title: Josh Flagg

texts:
<mask> (born August 20, 1985) is an American real estate agent, television personality, author and contributor to several real estate publications and news outlets. He is an original cast member on the show Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles on the Bravo television network. The show follows young real estate agents in Los Angeles as they sell high-end homes. Flagg has been recognized by The Wall Street Journal as one of the top-ranked agents in California and nationally by sales volume and as a top 25 real estate agent by The Hollywood Reporter. <mask> has authored two books, A Simple Girl: Stories My Grandmother Told Me, published in 2009, and Million Dollar Agent: Brokering the Dream, which was published in 2011. <mask> was featured on Forbes' 30 Under 30 in 2012 as a top record-breaking real estate agent. He has also been featured on NBC's Today Show, ABC's Good Morning America E!, CBS The Insider, Fox, and Bravo's Watch What Happens: Live as well as in the pages of The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Forbes Magazine, and Variety, among others.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 20, 1985 in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of Michael and Cindy (Platt<mask> of Los Angeles. He is the grandson of philanthropist, electronics industry executive and Jewish leader Herman Platt and great-grandson of Benjamin Platt, founder and owner of the nationwide Platt Music Corporation chain of stores. On his father's side, Flagg is the grandson of American (Romanian-born) fashion industry executive and designer <mask>, best known as one of the first designers to import polyester as a fashion textile to the United States. Edith was later known for her reoccurring role on Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles alongside her grandson. Flagg grew up in Los Angeles where he attended Brentwood School, a private school in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles. In 2003, Flagg left Brentwood and attended Beverly Hills High School where he graduated the following year.Career
Flagg began working as a real estate agent at the age of 18 when he started making residential sales in high end neighborhoods such as Beverly Hills and the Sunset Strip. Flagg began his career while still in high school under real estate broker Bruce Nelson with the John Bruce Nelson firm in Bel Air, followed by a brief stint at the Coldwell Banker Beverly Hills East office in 2007. Throughout his career as a real estate agent, Flagg has had many record sales, including the highest sale in the history of Brentwood Park and a $25 million residential sale in Beverly Hills. He has also been the listing agent for reputable estates including Merv Griffin's Bel Air estate and the Dorothy Chandler Estate in Hancock Park. He has also sold homes to various celebrities including Adam Levine, Steve Aoki, Shonda Rhymes and Tom Ford. In 2009, Flagg started working at Keller Williams Westside in Los Angeles, California, where he started "Josh Flagg Estates." According to Forbes, Flagg has sold over $1 billion worth of property during his career.He later began working with Rodeo Realty. Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
In 2006, <mask>, along with two other agents, Madison Hildebrand and Chad Rogers, were picked to star in a reality TV series following their careers in the real estate industry. They started filming for the show, Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles, and it aired on Bravo in August 2006. The show continued with the original cast until Season 4 when <mask> co-starred along with Flagg and Hildebrand. After Season 6 concluded in 2013, Hildebrand left the show, making Flagg the only remaining original cast member. <mask> and Altman were joined by James Harris and David Parnes for Season 7. The series aired its 10th Season in 2017, with <mask>, Harris, Hildebrand and Parnes returning and realtor Tracy Maltas joining its cast.Other activities
At 14 years old, Flagg began writing a book about his grandmother, <mask>. As her only grandchild, Flagg was close to his grandmother, who was a Holocaust survivor and, later, a fashion industry executive. The book, A Simple Girl: Stories My Grandmother Told Me, was published in 2009. Proceeds from the book's sales go towards the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. Flagg published his second book, Million Dollar Agent: Brokering the Dream, in 2011. The book is an autobiography that details his personal life from growing up in Los Angeles to becoming one of the city's top real estate agents. In 2012, Flagg started a mobile app called 'Star Maps,' which is a directory of hundreds of properties associated with celebrities in the Los Angeles area.The app uses GPS to direct users and tourists to places of well-known estates or celebrity properties with details about the home and its celebrity-ownership that are cross-referenced with research from the city's public records. Melissa Rivers presented Flagg with the Next Generation award from the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust in 2013. Personal life
Flagg lives in Beverly Hills, California, and in January 2013, he purchased a micro-estate above the Sunset Strip from Jeffrey Katzenberg's son writer/producer David Katzenberg. He sold the property in 2015 to Nicolas Pakzad, the son of designer Bijan Pakzad. In June 2015, Flagg bought the estate of Tony award-winning producer Michael Filerman. The estate is located a few doors away from Paul McCartney's home that he bought from Courtney Love, and is located on a street filled with past and present celebrity owners such as Don Johnson, Prince and Ozzy Osbourne. Flagg also owns his late grandmother's penthouse in the Century Towers complex in Century City.Flagg is openly gay, having come out in March 2011. In July 2016, Flagg proposed to his fiancé, Bobby Boyd, during a flash mob at the Four Seasons Hotel George V.  The couple got married on September 10, 2017 at the Beverly Hills Hotel, LA. <mask> and his husband own and live in a house in the flats of Beverly Hills. Flagg is a collector of fine art, rare automobiles, and one of the largest collectors of Billy Haines furniture in the country. He has traveled to more than sixty countries and has an affinity for architecture and home design. <mask> serves on the Board of Governors of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Jewish home. In 2016, he co-chaired the "Rock for Research" event for Cedars-Sinai.See also
Bravo (American TV network)
Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
Edith Flagg

References

External links

 Million Dollar Listing LA Official website (seasons 1-4)
 Million Dollar Listing LA Official website (seasons 5-7)

Living people
1985 births
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Beverly Hills High School alumni
American real estate brokers
Gay men
LGBT businesspeople from the United States
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from California
People from Beverly Hills, California

masks:
Joshua Daniel Flagg
Flagg
Flagg
Josh Flagg
) Flagg
Edith Flagg
Flagg
Josh Altman
Flagg
Flagg
Edith Flagg
Flagg
Charity Flagg


title: Eddy Arnold

type: original

texts:
<mask> (May 15, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a Nashville sound (country/popular music) innovator of the late 1950s, and scored 147 songs on the Billboard country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry (beginning 1943) and the Country Music Hall of Fame (beginning 1966), <mask> ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music." Early years
<mask> was born on May 15, 1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar. <mask>'s father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm.This led to him later gaining his nickname, the Tennessee Plowboy. <mask> attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and events. He quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. <mask> also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary. In 1934, at age 16, <mask> made his debut on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee. He began performing at local nightclubs and was hired permanently by WTJS in 1937. In 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was one of its most popular performers.He soon left WMPS for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed briefly by a spot at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky. He performed for WSM (AM) on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist. In 1944, <mask> signed a contract with RCA Victor, and with manager Colonel Tom Parker who would later manage Elvis Presley. <mask>'s first single was little noticed, but the next, "Each Minute Seems a Million Years", scored number five on the country charts in 1945. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance; <mask>'s next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10, including 19 number-one successes. In 1946, <mask> scored his first major success with "That's How Much I Love You". In 1948, he had five successful songs on the charts simultaneously.That year, he had nine songs in the top 10; five of these were number one and scored there for 40 of the year's 52 weeks. With Parker's management, <mask> continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radio's Purina-sponsored segment of the Opry and of Mutual's Checkerboard Jamboree, a midday program shared with Ernest Tubb that was broadcast from a Nashville theater. Recorded radio programs increased <mask>'s popularity, as did the CBS Radio series Hometown Reunion with the Duke of Paducah. <mask> quit the Opry during 1948, and his Hometown Reunion briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights. In 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies Feudin' Rhythm and Hoedown. <mask> began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting The <mask> Show.The summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show Ozark Jubilee from 1955 to 1960. <mask> featured in the syndicated Eddy Arnold Time from 1955 to 1957. From 1960 to 1961, he hosted NBC-TV's Today on the Farm. Second career: The Nashville sound
With the rise of rock and roll in the mid 1950s, <mask>'s record sales began to decline, though fellow RCA Victor country recording artist Jim Reeves found a greater audience with popular-sounding string-laced arrangements. <mask> annoyed many in the country music establishment by recording with Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra at the RCA Victor studios in New York. Winterhalter's pop-oriented arrangements of "The Cattle Call" and "The Richest Man (in the World)", however, helped to expand <mask>'s appeal beyond its country music base.This style, pioneered by Reeves and <mask>, became known as the "Nashville Sound". During 1953, <mask> and Tom Parker had a dispute, and <mask> fired him. From 1954 to 1963, <mask>'s performances were managed by Joe Csida; in 1964, Csida was replaced by Jerry Purcell. <mask> embarked on a second career that brought his music to a more diverse audience. In the summer of 1965, he had his first number-one country song in 10 years, "What's He Doing in My World" and struck gold again six months later with the song that became his most well-known, "Make the World Go Away", accompanied by pianist Floyd Cramer on piano and featuring the Anita Kerr Singers. As a result, <mask>'s rendition became an international success. "Make The World Go Away" became his only top ten pop hit.Bill Walker's orchestra arrangements provided the lush background for 16 continuous successes sung by <mask> in the late 1960s. <mask> performed with symphony orchestras in New York City, Las Vegas, and Hollywood. He performed in Carnegie Hall for two concerts, and in the Coconut Grove in Las Vegas. In 1966, <mask> was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the youngest performer to receive the honor. The following year, <mask> was voted the first-ever awarded Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year. Two years later, he released an autobiography named It's A Long Way From Chester County. Having been with RCA Victor since 1944, <mask> left the label in 1973 for MGM Records, where he recorded four albums, which included several top-40 successes.He returned to RCA in 1976 and recorded for the company for the remainder of his career. Later years and death
During the 1980s, <mask> declared himself semi-retired, but he continued recording. In 1984, the Academy of Country Music awarded <mask> its Pioneer Award. His next album, You Don't Miss A Thing, was not released until 1991. <mask> performed road tours for several more years. By 1992, he had sold nearly 85 million records, and had a total of 145 weeks of number-one songs, more than any other singer. In 1996, RCA issued an album of <mask>'s main successes since 1944 as part of its 'Essential' series.<mask>, then 78 years old, retired from active singing, though he still performed occasionally. On May 16, 1998, the day after his 80th birthday, he announced his final retirement during a concert at the Hotel Orleans in Las Vegas. That same year, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences inducted the recording of "Make The World Go Away" into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2005, <mask> received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy, and later that year, released a final album for RCA entitled After All These Years. <mask> died from natural causes on May 8, 2008, in a care facility in Nashville, one week before his 90th birthday. His wife of 66 years, Sally Gayhart <mask>, had preceded him in death by two months.They were survived by two children (Richard E<mask>, Jr., and JoAnn <mask>), two grandchildren (K. Michelle Pollard and R. Shannon Pollard, Jr.), and four great-grandchildren (Katie E. Pollard, Jack Pollard, Rowan Pollard, and Ben Johns). On May 31, 2008, RCA released "To Life" as a single from the album After All These Years. It debuted at number 49 on the Hot Country Songs charts, <mask>'s first entry in 25 years and the recording by the oldest person to chart in Billboard magazine. It set the record for the longest span between a first chart single and a last: 62 years and 11 months ("Each Minute Seems Like a Million Years" debuted on June 30, 1945), and extended <mask>'s career chart history to seven decades. Discography

References

External links

 The Times of London obituary
 <mask> at the Country Music Hall of Fame

1918 births
2008 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American radio personalities
American television personalities
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Ole Opry members
RCA Records Nashville artists
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People from Henderson, Tennessee
RCA Victor artists
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee

masks:
Richard Edward Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Eddy Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
. Arnold
Arnold Pollard
Arnold
Arnold
Eddy Arnold


title: Margarita Salas

texts:
<mask>y medal, that was given to her by the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences ( Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales). <mask>' discovery of the bacterial virus Φ29 DNA polymerase was recognized by the Spanish National Research Council as the highest-grossing patent in Spain. Her cumulative work, as described by The Local in 2019, "invented a faster, simpler and more reliable way to replicate trace amounts of DNA into quantities large enough for full genomic testing." She was the first scientific woman ever elected to the Royal Spanish Academy. Shortly before her death, she was awarded the 2019 European Inventor Award.<mask> was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I in Summer 2008 with the hereditary title of Marquesa de Canero. Throughout her career in academia, she advised more than 40 doctoral students and published over 200 scientific articles. She was an outspoken advocate of women and feminism in science. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> Falgueras was born on 30 November 1938 in Canero, a parish of Valdés, Asturias, Spain. She was the daughter of <mask> Martínez (1905-1962), a psychiatric doctor who influenced her, encouraging her interest in science, and <mask> Falgueras Gatell (1912/1913-2014), a teacher. She had two brothers who were also scientist: <mask> Falgueras (1937-2008) and María Luisa "Marisa" <mask> Falgueras. At the age of sixteen he went to Madrid to carry out the Chemistry and Medicine entrance tests.She entered the faculty of Chemistry and in the summer of 1958 met Severo Ochoa, who had influence on her career and oriented her towards biochemistry.She graduated from the Complutense University of Madrid with a B.A. in chemistry and obtained a PhD degree in 1963, with Alberto Sols (of the Spanish National Research Council) as doctoral supervisor. After finishing their thesis, in August of 1964, she travelled to the United States with her husband, Eladio Viñuela, whom she married in 1963,to work with Severo Ochoa. On their return to Spain, <mask> and her husband established a laboratory to research molecular biology at the Center for Biological Research in Madrid. Viñuela began a different field of research in 1970, studying the African plague virus, so that <mask> would be recognised on her own merits. <mask> was a professor of molecular genetics at the Complutense University Faculty of Chemistry from 1968 to 1992. She was also a professor of research at the Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology in Madrid from 1974, and its director from 1992 until January 1994.She was president of the  Spanish Society of Biochemistry (SEBBM) from 1988 until 1992. She then served as the director of the Foundation for Biomedical Research at the Gregorio Marañón Hospital (2001–2004), and of the Institute of Spain (1995–2003). She was responsible for promoting Spanish research in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. She was an honorary professor at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in the field of biotechnology. On November 7, 2019, she died of a cardiac arrest after a complication of a digestive ailment from which she was to be operated. Scientific career
<mask> was the first scientific woman elected in the Royal Spanish Academy. She was appointed on 20 December 2001, and took up her seat on 4 June 2003.On 11 July 2008, <mask> was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marquesa de Canero. She supervised more than 40 doctoral students and published over 200 scientific articles. Early work
After obtaining an undergraduate degree in chemistry, <mask> <mask> joined the laboratory of Alberto Sols, where she completed her doctoral thesis on the anomeric specificity of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. She then worked as a postdoctoral researcher in the United States for three years (1964–1967) at New York University with Severo Ochoa. Bacterial virus Φ29 DNA polymerase
During her time in Ochoa's laboratory, <mask> determined that messenger RNA is read from its N-terminus (5' end) to its C-terminus (3' end) and she described how protein synthesis is started. She also discovered and characterized the Φ29 phage DNA polymerase, which has biotechnological applications due to its high DNA amplification properties. Her research allowed trace amounts of DNA to be replicated more quickly and reliably, making DNA analysis accessible in fields such as archaeology and forensics, where only trace amounts may be retrieved, and in oncology.The method is now called multiple displacement amplification. In 2012 she was professor ad honorem at the Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC's research center and the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), where she continued to work on the bacterial virus Φ29, which infects a non-pathogenic bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Scientific activity

Salas published more than three hundred and fifty publications in international magazines or books and about ten in national media.. She also has 8 patents, and presented papers at 398 conferences and seminars. The patent relating to her discovery of Φ29 generated more royalties for the Spanish National Research Council than any of its other patents, with 50% of its patent royalty income between 2003 and 2009 deriving from it. Recognitions during her scientific career
She took part on some of the most prestigious scientific societies and institutes nationally and internationally. She was awarded with the Rey Jaime I Research Award in 1994. She was the director of the Spanish Institute (1995-2003).She also directed the Severo Ochoa Foundation y and the annual course of the School of Molecular Biology “Eladio Viñuela” of the Menéndez Pelayo International University in Santander. She was a member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Science, of the Royal Spanish Academy, 13 of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, of the American Society for Microbiology and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, among others. In addition, she was named honorary doctorate by the next universities: Rey Juan Carlos, University of Oviedo, Extremadura, Murcia, Politécnica de Madrid, Jaén, Cádiz, Málaga, UNED university, University of Menéndez Pelayo International, Carlos III of Madrid and of Burgos. In 1992 a Secondary Education Institute in Majadahonda (Community of Madrid) was named Margarita Salas. Currently there is another Institute of Secondary Education called the same in Seseña (Toledo). She was the adopted daughter of the Council of Valdés (Asturias) since 1997, and of Gijon since 2004. In May 2007, she started being a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, thus becoming the first Spanish woman to join the institution.She started being a member of the Royal Spanish Academy in 2003, and its censor in 2008. Several streets were named as her: in 2006 a street in Gijon, in 2009 one in Arroyo de la Encomienda, and in 2011 another street in the Almería Science-Technology Park. In 2014 she was selected by Quo magazine, in collaboration with CSIC and the Higher Council for Sports, for the first "Spanish Selection of Science", made up of thirteen internationally renowned Spanish scientists. In March of 2015, Casas de Asturias in Alcalá de Henares and Alcobendas and the Asturian centers of Madrid and Tres Cantos distinguished her with the title of «Asturiana Universal» for her «brilliant and successful international career as a scientist and researcher in the field of molecular biology». In 2018, from the IES Margarita Salas, which bears her name in Seville, a tribute was paid to her by the students carrying out tests related to the life and findings of Margarita <mask>. In April of 2018, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Autónoma of Barcelona, and she dedicated her speech to bacteriophage Φ29. In 2018 she was included in the Periodic Table of the Scientists to commemorate in 2019 the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the publication of Mendeleev.In December of 2018, the name change of the Eliseo Godoy school (Franco's teacher and military) from Zaragoza to Margarita Salas was approved. On December 10th of 2019, the CSIC Biological Research Center was renamed the Margarita Salas Biological Research Center. In 2020, she was named after a new species of gastropod discovered in Canary waters (Rissoella salaae). Her role as a woman in science

When Margarita returned to Spain in 1967, she was not known for her contributions to science, but for being Eladio Viñuelas' wife. Moreover, her scientific work was not recognized as she was a woman, since at that time women scientists were not recognized for their work. In most cases, the findings were attributed to men. She pioneered many tasks that until then had only been carried out by men.Margarita did not consider this a merit, but rather an easy thing: as no woman had done before, it was easy to be the first. When she won the Severo Ochoa Prize for Research, Alberto Sols, who had directed her thesis, admitted that when she came to her laboratory to do the doctorate, he decided to give her a minor research topic so it wouldn’t matter if she didn’t pull it off. Margarita did not give importance to the problem, saying that this was not a problem of Alberto, but of the time in which they lived. Margarita helped make science accessible to women. Always wanted to stay in touch with youth and inspire other women to take an interest in science. <mask> <mask> was also known for her work as a mentor of many scientists such as María Blasco, Marisol Soengas, and Jesús Ávila. Personal life
In 1963, she married Eladio Viñuela [es].<mask> and Viñuela had one daughter. She was reported as saying that she delayed motherhood until she was 37, when she felt that she could combine both professional and family life. She died on 7 November 2019 in Madrid at age 80. Awards and honors
<mask> won the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science in its first year, 2000. She was a member of Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Microbiology, United States National Academy of Sciences, and the Severo Ochoa Foundation. She was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Oviedo, University of Extremadura, University of Murcia and the University of Cádiz. 1991: Carlos J. Finlay Prize, UNESCO
 1997: Medal of Principality of Asturias.1999: National Research Award Santiago Ramon y Cajal. 2000: L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science
 2001: Selected among the 100 women of the twentieth century that paved the way for equality in the XXI Century by the Council of Women of the Community of Madrid. 2002: Isabel Ferrer Award of the Generalitat Valenciana. 2002: Gold Medal of the Community of Madrid. 2003: Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise. 2004: International Prize for Science and Research Cristóbal Gabarrón Foundation. 2005: Gold Medal for Merit in Work.2005: Medal of Honor of the Complutense University of Madrid. 2006: Award of Excellence granted by FEDEPE (Spanish Federation of Women Directors, Executives, Professionals and Entrepreneurs). 2007: First Spanish woman to become a member of the National Academy of Sciences (United States). 2009: Gold Medal of the College of Veterinarians of the Principality of Asturias. 2009: Title of Honorary Ambassador of the Spain Brand, category of Science and Innovation, which fails Leading Brands of Spanish Forum with the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 2009: Women Leader Award 2009, awarded by the Rafael del Pino, Aliter and Merck Foundation. 2009: Award "An entire professional life" of the Mapfre Foundation.2014: Chemistry Excellence Award, awarded by the General Council of Associations of Chemists of Spain. 2016: Medalla Echegaray, the highest award from the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
 2018: ManchaArte Award 2018
 2019: European Inventor Award Lifetime Achievement Award and Audience Award by European Patent Office

See also

 List of female scientists in the 21st century
List of Spanish inventors and discoverers

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> biography. Mujer y Ciencia
 Margarita <mask> biography (PDF)

|-

1938 births
2019 deaths
People from Valdés, Asturias
Spanish biochemists
Women biochemists
Spanish women chemists
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Spanish nobility
Spanish women scientists
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Women molecular biologists
Marquesses of Spain

masks:
Margarita Salas Falguerasgara
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
José Salas
Margarita
José Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas
Salas
Margarita
Salas
Salas


title: John Creasey

texts:
<mask>  (17 September 1908 – 9 June 1973) was an English crime writer, also writing science fiction, romance and western novels, who wrote more than six hundred novels using twenty-eight different pseudonyms. He created several characters who are now famous, such as The Toff (The Honourable Richard Rollison), Commander George Gideon of Scotland Yard, Inspector Roger West, The Baron (<mask>), Doctor Emmanuel Cellini and Doctor Stanislaus Alexander Palfrey. The most popular of these was Gideon of Scotland Yard, who was the basis for the television series Gideon's Way and for the <mask> movie  Gideon's Day (1958). The Baron character was also made into a 1960s TV series starring Steve Forrest as The Baron. Life and career

<mask> was born in Southfields, Surrey, to a working-class family. He was the seventh of nine children of Ruth and <mask>, a poor coach maker. Creasey was educated at Fulham Elementary School and Sloane School, both in London.From 1923 to 1935 he worked various clerical, factory, and sales jobs while trying to establish himself as a writer. After a number of rejections, <mask>'s first book was published in 1930. His first crime novel, Seven Times Seven, was published in January 1932 by Melrose. It was a story about a gang of criminals. In 1935 he became a full-time writer. In 1937 alone, twenty-nine of his books were published. A phenomenally fast writer, he once suggested that he could be shut up in a glass-box and write there a whole book.In 1938, he created the character The Toff with the first novel Introducing the Toff. The Toff series would continue for 59 novels from 1938 to 1978. The Toff, The Honourable Richard Rollison, is an aristocrat and an amateur sleuth. ("Toff" is a British slang expression for an aristocrat.) During World War II, he created the character of Dr. Stanislaus Alexander Palfrey, a British secret service agent, who forms Z5, a secret underground group that owes its allegiance to the Allies. The first novel of the Dr. Palfrey 34-book series was Traitor's Doom, published in 1942 by John Long Ltd., while the last was The Whirlwind in 1979. Several adaptations were made of Creasey's novels.On film these included: Salute the Toff (1952, also known as Brighthaven Express in the USA), Hammer the Toff (1952), <mask>'s Gideon's Day (1958, also known as Gideon of Scotland Yard in the USA), released by Columbia Pictures, and Cat & Mouse (1958, also known as The Desperate Men in the USA), written as Michael Halliday. On television, a series based on the Commander George Gideon character, Gideon's Way, was produced from 1964 to 1965 by ITC Entertainment and starring <mask> in the title rôle. ITC followed this with a version of Creasey's The Baron character (1965–66), starring Steve Forrest. Between 1967 and 1971 the BBC produced a radio version of Creasey's Roger West stories with actor Patrick Allen in the title role as Scotland Yard Chief Inspector Roger "Handsome" West, with Allen's real-life wife Sarah Lawson playing the role of West's wife Janet. In 1962, <mask> won an Edgar Award for Best Novel, from the Mystery Writers of America (MWA), for Gideon's Fire, written under the pseudonym J. J. Marric. In 1969 he received the MWA's greatest honour, the Grand Master Award. He served one term as president of the organization in 1966, one of only three non-American writers to be so honoured.Creasey had as many publishers as he had pseudonyms, but enjoyed enduring relations with <mask> and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK. After he finally broke into the American market in the 1950s, many of his books were released by Harper and Scribners; Walker reissued many older titles in the revised editions. During the 1940s, <mask> was living at "Cattistock", Fernlea Avenue, Ferndown, Wimborne in Dorset. He died at his home New Hall, which is now New Hall Hospital, Bodenham near Salisbury, Wiltshire in 1973. In 2007, his family transferred all of <mask>'s copyrights and other legal rights to Owatonna Media. Owatonna Media on-sold these copyrights to Coolabi Plc in 2009, but retained a master licence in radio and audio rights. These rights are commercially licensed in the UK and abroad.<mask>
<mask>'s son <mask> is also an author as well as a distinguished television producer, having served both in the private sector and at the BBC, and as the British producer of Patrick Watson's worldwide Canadian television documentary series The Struggle for Democracy. He has developed his father's "Doctor Palfrey" series by penning a new series of techno-thrillers around the character of Doctor Thomas Palfrey. Crime Writers' Association (CWA)

In 1953, <mask> founded the Crime Writers' Association (CWA) in the UK. The CWA New Blood Dagger is awarded in his memory, for first books by previously unpublished writers; sponsored by BBC Audiobooks, it includes a prize of £1000. This award was known previously as the John <mask> Memorial Dagger. Pseudonyms
His pseudonyms include:

 Gordon Ashe
 Henry St. John Cooper
 Credo
 Norman Deane
 Robert Caine Frazer
 Patrick Gill
 Michael Halliday

 Charles Hogarth (with Ian Bowen)
 Brian Hope
 Colin Hughes
 Kyle Hunt
 Abel Mann
 Peter Manton
 J.J. Marric

 James Marsden
 Richard Martin
 Rodney Mattheson
 Anthony Morton
 Henry St. <mask>
 Martin Richard
 Jeremy York

In addition, he wrote Westerns under the names of Ken Ranger, Tex Riley, William K. Reilly, and Jimmy Wilde. He also wrote Romantic novels under the names of Margaret Cooke, M.E.Cooke, and Elise Fecamps. Political career

As well as being an author, Creasey was a committed Liberal party member though he later became an independent. He said that he had been organising Liberal street-corner meetings from the age of 12. At the time of the 1945 general election <mask> was Chairman of the local Liberal Association in Bournemouth where his publicity and writing skills were instrumental in helping the Liberals to an atypical second place. He was adopted as prospective parliamentary candidate for Bournemouth West in 1946 and appeared on the platform at the 1947 Liberal Assembly, which was held in Bournemouth. He fought Bournemouth West in the 1950 general election, coming third. He became increasingly unhappy with the party through the 1950s though and disagreed so much with the party's policy concerning the Suez Crisis he resigned his membership.However, after the Orpington by-election success of 1962 and impressed with Jo Grimond's leadership of the party he seemed to be reviving his Liberal activity. By January 1966 however, he had founded the All Party Alliance, a pressure group which sought to unite the best people from all parties. The platform of the All Party Alliance was based on running industry by councils made up of workers, managers, investors and government to avoid industrial action, with a mind to eventually eliminate income tax. Creasey fought by-elections as an independent in support of this idea in 1967 at Nuneaton, Brierley Hill and Manchester Gorton. He also fought Oldham West during the by-election of June 1968. He did well for an independent with the first-past-the-post system, having limited resources and often little time to campaign. In Oldham West he beat his old party's candidate into fourth place.He could not seem to shed his affection for the Liberal party however, congratulating Birmingham Ladywood by-election victor Wallace Lawler in July 1969 and attending the 1969 party assembly albeit to promote All Party Alliance aims. In 1972 he relaunched the All Party Alliance as Evolution to Democracy (Evo). Evo merged with Colin Campion's "The Organisation", a Yorkshire-based party which advocated coalition governments based on the proportion of votes cast for each party, to form the "Independent Democratic Alliance", which soon faded after <mask>'s death, and its poor performance in the February 1974 general election. <mask>y features in the Look At Life film I Protest! where he is seen collecting signatures for a petition to lobby the government to take action against the number of deaths due to road accidents. Honours

He was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services in the United Kingdom's National Savings Movement during World War II. Bibliography

The Commander George Gideon series (published under the pseudonym "J. J. Marric," 1955–1976)

 Gideon's Day (1955) a.p.a.Gideon of Scotland Yard
 Gideon's Week (1956) a.p.a. 7 Days to Death
 Gideon's Night (1957)
 Gideon's Month (1958)
 Gideon's Staff (1959)
 Gideon's Risk (1960)
 Gideon's Fire (1961)

 Gideon's March (1962)
 Gideon's Ride (1963)
 Gideon's Vote (1964)
 Gideon's Lot (1965)
 Gideon's Badge (1966)
 Gideon's Wrath (1967)
 Gideon's River (1968)

 Gideon's Power (1969)
 Gideon's Sport (1970)
 Gideon's Art (1971)
 Gideon's Men (1972)
 Gideon's Press (1973)
 Gideon's Fog (1975)
 Gideon's Drive (1976)

The series was continued after <mask>'s death by William Vivian Butler ("as J.J. Marric"):
 Gideon's Force (1978)
 Gideon's Law (1981)
 Gideon's Way (1983)
 Gideon's Raid (1986)
 Gideon's Fear (1990)

Dr. Palfrey (Z5) series, writing as <mask> (1942–1979)

 Traitor's Doom (November 1942)
 The Valley of Fear (May 1943) a.p.a. The Perilous Country
 The Legion of the Lost (November 1943)
 Dangerous Quest (1944)
 Death in the Rising Sun (1945)
 The Hounds of Vengeance (1945)
 Shadow of Doom (1946)
 The House of the Bears (1946)
 Dark Harvest (1947)
 The Wings of Peace (1948)
 The Sons of Satan (1948)
 The Dawn of Darkness (1949)

 The League of Light (1949)
 The Man Who Shook the World (1950)
 The Prophet of Fire (1951)
 The Children of Hate (1952) a.p.a. The Killers of Innocence
 The Touch of Death (1954)
 The Mists of Fear (1955)
 The Flood (1956)
 The Plague of Silence (1958)
 The Drought (1959) a.p.a. Dry Spell
 The Terror (1962)

 The Depths (1963)
 The Sleep (1964)
 The Inferno (1965)
 The Famine (1967)
 The

masks:
John Creasey
John Mannering
John Ford
John Creasey
Joseph Creasey
Creasey
John Ford
John Gregson
Creasey
John Long
Creasey
Creasey
Richard Creasey
John
Richard Creasey
John Creasey
Creasey
John
Creasey
Creasey
John Crease
Creasey
John Creasey


title: John Creasey

texts:
 Blight (1968)
 The Oasis (1969)
 The Smog (1970)
 The Unbegotten (1971)
 The Insulators (1972)
 The Voiceless Ones (1973)
 The Thunder-Maker (1976)
 The Whirlwind (1979)

Four additional Z5 stories have been written by the author's son Richard; in these, the central figure is Thomas Palfrey, the doctor's grandson: Eternity's Sunrise (2012); Hard Targets (2013, an omnibus of three shorter adventures – "Wings of Fear," "Burning Night," and "Deadly Sleep"). The Department Z series, as John Creasey (1933–1957)

 The Death Miser (1933)
 Redhead (1933)
 First Came a Murder (1934)
 Death 'Round the Corner (1935)
 The Mark of the Crescent (1935)
 Thunder in Europe (1936)
 The Terror Trap (1936)
 Carriers of Death (1937)
 Days of Danger (1937)
 Death Stands By (1938)

 Menace! (1938)
 Murder Must Wait (1939)
 Panic!(1939)
 Death by Night (1940)
 The Island of Peril (1940)
 Sabotage (1941)
 Go Away Death (1941)
 The Day of Disaster (1942)
 Prepare for Action (1942)

 No Darker Crime (1943)
 Dark Peril (1944)
 The Peril Ahead (1946)
 The League of Dark Men (1947)
 The Department of Death (1949)
 The Enemy Within (1950)
 Dead or Alive (1951)
 A Kind of Prisoner (1954)
 The Black Spiders (1957)

Chief Inspector Roger West series, as <mask>y (1942–1978)

 Inspector West Takes Charge (1942)
 Inspector West Leaves Town (1943) a.k.a. Go Away to Murder (1972)
 Inspector West at Home (1944) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Inspector West Regrets (1945)
 Holiday for Inspector West (1946)
 Battle for Inspector West (1948) Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Triumph for Inspector West (1948) a.k.a. The Case Against Paul Raeburn (1958)
 Inspector West Kicks Off (1949) a.k.a. Sport for inspector West (1971)
 Inspector West Alone (1950)
 Inspector West Cries Wolf (1950) a.k.a. The Creepers (1952) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 A Case for Inspector West (1951) a.k.a. The Figure in the Dusk (1952)
 Puzzle for Inspector West (1951) a.k.a. The Dissemblers (1967)
 Inspector West at Bay (1952) a.k.a.The Blind Spot (1954), a.k.a. The Case of the Acid Throwers (1960) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)

 A Gun for Inspector West (1953) a.k.a. Give a Man a Gun (1954)
 Send Inspector West (1953)  a.k.a. Send Superintendent West
 A Beauty for Inspector West (1954) a.k.a. The Beauty Queen Killer (1956), a.k.a. So Young, So Cold, So Fair (1958) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Inspector West Makes Haste (1955) a.k.a. Murder Makes Haste (1955), a.k.a.The Gelignite Gang (1956), a.k.a. Night of the Watchman (1966) (Adapted for BBC Radio starring Patrick Allen)
 Two for Inspector West (1955) a.k.a. Murder: One, Two, Three (1960),  Murder Tips the Scales (1962)
 Parcels for Inspector West (1956) a.k.a. Death of an Assassin (1960)
 A Prince for Inspector West (1956)
 Accident for Inspector West (1957) a.k.a. Hit and Run (1959)
 Find Inspector West (1957) a.k.a. The Trouble at Saxby's (1959), a.k.a. Doorway to Death (1961)
 Murder, London – New York (1958)

 Strike for Death (1958) a.k.a.The Killing Strike (1961)
 Death of a Racehorse (1959)
 The Case of the Innocent Victims (1959)
 Murder on the Line (1960)
 Death in Cold Print (1961)
 The Scene of the Crime (1961)
 Policeman's Dread (1962)
 Hang the Little Man (1963)
 Look Three Ways at Murder (1964)
 Murder, London – Australia (1965)
 Murder, London – South Africa (1966)
 The Executioners (1967)
 So Young to Burn (1968)
 Murder, London – Miami (1969)
 A Part for a Policeman (1970)
 Alibi (1971) a.k.a. Alibi for Inspector West (1973)
 A Splinter of Glass (1972)
 The Theft of Magna Carta (1973) a.k.a. Theft of Magna Carta (1973)
 The Extortioners (1974)
 A Sharp Rise in Crime (1978)

The Toff series, as <mask>y (1938–1978)

 Introducing the Toff (1938)
 The Toff Goes On (1939)
 The Toff Steps Out (1939)
 Here Comes the Toff (1940)
 The Toff Breaks In (1940)
 Salute the Toff (1941)
 The Toff Proceeds (1941)
 The Toff Goes to Market (1942)
 The Toff Is Back (1942)
 The Toff Among Millions (1943)
 Accuse the Toff (1943)
 The Toff and the Curate (1944) a.k.a. The Toff and the Deadly Parson
 The Toff and the Great Illusion (1944)
 Feathers for the Toff (1945)
 The Cinema Crimes (1945)
 The Toff and the Lady (1946)
 The Toff on Ice (1946) a.k.a. Poison for The Toff
 Hammer the Toff (1947)
 The Toff in Town (1947)
 The Toff Takes Shares (1948)
 The Toff and Old Harry (1949)
 The Toff on Board (1949)

 Fool the Toff (1950)
 Kill the Toff (1950)
 A Knife for the Toff (1951)
 The Toff Goes Gay (1951) a.k.a. A Mask for the Toff
 Hunt the Toff (1952)
 Call the Toff (1953)
 The Toff Down Under (1953) a.k.a. Break the Toff
 Murder Out of the Past (1953)
 The Toff at Butlin's (1954)
 The Toff at the Fair (1954) a.k.a.Last Laugh For The Toff
 A Six for the Toff (1955) a.k.a. A Score for the Toff
 The Toff and the Deep Blue Sea (1955)
 Make-Up for the Toff (1956) a.k.a. Kiss the Toff
 The Toff in New York (1956)
 Model for the Toff (1957)
 The Toff on Fire (1957)
 The Toff and the Stolen Tresses (1958)
 The Toff on the Farm (1958) a.k.a. Terror for the Toff

 Double for the Toff (1959)
 The Toff and the Runaway Bride (1959)
 A Rocket for the Toff (1960)
 The Toff and the Kidnapped Child (1960) a.k.a. The Kidnapped Child
 Follow the Toff (1961)
 The Toff and the Teds (1961) a.k.a. R.I.S.C. (1962), a.p.a.The Timid Tycoon (1966)
 Mark Kilby and the Secret Syndicate (1960)
 Mark Kilby and the Miami Mob (1960)
 Mark Kilby Stands Alone (1962)
 Mark Kilby Takes a Risk (1962)
 The Hollywood Hoax (1964)

The Superintendent Folly series (under the pseudonym "Jeremy York," 1942–1948)

In the asterisked titles, Folly was added for the revised editions of novels originally written as standalones. Foul Play Suspected (1942) *
 Murder in the Family (1944)*
 Crime With Many Voices (1945) *
 No Crime More Cruel (1945) *

 Find the Body (1945)
 Murder Came Late (1946)
 Mystery Motive (1947) *
 Run Away to Murder (1947)

 First a Murder (1947)
 Close the Door on Murder (1948)
 Let's Kill Uncle Lionel (1948)
 The Gallows are Waiting (1948) *

The Fane Brothers series
Written under the pseudonym "Michael Halliday" for UK publication (1952–1955), but published under the pseudonym "Jeremy York" in the US (all in 1972). Take a Body (1952)
 Murder in the Stars (1953)

 Man on the Run (1953)
 Lame Dog Murder (1955)

The Doctor Cellini series
Written under the pseudonym "Michael Halliday" for UK publication (1965–1975), but published under the pseudonym "Kyle Hunt" for US. Cunning as a Fox (1965)
 Wicked as the Devil (1966)
 Sly as a Serpent (1967)
 Cruel as a Cat (1968)

 Too Good to Be True (1969)
 A Period of Evil (1970 in UK, 1971 in US)
 As Lonely as the Damned (1971 in UK, 1972 in US)
 As Empty as Hate (1972)

 As Merry as Hell (1972 in UK, 1973 in US)
 This Man Did I Kill? (1974)
 The Man Who Was Not Himself (1975)

Standalone novels (as "Jeremy York," 1941–1960)

 By Persons Unknown (1941)
 Murder Unseen (1943)
 No Alibi (1944)
 Yesterday's Murder (1945)
 Wilful Murder (1946)
 Death to My Killer (1950)

 Sentence of Death (1950)
 Voyage of Death (1952)a.p.a. Voyage with Murder
 Safari with Murder (1953)a.p.a. Safari with Fear
 So Soon to Die (1955)

 Seeds of Murder (1956)
 Sight of Death (1956)
 My Brother's Killer (1958)
 Hide and Kill (1959)
 To Kill or to Die (1960)a.p.a.The Snatch)
 Day of Fear (1956)
 Wait for Death (1957)
 Come Home to Death (1958) (U.S. title The Pack of Lies, 1959)

 Elope to Death (1959)
 Don't Let Him Kill (1960) (U.S. title The Man Who Laughed at Murder, 1960)
 The Crime Haters (1961)
 Rogues' Ransom (1962)
 Death from Below (1963)
 The Big Call (1964)
 A Promise of Diamonds (1964)
 A Taste of Treasure (1966)
 A Clutch of Coppers (1967)
 A Shadow of Death (1968)
 A Scream Of Murder (1969)
 A Nest of Traitors (1970)
 A Rabble of Rebels (1971)
 A Life for a Death (1972)
 A Herald of Doom (1973)
 A Blast of Trumpets (1974)
 A Plague of Demons (1975)

Standalone novels (as "Gordon Ashe," 1940–1957)

 Who Was the Jester? (1940)
 The Man Who Stayed Alive (1955)
 No Need to Die (1956)
 You Bet Your Life (1957)

Standalone novels (as "Abel Mann," 1966)

 Danger Woman (1966)

Westerns (various pseudonyms)
One-Shot Marriott and Roaring Guns were written under the pseudonym "Ken Ranger"; the rest were written under the pseudonyms "Tex Riley" (asterisked below) or "William K. Riley" (indicated below by # sign after date of publication). For Love's Sake (1934) 1
 Lover of Hate (1936) 2
 False Love or True (1937) 1
 Troubled Journey (1937) 1
 Love's Triumph (1937) 2
 True Love (1937) 2
 Chains of Love (1937) 3
 Love's Pilgrimage (1937) 3

 A Mannequin's Romance (1938) 1
 Fate's Playthings (1938) 1
 Love Calls Twice (1938) 1
 The Road to Happiness (1938) 1
 Web of Destiny (1938) 1
 Whose Lover? (1938) 1
 The Greater Desire (1938) 3
 The Tangled Legacy (1938) 3

 The Turn of Fate (1939) 1
 Crossroads of Love (1939) 1
 Love Comes Back (1939) 1
 Love Triumphant (1939) 1
 Love's Ordeal (1939) 3
 Love's Journey (1940) 1
 The Lost Lover (1940) 3

Footnotes

External links
Biography and bibliography at Creasey copyright holder Owatonna Media (owatonnamedia.co.uk)
"John Creasey – Ten Authors in One" at The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition (h2g2.com)
The John Creasey Online Resource (johncreasey.co.uk) – fan site

  of works catalogued under his own name and several pseudonyms, and links to many others
 As of October 2018, the Library of Congress assigns LCCN to, or identifies, about 20 pseudonyms, and evidently catalogues some works under about 10 of them. 1908 births
1973 deaths
English crime fiction writers
Edgar Award winners
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Members of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century English novelists
British detective fiction writers
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
Authors of Sexton

masks:
John Crease
John Crease


title: Ali Askari

texts:
<mask> (1936–1978) was a Kurdish politician. He was a prominent leader in Iraqi Kurdistan and his political party was the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). Early life and childhood
He was born in 1936 in the village of Goptapa in Kurdistan. The family is originally from the village of Sargalo, but <mask>'s great-grandfather moved to Askar in order to settle down in this village. In early 1916 <mask>'s father, <mask>, went on to build a village close to Askar which today is called Goptapa. His father was the head of the Qala Saywka tribe, one of the most famous and largest tribes in Iraqi Kurdistan. <mask> was the youngest among seven brothers and three sisters.Since there was nowhere to get an education in Goptapa, he had to move to Askar in order to start his studies, at the age of seven. He studied in Askar until he was in the third grade, then moved to the village of Aghjalar to continue his studies in the fourth and fifth grade for his last year in middle school. At the same time, he moved to Kirkuk to his uncle Sheik Raza, who was leading the Naqshbandi branch. Family history
The family had started out as a Naqshbandi believers but created a new branch called the Haqqa movement, which was started by <mask>'s uncle, Sheikh Abdul Kerim in the village of Shadala in the early 1900s. The Haqqa movement was a sect of the poor and oppressed and the movement grew rapidly by spreading to over 300 villages in northern Iraq in just under a few years. The religious movement could be joined by anyone including the wealthy and several powerful tribal leaders had done so from the Kurdish region of Iraq. During the Iraq occupation, the British were opposed to the Haqqa movement due to its growing power, its nonconformity, and the refusal of its followers to pay taxes.This led to the capture the branch's leaders twice. The first time they captured Sheikh Abdul Kerim in 1934 in Kirkuk. Haqqa's contingent managed to release Sheikh Abdul Kerim from Kirkuk with the help of 20,000 of its followers by peacefully marching on the city and demanding his release. <mask>'s other uncle Raza who took over the Haqqa movement following the death of his older brother, Sheikh Abdul Kerim, was also captured in the 1940s by the Iraqi Government under the pressure of the British but again the Haqqa branch succeeded in releasing another of their leaders with help by some 30,000 to 35,000 followers. Political career
At the age of seventeen, <mask> became a member of the Kurdish Democratic Party, also known as the KDP. After finishing high school, <mask> applied for military college, as well as a civil-engineering college, but the KDP asked him to move to Mosul and become the KDP's representative, so he never went to college. <mask> was appointed and voted member of the KDP's central committee at the parties first official meeting.The Kurdish revolution started on 11 September 1961 and <mask> was asked to command the liberation of Zaxo, Duhok and the rest of the Bahdinan region. He was the youngest member of the KDP's leading staff. <mask> was much liked amongst Kurds for his perpetual optimism, great energy, courage and military ability

Military career
In the 1960s, <mask> led dozens of battles and had control of many different Peshmerga groups. During the 1961 revolution against the Iraqi Government, <mask> became head of the Khabat force, one of the five major military forces of the KDP in Kurdistan at the time. The other major KDP forces were led by Ibrahim Ahmad who was head of the Malouma force, Jalal Talabani headed the Rizgari forces, and Omar Mustafa and Kamal Mufti commanded the Kawa and Qaradagh forces. Following the 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iran and Iraq, all support of the Kurdish revolution halted and the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, decided to give up supply to the Kurds in Iraq based on the Algiers accord agreed with then Iraqi Vice-President, Saddam Hussein. This lead Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (The only Kurdish party in Iraqi Kurdistan at the time) to give up the armed struggle against Baghdad and to go into exile in Iran.In 1975, <mask> asked Mustafa Barzani to continue the fighting against the Iraqi regime and stand up for the rights of the Kurds, however Mustafa Barzani disagreed stating that no one should continue the revolution, leaving many of the Kurdish leadership divided over the future of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq. After the division of the Kurdish Leadership, many of the left-wing KDP cadres decided to split and restart the revolution separately and continue the Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan. <mask>, Omar Dababa, Rasul Mamand, and Khalid Sa'id decided to form the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM). <mask> then decided to lead his party to create a union of newly created parties, which would be called the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, also known as the PUK, that would start a new revolution against Saddam Hussein and his regime. on June 1, 1975 The PUK was formed as an Umbrella of two organizations. This was set up of the Marxist–Leninist group, Komala, led by Nawshirwan Mustafa and the Kurdistan Socialist Movement (KSM) led by <mask>. During the first congress of the PUK, he was appointed as Politburo of the party and commander of all of its Peshmerga forces.The PUK commanded over 3,000 to 3,500 Peshmerga in the period of 1975–1978, all under the command of <mask> which started the PUK insurgency against the Ba'athist regime following the defeat of the KDP revolution in 1975. This insurgency is referred to as the "New Revolution" in Iraqi Kurdistan led by the PUK. The Insurgency was stopped briefly when <mask> met with Saddam Hussein on 23 November 1977 in Baghdad in order to negotiate the application of the statute of autonomy for Kurdistan, legalisation of the parties in Kurdistan, and the situation of Kurdish villages being destroyed. All three points were rejected by Saddam Hussein, which led to the resumption of the PUK's operations upon <mask>'s return to Kurdistan. After the fall of the First Kurdish–Iraqi War and the 'Aylul' revolution led by Mustafa Barzani, there were many disagreements between the Kurdish leadership over continuing the fight against the Baath regime. <mask> asked Mustafa Barzani to continue the fight, however Mustafa Barzani believed in withdrawal and suspension of Kurdish rebellion, after KDP supply-lines were completely severed as part of 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran. After the Algiers Agreement, the KDP withdrew from Iraq and based itself in Iran and Turkey, while the Kurdish areas in Iraq fell under Iraqi Army followed by widespread arabization.Meanwhile, Jalal Talabani formed PUK from his exile in Syria, in protest against perceived "inability of the feudalist, tribalist, bourgeois, rightist and capitulationist Kurdish [KDP] leadership". From Syria, Jalal Talabani instructed followers to get rid of KDP. KDP leadership under Sami Abd al-Rahman and Idris Barzani, still recuperating from the massive sudden down-turn and in no mood to deal softly with internal enemies, were aware of these general instructions from Talabani and preemptively ambushed and killed dozens of PUK fighters on 3 occasions while PUK were also accused of killing numerous high-ranking Barzanis. Jalal Talabani was now even more insistent on eliminating KDP forces, while <mask> who had limited but direct contact with KDP, was urging him that Saddam Hussein was the only enemy and Kurdish infighting must be abandoned. Death
In June 1978, <mask>, Dr. Khalid Sa'id, and Sheikh Hussein Yezidi were sent on a mission to pick up arms from Kurdish villages located inside the Turkish border in order to support the new Kurdish revolution in Iraq. With them, written instructions from Talabani that they were to wipe out KDP bases in Turkey. <mask> was intent on ignoring instructions to attack KDP as he had already established respectable relations with KDP in Baradust area.However, a copy of Talabani's letter found its way to Sami Abd al-Rahman, via Kurdish tribes in Turkey. Armed with solid evidence of Talabani's intentions to attack KDP forces, but unaware of <mask>'s intent on ignoring these orders, KDP under Sami planned an ambush of their own. As claimed by the KDP and their supporters, the PUK claim it was over the fact the KDP was opposed to a revival of armed conflict after its suppression in 1975 in addition to the political split that had already existed in the PDK which lead to the formation of the PUK, and the KDP were supported by both Iraq and Turkey in their attack according to most sources. <mask> and his force of 800 Peshmerga were attacked en route to the Turkish border town of Hakkâri by Iraqi and Iranian Airstrikes and ground forces. By the time they arrived in Baradust with low ammunition, <mask> made routine contact with KDP and predicted no hostilities. But later upon entering Turkey, <mask> and his 800 Peshmerga were ambushed by KDP who were expecting them based on the information given by Kurdish tribes in Turkey, with whom KDP had stronger relations than PUK did. <mask>'s men split into different groups, some fought their way southwards, some returned to Iran, while others surrendered to Iraqi forces and <mask> himself along with remaining PUK forces surrendered to KDP after heavy losses.Dr. Khalid Said and his men who split up from <mask> before the ambush were also forced to surrender. <mask> and Dr. Khalid Said were executed on orders from Sami Abd al-Rahman. The killing of <mask> was already damaging for internal Kurdish affairs however the manner of his execution, by an RPG-7, made the matter even harder to over-come, which was ordered by Mustafa Barzani himself. The event is sometimes referred to among Kurds as "The Hakkari Massacre".The impact of the event has embittered internal Kurdish affairs, while it has helped foreign powers gain more success in dividing the Kurds politically. References

1936 births
1978 deaths
People from Kirkuk
Kurdish nationalists
Kurdish rulers
Assassinated Iraqi Kurdistani politicians
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan politicians

masks:
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Abdullah Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari
Askari
Ali Askari
Askari
Askari
Askari
Askari
Askari
Ali Askari
Ali Askari


title: Jia Xu

texts:
<mask> (147 – 11 August 223), courtesy name Wenhe, was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty as a minor official. In 189, when the warlord Dong Zhuo took control of the Han central government, he assigned <mask> to the unit led by Niu Fu, his son-in-law. In 192, after Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu, <mask> advised Li Jue, Guo Si and Dong Zhuo's loyalists to fight back and seize control of the imperial capital, Chang'an, from a new central government headed by Lü Bu and Wang Yun. After Li Jue and the others defeated Lü Bu and occupied Chang'an, <mask> served under the central government led by them. During this time, he ensured the safety of the figurehead Han emperor, Emperor Xian, who was being held hostage by Li Jue. He also attempted to prevent internal conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, but with limited success.After Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, <mask> <mask> left Li Jue and briefly joined the general Duan Wei before becoming a strategist of the warlord Zhang Xiu. While serving under Zhang Xiu, he advised his lord on how to counter invasions by the warlord Cao Cao, who had received Emperor Xian in 196 and taken control of the central government. In 200, during the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and his rival Yuan Shao, <mask> <mask> urged Zhang Xiu to reject Yuan Shao's offer to form an alliance and instead surrender to Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu heeded his advice. <mask> <mask> then became one of Cao Cao's strategists. During his service under Cao Cao, <mask> <mask> made three important contributions. First, during the Battle of Guandu, he urged Cao Cao to switch from being on the defensive to adopting an offensive stance, which ultimately led to Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao.Second, during the Battle of Tong Pass in 211, he suggested to Cao Cao to pretend to agree to make peace with the northwestern warlords Han Sui and Ma Chao, and then sow discord between them. Cao Cao heeded his suggestion, successfully stirred up internal conflict among the warlords, and then used the opportunity to defeat them. Thirdly, in the 210s, when Cao Cao's sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were fighting to be their father's successor, <mask> <mask> indirectly helped Cao Pi by giving him advice and hinting to Cao Cao that he should choose the older son to be his heir apparent. After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, and founded the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. As an expression of gratitude to <mask> <mask>, Cao Pi appointed him as Grand Commandant – one of the top three positions in the Wei government – and promoted him to a district marquis. Between 220 and 223, <mask> <mask> advised Cao Pi against attacking Cao Wei's rival states, Eastern Wu and Shu Han, and focus on internal development. However, Cao Pi ignored his advice and invaded Wu, but ended up sustaining heavy losses and not making any significant gains.<mask> <mask> died in 223. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was from Guzang County (姑臧縣), Wuwei Commandery (武威郡), which is in present-day Wuwei, Gansu. In his youth, he was unimpressive and unheard of. However, Yan Zhong (閻忠), an official from Hanyang Commandery (漢陽郡; around present-day Gangu County, Gansu), felt that <mask> <mask> was extraordinary and even remarked that Jia had the brilliance of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, two famous strategists of the early Western Han dynasty. <mask> <mask> was nominated as a xiaolian to serve in the Eastern Han government as a Gentleman Cadet (郎). However, due to illness, he quit his job and went home. On the way back, he was captured by Di rebels at Qian County (汧縣; in present-day Long County, Shaanxi) along with several other travellers.He told the rebels: "I am a maternal grandson of Lord Duan. If you let me live, my family will reward you handsomely." "Lord Duan" referred to Duan Jiong (段熲), who held the position of Grand Commandant (太尉) in the Han imperial court. As Duan Jiong had served for years as a general guarding the Han Empire's western regions, he was well known among the people living in the area. <mask> <mask> knew that the Di rebels were afraid of Duan Jiong, so he pretended to be Duan Jiong's maternal grandson. As he expected, the rebels treated him respectfully and released him. The other travellers were all killed.Service under Dong Zhuo
In 189, the warlord Dong Zhuo entered the imperial capital, Luoyang, and took control of the central government. <mask> <mask> was then serving as the Commandant (都尉) of Pingjin (平津) and an assistant official in the Grand Commandant's office. He was promoted to Colonel Who Attacks Barbarians (討虜校尉) and assigned to the unit led by Dong Zhuo's son-in-law, Niu Fu. In 192, Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu in the imperial capital, Chang'an, while Niu Fu was murdered by his subordinates. The rest of Dong Zhuo's loyalists, including Li Jue, Guo Si and Zhang Ji, became fearful and wanted to disband and return to their respective home commanderies. <mask> <mask> told them: "I heard that the new government in Chang'an is planning to exterminate everyone from Liang Province. If all of you break up and travel alone, even a tingzhang can arrest you.Why don't you retreat to the west together? There you can gather and reorganise your forces, and then attack Chang'an to avenge Lord Dong. If you succeed, you can make use of imperial authority to conquer the rest of the Empire. If you fail, it's still not too late to escape." Dong Zhuo's loyalists agreed with <mask> <mask> and did as he suggested. They managed to defeat the new central government in Chang'an led by Lü Bu and Wang Yun, and then took control of the city. Pei Songzhi, who annotated <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, strongly criticised <mask> <mask> for offering this suggestion.He argued that Dong Zhuo's death marked the end of his tyranny and a possible revival of the declining Eastern Han dynasty. However, due to <mask> <mask>'s suggestion, the Han Empire became even more chaotic after Dong Zhuo's death. Service under Li Jue
When <mask> <mask> later served as Left Adjunct (左馮翊), Li Jue and Dong Zhuo's loyalists wanted to reward him by making him a marquis, but <mask> <mask> said, "That suggestion I made was meant to save your lives. What merit have I achieved to deserve a reward?" He declined to accept the marquis title. Later on, when he was nominated to serve as a Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射), he said: "The Supervisor of the Masters of Writing is like a tutor to officials. I don't have a strong reputation so I am afraid I might not be able to convince people that I am suited for this appointment.What will become of the imperial court if I accept this appointment for my personal glory?" He was then assigned to be a Master of Writing (尚書) instead, and was tasked with selecting candidates to serve in the government. Li Jue and the others regarded him highly but were also wary of him. The candidates <mask> <mask> chose tend to be officials who formerly served in the previous administration. <mask> <mask> was praised for this mode of selecting government officials by retaining some continuity in appointments. When there were tensions between Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou, with their respective subordinates urging them to go to war, <mask> <mask> reprimanded them for their behaviour and tried to persuade them to avoid conflict. They listened to him.When his mother died, <mask> <mask> resigned and went home for filial mourning. He was given the honorary position of a Household Counsellor (光祿大夫) by the imperial court. In 195, when conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, Li invited <mask> <mask> back to serve as General Who Upholds Righteousness (宣義將軍). Li Jue and his men discussed with <mask> <mask> their plan to bring Emperor Xian to their camp and use the emperor as a hostage to threaten Guo Si, but <mask> <mask> said: "No, it isn't right to hold the Emperor hostage." Li Jue refused to listen to him and went ahead. Guo Si, on the other hand, kidnapped Emperor Xian's subjects and held them hostage in his own camp. Zhang Xiu told <mask> <mask>, "You shouldn't stay here any longer.Why don't you leave?" <mask> <mask> replied, "I have received grace from the Empire, so I won't betray the Empire's trust in me. If you wish to leave, you can go. I won't leave." Li Jue used material wealth to tempt thousands of Qiang tribesmen to support him in his struggle against Guo Si. He even promised to give palace women as concubines to the tribal chiefs. When the tribesmen showed up at Chang'an, they asked: "Is the Emperor inside?General Li has promised to give us palace women as concubines. Where are they?" Emperor Xian turned to <mask> <mask> for help. <mask> <mask> secretly hosted a banquet for the tribal chiefs, gave them some expensive material gifts, and succeeded in making them leave. Li Jue lost the support of the tribal chiefs. <mask> <mask> played an important role in resolving the conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, and in ensuring Emperor Xian's safety during the time. Later, after Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, Li Jue led his forces in pursuit and defeated forces led by the emperor's loyalists.He hated certain officials such as Zhao Wen (趙溫), Wang Wei (王偉), Zhou Zhong (周忠) and Rong Shao (榮邵), and wanted to execute them. <mask> <mask> advised him against it by saying: "They are the Emperor's subjects. How can you harm them?" Li Jue spared them. Brief service under Duan Wei
After Emperor Xian left Chang'an, <mask> <mask> gave up his official post and left Li Jue. He heard that the general Duan Wei (段煨), who was from the same commandery as him, was stationed at Huayin County (華陰縣; present-day Huayin, Shaanxi), so he went to Huayin County to join Duan Wei. <mask> <mask> was well known among Duan Wei's men, so Duan Wei was fearful that <mask> <mask> would seize the position of leadership from him.He pretended to treat <mask> <mask> respectfully while secretly keeping a close watch on him. <mask> <mask> knew that Duan Wei was suspicious of him, and he felt very uneasy. Around 196, the warlord Zhang Xiu was based in Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡; around present-day Nanyang, Henan). <mask> <mask> secretly contacted Zhang Xiu and conveyed his intention to join him; Zhang Xiu agreed and sent his men to receive <mask> <mask>. Before <mask> <mask> left Duan Wei, someone asked him, "(Duan) Wei treated you generously. Why are you leaving?" <mask> <mask> replied, "(Duan) Wei is suspicious by nature and he's wary of me.Even though he treats me generously now, I believe he will harm me eventually. However, if I leave now, he will be more than happy to see me gone. If I manage to help him find an external ally, he will treat my family well. (Zhang) Xiu lacks a strategist, so he definitely hopes to have me on his side. By leaving, I can protect myself and my family." Service under Zhang Xiu

Jia <mask> left Duan Wei and headed to Nanyang Commandery, where Zhang Xiu welcomed him and treated him like a family elder. As <mask> <mask> foresaw, Duan Wei was pleased to see that <mask> <mask> had not only left, but also helped him gain Zhang Xiu as an ally.<mask> <mask> urged Zhang Xiu to form an alliance with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, and went to speak to Liu Biao. Liu Biao treated him like an honoured guest. <mask> <mask> remarked: "(Liu) Biao has the ability to serve as a Ducal Minister in times of peace. However, he not only lacks foresight, but is also suspicious and indecisive, hence he won't be successful." Battles against Cao Cao

In 198, the warlord Cao Cao attacked Zhang Xiu again despite having suffered an earlier defeat at the Battle of Wancheng in 197. However, he pulled back his forces after learning that Tian Feng, an adviser to his rival, Yuan Shao, had urged Yuan Shao to attack Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) while he was away at war with Zhang Xiu. Zhang Xiu wanted to seize the opportunity to launch a counterattack, but <mask> <mask> warned him not to and predicted that he would be lose the battle.Zhang Xiu ignored him and led his troops to pursue Cao Cao's retreating forces. The result was just like what <mask> <mask> predicted. When Zhang Xiu came back after his defeat, <mask> <mask> told him to attack again and predicted that he would win this time. Zhang Xiu said: "I didn't listen to you earlier, which resulted in my defeat. Now that I have lost, why should I attack again?" <mask> <mask> replied: "Changes have taken place. You'll win if you swiftly attack now."Zhang Xiu heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice and attacked Cao Cao again. He won the battle this time. Zhang Xiu asked <mask> <mask>: "When I led my best troops to attack Cao Cao while he was retreating, you predicted I would lose. When I led my troops to attack Cao Cao again just after he defeated me, you predicted I would win. Your predictions turned out to be accurate. But why is it that your predictions seem so counter-intuitive?" <mask> <mask> replied: "It's easy to understand.General, you may be skilled in warfare, but you are still no match for Cao Cao. When Cao Cao withdrew his forces, I knew he would personally lead his rearguard to cover his retreat. Even though your troops are well-trained, Cao Cao is better than you as a military leader, and his troops are as equally well-trained as yours. Therefore, I knew you would lose. When Cao Cao first attacked you and decided to retreat halfway even though he didn't make any mistakes, I believed something must have happened in his base. After he defeated your pursuing forces, he would lower his guard and hastily retreat. His officers will then take command of the rearguard.They may be brave, but they are no match for you. Therefore, I knew you would win them even though you are leading a group of soldiers who have just been defeated." Zhang Xiu was very impressed with <mask> <mask>'s analysis. Persuading Zhang Xiu to surrender to Cao Cao
In 199, when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were about to clash at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao sent a messenger to meet Zhang Xiu and propose an alliance between them against Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu wanted to agree, but

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title: Jia Xu

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 <mask> <mask>, who was beside him, said to Yuan Shao's messenger: "I say 'No, thank you.' to Yuan Benchu. He can't even accommodate his own brother.What makes him think he can accommodate talents from around the Empire?" A shocked Zhang Xiu turned to <mask> <mask> and asked: "Why do you have to say this? What will become of me now?" <mask> <mask> replied: "Why don't you submit to Cao Cao?" Zhang Xiu asked: "Yuan Shao is powerful while Cao Cao is weak. Besides, I am also Cao Cao's enemy. What will happen if I submit to him?"<mask> <mask> replied: "That's why it is better for you to submit to Cao Cao. He controls the Empire in the name of the Emperor. This is the first reason why you should submit to him. Yuan Shao is militarily more powerful. You have less troops than him, so even if you join him, he won't regard you highly. Cao Cao has less troops. If you join him, he'll be delighted.This is the second reason why you should submit to him. A man who aspires to become a great ruler will be more willing to put aside personal enmities and make his virtues known to people. This is the third reason why you should submit to Cao Cao. I hope you won't have any more doubts." Zhang Xiu heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice and led his forces to surrender to and join Cao Cao. Service under Cao Cao
Cao Cao was very pleased to see <mask> <mask>. He held <mask> <mask>'s hand and said: "You are the person who helps to make my trustworthiness known throughout the Empire."<mask> <mask> was appointed Bearer of the Mace (執金吾) and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). He was later promoted to the position of Governor (牧) of Ji Province. As Ji Province was still under Yuan Shao's control then, <mask> <mask> served as a military adviser to Cao Cao, who then held the appointment of Minister of Works (司空). Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Guandu
During the Battle of Guandu, when his supplies were running out after a prolonged stalemate against Yuan Shao, Cao Cao sought advice from <mask> <mask>, who said: "My lord, you're wiser than (Yuan) Shao, braver than (Yuan) Shao, better at managing people than (Yuan) Shao, and more decisive than (Yuan) Shao. You have these four strengths, but the reason why you are unable to defeat him after six months is because you have been focusing too much on defence. You should be decisive when the opportunity arises, and victory will follow soon." Cao Cao replied, "Fine."He then led his forces to attack Yuan Shao's camps, which were spread out a distance of over 30 li, and destroyed them. Cao Cao won a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu and subsequently conquered the rest of Yuan's territories north of the Yellow River. Advising Cao Cao against attacking Sun Quan
When Cao Cao was appointed as the Governor of Ji Province after pacifying northern China, <mask> <mask> was reassigned to be a Palace Counsellor (太中大夫) instead. In 208, after Cao Cao had annexed Jing Province, he planned to press on and attack the territories in Jiangdong controlled by the warlord Sun Quan. <mask> <mask> advised him against it and said: "My lord, you have defeated the Yuans and now you have taken Jing Province. Your name spreads throughout the Empire and your military is very strong. If you follow in the footsteps of the Chu state by attracting talents to serve in the government and by improving the lives of the people, you won't need to resort to force to subdue the Jiangdong territories.They will be submit to you on their own." Cao Cao ignored <mask> <mask> and proceeded to attack Jiangdong. He lost the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs against the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei later that year. Pei Songzhi, who annotated <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, argued that <mask> <mask>'s advice to Cao Cao was inappropriate. He pointed out that Cao Cao's territories lacked the stability necessary for Cao Cao to do as <mask> <mask> advised – focus on economic development in Jing Province. Moreover, Cao Cao had to deal with the external threats posed by warlords such as Han Sui and Ma Chao in the northwest. Pei Songzhi noted that Jing Province was highly unstable and would not remain under Cao Cao's control for long, because of the polarising effects of the presences of Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the region.He pointed out that during the Battle of Jiangling in 208, Cao Cao's general Cao Ren still lost Jiangling Commandery to Sun Quan and Liu Bei's forces despite his best efforts at defending it. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that it was impossible for Cao Cao to focus on economic development in Jing Province, given how unstable the region was, therefore <mask> <mask>'s advice was inappropriate. He argued that Cao Cao made a right choice to attack Jiangdong at the right time, when he had resources for naval warfare acquired from his recent annexation of Jing Province. He also mentioned that Cao Cao's defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs was not due to miscalculation or poor planning, but because of uncontrollable factors such as the plague which affected his troops and the winds which fanned the fire that destroyed his naval fleet. Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Tong Pass

In 211, Cao Cao engaged a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Han Sui and Ma Chao at the Battle of Tong Pass. Ma Chao and others agreed to make peace with Cao Cao on two conditions. Firstly, Cao Cao had to give up the northwestern territories to them.Secondly, Cao Cao had to grant them official titles. <mask> <mask> suggested that Cao Cao pretend to agree to their terms, and then try to sow discord among them. Cao Cao heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice. When internal conflict broke out between Han Sui and Ma Chao, Cao Cao took advantage of the situation to attack them and achieved victory. Role in the succession struggle between Cao Pi and Cao Zhi
Sometime between 211 and 217, a power struggle broke out between two of Cao Cao's sons over the succession to the "King of Wei" (魏王), the nominal vassal king title held by their father. One of them was Cao Pi, Cao Cao's oldest surviving son, who held the appointment of General of the Household for All Purposes (五官中郎將). The other was Cao Zhi, who held the title "Marquis of Linzi" (臨菑侯) and was famous for his literary talent.Each of them had a faction supporting him. Cao Pi sent a messenger to meet <mask> <mask> and seek his advice on how to consolidate his position. <mask> <mask> replied: "I hope you will behave in a virtuous and humble manner, perform your duties faithfully, and be a filial son. That is all." Cao Pi took <mask> <mask>'s advice very seriously and did as he was told. Cao Cao faced a dilemma on choosing between his two sons so he consulted <mask> <mask>, who refused to give an answer. Cao Cao asked him: "Why don't you give an answer?"<mask> <mask> replied: "I am still thinking about something, so I can't give an answer yet." Cao Cao asked, "What are you thinking of?" <mask> <mask> replied, "I am thinking of Yuan Benchu, Liu Jingsheng, and their sons." Cao Cao laughed, made up his mind, and designated Cao Pi as his heir apparent. <mask> <mask> was aware that he had not served under Cao Cao for as long as many of his colleagues. He foresaw that he might incur the jealousy and suspicions of others, hence he maintained a very low profile and distanced himself from his colleagues outside of the workplace. He also ensured that his children did not marry people from influential families.He earned the respect and admiration of many strategists and advisers. Service under Cao Pi
In 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, thus ending the Han dynasty. He then established the state of Wei with himself as its first emperor. After ascending the throne, Cao Pi appointed <mask> <mask> as Grand Commandant (太尉) and promoted him from a Marquis of a Chief Village to the Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯), with a marquisate of 800 taxable households. <mask> <mask>'s promotion was allegedly an expression of gratitude from Cao Pi, who wanted to thank him for helping him seize the succession years ago. Sun Quan laughed when he heard that Cao Pi had appointed <mask> <mask> as his Grand Commandant. Advising Cao Pi against attacking Eastern Wu

Sometime between 220 and 223, Cao Pi wanted to attack and conquer Wei's two rival states, Wu and Shu.He consulted <mask> <mask> on which of the two he should attack first. <mask> <mask> replied: "Before you can conquer others, you have to build up military power first. Before you can establish a power base, you have to promote civil culture. Your Majesty has received the Mandate of Heaven in a timely fashion and now rules over the Empire. If you can promote civil culture while waiting for an opportunity to strike, it won't be difficult for you to conquer your enemies. Wu and Shu may be small and insignificant states, but they are shielded by natural geographical barriers such as mountains and rivers. Liu Bei has talent and great ambition; Zhuge Liang excels in statecraft; Sun Quan understands trends and sees through deception; Lu Yi assesses military power very well.They control geographically advantageous locations, and have set up defences at strategic points and the rivers and lakes. It is not easy to plan an attack. According to military strategy, you should gain the upper hand first before actually fighting a battle. You should assess the enemy's strength, and then decide which generals to send into battle. This is to ensure that you don't miscalculate. From my observation, none of our officials are capable of rivalling (Liu) Bei and (Sun) Quan. Even though you may fight a war with the prestige of an Emperor, you can't win without making significant losses.In the past, Shun ordered his troops to brandish their weapons to scare the Youmiao into submission. As of now, I think it is better to focus on civil affairs first before military affairs." Cao Pi refused to listen to <mask> <mask>. In 223, Wei sustained heavy losses at the Battle of Jiangling against Wu. Death
<mask> <mask> died on 11 August 223 at the age of 77 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was given the posthumous title "Marquis Su" (肅侯). Family and descendants
According to the Xin Tang Shu, <mask> <mask> descended from the royal family of the Zhou dynasty.His ancestor was Gongming (公明), the youngest son of Shuyu (a son of King Wu of Zhou). Gongming was enfeoffed by King Kang of Zhou as the Count of Jia (賈伯) and given the lands around Linfen as his fief, which was named "Jia". His descendants adopted "Jia" as their family name. <mask> Yi, a notable scholar-politician who lived in the Western Han dynasty, was an ancestor of <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask>'s father, <mask> Gong (賈龔), served as a General of Light Cavalry (輕騎將軍) in the Eastern Han dynasty and moved his residence to Wuwei Commandery, where <mask> <mask> was born. <mask> <mask> had an elder brother, <mask> Cai (賈綵). <mask> <mask> had at least three sons.His eldest son, <mask> Mu (賈穆), was a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry (駙馬都尉). After <mask> <mask>'s death, <mask> Mu inherited his father's marquis title, Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯). He also served as the Administrator (太守) of various commanderies. <mask> <mask>'s youngest son, <mask> Fang (賈訪), was given a marquis title and 200 taxable households around the same time as when <mask> <mask> was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Weishou District. According to the Xin Tang Shu, <mask> <mask> had a son, <mask> Ji (賈璣), who also served as a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry like <mask> Mu, and held the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯). <mask> Ji is not mentioned in <mask> <mask>'s official biography in the Sanguozhi. When <mask> Mu died, his marquis title was passed on to his son, <mask> Mo (賈模).According to the Shiyu (世語), Jia Mo served as a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) and General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍) during the reign of Emperor Hui in the Western Jin dynasty. <mask> Mo had two sons, <mask> Yin (賈胤) and <mask> Kan (賈龕). <mask> Yin, Jia Kan, and their cousin <mask> Pi, served in the Jin government and held high official positions. Writings
<mask> <mask> annotated the military treatise Wuzi and wrote another military text called Wu Sun Zi Sanshi'er Lei Jing (吳孫子三十二壘經). He also created a copy of Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: "<mask>n You and <mask> <mask> were very detailed in their strategising and had never miscalculated before. However, in terms of adaptability and flexibility, they were second to (Zhang) Liang and (Chen) Ping."Pei Songzhi, who annotated the Sanguozhi, disagreed with Chen Shou. He believed that biographies should be categorised in the same volume on the basis of similarities. He argued that <mask> <mask>'s biography should be in the same volume as the biographies of Cheng Yu and Guo Jia rather than in the same volume as the biographies of <mask> Yu and <mask> You. In Pei Songzhi's opinion, <mask> <mask> was more similar to the former two than to the latter two. Pei Songzhi even remarked, "The difference between the moral characters of <mask>n You and <mask> <mask> is like the difference between moonlight and candlelight. Both give off light, but they are fundamentally different." He also criticised Chen Shou for appraising <mask> You and <mask> <mask> in the same sentence instead of appraising them separately.In popular culture

<mask> <mask> was first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References
Citations from the Sanguozhi

Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu

Other citations

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Ouyang, Xiu, and Song, Qi (eds.) (1060).New Book of Tang (Xin Tang Shu). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Wei, Zheng (ed.) (636).Book of Sui (Sui Shu). Dong Zhuo and associates
Liu Biao and associates
Officials under Cao Cao
147 births
223 deaths
People from Wuwei
Han dynasty politicians from Gansu
Cao Wei

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