title: Edward Frankland

texts:
<mask>,  (18 January 18259 August 1899) was an English chemist. He was one of the originators of organometallic chemistry and introduced the concept of combining power or valence. An expert in water quality and analysis, he was a member of the second royal commission on the pollution of rivers, and studied London's water quality for decades. He also studied luminous flames and the effects of atmospheric pressure on dense ignited gas, and was one of the discoverers of helium. Biography

<mask> was born in Catterall, Lancashire and baptised at Churchtown, Lancashire on 20 February 1825. As his baptismal record shows, his birth was illegitimate. His mother, Margaret "Peggy<mask>, later married William Helm, a Lancaster cabinet-maker."His illegitimacy cast a shadow over all his life since he was pledged to silence as to the identity of his natural father, though a handsome annuity was paid to his mother". From age 3 to 8 <mask> lived and was educated in Manchester, Churchtown, Salford and Claughton. In 1833, the family moved to Lancaster and he attended the private school of James Wallasey, where he first took an interest in chemistry, in particular, reading the work of Joseph Priestley borrowed from the Mechanics Institute Library. At age 12, <mask> moved to the Lancaster Free Grammar School (later Lancaster Royal Grammar School), that had also educated scientists William Whewell and Sir Richard Owen. According to <mask> himself, his interest in chemistry was furthered by a case held in the court of Lancaster Castle, which was adjacent to the Free Grammar School (then located on Castle Hill, Lancaster). It was an action brought by the Corporation of Liverpool against Mr. Muspratt for committing a nuisance by allowing muriatic acid gas (HCl) to escape from his chemical works in Liverpool. "I was already much interested in chemistry, my step-father allowed me to stay away from school in order to attend the trial"
<mask> wished to become a doctor, but the cost of training was "absolutely prohibitive".So the only entrance for him was "the back door of a druggist's shop"

In 1840, <mask> was indentured by his step-father, William Helm as an apprentice to Stephen Ross, a Lancaster pharmacist. and his duties included "mortar and pestle work", pounding and mixing large quantities of chemicals to create medicinal preparations such as ointments. During the latter part of his six-year apprenticeship, <mask> also attended the Lancaster Mechanics' Institute (later to become The Storey, attending classes in a makeshift cottage laboratory made available to local apprentices and other young men by a local doctor, James Johnson. Others in that youthful circle were the scientific writer Robert Galloway (also apprenticed to Ross) and the anatomist William Turner. With support and encouragement from Johnson, <mask> acquired, in 1845, a place in the Westminster laboratory of  Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair. Whilst there, <mask> attended Playfair's lecture course; at the end of it he passed the examination—the only written one he ever sat. In summer 1847 <mask> visited Germany and met some of Playfair's chemistry contacts there, including Robert Bunsen.In August 1847 <mask> accepted a post as science-master at a boarding school (Queenwood College) in Hampshire, but the following summer he opted to return to Germany to be a full-time student at the University of Marburg. Robert Bunsen was an influential teacher at Marburg at the time, and Bunsen's reputation was one of the main attractions for <mask>. The following year <mask> accepted an invitation to move to Justus von Liebig's laboratory at Giessen. By this stage <mask> already had his own research agenda and had published some original research in chemistry. In January 1850 Lyon Playfair revealed his intention to resign from his professorship at Putney College for Civil Engineers in London and arrange to have <mask> become his successor. Hence <mask> abruptly terminated his studies in Germany and returned to take up Playfair's former position in England. A year later <mask> became professor of chemistry at a newly established school now known as the University of Manchester.In 1857 he became lecturer in chemistry at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and in 1863 professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, London. For two decades <mask> also had a teaching role at the Royal School of Mines in London; and he taught briefly (from 1859 to 1861) at the Royal India Military College at Addiscombe, Surrey. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853 and awarded the Society's Royal Medal in 1857 and its Copley Medal in 1894. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1897. <mask> became engaged to Sophie Fick, sister of physiologist Adolf Eugen Fick, from Kassel in October 1849. They had first met on <mask>'s 1847 trip. They married on 27 February 1851 at St Martin-in-the-Fields.After Sophie's death from tuberculosis in 1874, in 1875 <mask> married Ellen Frances Grenside. He died in Golaa, a village in the Gudbrand Valley whilst on a holiday in Norway. His body was returned to Britain and he was buried near his home in Reigate, Surrey. His son <mask> was also a noted chemist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. <mask>'s papers are held at the John Rylands Library, Manchester. Scientific work

From an early age, <mask> engaged in original research with great success. Analytical problems, such as the isolation of certain organic radicals, attracted his attention at first, but he soon turned to chemical syntheses.Robert Bunsen is believed to have directed his students, <mask> and Hermann Kolbe, to the investigation of cacodyl, leading to <mask>'s discovery of organometallic compounds. After his return to England <mask> achieved the synthesis of diethylzinc and dimethylzinc by the reaction of ethyl iodide and methyl iodide with metallic zinc. The theoretical deductions <mask> drew from considering these bodies were even more interesting and important than the bodies themselves. Perceiving a molecular isonomy between them and the inorganic compounds of the metals from which they may be formed, <mask> saw their true molecular type in the oxygen, sulphur or chlorine compounds of those metals, from which he held them to be derived by the substitution of an organic group for the oxygen, sulphur, &c. In this way they enabled him to overthrow the theory of conjugate compounds, and they further led him in 1852 to publish the conception that the atoms of each elementary substance have a definite saturation capacity, so that they can only combine with a certain limited number of the atoms of other elements. The theory of valency thus founded has dominated the subsequent development of chemical doctrine, and forms the groundwork upon which the fabric of modern structural chemistry reposes. <mask>'s 1852 publication on his discovery of the theory of valence was honoured by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 2015. In applied chemistry <mask>'s great work was in connection with water-supply.Appointed a member of the second royal commission on the pollution of rivers in 1868, he was provided by the government with a completely equipped laboratory, in which, for a period of six years, he carried on the inquiries necessary for the purposes of that body, and was thus the means of bringing to light an enormous amount of valuable information respecting the contamination of rivers by sewage, trade-refuse, &c., and the purification of water for domestic use. In 1865, when he succeeded August Wilhelm von Hofmann at the School of Mines, he undertook the duty of making monthly reports to the registrar-general on the character of the water supplied to London, and these he continued down to the end of his life. At one time he was an unsparing critic of its quality, but in later years he became strongly convinced of its general excellence and wholesomeness. <mask>'s analyses were both chemical and bacteriological, and his dissatisfaction with the processes in vogue for the former at the time of his appointment caused him to spend two years in devising new and more accurate methods. In 1859 <mask> passed a night on the very top of Mont Blanc in company with John Tyndall. One of the purposes of the expedition was to discover whether the rate of combustion of a candle varies with the density of the atmosphere in which it is burnt, a question which was answered in the negative. Other observations made by <mask> at the time formed the starting-point of a series of experiments which yielded far-reaching results.He noticed that at the summit the candle gave a very poor light, and was thereby led to investigate the effect produced on luminous flames by varying the pressure of the atmosphere in which they are burning. He found that pressure increases luminosity, so that hydrogen, for example, the flame of which gives no light in normal circumstances, burns with a luminous flame under a pressure of ten or twenty atmospheres, and the inference he drew was that the presence of solid particles is not the only factor that determines the light-giving power of a flame, Further, he showed that the spectrum of a dense ignited gas resembles that of an incandescent liquid or solid, and he traced a gradual change in the spectrum of an incandescent gas under increasing pressure, the sharp lines observable when it is extremely attenuated broadening out to nebulous bands as the pressure rises, till they merge in the continuous spectrum as the gas approaches a density comparable with that of the liquid state. An application of these results to solar physics in conjunction with Sir Norman Lockyer led to the view that at least the external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter in the liquid or solid forms, but must be composed of gases or vapours. <mask> and Lockyer were also the discoverers of helium, along with Pierre Jules César Janssen. In 1868 they noticed, in the solar spectrum, a bright yellow line which did not correspond to any substance then known. It was this line which they attributed to the then hypothetical element, helium. This was the first time an element was discovered on an extraterrestrial world before being found on the earth.Lectures
<mask> gave a variety of lectures at the Royal Institution. In 1862, 1864, and 1866, <mask> was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, speaking on the topics Air and Water; The Chemistry of a Coal and The Chemistry of Gases respectively. Awards and honours
 Fellow of the Royal Society, 1853
 Royal Medal, 1857, for Researches on the isolation of the radicals of organic compounds. Copley Medal, 1894
 Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, 1897
 Blue plaque, from the Royal Society of Chemistry, at Quay Street, Manchester
 National Chemical Landmark Blue plaque from the Royal Society of Chemistry, at Lancaster Royal Grammar School, 2015
 Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, for <mask>'s 1852 publication on the discovery of the theory of valence, awarded to the University of Manchester, 2015
 Blue plaque from English Heritage, at 14 Lancaster Gate, Bayswater, London in June 2019

Bibliography

  (collected papers to 1877)

 Ueber die Isolirung des Aethyls. Inaugural-Dissertation, welche mit Genehmigung der philosophischen Facultät zu Marburg zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde einreicht <mask> Frankland aus Lancaster. Marburg, 1849. Druck von George Westermann in Braunschweig.[45 pages]. References

External links

 , Audio program and transcript about Frankland

 Frankland Papers Collection, University of Manchester Library. 1825 births
1899 deaths
British chemists
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Academics of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
Academics of Imperial College London
University of Marburg alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Royal Medal winners
Edward
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

masks:
Sir Edward Frankland
Edward Frankland
" Frankland
Edward
Edward
Frankland
Frankland
Edward
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Edward Frankland
Edward Frankland
Frankland
Edward Frankland
Percy Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Edward Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Edward Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Frankland
Edward


title: Bruno Carmeni

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born December 29, 1940 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Italian judoka, who started training judo in 1955. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Early life
At the age of fifteen (1955) some friends asked him to come to judo with them. This is how he started at the club of Fiamma Yamato located in via Corvieri in Rome (Italy). He had several masters among which Vittorio Porceddu, Elio Paci, Vinicio Volpi and last but not least Noritomo Ken Otani. Thanks to the latter he was introduced to  a judo form much closer to the original Japanese one, allowing him to perfection his judo techniques. Thanks to the skill of this master he learns to understand the term Do, the way, that allows him to reach several goals.Already in 1960 he has his first results by winning the silver medal at the Italian Championships for blue and brown belts, allowing him to open the doors in order to get into the Italian National Squad. In the same year he gets his black belt 1st dan. He continues to win at many National and Regional Tournaments and is noticed by the Federal Sports Director, who calls him to participate at several trainings of the National Team. In 1961 he enters as voluntary the Police at the Sports Center of the Fiamme Oro (Gold Flame, State Police) and is sent to the Sports Center of Nettuno. Here he perfections further more his judo techniques, thanks to the contribution of master Otani and this allows him to win the first Italian Title in the up to 68 kg weight division in Perugia. In the afternoon of the same day he wins also the Silver medal in the open weight division. Another six National Titles follow after this first time in Perugia.Competitor
He is 21 times member of the Italian National Team and participates at 8 European Championships. In 1963 he wins the Silver Medal at the European Championships in Geneva (Switzerland), becoming the first Italian light weight in Italian’s judo history to reach this goal. The Italian National Olympic Committee adds him to the list of “Probable Olympians” for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. He participates at this first time judo event at the Olympic Games along with Nicola Tempesta (the only two Italians who participated in judo). After the competition at the Olympics he becomes a member of the team "Rest of the World”, touring Japan to fight against Japanese teams in Tokyo, Tenri, Nagoya, Yokohama, and Fukuoka, where he places first. Thanks to the help of master Ken Otani he gets a scholarship to enter the University of Tenri (Nara). He remains in Japan for two years studying judo and the Japanese language, getting a diploma in the latter.During his stay there he has had the chance to study under several outstanding masters among which Ken Otani (9th  dan), Kotani (10th  dan), Ebii (9th  dan), Matsumoto (9th  dan), Daigo (9th  dan), Osawa (8th  dan) and Hashimoto (8th  dan). He returns to Italy in 1966, where he wins other National Titles and several silver and bronze medals; in total he participates at 44 National Championships. Trainer
In 1970 he quits with competitions and becomes first the trainer of the Junior National Team and then of the Senior Team, followed by the University Team and the National Visually Impaired one, belonging to the National Blind Sports Federation (FICS), later called Italian Federation of Disabled Sport (FISD). Later he becomes the National Sports Director of the later. In 1971 the Italian National Judo Academy is founded, of which he is the first teacher. He is elected to the Council of the Technical Teachers Order of the Federation and after that is part of several National Technical Commissions in order to define the technical programs for grading and qualification and also for teaching. International career
In 1987 he is nominated Chairman for Judo within the International Blind Sport Association (IBSA), position, that he keeps for five Olympic four years periods.He becomes also member of the International Paralympic Committee. He tours the world for conferences, technical and pedagogical updating courses. He has contacts and meetings with the International Judo Federation and the Continental Judo Unions, in which he promotes the cause of the Visually Impaired Athletes under the slogan “disability maximum ability”. He is Technical Delegate at the following Paralympic Games: Seoul (1988), Barcelona (1992), Atlanta (1996), Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and VIP Guest at Beijing (2008)and London (2012). He is Director at 11 World Championships, 13 Europeans and 2 Asian Games. He receives many National and International awards among which: Knight to the Merit of the Italian Republic, Gold Star of the National Italian Olympic Committee, Gold Star of the Olympic Committee of the Russian Confederation as first foreigner honored by such award, Ambassador of  USA Judo, awards from the Olympic Committees of Algeria, China and Libya. He receives the International Cultural and Sport Lions Club prize, the Bronze Medal from the International Judo Federation and the Honors Medal from the Italian National Judo Federation (FIJLKAM).He is Well-deserving and International Referee, Well-deserving Master. He receives a special motion from the University of Fighting Arts, the Yong In University Korea. In 2018 the FIJLKAM Chairman awards him with the 9th dan, one among the highest recognitions both National and International. He writes many technical books, which deal with judo teaching methods for kids, grading systems, judo’s pedagogy and psychology, judo’s culture, the kata, sensorial disabled athletes and their integration thanks to the practice of judo. His books have been translated into English, Spanish, Arabic, Braille and mentioned all around the world. In 2007 he is nominated technical consultant of the Visually Impaired Chinese National Judo Team for the Beijing 2008 Paralympics. Thanks to the outstanding teaching method in favor of the members of the American Police, he is nominated Honor Member of the New Jersey Police (USA)
At the Judo World Championships, which took place in São Paulo (Brazil) in June 2007 he won two Silver medals (weight division and open).In 2018 he is awarded by the Association of the National Police Treviso Section and by the CONCILIO DE MAESTROS DE LAS ARTES MARCIALES in Cartagena Spain. He teaches and is Sport Director of the ASD Judo Club Conegliano, Treviso (Italy). Throughout the years he has maintained his strong bond to Japan and since 2006 he has been regularly once or twice a year there. In 2010 the idea to open a Japanese Cultural Center at the Judo Club Conegliano, thus promoting activities such as Japanese Language, Ikebana, Taiko and more. In 2012 he reaches an agreement with the Judo Headquarter in Tenri becoming Tenri Judo Conegliano. References

External links
http://tenrijudoconegliano.com

1940 births
Sportspeople from Beirut
Italian male judoka
Living people
Judoka trainers
Olympic judoka of Italy
Judoka at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Lebanese emigrants to Italy
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent


title: Robert Horry

texts:
<mask> (; born August 25, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player and current sports commentator. He played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning seven championships, the most of any player not to have played on the 1960s Boston Celtics. He is one of only four players to have won NBA championships with three teams; he won two with the Houston Rockets, three with the Los Angeles Lakers and two with the San Antonio Spurs with no defeats in NBA Finals. He earned the nickname "Big Shot Rob", because of his clutch shooting in important games; he is widely considered to be one of the greatest clutch performers and winners in NBA history. <mask> now works as a commentator on Spectrum SportsNet for the Lakers. Early life, high school and college basketball
<mask> was born in Harford County, Maryland; soon afterwards his father, Staff Sergeant <mask>., divorced his mother, Leila, and moved to South Carolina. <mask> grew up in Andalusia, Alabama.Later, when <mask>. was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, the father and son met weekly. As a senior at Andalusia High School, <mask> won the Naismith Alabama High School Player of the Year award. At the University of Alabama, he played basketball for Coach Wimp Sanderson, and he was a teammate of fellow future NBA player Latrell Sprewell. At Alabama, <mask> played from 1988 to 1992. He started 108 of the 133 games he played and helped the Tide win three SEC tournament titles and twice reached the NCAA's Sweet 16 round. Alabama compiled a 98–36 record during his four seasons. <mask> set a school record for career blocked shots (282).He was selected to the All-Southeastern Conference, the SEC All-Defensive and the SEC All-Academic teams. Years later <mask> returned to the university to finish his degree and graduated in spring 2021. NBA career

Houston Rockets (1992–1996)
<mask> was selected 11th overall in the 1992 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets as a small forward. He spent his first four seasons with the Rockets, helping them win the NBA Championship in 1994 and 1995. While in the Finals, <mask> set an individual NBA Finals record with seven steals in a game and also hit five three-pointers in a quarter. During his years with the Rockets, <mask> wore number 25. <mask>'s clutch tendencies were apparent as early as his rookie year.In Game 7 of the 1993 Western Conference Semifinals against the Seattle SuperSonics, <mask> nailed a clutch jumper with the shot clock expiring and 33 seconds left in regulation to put the Rockets up 93–91. The Rockets, however, would lose in overtime. In February 1994, he and Matt Bullard were traded to the Detroit Pistons for Sean Elliott, but Elliott failed a physical, because of kidney problems, and the trade was rescinded. <mask> said that the trade falling through probably saved his career. <mask> went on to be a key member of the Rockets' title teams and began to build his "Big Shot" reputation with a game-winning jumper with 6.5 seconds left in Game 1 of the 1995 Western Conference Finals versus the San Antonio Spurs and hitting a 3 to put Houston up 104–100 with 14.1 seconds left in a 106–103 win in Game 3 of the NBA Finals against the Orlando Magic. Following the victory at the 1995 NBA Finals, <mask> and the Rockets would win their second NBA Championship. <mask> said that out of his 7 championship victories, this was the one he was the most proud of because the Rockets were the sixth seed in the Western Conference.Phoenix Suns (1996–1997)
On August 19, 1996, <mask> was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Sam Cassell, Chucky Brown and Mark Bryant for former NBA Most Valuable Player Charles Barkley. <mask> had been criticized in Houston for not taking enough shots and felt that was what prompted the Rockets to trade him. After joining the Suns, <mask> had an on-court altercation with coach Danny Ainge, during which <mask> threw a towel at Ainge. Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2003)
The incident with Ainge led to <mask>'s suspension and trade to the Los Angeles Lakers on January 10, 1997, for Cedric Ceballos. Because the Lakers had retired jersey number 25 to honor Gail Goodrich, <mask> wore the number 5 instead. During the 1999–2000 season, <mask> played behind A.C. Green but frequently garnered more minutes off the bench than the starters, especially during the playoffs. In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers, the Lakers took a 2–1 lead into Game 4 in Indiana.The game went into overtime. Shaquille O'Neal fouled out, but Kobe Bryant led a run to seal the Laker victory. <mask> finished with 17 points in 37 minutes, his high for the Finals, and won his third championship as the Lakers defeated the Pacers 4 games to 2. <mask> averaged 7.6 points and 5.4 rebounds in 27 minutes per game throughout the 2000 playoffs. In the 2000–01 season, <mask> played behind Horace Grant but once again played big minutes in the playoffs. He played in 16 Lakers 2001 playoffs games, averaging 5.9 points per game. In the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers, the Lakers dropped Game 1 before winning Game 2.In Game 3 in Philadelphia, <mask> scored 12 of his 15 points in the fourth quarter, including a critical three-pointer with 47.1 seconds left in the fourth quarter to make it 92–88, followed by making 1 of 2 free throws with 21 seconds left to help seal a 96–91 Laker victory. In Game 4, <mask> made 3 of the Lakers 10 total three-pointers as the Lakers rolled to a 100–86 victory. The Lakers won Game 5 108–96 to clinch their second straight championship. <mask> has stated this victory to be the second-proudest of his career, following the 1995 NBA Finals. In the 2001–02 season, <mask> was the backup power forward to Samaki Walker, although he started in 23 games. In the playoffs, <mask> started 14 of the Lakers' 19 games playing an average of 37 minutes a game with averages of 9.3 points and 8.1 rebounds a game. <mask>'s reputation for clutch play was elevated in Game 4 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals against the Sacramento Kings.Trailing two games to one in the series and facing Game 5 in Sacramento, the Lakers were down by as many as 24 points in the first half. Eventually, the Lakers cut the lead to 99–97 with 11.8 seconds to play. On the final possession, after Kobe and Shaq missed consecutive layups, Sacramento center Vlade Divac knocked the ball away from the basket in an attempt to run out the clock. However, the ball bounced right to <mask>, who hit a three-pointer as time expired to win Game 4 100–99. A day later, Magic Johnson said <mask> was "one of the 10 best clutch players in league history". The Lakers would eventually win the series in 7 games and swept the New Jersey Nets 4–0 in the NBA Finals to complete a three-peat. <mask> started all four games in the Finals.A situation similar to Game 4 happened on March 5, 2003, in a game against the Indiana Pacers when, while the game was tied at 95, Pacers center Jermaine O'Neal swatted the inside pass for Shaquille O'Neal right into the hands of a wide-open <mask>, who calmly hit the game-winning shot. In the 2003 playoffs, the Lakers were attempting to win their fourth straight NBA championship. But in Game 5 in the Western Conference Semifinals against the Spurs, <mask>'s chance for another game-winner rattled in and out with 5 seconds left, wiping out the Lakers' rally from a 25-point deficit. <mask> went 0–18 on three-pointers in the series and the Lakers were eliminated in six games. San Antonio Spurs (2003–2008)

Following the 2002–03 season, <mask> became a free agent. Citing concerns over family, all of whom live in Houston, <mask> signed with the San Antonio Spurs. During the 2002–03 season, the Lakers had leaned heavily on <mask>.With the Spurs, coach Gregg Popovich cut <mask>'s minutes significantly, resulting in renewed success. In the 2003–04 season, the Spurs won 57 games and reached the 2004 playoffs where they swept the Memphis Grizzlies in four games, before losing in six games to the Los Angeles Lakers. During the following season, the Spurs reached the playoffs and went on to win the 2005 NBA Finals. <mask> played a significant part in the team's success, going 38 of 85 behind the three-point line in the 2005 playoffs. In Game 5 of the 2005 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons, <mask> provided more heroics in the fourth quarter to boost San Antonio to a win and 3–2 series lead over Detroit. After only scoring three points in the first three quarters, he scored 21 of the Spurs' points in the fourth quarter and overtime. The Spurs went on to win Game 5 96–95 after <mask> hit a game-winning three-point shot with 5.9 seconds left.His late-game heroics at age 34 were so astounding that prominent ESPN columnist Bill Simmons said of the performance, "<mask>'s Game 5 ranks alongside MJ's Game 6 in 1998, Worthy's Game 7 in 1988, Frazier's Game 7 in 1970 and every other clutch Finals performance over the years". After winning the series in seven games, the Spurs won their third NBA Championship in seven seasons and <mask> received his sixth championship ring. During the 2007 playoffs, <mask> hip-checked Phoenix Suns' point guard Steve Nash which resulted in a flagrant foul on Horry. During the ensuing commotion, Raja Bell was assessed a technical foul for charging at Horry. <mask> was ejected from the game and suspended for Games 5 and 6. Amar'e Stoudemire and Boris Diaw who left the vicinity of the bench, were issued a suspension for Game 5. The Spurs won the two ensuing games and subsequently moved on to the 2007 NBA Finals, where they swept the Cleveland

masks:
Robert Keith Horry
Horry
Robert Horry
Robert Horry Sr
Horry
Robert Sr
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry


title: Robert Horry

texts:
 Cavaliers winning their fourth NBA title and <mask>'s seventh individual ring.He began wearing the number 25 again after the 2006–07 season. After the 2007–08 season, <mask> became a free agent but went unsigned, marking his last professional season. Records and honors
<mask> collected his seventh championship as a member of the Spurs in 2007. He is one of only nine players to have won seven or more NBA championships, and the only one who did not play on the 1960s Celtics. <mask> was one of only four players to have won back-to-back NBA championships with two teams as of 2007. In 2005, he became the second player after John Salley to win the NBA championship with three teams. At the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leader in playoff games played with 244 games through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.<mask> has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds, the NBA playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. <mask> has regular-season career averages of 7.0 points, 4.8 rebounds, 2.1 assists, 1.0 steals, and 0.9 blocks per game. But he was always better in the playoffs where he averaged 7.9 points, 5.6 rebounds, 2.4 assists, 1.1 steals, and 0.9 blocks per game and even better in the Finals where he averaged 9.7 points, 5.9 rebounds, 2.9 assists, 1.3 steals, and 1.2 blocks per game. He shot 39.2% from three-point range in his Finals career. <mask> and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and combined to win 12 championships over a 14-year period. Either Kerr or <mask> was on the roster of an NBA Finals team from the 1993–94 season through the 2002–03 season, with every one resulting in a victory.<mask>'s teams were victorious in the NBA Finals in 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2007, while Kerr's teams were winners in the NBA Finals in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2003. Each won three titles playing for Phil Jackson-coached teams (Kerr with the Chicago Bulls, <mask> with the Los Angeles Lakers), and two with the San Antonio Spurs. In 2009, he was one of the "NBA Legends" to play in the 2009 NBA Asia Challenge against the Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars at Araneta Coliseum in Manila. <mask> was the first player ever to accumulate 100 steals, 100 blocked shots and 100 threes in one season. In 2010, he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> has played in three game sevens which went to an overtime period; the 1993 Western Conference Semifinals as a member of the Houston Rockets, the 2002 Western Conference Finals with the Los Angeles Lakers, and the 2006 Western Conference Semifinals with the San Antonio Spurs. Notable playoff clutch plays
 May 22, 1993, Western Conference Semifinals, Game 7, Houston Rockets at Seattle SuperSonics.With the score tied at 91 late in the fourth quarter and the shot clock winding down, the rookie <mask> took a pass from teammate Hakeem Olajuwon and knocked down a midrange jumper to give the Rockets a two-point lead with 32.7 seconds remaining in regulation. However, <mask>'s heroics were not enough to secure the victory for the Rockets, who succumbed to the Sonics 100–103 in overtime. May 22, 1995, Western Conference Finals, Game 1, Houston Rockets at San Antonio Spurs. <mask> hit a jumper with 6.5 seconds left to give Houston a 94–93 win over San Antonio. June 11, 1995, NBA Finals, Game 3, Orlando Magic at Houston Rockets. With the Rockets up 101–100 with 20 seconds left and the shot clock winding down, Hakeem Olajuwon kicked it out to <mask>, who hit a 3 over Orlando's Horace Grant to give Houston a 104–100 lead with 14.1 seconds left. It led them to a 106–103 win and a 3–0 series lead.Houston also won Game 4, 113–101, to complete the sweep and win back-to-back NBA titles. June 10, 2001, NBA Finals, Game 3, Los Angeles Lakers at Philadelphia 76ers. With the series tied at 1, the Sixers were down 89–88 with under a minute left after a three-point play by Kevin Ollie. Brian Shaw found <mask> wide open in the corner; he then hit a three-pointer with 47.1 seconds left to give the Lakers a 92–88 lead. <mask>, who had been a 44% free throw shooter in the playoffs to that point, also made 4 free throws in the final minute to seal a 96–91 victory. The Sixers never recovered. April 28, 2002, Western Conference First Round, Game 3, Los Angeles Lakers at Portland Trail Blazers.Down 91–89 with 10.2 seconds left, Kobe Bryant drove on Ruben Patterson and kicked it out to <mask>, who hit the game-winning 3 with 2.1 seconds left. May 26, 2002, Western Conference Finals, Game 4, Sacramento Kings at Los Angeles Lakers. The Kings led 99–97 with 11.8 seconds left. After Kobe Bryant attempted a game-tying shot and missed, Shaquille O'Neal attempted a putback. When that missed, Vlade Divac knocked the ball away to try to run out the clock. However, it went right to <mask>, who hit the game-winning three-pointer at the buzzer to give the Lakers a 100–99 victory and tie the series at 2 going back to Sacramento for Game 5. L.A. eventually beat the Kings in 7 and went on to win their third straight NBA championship.June 19, 2005, NBA Finals, Game 5, San Antonio Spurs at Detroit Pistons. <mask> inbounded to Manu Ginóbili, who was cornered by two Pistons defenders. Ginóbili passed it back to <mask> on the left wing, who then hit a three-pointer with 5.9 seconds left to give the Spurs a 96–95 victory and a 3–2 series lead heading into Game 6. <mask> scored 21 points in the fourth quarter and OT combined to carry the Spurs. April 30, 2007, Western Conference First Round, Game 4, San Antonio Spurs at Denver Nuggets. With the Spurs up 90–89 with 35 seconds left, Tony Parker drove into the paint drawing his defender and Horry's defender Marcus Camby away. Parker then passed to an open <mask> on the right wing, who hit the three-pointer to give the Spurs a 93–89 advantage.The Spurs won 96–89. Lakers
| 22 || 14 || 30.7 || .455 || .329 || .700 || 5.4 || 2.5 || 1.7 || 1.3 || 9.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;|
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 72 || 71 || 30.4 || .476 || .204 || .692 || 7.5 || 2.3 || 1.6 || 1.3 || 7.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;|
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 38 || 5 || 19.6 || .459 || .444 || .739 || 4.0 || 1.5 || .9 || 1.0 || 4.9
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 76 || 0 || 22.2 || .438 || .309 || .788 || 4.8 || 1.6 || 1.1 || 1.0 || 5.7
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 79 || 1 || 20.1 || .387 || .346 || .711 || 3.7 || 1.6 || .7 || .7 || 5.2
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 81 || 23 || 26.4 || .398 || .374 || .783 || 5.9 || 2.9 || 1.0 || 1.1 || 6.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;|
| style="text-align:left;|L.A.Lakers
| 9 || 9 || 31.0 || .447 || .429 || .778 || 5.3 || 1.4 || 1.1 || .8 || 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1998
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 13 || 13 || 32.5 || .557 || .353 || .683 || 6.5 || 3.1 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 8.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;|1999
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 8 || 0 || 22.1 || .462 || .417 || .786 || 4.5 || 1.4 || .8 || .8 || 5.0
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2000†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 23 || 0 || 26.9 || .407 || .288 || .702 || 5.3 || 2.5 || .9 || .8 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2001†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 16 || 0 || 23.9 || .368 || .362 || .591 || 5.2 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 1.0 || 5.9
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2002†
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. Lakers
| 19 || 14 || 37.0 || .449 || .387 || .789 || 8.1 || 3.2 || 1.7 || .8 || 9.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;|2003
| style="text-align:left;|L.A. His first child, and daughter, Ashlyn, was diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder called 1p36 deletion syndrome, an affliction that develops when part of the first chromosome is missing.She died on June 14, 2011, at the age of 17. He also has a son, Camron <mask>, who plays defensive end at Texas A&M. His younger son <mask> is following in his footsteps as a basketball player. <mask> coaches his AAU Big Shot basketball team in Los Angeles. On September 29, 2019, he married his long-time girlfriend Candice Madrid. See also

 List of NBA players with most championships
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders

Notes

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball players
Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Alabama
Basketball players from Maryland
Houston Rockets draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Los Angeles Lakers players
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Phoenix Suns players
People from Andalusia, Alabama
People from Harford County, Maryland
Power forwards (basketball)
San Antonio Spurs players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from the Baltimore

masks:
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Horry
Christian Horry
Horry


title: Matt Kvesic

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born 14 April 1992) is an English professional rugby union player for Premiership Rugby side Worcester Warriors. Born in Germany to English parents, he represented England at international level and played for several youth representative  sides before making his debut for the senior team in 2013. Predominantly an openside flanker, he has also played on the blindside and at number eight. Early life and youth rugby
After taking up rugby at Swanage & Wareham RFC, <mask> attended Blundell's School in Tiverton where he captained the team in schools rugby. He joined the Worcester Warriors Academy aged 14 after attending a training camp before completing his academic studies at Worcester Sixth Form College. Whilst in Sixth form he also represented North Midlands and then the Midlands as a whole in the Midland's Under-18 Championship and Divisional Festival respectively. Club career
<mask> made his senior debut for Worcester in the Anglo-Welsh Cup against the Scarlets on 14 November 2009, becoming the youngest player to represent the Warriors in the professional era.In May 2010 he signed a new contract with the club, though with his playing time limited, he joined National League 1 side Stourbridge at the start of the season on a dual registration agreement, making four appearances. He returned to Worcester and scored two tries on his full debut against Esher before adding a third in the British and Irish Cup against Newport in his next game. He credited his try-scoring start to the season with the time he spent playing physical, forwards dominated rugby in National League 1 with Stourbridge and finished the season with 13 appearances as Worcester were promoted to the Premiership. His performances saw him named Young Player of the Year at the club's end-of-season awards and, with his previous contract due to run out in 2012, he signed an extension with the club in April 2011. In his first Premiership season he played sixteen times in the league, including eight starts, and made his European debut in the Amlin Challenge Cup against Stade Français on 10 November 2011. He was a regular in his final season with the Warriors, appearing in all but one of their Premiership matches and left the club having been named Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year for 2012–13. On 6 February 2013, it was confirmed that Kvesic would leave Worcester at the end of the season to join local rivals Gloucester Rugby on a two-year contract.He made his debut in Gloucester's 22–16 defeat to Sale Sharks on the opening day of the 2013–14 season and played his first match in the Heineken Cup a month later against USA Perpignan. After twenty games without a try, <mask> scored his first points for the club after crossing the line against Harlequins in February 2014. In October 2014, he signed a two-year contract extension to keep him with the club until the end of the 2016–17 season. On 12 January 2017 it was announced that <mask> would leave Gloucester at the end of the season to join local rivals Exeter Chiefs on a three-year contract. On 13 May 2020, <mask> left Exeter to rejoin Worcester Warriors ahead of the 2020-21 season, on a long-term deal. International career

Age group rugby
<mask> first represented England at under-16 level in 2008 while still at Blundell's school. He made his debut for the under-18s the following year in the European Under-18 Rugby Union Championship and became a regular in the team.His spell with the under-18s culminated with a Grand Slam in the Five Nations tournament with Kvesic captaining the side in the win over Scotland. In September 2010 he was selected in the under-20 elite squad and retained his place for the 2011 Six Nations Under 20s Championship and Junior World Championship. He made his debut against Wales in February 2011, scoring two tries in a 26–20 win and went on to play every game of the Under-20s Six Nations as England won the Grand Slam. He cemented his place in the back row and started 14 of England's 15 games in the 13 months after his debut, playing in the Junior World Championship final defeat to New Zealand and the 2012 Under-20s Six Nations as England retained their title. Senior team
A shoulder injury prevented <mask> from playing in the 2012 Junior World Championship though he was named in the England Saxons squad for the first time in June the same year. In January 2013 he called into the Senior squad for the Six Nations after an injury to Tom Johnson but did not make any appearances. He was included in the squad for the 2013 tour of Argentina and started in the uncapped game against the Barbarians at Twickenham as England ran out 40–12 winners.On 8 June he won his first senior cap in the 32–3 win over Argentina in the first Test and retained his place for the second match which England also won 51–26. After impressing during the tour he was named in the Elite Player Squad in August. As part of the EPS, <mask> was included in the squad for the 2014 Six Nations though he was not selected in the matchday 23 for any of the games. He travelled on the 2014 summer tour to New Zealand but was again omitted from the squad for any of the Test matches due to the stiff competition for the three back row slots. He did however play in the midweek game against the Crusaders, starting on the openside as England scored six tries in a 38–7 victory. After the game England head coach Stuart Lancaster praised his performance, naming him as his Man of the Match. Despite being called up in Eddie Jones first EPS squad in 2016, <mask> has endured a long stay in the international wilderness, however after an outstanding second season for the Exeter Chiefs developing into more an all-round flanker rather than just an out-and-out openside he was recalled to the England squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup warm-ups and came off the bench in the final game against Italy to win his third cap but was not included in the World Cup squad.Honours
 Worcester Warriors
 Young Player of the Year: 2010–11
 Players' Player of the Year: 2012–13
 Player of the Year: 2012–13

Gloucester Rugby
 European Challenge Cup 2014-15
 Player of the Year 2014-15
 Young Player of the Year 2014-15
 Players' Player of the Year 2014-15
 Young Player of the Year 2015-16
 Player of the Year 2015-16

Exeter Chiefs
 Player of the Year 2018-19
 Premiership team of the season 2018-19

Personal life
<mask> was born in Iserlohn, Germany, where his father was posted with the British Army. He is of Croatian descent on his father's side and Polish on his mother's. References

External links

Gloucester Rugby profile
<mask> profile at the RFU
ESPN Scrum profile
It's Rugby profile

1992 births
Living people
People from Iserlohn
English people of Croatian descent
English people of Polish descent
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Worcester Warriors players
Stourbridge R.F.C. players
Gloucester Rugby players
People educated at Blundell's School
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
Exeter Chiefs players

masks:
Matthew Boris
Matt
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Kvesic
Matt Kvesic


title: Salimullah Khan

texts:
<mask> (; born 18 August 1958) is a Bangladeshi writer. <mask> explores national and international politics and culture using Marxist and Lacanian theories. Informed and influenced by Ahmed Sofa's thoughts, his exploration of Bangladesh's politics and culture has a significant following among the country's young generation of writers and thinkers. <mask> translated the works of Plato, James Rennell, Charles Baudelaire, Frantz Fanon, Dorothee Sölle into Bengali. In Bangladesh, he is a regular guest in talk shows on national and international political issues. Biography
Born in Cox's Bazar, <mask> grew up in Maheshkhali. Passing his SSC from Chittagong Cantonment High School and HSC from Chittagong College, he studied Law at the University of Dhaka.For a brief period, he was involved with the student wing of Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. In 1986, he went to the United States, and did his PhD on Theories of Central Banking in England, 1793-1877 at the New School. Academic career
<mask> taught at the Department of Law, University of Rajshahi from 1983 to 1984, at the Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka from 1985 to 1986, and East West University from 2001 to 2002. He was Fellow at SOAS, University of London and Stockholm University. In 2006, he joined Stamford University Bangladesh, Bangladesh as a Professor in the Department of Law. <mask> edited a periodical titled Praxis Journal from 1979 to 1986. <mask> is currently the director of Centre for Advanced Theory at University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh.He is associated with a number of organisations such as Center for Asian Arts and Cultures, Ahmed Sofa RashtraSabha, etc. Writing career

A proponent of anti-colonial movements, <mask> has engagements in the regional political economy and culture from a Lacanian-Marxist perspective. A critic of Western interventionism, <mask> <mask> analyzes Western thought and discourse through critical scrutiny of the colonial and imperial legacy of the West. From this perspective, he has written on the works of Charles Baudelaire, Walter Benjamin, Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Edward Said, Aime Cesaire, Talal Asad and many others. Since 1997, his engagement with Freud and Lacan has made him use psychoanalysis to explore Bangladesh's politics and culture and also international issues. He also wrote two books on Freudo-Lacanian philosophy: Freud Porar Bhumika, and Ami Tumi She. Critiques
<mask>'s first book Bangladesh: Jatiyo Obosthar Chalchitro (1983) was a critique of Abdur Razzaq's famous lecture: Bangladesh: State of the Nation.Upon publication, it came under censure of Ahmed Sofa. <mask> <mask> wrote on Lalon Shah, Ramaprasad Chanda, Jasimuddin, Roquia Sakhawat Hussain, Ahmed Sofa, Abul Hasan, Tareque Masud and some of his contemporaries. <mask> views Kazi Nazrul Islam as an anti-colonial and democratic thinker cherished dearly by the people of Bengal. His book Ahmed Sofa Shanjibani provides an expansive assessment of the works of Ahmed Sofa. It established him as the leading expert on Sofa. He also edited a collection of writings by Ahmed Sofa on Rabindranath Tagore. In a 2011 debate arranged by bdnews24.com, <mask> critiqued the portrayal of the Bangladesh Liberation War in the film Meherjaan.Political views

In his book Behat Biplab, <mask> <mask> analyzed the strategic and political aspects of the liberation war of Bangladesh. In <mask>'s view, the three fundamental principles of the liberation war of Bangladesh are equality, human dignity, and social justice. During the Shahbagh Movement in Dhaka, <mask> came forward in strong support of the war crime trial. He has intervened in recent debates on the number of martyrs in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. <mask> advocates for an inclusive education system in Bangladesh. In April 2017, as the government of Bangladesh took the decision to recognize the Dawra degree of the Qawmi madrasa system, <mask> hailed the decision as important for integration of Qawmi group into the national mainstream. He discussed how Islam was propagated in Bengal through the medium of Bengali language.<mask> analyzes the issue of communalism and extremism from a historical perspective. and locates the origin of communalism in South Asia in the British colonial period. His analysis of communalism has also touched upon the Rohingya question, He denounced communal attacks and suggests that upholding social justice is critical to drive away communalism from the national arena. He defends equal right of all communities to observe respective religions. Proper education and guidance is critical to dissuade the young generation from going down the path of extremism. Views on Bengali as a medium of education
<mask> is a leading advocate of Bengali to be the main medium of education in the Bangladeshi academia. He opined that without establishing Bengali as the main medium of education in all stages, the decolonization process would lag behind, and the Anglocentric colonial cringe would persist in the social dynamics in Bangladesh.In Bangladesh, the ruling class albeit admits Bengali to be the state language, their preference for English is apparent in their language application. Citing Freud and Lacan, he wrote that the people of the ruling class are pervert since their acts and thoughts do not reflect their words. He also called them traitors to the nation. Quoting a French proverb with puns in Bengali, he stated that until Bengali is not the medium of education in higher studies, the quality of education would stay medium, and in the realm of education, medium (quality) equals low. Compromise with the medium of language thus means the demise of quality in the domain of education, impeding progress of the nation as a whole. He also said that second languages should be taught to complement Bengali, not to supersede it. <mask> is a vocal critic of certain prescriptions on Bengali orthography.In his opinion, Bangla Academy has failed to perform its duty in publication of advanced knowledge in Bengali language. Controversy and criticism
<mask> was criticized for his use of Sadhu Bhasha. His writings were labelled incomprehensible and impenetrable. Selected works
Essays
 Bangladesh: Jatiya Abasthar Chalchitra (1983)
 Freud Porar Bhumika, Ed. (2005)
 Satya Saddam Hussein and ‘Srajerdaula’ (2007)
 Behat Biplap 1971, Ed. (2007)
 Ami Tumi Se (2008)
 Silence: On Crimes of Power (2009)
 Adamboma (2009)
 Ahmed Sofa Sanjibani (2010)
 Swadhinata Byabsay (2011)
 Ahmed Sofar Swadesh, Ed. (2015)
 Gariber Rabindranath, Ed.(2017)
 Prarthana (2019)
 আমাদের ভাষার নায়ক (2020)

Poetry
 Ek Akasher Swapna (1981)

Translations
 Allahr Badshahi: Selected Poems of Dorothee Sölle (1998)
 Collected Works of Plato, V. 1 (2005) (Co-translated)

Awards
Loke Literary Award: 2017
Ranajit Award: 2020

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
21st-century Bangladeshi writers
Bangladeshi non-fiction writers
Bangladeshi male writers
Writers from Dhaka
People from Cox's Bazar District
University of Rajshahi faculty
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh faculty
University of Dhaka alumni
University of Dhaka faculty
State University of New York at Purchase faculty
City University of New York faculty
The New School alumni
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis
Male non-fiction writers
Stamford University Bangladesh

masks:
Salimullah Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Salimullah
Khan
Khan
Salimullah
Khan
Khan
Khan
Salimullah
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Morris Ginsberg

texts:
<mask> FBA (14 May 1889 – 31 August 1970) was a British sociologist, who played a key role in the development of the discipline. He served as editor of The Sociological Review in the 1930s and later became the founding chairman of the British Sociological Association in 1951 and its first President (1955–1957). He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1942 to 1943, and helped draft the UNESCO 1950 statement titled The Race Question. Biography

He was born in Kelmė, a small town in the Province of Kaunas in Lithuania (at the time occupied by the Russian Empire). He was given an education considered good according to the standards adopted by a small, isolated and intensely religious little Jewish community. His knowledge of Hebrew and religious principles was adequate but of secular learning he was absolutely ignorant. At the age of thirteen he was sent away from home to Telšiai and then to Vilijampolė, where were situated two of the well known Yeshivot or academies for the study of Talmud.There he remained until the age of 15 and studied rabbinical lore with great zeal. About this time there was a revival of Hebrew literature and an attempt was made by many Jewish writers to introduce the learning of the Western peoples to the Jews of Russia. It was in this way that he was brought into contact with European ideas and inspired with a great desire for secular knowledge. His father had previously emigrated to Liverpool, England and established a tobacco factory, and at the age of 15 he rejoined him together with his mother and sisters. He made up his mind to study, but at the time he was ignorant of any European language except Yiddish and, although he knew a great deal about religious matters and Hebrew lore, he knew nothing whatever of even the rudiments of secular education. He worked in his father's business and could only study in his spare time. He succeeded, however, in preparing for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London which he passed in January 1907.Unfortunately the stress of circumstances made it impossible for him to continue. For some years he was employed as a clerk in a clothing factory, and later in an engineering shop. Eventually he obtained a post as a teacher in a small college at Margate, where he remained until about 1910. While there, he prepared for the Inter BA examination which he passed in July of that year. As a result, he was awarded the Martin White Scholarship in Sociology which enabled him to study at University College London for two years. During these two years he took all the first-class prizes offered for Modern and Ancient Philosophy. In 1912 he passed the BA Honours examination with a First Class in Philosophy and Sociology.The professors under whom he had worked were Dawes Hicks of University College London, and Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse of the London School of Economics. Hobhouse invited him to do research work in sociology and in 1913 he became Hobhouse's assistant, the result of their joint investigations being published in 1915 (see below). At the London School of Economics his work was largely on sociology and political science. At the same time he continued his work in philosophy. He won the John Stuart Mill studentship three times in succession. <mask> incidentally acquired a good working knowledge of French and German, and outside his main sphere of studies, he took courses in biology, chemistry and physics. In 1914 he passed the MA examination with special distinction.His thesis consisted of a dissertation on the philosophy of Malebranche and was accompanied by a translation of his Discourses on Metaphysics (1923). In the meantime he had been appointed Lecturer in Philosophy at University College London, where he gave courses on the history of modern philosophy, logic, and social philosophy. At the London School of Economics he lectured on sociology, ethics and the history of political ideas. During World War I the London School of Economics requested that his military service be postponed as he was standing in to give the courses which had previously been given by R.H. Tawney, Clement Attlee and Charles Mostyn Lloyd. In 1921 he was reappointed Assistant at the London School of Economics, and full Lecturer in 1923. A year later he was appointed to the Readership in Sociology, being supported by recommendations from Bronisław Malinowski and C.G. Seligman as well as Dawes Hicks from University College London.He published The Psychology of Society in 1921 and by 1964 it had reached its ninth edition and had been translated into many languages ranging from Spanish to Japanese. In 1930 he succeeded Hobhouse to the Martin White Professorship of Sociology at the London School of Economics. His Sociology, written in 1934, was described by The Guardian in their obituary as "probably the best introduction to the subject ever written". (Guardian, 1 September 1970). Main ideas

In his thesis on Malebranche, <mask> mainly argued against Mario Novaro's criticisms of Malebranche's theory of occasionalism, claiming that Novaro "entirely ignored the main difference between Hume and Malebranche in regard to causality. Malebranche does not, in truth, deny a necessary connection between cause and effect." Some of the major themes of his work were concerned with

1.The social responsibility of sociologists, which he saw as part of the more general problem of the ethics of knowledge. He believed that there was an urgent need to undertake fuller investigation of the relations between questions of fact and questions of value – particularly in the face of relativistic views that maintain that social conflicts have their origin in fundamental differences of moral outlook. 2. The second main theme is the question of what he called "Reason and Unreason" in human nature and society. He criticised the traditional view widely propagated from Aristotle through Hume to Bertrand Russell, that the main functions of reason in human affairs lie in the clarification, systematisation and control of impulse and feeling, and the discovery of means to their fulfilment. He contended that reason and feeling should not be held to be in opposition, or reason as the slave of the passions, but that reason could play a significant role in motivating action and directing feeling and conation. He sums up his view as follows:
"We have not to choose between Hume's view of reason as the slave of the passions and Kant's view of it as independent and over-riding them.We may conceive of it rather as that in our personality which strives for integration, deeper than conscious thought, but the more effective the more it uses thought, working within and through the basic impulses and interests and deriving its energy from them".~ from: "Is Reason the Slave of the Passions" – in The Plain View" Feb. 1955

<mask> was continually preoccupied with examining the role of reason in ethics. His position on this has sometimes been misunderstood – occasionally strategically misunderstood. He charted and analysed the diversity of morals among societies, and between groups and individuals, but made a clear distinction between that recognition and assumption that ethics must be entirely relative. In consequence he was ready to take issue with those who propounded emotive theories of ethics, and those who were influenced, for example, by the work of cultural anthropologists to adopt the relativistic standpoint. Cultural relativism, however, does not entail moral relativism, as its opponents often claim in a straw-man argument. <mask> manifested an 'objectivist' theory of ethics in the tradition of Plato, Aristotle, Mill, Sidgwick and Hobhouse. This led him to maintain that 'value' and 'obligation', 'good' and 'bad' are terms not further reducible or analysable into each other or into terms not implying them.He also deals positively with the notion of levels of moral development, and suggests criteria for assessing these. Using these criteria it is possible to detect unmistakable differences of level between different societies in the modern world. He saw clearly that there is no finality in these matters, and that conditions, circumstances and societies change, involving advances and regressions. 3. He was inevitably also concerned with the nature of Justice and its relationship to equality, and the associated question of Law as an increasingly important agent of social change and reform. The ethics of punishment and the complex nature of individual moral freedom and its involvement with legal compulsion is examined in "On Justice in Society" (1965), where he concludes as follows:-
'Three questions have to be asked (a) Is the use of force necessary or can the end aimed at be secured by suasion or voluntary agreement? (b) Can the end in question be attained by compulsion or does its value depend on its being freely or spontaneously pursued?These questions have to be faced in any effort to distinguish between the rights and duties which require and permit of legal reinforcement and rights and duties which are best assured by moral means;  that is, by inner conviction and free acceptance.' 4. Another pervading theme in his work was the advocacy of the liberal disposition of mind as a desideratum. He opposed this to fanaticism, impulsiveness, 'totalitarianism'. He was for sanity, coolness, reflection and restraint in judgement. His approach to problems was fundamentally Apollonian, and he mistrusted the Dionysian temperament, though understanding its nature and its potency. As he said ("The Idea of Progress" 1953 pp 72–73) 'The liberal mind is characterised by an abhorrence of fanaticism, a greater readiness to count the cost in terms of human happiness and human lives, a profounder awareness of the effects of violence, both on those who employ it and those who suffer it.'Works
 The material culture and social institutions of the simpler peoples (with L. T. Hobhouse, Wheeler), (1915)
 The Psychology of Society, (1920)
 L. T. Hobhouse (with J. A. Hobson), (1931)
 Studies in Sociology, (1932)
 Sociology, (1934)
 Reason and unreason in society, (1947)
 1923 Translation of Malebranche's Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion, The Macmillan Company
Essays in Sociology and Social Philosophy (in three volumes): 1. On the Diversity of Morals,  2. , Reason and Unreason in Society, 3. Evolution and Progress, (1956)

See also
 Moral objectivism
 Malebranche's occasionalism

Footnotes

References
 The above is adapted with permission from an address by E. M. Eppel given at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel in April 1991. External links

 Catalogue of the Ginsberg papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics. 1889 births
1970 deaths
British sociologists
Jewish sociologists
British Jews
Lithuanian Jews
British people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of University College London
Academics of University College London
Academics of the London School of Economics
Presidents of the British Sociological Association
People from Kelmė
Presidents of the Aristotelian Society

masks:
Morris Ginsberg
Ginsberg
Ginsberg
Morris Ginsberg
Ginsberg


title: Guy Pierre de Fontgalland

texts:
<mask> (November 30, 1913 – January 24, 1925, in Paris), Servant of God, was regarded in the inter-war period as the youngest potential Catholic saint who was not a martyr. His beatification process was opened on November 15, 1941, and suspended on November 18, 1947. Life
<mask>and was the son of count <mask> (1884–1972), a lawyer, and Marie Renée Mathevon (1880–1956). She had intended to become a Carmelite and she was a militant Catholic. Bishop <mask>, Bishop of Valence (Drôme) and friend of the family, introduced them and united them in marriage. He baptized their son as <mask> on December 7, 1913, in St. Augustine's Church [where?]. <mask> had the qualities and defects of an ordinary child.He proved to be wanton with his mother and angry with his brother Marc, born in 1916, but also sensitive and affectionate. He was especially frank and loyal, confessing to his faults at the risk of being punished. He died with the reputation of having never told a single lie. He reflected a very childlike faith inspired by Thérèse of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face. In January 1917 he visited her tomb at Lisieux, where he accompanied his mother on pilgrimage. Although very young, he tried to imitate Jesus in everything. He "chatted with him" in the privacy of his room and, subsequently, during Holy Communion.He offered every day small sacrifices to try to "please Jesus". He was only five years old when he manifested his desire to make his First Holy Communion and, the following year his wish to become a priest. He learned to read and write in two months and was enrolled in the parish Catechism classes. On May 22, 1921, he took advantage of the provisions of Pope Pius X in favor of early communion, and he soon became an apostle within the 'Eucharistic Crusade' sodality. On that day after a month of preparation, punctuated by "118 sacrifices" which he diligently recorded, he made his First Communion in the Church of St-Honoré d'Eylau. He was given a revelation of his approaching death but kept it secret so as not to sadden his relatives. In October 1921, he entered the Collège Saint Louis de Gonzague, where he was a poor student, slothful and lazy in his studies despite his intelligence and curiosity.He was corrected and improved his character. He did not draw attention to himself but was noted for his charity and his easy companionship. He protected the weaker students but did not defend himself when attacked, forgave his opponents and did not keep grudges or hard feelings, was never sulking and refused to denounce others or to cause trouble. In July 1924, the family went on a pilgrimage to Lourdes. In front of the grotto, he had a confirmation of his earlier revelation that he would die soon, on a Saturday, the day of the Blessed Virgin Mary. On the night of 7–8 December, he fell ill with diphtheria. There followed a period of crisis and remissions during which, knowing he would die despite the optimism of his doctors, he disclosed his "double secret" to his mother.He confronted the pain with courage and died of suffocation on Saturday, January 24, 1925, aged eleven. Later reputation
His death caused a sensation. At the end of 1925, the Father Rector of St. Louis de Gonzague wrote: "Really the way in which the story of this little life spreads is amazing; the finger of God is here." There was a continuous procession of parents, friends, and religious at 37 rue Vital where the body surrounded by white flowers was exposed for 52 hours by special permission. A photograph of <mask> on his deathbed, taken at the time, was sent or delivered in his memory to a total of 500 copies. After a ceremony at Our Lady of Grace Church at Passy, the coffin is taken to Gare de Lyon and placed in a wagon with the arms of the Fontgalland family. The funeral service at the Cathedral of Die (Drôme), the family seat, took place on Friday 30 January 1925, "in the middle of a very large crowd".Encouraged by priests, including the Apostolic Nuncio, Bishop Cerretti, who wrote the preface to <mask> <mask>'s book, and the Archbishop of Paris. <mask> <mask> wrote from 23 to 25 March a short biography of her son. It was published in the autumn, first in an edition of 400, then 4,000, then 95,000 copies. It was translated into thirteen languages. From all of France and then from around the world, more is written about him. Many came to pray at his grave and visited his parents. Calls for the memorial images of him are taken by hundreds of thousands and distributed in 48 different languages.Some 726,000 parcels of clothes were distributed. Books were dedicated to him in several languages. At the inauguration of the statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1931, the Brazilian Episcopate and over five hundred priests requested the beatification of the child. They echo the 650,000 signatures already sent to Rome or Paris between 1926 and 1931. The following year, on June 15, a diocesan tribunal was constituted by the Archbishop of Paris, to investigate his cause. Up to March 1, 1934, 244 conversions, 698 religious vocations, 742 cures attested by physicians, and approximately 85,000 other graces were documented and attributed to him. In 1936, on 25 March, his body was transferred to the chapel Sainte Paule at Valence (Drôme) to assist the vocation of the seminarians.On September 11, his parents and his brother were received by Pius XI who had promoted his cause. There were by then 1,312,000 signatures of children and adults who asked the pope to accelerate the beatification of <mask>. The record of the inquiry is 1804 pages long. It was sent to the Congregation of Rites in Rome, on 8 February 1937. Pius XI died two years later. The decision to suspend the cause was known informally in November 1941, at the opening of the ordinary process, then officially on 18 November 1947, ten years after the close of the diocesan investigation. See also
 List of Servants of God

Notes and references

Bibliography
 Joseph B.<mask>, <mask> <mask>, Angel of the Eucharist, New York: The Paulist Press, 1932. Fr. Lawrence L. McReavy, MA, <mask> Fontgalland, Saint Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Company, 1932. Eugène Dévaud, Auguste Overney, La personnalité surnaturelle d'un jeune garçon: <mask> Fontgalland 1913–1925, Paris-Lyon: Vitte, 1930. Abbé F. Gellé, Petite vie illustrée de <mask> <mask>, Tolra, 1930. Abbé F. Gellé, L'avocat des enfants, <mask> Fontgalland, Paris: Le Pélican, 1931. Abbé F. Gellé, La Maman du ciel: 31 lectures pour le mois de Marie, d'après <mask> <mask>, Paris: Le Pélican, 1932.Félix Sartiaux, Comment on fait un saint, Paris: Imp. Lefebvre, 1930
 La survie de <mask> Fontgalland, étude documentaire, Paris-Lyon: Vitte, 1931. Gaëtan Bernoville, L'enfant qui a dit 'oui': <mask> <mask>, Paris: Grasset, 1932. Elie Maire, <mask> <mask>, Paris: Desclée <mask> Brouwer, 1932. Un parfait croisé: <mask> <mask>, Paris-Lyon: Vitte, 1933. Victorin Delvoie, Le serviteur de Dieu Guy <mask>galland et Jésus, Jean Dupuis, 1933. Comtesse de Galard Béarn, Un serviteur de Dieu: <mask> <mask>, 1933
 Y. <mask>gle, L'Apôtre de la communion précoce.Le serviteur de Dieu Guy <mask>galland, 1933. André Vignaud, « Ma maman du Ciel » ou la ravissante dévotion envers la Sainte Vierge du Serviteur de Dieu, <mask> Fontgalland, Paris-Lyon:Vitte, 1933. Luc Vérus, <mask> Fontgalland est-il un saint ?, Dosne et Silvin, 1934. Fra Vito, Preface of Valentin Brifaut, Message d'ange, <mask> <mask>, Louvain: H.Bomans, 1935. R. Meysonnier, Marche glorieuse de Guy de Fontgalland, Lugdunum, 1936. Abbé Camille Bouvier, Sous le signe de Jésus: Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux et <mask> de Fontgalland, Jean Renard, 1939. Abbé Goerger, <mask> Fontgalland et la psychologie de l'amour, 1939.Henri Louis Dubly, La Vie et la survie de <mask> <mask>, devant la psychologie, la critique et l'histoire, Paris: Epee, 1947. Robert Deshors, Un enfant a dit oui: <mask> <mask>, 1913–1925, Association des amis de Guy, 1982. Ludovic Lécuru, <mask> Fontgalland, 1913–1925 : un sacrifice de louange, Paris: Sarment-Fayard, 1998. Ludovic Lécuru, Joëlle d'Abbadie Un Ange pour Jésus, <mask> <mask>, Paris: Téqui, 2003
 René Charvin, Je ferai de toi mon ange, <mask> Fontgalland, Paris: Téqui, 2001. Thierry Lelièvre, Même les enfants peuvent être canonisés! Paris: Téqui, 2005. Une Âme d'enfant : <mask> <mask>, 1913–1925.St-Jovite, Québec: Éditions Magnificat, 1987. In Spanish:
 Gellé, F., Abate, <mask> <mask>, el niño del secreto, Buenos Aires: Gladium, 1939. In German:
 Maria Schmidtmayer, Des kleinen Jesus Brüderlein – Guido von <mask> (185–199), in the book: Es wird heilege Kinder geben; 6. Auflage. Innsbruck-Wien-München: Tyrolia-Verlag, 1937,. Jon Svensson SJ, Geschichte des kleinen Guido, Herder, Freiburg i. Br. 1930.In Slovenian:
 Gvido Fontgalandski, Angelček, Ljubljana, 1930. Ferdinand Kolednik, Zgodbe malega Gvidona (Guy de Fontgalland) – 1913–1925, Škofijsko vodstvo Marijinih družb, Ljubljana 1931

External links
 Genealogy of <mask> of Fontgalland

French Servants of God
1913 births
1925 deaths
Deaths from diphtheria

masks:
Guy de Fontgalland
Guy de Fontgall
Pierre Heurard de Fontgalland
de Gibergues
Guy Pierre Emmanuel
Guy
Guy
Madame de
Fontgalland
Madame de
Fontgalland
Guy
Code
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Fontgalland
de
Guy de
Fontgalland
de Font
Guy de
Fontgalland
de Montzai
de Font
Guy de
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Guy de
Fontgalland
Guy de
Fontgalland
Fontgalland
Guy


title: Alexandra Stevenson

texts:
<mask> (born December 15, 1980) is an American former professional tennis player. Personal life
<mask>'s mother is <mask>, a sports journalist. Her father is National Basketball Association player Julius Erving. <mask> met her father for the first time in October 2004 after she initiated a meeting. The meeting was documented by ESPN.com's "Reaching Out". <mask> keeps up with her father between tournaments. <mask> graduated from the University of Colorado in December 2007, with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts, Sociology.She graduated on the Dean's List and is the only final-eight member to have graduated from college while playing professional tennis. <mask> was inducted into the La Jolla Country Day School Hall of Fame in December 2009 – joining fellow Torrey, Rashaan Salaam, the 1994 Heisman Trophy winner. On September 11, 2001, <mask> lost one of her friends – Manny Del Valle, a firefighter – in the World Trade Center. She wrote an article in The New York Times about Del Valle, a driver for the players at the US Open. In 2002, the four Grand Slam tournaments allowed <mask> to wear the patch of Del Valle's Engine Company (Engine No. 5) on her Nike cap. Career

Early years
<mask> made her professional tennis debut in 1998 as a wild card at the US Open where she lost in the first round to France's <mask>.In 1999 <mask> qualified and ultimately reached the quarterfinals at Birmingham, a grass warmup to Wimbledon, before withdrawing to Magüi Serna because of a stomach muscle pull. The next week, <mask> was the number one seed during qualifying at Roehampton—and did not drop a set in three rounds as she moved into the main draw at Wimbledon. At Wimbledon, two weeks after graduating from La Jolla Country Day School, she became the second woman qualifier in the tennis Open Era to reach the semifinals. It was her second time at Wimbledon, having competed the year before in the Junior Wimbledon Championships. <mask> beat 11th seed Julie Halard in the third round. In the fourth round, she saved one match point against Lisa Raymond in a 2–6, 7–6, 6–1 win. She then beat Jelena Dokić in three sets in the quarterfinals, before losing to the eventual champion, third seed Lindsay Davenport.<mask> had 57 aces during the fortnight, her serve speed over 120 mph. It was the beginning of <mask> being known for the fastest second serve in the women's game. <mask>'s second serve was 105 mph – 115 mph. Phil Knight, the co-founder and chairman of Nike, flew to London to personally sign <mask> to a three-year contract. During the months following her dramatic run at Wimbledon, <mask> was named Rookie of the Year by Tennis Magazine and named Most Fascinating by People Magazine. She was interviewed by Barbara Walters for a Barbara Walters Special and was featured in a variety of national and international media. Nike flew a dozen flags with <mask>'s name in bold print during her first visit to the iconic campus.<mask> moved from California to train with Nick Bollettieri at IMG Academy from 1999 to 2002. In 2000 and 2001, <mask>, often pitted against top 20 players – including Nathalie Tauziat, Mary Pierce, Martina Hingis, Monica Seles, Amanda Coetzer, Lisa Raymond, Dominique Van Roost, Julie Halard, Jennifer Capriati, Serena Williams, and Venus Williams – worked on her aggressive all-court playing style as she found her way in the professional game. <mask> reached the quarterfinals at Quebec City in 2001, and the quarterfinals at Linz, defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario en route. But, it was in 2002 that <mask> moved up to No. 18 in the world. She had played during the European indoor season in 2001 and was the only American player to appear in Moscow in 2001 following the September 11 terrorist attacks. In 2002, prior to the European indoors, she lost to Monica Seles in the Tokyo quarterfinals 6–7(9), 6–7(9), and there were no breaks of serve until the tiebreakers.Alan Mills, the Tokyo referee and renowned Wimbledon referee proclaimed, "This is the finest women's serving match I have ever seen." Soon after, Seles and <mask> were asked to serve aces for the American Heart Association, bringing awareness to heart disease. <mask> served 100 aces in 2003. During the 2002 European indoors, <mask> won her first doubles title with Serena Williams in Leipzig, Germany. She reached the quarterfinals of Filderstadt, defeating number one Jennifer Capriati. She was a finalist at Linz, beating two top ten players en route, including Capriati. <mask> finished the year at 18, percentage points away from No.17, Elena Dementieva. Injury and return
<mask> experienced shoulder pain in 2003 at the Wimbledon Championships. She worked on strengthening the area, but was unable to repair the tear. <mask> went to Birmingham, Alabama, where Dr. James Andrews performed a type II labral repair on her right shoulder in September 2004. In 2006, following 18 months of shoulder strengthening, <mask> began to mount a comeback. <mask> played in the qualifying round at 2006 Wimbledon, but after defeating Jelena Dokić, a player that she had played in 1999 in the Wimbledon quarterfinals, when they were both qualifiers, she suffered a pectoral strain and fell in the second round of qualifiers. At the 2006 Cincinnati Open, she also had a successful run in the qualifying round, but continued shoulder pain caused her to fall in the final round to Chan Chin-wei, 6–3, 3–6, 5–7.By 2009, <mask> gained shoulder strength and posted strong results. In 2010, Kevin Wilk, Dr. Andrews' physical therapist, said that <mask>'s shoulder "feels like a non-surgical arm." <mask> won the Sarasota Clay Court Invitational in April 2012. Playing style
<mask> joined Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Monica Seles, Mary Pierce and Jennifer Capriati as a premier power player on the WTA Tour in 1999. 6' 1" and right-handed, she plays with a one-handed backhand. Her serve, forehand, and one-handed backhand are noted weapons in <mask>'s all-court game. Her fastest serve was clocked at 125 mph.She had the fastest second serve in the women's game from 1999 to 2004 at 105–115 mph. She was the first woman to amass 57 aces during the Wimbledon fortnight in 1999. The power game came from years of repetitive lessons. At nine years old, <mask> began traveling from her home in San Diego to Los Angeles to be coached by Robert Lansdorp and Pete Fischer. It was Lansdorp who developed her powerful ground game, changing her two-handed backhand to a one-handed backhand. Lansdorp would tie her arm with an ace bandage to work on the backhand motion. Fischer, who also coached Pete Sampras, developed <mask>'s service motion, often used by coaches to teach "the perfect service motion."Fischer designed service drills to resemble Sampras' fluid serve. Broadcast career
Starting in August 2019, <mask> joined the ESPN tennis commentating team in their coverage of the qualifying and main draws of the 2019 US Open. She also did the commentating at the 2020 and 2021 US Open for ESPN. WTA career finals

Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner–up)

Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Singles performance timeline

_ = tournament was either not held or not a Tier I event

1 If Fed Cup (0–1 overall) participation is included, her record stands at 213–220 overall

References

External links

 Magazine article about <mask>

African-American female tennis players
American female tennis players
People from La Jolla, San Diego
Tennis players at the 1999 Pan American Games
University of Colorado alumni
1980 births
Living people
Hopman Cup competitors
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
Tennis players from San Diego
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Alexandra Winfield Stevenson
Stevenson
Samantha Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Alexandra Fusai
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Alexandra Stevenson


title: Honobu Yonezawa

texts:
is a Japanese writer, best known for his young adult mystery series Kotenbu, also known as the Classic Literature Club series. Biography

<mask> was born in 1978 in the Gifu Prefecture. From as young as he could remember, <mask> wanted to be a writer. At 11 years old, he wrote a sequel to H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, and started writing original novels in the second year of junior high school. In his second year of Kanazawa University studying literature, he started publishing his works on his site Hanmuden (汎夢殿) (the website was temporarily shut down after his official debut and these works are currently unavailable). His early work were diverse in genre, but <mask> was struck when he read Kaoru Kitamura's Flying Horse (空飛ぶ馬) and Princess in Rokunomiya (六の宮の姫君) while in university, and decided to turn his attention to writing mysteries. After graduating from university, <mask> convinced his parents to let him try and attain his dream of writing a novel for two years.He got a job as a bookstore clerk in Takayama while he continued writing on the side. In 2001, he officially debuted with the novel Hyōka, (氷菓) which received an honorable mention in the 5th Kadokawa Gakuen Novel Young Person Mystery and Horror Category Awards (角川学園小説大賞). His decision to submit was fueled by positive reception of Hyōka on his website Hanmuden, that he personally saw a future in the combination of light novels and mysteries, and because he was late for the deadline of another award. Hyōka became the first novel in a series dubbed the Classic Literature Club (古典部) series, to be distributed by the newly established Sneaker Mystery Club within the Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. Hyōka was soon followed with Gusha no Endorōru (愚者のエンドロール) in 2002. However, when <mask> had completed the draft for the third and what he intended to be the final book in the Classic Literature Club series, the label was going on hiatus due to changing trends in the market, so he could not get it published. Despite this, he was approached by Tokyo Sogensha who inquired what he was working on, thanks partly to recommendations from writers Kiyoshi Kasai and Kazuki Sakuraba.When he explained the situation to the publisher, they asked to see the draft and after a few days they requested rights to publish it. After discussions between Kadokawa, Tokyo Sogensha and Yonezawa, they agreed to have the novel published, and after changing details such as the characters and the setting, Sayonara Yōsei (さようなら妖精) was published in 2004. It was featured in the magazine Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! (このミステリーがすごい!) in 2005, ranking 20th in the domestic category. In the same year, he published Shunki Gentei Ichigo Taruto Jiken (春期限定いちごタルト事件), the first novel of the Shōshimin (小市民) series. Around the same time, he moved from Gifu to Tōkyō.In 2008, when <mask> published Hakanai Hitsuji tachi no Shukue (儚い羊たちの祝宴), he states that he started not only paying attention to the riddles present within his works, but also how they appeal to a wider audience. So when he published Oreta Ryūkotsu (折れた竜骨) in 2010, which incorporated some fantasy elements to an otherwise classical mystery story, it won the 64th Mystery Writers of Japan Award for the following year. In 2012, Kyoto Animation aired an anime adaptation of the Classic Literature Club series under the name of the first novel, Hyōka. Since 2013, he has been on the selection committee for the Mysteries! Rookie of the Year Award (ミステリーズ!新人賞). In 2014, his short story collection Mangan (満願) was selected as one of the best mysteries in the Mystery ga Yomitai!, (ミステリーが読みたい!) Shūkan Bunshun Mystery Best 10, (週刊文春ミステリーベスト10) and Kono Mystery ga Sugoi!It was ranked the top in domestic rankings and became the first book in history to receive three simultaneous rankings from different publications. It also won the 27th Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize and the 151st Naoki Prize. In 2016, he was selected by literary magazine Granta in their Japanese edition as one of the Granta Best of Young Japanese Novelists. Awards and nominations
 Hyōka (or Hyouka) [lit. Frozen Dessert] (Novel)
 2001 – The Encouragement Prize in the 5th Kadokawa School Novel Prize (Kadokawa Gakuen Shōsetsu Taishō), YA Mystery/Horror category
 "Kokoroatari no Aru Mono wa" [lit. "Anyone Who Knows"] (Short story)
 2007 – Nominee for Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Short Story
 Inshite Miru [lit. Try Indulging] (Novel)
 2008 – Nominee for Honkaku Mystery Award for Best Novel
 Tsuisō Godanshō [lit.Five morceaux of Reminiscence] (Novel)
 2010 – Nominee for Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel
 2010 – Nominee for Honkaku Mystery Award for Best Novel
 Oreta Ryūkotsu [lit.

masks:
Honobu Yonezawa
Yonezawa
Yonezawa
Yonezawa
Yonezawa
Yonezawa


title: David Jeremiah

texts:
Dr<mask> is an American evangelical Christian author, founder of Turning Point Radio and Television Ministries and senior pastor of Shadow Mountain Community Church, a Southern Baptist megachurch in El Cajon, California, a suburb of San Diego. Biography
<mask> was born in Toledo, Ohio in 1941 to Ruby and James T<mask>. At age eleven, his family, which also included his three siblings, moved to Dayton, Ohio, when his father became the pastor of Emmanuel Baptist Church. Then in 1953, the family made the move to Cedarville, Ohio, when his father became the new president of Cedarville College (now Cedarville University). <mask> earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Cedarville College in 1963, and that same year he married his college sweetheart, Donna Thompson. He went on to receive a Master's degree in Theology from Dallas Theological Seminary (1967) and completed additional graduate work at Grace Seminary (1972). Cedarville presented him with an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 1981.In 1969, <mask> founded Blackhawk Baptist Church in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Blackhawk Christian School in 1973. That same year, he also developed and launched The Bible Hour, gaining experience with using televised mass-media to share the Gospel. In the 12 years he was senior pastor at Blackhawk, the congregation size grew from seven families to 1,300 members. In 1981, the <mask> family, which now included four children, moved to Southern California, where <mask> succeeded Tim LaHaye as the senior pastor at Scott Memorial Baptist Church (now Shadow Mountain Community Church). <mask>'s leadership of the church has led it to become affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention and expand to nine satellite locations that include Hispanic and Arabic congregations. The main campus of the church has become home to the Southern California Seminary and Christian Unified Schools, a K-12 Christian school district. In 1982, <mask> founded Turning Point for God, a multi-media broadcast ministry committed to Bible Strong teaching.With the mission to deliver the unchanging Word of God to an ever-changing world, Turning Point’s radio and television program began with local influence, developed national influence through television by 2000, and has since become an international leader in the world of broadcast ministry. <mask> has won numerous awards over the years through the Turning Point program, including the National Religious Broadcasters (NRB) Hall of Fame Award and the NRB President’s Award in 2020. In 1994 and again in 1998, <mask> was diagnosed with lymphoma. In 1999, a nodule was surgically removed from his neck and he underwent stem cell transplant therapy. The story of his experiences during that season are recorded in his book, When Your World Falls Apart. In addition to pastoring Shadow Mountain Community Church and leading Turning Point for God, <mask> is a prominent author and has become a sought-after speaker nation-wide, speaking frequently at conferences, conventions, and universities, as well as at the chapels for professional basketball and football teams. <mask> and <mask> have four grown children and are the grandparents of twelve grandchildren.<mask>’s oldest son, <mask>, is the president of Turning Point and the anchor voice of the radio program. <mask>’s other son, Daniel, is a former NFL scout, and now works as an analyst with the NFL Network. Turning Point for God

Broadcast Ministries
Today, Turning Point can be seen and heard worldwide on more than 2000 stations, as well as online. It is available across the nation seven days a week and is available to more than 480 million listeners over radio and 2.7 billion households worldwide through television. The major television networks featuring Turning Point include A&E, the History Channel, Fox Business, TBN, Newsmax, Lifetime, the Cowboy Channel, the Hillsong Channel, Daystar, RFD TV, and the Miracle Channel. Turning Point programming is available in more than 180 nations and in 12 languages to date. Internationally, the English program airs in Canada, the United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and New Zealand, along with multi-language program viewership in Africa, the Middle East, Russia, India, and Indonesia.Momento Decisivo, the Spanish language edition of Turning Point that started in 2001, is now available in almost every country that has a Spanish speaking population. Print Ministries
<mask> is a prolific author and has released more than 70 books to date, one of which was The Jeremiah Study Bible (2013), a resource that has drawn from <mask>’s more than 40 years of study. He has received awards for his books, including bestseller recognition in The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Publisher’s Weekly, the ECPA Medallion of Excellence Award, and two Gold Medallion Awards. Another outreach of the ministry is Turning Points, a monthly magazine and devotional. Delivered to more than 400,000 homes every month, the resource features inspiring articles, daily devotions, a Bible reading plan, Turning Point announcements, and a monthly broadcast schedule. The ministry has written and released more than 280 editions of the magazine. Digital & New Media Ministries
Turning Point’s online hub, Davidjeremiah.org, features streaming opportunities, current broadcast schedules, and a daily e-devotional.The ministry also has multiple mobile apps, reaching users of all ages with Bible content. Turning Point has a strong presence across several online social platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Generational Ministries
Turning Point has built age-specific content to connect with kids and young adults. In 2016, Airship Genesis was created to reach kids with the same quality content as their parents. Revolving around the expeditions of the Genesis Exploration Squad, the brand has become known for their children’s Study Bible, four seasons of online audio adventures, a mobile game app, and other story and devotional-driven books. Beginning in 2019, PASSAGES became Turning Point’s new avenue for reaching young adults. Lead by <mask>’s grandson, <mask>, PASSAGES focuses on teaching about a relationship with Jesus through adventure episodes and devotional videos.Live Events
The ministry engages in several live events regularly, including a study tour through Israel, conference cruises to Alaska and the Caribbean, rally tours hosted in major arenas nationwide, live studio tapings of the newest teaching series, and televised Broadway shows in New York for Christmas.

masks:
. David Jeremiah
David Paul Jeremiah
. Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
David Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
David
Donna Jeremiah
Jeremiah
David Michael
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
Jeremiah
David Jeremiah
David Todd