title: Brent Berlin

texts:
<mask> (born 1936) is an American anthropologist, most noted for his work with linguist Paul Kay on color, and his ethnobiological research among the Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. He received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1964. Until recently, <mask> was Graham Perdue Professor of Anthropology at the University of Georgia, where he was also director of the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies and co-director for the Laboratories of Ethnobiology. His work alongside Paul Kay on the 1969 publication of Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution built on the ideas of Lazarus Geiger in the field of color terminology research and has been highly influential in anthropology, linguistics and cognitive sciences. <mask> and Kay concluded that the number of basic color terms in the world's languages are limited and center on certain focal colors, assumed to be cognitively hardwired. He led the Maya ICGB project, a bioprospecting consortium, supported by the Biodiversity Program for the National Institutes of Health, which was closed in 2001 after accusations of failure to obtain adequate informed consent from the Maya community from which he obtained indigenous knowledge. These allegations were primarily driven by a Canadian-based political activist organization, known at the time as RAFI.He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1981. Works in ethnobiology
Berlin is well known in the field of ethnobiology, or the study of how people name, use, and organize the names and the knowledge about the plants and animals around them. He also further focused on Folk biology, a sub field of ethnobiology, which refers to the biological classification and reasoning particular to a cultural group. Understanding societies’ interactions with their environment is vital to understanding the culture of the people. Berlin’s contribution to the evolution of ethnobiology as a field has been invaluable to many anthropologists. Considering "a series of landmark publications concerning ethnobiological classification, Berlin has remained a prime architect of the descriptive and analytic frameworks now widely regarded as standard and major theory. "(1994)

Covert Categories and Folk Taxonomies (1968)
In 1968, Berlin, Breedlove and Raven studied the botanical ethnography of the Tzeltal Maya people of Chiapas, Mexico.They published an article titled Covert Categories and Folk Taxonomy. They found a way to determine, with a high degree of reliability, the major outlines of the named taxonomic structure of the plant world for Tzeltal speakers. Tzeltal is one of the Mayan languages spoken in Mexico, in which most linguists distinguish six different regional dialects. In this study, they found many cultural and meaningful categories related by inclusion that are not conventionally labeled. In their language, the different plants in each category all have a common word structure that puts them apart from all of the other plants. They found that you cannot trace the words back to a single source where all plant names are included. In most languages, they have a "unique beginner" that you can trace the names back to.What <mask> and his colleagues found is that plants and animals are thought of as two separate unnamed classes. In plant taxonomy, the highest level is not a "unique beginner" but is instead represented by four major lexemes or units. These four levels are trees, vines, grasses, and herbs. There are more minor classes that include cacti, agaves, bamboos, etc. There are also very few midlevel plant categories. All of the Tzeltal specific taxa (those that which include no other members) fall into the different major and minor sublevels in their taxonomy. But, it is odd to note that the midlevel category hihte, or "oak", contains the plants sikyok and cikinib which neither share the same linguistic structure with their "parent plant."To test the hypothesis they first went through the community, observed, and recorded information from their informants comments of the plants in their natural habitats. When they went out into the field to collect data, they noticed that some of 10,000 specimens that were located in the same named contrast set were closely related than others. They take into account the uses of the certain plants including food, herbs, firewood and so on. A second method that was used helped with searching for possible subgroupings within contrast sets of large numbers was to determine the extent to which informants subdivided lists of plant names. To do this, they wrote the names of different names of plants and animals on slips of papers and then gave them to their informants. After doing this, the informants then put the slips of papers into groups that were most like each other. The results showed that they had no trouble placing them in the different categories of "plants" and "animals."This also showed that though they did not have a word for it they did know of the existence of "plants." After this, they broke down the taxonomy even further by giving them different "plant" names and asking them the same question, as before they had no problem labeling each plant into the different groups or categories. After they established that they understood the existence of subgroupings, they used three different procedures to find out how they define the features of certain plants. The first procedure was called the triads test in which the informants chose which item out of a group of three was the most different. The results indicated how they group things together based upon similarity. The second procedure involved constructing folk keys. The keys are used to help distinguish the different plants from the other based upon the traits.They then used these to get a better understanding of why certain plants were put in certain places in their taxonomy. First they would give the informants the names of plants that they had earlier grouped together (when the researchers gave them the slips of papers with names on them), then they were asked to create a key that would help distinguish each plant from each other. In doing this, the informants showed how they make their divisions between plants and decide which group to put them in. Finally, they conducted a study consisting of paired comparisons of all the items in a particular set of plant names. The informants were asked to compare all the logical pairs in different sets and make logical comparisons and differences amongst them. Characteristics such as stem growth, size and shape of the stem and leaves, and fruit size and shape were all utilized when making the comparisons. This showed Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven what the "definitions" were for a set of terms and they were then able to bring together the like terms that were the most similar according to the informant in question.This study showed what the Tzeltal people deem as the most important features to them when they decide to on certain plants to take care of and plant for their very immediate survival. This results from this study shows that things that do not have names for the Tzeltal speakers still exist in their eyes. The hierarchies generated by their studies are not arbitrarily spaced, which therefore clearly implies a taxonomic structure. The plants still have a part in their lives and they still identify with them even though they may not have a name. The process of having a given a name to certain life forms in their ecology shows just how much these people are attached to their surroundings. It also shows what to them is considered a life form and what is not. The study proves that we should not take shallow taxonomic hierarchies for granted and should have further studies concerning them to show that the different languages go deeper than we actually let on to them.The study helps outline three great studies that others can use to set up their own studies. It can help researchers understand why sometimes it is hard to identify where the midlevel on a taxonomy hierarchy is or even if it exists at all in a certain community. General Principles of Classification and Nomenclature in Folk Biology (1973)
One of the first works Berlin published in relation to the budding field of ethnobiology was also one of his more influential:  General Principles of Classification and Nomenclature in Folk Biology (1973) was coauthored with Dennis Breedlove of the California Academy of Sciences and Peter Raven of the Missouri Botanical Garden. In this journal article, <mask> and team intended to illustrate three hypotheses they felt were properly supported by the data they had acquired during the research they completed. First, it is possible to isolate organisms into linguistically recognized groups called taxa, or classes. Second, these taxa can be further broken down into no more than five smaller classes called taxonomic ethnobiological categories. These smaller categories are defined in terms of certain criteria, such as having certain linguistic or taxonomic feature that are recognizable.They continued to describe how these organisms, flora or fauna, belonging to each of these categories can be arranged into a complex taxonomic hierarchy. The five ethnobiological categories are as follows: unique beginner, life form, generic, specific, and varietal. Most, if not all organisms can be placed taxonomically into these categories. They turned their attentions to the formal linguistic structure of the lexemic nomenclature of the plants and animals and to which taxa each of these organisms belong to. After laying out the criteria and division of the taxa and lexemes, they used the information to discuss the Tzeltal and how they have a nomenclature system incredibly similar to that of Western botany’s division of plants. The data they had obtained studying the Tzeltal and the lexemic system used to name plants was found to conform, with only a few exceptions, to the hypotheses <mask>, Breedlove, and Raven had laid out. Finally, they attempt to show how the principles demonstrated by the research suggest they can be applied to many ethnobiological classification systems since they are general."While data on some aspects of ethnobotany and ethnozoology, especially the uses of plants and animals, are available from a wide variety of sources, good materials on the classificatory principles underlying folk biological taxonomy and nomenclature in non-Western societies are sadly lacking (1973). Berlin, Breedlove and Raven began to encourage and emphasize the importance in gaining ethnobiological information regarding nomenclature and utilizing the principles they laid out to increase our knowledge of potentially general cognitive categorizing, the people who use these taxonomic systems, and how these systems can influence our view of the environment around us. In a following article published in the American Ethnologist (1976), Berlin attempted to address some criticisms he had encountered regarding the ethnobiological concept of category, hereafter also referred to as rank, by applying some of his previous principles to new information on biological classification of the Aguaruna. Some claim the boundaries to determine ranks are arbitrary or that there is no validity to the rank concept. The conclusion of the report stated, "[…] the vast majority of conceptually recognized plant classes in Aguaruna are easily accommodated into one of the proposed ranks in a natural and straightforward fashion. These data suggest that ranks are neither arbitrary nor a mere typological cataloging device invented for the convenience of the ethnographer. On the contrary, the Aguaruna’s view of the plant world provides additional support for the hypothesis that the concept of rank is fundamental to all systems of folk biological classification"

masks:
Overton Brent Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin


title: Brent Berlin

type: original

texts:
 (1976).Ethnobiological Classification (1992)
One of Berlin’s most well known contributions to ethnobiology is his 1992 book, Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies. In this book, Berlin analyzes the widespread commonalities in classification and naming purposes of the local flora and fauna among traditional, non-literate societies. It helps develop and reaffirm the "universalist" approach to ethnobiology. He explains the "basic principles" that he feels form the groundwork for a comparative ethnobiology. He also talks about the three main levels of classification; generic, specific, and higher-order. He wants to stress the importance of prototypes and the fact that "perceptual motivation" underpins not only genera, but also intermediate and life form categories, although he points out that he understands that the life form categories does not neatly reflect biological taxa. In another part of the book, he explores the patterned variations in ethnobiological knowledge.He brings up an interesting suggestion that ethnobiological nomenclature is not necessarily arbitrary, but often reflects some aspect of the inherent quality of the organism. "<mask> maintains that these patterns can best be explained by the similarity of human beings' largely unconscious appreciation of the natural affinities among groupings of plants and animals: people recognize and name a grouping of organisms quite independently of its actual or potential usefulness or symbolic significance in human society" (2009). This implies that the ability and want to categorize is nearly innate in humans. This claim challenged some anthropologists’ beliefs that one’s sense of reality is determined by culture; that the subjective and unique view one has of their surroundings is controlled little by the world around the individual. He argues throughout the book against his colleagues that only natural species that have "evident utility for man have been named." He constantly argues against a neo-malinowskian functionalism. He makes humans out to seem as simply contemplative materialists unknowingly seeking out only the things that will ensure our happiness and survival and leaving everything else to be on its own for its own survival.He also focused on the structure of ethnobiological classification based on individual nomenclature systems he has researched or seen at work firsthand. He addressed the processes at work to affect the evolution of ethnobiology and the systems involved. Berlin has received a lot of praise on this book. In reference to the book, Terence Hays says, "Here, Berlin deals straightforwardly and systematically with his major critics, acknowledging that ‘the patterns recognized nearly two decades ago must now be restated in light of new evidence and new theoretical insights that have emerged since that time’" (1994:3). Medical Ethnobiology of the Highland Maya (1996)
Some of Berlin’s more recent work is focused on medical ethnobiology and modern Mayan populations. In 1996, in collaboration with his wife, Elois <mask>, he published a book entitled Medical Ethnobiology of the Highland Maya of Chiapas, Mexico: The Gastrointestinal Diseases. (1996)

In this work, Berlin and Berlin focus on two specific Maya speaking groups, the Tzeltal and the Tzotzil.As opposed to focusing on the standard ritual and symbolism approach to understanding the medicinal properties of Mayan healing, the book’s focus is on the ethnobotanical approach. The Tzeltal/Tzotzil have a wealth of knowledge regarding symptomatic diseases and the medicinal herbs that alleviate the symptoms associated with these diseases. Some of the most devastating diseases that affect these people are gastrointestinal diseases. Berlin and Berlin outline the symptomology, treatment, ingredients of the herbs administered, and even the classification of these diseases. Over the time that they researched, they began to realize that the administration of these herbs were condition specific were extremely effective if the condition was known to those treating. In 2008, <mask> and Elois <mask> were recognized by the Society for Economic Botany. They received the Distinguished Economic Botanist Award."‘The work of <mask> and Elois <mask> over the last four decades has led to major theoretical advances in cognitive and medical Ethnobiology,’ said Rick Stepp, a member of the council of the Society for Economic Botany. "(2008) <mask> has generated information and new techniques of analyzing data that has influenced many well established members of the field and up and coming students who strive to be an asset to the social sciences. Works on color
In the book, Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (1969), a collaboration between <mask> and Paul Kay, they used around 100 different languages to see how many basic color terms for each language are universal. The data they present states that there are around 11 universal basic color terms for languages in which there are always terms for white and black present in all languages. They depicted a set of stages which state that if there are 3 color terms presented, this is attributed to include red, also. There are several more steps in which other colors are then added until there are languages with 8 or more basic color terms. In one experiment, they used painted chips with several different color hues and told the speakers in their native language to point out the basic color in the focal point and the outer hues they also connect it to.This helped them gauge what difference in hues of colors people from different languages appropriated with each basic color term. Because there are many different names for colors in each society, the data helped note what the basic terms for simple colors were and how many different hues they connected to those basic colors. <mask> also studied the classifications of color for the Aguaruna people of north-central Peru. In this research, he found out that a majority of these people match up with the stage three color views from the 1969 work, in which the Aguaruna have names for black, white, red, and a color they call grue. In his article, Aguaruna Color Categories (1975), he discusses the findings of how they classify and name colors. When he mentions that they have the color grue, he states that it is a "GRUE [green + blue],…it appears to be blue rather than green"(1975). Although the majority of the people he studied matched up with this third stage of color classification and naming, there were others that often had the names to multiple other colors and were attributed to knowing more Spanish than the others.In their native language, it is possible that they did not have words for all of the colors that are available to use in Spanish. During their research, they soon noticed that there was no specific name for the word "color" in the Aguaruna language. Often, they had an easier time when speaking with the bilingual people that also knew Spanish. This helped them compile an early list of 10 color terms in both Spanish and Aguaruna. Instead of depending solely on the painted chips like they did in the previous experiment, they "began presenting items of natural or artificial object and asking...’what stain does it have’, a question provided us by a bilingual teacher"(1975). He mentioned later that they were able to find objects of all colors except pink and brown and that this type of color naming procedure helped the participants answer more quickly and was more enjoyable during the study. In addition to this way of color questioning, they also brought some painted cards because they could not find painted chips and used those along with the objects.During the research, they presented the colored objects and asked which types people associated with certain colors, in no particular order, and wrote the results down. After this questioning, they presented cards with different colors and told the participants to choose a focal point for various colors and point out how many cards they attributed to each color. In their findings they noticed how people that were monolingual in Aguaruna only recognized names for the basic white, black, red, and grue while others that spoke a little or were bilingual in Spanish knew the names of many more colors presented. In his findings on the topic of color terminology among the Aguaruna, he noticed that people with access to different languages outside of the community have picked up various names for colors from a different language and brought them into the community in order for some to have access to multiple color terms they might not have had in their own language. Bioprospecting and the Maya ICBG controversy

In 1998 Berlin and his wife, Elois A. <mask>, founded an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group - the Maya ICGB. The group was intended as a combined bioprospecting and research cooperative between the University of Georgia where the Berlins were employed, a Mexican university, a Welsh pharmaceutical company and a newly created NGO called PROMAYA supposed to represent the Indigenous Maya of Chiapas. The aim was to collect and document the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Maya peoples of Chiapas, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots with regards discovering, patent, produce and market medicines based on Maya ethnobiological knowledge.The NGO PROMAYA was established as a foundation through which the project could share rights and benefits with the indigenous holders of the medicinal knowledge. Soon after being initiated the project became the subject of harsh criticisms by indigenous activists and Mexican intellectuals who questioned how knowledge obtained from individual Maya could be patented by researchers or foreign pharmaceutical companies, how the PROMAYA NGO established by the Berlins and under their control could be considered representative of the many different Maya communities in Chiapas, and how it was possible for the knowledge that had been collective property of the Maya peoples to become suddenly privatized without the prior consent of each of the individual initial holders of the knowledge. The Berlins argued that the establishment of the NGO was the only feasible way of managing benefit sharing with the community and of obtaining prior informed consent, and they that since the traditional knowledge was in the public domain among the Maya no individual Maya could expect remuneration. As tensions mounted the Mexican partner withdrew its support for the project, and later the NIH, which caused the project to be closed down in 2001 - without having been able to produce any results. The Maya ICBG case was among the first to draw attention to the problems of distinguishing between bioprospecting and biopiracy, and to the difficulties of securing community participation and prior informed consent for bioprospectors. Select publications
Berlin, Brent. 1992.Ethnobiological classification: principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Berlin, Brent. 1995. "Huambisa Sound Symbolism." In Sound symbolism, edited by Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, and John J. Ohala. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press.<mask>, Elois Ann, and <mask>. 1996. Medical ethnobiology of the Highland Maya of Chiapas, Mexico: the gastrointestinal diseases. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. References

1936 births
American anthropologists
American anthropology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Anthropological linguists
Ethnobiologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Stanford University alumni
University of Georgia faculty
Fellows of the Cognitive

masks:
Brent Berlin
Ann Berlin
Brent Berlin
Ann Berlin
Brent Berlin
Ann Berlin
Brent Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Brent Berlin


title: William L. Utley

texts:
<mask> (July 10, 1814March 4, 1887) was an American portrait artist, hotel keeper, politician, newspaper editor, and Union Army Colonel from Racine, Wisconsin. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Free Soiler, and in the Wisconsin State Senate as a Republican. Early life

<mask> was born in Monson, Massachusetts, to Hamilton and <mask>. At age four, his father moved the family to Newbury Center, Ohio, about twenty miles east of Cleveland. He was educated by his father then moved to New York to further his studies as a portrait painter. <mask> was also an amateur violinist and played music for his uncle's dance classes while in New York. Early career in Wisconsin

<mask> moved to Racine, in the Wisconsin Territory, in 1844.He was employed as a portrait artist in Racine and also taught dancing lessons. He also became proprietor of the Racine House—the first large hotel in the area. He became associated with the newly organized Free Soil Party in 1848, along with a large portion of the population of Racine County. In 1850, was elected on the Free Soil ticket to the Wisconsin State Assembly from Racine's 1st district. He was re-elected in 1851. In 1852, he was appointed Adjutant General of the Wisconsin Militia by Governor <mask>. Farwell. When the Republican Party of Wisconsin became organized in 1854, <mask> became a member.He was elected to a two-year term in the Wisconsin State Senate from the 7th District (Racine County) in 1860, where he served on the Committee for the Militia. Civil War service

After the outbreak of the American Civil War, in 1861, <mask> was again appointed Adjutant General of the Wisconsin Militia, this time by Governor Alexander Randall. <mask> took the lead in organizing Wisconsin's volunteer regiments for the Union cause. Over the course of six months, he had helped raise nearly 30,000 soldiers and received a complimentary letter from President <mask> for his efforts. In January 1862, <mask>. Harvey took over as Governor and <mask> resumed his work in the Senate. But before the end of the year, Governor Harvey was dead and Governor Edward Salomon commissioned <mask> as a Colonel and ordered him to raise a regiment for service in the Union Army. Camp Utley was created out of a 75 acre lot between 16th Street and College Avenue in Racine, Wisconsin, and <mask> recruited and trained men from Racine, Rock, Green, and Walworth counties.The 22nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry mustered into service September 2, 1862, under Colonel <mask> and Lt. Colonel Edward Bloodgood. On September 22, they marched out with orders to proceed to Cincinnati and join the Army of Kentucky in blunting the Confederate Heartland Offensive. Fugitive slave incident

The 22nd encountered a number of escaped slaves in Kentucky. Kentucky was a slave state but still fought on the side of the Union in the Civil War, thus Union forces were ordered to return escaped slaves to their owners. <mask> refused the order and sheltered escaped slaves among his regiment, earning him the nickname the "Abolition Colonel" and the regiment the nickname the "Abolition Regiment". The case of one particular fugitive, a boy named "Adam", was well documented.Adam was claimed by Judge George Robertson, who had been Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. At the insistence of Judge Robertson, <mask> was prosecuted in the local courts for theft. <mask> wrote to former Governor Alexander Randall and President <mask> requesting their assistance in resolving the matter. On November 26, 1862, President <mask> wrote to Judge Robertson and offered him compensation up to $500 for the loss of his slave. At the end of the war, an $800 judgement was rendered against Colonel <mask> for having assisted the escape of Adam and other fugitive slaves. <mask> paid the fine, but was later reimbursed by the U.S. government. Prisoner of war

On March 3, 1863, the 22nd was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee.They were one of four regiments under the command of Colonel John Coburn ordered to perform reconnaissance toward Columbia, Tennessee, when they encountered a Confederate force near Spring Hill. Coburn engaged the Confederates in what would become the Battle of Thompson's Station. The Union forces were surrounded and a large number were captured, including Colonel <mask> and Colonel Coburn. Lt. Colonel Bloodgood escaped the encirclement with about 150 men of the 22nd Wisconsin. <mask> was sent to Libby Prison with most his captured regiment and remained there for two months until they were released in a prisoner exchange. The 22nd was re-organized at St. Louis and Colonel <mask> led them back into the field on June 12, 1863.Return

Colonel <mask> led the regiment for another year in Tennessee, and then into Georgia on the Atlanta campaign under General <mask> Sherman. They participated in the Battles of Resaca, Adairsville (Cassville), New Hope Church, and Kennesaw Mountain. In July 1864, <mask> resigned due to poor health and returned to Wisconsin. Postbellum years

In public office, <mask> was appointed Postmaster of Racine in 1869, and re-appointed in 1878. <mask> and his son, Hamilton, purchased the Racine Journal in 1865, which they published for nine years. In 1874, the <mask>s sold the Journal and started the Racine Times and the Utley Dollar Weekly. In the 1870s, <mask> became associated with the new Greenback Party, and, in 1878, he began publishing the New Deal, a Greenback paper.<mask> was the Greenback Party's nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the 1884 election. <mask> came in a distant fourth as <mask> Rusk won re-election. <mask>'s health never fully recovered from his time in captivity. He died of diabetes at his home in Racine in 1887. Personal life and family

<mask> married his first wife, <mask>, January 14, 1839, while living in New York. They had three children together, but only their son, Hamilton, survived to adulthood. <mask> died in 1864, a few months before Colonel <mask> resigned from the Army.<mask> met his second wife after the war. Sarah Wooster was the widow of Dr. Wooster, who had been a surgeon for the 15th Wisconsin Volunteer Regiment. Sarah had one son from her previous marriage. <mask> married Sarah Wooster on February 22, 1866. They had one son together, <mask><mask>. Socially, Colonel <mask> was a Mason and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. Electoral history

U.S. House of Representatives (1882)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1882

Wisconsin Governor (1884)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 4, 1884

References

External links

1814 births
1887 deaths
19th-century American newspaper editors
American hoteliers
Editors of Wisconsin newspapers
People from Monson, Massachusetts
Politicians from Racine, Wisconsin
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
American portrait painters
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Union Army colonels
Wisconsin Democrats
Wisconsin Free Soilers
19th-century American politicians
Wisconsin Greenbacks
Wisconsin Republicans
Wisconsin state senators
Painters from Wisconsin
American male journalists
19th-century American painters
19th-century male artists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American businesspeople
Military personnel from Massachusetts

masks:
William Lawrence Utley
Utley
Polly Utley
Utley
Utley
Leonard J
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Abraham Lincoln
Louis P
Utley
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Utley
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Utley
Utley
Utley
Lincoln
Lincoln
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Utley
Utley
Utley
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William Tecumseh
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Jeremiah McLain
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Louisa Wing
Louisa
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William L
. Utley
Utley


title: Maria Josepha of Austria

texts:
<mask> of Austria (<mask>a Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, ; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the Queen of Poland by marriage to Augustus III. From 1711 to 1717, she was heir presumptive to the Habsburg Empire. Her sister <mask> became Electress of Bavaria. Family

<mask> was born in Vienna, an Archduchess of Austria, the eldest child of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was named for her father. During the reign of her grandfather, <mask>a's father and uncle signed the Mutual Pact of Succession of 1703, which was issued by her grandfather, Emperor Leopold I, and effectively made <mask> the heiress presumptive to her uncle, Emperor Charles VI; However, Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 annulled the earlier agreement and made his daughter <mask> his successor instead of <mask>. Marriage
A marriage between <mask> and Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (1696–1763) had been suggested by Frederick's father, August II the Strong, since 1704.The fact that <mask> was not allowed to marry a non-Catholic, however, prevented the marriage. When Augustus converted to Catholicism in 1712, the negotiations became serious. Emperor Charles VI forbade <mask> and her sister from marrying until they renounced their positions in the line of succession, securing the succession for Charles's future daughter <mask>. <mask> renounced her claim on 10 August 1719. Ten days later, <mask> and Frederick Augustus married. Through this marriage between the Houses of Wettin and Habsburg, Frederick Augustus II's father hoped to place Saxony in a better position should there arise a war of succession to the Austrian territories. The couple's eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony.In Saxony, the couple lived at Dresden Castle. The marriage has been described as a happy one, and Augustus was apparently never unfaithful. Queen and electress
In 1733, Frederick Augustus was elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as August III the Saxon. <mask> was crowned 20 January 1734. Queen <mask> was described as ambitious, intelligent and religious. She founded many churches and convents and gave her strong support to the Polish Jesuits. As queen of Poland and electress of Saxony, she divided her time between the two nations.Though Saxony was her main residence, she enjoyed her stays in Poland because it was a Catholic nation where she could exercise her faith openly. Between November 1734 to February 1736, she and Frederick Augustus made their longest visit to Poland, prolonged because of the War of the Polish Succession. They continued to make frequent trips, lasting from between five and eight months each, plus several shorter trips lasting a couple of months less. She learned to speak Polish and was often present during the assemblies of the Polish parliament. During her absences from home, she frequently corresponded with her children in French, having a somewhat closer relationship to them than usual for her class. She gave them pet names and encouraged them to write to her in an informal way. She shared an interest in music, art and hunting with her spouse, and they usually spent their autumns at the Palace of Hubertusburg for the hunting season.She was devoted to Catholicism and especially venerated Saint Francis Xavier and was actively involved in the building of the Catholic Hofkirche in Dresden. Her personal confessor, the Jesuit Fr. Anton Hermann, criticized her for being too religious from what was proper for someone not a Catholic religious order member. She attended mass twice and eventually four times a day and kept more devotions than was normal for a nun or a monk. Fr. Anton Hermann eventually lectured her that she was more fervent than could be regarded as modest for a lay person. <mask>a did not persecute non-Catholics, and once stressed to the heir to the throne that he should not persecute them but allow them all freedom while being guided by the Catholic faith.She also gave alms to both Catholic and Protestant poor. Despite her personal strict moral code, she was reportedly not a prude and got along well with her spouse's illegitimate half siblings. Queen <mask> was politically active and, though not formally proclaimed regent during the absence of her spouse, she informally acted as his representative. It was known and acknowledged by the court that she participated in the affairs of state, and the ministers and ambassadors duly reported to her. She also managed a large diplomatic correspondence. She was rivalled in her influence over her spouse by Heinrich von Brühl. <mask> was reportedly not on good terms with her eldest son Frederick Christian.She wished for her younger son Francis Xavier to be elected king of Poland rather than having Frederick Christian succeed his father on both thrones, and she prevented Frederick Christian and his spouse from visiting Poland, thus preventing them from making connections there. She undermined any attempts of Frederick Christian to found a power base of his own before the death of his father, and among other things prevented a meeting between him and his spouse with Empress <mask> of Bohemia in 1754. During the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740, she claimed the throne on behalf of her spouse. She relinquished her claim in favor of her sister, <mask>'s spouse, and in 1742, made an alliance with Austria. Death
During the seven years war, <mask> stayed behind in Dresden with her son, Frederick Christian and his spouse <mask>, after her husband left on 20 October 1756. She remained in Dresden when the city was taken by the Prussian army. She, as well as Frederick Christian and his spouse <mask>, were all placed under house arrest at the palace of Dresden guarded by a Prussian commandant.<mask> was banned from writing to her sons, but did engage in correspondence with invisible ink and use her net of correspondents to help her son and daughter-in-law encourage resistance in Saxony against the invading Prussians. Despite several restrictions, she managed to channel secret information about Saxon Field Marshall Browne besieged by Frederick the Great at Struppen. On 4 April 1757, her Mistress of the Chamber, Countess Esther Anna Regina von Ogilvy, was arrested. Her last letter of 6 September was sent to the Austrian empress through her exiled son, in which she also states that this would be her last, as she was too heavily guarded. On 17 November 1757, <mask> died in Dresden of a stroke and was buried in the Wettin vault of the Katholische Hofkirche ("Catholic Court Church") in Dresden. Issue
<mask> and Frederick Augustus had fourteen children recognized by historians:

Frederick August of Saxony (1720–1721) died in infancy. Prince Joseph August of Saxony (1721–1728) died in childhood.Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (1722–1763) married <mask> of Bavaria and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1724–1760) married Charles III of Spain and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1727–1734) died in childhood. <mask> Sophia of Saxony (1728–1797) married Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria and had no issue. Francis Xavier of Saxony (1730–1806) married morganatically <mask> Spinucci and had issue. <mask> of Saxony (1731–1767) married Louis, Dauphin of France and had issue. Charles of Saxony (1733–1796) married Countess Franciszka Korwin-Krasińska and had issue.<mask> of Saxony (1735–1782) died unmarried. <mask> of Saxony (1736–1818) died unmarried. Albert of Saxony (1738–1822) married <mask> of Austria and had issue. Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony (1739–1812) died unmarried. <mask> of Saxony (1740–1826) died unmarried. <mask> also suffered many miscarriages:
 A miscarriage of a daughter in the 4th month of pregnancy (23 June 1723). A miscarriage of a daughter in the 6th month of pregnancy (16 August 1729).A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (22 January 1732). A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (17 January 1734). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (4 December 1736). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 January 1737). A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 March 1741). A miscarriage of a son in the 5th and a half-month of pregnancy (11 January 1742). A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (20 March 1743).A miscarriage in 1744. A miscarriage in 1745. A miscarriage in 1746. A miscarriage in 1747. A miscarriage in 1748. A miscarriage in 1749. Ancestry

References

Sources
 Potter, George R. The New Cambridge Modern History.External links

1699 births
1757 deaths
18th-century House of Habsburg
Austrian princesses
Electoral Princesses of Saxony
Electresses of Saxony
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
Nobility from Vienna
Polish queens consort
Prussian royal consorts
<mask> of Austria
Daughters of emperors

masks:
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Amalia
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Joseph
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Theresa
Maria Amalia
Maria Josepha
Maria Antonia
Maria Antonia
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Josepha
Maria Antonia
Maria Amalia
Maria Margaretha
Maria Anna
Maria Chiara
Maria Josepha
Maria Christina
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Christina
Maria Kunigunde
Maria Josepha
⚭Maria Josepha


title: Patricia Swift Blalock

texts:
<mask> (May 9, 1914 – September 7, 2011) was an American librarian, social worker, and civil rights activist born in Gadsden, Alabama. <mask> graduated from the University of Montevallo and studied social work at the University of Chicago. She returned to Alabama and worked for the State Department of Education and Rehabilitation, where she helped establish clinics for children with birth defects and other illnesses. She was director of the Selma-Dallas County Public library for 27 years, where she was instrumental in integrating the institution during the 1960s, and retired in 1988. Early life

<mask> was born on May 9, 1914 in Gadsden, Alabama. She had two siblings, a sister, Irene, and a brother, James. Her parents were "racially moderates," and more liberal than most families in her area.Her grandfather was one of the first members of the Populist Party in the area and had taught her "not to fear blacks." She attended the University of Montevallo in Montevallo, Alabama and received a master's degree in social work from the University of Chicago. In 1937, she moved to Selma, Alabama where she became the district supervisor of the State Crippled Children’s Services and oversaw the work of the agency in 28 counties. <mask> got married and had a daughter in 1946, after which she retired from social work. Desegregating the Dallas County Public Library in Selma

In 1951, "Miss Betty" asked <mask> to work in the Dallas County Public Library in Selma, Alabama, on a part-time basis. <mask> began working as an assistant for the library, a position she held for nearly ten years. When the library director became ill, <mask> became temporary director.The library board then asked her to become the permanent director when it was clear that the current director would not be able to continue. <mask> was apprehensive at first because she did not have a library degree but was, instead, a social worker. The board expressed their faith in her and asked that she take the position which she assumed in 1963. At the time, there was only one library in Selma. The Selma Library began in 1904 with a $10,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie, who wanted to provide libraries to small communities. Unlike other segregated southern communities which provided a branch for black patrons, Selma’s minority population was served through the back door of the library by the library maid. At the time <mask> assumed her official role as the director, Selma was being informally, but influentially, run by the White Citizens' Council.Created in 1955 in response to the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education, the White Citizen’s Council sought to keep the status quo of white supremacy in city life and community affairs. Two influential ex officio members of the library board who attended board meetings regularly were Mayor Chris Heinz and Judge Bernard Reynolds, both leaders in the Citizen’s Council. Both orthodox segregationists, Heinz and Reynolds wanted to protect Selma’s way of life from people who they considered "outside agitators." <mask>, upon becoming library director, immediately pushed for desegregation of the library with the library board. This was a difficult task, especially during the political climate of the 1960s, but <mask> was persistent. She personally visited each board member in order to try to convince them that desegregation was inevitable. <mask> had used recent integration orders by the federal government in Montgomery and protests in Birmingham as examples of trouble the people of Selma could expect.She argued that Selma could take control of its own integration process rather than have outsiders do it for them. By May 1963, <mask> had become more urgent in her appeals. She told Board that there was a push to protest the library’s segregation policies and that she was unsure if she would even be able to open the library on Monday without some sort of desegregation plan in place. The Board agreed to meet at <mask>’s home that morning to work out a plan. The desegregation plan that was developed for the Selma-Dallas County Library was not ideal to <mask>, but it did accomplish the goal she so eagerly sought. It was decided that the library would remain closed for one week, from May 13 to May 19. Following that period, it would reopen using "vertical integration" techniques; all of the chairs in the library would be removed in order to keep black and white patrons from sitting together.In addition, the library's desegregation would not be publicly announced and all library card applicants would be required to provide two references, a negligible impediment in the mind of <mask>. On May 20, 1963, the library reopened, fully desegregated, without much fanfare. Library visitors who found the lack of chairs unusual were told that the chairs were in the basement being stored temporarily. Black patrons, unaware of the recent change, were slow to use the library at first; by November, they were becoming more common. <mask> slowly began taking the chairs out of storage and moved them back to the library. With the library desegregated, <mask> also pushed for integration of the library staff. Annie Molette, the library maid who quietly used her position to provide library services to the community’s blacks through the back door, was told by <mask> that the library would be hiring a new maid.Molette was then told that she was being hired as Selma’s first African-American library assistant. Desegregation of the library was not universally accepted by Selma’s white community; the skills <mask> learned as a social worker became indispensable in her service to all members of the community in order to keep the city calm on the issue. An anecdote tells of a white library patron who, upon seeing African-American patrons using the library, tore up his library card in anger and vowed never to return. Two weeks later when the man returned to check out a book, he was met by <mask> who had earlier taken the time to tape back together the pieces of his card and save it in case he did return. Later life and recognition

In 1988, <mask> retired from her role as director of the Selma-Dallas County Public Library. In 1992, <mask> was recognized by the Alabama Library Association with its Distinguished Service Award. This award recognizes an individual who has made a significant contribution towards the development  of library services in the State of Alabama.<mask> dedicated much of her later life to the development of her community in other spheres, serving two terms as a director of the Selma and Dallas County Chamber of Commerce, chairing the Tale Telling Association, serving two terms as vice president of the Selma and Dallas Tourism Council, and directing and chairing the Community Concern Association in Selma. <mask> was a longtime director and membership chairman of the Community Concert Association in Selma and also helped found the Performing Arts Center in Selma. She spent the last years of her life in Birmingham, Alabama, surrounded by her two grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, along with a large extended family. In 2000, she was recognized by the International Library Science Honor Society who designated her Librarian of the Year for Exceptional Leadership in Librarianship. Her daughter, <mask>, is a noted librarian as well and recently retired as the Director of the Birmingham Public Library. References

Further reading
 Branch, T. (1989). Parting the waters : America in the King years, 1954-63.New York : Simon and Schuster, 1989. Graham, P. (2002). A right to read : segregation and civil rights in Alabama's public libraries, 1900-1965. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2002. Selby, M. (2012). Librarians as Leaders. Feliciter, 58(5), 37.Thomas, M. (1995). Stepping out of the shadows : Alabama women, 1819-1990. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 1994. American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
American human rights activists
American librarians
American women librarians
University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration alumni
Activists from Selma, Alabama
People from Gadsden, Alabama
1914 births
2011 deaths
University of Montevallo alumni
American librarianship and human rights
21st-century American women

masks:
Patricia Swift Blalock
Blalock
Patricia Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Blalock
Irene Blalock


title: Lloyd Dyer

texts:
<mask> (born 13 September 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger. During his 18 years as a professional, <mask> spent the majority of his career in the Football League, most notably with West Bromwich Albion and later Leicester City, spending six years with the latter and earning promotion to the Premier League with both clubs in 2004 and 2014 respectively. <mask> began his senior career with West Bromwich Albion and spent subsequent loan spells with Kidderminster Harriers, Coventry City and Queens Park Rangers before joining Millwall in the summer of 2006. After half a season, the two sides parted by mutual consent, but <mask> would spend the rest of the campaign without a club due to the transfer window having already closed. He later moved on to Milton Keynes Dons for the next season, where he spent two years, helping the Dons earn promotion to League One in his final season at the club. In 2008, he signed for Leicester City, where he played for six seasons and was a part of the sides that earned promotion to the Championship in 2008, and later to the Premier League as second tier champions in 2014. Following Leicester's promotion, he joined Watford but struggled to break into the first team on a regular basis and spent the latter part of the 2014–15 season on loan at Birmingham City.After being released by Watford, <mask> signed for Burnley in February 2016 until the end of the season. He joined Burton Albion in July 2016 and spent two seasons at the club before moving on to Bolton Wanderers. After a brief return to Burton Albion in 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from the professional game in September 2020. Career

West Bromwich Albion
<mask> started his career with the Aston Villa youth system in 1999, before joining West Bromwich Albion in July 2001. He made his Albion debut in a 3–1 League Cup defeat away at Wigan Athletic on 2 October 2002, but it was the only first team match he played in 2002–03. In September 2003 he spent a month on loan to Kidderminster Harriers. He turned down an extension to the loan, instead opting to fight for his place in the Albion team.This eventually paid off, as during the second half of the 2003–04 season, he played a large part in West Brom's promotion back to the Premier League. <mask>'s exciting and pacey substitute appearances often inspired the team, and earned him a new contract in the summer of 2004. However, it was still not enough to cement a regular first-team starting place, and in March 2005 he was loaned out to Coventry City. In September 2005 he went on loan again, this time to Queens Park Rangers. Millwall
<mask> left West Bromwich Albion for Millwall during the January 2006 transfer window, but was released just two months later for personal reasons. Due to the transfer window having already closed, <mask> was unable to sign for another club for the remainder of the season. He had a trial with Derby County, with whom he trained, but the Rams elected not to sign him.He instead joined Milton Keynes Dons, signing a two-year contract in July 2006. Milton Keynes Dons
His performances during October 2007 earned him the League Two Player of the Month award. Awards panel chairman Chris Kamara said "One of <mask>'s great strengths is his energy; he's able to motor up and down the left side all day and provides terrific service to his strikers. He's also added goals to his game this month". <mask> received the first red card of his career on 3 November in a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers. He scored twice in the Dons' 5–0 home win over Accrington Stanley on 8 December, earning himself a place in the League Two Team of the Week. On 26 April 2008, <mask> set up one goal and scored another as Milton Keynes beat Bradford City 2–1, a result that confirmed the Dons as League Two champions.Leicester City

On 1 July 2008, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Leicester City on a free transfer, becoming manager Nigel Pearson's second signing after Michael Morrison. He made his debut on the opening day of the 2008–09 season in a 2–0 win over his former club Milton Keynes Dons on 9 August. He scored his first two goals for Leicester in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 30 August. <mask> was in blistering form, scoring ten league goals to help Leicester secure their promotion as League One champions. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season in a 1–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium on 29 September 2009. On 6 February 2010, <mask> scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win over Blackpool, helping Leicester to their first victory at Bloomfield Road in 73 years. <mask> committed his long-term future to Leicester in September 2010 by signing a new four-year deal, keeping him at the club until June 2014.<mask> was in fantastic form when Leicester beat Ipswich Town 6–0 at the King Power Stadium. He won a penalty, set up goals for Anthony Knockaert and Marko Futacs as well as scoring one himself. Assistant manager Craig Shakespeare praised <mask> after the match by saying he was playing some of the best football of his career. On 27 August 2013, <mask> captained Leicester City for the first time in the 5–2 League Cup victory against Carlisle United and also scored the second goal as well as turning provider for Anthony Knockaert for his goal. He was given Man of the Match. On 22 April 2014 he was the lone goalscorer in Leicester's 1–0 win over Bolton Wanderers, making them the champions of the 2013–14 Championship. Watford
Despite being offered an extension to his contract at Leicester, <mask> signed for Championship club Watford on a three-year deal on 12 June 2014.He made his debut on the opening day of the 2014–15 season, replacing Daniel Pudil in the 83rd minute of a 3–0 home win against Bolton Wanderers. Three days later, on 12 August, he scored the only goal in Watford's 1–0 League Cup victory at Stevenage. On 19 August, <mask> scored his first league goal for Watford in a 2–0 win at Rotherham United, and following his goal appeared to shout abuse towards the bench at manager Giuseppe Sannino. On 2 February 2016, <mask> was freed from the remainder of his contract with Watford. Birmingham City (loan)
<mask> joined fellow Championship club Birmingham City on 19 January 2015 on loan for the rest of the season. He made an eventful debut. Replacing the rested Demarai Gray in the starting eleven for the FA Cup visit of West Bromwich Albion, his centre was steered past goalkeeper Boaz Myhill by Jonathan Grounds for Birmingham's goal in the 2–1 defeat, and in the second half, he collided with Myhill who injured a finger and had to be replaced.He scored his first goal for Birmingham in the last home match of the season to give his team a 1–0 victory over Charlton Athletic, and finished the season with 19 appearances. Burnley
<mask> signed for Championship club Burnley on 15 February 2016 on a short-term deal until the end of the season. Burton Albion
On 25 July 2016, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Burton Albion, newly promoted to the Championship. He made his debut in Burton's first fixture of the season and scored their second goal in a 4–3 defeat against Nottingham Forest. At the end of the season, he signed a new one-year contract with the club. At the end of the 2017–18 season, following their relegation, <mask> was initially offered a new contract by Albion, but his departure from the club was confirmed in July. Bolton Wanderers
On 24 September 2018, he signed a short-term contract with Championship club Bolton Wanderers.He made his debut for Wanderers on 6 October 2018 against Blackburn Rovers as a second-half substitute for Craig Noone. Return to Burton Albion
On 25 September 2019, <mask> returned to Burton Albion signing a short-term deal and made his debut later that day as a substitute in the 2-0 EFL Cup win over AFC Bournemouth. Personal life
<mask> was born in Birmingham, West Midlands. He is the brother of former Montserrat international <mask>. Career statistics

Honours
West Bromwich Albion
Football League First Division runners-up: 2003–04

Milton Keynes Dons
Football League Two: 2007–08
Football League Trophy: 2007–08

Leicester City
Football League One: 2008–09
Football League Championship: 2013–14

Individual
Football League Two Player of the Month: October 2007
PFA Team of the Year: 2007–08 League Two

References

External links

Profile and stats at FoxesTalk

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English footballers
Association football wingers
Aston Villa F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C.players
Coventry City F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C.players
Burnley F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
English people of Montserratian descent
Black British sportspeople

masks:
Lloyd Richard Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Lloyd Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Wayne Dyer


title: Royston Smith

texts:
<mask>  (born 13 May 1964) is a British Conservative Party politician and has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton Itchen since the 2015 general election. <mask> was previously a councillor on the Southampton City Council. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 13 May 1964 Harefield, Southampton to Frank Wilmot and <mask> (née Page). He grew up in the suburb of Bitterne Park, and attended Bitterne Park School. He became an engineer for the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1980, working on the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod fleet for 10 years. <mask> then worked for British Airways as an aeronautical engineer at London Heathrow for 16 years. <mask> owned the local bike shop Triangle Cycles in Bitterne Park from 1993 to 2003, and was the chairman of the Triangle Traders' association.He founded the public relations consultancy Vigilo Ltd in 2006. He has been a director of 3S Fire Ltd, a fire management consultancy affiliated with the HFRS since 2013. Local political career
<mask> joined the Conservative Party after the 1997 general election. He had previously voted for the single issue Eurosceptic Referendum Party. He was first elected as a Conservative councillor for the Harefield ward in the 2000 Southampton City Council election. <mask> had previously unsuccessfully contested the council elections in 1998 as an independent candidate and in 1999 as a Conservative. He was a cabinet member for economic development on the council between 2007 and 2010.He was the leader of the council until 2012 when the Labour Party took over the council. <mask> was appointed as chairman of Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service (HFRS) in 2009 and was re-appointed in 2014. In April 2011, while <mask> was visiting the submarine HMS Astute (S119) as part of the tour, a sailor started shooting, and killed an officer. <mask> intervened and helped apprehend the sailor. He was awarded the George Medal for his actions. As council leader in 2011, <mask> initiated an up to 5.5% pay cut on council employees as part of a bid to cut the council's expenditure by £76 million by 2015. In response, unions took industrial action by refusing to collect rubbish.In 2011, <mask> was stopped by police for not wearing a seat belt and later found to have been driving an uninsured car. He was fined and given six points on his driving licence. Parliamentary career
<mask> stood as a Conservative candidate in the Southampton Itchen constituency in the 2010 general election. He came second in the seat, losing by 192 votes to the incumbent Labour MP John Denham. <mask> was elected as MP for the constituency in the subsequent 2015 general election. On 20 February 2016, <mask> was named by The Independent as Britain's least active MP out of the MPs that were newly elected in 2015. <mask> defended his record by stating that "Southampton is a challenging constituency and I spend my time doing as much as I can locally.I don't spend hours in the House of Commons waiting to make a three-minute speech. "<mask> has a second job working as a consultant to a poperty firm. <mask> <mask> (Conservative) has received £18,000 since May 2020 for 30 hours' work as a consultant for a property company

After the 2015 election, UKIP candidate Kim Rose claimed that he had received data on voters in the constituency and advice from <mask> to assist his campaign. <mask> denied the allegations. Police looked into the matter and said <mask> had no case to answer. <mask>'s local party association, Southampton Itchen Conservative Association was registered with the Information Commissioner's Office, and the Conservative Party Chairman at the time, Lord Feldman, wrote to complainants to say that no data protection breach had occurred. <mask> was re-elected in the 2017 and 2019 general elections.In December 2017, <mask>, the former owner of a bicycle shop, suggested cyclists should only use roads with cycle lanes on them, stating that cyclists should "consider when and where they cycle" in order to "make the roads safer". The comments came after a 64-year-old cyclist died after colliding with a lorry on Portsmouth Road, Woolston. He was criticised by campaigners on the grounds that "we should be encouraging more people to use the roads, not less", while it was subsequently reported that <mask> had previously called for £11.5 million in grant funding for the city's cycling strategy, such as creating new cycle lanes, to be diverted elsewhere. House of Commons Select Committee Membership
<mask> sat on the Work and Pensions Select Committee between December 2016 and May 2017. He was a part of the Committees on Arms Export Controls between October 2017 and July 2018. <mask> has been a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee since September 2017. He has the best attendance record out of all committee members, at 100%.Brexit
<mask> supported Brexit in the 2016 UK EU membership referendum. He voted for Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement on 29 March 2019. <mask> also voted against any referendum on a withdrawal agreement in the indicative votes on 27 March. He then voted for the Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Brexit withdrawal agreement in October. In 2019, he successfully helped secure Government Brexit contingency funding for Southampton after writing a letter to Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government James Brokenshire. He made the case that Brexit-related gridlock caused by disruption at south coast ports could have a major impact on hospitals and other services. <mask> believed Southampton needed tens of thousands of pounds to cope with what he described as "every eventuality" in the letter.A few days afterwards, Southampton was awarded £273,000 to help the port cope with the impact of Brexit. The Cladding Crisis

Several private residential buildings in Southampton Itchen are being affected by the UK Cladding Crisis. <mask> and Stephen McPartland tabled the McPartland-<mask> Amendments to the Building Safety Bill in 2021. The amendments include zero-VAT rating for all remediation work and waking watch costs, a government-backed insurance scheme, and legislative protection to prevent costs being passed down to leaseholders. Amendment NC4 requires the government to create a fund into which all builders of higher-risk buildings, residential mortgage lenders and residential building insurers must make contributions. No builder will be able to obtain building control approval to construct any building unless it becomes a member of the Scheme and pays its dues. Leaseholders and leaseholder representative groups giving evidence to the Public Bill Committees said the <mask>artland amendment on a Building Safety Indemnity Scheme (NC4) will help leaseholders.Prior to the Building Safety Bill, <mask> and McPartland tabled theMcPartland-<mask> amendments to the Fire Safety Bill in 2020, designed to protect leaseholders from having to foot the bill for necessary remedial works focused on potentially unsafe cladding affixed to the buildings in which they reside. The amendments were defeated by 320 votes to 256. Campaigning

In 2010 <mask> campaigned for Itchen College to retain government funding following government cuts, to protect Southampton's estate regeneration programme and for investment into Woolston shopping parade. In 2019, writing in The Times, <mask> associated Southampton with post-industrial towns to argue that Government Ministers should look South not just North when it comes to Government priorities in regenerating cities. In an article for The Daily Telegraph in 2020, <mask> similarly called on the Government to 'level up' Southampton, suggesting that Southampton was one of the first red wall seats gained from Labour when he became the Conservative MP for the city in 2015. In 2018, <mask> met with the Minister with responsibility for coastal communities to discuss his campaign to honour the Spitfire and how Southampton could put in a bid to help fund a fitting memorial to the aircraft. R. J. Mitchell designed the Spitfire in Southampton and its first flight was from Eastleigh Airport.On 28 March 2017, <mask> held a Westminster Hall debate in Parliament calling on the Government to help fund The National Tribute to The Royal Air Force in Southampton. The debate received support from MPs on all sides of the house. In Chancellor Rishi Sunak's first budget in 2020, it was announced that a planned memorial to commemorate the Spitfire is to receive a £3 million grant from the government. The year 2020 saw the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Britain. <mask> said the £6m scheme required matching funding. Controversies
<mask> was accused by members of the opposition of 'callousness' after claiming £1 in parking expenses to visit a food bank in his Southampton Itchen constituency in November 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a month after opposing extending free school meals. Personal life
He lives in Peartree, Southampton.References

External links

1964 births
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Hampshire
Living people
People from Southampton
Recipients of the George Medal
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Royal Air Force airmen
Leaders of local authorities of England

masks:
Royston Matthew Smith
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Marie Cecilia Smith
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Royston
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title: David Dane

texts:
<mask>, MRCS CRCP MB Bchir MRCP MRCPath FRCPath FRCP (25 March 1923 – 9 April 1998) was a pre-eminent British pathologist and clinical virologist known for his pioneering work in infectious diseases including poliomyelitis and the early investigations into the efficacy of a number of vaccines. He is particularly remembered for his strategic foresight in the field of blood transfusion microbiology, particularly in relation to diseases that are spread through blood transfusion. Through his research, <mask> was instrumental in developing and producing robust and sensitive reagents for the screening of blood donors in the UK blood transfusion services. This greatly reduced the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis. <mask>’s interest in developments in transfusion microbiology enabled him to advise on important public health decisions from the 1960s right up until his death in 1998. During the later part of his professional career he and his Department of Virology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School where renowned for diagnostic precision irrespective of whether this involved dated technology, for example immunodiffusion (ID) or complement fixation tests (CFT), or state-of-the-art technology including radioimmunoassay (RIA) and electron microscopy (EM). Whatever investigations were carried out were expected to be precise, accurate, reproducible and of clinical relevance.Early life
<mask> <mask> was the son of William Surrey <mask> (1892–1978), C.B.E., M.C., vice-chairman and managerial consultant of Odhams Press and chairman/ president of several hospital boards, including Great Ormond Street Hospital (1957–67), chairman of the Daily Herald newspaper (1949–60), and a member of the General Advisory Council of the BBC (1956–62), and his wife Dorothy Mary, daughter of Rev. William Alexander Armstrong, M.A. (Cantab. ), vicar of West Dean, near Chichester; her brother was the artist John Armstrong. <mask> attended Charterhouse School, Surrey. He was admitted to Clare College, Cambridge, however, he volunteered instead to join the Army. In 1941, after enlisting as a private, <mask> was selected for officer training.He joined the Parachute Regiment  in 1943, and then the newly formed Special Air Service (SAS). In July 1944, he was parachuted into France as part of Operation Bulbasket. He returned to the UK to read Natural Sciences at Clare College, Cambridge and later undertook his clinical medical training at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Career

Move to Australia
<mask> joined the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, in 1951 supported by a grant from National Health and the Medical Research Council. He was instrumental in an extensive investigation of an undiagnosed outbreak of acute meningitis and isolated a potential cause. It was inevitable that as a field virologist he would also become involved in the avian/human zoonosis of psittacosis work led by John Miles, Head of the Medical Research Division in the early 1950s. <mask> continued to work to improve diagnostic methods and published on avian and human psittacosis.Return to the UK
On returning to the UK, in 1955, <mask> was appointed lecturer in microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, where he worked with Professor George Dick on the recently developed attenuate and killed poliovirus vaccines. Through their research they established that the early live polio vaccines developed by Hilary Koprowski were unsafe because they could return to virulence when excreted by people given the vaccine. Professor Dick’s team also initiated studies of combined diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus vaccines. London
In 1966, <mask> left Belfast to become the head of the Virology Department, Bland Sutton School of Pathology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London. At that time this was one of the very few medical schools to have an electron microscope, donated by Polio charities in recognition of his work in this field. Very much in character, he developed productive collaborations with senior colleagues within the medical school and hospital. Together with Dr Duncan Catterall, head of the sexually transmitted disease clinic in James Pringle House at Middlesex Hospital, <mask> quickly demonstrated the usefulness of the electron microscope for the rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection (HIV).Close collaborations with two senior colleagues in the haematology field, James Wallace "Jimmie" Stewart, Professor of Haematology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School (MHMS), and Tom Cleghorn, Director of the North London Blood Transfusion Centre (NLBTC) at Edgware led to ground-breaking work in the emerging field of transfusion transmitted infection and particularly that of post-transfusion hepatitis. The Hepatitis B Virus Particle
With his colleagues Colin "Sam" Cameron and Moya Briggs he was, in 1970, the first to describe the virus responsible for hepatitis B (HBV). His application of electron microscopy (EM) to examine plasma from donors implicated in long incubation post-transfusion hepatitis led to identification of the morphological form of the hepatitis: he characterised the particles in the blood of patients with "serum hepatitis", as hepatitis B was then known. This 42 nm particle is known now eponymously as the Dane particle. Those who trained with him recall with wry amusement the irritation if he was to hear anyone referring to the 42 nm form by its eponymous title, even if abbreviated to "DP". Transfusion microbiology

<mask>'s determination to improve the accuracy of detecting the hepatitis B surface antigen protein, HBsAg, and his keen interest in blood transfusion led him to accept an honorary consultancy at NLBTC which he continued to hold after his retirement in 1982, until his death. Through this association with the blood services <mask> went on both to improve current assays and to develop more sensitive screening methods.A close collaboration with Ian Cayzer in Wellcome Diagnostics produced the haemagglutination assay for HBsAg, "Hepatest". Turkey red blood cells, coated with antibody to HBsAg agglutinate (clump together) in the presence of HBsAg, a sensitive test which was widely used diagnostically. Not content with that, he and his laboratory colleagues produced in collaboration with Brian Combridge at the Blood Products Laboratory the first UK-based RIA for HBsAg, the BPL RIA. They also developed specialised equipment for its use. His colleague Sam Cameron produced the iodinated label and with John Barabara of NLBTC, merged this with microplate technology and multichannel gamma counters. Methods for selecting high-titre antimicrobial antibodies in donors, investigation and surveillance of post transfusion infections became established routine activities. Sexual transmission of HBV
Dane identified sexual transmission of the hepatitis B and the role of the persistently infected person as a reservoir of infection in the community, identifying the individual whose plasma contained large amounts of virus, coining the term "super-carriers".He also described the dynamics of the virus particle in acute infection. Implications of HIV for blood transfusion practice

Blood product manufacture

<mask> was a strong advocate of self sufficiency for the manufacture of blood products in Britain from freely donated blood, rather than from imported blood from the US where donors were paid. The consequences of not following this advice, and Britain’s failure to be self-sufficient for treatment of haemophiliacs made the UK reliant upon importation of the then "new" treatment of factor VIII concentrate. Potentially disastrous for groups such as haemophiliacs, who early on became infected with HIV, his advice to James Wallace "Jimmie" Stewart to reserve concentrate use to those whose management absolutely depended on it saved many from HIV infection. He also was early to recognise the occurrence of hepatitis other than hepatitis A and B following treatment with the anti-haemophiliac concentrate. Expert witness

<mask> retired in 1982, just before major rates of HIV infection emerged. He continued as an advisor after retirement, including offering pro bono advice against the importation of blood from the USA.In the 1990s he advised in legal cases relating to haemophiliacs’ treatment with contaminated blood, and on other matters. He remained resolutely opposed to the trend among research scientists to seek commercial gain from their discoveries by patenting them. His legacy

After his retirement <mask> did not to return the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. However his legacy of pushing diagnostic development and collaboration with the diagnostic industry continued with Middlesex Hospital Medical School, Virology developing the first UK HIV diagnostic assay, the Wellcozyme HIV test which led to the Wellcome Research Laboratories receiving the Queen's Award for British Industry. His enduring demand for precision, accuracy and objectivity influenced many in the field of Clinical Virology to this day. Personal life
In 1955, <mask> married Veronica (née Tester), widow of Maj. Iain Herford Hope (1918–1951); she had two children, Kerin and Alex. They had met in Australia.Together they had three children: Roland, Penelope and Thomas. <mask> died in April 1998. References

1923 births
1998 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
British virologists
British pathologists
British Army personnel of World War II
British Parachute Regiment officers
Special Air Service officers

masks:
David Maurice Surrey Dane
Dane
Dane
David Maurice
Surrey Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
Dane
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Dane
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Dane


title: Jorge Farinacci

texts:
<mask> (1949August 26, 2006) was a Puerto Rican politician and socialist. He held a strong pro-independence stance of Puerto Rico from the U.S. <mask> died in the morning of August 26, 2006 from complications due to a brain tumor. <mask>, spokesman of the Socialist Front, suffered from a lymphoma in the brain that had previously affected his kidneys and heart, but was unable to survive this third stage. Early life

<mask> was born in 1949 in San Germán, Puerto Rico to a teacher and business manager (mother and father respectively). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to the metropolitan area of San Juan, where <mask> grew up. <mask> attended Gabriela Mistral High School in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. He earned a bachelor's  in Political Science from the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus in 1966.<mask> graduated from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law in 1973. During his time at university, he took an active part in the several pro-independence organizations, including the University Federation Pro Independencia (FUPI). During this time, <mask> took an active stand protesting the policy of mandatory military service, fueled by the protests over the then-ongoing Vietnam War. As a result of his revolutionary involvements, <mask> was suspended from selective service. Law career

<mask> dedicated his life to various worker's struggles, remaining a virulent activist until his death in 2006. As <mask>'s first job, he acted as an arbitrator in his capacity as a lawyer with the Bureau of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Department of Labor. Later, as a private practice lawyer, Farinarri represented workers and worker's unions.For most of his law career, <mask> worked with the Teamster's Union. <mask> also worked for the Trade Union Law Firm. Political Involvement

<mask> worked for the vast majority of his years towards the construction of an armed revolutionary movement to oust the U.S. from Puerto Rico. By 1975, <mask> was involved with a conjunction of clandestine political groups, collectively referred to as "The Organization", a group that would later evolve into both the Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms (MIRA) and PRR (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Puertorriqueños), which would later be called (PRTP- Macheteros). <mask> joined this group in 1977. The PRTP decided at its First Congress in April, 1983, to dismantle its military cells. In 1981 <mask> was subpoenaed by a Federal Grand Jury, but refused to testify.Charges against him were dropped for lack of evidence, however, a year later he was accused of robbing a bank. <mask> was arrested on 30 August 1985 along with 11 of his fellow separatists. Those arrested were  Filiberto Ojeda Rios, Hilton Fernández Diamante, Orlando Gonzalez Claudio, Ivonne Meléndez, Carlos M. Ayés Suárez, Luz Maria Berrios Berrios, Angel Diaz Ruiz, Elías Samuel Castro, Norman Ramírez Talavera, Isaac Camacho and Luis Alfredo Colón Osorio. The separatists were all arrested in association with the assault on a Wells Fargo deposit in Hartfort, Connecticut on September 12, 1983. Seven million dollars were deducted during the operation. As a qualification in his plea bargain, <mask> forced the court to stipulate of him, "You, however, take the position that the United States government has no authority to criminalize your effort to resist the colonial subjugation of your country, Puerto Rico, and your right under international law to work for the freedom and self-determination of your homeland. You believe that the Court has no jurisdiction over you and that you are not a criminal."Though he admitted to ordering the robbery, the court was forced further to stipulate that "It is acknowledged by the government ... that the robbery was perpetrated to fund the goals of the Macheteros." When he left prison in 1994 (on five-years probation and barred permanently from practicing law), <mask> joined the Direction of the Socialist Front (FS), an umbrella organization comprising numerous leftist disciplines. At the time of his death he was one of its spokesmen. Despite being barred from practicing law, <mask> worked as a law instructor at the University of Mayagüez. <mask> also acted as a representative of FS for several years in the United Nations ( UN ) in favor of the independence of Puerto Rico. <mask> also became involved with the Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT-Macheteros), formerly a division within the original (PRTP-Macheteros). The PRT-Macheteros eventually merged with other socialist organizations to form the Movement to Socialism(MAS) .The founding Congress of MAS in 2008 was partly dedicated to the memory of <mask> García. <mask> also joined the editorial board of pro-independence newspaper Claridad when it was reorganized to reflect the entire patriotic movement in Puerto Rico. <mask> had also participated in the working group of the São Paulo Forum since 1999, and argued against the presence of the US Navy in the island Vieques. He strongly condemned the assassination of the leader of the Boricua Popular Army, Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, on the part of the FBI, on September 23 as 2005. <mask> was also an ardent defender of the Cuban Revolution, and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, a country he had maintained with since before the arrival of President Hugo Chavez and who he visited in 2005. Milagros Rivera, chair of the Cuba Solidarity Committee, who knew <mask> from the University of Puerto Rico, said of <mask>: "...He not only worked tirelessly to defend Cuba but was an anti-imperialist in the internationalist sense. He not only opposed U.S. interventions throughout Latin America but also supported the struggle of the Palestinians, the liberation movements in Africa ... of the oppressed everywhere.Fari was of a new breed." Death

In January, 2005, <mask> was diagnosed with lymphoma in the kidney and then in the heart. He was in remission, when, in June, doctors found lymphoma in the brain. In July, he was admitted to Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in Hato Rey. He died in the hospital on August 26, 2006. He was buried on Monday, August 28, 2006 at the Angeles Memorial Park Cemetery, Guaynabo. At the time of his death he was 56 years old.From Saturday, September 9, 2006 in the evening, to Monday morning, more than 1,000 workers and their families, (pro-independence activists from across Puerto Rico) trade unionists and sympathizers of the Socialist Front, visited the Ehret funeral home in the suburb of Río Piedras to pay tribute to Farinacci. See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico

External links
 Article regarding FBI involvement against PR independence
 <mask> on the assassination of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (Democracy Now!, 29 September 2005)
 Entrevista a <mask> Ojeda Ríos
 Fallece líder independentista <mask>

1949 births
2006 deaths
People from San Germán, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Deaths from brain tumor
Puerto Rican nationalists
Puerto Rican socialists
Deaths from cancer in Puerto Rico
Neurological disease deaths in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican independence activists

masks:
Jorge Aurelio Farinacci García
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Aurelio Farinacci García
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Farinacci
Jorge
Jorge
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Farinacci
Jorge Farinacci
Jorge Farinacciliberto
Jorge Farinacci


title: Johan Hendrik Christiaan Basting

texts:
<mask> (20 September 1817 – 24 September 1870) was a Dutch army surgeon and friend of Red Cross founder Henri Dunant. He played an important role during the establishment in 1863 of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and from that year on he was an advocate for the establishment of a national voluntary aid organization in the Netherlands, the Netherlands Red Cross established in 1867. Biography

Youth, early career, and marriage
<mask> was born in Enkhuizen on 20 September 1817, the son of hospital master <mask> and Frederika Sophia Wilhelmina Schneider. He was 17 years old when he was admitted as a student at the National Institute for Military Medicine in Utrecht. In 1839 he became army physician Calss 3. In 1844 <mask> was placed in Breda , where he became Officer of Health Class 2. After a short interim period in Maastricht, he was transferred to Gorinchem.In 1853 he was promoted to Officer of Health Class 1 and transferred to Leiden. The following year he married in Gorinchem with Amalie Fréderique Kattenbusch, born in Eschweiler. He received his PhD in Leiden on 12 March 1855. In the same year he was transferred from Leiden to the Regiment Grenadiers and Jagers in The Hague where he would stay until 1870, with a short break due to an interim transfer to Bergen op Zoom

First contact with Henri Dunant
A certain Pauline Micheli-Revilliod advised Henri Dunant in 1862 to send <mask> a copy of his book Un Souvenir de Solferino. Dunant had written it after having witnessed the suffering at the Battle of Solferino. He then asked <mask> to translate the book from French to Dutch. <mask> did so, and became fascinated by the Dunant's plea in his book to set up voluntary organizations in all countries that could become lifesaving in the case of armed conflict.The Dutch translation of Dunant's book appeared in Dutch in 1863

Establishment of the Red Cross Movement
On September 8, 1863, <mask> participated on behalf of the Netherlands in the 5th International Statistical Congress that took place in Berlin. Dunant was also present at his invitation because it gave both the opportunity to inform the participating countries about Dunant's idea to set up national aid associations in all countries. Dunant and <mask> were helped by <mask>s wife, Amalie Kattenburg-<mask>, who had met <mask> in Gorinchem. Amalie helped with translations and the layout of pamphlets that were distributed there and with the haste and adaptation of the invitation for an international conference that they hoped to organize in October that year in Geneva  with interested countries. The lobby in Berlin was a success and already in October of that year the first International Conference of the Red Cross took place in Geneva. On 22 August 1864 this led to the Geneva Convention, ratified by 16 countries. This laid the foundation for International Humanitarian Law .The committee in Geneva, then consisting of five Swiss including Dunant and later called the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), became the custodian of International Humanitarian Law. Establishment of a national Red Cross Society in the Nederlands and his death
Earlier that year, in April 1864, Basting published a leaflet called Eene roepstem tot mijn vaderland: De hulpmaatschappijen tot verzorging van zieken en gekwetsten in which he pleaded for the establishment of a national Red Cross Society in the Netherlands. In 1866, <mask> moved from The Hague to Bergen op Zoom. Despite <mask>s' call and the support he received from people like Henry CN Baron van Tuyll of Serooskerken and General Knoop, after a four-year long period of delays, on 19 July 1867, by a Koninklijk besluit, the Nederlandsche Vereeniging  finally granted aid. to sick and wounded warriors in time of war . Because of the protection sign to be used in wartime - a red cross on a white surface - the association was soon called the Nederlandse Rode Kruis, but officially the association did not name it until after 1895. In 1868 <mask> contributed to the establishment and organization of local Red Cross aid committees in the Netherlands with his book De Nederlandsche Hulpkomités onder het Roode Kruis.Hun werkkring in tijden van oorlog en vrede. Their office in times of war and peace . He also put this into practice himself by setting up a Red Cross auxiliary committee in Bergen op Zoom on 24 March 1868. <mask> became ill in the spring of 1870 and died on 24 September that year as a result of liver disease in The Hague. He was buried on the 27th of September at Oud Eik en Duinen in The Hague. Importance to the Red Cross
In the early years, <mask> was the main international promoter of Dunant's plea to establish national Red Cross associations. Although Dunant had previously been present as an observer at the conference in Berlin, he had been given a specific mandate from the "Committee of Five" in Geneva.But at the urging of <mask>, Dunant in Berlin, without any consultation with his Geneva colleague committee members, added three points to the plea that <mask> presented, including the principle of Neutrality. Once in the invitation and in the agenda, co-founders could not simply ignore this. <mask> subsequently proved also to be crucial during the subsequent International Conference in 1863, in particular with regard to the introduction of the principle of Neutrality for Red Cross volunteers and medical objects such as ambulances, clinics and hospitals in times of war. Henri Dunant wrote to his Dutch friend and journalist Haje that it was "avec sa tenacité hollandaise" (his Dutch tenacity) that had been the decisive factor in the endorsement of the fundamental principle of Neutrality by the States present. "In the Netherlands, <mask> was important because of his advocacy for the establishment of a national volunteer aid association, the Netherlands Red Cross Society. Basting's Réveil background
Basting, his Swiss friend Dunant, and the first Red Cross volunteer who - together with another Swiss (Dr. Louis Appia, with Dunant and three other Swiss co-founder of the ICRC) - was sent to a war front, the Dutchman (and painter / writer) Charles William Meredith van de Velde, were all born in a Calvinistic Réveil environment. The Réveil movement originated in Geneva at the beginning of the 19th century in response to The Enlightenment.All three had from childhood learned to take care of others, for example Dunant visited with his parents prisoners, and they helped poor in their community. <mask> and his wife Amalie have translated a number of writings from the Geneva Réveil theologian and philosopher Jules-Ernest Naville from French into Dutch. And Dunant organized meetings for fellow believers in Geneva. Van de Velde has visited one or more such meetings in Geneva, <mask> has likely never been in Geneva. It was this international network of Dunant that brought him in contact with <mask> in 1862. Dunant was a critic of institutionalized church and was an agnost. Credits
 On 6 January 1860 <mask> was honoured by King William III as knight in the Orde van de Eikenkroon.Koning Willem III made Basting on 31 July 1867 honorary member of the Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis. In 1871 the Netherlands Red Cross placed a marble tombstone on his grave. Tomb Oud Eijk en Duinen, The Hague
Basting was buried in The Hague. In 1871 the Dutch Red Cross placed this gravestone on its final resting place. Bibliography
Beneath works were written by <mask>ng:
 Raadgevingen aan de Nederlandse comité's onder het Roode Kruis, Den Haag, 1870
 De Nederlandsche Hulpkomités onder het Roode Kruis. Hun werkkring in tijden van oorlog en vrede, Den Haag, 1868
 Memorie over het stelsel van ziekenverstrooiing in “Verslagen, rapporten en memoriën omtrent militaire onderwerpen “ uitgegeven door het Departement van Oorlog”, 1866
 Eene roepstem tot mijn vaderland. De hulpmaatschappijen tot verzorging van zieken en gekwetsten aanbevolen, Den Haag, 1864
 Morburum in Nosocomio Lugduni Batav.: Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis en het vraagstuk van oorlog en vrede 1867-1945”
 Rombach, J.H. in Universeel, Belgische RK in Vlaanderen (nr. 3 1978), “Dr. <mask> <mask> <mask> (1817-1870), de Nederlander aan de wieg van het Rode Kruis”, artikel van
 Carl H.J. Vandekerckhove (1978), “Jean-Henry Dunant: Droom en daad”
 Nederlandse Rode Kruis (1969), “<mask> <mask> <mask>, Sebald Justinus Brugmans”
 Verspijck, Jonkheer G.M. (1967), “Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis”
 Rombach J.H. in International Review of the Red Cross (1962), “Two great figures in Red Cross history”
 Hart, Ellen (1953), “Man born to live: Life and Work of Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross”
 Beelaerts van Blokland, Jhr.H. (1942), “Dr. <mask> <mask> Basting”
 Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenbook, deel 4 (1918)
 Rotterdams Nieuwsblad (26-02-1917), “De stichting van het Roode Kruis”
 Haje, Christian Friedrich in Elsevier (1897 Jan.-Jul., pag 438), “De stichter van het Roode Kruis”
 Müller, Rudolf (1896), "Entstehunsgeschichte des Roten Kreuzes und der Genfer Konvention"
 Haje, C.F. (1889), ”Een gedenkzuil der negentiende eeuw: Het Roode Kruis, oorsprong, geschiedenis, gevolgen”
 Brown, Samual (1863), “Report on the Fifth International Statistical Congress, held at Berlin, Sept. 6th to 12th, 1863”
 Dommelen, G.F. (4/11-06-1871), “Herinnering aan J.H.C. Basting”
 Dommelen, Gomarus Fransiscus van (1-01-1871), “Over de noodzakelijkheid der uitbreiding van het getal Ziekenverplegers en Ziekenverpleegsters door de Vereenigingen onder het Roode Kruis”
 Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans in Katholiek-Nederlandsche Brochuren-Vereniging (1870), “Het Roode Kruis: Een woord tot mijn landgenoten”
 Register begraafplaats Oud Eijk en Duinen te Den Haag

People associated with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Dutch military doctors
19th-century Dutch military personnel
1817 births
1870 deaths

masks:
Johan Hendrik Christiaan Basting
Basting
Dingeman Cornelis Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Johan Basting
Basting
Basting
Johan Basting
Johan Basing
Johan Bast
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan
Basting
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan
Basting
Johan Hendrik
Christiaan