title: Paul Martin (illustrator)

texts:
 Goodrich (1986). Its tire division was sold to Michelin (1990). Fisk Tires were sold exclusively by Kmart (1965–78) and Discount Tire (1996–2014). <mask> completely reshaped a then famous character in American advertising.It was the Fisk Rubber Company's "bedtime boy," who shouldered an oversized tire while dangling a lighted candle. It came with the motoring message, "Time to Re-tire" (debut 1910). This catchphrase had a simple double meaning. The boy's yawn became a smile in early 1929 (initial change). <mask> was then commissioned to come up with a slightly more aged, modern-day figure in late 1929. The objective was to update the heavily publicized trademark, while still maintaining its charm and familiarity. The little lad's one-piece sleeper became a two-piece pajama set, in the transition process.Also added for style were the slippers. His four-year-old nephew was used as the model (neck down only). Still, the pose and all-important props remained basically intact (though with the latest tire design and a more fashionable—less tilted—candle holder). Many newspapers ran a story, which highly praised the new look, May–June 1930. It described the youngster as more boyish, energetic, fit, and modern ("in keeping with the times"). The initial review was made by the publicity manager at Fisk, March 1930. As follows:

"a happy, smiling, 100-percent American boy in his little two-piece pajama, radiating good cheer, ruddy-cheeked and tousle-headed, snappy and wide awake, standing in the old-time pose."The now updated version was first used by Fisk Tires, to showcase its newly introduced "Air-Flights" in advertisements. This included twelve times in The Saturday Evening Post, between Feb 8 and Aug 23, 1930 (latter pictured). It was offered to the public as a "suitable for framing,"  colorful art print. The cheerful mascot then appeared on many different products. These were either with or without a facial touch-up (three variants pictured). For instance, on the front cover and endpapers of children's books in 1931. Subjects (8): Candy Land, Jack and the Bean Stalk, Little Black Sambo, Peter Rabbit, Pied Piper, Three Bears, Three Little Kittens and Three Little Pigs.They were all subtitled, Time to Re-tire / A Bedtime Story. It also appeared on ashtrays, bridge score pads, cigarette cases, electrical clocks, jigsaw puzzles (No. 1 pictured), matchbooks, posters and rubber heel replacements for shoes. These were complimentary items for customers or potential customers. <mask>'s figure was used by Fisk retailers on their data books, display windows, letterheads, and mailing envelopes (pictured). A scaled-down form showed up in Boys' Life and other magazines, (along with hundreds of newspapers) from 1930–34. Fisk Tires then went back to the original sleepy boy in 1935.The all-important public preferred that one, even though other companies had successfully modernized their own mascot (some multiple times). Incidentally, Norman Rockwell drew many paintings featuring the trade character, which were published in 1917–20, 23–25. Timetable. Three stages of the pajama-clad boy (based on its appearance in print or on advertising material): a. 1910–28, 35–onward (created by Burr Giffin, an agency art director). b. 1929–30 (yawn changed into a smile—anonymous).c. 1930–34 (modern makeover by <mask>). His credits include all of (and only) the version with the two-piece pajamas. Its debut was in The Saturday Evening Post issue of February 8, 1930. Note: There were also minor touch ups made in various years. He received the important commission (paragraph 2), due to having built up a repertoire for drawing boys. It was then common practice among artists, to create their own niche. The subjects of boys, dogs and pretty women were popular themes in that era.Life and tennis
He was born to Hannah A. (née Morrow) and Robert C<mask> (a brick merchant) in New York City on June 6, 1883. He was the second youngest of nine children. Three of them did not reach adulthood. The family home was between 8th and 9th Aves., on 31st St. in Manhattan throughout the 1880s. The <mask> clan moved way up to Central Harlem on Edgecombe Ave. in 1890. Young <mask> lost two sisters between 1891 & 1893.The family relocated within Central Harlem, to 129th and 5th in 1898. They belonged to the Twenty-fourth Street M. E. Church (till 1890) and Calvary  Church (till 1908). His father was the superintendent of their Sunday schools. <mask> immensely enjoyed drawing as a boy (future vocation). His first regular job was as a brokerage clerk at age 16. He studied commercial art at the National Academy of Design from 1902–06. His first career job was with the New-York Tribune, as their art manager from 1905–12.He succeeded the innovative Stephen H. Horgan. <mask> continued to live at home during those years. The family moved from Upper Manhattan to Maplewood, New Jersey, 1908. Their new church was located just two blocks away. They lived near a train station, which allowed them to commute into Manhattan. He joined a local tennis club and started competing in sanctioned tournaments, 1909. His first two tourneys were on the courts of Nyack, and shortly thereafter Morristown.He broke in with Ralph, an older brother by 12-years. <mask> married Lauretta Willey in Hoboken, New Jersey, 1912. They originally met many years earlier at Calvary Methodist. Lauretta's sister Emma was a schoolteacher, and brother Walter an accountant (who later owned the Willey Book ). Their first home together was in the University Heights section of the Bronx, 1912. They relocated one block east to another rental, 1915. He worked for the O. J. Gude Company from 1912–19.It was the innovative industry leader in outdoor advertising. His Gude office was first located at 935 Broadway, 1912–13 ... and then secondly at 220 West 42nd (Candler Bldg. in Times Square), 1913–19. He worked for another advertising firm, Gotham Studios from 1919–20. Its headquarters moved from 1133 Broadway (St. James Bldg.) to East 24th St., near 4th (now Park) Ave. on January 1, 1920. <mask> joined the Artists' Guild and went freelance in January 1921.This allowed him to work independently; with flexible hours, creative control, and opposingly, income uncertainties. <mask> and Lauretta moved from the Bronx to a rural forest area of Millwood, New York, August 1925. Their first owned home doubled as a working studio (upper floor) from 1925–32. Its centerpiece was a long flat-top table that held the canvases, drawing pads, paint brushes and tubes. Also nearby were art books, easels, photo shoot props, and an adjacent darkroom. Natural northern light came in through the large window. He was artistically inspired by the secluded and wooded surroundings.He occasionally used family members as models. Uncle <mask>'s niece Edna is shown, writing down the license number of a boy's wagon (for knocking over her doll carriage), on the Liberty cover of September 12, 1925. She's also highlighted on an American Junior Red Cross poster. His mother-in-law is shown basting a turkey for Thanksgiving, on the People's Home Journal cover of November 1928. He was ranked among the top thirty tennis players, in the New York metropolitan area from 1920–25 (top twenty 1923–24). His strength was in making accurate shots. <mask> won numerous trophies (or awards) in singles, doubles and mixed doubles (with Lauretta) between 1919 & 1931.This included one for capturing the inaugural singles championship, at the Sunningdale Country Club in 1920. Others were for the Lake George and Lake Mohonk championships of 1924. <mask>'s opponents included future Hall of Famers Fred Alexander, Jean Borotra, Francis Hunter, Gerald Patterson, Vincent Richards, Bill Tilden, John Van Ryn, Marie Wagner & Watson Washburn. Other standouts were Craig Biddle, Herbert Bowman, Wylie Grant, Walter Merrill Hall, Robert Kinsey, Percy Kynaston, Nathaniel Niles, Dr. William Rosenbaum, Howard Voshell & Charles Wood. A doubles partner and longtime clubmate was newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams, who wrote "Baseball's Sad Lexicon." A teammate was the reigning national boy champion, 14-year-old Vincent Richards. <mask> competed with Bill Tilden in over a dozen tournaments, along with the U.S. National Championship of 1920, 21 & 24.The latter was played at newly built Forest Hills Stadium and on its outlying courts, Aug 25–Sep 2, 1924. His opening round opponent was Gerald Patterson of Australia, who captured two Wimbledon titles. 41-year-old <mask> won a set, though lost the match 4-6, 4-6, 9-7, 0-6. (There was a two-day rain delay after the third set.) He also competed in four straight National Veterans' Championships (ages 45+), at Forest Hills from 1928–31. <mask> was a standout singles and doubles player, for both the University Heights (Bronx, N.Y.) and County (Scarsdale, N.Y.) Tennis Clubs. He was caught up in the fallout of a  ruling, 1924.It prohibited players from writing for profit after a certain date. The distinction between amateurism and professionalism was hotly contested/debated from Feb–Dec 1924 (compacted summary). He often acted as the women's referee. He organized tournaments for youngsters, as a committee member of the Briarcliff Lodge Sports Club. The Westchester County Tennis League is the oldest continuously running of its kind, in the United States ( 1924). They held the annual Paul Martin Singles Tournament, for over eighty years. It was started up by veteran player Fenimore Cady of Mount Pleasant, N.Y.The winners' names were engraved along the base, of one of <mask>'s prized cups (pictured). His memory was also honored by a short-lived club tourney. He died of ulcers at age 48. This was one week after an operation at Ossining Hospital in March 1932. The funeral service was held at Highland (now Ossining United) Methodist Church. Survivors included three brothers and one sister. His wife Lauretta "Lolly" (1880–1972), outlived him by forty years.They both played in the singles draw of the US Open, and were mixed doubles regulars. She donated the tournament trophy named after her husband. His wartime painting ("Serve Your Country") was once prominently displayed, in the main room of the International Tennis Hall of Fame Museum. Its gift shop periodically offered a coffee mug and postcard version (pictured). He was known for his athletic ability, active participation, friendliness and sportsmanship. An excerpt from the Bronxville Press in August 1932: "His presence was always felt by topnotchers, as well as by those who could play only an average game. <mask> was a synonym for all that was clean and wholesome in the game."Total finals and more

This list only includes open or invitational tournaments, which were sanctioned by the United States Lawn Tennis Association. Their results largely determined the player rankings, and who qualified for the Nationals. These semi-majors are categorized by the event's host. Total finals (30). Documented breakdown follows. Wins (11). SINGLES: 1920–Sunningdale  (Scarsdale, N.Y.).1924–Lake George & Lake Mohonk Tennis Clubs (Warren & Ulster Counties). CONSOLATION SINGLES: 1915–Merriewold TC (Sullivan Co.). DOUBLES: 1922–New York Athletic Club. 1924–Lake George & Lake Mohonk. 1925–Lake George TC & West Side  (for veterans). 1931–Lake George. MIXED DOUBLES: 1920–New York TC (for married couples).Runners-up (19). SINGLES: 1919–Woodmere Club (, N.Y.). 1922–Essex County (N.J.) CC & Powelton Club (Newburgh, N.Y.). 1923–Amackassin Club (Yonkers) & Harlem (Manhattan) TC. 1924–Oritani Field Club (Hackensack, N.J.) & Stamford (Conn.) Yacht Club. 1925–Lake George & Lake Mohonk. 1930–Lake George.DOUBLES: 1921–Greenwich (Conn.)  & Milford (Pa.) Field Club. 1925–Lake Mohonk. 1926–South Yonkers  (finalists pictured below). 1930–Lake George. 1931–Lake Mohonk. MIXED DOUBLES: 1921–Milford (Pa.). 1925–Lake George (with Lauretta).1930–Lake George (with Lauretta). Note. These are the ones known. For instance, results in mixed doubles were not always recorded. Hence, the one stated at Milford, could easily have been lost to history. He also won many tournaments, which were open only to members of the County Tennis Club in Hartsdale. The Martins sometimes played the circuit while on vacation.Grand Slams (majors). This list is based solely on appearances. He lasted until the stated rounds. National singles (3): 1920-. 1921-2R. 1924-2R. [Lauretta: 1921-1R.]National veterans' singles—for ages 45+ (4): 1928-4R. 1929-4R. 1930-3R. 1931-3R. It was renamed the US Open in 1968. University Heights . A longtime committee and playing member, who lived in the immediate area.He competed in their annual North Side tournaments from 1913–29 (except 1914, 26). These open events typically drew a large entry. <mask> reached the semifinals (SF) in 1913, 24 & 28. Singles (13): 1915-5R. 1916-3R. 1917-2R. 1918-4R.1919-5R. 1920-3R. 1922-3R. 1923-4R. 1924-SF. 1925-3R. 1927-3R.1928-SF. 1929-2R. Doubles (6): 1913-SF. 1915-3R. 1916-3R. 1919-1R. 1920-3R.1921-1R. 1922-discontinued. Mixed Doubles: 1923-1R. Memberships. These spans were compiled from newspaper and periodical accounts. Maplewood (N.J.)  1909–12. University Heights (Bronx) TC 1913–26.County (Hartsdale)  1926–32. He played on the circuit for 23 straight years 1909–31. His twelve-year-older brother, Ralph of Mid-Lower Manhattan & then East Orange (N.J.), joined him on the circuit, 1909, 11, 21 & 22. Featured Match. Eastern New York State Championship of 1925. A firsthand account by New York Times sportswriter, Allison Danzig. Excerpts: "This afternoon  Tilden and Strachan advanced from the semi-finals of the doubles, by putting out Alfred D. Hammett and <mask> at 6-4, 5-7, 6-1,

masks:
Martin
Martin
Martin
Paul Martin
. Martin
Martin
Paul
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Paul
Paul
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Paul Martin
Martin
Paul Martin


title: Paul Martin (illustrator)

type: original

texts:
 6-3.... It required some of the best tennis that Tilden has played here all week, before the Philadelphians were able to overcome the New York pair. Hammett and <mask> were always contenders, except in the third set when they slumped badly; and in order to hold them off, Tilden constantly found it necessary to invade his partner's territory and play the opposing pair single-handed. ... There was nothing to choose between the two teams in the first and second sets. In the third set, Hammett and <mask> went to pieces as Tilden became rampant and raked their court with placement drives and volleys. After the Philadelphians had gained a commanding lead [in that one], the New York pair allowed the set to go without making much effort, preferring to save their strength for the next chapter.But after the rest period, Tilden returned to the courts to play perhaps his best tennis of the match. Both <mask> and Hammett fought with everything they had and their team work was splendidly coordinated, but all counted for nought against the individual brilliance of Tilden [then ranked World No. 1]." Magazine cover illustrator
Most of them are artist signed. The rest are imprinted with the words "Cover by <mask>." His signature remained fairly consistent; with a curvature P & M, upward slanted t-bar, and underline mark. Also with the placement of given name above surname.His artwork featured on Foreign Service was initially sold to Parents in 1930. It went unused and so was dealt to American Lithographic. They then sold it to the Veterans of Foreign Wars for their publication, in early 1932. <mask>'s artwork featured on Die Hausfrau (published in Wisconsin) of a boy with five pups, was initially used by the Gerlach Barklow Calendar Company (pictured above). Farm & Fireside name changed to Country Home, with the issue of Feb 1930. Parents 25th anniversary issue came out in October 1951. Its unique cover featured twenty-five of their former covers, reproduced in miniature form (one for each year from 1926–50).Three of <mask>'s made it onto this silver jubilee edition. Their issued dates were Oct 1928, Aug 1929 and Oct 1930. He therefore, in a way, won their coveted "Cover of the Year" award for 1928, 29 & 30. The following list contains thirty-seven known credits, including three from September 1925. They are all from consumer (not trade) magazines. The latter are recorded under "Graphic artist" (paragraph 5). ● The American Girl (1917–1979): Oct 1931.● Collier's (1888–Jan 1957): 1923-05-26, 1924-02-02 (pictured right), 1924-06-28, 1924-10-25 (pictured above), 1924-11-22, 1924-12-27, 1925-05-02, 1925-05-30, 1925-06-27, 1925-07-04, 1925-07-25, 1925-09-19, 1925-10-31, 1926-01-16, 1926-02-13, 1926-05-22, 1926-12-25, 1927-02-26, 1927-08-13, 1927-08-27. ● Everybody's (1899–1929): Sep 1925. ● Farm & Fireside / Country Home (1878–1939): Nov 1923, Aug 1930. ● The Farmer's Wife (1897–1970): Jan 1931. ● Foreign Service (1914–To Date): May 1932. ● Die Hausfrau (1904–To Date): Apr 1936. ● Liberty (1924–1950): Sep 12, 1925.● Parents (Oct 1926–To Date): Oct 1928, Feb 1929, May 1929, Aug 1929, Oct 1929, Feb 1930, Oct 1930. ● People's Home Journal (1885–1929): May 1928 (pictured), Nov 1928. Book illustrator

The artistic aim here was to clarify, complement, and accurately interpret the written text. His contributions to short stories include the following: ● Saturday Evening Post. "Short Turns and Encores" by Dorothy Parker and others, July 29, 1922 p. 16. ● Collier's. "The Blanket" by Floyd Dell, October 16, 1926 p. 18.● Collier's. "The Unfairway" by Burford Lorimer (son of George Horace Lorimer), December 25, 1926 pp. 22–23. ● Scribner's Magazine. "Tragedy" by Eve Bernstein, April 1928 p. 479. ● Scribner's Magazine. "On the Dark Trail" by Franklin Holt (pen name), July 1928 p. 71.The first six listed below, are fictional or semi-fictional books for children. It includes a collaboration with Howard R. Garis. This genre often required a more animated, imaginative and whimsical drawing style (yet still in sync with the story). ● Philus, the Stable Boy of Bethlehem; and Other Children's Story-Sermons for Christmas .... Edmund J. Cleveland, with foreword by the Rt. Rev. Charles L. Slattery, Sep 1927. (Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and facing pp.52, 66, 124.) It contains eleven short stories covering the church year. The opener is about a stable boy, who was present at the Nativity. These are pseudo-narratives with a moral message. ● Puck Chasers, Incorporated. Charles G. Muller, Sep 1927. (Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and inside pages.)Students establish and popularize a new team sport by overcoming obstacles. This is one of the earliest books with an ice hockey theme. Its predecessors tended to be on a combination of winter sports, instead of solely on ice hockey. ● Araminta. Helen Cady Forbes, Nov 1927. (Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and facing pp. 134, 212.)Araminta turns eleven years old and finds a baby, who turns out to be kidnapped. ● The Prince and the Pig's Gate, and Other Sermons in Story. Robert Hugh Morris, May 1928. (Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and facing pp. 48, 134, 166.) Intro: "Unsophisticated tales for children of all ages–up to 99." ● The Baseball Detective.Charles G. Muller, Aug 1928. (Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and facing pp. 22, 132, 250-pictured.) A story of baseball, competition, friendship and mystery at Fisk School for Boys. ● Chad of Knob Hill: The Tale of a Lone Scout. Howard R. Garis, Sep 1929. Republished in 2013.(Credits: dust jacket, frontispiece and pp. 14, 60, 85, 97, 163, 187, 213, 281.) This book has a Boy Scouting theme. A marching troop crosses the path of an overworked farmhand, who promptly decides to take their oath. Garis created stories about Uncle Wiggily; a rheumatism afflicted, gentlemanly rabbit. ● Stories of To-day and Yesterday .... Frederick Houk Law, editor, Feb 1930. (Frontispiece only.)An instructional guide for older students; on how to read, write and appreciate short stories. It includes questions and topics for classroom discussion. ● The Bookshelf for Boys and Girls. Clara Whitehill Hunt, lead editor, 1930-31 and 1931-32 editions. (Dust jackets only.) The best books for children are carefully selected. An authoritative guide for parents, in catalog format with descriptive notes.Photos of <mask>

References and notes
Continuity Guidelines: Notes follow the sources. They are directly related or give additional details. This pattern can be confusing when the same source is cited more than once. Keywords are sometimes placed in parentheses, right after the corresponding page . External links

1883 births
1932 deaths
American illustrators
American male tennis players
Artists from New York City
National Academy of Design alumni
New-York Tribune personnel
Tennis people from New York

masks:
Martin
Martin
Martin
Paul Martin
Martin
Martin
Paul


title: Brian Griese

texts:
<mask> ( ; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for Monday Night Football on ESPN. He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. Griese played three seasons at Michigan, leading the Wolverines to the 1997 National Championship (as recognized by the Associated Press). After being selected in the third round by the Denver Broncos in the 1998 NFL Draft, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos in his rookie season, as a backup to John Elway in Super Bowl XXXIII. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for the Broncos during the 1999 season. Griese was a Pro Bowl selection with the Broncos in 2000.After leaving the Broncos he started at quarterback for the Miami Dolphins (5 games in 2003), Chicago Bears (13 games in 2006 and 2007) and Tampa Bay Buccaneers (21 games in 2004, 2005, 2008). He is the son of Hall of Fame quarterback <mask>. Early years
Griese was born in Miami, Florida and attended Christopher Columbus High School in Miami, playing football, basketball and golf. <mask> is the son of former NFL Quarterback <mask>. College career
Griese played college football at the University of Michigan from 1993 to 1997. Michigan did not offer him a scholarship, so he walked on to the football team. He turned down scholarship offers from Purdue (his father's alma mater) and Kentucky.After he was redshirted in 1993 and limited to placeholding duties in 1994, Griese took over as the starting quarterback after Scott Dreisbach was injured five games into the 1995 season. Griese started for the remainder of the 1995 season, capped by an upset of #2 ranked Ohio State, 31–23. At the beginning of the 1996 season, Dreisbach regained his starting job and Griese returned to the bench, serving as the team's pooch punter. However, after Dreisbach struggled, Griese replaced him at halftime against Ohio State, where he led the Wolverines to another upset victory over the Buckeyes, 13–9. Griese finished the season starting in a 17–14 loss to Alabama in the Outback Bowl. In 1997, <mask> remained the starter. Along with Heisman Trophy winner Charles Woodson, he led the Wolverines to an undefeated season and a share of the national championship.Griese was selected as the MVP of the 1998 Rose Bowl, passing for 251 yards and three touchdowns in Michigan's win over Washington State. In his Michigan career, Griese had a 17–5 record as a starter. The Wolverines won all three games against Ohio State in which he quarterbacked. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 30, 2012. College passing statistics

Professional career

Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos selected Griese in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He began his career as a third-string back up to Bubby Brister and John Elway. He became a Super Bowl champion in 1998, though he spent most of the season on the sidelines.Following Elway's retirement in 1999, <mask> became the Broncos' starting quarterback. Griese earned a 75.6 passer rating during his first season as starter, but improved the next year, raising it to 102.9. His efforts merited him an invite to the 2000 Pro Bowl. Griese consistently completed a high percentage of his passes. He has had four seasons with a better than 64% completion rate, including one year (2004) when he completed 69.3% of his passes. Nevertheless, he was unable to establish himself as one of the elite quarterbacks of the league, due to injuries and a penchant for interceptions. He was released by the Broncos, following the 2002 season, and was replaced by former Cardinals starter Jake Plummer.Miami Dolphins
In June 2003 he signed with the Miami Dolphins. His stint with the Dolphins, where his father Bob Griese played his entire 14-year career, was brief, being released in February 2004. Griese was given the starting job when the Dolphins starting quarterback Jay Fiedler got injured. Griese had an excellent start as a Dolphin, passing for 3 touchdowns and 0 interceptions in a blowout victory against San Diego. First stint with the Buccaneers
Griese signed with and performed well for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and provided a catalyst for the jumpstart of the Tampa offense. Griese helped them to their only victories in 2004 with a 97.5 QB rating and to a 5–1 record in 2005 before succumbing to a torn ACL. Griese was cut by the Buccaneers in 2006 after the injury to his knee in order to free up money for the salary cap.Chicago Bears
On March 21, 2006, he signed a five-year contract with the Chicago Bears. After signing with the Bears, Griese saw limited action. Though he fared better than Rex Grossman during the 2006 preseason, coach Lovie Smith decided to keep Griese as the Bears’ second-string quarterback. He took late fourth quarter snaps at the end of major victories. Though Grossman started every Bears game in the 2006 season, Smith allowed Griese some extended gametime during week fifteen, after the Bears had clinched home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. In a game against the Detroit Lions, Griese completed six of nine passes for 51 yards, which set up several game-winning Robbie Gould field goals. Smith called on Griese to relieve a struggling Grossman for the second half of the final regular season game against the Green Bay Packers.However, Griese did not fare a lot better, completing 5 of 15 passes for 124 yards, one touchdown and two interceptions. While some Chicagoans questioned Grossman's ability to lead the Bears to the Super Bowl, Smith stood by Grossman, and declared him the team's starter throughout the playoffs. The Bears went on to win the 2006 NFC Championship, but lost Super Bowl XLI to the Indianapolis Colts. After Grossman struggled during the first three outings of the 2007 Chicago Bears season, Smith turned to Griese to lead the team. In his first outing as a Bears starter, Griese threw two touchdowns and three interceptions in a losing effort against the Detroit Lions. The next week, he led the Bears on a game-winning drive against the Philadelphia Eagles, in which he called the plays due to a headset failure. Griese lost the starting job to Grossman after sustaining an injury against the Oakland Raiders during week ten.<mask> again replaced Grossman later in the season, after Grossman sustained a knee injury against the Washington Redskins. However, with the Bears out of the playoffs, Kyle Orton started the remaining 3 games of the season. Second stint with Buccaneers
On March 3, 2008, <mask> was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for a sixth round pick in the 2009 draft. He started the second game of the season, a home game against the Atlanta Falcons, which the Buccaneers won 24–9. Griese completed 18 of 31 passes, throwing for 160 yards with one touchdown. The next week, Griese played his old team, the Chicago Bears, and despite throwing 3 interceptions, he threw for 407 yards and 2 touchdowns to help the Buccaneers beat the Chicago Bears 27–24 in overtime. He also started the following week, and again despite throwing 3 interceptions, he completed 15 of 30 passes for 149 yards, 1 touchdown, and lead the Bucs to a victory over the Green Bay Packers 30–21.Griese started against the Atlanta Falcons again on December 14, 2008, subbing for Jeff Garcia who was sidelined with a calf injury. He completed 26 of 37 passes for 269 yards and threw 1 touchdown. But Griese also threw an interception and was sacked four times. The Bucs ended up losing the game in overtime 13–10. His career starting for Tampa Bay was 8–2. He was released on July 13, 2009. After his release, Griese decided to retire from football.NFL career statistics

Broadcasting career
Since 2009, Griese has been employed by ESPN, working until 2020 as an analyst on the network's college football coverage. Griese also served as radio color commentator for 850 KOA (AM)'s coverage of Denver Broncos' football from 2010 to 2011. In 2020, Griese joined the booth for Monday Night Football, working alongside Steve Levy and Louis Riddick. Personal life
Griese was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and received his bachelor's degree in an individualized concentration from Michigan in 1997. Griese is founder and board president of Judi's House, a children's grief support center in Denver, Colorado. <mask>'s mother, Judi <mask>, succumbed to breast cancer when <mask> was 12. The grieving process was hard for <mask>, and so he established Judi's House to serve grieving children in the Denver area.He also helped establish what would become the Griese, Hutchinson and Woodson Champions for Children's Hearts golf weekend in May 2007. The event benefited the capital campaign for construction of the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital as well as the Michigan Congenital Heart Center (MCHC) which resides within Mott. He also remains involved with the From the Heart Organization, a relationship that dates back to his playing days in Ann Arbor when he would visit Mott every week. For his work with Judi's House, <mask> was awarded the 2011 Patterson Award for Excellence in Sports Philanthropy, presented each year by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, which celebrates and promotes the selfless service of people within the world of sports. He was named the recipient of the Big Ten's Dungy-Thompson Humanitarian Award in 2014, and the Big Ten's Ford-Kinnick Leadership Award in 2015, becoming the first individual to be recognized with both of the conference's annual awards. These awards recognize Big Ten football players that have achieved success in the areas of leadership and humanitarianism after their college careers have ended.<mask> and his father, <mask>, became the first father-and-son duo in NFL history to both win a Super Bowl. <mask> and his father wrote a book together, Undefeated (), published in 2000 about their lives through their undefeated seasons and living through the breast cancer illness and death of <mask>'s mother and Bob's first wife, Judi. Griese married Brook McClintic, a clinical psychologist, in the Spring of 2004 on the island of St. John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The couple met while Griese was playing for the Denver Broncos. On April 6, 2006, <mask> and Brook had their first child, a baby girl they named Annalia Rose. References

External links
 NFL profile

1975 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Bears players
College football announcers
Denver Broncos players
ESPN people
Miami Dolphins players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Christopher Columbus High School (Miami-Dade County, Florida) alumni
Players of American football from Miami
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
National Football League announcers
Denver Broncos announcers

masks:
Brian David Griese
Bob Griese
Brian
Bob Griese
Griese
Griese
Griese
Griese
Brian
Griese
Brian
Brian
Griese
Brian
Bob Griese
Brian
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Brian


title: Hugh Freeze

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<mask>. (born September 27, 1969) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach at Liberty University. A successful high school football coach at Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee, Freeze coached Michael Oher and Greg Hardy. He subsequently served as the head football coach at Lambuth University from 2008 to 2009, Arkansas State University in 2011, and the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) from 2012 to 2016. Under <mask>, the Ole Miss football program committed various recruiting and academic violations that figured in the NCAA's decision to expunge 27 of <mask>'s wins and ban it from post-season play for two years. He resigned from Ole Miss after officials discovered that he had used a university cellphone to call escort services multiple times over the course of five years. Early life
<mask> graduated Senatobia High School in 1988, and then attended Northwest Mississippi Community College, where he lettered two years in junior college baseball.He became an NJCAA Academic All-American for the Rangers in the spring of 1990. <mask> then attended the University of Southern Mississippi, where he tried out for the baseball team in the fall of 1990, hoping to make the roster for the spring of 1991. He was cut from the team. He graduated from Southern Miss in 1992 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and a minor in coaching and sports administration. Coaching career

Briarcrest Christian School
In 1992, <mask> joined the staff at Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee, as the football team's offensive coordinator and defensive backs coach. Freeze also served as dean of students. In 1995, he was promoted to head coach.<mask> ran the no-huddle spread offense and led his team to the state championship twice, in 2002 and 2004, and the regional championship each year from 1995 to 1998 and in 2001 and 2002. He received Region 8-AA Coach of the Year honors five times and Associated Press Coach of the Year honors six times. In ten years at Briarcrest, <mask> was 94–30 as head coach (.785 winning percentage) and 126–37 overall. <mask> was depicted in the book and motion picture The Blind Side, about one of his former players, offensive tackle Michael Oher. While at Briarcrest Christian School, <mask> also coached the girls basketball team from 1992 to 2004, and actually had more success in this role, with an overall record of 305–63 (.829 winning percentage), seven straight championship appearances, and four championships. Following his dismissal from Ole Miss in 2017, some former students alleged that Freeze had engaged in inappropriate conduct with female students while at Briarcrest. <mask> has denied the allegations.Briarcrest officials said they were unaware of any sexual improprieties committed by <mask> during his tenure. Ole Miss assistant coach
In 2005, the University of Mississippi hired <mask> as an assistant athletic director for football external affairs. The following season, he became the tight ends coach and recruiting coordinator, positions he held through 2007. After that season, he replaced head coach Ed Orgeron on an interim basis before the hiring of Houston Nutt. Freeze interviewed for the offensive coordinator position with Nutt, a position that eventually went to Kent Austin. Lambuth
In January 2008, Lambuth University, a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), named <mask> its head coach. In 2008, he led Lambuth to an 8–4 record and a first round loss in the NAIA playoffs, marking their first appearance in the playoffs since 2004 under then head coach Vic Wallace.He was considered for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's head coaching position following the 2008 season, but remained at Lambuth University for another season and compiled a 20–5 overall record, and defeating opponents 41–17 on average. In 2009, he led the Eagles to their best regular season record in school history with an unblemished 11–0 mark. Lambuth advanced to the second round of the NAIA playoffs for first time in 11 years—having won one game before suffering elimination to finish 12–1 as the sixth-ranked team in the NAIA. Arkansas State
In 2010, he joined the staff of head coach Steve Roberts at Arkansas State as offensive coordinator, joining the program after spending less than two months, during the 2009-2010 offseason, as offensive coordinator at San Jose State University. The Red Wolves finished 2010 with a 4–8 record, but their offensive rankings jumped from 95th in total offense and 90th in scoring offense in the NCAA Division I FBS to 43rd and 46th, respectively. The Red Wolves' offense broke nine school records including total plays (856), first downs (262), pass attempts (438), pass completions (266), completion percentage (.607), passing yards (3,057), passing yards per game (254.8), and passing touchdowns (23). The Red Wolves' offense averaged 403.4 yards per game, eclipsing over 300 yards all 12 times it took the field for the first time in the history of the program.A-State posted at least 400 yards of total offense in seven games during the 2010 campaign, the most ever as an NCAA FBS member, all in his first year as offensive coordinator. After the season, Roberts was fired and <mask> was promoted to head coach. In 2011, his only season as head coach at Arkansas State, he led the Red Wolves to a 10–2 record and their first Sun Belt Conference title since 2005. The Red Wolves' offense averaged 447.8 ypg (28th nationally, 1st in Sun Belt Conference) including 293.6 ypg passing and 154.2 ypg rushing. <mask> left Arkansas State before Arkansas State's post-season appearance in the GoDaddy.com Bowl. Ole Miss head coach
On December 5, 2011, <mask> was announced as the 37th head coach of the University of Mississippi. During the press conference to introduce <mask> as the head coach, he stated that he wanted to "retire at Ole Miss."He was signed to a four-year contract with an annual salary of $1.5 million plus incentives up to $2.5 million. In his first season at Ole Miss, <mask> led the Rebels to a 6–6 record in the regular season, making Ole Miss bowl eligible for the first time since 2009 with a 41–24 victory over Mississippi State in the Egg Bowl. His Rebels accepted a bid to play in the BBVA Compass Bowl in Birmingham, Alabama, on January 5, 2013. They beat the University of Pittsburgh 38–17 to finish 7–6. <mask> received national attention on National Signing Day 2013 as Ole Miss brought in the fifth ranked recruiting class in the country. <mask> won the 2014 Grant Teaff Coach of the Year award by the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. During <mask>'s third season at Ole Miss, he led the Rebels to a 7–0 start, the program's best start since the Johnny Vaught era.By October, they had risen as high as third in the nation, their highest ranking at that late stage in the season in almost half a century. They ultimately finished 9–3, only the third time since Vaught's tenure that Ole Miss has won that many games in the regular season. That netted them an appearance in the 2014 Peach Bowl: their first major bowl appearance since the 1970 Sugar Bowl, and the biggest since Vaught's tenure. On September 19, 2015, <mask>'s Rebels beat Alabama, 43–37, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, making <mask> only the third head coach, along with Les Miles and Steve Spurrier, to defeat a Nick Saban-coached team in back-to-back years. The victory catapulted the Rebels to No. 3 in the AP rankings. They went on to tally their second straight nine-win season, and garnered a berth in the 2016 Sugar Bowl, where they won 48–20 over Oklahoma State.They finished ninth in the AP Poll and 10th in the Coaches' Poll—their first top-10 finishes in a final poll since 1969. It was also only the Rebels' third 10-win season since the Vaught era. Scandals and resignation
In January 2016, the NCAA charged Ole Miss with numerous recruiting violations. An investigation turned up evidence that Ole Miss employees and boosters arranged numerous "impermissible benefits" for players, such as car loans and cash. At least one recruit was suspected of getting help on his college entrance exam. The investigation reopened soon after star offensive tackle Laremy Tunsil admitted taking money from one of <mask>'s assistants. In February 2017—three months after suffering its first losing season since the year <mask> arrived—Ole Miss withdrew from bowl consideration for the upcoming season.The move came on the same day that the NCAA sent an updated notice of allegations charging the Rebels with eight additional violations. Most seriously, it accused <mask> of not monitoring his assistants, and also accused Ole Miss of not properly controlling the program. On July 13, 2017, <mask>'s predecessor, Houston Nutt, sued Ole Miss for defamation, contending that <mask> and school officials falsely blamed him for the violations. As part of discovery for the lawsuit, Nutt's attorneys filed a Freedom of Information Act request for calls <mask> made on his university-issued cell phone during January 2016. Nutt's attorneys contended that <mask> and others at Ole Miss leaked information to the press as part of an effort to smear their client. While reviewing those records, Nutt's attorneys discovered a call to a number associated with a female escort service, and alerted Ole Miss officials about it. <mask> claimed it was a misdialed number.School officials investigated, and discovered what they later described as "a concerning pattern" of similar calls dating back to shortly after he arrived in Oxford. On July 20, chancellor Jeff Vitter and athletic director Ross Bjork gave <mask> an ultimatum: resign or be fired for violating the morals clause of his contract. <mask> opted to resign; offensive coordinator Matt Luke was named interim coach. In February 2019, the NCAA punished the Ole Miss football team for the recruiting and academic violations committed under both Nutt and Freeze. The punishments included a two-year postseason ban, three years of probation, and a four-year ban on some scholarships. As well, the NCAA forced Ole Miss to vacate 33 wins from 2010 to 2016. As a result, 27 of Freeze's wins were stripped from the books; only the 2015 season was unaffected.His record at Ole Miss is now officially 12–25; it was 39–25 on the field. Liberty
On October 11, 2018, <mask> was offered a job as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football league; he turned it down. <mask> was named head coach of the Liberty Flames football team on December 7, 2018. In his first year with the team, the Liberty Flames played to a 7–5 record, qualified for bowl games for the first time in school history, and accepted an invitation to the Cure Bowl in Orlando, Florida. On December 10, 2019, <mask> signed a five-year extension with Liberty. In 2020, the Flames finished with a 10–1 record, including a 15–14 loss to NC State. <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 on December 11, 2020.He returned in time to coach Liberty in the 2020 Cure Bowl, and beat Coastal Carolina. <mask> was rumored to be a candidate in several SEC coaching searches, including searches to replace South Carolina's Will Muschamp and Auburn's Gus Malzahn. He declined interest in any of these positions, saying, "I won't even entertain things of that nature at this point". Personal life
<mask> and his wife Jill have three daughters; Ragan, Jordan, and Madison. Despite his use of an escort service while married, <mask> has said he is a born-again Christian and has been outspoken about his faith throughout his coaching career. Head coaching record

* <small> Departed Arkansas State for Ole Miss before bowl game <small>

Notes

References

External links
 Liberty profile
 Ole Miss profile

1969 births
Living people
Arkansas State Red Wolves football coaches
Lambuth Eagles football coaches
Liberty Flames football coaches
Ole Miss Rebels athletic directors
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
High school basketball coaches in Tennessee
High school football coaches in Tennessee
University of Southern Mississippi alumni
People from Senatobia, Mississippi
Sportspeople from Oxford, Mississippi
Coaches of American football from Mississippi

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title: Timothy Mason

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<mask> (2 March 1940 – 5 March 1990) was a British Marxist historian of Nazi Germany. He was one of the founders of the History Workshop Journal and specialised in the modern Germany social history. He argued for the "primacy of politics" and believed World War II had been caused by an economic crisis inside Germany. Early life
Born in Birkenhead, the child of schoolteachers he was educated at Birkenhead School and Oxford University. He taught at Oxford from 1971 to 1984 and was twice married. He helped to found the left-wing journal History Workshop Journal. <mask> specialised in the social history of the Third Reich, especially that of the working class, and his most famous books were his 1975 work Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft (The Working Class and the National Community), a study of working-class life under the Nazis and his 1977 book, Sozialpolitik im Dritten Reich  (Social Policy in the Third Reich).Unusually for a British historian, most of his books were originally published in German. Role of historians
<mask> saw his role as developing history that was flexible, humane and analytical. <mask> wrote about historians' role in 1986: "If historians do have a public responsibility, if hating is part of their method and warning part of their task, it is necessary that they should hate precisely". <mask>'s interests as a Marxist historian were in writing a history that was not deterministic and in revising views on fascism. As part of his efforts to develop a broader picture of the Third Reich, <mask> approached such topics as women in Nazi Germany, a critique of "intentionalist" views of the Third Reich and theories of generic fascism as an analytical tool. In Social Policy in the Third Reich, <mask>, unlike his counterparts in East Germany, did not confined his research mostly to resistance movements within the German working class, but he sought a comprehensive picture of the life of the working class and how it was viewed both by itself and by the Nazi regime. <mask> argued that the Nazi leadership was haunted by memories of the November Revolution of 1918 and so the dictatorship was prepared to make no small material allowances in the form of social policy, its reluctance to impose material shortages and its hesitation to bring in a total war economy.Primacy of politics
Besides his studies on the working class of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, <mask> was noted for his break with previous Marxist interpretations of fascism that saw fascist regimes as the servant of capitalist interests. <mask> argued instead for the "primacy of politics" by which he meant that although he thought that fascist regimes were still capitalist regimes, they retained "autonomy" in the political sphere and were not dictated to by capitalist interests. In a 1966 essay, <mask> wrote "that both the domestic and foreign policy of the National Socialist government became, from 1936 onward, increasingly independent of the influence of the economic ruling classes, and even in some essential aspects ran contrary to their collective interests" and that "it became possible for the National Socialist state to assume a fully independent role, for the 'primacy of politics' to assert itself". <mask> used the following to support his thesis:
 After the 1936 economic crisis, German industrialists were increasingly excluded from the decision-making process. After 1936, with the coming of the first Four Year Plan, the state came to play a dominant role in the German economy by state-owned companies and by placing larger orders. The expansion of the production of armaments, supported by a very interventionist economy, led to capitalist enterprises that were unrelated to armaments to decline. The decline in effectiveness of economic lobbies in the Third Reich.Although every major German industrialist called for a reduction of working-class living standards from 1933 onwards, the Nazi regime always ignored such calls until 1942 and sought instead to raise working-class living standards. <mask>'s "primacy of politics" approach was against the traditional Marxist "primacy of economics" approach and involved him in the 1960s with a vigorous debate with the East German historians Eberhard Czichon, Dietrich Eichholtz and Kurt Gossweiler. The last two historians wrote if <mask> was correct, it would amount to "a complete refutation of Marxist social analysis". By approaching the subject from a different angle from conservative historians such Henry Ashby Turner and Karl Dietrich Bracher, <mask>'s "primacy of politics" thesis reached the same conclusion about Nazi Germany: big business served the state, rather than vice versa. "Flight into war" theory
<mask>'s most notable arguments were the following:
 The German working class was always opposed to the Nazi dictatorship. In the overheated German economy in the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm, which would grant their desired wage increases. It was a form of political resistance that forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939.Thus, the outbreak of the Second World War was caused by structural economic problems, a "flight into war" that had been imposed by a domestic crisis. The key aspects of the crisis were, according to <mask>, a shaky economic recovery being threatened by a rearmament program, which was overwhelming the economy; the Nazi regime's nationalist bluster limited its options. In that way, <mask> articulated a Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics")  view of the war's origins through the concept of social imperialism. <mask>'s thesis was in marked contrast to the Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics") by which historians usually explained the war. <mask> believed German foreign policy was driven by domestic political considerations and that the start of the war in 1939 was best understood as a “barbaric variant of social imperialism”. <mask> argued, "Nazi Germany was always bent at some time upon a major war of expansion". However, <mask> argued that the timing of such a war was determined by domestic political pressures, especially those relating to a failing economy, and it had nothing to do with what Hitler wanted.<mask> believed that between 1936 and 1941, the state of the German economy, not Hitler's 'will' or 'intentions', was the most important cause of German foreign policy. <mask> argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the 1918 German Revolution and so were greatly opposed to any drop in the living standards of the working-class since they feared provoking a repetition of that revolution. <mask> considered that by 1939, the "overheating" of the German economy, which had been caused by rearmament; the failure of various rearmament plans because of the shortages of skilled workers; industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies and the sharp drop in living standards of the German working class forced Hitler into going to war at a time and place that were not of his choosing. <mask> contended that when faced with the deep socioeconomic crisis, the Nazi leadership had decided to embark upon a ruthless 'smash and grab' foreign policy of seizing territory in Eastern Europe that could be pitilessly plundered to support living standards in Germany. <mask> described German foreign policy as driven by an opportunistic 'next victim' syndrome after the Anschluss in which the "promiscuity of aggressive intentions" was nurtured by every successful foreign policy move. In <mask>'s opinion, the decision to sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with the Soviet Union and to attack Poland and to run of the risk of a war with the United Kingdom and France were the abandonment by Hitler of his foreign policy programme, which had been outlined in Mein Kampf, and was forced on him by his need to stop a collapsing German economy by seizing territory abroad to be plundered. <mask>'s theory of a "flight into war" being imposed on Hitler generated much controversy, and in the 1980s, he conducted a series of debates with economic historian Richard Overy on the matter.Overy maintained the decision to attack Poland was not caused by structural economic problems but was the result of Hitler wanting a localised war at that particular moment. For Overy, a major problem with the <mask> thesis was that it rested on the assumption that although unrecorded by the records, that information had been passed on to Hitler about Germany's economic problems. Overy argued that there was a major difference between economic pressures that were inducted by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserve of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was also somewhat downplayed by <mask>. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the state felt that it could master the economic problems of rearmament. As one civil servant put it in January 1940, "we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix". Intentionist vs. functionalist historical schools
In a 1981 essay "Intention and explanation: A current controversy about the interpretation of National Socialism" from the book The "Fuehrer State": Myth and Reality, <mask> coined the terms Intentionist and Functionalist as terms for historical schools regarding Nazi Germany.<mask> criticised Klaus Hildebrand and Karl Dietrich Bracher for focusing too much on Hitler as an explanation for the Holocaust. <mask> wrote: In their recent essays Karl Dietrich Bracher and Klaus Hildebrand are largely concerned with the intentional actions of Hitler, which, they believe, followed with some degree of necessity from his political ideas. They formulate the question: why did the Third Reich launch a murderous war of genocide and destruction of human life on a hitherto unprecedented scale? They come in the end to the conclusion that the leaders of the Third Reich, above all Hitler, did this because they wanted to do it. This can be demonstrated by studying early manifestations of their Weltanschauung, which are wholly compatible with the worst atrocities which actually occurred in the years 1938–1945. The goal of the Third Reich was genocidal war, and, in the end, that is what National Socialism was all about. From this it seems to follow that the regime is "unique", "totalitarian", "revolutionary", "utopian", devoted to an utterly novel principle for the public order, scientific racism.The leaders, in particular Hitler, demonstrably wanted all this, and it is thus, as Hildebrand recently suggested, wrong to talk of National Socialism; we should talk of Hitlerism. <mask> wrote that part of the explanation of National Socialism required a broader look at the period, rather than focusing entirely upon Hitler. <mask> wrote that as part of the investigation of the broader picture, historians should examine the economic situation of Germany in the late 1930s:
In anticipating and accounting for the war of expansion in the late 1930s the explanatory power of pressures which in their origin were economic was apparent to many actors and observers. Thus the argument that the decisive dynamic towards expansion was economic does not in the first instance depend upon the imposition of alien analytical categories on a recalcitrant body of evidence, nor in the first instance upon the theoretical construction of connections between "the economy" and "politics". For the years 1938–39 a very wide variety of different types of sources materials discuss explicitly and at length the growing economic crisis in Germany, and many of the authors of these memoranda, books and articles could see the need to speculate then about the relationship between this crisis and the likelihood of war. The view that this was a major problem was common to many top military and political leaders in Germany, to top officials in Britain, to some German industrialists and civil servants, to German exiles and members of the conservative resistance, and to non-German bankers and academics. Criticism of Ernst Nolte on the Holocaust
<mask> was a leading advocate of comparative studies in fascism and, in the 1980s, strongly criticised the German philosopher Ernst Nolte for comparing the Holocaust to events that <mask> regarded as totally unrelated to Nazi Germany, such as the Armenian genocide and the Khmer Rouge genocide.By contrast, <mask> argued that there was much to learn by comparing Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to produce a theory of generic fascism. In <mask>'s view, Nazism was only part of a wider fascist phenomenon:
If we can do without much of the original contents of the concept of ‘fascism’, we cannot do without comparison. "Historicization" may easily become a recipe for provincialism. And the moral absolutes of Habermas, however politically and didactically impeccable, also carry a shadow of provincialism, as long as they fail to recognize that fascism was a continental phenomenon, and that Nazism was a peculiar part of something much larger. Pol Pot, the rat torture and the fate of the Armenians are all extraneous to any serious discussion of Nazism; Mussolini's Italy is not. Denouncing Thatcher government and leaving Britain
In 1985, <mask> decided that the government of Margaret Thatcher was the harbinger of fascism, advised trade union leaders to start making preparations to go underground and moved to Italy. After battling severe depression for many years, he committed suicide in Rome in 1990.Works
 "Some Origins of the Second World War" pages 67–87 from Past and Present, Volume 29, 1964. "Labour in the Third Reich" pages 187–191 from Past and Present, Volume 33, 1966. "Nineteenth Century Cromwell" pages 187–191 from Past and Present, Volume 49, 1968. "Primacy of Politics: Politics and Economics in National Socialist Germany" from The Nature of Fascism edited by Stuart J. Woolf, 1968. Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft: Dokumente und Materialien zur deutschen Arbeiterpolitik, 1936–39, 1975. "Innere Krise und Angriffskrieg, 1938–1939" pages 158–188 from Wirtschaft und Rüstung am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges edited by F. Forstermeier and H.E. Vokmannn, Düsseldorf, 1975.Sozialpolitik im Dritten Reich: Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft, 1977. "Women in Germany, 1925–40: Family, Welfare, and Work" pages 74–113 from History Workshop Journal, Issue 1, 1976 and pages 5–32 from History Workshop Journal, Issue 2, 1976. "National Socialism and the German Working Class, 1925 – May 1933" pages 49–93 from New German Critique Volume 11, 1977. "Worker's Opposition in Nazi Germany" pages 120–137 from History Workshop Journal, Issue II, 1981
 "Die Bändigung der Arbeiterklasse im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland", pages 11-53 from Carola Sachse/Tilla Siegel/Hasso Spode/Wolfgang Spohn, Angst, Belohnung, Zucht und Ordnung. Herrschaftsmechanismen im Nationalsozialismus, Opladen 1982. "Injustice and Resistance: Barrington Moore and the Reaction of the German Workers to Nazism" from Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History, 1880–1950 edited by R.J. Bullen, Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann and A.B. Polonsky, 1984."Massenwiderstand ohne Organisation: Streiks im faschistischen Italien und NS-Deutschland" pages 1997–212 from Gewerkschafliche Monatshefte, Volume 32, 1984. "Arbeiter ohne Gewerkschaften: Massenwiderstand im NS-Deutschland und im faschistischen Italien" pages 28–35 from Journal für Geschichte, 1985. "History Workshop" pages 175–1986 from Passato e Presente, Volume 8, 1985. "Il nazismo come professione" pages 18–19 from Rinascita, Volume 18, 18 May 1985. "The Great Economic History Show" pages 129–154 from History Workshop Journal, Volume 21, 1986. "Italy and Modernisation" pages 127–147 from History Workshop Journal, Volume 25, 1988. "Gli scioperi di Torino del Marzo' 43" from L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale e nella resistenza, edited by Francesca Ferratini Tosi, Gatano Grasso, and Massimo Legnain, 1988."Debate: Germany, `Domestic Crisis and War in 1939': Comment 2" pages 205–221 from Past and Present, Volume 122, 1989 reprinted as “Debate: Germany, `domestic crisis’ and the War in 1939” from The Origins of The Second World War edited by Patrick Finney, Edward Arnold: London, United Kingdom, 1997, ..
 "Whatever Happened to `Fascism'?" pages 89–98 from Radical History Review, Volume 49, 1991. "The Domestic Dynamics of Nazi Conquests: A Response to Critics" from Re-evaluating the Third Reich edited by Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan, 1993. Nazism, Fascism, and the Working Class: Essays by <mask>, edited by Jane Caplan, 1995. References

Sources
 Perry, Matt, "<mask>, <mask>", pages 780–781, from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999. DiCori, Paola; Samuel, Raphael and Galleranto, Nicola, "<mask>: l'uomo, lo studioso", pages 267–286, from Movimento Operaio e Socialista, Volume 13, 1990. Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, London: Arnold, 1993.Peukert, Detlev, Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremden: Anpassung, Ausmerze und Aufbegehren unter dem Nationalsozialismus, Cologne: Bund Verlag, 1982. Samuel, Raphael, "<mask>: A memorial", pages 129–188, from History Workshop Journal, Volume 39, 1990. Schoenbaum, David, "Book Review: <mask><mask>", Contemporary European History, July 1996. Moltó, Ferran, "<mask>. Genocidio racial y clase obrera (1933–1945)", tesina inédita dirigida por el Dr. Ferran Gallego, UAB, 2007. External links
 About <mask>
 Review of Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class
 Hope Against the Holocaust Review of Social Policy in the Third Reich
 By <mask>
 The Workers' Opposition in Nazi Germany

People from Birkenhead
1940 births
1990 suicides
People educated at Birkenhead School
British Marxist historians
Historians of Nazism
British Marxists
Suicides in Italy
20th-century British historians

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title: Mike Thalassitis

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<mask> (; 19 January 1993 – 16 March 2019) was a British footballer and television personality. He was known for his appearances on the third series of ITV2 reality series Love Island and the fourth series of E4 dating series Celebs Go Dating. <mask> signed a professional two-year contract with Stevenage in May 2011, having joined the club's Centre of Excellence ahead of the 2010–11 season, just after Stevenage's promotion to the Football League. He made his first-team debut in August 2011. Two months later, <mask> joined Conference South side Boreham Wood on loan, returning to his parent club in January 2012. He was loaned out once again a month later, signing for Hayes & Yeading United on a one-month loan deal. During the 2012–13 season, <mask> was briefly loaned out to Cambridge United in September 2012, before joining Bishop's Stortford on loan two months later.He then spent the remainder of the season on loan at Boreham Wood, his second loan spell at the club. Ahead of the 2013–14 season, <mask> joined Ebbsfleet United on a season-long loan. In 2017, <mask> appeared on the ITV2 reality series Love Island. He retired from football in December that year. In March 2019, <mask> was found dead at the age of 26 at a park in North London. Club career

Stevenage
<mask> joined Stevenage's youth system ahead of the 2010–11 season. He scored 17 goals in 26 games for the club's U18 side in his first season with the club.As a result of his fine form during the season, he was handed a two-year professional contract with the club on 18 May 2011. This meant that <mask> was the first player to sign a professional deal with the club from the Centre of Excellence that was "hastily formed" following the club's promotion to the Football League. <mask> made his competitive debut for Stevenage in the club's 1–0 away defeat to Milton Keynes Dons on 27 August 2011, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute in the match. During the game, he produced a "strong run forcing goalkeeper David Martin to tip his effort from the edge of the box onto the bar", as well as missing a chance to restore parity in injury-time. <mask> joined Conference South side Boreham Wood on a one-month loan deal in October 2011. He made his debut for the club a day after signing, scoring after 17 minutes in a 3–1 home victory against Dartford. During his initial one-month loan spell, <mask> made five league appearances for the club, in which Boreham Wood recorded five straight victories — propelling them from twentieth place to eighth in the Conference South standings.His loan spell was subsequently extended for a further month on 9 November 2011. Three days later, on 12 November, <mask> scored a hat-trick in Boreham Wood's sixth consecutive league victory, a 4–2 home win against Dover Athletic. After scoring five times in twelve games for Boreham Wood, <mask> returned to his parent club on 4 January 2012. He was loaned out for a second time during the season, joining Conference National side Hayes & Yeading United on a one-month loan deal on 17 February 2012. He made his debut for the club a day later, scoring a consolation goal in injury-time in a 4–1 defeat to promotion chasing Wrexham. <mask> scored the only goal of the game in his next match three days later, netting with a header from goalkeeper Steve Arnold's long clearance in a 1–0 away victory at Bath City. He scored once more during his time at Hayes & Yeading, scoring in a 3–1 away win at Forest Green Rovers, and played five games during his one-month loan spell.He was recalled by Stevenage on 22 March, and went on to make two further substitute appearances for the club during the latter stages of the season. <mask> made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in Stevenage's first game of the season, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–1 home win over AFC Wimbledon in the League Cup. He scored his first goal for Stevenage in the following round of the competition, scoring a consolation strike in injury-time as the club lost 4–1 to Premier League side Southampton on 28 August 2012. A month later, Stevenage announced that <mask> had signed a three-year contract extension, and would also be going out on a one-month loan deal to Conference National side Cambridge United. During the brief loan spell, <mask> made just two appearances, both of which were as a late substitute. He was loaned out once again in November 2012, the fourth loan spell of his career, joining Conference South side Bishop's Stortford on a one-month loan agreement. The loan was later extended until January 2013, with <mask> making eight appearances in all competitions during his two-month spell.<mask> was loaned out almost immediately following his return from Stortford, joining Boreham Wood on loan for the remainder of the 2012–13 campaign. He began his second spell at the club by scoring the first goal in a 3–0 victory over Hayes & Yeading on 28 January 2013. <mask> went on to score seven times in 19 appearances during his second loan spell with Boreham Wood, returning to Stevenage at the end of the season. Ahead of the 2013–14 season, <mask> was loaned out to Conference South side Ebbsfleet United on a season-long loan deal. On 17 May 2014, <mask> was released by Stevenage. Non-league
On 30 October 2015, <mask> joined Chelmsford City after departing Bishop's Stortford. <mask> scored his first goal for the Clarets in a loss against Gosport Borough on 5 December 2015.<mask> left on 2 January 2016 to join Concord Rangers. Less than a month after joining Concord, on 29 January 2016, <mask> signed for St Albans City. On 27 May 2016, <mask> joined Margate from St Albans City. On 26 October 2016, <mask> joined Hemel Hempstead Town from Margate. On 28 February 2017, <mask> joined Welling United from Hemel Hempstead Town. International career
In December 2011, <mask> was called up to a three-day training camp with the Cyprus U19 side, and was later called up to represent the U19 side in March 2012. He made two appearances for Cyprus as they drew twice with the Georgia U19 side.In May 2012, <mask> was called up for Cyprus U19's two games against Estonia, with both games taking place within the space of three days. He played 75 minutes of the first match, a 1–0 defeat; and then played 60 minutes of the next match, which ended 0–0. After impressing during his time with Cyprus, he was named in their 21-man squad to travel to Denmark for the 2012 UEFA European U19 elite qualification group. He started all three games as Cyprus finished bottom of their group. In May 2014, <mask> was called up to the Cyprus senior side for the first time, for their away friendly with Japan. However, he was unable to travel due to suffering a ruptured ACL during the final game of the season whilst on loan. Outside football

On 29 May 2017, <mask> was announced as part of the cast for the third series of the reality TV show Love Island.While the series began on 5 June 2017, <mask> did not enter the villa until 15 June 2017. Margate manager Steven Watt said in an interview that he was "disappointed" that <mask> did not tell him that he was going to be a part of the show. Thalassitis earned the nickname "Muggy <mask>" from contestant Chris Hughes after he chose to pair up with Hughes' love interest in a weekly recoupling. <mask> and fellow contestant Jessica Shears, along with their respective partners Olivia Attwood and Dom Lever, emerged among the three couples with the lowest votes for Favourite Couple from the public, and <mask> and Shears were dumped from the island as a result. In 2018, <mask> joined the fourth series of Celebs Go Dating. Death
On 16 March 2019, it was confirmed that <mask> had been found dead the previous day. His body was found hanging in a park in Edmonton, North London.On 5 June 2019, the North London Coroner's Court concluded that his cause of death was suicide. Career statistics

A. The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League and Football Conference. B. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy and Football League Trophy. References

External links

1993 births
2019 deaths
Footballers from Edmonton, London
English footballers
Cypriot footballers
Cyprus youth international footballers
Association football forwards
Participants in British reality television series
Stevenage F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C.players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Concord Rangers F.C. players
St Albans City F.C.players
Margate F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
English people of Greek Cypriot descent
Suicides by hanging in England
Suicides in London
2019 suicides

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title: Stephen Jones (rugby union)

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<mask> (born 8 December 1977) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former player who played primarily at fly-half. He played more than 100 times for Wales and six times for the British & Irish Lions. <mask> was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Gethin Jenkins on 15 March 2014. He remains as Wales most-capped back. With 970 international points, <mask> is eighth in the List of leading rugby union test point scorers, and the second-highest Wales player on the list behind Neil Jenkins. At the end of the 2012–13 season, <mask> retired from playing professional rugby to take up a coaching position at London Wasps and in August 2015 he joined the Scarlets as backs coach. Club career

Llanelli RFC
<mask> was born in Aberystwyth.He joined Llanelli RFC in 1996, staying there until the 2003–04 season. He played his last Welsh club season for the Llanelli Scarlets, the Llanelli side in the Welsh regional setup introduced that year. In his Welsh top-level career, he made more than 200 appearances and scored almost 2,000 points. Clermont Auvergne
In 2004, he joined Clermont Auvergne, formerly known as Montferrand. He had a successful club career with Clermont and he was chosen by French journalists as the fly-half of the season in his second year at the club. Scarlets
After two years at Clermont he returned to play for the Scarlets in 2006. Back in Llanelli, <mask> and the team had an excellent run in the Heineken Cup in 2007 and reached the semi-finals after wins home and away against Ulster and Toulouse, and a comfortable home victory against 2006 winners Munster in the quarter-finals.The Scarlets ultimately came unstuck against Leicester in the semi-final. <mask> ended speculation over his future by signing a new three-year contract with the Scarlets. He had been heavily linked with a move to French club Biarritz after triggering a clause in his contract allowing him to talk to other clubs. London Wasps
On 11 April 2012, it was announced that <mask> would be leaving the Scarlets for a second time to join London Wasps at the end of the 2011–12 season. He agreed to a two-year contract that could see him move into a coaching role at the end of his playing career. In February 2013, <mask> announced that he would retire from playing a year early, at the end of the 2012–13 season, and move into coaching with Wasps. Return to Scarlets
On 12 January 2015, it was announced that <mask> would be returning to Scarlets at the end of the 2014-15 season as backs coach.Representative career

Wales
<mask> made his international debut for Wales in 1998 against South Africa. <mask> played a prominent role in Wales' Grand Slam triumph of 2005. As a fly-half, he scored the majority of the team's points, his best game being the victory in Paris, in which he scored 14 points including a drop goal and made a 60-metre break that led to Martyn Williams' first try. In the championship decider against Ireland at the Millennium Stadium, he scored another 16 points and steered Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27 years. He was later named fly-half of the championship for 2005. In October 2006 head coach Gareth Jenkins named <mask> as captain to lead Wales through to the 2007 World Cup. On his appointment of <mask>, Jenkins said "<mask> has all the attributes to make a magnificent captain of his country.He has the respect and regard of his players, leadership qualities that are evident for all to see and the talent and ability to lead from the front at game time". Jenkins had a change of heart however, as <mask> was replaced by Gareth Thomas as captain for the tournament itself, as <mask> was not assured of his place in the Welsh team due to the emergence of James Hook. In his eight outings as Wales captain, <mask> led Wales to only one win with six defeats and one draw. In the 2008 RBS Six Nations, <mask> made four appearances in his second Grand Slam championship win with Wales. He scored seven conversions and 10 penalties, adding up to 44 points, despite starting the tournament as second choice to James Hook. In the 2009 RBS Six Nations, <mask> made five appearances in the competition with Wales. An improvement to the previous year's competition he proved to be the in-form player, cementing his place as the first-choice number 10 for Wales.<mask> almost prevented Ireland from winning the Grand Slam in the last minute of the final game of the tournament, but his 50-yard penalty kick fell short. <mask> became the record cap holder for Wales on 26 September 2011 versus Namibia, overtaking the record of 100 caps set by Gareth Thomas. <mask> was selected as part of the 30-man Welsh squad for the Rugby World Cup 2011. He played his 103rd Test against France in the semi-final which Wales lost, coming off the bench to replace James Hook in the 45th minute. His 104th and final cap came in the third-place play-off match against Australia on 21 October 2011. British & Irish Lions
Having been part of the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam with Wales, <mask> was the in-form fly-half selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. With four fly-halves in the squad, <mask> was involved in just two of the tour matches, starting against the New Zealand Māori and replacing Jonny Wilkinson against Wellington.For the first Test, both <mask> and Wilkinson were selected in the starting line-up ahead of Ronan O'Gara and Charlie Hodgson, with <mask> at fly-half and Wilkinson at inside centre; however, <mask> lost his place in the team for the second Test, with Wilkinson taking over at fly-half. Having lost both of the first two matches, Sir Clive Woodward restored <mask> to the starting line-up for the dead rubber third Test, in which he scored 14 points as the Lions lost 38–19. Woodward's decision to select Wilkinson ahead of <mask> was questioned by the media, many of whom doubted whether the English fly-half should even have been picked for the tour, having only recently recovered from a serious shoulder injury. On 21 April 2009, <mask> was named in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa. During 2009, <mask> cemented his place as Wales' first-choice number 10 and earned his place in the Lions squad. He started all three Tests and broke the Lions record for most points scored against South Africa in the second Test. International tries

Personal life
<mask> has a son, Seb Joseff <mask>, who was born to his wife Gwen at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, on 8 July 2011.He's since had two more sons. At the 2014 National Eisteddfod in Llanelli, <mask> was honoured by the Gorsedd of Bards for services to Wales. A Welsh speaker, <mask> is one of several players to have been featured in the S4C series Rygbi a Mwy. References

Further reading
<mask>: A Thinking Man's Game: My Story by <mask> and Simon Roberts (Mainstream Publishing, 2009),

External links
Scarlets Profile
Wales Profile
Lions Profile

1977 births
Living people
ASM Clermont Auvergne players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
British expatriates in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Llanelli RFC players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Bro Myrddin Welsh Comprehensive School
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Aberystwyth
Scarlets players
Wales international rugby union players
Wales rugby union captains
Welsh expatriate rugby union players
Welsh rugby union coaches
Welsh rugby union players

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title: Stanley Clarke (businessman)

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<mask>, CBE, DL (7 June 1933 – 19 September 2004) was an English businessman, property developer, horse racing enthusiast, and philanthropist. Early life
<mask> was born in Woods Lane, Stapenhill, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, on 7 June 1933. His father Victor was previously a brewery worker, disabled by tuberculosis; while his mother Mabel was a maid at Dunstall Hall. To help his family financially when he was nine years old <mask> undertook a daily paper round before school, delivered prescription medication in the evenings, and at weekends delivered meat for the local butcher. <mask> was thinking of leaving school to become a farmer's hand, but his father persuaded him to stay on at Burton Technical High School. <mask>'s father died when <mask> was aged 11. Career
Aged 15, he became an apprentice plumber.On graduation he started his own business. Working from a bicycle with a front carrier for his tools, he aimed to provide a better service, at a better price, than anyone else. Aged 21, he agreed a deal with a local farmer to buy one acre of land. The farmer agreed to waive the purchase price of £125 until <mask> had gained planning permission, which he duly did and sold the land ownwards for £650 before paying for it. St Modwen Properties

In 1966, <mask> and his brother-in-law Jim Leavesley set up the building firm Clarke Quality Homes, which he developed into a major regional house builder. Building more than 500 houses a year, it was the largest privately owned house-building and development company in the country. <mask> believed that quality was a prime requirement of any business or private enterprise, a notion which gained Clarke Homes six National House Building Council awards on different sites around the country in a single year.In 1987, shortly before the property crash, they sold the house building side of the business to BICC subsidiary Balfour Beatty for £51 million, a company which at the time only had net assets of £6 million, and in which <mask> and his wife owned 80% of the company. Always ready to reward his staff for work well done, on completion of the sale he shared £12 million among all of the company's employees. Renaming the residual business St Modwen, in 1986 the management reversed the business into Redman Heenan International plc, a listed former engineering concern that had become a shell company. At that time the name was changed to St. Modwen Properties plc. In the 1980s the company developed the 1986 Stoke-on-Trent Garden Festival site, Burton's Octagon Shopping Centre, the Britannia Stadium, and the Concorde Business Park near Manchester Airport. The property crash of the early 1990s, brought a confrontation with NatWest bank:

After this time the company began to concentrate on the development of brownfield sites as shopping centres, office buildings and industrial estates. Before <mask>'s death, St Modwen had acquired the 228-acre former MG Rover factory at Longbridge for £42.5 million, and 600 acres of disused land from Corus at Llanwern steelworks for £17.5 million.The company was named the best real-estate performer in Europe for 2002, and has a current stock market valuation of £400 million; <mask>'s personal stake in the company was estimated to be worth £80 million. Horse Racing

Trainer
A devotee of horses and horse racing throughout his life, <mask> took out a trainer's licence in 1961. He sent out eight winners, before deciding to withdraw in 1966 in favour of breeding his own string of racehorses. Owner and breeder
<mask> concentrated on breeding stock, and with his wife initially featured prominently on the point-to-point circuit, with good horses such as Mount Argus and Captain Frisk. The couples black-and-white-striped colours featured on a number of notable National Hunt racing winners. He stabled a number of horses with Somerset-based Martin Pipe, who trained Rolling Ball, the Royal and SunAlliance Chase winner at Cheltenham racecourse in 1991. So excited was his wife by the success, that she fainted afterwards in the winner's enclosure.In 1993, Lord Relic won the 1993 Challow Hurdle at Newbury Racecourse by 10 lengths. The high point came in 1997, when his New Zealand-bred gelding Lord Gyllene (born 10 November 1988), trained by Steve Brookshaw and ridden by Tony Dobbin, won the 1997 Grand National at Aintree racecourse. The victory of Lord Gyllene is remembered as much for the circumstances surrounding the bomb threats and re-staging of the Grand National on the following Monday, as for his win itself. With a race record of 13 runs in the UK (won 4, second 5 and third once), <mask> retired the horse in 2001 due to injury. His other notable horse was Barton, which trained by Tim Easterby won 14 out of his 20 races. Barton won the 1999 Royal & Sun Alliance Novices' Hurdle at the Cheltenham Festival, and is one of a few horses to defeat the triple Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Best Mate. <mask> was an active director of the Racecourse Association and a director of the British Bloodstock Agency.In 1991 <mask> was elected a member of the Jockey Club. Northern Racing

In 1988 <mask> acquired the lease on Uttoxeter racecourse from East Staffordshire district council. He invested in new grandstands, improving facilities for racegoers, jockeys, trainers and horses, and greatly increased prize money. He engaged customers, and requested feedback, including pinning up "How are we doing?" posters in the toilets. The development of Uttoxeter formed the business model for <mask>'s later seven purchases, each with a distinctive green and white livery as part of a re-branding that concentrated hugely on their having a "spotless" appearance. The group eventually included: Brighton; Fontwell Park; Yarmouth; Bath; Hereford; Sedgefield.After buying Newcastle Racecourse, <mask> appeared on the first race day in the Silver Ring, mounted a soap box and addressed the crowd. Telling them that having inspected the facilities he was less than impressed, and promised to put things right with investment. The punters responded with an enthusiastic ovation. Naming the umbrella holding company Northern Racing, it was one of the first racecourse groups to negotiate directly with the bookmaking industry to secure a deal for transmitting pictures from their racecourses directly to Britain's betting shops, and later internationally. In 2000, he took an 80% controlling stake in the Alternative Investment Market-listed Chepstow Racecourse plc. Installing himself as Executive chairman, one of his daughters as a director and his son as CEO, he reversed his existing seven other racecourses into the listed entity, renaming it Northern Racing plc. Philanthropy
<mask> was a notable philanthropist, both donating and raisining sums for various charitable causes.Appointed chairman of the Lichfield Cathedral Trust in 1994, <mask> agreed to head an appeal to raise £2 million for repairs to the cathedral fabric. He then took on a second project to raise £4 million to make Lichfield Cathedral a centre of musical excellence, which included the restoration of the cathedral's 1884 William Hill church organ. At the time of his death, <mask> was chairing an appeal to raise £2.5 million to restore the 16th-century Flemish Herkenrode glass in seven of Lichfield Cathedral's windows. In 18 months, <mask> raised £2 million for the Racing Welfare Charities. He then joined an £8 million chaired by the Princess Royal, for a new headquarters for the Animal Health Trust. <mask> also gave a large personal donation to a fund to rescue Burton Albion F.C. when it was facing financial ruin.With his wife, <mask> was also contributed to medical and religious organisations. Although that to the Queen's Hospital Cancer Appeal is known, the majority of their donations, running into millions of pounds, were always made on the understanding that they should remain anonymous. Honours
<mask> was appointed CBE in 1990, and knighted in 2001. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Staffordshire, and High Sheriff of the county in 2003-4. Personal life
<mask> married Hilda Leavesley in 1957, on his birthday. The couple had three daughters (Sally, Mary and Jane) and one son, Simon. Dunstall Hall

In 1997 the couple bought Dunstall Hall for £4.5 million, a house set in  of land adjoining their existing estate at Barton-under-Needwood.<mask> had three personal connections to the house: the last owner was Sir Robert Douglas, who had given <mask> his first substantial plumbing job; the Hall was where his mother had worked in service; <mask> had poached game there as a boy. Investing in the restoration of the Hall and grounds, which feature in a dedicated programme on Channel Five, the plan was to sustain its upkeep by turning it ito a conference, banqueting and wedding venue. The family also used it for entertaining, where <mask> would put on charity and celebratory events, engaging artistes including Acker Bilk, Ken Dodd, Ronnie Corbett and Paul Daniels. On one occasion, the band of the Staffordshire Regiment marched down the garden beating the retreat. Death
<mask> was diagnosed with bowel cancer in 2000, with polyps on his liver and lungs, and given three years to live. After a series of operations which removed three-quarters of his liver, he underwent chemotherapy. Pronounced in remission, in 2004 the cancer returned.He resigned his positions with St Modwen and Northern Racing, before dying at his home in Barton-under-Needwood on 19 September 2004. References

People from Burton upon Trent
People from Barton-under-Needwood
British plumbers
British real estate businesspeople
British horse trainers
English racehorse owners and breeders
English philanthropists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Deaths from colorectal cancer
1933 births
2004 deaths
20th-century British philanthropists

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