title: Ernest C. S. Holmboe

texts:
<mask>. S<mask> was an American architect, practicing in Chicago, Illinois, Marietta, Ohio, and Clarksburg, West Virginia. Life and career
E. C. S<mask> was born in Denmark, where he studied architecture for four years. He later relocated to Chicago, where he was educated at the Art Institute of Chicago. In the early and mid 1890s he practiced as an architect in Chicago, but by 1899 he had relocated to the much smaller city of Marietta. In 1901 he formed a partnership with Robert C. Lafferty, a native of Wheeling, West Virginia. Lafferty was sent to Clarksburg to open a branch office. Soon afterwards, <mask> moved the firm's chief office to Clarksburg, and Lafferty ran another branch office, this time at Bluefield.Holmboe & Lafferty grew to become to most prominent architectural firm in the Clarksburg region, but was dissolved in 1920, soon after the end of World War I. After a brief period alone, <mask> established a new partnership with Guy M. Pogue, who had been educated by <mask>. Bates and been a practicing architect in Wheeling for five years. Holmboe & Pogue appears to have lasted for only a few years, but completed several major projects, including four county courthouses. After the dissolution of Holmboe & Pogue, <mask> practiced on his own at least until the 1940s, though few projects are known. Influence and legacy
<mask> was well regarded as a designer of fraternal buildings, especially Elks lodges. Buildings of this type by Holmboe & Lafferty were built in such faraway states as Florida and North Dakota. Works

E. C. S. Holmboe, until 1901
 1899 - Elks Home, 410 Front St, Marietta, Ohio
 Burned in 2001.1900 - Masonic Temple, 308 Front St, Marietta, Ohio

Holmboe & Laffery, 1901-1920
 1902 - Cottrill Opera House, East Ave, Thomas, West Virginia
 1902 - Elks Opera House, 212 Federal St, Bluefield, West Virginia
 Remodeled by the firm in 1908. 1902 - Miners' and Merchants' Bank Building, 172 East Ave, Thomas, West Virginia
 1903 - Bank of Pine Grove Building, Allen Addition St, Pine Grove, West Virginia
 1903 - Empire National Bank Building, 400 W Main St, Clarksburg, West Virginia
 1903 - Virgil L. Highland House, 240 E Main St, Clarksburg, West Virginia
 1904 - Braxton County Jail, Main St, Sutton, West Virginia
 1904 - Grafton Banking and Trust Building, W Main & Ethel Sts, Grafton, West Virginia
 Demolished. 1904 - St. Mary's Hospital, Washington Ave, Clarksburg, West Virginia
 Demolished. 1904 - West Side School (former), 304 Beech St, Grafton, West Virginia
 1905 - Garrett County Jail, E Alder St, Oakland, Maryland
 Demolished in the 1970s. 1905 - Old Main, Marshall College, Huntington, West Virginia
 1906 - McGuffey and Wilson Halls (Remodeling), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
 Conversion into dormitories. 1906 - Welch High School (former), Howard St, Welch, West Virginia
 Burned. 1907 - First Baptist Church (former), 100 Duhring St, Bluefield, West Virginia
 1907 - Lantz Hall, Massanutten Academy, Woodstock, Virginia
 1907 - Morgan County Courthouse, 202 Fairfax St, Berkeley Springs, West Virginia
 Destroyed by fire in 2006.1907 - Tunnelton Bank Building, North St, Tunnelton, West Virginia
 1908 - Elks Home, 1015 4th Ave, Huntington, West Virginia
 1909 - Administration Building, Salem College, Salem, West Virginia
 1910 - Citizens National Bank Building, 47 Church St, Philippi, West Virginia
 1910 - Cumberland City Hall, N Center St, Cumberland, Maryland
 1910 - Elks Home, 411 W Pike St, Clarksburg, West Virginia
 Burned in 2002. 1910 - Haymond Apartments, 444 W Main St, Clarksburg, West Virginia
 1911 - Rhea Terrace Apartments, Rhea Ter, Fairmont, West Virginia
 1911 - Whitescarver Hall, Broaddus College, Philippi, West Virginia
 1912 - Elks Home, 103 W Frederick St, Staunton, Virginia
 1912 - Elks Home, 425 N Florida Ave, Tampa, Florida
 Demolished in 1962. 1912 - Harpers Ferry High School (Old), 847 Washington St, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
 1912 - Thomas W. Koon House, 221 Baltimore Ave, Cumberland, Maryland
 1912 - Miners Hospital, Hospital Rd, Frostburg, Maryland
 Demolished in 1997. 1913 - Parsons High School, 501 Chestnut St, Parsons, West Virginia
 Demolished. 1913 - Second National Bank Building, 102 S Main St, Culpeper, Virginia
 1914 - Columbia Street School, 311 Columbia Street, Cumberland, Maryland
 1914 - Elks Club, 139 W 5th St, East Liverpool, Ohio
 1914 - First M. E. Church, 1539 W Pike St, Adamston, West Virginia
 1914 - <mask> E. Hutchinson House (Sonnencroft), Morgantown Ave, Fairmont, West Virginia
 Demolished in the 1960s. 1914 - Moorefield Graded and High School, 400 N Main St, Moorefield, West Virginia
 Demolished. 1915 - Elks Home, 424 5th St NE, Devils Lake, North Dakota
 Demolished.1916 - Gilmer County Jail, 201 N Court St, Glenville, West Virginia
 1916 - Sperry Hall, Massanutten Academy, Woodstock, Virginia
 1917 - Hepzibah Public School, Shinnston Pk, Hepzibah, West Virginia
 1918 - Ellsworth School, 504 Cherry St, Middlebourne, West Virginia
 1918 - Victory High School, 1636 W Pike St, Adamston, West Virginia
 1920 - Roosevelt-Wilson High School (former), 116 Pennsylvania Ave, Nutter Fort, West Virginia

Holmboe & Pogue, from 1920
 1921 - Hampshire County Courthouse, 50 S High St, Romney, West Virginia
 1922 - Ritchie County Courthouse, 115 E Main St, Harrisville, West Virginia
 1922 - Sistersville Junior High School (former), Work St, Sistersville, West Virginia
 1922 - Tyler County Courthouse (Remodeling), 121 Court St, Middlebourne, West Virginia
 1923 - Virginia Lee Harrison Gymnasium, Massanutten Academy, Woodstock, Virginia
 Presently a dormitory. 1924 - Pleasants County Courthouse, 301 Court Ln, St. Marys, West Virginia

E. C. S. Holmboe
 1929 - Shepherdstown High School (Old), 54 Minden Ave, Shepherdstown, West Virginia
 1937 - Circleville School, Price Way, Circleville, West Virginia

References

Architects from West Virginia
20th-century American architects
People from Clarksburg, West Virginia
Danish architects
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni

masks:
Ernest C
. Holmboe
. Holmboe
Holmboe
Holmboe
Charles W
Holmboe
Holmboe
Clyde


title: Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906–1969)

type: original

texts:
Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (; 30 May 1906 – 16 October 1969) was by birth a Greek and Danish princess as well as Margravine of Baden through her marriage to Berthold, pretender to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Baden. The second of five children of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, Theodora spent a happy childhood between Athens and Corfu. In her youth, however, she witnessed the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), followed by the First World War (1914–1918) and the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). For the young princess and her relatives, these conflicts had dramatic consequences and led to their exile in Switzerland (between 1917 and 1920), then in France and the United Kingdom (from 1922 to 1936). During their exile, Theodora and her family depended on the generosity of their foreign relatives, in particular Marie Bonaparte (who offered them accommodation in Saint-Cloud) and Lady Louis Mountbatten (who supported them financially). At the end of the 1920s, Theodora's mother was struck by a mental health crisis which led to her confinement in a Swiss psychiatric hospital. Shortly after, in 1931, Theodora married Berthold, Margrave of Baden, son of Chancellor of the German Reich Prince Maximilian.The couple then moved to Salem Castle, where Berthold ran a school with teacher Kurt Hahn. The princess gave birth to three children there: Margarita (1932–2013), Maximilian (born 1933) and Ludwig (born 1937). Opposed to Nazism, Theodora and her husband kept their distance from the Nazi regime, however this did not prevent Berthold from enlisting in the Wehrmacht at the start of the Second World War. Affected by the conflict, which divided her family into two factions, Theodora became involved in the German Red Cross and other charitable organizations. The defeat of Germany and its occupation by the Allies brought new upheavals in the life of <mask> and Berthold. Though preserved from Soviets, who caused the death of several of their cousins, the couple was ostracized by the British royal family at the time of the marriage of Prince Philip, Theodora's only brother, to Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (later Queen Elizabeth II) in 1947. Over the years, the couple was nevertheless reintegrated into the life of the European elite, as illustrated by their invitation and presence at the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 and at the wedding of Juan Carlos, Prince of Asturias, and Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark in 1962.Theodora died of heart problems six years after her husband, in 1969. Biography

Childhood

In Greece and abroad

The second daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, Theodora was born at Tatoi Palace, near Athens, on 30 May 1906. At the time of her birth, her father was traveling to Spain, where he represented the Greek royal family on the occasion of the marriage of King Alfonso XIII of Spain to Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a cousin of her mother Alice. Baptized "Theodora" in honor of the famous Byzantine empress, but nicknamed "Dolla" by her family, the princess grew up within a united household, together with her elder sister Margarita (1905–1981), and younger sisters Cecilie (1911–1937), and Sophie (1914–2001). With their mother, Theodora and her sisters communicated in English, but they also used French, German, and Greek in the presence of their relatives and governesses. The princesses were formally educated in English and Greek. Theodora's early childhood was marked by the instability that the Kingdom of Greece experienced at the start of the twentieth century.Tired of attacks from the press and the opposition, Andrew and Alice found refuge in travel and spent most of the period between 1907 and 1908 outside the borders of their country. With their daughters, they stayed in the United Kingdom, Germany, Malta and Russia, where they reunited with their numerous relatives including Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, <mask>na, Prince and <mask> of Battenberg (Alice's parents), etc. It was at this time that Theodora was introduced to her young maternal uncle and aunt, Louis and Louise, to whom she and her sister Margarita subsequently became very close. In 1909, the Goudi coup occurred, a military putsch organized against the government of King George I of Greece, Theodora's grandfather. Shortly after this event, Prince Andrew and his brothers were forced to resign from the army. Concerned about the political situation of their country, Andrew and Alice once again found refuge abroad and stayed in the United Kingdom, France and Hesse. After considering a life in exile for a while, the couple returned to live in Greece, where their third daughter was born.At that time, Theodora was described by her maternal grandmother as a funny and imaginative little girl, but also very scatterbrained. The Balkan Wars and the First World War

Between 1912 and 1913, Greece engaged in the Balkan Wars, which put the country in opposition to the Ottoman Empire and to Bulgaria. Called to join the army again, Prince Andrew served under Crown Prince Constantine while Princess Alice worked as a nurse for wounded soldiers. Too young to follow their parents, Theodora and her sisters spent the duration of the conflict in Athens, with the exception of a brief stay in Thessaloniki in December 1912. Greece came out of the Balkan Wars with an expanded territory, but the conflict also led to the demise of George I, who was assassinated in March 1913. The death of the King of the Hellenes caused significant changes in the life of Theodora and her relatives. In his will, the sovereign bequeathed the Corfiote palace of Mon Repos to Andrew.After years of living in close proximity to the monarch, in the palaces of Athens and Tatoi, Andrew and his family therefore finally had their own residence. When peace returned, Andrew, Alice and their daughters left Greece in August 1913. After a visit to Germany, they stayed in the United Kingdom, with Theodora's maternal grandparents. For little princesses, this trip was an opportunity to visit St Paul's Cathedral and London Zoo with their parents. Returning to Greece on 17 November 1913, the family was then retained in the country by Alice's fourth pregnancy and, above all, by the outbreak of the First World War. With Greece having proclaimed its neutrality, this new conflict initially hardly affected Theodora and her relatives. She and her sisters thus spent the summer of 1914 in Corfu, where they enjoyed the sun and the sea for four months.Things changed as war creeped into the life of the country's people. Stationed in Thessaloniki with his garrison, Andrew was thus confronted with the occupation of the city by the Allies in October 1915. Shortly after, in December, the routed Serbian army found refuge in Corfu, leading Alice and her daughters to abandon Mon Repos for the capital. Over the months, the amount of threats against members of the royal dynasty increased. In July 1916, an arson attacked the domain of Tatoi, while the king was there with his wife and several of their children. In addition, on 1 December, the French navy bombarded the royal palace in Athens, forcing Theodora and her sisters to take refuge in the cellars with their mother. Exile in Switzerland

In June 1917, King Constantine I was finally deposed and driven out of Greece by the Allies, who replaced him on the throne by his second son, the young <mask>.Fifteen days later, Theodora's family was in turn forced into exile in order to remove the possibility of the new monarch being influenced by those close to him. Forced to reside in German-speaking Switzerland, the small group first stayed in a hotel in St. Moritz, before settling in Lucerne, where they lived with uncertainty about their future. Exile was not the only source of concern for the family, however. With the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917, several of Theodora's relatives were murdered in Russia. Shortly after these events, the Grand Ducal family of Hesse, to which Theodora was closely related through her mother, was overthrown along with all the other German dynasties during the winter of 1918–1919. Finally, the family went through some health problems, several of them contracting the flu in 1920. At the beginning of 1919, Theodora nevertheless had the joy of reuniting with her paternal grandmother, the Dowager Queen Olga, spared by the Bolsheviks thanks to the diplomatic intervention of the Danes.In the months that followed, she reconnected, moreover, with her maternal grandparents, whom the war forced to abandon the name of Battenberg for that of Mountbatten. For Theodora, who now formed a duo with her elder sister Margarita, exile was not only synonymous with sadness; it was also an opportunity for long family reunions and walks in the mountains. Young adulthood

Brief return to Greece
On 2 October 1920, King <mask>, cousin of Theodora, was bitten by a domestic monkey during a walk in Tatoi. Poorly cared for, he contracted sepsis, which prevailed on 25 October, without any member of his family being allowed to come to his bedside. The death of the sovereign caused a violent institutional crisis in Greece. Already stuck, since 1919, in a new war against Turkey, Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos lost the 1920 Greek legislative election. Humiliated, he retired abroad while a referendum reinstalled Constantine I on the throne.Prince Andrew was received triumphantly in Athens on 23 November 1920, and his wife and four daughters joined him a few days later. Theodora then returned to live in Corfu with her family. At the same time, Princess Alice found out that she was pregnant again. On 10 June 1921, the family welcomed Philip (1921–2021), the future Duke of Edinburgh. The joy that surrounded this birth, however, was obscured by the absence of Prince Andrew, who joined the Greek forces in Asia Minor during the Occupation of Smyrna. Despite worries about the war, Theodora and her siblings enjoyed life at Mon Repos, where they received a visit from their maternal grandmother and their aunt Louise in the spring of 1922. In the park near the palace, built on an ancient cemetery, the princesses devoted themselves to archeology and discovered some pottery, bronze pieces and bones.During this period, Theodora and her sisters also participated, for the first time, in a number of great social events. In March 1921, the princesses attended in Athens the wedding of their cousin Helen to Crown Prince Carol of Romania. In July 1922, they went to the United Kingdom to be bridesmaids at the wedding of their uncle Louis Mountbatten to the wealthy heiress Edwina Ashley. However, the military defeat of Greece against Turkey and the political unrest that it caused disrupted the life of Theodora and her family. In September 1922, Constantine I abdicated in favor of his eldest son, George II. A month later, Prince Andrew was arrested before being tried by a military tribunal, which declared him responsible for the defeat of the Sakarya. Saved from execution by the intervention of foreign chancelleries, the prince was condemned to banishment and cashiering.After a brief stop in Corfu, the prince and his relatives hurriedly left Greece aboard HMS Calypso in early December 1922. In the UK and France

After a journey of several weeks, which led them successively to Italy, France and the United Kingdom, Theodora, her parents and her siblings settled in Saint-Cloud in 1923. Settled in a house adjoining that of Princess Marie Bonaparte, the family depended for seven years on her generosity, and two other aunts of Theodora: first Princess Anastasia and then Lady Louis Mountbatten. Marie Bonaparte financed the studies of her nieces and nephew, while Lady Mountbatten got into the habit of offering her nieces her "used" clothes. In fact, Theodora's parents had little income and the children were the regular witnesses to their money problems and their difficulty in maintaining a household. Deprived of their Greek nationality after the proclamation of the Second Hellenic Republic in March 1924, Theodora and her family received Danish passports from their cousin King Christian X. Now of marrying age, the princess and her sister Margarita regularly left France for Great Britain, where they lived with their maternal grandmother, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven.With their aunt Louise, who increasingly replaced their mother as a chaperone and confidante, the two young girls attended most of the events by British aristocracy during the 1920s, including balls and dances, birthdays and garden parties at Buckingham Palace, horse races, etc. The two princesses also took advantage of their stays in London to visit their many relatives, such as their paternal grandmother, Queen Olga, who was Queen <mask>'s regular guest at Sandringham. However, the young girls' lack of fortune and their life in exile meant that they hardly had any suitors. By 1930, none of them had yet found a fiancé. This did not prevent them from rejoicing for their aunt Louise when she was asked by Gustaf

masks:
Theodora
Alexandra Feodorov
Princess Louis
Alexander
Alexander
Alexandra


texts:
 Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden, to marry him in June 1923. Alice's confinement
Theodora, Margarita and Philip spent the summer of 1928 in Romania. Invited by Princess Helen, whose son Miachel I was the same age as Philip, the two young girls and their little brother stayed for several weeks in Sinaia.At the time, Prince Nicholas of Romania was still single and Helen would like to see him marry one of her relatives, but her plans for her brother-in-law to marry one of her cousins came to nothing. A few months after this trip, Alice began to suffer from psychological problems. Struck by a mental health crisis, the princess convinced herself that she possessed healing powers and that she was receiving divine messages about potential husbands for her daughters. She then took herself for a saint and soon declared herself the bride of Jesus. Distraught by the situation, Prince Andrew finally made the decision to place his wife in a sanatorium. He took advantage of his family's stay in Darmstadt, Germany, in April 1930, to send Alice to a psychiatric hospital located in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. In the months which followed, Theodora's three sisters successively married German princes.Sophie married Prince Christoph of Hesse in December 1930, followed by Cecilie who married Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse in February 1931, and Margarita who married Gottfried, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in April 1931. Theodora thus became the last of the four sisters to get married. Settling in Germany

Marriage and settling in Salem

In June 1931, Théodora became engaged to Berthold, Margrave of Baden. Son of the last chancellor of the German Empire and titular Grand Duke of Baden from November 1929, Berthold was in charge of a substantial fortune. A man of culture, he lived in Salem, where his father had founded a school with the help of his secretary, Kurt Hahn, in 1920. On 17 August 1931, <mask> and Berthold were married in a double religious ceremony, both Lutheran and Orthodox, at the Neues Schloss in Baden-Baden, which resulted in a large family reunion, at which the bride's mother Princess Alice was not present. After the ceremony, the newlyweds went on their honeymoon in Capri, Italy, where they were hosts to the Swedish poet Axel Munthe.Back in Germany, the couple moved to Salem Castle, a former Cistercian abbey transformed into a princely residence after its secularization in 1803. The Margrave and Margravine of Baden had three children: Margarita (1932–2013), Maximilian (born 1933) and Ludwig (born 1937). Concerned about her mother's fate, Theodora visited her several times in Kreuzlingen, but Alice did not always receive her daughter warmly. Aware that her brother had been living a chaotic existence since their mother's placement in a sanatorium, Theodora got Philip to go to school in Salem and to come and live with her and her husband in 1933. The rise of Nazism in Germany, however, led her to reverse her decision and send him back to the United Kingdom, where he finally enrolled in Gordonstoun in 1934. Over the years, Theodora welcomed several members of her family to Salem. The Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven stayed on several occasions with her granddaughter, as did Prince Andrew.The princess also received her mother, once she had recovered from her health problems, and her sisters. Cecilie made a last visit to Salem in July 1937, before being killed in a plane crash with her family on 16 November 1937. Political upheavals

While several of their relatives such as Cecilie and Margarita, (Theodora's sisters) as well as <mask> (Berthold's sister), gradually joined the Nazi Party, the Margrave and Margravine of Baden tried to keep their distance from the Nazi regime. Shortly after the establishment of his dictatorship, Adolf Hitler arrested Kurt Hahn, whose Jewish origins he despised. Freed thanks to the intervention of the British government, the pedagogue was however removed from the direction of Salem and had to find refuge in the United Kingdom. Despite these events, Berthold obtained permission from the German authorities to keep his school open. Enjoying relative autonomy until 1941, the institution nevertheless underwent a process of Nazification which took it away from its initial values.While Germany sank into dictatorship from 1933, the Hellenic Republic was overthrown by General Kondylis in October 1935. A month later, King George II, Theodora's cousin, was reinstalled on the throne after a referendum. At the beginning of 1936, the banishment sentence issued in 1922 against Theodora's father Prince Andrew was lifted, which allowed him to stay in his country again. A regular target for the Hellenic press, the prince however chose to stay abroad for most of the year. Estranged from her husband since her confinement, Princess Alice made the choice to return and live in Athens, where she settled in November 1938. In the meantime, Theodora also returned to Greece with Berthold on the occasion of the marriage of Crown Prince Paul to Princess Frederica of Hanover in January 1938. Second World War and its aftermath
Enlisted in the Wehrmacht shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, Theodora's husband was seriously injured in the leg during the Battle of France in 1940.Treated in Giessen, he then returned to Salem, where he spent the duration of the conflict with his wife and their children, without experiencing too many hardships. While Theodora engaged with the German Red Cross and other charitable organizations, Berthold took part in riskier actions, by attempting to hide Jews in his castle. Affected by the occupation of Greece by the Nazis, Theodora was cut off from a large part of her family because of the conflict. Her father, Prince Andrew, found himself isolated on the French Riviera and contacting him became very difficult. As for her mother, she spent the war in Athens, but managed to pay a few visits to her daughters in 1940, 1942, and 1944 Added to this was the anguish of knowing her brothers-in-law Christoph and Gottfried and her brother Philip were fighting in opposite camps. The war brought its share of tragedies for Theodora and her relatives. In October 1943, her sister Sophie's husband died in a plane crash while flying over the Apennine Mountains.A few months later, in January 1944, <mask>, Berthold's only sister, died in an attack by the U.S. Army Air Forces during an air-raid on Frankfurt am Main. Finally, in December 1944, her father Prince Andrew died in Monaco without having been able to see his children again. These events greatly affected Theodora, who then went through a period of depression. Post-war years

Occupation of Germany and Philip's marriage
The defeat of Germany and its occupation by the Allies brought new upheavals in the life of the former German princely families, several of whom (such as Hermine Reuss of Greiz, Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt, or Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen) perished in hands of the Soviets. Baden was placed under the administration of France and the United States, however, Berthold and Theodora were not under threat, and it did not take long for the margrave to find a leading social role. Berthold was thus able to reopen the Salem School, which he entrusted to his cousin, Prince George William of Hanover, in 1948. Two years earlier, the latter had married Theodora's sister Sophie (widowed since 1943), and the couple's move to Salem allowed Theodora to maintain close ties with her sister.Theodora's relationship with her brother Philip was, on the other hand, more complicated. Since 1939, he had been linked to Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, and the two's engagement was officially announced on 10 July 1947. The preparations for the wedding began immediately. However, the ties of Philip's family to Germany frightened the British court and government, who feared that the public could be reminded of the Germanic origins of the House of Windsor if the royal family were publicly associated with former Nazi Party members. Prince Philip found himself unable to invite his sisters to his wedding. Aware of the difficulties their brother had to face, Theodora, Margarita and Sophie considered their sidelining wrong and hurtful. They felt snubbed when they realized that their cousins, the Queen Mother of the Romanians and the Duchess of Aosta, had been invited despite their countries being allies of the Nazi regime during the conflict.Harassed by the press, who submitted requests for interviews with them, Theodora and her sisters spent the day of 20 November 1947 at Marienburg Castle with their families. Invited by the Duke and Duchess of Brunswick, they celebrated the union of their brother in the company of their cousin Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark and Prince Louis and Princess Margaret of Hesse and by Rhine. A few days later, the Greek princesses received a visit from the Queen of the Hellenes (who came to bring them a letter from their mother Princess Alice describing the wedding in detail) and the Duchess of Kent. Reintegration into royal circles
Once the monarchy was restored in Greece in 1946, Theodora and her husband were regularly invited to Athens. The couple was among the many individuals invited by King Paul and Queen Frederica to take part in the "cruise of the kings" in 1954, and in the celebrations for the centenary of the Hellenic dynasty in 1963. Theodora and her family were also invited to Athens on the occasion of the marriage of Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark and Juan Carlos, Prince of Asturias in 1962, and the marriage of King Constantine II and Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark in 1964. In the early 1950s, relations between the British royal family and their German relatives in turn normalized.Theodora, her sisters, their husbands and some of their children were thus invited to the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953. Over the years, Theodora forged a close relationship with the British sovereign Queen Elizabeth II, who came to consider her as her favorite sister-in-law, according to the Spanish biographer Ricardo Mateos Sainz de Medrano. The Margrave and Margravine of Baden also regularly invited their families to their residence in Salem. The marriages of their daughter Margarita to Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia in 1957 and their son Maximilian to Archduchess Valerie of Austria in 1966 were the occasions for great meetings of the European aristocracy. In 1965, Theodora organized a large reception in Salem on the occasion of the official trip of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip to West Germany. Final years
At the end of the 1940s, Theodora began to suffer from heart problems. Over time, her health deteriorated and she appeared very diminished at the wedding of Prince Juan Carlos and Princess Sophia in 1962.Her health then alternated between times when she had the greatest difficulty speaking or walking and times when she felt absolutely good. Unable to anticipate her next seizures, she had to move around with a cane at all times. Forced to have all her teeth pulled out, she acquired a strange smile, which her mother struggled to get used to. As his wife's health deteriorated, Berthold suffered a heart attack while driving with their son Ludwig on 27 October 1963. Upset by the demise of her husband, Theodora then hurriedly returned from Italy, where she had gone for a vacation. Theodora's last years were affected by the establishment of the Regime of the Colonels in Greece and by the departure into exile of King Constantine II and his family. Hospitalized at the clinic of Doctor Büdingen in Konstanz, Theodora died on 16 October 1969.Her funeral took place at the mausoleum of the Baden family in Salem in the presence of many members of the aristocracy, including her nephew Prince Charles, but not her brother Prince Philip who was on an official trip to Canada. In popular culture
A brief allusion to Theodora and Berthold is made in the episode "Dear Mrs Kennedy" (season 2, episode 8) of the historical drama series The Crown (2017). Honours
  Greece: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia, 1st Class
  Greece: Dame Commander of the Order of Beneficence
  Greece: Knight of the Decoration of the Greek Royal House, 2nd Class
  House of Zähringen: Knight Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity
 : Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Through her father, she was a grandchild of George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, a granddaughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. Through her mother she was a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Her mother was a granddaughter of Princess Alice, second daughter of Queen Victoria. Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

On Theodora and the Greek royal family

On Theodora and her German relatives

Biographies of Theodora's relatives

1906 births
1969 deaths
House of Glücksburg (Greece)
House of Zähringen
Danish princesses
Greek princesses
Nobility from Corfu
Greek people of German descent
Greek people of English descent
Greek people of Russian descent
Greek people of Danish

masks:
Theodora
Marie Alexandra
Marie Alexandra


title: Antonio Plazibat

texts:
<mask> (born 12 December 1993) is a Croatian kickboxer, former K-1 Heavyweight Champion. He also fought in SUPERKOMBAT and FFC. <mask> is currently signed with Glory, where he is the #1 ranked heavyweight, as of November 2021. Liverkick.com awarded him the Knockout of the Year award in 2017, for his knockout of Makoto Uehara. In 2019 Glory awarded him the Newcomer of the Year and the Fight of the Year award. As of November 2021, Combat Press ranks him as the #2 heavyweight kickboxer in the world. Personal life
<mask> is engaged to be married to his long-time girlfriend Martina Dulčić.<mask> has a son, who was born in 2017. He is a self-professed Catholic. <mask> also runs his own YouTube channel. Amateur career
<mask> began his kickboxing career as an amateur, training with Ameno Gym. His first fight was against Dražen Kuraja in the semifinal bout of the 2013 Croatian Kickboxing Championship 91 kg tournament. Despite being the underdog, <mask> knocked Kuraja down twice, and would go on to win a unanimous decision. In the finals he faced Andrija Lekić.Despite fighting with a broken hand, he managed to knock him down once, and won a unanimous decision. He would again fight in the Croatian Kickboxing Championship, when he entered their 2014 91 kg tournament. Despite beginning with two wins, he lost to Andrija Lekić in the semifinals. In the 2015 edition of the 91 kg Croatian Kickboxing Championship tournament, he would make it to the finals, to once again face Andrija Lekić. He would seal the trilogy with a win, becoming the 2015 91 kg tournament champion. WAKO Championships
<mask> fought in the 2015 W.A.K.O World Championship. He won his first three fights, but lost to Basir Abakarov in the finals, securing a second place finish.He won the Croatian Kickboxing Championship tournament for the second time in 2016, beating Anto Širić by unanimous decision. His last feature in an amateur tournament was in 2018 edition of the W.A.K.O European Championships. He would go a perfect 3-0, to win his last amateur title. Professional career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut in August 2013, during Oluja u Ringu 5, against Marko Vidović. He won the fight by a third round head kick. <mask> notched two more victories on the regional circuit, winning decisions against Simon Krizmanić and Franci Grajš. <mask> then signed a contract with Final Fight Championship.He was immediately placed in the FFC Futures Kickboxing Light Heavyweight tournament. In the semifinals, <mask> defeated Stipe Stipetić by a second round TKO, and in the finals, he defeated Mitar Dugalić by a third round TKO. <mask> notched two more wins with the organization, defeating Bojan Džepina and Daniel Škvor by knockout. His winning streak earned <mask> his highest profile fight of his career up to that point, as he was scheduled to fight Sergej Maslobojev at FFC 22: Athens. Maslobojev won the fight by a second round TKO, after the ringside doctor waved the fight off due to a cut. SUPERKOMBAT
Plazibat was scheduled to face the former SUPERKOMBAT cruiserweight champion Bogdan Stoica at Respect World Series 2 on July 2, 2016. <mask> won the fight by a second-round technical knockout.Stoica fell down several times in the second round, as he seemed unable to put weight on his leg, prompting the referee to stop the fight due to injury. <mask> made his SUPEROMBAT debut against Dănuț Hurduc at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2016 on August 6, 2016. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision, scoring a knockdown in the second round. <mask> was scheduled to face Frank Muñoz at W5 European League XXXVI on September 10, 2016. He won the fight by unanimous decision. K-1
<mask> participated in the 2017 K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix, which was held at K-1 World GP 2017 Japan Heavyweight Championship Tournament on November 23, 2017. To better prepare for the tournament, <mask> added the 1993 K-1 World Grand Prix winner Branko Cikatić to his training staff.He was scheduled to face K-Jee in the tournament quarterfinals. <mask> scored an early knockdown on K-Jee, as he dropped him with a left hook. Although he was able to beat the eight count, K-Jee was soon after dropped once again with a hook to the body, from which he was unable to recover in time. <mask> advanced to the semifinals, where he faced the former RISE Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight champion Makoto Uehara. He made quick work of Uehara, flooring him with a flying knee at the 2:09 minute mark of the first round. <mask> faced Ibrahim El Bouni in the tournament finals. He beat him by unanimous decision.<mask> was scheduled to make his first K-1 title defense against Roel Mannaart at K-1 World GP 2018: K'FESTA.1 on March 21, 2018. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. After losing in his first K-1 title defense, <mask> signed with the Singaporean-based promotion ONE Championship. He was scheduled to make his promotional debut against Sergej Maslobojev at ONE Championship: Grit and Glory on May 12, 2018. The fight was a rematch of their February 19, 2016, meeting, when Maslobojev handed <mask> his first professional loss. Maslobojev won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Michal Turynski for the WAKO Pro World Super Cruiserweight Low Kick title at Memorijal Ludviga Lutka Pavlovica on November 24, 2018.<mask> subsequently left Ameno Gym and joined Mike's Gym. In early 2019, <mask> signed with the Netherlands-based promotion Glory. He was scheduled to face the 36-fight veteran and former WAKO European champion Nordine Mahieddine is his debut at Glory 66: Paris on June 22, 2019. Mahieddine was originally set to face Tomas Mozny, before Mozny withdrew from the bout with an injury. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. He had a slow start to the fight, as all five judges scored the fight for Mahieddine, but rebounded to win the second and third rounds.He was awarded a 29-28 scorecard by all five of the judges. For his second fight with the promotion, <mask> was scheduled to face Tomas Mozny at Glory 69: Düsseldorf on October 12, 2019. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> once again had a slow start, dropping the first round on all five of the judges scorecards. He upped the pace as the fight resumed, and forced a standing count from Mozny 60 seconds into the second round. This was quickly followed up with a second knockdown, which earned <mask> a 10-7 scorecard for the round. <mask> was able to knock Mozny one additional time with a right straight at the 1:15 minute mark of the second round.Although he was unable to finish his opponent, <mask> was awarded a 29-25 score by all five judges. <mask> was next scheduled to face the #4 ranked Glory heavyweight, and former Enfusion light heavyweight champion, Jahfarr Wilnis. The fight between the two was announced for Glory Collision 2 on December 21, 2019. <mask> won the fight by split decision, in front of a 20 000 people audience in a sold out GelreDome. Four of the judges scored the fight 29-28 for <mask>, while the fifth judge awarded Wilnis a 29-28 scorecard. <mask> threw a grand total of 250 strikes during the nine minute bout. Following this victory, <mask> achieved the #5 ranking in the official Glory heavyweight rankings.<mask> was scheduled to face the former Enfusion Heavyweight champion Levi Rigters in the quarterfinals of a four-man heavyweight tournament, which

masks:
Antonio Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Antonio Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibatlazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat
Plazibat


title: Antonio Plazibat

texts:
 was set to be held at Glory 76: Rotterdam on November 7, 2020. On October 7, 2020, the semifinal pairings were altered. <mask> was rescheduled to face Nordine Mahieddine, while Rigters was rescheduled to face Jahfarr Wilnis. The entire event was later postponed when Badr Hari, who was scheduled to fight in the main event, contracted COVID-19. The event was rescheduled for December 19, 2020. <mask> lost the quarterfinal bout by split decision, after an extra round was fought. He was knocked down in the first round, but managed to win the second and third rounds, which prompted an extra round.Mahieddine appeared to have done more in the additional round, and was awarded the split decision. After his first loss in Glory, <mask> was scheduled to fight the promotional newcomer Tarik Khbabez at Glory 77 on January 30, 2021. <mask> later stated that he was offered the Khbabez fight by Glory, but refused the fight due to right hand injuries. He was rescheduled to fight Tarik Khbabez at Glory 78: Arnhem on September 4, 2021. He won the fight by a second-round knockout. The knockout itself was preceded by a left hook knockdown, early on in the second round. <mask> was scheduled to face promotional newcomer James McSweeney at Glory: Collision 3 on October 23, 2021.It was McSweeny's first kickboxing bout in over two years, with his last being a technical knockout loss to Ismael Londt on December 7, 2019. On October 8, Glory rescheduled a number of heavyweight bouts due to Overeem's withdrawal from the event. Accordingly, <mask> was rescheduled to face the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight Benjamin Adegbuyi. <mask> won the fight by knockout, 24 seconds into the second round. He knocked Adegbuyi down with two consecutive right straights, which first forced his opponent to grab onto the ropes, before dropping to the canvas. Although Adegbuyi was able to stand up in time for the eight count, he was unsteady on his feet which prompted the referee to stop the bout. Titles

Professional
World Association of Kickboxing Organizations
2018 WAKO Pro World Low Kick Champion +94.2 kg.K-1
2017 K-1 Heavyweight Champion -100 kg. 2017 K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament -100 kg. Final Fight Championship
2014 FFC Futures Kickboxing Light Heavyweight Tournament -91 kg. Amateur
2018 W.A.K.O. European Championships  +91 kg. 2016 Croatian Kickboxing Championships  -91 kg. (K-1 rules)
2015 W.A.K.O.World Championships  -91 kg. (Low-Kick Rules)
2015 Croatian Kickboxing Championships  -91 kg. (Low-kick rules)
2014 Croatian Kickboxing Championships  -91 kg. (Low-kick rules)
2013 Croatia Open Zagreb 2013  -91 kg. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor= "#FFBBBB"
| 2018-05-12 || Loss ||align=left| Sergej Maslobojev  || ONE Championship: Grit and Glory || Jakarta, Indonesia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 14–3
|-
|-  bgcolor= "#FFBBBB"
| 2018-03-21 || Loss ||align=left| Roel Mannaart  || K-1 World GP 2018: K'FESTA.1 || Saitama, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 14–2
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2017-11-23 || Win ||align=left| Ibrahim El Bouni  || K-1 World GP 2017 Japan Heavyweight Championship Tournament, Final || Saitama, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)  || 3 || 3:00 || 14–1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2014-12-20 || Win ||align=left| Stipe Stipetić || FFC Super Final, Semi Finals || Opatija, Croatia || TKO || 2 || 1:42 || 4–0
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2014-11-29 || Win ||align=left| Franci Grajš || International Muay Thai League (-91 kg) || Novo Mesto, Slovenia || Decision || 3 || 3:00 || 3–0
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2014-08-22 || Win ||align=left| Simon Krizmanić || Trojan Fight Night 2  || Pula, Croatia || Decision || 3 || 2:00 || 2–0
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-08-04 || Win ||align=left| Marko Vidović || Oluja u Ringu 5  || Knin, Croatia || KO (High Kick) || 3 || N/A || 1–0
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-

|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-10-20 || Win ||align=left| Bahram Rajabzadeh || W.A.K.O European Championships 2018, K-1 Final +91 kg  || Bratislava, Slovakia || 2:1 || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-10-19 || Win ||align=left| Petr Romankevich || W.A.K.O European Championships 2018, K-1 Semi Finals +91 kg  || Bratislava, Slovakia || 2:1 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2018-10-18 || Win ||align=left| Hamdi Saygili ||W.A.K.O European Championships 2018, K-1 Quarter Finals +91 kg  || Bratislava, Slovakia || TKO || 2 || N/A
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2016-05-28 || Win ||align=left| Anto Širić || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2016, K-1 Semi Finals -91 kg || Benkovac, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2016-05-28 || Win ||align=left| Leo Pavičić || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2016, K-1 Semi Finals -91 kg || Benkovac, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2015-10-31 || Loss ||align=left| Basir Abakarov || W.A.K.O World Championships 2015, Low-Kick Final -91 kg  || Belgrade, Serbia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-10-30 || Win ||align=left| Bojan Džepina || W.A.K.O World Championships 2015, Low-Kick Semi Finals -91 kg  || Belgrade, Serbia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-10-29 || Win ||align=left| Zamig Athakishiyev || W.A.K.O World Championships 2015, Low-Kick 1/8 Finals -91 kg  || Belgrade, Serbia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-10-27 || Win ||align=left| Vladislav Gribincea || W.A.K.O World Championships 2015, Low-Kick 1/16 Finals -91 kg  || Belgrade, Serbia || KO || N/A || N/A
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-04-11 || Win ||align=left| Andrija Lekić || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2015, Low-kick Final -91 kg || Poreč, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-04-11 || Win ||align=left| Toni Čatipović || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2015, Low-kick Semi Finals -91 kg || Poreč, Croatia || 2:1 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-04-11 || Win ||align=left| Nenad Kovačević || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2015, Low-kick Quarter Finals -91 kg || Poreč, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2014-04-12 || Loss ||align=left| Andrija Lekić || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2014, Low-kick Semi Finals -91 kg || Poreč, Croatia || 0:0 || / || /
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2014-04-12 || Win ||align=left| Josip Perica || Croatian Kickboxing Championship 2014, Low-kick Quarter Finals -91 kg || Poreč, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-12-15 || Win ||align=left| Andrija Lekić || Croatia Open Zagreb 2013, Low-kick Final -91 kg || Zagreb, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-12-15 || Win ||align=left| Dražen Kuraja || Croatia Open Zagreb 2013, Low-kick Semi Finals -91 kg || Zagreb, Croatia || 3:0 || 3 || 2:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
 List of K-1 champions
 List of male kickboxers

External links
 Profile at Glory

References

Living people
Croatian male kickboxers
Cruiserweight kickboxers
Heavyweight kickboxers
Sportspeople from Split, Croatia
1993 births
Glory kickboxers
SUPERKOMBAT kickboxers
ONE Championship

masks: Plazibat Plazibat Plazibat Plazibat Plazibat Plazibat Plazibat


title: Amenhotep, son of Hapu

texts:
Amenhotep, son of <mask> (transcribed jmn-ḥtp zꜣ ḥꜣp.w;  early-mid 14th century BC) was an ancient Egyptian architect, a priest, a scribe, and a public official, who held a number of offices under Amenhotep III of the 18th Dynasty. Life
He is said to have been born at the end of Thutmose III's reign, in the town of Athribis (modern Banha in the north of Cairo). His father was <mask>, and his mother Itu. Though little about Amenhotep's early life is known prior to his entering civil service, it is believed that he learned to read and write at the local library and scriptorium. He was a priest and a Scribe of Recruits (organizing the labour and supplying the manpower for the Pharaoh's projects, both civilian and military). He was also an architect and supervised several building projects, among them Amenhotep III's mortuary temple at western Thebes, of which only two statues remain nowadays, known as the Colossi of Memnon, and the creation of the quarry of El-Gabal el-Ahmar, nearby Heliopolis, from which the blocks used to create the Colossi were probably taken. Other plans, such as the portico of the Temple of Karnak, completed under Ramesses II, and those for the Luxor Temple are also attributed to Amenhotep.He may also have been the architect of the Temple of Soleb in Nubia. Amenhotep is noted to have participated in Amenhotep III's first Sed festival, in the 30th year of the king's rule. After this, he is believed to have retired from civil service and become the steward of Princess Sitamun's properties (similar to an asset manager today), and received honours such as the designation of Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King, among other things. According to some reliefs in the tomb of Ramose, he may have died in the 31st year of Amenhotep III, which would correspond to either 1360 BC or 1357 BC, depending on the chronology used. His death has also been dated to the 35th year of the king. Legacy
After his death, his reputation grew and he was revered for his teachings and as a philosopher. He was also revered as a healer and eventually worshipped as a god of healing, like his predecessor Imhotep (Amenhotep and Imhotep are among the few non-royal Egyptians who were deified after their death, and until the 21st century, they were thought to be only two commoners to achieve this status).There are several surviving statues of him as a scribe, portraying him as a young man and as an older man. He was a deified human and thus was depicted only in human form. His cult was initially limited to the Thebes area, with a funerary temple constructed to him during his lifetime next to that of Amenhotep III. This was clearly an exceptional privilege, as it was the only private cult temple to be built among the royal monuments in the area. He continued to be worshipped for at least three centuries after his death, and evidence of this worship persists in a 26th Dynasty votary inscription on a statue dedicated to Amenhotep by a daughter of the pharaoh. During the period of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, his worship saw a resurgence which led to chapels being dedicated to him in the Temple of Hathor at Deir el-Medina and the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari. Statues were erected to him in the Temple of Amun at Karnak and he was treated as an intermediary with the god Amun.Amenhotep also utilised his influence with the king to secure royal patronage for the town of Athribis, for the local god, and the temple dedicated to that god. Manetho gives a legendary account of how Amenhotep advised a king named Amenophis, who was "desirous to become a spectator of the gods, as had Orus, one of his predecessors in that kingdom, desired the same before him". This Amenophis is commonly identified with Akhenaton also known as Amenhotep IV, while Orus fits with the latter's father, Amenhotep III. Manetho relates that the wise man counseled that the king should "clear the whole country of the lepers and of the other impure people" and that the King then sent 80,000 lepers to the quarries. After this the wise man foresaw that the lepers would ally themselves with people coming to their help and subdue Egypt. He put the prophecy into letter to the King and then killed himself. Manetho associates this event with the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, but Josephus strongly rejects this interpretation.Mortuary temple
Amenhotep was allowed to build his mortuary temple adjacent to that of the pharaoh. This honour is quite rare and indicates that Amenhotep was highly respected by the time of his death, despite the fact that he was a commoner and had only entered civil service at an advanced age, in his late forties. Excavated in 1934 or 1935, it measures  metres and is surrounded by three shrines. His first courtyard contained a  water basin of considerable depth, fed by groundwater from the Nile. Twenty trees were planted in pits around the basin. The temple at the end of the courtyard was adorned with a pillared portico, and the temple was slightly elevated on a terrace. See also
 List of ancient Egyptian scribes

References

Further reading
J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Two, 1906
Warren R<mask>, Bridle of Pegasus, 1930, pp.55ff. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings: The Late Period, 1980, University of California Press, Page 104
Siegfried Morenz, Egyptian Religion, 1992 Cornell University Press
Margaret Alice Murray, 1931, Egyptian Temples, 2002 Courier Dover Publications
Boyo Ockinga, Amenophis, Son of Hapu: A Biographical Sketch, The Rundle Foundation for Egyptian Archaeology Newsletter No. 18, February 1986

External links

Encyclopædia Britannica: Information on Amenhotep son of Hapu
Inscriptions of Amenhotep, son of Hapu
Egyptian Museum of Cairo: Statue of Amenhotep son of Hapu

Officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian architects
Ancient Egyptian priests
Ancient Egyptian scribes
Year of birth unknown
14th-century BC deaths
14th-century BC clergy
Deified Ancient Egyptian people
14th-century BC Egyptian people
Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King

masks:
Hapu
Hapu
. Dawson


title: Kim Ok (poet)

texts:
<mask> (; 1896–unknown) was a Korean poet. He is one of the representative poets who led the early modernism movement in the Korean poetry scene, translating Western poetry and poetics and writing his own poetry. He published the first collection of translated poetry Onoeui mudo (오뇌의 무도 Dance in Agony) (1921) and the first modern poetry collection Haepariui norae (해파리의 노래 The Song of Jellyfish) (1923). He taught <mask>l as his student, and the two of them composed folk-poetry. Life

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Jeongju, North Pyeongan Province, in 1896. In his childhood, he was trained in traditional Chinese classics in seodang (village school), and then enrolled in Osan School, founded by Yi Seung-hun, to receive modern middle school education. In 1914, he left to go study abroad in Tokyo, Japan.Even then, he had outstanding language skills. He was good at English, Japanese, classical Chinese, and, particularly, Esperanto. When his father passed away, he quit his studies and returned home to teach at Osan School. While teaching there, he met <mask> as his student and maintained a close relationship until <mask>l died. Literary career
In 1914, when he was studying in Japan, <mask> published his poems in Hakjigwang (학지광 Light of Learning), a journal for Korean students studying in Tokyo, and began his writing career. He actively introduced Western literature in the literary journal Taeseomunyesinbo (태서문예신보) founded in 1918 and published his poem "Bomeun ganda" (봄은 간다 Spring is Leaving) (1918). In 1921, he translated and published Onoeui mudo, known as the first modern book of translated poetry.In 1923, he published Haepariui norae, the first collection of modern Korean poetry. This book contains a foreword by Yi Kwang-su and <mask> himself and 83 of <mask>'s poems, which are divided into nine chapters. He published poetry collections Geummorae (금모래 Golden Sand) and Bomeui norae (봄의 노래 Song of Spring) in 1925 and became the editor-in-chief of the literary journal Gameyon (가면 Mask). In 1930, he took charge of the literature section of the Maeil Sinbo, and he joined the Gyeongseong Central Broadcasting Company (경성중앙방송국) in 1934. In 1946, after Korea's liberation from the Japanese rule, he was the executive editor for a publishing house named Suseonsa, and he gave lectures on literature in various schools. In 1947, he published his own poetry collection Meondong teul je (먼동 틀 제 At Daybreak) and a book of translated poetry Geumjandi (금잔디 Golden Grass). When the Korean War erupted in 1950, he was unable to flee south and remained at his home in Gye-dong, Seoul, and was abducted to North Korea.In addition, toward the end of Korea's colonization under Japan, <mask> showed pro-Japanese tendencies. In 1937, he wrote the lyrics for labor songs reflecting pro-Japanese sentiments, such as "Jonggun ganhobuui norae" (종군간호부의 노래 The Song of a War Nurse). He was also actively involved in other pro-Japanese activities, participating as a promoter of  (조선문인협회), a pro-Japanese organization, in 1939 and becoming a member of the cultural department of the  (국민총력조선연맹). He was included in the list of 42 pro-Japanese writers issued in 2002, the list of people to be included in the "literary chapter" of the  (친일인명사전) announced by the  (민족문제연구소) in 2008, as well as on the list of 705 people who committed crimes against their own people announced by the Presidential Committee for the Inspection of Collaborations for Japanese Imperialism. In addition, his activities during Korea's colonial period were classified as crimes against the Korean people by collaborating with the Japanese and are included in detail in the  (친일반민족행위진상규명 보고서). Writing
Until the early 1920s, <mask> mainly introduced foreign literary theories to Korea and pursued Western-style free verse, freely singing of his emotions. In the mid-1920s, however, he turned his attention to traditional poetry and forms, translating Chinese poetry, discovering folk songs, and composing Eastern-style fixed verse.Earlier works
<mask>'s major work in the earlier years of his career is "Bomeun ganda" (1918). It maintains the four-meter form and the fixed pattern of traditional poetry but shows aspects of modern free verse in that it emphasizes the symbolism and significance of poetic language and gives shape to an individual's subjective emotions. Haepariui norae (1923) is his poetry collection representative of his earlier works that contain the characteristics of his poetry before his interest in folk-poetry. Most of the poems in this collection are not written in the classical Chinese style and rather have individualistic rhythm and free verse. In addition, he used classic poetic language (aeoche 雅語體) to sing about an individual's emotions and was praised for opening the horizons for free verse in Korea. Later works
<mask> stopped introducing the Western literary trends and poetics and translating Western poetry into Korean. Instead, he translated over 800 Chinese poems and began to think about applying them appropriately to the Korean language.That led to the creation of gyeokjosi (elegant poetry), which was "modern Korean-style poetry", influenced by Chinese poetry, and the folk-poetry movement. In 1925, his literary orientation shifted from foreign to traditional style, which became apparent in his poetry collection Anseo sijip (안서시집 Poetry Collection by Anseo) (1929). In Anseo sijip, <mask> uses the 7-5-character rhythm and sings about the nature of Korea to restore the traditionalism of poetry. In particular, "Oda gada" (오다 가다 Come and Go) in Anseo sijip makes a perfect use of a fixed rhythm and emphasizes the poetic words such as "mountain path" and "apricot blossom", showing an Eastern worldview with a will to return to nature. Translations
<mask> not only published the first book of poetry translated into Korean, Onoeui mudo (1921) but also introduced foreign literary theories to Korea through "Peurangseu sidan" (프랑스 시단 French Poetry Scene) (1918) and "Seupinkeuseuui gonoe" (스핑크스의 고뇌 The Agony of the Sphinx) (1920) and even expressed his stance on translation methodology through "Yeoksiron" (역시론 Theory on Translating Poetry) (1930) and other writings, arguing that translation is another type of creative writing. He also propagated the use of Esperanto and even introduced the Indian poet Tagore to Korea through poetry translations, such as Gitanjari (기탄자리 Gitanjali) (1923), Sinwol (신월 The Crescent Moon) (1924), and Wonjeong (원정 The Gardener) (1924). After 1925, he focused on translating Chinese poetry and published translations, including Mangucho (忘憂草 Day Lily) (1934), Dongsimcho (同心草 Love Letter) (1943), Kkotdabal (꽃다발 Flower Bouquet) (1944), and Jinamyeongsiseon (지나명시선 Selection of Poems from Ming China) (1944).Works

Collection of complete works
 안서 김억 전집, 한국문화사, 1987 / Anseo <mask> Ŏk jeonjip (Complete works of Anseo <mask> Ŏk), Hankook Munhwasa, 1987. Poetry collections
《해파리의 노래》, 조선도서, 1923 / Haepariui norae (The Song of Jellyfish), Joseon Doseo, 1923. 《금모래》, 조선문단사, 1925 / Geummorae (Golden Sand), Joseon Mundansa, 1925. 《봄의 노래》, 매문사, 1925 / Bomui norae (Song of Spring), Maemunsa, 1925. 《안서시집》, 한성도서, 1929 / Anseo sijip (Poetry Collection by Anseo) Hanseong Doseo, 1929. 《안서시초》, 박문서관, 1941 / Anseo sicho (Drafts of Anseo’s Poems), Bakmunseogwan, 1941. 《먼동 틀 제》, 백민문화사, 1947 / Meondong teul je (At Dawn), Baekmin Munhwasa, 1947.《안서민요시집》, 한성도서, 1948 / Anseo minyo sijip (Collection of Folk-Poetry by Anseo), Hanseong Doseo, 1948. Essay collections
《사상산필》, 한성도서, 1931 / Sasangsanpil (Writing on Sand), Hanseong Doseo, 1931. 《모범서한문》, 세훈, 1933 / Mobeomseo hanmun (Exemplary Epistles), Sehun, 1933. Translations
《오뇌의 무도》, 김억 역, 광익서관, 1921 / Onoeui mudo (Dance in Agony), Gwangikseogwan, 1921. Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali / 《기탄자리》, 김억 역, 이문관, 1923. Rabindranath Tagore, The Crescent Moon / 《신월》, 김억 역, 문우당, 1924. Rabindranath Tagore, The Gardener / 《원정》, 김억 역, 애동서관, 1924.《잃어진 진주》, 김억 역, 평문관, 1924 / Ireojin jinju (Lost Pearl), Pyeongmungwan, 1924. 《망우초》, 김억 역, 박문서관, 1934 / Mangucho (Day Lily), Bakmunseogwan, 1934. 《동심초》, 김억 역, 조선출판사, 1943 / Dongsimcho (Love Letter), Joseon Chulpansa, 1943. 《꽃다발》, 김억 역, 박문서관, 1944 / Kkotdabal (Flower Bouquet), Bakmunseogwan, 1944. 《지나명시선》, 김억 역, 한성도서, 1944 / Jinamyeongsiseon (Selection of Poems from Ming China), Hanseong Doseo, 1944. 《야광주》, 김억 역, 조선출판사, 1944 / Yagwangju (A Bright Gem in the Night), Joseon Chulpansa, 1944. 《선역애국백인일수》, 김억 역, 한성도서, 1944 / Seonyeok aeguk baegin ilsu (One Hundred Patriotic Poems Translated into Korean), Hanseong Doseo, 1944.《금잔디》, 김억 역, 동방문화사, 1947 / Geumjandi (Golden Grass), Dongbang Munhwasa, 1947. 《옥잠화》, 김억 역, 이우사, 1949 / <mask>jamhwa (Plantain Lilies), Iusa, 1949. 5. Co-authorships
《소월시초》, 박문서관, 1939 / Sowolsicho (Drafts of Sowol’s Poems), Bakmunseogwan, 1939. 《소월민요집》, 산호장, 1948 / Sowol minyojip (Collection of Folk Songs by Sowol), Sanhojang, 1948. Works in translation
 金億, 韩国现代名诗选集, 民族出版社, 2006. <mask>k, Poésie coréenne contemporaine, Editions Autres Temps, 1991.《해파리의 노래》 / Ким Ок, Песни Медузы, Открытые книги, 2004. References

External links

1896 births
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
20th-century Korean poets
Korean translators
People from Chongju
Korean male poets

masks:
Kim Ok
Kim Sowo
Kim Ok
Kim Sowol
Kim Sowo
Kim Ok
Kim Ok
Kim
Kim
Kim Ok
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Ok
Kim U


title: Simeon Lord

texts:
<mask> ( – 29 January 1840) was a pioneer merchant and a magistrate in Australia. He became a prominent trader in Sydney, buying and selling ship cargoes. Despite being an emancipist <mask> was made a magistrate by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, and he became a frequent guest at government house. His business dealings were extensive. He became one of Sydney's wealthiest men. He was at various times a retailer, auctioneer, sealer, pastoralist, timber merchant and manufacturer. He is mentioned in many Australian History books, in particular regarding his status as an emancipist.Background

<mask>, the fourth child of ten children of <mask> <mask> and Ann Fielden of Dobroyd (near Todmorden), Yorkshire, England, was born about 28 January 1771. On 22 April 1790, as a 19-year-old, he was convicted to 7 years transportation at the Manchester Quarter Sessions in Lancashire for the theft of 21 pieces of cloth, 100 yards (91 m) of calico and 100 yards (91 m) of muslin. <mask> was then transported to New South Wales as part of the Third Fleet on board the Atlantic. He arrived in Sydney on 20 August 1791,
and the convict lad was assigned to Captain Thomas Rowley of the New South Wales Corps. Businessman
<mask> developed many business interests in the colony, and became one of Sydney's wealthiest men. <mask>'s first known business venture was to run a drinking house, and he purchased a license for it in 1798 for £5, after his sentence had expired. The drinking house was documented as being called "The Swan", but when he renewed the license, for a further £5 in 1799, the name was documented as being The Black Swan.Simeon also signed as surety on James Squire's establishment called The Malting Shovel in 1799. In 1801 it was reported that "Simeon <mask> sells rum at 32/- a gallon" ... "these are Governor Kings regulations for the benefit of the Colony while American ships who would be glad to sell their liquor at 5/-, 6/- or 7/- per G. are turned away!". With help from the government like this, it is no wonder that <mask> prospered. In a few years <mask> had established a general merchandise and agency business, and in 1800 with a partner purchased a brig the Anna Josepha while partnered with shipwright James Underwood. He also became an auctioneer and prospered, a return made in 1804 said that the "estimated value of commercial articles imported from abroad in the hands of Simeon <mask> and other dealers was £15,000". Though his position was not comparable with that of Robert Campbell, it is clear that already he was one of the leading merchants of Sydney. His business was on the site of the corner of Bridge Street and Macquarie Place.In 1807 Governor William Bligh spoke adversely about his business dealings with the masters of ships, and Judge Field several years later spoke in a similar way. Aspersions of this kind against members of the emancipist class at this period must, however, be accepted with caution. No doubt <mask> was a keen business man well able to look after his own interests, but he also had enterprise and courage, valuable qualities in the developing colony. About 1805 <mask> began a relationship with Mary Hyde (1779–1864), a convict who had arrived in Australia in 1798. Mary already had two children from a previous relationship a business associate of <mask>'s, the deceased privateer (state-sanctioned pirate) and ship's officer Captain John Black, and <mask> became their stepfather. He and Mary went on to have 8 children of their own over the next 15 years. Also in 1805 <mask> went into partnership with Henry Kable and James Underwood, but their association ended in legal disputes in the courts of New South Wales, as did many of <mask>'s ventures.<mask> was immensely litigious, and his affairs also took up a large percentage of the early appeals from the Colony of New South Wales to the Privy Council in England. The records of the Privy Council indicate that his opponents may have had good grounds for arguing that he used the Privy Council as a means of warding off his creditors rather than in a genuine attempt to test the legality of judgments against him. In his partnership with Kable and Underwood he was active in developing the sealing boom at the Antipodes Islands to the south and east of New Zealand's South Island in 1805 to 1807. Before <mask> had begun his relationship with Mary Hyde, he had adopted the orphan Joanna Short (1792–1841). Joanna was the orphan of convicts Elizabeth Drury (died 1793) and Joseph Short (died 1795). In 1806 Simeon's adopted daughter, who was no more than 14, married Francis Williams, a business partner of <mask>'s, and the couple travelled together to London on business for <mask> in 1807. On the ship with Joanna he sent Mary Hyde's 6-year-old daughter Mary Ann Black into the care of her grandfather Reverend John Black in England.<mask> was engaged in trade with New Zealand, and in 1809 had the misfortune to lose a valuable cargo of sealskins in the events surrounding the Boyd massacre. He had chartered the 'Boyd' and sent it to New Zealand to complete its cargo with a consignment of spars. The captain flogged a Māori chief for alleged misbehaviour, and in consequence the vessel was raided and looted, nearly everyone on board being killed. In spite of this disaster <mask> joined in an attempt to obtain a monopoly to establish a flax plantation in New Zealand, and manufacture canvas and cordage from it in Sydney. The monopoly was, however, not granted and <mask> turned his hands to other things. He employed a man to experiment in dyes and tanning, and was the first to weave with Australian wool. He succeeded in weavings coarse cloths, blankets and stockings and also made hats.Long before this, in May 1810, <mask> was made a magistrate and he became a frequent guest at government house. Governor Lachlan Macquarie in his dispatch to Viscount Castlereagh stating his intention to make <mask> a magistrate described him as "an opulent merchant". He was, however, a man of little education, and when John Bigge was making his investigations in 1819–20, the alleged unsuitability of <mask> for his position was used as a stick to beat Macquarie. <mask> soon afterwards resigned and appears to have been less prosperous in his business for a period. On 27 October 1814, at St Philip's Church, Sydney <mask> married his partner of many years, Mary Hyde. The marriage was held when their fifth child was only one week old. A witness to the wedding was William Wentworth, the son of the family friend D'Arcy Wentworth.In the 1820s <mask> concentrated on pastoral and manufacturing interests. He also succeeded in compounding a claim for land resumed for public purposes in Sydney, by accepting in 1828 a large grant of land in the country. He did not come into public notice after this. <mask> became a large landholder during his lifetime, of both land he purchased himself, and of land grants. <mask>'s extensive land holdings included land at Petersham, Botany Bay and Tasmania. <mask> died "an immensely wealthy man" at the age of 69 on 29 January 1840 in the family home of "Banks House" at Botany. Legacy
<mask>'s sons also became well known in public life.One of them, George (1818–1880), a pastoralist, was elected to the first New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1856, and transferred to the legislative council in 1877. George was colonial treasurer in the third Martin ministry from December 1870 to May 1872. His eldest son <mask> Jnr. (1810–1892) was a pastoralist in Tasmania and Queensland. Another son, Francis (1812–1897), was a member of parliament for many years, and a third son, Edward (1814–1884), became city treasurer at Sydney and mayor of St Leonards. His stepson John Henry Black (1799–1867) later became the first manager of the Bank of New South Wales. One of his sons-in-law was another successful merchant in Sydney, Prosper de Mestre (1789–1844) who married his stepdaughter Mary Ann Black (1801–1861).References

Convicts transported to Australia on the Third Fleet
Australian auctioneers
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Sydney
Sealers
1771 births
1840 deaths
Australian people in whaling
Australian ship owners

masks:
Simeon Lord
Lord
Lord
Simeon
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Simeon


title: Charles Lester Leonard

texts:
<mask> (1861–1913) was an American physician and X-ray pioneer. <mask> was the first radiologist at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, founded the Philadelphia Roentgen Ray Society, and served as president of the American Roentgen Ray Society in 1904–1905. He was known as one of the foremost experts in urological X-ray diagnosis, and he was the first American physician to demonstrate kidney stone disease with X-rays. A native of Massachusetts, <mask> completed bachelor's degrees at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University, then returned to Penn for medical school. As a student, he was interested in photography, and after going to Europe to work in science laboratories, he developed an interest in photomicrography. <mask> captured microscopic images that furthered the understanding of the life cycles of microorganisms. <mask> was associated with University Hospital from the mid-1890s to 1902.He was first named an assistant instructor in clinical surgery under J. William White, and then he ran the hospital's X-ray service, which seemed to combine his interests in photography and surgical problems. While he was at Penn, <mask> opened a private office for taking X-rays. After he left the medical school, he devoted his time to this private practice as well as to writing about radiology and representing the specialty nationally and internationally at medical conferences. Like many of the pioneers in radiography, <mask> suffered from adverse effects of radiation exposure before the causes of these problems were fully understood. During his first several years of X-ray work, he believed that X-ray burns resulted from ungrounded electrical current, so he did not take precautions to shield his body from radiation. Before he died of radiation-induced cancer, <mask> had multiple operations, including the amputation of his entire right arm. Early life
<mask> was born on December 29, 1861, in Easthampton, Massachusetts, to Moses and Harriet (<mask>.He had two siblings; his brother, Frederick M<mask>, became a prominent Philadelphia attorney. The family could trace its ancestry back to  <mask>, who left England in 1632 to settle in Springfield, Massachusetts, and to William Brewster, who came to the U.S. on the Mayflower. Another of their forebears, <mask>, fought in the American Revolutionary War. <mask> grew up in Philadelphia, and he attended Rittenhouse Academy. He then earned bachelor's degrees at the University of Pennsylvania (1885) and Harvard University (1886). He received a medical degree from Penn in 1889, then went to Europe to observe some laboratory techniques. During his studies, <mask> was interested in photography and served as a model for Eadweard Muybridge's photographic study of human motion called Man Running.Career

Early work at Penn

<mask> took a position as an assistant instructor of clinical surgery at Penn, where he worked under surgeon J. William White. The university awarded him a Master of Arts in 1892 while he was already a faculty member. When Penn's William Pepper Clinical Laboratory opened in 1895, <mask> began conducting his laboratory work there. He became interested in photomicrography, which is the acquisition of photographic images from microscopes. He devised an electric lens-shutter that allowed him to capture microorganisms in different phases of their life cycles. In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen produced the first X-rays. Early on, X-rays were used mostly for surgical applications.<mask> already had interests in surgery and photography, so he was fascinated by the potential for X-rays. A Philadelphia physicist named Arthur Willis Goodspeed set up a radiography laboratory near University Hospital, and the hospital initially sent its patients there for X-rays, but it became impractical to transport a patient to this facility each time a study was required. In September 1896, <mask> began running a hospital-wide X-ray service out of the Pepper Laboratory. White had a separate X-ray laboratory, but it was used almost solely for teaching purposes. While <mask>'s X-ray apparatus in the Pepper Laboratory was on the grounds of University Hospital, it still proved impractical to transport hospitalized patients there. <mask>'s X-ray equipment was relocated in late 1897 to the Agnew Memorial Pavilion, a brand new wing of the hospital, but the decision to move it there came after the new wing was fully designed. <mask> had a single X-ray exam room near the surgical dispensary, and the darkroom was so small that no visitors or students could observe <mask> as he developed the X-ray plates.<mask> imaged 141 hospital patients in 1901, and the most common studies were of the abdomen and pelvis; the exposure time for each patient could be as long as several minutes. <mask>'s influence in radiology quickly extended beyond University Hospital. In 1899, he was approached by Philadelphia General Hospital and asked to help a young physician, George E. Pfahler, with setting up an X-ray service at that hospital. <mask> advised Pfahler on the types of equipment to install, including a self-regulating X-ray tube that <mask> had success with from the Philadelphia-based James W. Queen & Company. Around this time, <mask> began conducting research and writing more extensively. He became interested in using X-rays to diagnose fractures and to locate foreign bodies in the eye. Later career and shift to private practice
During his time at Penn, <mask> also opened a private X-ray office in Philadelphia's Center City, and he became the director of the X-ray laboratories at Philadelphia Polyclinic and Methodist Episcopal Hospital.<mask> was the first American physician to identify kidney stones on an X-ray. While he continued to do general X-ray work, he gained a wide reputation for his ability to diagnose kidney stones. <mask> used an X-ray system consisting of accumulators and a Ruhmkorff coil with a low-voltage primary winding that excited a self-regulating X-ray tube. In 1936, radiologist Percy Brown wrote that <mask>'s intricate setup "was a source of great interest and some surprise to his contemporaries, but will amaze radiologists of a later generation who now read of them for the first time." <mask> examined more than 300 patients for kidney stones with this technique, and he said he had an error rate of three percent. He knew of 45 patients who had been taken to surgery despite no X-ray evidence of kidney stones, and he said that surgeons did not find kidney stones in any of those patients. <mask> influenced the surgical management of ureteral stones by showing that the patient was usually able to pass small stones in this area by themselves.<mask> was one of the first physicians to work with stereoroentgenography, which used stereoscopy to produce three-dimensional X-ray images that allowed physicians to better determine the anatomic relationships between organs. <mask> used the technique to visualize a patient's small intestine. He may have been the first American radiologist to define a dosage unit for radiation, though it was not possible to measure dosage at that point. Commenting on the possibility of employing radiation therapy, he said that physicians needed to be able to deliver a controlled dose, and the unit should be defined as "the unit quantity of electricity passing across a unit gap in unit time under the influences of radiation at unit distance under standard conditions of barometer and temperature." <mask> left Penn in 1902. Two things likely contributed to this decision: a busy schedule of other professional responsibilities and the onset of disabling tissue injuries from radiation exposure. He was heavily involved in the American Roentgen Ray Society, serving as its president for 1904–1905.He hosted a number of physicians at his office in 1905 to discuss their interest in radiology. This group became the Philadelphia Roentgen Ray Society, and <mask> was the organization's secretary until he died. He served as the American Medical Association (AMA) delegate to several international conferences on radiology, and he was an editor or associate editor for several medical journals. Personal life
<mask> married Ruth Hodgson, and they had a daughter named Catherine Henrietta <mask>. Catherine married James Bennett Hance, a member of the Indian Medical Service, in Oxford in 1916. In his leisure time, <mask> enjoyed visiting the woods in Canada. X-ray injuries
In the earliest days of X-rays, a radiographer had to take an image of his own hands to test the X-ray tube before each patient image was taken.The fragile X-ray equipment had to be positioned precisely, and this required that the radiographer's face, hands and arms were in close proximity to the X-ray beam during these lengthy examinations. In the era before radiation safety was well understood, many X-ray pioneers suffered adverse effects from radiation overexposure. <mask> developed X-ray burns and then radiation-induced cancer that started in a finger and eventually traveled up the entire arm and to other parts of his body. Historian Rebecca Herzig wrote that the pain from <mask>'s radiation injuries "seems merely to have intensified his fascination with the ray"; she wrote that the ten-year period of <mask>'s most productive X-ray research corresponded to a decade of increasing physical suffering. <mask> mentioned X-ray burns in a presentation before the AMA in 1897. At that time, he shared the belief of many physicians that X-ray burns were caused by a lack of grounding of the electrical current from the apparatus. He laid an aluminum sheet between the patient and the X-ray tube and had a grounding wire that ran from the aluminum down to the floor.In an 1898 article in the New York Medical Journal, <mask> described a patient with inoperable cancer who underwent 25-minute X-ray exposures every day for three weeks. The surrounding areas were shielded with the aluminum sheet, and the patient sustained no X-ray burns (and received no therapeutic benefit). This strengthened <mask>'s belief that X-rays themselves were not the cause of what were known as X-ray burns. <mask> was so convinced of his electrical current explanation that for several years he did not take any precautions to shield his hands from radiation. The problems with <mask>'s hands worsened, and an already skeptical public most likely began to notice the injuries to his skin. At one point, still not fully aware of the risks of radiation and intrigued by the possibility of radiation therapy, <mask> purposely applied an intense dose of radiation to his hand. He had hoped that the radiation would kill any cancer cells and help him avoid further surgery or amputations.After this incident, the finger required amputation. A 1903 presentation showed that <mask> had become concerned about the X-ray beams themselves rather than the associated electrical current. He told attendees at that year's ARRS meeting that he had devised a lead-lined box that surrounded the X-ray tube in an attempt to prevent X-rays from scattering about the exam room. Death and legacy
During the final months of his life, <mask> spent much of his time collaborating with Austrian radiologist Guido Holzknecht on a review of radiography in gastrointestinal conditions that was to be read at the August 1913 meeting of the Section of Radiology of the International Congress of Medicine. In spite of significant pain and suffering, <mask> read through literature in English, French and German in preparing the work. A memorial issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology said that <mask> was known for bearing his illness in secret. In the summer of 1913, <mask> went to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where he was hoping that the sea air would improve his health.He became confined to bed soon after he arrived in Atlantic City, and he died there on September 22, 1913. He had undergone amputation of his hand several years earlier, and his entire arm was amputated a few months before he died. The American Roentgen Ray Society established the Charles Lester Leonard Prize to recognize outstanding contributions to X-ray technology. References

1861 births
1913 deaths
American radiologists
Physicians from Philadelphia
Harvard University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
Charles Lester Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
) Leonard
. Leonard
John Leonard
Elijah Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Lawson Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard
Leonard


title: Isaac Bitton

texts:
<mask> "Jacky<mask> (born 2 December 1947) is a French-American musician. Initially gaining fame as the drummer for secular rock band Les Variations, Bitton became a baal teshuva through Chabad in the late 1970s and subsequently began a career in contemporary Jewish music. Early history
Born in Casablanca, Morocco to a Jewish family, Bitton moved from Morocco to France alone at the age of 18. Together with his friends, he formed a rock group and played locally until getting noticed in 1969. Les Variations opened for some of the top billed rockers of the day, such as Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Kiss, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, Taste and Aerosmith. Having a close affinity to his Jewish roots, Bitton always wore the Star of David around his neck while performing. Bitton is said to have been rated at the time in the top three drummers of Europe.He jammed with John Bonham and Robert Plant in a club in Belgium. Jewish identity
<mask> met Chabad emissaries (shluchim) who helped him further discover his Orthodox Jewish heritage. Les Variations' end
By the end of 1975, Les Variations, with their new singer Robert Fitoussi, were nearing a deal to tour with the Rolling Stones. The deal did not come to fruition, however, because the singer soon left the group. <mask> took the opportunity to go to New York, where he met the Lubavitcher Rebbe for the first time. <mask> settled in the Chabad Lubavitch neighborhood of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, where he still lives with his family. Music career after Les Variations: crossover into modern Jewish music
In 1977, the Baal Shem Tov Band (BSTB) was formed at the Lubavitch Rabbinical College of America, in Morristown, New Jersey, as part of an outreach program to college students.The regular members included Menachem Schmidt(snare drum), Tzvi Freeman (acoustic guitar), Moshe Morgenstern (cello), and business and equipment manager Shlomo Sawilowsky. They were occasionally complemented by a violinist and a flutist who attended the college. Subsequently, <mask>, who had moved to the nearby Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York, joined and completed the group. With the addition of Bitton, Schmidt was able to move to lead guitar, Freeman to rhythm guitar, and Morgenstern to bass guitar. The combination of Schmidt's creative genius and powerful rock licks with Bitton's Sephardi/Moroccan rhythm and lead vocals produced an electric rock and roll sound. They played traditional Chabad nigunim (songs and melodies) to this beat at Chabad houses on college campuses and other venues, primarily on the Eastern seaboard of the United States. One of the highlights of each performance was Bitton's drum solo.A four-song demo was cut in a local studio, but the BSTB disbanded in 1978 as the rabbinical students began to graduate. The experience with the BSTB provided a transition for Bitton. Subsequently, he was the founding member of the Jewish music group "Raaya Mehemna" ("Faithful Servant" – a reference to a Kabbalistic work; the group was later renamed "Raava Mehemna"), which was formed in the early 1980s. <mask> was perhaps the first religious Jew to infuse music on religious Jewish themes with "non-Jewish" styles such as rock and soul. He helped establish the idea of Jewish rock with his heavy hitting style and brought real rock and roll showmanship to the Jewish stage. In the early 80's he released two albums titled "Songs for a Brother Vol 1&2". Currently, Bitton makes new music, and performs at concerts occasionally.He performed at Yeshiva University on 6 May 2007 at a Lag B'Omer celebration concert. The opening group played with little response. Once <mask> began his set on the drums to the tune of "Im Ein Ani Li Mi Li" the crowd erupted. <mask> is widely known for his energetic drumming style, soulful powerful voice, and for fusing traditional Moroccan tunes and scales with R&B, blues, and soul. He has served as leader and cantor for a Sefardi synagogue in Crown Heights since the early 1980s, where his musical signature is evident in his cantorial renditions. Making headlines
<mask> has played some shows geared toward an Orthodox Jewish audience, but has not rekindled his music career to his former level of a chart topping rock musician. He has since served as a hotel manager for the Crown Palace Hotel in Crown Heights and as a kosher food supervisor (mashgiach).1990s
In 1991, Bitton made headlines when he was hit by rocks and bottles, during the Crown Heights Riot. Due to the rioting, Bitton called a cab to take him and his son to his house. The driver refused to take them all the way to their house, letting them off one block away. Police were stationed at each end of the street. They informed Bitton it was safe to continue, and no police accompanied them. However, within a block, they were attacked by an angry mob of Caribbean American, West Indian, and African American rioters. The Bittons were removed from the scene by local residents and reporters, including Peter Noel, a West Indian journalist for the Village Voice.<mask> suffered a torn rotator cuff and required 10 stitches to his head. His son was struck by bottles and bricks, and suffered hearing loss and psychological damage. Riot police saw the attack but failed to respond, choosing instead to radio for reinforcements. This was due to their instructions to remain in fixed positions during the early stages of the rioting. The police reinforcements were also met by an attack of rocks and bottles from the rioters, but none of the rioters were arrested. Subsequently, <mask> sued and was awarded $200,000 by New York City. 2000s
<mask> was the subject of news stories and blogs when he challenged the kosher status of a restaurant he was supervising for the Jewish agency, the Orthodox Union (OU).He made allegations that the chef was intentionally making food unkosher, but the OU disagreed with his assessment. <mask> believed he had an obligation to report a cover-up to Jewish consumers. He quit the position, posted his views on his blog, and distributed emails about his account of the debate. Discography

With Les Variations

Nador (1969)
Take It Or Leave It (1971)
Moroccan Roll (1973)
Cafe De Paris (1975)

With Raava Mehemna
Songs for a Brother, Vol. I (1982) (as Raya Mehemna)
Songs for a Brother, Vol. II (1984)

Solo albums
Generation Redemption (2011, YODI Group)

References

External links
 Bitton's official website
 Marc Tobaly's website
 Les Variation information
 Transcript of <mask> and Peter Noel of the Village Voice

1947 births
Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim
Living people
Les Variations members
French male singers
French drummers
Male drummers
French Orthodox Jews
Moroccan emigrants to France
Jewish rock musicians
Baalei teshuva
French emigrants to the United States
Moroccan musicians
Moroccan male singers

masks:
Isaac
" Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton
Bitton