title: Helen Thompson Woolley

texts:
<mask> (November 6, 1874 – December 24, 1947) was an American psychologist, known for her contributions to the educational sector, groundbreaking research on sex differences and rigorous research methods. <mask>'s interest in scientific inquiry was prompted by the work of her father, <mask>, who was an inventor. <mask>'s academic achievement and resultant scholarship allowed her to pursue studies in psychology at the University of Chicago. <mask>'s studies at the University of Chicago marked the beginning of her career in experimental and applied psychology. Her controversial dissertation, titled The Psychological Norms in Men and Women, attracted the interest as well as scrutiny of the scientific world as it was the first major piece of psychological research explicitly examining the similarities and differences of the mental traits of women and men. Woolley's husband, <mask>, was a determining force in the course of her career, as the constant relocations required by his profession as a physician limited hers academic opportunities. Following their wedding, <mask> followed Paul to Japan and subsequently the Philippines, where she started working as a researcher for the Bureau of Education, marking her first endeavour in developmental psychology.<mask>'s work in education continued with her involvement in the Vocation Bureau, the Merrill-Palmer School and the Institute for Child Welfare Research at Teachers College, Columbia University. <mask>'s late life was plagued by her deteriorating mental health, which impacted her interpersonal relationships as well as occupational status. At the age of 73, she died of an aortic aneurysm in her daughter's home in Harvertown Pennsylvania. Personal life

Family

<mask> <mask> was born on November 6, 1874, in Englewood, Chicago. As the middle child of three siblings, she and her sisters were raised in a middle-class Chicago suburb. The eldest sister, Jane, attended the University of Michigan for one year but left school due to the financial burden. Lilian, the youngest sister, attended Cook County Normal School and went on to become a teacher.Their mother, Isabella Perkins Faxon was an active missionary during a time when women were expected to confine their interests to family and household activities. <mask>'s father, <mask> (though his name is disputed in several articles) was a partner in a shoe manufacturing business and an inventor, producing implements such as burglar alarms, a heat regulating thermostat for a coal furnace, and a letter sorting device for the post office. Even though <mask> rejected her mother's missionary work on the grounds that she was agnostic, her mother provided a good role model that women are competent organizers  Her father's work was more appealing to Woolley compared to that of her mother, sparking an interest in scientific endeavours. Socioeconomic status

As a single-income, middle-class family, <mask>'s family presumably struggled with some financial constraints. The eldest daughter, Jane, was able to attend the University of Michigan for one year however, she had to withdraw due to the family's inability to carry the financial burden of tuition payment. However, Woolley won a scholarship to the University of Chicago as a result of her high average upon graduating from Englewood High School in 1893. <mask>'s family would have been affected by The Panic of 1893, a serious economic depression in the US that started in 1893–1897.The scholarship she received allowed her to attend university with only expenses of books and travel fare. Without the scholarship, Woolley's education and career might have met the same fate as her older sister Jane. Relationship and Travels

<mask> met her husband, Paul Gerhardt <mask> in university when she was a senior and Paul was finishing medical studies at Chicago. Soon after meeting, they were engaged and remained engaged for eight years during which time both completed their professional training. After completing their undergraduate studies, <mask> was offered a graduate fellowship and remained in Chicago while Paul left for residency at Johns Hopkins University. After working in Massachusetts for four years, <mask> left her job and moved to Japan where Paul was working as an epidemiologist. She and Paul were married in Yokohama.Soon thereafter, they moved to the Philippines where Paul directed a laboratory. In the Philippines, <mask> began working for the Bureau of Education, performing research on childhood education and the best years for learning. While <mask> took on this project, Paul took a job in Siam (now called Thailand) doing public health work and manufacturing vaccines for smallpox and anthrax. She joined Paul once her project was done. When Woolley became pregnant, Paul sent her home out of concern for her and the baby's health. At six months pregnant, Woolley took a boat to the West Coast, then taking a train back to her parents’ home, arriving barely six weeks before her first daughter, Eleanor Faxon <mask>, was born (August 26, 1907). Eleanor's birth sparked <mask>'s interest in child and developmental psychology.After spending a year in Omaha, Nebraska the family moved to Cincinnati. Paul began teaching at the medical school, while <mask> was a philosophy lecturer at the University of Cincinnati. However, during their years in Cincinnati, <mask> and Paul drifted apart. Paul eventually took on a job in Detroit running a medical testing laboratory, and <mask> left Cincinnati in 1921 to follow Paul to Detroit. In 1924, Paul contracted tuberculosis from the diagnostic laboratory and left for a sanatorium in Pasadena, California. <mask> filed for a divorce from <mask> in 1927 with the plans of marrying <mask> (no relation) and eventually died in 1932. <mask> died of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 72 in Pennsylvania on Christmas Eve of 1947.Education

<mask> graduated as valedictorian from Englewood High School in 1893, with an average of 97 for the four years study. Her graduation valedictory essay "The Advance Towards Individual Freedom by the Aid of Invention" reflected her inclination towards scientific contributions in social development. <mask> received scholarship to the University of Chicago with her excellent high school results. During the period from 1890 to 1910, women only comprised 2.2% – 3.8% in post-secondary institutions. <mask> and her two sisters earning university degrees signify the importance of education in the family. <mask> was offered scholarship in both physics and psychology at University of Chicago, and accepted the psychology scholarship. Upon completion of her undergraduate degree in 1897, <mask> was granted a fellowship for graduate work in psychology with James R. Angell, John Dewey, George Herbert Mead, and Henry H. Donaldson under the department of philosophy.<mask> published papers in psychology, philosophy, and neurology. <mask> received her PhD from the University of Chicago in 1900, with the highest distinction. John B. Watson graduated from the University of Chicago as well with similar course of study, but his performance was regarded as much inferior to Woolley. Women who completed PhDs in 20th century were proportionate to men in receiving acceptance into professional organizations such as APA, yet their occupational status was incomparable. Women's contributions in academics were significantly under-represented, and academic positions were difficult to be obtained, especially for married women. Upon completion of her PhD, <mask> was recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and was awarded a European Fellowship. She studied with Carl Stumpf and Arthur Konig in Berlin, and later with Eduard Tulouse and Pierre Janet in Sorbonne.Dissertation: Psychological Norms in Men and Women

Under the direction of James R. Angell, <mask>'s doctoral dissertation investigated the performance of 25 males and 25 female university students on "motor ability, skin and muscle senses, taste and smell, hearing, vision, intellectual faculties and affective processes". The thesis was titled "Psychological Norms in Men and Women". Her thesis has attracted much attention as it significantly challenged the societal standards of the time. It was the first major scientific experimental research comparing the mental traits of men and women. Woolley adopted the approach of comparing distributions of scores on each test between sexes instead of reporting average performance of all participants. The results supported that men presented higher average performance on motor skills tests, whereas women were better at finer sensory discrimination; women were more skilled in memory and association tasks within intellectual faculties, whereas men had advantage in tests of ingenuity. Woolley accounted the differences between sexes as the characteristics which were most beneficial evolutionarily for sexual reproduction.<mask> later published her dissertation in The Mental Traits of Sex, where her work was criticized for whether women in her sample were an accurate representation of the sex in general. One criticism was that college women and college men were not comparable because college women are usually of the highest intelligence in their respective families and/or driven by especially strong ambition, while college men follow a generally ordinary trajectory. This was the stereotypical view of educated women during the early 20th century. However, a new class of university educated women began to enter the realms of science and social science and enthusiastically applied their expertise on social and political issues of that time. Career

The Vocation Bureau (1911-1921)

<mask> was a pioneer in the practical application of developmental psychological principles. As director of the Cincinnati Vocation Bureau, appointed in 1911, she contributed significantly to the understanding of influential factors in the physical and mental development of adolescents. The Vocation Bureau was responsible for the issuance of "working certificates" to children between the ages of 14 and 16 years and therefore provided a wide pool of data for Woolley to successfully conduct her research.Woolley aimed to establish intelligence tests appropriate for adolescents and the statistical norms to accompany such tests, as well as examine the potential relationship between test and job performance. Woolley compared the performance of 14-year-old subjects who had joined the workforce to subjects regularly attending school classes for the span of four years. After completing an extensive data analysis with her assistant, Charlotte Fischer, Woolley did not find support for her cognitive tests; however, her project increased awareness of the utility of experimental psychology in the advancement of the public-school sector and educational policies. The results of the study were subsequently published in 1926 under the name “An Experimental Study of Children at Work and in School Between the Ages of Fourteen and Eighteen Years”. The Vocation Bureau was expanded to include the testing of children in order to establish class placements. She was additionally the first woman and first psychologist to be appointed president of the National Vocational Guidance Association in 1921. The Merrill-Palmer School (1921-1925)

In an attempt to follow her husband to Michigan, <mask> accepted a position as a psychologist and assistant director at the Merrill-Palmer School in 1921.The Merrill-Palmer School was a nursery school offering courses in child care. The school also represented research initiatives in early child development and attracted a great deal of attention as one of the first laboratory nursery schools in the United States. While <mask>'s experimental work within the school was limited, it facilitated a change in her research interests to younger populations of children. She played a part in the Merrill-Palmer scale, which is an intelligence test that was used for many types of children- in nursery schools, clinics, orphanages, and different types of research. Moreover, she expressed concerns with the validity of cognitive testing in young children and emphasized the importance of environmental factors in the development of IQ in such ages. Teachers College (1925-1930)

In May 1925, <mask> received an offer to become a director for the Institute for Child Welfare Research at Teachers College, Columbia University. <mask> became the only woman at the time to become a director of one of the most prestigious research centers.In an attempt to smooth the transition between her position at the Merrill-Palmer School and her new position at Teachers College, Woolley travelled between Detroit and New York from January to June, 1926. By April, 1926, <mask> started receiving criticism from friends and coworkers regarding her work ethics. The director of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, Lawrence K. Frank, had interviewed the Dean of Teachers College, James Russell, and reflected on it in a memorandum:

In late May, it was discovered that Woolley had developed an abdominal tumour for which she had to undergo an appendectomy and hysterectomy. During her treatment, Teachers College was kindly supporting Woolley by continuing her salary and paying her medical bills. Despite her health issues, Woolley officially moved to New York in September 1926, and subsequently developed two nursery schools within Teachers College for the purpose of studying early childhood education. She hired about fifteen female graduates to work under her, who developed innovative work on early childhood education and collectively advocated for nursery schools. The death of her close friend, Bess Cleveland, and her divorce from Paul, were only two of many factors in Woolley's life that caused emotional instability.<mask> took a leave of absence for a year and traveled to various nursery schools in England, Brussels, Vienna, and Geneva in order to gain knowledge on early childhood education in European countries. She resumed her duties in August 1928 and presented two papers at the International Congress of Psychology Conference in Fall 1929. Woolley was shocked when she was asked to resign in February 1930 by Dean William Russell, son of the previous Dean Russell, who accused her of being a poor teacher and an incompetent administrator. Woolley's accomplishments during her time at Teachers' College included becoming an internationally known researcher and scholar, having multiple publications, and being considered as one of America's top child psychologists by the age of 55. She felt strongly that Dean Russell's statements were untrue. He cited difficulties with her teaching, but Woolley received excellent student evaluations, was an internationally known scholar and researcher, and it was her work and ideas that had made Teachers' College renowned for early childhood education. Woolley harboured resentment towards Dean Russell, and went on to write an 11-paged typescript called, "The Experience of <mask>. <mask> in being employed in Teachers College, Columbia University, and in being dismissed from Teachers College."In May, Dean Russell replied to her claims by identifying multiple errors within her typescript which highlighted Woolley's impaired recollection. Woolley spent the next decade attempting to find work in academia but found no success due to few jobs being available during the Depression and even fewer available for women in academe. Emotional and cognitive difficulties

<mask>'s mental illness was a major factor that led to the end of her career and a lack of recognition on her accomplishments. <mask>'s mental breakdown could be dated back to 1927, when her husband, <mask>, divorced her. In addition to the divorce, several incidents happened around the same period which affected the basis of Woolley's life: the hysterectomy and appendectomy for the abdominal tumor, a year of commuting between Merrill-Palmer and Teacher's College, the new job at Teacher's College, the death of her friend, Bess Cleveland, and the separation from her daughters. Subsequently, Woolley took a year off work to recover from her breakdown. By February 1927, she was transferred to the Four Winds Sanitarium in Katonah, New York due to her severe depression and suicide attempt.<mask>'s doctor, Charles I. Lambert, described that <mask>'s illness progressed as a normal depression, with some opposite symptoms such as being overactive, over self-assertive and dominant. Lambert did not think that Woolley should continue her job as a teacher because she was emotionally unstable and lack of self-control, had memory impairment, and liked to do things on her own way. However, Woolley thought that she was fully recovered and resumed work in the fall of 1928. Unexpectedly, <mask> was being asked to resign from Teacher's College by Dean William Russell in February 1930 because of her poor teaching and incompetent administration, although she denied having any problem with her duties. After her resignation, she wrote to her old friend, James Angell, and asked for his help in finding a new job. Angell, however, thought that Woolley was not suitable to work due to her serious condition of mental disturbance. Woolley started writing argumentative letters regarding Dean William Russell's treatment to her in Teacher's College in May 1930.She even went further to write a lengthy typescript to express her anger and dissatisfaction towards Russell. However, the statement contained a lot of errors on the dates and false claims regarding her resignation, reflecting her impaired recollection. In January 1933, Adolf Meyer, a Johns Hopkins psychiatrist, reported that <mask> had an "obsession of vindication" in regard to her resignation in Teacher's College rather than having depression. According to <mask>'s daughter, Eleanor Faxon <mask>, Woolley was increasingly getting more paranoid, and further accused William Russell and Edna White of persuading the others not to assist her. Woolley's obsession continued to grow with her mental illness and could not be resolved. Woolley could not find a job after being dismissed from Teacher's College, which brought her to the end of her career. In Woolley's last years, she became dependent on her daughter, Eleanor.On December 24, 1947, <mask> died of an aortic aneurysm at the age of 73 at Eleanor's home in Harvertown, Pennsylvania. Publications

During the course of her career, <mask> wrote and published three books and around fifty articles. These published works ranged in topic, and although the vast majority of her works were psychology related, she did publish some philosophy and neurology related articles as a graduate student at the University of Chicago. A list of some of her more well-known published works, particularly those published early in her career, can be found below. <mask>, <mask> (1907). "Sensory affection and emotion". Psychological Review, 14 (5): 329–344.doi:10.1037/h0074333. ISSN 0033-295X. A review of Carl Stumpf's discussions on affective processes, who insists that sensory affections should be classified a specific class of sensations. Wooley discusses “(1) pain sensations and the pleasure sensations arising in the skin and vegetative organs; (2) the affective tone of higher senses, and (3) applications.” (<mask>, 1907)
 <mask>, <mask> (1910). "The development of right-handedness in a normal infant". Psychological Review, 17 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1037/h0074110.ISSN 0033-295X. <mask> conducted an empirical study on colour vision in a seven-month-old, normal infant. She provides evidence for the theory that identifies the speech centre and right-handedness in the left hemisphere being developed around the same time in an infant. <mask>, <mask> (1914). "The psychology of sex". Psychological Bulletin, 11 (10): 353–379. doi:10.1037/h0070064.ISSN 0033-2909. A literature review was conducted on 88 studies regarding the psychology of sex. Various aspects within the study of sex differences have been identified, including heredity, motor ability, memory, attention, and general intelligence, along with the impact of social influences. <mask>, <mask> (1915). "A new scale of mental and physical measurements for adolescents and some of its uses". Journal of Educational Psychology, 6 (9): 521–550. doi:10.1037/h0075644.ISSN 0022-0663. <mask> developed a scale that measures the mental and physical capabilities of adolescents, which was tested on 1430 students between the ages of 14–15. The scale is successful at comparing different groups and finding a relationship between manual and mental capabilities. References

American women psychologists
20th-century American women scientists
1874 births
1947 deaths
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Chicago
Deaths from aortic aneurysm

masks:
Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley
Woolley
Paul Thompson
Woolley
Woolley
Paul Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Helen Bradford
Thompson
Woolley
Paul Thompson
Helen
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Paul Woolley
Woolley
Millie Thompson
Woolley
Helen Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Helen Woolley
Helen Woolley
Helen Woolley
Woolley
Helen Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Helen T
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Paul Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Helen Thompson
Woolley
Woolley
Helen Thompson
Woolley
Woolley
Helen Thompson
Woolley
Helen Thompson
Woolley


title: Prentice Moreland

type: original

texts:
<mask> (March 4, 1925 – September 1988) was an American R&B and doo wop singer of the 1950s and early 1960s. Early life
<mask> was born on March 4, 1925 in East St. Louis, Illinois. At some points in his life, he claimed to be related to comedian <mask>; although he called Mantan his uncle and the two men got along well, <mask>'s daughter says there was never any confirmation of an actual familial relationship. <mask> was a member of many vocal groups including The Dominoes, The Du Droppers, The Chanteclairs, The Cadets, The Crescendos, The Colts, The Fortunes, The Hollywood Flames, and possibly The Sevilles (the group that had a hit with "Charlena" in 1961). <mask> replaced Ted Taylor (who had left for a solo career) on The Cadets' "Stranded In The Jungle" session and was the one who came up with the "Great Googa Mooga! Lemme outta here!" line in the song.Aaron Collins of The Cadets said of <mask>'s line "I think he picked that up from Rochester (Anderson). <mask> knew Rochester pretty well." At the same session, he recorded a solo version of "Memories Of You," a song that had been done by The Ink Spots in 1939; it was released on RPM Records in 1957. He recorded along with Jackie Wilson, Milton Merle, and Cliff Givens in The Dominoes in 1955, later returning to the group a few more times. With the Crescendos, he recorded "Finders Keepers" and "Sweet Dreams" for Atlantic Records in 1956, alongside Bobby Relf of The Laurels, Young Jessie of The Flairs, and Bobby Byrd of The Hollywood Flames. He was asked by Buck Ram to join The Platters but <mask> refused because he had to take care of one of his daughters (Arlene Eunice <mask>)

Around the same time that <mask> recorded with The Chanteclairs on Dot Records in 1954 (as "<mask>"), there was a Dot recording called "You Gave Me Heartaches" by <mask>. It is possible that "<mask>" is actually <mask>.<mask>'s name is listed as "<mask>" for the recordings he did for Johnny Otis' Dig Records in 1956. One of the songs, "My Mother's Eyes" was previously sung in the 1929 film Lucky Boy by George Jessel. <mask> also sang two Ivory Joe Hunter songs, "I Almost Lost My Mind" and "I Need You So." In the '60s, <mask> was a member of several imposter and spin-off Ink Spots groups, including those fronted by Cliff Givens, George Holmes, and Orville Brooks. He was never a member of the original Ink Spots that recorded for Decca. According to singers Young Jessie and Bobby Nunn, The Coasters' big hit "Searchin'" from 1957 had originally been put together by <mask>, Bobby Day, Earl Nelson, and Young Jessie at Bobby Day's house about three years before it was recorded. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller heard their song and wrote more lyrics to the song, adding references to movie detectives.<mask> worked in the clubs in Las Vegas, Nevada until he died in September 1988, a year after Ted Taylor (whom <mask> Goldberg's R&B Notebooks
 The Du Droppers at Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks
 The Jacks/The Cadets at Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks
 The Hollywood Flames at Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks

1925 births
1988 deaths
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
American rhythm and blues singers
RPM Records (United States) artists
Challenge Records artists
Groove Records artists
Dot Records artists
King Records artists
Modern Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
Decca Records artists
20th-century American singers
The Cadets (group) members
Musicians from Illinois

masks:
Prentice Moreland
Moreland
Mantan Moreland
Moreland
Career Moreland
Moreland
Moreland
Prentice
Moreland
Moreland
Moreland
Prentice Moore
Prentice Miller
Prentice Miller
Prentice Moreland
Moreland
Prince Moreland
Moreland
Moreland
Moreland
Moreland
Morelandv


title: Jongsanan Fairtex

texts:
<mask>tex () is a Thai Muay Thai fighter. Biography and career
<mask> was born July 24, 1974, in Chaiyaphum Province. He grew up in a poor farming family, he was introduced to Muay Thai by his grandfather with whom he would watch fights on the local television. He also did not do well in school. He told his parents he wanted to be a fighter and started fighting in the region from the age of 11. At 16 <mask> managed to join the Fairtex Gym in Bangkok through his uncle's connections. The first five months were rough as he didn't receive any training and kept doing various chores until the gym needed him as a last minute replacement.After the win on short notice <mask> gained respect of the trainers, most notably of Monlit Sitphodaeng. In 1991 <mask> was matched with Dokmaipa Por Pongsawang, at the time <mask>ipa received 200,000 baht. <mask>'s promoter, Mr. Philip Wong, wanted this fight to be his rise to stardom, he trained harder than ever and managed to win by decision at Lumpinee Stadium on July 7. His rise to stardom at Lumpinee Stadium was blazingly fast, becoming champion in less than 20 fights. He was known for his power, clinch and sweeps. <mask>'s most intense rivalry was against Sakmongkol Sithchuchok, they had 7 fights. Their fifth fight became known as the "Elbow Fight" and is considered as one of the most brutal in Muay Thai history.In 1998 <mask> moved to the United States to become a trainer at the Fairtex gym in San Francisco. He kept fighting in the United States in kickboxing, boxing and Muay Thai rules until 2005. Titles and accomplishments

Muay Thai
Lumpinee Stadium
 1992 Lumpinee Stadium (126 lbs) champion
 1993 Lumpinee Stadium fight of the year (vs Sakmongkol Sithchuchok)
 1994 Lumpinee Stadium (135 lbs) champion
World Muay Thai Council
 1992 W.M.T.C world champion
International Karate Kickboxing Council
 2004 IKKC world (147 lbs) champion
International Sport Karate Association
 2000 ISKA Muay Thai intercontinental (147 lbs) champion
 2005 ISKA Oriental rules world super welterweight champion
International Kickboxing Federation
 1998 IKF Muay Thai North American welterweight champion

Amateur boxing
 Thailand's “Kings Cup” silver medalist
 Thailand's “Army Cup” silver medalist

Fight record

|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2005-08-20 || Win ||align=left| Steve Berkelayko || New York's Best of the Best|| New York, USA || TKO (Corner Stoppage) || 3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2005-05-28 || Win ||align=left| Imro Main || Bad To The Bone || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (Ref Stop/Punch) || 3 || 1:15
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2005-02-05 || Win ||align=left| Marco Piqué || Muay Thai World Championships || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (Ref Stop/Punch) || 3 || 1:15
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2004-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Hisayuki Kanazawa || WCK World Championship Muay Thai 15th Anniversary Show || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (Knee)  ||3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2003-10-04 || Win ||align=left| Jason Fenton || New York's Best of the Best|| Sacramento, California, USA || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2003-04-27 || No Contest ||align=left| Ruben Yanez || Ultimate Muay Thai Challenge || Fresno, California, USA || Referee Stoppage  || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2002-03-23 || Win ||align=left| Daniel Dawson || Master Toddy Show @ Stardust Casino || Las Vegas, NV, USA || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2000-11-04 || Win ||align=left| Danny Steele || Strikeforce || San Jose, USA || Decision (Split)  ||5 ||3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 2000-05-13 || Win ||align=left| Morad Sari || ISKA Muay Thai || San Jose, California, USA || Decision (Majority)  ||5 ||3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| ? || Win ||align=left| Mark Brackenbury ||  || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (Referee Stoppage) || 3 ||
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 1999 || Win ||align=left| Yuan Yubao||  || Hawaii || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 1998-12-08 || Win ||align=left| Fernando Calleros || IKF || Sacramento, California, USA || Decision (Unanimous)  ||5 ||3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#cfc"
| 1998-10-10 || Win ||align=left| Cecil Hagins ||  || United States || KO (Low kicks)  ||3||
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| ? style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 1995-01-09 || Loss ||align=left| Sakmongkol Sithchuchok || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Knee to the head)|| 4 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc"
| 1994-12-09|| Win ||align=left| Nuathoranee Thongracha || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1994-|| Win  ||align=left| Chandet Sor Prantalay|| Lumpinee Stadium  || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
!

masks:
Jongsanan Fair
Jongsanan
Jongsanan
Jongsanan
Jongsanan
Jongsananma
Jongsanan
Jongsanan
Jongsanan


title: Apolo Dantés

texts:
José Luis Amezcua Muñoz (born September 28, 1968) is a Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler, trainer and promoter, best known by his ring name <mask>s. He is the son of <mask>, a successful and respected luchador during the 1960s and 1970s. He was a longtime mainstay of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) throughout the 1990s and now owns and operates "Dantés Lucha Factory" in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. During his in-ring career he's won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, CMLL World Middleweight Championship, and the NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship. He also won the 1994 Copa de Oro tournament with El Dandy, the Copa de Arena México with Black Warrior and Shocker and the Second Generation Tag Team Tournament with Emilio Charles Jr.

Dantés was a part of the Los Capos ("The Bosses") stable alongside Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000, and Universo 2000. He also worked for the World Wrestling Federation in 1998 and 1999 on their hispanic focused show Super Astros. His in-ring career ended in the mid-2000s, followed by him transitioning into a behind the scenes role of training and booking matches at Arena Coliseo and late founded his own wrestling promotion, Dantés' Lucha Factory in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.Personal life
José Luis Amezcua Muñoz was born on September 28, 1968 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He is the son of José Luis Amezcua Díaz, a professional wrestler known under the ring name Alfonso "Tanque" <mask>. His grandfather, Alfonso Amezcua, was also a professional wrestler, known as "Al Amezuca". José Amezcua's uncles, Alberto Muñoz, Virgilio Amezcua ("Septiembre Negro") and Índio Jerónimo were also professional wrestlers. José Amezcua younger brother, César Antonio Amezcua, would also become a wrestler later in life, known under the names <mask>, "All Star" and "Máscara Mágica"

Professional wrestling career
Amezuca trained for his professional wrestling career under his father, his uncle Alberto Muñoz, and renowned Lucha libre trainier Diablo Velazco. He made his debut on December 4, 1988, under the name "<mask> Dantés", adopting the same last name as his father used. Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (1989–2006)
Through his fathers connections Dantés began working regularly for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in 1989.On July 25, 1992, <mask> became the NWA World Light Heavyweight Champion when he defeated El Satánico. <mask> held the prestigious title for 243 days until Jaque Mate defeated him for it. On September 11, 1994, Dantés won the CMLL World Middleweight Championship by defeating Javier Llanes, but lost the belt 77 days later to Satánico. He defeated Silver King to win the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship on June 23, 1995. During his reign as Heavyweight Champion <mask> successfully defended it against both Corazon de Leon and Vampiro. Dantés lost the title to Rayo de Jalisco Jr. on April 14, 1996. Los Capos (1996–2005)

In mid-1996 Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 returned to CMLL after working elsewhere for four years.The trio began teaming with <mask> Dantés to form a group called Los Capos ("The Bosses"), a Rudo (bad guy) group that was heavily featured in CMLL's heavyweight division. Dantés competed in the 1997 CMLL International Gran Prix but was defeated in the semi-final by eventual tournament winner Steel. A year later he made it all the way to the finals of the 1998 version of the Gran Prix but lost to Rayo de Jalisco Jr. In 2003 <mask> Dantés last in-ring highlight saw him earn a match for the CMLL World Heavyweight Champion Mr. Niebla but was defeated in three falls. World Wrestling Federation (1998–1999)
Starting in late 1998, CMLL began working with the United States-based World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to allow several of CMLL's workers to appear on WWF's weekly Spanish language, Latino focused WWF Super Astros show. For approximately 10 months, Dantés worked several Super Astros shows, wrestling against CMLL luchadors, Puerto Ricans and Japanese wrestlers. In his first match, which was taped on November 16, 1998, Dantés defeated El Merenguero.His last Super Astros match took place on May 25, 1999 where he defeated Funaki. In his last match for the WWF, he, Pantera, and Papi Chulo lost to Los Boricuas (El Merenguero, José Estrada Jr., and Miguel Pérez Jr.) in match that took place before WWF's Shotgun Saturday Night show. Semi-retirement and booker (2006–current)
By the middle-2000s <mask> Dantés was more active as a wrestling trainer and match-maker at CMLL's Arena Coliseo in his native Guadalajara, Jalisco. For the next couple of years he booked matches for the weekly shows, as well as training various trainees for CMLL. In mid-2009 <mask> was fired from his position at Arena Coliseo and replaced by Rubén Soria. Following his dismissal from Arena Coliseo Dantés formed his own wrestling school and promotion called "Dantés' Lucha Factory", based in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Apolo Dantés owned and operated the Dantés Lucha Factory from 2009 until 2011, at which point his brother César took ownership the company, as <mask> replaced Soria to become the CMLL Guadalajara booker once more when Soria retired.By 2015 Dantés was once again replaced as the booker for CMLL. Since Dantés began working more behind the scenes he has only wrestled on a very limited schedule, with records of one match in 2010, 2011, and 2017. Other media
Amezcua was one of several wrestlers interviewed for the documentary "50", chronicling the first 50  years of Arena Coliseo in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Championships and accomplishments
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Copa de Arena México: 2001 – with Black Warrior and Shocker
Copa de Oro 1994 – with El Dandy
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CMLL World Middleweight Championship (1 time)
Second Generation Tag Team Tournament – with Emilio Charles Jr.
NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him 169 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

1968 births
Living people
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestlers from Jalisco
Sportspeople from Guadalajara, Jalisco

masks:
Apolo Danté
Alfonso Dantés
Dantés
César Dantés
Apolo
Dantés
Dantés
Dantés
Apolo
Apolo
Apolo
Dantés
Apolo


title: Dési Bouterse

texts:
Desiré Delano "<mask>" <mask> (; born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese military officer, politician, and convicted murderer and drug trafficker who served as President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987, he was Suriname's de facto leader after conducting a military coup and establishing a period of military rule. In 1987, Bouterse founded the National Democratic Party (NDP). On 25 May 2010, <mask>'s political alliance, the Megacombinatie ("Mega combination"), which included the NDP, won the parliamentary elections, and on 19 July 2010, <mask> was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes. He was inaugurated on 12 August 2010. Bouterse is a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numerous human rights violations committed during his military rule in the 1980s. Most notable was the December murders in 1982 of 15 leading opposition figures.He was prosecuted for the murders, and a trial was initiated, but the National Assembly extended amnesty to him in 2012. After the trial was forced to continue, <mask> was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 29 November 2019. He is also suspected of having directed the Moiwana massacre in 1986 during the civil war by the Maroons, led by his former bodyguard, Ronnie Brunswijk. On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was sentenced in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking  of cocaine. Bouterse always claimed innocence; he claimed that the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. According to WikiLeaks cables released in 2011, <mask> was active in the drug trade until 2006. Europol has issued a warrant for his arrest.At that time, he could not be arrested in Suriname, because he was still president. Because Bouterse was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as head of state, he risks arrest as soon as he leaves Suriname. In 2019, Bouterse was sentenced to 20 years in prison for his executions of 15 political opponents in 1982. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on 13 October 1945 in Domburg, located in Suriname's Wanica District. His family were of multi-ethnic Amerindian, African, Dutch, French, and Chinese ancestry. As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capital Paramaribo, where he was raised by an aunt. He attended the St Jozef boarding school and later the Middelbare Handelsschool (roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into the armed forces of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Krijgsmacht). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as a non-commissioned officer at the Koninklijke Militaire School in Weert. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team. In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy and Dino. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base in Seedorf, Germany. On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands.He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request by Roy Horb to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa; Bond voor Militair Kader). Sergeants Coup

On 25 February 1980, <mask>, Horb and fourteen other sergeants overthrew the Henck Arron government with a violent military coup d'état, now known as the Sergeants Coup. This marked the beginning of the military dictatorship that dominated Suriname from 1980 to 1991. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as the Groep van zestien (Group of Sixteen). <mask> was the leader of the Groep van zestien. After the coup, he became chairman of the National Military Council of Suriname, which replaced the democratic government, and effectively ruler of the government.On the day of the coup, <mask>'s soldiers shot and burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution." Annually on 25 February, the coup is commemorated. The military dictatorship imposed an evening curfew, and curtailed freedom of press (only one newspaper, de Ware Tijd, was allowed to continue publishing, but they were subject to heavy censorship). In 1985 it banned political parties and restricted freedom of assembly. It was characterized by a high level of government corruption and the summary executions of political opponents. After the 'December murders' of fifteen opposition leaders in late 1982, Bouterse closed the University of Suriname.From the beginning of the dictatorship until 1988, the titular presidents were essentially army-installed by Bouterse, who ruled as a de facto leader of Suriname. After the coup, Bouterse initially sought support from Cuba, Grenada, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, and, later, from Libya. December murders
On 7 and 8 December 1982, fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse's military dictatorship or were connected with the coup d'état attempt on 11 March 1982, were brought to Fort Zeelandia (then Bouterse's headquarters), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as the December murders. The 15 victims were:

John Baboeram, lawyer
Bram Behr, journalist
Cyrill Daal, union leader
Kenneth Gonçalves, lawyer
Eddy Hoost, lawyer
André Kamperveen, journalist and businessman
Gerard Leckie, university teacher
Sugrim Oemrawsingh, scientist
Lesley Rahman, journalist
Surendre Rambocus, military
Harold Riedewald, lawyer
Jiwansingh Sheombar, military
Jozef Slagveer, journalist
Robby Sohansingh, businessman
Frank Wijngaarde, journalist (with Dutch citizenship)

On 10 December 1982 Bouterse stated on STVS television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia". Years later <mask> said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the commander of the battalion, Paul Bhagwandas, who died in 1996.Bouterse accepted political responsibility as leader, but still denied any direct involvement. The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until 30 November 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In an interview with Al Jazeera in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, <mask>'s party member Andre Misiekaba said, during a debate in the Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed." Amnesty for December Murders

On 1 February 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about the December Murders because he wanted to clear his name before he died: he was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live.After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, the court-martial decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for 23 March 2012. On 19 March, five members of Bouterse's political party Megacombinatie and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party Pertjajah Luhur proposed a law in the parliament which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the December Murders, including <mask> Bouterse. The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial. The parliamentary voting was to be held on 23 March, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in court that Bouterse personally killed two of the fifteen men: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus. That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue. On 4 April 2012, after three days of debate, the Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed.The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of <mask>'s coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community." The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law. The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop. On 13 April 2012, the public prosecutor in the December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court decided whether the trial would continue or not.Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven. Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial. The controversial amnesty law was protested both nationally and internationally. Organizations such as the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Reporters Without Borders and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the law and urged the Surinamese judges and the Public Prosecutor's Office to continue the trial. On 19 April 2012, Human Rights Watch demanded an immediate retraction of the law. Reaction from the Netherlands
After passage of the amnesty law, the Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid set aside for Suriname.President <mask> was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you for 20 million euros. We have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars". The Dutch Labour Party and the then ruling People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MP Rashied Doekhi, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairs Uri Rosenthal did not agree with these requests. On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial). 2019 conviction by the military court
The amnesty law was later overturned by a court ruling, and in November 2019 the military court convicted Bouterse to 20 years imprisonment for the December killings.On 22 January 2020, <mask>

masks: Dési Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Dési Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse


title: Dési Bouterse

texts:
 appeared before the court, in military uniform, to appeal this decision. Moiwana massacre of 1986

Moiwana is a Maroon village in the Marowijne District in the east of Suriname. The Suriname Guerrilla War (1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by <mask> <mask>, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, a guerrilla Maroon group better known as the Jungle Commando, led by <mask>'s former bodyguard Ronnie Brunswijk. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across the Marowijne River to neighbouring French Guiana. The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event.It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre. Herman Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation. The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative.It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing. In August 2005, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered Suriname to pay US$3 million in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a US$1.2 million fund for the development of Moiwana. The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished; however, previous governments, including Bouterse's government, have failed to do so. Drug trafficking
On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was convicted in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms of cocaine. Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-called Suri kartel, which is held responsible for the trafficking and smuggling of large amounts of cocaine from Suriname and Brazil into Europe (especially into the Netherlands) in the 1980s and 90s.Since 1999 Europol has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to the United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, since Bouterse was convicted before his election as head of state in 2010, he has no immunity under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law. In April 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, former fellow soldier of Bouterse and also a suspect in the December 1982 murders, said that in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bouterse supplied the FARC of Colombia with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy (published by Wikileaks) reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC. Bouterse's son Dino Bouterse was sentenced in 2005 to eight years' imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior.The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role. On 29 August 2013, Dino was arrested by the U.S. government's Drug Enforcement Administration in Panama while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to the United States and taken to New York City. He was prosecuted and in March 2015, he was sentenced to a 16-year prison term on convictions of drug smuggling and trying to help Hezbollah set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, <mask> insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only to make several million dollars. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting in Greece and Panama with DEA operatives posing as Hezbollah and Mexican drug traffickers. President of Suriname (2010–2020)
After the return of democratic government, led in succession by Ronald Venetiaan, Jules Wijdenbosch, and Venetiaan again, Bouterse tried repeatedly to return to power through elections.In the 2010 Surinamese legislative election, <mask> and his coalition, the Mega Combination (Mega Combinatie) became the biggest party in Suriname, gaining 23 of the 51 seats in the parliament. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the votes necessary to become president, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former opponent, Ronnie Brunswijk, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (Volks Alliantie) of Paul Somohardjo (6 seats), who had left the ruling New Front party before the election. On 19 July 2010, <mask> was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of the 51 votes; he assumed office on 12 August 2010. His running mate Robert Ameerali became Vice President of Suriname. His cabinet consisted of the following members:

The first minister of Spatial Planning Martinus Sastroredjo (KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded by Simon Martosatiman, also a member of the political party KTPI.The second minister to leave office due to personal reasons was Miss Wonnie Boedhoe, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet. By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They included Paul Abena (Sport- & Youth Affairs), Martin Misiedjan (Justice & Police), Celsius Waterberg (Public Health), Linus Diko (Regional Development), and Simon Martosatiman. The ministers Raymond Sapoen, Michael Miskin and Ginmardo Kromosoeto were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed. Mahinder Gopie had served as the secretary of the president and was made the deputy minister of Regional Development. Abigail Lie A Kwie, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairman Paul Somohardjo, started as the deputy minister of Public Works & Traffic, but was moved in October 2012 to the ministry of Agriculture.The president's four top advisors are Jules Wijdenbosch, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs; Errol Alibux, who advises the president about foreign affairs and international laws; Eddy Jozefzoon, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; and Andy Rusland, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointed Cliffton Limburg as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installed Gillmore Hoefdraad, a former International Monetary Fund (IMF) official, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Suriname. After the 2015 Surinamese legislative election, <mask>'s NDP won 26 seats; he was reelected unopposed on 14 July 2015. On 23 June 2020, <mask> announced that he did not want to take his seat in the National Assembly even though he had been elected in the 2020 Surinamese general election. As such, Soewarto Moestadja, who was on seventh place on the NDP list, had become eligible for taking the seat in the National Assembly. Moestadja, being the oldest member, chaired the first meeting of the Assembly.Bouterse was not a candidate for the presidency in the 2020 elections, and as no other candidates other than Chan Santokhi had been nominated by the deadline of 8 July 2020 at 15:00 (UTC−3), Santokhi was elected as his successor on 13 July in an uncontested election. Bouterse announced his retirement from politics on 16 July 2020. Controversial honouring of the coup
After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent 1980 Surinamese coup d'état; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star, the highest honor of Suriname. This action was met with international outrage, all nine (and Bouterse) having been involved with the December murders. After becoming president, Bouterse designated 25 February, the anniversary of the coup d'état, as a national holiday. Former president Ronald Venetiaan has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning. Pardons
In December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years' imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader.Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence. The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends should not get a pardon" said former justice minister Chan Santokhi. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon.According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU). <mask>, son of President <mask>, was appointed to head this unit. Bouterse has hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former military Etienne Boerenveen and Hans Jannasch. "Such people now circulate around the state power", said Ronald Venetiaan, former president of Suriname. Meriba was arrested again on 23 March 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub. He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.References

External links

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1945 births
December murders
Leaders who took power by coup
Living people
National Democratic Party (Suriname) politicians
People convicted of drug offenses
People from Wanica District
Presidents of Suriname
Politicians convicted of murder
Royal Netherlands Army personnel
Surinamese drug traffickers
Surinamese military personnel
Surinamese people of Chinese descent
Surinamese people of Dutch descent
Surinamese people of French descent
Surinamese people of indigenous peoples descent
Surinamese Pentecostals
Surinamese politicians of Chinese descent
Politicide perpetrators
Surinamese

masks:
Dési
Bouterse
Bouterse
Dino Bouterse
Bouterse
Bouterse
Bouterse
Bouterse
Dino Bouterse
Bouterse


title: Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet  (31 March 1831 – 15 May 1897), was an Australian businessman and philanthropist in the Colony of Victoria. He was raised to the baronetage in 1882, the first Victorian to be granted a hereditary honour. Clarke was born in Van Diemen's Land, the son of the pastoralist <mask>. He arrived in the Port Phillip District (the future Victoria) in 1850, where he managed many of his father's properties and acquired some of his own. Upon his father's death in 1874, he became the largest landowner in the colony. Clarke was made a baronet for his work as the head of the Melbourne International Exhibition, which brought Australia to international attention. He also served terms as president of the Australian Club, president of the Victorian Football Association, and president of the Melbourne Cricket Club, and was prominent in yachting and horse racing circles.Clarke gave generously to charitable organisations, and also made significant financial contributions to the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and the University of Melbourne. He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1878 until 1897, although he was not particularly active in politics. Early life
Clarke was born at Lovely Banks (one of his father's properties, near Jericho) in Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania), the eldest of three sons of <mask> Turner Clarke and his wife Eliza (née Dowling). Clarke senior was an early Tasmanian colonist, who acquired large pastoral properties in Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New Zealand and settled afterwards in Victoria at Rupertswood, Sunbury. Clarke first arrived in Victoria in 1850, when he spent a couple of years in the study of sheep farming on his father's Dowling Forest station, and afterwards in the management of the Woodlands station on the Wimmera. For the next ten years he resided in Tasmania, working the Norton-Mandeville estate in conjunction with his brother, Joseph Clarke. Career

Clarke took some interest in local government and was chairman of the Braybrook Road Board.On the death of his father he found himself with a very large income, much of which he began to use for the benefit of the state. His largest gifts were £10,000 for the building fund of St Paul's cathedral and £7000 for Trinity College, Melbourne University. In 1862 Clarke stood against George Higinbotham in the Brighton by-election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly, but was not elected. He was elected a member of the Victorian Legislative Council for the Southern Province in September 1878, but never took a prominent part in politics. In 1862 Clarke assumed the management of his father's concerns in Victoria, and on the latter's death in 1874 succeeded to his estates in that colony. In the same year he was appointed president of the commissioners of the Melbourne international exhibition which was opened on 1 October 1880. In 1882 he gave £3,000 to found a scholarship in the Royal College of Music.For many years Clarke bore the full expense of the Rupertswood battery of horse artillery at Sunbury, Victoria. Amongst Sir <mask>'s other public donations are the gift of £2000 to the Indian Famine Relief Fund, of £10,000 towards building the Anglican Cathedral at Melbourne, and of £7000 to Trinity College, Melbourne University. Clarke also took interest in various forms of sport, his yacht, the Janet, won several races, but he was not very successful on the turf; the most important race he won being the V.R.C. Oaks. He was the inaugural president of the Victorian Football Association, presiding from 1877 until 1882. He was the patron of many agricultural societies and did much to improve the breed of cattle in Victoria. Before the Victorian department of agriculture was established he provided a laboratory for Ralph Waldo Emerson MacIvor,
and paid him to lecture on agricultural chemistry in farming centres.In 1886, he was a member of the Victorian commission to the Colonial and Indian exhibition, and in the same year Cambridge gave him the honorary degree of LL.D. Clarke was a very prominent Victorian Freemason and was elected provincial grand master of the Irish Constitution in 1881 and then district grand master of both the Scottish and English Constitutions in 1884. In 1889 he became the very first Most Worshipful Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria, an amalgamation of the three bodies that had operated at that time under their own constitutions. In 1885 he had largely financed the building of the Freemasons' Hall at 25 Collins Street. Later life
In Clarke's later years, although his interests lay principally in the country, he lived at his town house Cliveden in East Melbourne. He died suddenly at Melbourne on 15 May 1897. He was created a baronet in 1882, by Queen Victoria in recognition for his many donations and for his presiding over the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880.He married twice, firstly in 1860 to Mary Walker, daughter of the Tasmanian businessman and politician John Walker. He was widowed in April 1871, and in January 1873 remarried to Janet Marian Snodgrass, the daughter of the Victorian pastoralist and politician Peter Snodgrass. He had two sons and two daughters by his first wife, and another four sons and four daughters by his second; he was survived by Janet and nine of his children. Clarke was a household name in Victoria. He made a few large donations but his help could constantly be relied on by hospitals, charitable institutions, and agricultural and other societies. He divided one of his estates into small holdings and was a model landlord, and he showed much foresight in allying science with agriculture by employing MacIvor as a lecturer. His second wife, Janet, who had been associated with him in philanthropic movements, kept up her interest in them, especially in all matters relating to women, until her death on 28 April 1909.One of their sons, Sir Francis Grenville Clarke, went into politics and was a member of several Victorian ministries. He became president of the Legislative Council in 1923 and held that position for almost 20 years and was created K.B.E. in 1926. His son Rupert succeeded him as the 2nd Baronet. The baronetcy of Clarke of Rupertswood is one of only two active hereditary titles in an Australian family. His second son, Ernest Edward Dowling Clarke (1869–1941), was a noted racehorse owner, closely associated with trainer James Scobie. Footnotes

References

Sylvia Morrissey, 'Clarke, Sir <mask> (1831 - 1897)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3, MUP, 1969, pp 422–424.1831 births
1897 deaths
Australian philanthropists
Australian recipients of a British baronetcy
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
VFA/VFL administrators
Australian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
19th-century Australian politicians
People from Tasmania
Australian pastoralists
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century Australian businesspeople

masks:
Sir William John Clarke
William John Turner Clarke
William John
William Clarke
William John


title: Herculine Barbin

texts:
<mask> (November 8, 1838 – February 1868) was a French intersex person who was assigned female at birth and raised in a convent, but was later reclassified as male by a court of law, after an affair and physical examination. She is known for her memoir, Herculine Barbin, which was studied by Michel Foucault. Early life
Most of what is known about <mask> comes from her later memoirs. Herculine <mask> was born in Saint-Jean-d'Angély in France in 1838. She was assigned as a girl and raised as such; her family named her Alexina. Her family was poor but she gained a charity scholarship to study in the school of an Ursuline convent. According to her account, she was enamoured of an aristocratic female friend in school.She regarded herself as unattractive but sometimes slipped into her friend's room at night and was sometimes punished for it. Her studies were successful and in 1856, at 17, she was sent to Le Château to study to become a teacher. There, she fell in love with one of her teachers. Puberty
Although Barbin was in puberty, she had not begun to menstruate and remained flat chested. The hairs on her cheeks and upper lip were noticeable. In 1857 Barbin received a position as an assistant teacher in a girls' school. She fell in love with another teacher, Sara, and demanded that only Sara should dress her.Sara's ministrations turned into caresses and they became lovers. Eventually, rumors about their affair began to circulate. <mask>, although in poor health her whole life, began to suffer excruciating pains. When a doctor examined her, he was shocked and asked that she should be sent away from the school, but she stayed. Eventually, the devoutly Catholic <mask> confessed to Jean-François-Anne Landriot, the Bishop of La Rochelle. He asked <mask>'s permission to break the confessional silence in order to send for a doctor to examine her. When Dr. Chesnet did so in 1860, he discovered that although Barbin had a small vagina, she had a masculine body type, a very small penis, and testicles inside her body.In 20th-century medical terms, she had male pseudohermaphroditism. Reassignment as male
A later legal decision declared officially that <mask> was male. She left her lover and her job, changed her name to <mask> and was briefly mentioned in the press. She moved to Paris where she lived in poverty and wrote her memoirs, reputedly as a part of therapy. In the memoirs, <mask> would use female pronouns when writing about her life prior to sexual redesignation and male pronouns, including Alexina and Camille, following the declaration. Nevertheless, Barbin clearly regarded herself as punished, and "disinherited", subject to a "ridiculous inquisition". In his commentary to <mask>'s memoirs, Michel Foucault presented Barbin as an example of the "happy limbo of a non-identity", but whose masculinity marked her from her contemporaries.Morgan Holmes states that <mask>'s own writings showed that she saw herself as an "exceptional female", but female nonetheless. Death
In February 1868, the concierge of <mask>'s house in rue de l'École-de-Médecine found her dead in her home. She had died by suicide by inhaling gas from her coal gas stove. The memoirs were found beside her bed. Publication of memoirs

Dr. Regnier reported the death, recovered the memoirs and performed an autopsy. Later he gave the memoirs to Auguste Ambroise Tardieu, who published excerpts as "Histoire et souvenirs d'Alexina B." ("The Story and Memoirs of Alexina B.")in his book Question médico-légale de l'identité dans ses rapport avec les vices de conformation des organes sexuels, contenant les souvenirs et impressions d'un individu dont le sexe avait été méconnu ("Forensics of Identity Involving Deformities of the Sexual Organs, along with the Memoirs and Impressions of an Individual whose Sex was Misidentified") (Paris: J.-B. Ballière et Fils, 1872). The excerpts were translated into English in 1980. Michel Foucault discovered the memoirs in the 1970s while conducting research at the French Department of Public Hygiene. He had the journals republished as Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. In his edition, Foucault also included a set of medical reports, legal documents, and newspaper articles, as well as a short story adaptation by Oscar Panizza. Modern commentaries and references
According to Morgan Holmes, the anthropologist Gilbert Herdt has identified Barbin as providing a crisis for "modern ideology" through an identification as neither male nor female, but Barbin's own writings describe a self-identification as female, albeit an exceptional female.<mask>'s memoirs inspired the French film The Mystery of Alexina. Jeffrey Eugenides in his book Middlesex treats concurrent themes, as does Virginia Woolf in her book, Orlando: A Biography. Judith Butler refers to Foucault's commentary on <mask> at various points in their 1990 Gender Trouble, including their chapter "Foucault, Herculine, and the Politics of Sexual Discontinuity." <mask> appears as a character in the play A Mouthful of Birds by Caryl Churchill and David Lan. <mask> also appears as a character in the play Hidden: A Gender by Kate Bornstein. Herculine, a full-length play based on the memoirs of <mask>, is by Garrett Heater. Kira Obolensky also wrote a two-act stage adaptation entitled The Adventures of Herculina.In 2014, a  manuscript entitled Dear Herculine by Aaron Apps won the 2014 Sawtooth Poetry Prize from Ahsahta Press. Commemoration
The birthday of <mask> <mask> on 8 November is marked as Intersex Day of Remembrance. See also
 Intersex in history
 Intersex rights in France
 Timeline of intersex history
 David Reimer

References

Sources and further reading

External links
  Adelaïde-<mask> <mask>, Mes-souvenirs. Commentary about the memoirs in the PubMed Central. Herculine Barbin. Hermafroditismo y condena. 1838 births
1868 deaths
French women memoirists
Intersex women
Intersex in history
Suicides by gas
Suicides in France
People from Charente-Maritime
French lesbian writers
19th-century French memoirists
19th-century LGBT people
1860s suicides
Intersex writers
LGBT memoirists

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title: Franklin McMahon

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<mask> (September 9, 1921 – March 3, 2012) was an American artist-reporter. of The Sunday Telegraph of London:

His artistic output also included films and books. Other than in his very early years when he did illustrations "on spec", he was not an "after-the-fact" illustrator. In his own words, drawing from life made him an "artist-reporter" or a "reportorial artist." "That way," he said, "you can see around the corner." Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Chicago, IL in 1921. He and his parents lived in Beverly Hills, CA for a time, returning to Chicago in his teens.He commuted to the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, IL to attend Fenwick High School, where his cartoon drawings were published in the school's newspaper, "The Wick." Collier's Weekly, a weekly national news magazine, noticed one of his cartoons. Thereafter, they paid him when they saw one they wanted to use. When he graduated in 1939, the Colliers connection helped land him his first job, as an apprentice in an art studio. During World War II, he was an Army Air Corps B-17 navigator, and was shot down in action in January 1945. He spent several months in a German prison camp. On occasion, when he could get hold of some paper, he drew his guards.Post-war years, family, and continuing life

After the war, he married high school sweetheart Irene Leahy and used the GI Bill to attend night classes at Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, American Academy of Art, Harrington College of Design, and the Art Institute of Chicago. <mask> and Irene had nine children. Inspired at a young age by <mask>'s work, his son <mask>, went on to continue creating work in the artist-reporter's style. Artistic output and areas of activity
<mask>'s overwhelming main artistic output was his 8,000-9,000 drawings. He also produced films and books. His films incorporate drawings (see Technique section), at a rate of 200–300 drawings per ½ hour of film. The books, although sometimes labelled as "illustrated" by <mask>, had the same kind of ["on site"] drawings as those from the courtroom, the political arena, and all his other spheres of activity.Even his commercial work had drawings mainly done on site, not after-the-fact illustrations for existing text. Civil Rights and the Space Race

<mask>'s work in both of these aspects of mid-20th Century American history helps illustrate his role as an artist-reporter. He began reporting from the courtroom in 1955, after some of his very early work came to the attention of Life magazine's editors. Because cameras were not allowed at the Mississippi trial of the suspected killers of Chicago teenager Emmett Till, Life commissioned him to go there to sketch courtroom events. His drawings, and in particular, one of Till's great-uncle, Moses Wright, standing to point at the accused men, were seen nationwide. From then on, on-site reporting with his drawings was a major part of his life work. The Emmett Till trial in September 1955 was the early catalyst for the civil rights movement.<mask>'s on-site and on-deadline images from Mississippi, published nationwide in Life magazine, provided the visualization that helped spur Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on the bus in December 1955, which then led to the Montgomery bus boycott and to bringing Martin Luther King Jr. to national attention, along with fellow boycott leader Ralph Abernathy. <mask> was in attendance for King's "I Have a Dream" speech during the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. He also covered the two 1964 mistrials of the murderer of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. In March 1965, King's march for black enfranchisement was going from Selma to the Alabama Capital Montgomery. About that time, <mask> was returning from Cape Kennedy, Florida, after covering one of the U. S.'s manned space launches. He heard of the march on his car radio, and took a detour, arriving in time to document King's arrival in Montgomery. He also covered King in Chicago in 1966, the United Farm Workers protest in 1968, and the 1968 Chicago riots following King's death.In 1969-70, <mask> was courtroom artist at the infamous "conspiracy" trial of the eight (later just seven) defendants, resulting from protests during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. The 8th defendant, Bobby Seale, was eventually bound, shackled, and gagged, then separated from the group and sentenced for contempt of court by the judge. The trial lasted 5 months, with <mask> producing almost 500 courtroom drawings. They were published across the nation, including an entire issue of the Chicago Tribune's Sunday magazine section. The Chicago History Museum currently owns both the collection of 483 drawings from that trial as well as that from the 1955 Emmett Till trial. In 1971, Marv Gold produced and directed the film 69 CR 180, an artist's report by <mask> featuring his courtroom drawings of the 1969 trial. The documentary animation was made, animated and narrated by <mask>, and edited by Ron Clasky.Civil rights was a continuing interest and vocation: he covered the presidential campaigns of black candidates Shirley Chisholm, U.S. House ('72) and the Reverend Jesse Jackson ('84, '88), and was at the 1995 Million Man March. During the Space Race of the '60s and '70s, <mask> was to return frequently to NASA's mission control, including his coverage of Neil Armstrong's walk on the moon. All would earn him a mention in NASA's book Eyewitness to Space. U.S. Politics

 He drew Democratic presidential candidate Governor Adlai Stevenson II ('52, '56) at his Libertyville, IL home. One of <mask>'s drawings of Stevenson hangs in that home, which is now a state historical site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He covered every Democratic and Republican campaign from 1960 through 2008, including attending a vast majority of the conventions, He made first-person drawings of the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon Debates (the first broadcast on live television) and later of Kennedy's funeral.During Richard Nixon's successful 1968 presidential run, <mask> also drew the "unelected White House guys" (H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and John N. Mitchell), that he correctly predicted would surround Nixon. His take on Nixon's 1974 resignation showed the disgraced ex-president escaping in a helicopter. There are <mask> drawings from the 1973 Watergate hearings, of Senator John McCain's "straight talk express" in New Hampshire in 2000, the stirring Barack Obama speech at the 2004 Democratic Convention, and on the 2004 presidential campaign trail with George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry. World religion

He was in Rome on October 11, 1962 for Opening Day of the Second Vatican Council, and went on to chronicle that major event through 1965. His film The World of Vatican II covers the opening and closing of Vatican II; and is a literal "travelogue in drawings" of many countries where Catholicism was facing new challenges at that time; and how and by whom they were being met. He followed Papal journeys, Council activations, and ministries in the Church world through the 1970s and 1980s.In the 1990s, he was in Chicago and South Africa with the Parliament of the World's Religions. Drawings he made in South Africa were published by Notre Dame Magazine and accompanied an article by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in U.S. Catholic Magazine. Culture and sports

<mask> accompanied conductor Sir Georg Solti and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on their first European tour in 1971. The whimsical title (Real Violins) of his film describing that trip refers to Chicago's reputation as a city where gangsters once carried machine guns in violin cases. He worked for Sports Illustrated Magazine on assignments ranging from the 1959 American League champion baseball team Chicago White Sox and Goose Hunting in Cairo, IL to the Acapulco Yacht Race in Mexico. Corporate and industrial

<mask> also created artwork for corporations and businesses. A series of decorative plates which he designed with Chicago themes for Continental Illinois National Bank (1972–1982) were given out as premiums at that time.They have since become collectors items, and are still traded on eBay. He did other work for Continental, and also had commercial commissions for McDonald's Corporation, International Harvester, Marshall Field & Company and Borg-Warner, among others. He had been heard to say that his work for Continental put several of his children through college. Film productions
<mask> and wife, Irene, formed a film distribution company called Rocinante Sight & Sound. They produced several award-winning documentary films, some of which were shown on television (CBS and PBS) for a number of years. The Chicago Film Archives, a non-profit regional film archive, houses and manages the <mask> Collection. The collection contains audio reels and films made by <mask> between the years 1965-1998.Filmography

 An American City at Christmas Time: An Artist's View (Chicago, 1978)
 The Artist as Reporter (1977)
 Primary Colors, An Artist on the Campaign Trail., Peabody Award, 1976 (List of Peabody Award winners (1970–1979))
 Real Violins (1975)
 Portrait of an Election WTTW-TV (1972) 2 Chicago Emmys
 World City (1968)
 <mask>'s Politicians  WTTW-TV (1968) Chicago Emmy
 The World of Vatican II: An Artist's Report (1967)
 69 CR 180: An Artist's Report (1971)

Publications
His book This Church, These Times contains more than 100 drawings, along with text by Father Francis X. Murphy and introduction by Father Theodore Hesburgh, then the head of the University of Notre Dame. He illustrated an essay on Richard Nixon's White House for World Book Encyclopedia and early in his career, illustrated a number of books for textbook publisher Scott Foresman and Company, including one on the Illinois Constitution, for which he traveled around the state. Other books with his drawings include Vittles and Vice (1952), You are Promise (1974) with Martin Marty, and From the land and back (1972) with Curtis Stadfeld . Also On The Spot Drawing (1969), American national government, Policy and politics, and Eyewitness to Space. In 1994, American Artist Magazine featured his article, "Reporting from Around The World" in their publication, Watercolor. Recognition

Museum and Collection holdings

<mask>'s work is in the permanent collections of the Library of Congress, the National Air and Space Museum (of the Smithsonian Institution), The University of Chicago, The Borg-Warner Corporation, Time Inc., Binghamton University, The New Britain Museum of American Art, George Washington University, the Lake County IL Discovery Museum as well as the already mentioned 500 + works in the Chicago History Museum. Many of <mask>'s works are represented in the Corbis Collection.Exhibitions (a brief list)

Works by <mask> have been exhibited at
 Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
 Chicago History Museum in Chicago, IL
 New-York Historical Society Museum & Library in New York City
 Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, NY
 The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art of Art in Sarasota, FL
 The Art Institute of Chicago
 Loyola University Museum of Art
 Lake County IL Discovery Museum
 The Mint Museum in Charlotte, NC
 Snite Museum of Art in Notre Dame, IN
 Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, IL
 CNN Center in Atlanta. GA
 Park Avenue Atrium Gallery in New York City
 Kraushaar Galleries in New York City
 The Peace Museum in Chicago, IL (museum closed in 2007)
 Selma Performing Arts Center in Selma, AL
 Benedicta Arts Center in St. Joseph, MN

Honors and awards

<mask> won the Renaissance Prize of the Art Institute of Chicago. The Society of Illustrators elected him to its Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Artists Guild of New York chose him as "Artist of the Year" in 1963. His documentary films of several presidential campaigns earned him three Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award. He also received the Minority Economic Resources Corporation's Martin Luther King Jr. Award for Civil Rights Achievement (2000), and honorary degrees from Loyola University Chicago (1985) and Lake Forest College(1979). He was a part of the guiding faculty of the Famous Artists School and served as a guest instructor at Syracuse University, Rhode Island School of Design and The Smithsonian Institution. <mask> was a long-standing member of The Society of Typographic Arts (STA), Chicago of which he is an Honorary Member, and a thirty-six year member of the Twenty—Seven Chicago Designers (1950–1986).Technique
<mask>'s on-the-spot drawings were generally done with a charcoal pencil, then colored in his home studio afterwards, using acrylic watercolors. In the films for which he won the Emmy and Peabody awards, the process is similar to what is often done when scanning old daguerreotypes: using a moving camera to make more than a dry slideshow from a series of still images. However, in his films, the path of the camera is computerized, liberal use is made of zooming, and a carefully selected soundtrack accompanies all. The "digital age" equivalent is known as the Ken Burns Effect, but <mask>'s films were made decades before Burns' work, and the effect is somewhat different. The following is typical of the reaction when such films of his works are seen by viewers:

This ... motion picture is a film of drawings, but not of static drawings ... it seems to have been made by cameras moving seamlessly over hundreds of drawings. The overall effect is almost that it has been filmed live ... yet it is ... drawings. References

External links

 New York Times Obituary
 <mask> paintings in the Corbis Collection
 Web site created for the 1996 election cycle.A family Related Web site. Another family Related Web site

1921 births
American reporters and correspondents
2012 deaths
Artists from Chicago
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American prisoners of war in World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Shot-down aviators
Military personnel from Illinois

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title: Kenneth Hahn

texts:
<mask> (August 19, 1920 – October 12, 1997) was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for forty years, from 1952 to 1992. <mask> was on the Los Angeles City Council from 1947 to 1952. He was an ardent supporter of civil rights throughout the 1960s, and met Martin Luther King Jr. in 1961.<ref>"<mask><mask>, 77, Is Dead; Political Giant in Los Angeles", The New York Times',' October 14, 1997</ref>

Early life
<mask> was born August 19, 1920, in Los Angeles, the son of Hattie Louise (Wiggins) of Nottawa, Canada, and <mask>. The couple moved to Los Angeles in 1919, and <mask>'s father died just a few months later. The couple had seven sons—Henry, John, Allan, Louis, George, Gordon and <mask>. He went to public schools in Los Angeles, including John Muir Junior High School and Fremont High School, class of 1938. He graduated from Pepperdine College in 1942.He received a master's degree in education while he was on the City Council, earned after "Six years of study in summer and late afternoon sessions." He also had a secondary-school teaching credential.Los Angeles Public Library file B

<mask> began his working career as a partner in the Hahn Brothers' Service Station at 6300 South Main Street, at the foot of San Pedro Street in the South Park area. Before World War II he was a messenger for the County Probation Department and the Los Angeles Police  Department. Military service
<mask> entered the Navy as an enlisted man in 1942 and earned a commission after studying at naval schools at Northwestern and Notre Dame universities. He was a ship's pilot in San Pedro, the youngest pilot in the history of the Port of Los Angeles. He served with the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the South Pacific as the commanding officer of a supply ship and was discharged in 1946 as a lieutenant.After the war, in 1947, he taught American government and history at Pepperdine.Los Angeles Public Library file A

Career
<mask>'s first try for public office was as a candidate for the State Assembly in the 66th District in June 1946. <mask>, a Democrat, won the Republican nomination in the primary election but lost the Democratic nomination, and therefore he could not compete. Instead the Republicans were able to nominate another candidate at a convention. City Council

Elections
<mask> unseated Charles A. Allen, the incumbent in Los Angeles City Council District 8, in 1947. He was supported by students at Pepperdine College, which at that time was located in the 8th District: they circulated his nominating petitions and did house-to-house campaigning for him. At age 26 he was the youngest person elected to the City Council to that time. He was reelected in 1949 and 1951.In that era, the 8th District was bounded on the north by Vernon Avenue, on the west by Western Avenue, on the east by the city limits or Alameda Street and on the south by about Slauson Avenue. <mask> left the council on December 1, 1952, when he became a county supervisor. Positions
Jail, 1947. He urged a delay in the building of a new jail in Lincoln Heights until the council could hear from Assemblyman Vernon Kilpatrick, who declared in a letter that the proposed lockup represented "outmoded thinking concerning jail programs" and suggested that the money be spent for more "sunshine and fresh air" prison camps. His motion failed on a 6–6 vote. Smog, 1949. The council adopted <mask>'s resolution asking Air Pollution Control Director Gordon P. Larson to appear before it to report on the worsening smog situation in Los Angeles."The entire smog program seems to have bogged down," he said. "Yesterday it was almost impossible to breathe in my office, and I am informed that some places had to shut down completely." Feud, 1950. He and Councilman Harold Harby engaged in what was called a "feud" over various subjects, including their differences concerning the subject of continuing wartime rent control in Los Angeles, with <mask> favoring and Harby opposing. Harby also called a suggestion by <mask> for a pay raise for city employees "political prostitution in its lowest form." Harby used the same term, calling <mask> a "political prostitute" in a raucous debate over the fate of a $110-million-dollar public housing proposal for the city (<mask> in favor and Harby opposed). At one point, Harby "reached over" and shoved <mask> back into his seat.Birds, 1951. <mask> proposed a special police patrol to protect birds nesting on the City Hall grounds. The idea was referred to a committee. Un-American, 1952. <mask> and Council Members Harold A. Henry, Earle D. Baker and J. Win Austin attended a dinner meeting in South Gate to honor the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Board of Supervisors

<mask> was elected to the County Board of Supervisors for the first time in 1952.He was elected to his tenth term in 1988 with 84% of the vote. He was known  for his promotion of social causes, bringing the Los Angeles Dodgers to Los Angeles and putting emergency call boxes along freeways. In 1970 he joined with his personal physician, cardiologist Walter S. Graf, to establish the first system of emergency paramedic care in California; <mask> is credited with winning support for the then-radical idea from the Board of Supervisors and the state legislature, and persuading then-governor Ronald Reagan to sign the bill authorizing the provision of emergency medical care by trained personnel other than doctors and nurses. At the Board of Supervisors, <mask> designed the County Seal adopted in 1957, which was modified in 2004 due to the Christian cross on the seal. The American Civil Liberties Union had threatened a lawsuit if the county had not removed the cross. In 1961, <mask> was the only public official to greet Martin Luther King Jr. when he came to Los Angeles "after confronting the police dogs and water hoses of Birmingham".Simon, Richard; et al. (October 13, 1997), "People's Politician <mask> Dies", Los Angeles Times, p. B-1

At the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission, <mask> proposed and eventually achieved consensus in favor of putting a proposition on the ballot that not only included funding for a rail network (controversial in some suburban communities), but also funding for local transit to be spent by the local communities as well as lower bus fares for three years.While the two previous rail transit ballot measures were rejected by the electorate, the compromise Proposition A was approved at the November 4, 1980 election by 54% of voters and eventually led to the creation of the Los Angeles Metro Rail network. Death
<mask> died of heart failure on October 12, 1997, at the age of 77 in an Inglewood hospital. A funeral service was held at Faith Dome of Crenshaw Christian Center on Vermont Avenue, and interment followed at Inglewood Park Cemetery.Our Weekly

Personal life
<mask> was married to Ramona <mask>. They had two children, James and Janice. They lived at 833-1/2 West 69th Street in the Vermont-Slauson district. He was a "deeply religious man who often quoted Scripture". <mask> was reported to have suffered a stroke in 1987, from which he recovered over a lengthy period of time.His recovery did not substantially affect his popularity or reelection. <mask> belonged to an influential Los Angeles political dynasty: One brother, <mask>, replaced him on the Los Angeles City Council, while another, John, was assistant county clerk. His son, <mask>, was Los Angeles city attorney from 1985 to 2001 and mayor from 2001 to 2005. <mask> is now a judge on the Los Angeles County Superior Court. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, was on the Los Angeles City Council and was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives; she is now on the County Board of Supervisors. A nephew, <mask>, was a Superior Court judge (in San Mateo County) until retiring in 2004. <mask> is memorialized in the name of the main county building in Downtown Los Angeles as the <mask> Hall of Administration.He is also remembered in the naming of a large park in Baldwin Hills, the <mask> State Recreation Area. The 103rd Street/Kenneth Hahn station on the A Line of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail is named in his honor. For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners. References
Access to the Los Angeles Times'' links may require the use of a library card. External links
  "<mask>'s Career Highlights", Los Angeles Times, Rasmussen, Cecilia (October 31, 1991)

1920 births
1997 deaths
Los Angeles City Council members
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Politicians from Los Angeles
Military personnel from California
American members of the Churches of Christ
American people of Canadian descent
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
California Democrats
Pepperdine University alumni
20th-century American politicians
<mask> family
John C. Fremont High School alumni

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