title: Gay McDougall

texts:
<mask> (born August 13, 1947, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American lawyer who has spent her career addressing international human rights and racial discrimination. She is currently a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice of Fordham University Law School. She was Executive Director of Global Rights, Partners for Justice (from September 1994 to 2006). In August 2005, she was named the first United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues, serving until 2011. Early years
<mask> was born August 13, 1947 to Louis and <mask>. Her father was a hospital cook and her mother a high school math teacher. She grew up in the Dixie Hills neighborhood of Atlanta.She attended Atlanta public schools and in 1965 graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. As a child, <mask> was banned from many public places in Atlanta. When she finished high school, she was chosen to be the first black student to integrate Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia. Looking back on the experiences of her early years, she has said: "We believed then that our situation was uniquely tragic ... We often looked to the international community with the hope that somehow the world beyond this country operated on different rules…We were both right and wrong." Education and private law career
After two years at Agnes Scott, she transferred to Bennington College in Bennington, Vermont. She earned her BA in social science from Bennington, her JD at Yale Law School, and her LLM in public international law at the London School of Economics and Politics. After graduating from Yale Law School, she joined the New York City corporate law firm of Debevoise, Plimpton, Lyons & Gates.Non-profit career

McDougall is currently a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice, Fordham University Law School

In 1998, she was first elected to serve as an independent expert on the United Nations treaty body that oversees the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). She was the first American to be elected to the body of 18 international experts who oversee compliance by governments worldwide with the obligations established under the treaty. She served a four-year term, from 1998 to 2001. She was elected to another four-year term on the CERD Committee in June 2015, and served on the Committee for a term that began on January 20, 2016, and ended on January 19, 2020. She was a Vice-chairperson of the Committee. At its 1996 session, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights elected her to serve a four-year term as a member (alternate) of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Human Rights commission. She also served as Special Rapporteur on the issue of systematic rape, sexual slavery, and slavery-like practices in armed conflict, in which capacity she presented a study to the United Nations Sub-Commission on Human Rights that called for international legal standards for prosecuting acts of systematic rape and sexual slavery committed during armed conflict.As Special Rapporteur she also toured Sierra Leone with the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights to assess the devastating impact the civil war had on civilian populations. Prior to joining Global Rights, <mask> served as one of five international members of South Africa's 16-member Independent Electoral Commission which successfully organized and administered that country's first non-racial elections. During southern Africa's apartheid era, she was director of the Southern African Project of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law from 1980 until early 1994 and gave direct assistance to the defense of thousands of political prisoners in South Africa and Namibia by financing the defense and collaborating with attorneys. In 1989, <mask> founded the Commission on Independence for Namibia, a bipartisan group of 31 distinguished Americans who monitored in detail the year-long process to independence mandated by the U.N. The Commission intervened to force modifications in critical legislation, such as the voter registration and election laws, which as drafted, threatened the fairness of the election process. Honors
<mask> was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1999 for her "innovative and highly effective" work on behalf of international human rights. She has Honorary Doctor of Law degrees from Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa), the School of Law of the City University of New York, Agnes Scott College and the School of Advanced Study, University of London.McDougall received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1990. Other positions
 Senior Scholars 2002, Institute for Policy Studies
 Board Member, Africare
 Board Member, CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)
 Board Member, Global Fund for Women
 Advisory Council, Realizing Rights
 Executive Council, American Society of International Law
 Distinguished Scholar in Residence, American University's College of Law Faculty
 Visiting Scholar, American University Washington College of Law Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
 Mulligan Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Law, and  Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence, Leitner Center for International Law and Justice, Fordham University School of Law
Board member of the Open Society Justice Initiative of the Open Society Foundations

References

External links
 Interview with <mask> on the African Activist Archive Project website
 Global Rights website
 Institute for Policy Studies/Senior Scholars
 American University, Washington D.C. website/McDougall bio
 African National Congress speech
 Leitner Center for International Law and Justice

African-American lawyers
African-American academics
African-American activists
African-American educators
American educators
New York (state) lawyers
Living people
Minority rights
People from Atlanta
United Nations special rapporteurs
Members of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Yale Law School alumni
1947 births
African-American women lawyers
American women lawyers
Bennington College alumni
MacArthur Fellows
American officials of the United Nations

masks:
Gay Johnson McDougall
Gay Johnson McDougall
Inez Gay Johnson
Gay McDougall
McDougall
McDougall
McDougall
Gay McDougall


title: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

type: original

texts:
<mask>, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal (Marquês <mask>mbal; ), was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King <mask>. A liberal reformer influenced by the Age of Enlightenment, Pombal led Portugal's recovery from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and modernized the kingdom's administrative, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. During his lengthy ministerial career, Pombal accumulated and exercised autocratic power. The son of a country squire and nephew of a prominent cleric, Pombal studied at the University of Coimbra before enlisting in the Portuguese Army, where he reached the rank of corporal. Pombal subsequently returned to academic life in Lisbon, but retired to his family's estates in 1733 after eloping with a nobleman's niece. In 1738, with his uncle's assistance, he secured an appointment as King John V's ambassador to Great Britain. In 1745, he was named ambassador to Austria and served until 1749.When <mask> acceded to the throne in 1750, <mask> was appointed as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Despite entrenched opposition from the hereditary Portuguese nobility, Pombal gained <mask>'s confidence and, by 1755, was the king's de facto chief minister. Pombal secured his preeminence through his decisive management of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, one of the deadliest earthquakes in history; he maintained public order, organized relief efforts, and supervised the capital's reconstruction in the Pombaline architectural style. Pombal was appointed as Secretary of State for Internal Affairs in 1757 and consolidated his authority during the Távora affair of 1759, which resulted in the execution of leading members of the aristocratic party and allowed Pombal to suppress the Society of Jesus. In 1759, <mask> granted Pombal the title of Count of Oeiras and, in 1769, that of Marquis of Pombal. A leading estrangeirado strongly influenced by his observations of British commercial and domestic policy, Pombal implemented sweeping commercial reforms, establishing a system of companies and guilds governing each industry. These efforts included the demarcation of the Douro wine region, created to regulate the production and trade of port wine.In foreign policy, although <mask> desired to decrease Portuguese reliance on Great Britain, he maintained the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which successfully defended Portugal from Spanish invasion during the Seven Years' War. Pombal enacted liberal domestic policies, including the prohibition of the import of black slaves within Portugal and Portuguese India, and greatly weakened the Portuguese Inquisition,  and granting civil rights to the New Christians. Despite these reforms, Pombal governed autocratically, curtailing individual liberties ,  suppressing political opposition, and fostered the slave trade to Brazil. Following the accession of Queen Maria I in 1777, Pombal was stripped of his offices and ultimately exiled to his estates, where he died in 1782. Early life

<mask> <mask> <mask> <mask> () was born in Lisbon, the son of <mask> <mask> e Ataíde, a country squire with properties in the Leiria region, and of his wife <mask> <mask> <mask>. His uncle, <mask> <mask>, was a politically-influential cleric and professor at the University of Coimbra. During his youth he studied at the University of Coimbra and then served briefly in the army, reaching the rank of corporal, before returning to academic study.He then moved to Lisbon and eloped with <mask> <mask> <mask> (1689–1737), the niece of the Count of Arcos. The marriage was a turbulent one, as she had married him against her family's wishes. Her parents made life unbearable for the young couple; they eventually moved to Melo properties near Pombal. Pombal continued his academic pursuits, studying law and history and securing admission in 1734 to a royal historical society. Political career
In 1738, with his uncle's assistance, Pombal received his first public appointment as the Portuguese ambassador to Great Britain, where, in 1740, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. This author points out that <mask> <mask> used his circulation among influential people to "investigate the causes, techniques, and mechanisms of British commercial and naval power." In 1745, he served as the Portuguese ambassador to Austria.The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess <mask> <mask> of Austria (1683–1754), was fond of him; after his first wife died she arranged for him to marry the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal <mask>, Count von Daun. The King, John V, was not pleased, however, and recalled him in 1749. John V died the following year and his son <mask> of Portugal was crowned king. <mask> was fond of Pombal; with the Queen <mask>'s approval he appointed him as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in him increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, the King appointed him Prime Minister. Impressed by English economic success which he had witnessed as ambassador, Pombal successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.He abolished slavery in Portugal and the Portuguese colonies in India, reorganised the army and the navy, abolished the autos-da-fé and ended the Limpeza de Sangue (cleanliness of blood) civil statutes and their discrimination against New Christians, the Jews that had converted to Christianity, and their descendants regardless of genealogical distance, to escape the Portuguese Inquisition. Pombaline Reforms
The Pombaline Reforms were a series of reforms intended to make Portugal an economically self-sufficient and commercially strong nation, by means of expanding Brazilian territory, streamlining the administration of colonial Brazil, and fiscal and economic reforms both in the colony and in Portugal. During the Age of Enlightenment Portugal was considered small and unprogressive. It was a country of three million people in 1750. The economy of Portugal before the reforms was a relatively stable one, though it had become dependent on colonial Brazil for much of its economic support, and England for much of its manufacturing support, based on the Methuen Treaty of 1703. Even exports from Portugal went mostly through expatriate merchants like the English port wine shippers and French businessmen like <mask> Ratton, whose memoirs are scathing about the efficiency of his Portuguese counterparts. The need to grow a manufacturing sector in Portugal was made more imperative by the excessive spending of the Portuguese crown, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the expenditures on wars with Spain for South American territories, and the exhaustion of gold mines and diamond mines in Brazil.His greatest reforms were, however, economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He created the Douro Wine Company which demarcated the Douro wine region for production of Port, to ensure the wine's quality; his was the second attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, after the Tokaj region of Hungary. He ruled with a heavy hand, imposing strict laws upon all classes of Portuguese society, from the high nobility to the poorest working class, and via his widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. Further important reforms were carried out in education by Pombal: he expelled the Jesuits in 1759, created the basis for secular public primary and secondary schools, introduced vocational training, created hundreds of new teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the University of Coimbra, and introduced new taxes to pay for these reforms. Lisbon earthquake

Disaster fell upon Portugal on the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was awakened by a violent earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9 on the <mask> scale. The city was razed by the earthquake and ensuing tsunami and fires.<mask> survived by a stroke of luck and, unshaken, immediately took upon the task of rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: What now? We bury the dead and heal the living. Despite the calamity, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and, within less than a year, was already partially rebuilt. The new central area of Lisbon was designed by a group of architects specifically to resist subsequent earthquakes, employing a new construction method, "caging", which consisted of a wooden framework erected in the early stages of construction, granting the building a better chance of withstanding an earthquake due to the inherent flexibility of the material. Architectural models were built for tests, with the effects of an earthquake being simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and major squares of the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon are one of its main attractions: they are the world's first earthquake-resistant buildings. Pombal made also an important contribution to the study of seismology, by designing a survey that was sent to every parish in the country — the Parochial Memories of 1758.The questionnaire asked whether dogs or other animals behaved strangely prior to the earthquake, whether there was a noticeable difference in the rise or fall of the water level in wells, and how many buildings had been destroyed and what kind of destruction had occurred. The answers have allowed modern Portuguese scientists to reconstruct the event with precision. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists. Spanish invasion

In 1761 Spain concluded an alliance with France by which Spain would enter the Seven Years' War in an effort to prevent British hegemony. The two countries saw Portugal as Britain's closest ally, due to the Treaty of Windsor. As part of a wider plan to isolate and defeat Britain, Spanish and French envoys were sent to Lisbon to demand that the King and Pombal agree to cease all trade or co-operation with Britain or face war. While Pombal was keen to make Portugal less dependent on Britain, this was a long-term goal, and he and the King rejected the Bourbon ultimatum.On 5 May 1762, Spain sent troops across the border and penetrated into Trás-os-Montes to capture Porto, but they were repelled by the guerrillas and forced to abandon all their conquests but Chaves, after suffering huge losses (10,000 casualties). Thereby the Spanish general, Nicolás <mask>, Marquis of Sarriá, soon lost the Spanish King's confidence, and was replaced by Count of Aranda. In a second invasion (Province of Lower Beira, July 1762) a combined Franco-Spanish army was initially successful in capturing Almeida and several almost undefended fortresses, but they were soon ground to a halt by a small Anglo-Portuguese force entrenched in the hills East of Abrantes. Pombal had sent urgent messages to London requesting military assistance, consequently 7,104 British troops were sent together with William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe and military staff to organise the Portuguese Army. Victory in the battles of Valencia de Alcántara and Vila Velha – and above all – a scorched earth tactic coupled with guerrilla actions in the Spanish logistic lines induced starvation and eventually the disintegration of the Franco-Spanish army (15,000 casualties, many of them inflicted by the peasants), whose remnants were driven back and pursued to Spain. The Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco was taken by a Portuguese force under <mask>, and all the strongholds that had previously been occupied by the Bourbon invaders were retaken, with the exception of Almeida. A third Spanish offensive in the Alentejo (November 1762) also met defeat in Ouguela, Marvão and Codiceira.The invaders were chased again back into Spain and saw several men captured by the advancing allies. According to a report sent to the British government by British ambassador in Portugal, Edward Hay, the Bourbon armies had suffered 30,000 casualties during their invasion of Portugal. In the Treaty of Paris, Spain had to restore to Portugal Chaves and Almeida plus all the territory taken from Portugal in South America in 1763 (most of Rio Grande do Sul and Colonia do Sacramento). Only the second was given back, while the vast territory of Rio Grande do Sul (together with present-day Roraima) would be reconquered from Spain in the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war of 1763–1777. However, Portugal also conquered Spanish territory in South America during the Seven Years' War: most of the Rio Negro Valley (1763) and defeated a Spanish invasion aiming to occupy the right bank of the Guaporé River (in Mato Grosso, 1763) and also in the battle of Santa Bárbara, Rio Grande do Sul (1 January 1763). Portugal was able to keep all these territorial gains. In the years after the invasion, and despite the crucial British assistance, Pombal began to be increasingly concerned at the rise of British power.Despite being an Anglophile he suspected the British were interested in acquiring Brazil and he was alarmed by the seeming ease by which they had taken Havana and Manila from Spain in 1762. As noted by historian <mask>:

Opposition of the Jesuits

Having lived outside of Portugal in Vienna and London, the latter city in particular being a major centre of the Enlightenment, Pombal increasingly believed that the Society of Jesus, also known as the "Jesuits", had a grip on science and education, and that they were an inherent drag on an independent, Portuguese-style iluminismo. He was especially familiar with the anti-Jesuit tradition of Britain, and in Vienna he had made friends with <mask> Swieten, a confidant of <mask> of Austria and a staunch adversary of the Austrian Jesuits' influence. As prime minister Pombal engaged the Jesuits in a propaganda war, which was watched closely by the rest of Europe, and he launched a number of conspiracy theories regarding the order's desire for power. During the Távora affair (see below) he accused the Society of Jesus of treason and attempted regicide, a major public relations catastrophe for the order, in the age of absolutism. Historians today emphasise the Society's role in trying to protect Native Americans in the Portuguese and Spanish colonies, and the fact that the limitations placed upon the order resulted in the so-called Guarani War in which the Guarani tribesmen were halved by Spanish and Portuguese troops. According to a census conducted in 1756 the population of the Guarani from the seven missions was 14,284, which was about 15,000 less than the population in 1750.The former Jesuit missions were occupied by the Portuguese until 1759. Pombal named his brother, D. Paulo António <mask> <mask>, chief inquisitor and used the inquisition against the Jesuits. Pombal was thus an important precursor for the suppression of the Jesuits throughout Europe and its colonies, which culminated in 1773, when European absolutists forced Pope <mask> to issue a bull empowering them to suppress the order in their domains. Expulsion of the Jesuits and consolidation of power

Following the earthquake, <mask> gave his Prime Minister even more authority, and Pombal became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758, <mask> was wounded in an attempted assassination when he was returning from a visit to his mistress, the young Távora Marchioness. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated, and they were executed after a quick trial.There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, so that the Távora affair could be considered a pretext for the climax to the conflict that resulted in the Jesuits’ expulsion from Portugal and its empire in 1759. Jesuit assets were confiscated by the crown. According to historians <mask> and Stuart Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism." Pombal showed no mercy, prosecuting every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy and ensured the Prime Minister's victory against his enemies. In reward for his swift resolve, <mask> made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition.Having become the Marquis of Pombal in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until <mask>'s death in 1777. In 1771, botanist <mask> published Pombalia, a genus of flowering plants from America, belonging to the family Violaceae and named in honour of the Marquis of Pombal. Decline and death

King <mask>'s daughter and successor, Queen Maria I of Portugal, loathed Pombal. She was a devout woman and was influenced by the Jesuits, and upon her ascension to the throne, she did what she had long vowed to do: she withdrew all his political offices. She also issued one of history's first restraining orders, commanding that Pombal not be closer than 20 miles to her presence. If she were to travel near his estates, he was compelled to remove himself from his house to fulfill the royal decree. The slightest reference in her hearing to Pombal is said to have induced fits of rage in the Queen.Pombal built a palace in Oeiras, designed by <mask>. The palace featured formal French gardens enlivened with traditional Portuguese glazed tile walls. There were waterfalls and waterworks set within vineyards. <mask> died peacefully on his estate at Pombal in 1782. He was a controversial figure in his own era; today one of Lisbon's busiest squares and the busiest underground station is named Marquês de <mask> in his honour. There is an imposing statue of the Marquis depicting a lion next to him in the square as well. João Francisco <mask> <mask> Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha was his grandson.See also
 History of Portugal
 Marquis of Pombal (title)
 List of marquises in Portugal
 Precedence among European monarchies

References

<mask>

 <mask>, <mask> <mask> <mask> <mask>, Marquês de. Cartas e outras obras selectas do Marquez de Pombal [selection], 1775–1780. <mask>ge, Edgar. ed. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911: <mask> Pombal

External links

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<mask>, Marquis of
Pombal, Marquis of
18th-century Portuguese people
Ambassadors of Portugal to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Portugal to Austria
Counts of Oeiras
Sebastio
People from Lisbon
People from Leiria District
Portuguese nobility
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Seismologists
University of Coimbra alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society
Portuguese Freemasons
 Age of Enlightenment

masks:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
de Po
Joseph I
Joseph I
Pombal
Joseph
Joseph
Pombal
Sebastião
José de
Carvalho
e Melo
Manuel de
Carvalho
Teresa Luísa
de Mendonça
e Melo
Paulo de
Carvalho
Teresa de
Mendonça
e Almada
Carvalho
e Melo
Mary Anne
Josepha
Leopold Josef
Joseph I
Joseph I
Mother
Jácome
Richter
Pombal
de Carvajal
Townshend
Andreas Leutzsch
Gerhard van
Maria Theresa
de Carvalho
e Mença
Clement XIV
Joseph I
Joseph I
James Lockhart
Joseph I
Joseph I
Domenico Vandelli
Joseph
Carlos Mardel
Pombal
Pombal
de Saldanha
Oliveira e
Sources
Pombal
Sebasão
José de
Carvalho
e Melo
Presta
Marquis de
Pombal


title: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

texts:
<mask>, 3rd Earl of Chester (1070−1129) was a Norman magnate based in northern and central England. Originating in Bessin in Normandy, Ranulf made his career in England thanks to his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches - the Earl of Chester, the patronage of kings William II Rufus and <mask>rc, and his marriage to Lucy, heiress of the Bolingbroke-Spalding estates in Lincolnshire. Ranulf fought in Normandy on behalf of Henry I, and served the English king as a kind of semi-independent governor in the far north-west, in Cumberland and Westmorland, founding Wetheral Priory. After the death of his cousin Richard d'Avranches in the White Ship Disaster of November 1120, Ranulf became earl of the county of Chester on the Anglo-Welsh marches. He held this position for the remainder of his life, and passed the title on to his son, <mask>. Biography

Family and origins
<mask>in's father and mother represented two different families of viscounts in Normandy, and both of them were strongly tied to Henry, son of William the Conqueror. His father was <mask>t, and likely for this reason the former <mask> was styled <mask>schin, "the younger".<mask>'s father was viscount of the Bessin, the area around Bayeux. Besides Odo, bishop of Bayeux, <mask> the elder was the most powerful magnate in the Bessin region of Normandy. <mask> <mask>in's great-grandmother may even have been from the ducal family of Normandy, as <mask>in's paternal great-grandfather viscount Anschitil is known to have married a daughter of Duke Richard III. <mask> <mask>in's mother, Margaret, was the daughter of <mask> Goz, Viscount of Avranches. Richard's father Thurstan Goz had become viscount of the Hiémois between 1017 and 1025, while Richard himself became viscount of the Avranchin in either 1055 or 1056. Her brother (Richard Goz's son) was Hugh d'Avranches "Lupus" ("the Wolf"), viscount of the Avranchin and Earl of Chester (from c. 1070). <mask> was thus, in addition to being heir to the Bessin, the nephew of one of Norman England's most powerful and prestigious families.We know from an entry in the Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, that <mask> <mask>in had an older brother named Richard (who died in youth), and a younger brother named William. He had a sister called Agnes, who later married Robert de Grandmesnil (died 1136). Early career
Historian C. Warren Hollister thought that <mask>'s father <mask> de Briquessart was one of the early close companions of Prince Henry, the future Henry I. Hollister called <mask> the Elder "a friend from Henry's youthful days in western Normandy", and argued that the homeland of the two Ranulfs had been under Henry's overlordship since 1088, despite both ducal and royal authority lying with Henry's two brothers. Hollister further suggested that <mask> <mask>in may have had a role in persuading Robert Curthose to free Henry from captivity in 1089. The date of <mask> senior's death, and succession of Ranulf junior, is unclear, but the former's last and the latter's earliest appearance in extant historical records coincides, dating to 24 April 1089 in charter of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, to Bayeux Cathedral. <mask> <mask>in appears as "Ranulf son of Ranulf the viscount". In the foundation charter of Chester Abbey granted by his uncle Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, and purportedly issued in 1093, <mask> <mask>in is listed as a witness.His attestation to this grant is written Signum Ranulfi nepotis comitis, "signature of Ranulf nephew of the earl". However, the editor of the Chester comital charters, <mask>, thought this charter was forged in the period of Earl <mask> II. Between 1098 and 1101 (probably in 1098) Ranulf became a major English landowner in his own right when he became the third husband of Lucy, heiress of the honour of Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire. This acquisition also brought him the lordship of Appleby in Westmorland, previously held by Lucy's second husband Ivo <mask>is. Marriage to a great heiress came only with royal patronage, which in turn meant that Ranulf had to be respected and trusted by the king. Ranulf was probably, like his father, among the earliest and most loyal of Henry's followers, and was noted as such by Orderic Vitalis. Ranulf was however not recorded often at the court of Henry I, and did not form part of the king's closest group of administrative advisers.He witnessed charters only occasionally, though this became more frequent after he became earl. In 1106 he is found serving as one of several justiciars at York hearing a case about the lordship of Ripon. In 1116 he is recorded in a similar context. Ranulf was, however, one of the king's military companions. When, soon after Whitsun 1101 Henry heard news of a planned invasion of England by his brother Robert Curthose, he sought promises from his subjects to defend the kingdom. A letter to the men of Lincolnshire names Ranulf as one of four figures entrusted with collecting these oaths. Ranulf was one of the magnates who accompanied King Henry on his invasion of Duke Robert's Norman territory in 1106.Ranulf served under Henry as an officer of the royal household when the latter was on campaign; Ranulf was in fact one of his three commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai. The first line of Henry's force was led by Ranulf, the second (with the king) by Robert of Meulan, and third by William de Warrene, with another thousand knights from Brittany and Maine led by Helias, Count of Maine. Ranulf's line consisted of the men of Bayeux, Avranches and Coutances. Lord of Cumberland

A charter issued in 1124 by David I, King of the Scots, to Robert I de Brus cited Ranulf's lordship of Carlisle and Cumberland as a model for Robert's new lordship in Annandale. This is significant because Robert is known from other sources to have acted with semi-regal authority in this region. A source from 1212 attests that the jurors of Cumberland remembered Ranulf as quondam dominus Cumberland ("sometime Lord of Cumberland"). Ranulf possessed the power and in some respects the dignity of a semi-independent earl in the region, though he lacked the formal status of being called such.A contemporary illustration of this authority comes from the records of Wetheral Priory, where Ranulf is found addressing his own sheriff, "Richer" (probably Richard de Boivill, baron of Kirklinton). No royal activity occurred in Cumberland or Westmorland during Ranulf's time in charge there, testimony to the fullness of his powers in the region. Ivo <mask>, when he married <mask>'s future wife Lucy, had acquired her Lincolnshire lands but sometime after 1086 he acquired estates in Kendal and elsewhere in Westmorland. Adjacent lands in Westmorland and Lancashire that had previously been controlled by Earl Tostig Godwinson were probably carved up between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo in the 1080s, a territorial division at least partially responsible for the later boundary between the two counties. Norman lordship in the heartland of Cumberland can be dated from chronicle sources to around 1092, the year King William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler, Dolfin. There is inconclusive evidence that settlers from Ivo's Lincolnshire lands had come into Cumberland as a result. Between 1094 and 1098 Lucy was married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare, and it is probable that this marriage was the king's way of transferring authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold.Only from 1106 however, well into the reign of Henry I, do we have certain evidence that this authority had come to Ranulf. The "traditional view", held by the historian <mask>, was that Ranulf's authority in the region did not come about until 1106 or after, as a reward for participation in the Battle of Tinchebrai. Another historian, Richard Sharpe, has recently attacked this view and argued that it probably came in or soon after 1098. Sharpe stressed that Lucy was the mechanism by which this authority changed hands, and pointed out that Ranulf had been married to Lucy years before Tinchebrai and can be found months before Tinchebrai taking evidence from county jurors at York (which may have been responsible for Cumbria at this point). Ranulf likewise distributed land to the church, founding a Benedictine monastic house at Wetheral. This he established as a daughter-house of St Mary's Abbey, York, a house that in turn had been generously endowed by Ivo <mask>is. This had occurred by 1112, the year of the death of Abbot Stephen of St Mary's, named in the foundation deed.In later times at least, the priory of Wetheral was dedicated to St Mary and the Holy Trinity, as well as another saint named Constantine. Ranulf gave Wetheral, among other things, his two churches at Appleby, St Lawrences (Burgate) and St Michaels (Bongate). As an incoming regional magnate Ranulf would be expected to distribute land to his own followers, and indeed the record of the jurors of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that Ranulf created two baronies in the region. Ranulf's brother-in-law Robert de Trevers received the barony of Burgh-by-Sands, while the barony of Liddel went to Turgis Brandos. He appears to have attempted to give the large compact barony of Gilsland to his brother William, but failed to dislodge the native lord, the eponymous "Gille" son of Boite; later the lordship of Allerdale (including Copeland), even larger than Gilsland stretching along the coast from the River Ellen to the River Esk, was given to William. Kirklinton may have been given to Richard de Boivill, Ranulf's sheriff. Earl of Chester

1120 was a fateful year for both Henry I and Ranulf.Richard, earl of Chester, like Henry's son and heir William Adeling, died in the White Ship Disaster near Barfleur on 25 November. Only four days before the disaster, Ranulf and his cousin Richard had witnessed a charter together at Cerisy. Henry probably could not wait long to replace Richard, as the Welsh were resurgent under the charismatic leadership of Gruffudd ap Cynan. According to the Historia Regum, Richard's death prompted the Welsh to raid Cheshire, looting, killing, and burning two castles. Perhaps because of his recognised military ability and social strength, because he was loyal and because he was the closest male relation to Earl Richard, Henry recognized Ranulf as Richard's successor to the county of Chester. In 1123, Henry sent Ranulf to Normandy with a large number of knights and with his bastard son, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, to strengthen the garrisons there. Ranulf commanded the king's garrison at Évreux and governed the county of Évreux during the 1123-1124 war with William Clito, Robert Curthose's son and heir.In March 1124 Ranulf assisted in the capture of <mask>, Count of Meulan. Scouts informed Ranulf that <mask>ran's forces were planning an expedition to Vatteville, and Ranulf planned an to intercept them, a plan carried out by Henry de Pommeroy, Odo Borleng and William de Pont-Authou, with 300 knights. A battle followed, perhaps at Rougemontier (or Bourgthéroulde), in which <mask>ran was captured. Although Ranulf bore the title "earl of Chester", the honour (i.e., group of estates) which formed the holdings of the earl of Chester were scattered throughout England, and during the rule of his predecessors included the cantref of Tegeingl in Perfeddwlad in north-western Wales. Around 1100, only a quarter of the value of the honour actually lay in Cheshire, which was one of England's poorest and least developed counties. The estates elsewhere were probably given to the earls in compensation for Cheshire's poverty, in order to strengthen its vulnerable position on the Anglo-Welsh border. The possibility of conquest and booty in Wales should have supplemented the lordship's wealth and attractiveness, but for much of Henry's reign the English king tried to keep the neighboring Welsh princes under his peace.Ranulf's accession may have involved him giving up many of his other lands, including much of his wife's Lincolnshire lands as well as his lands in Cumbria, though direct evidence for this beyond convenient timing is lacking. That Cumberland was given up at this point is likely, as King Henry visited Carlisle in December 1122, where, according to the Historia Regum, he ordered the strengthening of the castle. Hollister believed that Ranulf offered the Bolingbroke lands to Henry in exchange for Henry's bestowal of the earldom. The historian A. T. Thacker believed that Henry I forced Ranulf to give up most of the Bolingbroke lands through fear that Ranulf would become too powerful, dominating both Cheshire and the richer county of Lincoln. Sharpe, however, suggested that Ranulf may have had to sell a great deal of land in order to pay the king for the county of Chester, though it could not have covered the whole fee, as Ranulf's son Ranulf de Gernon, when he succeeded his father to Chester in 1129, owed the king £1000 "from his father's debt for the land of Earl Hugh". Hollister thought this debt was merely the normal feudal relief expected to be paid on a large honour, and suggested that Ranulf's partial non-payment, or Henry's forgiveness for non-payment, was a form of royal patronage. Ranulf died in January 1129, and was buried in Chester Abbey.He was survived by his wife and countess, Lucy, and succeeded by his son <mask> de Gernon. A daughter, Alicia, married Richard de Clare, a lord in the Anglo-Welsh marches. One of his offspring, his fifth son, participated in the Siege of Lisbon, and for this aid was granted the Lordship of Azambuja by King Afonso I of Portugal. That his career had some claim on the popular imagination may be inferred from lines in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre." References

Sources

1070 births
<mask>, <mask> <mask>, 3rd Earl of
11th-century English landowners
12th-century English landowners
12th-century English nobility
<mask>, <mask> <mask>, 3rd Earl of
Norman warriors
Burials at Chester Cathedral
Earls of Chester (1121)
William II of England
Henry I of England

masks:
Ranulf le Meschin
Henry I Beaucle
Ranulf de Gernon
Ranulf le Mesch
Ranulf de Brisar
Ranulf
le Me
Ranulf
Ranulf
Ranulf
le Mesch
le Mesch
Ranulf
le Mesch
Richard le
Ranulf
Ranulf
le Mesch
Ranulf
Ranulf
Ranulf
Ranulf
le Mesch
Ranulf
Ranulf
le Mesch
Ranulf
le Mesch
Geoffrey Barraclough
Ranulf
Taillebo
Taillebois
Ranulf
William Kapelle
Taillebo
Waleran
Wale
Wale
Ranulf
Chester
Ranulf
le Meschin
Chester
Ranulf
le Meschin


title: Owen Moore

texts:
<mask> (12 December 1886 – 9 June 1939) was an Irish-born American actor, appearing in more than 279 movies spanning from 1908 to 1937. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Fordstown Crossroads, County Meath, Ireland. Along with his parents, John and <mask>, brothers Tom, Matt, and Joe, and sister Mary (1890–1919), he emigrated to the United States as a steerage passenger on board the S.S. Anchoria. The <mask> family were inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896 and settled in the Toledo, Ohio area. <mask> and his siblings went on to successful careers in motion pictures in Hollywood, California. While working at D. W. Griffith's Biograph Studios, <mask> met a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith, whom he married on January 7, 1911. Their marriage was kept secret at first because of the strong opposition of her mother.However, <mask> would soon overshadow her husband under her stage name, Mary Pickford. In 1912, he signed on with Victor Studios, co-starring in a number of their films with studio owner/actress Florence Lawrence. Mary Pickford left Biograph Studios to join the Independent Moving Pictures (IMP) to replace their star, Florence Lawrence. Carl Laemmle, the owner of IMP (IMP later merged into Universal Studios), agreed to sign <mask> as part of the deal. This humiliation, together with his wife's meteoric rise to fame, drastically affected <mask>, and alcohol became a problem that led to violent behavior and his physically abusing Pickford. In 1916, Pickford met actor Douglas Fairbanks. In 1920, Pickford filed for divorce from <mask> when she agreed to his demand of $100,000 settlement.Pickford and Fairbanks married days later. <mask> appeared in many successful films for Lewis J. Selznick (father of producer David O. Selznick and agent Myron Selznick), in the late teens and early 1920s. He was a popular star at Selznick Pictures along with Olive Thomas, Elaine Hammerstein, Eugene O'Brien and Conway Tearle. He also appeared in films for his own production company as well as Goldwyn and Triangle. <mask> married a second time to silent film actress, Katherine Perry, in 1921. With the advent of sound film, <mask>'s career declined, and he became a supporting actor for newer stars. He competed, as the third lead, with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Sr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong, Paramount's most lucrative film of 1933.His last film appearance was as a movie director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born, starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March – ironically a movie about a former film star who turned to alcohol, much like himself at that time. Death
After years of fighting alcoholism, <mask> died in Beverly Hills, California, from a heart attack and was interred in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6727 Hollywood Boulevard. (1926) as Dennis Shawn
 Money Talks (1926) as Sam Starling
 The Road to Mandalay (1926) as The Admiral
 The Red Mill (1927) as Dennis
 The Taxi Dancer (1927) as Lee Rogers
 Women Love Diamonds (1927) as Patrick Michael Regan
 Tea for Three (1927) as Philip Collamore
 Becky (1927) as Dan Scarlett
 Husbands for Rent (1927) as Herbert Willis
 The Actress (1928) as Tom Wrench
 Stolen Love (1928) as Curtis Barstow
 High Voltage (1929) as Det. Dan Egan
 Side Street (1929) as Dennis O'Farrell
 What a Widow! (1930) as Gerry Morgan
 Outside the Law (1930) as Harry 'Fingers' O'Dell
 Extravagance (1930) as Jim Hamilton
 Stout Hearts and Willing Hands (1931, Short) as Lookalike Bartender 1
 Hush Money (1931) as Steve Pelton
 As You Desire Me (1932) as Tony Boffie
 She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Chick Clark
 A Man of Sentiment (1933) as Stanley Colton
 A Star Is Born (1937) as Casey Burke - Director (final film role)

References

External links

kinotv.com

1886 births
1939 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Irish male actors
Actors from County Meath
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Irish male film actors
Irish male silent film actors

masks:
Owen Moore
Moore
Rose Anna Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Gladys Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore


title: Joe Mohen

texts:
Joseph T<mask> (born July 19, 1956) is CEO of Chimes Broadcasting, having been CEO of Nylon Media, best known for having been founder and CEO and co-founder of election.com, which ran the Arizona Democratic Primary in March 2000, the world’s first legally binding election conducted on the Internet, according to the company. <mask> was also a force in creating the era of free legal music, as the founder of SpiralFrog, an ad-supported free music service, which even before Spotify was able secure the rights to free music distribution from the major record labels in return for a share of the advertising revenues; SpiralFrog ultimately failed because it not create an iPhone APP, but the licensees that he negotiated paved the way for the streaming music era. In March 2016, <mask> published a guest blog predicting the collapse of baseball World Series television revenues unless its schedule is revamped. Early life and childhood
<mask> was born in the New York City borough of Queens, the oldest of twelve children of <mask> (1935-2017) and Virginia Ann (Kelly<mask> (born 1935), both descendants of Irish immigrants. His maternal great-grandfather, James Morris, an immigrant from Liverpool, was one of the first full time staff of any motion picture studio, being hired by Adolph Zukor in 1912, at Famous Players, making sets for the silent films at Chelsea Studios in Manhattan; Famous Players was later merged with a competitor and renamed Paramount Pictures. In 1960, when <mask> was four, the family moved to Garden City on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic School, St. Anne’s, and later an Episcopal Preparatory School, St. Paul’s; while in high school he attended Boys State, and was captain of the Cross Country and Track teams.He was offered a track scholarship to the University of Ohio, which he declined, instead electing to attend Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore where he studied Mathematics and Biochemistry, and Manhattan College in New York City studying Business. Early career
<mask> started his career working for Chase Bank on Wall Street, and became an officer at Citibank at 24 years old. Having worked as a software engineer for six years, <mask> became a Certified Computer Professional in Systems Development in 1985. The following year he founded Proginet Corporation of which he served as CEO until September 1996, and remained a Chairman through 1998. In 1987, Proginet created a complex software package called XCOM, which sold in 1992 to a predecessor company of Computer Associates, and was one of the software products to span more than eleven computer operating systems. The renamed CA-XCOM was sold by Computer Associates through 2017. As CEO, <mask> secured equity stakes from both Novell and Microsoft in Proginet;  Proginet was later acquired by Tibco Software.<mask> also was a contributing editor and columnist for PC Week (now eWeek), Data Communications Magazine, and Network World; in 1989, he wrote a widely quoted article, called "Seeking a Cure for the Vaporware Epidemic", writing "my own estimate is that at the time of announcement, 10% of software products don't actually exist ... Vendors that are unwilling to [prove it exists] shouldn't announce their packages to the press", blaming the press for not investigating claims by developers, saying "If the pharmaceutical industry were this careless, I could announce a cure for cancer today – to a believing press." In 1990-1992, <mask> was a committee member for setting standards for Open Systems Interconnections Protocols, with representatives from computer and telecommunications organizations from around the world. election.com

<mask> co-founded election.com,  with which in 1999 he was able to recruit Jack Kemp and former Irish Taoiseach (i.e. Prime Minister) Garret FitzGerald to the board. election.com [sic] is best known for administering the 2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary Internet election. The company, originally called Votation.com, was started in part with equity investments from VeriSign and Accenture.In February election.com acquired NewVoter.com with then internet entrepreneur and civil rights advocate Mark Strama (who was subsequently elected to the Texas State legislature in 2004), who joined election.com as Vice President. During the second week of March 2000, election.com administered the Arizona Democratic Presidential Primary, which was the first time in American history that a statewide election offered citizens the choice to cast their ballots over the web. The candidates were Vice President Al Gore, Senator Bill Bradley, and Dr. Heather Harder. Voter turnout was shocking:  turnout was up more 500% versus the previous primary, and more than double the previous record turnout. Six months later, the Internet Corporation for Assigning Names and Numbers (ICANN), the technical coordination body for the internet, chose election.com to run their worldwide vote for its board of directors. Voters came from every continent. Mohen expanded the company to New York, Washington, Texas, London, Paris, Sydney, Australia, and Christchurch, New Zealand, and saw Election.com named to the Red Herring 100, as well as its top 50 Private Companies list.<mask> stepped down as CEO of election.com in 2001. Two years after <mask> left, the public sector elections business of election.com was acquired by Accenture. Automating Catholic Church finance
In late 2001, <mask> founded ParishPay, a Fintech company which automated handling of money for churches around the United States. The company replaced the envelope system, whereby donations were placed into envelopes each Sabbath, with a system in which parish members could have their donations automatically debited from their bank or credit card accounts each month. Shortly after its launch, the system was featured in a front page story in the New York Times, after signing the Catholic Dioceses of Chicago, San Jose, and Orlando, and ParishPay received Venture Capital financing in late 2002. <mask> sold his interest In ParishPay to start SpiralFrog, although ParishPay grew substantially and was later merged with SmartTuition; ParishPay was sold to Yapstone in April 2012. Digital music and SpiralFrog

<mask> started SpiralFrog, Inc. in an effort to create a market-driven solution to digital music piracy.In 2004, a focus group  in New York City was held to determine how to solve the problem of young people stealing music. One of the attendees in the focus group responded "Why don’t you just give away the music"….and show advertising during the downloads. Most doubted the four major record labels would ever go along with the idea, especially the largest music company –  Universal Music Group, Mohen set out to recruit directors from music and advertising to obtain the needed licenses. Among those recruited included former CEOs Jay Bernman (IFPI), Frances Preston (BMI), and Robin Kent (Interpublic Universal McCann). Finally, on August 28, 2006, the Financial Times reported in its lead story, that it had granted SpiralFrog the first ever license to give away its complete catalog of music to consumers for free, in return for a share of the advertising revenues. "This is really promising that the labels are going to finally stop kvetching and start thinking intelligently about where their money's going to come from in the 21st century," said Aram Sinnreich, of Radar Research, being quoted in the Los Angeles Times. "SpiralFrog is one small step for the record labels, one great leap for music kind."While SpiralFrog service was one of the earliest free internet music services to be supported by advertising instead of charging users, predating Spotify and YouTube music by several years, it used a temporary download model, which was not compatible with Apple or Android devices. The launch of SpiralFrog was delayed, due to technical and licensing delays, and an internal control fight. Robin Kent, the British advertising executive who had been recruited by Mohen the year before, attempted a spectacular corporate takeover in December 2006, which was widely reported in the press. <mask> emerged the winner in what was later known as the "Boxing Day Massacre", but most industry observers believed that SpiralFrog.com would never launch. <mask> continued to insist that he would overcome these obstacles and launch the site. He went on to sign all remaining major music publishers, and performing rights societies, financed the company with exchangeable debt, and SpiralFrog.com finally launched on September 17, 2007. In June 2008, Mohen concluded an agreement with the British music company EMI, whose catalog was added to SpiralFrog prior to the Coldplay Viva La Vida tour.However, the collapse of the stock market in September 2008, and the ensuing credit crisis, combined with contraction of the advertising markets, left SpiralFrog unable to meet its collateralized note agreements. SpiralFrog was particularly vulnerable to the credit crisis because it was debt-financed as opposed to equity-financed, and its backers were hedge funds who were themselves facing huge redemptions. Its loans were called and SpiralFrog was forced to close. Retrospectively, while other free ad-supported music services that came later did succeed like Spotify, the SpiralFrog download (rather than streaming) model limited the number of devices on which SpiralFrog could be used, and ultimately prevent its long term success. Fashion Media and Nylon Magazine
In May 2014, <mask> was part of a group, also including Dana Fields, that purchased Nylon Magazine, a fashion magazine for young women that focused on gritty street fashion, which was merged with digital media company FashionIndie. Following the merger, he became interim CEO of the combined company, and served as an adviser afterwards. The Nylon Media transaction was significant because it laid the foundation for the transformation of a traditional media print business into one that was primarily digital, facilitated in part by the young demographic of its audience, part by the merger with the fashion blogger company, and because of the focus of the new management team.Holographic Tourist Attractions
In 2014 <mask> founded Chimes Broadcasting, the developer of the systems management software called the Holographic Operating System. It has the world's first platform dedicated to managing holographic tourist attractions, fashion shows, retail locations, and television; it also acquired music meta databases and began repurposing them to manage holographic music media assets. The company also pioneered blockchain media research for this sector. In 2019 he spoke at the Light Field and Holographic Display Summit. Awards and miscellaneous

<mask> gave the keynote address at the Interop Conference in Washington in 1993, and an address to the South African Technology leadership in Pretoria in 1990 on transition after Apartheid. He won the Long Island Software Awards in 1997, 2000, and 2008. He is a former member of the National Association of Corporate Directors Blue Ribbon Commission on Corporate Governance, and of Legatus, the organization of Catholic Chief Executive Officers.<mask> was also selected to speak onstage with Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer when Microsoft announced that it had broken the previous record for the TPS benchmark for scalable systems in September 2000. He served on the Interactive Advertising Bureau's Broadband Committee in 2006. In June 2011, the Montreal based technology accelerator program, FounderFuel, selected <mask> among its Entrepreneur Mentors, along with David Cancel, David Hauser, and Jean-Sebastien Cournoyer, among others. In 2013, Mohen published two controversial and provocative Op Ed pieces on digital media in Computerworld and Ad Age. The former chastises text book publishers for failing to make all the text books available in electronic form, while the latter states that vendor claims about a new advertising technology were over-hyped. <mask> has been active in the charity organized by Major League Baseball for keeping minority and underprivileged youth active in sports. He ran the Long Island, New York, chapter of Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), through Garden City Bombers Baseball non-profit organization, of which he was one of the founders; this organizations combines young people from minority and affluent neighborhoods on the same baseball teams, and combines the teaching of baseball skills, with academic support, and other life lessons.In 2006 and 2007, he organized a number of baseball tournaments in the Dominican Republic, and in July 2010 he helped organize the first Governor's tee ball game at the Executive Mansion in Albany, New York. References

American chief executives in the media industry
Living people
1956 births
American technology chief executives
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Manhattan College alumni
People from Queens, New York

masks:
. Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Joseph Conrad Mohen
) Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen
Mohen


title: Krste Misirkov

texts:
<mask> (; ; 18 November 1874 – 26 July 1926) was a philologist, journalist, historian and ethnographer from the region of Macedonia. In the period between 1903 and 1905, he published a book and a scientific magazine in which he affirmed the existence of a Macedonian national identity separate from other Balkan nations, and attempted to codify a standard Macedonian language based on the central Western Macedonian dialects. A survey conducted in the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) found <mask> to be "the most significant Macedonian of the 20th century". For his efforts to codify a standard Macedonian language, he is often considered "the founder of the modern Macedonian literary language". Though, the 2006 discovery of his diary written during the Balkan Wars, where he advocated pro-Bulgarian views, sparked off a controversy in Skopje. In 1905 he began publishing predominantly articles, written from a Bulgarian nationalist perspective in the IMARO-affiliated press. During the First World War, he became a member of the local parliament in Bessarabia as a representative of the Bulgarian minority there.<mask> reverted to Macedonian nationalism for a period in 1919. During the 1920s his views changed again, and he encouraged the Macedonian Slavs to adopt a Bulgarian national identity. <mask> died in 1926 and was buried in the Sofia Central Cemetery with the financial support from the Ministry of Education, as a honoured Bulgarian educator. Because <mask> expressed conflicting views about the national identity of the Macedonian Slavs at different points in his life, his national affiliation and legacy remains a matter of dispute between Bulgaria and North Macedonia. While <mask>'s work and personality remain highly controversial and disputed, there have been attempts among international scholars to reconcile the conflicting and self-contradictory statements made by <mask>. According to historian Ivo Banac, <mask> viewed both himself and the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians, and espoused pan-Bulgarian patriotism in a larger Balkan context. However, in the context of the larger Bulgarian unit/nation, <mask> sought both cultural and national differentiation from the other Bulgarians and called both himself and the Slavs of Macedonia, Macedonians.Biography

Early years
<mask> Petkov <mask> was born on 18 November 1874 in the village of Postol in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece). He started his elementary education in the local Greek school, where he was studying until the sixth grade elementary school, but the bad financial situation of his family could not support his further education at that point and he left the school. At that period, the Serbian government began to promote efforts to espouse a pro-Serbian Macedonian nationalism and to recruit young people in order to "Serbianize" them. After some period, <mask> applied and was granted a scholarship by a Serbian association, "The Society of St. Sava". Misirkov in Serbia
For a period, <mask> studied in Serbia, and soon after he realized that the promotion of pro-Serbian ideas and propaganda was the main goal of the education provided by the Society of St. Sava. The politics practiced by the association forced <mask> and the other Macedonian students to participate in a students protest and revolt against the Society of St. Sava. As a result, <mask> and other companions moved from Belgrade to Sofia.He then faced a similar situation in Bulgaria, this time being confronted with pro-Bulgarian propaganda. <mask> again went to Serbia to continue his education, but without any success as he was rejected by the Society of St. Sava, most likely for his part in the protests conducted against it. Since he was willing to get higher education, he was forced, by a chain of events, to enroll in a theological school for teachers. Similar to the Society of St. Sava, this school as well had its own propagandistic goals which resulted in another revolt of the students. As a result of it, the school had ended its programs and the students were sent throughout Serbia. <mask> was sent to Šabac, where he finished his fourth course of secondary education, but this time in the local gymnasium, which happened to be his last course. In both Serbia and Bulgaria, <mask> and his friend were treated as Serbs or Bulgarians in order to be accepted in the educational system.After the gymnasium, even though he graduated, <mask> enrolled in another secondary school for teachers in Belgrade, where he graduated in 1895. During this time, particularly in 1893, <mask> founded an association of students called "Vardar". Misirkov in the Russian Empire
His qualifications obtained in Belgrade were not recognized in Russia. <mask> had to study from the very beginning in the Seminary at Poltava. In 1897, he was able to enter the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Here he entered at first in the Bulgarian Students Association. <mask> wrote about that part of his life in the article "School and socialism" "– In 1897 I went to Petrograd University and for five years was among the Bulgarian studentship as Bulgarian and member of the Bulgarian Student Society."<mask> carried out here his first scholarly lecture on the ethnography and history of the Balkan Peninsula before the members of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. On November 15, 1900, <mask>, who was a third year student in the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the time, along with other students in Russia created a students circle in Saint Petersburg. The main objective of the circle was political autonomy of the populations of Macedonia and Thrace, declared by IMRO, and implemented and guaranteed by the Great Powers. In a letter sent to the President of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee on 28 November of the same year, the founders of the circle stated that, "there's no Bulgarian who is not interested in the situation and fate of that part of our homeland, which continue to groan under the yoke of the tyrant." At that time, <mask> considered the Slavic peoples of Macedonia and Thrace as Bulgarian. Later <mask> abandoned the university and left for Ottoman Macedonia. Returning to the Ottoman Macedonia
Facing financial obstacles to continue his postgraduate education, he accepted the proposal of the Bulgarian Exarchate to be appointed teacher in one of the high schools in Bitola.There he befriended the Russian consul in Bitola. He began to plan opening of local schools and publishing textbooks in Macedonian, but the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 and the assassination of the Russian Consul changed his plans and he soon returned to Russia. In Russia, <mask> published different articles about the Ilinden Uprising and the justifications and causes as to why the Consul was assassinated. Soon afterwards, he wrote the brochure,  "The Macedonian Matters" and published it in Sofia. This book, was written in the Central Macedonian dialect, and <mask> attacked in his writings, the Bulgarian Exarchate, the Ilinden Uprising and the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) as Bulgarian creations. As result, he was persecuted by IMRO, and it is believed that its members destroyed a sizable amount of copies of his book. Furthermore, he recounts that Dame Gruev, Gotse Delchev, Boris Sarafov and other IMRO members were persecuted by Bulgarian and Ottoman governmental officials as they were considered by the officials as anti-Bulgarian separatists and/or Macedonian nationalists and as a result, had to flee from the region.Again in the Russian Empire

In 1905, he left Saint Petersburg for Berdiansk in Southern Russia. There, he resumed publication of the journal "Vardar"  and was given a post as assistant master in a grammar school. In many of his next articles after 1905, <mask> espoused pro-Bulgarian views and even categorically renounced the point of his book "The Macedonian Matters", although this behavior might have been caused by many threats made towards him warning him to stop fighting for Macedonian separatism from Bulgaria. On 18 April 1907, <mask> began to cooperate with the Sofia magazine "Macedonian-Adrianople Review", edited by Nikola Naumov, which was de facto organ of the IMRO. On 24 April 1909, in Odessa, <mask> printed his work about the South Slavic epic legends on Krali Marko. On 1 October 1909, he printed the article, "The foundations of a Serbian-Bulgarian rapprochement" in the magazine, "Bulgarian Collection", edited by Bulgarian diplomats and officials in St. Petersburg. During this period, a Slavic Festival was held in Sofia in 1910 with <mask> invited to attend as its guest of honor.In 1910–1911, he translated the book of the Bulgarian geographer Prof. Atanas Ishirkov, "Bulgaria" from Bulgarian to Russian. When the First Balkan War had begun, <mask> went to Macedonia as a Russian war correspondent. In Macedonia, he could follow the military operations of the Bulgarian Army. <mask> published some articles in the Russian press demanding that the Ottomans should be driven out of Macedonia. In 1913 after the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, <mask> went back to Russia, where he worked as a teacher in the Bulgarian language schools in Odessa. Some period of time later, he was appointed teacher of the Bulgarian language school in Chișinău. While working as a teacher in Chișinău, <mask> sent а letter to the Bulgarian academic Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan with a request to be assigned as a professor at Sofia University.That request clearly indicates his self-identification at that time "– As a Bulgarian, I would willingly return to Bulgaria, if there is a need of a scientific research of the fate of the Bulgarian lands, especially Macedonia..." A shorter letter with similar content was sent to another professor at Sofia University – Vasil Zlatarski with the request to be assigned as a chosen at the newly established department for history of Macedonia and the other western Bulgarian lands. At that point, <mask> made contacts with the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society, which started publishing the journal, "Makedonski glas" ("The Voice of Macedonia") in Russian. <mask> was publishing in this magazine for some period under the pseudonym "K. Pelski". The journal mostly wrote about happenings in the Macedonian community in Russia as well as issues surrounding the Macedonian people as a whole. In the "Voice of Macedonia", <mask> defended and wrote about Macedonian ideals which, according to him, were in contrast with Bulgarian ideals and the general Bulgarian populace. After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Bessarabia became a democratic republic, and he was elected a member of the local parliament Sfatul Țării as a representative of the Bulgarian minority. At the same time, <mask> worked as a secretary in the Bulgarian educational commission in Bessarabia.In March 1918, unification between Bessarabia and Romania was

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title: Krste Misirkov

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 declared. On 21 May 1918, <mask> openеd a Bulgarian language course in Bolhrad. <mask> proceeded to take a clandestine trip to Bulgaria in order to procure textbooks for the students, but after his return in November, he was arrested by the Kingdom of Romania authorities, still at war with Bulgaria and was extradited to Bulgaria. Last years in Bulgaria
After being expelled by the Romanian authorities, <mask> returned to Sofia at the end of 1918, where he spent one year as a head of the Historical Department of the National Museum of Ethnography. He proceeded to work as a teacher and director of the high schools in Karlovo and Koprivshtitsa. During this period (but before 1923), the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) marked <mask> as harmful to its cause and supposedly considering his assassination, but reconsidered after he met with a representative of the organization. He also resumed his journalistic activity and published many articles on the Macedonian Question in the Bulgarian press.<mask> died in 1926 and was buried in the graveyards in Sofia with the financial support of 5000 levs from the Ministry of Education, as an honoured educator. Works
In his life, <mask> wrote one book, one diary, published one issue of a magazine and wrote more than thirty articles. His book "On the Macedonian Matters" was published in Sofia in 1903. The magazine was called "Vardar" and was published in 1905 in Odessa, Russian Empire. The articles that <mask> wrote have been published in different newspapers and they were focused on different topics. The book, magazine and a number of his article were written in the Central Macedonian dialects, which are basis of Modern Macedonian. "On the Macedonian Matters"

One of the most important works of <mask> is the Macedonian book On the Macedonian Matters (Orig: За македонцките работи) published in 1903 in Sofia, in which he laid down the principles of modern Macedonian.This book was written in a Macedonian dialects from the area between Prilep and Bitola. It argued in favor of national separation, the establishment of autonomous national institutions within the Ottoman empire, and the standardization of a distinct Macedonian language. <mask> attacked both the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) as agents of the Bulgarian interests in Macedonia. According to this book and <mask> himself, the Macedonian literary language should be based on dialects from the central part of Macedonia, which were used in the book itself. Furthermore, <mask> appealed to the Ottoman authorities for eventual recognition of a separate Macedonian nation. During this period, there was no independent Macedonian state, and most of the Macedonian Slavs called themselves Bulgarians as a result of Ottoman religious classifications classifying most Slavic Christians as aligning with the Bulgarian Exarchate, but it should be created, when the necessary historical circumstances would arise. "Vardar" magazine
Besides On Macedonian Matters, <mask> is author of the first scientific magazine in Macedonian.The magazine Vardar was published in 1905 in Odessa, Russian Empire. The magazine was published only once, because of the financial problems that <mask> had been facing with at that time. "Vardar" has been published in Macedonian, and the orthography that has been used is almost same as the orthography of standard Macedonian. The magazine was meant to include several different scientific disciplines, mostly concerned with Macedonia. Articles

During his life, <mask> published many articles for different newspapers and magazines. The articles deal with Macedonia, Macedonian culture, ethnology, politics and nation on one hand and with the Bulgarian nation, politics and ethnography on the other. <mask> published his articles in Macedonian, Russian and Bulgarian and he published them either in Russia or in Bulgaria.Most of the articles were signed by his birth name, but there are articles that are signed with his pseudonym K. Pelski. Diary
In 2006, a handwritten diary by <mask> written during his stay in Russia in 1913 was discovered. It was declared authentic by Bulgarian and Macedonian experts and was published in 2008. The content of the diary clearly shows that at the time, <mask> was a Bulgarian nationalist. It has given rise to new public discussion over <mask>'s stances on Bulgarian and Macedonian ethnicity. The manuscript, includes 381 pages written in Russian language. <mask> wrote it in Kotovsk's nearby village of Klimentove, where he lived and worked at the time.It contains also articles and excerpts from the Russian press of that time. Dialectology and ethnography
In several publications, <mask> made an attempt to determine the border between the Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian language, including in the Bulgarian dialect area, nearly all of Torlakian and Macedonian dialects. <mask> pointed there, that the population in Pomoravlje is autochthonous and Bulgarian by origin, excluding any later migrations during the Ottoman rule from Bulgaria. According to <mask> <mask>, Krali Marko epic songs in Serbia, the so-called Bugarstici are a result from Bulgarian musical influence over the Serbian folk music. Controversies about <mask>'s ethnicity and views
During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the idea of a separate Macedonian ethnicity was as of yet promoted  by small circles of intellectuals. Then, most of the Slavic people in Macedonia considered themselves Bulgarian, in line with Ottoman classification of Bulgarian Millet, and Macedonian separatist ideas failed to gain wide popular support. At different points in his life, <mask> expressed conflicting statements about the ethnicity of the Slavs living in Macedonia, including his own ethnicity.View of <mask> in Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, <mask> is regarded as a controversial educator with scientific contribution to Bulgarian dialectology and ethnography. He graduated from the Belgrade University as a student of Prof. Stojan Novaković and was influenced by his ideas. At that time, Novaković was a prominent proponent of the Macedonism, thereby promoting Serbian interests in the region of Macedonia. Afterwards <mask> met several times with him and Novaković's diplomatic activity in St. Petersburg played significant role for the foundation of the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society. However, after 1906 <mask> rejected these ideas, opposing the Serbian theory about the "floating mass" of the "Macedonian Slavs" and even developed a kind of Serbophobia. In this period he became evidently bulgarophile and argued that the Slavic population of Macedonia was not "a formless paste" but a "well baked Bulgarian bread", even though in his book and part of his articles writes about the existence of a separate Macedonian nation. Later in 1913, in his diary from the Balkan wars, he explicitly identifies himself as Macedonian Bulgarian.Bulgarian historians believe that his writings were significantly altered by the post-WWII Yugoslavian Communist regime to support the notion of a "Macedonian nation", distinct from the Bulgarian one. Bulgarians also note that <mask> worked as a Bulgarian teacher in Russia, was Bulgarian deputy in Bessarabia, chose Bulgarian citizenship, lived and died in Bulgaria and worked there until his death in 1926. Nevertheless, Bulgarian scholarship points out that despite <mask> in many cases defending the cause of Bulgarian nationalism, he several times switched during the 1920s, from Bulgarian to Macedonian one, and vice versa. According to Bulgarian observers, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, in the Republic of Macedonia polemics have also arisen about the identity of <mask>. View of <mask> in North Macedonia
In North Macedonia, <mask> is regarded as the most prominent Macedonian publicist, philologist and linguist who set the principles of the standard Macedonian in the early 20th century. In some of his writings he identifies the Macedonians as separate nation and the Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language. Also, <mask> is the author of the first scientific magazine in Macedonian and because of his contributions to the Macedonian national cause, he is regarded as the greatest Macedonian of the 20th century.In his honor, many books and scientific works have been published and the Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov" is named after him. There is not an important debate about <mask>'s ethnicity in Macedonia, since he is always regarded as Macedonian as it is obvious in most of his major writings. Since he was not allowed to live and work in Macedonia by the Yugoslav authorities, unwillingly  he remained in Bulgaria where he got Bulgarian citizenship since he needed it for his job. Regarding <mask>'s signature under the phrase "Macedonian Bulgarian", the Macedonian historians and linguists argue that it means nothing but a Macedonian person with a Bulgarian citizenship, in a political sense, or just a Macedonian person living in Bulgaria. However, the fact is that <mask> gained Bulgarian citizenship after World War I (1915–1918) and has declared as Bulgarian Macedonian in 1913, which is against the claims of the Macedonian historians and linguists. On the other hand, some Macedonian scholars, like PhD Vlado Popovski, the academician Blaže Ristovski and others, say that <mask>'s usage of the term "Macedonian Bulgarian" was only a tactic, because in 1914 and many times after that, he repeated his views about the Macedonian national existence. See also
 History of the Macedonian language
 Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov"
 Macedonian nationalism
 Macedonian studies

Notes

External links

Works
 Krste Misirkov – <mask>'s work on the Macedonian Wikisource.Complete text of his book, magazine and articles. Magazine "Vardar" on Wikisource. "On Macedonian matters" – complete text on Wikisource. "On Macedonian matters" – scan of the original book. "On Macedonian Matters" – complete text. Project: <mask> <mask> – on line interactive site about <mask>'s life and work. "On Macedonian Matters" – complete text.<mask>'s diary – downloadable link. General
Biography of <mask> <mask>
"<mask> <mask> also on the Bulgarian matters in Macedonia" by Veselin Trajkov
Signature of Krste Misirkov in his diary. A letter by Kole Nedelkovski to Sergej <mask> regarding <mask> <mask> and his work. 1874 births
1926 deaths
People from Salonica vilayet
Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian writers
Macedonian writers
War correspondents of the Balkan Wars
People extradited to Bulgaria
Moldovan MPs 1917–1918
Bulgarian philologists
Early Macedonists
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni
Slavists
Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia
Bulgarian people of the Balkan Wars
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Bulgarian expatriates in Russia
Bulgarian expatriates in Moldova
People from Pella (regional

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title: Matthew Dellavedova

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<mask> (born 8 September 1990) is an Australian professional basketball player for Melbourne United of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for Saint Mary's College before playing eight seasons in the NBA. In 2016, he won the NBA championship as a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers. A regular member of the Australian national team, he won bronze at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Maryborough, Victoria, as a sixth-generation Italian Australian. As a junior, he played basketball, tennis, soccer, and Australian rules football. On the football field, <mask> played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001, but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball.<mask> played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and Bendigo Braves. After playing State basketball for Victoria Country, he attended the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in Canberra for three years. Prior to leaving for the AIS on a scholarship, he attended Maryborough Regional College. While in Canberra, he attended Lake Ginninderra Secondary College. In 2017, he was inducted into the Lake Ginninderra Hall of Fame. Between 2007 and 2009, <mask> played for the AIS in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). He averaged 15.2 points, 4.8 rebounds and 3.5 assists in 18 games in 2008, and 10.9 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 3.0 assists in nine games in 2009.College career

<mask> was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Mary's College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season. He was ranked by ESPN as one of the top junior players in Australia. <mask> immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman. In 2009–10, he averaged 12.1 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 4.5 assists per game. That season, the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA men's basketball tournament. The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova, 75–68. <mask>'s crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats.On 16 January 2013, <mask> scored 18 points, including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater, in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars. The forty-foot shot soon became known as the "Dellavedagger." In 2012–13, <mask> was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist. <mask> graduated from Saint Mary's in 2013 with a degree in psychology. He finished his college career as Saint Mary's all-time leader in scoring, assists, games played, free throw percentage, and three-point shots. St. Mary's retired his jersey on 15 February 2014. <mask>'s #4 was the second retired by the school's men's basketball program, joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion.Professional career

Cleveland Cavaliers (2013–2016)

2013–14 season
After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, <mask> joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On 12 September 2013, he signed a two-year, $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers, with $100,000 guaranteed. On 26 March 2014, he scored a career-high 21 points in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons. 2014–15 season

In July 2014, <mask> re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. Between 5 November and 5 December, <mask> was sidelined with a sprained medial collateral ligament (MCL). In February 2015, he participated in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the NBA All-Star weekend. In the regular-season finale on 15 April, he recorded 18 points and 12 assists in a 113–108 overtime win over the Washington Wizards.In Game 6 of the Eastern Conference semifinals, <mask> scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals. Following the Cavaliers' Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals, <mask>'s aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a "dirty" player. Despite this criticism, teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended <mask>'s style of play. The Cavaliers defeated the Hawks 4–0 to advance to the 2015 NBA Finals. In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors, in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving, <mask> held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him. The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime, 95–93, for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history. In Game 3, <mask> scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead.After the game, <mask> was so dehydrated that he needed an IV, and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention. The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series, however, as <mask> shot just 19% from the field in those three games. 2015–16 season
On 27 July 2015, <mask> re-signed with the Cavaliers. On 19 November 2015, he recorded a then career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On 20 December, he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He missed five straight games in February 2016 with a strained hamstring. The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2016 with a 4–2 series win over the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals.In a Finals rematch with the Golden State Warriors, the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series. Milwaukee Bucks (2016–2018)

On 7 July 2016, <mask> was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers, in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles, while Milwaukee also received cash considerations. <mask>'s contract gave him $38 million over four years. <mask> made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016, scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. On 3 December 2016, he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks' 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets. After starting all 30 games to begin the season, he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring. In 2016–17, he averaged career highs in points (7.6) and assists (4.7) in a career-high 26.1 minutes per game over 76 contests with a career-high 54 starts.<mask> missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season. On 1 January 2018, <mask> had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors. A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw <mask> miss 29 straight games, returning to action in the Bucks' regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April. He went on to play in six of the Bucks' seven playoff games. Return to Cleveland (2018–2021)
On 7 December 2018, <mask> was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards. In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later, <mask> received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks. On 7 March 2020, <mask> recorded a career-high 14 assists in a 104–102 win over the Denver Nuggets.On 25 November 2020, <mask> re-signed with the Cavaliers. He appeared in just 13 games with the Cavaliers during the 2020–21 season as he suffered a variety of ailments, including a concussion, whiplash, an emergency appendectomy, and a neck strain. Melbourne United (2021–present)
On 9 July 2021, <mask> signed a three-year deal with Melbourne United of the Australian NBL. On 16 January 2022, he scored a career-high 33 points with seven 3-pointers and nine assists in an 88–84 win over the Illawarra Hawks. Multiple players, coaches, and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness, particularly on defense. On account of his aggressiveness, some have cast <mask> as reckless or dirty. However, multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of <mask>, including LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Charles Barkley, and Antonio Davis.<mask>'s offensive strengths includes his three-point shot, his floater, and his passing ability. International career
<mask> competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. He was the team's third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians. He was named in the Australian senior national team, the Boomers, to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship. At age 19, he was the youngest Australian player at the competition. He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics, the 2014 World Cup in Spain, the 2016 Rio Olympics, and the 2019 World Cup in China. At the 2020 Olympics, he helped Australia win bronze.Personal life
<mask>'s father, Mark, grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother, Leanne, played netball. Both of <mask>'s sisters, Yana and Ingrid, play basketball as well. <mask> married his long-time girlfriend, Anna Schroeder, on 1 July 2017, after proposing to her on 10 September 2016. <mask> met Schroeder at Saint Mary's, where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student. They started dating after his senior year. On 5 July 2019, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a boy. On 6 November, he announced the birth of his son, Anders Ralph <mask>.He has a second cousin, also named <mask>, who is a tennis player in Australia. <mask> is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate, Joe Harris. <mask> is an avid supporter of the Collingwood Magpies in the Australian Football League. Community involvement
On 28 March 2015, Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer, a 17-year-old cancer patient, to Akron Children's Hospital's "A Prom to Remember" event. Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event, and chose <mask>. Custer stated, "Going to prom with Delly was a night I'll never forget. It was definitely magical, and he's the sweetest guy I've ever met."References

External links

NBL profile
2012 Olympic profile
Saint Mary's Gaels bio

1990 births
Living people
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian Institute of Sport basketball players
Australian people of Italian descent
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Melbourne United players
Milwaukee Bucks players
National Basketball Association players from Australia
Australian men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players of Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in basketball
People educated at Lake Ginninderra College
People from Maryborough, Victoria
Point guards
Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball players
Shooting guards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players

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title: Elaine Carbines

texts:
<mask>s  (born 4 February 1957) is an Australian politician. She was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council from September 1999 to November 2006, representing Geelong Province. A former teacher and community campaigner, Carbines was a prominent backbench member of the government, often raising issues of local concern. She was a member of the Labor Right faction. Early life
Carbines was <mask>ty born in Manchester, England, but moved to Australia in 1968 after completing her elementary schooling. She received her secondary education at Mitcham High School, and studied teaching (BA 1978, Dip Ed 1979) at Monash University. It was at university where she joined the Labor Party, in response to the controversial dismissal of Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam by Governor-General John Kerr.She worked as a secondary school teacher, mostly in underprivileged areas for the next twenty years. In 1988 she gained a Diploma of Humanities from La Trobe University. She is married to <mask>, a former umpire and senior official with the Geelong Football Umpires League. They have two children, Hannah and Scott. <mask> is also stepmother to Anthony and Nick. Political life
Throughout her working life, Carbines remained active in politics, having been a party member since university. She was the secretary of Labor's Belmont branch in 1994, and of the Portarlington branch from 1995 to 1997.In 1996, she made an unsuccessful bid for the seat of Bellarine in the Legislative Assembly. She was a delegate to the party's state conference, representing the federal electorate of Corangamite, from 1995 to 2009. Carbines was also actively involved in several environmental campaigns, most notably the attempt to stop the move of the Coode Island chemical plant to the environmentally sensitive Point Lillias, and a proposal to build a rowing course on the site of the Belmont Common, another environmentally sensitive area on the outskirts of Geelong. When Carbines won Labor pre-selection to make a second run for office - this time for the Legislative Council seat of Geelong Province in the lead-up to the 1999 state election, the campaign against both developments became a key part of her platform. On election day, she received a swing of nearly five percent, and defeated sitting Liberal member Bill Hartigan on preferences. Carbines was a member of the Road Safety and Library Committees in her first three years in office, but was initially overlooked for ministerial duties. She also led the Live Music Taskforce, which attempted to solve issues related to the future of the live music scene in Melbourne, which many perceived to be under threat as a result of venues closing due to noise complaints and development.In March 2002, in the leadup to the election due later that year, she was made Parliamentary Secretary for Education and Training. In December that year, after Labor's election victory, she was instead made Parliamentary Secretary for the Environment. Carbines was by far the most visible of the four Geelong MPs, and is regularly seen in the media engaging with local issues. A popular local member, she campaigned for improved roads in the region, improved facilities in some of its smaller towns and repeatedly voice concerns about environmental issues, including the fate of Corio Bay and the Otway Ranges. She also actively tried to engage with the community, frequently attending public meetings and raising community concerns in parliament. This earned her some prominent supporters in the Geelong community; despite her often left-wing views, the head of the city's Chamber of Commerce, in noting that the state's second-largest city had no members of the ministry, prominently singled out Carbines as the city's best hope of obtaining one. Carbines also been vocal on issues of broader social significance, such as the treatment of refugees, recognition of the Australian Aboriginal flag and the issue of Tibetan independence.As a member of the Parliamentary Friends of Tibet Group, Carbines was among those who put their names to an advertisement taken out by the Australia-Tibet Council during a visit to Australia by Chinese President Hu Jintao during 2003. There was some controversy when it became public that the Chinese Consul-General, Junting Tian, had raised the matter of her involvement in the campaign with Premier Steve Bracks and had sent Carbines a letter warning her against becoming involved in Tibet-related issues, which she later described as "intimidatory". Despite Carbines' local popularity, rumors began circulating as early as 2004 that she would face a challenge to her preselection for the 2006 state election due to factional issues. The situation has been further complicated by major changes to the format of the Legislative Council due to be introduced at the election, which will see Carbines' two-member electorate be merged into a significantly larger five-member electorate. Local media reported in October 2005 that two factionally connected Melbourne unionists were being tipped for the first two easily winnable positions on the party's ticket, with Carbines likely to be faced with the choice of taking the third potentially winnable "death seat" or contesting Legislative Assembly preselection against lower-profile, but better-connected colleagues Ian Trezise or Michael Crutchfield. Carbines was apparently saved when Bracks personally intervened on her behalf in January 2006, asking factional chiefs to find her and four upper house MPs a safe seat. This did not happen and Carbines lost her seat to Peter Kavanagh of the Democratic Labor Party after a recount.References

1957 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Monash University alumni
Politicians from Geelong
Politicians from Manchester
Australian schoolteachers
English emigrants to Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century British women politicians
Women members of the Victorian Legislative Council
21st-century Australian women politicians

masks:
Elaine Cafferty Carbine
Elaine Caffer
Shane Carbines
Elaine