied for the national lead in interceptions with seven and returned them for 265 yards and two touchdowns, breaking the record he set the year earlier. Combined with the yards he accumulated as a freshman, <mask> set the all-time career SEC record for interception return yards with 487 yards, only 14 yards shy of the NCAA record for interception return yards, set by Terrell Buckley during his time at Florida State. He also finished the regular season with 72 tackles, six pass break-ups, and three sacks. <mask> also took snaps on offense at quarterback and wide receiver, gaining 44 rushing yards on seven carries. In addition, he gained 32 yards on two kick-off returns. His early success had some journalists speculating that he could end up being the best defensive player in Tennessee history. He was nominated as a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award, the Lott Trophy, and the Chuck Bednarik Award.<mask> was named the SEC Defensive Player of the year and was a first-team All-SEC pick. He was also a unanimous first-team All American. The Touchdown Club of Columbus also named him their winner of the 2008 Jack Tatum Award as well. 2009 season
As a junior, <mask> recorded 87 total tackles, two interceptions, nine passes defensed, and one fumble recovery. Following the season, <mask> was a first-team All-SEC selection, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American for the second consecutive season. He won the Jim Thorpe Award and also was the recipient of The Touchdown Club of Columbus's Jack Tatum Award for the second straight year. At the conclusion of the 2009 season, <mask> announced his intention to enter the 2010 NFL Draft.College awards and honors

2009 Unanimous All-American
2000s ESPN All-Decade High School Football Team
2000s RivalsHigh.com Team Of The Decade First Team
2000s Sports Illustrated All-Decade Team
2009 Jim Thorpe Award
2009 Bronko Nagurski Award Finalist
2009 Lott Award Finalist
2009 Jack Tatum Award Winner
2009 First-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2008 Unanimous All-American
2008 National Defensive Sophomore of the Year (Collegefootballnews.com)
2008 SEC Defensive Player of the Year
2008 Jack Tatum Award Winner
2008 First-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2008 Vince Dooley Award

2008 Jim Thorpe Award Finalist
Unanimous 2007 First-team Freshman All-American
2007 National Defensive Freshman of the Year (Collegefootballnews.com)
2007 SEC Freshman Defensive Player of the Year (Sporting News)
2007 Second-team All-SEC (Coaches, AP)
2007 All-SEC Freshmen Team
2007 All-SEC Freshmen Academic Honor Roll
2006 Georgia High School Player of the Year (Gatorade)

College statistics
Correct as of the end of the 2009 season. Professional career
Following Tennessee's 37–14 loss to Virginia Tech in the 2009 Chick-fil-A Bowl, <mask> announced his decision to forgo his final year of college football eligibility, entering the 2010 NFL Draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana and performed all of the combine and positional drills. <mask> finished second among safeties in the 40-yard dash and fifth in the bench press. On March 16, 2010, <mask> opted to participate at Tennessee's pro day, but chose to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. <mask> was regarded as the highest scouted safety since Sean Taylor, whom <mask> idolized prior to Taylor's death, and was expected to be selected no lower than No. 7, the Cleveland Browns pick.NFL draft experts and scouts projected him to be a first round pick and a possible top ten selection. He was ranked as the top safety prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, DraftScout.com, Bleacher Report, and Sports Illustrated. 2010
The Kansas City Chiefs selected <mask> in the first round (fifth overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. He became the highest drafted defensive back since Sean Taylor in 2004, and the highest drafted Tennessee Volunteer since Jamal Lewis. <mask> selected number 29 as his jersey number in honor of former Tennessee defensive back standout Inky Johnson, whose career was cut short due to an injury and also as a tribute to his hometown of Fairburn, Georgia, and the main road U.S. Route 29. On July 30, 2010, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a six-year, $60 million contract that includes $34 million guaranteed and made him the highest paid safety in the league history. He entered training camp slated as the starting free safety.Head coach Todd Haley named him the starter, alongside starting strong safety Jon McGraw, to start the 2010 regular season. He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the San Diego Chargers and recorded his first career tackle on tight end Antonio Gates after he caught an 11-yard pass in the first quarter of their 21–14 victory. He finished his debut with six combined tackles. On October 24, 2010, <mask> recorded four solo tackles, two pass deflections, forced a fumble, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Todd Bouman during a 42–20 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars. The following week, he made a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo), deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass by Ryan Fitzpatrick in their 13–10 overtime victory over the Buffalo Bills. In Week 9, he recorded four combined tackles and a season-high two sacks on quarterback Jason Campbell in the Chiefs' 23–20 overtime victory at the Oakland Raiders. It marked <mask>'s first career sack.On December 26, 2010, <mask> made four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a 54-yard touchdown to mark the first  score of his career. His interception was off a pass by quarterback Kerry Collins that was originally intended for Nate Washington and occurred in the second quarter of their 34–14 victory against the Tennessee Titans in Week 16. He finished his rookie season with a career-high 92 combined tackles (77 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, two sacks, a touchdown, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts. He led the team in interceptions (4), and was second only to Derrick Johnson in tackles and solo tackles. On January 24, 2011, it was reported that <mask> would play in the 2011 Pro Bowl as a replacement for Troy Polamalu, who was appearing in the AFC Championship with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He became the first Chiefs rookie to be selected to the Pro Bowl since linebacker Derrick Thomas. <mask> helped to improve the Kansas City defense from 29th best unit in the 2009 season in terms of points allowed to 11th in the 2010 season, In addition to starting every game, <mask> was on the field for almost half of Kansas City's special teams plays and was the only Chiefs defender to play every defensive snap.The Kansas City Chiefs finished first in the AFC West with a 10–6 record. On January 9, 2011, <mask> recorded ten combined tackles and a season-high four pass deflections during a 30–7 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game. 2011
He started the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the Buffalo Bills, but sustained a torn ACL on the Bills' second offensive drive during the first quarter of their 41–7 loss. He sustained the injury during a seven-yard run by C. J. Spiller and went down untouched while attempting to switch direction in pursuit of him. On September 14, the Kansas City Chiefs officially placed him on injured reserve prematurely ending his second season before he recorded a stat. On September 29, 2011, he underwent surgery to repair the torn ligament. Throughout the season, Jon McGraw replaced <mask> in the lineup.On December 13, 2011, the Kansas City Chiefs fired head coach Todd Haley after they stood at a 5–8 record. Defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel was named interim head coach for the last three games. 2012
<mask> returned to training camp in 2012 and reclaimed his role as the starting strong safety.

masks:
Eric Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry


title: Eric Berry

texts:
 Head coach Romeo Crennel named <mask> and Lewis the starting safety duo to begin the regular season. On November 1, 2012, <mask> recorded eight combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Philip Rivers during a 31–13 loss at the San Diego Chargers. In Week 11, he collected a season-high 11 solo tackles in the Chiefs' 28–6 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. On December 16, 2012, <mask> tied his season-high of 11 solo tackles and broke up a pass in their 15–0 loss at the Oakland Raiders.On December 26, 2012, <mask> was announced as one of six Chiefs players to be a voted to the 2013 Pro Bowl. On December 31, 2012, the Kansas City Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel after they finished with a 2–14 record. He finished the  season with 86 combined tackles (73 solo), ten pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts. 2013
New head coach Andy Reid retained <mask> and Lewis as the starting safeties to begin 2013. On September 19, 2013, <mask> recorded five solo tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception off Michael Vick for a 37-yard touchdown in the Chiefs' 26–16 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 12, he made a season-high eight solo tackles, broke up a pass, and a sack during a 41–28 loss to the San Diego Chargers. On December 15, 2013, <mask> collected three combined tackles, two pass deflections, a season-high two interceptions, and a touchdown during a 56–31 victory at the Oakland Raiders.During the first quarter, he intercepted a pass by Matt McGloin and returned it for a 37-yard touchdown. Head coach Andy Reid decided to rest <mask> for the Chiefs' Week 17 matchup at the San Diego Chargers after the Chiefs had already clinched a playoff berth with an 11–4 record. On December 27, 2013, it was announced that <mask> was one of eight players from the Chiefs to be voted to the 2014 Pro Bowl, marking his third consecutive Pro Bowl. <mask> attained the second highest overall grade among safeties from Pro Football Focus in 2013. He finished the season with 74 combined tackles (66 solo), ten pass deflections, a career-high 3.5 sacks, three interceptions, two fumble recoveries, and two touchdowns in 15 games and 15 starts. On January 4, 2014, <mask> started in the AFC Wildcard Game and recorded nine combined tackles and a forced fumble during their 45–44 loss at the Indianapolis Colts. On January 26, 2014, he started in the 2014 Pro Bowl for Team Sanders and recorded two pass deflections and an interception during their 22–21 victory over Team Rice.He intercepted a pass by Drew Brees in the endzone that was intended for Larry Fitzgerald and lateraled in to Darrelle Revis after a 13-yard gain at the end of the first quarter. 2014
<mask> remained the starting strong safety during training camp and was officially named the starter by defensive coordinator Bob Sutton for the season-opener, along with free safety Husain Abdullah. He started the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opener against the Tennessee Titans and recorded a career-high 15 combined tackles (14 solo) and a pass deflection during their 26–10 loss. On September 14, 2014, <mask> sustained a high ankle sprain against the Denver Broncos and was sidelined for five consecutive games (Weeks 3–8). On November 20, 2014, <mask> recorded five combined tackles and began complaining of chest pains after their 24–20 loss
at the Oakland Raiders. On December 8, 2014, it was reported that a mass was discovered in <mask>'s chest and he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. <mask> was placed on the Chiefs' non-football illness list, ending his  season.<mask>'s doctor, Dr. Christopher Flowers, a lymphoma specialist at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, said of <mask>'s diagnosis, "This is a diagnosis that is very treatable and potentially curable with standard chemotherapy approaches. The goal of Mr. <mask>'s treatment is to cure his lymphoma and we are beginning that treatment now." He finished the  season with 37 combined tackles (32 solo) and two pass deflections in six games and five starts. 2015
On July 28, 2015, the Kansas City Chiefs announced that <mask> had been cleared to resume football activities and was declared clear of cancer nearly nine months after his initial diagnosis. Head coach Andy Reid opted to bring <mask> back gradually and named him the backup free safety behind Husain Abdullah to begin the 2015 regular season. On September 17, 2015, he made his first start of the season and recorded four solo tackles in his return to Arrowhead Stadium as the Chiefs lost to the Denver Broncos 31–24. In Week 7, <mask> recorded six combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Ben Roethlisberger in a 23–13 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers.On November 15, 2015, <mask> made two solo tackles, a career-high four pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning during a 29–13 victory at the Denver Broncos. The following week, he made a season-high eight solo tackles in the Chiefs' 33–3 victory at the San Diego Chargers. On December 24, 2015, the Kansas City Chiefs announced that <mask> was one of five Chiefs players to be voted to the 2016 Pro Bowl. He finished the  season with 61 combined tackles (55 solo), ten pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 15 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 87.7, which ranked fifth among all qualifying safeties in 2015. He also received the fourth highest coverage grade among safeties (85.2). The Kansas City Chiefs finished second in the AFC West with an 11–5 record.On January 9, 2016, <mask> started in the AFC Wildcard Game and recorded three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception as the Chiefs routed the Houston Texans 30–0. The following game, he made seven combined tackles in Kansas City's 27–20 loss at the New England Patriots in the AFC Divisional Round. He was named Comeback Player of the Year and  was ranked 55th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. 2016
On March 1, 2016, the Kansas City Chiefs offered <mask> a franchise tag. He decided to hold out of training camp and offseason activities in the hopes of receiving a long-term contract offer by the Chiefs. On August 28, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year, $10.80 million franchise tag to remain with the Chiefs for the 2016 season after both parties were unable to come to an agreement on a long-term contract. On November 13, 2016, <mask> recorded nine combined tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception by Cam Newton for a 42-yard touchdown in the Chiefs' 20–17 victory at the Carolina Panthers.In Week 13, <mask> made two solo tackles, broke up a pass, returned an interception for a 37-yard touchdown, and became the first player to return an interception for a defensive two-point conversion since the rule was enacted in 2015. His two-point score occurred on an interception by quarterback Matt Ryan during the two-point conversion attempt and provided the winning score for the Chiefs' 29–28 victory against the Atlanta Falcons. He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors for his performance against the Falcons. On December 13, 2016, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 19–17 loss to the Tennessee Titans. On December 20, 2016, it was announced that <mask> was one of four Chiefs players voted to the 2017 Pro Bowl, marking his fifth Pro Bowl selection of his career. He finished the season with 77 combined tackles (62 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, a forced fumble, and two touchdowns in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> received an overall grade of
87.8 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked seventh among all safeties in 2016.He also received the fourth highest coverage grade among his position group (88.7) and fifth highest run defense grade (85.0). On January 6, 2017, he was selected to be First-team All-Pro, marking his third All-Pro selection in his career. He was also ranked 13th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked defensive back. 2017
On February 28, 2017, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a six-year, $78 million contract that includes $40 million guaranteed and a $20 million signing bonus, making him the highest-paid safety in the NFL. However, <mask> would only play four more games for the Chiefs. He remained the starting strong safety, opposite Ron Parker, to start the regular season. He started the Kansas City Chiefs season-opener at the New England Patriots and recorded seven combined tackles, before leaving their 42–27 victory on Thursday Night Football in the fourth quarter after sustaining an apparent Achilles injury.The following day, the Chiefs announced he had ruptured his Achilles and that he would miss the rest of the season. He finished his season with seven combined tackles (four solo) in one game and one start. On September 9, 2017, the Kansas City Chiefs officially placed him on injured reserve and he underwent surgery three days later. With only one appearance, he earned an overall grade of 73.6 from Pro Football Focus. 2018
While recovering from the torn Achilles, he had been dealing with a sore heel, which was later diagnosed as a Haglund's deformity, which is a bone spur that digs into the Achilles causing extreme pain. He missed the first 13 games before making his season debut in Week 15. He played in two regular season games and one playoff game, the Chiefs 31–37 loss to the Patriots in the AFC Championship game.On March 13, 2019, <mask> was released by the Chiefs, in order to avoid a portion of his salary being fully guaranteed. NFL career statistics

Personal life
<mask>'s father, James, played running back for the University of Tennessee from 1978 to 1981, and was a captain of the 1981 squad. <mask>'s younger brothers, twins Elliott and Evan, played football at Tennessee, and are now free agents. <mask> is the first cousin once removed of former All-Pro Tampa Bay Buccaneers linebacker Hugh Green. On May 4, 2010, it was reported that <mask> had signed an endorsement deal with Adidas. He established the Eric Berry Foundation in 2011 that strives to provide safe environments for children to participate in team sports. His first project was a turf football field he funded in Fairburn, Georgia.He also hosts annual youth football camps in Atlanta, Tennessee, and Kansas City with proceeds going to the <mask> Foundation. <mask> suffers from equinophobia, a fear of horses. His condition was frequently brought on by the Kansas City Chiefs' mascot, Warpaint. References

1988 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
Kansas City Chiefs players
People from Fairburn, Georgia
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from Fulton County, Georgia
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl

masks:
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
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Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
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Berry
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Berry
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Berry
Eric Berry
Berry
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Berry
Berry
Eric Berry
Berry