title: George Washington Carver

texts:
 possibilities of the peanut and other Southern products. In 1932, the writer James Saxon Childers wrote that <mask> and his peanut products were almost solely responsible for the rise in U.S. peanut production after the boll weevil devastated the American cotton crop beginning about 1892.His article, "A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse" (1932), in The American Magazine, and its 1937 reprint in Reader's Digest, contributed to this myth about <mask>'s influence. Other popular media tended to exaggerate <mask>'s impact on the peanut industry. From 1933 to 1935, <mask> worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat infantile paralysis (polio). Ultimately, researchers found that the massages, not the peanut oil, provided the benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs. From 1935 to 1937, <mask> participated in the USDA Disease Survey. <mask> had specialized in plant diseases and mycology for his master's degree. In 1937, <mask> attended two chemurgy conferences, an emerging field in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, concerned with developing new products from crops.He was invited by Henry Ford to speak at the conference held in Dearborn, Michigan, and they developed a friendship. That year <mask>'s health declined, and Ford later installed an elevator at the Tuskegee dormitory where <mask> lived, so that the elderly man would not have to climb stairs. <mask> had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee in 1938 to continue agricultural research. He donated nearly  in his savings to create the foundation. <mask> headed the modern organic movement in the southern agricultural system. <mask>'s background for his interest in organic farming sprouted from his father being killed during the Civil War, and when his mother was kidnapped by Confederate slave raiders. Now an orphan, <mask> found comfort in botany when he was just 11 years old in Kansas.<mask> learned about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers that yielded plentiful crops from his caretaker. When crops and house plants were dying, he would use his knowledge and go and nurse them back to health. As a teenager, he was termed the "plant doctor". When his study about infection in soybean reached Booker T. <mask>, he invited him to come and teach at the Tuskegee Agricultural school. Although the emancipation allowed Black families 40 acres and a mule, President Johnson revoked this and gave the land to white plantation owners instead. This prompted Black farmers to exchange what was once their land, and in turn, a small part of the land's harvest. This led to sharecropping.<mask> soon realized that farmers were not obtaining enough food to survive, and how the industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil. <mask> wanted to find a way to organically transform Alabama's failing soil. He found that alternating nitrogen-rich crops would let the soil get back to its natural state. Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food surplus and different types of food for farmers. <mask> worked to pioneer organic fertilizers like swamp muck and compost for the farmers to use. These fertilizers were more sustainable to the planet and helped farmers to spend less money on fertilizers since they were recycling products. <mask> pushed for woodland preservation, to help improve the quality of the topsoil.He urged farmers to feed their hogs acorns. The acorns contained natural pesticides and feeding them acorns was cheaper for the farms too. <mask>'s efforts towards the holistic and organic approach are still in practice today. In his research, <mask> discovered Permaculture. Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming. President Biden realized the success of Permaculture as described by <mask>, and is now using it in sustainable agriculture in his climate policy. Relationships

<mask> never married.At age 40, he began a courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher and the sister-in-law of Warren Logan, Treasurer of Tuskegee Institute. This lasted three years until she took a teaching job in California. In her 2015 biography, Christina Vella reviews his relationships and suggests that <mask> was bisexual and constrained by mores of his historic period. When he was 70, <mask> established a friendship and research partnership with the scientist Austin W. Curtis Jr. This young black man, a graduate of Cornell University, had some teaching experience before coming to Tuskegee. <mask> bequeathed to Curtis his royalties from an authorized 1943 biography by Rackham Holt. After <mask> died in 1943, Curtis was fired from Tuskegee Institute.He left Alabama and resettled in Detroit. There he manufactured and sold peanut-based personal care products. Death

Upon returning home one day, <mask> took a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. <mask> died January 5, 1943, at the age of 79 from complications (anemia) resulting from this fall. He was buried next to Booker T<mask> at Tuskegee University. Due to his frugality, <mask>'s life savings totaled $60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation. On his grave was written, "He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world."Personal life

Voice pitch
Even as an adult <mask> spoke with a high pitch. Historian Linda O. McMurry noted that he "was a frail and sickly child" who suffered "from a severe case of whooping cough and frequent bouts of what was called croup." McMurry contested the diagnosis of croup, holding rather that "His stunted growth and apparently impaired vocal cords suggest instead tubercular or pneumococcal infection. Frequent infections of that nature could have caused the growth of polyps on the larynx and may have resulted from a gamma globulin deficiency. ... until his death the high pitch of his voice startled all who met him, and he suffered from frequent chest congestion and loss of voice." Christianity

<mask> believed he could have faith both in God and science and integrated them into his life. He testified on many occasions that his faith in Jesus was the only mechanism by which he could effectively pursue and perform the art of science.<mask> became a Christian when he was still a young boy, as he wrote in connection to his conversion in 1931:

He was not expected to live past his 21st birthday due to failing health. He lived well past the age of 21, and his belief deepened as a result. Throughout his career, he always found friendship with other Christians. He relied on them especially when criticized by the scientific community and media regarding his research methodology. <mask> viewed faith in Jesus Christ as a means of destroying both barriers of racial disharmony and social stratification. He was as concerned with his students' character development as he was with their intellectual development. He compiled a list of "eight cardinal virtues" whose possession defines "a lady or a gentleman":

 Be clean both inside and out.Who neither looks up to the rich nor down on the poor. Who loses, if needs be, without squealing. Who wins without bragging. Who is always considerate of women, children and old people. Who is too brave to lie. Who is too generous to cheat. Who take his share of the world and lets other people have theirs.Beginning in 1906 at Tuskegee, <mask> led a Bible class on Sundays for several students at their request. He regularly portrayed stories by acting them out. He responded to critics with this: "When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world." Honors
1923, Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, awarded annually for outstanding achievement. 1928, honorary doctorate from Simpson College
1939, the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture
1940, <mask> established the George Washington Carver Foundation at the Tuskegee Institute. 1941, The George Washington Carver Museum was dedicated at the Tuskegee Institute. 1942, Ford built a replica of <mask>'s birth cabin at the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village in Dearborn as a tribute.1942, Ford dedicated a laboratory in Dearborn named after <mask>. 1943, Liberty ship  launched
1947, George Washington Carver Area High School, named in his honor is opened by the Chicago Public Schools in the Riverdale/Far South Side area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. 1950, George Washington Carver State Park named
1951–1954, U.S. Mint features <mask> on a 50 cents silver commemorative coin
1965, Ballistic missile submarine  launched. 1969, Iowa State University constructs Carver Hall in honor of <mask>– a graduate of the university. 1943?, the US Congress designated January 5, the anniversary of his death, as George Washington <mask> Recognition Day. 1999, USDA names a portion of its Beltsville, Maryland campus the George Washington Carver Center. 2002, Iowa Award, the state's highest citizen award.2004, George Washington Carver Bridge, Des Moines, Iowa
2007, the Missouri Botanical Gardens has a garden area named in his honor, with a commemorative statue and material about his work
Willowbrook Neighborhood Park in Willowbrook, California was renamed George Washington Carver Park in his honor. Schools named for <mask> include the <mask> Washington <mask> Elementary School of the Compton Unified School District in Los Angeles County, California, the George Washington Carver School of Arts and Science of the Sacramento City Unified School District in Sacramento, California, and the Dr. <mask> <mask> Elementary School, a Newark public school in Newark, New Jersey. Taxa named after him include: Colletotrichum carveri and Metasphaeria carveri,  both named by Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart in 1902; Cercospora carveriana, named by Pier Andrea Saccardo and Domenico Saccardo in 1906; Taphrina carveri named by Anna Eliza Jenkins in 1939; and Pestalotia carveri, named by E. F. Guba in 1961. Legacy
A movement to establish a U.S. national monument to <mask> began before his death. Because of World War II, such non-war expenditures had been banned by presidential order. Missouri senator Harry S. Truman sponsored a bill in favor of a monument. In a committee hearing on the bill, one supporter said:

The bill is not simply a momentary pause on the part of busy men engaged in the conduct of the war, to do honor to one of the truly great Americans of this country, but it is in essence a blow against the Axis, it is in essence a war measure in the sense that it will further unleash and release the energies of roughly 15,000,000 Negro people in this country for full support of our war effort.The bill passed unanimously in both houses. On July 14, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated $30,000 for the George Washington Carver National Monument west-southwest of Diamond, Missouri, the area where <mask> had spent time in his childhood. This was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and the first to honor someone other than a president. The  national monument complex includes a bust of <mask>, a ¾-mile nature trail, a museum, the 1881 <mask> house, and the Carver cemetery. The national monument opened in July 1953. In December 1947, a fire broke out in the Carver Museum, and much of the collection was damaged. Time magazine reported that all but three of the 48 <mask> paintings at the museum were destroyed.His best-known painting, displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, depicts a yucca and cactus. This canvas survived and has undergone conservation. It is displayed together with several of his other paintings. <mask> was featured on U.S. 1948 commemorative stamps. From 1951 to 1954, he was depicted on the commemorative Carver-Washington half dollar coin along with Booker T<mask>. A second stamp honoring <mask>, of face value 32¢, was issued on 3 February 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series. Two ships, the Liberty ship SS George <mask> and the nuclear submarine USS George <mask> (SSBN-656), were named in his honor.In 1977, <mask> was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. In 1990, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1994, Iowa State University awarded <mask> a Doctor of Humane Letters. In 2000, <mask> was a charter inductee in the USDA Hall of Heroes as the "Father of Chemurgy". In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed <mask> <mask> as one of 100 Greatest African Americans. In 2005, <mask>'s research at the Tuskegee Institute was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. On February 15, 2005, an episode of Modern Marvels included scenes from within Iowa State University's Food Sciences Building and about <mask>'s work.In 2005, the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, opened a <mask> <mask> garden in his honor, which includes a life-size statue of him. Many institutions continue to honor <mask> <mask>. Dozens of elementary schools and high schools are named after him. National Basketball Association star David Robinson and his wife, Valerie, founded an academy named after <mask>; it opened on September 17, 2001, in San Antonio, Texas. The Carver Community Cultural Center, a historic center located in San Antonio, is named for him. Reputed inventions

<mask> was given credit in popular folklore for many inventions that did not come out of his lab. Three patents (one for cosmetics; , and two for paints and stains;  and ) were issued to <mask> in 1925 to 1927; however, they were not commercially successful.Aside from these patents and some recipes for food, <mask> left no records of formulae or procedures for making his products. He did not keep a laboratory notebook. Mackintosh notes that, "<mask> did not explicitly claim that he had personally discovered all the peanut attributes and uses he cited, but he said nothing to prevent his audiences from drawing the inference." <mask>'s research was intended to produce replacements from common crops for commercial products, which were generally beyond the budget of the small one-horse farmer. A misconception grew that his research on products for subsistence farmers were developed by others commercially to change Southern agriculture. <mask>'s work to provide small farmers with resources for more independence from the cash economy foreshadowed the "appropriate technology" work of E. F. Schumacher. Peanut products
Dennis Keeney, director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, wrote in the Leopold Letter (newsletter):

<mask> worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs, and using species that fixed nitrogen (hence, the work on the cowpea and the peanut).<mask> wrote in 'The Need of Scientific Agriculture in the South': "The virgin fertility of our soils and the vast amount of unskilled labor have been more of a curse than a blessing to agriculture. This exhaustive system for cultivation, the destruction of forest, the rapid and almost constant decomposition of organic matter, have made our agricultural problem one requiring more brains than of the North, East or West."

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title: George Washington Carver

type: original

texts:
 <mask> worked for years to create a company to market his products. The most important was the Carver Penol Company, which sold a mixture of creosote and peanuts as a patent medicine for respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis. Sales were lackluster and the product was ineffective according to the Food and Drug Administration. Other ventures were The Carver Products Company and the Carvoline Company. Carvoline Antiseptic Hair Dressing was a mix of peanut oil and lanolin.Carvoline Rubbing Oil was a peanut oil for massages. <mask> is often mistakenly credited with the invention of peanut butter. By the time <mask> published "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption" in 1916, many methods of preparation of peanut butter had been developed or patented by various pharmacists, doctors and food scientists working in the US and Canada. The Aztecs were known to have made peanut butter from ground peanuts as early as the 15th century. Canadian pharmacist Marcellus Gilmore Edson was awarded  (for its manufacture) in 1884, 12 years before <mask> began his work at Tuskegee. Sweet potato products
<mask> is also associated with developing sweet potato products. In his 1922 sweet potato bulletin, <mask> listed a few dozen recipes, "many of which I have copied verbatim from Bulletin No.129, U. S. Department of Agriculture". <mask>'s records included the following sweet potato products: 73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5 library pastes, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, and 3 molasses. He also had listings for vinegars, dry coffee and instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops. <mask> bulletins

During his more than four decades at Tuskegee, <mask>'s official published work consisted mainly of 44 practical bulletins for farmers. His first bulletin in 1898 was on feeding acorns to farm animals. His final bulletin in 1943 was about the peanut. He also published six bulletins on sweet potatoes, five on cotton, and four on cowpeas.Some other individual bulletins dealt with alfalfa, wild plum, tomato, ornamental plants, corn, poultry, dairying, hogs, preserving meats in hot weather, and nature study in schools. His most popular bulletin, How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, was first published in 1916 and was reprinted many times. It gave a short overview of peanut crop production and contained a list of recipes from other agricultural bulletins, cookbooks, magazines, and newspapers, such as the Peerless Cookbook, Good Housekeeping, and Berry's Fruit Recipes. <mask>'s was far from the first American agricultural bulletin devoted to peanuts, but his bulletins did seem to be more popular and widespread than previous ones. See also

African-American history
Carver College
Carver Academy, Texas
George Washington Carver Center for Arts and Technology, a public high school in Towson, Maryland
Carver High School (disambiguation)
Carver Junior College, Cocoa, Florida, closed in 1963
Carver Middle School (disambiguation)
List of people on stamps of the United States

Citations

General references

Scholarly studies
 Hersey, Mark D. My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of <mask> Washington <mask> (University of Georgia Press; 2011) 306 pages. Hersey, Mark. "Hints and Suggestions to Farmers: <mask> <mask> and Rural Conservation in the South."Environmental History 11#2 (2006): 239–268. Mackintosh, Barry. "<mask> <mask>: The Making of a Myth." Journal of Southern History 42#4 (1976): 507–528. in JSTOR
Barry Mackintosh, "<mask> <mask> and the Peanut: New Light on a Much-loved Myth", American Heritage 28(5): 66–73, 1977. McMurry, L. O. "<mask>, <mask>."American National Biography Online February 2000
 McMurry, Linda O. <mask> <mask>: scientist and symbol (Oxford University Press, 1982). online; Google copy)

Popular works
<mask>, <mask>. "1897 or Thereabouts: <mask> <mask>'s Own Brief History of His Life." George Washington Carver National Monument. Collins, David R. <mask> <mask>: Man's Slave, God's Scientist, (Mott Media, 1981)
William J. Federer, <mask> <mask>: His Life & Faith in His Own Words, AmeriSearch (January 2003)
<mask> <mask>: In His Own Words (Paperback), ed. G. R. Kremer, University of Missouri Press; 1987, Reprint edition (January 1991)
H. M. Morris, Men of Science, Men of God (1982)
E. C. Barnett and D. Fisher, Scientists Who Believe (1984)

Further reading
Gray, James Marion. <mask> <mask>.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1991. Holt, Rackham. <mask> <mask>: An American Biography, rev. ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963. Kremer, Gary R. Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 2014. McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack.<mask> <mask>: The Peanut Scientist, rev. ed. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2002. Moore, Eva. The Story of <mask> <mask>, New York: Scholastic, 1995. Vella, Christina. <mask>, Louisiana State University Press, 2015.External links

Archival collections
Guide to the <mask> <mask> Letter to Dana H. Johnson. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. Finding Aid to the <mask> Washington Carver Collection. Special Collections Department, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa. William and Annette Curtis collection of George Washington Carver items, MSS 6223 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

Other
National Park Service:
Legends of Tuskegee: <mask> <mask> from the National Park Service
George Washington <mask> National Monument from the National Park Service
Carver Tribute from Tuskegee University
The Legacy of <mask> <mask> from Iowa State University
National Historic Chemical Landmark from the American Chemical Society
George Washington Carver Correspondence Collection Manuscript collection in Special Collections, National Agricultural Library. Biotechnology Organization Award

George Washington Carver Digital Collection, Iowa State University. George Washington Carver History

Print publications

<mask> Washington <mask>."How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31. <mask> <mask>. "How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes and Ways of Preparing Them for the Table", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 38, 1936. <mask> <mask>. "How to Grow the Tomato and 115 Ways to Prepare it for the Table", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 36, 1936. Peter D. Burchard, "<mask> <mask>: For His Time and Ours", National Park Service: George Washington Carver National Monument. 2006.Louis R. Harlan (ed. ), The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4, pp. 127–128. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1975. Raleigh H. Merritt, From Captivity to Fame or the Life of <mask> <mask>, Boston: Meador Publishing. 1929.<mask> <mask> Bagley, <mask> <mask>: Biography, Inventions & Quotes (2013). Date of birth unknown
1860s births
1943 deaths
People from Newton County, Missouri
Accidental deaths from falls
American botanists
African-American inventors
20th-century American inventors
American mycologists
American food scientists
African-American Christians
American agriculturalists
Agriculture educators
Alabama Republicans
Iowa State University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
People from Tuskegee, Alabama
American adoptees
People from Hanover, Massachusetts
Spingarn Medal winners
African-American scientists
African-American educators
Tuskegee University faculty
People from Ness County, Kansas
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
People from Indianola, Iowa
19th-century American slaves
Scientists from Missouri
Burials in Alabama
Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts
20th-century African-American

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title: Zicman Feider

texts:
<mask> (1903–1979) was a Jewish Romanian acarologist, a remarkable researcher and a gifted academic, whose work continues to influence by many generations of biologists, some of whom studied zoology under his supervision. His name as a researcher is forever associated with the enigmatic group of Acari a.k.a. Acarina (a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks), for which he arduously worked to perfect their taxonomy. Alone or in collaboration with his numerous disciples, he described and created 1 phalanx and 2 sub-phalanxes, 16 families and 8 subfamilies, 40 genera, 4 subgenera, and 145 species new to science. One could only compare professor <mask>'s work with that of Aristide Caradgea, who studied micro-Lepidoptera, attracting all the world researchers of that group to come in a pilgrimage to his modest place in Grumazesti, Neamț, Romania. Similarly, <mask>'s strenuous line of work encompassed Acari collections from all over Europe, St. Helen Island, North Korea, Nepal, Mongolia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile, making his lab in the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza"; acronym: UAIC), of Iași, Romania, a Mecca of the world's acarologists. Early life
<mask> was born on April 17, 1903, in Roman, in the province of Moldova, Romania, the eldest of seven children of Beila and Daniel (Idel) <mask>, of Ashkenazy Jewish ethnicity.Beila and <mask> were owners of a small rotary-shop (wagons were then in great demand), and as the Jewish tradition still demands, they saved most of their income to offer their son the best opportunity to study to become a "doctor". Their hopes were sustained by the excellent performance of their young studious son Zicman, who graduated the gymnasium and the prestigious Lyceum "Roman Vodă", with best possible grades. Higher education
In 1922, after receiving his baccalaureate, he enrolled in the University of Pavia, Italy, as a foreign student. From 1923 to 1925, <mask> attended Histology and Pathology classes of the famous professor Camillo Golgi, the scientist-physician who discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. Unfortunately, the student <mask> was feeding himself poorly, and in 1925, after three years of starvation, he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, which was still ravaging lives at the time. Forced to leave his studies in Italy, he returned to Romania, and was admitted to the Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Bârnova, close to Iași, where he strictly followed the rudimentary anti-tuberculous of treatment of that time. Weakened, but still willing to study Medicine he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of Iași University, and in 1928, he was immediately accepted due to his fine work in Pavia.Most unfortunately, the rise of anti-Semitic feelings throughout most of the students and some faculty members, and the lack of Jewish cadavers for Anatomy study (Jewish students were not allowed to dissect Christian cadavers), forced Zicman to quit studying medicine at Iași. Nevertheless, his desire to continue studying was paramount, so he enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the University of Chernivtsi (founded in 1875 as the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz), when Chernivtsi (Cernăuți in Romanian) was the capital of the Duchy of Bukovina, nicknamed "Little Vienna", part of the Austrian Empire. <mask> <mask> studied only one year there, and then moved back to Iași, province of Moldova. Back in Iași,  he studied from 1930 to 1933, at the Natural Sciences section, of the Science Faculty at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, previously known as "Michaelian Academy" of Iași, from which he graduated with honors in 1933. During this time, he learned from famous academicians, professors and academic researchers, like Ioan Borcea, Paul Bujor, and Constantin Motaș. Here, he also begun working with his future illustrious zoologist colleagues Mihai Băcescu, Sergiu Cărăușu, and Alexandru V. Grossu. Post-graduation and early working years

<mask> started as a teacher in his native city of Roman, and then taught in the town of Târgu Ocna until he passed his Teacher's Capacity Examination in 1935.Having obtained his Capacity Degree, he was hired as teacher of Natural Sciences at the "St. O. Iosif Boys Lyceum" in Odorheiu Secuiesc (Hungarian: Székelyudvarhely), Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania. The renowned educational institution, which preserves until today inside its yard the ruins of a Roman castrum, was named after a prematurely dead Romanian pre-symbolist poet, Ștefan Octavian Iosif,. In 1938, <mask> married Ilona Pal, a local Székely person, who was a graduate of Benedek Elek Teachers' College, who eagerly defended her right to marry a Jew, during the reign of an antisemitic right-wing government. <mask> permanently maintained his association with the professors from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, and the eminent biologist Constantin Motaș, renowned specialist in hydro-Acari, who suggested that he should start researching the earth-Acari. As a result, the still young and very passionate Zicman was rummaging through the litter of the orchards of Harghita County in search of mites. He had the admiration and support of the Lyceum principal, Professor Ioan Steriopol, who was proud to befriend him. Working intensively as a teacher, researcher and pedagogue, Professor <mask> helped establish the Natural Science Museum in Odorheiu Secuiesc.In 1938, <mask> <mask> published in the "Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" one of the discoveries of his passionate, under the title "Sur une espèce nouvelle de genre Euthrombidium" (About a new species of Euthrombidium). Unfortunately, the atmosphere in   Odorheiu Secuiesc became incendiary after the 30 August 1940 - "Vienna Diktat", when Hungary received northern Transylvania from Romania, and the anti-Semitic manifestation became so pervasive that <mask> and his pregnant wife were forced to leave Transylvania for Moldova. Temporarily jobless and stigmatized as a Jew, Zicman sought to work as a teacher in Piatra Neamț, and eventually he found an opportunity to teach at the "Jewish Lyceum" of the city of Roman, Romania, at the end of 1940. His industrious work and his leadership skills were so well respected, he became the Principal of the "Jewish Lyceum", where he worked until 1944, during World War II. From 1944 to 1949, he continued to work as a Biology teacher at "Roman's Boys Lyceum" and at the "Commercial Lyceum" of the City of Roman. Meanwhile, his research was extremely active, resulting in the publication of several papers on Trombidiidae (a.k.a. Red Velvet Mites or Rain Bugs, arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red colors), in 1945.Academic and scientific activity
In 1947, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Professor Constantin Motaș, entitled "The Respiratory Apparatus in Trombidiidae and Superior Prostigmata". For his extraordinary work, <mask> <mask> obtained the qualification magna cum laude. In 1949, he was appointed as an associate professor at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, and his alma mater. In 1950, he was coopted in the formal "Research Group for Romanian Fauna", affiliated with the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, as head of the "Fauna Group" from the Iași Branch. In 1955, <mask> published a remarkable work "The Monograph of Trombidiidae", included in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In 1959, he became Full Professor with tenure at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. He was designated  as titular for the Course of Vertebrate Zoology (the biological discipline that consists of the study of Vertebrate animals, i.e., animals with a backbone, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) (see  Curs de zoologia vertebratelor).He also taught other courses like General Zoology, and Parasitology. In 1965, he published "Superfamily Ixodoidea" (containing the family Ixodidae – hard ticks), another monograph in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In the same year 1965, after years of collaborative work with his Romanian colleagues from the universities of Bucharest and Cluj, Professor <mask> <mask> published the first edition of "The Vertebrate Zoology". This monumental work was reedited twice (see ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR de Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP 1967 & ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR - Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP BUCUREȘTI. 1976), and can be found as PDF file on Internet.As a vertebrate zoologist, <mask> surrounded himself with other members of the department of Zoology, developing several lines of research for each of them, mentoring them to successfully defending their Ph.D. theses. All those collaborators – Libertina Solomon, Viorica Simionescu, Iulia Mironescu, Nicolai Valenciuc, and Iordache Ion became full professors and accomplished researchers. Some of their joint lines of research topics were "The hyoid-mandibular apparatus in fishes" and "The relative growth in some fish species". The work was done at the "Marine Biological Station Professor Doctor Ioan Borcea", Agigea, Romania, founded in 1926 at the Border of the Black Sea, as an external research institution pertaining to the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. Concomitantly, <mask> supervised other Ph.D. theses of several zoologists working at other Romanian Universities or at some remote biology research centers. He also never lost contact with the high-school education in Romania, and was invited almost every year to preside over Baccalaureate Committees in the largest cities of the Province of Moldova, Romania. In fact, the textbooks of Zoology for high schools in Romania all had his magisterial book "The Vertebrate Zoology" as reference.<mask>'s work with mites and ticks became very well known abroad, and more specialists in the field were interested in his work. He carried out the taxonomical and systematical study of many Acarina groups: Ixodoidea, Oribatidae, Gamasidea, Rhinonyssidae, Erythraeidea, and Prostigmata from Romania; Nicolletiellidae and Sternostoma genus throughout the world. He found phylogenetic indicators in the structures of trichobotrias, aspis, and genital and anal plaques in the larva chetotaxis and visual organs at Ixodidae or in the breathing apparatus, metopic edge and genital structure of Trombidia. Meanwhile, he joined several scientific societies in Europe and the US, and was appointed to the  editorial board of the publication Acarologia – a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology, established by Marc André and François Grandjean in 1959. Some acarologists sent him their own collections for studying, to avoid name-redundancy. <mask> therefore was comparing Acari from all over the world with the holotypes (holotype - a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based) pertaining to his personal collection. <mask> transmitted his passion for acarology to a group of researchers from the Center for Biological Research - Nicu Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Mărioara Huțu, Maria Calistru and few others, who were his devoted disciples, while working at the "General and Applied Biology Institute" of the Iași branch of the Romanian Academy.They represented the growing school of Romanian acarologists, unparalleled until today. <mask> died after his fourth heart attack (he survived three previous attacks), while his third monography about Trombiculoidea was given for publication to the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. Legacy
The personal "Acari and Ixodidae collection" of <mask>, a true scientific thesaurus gathered during decades of arduous work, was donated to the Natural History Museum of Iași, a prestigious institution founded in 1834, and is the first museum of this kind in Romania. As evidence of the appreciation for his dedication to the science, several acarologists felt compelled to immortalize the name Zicman <mask>, by dedicating his name to newly identified species of Acari. For instance, Subias created the genus Feiderzetes - Feiderzetes latus in 1977. After his passing, one of his collaborators and colleagues, Libertina Solomon created the species Myonyssus feideri, and two of his close scientific correspondents, Balogh and Mahunka created the species Phteracorus zicmani. <mask> remains in the memory of those who knew him as an eminent academic figure, with not only a vast knowledge of biology, but also a person who spread human warmth.He was a devoted father and grandfather, whose three children followed his example, choosing academic careers: Noemi Bomher - professor of Romanian literature, Daniela Kocsis – teacher of mathematics, and the junior Almos Bela Trif – physician and professor of pathology. References

Contribution of the Romanian Jews to Culture and Civilisation, Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania, Hasefer Press, Bucharest, 2004,
 Contribuția evreilor români la cultură și civilizație, Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România, Editura Hasefer, București,
Ionel Maftei - Personalități Ieșene, Vol. IV. Omagiu, Comitetul de cultură și educație socialistă al județului Iași, 1982
 Profesor dr. docent <mask> <mask>. Flacăra Iașului, 36, nr. 10261, 30 sept. 1979, p. 3
Libertina Solomon - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979). Acarologia (Paris), tome XXI, fasc.1, Jan.1980, p. 1-2
Neculai Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Marina Huțu - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979).Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa (București), vol. XXI, 1980, p. 385-386. Vasiliu, George D. – <mask> Zicman in "Biologi din România: (Biologie animală)", Editura Ion Borcea, 705 pages, pp. 219–225, 2001. Gheorghe Mustață, Mariana Mustață – "Prof. Dr. <mask> <mask>" (1903 – 1979) "Personalități ale biologiei românești și universale" (Personalities of Romanian and World's Biologists), Editura Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România, 2014, 796 pages, pp. 199 – 202,

1903 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Romanian zoologists
Romanian entomologists
Romanian Jews
Moldavian Jews
People from Roman, Romania

masks:
Zicman Feider
Feider
Feider
Feider
Feider
Daniel Feider
Feider
Feider
Zicman
Feider
Feider
Feider
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Zicman
Feider
Zicman
Zicman
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Zicman
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Death Feider
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Feider


title: Tim Healy (politician)

texts:
<mask>, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and a controversial Irish Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first governor-general of the Irish Free State. Family background

He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of <mask>, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and <mask> (née Sullivan). His elder brother <mask> (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother <mask> (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City. His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands,  which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. <mask> was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle <mask> MP in Dublin.Early life

He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 <mask> worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for The Nation newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary obstructionism. Parnell admired <mask>'s intelligence and energy after <mask> had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought <mask> into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. <mask> was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.Political career

In parliament, <mask> did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s <mask> had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork. Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the <mask>-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year.He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford. Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. <mask> devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by <mask>. In his novel The Man Who Was Thursday G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses – a man somewhat of the type of Mr <mask> ...". Invective rift

Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after <mask> opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest.When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, <mask> was forced to back down. In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. <mask> and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. <mask> became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party? ", <mask> famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows.His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called Et Tu, Healy?, which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:

His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time
Where the rude din of this century
Can trouble him no more. Estrangement

Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. <mask> was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to reunite under Redmond in 1900. <mask> was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But two years later <mask> was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. <mask> remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the Irish Independent, William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for <mask> and other critics of the IPP. Coalition of a kind

However, at least after 1903, <mask> was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien.O’Brien had been for years one of <mask>'s strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with <mask> practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of rapprochement, briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 <mask> acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though <mask> was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. <mask>'s reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. <mask> assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life. Realignment

Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left <mask> and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons.With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the <mask> brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, <mask>'s eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli. Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, <mask> after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 in Frongoch internment camp in North Wales. During this time, <mask> also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare.In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by <mask> and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin. Governor-General

He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that <mask> be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. <mask> was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for <mask> to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922. <mask> officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, <mask> was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. <mask> was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.<mask> proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish <mask> still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation. Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through <mask>. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, <mask> was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General.That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive. <mask> seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline.Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic. He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. Notes

References
 Bew, Paul: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
 Cadogan, <mask> & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork (2006)
 Jackson, Alwin: Home Rule 1800–2000 pp. 100–103 (2003)

 Maume, Patrick: The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist life 1881–1918 (1999)

Works

 Why is there an Irish Question and an Irish Land League? (1881)
 Why Ireland is not Free, a study of twenty years in Politics  (1898)
 The Great Fraud of Ulster (1917)
 Stolen Waters (1923)
 The Planter's Progress (1923)
 Letters and Leaders of My Day memoirs, 2 vols. (1928)

Further reading

 Frank Callanan, T. M <mask> (Cork University Press, 1996) ()
 George Abbott Colburn, "T.M. <mask> and the Irish Home Rule Movement, 1877–1886" (PhD Dissertation, 2 vols., Michigan State University, 1971).Foster, R. F. Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (2015)  excerpt
 David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers, Sinn Féin and Crown Courts, (4 Courts Press, 2008), ()
 Sir Dunbar Plunket Barton, P.C., <mask>: Memories and Anecdotes. (Dublin: Talbot Press Limited, and London: Faber & Faber, Limited, 1933).

masks:
Timothy Michael Healy
Maurice Healy
Eliza Healy
Thomas Healy
Maurice Healy
Timothy
Timothy Daniel Sullivan
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Timothy Harrington
Tim Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Timothy
Healy
Healy
Tim Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Tim
Healy
Healy
Timothy Healy


title: Cuno of Praeneste

texts:
<mask> of Praeneste (died 9 August 1122) was a German Cardinal and papal legate, an influential diplomatic figure of the early 12th century, active in France and Germany. He held numerous synods throughout Europe, and excommunicated the Emperor Henry V numerous times, in the struggle over the issue of lay investiture of ecclesiastical offices. He spent six years promoting the acceptance of Thurstan of York as archbishop by King Henry I of England, without making York subject to Canterbury. He was seriously considered for election to the papacy in 1119, which he refused. Early life
According to Salvador Miranda, he was created cardinal-priest in 1073. This is not in accord with other facts of <mask>'s career. He was a Canon Regular, and, around 1090, along with Heldemar of Tournai and a layman named Roger, was one of the founders of the abbey of Arrouaise.In a letter of 21 October 1097, Bishop Lambert of Arras granted the priest <mask> and his associate Heldemar the privilege of having to answer only to the bishop. The little oratory belonging to the members was replaced by a stone church, which was consecrated by Bishop Godfrid of Amiens and Bishop Joannes of Therouanne on 23 September 1106. <mask> apparently met Pope Paschal II for the first time at the Council of Troyes in May 1107. Cardinal
He was bishop of Palestrina, and thus a cardinal, c. 1108. According to the Chronicon of Peter the Deacon of Montecassino, in 1111, at a Council in Jerusalem, <mask> pronounced the Emperor Henry V excommunicated and stripped of his power. From the previous year, <mask> had been trying to influence papal policy with regard to the emperor, and this hostile move was without the Pope's agreement. In the sixth session of the Lateran synod, on 23 March 1112, Cardinal <mask> actjually demanded that the pope stand by his legate, and ratify the legate's acts.In embarrassment, the Pope Paschal did so. <mask> was at his old monastery of Aroasia (Arrouaise) on 7 May 1112, when he officially presented the institution a collection of relics which he had brought from Rome, including Saints Sebastian, Hippolytus, the Four Crowned Martyrs, Felicissimus, Caecilia, the tomb of Jesus, and the manger of Bethlehem. Cardinal <mask> had returned to Italy by the end of the year 1112. He traveled south with Pope Paschal II, and was with the pope at Benevento for his synod in the second week of February 1113. He subscribed bulls for the pope at Benevento on 13 and 15 February. Legate in France and Germany
In 1114 and 1115 he was back in France as papal legate. Pope Paschal had sworn to the emperor that he would not excommunicate him; but a papal legate had such powers and had not sworn an oath not to use them.<mask> summoned a synod on 6 December 1114 at Beauvais; another at Soissons on 6 January 1115, where he also held talks with King Louis VI of France; and another at Reims on 28 March 1115. At each of these meetings, he again excommunicated Henry V. On 19 April 1115, the Legate held a council at Cologne, where he once again excommunicated the emperor. From 6—12 July 1115, <mask> presided over a synod held at Chalons-sur-Marne. He also suspended all the bishops and abbots of Normandy, for ignoring his invitation to attend the council at Chalons. In fact, they had been forbidden to do so by King Henry I of England. Ivo of Chartres attempted to calm the legate by pointing out that the Norman prelates were subject to a foreign prince. The king appealed to Rome, in defense of the tradition that no papal legate except the archbishop of Canterbury might hold power in the king's realms.The Thurstan Affair
Cardinal <mask> first became acquainted with the Thurstan case in 1114, shortly after his election to the see of York. Thurston was a royal chaplain and a subdeacon, but was ordained a deacon by Bishop William of Winchester. He was unwilling to be ordained a priest by the new archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, or by one of his suffragans, since the taking of oaths of obedience was involved, and Thurston did not want to create a situation in which Canterbury could claim jurisdiction or authority over him or York. He therefore went to Normandy just before Christmas, and laid his problem before King Henry I, announcing his intention to go to Rome to seek satisfaction. The king consulted the Legate <mask>, who advised that Thurstan should be ordained a priest by any bishop who happened to be at the royal court, and then sent to him; he would send Thurstan on to the papal court, provided with appropriate letters. But Thurstan had returned to York, and nothing was settled by the end of June 1115. The king, therefore, summoned a council of the kingdom's leaders to meet in London at Michaelmas (29 September), at which the king ordered Thurstan to seek consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury.Thurstan appealed to the pope, but the king refused to allow him to go or to send representatives. When Pope Paschal replied to the formal notice of Thurstan's election by the Chapter of York, he replied, ordering that Thurstan be consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, but without any of the controversial oaths. The king, however, insisted on the oaths and threatened to depose Thurstan. Ralph of Canterbury stayed out of his own province in order to avoid carrying out the pope's commands, and was still in Normandy when Pope Paschal died in February 1118. Owing to obstruction by the king and Archbishop Ralph, Thurstan was unable to reach Pope Gelasius during his brief reign, though the pope had ordered both archbishops to present themselves before him. The new pope, Calixtus II, summoned the archbishops of England to the council which he intended to hold in Reims in October 1119, and, despite attempted obstruction on the part of Henry I, Thurstan appeared, and was consecrated a bishop on 20 October 1119 by Calixtus himself. For the next six months, as far as the papal visit to Gap, Thurstan was in constant attendance at the papal court.Subsequently, <mask> worked with Thurstan, Archbishop of York to broker peace between Henry I and Louis VI of France. Pope Gelasius
On 13 April 1118, Holy Saturday, Pope Gelasius wrote a letter from Capua to Cardinal <mask>. First, he related everything that had happened since his election in January. He then informed his legate that he and the cardinals had excommunicated the Emperor Henry and his antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus) on Palm Sunday, and that <mask> was to inform all the bishops in his legation of the fact; Cuno was to gird himself to revenge the wrongs done to Holy Mother the Church. On 20—22 May 1118, Cardinal <mask> held a synod at Cologne, where the Emperor Henry V was excommunicated. These excommunications were repeated wherever <mask> held a synod or council. He then moved to Germany, stirring up opposition to the Emperor.<mask> presided as papal legate at the concilium Fridislariense (Hesse), on 28 July 1118, in which the excommunication of the emperor was confirmed, and St Norbert was accused of various irregularities, including preaching while not yet a priest, and wearing a religious habit while not a monk. Offered the papacy
In March 1118, the newly elected Pope Gelasius II was driven out of Rome by the forces of the emperor Henry V. After staying at his native Gaeta, then Capua, then Pisa, he crossed to France in October. In December, he settled a dispute between Abbot Pontius of Cluny and Bishop Guy of Lescar. On 1 January 1119, he held a synod in Vienne, and then travelled by way of Lyon to Mâcon, where he held another synod. During the synod he became seriously ill, suffering from pleurisy according to Pandolfus Pisanus, and asked to be taken to his next stop, the abbey of Cluny. When he perceived the seriousness of his condition, he summoned Cardinal <mask> von Urach, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno immediately and emphatically turned the pope down.Gelasius died on 29 January 1119, and, in accordance with the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II, the right to nominate the candidate to be his successor belonged to the cardinal-bishops. Two cardinal-bishops were present, <mask> of Palestrina (who had precedence) and Lamberto of Ostia, and they chose Archbishop Guy of Vienne, the brother of the duke of Burgundy and uncle of the King of Castile and León. The other cardinals, as well as the Roman clergy and laity who were present at Cluny ratified the choice, and Archbishop Guy became Pope Calixtus II. Cardinal <mask> followed the pope-elect to Lyon and then Vienne, and, when the ratification of the election by the cardinals and clergy at Rome was received, he participated in the enthronement of Calixtus II in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119. He wrote a letter to the bishop of Nevers describing the events. Legate in France again

Immediately after the enthronement, Cardinal <mask>, still papal legate, hastened to Vézelay, on reports of terrible atrocities. Clients of Guillaume II, Count of Nevers, had broken into the monastery, destroyed the relics of four saints, desecrated a gold cross containing some of the wood of the cross of Jesus, and beaten and raped some of the monks.The count appeared to have denied all knowledge or connection with the incident, and <mask> ordered the bishop of Nevers to have the count come to the legate and defend himself against the abbot of Vézelay, Renaud de Semur, and other accusers. Nineteen others who were named by the legate as participants in the sacrilege were ordered to appear and face judgment or be excommunicated. <mask> was not able to settle the case, since the abbot made an appeal to the French king in April. In July 1119, <mask> was with Pope Calixtus in Toulouse, where the pope held a church synod. The council legislated against simony, against the granting of church offices to persons who had not been ordained to the diaconate; it anathematized persons who denied four of the seven sacraments; it legislated against the seizing of the income of bishops and clerics by princes and lay persons, and against making ecclesiastical offices or benefices hereditary. <mask> subscribed one of Calixtus' bulls on 14 July and another on 15 July. Pope Calixtus travelled by way of Paris and Soissons to Reims.His long-advertised synod began on 20 October 1119, with fifteen archbishops and more than 200 bishops in attendance, as well as King Louis VI of France. Calixtus and the emperor Henry had been making plans to meet, but ultimately distrust and suspicions on both sides brought the project to nothing. On the sixth day of the synod, 30 October, the emperor and his antipope were again excommunicated. Cardinal <mask> was in attendance. After the council, while Calixtus was still in Reims, he was approached by Archbishop Thurstan, Cardinal <mask>, and the other cardinals, who entreated the pope to hold a meeting with the king of England, and, if possible, make peace between England and France. The meeting took place, near Gisors, on 22 November 1119. but the discussion was mostly about Thurstan. Henry demanded the oaths of fealty, which Calixtus and Thurstan refused, and therefore the meeting ended without result.<mask> and the other cardinals had been present at Gisors, but were not at the meeting, about which they complained loudly. Henry returned to England, and seized all of the archbishop's property. In the first week of December 1119, at Sens, Pope Calixtus again named Cardinal <mask> his legate in France, with England and Normandy added. In February 1120, Ralph of Canterbury persuaded King Henry to send Bishop Warlewast of Exeter to the pope, to see if something could be salvaged for the see of Canterbury. On his way, the bishop happened to meet Cardinal <mask>, the Legate in France, who sent a report immediately to the pope about what he had learned of the mission. Henry proposed that Thurstan make his profession to Canterbury, and then he could be sent as legate to England. Bishop Warlewast, who reached the papal court when it was at Valence, made a bad impression, if only because of his clumsy attempt to pass out bribes, and failed completely.On 11 March 1120, the cardinal was with Pope Calixtus II at Gap in the Alps of France. On that day, the pope publicly conferred the pallium on Archbishop Thurstan of York, and declared that York was in no way subject to Canterbury. He also sent King Henry a letter about taking back Archbishop Thurstan. Cardinal <mask> presided at the synod of Beauvais on 18 October 1120. The principal matter was the request of  Bishop Lisiard of Soissons for the disinterment of the remains of Bishop Arnulf of Soissons (died 1087), and his consideration for canonization. Despite objections by the bishop of Tournai, the legate and the council agreed to the transfer. Another synod was held at Soissons in March 1121, at which Abelard was accused of the Sabellian heresy, and forced to recant and burn his book, the Theologia Summi Boni.<mask> was back at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 17 April 1121. Death
<mask> (Kono) died at Palestrina on 9 August 1122, less than three months before Pope Calixtus and Henry V signed the Concordat of Worms. References

Books
 Hüls, Rudolf (1977). Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. (pp. 113–116)

 Raine, James (ed.) (1886).The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops. Volume II (London: Longman 1886), pp. 92–227. 1122 deaths
12th-century German cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Year of birth unknown
Papal legates to Hungary

masks: Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno


title: Sita Ram Goel

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<mask> (16 October 1921 – 3 December 2003) was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century. He had left leanings during the 1940s, but later became an outspoken anti-communist and also wrote extensively on the damage to Bhārātiyā (Indian) culture and heritage wrought by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity. In his later career he emerged as a commentator on Indian politics, and adhered to Dharmic nationalism. Life

Early life
<mask> was born to a Hindu family in Punjab, in 1921; though his childhood was spent in Calcutta. The family looked upon Sri Garibdas, a nirguna saint comparable to Kabir, were often recited at their home. <mask> graduated in history from the University of Delhi in 1944. As a student, he was a social activist and worked for a Harijan Ashram in his village.His sympathies for the Arya Samaj, the Harijans and the Indian freedom movement, along with his strong support for Mahatma Gandhi, brought him into conflict with many people in his village; <mask> also learned to speak and write Sanskrit during these college days. Direct Action Day
On 16 August 1946, during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta that were instigated by the Muslim League shortly before Partition of India, <mask>, his wife and their eldest son narrowly escaped with their lives. In his autobiography, How I became a Hindu, <mask> writes that he "would have been killed by a Muslim mob" but his fluent Urdu and his Western dress saved him. He further relates, that the next evening they "had to vacate that house and scale a wall at the back to escape murderous Muslim mobs advancing with firearms." He subsequently wrote and circulated a lengthy article on the riots, titled "The Devil Dance in Calcutta", in which he held Hindus and Muslims equally responsible for the tragedy. His friend <mask>, however, criticised him for equating Muslim violence with Hindu violence, claiming that Muslim violence was "aggressive and committed in the furtherance of a very reactionary and retrograde cause, namely the vivisection of India". Communism to anti-communism
In mid-1940s <mask> met members of the CSP (Congress Socialist Party), translated writings by Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan into English, and was offered a position as an editor of a CSP publication.But his first editorial for the weekly was deemed to be pro-communist, and he had to stop writing for the weekly. <mask> <mask> had developed a strong Marxist leaning during his student days and was on the verge of joining the Communist Party of India in 1948. The Communist Party, however, was banned in Bengal on the day he planned to officially become its member. He read Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, Harold Laski's "Communism", and "came to the conclusion that while Marx stood for a harmonised social system, Sri Aurobindo held the key to a harmonised human personality." Later, books by Aldous Huxley, Victor Kravchenko, and Suzanne Labin ("Stalin's Russia") convinced him to abandon communism. Subsequently, he wrote many books critical of communism in Calcutta, and worked for the anti-communist "Society for the Defence of Freedom in Asia" (SDFA). According to <mask>, when he wanted to apply for a passport in 1955, he was told that his case was receiving attention from the Prime Minister himself, and his application was not granted.'Nehruism' and censorship
<mask> wrote regularly for the "Organiser" weekly, whose editor K. R. Malkani was his friend. In 1961–1962 he used the pseudonym Ekaki (solitary) while writing the series In Defence of Comrade Krishna Menon, critical of Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru. Although the series was widely read and praised, he was later admonished by a leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) for being too focused on Nehru, and the series was discontinued. The collected series was published in December 1963 by Vaidya Gurudatta  and an updated version released as Genesis and Growth of Nehruism  thirty years later. However <mask>'s writings about Nehru in the Organiser cost him his job and disillusioned him of the RSS. According to <mask>, he was under surveillance by the Indian government during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. He was not arrested, even though this was according to him demanded by some government leaders, including future Prime Minister I. K. Gujral.In November 1962, he was recruited to participate in a guerrilla war against communist China, but he refused, saying "that so long as Pandit Nehru was the Prime Minister of the country, I could be only a traitor to it." During the 1980s, <mask> worked on a series titled Muslim Separatism: Causes and Consequences, but some passages from his articles were censored by the Organiser. He discovered that his series was considered too controversial by the RSS leadership who thought that it was alienating Muslims from the party, and <mask> had to stop writing for the Organiser after the completion of the series Perversion of India's Political Parlance. K.R. Malkani, who was the editor for the Organiser for three decades, was sacked because of his support for Goel. <mask> also noted that on other occasions that some of his articles, e.g. his article on the Vedapuri Iswaran Temple controversy, were suppressed in the Indian media.Publisher and writer
<mask> founded the publishing house Biblia Impex India (Aditya Prakashan) in 1963, which published books by authors such as Dharampal, <mask>, K. D. Sethna and K.R. Malkani. <mask> <mask> joined the non-profit publishing house Voice of India in 1982. Voice of India was founded in 1982 by <mask>, and published works by Harsh Narain, A.K. Chatterjee, K.S. Lal, Koenraad Elst, Rajendra Singh, Sant R.S. Nirala, and Shrikant Talageri among others .Early versions of several of <mask>'s books were previously published as a series in periodicals like Hinduism Today, Indian Express or the Organiser. <mask> speculates that a series of articles he published in Indian Express in 1989 regarding the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslims may have contributed to the firing of its editor, Arun Shourie, the following year. In August 1990, while releasing two books published by Voice of India, Bharatiya Janta Party leader L. K. Advani chided Goel for using "strong language". <mask> also worked as a part-time secretary for the All India Panchayat Parishad whose manager was his friend Jayaprakash Narayan. Narayan was impressed by <mask>'s Hindi book Samyak Sambuddha and said to Goel, "If Sanatana Dharma is what you say it is, I am all for it. You can count me as a Sanatanist from today. You can say to whomsoever you please that JP has become a Sanatanist."<mask> was fluent in Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, English and Sanskrit, and read Persian. Opinions

On rewriting of history books
<mask> claimed that there was a systematic distortion of India's history which the Marxist historians of Aligarh and the JNU had undertaken. In particular, he claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being rewritten. He described it as an "experiment with Untruth" and an exercise in suppressio veri suggestio falsi. According to him, the Ministry of Education has extended this experiment to school-level text-books of history. <mask> called it "an insidious attempt at thought-control and brainwashing" and argued that the NCERT guidelines are "recommendations for telling lies to our children, or for not telling to them the truth at all." On Indian secularism
<mask> has criticised Indian secularism, alleging that "this concept of Secularism is a gross perversion of the concept which arose in the modern West as a revolt against Christianity and which should mean, in the Indian context, a revolt against Islam as well."On media bias
<mask> claimed that there is a media bias in India, in particular with regard to criticism of Islam or people like Nehru. In 1955 <mask> asked one of his friends, who was supportive of Nehru and who had published in many international and national journals, to write an article critical of Nehru's policies. But the Indian publications didn't accept his critical article, and he claims that his standing as a scholar in India suffered thereby. <mask> described an incident during a seminar on "Hurdles To Secularism" in 1963 which <mask> attended, and which was presided over by Jayaprakash Narayan. As <mask> tells it, most participants in the seminar criticised only "Hindu communalism." But when one Muslim speaker took up the issue of Muslim communalism, he was shouted down by the other Muslims of the seminar, and had to stop talking. On Indian nationalist organisations
Goel criticised Hindu nationalist organisations like the RSS.He claimed that with few exceptions they "shared the Nehruvian consensus on all important issues", and that "the RSS and the BJS stalwarts spent almost all their time and energy in proving that they were not Hindu communalists but honest secularists." He also claimed that RSS members are worried almost only about the reputation of their organisation and their leaders,  and are rather ignorant to Hindu causes. When a Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) leader asked him to write a book about the BJS, <mask> replied that his book "would be pretty critical on the score of their policies." <mask> edited the book "Time for Stock-Taking", a collection of papers critical of the RSS. According to Belgian writer Koenraad Elst, <mask> and <mask> <mask> wrote in defence of Hinduism, never of "Hindutva". On Christianity
<mask> was outspoken in his criticism of Christianity. He was critical of missionaries' attempts to indigenize Christianity by adopting aspects of Hinduism, particularly as they have also demonized it, in attempts to gain new followers.<mask> also held the belief that Jesus was the intellectual author behind Western imperialism and the Holocaust, as he was "no more than an artifice for legitimizing wanton imperialist aggression. He does not symbolize spiritual power or moral uprightness." He made his case based on the gospels, which he thought cast too dark a shadow on unconverted Jews (see for instance ). From there he drew parallels between Jesus and Adolf Hitler, the latter of whom was, in <mask>'s words, the first to "completely grasp the verdict passed on the Jews by the Jesus of the gospels". <mask> also ridiculed what he termed "the cult of the disentangled Christ", whereby Christian revisionism attempts to salvage the figure of Jesus from the atrocious historical outcomes he inspired — and only from the bad ones — as though missionary proselytism and Western expansionism were to be perceived in the separate as mere coincidence. He wrote several works on the topic of Christianity and in 1995, sent Pat Robertson his book Jesus Christ: An Artifice for Aggression, and a letter in protest to Robertson's

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title: Sita Ram Goel

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 remarks towards the religion of Hinduism. Goel received criticism for his works and standpoints on Christianity.On Islam and Muslims
<mask> has criticised the history and doctrines of Islam in some of his writings. His works are also cited by critics of Islam like Robert Spencer and Arun Shourie. Despite his criticism of Islam, he said that he is not opposed "to an understanding and reconciliation between the two communities. All I want to say is that no significant synthesis or assimilation took place in the past, and history should not be distorted and falsified to serve the political purposes of a Hindu-baiting herd." He argues that the Muslims should evaluate the Islamic history and doctrines in terms of rationalism and humanism "without resort to the casuistry marshalled by the mullahs and sufis, or the apologetics propped up by the Aligarh and Stalinist schools of historians", just as the European Christians did centuries earlier with Christianity. He believed that the "average Muslim is as good or bad a human being as an average Hindu", and warned:
Some people are prone to confuse Islam with its victims, that is, the Muslims, and condemn the latter at the same time as they come to know the crudities of the former. This is a very serious confusion, which should be avoided by all those who believe in building up a broad-based human brotherhood as opposed to narrow, sectarian, self-centred, and chauvinistic nationalism or communalism.On decline of Buddhism
Arun Shourie wrote about Goel:
"Marxists cite only two other instances of Hindus having destroyed Buddhist temples. These too it turns out yield to completely contrary explanations. Again Marxists have been asked repeatedly to explain the construction they have been circulating -- to no avail. Equally important, <mask> <mask> invited them to cite any Hindu text which orders Hindus to break the places of worship of other religions -- as the Bible does, as a pile of Islamic manuals does. He has asked them to name a single person who has been honoured by the Hindus because he broke such places -– the way Islamic historians and lore have glorified every Muslim ruler and invader who did so. A snooty silence has been the only response ". Literary influences
He wrote and published books in English and Hindi.He also translated George Orwell's 1984, three Dialogues of Plato, Denis Kincaid's The Great Rebel (about Shivaji) and other books into Hindi. Goel was well-read in Western and Eastern literature, and among his most favourite writers or works were Thomas Hardy, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Aldous Huxley, Plato, Tagore, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay, Vaishnava and Baul poets, the Kathamrita written by Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M.) and Thomas Gray's poem "Elegy". His favourite book was the Hindu epic Mahabharata, which he would read in its original language Sanskrit. <mask> <mask> was influenced by Indian writer and philosopher <mask>. He said that his masters have been "Vyasa, Buddha and Sri Aurobindo, as elucidated by <mask>." He was also influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dayananda Sarasvati and Mahatma Gandhi. Banned books

Understanding Islam through Hadis

In 1983, <mask> reprinted <mask>'s Understanding Islam through Hadis.The book was a summary of the Sahih Muslim Hadith and consisted of extracts from the Hadiths. In 1987, he again reprinted the book, but the copies of a Hindi translation were seized by the police and <mask> was arrested briefly. In due course, some Muslims and the Jamaat-e-Islami weekly Radiance claimed that the book was offensive. In 1990, the Hindi translation of the book was banned. In March 1991, the English original was banned as well. The "criminal case" against <mask> for printing the book was dismissed after some years on 5 May 1997, but the book still remains banned. Indian intellectuals protested against the arrest of <mask>.Arun Shourie commented on the criminal case:

No one has ever refuted him on facts, but many have sought to smear him and his writing. They have thereby transmuted the work from mere scholarship into warning. (...)The forfeiture is exactly the sort of thing which had landed us where we are: where intellectual inquiry is shut out; where our traditions are not examined, and reassessed; and where as a consequence there is no dialogue. It is exactly the sort of thing too which foments reaction. (...)"Freedom of expression which is legitimate and constitutionally protected," it [the Supreme Court] declared last year, "cannot be held to ransom by an intolerant group or people." Hindu View of Christianity and Islam (1993)
In 1993 the MP Syed Shahabuddin, who in 1988 asked for the ban on The Satanic Verses, demanded a ban on <mask>'s book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam. <mask> and Swarup went into hiding because they feared that they could get arrested.The court accepted a bail and the authors came out of hiding. Arun Shourie and K. S. Lal protested against the ban. Colin Maine's The Dead Hand of Islam
In 1986, Goel reprinted Colin Maine's essay The Dead Hand of Islam . Some Muslims filed a criminal case against Goel, alleging that it violated Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code and similar articles of the Indian Customs Act. The judge discharged Goel and referred to the earlier court precedent "1983 CrLJ 1446". Speaking of the importance of that precedent, the judge in his discussion said: "If such a contention is accepted a day will come when that part of history which is unpalatable to a particular religion will have to be kept in cold storage on the pretext that the publication of such history would constitute an offence punishable under Sec. 153A of the Penal Code.The scope of S-153A cannot be enlarged to such an extent with a view to thwart history. (...) Otherwise, the position will be very precarious. A nation will have to forget its own history and in due course the nation will have no history at all. (...) If anybody intends to extinguish the history (by prohibiting its publication) of the nation on the pretext of taking action under the above sections, his act will have to be treated as malafide one." The Calcutta Quran Petition
Goel published The Calcutta Quran Petition with Chandmal Chopra in 1986. On 31 August 1987, Chopra was arrested by the police and kept in custody until 8 September for publishing the book with Goel. Goel absconded to avoid arrest.Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them
There were proposals in November 1990 in Uttar Pradesh to ban <mask>'s book Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them. Legacy
<mask> <mask>el has been described by Koenraad Elst as an "intellectual kshatriya". David Frawley said about <mask> that he was "modern India's greatest intellectual kshatriya", and "one of India's most important thinkers in the post-independence era". According to Frawley, "<mask>m followed a strong rationalistic point of view that did not compromise the truth even for politeness sake. Hindu society under siege, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1981, 48 p. A revised edition released in 1994. vol. 1, Commitment to Communism, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 231 p. Reprint with changes of the 1963 book In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon.Stalinist "historians" spread the big lie, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p.
 Jesus Christ : an artifice for aggression, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1994, 114 p.

Editor
 Hindu temples, what happened to them : Vol. I, A preliminary survey, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990, 191 p. With Arun Shourie et al. Volume II would be released in 1993, 440 p.
 Freedom of expression : secular theocracy versus liberal democracy, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 179 p. Mostly articles. Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar?, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p. Criticisms of the BJP and RSS, including their responses. Vindicated by Time: the Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 1006 p. A reprint, with an introduction by <mask>, of the official report on the missionaries' methods of subversion and conversion, from 1956. Prefaces, introductions or commentaries
 Introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1952, 56 p.
 Commentary of Mao Zedong's The conquest of China, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1954, 276 p.
 Preface to Chandmal Chopra's The Calcutta Quran Petition, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 71 p. A third revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1999, with more writing by <mask>, 325 p.
 Preface to Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.
 Preface to the reprint of Mathilda Joslyn Gage's Woman, Church and State (1997, ca.1880). A feminist critique of Christianity. Hindi
Author
 Pathabhṛshṭa, 1960. Saikyularijma : deśadroha kā dūsrā nāma, 1983.Yashpal Sharma would translate it into English as India's secularism, new name for national subversion, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1999, 107 p.
 Udīyamāna raṣṭra-dṛṣṭi, 1983. Hindū samāja : saṅkeṭoṃ ke ghere meṃ, 1988. Saptaśīla, 1999. Translator
 Satyakama Socrates, three dialogues of Plato : (Apology, Crito and Phaedo))
 Victor Kravchenko's I Chose Freedom
 Thomas Gray's poem Elegy.'Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's <mask>er Alochona The God that Failed, a testimony on Communism by Arthur Koestler, André Gide and others. <mask>'s Communism and Peasantry
 George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
 Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel
 Panchjanya, Taslima Nasrin's Lajja''

Further reading
 India's only communalist: In commemoration of Sita <mask>el; Edited by Koenraad Elst; Voice of India, New Delhi. (2005)  (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S. Rajaram and others.) Elst, Koenraad. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of <mask> <mask>. In "Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya", Arvind Sharma (ed.)Palgrave 2001

See also
 <mask>
 Koenraad Elst
 Robert Spencer
 Ibn Warraq
 Srđa Trifković
 Oriana Fallaci
 Andrew Bostom
 Swapan Dasgupta

Notes

References
 India's only communalist – A short biography of Sita <mask>el Koenraad Elst
 Elst, Koenraad, Ayodhya and After: Issues Before Hindu Society (1991)
 Goel, S.R. Freedom of Expression (1998)

External links
 India's only communalist A short biography of Sita <mask>el by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 28 May 1999. (pdf)
 Many books of Sita <mask>el online

1921 births
2003 deaths
Critics of Christianity
Indian anti-communists
Indian political writers
Indian publishers (people)
Converts to Hinduism from atheism or agnosticism
Indian Hindus
Islam and politics
Hindu critics of Islam
Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia
Voice of India writers
Businesspeople from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian businesspeople
Journalists from Punjab, India
Indian male

masks:
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Sita
Ram Goel
Sita
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Ram Swarup
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Goel
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Goel
Goel
Goel
Ram Swarup
Goel
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Sita
Ram Go
Goel
Sitara
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Ramayan
Ram Swarup
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Sita
Ram Goel
Ram Swarup
Ram Go
Ram Go
Ram Go