title: Thomas Hopsonn

texts:
Sir <mask> or Hopson (1643 – 1717) was an English naval officer and member of parliament. His most famous action was the breaking of the boom during the battle of Vigo Bay in 1702. After retiring from active service, he became a Navy Commissioner and the governor of Greenwich Hospital. Early life and career
Hopsonn was born in Shalfleet on the Isle of Wight, where he was baptised on 6 April 1643, the second son of Captain Anthony Hopson (d. 1667) and his wife Anne Kinge. According to local tradition, he was orphaned early in life and apprenticed to a tailor in Bonchurch, near Ventnor, before running off to sea. Samuel Smiles tells the tale thus in Self Help:

He was working as a tailor’s apprentice near Bonchurch, in the Isle of Wight, when the news flew through the village that a squadron of men-of-war was sailing off the island. He sprang from the shopboard, and ran down with his comrades to the beach, to gaze upon the glorious sight.The boy was suddenly inflamed with the ambition to be a sailor; and springing into a boat, he rowed off to the squadron, gained the admiral’s ship, and was accepted as a volunteer. According to John Knox Laughton in the Dictionary of National Biography, this colourful story "rests on no historical foundation." However it happened, Hopsonn seems to have joined the navy by 1662, and was mentioned as a "particular friend" of Samuel Pepys' brother-in-law Balthazar St Michel in 1666. He was given his first commission, as second lieutenant of the , on the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672. He fought in  the Battle of Solebay aboard this vessel, and in all the other battles of the war. On 10 December 1676, he was appointed first lieutenant on the , and sailed to the Mediterranean under Sir Roger Strickland. During this time, whilst in combat aboard a Barbary Corsair, he wrenched a nimcha from the hand of one of his assailants and ran him through with it.The sword remains in the collection of the National Maritime Museum. On 5 November 1677 he followed Strickland to the , and then to the  on 10 December 1677. On 21 March 1678, vice admiral Herbert gave him his first command: the Tiger, which had been taken as a prize. Returning to Britain in 1679, he spent some time ashore, and had become an ensign in a foot company of the Portsmouth garrison by 1682. Captain
On 10 January 1682 he was recalled to sea and given command of the . After serving initially on the coast of Ireland, his ship was part of the fleet led by George Legge to conduct the evacuation of Tangier. But, after returning home in this vessel in September 1684, he resumed his army career, becoming a Lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards on 30 April 1685.He was finally given another naval command on 18 May 1688, when James II appointed him to the . This ship was part of the fleet sent to The Nore under Strickland to prevent the Dutch invasion. However, Hopsonn was one of the conspirators within the fleet who supported William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution. Following the revolution, Hopsonn retained command of the Bonaventure, and was part of the squadron that relieved the siege of Derry in June 1689. On 28 October 1689 he was posted to the , and commanded that vessel during the battle of Beachy Head the following year. Hopsonn's immediate commander in the battle was Sir George Rooke, who formed a high opinion of his gallantry and was afterwards much associated with him. He commanded  for two months starting in August 1690, before moving to command the .It was aboard the latter that he followed Rooke in the battle of Barfleur on 19 May 1692. In the same year he was promoted to become a captain in the foot guards on the recommendation of admiral Edward Russell. Admiral
In May 1693, he was made Rear Admiral of the Blue, and hoisted his flag aboard the . His first mission was as second-in-command to Rooke conducting a large convoy of merchantmen to Smyrna. The convoy was attacked and scattered by the French admiral Comte de Tourville at the Battle of Lagos, but no blame was attached to Hopsonn in the subsequent inquiry. He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the Blue and sailed for the Mediterranean under Sir Francis Wheler with the  as his flagship. In February 1694 he sailed home, conducting a convoy of nearly a hundred ships from Cadiz to England without incident.He spent the next two years in the Channel and off Dunkirk, attempting to trap the French privateer Jean Bart. In 1696 he gave up his commission in the Foot Guards, and in 1698 he was elected, thanks to the influence of Lord Cutts, to the rotten borough of Newtown on the Isle of Wight. He would represent the constituency until 1705. He spent 1699 off the coasts of Ireland and France, with his flag aboard the , in 1700 he went to the Baltic with Rooke to encourage Denmark to withdraw from the Great Northern War. The following summer, his squadron transported troops from Ireland to the Netherlands. In 1702, Hopsonn was once more under the command of Sir George Rooke, as part of the fleet detailed to capture Cádiz. After a month of operations the attack came to nothing, but on the way home Rooke learned of the Spanish treasure fleet lying in Vigo Bay in Northern Spain.The ships were protected by a boom formed of ship's masts chained together overlooked by forts, together with French warships commanded by the Marquis de Châteaurenault. Hopsonn was chosen to lead the attack aboard his flagship the . In the early hours of 23 October 1702, Hopsonn crashed through the boom whilst under a heavy fire. A merchantman hastily repurposed as a fire ship was laid alongside Torbay, but she had not been unloaded of her cargo of snuff, which was thrown into the air when the ship exploded and partly extinguished the flames. The remainder of the fleet followed Hopsonn into the harbour and the Franco-Spanish fleet were heavily defeated. The French and Spanish lost 34 ships, and much silver and other cargo." On returning to England, Hopsonn was knighted by Queen Anne for his actions at Vigo Bay and retired from active service.He was made an Extra Commissioner of the Navy and served as governor of Greenwich Hospital from 1704 to 1708. He retired to Weybridge in Surrey, where he built a house called Vigo House (demolished in 1928 to make way for a hospital). Hopson died there on 12 October 1717. Marriage and family
Hopsonn married Elizabeth Timbrell (1660–1740), the daughter of John Timbrell and Ann Benett of Portsmouth, on 1 June 1680 at Brading on the Isle of Wight. The couple had eight children:
 Mary (1682–1715), married Captain John Watkins of the . Elizabeth (1686–1758), married Captain John Goodall of the . Charles (born 1688)
 Ann (1692–1763), married Captain Edward Story, and after his death married William Benett.Grace (1693–1768)
 Peregrine <mask> (1696–1759), became Governor of Nova Scotia. James (born 1700)
 Martha (born 1702)

His nephew, erroneously supposed by some sources to have been his younger brother, Edward Hopson (1671–1728) also went into the navy and rose to the rank of vice-admiral of the white. References

Further reading

1643 births
1717 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
People from Ventnor
British naval commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1702–1705
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
Grenadier Guards officers
Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight

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Thomas Hopsonn
Thomas


title: Steve Forbes

type: original

texts:
<mask>. (; born July 18, 1947) is an American publishing executive and politician, who is the editor-in-chief of Forbes, a business magazine. He is the son of longtime Forbes publisher <mask>, and the grandson of that publication's founder, B.C. <mask>. He is an adviser at the Forbes School of Business & Technology. <mask> was a candidate in the 1996 and 2000 Republican presidential primaries. Early life
<mask> was born in Morristown, New Jersey, to Roberta Remsen (née Laidlaw) and <mask>. <mask> grew up in Far Hills, New Jersey.Education
<mask> attended the Far Hills Country Day School with his longtime friend and future Governor of New Jersey, Christine Todd Whitman. He graduated cum laude from Brooks School in North Andover, Massachusetts, in 1966. He then graduated with an A.B. in history from Princeton University in 1970 after completing a 75-page long senior thesis titled "Contest for the 1892 Democratic Presidential Nomination." While at Princeton, <mask> founded his first magazine, Business Today, with two other students. Business Today is currently the largest student-run magazine in the world. <mask> is a member of Alpha Kappa Psi and Tau Kappa Epsilon.He holds honorary degrees from several universities, including New York Institute of Technology and Lehigh University. Political career and views

Early political career
In 1985, President Ronald Reagan appointed <mask> as head of the Board of International Broadcasting (BIB), which organized the operation of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush re-appointed <mask> to the position. <mask> would continue to serve as the BIB's leader until 1993, following the inauguration of Bill Clinton. Following his career as the BIB's head, <mask> went on to get involved in various conservative political advocacy groups. From 1993 to 1996, <mask> was the Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Empower America", which later merged with the advocacy group, FreedomWorks. Through "Empower America", <mask> became associates with the prominent conservative politician, Jack Kemp, who would go on to endorse <mask> during the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries.From 1996 to 1999, <mask> also served as Honorary Chairman of the advocacy group, "Americans for Hope, Growth and Opportunity", described as "a grassroots, issues-advocacy organization founded to advance pro-growth, pro-freedom and pro-family issues." <mask> helped craft Christine Todd Whitman's plan for a 30% cut in New Jersey's income tax over three years, and this plan proved to be a major factor in her victory over incumbent Governor James Florio. Despite <mask> and Whitman being childhood friends, <mask> would later distance himself from Whitman during his bid for the Republican nomination in 2000 due to Whitman's pro-choice stance on abortion. Campaigns for president

<mask> entered the Republican primaries for President of the United States in 1996 and 2000, primarily running on a campaign to establish a flat income tax (<mask>'s emphasis on the flat tax proposal was so heavy that he was described as a "single issue candidate", a label he claimed was inaccurate). <mask> believed the American taxation system had become too byzantine and bureaucratic and was in desperate need of reform and simplification. <mask> also supported the ideas of re-introducing 4.5% mortgages and term limits in 1996; however, dropped both in 2000 (as they were minor planks in his overall platform). When <mask> ran for president in 1996 and 2000, he sold some of his Forbes, Inc. voting shares to other family members to help finance his run.<mask> did not come close to securing the Republican nomination, despite winning the Arizona and Delaware primaries in 1996, and getting some significant shares of the vote in other primaries. <mask>'s "awkward" campaigning style was considered to be a major factor in his defeat. Time Magazine called his stumping a "comedy-club impression of what would happen if some mad scientist decided to construct a dork robot." Jeff Lyon of The Chicago Tribune wrote of <mask> on the campaign trail, "[<mask>] resembles the classic milquetoast, with a prissy smile, gold-rimmed glasses that make his eyes look smaller, and a stiff way of presenting himself when he works a crowd. He has a cornball style and uses preppie slang like 'get real' and 'el zippo' (meaning zero) in speeches." <mask> and his campaign staff were known for travelling between campaign stops via their "big silver bus." For his 2000 presidential campaign, he raised $86,000,000 in campaign contributions, of which $37,000,000 were self-donated.After dropping out early in the 2000 primary season, <mask> returned to heading the magazine and company. During the 1996 campaign, insiders at Fortune alleged that stories about Forbes's advertisers became favorably biased toward them. Major issues Forbes has supported include free trade, health savings accounts, and allowing people to opt out 75% of Social Security payroll taxes into personal retirement accounts (PRAs). Forbes supports traditional Republican Party policies such as downsizing government agencies to balance the budget, tough crime laws and support for the death penalty, and school vouchers. <mask> opposes gun control and most government regulation of the environment, as well as drug legalization and same-sex marriage, in spite of his father being gay. In terms of foreign policy, he called for a "US not UN foreign policy" (which is composed of anti-International Monetary Fund sentiments, pro-Israeli sentiment, opposition to Most Favored Nation status for the People's Republic of China, and anti-UN sentiment.) Forbes's flat tax plan has changed slightly.In 1996, <mask> supported a flat tax of 17% on all personal and corporate earned income (unearned income such as capital gains, pensions, inheritance, and savings would be exempt.) However, <mask> supported keeping the first $33,000 of income exempt. In 2000, <mask> maintained the same plan; however, instead of each person receiving an exemption of $33,000, it more closely resembled the Armey Plan (<mask>'s version called for a $13,000 per adult and $5,000 per dependent deduction). <mask> is very wealthy, with a net worth in 1996 of $430 million. In response to this criticism, <mask> promised in his 2000 campaign to exempt himself from the benefits of the flat tax, although he did support the repeal of the 16th Amendment in a debate with Alan Keyes the previous year. In his 2000 campaign, <mask> professed his support for social conservatism along with his supply-side economics. Despite holding opposite positions in 1996, for the 2000 campaign, <mask> announced he was adamantly opposed to abortion and supported prayer in public schools.The previous year <mask> had issued a statement saying he would no longer donate money to Princeton University due to its hiring of philosopher Peter Singer, who views personhood as being limited to 'sentient' beings and therefore considers some disabled people and all infants to lack this status. <mask> was one of the signers of the Statement of Principles of Project for the New American Century (PNAC) on June 3, 1997. Other political activities
In 1996, <mask> campaigned on behalf of Ron Paul in the congressional election for Texas's 14th congressional district. Actor Mark McKinney played <mask> on the comedy television show, Saturday Night Live, a program known for featuring political satire. In an episode which aired on March 16, 1996–shortly after <mask> dropped out of the 1996 presidential race–McKinney played <mask> in a skit, in which <mask> purchases land in Russia to found his own country, called "Forbes America". <mask> himself hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, which aired on April 13, 1996. The episode featured a skit, in which <mask> earnestly wishes to answer the questions of potential voters, but all the questions he receives instead have to do with his enormous personal wealth (for example, with regards to the then ongoing war in Bosnia, <mask> is asked by an audience member, "Why don't you just buy Bosnia and tell all those people over there that if they don't stop fighting you'll just, you know, throw them the hell out?").On that same episode, <mask> starred in a skit, playing a roofer, the comedy deriving from <mask>'s character being a tough blue collar worker, a personality which clashes with <mask>'s nerdy, intellectual demeanor and appearance. The episode also featured a skit where the real <mask> interviewed his SNL counterpart, played by McKinney. In December 2006, <mask> joined the Board of Directors of the advocacy organization FreedomWorks. <mask> is also on the board of directors of the National Taxpayers Union. <mask> is also a member of the board of trustees of The Heritage Foundation, an influential Washington, D.C.-based public policy research institute. <mask> is a frequent panelist on the television program Forbes on Fox, which also features members of the Forbes magazine staff, and is shown Saturday mornings on Fox News Channel at 11:00 am EST. On March 28, 2007, <mask> joined Rudy Giuliani's campaign for the 2008 Presidential election, serving as a National Co-Chair and Senior Policy Advisor.Later in the 2008 presidential campaign, <mask> served as John McCain's Economic Adviser on Taxes, Energy and the Budget during McCain's bid for the 2008 Presidential election. In March 2013, <mask> participated in a NPR broadcast Intelligence Squared debate with James Grant, Frederic Mishkin and John R. Taylor Jr. concerning the motion "Does America Need A Strong Dollar Policy?". Personal life
In 1971, he married Sabina Beekman. They have five daughters, including Moira <mask>. <mask> appeared alongside his family on Larry King Live during his 1996 presidential campaign. <mask> has been a resident of Bedminster, New Jersey. <mask> rides Amtrak trains and was a passenger on board the 2016 Chester, Pennsylvania, train derailment.Bibliography

<mask>, <mask>; Ames, Elizabeth (2014). Money: How the Destruction of the Dollar Threatens the Global Economy – and What We Can Do About It. .

References

External links

 <mask>  at Forbes

 <mask>re
 <mask> throws weight behind Giuliani
 RightWeb profile of <mask>
 Profile: <mask>, Center for Cooperative Research. "Capitalist Tool II: Defending Dynamism", interview with Reason by Virginia Postrel and Charles Oliver
 "Confront Iran to bring oil prices down" April 2006 from $70+ to $15 per barrel
 Kurt Schemers of Traders Nation Interview of <mask>

1947 births
New Jersey Republicans
American publishing chief executives
American magazine editors
American magazine publishers (people)
The Heritage Foundation
Living people
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
People from Far Hills, New Jersey
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Candidates in the 1996 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
<mask>
Brooks School alumni

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title: Jordan Eberle

texts:
<mask> (; born May 15, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger and alternate captain of the Seattle Kraken of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the first round (22nd overall) in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers. During his four-year junior career with the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League (WHL), he won the CHL Player of the Year Award in 2010, the Doc Seaman Trophy as the scholastic player of the year in 2008 and was a two-time First Team East All-Star in 2008 and 2010. In his second season in the NHL, <mask> was named to the All-Star Game and led the Oilers in goal- and point-scoring. Internationally, <mask> has competed for Canada in two World Junior Championships, winning gold and silver in 2009 and 2010, respectively. He was named Tournament MVP and Best Forward at the 2010 World Junior Championships and is tied with Brayden Schenn as Canada's second all-time leading scorer at the tournament with 26 points. Both are 5 behind Eric Lindros' 31 points.TSN named him the best Canadian World Junior Player ever, being the only player to have earned points in all 12 career games played, the longest career scoring streak in team history by five games. Playing career

Early career
<mask> played novice with Hockey Regina's tier-1 Kings and amassed 216 goals over sixty games in 1999–2000. He went on to play Bantam AAA for the Athol Murray College of Notre Dame in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, as a fourteen-year-old. After being selected by his hometown major junior team, the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League (WHL), in the seventh round (126th overall) of the 2005 WHL Bantam Draft, Eberle joined the midget ranks with the Calgary Buffaloes of the Alberta Midget Hockey League (AMHL). He won a bronze medal with the Buffaloes at the 2006 Mac's Midget Hockey Tournament, scoring two goals in the bronze-medal game against the Prince Albert Mintos. He helped his team qualify for the 2006 Telus Cup national midget championship, where the Buffaloes lost a 5–4 triple-overtime game in the final against the Mintos. Eberle scored a goal in the losing effort and was awarded the Most Sportsmanlike Award for the tournament.Major junior
<mask> debuted with the Pats in 2006–07, scoring 55 points and a team-high 28 goals as a rookie. He added two goals and seven points in six games against the Swift Current Broncos in the opening round of the 2007 WHL playoffs, but was sidelined for the entirety of the second round against the Medicine Hat Tigers with a virus. Eberle started his second major junior season by earning WHL Player of the Month honours for October 2007, totalling sixteen goals and 26 points over sixteen games for the Pats. He had missed two games early in the season with tonsillitis, before scoring a hat trick in his return on October 6, 2007, against the Moose Jaw Warriors. Eberle later represented Team WHL against Russia in the 2007 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge in late November. Midway through the season, he was chosen to compete in the 2008 CHL Top Prospects Game in Edmonton. Eberle finished 2007–08 with a team-high 42 goals and 75 points.His 42 goals accounted for one-fifth of his team's scoring and marked the first time a Pats player hit the forty-goal mark since Matt Hubbauer scored 48 in 2001–02. It also tied for fourth in league scoring with Drayson Bowman of the Spokane Chiefs. He was selected to the WHL East First All-Star Team and received the Doc Seaman Trophy as WHL Scholastic Player of the Year (beating out defenceman Jared Cowen of the Spokane Chiefs). Eberle had started the 2007–08 season ranked seventh among WHL skaters in the NHL Central Scouting Bureau's preliminary rankings for the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. At mid-season, he was ranked 24th among North American skaters, then dropped to 33rd in the NHL CSS's final rankings. Director of NHL Central Scouting E. J. McGuire described Eberle as a scorer whose strengths are his skating and stickhandling. He was selected in the first round, 22nd overall, by the Edmonton Oilers.Having grown up in Regina, <mask> was a childhood fan of the Oilers, even after his family moved to Calgary at fourteen years old. After being selected, he commented in an interview, "If I had to pick one pick, [the Oilers] would have been it." Eberle competed in his second ADT Canada–Russia Challenge for Team WHL in 2008. After completing the 2008–09 WHL season with a team-leading 74 points in 61 games, Eberle was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Oilers on March 23, 2009. Competing for a roster spot with the Oilers in the 2009 training camp, Eberle was one of the final cuts. He was returned to the Pats on September 27, 2009, and reeled off 25 points in twelve games to be named WHL Player of the Month for September and October. He was named to Team WHL for the 2009 Subway Super Series (formerly known as the ADT Canada–Russia Challenge) and was selected as an alternate captain to Pats teammate Colten Teubert for Game 5.Eberle finished the 2009–10 WHL season second in league scoring with 106 points in 57 games (one point behind Brandon Kozun of the Calgary Hitmen in eight fewer games) and was a unanimous selection to his second WHL East First All-Star Team in three years. He was the first member of the Pats to score 50 goals and record 100 points since Ronald Petrovický during the 1997–98 season. Eberle finished his career with the Pats seventh all-time in franchise goal scoring with 155 and twelfth in points with 310. Eberle was named the Regina Pats Player of the Year, Most Sportsmanlike Player and the Most Popular player after the 2009–10 season. Despite the Pats' disappointing season as a team, Eberle was selected as the winner of the Four Broncos Memorial Trophy as WHL Player of the Year, defeating Western Conference nominee Craig Cunningham of the Vancouver Giants. He was later named CHL Player of the Year, beating out the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) and Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) nominees Tyler Seguin and Mike Hoffman, respectively. It marked the third time that a Pats player won the award, after Ed Staniowski in 1975 and Doug Wickenheiser in 1980.In recognition of his outstanding junior hockey career, the Pats retired <mask>'s number 7 on December 5, 2012. Professional

Edmonton Oilers
Soon after signing a professional contract with the Oilers in 2009, <mask> was assigned to the teams' minor league affiliate, the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League (AHL), for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. He scored his first professional goal in his third game with the Falcons, a 4–3 loss to the Portland Pirates, on March 29, 2009. He went on to tally three goals and nine points in nine games. <mask> was again assigned to the Falcons after finishing the 2009–10 season with the Pats. He notched six goals and 14 points in the Falcons' last 11 games of the regular season. <mask> made his NHL debut with the Oilers on October 7, 2010, against the Calgary Flames.He recorded his first goal, on the penalty kill in the third period, deking past defenceman Ian White on a two-on-one before scoring on a backhand deke past goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff. The goal was later voted by fans as the NHL's Goal of the Year on the League's Facebook page, as well as Play of the Year on The Sports Network's website. He later added an assist on the powerplay, taking a shot that deflected off teammate Shawn Horcoff's shinpads. The Oilers went on to win the game 4–0. <mask> was named the first star of the game. Later in the season, <mask> suffered a high ankle sprain after colliding with opposing forward Aleš Kotalík during a game against the Flames on January 1, 2011. While sidelined with the injury, he underwent an unrelated emergency appendectomy four days later.Missing 13 games with his ankle injury, he returned to action in early February. During a game against the Vancouver Canucks late in the season, on April 5, Eberle received a hit to the head from opposing forward Raffi Torres. While Eberle was not injured on the play, Torres received a four-game suspension for the hit. Eberle finished the season with 43 points (18 goals and 25 assists) in 69 games, leading his team in scoring and ranking sixth among league rookies. Though the Oilers finished with the worst record in the NHL for the second straight year, expectations remained high in Edmonton for the future of the team, as <mask>'s success as a rookie was matched by the performance of fellow first-year forwards Taylor Hall and Magnus Pääjärvi. During his second NHL season, Eberle sustained a sprained knee after colliding with Dallas Stars forward Jamie Benn during a game on January 7, 2012. At the time of the injury, Eberle was among the league's top scorers and six points behind the league's leader.Despite his success, he was left off the 2012 NHL All-Star Game roster, which was selected while he was sidelined. Several members within the Oilers organization were outspoken regarding the omission, including captain Shawn Horcoff and Head Coach Tom Renney, to which the League replied that Eberle would have been selected had he not been injured. By January 19, <mask> returned to the Oilers line-up after missing four games. Five days later, he was nonetheless named as an All-Star replacement for the injured Mikko Koivu. <mask> was selected to Team Chara as part of the All-Star Fantasy Draft and went on to record an assist in the squad's 12–9 win against Team Alfredsson. The following month, <mask> recorded his 100th career NHL point on February 21, 2012, with a goal and two assists in a 6–1 victory over the Calgary Flames. He finished his second NHL season leading with a team-leading 34 goals, 42 assists and 76 points.Among league scorers, he ranked 16th in goals and points. The Oilers continued to struggle as a team, however, and finished 14th in the Western Conference with 32 wins and 74 points. On April 23, 2012, Eberle was nominated for the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, along with the Florida Panthers' Brian Campbell and the New York Islanders' Matt Moulson. On August 30, 2012, Eberle signed a six-year, $36 million contract extension with the Oilers. During the 2012–13 NHL lock-out, Eberle played for the Oklahoma City Barons of the AHL and at the time the lock-out was resolved, Eberle was leading the league with 25 goals and 51 points. This led Eberle to become AHL Player of the Month for two consecutive months. On February 11, 2016, in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs, Eberle scored his first career NHL hat-trick.All three goals were assisted by Connor McDavid. This also happened to be the final hat-trick scored at Rexall Place. In the 2016–17 season, the Oilers qualified for the Stanley Cup Playoffs for the first time since their 2006 Stanley Cup Finals run 10 years prior, well before Eberle was drafted. While the Oilers advanced to the second round after a seven-game series against the San Jose Sharks, they were eliminated in six games against the Anaheim Ducks, and Eberle performed poorly throughout the tournament. He scored only two assists in 13 playoff games, the only time he would advance to the playoffs with Edmonton. New York Islanders
On June 22, 2017, following a poor performance in the 2017 playoffs, <mask> was traded to the New York Islanders in exchange for Ryan Strome. Contrary to his playoff performance in Edmonton, Eberle was a major contributor to the Islanders sweeping the Pittsburgh Penguins in the First Round of the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs, scoring a goal in all four games and ending with nine points in eight postseason games.Having concluded his contract, Eberle as a pending free agent opted to re-sign with the Islanders on June 14, 2019, signing a five-year contract. On September 15, 2020, <mask> scored his first playoff overtime winner against the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2020 Eastern Conference Final in double overtime, forcing a Game 6. Seattle Kraken
On July 21, 2021, <mask> was selected from the Islanders at the 2021 NHL Expansion Draft by the Seattle Kraken. On November 4, 2021, Eberle scored the first hat trick in Kraken history in a 5-2 victory over the Buffalo Sabres. International play

<mask> represented Alberta at the 2007 Canada Games in Whitehorse, Yukon. He notched two goals and an assist in the bronze medal game against British Columbia in Alberta's 4–3 win. He finished the tournament with six goals and five assists in five games played to place eighth in tournament scoring.Several months later, Eberle played for Team Canada's under-18 team at the 2007 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, but failed to register a point as Canada was kept from a medal. He continued with the national under-18 team the following year at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships in Russia. He began the tournament by earning player of the game honours with a two-goal effort in the first round-robin game against Germany—a 9–2 win for Canada. He later notched two goals and an assist in an 8–0 gold medal game win to help Canada to their first tournament championship in five years. Eberle finished the tournament with ten points in seven games, second in team scoring to Cody Hodgson. In his third WHL season, <mask> was selected to the Team Canada's under-20 team for the 2009 World Junior Championships in Ottawa, Ontario. In the semi-finals, on January 3, 2009, Eberle was named player of the game after scoring two goals and the shootout-winner against Russia in a 6–5 win.<mask> dramatically scored his second goal of the night with just 5.4 seconds left in regulation to force extra time and the eventual shootout, in which he shot first and scored. Defeating Sweden 5–1 in the final, <mask> helped Canada to a record-tying fifth straight gold medal and was named by the coaching staff as one of the team's best three players. At the conclusion of the tournament, Eberle was third in tournament scoring with 13 points (six goals, seven assists). The following year, <mask> was named to his second national junior team for the 2010 World Junior Championships in his hometown Regina, Saskatchewan. He was selected as an alternate captain to Patrice Cormier along with fellow returnees Colten Teubert, Alex Pietrangelo and Stefan Della Rovere. He was named player of the game against Switzerland in the second game of the round-robin—a 6–0 win—with a five-point game (one goal, four assists). Two games later, he scored two goals in regulation (one of which began a two-goal comeback late in the third period) and one in the shootout against the United States in the final game of the round-robin to earn his second player of the game honour of the tournament.Canada later met the United States again in the gold medal game. Down 5–3 with three minutes to go in regulation, <mask> scored twice to force overtime. His tying goal with 1:35 left made him Canada's all-time leading goal scorer in the tournament with 14 goals, passing John Tavares' mark set the previous year. Canada eventually lost in overtime, earning silver and ending their five-year gold medal streak. At the conclusion of the tournament, <mask> finished tied for the tournament lead in goals with André Petersson of Sweden and was second in points to Derek Stepan of the United States. He was voted as the Most Valuable Player and Top Forward. He was also named to the tournament All-Star Team by the media and named one of Canada's top three players by the coaches.Three days after the gold medal game, Regina Mayor Pat Fiacco proclaimed January 8, 2010, as "<mask>le and Colten Teubert Day" in the city for their efforts in the tournament. On April 16, 2010, <mask> was named to Team Canada as an alternate for the 2010 IIHF World Championship held in Germany. After injuries to Ryan Smyth and Steven Stamkos in the preliminary round, he debuted with Canada's men's team on May 14, 2010, against Norway. Eberle scored a goal and assisted on three others to earn the Player of the Game Award in a 12–1 Canadian victory. He played in three more games without any points as Canada finished in seventh place with a loss to Russia in the quarter-final. Following his NHL rookie season, <mask> joined the Canadian men's team for the second consecutive year for the 2011 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia. During the preliminary round, Eberle scored a goal in a contest against Switzerland to be named player of the game.In a game against the United States during the qualifying round, Eberle scored in a shootout, helping Canada to a 4–3 win, while also temporarily tying them for the lead in their pool. Canada went on to top their pool, but lost 2–1 in the quarter-final against Russia for the second consecutive year. Scoring four times over seven tournament games (no assists), Eberle tied for second in team goal-scoring, behind John Tavares. At the 2015 World Championships, where Canada won the gold medal for the first time since 2007 with a perfect 10-0 record, Eberle finished second in scoring with
5 goals and 8 assists, one point behind tournament leader Jason Spezza. Personal life
Eberle was born to Darren and <mask> in Regina, Saskatchewan. His dad coached him on his minor hockey teams growing up. He has two sisters, Ashley and Whitney, and a younger brother, Dustin.He attended high school at the Athol Murray College of Notre Dame in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, before moving to Calgary, Alberta, at age 15 with his parents and three siblings. He returned to Regina to play junior hockey for the Regina Pats and attended Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School during the hockey season. He went on to graduate from Bishop O'Byrne Senior High School in Calgary in June 2008. Eberle has a cousin, <mask>, who also played junior for the Pats from 1990 to 1993. His brother Dustin was drafted by the Pats in the 12th round, 248th overall, of the 2007 WHL Bantam Draft. Eberle has been in a relationship with Lauren Rodych since high school.They became engaged in the summer of 2016. The couple got married on July 22, 2017, in Calgary, Alberta. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards

Notes

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Athol Murray College of Notre Dame alumni
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New York Islanders players
Oklahoma City Barons players
Regina Pats players
Seattle Kraken players
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
Springfield Falcons players

masks:
Jordan Leslie Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Jordan Eber
Eberle
Eberle
Lisa Eberle
Derek Eberle


title: Vito Volterra

texts:
<mask>  (, ; 3 May 1860 – 11 October 1940) was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations, being one of the founders of functional analysis. Biography
Born in Ancona, then part of the Papal States, into a very poor Jewish family: his father was <mask> and mother, Angelica Almagia. Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa, where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti, and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883. He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations. His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations (1930). In 1892, he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then, in 1900, professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza. Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and, like his mentor Betti, he was an enthusiastic patriot, being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905.In the same year, he began to develop the theory of dislocations in crystals that was later to become important in the understanding of the behaviour of ductile materials. On the outbreak of World War I, already well into his 50s, he joined the Italian Army and worked on the development of airships under Giulio Douhet. He originated the idea of using inert helium rather than flammable hydrogen and made use of his leadership abilities in organising its manufacture. After World War I, <mask> turned his attention to the application of his mathematical ideas to biology, principally reiterating and developing the work of Pierre François Verhulst. An outcome of this period is the Lotka–Volterra equations. <mask> is the only person who was a plenary speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians four times (1900, 1908, 1920, 1928). In 1922, he joined the opposition to the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and in 1931 he was one of only 12 out of 1,250 professors who refused to take a mandatory oath of loyalty.His political philosophy can be seen from a postcard he sent in the 1930s, on which he wrote what can be seen as an epitaph for Mussolini's Italy: Empires die, but Euclid’s theorems keep their youth forever. However, <mask> was no radical firebrand; he might have been equally appalled if the leftist opposition to Mussolini had come to power, since he was a lifelong royalist and nationalist. As a result of his refusal to sign the oath of allegiance to the fascist government he was compelled to resign his university post and his membership of scientific academies, and, during the following years, he lived largely abroad, returning to Rome just before his death. In 1936, he had been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of founder Agostino Gemelli. He died in Rome on 11 October 1940. He is buried in the Ariccia Cemetery. The Academy organised his funeral.Family

In 1900 he married Virginia Almagia, a cousin. Their son Edoardo <mask> (1904–1984) was a famous historian of Roman law. <mask> also had a daughter, Luisa <mask>, who married Umberto d'Ancona. D'Ancona piqued his father-in-law's interest in biomathematics when he showed <mask> a set of data regarding populations of different species of fish on the Adriatic Sea, where decreased fishing activity from the war had led to an increase in the populations of predatory fish species. <mask> published an analysis of the dynamics of interacting species of fish the next year. Selected writings by Volterra
 1912. The theory of permutable functions.Princeton University Press. 1913. Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1912. Sur quelques progrès récents de la physique mathématique. Clark University.1913. Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1926, "Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi," Mem. R. Accad. Naz. dei Lincei 2: 31–113.1926, "Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically," Nature 118: 558–60. 1930. Theory of functionals and of integral and integro-differential equations. Blackie & Son. 1931. Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.Reissued 1990, Gabay, J., ed. 1936. with Joseph Pérès:
 1938. with Bohuslav Hostinský: Opérations infinitésimales linéaires. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1960. Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques (with <mask>). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1954-1962.Opere matematiche. Memorie e note. Vol. 1, 1954; Vol. 2, 1956; Vol. 3, 1957; Vol. 4, 1960; Vol.5, 1962; Accademia dei Lincei. See also
 Volterra (crater)
 Volterra's function
 Lotka–Volterra equation
 Smith–Volterra–Cantor set
 Volterra integral equation
 Volterra series
 Product integral
 Volterra operator
 Volterra space
 Volterra Semiconductor
 Poincaré lemma

Notes

Biographical references
.
. "<mask> Volterra fifty years after his death" is detailed biographical survey paper on <mask> Volterra, dealing mainly with scientific, philosophical and moral aspects of his personality.
. The commemorative address pronounced by Agostino Gemelli on the occasion of the first seance of the fourth academic year of Pontificial Academy of Sciences: it includes his commemoration of various deceased members.
. See also the review in American Scientist.
.
.
. The commemorative address by Carlo Somigliana, colleague and friend of Vito Volterra. General references
. In this paper Luigi Accardi describes the early research work of <mask> <mask> on functionals, leading to the creation of functional analysis. .
. "The work of <mask> Volterra on hereditary phenomena and some of their consequences" is an ample technical survey paper on the research work of <mask> <mask> on hereditary phenomena in mathematical physics..
. External links

 Gustavo Colonnetti e le origini dell'ingegneria in Italia, Fausto Giovannardi

1860 births
1940 deaths
People from Ancona
20th-century Italian Jews
Jewish physicists
19th-century Italian physicists
Mathematical analysts
Mathematical physicists
Functional analysts
Mathematical and theoretical biology
University of Pisa alumni
Sapienza University of Rome faculty
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
University of Turin faculty
20th-century Italian politicians
University of Pisa faculty
19th-century Italian Jews
20th-century Italian physicists

masks:
Vito Volterra
Abramo Volterra
Volterra
Volterra
Volterra
Volterra
Volterra
Volterra
Vito
Vito
Enrico Volterra
Vito
Vito
Vito
Volterra
Vito
Vito
Volterra


title: Richard Müller (socialist)

texts:
<mask> (9 December 1880 – 11 May 1943) was a German socialist and historian. Trained as a lathe-operator, <mask> later became an industrial unionist and organizer of mass-strikes against World War I. In 1918 he was a leading figure of the council movement in the German Revolution. In the 1920s he wrote a three-volume history of the German Revolution. Early life
Born in a small village called Weira in the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, in what today is the German state of Thuringia, <mask> left home and started working in the metal-industry after his father died in 1896. He became a lathe operator and around 1906 a member of the Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband (DMV), the German metalworkers union. Around the same time he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - SPD) which by then was the biggest socialist party in Europe.World War I and the Anti-War Movement
In 1914 <mask> was chairman of the agitational commission of the Berlin branch of the Metalworkers Union. <mask> represented around 9,000 lathe-operators in the city of Berlin. When the First World War started, the social-democrats and the union leaders decided to collaborate with the imperial government and to support the war-movement. The lathe-operators, however maintained a left wing viewpoint and criticized this nationalist turn of the socialist and trade union movement and started wildcat strikes. From 1916 to 1918, these strikes became a mass-movement which substantially challenged the political support for the world-war. <mask>, as the head of an organization called the "Revolutionary Stewards", was the leading figure behind these mass-strikes. <mask> was arrested and drafted into the military three times, but he always managed to find a way out and return his political work.After the January-Strike in 1918 a big wave of repression hit the anti-war-movement. <mask> and his circle decided to plan an armed uprising within the next months. Preparations began quite slowly, but gained speed in the fall of 1918, when the military catastrophe for Germany became more and more obvious to the public. <mask> and the shop-stewards started secret conferences that involved Karl Liebknecht and his spartacist league but also some representatives of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) who had split from SPD because they opposed the war. Liebknecht in these meetings pushed for action, but <mask> and his comrades had a more pragmatic way of organizing things. In order to secure the success of the revolution, they wanted to avoid premature actions at all costs. German Revolution
Although the Berlin Coalition of Müller's revolutionary stewards, the spartacists and the USPD was the best-prepared group, the Revolution itself started spontaneously as a mutiny within the German war-fleet.When news about these events came to Berlin, the revolutionaries sped up their preparations and called for action on 9 November. The shop-stewards, who were the only leftist group with a widespread network in the factories, called for a general strike and armed demonstrations formed to enter the city center. The revolutionaries took Berlin by surprise, almost no resistance was put against their actions. One day after the revolution, <mask> became chairman of the "Executive Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils" (Vollzugsrat). By then this was the highest organ of the newly declared "Socialist republic of Germany", so that in theory <mask> was head of state. But in fact power concentrated within the "Council of People's Representatives" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten), a revolutionary government dominated by Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Social Democrats. <mask> and the more radical forces in the executive council lost power very quickly.They had to hand over executive powers to the Council of People's Representatives only two weeks after the revolution, and in the summer of 1919 Vollzugsrat was shut down by force after several strikes calling for socialization of core-industries were turned down as well. These strikes in the spring of 1919 were the biggest mass-mobilisation of the German council movement in which <mask> was a leading figure. Together with his friend Ernst Däumig he wrote a very influential conception how council-communism could work in practise. By then, the periodical "The Workers-Council" (Der Arbeiter-Rat), was the theoretical organ of the council movement and <mask> was one of its main authors. During the strike Movement in March 1919 <mask> was strike-leader for the larger Berlin area and tried to build a united front of all working class parties, but failed. Communist Party
When the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was founded by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on New Year's Eve of 1918, they tried to integrate <mask> and the revolutionary stewards because of their credibility among workers and their widespread network within the factories. Although <mask> was part of the socialist left and sympathizing with Liebknecht, he and his group decided not to join the party.The reason was its intention to boycott the upcoming elections for the national assembly and to leave the major unions in order to form their own communist union movement. After the KPD turned away from this ultra-left and more or less sectarian political course, <mask> and many of his former comrades joined the party in October 1920. By then, the USPD had split and the left majority altogether had found its way to Communism. By then the council movement was already dead and political parties once again were the main organisation of the socialist movement. Within the KPD, <mask> became Leader of the "Reichsgewerkschaftszentrale", the KPD's central on union affairs. <mask> was responsible for the communist agitation and politics within the German unions. He lost this job in March 1921 when he criticised a failed communist uprising in Thuringia.In his views the action was premature and caused by police provocation. But the KPD central committee did not like independent critics within the party and tried to get rid of <mask>. Due to an Intervention of Lenin and Trotsky on the Third World-Congress of the Communist International they had to accept the re-integration of <mask> and other critics into the KPD. But when fights within the party started over again later, <mask> and his faction lost support from Moscow and left the party. Historian
After he was forced out of the communist movement, <mask> wrote an extensive history of the German Revolution. The first volume "Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik" (From Empire to republic) was published in 1924. A year later two other volumes followed: "Die Novemberrevolution" (The November-Revolution) and "Bürgerkrieg in Deutschland" (Civil War in Germany).<mask>'s writings were the only contemporary Marxist history of the German Revolution. In addition, they presented a unique collection of sources that <mask> had collected during his political career. But in the academia, <mask>'s conclusions were mostly ignored because of his Marxist point of view. This is a paradox because <mask>'s works were widely used as a source in almost every standard account of the historical events, since <mask> gave the most detailed inside-view on the revolutionary movement. Prominent examples are the works of Arthur Rosenberg and Sebastian Haffner, two German historians who not only used <mask> as a source but also discussed his conclusions. <mask>'s writings were re-discovered in the 1960s by the German student movement and had a strong influence on its view on the German Revolution. Retreat to private life
By the end of the 1920s <mask> was an active member of the "Deutscher Industrieverband" (DIV), a small communist but anti-Stalinist union without party affiliation.Little is known about his activity there and <mask> left the Organisation around 1929. Afterwards he became an entrepreneur in real estate. Originally, he wanted to become a publisher and founded a company called "Phoebus" in order to promote his third book. But after some time, the firm changed its field of operation and went into construction works. Phoebus built state-subsidized homes for working-class families and <mask> acted very successfully as director of the enterprise. By 1930 he had become a millionaire; some time later he left the business and retired. Little is known about his late years; he did not seem to be active in any kind of anti-fascist action, at least nothing like this is documented.<mask> died on 11 May 1943 in Berlin. Writings
Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik; Wien: Malik, 1924–1925
Volume 1: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der revolutionären Arbeiterbewegung während des Weltkrieges. Volume 2: Die Novemberrevolution. Wien (Malik-Verlag) 1924,  Cover by John Heartfield. Der Bürgerkrieg in Deutschland. Geburtswehen der Republik. Berlin, Phöbus-Verlag, 1925
reprints: Olle & Wolter, Berlin 1979 (Kritische Bibliothek der Arbeiterbewegung, Texte Nr.3, 4 und 5) and: <mask>, Eine Geschichte der Novemberrevolution, Berlin 2011 (all three works in one volume.) Literature
 Ralf Hoffrogge: Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution, <mask>, the Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement, Brill Publishers, Leiden 2014, . Ralf Hoffrogge: "From Unionism to Workers’ Councils: The Revolutionary Shop Stewards in Germany 1914–1918", in: Immanuel Ness, Dario Azzellini (Ed): Ours to Master and to Own: Worker´s Control from the Commune to the Present, Haymarket Books Chicago 2011. Ralf Hoffrogge: <mask>: Der Mann hinter der Novemberrevolution, Karl-Dietz-Verlag Berlin 2008,
 Chaja Boebel/Lothar Wentzel (Hg. ): Streiken gegen den Krieg. Die Bedeutung der Massenstreiks in der Metallindustrie vom Januar 1918, VSA-Verlag, Hamburg 2008,  . Ingo Materna: Der Vollzugsrat der Berliner Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte 1918/19, Dietz-Verlag Berlin 1978.Dietmar Lange: Massenstreik und Schießbefehl: Generalstreik und Märzkämpfe in Berlin 1919, Edition Assemblage, Berlin 2012. External links
 Review of a biography on <mask> (English language)

References

1880 births
1943 deaths
People from Saale-Orla-Kreis
People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers
German revolutionaries
People of the German Revolution of 1918–1919
German Marxist historians

masks:
Richard Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
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Müller
Müller
Richard Müller
Müller
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Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Richard Müller
Müller
Richard Müller
Richard Müller
Richard Müller
Richard Müller


title: John Sulston

texts:
Sir <mask>  (27 March 1942 – 6 March 2018) was a British biologist and academic who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the cell lineage and genome of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 2002 with his colleagues Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz. He was a leader in human genome research and Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester. <mask> was in favour of science in the public interest, such as free public access of scientific information and against the patenting of genes and the privatisation of genetic technologies. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fulmer, Buckinghamshire, England to <mask> and Josephine Muriel Frearson, née Blocksidge. His father was an Anglican priest and administrator of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. His mother quit her job as an English teacher at Watford Grammar School, to care for him and his sister Madeleine. and home-tutored them until he was five.At age five he entered the local preparatory school, York House School, where he soon developed an aversion to games. He developed an early interest in science, having fun with dissecting animals and sectioning plants to observe their structure and function. <mask> won a scholarship to Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood and then to Pembroke College, Cambridge graduating in 1963 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences (Chemistry). He joined the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, after being interviewed by Alexander Todd and was awarded his PhD in 1966 for research in nucleotide chemistry. Career
Between 1966 and 1969 he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. His academic advisor Colin Reese had arranged for him to work with Leslie Orgel, who would turn his scientific career onto a different pathway. Orgel introduced him to Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner, who worked in Cambridge.He became inclined to biological research. Although Orgel wanted <mask> to remain with him, Sydney Brenner persuaded <mask> to return to Cambridge to work on the neurobiology of Caenorhabditis elegans at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). <mask> soon produced the complete map of the worm's neurons. He continued work on its DNA and subsequently the whole genome sequencing. In 1998, the whole genome sequence was published in collaboration with the Genome Institute at Washington University in St. Louis,
 so that C. elegans became the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced. <mask> played a central role in both the C. elegans and human genome sequencing projects. He had argued successfully for the sequencing of C. elegans to show that large-scale genome sequencing projects were feasible.As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the Human Genome Project began. At this point he was made director of the newly established Sanger Centre (named after Fred Sanger), located in Cambridgeshire, England. In 2000, after the 'working draft' of the human genome sequence was completed, <mask> retired from directing the Sanger Centre. With Georgina Ferry, he narrated his research career leading to the human genome sequence in The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics, and the Human Genome (2002). Awards and honours
<mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1986. His certificate of election reads:  He was elected an EMBO Member in 1989 and awarded the George W. Beadle Award in 2000. In 2001 <mask> gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on The Secrets of Life.In 2002, he won the Dan David Prize and the Robert Burns Humanitarian Award. Later, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz, both of whom he had collaborated with at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'. One of <mask>'s most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to elucidate the precise order in which cells in C. elegans divide. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematode's entire embryonic cell lineage. In 2004, <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2006, he was awarded the George Dawson Prize in Genetics by Trinity College Dublin. In 2013, <mask> was awarded the Royal Society of New Zealand's Rutherford Memorial Lecture, which he gave on the subject of population pressure.He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to science and society. On 23 October 2017 he was awarded the Cambridge Chemistry Alumni Medal. <mask> was a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information. Personal life

<mask> met Daphne Bate, a research assistant in Cambridge. They got married in 1966 just before they left for US for postdoctoral research. Together they had two children. Their first child, Ingrid, was born in La Jolla in 1967, and their second, Adrian, later in England.The couple lived in Stapleford, Cambridgeshire where they were active members of the local community: <mask> regularly volunteered in the local library and in working parties at Magog Down; he was a Trustee of Cambridge Past, Present and Future. Although brought up in a Christian family, <mask> lost his faith during his student life at Cambridge, and remained an atheist. He was a distinguished supporter of Humanists UK. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto. <mask> was in favour of free public access of scientific information. He wanted genome information freely available, and he described as "totally immoral and disgusting" the idea of profiteering from such research. He also wanted to change patent law, and argued that restrictions on drugs such as the anti-viral drug Tamiflu by Roche are a hindrance to patients whose lives are dependent on them.In December 2010, <mask> backed Julian Assange by acting as a bail surety for him, according to Assange's attorney Mark Stephens. <mask> forfeited £15,000 of the £20,000 pledged in June 2012, as Assange had entered the embassy of Ecuador to escape the jurisdiction of the English courts. <mask> died on 6 March 2018 of stomach cancer, aged 75 years. References

External links

Freeview Video of Fredrick Sanger in conversation with <mask> by the Vega Science Trust
<mask> profile from the Medical Research Council lab for Molecular Biology
<mask> interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 16 September 2008 (video)

The public servant: <mask>
British Scientists share 2002 Nobel Prize
<mask>: One man and his worm from The Guardian

 <mask> profile on the Stapleford Cambridge website where he lives

1942 births
2018 deaths
British Nobel laureates
Fellows of the Royal Society
British humanists
English atheists
English former Christians
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Academics of the University of Manchester
Knights Bachelor
Wellcome Trust
English Nobel laureates
Human Genome Project scientists
Caenorhabditis elegans
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

masks:
John Edward Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Arthur Edward Aubrey Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
John Sulston
John
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
Sulston
John Sulston
John Sulston
John Sulston
John Sulston
John Sulston
John Sulston


title: David LaBerge

texts:
<mask> (born 1929) is a neuropsychologist specializing in the attention process and the role of apical dendrites in cognition and consciousness. Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri and received his undergraduate degree from the College of Wooster, his MA degree from Claremont University and his PhD degree Stanford University. Career
Dr<mask> has taught at Indiana University, Bloomington, University of Minnesota, and University of California at Irvine from 1955 until 1997. He was also a member of the adjunct faculty in psychology and biology at Bard College at Simon's Rock from 1997 to 2007 and was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Washington, Seattle from 2009 - 2011. Honors
Distinguished Teaching Award, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota; University of Minnesota Students Association Distinguished Service Award. Fellow, Society of Experimental Psychologists. Fellow AAAS.Fellow American Psychological Association. Fellow, American Psychological Society. Member Society for Neuroscience. Research
1. Mathematical models of choice behavior. A model for neutral elements (1959a, b) provided a way to represent noise elements in the Estes and Burke (1953) choice theory. A recruitment model for choice behavior (1962, 1994) assumes that processing a stimulus involves the recruiting (or accumulation) of elements by alternative response counters until a criterion number is reached and the corresponding response is evoked.2. Early experiments of attention in response time experiments. Stimulus processing is biased by relative frequency of presentation (1964), by incentive value (1967), and by inserting an informative cue into a trial (1970). 3. Studies of automaticity. Measurement of automatic processing (1973a). A theory of automaticity in reading (1974) with S.J.Samuels. A theory of automaticity in perception (1975). 4. Measuring the spread of attention in visual space (1983, 1989). 5. Shifting attention by sense modality (1973b) and across visual space (1997). 6.Studies of thalamic involvement in selective attention. A brain scan study of the human pulvinar during sustained selective attention (1990) with Monte Buchsbaum. A neural network simulation study of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention (1992). 7. Development of a test for preparatory attention to location (2000) with Eric Sieroff, and tests of patients (2004, 2005). 8. Development of a cortex-wide circuit theory of attention:
The Triangular Circuit of Attention, (1995, 1997).9. Development of an apical dendrite theory of cognition, attention, and consciousness. A series of papers explored the hypothesis that the apical dendrite is not "just another dendrite" but has its own special functions (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007). The hypothesis that the apical dendrite resonates was illustrated informally by LaBerge and his daughter, Anne La Berge in three performances of a work entitled Resonant Dendrites, (2006, 2007, 2009), which featured film, narrative voice samples and music. A formal description of a theory of electric resonance in apical dendrites appeared in an article by Kasevich & LaBerge (2010), which shows how an apical dendrite can fine tune its own membrane oscillations to a specific peak frequency, and narrow the width of the resonance curve around this peak to less than 1 Hz. This refinement enables its associated cortical circuit to generate a specific resonant ("carrier") frequency by which the circuit can separate its signaling from that of other circuits. A more recent article by LaBerge & Kasevich (2013) describes signaling by neurons as the neural correlate of objective information processing and resonating in clusters of apical dendrites as the neural correlate of subjective impressions (e.g., impressions of sounds, colors, and feelings).These two "articles provide theoretical support for the hypothesis that apical dendrite resonance supplements neural signaling as a major mode of neural function. Furthermore, the resonance-based subjective impressions may be regarded as the contents of consciousness. Life
His major extracurricular activity was to serve for 21 years as music director and Conductor of the Minnesota Bach Society Orchestra and Chorus from 1959 to 1980. He was the director of the 50-voice South Sound Classical Choir in the Tacoma, WA area until May 2019. He resides in Tacoma, Washington with his wife Janice Lawry. References
Estes, W.K. & Burke, C. J.A theory of stimulus variability in learning. Psychological Review, 1953, 60, 276–286. LaBerge, D. (1959a). Effect of preliminary trials on rate of conditioning in a simple prediction situation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 20–24. LaBerge, D. (1959b). A model with neutral elements.In R.R. Bush & W.K. Estes (Eds. ), Studies in Mathematical Learning Theory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp 53–93. <mask>, D. (1962). A recruitment theory of simple behavior.Psychometrika, 27, 375–396. LaBerge, D. and Tweedy, J.R. (1964). Presentation probability and choice time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 477–481. LaBerge, D. Tweedy, J.R., & Ricker, J. (1967). Selective attention: Incentive variables and choice time.Psychonomic Science, 8, 341–342. LaBerge, D., Van Gelder, P., & Yellott, J. (1970) A cueing technique in choice reaction time. Perception and Psychophysics, 7, 57–62. LaBerge, D. (1973a) Attention and the measurement of perceptual learning. Memory and Cognition, 1, 268–276. LaBerge, D. and Samuels, S.J.(1974) Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293–323. LaBerge, D. (1975). Acquisition of automatic processing of perceptual learning. In P. M. A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds. ), Attention & Performance V, New York: Academic Press, pp 50–64. LaBerge, D. (1973b) Identification of the time to switch attention: A test of a serial and a parallel model of attention.In S. Kornblum (Ed. ), Attention & Performance IV, New York: Academic Press, pp 71–85. LaBerge, D. (1983). The spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 9, 37 -379. LaBerge, D. & Brown, V. (1989) Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review, 96,101-124.LaBerge, D & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1990). Positron emission tomographic measurements of pulvinar activity during an attention task. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 613–619. LaBerge, D., Carter, M., and Brown, V. (1992). A network simulation of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention. Neural Computation, 4, 318–331.LaBerge, D. (1994) Quantitative models of attention and response processes in shape identification tasks. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38, 198–243. LaBerge, D. (1995). Attentional Processing: The Brain's Art of Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. LaBerge, D. (1997). Attention, awareness, and the triangular circuit.Consciousness and Cognition, 6,140-181. LaBerge, D., Carlson, R.L., Williams, J.K., & Bunney, B. (1997). Shifting Attention in space: Tests of moving spotlight models vs an activity-distribution model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 23, 1380–1392. LaBerge, D., Auclair, L., and Sieroff, E. (2000).Preparatory attention: experiment and theory. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 396–434. Sieroff, E., Piquard, A., Auclair, L., Lacomblez, L., Derouesne, C., and LaBerge, D. (2004). Deficit of preparatory attention in frontal- temporal dementia. Brain & Cognition, 55, 444–451. Auclair, L., Jambaque, I., Dulac, O., and LaBerge, D. (2005). Deficit of preparatory attention in children with frontal lobe epilepsy.Neuropsychologia, 43, 1701–1712. LaBerge, D. (2001). Attention, consciousness, and electrical wave activity within the cortical column. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43, 5-24. LaBerge, D. (2002). Attentional control: brief and prolonged. Psychological Research, 66, 220–233.LaBerge, D. (2005). Sustained attention and apical dendrite activity in recurrent circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 50, 86–99. LaBerge, D. (2006). Apical dendrite activity in cognition and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 235–257. LaBerge, A., (2006).Resonant Dendrites: A science and art lecture/performance for soloist, video, and Max/MSP. Close Encounters, the 4th European conference of the Society for Science, Literature, and the Arts. Amsterdam. LaBerge, A., and LaBerge, D. (2007). Resonant Dendrites. Lecture/performance at the Spark Festival of Electronic Music and Arts. University of Minnesota School of Music.LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S. (2007). The apical dendrite theory of consciousness, Neural Networks, 20,1004-1020. LaBerge, A. (2009). Resonant Dendrites: Music for flute and computer. Claire Trevor School of the Arts, University of California, Irvine.Kasevich, R.S., and LaBerge, D. (2010). Theory of electric resonance in the neocortical apical dendrite. PLoS ONE, 6(8): e23412. LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R. (2013). The cognitive significance of the resonating neurons in the cerebral cortex. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1523–1550. LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S.(2017). Neuroelectric Tuning of Cortical Oscillations by Apical Dendrites in Loop Circuits. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00037. Further reading
 LaBerge, <mask>. "Attentional Processing: The Brain’s Art of Mindfulness", Harvard University Press, 1995
 LaBerge, <mask>. "The Neural Foundation of Experience: The Role of Vibrating Neurons", Dorrance Publishing Co, 2020

External links
 <mask>erge
 Apical Dendrite Function

Neuropsychologists
Living people
1929 births
People from St. Louis

masks:
David LaBerge
David LaBge
. LaBerge
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title: Jehangir Karamat

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General <mask> (Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu: جہانگیر کرامت; born 20 February 1941) , best known as JK, is a retired four-star rank army general of Pakistan Army, diplomat, public intellectual, and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University. Appointed first to be served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army in 1996, he was elevated as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1997 until 1998. After joining the Pakistan Army in 1958, he entered in the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, and passed out in 1961 to later serve in the combat in conflicts with India in 1965 and in 1971. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the attempted coup d'état against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and eventually appointed as an army chief and later Chairman joint chiefs. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the democracy and the civilian control when he staunchly backed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's authorisation of atomic-testing programme in 1998. On 6 October 1998, <mask> was forcibly relieved from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on national security and reforms of the intelligence community. He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities.After his resignation, he accepted the professorship at the Stanford University in California and appointed as to head Pakistan's diplomatic mission as an Ambassador but was later removed. <mask> has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced civil-military relations and the rise of foreign-supported homegrown terrorism in the country. Many of his recommendations on national security eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 2013. Biography

Early and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 February 1941 in Karachi, Sindh in British Indian Empire, into a Kakazai Pashtun family who initially hailed from Montgomery in Punjab (now Sahiwal, Punjab). His father, <mask> Ahmad, was an officer in the Indian Civil Service with the Indian government who would later embarked his career as a bureaucrat in the Government of Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947. After educating and graduating from the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi in 1958, <mask> joined the Pakistan Army when accepting at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His mother moved with him in Kakul to overlook his education, and graduated with a class of 24th PMA Long Course, standing as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul when he conferred with the Sword of Honor in 1961.In 1961, <mask> gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 13th Lancers of the Corps of Armoured. In 1969, Capt. <mask> was directed to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the curriculum. In 1971, Capt. <mask> graduated and qualified as the psc. After the third war with India in 1971, Major <mask> was among the one the last military officers who were sent to the United States to study at the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. Upon his graduation from the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College, Major <mask> was then directed to attend the National Defence University where he graduated and gained the MSc in the International Relations in 1976–77.In 1976, <mask> completed his MSc in International Relations from there; and following his return, <mask> completed his master's programme at the National Defence University. In 1978–80, Major <mask> attained the MSc in War studies where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in third war with India 1971. During the Indo-Pakistani wars

In 1963, Lt. <mask> was posted in his Armoured Corps to initially commanding a formation of main battle tanks. In 1965, Lt. <mask> commanded an infantry platoon during the second war with India in the Akhnur Sector in the Indian-administered Kashmir. Lt. <mask>'s platoon was the first unit that had penetrated  into the enemy territory, which encouraged backup military companies to move forward into the enemy territory. In this war performance, the 13th Lancers had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded. For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965, and was also awarded the title of The Spearhead Regiment.He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to captain in 1966; and elevated as major in 1971. In 1971, Major <mask> commanded the company of the Aromoured Corps on the Western Front of the third war with India, defending the territories of Punjab, Pakistan against the approaching Indian Army. During this time, Maj. <mask> was the commanding officer in the 15th Lancers attached to the Baloch Regiment, along with the 13th Lancers that was fighting in the Shakargarh area of Sialkot Sector, which is now known as Battle of Barapind. The regiment was awarded battle honour of Bara Pind 1971. Staff and war appointments

In 1979–80, Lt-Col. <mask> was posted as an instructor at the Armed Forces War College (afwc) of the National Defence University (NDU), instructing on courses War studies. In 1981–83, Col. <mask> was moved at the Air War College, and did not take participation in the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as one-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army. In 1983–88, Brig.<mask> was appointed officer commanding of the Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command, consisting of the joint armed branches in the Saudi Arabia. Initially stationed to cover the area of responsibility of Tabuk and Khamis Mushait in Saudi Arabia, Brig. Karamat Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent during the height of the Iran–Iraq War, protecting the territorial sovereignty of the Saudi Arabia. In 1988, Brig. <mask> returned from his combat duty, promoting to the two-star rank assignment at the Army GHQ. From 1988 to 1991, Major-General <mask> served as the DGl of the Directorate-General of the Military Operations (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in Kargil sector. In 1991, Maj-Gen. <mask> was appointed as Director-General of the Pakistan Army Rangers in Sindh but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the three-star rank in 1992.In 1992, Lieutenant-General <mask> was appointed as field command of the II Strike Corps, stationed in Multan, which he commanded until 1994. In 1994, Lt-Gen. <mask> was eventually elevated as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) at the Army GHQ under then-chief of army staff General Abdul Waheed Kakar. From 1993 to 1996, <mask> continued to serve as honorary Colonel Commandant, and then Colonel-in-Chief—both ceremonial posts—of the Armoured Corps from 1996 to 1998. In 1995, Lt-Gen. <mask> rose to public prominence when he had the Military Intelligence (MI) to infiltrate within the Pakistan Army to apprehend the rogue culprits for attempting a coup d'état. Acting under orders from the General <mask>, DG MI Major-General Ali Kuli Khan monitored the activities of Major-General Zaheerul Islam Abbasi who himself was posted at the Army GHQ. The MI tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup. Upon revelation, Lieutenant-General <mask> forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint JAG court hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a Vice-Admiral.His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General <mask> was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings. Chief of Army Staff

After approving the retirement papers of General Kakar, Lieutenant-General <mask> was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister Benazir who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995. Per Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's approval, President Farooq Leghari confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General <mask> to the four-star rank and was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff when General Kakar was due to retire on 12 January 1996. At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one. At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General <mask> <mask>, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, quartermaster general (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, inspector-general training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi, commander XXX Corps stationed in Gujranwala. As Chief of Army Staff, General <mask> tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and bureaucrats would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government. General <mask> reached to then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised on focused on good governance.At one point, General <mask> wrote:

Chairman of Joint Chiefs

In 1997, Chairman joint chiefs Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was due retirement. On immediate basis, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appeared in news channels to confirmed General <mask> as the new Chairman joint chiefs. The appointment was met no resistance in the military, and General <mask> appointed as Chairman joint chiefs; he supersedes no one. General <mask> drove Pakistan Armed Forces to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics. <mask> worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield. <mask> strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hampered the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations. As an aftermath of India's nuclear tests in 1998, General <mask> acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on military platform.At the telephonic meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, President Bill Clinton offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its devices; Prime Minister Sharif's response was inconclusive. President Bill Clinton described the meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to Strobe Talbott: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating." With requests made by Strobe Talbott CENTCOM commander, General Anthony Zinni and US Chairman Joint chiefs General Henry Shelton, met with General <mask> to withdraw the decision to conduct nuclear test. Zinni'e meeting with <mask> was described by Strobe Talbott as less contentious. General <mask> and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond. General <mask> made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government. At the NSC cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.Although, General <mask> debated towards presenting the national security and military point of view, the final decision was left on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's say. After the decision was made, General <mask> was notified of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as Chagai-I, and on 30 May 1998 as codename: Chagai-II. As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power. Removal from Chairman joint chiefs

As the nuclear tests were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the armed forces. After the failure to pass the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, there were concerns raised by Benazir Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the politics, national security, and foreign policy. On 6 October 1998, General <mask> who lectured at the Naval War College in Karachi on the civic-military relations and presented the idea on reestablishing the official National Security Council (NSC) where military could have representation in the country's politics.General <mask> openly spoke on the role of the internal intelligences, such as FIA and IB, carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians. Prime Minister Sharif and his cabinet members perceived this idea as Chairman joint chiefs's interference in national politics, therefore Sharif forced to resign <mask> when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's. In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General <mask> from the chairmanship of joint chiefs, eventually having him tender his resignation at the Prime Minister's Secretariat. The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy. Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister. At the military, Admiral Fasih Bokhari (Chief of Naval Staff at that time) criticized General <mask> for resigning but <mask> defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and popularly elected Prime Minister. As General <mask> received a full guard of honour retirement in a colorful ceremony as Chairman joint chiefs and chief of army staff, Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve <mask>.Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General Pervez Musharraf at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral Bokhari's turn as the Chairman joint chiefs. In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the Kargil war against India nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two Nuclear states. Eventually, in the same year, Musharraf staged a successful coup d'état and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif. Upon winning the general elections in 2013, Prime Minister Sharif did exactly what General <mask> had called for; first reestablishing the NSC with military gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in intelligence community. Academic career

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General <mask> was the full tenured professor of the Political science at the National Defense University and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College. Among his notable students included Pervez Musharraf, Ali Kuli Khan, Fasih Bokhari and Abdul Aziz Mirza who studied under his guidance. <mask> had significance influence on Bokhari and Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.In 2000, <mask> accepted the professorship of War studies at the CISAC Institute of the Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States. In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on civil military relations at the Brookings Institution based in Washington, D.C., United States. In 2001, <mask> joined the United Nations (UN) and was a part of the area study on Afghanistan. Thereafter, <mask> joined the influential Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) as the chairman of the board of governors. Ambassador to the United States

In 2004, <mask> was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States. His nomination came after the outgoing Pakistan Ambassador, Ashraf <mask> Qazi, termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, Pakistan Ambassador Qazi was appointed by then-Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq.On 10 December 2004, <mask> presented his credentials to President George W. Bush. On 23 March 2006, Pakistani news media reported that Ambassador <mask> was to be replaced by retired Major General Mahmud Ali Durrani. The reports further stated Ambassador <mask>, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half. These speculations were confirmed by the Foreign Office (FO) and noted that "<mask> will not be in the reception line at the Chaklala Airbase to welcome President George Bush. While his stint as Pakistan Ambassador, <mask> made the pro-democracy statements at the different Pakistani American gatherings, while passing critics to President Musharraf's style of running the civilian government. In private, <mask> confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General Musharraf had made up this story to create wedge between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and him to get him fired in 1998." Founding think tank
After his ambassadorship, General <mask> founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, Spearhead Research, which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan.General <mask> is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute. See also
Civilian control of the military

References

External links
Official profile at Pakistan Army website

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1941 births
Punjabi people
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
National Defence University, Pakistan faculty
Pakistani generals
Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan
Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Nawaz Sharif administration
Political philosophers
Pakistani political scientists
Stanford University faculty
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States
Pakistani democracy activists
Military personnel from Karachi
Living people
Government Gordon College alumni

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