title: Lucian Dan Teodorovici

texts:
<mask>i is a Romanian writer, scriptwriter and theatre director. Biography
<mask>i was born in 1975, in Rădăuți, Suceava County. He is the Manager of The National Museum of Romanian Literature Iași and the Manager of the Iași International Festival of Literature and Translation (FILIT). He also works as senior editor of the Suplimentul de cultură weekly. Literary work
 Shortly before the Extraterrestrials Descended Among us (Cu puţin timp înaintea coborîrii extratereştrilor printre noi), novel, 1999
 The World Seen through a Hole the Width of a Spliff (Lumea văzută printr-o gaură de mărimea unei ţigări marijuana), short stories, 2000
 Our Circus Presents... (Circul nostru vă prezintă:), novel, 2002
 96-00. Short Stories (96-00. Povestiri), short stories, 2002
 Then I Clouted Him Twice (Atunci i-am ars două palme), short stories, 2004
 The Other Love Stories (Celelalte poveşti de dragoste), novel, 2009
 Matei the Brown (Matei Brunul), novel, 2011
 One + One (+ One...).Some Comedies (Unu + unu (+ unu...). Niște comedii), plays, 2014
 The One Who Calls the Dogs (Cel care cheamă câinii), novel, 2017

LTD made his literary debut in 1999, publishing his novel Shortly before the Extraterrestrials Descended Among us (Cu puţin timp înaintea coborîrii extratereştrilor printre noi), at the OuTopos Publishing House. The second revised and expanded edition was published by Polirom Publishing House, in Iaşi. In 2000, he went on to publish a collection of short stories entitled The World Seen through a Hole the Width of a Spliff (Lumea văzută printr-o gaură de mărimea unei ţigări marijuana), Tîrgu Jiu: Constantin Brâncuşi Foundation Press. Critical acclaim arrived in 2002, after Polirom published his novel Our Circus Presents... (Circul nostru vă prezintă:). The novel was translated into English, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian. The main character of the book, a man of thirty, lives in a modest flat on the fifth floor of a housing block.Every Sunday, the protagonist performs a kind of ritual: he climbs onto the window ledge and waits for a suicidal urge, which, however, never comes. The events of the novel unfold over the course of three days. On the first day, the young man sets off to the town's railway station in search of prostitutes. On the way, he runs into another young man, known during the story as the "bloke with the orange braces", who has hanged himself from an old steam engine in an unused siding. The protagonist saves him and takes him to the station hospital, from where the bloke with the orange braces discharges himself on his own two feet. The main character will later find the man he saved in a railway workers’ bar. He is unwillingly embroiled in a fight provoked by the bloke with the orange braces, who breaks a chair over the head of one of the prostitutes in the bar, leaving her in a pool of blood.For the second time in the space of the same day, the protagonist saves the bloke with the orange braces, this time from the fury of the drinkers in the bar, and takes him back to his own flat. This is where the entire atmosphere of the story takes shape : a disabused world of strange neighbours and a building superintendent who is an old woman yearning for a relationship with a young man of thirty. During the other two days covered by the action of the novel, we discover that the young protagonist is a member of a kind of club for "professional suicides" – people in search of death, sometimes for the most stupid reasons and in the most bizarre ways: one wants to kill himself by sleeping with as many women of easy virtue as possible, in the hope of contracting a fatal disease; another wants to commit suicide by drinking huge quantities of the finest quality whiskey, until he falls into an alcoholic coma; etc. They are all "suicide artists", and it is into this strange group that the young man of thirty would now like to introduce his new friend. Parallel to these events, the two attempt to find out whether the prostitute in the bar has managed to survive being hit over the head with a chair. The answer will not be revealed until the end of the novel. The finale closes the circle of the tale: during a further visit to the railway station, the protagonist discovers that the prostitute has died.He does not tell his new friend about this. At the same time, however, frightened at the turn that events have taken, he comes up with a plan : he convinces the bloke with the orange braces to go to the station, to the locomotive where he first found him. And he proposes that they both commit suicide. The young man tells his companion that in this way the railway workers will understand that they both regret the incident with the prostitute – and they will be forgiven. In fact, the protagonist's plan is to free himself from the noose and to chase away anyone who tries to save the other, allowing him to die and thereby escaping from any legal consequences of his association with the prostitute's murderer. The plan fails, however, for various reasons – the protagonist does not allow his new friend to die, but rather tells him the truth about the prostitute and about what he has been planning. It all ends with a roar of laughter, an agonised roar of laughter which consecrates the general principle and theme of the book, according to which whoever has failed at everything else in life can only be consistent and fail at his own death.Same year, 2002, LDT published another collection of short stories, entitled 96-00. Short Stories (96-00. Povestiri), at LiterNet, an online publishing house, in Bucharest. Then I Clouted Him Twice (Atunci i-am ars două palme/ short stories, Iaşi: Polirom, 2004) is divided into three sections. In the first, the texts centre on the grotesque side of insignificant events, and the humour tempers the dramatic intensity of situations in which we all might find ourselves. The second, autobiographical section is in fact a short novel about childhood during the communist period, in which a cruel system is presented from the viewpoint of a child. Finally, the short stories of the third section have a social and sometimes political moral, displaying a dark, dry humour, which often borders on the absurd.The book was published into German in 2009 (Dann ist mir die Hand ausgerutscht, Ludwisburg: Pop Verlag). The next book of LDT, a novel entitled The Other Love Stories (Celelalte poveşti de dragoste), was published by Polirom in 2009, and it was translated into: Italian, French, Polish and Bulgarian. The Other Love Stories might be regarded as a modular novel. Its eleven sequences can function both as self-contained prose pieces and as episodes in a single narrative, whose central theme is failed love. This failure can unfold at a number of levels, with each "story" bringing with it an additional nuance, an additional idea to give shape to the whole. In the book, two central characters pass from one sequence to the next, namely the character of the narrator, who is a journalist for a local newspaper, and his wife. Their story takes shape not only by means of narratives from various periods in the narrator's life (childhood, adolescence, the present), but also in the tales of secondary characters, in which the narrator is involved in one way or another.One after the other and in surprising ways, all these sequences provide various angles from which love can be viewed, while failure, an idea that insinuates itself at the close of the volume, demands that each separate story and each choice made at one time or another by the central character should be re-evaluated. One of the sequences of the book, entitled Goose Chase, was published in the acclaimed American anthology Best European Fiction – 2011, ed. by Aleksandar Hemon, Dalkey Archive Press. A resounding success with public and critics alike, his latest novel, Matei the Brown (Matei Brunul), Iaşi: Polirom, 2011, was awarded numerous prizes and has been translated into French, at Gaïa Éditions, and it was very well received by the press. The novel has been translated also into Bulgarian, Hungarian, Polish, and is due to be translated into English and to be published by (Dalkey Archive Press). Matei The Brown is set in the period between 1945 and 1959. The novel's protagonist, Bruno Matei, a Romanian puppeteer of Italian ancestry, is presented from two different perspectives, on two narrative levels.In the first, which unfolds in Iași, over the course of the year 1959, he is suffering from partial amnesia following an accident, and is a free man, albeit constantly shadowed by Bojin, the secret policeman assigned to him. A relationship develops between him and the secret policeman, and a series of ‘mysteries’ regarding Bruno Matei's past life are placed in circulation. As a diversion, the Securitate invents dramatic events in the main character's past, events which obviously never took place, but whose sole purpose is to remould his present, to make him docile and obedient to the new totalitarian order. The second narrative, equal in length to the first, focuses on Bruno Matei's real past, spent in four communist prisons: the Uranus Penitentiary in Bucharest, the Valea Neagră Peninsula Penal Colony, Galaţi Penitentiary, and Iași Penitentiary. The two narratives unfold in parallel, so that the Securitate’s diversionary actions are one by one exploded by the often disarmingly innocent story of a man crushed beneath the juggernaut of the social and political changes that swept Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. Matei the Brown is the first purely fictional work to explore the communist prison system in Romanian literature. The blurb for the back cover of the English edition of the novel (in print) is written by the acclaimed writer and literary critic David Lodge.He wrote: "So many excellent novels have been written about life under communism in Soviet Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe that it difficult for any writer today to find an original way to depict the oppressiveness, inhumanity, and institutionalised injustice of those regimes before they began to collapse in 1989. But <mask> Teodorovici has succeeded in «Matei Brunul». [...] It is a remarkable achievement by a writer who was born in 1975 and had no personal experience of the era it describes, bearing comparison with classics of the genre such as Milan Kundera's «The Joke». Such books are salutary reminders to British readers of how lucky we are never to have lived in a totalitarian state". His most recent novel, The One Who Calls the Dogs (Cel care cheamă câinii), has been published in 2017 by Polirom Publishing House, and it is an autobiographical novel written while the author was struggling to fight against lymph cancer. This novel also has a great success in Romania, with many good reviews. Awards and recognition
 2011: The Contrafort "Book of the Year" award.2012: The Observator cultural National Award for Prose. 2012: The "Augustin Frăţilă" literary prize for the best novel of the year. 2012: The Ziarul de Iasi National Award for Prose. 2012: The Readers' Choice at the Romanian Book Market Awards. 2015: The Natalia Gorbaniewska Reader's Choice Award (The Angelus Prize for Literature, in Wroclaw, Poland). Screenplays
 Animat Planet Show (between 2005 and 2008 – 7 seasons), in coll. with Florin Lăzărescu, broadcast by the Antena 1 television channel.One Second of Life/ O secundă de viață (feature-length film adaptation of "Our Circus Presents..). I’m a Communist Old Lady/ Sînt o babă comunistă (feature-length film). Chocolates/ Bomboane de ciocolată (short film). A Good Day/ O zi bună (short film). Goose Chase/ După gâște (short film). Grasshopers/ Greieri (short film). References

External links
 The Author Page on the RomanianWriters' site
 Amazon’s <mask> Teodorovici page
 Author Profile on Goodreads
 Author Profile on Babelio
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Polirom Publishing House, Romania
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Dalkey Archive Press, USA&UK
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Gaïa Éditions, France
 <mask> Teodorovici's page at Amaltea Publishing House, Poland

1975 births
Film people from Iași
Living people
Romanian editors
Romanian journalists
Writers from Iași
Romanian dramatists and playwrights
Romanian male novelists
Romanian novelists
Minimalist writers
Male dramatists and playwrights
Directors of museums in Romania
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian screenwriters
Romanian theatre directors
Romanian writers in French

masks:
Lucian Dan Teodorovic
Lucian Dan Teodorovic
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan
Lucian Dan


title: Ziyad ibn Abihi

type: original

texts:
Abu al-<mask> (;  – 673), also known as <mask> ibn Abi Sufyan (), was an administrator and statesman of the successive Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates in the mid-7th century. He served as the governor of Basra in 665–670 and ultimately the first governor of Iraq and practical viceroy of the eastern Caliphate between 670 and his death. <mask>'s parentage is obscure, but he was raised among the Banu Thaqif in Ta'if, near Mecca. He arrived with his adoptive tribesmen in Basra upon its foundation in 636 as the Muslim Arabs' springboard for the conquest of the Sasanian Empire. He was initially employed by the city's first governor, <mask>zini, and was kept on as a scribe or secretary by his successors. Caliph Ali () appointed Ziyad governor of Fars to suppress a local rebellion and he maintained his loyalty to Ali's caliphate after the latter's assassination in 661 and the subsequent rule of Ali's enemy, Mu'awiya I (). The latter overcame Ziyad's opposition, formally recognized him as his own paternal half-brother and appointed him governor of Basra.<mask>'s inaugural speech, in which he announced his carrot-and-stick approach to governing the city's turbulent population, is celebrated in Arab history for its eloquence. After the death of Kufa's governor, Ziyad's mentor al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, Mu'awiya made <mask> the first governor of a unified Iraqi province. He administratively reorganized the garrison cities and minted Sasanian-style silver dirhams in his own name. He firmly established Arab power and recommenced conquests in the Caliphate's easternmost province of Khurasan by relocating there 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Iraq and dispatching expeditionary forces against Tukharistan, Balkh and Quhistan. Although the mass resettlement improved Iraq's economic and political conditions by siphoning off Arab tribal soldiers from the overcrowded garrisons and creating new opportunities for war spoils, the move had major ramifications for the Caliphate as the descendants of these Khurasani Arab troops formed the army that toppled the Umayyads in 750. <mask> died near Kufa in 673, but his sons Ubayd Allah, Abd al-Rahman, Salm, Abbad and Yazid went on to hold posts as governors or deputy governors of Iraq, Khurasan and Sijistan. <mask> was the subject of early Arabic biographies and is remembered in Arab history as one of the four great wise men of his era and as a highly skilled administrator and orator.His administration in Iraq served as a model for his successors. Origins
<mask> was likely born in Ta'if in 622 or 623/24. His precise parentage is obscure, hence his frequent name in the sources as Ziyād ibn Abīhi ("Ziyad son of his father"). He was the illegitimate son of a certain Sumayya, his father being unknown. The origins of Sumayya are also obscure. The 9th-century historians al-Baladhuri and Awana ibn al-Hakam both relate that she had been a slave living in Kashkar, though the former asserts she belonged to a member of the Banu Yashkur, a branch of the Arab tribe of Banu Bakr, and the latter states she belonged to a Persian dehqan (landowning magnate). In the narrative of al-Baladhuri, Sumayya's Yashkuri owner embarked on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca seeking to cure his illness and was subsequently treated in Ta'if by al-Harith <mask>, a physician from the Thaqif clan resident in the city; as a reward for his services, Ibn Kalada was gifted Sumayya.In Awana's narrative, Sumayya was given to Ibn Kalada by the Persian dehqan after he treated him. In any case, she was ultimately given to Ubayd, a Greek or Syrian slave belonging to Ibn Kalada's wife. Though <mask> alludes to his Persian origin in a poem, his family claimed that Sumayya was not a slave, but the daughter of a certain al-A'war from the Zayd Manat clan of the Arab tribe of Banu Tamim. Early career in Basra

During the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr (), Ziyad embraced Islam, which "opened the world to him", according to historian Julius Wellhausen. He later became one of the first settlers of the Arab garrison town of Basra. Before the city's founding in 638, the Muslim troops fighting on the Iraqi front used as their military camp the ruined Persian village on the site. <mask> arrived there with the sons of Ibn Kalada, Nafi and Abu Bakra Nufay.The latter's family gained preeminence in the city, having acquired large landholdings there. Abu Bakra's brother-in-law Utba <mask> al-Mazini had established the initial camp at Basra in 635 and was the founder and first governor of the city. The administrative skills of Ziyad became apparent from the time of his adolescence and Utba charged him with minor tasks in the Basran dīwān (bureaucracy) during the reign of Caliph Umar (). In 635, Utba tasked him with distributing to the Arab troops the war spoils from the capture of al-Ubulla (Apologos), a town immediately east of Basra. According to the modern historian Isaac Hasson, Ziyad "distinguished himself as an intelligent and open-minded secretary, who was devoted to his master and to public service ... he showed an unusual aptitude for accounting and had an excellent command of epistolary art". His skills and his assignment by Basra's military governor Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his acting replacement while he was on a military campaign gained the attention of Caliph Umar. He brought Ziyad to Medina, the center of the nascent Muslim state, where he further tested his skills; Ziyad's performance earned him a reward of 1,000 silver dirhams by Umar, which he used to purchase the freedom of his mother or his stepfather Ubayd.Soon after his return to Basra, <mask> was made Utba's kātib (scribe or secretary). After Utba's death, Ziyad continued his service as kātib under his successors Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, a member of the Thaqif who became Ziyad's mentor. When al-Mughira was recalled by Umar to Medina in 638 due to charges of adultery by three accusers, including Abu Bakra Nufay and a certain Shibl ibn Ma'bad al-Bajali, both of whom were Ziyad's maternal half-brothers, Ziyad was also recalled to give his own testimony. His statement was partial toward al-Mughira and as a result, the charges were dismissed and the accusers were flogged. During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Ziyad served the caliph's appointee to Basra, Abd Allah <mask>. Uthman's successor Ali () appointed Abd Allah <mask> governor of Basra and entrusted Ziyad with collection of the province's kharāj (land tax) and supervision of the treasury. According to Hasson, "Ali's appreciation of Ziyad's talents were so great" that he mandated Ibn Abbas heed Ziyad's counsel.When Ibn Abbas left Basra in 657 to accompany Ali at the Battle of Siffin against the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, he left Ziyad as his acting governor. During this period, he stamped out an uprising by the Banu Tamim, a major military tribal faction in the city, with critical assistance from another Basran faction, the Azd. After Ali returned from Siffin, his appointee to the district of Fars, Sahl <mask>f, was ousted by its inhabitants, after which he dispatched Ziyad. The people of Fars were satisfied with <mask>'s leadership and he was able to collect the district's kharāj. He remained in Fars through the remainder of Ali's rule, which ended with the caliph's assassination in 661 and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate under Mu'awiya. Afterward, he remained headquartered in a fortress in the vicinity of Istakhr. Of Ali's appointees, he held out the longest from recognizing Mu'awiya's caliphate.Mu'awiya's agent, Busr <mask> Artat, pressured Ziyad by capturing and threatening to kill three of his sons in Basra. Ziyad's half-brother Abu Bakra interceded with Mu'awiya and Ziyad's sons were released. He finally surrendered to Mu'awiya's rule in 662/63 after the intercession of al-Mughira, who Mu'awiya had appointed governor of Kufa, the other main Arab garrison town of Iraq. In the deal reached, the revenues from Fars owed to the caliphal treasury were split between <mask> and al-Mughira, which Mu'awiya ignored. Ziyad moved to Kufa and maintained intimate ties with al-Mughira and his family. Governor of Basra

Mu'awiya formally recognized Ziyad as a son of his father Abu Sufyan. The motion was initiated when Ziyad sought clarification from the caliph about rumors of Abu Sufyan's biological paternity.According to Wellhausen, Mu'awiya summoned <mask> to Damascus and recognized him as his paternal half-brother, "so as to bind him in this way absolutely to himself and to his family". The decision was seen as scandalous by the Umayyad ruling family. Mu'awiya's son Yazid and members from other branches of the clan, namely the extended family of Marwan ibn al-Hakam in Medina and Abd Allah <mask>, the governor of Basra, protested or threatened action against the decision. Ibn Amir and the Marwanids were silenced as a result of threats of force or bribes. Yazid's relations with Ziyad remained strained and satirical poetic verses about the event were spread by Marwan's brother Abd al-Rahman. Muslim scholars generally viewed the episode as one of Mu'awiya's most disreputable actions. Realizing that Ziyad "had both the abilities and the all-important local connections to be his right-hand man in Basra", Mu'awiya appointed him governor of the province, according to the historian Hugh N. Kennedy.He entered office in June or July 665, issuing an inaugural carrot-and-stick speech to Basra's restless population. According to Hasson it was "considered a masterpiece of eloquence". Wellhausen describes it as "celebrated" and the one which was called a "[speech] without a preface" because it skipped the traditional introductions praising God and blessing the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The speech is translated as follows: Ye are putting relationship before religion, ye are excusing and sheltering your criminals, and tearing down the protecting laws sanctified by Islam. Beware of prowling by night; I will kill every one who is found at night in the streets. Beware of the arbitrary summons of relationship; I will cut out the tongue of every one who raises the cry. Whoever pushes anyone into the water, whoever sets fire to another's house, whoever breaks into a house, whoever opens a grave, him will I punish for it.I make every family responsible for those belonging to it. Hatred towards myself I do not punish, but only crime. Many who are terrified at my coming will be glad of my presence, and many who are building their hopes upon it will be undeceived. I rule you with the authority of God and care for your maintenance out of the wealth of God. From you I demand obedience, and ye can demand from me justice. In whatsoever I fall short, three things there are in which I shall not be lacking: at any time I shall be ready to listen to anyone; I shall pay you your pension at the proper time, and I shall not send you to war too far away or keep you in the field overlong. Do not let yourselves be carried away by your hatred and wrath against me ; it would go ill with you if ye did.Many heads do I see tottering; let each man see to it that his own remains on his shoulders! A number of punitive measures along the lines of those cited in his speech were taken by <mask> at the start of his term and largely gained for him the Basrans' respect. He established unprecedented levels of security in the city, its Iranian dependencies to the east, i.e. Fars and Kerman, and the Arabian Desert to the south. The Kharijites of Basra, many of whom were concerned more with banditry than politics, submitted to his authority. Under <mask>, Basra began to take shape as a proper Islamic city. His rule saw the crude mud bricks of the city's homes replaced by more

masks:
Mughira Ziyad ibn Abihi
Ziyad
Ziyad
Uba ibn Gzwan al Ma
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Kalada
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Ghazwan
Ziyad
ibn Amir
ibn Abbas
ibn Hunay
Ziyad
ibn Abi
Ziyad
Ziyad
ibn Amir
Ziyad
Ziyad


title: Ziyad ibn Abihi

texts:
 durable baked bricks and he built a congregational mosque and residential palace.In the words of the historian Charles Pellat, <mask>, "to a certain degree, [may] be considered as the artisan of the town's prosperity". His effective rule cemented Mu'awiya's confidence in him. In the same year that <mask> was appointed to Basra, the province of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and its dependency, the Yamama (central Arabia), were attached to <mask>'s governorship. Viceroy of Iraq and the east
After the death of al-Mughira in 670, Kufa and its dependencies were attached to <mask>'s governorship, making him the practical viceroy over Iraq and the eastern half of the Caliphate. He was the first to serve as the dual governor of Kufa and Basra and divided his residence between the two towns. In the winter he stayed in Basra and left Amr ibn Hurayth as his deputy in Kufa, while he resided in Kufa in the summer, leaving Samura ibn Jundab as his deputy in Basra. His strong grip in Kufa marked a shift from al-Mughira's hands-off approach.A source of disturbance for him in Kufa was the agitation of the Alids, partisans of Caliph Ali, led by Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi, who disapproved of Umayyad rule and led the first open calls for the caliphate to be held by Ali's progeny. Though al-Mughira tolerated Hujr, Ziyad issued a number of dire warnings to cease his open dissent. He succeeded in turning most of Hujr's supporters among the Kufan troops against him. In 671, he had Hujr and thirteen of his loyalists arrested and sent to Damascus for punishment, where six, including Hujr, were executed in Adra for their refusal to condemn Ali. One of the men, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan al-Anazi, who was spared by Mu'awiya later insulted the caliph after refusing his invocation to condemn Ali and was sent back to Ziyad, who had him buried alive as punishment. To end the chaos in the amṣar (garrisons) of Basra and Kufa, Ziyad administratively reformed the two towns. From the reign of Caliph Umar, their garrisons consisted of soldiers from different tribes who were grouped together for the distribution of military stipends.There were seven such tribal groups in Kufa and Basra and at the head of each group was a chieftain chosen by its members who served as their representative to the government. Gradually, this system had become economically inefficient and politically turbulent. There was no control on Arab immigration into the amṣar, resulting in overpopulation and in turn, increased competition over fewer resources. Ziyad thus resolved to form larger divisions by unifying related clans and personally appointing their leader, which resulted in Kufa's reorganization into quarters and Basra into fifths. This measure enabled easier control of the two towns' inhabitants. Ziyad undertook further reforms in Kufa and Basra, including regularizing the timely payment of stipends, embarking on agricultural development schemes, including canal digging, and minting Sasanian-style dirhams that bore his name as "Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan". Consolidation of Khurasan

Ziyad's authority extended to Khurasan and Sijistan, the far eastern regions of the Caliphate which were considered dependencies of the Basra garrison.The Arab conquests of these areas in the 640s and 650s were akin to raids and did not firmly establish the Caliphate's power. Moreover, the political instability of the final years of Uthman's caliphate and the First Muslim Civil War saw local revolts which further weakened Arab authority. In 655, the Sasanian prince Peroz III, backed by the army of Tukharistan, attempted to reassert Persian power. Under previous caliphs, the vast region had been experimentally divided into separate provinces under the leadership of Arab tribal chiefs. Governance was largely left to local princes. Fearing a Persian resurgence, which a fragmentary division of Khurasan could afford, Ziyad centralized the administration of the province in the small Arab garrison at Merv. To relieve Basra's fiscal pressures, Ziyad recommenced the Muslim conquests in Central Asia.He organized the Arab military presence in Khurasan. In 667, he dispatched an army to the region under his lieutenant general al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari. The latter conquered lower Tukharistan and Gharchistan and temporarily crossed the Oxus river into Transoxiana, forcing Peroz to withdraw into Tang China. Meanwhile, <mask>'s removal of dead soldiers and input of new recruits to the Iraqi army registers led to numerous tribesmen being taken off the payrolls. He dispatched 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Basra and Kufa to permanently settle in the Merv oasis of Khurasan. The resettlement of these troops may have been a means "to defuse possibly dangerous developments" relating to the Arab tribal influx in the two garrison towns, according to the historian Gerald Hawting. As a result, the Merv oasis became home to the largest concentration of Muslims outside of the Fertile Crescent.Al-Hakam's successor, Ghalib <mask> Allah al-Laythi, was less successful in subduing Tukharistan and Ziyad sent another of his lieutenants, Rabi <mask> al-Harithi, to stamp out the revolts in the conquered areas in 670/71. Rabi proceeded to secure the capitulation of Balkh, whose inhabitants had revolted against Arab rule, in a treaty and then destroyed the army of the Hepthalite princes in Quhistan. In 673, Rabi's son Abd Allah extended Arab rule to the western banks of the Oxus and established tributary agreements with the fortress towns of Amul and Zamm. To solidify the territorial gains and supply the manpower for further conquests Ziyad intended for the Arab troops, initially concentrated in the Merv oasis, to colonize other parts of Khurasan. They were ultimately distributed between five regional garrisons under Ziyad's successors. Legacy and assessment
<mask> died in the village of al-Thawiyya near Kufa on 23 August 673. He was buried in a cemetery there that contained the graves of several Qurayshites and left an inheritance of 10,000 silver dirhams.During his governorship of Kufa in 675–678, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri visited Ziyad's grave and recited an elegy: If nobility and Islam ever immortalized a human being,  They would certainly immortalize you. A year after his death, Mu'awiya appointed Ziyad's son Ubayd Allah as governor of Khurasan and then Basra. Under Mu'awiya's son and successor, Caliph Yazid I (), the governorship of Kufa was also handed to Ubayd Allah. Ziyad's sons Abd al-Rahman and Salm served successively as governors of Khurasan in 678–680 and 680–683/84, and two other sons, Abbad and Yazid, served successively as governors of Sijistan in 673–680/81 and 680/81. The Thaqif, which had maintained close ties with the Umayyads since the pre-Islamic era and played an integral role in the Muslim conquest of Iraq, provided the Umayyad dynasty with a series of viceroys in Iraq, including al-Mughira, <mask>, Ubayd Allah and al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (), and the Muslim traditional sources devote more attention to them than the caliphs on whose behalf they ruled. Along with his mentor al-Mughira, Ziyad and his family were part of what "some must have seen as a Thaqafi mafia" controlling Iraq and the east, according to Kennedy. Among "the most gifted governors of the Umayyad era", Ziyad "had a good understanding of his task as governor, and had a great influence on his successors concerning the conception of the duties of rulers", according to Hasson.According to Kennedy, Ziyad's settlement of Iraqi Arab troops in Khurasan had "extremely important consequences for Islamic history" as the descendants of those settlers, who were known as ahl Khurāsān, ultimately destroyed the Umayyad Caliphate as part of the Abbasid army in 750. The execution of Hujr and his six partisans, all of whom had been prominent men in their own right, also led to deep-seated resentment among their Kufan kinsmen. The incident would serve as a harbinger for future pro-Alid risings. The death of Hujr represented the first political execution in Islamic history, and he and his companions are viewed as martyrs by Shia Muslims. Ziyad was alleged to have ordered cruel acts against some Alid partisans, including crucifixions. Interest in <mask>'s biography emerged early on among the traditional Muslim historians, with works written about him by Abu Mikhnaf (d. 774), Hisham <mask>-Kalbi (d. 819) and Abd al-<mask> Yahya al-Jaludi (d. 943). He is considered a highly skilled orator among Arabs, with his inaugural speech and fragments of other speeches and sayings cited in Islamic literature and Arabic rhetoric, polemics and histories.He is counted alongside Mu'awiya, al-Mughira and Amr <mask>-As, the conqueror and governor of Egypt, as one of the four duhāt (i.e. "shrewds") among the Arab statesmen of his era. According to the medieval Syrian historian Ibn Asakir (d. 1176), Ziyad had expert knowledge of the Qur'an, its tenets and Islamic jurisprudence. A medieval Basran historian, <mask> Imran al-Abdi, related that Ziyad respected and enjoyed listening to the hadiths about Umar and proclaimed about them: "This is the truth we hear! This is the sunna!" Ziyad is credited by a number of sources for transmitting sayings by the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Umar as the original transmitter. In 777 the Abbasid authorities stripped Ziyad's descendants of their status as official members of the Quraysh (the tribe to which the Umayyads and Abbasids belonged) in the dīwān rolls, which entitled them to relatively high pensions, and declared them part of Thaqif, whose members were paid less.At some point afterward, they were reinstated as Quraysh as a result of bribing government officials. Family
Ziyad had numerous wives and ummahat awlad (slave women who bore children; sing. umm walad). He had twenty sons and twenty-three daughters, most of whom were the children of ummahat awlad. From his first wife, Mu'adha bint Sakhr of the Banu Uqayl tribe, Ziyad had four sons, including Muhammad and Abd al-Rahman, who respectively married daughters of Caliph Mu'awiya I and the latter's brother Utba. His other Arab wives were Lubaba bint Awf al-Harashiyya, the daughter of a Basran noble, whose brother Zurara was a prominent Muslim jurist and one-time qadi (Islamic head judge) of Basra on Ziyad's behalf; an unnamed daughter of al-Qa'qa' ibn Ma'bad ibn Zurara, a chieftain of the Darim clan of the Banu Tamim tribe who was credited for leading his tribe's first delegation to the Islamic prophet Muhammad; an unnamed daughter of Muhajir ibn Hakim ibn Taliq ibn Sufyan, a fifth-generation descendant of the Umayyad clan's progenitor Umayya ibn Abd Shams; and an unnamed woman from the Khuza'a tribe. Ziyad was also married for a time to a Sasanian Persian princess, Marjana (or Manjana), who mothered his son Ubayd Allah; she later remarried a Persian commander of Ziyad called Shiruyah al-Uswari.<mask>'s daughter Ramla was a wife of the Umayyad prince Umayya, son of Ziyad's deputy governor of Fars province or its Ardashir-Khurrah district and later his deputy governor of Kufa, Abdallah ibn <mask> Asid, who led Ziyad's funeral prayers and served as Kufa's governor until 675. Ziyad had successively appointed Umayya as the deputy governor of Khuzistan and al-Ubulla. <mask>'s daughter Sakhra was married to a noble of the Qurayshite Makhzum clan, Ubaydallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith, a great-grandson of Hisham ibn al-Mughira. Notes

References

Bibliography

622 births
673 deaths
7th-century Arabs
7th-century Umayyad people
Banu Thaqif
Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
People of the Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad governors of Basra
Umayyad governors of Iraq
Rashidun governors

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ibn Abd
ibn Ziyad
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Aziz ibn
ibn al
Muhammad ibn
Ziyad
Khalid ibn
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title: Eric Reid

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<mask>. (born December 10, 1991) is a former American football safety. He played college football for Louisiana State University (LSU), and received consensus All-American recognition. He was selected in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, with whom he made the 2014 Pro Bowl. Early life
<mask> was born to <mask>. and <mask> in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended Dutchtown High School in Geismar, Louisiana, where he played football, basketball, and ran track. In football, he recorded 78 tackles, nine sacks, four interceptions, and three fumble recoveries as a junior. As a senior, he received Louisiana Class 5A All-state honors after registering 45 tackles and three interceptions.He played in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Also a standout track & field athlete, <mask> followed in his father's footsteps to excel in the hurdling events while at Dutchtown. His father was the 1987 NCAA Champion while at LSU. In sprints, he recorded a PR time of 6.69 seconds in the 55-meter dash at the 2009 LSU High School Indoor Classic. In the hurdling events, he placed 4th in the 55-meter hurdles at the 2009 High School Last Chance Qualifier, with a PR time of 8.00 seconds. He got a career-best time of 14.2 seconds in the 110-meter hurdles at the 2010 Dutchtown 4-way Meet, where he took gold. College career
<mask> enrolled at Louisiana State University, where he played for coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012.As a freshman in 2010, <mask> played in 13 games with three starts. He finished the season with 32 tackles and two interceptions. As a first-year starter as a sophomore in 2011, <mask> recorded 76 tackles, two interceptions, and two forced fumbles. He was named a second-team All-American by Rivals.com and was a second team All-SEC selection by the Associated Press. As a junior in 2012, he started all 13 games at safety and finished third on the team in tackles with 91 (42 unassisted), two interceptions, and seven pass breakups. He was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, ESPN, and Scout.com, and second-team honors from the Associated Press, Walter Camp Football Foundation, Athlon Sports, CBSsports.com, and Sports Illustrated. He was also a first-team All-SEC selection.Professional career
Coming out of LSU, <mask> was projected to be a first- or second-round pick by a majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He received an invitation to the NFL combine and completed all of the required combine and positional drills. On March 27, 2013, he opted to participate at LSU's pro day, and chose to perform positional drills, the 40-yard dash (4.50), 20-yard dash (2.60), and 10-yard dash (1.54) for the scouts and team representatives in attendance. He was ranked the second best free safety in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the third best safety prospect by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and the fourth best safety in the draft by Sports Illustrated. San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers selected <mask> in the first round (18th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. In order to select <mask>, the 49ers traded their first- (31st overall) and third-round picks (74th overall) in the 2013 NFL Draft to the Dallas Cowboys. He was the second safety selected behind Kenny Vaccaro (15th overall, Saints) and the second of six LSU players selected in the first three rounds, breaking the NFL draft record.A total of nine players from LSU were drafted in 2013, setting a new school record. 2013

On July 5, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed <mask> to a fully guaranteed four-year, $8.48 million contract that included a signing bonus of $4.54 million. <mask> was drafted to become the starting free safety after the San Francisco 49ers had lost Dashon Goldson, who opted to sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency. <mask> competed with veterans Craig Dahl and C. J. Spillman throughout training camp, in an effort to win the job as the starting free safety. Head coach Jim Harbaugh named him the starting free safety to start the  season. In his professional regular season debut and first career start in the San Francisco 49ers' season-opener against the Green Bay Packers, he recorded seven solo tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass attempt by Aaron Rodgers during the 34–28 victory. The following week he earned two solo tackles, defended a pass, and made his second career interception, picking off a pass attempt by Seattle Seahawks' quarterback Russell Wilson in the 49ers' 3–29 loss.Unfortunately, he was unable to finish the game after suffering a concussion. In Week 6, <mask> collected three combined tackles, deflected a pass, recovered a fumble, and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer and returned it 53 yards, as the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 32–20. On December 29, 2013, he earned a season-high ten combined tackles and defended a pass during the 49ers' 23–20 victory over the Arizona Cardinals. He finished his rookie season with 77 combined tackles (62 solo), 11 pass deflections, and four interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> was voted to be an alternate for the 2014 Pro Bowl. The 49ers finished second in the NFC West with a 12–4 record under Jim Harbaugh in 2013. On January 5, 2014, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded nine combined tackles en route to a 23–20 victory over the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Wildcard game.On January 19, 2014, the 49ers played the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship and <mask> made four combined tackles in the 23–17 loss. On January 21, 2014, it was reported that <mask> would be replacing Kam Chancellor in the 2014 Pro Bowl. 2014
<mask> competed with rookie Jimmie Ward for the starting free safety position throughout training camp. <mask> was named the starting free safety to begin the  season. <mask> started the San Francisco 49ers' season-opener against the Dallas Cowboys and recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass and intercepted a pass attempt by Tony Romo in the 28–17 victory. On November 9, 2014, he collected a season-high six combined tackles and defended a pass in the 49ers' 27–24 win over the New Orleans Saints. The next week, <mask> made three solo tackles, two pass deflections and intercepted a pass attempt by New York Giants' quarterback Eli Manning during a 16–10 victory by the 49ers.On December 14, 2015, he recorded three combined tackles, defended a pass and had a 73-yard return after intercepting Russell Wilson in a 7–17 loss at the Seattle Seahawks. The following game, <mask> suffered a concussion in a 35–38 overtime loss to the San Diego Chargers. He decided to sit out the following week as a precaution and stated that an additional factor in his decision was that the 49ers had missed the playoffs after finishing with an 8–8 record. <mask> finished the 2014 season with an impressive total of 42 combined tackles (34 solo), seven pass deflections and three interceptions in 15 starts. Head coach Jim Harbaugh was fired by the San Francisco 49ers immediately following the end of the regular season. On June 9, 2015, it was reported by the San Francisco Chronicle that <mask> had contemplated retirement due to concerns over concussions after having suffered three in just the first two seasons of his professional career. This stunning report of <mask>'s prospective early retirement was indeed distressing news to a 49ers fan base still smarting from the recent exodus of multiple players, including the surprise retirements of Chris Borland and Anthony Davis.<mask> immediately denied that he had ever seriously considered retirement, stating that his comments were taken "out of context" by reporter <mask>. He posted on Twitter, "The media always finds a way to twist your words...they just want you to click on their article." and further added, "Just to be clear, I NEVER SAID, I've given some thought to leaving the NFL!" 2015
<mask> remained the starting free safety to begin the  season under new head coach Jim Tomsula. On November 22, 2015, he recorded a season-high ten combined tackles in a 13–29 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. During a Week 14 contest against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> tied his season-high with ten combined tackles (9 solo) in a 10–24 loss. The following week, he made four solo tackles and had his first career sack on Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton, as the 49ers suffered a 14–24 loss.He finished the season with 72 combined tackles (60 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. The San Francisco 49ers fired Jim Tomsula after the 49ers finished with a 5–11 record. 2016
On May 2, 2016, the San Francisco 49ers picked up <mask>'s fifth-year option on his rookie contract. Under the agreement, he earned $5.67 million for the  season. With Jimmie Ward moving to cornerback, <mask> became the de facto free safety entering the regular season. On September 25, 2016, <mask> recorded a career-high 12 combined tackles in an 18–37 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On November 13, 2016, he made five combined tackles, two deflected passes, and intercepted a pass from Carson Palmer in a 20–23 loss to the Arizona Cardinals.During a Week 11 matchup against the New England Patriots, <mask> collected seven solo tackles as the 49ers lost 17–30. He was unable to finish the game after suffering a torn bicep. He had an MRI and surgery to repair the tear the following day. On November 22, 2016, he was placed on injured/reserve. He finished with 62 combined tackles (48 solo), five pass deflections, and an interception in ten games and ten starts. Head coach Chip Kelly was fired after posting a dismal 2–14 record in his only season with the San Francisco 49ers. 2017
On February 6, 2017, former Atlanta Falcons' offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan was hired as the new head coach of the San Francisco 49ers.This made him <mask>'s fourth different head coach in five years. Defensive coordinator Robert Saleh switched cornerback Jimmie Ward back to his natural position at free safety and moved <mask> to strong safety in training camp. On September 17, 2017, <mask> had seven combined tackles during the 49ers' 12–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. He suffered a knee injury that kept him from playing in Weeks 3–5. During that span, Jaquiski Tartt flourished in <mask>'s strong safety role. With Tartt now the starting strong safety, <mask> was moved to a hybrid safety/linebacker role after linebacker Navorro Bowman was granted a release and Malcolm Smith suffered a season-ending pectoral injury. Defensive coordinator Robert Saleh said the move was in response to having three starting-caliber safeties and getting the best 11 players on the field together.On October 22, 2017, he debuted in his new role and recorded four solo tackles in a 40–10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. The following week, free safety Jimmie Ward suffered a fractured forearm during a 33–10 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. This prompted the San Francisco 49ers' coaching staff to move Jaquiski Tartt to Ward's free safety role and move <mask> back to his strong safety position. On November 5, 2017, <mask> recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Drew Stanton, as the 49ers lost 20–10. Carolina Panthers

2018
On September 27, 2018, after placing starting safety Da'Norris Searcy on injured reserve, the Carolina Panthers signed <mask> to a one-year deal. Despite a lot of speculation about new Panthers owner David Tepper's thoughts and agenda in contrast to those of the prior owner Jerry Richardson, Tepper and general manager Marty Hurney insisted that the signing was purely a football decision. <mask> refused to disclose more details about the circumstances leading to his signing in a press conference later that day, citing the fact that the information pertained to his collusion lawsuit.Head coach Ron Rivera announced on October 5, 2018 that <mask> would start at the free safety position in his season debut against the Giants on October 7, 2018. <mask> ended up taking a knee before the game, becoming the first Panthers player ever to do so, and totaled three tackles. He finished the season starting in 13 games, recording 71 tackles, one sack, five passes defensed, and an interception. 2019

On February 11, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year, $22 million contract extension with the Panthers. In week 5 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> forced a fumble on Gardner Minshew II and recovered the ball in the 34–27 win. In week 9 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> recorded a team-high 11 tackles, sacked Ryan Tannehill once, and forced a fumble on running back Dion Lewis that was recovered by teammate Donte Jackson in the 30–20 win. In week 12 against the New Orleans Saints, <mask> recorded a team-high 15 tackles in the 34–31 loss.On March 18, 2020, <mask> was released by the Panthers. Mid-way through the  season <mask> was offered an opportunity to reunite with coach Ron Rivera on the Washington Football Team practice squad. <mask> declined the offer, stating "I just don't think playing on the practice squad is reflective or indicative of my career." NFL career statistics

Protest activities and collusion grievance against the NFL

In May 2018, <mask> filed an official grievance letter with the NFL alleging that team owners and the league, influenced by President Donald Trump, colluded to prevent his employment due to his protest activities. <mask> was the second NFL player after Colin Kaepernick to participate in
U.S. national anthem protests intended to highlight social awareness and racial injustice towards black people. <mask>'s lawyers also represent Kaepernick in a similar grievance case against the NFL. Trump, who publicly condemned the kneeling protests and urged that the protesting players be fired, had private conversations with NFL owners about the player protests during the time period.Team owners have said they are concerned about being in conflict with Trump in regards to the anthem protests. During a job interview with  Cincinnati Bengals owner Mike Brown, <mask> reportedly refused to say whether he would obey a rule against kneeling during the anthem. In <mask>'s introductory press conference with the Panthers on September 27, 2018, he wore a shirt that supported Kaepernick and stated that his collusion lawsuit would still proceed unimpeded. David Tepper, the new owner of the Panthers, was not named in the lawsuit since he was not yet a team owner when it was filed. Tepper also had been quite outspoken with his remarks about President Trump in the recent past and was more open to players expressing themselves and protesting than the rest of the team owners. Nonetheless, the Panthers organization said the <mask> signing was football-oriented only. When asked by reporters during the press conference about plans to protest now that he had signed with a new team, <mask> did not answer the questions and cited the fact that the information pertained to his grievance.<mask> did not directly say that he would no longer kneel prior to games but stated that he was "considering other ways" of protesting. In his season debut on October 7, 2018 at home in Charlotte against the Giants, he took a knee prior to the game. By the Panthers' Week 15 loss to the New Orleans Saints, <mask> claimed he had been drug-tested seven times during the 2018 season, even though he had played in only 11 games; accounting for a mandatory test, the probability of such an instance happening randomly is approximately 0.17%. <mask> saw this as evidence of being targeted by the league and planned on including these seven drug tests as part of his case file in the proceedings of his collusion grievance against the league. A joint investigation by the NFL and National Football League Players Association concluded that <mask>'s claims about the number of times he was drug-tested were inaccurate. Personal life
His brother, <mask>, is a safety who was picked by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2018 NFL Draft. Since <mask> decided to protest with Colin Kaepernick in the 2016 NFL season, the two have been collaborating to address social justice issues and help communities and people in need.During his introductory press conference with the Panthers on September 27, 2018, <mask> said that the Players Coalition, which is seemingly devoted to addressing several issues he is focusing on, is an "NFL-funded subversion group" and that he and Kaepernick would continue going their separate ways from the coalition. References

External links

San Francisco 49ers bio
LSU Tigers bio

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Ascension Parish, Louisiana
Dutchtown High School (Louisiana) alumni
All-American college football players
American football safeties
U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
LSU Tigers football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Carolina Panthers players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

masks:
Eric Todd Reid Jr
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Sharon Reid
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title: Madhav Kumar Nepal

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 6 March 1953), is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served as Prime Minister of Nepal from 25 May 2009 to 6 February 2011 for nearly two years. He previously served as the Deputy Prime Minister along with the charges of important ministries like Foreign Affairs and Defence in the cabinet of Man Mohan Adhikari. He was previously the executive General Secretary of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) for 15 years. Since 18 August 2021, he has been serving as the chairman of the CPN (Unified-Socialist), a new party formed through split in CPN (UML) citing arrogance and monopoly of the party president KP Sharma Oli. Early life
<mask> was born into a Brahmin family to <mask> and Durgadevi Upadhaya. He graduated in commerce from Tribhuvan University in 1973 and worked in banking and civil service before turning to full-time politics.He has two brothers, Binod <mask> and Saroj <mask> and three sisters, Kalika Bhandari, Indira Neupane and Basudha Pokharel. Political career

Early political activism
Nepal joined the communist movement in 1969 (2026 B.S.). During the underground struggle, he used party names such as 'Subodh', 'Sunil', 'Ranjan' and 'Bibek'. In 1971, he became a district committee member of the Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist-Leninist). At a conference held in Biratnagar June 7–8, 1975, Nepal was elected as a bureau member of the All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist-Leninist). When the ANCRCC (ML) founded the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) in 1978, Nepal was elected a politburo member of the new party. Multi-party democracy (1991–2006)
He was the Deputy Prime Minister in the CPN (UML) minority government in 1994-1995 as well as the leader of the opposition in the National Assembly during the 1990s.He argued for the Nepal Civil War to be solved through talks and did not believe that mobilization of the army was the solution and as the leader of CPN (UML), was one of the three key Nepali leaders, the other two being prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala and rebel Maoist leader Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda', crucial in bringing the Maoists into the peace process and signing the 12 point peace accords that ended the decade long war. Nepal was arrested in 2001 during a crackdown on anti-government protest. Following the palace massacre he called for Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala to step down, though later joined forces with him to launch a campaign against King Gyanendra's assumption of executive powers. Transition period
On 12 April 2008, Nepal resigned as General Secretary of the CPN (UML), after having lost the  Kathmandu 2 seat to Maoist candidate Jhakku Prasad Subedi in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. Subedi was a comparatively obscure candidate. Nepal was also defeated in Rautahat-6 constituency by Maoist candidate Devendra Patel. He later won both Kathmandu 2 and Rautahat 1 seats in the Second Constituent Assembly election of 2013.Nepal later chose Rautahat 1. He won the Kathmandu 2 constituency again in the 2017 general election by a margin of 14,000 votes. In June 2008, the CPN (UML) proposed that Nepal become the country's first President, following the declaration of a republic, though the idea did not materialise after disagreement with the ruling Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Prime Minister of Nepal

He became the 34th Prime Minister of Nepal on 25 May 2009 after his predecessor Prachanda resigned over a conflict with the president over the dismissal of the army's chief of staff. Nepal himself resigned as prime minister on 30 June 2010 in an effort to help the government move past its deadlock and to pave the way for a national consensus government, as demanded by the opposition. Split in Nepal Communist Party and CPN (UML)
Nepal returned to CPN (UML) after the Supreme court decision to dissolve the party merger between CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre). Since 18 August 2021, he has been serving as the chairman of the CPN (Unified-Socialist), a new party formed through split in CPN (UML) citing arrogance and monopoly of the party president KP Sharma Oli.Major Political offices held
 1990: Member, Constitution Drafting Commission
1991-1999: Member of the National Assembly
1991-1994: Leader of Opposition, National Assembly
1993-2008: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (UML)
1994-1995: Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs
1999-2002: Member of the House of Representatives from Rautahat-1
1999-2002: Leader of the Opposition, House of Representatives
 2008-2013: Member of the Constituent Assembly from CPN (UML) party list
 2009-2011: Prime Minister of Nepal
2013-2017: Member of the Legislative Parliament from Kathmandu-2
 2017–2021: Member of the House of Representatives from Kathmandu-2

Personal life
He is married to Gayatri Acharya. He has a son and a daughter, Saurav and Suman <mask>. There have been widespread rumorous claims that he adopted Christianity as his new faith and has been promoting conversion of Hindus to Christianity. However, he publicly and categorically denied any link with Christianity or having any role in expanding the activity of Christian Missionary in his country. Electoral history

2017 legislative elections

2013 Constituent Assembly election

2008 Constituent Assembly election

1999 legislative elections

See also

 2021 split in Nepal Communist Party
 2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)

References

https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/uml-dismisses-14-of-its-lawmakers-including-madhav-kumar-nepal/ Myrepublica, August 18, 2021

Further reading
Busky, Donald F (2002). Communism in History and Theory. Praeger/Greenwood.Hutt, Michael (2004). Himalayan "People's War". C. Hurst & Co Publishers. External links

Official website of CPN (US)

|-

1953 births
Living people
Nepalese Hindus
Tribhuvan University alumni
People from Rautahat District
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) politicians
Communist rulers
Bahun
Government ministers of Nepal
Members of the National Assembly (Nepal)
Prime ministers of Nepal
Nepal MPs 2017–
Nepal Communist Party (NCP) politicians
Foreign Ministers of Nepal
Nepal MPs 1999–2002
People of the Nepalese Civil War
21st-century prime ministers of Nepal
Nepalese political party founders

masks:
Madhav Kumar Nepal
Madhav Kumar Nepal
Mangal Kumar
Kumar Upadhyaya
Kumar Upadhyaya
Nepal


title: Anil Khandelwal

texts:
<mask> (born March 16, 1948) is an author, speaker, corporate advisor and a board member. Currently he is on the board of Gail (India) Limited and serves as senior advisor at KPMG, a Maharatna company in the public sector. He is also advisor to Corporates and also a board member of Centre for Micro Finance, a company promoted by Sir Ratan Tata Trust. He is also on the governing board of National Institute Securities Market (SEBI). Earlier he retired as chairman and managing director of Bank of Baroda, a leading public sector bank and later was chairman of Baroda Pioneer Asset Management Company (2008–2011). Early life

<mask> was born in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his Bachelor of Science from Agra College in 1966, Agra.He then pursued a chemical engineering degree from Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, in 1970. Later, he pursued his MBA with specialisation in HR from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, and received first position. He also completed a postgraduate diploma in labor laws and personnel management from the University of Rajasthan and received first position. He also did a postgraduate diploma in training and development from Indian Society for Training and Development. He also completed his PhD in management, under Dr N R Sheth, director, IIM Ahmedabad

Career

<mask> started his career as a probationary officer in Bank of Baroda in 1971. From 1980 to 1992 he worked as senior core faculty (HR) in Banks Apex Staff College at Ahmedabad. In 1993 he was appointed principal of the college, and after a short tenure he moved to banks corporate office, Mumbai.After working as deputy general manager HRM, he shifted to banking operations and rose to the position of general manager, in charge of banks operation in West Bengal and north east, Kolkata. Based on <mask>'s extraordinary turnaround of this difficult territory, he was appointed by the Government of India as executive director (a board-level position), Bank of Baroda in September 2000. In 2004 he was appointed as chairman and MD, Dena Bank and after a brief stint of one year he was appointed as chairman and MD of Bank of Baroda, one of the largest public sector banks in India. <mask> has held important positions like president, Indian Institute of Banking and Finance, deputy chairman Indian Banks Association. He has also worked as UNDP consultant to banking commission, government of Tanzania (1989). He has also worked as visiting professor at the Asian Institute of Management, Manila, Philippines (2008). Awards and recognition
<mask> is a multi-awarded professional.He received:
 Lifetime Achievement Award by The Asian Banker, Singapore,
The only Indian receiving this award so far. This is the highest award available for lifetime achievement in the banking industry in the Asia Pacific & Gulf Region. Award given for <mask>'s contribution to financial services recognised with The Asian Banker award for Lifetime Achievement in Financial Services. <mask>'s reinvigoration of Bank of Baroda and his passionate appeal to staff and unions to help him turn the bank around from the back office up has made him a globally admired icon within the financial services industry. Rigorous selection process chaired by Mr David Eldon, chairman, board of directors, Dubai International Financial Centre Authority and former chairman of HSBC Asia Pacific. HRD Excellence Award Lifetime Achievement Award 2012
 Skoch Challenger Person of the Year Award 2008
 Outstanding Contributions to HRD National HRD Award – 2000

Transformation of BoB

<mask> holds the special distinction of transforming one of the largest public sector banks, Bank of Baroda, in the shortest possible time. He introduced many reforms that included introduction of modern technology, re-branding, establishing Gen-Next branches, retail revolution by introducing retail loan factories (one-stop-shop for retail loans) and SME loan factories.He totally rehashed the human resource system and introduced many employee-centric programmes like employee conclaves, Sampark (hotline to CMD), Samadhan (providing counselling services in metro centres) and Khoj (talent hunting exercise). He engaged staff by face to face interactions at several large and small centres and valued their ideas. He introduced idea-online at bankofbaroda.com to facilitate the flow of creative ideas from employees at all levels. The bank doubled its business in just three years and simultaneously successfully completed technological upgradation providing anytime, anywhere banking through online banking and expanding the ATM facility across the bank. The Bank of Baroda transformation story finds a mention in Harvard Business Review article Leadership Lessons from India, March 2010 and in the book The India Way by Wharton faculty. Based on the transformation of BoB, <mask> has authored Dare to Lead (Sage 2011). Khandelwal Committee

Khandelwal has been a crusader for introduction of modern HR policies and systems and public sector banks.In the year 2009, Government of India appointed a committee to look at the HR issues of the public sector banks under the chairmanship of Khandelwal. The committee made seminal recommendations to improve the HR in public sector banks. The committee is popularly known as The Khandelwal Committee and is often quoted for initiating reforms in PSBs. Later, in 2011–12, he was appointed chairman of advisory group on HRD by the ministry of Finance, Government of India. Books and articles

 HRD, OD, AND INSTITUTION BUILDING: Co - edited, Publication: SAGE (2016)
 CEO, Chess Master or Gardener Publication: Oxford university press (2018)
 Dare to Lead – The Transformation of Bank of Baroda Publication: SAGE Publications (2011)
 Alternative Approaches and Strategies of Human Resource Development Publication: Rawat Publications Jaipur (1987)
 Handbook on Personnel Management and Industrial Relations for Rural Banks Publication: Rawat Publications (1987)
 Human Resources Development in Banks (Edited) Publication: Oxford & IBH Publication, New Delhi
 Industrial Relations in Banks Co-Authored. Publication: OM-AMEYA PRAKASHAN (1986), Mumbai

 The Crucible Project (People Matters – 15 January 2013)
 Missing Link of HR (People Matters – 5 December 2012)
 Leading with Care (People Matters – 2 August 2012)
 CEO Morning Meeting (People Matters – 3 July 2012)
 CEO – Next Destination of the HR Professional (People Matters – 27 June 2012)
 The Reflective Leader (People Matters – 27 June 2012)
 CEOs- the first 100 days (People Matters – June 2012)
 Wisdom is in the field respect it (People Matters – May 2012)
 Board Leadership (People Matters – April 2012)
 The Disciplined Leader (People Matters – 7 February 2012)
 An HR Hero (LRP Publications – 25 June 2007)
 Splitting the Chair in PSU Banks – Public sector banks must be board-driven (The Economic Times)
 Human Resource Development International Enhancing performance, learning and integrity (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group – Vol. 10, No.2, pp. 203–213, June 2007)
 Microfinance Development Strategy for India (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XLII, No. 13, pp. 1127–1136, 13 March 2007)
 Universal Banking: Solution for India's Financial Challenges? (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XLI, No.11, pp. 969–974, 18 March 2006)
 Criticality of HR Reforms for Public Sector Banks in the New Era (Economic and Political Weekly – Vol. XL, No. 12, pp. 1128–1136, 19 March 2005)

References

Crisis in HR
 Twitter is a highway of freedom
 Govt banks get nod to hire 11 more EDs  Mint, 14 December 2011
 Govt Clears Creation of New ED Slot in PSBs  (ET- Mumbai, 14 December 2011)
 State-run banks may be allowed to revamp wages(Mint, 4 October 2011)
 The path for reforms in PSBs (Live Mint, 22 September 2011)
 My extraordinary focus on HR issues was unconventional  (The Hindu-Business Line, 9 May 2011)
 BoB Ex-Chiefs Brush With Colour Codes – current account (The Economic Times, 13 April 2011)
 Govt needs to take on Unions to save Banks (Mint – The Wall Street Journal, 2011)
 Govt Accepts Panel Report on HR Plan in PSU Banks (The Economic Times, 2011)
 Inspiring Success Stories (Money Life, 20 December 2007)

1948 births
Living people
People from Agra
University of Rajasthan alumni
Indian bankers
Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh

masks:
Anil Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal
Khandelwal


title: John L. Helm

texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1802 – September 8, 1867) was the 18th and 24th governor of the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky, although his service in that office totaled less than fourteen months. He also represented Hardin County in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly and was chosen to be the Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives four times. In 1838, his sole bid for federal office ended in defeat when his opponent, Willis Green, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. <mask> was first elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1826; between 1826 and 1843 he served eleven one-year terms in the state house. In 1844, he was elected to the state senate, where he served continuously until he was chosen as the Whig Party nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket with <mask>. Crittenden, famous for the Crittenden Compromise. The Whigs won the general election and <mask> was elevated to governor on July 31, 1850, when Crittenden resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney General in President Millard Fillmore's cabinet. After his service as governor <mask> became president of the struggling Louisville and Nashville Railroad.He invested thousands of dollars of his own money in the project and convinced residents along the line's main route to buy stock in the company. In 1859, the line was completed, but the next year <mask> resigned over of differences with the board of directors regarding a proposed branch that would extend the line to Memphis, Tennessee. Although he openly opposed secession during the American Civil War, federal military forces labeled <mask> a Confederate sympathizer. In September 1862, he was arrested for this alleged sympathy, but Governor James F. Robinson recognized him as he was being transported to a prison in Louisville and had him released. After the war <mask> identified with the Democratic Party, and in 1865, Hardin County voters returned him to the state senate. In 1867, he was the state's Democratic candidate for governor. Despite his failing health, <mask> made a vigorous canvass of the state and won the general election.He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so state officials administered the oath of office at his home on September 3, 1867. He died five days later. Early life
In 1780, <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, emigrated to Kentucky from Prince William County, Virginia and founded the settlement of Helm Station near Elizabethtown, Kentucky in Hardin County, where <mask><mask> was born on July 4, 1802. He was the eldest of nine children born to George B<mask>, a farmer and politician, and <mask> <mask>, a descendant of a prominent local pioneer family. Helm attended the area's public schools and studied with noted educator Duff Green. When Helm was 14 his father fell on hard financial times and Helm returned to work on the family farm.In 1818, he took a better-paying job in the office of Samuel Haycraft, the circuit court clerk of Hardin County. While there he read law with Haycraft, then entered the law office of Ben Tobin in 1821. At about this time, <mask>'s father traveled to Texas to enter into business and rebuild his finances, but he died there in 1822, leaving <mask> responsible for his mother and siblings. He was admitted to the bar in 1823, the same year Meade County, Kentucky was formed. There were no lawyers in the county yet, so although <mask> continued living in Hardin County he was made Meade's county attorney. His practice grew rapidly and he was soon able to pay off his father's debts and purchase the Helm homestead. Between 1832 and 1840, he built "Helm Place" on this land and it remained his home for the rest of his life.In 1823, <mask> called on Representative Benjamin Hardin. While Hardin and <mask> discussed business, Hardin's 14-year-old daughter, <mask>, entered the room to show her father a map she had drawn. <mask> later claimed it was love at first sight, and began to pursue <mask>'s affections. They courted for seven years, married in 1830 and had six daughters and five sons together. One of his sons, Benjamin Hardin <mask>, was a Confederate general in the Civil War and was killed at the Battle of Chickamauga. Political career

The major political issue in Kentucky during <mask>'s legal training was the Old Court-New Court controversy. Reeling from the  panic of 1819, Kentuckians had demanded debt relief.In response, the Kentucky General Assembly passed an act that granted debtors a grace period of two years in repaying their debts unless their creditors would accept payment in the devalued notes of the Bank of the Commonwealth. The Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down the law, claiming it was in violation of the Contract Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The angered legislature attempted to impeach the justices on the Court of Appeals, but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority. Instead, they abolished the Court of Appeals and replaced it with a new court, which was stocked with more sympathetic justices by pro-relief governor <mask>ir. Both courts claimed to be Kentucky's court of last resort. Throughout 1825, <mask> made speeches and distributed pamphlets in Hardin and surrounding counties, espousing the Old Court position. In 1826, he campaigned as a Whig for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives.<mask> won the election, and at the age of twenty-four became one of the youngest members to serve in the Kentucky General Assembly. An Old Court majority was elected to both houses of the General Assembly in 1826, which then passed legislation abolishing the New Court. <mask> was re-elected to the state House in 1827 and 1830, and was re-elected every year from 1833 to 1837. He served as Speaker of the House in 1835 and 1836. In 1837, there was a three-way race for speaker between <mask>, James Turner Morehead and Robert P<mask>. After nine ballots, <mask> withdrew and <mask> was elected speaker. <mask> made his only run for federal office in 1838 and was defeated by Willis Green for a seat in the United States House of Representatives.He returned to the Kentucky House in 1839 and was re-elected in 1842 and 1843, serving as Speaker of the House both years. In 1843, the Kentucky General Assembly proposed to create a new county from part of Hardin County and name it Helm County in honor of <mask><mask>. Because of the few dissenting votes on this question, <mask> declined the honor and proposed instead that the county be called LaRue County after his mother's family, many of whom still lived in the proposed county. <mask>'s suggestion was unanimously adopted. Lieutenant governor and governor

In 1844, <mask> was elected to the Kentucky Senate, where he served until 1848. That year he was the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor on a ticket with <mask>. Crittenden. <mask> defeated Democrat <mask> Martin in the general election.The major political question in the state during <mask>'s time as lieutenant governor was whether to adopt a new state constitution. As a state senator in 1848, <mask> had voted to allow the state's citizens to decide the matter in a referendum, but after seeing the document produced by the constitutional convention, he opposed its ratification. In an address to the state senate in 1850, he declared, "I was for reform, and not for revolution. I was for amending the Constitution, and not for obliterating every vital principle in contained." He especially opposed creating an elective judiciary. His antagonism to the constitution put him at odds with his father-in-law, Benjamin Hardin. The two did not reconcile until 1852, as Hardin lay on his deathbed.The new constitution was adopted in 1850 and in June of that year <mask> encouraged the people to accept it. Governor Crittenden resigned on July 31, 1850 to accept President Millard Fillmore's appointment as attorney general, and <mask> ascended to the governorship. As governor, <mask> vetoed a legislative plan to cover deficits in the public school fund by drawing money from the state's sinking fund, but the General Assembly overrode the veto. He urged the legislature to fund a survey of the state's mineral reserves and a census of the state's agricultural and manufacturing resources. He called for spending on internal improvements and for raising judges' salaries to attract more qualified jurists to the bench. He also sought a ban on the carrying of concealed deadly weapons. The legislature did not act on any of these proposed reforms.The only part of <mask>'s agenda that did progress through the General Assembly was election reform. President of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad

<mask> was a presidential elector for Winfield Scott in the 1852 presidential election. After this he took twelve years off from politics. As early as 1836, <mask> had advocated the construction of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. On October 2, 1854, he became the railroad's second president. The previous president had been forced out of that position after a disagreement with Louisville's board of aldermen, and construction of the line had almost been abandoned. Helm worked diligently to convince residents along the line's main route of the economic benefits it would bring.He persuaded many of them to help clear and grade land for the line and accept company stock as payment, and succeeded in selling stock subscriptions to people in the same area. Rising labor costs and troubles transporting materials raised expenses far above the projected budget, and at one point <mask> personally redeemed $20,000 ($ as of ) of the company's bonds. Meanwhile, some observers accused <mask> of mismanaging the company. The company's fortunes improved in 1857 when the city of Louisville provided $300,000 ($ as of ) in financial aid and the line was completed on October 18, 1859. Due to <mask>'s influence, the railroad's charter required all trains traveling through Elizabethtown to stop there. By the time the line was finished, there were public calls from inside and outside the company for <mask> to resign, mostly because of his support for a proposed Memphis branch of the railroad. To complete the branch, the Louisville and Nashville would have to complete a line from Bowling Green to Guthrie, Kentucky.There it would join a line owned by the Memphis and Ohio Railroad that began across the state line at Clarksville, Tennessee and extended to Memphis. Supporters believed the branch would economically help both Louisville and Memphis and would lessen their dependence on trade along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Opponents argued that the project was simply a ploy to whip up new support for the struggling railroad. <mask> endorsed the Memphis branch in his annual report in 1857. On February 4, 1860, two members of the company's board of directors wrote a letter requesting <mask>'s resignation; they claimed they had voted for his re-election as president of the company with the understanding that he would resign when the main line between Louisville and Nashville was finished. <mask> maintained that he felt an obligation to the citizens of Logan County – many of whom he had personally sold stock to – to remain president until the Memphis branch through their county was built. The rift between <mask> and the directors continued to widen, however.<mask> resigned on February 21, 1860, and was replaced by James Guthrie. The Memphis branch was completed on September 24, 1860. Civil War and second term as governor

On January 8, 1861 <mask> chaired a meeting in Louisville that advocated for Kentucky's neutrality in the Civil War. <mask> was an outspoken opponent of secession, but also denounced the election of <mask> and his use of military force to subdue the southern states. Because <mask> did not condemn his son, Benjamin, for joining the Confederate Army, federal authorities classified him as a southern sympathizer. After learning of the arrest of former governor Charles S. Morehead by federal authorities, <mask> fled to Bowling Green, fearing his own arrest. Through the intervention of Warner Underwood he was able to return home on the condition that he swear an oath of allegiance to the Constitution.Nevertheless, federal soldiers repeatedly entered his home, encouraging his slaves to abandon him, and consuming or destroying his crops. Because the state's courts were closed on account of the war, he was unable to earn a living by practicing law. In short order, his once-substantial fortune was expended, and he resorted to borrowing money to support his family. In September 1862, <mask> and several other citizens from Hardin County were arrested by Colonel Knox. After several days of confinement in Elizabethtown the prisoners were conducted to Louisville. By chance, Kentucky governor James F. Robinson recognized <mask> in the group and negotiated with General Jeremiah Boyle to get him released. Shortly after returning home, <mask> learned of Benjamin's death at the Battle of Chickamauga.After the war <mask> identified with the Democratic Party, and he returned to the state senate in 1865. During his tenure he chaired the Committee on Federal Relations and fought against punitive and restrictive laws against ex-Confederates. On January 22, 1866, he presented to the state senate a protest against the actions of the United States Congress during the Civil War. It denounced the Reconstruction Amendments on the grounds that they granted powers to the federal government that were reserved for the states, and that they were passed while many southern states were not represented in Congress. He also decried the creation and operation of the Freedmen's Bureau. On January 29, 1867, <mask> introduced legislation to organize a meeting in Louisville to rally support for President <mask> and his efforts to restore the Union. The state Democratic Convention met on February 22, 1867, in Frankfort and chose <mask> and <mask>. Stevenson as the party's candidates for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively.<mask> resigned his seat in the state senate to accept the nomination. Though his health was frail, he determined to canvass the entire state. He continued his call for an end to Civil War bitterness and proscriptions against those who had sided with the Confederacy. He won the general election over Republican Sidney Barnes and a third party candidate, Judge William B. Kinkead. The strenuous campaign took a decisive toll on <mask>'s already weakened body. He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so the oath of office was administered at his home on September 3, 1867. <mask>'s secretary of state read the governor's inaugural address at the Hardin County Courthouse.In it, <mask> repeated his intent to remove political disabilities from ex-Confederates. He also charged that Congress was meddling in the affairs of the states. Though he promised protections for blacks, he opposed the idea of black suffrage. <mask> died on September 8, 1867, just five days after his inauguration. He was buried in a family graveyard at Helm Place. Helm Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1976. References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1802 births
1867 deaths
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state senators
Kentucky Whigs
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Louisville and Nashville Railroad people
19th-century American railroad executives
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
People from Hardin County, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Whig Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
<mask>ue family
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
John LaRue Helm
Helm
John J
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Thomas Helm
John L
. Helm
. Helm
Rebecca LaRue
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Lucinda
Helm
Lucinda
Helm
Helm
John Ada
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
. Letcher
Helm
Letcher
Helm
John L
. Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
John J
Helm
John Preston
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Abraham Lincoln
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Andrew Johnson
Helm
John W
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
Helm
LaR


title: Isidore Godfrey

texts:
<mask> OBE (27 September 1900 – 12 September 1977), born Israel Gotfryd, was musical director of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company for 39 years, from 1929 to 1968. He conducted most of the company's performances during that period, except for a few London seasons when Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor and brief periods in the summers of 1947 and 1948 when Boyd Neel filled in as guest conductor. <mask> led the company in numerous tours, both domestic and foreign, during his tenure, and he conducted most of the company's recordings over that long period. Widely admired and well-liked, <mask> trained at the Guildhall School of Music in piano while working as an accompanist in London. He joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as chorus master and assistant musical director of one of its touring companies in 1925, and in 1929 took over as musical director on the retirement of Harry Norris. Thereafter, his entire career was with D'Oyly Carte. He conducted and recorded all eleven of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, plus Cox and Box, that were performed by the company at the time.From the 1930s, he conducted several broadcasts of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas by the BBC, relayed live from the Savoy Theatre. In June 1965 <mask> was awarded the OBE, and in 1966, he conducted a film version of The Mikado, one of only a few films ever made by the company. He retired from the D'Oyly Carte company in 1968. He was married three times, for the longest period to Ann Drummond-Grant, a company principal who died in 1959. Life and career
<mask> was born in London as Israel Gotfryd, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants Manas Gotfryd (1858–1934), a hairdresser, and Frymet ("Fanny"), née Wontroba (born 1871); originally from Płock, the family Anglicised their surname to <mask>, the parents becoming naturalised British subjects in 1905. He had older sisters Annie, a violinist (born 1888) and Flora, an actress as "Freda <mask>" (1889–1980), and a younger brother David (born 1909). <mask> was educated at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, then in Hampstead.There he enjoyed studying science. As a small child, he first studied the violin but soon preferred the piano. He studied the piano under George Woodhouse, a pupil of Theodor Leschetizky, and in 1914 made a public appearance, at the age of 13, playing in a joint recital at the Bechstein Hall given by Woodhouse's pupils. <mask> subsequently trained at the Guildhall School of Music in the piano under George B. Aitken (composer of  "Maire, my girl"). At the school, he won prizes for ensemble playing, the school's Gold Medal for piano, the annual Mercers' Scholarship and later the Chappel Piano Company Prize. He briefly studied conducting under Julius Harrison near the end of his training. While still a student, he performed as an accompanist in London, sometimes playing for his sister when she performed on the violin at theatres and music halls.Early career
On the recommendation of the Guildhall School's principal, Sir Landon Ronald, <mask> joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as chorus master and assistant musical director of its smaller touring company in April 1925. He moved to the main company in May 1926 and in 1929 took over as musical director on the retirement of Harry Norris. Thereafter, his entire career was with D'Oyly Carte. A rare exception to touring with the company came in December 1932, when he shared the conducting with Sir Thomas Beecham at a royal charity matinée before King George V and Queen Mary. In the same month, <mask> conducted the first complete broadcast of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Yeomen of the Guard, on Christmas Eve 1932, relayed live from the Savoy Theatre by the BBC. <mask> conducted all the extant Gilbert and Sullivan operas plus Cox and Box, in performance and for recordings, except Utopia Limited and The Grand Duke, though he recorded excerpts from the former. (Rupert D'Oyly Carte had considered reviving Utopia in the 1920s, but abandoned the idea as too expensive.)<mask> conducted most of the company's performances during his four decades as musical director, except for a few London seasons, when Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor, and brief periods in the summers of 1947 and 1948, when Boyd Neel was guest conductor. <mask>'s assistant musical directors included Alan E. Ward (1930–49), William Cox-Ife (1951–61) and James Walker (1961–68). During <mask>'s long reign as musical director, he conducted artists who had worked under the direction of W. S. Gilbert, such as Henry Lytton, Leo Sheffield and Sydney Granville, and those who were performing at the last night of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1982, such as John Reed and Kenneth Sandford. In his early years in charge, <mask>, with Rupert D'Oyly Carte's backing, gradually cut down the number of encores routinely given at the company's performances. The stars and the audiences both resisted, but <mask> eventually made progress, particularly after the outbreak of World War II, when it was important to keep running times down to a reasonable length. Touring and later years
During his four decades as musical director, <mask> took the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company on many tours, including eleven to America. The company did not travel with a band but instead used orchestra players hired locally.He recalled, "We would pick up perhaps eight orchestral players in the first town, take them with us on the tour and make up the orchestra with local players from each of the towns we visited....  On one occasion, I was rehearsing the Mikado overture when I noticed that one of the double-basses was plucking the strings in the opening bars. I pointed out that it was not to be played pizzicato but arco, with the bow. 'Yeah', he said. 'But I haven't got a bow.' That's how it was sometimes!" In wartime Britain, the orchestral situation on tour sometimes verged on collapse. <mask>'s weekly reports to the company office in London included wry accounts of drummers in Oxford who could not read music, a nervous cellist in Liverpool who played on three strings at once and a bass player in Wimbledon who took a night off and sent an inebriated substitute.Even in peacetime <mask> was not lavishly provided for in the orchestra pit. In the 1950s, the magazine The Gramophone commented: "Whenever Mr. <mask> <mask> enters the orchestra pit to direct an opera by Sullivan, to whose music he has devoted much of his life, he must presumably steel his aesthetic sense to doing justice to the composer with the tiny forces at his disposal. ... One presumes that an opera company with a repertory of ten operas, playing to capacity without expensive stars and only repairs to scenery and costumes and with royalties pouring in from all over the country, could afford a permanent orchestra of reasonable strength." In June 1965 <mask> was awarded the OBE; The Gramophone commented that "nothing short of a dukedom" could adequately reward him. In 1966, he conducted a film version of The Mikado, one of only a few films ever made by the company. He retired from the D'Oyly Carte company in February 1968 and was succeeded as musical director by his deputy, James Walker, formerly of Decca Records. <mask> married two members of the company – first, a soprano chorister, Marguerite Kynaston, about 1919 (they later divorced), and, in 1940, the soprano (later contralto) principal Ann Drummond-Grant.After Drummond-Grant died in 1959, <mask> married a third time, in 1961, to Glenda Gladys Mary née Cleaver. After retirement, when he held the honorary position of President of the associate members of the D'Oyly Carte Trust, ill-health prevented him from making many guest appearances, but he conducted H.M.S. Pinafore during the company's centenary season at the Savoy in 1975. <mask> died in London in 1977 just short of his 77th birthday. Reputation
<mask> was widely admired for his consistent skill in giving Arthur Sullivan's scores their essential joie de vivre. As early as 1926, Malcolm Sargent joining the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company found "a brilliant young assistant named <mask> <mask> whom I realised at once was made of the right stuff for Sullivan". In the 1930s, Neville Cardus praised <mask>'s musicianship and commanding presence, adding, "Mr <mask> deserves a bigger band":

Mr <mask> <mask> approaches his evening's labours with an imperious gesture; he swings round, and with a comprehensive eye reduces even a Gilbert and Sullivan audience to silence for an overture – a very remarkable feat of hypnotism.And then Mr <mask>'s baton attacks the score, as though about to plunge us into Götterdämmerung with his thin Falstaff's army of an orchestra....  Mr <mask> by sheer force seems to draw some sonority out of his pitifully inadequate instrumental forces; Toscanini could do no more. In the 1960s, Philip Hope-Wallace of The Guardian spoke of "the animation, command and sheer genius for keeping things up to the mark of this most devoted servant of the tradition." Of a 1964 performance of Iolanthe at New York City Center, the New York Herald Tribune reported, "The carrot thatch we have loved all these years has now burnished to a silver gold alloy but it could have been dark green for all we cared. What really mattered was that [<mask>] was there ... and that the Company was in superb condition, the best that it has been in for years." The New York Times concurred, "<mask> <mask>, happily a fixture in the pit, leads the overture with a respect and affection for its delicacies and that is the fashion in which he orders the musical side of the entire performance." "If ever a knighthood were deserved in the cause of true musical devotion, it is here", wrote the critic Ivan March in The Great Records. In 2007 The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music praised him as "inimitable".A dissenting voice was the critic Rodney Milnes, who spoke of <mask>'s recordings as "leaden, lumpen and dull", but his fellow critic Hugo Cole, who had been a D'Oyly Carte orchestra player under <mask>, wrote admiringly, "he was like Henry Wood in that if you watched him you couldn't come in wrong." Members of the company from Leslie Rands in the 1920s to John Reed in the 1960s praised <mask> – known to company members as "Goddie" – for his musicianship and friendliness. Recordings
<mask>'s first recording with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company was the 1933 The Sorcerer highlights for HMV, followed by his first complete opera, The Mikado in 1936. When the company returned to the recording studio after World War II, <mask> conducted a series of eleven complete recordings from 1949–55 for Decca, comprising all the Gilbert and Sullivan operas in its repertory. From 1957–66, the company re-recorded its full repertory for Decca, this time in stereo, adding the first professional recording of Cox and Box and highlights from Utopia, Limited. <mask> once again conducted the entire series, except for Princess Ida and The Yeomen of the Guard, for which Sir Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor. His final recordings for the company were a film of The Mikado in 1966 and the company's second stereo recording of The Pirates of Penzance in 1968.Notes

References

Further reading
Reeves, Ken: "The Godfrey Identification Parade" in The Gaiety Annual (2002) pp. 23–28. Scowcroft, Philip: "The <mask>s" in The Gaiety Annual (2002) pp. 19–22. External links
Appreciation piece regarding <mask>'s career, Memories of the D'Oyly Carte website
<mask> interviewed on the BBC's Desert Island Discs
Caricature of <mask> at the V&A Museum
<mask> conducts televised scenes from Pirates, D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 1955

English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
1900 births
1977 deaths
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British male musicians

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